Abstract:
Novel synergistic fungicidal compositions used for protecting seeds, plants and other vegetative material against fungi contain a mixture of one or more compounds selected from group A and one or more compounds selected from group B. Compounds from group A are selected from β-Amino butyric acid and its N-benzoyl-octyl ester derivatives. Compounds from group B are selected from the group of fosetyl aluminum, dimethomorph, a mixture of folpet and ofurace (45:5), folpet, fencaramid (Bayer SZX), mancozeb, cymoxanil, methalaxyl, the single optical isomer of metalaxyl, a mixture of cymoxanil and mancozeb (4:1), copper sulfate, copper hydroxide, copper sulfate hydrate, azoxystrobin, and acibenzolar-s-methyl.

Description:
This is a division of copending parent application Ser. No. 09/402,825 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,414,019, the U.S. National Stage (371) of PCT/IL98/00167, filed Apr. 8, 1998. 
    
    
     INTRODUCTION 
     The present invention concerns synergistic fungicidal mixtures. The present invention more particularly concerns synergistic mixture of β-aminobutyric acid (hereinafter referred to as BABA) and its N-benzoyl-octyl ester derivatives for the control of plant diseases. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Fungicides are often combined in mixtures for 3 main reasons: 1. to widen the spectrum of antifungal activity to control several diseases occurring simultaneously in a crop 2. to exploit synergistic interaction between fungicides, by which the overall activity is increased and the concentration of the compounds reduced, and 3. to delay the selection process of resistant fungal individuals to one component of the mixture (Gisi, Phytopathology 86 1273-1279, 1996). 
     Avoidence of plant disease in agricultural production may be accomplished not only by using fungicides or fungicidal mixtures but also by using “plant activators”, molecules which enhance the natural resistance (defense) of the plant. Such activators which have no direct fungicidal effect on the pathogen (Ryals et al The Plant Cell 8: 1809-1819, 1996), induce systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in the plant several days after application (Ibid). 
     To date only few molecules were reported to induce SAR in crop plants viz. salicylic acid (SA), 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA) benzol (1,2,3) thiadiazole-7-carbothiouic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) (Ibid), and DL-3-amino butyric acid (BABA, Cohen et al Plant Physiology 104: 56-59, 1994). 
     However whereas SA, INA or BTH have to be applied to the crop ahead of infestation (Ryals, et al Ibid) BABA can be applied post—infectionaly (Cohen et al Ibid). 
     The idea behind the present invention is to combine two methods of disease control—the direct—kill method operating on the target pathogen and the indirect method of activating the natural defense approach of the crop plant. Such two methods are combined by using mixtures of a fungicide or fungicides (direct—kill) with BABA or its N-benzoyl-octyl ester derivative(SAR). 
     We show here that such mixtures are synergistic in controlling plant diseases. 
     OBJECTIVES OF THE INVENTION 
     It is the objective of the present invention to provide novel mixtures of fungicides of β-aminobutyric acids. It is an objective of the present invention to provide a synergistic mixture of BABA and/or its N-benzoyl-octyl ester derivative with various other fungicides. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with the present invention there is provided synergistic fungicidal compositions comprising one or more compounds selected from Group A and one or more compounds selected from Group B, wherein the compounds of Group A are selected from the group consisting of DL-3 aminobutyric-acid and its N-Benzoyl octyl ester, and the compounds of Group B are selected from the group consisting of fosetyl aluminum, dimethomorph, a mixture of folpet and ofturace (45:5), folpet, fencaramid (Bayer SZX), mancozeb, cymoxanil, methalaxyl, the single optical isomer of metalaxyl, a mixture of cymoxamil and mancozeb (4:1), copper sulfate, copper hydroxide, copper sulfate hydrate, azoxystrobin, and acibenzolar-s-methyl. 
     The present invention also provides an improved method of controlling fungi, especially late blight and downy mildews, applying to the plant a composition containing an effective amount of one of these mixtures. The present invention further provides an improved method of controlling  phytophthora infertan  in potato or tomatoe,  Pseudoperonospora cubensis  in cucumber or melon,  Plasmopera viticola  in grapes, and  Peronospora tabacina  in tabacco. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Methodology 
     Plants 1. Potato (cultivar Alpha) were grown from tubers in 1 liter pots in sandy soil in the greenhouse. At 5 weeks after planting when they had several shoots in a pot, with 10-12 leaves per shoot, plants were taken for assays. 
     2. Cucumber (cultivate Dlila) plants were grown from seed in 0.251 liter pots containing sandy soil in the greenhouse. At 3 weeks after sowing, when they developed 2 leaves they were used. 
     3. Grapes (cultivate Superior) plants were grown from cuttings (first in perlite and then in sandy soil) in pots in the greenhouse. At 8 weeks after planting leaves were detached for experiments. 
     Fungal Pathogens. Potatoes were inoculated with sporangic of  Phytophthora infestans  (resistant to metalaxyl). Cucumbers were inoculated with sporangia of  Pseudoperonospora cubensis  (resistance to metalaxyl). Grapes were inoculated with  Plasmopara viticola  Chemicals. 
     1. DLβ-amino-butanoic acid (BABA) 
     2. DL-4-benzoyl-3-amino butanoic acid octylester (039-81) 
     3. Cymoxanil (Curzate) 
     4. phosetyl-aluminium (Alliette) 
     5. Mancozeb 
     6. Folpet 
     7. Metalaxyl, metalaxyl-Gold 
     8. Copper sulphate, copper hydroxide 
     9. (Mancozeb+dimethomorph, prepacked 600 g+90 g a.i. per 1 kg) 
     10. (Mancozeb+metalaxyl, prepacked 560 g+75 g a.i. per 1 kg) 
     11. Folpet+ofurace, 450 g+60 g a.i. per 1 kg) 
     12. Bayer-SZX (Fencaramid) 
     13. Mancozeb+Cymoxanil (4:1) 
     14. Azoxystrobin 
     15. Acibenzolar-s-methyl 
     16. Dimethomorph 
     Except BABA which was dissolved in water, all other chemicals or prepacked mixtures produced a suspension or emulsion in water. 
     Spraying The chemicals were sprayed onto the upper leaf surfaces of either potatoes or cucumbers with the aid of a fine glass atomizer. Control plants were sprayed with water. Experiments with grapes were carried out using 12 mm leaf discs floating on 1 ml of the test compound(s) in 24-well titer plates, upperside down. 
     Inoculation 
     Potatoes and cucumbers were inoculated one day after spraying. Grape leaf discs were inoculated soon after floating. Inoculation of potato was done by spraying the upper leaf surfaces of the plants with a sporangial suspension containing 2000 sporangia/ml. Sporangia were harvested 0.5 h before inoculation from infected potato tuber slices. Cucumbers were sprayed with a sporangial suspension containing 1500 sporangia/ml. Sporangia were harvested from infected cucumber plants kept in humid growth chambers (at 15° C.). Leaf discs of grapes were inoculated with 2 sporangial droplets containing each 300 sporangia. Sporangia were harvested from infected leaves kept in petri dishes on wet filter paper at 15° C. Inoculated plants or titer plates were placed in a dew chamber at 18° C. overnight and then transferred to a growth chamber at 20° C. (12 h light/day 100 pE.m −2 .S −1 ) for symptom production (late blight in potato and downy mildew in cucumber), or for sporulation of  P. viticola  in grape leaf discs. 
     General Procedure for Tabacco 
     One month old tobacco plants (cv.xanthi nc.). were sprayed onto their foliage with the test compounds. Two days later they were inoculated with 10 4  spores/ml of  Perouospora latacin  of either the S or the R strain. Inoculated plants were placed in 100% relative humidity over night and then incubated at 20° C. with 12 h light/day. A week after innoculation plants were again placed at 100%-RH at 18° C. in the dark to induce fungal sporulation. Sporulation was quantitated by removing 2 cm 2  leaf discs from each leaf and counting with the aid of a haemocytometer. The extent of sporulation inhibition was calculated relative to that in control (untreated) inoculated plants. Ed go  was computed after linear regression and of was calculated according to Wadely. 
     General Procedure for Grapes 
     Leaf discs (2-cm 2 ) were removed from the top leaves of grape plants (cv. Superior) grown in the greenhouse. Discs were floated (lower surface uppermost on the test solutions over filter paper of 9 cm diameter). Petri dishes. Leaf discs were immediately innoculated with 2 (10 ml) droplets of sporangial suspension (10 4 /ml) of  Plasmopara viticola  per disc. Dishes were inculcated at 20° C. with 12 h light/day for 10 days until fungal sporulation was quantified. 
     Disease Assessment 
     At the time intervals post inoculation specified in the Examples, infected leaf area in potato and cucumber was assessed visually. In control inoculated plants most or all of the foliage (80-100%) was devastated by the disease. Percentage control of the disease by a chemical treatment was calculated as 
     
