Abstract:
A device for protecting a lineman or firefighter from an electrical fire that occurs while working within a manhole. The device dispenses a non-conductive amount of hydrated super absorbent polymer having fire suppression and extinguishing properties without creating an electrically conductive environment. The admixture can cling to walls, ladders, clothing and skin. The admixture is capable of encapsulating noxious gases produced by electrical fires and prevent the release of toxic gases.

Description:
PRIORITY STATEMENT 
       [0001]    In accordance with 37 C.F.R. 1.76, a claim of priority is included in an Application Data Sheet filed concurrently herewith. Accordingly, the present invention claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/754,068, entitled “DEVICE OF TREATING MANHOLE ELECTRICAL FIRES”, filed Jan. 18, 2013. The contents of which the above referenced application is incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    This invention relates to the field of fire prevention, and more particularly to a device for placement around a manhole for dispersion of a super absorbent polymer and water to shield a worker while working within a manhole should a fire occur. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    In many cities the utilities are located beneath the surface of the earth, usually beneath the surface of the streets. These utilities are usually placed in tunnels or conduits. In the older cities, such as New York City, these utilities have been located in these tunnels or conduits for many years/decades. Over time, the conduits which carry these utilities wear out and break. A serious problem is the failure of electrical transmission lines in conduits and tunnels. These failures usually result in fires which must be quickly extinguished to prevent further damage. 
         [0004]    While it is desirable to replace very old utilities in conduits and tunnels, it is not always practical. Due to financial restraints and other limitations, most of these electrical transmission lines have not been replaced. Unfortunately, failure of older electrical transmission lines can result in an electrical fire. These fires are commonly discovered when smoke is seen arising from manhole covers in the streets and sidewalks. It has been estimated by Consolidated Edison that there are approximately 40 electrical fires per day under the streets of New York City. 
         [0005]    The cost of repairing and replacing the electrical transmission lines damaged by these fires is approximately $100,000.00 per linear foot of transmission line. Therefore, it is imperative that these fires be extinguished as quickly as possible. Inspection of lines can help pinpoint potential trouble areas. Unfortunately, inspection of the lines can trigger a fire. For instance, the opening of a manhole cover can provide the oxygen needed to support a fire. Similarly, a lineman performing an inspection may disturb a conduit resulting in arcing of electric lines, possibly triggering a fire. 
         [0006]    Normally a lineman inspecting a potential problem area occurs while electrical power is still flowing through the lines. The inspection takes place within the manhole wherein a lineman inserts himself into the manhole. Typically a ladder is placed through the manhole and the lineman climbs down the ladder to permit inspection from within. Unfortunately the lineman can trigger a fire, or simply be in the wrong place at the wrong time. There have been many instances wherein a fire begins while the lineman is on the ladder. For instance, a fire may be smoldering as evidence by smoking coming out of the manhole. A lineman or fireman may then enter the manhole, and without notice, the smoldering may burst into an all encompassing fire. In many such instances, the individual who climbed into the manhole is now at risk of injury or death. 
         [0007]    What is needed is a device that provides fire protection to the individual that climbs through the manhole for servicing of the electrical grid in the tunnels beneath the ground surface. 
       DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART 
       [0008]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,834,728 discloses a system for extinguishing a fire in a tunnel. The system includes a conduit for delivering a fire extinguishing liquid and a trough extending parallel to the conduit for receiving liquid from the conduit. A carriage is arranged to move on a track which includes an upper edge of the trough. The carriage carries a pump having a nozzle, a video camera, and an inlet; each of which can be controlled robotically from a remote control station. The inlet is deployed in the trough to draw liquid from the trough. 
         [0009]    U.S. Pat. No. 7,096,965 discloses a method of proportioning a foam concentrate into a non-flammable liquid to form a foam concentrate/liquid mixture and create a flowing stream of the foam concentrate/liquid mixture. Nitrogen is introduced into the stream of the foam/liquid mixture to initiate the formation of a nitrogen expanded foam fire suppressant. The flowing stream carrying the nitrogen expanded foam is dispensed, which completes the full expansion of the nitrogen expanded foam fire suppressant, into the confined area involved in the fire, thereby smothering the fire and substantially closing off contact between combustible material involved in the fire and the atmosphere. The apparatus of this invention is adapted for expanding and dispensing foam and includes a housing defining an interior through which extends a discharge line. The ends of the housing are closed about the ends of the discharge line, and the ends of the discharge line extend beyond the ends of the housing to define a connector at one end for receiving a stream of foam concentrate/liquid and at the opposite end to define the foam dispensing end of the apparatus. A portion of the discharge line in the housing defines an eductor for the introduction of expanded gas into the stream of foam concentrate/liquid flowing through the discharge line. 
         [0010]    U.S. Pat. No. 7,104,336 discloses a method and apparatus for proportioning foam concentrate into a non-flammable liquid to form a foam concentrate/liquid mixture and create a flowing stream of the foam concentrate/liquid mixture similar to the method and apparatus of U.S. Pat. No. 7,096,965. 
         [0011]    U.S. Pat. No. 7,124,834 discloses a method for extinguishing a fire in a space such as a tunnel. The method includes spraying a fire extinguishing medium into the space by spray heads. In a first stage of the method, the flow and temperature of the hot gases produced by the fire are influenced by spraying an extinguishing medium into the space, especially by creating in the space at least one curtain of extinguishing medium. At least some spray heads in the space are pre-activated into a state of readiness. In a second stage of the method, at least one spraying head is activated to produce a spray of extinguishing medium. 
         [0012]    U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/680,803 is entitled “Process for Fire Prevention and Extinguishing”, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. In this application, a process for retarding or extinguishing conflagrations using a super absorbent polymer in water is disclosed. The reaction of the water with the polymer creates a gel-like substance with a viscosity that allows the mixture to be readily pumped through a standardized 2.5 gallon water based fire extinguisher, yet viscous enough to cover vertical and horizontal surfaces to act as a barrier to prevent fire from damaging such structures, minimizing the manpower needed to continuously soak these structures. 
         [0013]    U.S. Pat. No. 7,169,843 discloses absorptive, cross-linked polymers which are based on partly neutralized, monoethylenically unsaturated monomers carrying acid groups, and with improved properties, which has a high gel bed permeability and high centrifuge retention capacity. 
         [0014]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,989,446 discloses a water additive for use in fire extinguishing and prevention. The additive comprises a cross-linked water-swellable polymer in a water/oil emulsion. The polymer particles are dispersed in an oil emulsion wherein the polymer particles are contained within discrete water “droplets” within the oil. With the help of an emulsifier, the water “droplets” are dispersed relatively evenly throughout the water/oil emulsion. This allows the additive to be introduced to the water supply in a liquid form, such that it can be easily educated with standard firefighting equipment. 
