Abstract:
A composite membrane acoustic transducer structure comprising a magnet assembly is arranged adjacent the composite membrane material. The magnet assembly is arranged to produce a flux field. A first layer of thin, elongate composite membrane material is held under tension. A second conductive layer is attached to the first layer of composite membrane material wherein the first and second layers of membrane material are arranged adjacent, generally parallel and offset from the magnet assembly. The assembly is arranged to produce the flux field through at least part of the first layer and the second layer.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0002]    This invention relates to acoustic transducers and more particularly to ribbon and thin film transducers and composite membranes fabricated with thin film techniques that operate at various sound wavelengths, and is based upon U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/620,934, filed 21 Oct. 2004, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
         [0003]    2. Prior Art 
         [0004]    Designers and manufacturers of microphones used for vocal and instrument recording in studio environments look for improved ways to provide accurate sound reproduction. It would be desirable to provide characteristics to favor particular types of sounds, such as voices, grand pianos, or woodwinds as well as general designs having lower noise, higher and less distorted output, and greater consistency and longevity. 
         [0005]    Microphones generally use transducers that are configured either as the electrodynamic type, or more simply “dynamic”, and ribbon, and condenser varieties. Of these three major transducer types used in microphones, the ribbon type is the focus of this invention, however certain improvements and principles that apply to microphones in general are also incorporated. Such transducers, which may include those utilized for medical imaging, may also be fabricated, used or improved utilizing the principles of the present invention. 
         [0006]    Advancement of the microphone art could proceed more quickly if better materials and methods of fabrication could be employed, and if the microphones were assembled and tested using techniques adapted from advanced techniques developed by the semiconductor and medical device industry. Precise positioning of the moving element, closed loop feedback control of the tuning of that element, and statistical process control techniques that reduce piece to piece variability would improve device characteristics and quality and consistency. Close control of microphone characteristics allow artists and studio engineers to quickly arrive and maintain optimal settings for recording, which saves time and production costs by reducing the number of sound checks and retakes required. 
         [0007]    Microphones that are suitable for use on sound stages and in other film and television production settings must be sensitive, robust, and reliable, but not sensitive to positioning or swinging on a boom arm. Such motion may cause wind damage or noise to the delicate ribbon that is suspended within a magnetic gap. Improvements to the strength and durability of that ribbon structure would permit greater application and use of this type of microphone. It would further be desirable to increase the ribbon conductivity, decrease the overall mass and strength of the ribbon without making it excessively stiff, thus improving output efficiency while adding toughness. Output efficiency should be high since that improves the signal to noise ratio and overall sensitivity of the microphone. 
         [0008]    Microphones utilized for recording purposes must be accurate. Each microphone built in a series should ideally perform in an identical manner. This is not always the case with current microphone manufacture inasmuch there are certain variations in the assembly and tuning of such microphones that affect their ability to reproduce sound consistently. It would be desirable to overcome irregularities that produce these variations and have precise assembly and tuning methods that would result in more exact piece-to-piece performance consistency. 
         [0009]    External air currents and wind, including airflow from a performer&#39;s voice or a musical instrument or an amplified speaker may be of high enough intensity to damage or distort the delicate internal ribbon used in the current art. It would be desirable to permit normal airflow and sounds to freely circulate within the microphone, which then would permit more accurate sound reproduction without attenuation, while at the same time limiting damaging air blasts that exceed a certain intensity level. Such an improvement would allow wider use of the ribbon type microphone. 
         [0010]    It is an object of the present invention to overcome the disadvantages of the prior art. 
         [0011]    It is a further object of the present invention to provide a ribbon microphone arrangement which has superior functional characteristics. 
         [0012]    It is a further object of the present invention to provide a microphone manufacture arrangement capable of consistent performance characteristics. 
         [0013]    The invention thus comprises a ribbonned microphone assembly, having adjustable sound receiving capabilities, including: a transducer having a surrounding flux frame for positioning at least two magnets adjacent a suspended ribbon between said magnets; an array of receiving apertures arranged in the flux frame; and at least one curved return ring positioned in the receiving apertures to create a return path for magnetic flux in the transducer. The flux frame may have parallel sides. The flux frame may have tapered sides. The flux frame preferably has side apertures thereon. The side apertures may be non-circular. The side apertures may be elongated and curvilinear. 
