Abstract:
The present invention relates generally to systems and methods for facilitating the movement of fluids, transferring mechanical power to fluid mediums, as well as deriving power from moving fluids. The present invention employs an impeller system in a variety of applications involving the displacement of fluids, including for example, any conventional pumps, fans, compressors, generators, circulators, blowers, generators, turbines, transmissions, various hydraulic and pneumatic systems, and the like.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/165,545, filed Jun. 7, 2002, issued Aug. 24, 2004 as U.S. Pat. No. 6,779,964, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/745,384, filed Dec. 20, 2000, now abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/471,705, filed Dec. 23, 1999, issued Apr. 23, 2002 as U.S. Pat. No. 6,375,412. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0003]     The present invention relates generally to systems and methods for facilitating the movement of fluids, transferring mechanical power to fluid mediums, as well as deriving power from moving fluids. The present invention employs an impeller system in a variety of applications involving the displacement of fluids, including for example, any conventional pump, fan, compressor, generator, turbine, transmission, various hydraulic and pneumatic systems, and the like.  
         [0004]     2. Description of Prior Art  
         [0005]     Various forms of impeller systems have been employed in a diversity of inventions, including turbines, pumps, fans, compressors, homogenizers, as well as other devices. The common link between these devices is the displacement of fluid, in either a gaseous or liquid state.  
         [0006]     Impeller systems may be broadly categorized as having either a single rotor assembly, such as a water pump (U.S. Pat. No. 5,224,821) or homogenizer (U.S. Pat. No. 2,952,448); or a single radially arranged multi-vaned assembly, such as a fan or blower (U.S. Pat. No. 5,372,499); or a multi-disc assembly mounted on a central shaft, as in a laminar flow fan (U.S. Pat. No. 5,192,183). Impeller systems employing vanes, blades, paddles, etc. operate by colliding with and pushing the fluid being displaced. This type of operation introduces shocks and vibrations to the fluid medium resulting in turbulence, which impedes the movement of the fluid and ultimately reduces the overall efficiency of the system. One of the inherent advantages of a multi-disc impeller system is obviating this deficiency by imparting movement to the fluid medium in such a manner as to allow movement along natural lines of least resistance, thereby reducing turbulence.  
         [0007]     U.S. Pat. No. 1,061,142 describes an apparatus for propelling or imparting energy to fluids comprising a runner set having a series of spaced discs fixed to a central shaft. The discs are centrally attached to the shaft running perpendicular to the discs. Each disc has a number of central openings, with solid portions in-between to form spokes, which radiate inwardly to the central hub, through which a central shaft runs, providing the only means of support for the discs.  
         [0008]     Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 1,061,206 discloses the application of a runner set similar to that described above for use in a turbine or rotary engine. The runner set comprises a series of discs having central openings with spokes connecting the body of the disc to a central shaft. As in the aforementioned patent, the only means of support for the discs is the connection to the central shaft.  
         [0009]     The designs of the disc and runner set of the aforementioned pump and turbine have significant shortcomings. For example, the discs have a central aperture with spokes radiating inwardly to a central hub, which is fixedly mounted to a perpendicular shaft. The only means of support for the discs are the spokes radiating to the central shaft. The disc design, the use of a centrally located shaft, and the means of connecting the discs to the central shaft, individually, and especially in combination, create turbulence in the fluid medium, resulting in an inefficient transfer of energy. As the discs are driven through a fluid medium, the spokes collide with the fluid causing turbulence, which is transmitted to the fluid in the form of heat and vibration, and the centrally oriented shaft interferes with the fluid&#39;s natural path of flow causing excessive turbulence and loss of efficiency. Additionally, the spoke arrangement colliding with the fluid medium creates cavitations, which in turn, may cause pitting or other damage to the surfaces of components. And finally, the arrangement of the runner set does not sufficiently support the discs during operation, resulting in a less efficient system.  
         [0010]     U.S. Pat. No. 5,118,961 describes a fluid driven turbine generator utilizing a single rotor having magnets secured in a receptacle shaped portion and spinning about a stationary core to produce electricity. Fluid jets drive the single rotor by impinging on a circumferential roughened surface of the receptacle shaped portion of the rotor. The present invention is distinct from the above in that it employs a multi-disc impeller system rather than a single rotor.  
         [0011]     There is a need in the art for a more efficient means of displacing fluids, including both liquids and gases, and generating power from propelled fluids without introducing unnecessary turbulence to the fluid medium and loss of energy transfer through heat and vibration. The present invention alleviates the shortcomings of the art and is distinct from conventional systems. The present invention provides a compact, efficient and versatile system for driving fluids and generating power from propelled fluids.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0012]     The present invention provides systems and methods for facilitating the movement of fluids, transferring mechanical power to fluid mediums, as well as deriving power from moving fluids. Embodiments of the present invention exploit the natural physical properties of fluids to create a more efficient means of driving fluids, as well as transferring power from propelled fluids. An impeller assembly is provided that may be incorporated into a wide range of devices, such as pumps, fans, compressors, generators, circulators, blowers, turbines, transmissions, various hydraulic and pneumatic systems, and the like.  
         [0013]     According to one aspect of the present invention, an impeller assembly is provided comprising a plurality of substantially flat discs, a plurality of connecting elements, at least one central hub and one or more support plates. The plurality of discs and optionally, spacing elements are alternately arranged in a parallel fashion along a central rotational axis and held in tight association by connecting elements forming a stacked array. One or more first support plates may be fixedly connected to, or integral with, a central hub. The stacked array of discs and associated spacing and connecting elements are connectible to the first support plate or plates and thereby interconnectible to the central hub. A second one or more support plates is connectible to the opposing end of the stacked array of discs, thereby providing structural integrity to the impeller assembly.  
         [0014]     According to another aspect of the present invention, each disc comprises a viscous drag surface area having a central aperture. The viscous drag surface area is essentially flat, substantially smooth and devoid of any substantial projections, grooves, vanes and the like. Discs of the present invention may further comprise one or more support structures, such as a series of support islets or other support structures, located on or in close proximity to the inside perimeter of the disc for receiving spacing and/or connecting elements.  
         [0015]     According to a further aspect of the present invention, discs are interconnected by conventional structural elements, such as spacers and/or connecting rods attached to an interior perimeter portion of each disc and supporting plate. The connecting rods in turn are attached to the central hub. Connected to the shaft of the central hub assembly is a mechanism for rotating the central hub and impeller assembly, such as a motor or another power mechanism. In alternative embodiments, the central hub may be connected to any conventional rotational energy translating mechanism, such as drive shafts and the like.  
         [0016]     In accordance with further aspects of the present invention, the parallel arrangement of the discs&#39; central apertures of the stacked array generally define a central cavity of the impeller assembly, creating a fluid conduit. In addition, the plurality of stacked and generally aligned discs, with spacing elements and/or connecting elements maintaining the discs in relationship to one another, define a plurality of inter-disc spaces which are continuous with the central cavity of the stacked array. Fluid may flow freely between the plurality of inter-disc spaces and the central cavity of the stacked array. Impeller systems of the present invention may be used to displace all types of fluids, whether liquid or gaseous, and are equally well suited for high volume and/or high pressure applications and low to medium pressure applications.  
         [0017]     According to yet additional aspects of the present invention, systems and methods are provided wherein the impeller assembly works in conjunction with an interior surface of an associated housing to create zones of high and low pressure within the impeller assembly and internal chamber of the housing, thus causing the fluid medium to be drawn into and eventually expelled from the system, producing a pumping action. Pump systems of the present invention further comprise a mechanism for rotating the impeller assembly such that the plurality of discs are rotationally driven through a fluid medium, displacing and accelerating the fluid to impart tangential and centrifugal forces to the fluid with continuously increasing velocity along a spiral path, causing the fluid to be discharged from an outlet. The principle of operation is based on the inherent physical properties of adhesion and viscosity of the fluid medium, which when propelled, allow the fluid to adjust to natural streaming patterns and to adjust its velocity and direction without the excessive shearing and turbulence associated with traditional vane-type rotors or impellers.  
         [0018]     As discs of the impeller assembly of the present invention are rotated and driven through the fluid medium, the fluid layer in immediate contact with the discs is also rotated as a consequence of the strong adhesion forces between the fluid and disc. The fluid is subjected to two forces, one acting tangentially in the direction of rotation, and the other acting centrifugally in an outward radial direction. The combined effects of these forces propels the fluid with continuously increasing velocity in a spiral path The fluid increases in velocity as it moves through the inter-disc spaces, causing zones of negative pressure. The continued movement of the accelerating fluid from the inside perimeter of the discs to the outside perimeter draws fluid from the central cavity of the impeller assembly, which is essentially continuous with an inlet port. The net negative pressure created within the internal chamber of the pump draws fluid from an outside source. As fluid is accelerated through the inter-disc spaces to the outside perimeter of the discs, the continued momentum drives the fluid against the inner wall of the housing chamber, creating a zone of higher pressure defined by the gap between the outside perimeter of the discs and the inner wall of the housing chamber. The fluid is driven from the zone of relative high pressure to a zone of ambient pressure defined by the outlet port and any further connections to the system.  
         [0019]     According to further aspects of the present invention, the flow rate is generally in proportion to the dimensions and rotational speed of the discs. As the surface area of the discs is increased, the viscous drag surface area increases, as does the amount of fluid in intimate contact with the discs, producing an increased flow rate. As the number of discs is increased, the overall viscous drag surface area increases, which also results in an increased flow rate. In addition, as the rotational speed of the impeller assembly is increased, the tangential and centripetal forces being applied to the fluid increase, which will naturally increase the flow rate of the fluid. Impeller assemblies and systems incorporating impeller assemblies of the present invention have significant advantages over prior art pumps, fans and impeller systems. The multi-disc impeller assembly possesses significantly more fluid contact surface area in comparison to single rotor or vane designs, and thus operates at higher capacities and more efficiently. Elimination of the central shaft and creation of a central cavity within the impeller assembly contributes to efficiency and improved output and reduces friction and fluid turbulence.  
         [0020]     According to further aspects, methods and systems of the present invention may be applicable to any system that requires the movement of fluids, whether liquids or gases, the transfer of mechanical power to fluid mediums and extraction of power from moving fluid mediums. Exemplary systems that may incorporate the impeller assembly of the present invention include, for example, pumps of numerous types, including pneumatic and/or hydraulic pumps, centrifugal pumps, circulating pumps, vacuum pumps, jet pumps, marine jet pumps, and other marine propulsion systems, air circulators, blowers and/or fans, compressors, conventional engines and/or motors that employ any of these types of pumps or air circulators, appliances that employ any of these types of fans and/or pumps, electronic component fans/blowers/circulators, pool and fountain circulating pumps, propulsion jets for baths and spas, air humidifiers, well and sump pumps, vacuum pumps, fluid transmissions, turbines, jet turbines, hydroelectric turbines, generators, fluid-powered generators, wind-powered generators, pressurized hydraulic and pneumatic systems, and the like. The impeller system of the present invention may additionally be used in turbocharging systems that derive additional power for exhaust gases in various types of engines and supercharging systems that boost the performance of internal combustion engines.  