         [0015]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,190,110 discloses the fighting of fires or protection of objects from fire by applying water which comprises dispersing in the water particles of a cross-linked, water-insoluble, but highly water-swellable, acrylic acid derivative polymer in an amount insufficient to bring the viscosity above 100 mPa&#39;s. Advantageously, the particles are present in an amount such that, after swelling, the swollen particles hold 60 to 70% by weight of the total water; the polymer being a copolymer of an acrylic acid, the water containing silicic acid and/or a silicate as well as sodium, potassium or ammonium ions. The water is freely pumpable, but the swollen particles adhere to surfaces they contact rather than running off rapidly. 
         [0016]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,849,210 discloses a method of preventing or retarding a combustible object from burning including the steps of mixing water with a super absorbent polymer (“SAP”) to form one at least partially hydrated SAP, and applying the at least partially hydrated SAP to the combustible object, before or after combustion. In another embodiment, an article of manufacture includes a SAP that is prehydrated and is useful for preventing a combustible object from burning, or preventing penetration of extreme heat or fire to a firefighter or other animal. 
         [0017]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,372,842 discloses methods of using an aqueous composition or dispersion containing a water-soluble or water-dispersible synthetic polymer, and compositions formed thereof. The aqueous composition or dispersion is added to agricultural spray, ink, deicing, latex paint, cleaner and fire-extinguishing chemical compositions, water-based hydraulic compositions, dust control compositions and so on, to impart properties including, but not limited to, aerosol control, shear stability, transfer efficiency, oil/water reduction, emollient performance, lubricity, thickening, and anti-wear capability, to the resultant composition formed thereof. 
         [0018]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,087,513 discloses polybenzimidazole polymer/superabsorbent polymer particles. These articles are prepared by either mixing the super absorbent polymer particulates with the polybenzimidazole polymer solution during the formation of the polybenzimidazole article, or forming a composite of a polybenzimidazole film or fiber material layer with a super absorbent polymer particulate containing layer. These polybenzimidazole products absorb large amounts of fluid while retaining the flame retardancy and chemical unreactivity of conventional polybenzimidazole materials. 
         [0019]    U.S. Pat. No. 4,978,460 discloses a particulate additive for water for fire fighting containing a strongly swelling water-insoluble high molecular weight polymer as gelatinizing agent, which comprises a water-soluble release agent which causes the particles of said gelatinizing agent not to swell, the particles of the gelatinizing agent being encased or dispersed in the release agent. Suitable release agents include polyethylene glycol, sugars, mannitol, etc. The gelatinizing agent may be a moderately cross-linked water-insoluble acrylic or methacrylic acid copolymer. 
         [0020]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,519,088 discloses an aqueous gel comprising a polymer of (meth)acrylamide or particular (meth)acrylamide derivative(s), particulate metal oxide(s) and an aqueous medium, a process for producing said gel, and products utilizing said gel. This aqueous gel can be produced so as to have transparency, be highly elastic and fire resistant and can prevent the spreading of flames. The aqueous gel when produced transparent, becomes cloudy when heated or cooled and is useful for the shielding of heat rays or cold radiation. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0021]    A device for suppressing the spread of and extinguishing electrical fires in manhole areas. The device includes a distribution ring that is placed over a manhole and distributes a hydrated super absorbent polymer into the manhole covering the individual and the area direction around the ladder used by the individual to enter the manhole. The hydrated super absorbent polymer has substantially superior fire suppression and extinguishing properties than the fire suppression and extinguishing properties of plain water. One of the unique properties of the admixture is its ability to cling to object to which it has been applied and both cool down the object after it is on fire and created a block to inhibit fire spreading over the object. The hydrated super absorbent polymer mixture has a viscosity and is distributed in a manner to be contained within a specific area without spreading to adjacent areas. These superior properties enable electrical fires to be extinguished more rapidly and not flare back up. The hydrated super absorbent polymer is also know to encapsulate noxious and toxic gases produced by electrical fires giving the individual time to extract themselves from the manhole. The mixture is capable of retaining ash, particulates, and other byproducts of the electrical fire to enable a rapid and thorough cleanup. 
         [0022]    Accordingly, it is an objective of the present invention to provide a device for placement in a manhole for suppressing fires in confined areas. 
         [0023]    It is a further objective of the present invention to provide a device that is manually triggered by the individual in the manhole, or a person outside the manhole, to release material capable of extinguishing electrical fires and suppressing the spread of electrical fires in the manhole; the manual trigger is a solenoid operated valve operated by switches attached to the end of extension cords. 
         [0024]    It is a further objective of the present invention to provide a device that is manually triggered by the individual in the manhole, or a person outside the manhole, to release material capable of extinguishing electrical fires and suppressing the spread of electrical fires in the manhole; the manual trigger is a solenoid operated valve operated by wireless RF controllers. 
         [0025]    It is a further objective of the present invention to provide a device that is automatically triggered to release material capable of extinguishing electrical fires and suppressing the spread of electrical fires in the manhole. The automatic trigger is a heat sensitive nozzle that is ready to dispense material upon the presence of heat. 
         [0026]    It is yet another objective of the present invention to provide a device that sprays a material coating over the individual calculated to provide the individual time to extract themselves from the manhole while using a material that utilizes substantially less water, resulting in less damage to electrical components and other equipment located in the vicinity of the fire. 
         [0027]    It is still yet another objective of the present invention to provide a device to work with a unique admixture of super absorbent polymer and water which has viscosity sufficient to enable it to not flow readily and retain a shape for a period of time. The viscosity also enables the admixture to adhere to horizontal, vertical, inclined, and curved surfaces. 
         [0028]    It is a still further objective of the present invention to provide a device for protecting of personnel, extinguishing or suppressing of an electrical fire, and results in a rapid and less expensive cleanup process. 
         [0029]    Other objectives and advantages of this invention will become apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with any accompanying drawings wherein are set forth, by way of illustration and example, certain embodiments of this invention. Any drawings contained herein constitute a part of this specification and include exemplary embodiments of the present invention and illustrate various objects and features thereof. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0030]      FIG. 1  is a pictorial view of a device for treating manhole electrical fires; 
           [0031]      FIG. 2  is a pictorial view of the device using a wireless transmitter; 
           [0032]      FIG. 3  is a pictorial view of the distributor nozzle; 
           [0033]      FIG. 4  is a side view of the distributor nozzle; and 
           [0034]      FIG. 5  is a cross sectional view of the distributor nozzle. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0035]    While the present invention is susceptible of embodiment in various forms, there is shown in the drawings and will hereinafter be described a presently preferred, albeit not limiting, embodiment with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered an exemplification of the present invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the specific embodiments illustrated. 
