Abstract:
The method of managing performance of data integration are described. A performance analyzer may receive data about a data integration job execution. The performance analyzer may determine whether there is a performance issue of the data integration job execution. The performance analyzer analyzes the data about the data integration job execution when there is a performance issue. The performance analyzer generates a job execution design recommendation based on the analysis of the data and a set of predefined recommendation rules. The performance analyzer then displays the data about the data integration job execution and when there is a generated job execution design recommendation, displaying the job execution design recommendation.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     The present disclosure relates to data integration, and more specifically, to performance monitoring and analysis for data integration. 
     Data integration may be described as extracting data from a source, transforming the data, and loading the data to a target. That is, data integration is Extract, Transform, Load (ETL) processing. Data integration processing engines may be scalable and capable of processing large volumes of data in complex data integration projects. It is common for multiple users (e.g., customers) and projects to share a single data integration processing engine that is responsible for handling all of the data integration processing for those multiple users. This high volume and highly concurrent processing may be resource intensive, and users try to balance the availability of system resources with the need to process large volumes of data efficiently and concurrently. 
     Workload management capabilities may be available at Operating System (OS) or lower levels. Workload management operates at a level that is removed from the data integration environment. 
     SUMMARY 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a method, a performance analyzer, and a computer program product performing the method of managing performance of data integration are described. A performance analyzer may receive data about a data integration job execution. The performance analyzer may determine whether there is a performance issue of the data integration job execution. The performance analyzer analyzes the data about the data integration job execution when there is a performance issue. The performance analyzer generates a job execution design recommendation based on the analysis of the data and a set of predefined recommendation rules. The performance analyzer then displays the data about the data integration job execution and when there is a generated job execution design recommendation, displaying the job execution design recommendation. 
     The above summary is not intended to describe each illustrated embodiment or every implementation of the present disclosure. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The drawings included in the present application are incorporated into, and form part of, the specification. They illustrate embodiments of the present disclosure and, along with the description, serve to explain the principles of the disclosure. The drawings are only illustrative of certain embodiments and do not limit the disclosure. 
         FIG. 1  depicts a schematic block diagram illustrating a computer system, according to various embodiments. 
         FIG. 2  depicts a system in which a performance analyzer operates, according to various embodiments. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a block diagram of components of the performance analyzer, according to various embodiments. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a flow diagram of a method of monitoring and analyzing data integration, according to various embodiments. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates an example view of the data integration performance analyzer graphical user interface, according to various embodiments. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates another view of the graphical user interface of  FIG. 5 , according to various embodiments. 
     
    
    
     The descriptions of the various embodiments of the present disclosure have been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain the principles of the embodiments, the practical application or technical improvement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodiments disclosed herein. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Aspects of the present disclosure relate to data integration, and more specifically, to performance monitoring and analysis for data integration. Aspects include executing a data integration job and collecting performance data and/or resource utilization data with a performance analyzer. The collected data may be presented to a user in real-time or as a replay with the performance analyzer for the user to determine and correct issues with the job flow of the data integration job. The performance analyzer may determine when an issue is present and recommended solutions to a user as to correct or lessen the issue. Definable rules when analyzing the data may help determine actions to correct for problems. While the present disclosure is not necessarily limited to such applications, various aspects of the disclosure may be appreciated through a discussion of various examples using this context. 
     In large data integration use cases, due to complex business requirements, it is common to have several hundreds of stages in a single data flow. To leverage system resources effectively, a parallel engine that executes such complex data flow may choose to implement a pipeline mechanism, that is, to have many processes concurrently executing and one&#39;s output is directed to another&#39;s input using various techniques such as shared memory, TCP/IP socket, or named pipe. With this technique, as soon as a record is produced by producer and written to the pipeline, it is read and processed by consumer. After this step finishes, this consumer writes its own output to next pipeline, which is further processed by its downstream consumers. All processes are simultaneously executing, and the intermediate results are not landed on disk, so such parallel engine architecture can efficiently leverage available system resources. 
