Abstract:
An apparatus, system and method of detecting contaminants, such as melamine, in at least one ingestible item. The apparatus, system and method may include a disposable notched probe having therein at least one send and one receive fiber optic, or electrical, or heat source, and a reactant associated with said disposable notched probe, wherein a reaction of the reactant with at least a portion of the ingestible item indicates, to the consumer user, a presence of a contaminant.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/201,294, filed Dec. 8, 2008, entitled “Detection Of Melamine Fluorescent Derivatives”, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/209,236, filed Mar. 4, 2009, entitled “Apparatus, System And Method For Consumer Detection Of Contaminants In Food Stuffs”, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein as if each set forth herein in their entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    The present invention is directed to chemical testing, and, more specifically, to an apparatus, system and method for consumer detection of contaminants in food stuffs. 
         [0004]    2. Description of the Background 
         [0005]    Melamine is a symmetrical triaminotriazine and a known item of industrial chemical commerce. Illustrated in  FIG. 1 , melamine is commonly used in the manufacture of waterborne resins that are crosslinked to form Melamine-formaldehyde binder resins for, for example, countertop and flooring laminates, adhesives, dinnerware and many other products. 
         [0006]    Melamine has also been investigated as a nitrogen source for plants, and agricultural animals such as cattle. In general, such fertilizer and dietary applications have not been successful due to the relatively slow breakdown of melamine in plants and animals. Due to the low water solubility, precipitation from biological fluids has been observed, leading to kidney stones and renal toxicity in humans. 
         [0007]    There has recently been an unfortunate use of melamine by unscrupulous suppliers of animal feeds and human baby formula products as an additive in their products to raise the analyzed Nitrogen content, and thereby the implied protein content, of these food products. Responsive to these unscrupulous inclusions of melamine, toxic kidney reactions have been observed, leading to deaths in both pediatric and veterinary practice. 
         [0008]    However, the ability to test for the presence of melamine has, to date, been limited. For the most part, current melamine testing is forensic or industrial in nature, and consequently most melamine testing apparatuses consist of large, inconvenient equipment that does not lend itself to testing outside of governmental and/or laboratory facilities. 
         [0009]    There is a need therefore for a fast, simple, inexpensive, and most preferably hand held analytical device that is specific to the detection of Melamine and other contaminants at low levels, and that does not require the transportation of samples to external laboratories. To address this need, the present invention includes a detection device, system and method based on UV/fluorescence spectroscopy of derivatized melamines. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0010]    The present invention includes an apparatus, system and method of detecting contaminants, such as Melamine, in at least one ingestible item. The apparatus, system and method may include a disposable notched probe having therein at least one send and one receive fiber optic, or electrical, or heat source, and a reactant associated with said disposable notched probe, wherein a reaction of the reactant with at least a portion of the ingestible item indicates, to the consumer user, a presence of a contaminant. 
         [0011]    More specifically, melamine detection may include the steps of derivitizing the at least on ingestible item with an aromatic aldehyde, and detecting a spectroscopic variation indicative of Melamine presence in a reaction product of the derivitizing. 
         [0012]    Thus, the present invention provides a fast, simple, inexpensive, and most preferably hand held analytical device that is specific to the detection of Melamine and other contaminants at low levels, and that does not require the transportation of samples to external laboratories. 
     
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0013]    The present invention will be described in conjunction with the following figures, wherein like numerals denote like aspects of the invention, and wherein: 
           [0014]      FIG. 1  illustrates a melamine chemical compound; 
           [0015]      FIG. 2  illustrates a melamine reaction with aromatic aldehydes; 
           [0016]      FIG. 3  illustrates exemplary aromatic aldehyde compounds; 
           [0017]      FIG. 4  illustrates the resulting chemical compounds from the reaction of melamine with the aromatic aldehydes of  FIG. 3 ; 
           [0018]      FIG. 5  illustrates a melamine—phthalic anhydride condensation; 
           [0019]      FIG. 6  illustrates a melamine reactive surface derivitization; 
           [0020]      FIGS. 7A and 7B  illustrate a fiber-optic probe; and 
           [0021]      FIG. 8  illustrates a notched fiber-optic probe. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0022]    It is to be understood that the figures and descriptions of the present invention have been simplified to illustrate elements that are relevant for a clear understanding of the present invention, while eliminating, for the purposes of clarity, many other elements found in typical chemical detection apparatuses, systems and methods. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that other elements are desirable and/or required in order to implement the present invention. However, because such elements are well known in the art, and because they do not facilitate a better understanding of the present invention, a discussion of such elements is not provided herein. 
         [0023]    Melamine is known to react rapidly and cleanly with aldehydes. This rapid Mannich type reaction with formaldehyde is the basis for the wide application in thermoset resins. Thus the present invention includes a device based on the rapid derivitization of Melamine with aromatic aldehydes to give reaction products with extended conjugation and unique spectroscopic properties. In particular the di and tri condensation products are materials with extended conjugation that will offer differentiable spectroscopic properties with low degrees of interference from other aryl amine analyates. Examples of these reactions are discussed immediately hereinbelow. 
         [0024]    A Melamine-Aromatic Aldehyde reaction, as illustrated in  FIG. 2 , yields the corresponding di and tri imines that, in particular, yield unique absorbtion/fluorescence spectra. These structures are sufficiently unique to isolate them spectroscopically for interferences with other pyridine and pyrimidene derivatives. 
