Abstract:
A recording head for use with magnetic recording media includes a current perpendicular to plane (CPP) type giant magnetoresistive (GMR) read element, with the alternating magnetic and nonmagnetic layers within the GMR read element either perpendicular or angled to the read head&#39;s shields. This structure maximizes the number of alternating layers within the GMR read element, and minimizes the area available for flow of the test current. Both total resistance of the GMR element, and the change in resistance as a function of changes in magnetic flux, relative to total resistance, are thereby increased. The sensitivity of the GMR read element is thereby increased, permitting storage of information within magnetic recording media at greater densities. The invention also includes a method of manufacturing a read head using such a GMR element.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/163,351, filed Nov. 3, 1999, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/163,406, filed Nov. 3, 1999, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/175,861, filed Jan. 12, 2000. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This application relates to giant magnetoresistive read heads. More specifically, the invention is an improved structure for a giant magnetoresistive read head having the test current applied substantially perpendicular to the plane of the read head&#39;s layers. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Magnetoresistive (MR) and giant magnetoresistive (GMR) read elements for reading from magnetic recording media have been used to overcome the limited sensitivity of inductive reading. GMR technology has also been incorporated with spin-valve structures that are well known in the art. GMR read elements are generally composed of alternating layers of magnetic and nonmagnetic material, so that, when exposed to a magnetic field, the relative change in the orientation of the magnetizations in the magnetic layers alters the spin-dependent scattering of conduction electrons, thereby increasing or decreasing the resistance of the GMR head to an applied test current. A constant resistance level indicates a binary “0,” and a changing resistance level indicates a binary “1.” 
     Most current GMR read heads are structured so that the test current is applied in the same plane as the alternating magnetic and nonmagnetic layers (CIP). Applying the current perpendicular to the plane of these layers (CPP) has been found to increase the GMR effect. 
     Typical CPP GMR read elements are oriented with the alternating layers perpendicular to the recording medium&#39;s tracks, and parallel to the magnetic shields on either side of the GMR element. Such designs have limited GMR effect due to the limited number of alternating magnetic and nonmagnetic layers that will fit within the available space within the read head. 
     Accordingly, there is a need for a CPP GMR read element having its layers oriented perpendicular or angled with respect to the shields. Additionally, there is a need for a CPP GMR read element with increased read sensitivity. Further, there is a need for a CPP GMR element permitting storage within magnetic recording media at greater densities. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is an improved recording head for use with magnetic recording media and a method of making such a read head. The GMR read element of the present invention has a test current applied substantially perpendicular to the alternating magnetic and nonmagnetic layers of the GMR element (CPP), and is preferably oriented so that the layers are substantially perpendicular to the shields, and substantially parallel to the track. This configuration maximizes the number of layers that may be included as compared to other equivalent size GMR heads while minimizing the area perpendicular to the test current, thereby maximizing both resistance, and the change in resistance relative to total resistance with changing magnetic flux, within the GMR element. 
     A preferred embodiment of the present invention includes a recording head combining a read portion and a write portion. The write portion may be of either perpendicular or longitudinal configuration. A typical perpendicular recording head includes a main pole, an opposing pole magnetically coupled to the main pole, and an electrically conductive coil adjacent to the main pole. The bottom of the opposing pole will typically have a surface area greatly exceeding the surface area of the main pole&#39;s tip. Likewise, a typical longitudinal recording head includes a pair of poles, with a coil adjacent to one pole. Unlike a perpendicular recording head, a longitudinal recording head will typically use poles having bottom surfaces with substantially equal areas. In either case, electrical current flowing through the coil creates a flux through the main pole. The direction of the flux may be reversed by reversing the direction of current flow through the coil. 