         [0014]    The invention also includes a method of manufacturing a ribbon for a ribbon microphone, comprising one or more of the following steps comprising: providing a first form having an irregular predetermined ribbon engaging surface thereon; depositing a ribbon forming material on the ribbon engaging surface; and forming the microphone ribbon on the first form. The method may include as steps: providing a second form having an irregular predetermined ribbon engaging surface thereon which corresponds matingly to the irregular predetermined ribbon engaging surface of the first form; and sandwiching the ribbon forming material between the ribbon engaging surfaces of the first and second forms. The form may have its temperature controlled. The ribbon may be comprised of more than one material. The form may be comprised of a vapor deposition supportable material selected from the group comprised of aluminum, wax and a dissolvable material. The invention also includes a method of tuning a ribbon for subsequent utilization of said ribbon in a ribbon microphone comprising one or more of the following steps: arranging a calibration member for adjustable supporting and calibrating of a microphone ribbon therewith; attaching a microphone ribbon to the calibration member, the ribbon having a predetermined pattern formed thereon; activating a variable frequency oscillator connected to a loudspeaker, the oscillator being set to a desired resonant frequency of the ribbon; adjusting the calibration member to tension the ribbon; and observing a maximum excursion of the ribbon which indicates a resonant peak. The ribbon may be installed into a transducer assembly in a ribbonned microphone. 
         [0015]    The invention also includes a method for reducing sound propagation from a microphone support, comprising one or more of the following steps: arranging a plurality of ring-like spacer members as a support for a ribbonned microphone; interposing acoustically lossy material between adjacent spacer members; attaching a first end of the plurality of spacer members to a ribbonned microphone housing; and attaching a second end of the spacer members to a microphone stand. The spacer members are preferably of annular shape. 
         [0016]    The invention also includes a case for the safe enclosure and un-pressurized transport and removal/loading of a ribbonned microphone therewith, the case comprising: an enclosure housing; an openable door on the case; a spring loaded valve connected to the door which valve opens the case to the outside ambient atmosphere during opening and closing of the door. A casing for a ribbonned microphone, the casing enclosing a ribbon therewithin, the casing comprising: a plurality of sound propagating apertures arranged through said casing enclosing the ribbon therewithin, the apertures being comprised of curved, non-cylindrical shape openings. The apertures are preferably arranged so as to be curved away from the ribbon enclosed within the casing. 
         [0017]    The invention also included a modular ribbon microphone assembly comprised of a top ribbon transducer; an intermediate matching transformer section; and a bottom amplification and electronics control section, to permit various combinations of sub-assemblies to be easily interchangeable in the assembly. Each of the sub-assemblies may have a bus bar with interconnecting pins thereon to facilitate interconnection of the sub-assemblies to one another. 
         [0018]    The invention also includes a ribbon transducer for the detection of energy waves, the ribbon transducer comprising: an elongate ribbon structure comprised of electrically conductive carbon nanotube filaments, the ribbon structure arranged adjacent to a magnetic field, and wherein the ribbon structure is in electrical communication with a control circuit. The ribbon structure of carbon nanotube filaments comprises a ribbon element of a ribbon microphone. A ribbon microphone having a moving carbon-fiber-material ribbon element therein, the ribbon element comprising: an elongated layer of carbon filaments; and an elongated layer of conductive metal attached to the carbon filaments. 
         [0019]    The invention also comprises: a ribbon transducer for the detection of sound waves. The ribbon transducer comprising an elongated ribbon structure comprised of electrically conductive carbon nanotube filaments arranged adjacent to a magnetic field, wherein the ribbon structure is connected to a further circuit; a ribbon microphone having a movable ribbon element comprised of a carbon nanotube material integrated therein; a ribbon microphone having a movable ribbon element comprised of a carbon fiber material integrated therein, said ribbon element comprising a layer of carbon filaments, and a layer of a conductive metal attached onto the layer of carbon filament material. 
         [0020]    The invention also comprises a composite membrane acoustic transducer structure arranged adjacent a magnet assembly, the transducer structure and the magnet assembly arranged to produce a flux field; the transducer structure comprising a first layer of thin, elongate composite membrane material held under tension; a second conductive layer of membrane material attached to the first layer of composite material, wherein the first and second layers of membrane material are arranged adjacent to, generally parallel and offset from the magnet assembly, to produce the flux field through at least part of the first layer and the second layer of composite material. The first layer may be comprised of a carbon fiber. The first layer may be a polymeric material. The carbon fiber may be comprised of carbon nanotubes. The first layer is preferably electrically conductive. The second conductive layer is preferably a deposited metal. The second conductive layer may be an electroplated layer. The second conductive layer may be an electrodeposited layer. 