         [0036]    The present invention relates to a unique technique or method of extinguishing electrical fires and suppressing the spread of electrical fires. This unique technique utilizes a super absorbent polymer in water in an amount sufficient to extinguish an electrical fire and suppress the spread of the electrical fire. The present invention utilizes biodegradable, super absorbent, aqueous based polymers. Examples of these polymers are cross-linked modified polyacrylamides/potassium acrylate or polyacrylamides/sodium acrylate. Other suitable polymers include, albeit not limited to, carboxy-methylcellulose, alginic acid, cross-linked starches, and cross-linked polyaminoacids. 
         [0037]    Referring to the Figures, the present invention relates to a device used to protect personnel that are within a manhole, which could be subject to an electrical fire within the manhole. Electrical fires present different and unique problems pertaining to how these fires should be extinguished and suppressed. Water is normally used to fight fires because it can quickly cool down the burning material, there is usually a large supply of it ready for use, and it is relatively inexpensive. However, water and electricity are harmful, if not deadly to individuals, when brought into contact with each other. Normally, when water hits an active electrical circuit or electrical component, it shorts out the circuit or component, which usually results in destruction of the circuit or component. Further, when individuals are in close proximity to the water contacting the electricity, there is a strong likelihood that the water will act as a conductor and conduct the electricity to the individuals, resulting in serious injury or death of the individuals. Since water spreads rapidly in all directions on surfaces, electricity which comes in contact with the water will be conducted to wherever the water flows. Because it is difficult to prevent water from flowing to certain areas, there is a strong likelihood that individuals will be injured or killed when they come in contact with this water. 
         [0038]    In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, a solid form of the super absorbent polymer, such as a powder, is added to a stream or body of water which results in an aqueous admixture of the super absorbent polymer and water having properties which enable the super absorbent polymer and water admixture to be applied over the individual and remain within the confined area because of its relatively high viscosity. The properties of the admixture, in particular its viscosity, also enable the admixture to be applied to remain on vertical, horizontal, and curved surfaces of the ladder used by the individual to enter the manhole. Unlike pure water, the material does not provide an electrically conductive path permitting the individual time to get out of the manhole without being electrocuted. The present invention adds a predetermined amount of the super absorbent polymer to a predetermined amount of water to obtain an admixture which has properties that enable the admixture to suppress the spread of an electrical fire and extinguish any fire that has attached itself to the individual. The preferred predetermined amounts are 2-4 pounds of dry super absorbent polymer to 30 gallons of water. The super absorbent polymer can be added to a given volume of water and the resulting admixture pumped to a location to suppress the spread of and extinguish electrical fires. The adherence of the admixture of super absorbent polymer and water to the clothing of the individual, lowers the temperature of the clothing below a combustion temperature thereby giving the individual time to exit the manhole. In addition, adherence of the admixture of super absorbent polymer and water to the clothing maintains moisture content at a level which suppresses the spread of the fire by preventing combustion of the clothing from hot embers and/or flames. Further, placing the admixture upon exposed skin deters burning of the skin. 
         [0039]    Currently, firefighters apply water to the electrical conduits/components which are on fire and also to adjacent conduits/components because it is difficult to control where the water goes. This contact of water on electrical conduits/components that are not on fire results in substantial unnecessary damage to these conduits/components. The present invention, on the other hand, enables a controlled dispersion of super absorbent polymer water mixture to a specific area for the primary purpose of protecting the individual from the fire, and giving the individual time to escape the manhole. The mixture adheres to the individual and the ladder, without affecting adjacent conduits/components. Thus, a substantial safety factor is gained because electrical conduits/components are not sprayed, and even if they are sprayed, the admixture is not conductive like water. 
         [0040]    Besides the risk of electrocution from using only water to protect an individual in an electrical fire, water will not suppress the noxious and/or toxic gasses produced by burning electrical wires, insulation and other components. However, the admixture of super absorbent polymer and water of the present invention has physical and chemical properties which enable the admixture of super absorbent polymer and water to entrap and retain the noxious and/or toxic gasses and prevent the release of these gases into the atmosphere. This is an important advantage that the present invention has over the prior art because it prevents the noxious and/or toxic gases from reaching and affecting the lineman and/or firefighters. 
         [0041]    When there are electrical fires in underground tunnels or conduits, the firefighters contact the electrical utility to have the electrical power turned off so they can fight the fire. In rare instances, the electrical power is not turned off which may result in serious injury and/or death of the firefighters when they apply water to the electrical fire. The present invention produces an admixture having properties such that the admixture will not readily flow or run from the area into which the admixture has been applied. Therefore, even though the super absorbent polymer water admixture contains a large amount of water, if the admixture is applied to a live electrical wire or component, the electricity will not travel back to the firefighter because the water will remain on the object to which the admixture has been applied due to its physical properties and not travel to the firefighter. 
         [0042]    Referring to the Figures, a container  10  holding the FireIce® hydrated super absorbent polymer is positioned a distance from a manhole  100  shown with the manhole cover  102  removed and a ladder  104  placed within the manhole  100 . Within the manhole are utilities in an underground tunnel or conduit, not shown. These utilities can be electrical cables, telephone lines, water supply lines, and so forth. The manhole  100  permits individuals to gain access to the underground tunnel. 
         [0043]    The container  10  holds a mixture of super absorbent polymer and a predetermined amount of water to obtain an admixture. The container  10  can be premixed or mixed on location, the Applicant&#39;s super absorbent polymer can be mixed without special tools or the use of a mixer, and the admixture will stay in suspension for long periods of time and, with minimal movement of the container can remix any polymer that settles. The container  10  can hold from 5 to 30 gallons of the admixture, the higher amount providing the longer dispensing period and thus providing the individual within the manhole time to exit as necessary. The admixture is directed into the manhole  100  by use of a distribution ring  14  that is fluidly coupled to the container  10  by a fluid hose  12 . The hose can be 10-50 foot long allowing the placement of the container a distance from the manhole  100 . Quick release couplings  18  and  19  are used to connect the fluid hose  12  to the container  10  and distribution ring  14 . The distribution ring  14  is constructed an arranged to be placed about the circumference of the manhole  100  opening so that an individual can enter and exit uninhibited. The distribution ring  14  has a plurality of spray nozzles  16  to direct the admixture into the manhole  100  should an individual working within the manhole  100  require fire protection. The spray nozzles  16  are constructed and arranged to distribute an amount of the hydrated admixture in sufficient quantity to cover the individual, the ladder, and the immediate area beneath the manhole. If the individual&#39;s clothing is on fire, the admixture will extinguish the fire and suppress the spread of the fire. The admixture will also protect the individual&#39;s skin from exposure to the fire. Further, the admixture will inhibit the fire from damaging the integrity of the ladder so as to provide the individual with sufficient time to exit the manhole. 
