Abstract:
A syringe shield used for containing radioactive drugs in order to reduce healthcare provider&#39;s exposure to radiation or to reduce or eliminate ambient light contamination to optically sensitive components in a syringe.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional No. 61/665,484 entitled “Radiation Shield Adapted to Fit a Medical MR Injector Syringe” filed Jun. 28, 2012, and to U.S. Provisional No. 61/656,716 entitled “Radiopharmaceutical Delivery Device”, filed Jun. 7, 2012, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its the entirety. 
     
    
     GOVERNMENT INTERESTS 
       [0002]    Not applicable 
       PARTIES TO A JOINT RESEARCH AGREEMENT 
       [0003]    Not applicable 
       INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE OF MATERIAL SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISC 
       [0004]    Not applicable 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0005]    Administration of radioactive pharmaceutical substances or drugs, generally termed radiopharmaceuticals, is often used in the medical field to provide information or imagery of internal body structures and/or functions including, but not limited to, bone, vasculature, organs and organ systems, and other tissue or as therapeutic agents to kill or inhibit the growth of targeted cells or tissue, such as cancer cells. Radiopharmaceutical agents used in imaging procedures and therapeutic procedures typically include highly radioactive nuclides of short half-lives and are hazardous to attending medical personnel. These agents are toxic and can have physical and/or chemical effects for attending medical personnel such as clinicians, imaging technicians, nurses, and pharmacists. Excessive radiation exposure is harmful to attending medical personnel due to their occupational repeated exposure to the radiopharmaceuticals. The constant and repeated exposure of medical personnel and patients to radiopharmaceuticals over an extended period of time is a significant problem in the nuclear medicine field. 
         [0006]    Administration of optically sensitive substances is an additional concern in the medical field. These substances are often used for imaging purposes and if exposed to ambient light contamination can have reduced function or complete loss of function. It is a significant problem if these substances become contaminated from ambient light and it is of high importance to have these substances protected from exposure to ambient light in order to preserve their function before delivery to the patient. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0007]    Various embodiments are directed to syringe shields including a first shield panel having a syringe bore designed an configured to correspond to the shape of a syringe and a second shield panel having a syringe bore designed an configured to correspond to the shape of a syringe wherein reversible coupling of the first shield panel and the second shield panel provides a syringe bore configured to encase a syringe and provide a plunger access bore configured to allow access to a plunger associated with the syringe. In some embodiments, the first shield panel and the second shield panel may be hingedly attached. 
         [0008]    In such embodiments, the first shield panel and the second shield panel may include or be composed of a radioactive emissions blocking material, and in certain embodiments, a syringe may be completely or nearly completely encased by the radioactive emissions blocking material when the first shield panel and the second shield panel are coupled. The radiation emissions blocking material is not limited and can include, but are not limited to, materials such as tungsten, tungsten alloys, molybdenum, molybdenum allows, lead, lead alloys, lead-lined wood, leaded glass, polymer composite materials, ceramic materials, borated polymers, and combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the first shield panel and the second shield panel may include or be composed of an optical blocking material, and in certain embodiments, a syringe may be completely or nearly completely encased by the optical blocking material when the first shield and the second shield panel are coupled. The optical blocking material is not limited and can include, but are not limited to, materials such as metals, metal alloys, wood, dark colored glass, non-clear polymer composite materials, ceramic materials, or any other material that may block ambient light contamination. 
         [0009]    In some embodiments, the syringe bore may be sized to accommodate a syringe having a diameter sufficient to hold 0.5 ml, 1 ml, 3 ml, 5 ml 10 ml, 15 ml, 20 ml, 30 ml, 40 ml, 50 ml, 60 ml, and combinations thereof. In particular embodiments, the syringe shield may include an integrated cap, and in other embodiments, the syringe shield may include a removable cap. In some embodiments, the syringe shield may include a sleeve encasing the first shield panel, the second shield panel, or combinations thereof. In various embodiments, the sleeve is composed of a material selected from the group consisting of metals, metal alloys, polymeric materials, polymer composites material, and combinations thereof, and in certain embodiments, the sleeve may be composed of aluminum or polycarbonate. In particular embodiments, the sleeve may be integrally attached to each of the first shield panel and the second shield panel, and such sleeves may be composed of, for example, metals, metal alloys, polymeric materials, polymer composite materials, and combinations thereof or, in particular embodiments, aluminum or polycarbonate. 
