Abstract:
Conversation management is provided in a computer speech recognition system by generating a number of graphical and audio interfaces. The system allocates video and speech for different purposes to cue a user when to speak. The system also makes use of video and speech to cue a user regarding how to speak, thereby alleviating the vocabulary problems common to many speech recognition interfaces. These techniques permit a user to be informed when and how to speak during a fairly complex situation such as an interview.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This is a continuation of copending application Ser. No. 08/880,819 filed Jun. 24, 1997. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to the field of speech recognition interfaces of computer apparatus and the like, and in particular, to conversation management in such speech recognition interfaces. 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     One goal of a computerized interview (clinical assessments, structured interviews, and other individualized indicators) is to maintain the quality of the replaced human-to-human contact. During the interview, the interviewer plays different roles, e.g. test administrator, tester and observer, and the client must understand when the roles change. In human face-to-face interview, the verbal, situational, and paralinguistic cues generally suffice for a smooth transition among the different roles for the interviewer and client. While the rules for conversation are known (although they are difficult to express) to the conversants in a face-to-face dialogue, they are not for face-to-interface dialogues. The “rules” or “etiquette” for a computerized interview have not been established. There are two problems in particular which usually occur in a computerized conversation, namely: when to talk, referred to as the turn taking problem; and, how to talk, referred to as the vocabulary problem. 
     Persons do not know when to talk in a computerized conversation. A computerized conversation is not like a face-to-face conversation in which the conversants use paralinguistic cues, for example pitch changes and tone, and nonverbal cues, for example, facial expressions, to indicate when it is appropriate for the other person to talk. Moreover, many computer systems do not understand interruptions. In a face-to-face interview, the client can interrupt the interviewer at any time to ask for clarification or to maintain the conversation. This will be a problem until natural language programs can be used effectively in a conversation. 
     Persons do not know how to speak in a computerized conversation. Speaking to a voice recognition system is not like a face-to-face conversation in which the language has few constraints. On the other hand, generally, in a face-to-interface interview, the speaker will have to be trained how to speak. Sometimes the speaker must speak discretely, but, even with continuous speech, the vocabulary is limited. 
     Systems that administer tests are not new, however, the additional component of a conversational interview is new. Some kiosks have interactive sessions but they do not generally use voice recognition and don&#39;t attempt to initiate a conversation. When a video environment is used in a kiosk interaction, the end user makes choices from a touch screen or other type of selection button. Additionally, kiosk interaction is typically kept as short as possible. Part of the reason for that brevity may be that people tire relatively easily of that style of interaction. 
     The IBM® Human Center enables conversational computing. An actor&#39;s output and recognition can be programmed through the Personality Services and Actor Services components. Even so, the IBM® Human Center does not address what should be in the dialogue or how to manage the conversation. 
     Finally, there is a large body of research into non-verbal communication and discourse analysis which is pertinent to this field. Reference may be made to: Druckman, D., Rozelle, R. M., &amp; Baxter, J. C., (1982).  Nonverbal Communication: Survey, Theory and Research,  Sage Library of Social Research (139), Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, Inc.; and, [2] Reichman, R. (1985).  Getting Computers to Talk Like You and Me,  Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with an inventive arrangement, the solution to these problems is a computer programmed with a routine set of instructions stored in a fixed medium which for the first time allocates functions in the user interface to support the goals of the computerized interview. Such a user interface is described herein in the context of conversation management, specifically applied to an interview/assessment dialogue. The inventive arrangement allocates video and speech for different purposes to cue the client or end user when to speak, which alleviates the turn taking problem. The inventive arrangement also allocates video and speech to cue the client or end user how to speak, alleviating the vocabulary problem. Basically, the inventive arrangement employs different technologies to establish conditions that clearly inform the client or end user when and how to speak during a fairly complex situation, the interview. 
