Abstract:
A system of frequency-scanning interterometry uses a computer system operating in accordance with a program for measuring distances or range, including measuring topographical information about test object surfaces. Interferometric data is detected using a single point detector or an array of such detectors and recorded (stored) in the computer system, and a series of measurements are taken over a range of illumination frequencies. The interferometric data varies in a sinusoidal manner with a change in illumination frequency at interference frequencies corresponding to particular measures of distance or range. A Fourier transform for locating peak interference frequencies is first limited in frequency space and second divided into stages to save processing time. A coarse spacing between Fourier frequency samples is used for a first approximation, and finer spacing between Fourier frequency samples are used in the vicinity of the first approximation to make a second more accurate approximation.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS  
         [0001]    This application claims the benefit of prior filed U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/391,004, filed 24 Jun. 2002, which is hereby incorporated by reference.  
         TECHNICAL FIELD  
         [0002]    The processing of data gathered by frequency-scanning interferometers involves converting rates of interferometric variation accompanying variations in beam frequency into such length measures as surface topography or distance.  
         BACKGROUND  
         [0003]    Frequency-scanning interferometers, also referred to as wavelength-scanning interferometers or multi-wavelength interferometers, derive from measures of interference taken at a succession of different beam frequencies (or wavelengths) path length differences between interfering object and reference beams. In contrast to conventional interferometers that compare path length differences between points within the same interference patterns and use additional interference patterns to resolve ambiguities of the intra-pattern comparisons, frequency-scanning interferometers resolve points within interference patterns individually, based upon interferometric (e.g., intensity or phase) fluctuations of corresponding points within different interference patterns produced at different beam frequencies.  
           [0004]    As such, a wider range of surface roughness and distances can be unambiguously measured by frequency-scanning interferometers. Conventional interferometers are typically limited to measuring step sizes in the direction of illumination within the fringe spacing of their interference patterns, which correspond to the wavelength of the illumination. The measurement of such step sizes by frequency-scanning interferometers is independent of the nominal wavelength of illumination, depending instead on the average interval between the beam frequencies. The finer the interval, the larger the range of unambiguous measurement. Thus, frequency-scanning interferometers can provide measures of rough or diffuse surfaces at beam frequencies that produce speckle-ridden interference patterns unintelligible to conventional interferometers.  
           [0005]    Frequency-scanning interferometers are especially useful for measuring surface profiles of test objects as measures of surface variations taken normal to a reference plane or surface. Recent developments of frequency-scanning interferometry include the use of components such as tunable diode lasers and CCD detector arrays. As a result, compact, accurate, and fast systems have been developed, which have the capability of performing measurements for both imaging and non-imaging applications.  
           [0006]    A known type of frequency-scanning interferometer system  10  is depicted in FIG. 1. While in the overall form of a Twyman-Green interferometer, a tunable laser  12  under the control of a computer  14  produces a measuring beam  16  that can be tuned through a range of different frequencies. Beam conditioning optics  18  expand and collimate the measuring beam  16 . A folding mirror  20  directs the measuring beam  16  to a beamsplitter  22  that divides the measuring beam  16  into a object beam  24  and a reference beam  26 . The object beam  24  retroreflects from a test object  30 , and the reference beam  26  retroreflects from a reference mirror  32 . The beamsplitter  22  recombines the object beam  24  and the reference beam  26 , and imaging optics  34  (such as a lens or group of lenses) focus overlapping images of the test object  30  and the reference mirror  32  onto a detector array  36  (such as a CCD array of elements). The detector array  36  records the interferometric values of an interference pattern produced by path length variations between the object and reference beams  24  and  26 . Outputs from the detector array  36  are stored and processed in the computer  14 .  
           [0007]    The elements of the detector array  36  record local interferometric values subject to the interference between the object and reference beams  24  and  26 . Each of the interferometric values is traceable to a spot on the test object  30 . However, instead of comparing interferometric values between the array elements to determine phase differences between the object and reference beams  24  and  26  throughout an interference pattern as a primary measure of surface variation, a set of additional interference patterns is recorded for a series of different beam frequencies (or wavelengths) of the measuring beam  16 . The tunable laser  12  is stepped through a succession of incrementally varying beam frequencies, and the detector array  36  records the corresponding interference patterns. Data frames recording individual interference patterns numbering 16 or 32 frames are typical.  
