Abstract:
Various embodiments provide a method comprising electrowinning a first portion of a conditioned cobalt bearing solution to yield cobalt metal, subjecting a second portion of a conditioned cobalt bearing solution to a first ion exchange to yield a second conditioned cobalt bearing solution, performing cobalt selective solution extraction on the second conditioned cobalt bearing solution to yield a refined cobalt containing liquid and, precipitating a cobalt salt by adding a precipitating agent to a first portion of the refined cobalt containing liquid.

Description:
FIELD OF INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates, generally, to systems and methods for recovering metal values from metal-bearing materials, and more specifically, to systems and methods for recovering cobalt in the forms of metallic cobalt and/or ionic cobalt. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Cobalt is an industrially important element that may be used in various catalysts, dyes, alloys, inks, battery additives, and other industrially beneficial products. Cobalt may be found in nature in a variety of forms and in a variety of ores. Cobalt containing ores include cobaltite, heterogenite (CoOOH), erythrite, glaucodot, and skutterudite. As found in nature, cobalt often exists in an oxidation state other than zero. For example, cobalt is often found in the form of cobalt II and cobalt III. Cobalt metal is commercially saleable, though purified forms of cobalt II and/or cobalt III, such as those in a salt form, are also commercially saleable. 
         [0003]    In conventional processes, cobalt containing materials precipitated with magnesium oxide (MgO) and subsequently leached tend to be difficult to filter. In addition, large volumes of aqueous solution are typically employed. More efficient systems and methods for cobalt recovery would be commercially and industrially advantageous. In addition, it would be commercially and industrially advantageous to produce both cobalt metal and ionic cobalt. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    Accordingly, the present invention provides systems and methods for metal value recovery, such as cobalt recovery. In various embodiments, a method is provided comprising electrowinning a first portion of a conditioned cobalt bearing solution to yield cobalt metal, subjecting a second portion of a conditioned cobalt bearing solution to a first ion exchange to yield a second conditioned cobalt bearing solution, performing cobalt selective solution extraction on the second conditioned cobalt bearing solution to yield a refined cobalt containing liquid, and, precipitating a cobalt salt by adding a precipitating agent to a first portion of the refined cobalt containing liquid. 
         [0005]    In various embodiments, a system comprising an electrowinning cell configured to electrowin a first portion of a conditioned cobalt bearing solution to yield cobalt meta, an ion exchange column configured to subject a second portion of a conditioned cobalt bearing solution to a first ion exchange to yield a second conditioned cobalt bearing solution, a solution extraction circuit configured to perform cobalt selective solution extraction on the second conditioned cobalt bearing solution to yield a refined cobalt containing liquid and, a precipitation vessel configured to contain a cobalt salt formed by addition of a precipitating agent to a first portion of the refined cobalt containing liquid. 
         [0006]    Further areas of applicability will become apparent from the detailed description provided herein. It should be understood that the description and specific examples are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0007]    The subject matter of the present invention is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of the specification. A more complete understanding of the present invention, however, may best be obtained by referring to the detailed description and claims when considered in connection with the drawing figures, wherein like numerals denote like elements and wherein: 
           [0008]      FIG. 1  is a flow diagram illustrating an exemplary process in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention; 
           [0009]      FIG. 2  is a flow diagram illustrating an exemplary process, including a conditioning process, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention; 
           [0010]      FIG. 3  is a flow diagram illustrating an exemplary process, including recovery of both ionic cobalt and metallic cobalt, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention; and 
           [0011]      FIG. 4  is a flow diagram illustrating an exemplary process, including recovery of both ionic cobalt and metallic cobalt, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0012]    The following description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the present invention, its applications, or its uses. It should be understood that throughout the drawings, corresponding reference numerals indicate like or corresponding parts and features. The description of specific examples indicated in various embodiments of the present invention are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention disclosed herein. Moreover, recitation of multiple embodiments having stated features is not intended to exclude other embodiments having additional features or other embodiments incorporating different combinations of the stated features. 
