Abstract:
The invention relates to pipe handling apparatus for laying elongate articles, such as pipes ( 16 ) in deep waters. The apparatus includes a tiltable pipe handling structure ( 22 ) housing a travelling clamp ( 26 ) for holding and/or paying out under tension the elongate article and a fixed clamp ( 28 ). The travelling clamp is driven via an articulated rack ( 202, 204 ) located by guide means ( 22 ). The rack is driven by pinion drive means ( 200 ) located and acts at a lower portion of the rack ( 202 ), such that the center of gravity of the apparatus is lowered, and loading in the structure ( 22 ) is reduced.

Description:
INTRODUCTION  
         [0001]    The invention relates to pipe handling apparatus, and in particular to a clamp for holding and/or paying out under tension an elongate article, such as a steel or similar pipe line or cable in deep water, from the deck of a pipe laying vessel. The invention independently relates to a piston arrangement suitable for applying radial compressive forces on a pipe or other cyclidrincal member, for example in radial friction welding. Various arrangements are known for pipe laying operations. For deep water applications, the “J-Lay” arrangement has been adopted, in which, a continuous steel pipe is launched into the water at a relatively steep angle, using a tiltable ramp or tower. Examples of such systems are known for example from U.S. Pat. No. 5,975,802 of the present applicant, and from WO-A-99/50582 and WO-A-99/35429. From these documents, it will be understood that a great weight of pipe has to be supported beneath the vessel to control the paying out of the pipeline. For this purpose, the known documents propose either track-type tensioners or travelling clamps to grip and control movement of the pipe. A number of methods are currently used to apply pressure to the friction surfaces of these clamps. To date these have been by direct pressure applied by screw jacks or hydraulic rams, levers, pressurised bladders, or cams. These solutions tend to be bulky and do not lend themselves to use on a J-lay ramp where the clamp must pass between work stations at each payout of the pipeline.  
           [0002]    It is presently desired to work at ever-increasing sea depths, and each new project therefore demands greater and greater tensions to be handled by the apparatus on the ramp. In meeting this requirement, the ramp itself must become stronger and therefore heavier, and also the tensioner and/or clamp and lifting apparatus become heavier at the same time. Aside from weight and expense of the vessel becoming undesirably increased, this weight is located high above the waterline, and therefore creates stability problems in the design of the vessel as a whole.  
           [0003]    WO-A-98/48142 discloses a rack-and-pinion lifting arrangement as part of a drilling rig derrick. In this arrangement the weight of equipment to be lifted is taken by an articulated rack made of a large number of segments, running in a vertical main guide rail. The rack is incompressible longitudinally, and is driven from below by motors, such that the centre of gravity of the arrangement is not unduly raised. Moreover, the guide rails and tower themselves do not take the vertical load, and the derrick can therefore be of lighter construction itself.  
           [0004]    Our co-pending application filed the same day and claiming priority from UK applications GB 00135698.1 (63591GB) and GB 0103861.1 (63591GB2) proposes using a preferred novel form of clamp for pipelay operations. While the present invention, relating to support and drive arrangement for a travelling clamp will be illustrated using such clamps, the invention is not limited to any specific form of clamp.  
           [0005]    The invention aims to provide an improved clamp for use in pipelay and other applications.  
           [0006]    In accordance with a first aspect of the invention there is provided pipe handling apparatus having an articulated rack, a travelling clamp and guide means for guiding the travelling clamp and rack within an elongate structure, wherein drive means for elevating and lowering said clamp under load are arranged to act at a lower portion of said rack, the travelling clamp being connected to be driven along said guide means by movement of said rack in the guide means.  
           [0007]    In one example the pipe handling apparatus comprises an elongate structure which is tiltable about a pivot point.  
           [0008]    The pipe handling apparatus may be adapted for use on a vessel for laying pipes wherein said pivot point is substantially at deck level of said vessel, and the remainder of the structure is tiltable about said pivot point above deck level. Further, the drive means may be located within said structure below said pivot point.  
           [0009]    In one arrangement of the invention a number of racks may be applied for balanced driving of the travelling clamp. Further each of the travelling clamps may be driven by an independent rack or racks.  
           [0010]    In this invention the articulated rack below the drive means may act as a secondary guide means to the main guide means.  
           [0011]    The travelling clamp may be driven by one or more helically threaded gears extending the length of said elongate support structure.  
