Abstract:
A reduced drag marine vessel providing a mechanism that will reduce or even eliminate the drag along the water-solid interface at the hull of the marine vessel. This mechanism is made up of a revolving elastic shell which is similar to a donut shaped belt. This belt forms an interior volume which houses rollers and a framework to support the tubular belt which can be further inflated with a gas to counter the hydraulic pressure of the water outside. Finally, this belt may be housed within a rigid outer tubular shell and contain a propeller within its center so as to form a marine nozzle.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    The present invention relates to an improvement in the design and the method of propelling marine vessels whether they be surface ships or those designed to operate in a submerged configuration. More specifically, the invention described here has the advantages of producing very little drag resistance, of operating at a high degree of efficiency, of being capable higher speeds, and of producing small wakes and a low noise signatures. Additionally, the instant invention is particularly applicable for highspeed marine vessels and especially those that are designed for submerged operation and those employing twin-hull designs. It can also be adapted for marine nozzles for drag reduction.  
           [0002]    Most existing designs and the methods employed in the construction of the hulls of marine vessels are based on the use of an immobile watertight hull that is fixedly attached to a solid inner frame. This basic structure is then propelled by an aft propeller that is rotationally driven by an internal drive motor in one direction to force the entire vessel forward or to reverse the direction of propeller rotation which will act to pull the vessel rearward.  
           [0003]    As a marine vessel travels through a body of water there is always a relative speed between the outer hull of the vessel and the water that it is in contact with it. This relative speed causes a speed gradient which subsequently causes a resistance that is opposite to the movement of the vessel. The resistance which is commonly known as drag or hydrodynamic drag. According to theory of hydrodynamics, drag resistance is approximately proportional to the square of the velocity. So drag resistance accounts for an important part of the overall resistance when the vessel is traveling at speed exceeding 30 mph.  
           [0004]    The use of moving surface to reduce drag has been well established in the prior art with many proffered examples such as that shown by U.S. Pat. No. 532,220 issued to J. Thomas on Jan. 8, 1895 which generally disclosed a mechanism to cover the sides of the ship with revolving belts to reduce friction between the ship and water. At the same time, U.S. Pat. No. 532,221 was issued to J. Thomas on Jan. 8, 1895 in which he additionally patented the driving and support mechanism for the revolving belts that were the subject of the first patent. In both patents the belts were open on the sides which created very complex problems with their sealing which has proven prohibitive. Therefore, the inventions covered by U.S. Pat. No. 532,220 and U.S. Pat. No. 532,221 have found little practical use.  
           [0005]    Subsequent to the issuance of the above described patents, U.S. Pat. No. 1,258,428 was issued to J. B. Marling which generally disclosed marine vessel which employed the use of a rotary bottom in which rows of hollow drums were fixed in tandem in the bottom of the vessel to reduce hydrodynamic drag. The design of this mechanism allow the rotationally attached plurality of drums to freely rotate as the boat moves through a body of water. Subsequent to the publication of this patent, it was discovered that the drums must be very large in diameter and the load speed also be relatively small to obtain the intended benefit of friction reduction. Since this design problem severely limited the usefulness of the invention, it has never made a significant impact on the design or construction of marine vessel hulls.  
           [0006]    A method of producing a high speed boat is provided for in U.S. Pat. No. 1,913,605 issued to W. D. on Nov. 5, 1932 in which an endless belt that was attached to the bottom of the boat was used to propel the vessel. The proffered belt was straight in the width dimension and a plurality of air bags were fixed on the wetted side to provide the floating force. One major disadvantage of this design is that at high speed the air bags picked up a lot of water and splashes into the cargo area consuming extra energy and making the vessel less efficient. Additionally, the use of the belt for propulsion purposes is entirely contrary to the intended purpose of lessening the friction between the hull of the vessel and the body of water through which it is passing.  
