Abstract:
A dynamic fluid flow system for training. The system incorporates transparent piping, transparent pump components, transparent valve components, and other components found in most fluid flow systems which provide visual feedback for training purposes when training personnel on the fluid flow system. The fluid flow system of the present invention includes all elements which would typically be found on a fluid flow system used in industrial facilities such as power plants, and allows full training and certification of personnel on a full interactive dynamic system which produces visual feedback not capable on existing training systems or even on actual systems used in industrial applications. An embodiment of the present invention could be in the form of a portable system which can be transported in a standard trailer or even deployed in a vehicle for remote deployment.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/281,434 filed Jan. 21, 2016, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    The present invention relates generally to a training system and method for use thereof, and more specifically to training system and method for use within a dynamic fluid flow system. 
         [0004]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0005]    Fluid flow systems incorporate a number of instruments, valves, pumps, heat exchangers, and other elements which require personnel to become intimately familiar with. The problem is that testing on actual fluid flow systems in practice cannot be used for training and practice without potentially damaging the system itself or its components, and computer simulations cannot provide the tactile and dynamic training and teaching components that can be achieved with a real fluid flow system. Existing training tools provide physical training for limited elements, and cannot produce the dynamic results of a full fluid flow system. What is needed is a dynamic fluid flow system for training purposes which provide visual and tactile teaching elements for training. 
         [0006]    Heretofore there has not been available a training system or method for a dynamic fluid flow system with the advantages and features of the present invention. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0007]    The present invention generally provides a dynamic fluid flow system for training. The system incorporates transparent piping, transparent pump components, transparent valve components, and other components found in most fluid flow systems which provide visual feedback for training purposes when training personnel on the fluid flow system. The fluid flow system of the present invention includes all elements which would typically be found on a fluid flow system used in industrial facilities such as power plants, and allows full training and certification of personnel on a full interactive dynamic system which produces visual feedback not capable on existing training systems or even on actual systems used in industrial applications. An embodiment of the present invention could be in the form of a portable system which can be transported in a standard trailer or even deployed in a vehicle for remote deployment. 
         [0008]    The present invention provides an innovative, hands-on solution for staff and personnel training. The clear material that the elements are constructed from allows students and other staff to easily visually see the effects of system inputs in real time. Flow theory can be seen in action which can enhance the staff and personnel members&#39; understanding of the fluid flow mechanics they have been taught, including cavitation, voiding, valve throttling, filling, venting &amp; draining, and other fluid flow mechanics. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0009]    The drawings constitute a part of this specification and include exemplary embodiments of the present invention illustrating various objects and features thereof. 
           [0010]      FIG. 1  is a piping diagram for a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0011]      FIG. 2  is a piping diagram of a surge tank portion of the preferred embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 . 
           [0012]      FIG. 3  is a piping diagram of a pump portion of the preferred embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 . 
           [0013]      FIG. 4  is a piping diagram of a horizontal flow velocity demonstrator portion of the preferred embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 . 
           [0014]      FIG. 5  is a piping diagram of a heat exchanger portion of the preferred embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 . 
           [0015]      FIG. 6  is a piping diagram of a vertical flow velocity demonstrator portion of the preferred embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 . 
           [0016]      FIG. 7  is a piping diagram of a filter/strainer portion of the preferred embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 . 
           [0017]      FIG. 8  is a piping diagram of a makeup/drain portion of the preferred embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 . 
           [0018]      FIG. 9  is a piping diagram of a secondary loop portion of the preferred embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 . 
           [0019]      FIG. 10  is a piping diagram of a drain portion of the preferred embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 . 
           [0020]      FIG. 11  is a piping diagram of a mobile/portable fluid flow trainer. 
           [0021]      FIG. 12  is an illustrated diagram of a mobile/portable fluid flow trainer. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     I. Introduction and Environment 
       [0022]    As required, detailed aspects of the present invention are disclosed herein, however, it is to be understood that the disclosed aspects are merely exemplary of the invention, which may be embodied in various forms. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art how to variously employ the present invention in virtually any appropriately detailed structure. 
         [0023]    Certain terminology will be used in the following description for convenience in reference only and will not be limiting. For example, up, down, front, back, right and left refer to the invention as orientated in the view being referred to. The words, “inwardly” and “outwardly” refer to directions toward and away from, respectively, the geometric center of the aspect being described and designated parts thereof. Forwardly and rearwardly are generally in reference to the direction of travel, if appropriate. Said terminology will include the words specifically mentioned, derivatives thereof and words of similar meaning. 
         [0024]    Fluid flow systems as discussed in the present invention include any systems capable of producing flowing fluid through a series of pipes, valves, pumps, and other instruments. These systems may be used in any industrial or commercial application, including but not limited to power plants, breweries, food preparation, and gas or liquid transfer and production. It is the intent of the present invention that all feasible elements be constructed from a transparent or semi-transparent material such that the flow of fluid through all components is visible to trainees and trainers utilizing the system. 