         [0044]    The container  10  can be manually discharged like a conventional fire extinguisher wherein handle  20  can be manually operated by a co-worker monitoring the individual within the manhole  100 . A solenoid  22  is also positioned at the container  10  allowing for a remote discharge of the container  10 . In the preferred embodiment, a first remote activator  24  is tethered to the solenoid  22  by a cable  26 . Should a need occur, the co-worker monitoring the individual within the manhole  100  may activate the system by depressing a trigger switch located on the remote activator  24  which opens the solenoid  22  allowing for the disbursement of the admixture within the container  10  to the manhole. The cable  26  can be of a length that allows the co-worker quick access for disbursement yet freedom to continue other duties. It is contemplated that the container  10  is mounted on a vehicle. By way of example, a coworker may place the first remote into the cabin area in adverse weather conditions wherein the coworker can monitor the manhole  100  from a remote location, should a fire erupt in the manhole  100  while an individual is within the manhole  100 , the coworker could immediately trigger a discharge. 
         [0045]    In addition, a second remote activator  28  is tethered to the solenoid  22  by a cable  30  that allows the worker or fireman who entered the manhole  100  an opportunity to save himself at the first sign of a problem. Similar to the first remote activator  24 , the second remote activator  28  is coupled to the solenoid  22  and can be operated by a trigger switch on the remote activator  28 . It is contemplated that a remote activator  28  is attached to the individual, such as their work belt, every time they enter a manhole  100  to perform inspection. As previously mentioned, electrical arcing may occur at any time and the larger volume of air allowed by the removal of the manhole cover  102  may result in an unexpected fire burst. Similarly, where a fireman is called in to determine the reason for some arising from a manhole  100 , the removal of the manhole  100  cover may allow a volume of air to enter the area to support full blown combustion. It should be noted that even if an electrical grid is turned off for inspection, a smoldering fire may irrupt irrespective of the presence of electricity. In manholes that lead to tunnels, the worker may leave the second remote activator  28  at the bottom of the ladder  104 . Should a fire occur, the worker that returns to the ladder  104  can active the system providing a shower of fire suppressant material that will give him the time necessary to escape the manhole. 
         [0046]    A variation of the cabled remote is the use of a wireless transmitter  32  which works on a radio frequency. The transmitter would signal a receiver  34  mounted to the solenoid  22  or a repeater mounted at the entrance of the ladder that would signal the solenoid mounted receiver  34 . At a minimum, a 2.4 GHz transmitter should be suitable to placed within the manhole  100  and transmit to a receiver, without a repeater, if the receiver is positioned with 30 feet of the manhole  100 . Battery condition of the solenoid, whether operated by a cabled trigger switch or a wireless transmitter  32  can be verified by use of an indicator light that indicates the condition of the battery is sufficient for operation. Another light indicator can be employed to verify the container is filled with fluid and pressurized. Lithium battery technology would allow a replacement period expected to exceed ten years as the system is to be used only for emergencies, and the battery draw during that time would be limited to low draw LED operational indicator lights. 
         [0047]    In a preferred embodiment, the wireless transmitter  32  is mounted to a wrist band  36  that can be positioned around an individual&#39;s wrist before they enter the manhole  100 . Radio frequency has a drawback when placed beneath the ground level requiring the wireless transmitter  32  to be placed within a range of the manhole  100  to assure proper operation. A proximity sensor can be used to assure the transmitter and receiver is within operating range, with a flashing light on the both the solenoid and the receiver to indicate if the devices are out of range. It should be noted that while a wrist band is described, any type of attachment convenient to the individual is contemplated include a pendant worn around the neck and belt attachment similar to a garage door opener bracket. 
         [0048]    Referring to  FIG. 3 , the container  10  can be charged by a compressed gas container  40 . The container  10  can again be discharged like a conventional fire extinguisher wherein handle  20  can be manually operated by a co-worker monitoring the individual within the manhole  100 . The solenoid  22  is positioned on the container  10  allowing for a remote discharge by use of a wireless transmitter  42  that can be carried by the worker, or attached to the worker wherein the wireless transmitter operates automatically such as by fire or heat. 
         [0049]    The container  10  holds the hydrated super absorbent polymer which is directed into the manhole  100  by use of a distribution nozzle  44  that is fluidly coupled to the container  10  by a fluid hose  12 . The hose can be 10-50 foot long allowing the placement of the container a distance from the manhole  100 . The distribution nozzle  44  is constructed and arranged to be placed over the edge of the manhole  100  opening so that an individual can enter and exit uninhibited. The distribution nozzle  44  includes a rigid holder which consists of a hanger pipe that is of a length to place the distribution nozzle  44  beneath the street surface and an elbow  48  that allows for a 90 degree angle change without crimping the admixture flow. The distribution nozzle  44  has a rotating sleeve having a plurality of openings  52 . The sleeve is rotated upon receipt of a fluid flow by use of an impeller  54  that causes rotation upon the pressurized fluid flow into the distribution nozzle  44 . The impeller  54  is but one example of how to cause rotation of the distribution nozzle, the objective of the nozzle is to provide a distribution of the admixture during the situation. The nozzle need only handle a low volume flow of about 10 gallons total allowing for use of a ½″ or less sized distributor. A fixed nozzle may also be used wherein the openings are constructed and arranged to provide an overlapping pattern of admixture distribution. The nozzles are constructed to distribute an amount of the hydrated admixture in sufficient quantity to cover the individual, the ladder, and the immediate area beneath the manhole. If the individual&#39;s clothing is on fire, the admixture will extinguish the fire and suppress the spread of the fire. The admixture will also protect the individual&#39;s skin from exposure to the fire. Further, the admixture will inhibit the fire from damaging the integrity of the ladder so as to provide the individual with sufficient time to exit the manhole. 
         [0050]    The viscosity of the admixture of super absorbent polymer allows attachment to whatever is spayed and the admixture will not move or migrate past the area into which it was introduced. Therefore, the admixture can be delivered to a specific area within a tunnel and it will remain in that area and will not flow into areas that are not sprayed. Spraying the individuals clothing and exposed skin is most preferred, the admixture provides fire extinguishing qualities also provides fire and heat retardant properties. Further, once the individual is within the spray area, noxious and/or toxic gasses are entrapped again providing the individual with additional time to exit the manhole. 
         [0051]    Should the material be discharged, clean-up can be performed by vacuuming the material once dried. Since the admixture of solid super absorbent polymer and water entraps the particulates and noxious and/or toxic gasses, the clean up is substantially easier and quicker than the clean up from other methods of fire suppression and extinguishing. 
         [0052]    Arc Performance &amp; Byproducts of Fireice®—Summary of Air Sampling Results 
         [0053]    Air sampling collections by the High Current Laboratory (HCL) evaluated the air emissions released from the application of FireIce® to artificially faults generated using copper and aluminum cables for airborne metals and organics. The description of the tests are as follows: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Test # 
                 Shot# 
                 Test description 
                 Cable description 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 1 
                 119 
                 New cables with copper conductor artificially 
                 coned 500 kcmil Cu 600 V 
               
