Abstract:
Daunomycin analogues of the formula: ##STR1## wherein when each R 1  is hydrogen, each R is hydrogen, chlorine, bromine, methyl or methoxy and when each R 1  is chlorine, bromine or methyl, each R is hydrogen, are useful in treating various mammalian tumors and are prepared by reacting a daunomycinone derivative of the formula: ##STR2## wherein R and R 1  are as defined above with 1-chloro-2,3,6-trideoxy-3-trifluoroacetamido-4-trifluoroacetoxy-α-L-lyxopyranose in an inert anhydrous organic solvent in the presence of a catalyst and a hydrogen chloride acceptor.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is related to and incorporates by reference the contents of application Ser. No. 560,105, filed Mar. 19, 1975 in the names of Federico Arcamone, Aurelio Di Marco and Sergio Penco and entitled DAUNOMYCINS, PROCESS FOR THEIR PREPARATION AND USES THEREOF, said application being owned by the unrecorded assignee hereof. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to novel analogues of the known antibiotic daunomycin, processes for their preparation and the use thereof in treating various mammalian tumors. 
     2. The Prior Art 
     British Pat. No. 1,003,383 which is owned by the unrecorded assignee hereof describes and claims the antibiotic daunomycin. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides, in one aspect thereof, a new class of daunomycin analogues having the formula: ##STR3## wherein when each R 1  is hydrogen, each R is hydrogen, chlorine, bromine, methyl or methoxy, and when each R 1  is chlorine, bromine or methyl, each R is hydrogen. 
     The present invention also provides a process for the preparation of these daunomycin analogues which comprises condensing 1-chloro-2,3,6-trideoxy-3-trifluoroacetamido-4-trifluoroacetoxy-α-L-lyxopyranose with an anthracyclinone, i.e., a daunomycinone derivative of the formula: ##STR4## wherein R and R 1  are as defined above in an anhydrous solvent, such as chloroform, methylene dichloride, dimethyl formamide, nitromethane, toluene or acetonitrile in the presence of a catalyst comprising a mercuric halide, for example, mercuric bromide; a hydrogen chloride acceptor, for example, mercuric oxide, silver carbonate, silver oxide or cadmium carbonate; and a molecular seive, for example 5 A molecular sieve, to give a trifluoroacetyl protected derivative of the compound of formula (I) which, after treatment with methanol and then with an alkali such as sodium hydroxide, is converted to the desired compound. 
     When the starting anthracyclinone is a racemic material, for example, 4-demethoxydaunomycinone (R = R 1  = H), the reaction product is a racemic mixture in which each component of the racemate is in turn a mixture of the α and β anomers. Thus, when starting with 4-demethyldaunomycinone, one obtains a racemic mixture of (-)-daunosaminyl(-)4-demethoxydaunomycinone (α+βanomers) and (-) daunosaminyl (+) 4-demethoxydaunomycinone (α+β anomers) which racemate can then be separated according to conventional techniques. Alternatively the racemic mixture can be employed without resolution in the treatment of neoplastic diseases. 
     The preparation of 1-chloro-2,3,6-trideoxy-3-trifluoroacetamido-4-trifluoroacetoxy-α-L-lyxopyranose, as well as a more detailed description of the condensation reaction between it and the daunomycinone derivative (II) is set forth in the copending application referred to above and which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     Among the new compounds of formula (I) according to the invention, there are included the following: 
     (-)daunosaminyl(-)1,4-dimethyl-4-demethoxydaunomycinone; (-)daunosaminyl(+)1,4-dimethyl-4-demethoxydaunomycinone; (-)daunosaminyl(-)1-methoxydaunomycinone; (-)daunosaminyl(+)1-methoxydaunomycinone; (-)daunosaminyl(-)1,4-dichloro-4-demethoxydaunomycinone; (-) daunosaminyl(+)1,4-dichloro-4-demethoxydaunomycinone; (-)daunosaminyl(-)1,4-dibromo-4-demethoxydaunomycinone; (-)daunosaminyl(+)1,4-dibromo-4-demethoxydaunomycinone; (-)daunosaminyl(-)2,3-dimethyl-4-demethoxydaunomycinone; (-)daunosaminyl(+)2,3-dimethyl-4-demethoxydaunomycinone; (-)daunosaminyl(-)2,3-dichloro-4-demethoxydaunomycinone; (-)daunosaminyl(+)2,3-dichloro-4-demethoxydaunomycinone; (-)daunosaminyl(-)2,3-dibromo-4-demethoxydaunomycinone; (-)daunosaminyl(+)2,3-dibromo-4-demethoxydaunomycinone. It is, of course, to be understood that in each case, the compound (having either (7 S : 9 S) or (7 R : 9 R) configuration) is a mixture of α and β anomers. The notations (7 S : 9 S) and (7 R : 9 R) which indicate (+) and (-) respectively in the aglycone names given above are in accordance with the literature wherein S=sinister and R=rectus; see, e.g., Cahn et al, Experientia, 1956, 12, 81. 
     Finally, the invention also provides a method of inhibiting the growth of certain mammalian tumors such as ascites sarcoma 180 and L 1210  leukemia by administering therapeutically effective amounts of the compounds of the invention to animals afflicted with such tumors. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The process according to the invention is illustrated by the following preparative example wherein all parts given are by weight unless otherwise indicated. 
