Abstract:
The present invention provides a method of making a recombinant organism capable of oxidizing organic chemicals by constitutive production of proteins capable of performing oxidation. A recombinant organism and a method of oxidizing organic chemicals are also provided. The present invention is useful in bioremediation to remove waste chemicals from the environment.

Description:
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/807,001 filed Dec. 16, 1991, now abandoned. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to recombinant bacteria of the genus Streptomyces capable of constitutive expression of cytochrome P450soy and the iron-sulfur protein that donates electrons to the cytochrome P450soy. These recombinant bacteria are useful in carrying out a number of important chemical conversions including biotransformation of HMPA and similar compounds. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Cytochrome P450 (P450) is a term used for a widely distributed group of unique heme proteins which form carbon monoxide complexes with a major absorption band at wavelengths around 450 nm. These proteins are enzymes which carry out oxidase functions in a wide variety of mixed function oxidase systems involved in biosynthesis and catabolism of specific cell or body components, and in the metabolism of foreign substances entering organisms. Oxygenating enzymes such as P450 appear to be fundamental cellular constituents in most forms of aerobic organisms. The activation of molecular oxygen and incorporation of one of its atoms into organic compounds by these enzymes are reactions of vital importance not only for biosynthesis, but also for metabolic activation or inactivation of foreign agents such as drugs, food preservatives and additives, insecticides, carcinogens and environmental pollutants. 
     In eukaryotic systems P450, and P450 dependant enzymes are known to act on such xenobiotics and pharmaceuticals as phenobarbitol, antipyrine, haloperidol and prednisone. Known substrates of environmental importance include compounds such as DDT, and a variety of polychlorinated biphenyls and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, as well as other halogenated compounds, including halobenzenes and chloroform. 
     Hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) is a compound that was used heavily by industry in the mid-1970&#39;s in the production of aramid fibers and as a general solvent. HMPA is a known carcinogen and has been found to be one of the contaminants at various industrial and chemical waste sites. Studies focusing on the mammalian biodegradation of HMPA are few but it has been found that microsomal P450 isolated from rat liver and nasal mucosa will demethylate HMPA. Longo et al., Toxicol. Lett. 44:289 (1988). 
     In microbial systems cytochrome P450 is known to oxidize many of the same xenobiotic substrates as in eukaryotic systems and thus can be targeted as possible indicators for the presence of toxic compounds in the environment. One of the earliest reports of xenobiotic transformation was by the bacterium Streptomyces giseus which is known to contain the gene for the expression of cytochrome P450. This transformation involved the convention of mannosidostreptomycin to streptomycin. Sariaslani et al., Developments in Industrial Microbiology 30:161 (1989). Since then these reactions have been observed with compounds ranging from simple molecules such as benzene to complex alkaloids (such as vindoline and dihydrovindolin, codein, steroids, and xenobiotics such as phenylhydrazine, ajmaline and colchine. Sariaslani et al., Developments in Industrial Microbiology 30:161 (1989). 
     Genetically engineered microorganisms with the ability to express the P450 gene offer several potential advantages. Such microorganisms might be designed to express precisely engineered enzymatic pathways that can more efficiently or rapidly degrade specific chemicals. Development efforts are aimed largely at chemicals that are toxic or recalcitrant to naturally occurring bacterial degradation. 
     It has been shown that bacteria of the genus Streptomyces, when properly induced, are capable of producing both cytochrome P450soy and the iron-sulfur protein (ferredoxin-soy) that donates electrons to cytochrome P450soy. Sariaslani et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. comm. 141:405 (1986) The induction procedure involves growing the bacteria in a medium comprising an inducer such as soybean flour, genistein or genistin. 
     The method of Sariaslani et al. for producing P450 is useful however, the need to utilize an inducer such as soybean flour or a soybean flour-like substance to induce production of cytochrome P450soy in bacteria of the genus Streptomyces is a drawback. Such inducers are difficult to work with and represent an unknown variable in the field. Also, the need to induce the bacteria to produce the desired enzyme introduces an additional step in the method, making the method more complex. 
     There is a need for a simple method of bioremediating methylated phosphoric amides such as HMPA without the use of inducers to stimulate enzymatic activity. A simple method would be based on the use of bacteria capable of constitutive expression of cytochrome P450soy and the iron-sulfur protein that donates electrons to cytochrome P450. The cytochrome P450soy enzyme in Streptomyces griseus bears a resemblance in its oxidative reactions to the cytochrome P450 enzymes of mammalian liver microsomes and thus Streptomyces griseus could serve as an economical and convenient source of cytochrome P450 for indication of the presence of hazardous chemicals as well as their possible bioremediation. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     One aspect of the present invention provides recombinant bacteria of the genus Streptomyces capable of constitutive expression of cytochrome P450soy and the iron-sulfur protein that donates electrons to cytochrome P450soy. 
     Another aspect of the present invention provides a process for converting chemicals such as a mutagen or carcinogen into their oxidation products. The process comprises culturing recombinant bacteria of the genus Streptomyces capable of constitutive expression of cytochrome P450soy and the iron-sulfur protein in a culture medium containing the substance to be metabolized. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
     FIG. 1a shows a consensus restriction map generated by BamHI, EcoRI and SacI digestion of a 22 kb region of the Streptomyces griseus encoding the P450soy gene. The flanking EcoRI restriction sites are from the vector polylinker. 
     FIG. 1b shows the restriction map of the heme probe hybridizing 4.8 kb SacI fragment with the endonucleases unique to the M13mp18/19 vector polylinker. 