           [0012]    In one example of the invention, a piston driving arrangement for use in pipe handling apparatus is provided, the piston driving arrangement including a piston member constrained to move along a first axis towards and away from a fixed support, wherein an hydraulically operated wedge member is driven transverse to the first axis so as to act between the piston member and said fixed support to effect said motion.  
           [0013]    The wedge member may be keyed to said piston member so as to effect forcible movement of the piston in opposite directions along said first axis. In one example the keying comprises a dovetail channel and rail arrangement.  
           [0014]    Further, the wedge member may be keyed to the fixed support, or otherwise constrained against movement of said support.  
           [0015]    The wedge member of the piston driving arrangement may be connected to hydraulic means.  
           [0016]    In one example a plurality of wedges are grouped by mechanical linkage to a common hydraulic actuator. The plurality of wedges in this example may be each driven individually.  
           [0017]    Alternatively, the plurality of wedges may be grouped by hydraulic linkage to equalise actuating forces around the circumference of an object under pressure.  
           [0018]    The piston arrangement may be part of a radial compression arrangement in which a plurality of such pistons have their first axes aligned radially. The piston driving arrangement of this type of configuration may be arranged so that it provides radial pressure in radial friction welding apparatus.  
           [0019]    The piston driving arrangement may be part of a pipe clamp for use in pipe laying apparatus, for example, with the piston being the closing drive means of a pipe clamp for use in pipe laying apparatus.  
           [0020]    Further, the invention provides a clamp, for example, one adapted for use in pipe handling apparatus, the clamp including a plurality of ram arrangements mounted on a support and directed radially toward the centre of a workpiece object to be gripped, each ram arrangement comprising a push rod constrained to move in a radial direction and a wedge member driven in a direction across the radial direction and having an inclined surface so as to act between the push rod and said support to effect motion in said radial direction.  
           [0021]    The wedge member in one embodiment is driven by hydraulic power. In a compact embodiment, the inclined surface is formed within the body of a hydraulic piston. Actuating surfaces may be provided at each end of said piston, the whole being mounted in a hydraulic cylinder, the push rod projecting through a side wall of said cylinder.  
           [0022]    The inclined surface may be keyed to said push rod, so that the push rod can be pull as well as pushed along said first axis by the movement of the wedge member. The force therefore applied to the workpiece, such as the pipe, is a positively transmitted force and the ram is also positively withdrawn from contact with the elongate member when desired.  
           [0023]    The keying of the push rod and the wedge may be by means of complementary angled keyways. The wedge member may similarly be keyed to the fixed support, or otherwise constrained against movement of said support.  
           [0024]    A further clamp may be provided and controlled to operate in a set pattern. For example two co-operating clamps may be provided and operated so that the clamp may travel along the length of the elongate article and grip it in a “hand-to-hand” fashion.  
           [0025]    The clamp may be openable to permit fitting around the article to be clamped.  
           [0026]    The clamp may form a pipe clamp in a pipe laying apparatus, for example.  
           [0027]    The clamp may alternatively be arranged to provide radial pressure in a radial friction welding apparatus of the type known from WO-A-97/32686, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.  
           [0028]    The wedge member may be driven by hydraulic or pneumatic drive means. A plurality of wedge members may be grouped by mechanical linkage to a common hydraulic actuator, or each may be driven individually. A plurality of wedges or groups thereof may be grouped by hydraulic linkage, to equalise actuating forces around the circumference of an object under pressure and being gripped.  
           [0029]    The inclined surface of the wedge member may have an angle and surface configuration such that the driving force of the ram arrangement will be maintained in the event of power loss.  
           [0030]    The push rod may have mounted at one end thereof a shoe which engages the surface of the workpiece to exert pressure thereon. The shoe may be shaped so that the surface engaging the elongate article engages the maximum surface area and the pressure is thereby more evenly distributed and points of excessive pressure are not formed. In one arrangement the shoe has an engaging surface which is part-cylindrical to mimic the outer surface of the elongate article.  
           [0031]    The shoe may include a friction tile which is changeable. The configuration of the tile can be changed to suit the elongate article being laid (for example, its radius of curvature), and of course in the event of wear or damage.  
           [0032]    The shoe may be connected to the push rod by means of a pivot joint such as a universal joint. This enables the shoe to pivot in one or two dimensions with respect to the axis of the push rod and thereby accommodate small irregularities of in the angle at which it engages the workpiece.  
