Abstract:
Systems and methods for ensuring data integrity in a mesh network. A mesh network can include multiple RF devices. Transmitting quality data in or on the mesh network is improved using communication validation functions. The communication validation functions ensure a reliable communication network, preserve data during a network outage, and validate data. The communication validation functions can measure or control data quality within a communication and analysis network. The communication validation function operates to control data quality, for example, by measuring the quality of wireless links, ensuring the presence of redundant links, testing the ability of the mesh network to establish a backup communication path, generating alarms based on communication thresholds, tracking the communication path followed by communication packets, and identifying placement locations for additional RF devices.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/083,909, filed Mar. 18, 2005 and entitled “Solar Powered Radio Frequency Device Within an Energy Sensor System”, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/554,188, filed Mar. 18, 2004 and entitled “A Non-Intrusive Energy Sensor with Wireless Communications”. This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/892,837, entitled “Methods and Apparatus for Retrieving Energy Readings from an Energy Monitoring Device” and filed Jul. 16, 2004, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/488,700 filed Jul. 18, 2003 and entitled “A Wireless Communication Network and RF Devices for Non-Intrusive Energy Monitoring and Control.” This application is also related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. __/____, (Attorney Docket No. 16011.11) entitled “Grouping Mesh Clusters” and filed the same day as the present application. The foregoing applications are incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     1. The Field of the Invention  
         [0003]     In facilities, e.g. buildings or installations, where a significant amount of power is used among a variety of units, it would be desirable to allow the building owner to allocate energy costs to the different units, i.e. consumers, within the facility. For a commercial office building, these units may include the different tenants within the building or the common loads for the facility, such as the elevators or HVAC systems. For an industrial facility, these units may include the different production lines, machines or processes within the facility. As opposed to allocating costs based on a fixed or formulaic approach (such as pro-rata, e.g. dollars per square foot or based on the theoretical consumption of a process/machine), an allocation based on actual measurements using appropriate monitoring devices may result in more accurate and useful information as well as a more equitable cost distribution.  
         [0004]     Both installation and ongoing, i.e. operational and maintenance, costs for these monitoring devices are important considerations in deciding whether a monitoring system is worth the investment. While monitoring devices may be read manually, which does not increase the installation cost, manual data collection may increase on-going/operational costs. Alternatively, monitoring devices may be interconnected and be automatically read via a communications link. However, typical communication links require wiring to interconnect the devices which increases the installation cost. In addition, a particular tenant in the building may wish to verify that they are being billed correctly by reading the energy meter or other energy monitoring device that is accumulating their energy usage. This may be a straightforward, although labor intensive and cumbersome, process with a typical energy meter which provides a display viewable by the tenant.  
         [0005]     Emerging wireless mesh (or ad-hoc) networking technologies can be used to reduce the installation costs of monitoring devices while providing for automated data collection. Also called mesh topology or a mesh network, mesh is a network topology in which devices are connected with many redundant interconnections between network nodes. Effectively, each network node acts as a repeater/router with respect to received communications where the device is not the intended recipient in order to facilitate communications between devices across the network. Using wireless interconnections permits simpler and cost-effective implementation of mesh topologies wherein each device is a node and wirelessly interconnects with at least some of the other devices within its proximity using RF based links. Mesh networking technologies generally fall into two categories: high-speed, high bandwidth; and low speed, low bandwidth, low power. The first category of devices is typically more complex and costly than the second. Since energy monitoring does not typically require high speed/high bandwidth communication, the second category of devices is often sufficient in terms of data throughput.  
         [0006]     Energy monitoring devices may include electrical energy meters that measure at least one of kWh, kVAh, kVARh, kW demand, kVA demand, kVAR demand, voltage, current, etc. Energy monitoring devices may also include devices that measure the consumption of water, air, gas and/or steam.  
         [0007]     Poor data integrity may manifest itself as poor data quality. Poor data quality may restrict the ability to execute business plans and may cost organizations money. Poor data quality may manifest itself in a failure of analytics and a failure in business initiatives. Analytic systems that do not implement at least some data quality mechanisms may suffer from limited acceptance or failure due to the lack attention to data quality issues. A Global Data Management Survey by Pricewaterhousecoopers in 2001 recorded the 75% of enterprises reported significant problems as a result of data quality issues. More than 50% had incurred extra costs due to the need for internal reconciliation, 33% had been forced to delay or scrap new systems, 33% had failed to bill or collect receivables. 20% had failed to meet a contractual or service level agreement. As analytical systems begin to be used on energy measurements, there is a significant need to ensure that there are data quality mechanisms to increase the level of data quality within an energy analytic system. In addition, there is a significant need to report the level of data quality within the energy analytic system.  
         [0008]     Companies&#39; reliance on data may be increasing sharply and irreversibly in the future as more ‘automated’ decisions may be based on data. This increases companies&#39; exposure to bad data and raises a need for data integrity to be addressed in an energy analytic system. An analytic system that relies on historical data stores and real time data to present data, analysis, or report and perhaps automatic decisions may have a significantly reduced value if a data integrity quality system and analysis is not addressed within the analytic system. There is an increasing need to have data integrity issues addressed within an energy analytic system especially within a wireless mesh communication system.  
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0009]     These and other limitations are overcome by embodiments of the invention, which relate to systems and methods for controlling or measuring data integrity in a mesh network. In one embodiment, a system for monitoring energy data that is representative of the energy from at least a point of an energy distribution system includes a wireless mesh network. A first radio frequency (“RF”) device operates to monitor energy at least at one point of the energy distribution system, construct energy data representative of at least a portion of the monitored energy, construct a communication packet containing the energy data, and transmit the communication packet on the wireless mesh network. A second RF device is coupled to the first RF device with a wireless link. The second RF device operates to receive the communication packet from the wireless mesh network and retransmit the communication packet over the wireless mesh network. The wireless link between the first RF device and the second RF device includes a data link. A data integrity function couples with at least one of the first and second RF devices, and operates to monitor data integrity of the energy data. The data integrity of the energy logs and communication system may be verified by using validation rules, estimation rules, editing rules and a data validation engine. The reporting of the data integrity may be facilitated by using a number of nines representation, alarm indications, signal to noise ratios and graphical depiction of the communication network with reliability indications. The data integrity of the logs within remote device may be preserved using a lossy style of compression, removing interval data and storing the data within remote devices accessible by a data link. The communication packet typically contains a value representative of at least a portion of the energy data.  
         [0010]     In another embodiment, a system for controlling data quality within an energy distribution system includes a mesh network having a first RF device and a second RF device. The first RF device and the second RF device are able to communicate over a plurality of wireless links. The system also includes a communication validation function coupled to the first RF device and the second RF device. The communication validation function operates to monitor the plurality of wireless links in order to facilitate the transmission of energy data on the mesh network by adjusting at least one of the first RF device, the second RF device, and the plurality of wireless links.  
         [0011]     Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by the practice of the invention. The features and advantages of the invention may be realized and obtained by means of the instruments and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. These and other features of the present invention will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims, or may be learned by the practice of the invention as set forth hereinafter.  
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0012]     To further clarify the above and other advantages and features of the present invention, a more particular description of the invention will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is appreciated that these drawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope. The invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which:  
         [0013]      FIG. 1  depicts a system of energy sensors within a commercial building communicating over a wireless mesh network;  
         [0014]      FIG. 2  depicts an embodiment of a communication diagram depicting mesh communication links;  
         [0015]      FIG. 3  depicts an embodiment of a communication diagram depicting mesh communication links;  
         [0016]      FIG. 4  depicts an embodiment of a communication diagram depicting mesh communication links;  
         [0017]      FIG. 5  depicts some of the general components within an RF data communication packet payload;  
         [0018]      FIG. 6  depicts an energy sensor equipped with various commissioning aids;  
         [0019]      FIG. 7  depicts a block diagram of an energy sensor;  
         [0020]      FIG. 8  depicts a block diagram of an energy sensor utilizing power derived from the measured energy signal to power the metering device; and,  
         [0021]      FIG. 9  illustrates an exemplary flowchart for monitoring data quality for an energy management system.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0022]     Herein, the phrase “coupled with” is defined to mean directly connected to or indirectly connected through one or more intermediate components. Such intermediate components may include hardware, communication and software-based components. Additional intermediate components may include electrical field coupled and magnetic field coupled components. The figures included in this document refer to various groups of items using a number prefix and a letter as a suffix, such as  120   a,    120   b,  and  120   c.  The number listed alone without the letter suffix refers to at least one of these items. An example of this is when a group of items such as the energy sensors  120  are referred to as energy sensors  120 , this is meant to refer at least one of the energy sensors  120   a,    120   b,    120   c,    120   d,    120   e,    120   f,    120   g,    120   h,  or  120   i.    
         [0023]     The integrity of data on an energy management system is important to the overall analysis and billing potential of the energy management system. Bad data integrity can lead to data quality issues. Data quality issues within an energy management system may cause incorrect billing, maintenance problems, distribution issues and electrical failure. There are at least three areas for improvement that a data integrity function can assist with data quality issues within an energy management system. These three areas include ensuring a reliable communication network, preserving data during a network outage, and validating data. A data integrity function is a measure or control of data quality within a communication and analysis network. A data integrity function may include a system that may ensure a reliable communication network, a system that may preserve data during a communication network breakdown, or a system for validating, estimating, and editing data measured or received by a device or system.  
         [0024]     Two of the benefits of data integrity system, ensuring reliable communication network and preserving data during a network outage, may be particularly of interest with a wireless network such as a wireless mesh network; however methods covering all three data integrity methods are disclosed within this document.  
         [0025]     The present embodiments reduce the costs of energy metering by reducing the installation costs and commissioning costs for metering points. In addition, the present embodiments reduce the need for additional external components such as potential transformers, current transformers, and measurement cabinets. The present embodiments are able to reduce these costs by using various combinations of the following technology discussed below. By reducing these costs, the number of metering points within an energy distribution system, such as an electrical energy distribution system, may be increased; similar approaches may be used to increase the number of metering points throughout other energy distribution systems such as water, air, gas and steam distribution systems.  
         [0026]     Referring now to  FIG. 1 , a wireless network composed of a radio frequency (“RF”) repeater converter  110 , RF repeater  115 , and energy sensors  120  are used to transmit communication data packets between the energy management station  100  and the energy sensors  120 . As shown in  FIG. 1 , this wireless network may be deployed within a commercial building space. An RF device includes at least one of RF repeater converter  110 , RF repeater  115 , energy sensors  120 , RF signal strength sensors, or RF display devices  140 . The RF devices make use of an RF mesh network for communication. Using RF communications, the present embodiments may be able to reduce the cost of metering an additional point or to reduce the cost of communicating an existing metering point in an energy distribution system back to the energy management station  100  or SCADA software by significantly reducing the cost of making communication wires available at the metering point and maintaining the communication wires between the energy management station  100  and the metering point.  
         [0027]     The energy management station  100  may be software residing on a computer or firmware residing on an intelligent electronic device (IED). The energy sensor  120  is an IED that is able to meter at least one energy related parameter and communicate over an RF mesh network. An energy sensor  120  may include various measurement coupling devices. This allows the energy sensor  120  to measure or couple with measurements of various forms of energy. An alternate embodiment of the energy sensor  120  may include a measurement coupling device such as a digital input used for a pulse counter used to read pulses. An example is shown in  FIG. 1 , where an energy sensor  120   a  is monitoring pulses from a flow meter  125  over a pulse connection. These pulses may originate from another energy meter that may measure water, air, gas, electrical or steam energy. An alternative embodiment may contain a measurement coupling device that directly couples with the energy being measured.  