     FIG. 1c shows the coding region for soyC and soyB. 
     FIGS. 2a-2b shows the 1.7 kb nucleotide sequence of Streptomyces griseus DNA containing both the soyC and soyB genes. 
     FIGS. 2c-2e shows the 412 amino acid sequence for the P450-soy protein. 
     FIG. 3 shows the insertion of the 4.8 kb SacI fragment containing soyC and soyB into pMM001. The subsequent removal of the 4.8 kb fragment from pMM001 and insertion into plasmid pCA0200 to generate pMM002. 
     FIG. 4 is a Western blot of protein extracts of Streptomyces griseus, Streptomyces lividans C200 and Streptomyces lividans MM002 from the comparative example described below. It shows that the promotor on SoyB and SoyC is regulated in Streptomyces lividans. 
     Lane 1=purified P-450 soy   
     Lane 2=Streptomyces griseus extract grown on YEME medium 
     Lane 3=Streptomyces griseus extract grown on 5×SBG medium 
     Lane 4=Streptomyces lividans C200 extract grown on YEME medium 
     Lane 5=Streptomyces lividans C200 extract grown on 5×SBG medium 
     Lane 6=Streptomyces lividans MM002 (strain 35) extract grown on YEME medium 
     Lane 7=Streptomyces lividans MM002 (strain 35) extract grown on 5×SBG medium 
     Lane 8=Streptomyces lividans MM002 (strain 36) extract grown on YEME medium 
     Lane 9=Streptomyces lividans MM002 (strain 36) extract grown on 5×SBG medium 
     FIGS. 5a-5b shows the generation of pMM004. The insertion of the 4.8 kb SacI fragment containing soyC and soyB into pUC19 at the SacI site to generate pMM005. A DNA fragment containing Streptomyces griseus soyC was amplified so that an EcoRI site was introduced at the 5&#39; end. The new fragment was inserted into pUC19 to generate pMM003. A fragment from pCA0302 containing suaP was ligated to the fragment from pMM003 containing soyC, and a fragment from pMM005 containing soyB and pUC19. 
     FIG. 6 describes the generation of pMM007 from pMM004 and pIJ702-322. Both pIJ702-322 and pBR322 are cut with SacI and ligated to a 4.1 kb SacI DNA fragment of pMM004 that contains suaP linked to soyC, B to generate pMM005. pMM005 is cut with Sphl allowing the separation of the pBR322 and pMM007 plasmids from pMM006. 
     FIG. 7 is a Western Blot of protein extracts from Streptomyces griseus, Streptomyces lividans C200 and Streptomyces lividans MM002 showing that Streptomyces lividans MM002 expresses P450soy constitutively. 
     Lane 1=purified P-450 soy   
     Lane 2=Streptomyces griseus extract grown on YEME medium 
     Lane 3=Streptomyces griseus extract grown on 5×SBG medium 
     Lane 4=Streptomyces lividans C200 extract grown on YEME medium 
     Lane 5=Streptomyces lividans C200 extract grown on 5×SBG medium 
     Lane 6=Streptomyces lividans MM007 extract grown on 5×SBG medium 
     Lane 7=Streptomyces lividans MM007 extract grown on YEME medium 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In the context of this disclosure, a number of terms shall be utilized. 
     &#34;Promoter&#34; and &#34;promoter region&#34; refer to a sequence of DNA, usually upstream (5&#39;) to the protein coding sequence of a structural gene, which controls the expression of the coding region by providing the recognition for RNA polymerase and/or other factors required for transcription to start at the correct site. Promoter sequences are necessary but not always sufficient to drive the expression of the gene. 
     A &#34;fragment&#34; constitutes a sequence of nucleic acid which can contain an entire gene, less than an entire gene or more than an entire gene. 
     &#34;Regulation&#34; and &#34;regulate&#34; refer to the modulation of gene expression controlled by DNA sequence elements located primarily, but not exclusively upstream of (5&#39; to) the transcription start of a gene. Regulation may result in an all or non response to a stimulation, or it may result in variations in the level of gene expression. 
     The term &#34;coding sequence&#34; refers to that portion of a gene encoding a protein, polypeptide, or a portion thereof, and excluding the regulatory sequences which drive the initiation of transcription. 
     &#34;Construction&#34; or &#34;construct&#34; refers to a plasmid, virus, autonomously replicating sequence, phage or nucleotide sequence, linear or circular, of a single- or double-stranded DNA or RNA, derived from any source, in which a number of nucleotide sequences have been joined or recombined into a unique construction which is capable of introducing a promoter fragment and DNA sequence for a selected gene product along with appropriate 3&#39; untranslated sequence into a cell. 
     &#34;Transformation&#34; is the acquisition of new genes in a cell after the incorporation of nucleic acid (usually double stranded DNA). 
     &#34;Operably linked&#34; refers to the chemical fusion of two fragments of DNA in a proper orientation and reading frame to be transcribed into functional RNA. 
     &#34;Expression&#34; as used herein is intended to mean the transcription and translation to gene product from a gene coding for the sequence of the gene product. In the expression, a DNA chain coding for the sequence of gene product is first transcribed to a complimentary RNA which is often a messenger RNA and, then, the thus transcribed messenger RNA is translated into the abovementioned gene product if the gene product is a protein. 
     &#34;Translation initiation signal&#34; refers to a unit of three nucleotides (codon) in a nucleic acid that specifies the initiation of protein synthesis. 