       II. Preferred Embodiment Dynamic Fluid Flow Training System  1   
       [0025]    The primary purpose of the present invention is to create and use a dynamic fluid flow system for training purposes. The present invention is completely functional and could be used in an actual fluid flow system for industrial or commercial purposes. As shown in  FIG. 13  the invention is constructed from a plurality of transparent PVC pipe segments connecting several valves, pumps, and other components of a fluid flow system. Each of the valves, pumps, and components are also constructed from transparent PVC material or other similar material (e.g. acrylic) which allows trainees an unprecedented view of the fluid flowing through the system. 
         [0026]    The primary purpose of the present invention is to provide a tactile training system that the trainees can interact with while providing visual demonstrations of what is actually occurring inside of the system at all times. The invention can provide instruction, demonstration, testing, and practice of a number of situations including, but not limited to:
       Cavitation effects on pumps and motors   Water Hammer   Head loss calculations   Centrifugal and Positive displacement pump operations and maintenance   Single, Parallel and Series pump operating characteristics   Proper fill, vent and drain of systems   Implications and damage due to improper fill and vent of systems   Heat generation and removal   Heat exchanger types, characteristics and maintenance   Flange training, gasket replacement and proper bolt torque practices   Void characteristics and management   Chemical injection flow properties   Filter and strainer applications and maintenance   Flow characteristics of different piping sizes   System losses through different piping valves and components   Dynamic and laminar flow characteristics   Valve throttling characteristics   Valve packing replacement   Expansion joint maintenance   Strainer and filter maintenance       
 
         [0047]    In addition to the theory and practical applications of the present invention, the system can also provide training and certification in a number of related areas, such as human performance tool training and utilization (e.g. STAR; Peer Checks; Concurrent Checks and Independent Verifications; Procedure Use and Adherence; Place Keeping; and Questioning Attitude) as well as Divisional error reduction fundamentals and techniques (e.g. Teamwork; Knowledge; Control; Monitoring; and Conservatism). 
         [0048]    Other training and teaching results that can be provided while using the present invention include Maintenance Work Order Development and Implementation; Print Reading Fundamentals and Practical Application; and Clearance Order and Red Hold Tag Installation and Removal. 
         [0049]    The system as shown in  FIGS. 1-9  provides a CCFF permanently mounted fluid flow trainer. The multi-level platforms consist of a framework of strut channel design materials or suitable similar materials. The equipment is strategically placed on decking trays designed to contain and divert any fluids to drains in the event of unforeseen leakage, draining, maintenance activities, and in the case of failure. The placement of the equipment facilitates the demonstration and instruction methods for training on the system. Various instruments and components are used to monitor operating parameters throughout the system, such as pressure sensors, flow rate sensors, and other devices. 
         [0050]      FIG. 1  shows an example piping diagram for a first embodiment of the present invention which is a room-sized fluid flow training system  1 . The system is broken up into several sections as shown in  FIGS. 2-11 . These sections include the Surge Tank Section  256 , the Pump Section  258 , the Filter Section  260 , the Vertical Flow Velocity Demonstrator Section  262 , the Makeup/Drain Tank Section  264 , the Horizontal Flow Velocity Demonstrator Section  266 , the Heat Exchanger Section  268 , and the Secondary Loop Section  270 . 
         [0051]      FIG. 2  shows the Surge Tank Section  256  in more detail. This includes the primary surge tank “A”  2  and the primary surge tank “B”  4 . Tank “A” has a first surge tank outlet isolation valve  6 , and tank “B” has a second surge tank outlet isolation valve  8 . Similarly, tank “A” has a first surge tank makeup inlet isolation valve  10  and tank “B” has a second surge tank makeup inlet isolation valve  12 . Finally,  FIG. 2  shows a first “A” surge tank “C” minimum flow inlet isolation valve  14 , and a second “B” surge tank “C” minimum flow inlet isolation valve  16 . These surge tanks store the majority of the fluid for pumping through the system, and unbalancing these two tanks results in many of the teachable elements discussed above within the system. 
         [0052]    The arrows on  FIG. 2  show how the fluid flows through the system from the makeup system, “A” pump mini flow, “B” pump mini flow, and “C” pump mini flow, then out to the Pump Suction Header. 
         [0053]      FIG. 3  shows the primary pump section  258  in more detail. Here, the “A” Primary Loop Pump  18 , the “B” Primary Loop Pump  68 , and the “C” Primary Loop Pump  72  form three flow loops. Each pump has a respective casing drain valve, such as the “A” casing drain valve  34 , the “B” casing drain valve  66 , and the “C” casing drain valve  88 . Each also has a respective casing vent valve, such as the “A” casing vent valve  36 , the “B” casing vent valve  68 , and the “C” casing vent valve  90 . 
