Abstract:
A serving tray comprised of at least one synthetic material and an insert which provides a non-slip top surface of the serving tray. The textured relief is preferably made of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) which allows a glass or other item to be placed on the serving tray without the item sliding or slipping while the tray is in motion. The tray may be fabricated through a compression or an injection molding technique. As the tray is being fabricated, the TPU is mechanically bonded with the top surface of the tray while a textured relief is simultaneously defined into the top surface. The textured relief includes a plurality of protrusions and a corresponding plurality of indentations which provide adequate frictional force to the item being placed on the tray so as to substantially prevent its lateral movement.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     Field of the Technology 
       [0001]    The invention relates to the field of plastic trays and methods for manufacturing the same. 
       Description of the Prior Art 
       [0002]    Serving trays have long been used in a variety of settings including cafeterias, hospitals, hotels, bars, and restaurants. Many of these serving trays are comprised of plastic or plastic composites including polyester resin and other variations of polyethylene. Other trays may comprise one or more layers of fiberglass strand mats blended into their structure for increased structural strength and durability. 
         [0003]    Many trays currently in use comprise a textured, upward facing surface which aides in the prevention of items which are placed on the tray from sliding or moving about when the tray is moved or carried. Typically, a textured surface is formed or defined in the top surface of the tray itself and is usually in the form of a series of ridges or protrusions which interact with a bottom surface of an item which is placed on the tray. Other trays do not comprise any textured surface at all but instead comprise a mat made of rubber, cork, or other suitable material which is then laid directly and/or adhered onto the tray. The textured surface or mat then serves to help maintain any item placed on the tray in a fixed position. 
         [0004]    While serving trays with raised or textured surfaces have helped reduce instances of items placed on trays such as plates, glasses, and other dishware from slipping and/or breaking, they are not completely fool proof and can still lead to unnecessary accidents and increased costs. Condensation which has formed on the outside surfaces of glasses can run down into the raised textured surface of the tray and make them slick thus increasing the chances that a glass may slide or tip over when the tray is being moved. Rubber and cork insert layers can break down over time after repeated exposure to moisture which reduces the overall durability and effective lifetime of the tray, forcing the user to discard or refurbish the tray at greater expense. 
         [0005]    What is needed is a serving tray comprising a textured surface that is not subject to the limitations of the previous art and which is capable of sustaining a glass or other object at an upright orientation regardless of condensation or other environmental factors. Additionally, a plurality of methods of manufacturing are needed in order to produce such a tray. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY 
       [0006]    The current invention is a serving tray which includes a top surface, a bottom surface disposed on an opposing side of the top surface, and a raised edge disposed about the top surface. The raised edge further includes at least two elongated lips while the top surface has a textured relief defined into its surface. The top surface and the bottom surface are made of at least one synthetic material, while the textured relief is fabricated from an insert that is integrally bonded with the at least one synthetic material. 
         [0007]    In one embodiment, the insert that is integrally bonded with the at least one synthetic material is comprised of a sheet of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). In this embodiment, the sheet of thermoplastic polyurethane may have a durometer value that is between 65 A and 85 D. Additionally, the sheet of thermoplastic polyurethane may have a thickness that is between 0.005 inches and 0.06 inches. 
         [0008]    In another embodiment, the at least one synthetic material used to form the top surface and bottom surface is a synthetic material which is configured for injection molding fabrication. In this embodiment, the at least one synthetic material configured for injection molding fabrication may be polycarbonate, copolymer, polypropylene, polyethylene, nylon, acrylic back up (ABU), or thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). 
         [0009]    In a related embodiment, the at least one synthetic material used to form the top surface and bottom surface is a plurality of synthetic layers which are configured for compression molding fabrication. In this embodiment, the plurality of synthetic layers include at least two layers of randomly distributed and continuous glass fiber filament sheets, at least two layers of crisscrossed interlocking glass fiber sheets with a chemical binder, and an interstitial layer of polycarbonate resin all stacked upon one another. Additionally, the interstitial layer of polycarbonate resin may be an interstitial layer of thermoset matrix, vinyl ester, or unsaturated polyester resin. More specifically, the layer of interstitial unsaturated polyester resin may be bisphenol A fumerate, DCPD-modified, fire-retardant, isophthalic, low-VOC/no VOC, orthophthalic, or a terephthalic unsaturated polyester resin. 