         [0013]    Furthermore, the detailed description of various embodiments herein makes reference to the accompanying drawing figures, which show various embodiments by way of illustration. While the embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention, it should be understood that other embodiments may be realized and that logical and mechanical changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Thus, the detailed description herein is presented for purposes of illustration only and not of limitation. For example, steps or functions recited in descriptions any method, system, or process, may be executed in any order and are not limited to the order presented. Moreover, any of the step or functions thereof may be outsourced to or performed by one or more third parties. Furthermore, any reference to singular includes plural embodiments, and any reference to more than one component may include a singular embodiment. 
         [0014]    The present invention relates, generally, to systems and methods for recovering metal values from metal-bearing materials, and more specifically, to systems and methods for recovering cobalt in the forms of metallic cobalt and/or ionic cobalt. Various embodiments of the present invention provide a process for recovering cobalt in both the metallic form and in a salt form (i.e., ionic form). Both metallic cobalt and ionic cobalt are commercially saleable. Ionic cobalt and metallic cobalt both have industrial uses. 
         [0015]    It has been discovered that production of metallic cobalt and ionic cobalt may be conducted using an integrated process. In that regard, recovery of cobalt and ionic cobalt may be performed simultaneously, substantially simultaneously, serially, or at time independent of one another, in a manner that expedites recovery from a given feed stock of cobalt bearing materials. Stated another way, an integrated approach to the production of cobalt and ionic cobalt reduces the time and resources associated with cobalt recovery. In various embodiments, metallic cobalt and ionic cobalt may be recovered at the same facility or in separate facilities. In various embodiments, integrated recovery is advantageously combined with a bleed after a filtration process. Such a configuration may, for example, reduce solution volumes in the electrolyte of an electrowinning cell. 
         [0016]    With reference to  FIG. 1 , a metal recovery process  100  is illustrated according to various embodiments of the present invention. Metal recovery process  100  comprises subjecting cobalt bearing material (“Co MAT”)  102  to leach  104 , filtration  106 , solution extraction  108 , and precipitation and filtration  112 . Upstream bleed  120  is taken from the output of filtration  106 . As described in this disclosure, upstream bleed  120 , which is located after a filtration process, tends to decrease downstream solution volumes. Thus, downstream metal recovery processes may act on lower volumes of solution than in previous systems. Accordingly, reagent cost and plant equipment cost tends to be lessened. Moreover, upstream bleed  120   122  acts as a bleed of impurities such as MgSO 4  and Na 2 SO 4  from the circuit. 
         [0017]    Cobalt bearing material  102  may be an ore (cobaltite, heterogenite (CoOOH), erythrite, glaucodot, skutterudite, other cobalt containing ores, and mixtures of cobalt containing ores with ores bearing other metal values), a concentrate, a process residue, an impure metal salt, a preprocessed cobalt bearing material, combinations thereof, or any other material from which cobalt values are present. Cobalt, whether in metal or ionic form, may be recovered from cobalt bearing material  102  in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention. Various aspects and embodiments of the present invention, however, prove especially advantageous in connection with the recovery of cobalt from a preprocessed cobalt bearing material. A preprocessed cobalt bearing material may comprise a material that has been subjected to a prior metallurgical process. For example, a metallurgical process may result in the formation of cobalt hydroxide Co(OH) 2 . Cobalt hydroxide may be formed by combining a cobalt bearing material with magnesium oxide (MgO) and/or lime. It should be appreciated that a preprocessed cobalt bearing material may contain various other constituents as impurities or coprecipitates, such as copper, zinc, manganese and/or nickel. In various embodiments, cobalt bearing material  102  comprises cobalt hydroxide. In various embodiments, cobalt bearing material  102  comprises cobalt hydroxide produced by addition of magnesium oxide to a material containing cobalt ions. In various embodiments, cobalt bearing material  102  comprises cobalt hydroxide produced by addition of lime to a material containing cobalt ions. In various embodiments, cobalt bearing material  102  comprises cobalt hydroxide produced by addition of lime and/or magnesium oxide. Cobalt produced using magnesium oxide is generally considered of greater quality than cobalt produced using lime, though various factors, including reagent costs, may affect the selection of an appropriate cobalt bearing material. 