         [0021]     Methods and systems of the present invention generate little heat during operation, thereby minimizing consequential heating of the fluid medium. Therefore, systems incorporating impeller systems of the present invention are particularly well suited for displacing low temperature liquids, such as liquefied gases. Pumps and/or circulating systems incorporating impeller assemblies of the present invention may also be used to displace temperature and turbulence sensitive fluids, such as food products and biological fluids. The impeller systems of the present invention produce substantially no aeration or cavitation, even at high flow rates and high rotational speeds, and thus provide substantial safety and performance benefits in these applications compared to conventional pump systems. Impeller assemblies of the present invention may also be incorporated into medical devices and apparatus involving the movement of fluids, such as devices for moving biological fluids, medicines, therapeutics, pharmaceutical preparations, and the like. Examples may include heart pumps, circulatory pumps of all sorts, such as in heart and lung bypass apparatus, dialysis, and plasmaphoresis devices, as well as injection pumps for the delivery of medicines, therapeutics, pharmaceutical preparations and the like.  
         [0022]     In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, jet pumps, such as marine jet pumps, are provided. As with the previously described pump system, jet pumps of the present invention utilize an impeller assembly employing the previously described principles of operation. The impeller assembly is rotationally driven through the fluid medium causing the fluid to accelerate, the resultant negative pressure within the housing draws fluid from the external environment through a specialized conduit and is eventually discharged through an exhaust port to supply the propulsive force. In certain embodiments, the exhausted fluid is preferably attached to a standard marine directional nozzle to direct the fluid stream. The present invention eliminates the use of the standard multi-blade or vane impeller systems, resulting in reduced turbulence and loss of energy through generation of heat, vibration and cavitation. In addition, impeller assemblies of the present invention are resistant to wear from the abrasive action of suspended particulates in the fluid medium.  
         [0023]     According to yet another aspect of the present invention, turbines are provided, such as hydroelectric and fluid turbines. Both low head and high head hydroelectric turbines may be constructed using impeller assemblies of the present invention. These embodiments of the present invention employ a similar impeller assembly, but, rather than applying power to the impeller assembly for the displacement of fluids, the hydroelectric turbine provides power through the impeller assembly via propelled fluids. The same fundamental principles of fluid dynamics and transfer of energy apply, but in reverse. The kinetic energy of the fluid is transferred to the impeller assembly to provide rotational movement to the shaft, which is harnessed by any conventional mechanisms. Turbines employing impeller assemblies of the present invention may operate on head pressures of as low as 10 psi to produce power. Additionally, turbines employing impeller assemblies of the present invention do not harm fish and other marine inhabitants and do not heat or produce aeration or cavitation of the fluid.  
         [0024]     According to yet another aspect of the present invention, a fluid turbine is provided. Similar to the hydroelectric turbine, the kinetic energy of the fluid is transferred to the impeller assembly to provide rotational movement to the shaft, which is harnessed in any number of ways. Sub-components of the impeller assembly for this embodiment have several modifications to accommodate the method of operation. These modifications, as well as a detailed description of the embodiment, are described below in the detailed description of the preferred embodiments.  
         [0025]     According to another aspect of the present invention, a turbine transmission is provided. This embodiment comprises a number of subsystems, including a turbine section, a pump section, a sump assembly and a high-pressure line interconnecting the pump and turbine sections. The subsystems are combined to form a closed system through which a fluid medium flows. This embodiment is particularly useful for driving items with a soft engagement requirement, such as motion sensitive machinery, marine use and most any other application requiring especially smooth, quiet and efficient transfer of power. The turbine transmission is especially adaptable to close quarters installation requirements and offers significantly lower noise and vibration levels during operation. Many of the features of the sub-components of the turbine transmission, as well as principles of operation, are described in the detailed description of the pump and the fluid turbine. Additional modifications and features will be described in detail below.  
         [0026]     A further aspect of the present invention may provide a fuel turbine having a compressor impeller assembly and/or a power impeller assembly and a gear section having a shaft extending from the compressor to the power impeller assemblies. A starter, such as a starter shaft, may also be included to activate the compressor impeller assembly. The compressor impeller assembly may include a central hub that may radially move, a stacked array of parallel discs to create high pressure in a fluid and a fluid outlet to release the high pressure fluid. Each disc may have a central aperture and be inter-spaced along a parallel axis. Upon radial movement of the central hub, a fluid may flow through the central apertures of the stacked array of discs and the spaces between the discs to increase the pressure of the fluid. The power impeller assembly may comprise a combustor to introduce the high pressure fluid to the fuel and to ignite the fuel. The combustor may have a fluid inlet to receive the released high pressure fluid and a fuel inlet to receive fuel. The power impeller assembly may further comprise a central hub and a stacked array of parallel discs, each disc having a central aperture and being inter-spaced along a parallel axis. Upon ignition of the fuel, a fluid may flow across the stacked array of discs. In some embodiments of the fuel turbine, at least two rods extend through the discs of the power impeller assembly and/or compressor impeller assembly and one end of the rods is attached to a support frame at rod attachments. The support frame may also include a shaft attachment.  
         [0027]     Other aspects of the present invention relate to a support frame that may be employed in any of the various embodiments of an impeller assembly as described herein, having a stacked array of parallel inter-spaced discs and at least two rods extending through or along and connecting the array of discs. The support frame may comprise at least two rod attachments for securing one end of a rod to the array of discs, and at least two arms having a first arm end being coupled to at least one of the rod attachments. The support frame may further include a shaft attachment, which may be coupled to a second arm end. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES  
       [0028]      FIG. 1A  illustrates a side view of the impeller assembly. For the sake of clarity, only a limited number of discs with wide intervening spaces are illustrated.  
         [0029]      FIG. 1B  illustrates the impeller assembly within the pump housing, with the cover removed exposing the inlet-side backing plate.  
         [0030]      FIG. 1C  depicts a side perspective of the pump housing.  
         [0031]      FIG. 1D  shows a top view of the pump cover with inlet port.  
         [0032]      FIG. 1E  illustrates a side perspective of the pump cover.  
         [0033]      FIG. 2A  shows a cross-sectional side perspective of the marine jet pump.  
         [0034]      FIG. 2B  shows an end-on view of the marine jet pump with the bottom plate cover removed.  
         [0035]      FIG. 2C  illustrates the bottom cover plate from a top perspective.  
         [0036]      FIG. 2D  is an exploded illustration of a cross-sectional side perspective of the marine jet pump.  
         [0037]      FIG. 3A  depicts a cross-sectional side view of a hydroelectric turbine incorporating the impeller assembly.  
         [0038]      FIG. 3B  shows a cross-sectional top view of the top half of the housing.  
         [0039]      FIG. 3C  illustrates a cross-sectional top perspective of the top half of the housing with the shifting ring connected to the wicket gates.  
         [0040]      FIG. 3D  is an exploded illustration of a cross-sectional side view of the hydroelectric turbine.  
         [0041]      FIG. 4A  illustrates a cross-sectional side view of the fluid turbine with the end cover unattached.  
         [0042]      FIG. 4B  shows a bottom perspective of the fluid turbine with the end cover removed to expose the cross-sectional view of the reversing nozzles. For simplicity, only the bottom reinforcing/labyrinth seal plate is shown in the internal chamber of the main housing.  
         [0043]      FIG. 4C  illustrates a side view of a reversing nozzle.  
         [0044]      FIG. 4D  shows a cross-sectional bottom view of a reversing nozzle.  
         [0045]      FIG. 4E  depicts an exploded view of a cross-sectional side perspective of the fluid turbine.  
         [0046]      FIG. 5  illustrates a cross-sectional side perspective of a turbine transmission according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0047]      FIGS. 6A and 6B  show various embodiments of support frame, wherein  FIG. 6A  shows a support frame for four rods and  FIG. 6B  shows a support frame for three rods and a center shaft.  
         [0048]      FIG. 7A  illustrates a cross-sectional side perspective of a gas turbine according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0049]      FIG. 7B  depicts an exploded view of the compressor section of the gas turbine of  FIG. 7A .  
         [0050]      FIG. 7C  depicts an exploded view of the power section of the gas turbine of  FIG. 7A .  
         [0051]      FIG. 7D  depicts an exploded view of the gear section of the gas turbine of  FIG. 7A . 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0052]     The present invention generally relates to systems and methods for facilitating the movement of fluids, transferring mechanical power to fluid mediums, as well as deriving power from moving fluids.  
         [heading-0053]     1. Impeller assembly in the Context of a Pump System  
         [0054]     Referring to FIGS.  1 A-E, an impeller assembly incorporated into a pump system and its various components are illustrated. For the sake of clarity, the impeller assembly of the present invention is described in the context of a pump system, but is also utilized in other embodiments described herein and may be incorporated into a wide range of devices, as previously described. Although there may be modifications to the impeller assemblies used in the other embodiments, many of the same general designs, features, sub-components and qualifications described below apply to these modified versions. As a result, the detailed description of the other embodiments will incorporate much of the impeller assembly disclosure provided immediately below.  
         [0055]     Impeller assembly  1  of the pump system illustrated in  FIG. 1A  comprises a plurality of viscous drag discs  2  arranged parallel to one another with distinct spaces  3  located between each disc. A top perspective of a representative disc  2  is shown in  FIG. 1B . Discs  2  are substantially flat with a central aperture  51 , which defines an inside perimeter  50  of each disc  2 . Face  48  of disc  2  forms the viscous drag surface area and defines the outer perimeter  49 . The viscous drag surface area of the discs is essentially flat and devoid of any purposefully raised protrusions, engraved texturing, grooves and/or vanes. The surface area need not be completely devoid of any texture, and in certain applications may possess a roughened surface to provide additional friction for displacing fluid, provided the roughened surface does not create substantial disruptive turbulence in the fluid medium.  
         [0056]     Along inner perimeter  50  of discs  2  a series of support structures is provided, such as support islets  52  protruding into central aperture  51 . Alternative embodiments may comprise support structures that do not protrude into central aperture  51  and may include embodiments having support structures inset along or in close proximity to inner perimeter  50  of disc  2 . Each support islet contains a central aperture  53  which has been undercut  54 . Alternative embodiments may comprise support structures, such as support islets  52 , that are not undercut and may be essentially flush with, or projecting above, inner perimeter  50  of disc  2 . The number of support islets varies depending on the specific application. As described below, support islets  52  serve as a mechanism to interconnect and support a plurality of discs to form a stacked array of impeller assembly  1 . Alternative types of support structures accommodating connecting structures for interconnecting an array of discs arranged in a stack may be employed. A preferred number of support structures may range from 3 to greater than 6, and in a preferred embodiment described herein, 6 are shown. In alternative preferred embodiments, impeller assemblies comprising 3, 4 or 5 support structures are provided.  
         [0057]     Discs  2  may be composed of any suitable material possessing sufficient mechanical strength and rigidity, as well as physical and/or chemical inertness to the fluid medium being displaced, such as, but not limited to, resistance to extreme temperatures, pH, biocompatibility to food products or biological fluids, and the like. Discs  2  may, for example, be composed of metal, metal alloys, ceramics, plastics, and the like. Optionally, discs  2  may be composed of a high-friction material to provide additional surface friction for displacing fluid. In general, the dimensions of disc  2 , such as overall perimeter, central aperture diameter and width, are variable and determined by the particular use. The size of the housing and the desired flow rate of a particular fluid also influence the size and number of discs in the impeller assembly. Because only the viscous drag surface areas of the discs significantly affect the flow of fluid, it is desirable that the discs of the impeller assembly be as thin as the specific application will allow. Therefore, it is preferable that discs  2  have a thickness capable of maintaining sufficient mechanical strength and rigidity against stresses, pressures and centrifugal forces generated within the pump, yet as thin as conditions allow to reduce unnecessary turbulence. Discs may be from {fraction (1/1000)} to several inches in width, depending on the application. The materials and dimensions of the discs are largely dependent on the specific application involved, in particular the viscosity of the fluid, the desired flow rate and the resultant operating pressures. In certain embodiments, particularly small applications such as appliance fans and small pumps, the entire impeller assembly may be made of plastics or other material that may be formed by any conventional methods, such as injection molding, or other comparable method, to form an integrated impeller assembly rather than the individual components described below. Alternatively, embodiments of impeller assembly  1  may be formed of rigid plastics, ceramics, reinforced materials, die cast metals, machined metal and/or metal alloys or powdered metal assemblies for applications requiring greater mechanical strength.  
