Abstract:
A specialized tool is provided for the removal of components in a microwave module in which a fixed tool having a channeled tip is positioned adjacent the component to be removed, with hot gas from the channeled tip melting the epoxy or solder and with the module forced against the fixed tool to remove it.

Description:
STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTEREST 
   The invention described herein was made under Contract No. F33657-00-C-0020 with the Government of the United States of America and may be manufactured and used by and for the Government of the United States of America for Governmental purposes without the payment of any royalties thereon or therefore. 

   FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   This invention relates to reworking a microwave electronic part and more particularly to a method and apparatus for quickly removing the damaged component without collateral damage to the remainder of the microwave module. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   Microwave electronic parts come in modular form in which a number of electronic circuits and components are housed within the walls of a module, which is usually made of metal, plated typically, with gold. 
   Inside the housing are located a number of electronic components which can be microwave integrated circuits or individual components, which are typically attached to a substrate using epoxies, most notably silver epoxies, which soften at various temperatures. It is characteristic of these epoxies that they have glass transition temperature, above which they soften and are more readily sheared. 
   These modules, which range in cost between $3,000.00 and $100,000.00, are costly enough such that reworking the modules due to failed components is a priority. In the past, reworking involved the utilization of a chisel and a ball peen hammer in which the faulty component was chiseled off of the substrate. This process took between 30 minutes and a number of hours depending on the complexity of the circuit and the close tolerances involved. Oftentimes rework resulted in collateral damage in which nearby components were damaged by the chiseling and the debris caused by hammering of the chisel into the circuit. The result in some cases is that not only was the originally damaged component removed, but it was oftentimes necessary to remove large portions of the microwave circuitry due to the damage caused by the chiseling in the attempt to rework the module to remove and replace the failed components. 
   Note that in general, silver epoxy is used for the attachment of semiconductor devices to aluminum and titanium housings and that it was found that a four-ounce ball peen hammer with miniature scalpel blades having chisel-type surgical tips was the preferable way to rework these microwave components. 
   Note that an additional problem with regard to the removal of the components is the fact that oftentimes the component to be removed is adjacent an isolation wall such that getting a chisel behind the component is often impeded by the presence of the isolation wall. 
   In a typical prior operation, the module is fixtured in a small vise and positioned underneath a microscope to allow the operator to target or identify the device needing rework. Thereafter, while working under the microscope, the operator would position her chisel on the device and hack the device into thousands of small pieces, which would scatter and litter about the module. Note that the vice was manually positioned and held in place with one hand of the operator, who would hold the vise and the chisel in the same hand to maintain the device in position under the microscope while the operation was performed. 
   This of course is not only an awkward way of removing the damaged device but also requires great skill in order to be able to hold the chisel and the vise with one hand and hold the hammer in the other hand, all the while peering through the microscope. 
   Very often the collateral damage not only resulted in the destruction of adjacent devices but also damage to the underlying substrate or housing, which could be gouged severely during the chiseling operation. In such cases it is necessary to scrap the housing and module altogether. Thus, during the rework process it was oftentimes the case that the modules were so severely damaged that the $3,000.00 to $100,000.00 module needed to be replaced with a new module. 
   It was therefore readily apparent that there was a need for a device that was more surgical in nature, that would result in minimal collateral damage, and would result in a removal of the identified component, oftentimes in seconds as opposed to 30 minutes or more. 
   SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
   Rather than utilizing a chisel and a ball peen hammer to mechanically abrade away the defective component, in the subject invention the temperature at the defective component is elevated above its glass transition temperature to reduce the amount of force required to shear the device from its substrate. In order to do so, the tool devised is equipped with a channel used to deliver heated gas directly onto the device under rework, while at the same time avoiding heating adjacent components and causing thermal damage. In one embodiment, the channel runs the length of the tool and is intended for the delivery of heated nitrogen to the defective device. 
   The module itself in one embodiment is heated by a heated platen on which it rests so that the heat necessary need only be ten degrees greater than the heat of the platen and thus the ambient temperature of the module. This permits applied heat to be confined to an extremely small region, that occupied only by the component in question. 
   After the component has been heated, with the tool itself fixed and adjacent one edge of the component to be removed, the entire platen with microwave module fixed thereto is moved against the tool. To move the module, one edge of the platen is provided with a stop that butts against one portion of the microwave module. Thus when the platen and stop are moved, the component to be removed moves against the fixed tool. Because the epoxy is softened, the component to be removed is sheared from the substrate by the co-action of one edge of the component with the fixed tool. 
   In one embodiment, the tool back is relieved so that the tool can be inserted downwardly between a component to be removed and an adjacent isolation wall. This accommodates the close tolerances between components and adjacent walls. 
   The relief on the tool is necessary to allow for access into microwave modules that are heavily channelized and have multiple isolation walls. It is noted that components in microwave modules will often be very near these isolation walls which inhibits access to the damaged component. Thus the relief in the tool enables one to reach between the component and the isolation wall in order to effect a shear force on the component to be removed. 