       
         % control=(1 −x/y )×100  
       
     
     whereas 
     x=proportion leaf area diseased in treated plants 
     and 
     y=proportion leaf area diseased in control plants. 
     In grapes, proportion of leaf discs showing sporulation were similarly used. 
     Calculation of Control Efficacy and Synergism 
     Each chemical and each mixture was applied to plants at various doses of the active ingredient. Dose—response curves were produced and transferred to log—dose probit response curves as described by Kosman and Cohen (Phytopatholagy 86: 1263-1272, 1996). ED 90  values (dose required for achieving 90% control of the disease) taken from the log-probit 7 curves were used to calculate the Cotoxicity Factor (CF) according to the Wadely procedure (Kosman and Cohen, Ibid; Gisi phytopatcology 86: 1273-1279, 1966). “CF” is defined as the ratio between the expected dose and the observed dose that provide the same level of disease control (Kosman and Cohen, Ibid). The observed dose of each component of a mixture is taken from the experiment and the expected dose of all mixture made of that components is calculated by the Wadely formula:            ED   90                   expected     =       a   +   b         a       ED   90                     obs   .   A         +     b       ED   90                     obs   .   B                                    
     where a and b are the absolute amounts of the components A and B in a mixture and ED 90 . obs.A and Ed 90  obs.B are the ED 90  values of A and B obtained by the experiment. CF values of&gt;2.0 are considered to represent a strongly synergistic mixture (Gisi, Ibid). 
     According to a further feature of the invention, there is provided a fungicidal composition which comprises a compound of the invention together with carrier. The active compound can be employed as a wide variety of formulations, for example as an aqueous dispersion, a dispersible powder, as seed dressing, granules or dust. As a dispersion the composition comprises an active compound together with a dispersing agent dispersed in a liquid medium, preferably water. It can be in a form of a concentrated primary composition which requires dilution with a suitable quantity of water or other diluent before application. Such primary compositions are a convenient way of supplying the consumer and preferred example is a dispersible powder. A dispersible powder comprises an active compound, a dispersing agent and solid carrier. The latter can be, for example, kaolin, talc, or diatomaceous earth and in addition, the dispersible powder can contain a wetting agent. 
     Other formulations include seed dressing, granules or dusts, in all of which the active compound is associated with a solid carrier and which are intended for direct application. They can be made by methods well known in the art. Preferably all compositions comprising a solid carrier are made by mixing the active compound in particulate form with a particulate carrier. 
     The concentration of the active compound in the composition of the inventioncan vary widely. In the case of a primary composition it is preferably from 15% to 95% by weight, more especially from 50% to 80% by weight. A composition intended for direct application to a crop preferably comprises from 0.001% to 10% more, especially from 0,005% to 5% by weight of the active compound, although the aerial spraying of a crop is contemplated compositions having higher concentrations, for example up to 30% by weight may be chosen in preference. 
     The fungicidal composition of the present invention may be applied as a ready-mixed composition, as a tank mix, or applying the compounds of each group separately. 
     Following the methods outlined above numerous mixtures were prepared and their activity against a variety of diseases were studied. The results of 35 studies are listed in Tables 1-35. 
     While the invention will now be described in connection with certain preferred embodiments in the following examples it will be understood that it is not intended to limit the invention to these particular embodiments. On the contrary, it is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications and equivalents as be included within the scope of the invention, as defined by the appended claims. Thus, the following examples which iclude preferred embodiments, will serve to illustrate the practice of this invention, it being understood that the particulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of preferred embodiments of the present invention only and are presented in the cause of providing what is believed to be the most useful and readily understood description of procedures as well as of the principles and conceptual aspects of the invention. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 CONTROL OF LATE BLIGHT IN POTATO BY BABA 
               
               
                 COPPER SULFATE HYDRATE MIXTURE a   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Percent Disease Control b   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 mg/L Active Ingredient 
                 ED 90   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Compounds 
                 Ratio 
                 2 
                 8 
                 32 
                 125 
                 250 
                 1000 
                 mg/L 
                 CF 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 BABA 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 13 
                 2678 
                 — 
               
               
                 Cu +2    
                 — 
                 0 
                 0 
                 63 
                 83 
                 — 
                 — 
                 143 
                 — 
               
               
                 BABA + Cu +2    
                 80 + 20 
                 0 
                 0 
                 13 
                 88 
                 — 
                 — 
                 126 
                 4.7 
               
               
                   
                 70 + 30 
                 0 
                 0 
                 50 
                 93 
                 — 
                 — 
                 101 
                 4.2 
               
               
                   
                 60 + 40 
                 0 
                 0 
                 85 
                 93 
                 — 
                 — 
                 85 
                 3.9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a 5 days post inoculation  
               
               
                   b Control plants showed 100% leaf blight  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 CONTROL OF LATE BLIGHT IN POTATO BY BABA 
               
               
                 CYMOXANIL MIXTURE (CURZATE R ) a   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Percent Disease Control b   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 mg/L Active Ingredient 
                 ED 90   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Compounds 
                 Ratio 
                 4 
                 16 
                 62 
                 250 
                 1000 
                 mg/L 
                 CF 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 BABA 
                 — 
                   
                 3 
                 24 
                 18 
                 64 
                 1498 
                 — 
               
               
                 Cymoxanil 
                 — 
                 36 
                 73 
                 64 
                 98 
                   
                 128 
                 — 
               
               
                 BABA + 
                 80 + 20 
                 9 
                 9 
                 3 
                 79 
                 — 
                 294 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 Cymoxanil 
                 50 + 50 
                 73 
                 76 
                 82 
                 98 
                 — 
                 114 
                 2.1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a 5 days post inoculation  
               
