Abstract:
A modulation method for Frequency Division Duplex/Time Division Duplex (FDD/TDD) transceivers is provided. The invention eliminates the need for a burst mode controller for both FDD and TDD, as well as SAW bandpass filters and dielectric low pass filters.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0002]    The present invention relates generally to transceivers and, in particular, to a modulation method for Frequency Division Duplex/Time Division Duplex (FDD/TDD) transceivers.  
           [0003]    2. Description of Related Art  
           [0004]    Most architectures for low cost 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz portable residential wireless systems employ either Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) or Time Division Duplex (TDD) architectures. TDD architectures use digital modulation schemes so that digitized voice can be buffered and burst out during a transmission and then converted back to a normal rate after rate conversion in the receiver base band circuits. The TDD architectures result in very low cost radio frequency (RF) architectures as there is no need for Duplex filters and also due to the fact that only one phased locked loop (PLL) is needed to support a two-way communication link. However, due to the cost constraints on realizing an Integrated Circuit (IC) with all the necessary base band signal processing, a TDD approach is not the lowest cost solution.  
           [0005]    Frequency Division Duplex is generally used by analog systems that transmit and receive at distinctly different frequency bands. To prevent transmitter power from degrading receiver performance, expensive surface acoustic wave (SAW) or dielectric filters are used in the front end. In FDD, since the analog signal is transmitted without conversion into the digital domain, the cost of the base band sections are low. However, the RF sections are more expensive and the receive and transmit bands occupy a relatively small bandwidth of the available spectrum. In contrast, a TDD system is capable of operating over the entire available bandwidth.  
           [0006]    Accordingly, there is a need for a modulation method that overcomes the preceding deficiencies of the prior art approaches.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0007]    The problems stated above, as well as other related problems of the prior art, are solved by the present invention, a modulation method for Frequency Division Duplex/Time Division Duplex (FDD/TDD) transceivers. The invention eliminates the need for a burst mode controller for both FDD and TDD, as well as SAW bandpass filters and dieletric low pass filters.  
           [0008]    These and other aspects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments, which is to be read in connection with the accompanying drawings. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0009]    [0009]FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a sampled FSK modulator in Time Division Duplex (TDD) mode, according to an illustrative embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0010]    [0010]FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a sampled FSK modulator in Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) mode, according to an illustrative embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0011]    [0011]FIG. 3 is a waveform diagram illustrating a transmitter switching waveform, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention;  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 4 is a waveform diagram illustrating a receiver switching waveform, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention;  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 5 is a waveform diagram illustrating a chopped analog signal, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention; and  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 6 is a waveform diagram illustrating a relationship between the slopes of the transmitter and receiver waveforms of FIGS. 3 and 4, respectively, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0015]    The present invention is directed to a modulation method for Frequency Division Duplex/Time Division Duplex (FDD/TDD) transceivers. In particular, a technique is provided for realizing a TDD system with minimal changes to the existing FDD approach. The TDD system could either use the existing dual phase locked loop (PLL) (see dual PLL/pre-scaler  220 , FIG. 2) or the Tx and Rx frequencies at the band edge as is in the FDD approach. The invention is primarily intended for use in cordless telephone sets having a handset unit (handset) and a base unit (base). Of course, the invention may be applied with respect to other cordless communication devices, while maintaining the spirit and scope thereof.  
         [0016]    The invention facilitates the use of a single band pass filter (BPF) for the RF front-end, which operates between 902 Mhz to 928 MHz to reject strong out-of-band signals. The conventional FDD approach uses a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter in the receiver section and a 2-pole dielectric filter or printed transmission line filters for the transmitter section. It is to be appreciated that the present invention provides a significant cost savings as compared to the prior art. To further reduce cost, the architecture can be changed to that of a single PLL type. In this case, the frequency “plan” is that of a typical TDD system, with the transmitted frequency and the received frequency being the same on both the handset and the base. The present invention can be used in an FDD mode or a TDD mode with no change to the RF front-end. In either case, significant cost savings are realized. For the FDD approach, the cost savings at least results from the elimination of the SAW and dielectric filters. For the TDD approach, the cost savings at least results from not requiring a codec and the associated audio digitization circuits, buffer storage for digitized data, and burst mode transmission circuits.  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a sampled FSK modulator in Time Division Duplex (TDD) mode, according to an illustrative embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a sampled FSK modulator in Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) mode, according to an illustrative embodiment of the present invention. In the Figures herein, it is to be appreciated that like reference symbols indicate the same or similar components. Moreover, as used herein, the terms “Rx” and “Tx” correspond to the receiver and the transmitter, respectively, of either the handset or the base of the analog cordless telephone according to the invention.  
         [0018]    The modulators of FIGS. 1 and 2 both include: an antenna  110 ; a dielectric or microstrip band pass filter  114 ; a low noise amplifier (LNA)  118 ; an Rx supply  120 ; a mixer  122 ; a 10.7 MHz/21.4 MHz filter  124 ; an FM intermediate frequency (IF)  126 ; a second (2 nd ) IF filter  130 ; a second (2 nd ) LO  132 ; a quadrature detector  134 ; a first low pass filter (LPF)  136 ; a compandor  144 ; a high pass filter (HPF)  146 ; a ringing oscillator  148 ; a chopper  150 ; a reference oscillator  156 ; a modulator/tank circuit  158 ; a power amp  168 ; a microstrip LPF  170 ; a Tx supply  172 , an Exclusive-OR gate  180 ; an RC low pass filter  182 ; a varactor  184 ; and a fixed divider  186 .  
