Abstract:
A permanent magnet synchronous motor is controlled using d-axis current and q-axis current along with respective d-current and q-current feedback loops. The speed and position of the motor are determined by injecting a first signal into the d-axis current and observing the response in the q-current feedback loop. Part of the q-current feedback signal is demodulated with a second signal which is 90 degrees out of phase from the first signal. The demodulated signal is preferably sent through a low pass filter before being received by an observer controller. The observer controller outputs a position estimate which is used to modify the d-current feedback signal and a speed estimate which is used to modify the q-axis current.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention pertains to the field of sensing a position of an elevator motor, and in particular, to sensing the position of the motor without using an encoder. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     There exists a considerable interest in the motion control industry for AC drives that do not use any mechanical position or speed sensors. Such a mode of operation is commonly referred to as sensorless control. Since shaft sensors are expensive, delicate, and require additional cabling, removing shaft sensors from motion control configurations is likely to result in reduced system costs while improving overall reliability. 
     A synchronous AC motor can achieve a desired torque production only if the applied stator waveforms, typically voltages, have phase which is coordinated with the rotor position. A knowledge of the rotor position is thus essential for smooth operation of an elevator drive. 
     The present invention uses characteristics of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) to determine the position of the motor. An electric motor relies on two basic principles of electromagnetism. First, whenever electric current is passed through a wire, an electromagnetic field is created around the wire with a strength proportional the amount of current, and second, whenever wire is moved through a magnetic field, electric current is generated in the wire which depends on the strength of the magnetic field, the size of the wire, and the speed and distance at which the wire moves through the magnetic field. 
     A PMSM motor is an AC motor that includes a stationary section called the stator, and a rotating section called the rotor. Wire windings and north-south magnetic poles in the stator are arranged so that an AC current introduced into the windings causes a magnetic field that rotates around the stator. This rotating magnetic field then induces a current in the rotor. The induced rotor current produces a magnetic field that chases the rotating stator field, thus causing the rotor, which is attached to a shaft, to turn. The speed of rotation of the magnetic field is called the synchronous speed of the motor. The rotor electromagnet tries to catch the rotating stator magnetic field, but as it approaches alignment with the stator, the rotating magnetic field no longer intersects the rotor conductors, so the induced current decreases and the rotor field decreases. The rotor then slows down and “slips” below the speed of the stator&#39;s rotating magnetic field. As the rotor slows, more conductors are intersected by the rotating magnetic field, causing the rotor current and field to increase again, resuming the chase of the stator field. The synchronous motor in a steady state tends to run at a nearly constant speed depending on the frequency of the applied AC voltage. The AC motor torque is a function of the amplitude and phase of the applied AC voltage. 
     Attempts have been made to quickly and reliably determine the rotor position of a synchronous motor. T. Aihara, A. Toba, T. Yanase, A. Mashimo, and K. Endo, in “Sensorless Torque Control of Salient-Pole Synchronous Motor at Zero-Speed Operation”, IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, 14(10), 1999, pp. 202-208, disclose a position and speed sensorless control using the counter emf of a PMSM. A voltage signal is injected into the d-axis and observe the response in the q-current. Processing is done with a fast Fourier transform (FFT). 
     M. J. Corley and R. D. Lorenz, in “Rotor Position and Velocity Estimation for a PMSM at Standstill and High Speeds”, IEEE IAS Annual Meeting, 1996, pp. 36-41, disclose adding probing voltage signals to both axes (but dominantly in the d-axis, which is labeled as q-axis in the paper); the q-current is later used for position determination. The algorithm shows a steady-state offset. 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,585,709 and 5,565,752 (Jansen et al.), both entitled “Method and Apparatus for Transducerless Position and Velocity Estimation in Drives for AC Machines” disclose injecting a high frequency signal onto the fundamental drive frequency in the stator windings of the motor. 