         [0018]    With continued reference to  FIG. 1 , after cobalt bearing material  102  has been suitably prepared, cobalt bearing material  102  may be subjected to leach  104  to put cobalt in cobalt bearing material  102  in a condition for later cobalt recovery steps. Leach  104  may comprise be any method, process, or system that enables cobalt to be leached from cobalt bearing material  102 . Typically, leaching utilizes acid to leach cobalt from cobalt bearing material  102 . Basic (i.e., caustic) leaches may be used, however. For example, leaching can employ a leaching apparatus such as for example, a heap leach, a vat leach, a tank leach, a simultaneous grind-leach apparatus, a pad leach, a leach vessel or any other leaching technology, known to those skilled in the art or hereafter developed, that is useful for leaching cobalt from cobalt bearing material  102 . 
         [0019]    In accordance with various embodiments, leaching may be conducted at any suitable pressure, temperature, and/or oxygen content. Leaching can employ one of a high temperature, a medium temperature, or a low temperature, combined with one of high pressure, or atmospheric pressure. Leaching may utilize conventional atmospheric or pressure leaching, for example, but not limited to, low, medium or high temperature pressure leaching. As used herein, the term “pressure leaching” refers to cobalt recovery process in which material is contacted with an acidic or a basic solution and oxygen under conditions of elevated temperature and pressure. Medium or high temperature pressure leaching processes which are generally thought of as those processes operating under acidic conditions at temperatures from about 120° C. to about 190° C. or up to about 250° C. 
         [0020]    Cobalt bearing leachate  105  may be directed to filtration  106 . Filtration  106  may comprise any suitable filtration process. For example, vacuum filters such as a belt filter or disc filter may be used. In addition, pressure filters such as a plate and frame filter may be used. 
         [0021]    Filtration  106  may separate the cobalt bearing leachate  105  into a solid phase and a liquid phase. The solid phase may be treated as residue. However, in various embodiments, the solid phase is sent to a primary leaching process. A primary leaching process may comprise a leaching process that is intended to liberate one or more metals from a metal bearing material. For example, in various embodiments, a primary leaching process comprises a leaching process to liberate copper and cobalt from a metal bearing material that comprises copper and cobalt. The liquid phase of cobalt bearing reactive processed material  105  comprises filtrate  107 . Filtrate  107  is forwarded to solution extraction  108 . Upstream bleed  120  is taken from filtrate  107 . 
         [0022]    In various embodiments, solution extraction  108  is configured to selectively extract impurities, as described in further detail herein. In various embodiments, solution extraction  108  comprises a liquid-liquid extraction. During solution extraction  108 , impurities from the liquids phase may be loaded selectively into an organic phase in an extraction stage. Impurities may include one or more of copper, zinc, manganese and nickel. In various embodiments, the organic phase comprises an extracting agent, which may also be referred to as an extractant, to aid in transporting the impurities to the organic phase. For example, Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) may be used as an extracting agent. Cobalt is retained in the aqueous phase and Zn, Mn, and Ca are loaded in the organic phase. 
         [0023]    The organic phase from solution extraction  108  may be then subjected to one or more wash stages and/or scrub stages in which the loaded organic phase is contacted with an aqueous phase in order to remove aqueous cobalt bearing solution droplets from the organic phase. However, in various embodiments, a wash stage is not included. The organic phase may then be subject to a solvent stripping stage, wherein the impurities are transferred to an aqueous phase. For example, more acidic conditions may shift the equilibrium conditions to cause the impurities to migrate to the aqueous phase. The aqueous phase, which contains the impurities, may be processed in a suitable manner. The organic phase is thus purged of impurities and, in various embodiments, may be contacted again with liquids from solid liquid phase. Conditioned solution  118  thus comprises cobalt containing liquid from solution extraction  108 . 