         [0010]    In some embodiments, the syringe shield may include a clamping means configured to connect the first shield panel and the second shield panel. In particular embodiments, each of the first shield panel and the second shield panel may include hinge extensions and the syringe shield further comprises a hinge pin received by the hinge extensions, and in some embodiments, each of the first shield panel and the second shield panel may include one or more connector plates. In some embodiments, the syringe shield may include a collar configured and arranged to reversibly connect to the first shield panel and the second shield panel and connect the syringe shield to a device or base plate. In some embodiments, the syringe shield may include a carrier handle, and in certain embodiments, the carrier handle may be configured to be reversibly attached to the first and second shield panels. 
     
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         [0011]    In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar components unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in the detailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments may be utilized and other changes may be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented herein. It will be readily understood that the aspects of the present disclosure, as generally described herein and illustrated in the Figures, can be arranged, substituted, combined, separated, and designed in a wide variety of different configurations, all of which are explicitly contemplated herein. 
           [0012]      FIG. 1  is a drawing showing a syringe sleeve with and without a pivot and a sleeve cover. 
           [0013]      FIG. 2  is a drawing showing an embodiment of a syringe shield. 
           [0014]      FIG. 3A  is a drawing showing a second embodiment of a syringe shield having latched, clam shell syringe access. 
           [0015]      FIG. 3B  is a drawing showing a syringe shield with a forward enlarged portion and a carrier handle 
           [0016]      FIG. 4  is a drawing showing a collar syringe shield support. 
           [0017]      FIG. 5  is a drawing showing a vertical shield support and cap 
           [0018]      FIG. 6  is a drawing showing a shield and support structure mounted on an injector system. 
           [0019]      FIG. 7  is a drawing showing a syringe shield and a carrier handle. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0020]    Before the present compositions and methods are described, it is to be understood that they are not limited to the particular compositions, methodologies or protocols described, as these may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used in the description is for the purpose of describing the particular versions or embodiments only, and is not intended to limit their scope which will be limited only by the appended claims. 
         [0021]    It must also be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of embodiments disclosed, the preferred methods, devices, and materials are now described. 
         [0022]    “Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where the event occurs and instances where it does not. 
         [0023]    “Substantially no” means that the subsequently described event may occur at most about less than 10% of the time or the subsequently described component may be at most about less than 10% of the total composition, in some embodiments, and in others, at most about less than 5%, and in still others at most about less than 1%. 
         [0024]    For purposes of the description hereinafter, the terms “upper,” “lower,” “right,” “left,” “vertical,” “horizontal,” “top,” “bottom,” “lateral,” “longitudinal,” and derivatives thereof shall relate to the orientation of embodiments disclosed in the drawing figures. However, it is to be understood that embodiments may assume alternative variations and step sequences, except where expressly specified to the contrary. It is also to be understood that the specific devices and processes illustrated in the attached drawings, and described in the following specification, are simply exemplary embodiments. Hence, specific dimensions and other physical characteristics related to the embodiments disclosed herein are not to be considered as limiting. 
         [0025]    It is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments may assume various alternative variations and step sequences, except where expressly specified to the contrary. It is also to be understood that the specific devices and processes illustrated in the attached drawings, and described in the following specification, are simply exemplary embodiments. 
         [0026]    Various embodiments are directed to a syringe shield that is configured to reduce or eliminate exposure of the operator, subject, or other injected organism to radioactive emissions from a radiopharmaceutical in a syringe and to reduce or eliminate ambient light contamination to optical components in a syringe. In other embodiments, shielding components may stabilize radiopharmaceuticals or optical tracers thermally and mechanically. For example, shielding components may be designed to reduce or eliminate exposure of an optical tracer to light which can quench fluorescence and cause the tracer to become heated or chemically modified over time reducing the optical output or chemical or enzymatic activity of the tracer. 
         [0027]    In various embodiments, the syringe shield may include one or more shield panels, and in some embodiments the one or more shield panels may be encased by one or more interconnected sleeves to form the syringe shield. In some embodiments, the shield panels and sleeves may be integrated together such that each sleeve contains a shield panel that is fixedly attached to the sleeve. In other embodiments, the shield panels and sleeves may be separate parts that are designed to be combined around the syringe to create the syringe shield. For example, in some embodiments, two or more shield panels may be placed over a syringe and a hinged sleeve may be placed around the two or more shield panels and locked into place over the syringe. The shield may have any number of shield panels and sleeve components. For example, in some embodiments, the syringe shield may have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 shield panels and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 sleeve components to encase the shield panels. 
         [0028]    In some embodiments, the shield panels contain radioactive emissions blocking material such as, for example, tungsten, tungsten alloys, molybdenum, molybdenum allows, lead, lead alloys, lead-lined wood, leaded glass, polymer composite materials, ceramic materials, borated polymers, and the like and combinations thereof In certain embodiments, the one or more shield panels may be tungsten. In some embodiments, the sleeves encasing the panels may be composed of any material including metals, metal alloys, polymeric materials, polymer composite materials, and the like and combinations thereof In particular embodiments, the sleeves may be aluminum or polycarbonate. In further embodiments, the sleeves and shield panels may be integrated together. The syringe shield may contain little or no magnetic materials and little or no electronics. 