         [0054]    An “A” primary loop pump suction isolation valve  20  feeds into the “A” primary pump  18  past an “A” suction pressure indicator vent valve  22  with associated indicator  24 . The “A” primary loop pump then flows out into an “A” discharge check valve  26 , through an “A” discharge isolation valve  28 . Alternative flow passes through an “A” minimum flow valve  30 , “A” minimum flow indicator  38  and “A” minimum flow check valve  32  back to the “A” surge tank  2 . 
         [0055]    A “B” primary loop pump suction isolation valve  52  feeds into the “B” primary pump  50  past a “B” suction pressure indicator vent valve  54  with associated indicator  56 . The “B” primary loop pump then flows out into a “B” discharge check valve  58 , through a “B” discharge isolation valve  60 . Alternative flow passes through a “B” minimum flow valve  62 , “B” minimum flow check valve  64 , and “B” minimum flow indicator  70  back to the “B” surge tank  4 . 
         [0056]    Flow reaches the “C” primary loop pump  72  through a “C” series inlet valve  40  fed from the “A” and “B” pumps, and/or from the “A”  2  and “B”  4  surge tanks through “C” primary loop pump suction isolation valve  74 . The surge tank flow joins flow from the filters through a strainer section to pump suction return isolation valve  186 , passing through a “C” suction isolation valve  74  and past a “C” suction pressure indicator vent valve  76  and associated indicator  78  into the “C” primary loop pump  72 . Note that alternative flow from the surge tanks and/or filters may pass through a pump section drain valve  94  to drain. 
         [0057]    The “C” primary loop pump  72  flows out in two directions. Flow back to the “A” and “B” surge tanks passes through a “C” minimum flow valve  84 , “C” minimum flow check valve  86 , and “C” minimum flow indicator  92 . Flow to the Horizontal Flow Velocity Demonstrator Section (HFVD) instead passes through a “C” discharge check valve  80 , a “C” discharge isolation valve  82 , and past a discharge pressure indicator  48  having a vent valve  46 . Alternative flow to drain may flow past a primary loop pressure control valve  44 . 
         [0058]      FIG. 4  shows the HFVD section  266  in more detail. Flow into the HFVD, as discussed above, comes from the primary pumps “A”  18 , “B”  50 , and “C”  72  past the discharge pressure indicator  48  and through a pressure control throttle valve  96 . A primary loop drain valve  106  along the flow path allows for optional draining. The flow then continues past a primary side throttle valve downstream pressure indicator  118  with associated vent valve  116 . From there, flow splits and passes through either a 4″ horizontal flow velocity demonstrator inlet isolation valve  98  or a 2″ horizontal flow velocity demonstrator inlet isolation valve  102 . Each end of this split section is also capped with an inlet drain valve  108  or an inlet vent valve  110 . 
         [0059]    The 4″ inlet isolation valve  98  leads the flow through to a 4″ horizontal flow velocity demonstrator pipe  124  which, being made of transparent material, provides ideal demonstration of effects within the flow of the fluid being pumped through the system  1 , such as cavitation of the fluid. A 4″ flow indicator  120  and 4″ vent valve  112  is connected to the 4″ demonstrator pipe  124 . Flow exits the 4″ demonstrator pipe through to a 4″ outlet isolation valve  100 , where it joins the flow exiting a 2″ horizontal flow velocity demonstrator pipe  126 . This pipe also includes a 2″ flow indicator  122  and flow exits the 2″ velocity demonstrator pipe  126  into a 2″ outlet isolation valve  104  to join the flow from the 4″ velocity demonstrator pipe  124 . An outlet vent valve  114  is present here as well. Flow then exits the HFVD section  266  towards the Heat Exchanger (HXR)  268  or to the HXR Bypass section  274 . 
         [0060]      FIG. 5  shows the HXR section  268  in more detail. The primary component here is the heat exchanger  128  itself. The fluid flow comes in from the HFVD as previously discussed in  FIG. 4 , as well as from the secondary loop after passing through a heat exchanger secondary loop inlet isolation valve  226 . Flow from the HFVD enters the HXR section and splits into two directions, the first passing through a HXR inlet isolation valve  130  and past a HXR primary side inlet temperature indicator  146  and HXR pressure control valve  144  and into the heat exchanger  128 ; alternative flow passes through a heat exchanger bypass inlet isolation valve  134 , past a HXR bypass drain valve  142  and through a HXR bypass outlet isolation valve  136 , where it joins flow out of the heat exchanger and passes through to the vertical flow velocity demonstrator (VFVD) section, bypassing the heat exchanger entirely. 
         [0061]    The heat exchanger  128  includes a drain valve  138  and vent valve  140 . Flow out of the heat exchanger  128  passes a primary side pressure indicator  150  with an associated pressure indicator vent valve  148 . Flow further passes a primary side outlet temperature indicator  152  and through an outlet throttle valve  132  before joining up with the bypass flow and heading to the VFVD. Alternative flow from the heat exchanger  128  passes through a heat exchanger secondary loop outlet isolation valve  228  on its way to the secondary loop. 