     In some preferred embodiments, the opposing pole of the perpendicular head (or the first pole of the longitudinal head) can also form one of two substantially identical shields for the GMR read element, which are parallel to the trackwidth. The GMR read element is located between these shields. The GMR read element includes a plurality of alternating magnetic and nonmagnetic layers. Electrical contacts are electrically connected to either side of the GMR read element, also between the two shields, and are dimensioned and configured to apply current perpendicular to the plane of the various layers of the GMR element (CPP). The GMR layers may be perpendicular to the shields and trackwidth, or may be angled with respect to the shields and trackwidth. Although any angle greater than 0° and less than 90° is possible, preferred angles are between 10° and 80°. Angling the GMR element minimizes the cost of manufacture, while making the GMR element perpendicular to the shields minimizes the trackwidth. A relatively weak permanent magnet is located directly above the GMR read element, thereby orientating adjacent magnetic fields within the magnetic layers of the GMR element perpendicular to each other when the GMR element is not in close proximity to another magnetic field. 
     A typical magnetic recording medium includes a first layer having a plurality of magnetically permeable tracks separated by nonmagnetized transitions. If perpendicular recording is desired, the magnetic recording medium will include a magnetically permeable lower level. The lower level is magnetically soft relative to the tracks. 
     To read from the magnetic recording medium, the recording head is separated from the magnetic recording medium by the flying height. The magnetic recording medium is moved past the recording head so that the recording head follows the tracks of the magnetic recording medium, typically with the magnetic recording medium first passing under one shield, followed by the GMR read element, then passing under the write portion of the head pole. As the magnetic recording medium passes under the GMR element, the magnetic fields within the recording medium orient the adjacent magnetic fields within the magnetic GMR layers so that they are either parallel (corresponding to minimum resistance) or antiparallel (corresponding to maximum resistance), depending on the direction of the magnetic field being read from the recording medium. A sense current is passed through the GMR element by the contacts, thereby enabling the GMR element&#39;s resistance to be detected. A constant level of resistance is read as a binary “0,” and a change in resistance is read as a binary “1.” 
     The sensitivity of the GMR read element is proportional to both the number of layers present, and to the thickness of each layer. Two factors affect the sensitivity of the GMR read element: total resistance; and the magnitude of the change in resistance with changing magnetic flux relative to the total resistance. Total resistance is proportional to the length of the GMR read element (measured in the direction of current flow) divided by the area the current may travel through (measured perpendicular to the current flow). By orienting the GMR element so that the layers are oriented perpendicular to the shields and parallel to the read head&#39;s direction of travel, the number of layers across the trackwidth is maximized. Additionally, the area through which current flows is minimized, thereby further increasing resistance. The result of both of these changes is that both total resistance, and the change in resistance as a function of magnetic flux with respect to total resistance, are maximized. Using a GMR read element with greater sensitivity permits using magnetic recording media having greater storage densities. 
     It is therefore an aspect of the present invention to provide a GMR read element having the alternating magnetic and nonmagnetic layers angled with respect to the shields, thereby increasing sensitivity of the GMR read element and permissible storage density of the magnetic recording medium while keeping costs of manufacture minimized. 
     It is another aspect of the present invention to provide a GMR read element having the alternating magnetic and nonmagnetic layers substantially perpendicular with respect to the shields, thereby maximizing the sensitivity of the GMR read element and permissible storage density of the magnetic recording medium. 
     It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide a GMR read element wherein the test current is applied substantially perpendicular to the plane of the alternating magnetic and nonmagnetic layers. 
     It is another aspect of the present invention to provide a CPP GMR read element usable in conjunction with a perpendicular write head. 
     It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide a CPP GMR read element usable in conjunction with a longitudinal write head. 
     It is another aspect of the present invention to provide a CPP GMR read head having a maximized number of alternating magnetic and nonmagnetic layers. 
     It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide a CPP GMR read head having minimized area available to the test current, thereby increasing resistance. 
     It is another aspect of the present invention to provide a method of manufacturing a magnetic recording head having a CPP GMR read element. 