         [0028]     The energy management station  100  is coupled with a RF repeater converter  110  via the communication backbone  105 . The RF repeater converter  110  may allow the energy management station  100  to communicate over the network and receive data from the energy sensors  120  within the wireless network. The energy management station  100  may have a connection to a communication backbone  105 , such as an Ethernet Network, LAN or WAN, or to an alternative communication medium and may be able to communicate to the wireless network through a RF repeater converter  110  that is connected to an alternative medium, such as a satellite or telephone connection. The alternative communication medium or communication backbone can be composed of any communication channel such as a phone network, Ethernet, intranet, Internet, satellite, or microwave medium.  
         [0029]     In  FIG. 1 , the wireless communication paths  150  represent some of the possible wireless communication paths possible between the RF devices. The wireless network technology used is an adhoc wireless mesh network technology. An adhoc network may have no infrastructure or may comprise an unplanned infrastructure. The adhoc network allows for a communication network to be setup while careful infrastructure planning in advance is typically required with communication networks such as wired Ethernet networks. A mesh network is a network that may contain multiple paths to communicate information. A mesh network comprises a number of RF devices. Typically each RF device is capable of receiving messages from other RF devices and that RF device retransmitting the message onto the mesh network.  
         [0030]     An example of this is shown in  FIG. 1 , where the energy sensor  120   e  may transmit a message or communication packet(s)  1000  containing an energy measurement it has taken to the intended recipient the energy management station  100 . The initial transmission from sensor  120   e  may only be received by the RF devices within transmission range of sensor  120   e.  The communication packet  1000  may contain transmission route information  1020  such as how many hops, or direct device to device communication transfers, between RF devices were required last time a message was sent or received from energy management station  100 . If another RF device, such as energy sensor  120   g,  receives the message from energy sensor  120   e,  it may be able to compare the number of hops the transmissions usually take to be received by the destination and compare this to the number of hops indicated in the communication packet  1000  and determine if it should retransmit the message based on a reduction in the number of hops required from the transmission. The same evaluation process may be carried out by other communication indicators such as a measure of signal to noise ratio or a measure of success rate. In the above example, energy sensor  120   d  would determine that it is one hop closer to the energy management station  100  and retransmit the communication packet  1000 . The energy sensor  120   d  may add it&#39;s route information such as how many hops between other RF devices where required last time a message was sent or received from energy management station  100  to itself. Further, storing and evaluating the route information allows the RF devices and the mesh network system to monitor and react to the communications efficiency of data communications.  
         [0031]     RF devices such as RF repeater converters  110 , RF repeaters  115 , energy sensors  120 , and RF display devices  140  that use the adhoc wireless mesh networking technology may be automatically recognized by the other RF devices within communication range. These additional RF devices can be used to extend the wireless network range, bandwidth, throughput, and robustness. For example, if an energy sensor  120   i  is installed in an area that is not currently within the range of the mesh network, the installer need only add at least one appropriate RF repeater  115  to extend the range of the mesh network. In another example, the system may be designed with a second RF repeater  115   b  that overlaps some of the service area of the first RF repeater  115   a,  in this scenario the energy sensor  120   i  that is in the overlapped area has at least two different communication paths back to the energy management station  100 . This increases the robustness of the system in that if the first RF repeater is damaged or is temporarily blocked due to RF noise, the energy sensor  120  may still be able to communicate via the second RF repeater  115 . The mesh network can be made secure such that additional RF devices must be either secured to the network or contain a security key that is accepted by an authentication device within the network. The communication security may comprise a public and private key system where the encrypted or signed data and the public key are transmitted on the RF mesh network.  
         [0032]     The RF devices may be able to automatically modify their RF transmission power to only be as strong as required to reach an RF repeater or other RF device in the mesh network with adequate signal to noise ratio (SNR). This adjustment of RF transmission power may be referred to as a RF power control. For example, the microprocessor  825  (see  FIG. 7 ) within the RF device may slowly increase power until at least one RF device closer to the target, for instance the energy management station  100 , successfully receives the message. Alternatively, when a communication packet  1000  is received from another RF device, that packet may contain the set transmission power of that RF Transceiver  875 . The transmission power information may be used by itself or with another measure such as signal to noise by the microprocessor  825  to determine the required RF transmission power of the RF Transceiver  875 .  
         [0033]     Another example of microprocessor  825  controlling the RF transmission power of the RF Transceiver  875  may occur if a transmission is sent from the source RF device and is picked up by at least two separate RF devices. The source RF device may receive the communication packet as retransmitted by both RF device and may either modify the next communication packet so that it is not repeated by one of the devices or modify the transmission power of its RF transceiver  875  so that only one RF device is within RF range of the transmission. This has an added benefit of reducing the range of the RF transmission zones to increase security as well as reduce the power requirement of the RF repeater. If the RF device that transmits the communication packet does not receive confirmation of successful transmission or does not see the packet retransmitted from another RF device, the transmitting RF device may increase the transmission power in an attempt to reach another RF device within the mesh wireless network.  
         [0034]     The RF device&#39;s control over the RF transmission power may be used to create mesh zones. An RF zone may be used if a number of RF devices are within communication range of each other but by limiting their RF transmission power they would limit their range of their RF transmissions to be within a RF zone. At least one of the RF devices participating within this RF zone would act as a repeater or gateway to the rest of the mesh network. The RF device may be able to dynamically modify their RF transmission power depending on the communication packets intended destination or next intended hop to their destination.  
         [0035]     As a result of the RF devices ability to modify their transmission range, the network security may be enhanced as RF power is set to a minimum required level. In addition, the RF devices power supply requirements are lowered.  
         [0036]     The installation of mesh networks such as the energy sensor  120  or RF repeater  115  can be complicated by intermittent network connections due to marginal transmission and reception of data over the network. During the commissioning of the system, all that may normally be done is to verify that each RF device  120  may ultimately communication with the energy management system  100 . This verification simply tells the installer that the system is currently working properly, but it does not tell how much operating margin the radios have. For low cost devices, it is usually not feasible to include measurement of signal strength.  
         [0037]     The operating conditions of a mesh network radio can change due to near body effects, temperature, interference, fading and multipaths. If RF device  120  reception is close to the operating limit of the radio, then small changes of the operating conditions can render a RF device  120  non-communicating, potentially resulting in one or more RF devices  120  no longer in communication to the energy management station  100 .  
         [0038]     This disclosure proposes the use of a RF device  120  with a variable RF power to validate the correct operation of the system at a reduced RF power level. During commissioning the system is switched to lower power mode. The RF device  120  may have either or both a variable RF transmission power and a variable RF reception capability. Once the mesh network has been verified to be fully operational, the system is switched to operating mode. This verification may require the installation of appropriate RF repeater  115  or RF repeater converters  110  to complete the network. During normal operation the mesh network node power may be increased to a higher (normal) power level assuring that the reception and transmission of mesh network data is well above any marginal radio operating parameter. Alternatively, the power level may be allowed to be increased to the higher (normal) power level if the RF device is operable to automatically adjust it&#39;s transmission power during normal operation.  
         [0039]     The RF repeaters  115  are used to receive and retransmit wireless packets between the energy sensors  120  and the energy management station  100  or between two RF devices. For example, the RF repeater  115  may facilitate communication between energy sensor  120   i  and energy sensor  120   h  or RF display device  140 . These RF repeaters  115  may be capable of performing routing of the wireless packet. These routing tables may be stored in the RF repeater in non-volatile memory so that after a power outage, network communication can quickly be restored. The RF devices may use a self-healing feature that makes use of a network architecture that can withstand a failure in at least one of its transmission paths such as a mesh or partially mesh network. The self-healing feature may allow an RF device to redirect a communication packet such as to avoid a nonfunctioning RF repeater  115  or RF device. In addition, the RF repeaters  115  may be able to determine if they are the final destination for a communication packet, decode the packet, and further carry out the instruction provided. This instruction can be the modification of a setup within the RF device, request to read a register, part of a firmware upgrade, communication acknowledgment, or an instruction to generate an alternate communication packet. At least a portion of the RF repeater  115  may be implemented within an ASIC chip.  
         [0040]     The RF repeater converters  110  or gateway device  110  may be used to repeat the RF signals as necessary in a similar manner as the RF repeaters  115 . In some cases, the RF repeater  115  functionality may be left out of the RF repeater converters  110  to reduce cost; however, when the RF repeater converters  110  have this capability there can be an additional cost savings as the network is extended without the requirement of a RF repeater  115 . In addition, the RF repeater converters  110  may be operable to provide a bridge between the wireless mesh network and other communication devices such as a Ethernet backbone, power line carrier, phone network, internet, other wireless technologies, microwave, spread spectrum, etc. In addition, the RF repeater converters  110  may be able to determine if they are the final destination for a communication packet, decode the packet, and further carry out the instruction provided. This instruction can be the modification of a setup within the RF device, part of a firmware upgrade, communication acknowledgment, or an instruction to generate an alternate communication packet. At least a portion of the RF repeater converter  110  may be implemented within an ASIC chip.  
         [0041]     The energy sensors  120  may be capable of repeating the RF signals in the same way as the RF repeaters  115 . In some cases, the RF repeater  115  functionality may be left out of the energy sensor  120  to reduce cost; however, when the energy sensors  120  have this capability there can be an additional cost savings as the network is extended without the requirement of an RF repeater  115 . Energy sensors  120  that can act as RF repeaters  115  can increase the range and robustness of the network as well as reduce the number of components required to make up the wireless mesh network. The sensors  120  have the additional task of generating a communication data packet containing a measurement that they have taken or calculated. In addition, the energy sensor  120  may report the status of the energy sensor  120 . In addition, the energy sensors  120  may be able to determine if they are the final destination for a communication data packet, decode the packet, and further carry out the instruction provided. This instruction can be the modification of a setup within the energy sensor  120 , request to read a register, part of a firmware upgrade, communication acknowledgment, or an instruction to change an output or control a device. An energy sensor  120  is used to monitor or measure at least one energy parameter. This energy parameter may be monitored directly, indirectly or via another monitoring device such as an energy meter with a pulse output or an energy meter with a communication port. Alternately, the energy sensor  120  may monitor a parameter that has an effect on an energy distribution system such as temperature, vibration, noise, breaker closure, etc. At least a portion of the energy sensor  120  may be implemented within an ASIC chip.  
         [0042]     The RF devices may include wireless RF display devices  140 . These RF display devices  140  may be mobile, mounted or adhered to the outside of a measurement cabinet. The RF display devices  140  may display readings or alarms from one or more energy sensors  120 . These energy sensors  120  may be within the measurement cabinet, in the vicinity of the RF display device  140 , or accessible via communications over the RF network. The display devices  140  may contain user interfaces such as keypads, stylists or touch screens that allow access to various displays and quantities within the energy sensors. The RF display device  140  may be mobile and used to communicate to more than one energy sensor  120 . Alternatively, the RF display device  140  may communicate to the energy management station  100  and display information or alarms from the energy management station  100 . In addition, these RF display devices  140  are able to correlate various readings from different energy sensors  120  or specified values, perform calculations and display various parameters or derivations of parameters from the energy sensors  120  they have access to the wireless mesh network. For example, if an IED  135  is able to measure the voltage on the bus or the voltage is a specified constant and the expected power factor is supplied, the RF display device  140  is able to correlate the values and calculate various energy parameters, such as kVA, kVAR and kW with at least usable accuracy, and display them on the screen or log them into memory. A permanently or semi-permanently mounted RF display device  140  may be usable as active RF repeater  115  to boost the RF signals from sensors within a measurement cabinet or within the vicinity of the RF display device  140 . At least a portion of the RF display device  140  may be implemented within an ASIC chip.  
