Abstract:
Systems and methods for attenuating light from undesired sources in a coronagraph apparatus are provided. The coronagraph includes a first imaging lens that receives light representing a desired image and an undesired central image and a reimaging system that mitigates the undesired central image. The reimaging system includes a composite half-wave plate assembly that includes a plurality of angular half-wave plate sections. Each of the plurality of angular half-wave plate sections have two congruent sides that meet at an apex substantially at a center of the composite half-wave plate. A characteristic c-axis associated with a given angular half-wave plate section is aligned differently from the respective characteristic c-axes of at least two angular half-wave plate sections in substantial contact with the two sides of the given angular half-wave plate section. A fixation element engages the half-wave plate sections to maintain the angular half-wave plate sections in a desired arrangement.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is related to the following commonly assigned co-pending patent application entitled: “Conversion of the Polarization of Light Via a Composite Half-Wave Plate,” Attorney Docket No. NG(ST)8079; which is being filed contemporaneously herewith and is incorporated herein by reference. 
       TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    The present invention relates generally to optical technology, and more particularly to an optical birefringence coronagraph. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Detecting planets outside of the solar system is frequently complicated by the relative proximity of extrasolar planets to the stars they orbit. Since planets can be located only by the reflected light of their star, the star will be significantly brighter than the planet of interest, in some cases on the order of ten million times brighter. In light of the relative proximity of a planet to its star, it is necessary to attenuate the light of the star to obtain a useful image of the planet. In general, this has been accomplished through the use of coronagraphs. The design of coronagraphs can vary, including simple coronagraphs that utilize an occulting disk to block the star&#39;s light and nulling coronagraphs that use a phase mask to shift the phase of light, as opposed to directly blocking it. An occulting disk is usually used to block the sun and retrieve corona images. However, it is more suitable to use a phase mask for star systems because the entrance aperture dominates the diffraction effect of images. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, a coronagraph apparatus is provided. The coronagraph includes a first imaging lens that receives light representing the desired image and the undesired central image; and a reimaging system that mitigates the undesired central image. The reimaging system includes a composite half-wave plate assembly that includes a plurality of angular half-wave plate sections. Each of the plurality of angular half-wave plate sections have two congruent sides that meet at an apex. The plurality of half-wave plates are arranged such that the apexes of the plurality of angular half-wave plate sections all meet at a point substantially at a center of the composite half-wave plate, and a characteristic c-axis associated with a given angular half-wave plate section is aligned differently from the respective characteristic c-axes of at least two angular half-wave plate sections in substantial contact with the two sides of the given angular half-wave plate section. A fixation element engages the plurality of angular half-wave plate sections to maintain the angular half-wave plate sections in a desired arrangement. 
         [0005]    In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a method for creating a composite half-wave plate is provided. At least one half-wave plate is divided into a plurality of angular sections. The plurality of angular sections are arranged into a desired arrangement as a composite half-wave plate, such that linearly polarized light passing through composite half-wave plate is converted to one of an azimuthal, a radial, and a random polarization. The plurality of angular sections are mechanically fixed in the desired arrangement. The composite half-wave plate is then placed between a first imaging lens and a second imaging lens to provide a phase mask within the coronagraph apparatus. 
         [0006]    In accordance with yet another aspect of the present invention, a coronagraph apparatus is provided for separating a desired image from an undesired central image having a greater intensity. A first imaging lens receives light representing the desired image and the undesired central image. A reimaging portion mitigates the undesired central image. The reimaging portion includes a composite half-wave plate that comprises a plurality of angular half-wave plate sections. Each of the plurality of angular half-wave plate sections has two congruent sides that meet at an apex, with the plurality of half-wave plates being arranged such that the apexes of the plurality of angular half-wave plate sections all meet at a point substantially at a center of the composite half-wave plate. A characteristic c-axis associated with a given angular half-wave plate section is aligned differently from the respective characteristic c-axes of at least two angular half-wave plate sections in substantial contact with the two sides of the given angular half-wave plate sections. A fixation element engages the plurality of angular half-wave plate sections to maintain the angular half-wave plate sections in a desired arrangement. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0007]      FIG. 1  illustrates a coronagraph utilizing a phase mask comprising a composite half-wave plate in accordance with an aspect of the present invention. 