     These and other aspects of the invention will become more apparent through the following description, with reference to the drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a partially cutaway, top perspective, partially schematic view of a recording head using a CPP GMR read element according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a bottom view of a first embodiment of a perpendicular recording head using a CPP GMR read element according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 3 is a bottom view of a substrate and deposited first magnetic shield for use in a first embodiment of a perpendicular recording head using a CPP GMR read element after the according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 4 is a bottom view of a substrate, first magnetic shield, and first gap material for use in a first embodiment of a perpendicular recording head using a CPP GMR read element after the according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 5 is a bottom view of a substrate, first magnetic shield, first gap material, and initially deposited contact material for use in a first embodiment of a perpendicular recording head using a CPP GMR read element after the according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 6 is a bottom view of the components of FIG. 5, showing removal of unneeded contact material for use in a first embodiment of a perpendicular recording head using a CPP GMR read element after the according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 7 is a bottom view of a substrate, first magnetic shield, first gap material, first contact, and initial deposit of GMR layers for use in a first embodiment of a perpendicular recording head using a CPP GMR read element after the according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 8 is a bottom view of the components of FIG. 7, showing removal of unneeded GMR material for use in a first embodiment of a perpendicular recording head using a CPP GMR read element after the according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 9 is a bottom view of a substrate, first magnetic shield, first gap material, first contact, and GMR element after removal of photoresist for use in a first embodiment of a perpendicular recording head using a CPP GMR read element after the according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 10 is a bottom view of a substrate, first magnetic shield, first gap material, first contact, GMR element, and initially deposited second contact material for use in a first embodiment of a perpendicular recording head using a CPP GMR read element after the according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 11 is a bottom view of a substrate, first magnetic shield, first gap material, first contact, GMR element, and second contact for use in a first embodiment of a perpendicular recording head using a CPP GMR read element after removal of the unnecessary portion of the second contact material according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 12 is a bottom perspective view of the components of FIG. 10, after formation of a channel for containing a magnet for use in a first embodiment of a perpendicular recording head using a CPP GMR read element after the according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 13 is a bottom perspective view of a substrate, first magnetic shield, first gap material, first and second contacts, GMR element, and permanent magnet for use in a first embodiment of a perpendicular recording head using a CPP GMR read element after the according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 14 is a bottom view of a substrate, first magnetic shield, first and second gap material, first and second contacts, and GMR element for use in a first embodiment of a perpendicular recording head using a CPP GMR read element after the according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 15 is a bottom view of a substrate, first and second magnetic shields, first and second gap material, first and second contacts, and GMR element for use in a first embodiment of a perpendicular recording head using a CPP GMR read element after the according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 16 is a bottom view of a second embodiment of a perpendicular recording head using a CPP GMR read element according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 17 is a bottom view of a substrate, first magnetic shield, and first gap material for use in a second embodiment of a perpendicular recording head using a CPP GMR read element after the according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 18 is a bottom view of a substrate, first magnetic shield, first gap material, and first contact for use in a second embodiment of a perpendicular recording head using a CPP GMR read element after the according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 19 is a bottom view of a substrate, first magnetic shield, first gap material, first contact, and initial deposit of GMR layers for use in a second embodiment of a perpendicular recording head using a CPP GMR read element after the according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 20 is a bottom view of a substrate, first magnetic shield, first gap material, first contact, and GMR element for use in a second embodiment of a perpendicular recording head using a CPP GMR read element after the according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 21 is a bottom view of a CPP GMR read element and first contact for use in a second embodiment of a perpendicular recording head using a CPP GMR read element after the according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 22 is a bottom view of a substrate, first magnetic shield, first gap material, first contact, GMR element, and initially deposited second contact material for use in a second embodiment of a perpendicular recording head using a CPP GMR read element after the according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 23 is a bottom view of a substrate, first magnetic shield, first gap material, first contact, GMR element, and second contact for use in a second embodiment of a perpendicular recording head using a CPP GMR read element after the according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 24 is a bottom perspective view of the components of FIG. 10, after formation of a channel for containing a magnet for use in a second embodiment of a perpendicular recording head using a CPP GMR read element after the according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 25 is a bottom perspective view of a substrate, first magnetic shield, first gap material, first and second contacts, GMR element, and permanent magnet for use in a second embodiment of a perpendicular recording head using a CPP GMR read element after the according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 26 is a bottom view of a substrate, first magnetic shield, first and second gap material, first and second contacts, and GMR element for use in a second embodiment of a perpendicular recording head using a CPP GMR read element after the according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 27 is a perspective, partially schematic schematic view of a segment of a magnetic layer within a GMR read element, showing antiparallel flux lines. 