     Further, to speed up data processing for large data set, the parallel engine may implement a data-partitioned mechanism, that is, an entire input dataset is partitioned into multiple smaller segments based on a specific partitioning algorithm, and each segment is sent to a separate instance of a processing stage. With this technique, if a processing stage needs to process 1 billion records, if using one instance, all 1 billion records would flow though that stage. If there are 2 instances of the same stage, and data is evenly distributed across those two instances, then each instance would process 500 million records. As long as the system still has available resources, partitioning would significantly reduce the total processing time of the entire data flow. 
     A parallel engine that implements both pipeline and data-partitioned mechanisms can deliver good performance and scalability for extract, transform, load (ETL) data flows. Today, numerous large enterprise customers rely on such systems to build their backbone for information integration and data warehousing applications. 
     From time to time, due to data flow design, network configuration, storage system performance issue, or parallel engine defect, customers may run into performance problems for parallel data flow, sometime those data flows can grind to halt. For example, some common performance problems are:
         A custom operator that has inefficient algorithm   Incorrect buffering or sorting property that breaks the pipelining mechanism   Invalid/unexpected data causes one step to run into an infinite loop without any output being produced   One of the steps makes a network call, for instance, trying to connect to a database server or a message queue end point, and the call blocks or takes very long time to return.   Slow disk I/O impacting sort   Insufficient memory impacting lookup/join   Too many concurrent executing jobs with limited resources   Large job with inefficient design patterns: incorrect fork-join patterns, unnecessary splitting and merging, duplicated stages   Incorrect parameter settings       

     When debugging such a problem, one has to collect information needed across various files, including job design, job execution log, input data files, schemas, configuration files, performance data files, etc. A typical debugging process starts with analyzing the job execution log. A log file could normally contain a lot of messages with no clear correlation between one another. 
     For simple to moderate data flows, it might be manageable to collect information from various files and manually analyze such information to find the root cause. For complex data flow that has several hundreds of stages with many partitioning methods employed, it can be very daunting to find out where the weakest spot or bottleneck is and what the right solution to solve the performance problem is. Very often, being able to pinpoint the exact bottleneck can significantly speed up the problem resolution. 
     Embodiments herein provide for a dynamic graphic view on job performance data regardless of whether the job is executed in a parallel execution environment or a distributed execution environment. In various embodiments, capabilities to analyze the performance data and present performance improvement recommendations to the end users are disclosed. 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic block diagram illustrating one embodiment of a computer system  100 . The computer system  100  is one exemplary context in which embodiments may be implemented. The mechanisms and apparatus of the various embodiments disclosed herein apply equally to any appropriate computing system. The major components of the computer system  100  include one or more processors  102 , a memory  104 , a terminal interface  112 , a storage interface  114 , an Input/Output (“I/O”) device interface  116 , and a network interface  118 , all of which are communicatively coupled, directly or indirectly, for inter-component communication via a memory bus  106 , an I/O bus  108 , bus interface unit (“IF”)  109 , and an I/O bus interface unit  110 . 
     The computer system  100  may contain one or more general-purpose programmable central processing units (CPUs)  102 A and  102 B, herein generically referred to as the processor  102 . In an embodiment, the computer system  100  may contain multiple processors; however, in another embodiment, the computer system  100  may alternatively be a single CPU system. Each processor  102  executes instructions stored in the memory  104  and may include one or more levels of on-board cache. 
     In an embodiment, the memory  104  may include a random-access semiconductor memory, storage device, or storage medium (either volatile or non-volatile) for storing or encoding data and programs. In another embodiment, the memory  104  represents the entire virtual memory of the computer system  100 , and may also include the virtual memory of other computer systems coupled to the computer system  100  or connected via a network  130 . The memory  104  is conceptually a single monolithic entity, but in other embodiments the memory  104  is a more complex arrangement, such as a hierarchy of caches and other memory devices. For example, memory may exist in multiple levels of caches, and these caches may be further divided by function, so that one cache holds instructions while another holds non-instruction data, which is used by the processor or processors. Memory may be further distributed and associated with different CPUs or sets of CPUs, as is known in any of various so-called non-uniform memory access (NUMA) computer architectures. 