           [0007]    As a similar mechanism is provided for in U.S. Pat. No. 2,377,143 issued to J. V. Golden on Apr. 27, 1942 in which a revolving endless belt was used to form the bottom surface of a marine vessel in an attempt to overcome the drag created as it passed over a body of water. The problem with the design of this example of the prior art is that the belt must be sealed along its entire length along both sides which causes a great deal of friction which consumes a substantial amount of additional energy.  
           [0008]    A similar conveyor system is covered by U.S. Pat. No. 3,205,852 issued to B. W. Shepard on Dec. 17, 1964 in which a conveyor forming the bottom of the hull of a marine vessel is used as the propulsion mechanism. The appreciable difference of this invention and the prior art is that it changed the drive and support mechanism of the W. D. Martin invention by allowing the variation of the angle of attack by the bottom of the boat. Again, the problem with this mechanism is that use of the belt for propulsion purposes, irrespective of its angle of attack, is entirely contrary to the intended purpose of lessening the friction between the hull of the vessel and the body of water through which it is passing.  
           [0009]    In the continuing line of the review of the prior art, an endless belt system covered in U.S. Pat. No. 3,621,803 issued to R. E. Foster on Sep. 15, 1969 in which a plurality of such belts are provided with the intent of reducing the drag on the vertical sides of the hull of a marine vessel. With this intention, he introduced a plurality of endless belts in tandem to cover a large surface area and provided a workable mechanism to seal the opening on both sides of the belt. The primary problem with this approach to the problem is that the use the plurality of these endless belts is that the areas in front of, in between, and behind these areas can cause turbulence as they pass through the water which in turn create drag which reduces the efficiency of the vessel.  
           [0010]    Finally, a method of modifying the dynamic interaction between water and the surface of a vessel is covered in U.K. Pat. No. 2,223,821 issued to Ian Roebuck on Apr. 18, 1990 in which the surface of a marine vessel is covered with a specially designed membrane. The invention operates to reduce drag and noise produced by the hull of a marine vessel passing through a body of water by providing, over a substantial portion of the hull, a flexible surface membrane and means of establishing a transverse displacement wave pattern in that membrane. The problem with this design is that it is very complicated and is therefore limited.  
           [0011]    From the foregoing discussion it can be seen that it would be advantageous to provide a method of reducing the hydrodynamic drag that is created between the hull of a marine vessel and the body of water it is passing through as it moves. Additionally, that it would be advantageous to provide such a method that can be implemented over the substantial majority of the surface of the hull that comes into contact with the water in travel.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0012]    It is the primary objective of the present invention to provide a method of reducing the hydrodynamic drag that is created between the hull of a marine vessel and the contacting surface of the water it is passing through as it moves along its intended path.  
           [0013]    It is an additional objective of the present invention to provide such a method that can be implemented over the substantial majority of the surface of the hull that comes into contact with the water during vessel operation.  
           [0014]    It is a further objective of the present invention to provide such a method of producing a marine vessel with a hull design which significantly reduces the hydrodynamic drag on the vessel.  
           [0015]    The objectives of the present invention are addressed to reduce the effects of hydrodynamic drag which accounts for an important portion of efficiency robbing resistance to marine vessels. The invention solves the problem of drag resistance for higher-speed marine vessels by providing a mechanism that will reduce or even eliminate the drag along the water-solid interface at the hull of the marine vessel. This mechanism is made up of a revolving elastic shell which is similar to a conveyer belt. However, this similarity ends in the fact that the belt is curled up on itself and sealed along the side edges to form a tubular apparatus which can be inflated with a gas to counter the hydrostatic pressure of the water outside.  
           [0016]    This endless tubular belt that is used to form the hull of a marine vessel generally terminates just at the bow of the vessel and out front of the stern. This configuration leaves a hollow tube down the center of the hull which is capped off on either end to form a water-tight hull. Additionally, these caps are fitted with specially designed low friction skirts that interacts with the endless belt to form a water-tight seal and to prevent water from getting into the hull.  