               
                   b Control plants showed 83% leaf blight  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 CONTROL OF LATE BLIGHT IN POTATO BY BABA 
               
               
                 FOSETYL ALUMINUM MIXTURE a   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Percent Disease Control b   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 mg/L Active Ingredient 
                 ED 90   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Comounds 
                 Ratio 
                 16 
                 62 
                 250 
                 1000 
                 mg/L 
                 CF 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Cultivar Cara b   
               
             
          
           
               
                 BABA 
                   
                 9 
                 9 
                 9 
                 24 
                 3233 
                 — 
               
               
                 Fosetyl − Al 
                   
                 9 
                 24 
                 24 
                 70 
                 1390 
                 — 
               
               
                 BABA + 
                 75 + 25 
                 9 
                 9 
                 39 
                 70 
                 1311 
                 1.9 
               
               
                 Fosetyl − Al 
                 25 + 75 
                 9 
                 9 
                 39 
                 79 
                 1142 
                 1.4 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Cultivar Draga c   
               
             
          
           
               
                 BABA 
                   
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 53 
                 1533 
                 — 
               
               
                 Fosetyl −  Al 
                   
                 33 
                 33 
                 50 
                 93 
                 856 
                 — 
               
               
                 BABA + 
                 75 + 25 
                 67 
                 67 
                 93 
                 93 
                 639 
                 1.7 
               
               
                 Fosetyl −  Al 
                 25 + 75 
                 0 
                 0 
                 93 
                 100 
                 245 
                 3.9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a 5 days post inoculation  
               
               
                   b Contact plants showed 83% leaf blight  
               
               
                   c Contact plants showed 38% leaf blight  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 CONTROL OF LATE BLIGHT IN POTATO BY BABA 
               
               
                 MIXTURES OF MANCOZEB + DIMETHOMORPH MIXTURES a   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Percent Disease Control b   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 mg/L Active Ingredient 
                 ED 90    
               
             
          
           
               
                 Compounds 
                 Ratio 
                 4 
                 16 
                 62 
                 250 
                 1000 
                 mg/L 
                 CF 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 BABA 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3 
                 24 
                 18 
                 64 
                 1498 
                 — 
               
               
                 MANCOZEB + 
                 — 
                 70 
                 73 
                 82 
                 98 
                 — 
                 115 
                 — 
               
               
                 DIMETHOMORPH 
               
               
                 BABA + 
                 80 + 20 
                 64 
                 73 
                 70 
                 82 
                 — 
                 287 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 (MANCOZEB c  + 
                 50 + 50 
                 85 
                 70 
                 70 
                 91 
                 — 
                 189 
                 1.1 
               
               
                 DIMETHOMORPH) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a 5 days post inoculation  
               
               
                   b Control plants showed 83% leaf blight  
               
               
                   c 60% Mancozeb &amp; 9% Dimethomorph  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 CONTROL OF LATE BLIGHT IN POTATO BY BABA 
               
               
                 FOLPET/OFURACE (45 + 5) MIXTURE a   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Percent Disease Control b   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 @ mg/L Active Ingredient - 
                 ED 90   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Compounds 
                 Ratio 
                 4 
                 16 
                 62 
                 250 
                 1000 
                 mg/L 
                 CF 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 BABA 
                   
                 — 
                 14 
                 14 
                 14 
                 36 
                 2617 
                   
               
               
                 FOLPET/ 
                   
                 77 
                 89 
                 99 
                 100 
                 — 
                 19 
               
               
                 OFURACE 
               
               
                 BABA + 
               
               
                 (FOLPET/ 
                 50 + 50 
                 74 
                 81 
                 99 
                 100 
                 — 
                 22 
                 1.8 
               
               
                 OFURCE) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a 7 days  
               
               
                   b Control plants showed 88% leaf blight  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 CONTROL OF LATE BLIGHT IN POTATO BY BABA 
               
               
                 FOLPET - CYMOXANIL MIXTURE a   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Percent Disease Control b    
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 mg/L Active Ingredient 
                 ED 90    
               
             
          
           
               
                 Compounds 
                 Ratio 
                 16 
                 62 
                 250 
                 1000 
                 mg/L 
                 CF 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 BABA 
                   
                 22 
                 22 
                 22 
                 69 
                 1481 
                   
               
               
                 FOLPET 
                   
                 81 
                 95 
                 98 
                 100 
                 84 
               
               
                 CYMOXANIL 
                   
                 83 
                 86 
                 91 
                 100 
                 183 
               
               
                 BABA + FOLPET 
                 60 + 25 + 15 
                 72 
                 89 
                 98 
                 100 
                 95 
                 2.5 
               
               
                 + CYMOXANIL 
               
               
                   
                 25 + 60 + 15 
                 92 
                 86 
                 95 
                 100 
                 104 
                 1.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a 6 day post innoculation  
               
               
                   b Control plants showed 80% leaf blight  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 CONTROL OF LATE BLIGHT IN POTATO BY THE 
               
               
                 N-BENZOYL OCTYL ESTER OF BABA AND FENCARAMID a   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Percent Disease Control 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Com- 
                   
                 mg/L Active Ingredient b   
                 ED 90   
               
             
          
           
               
                 pounds 
                 Ratio 
                 2 
                 8 
                 32 
                 125 
                 250 
                 1000 
                 2000 
                 mg/L 
                 CF 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 BABA 
                   
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 15 
                 25 
                 50 
                 53 
                 2395 
                   
               
               
                 Deriv- 
               
               
                 ative 
               
               
                 Fenc- 
                   
                 0 
                 50 
                 98 
                 100 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 19 
               
               
                 aramid 
               
               
                 BABA 
               
               
                 DERI- 
                 80 + 20 
                 44 
                 63 
                 85 
                 100 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 31 
                 3.0 
               
               
                 VAT- 
               
               
                 IVE + 
               
               
                 FENC- 
                 90 + 10 
                 13 
                 50 
                 56 
                 94 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 97 
                 1.8 
               
               
                 ARA- 
               
               
                 MID 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a 4 day post inoculation  
               
               
                   b Control plants at 100% leaf blight  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 CONTROL OF LATE BLIGHT IN POTATO BY N-BENZOYL 
               
               
                 OCTYL ESTER OF BABA, Cu (OH) 2 , (as 50% a.i), MANCOZEB a   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Percent Disease Control b   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 mg/L Active Ingredient 
                 ED 90    
               
             
          
           
               
                 Compounds 
                 Ratio 
                 4 
                 16 
                 62 
                 250 
                 1000 
                 mg/L 
                 CF 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 N-benzoyl octyl 
                   
                 — 
                 3 
                 25 
                 25 
                 75 
                 1261 
                   
               
               
                 ester derivative of 
               
               
                 BABA 
               
               
                 Cu(OH) 2   
                   
                 0 
                 0 
                 13 
                 75 
                 — 
                 298 
               
               
                 Cu(OH) 2  + 
                 70 + 30 
                 0 
                 3 
                 44 
                 50 
                 — 
                 416 
               
               
                 Mancozeb 
               
               
                 N-benzoyl octyl 
                 80 + 20 
                 3 
                 3 
                 25 
                 75 
                   
