Abstract:
A method for transferring heat from a first location to a second location includes thermoelelectrically transferring heat from the first location to a third location; and transferring heat from the third location to the second location through a magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) flow. A cooling system includes a thermoelectric cooling (TEC) component; and a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) component, wherein the MHD component and the TEC component are in thermal contact.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 
       [0001]    Thermoelectric cooling (TEC) system is advantageous over conventional refrigerating system in many aspects, such as being more compact and involving only solid-state components. The basic concept behind TEC is the Peltier effect, which occurs when electric current flows through two dissimilar materials. Depending on the current flow direction, cooling or heating could occur at the junction between the two dissimilar materials. 
         [0002]    The Peltier effect may be understood using an energy band diagram as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . Two dissimilar materials I and II have different energy levels. When the two materials are in contact, a conduction band discontinuity ΔE c  may be formed at the junction. When an electric field is applied to the material system, the conduction band energy level for electrons is slanted, as shown in  FIG. 1 , in a direction opposite to the electric field direction. 
         [0003]    Electrons in a material have a distribution of kinetic energy following certain statistics. The temperature of the material may be characterized by an average kinetic energy of electrons in the material. An electron (e − ), driven by the electric field, tends to move along the slanted direction of the conduction band. To cross the junction, the electron would have to overcome the potential energy barrier ΔE c . Consequently, among all the electrons, those of higher kinetic energy, i.e., contributing more to the temperature, have higher probability of crossing the junction. 
         [0004]    Because higher-energy electrons selectively cross the junction and leave material I, the average energy of the electrons left in material I near the junction is effectively lowered, resulting in a cooling near the junction between materials I and II. When the electrons cross the second junction between materials II and III, the average kinetic energy of electrons in material III near the second junction becomes higher, so does the temperature near the junction. Thus, applying an electric field across the material system shown in  FIG. 1  effectively transfers heat in the direction of the electron motion, from the first junction to the second junction. 
         [0005]    Among the materials used for TEC technologies, Bismuth Telluride is the most widely used because it can be more easily optimized for pumping heat. In addition, because Bismuth Telluride is a semiconductor, it can be easily doped to be either n-type (electron conducting) or p-type (hole conducting). The simplest TEC module can be constructed using a single semiconductor “pellet,” which is soldered to electrically-conductive materials on each end. The electrically-conductive material used is usually plated copper. In this configuration, materials I and III are, in fact, the copper connection paths to the power supply. Such a simple TEC module is illustrated in  FIG. 2A . When operating the TEC module of  FIG. 2A , electrons flow in the wire  21  in the direction shown by the arrows, driven by the electric field from the DC voltage source  22 . When electrons cross the junction between the copper plate  23  and the n-type semiconductor pellet, heat is absorbed at the junction. When the electrons cross the junction of the opposite side, heat is released. Note that the heat transfer direction in the n-type module is along the electron motion direction, which is opposite to the electrical current direction. 
         [0006]    Similar to the n-type TEC module shown in  FIG. 2A ,  FIG. 2B  illustrates a p-type TEC module. The same or a different power supply  22  may be used to drive an electrical current originating from the “+” terminal of the voltage source, through the wire  25  to the copper plate  23 . In the p-type pellet  26 , the electrical current is carried by holes. Note that in the p-type TEC module heat transfer is in the direction of the motion of holes, which is the same as the electrical current direction. Such a property, resulting from the fact that electrons and holes have opposite charges, is advantageously used in building a practical TEC device as shown in  FIG. 3A , wherein a plurality of n-type modules  31 ,  33 , and  35 , and p-type modules  32 ,  34 , and  36  are electrically connected in series, while heat is pumped in a direction parallel to the arrangement of the modules. The heat transfer direction is the direction of the electron flow direction, which is the same as the hole flow direction. 
         [0007]    As illustrated in  FIG. 3B , a conventional TEC device consists of 254 alternating p-type pellets  32  and n-type pellets  31  arranged in a 2-D array. The pellets (modules) are paired and electrically connected using copper plates  37 . The array is usually disposed between ceramic substrates  38  and  38 ′. The heat transfer direction is indicated by array  39 . Such a device can be driven with a 12-16 V DC power supply and draws a current of 4-5 amps. 
         [0008]    The compact design of the multiple pellets results in a high efficiency for heating from the cold side to the hot side. Subsequently, the temperature of the hot side increases and heat dissipation in the hot side must be taken into account when designing a practical TEC system. 
       SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
       [0009]    In one aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method for transferring heat from a first location to a second location, including thermoelectrically transferring heat from the first location to a third location, and transferring heat from the third location to the second location through an MHD flow. 
         [0010]    In another aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a cooling system including a TEC component and an MHD component, wherein the TEC component and the MHD component are in thermal contact. 
         [0011]    Other aspects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description and the attached claims. 
     
     
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0012]      FIG. 1  illustrates the principle for a TEC cooling process. 
           [0013]      FIG. 2A  shows a simple form of a TEC module made of an n-type semiconductor pellet. 
           [0014]      FIG. 2B  shows a simple form of a TEC module made of an p-type semiconductor. 
           [0015]      FIG. 3A  illustrates a TEC device made of coupled n-type and p-type pellets. 
           [0016]      FIG. 3B  illustrates a practical TEC device including a 2-D array of a plurality of n-type and p-type modules. 
           [0017]      FIG. 4  shows a TEC-MHD cooling system in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
           [0018]      FIGS. 5A-5D  show a structure of an MHD cooling component the physical principle of MHD cooling. 
           [0019]      FIGS. 6A-6B  shows perspective views of a TEC-MHD cooling system in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
           [0020]      FIGS. 7A-7C  shows a configuration of TEC components and MHD components of a cooling system in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
           [0021]      FIGS. 8A-8C  illustrate embodiments of the MHD cooling component. 
           [0022]      FIG. 9  illustrates an embodiment of an MHD cooling component with vertical MHD channels. 
           [0023]      FIGS. 10A-10B  shows a cooling system including a large-area MND cooling component in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
           [0024]      FIG. 11A-11C  illustrates a stacked cooling system including multiple TEC and MHD components and vertical fluid channels in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
           [0025]      FIGS. 12A-12B  shows circuitry of TEC-MHD cooling systems in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
           [0026]      FIG. 13  illustrates a TEC-MHD cooling system with a controlled heat transfer rate across different components in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0027]    In one aspect, some embodiments disclosed herein relate to methods and systems for effectively transferring heat at a controlled rate to a desired location. In particular, embodiments of the present invention relate to methods and systems utilizing magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) cooling means as well as TEC means to transfer heat. The TEC means for transferring heat involves using the Peltier effect by sending electrical current to a TEC component. The MHD means for transferring heat involves magnetically driving a fluid that carries heat. 
         [0028]    A system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention may include some or all of the following components: (1) a TEC component; (2) a heat sink component; (3) an MHD cooling component; (4) a power supply; and (5) a control component. 
         [0029]    MHD technologies have been extensively utilized in the fields of, for example, plasma confinement, liquid-metal cooling of nuclear reactors, and electromagnetic casting. The operation principle of an MHD device is based on the interaction between a moving charged particle and a magnetic field, where the particle is propelled in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic field direction and to its moving (electric current) direction. 
         [0030]    Practical MHD devices have been described in, for example, “Theory of the Laminar Flow of an Electrically Conductive Liquid in a Homogeneous Magnetic Field,” by Julian Hartmann in 1937, wherein electromagnetic pumping of liquid metals is explained in detail. MHD devices have also been used in controlling flows of liquid metals in metallurgical processing, through stirring and levitating the liquids (see, e.g., A. F., Kolesnichenko, “Electromagnetic Processes in Liquid Material in the USSR and Eastern European Countries,” Iron and Steel Institute of Japan (ISIJ) 30 (1), 8-26, 1990). Besides liquid-phase MHD devices, gas-phase MHD devices have been used in power generation. Gas-phase MHD technologies have the potential to improve electric conversion efficiency, increase system reliability by eliminating mechanical moving parts, and reduce emissions (see, e.g., P. Sporn and A. Kantrowitz, “Magnetohydrodynamics: Future Power Process?” Power 103 (11), November 1959, 62-65; and L. Steg &amp; G. W. Sutton, “Prospects of MHD Power Generation,” Astronautics, 5, Aug. 1960, 22-25). Closed-cyle liquid metal MHD systems using both single-phase and two-phase flows have also been explored. 
         [0031]    Embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below with respect to the drawings. Like reference numbers are used to denote like parts throughout the figures. 
