Abstract:
A brightness enhancement article and illumination system provides light from a two-dimensional surface. The brightness enhancement article has a plurality of light collecting structures wherein each light collecting structure is longitudinally extended in a length direction along the surface. The structures may have various lengthwise shapes such as being curved, concentric, radial, or of varying thickness.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 10/860,545 filed Jun. 3, 2004, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.  
         [0002]     This application is also related to commonly assigned, pending application U.S. Ser. No. 10/785,598 filed on Feb. 24, 2004. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0003]     The invention generally relates to brightness enhancement articles and more particularly relates to a brightness enhancement film using an array of light concentrator structures for conditioning illumination for use with backlit display devices, such as laptop LCD displays.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0004]     While LCD displays offer a compact, lightweight alternative to CRT monitors, there are many applications for which LCD displays are not satisfactory due to a low level of brightness, or more properly, luminance. The transmissive LCD used in conventional laptop computer displays is a type of backlit display, having a light-providing surface positioned behind the LCD for directing light outwards, towards the LCD. The light-providing surface itself provides illumination that is essentially Lambertian, that is, having an essentially constant luminance over a broad range of angles. With the goal of increasing on-axis and near-axis luminance, a number of brightness enhancement films have been proposed for redirecting a portion of this light having Lambertian distribution toward normal, relative to the display surface. Among proposed solutions for brightness or luminance enhancement for use with LCD displays and with other types of backlit display types are the following:  
         [0005]     U.S. Pat. No. 5,592,332 (Nishio et al.) discloses the use of two crossed lenticular lens surfaces for adjusting the angular range of light in an LCD display apparatus;  
         [0006]     U.S. Pat. No. 5,611,61 1 (Ogino et al.) discloses a rear projection display using a combination of Fresnel and lenticular lens sheets for obtaining the desired light divergence and luminance;  
         [0007]     U.S. Pat. No. 6,111,696 (Allen et al.) discloses a brightness enhancement film for a display or lighting fixture. With the optical film disclosed in the &#39;696 patent, the surface facing the illumination source is smooth; the opposite surface has a series of structures, such as triangular prisms, for redirecting the illumination angle. The film disclosed in the &#39;696 patent refracts off-axis light to provide a degree of correction for directing light at narrower angles. However, this film design works best for redirecting off-axis light; incident light that is normal to the film surface may be reflected back toward the source, rather than transmitted;  
         [0008]     U.S. Pat. No. 5,629,784 (Abileah et al.) discloses various embodiments in which a prism sheet is employed for enhancing brightness, contrast ratio, and color uniformity of an LCD display of the reflective type. In an embodiment disclosed in the &#39;784 patent, the brightness enhancement film similar to that of the &#39;696 patent is arranged with its structured surface facing the source of reflected light for providing improved luminance as well as reduced ambient light effects. Because this component is used with a reflective imaging device, the prism sheet of the &#39;784 disclosure is placed between the viewer and the LCD surface, rather than in the position used for transmissive LCD systems (that is, between the light source and the LCD);  
         [0009]     U.S. patent application publication Ser. No. 2001/0053075 (Parker et al.) discloses various types of surface structures used in light redirection films for LCD displays, including prisms and other structures;  
         [0010]     U.S. Pat. No. 5,887,964 (Higuchi et al.) discloses a transparent prism sheet having extended prism structures along each surface for improved back-light propagation and luminance in an LCD display. As is noted with respect to the &#39;696 patent mentioned above, much of the on-axis light is reflected rather than transmitted with this arrangement. Relative to the light source, the orientation of the prism sheet in the &#39;964 disclosure is reversed from that used in the &#39;696 disclosure. The arrangement shown in the &#39;964 disclosure is usable only for small, hand-held displays and does not use a Lambertian light source;  
         [0011]     U.S. Pat. No. 6,356,391 (Gardiner et al.) discloses a pair of optical turning films for redirecting light in an LCD display, using an array of prisms, where the prisms can have different dimensions;  
         [0012]     U.S. Pat. No. 6,280,063 (Fong et al.) discloses a brightness enhancement film with prism structures on one side of the film having blunted or rounded peaks;  
         [0013]     U.S. Pat. No. 6,277,471 (Tang) discloses a brightness enhancement film having a plurality of generally triangular prism structures having curved facets;  
         [0014]     U.S. Pat. No. 5,917,664 (O&#39;Neill et al.) discloses a brightness enhancement film having “soft” cutoff angles in comparison with conventional film types, thereby mitigating the luminance change as viewing angle increases;  
         [0015]     U.S. Pat. No. 5,839,823 (Hou et al.) discloses an illumination system with light recycling for a non-Lambertian source, using an array of microprisms; and,  
         [0016]     U.S. Pat. No. 5,396,350 (Beeson et al.) discloses a backlight apparatus with light recycling features, employing an array of microprisms in contact with a light source for light redirection in illumination apparatus where heat may be a problem and where a relatively non-uniform light output is acceptable.  
         [0017]      FIG. 1  shows one type of brightness enhancement film  10  for enhancing light provided from a light source  18 . Brightness enhancement film  10  has a smooth side  12  facing towards a light guiding plate  14 , which contains a reflective surface  19 , and rows of prismatic structures  16  facing an LCD component  20 . This arrangement, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,111,696 and 5,629,784 (both listed above), and in 5,944,405 (Takeuchi et al.), generally works well, improving the on-axis luminance by refraction of off-axis light rays and directing a portion of this light closer to the normal optical axis. As  FIG. 1  shows, off-axis rays R 1  are refracted toward normal. It is instructive to note, however, that, due to total internal reflection (TIR), near-axis light ray R 3  can be refracted away from normal at a more extreme angle. In addition, on-axis light ray R 4  can actually be reflected back toward light guiding plate  14  for diffusion and reflection from reflective surface  19  rather than directed toward LCD component  20 . This refraction of near-axis light and reflection of at least a portion of on-axis light back into light guiding plate  14  acts to adjust illumination luminance with respect to viewing angle, as is described subsequently. By the action of light guiding plate  14  and reflective surface  19 , a portion of the light that is reflected back from brightness enhancement film  10  is eventually diffused and again directed outward toward the LCD component at a generally normal angle. There is, of course, some loss of light after multiple reflections, due to inefficiency of reflective surface  19 .  
         [0018]     The purpose of brightness enhancement film  10 , is to redirect the light that is provided over a large angular range from light guiding plate  14 , so that the output light it provides to LCD component  20  is generally directed toward normal. By doing this, brightness enhancement film  10  helps to improve display luminance not only when viewed straight-on, at a normal to the display surface, but also when viewed from oblique angles.  
         [0019]     As the viewer angle from normal increases, the perceived luminance can diminish significantly beyond a threshold angle. The graph of  FIG. 2  shows a luminance curve  26  that depicts the characteristic relationship of luminance to viewer angle when using the brightness enhancement film  10 . As expected, luminance peaks at the normal and decreases toward a threshold cutoff angle Ocutoff each side of normal. A slight increase occurs beyond angle Ocutoff; however, this represents wasted light, not readily perceptible to the viewer due to characteristics of the LCD display itself.  
         [0020]     With reference to luminance curve  26  in  FIG. 2 , one characteristic of interest is the overall shape of the curve. The luminance over a range of viewing angles is proportional to the area under the curve for those angles. Typically, the peak luminance values occur at angles near normal, as would be expected. In many applications, it is most beneficial to increase luminance within a small range of viewing angles centered about a normal.  
         [0021]     While conventional approaches, such as those noted in the disclosures mentioned hereinabove, provide some measure of brightness enhancement at low viewing angles, these approaches have some shortcomings. Some of the solutions noted above are more effective for redistributing light over a preferred range of angles rather than for redirecting light toward normal for best on-axis viewing. These brightness enhancement film solutions have a directional bias, working best for redirecting light in one direction. For example, a brightness enhancement film may redirect the light path in a width direction relative to the display surface, but have little or no affect on light in the orthogonal length direction. As a result, multiple orthogonally crossed sheets must be overlaid in order to redirect light in different directions, typically used for redirecting light in both horizontal and vertical directions with respect to the display surface. Necessarily, this type of approach is somewhat a compromise; such an approach is not optimal for light in directions diagonal to the two orthogonal axes.  
         [0022]     As disclosed above, brightness enhancement articles have been proposed with various types of refractive surface structures formed atop a substrate material, including arrangements employing a plurality of protruding prism shapes, both as matrices of separate prism structures and as elongated prism structures, with the apex of prisms both facing toward and facing away from the light source. For the most part, these films exhibit directional bias, requiring the use of multiple sheets in practical applications.  
         [0023]     A number of the patent disclosures have disclosed use of Total Internal Reflection (TIR) effects for redirecting light within prism structures having tilted side walls. For example:  
         [0024]     U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,739,931 and 5,598,281 to Zimmerman et al. disclose illumination apparatus for backlighting, using arrays of microprisms and tapered optical structures;  
         [0025]     U.S. Pat. No. 5,761,355 to Kuper et al. discloses arrays for use in area lighting applications, wherein guiding optical structures employ TIR to redirect light towards a preferred direction; and  
         [0026]     U.S. Pat. No. 6,129,439 to Hou et al. discloses an illumination apparatus in which microprisms utilize TIR for light redirection.  
         [0027]     Zimmerman et al. &#39;218, Kuper et al. &#39;355, and Hou et al. &#39;439 describe the use of a prism structure having at least one curved side wall shaped to use TIR, including a side wall having a large number of small segments to effectively provide an arcuate shape. While these disclosures show the use of side wall curvature, however, no guidelines are provided for optimizing the actual curvature or dimensions that work best. Some “rule-of-thumb” suggestions are proposed for relative proportions that seem suitable for various applications. However, prism side walls having arbitrary curvature and dimensions may not improve the performance of a brightness enhancement article and may, instead, be detrimental for brightness.  
         [0028]     Parabolic reflectors are known in various types of applications for collecting or transmitting electromagnetic energy along an axis. In room lighting applications, for example, parabolic reflectors, and reflectors whose shape approximates a parabolic shape, are positioned around a lamp or other light source to collect light and direct it outward, generally in one direction. For optimal parabolic reflection of light along an axis, the light source is positioned at a focal point for the parabolic reflector.  
         [0029]     More efficient light concentrators, such as compound parabolic concentrators (CPC) have been used for collecting light in various applications, particularly for solar energy applications. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,002,499 and 4,003,638 (both to Winston) disclose the use of reflective parabolic concentrator elements for radiant energy collection. U.S. Pat. No. 6,384,320 (Chen) discloses the use of an array of reflective CPC devices used for a residential solar-power generation system. Light concentrators have also been used to support light sensing devices. For example, UK Patent Application GB 2 326 525 (Leonard) discloses the use of a reflective CPC array as a concentrator for obtaining light for a light sensor, such as a Charge-Coupled Device (CCD). CPC and similar structures have been exploited for collecting and sensing light in various applications, but not for achieving improved light distribution and redirection.  
         [0030]     Brightness enhancement films for optical displays have largely been directed to improving brightness of a display over a range of angles. However, spatial uniformity is also important, as it helps to minimize “hot spots” in a display. Existing brightness enhancing films, in an effort to achieve higher brightness, often tend to compromise display uniformity, causing hot spots and other anomalies.  
         [0031]     In spite of the concerted effort that has been expended for increasing display luminance, improvements are required, particularly where a high level of near-axis luminance is desired and where spatial uniformity is desirable in the displayed image.  
       PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED BY THE INVENTION  
       [0032]     There is a need for a brightness enhancement film that is light-efficient, improves luminance at near-axis viewing angles, and provides a substantially uniform light source.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0033]     It is an object of the present invention to provide a brightness enhancement article for providing light from a surface, the brightness enhancement article or system comprising: 
        a plurality of light collecting structures, wherein each light collecting structure is longitudinally extended in a length direction along the light-providing surface,     each light collecting structure comprising:     (a) an input aperture optically coupled to the light-providing surface;     (b) an output aperture distal from said input aperture, wherein the output aperture has a surface area that is larger than the surface area of the input aperture; and,     (c) a pair of curved side walls extending along the length-direction and extended from the output aperture toward the input aperture;     wherein, in a cross section taken orthogonally with respect to the length direction, the curved side walls approximate a parabolic curvature.        
 
