Abstract:
Systems and methods are described for translating detected wafer defect coordinates to reticle coordinates using CAD data. A wafer inspection image is provided and coordinates of potential defects in the wafer are determined. Then the wafer inspection image is converted into a predetermined image format. CAD data for the device under test is then used to produce a second image, also in the predetermined image format. The CAD-derived image and the wafer-derived image are then aligned, and the coordinates of potential defects in the wafer are converted into CAD coordinates. The CAD coordinates are then used to navigate through the reticle for the wafer in order to locate reticle defects corresponding to the detected wafer defects.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The invention relates generally to the field of semiconductor manufacturing. More particularly, the invention relates to semiconductor inspection and measurement. 
     2. Discussion of the Related Art 
     Inspection and measurement are important areas of semiconductor manufacturing. Measurement may be defined as the ability to precisely quantify physical, dimensional, or electrical properties of different materials. Numerous measurement tools are routinely used to monitor the quality of semiconductor manufacturing processes. Inspection relates to the ability to observe and quantify defects, and inspection tools include a variety of optical instruments used for these purposes. In sub-micron applications, inspection equipment such as scanning electrical microscopes (SEMs) are widely used. 
     As geometries get smaller, the ability to observe defects in wafers and reticles (masks) becomes more challenging and expensive. Existing wafer and reticle inspection tools find defects which can only be disposed when their location is understood. Typically, engineers spend many hours or days attempting to determine the location of defects in order to be able to classify and judge their impact on production yield. Consequently, defects are often disposed without regard to their location but rather only to its size. 
     Thus, there is a need for a method and apparatus for defect location, minimizing engineering defect reduction efforts, and improving the forecast of measures such as production yield. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     There is a need for the following embodiments. Of course, the invention is not limited to these embodiments. 
     In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, defects in a device under test are located using CAD data for the device under test. An inspection image is provided of a device under test and coordinates of potential defects in the device under test are determined. Then the inspection image is converted into a predetermined image format. CAD data for the device under test is then used to produce a second image, also in the predetermined image format. The CAD-derived image and the device-derived image are then aligned, and the coordinates of potential defects in the wafer are converted into CAD coordinates. The CAD coordinates are then used to navigate through the reticle for the wafer in order to located reticle defects corresponding to the detected wafer defects. 
     According to another aspect of the invention, an apparatus includes a stage for holding a wafer under test, an image and defect detection device coupled to the stage for producing an inspection image of the wafer under test and for producing stage coordinates of defects detected in the wafer under test, CAD data for the wafer under test, a control unit coupled to control the stage and the image and defect detection device, and a synchronization unit coupled to the control unit and to the image and defect detection device, for converting stage coordinates of defects in the wafer under test into wafer reticle coordinates as a function of both the inspection image of the wafer under test and the CAD data. 
     These, and other, embodiments of the invention will be better appreciated and understood when considered in conjunction with the following description and the accompanying drawings. It should be understood, however, that the following description, while indicating various embodiments of the invention and numerous specific details thereof, is given by way of illustration and not of limitation. Many substitutions, modifications, additions and/or rearrangements may be made within the scope of the invention without departing from the spirit thereof, and the invention includes all such substitutions, modifications, additions and/or rearrangements. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The drawings accompanying and forming part of this specification are included to depict certain aspects of the invention. A clearer conception of the invention, and of the components and operation of systems provided with the invention, will become more readily apparent by referring to the exemplary, and therefore nonlimiting, embodiments illustrated in the drawings, wherein like reference numerals (if they occur in more than one view) designate the same or similar elements. The invention may be better understood by reference to one or more of these drawings in combination with the description presented herein. It should be noted that the features illustrated in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. 
         FIG. 1  is an image of a wafer, illustrating an aspect of the invention. 
         FIG. 2  is an image of a reticle, illustrating an aspect of the invention. 
