Abstract:
A charge pump is configured to receive an external voltage level and generate a high voltage level, wherein the high voltage level is higher than the external voltage level. A memory control circuit is configured to receive the external voltage level and the high voltage level, and to select one of the voltage levels. A memory array, with a word line and a bit line, is configured to receive the external and high voltage levels at the word line and the high voltage levels at the bit line. A word line driver is configured to provide the external and high voltage levels to the word line. A bit line selector is configured to select the bit line and receive the high, external, and regulated voltage levels. A bit line driver is configured to provide the external voltage levels to the bit line selector.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of co-pending of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/061,799, filed Feb. 18, 2005, which claims priority to French Patent Application Serial Number 04 03434, filed Apr. 1, 2004, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference as if set forth herein. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates generally to managing voltage differences between shrinking transistor technology and non-volatile memory read/write requirements. Specifically, the invention relates to power supply management for embedded non-volatile memory such as electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) and FLASH memory. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART 
     In order to maintain acceptable power consumption and reliability with advanced technology, supply voltage has been reduced from 5V with 1 μm technology down to 1.8V with 0.18 μm technology. However, supply voltage has not decreased at the system level. Most systems on chips (SOCs) using a 0.18 μm technology are 3.3V compliant, and 5V compliant or tolerant. 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic illustrating a prior art power supply management system for a memory. SOC  5  illustrates one example of how power is distributed. External voltage level  10 , for example 3.3V or 5V, is applied to voltage regulator  15 , analog circuit  20 , and input/output pads  25 . Voltage regulator  15  generates regulated voltage level  30 , for example 1.8V for a 0.18 μm logic. Regulated voltage level  30  is applied to memory  40 , for example embedded EEPROM and FLASH memory, and advanced logic  35 , for example the micro-controller, CMOS memories, glue logic etc. 
     When memory  40  is supplied with regulated voltage level  30 , advanced CMOS logic may be used in memory  40 , resulting in improved density and speed. However, using regulated voltage level  30  during memory write and read for memory  40  results in several issues. Memory write and read use higher voltages than supplied by regulated voltage level  30 , and the higher voltages are typically reached by larger charge pumps. Because the memory cell current during memory read depends on the word line voltage, boosting the word line above regulated voltage level  30  during read is commonly used to provide better functionality. However, boosting is time and current consuming. 
       FIG. 2  is a schematic illustrating another prior art power supply management system for a memory. SOC  200  illustrates one example of how power is distributed. External voltage level  210  is applied to voltage regulator  215 , analog circuit  220 , and input/output pads  225 . Voltage regulator  215  generates regulated voltage level  230 . Regulated voltage level  230  is applied to advanced logic  235 , for example the micro-controller, CMOS memories, glue logic etc. 
     When memory  240  is supplied with external voltage level  210 , charge pump size may be reduced, and boosting during read is typically not performed. However, the logic parts of memory  240  typically use thick oxide devices, because thin oxide devices do not operate at external voltage level  210 . Control logic, pre-decoding and output data-path are larger and slower compared to the lower voltage embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 1 . Furthermore, level shifter  245  interfaces with the inputs and outputs of memory  240 , to allow communication with advanced logic  235 , which is supplied with regulated voltage level  230 . 
     What is needed is a power management system for memory that allows the use of advanced CMOS logic in memory, resulting in improved density and speed, while also reducing charge pump size, and reducing the need for boosting during read. The invention should reduce the area required by memory, improve speed, reduce power consumption, use available power supply resources, and be scalable. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention consists of a dual power supply memory management system that provides an external voltage level to memory as well as the internally generated voltage level. The low voltage, logic parts of the memory may use thin oxide devices and are supplied by the regulated voltage level, while the external voltage level is directly supplied to the charge pump for memory write, and to the word line and bit line decoding during memory read. The invention allows for high-speed devices for decoding and sensing, while avoiding internal boosting delays during memory read, and avoiding over-sizing of the write charge pump. 