           [0017]    An interior frame is employed in the center tube chamber to provide a point of attachment for the engine and a platform for the carrying of cargo or personnel. This interior frame is suspended within the confines of the endless belt hull by the use of a plurality of rollers that are positioned against the inside of the belt in a manner which supports the frame while allowing the belt to rotate freely. The engine thus positioned is used as the propulsion device of the vessel and is generally connected by common means to a revolving propeller which provides the necessary thrust to move the vessel.  
           [0018]    This endless elastic belt being so constructed is then free to revolve under the drag force created as the marine vessel travels forward through a body of water. This hydrodynamic drag force causes the belt to remain relatively stationary in relation to the surface of the water regardless of the direction of travel of the marine vessel or its speed in relation to the surface of the body of water. As a result of the linear velocity of the belt being equal to or slightly less than the speed of the vessel, there is little hydrodynamic drag resistence created between the hull of the vessel and the water surrounding it, which allows the vessel to both operate more efficiently and at higher rates of speed.  
           [0019]    A drag-free thrust nozzle is also disclosed. This thrust nozzle uses an endless belt unit as described above which is housed within a rigid outer shell. The nozzle is also equipped with a propellor or similar drive means at its center. Thus, a more efficient nozzle than conventional fixed wall nozzles is disclosed.  
           [0020]    For a better understanding of the present invention reference should be made to the drawings and the description in which there are illustrated and described preferred embodiments of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0021]    [0021]FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of the present invention which illustrates the manner in which the endless belt is used to form the hull of a marine vessel and also how the internal frame is suspended and supported within this hull.  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional detail view of rear quarter quadrant of the present invention as illustrated in FIG. 1 and illustrating the manner in which the hollow tube of the hull is sealed off by the rear cap.  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 3 is a top elevation cross-sectional view of an alternative embodiment of the present invention illustrating the manner in which the endless belt can be employed to form the hull of a submarine or torpedo  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 4 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of the present invention illustrating a catamaran type configuration employing two drag-free vessels as the submerged or partially submerged floats.  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 5 is a top elevation cross-sectional view of an alternative embodiment of the present invention illustrating a marine propulsion nozzle constructed with the drag-free design to form the drag-free nozzle. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0026]    Referring now to the drawings, and more specifically to FIG. 1, the drag-free marine vessel  10  is made up of an endless tubular elastic revolving belt  14  as the major part of the wetted hull, or that portion of the present invention that is in direct contact with the body of water through which the drag-free marine vessel  10  is traveling. The tubular elastic revolving belt  14 , which is endless in both its longitudinal and the transverse directions, can be thought of as being in form much the same as the outer skin of a donut that has been drastically stretched in its longitudinal axis thereby producing a long dual walled and revolving tube having an outer and inner tubular surface  17  and  19  respectively.  
         [0027]    The endless revolving belt  14  is stretched on leading and trailing rollers  12  and  13  respectively which are fixed along the circumventure at the two ends of a tubular frame  16  which is all housed in the inner tubular chamber  15 . To prevent the endless revolving belt  14  from touching the stationary tubular frame  16 , a plurality of support rollers  18  are used to support the endless revolving belt  14  in between the leading rollers  12  along the substantial majority of the length of the drag-free marine vessel  10 . The endless revolving belt  14  rotates as the drag-free marine vessel  10  travels through a body of water and as a result of this, there is little relative speed between the endless revolving belt  14  and the water that it is in contact with. As a result of this, hydrostatic drag between the invention and the water is effectively eliminated. Additionally, the endless revolving belt  14  can also be inflated with air to increase the invention&#39;s efficiency by counteracting the hydraulic pressure placed on it by the body of water through which it is traveling and to facilitate water tight sealing at both ends of the drag-free marine vessel  10 .  