     FIG. 28 is a perspective, partially schematic view of a segment of a magnetic layer within a GMR read element, showing perpendicular flux lines. 
     FIG. 29 is a perspective, partially schematic view of a segment of a magnetic layer within a GMR read element, showing parallel flux lines. 
     FIG. 30 is a bottom perspective view of a prior art CPP GMR read element and associated shields. 
     FIG. 31 is a bottom perspective view of a CPP GMR read element and associated shields of the present invention. 
     FIG. 32 is a perspective view of a prior art CPP GMR read element. 
     FIG. 33 is a perspective view of a CPP GMR read element according to the present invention. 
     Like reference numbers denote like elements throughout the specification. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     A preferred embodiment of the invention is a magnetic recording head having a giant magnetoresistive (GMR) read element wherein a test current is applied substantially perpendicular to the plane of the alternating magnetic and nonmagnetic layers within the GMR element (CPP). The GMR element&#39;s layers may be substantially perpendicular or angled with respect to their magnetic shields. 
     Referring to FIGS. 1,  2 , and  16 , a recording head  10  is illustrated, with  10   a  referring to the recording head having an angled GMR element, and  10   b  referring to the recording head having a substantially perpendicular GMR element. FIGS. 2 and 16 illustrate the bottom or air-bearing surface  12 , indicated with respect to the remainder of the recording head  10  on FIG. 1, which in use faces the magnetic recording medium. The magnetic recording head  10  preferably includes a read portion  14  and a write portion  16 . 
     Referring to FIGS. 1,  2 ,  16 , and  21 , the read portion includes a GMR read element  18 . As used herein,  18   a  designates the angled GMR read element (with respect to the shields  26  described below), and  18 b designates the perpendicular GMR read head (also with respect to the shields  26  described below. The read head  18  is substantially perpendicular to the air-bearing surface  12 . As best shown in FIG. 21, the read head  18  includes a plurality of magnetic  20  and nonmagnetic  22  layers, with the layers  20 , 22  also being substantially perpendicular to the air-bearing surface  12 , and either substantially perpendicular or angled with respect to the shields  26 . If the layers  20 , 22  are angled, the angle F between the shields  26  and GMR element  18   a  may be any angle greater than 0° and less than 90°, but is more preferably between 10° and 80°. A GMR read element will preferably have at least two magnetic layers and one nonmagnetic layer. A preferred embodiment of the present invention has 28 magnetic layers, alternating with 28 nonmagnetic layers. A preferred material for the magnetic layers is an alloy composed of nickel, cobalt, and iron, with a preferred thickness of 1.5 nm, and a preferred material for the nonmagnetic layers is copper, with a preferred thickness of 2 nm. A read element  18  of the present invention may include additional layers having permanent magnetization, known in the art as a spin valve. 
     As shown in FIGS. 2 and 16, located on either side of the GMR read element  18  are electrical leads  24   a , 24   b . The electrical leads  24   a , 24   b  are electrically connected to opposing sides of the GMR read element  18 , and are dimensioned and configured to permit the flow of a test current from one lead  24   a , 24   b , through the GMR read element  18 , to the opposing lead  24   a , 24   b ,with the test current flowing perpendicular to the layers  20 , 22  of GMR element  18 . Preferred materials for the leads  24   a , 24   b  are gold and copper. Other electrically conductive materials may be used. 
     Located in front of GMR read element  18  and leads  24   a , 24   b  are magnetic shields  26   a , 26   b . The shields  26   a , 26   b  shield the GMR read element from domains on the magnetic recording medium adjacent to the domain currently being read, thereby preventing errors in reading the magnetic recording medium. Gap material  28   a , 28   b  preferably separates shields  26   a , 26   b  from the GMR read element  18  and leads  24   a , 24   b . The shields  26   a , 26   b  are preferably made from nickel iron, and the gap material  28   a , 28   b  is preferably alumina. 