                 300 
                 2.6 
               
               
                 ester derivative of 
               
               
                 BABA + 
               
               
                 Cu(OH) 2   
               
               
                 N-benzoyl octyl 
                 80 + 
                 3 
                 3 
                 75 
                 83 
                   
                 239 
                 3.8 
               
               
                 ester derivative of 
                 :14 + 6 
               
               
                 BABA + 
               
               
                 Cu(OH) 2  + 
               
               
                 mancozeb 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a 7 days post innoculation  
               
               
                   b Control plants showed 100% leaf blight  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 CONTROL OF LATE BLIGHT IN POTATO BY 
               
               
                 N-BENZOYL OCTYL ESTER DERIVATIVE OF 
               
               
                 FOLPET/OFURACE (45 + 5) AND THEIR MIXTURES a   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Percent Disease Control 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 @ mg/L Active Ingredient b   
                 ED 90    
               
             
          
           
               
                 Compounds 
                 Ratio 
                 4 
                 16 
                 62 
                 250 
                 1000 
                 mg/L 
                 CF 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 N-benzoyl octyl 
                   
                 — 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 25 
                 2011 
                   
               
               
                 ester derivative 
               
               
                 of BABA 
               
               
                 Folpet + 
                   
                 0 
                 0 
                 3 
                 73 
                 — 
                 301 
               
               
                 Ofurace (9 + 1) 
               
               
                 N-benzoyl octyl 
                 67 + 33 
                 0 
                 13 
                 75 
                 100 
                 — 
                 74 
                 9.5 
               
               
                 ester derivative 
                 50 + 50 
                 8 
                 8 
                 69 
                 100 
                 — 
                 82 
                 6.4 
               
               
                 of BABA + 
                 33 + 67 
                 3 
                 19 
                 75 
                 98 
                 — 
                 15 
                 3.6 
               
               
                 (Folpet Ofurace 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a 7 days post innoculation  
               
               
                   b Control plants showed 100% leaf blight  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 CONTROL OF LATE BLIGHT IN POTATO BY 
               
               
                 N-BENZOYL OCTYL ESTER DERIVATIVE OF BABA, 
               
               
                 AND MANCOZEB + CYMOXANIL; 4:1 AND THEIR MIXTURES a   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Percent Disease Control b   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 mg/L Active Ingredient 
                 ED 90    
               
             
          
           
               
                 Compounds 
                 Ratio 
                 4 
                 16 
                 62 
                 250 
                 1000 
                 mg/L 
                 CF 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 N-benzoyl octyl 
                   
                 — 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 25 
                 2011 
                   
               
               
                 ester derivative 
               
               
                 of BABA 
               
               
                 Mancozeb + 
                   
                 0 
                 25 
                 25 
                 75 
                 — 
                 313 
               
               
                 Cymoxanil 
               
               
                 N-benzoyl octyl 
                 67:33 
                 25 
                 68 
                 70 
                 95 
                 — 
                 169 
                 4.3 
               
               
                 ester derivative 
                 50:50 
                 5 
                 63 
                 88 
                 98 
                 — 
                 95 
                 5.7 
               
               
                 of BABA + 
                 33:67 
                 25 
                 69 
                 90 
                 100 
                 — 
                 52 
                 8.3 
               
               
                 Mancozeb + 
               
               
                 Cymoxanil 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a 7 days Post innoculation  
               
               
                   b Control plants showed 100% leaf blight  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 CONTROL OF LATE BLIGHT IN POTATO BY N-BENZOYL OCTYL 
               
               
                 ESTER DERIVATIVE OF BABA, FOLPET AND THEIR MIXTURES a   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Percent Disease Control b   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 mg/L Active Ingredient 
                 ED 90   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Compounds 
                 Ratio 
                 4 
                 16 
                 62 
                 250 
                 500 
                 1000 
                 2000 
                 mg/L 
                 CF 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 N-benzoyl octyl ester 
                   
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 63 
                 69 
                 85 
                 89 
                 1514 
                   
               
               
                 derivative of BABA 
               
               
                 Folpet 
                   
                 70 
                 75 
                 90 
                 95 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 141 
               
               
                 N-benzoyl octyl ester 
                 80 + 20 
                 50 
                 80 
                 85 
                 93 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 167 
                 3.1 
               
               
                 derivative of 
                 67 + 33 
                 13 
                 76 
                 86 
                 96 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 130 
                 2.8 
               
               
                 BABA + 
                 33 + 67 
                 63 
                 76 
                 78 
                 88 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 224 
                 0.9 
               
               
                 Folpet 
                 20 + 80 
                 25 
                 75 
                 73 
                 97 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 140 
                 1.2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a 4 days post innoculation  
               
               
                   b Control plants showed 100% leaf blight  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 CONTROL OF LATE BLIGHT IN POTATO BY 
               
               
                 N-BENZOYL OCTYL ESTER DERIVATIVE OF BABA, 
               
               
                 FENCARAMID (BAYER SZX) AND THEIR MIXTURES a   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Percent Disease Control b   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Com- 
                   
                 mg/L Active Ingredient 
                 ED 90   
               
             
          
           
               
                 pounds 
                 Ratio 
                 2 
                 8 
                 31 
                 25 
                 500 
                 1000 
                 2000 
                 mg/L 
                 CF 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 N-benzoyl 
                   
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 15 
                 25 
                 50 
                 53 
                 3204 
                 — 
               
               
                 octyl ester 
               
               
                 derivative 
               
               
                 of BABA 
               
               
                 Fen- 
                   
                 0 
                 50 
                 98 
                 100 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 19 
                 — 
               
               
                 caramid 
               
               
                 N-benzoyl 
                 90:10 
                 13 
                 50 
                 56 
                 94 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 83 
                 2.2 
               
               
                 octyl ester 
                 80:20 
                 44 
                 63 
                 85 
                 100 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 31 
                 3.0 
               
               
                 derivative 
               
               
                 of 
               
               
                 BABA + 
               
               
                 Fencarmid 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a 5 days post innoculation  
               
               
                   b Control plants showed 100% leaf blight  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 CONTROL OF DOWNY MILDEW IN CUCUMBER BY BABA, 
               
               
                 COPPER SULPHATE HYDRATE (EXPRESSED AS mg/L Cu ++ ) 
               
               
                 AND THEIR MIXTURES a   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Percent Disease Control b   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 mg/L Active Ingredient 
                 ED 90   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Compounds 
                 Ratio 
                 16 
                 62 
                 250 
                 1000 
                 mg/L 
                 CF 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 BABA 
                   
                 43 
                 43 
                 57 
                 72 
                 1468 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 2 
                 8 
                 32 
                 125 
               
               
                 Cu ++   
                   
                 57 
                 72 
                 80 
                 89 
                 105 
               
               
                 BABA + Cu ++   
                 80 + 20 
                 72 
                 72 
                 86 
                 89 
                 102 
                 4.0 
               
               
                   
                 70 + 30 
                 57 
                 72 
                 72 
                 89 
                 111 
                 2.7 
               
               
                   
                 60 + 40 
                 57 
                 72 
                 86 
                 89 
                 102 
                 1.9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a 7 days post innoculation  
               
               
                   b Control plants showed 88% leaf infection  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 14 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 CONTROL OF DOWNY MILDEW IN CUCUMBER BY BABA, 
               
               
                 (EXPRESSED AS Cu(OH) 2 ) 
               