           [0008]    The local interferometric values vary in a sinusoidal manner with changes in beam frequency, cycling between conditions of constructive and destructive interference. The rate of interferometric variation, e.g., the frequency of intensity variation, is a function of the path length differences between the local portions of the object and reference beams  24  and  26 . Gradual changes in intensity (lower interference frequency variation) occur at small path length differences, and more rapid changes in intensity (higher interference frequency variation) occur at large path length differences.  
           [0009]    Discrete Fourier transforms can be used within the computer  14  to identify the interference frequencies of interferometric (e.g., intensity) variation accompanying the incremental changes in the beam frequency of the measuring beam  16 . The computer  14  also converts the interference frequencies of interferometric variation into measures of local path length differences between the object and reference beams  24  and  26 , which can be used to construct a three-dimensional image of the test object  30  as measures of profile variations from a surface of the reference mirror  32 . Since the reference mirror  32  is planar, the determined optical path differences are equivalent to deviations of the object  30  from a plane. The resulting three-dimensional topographical information can be further processed to measure important characteristics of the object  30  (e.g. flatness or parallelism), which are useful for quality control of precision manufactured parts.  
           [0010]    Considerable computational time is required for computing the Fourier transforms for each of a number of points sampled from the interference patterns. For example, intensity detector arrays having a matrix of one thousand by one thousand detector elements require up to one million Fourier transforms to be performed. The computing time for each Fourier transform increases with both the number of different interference patterns recorded and the number of Fourier frequency samples tested. The range of detectable interference frequencies is dependent upon the number of recorded interference patterns, and the accuracy with which the interference frequencies can be identified depends upon the number of Fourier frequency samples used. Accordingly, computing time, which is affected by multiple dimensions, can slow measurement procedures, rendering the measurement procedures too slow for “real time” or “inline” inspections.  
         SUMMARY OF INVENTION  
         [0011]    Significant reductions in computational time are made for processing interferometric data produced by frequency-scanning interferometers. Improvements are made to both simplify and streamline processing. Faster measurements and measurements with higher accuracy are possible.  
           [0012]    One object of the invention is to provide an improved frequency-scanning interferometry system for distance or range measurement, including such systems that produce 3-D images of the surface profile of a test object, wherein computations of distance or range values are carried out with speed and accuracy. A more general object of the invention is to provide an improved system for deriving distance or range measurements from interferometric data.  
           [0013]    The invention can be practiced as a multi-stage process for interpreting interferometric fluctuations of frequency-scanning interferometers. A succession of N interference patterns are produced between object and reference beams at N different beam frequencies within a range of beam frequencies. Interferometric data is recorded for a corresponding area appearing in each of the N interference patterns. The interferometric data for the corresponding area cycles through conditions of constructive and destructive interference with variation in the beam frequencies. A first approximation is made of an interference frequency corresponding to the number of interference cycles the interferometric data for the corresponding area undergoes throughout the range of beam frequencies. The bounds of this first approximation are determined. A second approximation is made of the interference frequency within the bounds of the first approximation of the interference frequency. The second or higher approximation of the interference frequency is then converted into a measure corresponding to a path length difference between portions of the object and reference beams that interfere within the corresponding area of the interference patterns.  
           [0014]    The first approximation preferably approximates the interference frequency from among the number N or less choices of interference frequency. In particular, the first approximation preferably approximates the interference frequency from among approximately N/2 choices of interference frequency. As such, the choices of interference frequency within the first approximation are distinguished by approximately whole cycles of constructive and destructive interference within the range of beam frequencies. The choices of interference frequency within the second approximation are distinguished by significantly less than whole cycles of constructive and destructive interference within the range of beam frequencies.  
           [0015]    Preferably, the first approximation approximates the interference frequency from among a first range of interference frequencies separated by a first increment, the second approximation approximates the interference frequency from among a second range of interference frequencies separated by a second increment, and the second range of frequencies is approximately equal to the first increment separating interference frequencies within the first range.  
           [0016]    Also preferably, the first approximation approximates the interference frequency from among M 1  choices of interference frequency, and the second approximation approximates the interference frequency from among M 2  choices of interference frequency. The second approximation is substantially equivalent in accuracy to single approximation that approximates the interference frequency from among the product of M 1  times M 2  choices of interference frequency.  