     EXAMPLE 
     Preparation of (-)daunosaminyl(-)4 - demethoxydaunomycinone (α+β anomers) and (-)daunosaminyl(+)4 - demethoxydaunomycinone (α+β anomers) 
     1.2 g 4-demethoxydaunomycinone-7-methyl ether (prepared according to the procedure described in C. M. Wong, Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 1971, 49, 2712) were dissolved in 22 ml. of trifluoroacetic acid and left standing overnight at room temperature, after which the solution was evaporated in vacuo to form a residue which was taken up in 50 ml. of acetone to which 10 ml. of 5% aqueous sodium bicarbonate were added. After 30 minutes, the solvent was evaporated off in vacuo, and the resulting residue taken up in chloroform and washed with water. Evaporation of the chloroform left a residue that was chromatographed on silica gel to give 0.475 g. of (+)4-demethoxydaunomycinone, m.p. 152°-155° C. This material produced a single spot at Rf = 0.44 when subjected to thin layer chromatography on silica gel using 80/20 (vol.) chloroform/acetone as eluent. 
     0.3 g. of (+)4-demethoxydaunomycinone was dissolved in 75 ml. of anhydrous chloroform, and 0.6 g. of mercuric oxide, 0.15 g. of mercuric bromide and 5 g. of 5 A molecular sieve were added thereto with stirring. After one hour, 0.7 g. of 1-chloro-2,3,6-trideoxy-3-trifluoroacetamido-4-trifluoroacetoxy-α-L-lyxopyranose was added and the suspension was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. After filtration, the solution was concentrated in vacuo to form a residue which was then dissolved in 200 ml. of methanol and refluxed for 15 minutes. After evaporation of the methanol, the residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column using, as the elution solvent chloroform:benzene:methanol:100:20:3 (vol.) a first fraction of 0.270 g. of a mixture of the α-anomers of (-)daunosaminyl(-)4-demethoxydaunomycinone and (-)daunosaminyl (+)4-demethoxydaunomycinone in the form of the N-trifluoroacetyl derivatives (single spot on silica gel plates Rf = 0.34; chloroform:acetone 80:20 (vol.)), and a second fraction of 0.150 g. of a mixture of the β-anomers of (-)daunosaminyl(-)4-demethoxydaunomycinone and (-)daunosaminyl(+)4-demethoxydaunomycinone in the form of the N-trifluoroacetyl derivatives were obtained. 
     0.170 g. of the α-anomer mixture of (-)-daunosaminyl(-)4-demethoxydaunomycinone and (-)daunosaminyl(+)4-demethoxydaunomycinone in the form of the N-trifluoroacetyl derivatives was dissolved in 15 ml. of  0.1N NaOH and left standing for 30 minutes at room temperture. The pH was adjusted at 8.6 with HCl and the solution was then repeatedly extracted with chloroform. The combined chloroform extracts were concentrated in vacuo to form a residue which was taken up in 5 ml. of methanol and acidified at pH 4.5 with 0.1N methanolic HCl. Ethyl ether was added to effect precipitation of the hydrochlorides of the α-anomer mixture of (-)daunosaminyl(-)4-demethoxydaunomycinone and (-)daunosaminyl(+) 4-demethoxydaunomycinone (the mixture of hydrochlorides gave a single spot (Rf = 0.16) on silica gel plates using dichloromethane:methanol:water 100:20:2 (vol.)). 
     Following the same procedure, the β-anomer mixture of the N-trifluoroacetyl derivatives of (- )daunosaminyl(-)4-demethoxydaunomycinone and (-)daunosaminyl(+)4-demethoxydaunomycinone yield a mixture of the hydrochlorides of the β-anomers of (-) daunosaminyl(-)4-demethoxydaunomycinone and (-)daunosaminyl(+)4-demethoxydaunomycinone (the mixture of hydrochlorides gave a single spot (Rf = 0.14) on silica gel plates using dichloromethane:methanol:water 100:20:2 (vol.)). 
     The other novel daunomycin analogues of formula (I) of the invention can be prepared in the same manner by condensing the appropriate daunomycinone derivative of the formula (II). 
     BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY 
     In the pharmacological evaluation tests, which are hereinafter described, the term &#34;Test Compound&#34; is used to indicate the mixture of the α-anomers of (-)daunosaminyl(-)4-demethoxydaunomycinone and (-(daunosaminyl(+)4-demethoxydaunomycinone prepared in accordance with the above example. 
     PHARMACOLOGY 
     Effect of the Test Compound on the viability of HeLa cells 
     In vitro studies were carried out on HeLa cells, maintained in Eagle medium supplemented with 10% calf serum. The cells were treated with daunomycin, adriamycin* and the Test Compound for different periods of times. The cell viability was assessed by cells and seeding of 200-300 cells/plate. Colony numbers were evaluated 6 days later. As can be seen from the data in Table 1, the Test Compound is as active as adriamycin after 2 hours of treatment. After 8 hours of treatment, the inhibition of cell viability by the Test Compound is higher than the inhibition by either adriamycin or daunomycin. 
    