         [0024]    In various embodiments, solution extraction  108  produces conditioned solution  118  and conditioned solution  116 . Conditioned solution  118  may be forwarded to precipitation and filtration  112 , to precipitate any cobalt that was stripped from the organic phase in the wash/scrub stage. 
         [0025]    Precipitation and filtration  112  may comprise a filtration process wherein a reagent is added to selectively precipitate cobalt. Precipitation and filtration  112  may comprise a precipitation that includes the use of a variety of precipitants, including, for example, calcium, lime (calcium hydroxide and/or calcium oxide), calcium carbonate and milk of lime (certain preparations of calcium hydroxide). In various embodiments, any suitable source of gypsum or lime may be used in precipitation and filtration  112 . For example, lime may be added to precipitation and filtration  112  to precipitate cobalt as cobalt gypsum (“CoGyp”). Precipitation and filtration  112  thus produces precipitated cobalt  114 . Precipitated cobalt  114  may be passed to leach  104 . 
         [0026]    Upstream bleed  120  comprises a portion of filtrate  107 . Upstream bleed  120  may be used to bleed a portion of filtrate  107  to precipitation and filtration  112 , thus bypassing solution extraction  108 . As discussed above, upstream bleed  120  allows for the reduction of impurities from the circuit and for the reduction in process volumes in downstream processing. For example, leachate  105  from leach  104  may be of relatively low cobalt concentration. Upstream bleed  120  provides a portion of the liquid phase of leachate  105  to precipitation and filtration  112 , allowing the cobalt to be precipitated and the cobalt-depleted liquid phase with the impurities to be sent to elsewhere (e.g., to tails). Stated another way, upstream bleed  120  acts to reduce solution volumes, in turn reducing the volume of solution that is subject to other metal recovery processes. By reducing volume prior to other processing steps, the volume of solution used in the other processing steps relative to the cobalt contained therein is lower than in conventional systems. Accordingly, process equipment may be downsized as the equipment need not be sized to accommodate a large volume of low cobalt concentration liquor. The reduction in equipment size is also a cost savings over conventional systems on a per mass unit of cobalt recovered basis. 
         [0027]    Filtered solution  117  may be passed to further processing  110 . Further processing  110  may comprise any metal recovery process, such as ion exchange, electrowinning, solution extraction, carbon column filtering, and combinations thereof. Further processing yields cobalt bearing solution  120 . 
         [0028]    A portion of cobalt bearing solution  120  may be sent to electrowinning  122 . Electrowinning cell  122  yields a cobalt metal cathode product  128 . As those skilled in the art are aware, a variety of methods and apparatus are available for the electrowinning of cobalt and other metal values, any of which may be suitable for use in accordance with the present invention, provided the requisite process parameters for the chosen method or apparatus are satisfied. 
         [0029]    In various embodiments, electrowinning may be performed in electrowinning cell  122  such that the anodes and cathodes are housed in separate compartments. For example, electrowinning cell  122  may comprise a cathode compartment and an anode compartment. Compartments may be formed by the placement of a bag or other barrier, whether permeable or semi-permeable, around or partially around one or more of the anodes and cathodes. For example, a bag may be placed around all or a portion of an anode. Cobalt metal may evolve at the cathode. Manganese, among others species, may evolve at the anode. Manganese and other species from the anode may be forwarded to a leach or other metal recovery processing operation. Lean electrolyte from the anode compartment may be forwarded to leach  104 . 
         [0030]    In various embodiments, electrowinning may be performed in electrowinning cell  122  such that the anodes and cathodes are not separated into compartments. In such embodiments, the anodes and cathodes are placed in the same media without a barrier and electrical current is applied. For example, electrowinning cell  122  may comprise a cathode compartment and an anode compartment. Metal values, such as cobalt, may evolve at the cathode. Manganese, among others species, may evolve at the anode. Manganese and other species from the anode may be forwarded to a leach or other metal recovery processing operation. Lean electrolyte from the anode compartment may be forwarded to leach  104 . 