         [0029]      FIG. 1  is an example of a syringe shield having two shield panels  150 ,  160 . Each shield panel  150 ,  160  includes a syringe bore  180  designed an configured to correspond to the shape of a syringe. The syringe bore  180  may be configured to accommodate any syringe or type of syringe known in the art, and in some embodiments, the syringe bore may provide a universal fitting for syringes of various types and sizes. For example, the syringe shield may be intentionally larger than the syringes that will likely be used with the syringe shield. In other embodiments, the size of the syringe bore  180  may closely match the size of the syringe to be used with the syringe shield. For example, in particular embodiments, the syringe bore may be configured to accommodate syringes having similar flange sizes and body lengths but different body diameters. Therefore, a syringe having a diameter sufficient to allow the syringe to hold 10 ml, 15 ml, 20 ml, 30 ml, 40 ml, 50 ml, 60 ml, or 65 ml and a syringe having a diameter sufficient to allow the syringe to hold 1 ml, 3 ml, 5 ml or 10 ml can be securely held within the syringe bore. Alternatively, shield panel  170  may be inserted into bore  180  to provide the shielding material that closely fits the selected syringe. In such embodiments,  150  and  160  act as sleeves. An element  170  is placed (generally but not necessarily permanently) into each of  150  and  160  to act as the shield panel.  FIG. 6  shows the assembled unit. 
         [0030]    In some embodiments, the syringe shield may be tapered on a forward end to accommodate the shape of the tapered end of a common syringe, and in such embodiments, the syringe shield may include an additional smaller bores at tapered end that may provide an access point to the syringe when the syringe is enclosed within the shield. In some embodiments, the forward end of the syringe shield may be domed such that the tapered end of the syringe is enclosed under the dome, but outer surfaces of the syringe do not physically contact the domed portion of the syringe shield. As with the tapered forward end, the domed forward end may include an additional bore to provide access to the syringe when the syringe is encased in the syringe shield. 
         [0031]    The aft portion of the syringe shield may be designed to allow the syringe encased in the syringe shield to be accessed and contacted by a device for expelling the contents of the syringe such as a piston, rod, or plunger. In some embodiments, such as that depicted in  FIG. 1 , the aft portion of the syringe shield may be open and continuous with the bore. Thus, any means for expelling the syringe can easily reach the syringe. In other embodiments, the aft portion of the syringe shield may be partially enclosed. For example, in some embodiments, the aft portion of each shield panel  150 ,  160  may be enclosed with a center bore such that when the shield panels  150 ,  160  are combined a circular center bore is provided that allows access to a piston or plunger to contact the syringe. The size of the circular center bore may vary among embodiments and may be sufficiently sized to allow access the syringe while blocking at least a portion of the radiation from the syringe or to block ambient light contamination to optical components in the syringe. 
         [0032]    In some embodiments, the shield panels  150 ,  160  may be connected. For example, in some embodiments, the shield panels  150 ,  160  may be hingedly attached to one another to produce a clam shell syringe shield. In other embodiments, the shield panels  150 ,  160  may be individual devices that can be reversibly connected to one another during use. For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 1 , each shield panel  150 ,  160  may include one or more appendages  152 ,  162 , one or more hinge extensions  153 ,  163 , one or more connector plates  155 , and the like or combinations thereof. 
         [0033]    In embodiments, such as those shown in  FIG. 1 , the shield panels  150 ,  160  may contact one another such that the hinge extensions  153 ,  163  interconnect allowing a continuous bore to be created through the aligned hinge extensions  153 ,  163 . A hinge pin (not shown) may be placed through the continuous bore facilitating a connection between the shield panels  150 ,  160 . In some embodiments, the hinge pin may be permanently held within the continuous bore by, for example, providing a cap or flange on either end of the hinge pin after it has been placed in the continuous bore. In other embodiments, the hinge pin may be removable, and in certain embodiments, the hinge pin may include a handle to allow at least one end of the hinge pin to be easily grasped and manipulated. 
         [0034]    The shield panels  150 ,  160  of the example shield illustrated in  FIG. 1  further include appendages  152 ,  162  that align when the shield panels are brought into contact with one another. In some embodiments, one or both shield panels  150 ,  160  may include a clasp (not shown) or other closure device that is fixedly attached to one of the shield panels  150 ,  160 , and is capable of contacting and holding an appendage  152 ,  162  of the other shield panel  150 ,  160  to effect a reversible connection. In other embodiments, an appendage  152  on one shield panel  150  may be aligned with an appendage  162  on another shield  160  and a clamping device  120  be used to hold the aligned appendages  152 ,  162  together facilitating a reversible connection. The clamping device  120  can be held in place using an means known in the art including, for example, a tension screw, a spring loaded ball detent, a hinge, various clamping mechanism, and the like or combinations thereof. 
