Abstract:
An asexually reproduced cultivar of perennial zoysiagrass that possess a unique combination of characteristics including purple anthers and white stigmas, an absence of leaf blade hairs, high turf quality and density, good shade tolerance, salinity tolerance, resistance to Rhizoctonia blight and zoysiagrass mite, moderate resistance to tropical sod webworm and hunting billbug, susceptibility to fall army worm and tawny mole cricket and a distinct DNA fingerprint.

Description:
Botanical classification:  Zoyzia matrella×Zoysia japonica.    
     Variety denomination: ‘Royal’. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to a new and distinct perennial zoysiagrass cultivar identified as ‘Royal zoysiagrass’, referred to herein as ‘Royal’. ‘Royal’ is the result of a natural open pollination of material clone TAES-2175 (e.g., K-151). The seedling progenies from the material line were vegetatively increased and tested in a replicated field trial at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&amp;M University, Dallas, Tex., beginning in 1985. In 1990, several exceptional entries were selected from among the trials, one of which was designated as DALZ9006, which was later named ‘Royal’. The inventive variety exhibits a fine texture typical of  Z. matrella -type clones such as ‘Diamond’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 10,636), ‘Cavalier’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 10,778) and ‘Emerald’ and is useful for home lawns, golf course fairways, tees, green surrounds, recreational sports areas or other applications that involve mowing heights from 1.0 to 5.0 cm. 
     For purposes of registration under the International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (“UPOV”) and noting Section 1612 of the Manual of Plant Examination Procedures, the new variety of zoysiagrass of the present invention is named ‘Royal’. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a new and distinct asexually reproduced variety of perennial zoysiagrass between 1 to 3 years of age ( Zoysia matrella  (L.) Merr)× Z. japonica  Steud.). The variety name is ‘Royal zoysiagrass’ and is characterized by its purple anthers, white stigmas, an absence of leaf blade hairs and high turf quality among other unique characteristics, all of which are maintained when propagated asexually. 
     The novel features which are believed to be characteristic of the invention together with further objects and advantages will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying figures. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     For a more complete understanding of the present invention, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing, in which: 
     FIG. 1 is a photograph of the leaf blade and ligule of ‘Royal’; 
     FIG. 2 is a photograph of the inflorescence of ‘Royal’; and 
     FIG. 3 is a DNA fingerprint of ‘Royal’ as compared to zoysiagrass varieties ‘Meyer’, ‘Emerald’, ‘Crowne’ and ‘Diamond’. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     CHARACTERISTICS 
     ‘Royal’ was characterized in greenhouse and field conditions and is a unique variety of zoysiagrass. Seeds collected from open pollinated maternal clones of the zoysiagrass germplasm nursery were planted, developed into plugs, and established in small field turf plots. ‘Royal’ demonstrated superior biotic and phenotypic characteristics and, thus, propagated by cuttings of stolons and rhizomes by rooting them in soil and expanding the rooted material to provide planting stock. The planting stock was observed for performance characteristics and for comparison of morphological characters after propagation. The inventive variety has been propagated by sod, plugs, sprigs and stolons. Seed reproduction with self-fertility is not common in the Zoysia spp. No seedling establishment from ‘Royal’ has been observed in either greenhouse or field studies. 
     ‘Royal’ is distinguished from other varieties of zoysiagrass by a combination of characteristics including shade tolerance, salinity tolerance, turf quality, resistance to zoysiagrass mite and Rhizoctonia blight (brown patch) and moderate resistance to tropical sod webworm and hunting billbug. ‘Royal’ is closest in phenotypic appearance to the zoysiagrass variety ‘Emerald’ (unpatented). ‘Royal’ generally demonstrates fair-to-good winter hardiness. Further, the inventive variety grows at an intermediate to rapid rate, and exhibits an intermediate water use requirement. ‘Royal’ produces little thatch with an optimum mowing height of 1 to 5 mm. ‘Royal’ generally grows to cover a plot area within 10-12 months of establishment from 7 mm×10 mm plugs planted on 30 mm centers. 
     ‘Royal’ spreads by both rhizome and stolon growth. The stolons have a mean internode length of 23.6 mm between the fourth and fifth nodes, with a mean internode width of 1.21 mm and node diameter of 1.53 mm (Table 1) (Reinert et al., 2002a). Stolons of ‘Royal’ root adventitiously at the nodes. 
     The internode stolon color of ‘Royal’ exposed to full sun is 5R 3/2 ; color notations of plant tissues were based on the Munsell Color Charts for Plant Tissues, Munsell Color, Baltimore, Md., 1977. One of ordinary skill in the art recognizes that color notations are affected by light quality, photoperiod, and general growth of the plant. Measured in full-sun under field conditions in August, 2000, the genetic, adaxial leaf color of ‘Royal’ is 2.5G 4/4 to 2.5G 5/2 as compared to ‘El Toro’ (U.S. Plant Pat No. 5,845), which has a leaf color of 2.5 G 5/2 , and ‘Meyer’ (unpatented), which has a color of 2.5 G 4/2 (Munsell, 1977). 
     The ligule of ‘Royal’ is a row of silky hairs, achieving approximately 1 mm in maximum length. The ligule is illustrated in FIG.  1 . 
     Leaf blades of ‘Royal’ are rolled in the bud, and are flat and stiff. Measurements of the third youngest leaf included a width of 1.36 mm and a length of 8.2 mm (Table 2) (Reinert et al., 2002a), which is significantly narrower and shorter than ‘Meyer’, ‘Crowne’ and ‘El Toro’ varieties. The abaxial/adaxial leaf surfaces lack hairs. Leaf blades are illustrated in FIG.  1 . 
     Measured under greenhouse conditions at Dallas,Tex., January 1996, the flag leaf of ‘Royal’ has a mean length of 5.24 mm. ‘Royal’ has purple anthers and white colored stigmas, undistinguishable in shade of color. The inflorescence is a terminal spike-like raceme, with spikelets on short pedicels (see FIG.  2 ). ‘Royal’ has a mean culm length of 6.7 cm, and an inflorescence length of 22.9 mm with a mean of 27.6 florets per raceme. The raceme is longer than ‘Diamond’ and more similar in length to ‘Crowne’. 