         [0019]    The modulator of FIG. 1 also includes: a transmit/receive switch (T/R)  112 ; a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO)  160 ; a first buffer amplifier  162 ; a second buffer amplifier  164 ; and a third buffer amplifier  166 .  
         [0020]    The modulator of FIG. 2 also includes a dual phase locked loop (PLL)/Pre-scaler  254  and a Tx voltage controlled oscillator (VCO)  260 .  
         [0021]    With respect to the base of the telephone, the audio entering therein is compressed using the compandor  144  so that there is relatively less variation to the audio signal amplitude coming from a central office. The compressed audio is chopped by chopper  150  using a transistor switch at 12 Khz. This signal is further filtered to remove all the spikes at the switching boundaries. The output from the chopper  150  is a pulse amplitude modulated signal containing the base band audio chopped at 12 KHz. FIG. 5 is a waveform diagram illustrating a chopped analog signal, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention. The digitization of the audio with the chopping signal needs to be done post priori to companding to ensure that the digitization is performed on a relatively constant amplitude audio signal. This signal is filtered and fed into the FSK modulator  158 . The 12 KHz chopping square wave is generated out of, e.g., an MC 74HC14 (Schmitt trigger) configured as an oscillator. This chopper signal is also used to turn on/off the Tx supply  172  (and hence the transmitter) at the chopping rate. A 180 degree out-of-phase chopping signal is used to turn on and off the Rx supply  120  (and hence the receiver). This process ensures that the receiver is off while the transmitter is on.  
         [0022]    On the Handset receiver side, the antenna  110  receives the signal, which is down converted to the intermediate frequency (IF) by the 2 nd  IF filter  130  and the 2 nd  LO  132 , and detected using conventional FM quadrature coil methods by the quadrature detector  134 . The recovered base band signal is a composite of a sinusoid with an overlay of the T/R chopping waveform. The composite signal is detected by the quadrature detector  134  and split into two arms. One arm passes through the low pass filter  136 , which filters off the 12 Khz chopping components to output a clean sinusoid. The base band telephony signal falls within the band of 300 Hz to 3300 Hz. Since the high frequency switching waveform is 3 times the maximum low frequency audio components, the low frequency signals satisfies the Nyquist criteria for signal recovery. The signal from the second arm is high pass filtered by HPF  146  and fed into a group (3) of inverters, configured as the ringing oscillator  148 , nominally at 12 Khz. High pass filtering removes all the low frequency audio components leaving a square wave pulse train that will be identical to that of the base transmitter chopping waveform. The ringing oscillator  148  will track the incoming 12 Khz signal and synchronize therewith. An inverter embodied within the ringing oscillator  148  is used to generate a complementary signal (i.e., Q 1 ) to the synchronized signal (i.e., Q). Switching connections to handset receive and transmit sections is done in a manner that is the reverse of that done for the base.  
         [0023]    For the architecture described above, the switching waveform should be shaped appropriately to satisfy the following conditions:  
         [0024]    a) Transmitter on/off chopping signal is slightly wave shaped (trapezoidal) so that the on period is less than (Tchop/2) the switching time of TX supply  172 . This adjustment is needed to ensure that the transmitter power does not block the receiver. The TX power supply signal output from the TX supply  172  is shaped while the Rx power supply signal output from the Rx supply  120  is not shaped. This allows the RX to quickly switch off while the Tx power supply signal is ramping up. FIG. 3 is a waveform diagram illustrating a transmitter switching waveform, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.  
         [0025]    b) Receiver on/off signal (180 degree phase reversed replica of the Tx switching waveform) is also similarly shaped to that of the Tx switching signal in that the waveform is trapezoidal, with the “on” time less than the actual signal (Tchop/2). The slopes of the Rx and Tx switching waveforms are adjusted for best performance. This switching methodology ensures that receiver desensitization does not happen due to transmit spectrum splatter. FIG. 4 is a waveform diagram illustrating a receiver switching waveform, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention. FIG. 6 is a waveform diagram illustrating a relationship between the slopes of the transmitter and receiver waveforms of FIGS. 3 and 4, respectively, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.  
         [0026]    It is to be appreciated that a method is also provided to further mitigate the effects of drift to the chopping signals used for T/R switching on both handset and base stations. Due to the possibility of the usage of the handset in areas having much more temperature variations (garage, yard &amp; outside the home) than the base, it is essential to provide nominal frequency stability for chopping signals to be close to the 12 Khz chopping frequency. This can be accomplished by taking the synthesizer reference frequency and dividing by a fixed divider (not shown) to provide the switching frequency. In this scenario, the base is always considered to be the master while the handset will compare the received switching waveforms with the local (handset) switching waveform. An Exclusive-OR gate  180  is used to compare these two signals and to generate an error signal. The error signal is integrated with an RC low pass filter  182  and applied to the reference oscillator  156  for frequency correction. This method of tuning ensures that the transmitter and the receiver switching signals on the handset keep tracking to the base T/R switching signals. If the handset goes out of range, then the link will be lost; however, once the base switching waveforms are received in the handset receiver, even marginally (due to characteristics of the ringing oscillator  156 ), tracking will commence and the link can be re-established.  
         [0027]    A description will now be given of some of the many advantages of the present invention. The invention provides drift compensation, thereby providing long time stability. Moreover, the invention allows for full band operation (26 Mhz). Also, the invention is alignment free. Additionally, the invention employs a low cost RF architecture. Further, the invention includes automatic clear channel selection (interference avoidance mechanism).  
         [0028]    Although the illustrative embodiments have been described herein with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to those precise embodiments, and that various other changes and modifications may be affected therein by one of ordinary skill in the related art without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. All such changes and modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.