         [0031]    A portion of cobalt bearing solution  120 , cobalt bearing subportion  130 , may be forwarded to cobalt ion recovery  124 . Cobalt ion recovery  124  may comprise any ionic cobalt recovery process, such as ion exchange, electrowinning, solution extraction, carbon column filtering, and combinations thereof. Cobalt ion recovery  124  yields ionic cobalt  126 . Ionic cobalt  126  may be in a salt form, and, in various embodiments, may precipitate from aqueous solution. The ionic cobalt  126  may be dried and subject to further processing or sale. 
         [0032]    With reference to  FIG. 2 , metal recovery process  200  is illustrated. Metal recovery process  200  contains certain steps found in metal recovery process  100 . 
         [0033]    Cobalt bearing subportion  130  may be sent to conditioning  202 . Conditioning  202  may comprise any suitable conditioning process or processes. For example, conditioning  202  may comprise solution extraction, ion exchange, precipitation, solid liquid phase separation, pH adjustment, dilution, filtering, flotation, and any other like operation. 
         [0034]    Conditioned material  206  may be sent to precipitation  204 . Precipitation  204  may comprise any process where cobalt is mixed with a precipitating agent to form a compound that has a low solubility in aqueous solution at room temperature (i.e., 25° C.) and atmospheric pressure. 
         [0035]    A precipitant or precipitating agent, used herein interchangeably, is an agent that, when added to a solution, causes at least a portion of a solute to precipitate. A variety of precipitating agents may be used to precipitate metal values. Any agent that may precipitate a metal value from an aqueous solution may be used as a precipitating agent. Various carbonates, sulfites, sulphates, phosphates, hydroxides, oxides, and sulfides tend to have low solubility in aqueous solution. Precipitating agents may include various hydroxides and carbonates. More specifically, precipitating agents may include magnesium hydroxide, lime, magnesium oxide (also known in the art as magnesia), ammonium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, ammonium sulphate, sodium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, potassium, and sodium hydroxide. In an exemplary embodiment, any form of magnesium oxide may be used as a precipitating agent. For example, forms of magnesium oxide include solid magnesium oxide, calcined magnesium oxide and slurried, calcined magnesium oxide. 
         [0036]    Precipitation  204  may comprise the addition of a precipitating agent to conditioned material  206  in any suitable manner. The precipitating agent may be added continuously over time or may be added periodically. The solution may be agitated or otherwise mixed during precipitation. Solids, such as ionic cobalt  126 , may be recovered by a solid liquid phase separation. 
         [0037]    A solid liquid phase separation may be accomplished in any suitable manner, including use of filtration systems, counter-current decantation (CCD) circuits, thickeners, and the like. In various embodiments, a solid liquid phase separation may comprise further conditioning processes such as, for example, filtration or clarification in clarifiers, to remove fine solid particles. A variety of factors, such as the process material balance, environmental regulations, residue composition, economic considerations, and the like, may affect the decision whether to employ a CCD circuit, one thickener or multiple thickeners, one filter or multiple filters, and/or any other suitable device or combination of devices in a solid liquid separation apparatus. Ionic cobalt  126  may be dried after separation from the liquid phase of precipitation  204 . 
         [0038]    With reference to  FIG. 3 , metal recovery process  300  is illustrated. Metal recovery process  300  contains certain steps found in metal recovery process  100 . 
         [0039]    Cobalt bearing material  102  is subject to leach  303 . Leach  303  is conducted in acid media under the addition of sulfur dioxide gas, though any suitable reducing agent may be used in lieu of or with sulfur dioxide gas. Sulfur dioxide addition acts to reduce cobalt III into cobalt II, which is readily dissolved into solution. Leach  303  may be performed under pressure and at temperatures above 25° C., though in various embodiments, leach  203  is conducted at atmospheric pressure and at a temperature of about 50° C. Leach  303  yields a leachate that is forwarded to leach residue filtration  306 . 