     The context of the interview affects the outcome as much as the content of the assessment tool. The complexity of the context was captured by Reichman, above, who noted that for conversants to follow a conversation, they must share not only common situational knowledge and common semantic reference, they must also share considerable knowledge about the structure of the conversation itself. Video (for example, .AVI files) and recorded speech (for example, .WAV files) are allocated for setting the context of the conversation, or in other words, setting the situational knowledge and references. 
     The inventive arrangement employs both recorded speech, delivered by a video actor, and synthesized speech, delivered by a synthesized actor, to structure the conversation. In this regard, it is expected that the video actor will use more natural, colloquial speech, and accordingly, speech recognition would not be appropriate for the client&#39;s or end user&#39;s responses because such responses can also be expected to use more natural, colloquial speech. If the video actor elicits a response from the client or end user, the response would more appropriately be recorded, but not necessarily interpreted by a voice recognition program. Preferably, the video actor would pass control of the interface, and the conversation, to the synthesized actor. 
     The synthesized actor would ask an appropriate question in more carefully controlled, non colloquial speech. The client or end user can then be expected to respond with a more carefully selected and limited vocabulary, for which speech recognition would be most appropriate. 
     Finally, the inventive arrangement employs a unique layout of the screen to support both the situational context and the conversation. 
     In accordance with the inventive arrangements, a computer is programmed with a routine set of instructions for managing conversation in a speech recognition interface, said instructions being stored in a fixed medium. The programmed computer comprises: means for generating a first graphical user interface for a video environment display; means for generating a second graphical user interface for a synthesized environment display; means for generating an audio output interface for audibly transmitting audio information associated with said first and second graphical user interfaces; and, means for generating an audio input interface for receiving audible information as an input for said speech recognition interface. 
     The video and synthesized environment displays can be arranged for substantially non overlapping presentation, or for at least partly overlapping presentation. 
     The programmed computer can further comprise: means for originating an information content in at least one of captured video and live video transfer; and, means for originating an information content for said synthesized environment in an acted performance and text-to-speech conversion of speech from said performance. 
     The programmed computer can further comprise: means for establishing a context for said speech recognition interface with said video environment; and, means for providing examples of how to speak and examples of a proper vocabulary with said synthesized environment. 
     The programmed computer can further comprise: means for providing predetermined instructions for using said speech recognition interface with said video environment; and, means for answering questions and supplying information in response to said received audible information with said synthesized environment. 
     The programmed computer can further comprise: means for providing audible information from said video environment in accordance with rules of human-to-human conversation in a lecture format; and, means for providing audible information from said synthesized environment in accordance with rules of human-to-computer conversation. 
     The programmed computer can further comprise: means for initiating new topics, taking turns from said synthesized acting performance and giving turns to said synthesized acting performance with said video environment; and, means for taking turns from said video display, taking turns from said audio input interface, giving turns to said video display and giving turns to said audio input interface with said synthesized environment. 
     The programmed computer can further comprise means for administering an interview with said speech recognition interface. 
     The programmed computer can further comprise means for managing navigation through said interview with said synthesized environment. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a video display screen generated by a graphical user interface, together with a programmed computer apparatus, in accordance with an inventive arrangement. 
     FIG. 2 is a diagram useful for explaining conversation flow in a speech recognition interface in accordance with the inventive arrangement. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The manner in which a method according to an inventive arrangement employs different technologies to establish conditions that clearly inform the client or end user when and how to speak during a fairly complex situation, the interview, is explained in connection with FIGS. 1 and 2. The functions of the technologies can be advantageously allocated to support a complex computer conversational interface such as the interview. FIG. 1 illustrates an advantageous arrangement of information and visual cues on a video display screen. 
     With reference to FIG. 1, a computer apparatus  2  comprises a monitor  4  having a video display screen  10 , generated by at least one graphical user interface in the computer apparatus, generated for example by a graphics adapter  6  in a central processor  30 . At least one audio output interface is generated by a sound card  8  in the processor and a speaker  22 . At least one audio input interface is generated by a microphone  24  and the sound card  8 . 