           [0017]    For at least one of the first and second approximations, the number N of beam frequencies is preferably equal to a number M S  of interference frequency choices. The range of beam frequencies can be used to determine a lower bound of effectively measurable path length differences between the object and reference beams, and an average increment between adjacent beam frequencies can be used to determine a range of unambiguous path length differences. The lower bound of path length differences between object and reference beams within the unambiguous range is associated with an interference frequency of unity or less cycles of constructive and destructive interference within the range of beam frequencies. The upper bound of path length differences within the unambiguous range is associated with an interference frequency of N/2 cycles of constructive and destructive interference within the range of beam frequencies.  
           [0018]    For measuring surface topographies, interferometric data is recorded for a plurality of corresponding areas appearing in each of the N interference patterns. The interferometric data for each of the corresponding areas cycles through conditions of constructive and destructive interference with the variation in the beam frequencies. A plurality of first approximations of interference frequencies are made corresponding to the number of interference cycles the interferometric data for the corresponding areas undergo throughout the range of beam frequencies. The individual bounds of the first approximations are determined. A plurality of second approximations of the interference frequencies are made within the individual bounds of the first approximations of the interference frequency. The second or higher approximations of the interference frequencies are then converted into measures corresponding to a path length difference between different portions of the object and reference beams that interfere within the corresponding areas of the interference patterns. The interference patterns can be recorded as overlapping images of a test object surface and a reference element surface for relating the path length differences to surface height variations at corresponding locations on the test object surface.  
           [0019]    Finer or additional measuring stage measurements can be made by performing a third approximation of the interference frequency within the bounds of the second approximation of the interference frequency. The third or a higher approximation of the interference frequency is converted into a measure corresponding to a path length difference between portions of the object and reference beams that interfere within the corresponding area of the interference patterns.  
           [0020]    The second or higher approximation of the interference frequency can include identifying two close approximations of the interference frequency and interpolating a closer approximation of the interference frequency from the two close approximations of the interference frequency. For example, the closer approximation can be identified at a location where a first derivative of an implied sinusoidal function has a zero value.  
           [0021]    The invention can also be practiced as a system for deriving length information from interferometric data collected over a range of different frequencies. A frequency-scanning interferometer produces a series of interference patterns between object and reference beams over the range of different frequencies. A common location within the interference patterns discretely cycles over the range of different frequencies through conditions of constructive and destructive interference at a rate corresponding to an interference frequency. A data acquisition system acquires data samples from the common location within the series of interference patterns. A processor evaluates a first set of interference frequency samples against the data samples to obtain a first approximation of the interference frequency that matches the cycle rate of the data samples and evaluates a second set of interference frequency samples in the vicinity of the first approximation of the interference frequency against the data samples to better approximate the interference frequency that matches the cycle rate of the data samples. In addition, the processor relates the better approximated interference frequency to length differences between the object and reference beams.  
           [0022]    The first set of interference frequency samples are preferably frequency components of a Fourier transform that are compared to determine a peak interference frequency. The Fourier frequency components of the first set of interference frequency samples are spaced apart at a first increment, and the Fourier frequency components of the second set of interference frequency samples are spaced apart at a second increment that is finer than the first increment. The Fourier frequency components of the second set of interference frequency samples encompass a frequency range approximately equal to the first increment at which the first set of interference frequency samples are spaced apart.  
           [0023]    Preferably, the first increment is no larger than a unit interference frequency. For example, the first increment can be equal to one-half of a unit interference frequency. The processor preferably correlates at least one of the sets of the interference frequency samples with the data samples by a Fourier transform that identifies the interference frequency sample of the set that best matches the cycle rate of the data samples. Both sets of the interference frequency samples are correlated with the data samples by the Fourier transform, which identifies the interference frequency sample of each set that best matches the cycle rate of the data samples.  
           [0024]    A plurality of common locations in the interference patterns can be evaluated for measuring surface topographies or other multi-point measurements. The data acquisition system acquires individual groups of data samples from the plurality of common locations within the series of interference patterns. The processor separately evaluates the first set of samples of the interference frequency against the individual groups of data samples to obtain first approximations of the interference frequencies that match the cycle rates of the individual groups of data samples. The processor then separately evaluates second sets of samples of the interference frequency in the vicinity of the first approximations of the interference frequency against the individual groups of data samples to better approximate the interference frequencies that match the cycle rates of the individual groups of data samples.  
           [0025]    The same first set of samples of the interference frequency can be evaluated against the groups of data samples. However, different second sets of samples of the interference frequency are evaluated against the groups of data samples in accordance with differences between the first approximations of the interference frequency associated with the different groups of data samples. The processor relates the better approximated interference frequencies to range information between the object and reference beams for deriving topographical information about a test surface or other multiple-point information.  