     The invention is an embedded non-volatile memory being driven at an external voltage level and at a regulated voltage level. The external voltage level is higher than the regulated voltage level. The invention comprises the following. A charge pump is configured to receive the external voltage level and generate a high voltage level, wherein the high voltage level is higher than the external voltage level. A memory control circuit is coupled to the charge pump and is configured to receive the external voltage level and the high voltage level. The memory control circuit is further configured to select between and provide the external and the high voltage levels. A memory array, which has a word line and a bit line, is coupled to the memory control circuit. The memory array is configured to store data, to receive the external and high voltage levels at the word line, and to receive the high voltage levels at the bit line. A word line driver is coupled to the memory array and is configured to provide the external and high voltage levels to the word line. A bit line selector is coupled to the memory array and is configured to select the bit line and receive the high, external, and regulated voltage levels. A bit line driver is coupled to the bit line selector and is configured to provide the external and regulated voltage levels to the bit line selector. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic illustrating a prior art power supply management system for a memory. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic illustrating a prior art power supply management system for a memory. 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic illustrating one embodiment of a power supply management system for memory in a system-on-a-chip (SOC). 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram illustrating one embodiment of the memory from  FIG. 3 . 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic illustrating one embodiment of a memory control circuit. 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic illustrating one embodiment of a word line driver. 
         FIG. 7  is a schematic illustrating one embodiment of a bit line selector. 
         FIG. 8  is a schematic illustrating one embodiment of a bit line driver. 
         FIG. 9  is a flow diagram illustrating a method of driving an embedded non-volatile memory. 
         FIG. 10  is a schematic diagram illustrating one embodiment of a memory control circuit. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       FIG. 3  is a schematic illustrating one embodiment of a power supply management system for memory in a system-on-a-chip (SOC). SOC  300  illustrates one example of how power is distributed. External voltage level  310 , for example 3.3V or 5V, is applied to voltage regulator  315 , analog circuit  320 , and input/output pads  325 . Voltage regulator  315  generates regulated voltage level  330 , for example 1.8V for a 0.18 μm logic. Regulated voltage level  330  is applied to memory  340 , for example embedded EEPROM and FLASH memory, and advanced logic  335 , for example the micro-controller, CMOS memories, glue logic etc. External voltage level  310  is also applied to memory  340 . 
       FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram illustrating one embodiment of memory  340  from  FIG. 3 . Memory  400  receives external voltage level  405  and regulated voltage level  410  (from voltage regulator  315  of  FIG. 3 ). Charge pump  407  receives external voltage level  405  and generates high voltage level  415 , which is used to program memory cells during memory write. Because charge pump  407  is supplied with the higher, external voltage level  405 , charge pump  407  may be smaller than a conventional memory charge pump supplied by regulated supply voltage  410 . 
     Memory control circuit  420  receives high voltage level  415  from charge pump  407  and external voltage level  420 . Memory control circuit  420  supplies either high voltage level  415  or external voltage level  420  to variable voltage line  425 . During a memory read, memory control circuit  420  supplies external voltage level  420  to variable voltage line  425 . During a memory write, memory control circuit  420  supplies high voltage level  415  to variable voltage line  425 . 
     Memory  400  includes memory array  430  with memory cells, word lines and bit lines (not shown). X pre-decoder  435  receives and decodes an address and is powered at regulated voltage level  410 . X pre-decoder  435  is connected to word line driver  440  with a word select input line (see  FIG. 6 ). Word line driver  440  receives power from variable voltage line  425  and receives a word select that indicates a word line to supply with power. During memory read, word line driver  440  supplies the word line with external voltage level  405 . During memory write, word line driver  440  supplies the word line with high voltage level  415 . 
     Y pre-decoder  445  receives and decodes an address and is powered at regulated voltage level  410 . Y pre-decoder  445  is connected to select driver  450 . Select driver  450  receives external voltage level  405  and a bit select signal from Y pre-decoder  445 , which is shifted to external voltage level  405  due to the level shifter. 
     Bit line selector  455  is connected to select driver  450  and receives a dual powered signal from select driver  450 , at regulated voltage level  410  and external voltage level  405 . Bit line selector  455  selects bit lines in memory array  430  for memory read. 