     In some preferred embodiments, the shield  26   b  not only forms part of the read portion  14 , but also the write portion  16 . The shield  26   b , in addition to protecting the GMR element  18  from stray magnetic fields, also serves as one of two opposing poles for the write portion  16 . The write portion  16  may form either a perpendicular or longitudinal write head. In the case of a longitudinal write head, the shield  26   b  forms the first of two opposing poles, with pole  30  forming the second opposing pole. In the case of a perpendicular write head, the shield  26   b  forms the opposing pole, while pole  30  forms the main write pole. It should be noted that, although the figures show the relative area of poles  26   b , 30  in the proper proportion for a perpendicular write head, these proportions may change for a longitudinal write head. The poles  26   b , 30  are magnetically coupled at the recording head&#39;s top  48 , preferably by a joint  50 . A coil  52  passes adjacent to pole  30 , thereby providing a path for current for inducing a magnetic field within the poles  26   b , 30  for writing to the magnetic recording medium. Located opposite the pole  30 , defining the forward portion of the recording head  10 , is a substrate  32 , preferably made from ceramic, on which the various components of the head  10  are assembled. An oxidic layer, for example, NiO, may be provided along the bottom surface of the GMR read element. Such a layer will help prevent spin independent scattering of electrons along this surface. Such scattering is also prevented by the gaps  28   a , 28   b.    
     Also illustrated in FIG. 1, a magnetic storage medium  54 , for example, a magnetic disk, for use with a recording head  10  is illustrated. Regardless of whether perpendicular or longitudinal recording is desired, the storage medium  54  includes a first layer  56  having a plurality of magnetically permeable tracks  58 , which are divided into sectors, with each sector having several different magnetic fields within the magnetically permeable material (not shown and well understood). The tracks  58  are separated by nonmagnetized transitions  60 . If perpendicular recording is desired, then the storage medium  54  also includes a magnetically permeable lower layer  62 , which is magnetically soft relative to the tracks  58 . In use, the magnetic recording medium  54  will be separated from the bottom surface  12  of recording head  10  by a flying height A. The flying height A is sufficiently small so that a high concentration of flux from pole  30  (or poles  26   b , 30  for longitudinal recording) will pass through track  58 , but sufficiently large to prevent damage to magnetic storage medium  54  from contact with recording head  10 . 
     Assembly of the recording head  10  is best illustrated in FIGS. 3-15 for the embodiment  10   a  having the angled GMR read head, and in FIGS. 17-26 for the embodiment  10   b  having the perpendicular GMR read head. Both assembly processes follow a similar sequence of steps, and will therefore be described together. It will be seen, however, that the angled GMR read head is easier and less expensive to assemble, while the perpendicular GMR read head provides maximum storage density. 
     Referring to FIGS. 3 and 17, the process begins with a substrate  32 , which will typically be large enough so that several heads  10  may be assembled on a single substrate  32 . The material (preferably Ni/Fe) forming the first shield  26   a  is first deposited on the substrate  32 , and may include alumina (Al 2 O 3 )  34  on either side. Next, gap material (preferably alumina)  28   a  is deposited on the shield  26   a  (FIGS.  4 , 17 ). Subsequently, the material (preferably gold or copper) forming the first lead  24   a  is deposited (FIGS.  5 , 18 ). Photoresist  36  is placed on top of that portion of the material to remain, with the remaining material ion milled away (FIGS.  6 , 18 ), leaving only the lead  24   a . The ion milling process defines the first electrical contact surface  38   a , upon which the GMR element  18  will ultimately be formed. 
     Next, the alternating magnetic (preferably Ni/Fe) and nonmagnetic (preferably Cu) layers that will eventually form the GMR element  18  are applied (FIGS.  7 , 19 ), with the undesired portions removed by ion milling (FIGS.  8 , 20 ), and the photoresist  36  thereafter removed (FIGS.  9 , 20 ). As can be seen in FIG. 19, if a substantially perpendicular GMR element  18   b  is desired, the GMR layers must be deposited on the surface  38   a  at an angle, thereby increasing the difficulty of the process. However, the width of the substantially perpendicular GMR element  18   b  is controlled by the number and thickness of deposited layers  20 , 22 , as opposed to controlling the width of the angled GMR element  18   a  by controlling the angle F at which the surface  38   a  is created during the ion milling process. 
