Abstract:
Systems and methods are provided to control gaming in electronic trading markets. These systems and methods alleviate the problem of a seller or buyer trying to act on a trader&#39;s original bid or offer only to trade at an unfavorable level after the trader changes the bid or offer. A pricing method suspends trading for a period of time if a price difference between two bids or offers by the same trader is too great. A timing method prevents a trader from canceling or replacing a bid or offer for a period of time. These methods provide a more fair and efficient way of executing electronic trades.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
     This invention relates to electronic trading markets. More particularly, this invention relates to ways to control the extent to which traders can manipulate electronic trading markets. 
     As electronic trading becomes more popular, there is an increasing need to control the extent to which traders can manipulate and abuse electronic trading markets. Currently, the trading of fixed-income securities, such as United States Treasuries, United Kingdom Gilts, European Government Bonds, and Emerging Market debts, and non-fixed income securities, such as stocks, is possible through electronic trading systems. 
     In one method of electronic trading, bids and offers are submitted by traders to a trading system. A bid indicates a desire to buy while an offer indicates a desire to sell. These bids and offers are then displayed by the trading system to other traders. The other traders may respond to these bids and offers by submitting sell (or hit) or buy (or lift or take) commands to the trading system. Once a bid or offer has been responded to by a sell or buy command, a trade has been executed. 
     Electronic trading can be conducted over any suitable communication system. For example, networked computers can be used to implement a trading system. Traders can submit bid, offer, hit, or lift commands via any suitable input device, such as a mouse, keyboard, or any other suitable device. 
     Electronic timers are sometimes used in electronic trading systems. In certain systems, a “trade-state” timer may be used to provide a period of exclusivity for two traders (called “current workers”) who are “working-up” a trade—i.e., adding size to a pending series of trades. This trade-state timer may be set to a predetermined time period. For example, for U.S. Treasuries, the trade-state timer may be set to twelve seconds. During a work-up trade, the current workers may have a right of first refusal to trade at a certain level. A current worker may submit a bid or an offer anytime during this trade state. However, during this period, no other trader may submit a bid or offer, or respond with a sell or buy command. 
     In some systems, “bid-offer” timers may be used to prevent traders from prematurely canceling bids and offers entered by the traders. The timers may give other traders an opportunity to respond to the bids and offers before they can be cancelled by the traders that submitted them. The timers may be set to a predetermined period. For example, in U.S. Treasuries, the bid-offer timer may be preferably set to four seconds. The bid-offer timer may begin when a trader has submitted a bid or offer to the trading system. 
     When these timers are used together in an electronic trading system, a bid-offer timer may begin when a current worker submits a bid or offer during a work-up trade. The submission of the bid or offer may be timed so that the bid-offer timer expires just prior to the time that the trade-state timer expires. Immediately upon expiration of the trade-state timer, the former current worker may then replace the current bid or offer with a lower bid or offer. At the same time, another trader may submit a sell or buy command in response to the current worker&#39;s first bid or offer. Since the current worker has replaced the first bid or offer, the new trader may unintentionally end up selling or buying at a different level than was expected. By canceling the earlier bid or offer and submitting a new bid or offer in order to deceive the new trader, the current worker is said to be “gaming” the market. 
     Many current trading markets allow traders to “game” the market. As explained above, one form of gaming is done by submitting a bid or offer to the market only to quickly replace it with a new bid or offer. This can be accomplished by manipulating the market timers. 
     The bids or offers may be any trade type. These may include all-or-none (AON), limit order (LMT), market order (MKT), market-if-touched (MIT), stop-order (STP), etc. More common in gaming is submitting a market order as a first bid or offer and then canceling and replacing the market order with a limit order. A market order buys or sells at the current trading price while a limit order buys or sells at a stated price or better off the current market. 
     In view of the foregoing, it would be desirable to provide systems and methods for controlling a trader&#39;s ability to manipulate electronic trading markets. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
     It is an object of this invention to provide systems and methods for controlling a trader&#39;s ability to manipulate electronic trading markets. 
     For background purposes only, a trading interface for an electronic trading system that may be used in accordance with the present invention is illustrated in Kirwin et al. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/745,651, filed Dec. 22, 2000, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     In accordance with this invention, a variety of approaches to control gaming during electronic trading may be used. One approach compares a price difference between two bids or offers. A second approach manipulates the bid-offer and trade-state timers. 
     More particularly, the price approach may compare the prices of the new and old bids or offers by a trader upon receiving a request to replace a bid or offer. If the change in price is greater than some predetermined value set by the trading system, the trading system may only permit the bid or offer to be replaced by first entering a “cooling off” period. During this cooling off period, any attempt to sell or buy in response to the bid or offer may be suspended. In this way, a new trader has an opportunity to see the price change before submitting a sell or buy command. As an alternative, if the change in price is too great, the new bid or offer may be automatically removed from the market. 