     The memory  104  may store all or a portion of the following: a performance analyzer  130 . This program and data structures are illustrated as being included within the memory  104  in the computer system  100 , however, in other embodiments, some or all of them may be on different computer systems and may be accessed remotely, e.g., via a network  130 . The computer system  100  may use virtual addressing mechanisms that allow the programs of the computer system  100  to behave as if they only have access to a large, single storage entity instead of access to multiple, smaller storage entities. Thus, while the performance analyzer  130  is illustrated as being included within the memory  104 , it may not necessarily all be completely contained in the same storage device at the same time. 
     In an embodiment, performance analyzer  130  may include instructions or statements that execute on the processor  102  or instructions or statements that are interpreted by instructions or statements that execute on the processor  102  to carry out the functions as further described below. In another embodiment, performance analyzer  130  may be implemented in hardware via semiconductor devices, chips, logical gates, circuits, circuit cards, and/or other physical hardware devices in lieu of, or in addition to, a processor-based system. In an embodiment, the performance analyzer may include data in addition to instructions or statements. 
     The computer system  100  may include a bus interface unit  109  to handle communications among the processor  102 , the memory  104 , a display system  124 , and the I/O bus interface unit  110 . The I/O bus interface unit  110  may be coupled with the I/O bus  108  for transferring data to and from the various I/O units. The I/O bus interface unit  110  communicates with multiple I/O interface units  112 ,  114 ,  116 , and  118 , which are also known as I/O processors (IOPs) or I/O adapters (IOAs), through the I/O bus  108 . The display system  124  may include a display controller, a display memory, or both. The display controller may provide video, audio, or both types of data to a display device  126 . The display memory may be a dedicated memory for buffering video data. The display system  124  may be coupled with a display device  126 , such as a standalone display screen, computer monitor, television, or a tablet or handheld device display. In an embodiment, the display device  126  may include one or more speakers for rendering audio. Alternatively, one or more speakers for rendering audio may be coupled with an I/O interface unit. In alternate embodiments, one or more of the functions provided by the display system  124  may be on board an integrated circuit that also includes the processor  102 . In addition, one or more of the functions provided by the bus interface unit  109  may be on board an integrated circuit that also includes the processor  102 . 
     The I/O interface units support communication with a variety of storage and I/O devices. For example, the terminal interface unit  112  supports the attachment of one or more user I/O devices  120 , which may include user output devices (such as a video display device, speaker, and/or television set) and user input devices (such as a keyboard, mouse, keypad, touchpad, trackball, buttons, light pen, or other pointing device). A user may manipulate the user input devices using a user interface, in order to provide input data and commands to the user I/O device  120  and the computer system  100 , and may receive output data via the user output devices. For example, a user interface may be presented via the user I/O device  120 , such as displayed on a display device, played via a speaker, or printed via a printer. 
     The storage interface  114  supports the attachment of one or more disk drives or direct access storage devices  122  (which are typically rotating magnetic disk drive storage devices, although they could alternatively be other storage devices, including arrays of disk drives configured to appear as a single large storage device to a host computer, or solid-state drives, such as flash memory). In another embodiment, the storage device  122  may be implemented via any type of secondary storage device. The contents of the memory  104 , or any portion thereof, may be stored to and retrieved from the storage device  122  as needed. The I/O device interface  116  provides an interface to any of various other I/O devices or devices of other types, such as printers or fax machines. The network interface  118  provides one or more communication paths from the computer system  100  to other digital devices and computer systems; these communication paths may include, e.g., one or more networks  130 . 
     Although the computer system  100  shown in  FIG. 1  illustrates a particular bus structure providing a direct communication path among the processors  102 , the memory  104 , the bus interface  109 , the display system  124 , and the I/O bus interface unit  110 , in alternative embodiments the computer system  100  may include different buses or communication paths, which may be arranged in any of various forms, such as point-to-point links in hierarchical, star or web configurations, multiple hierarchical buses, parallel and redundant paths, or any other appropriate type of configuration. Furthermore, while the I/O bus interface unit  110  and the I/O bus  108  are shown as single respective units, the computer system  100  may, in fact, contain multiple I/O bus interface units  110  and/or multiple I/O buses  108 . While multiple I/O interface units are shown, which separate the I/O bus  108  from various communications paths running to the various I/O devices, in other embodiments, some or all of the I/O devices are connected directly to one or more system I/O buses. 