               
                   
                   
                 faulted to create arc with no FireIce ® added. 
                 EAM/LSNH installed in 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Target fault current: 2 kA. 
                 coned precast concrete 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Fault duration: until fault self-extinguished. 
                 distribution box type B-3.6 
               
               
                 2 
                 120 
                 New cables with copper conductor artificially 
                 coned 500 kcmil Cu 600 V 
               
               
                   
                   
                 faulted to create arc with FireIce ® added at 
                 EAM/LSNH installed in 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the on-set of arc. 
                 coned precast concrete 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Target fault current: 2 kA. 
                 distribution box type B-3.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Fault duration: until fault self-extinguished. 
               
               
                 3 
                 121 
                 New cables with copper conductor artificially 
                 coned 500 kcmil Cu 600 V 
               
               
                   
                   
                 faulted to create arc with FireIce ® added at 
                 EAM/LSNH installed in 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the on-set of arc - this was a repeat of test #2 
                 coned precast concrete 
               
               
                   
                   
                 due to poor arc generation and non- 
                 distribution box type B-3.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 propagation of arc. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Target fault current: 2 kA. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Fault duration: until fault self-extinguished. 
               
               
                 4 
                 122 
                 New cables with aluminum conductor 
                 coned 350 MCM Al 600 V 
               
               
                   
                   
                 artificially faulted to create arc with FireIce ® 
                 EPR installed in coned 
               
               
                   
                   
                 added at the on-set of arc. 
                 precast concrete distribution 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 box type B-3.6 
               
               
                 5 
                 123 
                 New cables with aluminum conductor 
                 coned 350 MCM Al 600 V 
               
               
                   
                   
                 artificially faulted to create arc with 
                 EPR installed in coned 
               
               
                   
                   
                 “FireIce ®” added to concrete box to cover 
                 precast concrete distribution 
               
               
                   
                   
                 faulted cables prior to high current being 
                 box type B-3.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 applied to create arc. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Target fault current: 2 kA. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Fault duration: until fault self-extinguished. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0054]    In all the tests the cables were installed at the bottom of a concrete box, and the fault between the cables was created using a fuse wire. The approximate dimensions of the interior volume of the concrete box are: 33″×33″×24″. 
         [0055]    The sampling equipment consisted of five separate sampling trains, each with a sampling pump drawing air through various air sampling components using a calibrated mass flow controller to maintain constant flow. The sampling time for each train was two minutes during each of the 5 arc test scenarios. For each sampling train a flow rate was selected based on the type of air sample being collected. 
         [0056]    The organic compounds released to air were captured using Carbotrap™ 300 tubes after the air sample passed through a KOH impinger train. The sampling flow rate was 0.25 L/min. The total mass of organic compounds collected during each of the five arc fault tests are given in Table 2. 
         [0000]                                                    TABLE 2                   Total Mass of Organic Compounds Collected on Carbotrap ™ 300 Sample       Tubes and Estimated FireIce ® Inhibition Ratio for Organic Compound Release                    Minimum Removal           Total Mass of Organics Collected   Efficiency       Test Number &amp; Description   on Carbotrap ™ 300 Tubes (ng)   Compared to Test 1                    1   Pair of New Neoprene Copper   615   —           Cables - No FireIce ® Applied       2   Pair of New Neoprene Jacketed   189   3.2           Copper Cables - FireIce ®-           Added at On-Set of Arc       3   Pair of New Neoprene Jacketed   138   4.5           Copper Cables - FireIce ®-           Added at On-Set of Arc (Repeat)       4   Pair of New Neoprene Jacketed   No Organic Compounds   &gt;61.5*           Aluminum Cables - FireIce ®   Detected           Added at On-Set of Arc       5   Pair of New Neoprene Jacketed   No Organic Compounds   &gt;61.5*           Aluminum Cables - FireIce ®   Detected           Added Prior to Arc Generation               Note:       *Assumed minimum removal efficiency is assumed to be &gt;61.5 as detection limit for any single organic compound is 10 ng.            
The organic compounds identified in the air samples are summarized in Table 3.
 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Organic Compounds Identified in High Flow Samples 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Organic Compounds Collected 
                   
               
               
                   
                 on Carbotrap ™ 300 Tubes 
                 Total Organic 
               
               
                   
                 Passage Through KOH 
                 Compound Mass 
               
               
                 Test Number &amp; Description 
                 Impingers 
                 (Front + Back) (ng) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 Pair of New Neoprene Copper 
                 ethane-1-chloro-1,1 difluoro* 
                 48000*  
               
               
                   
                 Cables - No FireIce ® Added 
                 2-butene, 2-methyl 
                 18 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1,3-butadiene, 2-methyl 
                 40 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1,3 pentadiene 
                 35 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1,4 pentadiene 
                 14 
               
               
                   
                   
                 cyclopentane 
                 23 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1-pentene, 2-methyl 
                 36 
               
               
                   
                   
                 benzene 
                 62 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1,4-cyclohexadiene 
                 25 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3-hexen-1-ol 
                 28 
               
               
                   
                   
                 toluene 
                 237  
               
               
                   