         [0035]    The shield panels  150 ,  160  may further include one or more connector plates  155 . The connector plates  155  are, generally, a lateral extension or flange extending from one end of the shield panels. In some embodiments, the connector plate  155  may facilitate connection of the shield panels  150 ,  160  and in certain embodiments, the connector plate  155  may facilitate connection between the shield and a device. In some embodiments, the connector plate  155  may fit within a groove on a surface of the device that holds the shield in place on the device. In other embodiments, a magnet or other electromagnetic connection may be made between the device and the shield, and in still other embodiments, the connector plate  155  may include one or more orifices  156  through which a connector pin or screw may be passed that operably connects the shield to the device. Devices may be any devices that hold radiation or optically sensitive components or containers including radioactive or optically sensitive materials. In certain embodiments, the device may be a fluid delivery device or system, and in some embodiments, such fluid delivery devices or systems may be designed and configured to deliver radiopharmaceuticals or optically sensitive components. 
         [0036]    The connector plate  155  may be separated from one another when the shield panels  150 ,  160  are connected to form the shield, for example, connector plates may be on opposing sides of the shield. In other embodiments, the connector plates may contact one another at joints along the circumference of the shield to produce a continuous flange around a circumference of the shield, and in still other embodiments, the, connector plates  155  may be interconnected when the shield panels  150 ,  160  are aligned. For example, a first connector plate  155 , may be configured to receive the second connector plate (not shown) when the shield panels are aligned such that an orifices  156  on each connector plate  155  align to produce a continuous opening through which a connector pin, screw, or bolt can be passed. In such embodiments, the connector plate may provide both a reversible connection between shield panels  150 ,  160  and a reversible connection to a device. In some embodiments, only one shield panel  150  contains a connector plate  155 , which may be used to connect the shield to a mounting support or device. The second shield plate  160  is connected to the first shield plate  150 , for example, through hinges  163 ,  153  and through the connector plate  155  of shield panel  150  both panels  150 ,  160  are connected to a mounting support or device. 
         [0037]    In some embodiments, an upper or forward portion of the syringe shield may be open as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . In other embodiments, the syringe shield may include an integrated cap that encloses around the forward end of the shield allowing for minimal emissions from the shielded syringe. In such embodiments, the cap may include a bore providing access to the nozzle of the syringe. In other embodiments, the a removable cap may be attached to the shield after the shield panels are in connection with one another. The removable cap may be attached to the shield panels by any means, such as, for example a threaded assembly, a snap enclosure, a slide fit, a vacuum seal, and the like and combinations thereof As in the integrated cap, the removable cap may include a bore to allow for tubing or other fluid path elements to the nozzle of the syringe. In some embodiments, the bore may include a shoulder to properly position the syringe within the forward portion of the syringe shield when being prepared for injection. 
         [0038]    In particular embodiments, the syringe shield may include one or more sleeves that cover the shield panels to facilitate attachment of the shield panels and/or improve handling. For example,  FIG. 2  shows another example of a syringe shield  20  having an upper housing sleeve  211  and a lower housing sleeve  212 . In some embodiments, the upper housing sleeve  211  and the lower housing sleeve  212  may encase a shield panel  22  containing a bore (not shown) capable of housing a syringe  21 . As illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the syringe shield  20  may include various addition housing or sleeve sections. For example, the syringe shield may include one or more removable or hinged segments  208  that encase, for example, plunger portion of the syringe  21 , piston, rod, or other means for expelling the contents of the syringe. In some embodiments, the upper housing sleeve  211  may be removeably attached to the lower housing sleeve  212  by any means including, pressure fittings, snaps, screws, clamps, bolts, pins, and the like and combinations thereof, and in other embodiments, the upper housing sleeve  211  may be fixedly attached to the lower housing sleeve  212  by, for example, welding or gluing. In other embodiments, the upper housing sleeve  211  and the lower housing sleeve  212  may be connected by, for example, a hinge. In still other embodiments, the upper housing of the syringe shield  20  may include a hinged syringe access door  208  that allows access to part of the internal segments of the syringe shield  20 . For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 2  a hinged access door  208  may allow access to the syringe  21  such that the user can more easily maneuver the syringe while inserting it into the syringe shield  22 . The upper housing sleeve  211  may be fixedly attached to the lower housing sleeve  212 , for example, the upper housing sleeve  211  and lower housing sleeve  212  may be hingedly attached to each other in a clam shell configuration. 