     In various embodiments, the computer system  100  is a multi-user mainframe computer system, a single-user system, or a server computer or similar device that has little or no direct user interface, but receives requests from other computer systems (clients). In other embodiments, the computer system  100  may be implemented as a desktop computer, portable computer, laptop or notebook computer, tablet computer, pocket computer, telephone, smart phone, or any other suitable type of electronic device. 
       FIG. 1  is intended to depict the representative major components of the computer system  100 , according to various embodiments. Individual components, however, may have greater complexity than represented in  FIG. 1 , components other than or in addition to those shown in  FIG. 1  may be present, and the number, type, and configuration of such components may vary. Several particular examples of additional complexity or additional variations are disclosed herein; these are by way of example only and are not necessarily the only such variations. The various program components illustrated in  FIG. 1  may be implemented, in various embodiments, in a number of different manners, including using various computer applications, routines, components, programs, objects, modules, data structures, etc., which may be referred to herein as “software,” “computer programs,” or simply “programs.” 
       FIG. 2  depicts a system  200  in which the performance analyzer  130  is incorporated, according to various embodiments. The performance analyzer  130  may be hosted in an application server and be made available as a web application. In other embodiments, the performance analyzer  130  may be hosted as a rich client application using Eclipse plug-in architecture, or implemented as C# application.  FIG. 2  illustrates how to deploy the performance analyzer  130  as a web application as an example. The system  200  may include the web clients  205 , the services tier  210 , and the engines tier  215 . The web client  205  may be where a user opens and executes the performance analyzer  130  with a performance analyzer graphical user interface (GUI)  220 . The user may send requests through the performance analyzer GUI  220  to the performance analyzer  130 , which may be executing commands on the services tier  210 . The web clients  205  and the services tier  210  may be on separate machines that communicate over a network. In other various embodiments the performance analyzer GUI  220  and the performance analyzer  130  may be on the same machine. 
     The services tier  210  may include the performance analyzer  130  which may collect data from a data flow of a data integration job execution in the engines tier  215 . The performance analyzer  130  may collect a job execution plan and design metadata, performance monitoring data, and system resource utilization data from the engines tier  215  where the data integration is occurring. The services tier  210  may also receive requests from the user in the web clients  205  on which data it needs to receive from the engines tier  215  and commands to send to the engines tier  215 . The services tier  210  may be on a different server than the engines tier  215 , the services tier  210  and the engines tier  215  may communicate over a network. 
     The engine tier  215  may be where the data integration job is being performed. A service provider agent  230  may be in communication with the performance analyzer  130  of the services tier  210 . The service provider  230  may receive requests for data from the performance analyzer  130 , retrieve the data that is requested by the performance analyzer  130 , and send the data to the performances analyzer  130  over the network when the service tier  210  and engines tier  215  are on different servers. Within the engines tier  215  the service provider  230  may be in communication with a performance monitor  235  and a resource tracker  240  through respective sockets. 
     The performance monitor  235  may gather real-time performance data of the data flow of one or more parallel processes  250  of the data integration job. The gathering of performance data may be done at a tunable interval which may be based on every N records or every N seconds, for example. The parallel processes  250  may be multiple jobs being performed in multiple environments. The multiple environments may be different retargetable engines  265  such as a parallel engine or a distributed engine. The performance monitor  235  may also store the real-time performance data from the parallel processes  250  in a performance data database  245  for later use by serializing the data. 
     The resource tracker  240  may receive dynamic real-time system resource utilization data. The resource tracker  240  may also store system resource utilization data in a system resource utilization database  255  by serializing the data. The resource tracker may be in communication with the retargetable engines  265 . The resource tracker  240  may be independent of the engine with which it communicates so the resource tracker  240  may be used to monitor resource utilization for both parallel and distributed environments. Log files  260  may also be produced by the parallel processes  250  and may be requested by the performance analyzer  130  and used by the performance analyzer  130  to determine areas of the data flow where data integration issues occur. 