     Sense amplifier  460  with a data output is connected to bit line select  455 . Sense amplifier  460  receives regulated voltage level  410 . 
     Column latch  465  connects to memory array  430  and stores data that will be programmed in parallel to memory array  430  and drives the cells corresponding to bit lines that are being written to. 
     Control logic  470  operates at regulated voltage level  410  and manages functional modes, test modes, and writing delays in memory  400 . 
       FIG. 5  is a schematic illustrating one embodiment of memory control circuit  500 . Variable voltage line  505  receives high voltage level  415  from charge pump  407  (see  FIG. 4 ). Transistor  510  is, for example, a PMOS transistor with a drain connected to variable voltage line  505  and a source connected to external voltage level  405 . The gate of transistor  510  connects to the source of transistor  515  and the drain of transistor  520 . The drain of transistor  515  is connected to variable voltage line  505 . The source of transistor  520  is connected to ground. The gates of both transistors  515  and  520  are connected together and to level shifter  525 . Level shifter  525  is connected to variable voltage line  505 , inverter  530 , and read signal line  535 . 
     In one embodiment, level shifter  525  receives a read signal indicating memory read from read signal line  535 . Level shifter  525  sends a high output to node  540 . A high output to the gate of transistor  520  turns it on (asserts it) while a high output to the gate of transistor  515  turns it off (deasserts it). Transistor  520  pulls node  545  to ground, therefore turning on, or asserting transistor  510 . Variable voltage line  505 , which is now connected to external voltage level  405  through active transistor  510 , is at external voltage level  405 . 
     During memory write, level shifter  525  receives a read signal indicating memory write from read signal line  535 . Level shifter  525  sends a low output to node  540 . A low output to the gate of transistor  520  turns it off (deasserts it) while a low output to the gate of transistor  515  turns it on (asserts it). Transistor  515  pulls node  545  to high voltage level  415 , therefore turning transistor  510  off. Variable voltage line  505 , which is now isolated from external voltage level  405  through inactive transistor  510 , is at high voltage level  415 . 
     One embodiment of level shifter  525  is illustrated in  FIG. 5 . Transistor  550  is, for example, a PMOS transistor with a drain connected to variable voltage line  505 . Transistor  555  is, for example, a PMOS transistor with a drain connected to variable voltage line  505  and a gate connected to the source of transistor  550  and a source connected to the gate of transistor  550 . Transistor  560  is, for example, a NMOS transistor with a drain connected to the gate of transistor  555 , the source of transistor  550 , and node  540 , a source connected to ground, and a gate connected to inverter  530 . Transistor  565  is, for example, a NMOS transistor with a drain connected to the source of transistor  555  and the gate of transistor  550 , a source connected to ground and a gate connected to read signal line  535 . 
     Level shifter  525  receives a read signal indicating memory read, in this case node  535  is set to regulated voltage level  410 . The signal is inverted by inverter  530 , therefore turning off transistor  560  and turning on transistor  565 . The gate of transistor  550  is pulled low, therefore turning it on. The gate of transistor  555  is pulled high, therefore turning it off. Node  540  is pulled high by transistor  550 , which is on. 
     Level shifter  525  receives a read signal indicating memory write, in this case node  535  that is set to ground level. The signal is inverted by inverter  530 , therefore turning on transistor  560  and turning off transistor  565 . The gate of transistor  550  is pulled high, therefore turning it on. The gate of transistor  555  is pulled low, therefore turning it off. Node  540  is pulled low by transistor  560 , which is on. 
     When beginning memory write, if an undershoot of the potential at node  505  occurs, then the bulk potential at transistor  510  may switch below its source potential, which is directly connected to external voltage level  405 . This may result in a substrate parasitic current disturbing the correct functionality of the charge pump. 
     In order to resolve the issue of the substrate current, transistor  511  has been added, as illustrated in  FIG. 10 .  FIG. 10  is a schematic diagram illustrating one embodiment of memory control circuit  500 . Transistor  511  is, for example, a PMOS transistor with its drain connected to the source of transistor  510 , its source and bulk connected to external voltage level  405 , and its gate connected to the output of level shifter  526 . During memory write, node  535  is set to ground, the input of level shifter  526  is set to regulated voltage level  410  and the output of level shifter  526  is external voltage level  405 , which turns off transistor  511 . The source of transistor  510 , which is connected to node  547 , is now floating, avoiding substrate parasitic current even during undershoot of its drain. 