           [0008]      FIG. 2  illustrates an exemplary composite half-wave plate for use in a phase mask assembly in accordance with an aspect of the present invention. 
           [0009]      FIG. 3  provides a graphic illustration of a first exemplary process for creating a composite half-wave plate in accordance with an aspect of the present invention. 
           [0010]      FIG. 4  provides a graphic illustration of a second exemplary process for creating a composite half-wave plate in accordance with an aspect of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION 
       [0011]    In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, a coronagraph that utilizes a radial or azimuthal polarization of incident light to attenuate light from an undesired source is provided. In order to convert a linearly polarized beam into a radially/azimuthally polarized beam effectively, this invention employs an orientation-independent polarization rotator using a half-wave plate having a characteristic c-axis, that is an axis in a birefringent material along which the electric field portion of electromagnetic field radiation experiences extraordinary index of refraction. When passing through a half-wave plate, a linearly polarized beam will have its polarization changed to the other side of the c-axis. Mathematically, it can be written as a′=2b−a, where b is the angle of the c-axis, a and a′ are the polarization angles of the input and output beams. The concept can be used to convert a linearly polarized beam into a “nearly” radially or azimuthally polarized beam. 
         [0012]      FIG. 1  illustrates a coronagraph  10  utilizing a phase mask comprising a composite half-wave plate in accordance with an aspect of the present invention. The illustrated coronagraph  10  consists of a first imaging lens  12  followed by a re-imaging system  14 . A first pupil plane  16  defines an entrance to the coronagraph, and an image associated with the first imaging lens  12  forms at a first focal plane  18 . To obtain a corona image at the second focal plane  26 , a phase mask  20  can be placed at the first image to block an undesired central image (e.g., an image of a star) having a greater intensity than the desired off-axis image and a second pupil  24  can be placed at the second lens position  22  to suppress undesirable diffraction. In the typical circumstance, the undesired central image is effectively a point source, and the image at the first focal plane  18  is dominated by an Airy pattern induced by the entrance aperture. 
         [0013]    A desired image, generally of a much lower intensity than the undesired central image, can be represented as a displaced secondary Airy pattern at the first focal plane  18 . In order to suppress the primary Airy pattern at a reimaging plane  26 , the phase mask  20  is placed at the first focal plane  18  that acts in concert with the second lens  22  at the second pupil plane  24  to create a null intensity on axis at the reimaging plane  26 . In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, a phase mask  20  can comprise a composite half-wave plate to convert the polarization of light in an azimuthal or a radial orientation in accordance with an aspect of the present invention. As a result, the on-axis intensity of the image, and accordingly, the majority of the primary Airy pattern, will be suppressed at the reimaging plane  26 . 
         [0014]      FIG. 2  illustrates an exemplary composite half-wave plate  30  for use in a phase mask assembly in accordance with an aspect of the present invention. The composite half-wave plate  30  is comprised of a number of angular half-wave plate sections  32 - 39  that are aligned to have varying c-axis angles. The illustrated half-wave plate  30  comprises eight angular sections  32 - 39 , but it will be appreciated that more or fewer angular sections can be utilized in accordance with an aspect of the present invention. Each angular section  32 - 39  has two congruent sides meeting at an apex. An outer edge of each angular sections  32 - 39  can take on any reasonable contour, such as an arc, a straight line, or multiple straight or curved lines, such that the angular sections are roughly triangular. The angular sections  32 - 39  are configured such that the apex of each angular section meets at or near a central point  40  of the half-wave plate  30 . In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, the angular sections  32 - 39  comprising the half-wave plate  30  can be configured such that the passage of linearly polarized light through the half wave plate is converted to a radial or azimuthal orientation. To this end, the angular sections  32 - 39  comprising the half-wave plate can be selected such that the c-axis associated with each section can rotate by a predetermined amount at each successive section, such that the characteristic c-axis of a given angular section (e.g.,  33 ) is different from the characteristic c-axes of the angular sections to either side (e.g.,  32  and  34 ). 