     
                       Table 1______________________________________          ID 50 (μg/ml)Compound         2 hrs.      8 hrs.______________________________________Daunomycin       0.095       0.023Adriamycin       0.2         0.039Test Compound    0.2         0.002______________________________________ *Adriamycin - a known antibiotic, the preparation of which is described i British Patents Nos. 1,161,278 and 1,217,133 owned by the unrecorded assignee hereof. 
    
     In vitro test on the formation of foci by Moloney Sarcoma Virus (MSV). 
     The Test Compound was evaluated in comparison with adriamycin on mouse embryo fibroblast cultures infected with MSV. 
     After treatment of 3 days, the % of inhibition as compared with controls was evaluated on cell proliferation in uninfected cultures (cytotoxic activity) and on MSV foci formation in infected cultures (antiviral activity). The results as shown in Table 2, indicate a lesser antiviral activity than adriamycin and the same cytotoxic activity as adriamycin. 
     
                       Table 2______________________________________     Doses      % Foci      % CellsCompound  (γ/ml)                (control = 100)                            (control = 100)______________________________________Adriamycin     0.0250     0           29     0.0125     0           30     0.006      26          53Test Compound     0.6        0            0     0.1        0             4.6     0.0250     12          38     0.006      54          46______________________________________ 
    
     The in vivo antitumor activity of the Test Compound was also studied in certain mouse tumors both in the solid and ascitic forms. 
     1. Ascitic tumors 
     Tests were carried out on groups of 10 mice (Swiss CD 1) inoculated intraperitoneally with 1 × 10 6  ascites sarcoma 180 cells/animal. The animals were treated intraperitoneally with different concentrations of the Test Compound and adriamycin once a day following tumor implantation. 
     The results, summarized in Table 3, show that the Test Compound has a remarkable effect on ascitic tumor growth; i.e., the average survival time of the treated animals shows a considerable increase over untreated animals (arbitrarily designated as having an average survival time of 100). 
     The compound is active at lower doses than adriamycin. 
     