     The somatic chromosome number in ‘Royal’ is 40. 
     ‘Royal’ was entered in the National Turfgrass Evaluation Program, National Zoysiagrass Test-1991 (NTEP-1991) and was evaluated alongside 23 other zoysiagrass genotypes at 22 different geographic locations covering 17 states in the United States. The evaluation period lasted 4 years (1992-1995). In the NTEP-1991 test for the years 1992-1995, ‘Royal’ ranked ninth for the last two years and ninth overall in quality among the zoysiagrass genotypes tested (Table 3) (Morris, 1995b). Further, ‘Royal’ had the best density rating among the entries over the 4-yr evaluation period (Table 4) (Morris, 1993; Morris, 1994a; Morris, 1994b; and Morris 1995a). 
     The Turf Performance Index (TPI) is based on the number of times an entry occurred in the top statistical group, ranked ‘Royal’ in the top grouping 25 times as compared to ‘Cavalier’ (24 top groupings), ‘Emerald’ (23 top groupings) and ‘Diamond’ (22 top groupings). In contrast, the commercial standard varieties, ‘Meyer’ and ‘El Toro’, ranked in the top statistical grouping only 13 and 11 times, respectively. In studies in Griffin, Ga., ‘Royal’ was ranked among the densest turfs having good genetic color (Carrow, 1991; Carrow, 1992). 
     In the NTEP-1991 evaluation, ‘Royal ’ exhibited good shade tolerance as compared to the other zoysiagrasses. Each genotype was planted and evaluated in a shaded site (ca. 90%) under live-oak trees ( Quercus virginiana  Mill.) in Dallas, Tex., on September 1992 (Table 5) (Yamamato and Engelke, 1996). Turf performance characteristics evaluated at the shaded site included; turf quality, turf cover, green cover, color, density and texture. Turf cover was evaluated as a percentage of plot area covered with turf, and the TPI was used to evaluate overall turf quality. In general, the varieties took nearly 9 months to spread and cover at least 50% of the plot area. Thereafter, the ‘Royal’, ‘Crowne’, ‘Emerald’, ‘Zorro’ and ‘Diamond’ varieties increased turf cover to greater than 80%. ‘Royal’ ranked fifth behind ‘Diamond’, ‘Zorro’ and ‘Crowne’ among the 25 entries in the trial. 
     STRESS RESISTANCE 
     The inventive variety exhibits excellent salt tolerance. Under greenhouse conditions in hydroponics tanks, the salinity was gradually increased from zero to 400 mM NaCl. ‘Royal’ sustained a 33.6% leaf-firing injury, which was similar to ‘El Toro’, ‘Emerald’ and ‘Cavalier’ and significantly less than ‘Meyer’, which sustained 54.3% damage (Marcum et al., 1998). 
     ‘Royal’ is resistant to Rhizoctonia blight and zoysiagrass mite and moderately resistant to tropical sod webworm and hunting billbug. Rhizoctonia blight (brown patch) is caused by the fungal pathogen  Rhizoctonia solani  Kühn. ‘Meyer’ and ‘Royal’ (10.8 and 15.8% disease infection, respectively) were among the most resistant to the fungus over a 7-day evaluation period when 24 zoysiagrass genotypes were inoculated under ideal disease conditions with the fungal pathogen in a growth chamber at Dallas, Tex. (Table 7) (Metz et al., 1994). 
     ‘Royal’ is resistant to the zoysiagrass mite  Eriophyes zoysiae  Baker, Kono and O&#39;Neill as compared to ‘Meyer’, ‘Belair’ (unpatented) and many other zoysiagrass genotypes which are very susceptible to the mite (Table 8) (Reinert et al., 1993). This mite has been identified in Maryland, Florida, Texas and other zones of extensive use of zoysiagrass. Under heavy infestation pressure in greenhouse conditions, a mean of 0.2 infested leaves per 5×5 cm plant was observed in the inventive variety. In comparison, ‘Diamond’, ‘Cavalier’, ‘Belair’ and ‘Meyer’ each exhibited greater than 9.4 infested leaves per plant. 
     The inventive variety is susceptible to fall armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda  J. E. Smith) larvae (Reinert and Engelke, unpublished data) and tawny mole cricket ( Scapteriscus vicinus  Scudder) (Braman et al., 1994). 
     ‘Royal’ is moderately resistant to feeding by tropical sod webworm ( Herpetogramma phaeopteralis  Guenée) larvae. The visual rating was 4.6 for the inventive variety as compared to the 1.4 visual rating of ‘Meyer’ (Table 9) (Reinert and Engelke, 2001). The visual rating is determined on a scale of 1-9, with 1=near complete defoliation. Larvae that developed on ‘Royal’ weighed 15.1 mg after 15 days of feeding, which was larger than the 7.2 mg larvae that developed on the most resistant ‘Cavalier’, and one-half the size of larvae that developed on ‘Meyer’ (36.4 mg) (Table 10). Additionally, larvae on ‘Royal’ required 4.4 days longer to develop to adult emergence. 
     ‘Royal’ is moderately resistant to the hunting billbug ( Sphenophorus venatus vestitus  (Chittenden)) in a cage study with eight other zoysiagrasses in Dallas, Tex. (Table 11) (Reinert et al., 2002b). Compared to ‘Meyer’ and ‘Palisades’, which exhibited 44.4 and 45.5% leaf-firing damage of the plant canopy, respectively, ‘Royal’ expressed 20.95% leaf-firing damage. Evaluation of whole plant growth potential (dry weight) indicated that ‘Royal’ sustained a 53.46% reduction as compared to a 70.2%, a 73.9% and a 73.9% reduction for ‘El Toro’, ‘Meyer’ and ‘Palisades’, respectively. The lower the reduction the greater expression of natural plant resistance. 
     DNA FINGERPRINTING 
     Molecular markers have been used widely and successfully for genotyping varieties and species. Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) is one such highly informative marker assay to generate fingerprints of simple and complex species and cultivars. The fingerprints generated for the identification of the cultivar ‘Royal’ as compared to cultivars ‘Emerald’, ‘Meyer’, ‘Diamond’ and ‘Crowne’ used sixty AFLP primer combinations. Of which, the primer combinations that provided the greatest separation included P-AGA/ M-CAA, P-AGA/ M-CCA, P-AGA/ M-CGT and P-AGA/ M-CTC. The latter primer combination, P-AGA/ M-CCT, allowed amplification of signature bands at 320, 300, 300, 320 and 240 base pair lengths (FIG.  3 ). These signature bands are useful to identify and differentiate ‘Royal’ cultivar from other varieties tested. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Rhizome internode length as measured between the fourth and 
               