     J. M. Kim, S. J. Kang, and S. K. Sul, in “Vector Control of Interior PMSM Without a Shaft Sensor”, Applied Power Electronics Conference, 1997. pp. 743-748, disclose a control method wherein the switching pattern is modified by injecting a probing current signal into the q-axis, and voltage responses are processed to evaluate the positional error. This means that the injected frequency has to be well within the bandwidth of the current regulator. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,886,498 (Sul et al.) entitled “Sensorless Field Orientation Control Method of an Induction Machine by High Frequency Signal Injection” discloses injecting a fluctuating high frequency signal at a reference frame rotating synchronously to the fundamental stator frequency. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,608,300 (Kawabata et al.) entitled “Electrical Angle Detecting Apparatus and Driving System of Synchronous Motor Using the Same” and U.S. Pat. No. 5,952,810 (Yamada et al.) entitled “Motor Control Apparatus and Method for Controlling Motor” consider cases when both step and sinusoidal signals are injected in the motor. In the case of sinusoidal injection, a band-pass filter is used to extract the important part of the response. These disclosures concentrate on initial position detection of the rotor. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,903,128 (Sakakibara et al.) entitled “Sensorless Control System and Method of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor” discloses modifying the supply voltage so that the position can be inferred from the system response. The modification, however, is quite simple (one or two pulses), so it is likely to result in limited performance. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Briefly stated, a permanent magnet synchronous motor is controlled using d-axis current and q-axis current along with respective d-current and q-current feedback loops. In one embodiment of the invention which is described in detail below, the speed and position of the motor are determined by injecting a first signal into the d-axis current and observing the response in the q-current feedback loop. Part of the q-current feedback signal is demodulated with a second signal which is 90 degrees out of phase from the first signal. The demodulated signal is preferably sent through a low pass filter before being received by an observer controller. The observer controller outputs a position estimate which is used to modify the d-current feedback signal and a speed estimate which is used to modify the q-axis current. 
     According to an embodiment of the invention, an apparatus for determining speed and position of a permanent magnet synchronous motor includes d-axis current means for providing d-axis current to the motor; the d-axis current means including a d-current feedback loop; q-axis current means for providing q-axis current to the motor; the q-axis current means including a q-current feedback loop; means for injecting a first signal into the d-axis current means; position estimating means for measuring current feedback responsive to the injected first signal to determine an estimated position of the motor; and speed estimating means for measuring current feedback responsive to the injected first signal to determine an estimated speed of the motor. 
     According to an embodiment of the invention, a method for determining speed and position of a permanent magnet synchronous motor includes the steps of (a) providing d-axis current to the motor, including providing a d-current feedback loop; (b) providing q-axis current to the motor, including providing a q-current feedback loop; (c) injecting a first signal into the d-axis current outside of the d-current feedback loop; (d) measuring current feedback responsive to the injected first signal to determine an estimated position of the motor; and (f) measuring current feedback responsive to the injected first signal to determine an estimated speed of the motor. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 shows an observer controller used in an embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 shows a control circuit for an embodiment of the encoderless drive of the present invention. 
     FIG. 3 shows a velocity estimate obtained using the present invention compared with a reference velocity. 
     FIG. 4A shows an alternate embodiment of a control circuit according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 4B shows an alternate embodiment of a control circuit according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 5A shows an alternate embodiment of a control circuit according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 5B shows an alternate embodiment of a control circuit according to the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Mathematical Model 
     The modeling assumptions about the machine are standard and include magnetic linearity, geometric symmetry of poles and phases, the absence of the cogging torque, and mutual and self inductances that have all even harmonics (spatially). We assume only the DC and second harmonic component, as the inclusion of higher harmonics only complicates the vector of fluxes due to permanent magnets. Under these assumptions, we write a model for the electrical subsystem of the machine in an estimated synchronous frame. Let            L   Σ     =             L   d     +     L   q       2                   and                   L   Δ       =         L   d     -     L   q       2         ,                          