           [0033]    The shoes may be keyed directly to said support independently of the push rod so as to constrain movement under axial loading of the workpiece. This avoids the transfer of heavy loads to the ram arrangement and wedge member, for example, when clamping a heavy pipe during laying.  
           [0034]    Further the invention provides a pipe handling apparatus wherein a travelling clamp is guided within an elongate structure, wherein said travelling clamp includes a ram constrained to move along a first axis towards and away from a fixed support, wherein a wedge is driven transverse to the first axis so as to act between the piston member and said fixed support to effect said motion. The further optional features of the invention in its first aspect may be applied, as set forth above.  
           [0035]    Said elongate structure may be tiltable generally about a pivot point. Said pivot point substantially at deck level of a pipe laying vessel, the remainder of the structure being tiltable above deck level.  
           [0036]    Drive means may be located within said elongate structure below said pivot point.  
           [0037]    A rack may be provided for elevating and lowering said clamp under load with the arrangement being such that the load on the clamp when elevated acts in the rack, rather than directly on the elongate structure.  
           [0038]    By these features, particularly in combination, the advantages of low weight and low centre of gravity can be brought to bear, while the clamp for pipe laying operations can itself be elevated for example 15 meters up and down the ramp or tower structure. Various ramp and tower arrangements known from the documents cited above and other sources can be adapted advantageously in this way.  
           [0039]    When the drive means are carried in the structure below said pivot point, there is the advantage that the tension in the pipeline is transferred via the rack to the structure where it appears substantially as tension in the steel-work, rather than the compressive loads which are present in conventional travelling clamp structures.  
           [0040]    Plural racks may be applied for balanced driving of the travelling clamp. Moreover, plural travelling clamps may be provided and driven by independent racks. The articulated rack below the drive means may reverse into secondary guide means parallel with the main guide means, or may be rolled or folded into a compact stowage space in the vicinity of the drive means.  
           [0041]    The invention also provides a ram unit comprising an hydraulic cylinder closed at both ends, an axial piston and a radial piston, the axial piston being arranged to slide within the cylinder between first and second hydraulic chambers defined by the ends of the piston and of the cylinder, the radial piston projecting through an opening in the side of the cylinder at a point always between the two ends of the axial piston, the axial piston and radial piston having complementary inclined surfaces, keyed to one another, so as to push and pull the radial piston in response to hydraulic pressure in the respective chambers. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0042]    Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, by reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:  
         [0043]    [0043]FIG. 1 illustrates a pipe laying vessel including a travelling clamp driven in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0044]    [0044]FIG. 2 shows schematically the arrangement of the articulated rack driving said travelling clamp in the apparatus of FIG. 1;  
         [0045]    [0045]FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a wedge-based piston arrangement providing radial compression in the clamps of the apparatus  
         [0046]    [0046]FIG. 4 shows the travelling clamp in a practical embodiment implementation of the apparatus in radial cross-section, (arrows IV-IV′ in FIG. 5 indicate the section and viewing direction of FIG. 4);  
         [0047]    [0047]FIG. 5 shows the spatial arrangement of ram units in the opened-out configuration of the clamp; and  
         [0048]    [0048]FIG. 6 is a vertical cross-section through one ram unit, along the line VI-VI′ seen in FIG. 5. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS  
       [0049]    [0049]FIG. 1 shows schematically the arrangement of a pipe laying vessel  10  having a deck  12 , on which is mounted a pipe line assembly arrangement  14 , comprising various welding, coating and testing stations for assembling a continuous pipeline from a stock of pipe segments. Pipe  16  formed in this way progresses in the direction of the arrow, over first and second radius controllers  18 ,  20 . A tiltable ramp  22  is provided for launching the pipe over the stem of vessel  10 . In solid lines, ramp  22  and other equipment are shown in a near-horizontal orientation, appropriate to lower water depths. In chain-dotted lines, the same components are shown in a steeply elevated orientation, with the reference signs primed ( 22 ′ etc.). The radius controllers  18  to  20  guide the pipe and restrict within set limits, according to the angle of the ramp  22 . On ramp  22  there are mounted various pipe handling devices, namely: straightener  24 , tensioning and paying-out device  26  and fixed clamp  28 .  