         [0010]    In a separate embodiment, the tray has a shaped smooth boundary portion that is disposed between the textured surface and the raised edge on the top surface. 
         [0011]    In one embodiment, the textured relief is formed by a plurality of raised protrusions and a plurality of recessed indentations that are asymmetrically disposed over the top surface of the tray. 
         [0012]    In another embodiment, the insert that is integrally bonded with the at least one synthetic material may be rubber, silicone, paper coated with polyurethane, or a styrene acrylonitrile (SAN) sheet coated with polyurethane. 
         [0013]    In yet another embodiment, the textured relief defined into the top surface of the tray has a depth that is between 0.002 inches and 0.025 inches. 
         [0014]    The invention further includes an improvement to a method of making a friction enhanced tray in a compression molding apparatus. The method includes placing an insert over the top of a lower tool portion of the compression molding apparatus. Next, at least two layers of randomly distributed and continuous glass fiber filament sheets are layered on top of the insert followed by the layering of at least two layers of crisscrossed interlocking glass fiber sheets with a chemical binder. An interstitial layer of polycarbonate resin is then disposed between the at least two layers of crisscrossed interlocking glass fiber sheets with a chemical binder. The resulting stacked combination of the insert, the least two layers of randomly distributed and continuous glass fiber filament sheets, the at least two layers of crisscrossed interlocking glass fiber sheets with a chemical binder, and the interstitial layer of polycarbonate resin are then compressed against the lower tool portion of the compression molding apparatus. As the insert is being comprised, a textured relief is then defined within its surface. 
         [0015]    In one embodiment, defining the textured relief within the insert includes impressing a mold surface disposed on the lower tool portion into a surface of the insert. In a related embodiment, the lower tool portion includes a chemically etched surface which is impressed into the surface of the insert. 
         [0016]    In another embodiment, compressing the stacked combination of the insert, the least two layers of randomly distributed and continuous glass fiber filament sheets, the at least two layers of crisscrossed interlocking glass fiber sheets with a chemical binder, and the interstitial layer of polycarbonate resin against the lower tool portion of the compression molding apparatus includes integrally bonding the insert with one of the at least two layers of randomly distributed and continuous glass fiber filament sheets. 
         [0017]    In yet another embodiment, the improvement also includes defining a shaped smooth boundary portion which is located around the textured relief that is defined in the insert. 
         [0018]    In a further embodiment, placing the insert on top of the lower tool portion of the compression molding apparatus involves placing a sheet of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) on top of the lower tool portion of the compression molding apparatus. 
         [0019]    In another related embodiment, the defining of the textured relief within the insert involves asymmetrically defining a plurality of raised protrusions and a plurality of recessed indentations into a surface of the insert. 
         [0020]    This invention also includes an improvement in a method of making a friction enhanced tray in an injection molding apparatus. The improvement includes placing an insert on a first half of a mold of the injection molding apparatus and then enclosing the insert by bringing a second half of the mold against the first half of the mold, the first and second halves of the mold thus forming a completed mold tool. Next, a liquid interstitial resin is injected into the completed mold tool thus forming a tray around the insert within the completed mold tool. As the tray is being formed, a textured relief is also defined in a surface of the insert. 
         [0021]    In one embodiment, defining the textured relief within a surface of the insert includes impressing a mold surface disposed on the first half of the mold into the surface of the insert. The impressing of the mold surface into the surface of the insert further includes impressing a chemically etched surface of the first half of the mold into the surface of the insert. 
         [0022]    In another embodiment, forming a tray around the insert within the completed mold tool includes integrally bonding the insert with the interstitial resin. 
         [0023]    In yet another embodiment, the improvement also includes defining a shaped smooth boundary portion that is disposed around the textured relief that is defined in the surface of the insert. 
         [0024]    In still a further embodiment, placing an insert on a first half of a mold of the injection molding apparatus includes placing a sheet of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) on the first half of the mold of the injection molding apparatus. 
         [0025]    In another embodiment, defining a textured relief within a surface of the insert specifically includes asymmetrically defining a plurality of raised protrusions and a plurality of recessed indentations into the surface of the insert. 