         [0040]     The structures may have various lengthwise shapes such as being curved, concentric, radial, or of varying thickness. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0041]     While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter of the present invention, it is believed that the invention will be better understood from the following description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:  
         [0042]      FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional side view showing a brightness enhancement film used with an LCD display;  
         [0043]      FIG. 2  is a graph showing the relationship of luminance to viewing angle for a brightness enhancement film;  
         [0044]      FIG. 3  is a ray diagram showing the behavior of a linear light concentrator in handling light rays according to the present invention;  
         [0045]      FIGS. 4   a  and  4   b  are cross-sectional side views showing a portion of an illumination apparatus in different embodiments of the present invention;  
         [0046]      FIG. 5  is a perspective view of a brightness enhancement film according to the present invention;  
         [0047]      FIG. 6   a  is a side view of an illumination system according to the present invention;  
         [0048]      FIG. 6   b  is a side view of the illumination system from an orthogonal direction to the view in  FIG. 6   a;    
         [0049]      FIG. 7  is perspective view of the illumination system of  FIGS. 6   a  and  6   b;    
         [0050]      FIG. 8   a  is a side view showing the role of key parameters in determining the cross-sectional shape of side walls;  
         [0051]      FIG. 8   b  is a side view showing a TIR angle within a light guiding plate;  
         [0052]      FIG. 8   c  is a side view showing how parameters are used to obtain y-z coordinates for sidewalls of a light collecting structure according to the present invention;  
         [0053]      FIGS. 9   a,    9   b,  and  9   c  are side views used to describe modifications that can be made to the basic shape and dimensions of a light collecting structure, which is generally parabolic in cross-section as used in the present invention;  
         [0054]      FIGS. 10   a  and  10   b  are cross-sectional schematic views showing light behavior without and with slight rotation of each sidewall of a light collecting structure according to the present invention;  
         [0055]      FIGS. 11   a  and  11   b  are graphs showing relative luminance relative to view angle without and with modifications to the shape of light collecting structures according to the present invention;  
         [0056]      FIG. 12  is a cross-sectional side view showing an embodiment in which the pitch between adjacent light collecting structures is varied;  
         [0057]      FIG. 13  is a perspective sectional view showing an alternate embodiment in which light collecting structures are formed along a curve; and,  FIG. 14  is a perspective view showing a light collecting structure having added randomness in an alternate embodiment. 
     