         [0058]     Although the outer and inner perimeters of discs  2  are illustrated having circular forms and circular configurations are generally preferred, alternative configurations may be used. Curved profiles may be employed, for example, along the inner periphery between support structures  52 . Such curved profiles are preferably radially symmetrical and do not produce turbulence during balance during operation. The stacked discs  2  forming an impeller assembly  1  preferably have the same configuration and are aligned in a consistent fashion to form the array.  
         [0059]     The inter-disc spaces  3  between discs  2  may be maintained by a plurality of spacers  4 , which, together with the discs, create a stacked array of alternating discs and spacers  25 . In one embodiment, spacers  4  possess a central aperture  24  complementary with the islet aperture  53  of support islets  52 . Spacers  4  may be of any suitable conformation that does not create undue turbulence in the fluid medium, such as round, oval, polygonal, oblong, and the like, and composed of any suitable material compatible with other components of the pump system and the fluid being displaced, such as metals, metal alloys, ceramics and/or plastics. Spacers may have a uniform or non-uniform area throughout their cross-section and their profile may present straight lines or curved lines.  
         [0060]     Alternative embodiments of the present invention may have spacers  4  integrated into discs  2  or connecting structures rather than distinct components, such as, but not limited to, one or more raised sections integrated with islets  52  of inner rim  50 . The dimensions of spacers  4  are additional variables in the design of the impeller system and are dependent on the specific applications. For example, the inter-disc spacing, and therefore the height of spacers  4 , may be from {fraction (1/100)} to greater than 2 inches, preferably from {fraction (1/32)} to 1 inch, and more preferably from {fraction (1/16)} to ½ inch. In general, the spacing of discs should be such that the entire mass of fluid is accelerated to a nearly uniform velocity, essentially equivalent to the velocity achieved at the periphery of the discs, thereby generating sufficient pressure by the combined centrifugal and tangential forces imparted to the fluid to effectively and efficiently drive the fluid. The greater the height of spacers  4 , the greater the inter-disc space  3 , which has a direct effect on the negative pressure generated within the pump housing. For example, in low pressure/high volume applications, such as embodiments designed for pumping gases, the inter-disc spacing may be larger than that required for displacing liquids, for example, {fraction (1/16)} to about ½ inch. Furthermore, displacement of liquid gases may require inter-disc spacing on the low end of the preferred ranges provided above, or if necessary, beyond those ranges for optimal performance.  
         [0061]     The number of discs  2  in impeller assembly  1  may vary depending upon the particular use. In some embodiments, impeller assembly  1  comprises between 4 and 100 discs, in preferred embodiments between 4 and 50 discs, and in yet additional embodiments between 4 and 25 discs.  
         [0062]     Impeller assembly  1  further comprises a central hub  15 . Central hub  15  serves to transfer rotational power applied to the receiving end  20  of the shaft section  16  to the stacked array  25  of discs. Central hub  15  possesses a flange section  17  distal to the shaft section, having an inside face  19  and outside face  18 . Inside face  19  of flange section  17  may contact an outside face  10  of a first reinforcing backing plate  9 . Alternative embodiments of the present invention also encompass designs wherein central hub  15  and first reinforcing backing plate  9  are one integral work-piece, whether cast or machined. The inside face  11  of first reinforcing backing plate  9  preferably contacts a plurality of spacers  4 . A second reinforcing backing plate  12 , is located distal to the stacked array of spacers and discs  25 . In a preferred embodiment, first and second reinforcing backing plates  9 ,  12  have substantially the same design and dimensions as viscous drag discs  2  shown in  FIG. 1B .  
         [0063]     As evidenced in the illustration, first and second reinforcing backing plates  9  and  12  of impeller system  1  are thicker than the discs  2  to provide additional mechanical support to the stacked array of discs to counteract the negative pressure created in the inter-disc spaces, particularly at the outside periphery of the discs. The reinforcing backing plates support the discs by providing a solid and relatively inflexible surface for the discs to pull against, thereby reducing the tendency of the discs to flex and deflect inwardly in the inter-disc spaces. The thickness of the reinforcing backing plates is largely dependent on the diameter, and therefore the surface area, of the discs. As a general principle, the reinforcing backing plates may be approximately four times as thick as the discs, but this relationship may vary dependent on the particular application.  
         [0064]     Central hub  15 , first reinforcing backing plate  9 , stacked array of spacers and discs  25  and second reinforcing backing plate  12  of the impeller assembly are interconnected by a plurality of connecting structures  5 , such as connecting rods. In one embodiment, distal end  7  of connecting rods  5  pass through apertures  22  of flange section  17  of central hub through the complementary apertures of first reinforcing backing plate, spacers, discs and second reinforcing backing plate  12 . Distal ends of connecting rods are secured against the outside face of second reinforcing backing plate by any suitable retaining means  8 . Proximal end  6  of connecting rods has a securing means that is seated in countersunk opening  21  of apertures  22  of flange section of central hub. Alternative embodiments may not require a countersunk configuration and include any operable configuration of the elements described herein. It will be recognized that although the connecting structures are illustrated in the form of rods, other connecting structures may also be used. The connecting structures may have a uniform or non-uniform cross-sectional area over their length, and they may have a straight line or curved profile. Spacers may be mountable on or integrated with the connecting structures. The primary function of the connecting structures is to maintain the discs forming the array of stacked discs in fixed relationship to one another.  
         [0065]     Retaining device  8 , such as a conventional nut threaded onto the distal end of the connecting rod, or any other suitable retaining device, is secured to draw second reinforcing backing plate towards proximal end of connecting rod, thereby drawing all components into tight association. Although the preferred embodiment described herein shows a through-bolt arrangement for connecting the sub-components of the impeller assembly, the present invention also anticipates the use of other similar connecting means, such as a stud-bolt arrangement for the connecting rods, having a threaded proximal and distal end, and a welded-stud arrangement, where the connecting rods are secured to the central hub and the second reinforcing backing plate by welded, soldered or brazed connections.  
         [0066]     In some embodiments of impeller assembly, a support frame  80  may be provided at one end of the rods to secure the rods, as depicted by various embodiments illustrated in  FIGS. 6A and 6B . The support frame includes a rod attachment  82 , wherein each rod attachment is for holding one of the rods. Where a central hub is included on one end of the array of stacked plates, the support frame may be secured to the opposite end of the array of plates. The support frame may be of various shapes and sizes in order to inhibit movement of the rods. Oftentimes, without the use of a support frame, the high fluid pressure may cause a non-secured end of the rods to shake or otherwise move its position. As a result, the spaces between the plates may vary with rod movement, affecting fluid flow. The support frame may provide more uniform and constant spacing between plates.  
         [0067]      FIG. 6A  shows a support frame  80  having four rod attachments  82  for supporting four rods. However, any number of rod attachments may be included, depending on the number of rods provided. Various types of rod attachments may be employed, which inhibit movement of the rods, such as an opening through which a rod end, such as the distal end of connecting rods, is extended. The opening may permit the retaining device to draw the support frame towards proximal end of connecting rod, thereby drawing all components into tight association, rather than or in addition to securing a second reinforcing backing plate, as described above. The support frame also includes arms  84  coupled to the rods and that may connect to the rods in various patterns, such as a web, circle, square, triangular, etc. At least one arm end  88  is coupled to at least one rod attachment, and at times each arm end is coupled to a different rod attachment. In some embodiments that include a central shaft, the support frame may also include a shaft attachment  86  as depicted in by the exemplary embodiment in  FIG. 6B . The shaft attachment may be connected to the rod attachments by arms  84  that each may extend from the shaft attachment at a first arm end  88  and to each of the rod attachments at the other, i.e. second, arm end  88 . Oftentimes, the components of the support frame are only as big as necessary to support the rods and/or shaft. For example, the rod and shaft attachments are slightly larger in diameter than the respective rods and shaft. Furthermore, the arms may also have a small diameter. This conservative size of the support frame may result in less disruption to fluid flow, e.g. turbulence, and/or require less material, than other designs that may employ a supporting plate.  
         [0068]     The support frame is especially beneficial with embodiments of impeller assemblies that include a large array of stacked discs, such as having a large number of discs and/or spaces there between. The support frame is also useful for applications where the discs rotate very fast. The support frame may stabilize the discs to inhibit any discs from moving off center and/or flexing.  
         [0069]     Alignment of the central apertures of the two reinforcing backing plates and the stacked array of discs form a central cavity  26  within the impeller assembly. Supporting the discs and backing plates at the inside perimeter eliminates the central shaft employed in previous designs, as well as the spokes used to attach the discs to the central shaft, thereby eliminating the turbulence created by the central shaft and associated spokes of the discs. Where a shaft does not extend past the first backing plate and into the central cavity, the central cavity may be devoid of a shaft. The central cavity permits the fluid to flow in a more natural line into the impeller assembly without the churning effect of the shaft and spokes.  
         [0070]      FIG. 1B  illustrates the pump system with the inlet cover and second reinforcing backing plate removed to reveal the most distal disc  2  of the stacked array  25 . The housing  40  of the pump system may be of any conventional design that provides a complimentary surface for the impeller assembly. The housing comprises an outer  45  and inner wall  46  of the housing body, forming an interior chamber  47  of sufficient volume to accommodate the impeller assembly, yet maintain a gap  55  between the impeller assembly and the inside wall of the housing. The inner wall  46  provides a complementary surface for the impeller system to draw against, and gap  55  permits movement of the fluid within the housing and to create a zone of high pressure. The volume area defined by the gap  55  affects flow rate and operating pressure. In certain embodiments, the total gap volume should be between 10 and 20% greater than the inlet volume area, but may be smaller or larger, depending on the application. Additional factors to be considered in determining the gap volume are output pressure, and sheer mass, viscosity and particulate size of the fluid medium. The pump housing further comprises a housing flange  41  with a series of holes  44  extending from the face plate  42  of the flange through to the underside  43  of the flange. The inner wall of the housing forms a fluid catch  56  by an inwardly angling extension of the wall to create a shoulder  57 , which is continuous with the inner wall  58  of an outlet port  60  having a central aperture  61 . The inner wall of the housing has an opening  62  to permit fluid to flow through the central aperture  61  of the outlet port  60 . Alternative embodiments may utilize any conventional pump housing incorporating impeller assemblies of the present invention and not be limited to the exemplary embodiment presented herein.  
         [0071]     The impeller assembly is oriented within the internal chamber  47  of the housing, for example, by threading the receiving end  20  of the central hub  15  through a centrally oriented opening  63  of the bearing/seal assembly  64  such that the shaft section  16  of the central hub is securely held and supported by the bearing/seal assembly. Bearing/seal assembly  64  is integrated into the rear plate  65  of the pump housing by conventional mechanisms. One possible configuration has the bearing/seal as a cartridge unit (although the bearing and seals may be separate units) that is press-fit onto the shaft and then mounted in the housing. The bearing/seal assembly may be of any conventional configuration that will provide sufficient support for the impeller assembly, permit as friction-free radial movement of the shaft as possible, and prevent any leaking of fluid from the internal chamber.  