         [0026]    Finally, the invention also includes a friction enhanced tray that is fabricated by the steps of placing an insert into a mold and then disposing at least one synthetic material adjacent to the insert in the mold. Next the insert is integrally bonded to the at least one synthetic material and the friction enhanced tray is then formed within the mold with the integrally bonded insert forming a top surface of the tray. As the tray is being formed, a textured relief is also defined within the top surface of the tray. 
         [0027]    In one embodiment, the fabrication step of disposing at least one synthetic material adjacent to the insert in the mold includes layering at least two layers of randomly distributed and continuous glass fiber filament sheets and at least two layers of crisscrossed interlocking glass fiber sheets with a chemical binder on top of the insert. An interstitial layer of polycarbonate resin is also disposed between the at least two layers of crisscrossed interlocking glass fiber sheets with a chemical binder. In a further aspect of this embodiment, the fabrication step of forming the friction enhanced tray within includes compressing the stacked combination of the insert, the least two layers of randomly distributed and continuous glass fiber filament sheets, the at least two layers of crisscrossed interlocking glass fiber sheets with a chemical binder, and the interstitial layer of polycarbonate resin against a lower tool portion of the mold. 
         [0028]    In a separate embodiment, the fabrication step of disposing at least one synthetic material adjacent to the insert in the mold includes injecting a liquid interstitial resin into the mold which in this embodiment forms a portion of an injection molding apparatus. 
         [0029]    In another embodiment, the fabrication step of defining a textured relief within the top surface of the tray specifically includes impressing a chemically etched surface disposed on the mold into the top surface of the tray. 
         [0030]    In yet another embodiment, the fabrication step of forming the friction enhanced tray within the mold also includes defining a shaped smooth boundary portion that is disposed around the textured relief defined within the top surface of the tray. 
         [0031]    In another embodiment, the fabrication step of placing an insert into a mold specifically involves placing a sheet of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) into the mold. 
         [0032]    Finally, in one embodiment, the fabrication step of defining a textured relief within the top surface of the tray involves asymmetrically defining a plurality of raised protrusions and a plurality of recessed indentations into the top surface of the tray. 
         [0033]    While the apparatus and method has or will be described for the sake of grammatical fluidity with functional explanations, it is to be expressly understood that the claims, unless expressly formulated under 35 USC 112, are not to be construed as necessarily limited in any way by the construction of “means” or “steps” limitations, but are to be accorded the full scope of the meaning and equivalents of the definition provided by the claims under the judicial doctrine of equivalents, and in the case where the claims are expressly formulated under 35 USC 112 are to be accorded full statutory equivalents under 35 USC 112. The disclosure can be better visualized by turning now to the following drawings wherein like elements are referenced by like numerals. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0034]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view of a serving tray of the current invention. 
           [0035]      FIG. 2  is a top view of the serving tray seen in  FIG. 1 . 
           [0036]      FIG. 3  is a bottom view of the serving tray seen in  FIG. 1 . 
           [0037]      FIG. 4  is a block diagram showing of a compression molding device used to fabricate the serving tray seen in  FIG. 1 . 
           [0038]      FIG. 5  is a block diagram showing the configuration of an injection molding device used to fabricate the serving tray seen in  FIG. 1 . 
       
    
    
       [0039]    The disclosure and its various embodiments can now be better understood by turning to the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments which are presented as illustrated examples of the embodiments defined in the claims. It is expressly understood that the embodiments as defined by the claims may be broader than the illustrated embodiments described below. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0040]    The current invention comprises a manufactured serving tray which may be seen in  FIGS. 1-3  and which is denoted generally under reference numeral  10 . As seen in  FIGS. 1-3 , the tray  10  is substantially circular shaped, however other shapes known in the art such as rectangles, squares, and the like may be used without departing from the original spirit and scope of the invention. The tray  10  comprises a top surface  12  which is surrounded circumferentially by a raised edge  14 . The raised edge  14  begins at the outer edge of the top surface  12  and is disposed at an angle relative to the top surface  12  which is substantially horizontal or flat. The raised edge  14  further comprises at least two elongated lips  16  which are diametrically disposed across the tray  10 . Each lip  16  represents a bulge or increased surface area portion compared to the rest of the raised edge  14  as best seen in the top down view of  FIG. 2  that is orientated substantially perpendicular to the inclined orientation of the raised edge  14 . The tray  10  also comprises a bottom surface  18  as seen in  FIG. 3 . The bottom surface  18  further comprises a plurality of feet  20  disposed in a symmetrical pattern around the circumference of the bottom surface  18 . The plurality of feet  20  help keep the tray  10  in a fixed position when placed on a table or other horizontal surface as is known in the art. 