    
     ADVANTAGEOUS EFFECT OF THE INVENTION  
       [0058]     We have found a brightness enhancement film that provides a substantially uniform light source having improved efficiency and with improved luminance at near-axis viewing angles.  
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0059]     As has been noted in the background section above, compound parabolic concentrators (CPCs) exhibit a number of favorable light-collecting properties. Referring now to the cross-sectional side view of  FIG. 3 , the apparatus of the present invention uses an array of light collecting structures  32  of this basic shape, each light collecting structure  32  having a substantially parabolic profile in cross section. Within light collecting structure  32 , light rays R, emitted over a wide range of angles from a point P at an input aperture  33  on input surface  34 , are reflected due to Total Internal Reflection (TIR) and generally emerge at the same angle from output aperture  35  at output surface  36 . Specifically, light rays through point P that reflect from a side wall  38  of collecting structure  32  generally exit at an angle θm that corresponds to the maximum beam angle θm of a reflected ray from that point. With the arrangement of light collecting structure  32  against, or as an integral part of light guiding plate  14 , input aperture  33  provides the only exit for the bulk of the light energy within light guiding plate  14 . Light guiding plate  14  prevents light leakage, allowing light to exit only through light collecting structures  32 , provided that angle θm is maintained at a suitable value.  
         [0060]     As is shown in  FIG. 3 , input surface  34  lies against the surface of light guiding plate  14 . Light collecting structures  32  may be fabricated as part of a film, then attached to light guiding plate  14 , with each light collecting structure  32  attached at input surface  34 . Alternately, light collecting structures  32  may be molded or otherwise formed as an integral part of the surface of light guiding plate  14 . The same transparent material is typically used for fabrication of both light collecting structure  32  and light guiding plate  14 , whether light collecting structure  32  is separately fabricated or is integral to light guiding plate  14 . This arrangement allows the same index of refraction n for both light collecting structure  32  and light guiding plate  14 .  
         [0061]     By way of review, TIR (for a structure in air) is achieved when critical angle ΦTIR for incident light is exceeded as defined in equation (1) below, where n is the index of refraction of the material used for light collecting structure  42 :  
               φ   TIR     =       sin     -   1       ⁡     (     1   n     )               (   1   )             
 
