Abstract:
The invention is an air pollution control apparatus for cleaning exhaust gases from motor vehicles using both electrostatic precipitation and a non-thermal plasma. The precipitator is especially useful in cleaning exhaust gases from diesel engines. The precipitator provides for easier cleaning in between uses, as well as a more efficient cleaning of exhaust gases. The air pollution control apparatus of the present invention is configured as two pass system whereas each pass is designed as multistage horizontal plate type electrostatic precipitator. The first pass applies a direct current, consistent voltage for particle collection through electrostatic precipitation. The second pass uses spiked voltage, non-thermal plasma generation for the production of free radicals to oxidize toxic gases, and with the addition of a diesel oxidation catalyst to transform harmful molecular compounds in the exhaust gas into safe gases.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    This invention is in the field of air pollution control and cleaning of exhaust gases from hydrocarbon combustion engines, specifically diesel engine exhaust gases. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    The invention relates to the improvements in the field of air pollution control, specifically for removal of particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NO x ), hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and other toxic air pollutants from the exhaust of internal combustion engines and more specifically from diesel engines. Particulate matter, such as soot, emitted from diesel engines is very small—in most cases smaller than 1 micrometer, comparable in size with bacteria and 100 times smaller than human hair. These particles are complex, consisting of a carbon core, adsorbed hydrocarbons from diesel fuel and engine oil, adsorbed sulfates and inorganic materials from the engine wear. As early as 1988, the International Agency for Research on Cancer concluded that diesel particulate is probably carcinogenic to humans. Due to the small size of the particles, particulate matter is easily inhaled deep into lungs. NO x  emissions from diesel engines also pose a number of health concerns, and may convert to nitric acid in lungs. CO is well known to be a deadly poison. 
         [0003]    Diesel engine calibration can be adjusted within the temperature-atmosphere combustion map into regions of higher PM or NO x  emissions. A combustion environment that contributes to higher PM emissions will naturally result in lower NO x  and vice-versa. 
         [0004]    In response to air quality regulations, vehicle manufacturers install pollution control devices in internal combustion engine exhaust systems. Existing engine pollution control devices often employ a ceramic honeycomb monolith having a coating of a noble metal catalyst. These pollution control devices catalyze the reactions of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons with oxygen at temperature ranging from 500 to 800 degrees Fahrenheit. Other devices employ catalysts that also catalyze the reaction of oxides of nitrogen. 
         [0005]    Such catalysts are unsuitable for soot-laden gases that are produced by the diesel engines. Firstly, catalytic devices are ineffective at destroying soot. Secondly, the soot and other particulates remain as deposits on the ceramic monolith, preventing and restricting gaseous constituents from reaching the catalytic material or otherwise deactivating or poisoning the catalyst, greatly reducing the efficiency of the catalyst. The sulfur that is found in diesel and gasoline fuels can poison or deactivate the catalyst. Moreover, such devices induce a substantial back-pressure on the engine which reduces engine efficiency. 
         [0006]    One of the methods used to reduce soot emissions from engine exhaust passes the engine exhaust gas through a ceramic filter, which filter can be periodically be replaced or regenerated. Such ceramic filters are only 85% efficient, impose significant back pressure on the engine and are expensive. For example, the loss of engine efficiency from filter back pressure can add between $3,000 and $6,000 in annual cost for a single school bus. 
         [0007]    There are filters that regenerate themselves by burning some engine fuel, periodically oxidizing the accumulated soot. This extra fuel not only becomes expensive but also raises the total carbon footprint of the engine with the emission of more CO 2 . 
         [0008]    Particles of soot usually have some positive natural charge when they leave the combustion chamber of a diesel engine. The technology of removal of soot particles by conventional electrostatic precipitators with direct current high voltage power followed by vertical cyclonic separators is well known and documented (U.S. Pat. No. 4,478,613 and others), and also has been used extensively for many years in the carbon black production plants. However, such systems are often used in stationary installations such as factories. 
         [0009]    Electrical force on a charged 0.1 micrometer particle can be more than 1 million times the gravitational force on that particle. Accordingly, electrostatic precipitators are particularly effective in removing particles less than 1 micrometer (1 micron) in size. Electrostatic precipitators offer high capture efficiency for sub-micrometer particulates by using electrical forces to remove suspended particles from a gas stream. For removing particles from a gas stream, a direct current (DC) high voltage is desired. 
         [0010]    Typically, three steps are involved in an electrostatic precipitator: charging, collection and removal of the collected particles. A corona discharge electrically charges suspended particles, which are attracted to and collected on opposite charged electrodes. Removal of the particles from the electrodes can be done by shaking or washing the electrodes. 
