Abstract:
The present invention provides an efficient, safe and cost effective way to prepare 5-(4-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-benzenamine which is an intermediate for the preparation of substituted pyrimidinylaminobenzamides of formula (II):

Description:
This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/688,920, filed Jun. 9, 2005. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides an efficient, safe and cost effective way to prepare 5-(4-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-benzenamine of the following formula (I): 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The compound of formula (I) is an intermediate for the preparation of substituted pyrimidinylaminobenzamides of formula (II): 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Compounds of formula (II) have been disclosed in W. Breitenstein et al., WO 04/005281 A1, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. These compounds have been shown to inhibit one or more tyrosine kinases, such as c-Abl, Bcr-Abl, the receptor tyrosine kinases PDGF-R, Flt3, VEGF-R, EGF-R and c-Kit. As such, compounds of formula (II) can be used for the treatment of certain neoplastic diseases, such as leukemia. 
     Previous synthesis of compound (I) involves a 4 step synthetic route starting with an aromatic substitution reaction of compound (IIIa), 4-methyl-1H-imidazole, with compound (IV), which requires employing high energy (150° C.) (Scheme 1). 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Furthermore, transformation of compound (VI) to compound (VII) via Curtius rearrangement utilizes an unsafe reagent, diphenylphosphorylazide. This reaction produces inconsistent product yields and quality. In addition, removing the resulting diphenylphosphoric acid by-product is difficult. The carbamate product (VII) needs to be purified by chromatography, which is expensive and time consuming for commercial operations. 
     It is an object of this invention to provide alternative processes to make the compound of formula (I) efficiently and in high yields. 
     It is a further object of this invention to make compound (I) from lower cost starting materials and reagents. 
     It is a still further object of this invention to provide for a process to make the compound of formula (I) using safer reagents. 
     The present invention overcomes the problems of the reaction shown in Scheme 1 above. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides novel synthetic processes for the manufacture of 5-(4-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-benzenamine having formula (I): 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The compound of formula (I) is an intermediate for the preparation of substituted pyrimidinylaminobenzamides of formula (II) which have been disclosed in W. Breitenstein et al, WO 04/005281, which published on Jan. 15, 2004, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference. A preferred compound of formula (II) is 4-methyl-3-[[4-(3-pyridinyl)-2-pyrimidinyl]amino]-N-[5-(4-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]benzamide. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The general reaction scheme of the invention can be illustrated in the following embodiments: 
     In a first embodiment, the present invention provides the general process of making compound (I) as follows: 
                                
Step A involves a base and nucleophilic aromatic substitution for the synthesis of 4-methyl-1-(3-nitro-5-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-1H-imidazole (III). Step B is a reduction leading to compound (I).
 
