Abstract:
Methods for adjusting the curvature of a slider may include providing a first slider including an air bearing surface and a back surface opposite the air bearing surface. The camber and crown of the first slider are measured, and a plurality of scribes are made at positions on the back surface of the first slider. The change in camber and crown due to each scribe on the first slider is measured. The scribe position and change in crown and camber per position is recorded in a data structure. A second slider is provided, the second slider including an air bearing surface and a back surface opposite the air bearing surface. The camber and crown of the second slider are measured. A desired amount of change in crown and camber is determined. Scribe positions are selected based on information from the data structure so that the desired amount of change in crown and camber will be obtained. The back surface of the second slider is scribed at the selected scribe positions.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    Embodiments of the present invention relate generally to disk drive systems and to the manufacture of slider devices used in the disk drive system. More particularly, certain embodiments relate to methods for controlling the adjustment of crown and camber of sliders using scribing.  
         DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART  
         [0002]    Magnetic storage systems typically include a rotatable magnetic disk having concentric data tracks defined for storing data, and a magnetic recording head or transducer for reading data from and writing data to the various data tracks. In typical disk drive systems, a stack of one or more magnetic disks is mounted over a spindle on a drive motor. The system also includes a head actuator for moving the magnetic recording head relative to the disk surfaces, and electronic circuitry for processing signals to implement various functions of the disk drive.  
           [0003]    The head is attached to a carrier or slider having an air bearing surface which is supported during operation adjacent to the data surface of the disk by a cushion of air generated by the rotating disk. The terms “head” and “slider” are sometimes both used to refer to the slider having a head attached thereon. The slider design affects the efficiency, density, speed and accuracy with which the data can be read and written to the disk. Recording density generally depends on the separation distance between the recording element of the head and the disk. Lower flying heights are usually desired to achieve high areal density recording. As flying height is reduced, it becomes increasingly difficult to maintain the flying height accuracy to the degree necessary for reliable reading and recording of data. In addition, lower flying heights can lead to undesirable interactions between the head and the disk.  
           [0004]    As the disk typically includes a hard carbon coating, the slider is typically fabricated from a hard ceramic material so that any interactions between the disk and air bearing surface of the slider will not result in premature wear or breakage of the slider. In addition, the slider material should be relatively inert so that no chemical reactions take place on the air bearing surface. As illustrated in FIG. 1, sliders are usually derived from a wafer  10  made from a ceramic material such as a mixture of aluminun oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) and titanium carbide (TiC). The components of each read/write device are formed or deposited on a surface  12  of the wafer  10  and the wafer  10  is diced into rows such as row  20  illustrated in FIG. 2. The row  20  has an end surface  12  having the read/write device and a row face that is processed, usually by polishing and/or etching, to form an air bearing surface  18 . The row  20  is then diced into individual sliders  30  having an air bearing surface  18  and a read/write device surface  12  on which the read/write device is typically located at a central position  32 , as illustrated in FIG. 3. The end surface  12  of the slider at the position where the read/write device is located may also be known as the trailing edge. FIG. 4 a  illustrates a slider  30  having a leading edge  14 , a trailing edge  12 , an air bearing side  18 , a back or flex side  22 , and x and y directions. FIG. 4 b  illustrates a side view of the slider  30  from the y direction and shows a disk  40  over which the slider  40  flies.  
           [0005]    The slider is often formed with an aerodynamic pattern of protrusions (air bearing pattern) on the air bearing surface which enable the slider to fly at a constant height close to the disk during operation of the disk drive. It has been found that several important characteristics of the slider related to obtaining the desired flying characteristics for the slider are crown, camber and twist. These characteristics relate to the curvature of the slider. Crown is the deviation from an imaginary planar air bearing surface in the direction of air flow (x-direction, or leading edge to trailing edge), with a concave air bearing shape defined as negative crown and a convex shape defined as positive crown. Similarly, camber is the deviation from the same imaginary planar surface in the y-direction (normal to the direction of air flow). A concave shape is defined as negative camber and a convex shape is defined as positive camber. The crown is the maximum spacing between the surface of back side  22  and the dotted line in FIG. 4 b,  which is along the x-direction. Similarly, the camber is the maximum spacing between the back surface and a dotted line along the y-direction. Twist is the difference between diagonal curvatures. For typical slider designs, neither negative crown nor negative camber of the air bearing surface is desired because it leads to variations in the slider flying height and also makes it more likely that the edges and corners of the slider will damage the recording medium should there be contact between them.  