               
                 (Cu(OH) 2  + MANCOZEB) AND THEIR MIXTURES 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Percent Disease Control b   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 mg/L Active Ingredient 
                 ED 90   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Compounds 
                 Ratio 
                 4 
                 16 
                 62 
                 250 
                 1000 
                 mg/L 
                 CF 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 BABA 
                   
                 — 
                 33 
                 33 
                 50 
                 67 
                 1576 
                   
               
               
                 Cu(OH) 2   
                   
                 67 
                 67 
                 77 
                 80 
                 — 
                 304 
               
               
                 Cu(OH) 2  + mancozeb 
                 70 + 30 
                 67 
                 67 
                 83 
                 93 
                 — 
                 174 
               
               
                 BABA + Cu(OH) 2   
                 80 + 20 
                 67 
                 70 
                 77 
                 90 
                 — 
                 210 
                 4.1 
               
               
                 BABA + Cu(OH) 2  + 
                 80 + 
                 70 
                 70 
                 90 
                 90 
                 — 
                 191 
                 3.2 
               
               
                 mancozeb 
                 14 + 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a 4 days post innoculation  
               
               
                   b Control plants were 83% infected  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 15 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 CONTROL OF DOWNY MILDEW IN CUCUMBER BY BABA 
               
               
                 (FOLPET/OFURACE 45 + 5) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Percent Disease Control b   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 mg/L Active Ingredient 
                 ED 90   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Compounds 
                 Ratio 
                 4 
                 16 
                 62 
                 250 
                 1000 
                 mg/L 
                 CF 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 BABA 
                   
                 — 
                 0 
                 29 
                 57 
                 71 
                 1273 
                 — 
               
               
                 Vamin 
                   
                 43 
                 57 
                 71 
                 91 
                 — 
                 206 
                 — 
               
               
                 BABA + Vamin 
                 67 + 33 
                 14 
                 21 
                 57 
                 97 
                 — 
                 166 
                 2.8 
               
               
                   
                 50 + 50 
                 14 
                 43 
                 71 
                 89 
                   
                 217 
                 2.1 
               
               
                   
                 33 + 67 
                 29 
                 57 
                 74 
                 89 
                   
                 214 
                 1.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a 7 days post innoculation  
               
               
                   b Control plants were 88% infected  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 16 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 CONTROL OF DOWNY MILDEW CUCUMBER BY BABA 
               
               
                  AND (MANCOZEB + CYMOXANIL; 4:1) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Percent Disease Control b   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 mg/L Active Ingredient 
                 ED 90   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Compounds 
                 Ratio 
                 4 
                 16 
                 62 
                 250 
                 1000 
                 mg/L 
                 CF 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 BABA 
                   
                 — 
                 0 
                 29 
                 57 
                 71 
                 1273 
                 — 
               
               
                 (Mancozeb + 
                   
                   
                 14 
                 80 
                 97 
                 100 
                 33 
                 — 
               
               
                 Cymoxanil) 
               
               
                 BABA + 
                 67 + 33 
                 21 
                 57 
                 77 
                 97 
                 — 
                 135 
                 0.7 
               
               
                 (Mancozeb + 
                 50 +:50 
                 57 
                 74 
                 100 
                 100 
                 — 
                 20 
                 3.2 
               
               
                 Cymoxanil) 
                 33 +:67 
                 29 
                 94 
                 100 
                 100 
                 — 
                 14 
                 3.5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a 7 days post innoculation  
               
               
                   b Control plants were 88% infected  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 17 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 CONTROL OF DOWNY MILDEW IN CUCUMBER BY 
               
               
                 BABA + (MANCOZEB + METALAXYL) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Percent Disease Control b   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 mg/L Active Ingredient 
                 ED 90   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Compounds 
                 Ratio 
                 4 
                 16 
                 62 
                 250 
                 1000 
                 mg/L 
                 CF 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 BABA 
                   
                 — 
                 0 
                 15 
                 3 
                 59 
                 1443 
                 — 
               
               
                 Mancozeb + Metalaxyl 
                   
                 34 
                 53 
                 71 
                 82 
                 — 
                 268 
                 — 
               
               
                 BABA + Mancozeb + 
                 88 + 12 
                 0 
                 0 
                 9 
                 96 
                 — 
                 221 
                 4.3 
               
               
                 Metalaxyl 
                 75 + 25 
                 18 
                 44 
                 53 
                 81 
                 — 
                 281 
                 2.4 
               
               
                   
                 50 + 50 
                 38 
                 76 
                 76 
                 96 
                 — 
                 150 
                 3.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a 6 days post innoculation  
               
               
                   b Control plants were 88% infected  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 18 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 CONTROL OF DOWNY MILDEW IN CUCUMBER BY 
               
               
                 BABA, FOLPET &amp; METALAXYL a  87:13) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Percent Disease Control b   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 mg/L Active Ingredient 
                 ED 90   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Compounds 
                 Ratio 
                 4 
                 16 
                 62 
                 250 
                 1000 
                 mg/LF 
                 CF 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 BABA 
                   
                 — 
                 0 
                 15 
                 3 
                 59 
                 1443 
                 — 
               
               
                 Folpet &amp; Metalaxy 
                   
                 0 
                 0 
                 56 
                 76 
                 — 
                 280 
                 — 
               
               
                 (87 + 13) 
               
               
                 BABA + [Folpet + 
                 88 + 12 
                 12 
                 0 
                 59 
                 81 
                 — 
                 260 
                 3.7 
               
               
                 metalaxyl] 
                 75 + 25 
                 68 
                 53 
                 56 
                 71 
                 — 
                 393 
                 1.8 
               
               
                   
                 50 + 50 
                 0 
                 38 
                 62 
                 68 
                 — 
                 339 
                 1.4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a 6 days post innoculation  
               
               
                   b Control plants were 88% infected  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 19 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 CONTROL OF DOWNY MILDEW IN CUCUMBER BY BABA; 
               
               
                 FOLPET &amp; METALAXYL a , (7 + 1) (MANCOZEB + 
               
               
                 METALAXYL), (FOLPET + OFURACE) AND THEIR MIXTURES 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Percent Disease Control b   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 mg/L Active Ingredient 
                 ED 90   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Compounds 
                 Ratio 
                 4 
                 16 
                 62 
                 250 
                 1000 
                 mg/L 
                 CF 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 BABA 
                   
                 — 
                 12 
                 19 
                 25 
                 31 
                 3218 
                   
               
               
                 Folpet + metalaxyl 
                   
                 62 
                 82 
                 90 
                 97 
                 — 
                 112 
               
               
                 BABA + 
                 80:20 
                 62 
                 70 
                 80 
                 85 
                 — 
                 247 
                 2.0 
               
               
                 [Folpet + metalaxyl] 
                 50:50 
                 75 
                 77 
                 80 
                 97 
                 — 
                 133 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 (Mancozeb + 
                   
                 77 
                 85 
                 95 
                 97 
                 — 
                 100 
                 — 
               
               
                 metalaxyl) 
               
               
                 BABA (Mancozeb + 
                 80 + 20 
                 82 
                 87 
                 92 
                 97 
                 — 
                 105 
                 4.2 
               
               
                 metalaxyl 
                 50 + 50 
                 82 
                 92 
                 97 
                 97 
                 — 
                 92 
                 2.1 
               