         [0041]    As best seen in  FIG. 2 , the top surface  12  is substantially round or circular shaped, while the lips  16  help form or stretch the overall shape of the raised edge  14  a substantially oval or oblong shape, thus creating an oval or oblong shaped upper profile of the tray and a circular shaped lower profile of the tray. The oblong shaped upper profile of the tray  10  comprising the lips  16  allows a user to easily grip and carry the tray  10  when glassware and other items on placed on its top surface  12  while the circular lower profile of the tray  10  allows multiple trays to be stacked or nested within one another without regard to each successive tray&#39;s  10  orientation with regard to each other. In other words, when a second tray is placed on top of the first tray  10 , the circular lower profile of the second tray fits easily and snuggly on top of the top surface  12  and within the confines of the raised edge  14  of the first tray  10  regardless of which direction the lips  16  are currently orientated in. This therefore allows a plurality of trays  10  to be quickly and efficiently stacked upon each other when the trays  10  are not in use or when held in storage. 
         [0042]    The tray  10  further comprises a textured relief  22  defined into the top surface  12 . The textured relief  22  preferably comprises a plurality or sequence of raised ridges or protrusions and a corresponding plurality of recessed indentations or depressions distributed about the top surface  12  in an asymmetrical pattern, however other similar or equivalent relief patterns now known or later devised may be used without significantly departing from the original spirit and scope of the invention. The textured relief  22  is configured to dramatically increase the coefficient of friction of the top surface  12  so that when glassware or other items are placed upon it, the item will remain frictionally engaged and motionless on the top surface even when the tray  10  is titled at an angle of up to and including 45 degrees relative to the horizontal. The textured relief  22  is defined across the substantial majority of the top surface  12 , however as best seen in  FIG. 2 , the textured relief  22  ends at a specified distance away from the beginning of the raised edge  14 , thus leaving a shaped smooth boundary portion  24  disposed about a circumference of the tray  10  between the relief portion  22  and the raised edge  14 . 
         [0043]    The majority of the tray  10  is preferably comprised of successive layers of plastic or plastic composites as will be detailed further below, however disposed at or on the top surface  12  is preferably an insert  26  comprising at least one layer of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). As is known in the art, TPU is part of a class of polyurethane plastics which has a high shear strength and a high elasticity, making it ideal for being used in a molding process. TPU is also highly resistant to liquids, oil, and grease, thus further making it suitable for use in the food and beverage industry where contact with various liquids or oils is commonplace. When an item such as a glass, cup, or other dishware is placed on the tray  10  that comprises an insert  26  comprised of TPU that is integrally bonded with the top surface  12 , the item will remain upright on the tray  10  even when the tray  10  is tilted at an angle of up to 45 degrees from the horizontal. Because of the ability of TPU to resist liquid, the tray  10  comprising a TPU top surface  12  will also maintain the item in an upright position even if that item is wet, condensation has formed on the item, or if liquid has been spilled on the top surface  12  of the tray  10 . 