           [0026]    A third set of samples of the interference frequency can be evaluated in the vicinity of the second approximation of the interference frequency against the data samples to even better approximate the interference frequency that matches the cycle rate of the data samples. The data samples and interference frequency samples of any one of the sets are preferably arranged to optimize a fast Fourier transform.  
           [0027]    The invention can also be practiced as a method of reducing calculations of a frequency transform for converting interferometric data into length differences between object and reference beams. The interferometric data is acquired from a plurality of interference patterns produced by the object and reference beams and distinguished by frequencies of the beams. A succession of N interference data points are extracted from corresponding portions of the interference patterns. The succession of data points cycle through conditions of constructive and destructive interference at an interference frequency related to the path length differences between the test and reference beams. A Fourier transform is constructed of the type used for evaluating frequency contributions of M Fourier samples distributed throughout Fourier frequency space to the N data points collected from the interference patterns. The Fourier transform is limited to the evaluation of less than M Fourier frequency samples similarly distributed throughout a limited portion of the Fourier frequency space. An approximation of the interference frequency is identified from among the less than M Fourier frequency samples as a measure of the path length difference between the test and reference beams.  
           [0028]    Preferably, the Fourier transform is limited to the evaluation of no more than M/2 Fourier frequency samples similarly distributed throughout the no more than one-half of the Fourier frequency space, and the approximation of the interference frequency is identified from among the no more than M/2 Fourier frequency samples. Prior to performing the Fourier transform, a mean intensity of the data points is calculated and the calculated mean is subtracted from the data points. The operation removes an intensity bias, leaving the intensity values of the data points as a better fit for an unbiased sinusoidal curve.  
           [0029]    For performing a multi-stage measurement, a first approximation of the interference frequency is identified from among the Fourier frequency samples limited to no more than N Fourier frequency samples and more preferably to N/2 samples. A second approximation of the interference frequency is identified from among new Fourier samples that further divide the Fourier frequency space in the vicinity of the first approximation of the interference frequency. The Fourier frequency space considered for the second approximation is preferably equal to the Fourier frequency space between the Fourier frequency samples of the first approximation. The number of such frequency samples is preferably equal to 2M/N samples.  
           [0030]    Briefly described, the preferred embodiments of the invention provide a wavelength scanning interferometry system having means for deriving a plurality of samples of interferometric data, as for example with a system of the type shown in FIG. 1, wherein the computation of range value for the interferometric data is carried by a computer system operating in accordance with a program (software or process) for fast and accurate computation of the range value. This program provides accuracy by using a large number of Fourier samples and achieves speed by performing a systematic search for the peak value and thus computing the Fourier transform only at necessary points in the Fourier domain. This search for the peak Fourier value occurs first at low (coarse) resolution over a reduced number of Fourier samples equally over the Fourier space to provide an estimated location of the peak Fourier value and then at a high resolution search for the peak Fourier value using the full number of Fourier samples limited to the region in the Fourier space vicinity of the estimated peak Fourier value.  
       
    
    
     DRAWINGS  
       [0031]    [0031]FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a frequency-scanning interferometer that can be operated in accordance with a computer program which is provided in accordance with the invention.  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 2 is a plot of intensity data points gathered from a succession of interference patterns produced at a succession of different beam frequencies ordered from n=1 to n=N.  
         [0033]    [0033]FIGS. 3 and 4 are plots of the values of the transform |K′| 2  over the full range of Fourier frequency space from m=1 to m=M for two different intensity data sets.  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 5 is an enlargement of FIG. 3 showing one of the peak frequencies with greater accuracy.  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating the process performed by a computer program for saving computational time by deriving path length difference information from a limited portion of Fourier frequency space.  
         [0036]    [0036]FIG. 7 is a flow chart showing the process performed by a computer program for saving computational time by performing Fourier transformations in stages. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0037]    The frequency-scanning interferometer  10  shown in FIG. 1 is an example of a frequency-scanning interferometer that can be arranged and operated in accordance with the invention. The interferometer  10  can be operated by recording only intensity data of a succession of interference patterns and without phase-shifting the object or reference beams  24  or  26 . This simplifies both hardware and software requirements of the interferometer  10 , which would otherwise require means for systematically adjusting the relative path lengths of the object and reference beams and for interpreting the effects throughout the interference patterns.  