         [0062]     The present invention takes advantage of the light-handling behavior of a parabolic collector, as shown by light collecting structure  32  in  FIG. 3 , in one direction. Referring to  FIG. 4   a,  there is shown a cross-section view of a portion of a brightness enhancement film  30  coupled to light guiding plate  14 . Ribbed light collecting structures  42  are formed having a generally parabolic cross-section, extended along a length direction. As noted above, brightness enhancement film  30  is part of, or in contact with, light guiding plate  14 . Each light-collecting structure  42  guides light originated from one or more light sources  18  and guided by light guiding plate  14 , using methods well known in the display imaging arts.  
         [0063]     Still referring to  FIG. 4   a,  the cross-sectional shape of each linear light-collecting structure  42  can be considered as defined by a pair of grooves  45 . It can be observed that the sides of each groove  45  are generally concave, thus forming the sides of light-collecting structures  42  to have a substantially convex shape.  
         [0064]      FIG. 4   b  shows an alternate embodiment, in which brightness enhancement film  30  also has an additional output surface  36  that provides support structure for individual light collecting structures  42 .  
         [0065]     Referring to the perspective view of  FIG. 5 , the three-dimensional structure of brightness enhancement film  30  in one embodiment is shown, with light collecting structures  42  exaggerated in size for illustrating key relationships. Each individual linear light-collecting structure  42  extends along the input side of brightness enhancement film  30  in a length direction L along the film. In the orthogonal width direction W, linear light-collecting structures  42  appear as ribs or ridges (from the perspective of light guiding plate  14 ). With this arrangement, the advantageous properties of the ideal parabolic profile apply for light in one direction. That is, with respect to the directions indicated in the perspective view of  FIG. 5 , light angles in the W direction can be redirected, in the manner shown in  FIG. 3 , using brightness enhancement film  30 . In one embodiment, light collecting structures  42  extend along the direction of length L, substantially in parallel with the central axis of light source  18 , a CCFL bulb.  
         [0066]     As is shown in front and side views of  FIGS. 6   a  and  6   b,  and in the perspective view of  FIG. 7 , a combination of light-directing structures redirect light as part of an illumination system  58  for a display apparatus  60 . In the embodiment shown, a single light source  18  provides light to a light guiding plate  54  having a reflective surface  24 . Alternately, multiple light sources  18  could be provided. From the front view of  FIG. 6   a,  the substantially parabolic shape of each individual linear light-collecting structure  42  in brightness enhancement film  30  is shown. Input surface  44  of brightness enhancement film  30  lies against light guiding plate  54 . Illumination system  58  delivers source illumination to an LCD component  20 . An optional light conditioning article  64  could be provided for illumination system  58 , as shown in dotted outline in  FIG. 7 . Light conditioning article  64  could be, for example, a reflective polarizer or a diffuser. Multiple light conditioning articles  64  could be used in combination for supporting illumination system  58 .  
         [0067]     It must be emphasized that illumination system  58  components are not drawn to scale in  FIGS. 5, 6   a,    6   b,  or  7 ; these and other figures exaggerate size in an effort to show overall function of each component. For most embodiments, light-collecting structures  42  are typically much smaller in scale than is represented in these figures.  
         [0068]      FIG. 6   b  shows a side view in which display apparatus  60  is rotated orthogonally from its position in  FIG. 6   a  (in the plane of input surface  44 ). From the view of  FIG. 6   b,  only the outermost light collecting structure  42  would be visible, as it extends along length L of brightness enhancement film  30 . For improved directional control of light along the length L direction, a prism array structure  50  is provided above bottom reflective surface  22 . In this embodiment, structures on prism array structure  50  run in an orthogonal direction to grooves  45  that define linear light-collecting structures  42 . The orthogonal orientation of prism array structure  50  with respect to brightness enhancement film  30  thus provides redirection of illumination in both W and L directions. Prism array structure  50  can be formed on the base of light guiding plate  14  by molding or by some other method.  
         [0000]     Optimizing the Cross-Sectional Shape of Light-Collecting Structures  42   
         [0069]     Referring back to  FIG. 3 , the theoretical performance of light collecting structure  32  having side walls  38  that closely follow a parabolic profile was shown for a small number of rays R. In order to adapt this principle to practical applications and to be able to fabricate brightness enhancement film  30  at lower cost, it would be beneficial to understand more clearly how light collecting structure  32  operates. Then, armed with a more precise knowledge of light behavior through light collecting structure  32 , it is possible to adapt the idealized shape of light collecting structure  32  ( FIG. 3 ) to the practical application of light collecting structure  42  ( FIG. 4   a ) of brightness enhancement film  30 . For example, it may be possible to relax some tolerances, and adapt a shape for light collecting structure  42  that can be more easily fabricated. It is also possible to minimize crossing effects, as described above, by suitable selection of curvature and dimensional parameters.  
         [0070]     Referring to  FIG. 8   a,  there is shown a cross-sectional shape of side wall  38  of light collecting structure  32 , with key dimensions and angular relationships. As was noted with reference to  FIG. 3 , angle θm defines the maximum beam angle, relative to normal, for the given cross-sectional shape of light collecting structure  32 . This means that light entering light collecting structure  32  at input aperture  33  is at some angle Φ where 
 