         FIG. 3  is an image of a repeater defect spread across different reticle fields, illustrating an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 4  is a block diagram of a semiconductor inspection apparatus, representing an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 5  is a flowchart of a translation method, representing an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 6  is a synchronized CAD and wafer image, illustrating an aspect of the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The invention and the various features and advantageous details thereof are explained more fully with reference to the nonlimiting embodiments that are illustrated in the accompanying drawings and detailed in the following description. It should be understood that the detailed description and the specific examples, while indicating specific embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only and not by way of limitation. Various substitutions, modifications, additions and/or rearrangements within the spirit and/or scope of the underlying inventive concept will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art from this disclosure. 
     During inspection of wafers in a fabrication facility, repeater defects or anomalies may show up from time to time. Repeater defects are defects that are repeated in each reticle field of a wafer, and may be due to, for example, problems with the reticle mask or plate. When wafer defects are repeated from one reticle field to another, an inspection tool may flag such defects and store them in a defect file. The defect file contains the stage X-Y coordinates for each potential detected defect. Using the defect file in a review station, a review tool may be driven to the locations found in the wafer or die for that particular defect or missing feature. Unfortunately, the locations of the repeater in the defect file may be off by as much as approximately 5 to 15 microns from one repeater defect to another in a different reticle field. This offset may be due to, for example, stage inconsistencies from tool to tool or mechanical tolerances, making it difficult to translate defect positions between the wafer and the reticle mask. 
     The present invention may include a method and/or apparatus for determining the absolute X-Y location of semiconductor features or the like by using a computer-aided design (CAD) layout overlaid onto an inspection image. The features may be, for example, a defect or an anomaly. The invention may include tagging the defect or missing feature by appending absolute CAD X-Y coordinates to the defect file. 
     In one embodiment, the CAD layout and the inspection image may be automatically synchronized. When the stage on the review tool moves across the die, the overlaid CAD image for a particular layer may move in tandem. This automated synchronization method may take both the image seen on the inspection tool screen and the generated CAD image. In another embodiment, an operator may be provided with the inspection image and the overlaid CAD drawing in the same screen. Once the synchronization described above is performed in accordance with the invention, the defect file for a particular wafer with repeater defects may be loaded into the inspection or review tool and driven to the particular defect or missing feature of interest. The defect&#39;s absolute CAD X-Y may be recorded in the form of a tagged defect file, or a tagged file. 
     Typically, reticle plates are four times larger than the device being printed and are a mirror image of the reticle field. In one embodiment, the CAD X-Y coordinates may be transformed accordingly to compensate for differences between the reticle plate and a reticle field. A reticle plate review tool, which is similar in structure to a fabrication inspection tool, can accurately be driven to the correct defect location using the CAD X-Y coordinates. Once the defective area is correctly found on the reticle plate, analysis tools may be used to determine possible problems with that particular feature. 
     In one embodiment, after repairing the reticle plate, a print test may be performed and the wafer inspection review tools may be returned to the same location in order to determine the output of the repair. Additional defect locations found on the plate at the mask shop may be also reported using the methods described herein, and wafer fabrication inline inspection tools may be driven to those same locations using absolute CAD X-Y coordinates. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , a wafer  105  is depicted, illustrating an aspect of the invention. In this exemplary embodiment, the wafer  105  may include, for example, six rows  100  of reticle fields  110 . Reticle fields  110  are formed in a known manner in an ordered pattern on Wafer  105  using step-and-repeat photolythographic processes. Typically, a reticle field  110  (which may correspond to an individual die) may contain undesirable defects  115 . The defects  115  may be chemical or structural irregularities that degrade the crystal structure of silicon or of the deposited materials that reside on the reticle field  110  surface. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , an individual reticle field  110  detailed in  FIG. 1  is depicted illustrating an aspect of the invention. The reticle field  110  includes defects  115 . In this example, one of the defects  115  is a repeater defect  120 . The repeater defect  120  may repeat itself throughout some or all of the other reticle fields in wafer  105  detailed in FIG.  1 . 
     If reticle fields  110  of wafer  105  depicted in  FIG. 1  were stacked onto a single reticle field shot showing only repeater defects, the spread associated with stage run out caused by the inspection tool would be seen as it scans across and down the wafer. 
     For example, referring to  FIG. 3 , the repeater defect  120  detailed in  FIG. 2  spread across different reticle fields is depicted illustrating one embodiment of the invention. A circle  305  indicates the actual position of the repeater defect  120 . A plurality of crossed squares  310  represent a single stack of the same defect in the same portion of different reticle fields located in different parts of the wafer. In one practical embodiment, the stage accuracy as the inspection system scans vertically and horizontally across the wafer may shows a spread of as much as 10 microns in each direction (ΔX and ΔY in FIG.  3 ). Thus, the same reticle defect that manifests itself in different reticle fields as a repeater defect may be perceived to be spread across an area of about 20 to 100 square microns in different reticle fields. In one embodiment, the invention may include a defect repeater automation method which finds common coordinates of defect locations within the wafer and outputs a tagged defect file populated with the CAD X-Y coordinates of repeater defects, aiding in failure analysis by providing the exact location of particular defects, and improving accuracy in existing reticle automation software. 
     Referring to  FIG. 4 , a block diagram of a semiconductor inspection apparatus  400  is depicted according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention. A stage  405  is coupled to a scanning device  410 , and it may include a device under test (DUT)  406 . The device under test  406  may be, for example, a wafer. The scanning device  410  may be, for example, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or an optical device to provide an image of a wafer defect and/or surrounding features to a detection device  415 . A control unit  420  may be circuitry or a computer which controls, coordinates, and gathers information from the stage  405 , scanning device  410 , and detection unit  415 . A synchronization unit  425  is coupled to the control unit  420 , and a program storage media  430  is coupled to the synchronization unit  425 . 
     The scanning and detection devices  410 ,  415  may be, for example, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or an optical based system. The control unit  420  may move the stage  405  in space and control operation of the scanning and detection devices  410 ,  415 . As the stage  405  moves under the inspection system, stage coordinates along with detection and scanning information may be kept track of by the control unit  420 . The control unit  420  and the synchronization unit  425  work in conjunction with each other to coordinate wafer and/or intra-die locations for overlaying and synchronizing a CAD generated data  407  onto a captured inspection image  408  generated by the inspection tool (optical or SEM). The inspection image  408  may also be referred to as a DUT inspection image, a captured DUT image, or a wafer image. The control unit  420  may also provide the synchronization unit  425  with a defect file containing stage X-Y coordinates of defects and features. 
     The synchronization unit  425  processes the CAD data  407  and the inspection image  408 . The synchronization unit  425  operates to convert the CAD data  407  into a rendered image in a predetermined image format. The rendered image may be squared off at the ends to better represent the inspection image  408  provided by the inspection tool. Next, an alignment algorithm may be used for synchronizing and compensating for any offsets between the CAD data  407  and the inspection image  408 . In one embodiment, the synchronization unit  425  may overlay an image derived from the CAD data  407  onto the inspection image  408 , or vice versa. In another embodiment, the synchronization unit  425  may receive the inspection image  408  from the detection device  415  (for example, a wafer image or a reticle image), retrieve the CAD data  407  from a database (not shown), perform a synchronization operation, receive a defect file  421  from the control unit  420 , map a CAD feature coordinate to a reticle field defect coordinate, and provide the control unit  420  with tagged defect file  426  containing CAD X-Y coordinates of defects. 
     In practice, the synchronization unit  425  may be a programmable circuit, such as, for example, a computer, microprocessor or digital signal processor-based (DSP) circuit, that operates in accordance with instructions stored in the program storage media  430 . The program storage media  430  may be any type of readable memory including, for example, a magnetic or optical media such as a card, tape or disk, or a semiconductor memory such as a PROM or FLASH memory. The synchronization unit  425  may be implemented in software, such as, for example, a software defined algorithm, or the functions may be implemented by a hardware circuit, or by a combination of hardware and software. 
     When the synchronization unit  425  is a programmable circuit, a program, such as that presented below and discussed in detail with reference to  FIG. 5 , is stored in the program storage media  430  to create an apparatus in accordance with the present invention that operates in accordance with the methods of the present invention. In the alternative, the synchronization unit  425  may be hard-wired or may use predetermined data tables, or may be a combination of hard-wired and programmable circuitry. 