     With the GMR element  18   a , 18   b  now formed, the material forming the second lead (preferably gold or copper)  24   b  is deposited (FIGS.  10 , 22 ), thereby forming the second electrical contact surface  38   b  between lead  24   b  and GMR element  18 . The undesired material is removed, preferably by chemical/mechanical polishing, leaving only the desired material forming lead  24   b  (FIGS.  11 , 23 ). Next, a channel  40  is defined between contacts  24   a , 24   b , and above GMR element  18  (FIGS.  12 , 24 , and a relatively weak permanent magnet  42  is placed within the channel  40  (FIGS.  13 , 25 ). A second gap material (preferably alumina)  28   b  is deposited over the leads  24   a , 24   b , GMR element  18 , and permanent magnet  42 , and a second shield (preferably Ni/Fe)  26   b  is formed over the gap  28   b  (FIGS.  15 , 16 ). Lastly, the pole  30  is formed (FIGS.  2 , 16 ), and the substrate  32  cut to form the individual recording heads  10 . 
     Referring to FIGS. 27-29, the individual magnetic fields represented schematically as  44 , 46  within the magnetic layer  20  of the GMR read element  18 , in the absence of external biasing, will be antiparallel to each other, so that adjacent fields  44 , 46  will be parallel, but oriented in opposite directions (FIG.  27 ). The relative orientation of the magnetization  44 , 46  affect the spin-dependent scattering of conduction electrons, so that, when the magnetizations  44 , 46  are antiparallel, maximum resistance results. The resistance will vary according to the cosine of the angle between the magnetization directions within the magnetic layers, with a cosine of −1 (antiparallel) corresponding to maximum resistance, and a cosine of 1 (parallel) corresponding to minimum resistance. Parallel magnetizations  44 , 46  will result in minimum resistance (FIG.  29 ). The permanent magnet  42  (FIGS.  13 , 25 ) has a sufficiently strong magnetic field so that, in the absence of any other biasing, the individual magnetic fields  44 , 46  within each layer  20  of GMR element  18  are rotated away from their antiparallel orientation to a perpendicular orientation (FIG.  28 ). When the magnetic fields  44 , 46  are perpendicular, the cosine of the angle between them is zero, resulting in an intermediate level of resistance. When the GMR read element  18  is exposed to the magnetic fields of the domains within a magnetic recording medium  54  (FIG.  1 ), the magnetic field of the specific domain currently being read will rotate the magnetic fields  44 , 46  so that they are either parallel or antiparallel, thereby resulting in a cosine of the angle between them of either 1 or −1. The GMR read element will thereby have either a maximum or minimum resistance, depending on the orientation of the magnetic field being read. 
     Referring to FIGS.  1  and  27 - 29 , reading from a magnetic recording medium is illustrated. The recording head  10  is positioned a distance known as the flying height A over the magnetic recording medium  54 , and the magnetic recording medium  54  is passed under the head  10  so that a track  58  of the recording medium passes under the first shield  26   a , GMR read element  18 , second shield  26   b , and pole  30 . That portion of the track  58  directly under the GMR read head  18  will be read, with shields  26   a , 26   b  preventing other magnetic fields within the recording medium  54  from influencing the GMR read head  18 . The magnetic field within the track  58  will be oriented either up or down if perpendicular recording is used, or forward and backward along the track if longitudinal recording is used. Depending on the orientation of the magnetic field in the portion of the track  58  being read, the magnetic fields within the magnetic layers  20  of the GMR read head  18  will be biased away from their default perpendicular orientation of FIG. 28, to either their antiparallel orientation of FIG. 27, thereby maximizing the electrical resistance of the nonmagnetic layers  22 , or to their parallel orientation of FIG. 29, thereby minimizing the electrical resistance of the nonmagnetic layers  22 . A test current is applied through one of the leads  24   a , 24   b , through the GMR read element  18 , to the opposing lead  24   a , 24   b , to test the resistance of the GMR read element. A constant level of resistance, regardless of whether that level of resistance is the maximum or minimum level, is interpreted as a binary “0.” Similarly, a change in the level of resistance from minimum to maximum, or from maximum to minimum, is read as a binary “1.” 