         [0043]     The energy sensors  120  are able to take a measurement directly and provide the data wirelessly to the energy management station  100  via the RF repeaters  115  and RF repeater converters  110 . Alternatively, the energy sensors  120  or other RF devices can be built into the IED  135  directly such as represented with IED  135 . In this example, the energy sensor  120   b  and energy sensor  120   c  may communicate to the energy management station  100  through a RF gateway integrated into IED  135  which is connected to communication backbone  105 . Depending on the integration of the RF device within the IED  135 , the RF device may be able perform IED setup, modification to registers, firmware upgrade and control of the IED  135 . In an alternate configuration, a RF repeater converter  110  may be connected to a communication port such as a RS232 port on the IED  135 . For example, the communication port  870  may be wired directly to a RS 232, RS 485, universal serial bus (“USB”) or Ethernet port on the IED  135 . The RF device, such as the repeater converter  110 , may be operable to receive wireless communication over the mesh network and if that communication is addressed to an IED  135  connected to the RF device, the RF device would provide the information to the IED  135  over the communication port  870 . Further, if the IED  135  sent a message or a response to a message received over the RF device, the RF device may be able to transmit the message onto the wireless mesh network. This effectively would enable a legacy IED  135 , an IED  135  device without RF wireless communications, to send and receive packets over the wireless mesh network, using the RF device to send and receive communication packets. The RF device acting as this interface may modify the communication packets to change protocol or add routing information. The RF device may act as a data concentrator where the energy data may be manipulated before transmission such as receiving voltage data from one sensor and current data from another sensor and combining such data. More than one legacy device or IED  135  may be connected to the communication port. This may be complete using more than one communication channel for example two RS 232 interfaces or using an interface such as RS 485 that allows more than one device sharing one communication channel. For example, if there were a number of IEDs connected over RS 485, the RF device would be able to coordinate communication to each individual IED on the RS 485 communication line. Alternatively, there may be a more direct coupling between the two communication ports.  
         [0044]     Further, the RF repeater converter  110  may be able to draw power from the communication port of the device to power itself and provide full communication to the device over the wireless mesh network. Three examples of the power available from a communication port are power provided by a USB communication port, power over Ethernet, or parasitic power drawn from an RS-232 port. Alternatively, the RF repeater converter  110  can be powered from an external power source or powered by an alternative power source described later on in this document.  
         [0045]     An RF device  200  may be powered by an intermittent or non-reliable power supply such as a solar panel. The above power sources may be intermittent or have periods of being unable to produce enough power for the RF device. The present embodiments may make use of a super capacitor to store the power when it is available and allows for short higher power draws for the RF device. For example, an RF repeater  115  can sit in a low power listening mode, when it receives a packet, the power requirement may increase for the device and finally if the RF repeater is required to retransmit the particular packet, the power requirement will increase again to a sufficient level to transmit to the next RF device in the routing path. The super capacitor is able to store excess energy not required in the low power listening mode and provide extra energy as required in the higher power modes such as when the RF device is required to transmit information or when the microprocessor  825  in the RF device needs additional power to perform a quick, more complex calculation. Other energy storage devices  815  such as a rechargeable battery may be able to function similarly to the super capacitor. An alternative embodiment may be the use of a non-rechargeable battery that may be replaceable to supply any additional power requirements not supplied by the alternative power sources discussed in above in this document.  
         [0046]     By using the super capacitor or battery to store energy, the RF devices are operable to transmit a message to the Energy Management Station  100  when the RF device&#39;s alternative power supply has diminished or has been removed. The RF devices can be setup with a tolerance threshold such that a momentary (user defined) time must elapse when the power supply is able to provide less power than set by an additional threshold or when the power is cut off entirely before the RF device transmits that power has been removed. This requirement of a passing of a user specified amount of time when the power supplied is less than a threshold reduces the network traffic of the mesh network due to a regular periodic outage that only lasts a short time is not reported.  
         [0047]     Alternatively, the RF device can be configured to transmit a message saying that power is low within the device. One of the recipients of this type of message may be the energy management station  100 . This message may be sent when both the power supply and the reserved power held by the super capacitor or battery is running low and may indicate that either a better alternative power supply may be used or it may be necessary to charge the reserve power.  
         [0048]     Both of the above messages, “power supply low or removed” and “power low within device”, can contain any child RF nodes that may lose communication to the rest of the RF mesh network due to the loss of the RF device that has an imminent power loss. Alternatively, this information may be determinable by the energy management station  100 .  
         [0049]     The RF devices may use long life batteries to power the devices for an extended period of time. These batteries can be made of various technologies such as lithium-ion batteries that can last up to  10  years with a low power draw or other technologies that allow the batteries to have a long life. This solution can be used to give the installer one of the easiest RF devices  200  to install. The RF device  200  can simply be outfitted with a strong adhesive or a magnetic mount. For example, to extend the RF mesh network, the installer only has to take an RF repeater that uses a long life battery and simply stick or magnetically mount it in almost any location.  
         [0050]     The RF devices, such as the repeater converters  110  or the repeaters  115 , can be built to fit general form factors, and able to draw power off of these standard form factors. For example, an RF device may be made to have a form factor with an interface to a general purpose outlet. This allows the RF mesh network to be extended to any location the repeater can be plugged into a general purpose outlet. Typically this form factor may have a general purpose outlet interface to allow another plug to be plugged into it. For example, if the general purpose outlet (GPO) was already being used, the RF repeater may fit between the GPO and the existing plug. Another similar example is building a repeater  115  into a form factor that may allow it to screw into a standard Edison light socket and allow the light bulb to screw into the repeater form factor. These implementations may use the appliance or light bulb as an RF antenna. Even though the Edison light socket may not always be powered on, when it is powered on the repeater may store energy in a super cap or rechargeable battery.  
         [0051]     The RF devices may have a configurable setting that can indirectly determine what average power is required for the device to perform. For example on the energy sensors  120 , the user is able to modify sleep, transmit, and sample intervals. For instance, if the sample interval is increased from say a sample every 30 seconds to a sample every 1 minute, the energy sensor  120  is only required to take one reading each minute instead of two readings per minute which may reduce the power required to run the energy sensor  120 . This reduction in power may increase the battery life of an energy sensor  120  that relies on battery power. In addition, it may increase the ride through time of the energy sensor  120  if power supplied to the device were insufficient or removed. Further by modifying the transmit interval on an energy sensor  120 , the data the energy sensor  120  collected may be stored in the energy sensor  120  and only sent at a specific interval in order to send more data in each communication data packet but be able to transmit the data less often. For example, an energy sensor  120  that samples each minute may only transmit each hour thus significantly reducing the overall power required within an hour to transmit versus an energy sensor  120  that transmits sixty times in an hour. Likewise, a repeater  115  or repeater converter  110  may queue received communication data packets until a specified time interval or timeout has expired when all the data may be transmitted in one transmission. In addition, the RF devices may queue data until sufficient power is stored to allow transmission of the data and continued operation. The data queued within a RF device may be stored within non-volatile memory such that it is not lost due to a power failure. Alternatively, the data may be transferred into non-volatile memory before a power failure on the RF device.  
         [0052]     An external power supply can be used to supply extra power allowing the RF device to charge the super cap or rechargeable battery. Typically this may be used either just before installation of the RF device or during commissioning to provide the extra power required to perform setup commands or to handle extra RF communication to set up the device. Alternatively, the external power supply may be used to charge the super capacitor during a period when the device has low power or when the device has indicated that it has low power. This external power supply is a device that is able to generate an electromagnetic field that in turn is used to power the RF device. This means that there is not a requirement for a direct physical connection. Using the electromagnetic field to charge the RF device has the advantage that there is no requirement for a conductive wire or pad on the RF device that may corrode over time. Alternatively the external power can be designed to directly couple to the device where there is a requirement for a physical connection. There may be communication between the RF device and the external power supply such that the external power supply may be able to indicate to the user the level of charge within the RF device.  
         [0053]     The RF devices may contain non-volatile memory to store RF device configuration. This is to prevent loss of the configuration if power to the device is momentarily lost. In addition, the RF device may store at least a portion of the routing tables within non-volatile memory. This facilitates a fast network recovery if power is lost. For example, when an RF device powers up after a power down, it may know which RF repeater  115  or RF device to send communication packets to without the requirement of a broadcast packet or repeating a network routing table discovery phase.  
         [0054]     A large cost associated with adding a metering point is the installation cost. Typically this installation cost comprises labor and material cost. There are a number of individual costs associated with installing a metering point in an energy distribution system. The RF devices may reduce or eliminate many of these costs and simplify the installation by using various form factors, powering methods, mounting techniques and installation methods. These methods are further discussed in the following paragraphs.  
         [0055]     As discussed earlier, one of these costs is running communication wire to each IED  135  or energy sensor  120 . Often installation sites require that any run wire must be enclosed within a conduit. This significantly increases the cost of enabling communication in a device; however, communication is often important to an energy management system. The IEDs  135  and energy sensors  120  may use RF wireless mesh networks. A preferred embodiment is an RF wireless mesh network including of RF repeaters  115  and RF repeater converters  110 . In using this wireless network, communication wire need not be brought to each installation point. In fact, an energy management system that uses purely a wireless RF mesh network need not have any communication wire installed; however, in practice, communication wiring may be used in conjunction with a repeater converter  110  that facilitates communication between the traditional communication medium and the mesh network. One example where both communication wiring and RF wireless mesh networks may be used may be where there are existing wired communications perhaps to a substation. In this case, a repeater converter  110  may be connected to the existing wired communication and provide connection to the energy sensors  120  using wireless RF communication packets. In another case, a repeater converter  110  may be used in conjunction with a telephone, cellular, or satellite modem to provide a connection over a large distance to the RF mesh network of energy sensors  120  and other RF devices.  
         [0056]     The physical installation of the energy sensor  120  or IED  135  is another significant installation cost. The physical installation typically requires creating a mounting hole or a method of securing the sensor to the measurement cabinet  200   b.  In many cases, a hole must be cut in the measurement cabinet  200   b  for the metering devices display to be mounted.  
         [0057]     Additional physical installation costs for an energy sensor  120  or IED  135  installation are inserting the energy sensor  120  or IED  135  into the primary or secondary current loop which means using a CT shorting block or de-energizing the point in the electrical distribution system, breaking the secondary current loop, and adding the new device into the loop. There are significant wiring costs to connect the meter to the current transformer. Even with using a non-intrusive CT there is wiring that needs to be installed and worked around to connect the non-intrusive CT to the metering device during the installation process. In addition, connection must be made to the electrical bus or the potential transformer to measure voltage. In addition, it is often necessary to wire separate control power to the metering device.  
         [0058]     The energy sensor  120  and RF devices may reduce these installation costs by using powering technologies already described. These powering technologies may not require a directly wired connection to an electrical power supply. In addition, the energy sensor may incorporate a non-intrusive current transformer (CT) as described in the following paragraphs so that the primary or secondary current loop need not be broken. Further, the energy sensor may incorporate a non-intrusive capacitive voltage detection as described later in the document.  
         [0059]     The IED  135  and energy sensor  120  may incorporate a non-intrusive CT. This allows simple and inexpensive installation comprising the non-intrusive CT, which incorporates the sensor microprocessor and may incorporate the wireless communication hardware, is separated, slipped over the current carrying wire or fuse, and reconnected to form a CT core around the wire or fuse.  FIG. 6  depicts an electrical energy sensor  500  comprised of sections  925  and  930  separated operable for a current carrying wire put inside the  925  section of the electrical energy sensor  500 . An electrical energy sensor  500  is an embodiment of the energy sensor  120  used for monitoring electrical energy parameters. The section  930  is coupled with section  925  to form a non-intrusive CT sensor. The electromagnetic field generated by the current carrying wire is captured by the CT and may be used to power the microprocessor in addition to allowing the current carried by the wire to be measured. The electrical energy sensor  500  may incorporate tabs  905  that may be bent when installing the sensor over a wire or a fuse. These plastic tabs are then able to hold onto the wire or fuse due to the friction and pressure created by inserting the wire into the electrical energy sensor  500 . As the electrical energy sensor  500  is able to hold its location on the current carrying wire or fuse, it is not required to mount the sensor to any location in the cabinet. In cases where it is desired to monitor two or more phases of current, the electrical energy sensors  500  may have wires that extend from them to one or more other non-intrusive CTs. Alternatively two or more separate electrical energy sensors  500  may be used where these two or more electrical energy sensors  500  communicate their reading wirelessly to a master electrical energy sensor  500  or alternatively to the energy management station or an additional RF device. It is possible for the master electrical energy sensor  500 , additional RF device, or the energy management station  100  to correlate these two or more readings.  