     The time approach links the timeout of the bid-offer timer to the end of the trade-state timer, rather than the time when a bid or offer was submitted. In this approach, the bid-offer timer may be programmed to count down upon completion of the trade-state timer if a current worker submitted a bid or offer during the trade state. During this time, a new trader (seller or buyer) may respond to the bid or offer, and the current worker cannot cancel or replace the bid or offer during the trade-state timer or during the bid-offer timer. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       The above and other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference characters refer to like parts throughout, and in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a hardware implementation of an exemplary embodiment of an electronic trading system in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a detached trading view of a market cell containing a bid in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a detached trading view of a market cell when a trader has gamed the market in trading systems prior to the present invention; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a detached trading view of a market cell when a seller responds to a bid in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG. 5  is a flow diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a price approach in accordance with the present invention; and 
         FIG. 6  is a flow diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a timing approach in accordance with the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
     The present invention provides systems and methods for controlling gaming in electronic trading systems. One approach involves detecting a change in price between two bids or offers by the same trader and suspending trading for a predetermined amount of time if the price difference is too large, or removing the new bid or offer from the trading system. Another approach involves preventing a trader from canceling or replacing a bid or offer for a predetermined amount of time by linking the timers associated with entry and modifications of bid, offer, sell, and buy commands. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates one embodiment of an electronic trading system  10  according to the present invention. As shown, system  10  may include one or more user computers  12 , each of which may include a mouse  22 , that are connected by one or more communication links  14  and a computer network  16  to a trading server  18 . 
     In system  10 , trading server  18  may be a processor, a computer, a data processing device, or any other suitable server. User computer  12  may be a computer, processor, personal computer, computer terminal, personal digital assistant, a combination of such devices, or any other suitable data processing device. Mouse  22  may be any suitable pointing device capable of receiving user input. Computer network  16  may be any suitable network, including the Internet, an intranet, a wide area network (WAN), a local area network (LAN), a wireless network, a digital subscriber line (DSL) network, a frame relay network, an asynchronous transfer mode network (ATM), a virtual private network (VPN), etc. Communication links  14  may be any suitable communication links for communicating data between user computers  12  and trading server  18 , such as network links, dial-up links, wireless links, hard-wired links, etc. 
     All trading interactions between user computers  12  preferably occur via computer network  16 , trading server  18 , and communication links  14 . Traders at user computers  12  may conduct trading transactions using mice  22 , keyboards, or any other suitable devices. 
       FIGS. 2-4  illustrate market cells that may be displayed on a user computer  12  in accordance with the present invention. A market cell may include indications of the item to be traded, pending bids and/or offers for the item, the last trading price, and a field for entering trade commands. For ease of description,  FIGS. 2-4  will be described in terms of bids although the same applies for offers as well. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a detached trading view of a market cell  50  containing a market order bid entered by a trader for an item. As shown, a symbol  52  for the item to be traded (e.g., usg-5y) may be indicated. As also shown, the trader may have entered a market order bid  56  having a price of 98.21 for $10 million in 5 year bonds as well as a limit order bid  58  having a price of 98.14 for the same amount. The last trading price  60  for the item (e.g., 98.222) may also be indicated. “Command Line”  64  may be used by a trader to enter a bid, offer, sell, buy, cancel, or replace command, or any other suitable command. These commands may be entered using text, using dedicated buttons, or using any other suitable approach to execute trade commands. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a detaching trading view of market cell  100  after a trader has gamed the market. Using the existing electronic trading system, a trader can manipulate the timers to replace market order bid  56  in  FIG. 2  with the limit order bid  102  (bid  58  in  FIG. 2 ) having a price of 98.15. Unaware of this change, a seller thinks he or she is responding to the 98.21 bid when he or she is actually responding to the 98.15 bid. The new price is indicated in last price column  106 . 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a detached trading view of a market cell  150  when a trader tries to cancel or replace bid  56  prior to a seller responding to the bid. Under the present invention, a trader who tries to cancel or replace a bid will either be prevented from changing the bid for a predetermined time period or trading for the item will be suspended, giving a potential seller notice of the new bid. 
     If a bid cannot be canceled for a predetermined time period, a seller may hit the bid as indicated by indicator  152 . As shown, the seller has sold $10 million of usg-5Y at a price of 98.21. The new trading price is reflected in the last price column  156 . 
       FIG. 5  is a flow diagram of a price approach to prevent gaming in accordance with the present invention. Process  200  begins at step  202  with one or more bids or offers already entered in the trading system. A bid or offer can be a market order, a limit order, any other type of order, or any combination of orders. At step  204 , the trading system may receive a request to cancel or replace a bid or offer. Next, at step  206 , the trading system may determine whether the trader has more than one order for the same item. 