     During a memory read, node  535  is set to regulated voltage level  410 . The input and output of level shifter  526  is ground, which turns on transistor  511  and drives node  547  to external voltage level  405 . Because transistor  510  is also on, variable voltage line  505  is connected to external voltage level  405  through transistors  510  and  511 . 
       FIG. 6  is a schematic illustrating one embodiment of word line driver  440 . Word line driver  440  is connected to X pre-decoder  435  directly and through inverter  501 . X pre-decoder  435  receives regulated voltage level  410  and memory address locations. Inverter  601  provides an inverted output of its input. Word line driver receives an inverted and normal signal from X pre-decoder  435  and a control signal indicating a memory read. 
     Word line driver  600  is one embodiment of word line driver  440 . Transistor  605  is, for example, a PMOS transistor with a drain connected to variable voltage line  610 , a source connected to word line  615 . Transistor  620  is, for example, a NMOS transistor with a drain connected to the output of X pre-decoder  435 , a source connected to word line  615 , and a gate receiving a control signal. Level shifter  625  is connected to variable voltage line  610  and receives the output of inverter  601  and the output of X pre-decoder  435 . Level shifter  625  has an output connected to the gate of transistor  605 . 
     If word line  615  is selected by X pre-decoder  435 , then input  630  is high and input  635  is low. In this example, high is at regulated voltage level  410  while low is at ground. Level shifter  625  pulls the gate of transistor  605  to ground, therefore turning it on and connecting variable voltage line  610  to word line  615 . Given that word line  615  is selected, either memory read or memory write is occurring. 
     During memory write, memory control circuit  420  provides high voltage level  415  on variable voltage line  610 . Transistor  620  receives a control signal at its gate and turns off because memory write is occurring and word line  615  is connected to high voltage level  415 . 
     During memory read, memory control circuit  420  provides external voltage level  405  on variable voltage line  610 . Transistor  620  receives a control signal at its gate and turns on because memory read is occurring. Transistor  620  is a low threshold voltage transistor that decreases the word line rising delay during memory read. Transistors  620  and  605  charge word line to regulated voltage level  410  minus the threshold voltage of transistor  620 . Once word line  615  reaches regulated voltage level  410  minus the threshold voltage of transistor  620 , transistor  620  turns off and the remaining charge to bring word line to external voltage level  405  is supplied by transistor  605 . 
     One embodiment of level shifter  625  is illustrated in  FIG. 6 . Transistor  650  is, for example, a PMOS transistor with a drain connected to variable voltage line  610 . Transistor  655  is, for example, a PMOS transistor with a drain connected to variable voltage line  610  and a gate connected to the source of transistor  650  and a source connected to the gate of transistor  650 . Transistor  660  is, for example, a NMOS transistor with a drain connected to the gate of transistor  655 , the source of transistor  650 , and node  640 , a source connected to ground, and a gate connected to X pre-decoder  435 . Transistor  665  is, for example, a NMOS transistor with a drain connected to the source of transistor  655  and the gate of transistor  650 , a source connected to ground and a gate connected to inverter  601 . 
     Level shifter  625  receives a signal selecting word line  615 , in this case regulated voltage level  410 . The signal is inverted by inverter  601 , therefore turning off transistor  665  and turning on transistor  660 . The gate of transistor  655  is pulled low, therefore turning it on. The gate of transistor  650  is pulled high, therefore turning it off. Node  640  is pulled low by transistor  655 , which is on, therefore turning on transistor  605 . 
     Level shifter  625  receives a signal deselecting word line  615 , in this case the gate of transistor  660  is connected to ground, and the gate of transistor  665  is connected to regulated voltage level  410 , therefore turning on transistor  665  and turning off transistor  660 . The gate of transistor  655  is pulled high, therefore turning it on. The gate of transistor  650  is pulled low, therefore turning it off. Node  640  is pulled high by transistor  560 , which is on, therefore turning off transistor  605 . 