     &#34;Plasmid&#34; as used herein refers to an extra chromosomal element often carrying genes which are not part of the central metabolism of the cell, and usually in the form of circular double-stranded DNA molecules. 
     &#34;Restriction endonuclease&#34; refers to an enzyme which binds and cuts within a specific nucleotide sequence within double-stranded DNA. 
     &#34;ATCC&#34; refers to the American Tissue Culture Collection depository located in Rockville, Md. The &#34;ATCC No.&#34; is the accession number to cultures on deposit at the ATCC. 
     &#34;NRRL&#34; refers to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Northern Regional Research Laboratories, located in Peoria, Ill., and the &#34;NRRL No.&#34; is the accession number to cultures on deposit at the NRRL. 
     The invention involves Streptomyces transformed with two genes from Streptomyces griseus: the soyC-encoding cytochrome P450soy and the soyB-encoding ferredoxin-soy that transfers electrons to P450soy. These two genes are transcribed by a constitutive promoter, suaP, from another Streptomyces, Streptomyces griseolus. These transformed Streptomyces lividans strains constitutively express metabolically active P450soy and thus can metbolize a variety of organic chemicals without having to be induced. The natural promoter for the soyC and the soyB genes, soyP, is not constitutive in Streptomyces lividans. This is different from two inducible cytochrome P450 systems (suaC and suaB, and subC and subB) from Streptomyces griseolus (ATCC 1176) that metabolize sulfonylureas. The promoters for suaC and suaB, suaP, and the promotors for subC and subB, subP, while requiring induction in Streptomyces griseolus, are constitutively expressed when transformed into Streptomyces lividans (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/464,499 filed Jan. 12, 1990). 
     The genes encoding cytochrome P450soy (soyC) and ferredoxin-soy (soyB) are contained on a part of a 4.8 kb SacI DNA fragment from Streptomyces griseus (ATCC 13273). Alternative sources of this DNA could be Streptomyces griseus (ATCC 10137) and Streptomyces griseus (ATCC 55185), which also contain proteins similar to, if not identical to cytochrome P450soy of Streptomyces griseus (ATCC 13273). 
     The DNA containing the soyC and soyB genes is operably linked to a promoter sequence, which is capable of constitutively transcribing soyC and soyB in strains of Streptomyces bacteria. The preferred source of this promoter is a 0.6 kb EcoRI-BamHI DNA fragment in pCAO302 from Streptomyces griseolus (ATCC 11796). This is the promoter for the suaC and suaB genes which code for cytochrome P450sua and ferredoxin-sua, respectively, in Streptomyces griseolus (ATCC 11796). Omer et al., J. Bacteriol. 172:3335(1990). Alternative sources for such a constitutive promoter include but are not limited to one of the promoters for the agarase gene of Streptomyces coelicolor, Buttner et al., Cell 52:599(1988), the promoters for the thiostrepton resistance gene from Streptomyces azureus, Janssen and Bibb Mol. Gen. Genet. 221:339 (1990), and the constitutive promoter for the Streptomyces lividans galactose operon, Fornwald et al., Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84:2130 (1987). 
     The combination of a constitutive promoter operably linked to the soyC and soyB genes is then introduced into plasmid DNA capable of transforming Streptomyces. The preferred plasmid is pIJ702. Katz et al., J. Gen. Micro. 129:2703(1983). Other plasmids that could be used include but are not limited to derivatives of pIJ101, Kieser et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 185:223(1982)) and SCP2, Lydiate et al., Gene 35:223 (1985) . The plasmid is then cloned into a host Streptomyces strain. The preferred Streptomyces host is Streptomyces lividans JI1326. Other Streptomyces host strains that could be used include but are not limited to Streptomyces griseus (ATCC 10173), Streptomyces griseus (ATCC 13273) , Streptomyces coelicolor A3 (2) and Streptomyces parvulus (ATCC 12434). 
     Bacterial host strains used include Streptomyces griseus, ATCC 13273, Streptomyces griseolus, ATCC 11796, and Streptomyces lividans, JI1326 (ATCC 53939). The Streptomyces strains were cultured in the following four media: (1) liquid YEME (0.3% yeast extract, 0.5% peptone, 0.3% malt extract, 1.0% glucose, 5 mM MgCl 2 ); (2) 5×SBG (2% glycerol, 0.5% yeast extract, 2.5% soybean flour, 0.5% NaCl, 0.5% K 2  HPO 4 , pH7.0); (3) 1×SBG (2% glycerol, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% soybean flour, 0.5% NaCl, 0.5% K 2  HPO 4 , pH7.0); and (4) trypticase soy broth (TSB) (BBL Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, Md.). Generally, the cultures should be maintained at temperatures between 20°-30° C., preferably between 25°-37° C. with the optimum growth temperature at about 28°-30° C. Cultures were grown by shaking at 28°-30° C. and cells were harvested by centrifugation at approximately 10,000×g for 10-30 min. The pelleted cells were resuspended in DEP buffer (29.3 g/l Na 2  HPO4-12H 2  O or 21.98 g/l Na 2  HPO4-7H 2  O, 2.62 g/l NaH 2  PO 4  -H 2  O, 0.037 g/l Na 2  EDTA, 0.154 g/l Dithiothreitol) and sometimes repelleted. 
     The final pellets were resuspended in DEP buffer and broken in a French pressure cell at 20,000 psi. The broken cells were centrifuged at approximately 40,000×g for 30 minutes and the soluble protein fraction removed and its concentration determined using the BioRad protein assay (Biorad, Richmond, Calif.). Western blots were performed using the procedure described and the antibody to cytochrome P450soy. Trower et al., J. Bacteriol. 171:1781 (1989). 