         [0021]    The invention also comprises a method of manufacturing a membrane transducer element, comprising one or more of the following steps of: providing a form having a predetermined pattern thereon; depositing a layer of metal upon the pattern on the form to create a continuous, separate metal transducer element on the form; removing the deposited metal transducer element from the pattern, and installing the membrane transducer element adjacent to a magnetic field. The predetermined pattern may be a periodic pattern. The predetermined pattern may be aperiodic. The metal may be aluminum. 
         [0022]    The invention also comprises a method of manufacturing a ribbon type acoustic element to a specific frequency comprising: one or more of the following steps: axially mounting an acoustic element in a holder having a movable mounting point for supporting the acoustic element; moving the mounting point to vary the tension of the acoustic element, and resonating the acoustic element to a predetermined frequency. The acoustic element may be a metal element. The acoustic element preferably comprises a transducer assembly. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0023]    The objects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent when viewed in conjunction with the following drawings, in which: 
           [0024]      FIG. 1  represents a prior art ribbon microphone transducer showing a corrugated ribbon suspended between ferrous poles extending from an electromagnet; 
           [0025]      FIG. 2  represents a prior art ribbon microphone transducer showing its corrugated ribbon suspended between tapered, ferrous pole pieces extending from a permanent magnet; 
           [0026]      FIG. 3  is a side elevational view of the present invention showing a microphone casing having a suspension system therewith; 
           [0027]      FIG. 4  is a cutaway view of the microphone casing shown in  FIG. 3 ; 
           [0028]      FIG. 5  is an enlarged sectional view of the casing of the present invention showing an aperture arrangement therewith; 
           [0029]      FIG. 6  is an exploded, sectional view from the side of a modular ribbon microphone assembly constructed according to the principles of the present invention; 
           [0030]      FIG. 7  represents a side elevational view of an assembled stack of transducer, transformer, and electronics modules represented in the exploded view of  FIG. 6 ; 
           [0031]      FIG. 8  is a side elevational view of a tapered transducer featuring a surrounding flux frame that positions two or more adjacent magnets in proximity to a suspended ribbon mounted therebetween; 
           [0032]      FIG. 9  is a perspective view of a non-tapered (parallel sided-walls) transducer of the present invention showing installed return rings; 
           [0033]      FIG. 9A  is a view taken along the lines  9 A- 9 A of  FIG. 9 ; 
           [0034]      FIG. 10  is a side elevational view of a flux frame of the preset invention showing features of both the tapered and non-tapered embodiments; 
           [0035]      FIG. 11   a  is a cross-sectional view of a ribbon form of the present invention, having a predetermined “ribbon-forming” pattern on that form; 
           [0036]      FIG. 11   b  is a cross-sectional view of a ribbon form shown in  FIG. 11   a , having a deposited layer of metal thereon, such as for example, aluminum; 
           [0037]      FIG. 11   c  is a side elevational view of the completed ribbon after removal of that metal ribbon from the form shown in  FIG. 11   a;    
           [0038]      FIG. 1   d  is a cross-sectional view of a completed ribbon produced by the process of deposition, the ribbon having a predetermined pattern thereon; 
           [0039]      FIG. 11   e  shows a side elevational view of a graduated fixture having a scale, movable slides, and clips to hold a microphone ribbon therebetween; 
           [0040]      FIG. 11   f  is a schematic representation of a tuning system to be used with the graduated ribbon-holding fixture shown in  FIG. 11   e;    
           [0041]      FIG. 12   a  is a plan view of a series of filaments suspended between a pair of filament holders useful in the manufacture of microphone ribbons; 
           [0042]      FIG. 12   b  is a side elevational view of the series of ribbon filaments shown in  FIG. 12   a;    
           [0043]      FIG. 12   c  is a side elevational view of the series of filaments in spaced proximity between a pair of forms which may be utilized to apply pressure, heat, or both; 
           [0044]      FIG. 12   d  is a side view of the series of filaments after being impressed with the shape of the forms shown in  FIG. 12   c;    
           [0045]      FIG. 13   a  is a plan view of a ribbon assembly with a sound absorbing wedge placed a spaced distance from one side, in this case the rear of the ribbon; 
           [0046]      FIG. 13   b  is a detailed side elevational view of the sound absorbing wedge as shown in  FIG. 13   a;    
           [0047]      FIG. 14  is a side elevational view, in section, of a microphone assembly having back lobe suppression therewith; 
           [0048]      FIG. 15   a  shows an electrical schematic diagram of a pair of identical ribbons of the present invention arranged in a parallel circuit configuration; 
           [0049]      FIG. 15   b  shows a plan view of the pair of identical ribbons in proximity to each other and each within gaps of adjacent magnets; 