     In various embodiments, the performance analyzer  130  may be requesting, gathering, and analyzing data in real-time while in an on-line mode. In various embodiments, the performance analyzer  130  may be used in an offline mode where the performance analyzer  130  receives past data of a data integration job execution by loading performance data from the performance data database  245 , system resource data form the system resource utilization database  255 , and log files  260 , for example. The performance analyzer  130  should be able to replay the job execution in a simulated mode, so that users can understand how the job transitions its state and correlates state transitions to the job logs. Also, in offline mode, the performance analyzer  130  may build an execution plan representation and create snapshots to show job execution progress at various time intervals. The offline mode may be useful for post-execution (remote) analysis. For example, the user may send all the files to technical support. A support engineer may import all the files to the performance analyzer  130  and conduct post-execution analysis to identify any performance patterns or issues. 
     In the on-line, real-time analysis done the by the performance analyzer  130 , a request may be sent from the web-client  205  to the performance monitor  235  to receive an execution plan and metadata information of the job execution. The performance analyzer  130  uses this information to build the data flow representation. The performance analyzer  130  then regularly polls performance data and resource utilization data to show job execution progress. The performance analyzer  130  may be used to analyze the performance for job executions on different types of retargetable engines  265  (e.g. parallel engine or distributed engine). 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a block diagram of components of the performance analyzer  130 , according to various embodiments. The performance analyzer may have components that include a data collector  305 , data analyzer  310 , a rules engine  315 , a performance analysis module  320 , a report  325 , one or more job design recommendations  330 , a data visualization module  335 , and a statistics display  340  that may display an execution plan  345 , a process tree  350 , and resource usage  355 . 
     In various embodiments, the data collector  305  may receive data from the engines tier  215  of  FIG. 2 . The data may include performance data and resource utilization data in the online mode. In an offline mode, the data collector  305  may receive performance data from the performance data persistence  245 , job execution log files  260 , and system resource utilization data from the system resource utilization persistence  255 . The data collector  305  may send the data collected to the data analyzer  310 . The data analyzer  310  may determine which data to send to the performance analysis module  320  and the data visualization module  335 . 
     The performance analysis module  320  may analyze the data coming into the performance analyzer  130  with one or more rules from the rules engine  315 . The rules engine  315  may have one or more rules that may define certain actions to take when data shows a certain criteria. The rules may be flexible in that an operator may define the rules. Based on the analysis of the rules and the data, the performance analysis module  320  may produce the report  325 . The report  325  may include recommendations that a user may take to correct performance issues. The recommendations may be accessible to a user in the performance analyzer graphical user interface  220  of  FIG. 2  in the job design recommendations view  330 . 
     In various embodiments, the data analyzer  310  may send data to the data visualization module  335 . The data visualization module  335  may compile the data into visual displays such as a statistic display  340 . The statistic display  340  may display through the performance analyzer GUI  220  graphical execution plan  345 , the process tree  350 , and resource usage  355 . These visual displays may assist the user in determining corrective action for performance issues and where the performance issues are occurring. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a flow diagram of a method  400  of monitoring and analyzing data integration, according to various embodiments. In operation  405 , the performance analyzer may be initiated. In operation  410 , the performance analyzer may be ran in an offline mode or an online mode. If the performance analyzer in is in an online mode, then a data integration job is being performed while the performance analyzer is executing and the method  400  may continue with operation  415 . In operation  415 , the performance analyzer may receive real-time data of the data integration job such as performance data and resource utilization data. The method  400  may continue with operation  420 . 
     In operation  420 , the performance analyzer may determine from the data of the data integration job whether there is a performance issue or not. If there is no performance issue, then the performance analyzer may visually display the data of the data integration in operation  425  and the method  400  may end. If there is a performance issue, then the performance analyzer may analyze the data it receives from the data integration in operation  430 . The data analyzer of the performance analyzer may determine what is causing the issue based on rules. The data analyzer may generate recommendations for the job design of the data integration job in operation  435  which is also based on the rules, the issue from the analysis, and data. The method  400  may continue with operation  425 . In operation  425 , the performance analyzer may visually display data and any recommendations the performance analyzer determined. The method  400  may continue to operation  450 . In operation  450 , the performance analyzer may determine whether the data integration job is still performing. If it is not, then the method  400  may end. If the data integration job is still running, then the method may return to operation  410  to gather more data from the data integration job and analyze it. 