         [0038]    The tunable laser  12  provides a radiation source, which is preferably a source of coherent radiation. For acquiring a succession of interference patterns produced by different frequencies of the radiation, the radiation source is preferably tunable through a range of different frequencies. A choice of nominal wavelength (e.g., 780 nm) can be made within the visible or invisible spectrum and can be selected on such bases as cost, resolution, and reflectance of the test object  52 . An exemplary frequency-tunable laser preferred for the practice of this invention is disclosed in co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 10/446,012, filed 27 May 2003, entitled TUNABLE LASER SYSTEM HAVING AN ADJUSTABLE EXTERNAL CAVITY, which is hereby incorporated by reference.  
         [0039]    The detector array  36  provides a means within a data acquisition system for recording details of the interference patterns produced at the different frequencies. Preferably, the detector array  36  is composed of an array of individually addressable elements for separately measuring intensity at different points in the interference patterns. The computer  14  stores and processes the intensity data points acquired by the detector array  36 .  
         [0040]    The intensity values “I” recorded by elements of the detector array  36  can be written as the sum of two coherent components; one from the object beam  24  “U obj ” and one from the reference beam  26  “U ref ” as follows: 
           I =|( U   obj   +U   ref )| 2 .  (1) 
         [0041]    The recorded intensity “I” corresponds, for example, to the intensity measured by a pixel within the image produced by the object and reference beams  24  and  26 . The object beam  24  “U obj ” can be written as:  
                 U     ob                 j       =       A   1                                  (         2                 π     λ          R   1       )             ,           (   2   )                               
 
         [0042]    and the reference beam  26  “U ref ” as:  
                 U   ref     =       A   2                                  (         2                 π     λ          R   2       )             ,           (   3   )                               
 
         [0043]    where “A 1 ” and “A 2 ” are the amplitudes, “λ” is the wavelength, and “R 1 ” and “R 2 ” are the optical paths for the two beams  24  and  26 .  
         [0044]    Considering the path length difference as “R=R 1 −R 2 ”, the intensity “I” of an individual data point can be written as:  
               I   =              A   1          2     +            A   2          2     +     2        A   1          A   2          cos        (         2      π     λ        R     )             ,           (   4   )                               
 
         [0045]    or using frequency notation:  
               I   =              A   1          2     +            A   2          2     +     2        A   1          A   2          cos        (         2      π     c        R                 v     )             ,           (   5   )                               
 
         [0046]    where “c” is the speed of light and “ν” is the beam frequency.  
         [0047]    The intensity “I” described by the cosine term of Equation (5) depends upon both the path length difference “R” and the beam frequency “ν”. For example, the cosine term of the intensity “I” represents the cycling of the object and reference beams  24  and  26  through conditions of constructive and destructive interference as a function of the beam frequency “ν”. The periodicity of the intensity variation (preferentially referred to as the interference frequency) changes proportional to the path length difference “R”. A determination of the interference frequency from the intensity data “I” gathered at a succession of “N” different beam frequencies “ν” allows for the determination of the path length difference “R”.  
         [0048]    Equation (5) also shows that the intensity “I” has two basic terms: a bias term equal to “|A 1 | 2 +|A 2 | 2 ” and a cosine term. The sinusoidal intensity variation of interest arises from the cosine term. The bias term is an offset that can be easily removed by computing the mean “{overscore (I)}” of the intensity data and subtracting this mean from Equation (5). The mean “{overscore (I)}” of the intensity data can be computed as follows:  
               I   _     =       1   N            ∑     n   =   1     N            I        (   n   )       .                 (   6   )                               
 
         [0049]    where “I(n)” denotes the intensity of corresponding data points of individual interference patterns totaling “N” different interference patterns. Each “n” represents the data collected in an interference pattern at a different beam frequency “ν”.  
         [0050]    The detected intensity “I′(n)” of each data point within an interference pattern “n” with the bias term removed is as follows:  
                   I   ′          (   n   )       =              A   1          2     +            A   2          2     +     2        A   1          A   2          cos        (         2      π     c        R                 v     )         -     I   _         ,           (     7      A     )                               
 
         [0051]    or  
                 I   ′          (   n   )       =     2        A   1          A   2          cos        (         2      π     c        R                 v     )                 (     7      B     )                               
 
         [0052]    As is apparent from Equation (7B), the frequency of the cosine term depends upon the frequency (or wavelength) of the measuring beam  16  and “R”—the optical path difference (OPD). Based on the incremental changes in beam frequency “ν” provided by the tunable laser  12 , a value of “R” can be fit to the function using Fourier transform methods. The procedure involves recording the interference patterns for a series of “N” beam frequencies. The data from each detector element is then Fourier transformed using known (or estimated) beam frequencies, and the locations of the peak interference frequencies of variation reveal the values of “R” for each detector element.  