         [0062]      FIG. 6  shows the VFVD section  262  in more detail. Flow into this section comes from the heat exchanger as discussed in  FIG. 5 , and splits to travel alternatively through a VFVD inlet valve  154  and a VFVD up-flow valve  158 . Here, the user can selectively change the flow or shut off flow to one or both directions of this path. The VFVD up-flow valve  158  links to a flow pathway vertically up and over a 2″ vertical flow velocity demonstrator pipe  174  and a 4″ vertical flow velocity demonstrator pipe  176 . This flow then joins any flow coming vertically up through the two vertical flow velocity demonstrator pipes  174 ,  176  after passing through a 2″ VFVD outlet valve  166  or a 4″ VFVD outlet valve  168 , respectively. Flow passing up and over the two vertical flow velocity demonstrator pipes and joining flow from those pipes then passes through a VFVD down-flow valve  160  before joining any bypass flow and carrying on. 
         [0063]    Horizontal flow through the VFVD inlet valve  154  instead passes below the two vertical flow velocity demonstrator pipes  174 ,  176 . Flow could go vertically upward past a VFVD drain valve  170  and split into the two vertical flow velocity demonstrator pipes  174 ,  176  after passing through a 2″ VFVD inlet valve  162  or 4″ VFVD inlet valve  164 , respectively. A VFVD vent valve  172  exists on the top of this section for venting purposes. Flow could alternatively bypass the two vertical flow velocity demonstrator pipes and instead pass through a VFVD outlet valve bypass  156  before carrying on. 
         [0064]    Flow out of the VFVD section  262  can split between three paths, including flow to a basket strainer passing through a basket strainer inlet isolation valve  178 , to a wye strainer passing through a wye strainer inlet isolation valve  180 , or to a delta pressure (DP) indicator by passing through a strainer section delta pressure indicator inlet isolation valve  188 . These three paths are all part of the filter section  260 . 
         [0065]      FIG. 7  shows the Filter Section  260  in more detail. Flow into the filter section comes out of the VFVD and flows through three potential paths. The first path flows through a basket strainer inlet isolation valve  178 , a strainer section basket strainer  192 , and finally out through a basket strainer outlet isolation valve  182 . The second path flows through a wye strainer inlet isolation valve  180 , through a strainer section wye strainer  194 , and finally out through a wye strainer outlet isolation valve  184 . The third path in this section flows into the strainer section delta pressure indicator hi side inlet isolation valve  188 , into the strainer section differential pressure cell  196 . Backpressure for the differential pressure cell is provided through a delta pressure indicator lo side outlet isolation valve  190 . Finally, flow exits the filter section through a strainer section to pump section return isolation valve  186  and returns to the pump section  258 . 
         [0066]      FIG. 8  shows the Makeup/Drain Tank Section  264  in more detail. This section contains makeup fluid for the system and a location for drained fluid from other sections to return to. This section includes a 100 gallon makeup/drain tank  198  and a 200 gallon makeup/drain tank  200 . Flow out of the 100 gallon tank  198  flows through a 100 gallon tank outlet isolation valve  202 , whereas flow out of the 200 gallon tank  200  flows through a 200 gallon tank outlet isolation valve  204  and a tank section cross connect valve  206  where the flow from the two tanks joins. A makeup pump  208  draws the flow from the tanks and sends it into the system. The flow passes a makeup pump pumpdown connection valve  216  before flowing through a makeup pump discharge isolation valve  210  and out to the surge tank section  256 . Also as shown, flow out from the drain tanks can alternatively pass through a 200 gallon drain tank minimum flow recirculation throttle valve  212  from the 200 gallon tank  200  or through a 100 gallon drain tank minimum flow recirculation throttle valve  214  from the 100 gallon tank  198  and out to the surge tanks. 
         [0067]      FIG. 9  shows a secondary loop section  270  which provides a secondary loop from the heat exchanger section  268  and back to that section. Flow enters the secondary loop section  270  from the heat exchanger section  268  through a HXR secondary loop outlet isolation valve  228  and passes a temperature indicator  250  and throttle valve  230  on its way into a 100 gallon secondary loop tank  218 . From the tank, flow follows one of two paths, the first being through a tank outlet isolation valve  220  into a secondary loop pump  222 . The pump pumps the flow out through a secondary loop pump down valve  242  and through a secondary loop pump discharge isolation valve  224 . Alternative minimum flow can be diverted to the 100 gallon secondary loop tank  218  through  232 . 
         [0068]    Flow then travels and splits again, one path traveling through a secondary loop heater inlet isolation valve  234  and into a secondary loop heater  238 , after passing secondary loop heater inlet drain valve  236 . Flow exits the heater  238  and passes a secondary loop heater outlet drain valve  240  and travels back to the 100 gallon secondary loop tank  218 . A second path passes a secondary loop flow indicator  244 , a secondary loop pressure indicator  246 , and a secondary loop to HXR temperature indicator  248  before traveling back to the HXR section  268  through a HXR secondary loop inlet isolation valve  226 . 