           [0050]      FIG. 15   c  is a perspective view of a practical holder for a pair of adjacent magnets; 
           [0051]      FIG. 16   a  shows a perspective view of a storage and travel case for a pressure sensitive device such as a ribbon microphone; 
           [0052]      FIG. 16   b  is a cross sectional view of an air escape valve utilizable in the travel case represented in  FIG. 16   a ; and 
           [0053]      FIG. 17  is a side elevational view, in cross section, of a sound absorbing structure integrated into the body of a microphone. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0054]    Referring now to the drawings in detail, and particularly to  FIG. 1 , there is represented a typical prior art ribbon microphone transducer  20 , from U.S. Pat. No. 1,885,001 to Olson and incorporated herein by reference, shows a corrugated ribbon  22  suspended between ferrous poles  24  extending from an electromagnet  26 . The electromagnet  26  establishes the magnetic field, which is carried through the pole pieces  24  and into proximity with the sound-responsive ribbon  22 . When the ribbon  22  is vibrated by incoming sound waves, an electrical current is generated in the ribbon  22  which may then be amplified, recorded or transmitted. A typical prior art ribbon microphone transducer  30  shown in  FIG. 2 , as may be seen more completely in U.S. Pat. No. 3,435,143 to Fisher, incorporated herein by reference, illustrates the corrugated ribbon  32  suspended between tapered, ferrous pole pieces  34  extending from a permanent magnet  36 . The tapered pole pieces  34  reduce the path length between the front of the ribbon and the back of the ribbon, which improves high frequency response. The ribbon is suspended in an adjustable frame  38  with screw and nut adjustments that may be used for fine tuning the position of the ribbon  32 . 
         [0055]    Improvements in such prior microphone art are however, represented in  FIG. 3 , wherein a microphone casing  40  is shown having a suspension system  41  consisting of a zig-zag arrangement of elastomeric cords or cables  42 , a tapered body shell arrangement  44 , and a sound screen  46  having a multiplicity of apertures  48  for sound to propagate through, while preventing ingress of foreign objects, dirt, and the like. The cutaway view of  FIG. 4  shows the microphone casing  46  showing a plurality of spaced-apart apertures  48  therethrough, each aperture  48  having an axially curved, non-cylindrical, non-linear shape.  FIG. 5  shows an enlarged view of the apertures  48 , representing how air blasts “W” may be directed away from a nearby ribbon “R” under conditions of a high velocity wind. Such redirection of strong fluid currents may be attributed to the Coanda effect whereby laminar flow of fluids over curved surfaces is effective to change the direction of flow to conform to those surfaces. Apertures  48  shaped with non linear profiles as shown in  FIG. 5  may allow ordinary vibratory sound waves to enter relatively unimpeded while potentially destructive air blasts are however, directed away from a delicate sound pickup device such as the ribbon “R”, or other transducer. 
         [0056]      FIG. 6  displays an exploded representation of a modular ribbon microphone assembly  50  comprised of a top ribbon transducer  52 , an intermediate matching transformer section  54 , and a bottom amplification and electronics control section  56 , thus allowing different varieties of ribbon microphone systems to be user-configured. Direct interconnecting pins  58  extending from bus bars  57  are used to interconnect each section  52 ,  54 , and  56  to one another. Users of microphones often wish to interchange components in the audio chain to adjust different sonic and electronic attributes such as gain, frequency response, timbre, distortion and the like. The use of a matched, modular setup has been used in prior art condenser microphones but not in ribbon microphones, because ribbon microphone construction prior to the present invention has not been consistent in gain, frequency response, timbre or distortion.  FIG. 7  represents the assembled stack of transducer, transformer, and electronics modules  52 ,  54  and  56 . Straight bus bars  57  are utilized connect the motor to transformer unit, and transformer unit to amplifier/connector unit. The straight, preferably in-line fixed position interconnects afford a greater degree of control of hum pickup from external fields, in contrast to circuitous wired connections. Wire connections are often manipulated for lowest hum pickup due to the variable nature of flexible wires. The use of rigid interconnecting members  58  virtually eliminates this variable, while at the same time assuring a low resistance, low noise connection. The use of silver bars or copper plated with silver provides low resistance and low noise. Thermal noise generated within the conductor is also minimized by the use of thick conductors and silver metal. Generally there are three sections of prior art ribbon microphones that contribute to the overall thermal noise and other noise floor produced by the completed microphone assembly. These include the ribbon, the interconnections, and the transformer sections. The use of heavy conductors in both the transformer and the interconnecting sections is desirable. The ribbon must be a light conductor out of necessity, yet improvements to that portion are also possible. 