     Returning to operation  410 , if the performance analyzer is in an offline mode, then the method  400  may continue with operation  440 . In operation  440 , the performance analyzer may receive persistent data of a previously executed job. The persistent data may include the performance data and resource utilization data. In operation  445 , the performance analyzer may determine from the persistent data whether there is a performance issue with the past job execution being analyzed. If there is a performance issue, then the method  400  may continue to operation  430 . In operation  430 , the performance analyzer may analyze the data. In operation  435 , the performance analyzer may generate job design recommendations based on the persistent data and rules. The method  400  may continue with operation  425 . In operation  425 , the performance analyzer may visually display data and any recommendations the performance analyzer determined. 
     Returning to operation  445 , if there is no performance issue with the past job execution, then the method  400  may continue with operation  425 . In operation  425 , the performance analyzer may visually display data for a user to view. The method  400  may continue to operation  450 . In operation  450 , the performance analyzer may determine whether the data integration job is still performing. If it is not, then the method  400  may end. If the data integration job is still running, then the method may return to operation  410  to gather more data from the data integration job and analyze it. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates an example view of the data integration performance analyzer graphical user interface (GUI)  220 , according to various embodiments. The GUI  220  may include two sections: a top panel  502  and a bottom panel  504 . The top panel  502  may include views of the Execution Plan  345 , Processes  350 , Recommendations  330 , and Resource Usage  355 . The bottom panel  504  may include displays of detailed information for the selected views in the top panel  502 . 
     One of the views in the top panel  502  of the GUI  220  may be the Execution Plan  345 . The actual job execution plan may be different from the job flow in the design environment. The Execution Plan  345  may illustrate the designed job flow which may be different than the actual job flow. The Processes view  350  may display the actual job flow. There are several factors that may cause the actual job flow to differ from the design job flow. One factor may be partitioning and sort insertion. To satisfy parallel job design semantics, or to avoid hanging process for certain job design patterns (e.g. fork-join pattern), the parallel framework may insert partitioners, sort, or buffer operators to the user-specified data flow. Another factor that may cause the actual job flow to differ from the design job flow may be operator combining. Two or more combinable operators may be combined into a single process to improve efficiency and reduce resource usage. Another factor may be composite operators. One single stage operator may be expanded into multiple sub-level operators to implement processing logic. Parallelism is another factor. A parallel stage may have multiple player instances to implement data-partitioned parallelism. 
     Monitoring top-level design job flow may not provide enough information to understand what has actually happened during the job execution because of the differences between the design job flow and the actual executed job flow. Being able to monitor low-level runtime execution plan to track the performance of each operator of the job while the job is executing may be useful to the user. By selecting the Execution Plan  345 , the designed job flow execution may be presented. In embodiments, the Execution Plan  345  may be displayed as a direct acyclic graph where the data flow order is from left to right, e.g. the data source is presented on the left side and the target is presented on the right side. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates a plurality of operators (op 1 -op 8 ) that may illustrate the designed job flow of the Execution Plan  345  in the top panel  502 . A user may select any operator presented in the graphic representation of the Execution Plan  345 . The user may use the graphical representation for monitoring the performance at the partition level. When an operator (op 1 -op 8 ) is selected, its performance related information may be displayed in the bottom panel  504  on a per partition basis. Some of the information displayed on the bottom panel  504  may include properties of the selected operator. Some of the properties may include the name and ID of the operator, partitioning method, collection method, sort information, and type of operator such as (inserted, composite, and combined). The type of operator may include the operator&#39;s effect on the execution plan. Some of the information displayed may be tabbed in the bottom panel  504 . One tab may be Environments tab  505  which may contain information on environmental variables. Other tabs may include Input Schemas  510  and Output Schemas  515 . These may be one or more tabs and sub-tabs to represent respective input and output links. Each tab or sub-tab may display the schema of the corresponding input link or output link. 