         [0069]      FIG. 10  shows the drain section  272  of the system  1 , which connects all the drain boxes together. The 200 gallon drain tank  200  is fed through a 200 gallon drain tank inlet valve  254 , whereas the 100 gallon drain tank  198  is fed through a 100 gallon drain tank inlet valve  252 .  FIG. 10  also shows the various drain boxes  275 ,  276 ,  278 ,  280   282  where the makeup/drain flow returns from the various sections of the system. 
         [0070]    The system includes a “primary loop.” The system is designed to move fluid through the primary loop. The clear primary loop pump(s) connect to system components via clear piping, with clear check valves, and Isolation valves. The primary loop pump(s) incorporate a clear suction line that incorporate surge tank(s). The primary loop pump(s) incorporate a discharge minimum flow system designed to prevent pump damage due to low flow overheating. The primary loop pump(s) discharge to horizontal piping designated as the horizontal flow velocity demonstrator(s). The horizontal flow velocity demonstrator is connected to the clear shell and tube heat exchanger via clear piping. The clear shell and tube heat exchanger is comprised of a clear shell designated as primary side, and a clear tube bundle designated as secondary side. The heat exchanger discharges to either a clear strainer or filter via clear piping. The strainer loop discharges via clear piping to the vertical flow velocity demonstrator comprised of clear valves and piping. The vertical flow velocity demonstrator discharges via clear piping to the pump(s) suctions via the suction return line(s). 
         [0071]    The pump(s) are fed through the suction lines that are attached to surge tanks to ensure sufficient Net Positive Suction Head to prevent cavitation. The suction line(s) have a compound pressure gauge to indicate suction line pressure and a petcock to introduce air in the line(s) for demonstration purposes. Each pump has suction and discharge isolation(s), vent and drain capabilities; this allows removing a pump or pumps from the system for online or standby maintenance. Each pump has a minimum flow line that ensures sufficient flow to prevent the pump from overheating thus causing damage. Each pump discharges to a check valve to prevent reverse flow. The pump(s) have various impellers to show different flow design characteristics. The pump(s) tie together into a common discharge header that flows through the discharge check valve. 
         [0072]    From the discharge check valve the flow path continues to the Horizontal Flow Velocity Demonstrator(s). Each Flow Velocity Demonstrator has inlet and outlet isolation valves to allow single line demonstration, and removal for maintenance while the system is in operation or standby. 
         [0073]    From the Horizontal Flow Velocity Demonstrator(s) there are two possible flow paths; the Primary to Secondary Heat Exchanger(s) or the Heat Exchanger Bypass line. There is temperature and flow monitoring equipment before the divergence. The two flow paths converge downstream of the Primary Heat Exchanger(s). There is temperature and flow monitoring equipment after the Heat Exchanger(s), before the convergence. 
         [0074]    From the heat exchanger(s) convergence, the flow path continues to the Vertical Flow Velocity Demonstrator(s). Each Flow Velocity Demonstrator has respective inlet and outlet isolation valves to allow single line demonstration, and removal for maintenance while the system is in operation or standby. The flow path through the Vertical Flow Velocity Demonstrators can be varied from up or down flow depending on the necessary parameters. 
         [0075]    From the Vertical Flow Velocity Demonstrator section, the flow path proceeds to the strainer and filter section. There are various types of strainers and filters available. Each strainer or filter has inlet and outlet isolation valve to allow maintenance while the system is in operation or standby. 
         [0076]    From the strainer and filter section, the flow path returns to the suctions of the primary pumps. There are High Point Vents throughout the system to promote air removal when the system needs to be water solid. There are Low Point Drains throughout the system to allow water to be removed as required. 
         [0077]    It should be noted that the heat exchanger could include colored fluid flowing through the transparent piping, such as red indicating hot fluid flow and blue indicating cool fluid flow. This coloring element would provide a visual indicator to trainees of what is occurring within a heat exchanger. Plastic or PVC material used for the clear piping does not make a good heat conductor; however, the entire tube assembly could be quickly and easily substituted out for a copper tubing system which actually transfers heat, monitored by external devices such as temperature gauges. 
         [0078]    The system further includes a “secondary loop.” The secondary loop pump(s) takes suction from the secondary loop tank via isolation valves and clear piping. The secondary loop pump(s) discharge to the inlet (tube) side of the primary loop heat exchanger via clear piping, isolation and throttle valves. The secondary loop pump(s) incorporate a discharge minimum flow system designed to prevent pump damage due to low flow overheating. The fluid is routed through the heat exchanger via clear piping (tubes). The outlet of the heat exchanger is routed back to the secondary loop tank via clear piping, isolation and throttle valves. The secondary loop tank contains a fluid heating unit. 
         [0079]    The pump is fed through the clear suction line attached to Secondary Loop Tank to ensure sufficient net positive suction head to prevent cavitation. Each pump has suction and discharge isolation(s), vent and drain capabilities; this allows removing pump from the system for online or standby maintenance. Each pump has a minimum flow line that ensures sufficient flow to prevent the pump from overheating thus causing damage. 