         [0011]    With dry electrostatic precipitators, collection chambers are prone to build-up of accumulated particles. This build-up acts as an insulation, which reduces overall system efficiency. Collecting plate electrodes of dry electrostatic precipitators are usually cleaned by shaking the dust off or if the accumulated material is oily or sticky, by washing them with hot water and detergent. 
         [0012]    With wet electrostatic precipitators, a liquid, usually water, continually washes particle build-up from the collection surface during the precipitation process. For motor vehicles, carrying liquid for the wet electrostatic precipitator adds weight to the vehicle, reducing fuel economy. 
         [0013]    An electrostatic precipitator is most efficiently cleaned when it is not in operation. Therefore, having an electrostatic precipitator which can go for long periods between cleaning is desired. Conventional electrostatic filters for smoke and oil mist removal usually have ceramic insulators that separate ionizing and collecting plates. The ceramic insulators are exposed to the same gas stream with its particulate load as the ionizing and collecting plates, and after time, the surface of the insulators become coated surface with particles or oil mist. For oil mist applications, this coating does not always impede the ability of the unit to operate, but since the soot particles from diesel engines are conductive, a coating of soot particles on the surface of the insulators will render the conventional unit inoperable. 
         [0014]    In an electrostatic precipitator, corona power is the product of operating voltage and the operating corona current. Efficiency of an electrostatic precipitator is directly proportional to its corona power. Corona power is limited by internal sparking between ionizing and collecting electrodes. Each time a precipitator sparks, it reduces voltage and correspondingly, particulate collection efficiency. Corona current may also be suppressed when the incoming exhaust has an abnormally high load of soot, such as when the vehicle is accelerating. A large number of particles entering the precipitator may receive a charge, but not have had a chance to be collected on a collecting electrode. These charged particles prevent electron movement between the discharging and collecting electrodes and therefore manifest as less current available for charging and collection, also known as corona current suppression. 
         [0015]    It is known in the art that an ionizing electrode functions most efficiently when the discharge points are as small as possible. Existing ionizing electrodes are often in the form of wires, but discharging electrodes have also been used in the form of a flat plate with points on a needle located along the outer periphery of the plate or rod shape of the ionizing electrodes. (See, H. Surati, M. Beltran and I. Raigorodsky (now known as Isaac Ray), “Tubular Electrostatic Precipitators of Two-Stage Design”, Environmental International, Vol. 6, pp. 239-244, 1981). Ionizing wires, such as have been used in the industry, are usually very thin (twice as thick as human hair), presenting substantial operating problems due to frequent breaking, and preventing their use in moving vehicles. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0016]    The invention is an air pollution control apparatus for cleaning exhaust gases from motor vehicles using both electrostatic precipitation and a non-thermal plasma. The air pollution control apparatus is especially useful in cleaning exhaust gases from diesel engines. The air pollution control apparatus provides for easier cleaning in between uses, as well as a more efficient cleaning of exhaust gases. 
         [0017]    Unlike conventional two stage electrostatic filters that have a short ionizing section comprised of thin corona wire and flat plates of opposite polarity, followed by large collecting section, the air pollution control apparatus of the present invention is configured as two pass system whereas each pass is designed as multistage horizontal plate type electrostatic precipitator. The first pass applies a direct current, low ripple high voltage for particle collection. The second pass uses pulsed high voltage plasma generation for the production of free radicals to remove molecular compounds in the exhaust gas. The free radicals generated by a high voltage field are very effective for removal of nitrogen oxides (NO x ), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC), while charged particles of soot are agglomerated and collected on the collecting plates. The soot particles can be removed periodically by a wash system attached to the unit during regular maintenance for the engine. After leaving the air pollution control apparatus, the exhaust gas can then undergo a final polishing in a diesel oxidation catalyst and be discharged out to the muffler and tail pipe. The diesel oxidation catalyst is preferably constructed with a metallic substrate and connected to the same ground as the precipitator. 
         [0018]    The invention incorporates the use of a clean and hot air purge system that utilizes the heat from the combustion engine to preheat ambient air, which is passed by the insulators to help keep the insulators dry and free from particle buildup. This preheated ambient air has a higher oxygen and water vapor content than exhaust gases, and being introduced into the precipitation chamber assists in the generation of plasma within the electrostatic precipitator, by providing higher oxygenated air for the production of free radicals during pulsed high voltage generation. 