         [0015]    The angular sections  32 - 39  can be held in place by a fixation element  42  that holds the angular sections in place relative to one another. It will be appreciated that the fixation element  42  can comprise any suitable means for holding the angular sections  32 - 39  in place without interfering with the passage of light through the surface of the half-wave plate  30 . For example, the fixation element  42  can include one or more of an adhesive, a rigid outer rim that mechanically precludes movement of the angular sections, or a frame operative to mechanically communicate with the angular sections  32 - 39  as to hold them in place. In the illustrated example of a half-wave plate  30 , the fixation element  42  is illustrated as an outer frame that mechanically engages the angular sections  32 - 39 , but it will be appreciated that this is merely exemplary. 
         [0016]    In the illustrated example, the c-axes associated with the various angular sections  32 - 39  are selected such that the collective effect of the angular half-wave plate sections is the conversion of a linearly polarized light beam into a radially or azimuthally polarized light beam. Specifically, the c-axes associated with the various angular sections  32 - 39  are selected such that one cycle of rotation is observed in the represented c-axes of angular sections. For example, envision a coordinate system in which the direction of propagation for a beam of light is the z-axis, the y-axis is vertical relative to the illustrated orientation of the half-wave plate  30 , and the x-axis is horizontal relative to the illustrated orientation of the half-wave plate. When a light beam that is linearly polarized along the x-axis is directed at the surface of the illustrated half-wave plate, a radially polarized light beam is produced. Similarly, when a light beam that is linearly polarized along the y-axis is directed at the surface of the illustrated half-wave plate, an azimuthally polarized light beam is produced. Since the angular sections  32 - 39  comprising the composite half-wave plate  30  extend to the center of the plate, the plate can be utilized to convert the entirety of a light beam, including a central region, into an azimuthal or radial polarization. In addition, the step-wise change of polarization direction between neighboring sections has negligible effects on the subsequent propagation or focusing property of the beam. 
         [0017]      FIG. 3  provides a graphic illustration  50  of a first exemplary process for creating a composite half-wave plate  52  in accordance with an aspect of the present invention. To better illustrate the process, a common coordinate axis is utilized, comprising a horizontal axis  54  and a vertical axis  56 . In the common coordinate axis, the positive end of the horizontal axis  54  represents zero degrees and the positive end of the vertical axis  56  represents ninety degrees. The composite half-wave plate  52  is comprised of a plurality of angular sections from a first circular half-wave plate  60 , comprising a first plurality of angular sections  61 - 68  generated by a first plurality of straight line divisions  71 - 74  made along diameters of the first circular half-wave plate, and a second circular half-wave plate  80 , comprising a plurality of angular sections  81 - 88  generated by a second plurality of straight line divisions  91 - 94  made along diameters of the second circular half-wave plate. For the purpose of example, both plates  60  and  80  have a c-axis aligned with the vertical axis  62 . It will be appreciated that the divisions can be made by any appropriate mechanism for cutting or otherwise separating birefringent materials. 
         [0018]    In the first half-wave plate  60 , the angular divisions  71 - 74  can comprise a first division  71  at 135°, a second division  72  along the horizontal axis, a third division  73  at 45°, and a fourth division  74  along the vertical axis. In the second half-wave plate  80 , the angular divisions  91 - 94  can comprise a first division  91  at 112.5°, a second division  92  at 22.5°, a third division  93  at 67.5°, and a fourth division  94  at 157.5°. Accordingly, eight segments, each taking in forty-five degrees of arc, are generated, and segments from the two half-wave plates  60  and  80  are offset by 22.5°. Speaking generally, for N divisions, angular sections encompassing  180 /N degrees of arc will be formed, and angular sections from the two half-wave plates  60  and  80  will be offset by 90/N degrees. Once the two half-wave plates  60  and  80  have been segmented into their respective plurality of angular sections  61 - 68  and  81 - 88 , the angular sections from the two plates can be rearranged to form the composite plate. 