         [0080]    From the discharge of the pump, flow passes into the heat exchanger through valves used to regulate flow. From the outlet of the heat exchanger, flow is returned to the Secondary Loop Tank through clear piping. 
         [0081]    The system further includes a makeup loop designed to move fluid through the makeup loop for maintaining system fluid inventory. The makeup loop pump(s) takes suction from the makeup loop tank/drain tank via isolation valves and clear piping. The makeup loop pump(s) discharge to the makeup throttle valve via clear piping, isolation and throttle valves. The makeup loop pump(s) incorporate a discharge minimum flow system designed to prevent pump damage due to low flow overheating. The makeup loop discharges to the surge tank via clear piping. The makeup loop can be discharged to the primary loop for fill and vent activities. 
         [0082]    The pump is fed through the clear suction line attached to Makeup/Drain Tank to ensure sufficient net positive suction head to prevent cavitation. Each pump has suction and discharge isolation(s), vent and drain capabilities; this allows removing pump from the system for online or standby maintenance. Each pump has a minimum flow line that ensures sufficient flow to prevent the pump from overheating thus causing damage. 
         [0083]    From the discharge of the pump, there are two possible flow paths: (1) The surge tank(s); and (2) directly to the system for fill and vent operations. 
         [0084]    The system further includes a drain loop designed to direct fluid from the system into makeup tanks or drain tanks as described briefly above. 
         [0085]    A scenario for placing the “C” primary loop pump in series operation is outlined below in a series of steps. These steps can be used for training students or other personnel in proper use of the system, and the clear components and pipe sections allow the trainees to see what is actually occurring within the system internally. This scenario is designed to show the difference between parallel and series pump operations, which can be difficult to conceptually understand without being able to visualize it, which the visual training flow system  1  does. 
         [0086]    Step one: Ensure the “A” primary loop pump  18  or “B” primary loop pump  50  is running and flow is balanced. Step two: ensure the “C” primary loop pump  72  is running and flow is balanced. Step three: record the “C” primary loop pump suction pressure indicator  78  pressure. Step four: record the primary loop pump discharge pressure indicator  48  pressure. Step five: open the “C” primary loop pump series inlet valve  40 . Step six: close the “C” primary loop pump suction isolation valve  74 . Step seven: close the “C” primary loop pump series isolation valve  42 . Step eight: record the “C” primary loop pump suction pressure indictor  78  pressure again. Step nine: record the primary loop pump discharge pressure indicator  48  pressure again. And step ten: observe the differences between the two alignments in pressure readings. 
       III. Alternative Embodiment Portable Dynamic Fluid Flow Training System  300   
       [0087]    The above outlined embodiment is a permanent fixture for training within a facility. However, often a system of this scale is not needed, or there may be a desire to deliver the features of the present invention to multiple facilities. A portable solution allows for the entire functionality of the dynamic fluid flow training system to be moved from site to site for training purposes. 
         [0088]    Referring to  FIG. 11 , there is a primary loop pump  302  which initiates the pumping of fluid through the primary loop of the mobile fluid flow trainer system  300 . Flow passes from the pump past a primary loop pump discharge flow indicator  304 , where it then can diverge amongst a few paths. The first path takes flow through a primary loop pump discharge isolation valve  306  and a primary loop pump discharge check valve  308  into a primary loop flow velocity demonstrator  310 , similar to the velocity demonstrators of the previous embodiment. This large, transparent section allows for viewing of flow velocity during experiments and training using the system. It should be noted that flow from the primary loop pump  302  to the velocity demonstrator  310  also passes an optional primary loop discharge high point vent valve  340  which vents to the drain box  380 . 
         [0089]    From the velocity demonstrator  310 , flow passes on to either a heat exchanger  350  or a bypass valve  312 . Flow to the heat exchanger  350  first passes a heat exchanger (HXR) primary loop inlet temperature indicator  344 , then through a HXR primary loop inlet isolation valve  346 , past a primary loop to HXR flow indicator  348  into the heat exchanger  350  itself. Flow out of the heat exchanger  350  then goes back to the primary loop past an HXR outlet temperature indicator  352  passing through an outlet isolation valve  354 . 
         [0090]    Flow from the velocity demonstrator  310 , flow passes through a primary loop HXR bypass valve  312  and by primary loop suction side low point drain valve  360 . 
         [0091]    The secondary loop primarily includes flow from the heat exchanger  350  to a secondary loop tank  400  having a secondary loop tank heater  402  within it. Flow out of the heat exchanger to the secondary loop tank flows past a HXR secondary loop outlet temperature indicator  396  and through a HXR secondary loop outlet throttle valve  398 . Flow out from the secondary loop tank  400  is drawn out through a secondary loop pump suction isolation valve  404  by a secondary loop pump  382 . Flow passes a secondary loop pump-out valve  384  and either returns to the secondary loop tank  400  directly through a secondary loop pump to secondary loop tank upper recirculation valve  406 , or flow passes a secondary loop temperature indicator  386  and secondary loop pressure indicator  388 , through a secondary loop pump to secondary loop tank lower recirculation valve  408  and back to the secondary tank  400 . Otherwise flow returns past the secondary loop temperature  386  and pressure  388  indicators, through a HXR secondary loop inlet isolation valve  390 , past a secondary loop high point vent valve  392  and a HXR secondary loop inlet flow indicator  394  and back into the heat exchanger  350 . 