                   
                 ethylbenzene 
                 48 
               
               
                   
                   
                 styrene** 
                 2740** 
               
               
                   
                   
                 a-methyl styrene** 
                  53** 
               
               
                 2 
                 Pair of New Neoprene Jacketed 
                 ethane-1-chloro-1,1-difluoro 
                  68* 
               
               
                   
                 Copper Cables - FireIce ®- 
                 1,3-butadiene 
                 14 
               
               
                   
                 Added at On-Set of Arc 
                 1-pentene, 2-methyl 
                 21 
               
               
                   
                   
                 propane, 2-methyl-1-nitro 
                 31 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3-heptene 
                  8 
               
               
                   
                   
                 benzene 
                 62 
               
               
                   
                   
                 butane, I-chloro-2-methyl 
                 25 
               
               
                   
                   
                 styrene** 
                  99** 
               
               
                   
                   
                 unknown 
                 28 
               
               
                 3 
                 Pair of New Neoprene Jacketed 
                 ethane-1-chloro-1,1-difluoro 
                 264* 
               
               
                   
                 Copper Cables - FireIce ®- 
                 1-propene, 2-methyl 
                 16 
               
               
                   
                 Added at On-Set of Arc 
                 1,3-butadiene 
                 40 
               
               
                   
                 (Repeat) 
                 2-butene, 2-methyl 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1-pentene, 2-methyl 
                 25 
               
               
                   
                   
                 benzene 
                 34 
               
               
                   
                   
                 unknown 
                 11 
               
               
                 4 
                 Pair of New Neoprene Jacketed 
                 No organic compounds 
                  0 
               
               
                   
                 Aluminum Cables - FireIce ® 
                 detected on both front and back 
               
               
                   
                 Added at On-Set of Arc 
                 Carbotrap ™ 300 tubes 
               
               
                 5 
                 Pair of New Neoprene Jacketed 
                 No organic compounds 
                  0 
               
               
                   
                 Aluminum Cables - FireIce ® 
                 identified on both front and 
               
               
                   
                 Added Prior to Arc Generation 
                 back Carbotrap ™ 300 tubes 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Notes: 
               
               
                 *The ethane-1-chloro-1,1-difluoro is suspected to be contamination resulting from the partial decomposition of impinger train holder used during testing. The Freon HCFC 142b released during tests 1 to 3 is the trapped blowing agent used to make the closed cell foam. The foam was used to support and secure the impinger trains. Not included in organic compound mass reported. 
               
               
                 **The styrene and a-methyl styrene are unintentional contaminants generated from the destruction of the aerosol filter holder used during the first arc fault Test-1. The filter-holder was too close to the arc-fault zone and did not survive Test-1. The styrene values are not included in organic compound mass reported. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
       2.2 Direct Air Sampling 
       [0057]    The total mass of organic compounds in the air samples collected directly on to Carbotrap™ 300 tubes during each of the five arc fault tests are given in Table 4 with the FireIce® Inhibition Ratio 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Total Mass 
                   
               
               
                   
                 of Organics 
                 Minimum 
               
               
                   
                 Collected on. 
                 Removal 
               
               
                   
                 Carbotrap ™ 300 
                 Efficiency 
               
               
                   
                 Tubes (Front + 
                 Compared to 
               
               
                 Test Number &amp; Description 
                 Back) (ng) 
                 Test 1 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 Pair of New Neoprene Jacketed 
                 158 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 Copper Cables - No FireIce ® 
               
               
                 2 
                 Pair of New Neoprene Jacketed 
                 65 
                 2.4 
               
               
                   
                 Copper Cables - FireIce ®-Added 
               
               
                   
                 at On-Set of Arc 
               
               
                 3 
                 Pair of New Neoprene Jacketed 
                 15 
                 &gt;10 
               
               
                   
                 Copper Cables - FireIce ®-Added 
               
               
                   
                 at On-Set of Arc (Repeat) 
               
               
                 4 
                 Pair of New Neoprene Jacketed 
                 None Detected 
                 &gt;15.8 
               
               
                   
                 Aluminum Cables - FireIce ® 
               
               
                   
                 Added at On-Set of Arc 
               
               
                 5 
                 Pair of New Neoprene Jacketed 
                 10 
                 15.8 
               
               
                   
                 Aluminum Cables - FireIce ® 
               
               
                   
                 Added Prior to Arc Generation 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0058]    The total organic compound concentration measured directly with the Carbotrap™ 300 tubes associated with the copper cable arc fault in Test-1 is estimated to be 1.6 mg/m3 without the application of FireIce®. For Test-2 through Test-5 the organic compound concentrations are estimated to be 0.6 mg/m3, 0.15 mg/m3, 0.0 mg/m3 and 0.1 mg/m3, respectively. 
         [0059]    The FireIce® application appears to be effective in reducing organic emissions for both the copper cables and the aluminum cables. The removal efficiencies estimated in Table 2 and Table 4 compare well. The application of FireIce® reduces organic emissions when applied with the arc fault is active. The presence of external contamination confirms the effective organic sampling in the vicinity of the arc fault during the five tests. 
         [0060]    The organic compounds captured with the Carbotrap™ 300, tubes and subsequently detected during analysis are listed in Table 5. The sampling flow rate was 0.05 L/min. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Organic Compounds Collected 
                 Organic Compound 
               
               
                   
                 Test Number &amp;Description 
                 on Carbotrap ™ 300 Tubes 
                 Mass (ng/tube) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 1 
                 Pair of New Neoprene Copper 
                 Ethane-1-chloro-1,1 difluoro* 
                  53* 
               
               
                   
                 Cables - No FireIce ® Added 
                 1-pentene, 2-methyl 
                 15 
               
               
                   
                   
                 benzene 
                 64 
               
               
                   
                   
                 toluene** 
                 41 
               
               
                   
                   
                 styrene 
                 70 
               
               
                   
                   
                 methyl styrene** 
                 217* 
               
               
                   
                   
                 isobutyl nitrile 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                   
                 propane, 2-methyl-1-nitro 
                 14 
               
               
                   
                   
                 unknown 
                 13 
               
               
                 2 
                 Pair of New Neoprene Jacketed 
                 1-propene, 2-methyl 
                  8 
               
               
                   
                 Copper Cables - FireIce ®- 
                 1,3 butadiene 
                 16 
               
               
                   
                 Added at On-Set of Arc 
                 2-butene, 2-methyl 
                  8 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1-pentene, 2-methyl 
                 23 
               