     The recombinant bacteria of the present invention are prepared using methods well known to those skilled in the art. For example, transformation of the DNA fragments containing the transcriptional promotor suaP, from the suaC and suaB genes of Streptomyces griseolus, upstream of the soyC and soyB genes of Streptomyces griseus into Streptomyces lividans is performed as described by Hopwood, D. A. et al., Genetic Manipulation of Streptomyces: A Laboratory Manual, The John Innes Foundation, Norwich, UK (1985). Cloning of these DNAs in E. coli is performed as described by Maniatis, T. et al., A Guide to Molecular Cloning, Cold Spring Harbor (1982). Restriction enzymes and DNA modification enzymes can be obtained from New England Bioloabs Inc. Beverly, Mass. Taq DNA polymerase can be obtained from Cetus-Perkin Elmer Inc. Following the above procedures, recombinant bacteria Streptomyces lividans MM007 was generated from Streptomyces lividans JI1326. 
     The recombinant bacteria of the present invention may be employed to oxidize organic chemicals by culturing recombinant bacteria of the genus Streptomyces capable of constitutive expression of cytochrome P450soy and the iron-sulfur protein that donates electrons to cytochrome P450soy in a culture medium comprising the chemical to be oxidized. The product(s) of oxidation can be determined if required, by standard methods. 
     It is preferable to use a two stage culturing procedure. In stage one, the bacteria are grown in a suitable culture medium for up to five days at a temperature between about 25° and 37°. In stage two, an aliquot of the stage one culture is transferred to fresh culture medium and maintained for up to five days. The most preferred culturing procedure is carried out by growing the bacteria in stage one at 28°-30° for 3 days, transferring the bacteria to fresh medium and growing in stage two for one additional day at the same temperatures. The second stage culture is then used for the process of the present invention. That is, an aliquot of the substance to be oxidized is incubated with the 24 hr. old second stage cultures. 
     For example, a first stage culture is prepared by combining 0.5 ml of a spore preparation from Streptomyces lividans pMM007 with 25 ml of YEME medium, plus 50 ml of a 2.5M MgCl 2  solution and 62.5 μl of a 4 mg/ml stock solution of thiostrepton. This is then incubated at 28°-29° for 72 hours in a gyrotary shaker. The second stage culture is prepared by adding a 2.5 ml portion of the first stage culture to 25 ml of fresh medium. Finally, 5 mg of the substance to be evaluated (e.g., benzo[a]pyrene or benzidine) is dissolved in a solvent such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and added to the 24 hr. old described second stage culture and incubated for an additional 1 to 10 days. Liquid substrates are added directly to the medium. Samples (5 ml) are periodically taken from these cultures and analyzed by standard methods for the presence of oxidation products. 
     Recombinant bacteria provided by this invention may be utilized to carry out many commercially important oxidation reactions, as will be recognized by those skilled in the art. The compounds which may be oxidized by the provided recombinant bacteria (and the oxidized compound resulting therefrom) include but are not limited to the following: hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA), pentamethylphosphoramide (PMPA), tetramethylphosphoramide (TetraMPA), trimethylphosphoramide, (TriMPA), 7-ethoxycoumarin (7-hydroxycoumarin); precocene II (precocene-diol); anisole (phenol, 2-OH anisole); benzene (phenol); biphenyl (4-OH biphenyl); chlorobenzene (2-OH chlorobenzene); coumarin (7-OH coumarin); naphthalene (1-OH naphthalene); transstilbene (4-OH stilbene, 4,4&#39;-di-OH stilbene); toluene (2-OH toluene); glaucine (predicentrine, norglaucine); 10, 11-dimethoxyaporphine (apocodeine, isoapocodeine); papaverine (6-desmethylpapaverine, 7-desmethylpapaverine, 4&#39;-desmethylpapaverine); d-tetrandrine (N&#39;-nortetrandrine); thalicarpine (hernandalinol); bruceantin (side chain alcohols, epoxide); vindoline (dihydrovindoline ether, dihydrovindoline ether dimer, dihydrovindoline ether enamine); dihydrovindoline (11-desmethyldihydrovindoline); leurosine (12&#39;-hydroxy-leurosine); and codeine (14-hydroxycodeine). 
     EXAMPLES 
     General Methods 
     Cloning and DNA sequencing of the soyC and soyB genes encoding cytochrome P450soy and ferredoxin-soy 
     Cytochrome P450soy was purified from Streptomyces griseus ATCC 13273 as described. Trower et al., J. Bacteriol. 171:1781 (1989). Two similar forms of cytochrome P450soy were isolated. P450soyΔ, is derived from P450soy by in vitro proteolysis during isolation. Trower et al., J. Bacteriol. 171: 1781 (1989) . Purified P450soy protein was alkylated with 4-vinylpyridine and 5 nanomoles of the alkylated cytochrome P450soy was digested with trypsin as described by Trower et al., J. Bacteriol. 171:1781(1989). The resulting peptide fragments were resolved by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography as described by Trower et al., J. Bacteriol. 171:1781(1989). One of the tryptic peptide fragments of cytochrome P450soy and one of the P450soyΔ protein were subjected to automated Edman degradation to determine the partial amino acid sequence of the protein/peptide. The NH 2  -terminal sequence of the P450soyΔ protein is (Seq. No. 1): ##STR1## The NH 2  terminal sequence of the tryptic peptide is (Seq. No. 2): ##STR2## A mixture of oligonucleotides that consist of possible DNA sequences that could encode the amino acids FGVHQCL of the tryptic peptide was made. It consists of the following sequence: 5&#39;- TTCGG (G or C)GT(G or C)CACCAGTGCCT- 3&#39; (Sequence ID NO. 3-6). During synthesis of the oligonucleotide mixture, the two positions indicated as (G or C) consisted of an equal mixture of G or C and thus the oligonucleotide mixture consists of a total of four different species. 