     The base may be selected from an alkoxide, a hydride, a carbonate or a phosphate. Preferably the base is a potassium alkoxide, sodium alkoxide, sodium hydride, potassium carbonate or potassium phosphate. The solvent used in Step A is selected from N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), or 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) or mixtures thereof. 
     A second embodiment involves coupling of dinitrobenzotrifluoride and 4-methyl-1H-imidazole followed by a hydrogenation reaction. 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     In addition, a third embodiment involves a further step for each of the process described above optionally involving the transformation of compound (III) into a salt of the formula (IV), for purification reasons, as illustrated by the following scheme: 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Here a solution of compound (III) is treated with an acid, or a solution thereof in water or an organic solvent, followed by isolation of the salt (IV), e.g., by filtration. 
     Compound (III) may then be obtained by treating salt (IV) with a base, preferably with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, and isolating the free base (III) by extraction or crystallization. 
     The coupling reaction works in several common polar aprotic solvents, including dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), DMF, diglyme, THF, NMP and DMA. 
     It has been found, in accordance with the present invention that the coupling reaction of methylimidazole and dinitrobenzotrifluoride works better in DMA as the solvent, at a temperature in the range of 80-150° C., preferably 90-140° C. When K 2 CO 3  or other bases are present, decomposition happens quite fast. Since the reaction mixture is not stable, reaction temperature and time should be reduced as much as possible. A faster heating and cooling cycle or shorter reaction time intervals, e.g., using microwave or by additional heat exchanger capacity in batch vessels or by using continuous reaction equipment will lead to less decomposition and a cleaner reaction. 
     K 3 PO 4  has a similar performance compared to K 2 CO 3 , but the reaction is faster in the second case. A crude yield of &gt;40% can be obtained according to the procedure described herein. 
     Reduction of the nitroimidazol intermediate, compound (III), can be performed using hydrogen gas or hydrogen transfer agents such as formic acid or ammonium formate, in the presence of common supported transition Group VIII metal catalysts, such as palladium, platinum, nickel or any combination. The metal is incorporated on the support in an amount of from 0.1-20 weight percent, based on the total weight of the metal and support. A combination of catalysts may also be used. It is within the scope of the present invention that the catalyst may also include a promoter or a co-promoter. The preferred reduction process, hydrogenation, uses hydrogen gas and palladium catalyst. The hydrogenation is usually performed at hydrogen pressure ranging 1-20 bar, preferably 5-10 bar. The crude product can also be isolated as hydrochloride salt. The final purification is achieved by crystallization of the free base, compound (I). 
     The following examples more particularly illustrate the present invention, but do not limit the invention in any way. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     In a 200 L vessel, 9 kg of dinitrobenzotrifluoride, 5.3 kg of potassium carbonate and 84.6 kg of DMA are placed. After 10 minutes, stirring for a good mixture (dark red color), 3.8 kg of 4-methyl-1H-imidazole is charged, and the mixture is heated under stirring to 95° C. for 15-20 hours until analysis shows no starting material. The dark red-brown mixture is cooled down to 30° C., poured onto water under good stirring, filtered and washed with water, to yield ca. 5 kg of crude product, as a dark-brown wet solid. Analysis shows 1:9 of the wrong isomer. This solid is treated with cyclohexane and charcoal under heating, then the mixture is clarified, the cake washed with hot cyclohexane. The combined filtrates are cooled down to room temperature and a beige solid precipitates. Expected yield: 2.6-3.6 kg; 25-35%. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Hydrogenation Using Pd/C Catalyst 
     34.4 g of the nitro intermediate (III), prepared according to Example 1, 1.72 g, 5% Pd/C and 217 mL of methanol were charged into a hydrogenation vessel. After usual inertization, hydrogenation was performed at 70-75° C. and 4.2-7.5 bar for 2 hours. Following reaction completion by gas chromatographic analyses, the catalyst was filtered off and then rinsed with methanol. The filtrates were combined and most of the solvents was distilled off under vacuum. 174 mL of methanol and 526 mL of acetone were added to the solid residue. After the addition of 17 g of aqueous hydrochloric acid, the hydrochloride salt precipitated out. The suspension was cooled down to −10° C. to −5° C. and stirred for 30 minutes. Then the salt was filtered and washed with 58 mL of acetone. 319 mL of methanol was added to the wet hydrochloride salt and the suspension was heated to 58-62 C. After the addition of 18 g of sodium bicarbonate and 756 g water, the solution is filtered and cooled to 3-7° C. The crystallized product, compound (I), was filtered, washed with water and dried under vacuum at 60-75° C. (yield: 19.1 g, 62% of theory, purity &gt;99%). 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     The following involves a hydrogenation process using the Raney Nickel catalyst. The nitro intermediate (III) (7.5 kg), Raney Nickel (0.375 kg) and methanol (32.5 kg) are charged; and purged with nitrogen and vacuum several times and then with hydrogen plus vacuum 3 times. The pressure is adjusted to 4 bar and then heated to 70° C. The pressure is kept at 4 bar until no more hydrogen is consumed; followed by stirring at this temperature for 2 additional hours. The pressure and sample are released by the bottom valve. If reaction is not complete according to analysis, reheat to 70° C. under 4 bar H gas and stir another hour. If reaction is complete, clarify the reaction mixture through a cartridge filter. The solvent is removed by vacuum distillation (maximum 60° C.) and added to the residue toluene (44 kg) and acetone (121 kg). Over this mixture hydrochloric acid (3.7 kg) is added dropwise. The white solid is centrifuged and washed with acetone. This solid is dissolved in methanol (55 kg) at 60° C., and to this solution another one of sodium bicarbonate (3.95 kg) in water (165 kg) is added keeping the temperature below 60° C. 0.7 kg of carbon are added and the mixture is stirred at 60° C. for an hour. It is then clarified and cooled to 15-20° C. After stirring for one hour at this temperature, the mixture is centrifuged and washed twice with water. The solid is dried until the water content is below 0.5%. The expected amount it 5.5 kg (82.5% yield).