               
                   
                   
                 unknown 
                 10 
               
               
                 3 
                 Pair of New Neoprene Jacketed 
                 1-pentene, 2-methyl 
                 15 
               
               
                   
                 Copper Cables - FireIce ®- 
               
               
                   
                 Added at On-Set of Arc 
               
               
                   
                 (Repeat) 
               
               
                 4 
                 Pair of New Neoprene Jacketed 
                 No organic compounds detected 
                  0 
               
               
                   
                 Aluminum Cables - FireIce ® 
                 on both front and back 
               
               
                   
                 Added at On-Set of Arc 
                 Carbotrap ™ 300 tubes 
               
               
                 5 
                 Pair of New Neoprene Jacketed 
                 No organic compounds 
                  0 
               
               
                   
                 Aluminum Cables - FireIce ® 
                 identified on both front and back 
               
               
                   
                 Added Prior to Arc Generation 
                 Carbotrap ™ 300 tubes 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Unknown peak (Front tube only) 
                 10 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Notes: 
               
               
                 *The ethane-1-chloro-1,1-difluoro is suspected to be contamination resulting from the partial decomposition of impinger train holder used during testing. The Freon HCFC 142b released during testing is the trapped blowing agent used to make the closed cell foam. The foam was used to support and secure the impinger trains. The Freon was not included in organic compound mass reported. 
               
               
                 **The styrene and a-methyl styrene are unintentional contaminants generated from the destruction of the aerosol filter holder used during the first arc fault Test-1. The styrene values are not included in organic compound mass reported. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Metals Analysis Results (PPM) Filter Pack Sampling ~2m 
               
               
                 Above Arc Fault 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Test 5 
               
               
                 Metal 
                 Blank (Avg) 
                 Test 2 (Cu) 
                 Test 3 (Cu) 
                 Test 4 (Al) 
                 (Al) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Al 
                 &lt;0.5 
                 3.15 
                 6.81 
                 1.48 
                 &lt;0.5 
               
               
                 Ca 
                 2.15 
                 1.80 
                 4.96 
                 2.52 
                 1.93 
               
               
                 Cu 
                 &lt;1.5 
                 94.8 
                 312 
                 1.98 
                 &lt;1.5 
               
               
                 Fe 
                 &lt;0.25 
                 &lt;0.25 
                 2.85 
                 &lt;0.25 
                 &lt;0.25 
               
               
                 K 
                 67 
                 68 
                 39 
                 28 
                 23 
               
               
                 Mg 
                 0.19 
                 8.4 
                 18.9 
                 0.25 
                 &lt;0.1 
               
               
                 Na 
                 &lt;2.5 
                 &lt;2.5 
                 5.8 
                 &lt;2.5 
                 &lt;2.5 
               
               
                 P 
                 &lt;1 
                 &lt;1 
                 1.2 
                 &lt;1 
                 &lt;1 
               
               
                 S 
                 &lt;1 
                 &lt;1 
                 3.7 
                 &lt;1 
                 &lt;1 
               
               
                 Si 
                 &lt;1 
                 4.3 
                 20.5 
                 &lt;1 
                 &lt;1 
               
               
                 Ag 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 0.007 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
               
               
                 As 
                 &lt;0.05 
                 &lt;0.05 
                 &lt;0.05 
                 &lt;0.05 
                 &lt;0.05 
               
               
                 B 
                 &lt;0.05 
                 &lt;0.05 
                 &lt;0.05 
                 &lt;0.05 
                 &lt;0.05 
               
               
                 Ba 
                 0.007 
                 0.012 
                 0.022 
                 0.008 
                 0.006 
               
               
                 Bi 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
               
               
                 Be 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
               
               
                 Cd 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
               
               
                 Co 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
               
               
                 Cr 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
               
               
                 Cs 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
               
               
                 Li 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 0.013 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
               
               
                 Mn 
                 0.005 
                 0.006 
                 0.053 
                 0.007 
                 0.006 
               
               
                 Mo 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
               
               
                 Ni 
                 0.010 
                 0.013 
                 0.024 
                 0.016 
                 0.011 
               
               
                 Pb 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 1.93 
                 4.79 
                 0.063 
                 0.015 
               
               
                 Sb 
                 0.003 
                 2.17 
                 5.19 
                 0.072 
                 0.017 
               
               
                 Se 
                 &lt;0.05 
                 &lt;0.05 
                 &lt;0.05 
                 &lt;0.05 
                 &lt;0.05 
               
               
                 Sn 
                 0.029 
                 0.036 
                 0.028 
                 0.006 
                 0.005 
               
               
                 Sr 
                 0.007 
                 0.006 
                 0.028 
                 0.009 
                 0.006 
               
               
                 Th 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
               
               
                 Ti 
                 0.151 
                 0.122 
                 0.309 
                 0.007 
                 0.007 
               
               
                 Th 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
               
               
                 W 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0:005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
               
               
                 Zr 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
               
               
                 V 
                 &lt;0.05 
                 &lt;0.05 
                 &lt;0.05 
                 &lt;0.05 
                 &lt;0.05 
               
               
                 Zn 
                 0.037 
                 1.22 
                 3.02 
                 0.054 
                 0.042 
               
               
                 Hg 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
               
               
                 U 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 &lt;0.005 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Metals Analysis Results (PPM) from Acid Impinger Sampler Train 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Metal 
                 MDL 
                 Test I (Cu) 
                 Test 2 (Cu) 
                 Test 3 (Cu) 
                 Test 4 (Al) 
                 Test 5 (Al) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Al 
                 &lt;0.01 
                 0.145 
                 0.272 
                 0.330 
                 0.328 
                 0.640 
               
               
                 Ca 
                 &lt;0.01 
                 0.485 
                 1.30 
                 0.388 
                 0.523 
                 0.094 
               
               
                 Cu 
                 &lt;0.01 
                 0.22 
                 0.918 
                 0.816 
                 0.66 
                 0.062 
               
               
                 Fe 
                 &lt;0.005 
                 0.02 
                 0.056 
                 0.023 
                 0.028 
                 0.025 
               
               
                 K 
                 &lt;0.01 
                 1.24 
                 0.896 
                 0.644 
                 77.8 
                 13000 
               
               
                 Mg 
                 &lt;0.002 
                 0.042 
                 0.134 
                 0.056 
                 0.318 
                 0.012 
               
               
                 Na 
                 &lt;0.05 
                 0.951 
                 0.727 
                 1.78 
                 0.905 
                 10.5 
               