         [0032]      FIG. 4  illustrates a cooling system in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. The TEC cooling component  41  is connected to a power supply through cables  42  and  43 . The MHD component  44  transfers heat from the hot side of the TEC component  41  to a heat sink  45 . MHD fluid (e.g., liquid or gas) flows in and out the MHD component  44  through the pipes  46  and  47 . 
         [0033]    The configuration and working principle of an MHD component are illustrated in  FIGS. 5A-5D . The MHD component  51  atop the TEC component  52  is connected to a MHD pump  54 . The MHD pump  54  includes a yoke  55  in which magnets  56  and a copper pipe  57  are mounted. The magnets  56  generate a magnetic field in the direction shown as arrows  513 . Copper conductor plates  59 , separated by non-conductive segments  511 , are connected to a power supply  515  using wires  516  and  517 , and provide an electrical current to charged particles in the pipe  57 . As shown in  FIG. 5D , charged particles in the fluid inside the pipe  57  are driven by the electric field in the electrical current direction show as arrow  512 , and are subsequently subject to the magnetic propulsion in the direction along the pipe shown as arrow symbols  514  in the direction toward inside the plane of the paper. The strength of the magnetic propulsion, F, is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field (B) and the velocity (v) of the charged particles in the direction of the electrical current shown in  FIG. 5D . Consequently, F, expressed as 
         [0000]    
       
      
       F=v×B,  
      
     
         [0000]    may be effectively controlled with an amplitude of the electrical current through the copper conductor plates  59 , and/or with the strength of the magnetic field. The strength of the magnetic field may also be controlled through an electrical current flowing in a coil that generates the magnetic field. 
         [0034]    Perspective views for the TEC-MHD cooling system of  FIG. 4  are further provided in  FIG. 6 . The TEC cooling component  41  is powered by a power supply through cables  42  and  43 . The MHD component  44  transfers heat from the hot side of the TEC component  41  to a heat sink  45 . MHD fluid flows in and out the MHD component  44  through the pipes  46  and  47 . The fluid may be circuited in a closed circuit, driven by an MHD pump as illustrated in  FIG. 5 . The MHD pump may be powered by the same power supply for the TEC component, or using a different power supply. 
         [0035]    Turning now to  FIG. 7 , layered structure of a cooling system in accordance with embodiments of the present invention is presented. In the TEC component  71 , a ceramic layer  73  is used as a substrate for the individual TEC modules. On the ceramic layer  73 , a plurality of n-type TEC modules  76  and p-type TEC modules  77  are inter-connected using conductor plates  78 . In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, in MHD component  72 , MHD channels  79  may be embedded inside a top ceramic layer  74  that serves as the thermal contact to the hot side of the TEC modules. The MHD channels are connected through pipes  46  and  47  to an external MHD pump, and optionally to a reservoir for MHD fluid, or to a heat sink at a distance from the TEC component. 
         [0036]    The MHD channels can have different topologies. Some embodiments of the present invention are illustrated in  FIGS. 8A-8C . A channel in the ceramic layer may be lateral or vertical relative to the ceramic layer. An MHD component  72  may have a configuration shown in an embodiment of the MHD component  80   a  of  FIG. 8A , wherein the channel  81  within the ceramic layer forms patterns that are localized around a location  83  and a location  84 . Such a configuration can effectively remove heat from locations  83  and  84 , which may correspond to projected “hot spots.” In addition, heat may be transferred from one spot to another spot accurately along a channel pattern similar to that of  FIG. 8A . As illustrated in  FIG. 8B , channel patterns may be designed to be evenly distributed throughout another embodiment of the MHD component  80   b  in order to maximize the overall cooling efficiency.  FIG. 8C  shows a cross-sectional view of an MHD component, wherein channels  88  are in a lateral direction within the ceramic layer while forming patterns within the layer. 
         [0037]    In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, the MHD channels can extend beyond the ceramic layer and into the heat sink. As shown in  FIG. 9 , TEC component  91  is disposed between a bottom ceramic layer  92  and a top ceramic layer  93 , the bottom ceramic layer  92  being attached to heat sources to be cooled. For the MHD component  98 , in addition to MHD channels  94  that are in a lateral direction relative to the ceramic layer  93 , substantially vertical channels  95 , defined by pipes  96 , extend into the heat sink  97 . Because the fluid carrying heat is in thermal contact with multiple fins of the heat sink  97 , heat transfer rate greatly increased. 