         [0019]    Since the conventional direct current corona discharge does not provide the required amount of oxidizing free radicals for NO x  removal, the invented plate type horizontal electrostatic precipitator is constructed with multiple discharge points on each plate with several plates in the direction of the gas flow (multistage) in a two pass configuration. 
         [0020]    The main attributes of the invention are as follows. Electrostatic charging, agglomeration and cold plasma flameless oxidation take place simultaneously in the horizontal electrostatic precipitator. Agglomerated particles of soot are separated from the moving gas and collected on the plates. Having the assembly in one horizontal unit without any elbows or turns in the exhaust gas travel path is of particular advantage for mounting on motor vehicles. 
         [0000]    The invention provides a higher efficiency with smaller surface area and size of the equipment regardless of the amount of inlet particulate load during the engine acceleration. The invention provides high efficiency in exhaust gas cleaning regardless of the nature and polarity of the particles in the inlet gas stream. The wave shape of high voltage output on each pass can be different to match the nature of the incoming particles. Solid metallic ionizing plates with serrated sharp edges provide higher corona current than typical ionizing wires. Also, the use of multiple ionizing plates within each pass can provide as much current as required not only for the particulate removal but also for the non-thermal plasma free radicals generation. One of the passes, preferably the second, can be configured strictly as non-thermal plasma generator by powering it with high frequency pulsing wave shape voltage with high rise and short duration. The clean and hot air purge subsystem prevents the buildup of particles on insulators that occurs in conventional electrostatic precipitator filters. The separate passes of the invention can be implemented individually as desired for exhaust gas treatment for either particle collection or free radical generation. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0021]      FIG. 1  is a top plan view of a preferred embodiment of the invention 
           [0022]      FIG. 2  is a cross sectional view of a section of the precipitation chamber of the invention, showing the ionizing plates and collecting plate electrodes. 
           [0023]      FIG. 3  is a cross sectional view along line B-B in  FIG. 2 . 
           [0024]      FIG. 4  is a cross sectional view along line C-C in  FIG. 2 . 
           [0025]      FIG. 5  is a cross sectional view along line A-A in  FIG. 1 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
       [0026]    The invention preferably consists of a precipitation chamber  100  with an inlet  1  and an outlet port  19 . Exhaust enters inlet  1  and is diffused through diffusion plate  3  before entering the precipitation chamber  100 . 
         [0027]    Precipitation chamber  100  contains a plurality of planar collecting plate electrodes  5  arranged in an array. Collecting plates  5  are assembled on support rods  22  and preferably are separated from each other by conducting support spacers  23 . Alternatively, collecting plates  5  may be welded together to form a solid frame within the precipitation chamber, however due to the high temperatures present within the precipitation chamber, such a frame may be subject to warping or distortion. Accordingly, the preferred embodiment implements support spacers  23  to maintain consistent orientation of collecting plate electrodes. Each of the planar collecting plate electrodes  5  has at least one opening  30  through the plane of the collecting plate electrode  5 . Openings  30  are preferably round, to avoid creating a focal point for a coronal discharge. 
         [0028]    Connecting rod  7  passes through opening  30  in each collecting electrode  5 . Ionizing electrode plates  4  are assembled on the connecting rods  7 , separated from each other and from the collecting plate electrodes  5 . In the preferred embodiment, conducting spacers  6  are placed between ionizing plates  4  and along connecting rod  7  to provide precise and long lasting alignment of the entire assembly. 
         [0029]    The distance K between ionizing plates  4  and collecting electrodes  5  is the function of the operating voltage at a ratio of 15,000 volts per one inch of the distance. For example, where the space between electrodes K=0.5 inches, the required transformer voltage should be approximately 7,500 volts. However, the transformer voltage can be adjusted to higher values to match the quality of the assembly or the conditions of the exhaust gas. 
         [0030]    To prevent arcing between negative ionizing plates  4  and positive (grounded) collecting plates  5 , the distance L between the surface of the conducting spacer  6  and the edge of the round opening  30  on collecting plate electrode  5  should be 1.5 times the value of K, or L=1.5 K. 
         [0031]    The ionizing plates  4  are constructed as solid metal flat plates with serrated edges along their periphery, with multiple sharp ionizing points  40 . These sharp ionizing points  40  provide a higher corona current and hence higher efficiency, allowing for a smaller overall equipment size, while still handling the incoming particulate load and gas volume. As shown in  FIG. 3 , the distance between adjacent sharp ionizing points  40  is distance M, which is preferably 0.75 times K to optimize the corona current. Experiments have shown that distances less than or greater than 0.75 times K show a reduction in corona current generation and efficiency of particulate removal. 