               
                 fifth nodes, internode diameter of the fourth internode, and node 
               
               
                 diameter of the fourth node of nine Zoysia cultivars. Plants grown in 
               
               
                 sand beds in the field under irrigation during the summer from June 
               
               
                 to September 2000, Dallas, TX. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Internode 
                 Internode 
                 Node 
               
               
                   
                 Cultivar 
                 length (mm) 
                 diameter (mm) 
                 diameter (mm) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 El Toro 
                 43.6 a  1   
                 1.71 a 
                 2.63 a 
               
               
                   
                 Palisades 
                 40.0 ab 
                 1.55 ab 
                 2.48 a 
               
               
                   
                 De Anza 
                 34.5 bc 
                 1.39 bc 
                 1.93 cd 
               
               
                   
                 Crowne 
                 31.7 cd 
                 1.56 ab 
                 2.36 ab 
               
               
                   
                 Cavalier 
                 28.8 cd 
                 1.38 bc 
                 1.88 ed 
               
               
                   
                 Zorro 
                 27.0 cd 
                 1.25 c 
                 1.76 de 
               
               
                   
                 Meyer 
                 26.5 cde 
                 1.54 ab 
                 2.16 bc 
               
               
                   
                 Royal 
                 23.6 de 
                 1.21 c 
                 1.53 e 
               
               
                   
                 Diamond 
                 18.4 e 
                 1.19 c 
                 1.56 e 
               
               
                   
                 LSD 
                  8.1 
                 0.22 
                 0.31 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   1 Mean in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly  different by Fisher&#39;s protected LSD (P = 0.01).  
               
               
                   
                 Data taken from Reinert et al., 2002a.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Leaf blade width and length measured on the third youngest 
               
               
                 leaf of nine Zoysia cultivars. Plants were grown in sand beds in the 
               
               
                 field under irrigation during the summer from June to September 2000, 
               
               
                 Dallas, TX. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Cultivar 
                 Blade width (mm) 
                 Blade length (mm) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 El Toro 
                 3.51 ab 1   
                 10.8 abc 
               
               
                   
                 Palisades 
                 3.16 b 
                  8.5 bcd 
               
               
                   
                 De Anza 
                 1.73 c 
                  6.7 de 
               
               
                   
                 Crowne 
                 3.46 ab 
                 11.1 ab 
               
               
                   
                 Cavalier 
                 1.58 c 
                 10.0 abc 
               
               
                   
                 Zorro 
                 1.35 cd 
                 10.9 ab 
               
               
                   
                 Meyer 
                 3.54 a 
                 12.2 a 
               
               
                   
                 Royal 
                 1.36 cd 
                  8.2 cd 
               
               
                   
                 Diamond 
                 1.09 d 
                   4.4 e 
               
               
                   
                 LSD 
                 0.39 
                  2.7 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   1 Mean in a column followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different by Fisher&#39;s protected LSD (P = 0.01).  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Mean turfgrass quality ratings of 24 zoysiagrass cultivars grown in 
               
               
                 the National Turfgrass Evaluation Program; National Zoysiagrass 
               
               
                 Test-1991 at 22 locations in the United States (1992-1995). 
               
               
                 Turfgrass quality ratings 1-9; 9 ideal turf 1   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Mean 
               
               
                   
                 Overall 
                 Overall 
                 Overall 
                 Overall 
                 Overall 
                 ranking 
               
               
                   
                 mean 
                 mean 
                 mean 
                 mean 
                 mean 
                 1992- 
               
               
                 Variety 
                 1992 
                 1993 
                 1994 
                 1995 
                 1992-95 
                 95 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Cavalier 
                 5.95 
                 6.23 
                 5.89 
                 5.99 
                 5.93 
                 1 
               
               
                 TC 2033 
                 5.85 
                 6.10 
                 6.11 
                 5.96 
                 5.91 
                 2 
               
               
                 Sunburst 
                 5.83 
                 5.91 
                 5.81 
                 5.87 
                 5.85 
                 3 
               
               
                 TC 5018 
                 5.80 
                 5.81 
                 5.92 
                 5.70 
                 5.81 
                 4 
               
               
                 Emerald 
                 5.74 
                 6.21 
                 6.05 
                 5.73 
                 5.79 
                 5 
               
               
                 Omni 
                 5.56 
                 6.13 
                 6.06 
                 5.69 
                 5.73 
                 6 
               
               
                 QT 2004 
                 5.56 
                 6.01 
                 5.86 
                 5.57 
                 5.63 
                 7 
               
               
                 DALZ8508 
                 5.59 
                 6.06 
                 5.74 
                 5.60 
                 5.60 
                 8 
               
               
                 Royal 
                 5.65 
                 6.05 
                 5.59 
                 5.54 
                 5.59 
                 9 
               
               
                 Palisades 
                 5.82 
                 5.82 
                 5.46 
                 5.44 
                 5.59 
                 9 
               
               
                 Crowne 
                 5.80 
                 5.76 
                 5.50 
                 5.45 
                 5.55 
                 11 
               
               
                 El Toro 
                 5.78 
                 5.63 
                 5.34 
                 5.41 
                 5.50 
                 12 
               
               
                 CD 259-13 
                 5.30 
                 5.53 
                 5.74 
                 5.49 
                 5.40 
                 13 
               