               
                 (Folpet + Ofurace) 
                   
                 37 
                 50 
                 62 
                 82 
                 — 
                 279 
                 — 
               
               
                 BABA + (Folpet + 
                 80:20 
                 50 
                 62 
                 80 
                 92 
                 — 
                 187 
                 5.5 
               
               
                 Ofurace) 
                 50:50 
                 77 
                 97 
                 92 
                 100 
                 — 
                 33 
                 15.6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a 7 days post innoculation  
               
               
                   b Control plants were 100% infected  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 20 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 CONTROL OF DOWNY MILDEW IN CUCUMBER BY 
               
               
                 BABA, METALAXYL SINGLE ISOMER MANCOZEB 
               
               
                 AND THEIR MIXTURES a   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Percent Disease Control b   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 mg/L Active Ingredient 
                 ED 90   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Compounds 
                 Ratio 
                 4 
                 16 
                 62 
                 250 
                 1000 
                 mg/L 
                 CF 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 BABA 
                   
                 — 
                 8 
                 8 
                 8 
                 38 
                 2155 
                   
               
               
                 mancozeb 
                   
                 0 
                 8 
                 23 
                 72 
                 — 
                 315 
               
               
                 Metalaxyl Single 
                   
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 8 
                 — 
                 844 
               
               
                 Isomer 
               
               
                 BABA + 
                 55 + 40 + 5  
                 23 
                 23 
                 54 
                 75 
                 — 
                 313 
                 2.0 
               
               
                 mancozeb + 
                 50 + 40 + 10 
                 38 
                 25 
                 31 
                 80 
                   
                 314 
                 2.0 
               
               
                 Metalaxyl 
                 40 + 40 + 20 
                 8 
                 15 
                 8 
                 31 
                   
                 689 
                 0.9 
               
               
                 Single Isomer 
                 45 + 50 + 5  
                 8 
                 8 
                 54 
                 72 
                   
                 309 
                 1.7 
               
               
                   
                 40 + 50 + 10 
                 8 
                 31 
                 54 
                 89 
                   
                 228 
                 2.3 
               
               
                   
                 30 + 50 + 10 
                 8 
                 15 
                 31 
                 83 
                   
                 273 
                 1.9 
               
               
                   
                 35 + 60 + 5  
                 54 
                 54 
                 78 
                 86 
                   
                 239 
                 2.0 
               
               
                   
                 30 + 60 + 10 
                 46 
                 38 
                 54 
                 85 
                   
                 268 
                 1.7 
               
               
                   
                 20 + 60 + 20 
                 61 
                 69 
                 69 
                 83 
                   
                 281 
                 1.6 
               
               
                   
                 25 + 70 + 5  
                 38 
                 46 
                 78 
                 97 
                   
                 139 
                 3.0 
               
               
                   
                 20 + 70 + 10 
                 38 
                 23 
                 63 
                 94 
                   
                 194 
                 2.1 
               
               
                   
                 10 + 70 + 20 
                 38 
                 69 
                 23 
                 78 
                   
                 362 
                 1.1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a 6 days post innoculation  
               
               
                   b Control plants were 81% infected  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 21 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 CONTROL OF DOWNY MILDEW IN CUCUMBER BY BABA, 
               
               
                 ALIETTE, CYMOXANIL AND THEIR MIXTURES 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Percent Disease Control a   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 mg/L Active Ingredient 
                 ED 90    
               
             
          
           
               
                 Compounds 
                 Ratio 
                 16 
                 62 
                 250 
                 1000 
                 mg/L 
                 CF 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 BABA 
                   
                 37 
                 67 
                 76 
                 85 
                 975 
                 — 
               
               
                 Aliette 
                   
                 45 
                 85 
                 98 
                 99 
                 245 
                 — 
               
               
                 Cymoxanil 
                   
                 0 
                 20 
                 58 
                 72 
                 1229 
                 — 
               
               
                 BABA + Aliette + 
                 60 + 25 + 15 
                 63 
                 70 
                 88 
                 95 
                 584 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 Cymoxanil 
                 25 + 60 + 15 
                 70 
                 85 
                 98 
                 100 
                 100 
                 3.4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a Control plants were 100% infected  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 22 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 CONTROL OF DOWNEY MILDEW IN CUCUMBER BY 
               
               
                 BABA, MANCOZEB, CYMOXANIL AND THEIR MIXTURES 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Percent Disease Control a   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 mg/L Active Ingredient 
                 ED 90   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Compounds 
                 Ratio 
                 4 
                 16 
                 62 
                 250 
                 1000 
                 mg/L 
                 CF 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 BABA 
                   
                 — 
                 0 
                 13 
                 50 
                 63 
                 1413 
                 — 
               
               
                 Mancozeb 
                   
                 75 
                 87 
                 90 
                 92 
                 — 
                 167 
                 — 
               
               
                 Cymoxanil 
                   
                 13 
                 25 
                 38 
                 50 
                 — 
                 506 
                 — 
               
               
                 BABA + Manco- 
                 60 + 25 + 15 
                 63 
                 75 
                 83 
                 95 
                   
                 152 
                 3.0 
               
               
                 zeb + Cymoxanil 
                 25 + 60 + 15 
                 75 
                 87 
                 90 
                 95 
                   
                 136 
                 1.8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a Control plants were 100% infected  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 23 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 CONTROL OF DOWNY MILDEW IN CUCUMBER BY 
               
               
                 BABA, BAYER SZX (FENCARAMID) AND THEIR MIXTURES 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Percent Disease Control b   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Com- 
                   
                 @ mg/L Active Ingredient 
                 ED 90   
               
             
          
           
               
                 pounds 
                 Ratio 
                 2 
                 8 
                 31 
                 125 
                 500 
                 1000 
                 2000 
                 mg/L 
                 CF 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 BABA 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 61 
                 72 
                 74 
                 2354 
                   
               
               
                 FENC- 
                   
                 78 
                 83 
                 95 
                 100 
                   
                   
                   
                 19 
               
               
                 ARA- 
               
               
                 MID 
               
               
                 BABA 
                 80 + 20 
                 38 
                 58 
                 83 
                 100 
                   
                   
                   
                 33 
                 2.8 
               
               
                 + 
                 50 + 50 
                 60 
                 80 
                 98 
                 100 
                   
                   
                   
                 14 
                 2.7 
               
               
                 FENC- 
                 20 + 80 
                 78 
                 85 
                 98 
                 100 
                   
                   
                   
                 13 
                 1.8 
               
               
                 ARA- 
               
               
                 MID 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a 5 days post innoculation  
               
               
                   b Control plants were 81% infected  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 24 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 CONTROL OF DOWNY MILDEW IN CUCUMBER BY BABA, 
               
               
                 BAYER DIMETHOMORPH (DMN)AND 
               
               
                 THEIR MIXTURES 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Percent Disease Control b   
               
               
                   
                 Compounds 
                 Ratio 
                 @ mg/L Active Ingredient 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 BABA 1000 
                 gave 
                 17% Control 
               
               
                   
                 DMN 5 ppm 
                 gave 
                 32% Control 
               
               
                   
                 BABA + DMN 
                 gave 
                 74% Control 
               
               
                   