         [0057]    One preferred embodiment of a transducer  60  is shown in  FIG. 8 . It is a tapered transducer  60  featuring a surrounding flux frame  61  that positions two or more adjacent magnets  62  in proximity to an elongated, formed, preferably multilayered, suspended ribbon  66  mounted therebetween. The tapered flux frame  61  shortens the acoustic distance from the front to the back of the ribbon  66  to improve high frequency response in the shortened area, and reduces the abruptness of any high frequency cutoff effect that is characteristic of “parallel” sided flux frames. The flux frame  61  is equipped with ring-receiving apertures  68  near the position of the magnets  62  extending through the flux frame  61 . The apertures  68  are positioned to receive curved return rings, (shown for example, as members  72  in  FIGS. 9 and 9A ) which are used to create a return path for the magnetic flux. This increases the strength of the magnetic field in the gap where the ribbon  66  is positioned and results in a more efficient conversion of sound energy into electrical energy. This efficiency improvement increases overall output and sensitivity, which is a desirable attribute of high quality microphones. The return rings  72  are shaped, with a cross-section that is small with respect to incoming sound waves at any angle. This shape reduces reflections and undesired internal resonance. The overall small cross-section of the return rings  72  reduces blocking or attenuation of the sound energy yet permits sound energy to arrive unhindered at the ribbon  66 , while performing flux carrying duty. 
         [0058]      FIGS. 9 and 9   a  show a non-tapered, generally parallel-walled transducer  70  with the installed arrangement of return rings  72 . There may be as few as one return ring  72 , or many, depending upon the length of the transducer and the amount of magnetic reinforcement/recirculation that is desired. The return rings  72  may be inserted via press fit into the thickness of the flux frame  73  to enhance coupling of the magnetic field thereto, or they may be attached to the flux frame  73  by welding. 
         [0059]    A further transducer embodiment is shown in  FIG. 10  with a flux frame  76  having the features of both the tapered and non-tapered styles, having further side apertures  80  to shorten the distance from the front to the back of the ribbon. The use of side apertures  80  is known to improve high frequency response in ribbon microphones. The use of large, elongated curvilinear/circular side apertures  80  in conjunction with the use of tapered assemblies allows magnetic field strength to be preserved. 
         [0060]      FIG. 11   a  represents a cross section view of a ribbon form  90  having a predetermined ribbon-shaping surface pattern  92 . The form  90  may be made from a wax or dissolvable material which may support vapor deposition of metals, such as aluminum thereon, or the plating of such metals.  FIG. 11   b  represents a cross section view of a ribbon form  90  having a deposited layer of aluminum  94 . The aluminum thickness may generally be from about ¼ micron to up to about 4 microns. More than one layer (not shown) may be deposited on the surface  92  of the form  90 . The layers may be of the same materials or of different materials having different mechanical and electrical properties. For instance, a first layer of gold may be deposited, followed by a second layer of thicker aluminum and then a third gold layer or mixed combinations thereof. The gold layers may be very thin, in the order of a few hundred nanometers. The aluminum layer may be from 500 nm to about 3000 nm, more or less, depending upon the size required, the amount of conductivity desired, and the total mass allowed in the design. 
         [0061]    Generally, high mass ribbons require greater amounts of sound energy to be vibrated within the magnet gap, while lower mass ribbons require less, so it is desirable to keep mass to a minimum. However, too-thin materials, such as aluminum, become increasingly resistive however, as the cross section decreases. The tradeoff between resistance and mass has long been a limiting factor in ribbon microphone design, as has the tradeoff between strength and mass. The use of composite materials, layered materials and highly conductive materials as taught herein affords a greater design latitude and improved performance. 