     A Process Logs tab  520  may also be in the bottom panel  504 . The Process Logs tab  520  may display the messages produced by the selected operator. Furthermore, the bottom panel  504  may display a number of job execution statistics. The job execution statistics may include the number of input records consumed, number of output records produced, input throughput, output throughput, CPU utilization, memory utilization, I/O utilization, disk space utilization, and scratch space utilization, for example. The partitions of each operator may be changed with a partition view tab  525 . By selecting the partition of an operator, if any, the performance information discussed above may be displayed for the selected partition of the selected operator. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates the Processes view  350  of the GUI  220 , according to various embodiments. The Processes view  350  may display the actual job flow instead of the design job flow as in the Execution Plan view  345 . The actual job flow may be displayed as, but not limited to, a process tree structure  605  as shown in the top panel  502 . The process tree structure  605  may be made of a plurality of process entries, such as process entry  610 . The label of each process entry in the process tree structure  605  may include:
         Process Type (Host:“hostname”, PID:“pid”, CPU: “cpu”, Memory:“memory”, IO:“io”)   Command line
 
For example, process entry  610  may be labeled as such:
   Player (Host:isdev, PID:5529, CPU:30%, Memory:256 MB, IO:30%) C:\apt\bin\osh-f e98726.osh
 
In various embodiments, the label may be customizable.
       

     The Process view  350  may also include several other menu items in menu  615 . Some of the other items may be, but not limited to, Switch to Execution Plan, Dump Stack, Dump Core, Terminate Process, and Export Process. The Switch to Execution Plan option may allow a user to switch to the operator in the execution plan that correlates to a selected process entry. The Terminate Process option may terminate an executing process. The Export Process option may persist the job process structure into plain text, HTML, or XML files for further analysis. 
     The Dump Stack option, when selected, may send a signal to an executing process to dump its execution stack. If the executing process is a player process (leaf node), then the Dump Stack option may cause the player process to dump its stack. If the executing process selected is a section leader process, then selecting the Dump Stack option may trigger the section leader plus any children process entries to dump their stacks. If the executing process is the conductor process (root node), the Dump Stack option triggers all of the executing processes associated with the job to dump their stacks. 
     The Dump Core option, when selected, may send a signal to an executing process to dump its process image. If the executing process is a player process (leaf node), then the Dump Stack option may cause the player process to dump its process image. If the executing process selected is a section leader process, then selecting the Dump Stack option may trigger the section leader plus any children process entries to dump their process images. If the executing process is the conductor process (root node), the Dump Stack option triggers all of the executing processes associated with the job to dump their process images. 
     By selecting a process entry in the process tree structure  605 , the information related to the process entry may be displayed in the bottom panel  504 . The information may include environmental variables, input schemas, output schemas, and process logs. Respective Environments tab  505 , Input Schemas tab  510 , Output Schemas tab  515 , and Process Logs tab  520  may allow the user to select the information of the process entry to view. Other information, not limited to the information that is displayed for operators in  FIG. 5 , could also be displayed for the process entries. 
     Also illustrated in  FIG. 5  and  FIG. 6  is an option to select the Recommendations view  330 . As illustrated in  FIG. 3  the performance analyzer  130  may generate a report  325  that contains the recommendations on how to optimize job design for better performance. The performance analyzer  130  may analyze performance results and may provide a set of selective changes for each issue identified. One recommendation may be about flow pattern validation. The performance analyzer  130  may analyze the performance results and correlates those results with the data flow design to help identify potential deadlocks, incorrect fork-join patterns, unnecessary split and merge, unneeded stages, stages that may be simplified or replaced, optimal break-down sub-flows, and use of shared/local containers, for example. 
     Other sample rules that may be used in making recommendation decisions include: parallel configuration, buffer tuning, partitioning and sort insertion, operator combining, and operator selection. Parallel configuration recommendations include the number of logical and physical partitions, node pools, and node constraints. For a job with a large number of stages, one-node logical node configuration could lead to a large number of processes at runtime. If multiple logical nodes are used, performance could degrade due to resource contention. An optimal design may be to reduce the number of logical partitions and increase the number of physical partition if possible. For a small job that executes across multiple physical partitions, it may be optimal to increase the logical partition and keep all the logical partitions on the same server to minimize data transport across the network. 