     If the trader has more than one order, the trading system takes steps to prevent possible gaming. At step  208 , the trading system cancels the first bid or offer and replaces it with the second bid or offer. Next, at step  210 , the trading system compares the price of the canceled bid or offer with the new bid or offer. If the price change in the bids or offers is greater than some delta (e.g., 1/32nd, or any other suitable price difference), process  200  moves to step  212  where a cooling off period timer starts. During this cooling off period, if the trading system receives a request to sell or buy at step  216 , the sell or buy order is suspended at step  218  to give the seller or buyer notice of a change in bid or offer price. 
     After suspending the sell or buy order, or if the trading system has not received a request to sell or buy, process  200  checks whether the cooling period has ended at step  220  and if not, process  200  moves back to step  216 . The cooling off period may last any suitable amount of time (e.g., 2 seconds). If the cooling period has ended at step  220 , the new bid or offer is updated on the trading system and a seller or buyer can respond with a hit or lift at step  222 . Once a hit or lift is received, a trade occurs and process  200  ends at step  224 . 
     If the price change in bids or offers at step  210  is not greater than the predetermined delta, process  200  moves to step  226  where the trading system checks for a request to sell or buy. If there is a request to sell or buy (i.e., a seller or buyer responds with a hit or lift response) at step  228 , then a trade occurs and process  200  ends at step  230 . Process  200  may also end at step  230  immediately after step  226  if there is no request to sell or buy. 
     If the trading system determines that a user does not have more than one bid or offer for the same item at step  206 , process  200  cancels the bid or offer at step  232 . Since the trader no longer has a bid or offer in the market, process  200  ends at step  234 . 
       FIG. 6  is a flow diagram of a timing approach to control gaming according to the present invention. Process  300  begins at step  302  by starting a trade-state timer. At this point, the trading system for a particular item has entered a trade state. During this trade state several events may occur. One event may be a request to cancel or replace a current bid or offer at step  306 . If this occurs, the trader will be prevented from canceling or replacing the bid or offer, and a pop-up window may be displayed on the trader&#39;s screen indicating that he or she cannot cancel or replace the bid or offer until the trade state is over at step  308 . A second event may be a request to submit a hit or take at step  307 . If this occurs, a second trader will be able to submit a hit or take in response to the bid or offer at step  309 . Then at step  311 , the trading system will reset the trade-state timer. A third event may be a request to submit a bid or offer at step  310 . If this occurs, a trader will be able to submit a bid or offer at step  312 . If the trader currently has a bid or offer in the market, submitting a new bid or offer will not replace or cancel the existing bid or offer. 
     After step  308 ,  311 , or  312 , or directly after step  302  (if none of the requests indicated in steps  306 ,  307 , and  310  are made), process  300  moves to step  314  where the trading system determines whether the trade-state timer has ended. If the trade-state timer has not ended, process  300  remains in the trade state to wait for a request to cancel or replace an order at step  306 , a request to submit a hit or take at step  307 , a request to submit a bid or offer at step  311 , or for the timer to end at step  314 . If the trade-state timer has ended, process  300  moves to step  316  where the bid-offer timer starts. At this point, process  300  is in a bid-offer state. During the bid-offer state (e.g., 4 seconds or any other suitable time period), one of several things can occur. If process  300  receives a hit or lift response from a seller or buyer, a trade will occur at the bid or offer price made during the trade state at step  324 . Process  300  will then end at step  326 . 
     During the bid-offer state, process  300  can receive a request to cancel or replace an order at step  320 . If this occurs, similar to the trade state, the trader will be prevented from canceling or replacing the order, and a pop-up window, or any other suitable method, may be used to communicate this message to the trader at step  322 . 
     After step  322 , or directly after step  316 , process  300  may determine whether the bid-offer timer has ended at step  328 . If the timer has not ended, process  300  may remain in the bid-offer state to wait for a request to cancel or replace a bid or offer at step  320 , for a hit or lift response at step  324 , or for the timer to end at step  328 . If the bid-offer timer has ended, process  300  may then receive a request to cancel or replace an order at step  330 . If such a request is received, the bid or offer will be canceled and will be replaced by a new bid or offer at step  332 . Process  300  may then end at step  334 . 
     Gaming may be controlled to prevent as well as to promote gaming. Gaming may be promoted by creating liquidity in an illiquid market (e.g., by controlling and encouraging gaming to whatever degree the market will permit). An example for increasing liquidity may be to take an illiquid security, such as an old bond (e.g., 30 year United States Treasury bond), and permit gaming so that trades increase. The permitted sale may be based on a sliding scale of various elements that are controlled. The permitted sale may also occur by permitting the trade to increase until a specific volume is attained, or by generally permitting gaming for specific securities (such as the old bond) in illiquid markets. 
     Thus it is seen that systems and methods are provided to control gaming in electronic trading systems. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention can be practiced by other than the described embodiments, which are presented for purposes of illustration and not of limitation, and the present invention is limited only by the claims which follow.