     A DNA library was constructed in the vector EMBL4 using DNA from Streptomyces griseus ATCC 13272 using the procedures described. Omer et al., J. Bacteriol. 172:3335 (1990). The oligonucleotide mixture was [ 32  P]-end labeled using T4 polynucleotide kinase, Maniatis, T. et al., A Guide to Molecular Cloning, Cold Spring Harbor,(1982), and used to probe the EMBL4 library of Streptomyces griseus DNA as described in Maniatis, T. et al., A Guide to Molecular Cloning, Cold Spring Harbor,(1982), under the following conditions: Prehybridization and hybridization were carried out in 6×SSC (1×SSC is 0.15M NaCl, 0.015M sodium citrate)+0.5% SDS at 50° C. Filters were washed twice in 6×SSC+0.5% SDS at 50° C. and once in 6×SSC+0.5% SDS at room temperature. Hybridizing plaques were isolated and a 4.8 kb SacI DNA fragment was isolated from one clone that hybridized to the oligonucleotide probe mixture. 
     A segment of the 4.8 kb SacI DNA fragment was sequenced, Sanger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74:5463 (1977), [FIG. 1] and found to contain an open reading frame of 1236 base pairs encoding a protein of approximately 45,400 molecular weight. Within this open reading frame was a section that corresponded exactly to the amino acid sequence determined from the cytochrome P450soy tryptic peptide described above. The NH 2  -terminal sequence of the open reading frame starting with amino acid 4 is the same as the amino acid sequence determined for P450soyΔ (other than a serine to cysteine change at amino acid 30 of the open reading frame). We have named the gene encoding the P450soy protein soyC. Five nucleotides downstream of the stop codon for soyC, another open reading frame of 65 amino acids was identified. This open reading frame shows 40-50% identity to the previously identified ferredoxins of Streptomyces griseolus, Ferredoxin-1 and Ferredoxin-2, encoded by the suaB and subB genes respectively. O&#39;Keefe et al., Biochemistry 30:447 (1991). The gene encoding this apparent ferredoxin-like protein from Streptomyces griseus is designated soyB and the protein, ferredoxin-soy. 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 
     Nonconstitutive Expression of SoyC and SoyB in Streptomyces lividans From the SoyP Promoter 
     The 4.8 kb SacI DNA fragment containing the soyC and the soyB genes was cloned (Maniatis et al. 1982) into SacI cleaved pBluescript ks vector (Stratagene Inc., San Diego, Calif.) generating plasmid pMM001 (FIG. 3) and into SacI cleaved pUC19, Yanisch-Peron et al., Gene 33:103(1985), generating plasmid pMM005 (FIG. 5). The 4.8 kb SacI insert was then removed from pMM001 and cloned into the SacI site of pCA0200, Omer et al., J. Bacteriol. 170:2174 (1988) generating pMM002 (FIG. 5). The plasmid pMM002 was transformed into Streptomyces lividans generating Streptomyces lividans MM002 (FIG. 5). 
     Two independent strains of Streptomyces lividans MM002 and one of Streptomyces lividans C200 containing the vector pCAO200 were each grown in 2×25 ml YEME medium containing 8.5% sucrose for approximately 60 hrs at 30° C. One of each of these cultures was subcultured in 100 ml of YEME medium containing 4.25% sucrose and the other in 100 ml of 5×SBG medium. After growth at 30° C. for 48 hrs, an additional 100 ml of growth medium was added and the cells grown for an additional 3 hrs. The cells were harvested and processed as described in the Material and Methods to obtain soluble protein extracts of each of the strains grown in the two different media. A ten microgram sample of each protein was analyzed for the presence of cytochrome P450soy by Western blot analysis. 