               
                 Meyer 
                 5.26 
                 5.70 
                 5.76 
                 5.47 
                 5.39 
                 14 
               
               
                 QT 2047 
                 5.37 
                 5.39 
                 5.26 
                 5.16 
                 5.30 
                 15 
               
               
                 Belair 
                 4.99 
                 5.58 
                 5.61 
                 5.02 
                 5.16 
                 16 
               
               
                 DALZ8516 
                 4.72 
                 5.42 
                 4.96 
                 5.05 
                 4.86 
                 17 
               
               
                 Diamond 
                 4.40 
                 5.03 
                 4.58 
                 4.36 
                 4.41 
                 18 
               
               
                 DALZ8501 
                 4.88 
                 4.31 
                 3.99 
                 4.05 
                 4.27 
                 19 
               
               
                 DALZ8701 
                 4.23 
                 4.10 
                 3.71 
                 3.58 
                 3.85 
                 20 
               
               
                 LSD 
                 0.22 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.17 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 To determine statistical differences among entries, subtract one entry&#39;s mean from another entry&#39;s mean. Statistical differences occur when this value is larger than the corresponding LSD value (P = 0.05).  
               
               
                 Data taken from Morris, 1995b.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Turf performance index for density ratings of the National 
               
               
                 Turfgrass Evaluation Program; National Zoysiagrass Test-1991 
               
               
                 summarized by season for the 4-yr period (1992- 1995). 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Turf Performance Index 1   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Genotype 
                 Spring 
                 Summer 
                 Fall 
                 Total 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Royal 
                 6 
                 10 
                 9 
                 25 
               
               
                   
                 Cavalier 
                 5 
                 10 
                 9 
                 24 
               
               
                   
                 Emerald 
                 7 
                 7 
                 9 
                 23 
               
               
                   
                 DALZ8508 
                 5 
                 9 
                 9 
                 23 
               
               
                   
                 Diamond 
                 5 
                 9 
                 8 
                 22 
               
               
                   
                 Marquis 
                 5 
                 8 
                 9 
                 22 
               
               
                   
                 QT 2004 
                 5 
                 8 
                 7 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                 DALZ8516 
                 3 
                 8 
                 8 
                 19 
               
               
                   
                 Omni 
                 3 
                 7 
                 8 
                 18 
               
               
                   
                 DALZ8501 
                 2 
                 4 
                 7 
                 13 
               
               
                   
                 Meyer 
                 4 
                 5 
                 4 
                 13 
               
               
                   
                 TC 5018 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 Sunburst 
                 3 
                 5 
                 4 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 CD259-13 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 Palisades 
                 3 
                 4 
                 4 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                 El Toro 
                 2 
                 4 
                 5 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                 Belair 
                 3 
                 3 
                 4 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 QT 2047 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                 Crowne 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                 DALZ8701 
                 0 
                 3 
                 3 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 TGS-W10 
                 1 
                 2 
                 2 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 JZ-1 
                 0 
                 3 
                 2 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 TGS-B10 
                 0 
                 2 
                 1 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 Korean Common 
                 0 
                 2 
                 1 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   1 Turf Performance Index is the number of times an entry was rated in the top statistical group.  
               
               
                   
                 Data taken from Morris, 1993; Morris, 1994a; Morris, 1994b; and Morris 1995a  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Turf Performance Index and percent ground cover for the National 
               
               
                 Turfgrass Evaluation Program; National Zoysiagrass Test-1991 
               
               
                 planted under 90% shade at Dallas, TX (1992-1995). 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Entry 
                 TPI 1   
                 % plot cover 
                 Rank 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Diamond 
                 46 
                 93.9 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 DALZ8516 
                 46 
                 93.9 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 DALZ8508 
                 42 
                 85.7 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 Zorro  2   
                 41 
                 83.7 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 Crowne 
                 40 
                 81.6 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 Royal 
                 40 
                 81.6 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 ‘Emerald 
                 40 
                 81.6 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 TC2033 
                 40 
                 81.6 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 Palisades 
                 38 
                 77.6 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                 Cavalier 
                 36 
                 73.5 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 El Toro 
                 32 
                 65.0 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                 DALZ8701 
                 29 
                 59.1 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 CD2013 
                 25 
                 51.0 
                 13 
               
               
                   
                 TGS-W10 3   
                 25 
                 51.0 
                 13 
               
               
                   
                 DALZ8501 
                 24 
                 49.0 
                 15 
               
               
                   
                 Sunburst 
                 23 
                 46.9 
                 16 
               
               
                   
                 TC5018 
                 22 
                 44.9 
                 17 
               
               
                   
                 ITR90-3 
                 19 
                 38.8 
                 18 
               
               
                   
                 Korean Common 3   
                 17 
                 34.7 
                 19 
               
               
                   
                 Belair 
                 16 
                 32.6 
                 21 
               
               
                   
                 Meyer 
                 16 
                 32.6 
                 21 
               
               
                   
                 TGS-B10 3   
                 16 
                 32.6 
                 21 
               
               
                   
                 QT2047 
                 15 
                 30.6 
                 23 
               
               
                   
                 JZ-1#A89  3   
                 13 
                 26.5 
                 24 
               
               
                   
                 CD259-13 
                 11 
                 22.4 
                 25 
               
               
                   
                 QT2004 
                 10 
                 20.4 
                 26 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   1 Turf Performance Index is the number of times an entry was rated in the top statistical group Maximum number of observations = 49.  
               