         [0028]    The present invention is constructed in a manner which allows it to carry an engine  20  and additional payload  22  in a center tube chamber  21 . In order to support the engine  20  and payload  22 , a tubular shaped payload frame  24  is used which is supported by two sets of stretching rollers  26  and stretching roller wheels  28  which are positioned inside the area that is described by the leading rollers  12 . The circumventure formed by the stretching rollers  26  is larger than that formed by the leading rollers  12  so that tubular frame  16  is securely contained inside the drag-free marine vessel  10 . In this manner, the payload frame  24  can be suspended within the circumventure or center tube chamber  21  formed by the construction of the endless revolving belt  14  without affecting its rotational performance.  
         [0029]    Tension in the belt can be adjusted and maintained by a set of hydraulic tensioning cylinders  30  on the payload frame  24  and sliding sockets  32  on the outer tubular frame  16 . The tensioning cylinder  30  is to provide a method of varying the length of the payload frame  24  which can be used to adjust the tension of the stretching rollers within the endless revolving belt  14 . Conversely, the sliding sockets  32  can also be employed to varying the length of the tubular frame  16  which is used to change the tension and performance of the endless revolving belt  14 .  
         [0030]    Finally, FIG. 1 also illustrates the manner in which the engine  20 , which can be electrically or mechanically powered, is positioned within the payload frame  24  in a configuration which allows it to be connected to the propeller  36  of the present invention by the propeller shaft  34 . As directional rotational force is supplied to the propeller  36  through the rotation of the internal components of the engine  20 , the rotating propeller  36  drives the drag-free marine vessel  10  forward through the body of water. Conversely, the reversal of the direction of the propeller  36  rotation can be employed to pull the invention in a backwards fashion. Additionally, it goes without saying that any one of the number of currently available power sources can be used to power the invention.  
         [0031]    The close-up detail of FIG. 2 is an illustration of the method used in sealing in the hydrodynamic tail  42  in its contact with the endless revolving belt  14 . The sealing element employed is a Nylon skirt  38  which spans the gap between the hydrodynamic tail  42  and the endless revolving belt  14 . The outward rim of the Nylon skirt  38 , in relation to the hydrodynamic tail  42 , is pressed against the endless revolving belt  14  to achieve the water tight seal. The pressure necessary to maintain this seal at the Nylon skirt  38  at the endless revolving belt  14  is the spring-loaded sealing mechanism  40  which internally spans the area between the hydrodynamic tail  42  and the remainder of the invention. The spring-loaded sealing mechanism  42  operates by placing an appropriate amount of outward pressure on the skin of the hydrodynamic tail  42  which in turn forces the Nylon skirt  38  against the endless revolving belt  14 . Additionally, the pressure applied by the spring-loaded sealing mechanism  38  can be varied to compensate for differing water pressures and conditions enabling the present invention to operate efficiently in all types of environments.  
         [0032]    An additional design feature of the present invention that enhances the Nylon shirt  38  in its sealing capacity is that the interior of the hydrodynamic tail  42  is pressurized, in much the same fashion as the interior of the endless revolving belt  14 , with the appropriate air pressure so as to counteract hydraulic pressure applied to the exterior of the invention by the body of water through which it is traveling. Therefore, the junction of the hydrodynamic tail  42  and the endless revolving belt  14  is designed in such a fashion so as to prevent water from entering the interior of the invention without affecting the operation of endless revolving belt  14 . Although the above describes the manner in which the rear end of the present invention is sealed, the front end is configured and sealed in the same fashion.  
         [0033]    The tubular nature of the present invention translates well to the use with a submarine  48  as the interior of the tube leaves the necessary space for the positioning of the submarine engine and transmission,  52  and  54 , and for the carrying of a submarine payload  50 . The submarines  48  sensors and navigation electronics  56  are located in the submarine&#39;s hydrodynamic nose  58  which is constructed and sealed in much the same manner as the corresponding components described above. Additionally, submarine&#39;s tail  64  is also constructed in this manner and provides the point of attachment for the aft submarine propeller  60  and submarine rudder  62  which operate together to provide the thrust and direction control for the submarine  48 . Finally, the ratio of length of the submarine&#39;s drag-free hull  66  to its diameter has been found to be larger than  10  in order to benefit from the invention&#39;s design.  