         [0039]    In other embodiments, the syringe shield has shield panels which may be incorporated in the sleeves. As illustrated in  FIG. 3A , in some embodiments, the syringe shield  30  may be designed to include a radioactive shield panel  311  in the upper housing sleeve  313  and a shield panel  312  in the lower housing sleeve  314 . As illustrated in  FIG. 3A , shield panels  311 ,  312  may be incorporated into the syringe housing such that the syringe  31  is completely or nearly completely encased by the radioactive emissions blocking material when the syringe shield sleeves are in the closed position, and the upper housing  313  or any part thereof can be hingedly attached to the lower housing  314  to allow access to the syringe  31 . In some embodiments, the syringe bore  315  may be configured and designed to accommodate a syringe  31 . Such a syringe bore may include a shoulder  318  positioned to contact a front portion of the syringe and syringe bore  315  to provide a means for accessing the outlet portion of the syringe. 
         [0040]    An aft groove  319  associated with the plunger access bore  321  may also be provided to accommodate a flanged portion  320  of the syringe  31 . In certain embodiments, the plunger  322  of the syringe or another actuation means may fit within an enlarged portion  316  of the shield  30  that allows user access to the syringe  31  and plunger  322 . The enlarged portion of the housing may further accommodate the piston or other part of the actuation component that is configured to associate with the plunger  322  allowing the plunger to advance and retract. In some embodiments, the enlarged portion may include additional shield panels or extensions of the shield panels  311 ,  312 . In other embodiments, the enlarged portion may not include additional shielding. 
         [0041]    While  FIG. 3A  illustrates a syringe shield  30  having an aft enlarged portion, in certain embodiments, the syringe shield may include a forward enlarged portion  340 , as illustrated in  FIG. 3B , to encase tubing or other extensions from the syringe. In some embodiments, as illustrated in  FIG. 3B  the syringe shield may include a forward enlarged portion  340  with an access bore  341  designed to encase a connector portion  342  of the syringe  31  and a portion of the tubing extending from the connector  342  of the syringe  31  to a delivery device. In other embodiments, the forward enlarged portion  340  may include a lateral access bore provided on a side of the forward enlarged portion  340  while the forward section of the forward enlarged portion  340  remains enclosed and shielded. Without wishing to be bound by theory, a lateral bore may allow for a reduction in shine from the forward end of the syringe thereby reducing light exposure or potential irradiation of the user or to reduce or eliminate ambient light contamination to optically sensitive components in a syringe. The forward enlarged portion  340  may be connected to the syringe shield  30  and form part of the syringe shield  30 . In some embodiments, the forward enlarged portion  340  may be separately attached to the syringe shield  30  and may include a separate hinged portion that allows access to the connector  342  and tubing section when the syringe  31  is encased in the syringe shield  30 . In certain embodiments, the forward extension  341  may include a lateral exit port  344  through which the tubing section may exit the syringe shield  30 . The forward section of the access bore  341  may be enclosed with a blocking material to reduce shine from the connector  342  and potential exposure of the user to radiation or to reduce or eliminate ambient light contamination to optically sensitive components in a syringe.  FIG. 3B  additionally shows a syringe shield  31  having a built in handle  346  which is further described below with  FIG. 7 . 
         [0042]    In some embodiments, a connection between the shield and a device may be facilitated by a locking mechanism that is integrated into the housing. For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the syringe shield  20  of such embodiments may attach to a delivery injector body (not shown) using a syringe mount system which may include one or more flanges or grooves configured to associate with a syringe mount  206 . The syringe mount  206  of such embodiments may be in any configuration and may include, for example, buttons, pins, slides, grooves, and the like configured to associate with the syringe shield  20  to facilitate proper placement of the housing on or within the delivery injector body. In other embodiments, the syringe shield  20  may attach to a delivery injector body through a saddle mount which may be shaped to fit within a groove provided on the syringe shield  20 . In some embodiments, the saddle mount may include pressure fittings, grooves, pins, buttons, and the like that facilitate reversible attachment of the syringe shield  20  to the saddle mount. The saddle mount of such embodiments may be similar to a ski boot connector in which a first flange on the syringe shield  20  is inserted into a groove on the saddle mount and a second flange or groove is received by hinged clamp that holds the second flange or groove in the mount. The hinged clamp may include one or more springs that are positioned to apply force to the second flange or groove holding it in place. The hinged clamp may be forced backward by a lateral flange on the syringe shield that contacts the hinged clamp when, for example, the syringe shield is pivoted in the saddle mount. 