         [0060]     Alternatively the form factor depicted in  FIG. 6  may be used for a RF repeater  115  or RF repeater converter  110 . This form factor may allow for an easy method for extending the RF mesh network, as the form factor is able to draw power from the magnetic fields generated by the current carrying wire. This may allow for network range extension over large distances by installing this form factor RF repeater  115  or other RF device over electrical distribution wires. Alternatively, these repeaters may be able to act as RF repeaters  115  for communication, packets and frequencies from other RF systems. Some examples of these RF communications from other RF systems may include but not limited to cell phone frequencies, wireless Ethernet connections, and other radio frequency transmissions. Alternatively, a repeater converter  110  may be used in this form factor to detect power line carrier on the wire and be able to boost the signal, repeat the signal or convert the power line carrier to another communication medium such as the wireless mesh network.  
         [0061]     Alternatively, the energy sensor  120  or the electrical energy sensor  500  may be manufactured to fit over a standard high rupturing capacity (HRC) fuse or other type of fuse. The energy sensors  120  may be able to use the fuse resistance to monitor the current flowing through the fuse by compensating for fuse resistance over current and temperature ranges. Alternatively, the energy sensors  120  may incorporate a non-intrusive CT to measure the current flowing through the fuse element. The energy sensors  120  can monitor parameters of the fuse, such as the various levels of current and temperature over time, to determine when the fuse needs to be replaced and the energy sensors  120  may be able to predict fuse failure and transmit fuse failure information over the RF network.  
         [0062]     Another embodiment of the energy sensor  120  is incorporating the energy sensor  120  into a breaker. In this case, the breaker has an integrated energy sensor  120  with wireless communications. The wireless communications used in the present embodiments may form a wireless RF mesh network.  
         [0063]     Alternative embodiments are building the RF device, such as the energy sensor  120  or RF repeater  115 , into a power bar, outlet box, general purpose standard outlet, or Edison light socket. These embodiments have the advantage of ease of installation and monitoring of a specific load.  
         [0064]     As described above, a large cost of metering to certain points in an energy distribution system are running communication wires to each point; however, with the wireless mesh network used by the present embodiments only the wireless mesh network extends to the energy sensor  120 . Adding active RF repeaters  115  near the existing mesh network border extends the wireless mesh network. Alternatively using repeater converters  110  can extend the mesh network over existing communication means such as but not limited to a modem, Ethernet, telephone, satellite, spread spectrum, or RS485 communication methods. The RF repeaters are simple and inexpensive to install due to the power supply technology mentioned above in this document.  
         [0065]     The RF devices may comprise an RF signal strength sensor. This RF signal strength sensor has an indication that measures the signal strength of the RF signal received from another device in the mesh network. In addition, it may indicate if an energy sensor mounted near the RF signal strength sensor may be able to communicate to the mesh network. This may include communication to the energy management station, an RF display device, or another RF device. This indication device may be incorporated within another RF device. This RF strength indication allows the installer or commissioning individual to determine where an RF repeater  115  needs to be installed to extend the network. The RF signal strength sensor may have the ability to indicate the number of independent paths from the current location to the energy management station or any specified location within the mesh network. Using this device, the installer may be able to determine the best locations for RF devices including energy sensors  120 , repeaters  115 , displays devices  140 , and repeater converters  110  as well as the best orientation for the RF device or RF antenna. This device may be used to troubleshoot or add additional routing paths to the network and overall increase the network reliability and robustness. At least a portion of the RF signal strength sensor detection circuit may be implemented within an ASIC chip.  
         [0066]     The present embodiments&#39; energy management station  100 , RF display device  140 , and RF signal strength sensor may have a user display that can show the RF routing paths available between various RF devices. This information can be coupled with the physical location of the device if it is known and the present embodiments are capable of showing the possible routing paths as well as indicating the strength of each RF link. The RF display device  140 , RF signal strength sensor and energy management station  100  may be able to analyze this data and indicate the best locations to add repeaters or sensors. Alternatively the installer or commissioner may be able to quickly pick out the best locations for an RF repeater  115  based on the presentation of the routing paths and signal strengths. For example,  FIG. 1  is a representation that may be displayed to the installer. Each RF link  150  shown may include an indication of signal strength such as a number, symbol, bar indicators or colors that indicate the signal strength over the communication link  150 . In addition, a distance, signal to noise ratio, and error rate of the communication path may be calculated, stored in a database  103 , and shown on the diagram. The distance for a communication path may be determined by sending a small communication “distance ping” between two RF devices and determining the distance based on the time the distance ping was sent and received at a RF device, hardware delay, and speed of communication medium.  
         [0067]     Reducing the initial commissioning cost and cost of commissioning errors reduces the overall total cost of ownership in metering a point on an energy distribution system. Typically commissioning costs of energy metering points are relatively high. Often there is a need to have a factory representative on site to fuilly commission a system. In addition, there can be errors that are difficult to correct if the incorrect settings are sent to the metering device. An example of a commissioning error occurs when an electrical monitoring device is set to an incorrect PT or CT ratio for electrical energy monitoring as incorrect primary measurements may be calculated from the secondary measurements. Another example may include setting up an incorrect value per pulse for the monitoring of a pulse output from another metering device. Additional commissioning costs include the manual setup for communication of monitoring devices with the SCADA software. Each metering point connected may have communications configured at the metering point as well as at the software system. Any error in these configurations at either site can result in no communications and may require troubleshooting which further increases commissioning cost. The RF devices may reduce or eliminate many of the costs resulting from the commissioning of an energy sensor  120  or communication device by using automatic device detection, communication configuration and logging of data as described below. In addition, the RF devices may contain automatic or at least partially automatic location methods when commissioning the metering point. These methods are described below.  
         [0068]     Referring to  FIG. 6 , the electrical energy sensors  500  may indicate the direction of energy flow in the wire  505 . The direction of energy flow is calculated from the phase detected of the current in the wire with the current CT and the phase of the voltage detected. The energy flow through the electrical energy sensor  500  may be used to indicate a supply or load of electrical energy through a metering point. A quick indication may be performed using two different color LEDs. For example, a red LED may indicate that the energy flow detected on the wire  505  corresponds to a generation or supply of power and the green LED corresponds to a load or demand of electrical power. The installer or commissioning of the electrical energy sensor  500  may be able to determine if the electrical energy sensor  500  is connected in the correct orientation on a wire  505 . For example, if the electrical energy sensor  500  is connected to a metering point that should register as a load and the LED illuminates indicating a supply or generation of power, the installer may reinstall the electrical energy sensor  500  the opposite orientation so that the flow of energy flows in the opposite direction through the electrical energy sensor  500 . Alternatively a single LED may be used to indicate energy flow direction through the electrical energy sensor  500 . This single LED may be able to indicate two different colors or simply indicate one of the two energy flow directions if illuminated and the opposite energy flow direction if not illuminated.  
         [0069]     The RF devices and energy management station  100  may be operable to detect a new RF device when it is activated within the communication range of the mesh network. Using auto detection, the energy management station  100  may be able to auto configure all communication settings. In addition, the energy management station  100  and the RF devices may be able to automatically determine the routing method to use to communicate as well as alternate routing if available. As soon as the energy management station  100  has automatically detected and configured communication to the energy sensor  120  or IED  135 , it may be operable to start querying at least one reading or configuration setting of the RF device. These readings and configuration settings may be recorded in database  103  along with a device identification code. These recorded configuration settings may be used to detect configuration changes within the device or to assist in compensation for reading or displaying data recorded when incorrect configuration settings were used. The device identification code may be used to assist in locating the device within the energy distribution diagram or within a physical location. In addition, the energy management station  100  may allow a retroactive configuration change to be made. This means that if an error in the configuration of the RF device or energy sensor  120  is detected after some logging has taken place, the energy management station  100  may be able to calculate and correct logged parameters in the database  103 . Alternatively the energy management station  100  may be able to calculate corrected data and display this data to the user.  
         [0070]     The energy management station  100  is coupled with a database  103  used to log data from the energy sensors  120  and energy information that may be at least partially derived from the data retrieved from the energy sensors  120 . The energy management station  100  may monitor and log the configuration and routing paths of the wireless network and any of the RF devices within the wireless network range. The energy management station  100  may be configured to auto detect any new repeater converter  110 , repeater  115 , sensor  120 , or RF display device  140 . When the energy management station  100  detects a new RF device, it may automatically add it to its routing table and determine which other RF devices are within range of the new RF device. The energy management station  100  may uses this information to modify the routing table to have more efficient communications. As cost may also be a factor within the network such as when there is a satellite, long distance carrier, or cellular phone connection within the routing, the energy management station  100  allows the operator to set an indicator representing the cost associated with certain communication links. The energy management station may be capable of trying to reduce costs in the communication routing by evaluating the cost of various paths. In addition, the energy management station  100  may be able to pick the most reliable and quickest routing path based on recorded history of alternate communication links. Alternatively at least a portion of the RF devices, contain routing intelligence and determine the best path for at least some of the communication. This may be done via a collaboration protocol or frequency between the RF devices. Using this auto-detect and auto configuration technology, the network is able to adapt to changes in the network such as new RF devices, failed RF devices, or inadequate power supply to an RF device.  
         [0071]     An important process in commissioning is programming the location of the monitored devices into the energy management station  100  or the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) software. Location of the energy sensor  120  may be the physical location or the point the energy sensor  120  is monitoring on an energy distribution network diagram (one line diagram). A one-line diagram is a standard term for a simple block diagram showing the energy distribution system. Alternatively, the physical location of the device may be preferred such as the building number, floor number, substation number, or geographic coordinates. Typically both the physical location and the point in the energy distribution system that the energy sensor  120  is monitoring are useful. It may also be useful to record the location of other RF devices within the communication network during commissioning. To reduce commissioning time and thereby reduce cost of ownership, the RF devices automate this process through various methods and alternatively provide some standardized record keeping for IED  135  and RF devices. The techniques used to automate and simplify the ability to locate RF devices, energy sensors  120 , and IED  135  are discussed below.  
         [0072]     Referring now to  FIG. 6 , a number of commissioning location devices are depicted. The RF devices, such as energy sensors  120 , and IED may contain an identification tag. This identification tag may be represented by a barcode number  615  or may be embedded in a MAC address, or comprise some other at least semi-unique identification code. The identification tag may be stored within the memory of the RF device and may be retrieved via communications to the RF device. For example, the energy management station  100  may be able to retrieve a RF device&#39;s identification tag over the mesh network. There are other alternatives that can be used as an identification device or method such as Radio frequency identification (RFID). For example, any string capable as being used as a unique or at least semi-unique electronic fingerprint such as a serial number or a MAC address may be used to uniquely identify one device out of a number of RF devices. This identification code may be present on a removable portion of the RF device such as a peal-off label  610  or a break-off label  605 . The identification code may be represented by a barcode  615   a  on the break off tag  605 , a barcode  615   b  on the peel off tag  610 , or on the RF device itself as a barcode  615   c.  These labels may have an area  620   a  or  620   b  that can either be used for taking notes on the location of the RF device or required RF device settings. The information may be recorded in a manner that can be automatically read by the energy management station  100  such as a computer punch card or alternatively the energy management station  100  may be able to recognize symbols or handwriting in the area  620   a  or  620   b.  Information that may be recorded consists of items such as building, floor, bus, feeder etc. An example commissioning method using these break-off tags  605  or peal-off tags  610  consists of the energy sensor  120  or RF device being connected to a point in the energy distribution system, such as a current carrying wire, the commissioner of the RF device may break off a tag  605  or peel off a tag  610  and take notes on the tag in the areas  620   a  or  620   b.  Later at the energy management station  100 , the tag  605  or  610  is read into the energy management station  100  and any notes or RF device settings on the tag are either automatically read in or manually entered in. The energy management station  100  may be able to read the bar code  615   a  or  615   b  on the tag and match the settings or location to the RF device within the mesh network or communication ability of the energy management station  100 .  