                       Table 3______________________________________          % T/C*   Dose   Increase in average survival time**______________________________________     mg/kg    Experiment                        Experiment                                ExperimentCompound  day      1         2       3______________________________________Test Compound     0.12                       115(0/10)     0.2                146(0/10)     0.25                       188(1/10)     0.5                        181(0/10)     1        185(0/10) 107(0/10)                                223(1/10)     1.5                 79(0/10)     2         61(1/10)     5         38(0/10)Adriamycin     0.1                        100(0/10)     0.2                107(0/10)     1        146(1/9)  143(1/10)                                169(1/9)     2        400(5/10)     5        311(4/10) 225(1/10)     10                 193(0/10)______________________________________ *% T/C = (mean survival time of treated mice/mean survival time of contro mice) × 100. **The figures in parentheses indicate the number of longterm survivors, i.e., after 60 days. (1/10) indicates that out of a group of 10 test animals, one animal remained alive at the end of 60 days.   (*) % T/C = (mean survival time of treated mice/mean survival time of control mice) × 100. (**) The figures in parentheses indicate the number of longterm survivors, i.e., after 60 days. (1/10) indicates that out of a group of 10 test animals, one animal remained alive at the end of 60 days. (2) Solid tumors 
    
     In vivo tests on the activity of the Test Compound as compared with adriamycin on solid tumors were carried out on groups of ten Swiss CD 1 mice subcutaneously grafted with fragments of neoplastic tissue and treated intravenously with the respective antibiotics for five days starting form the day following the tumor implantation. 
     On the tenth day, all the test animals were sacrificed and their tumors removed and weighed. The results given in Table 4 show that the higher non toxic dose tested (1 mg/kg) causes a 50% inhibition of the tumor growth. The therapeutic index (T.I.) (*) calculated as = Maximum Tolerated dose (LD 10)/Minimum effective dose (T/C 0.10) is 3.7 for the Test Compound and 1.8 for adriamycin. 
     
                       Table 4______________________________________     Dose                 % T/CCompound  mg/kg    Tumor Weight                          **     Toxicity______________________________________Control   --       3.036Test Compound     0.5      2.295        76%   0/10     1        1.550       51     0/10     2        0.485       16     3/10Adriamycin     2.5      1.465        48%   0/10     3.5      0.364       12     7/10______________________________________ *The therapeutic index (T.I) is expressed as the ratio between the maximu tolerated dose (LD.sub.10) and the minimum effective dose, according to Skipper and Schmidt, Cancer Chemother, Rep. 17 : 1-128, 1962. The minimum effective dose indicates the dose which reduces by 90% the weight of tumors compared to controls : such 90% reduction correponds to a T/C valu of 0.10 or 10%. **% T/C = (mean tumor weight of treated mice/mean tumor weight of control mice) × 100. 
    
     Leukemia 
     The activity of the Test Compound was tested on BDF 1 mice inoculated intraperitoneally with 1×10 5  L 1210 leukemia cells/animal. 
     The animals were treated once, the day after tumor implantation. The results given in Table 5 show that at the non toxic doses tested, the average survival time of the treated animals increased considerably. 
     The Test Compound is seen to be active at lower doses than adriamycin. 
     
                       Table 5______________________________________     Dose     AverageCompound  mg/kg    Survival Time                          % T/C* Toxicity______________________________________Control   --        8Test Compound     0.75       12.5      156    0/10     1.5      13          162    1/10     3         7           87    7/10Adriamycin     2.5        12.5      156    0/10     5        14          175    0/10     10       16          200    4/10______________________________________ *% T/C = (mean survival time of treated mice/mean survival time of contro mice) × 100. 
    
     Variations can, of course, be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.