         [0044]    In one embodiment, the tray  10  may be manufactured according to a compression wet molding process. In this embodiment as seen in  FIG. 4 , an insert  26  comprising a sheet of TPU is placed on a lower tool  28  of a compression manufacturing device shown generally as reference numeral 30. The TPU sheet  26  preferably comprises a durometer value of 65 A to 85 D and an overall thickness of 0.005 in. to 0.060 in., however other durometer or thickness values may be used without significantly departing from the overall scope and spirit of the claim. A first surmat or fiberglass veil  32  is placed over the TPU sheet  26 , followed by a first chopped strand mat  34 . A portion of liquid state polyester resin  36  is then evenly or symmetrically distributed over the first chopped strand mat  34 . Next, a second chopped strand mat  34 ′ is placed over the now resin covered first chopped strand mat  34 . Finally, a second surmat or fiberglass veil  32 ′ is layered on the second chopped strand mat  34 ′, thus completing a fully formed stack or sandwich  40  which is used to form the tray  10 . Alternatively, the TPU sheet  26  may be placed directly on the lower tool  28  while the sandwich  40  comprising the first and second surmat  32 ,  32 ′, the first and second chopped strand mat  34 ,  34 ′ and the resin  36  is formed at a separate location. The resin  36  is preferably an interstitial resin, meaning the resin  36  is allowed to flow and completely fill in the volume defined between the first and second chopped strand mats  34 ,  34 ′. The formed sandwich  40  as single unit may then be moved to the compression manufacturing device  30  and placed on the TPU sheet  26 . After all the layers of the tray  10  are in place, the compression manufacturing device  30  is activated and an upper tool  38  moves downward and presses the sandwich  40  and TPU sheet  26  against the lower tool  38 , compressing the layers into a shape as dictated by the shape of the lower and upper tools  28 ,  38 . As the layers of the tray  10  are being compressed, each layer of the tray are pressed together and a mechanical bond is formed between each subsequent layer, including the TPU sheet  26  which becomes an integral part of the structure of the tray  10 . At the same time, the lower tool  28  which comprises a chemically etched mold for the top surface  12  of the tray  12 , presses into the TPU sheet  26  deep enough to sufficiently form the textured relief  22 , preferably to a depth range from 0.002 in. to 0.025 in. The mold etched into the surface of the lower tool  28  is configured so as to form the smooth portion  24 . Having a smooth portion  24  located on the top surface  12  of the tray  10  is critical since it creates a buffer zone disposed between the raised edge  14  and the textured relief  22 . Resin  36  which leaks or is pushed out by the compression process is stopped by the mold of the lower tool  28  which prevents the resin  36  from interfering with the fabrication of the textured relief  22 . If resin  36  is allowed to seep onto the top surface  12  as the textured relief  22  is being formed, the resin  36  will be compressed into the TPU sheet  26  and the various ridges, protrusions, indentations, and depressions which comprise the textured relief  22  will be filled in or covered by the resin  36 , thus effectively spoiling the desired friction profile of the textured relief  22 . Once compression is complete, the upper tool  38  is drawn away from the lower tool  28  and the now fully formed tray  10  may be lifted up off the lower tool  28  and removed from the compression manufacturing device  30 . A user may then repeat the process and create additional trays  10  as needed. 
         [0045]    The first and second chopped strand mat  34 ,  34 ′ are preferably comprised of crisscrossed, interlocking glass fibers with a chemical binder which holds the glass fibers together in sheet form. Depending the density of the glass fibers, each chopped strand mat  34 ,  34 ′ may have a weight of 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, or 2 ounces per square foot. In contrast, the first and second surmat  32 ,  32 ′ are comprised of continuous glass fiber filaments that are randomly distributed and bonded together with a specially formulated resin or binder. The first and second surmats  32 ,  32 ′ bring the resin  36  to the surface of the tray  10  and improves the overall surface appearance of the tray  10 . Each surmat  32 ,  32  preferably has a thickness that is between 7 mm/2.6 grams per square foot to 30 mm/9.7 grams per square foot. Both the chopped strand mats  34 ,  34 ′ and the surmats  32 ,  32 ′ each comprise sizing which is a silane coupling agent. The sizing helps form the necessary bond between the fiber glass filaments of the surmats  32 ,  32 ′ and chopped strand mats  34 ,  34 ′ with the resin  36  in order to produce the tray  10 . 
         [0046]    While the insert  26  has been described above as comprising a sheet of TPU which is used as the top most additive added to the composition of the tray  10 , similar or additional materials may also be used without departing from the original spirit and scope of the invention. For example, the insert may comprise other materials such as rubber, silicone, paper coated with polyurethane, a styrene acrylonitrile (SAN) sheet coated with polyurethane, or a combination thereof. 
         [0047]    Similarly, while epoxy resins has been described above as being used as forming the main composition of the tray  10 , this is meant to be for illustrative purposes only. Similar or additional substances other than what is disclosed above may also be used without departing from the original spirit and scope of the invention, for example thermoset matrix resins, vinyl ester, or unsaturated polyester. More specifically, the type of unsaturated polyester used may include but is not limited to bispheon A fumerate, DCPD-modified, fire-retardant, isophthalic, low-VOC or no VOC, orthophthalic, or terephthalic unsaturated polyesters, or a combination thereof. 