               
                   
                   2 Evaluated as DALZ9006.  
               
               
                   
                   3  Seeded entry.  
               
               
                   
                 Data taken from Yamamoto and Engelke, 1996.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Salinity tolerance of 59 zoysiagrass genotypes in greenhouse 
               
               
                 Hoagland&#39;s solutions (mean percent salt injury to shoots for 20 rating 
               
               
                 dates) tested at Dallas, TX. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Genotype 
                 Zoysia spp. 1   
                 Mean % injury 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 P9 
                 
                   Z. matrella 
                 
                 32 a  2   
               
               
                   
                 Diamond 
                 
                   Z.  matrella 
                 
                 33 ab 
               
               
                   
                 DALZ8501 
                 
                   Z.  matrella 
                 
                 33 ab 
               
               
                   
                 T38 
                 
                   Z.  matrella 
                 
                 33 ab 
               
               
                   
                 T16 
                 
                   Z.  macrostaychya 
                 
                 33 ab 
               
               
                   
                 T14 
                 
                   Z.  macrostaychya 
                 
                 33 ab 
               
               
                   
                 P47 
                 
                   Z.  matrella 
                 
                 33 abc 
               
               
                   
                 P2 
                 
                   Z.  matrella 
                 
                 33 abc 
               
               
                   
                 DALZ8701 
                 
                   Z.  matrella 
                 
                 35 a-d 
               
               
                   
                 DALZ8508 
                 
                   Z.  matrella 
                 
                 37 a-e 
               
               
                   
                 P58 
                 
                   Z.  sinica 
                 
                 37 a-e 
               
               
                   
                 P49 
                 
                   Z.  sinica 
                 
                 37 a-e 
               
               
                   
                 El Toro 
                 
                   Z.  japonica 
                 
                 38 a-e 
               
               
                   
                 J239 
                 
                   Z.  japonica 
                 
                 38 a-e 
               
               
                   
                 P50 
                 
                   Z.  sinica 
                 
                 39 a-f 
               
               
                   
                 T4 
                 
                   Z.  sinica 
                 
                 40 a-g 
               
               
                   
                 Royal 
                 
                   Z.  matrella 
                 
                 41 a-h 
               
               
                   
                 K227 
                 
                   Z.  matrella 
                 
                 41 a-h 
               
               
                   
                 K12 
                 
                   Z.  matrella 
                 
                 41 a-h 
               
               
                   
                 K245 
                 
                   Z.  japonica 
                 
                 41 a-h 
               
               
                   
                 Emerald 
                 
                   Z.  matrella x Z. pacifica 
                 
                 41 a-h 
               
               
                   
                 Cavalier 
                 
                   Z. matrella 
                 
                 42 a-h 
               
               
                   
                 TC2033 
                 
                   Z.  matrella 
                 
                 42 a-h 
               
               
                   
                 K103 
                 
                   Z. korenia 
                 
                 42 a-h 
               
               
                   
                 QT2047 
                 
                   Z. japonica 
                 
                 42 a-h 
               
               
                   
                 K260 
                 
                   Z.  korenia 
                 
                 43 a-i 
               
               
                   
                 K98 
                 
                   Z. korenia 
                 
                 43 b-i 
               
               
                   
                 J207 
                 
                   Z. tenuifolia 
                 
                 43 b-i 
               
               
                   
                 T44 
                 
                   Z.  sinica 
                 
                 45 c-i 
               
               
                   
                 J222 
                 
                   Z. matrella 
                 
                 45 d-j 
               
               
                   
                 K99 
                 
                   Z.  korenia 
                 
                 46 e-j 
               
               
                   
                 T21 
                 
                   Z. macrostaychya 
                 
                 46 e-k 
               
               
                   
                 Crowne 
                 
                   Z.  japonica 
                 
                 46 ek 2   
               
               
                   
                 Palisades 
                 
                   Z.  japonica 
                 
                 46 e-k 
               
               
                   
                 J225 
                 
                   Z.  matrella 
                 
                 47 e-k 
               
               
                   
                 K246 
                 
                   Z. macrostaychya 
                 
                 49 f-k 
               
               
                   
                 J3-2 
                 
                   Z. japonica 
                 
                 49 f-k 
               
               
                   
                 Belair 
                 
                   Z. japonica 
                 
                 50 f-k 
               
               
                   
                 DALZ8516 
                 
                   Z.  japonica 
                 
                 50 g-m 
               
               
                   
                 Sunburst 
                 
                   Z. japonica 
                 
                 52 h-m 
               
               
                   
                 QT2004 
                 
                   Z.  matrella 
                 
                 54 i-m 
               
               
                   
                 J87-2 
                 
                   Z.  japonica 
                 
                 56 j-n 
               
               
                   
                 ITR90-3 
                 
                   Z.  japonica 
                 
                 56 j-n 
               
               
                   
                 K248 
                 
                   Z.  macrostaychya 
                 
                 57 j-n 
               
               
                   
                 TC5018 
                 
                   Z.  japonica 
                 
                 57 k-n 
               
               
                   
                 Meyer 
                 
                   Z.  japonica 
                 
                 58 l-n 
               
               
                   
                 CD2013 
                 
                   Z.  matrella 
                 
                 59 l-n 
               
               
                   
                 CD259-13 
                 
                   Z.  japonica 
                 
                 60 l-o 
               
               
                   
                 K254 
                 
                   Z. matrella 
                 
                 61 m-o 
               
               
                   
                 JS10-3 
                 
                   Z. japonica 
                 
                 66 n-p 
               
               
                   
                 TGS-W10 
                 
                   Z. japonica 
                 
                 66 n-p 
               
               
                   
                 K241 
                 
                   Z. japonica 
                 
                 71 o-q 
               
               
                   
                 JS23 
                 
                   Z. japonica 
                 
                 73 pq 
               
               
                   
                 J94-5 
                 
                   Z. japonica 
                 
                 73 pq 
               
               
                   
                 TGS-B10 
                 
                   Z. japonica 
                 
                 73 pq 
               
               
                   
                 K157 
                 
                   Z.  japonica 
                 
                 74 pq 
               
               
                   
                 Korean Common 
                 
                   Z.  japonica 
                 
                 76 pq 
               
               
                   
                 JZ-1 
                 
                   Z.  japonica 
                 
                 79 q 
               
               
                   
                 K162 
                 
                   Z. japonica 
                 
                 81 q 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   1 Species identity is sometimes an estimate.  
               
