Abstract:
A method for displaying a changing combustor condition including: sensing the combustor condition in real time using a sensor array in a gas path of the combustor; generating data from the sensor array representative of the combustor condition at a plurality of positions in the gas path; transmitting the generated data to a computer system proximate to a controller for the combustor; generating a graphical representation of the real time showing combustor conditions in the gas path, and displaying the graphical representation in real time on the computer system.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   Controls for combustion boilers allow combustion engineers to optimize boiler performance. To optimize the performance of a boiler, a combustion engineer balances and lowers emissions, e.g., oxygen (O 2 ), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO), from the boiler. The boiler has a series of controls to adjust, for example, the amount of fuel and air supplied to a primary combustion zone in the boiler, a reburn zone, and an overfire air zone. 
   A boiler typically has various emissions sensors distributed in its flue gas path. The sensors generate data indicating the emission levels at the sensor locations in the boiler. For example, carbon monoxide (CO) and oxygen (O 2 ) sensors have been arranged in a grid at a downstream location of the boiler. The grid of sensors generates data indicating a profile of emissions at a plane of the flue gases where the grid is located. Sensor grid data has not been previously processed in a manner to provide real time plots of sensor grid data. 
   Traditionally, engineers adjust the controls for a boiler combustion system without receiving immediate feedback as to the consequences of their adjustments on emissions. Engineers do not see the results of their adjustments until after the data on emissions subsequent to the adjustments becomes available for review. It would be desirable for engineers to receive prompt emission feedback to view the influence on emissions due to adjustments being made to a boiler. 
   BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   The invention may be embodied as a method of presenting a changing combustor condition including: sensing the combustor condition in real time using a sensor array in a gas path of the combustor; generating data from the sensor array representative of the combustor condition at a plurality of positions in the gas path; transmitting the generated data to a computer system proximate to a controller for the combustor; generating a graphical representation of the real time showing combustor conditions in the gas path, and displaying the graphical representation in real time on the computer system. 
   The invention may be further embodied as a method of presenting a changing combustor condition comprising: sensing the combustor condition in real time using a sensor array in a gas path of the combustor; generating data from the sensor array representative of the combustor condition at a plurality of positions in the gas path; transmitting the generated data in real-time to a computer system proximate to a controller for the combustor; capturing the real-time data on the computer system at a location proximate to boiler controls; generating a graphical representation of the real time showing combustor conditions in the gas path, and displaying the graphical representation in real time on the computer system. 
   The invention may also be embodied as a system for collecting and presenting a changing combustor condition comprising: a sensor grid located in the combustion, said grid sensing the combustor condition in real time using a sensor array in a gas path of the combustor and generating data representative of the combustor condition at a plurality of positions in the gas path; a network for communicating electronic data; a computer system coupled to the network and further comprising a controller and a display, wherein said controller receives the generated data and generates a graphical representation of the real time showing combustor conditions in the gas path, and said graphical representation is presented on said display. 
   The invention may be also embodied as a method of adjusting a boiler having a flue gas duct comprising: sensing flue gas emissions in the gas duct with a plurality of emission sensors arranged in an array; generating a multidimensional graphical depiction of the flue gas emissions by plotting sensor data captured from the emission sensor; adjusting the boiler to modify the distribution of flue gases in the gas duct; generating a subsequent multidimensional graphical depiction of the flue gas emissions by plotting sensor data captured subsequent to the boiler adjustment, and repeating until the graphical depiction displays an acceptable plot of flue gas emissions. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of a boiler shown in cross section with a sensor grid. 
       FIG. 2  is a block diagram of electronic and computer components associated with the sensor grid. 
       FIG. 3  is a flow chart showing functional software components associated with capturing sensor grid data, processing the data, and generating emission contour maps and other useful data regarding the emissions in the boiler. 
       FIGS. 4 and 5  are exemplary contour plots of sensor grid data, wherein the plots are representative of emissions levels at different periods of time. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     FIG. 1  is a schematic cross-sectional diagram of a combustor  10 , e.g., a boiler. Several in-situ carbon-monoxide (CO), oxygen (O 2 ) and temperature sensors  12  are positioned across a flue gas duct  14  of a combustor to monitor hot flue gases flowing through a post-flame zone  20 . The sensors  12  may, for example, be a planer grid of solid-electrolyte sensors which measure the concentration of (or changes in the concentration of) CO, O 2  and temperature in the flue gases. Other sensors may also be used to measure other component gas concentrations in the flue gas or other conditions of the flue gas. The sensors generate signals indicative of the concentration of or changes in the concentration of one or more gases present in the flue gases or of the temperature of the flue gas. In practice, any number of sensors  12  may be installed across a plane in the flue gas duct  14 . The sensors may be arranged in a horizontal or vertical row, in a two-dimensional (2D) or 3D grid, or in some other effective sensor pattern. The sensor may extend at varying depths into the duct to monitor a distribution profile of gaseous combustibles in the flue gas. 