θm≦Φ≦90°   (2) 
 
 Where angle θm is as shown in  FIG. 3 . Dimensions r i  and r 0  in  FIG. 8   a  are, respectively, input and output aperture radii of light collecting structure  32 . 
 
         [0071]     In terms of x, z coordinates, the point at which a ray at angle Φ impinges on side wall  38  is represented using the following notation 
 
P(x(Φ; θ m , θ r ), z(Φ; θ m , θ r ))  (3) 
 
 where value Φ is a variable that determines position along side wall  38  of light collecting structure  32 ; values θ m  and θ r  are selectable design parameters. Generally, considering the luminance distribution of reflected beams from light collecting structure  32 , angle θ m  controls the overall angular range and angle θ r  controls the angular location of the luminance peak. Therefore, the angle θ r  can also be controlled to minimize or eliminate crossing effects, as explained subsequently. In order to position the peak luminance on axis, a rule-of-thumb value for θ r  is computed using:  
               θ   r     ≈       1   2     ⁢       θ   m     .               (   4   )             
 
 Typical values for θ r  are within the 10-30 degree range. Note that that θ m  is not necessarily equal to the angular range of luminance, but is proportional to this angular range. Likewise, θ r  is not equal to the angular location of the highest peak in luminance distribution, but determines the location of this peak. 
 
         [0072]     A first step in optimizing the shape of light collecting structure  32  is to select a suitable value for the input aperture radius, r i . Significant considerations for doing this include relative size; as r i  diminishes, light collecting structures  32  become less visible and may be less likely to cause Moiré patterns. However, if r i  is too small, light collecting structures  32  may be more difficult to fabricate.  
         [0073]     Once a value for r i  is determined, the next step is to select a suitable value for θ m . This depends on application criteria. For a small display, for example, it may be desirable to have smaller viewing angle and high luminance. In such a case, a suitable θ m  value might be in the 10-30 degree range. For a larger display, a larger θ m  value would normally be used.  
         [0074]     As is noted above and as can be seen from  FIG. 8   a,  angle φ, measured from the line of y(z)=−r i , varies between an upper bound of π/2 and some lower bound φ lower   that is generally larger than θ m . This lower bound φ lower   can then be used, along with design parameter values θ m  and θ r , to determine the output radius r o  and height h of light collecting structure  32 .  
         [0075]     In order to understand the criteria for specifying lower bound φ lower  in an application, it is useful to review how light guiding plate  14  works, as shown in  FIGS. 4   a  and  4   b.  Within light guiding plate, TIR is utilized to contain a light beam until it emerges from light guiding structure  32 . Due to Fresnel&#39;s law, once a beam enters light guiding plate  14 , its beam angle η i  relative to the Y-axis, as shown in  FIG. 8   b,  remains smaller than the TIR angle Φ TIR , as given in equation (1), where n is the refractive index of light guiding plate  14 . Because light guiding structure  32  has the same (or very nearly the same) refractive index n, this angular restriction also applies within light guiding structure  32 .  
         [0076]     Referring now to  FIG. 8   c,  there is shown (as a dotted line) the path of a beam entering light guiding structure  32  at the most extreme possible angle, Φ TIR . Relative to the normal (Z-axis), every other beam of light entering light guiding structure  32  is greater than or equal to: 
 