               
                 P 
                 &lt;0.02 
                 &lt;0.02 
                 0.049 
                 &lt;0.02 
                 &lt;0.02 
                 &lt;0.02 
               
               
                 S 
                 &lt;0.05 
                 0.043 
                 0.070 
                 0.099 
                 0.043 
                 0.504 
               
               
                 Si 
                 &lt;0.1 
                 0.303 
                 0.48 
                 1.10 
                 0.49 
                 21.4 
               
               
                 Ag 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 0.004 
                 0.005 
                 0.004 
                 0.005 
                 0.002 
               
               
                 As 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 &lt;0.001 
               
               
                 B 
                 &lt;0.025 
                 0.853 
                 0.638 
                 1.61 
                 0.922 
                 2.88 
               
               
                 Ba 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 0.006 
                 0.008 
                 0.007 
                 0.006 
                 0.002 
               
               
                 Bi 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 &lt;0.001 
               
               
                 Be 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 &lt;0.001 
               
               
                 Cd 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 0.0002 
                 &lt;0.0001 
               
               
                 Co 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 0.0001 
                 0.0004 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 0.0002 
                 0.0001 
               
               
                 Cr 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 0.0007 
                 0.0009 
                 0.0006 
                 0.0006 
                 0.019 
               
               
                 Cs 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 0.002 
                 0.819 
               
               
                 Li 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 0.004 
               
               
                 Mn 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 0.001 
                 0.002 
                 0.0006 
                 0.0010 
                 0.015 
               
               
                 Mo 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 0.0002 
                 0.0002 
                 0.0003 
                 0.0002 
                 0.0020 
               
               
                 Ni 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 0.002 
                 0.001 
                 0.002 
                 0.002 
                 0.001 
               
               
                 Pb 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 0.003 
                 0.003 
                 0.008 
                 0.009 
                 0.008 
               
               
                 Sb 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 0.002 
                 0.002 
                 0.007 
                 0.003 
                 &lt;0.001 
               
               
                 Se 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 0.004 
               
               
                 Sn 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 0.0004 
                 0.0003 
                 0.0002 
                 0.0005 
                 0.0020 
               
               
                 Sr 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 0.002 
                 0.005 
                 0.002 
                 0.003 
                 0.001 
               
               
                 Th 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
               
               
                 Ti 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 0.001 
                 0.004 
                 0.002 
                 0.002 
                 0.014 
               
               
                 Tl 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
               
               
                 W 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 0.0001 
                 0.037 
               
               
                 Zr 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 0.0002 
                 0.0008 
                 0.0007 
                 0.0007 
                 0.027 
               
               
                 V 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 0.0002 
               
               
                 Zn 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 0.01 
                 0.009 
                 0.01 
                 0.021 
                 0.003 
               
               
                 Hg 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
               
               
                 U 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
                 &lt;0.0001 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0061]    The counter ion for FireIce® is potassium (K). For all four arc fault tests, the filter analysis did not detect potassium above the nominal background concentration of potassium present on the filter prior to exposure. This is evidence that FireIce® did not undergo detectable degradation during the arc faults where FireIce® was applied. 
         [0062]    Test 2 and Test 3 were essentially duplicate tests using new neoprene jacketed copper cables for the arc fault with Test 3 having the more sustained arc fault. The procedure for applying FireIce® was the same for both tests. At the on-set of the arc fault the addition of FireIce® was begun and continued until the concrete cell was about ½ full. For the more sustained arc fault (Test 3) the key metals from the vaporized copper cable as measured with the filter pack were about 3 to 4 times higher than the metals released in the much shorter arc period of Test 2. Key metals released were aluminum (1.7%), copper (80%), magnesium (4.8%), zinc (0.8%), lead (1.2%), calcium (1.3%) and antimony (1.3%) with remaining components at &lt;1% to only present at trace levels. 
         [0063]    The estimated airborne total metals concentration for Test 3 is 0.17 g/m 3  and for Test 2 is 0.058 g/m 3 . Similarly for the aluminum cables the estimated airborne total metals concentration for Test 4 is 0.003 g/m 3  and for Test 5 is 0.001 g/m 3 . 
         [0064]    For comparison the Ontario Ministry of Labor time-weighted average exposure concentration (TWAEC) for a variety of fumes and particulate, ranges from 0.003 to 0.01 g/m 3  for 40-hr work week and for short term exposures, the particulate concentrations range from 0.005 to 0.02 g/m 3  for a maximum 15 minute continuous exposure depending on the fume and particulate present. 
         [0065]    Observations from the metals train analysis for Tests 1 through 5 are summarized below and are based on the metal/element analysis data present in Table 7. 
         [0066]    The high level of potassium in the Test 5 results were from the entrainment of airborne FireIce® into the first impinger as the arc generated gas that ejected some of the FireIce® material into the air. This is confirmed by the increase in silica, sodium and sulfur. 
         [0067]    For Test 4 a significant level of copper (0.66 ppm) is measured as copper residue from Tests 1 to 3 is released during the aluminum cable arc fault. However in Test 5 very little copper is detected (&gt;10× less detected 0.062 ppm) with the FireIce® encapsulating the arc fault zone. This also confirmed by the similar reduction in magnesium detected. 
         [0068]    The application of FireIce® to neoprene jacketed copper and aluminum cables is effective in reducing airborne organic compounds and also airborne metals. Removal efficiencies from 2 times to greater than 15 times can be expected when added to an active arc fault. For a FireIce® encapsulated arc fault greater than 60 times removal of metals is possible based on the five tests performed. 
         [0069]    All patents and publications mentioned in this specification are indicative of the levels of those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. All patents and publications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. 
         [0070]    It is to be understood that while a certain form of the invention is illustrated, it is not to be limited to the specific form or arrangement herein described and shown. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention and the invention is not to be considered limited to what is shown and described in the specification and any drawings/figures included herein. 
         [0071]    One skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the present invention is well adapted to carry out the objectives and obtain the ends and advantages mentioned, as well as those inherent therein. The embodiments, methods, procedures and techniques described herein are presently representative of the preferred embodiments, are intended to be exemplary and are not intended as limitations on the scope. Changes therein and other uses will occur to those skilled in the art which are encompassed within the spirit of the invention and are defined by the scope of the appended claims. Although the invention has been described in connection with specific preferred embodiments, it should be understood that the invention as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specific embodiments. Indeed, various modifications of the described modes for carrying out the invention which are obvious to those skilled in the art are intended to be within the scope of the following claims.