         [0072]     The pump system is driven by any drive system capable of imparting rotational movement to the shaft  16  of the central hub, thereby imparting rotational movement to the entire impeller assembly within the internal cavity of the pump housing. The receiving end  20  of the central hub may be of various configurations, such as keyed, flat, splined, and the like, to allow association with various motor systems. An exemplary embodiment depicts a standard shaft configuration, which has been keyed with a receiving notch  66  formed at the receiving end of the shaft  16  for receiving a complementary retaining device associated with the drive system. Other examples include flex-joints, universal joints, flex-shafts, pulley systems, chain-drive, belt-drive, cog-belt-drive systems, direct-couple systems, and the like. Any drive system, such as a motor or comparable device, that directly or indirectly imparts radial movement to the impeller assembly through the shaft may be employed with the present invention. Suitable drive systems include motors of all types, in particular electrical, internal combustion, solar-driven, wind-driven, and the like.  
         [0073]     The inlet port cover  67 , as shown in  FIGS. 1D and 1E  has a circumference comparable to the circumference of housing flange  41 , and has a series of apertures  44 ′ that are spatially oriented to be complementary to apertures  44  in housing flange  41 . Inlet port cover  67  is attached to the pump housing by securing inside face  68  of inlet port cover  67  to face plate  42  of housing flange  41  and fixedly attached by any conventional securing devices through complementary apertures  44 ,  44 ′. In the context of the present invention, the term “fixedly” does not necessarily mean a permanent, non-detachable attachment or connection, but is meant to describe a variety of connections well known in the art that form tight, immovable junctions between components. In some embodiments, for example, fixed connections may be detachable. Face plate  42  of inlet port cover  67  defines the ceiling of internal chamber  47  of the pump housing. Fluid is drawn into opening  70  of inlet port  69  and through inlet port conduit  71  to internal chamber  47  of the housing.  
         [0074]     Operationally, internal chamber  47  of the pump is primed with a fluid compatible to that being displaced. The drive system is activated to impart radial movement to shaft  16  of central hub  15 , turning stacked array of discs  25  through the fluid medium in the direction of arrow  59 . Impeller assemblies of the present invention operate in either direction of rotation. As discs  2  of the impeller assembly are driven through the fluid medium, the fluid in immediate contact with viscous drag face  48  of discs is also rotated due to the strong adhesion forces between the fluid and disc. The fluid is subjected to two forces, one acting tangentially in the direction of rotation, and the other centrifugally in an outward radial direction. The combined effects of these forces propels the fluid with continuously increasing velocity in a spiral path The fluid increases in velocity as it moves through the relatively narrow inter-disc spaces  3  causing zones of negative pressure at the inter-disc spaces. The continued movement of the accelerating fluid from inside perimeter  50  of discs to outside perimeter  49  of discs further draws fluid from central cavity  26  of the impeller assembly, which is essentially continuous with inlet port conduit  71  of inlet port  69 . The net negative pressure created within internal chamber  47  of the pump draws fluid from an outside source connected by any conventional means to the inlet port.  
         [0075]     As fluid is accelerated through inter-disc spaces  3  to outside perimeter  49  of discs  2 , the continued momentum drives the fluid against inner wall  46  of housing chamber  47  creating a zone of higher pressure defined by gap  55  between outside perimeter  49  of discs  2  and inner wall  46  of housing chamber  47 . The fluid is driven from the zone of relative high pressure to a zone of ambient pressure defined by outlet port  60  and any further connections to the system. The fluid within the system may circulate a number of times before being displaced through the outlet port. Fluid catch  56  of inner wall  46  serves to impel the flow of circulating fluid into the central aperture of the outlet port.  
         [heading-0076]     2. Impeller Assembly in the Context of a Jet System  
         [0077]     An additional embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in FIGS.  2 A-D. The marine jet pump employs essentially the same impeller assembly  1  described above, and therefore attention should be drawn to  FIGS. 1A and 1B  and the corresponding written description for a detailed disclosure of the impeller assembly, associated components and systems, as well as principles of operation.  
         [0078]      FIG. 2A  is a cross-sectional side view illustrating the arrangement of impeller assembly  1  within jet pump housing  101 . Jet pump housing  101  may be made of any suitable material including cast and/or machined metals and/or metal alloys such as iron, steel, aluminum, titanium, and the like, as well as ceramics and plastics. Jet pump housing  101  possesses an exterior  102  and interior wall  103 , which forms an internal chamber  104  of sufficient volume to accommodate impeller assembly  1  and maintain a gap  105  between discs  2  and backing plates  9 ,  12  of the impeller assembly. In certain applications, gap  105  is between from {fraction (1/100)} to greater than 2 inches, preferably from {fraction (1/32)} to 1 inch, and more preferably from {fraction (1/16)} to ½ inch, and in this exemplary embodiment, around ¼ inch, depending on size and amount of particulates in the fluid medium. It is understood the gap may extend beyond this range for optimal performance under certain conditions for various embodiments of the invention. Shaft section  16  of central hub  15  in the impeller assembly is supported by a series of support bearing assemblies  106  housed within a cavity  107  formed by support collar  108 , which is an extension of the jet pump housing. The floor of cavity  107  housing support bearing assemblies  106  is formed by a flange section  109  extending from interior wall or support collar  108 . Extending from flange section  109 , is a lip  123 , which provides a seat for a top seal  124  and a bottom seal  125 . Bearing support assemblies  106  are retained within support collar cavity  107  by a retaining ring  111 , or comparable retaining device, fixedly associated with shaft section  16 , thereby providing structural support to the impeller assembly. As previously noted, the bearing/seal assembly may be of any appropriate configuration that provides sufficient support and permit as friction-free radial movement of the shaft as possible, as well as prevent any leakage from the internal chamber. The seals utilized in the system may be of various configurations and compositions, so long as they are non-reactive and wear-resistant. Suitable materials include rubber, urethane, polyurethane, silicone, other synthetic materials, and the like.  
         [0079]     The floor of internal chamber  104  is defined by a cover  116 , having a bottom plate  112  with a central aperture  113 . The diameter of the central aperture of the bottom plate is roughly equivalent to the diameter of the central aperture of the backing plates and discs. Integral with the bottom plate is a cowl section  122 , having a grated section defining a grated inlet port  120 . The interior surface  115  of bottom plate  112  is recessed  114  to accommodate distal ends  7  of connecting rods  5  and associated retaining mechanism  8 . This feature permits interior surface  115  of bottom plate  112  to be in close association with outside face  14  of the inlet-side backing plate  12 , preferably in the range of {fraction (1/32)} to 2 or more inches and more preferably in the range of {fraction (1/16)} to 1 inch and even more preferably from ⅛ to ½ inch. Cover  116  ( FIGS. 2A and 2C ) is fixedly attached to jet pump housing  101  by any appropriate securing device, such as a bolt threaded through a plurality of apertures  117  formed in the flange section  121  of the cover to complementary threaded apertures on the bottom plate. Alternative embodiments of the present invention may incorporate any conventional securing device or mechanism that serves the same purpose. Interior wall  118  of cowl section  122  forms an interior conduit  119  continuous with grated inlet port  120  to permit fluid to pass from the external environment into the internal chamber of the marine jet housing. Inlet port  120  is grated to screen out undesirable material from entering the internal chamber of the jet pump. Inlet port may be covered with any appropriate device that serves to screen out undesirable material.  
         [0080]     The marine jet pump employs many of the same principles of operation as the pump system described above. As with the pump system, various connections or associations between the drive system and the marine jet pump, as well as various drive systems are envisioned. In operation, the marine jet pump is partially submersed in a fluid medium and primed to remove air from the system. The drive system is activated to impart radial movement to shaft  16  of central hub  15 , turning stacked array of discs  25  through the fluid medium in the direction of arrow  59 . As discs  2  of the impeller assembly are driven through the fluid medium, the fluid in immediate contact with viscous drag face  48  of discs is also rotated due to the strong adhesion forces between the fluid and disc. The continued movement of the accelerating fluid from inside perimeter  50  of the discs to outside perimeter  49  of the discs further draws fluid from central cavity  26  of the impeller assembly. The net negative pressure created within internal chamber  104  of the marine jet pump continuously draws fluid through grated inlet port  120  of cover  116  through interior conduit  118  and aperture of the bottom plate  112  to central cavity  26  of the impeller assembly.  
         [0081]     As fluid is accelerated through the inter-disc spaces to the outside perimeter of the discs, the continued momentum drives the fluid against the inner wall of the housing chamber creating a zone of higher pressure defined by the gap between the outside perimeter of the discs and the inner wall of the housing chamber. The fluid within the system may circulate a number of times before being displaced through the outlet port. Fluid catch  56  of the inner wall serves to impel the flow of circulating fluid into the central aperture of the outlet port. The fluid is driven from the zone of relative high pressure  55 , as previously described above, to a zone of ambient pressure defined by outlet port  60  and any further connections to the system. The exhausted fluid is preferably attached to a standard directional nozzle, or comparable device, to direct the fluid stream into the surrounding water supplying the propulsive force for the marine craft. Alternatively, the present invention may also be fitted with any suitable power head to optimize performance.  
         [0082]     The present invention also envisions various modifications to the design presented herein, including one or more inlet and/or outlet ports located at different locations on the jet pump, whether on the front, sides, or bottom of the jet pump housing. Furthermore, the present invention may be mounted to the hull of the vessel in any suitable location at any appropriate angle for optimal performance.  
         [0083]     The exemplary description for a marine jet pump is merely illustrative of one of many possible embodiments of a jet system. It is understood that jet systems, as well as any system that drives fluid, such as fluid circulating systems, incorporating impeller assemblies of the present invention are within the scope of the present invention.  
         [heading-0084]     3. Impeller Assembly in the Context of a Turbine System.  
         [0085]     A hydroelectric turbine  200  employing a modified version of the inventive impeller assembly  1  is illustrated in FIGS.  3 A-D. The turbine operates under the same general principles of operation as previously described for the pump, but in reverse. Many of the design features of the impeller assembly described above are equally applicable to the turbine embodiments and are therefore incorporated herein, where appropriate. There are distinct differences in the method of operation between pump and turbine systems, although the same basic design of the impeller assembly is utilized. For example, in the pump, the centrifugal and tangential forces imparted to the fluid medium are additive resulting in greater head pressure, which facilitates the expulsion of the fluid medium from the exhaust port. In contrast, the centrifugal forces in the turbine are in opposition to the tangential or dynamic forces of the fluid medium, thereby reducing the effective head pressure and velocity of radial flow to the center of the impeller assembly. As a result, the efficiency of the turbine generally benefits from having a greater number of discs and smaller inter-disc spaces in the impeller assembly, as compared to the pump.  