     where L Σ  is the average of the d-axis and q-axis inductances and L Δ  is the differential of the d-axis and q-axis inductances. Quantities with a “hat” (such as {circumflex over (x)}) denote estimates (of x), and quantities with “tildes” denote the errors, e.g., {tilde over (x)}=x−{circumflex over (x)}. Then we can write for the electrical subsystem                  [           v   d               v   q           ]          (   t   )       =                        [         R                                   R         ]       [                      i   d               i   q           ]                              +                    [             L   Σ     +       L   Δ        cos                 2        θ   ~                 -     L   Δ          sin                 2        θ   ~                   -     L   Δ          sin                 2        θ   ~               L   Σ     -       L   Δ        cos                 2        θ   ~               ]                                    t            [           i   d               i   q           ]         +         ω   ^          [             L   Δ        sin                 2        θ   ~               -     L   Σ       +       L   Δ        cos                 2        θ   ~                     L   Σ     +       L   Δ        cos                 2        θ   ~                 -     L   Δ          sin                 2        θ   ~             ]            [       i   d       i   q       ]       +            2        ω   ~                         L   Δ          [             -   sin                   2        θ   ~               -   cos                   2        θ   ~                   -   cos                   2        θ   ~             sin                 2        θ   ~             ]            [           i   d               i   q           ]         +       ω        [           cos                   θ   ~             sin                   θ   ~                   -   sin                     θ   ~             cos                   θ   ~             ]            [         0           Φ         ]                         Equation  (1)                                
     We consider the case in which only electrical subsystem is used in parameter estimation, as the mechanical subsystem is too slow for this purpose. Note that, in principle, we could find the unknown quantities (position and electrical parameters) from Equation 1 using standard estimation reasoning: measure the electrical quantities (voltages and currents), process the signals to obtain a good approximation for the derivative (say by using state filters or other band-limited differentiation), and estimate the unknown parameters (say using the least squares method). The main issue is that we need the persistency of excitation, i.e., the signals should vary (in normal operation) enough to enable the estimation. This condition, however, is typically not satisfied in practice, and we are interested in modification in voltages and currents that enable estimation, while maintaining energy-efficient operation. The problem at hand is one of input design, i.e, what should we select for ν d (t) and ν q (t) so that the position {tilde over (θ)} and electrical parameters R, L Σ , L Δ  can be reliably estimated from the presented equations. This “injection” should not affect the energy conversion, which occurs at low (DC) frequencies. 
     An embodiment of the present invention superimposes a voltage signal in the form of          [           V   d   i               V   q   i           ]     =     [             V   d          cos        (       ω   i        t     )                     V   d          sin        (       ω   i        t     )               ]                            
     onto the existing motor control commands. The preferred embodiment uses a superimposed voltage signal of            [           V   d   i               V   q   i           ]     =     [             V   d          cos        (       ω   i        t     )                 0         ]       ,                          
     i.e., V d  sin(ω i t)=0. Note that in the case of no positional error ({tilde over (θ)}=0), there is no variation in the torque-producing current (i q   i =0). In practice, the injected frequency ω i  is of the order 800-850 Hz. We note that over the operating range of a typical elevator drive, the last term of Equation (1), the back-emf term, has negligible value at the injected frequency ω i . From Equation (1), the currents at the injected frequency satisfy the following equation:            [           I   d   i               I   q   i           ]     =         1         (       L   Σ   2     -     L   Δ   2       )          (         ω   ^     2     -     ω   i   2       )       +     4        L   Δ   2            ω   ~          (       ω   ^     -     ω   ~       )         +     R   2     +     2        jω   i          L   Σ        R              [           L   11           L   12               L   21           L   22           ]            [           V   d   i               V   q   i           ]         ,                          
     where the entries of the matrix are as follows: 
     
       
           L   11   j ω i ( L   Σ   −L   Δ  cos 2{tilde over (θ)})−{circumflex over (ω)} L   Δ  sin 2{tilde over (θ)}+2 {tilde over (ω)}L   Δ  sin 2 {tilde over (η)}+R   
       
     
     
       
           L   12   j ω i   L   Δ  sin 2{tilde over (θ)}+{circumflex over (ω)}( L   Σ   −L   Δ  cos 2{tilde over (θ)})+2 {tilde over (ω)}L   Δ  cos 2{tilde over (θ)} 
       
     
     
       
           L   21   j ω i   L   Δ  sin 2{tilde over (θ)}−{circumflex over (ω)}( L   Σ   +L   Δ  cos 2{tilde over (θ)})+2 {tilde over (ω)}L   Δ  cos 2{tilde over (θ)} 
       
     
     
       
           L   22   j ω i ( L   Σ   +L   Δ  cos 2{tilde over (θ)})+{circumflex over (ω)} L   Δ  sin 2{tilde over (θ)}−2 {tilde over (ω)}L   Δ  sin 2 {tilde over (η)}+R   
       
     
     In the estimation scheme, the position error can now be derived from the L 21  term. Calculation of the imaginary component of L 21 , enables minimization of the effects of speed dependence at the high-speed operating region. Note that the resistance actually has an important effect in adding phase to denominator, possibly making the estimation challenging. However, the injected frequency can be selected so that the terms involving ω i  dominate in all expressions. Furthermore, typical delays can be calculated for expected operating points and later compensated for. In our experiments we used the injected frequency high enough (ω i /ω rated ≅20) to improve on the signal-to-noise ratio. 