         [0043]    In various embodiments, the syringe mount may be associated with and attached to a framework underlying the housing rather than the housing itself. The framework will generally be composed of a rigid material that provides mechanical support for the syringe mount with a syringe shield mounted to the syringe mount and an actuation component mount. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the framework may substantially improve the accuracy and reproducibility of injections by reducing or eliminating flexion that can occur when the syringe mount and/or actuation component are attached to a housing composed of a more flexible material. In some embodiments, the framework may be composed of steel, aluminum, or another metal or metal alloy or high tensile strength polymer compositions and may be designed to fit within the housing and provide attachment sites for mechanical components of the device in addition to the syringe mount and actuation component. 
         [0044]    In certain embodiments, the syringe mount may include a forward groove or ridge into which a corresponding ridge or groove on the syringe shield fits. The syringe mount may further include rear binding that associates with a groove or ridge on the syringe shield. In some embodiments, the binding may include a housing attached to a delivery injector body that includes one or more springs positioned to urge a clamp forward against the groove or ridge of the syringe shield to lock the syringe shield in place when it has been pushed into position. Embodiments are not limited to any particular syringe holder or mount. For example, in some embodiments, the syringe holder may be a device configured to accept and hold a syringe or vial holding the radiopharmaceutical by removably attaching to the syringe or vial body or flanges associated with the syringe or vial. In other embodiments, the syringe holder or mount may be configured to accept and hold a secondary device housing a syringe or vial including a radiopharmaceutical. 
         [0045]    In certain embodiments, the syringe shield may be attached to a delivery injector body using a collar syringe shield support, and the like or combinations thereof. For example,  FIG. 4  is an example of a base plate  40  configured to connect with the syringe shield described above with reference to  FIG. 1 . Such base plates  40  may be an integral part of a device onto which the syringe shield is designed to interact, or in some embodiments, such base plates  40  may be made as a separate component that can be attached to existing devices as an adapter. Thus, in some embodiments, the base plate  40  may include flanges, holes, clamps, appendages, and the like or other components and combinations thereof for attaching the base plate to the device. 
         [0046]    The base plates  40  of such embodiments may generally include one or more orifices  402 ,  404  positioned to allow actuation devices from the device to contact the syringe or a plunger, stopper, or piston associated with the syringe to expel the contents of the syringe. The base plate  40  may further include a means for attaching the syringe shield to the base plate. For example, in some embodiments, the one or more orifices  402 ,  404  may include grooves or threads that correspond with grooves or threads on the syringe shield and allow the syringe shield to be screwed into the base plate. In other embodiments, holes may be provided near the orifices  402 ,  404  that are configured to receive a pin or screw which is received by the orifices in a connector plate ( 155  and  156  in  FIG. 1 ), and attach the syringe shield to the base plate  40 . 
         [0047]    In some embodiments, the collar syringe shield support is designed to fit over and around the front of a delivery injector body to avoid modification to the injector and to provide free access of the syringes to the injector head for syringe mounting, while providing a relatively immovable base to which to attach the syringe shield. For example,  FIG. 5  provides a two piece collar  501 ,  502  that is designed and configured to encircle a portion of a device, and this collar assembly may be attached to the base plate of the collar syringe shield support by an attachment extension  503 . More specifically, the base plate may be received by an opening in the collar mount  501  and used to secure the base plate in place using screws, pins, or another attachment means. The collar mount  501  may include one or more attachment extensions  503  that includes a means for attaching the collar to the base plate. As illustrated in  FIG. 5 , the attachment means includes a groove  504  and a screw-plate  505  that is configured to fit over and connect with an appendage or flange on the base plate. Screws, pins, or another attachment means can be introduced through the screw-plate  505  into corresponding holes or orifices in the appendage or flange on the base plate to connect the collar syringe shield assembly to the base plate. In a particular embodiment, the syringe shield may be permanently or temporarily attached to a Medrad Spectris Solaris EP injector or similar fluid delivery systems to provide shielding for a drug containing syringe. 
         [0048]    In some embodiments, the collar syringe shield assembly may be pivoted on the appendage or flange of the base plate to allow the position of the syringe to change during use without disassembling the collar/syringe shield assembly or removing the collar from the appendage or flange, as shown in  FIG. 6 .  FIG. 6  shows the components of  FIG. 4  and  FIG. 5  with a syringe shield of  FIG. 1  and syringes mounted onto a device. In particular embodiments, the syringe shield can be selectively moved by the operator into a position  601  where the syringe shield is around a syringe, or be moved to a second position  602  for storage on the injector head where it is not surrounding or shielding the syringe. In some embodiments, a locking pin  603  may be provided that fits into holes in the collar syringe shield support, enabling the shield to be locked into position either around a syringe or in a second, storage position not surrounding a syringe. In other embodiments, the locking pin is spring loaded so that it is a part of the syringe shield and not removable such that the pin can be pulled out and spring into the hole when it is moved to the correct position, or the locking pin can be rotated 90 degrees to hold it in the disengaged position to facilitate easier movement between the deployed and stored position and then turned 90 degrees again to engage the hole. 