         [0073]     Referring to  FIG. 6 , an optical port  625  is shown on the RF device or energy sensor  120 . A handheld computing device  635 , such as a WinCETM or PalmOSTM device, may be able to establish an IRDA or other type of optical communication link  630  via the optical port  645  to the RF device or energy sensor  120  on the optical port  625 . Alternatively a laptop, palmtop, or cell phone may be used to establish a communication link  630  to the RF device or energy sensor  120 . Alternatively the communication link may be hard wired or using a limited range RF communication. The handheld device  635  may be able to record the identification tag represented by the barcode  615  from the energy sensor  120 . Alternatively the handheld device  635  may be able to read the Radio frequency identification (RFID). Alternatively the handheld device  635  may read the bar code  615   c  on the energy sensor  120  to record the identification tag. The operator of the handheld device  635  may be able to enter any location or setting notes into the handheld device  635 . This information may be added using the area  620   c  or the keyboard  650 . This information can either be immediately sent over the RF mesh network to the energy management station  100  or recorded in the handheld device  635  and synchronized to the energy management station  100  at a later time. Alternatively the handheld device  635  may comprise at least a part of the energy management station  100 . The handheld device  635  may contain an RF device and be operable to communicate directly on the RF mesh network. Alternatively, the handheld device  635  can connect to the RF mesh network via the IRDA communication link  630  made to the RF device. The handheld device  635  may be able to integrate itself into the mesh network and report s the identifications of the units around it. The handheld device  635  may be able to display routing information from the energy sensor  120  to the energy management station  100  in addition to the RF strength and RF robustness of the network between the RF device or energy sensor  120  and the energy management station  100 .  
         [0074]     The installer or commissioner of the RF device can make use of a GPS (Global Positioning System) to determine the location of the metering point. This information may then be recorded on the break-off tag  605 , peel-off tag  610 , or handheld computing device  635 . Alternatively, the location information may be recorded by the installer manually and entered into the energy management station  100 . A preferred embodiment may include the GPS system  630  coupled with the handheld device  635  with the physical location being automatically recorded in the handheld device  635 . Alternatively another positioning system may be used as the GPS system  630  may not function correctly at some install sites.  
         [0075]     The energy management station  100  may be operable to estimate the physical location of the RF device using triangulation. This is done by using the RF mesh network and existing knowledge of the location of at least one other RF device. The location detection is completed using RF devices at known locations, speed of RF transmission, as well as the strength of RF transmission from an RF device at a known location to the RF device.  
         [0076]     A camera may be used to further indicate the RF device position and install location. A digital camera can be coupled with the handheld device  635 . This image may be communicated via a communication link to the energy management station  100 .  
         [0077]     As depicted in  FIG. 6 , a microphone  640  is included in the RF device or energy sensor  120 . This microphone may contain an actuation button and can be used by the installer of the RF device to record a brief message. This message can be used to determine the location of a energy sensor  120  or RF device and the recommended settings for the RF device. The energy sensor  120  may use the RF mesh network to transmit the message to the energy management station  100  for retrieval by an operator at the energy management station  100 . Voice communications may be transmitted in between two RF devices or an RF device and the energy management station  100 . Alternatively, the energy management station  100  or the RF device may use voice recognition to determine the location from the installers message.  
         [0078]     Referring to  FIG. 7 , a block diagram of the internal components that may be used in an energy sensor  120  is depicted. The energy sensor  120  and other RF devices such as the RF repeater converter  110 , RF repeater  115 , RF display device  140 , and RF strength sensor may be derived from a limited combination of the internal components of a full featured energy sensor  120  described below.  
         [0079]     The energy sensor  120  may contain five sections, a power section  800 , a measurement section  826 , a communication section  858 , control section  883  and a processor section  890 . Each of these sections is discussed in more detail below. The energy sensor  120  may be completely implemented within an ASIC chip or alternatively any combination of the blocks described to make up the energy sensor  120  may be implemented within an ASIC chip.  
         [0080]     The power section  800  may comprise of a power coupling device  805 , a power rectifying circuit  810 , energy storage device  815 , and a power control unit  820 . The power-coupling device  805  is used to couple with the alternate power source. This may be but is not limited to a thermal electric generator, solar panel, electrical power, battery, vibration generator, or alternate energy converter used to harness one of the other alternate power supplies as described above in the power supply section in this document. The power rectifying circuit  810  is used to convert an alternating or fluctuating power source to a more stable DC power source. It may use the energy storage device  815  to store excess energy that in turn is able to supply power when the alternate power source is unable to supply required power for the device. The energy storage device  815  is typically a super capacitor or rechargeable battery. The power control unit  820  is controlled by the microprocessor  825 . The microprocessor  825  may be able to monitor the energy available via the power rectifying circuit  810  and determine how much power each component in the energy sensor  120  is to receive via the power control unit  820 . Alternatively, the power control unit  820  may contain a microprocessor and be operable to control at least part of the power distribution within the energy sensor  120 .  
         [0081]     The measurement section  826  may comprise a measurement-coupling device  830 , an analog to digital converter  835 , a microphone  840 , a camera  845 , a digital input  850 , and a keypad  865 . The measurement-coupling device  830  may be used by the sensor  120  to make an analog measurement of an energy parameter. The A/D  835  converts this energy parameter from an analog signal to a digital signal. The microphone  840  is used to convert a sound recording to an analog signal. The A/D  835  may convert this to a digital signal. The microprocessor  825  may be able to store the sound recording in memory  855  and may be able to transmit the information recorded to the energy management station  100  or another RF device. Similarly, the camera  845  may be used to record an image or stream of images that may be stored in the memory  855  and may be transmitted to the energy management station  100  or another device. The digital input  850  couples with the microprocessor  825  and may be used to monitor the status of a switch, a breaker, or to monitor pulses from another metering device such as a flow meter, gas meter or electrical meter. The keypad  865  can be used to switch displays or make a change in the setup of the RF device.  
         [0082]     The communication section  858  may comprise a display  860 , communication port  870 , RF transceiver  875  and RF antenna  880 . The microprocessor may use the display  860  to provide information to the user such as measurement parameters, setup information, and measurements. The communication port  870  may contain more than one communication channel. The communication port  870  may be used to drive the IRDA port and in addition another communication port  870  may directly coupled to an Ethernet, modem, power line carrier, or serial port. The RF transceiver  875  may be used by the microprocessor  825  to transmit and receive communication packets wirelessly on the RF mesh network. Alternatively, the RF transceiver  875  may be separated from the sensor  120  and may couple with the microprocessor  825  through the communication port  870 .  
         [0083]     The control section  883  may comprise an analog output  884  and a digital output  885 . The analog output  884  may be used to transmit the measurement information via an analog signal to another device or be used to perform a control function such as but not limited to controlling a thermostat. The digital output  885  can be used to transmit the measurement information in the form of pulses or to perform a control action such as but not limited to tripping a breaker, resetting a breaker, turning on an alarm, etc.  
         [0084]     The processing section  890  comprises a microprocessor  825  and a memory  855 . Some of the tasks the microprocessor  825  is used for include storing and reading data within the memory  855 , coordinating the power distribution in the sensor  120  via the power control unit  820 , creating and reading communication packets, encoding and decoding the communication packets for the wireless network, and reading measurement via the A/D  835 .  
         [0085]     The memory  855  may be used to store any communication packets created by the microprocessor  825  or received from another RF device  200  within the memory  855 . The communication packet would be held in the memory  855  until such time they are transmitted on the mesh network or an acknowledgement is received that the packet has been received by another RF device  200  or by the energy management station  100 . These stored packets may consist of packets generated within the microprocessor  825  or communication packets received from another RF device being held for retransmission on the mesh network. If a transmission was received acknowledging that a received packet was either retransmitted using another RF device or acknowledgement from the target device was received, the stored communication packet may no longer be held for transmission. There may be a direct link between a component in the communication section  858  and the memory  855  to better facilitate this transfer of communication packets for storage. Alternately, the communication section  858  may make use of a separate memory area for storage.  
         [0086]     This storage of communication packets may occur if the power control unit  820  logic shuts down any outgoing RF transmissions due to the power requirement to make such a transmission and where the communication packets created by the microprocessor  825  or received over the mesh network are stored until sufficient power is available to make the RF transmission. Any communication packet  1000  received over the mesh network or data created by the microprocessor  825  may be stored directly in the memory or processed by the microprocessor so that only relevant, important or high priority data is stored within the memory  855  or that the data or communication packet is compressed before storage.  
         [0087]     At least some data within the communication packet  1000  that is received or created by the RF device  200  may be stored within a memory in the RF device  200 . This data may be stored until the space allocated within the memory  855  to store such data nears capacity, the data is deemed irrelevant, or a communication is received by the RF device  200  that the data was received by the target RF device  200  or the energy management station  100 . The energy management station  100  or target RF device  200  may send out a periodic communication packet  1000  that indicates a least one specific communication packet  1000  was received. If this communication packet  1000  is received by a RF device  200  holding a at least a piece of the communication packet  1000  referenced, the RF device  200  may delete or mark the for deletion any data stored for the referenced communication packet. Intermediate RF devices  200  may send a similar communication packet  1000  to the mesh network indicating the data it has received and is holding until acknowledgement is received that the original communication packet  1000  reached its destination. A RF device receiving this communication from an intermediate RF device  200  that is closer to the target RF device  200  or energy management station  100  may similarly delete or mark for deletion any data it is storing from the reference communication packet  1000 . Alternately any RF device  200  that receives a packet acknowledging receipt of a communication packet  1000  may log the fact that the data is being held at another RF device  200  but not immediately delete or mark for deletion the referenced communication packet  1000 .  
         [0088]     The data integrity function in the RF devices  200  may delete or mark for deletion data in a non chronological manner. For instance, if a specific RF device  200  holds data for every fifteen minutes for the last day and has been unable to transmit this data to the energy management station  100  or another RF device  200  to be stored and the memory allocated to store the fifteen minute interval data is reaching capacity, rather than deleting the oldest data in the memory, the data integrity function may remove intermediate data such as every other fifteen minute data so that while data is being lost by the system there remains a distribution of data over the whole range. Eventually, the memory may only contain data with a half an hour interval or hour interval. The data integrity function may alter the remaining records such that data is not completely lost. For example, if average energy usage over a set interval was to be deleted, the data integrity function may merge the data with the next record in the memory log. Alternately, if the maximum demand over an interval was to be deleted, the data integrity function may modify the next chronological record to store the maximum of its recording and the recording to be deleted. Alternately, instead of the complete log entry for a specific timestamp being removed, the data integrity function may only remove specific data such as the lowest energy demand reading from the memory logs.  
         [0089]     Alternately, the data integrity function may limit or reduce the number of bits of memory used to store numeric values and thus effectively reduce the number of significant figures within a numeric record. For example, rather than using 8 significant figures to store an accumulated energy reading, the data integrity function may dynamically reduce the number of significant figures in a data log storing only 7 significant figures and thus freeing up a few bits of memory space for each record stored. The number of significant figures or number of data bits used to store a value may be recorded by the RF device  200  and the energy management station  100  to indicate a confidence value to the stored reading in the database  103 .  
         [0090]     The microprocessor  825  may be operable to perform energy calculations at a metering point and store the energy values in the memory  855 . In addition, it may be able to control the power distribution within the energy sensor  120  through the power control unit  820 . In addition the microprocessor is able to encode and decode the communication packets sent over the RF transceiver  875 .  