               
                   
                   2  Means with the same letter are not significantly different by Waller-Duncan k-ratio t test (k- = 100) (P = 0.05).  
               
               
                   
                 Data taken from Marcum et al., 1994.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Resistance to Rhizoctonia blight (caused by  Rhizoctonia solani ) 
               
               
                 among zoysiagrasses in a laboratory study, Dallas. TX. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   Textural 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Cultivar 
                 class 1   
                 Mean % infection 2   
                 Mean recovery 3   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CD2013 
                 3 
                 100.0 a 4   
                 1.0 a 
               
               
                 Korean common 
                 4 
                  77.8 b 
                 1.9 b 
               
               
                 Crown 
                 4 
                  76.7 b 
                 2.0 bc 
               
               
                 DALZ8701 
                 3 
                  73.0 bc 
                 2.5 def 
               
               
                 Sunburst 
                 4 
                  70.0 bcd 
                 2.3 cde 
               
               
                 Belair 
                 4 
                  67.5 bcd 
                 1.3 a 
               
               
                 GT2047 
                 4 
                  64.2 bcd 
                 2.2 bcd 
               
               
                 JZ1A89-1 
                 3 
                  60.8 cd 
                 1.3 a 
               
               
                 GT2004 
                 3 
                  57.5 cde 
                 2.2 bcd 
               
               
                 DALZ8501 
                 1 
                  55.8 def 
                 2.3 cde 
               
               
                 CD259-13 
                 4 
                  53.3 d-g 
                 2.2 bcd 
               
               
                 TC5018 
                 4 
                  42.5 e-h 
                 2.3 cde 
               
               
                 TGS-W10 
                 4 
                  38.3 e-h 
                 2.2 bcd 
               
               
                 El Toro 
                 4 
                  37.5 ghi 
                 2.7 efg 
               
               
                 Emerald 
                 3 
                  36.2 ghi 
                 2.3 cde 
               
               
                 Palisades 
                 4 
                  35.0 hi 
                 2.5 def 
               
               
                 TGS-B10 
                 4 
                  34.2 hi 
                 2.0 bc 
               
               
                 DALZ8508 
                 2 
                  32.5 hij 
                 2.8 fg 
               
               
                 DALZ8516 
                 2 
                  30.0 hij 
                 2.8 fg 
               
               
                 TC2033 
                 3 
                  29.2 hij 
                 2.7 efg 
               
               
                 Diamond 
                 1 
                  26.7 h-k 
                 3.0 g 
               
               
                 Cavalier 
                 3 
                  20.0 ijk 
                 2.3 cde 
               
               
                 Royal 
                 3 
                  15.8 jk 
                 2.5 def 
               
               
                 Meyer 
                 2 
                  10.8 k 
                 3.0 g 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 Textural class of zoysiagrass: 1 = short, narrow leaves; 2 = short, wide leaves; 3 = long, narrow leaves; 3 = long, wide leaves.  
               
               
                   2 Mean foliar blighting percentages from a growth chamber inoculation with  Rhizoctonia solani  under heavy disease pressure.  
               
               
                   3 Indicates cultivars recovery from disease and regrowth of leaf tissue in a greenhouse environment, where 3 = best recovery; and 1 = worst recovery.  
               
               
                   4 Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different by Waller-Duncan k-ratio t test   (k = 100) (P = 0.05). Only selected means are presented.  
               
               
                 Data taken from Metz, 1994.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Mean number of mite-damaged leaves per zoysiagrass plant in a 
               
               
                 greenhouse study infested with high populations of zoysiagrass mite 
               
               
                 ( Eriophyes zoysia ) (18 reps.). 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Leaves with symptoms/plant 1,2   
               
               
                   
                 (date of evaluation) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Leaf texture 
                   
                   
                 Mean for 
               
               
                 Cultivar 
                 class 
                 3 Apr. 1992 
                 24 Apr. 1992 
                 combined dates 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Royal 
                 3 
                  0.2 a 
                   0.2 a 
                   0.2 a 
               
               
                 DALZ8508 
                 2 
                  0.7 b 
                 0.6 ab 
                  0.6 b 
               
               
                 DALZ8516 
                 2 
                  1.8 d 
                 0.3 ab 
                  1.0 b 
               
               
                 Emerald 
                 3 
                  1.3 bc 
                 0.9 b 
                  1.1 b 
               
               
                 DALZ8501 
                 1 
                  1.4 cd 
                 2.6 c 
                  2.0 c 
               
               
                 Crowne 
                 4 
                  5.4 ef 
                 2.3 c 
                  3.9 d 
               
               
                 El Toro 
                 4 
                  5.6 ef 
                 2.8 c 
                  4.2 d 
               
               
                 TC2033 
                 2 
                  4.4 e 
                 4.3 d 
                  4.4 d 
               
               
                 Palisades 
                 4 
                  7.5 fg 
                 4.0 cd 
                  5.8 e 
               
               
                 CD2031 
                 2 
                  7.6 gh 
                 7.9 e 
                  7.8 f 
               
               
                 Diamond 
                 1 
                  7.8 gh 
                 9.4 ef 
                  8.6 g 
               
               
                 DALZ8701 
                 1 
                  9.3 h 
                 9.4 ef 
                  9.4 g 
               
               
                 Cavalier 
                 3 
                  9.1 h 
                 9.8 ef 
                  9.5 g 
               
               
                 Meyer 
                 2 
                  9.9 h 
                 9.9 ef 
                  9.9 g 
               
               
                 Belair 
                 2 
                 10.0 h 
                 9.9 f 
                  9.9 g 
               
               
                 JZ-1 
                 4 
                 10.0 h 
                 9.9 f 
                 10.0 g 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 Number of mite infested leaves per plant (&gt;10 = 10). Infested recognized as rolled leaf or hooked leaf tip.  
               
               
                   2 Data transformed using LOG(N+0.5) for analysis. Means in a column followed the same letter are not significantly different by Waller-Duncan k-ratio t test (k = 100) (P = 0.05).  
               