     The display screen  10  is divided into a first section  12  and second section  14 , divided by the dashed line. The first section  12  is for the video environment  16 . The second section  14  has a first portion  18  for text, for example questions. The second section  14  has a second portion  20  for the synthesized environment. The video environment portion  16  is for pictures of real people in a real setting, for example, doctors in a clinic setting or a psychiatrist in an office. The doctor can refer to questions which appear below, in a second portion  18 . The doctor&#39;s speech can include references to real world contexts. The synthesized environment  20  can show a synthesized actor with text to speech capability. The goal is to complete the interview questions and the scope of the synthesized actor&#39;s comments are limited to the interview questions. 
     Although FIG. 1 shows the display screen divided into upper and lower sections, it should be appreciated that the video and synthesized actors can appear in any location on the display screen, or even as a substantially transparent foreground figure. The format of the screen layout can be arranged differently for different kinds of interactive sessions. 
     The computer apparatus is further provided with input devices, for example, in the form of a keyboard  26 , a mouse  28  and a touch screen  32 , indicated schematically by a small, partial cross hatch pattern. A computer apparatus in the general configuration illustrated in FIG. 1 is well known and available from numerous manufacturers. Speech recognition software for programming such computer apparatus is also available from numerous manufacturers. 
     It is important to appreciate the differences between the various parameters of the respective video and synthesized environments, as well as the allocation of functions between these environments. These parameters and allocations include: content; purpose; role of client or end user; role of interviewer; and, turn taking rules. Reference should be made to the conversation flow diagram  40  in FIG. 2 in connection with the following explanation of the parameters and allocations. Flow diagram  40  includes a block  42  for the video actor&#39;s turn, a block  44  for the synthesized actor&#39;s turn and a block  46  for the client&#39;s or end user&#39;s turn. In the screen arrangement of FIG. 1, the video actor&#39;s turn takes place in  16  and the synthesized actor&#39;s turn takes place in portion  20 . In accordance with this arrangement, control can be passed between blocks  42  and  44  and between blocks  44  and  46 . Blocks  42  and  46  can interrupt one another and blocks  44  and  46  can interrupt one another, but blocks  42  and  44  do not interrupt one another. 
     The flow diagram in FIG. 2 assumes that the client or end user will initiate the conversation. This means that the video and synthesized actors are, in effect, listening until the client or end user speaks or otherwise undertakes an initiating action. In accordance with the flow diagram, the client or end user interacts primarily with the synthesized actor. The synthesized actor controls the conversation and gathers information. The video actor provides information such as welcoming, setting, purpose, direction and debriefing. A turn consists of verbal and non verbal behavior used to accept the turn, contribute to the conversation, by a statement or question, and pass control to the next party in the conversation. Non verbal behavior can consist of actions, for example the actor or client or end user presses a button, and other body movements, for example head, eye, facial, hand and body position movement, to cue the start, continuation or end of a statement or question. Non verbal behavior can be combined with verbal behavior, that is speaking, to provide non verbal cues such as raising the eyebrows to signal speech onset, looking towards the target of the speech and changing the voice to signal completion. Interrupting is a forced turn taking. If the video actor is interrupted by the client or end user, the video actor will pass control to the synthesized actor, which can return control to the video actor, respond to the interruption or return control back to the client or end user. 
     The content of the video environment is in captured files, for example, .AVI and .WAV, or live video transfer. The content of the synthesized environment is provided by the services of an actor and text-to-speech conversion. 
     The purpose of the video environment is to set the context or environment, as for example, in a doctor&#39;s office, in a clinic, in the forest and the like. The audio portion also supports the context. The video environment may be used, for example, to tell a story or describe administrative details. The video environment is intended to make the client or end user feel at ease. The video environment is primarily an output mode, being the source of the interview and the test. The purpose of the synthesized environment is to control the content of the assessment tool. This can be accomplished by providing examples of how to speak and the proper vocabulary to use. For example, the synthesized actor will use simple words in asking a question with the expectation of a simple answer. An example of a limited question is, “Do you want to go back to another information about question?” This can be contrasted with a more open and problematic question, such as, “Which question or questions would you like to revise?” 