         [0032]    The sharp ionizing points  40  can provide a much higher corona current than typical ionizing wires. The higher current, combined with the use of multiple ionizing plates  4  can provide not only the necessary current for particulate removal, but also for non-thermal plasma generation of free radicals. Where multiple pass units are provided, one such pass unit can be configured as a strictly non-thermal plasma generator by powering it with high frequency pulsing wave shape voltage with high rise and short duration. 
         [0033]    The ionizing plates  4  also act as repelling surfaces for particulate matter during the collection process, thus insuring much higher collection efficiency for particles of soot that usually have a some natural positive charge when they leave the combustion engine. 
         [0034]    End plates  8  are attached at each end of rod  7 . End plates  8  are attached to the grounded frame or the outermost collecting electrode  5  by insulators  9 . Insulators  9  prevent an electrical connection between the grounded frame and rod  7 . Insulators  9  are preferably ceramic, but may be made of any insulating material. 
         [0035]    High voltage transformers  10  (also T 1  and T 2 ) are electrically connected to the end plates  8  by the cables  11  and also to insulator-spring assembly  12  that is attached to the housing cover  18 . In the preferred embodiment, transformer T 1  is electrically connected to rod  7  through end plate  8  to create a constant voltage differential VV1 between ionizing plates  4  and collecting electrodes  5 . 
         [0036]    As shown in  FIG. 1 , in the preferred two pass configuration, a second set of rod  7  and ionizing plates  4  are electrically connected to a second transformer T 2  to create a voltage differential VV2 between the ionizing plates  4  of the second set and collecting electrodes  5 . 
         [0037]    Transformer T 2  preferably generates voltage VV2 in spikes, rather than a constant level. Voltage VV1 and VV2 may be the same voltage or different voltages, and may be produced with identical waveforms or different wave forms. In the preferred embodiment, transformer T 2  generates high voltage with short duration and fast rise for plasma generation for the removal of NO x , CO and HC molecules. 
         [0038]    For the most efficient production of oxidizing free radicals, one of the power supplies, preferably the second pass transformer T 2 , produces high frequency pulses of short duration and high rise. The same high voltage field has strong influence on particles of soot that are undergoing extensive agglomeration and collection. 
         [0039]    The plasma generated through the voltage spikes produces chemically active species and free radicals such as: O, O 3 , HO 2 , and OH. The production of those radicals takes place when highly energetic electrons from the high voltage pulse discharge in the Pass # 2  ( FIG. 2 ) bombard the molecules of water vapor and oxygen from the exhaust gas or when molecules of oxygen combine and generate O 3  and O radicals. The free radicals interact with the NO x , CO and HC molecules through gas phase reactions to neutralize the toxic compounds and produce safer molecules to be expelled from the precipitation chamber. 
         [0040]    The NO x  removal from the diesel exhaust is provided by the oxidation of NO portion of NO by the O-radicals, O 3 , HO 2  into NO 2  and further reduction of NO 2  into N 2  on diesel oxidation catalyst  20 . The CO and unburned hydrocarbon compounds (HC) are also oxidized by the same radicals in to harmless CO 2  and H 2 O (water). 
         [0041]    Total collecting efficiency of the two pass precipitator can be calculated as: 
         [0000]        Eff t= 1−[(1− Eff  1 p )×(1 −Eff  2 p )]
 
         [0000]    where Eff 1p and Eff 2p are efficiency of the first and second pass in decimal fractions. It can be seen that if the efficiency of each pass is 90% or 0.9 then the total efficiency for the invention will be 0.99 or 99%, making the unit 10 times more efficient. 
         [0042]    A two field or two pass arrangement of ionizing plate  4  and collector electrodes  5  eliminates the negative effect of corona current suppression. After the exhaust gas undergoes cleaning in the first pass under suppression conditions, the exhaust gas entering the second pass has fewer particles, allowing the second pass to operate at very high efficiency for generation of free radicals that will remove NO x , CO and hydrocarbons. 
         [0043]    To prevent contamination the surface of insulators  9  by the particles of soot, and to assist in the generation of free radicals, the invention uses an air purge subsystem to create a positive pressure in the insulator compartment  200 , preventing the contaminated exhaust gas from entering, and introducing heated ambient air into the precipitation chamber. 
         [0044]    The air purge subsystem is comprised of inlet filter  2 , heat exchanger  13 , high pressure blower  14 , hot air duct  15 , damper  16 , and connecting union  17 . 