         [0034]    In a still further embodiment of the present invention as illustrated in FIG. 4 illustrates shows a SWATH vessel, or a semi-submerged catamaran, using the drag-free vessels  10  as the submerged hulls of the catamaran ship  68 . This embodiment of the present invention is made up of two submerged drag-free vessels  70  with forward and aft sealing caps  72  which are constructed in the same manner as the similar objects described above. These submerged drag-free vessels  70  are connected to a cargo platform  78  by the forward and aft struts,  74  and  76 . The cargo platform  78  forms the body of the catamaran ship  68  and also allows for the positioning of the cargo cabin  80  from which the catamaran ship  68  is controlled. Each of the submerged drag-free vessels  70  of this embodiment are equipped with an aft propeller  82  and a port rudders  84 . These components provide propulsion and steering impetus used by the operator to control the catamaran ship  68 .  
         [0035]    Additionally, the method employed to attach the forward and aft struts,  72  and  74 , to the submerged drag-free vessels  70  are connected to the payload frame  24  (much the same configuration as illustrated in FIG. 1) in the submerged drag-free vessels  70 . Additionally, all the forward and aft struts,  74  and  76 , have a hydrodynamic cross sections to minimize fluid resistance so as to limit their drag related impact on the operation of the invention. Finally, the power to drive the catamaran ship  68  is transmitted through the aft struts  76  into the propellers  82  via axis and two sets of umbrella gears. It has been demonstrated that the tension in the belt has to be min. Ten (10) to the power of five (5) N/M in order to operate at a speed higher than 50 km per second nozzle water speed.  
         [0036]    A still further embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 5 in which a drag-free thrust nozzle  88  for marine vessels is described. A thrust nozzle  88  is used to enclose the propeller  102  of a marine vessel to increase the propeller&#39;s  102  efficiency. This FIG. illustrates a typical drag-free thrust nozzle  88  in which an endless revolving belt  14  is fitted to an outer tubular shell  90  by a set of outer retaining rollers  92  and outer support rollers  94 . The endless revolving belt  14  is also fitted to an inner tubular frame  108  by a set of inner retaining rollers  106  and inner support rollers  96 . The outer and inner support rollers,  92  and  94 , also serve to position the endless revolving belt in relation to the outer tubular shell  90 . Finally, the inner support rollers  96  are also used to counter the hydraulic pressure placed on the body of the endless revolving belt  14  as water passes through the body of the present invention.  
         [0037]    The drag-free thrust nozzle  88  is also equipped with a hydrodynamically shaped inlet  100  and hydrodynamically shaped outlet  98  which are provided to seal the gaps at either end of the endless revolving belts  14 . The sealing function of the hydrodynamic inlet and outlet,  100  and  98 , are accomplished in the same manner as described above for the previous embodiments of the present invention. The nozzle propeller shaft  104  enters the thrust nozzle  88  at its forward end from an external drive source and is connected to the nozzle propeller  102  just forward of the longitudinal center of the thrust nozzle  88  and along its axial center. The force supplied by the nozzle propeller shaft  104  rotationally drives the nozzle propeller  102  within the body of the invention drawing water in through the front of the thrust nozzle  88  and forcing out the back. Additionally, the drag-free thrust nozzle  88  and the propeller  102  are preferably connected to and supported by the hull of the marine vessel which they are being used to propel.  
         [0038]    In the past, the length of a thrust nozzle  88  had to be relatively short to limit the friction loss inside of it. The use of drag-free design of this embodiment of the present invention ensures that there is little relative speed between the water in the thrust nozzle  88  and the interior wall of the thrust nozzle  88  itself. Therefore, there is little or no efficiency loss as a result of friction and the thrust nozzle  88  can be made longer and more energy efficient compared with existing fixed wall nozzles.  
         [0039]    Although the present invention has been described in considerable detail with reference to certain preferred versions thereof, other versions are possible. Therefore, the spirit and scope of the appended claims should not be limited to the description of the preferred versions contained herein.