     In FIG. 4, high levels of P450soy are seen only in the lanes containing purified P450soy protein and in Streptomyces lividans MM002 that has been grown in 5×SBG. Much lower levels are seen when Streptomyces lividans MM002 was grown in YEME. Thus in Streptomyces lividans expression of P450soy from the 4.8 kb SacI Streptomyces griseus (ATCC 13272) DNA fragment was induced by soybean flour as it is in Streptomyces griseus. This is different from the cytochrome P450 taken from Streptomyces griseolus. The genes for the two sulfonylurea inducible cytochromes P450 in Streptomyces griseolus when transformed into Streptomyces lividans are constitutively expressed and do not require the presence of inducers. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Recombinant Streptomyces Lividans that constitutively express cytochrome P450 
     In order to constitutively express cytochrome P450soy in Streptomyces lividans, the transcriptional promoter, suaP, from the suaC and suaB genes of Streptomyces griseolus was cloned upstream of the soyC and soyB genes. suaP is located upstream of the Streptomyces griseolus (ATCC 11796) suaC gene and is located on a 0.6 kb EcoRI-BamHI fragment of pCAO302. Omer et al., J. Bacteriol. 172:3335 (1990). An EcoRI site was introduced 23 bp upstream of the ATG start codon of soyC of Streptomyces griseus by performing a polymerase chain reaction. Mullis, K. et al., Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 51:263 (1986). A pair of primers were used to carry out PCR on the soyC gene. One oligonucleotide 5&#39;CAGAATTCGCACTGCGAGGCGAC 3&#39; (Sequence ID NO. 8) contained 15 base pairs upstream of the soyC gene along with an EcoRI site near its 5&#39; end. The other oligonucleotide was 5&#39; GATCAGCGCGCCCAGGTACTCC 3&#39; (SEQUENCE ID NO. 9) and is homologous to a region adjacent to an XhoI site within the soyC gene. When these two oligonucleotides were used to amplify soyC using pMM001 as template an approximately 0.67 kb fragment was amplified. The conditions used for amplification of this DNA were as follows: 10 mM Tris-Cl pH 8.3, 0.05M KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl 2 , 0.001% gelatin, 0.2 mM each dATP, dTTP, dCTP and 0.05 mM dGTP plus 0.15 mM 7-deaza-dGTP. Each oligonucleotide was used at 1 mM, 10 ng pMM001 template and 2.5 units of Taq polymerase was used in a 100 μl reaction. The temperatures used for amplification were: 
     1. 100° C., 2 min; 92° C., 5 min (add Taq polymerase); 72° C., 2 min; 1 cycle; 
     2. 96° C., 1 min; 47° C., 1 min; 72° C., 2 min; 5 cycles; 
     3. 96° C., 1 min; 65° C., 1 min; 72° C., 2 min; 25 cycles; and 
     4. 72° C., 5 min; 1 cycle. 
     The amplified DNA was precipitated with 2M ammonium acetate plus 1 volume isopropanol overnight at -20° C. The precipitate was pelleted at 12,000×g at 4° C. for 15 min, washed twice with 70% ethanol and resuspended in H 2  O. 
     The generation of pMM004 occurred as follows. The amplified 0.67 kb fragment of DNA was cloned into the EcoRI site of PUC19, Yanisch-Peron et al., Gene 33: 103 (1985), after adding EcoRI linkers (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.) to the amplified DNA (Maniatis et al. 1982) generating plasmid pMM003. The 4.8 kb SacI fragment containing soyC and soyB was removed from pMM001 and inserted into pUC19 at the SacI site generating plasmid pMM005. A three way ligation was performed between 1) a 0.67 kb EcoRI-XhoI fragment of pMM003 containing one end of soyC with the added EcoRI site, 2) a 0.6 kb EcoRI-BamHI fragment of pCA0302 containing suaP, and 3) an approximately 6.0 kb BamHI-XhoI fragment of pMM005 containing part of the soyC gene, the soyB gene and pUC19. The resulting vector is pMM004 (see FIG. 5). 
     The generation of plasmid pMM007 occurred as follows. The plasmid pIJ702-322 was made in E. coli by ligating SphI cut pIJ702, Katz et al., J. Gen. Microbiol. 129:2703 (1983), to SphI cut pBR322. Hoffman, K. H., et al., J. Basic Microbiol. 30:37 (1990). pIJ702 can replicate in Streptomyces lividans, while pBR322 replicates in E. coli. pIJ702-322 was cut with SacI and ligated to a 4.1 kb SacI DNA fragment of pMM004 that contains suaP linked to soyC, soyB to generate pMM006. pMM006 was cut with SphI, and self-ligated under dilute conditions (˜3 μg/ml) (Maniatis et al. 1982) to separate the pBR322 part of the plasmid from the rest of pMM006 and generating plasmid pMM007 which is capable of replicating in Streptomyces lividans but not E. coli. This ligated DNA was used to transform Streptomyces lividans generating Streptomyces lividans MM007 (see FIG. 6). 
     Transformation of Streptomyces lividans was performed as described by Hopwood, D. A. et al., Genetic Manipulation of Streptomyces: A Laboratory Manual, The John Innes Foundation, Norwich, UK (1985). Cloning of DNAs in E. coli was performed as described by Maniatis, T. et al., A Guide to Molecular Cloning, Cold Spring Harbor, (1982). Restriction enzymes and DNA modification enzymes were obtained from New England Bioloabs Inc. Beverly, Mass. Taq DNA polymerase were obtained from Cetus-Perkin Elmer Inc. 
     25 ml cultures of Streptomyces lividans transformed with pIJ702 and Streptomyces lividans MM007 were grown at 30° C. for 60 hrs. in YEME medium or 5×SBG medium with 5 μg/ml of thiostrepton. Streptomyces griseus was grown at 30° C. for 60 hrs. in YENrE medium or 5×SBG medium. After 60 hrs., 10 ml of fresh medium was added to each culture and the cultures were incubated for an additional 2 hrs. 45 min. with shaking at 30° C. The cultures were harvested and soluble protein fractions were isolated from each culture. A Western blot of proteins from the cultures was performed to detect expression of cytochrome P450soy. As can be seen in FIG. 7, expression of cytochrome P450soy in Streptomyces lividans MM007 is at least as high as in Streptomyces griseus and addition of soybean flour is not required for high level expression of P450soy in Streptomyces lividans MM007. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Streptomyces lividans MM007 was grown (25 ml culture) according to the two-stage fermentation protocol. The medium used for cultivation of the organism was YEME containing: yeast extract (3 g/l); peptone (5 g/l); malt extract (3 g/l); glucose (10 g/l); sucrose (340 g/l); MgCl 2  from a 2.5M solution (2 ml/L). Thiostrepton was added to insure the maintenance of the plasmid in the organism (62.5 microliter from a stock solution of 4 mg/ml). The first stage cultures were started from spore suspensions of Streptomyces lividans MM007. After 3 days of growth on stage one, a 20% inoculum was used to start a stage two culture in fresh YEME medium. After 24 hours, 3 ml of HMPA was added to the culture and at 24 hr and 48 hr 5 ml samples were drawn and extracted with 3 ml of ethyl acetate. The mixture was vigorously extracted by vortexing and allowing the organic and aqueous layers to separate. The organic layer was transferred to a glass vial and evaporated under a stream of nitrogen. 