   The combustor  10  may be a large structure, such as more than one, two or even three hundred feet tall. The combustor  10  may include a plurality of combustion devices, e.g., an assembly of combustion fuel nozzles and air injectors  16 , which mix fuel and air to generate flame in a flame envelope  18  within the combustor  10 . The combustion device  16  may include burners, e.g., gas-fired burners, coal-fired burners and oil-fired burners, etc. The burners may be situated in a wall-fired, opposite-fired, tangential-fired, or cyclone arrangement, and may be arranged to generate a plurality of distinct flames, a common fireball, or any combination thereof. Alternatively, a combustion device called a “stoker” which contains a traveling or vibrating grate may be employed to generate flame within the combustor  10 . 
   When the combustion device(s)  16  in the combustor  10  are actively burning fuel, two distinct locations can be identified within the combustor  10 : (1) a flame envelope  18 , and (2) a “post-flame” zone  20 , which is the zone downstream of the flame envelope  18  spanning some distance toward the flue gas exit  22 . Downstream of the flame envelope  18 , hot combustion gases and combustion products may be turbulently thrust about. These hot combustion gases and products, collectively called “flue gas,” flow from the flame envelope  18 , through the “post-flame” zone and towards the exit  22  of the combustor  10 . Water or other fluids (not shown) may flow through the walls  24  of the combustor  10  where they may be heated, converted to steam, and used to generate energy, for example, to drive a turbine. 
   The sensors  12  are located in the post-flame zone  20  of the combustor  10 . The sensors  12  alternatively may be disposed in the flame envelope  18  if constructed to withstand the harsh, high-temperature environment thereof. The sensors are, in this example, a 2D grid of CO, O 2  and/or temperature sensors arranged at the post-flame zone  20  and in a particular plane of the flue gas path. The sensors generate data indicative of the CO, O 2  and/or temperature concentration at various points in a plane of the flue gas at the sensor location. Based on the data generated from each sensor, a profile can be generated of the CO emissions in the plane of the flue gas at the sensor grid location. 
     FIG. 2  is a block diagram of computer and electronic components for sensing combustion emissions; generating and processing sensor data, and plotting and otherwise presenting the sensor data. The sensor grid  30  (see exemplary sensor grid  12  in  FIG. 1 ) is positioned at a location in the combustor to sense a condition of the combustion process and associated emissions. For example, the sensor grid may include sensors for CO, O 2 , and/or temperature measurements of the flue gases. Each sensor in the grid  30  generates data indicative of a characteristic of the combustion process, such as the level of CO or O 2  emissions in the flue gas or of the temperature at a particular location in a plane of the flue gas. 
   The data from the sensor grid is electronically captured by data acquisition hardware  32  and associated data acquisition software  34 . The sensor data is outputted by the hardware/software  32 ,  34  in a continuous data stream. The data may be output every ten seconds, every second, or every 1/10 th  of a second (for example), to provide a real-time data output of the sensor grid. 
   Alternatively, the data acquisition hardware  32  may include an electronic memory to store the data generated by the sensor grid and the time at which each sensor measurement is taken. The data acquisitions hardware operates under the supervision of data acquisition software  34  to capture the sensor grid data, time stamp the data and store the data, such as in a database, for subsequent processing by a computer system  36 . The sensor data stored in the data acquisition hardware  32 , and accessible using the data acquisition software  34  may be formatted such that each of the sensor output values for the grid at a particular period of time is stored in a database. The data may include both (real time) data regarding the sensor output values, and historical data of prior sensor readings with associated time of reading information). Accordingly, the sensor data stored in the memory of the data acquisition hardware/software provides both real time information on sensor readings taken of the flue gases and historical sensor readings of flue gas measurements. 
   The computer  36  may receive a real-time output of sensor data or (alternatively) access the sensor data in the data acquisition hardware  32  by interrogating the data using the data acquisition software. The data acquisition hardware and software are well known and conventional software products. The data acquisition hardware may be a conventional computer system with electronic memory. The data acquisition software may be conventional database measurement software and software for interfacing with the sensor outputs and capturing the data in usable data form. For example, the sensor interface software may convert sensor readings into data indicative of CO and/or O 2  levels, and temperature levels within the flue gas stream. 