         [0050]    The general arrangement is one described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,975,802, mentioned above. In the example described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,975,802, the paying out device  26  primarily takes the form of a track-type tensioner, capable of gripping the pipeline under many tonnes of tension, whilst paying it out in controlled fashion. The possibility of replacing the track tensioner with a moveable clamp is discussed therein, and the present invention discloses one form of apparatus and a method for doing this. Specifically, the present invention relates to a clamp  26  which comprises a novel clamp arrangement  26  carried on a trolley, supported and driven up and down the ramp  22  by means to be described in more detail below, with reference to FIG. 2. Whereas various clamping arrangements are known, for example, from WO-A-99/50582, however, these have drawbacks when placed under heavy load. In particular, known clamps are designed so as to tighten directly in response to axial load on the pipe. While this is superficially attractive property, the extreme loads present in deep pipelay operations can lead to undue clamping forces, and difficulty in releasing the clamp. Moreover, it has been shown that a J-lay or Reel-lay ship pitching in heavy weather can accelerate faster than the pipe, leading to reverse loading on the lock-off clamp. This “load reversal” has been known to dislodge clamps that employ slips or axially aligned wedges which have their blunt end uppermost.  
         [0051]    Principle of the Clamps  26 ,  28 :  
         [0052]    The clamps  26  and  28  are each comprised of sets of three shoes set at  120  degrees to each other with one shoe being positioned bottom dead centre. Each shoe may cover  100  degrees of the pipe surface and a length of  2 m. Each shoe is divided into a number of is attached to the base of a radial piston or piston member. The piston is extended by hydraulic actuating means which may be of conventional form and may for example be based on a wedge action as described in more detail below with reference to FIGS.  3  to  6 . All the shoes are driven from a common hydraulic supply, ensuring an equal load is applied by each shoe to the article being gripped.  
         [0053]    During normal payout the pipe is centred in the clamp by rollers (not shown) which protect the clamp pads from contacting the pipe surface and causing damage and unnecessary wear.  
         [0054]    While the upper and lower clamps have the same principle of operation in this embodiment it is not necessary that they are of the same design. Specific considerations for their design in this example are shown below  
         [0055]    Lower Clamp  28 :  
         [0056]    Each shoe of the lower (fixed) clamp  28  is independently mounted on arms attached to the structure of the ramp  22 . These arms (not shown) can be rotated to allow the shoes to retract below the level of the surface of the ramp  22  to allow the deployment of pipeline accessories. When the shoes are closed round a pipeline  16  the three segments are locked together by hydraulically activated lock boxes that ensure that the radial load is contained within the clamp shoe structure and not transmitted to the actuating arms. Each of the shoes has a pad for engaging the pipeline  16  and the pads at the lower end of the clamp  28  are extended to form a bell-mouth. This avoids line loads being applied to the pipe as the ship pitches.  
         [0057]    Upper Clamp  26  &amp; Trolley Drive:  
         [0058]    The upper clamp is a complete ring structure which does not open except for maintenance or pad replacement. This minimises the effective diameter of the clamp and reduces the clearance required between the work stations to allow the clamp to pass. The clamp is otherwise identical to the lower clamp, but without the bell-mouth. The clamp is rigidly fixed to a trolley which runs on rails on the inside surfaces of the ramp structure.  
         [0059]    As shown schematically in FIG. 2, the trolley carrying clamp  26  is raised (a) and lowered (b) by a double rack and pinion drive system  200 . Details of such a system as applied in a drilling rig derrick are given in WO-A- 98148142 , mentioned above, the contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. The skilled reader will readily appreciate any modifications necessary to apply the system in the context of a pipe laying tower or ramp.  
         [0060]    Briefly described, at each side of the trolley guide a segmented and articulated rack  202  runs in a guide channel (not shown), which serves to prevent it buckling. The rack is thus incompressible longitudinally. At the lower end, the rack  202  articulates and reverses around a guide wheel into a second vertical channel, forming an unused rack section  204 . In the present embodiment, each rack is powered by a set of frequency controlled electric motors  206 . Brakes are provided so that the load can be held in the event of the failure of any one motor or gearbox per rack. The connection between the racks and the trolley is via load sensing pins, so that the load is continually monitored.  
         [0061]    General Operation  
         [0062]    In operation, the pipe  16  shown in dotted lines is clamped stationary by lower clamp  28 . The travelling clamp  26  is opened. To raise the trolley into the position shown in FIG. 2( a ), the motors  206  drive the rack sections  202  upwards, so that the unused sections  204  of the racks descend (shorten) while the sections  202  lengthen. The clamp  26  is closed to grip the pipe  16  and the lower clamp  28  is opened. The weight of the pipe suspended to the seabed is thus taken by the travelling clamp  26 . The weight of the pipe is not transferred to the ramp  22  directly, however, in contrast to winch-based trolleys, or to track-type tensioner arrangements known in the prior art. In the present embodiment, the rack  202  in compression takes the load from the clamp  26  and passes it directly to the drive arrangement (motors and brakes  206 ) at the foot of the ramp  22 .  
         [0063]    As shown in broken lines at  22 ′, the drive arrangement for the rack  202  is located around or even below deck level, and below the pivot axis X of the ramp  22 . Thus the weight of the suspended pipe  16  is transferred to ramp  22 in the form of tensile loads, which are generally more favourable than compressive loads in such steel structures. Further advantages are achieved in this way, as (i) the mass of the drive arrangement itself need not contribute to a high centre of gravity of the vessel, and (ii) the structure of the ramp  22  need not be so heavily built in the absence of great vertical compressive load.  
         [0064]    The electric motors  206  of the rack drive arrangements are then operated to lower the rack  202  and trolley so as to pay out the pipe  16  in a controlled fashion. Trolley eventually reaches the bottom of the ramp as shown in FIG. 2( b ). At this point, most of the rack is in the unused section  204 . The fixed, lower clamp  28  again grips the pipe  16  and the trolley is again raised to grip the pipe at the top of the ramp  22 . In this way, the paying out process is repeated as often as necessary to lay a continuous pipe even in extreme depths of water.  
         [0065]    For bending and straightening of the pipe  16  some back-tension is generally required, and this can be provided by the straightener  24  or other means. It may be necessary therefore for the travelling clamp  26  to exert a net pull downwards on the pipe  16 , in addition to supporting a suspended weight of pipe by pulling upwards. The rack and drive means are designed accordingly, in a manner which is readily adapted from the disclosure of WO-A-99/48142, mentioned above and incorporated herein by reference.  
         [0066]    Piston Arrangement—Schematic  
         [0067]    As shown schematically in FIG. 3, pads  30   a , etc. of each clamp shoe are carried on respective pistons  32   a ,  32   b . Two shoes only are shown, it being understood that the number of pads may be greater both along the length of the clamp and circumferentially (out of the plane of the diagram). Each piston  32   a ,  32   b  has a channel angled at around 15 degrees, which receives a matching-angled wedge member  34   a ,  34   b . The wedge member is backed by a cylinder head  36  fixed on the frame of the apparatus. A hydraulic ram drives the wedges in the direction indicated by the simple arrow (vertical in FIG. 3).  
         [0068]    By the action of ram  38  under hydraulic power, the clamp shoes are closed in the direction of the block arrows by inserting the 15-degree wedges  34   a  and  34   b  which slide between the cylinder head  36  (a fixed frame) and each piston  32   a ,  32   b . The wedges are dovetailed in to the crown of the piston and are also constrained against the cylinder head by dovetailing or other retaining means (not shown) so that the shoe is positively retracted when the wedge is withdrawn. The wedges in each shoe are driven by a single hydraulic ram and all the rams are fed from a common supply ensuring that an equal load is applied by each shoe.  
         [0069]    The direction and angle of the wedges is chosen so that in the event of a loss of hydraulic power to the wedges they do not slip out of engagement and release the clamp. In contrast to the clamp known from WO-A-99/50582, however, the axial tension in the pipe is not permitted to draw the wedges further into compression. Rather, by means of abutments on the supporting framework, not shown in FIG. 3, the clamp shoes are directly constrained against movement in the axial direction of the pipe. The engagement with the wedge then has to contend only with radial forces. This axial constraint will be seen in the more detailed example of FIGS.  4  to  6 . Of course, in an alternative design, the axial force on the shoes might be permitted to draw the wedges further, at least in the event of power failure and the like. The abutments would then be absent, driven hydraulically for assisted release of the clamp, or made retractable.  
         [0070]    Clamp—Detail  
         [0071]    FIGS.  4  to  6  of the drawings show a preferred embodiment of the upper clamp  26 . FIG. 4 shows the clamp  26  in a radial cross-section, (arrows IV-IV′ in FIG. 5 indicate the section and viewing direction of FIG. 4). FIG. 5 shows the spatial arrangement of ram units in the opened-out configuration of the clamp. FIG. 6 is a vertical cross-section through one ram unit, along the line VI-VI′ seen in FIG. 5.  
         [0072]    As seen best in FIG. 4, clamp  26  in use forms a complete ring structure surrounding the pipe  16  or other workpiece. The clamp  26  comprises two half shells  40 ,  42  that are pivotally mounted to one another by hinges  44 ,  46 . For operational use the two half shells are locked together by pins which pass through holes  48 ,  50  at the opposite side of the shell from the hinges. Referring for clarity also to FIG. 5, it will be seen that twelve ram units are arranged in four sets of three:  401 - 403 ,  411 - 413 ,  421 - 423  and  431   433 . Within each set, the three rams impinge radially upon the workpiece at  120  degree separation. The angular positions in each set are offset from the set(s) above or below, so that the ram units act radially from six directions in all.  
         [0073]    [0073]FIG. 6 is a detailed axial section through a representative ram unit such as unit  411 . Each ram unit comprises a hollow cylindrical body  52  closed off at each end with end caps  54 ,  56 . The cylindrical body  52  has a side opening  58 , in which a push rod or radial piston  60  is located so that it extends into the bore of cylindrical body  52 . An axial piston  62  is located within body  52  and engages the inner walls of the cylindrical body  52 . Axial piston  62  is movable under hydraulic pressure in upper and lower spaces  64 ,  66 . Each piston is provided with piston rings to seal it where it slides within cylindrical body  52 . Like numbered parts are labelled in the radial cross-section of ram unit  403 , in FIG. 4.  
         [0074]    Axial piston  62  is a substantially solid member comprising two parts in this example and has a recess  68  cut into one side thereof. The base of the recess is and inclined surface defining a wedge angle of  15  degrees. A key rail  70  runs parallel to the base of the recess. Radial piston  60  is a cylindrical member having an inclined surface at one end and a concave recess at the other. The inclined surface of radial piston  60  is provided with a key slot which positively engages rail  70  in the axial piston  62 . Thus, as axial piston  62  moves within the cylinder  52 , radial piston  60  is extended and positively retracted, depending on the pressure of fluid in the chambers  64  and  66 .  
         [0075]    A clamping shoe  72  is mounted on the outer end of the radial piston  60  by a self-aligning joint  74 , permitting some pivoting of the shoe relative to the axis of the radial piston. In this example the joint self aligning unit comprises a part-spherical bearing surface which engages the concave surface in the end of the radial piston. A friction tile  76  is mounted on the shoe so as to enhance the grip of the shoe on the workpiece  16 , and also protect the latter against damage. The shoe and friction tiles are shaped to conform with the outer cylindrical surface of the workpiece. As seen more clearly in FIG. 4, workpiece  16  in practice may comprise a steel pipe with a polymer coating, susceptible to crushing if handled wrongly.  
         [0076]    Importantly, shell half  40  incorporates a series of shoulders  78 ,  80  so that shoe  72  constrained between the shoulders to prevent excessive axial movement of the shoe. By this means, the axial load in the workpiece is transferred from the shoe to the framework of the clamp  26 , rather than to the radial piston  60  and its bearings.  
         [0077]    Summarising the benefits of the novel clamp design, these are:  
         [0078]    High clamping loads can be applied by the action of the wedge in the inclined plane;  
         [0079]    Axial load is not taken by the piston member, thereby increasing the working life thereof;  
         [0080]    Positive engagement and release of the friction tile is achieved;  
         [0081]    Minor changes in diameter of the elongate article are taken by each tile being moveable and compliant;  
         [0082]    The friction tiles can be changed to accommodate changes in the diameter or structure of the article to be laid and these are small enough to be easily manhandled and installed;  
         [0083]    The piston member may be rotated for operation at the desired angle to suit the particular circumstances. The clamp can be actuated by any suitable means. Use of the friction tiles increases and maximises the engaging surface circumferentially and therefore the application of the load to the workpiece.  
         [0084]    As mentioned in the introductory portion of this specification, the same piston arrangement can be applied in radial compression for other purposes, such as in radial friction welding. For further detail of the radial friction welding process, reference is made to WO-A-97/32686, mentioned above. The compact ram arrangements can be used independently of a radial clamp, for example as jacking or pressing devices.  
         [0085]    The above embodiments and other variations, modifications and further applications of the invention in its various aspects will be apparent to the skilled reader, from consideration of the present disclosure. The embodiments described herein are presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of protection in any way.