   In one embodiment, the shear force is generated by means of a rotary lead screw that the operator actuates. One literally drives the device under rework and the entire heated platen into the shear tool, which is stationary. When the component is pushed against the stationary sheer tool, a force is exerted and the epoxy yields to the shear force. 
   The result is that in typical micro-electronic components which use passive elements such as capacitors and active components such as MIMICs and other silicon integrated circuits, the damaged components can be removed in seconds or at most five minutes, whereas with the aforementioned ball peen hammer and chisel approach, the removal could take 30 minutes or more. 
   Thus, while the subject technique results in virtually no collateral damage, the process can be done in an order of magnitude less time. Not only does the subject system result in a reduced rework time, but also collateral damage is virtually eliminated. This likewise eliminates the necessity of replacing a part damaged by the prior ball peen hammer/chisel method. 
   It is noted that by providing localized heating via the nitrogen jet, one can heat only the component required to be removed, with the localized heating being on the order of ten degrees greater than the module temperature to bring about a softening of the epoxy or the elevating of the temperature of the epoxy a few degrees above its glass transition temperature. Every epoxy has its unique glass transition temperature and in general two common epoxies have glass transition temperatures respectively 135° C. and 80° C. 
   Note that collateral damage to adjacent devices is avoided by selecting a tool that is sized in accordance with the device under rework. Also, by careful manipulation of the module in only one direction or the Y-axis in one embodiment, the process is carefully controlled such that only the affected component is removed, with the entire process being performed with the aid of a microscope. 
   Note that due to the precisely-targeted nitrogen jet that is focused on the device under rework, there is only localized heating of the device, with a rapid dispersion of the heated gas as it deflects off the device under rework preventing an increase in temperature at adjacent components. 
   In one embodiment the module is held on the platen by gravity and is moved by a front stop with co-acts that an edge of the module, with the front stop being the leading edge of the heated platen or work stage. 
   In summary, a specialized tool is provided for the removal of components in a microwave module in which a fixed tool having a channeled tip is positioned adjacent the component to be removed. A hot stream of gas, in one embodiment nitrogen, is then forced through the channel onto the top surface of the component to be removed, with the microwave module lying on a heated platen, such that the local increase in temperature at the component to be removed is enough hotter than the ambient temperature of the module as determined by the heated platen to soften the silver epoxy used to mount the component to the module without damaging nearby components. With the fixed tool adjacent the component to be removed and with the component provided with targeted heating, the module is moved against the tool to cause a shear force that moves the component away from its original position, thus breaking the epoxy bond, after which the component is plucked from the module. The subject tool and technique eliminates collateral damage associated with the use of a ball peen hammer and chisel, and results in a tenfold decrease in rework time. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     These and other features of the subject invention will be better understood in connection with a Detailed Description, in conjunction with the Drawings, of which: 
       FIG. 1  is a diagrammatic illustration of a prior art technique for the removal of damaged components in a microwave module using a scalpel-like chisel and a ball peen hammer, with the microwave module to be reworked carried in a handheld vise; 
       FIG. 2  is a photograph of the type of collateral damage that can be done when using the rework method of  FIG. 1 , in which not only is there collateral damage to adjacent components, but also the substrate in which the components are mounted is gouged; 
       FIG. 3  is a diagrammatic illustration of a tool for the removal of damaged components in a microwave module in which a stream of heated gas in the form of nitrogen is focused onto an epoxy-attached component in a densely populated, intricately channelized microwave module; 
       FIG. 4  is a diagrammatic illustration of the tool of  FIG. 3 , illustrating a fixed tool being brought down to contact a damaged component or part within a microwave module, with heated gas channelized through the tool and directed onto the component to be removed, with the microwave module being situated on a heated platen having a front stop; 
       FIG. 5  is a diagrammatic side view of the tool of  FIG. 4 , illustrating the positioning of the tool of  FIG. 4  against an edge of the component to be removed, with heated gas channeled through the tool and down onto the top surface of the component to be removed, with the silver epoxy bonding the component to the substrate being softened, and with the tool having a back surface which is relieved to accommodate an isolation wall adjacent the component to be removed; 
       FIG. 6  is a diagrammatic illustration of the position of the tool in  FIG. 5  in which the platen with the module thereon is moved against the tool tip, using lead screw actuation; 
       FIG. 7  is a diagrammatic illustration of the movement of the component of  FIG. 6 , which is sheared from the substrate by its co-action with the tip of the tool of  FIG. 6  so that the bond between the component and the substrate is broken; and, 
       FIG. 8  is a diagrammatic illustration of the removal of the sheared component of  FIG. 7 , in which the sheared component is plucked off the substrate with tweezers. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
   Referring now to  FIG. 1 , in the prior art, an operator  10  is tasked to remove a faulty component from a microwave module  12 , which is held in a handheld vise  14  by the individual&#39;s fingers  16  of one hand, while a chisel  18  in the form of a miniature scalpel is held by fingers  20  of the individual&#39;s same hand. A ball peen hammer  22  strikes the top  24  of chisel  18 , with the hammer being manipulated by the other hand of individual  10 . All of the above operation takes place under a microscope  26 . 