π/2−Φ TIR   (5) 
 
         [0077]     Recall that φ lower  is measured from the line y(z)=−r i , as shown in  FIG. 8   a.  It is recommended that φ lower  not be much smaller than π/2−Φ TIR ; otherwise, the resulting height h of light guiding structure  32  may be excessive, making fabrication more complex. It is preferred to keep height h short and to maintain a small aspect ratio (defined by height h over width r o ). In general: 
 
φ lower ˜π/2−Φ TIR =π/2−sin −1 (1/ n )  (6) 
 
 With this, the following range applies for variable φ: 
 
π/2−sin −1 (1/ n ≦φ≦π/2   (7) 
 
         [0078]     With this value determined, the overall shape of light collecting structure  32  can be computed using the following:  
                 y   ⁡     (       ϕ   ;     θ   m       ,     θ   r       )       =         2   ⁢   f   ⁢           ⁢     sin   ⁡     (     ϕ   -     θ   r       )           1   -     cos   ⁡     (     ϕ   +     θ   m       )           +       r   i     ⁡     [       2   ⁢           ⁢     cos   ⁡     (     θ   r     )         -   1     ]           ⁢     
     ⁢       z   ⁡     (       ϕ   ;     θ   m       ,     θ   r       )       =         2   ⁢   f   ⁢           ⁢     cos   ⁡     (     ϕ   -     θ   r       )           1   -     cos   ⁡     (     ϕ   +     θ   m       )           -     2   ⁢     r   i     ⁢     sin   ⁡     (     θ   r     )                     (     8   ,   9     )             
 
 where r i  is the radius of input surface and f=r i [1+sin(θ m )] . 
    The output aperture radius r o  and height h can be computed by finding the point on side wall  38  with the following coordinates: 
 
y(φ=φ lower ; θ m , θ r )=r o , z(φ=φ lower ; θ m , θ r )=h   (10) 
    The following computations determine output aperture radius, r o  and height h:  
                 r   o     =         2   ⁢   f   ⁢           ⁢     sin   ⁡     (       π   /   2     -       sin     -   1       ⁡     (     1   /   n     )       -     θ   r       )           1   -     cos   ⁡     (       π   /   2     -       sin     -   1       ⁡     (     1   /   n     )       +     θ   m       )           +       r   i     ⁡     [       2   ⁢           ⁢     cos   ⁡     (     θ   r     )         -   1     ]           ⁢     
     ⁢     h   =         2   ⁢   f   ⁢           ⁢     cos   ⁡     (       π   /   2     -       sin     -   1       ⁡     (     1   /   n     )       -     θ   r       )           1   -     cos   ⁡     (       π   /   2     -       sin     -   1       ⁡     (     1   /   n     )       +     θ   m       )           -     2   ⁢     r   i     ⁢     sin   ⁡     (     θ   r     )                     (   11   )             
   
 
         [0081]     The following is a summary of steps, with example values, showing how suitable values can be determined in one embodiment: 
    Step 1. Determine values for r i  and θ m .     Here, assume r i =25μm. For a small device, ±20 degree of viewing angle would be sufficient, which results in θ m =20°.     Step 2. Determine value for θ r .     Using equation (4), θ r  can be about 10 degrees. Choose a practical value, for example, 8 degrees.     Step 3. Determine a value for parameter φ lower .     For light guiding plate  14  fabricated from PMMA, n=1.49.     From equations (6) and (7), φ lower ˜47 degrees.     Step 4. Compute values of radius r o  and height h, using equation (11).     Here, r o =66.9 μm and h=66μm. 
 