           [0006]    Adjusting any one parameter of the crown and camber can lead to changes in the other parameters, as they all pertain to the same surface. It has been difficult to control these parameters because when an operation is carried out to control one parameter, the other may change in an unpredictable and undesirable manner.  
         SUMMARY  
         [0007]    Embodiments include methods for adjusting the curvature of a slider.  
           [0008]    Certain embodiments relate to methods including providing a first slider including an air bearing surface and a back surface opposite the air bearing surface. The camber and crown of the first slider are measured, and a plurality of scribes are made at positions on the back surface of the first slider. The change in camber and crown due to each scribe on the first slider is measured. The scribe position and change in crown and camber per position is recorded in a data structure. A second slider is provided, the second slider including an air bearing surface and a back surface opposite the air bearing surface. The camber and crown of the second slider are measured. A desired amount of change in crown and camber is determined. Scribe positions are selected based on information from the data structure so that the desired amount of change in crown and camber will be obtained. The back surface of the second slider is scribed at the selected scribe positions.  
           [0009]    Embodiments may also relate to a method for adjusting slider curvature including providing a first row of sliders, measuring the camber and crown of the first row of sliders, and making scribes at selected positions on the first row of sliders. The change in camber and crown due to the scribes made on the first row of sliders is measured. The method also includes recording in a data structure the selected positions and the change in crown and camber per selected position. A second row of sliders is provided and the camber and crown of the second row is sliders is measured. A desired amount of change in crown and camber on the second row of sliders is determined. Scribe positions are selected based on information from the data structure so that the desired amount of change in crown and camber will be obtained; and the second row of sliders are scribed at the selected scribe positions.  
           [0010]    Embodiments may also include updating the data structure from the first set of sliders using the position specific changes in crown and camber from a second and any subsequent sets of sliders. The data structure, including any number of updates, may provide representative changes in crown and camber for the particular slider type. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0011]    Embodiments of the invention are described with reference to the accompanying drawings which, for illustrative purposes, are schematic and not necessarily drawn to scale.  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a wafer from which a plurality of sliders may be manufactured.  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a row cut from the wafer of FIG. 1 during slider manufacturing.  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an individual slider component diced from the row of FIG. 2.  
         [0015]    [0015]FIGS. 4 a  and  4   b  illustrate slider curve parameters and the relationship between a slider and an disk surface.  
         [0016]    [0016]FIGS. 5 a  and  5   b  illustrate laser scribe line designs according to embodiments of the present invention.  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 6 illustrates crown and camber change as a function of scribe line location in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 7 illustrates a group of admissible crown and camber change combinations obtained from the data of FIG. 6.  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 8 illustrates crown and camber values for sliders before and after adjustment in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 9 illustrates a table showing scribe line locations to obtain the target values for the crown and camber for the sliders in FIG. 8.  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 10 illustrates the results of a two installment process for forming scribe lines for the simultaneous adjust of crown and camber on a half row of sliders in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0022]    FIGS.  11 ( a ) and  11 ( b ) illustrate two patterns of vertical laser scribes on the flex side of a slider in accordance with embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 12 illustrates a scribe pattern showing both vertical and lateral scribe lines on the flex side of a slider in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0024]    Preferred embodiments of the present invention are described with reference to FIGS.  5 - 11 . While the invention is described in terms of the best mode for achieving this invention&#39;s objectives, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that variations may be accomplished in view of these teachings without deviating from the spirit or scope of the invention.  
         [0025]    Certain preferred embodiments of the present invention provide methods for adjusting crown and camber by manipulating the location and number of scribe lines on the flex side of the slider. The crown and camber can be adjusted by predetermined amounts and in a predictable manner, by controlling the scribe location and the number of scribes.  
         [0026]    As seen in FIG. 5( a ), a coordinate frame can be superimposed on the slider flex (back) side, and scribe lines S can be referenced and positioned using a device such as, for example, that described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,075,604 and 6,108,170, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. As seen in FIG. 5( a ), an x-y coordinate frame is shown, where a single vertical laser scribe line S has been made that extends from a location close to the trailing edge (top) to the leading edge (bottom). FIG. 5( b ) illustrates both vertical and horizontal scribe lines S superimposed on each other.  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 6 illustrates scribe line locations versus crown and camber change for vertical laser scribes on a test sample which has two diagonal scribes on the flex side. A homogeneous crown increase and non-homogeneous camber change was observed. The strong location dependency for camber and weak location dependency for crown permits the independent adjustment of the crown and camber. In this example, 13 laser scribe lines were made in sequence, including a scribe line at the center of the slider (the 0.0 position), and 12 scribe lines at 0.04 mm intervals towards one side of the slider. The data was then mirrored around the center line to create the symmetrical plot of FIG. 6. As seen from the data, the crown change was relatively constant regardless of the location of the scribe line. The camber change, on the other hand, varied greatly, with the greatest camber change at the center line and decreasing amounts of camber change as the scribe lines approach the sides of the slider.  