   The computer  36  may be, for example, a personal computer laptop computer which is carried by the boiler engineer to the control panel for the boiler, and to the side of a boiler having burner adjustment controls. The computer  36  may have a wired or wireless network connection  38  that links the computer to the data acquisition hardware/software storing the sensor data. For example, the laptop may be connected via a wired CATS Ethernet network (which may include a link through the Internet) to the data acquisition hardware/software unit. 
   The computer  36  may transmit a database interrogation request to the data acquisition software  34  to download certain sensor data stored in the data acquisition hardware. The requested sensor data may include real time sensor level outputs and historical sensor output levels. The requested data is transferred from the data acquisition hardware/software, over the network connection  38  and to the computer  36 . The computer  36  may temporarily store the sensor data. The computer  36  may include conventional software modules including a display software module  40  and a mapping or graphing software module  42 . The display software and graphing software in combination plots the sensor data in a contour graph or other graphical map to show the sensor data as points on the graph and arrange in a pattern substantially the same as the sensor pattern of the sensors in the grid  30 . 
   In general, data collected from the sensor grid flows into the computer  36  which is available to the boiler engineer when adjusting the combustion conditions within the combustor. The computer  36  processes the sensor data to display to the engineer the sensor data in easily readable form, such as in a contour map showing emission levels at the sensor grid location. In addition, the computer  36  may perform other processes on the sensor data, such as calculating average emission levels based on all of the sensor output levels from the grid  30 . The sensor data processed by the computer  30  is presented in a graphical display or output as calculated data which is available to the combustion engineer while adjusting the combustor. 
     FIG. 3  is a flow chart that generally shows the data processing operations performed by the computer  36 . The process steps shown in  FIG. 3  are performed by the display software  40  and contour graphing software  42 , in conjunction with other software modules executed by the computer. Suitable display software, contour graphing software and other software executed by the computer are either conventional and commercially available software programs or may be developed using well-known software programming techniques. The sensor data flow is downloaded into the computer  36  using a software data input module  44 . The data import module imports sensor measurement data, e.g., data regarding CO, O 2  and/or temperature. Once imported into the computer  36 , the sensor data is available for graphing and calculations. Further, the data import module may interrogate the database of sensor readings and time of readings stored in the data acquisition hardware/software  32 ,  34 . The data input module may also include software for downloading sensor data flow over the network connection  38 . 
   The downloaded sensor data is formatted into a database or other form usable by the display software and contour graphing software by a data loader module software program  46 . The data loader module temporarily stores the downloaded sensor data and time data so as to provide a database of sensor data usable to generate contour maps of emission levels in the boiler and to calculate emission conditions, such as an average emission level based on an average of sensor readings during a particular period of time. 
   A controller module  48  in the computer  36  provides control functions for manipulating and calculating the sensor data provided by the data loader module  46 . The controller module is provides an interface between the other software modules to allow the modules to function together. The controller module interrogates the other modules and controls the flow data and commands between these modules. In addition, the controller module includes user interface functions which allow the boiler engineer to select a type of graph or map to be used in presenting the data, select a time (or period of times) corresponding to the sensor data to be presented, and select calculations to be performed on the sensor data. For example, a combustion engineer may request contour maps to be prepared based on real time sensor data flow. Further, maps of historical sensor data may be read in from a data file representing data collected at earlier time periods, such as at fifteen minute intervals during a preceeding four hour period. The historical contour maps may be displayed sequentially. 
   The controller module accesses the data loader module  36  to collect real time sensor data and historical sensor data for each fifteen minute period during a proceeding four hour period. A timer software module  50 , may be used to provide a timing function for a real-time sensor data stream and to continually update, e.g., every ten seconds, every second, every 1/10 th  of a second (for example), graphs and plots of the boiler emissions. In addition, the timer  50  may provide timing information to be associated with a real time data flow from the sensor data, if the data acquisition hardware  32  and data acquisition software  34  does not already provide such a timing function. The time module  50  provides timing control for contour plot updates and sets a delay period between each update. 