         [0092]    Flow from the heat exchanger  350  back towards the primary loop passes a HXR primary loop outlet temperature indicator  352  and through a HXR primary loop outlet throttle valve  354 , where it then returns to the primary loop pump  302 . 
         [0093]    Flow back to the primary loop pump  302  passes a primary loop suction high point vent valve  342  which drains to the drain box, and a primary loop combined outlet temperature indicator  314 , and then through a primary loop Y-strainer  316  and primary loop pump suction isolation valve  318 , past a primary loop pump suction pressure indicator  320  having an associated vent valve  322 , and back into the pump  302  which has its own pump casing vent valve  324  and casing drain valve  326 . 
         [0094]    Flow from the primary loop pump  302  also travels to the surge tank  336  past a primary loop pump discharge pressure indicator  328 , primary loop recirculation flow check valve  330 , and past a primary loop recirculation flow indicator  332 , through a primary loop recirculation flow to surge tank isolation valve  334  to the surge tank  336 . 
         [0095]    The drain box  380  drains to a makeup/drain tank  376  which can then be pumped back into the surge tank  336  using a makeup loop pump  362  which draws flow from the makeup/drain tank  376  through a makeup loop pump suction isolation valve  378 . Recirculation to the makeup/drain tank  376  passes a makeup loop to makeup tank recirculation valve  374 . Additional flow passes a makeup loop pump-out valve  364  and travels past a makeup loop temperature indicator  366  and makeup loop pressure indicator  368 , through a makeup loop to surge tank supply throttle valve  370 , and back into the surge tank  336 . 
         [0096]      FIG. 12  shows a picture diagram of a CCFF Portable Fluid Flow Trainer that is moveable, including a multi-level platform consisting of multiple separate units that consist of a framework made of strut channel design materials. All equipment is strategically placed on decking trays that are designed to contain and divert any fluids to drains due to unforeseen leakage, draining and maintenance activities. The placement of the equipment facilitates the demonstration and instruction methods referred to in the previous statement(s). 
         [0097]    As shown in  FIG. 12 , this mobile fluid training system  300  fits onto a pair of mobile shelves  410  including casters  412  for easy movement. The drain tank  376 , secondary loop tank  400 , surge tank  336 , all various piping pieces and connections (e.g. elbows, T-sections, and joining pieces), are made from translucent material to allow the users to see the fluid flow within the pipes. The pumps  302 ,  362 ,  382  similarly are made from translucent material where available, such that the action of the pumps on the fluid is clearly visible to the users. Fluids in the primary and secondary loops may be alternately colored to show differences in the system flow paths. 
         [0098]    Such a system could fit into the back of a standard transport trailer or even a smaller vehicle such as a transport truck. Such a system could even be built into a truck, trailer, bus, or RV for deployment on site. In such as system, the walls of the vehicle may deploy, thereby allowing users immediate access to the system without taking it off of the truck or out of the trailer for temporary setup on site. 
         [0099]    In practice, the portable dynamic fluid flow training system  300  can be used to perform various tests and demonstrations for training individuals in the functions of a typical flow system. The clear piping, pumps, valves, and other components provide the trainees an unobstructed view of what is actually occurring within the system when certain errors are introduced. 
         [0100]    One training scenario includes the filling and venting of the primary loop of the portable dynamic fluid flow training system  300 . This scenario is designed to teach a trainee or student the proper way to fill and vent a system and the effects of improperly performing the evolution. 
         [0101]    Step one to this process requires the trainee to ensure the makeup/drain tank  376  is filled to 85%. Next, the trainee ensures the makeup loop to surge tank supply throttle valve  370  is closed. Step three is to ensure the makeup tank recirculation valve  374  is throttled open four turns. 
         [0102]    Once these checks are made, the user starts the makeup loop pump  362  at step  4 . The user throttles the makeup loop to makeup tank recirculation valve  374  to obtain a 7.5 PSIG on the makeup loop pressure indicator  368  at step five. At step six, while simultaneously throttling open the makeup loop to surge tank supply throttle valve  370  and closing the makeup loop to makeup tank recirculation valve  374 , the user must ensure to maintain pressure on the makeup loop pressure indicator  368  at 7.5 PSIG and the flow through the makeup loop to surge tank flow indicator  372  at less than five gallons per minute (GPM). 
         [0103]    At step seven, the entire system  300  should be at full vent in the following three areas: the primary loop pump casing vent valve  324 , the primary loop suction high point vent valve  340 , and the primary loop suction high point vent valve  342 . If desired, at step eight, while throttling open the makeup loop to makeup tank recirculation valve  374 , and closed on makeup loop to makeup tank recirculation valve, the user should ensure that pressure is maintained on the makeup loop to makeup tank recirculation valve  374  at 7.5 PSIG. To end the process, the user stops the makeup loop pump  362  to reset the system. 
         [0104]    Another scenario which can be performed using the portable dynamic fluid flow training system  300  (though the same procedure can be accomplished on the larger room-sized fluid flow training system  1  using similar steps) results in cavitation and voiding of the primary loop. This scenario is designed to teach the student the effects of improper net positive suction head (NPSH) within the system. 
         [0105]    Step one: fill and vent the system using the first scenario above. Step two: start the primary loop pump  302 . Step three: while monitoring pressure on the primary loop pump discharge pressure indicator  328 , slowly close the primary loop surge tank outlet isolation valve  338 . At this stage, it is easy to observe gasses being formed within the fluid as it flows through the system due to loss of NPSH. The gasses form bubbles clearly visible in the liquid through the clear pipes, valves, and other components. 
         [0106]    Step four: check the primary loop pump  302  for the accumulation of gasses at the suction eye of the pump. They should be visible. Step five: while monitoring the pressure on the primary loop recirculation flow indicator  332 , slowly throttle closed the primary loop pump suction isolation valve  318 . Note that the primary loop pump suction isolation valve  318  has to be throttled more than ⅔ of the way closed before the effects will be visible in the flow. 
         [0107]    Step six: observe that there is cavitation beginning to form directly downstream of the primary loop pump suction isolation valve  318 . Cavitation can be confirmed both visually and audibly within the system. Step seven: continue to slowly throttle closed the primary loop pump suction isolation valve  318 . At approximately 90% closure of that valve, a cavitation eye will form at the suction eye of the pump  302 . 
         [0108]    Step eight: the cavitation eye, if allowed to continue along the course set by steps one through seven, will cause degradation of the pump  302  impeller and lowering of the pumps flow characteristics. Step nine: observe that no outside air is being introduced into the system but, as gasses come out of the liquid solution due to the lowering of system pressure to below the saturation point, enough fluid is displace in the system to begin to form voids throughout the system, such as in the flow velocity demonstrator(s), heat exchanger, surge tank outlet line vertical section 
         [0109]    If this condition continues, the system will eventually suffer surge flow oscillations. Step  11 : secure the primary loop pump  302  and observe where the void areas within the piping gather. Step  12 : perform the appropriate fill and vent procedures, resetting the fluid within the system, prior to restarting the primary loop pump  302 . This will ensure the pump doesn&#39;t suffer additional permanent damage. 
         [0110]    A third scenario places the heat exchanger primary and secondary loops into service. This scenario is designed to show the flow characteristics of different valves as they are throttled, as well as to show heat transfer from higher to lower temperatures. 
         [0111]    Step one: pre-heat the secondary side to 110° F. Step two: fill and vent the system  300  per the first scenario above. Step three: ensure the heat exchanger primary loop outlet throttle valve  354  is open. Step four: start the primary loop pump  302 . Step five: throttle closed the primary loop heat exchanger bypass valve  312 . Step six: throttle the heat exchanger primary loop outlet throttle valve  354  to establish primary side flow to six GPM. 
         [0112]    At step seven, you should record the makeup loop temperature indicator  366  and makeup loop pressure indicator  368  values. Step eight: ensure the heat exchanger secondary loop outlet throttle valve  398  is open. Step nine: start he secondary loop pump  382 . Step ten: close the secondary loop pump to secondary loop tank lower recirculation valve  408 . Step eleven: simultaneously throttle the heat exchanger secondary loop outlet throttle valve  398  closed while throttling the secondary loop pump to secondary loop tank lower recirculation valve  408  open to establish secondary flow into the heat exchanger secondary loop inlet flow indicator  394  at two GPM. 
         [0113]    Finally, step twelve: record the secondary loop temperature indicator  386  and secondary loop pressure indicator  388  values; and step  13 : start a stopwatch and record the time it takes for the primary and secondary loops to reach equilibrium in temperature and pressure. 
         [0114]    A fourth scenario drains the primary loop. This scenario is designed to develop the proper techniques for draining a system without overflowing the drain system portion. 
         [0115]    Step one: ensure the primary loop pump  302  is not running. Step two: slowly throttle open the primary loop discharge side low point drain valve  358 . Step three: slowly throttle open the primary loop suction side low point drain valve  360 . Step four: slowly open the primary loop pump casing drain valve  326 . Step five: slowly open the primary loop discharge high point vent valve  340 . And finally, step six: slowly open the primary loop suction high point vent valve  342 . This will drain the primary loop. 
         [0116]    These four scenarios could also be run using the room-sized flow trainer system  1 . 
         [0117]    It is to be understood that while certain embodiments and/or aspects of the invention have been shown and described, the invention is not limited thereto and encompasses various other embodiments and aspects.