         [0091]     Referring to  FIG. 8 , the measurement-coupling device  830  doubles as a power-coupling device  805 . For example, the energy sensor  120  may incorporate a non-intrusive CT and be used to monitor electrical current in a non-intrusive manner such as the electrical energy sensor  500  shown in  FIG. 6 . The current induced in the measurement-coupling device  830  (non-intrusive CT) may be switched to the power rectifying circuit  810  or the analog to digital converter by a switch  895 . Typically, when a measurement is being taken, the output of the measurement-coupling device  830  is switched by the microprocessor  825  to the analog to digital converter  835  to reduce the CT burden of the energy sensor  120 , during this time, the energy sensor  120  is powered from the energy storage device  815  otherwise the current is switched to the power rectifying circuit  810 . The energy sensor  120  is able to measure the current flowing through the conductor  900  that passes through the center of the sensor  120 . As shown in  FIG. 6 , the current carrying wire may be held in place by the tabs  905  effectively holding the sensor to the current carrying wire. The electrical energy sensor  500  embodiment of energy sensor  120  may contain two main separable pieces,  925  and  930 . The section  925  may contain all the electronics as well as a large section of the non-intrusive CT; however, it is possible for both sections to contain the electronics. The remaining section  930  can be removed so that the electrical energy sensor  500  can be placed around the current carrying wire at which time the section  930  is connected to the section  925  which in combination comprises a CT core around the current carrying wire  900 .  
         [0092]     The indication of the actual voltage may be supplied over a RF link or by an operator. The operator may use a standard voltage meter to measure the voltage and input the measured value into the electrical energy sensor  500 , a handheld unit  635  or energy management station  100 . Alternatively, there may be voltage leads or voltage terminals on the energy sensor  500  that allows direct measurement of voltage. This may allow the computation of additional power parameters in the electrical energy sensor  500  such as kW, kVAR, kVA, etc.  
         [0093]     The electrical energy sensor  500  may be able to use a specified voltage and power factor to calculate energy and power information from the current readings of the electrical energy sensor  500 . An electrician may specify the voltage and power factor. Alternatively the power factor may be able to be determined using a voltage phase detection with a capacitive voltage detector as described above. Alternatively, voltage may be provided to the electrical energy sensor  500  from another IED device that may be monitoring voltage at another location where the voltage in the wire can be derived. This may be calculated by using a known voltage on another bus and the PT ratio or electronic equipment used to couple the two electrical busses together. Alternatively, the calculations for power factor, voltage, energy, and power may be done in the other RF devices such as the RF display device  140 . Alternatively the handheld device  635  or the energy management station  100  may be used.  
         [0094]     The energy sensor  120  may be able to monitor any meter, such as a water, air, gas, electric or steam meter, via the digital input or an analog sensor used as the measurement coupling device  830  and wirelessly transmit the data to another RF device or the energy management station  100 .  
         [0095]     The energy management station  100  may be software residing on a computer, handheld device  635 , or firmware residing on an intelligent electronic device (IED) such as IED  135 . The energy management station  100  is coupled with a repeater converter  110   a  that allows it to communicate over the network and receive data from the energy sensors  120  within the wireless mesh network. Alternatively, the energy management station  100  is able to communicate directly on the RF mesh network. The energy management station  100  is operable to receive power up and power down messages from the RF devices and alert the system operator.  
         [0096]     The energy management station  100  may automatically detect new RF devices added to the mesh network or added within the communication range of the energy management station such as through a serial connection, existing modem connection, wireless transceiver, Ethernet connection, or a combination of these communication mechanisms or other communication mechanisms. The energy management station  100  may automatically configure communication with the RF device and may immediately start to record configuration, identification, and measurement data from the RF device or energy sensor  120  into the database  103 . If the configuration data is changed in the future, the option may be made available to make the change retroactive within the database. This allows the correction of any setup error or delay in the entry of the configuration settings.  
         [0097]     The data that is collected at the energy management station  100  in the database  103  may be used for energy cost analysis. The RF devices may reduce the cost of ownership of each metering point and therefore may allow many additional metering points monitoring energy further down the energy distribution system closer to the individual loads. This allows a large amount of data to be known throughout the complete energy distribution system. The energy management station  100  may be able convert this data to energy distribution system knowledge and may present it in such a way as to make the economic consequence of various energy consuming loads, energy storage, and energy generation clear to the system operator. This allows the system operator to make informed decisions concerning the use of energy dollars within a facility.  
         [0098]     It may be possible to have additional energy management stations  100  within an energy distribution monitoring system. A preferred embodiment utilizing more than one energy management station comprises stations that may coordinate communication activities with one of them taking on the role of a master station and the others as client stations. An alternative embodiment of using more than one energy management station  100  comprises at least one of the additional energy management stations  100  acting independently of the rest, logging, displaying, analyzing, and alarming on the data independently.  
         [0099]     The energy management station  100  may be able to send a known or specified voltage and power factor to an energy sensor  120 . This may allow the energy sensor  120  to calculate energy and power information from the current sensed in a current carrying wire. Alternatively the additional calculations to determine the power and energy parameters may be done at the energy management station  100  either as the real time values arrive or at a later time based on the data collected from the energy sensor  120 . The voltage may be a specified by the system operator or alternatively the energy management station  100  may be able to estimate the voltage based on the voltage read through another energy sensor  120  or IED  135  that it is able to communicate to. In addition, the energy management station  100  may be able to analyze the supplied energy distribution system and calculate the voltage passed through various transformers, breakers, or switches to determine what the voltage may be at the energy sensor  120 . For example, if the voltage can be measured at a 480V bus the energy management system may be able to recognize a transformer on the one line energy distribution network diagram and determine what the voltage might be at the load side of the bus where the energy sensor  120  is installed. These calculations may include transformer and line loss calculations. Similarly it may be able to estimate power factor using this method as well as knowledge of the load and the electrical components between the power factor that is being measured and the load.  
         [0100]     The voltage, phase, and current readings may be used to calculate other energy and power parameters such as kW, kVAR, and kVA. The voltage and phase may be specified by a system operator, measured from another energy sensor or voltage meter, or be calculated based on various specified and measured values throughout the energy distribution system as discussed above. The energy management station  100  may be operable to store the measured, specified, and calculated parameters within the database  103 . Alternatively the RF devices may be able to store these parameters within an internal database. These parameters may include a measured current, specified power factor, specified voltage, calculated kW, calculated kVAR, and calculated kVA. Alternatively the voltage phase may be detected using the capacitive voltage detection discussed above. The voltage phase may be used to calculate the power factor. In addition, the capacitive voltage detection may be able to determine a change in the line voltage from the specified voltage. If available, the measured voltage and calculated power factor may be stored in the database and may be at least partially used in the energy and power calculations. Other information may be stored in the database  103  such as specified error tolerances for specified values and calculated error tolerances for calculated and measured values. In addition, timestamp information, physical device location, device identification, other energy parameters, energy events, etc may be stored within the database  103 .  
         [0101]     The energy management station  100  may be able to access the RF signal strength within each wireless connection on the mesh network and estimate the coverage of the mesh network. It may be able to display this information on a geographical map showing the estimated and measured coverage of the RF mesh network. The RF signal strength, error rate, signal to noise ratio and utilization of each wireless connection may also be represented on the diagram. Alternatively this information may be displayed on an energy distribution diagram. In addition, the energy management station  100  may be able to analyze the mesh network and based on signal strength and error rate, and may be able to suggest where an RF repeater  115  may be located to increase the coverage and robustness of the network.  
         [0102]     The energy management station  100  may be able to perform an upgrade on an RF device over a wireless link. Preferably this wireless link is an RF mesh network and at least one routing path may exist between the RF device and the energy management station  100 . Alternatively, a portion of the communication path may be an alternate communication medium such as an Ethernet connection. In addition, if more than one routing path exists to the RF device, it may be possible for a faster communication rate and thereby a faster firmware upgrade to the device. The RF devices may be able to signal to the energy management station  100  if they have sufficient backup power for a firmware upgrade in the event that an external power supply fails.  
         [0103]     The microprocessor in the energy sensor  120 , RF devices, and the energy management station  100  may assemble the RF communication data packets  1000 . In addition the microprocessor  825  in the energy sensor  120  may be able to calculate energy parameters as well as construct, encode and decode RF communication data packets  1000 . This RF communication data packet  1000  may be optimized for efficient, high speed, low collision communications. In addition, the communication data packet  1000  may be highly flexible in that it may contain only a few energy parameters to a large amount of energy parameters and from only a few pieces of routing information to a large amount of routing information. As shown in  FIG. 5 , some of the information that may be contained within the RF wireless payload includes a packet start marker  1005  or preamble, sensor ID  1010 , EEM data  1015 , routing information  1020 , signal strength  1022 , battery life  1025 , time of data collected  1030 , time sync information, physical location  1035 , energy distribution metering location, volts  1040 , power factor  1045 , current  1050 , 12R  1052 , V2h  1053 , watts  1055 , VAR  1060 , VA  1065 , public security key  1070  error codes  1073  and a packet end marker  1075 .  
         [0104]     The error codes  1073  may comprise of a cyclic redundancy error checking or preferably contain forward error correction. The forward error correction may be used by the receiving RF device or energy management station  100  to correct information in the data packet that may have been corrupted during transport. Using forward error correction may increase the wireless mesh network range, decrease the required RF antenna, decrease the transmit power required at each RF device and assist in any corruption of the data packet occurring during transport such as transport over long distances or outside of a partial RF shield. The RF devices may be able to intelligently assemble the information in each packet so not to include redundant or unnecessary information within the RF payload. A RF device or energy management station  100  may assemble a communication data packet  1000  to be used as a time sync another RF device or energy management station  100 . An RF device or energy management station  100  receiving or processing the communication packet  1000  containing the time sync, may be able to adjust it&#39;s time to correspond to the time sync sent in the communication packet. The time syncing process may account for any packet decoding delays and speed of communications. The communication packet  1000  may be digitally signed and may use a private key and public key signing system. Alternatively the communication packet  1000  may be digitally encrypted and may use a private key and public key exchange between two or more RF devices including the energy management station  100 .  
         [0105]     Referring now to  FIG. 2 , an example of a communication diagram is show that depicts radio frequency (“RF”) devices communicating on a wireless mesh network. The wireless mesh network composed of radio frequency (“RF”) devices  200  used to transmit communication data packets between the energy management station  100  and the RF devices  200 . An RF device  200  includes at least one of RF repeater converter  110 , RF repeater  115 , energy sensors  120 , RF signal strength sensors or RF display devices  140 . This figure shows RF device  200   a  linked to RF device  200   b  over wireless communication link  150   a,  and RF device  200   b  linked to RF device  200   d  over communication link  150   b.  RF device  200   d  is linked to RF device  200   c  over communication link  150   e  and to the repeater converter  110 . RF device  200   c  is linked to repeater converter  110  over communication link  150   c.  The repeater converter  110  is linked to the energy management station  100  over a direct link  205 . The energy management station  100  is connected to a database  103 .  
         [0106]     With any communication network tying together energy sensors, it is important to ensure the robustness of the network. Typically this is sometimes taken for granted with a wired communication system; however, even in a wired case problems may appear and data can be lost. With a wireless network, especially a low powered, adhoc network such as mesh wireless communication system, critical paths may be disabled and communication between energy sensors and energy management station or data storage location may be delayed. In a wireless communication network, especially an ad-hoc mesh network, there may be additional reasons to employ a communication validation function. A communication validation function may provide a measure of robustness or redundancy between communication paths. This may be during the commissioning of a system to ensure better operation after the commissioning process.  