         [0053]    A discrete Fourier transform for assessing the frequency components of the function “I′(n)” can be written as follows:  
                 K   ′          (   m   )       =       ∑     n   =   1     N                         I   ′          (   n   )            exp        [       -                      2        π        (     n   -   1     )              (     m   -   1     )     /   M       ]                   (   8   )                               
 
         [0054]    where “M” is the total number of frequency component samples distributed evenly throughout Fourier frequency space, “m” denotes one of the ordered frequency components ordered from 1 to “M” throughout the Fourier frequency space, and “K′(m)” measures how well each of the “m” ordered individual frequency component samples (also referred to as bins) matches the interference frequency of the recorded data point intensities “I′(n)” at corresponding areas of the “n” ordered interference patterns.  
         [0055]    [0055]FIG. 2 shows the intensities “I(n)” of a typical data set of 32 (N=32) beam frequencies (ordered from n=1 to n=N) corresponding to a common area in each of the interference patterns. The plotted example is based on intensity values given as follows: 
           I ( n )=10+cos(3 πn/ 10)  (9) 
         [0056]    where the amplitude terms of Equation (5) are replaced by arbitrary values. The bias term “|A 1 | 2 +|A 2 | 2 ” having a value of 10 is apparent in the ordinate offset of the data.  
         [0057]    [0057]FIG. 3 shows a typical result of a discrete Fourier transformation of this intensity data “I(n)” fitted to Equation (7) with the mean value “{overscore (I)}” of the illumination intensity subtracted. Plotted are the relative amplitudes “|K′| 2 ” of the frequency components sampled within Fourier frequency space subdivided into 256 (M=256) equal subdivisions (ordered from m=1 to m=N) as follows: 
         | K′|   2   =|FFT ( I−{overscore (I)} )| 2 ,  (10) 
         [0058]    Two interference frequency peaks  40  and  42  result from the cosine function, corresponding to opposite signs of path length difference “R” between the object and reference beams  24  and  26 . As path length differences “R” increase, one of the interference frequency peaks  40  or  42  devolves into the other  42  or  40 ; the exchange determining a range “ΔR AMB ” at which the data can be unambiguously converted into path length variations.  
         [0059]    The value of the range ambiguity interval “ΔR AMB ” is given as: 
         Δ R   AMB   =c /2Δν INC ,  (11) 
         [0060]    where “Δν INC ” is the size of the laser frequency increment between intensity data point samples.  
         [0061]    The value of a range resolution “ΔR RES ” corresponding to a single complete cycle of constructive and destructive interference within the entire range (or bandwidth) “Δν TOTAL ” of beam frequencies is given as: 
         Δ R   RES   =c /2Δν TOTAL   (12) 
         [0062]    [0062]FIG. 4 shows an alternative result of the discrete Fourier transformation of intensity data “I(n)” in accordance with the following values: 
           I ( n )=10+cos(6 πn /10)  (13) 
         [0063]    New peaks  44  and  46  are shifted due to the different path length difference “R” between data sets. As path length distance “R” increases, one peak moves to the right, and one to the left, and at some point they cross over. The determination of which of the peaks  44  or  46  from FIG. 4 corresponds to the actual path length difference “R” between the object and reference beams  24  and  26  can be made by phase shifting in which the optical path length difference “R” between the object and reference beams  24  and  26  is deliberately altered in a systematic manner. Examples of phase-shifting methods to resolve the “two-peak” ambiguity and extend the measurement interval are disclosed in the previously referenced paper to J. C. Marron and Kurt W. Gleichman, as well as in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,832,489; 5,777,742; 5,880,841; 5,907,404; and 5,926,277, which are also hereby incorporated herein.  