     Gas chromatography and mass spectrophotometric (GC/MS) analysis (using a Carbowax capillary column (J. W. Scientific, Folsum, Calif.), 20 m, with a temperature gradient of 60 to 200 at 10° per min) indicate degradation of HMPA by Streptomyces lividans MM007. The presence of pentamethyl-phosphoramide (PMPA) and other metabolites were identified. Gas chromatographic analysis was performed on a Varian Vista 6000, Varian Co., Palo Alto, Calif. Mass spectrophotometric analysis was performed on a VG 7070 HS Micromass Mass Spectrometer, Micromass Ltd., Manchester, U.K. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     In another embodiment Streptomyces lividans MM007 was used as above with the exception that three, stage one cultures were centrifuged and the resultant cell paste was added to a single 25 ml culture flask containing fresh YEME medium. 0.2 ml of HMPA was immediately added to the second stage culture. Samples were taken as described above. GC/MS analysis demonstrated the presence of many different metabolites. The generation of PMPA and other metabolites by Streptomyces lividans MM007 when exposed to HMPA is a strong indication of the ability of Streptomyces lividans MM007 to degrade HMPA. 
     The metabolism of HMPA in Example 3 indicates the utility of Streptomyces lividans MM007 for bioremediation of several compounds. 
     A control experiment was performed in which HMPA was not added to the cultures of S. lividans MM007. This culture was extracted as above and analyzed by GC/MS. Apart from one peak seen to be present in all control test samples, none of the peaks observed in HMPA samples and S. lividans MM007 were present in control. This data confirms that the peaks observed in test samples were derived from metabolism of HMPA by S. lividans MM007. 
     From the foregoing description, one skilled in the art can easily ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention and, without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications to the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions. 
     
         __________________________________________________________________________SEQUENCE LISTING(1) GENERAL INFORMATION:(iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 12(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 30 amino acids(B) TYPE: amino acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: unknown(D) TOPOLOGY: unknown(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:1:ThrThrAspProAlaArgGlnAsnLeuAspProThrSerProAlaPro151015AlaThrSerPheProGlnAspArgGlySerProTyrHisPro 202530(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 19 amino acids(B) TYPE: amino acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: unknown(D) TOPOLOGY: unknown(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2:HisHisLeuAlaPhe GlyPheGlyValHisGlnCysLeuGlyGlnAsn151015LeuAlaArg(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 20 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid( C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:3:TTCGGGGTGCACCAGTGCCT20(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 20 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4:TTCGGGGTCCACCAGTGCCT20(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:5:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 20 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:5:TTCGGCGTGCACCAGTGCCT20(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:6:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 20 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:6:TTCGGCGTCCACCAGTGCCT20(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:7:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 7 amino acids(B) TYPE: amino acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: unknown(D) TOPOLOGY: unknown(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:7:PheGlyValHisGlnCysLeu15(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:8:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 23 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:8:CAGAATTCGCACTGCGAGGCGAC23(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:9:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 22 