   A configuration module  52  works in conjunction with the controller module  58  to format the sensor data and timing information in a manner suitable for either a graphing software module  54  and a data calculation module  56 . A certain amount of configuration is needed to, for example, correlate sensor data points from the sensor grid to points on a contour plot or other graph. The configuration module may also establish a graphing update rate, and other parameters needed to be configured. A configuration data file may be stored regarding the sensor points on the grid, refresh rate and other information needed for plotting contour plots. The configuration module  52  may also perform standard data formatting processes to place the sensor data and timing information in a format suitable for graphing the data onto a contour map or presenting the data to a calculation function that generates, for example, average emission levels. 
   The graphing module  54  generates a map or graph of the sensor data which is viewable by the boiler engineer. By viewing the map or graph of the sensor data, the boiler engineer sees a graphical representation of the actual emission conditions at the plane of the flue gas corresponding to the sensor grid  30 . By interacting with the controller module  48 , the boiler engineer may alternately view a real time contour map of current sensor data and a sequence of contour maps of prior sensor data readings, such as taking at fifteen minute intervals during the proceeding two hour period. 
   The boiler engineer may view calculated emission values, such as average emission levels based on an average of all sensor data readings from the grid  30  at current levels and proceeding time intervals, by viewing the output of the calculation module  56 . Further, a data export module  57  enables the boiler engineer to export calculated values regarding emissions and based on sensor data from the computer  36  to another computer or, a printer, or other data output devices. 
     FIGS. 4 and 5  are exemplary contour plot graph of CO emission levels taken by a grid of CO sensors in the flue gas path of a boiler. The plot graphically shows the CO emissions across a flue gas plane of a boiler having a rectangular cross section. The contour plot  60 ,  62  indicates different levels of CO emissions by shaded or colored regions. A color or gray scale bar  64  at the top of the contour provides a correlation between plot color/shading and emission levels. 
   The individual sensors in the sensor grid  30  are represented by point  66  on the contour plot. The sensor point  66  are arranged similarly to the arrangement of sensors in the grid  30  in the boiler. The contour plot may also display the actual sensor value  68  for each sensor in the grid. An average sensor reading  70  may be presented below the grid. 
   The contour graphing module may make available to the boiler engineer a series of contour plots taken at certain intervals, such as every one second, to enable the boiler engineer to see a sequence of changes made to the emission levels as the boiler engineer adjusts combustion conditions in the boiler. In addition, the contour graphing software program may enable a moving picture display  72  which sequentially shows the contour plots over a period of time. The moving picture display readily shows how changes in emission levels occur as adjustments are made to the combustion conditions. 
   Using the contour plots and cumulative CO average emission level, a boiler engineer is aided in adjusting the combustion conditions to balance the sensor readings  68  in the grid  30  and minimize the cumulative average  70  of the sensor readings. The boiler engineer may use the contour plots and calculated average of the sensor readings to perform other optimization procedures on the boiler. For example, the engineer may adjust boiler controls to reduce smooth the emission gradients shown in a real-time contour plot. By smoothing the gradients on the plot, the tendency can be minimized of the boiler to foul due to reduce pressure zones in the gas duct  14 . 
   Real time CO grid sensor data is presented a graphical form to boiler engineer as they make adjustments to optimize boiler performance. Data from a grid of Reuter-Stokes™ CO sensors  30  is imported into a system through a Reuter-Stokes™ data acquisition unit  34 . Once the data is in computer  36 , a contour-plotting program will be launched. The plotting application will read the CO data and plot a contour diagram for the sensors in the grid. The plotting software will continuously update this plot with live data. The plot will be arranged with the data points in the same configuration as the CO grid. A single point on the plot will correspond to a single CO sensor in the grid. This graphical representation of the CO sensor data can be used to make adjustments to the boiler to optimize the efficiency of the boiler and to reduce NOx emissions. A service engineer could take a laptop, utilizing CatS Ethernet or wireless networking technology, and stand in front of the boiler controls while viewing the data. The engineer could make adjustments to the boiler and watch the changes in the plots to visually see how his changes affected the boiler performance. The data would be updated in a matter of seconds, providing rapid feedback to the engineer, and thus, minimizing the time to optimize the boiler settings. 
   The plots will allow the engineers to adjust the combustion fuel nozzles and air injectors (see device  16  in  FIG. 1 ) until the CO sensor values are balanced, and the average CO value is minimized. Achieving balanced sensor values and a minimized averaged sensor value optimizes the combustion conditions for the boiler. To make the adjustments, the engineer may access live sensor data from the data acquisition system, plot the data, calculate an overall CO sensor value, and provide current and historical plots of sensor data in a display package that can be installed on a laptop computer that the boiler engineer carries when making the adjustments at the boiler. 
   While the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiment, but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.