 Design Considerations 
   
 
         [0091]     A number of constraints impose themselves on any workable design for light-collecting structure  42  ( FIGS. 4   a - 7 ) and necessitate some consideration of tradeoffs for achieving the optimal design. For example, for increased luminance near a normal angle, it is typically best to keep θ m  within a small range of values. However, because input aperture  33  limits the overall amount of light into light collecting structure  42 , some compromise must be struck between achieving a preferred range of angles and providing sufficient luminance at those angles.  
         [0092]     In working with practical light collecting structure  42  designs, it has been observed that impingement points P(x(Φ), z(Φ)) are generally distributed nearer to input aperture  33  than to output aperture  35 , as is shown in  FIG. 9   a  when light entering light guide plate is confined within a certain cone of angles as shown in  FIG. 8   b.  In representing this, ray Q in  FIG. 8b  can be considered to be the same as ray Q′ in  FIG. 9   a.  Due to this effect, it is possible to reduce height h, as is shown in the cross-sectional ray diagram of  FIG. 9   b,  using the minimum height h specified in equation (11). This provides a number of practical advantages for fabrication of brightness enhancement film  30 , simplifying manufacture and enhancing mechanical stability. This modification also boosts brightness by improving the overall fill factor.  
         [0093]     The problem of crossing effect was described above with respect to  FIG. 4   a.  Referring back to the side view of  FIG. 4   a,  it can be observed that rays from opposite directions can enter the same light collecting structure  42  and may cross at a crossing point  48  along the transmission path. Where this behavior occurs, unwanted crossing effects may cause off-axis peak brightness enhancement film  30  output. It has been shown that crossing effect can be minimized by rotating a side wall with an angle of θ r . The sequence of  FIGS. 10   a  and  10   b  shows how this crossing effect can be minimized by a slight change to the side wall  38  curvature of light collecting structure  42 , without increasing the relative height h. Crossing point  48  from rays R in the embodiment of  FIG. 10   a  is corrected by the resulting change of TIR behavior within light collecting structure  42  caused by reshaping side walls  38 . Rotation of side wall  38 , as shown in  FIG. 10   b,  provides the further advantage of increasing on-axis luminance of brightness enhancement film  30 .  
         [0094]     Luminance curves  26  in  FIGS. 11   a  and  11   b  show the effect of optimizing side wall  38  curvature, as shown in corresponding  FIGS. 10   a  and  10   b  and as described above with reference to  FIGS. 9   a,    9   b,  and  9   c.  Without optimization of side wall  38  curvature, off-axis peaks  62  can occur as is shown in  FIG. 11   a.  By optimizing the curvature of side walls  38 , on-axis performance can be improved, as is shown in  FIG. 11   b.    
         [0000]     Materials Used  
         [0095]     In general, brightness enhancement film  30  can be formed in a number of ways. In a preferred embodiment, brightness enhancement film  30  is formed from an acrylic film; however, brightness enhancement film  30  may be formed from any of various types of transparent materials, including polycarbonate or polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), for example. A requirement for the base substrate is an index of refraction, n, that is at least about ✓2 or greater. The material used for brightness enhancement film  30  should have an index of refraction n that is identical to, or nearly the same as, the index of refraction n of light guiding plate  14 ,  54 .  
         [0000]     Typical Dimensions Shape and Fabrication  
         [0096]     Typical preferred values and ranges for brightness enhancement film  30  fabricated according to the present invention include the following: 
        (i) Pitch K between adjacent light collecting structures  42  ( FIG. 5 ): 80 microns. This value is typically between 10-200 microns.     (ii) Height H ( FIG. 9   b ): 25 microns. The height value is typically in the range from 10-100 microns. A number of factors determine the optimal height for a specific application, including aperture sizes and side wall  38  curvature.     (iii) Prism angle for prism array structure  50  ( FIG. 6   b ): 100°.     (iv) Ratio of input aperture to output aperture: in the range from 1:1.5 to 1:10.        
 