         [0045]    Ambient air, preferably from a source located distant from any exhaust outflow, enters inlet filter  2 . Inlet filter may be a disposable or washable high temperature dust filter or any other filter designed to prevent dust particles from entering the air purge subsystem. After passing through inlet filter  2 , the ambient air is heated by heat exchanger  13 . The source of heat for heat exchanger  13  is preferably from the engine exhaust entering the precipitation chamber, thereby providing an efficient use of what would otherwise be waste heat. 
         [0046]    The heated ambient air is drawn into high pressure blower  14  and expelled into hot air duct  15  at a higher pressure than the exhaust gas stream. Hot air duct  15  allows for the distribution of the heated ambient air to desired locations near ceramic insulators  9 , and may include branches or sub ducts as necessary for efficient air flow. Damper  16  allows for the controlled entry of the heated ambient air from air duct  15  into insulator compartment  200 . 
         [0047]    As there necessarily must be a gap (preferably of at least 1.5 K) between the precipitation chamber  100  and rod  7 , to avoid either a direct electrical connection or arcing between rod  7  and collecting electrodes  5 , the higher pressure differential between the heated ambient air and the exhaust gas stream results in a one-way air flow from the insulator compartment  200  into the precipitation chamber  100 , keeping the exhaust gas from entering the insulator compartment  200 . 
         [0048]    In operation, diesel exhaust gas is directed from a diesel engine into inlet port  1  of precipitation chamber  100 . The diesel exhaust hits diffusion plate  3 , which allows for more uniform gas flow distribution into the precipitation chamber  100 . Low ripple direct current high voltage VV1 applied to ionizing plates  4  creates a corona discharge of electrons at sharp ionizing points  40 . The electrons bind with the particles in the diesel exhaust, charging them with a negative charge and causing them to become attracted to positive collecting electrodes  5 . Pulsed high voltage VV2 generates plasma to create free radicals from the gases within the precipitation chamber  100 , which free radicals interact with the NO x , CO and HC molecules through gas phase reactions to neutralize the toxic compounds. 
         [0049]    Substantially clean and odor free exhaust gas leaves the system via the outlet  19  to a diesel oxidation catalyst filter  20  and then to the muffler and tail pipe. The diesel oxidation catalyst filter  20  is preferably constructed with a metallic substrate, electrically connected to ground, thereby providing additional particulate matter removal. Any particulate matter that still possesses a residual charge and which may have escaped the precipitation chamber  100 , will become attracted to the grounded metallic substrate of the diesel oxidation catalyst filter  20 . The exhaust gas at this point practically free from soot particles and a substantial portion of the nitrogen oxides have been converted to NO 2 . The flow-through oxidation catalyst can be manufactured with less stringent requirements, since the gas to be processed is already partially clean, resulting in a substantial reduction of cost and less usage of costly platinum and/or palladium. 
         [0050]    For cleaning the precipitation chamber  100  during maintenance, spray nozzles  50  are provided in the periphery of precipitation chamber  100 . Precipitation chamber  100  also has a drain  53 , preferably located on the lower side of precipitation chamber  100  to allow for gravity drainage. The spray nozzles  50  are aligned to spray in between collecting electrodes  5 . Spray nozzles  50  are connected to conduit  500 , which terminates at valve  51 . Valve  51  is preferably located on an accessible point on the exterior of the invention. Hose connector  52  is provided near valve  51  for attaching an external hose. The external hose may be connected to a water supply or a detergent and water supply as desired. In the preferred embodiment, water heated to a temperature of  160  to  180  degrees Fahrenheit is used. 
         [0051]    As shown in  FIG. 5 , when the precipitation chamber is to be cleaned, an external water supply hose  60  is attached to hose connector  52 , valve  51  is opened and the water and/or detergent enters precipitation chamber  100  through spray nozzles  50 . The water and/or detergent is directed onto the surfaces of collecting electrodes  5 , to wash off the particulate matter and other residue from the collecting electrodes. The water and/or detergent with dislodged particulate matter and other residue exits precipitation chamber  100  at drain  53 . An external drainage hose  61  may be attached to drain  53  to allow for the capture and treatment of the drained slurry and water. 
         [0052]    Alternatively, housing cover  18  may be opened by releasing cover bolts  33  to provide access to precipitation chamber  100 . Connecting union  17  may also be disconnected as well as exhaust connector  21  to allow for removal or service to the unit. 
         [0053]    While certain novel features of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be understood that various omissions, substitutions and changes in the forms and details of the device illustrated and in its operation can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention.