Abstract:
A tourniquet band is made of an elastic material and has a plush surace on one side and a series of hook fastener material patches on the reverse side. The woven structure includes a series of parallel elastic threads covered by a dense yet loosely coiled bundle of non-elastic threads. The non-elastic threads are oriented to form the plush surface while allowing the elastic core thread to elongate for applying pressure to a body part by elastic compression when the tourniquet is wrapped around the body part and secured by joining the hook material with the plush surface.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation-in-part application of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/955,806, filed Dec. 13, 2007, which is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/940,225, filed Nov. 14, 2007, which is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/901,715, filed Feb. 13, 2007, and a continuation-in-part U.S. provisional patent Application No. 60/875,087, filed Dec. 13, 2006, the full disclosure of each of which applications are incorporated herein in their entirety. 
     
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
       [0002]    Not Applicable 
       REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING, A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM USING COMPACT DISC APPENDIX 
       [0003]    Not Applicable 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    This disclosure relates to the field of athletic and medical wraps in general and specifically to a tourniquet for use with major vascular trauma. A tourniquet is a constricting or compressing device used to control venous and arterial circulation to an extremity for a period of time. Pressure is applied circumferentially upon the skin and underlying tissues of a limb; this pressure is transferred to the walls of vessels, causing them to become temporarily occluded. It is generally used as a tool for a medical professional in applications such as phlebotomy or to stem the flow of traumatic bleeding, especially by military medics. 
         [0005]    The ideal tourniquet is applied quickly and effectively and controls hemorrhage with minimal risk of tissue damage. Potential complications of tourniquets include ischemia, thrombosis and nerve injury and compartment syndrome. Problems related to putting the tourniquet in place include device malfunction, mal-positioning, inadequate bleeding control or excessive pressure leading to continued hemorrhage or ischemia and nerve palsy respectively. Taking into account that soldiers, under extreme stress, have to apply the tourniquet to their own body or that of a comrade, the tourniquet should be fast, simple, not confusing and reliable. Since control of bleeding often requires two tourniquets, they should be light weight and easily accessed from a pocket or pack. Since many wounds require pressure dressings, the tourniquet may serve as a quick and effective means of securing gauze and packing in a scenario where tape doesn&#39;t work. 
         [0006]    Surgical tourniquets prevent blood flow to a limb and enable surgeons to work in a bloodless operating field. This allows surgical procedures to be performed with improved precision, safety and speed. Tourniquets are widely used in orthopedic and plastic surgery, as well as in intravenous regional anesthesia where they serve the additional function of preventing local anesthetic in the limb from entering general circulations. Emergency tourniquets are used in emergency bleeding control to prevent severe blood loss from limb trauma. Emergency tourniquets are generally used as a last resort, especially in civilian applications, for if blood flow below the application of an emergency tourniquet is stopped, it can irreversible compromise the tissue, leading to eventual loss of the limb below the tourniquet. However, use of tourniquets has become widespread in military applications, and have the potential to save lives. Analysis has shown that in cases of major limb trauma, there is no apparent link between tourniquet application and morbidity of the limb. In recent years there have been significant advancements in tourniquets. These advancements have vastly improved tourniquet safety. Limb occlusion pressure (LOP) is the minimum tourniquet pressure required to occlude blood flow to a specific patient&#39;s limb at a specific time and accounts for a patient&#39;s limb and vessel characteristics, and the type and fit of the cuff. LOP can be determined by gradually increasing tourniquet pressure until distal arterial pulses cease, as indicated by a device sensing blood flow, such as a Doppler stethoscope. Studies have shown that cuff pressure based on LOP measured immediately prior to surgery is generally lower than commonly used cuff pressures and is sufficient to maintain a satisfactory surgical field. Automatic tourniquet systems are capable of providing safety features that are not possible in older mechanical tourniquets. These systems can monitor the cuff inflation time as well as regulate the cuff pressure to a known pressure throughout the surgical procedure. Some microprocessor controlled tourniquets are capable of calculating the proper pressure to ensure complete blood occlusion in about 30 seconds. This assists the operating room staff in deciding what the tourniquet pressure should be set at on a per-patient basis. Studies have shown that tourniquet cuff pressure can be substantially reduced by using wide, contoured cuffs. A wider and contoured cuff has more contact with the limb&#39;s surface area so it disperses the cuffs force. This concept is emerging from the surgical field into the emergency field with wider emergency tourniquets. 
         [0007]    The Combat Application Tourniquet (CAT) was developed by Composite Resources, Inc. and is used by the U.S. and British military to provide soldiers a small, effective tourniquet in field combat situations, and is also in use by NHS ambulance services, and some UK fire and rescue services. The unit utilizes a windlass with a locking mechanism and can be self-applied. The CAT has been adopted by military and emergency personnel around the world. The present conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan have demonstrated the value of timely and judicious use of tourniquets in the battle field and in field medical facilities with regard to saving limbs as well as the survival of those who have been injured. The presently disclosed tourniquet technology and know-how, although widely implemented, has significant and series limitations, such as being too complex for a dazed person to quickly affix and too expensive to manufacture. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    The presently disclosed apparatus is a greatly improved tourniquet fabricated as a single elongate fabric band with two opposing free ends, a smooth side and a fuzzy side with these surfaces common over the full length of the band. The band is elastically stretchable to about 150% of its relaxed length when under longitudinal tension. Bonded or otherwise attached to the smooth side of the band are patches of hook material, one at each of the ends of the band and one or more medially positioned. The hook material is able to latch onto the fuzzy finish so as to secure the band as wrapped around a limb while applying any selected hoop stress by stretching the band. The following advantages of the band are noted. 
         [0009]    The band is of simple construction thereby being inexpensive to manufacture. It is extremely easy and simple to apply as a tourniquet. It is easily tightened to a desired compression force and also easily relaxed and later tightened again in cycles. It is able to be folded for compact storage as for instance to be carried in a pocket of a uniform. It is longitudinally symmetrical so that there is no distinction as to if it is applied starting from either one of its ends. It may be applied with equal results with either of its sides facing the subject body part. It is infinitely adjustable for achieving any compression force desired within the range of the band&#39;s capacity. It is made of durable material so that it may be reused many times and will last indefinitely. 
         [0010]    The details of one or more embodiments of these concepts are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages will be apparent from the following description and drawings, and from the claims. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING 
         [0011]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view of the presently described tourniquet band apparatus; 
           [0012]      FIG. 2  is an enlarged plan view of a small portion thereof as seen along perspective line  5 ; 
           [0013]      FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional taken along line  3 - 3  in  FIG. 1 ; and 
           [0014]      FIG. 4  is an enlarged view of a longitudinal thread of the band shown in  FIG. 1 ; and 
           [0015]      FIGS. 5 and 6  are perspective views of the band as applied to a body part for stemming blood flow. 
       
    
    
       [0016]    Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0017]    As discussed in the preceding summary and shown in  FIG. 1 , the presently described apparatus is a tourniquet band  10 . The band  10  terminates at a pair of opposing free ends  20  and has a smooth finish surface  30  and an opposing fuzzy finish surface  40 . The smooth and fuzzy finishes are a consequence of the type of threads that are used, and also of the type of weaving and any post weaving steps, that is used in fabricating band  10  as will be described. Discrete patches  50  of hook type surface attachment material are bonded or otherwise attached to, and are a part of, band  10 . One patch  50  may be bonded to each of the free ends  20 , and one or more patches  50  may be bonded medially. The patches  50  are all attached to the smooth finish surface  30 . 
         [0018]      FIG. 2  shows the nature of the weave pattern of band  10  as seen from sight line  5  in  FIG. 1 . It is pointed out that longitudinal threads  60  extend in mutual parallel positions between the free ends  20 , and that lateral threads  70  extend in mutual parallel positions between side edges  35  of band  10 . The threads  60  are mutually orthogonal to threads  70 . 
         [0019]      FIG. 3  is a typical cross section as viewed along the longitudinal threads  60  showing that the lateral threads  70  are woven alternately over and then under each next longitudinal thread  60  between the side edges  35 . It is noted also that the threads  70  are pulled tight against threads  60 . 
         [0020]      FIG. 4  is an enlarged view of a single one of the lateral threads  70  showing that it is made up of fine filaments  72  which are bundled, preferably serge-chain stitched. The enables threads  70  to be strong without taking up undue space so that the entire band  10  may be tightly woven. 
         [0021]      FIG. 5  shows details of one of the longitudinal threads  60 . It is noted that a central elastic filament  62  is surrounded by a densely-packed but loosely wound bundle of non-elastic filaments  64  where one side of filaments  64  are in intimate contact with filament  62  thereby forming the smooth finish surface. The other side of each filament  64  extends away from filament  62  as a loop thereby forming the fuzzy surface  40 . This property is extremely important to the utility of band  10  in that it enables the fuzzy surface  40  to attach to receive any one of the patches  50 . The loops are brought out from the interwoven fabric by applying a static charge to the band  10 . Since all of the loops have the same charge polarity, they reject each other so that they tend to stand straight up and are able to be raked into a nap by a rotating roller having short fingers. This technique for developing a nap is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 658,539 to Baker and hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. When band  10  experiences a longitudinal load or tension, filaments  62  elastically elongate developing a compressive pull-back which results in a hoop stress around the body part the band  10  is stretched around. 
         [0022]    Because band  10  is longitudinally symmetrical it is clear that it may be applied to a body part starting at either of its free ends  20 , referred to as the “start end.” The end of the band  10  that is not used to start is referred to as the “terminal end.” We also know that the same tourniquet forces will be applied to a body part if band  10  is coiled around the body part with either the smooth surface  30  or the fuzzy surface  40  facing the body part as band  10  is wrapped about it. For a large body part if band  10  is only able to circumvent once, any part of the patch  50  at the terminal end may be engaged with the outfacing fuzzy surface  40  so that any desired amount of compression may be achieved through a selective stretch of band  10 . For a smaller limb, band  10  may further circumvent and any of the further patches  50  may be secured with the fuzzy surface so that even greater compressions may be achieved. No matter the size of the body part, one or more wraps may be coiled around it to achieve an exactly desired amount of compression. 
         [0023]    In one embodiment of the presently disclosed tourniquet band apparatus a flat, flexible and elongate length of fabric has a pair of longitudinally opposing free ends. the fabric has longitudinal threads extending in mutually parallel positions between the free ends, and woven into the longitudinal threads, lateral threads extending in mutually parallel positions at right angles to the longitudinal threads. Each of the longitudinal threads has a central elastic filament surrounded by a densely-packed but loosely wound bundle of non-elastic filaments. One side of each one of the bundle of non-elastic filaments is positioned in intimate contact with one central elastic filament, thereby forming the smooth surface of the length of fabric. A further side of each one of the bundle of non-elastic filaments is positioned as loops extending away from said central elastic filament, thereby forming the fuzzy surface of the length of fabric. A patch of a hook-type attachment material is fastened to the smooth surface of the fabric wherein the patch is enabled for surface contact fastening with the fuzzy surface side of the fabric, whereby, the band is able to apply compression when coiled about a body part by elastically stretching the band and securing it in the stretched state by engaging at least one of the hook-type patches with the fuzzy surface. The lateral threads may be a serged-chain of non-elastic filaments. The longitudinally oriented threads are extensible by about 150% of their relaxed length. The band is able to exert a hoop stress of 5 psi for each layer of wrap. The central elastic filaments are made of one of polyurethane-polyurea copolymer, commonly known as Lycra or it may be made of natural rubber or other elastic materials. 
         [0024]    Embodiments of the subject apparatus and method have been described herein. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and understanding of this disclosure. Accordingly, other embodiments and approaches are within the scope of the following claims.