     One example of a prior art 2 megabit EEPROM in 0.18 μm technology, with 1.8V single supply operation, takes 11 ns to charge the word line to 2V and 20 ns to charge the word line to 2.5V. The invention provides a charge time for the word line of 5 ns and 9 ns, respectively. 
       FIG. 7  is a schematic illustrating one embodiment of bit line selector  455 . Bit line selector  700  includes transistors  710 , which in one embodiment are NMOS, thick oxide, large effective length, poor gain devices. During memory write, transistors  710  are connected to high voltage level  415 . Transistors  710  have a drain connected to memory cells (not shown) in memory array  430  (see  FIG. 4 ). Each of transistors  710  has a source connected to the drain of transistor  720 . In one embodiment, transistor  720  is a thin oxide, high drive device with a source connected to sense amplifier  460 . Transistor  720  is not connected to high voltage level  415 . 
     In order to charge the bit line quickly during read, transistors  710  should operate quickly. One method of speeding operation time of transistors  710  is by increasing their width. Another solution is to drive the gates of transistors  710  to external voltage level  405 . When a bit line is selected, the gate of one of transistors  710  will be driven to external voltage level  405  in order to decrease bit line charge time. The gate of transistor  720  will be driven to regulated voltage level  410 . Bit line driver  450  drives transistors  710  and  720 . 
       FIG. 8  is a schematic illustrating one embodiment of bit line driver  450 . Bit line driver  800  receives a signal from Y pre-decoder  810  at regulated voltage level  410  indicating which one of transistors  710  should be selected. In one embodiment, bit level driver  800  is a level shifter that receives external voltage level  405  and applies external voltage level  405  to the gate of selected transistor  710 . 
     Y pre-decoder  810  receives and decodes an address indicating which of transistors  710  to select and selecting transistor  720  by applying regulated voltage level  410  to the gate of transistor  720 . 
     One example of a prior art 2 megabit EEPROM in 0.18 μm technology, with 1.8V single supply operation, takes 40 ns for memory access time. The invention provides an access time of 25 ns. 
       FIG. 9  is a flow diagram illustrating a method of driving an embedded non-volatile memory, having a word line and a bit line, at an external voltage level and at a regulated voltage level, the external voltage level higher than the regulated voltage level lower. In block  900 , boost the external voltage level to a high voltage level, the high voltage level higher than the external voltage level. In block  910 , supply the high voltage level to a variable voltage line during memory write. In block  920 , supply the external voltage level to the variable voltage line during memory read. In block  930 , switch the high voltage level from the variable voltage line to the word line during memory write. In block  940 , precharge the word line with the regulated voltage level during memory read. In block  950 , switch the external voltage level from the variable voltage line to the word line during memory read. In block  960 , turn on a transistor in the bit line select with the external voltage level. In block  970 , turn on a transistor in the bit line select with the regulated voltage level. 
     The advantages of the invention include a reduced chip area achieved by reducing the size of the charge pump and bit line select, improved speed, reduced power consumption (boost pump during read is not required), and use of available power supply resources. The invention may apply to embedded FLASH and is scalable. The invention may be applied in embedded applications where thin oxide, low voltage devices requiring a dedicated regulated low voltage are needed for advanced digital logic, while thick oxide devices may be used for a variety of memory. With deep, submicron technologies, this concept applies to SRAM and DRAM memory, where thick oxide, high threshold voltage devices may be used in the array in order to prevent leakage current, for example. The invention may be applied in stand-alone memory as well, in order to optimize speed and decrease control logic area. 
     One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that configurations of different circuit components may be used without straying from the invention. The illustrated embodiments of the invention include, for example P and N transistors, and invertors, but one skilled in the art recognizes that these may be interchanged and/or replaced by components with similar functionality, applying appropriate circuit rerouting. As any person skilled in the art will recognize from the previous description and from the figures and claims that modifications and changes can be made to the invention without departing from the scope of the invention defined in the following claims.