     Note that when a voltage feed-forward signal is injected in the d-axis (d=direct or magnetizing axis), then the phase of the signal at the d-axis and the signal level at the q-axis (q=quadrature or torque axis) at the injected signal frequency are altered by the current being fed back in the current regulators. To prevent this distortion of the injected signals, notch filters of sufficient width are used before the feed-forward voltage injection. Note also that the estimated frame q-axis feedback current contains position error information at the injected frequency. One method for driving this error to zero efficiently is to use an observer. 
     Referring to FIG. 1, an observer controller  10  is shown with an input α{tilde over (θ)}({tilde over (θ)}=θ−{circumflex over (θ)}) which is the error in position. The input α{tilde over (θ)} is amplified by an amplifier  12  and separately passed through an integrator  14  and an amplifier  16 . The outputs of amplifier  12  and integrator  14  are combined at  18 . The output of  18  is passed through an integrator  20  and combined at  22  with the output of amplifier  16  before passing through an integrator  24 . The output of integrator  24  is the position estimate {circumflex over (θ)} while the frequency estimate {circumflex over (ω)} is taken from the output of integrator  20 . The observer replaces the encoder in the prior art. The observer changes the position estimate {circumflex over (ω)} such that the position error signal at its input is driven to zero, i.e., the estimated rotor position is driven close to the actual rotor position. The observer estimates (observes) the position and velocity of the motor shaft and the amount of torque mismatch between the demand of the elevator motion and the one supplied by the power electronics. This observer as it stands different from other observers designed for the same purpose. The choice of K p , K l , and β are made such that the characteristic polynomial s 3 +βs 2 +K p s+K i  satisfies the dynamical requirements. K p  is the proportional constant of the system and K l  is the integral constant of the system. In our case, using the pole placement method, we choose all poles to be placed at 20 rad/sec. Information needed for initialization of the sensorless control algorithm initially is obtained from a separate initial position detection algorithm, such as, for example, one of the algorithms disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,608,300 (Kawabata et al.) or U.S. Pat. No. 5,952,810 (Yamada et al.), that is executed before every lifting of the elevator brake. 
     Referring to FIG. 2, a control circuit  30  for an embodiment of the encoderless drive of the present invention is shown. A permanent magnet synchronous motor  32  is controlled by an output of a PWM (pulse width modulation) inverter  34 . Motor  32  outputs an actual position θ and an actual speed ω. Current sensors  36 ,  38 ,  40  sense the output of PWM inverter  24 , and their output is converted, typically by software, in a 3/2 transform block  42  where the measured signals are converted from 3-phase to 2-phase in a stationary frame. The 2-phase signals are multiplied by the synchronous transform matrix in stationary to synchronous frame transformation block  44 . The output {circumflex over (θ)} from observer controller  10  is input into the transform matrix. The d-current feedback Î d  from block  44  is subtracted from the reference d-current I ref   d  at a summing junction  46 , with the result passing through a d-axis current regulator  58  and a notch filter  60  that rejects ω i . The output of notch filter  60  is injected with an injection voltage V d  cos(ω i t) at a summing junction  62  before going to a synchronous to stationary frame transformation block  64 , where the signal is transformed so it is understandable to PWM converter  34 . 
     The frequency estimate {circumflex over (ω)} from observer controller  10  is subtracted from a reference frequency ω ref  at a summing junction  50 . The output is sent to a proportional integral controller  52 . The q-current feedback Î q  from block  44  is subtracted from the output of proportional integral controller  52  at a summing junction  48  before entering a q-axis current regulator  54 . The output of regulator  54  is passed through a notch filter  56  which rejects ω i . The output of notch filter  56  goes to stationary frame transformation block  64 , where the signal is transformed so it is understandable to PWM converter  34 . 
     A demodulation signal sin(ω i t), which is 90 degrees out of phase with the injected signal V d  cos(ω i t), is combined with the q-current feedback Î q  at  66  before passing through a low pass filter  68 . The signal from low pass filter  68  is the input α{tilde over (θ)} to observer  10 . 