                 1000 + 5 ppm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   Synergy 
                                    
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                    
                                   ratio 
                                 
                                 = 
                                 
                                   
                                     74 
                                     = 
                                     74 
                                   
                                   
                                     17 
                                     = 
                                     
                                       32 
                                       - 
                                       
                                         
                                           
                                             ( 
                                             
                                               17 
                                                
                                               
                                                   
                                               
                                                
                                               32 
                                             
                                             ) 
                                           
                                            
                                           
                                               
                                           
                                            
                                           33 
                                         
                                         100 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               
                                 = 
                                 2.24 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                          
                       
                     
                             
                     
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 25 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 CONTROL OF DOWNY MILDEW IN CUCUMBER BY BABA, 
               
               
                 FOLPET, CYMOXANIL AND THEIR MIXTURES a   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Percent Disease 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Control b  mg/L 
               
               
                   
                   
                 @ Active Ingredient 
                 ED 90    
               
             
          
           
               
                 Compounds 
                 Ratio 
                 16 
                 62 
                 250 
                 1000 
                 mg/L 
                 CF 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 BABA 
                   
                 6 
                 22 
                 48 
                 82 
                 1072 
                   
               
               
                 FOLPET 
                   
                 43 
                 84 
                 95 
                 97 
                 403 
               
               
                   
                   
                 48 
                 63 
                 82 
                 97 
                 524 
               
               
                 BABA + FOLPET + 
                 25 + 60 + 15 
                 76 
                 87 
                 95 
                 99 
                 247 
                 2.0 
               
               
                 CYMOXANIL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a 5 days post inoculation  
               
               
                   b Control plants were 95% infected  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 26 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 CONTROL OF DOWNY MILDEW IN CUCUMBER BY BABA 
               
               
                 PHOSETYL-ALUMINIUM AND THEIR MIXTURES a   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Percent Disease Control b   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 mg/L Active Ingredient 
                 ED 90   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Compounds 
                 Ratio 
                 16 
                 62 
                 250 
                 1000 
                 mg/L 
                 CF 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 BABA 
                   
                 10 
                 43 
                 43 
                 71 
                 1386 
                 — 
               
               
                 Phosetyl-Aluminium 
                   
                 71 
                 71 
                 94 
                 86 
                 638 
                 — 
               
               
                 BABA + 
                 12 + 88 
                 43 
                 43 
                 86 
                 100 
                 261 
                 4.7 
               
               
                 Phosetyl-Aluminium 
                 25 + 75 
                 0 
                 14 
                 71 
                 97 
                 551 
                 1.9 
               
               
                   
                 50 + 50 
                 0 
                 14 
                 57 
                 83 
                 1009 
                 0.9 
               
               
                   
                 75 + 25 
                 — 
                 57 
                 57 
                 86 
                 918 
                 0.8 
               
               
                   
                 88 + 12 
                 14 
                 29 
                 71 
                 86 
                 931 
                 0.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a 7 days post innoculation  
               
               
                   b control plants were 88% infected  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 27 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 CONTROL OF LATE BLIGHT IN POTATO BY BABA, BION 
               
               
                 AND THEIR MIXTURES a   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Percent Disease 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Control mg/L 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Active Ingredient 
                 ED 90   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Compounds 
                 Ratio (w/w) 
                 250 
                 500 
                 1000 
                 mg/L 
                 CF 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 BABA 
                 38 
                 75 
                 93 
                 776 
                 — 
                   
               
               
                 BION 
                 13 
                 25 
                 78 
                 1173 
                 — 
               
               
                 BABA + 
                   
                 38 
                 78 
                 98 
                 639 
                 1.3 
               
               
                 ACIBENZOLAR- 
               
               
                 S-METHYL (10 + 1) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 28 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 CONTROL OF LATE BLIGHT IN TOBACCO BY BABA 
               
               
                 AZOXYSTROBINE MIXTURE 
               
               
                 AND THEIR MIXTURES, FUNGAL ISOLATE = R 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Percent Disease Control 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ratio 
                 mg/L Active Ingredient 
                 ED 90   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Compounds 
                 (w/w) 
                 5 
                 10 
                 25 
                 50 
                 100 
                 200 
                 mg/L 
                 CF 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 BABA 
                   
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0 
                 13 
                 100 
                 171 
                   
               
               
                 AZOXY- 
                 13 
                 81 
                 81 
                 81 
                 93 
                 — 
                 — 
                 27 
               
               
                 STROBINE 
               
               
                 BABA + 
               
               
                 AZOXY- 
               
               
                 STROBINE 
               
               
                  5 + 1 
                   
                   
                   
                 25 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 41 
                 2.2 
               
               
                 10 + 1 
                   
                   
                   
                 38 
                 81 
                 100 
                 100 
                 54 
                 2.1 
               
               
                 15 + 1 
                   
                   
                   
                 50 
                 81 
                 100 
                 100 
                 53 
                 2.4 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 29 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 CONTROL OF DOWNY MILDEW IN TOBACCO BY BABA, 
               
               
                 ACIBENZOLAR-S-METHYL, RIDOMIL-GOLD 
               
               
                 AND THEIR MIXTURES: Fungal isolate = R 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Percent Disease 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Control mg/L 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Active Ingredient 
                 ED 90   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Compounds 
                 Ratio (w/w) 
                 16 
                 62 
                 250 
                 mg/L 
                 CF 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 BABA 
                 — 
                 3 
                 27 
                 51 
                 406 
                   
               
               
                 BION 
                 — 
                 76 
                 76 
                 99 
                 88 
               
               
                 RIDOMILGOLD 
                 — 
                 49 
                 37 
                 58 
                 416 
               
               
                 BABA + 
                 75 + 1 
                 48 
                 78 
                 99 
                 90 
                 3.1 
               
               
                 ACIBENZOLAR-S- 
                 10 + 1 
                 45 
                 93 
                 100 
                 52 
                 5.9 
               
               
                 METHYL 
                 15 + 1 
                 22 
                 84 
                 91 
                 186 
                 1.8 
               
               
                   
                 20 + 1 
                 14 
                 74 
                 98 
                 116 
                 3.5 
               
               
                 BABA + RIDOMIL GOLD 
                 7.5 + 1  
                 27 
                 63 
                 97 
                 150 
                 2.7 
               
               
                   
                 10 + 1 
                 34 
                 44 
                 99 
                 145 
                 2.8 
               
               
                   
                 15 + 1 
                 23 
                 52 
                 78 
                 282 
                 1.4 
               
               
                   
                 20 + 1 
                 0 
                 20 
                 91 
                 239 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 BABA + 
                 7.5 + 1 + 1  
                 37 
                 63 
                 95 
                 174 
                 1.7 
               
               
                 ACIBENZOLAR-S- 
                 10 + 1 + 1 
                 45 
                 71 
                 92 
                 190 
                 1.7 
               
               
                 METHYL + 
                 15 + 1 + 1 
                 37 
                 84 
                 82 
                 230 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 RIDOMIL-GOLD 
                 20 + 1 + 1 
                 57 
                 98 
                 98 
                 84 
                 4.2 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 30 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 CONTROL OF DOWNY MILDEW IN TOBACCO BY BABA, 
               