         [0049]    Further embodiments include a carrier handle  730  designed to attach to the syringe shield to ease transport of the radiopharmaceutical and reduce exposure to the person carrying the syringe shield. For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 7 , in some embodiments, a carrier handle  730  may include a tubing bore cover  731  configured and arranged to fit within the tubing bore  715  and/or a groove, flange,  732  or other attachment means associated with the tubing bore. The carrier handle may further include a plunger cover  734  configured and arranged to associate with the enlarged portion of the syringe housing  711  by, for example, contacting the housing within the enlarged portion of the housing  711 . In some embodiments, the tubing bore cover  731  and/or the plunger cover  734  may include a material capable of blocking radioactive emissions that is positioned to block emission that could otherwise escape through the tubing bore  715  and the plunger access point  716 . In particular embodiments, the carrier handle  730  may include a carrier body  735  that includes a grip portion  736  and the plunger cover  734 . The tubing bore cover  731  may be hingedly attached to the carrier body and may include a lever or button  737  that is configured to allow the tubing bore cover to be released from the tubing bore  715  or corresponding flanges and grooves  732  on the housing  711  when the lever or button is depressed. 
         [0050]    In operation, the user may grasp the syringe shield  711  by positioning the plunger cover  734  within the plunger access point  716  or within the enlarged portion of the syringe shield  711  while the lever or button  737  is depressed. The tubing bore cover  731  may be positioned over the tubing bore  715  and the lever or button  737  can be released such that the tubing bore cover  731  is properly positioned within the tubing bore  715  and corresponding grooves  732 . The carrier handle  730  is thereby sufficiently connected to the syringe shield to allow the user to easily pick up and transport the syringe shield  711  without actually touching the housing itself. To remove the carrier handle  730 , the user can position the syringe shield  711  within a delivery injector body to allow the syringe shield  711  to connect to a syringe mount. The lever or button  737  may be depressed releasing the tubing access bore cover  731  from the tubing access bore  715  and corresponding groove  732 , and the user may rotate the carrier handle  730  such that the plunger cover  734  is removed from the plunger access point  716  and enlarged portion of the syringe shield  711 . Finally, the carrier handle  730  can be withdrawn from the syringe shield  711  while the syringe shield  711  remains mounted on a delivery injector body. Exposure to radioactive emissions from radiopharmaceutical minimalized during transport, and only occurs during loading of the syringe into the syringe shield  711  and installation of the tubing sections after the carrier handle  730  has been removed. 
         [0051]    The carrier handle  730  and syringe shield  711  may be made from any material. For example, the carrier handle  730  and syringe shield  711  may be made from a metal, a polymeric material, or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the carrier handle  730  may be prepared from a rigid polymeric material such as a polycarbonate that may reduce the weight of the combined syringe shield  711  and the carrier handle  730 , while the syringe shield  711  may be prepared from a metal or other material that is capable of blocking radioactive emissions such as tungsten or lead. In still other embodiments, the syringe shield  711  may be made from a metal such as tungsten or lead that is covered in a polymeric material such as a polycarbonate or light weight metal such as aluminum. In still other embodiments, the syringe shield  711  may include a pigment or dye at eliminates exposure of optical tracers to light. For example, in embodiments in which an optical tracer is delivered using the delivery device, the syringe shield  711  may be prepared exclusively from an opaque or colored to absorb particular wavelengths of light to reduce decay of the optical tracer. In such embodiments, the syringe shield  711  may not include a metal or other material to block radioactive emissions, and the radioactive emissions blocking material  712  portion of the devices illustrated may be omitted and replaced with, for example, a polymeric material. 