         [0019]    To achieve the desired c-axis rotation within the composite half-wave plate  52 , a selected subset of angular sections  61 - 64  and  81 - 84  are utilized to create the composite plate. A first angular section from the second half-wave plate  80  is centered on the positive end of the horizontal axis, at the same position as it inhabited in the second half-wave plate. A first angular section  61  from the first half-wave plate  60  is placed on the counterclockwise edge of the previous angular section  81 , in a position shifted 22.5° counterclockwise from its original position in the first half-wave plate. A second angular section  82  from the second half-wave plate  80  is placed on the counterclockwise edge of the previous angular section  61 , at a position 45° from its original position in the second half-wave plate. Similarly, a second angular section  62  from the first half-wave plate  60  is placed on the counterclockwise edge of the previous angular section  81 , at a position 67.5° from its original position in the first half-wave plate. This continues, with the segment to be placed next being selected to ensure a 22.5° rotation of the c-axis associated with each successive segment. The final segment  64  is placed at a position 157.5° from its original position, such that the c-axis rotates a complete cycle in one circuit around the composite half-wave plate  52 . In other words, the c-axis of the first angular half-wave plate section  81  represents a first angle and the c-axis of a fifth angular half-wave plate section  83  that is opposite the first angular half-wave plate section represents a second angle substantially perpendicular to the first angle. Once the angular sections  61 - 64  and  81 - 84  are arranged in the desired manner, they are mechanically fixed into place via an appropriate fixation element (e.g., a frame, an adhesive, etc.). 
         [0020]      FIG. 4  provides a graphic illustration  100  of a second exemplary process for creating a composite half-wave plate  102  in accordance with an aspect of the present invention. In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, a parallelogram-shaped piece of birefringent material  110  can be divided into a plurality of angular half-wave plate sections  112 - 119 . In the illustrated example, the angular half-wave plate sections  112 - 119  are divided via a plurality of cuts, each making about a 67.5° angle with the upper parallel edge of the parallelogram. The resulting angular half-wave sections are shaped as isosceles triangles. The cuts can be conceptualized as two sets of parallel cuts, with a first set of parallel cuts running from left to right from the bottom parallel edge of the parallelogram to the top parallel edge, and a second set of parallel cuts running right to left from the bottom edge to the top edge. 
         [0021]    The triangular sections  112 - 119  can then be placed together form an octagonal pattern, with the vertex between the two contiguous sides of each isosceles triangles being oriented toward the center of the octagon, such that the respective vertices associated with the plurality of angular half-wave plate sections  112 - 119  are in mutual contact. In the resulting pattern, the c-axis associated with the plurality of angular half-wave plate sections  112 - 119  rotates two complete cycles in one circuit around the half-wave plate  102 . In other words, the c-axis of the first angular half-wave plate section  112  represents a first angle and the c-axis of a fifth angular half-wave plate section  116  that is opposite the first angular half-wave plate section represents a second angle substantially equal to the first angle. Once the angular sections  112 - 119  are arranged in the desired manner, they are mechanically fixed into place via an appropriate fixation element (e.g., a frame, an adhesive, etc.). 
         [0022]    It will be appreciated that the composite half-wave plate  102 , since it represents two complete cycles of rotation of the c-axis, would not be used for generating radial or azimuthal polarizations of light. Instead, linearly polarized light passing through the half-wave plate  102  would assume a mixed polarization state, where the polarization of the light demonstrates an azimuthal variation of two or more complete cycles within the beam. 
         [0023]    What has been described above includes exemplary implementations of the present invention. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components or methodologies for purposes of describing the present invention, but one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that many further combinations and permutations of the present invention are possible. Accordingly, the present invention is intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.