         [0107]     The present embodiments&#39; energy management station  100 , RF display device  140 , and RF signal strength sensor may have a user display that can show the RF routing paths available between various RF devices. This information can be coupled with the physical location of the device if it is known and the present embodiments are capable of showing the possible routing paths as well as indicating the strength of each RF link. The RF display device  140 , RF signal strength sensor and energy management station  100  may be able to analyze this data and indicate the best locations to add repeaters or sensors. Alternatively the installer or commissioner may be able to quickly pick out the best locations for an RF repeater  115  based on the presentation of the routing paths and signal strengths. For example,  FIG. 2  is a representation that may be displayed to the installer. Each RF link  150  shown may include an indication of signal strength such as a number, symbol, bar indicators or colors that indicate the signal strength over the communication link  150 . In addition, a distance, signal to noise ratio, and error rate of the communication path may be calculated, stored in a database  103 , and shown on the diagram. The distance for a communication path may be determined by sending a small communication “distance ping” between two RF devices and determining the distance based on the time the distance ping was sent and received at a RF device, hardware delay, and speed of communication medium.  
         [0108]     There is a need to represent link quality between nodes using a simple measure. While the link quality can be disclosed using signal to noise ratio or bit error rate, the meaning of these terms are not always well understood by operators. A way to compile this data or engineering measures to a common link quality indicator is important. One method of representing the link quality between nodes can be through a number of nines indicator. For example, 2 number of nines may indicate that 99% or 99 out of 100 communication packets are successfully transmitted over the link. This could be referred to as probability of success. The communication validation function may be able to indicate the number of nines between two individual nodes directly or between two individual nodes using a network of intermediate nodes.  
         [0109]     This representation of link quality may be able to indicate were wireless mesh repeaters need to be moved or added to increase the robustness of the mesh network while keeping the costs of adding additional repeater low. The communication validation function may be able to include redundant intermediate paths using various intermediate nodes between two communicating mesh nodes or a mesh node and the energy management system within the calculation of link quality indication.  
         [0110]     The communication validation function may alarm when one or more communication links throughout the energy management system fall below a certain link quality. The alarm may be triggered by a percentage drop in the link quality from a normal or average link quality for a specific communication link or when the link quality passes a preset threshold. This link quality may be a representation such as the number of nines discussed above or signal to noise ratio measured between two RF devices. The communication validation function may alarm when communication to a node or through a communication path is no longer viable.  
         [0111]     One way the communication validation function may ensure a good wireless communication network is to track the path taken by at least some of the packets.  
         [0112]     Each RF device  200  may add a marker to packets it passes. The marker may be a few bits of information incorporated within or added on to either end of the communication packet  1000 . The route information  1020  within the communication packet  1000  may be used to contain this “route taken” information.  
         [0113]     Alternatively, each RF device  200  may simply store an identification information from the communication packet to indicate that it received the packet. This identification information may be stored in the RF device  200  along with course of action information. For example, each RF device  200  may contain a log containing identification of each packet it received or created, where the packet was received from, time the packet was received, and what action was taken such as retransmitting the packet to the mesh network. This communication log may be transmitted to the energy management station  100  at a preset interval or upon request from the energy management station  100 . Alternatively, the communication log may be transmitted due to an failure within the mesh network or RF device  200 . The communication log may either be pushed from the RF device  200  to the energy management station  100  or be requested by the energy management station  100 . The communication log may be used by the communication validation function to track the use of the mesh network.  
         [0114]     The communication verification function may be able to indicate the existence, usage and reliability of wireless links formed within the mesh network. For example, in  FIG. 2 , through analyzing the path at least some of the communication packets  1000  took, the communication verification function may be able to indicate that communications paths  150   a - 150   e  as shown connect RF devices  200   a,    200   b,    200   c,    200   d  and the repeater converter  110 . In addition, the communication verification function may be able to determine the number of proven paths a specific RF device  200  may be able to use to communication to the energy management station. For example, RF device  200   d  may use mesh link  150   d  to communication directly to the repeater converter  110  or may use wireless link  150   e,  RF device  200   c,  and wireless link  150   c  to communicate to the repeater converter  110 . The communication verification function may be able to determine critical paths such as indicated by RF device  200   b  with only one wireless link  150   b  to get information to RF device  200   d  and the rest of the network. Conceivably, if either wireless path  150   b  or RF device  200   d  were not functioning properly or unavailable, the data in RF device  200   a  and RF device  200   b  would be unable to reach the energy management station  100 . The communication verification function may be able to detect this possibility of only one critical path and take action such as create an alarm or indication to the user. The number of redundant paths required may be set by the user or commissioner of the system. For instance, the system may be set to ensure that there are at least 3 independent paths.  
         [0115]     The communication verification function may temporarily disable certain wireless paths to check if the mesh network is able to generate a backup or redundant path. The command may indicate to only stop for a set amount of time or to stop until another command is received to resume. Before temporarily disabling the communication link  150 , the communication verification function may send a command to a device to transmit a message at a regular interval. By temporarily disabling a certain wireless path or a RF device  200  from repeating any mesh signals, the communication verification function may be able to find out if an alternate path exists. For example in  FIG. 2 , the communication verification function may send a message to RF device  200   a  or RF device  200   b  to transmit a packet to the energy management station  100  at a regular interval 1 minute interval. The internal may be set to any length. Then the communication verification function may send a signal or communication packet to RF device  200   d  to stop retransmitting packets on the mesh network or the instruction may be more specific to stop transmitting packets sent from RF device  200   b  to the mesh network for 5 minutes. By effectively disabling the communication path  150   b,  the communication verification function is able to verify if the mesh network is able to adopt and determine if there is an alternate path. For instance, in the example above, the mesh network may find an alternate wireless path between RF device  200   a  and RF device  200   d  in which the wireless path  150   b  is not critical to operation but perhaps RF device  200   d  is critical. Further the communication verification function may send a command to RF device  200   d  to temporarily stop repeating any mesh communication from either RF device  200   a  or RF device  200   b.  In this case, the communication verification function may be able to determine if there is a link between RF device  200   a  or RF device  200   b  to any other the other RF devices  200  besides RF device  200   d.  The communication verification function may alarm or set off an alarm within the energy management system  100 . The alarm may be transmitted over the wireless mesh network to a handheld device or mobile indicator  140 .  
         [0116]     If the communication verification device is unable to determine enough alternate paths exists for the mesh network reliability, it may indicate that an additional repeater  115  or RF device  200  should be installed. The communication verification function may be able to indicate the general or specific area that this repeater  115  should be installed. Alternately, the communication verification function may indicate which RF nodes need an alternate communication path. For instance, as shown in  FIG. 3 , a RF repeater  115  was added that created direct links to RF device  200   a,  RF device  200   b  and RF device  200   c  over wireless communication links  150   g,    150   h  and  150   i.    
         [0117]     Referring to  FIG. 4 , an embodiment of mesh network is shown with multiple repeater converters  110  to used to convert the mesh wireless signals to a media and protocol that is able to interface with the energy management station. The communication path  205  between the repeater converters  110   a  and  110   b  may be two independent communication connection from each repeater converters  110   a  and  110   b  to independent communication ports on the energy management station  100  such as but not limited to an RS 232 or USB connection. Alternately, these may share a signal communication interface such as but not limited to a wired or wireless Ethernet connection or RS-485 link. The repeater converter  110   a  may be sufficient to send and receive communication to the whole of the mesh network; however, repeater converter  110   b  may be added to increase reliability of the mesh network. This repeater converter  110   b  may function as a mesh repeater to hop signals from RF device  200   a  to RF device  200   c  and may function as an additional path for the RF mesh devices  200  to send and receive communication packets  1000  to the energy management station  100 . This may reduce possibility of a network outage if repeater converter  110   a  is temporarily unavailable.  
         [0118]     The repeater converters  110   a  and  110   b  in  FIG. 4  may communicate to each other which RF devices  200  each are primarily responsible for communication. For instance, repeater converter  110   b  may primarily repeat communication packets  1000  between the energy management station  100  and RF devices  200   a  and  200   b  while repeater converter  110   a  may be the preferred mesh path for communication packets  1000  between the energy management station  100  and RF devices  200   c  and  200   d.  This organization between the repeater converters  110   b  may be a function of better quality data links to destination RF devices  200 , lower number of hops to destination RF devices and load balancing of communication packets  1000  between the RF devices  200 . In addition, the RF devices  200  and the repeater converters  110   a  and  110   b  may alter their RF transmission power such that messages are only received by RF devices  200  within a limited RF range. This may allow for more than one message to be simultaneously carried by the mesh network. For example, this may allow repeater converter  110   a  to communicate to RF device  200   d  at the same time repeater converter  110   b  is communication with RF device  200   a.    
         [0119]     The RF devices  200  may determine the next RF device  200  that is typically the successful wireless path of communication packets  1000  sent to a specific destination. The RF device  200  may send the next communication packet it receives that has the same specific destination to the specific RF device  200  on the first retransmission attempt such to reduce the number of RF collisions by other RF devices  200  receiving and retransmitting the communication packet. For example, in  FIG. 3 , a wireless communication packet  1000  sent from RF devices  200   a  with a target destination of the energy management station  110  may be able to be reached by both the RF device  200   b  and RF repeater  115  and potentially retransmitted from both. However, typically the quickest or most successful path for mesh communication from this RF device  200   a  includes the RF repeater  115  and not the RF device  200   b.  This may be determined by RF device  200   a  from a communication packet  1000  from the energy management station  100 , RF device  200   b  or RF repeater  115  acknowledging the receipt of the information and the most successful wireless path used to deliver the communication packet  1000 . Alternately the data integrity function in the energy management station  100  may determine the best wireless paths of the communication packet  1000  it received and if the that path was specified by the originating RF device  200   a  and any intermediate RF devices  200 . If the path was not specified or incorrectly specified, the data integrity function may and for at least one specific destination and send out communication packets  1000  with instruction to specific RF devices  200  on the preferred path to use to retransmit data to that one specific destination to the RF devices  200 . With this information, the next communication packet  1000  sent by RF device  200   a  may be specifically addressed to only be repeated by repeater  115  to the energy management station  100 . Repeater  115  may interpret the communication packet  1000  is to be sent to the energy management station  100  and then using it&#39;s own determined best path to the energy management station  100 , repeat the transmission and specifically address RF device  200   c  which would then repeat it specifically to repeater converter  110  which would convert the communication packet  1000  to interface to the communication link  205  and send the communication packet to the energy management station  100 . The data integrity function within energy management station  100  may analyze the communication path taken by the packet, log the communication path taken, or instruct RF devices  200  within the mesh network of an alternate communication path this use with the next communication packet  1000  targeted to the same nodes.  
         [0120]     The RF devices  200  and IED  135  may contain the data integrity function where the data integrity function includes routines to clean or self healing of the data. This may be referred to as a data validation engine (“DVE”) and at least a portion may be contained with the energy management station  100 . This data integrity function may include a self healing function where missing data is filled in or rebuilt from logged data within the original device or from other sensors. An example of this where energy data may be monitored at an incoming point at a certain energy junction as well as the outgoing points where one of the monitoring points data logs are missing data. The self healing function may recognize that energy metering flow into and out of this junction point nets zero meaning all energy supplied to this junction is accounting for by the outgoing energy meters. For example, in  FIG. 1 , the energy measured by IED  135  is distributed by the two feeders measured by energy sensors  120   b  and  120   c.  If data is missing from energy sensor  120   b,  the self healing function may be able to calculate the missing data from subtracting any data measured in energy sensor  120   b  from IED  135 . Alternately, if the data is missing from both energy sensor  120   b  and  120   c,  the self healing function may be able to determine the average percentage of energy delivered via both feeders and divide the energy measured by IED  135 . Alternatively, if the data is missing from IED  135  and the energy sensor  120   c,  the self healing function may be able to closely estimate the IED  135  from the measured data in energy sensor  120   b  and the percentage energy that energy sensor  120   b  typically monitors of the whole energy delivered by IED  135 . This type of data healing may occur from any of the energy sensors  120  or IED  135  within the system with some logged or preset data of the relationships between the energy sensors  120  or the IED  135 .  