     Referring to FIG. 3, the velocity estimate obtained using the present invention is compared with the reference velocity that we want to track. The velocity estimate obtained using the present invention is almost identical to the velocity estimate using an encoder. 
     Examining the circuits of FIGS. 1 and 2, we note that the position θ varies much faster than the electrical parameters (the inductance based on the load). Thus, one is led to a multi-stage estimation procedure in which the mechanical parameters, i.e., position, is estimated in the fastest block, while electrical parameters (and possibly speed) are estimated at a slower rate. Also note that the estimation of electrical parameters (conditioned on the knowledge of position) is a linear problem. Additional embodiments include (1) time-varying ω i , possibly with a random component for acoustic noise reduction, (2) injection at more than one frequency ω i  to improve the conditioning of the estimation problem, and (3) injection in both axes (i.e., V q   i ≠0) to improve the conditioning of the estimation problem. Note that we are using steady-state relationships to model the electrical subsystem, so the injection frequency ω i  has to be maintained near a fixed value for several cycles (say 10) of ω i . 
     The purpose of injecting a signal is to spread the frequency spectrum of the injected signal such that it is not a pure tone but rather like noise so it is less disturbing to customers and/or users. A time varying signal such as ω io +sin(ωt) optionally replaces all instances of ω i  in FIG.  2 . The first dc term of the frequency is constant while the sinusoidal part is a slowly varying signal. This has the effect of causing the injected signal to be heard as noise rather than a tone. 
     Referring to FIGS. 4A-4B, two frequencies, V d1  cos(ω i1 t)+V d2  cos(ω i2 t), are optionally injected at summing junction  62 . This necessitates a change in the feedback loop, where demodulation signals sin(ω i1 t) and sin(ω i2 t) are separately combined with the q-current feedback Î q  at  72  and  74 , respectively, before passing through low pass filter  68 . Additional frequencies would be injected in similar fashion. 
     Referring to FIGS. 5A-5B, injecting signals into both axes is done for the purpose of improving the signal-to-noise ratio of the signal obtained after the LPF block and for estimating all inductance components of the motor. The inductance components, L 11 , L 12 , L 21 , and L 22 , are described in Equation (3). L 12 , L 21 , enable generation of an error signal necessary for driving controller observer  10  while L 11  and L 22  enable determination of the d-axis and q-axis inductances. These (L 11  and L 22 ) inductances can also be used for the design of the current regulators and for determination of the quality of the estimate through the sensor-less operation. In addition to injecting voltage V d  cos(ω id t) into the d-axis at summing junction  62 , an additional injection voltage V 9  sin(ω i9 t) is injected into the q-axis at a summing junction  76 . The two injection frequencies could be the same or different. 
     The necessary change in the feedback loop is shown in FIG.  5 B. Both of the axis currents, I d  and I q , are processed. Demodulation signals sin(ω id t), cos(ω id t) are combined with the q-current feedback Î q  at  78  and the d-current feedback Î q  at  80 , respectively, before being added at a summing junction  86  before passing through low pass filter  68 . In addition, demodulation signals sin(ω id t), cos(ω id t) are optionally combined with the q-current feedback Î q  at  82  and the d-current feedback Î q  at  84 , respectively, before being subtracted at a summing junction  88  for use in determining L Δ  in block  90 . Determining L Δ  provides information regarding whether the method of the present invention is still reliable to use. This is preferable because as the motor is loaded, the rotor iron saturates and L Δ  gets closer to zero, which is not good for the quality of the estimation. Monitoring L Δ  thus determines the extent to which the method of the present invention can be used reliably. 
     We believe the following features to be unique: (1) the multi-stage nature of estimation (position in the fast loop, electrical parameters in the slow loop), (2) the electrical parameters may be useful for the main drive controller, and also for the estimator itself, as the dependence to machine parameters that change in operation are reduced, (3) the injection of more than one frequency, (4) the injection with time-varying frequency, optionally with a random component, and (5) the injection of distinct signals into the two axes, optionally with different frequencies. 
     Note that, unlike the prior art, filtering of the injected filter occurs in notch filters  56 ,  60  and not in the feedback loop. This is an important difference in the case of command signals with some spectral content near the injected frequency. Such a signal component, which potentially degrades the estimation process, is eliminated by the notch filters. 
     While the present invention has been described with reference to a particular preferred embodiment and the accompanying drawings, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to the preferred embodiment and that various modifications and the like could be made thereto without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.