         [0064]    Although phase shifting is routinely used for resolving interference ambiguities, the practice requires additional measurements, complicates measuring apparatus, and consumes processing time. However, by restricting the Fourier transform to one-half of the Fourier frequency space within which only one of the peaks  44  or  46  is found (e.g., the left half of the Fourier space), the ambiguity can be addressed. In accordance with an example of the improved computation (software or program) provided by the invention, the entirety of Fourier space is divided into 256 (M=256) Fourier frequency samples, but the peak is searched for only in the first 128 (i.e., m=1 to m=129) of the Fourier frequency samples.  
         [0065]    Although one-half of Fourier frequency space is eliminated, the range of measurement need not be sacrificed because a comparable ambiguity range interval “ΔR AMB ” can be maintained by increasing the number “N” of different frequency data points “I(n)”. The data acquisition time is expected to be still less than that required to perform phase-shifting operations. The computations are much simpler and faster.  
         [0066]    Considerably more computational time can be saved by first performing a coarse Fourier transform to obtain a first approximation of the location of the interference frequency peak  40  or  44  and then performing a fine Fourier transform limited to more finely spaced Fourier frequency samples in the vicinity of the first approximation. The coarse Fourier transform spaces the frequency samples more widely within the Fourier frequency space (e.g., m=1 to 129 by increments of 8). However, the spacing is preferably within the resolution interval “ΔR RES ”, which also corresponds to the widths of the interference frequency peaks  40  or  44 , to be sure that some portion of the interference frequency peak  40  or  44  is identified. The total number M C  of coarse Fourier frequency samples is preferably equal to N/2 samples.  
         [0067]    [0067]FIG. 5 shows an expanded view of the left peak  40  from FIG. 3. Although the interference frequency peak  40  is located closest to a bin  40  out of 256, the interference frequency peak  40  would still be detectable within a bin  41  out of 256. Accordingly, the finer Fourier transform could be limited to a Fourier frequency range surrounding the bin  41  equal to the spacing between the Fourier frequency samples of the course approximation (e.g., m=37 to 45 by increments of 1). The total number M F  of fine Fourier frequency samples is preferably equal to 2M/N samples.  
         [0068]    System parameters, such as the actual laser frequencies “ν”, can then be used to convert the digital value of bin  40  (i.e., m=40 of 256 bins) into an actual range or distance value. A computation process of the type provided for range determination is shown in FIG. 6.  
         [0069]    The invention also provides for further increasing measurement accuracy by more finely locating the peak interference frequency within a Fourier frequency bin. The accuracy of range measurement in frequency-scanning interferometer systems heretofore proposed has been limited primarily by the number of Fourier samples, M. However, increased accuracy can be achieved by applying a curve-fitting algorithm can be used or the number of samples can be increased. Additionally, increased speed can be achieved by pre-computing the Fourier coefficients that are redundant for all detector locations.  
         [0070]    The computational process embodied in the software or program provided by the invention, such as operating on the computer  50  of FIG. 1, is described with reference to FIG. 7. The program is stored in the memory of computer  50 , such as ROM, RAM, disk, CDROM, or other typical memory storage medium. The term “computer” herein refers to a computer system having peripheral devices such as display, printer, mouse, keyboard, and the like, or other control computer of interferometric system, operating with a program in accordance with the present invention.  
         [0071]    The program preferably incorporates the following mathematics in conjunction with FIG. 7. From Equation (8), it can be shown that the Fourier coefficients of the interference signal are given by exponentials of the form: 
         exp [− i 2π( n− 1)( m− 1)/ M],   (14) 
         [0072]    where n=1, . . . N with “N” being the total number of intensity samples (or beam frequencies) for a common point within the interference patterns and m=1, . . . M/2 with “M” being the predetermined number of Fourier samples. The range of m is preferably limited to M/2 as only the one-half of the Fourier domain (frequency space) is examined because of redundancy. The value of “M” chosen should be large because it dictates accuracy. However, as M increases, the computation time required to search for the interference frequency peak  40  or  44  also increases. This array of coefficients of size N×M/2 is determined by the program at step  70  of FIG. 7 and can be stored in a file in memory of computer  50  so that re-computation is not required each time the program is run. The mean intensity values “{overscore (I)}” are then subtracted from the intensity values obtained at each detector point in the array  40  (step  72 ).  