         [0048]    In another embodiment, the tray  10  may be fabricated according to an injection molding technique. In this embodiment as seen in  FIG. 5 , a sheet of TPU  26  is placed on a first half  42  of a mold of an injection molding device shown generally as reference numeral  50 . The mold then closes by bringing the second half  44  of the mold against the first half  42 . At the same time, plastic or plastic composite pellets are delivered from a hopper  46  into a heated barrel  48 . The barrel  48  heats the pellets to create a liquid or interstitial polymer resin from the material which comprised the pellets and delivers the resin to the mold via an injection nozzle. The resin then flows into the mold and forms a tray  10  around the TPU sheet  26  as determined by the specific contours and shape of the mold itself. The first half  42  of the mold, like the lower tool  28  as disclosed above, is chemically etched to form the textured relief  22  on the top surface  12  of the tray  12 . The combined pressure of the first and second halves  42 ,  44  presses into the TPU sheet  26  deep enough to sufficiently form the textured relief  22  and incorporate the TPU sheet  26  into the integral structure of the tray  10 . The etched surface of the first half  42  of the tool is configured so as to form the smooth portion  24  seen in  FIG. 2 . Once the mold has been sufficiently filled with resin, the mold is allowed to cool. The mold is then opened by pulling the second half  44  away from the first half  42 . The now fully formed tray  10  is then ejected or otherwise removed from the mold and the entire process is allowed to repeat itself as needed. 
         [0049]    While the insert  26  has been described above as comprising a TPU sheet which is used as the additive added to the mold before the resin is injected into the mold, similar or additional materials may also be used without departing from the original spirit and scope of the invention. For example, the insert  26  may comprise other materials such as rubber, silicone, paper coated with polyurethane, a styrene acrylonitrile (SAN) sheet coated with polyurethane, or combinations thereof. 
         [0050]    Similarly, while plastic pellets have been described above as being heated to create a polymer resin which is injected into the mold to form the tray  10 , this is meant to be for illustrative purposes only. Similar or additional substances other than what is disclosed above may also be used without departing from the original spirit and scope of the invention. For example, polycarbonate, copolymer, polypropylene, or polyethylene resins may also be used. Additionally, other substances such as nylon, acrylic back up (ABU), TPU, or a combination thereof can also be used to form the tray  10  and achieve a substantially similar result. 
         [0051]    Many alterations and modifications may be made by those having ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the embodiments. Therefore, it must be understood that the illustrated embodiment has been set forth only for the purposes of example and that it should not be taken as limiting the embodiments as defined by the following embodiments and its various embodiments. 
         [0052]    Therefore, it must be understood that the illustrated embodiment has been set forth only for the purposes of example and that it should not be taken as limiting the embodiments as defined by the following claims. For example, notwithstanding the fact that the elements of a claim are set forth below in a certain combination, it must be expressly understood that the embodiments includes other combinations of fewer, more or different elements, which are disclosed in above even when not initially claimed in such combinations. A teaching that two elements are combined in a claimed combination is further to be understood as also allowing for a claimed combination in which the two elements are not combined with each other, but may be used alone or combined in other combinations. The excision of any disclosed element of the embodiments is explicitly contemplated as within the scope of the embodiments. 
         [0053]    The words used in this specification to describe the various embodiments are to be understood not only in the sense of their commonly defined meanings, but to include by special definition in this specification structure, material or acts beyond the scope of the commonly defined meanings. Thus if an element can be understood in the context of this specification as including more than one meaning, then its use in a claim must be understood as being generic to all possible meanings supported by the specification and by the word itself. 
         [0054]    The definitions of the words or elements of the following claims are, therefore, defined in this specification to include not only the combination of elements which are literally set forth, but all equivalent structure, material or acts for performing substantially the same function in substantially the same way to obtain substantially the same result. In this sense it is therefore contemplated that an equivalent substitution of two or more elements may be made for any one of the elements in the claims below or that a single element may be substituted for two or more elements in a claim. Although elements may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, it is to be expressly understood that one or more elements from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination and that the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination. 
         [0055]    Insubstantial changes from the claimed subject matter as viewed by a person with ordinary skill in the art, now known or later devised, are expressly contemplated as being equivalently within the scope of the claims. Therefore, obvious substitutions now or later known to one with ordinary skill in the art are defined to be within the scope of the defined elements. 
         [0056]    The claims are thus to be understood to include what is specifically illustrated and described above, what is conceptionally equivalent, what can be obviously substituted and also what essentially incorporates the essential idea of the embodiments.