               
                 Data taken from Reinert et al., 1993.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Visual damage evaluation of zoysiagrass, Zoysia spp. genotypes as an 
               
               
                 indication of resistance to the tropical sod webworm,  Herpetogramma   
               
               
                   phaeopteralis  in greenhouse tests at Dallas, TX (16 reps. 1 ). 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Zoysiagrass Genotype 
                 Visual Damage 1   
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 DALZ8501 
                 7.4 a 2   
               
               
                   
                 Cavalier 
                 7.0 a 
               
               
                   
                 JZ-1 
                 6.6 ab 
               
               
                   
                 CD259-13 
                 5.7 bc 
               
               
                   
                 Crowne 
                 5.6 bcd 
               
               
                   
                 Emerald 
                 5.5 bcd 
               
               
                   
                 DALZ8508 
                 5.3 cd 
               
               
                   
                 DALZ8701 
                 5.0 cd 
               
               
                   
                 CD2031 
                 4.8 cd 
               
               
                   
                 Royal 
                 4.6 d 
               
               
                   
                 TC5018 
                 4.5 de 
               
               
                   
                 Sunburst 2   
                 4.5 de 
               
               
                   
                 Diamond 
                 3.5 fg 
               
               
                   
                 Belair 
                 3.5 fg 
               
               
                   
                 El Toro 
                 3.1 g 
               
               
                   
                 Palisades  2   
                 3.1 g 
               
               
                   
                 TC2033 
                 2.5 g 
               
               
                   
                 Meyer 
                 1.4 h 
               
               
                   
                 DALZ8516 
                 1.2 h 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   1 Worm damage ratings 1 to 9; 1 = near complete defoliation, 9 = no damage.  
               
               
                   
                   2 Only 5 replicates were evaluated for Sunburst and Palisades.  
               
               
                   
                   3 Means in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different by Waller-Duncan k-ratio t test (k = 100) (P = 0.05).  
               
               
                   
                 Data taken from Reinert and Engelke, 2001.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Resistance to tropical sod webworm,  Herpetogramma phaeopteralis , in 
               
               
                 zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.): survival, larval and pupa weight and 
               
               
                 development time in laboratory no-choice study, Dallas, TX. 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 15-day-old-larvae 
                 Pupa 
               
             
          
           
               
                      Zoysiagrass 
                 Alive 
                 Wt 
                 Alive 
                 wt 
                 Days to 
               
               
                 genotype 
                 (%) 1   
                 (mg) 2   
                 (%) 1   
                 (mg) 3   
                 to pupa 4   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Cavalier 
                  60.0 
                 7.2 ab 5   
                 40.0 
                 30.6 h 
                 31.0 a 
               
               
                 Korean Common 
                 53.3 
                 6.3 a 
                 46.7 
                 34.9 ef 
                 29.6 a 
               
               
                 E1 Toro 
                 80.0 
                 6.9 a 
                 66.7 
                 37.S de 
                 27.5 b 
               
               
                 DALZ8501 
                 60.0 
                 7.5 ab 
                 60.0 
                 32.0 gh 
                 27.1 bc 
               
               
                 Palisades 
                 73.3 
                 10.0 abc 
                 73.3 
                 42.1 abc 
                 25.6 cd 
               
               
                 JZ-1 
                 86.7 
                 14.2 abc 
                 80.0 
                 34.0 fg 
                 24.3 de 
               
               
                 DALZ8508 
                 86.7 
                 10.7 abc 
                 80.0 
                 36.8 def 
                 24.8 de 
               
               
                 Belair 
                 86.3 
                 15.0 bc 
                 80.0 
                 44.3 a 
                 23.6 ef 
               
               
                 Crowne 
                 80.0 
                 15.6 c 
                 73.3 
                 37.3 de 
                 24.3 de 
               
               
                 Royal 
                 86.7 
                 15.1 bc 
                 73.3 
                 37.8 de 
                 24.2 de 
               
               
                 Emerald 
                 73.3 
                 17.1 c 
                 40.0 
                 41.2 bc 
                 22.4 f 
               
               
                 Diamond 
                 86.3 
                 37.5 d 
                 86.7 
                 36.8 ef 
                 19.7 g 
               
               
                 Meyer 
                 93.3 
                 36.4 d 
                 93.3 
                 43.4 ab 
                 19.4 g 
               
               
                 DALZ8516 
                 100 
                 41.0d 
                 100 
                 39.8 cd 
                 19.1 g 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                  Zoysiagrass 
                  Adult 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                      genotype 
                  Alive (%) 1   
                 Days to adult 4   
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Cavalier 
                 33.3 
                 39.4 a 
               
               
                   
                 Korean Common 
                 46.7 
                 38.4 ab 
               
               
                   
                 E1 Toro 
                 66.7 
                 36.7 bc 
               
               
                   
                 DALZ8501 
                 60.0 
                 36.2 c 
               
               
                   
                 Palisades 
                 66.7 
                 35.3 cd 
               
               
                   
                 JZ-1 
                 60.0 
                 33.9 de 
               
               
                   
                 DALZ8508 
                 73.3 
                 33.4 e 
               
               
                   
                 Belair 
                 66.7 
                 33.0 ef 
               
               
                   
                 Crowne 
                 66.7 
                 33.0 ef 
               
               
                   
                 Royal 
                 53.3 
                 32.9 ef 
               
               
                   
                 Emerald 
                 40.0 
                 31.3 f 
               
               
                   
                 Diamond 
                 86.6 
                 28.9 g 
               
               
                   
                 Meyer 
                 86.6 
                 28.6 g 
               
               
                   
                 DALZ8516 
                 93.3 
                 28.5 g 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   1 Mean percentage of larvae alive at 15 day after agg hatch, at pupation and at adult emergence.  
               
               
                   
                   2 Mean weight of surviving larvae after feeding on each genotype for 15 days.  
               
               
                   
                   3 Mean pupa weight for only individuals that pupated (weight taken with 1 day of pupation).  
               
               
                   
                   4 Mean number of days from egg hatch to pupation and adult emergence for larvae on each grass  
               
               
                   
                   5 Means in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different by Waller-Duncan      k-ratio t test (k = 100) (P = 0.05).  
               