         [0040]    Leach residue filtration  306  comprises the thickening and filtering of solids from liquids of the leachate. Gypsum, which may be present in the leachate due to, for example, precipitation and filtration  316 , is believed to act as a filtering aid in leach residue filtration  306 . Leach residue filtration  306  produces solids  322 . Solids  322  may be forwarded to, for example, a primary leaching process. In that regard, residual metals in solids  322 , such as copper and cobalt, may be recovered. In various embodiments, solids  322  are sent to residue and/or neutralization  320 . Neutralization  320  may comprise any suitable waste management or neutralization process. For example, lime may be added in neutralization  320  to regulate the pH of effluent prior to further processing. 
         [0041]    The liquid portion of leach residue filtration  306  may be forwarded to Zn/Mn/Ca SX  307 . Zn/Mn/Ca SX  307  comprises a solution extraction process that removes, among other things, Zn, Mn, and Ca from the liquid portion of residue filtration  306 . The aqueous liquid portion of leach residue filtration  306  may be contacted with an organic solution and an extractant. 
         [0042]    Zn/Mn/Ca SX  307  uses D2EHPA as an extractant. After impurities are brought into the organic phase, the organic phase may be washed with water, though in various embodiments the organic phase is not washed. The organic phase may be scrubbed with dilute sulfuric acid to strip any cobalt that was extracted from the aqueous phase. After scrubbing, the dilute sulfuric acid, which now contains cobalt scrubbed from the organic phase, may be sent back to precipitation and filtration  112  via scrubbed cobalt solution  370 . The organic phase may be stripped with an additional aqueous phase to bring impurities to the aqueous phase. The additional aqueous phase may be suitably treated. Acid for stripping the organic phase may be generated from other processes. The aqueous phase Zn/Mn/Ca SX  307  produces may be referred to as extracted cobalt bearing solution  309 . 
         [0043]    Extracted cobalt bearing solution  309  is then subjected to organic polishing  376 . Organic polishing  376  comprises a filtration of extracted cobalt bearing solution  309  in a carbon column. A carbon column may comprise any suitable carbon media, such as, for example, activated charcoal, powdered activated carbon or granulated activated carbon. Carbon media may adsorb various impurities from extracted cobalt bearing solution  309 . For example, carbon media may adsorb organic compounds from extracted cobalt bearing solution  309 . Carbon media is suited for adsorption due to its high surface area, among other properties. In that regard, other media may be used in organic polishing  376  that are suitable for adsorbing or absorbing organic compounds. Carbon media may periodically be regenerated or replaced to maintain appropriate adsorbing performance. Organic polishing  376  produces polished cobalt bearing solution  311 . 
         [0044]    Polished cobalt bearing solution  311  may be forwarded to copper ion exchange (Cu IX)  308 . Copper may be present at relatively low concentrations in polished cobalt bearing solution  311 . Copper present in polished cobalt bearing solution  311  may exist as copper I and/or copper II. Cu IX  308  may be used to remove copper. Copper removed by Cu IX  308  may be in either metal or ionic form. Ion exchange may be accomplished in any suitable manner. For example, polished cobalt bearing solution  311  may be contacted with a surface or membrane containing ions. A surface or membrane in an ion exchange step may be comprised of a synthetic resin, a polymer, or any other suitable material. In various embodiments, for example, LEWATIT MONOPLUS TP207 resin, made by Lanxess of Birmingham, N.J. USA, is used. In further embodiments, PUROLITE S950 resin, made by Purolite, Inc. of 150 Monument Road, Bala Cynwyd, Pa. 19004, USA is used. Copper from cobalt bearing solution  311  may be exchanged with ions present on the surface or membrane, leaving copper present on the surface or membrane. The membrane or surface may be washed periodically to remove the adhered copper and increase efficacy of the ion exchange step. During such periodic washing, acid or other media may be contacted with the membrane or surface to remove the deposited copper ions. The acid or other media may be recycled into a primary leaching process to recover the copper ions washed off the membrane or surface. Cu IX  308  produces exchanged cobalt bearing solution  317 . Copper removal could also be done with a suitable organic extractant using liquid liquid extraction, although in various embodiments, solvent extraction is not used for removing copper. 