         [0086]     Hydroelectric turbine  200  comprises an impeller assembly contained within a housing comprising several sub-components. The housing may be machined, cast, or a combination of both, and made of any suitable material well known in the art, and in particular, the materials previously mentioned. Integral with the housing is a penstock  201 , which surrounds the housing and impeller assembly. The housing is comprised of a top cover  202  having a support collar section  203  and a flange section  204 . The interior of the upper portion of the support collar section  203  forms the bearing housing for supporting the shaft of the impeller assembly. One or more bearing assemblies  209  are restrictively retained within the bearing housing by interior face  205  of the upper portion of the support collar section, which is in immediate contact with exterior face  208  of bearing assembly  209 . Extending inwardly from the interior face of support collar section  203  is a first rim  206 , forming the seat of the bearing housing. Integral with first rim  206  and interior face  205  of the support collar is a second rim  207 , which serves as a support for the seal assemblies  267 . Alternative designs may employ bushings and bushing-bearing combinations, as well as other comparable assemblies and mechanisms well known in the art. Shaft section  250  of the impeller assembly is supported by compressive forces exerted by bearing assembly  209  and support collar  203  of the housing. This particular arrangement permits low friction radial movement of the impeller assembly while restricting lateral and horizontal movement. The present invention also envisions employing any other conventional apparatus well known in the art to achieve the same results. The upper section of the shaft, distal from the receiving end  252  of shaft, possesses an outwardly extending ring section  211  whose bottom shoulder  212  is in tight association with seal assembly  267 , which is in tight association with the top of bearing assembly  209 , thereby holding the bearing assembly in tight association against seat  207  of bearing housing. The present invention also envisions any conventional retaining assemblies and mechanisms known in the art for retaining the bearing assemblies other than the ring or collar extending from the body of the impeller shaft, such as a retaining or compression ring fixedly associated with the shaft.  
         [0087]     Interior surface  213  of flange section  204  of top cover defines the top section of an upper labyrinth seal  215 , which has a first series of grooves  214  formed therein. Interior surface  213  of the top cover  202  also forms the ceiling of an internal chamber  216  within the turbine housing which houses the impeller assembly. The side wall of the internal chamber  216  is defined by a plurality of wicket gates  217  and structural rim  218  of upper body  219  of penstock  201 . Wicket gates  217  are pivotably connected to the housing, to permit movement around a central axis. The floor of internal chamber  216  is defined by interior surface  222  of structural rim  220  of lower body  221  of penstock  201 . Interior surface  222  of structural rim  220  of lower body  221  is recessed  223  to accommodate the impeller assembly. Interior surface of recessed section  223  has a second series of grooves  225  formed therein to define bottom section  224  of the lower labyrinth seal. Other configurations of labyrinth seals, or other seal assemblies, well known in the art which restrict intrusion of fluid are envisioned by the present invention. For example, there may be a greater or a fewer number of ridges and grooves, or one or more ridges per groove depending on the specific requirements of the particular application. Extending from structural rim  220  of lower body  221  of penstock  201  is a conduit section  226 , the interior of which forms exhaust port  227 .  
         [0088]     The impeller assembly previously described has several modifications to the sub-components to adapt it for use in a hydroelectric turbine. In particular, the central hub comprises two components, the straight shaft section  250  fixedly attached to a hub-plate  251 . The hub-plate has a support collar section  254  having an interior wall  255  forming a cavity to receive the connecting end  253  of the shaft. The shaft section may be fixedly joined to the hub-plate by any conventional means to form a tight association, including threaded, welded, keyed, splined, bolted, press-fitted and/or compression connections, and the like. Alternatively, the shaft and the hub-plate may be cast and/or machined as one integral piece. Extending from the collar section of the hub-plate, is the top reinforcing backing plate section  256  with a top surface  257  that is recessed to form the bottom section  258  of the upper labyrinth seal. The bottom section of the upper labyrinth seal has a first plurality of raised ridges  259  that fit into the complementary first set of grooves  214  of the top section of the upper labyrinth seals  215 . This configuration, as well as similar configurations, and other seal means well known in the art, serve to restrict the movement of fluid beyond the seal, thereby keeping more fluid flowing over the discs, thereby enhancing the efficiency of the present invention. The modified impeller assembly of the hydroelectric turbine shares the same configuration of discs, spacers, connecting rods, etc as previously described. The aforementioned components for the hydroelectric turbine undergo may require different dimensions and stronger materials to accommodate the greater mechanical stress of the system, but generally, the discs and other components may be of any suitable dimensions. For example, the discs may have a thickness in the range of 0.5 to 40 mm, preferably 1 to 25 mm and more preferably, 2 to 20 mm, and a diameter of 5 to 10,000 mm, preferably, 10 to 5,000 mm and more preferably, 20 to 2,500 mm. In general, the hub-plate is four times thicker than the main discs, although this relationship may vary to accommodate particular applications. Compared to the pump impeller design, the turbine design is more generally more efficient with relatively more discs placed closer together. For example, a typical turbine may have 4 or greater than 40 discs per impeller assembly with an inter-disc spacing of preferably from {fraction (1/100)} to greater than 2 inches, more preferably from {fraction (1/32)} to 1 inch, and most preferably from {fraction (1/16)} to ½ inch, and in the exemplary embodiment presented herein, in the range of ⅛ to ½ inch, or as required by the particular demands of the specific application. The inlet side backing plate  12  described in the previous embodiments has been replaced with a bottom reinforcing/labyrinth seal plate  260 . The lower face  261  of the bottom reinforcing/labyrinth seal plate has a second plurality of raised ridges that are fit into the complementary grooves  225  of the bottom section of the lower labyrinth seal, forming the lower labyrinth seal.  
         [0089]     Penstock  201  portion of the housing is formed by fixedly joining, by any conventional means, upper body  219  and lower body  221  to define a chamber encircling the impeller assembly and associated structural components. The upper and lower bodies of the penstock each have an interior surface  228  continuous with the other to form an interior conduit  229 . Interior surface of the penstock  228  extends outwardly to create a fluid inlet port  230 , which may be connected to any additional components for bringing fluid to the inlet port.  
         [0090]     In operation, fluid having sufficient velocity enters fluid inlet port  230  and fills interior conduit  229  of penstock  201 , creating a zone of high pressure. As fluid pressure increases within the fluid conduit, the fluid is forced through wicket gates  217  and into internal chamber  216  of the housing. Wicket gates  217  are operated by a controlling mechanism, such as a shifting ring  263 , which serves as a means of controlling the flow of the fluid into the internal chamber of the housing, and therefore the speed and output of the turbine. Shifting ring  263  is connected to the vertical section  265  of the wicket gate by any conventional connecting assembly  264 . Rotational speed of the turbine may be regulated by controlling the volume of fluid flowing through the impeller assembly, as well as the angle at which the pressurized fluid contacts the impeller assembly. To control the volume of fluid, the wicket gates are regulated to adjust the volume of fluid entering the internal chamber of the housing. Regulation of the wicket gates is by a shifting ring, or any other conventional mechanism, which may be controlled by a centrifugal governor. The centrifugal governor is connected to the shifting ring by conventional devices and may be actuated by any suitable controlling mechanism, such as, but not limited to, mechanical and electrical devices, for example, a servomotor and servomechanism. The centrifugal governor is engaged as the turbine reaches a select rotational speed, which in turn rotates the shifting ring adjusting the wicket gates and thereby regulating the volume of fluid and consequently the rotational speed of the turbine. The present invention also envisions employing other conventional controlling mechanism well known in the art.  
         [0091]     As the fluid passes into the internal chamber, the pressurized fluid encounters the impeller assembly. The tortuous path of the upper and lower labyrinth seals creates a physical obstacle to the fluid, causing the fluid to preferentially move across the discs of the impeller assembly. With reference to the previous description of the discs of the impeller assembly, moving fluid initially contacts outside perimeter  49  of discs  2  (refer to  FIG. 1B ), moves across the viscous drag face  48  to inside perimeter  50 , and through central aperture  51  of impeller assembly. The fluid continues to flow from regions of high to low pressure until eventually expelled from exhaust port  227 . As the fluid moves across the discs, energy is transferred to the impeller assembly through the friction of the fluid in immediate contact with the face of the discs in combination with the adhesive forces of the fluid, causing a continuously decreasing velocity in the fluid. The energy transferred to the discs from the moving fluid is predominantly in the form of tangential or dynamic forces imparted to the discs, which cause the entire impeller assembly to rotate around its central axis. The bearing assembly  209  supports the shaft of the impeller assembly and permits rotational movement of the shaft  250  with a minimum of non-rotational movement. The receiving end of the shaft  252  may be connected by any conventional means known in the art to any number of mechanical devices for utilizing or applying the rotational movement produced thereby.  
         [0092]     A fluid turbine  300  employing a modified version of the inventive impeller assembly  1  is illustrated in FIGS.  4 A-C. The fluid turbine comprises an impeller assembly contained within a main housing  301  comprising several sub-components. The general design and principles of operation of the impeller assembly has been previously described and, where applicable, are incorporated into the description of this embodiment of the present invention. For example, in some embodiments, the impeller assembly includes a central hub, and a stacked array of parallel discs, each disc having a central aperture and being inter-spaced along a parallel axis. The main housing has a narrower support collar section  302  which houses one or more bearing assemblies  303  that support the shaft  304  of the impeller assembly.  
         [0093]     The main housing has a bell-shaped section  305  continuous with collar support section  302 . A structural brace section  348  connects the two sections of the main housing described above. The interior of the upper portion of the support collar section of the top cover defines the bearing housing  306  for supporting the shaft of the impeller assembly. One or more bearing assemblies  303  are restrictively retained within bearing housing  306  by interior face  307  of the upper portion of the support collar section, which is in immediate contact with an exterior face  308  of bearing assembly  303 . Extending inwardly from interior face  307  of the support collar section is a first rim  309 , forming the seat of the bearing housing. Integral with first rim  309  and interior face  307  of support collar is a second rim  310 , which serves as a seal support surface. Shaft section  304  of the impeller assembly is supported by the compressive forces exerted by the bearing assembly and support collar of the housing. This arrangement permits low friction radial movement of the impeller assembly while restricting lateral and horizontal movement. The upper section of the shaft, distal from the receiving end  311  of the shaft, possesses a retaining device, such as a retaining ring  312  whose bottom shoulder  313  is in tight association with the top of bearing assembly  303 , thereby holding bearing assembly against seat  309  of bearing housing  306 . The present invention also envisions other retaining means for holding the bearing assemblies other than the retaining ring, such as a compression ring fixedly associated with the shaft. The present invention may also employ any conventional retaining devices known in the art, including, but not limited to, a sir clip, locking bolt, snap ring, taper lock and press fit.  
         [0094]     Interior surface  314  of bell section  305  of main housing forms the top section of the upper labyrinth seal  315 , which has a first series of grooves  316  formed therein. Interior surface of the top cover also defines the ceiling and sides of an internal chamber  317  within the main housing which houses the impeller assembly. The floor of the internal chamber is defined by interior surface  318  of end cover  319 , which has a second series of grooves  320  formed therein to create the bottom section of the lower labyrinth seal  321 . Other configurations of labyrinth seals or other seal mechanisms for restricting the intrusion of fluid well known in the art are envisioned by the present invention. Extending from the end cover is a conduit section  322 , which defines the exhaust port  323 .  