         [0028]    From the data of FIG. 6, a number of methods can be used for achieving simultaneous crown and camber adjustment. One method includes the construction of a mapping such that a pair of entries of desired crown and camber change will map to one or more unique laser scribe patterns, with such change being predicted based on previous data. The construction of the mapping may begin by counting all possible crown and camber changes for all laser scribe patterns from the curves shown in FIG. 6. For example, for a total of 25 locations spaced 0.04 mm apart, each location can be independently laser scribed or not, which yields a total combination of 25 independent ON/OFF binary switches for a total of 2 25 =33,554,432 possibilities. Each of the possibilities yields a crown and camber change.  
         [0029]    Mathematically, the total changes can also be represented as below for crown and camber change:  
         total crown change=F1*N1+F2*N2+. . .+F25*N25   (Eq. 1 crown)  
         total camber change=G1*N1+G2*N2+. . .+G25*N25   (Eq. 1 camber)  
         [0030]    where Fn is the crown change from scribe number n at location n, n=1, . . . 25;  
         [0031]    where Gn is the camber change from scribe number n at location n, n=1, . . . 25;  
         [0032]    where Nn (where n=1, . . . 25) is either 0 or 1; 0 means the indexed location received no laser scribe, 1 means the indexed location received a scribe; and  
         [0033]    where the center scribe is at n=13.  
         [0034]    The sequence N1, . . . , N25 can be generalized to take on any real (or fractional) values rather than binary to represent fractional laser scribe lines (shorter scribe lines). The total curvature change can be computed from a mapping of the scribes by sequentially indexing through all admissible combinations of (N1, N2, . . . , N25). Consider the case when each N1, N2, . . . , N25 is either 0 or 1. When N25 is reached, the value simply becomes a 25-bit binary number. Let this 25-bit binary number sequentially iterate from 1 to 2 25 , and calculate the corresponding crown and camber change according to Eq. 1 at each iteration. We then obtain the numerical equivalent of the mapping from scribe pattern to crown or camber change. The information can be entered into a data structure, and the iterative calculations and mapping can be easily handled by computer. In mathematical terms, it is preferred that subsets of the domain and range of the mapping should be selected so that the mapping becomes a one-to-one and therefore inversible. Selection of such subsets may be based on an engineering criterion such as balanced left and right scribe pattern for easy implementation and also symmetric bending of the slider, yet still achieving sufficient resolution. In such an example, providing that an admissible scribe pattern is always symmetric about the center scribe location N13 can be carried out by adding the following logic check at each iteration:  
         [0035]    IF (N1=N25) AND (N2=N24) . . . AND (N12=N14)  
         [0036]    THEN record the mapping and do crown and camber change calculation  
         [0037]    ELSE ignore this scribe pattern.  
         [0038]    The actual data points plotted in FIG. 7 represent such a symmetric subset of all admissible scribe patterns, which in most cases produces a sufficiently dense mapping from scribe pattern onto respective crown and camber changes. Once this mapping from scribe pattern to crown/camber change is established, a reverse mapping is readily obtained by simply indexing the crown/camber change combination to retrieve the needed scribe pattern, i.e., the values of (N1, N2, . . . , N25). Further, this reverse mapping actually consists of discretely populated grid points. Any point (meaning crown/camber change) falls within a grid that can be interpolated to retrieve a scribe pattern with even finer resolution, if fractional scribe lines are utilized.  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 7 exhibits a mapping of 680 entries out of the 2 25  possibilities, as camber change versus crown change. The crown and camber can thus be modified to values within the curve of FIG. 7 by indexing the closest point corresponding to the desired crown and camber change. Such indexing can be simplified though the use of a computer assisted look-up table scheme. The example indicated in the box in FIG. 7 shows that to obtain a crown and camber changes of 7.4 and 2.9 nm, respectively, one should scribe at locations 4, 5, 6, 20, 21, 22, i.e.,  
         [0040]    N1=N2=N3=0,  
         [0041]    N4=N5=N6=1,  
         [0042]    N1=N2=N3=N7=N8=N9=N10=N11=N12=N13=N14=N15=N16=N17=N18=N19=0,  
         [0043]    N20=N21=N22=1, and  
         [0044]    N23=N24=N25=0.  