     Buffer tuning such as buffer insertion and parameter settings may be a recommendation. Buffer tuning may help avoid deadlock situations caused by fork-join patterns or remove bottlenecks. Recommendations would let the user know where, why, and how to turn on buffering. 
     Partitioning and sort insertions may be yet another recommendation, which may include partitioning method consolidation and sort keys decomposition. An example is to partition and sort data upfront at the start of the data flow and keep the partitioned data and sort order up to the point where needed. This may be better than using inconsistent keys through the entire data flow as data has to be repartitioned and sorted wherever keys are changed. Another example is to refine partitioning keys. If data is skewed across partitions for a particular stage, once can consider modifying the keys used to partition the data by adding more keys or picking up different keys that can lead to even data distribution across all of the partitions. 
     Recommendations may also be made for operator combining. The recommendation may determine whether or not to enable or disable operator combining based on, but not limited to, the number of processes executing on the system, CPU utilization, I/O throughput, and disk space usage. For example, if multiple sort operators are combined to execute in the same process, then only one sort may execute at a time. All other sorts are blocked for receiving more input. It may be optimal to disable sorts if the input data volume is large, so that disk I/O will be better utilized. If input data volume is small, combining sorts would probably be acceptable as sorting is most likely done in memory. Another example may be connectivity operators. If a database operator is combined with upstream processing operators and the database legacy slows down the entire process, then the combination for the database operator may be disabled so upstream processing operators may be impacted less by the database performance. 
     Another recommendation may be the selection of an operator. It may be important to understand performance characteristics of an operator in terms of CPU, memory, I/O. or disk space utilization. This may help select an operator that can fulfill a specific application need. For example, lookup, join, or merge can all combine data from different streams into one stream, but each operator may have its own performance characteristics. Lookup may work better for small sharable tables. Lookup may also be updatable and range lookup capabilities which join and merger do not have. Join may work well for large size reference table, and merge may work well for multiple tables. Another example may be choosing modify/filter/transform. Using modify or filter may achieve data conversions and constraints which are available in transform, but with less overhead. On the other hand, transform has looping capabilities and more advanced transformation logic. In other examples, users may need to choose between using multiple lookup tables within one lookup versus one lookup table with multiple lookups, and using sequential files over parallel datasets. 
     To make these recommendations, the performance analyzer  130  may support pluggable rules the performance analyzer may follow when making recommendations. Any stage written in application programming interfaces (API) executing on parallel framework may provide a pre-defined set of rules to inform Performance Analyzer how to make recommendations based on some specific performance data. For example, the rules used to define a bottleneck may be pluggable. On may use the relative throughput or an absolute throughput to define a bottleneck. An absolute throughput is a hard limit such as the number of records per second. By default, there may be a job wide hard limit, any operator whose throughput is below the hard limit may be considered a bottleneck. An operator with specific processing need may override this hard limit by calling a rule API. A relative throughput is throughput in percentage compared to other operators. An example of a rule may be that if the throughput of an operator is 50% less than its producing operator, then this operator may be considered a bottleneck. 
     Furthermore, in  FIG. 5  and  FIG. 6  is a Resource Usage view  355 . The Resource Usage view  355  may display a number of charts or graphs for, but not limited to, system CPU usage, I/O usage, and memory usage. It may display information collected and analyzed by the performance analyzer  130 . The Resource Usage view  355  may be used by the user to evaluate the actual job flow. 
     Referring back to  FIG. 1 , embodiments may be a system, a method, and/or a computer program product. The computer program product may include a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention. 
     The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium includes the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted through a wire. 
     Computer readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing/processing device receives computer readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer readable program instructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium within the respective computing/processing device. 
     Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations of the present invention may be assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like, and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The computer readable program instructions may execute entirely on the user&#39;s computer, partly on the user&#39;s computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user&#39;s computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user&#39;s computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readable program instructions by utilizing state information of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention. 
     Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions. 
     These computer readable program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
     The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
     The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions. 
     The descriptions of the various embodiments of the present disclosure have been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain the principles of the embodiments, the practical application or technical improvement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodiments disclosed herein.