     Referring to  FIG. 5 , a flowchart of translation method  500  is depicted, representing an embodiment of the invention. The method  500  may be stored in the program storage media  430  and performed by the synchronization unit  425 , both detailed in FIG.  4 . The inspection image  408  is processed by a first image conversion step  505  where a die image is converted from a raster scan or any other image format into a predetermined image format. The CAD image  407  is received from a database (not shown) and is processed by a lithography modeling step  510 , producing a rendered die or wafer image  506 . In one exemplary embodiment, the lithography modeling method performed by step  510  may use, for example, the Prolith lithography software available from Finle Technology, Inc. The rendered image  506  is further processed by a second image conversion step  515  that converts rendered image  506  into the same predetermined image format as that produced by block  505 . The predetermined image format may be any image format such as, for example, a tagged-image file format (TIFF) conversion, a joint photographic experts group image (JPEG), a graphic interchange format image (GIF), a printer description file (PDF), or any other image format. 
     The outputs of the image conversion steps  505 ,  515  are processed by an alignment step  520 . The alignment of the two images, both in the same predetermined image format and at the same magnification, are matched by all the edge features of the image, yielding a map of inspection image to CAD image coordinates. Step  525  receives the defect file  421  containing stage X-Y coordinates of a defect and appends to it the corresponding CAD X-Y coordinates of the defect, outputting the tagged defect file  426 . 
     The alignment step  520  may use any of a variety of alignments methods. For example, the alignment step  520  may use a gradient descent method, such as an additive algorithm, a compositional algorithm, or an inverse compositional algorithm. While an additive algorithms estimate additive increments to alignment parameters, compositional algorithms estimate incremental warps. Gradient descent algorithms are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art. In one exemplary embodiment, the alignment method performed by step  520  may use, for example, the image alignment method used in the 8250 Series CD SEM tool, which is a critical dimension scanning electron micrograph tool for measuring very small features, made available by KLA-Tencor. In another embodiment, the invention may use the image alignment method used in the KLA-Tencor ES20 tool. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 4 and 5 , the invention includes a method and/or apparatus for providing the control unit  420  of a semiconductor inspection apparatus  400  with a map of wafer coordinates to CAD coordinates. The control unit can perform a fine alignment of the stage  405 . The synchronization unit  425  may be useful in defect location. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6 , a synchronized CAD and wafer image  600  is depicted, illustrating an aspect of the invention. A square  605  represents a CAD element or feature, and a circle  610  represents a wafer element or feature. The overlaying of wafer and CAD images illustrated in  FIG. 6  is done by the alignment block  520  detailed in FIG.  5 . 
     In one exemplary embodiment, the invention may be used to detect wafer or reticle defects through CAD navigation. A wafer element  615  found without a corresponding CAD feature indicates a possible wafer defect. For example, the wafer defect may be a missing contact. In another embodiment, the defect detection may be automated. The absolute defect location may be recorded in a defect file or a database. 
     In one embodiment, the invention may include synchronizing and overlaying a CAD image to a wafer image, automatically locating wafer defects on the resulting overlaid image, and adding absolute CAD X-Y coordinates of the wafer defects to a defect file or database. The invention may also include using the absolute CAD defect coordinates of a defect file or database for driving an inspection system and automatically locating defects in a reticle which correspond to the wafer defects. 
     The terms a or an, as used herein, are defined as one or more than one. The term plurality, as used herein, is defined as two or more than two. The term another, as used herein, is defined as at least a second or more. The terms including and/or having, as used herein, are defined as comprising (i.e., open language). The term coupled, as used herein, is defined as connected, although not necessarily directly, and not necessarily mechanically. The term program or software, as used herein, is defined as a sequence of instructions designed for execution on a computer system. A program, or computer program, may include a subroutine, a function, a procedure, an object method, an object implementation, an executable application, an applet, a servlet, a source code, an object code, a shared library/dynamic load library and/or other sequence of instructions designed for execution on a computer system. 
     The appended claims are not to be interpreted as including means-plus-function limitations, unless such a limitation is explicitly recited in a given claim using the phrase(s) “means for” and/or “step for.” Subgeneric embodiments of the invention are delineated by the appended independent claims and their equivalents. Specific embodiments of the invention are differentiated by the appended dependent claims and their equivalents.