         [0052]    The systems that incorporate the syringe shield of the various embodiments may be configured to deliver any radiopharmaceutical known in the art, and the radiopharmaceutical may be delivered alone or in combination with another pharmaceutical composition. For example, in some embodiments, the system may be designed and configured to deliver  47 Ca—Ca 2 ,  11 C-L-methyl-methionine,  14 C-glycocholic acid  14 C-para-amino benzoic acid (PABA),  14 C-urea,  14 C-d-xylose,  51 Cr-red blood cells,  51 Cr—Cr 3+ ,  51 Cr-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA),  57 Co-cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12),  58 Co-cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12),  169 Er-colloid,  18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG),  18 F-fluoride,  18 F-fluorocholine,  68 Ga-dotatoc or dotatate,  3 H-water,  111 In-diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid (DTPA),  111 In-leukocytes,  111 In-platelets,  111 In-pentetreotide,  111 In-octreotide,  123 I-iodide,  123 I-o-iodohippurate,  123 I-m-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG),  123 I-FP-CIT,  125 I-fibrinogen,  131 I-iodide,  131 I-iodide,  131 I-m-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG),  59 Fe—Fe 2+  or Fe 3+ ,  81 mKr-aqueous,  13 N-ammonia,  15 0-water,  32 P-phosphate,  82 Rb-chloride,  153 Sm-ethylenediaminotetramethylenephosphoric acid (EDTMP),  75 Se-elenorcholesterol,  75 Se-23-Seleno-25-homo-tauro-cholate (SeHCAT),  22 Na—Na+,  24 Na—Na+,  89 Sr-chloride,  99 mTc-pertechnetate,  99 mTc-human albumin,  99 mTc-human albumin macroaggregates or microspheres,  99 mTc-phosphonates and phosphate,  99 mTc-diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid (DTPA),  99 mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid (V) (DMSA),  99 mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid (III) (DMSA),  99 mTc-colloid,  99 mTc-hepatic iminodiacetic acid (HIDA),  99 mTc-denatured red bood cells,  99 mTc-red blood cells,  99 mTc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3),  99 mTc-exametazime,  99 mTc-sestamibi (MIBI-methoxy isobutyl isonitrile),  99 mTc-sulesomab (IMMU-MN3 murine Fab′-SH antigranulocyte monoclonal antibody fragments),  99 mTc-human immunoglobulin,  99 mTc-tetrofosmin,  99 mTc-ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD),  201 Tl-n+,  133 Xe in isotonic sodium chloride solution,  90 Y-silicate, and the like and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the system may be configured for delivery of radiopharmaceuticals for imaging myocardial or other cardiovascular conditions. In such embodiments, the system may be configured to deliver  18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG),  13 N-ammonia,  15 0-Water,  82 Rb-Chloride,  99 mTc-pertechnetate,  99 mTc-human albumin,  99  mTc-human albumin macroaggregates or microspheres,  99 mTc-diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid (DTPA),  99 mTc-denatured red bood cells,  99 mTc-red blood cells,  99 mTc-exametazime,  99 mTc-sestamibi (MIBI-methoxy isobutyl isonitrile),  99 mTc-tetrofosmin,  201 Tl-Tl + , and the like and combinations thereof. 
         [0053]    Optical tracers used in various embodiments, may be derived from any source. For example, in some embodiments, the optical tracer may be a fluorochrome, green fluorescent protein, red fluorescent protein, and luciferin or any other bioluminescent molecule isolated from, for example, ctenophores, coelenterases, mollusca, fish, ostracods, insects, bacteria, crustacea, annelids, and earthworms. In particular embodiments, the optical tracer may be isolated from fireflies,  Mnemiopsis, Beroe ovata, Aequorea, Obelia, Pelagia, Renilla, Pholas Aristostomias, Pachystomias, Poricthys, Cypridina, Aristostomias, Pachystomias, Malacosteus, Gonadostomias, Gaussia, Watensia, Halisturia, Vampire squid, Glyphus, Mycotophids, Vinciguerria, Howella, Florenciella, Chaudiodus, Melanocostus, Sea Pens, Chiroteuthis, Eucleoteuthis, Onychoteuthis, Watasenia, cuttlefish, Sepiolina, Oplophorus, Acanthophyra, Sergestes, Gnathophausia, Argyropelecus, Yarella, Diaphus, Gonadostomias, Ptilosarcus,  or  Neoscopelus,  and in certain embodiments, the optical tracer may be luciferin or coelentrazine. 
         [0054]    In some embodiments, the system may be configured to administer a single radiopharmaceutical composition, and in other embodiments the system may be configured to deliver two or more different radiopharmaceuticals. In embodiments in which the system is configured to deliver multiple radiopharmaceuticals, the system may allow the operator to switch configurations depending on the intended procedure. The amount of radiopharmaceutical delivered by the system may vary among embodiments and based on the protocol being used. Generally, a doctor, technician, or other qualified personnel can determine an appropriate amount of the radiopharmaceutical to be delivered to a particular subject using metrics regarding the subject known in the art. Because of the flexibility of the system, any amount of radiopharmaceutical can be delivered. 
         [0055]    Although various embodiments have been described in detail for the purpose of illustration, it is to be understood that such detail is solely for that purpose and that the disclosure is not limited to the disclosed embodiments, but, on the contrary, is intended to cover modifications and equivalent arrangements. For example, it is to be understood that this disclosure contemplates that, to the extent possible, one or more features of any embodiment can be combined with one or more features of any other embodiment. It is also to be understood that the specific devices and processes illustrated in the attached drawings, and described in the following specification, are simply exemplary embodiments.