         [0045]    Exchanged cobalt bearing solution  317  is subjected to organic polishing  310 . Organic polishing  310  may be conducted in the same or similar manner as organic polishing  376 . For example, exchanged cobalt bearing solution  310  may be contacted with a carton column to further remove impurities, such as organic compounds. Organic polishing  310  produces polished cobalt bearing solution  319 . 
         [0046]    Polished cobalt bearing solution  319  may be subjected to nickel ion exchange (Ni IX)  312 . NiIX  312  may be accomplished in any suitable manner. For example, polished cobalt bearing solution  319  may be contacted with a surface or membrane containing ions. A surface or membrane in an ion exchange step may be comprised of a synthetic resin, a polymer, or any other suitable material. In various embodiments, for example, DOWEX M4195 resin is used. DOWEX M4195 is made by the Dow Chemical Company, Dow Water Solutions, Customer Information Center, P.O. Box 1206, Midland, Mich. 48642-1206. In further embodiments, for example, DOWEX XUS43605 resin is used. DOWEX XUS43605 is made by the Dow Chemical Company, Dow Water Solutions, Customer Information Center, P.O. Box 1206, Midland, Mich. 48642-1206. Nickel from polished cobalt bearing solution  319  may be exchanged with ions present on the surface or membrane, leaving nickel present on the surface or membrane. In various embodiments, a portion of the cobalt in polished cobalt bearing solution  319  may also become bound to the surface or membrane. NiIX  312  produces purified cobalt bearing solution  374 . 
         [0047]    The membrane or surface may be washed periodically to remove the adhered cobalt and increase efficacy of the ion exchange step. For example, Co Elution  316  comprises a regeneration or purging of the membrane or surface of NiIX  312  to remove cobalt that may have adhered to the membrane or surface. In that regard, Co Elution  316  may comprise contacting an elution medium, such as an acid medium, with the membrane or surface. The elution medium may be conducted to leach  303  to improve cobalt recovery. 
         [0048]    The membrane or surface may be washed periodically to remove the adhered nickel and increase efficacy of the ion exchange step. Ni Elution  318  comprises a regeneration or purging of the membrane or surface of NiIX  312  to remove nickel that may have adhered to the membrane or surface. In that regard, Ni Elution  318  may comprise contacting an elution medium, such as an acid medium, with the membrane or surface. The elution medium may be conducted to tails. 
         [0049]    Purified cobalt bearing solution  374  may be forwarded to electrowinning cell  350 . Electrowinning cell  350  yields a cobalt metal cathode product. As those skilled in the art are aware, a variety of methods and apparatus are available for the electrowinning of cobalt and other metal values, any of which may be suitable for use in accordance with the present invention, provided the requisite process parameters for the chosen method or apparatus are satisfied. 
         [0050]    In various embodiments, electrowinning may be performed in electrowinning cell  350  such that the anodes and cathodes are housed in separate compartments. For example, electrowinning cell  350  may comprise a cathode compartment and an anode compartment. Compartments may be formed by the placement of a bag or other barrier, whether permeable or semi-permeable, around or partially around one or more of the anodes and cathodes. For example, a bag may be placed around all or a portion of an anode. Cobalt metal may evolve at the cathode. Manganese, among others species, may evolve at the anode. 
         [0051]    In various embodiments, electrowinning may be performed in electrowinning cell  350  such that the anodes and cathodes are not separated into compartments. In such embodiments, the anodes and cathodes are placed in the same media without a barrier and electrical current is applied. For example, electrowinning cell  350  may comprise a cathode compartment and an anode compartment. Metal values, such as cobalt, may evolve at the cathode. Manganese, among others species, may evolve at the anode. 
         [0052]    Subportion  352  of purified cobalt bearing solution  374  may be divided and subjected to manganese ion exchange (Mn IX)  354 . Mn IX  354  may be accomplished in any suitable manner. For example, subportion  352  may be contacted with a surface or membrane containing ions. A surface or membrane in an ion exchange step may be comprised of a synthetic resin, a polymer, or any other suitable material. In various embodiments, for example, LEWATIT MONOPLUS TP207 resin, made by Lanxess of Birmingham, N.J. USA, is used. Manganese from subportion  352  may be exchanged with ions present on the surface or membrane, leaving manganese present on the surface or membrane. The membrane or surface may be washed periodically to remove the adhered manganese and increase efficacy of the ion exchange step. During such periodic washing, acid or other media may be contacted with the membrane or surface to remove the deposited manganese ions. The acid or other media may sent to neutralization  320  or other tails stream. Mn IX  354  produces exchanged cobalt bearing solution  356 . 