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:9:GATCAGCGCGCCCAGGTACTCC22(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:10:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 1735 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:10:ATATCTTTACTACGAACAACACCCCTTGGTGGGCATACGAACAACACCGGCCAGATCCAC60GGGCCCGCCGAGCTGGCCGGTCTACCCGTCGACCAGATAGGTGCCTGAGGCATCTAATAG120TGAAGAAGCGCGGAACGACCGGCTCCGCGCGCACG ACCGAGCACTGCGAGGCGACCCGAT180CCCATGACGGAATCCACGACGGACCCGGCCCGCCAGAACCTCGACCCCACCTCCCCGGCC240CCCGCGACGTCCTTCCCGCAGGACCGCGGGTGCCCCTACCACCCGCCCGCCGGGTACGCA300CCGCTGCGCGAGGGC CGCCCGCTGAGCCGGGTCACCCTCTTCGACGGACGCCCGGTCTGG360GCGGTCACCGGGCACGCCCTGGCCCGTCGGCTACTGGCGGACCCGCGGCTCTCCACCGAC420CGCAGCCACCCGGACTTCCCCGTCCCGGCCGAGCGGTTCGCCGGCGCGCAGCGGCGCCGC4 80GTCGCTCTGCTCGGCGTCGACGACCCCGAGCACAACACCCAGCGCAGGATGCTCATCCCG540ACCTTCTCGGTGAAGCGGATCGGCGCGCTCCGCCCGCGTATCCAGGAGACCGTGGACCGG600CTCCTCGACGCGATGGAGCGACAAGGGCCCCCGGCCGAACTG GTGAGCGCGTTCGCCCTG660CCGGTGCCGTCGATGGTGATCTGTGCTCTGCTCGGCGTGCCCTACGCCGACCACGCGTTC720TTCGAGGAACGCTCGCAGCGACTCCTGCGCGGCCCGGGAGCCGACGATGTGAACAGGGCC780CGCGACGAACTCGAGGAGTACC TGGGCGCGCTGATCGACCGCAAGAGGGCGGAGCCGGGT840GACGGCCTCCTGGACGAGCTGATCCACCGGGACCACCCGGACGGACCGGTCGACCGCGAA900CAGCTGGTCGCCTTCGCCGTCATCCTGCTCATCGCCGGGCACGAGACGACGGCGAACATG960AT CTCGCTCGGCACGTTCACGCTGCTGAGCCACCCCGAACAGCTGGCGGCGCTGCGGGCC1020GGCGGGACGAGCACCGCCGTGGTGGTCGAGGAGCTGCTGCGGTTCCTCTCCATCGCCGAG1080GGCCTCCAGCGCCTGGCGACCGAGGACATGGAGGTCGACGGGGCGACGAT CCGCAAGGGG1140GAGGGCGTGGTCTTCTCGACCTCGCTGATCAACCGCGACGCCGACGTGTTCCCCCGGGCC1200GAGACACTCGACTGGGACCGCCCCGCCCGCCATCACCTCGCCTTCGGCTTCGGAGTCCAC1260CAGTGCCTGGGCCAGAACCTGGCCCGCGCC GAGCTGGACATCGCGATGCGCACCCTGTTC1320GAGCGGCTTCCCGGGCTCAGGCTCGCCGTACCCGCGCACGAGATCCGTCACAAGCCGGGG1380GACACGATCCAGGGCCTCCTCGACCTGCCCGTGGCCTGGTGAGCGGCGTGGGAGTCCAGG1440TCGACAAGGA ACGCTGTGTGGGCGCCGGCATGTGTGCGCTGACCGCGCCGGACGTCTTCA1500CCCAGGACGACGACGGTCTCAGCGAGGTGCTCCCCGGCCGGGAGGCGACGTCCGGGACCC1560ATCCGCTGGTGGGGGAGGCGGTACGGGCCTGCCCGGTGGGGGCGGTGGTCCTCTCCT CCG1620ACTGACGTCCCCCGGCACGGGGTTCGCCTCTTGCTGCCATGGCTCGGCGCCGAGGTCAAC1680GACAGCAATCCCAGGGCATTTATGATGTCTTGATGCGATCTGTCCCTTGGTGGGC1735(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:11:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 412 amino acids(B) TYPE: amino acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: unknown(D) TOPOLOGY: unknown(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:11:MetThrGluSerThrThrAspProAlaArgGlnAsnLeuAspProThr1510 15SerProAlaProAlaThrSerPheProGlnAspArgGlyCysProTyr202530HisProProAlaGlyTyrAlaProLeuArgGluGlyArgPr oLeuSer354045ArgValThrLeuPheAspGlyArgProValTrpAlaValThrGlyHis505560AlaLeuAlaArgAr gLeuLeuAlaAspProArgLeuSerThrAspArg65707580SerHisProAspPheProValProAlaGluArgPheAlaGlyAlaGln85 9095ArgArgArgValAlaLeuLeuGlyValAspAspProGluHisAsnThr100105110GlnArgArgMetLeuIleProThr PheSerValLysArgIleGlyAla115120125LeuArgProArgIleGlnGluThrValAspArgLeuLeuAspAlaMet130135 140GluArgGlnGlyProProAlaGluLeuValSerAlaPheAlaLeuPro145150155160ValProSerMetValIleCysAlaLeuLeuGlyValProTyrAla Asp165170175HisAlaPhePheGluGluArgSerGlnArgLeuLeuArgGlyProGly180185190Ala AspAspValAsnArgAlaArgAspGluLeuGluGluTyrLeuGly195200205AlaLeuIleAspArgLysArgAlaGluProGlyAspGlyLeuLeuAsp210 215220GluLeuIleHisArgAspHisProAspGlyProValAspArgGluGln225230235240LeuValAlaPheAlaValIleLeuL euIleAlaGlyHisGluThrThr245250255AlaAsnMetIleSerLeuGlyThrPheThrLeuLeuSerHisProGlu260265 270GlnLeuAlaAlaLeuArgAlaGlyGlyThrSerThrAlaValValVal275280285GluGluLeuLeuArgPheLeuSerIleAlaGluGlyLeuGln ArgLeu290295300AlaThrGluAspMetGluValAspGlyAlaThrIleArgLysGlyGlu305310315320GlyVa lValPheSerThrSerLeuIleAsnArgAspAlaAspValPhe325330335ProArgAlaGluThrLeuAspTrpAspArgProAlaArgHisHisLeu 340345350AlaPheGlyPheGlyValHisGlnCysLeuGlyGlnAsnLeuAlaArg355360365AlaGluLeuAspIleAlaMetA rgThrLeuPheGluArgLeuProGly370375380LeuArgLeuAlaValProAlaHisGluIleArgHisLysProGlyAsp385390395 400ThrIleGlnGlyLeuLeuAspLeuProValAlaTrp405410(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:12:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 65 amino acids(B) TYPE: amino acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: unknown (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:12:MetGlyValGlnValAspLysGluArgCysValGlyAlaGlyMetCys151015AlaLeuThrAlaProAsp ValPheThrGlnAspAspAspGlyLeuSer202530GluValLeuProGlyArgGluAlaThrSerGlyThrHisProLeuVal3540 45GlyGluAlaValArgAlaCysProValGlyAlaValValLeuSerSer505560Asp65