               
                   
                 Data taken from Reinert and Engelke, 2001.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Resistance among zoysiagrass cultivars to larval feeding by 
               
               
                 the hunting billbug ( Sphenophorus venatus vestitus ), 
               
               
                 Dallas, TX (June-September 2000). 
               
               
                 Plant response 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Plant canopy damage 
                 Total plant mass 
               
               
                 Cultivar 
                 Species 1   
                 % leaf-firing 2   
                 % reduction  3   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Diamond 
                 
                   Zm 
                 
                  6.08 a 4   
                 26.29 a 
               
               
                 Zorro 
                 
                   Zm 
                 
                  9.76 ab 
                 35.72 ab 
               
               
                 Cavalier 
                 
                   Zm 
                 
                 27.58 bc 
                 48.89 bc 
               
               
                 Royal 
                 
                   Zm 
                 
                 20.95 abc 
                 53.46 cd 
               
               
                 Crowne 
                 
                   Zj 
                 
                 40.55 cd 
                 65.42 de 
               
               
                 De Anza 
                 
                   Zj 
                 
                 21.90 abc 
                 68.64 de 
               
               
                 El Toro 
                 
                   Zj 
                 
                 24.93 abc 
                 70.24 e 
               
               
                 Meyer 
                 
                   Zj 
                 
                 44.38 d 
                 73.90 e 
               
               
                 Palisades 
                 
                   Zj 
                 
                 45.49 d 
                 76.10 e 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   1 
                   Zm = Zoysia matrella; Zj = Z. japonica.  
                 
               
               
                   2  Leaf-firing was considered as an above ground symptom expression of the root feeding damage by billbug larvae. Plants were ranked on a scale of 1-9, 1 = severe leaf firing, 9 = no leaf firing. The % damage = [(check − treatment) / check] × 100.  
               
               
                   3 % reduction for cultivar = [(amount in check) − (amount in treatment) / check] × 100.  
               
               
                   4  Means in a column not followed by the same letter are significantly different by LSD test (P &lt; 0.05).  
               
               
                 Data from Reinert et al., 2002b.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure of the present composition of matter may be utilized according to the present invention. Accordingly, the appended claim is intended to include within its scope such compositions. 
     REFERENCES 
     Patents 
     U.S. Plant Pat. No. 5,845 
     U.S. Plant Pat. No. 11,570 
     U.S. Plant Pat. No. 10,778 
     U.S. Plant Pat. No. 10,636 
     U.S. Plant Pat. No. 10,187 
     Publications 
     Braman, S. K., A. F. Pendley, R. N. Carrow and M. C. Engelke. 1994. Potential resistance in zoysiagrasses to the tawny mole crickets (Orthoptera:Gryllotalpidae) FL Entomol. 77(3): 301-305. 
     Carrow, R. N. 1991. Zoysiagrass performance, water use, and rooting as affected by traffic and nitrogen. USGA Annu. Rep., Univ. of GA., Griffin, Ga. 5p. 1 table. 
     Carrow, R. N. 1992. Zoysiagrass performance, water use, and rooting as affected by traffic and nitrogen. USGA Annu. Rep., Univ. of GA, Griffin, Ga. 18 p. 11 tables. 
     Marcum, K. B., S. J. Anderson and M. C. Engelke. 1998. Salt gland ion secretion: A salinity tolerance mechanism among five zoysiagrass species. Crop. Sci. 38: 806-810. 
     Metz, S. P., P. F. Colbaugh and M. C. Engelke. 1994a. Rhizoctonia blight on inoculated zoysiagrasses. APS BCT Test Data 9: 158. 
     Morris, K. 1993. National zoysiagrass test—1991, Progress report 1992. Nat. Turfgrass Eval. Prog. USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Md. NTEP No.  93-4: 32  p. 
     Morris, K. 1994a. National zoysiagrass test—1991, Progress report 1993. Nat. Turfgrass Eval. Prog. USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Md. NTEP No. 94-5: 54 p. 
     Morris, K. 1994b. National zoysiagrass test—1991, Progress report 1994. Nat. Turfgrass Eval. Prog. USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Md. NTEP No. 95-8: 66 p. 
     Morris, K. 1995a. National zoysiagrass test—1991, Progress report 1995. Nat. Turfgrass Eval. Prog. USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Md. NTEP No. 96-6: 54 p. 
     Morris, K. 1995b. National zoysiagrass test—1991, Final report 1992-95. Nat. Turfgrass Eval. Prog. USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Md. NTEP No. 96-15: 101 p. 
     Munsell Color Service. 1977. Munsell soil and plant tissue chart. GretagMacbeth, New Windsor, N.Y. 
     Reinert, J. A. and M. C. Engelke. 2001. Resistance in zoysiagrass, Zoysia spp., to the tropical sod webworm,  Herpetogramma phaeopteralis  Guenee. Int. Turfgrass Soc. Res. J. 9: 798-801. 
     Reinert, J. A., M. C. Engelke, J. E. McCoy, D. L. Hays, D. Genovesi and J. J. Heitholt. 2002a. Growth characteristics of nine Zoysia cultivars. (unpublished manuscript). 
     Reinert, J. A., M. C. Engelke, J. E. McCoy, D. L. Hays and J. J. Heitholt. 2002b. Resistance in zoysiagrass ( Zoysia matrella ) to the hunting billbug ( Sphenophorus venatus vestitus ). (unpublished manuscript). 
     Reinert, J. A., M. C. Engelke, and S. J. Morton. 1993. Zoysiagrass resistance to the zoysiagrass mite,  Eriophyes zoysiae  (Acari: Eriopyidae). Int. Turfgrass Soc. Res. J. 7: 349-352. 
     White, R. H., M. C. Engelke, S. J. Morton and B. A. Ruemmele. 1993. Irrigation water requirement of zoysiagrass. Int. Turfgrass Soc. Res. J. 7: 587-593. 
     Yamamoto, I. and M. C. Engelke. 1996. 1996 update of zoysiagrass performance under 90% shade conditions. TX Turfgrass Res.-1996. Consolidated Prog. Rep. TURF-96-11: 65-72.