         [0053]    Exchanged cobalt bearing solution  356  may be subject to cobalt solution extraction  360 . Solution extraction  360  may comprise any solution extraction process. In various embodiments, solution extraction  360  comprises a liquid-liquid extraction. During solution extraction  360 , cobalt from exchanged cobalt bearing solution  356  may be loaded selectively into an organic phase in an extraction stage, wherein the organic phase comprises an extracting agent to aid in extracting cobalt to the organic phase and leaving impurities in the aqueous phase. For example, CYANEX 272 may be used as an extracting agent. 
         [0054]    The organic phase from solution extraction  360  may be then subjected to one or more wash stages in which the loaded organic phase is contacted with an aqueous phase in order to remove entrained/extracted aqueous solution from the organic phase. The washed organic phase may then be subject to a solvent stripping stage, wherein the extracted cobalt is transferred to an aqueous phase. For example, more acidic conditions may shift the equilibrium conditions to cause the cobalt ions to migrate to the aqueous phase. Conditioned solution  362  thus comprises cobalt containing liquid from solution extraction  360 , which may also be referred to as a cobalt loaded aqueous stream. 
         [0055]    Conditioned solution  362  is subject to cobalt salt precipitation  368 . Cobalt salt precipitation  368  comprises any suitable process for precipitating ionic cobalt in a salt form. In that regard, precipitating agent  366  may comprise any suitable agent for precipitating cobalt. For example, sodium carbonate may be used in various embodiments. Cobalt salt  370  may be separated from liquids  364  by any suitable means. For example, liquids  364  may be decanted away from cobalt salt  370  or, also for example, liquids  364  may be separated by filtration. Liquids  364  may be recycled to other processes, such as leach  303 . 
         [0056]    Cobalt salt  370  may be forwarded to cobalt salt handling  372 . Cobalt salt handling  372  may comprise the quantifying and/or qualifying of cobalt salt  372 . Stated another way, cobalt salt  372  may be tested for quality and/or packaged for sale. Cobalt salt handling  372  yields ionic cobalt  126 . 
         [0057]    With reference to  FIG. 4 , metal recovery process  400  is illustrated. Metal recovery process  400  contains certain steps found in metal recovery process  300 , but  FIG. 4  illustrates an embodiment including an addition embodiment of chemical cobalt recovery. 
         [0058]    Raffinate  402  from electrowinning  350  may be sent to Mn IX  354 . Raffinate  402  may comprise cobalt that was not deposited onto the cathode of electrowinning  350 . The residual cobalt may be processed in Mn IX  354  and proceed to produce ionic cobalt  126 . 
         [0059]    It is believed that the disclosure set forth above encompasses at least one distinct invention with independent utility. While the invention has been disclosed in the exemplary forms, the specific embodiments thereof as disclosed and illustrated herein are not to be considered in a limiting sense as numerous variations are possible. Equivalent changes, modifications and variations of various embodiments, materials, compositions and methods may be made within the scope of the present invention, with substantially similar results. The subject matter of the inventions includes all novel and non-obvious combinations and sub combinations of the various elements, features, functions and/or properties disclosed herein. 
         [0060]    Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described herein with regard to specific embodiments. However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any element or combination of elements that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as critical, required, or essential features or elements of any or all the claims or the invention. Many changes and modifications within the scope of the instant invention may be made without departing from the spirit thereof, and the invention includes all such modifications. Corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of all elements in the claims below are intended to include any structure, material, or acts for performing the functions in combination with other claim elements as specifically claimed. The scope of the invention should be determined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents, rather than by the examples given above.