         [0095]     The impeller assembly for the fluid turbine has several modifications to the sub-components. In particular, the central hub comprises two components, the straight shaft section  304  fixedly attached to a hub  324 . An alternative design may employ a hub-plate design as described in the hydroelectric turbine embodiment described above. The hub has a support collar section  326  having an interior wall  327  forming a cavity to receive the connecting end  328  of the shaft. The shaft section may be joined to the hub by any conventional means to form a tight association, including threaded, welded, brazed, soldered, bonded, compression connections and the like. Alternatively, the shaft and the hub may be cast and/or machined as one integral piece, or may be machined or cast sub-components, as well as any combination of the above. The interior face of the hub  325  is in tight association with the outside face the top reinforcing backing plate section  329 . The outside face of the top reinforcing backing plate extending beyond the hub has a first series of raised grooves  330  to form the bottom section  331  of the upper labyrinth seal. First series of raised ridges  330  fit into complementary first set of grooves  316  of the top section of upper labyrinth seals  315 . This configuration, as well as similar configurations, and other sealing mechanisms well known in the art, serve to restrict the movement of fluid beyond the seal, thereby keeping more fluid flowing over the discs and out the exhaust port. The modified impeller assembly of the fluid turbine shares the same configuration of discs, spacers, connecting rods, etc as previously described. The aforementioned components for the fluid turbine may require different dimensions and stronger materials to accommodate the greater mechanical stresses of the system. In general, the number of discs, disc dimensions and inter-disc spacing described above apply for the present embodiment, although due to the unique physical attributes of fluid, the inter-disc spacing may be in the range of {fraction (1/100)} to several inches, preferably {fraction (1/64)} to 2 inches and more preferably {fraction (1/16)} to ½ inch. The inlet side backing plate  12  described in previous embodiments has been replaced with a bottom reinforcing/labyrinth seal plate  332 . Lower face  333  of bottom reinforcing/labyrinth seal plate  332  has a second plurality of raised ridges  334  that fit into complementary grooves  320  of the bottom section of the lower labyrinth seal, forming the lower labyrinth seal. As shown in  FIG. 4D , an end cover  319  is fixedly attached to a flange section  336  of the main housing by any conventional devices known in the art, including, but not limited to, the nut and bolt arrangement depicted in the illustration. In addition, any conventional methods of sealing the end cover to the main housing are envisioned, such as gaskets, o-rings and the like.  
         [0096]     The main housing of the fluid turbine has a plurality of reversing nozzle housings  337  that are integral with the bell-shaped portion  305  of the main housing, such that the interior of the reversing nozzle housings are open to the internal chamber  317  of the main housing. The openings of the reversing nozzle housings serve as a series of inlets for the fluid. A plurality of reversing nozzles  338  ( FIG. 4C ) are set into a complementary plurality of reversing nozzle housings  337  by means of a mounting post  339  that is pivotally mounted into the base of reversing nozzle housing  344 . The body  340  of the reversing nozzles defines a conduit having a series of slots  341  through which fluid is directed. A controlling mechanism, such as a shifting ring  345 , or other device, regulates the reversing nozzles. In this particular embodiment, the reversing nozzles are rotated by means of a shifting ring  345 , as shown in  FIG. 4B . Shifting ring  345  is fixedly attached to an arm portion of the cap  342  of reversing nozzles by any conventional means; for example, a bolt assembly through an aperture in cap  343  and a complementary aperture in the shifting ring. The reversing nozzles are arranged in the reversing nozzle housings such that the slots may be exposed to the impeller assembly within the internal chamber of the housing by turning the shifting ring.  
         [0097]     A fluid source is connected by any conventional device to fluid inlet conduit  346 , having a plurality of fluid supply conduits  347  branching to, and connecting with, reversing nozzles. In operation, fluid of sufficient pressure is channeled into the fluid inlet conduit, where it is directed to supply conduits  347  and into the reversing nozzles. To engage the impeller assembly, the shifting ring is turned to adjust the reversing nozzles to align the complementary slots of each nozzle with the internal chamber of the main housing. The fluid is forced through the slots into the internal chamber and where the fluid contacts the impeller assembly. The tortuous path of the upper and lower labyrinth seals creates a physical obstacle to the fluid, causing the fluid to preferentially move across the discs of the impeller assembly. The pressurized fluid initially contacts outside perimeter  49  of the discs (refer to  FIG. 1B ), moves across viscous drag face  48  to inside perimeter  50  and through the central aperture  51  of the impeller assembly. The fluid continues to flow from regions of high to low pressure until eventually expelled from exhaust port  323 . As the fluid moves across the discs, energy is transferred to the impeller assembly through the friction of the fluid in immediate contact with the face of the discs in combination with the adhesive forces of the fluid, causing a continuously decreasing velocity in the fluid as it moves to the inside perimeter of the discs. The energy transferred to the discs from the moving fluid is predominantly in the form of tangential and rotational forces imparted to the discs, which cause the entire impeller assembly to rotate around its central axis. Bearing assembly  303  supports the shaft of the impeller assembly and permits rotational movement of the shaft  304  with a minimum of non-rotational movement. Receiving end of the shaft  311  may be connected by any conventional mechanisms known in the art to any number of mechanical devices for utilizing or applying the rotational movement produced thereby.  
         [0098]     The reversing nozzles serve to regulate the speed, torque and direction of rotation of the turbine. In the preferred embodiment, the reversing nozzles have two slots, although additional slots and arrangements of slots may be used. The turbine is capable of reversing direction depending on which of the slots are aligned with the central chamber. As shown in  FIG. 4B , the slots are opened to direct the fluid at various angles less than perpendicular to the discs of the impeller assembly, thereby imparting rotational movement in the direction of the arrow  349 . To reverse the direction of the turbine, the shifting ring is turned to rotate the reversing nozzles and thereby align the opposite slots of the reversing nozzles with the internal chamber of the housing. The fluid is thereby directed in an opposite direction as previously described and imparts rotational movement of the impeller assembly counter to the arrow. The torque and rotational speed of the impeller assembly is controlled by adjusting the slots of the reversing nozzles relative to the discs of the impeller assembly. As the reversing nozzles are turned, the relative angle of the streaming fluid from the slots varies in relation to the discs ( FIG. 4B ). As the fluid contacts the discs at a more tangential angle, the turbine has less rotational speed, but greater torque, and when the streaming fluid contacts the discs at a more perpendicular angle, the turbine has greater rotational speed and less torque. As a result, the rotational speed can be finely adjusted by varying the angle of the streaming fluid relative to the discs by rotating the reversing nozzles. The fluid travels across the discs to the central cavity of the impeller assembly and eventually to the exhaust port  323 , where it is expelled. The shifting ring may be turned to close both slots of the reversing nozzles to the internal chamber and consequently stop the turbine altogether. In addition, the shifting ring, or comparable device, may be controlled by any suitable means, including manually or mechanically, as well as work in association with regulating devices that monitor speed and direction and provide a reporting signal to controlling mechanisms to mechanically adjust the shifting ring and nozzles.  
         [heading-0099]     4. Impeller Assembly in the Context of a Transmission System.  
         [0100]     A turbine transmission  400 , as illustrated in  FIG. 5 , comprises a turbine section  401 , a sump assembly  402 , a pump section  403  and a high pressure line  404 . The aforementioned subsystems are combined to form one closed system through which a fluid medium flows. Many of the features of the sub-components of the turbine transmission have been described in the detailed description of the pump system and the fluid turbine, and therefore those figures and detailed descriptions are incorporated herein.  
         [0101]     Operationally, the turbine transmission is filled with a suitable fluid medium and devoid of any air. A drive system is activated to impart radial movement to the shaft  405  of the central hub  406 , turning the stacked array of discs  407  through the fluid medium. As the discs of the impeller assembly are driven through the fluid medium, the fluid in immediate contact with the viscous drag face of the discs is also rotated due to the strong adhesion forces between the fluid and disc. As previously described, the fluid is subjected to two forces, one acting tangentially in the direction of rotation, and the other centrifugally in an outward radial direction. The combined effects of these forces propels the fluid with continuously increasing velocity in a spiral path. The fluid increases in velocity as it moves through the narrow inter-disc spaces causing zones of negative pressure at the inter-disc spaces. The continued movement of the accelerating fluid from the inside perimeter of the discs to the outside perimeter of the discs further draws fluid from the central cavity of the impeller assembly, which is continuous with the inlet port conduit of the inlet port. The net negative pressure created within the internal chamber  408  of the pump section continuously draws fluid from the inlet conduit leading from the sump  410  and connected, by any conventional means  411 , to the inlet port  412  of the pump section  403 .  
         [0102]     As fluid is accelerated through the inter-disc spaces to the outside perimeter of the discs, the continued momentum drives the fluid against the inner wall of the housing chamber creating a zone of higher pressure defined by the gap between the outside perimeter of the discs and the inner wall of the housing chamber. The fluid is driven from the zone of relative high pressure to a zone of relatively lower pressure defined by the outlet port  413  and the high pressure line  404  connected thereto (as illustrated by the arrows).  
         [0103]     The pressurized fluid is driven through the high pressure line to the fluid inlet line  414  and to the branching supply lines  415 , which connect to the cap sections of the reversing nozzles  416 , as previously described in the turbine embodiment. To engage the impeller assembly, the shifting ring  417  is turned to adjust the reversing nozzles to align the complementary slots  418  of each nozzle with the internal chamber  419  of the turbine housing  420 . The fluid is forced through the slots into the internal chamber and contacts the impeller assembly. The tortuous path of the upper  421  and lower  422  labyrinth seals creates a physical obstacle to the fluid, causing it to preferentially move across the discs  423  of the impeller assembly. The pressurized fluid initially contacts the outside perimeter of the discs, moves across the viscous drag face of the discs to the inside perimeter, and through the central aperture of the impeller assembly. The fluid continues to flow from regions of high to low pressure until eventually expelled from the exhaust port  424 . As the fluid moves across the discs, energy is transferred to the impeller assembly through the friction of the fluid in immediate contact with the face of the discs in combination with the adhesive forces of the fluid, causing a continuously decreasing velocity in the fluid as it moves to the inside perimeter of the discs. The energy transferred to the discs from the moving fluid is predominantly in the form of tangential and rotational forces imparted to the discs, which cause the entire impeller assembly to rotate around its central axis. The bearing assembly  425  supports the shaft  426  of the impeller assembly and permits rotational movement of the shaft with a minimum of non-rotational movement. The receiving end of the shaft  427  may be connected by any conventional means known in the art to any number of mechanical devices for utilizing or applying the rotational movement produced thereby.  
         [0104]     As described above, the reversing nozzles serve to regulate the speed, torque and direction of rotation of the turbine. The turbine is capable of reversing direction depending on which of the slots are aligned with the central chamber. The torque and rotational speed of the impeller assembly is controlled by adjusting the slots of the reversing nozzles relative to the discs of the impeller assembly. As the reversing nozzles are turned, the relative angle of the streaming fluid from the slots varies in relation to the discs, thereby controlling rotational speed and torque. The shifting ring can be turned to close both slots of the reversing nozzles to the internal chamber and consequently stop the turbine, and therefore, the transmission completely. In addition, the shifting ring, or comparable device, may be controlled by any suitable means, including manually or mechanically, as well as work in association with regulating devices that monitor speed and direction and provide a reporting signal to controlling mechanisms to mechanically adjust the shifting ring and nozzles.  
         [0105]     The fluid is driven across the discs of the turbine to the central cavity of the impeller assembly and eventually driven out the exhaust port  424  and on through the outlet conduit  428  connected by any conventional means  429  to the sump  410 . The fluid expelled from the turbine is driven into the sump where it is recycled. The fluid is eventually drawn back into the pump section, where the cycle repeats itself. The drive mechanism applying rotational movement to the impeller assembly of the pump section drives the fluid to impart rotational movement of the impeller assembly of the turbine section thereby providing complementary rotational movement at the turbine&#39;s shaft, which may be utilized in any number of ways.  