   What will be appreciated is that aside from collateral damage mentioned before, the manual operation is exceedingly difficult since the operator has to both hold the vise in one hand as well as the chisel while hammering the top of the chisel with the other hand, with all components being in the view of microscope  26 . 
   As can be seen in  FIG. 2 , which is a photograph of a module after an attempt to remove a damaged component by the method of  FIG. 1 , module  12  is left with a fractured component  30 , which is the result of having chiseled portions of it from the substrate. Note that collateral damage is evident in terms of damage to an adjacent component  32 . Moreover, substrate  34  is shown as having been gouged at  36 , which oftentimes means that the microwave component needs to be scrapped. 
   Even if the microwave component does not need to be thrown out due to the rework process of  FIG. 1 , the process itself can take 30 minutes or more and requires consummate skill of the operator. 
   Rather than using the method of  FIG. 1  and referring now to  FIG. 3 , a rework machine  40  includes a fixed tool  42  that is positioned over a microwave module  44  that is held in position on a platen  46  by a stop  48 . 
   As illustrated at  50 , there is an epoxy-attached component that must be removed from a densely populated, intricately channeled microwave module. 
   Tool  42  is provided with heated nitrogen gas over a line  52 , with the temperature of the gas being controlled displayed at display  54 . 
   As will be discussed, tool  42  is brought down over microwave module  44  so that the tip  56  of tool  42  is positioned against an edge  58  of component  50 . With platen  46  being heated and with the localized, focused gas stream from tool  42  being focused onto component  50 , the epoxy temperature is raised above its glass transition temperature. 
   More specifically and referring to  FIG. 4 , in which like elements have like reference characters, it can be seen that tool  42  is brought down as illustrated by dotted line  60  over top of module  44 . Here the heated gas stream, in one embodiment at 175° C. from a gas supply  62  is directed onto the damaged part or component to be removed. A heater  64  heats platen  46  to a temperature in one embodiment of 150° C. 
   Note that platen  46  with stop  48  and module  44  is moved, as will be described, along the Y-axis, here illustrated at  66 , against tip  56  of tool  42 . 
   Referring now to  FIG. 5 , component  50  is epoxied into a substrate  70  by a silver epoxy, which is softened due to a temperature rise of, for instance, 25° C. As can be seen, a channel  72  is provided in the leading surface  74  of tool  42 , such that heated gas in the form of nitrogen as illustrated by dotted lines  76 , impinges on a top surface  78  of device  50 . Here it can be seen that the top surface quickly dissipates the heat by dispersing the gas upwardly after impacting the top surface of device  50 . 
   Also shown in this figure is an isolation wall  80 , which is closely adjacent component  50 . It is important to be able to shape the tool such that tip  56  fits between isolation wall  80  and edge  82  of component  50 . In order to provide for the requisite clearance, tip  56  of tool  42  is relieved as illustrated at  84  to provide the requisite clearance, such that in tightly-patterned microwave modules, the tool can be inserted between an adjacent isolation wall and the component to be removed. 
   In operation and referring to  FIG. 6 , the component  50  to be removed has its contacting edge  82  adjacent tip  56  of tool  42 . After component  50  is heated, it is moved in the direction of arrow  86  into the fixed tool tip. This movement is the result of the action of lead screw  90  against stop  48 . The rotation of the lead screw thus drives component  50  against fixed tip  56 , such that as illustrated in  FIG. 7 , component  50  pops off of substrate  70 . This is because component  50  is moved from its original position  50 ′ to the position shown in  FIG. 7 , and the tool  42  is removed as illustrated at  42 ′. As can be seen, movement of component  50  causes shearing of component  50  from substrate  70 . 
   As illustrated in  FIG. 8 , component  50  may subsequently be plucked off of substrate  70  with tweezers or the like. 
   As a result, the defective component may be removed from the microwave module and more particularly from the substrate to which it is attached in a matter of seconds or minutes as opposed to multiple minutes, thus reducing the rework time by a factor of ten. Moreover, due to the lack of collateral damage from the localized heating of the damaged component, the number of reworked modules that must be disposed of is minimized, if not virtually eliminated. 
   While the present invention has been described in connection with the preferred embodiments of the various figures, it is to be understood that other similar embodiments may be used or modifications or additions may be made to the described embodiment for performing the same function of the present invention without deviating therefrom. Therefore, the present invention should not be limited to any single embodiment, but rather construed in breadth and scope in accordance with the recitation of the appended claims.