         [0038]    A system in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention includes an MHD component having a surface area significantly larger than that of a TEC component attached to it, as shown in  FIG. 10 . As the rate of heat dissipation is proportional to the surface area, a large MHD component  101  can transfer heat from a relatively small area of a small TEC component  102  and spread the heat to a large area. Because the heat is carried away by MHD fluid, the heat dissipation rate at the hot side of the TEC component  102  is not limited by the relatively small surface area. The heat transfer rate can be effectively adjusted by the ratio of the size of the MHD component to the size of TEC component. In addition, the heat can be effectively transferred to a large heat sink  104 , further increasing heat dissipation area. Furthermore, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention, a large MHD component  106  can effectively cool a plurality of small TEC devices  107 - 109 , as shown in  FIG. 10B . 
         [0039]    In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, a plurality of TEC and MHD components may be adjoined in a cascade configuration, as shown in an exemplary configuration in  FIG. 11 . The heat is transferred from a heat source to a first TEC component  111 . Heat from the hot side of the first TEC component  111  is further transferred, through an MHD component  112 , to a second TEC component  113 . A plurality of MHD channels  114  may be confined to between two TEC components. Alternatively, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the MHD channels may go through one or more TEC components, in which holes are designed to be adapted to have MHD channels disposed therethrough. The heat transfer efficiency can be significantly improved compared to conventional, serially-connected TEC components. This is due to the fact that in a conventional configuration the ceramic layers between the TEC components are bottlenecks for heat transfer. 
         [0040]    In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the exemplary system illustrated in  FIG. 11A  may have many variations in its configuration. For example, the MHD components may have different shapes, such as square, circular, or tubular shapes. In addition, the fluid channels may also have different shapes, sizes, locations and configuration. The MHD components connecting TEC components may have shapes that effectively direct heat transfer to a different direction. For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 11C , an embodiment of the cooling system may include a TEC component  116 , and a “bent” MHD component  117 , the direction of heat transfer may be pointed to a direction away from the direction perpendicular to the first TEC component  116 , i.e., away from the arrows shown in  FIG. 1A . The MHD component  117  may be further connected to a TEC component  118 , as well as other MHD components (such as  119 ) and TEC components (such as  120 ). Further, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention, one or more of the MHD components, such as  117 , may be made of a flexible material. Accordingly, MHD pipes within the MHD component  117  is made flexible. Thus, serially-connected TEC-MHD components may form a heat transfer path having a flexible shape, allowing heat to be transferred accurately from one spot to another spot in any direction. 
         [0041]    An MHD component  121  and a TEC component  122  may be powered by a same power supply, as shown in  FIG. 12A . As the heat transfer rate is proportional to the current amplitude, optionally separate current controllers  123  and  124  may be used to control currents i 1  and i 2  to the MHD component  121  and the TEC component  122 , respectively. 
         [0042]    Alternatively, separate power supplies may be used to control the MHD component  121  and the TEC  122  component individually, as illustrated in  FIG. 12B . 
         [0043]    One or more embodiments of the present invention provide efficient heat transfer and effective ways of controlling the heat transfer rates. As illustrated in  FIG. 13 , heat is transferred from a heat source  131 , to a hot side  132   h  of a TEC device  132 . The heat transfer rate may be controlled by, for example, the magnitude of the electrical current flowing into the TEC component  132 . Heat is further transferred from the TEC device  132  to the MHD device  133 , and the heat transfer rate therein may be controlled by, for example, the flow rate of the MHD fluid. As discussed earlier, in addition to controlling the heat transfer rate, the direction for the heat transfer may also be controlled, for example, by using a “bent” or a flexible MHD component. Thus, the direction for the heat transfer may be changed to be different from the vertical arrows seen in  FIG. 13 . 
         [0044]    Heat may be further transferred from the MHD device  133  to a second location, e.g., the ambient environment  134 . The heat transfer rate therein may be controlled through the size of a heat sink, cooling fans, and/or other conventional means. 
         [0045]    Advantages of one or more embodiments of the present invention may include, but are not limited to: efficient cooling without mechanical moving parts; compact design; controllable cooling rate; flexible direction of heat transfer; accurate transfer of heat from one spot to another. 
         [0046]    While the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art, having benefit of this disclosure, will appreciate that other embodiments can be advised which do not depart from the scope of the invention as disclosed herein. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be limited only by the attached claims.