         [0101]     Brightness enhancement film  30  can be used to improve uniformity for surface-imaging devices that have non-uniform brightness characteristics. In order to be useful for this purpose, a non-uniform structuring and spatial distribution of light collecting structures  42  themselves can be used. Non-uniform structuring can be achieved, for example, by changes to the direction of light collecting structures  42  along a length. With reference to  FIG. 4   a,  spatial uniformity for brightness enhancement film  30  may be enhanced using grooves  45  that do not run precisely in parallel along the input surface of the substrate used for brightness enhancement film  30 .  
         [0102]     Pitch K can also be varied as necessary to provide improved uniformity. Referring to the side view of  FIG. 12 , there is shown one arrangement in which non-homogeneous distribution of light collecting structures  42  is used. Here, the further the distance from light source  18 , the tighter the spacing of pitch K 1 , K 2 , K 3 , K 4 , K 5 , and K 6  used between light collecting structures  42 . Where two light sources  18  are used, pitch K could be at a minimum at the center of a sheet of brightness enhancement film  30 .  
         [0103]     Referring to  FIG. 13 , there is shown an arrangement of light collecting structures  42  for light source  18  as a point source. Light source  18  could be an LED, for example. Here, light collecting structures  42  are suitably curved to improve luminance and uniformity.  FIG. 14  shows other possible modifications to light collecting structures  42 , including changing breadth dimensions B 1  and B 2  at various locations along the length of light collecting structure  42 . Another alternative is to vary the path of light collecting structures  42  as shown in  FIG. 14 , employing a regular or irregular undulating variation to a linear arrangement. This strategy could be used to reduce moire patterning, for example.  
         [0104]     Brightness enhancement film  30  of the present invention can be fabricated in a number of ways, such as using methods for forming grooves  45  ( FIG. 4a ) in a sheet of substrate material, for example. Scribing of a substrate is one possible method for forming light collecting structures  42 . Various molding techniques could alternately be employed for forming light collecting structures  42 , such as molding, including injection roll molding, using web-based fabrication, or extrusion molding, using an extrusion plate. Brightness enhancement film  30  could be fabricated as a sheet and laminated onto an existing type of light providing surface such as a light guiding plate, for example.  
         [0105]     For using brightness enhancement film  30  of the present invention in a backlighting application, such as is shown in  FIGS. 6   a,    6   b,  and  7 , the following special requirements should be met: 
        (i) the material used to form brightness enhancement film  30  has substantially the same index of refraction n as that of light guiding plate  54 , to within about +/−0.1;     (ii) light guiding plate  54  for this embodiment does not provide a diffuser;     (iii) input aperture  33  of light collecting structure  42  is in direct contact with light guiding plate  54 , that is, the flat surface of input aperture  33  lies against light guiding plate  54  without any air gap. Input aperture  33  may be glued, pressed into, molded onto, formed as part of, or otherwise attached to the surface of light guiding plate  54 , for example.         For this embodiment, light guiding plate  54 , a type of light pipe, also requires a reflective surface opposite its light source, using a configuration well known to those skilled in the art of LCD backlighting techniques. Referring to  FIG. 6 , for example, a suitable arrangement for light guiding plate  54  is shown, with a reflective surface  24  opposite light source  18  and with external surfaces joined at right angles. 
 
 Alternative Embodiment for Backlighting 
   
 
         [0110]     Light source  18  as shown in  FIG. 5  could be a conventional CCFL fluorescent bulb or could be embodied as other types of sources. For example, one or more LEDs could be used instead of the conventional CCFL bulb as light source  18 , directing light into light guiding plate  14  or other suitable waveguide.  
         [0000]     Uses for Area Lighting Applications  
         [0111]     The above description focused primarily on use of brightness enhancement film  30  of the present invention in backlit display applications. However, the array of linearly extended light-collecting structures  42  used in the present invention could also be used in area lighting applications. The capability of these structures to accept light at a broad range of angles and redirect that light toward a normal axis suggests a range of possible uses, such as for reading lamps and surgical lighting apparatus, for example. Brightness enhancement film  30  of the present invention is particularly well-suited to lighting applications that provide a directed and uniform area of light.  
         [0112]     It is a feature of the present invention that it adapts light-redirecting properties used in CPCs and similar structures to achieve a highly efficient redistribution of light. Advantages of the present invention over other brightness enhancing films include improved on-axis and near-axis luminance gain and enhanced control over light distribution angles. The present invention provides a compact, integrated solution for brightness enhancement. Optically coupled to the light guiding plate itself, the film of the present invention requires no separation distance. The present invention does not require use of a high-quality reflective backing for the light guiding plate. Instead, the film of the present invention directs light using wave-guiding effects and Total Internal Reflection (TIR), with minimal loss from reflection. A film fabricated according to the present invention can be used with DBEF (Dual Brightness Enhancement Film) materials or with other types of reflective polarizers.  
         [0113]     It is yet a further advantage of the present invention that it allows the use of a wide range of transparent materials for brightness enhancement fabrication. The apparatus and methods of the present invention advantageously provide ways to improve spatial uniformity in a manufacturable brightness enhancement film design.  
         [0114]     The invention has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment; However, it will be appreciated that variations and modifications can be effected by a person of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, while the ideal parabolic shape of  FIG. 3  has particular advantages, approximations to parabolic shape are also effective for redirection of light toward the normal axis.  
         [0115]     The brightness enhancement film of the present invention directs off-axis light toward a normal axis relative to the film surface and is, therefore, particularly well-suited for use with LCD display devices and for other types of backlit displays.  
       PARTS LIST  
       [0000]    
       
           10 . Brightness enhancement film  
           12 . Smooth side  
           14 . Light guiding plate  
           16 . Prismatic structures  
           18 . Light source  
           19 . Reflective surface  
           20 . LCD component  
           22 ,  24 . Reflective surface  
           26 . Luminance curve  
           30 . Brightness enhancement film  
           32 . Light collecting structure  
           33 . Input aperture  
           34 . Input surface  
           35 . Output aperture  
           36 . Output surface  
           38 . Side wall  
           42 . Light-collecting structure  
           44 . Input surface  
           45 . Groove  
           48 . Crossing point  
           50 . Prism array structure  
           54 . Light guiding plate  
           58 . Illumination system  
           60 . Display apparatus  
           62 . Off-axis peak  
           64 . Light conditioning article  
          H=height  
          W=Width  
          K, K 1 , K 2 , K 3 , K 4 , K 5 , K 6 =Pitch  
          L=Length  
          R, R 1 , R 3 , R 4 . Rays