         [0045]    [0045]FIG. 8 illustrates crown and camber values for sliders before and after adjustment using the above method. The average pre-adjust camber value was −1.4 nm and the standard deviation was 1.6 nm. The average pre-adjust crown value was 6.7 nm and the standard deviation was 3.8 nm. The target value for crown was 18 nm and for camber was 10 nm. Using a computer table lookup, scribe line cut patterns to obtain the above target values were determined as illustrated in the table of FIG. 9. The scribe lines were made using a YAG laser have a 1064 nm wavelength, at 140 kHz, 3.5 W power, and a 10 ms scan time per scribe of 1 mm length. The post-adjust values as shown in FIG. 8, and were 9.5 nm with a standard deviation of 0.6 for crown and 17.2 nm with a standard deviation of 1.1 for camber. These values are very close to the target values.  
         [0046]    Variation in slider fabrication process control can result in variations of crown and camber responsiveness to laser scribe lines. For even more precise adjustment, multiple installments, where each installment is given respective sub-targets on crown and camber, can be carried out. Thus, actual crown and camber responsiveness to laser scribes of the targeted sliders can be determined in-situ and process variation can be compensated for by, for example, a method such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,075,604, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.  
         [0047]    A two installment process was carried out and the results illustrated in FIG. 10, which shows the simultaneous adjust of crown and camber on a half row of sliders. The reference numbers  0 ,  1  and  2  in the figure represent the initial, first installment, and second (final) installment values. As seen in FIG. 10, the target values were 18 nm for crown and 10 nm for camber, and the final values obtained were 18.0 nm with a standard deviation of 0.6 nm for crown and 8.8 nm with a standard deviation of 0.9 for camber.  
         [0048]    Slider crown and camber adjustment as described above is not limited to vertical laser scribes as set forth above. Lateral laser scribes contribute to different characteristics in crown and camber response sensitivity to laser scribe location than do vertical scribes. For example, as shown in FIG. 6, for vertical scribes there is a strong location dependency for camber and weak location dependency for crown. Similarly, it is expected that for lateral scribes, there is a strong location dependency for crown and a weak location dependency for camber. The admissible range of simultaneous crown and camber adjustment as shown in the example of FIG. 7 can be augmented with the inclusion of both lateral and vertical scribe patterns and their combination. Two patterns of vertical laser scribes on the flex side of a slider are illustrated in FIGS.  11 ( a ) and  11 ( b ). The two lateral lines extending across the surface came from diamond scribing conducted prior to the formation of the laser scribes. This surface treatment acts to provide surface stress for subsequent controlled release by laser scribing and is described in U.S. application Ser. Nos. 09/253,671 and 09/277,862, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. An example pattern showing both vertical and lateral scribe lines is illustrated in FIG. 12.  
         [0049]    Measuring curvature and forming the laser scribes may be made using a variety of methods as known in the art. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,075,604 and 6,108,170 describe certain measuring curvature and forming scribes and each is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Scribes may be made using a variety of systems, including, but not limited to pulsed laser, continuous laser, diamond or other hard material tool, or other system that modifies the surface stress of the slider. In addition, the scribes may take a variety of forms including, but not limited to a continuous line, a dotted line, a series of line segments, or curved path along the slider surface.  
         [0050]    Co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. xx/xxx,xxx, entitled “Control of Twist, Crown and Camber for Sliders Using Location Sensitive Scribing,” having docket no. SJ0000022US1, relates to adjusting slider curvature and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. xx/xxx,xxx, entitled “Enhanced Twist Adjust Range With Scribed Lines for Slider Curvature Adjust,” having docket no. SJ0000024US1, also relates to adjusting slider curvature and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.  
         [0051]    It will, of course, be understood that modifications of the present invention, in its various aspects, will be apparent to those skilled in the art. For example, while mechanical scribes and laser scribes may be used as discussed above, other types of scribes and/or methods of influencing surface stresses may also be applied to embodiments of the present invention. In addition, embodiments may be applicable to individual sliders and/or sliders attached together in rows. Additional embodiments are possible, their specific features depending upon the particular application.