         [0062]      FIG. 11   c  represents, for example, an edge view of a completed ribbon  100  after removal from the form  90 . The metal ribbon  100  is strong and does not have fractures or stresses, nor will it tend to relax. Prior art ribbons are made of formed by bending and/or distorting a flat sheet, which compromises the tensile strength and leaves residual forces which may cause the ribbon to relax over time.  FIG. 11   d  represents an edge view of a completed ribbon  102  produced by the process of deposition on a form, having a predetermined pattern. The pattern may be periodic, aperiodic, or graduated so that smaller, shorter waves portions or undulations  104  are placed near the ends of the ribbon  102 , and the flatter portions  106  are arranged near the middle of the ribbon  102 . Due to the precise and conformal nature of the deposition process, fine details such as letters (not shown) or features such as longitudinal ribs (not shown) may be produced to mark or stiffen certain planar or surface portions of the ribbon  102 . 
         [0063]      FIG. 11   e  shows an example of a graduated fixture  110  having a scale  112 , movable slides  114 , and clips  116  to hold a ribbon  118  to be adjusted. The  FIG. 11   f  discloses a schematic representation of a tuning system  120  to be utilized with the graduated fixture  110  of  FIG. 1   e . A variable frequency oscillator  122  may be connected to an amplifier  124  which drives a loudspeaker  126  and triggers a strobe light  128  in synchronization with the oscillator  122 . The oscillator  122  is set to the desired resonant frequency of the ribbon  118  and the clips  116  are moved until maximum excursion of the ribbon  118  is observed, indicating a resonance peak of the ribbon  118 , shown in  FIG. 1   e . The strobe light  128  aids in the observation of the peak and also any other resonant modes, including out-of-phase modes, which may lead to distortion. The ribbon  118  may be precisely tensioned using the combination of the apparatus  110  shown in  FIG. 1   e  and the apparatus  120  and procedure therewith, represented by  FIG. 11   f , and then installed into a transducer assembly when properly tuned. The ribbon  118  may then be connected to a further circuit load, such as a transformer, and subsequent amplifier, during the tuning process if desired. This fine and precise adjustment of the ribbon  118  improves the unit-to-unit consistency of assemblies which is very desirable. 
         [0064]    The view shown in  FIG. 12   a  is a plan view of a series of filaments or fibers  130  suspended between a set of fiber holders  132 . The fibers  130  may be made of a high tensile strength polymeric material such as Kevlar which does not stretch or shrink. The fibers  130  may also be comprised of a carbon nanotube fiber, ribbon or composite having high tensile strength and low mass. For example, such a carbon nanotube ribbon may be conductive or super-conductive.  FIG. 12   b  is a side view of the series of filaments  130  shown in,  FIG. 12   a .  FIG. 12   c  shows a side view of the series of filaments in proximity to a pair of patterned forms  134  which may apply pressure, heat, or both. The view of  FIG. 12   d  is a side view of the series of filaments  130  after being impressed with the shape of the forms  134 . The series of filaments  130  may be further coated, plated or covered using a deposition process, such as a vapor deposition process, not shown for clarity. The deposited material may be aluminum or other conductive material such as gold. Multiple materials may be used including alloys having superconducting properties. Such alloys are generally stiff and hard to form into wire, yet may be suitably formed in a practical manner by the method described. The advantage of using such a superconducting or very highly conducting alloy is an ability to produce a strong, low mass ribbon without reducing the conductivity to the point where microphone output drops to an unacceptable degree. Superconducting alloys may have sufficient tensile strength to be used alone in this application. Carbon nanotubes or carbon fibers, or ribbons, may have sufficient conductivity, strength, and low enough mass, to be used in this application with the advantage of improved toughness, resistance to long term distortion, sagging, or damage. Very strong, low mass, and highly conductive layered ribbons may now be constructed using these new techniques, (such multi-layering may done for example, by bonding, adhesive, deposition, or other adhesion processes). 