         [0073]    Next at step  74 , the rough location (or a first approximation) of the interference frequency peak  40  or  44  is determined in the Fourier data by coarse sampling. Equations (11) and (12) show that the ratio of the Fourier peak width to the unambiguous range interval is given by N, where N is the number of beam frequencies. Thus, in order to determine the rough location of the Fourier peak, the Fourier data is sampled at at-least N equally spaced frequencies. Furthermore, since only one-half of the Fourier space is being considered, only the first N/2 coarse samples need be used. N/2 is the minimum number of coarse samples within the resolution desired. This number may be increased depending upon the level of performance desired but is still preferably equal to N or less to find a coarse approximation of the peak location. The Fourier transform values are computed in step  74  at the locations of the coarse samples by using the pre-computed Fourier coefficients as dictated by Equation (8). Once the Fourier magnitudes (or intensity values) of all the frequency samples are computed, the largest value is found in step  74  giving a coarse location for the highest Fourier value (i.e., a first approximation of the interference frequency of the data points).  
         [0074]    Based on the initial estimate or first approximation of the peak location, the program proceeds with step  76  and refines the search to consider the Fourier locations near the initial estimate (the location of the peak coarse sample) until the largest of M/2 Fourier magnitude value is found. For example, the Fourier transform is preferably computed for all sample frequencies within an interval of Fourier frequency space that is equal to the spacing between adjacent coarse frequencies centered at the coarse frequency providing the initial estimate of the interference frequency peak location. The highest Fourier value within the more limited interval in the vicinity of the coarse estimate provides a fine estimate (or second approximation) of the location of the interference frequency peak  40  or  44 . The number of Fourier samples “M F ” considered for the second approximation is preferably equal to 2M/N unless even finer stage approximations are made.  
         [0075]    The range (or distance) value is determined at step  78  and corresponds to the maximum (peak) Fourier magnitude value encountered within the interval sampled at step  76  (i.e., the second approximation of the interference frequency peak location). For densities of N beam frequencies and M Fourier frequency samples, the computation is faster than that carried out heretofore. As shown in FIG. 6, the new computation requires the computation of N/2+2M/N Fourier samples. When compared to the originally reduced requirement of M/2 samples, it can be shown that for large M, N/4 times less computation is required. For example, with 32 beam frequencies, only ⅛ of the computation is required. This represents a significant reduction.  
         [0076]    Higher accuracy with additional time savings with respect to the total number M of frequency samples is possible by using the second approximation of the peak location and the spacing between the second group of samples to define a third approximation of the location of the interference frequency peak  40  or  44 . The third group of Fourier frequency samples is preferably centered at the second approximation of the peak frequency and considers more finely spaced samples further dividing a range between adjacent samples of the second group. This further procedure implies a larger value of M for making more accurate measurements, where for consistency, the highest approximation considers divisions of M by unit values.  
         [0077]    The number of Fourier frequency samples at any one of the stage approximations can be set to optimize the application of a fast Fourier transform (FFT). For example, the number Fourier samples in each such stage (e.g., M C  or M F ) can be set approximately equal to the number of data samples “N”.  
         [0078]    An alternative process to search for the peak at step  76 , while minimizing computation, takes into account that in the vicinity of the estimated peak Fourier value, the shape of the transform curve is approximately parabolic. It then follows that the derivative, or difference between adjacent Fourier values, is approximately linear. Furthermore, the interference frequency peak  40  or  44  corresponds to the location where the derivative has zero value. Thus, interpolation techniques can be used to find the zero value location of the derivative and thus the more exact location of the peak  40  or  44 .  
         [0079]    Based on the computer software program, which is carried out on a computer, range or distance measures based on the calculation of path length differences between object and reference beams can be used to generate a surface profile (i.e., topographical information) of a test object. The software is operative upon interferometric intensity data gathered at a succession of different beam frequencies for rapidly and accurately deriving the range measurements by comparison to Fourier frequency samples. Systematic searches for the peak value of the Fourier transform are computed only at the necessary points in the Fourier domain, which are in the vicinity of an estimated peak value. Additional accuracy can be obtained by locating the peak between adjacent Fourier frequency samples values where the derivative of the frequency transform has zero value.  
         [0080]    Although the invention has been referenced with respect to a particular frequency-scanning interferometer, the invention is applicable to a wide range of other frequency-scanning interferometer configurations. For example, particular benefits of the invention are evident for common-path (Fizeau) type interferometers such as disclosed in my co-pending U.S. application filed on 19 Jun. 2003 entitled COMMON-PATH FREQUENCY-SCANNING INTERFEROMETER, which is hereby incorporated by reference. Other variations and modifications in the interferometer system and in the computer program and process described herein will undoubtedly suggest themselves to those skilled in the art within the spirit and scope of the invention.