         [heading-0106]     5. Impeller Assembly in the Context of a Fuel Turbine System.  
         [0107]     One embodiment of fuel turbine employing a modified version of the inventive impeller assembly is illustrated in FIGS.  7 A-D. The fuel turbine operates under the same general principles of operation as previously described for the various embodiments of the turbines described above, such as the turbine transmission, but adapted to ignite fuel and thereby create power. Many of the design features of the impeller assemblies described above are equally applicable to the turbine embodiments and are therefore incorporated herein, where appropriate.  
         [0108]     In general, as depicted by one embodiment in  FIG. 7A , the fuel turbine includes a compressor section to create high pressure fluid, a power section to ignite fuel and increase pressure and/or a gear section to transfer rotational power. The illustration shows one embodiment of fuel turbine  500  having a compressor impeller section  502  in fluidic communication with a power impeller section  504  by a transfer link  508  and a gear section  506  in mechanical communication with the compressor section and power section by a main shaft  510 . However, other embodiments may include a compressor impeller section according to the present invention in connection with a conventional power section or a conventional compressor section in connection with a power impeller section according to the present invention. Furthermore, the sections of the fuel turbine may be interconnected or in communication by a variety of components and positions, in addition to those described herein.  
         [0109]     The compressor impeller section  502  comprises a fluid intake port  512  to feed flowing fluid, depicted as arrow A, such as air or other fluids to ignite fuel, to a compressor turbine  514 . The compressor turbine  514  increases the pressure of the fluid. Similar to the pump described above, the centrifugal and tangential forces imparted to the fluid medium in the compressor turbine are additive resulting in greater head pressure, which facilitates the expulsion of the fluid medium from a fluid output  516  in fluidic communication with one or more transfer link(s)  508 . The transfer link may be various fluid linking structures, such as a tube, conduit, passageway, etc. that permits the fluid to travel to the power section. Movement of the fluid through the transfer link may occur by building of high pressure fluid in the fluid output  516 .  
         [0110]     The power impeller section  504  comprises a fluid inlet  518  to receive the released high pressure fluid from the transfer link  508 . The fluid inlet is attached to or otherwise in fluidic communication with a combustor unit  520  to permit the high pressure unit to enter the combustor unit. In some embodiments, the fluid inlet may be one or more, e.g. a plurality, of openings in the combustor unit. Furthermore, a fuel inlet  522  is included to provide fuel, depicted as flow arrow B, to the combustor unit  520 . The fuel may be chosen from any convenient combustible fluid for the particular application of the fuel turbine. For example, the fuel may be hydrogen, gasoline, propane, natural gas, combinations thereof, or the like. The combustor unit  520  also may be various combustors to ignite fuel and create very high pressure fluid which is known or may be currently known or developed in the future.  
         [0111]     A power turbine  524  receives the very high pressure fluid that has been ignited and creates rotational energy. As described above with regard to the turbines, tangential or dynamic forces of the fluid medium are transferred to rotational energy across a series of discs. The power turbine transfers the rotational energy to the main shaft  510  of the gear section  506  thereby causing the main shaft to rotate. The rotational force of the main shaft may be transferred to the compressor turbine to cause rotation of an array of discs. In some embodiments, the main shaft is in mechanical communication, such as through one or more gears that may be contained in a gear housing  526 , to an output shaft  528  to output the rotational power, depicted by output arrow D. An exhaust port  530  is also provided to permit fluid, depicted as flow arrow C, to exit from the power turbine after the rotational energy is produced. In some embodiments, a starter  532  is also provided to initiate rotational movement of the central hub of the compressor section, such as by rotation of the main shaft, and thereby to activate the compressor turbine. The starter may activate the compressor section prior to the power section perpetuating rotational movement in the main shaft. The starter may transfer rotational energy received from external mechanical sources, depicted as input arrow E.  
         [0112]     Some additional components that may be included in the compressor impeller section  502  are depicted in the exploded view in  FIG. 7B . An end housing  554  may define the fluid intake port  512  (shown in  FIG. 7A ) to permit fluid to enter the compressor turbine to a central cavity  564  in an array of parallel discs  562  of the compressor turbine. In some embodiments, the main shaft (as illustrated in  FIG. 7A ) may extend through the array of discs and a shaft securing mechanism  552 , such as one or more bearings, may be provided in end housing  554  to retain and support an end of the main shaft. Furthermore, the shaft securing mechanism  552  may be protected from inflowing fluid and other environmental elements by a cover  550 , such as a cap. In other embodiments, the main shaft may not extend through the central cavity  564  and an end of the main shaft may be fixedly secured to a central hub  572 . In any case, the central cavity is usually devoid of any protruding components, such as parts having abrupt edges, rough textures, and the like, that may cause turbulence or otherwise disrupt the flow of fluid through the central cavity. An extending main shaft, where provided, is usually smooth without attachment components present in the central cavity, thereby permitting smooth flow of fluid through the cavity passed the shaft.  
         [0113]     The array of discs  562  may be the same or similar to the disc array described above with regards to the impeller assembly. Oftentimes, in fuel turbine applications, the discs may be thicker in dimension than the discs used in non-fuel impeller applications. The thicker dimension may permit the discs to be rigid under the very high rotational speeds that may occur. This high rotational speed may be, for example, between 15,000 to 35,000 rpm compared to 450 to 10,000 rpm that may occur with non-fuel applications. Furthermore, in some embodiments, the discs may be comprised of a rigid and light material, such as titanium, ceramic, etc. Because of the flex resistant characteristic of these stronger plates, first and/or second backing plates may be not be necessary and may be excluded from this embodiment of turbine. However, it is also intended that in other embodiments of the present invention first and/or second backing plates may be included as described above. The number of discs and spacing may be determined in relation to the type of fuel used and application of the turbine.  
         [0114]     The compressor turbine may also include two or more rods  570  extending through the discs, as described above with regard to the impeller assembly. A support frame  560  may be provided to support the end of the rods that is opposite of the end of the rods supported by the central hub  572 . One or more retaining device(s)  558 , such as a nut, may secure the rod ends against the support frame. Where the shaft extends through the array of disc, the support frame may also include a shaft attachment as described above with regards to  FIG. 6B . In embodiments where the shaft does not pass through the discs, the support frame may not include a shaft attachment. The support frame may be separated from the discs by one or more spacer(s)  562 . A hub nut  570  or other such securing mechanism, may also be provided to secure the central hub  572 .  
         [0115]     A compressor housing  568  is provided to contain the compressor turbine, including the discs, rods, central hub, support frame and/or shaft. The compressor housing often includes one or more fluid output  516  that may collect high pressure fluid from across the discs and that may be in communication with a transfer link. The end housing  554  may be coupled to the compressor housing  568  by a bolt  556  or other such securing mechanisms.  
         [0116]     Various securing and supporting mechanisms may also be provided to couple the compressor section to the gear section and/or power section. These mechanisms may also provide for support for the main shaft, gears, etc. of the gear section. For example, a support bearing housing  576  may contain one or more bearings  578 ,  582  that may be separated by one or more spacers  580 .  
         [0117]     Some additional components that may be included in the power impeller section  504  are depicted in the exploded view in  FIG. 7C . Various securing and supporting mechanisms may be provided to couple the power section to the gear section and/or compressor section. These mechanisms may also provide for support for the main shaft, gears, etc. of the gear section. For example, a support bearing housing  606  may contain one or more bearings  600 ,  604 , which may be separated by one or more spacers  602 .  
         [0118]     A combustor housing  614  contains a combustor unit  520  (shown in  FIG. 7A ) to accept high pressure fluid from the transfer link of the compressor section and expose the fluid to fuel, thereby causing ignition of the fuel. The combustor housing  614  also includes in an array of parallel discs  616  of the power turbine having a central cavity  618 . The discs and the central cavity accept the ignited fuel source that is under very high pressure. The discs and central cavity may be the same or similar to the discs and central cavity of the compressor turbine described above. Furthermore, two or more rods  612  may extend through the array of discs and attached to a central hub  608  at one end of the rods, as described for the compressor section. The central hub may be fixedly attached to the array of discs by a securing mechanism  610 , such as a nut or bolt. The rods may be supported at their other end by a support frame  622 , which may be spaced from the array of discs by one or more spacers  620  and secured by one or more securing mechanisms  624  such as a nut. In addition, the main shaft may either extend through the central hub and central cavity  618  or only extend to the central hub and the central cavity is devoid of such a shaft. An end housing  626  defines an exhaust port  530  (shown in  FIG. 7A ) to release the ignited fluid leaving the discs.  
         [0119]     Some additional components that may be included in the gear section  506  having shafts to provide rotational movement, gears to transfer the rotational movement, securing mechanisms, etc., are depicted in the exploded view in  FIG. 7D . A gear reduction housing  658  may contain one or more of the shafts, or portions thereof, gears and various of the securing mechanisms.  
         [0120]     The main shaft  666  that extends from the compressor section to the power section may include a main gear  668 . The main gear may be coupled to one or more reduction gear(s)  670 , which may, in turn, be coupled to an output shaft  672 . In some embodiments, a starter shaft  664  may be provided to initiate rotation of the main shaft. The starter shaft  664  may be in mechanical communication with the main shaft  666  through one or more gears, such as the reduction gear  670 , main gear  668 , etc. Through the rotation of the main shaft, the starter shaft may initiate radial movement of the central hub of the compressor section, and thereby resulting in radial movement of the discs of the compressor section. Oftentimes, the starter shaft is coupled to a starter source located external or internal to the fuel turbine. The starter shaft  664  may be secured to the gear reduction housing by one or more bearings  652 ,  656  spaced apart by one ore more spacers  654  and by a rethiner  650 , or the like.  
         [0121]     An end plate  674  and/or extension housing  682  may also contain one or more of the shafts. For example, end plate  674  may be coupled to the gear reduction housing  658  by securing mechanisms  676 , such as bolts and the extension housing  682  may be coupled to the end plate. The output shaft  672  may be supported at one shaft end by bearing  660  with spacer  662  and the other shaft end by end plate, bearing  680  with spacer  678  and extension housing. The end plate may also support the main shaft.  
         [0122]     The types and numbers of shafts, gears, housings and securing mechanisms may be chosen depending, inter alia, the desired design, shape and size of the turbine and its particular application.  
         [0123]     In operation, the central hub of the compressor section is made to rotate to activate the compressor section, such as by the main shaft rotating by a starter. The central hub radial movement results in the discs of the array of stacked discs also radially moving. A fluid entering from the fluid intake port flows through the central apertures of the stacked array of discs forming the central cavity and through the spaces between the discs. Fluid flowing across the discs creates increases the pressure of the fluid. The high pressure fluid is released from the fluid outlet and travels through the transfer link.  
         [0124]     Further, fuel is exposed to the high pressure fluid at the power section and the fuel is ignited in the combustion unit. Upon ignition of the fuel, a very high pressure fluid flows across the stacked array of discs in the power section. A shaft is rotated by the fluid flowing across the discs. In some embodiments that includes an output shaft, rotation of the main shaft results in the output shaft rotating. In other embodiments, the main shaft outputs the rotational energy.  