         [0121]     Referring now to  FIG. 9 , an exemplary flowchart is used to illustrate one embodiment for monitoring data quality within a RF device  200  or IED  135  used within an energy management system. This example depicts a data quality system that includes at least one of two methods of verifying the quality of the energy data measured by a sensor or receive over communication packet from another sensor. These two methods are a validation and estimation of the energy data and a communication acknowledgment system. The blocks or sections within the data quality system  960  may span over multiple devices. Alternately, some of the validation, estimation and editing (“VEE”) functions or additional VEE functions may be performed in the energy management station  100 . The data quality system  960  is processed on at least one of measured energy data (block  962 ) and energy data received over communication network (block  964 ). The energy data or communication packet  1000  received may be stored in memory (block  966 ) within the device such as but not limited to memory  855 . Storing the energy data in block  966  may be optional portion of this process and in some cases the whole communication packet  1000  may alternatively be stored with a memory. Alternately the energy data may come from historical data records already stored with the memory as shown in block  961 . The data quality process  960  may include a validation and estimation functions which may included one or more of the processes indicated by blocks  968 ,  970 ,  972 ,  974 ,  976 ,  978 ,  980 ,  982 ,  984 ,  986  and  987 . The validation and estimation functions are described in the description the follows. If the validation and estimation functions are not included in the data quality process  960 , the process moves from storing the energy data in block  966  to transmitting the data to the network in block  988 . The data quality system  960  may include a communication acknowledgement system shown in block  990 ,  992  and  994  discuss in the description to follow. If the data integrity system does not include the communication acknowledgment system, it may be complete at block  988 .  
         [0122]     The communication acknowledgement system may wait for an acknowledgment to be received from another RF device  200  used to further transmit the communication packet  1000  to a designated endpoint or from the endpoint itself once it has received the communication packet  1000  either directly or through other RF devices  200 . This waiting for acknowledgment is shown in block  990 . If the acknowledgment is not received within a set amount of time as shown in block  992 , the communication packet may be retransmitted to the network in block  998 . The RF device  200  may change the communication packet  1000  before retransmitting to the network to affect routing within the network. Alternatively, the RF device  200  may use another method of communication if available. An example, the alternate method of communication may be but not limited to a backup method of communication using an interface over a plain old telephone system (“POTS”) line, a paging network, cellular network, alternate radio frequency or modulation, or a satellite connection. Using this communication validation system, once an acknowledgment is received, the data that may still be stored with the memory of the RF device  200  or IED  135  is marked as received by the endpoint or a subsequent RF device  200  within a wireless communication network.  
         [0123]     The RF devices  200  and IED  135  data integrity function may include a validation function, estimation function and editing function. Any individual function or combination of these three functions may reside within a validation, estimation, editing (“VEE”) function. This VEE function may exist in any of the energy sensors  120 , repeaters  115 , and repeater converters  110  within the mesh network. The VEE function may comprise of one or more VEE rules. These VEE rules may comprise any number of validation rules, estimation rules and editing rules. Placing VEE functions and VEE rules into the IED  135  or RF devices  200  directly may reduce the processing burden on the energy management station  100 . In addition, any users that use an energy management station  100  that does not include a VEE module may still benefit when the actual measurement devices, such as the EED  135  or RF device  200 , or communication devices, such as the RF repeater  115 , RF repeater converter  110 , or any hardware used to receive and transmit communication packets, contain VEE functionality at the device level. The VEE function may be able to process a measurement or logged measurement made by an energy sensor  120  or EED  135  to ensure that reading complies with any preset VEE rules.  
         [0124]      FIG. 9  indicates one embodiment of this validation and estimation process within blocks  968 ,  970 ,  972 ,  974 ,  976 ,  978 ,  980 ,  982 ,  984 ,  986  and  987 . As energy data enter this process at block  968  from either blocks  961 ,  962  or  964  (may pass through block  966 ) a validation process is run against the data using one or more validation rules. If the data passes the validation process at block  970 , the data is marked as validated meaning it has passed validation at block  972  and is transmitted to the network at block  988 . If the data did not pass the validation process at block  970 , it may be marked as failing validation at block  974  and may have estimation process and rules run on the energy data at  976 . This estimation process may use data from other RF devices  200 , IED  135 , or historical energy data intervals. At block  978 , if unable to calculate an estimation value using available estimation rules, the data is marked with an estimation failed indication (block  986 ) as may stored within the memory (block  987 ) for further editing or to run through this estimation process once new data is received or measured. If at block  978 , the estimation process is successful, the data may be marked as estimated (block  980 ) and may have a validation process (block  986 ) run against the newly estimated value. This validation process (block  986 ) may use different validation rules from the validation process at block  968 . If the validation process is successful (block  984 ), the data may be marked as passing validation; however, the data may retain the estimation indication from block  980 . The data or data record may then be stored or updated in the memory of the device at block  987 . If the second validation process was unsuccessful (block  984 ), the data may be marked as estimation failed and may be stored within the memory (block  987 ) for further editing or to run through the estimation process once new data is received or measured. The data may be transmitted on to the network at block  988  and carry through the process as already described.  
         [0125]     For example, a validation rules may include but are not limited to the following examples. For example, a validation rule may check that the measured energy used over an specific interval does not exceed a maximum, check to ensure the energy readings did not increase by more than a set amount, and check another energy meters readings to verify both energy meters are within a preset percentage of each other. Another example of a validation rule may comprise of summing up all interval data during a billing period and comparing this summation to the difference between the cumulative energy reading at the end of the billing period and the one at the start of this billing period. These two numbers should be nearly equal or within a preset percentage. A typical VEE rule may compare those two numbers and accept them if they are within x % of each other.  
         [0126]     Another validation rule example may compare any given interval data reading to the one before, and reject it if there is more than x % difference between them. Alternatively, the validation rule may compare each interval data reading to the same interval timeframe for the previous business day, month, year etc. For example, the kWh reading on Thursday from 10:15 to 10:30 should be within y % of the kWh reading on Wednesday from 10:15 to 10:30.  
         [0127]     Another validation rule example may compare each interval data between a main meter and a backup or secondary meter. Typically all revenue metering points are nearby such that a wired or wireless communication would be possible. Again, these reading may be validated if they are within x % of each other. Typically x % may be a function of the meter&#39;s accuracy such that, for example, if both meters are class 0.2 meters, the difference between their readings should be less than 0.4%. Of course, it may be set to any value.  
         [0128]     Another validation rule may be where the meter, RF device  200  or IED  135  may proactively recognize when specific events happen (error codes, power cycles . . . ) and flag the relevant intervals as requiring an estimation rule or editing rule. Alternatively, in the case that a measurement does not pass with a specific validation rule, the VEE function may flag the relevant interval to require an estimation rule or editing rule. This flag indication may be stored along side the measurement value or within the same set of data within the log memory  855 . This indication flag may be resilient or be made to be resilient so that the flag may remain with this set of data for the life of the data.  
         [0129]     The estimation function may estimate the value based on previously logged measurement data, data from other sensors or alternatively mark the data unclean and wait for additional measurements. The VEE function may then use these new measurements and may use previous recorded measurements to estimate the data and replace the data. The VEE function may request data from other meters to assist the validation and estimation process. The new estimated value may have to pass the validation function before it is recorded in the memory log as valid data. An estimated value may be generated when the data being tested does not pass the validation function within the IED  135  or RF device  200 , the data is missing, the data is corrupt or otherwise unavailable.  
         [0130]     Estimation rules that may be applied within the IED  135  or RF device  200  may include but are not limited to the following example. One example is an estimation rule that may replace bad or missing interval data with readings for the same intervals coming from the backup meter. This information may be transferred over a wired link, power line carrier, or a wireless communication link such as but not limited to IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.11s optical link, or a wireless mesh network. When only one interval is missing or flagged as bad, an estimation rule may use the difference between cumulative energy reading at billing period end and cumulative energy reading at billing period start minus summation of all good interval data. For example, the billing period may begin at the start of the day and end at the completion of the day. The estimation may be calculate by the difference of the cumulative energy recorded at the beginning of the day and the cumulative energy reading at the end of the day minus the summation of all the energy demand intervals throughout the day. Another example of an estimation rule is using the average interval consumption for this site or using the same interval the day before.  
         [0131]     The editing function may interface with a user interface, such as a display and keypad, on the IED  135  or RF device  200  and allow an operator to edit a recorded data value. The editing function may further comprise an editing rule that only allows data that was unable to pass the validation or estimation functions to be edited. Any data that has been edited may be marked with a flag to so indicate it has been edited. In addition, it may be marked by who the edit took place. The edit indication flag may be resilient or be made to be resilient such that the flag stays with the data for the life of the data. Another example of an editing rule may comprise a security process to ensure the operator attempting to change the value is authorized to edit a data value. The security process and authorization may be unique for different recorded values. For example, a recorded value such as an energy reading that may affect a bill may require different authorization than editing a voltage value. The editing process may involve the user using another device such as a handheld device  635  which comprises an user interface and is operative to communicate to the IED  135  or RF device  200  to edit a data value. Alternately, the energy management station  100  may be used to provide the user interface to allow the data value to be edited. This energy management station  100  may allow this edit process to be run locally at the energy management station  100 . Alternatively, the energy management station  100  may allow the edit to take place on the EED  135  or RF device  200  providing a user interface to the device via a communication link.  
         [0132]     As part of the VEE function, the following interval data flags may be used. Raw data flag or no flag may indicate the data has not been through any VEE function. Any edited or estimated data may contain an edited/estimated flag. For Edited data, a trace also may be kept of the person who edited this data based on the authorization process or a user ID. Any data that has passed validation process may be marked with a validation passed flag. Any data that has failed a validation process may be marked with a validation failed flag. A verified data flag may indicate that data has failed at least one of the required validation checks but was determined to represent actual usage by either another validation flag or through an editing process. Typically a set of data may have some of its flags change as it progresses through the validation process; however, there may be 1 exception that is when the estimated or edited indication flag is set, it is resilient and remains with the specific set of data for the life of this set of data. For example, the meter accumulates a load profile for 24 hours, but the 9:00 to 9:15 interval is missing for whatever reason. The first validation attempts failed because of this missing interval, and the whole set of data is being marked as having failed validation. Then the meter estimates and creates this interval through one of the mechanisms described earlier, and flags this interval as having been estimated. Then, the whole set of data goes through validation again, and, this time, passes. At this point, the entire set of data gets marked as having passed validation, but the interval that was estimated remains marked as such forever, even though it is now part of a set of validated data.  
         [0133]     The VEE function within the specific IED  135 , energy sensor  120  or other RF devices  200  may be able to request another measurement is taken by the original measurement device or another IED  135  or RF device  200  to assist in the validation and estimation process. Having the IED  135  or energy sensor  120  make this request rather than a VEE function on the energy management station  100  may decrease time required to take an unscheduled measurement to assist in the VEE function.  
         [0134]     Whenever data is rebuilt from other data using the self healing function, VEE function, or other calculations, a confidence value or indicator may be generated to be stored with the data. This confidence value may indicate the level of confidence or cleanliness of the data. The confidence value may be contain a statistical probability indication of the data used within the log especially if the data was calculated using averages from the data log. In addition, the confidence value may indicate the accuracy of the sensor used to measure, calculate, or generate the energy data value. The data integrity function either within the energy management station  100 , the RF devices  200  or the IED  135  may alarm if the confidence level is outside of a preset tolerance or has significantly altered from historical levels.  
         [0135]     It is therefore intended that the foregoing detailed description be regarded as illustrative rather than limiting, and that it be understood that it is the following claims, including all equivalents, that are intended to define the spirit and scope of this invention.