         [0025]    This reaction is particularly of interest in the case where the aromatic aldehyde is taken from the list of: benzaldehyde, substituted benzaldehydes, such as 2 and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde, 2 and 4-methylbenzaldehyde, 2 and 4-methoxy and alkoxybenzaldehydes. As shown in  FIG. 3 , the derivatives arising from reaction with furfural are also of interest in that the spectroscopic properties of these derivatives will be unique. Examples of the resulting structures are shown in  FIG. 4 . 
         [0026]    As another approach to unique Melamine derivatives, the known reaction of Melamine with cyclic aromatic anhydrides, such as phthalic anhydride, may be invoked. The product of this reaction and condensation produces a product with an extended ring structure and unique UV/Visible absorbance spectra. This condensation is shown in  FIG. 5 . 
         [0027]    Also of interest are structures comprising anhydrides bound to surfaces, such as maleic or citraconic anhydrides copolymerized with other acrylic monomers to form a surface with pendant anhydride groups. On treatment with Melamine-containing samples, initial binding of one of the amino groups of the triazine to the surface is easily achieved. The subsequent reaction of the remaining groups with Phthalic Anhydride to yield a spectrscopically unique derivative bound to the surface leads to facile analysis of the surface coated cell. The stepwise reaction is illustrated in  FIG. 6 . In this case, the surface binding reaction is confined to one Melamine reactive site due to steric hindrance, leaving the remaining amines to be reacted with the anhydride. 
         [0028]    Each of the aforementioned reactions, as discussed hereinabove, results in a detectable spectroscopic event. In preferred embodiments, such spectroscopic events would be detected using a portable, consumer-centric apparatus for detection even after purchase. 
         [0029]    For example,  FIGS. 7A and 7B  illustrated exemplary, fiber-optic based probes for use in the present invention. The illustrated probes may include, for example, plastic-based probes, which may be similar to, for example, known glucose probes, threaded with fiber optics capable of detecting the aforementioned spectroscopic event. In order to create the reactive surface capable of generating the spectroscopic event, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the plastic of the probe may be doped with an agent that is reactive with melamine, such as, for example, tin or chrome. 
         [0030]    As illustrated in  FIG. 8 , the fiber optics may be on opposing sides of the probe, such as in a send and receive arrangement, particularly in embodiments wherein a notch is placed in the probe such as optically centered between the send and receive aspects of the probe. The probes may, for example, be sheathed, such as in an aluminum sheathing. The sheathing may be electrically, rather than optically, employed, such as by providing an ultrasonic, RF, AC, and/or DC sourcing, such as to test electrical properties of a subject under test. For example, an ultrasonic quartz, or similar electrical, model may enable the fluorescence of certain reactants, such as salmonella. Further, for example, electrically, a wheatstone bridge type arrangement may be created, such as to allow for testing of conductivity/resistivity of, for example, liquids, such as milk. Through such testing, the presence of electrically detectable materials in a subject under test, such as dioxins, may be detected. 
         [0031]    Likewise, heat may be provided to a subject under test, such as via the aforementioned electrical sourcing. Thereby, heat-activated reactants may be detected via the use of the present invention. Further, by providing heat, controlled reactants may be timed-released into a sample such as wherein pellets are provided and melted by the heat source to perform a controlled release. Thus, the present invention may include reactant liquids or pellets for testing using the probe of the present invention. Additionally, the probe or reactants could be encapsulated, and, once the encapsulation seal is broken, friction can occur and the probe tip may be moistened with a reactant. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, various encapsulation methods may be employed, such as micro or nano encapsules, reactant dispensers, or multiple encapsules to provide multiple reactants, wherein the probe may be frictionally passed through the multiple reactants prior to, or during, use. 
         [0032]    Thus, the present detection apparatus and system may provide reaction detection, such as via chromatography and/or spectroscopy, to alert a user of the presence of a dangerous reactant, such as melamine. The present device may be a simplistic device, such as with inexpensive, disposable plastic probes as discussed hereinthroughout, and the testing in the present invention may thus be constituted simply by a review of peak intensity to assess the presence of threshold concentrations of particular reactants. 
         [0033]    The present device may provide a readily understandable result for a non-scientific, consumer user. Thus, for example, the detector may simply detect a threshold concentration of a reactant in a subject under test, and accordingly provide simply a “YES” or “NO” answer as to the presence of the reactant under test. Needless to say, the threshold concentration sought is most preferably correspondent to a threshold level for a dangerous concentration of the reactant under test. 
         [0034]    For example, the present invention may, with respect to melamine, detect concentrations as low as ½ part per million. However, the threshold sought with respect to melamine may be corresponded to that set forth by the Food and Drug Administration as constituting a dangerous melamine concentration, namely 2 parts per million. Thus, for any concentration of melamine higher than 2 parts per million, the present invention may provide a simple indication, such as a light, word, letter, symbol, or the like, to alert the user of the dangerous level of melamine in the subject under test. 
         [0035]    Those skilled in the art will appreciate, in light of the disclosure hereinabove, that the aforementioned and various other detection methodologies and devices are suitable for use in the present invention. Such devices may detect the dispersion of the detected subject&#39;s light into component colors, energies, and wavelengths, and/or may detect modification of the physical properties of the detected subject by inference, such as through detection of temperature, mass, luminosity and/or composition, for example.