               
                 ACIBENZOLAR-S-METHYL, CURZATE RIDOMIL-GOLD 
               
               
                 AND THEIR MIXTURES: Fungal isolate = R 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Percent Disease 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Control mg/L 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Active Ingredient 
                 ED 90   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Compounds 
                 Ratio (w/w) 
                 100 
                 200 
                 400 
                 mg/L 
                 CF 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 BABA 
                 — 
                 37 
                 62 
                 100 
                 270 
                 — 
               
               
                 ACIBENZOLAR- 
                 — 
                 37 
                 50 
                 80 
                 443 
                 — 
               
               
                 S-METHYL 
               
               
                 CURZATE 
                 — 
                 25 
                 25 
                 62 
                 596 
                 — 
               
               
                 RIDOMILGOLD 
                   
                 20 
                 35 
                 42 
                 &gt;1000 
                 — 
               
               
                 BABA + 
                 10 + 1 
                 62 
                 100 
                 100 
                 113 
                 2.5 
               
               
                 ACIBENZOLAR- 
                 15 + 1 
                 50 
                 100 
                 100 
                 118 
                 2.3 
               
               
                 S-METHYL 
               
               
                 BABA + CURZATE 
                 10 + 1 
                 62 
                 100 
                 100 
                 113 
                 2.5 
               
               
                   
                  5 + 1 
                 37 
                 62 
                 100 
                 270 
                 1.1 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 31 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 CONTROL OF DOWNY MILDEW IN TOBACCO BY BABA, 
               
               
                 ACIBENZOLAR-S-METHYL, RIDOMIL-GOLD 
               
               
                 AND THEIR MIXTURES: Fungal isolate = S 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Percent Disease 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Control mg/L 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Active Ingredient 
                 ED 90   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Compounds 
                 Ratio (w/w) 
                 0.5 
                 5 
                 50 
                 mg/L 
                 CF 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 BABA 
                 — 
                 0 
                 27 
                 59 
                 78 
                 — 
               
               
                 ACIBENZOLAR- 
                 — 
                 54 
                 76 
                 85 
                 52 
                 — 
               
               
                 S-METHYL 
               
               
                 RIDOMILGOLD 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 0.2 
                 — 
               
               
                 BABA + 
                 7.5 + 1  
                 85 
                 85 
                 99 
                 15 
                 4.9 
               
               
                 ACIBENZOLAR-S- 
                 10 + 1 
                 86 
                 94 
                 100 
                 4 
                 18.7 
               
               
                 METHYL 
                 15 + 1 
                 75 
                 84 
                 100 
                 5 
                 15.1 
               
               
                 BABA + 
                 7.5 + 1  
                 94 
                 100 
                 100 
                 0.5 
                 3.3 
               
               
                 RIDOMIL-GOLD 
                 10 + 1 
                 99 
                 100 
                 100 
                 0.4 
                 5.4 
               
               
                   
                 15 + 1 
                 88 
                 90 
                 100 
                 4.3 
                 2.1 
               
               
                 BABA + 
                 7.5 + 1 + 1  
                 99 
                 100 
                 100 
                 0.4 
                 4.4 
               
               
                 ACIBENZOLAR-S- 
                 10 + 1 + 1 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 0.2 
                 12.2 
               
               
                 METHYL + 
                 15 + 1 + 1 
                 73 
                 100 
                 100 
                 0.6 
                 5.3 
               
               
                 RIDOMIL-GOLD 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 32 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 CONTROL OF DOWNY MILDEW IN GRAPES BY BABA 
               
               
                 ACIBENZOLAR-S-METHYL AND THEIR MIXTURES IN LEAF DISCS 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Percent Disease Control 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 mg/L Active Ingredient 
                 ED 90   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Compounds 
                 Ratio (w/w) 
                 0.31 
                 1.25 
                 5 
                 20 
                 50 
                 100 
                 mg/L 
                 CF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BABA 
                   
                 — 
                 — 
                  15 
                  93 
                 95 
                 99 
                 38   
                 — 
               
               
                 ACIBENZOLA 
                 0 
                 27 
                 75 
                 100 
                 — 
                 — 
                  6 
                 — 
               
               
                 R-S-METHYL 
               
               
                 BABA + 
                 10 + 1 
                  0 
                 37 
                  68 
                 100 
                 — 
                 — 
                  6.6 
                  3.9 
               
               
                 ACIBENZOLA 
               
               
                 R-S-METHYL 
               
               
                   
                 15 + 1 
                 60 
                 82 
                 100 
                 100 
                 — 
                 — 
                  1.4 
                 19.8 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 33 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 CONTROL OF DOWNY MILDEW IN GRAPES BY BABA, 
               
               
                 ALLIETTE AND THEIR MIXTURES IN LEAF DISCS 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Percent Disease Control 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 mg/L Active Ingredient 
                 ED 90   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Compounds 
                 Ratio (w/w) 
                 1.25 
                 2.5 
                 5 
                 10 
                 20 
                 50 
                 mg/L 
                 CF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BABA 
                   
                 — 
                 38 
                 44 
                 81 
                 86 
                 92 
                 33 
                 — 
               
               
                 ALLIETTE 
                 13 
                 36 
                 38 
                 40 
                 48 
                 81 
                 — 
                 24 
               
               
                 BABA + 
                 1 + 1 
                 44 
                 81 
                 87 
                 89 
                 92 
                 — 
                 12 
                 2.3 
               
               
                 ALLIETTE 
                 3 + 1 
                 44 
                 69 
                 88 
                 92 
                 95 
                 — 
                 10 
                 3.0 
               
               
                   
                 5 + 1 
                 25 
                 31 
                 43 
                 47 
                 83 
                 — 
                 22 
                 1.4 
               
               
                   
                 7 + 1 
                 24 
                 31 
                 34 
                 56 
                 62 
                 — 
                 30 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 9 + 1 
                 22 
                 34 
                 39 
                 55 
                 61 
                 — 
                 31 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 34 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 CONTROL OF DOWNY MILDEW IN GRAPES BY BABA, 
               
               
                 CURZATE AND THEIR MIXTURES, IN LEAF DISCS 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Percent Disease Control 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 mg/L Active Ingredient 
                 ED 90   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Compounds 
                 Ratio (w/w) 
                 1.25 
                 2.5 
                 5 
                 10 
                 20 
                 50 
                 mg/L 
                 CF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BABA 
                 — 
                 — 
                 25 
                 36 
                 78 
                 83 
                 91 
                 36 
                 — 
               
               
                 CURZATE 
                   
                 11 
                 39 
                 58 
                 66 
                 55 
                 — 
                 27 
                 — 
               
               
                 BABA + 
                 1 + 1 
                 51 
                 61 
                 68 
                 81 
                 89 
                 — 
                 16 
                 1.9 
               
               
                 CURZATE 
                 3 + 1 
                 62 
                 70 
                 77 
                 86 
                 93 
                 — 
                 13 
                 2.6 
               
               
                   
                 5 + 1 
                 69 
                 74 
                 81 
                 89 
                 95 
                 — 
                 11 
                 3.1 
               
               
                   
                 7 + 1 
                 49 
                 68 
                 74 
                 78 
                 89 
                 — 
                 16 
                 2.2 
               
               
                   
                 9 + 1 
                 21 
                 39 
                 58 
                 73 
                 82 
                 — 
                 17 
                 2.1