         [0125]     There are many benefits to the fuel turbine according to the present invention that may be useful in various applications that are fuel driven. The fuel turbine may create a great amount of power, e.g. between about 50 to 5000 horse power. For example, the coupling of components as described above may permit simple dismantling of components, such as for repair of the turbine system. This easy field-strippable aspect of the turbine may not require specialized repair tools or expertise and thus, the turbine may be suitable for use in vehicles and similar transportation means. The turbine may also be compact in size, permitting its use in a variety of small and large devices. In addition, the fuel turbine of the present invention provides minimal turbulence in fluid flow and rattling of parts and thereby typically does not make great noise, especially in high frequencies, that is common of some other previous and current fuel turbine devices. Any sound created by the combustion of fuel is usually a small amount and at low frequency, which may be easily muzzled. Thus, the present fuel turbine may be suitable in applications where noise pollution is a consideration.  
       EXAMPLES  
     Example  1   
     Comparison of Viscous Drag Pump with Conventional Vane-Type Pump in Pumping Viscous Fluid  
       [0126]     A direct comparison of a standard pump, which utilized a typical rotor assembly with vanes, was tested against the present invention. Two identical ⅛ horsepower 3650 rpm motors were fitted with different impeller assemblies. Pump A possessed a conventional vane-type rotor assembly, and pump B possessed the viscous drag impeller assembly. To determine the comparative efficiency of the two types of pumps, the amount of waste oil pumped over time was monitored. The standard pump was unable to transfer the waste oil and was shown to severely overheat during the course of the trial. In contrast, the pump utilizing the viscous drag assembly was able to circulate the oil without strain on the motor.  
         [0127]     To facilitate circulation of the viscous fluid and thereby compare the relative efficiency of the two pump designs, the waste oil was heated to 140° F. The pump equipped with the viscous drag assembly was able to transfer three gallons/minute in contrast to only one gallon/minute for the standard pump.  
       Example 2  
     Comparison of Impeller Assembly with Standard Rotor  
       [0128]     A controlled comparison of a standard rotor and an impeller assembly of the present invention was performed. Two 115 V, ½ hp pump motors (Dayton model # 3K380) were used in this study. One pump was fitted with a conventional rotor pump head (Grainger model #4RH42) having a 3.375″ diameter and a rotor depth of ⅜″, the other pump was fitted with an impeller assembly of the present invention having a 3.375″ diameter, but a 2″ rotor depth. Therefore, all motors, bases, plumbing, valves and the like were identical. With valves shut and pumps running, both systems used 7.7 amps. Below is a comparison of the two systems.  
                                                                                                                                                   Comparison of Conventional   Standard   Impeller           Rotor to Impeller Assembly   Rotor   Assembly                                        Pressure: Valves shut   17   psi   19   psi           One Valve Open   10   psi   13   psi                Both Valves Open   —   10   psi                Gallons per minute (+/− 5%)   24.6   30           One Valve Open           Gallons per minute (+/− 5%)   —   48           Both Valves Open                Amp Readings While Pumping   8.9   amps   10.3   amps                      
 
         [0129]     Further analysis comparing a conventional rotor and an impeller assembly of the present invention having the same diameter and rotor depth resulted in similar volume output. Notably, an increase in impeller assembly depth from ⅜″ to 2″ resulted in only a 10% increase in power consumption, but a significant increase in volume output. Throughout the studies, the noise and vibration levels for the pump employing an impeller assembly of the present invention were significantly less than that of the pump fitted with a conventional rotor.  
       Example 3  
     Comparison of Impeller Assembly Centrifugal Pump with Standard Centrifugal Pump Having a Bladed Impeller  
       [0130]     Several short-term and long-term tests comparing centrifugal pumps (0.5 HP and 1.5 HP) having an impeller assembly of the present invention with standard 0.5 and 1.5 HP centrifugal pumps having a bladed impeller were completed. The tests confirmed that conventional bladed impeller pumps suffer efficiency losses when operated at lower than 50% of maximum system pressure. For example, current consumption went flat when the conventional 1.5 HP centrifugal pump operated under 18 psi (50%). The conventional 1.5 HP centrifugal pump was not usable at pressures under 18 psi and wasted energy. The 0.5 HP centrifugal pump incorporating the impeller assembly of the present invention performed well, providing durability and silent operation. Even when operated at pressures of 2.45 psi, the output water was clear. The conventional bladed impeller pump produced aeration at 8 psi and was very loud. While testing the 1.5 HP pump incorporating the impeller assembly of the present invention, it was estimated to have diminished the noise level by at least 20 db compared to the conventional 1.5 HP bladed impeller pump. The centrifugal pumps incorporating the impeller assembly of the present invention were silent or nearly silent at all pump volumes and speeds.  
         [0131]     Most fluid-moving pumps operate at an industry standard of 3450 rpm or slower. The centrifugal pump incorporating the impeller assembly of the present invention easily operates to pump fluid at 5500 rpm. When operating to move gases, the pump of the present invention is operable at rotational rates of up to 22,000 rmp. Changing the number and spacing of the disks directly affects the volume, pressure, and ability to pump various types of fluid.  
         [heading-0132]     Test Protocols and Results  
         [0133]     A 55 gallon drum was fitted with a 1½ inch pipe. This suction line was a 24 inch long fitting over the 1½ inch pipe. The pump inlet was 1¼ to 1½ inches. The pipe outlet on the pump housing matched the port sizes on the baseline pump that was used. A 4 foot column of 1½ inch pipe containing a digital rotary vane flow meter (accuracy of ±0.5 gpm), a pressure gauge (accuracy ±1¼ psi) was positioned just above the pump, and a ball valve to regulate pressure and a return hose were utilized. No filters were used. Motor type: 230 volt single phase 1.5 HP current rating 7.9 amps, 3450 rpm.  
         [0134]     The conventional bladed impeller pump tested had a usable pressure range of 18-24 psi and produced at full flow 6.5 psi @93.6 gpm with 6.6 amps. At 18 psi, current was 6.3 amps which consisted of at least 40% volume gases. The working fluid was white and opaque instead of clear. In contrast, the 1.5 HP pump incorporating the impeller assembly of the present invention, at full flow, produced 7.5 psi @99.3 gpm with 9.4 amps and the working fluid was visibly clear with no aeration. At the opposite end of the spectrum, when the flow to the conventional bladed impeller pump was restricted, current flow dropped to 4.4 amps (7.9 amp motor rating), which indicates massive aeration. At dead-headed pressure, the pump having the impeller assembly described herein consumed 5.4 amps, indicating that the fluid remains in a normal state for far longer than with the conventional bladed impeller pump. Thus, the rate of failure in stress conditions (low flow) is greatly reduced when using the pump of the present invention.  
         [0135]     For a longer test, a 0.5 HP centrifugal pump incorporating an impeller assembly of the present invention was set up in a circulating loop in a 55 gallon drum and left to run for 8 months around the clock. In that time, it pumped 9.3 million gallons at a 120% electrical load with no overheating or malfunctions. The pressure for most of the eight-month test was only 2.45 psi (14% of maximum) and no aeration was observed. The conventional bladed impeller that was tested turned the water completely white when operated at 8.5 psi (47% of maximum), indicating a high level of cavitation, loss of efficiency, and potential damage to the pump.  
         [0136]     During long term testing, the water in the drum never exceeded the ambient temperature of 80° F. A conventional bladed impeller pump would have elevated the temperature to at least 120° F. in one day. The water being pumped was unfiltered and contained a variety of particulates that were potential clogging materials. In the 8 month test, the pump of the present invention never lost volume or pressure.  
       Example 4  
     Impeller Assembly Pump for Marine Propulsion Applications  
       [0137]     An impeller assembly of the present invention comprising 16 discs having an inter-disc spacing of 0.050 inch to make an array 1.5 inches thick and 6 inches in diameter was incorporated in a standard 9 HP outboard motor (the “test motor”). In this embodiment, the pump replaces the propeller and is mounted in an enclosed condition, which greatly reduces operational hazards to the operators, their guests and equipment, and the marine environment. Additionally, the outboard motor incorporating the impeller assembly of the present invention was not as sensitive to RPM as the conventional propeller-driven motor and operated substantially more efficiently. In the test environment, the test motor operated at 5000 RPM with no aeration of the propelling fluid. The conventional propeller motor experienced large losses during operation at over 2800 RPM as a result of cavitation, resulting in serious performance limitations in both outboard and inboard marine motor applications. One important advantage of motors incorporating the impeller assembly of the present invention is their ability to operate at relatively high RPM eliminates the need for a transmission, producing lower drag, more efficient, quieter operation.  
         [0138]     The test motor was no damaged by the presence of particulates in the fluid. Particulates having an average particle size of up to 0.050 inch are well tolerated by motors incorporating the impeller system of the present invention. The impeller assembly is resistant to erosion and abrasion and, if the impeller assembly is plugged with sand or other particulates, the obstruction may be conveniently cleared by back flushing when the motor is inactivated.  
         [0139]     The impeller assembly of the present invention may be employed in both inboard and outboard marine applications. Construction and maintenance of the impeller assembly is simple and inexpensive. An impeller assembly may also be conveniently retrofitted onto existing marine motors by removing the transmission and lower power unit, including the propeller, and replacing these with the impeller assembly.  
       Example 5  
     Impeller Assembly Pump for Multi-Stage and Series Centrifugal Pump Applications  
       [0140]     A “test pump” incorporating an impeller assembly of the present invention was constructed and, under normal (no flow restrictions) operating conditions produced 6-8 inches of vacuum. When the flow was substantially restricted to 3% of the “normal,” no flow restriction volume, the test pump produced 24 inches of vacuum. When the flow was blocked on the suction side, the test pump produced 27 inches of vacuum. It is anticipated that operation of the test pump at 3% of normal volume could be sustained, producing substantial levels of vacuum and producing high pumping and liquid lifting capacity.  
         [0141]     The high vacuum levels observed also indicate that the impeller assembly of the present invention would perform well in multi-stage pump embodiments, as well as in series-pump applications. A multi-stage pump of the present invention may comprise, for example, two or more impeller assemblies driving a common shaft. In a series pump application, multiple pumps, each incorporating one or more impeller assemblies of the present invention, may be assembled, in a series arrangement, to increase the capacity of the system. Additionally, the centrifugal pump incorporating the impeller assembly of the present invention is substantially self-priming and, provided there is liquid in the system, generally does not require a priming operation.  
       Example 6  
     Power Generation Using High RPM Impeller Assemblies  
       [0142]     An impeller assembly of the present invention comprising 24 discs having an inter-disc spacing of 0.020 inch to make a stacked disc array 1.5 inches thick and 6 inches in diameter was tested using compressed air to determine the potential rotational output. Rotational speeds of in excess of 22,000 RPM were achieved. This indicates that the impeller assembly of the present invention may be employed in numerous power generation applications in which bladed turbines are currently used. Turbines employing the impeller assembly of the present invention, employed in applications such as stationary turbines, steam turbines and steam turbine vehicles, marine propulsion, geothermal steam turbines, waste heat recovery turbines and solar driven turbines, would provide advantages over conventional turbine assemblies and would provide higher efficiency, quieter operation, simpler, less expensive construction and maintenance requirements, better erosion resistance and longer lifespan. Gas turbines may also employ the impeller assembly of the present invention to provide output at reduced noise levels and provide a high level of erosion resistance.  
         [0143]     While in the foregoing specification this invention has been described in relation to certain preferred embodiments thereof, and many details have been set forth for purpose of illustration, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention is susceptible to various changes and modification as well as additional embodiments and that certain of the details described herein may be varied considerably without departing from the basic spirit and scope of the invention.