     The present invention has the advantage of substantially increasing the read sensitivity of the GMR read element as compared to presently available CPP GMR read elements. Sensitivity of the GMR read element is maximized by maximizing both the total resistance within the GMR read element, and by maximizing the change in resistance as a function of applied magnetic field (ΔR), with respect to the total resistance (R). Expressed differently, the quantity ΔR/R should also be maximized. The quantity ΔR/R can be maximized by increasing the number of alternating magnetic and nonmagnetic layers, and by optimizing the thickness of each individual layer. The total resistance is equal to the distance the current must travel through the GMR read element (L) multiplied by the resistivity (ρ), divided by the area the current may travel through (A). Expressed differently, R=ρL/A. Therefore, resistance may be maximized by increasing the length through which the test current must travel, and by decreasing the area through which the test current travels. These factors should be balanced against the desirability of a narrow trackwidth to maximize storage density, and the need to fit the GMR element  18  into the recording head  10  along with the other components of the recording head  10 . 
     FIGS. 30 and 32 illustrate a typical present CPP GMR read head  11 . The alternating magnetic and nonmagnetic layers of the GMR read element  19  are arranged parallel to the shields  27   a , 27   b . The test current flows in the direction of arrow I, through a thickness of B and area equal to the width C multiplied by the height D of the GMR read element  19 . The number of alternating magnetic and nonmagnetic layers, therefore, is limited by the distance B. A typical prior art GMR read element may have five alternating layers of magnetic and nonmagnetic material, limiting the extent to which ΔR/R may be maximized. Additionally, total resistance, determined by the relatively small length B, along with the relatively large area CD, is also limited. As an example, a typical GMR read head may have a thickness B of 17.5 nm, a width C of 100 nm, and a height D of 100 nm. A typical resistivity ρ may be 80 μΩcm. Total resistance for this example will therefore be R=ρL/A=ρB/CD=((80 μΩcm)(17.5 nm)((1 Ω)/(1×10 6 μΩ))((1×10 7  nm)/1 cm)))/((100 nm)(100 nm))=1.4Ω. 
     Contrast the above example with the embodiment of the present invention, illustrated in FIGS. 31 and 33, wherein the alternating magnetic and nonmagnetic layers of the GMR element  18  are arranged perpendicular to the shields  26   a , 26   b . Because the current, again flowing in the direction indicated by the arrow I, now passes through an increased number of layers of alternating magnetic and nonmagnetic material, the quantity ΔR/R is maximized for the same size GMR read element. Applying the dimensions of the above example to a GMR read element  18  of the present invention, the total resistance for the GMR element  18  is R=ρL/A=ρC/BD=((80 μΩcm)(100 nm)((1 Ω)/(1×10 6  μΩ))((1×10 7  nm)/1 cm)))/((100 nm)(17.5 nm))=46 Ω. 
     Referring back to FIGS.  1  and  27 - 29 , it becomes apparent that the alternating magnetic  20  and nonmagnetic  22  layers of GMR element  18   b , by being perpendicular to the shields  26   a , 26   b , are also substantially parallel to the track  58 . Because the magnetizations  44 , 46  within the magnetic layers  20  rotate within the layers, this orientation provides sensitivity to both vertical and horizontal magnetic fields within the track  58 . The sensitivity of the magnetizations from fields perpendicular to the tracks is rather low yielding strongly reduced sensitivity to stray fields from adjacent tracks. This will result in improved performance of the proposed CPP read sensor over presently available CPP sensors, which are sensitive to stray fields from adjacent tracks. Referring to FIG. 2, it becomes apparent that the GMR read element  18 , which is angled with respect to the shields, will exhibit at least some reduced sensitivity to stray magnetic fields of adjacent tracks  58 . 
     While specific embodiments of the invention has been described in detail, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various modifications and alternatives to those details could be developed in light of the overall teachings of the disclosure. Accordingly, the particular arrangements disclosed are meant to be illustrative only and not limiting as to the scope of the invention which is to be given the full breadth of the appended claims and any and all equivalents thereof.