     The role of the client in the video environment is to listen to instructions, as well as to watch and learn about the situation and the test. The role of client in the synthesized environment is to answer questions and interact with the system, controlling the flow of the interview. 
     The role of the interviewer in the video environment, who is a real person, is to follow the rules of human-to-human conversation in a lecture format, in the nature of a television-like interaction. The role of the interviewer in the synthesized environment, who is a synthesized actor, is to follow the rules for human-to-computer conversation. In an ideal situation, the synthesis would be so complete as to appear to be like a human-to-human interaction. 
     The turn taking rules for the video environment include: initiates new topics; taking turns from the actor; and, giving speaking turns to the actor. The turn taking rules for the synthesized environment include: completing interview; managing navigation through the assessment; taking turn from the video and from the client or end user; and, giving turns to the video and the client or end user. 
     It should also be appreciated that these concepts can also be applied to situations other than interviews, for example distance education, in which the client, for example a student, must work within a conversational context and the test content can be separated from it. 
     Since it is known that people will respond with language similar to that used by the interviewer and that the vocabulary of voice recognition systems is limited, the actor would use a restricted language and speak discretely to be an example of how the client or end user should talk to the system. The language of the actors in the video segment could be more formal or more colloquial, more relaxed or more animated, depending on the context. 
     These concepts could also be applied in similar situations, for example, distance education, in which the client (e.g., student) must work within a conversational context and the test content can be separated from it, and job skills sessions, just to name two. 
     A job skills session managed in accordance with the inventive arrangement can be conducted as follows. Suppose a client or end user is interested in learning about skills required to enhance their career. When the client or end user initiates the session, the video actor would welcome the client or end user, record non recognizable information, explain about the company&#39;s career enhancement program and describe the manner in which the synthesized actor would help the client or end user complete several skill inventories. 
     Non-recognizable information includes those items that have too large a domain for present speech recognition systems. This can include information such as name, address, and place of birth. The video actor would ask for the information, which would be recorded. The video actor passes control to the synthesized actor, which could ask for verification. The synthetic actor might say, for example, “Please listen to the recording of your name and address. Say or press “OK” if it is clear and correct. Say or press “Retry” if you want to record your name and address again.” When the client or end user responds, the synthesized actor says “Thank you.”, and passes control back to the video actor. The video actor responds appropriately, either asking for the information again or continues. 
     The synthesized actor has the vocabulary for completing each test, for example the Myers-Briggs test or one of the many vocational guidance tests, as well as some of the terminology of the specific industry. Accordingly, the synthesized actor can then recognize navigation words, words in the test and alternative ways to answer a question, such as “B”, “the second one” or “fourteen ninety two”. 
     When general, non test information is needed, the synthesized actor would pass control back to the video actor. This might be between sections of a test, between tests, or very likely, after completion of the tests. A simple method to do this is to have the synthesized actor look towards the video actor, say his or her name, and continue looking at the video actor until the video actor begins to speak. It can be noted that this is the same general etiquette that a speaker at a lectern uses to pass control to another speaker. The old speaker looks at the new speaker, announces his or her name, waits for the new speaker to get to the lectern, and recognizes that the new speaker now has control of the meeting, for example with a handshake. 
     The interface can be seen to encourage interaction between the actors and the client or end user. When the testing is completed, the synthesized actor returns control back to the video actor. The video actor then closes the session with the client or end user. 
     In a speech recognition system, managing the human-computer conversation requires more than just knowing what was said. The inventive arrangement taught herein advantageously separates the context from the content, for example in a complex interaction such as an interview situation, by providing video and synthesized environments having different but complementary functions.