         [0065]    In  FIG. 13   a , there is shown is a top view of a ribbon assembly  140  with a sound absorbing wedge  142  placed a spaced distance from one side, in this case the rear of the ribbon  143 . The sound absorbing wedge  142  is effective to absorb and attenuate sound energy arriving from the rear of the microphone. Ribbon microphones without sound absorbers exhibit a dipolar, “FIG.  8 ” reception pattern. Monopolar, or unidirectional ribbon operation is sometimes desired. The back of the ribbon is sealed so that sound energy does not arrive at the ribbon from the rear. The wedge  142  absorbs reradiated sound produced by the moving ribbon. The shape of the wedge  142  reduces specular reflection back to the ribbon, which is undesirable. Multiple wedges may be used. The wedges may be enclosed to define a chamber  145  having one opening facing the ribbon  143 . In  FIG. 13   b  there is shown a detailed view of the sound absorbing wedge  142  showing a heterogeneous structure. The heterogeneous structure is comprised of filaments, open cell foams, and closed cell foams  144 , each having a directionally-formed increasing density and acoustic impedance to sound, which increase in loss in the form of heat without producing reflections from the front surface, which is at or near the acoustic impedance of air. This construction allows lower frequencies to be absorbed at a greater rate than would otherwise be possible with homogeneous materials such as common foams. 
         [0066]      FIG. 14  is an example, in a cross section view, of a microphone assembly  150  having “back lobe” suppression. An acoustic labyrinth  152  may be produced using rolled or coiled tubing  153  such as plastic tubing, Tygon™, or other coilable, formable generally tubular materials. The formable tubular materials may be arranged in any formation so as to fit within the housing of the microphone  150 . Back chamber (as described partially in  FIG. 13   a ) may be connected to the acoustic labyrinth which may be positioned at or below the transducer assembly  154 , or around internal structures or components such as a transformer. The tubing  153  may be filled with a lossy, sound absorbing material such as injected, open cell foam of urethane, or filled with a loose, sound absorbing fibrous material such as nylon, or aerogels. The length of the tube is generally about 30″ as described in the prior art for acoustic labyrinth construction using machined ports or chambers which are more difficult to produce and do not offer positioning options of a flexible tube. One end of the tube may be attached to the chamber of  FIG. 13   a  so that a continuous seal of air from the back of the ribbon  143  through the entire length of the tube  153  may be maintained. Such an arrangement provides a convenient and repeatable construction of a unidirectional ribbon microphone system which works as a pressure transducer. 
         [0067]      FIG. 15   a  discloses an electrical schematic diagram of a pair of identical ribbons  160  and  162  produced using the teachings herein, arranged in parallel circuit configuration.  FIG. 15   b  is a top view of the pair of identical ribbons  160  and  162  in proximity to each other and each within gaps of adjacent magnets  164 .  FIG. 15   c  shows a perspective view of a practical holder  166  for the adjacent magnets  164  shown in  FIG. 15   b . The holder  166  controls the amount of air or sound waves from entering the space between the ribbons ( 160  and  162 ) using sliding aperture stops  167  or other adjustable door means. The use of two identical ribbons (i.e.  160  and  162 ) allows variable patterns to be produced using ribbon elements within the space of one microphone without excessive distortion due to the identical and repeatable nature of the ribbon elements when produced using improved ribbon and microphone construction methods such as deposition, synchronized tuning, and filamentous or carbon nanotube ribbon construction. 
         [0068]    A storage and travel case  170  is shown in  FIG. 16   a , for a pressure sensitive device such as a ribbon microphone  172 . Prior art boxes generally have a lid which may be closed or opened suddenly. Such sudden unprotected operation as the opening or closing of the case may produce undesired pressures that may damage the contents. An air valve  174  is connected to latch (or hinge) so that there is an escape path for air pressure during the opening and closing procedure.  FIG. 16   b  shows a cross section view of an air escape valve  174 . A spring loaded plunger  176  may be incorporated into the latch to release air through discharge openings  177  prior to opening. The area of the valve  174  is large relative to the case  170  so that undesired pressure cannot build up, even momentarily. 
         [0069]    An exemplary microphone support  180  is shown in  FIG. 17  in a cross sectional view of a sound absorbing structure integrated into the body of a microphone  182 . A plurality of annular rings  184  are preferably interposed with acoustically lossy materials  186  such as filled low durometer urethanes. The alternating series of lossy segments assures little propagation of noise from the microphone stand  188 , up into the microphone head. The flat, annular ring arrangement allows reasonably rigid and compact microphone body to be safely maintained while assuring a high area of sound absorbance. A clamp  190  may be attached firmly to the microphone body base  191 , but is isolated from head, reducing or eliminating sound propagation from the stand into the microphone  182 .