Abstract:
Ghrelin is a peptide hormone that binds its receptor, growth hormone secretatgogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1 a, ghrelin receptor), to promote adiposity and obesity in mammals. Ghrelin and its receptor are targets for therapeutic intervention to treat obesity-related disease and cancer. A soluble decoy GHS-R1 a receptor is developed that binds ghrelin in the periphery, preventing ghrelin from binding GHS-R1 on cells, thereby antagonizing ghrelin to treat obesity-related pathological conditions and cancer. GHS-R1 a is a transmembrane protein comprising an N-terminal extracellular domain (Nt), seven transmembrane regions and three extracellular loops (EC1, EC2 and EC3). The Nt, EC1 and EC2 are linked together, in the absence of the transmembrane regions, and fused to a Fc from an immunoglobulin, to create the decoy GHS-R1 a fusion protein, GHSR-Fc. The GHSR-Fc inhibits adiposity and weight gain in mice on a high fat diet (HFD), while the Nt and ECs on their own have no significant effect.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a National Stage entry of International Application No. PCT/CA2014/000271, filed Mar. 14, 2014 and claims the benefit of U.S.C. §119 based on the priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/784,267 filed Mar. 14, 2013, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     INCORPORATION OF SEQUENCE LISTING 
     A computer readable form of the Sequence Listing “P43662US01_RevisedSL.txt” (19,024 bytes), submitted via EFS-WEB and created on Dec. 29, 2015, is herein incorporated by reference. 
     Please replace any Sequence Listing currently of record with the Sequence Listing provided herewith in text format in computer readable form only. 
     FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to compositions and methods useful in reducing excessive adiposity and treating or preventing obesity and obesity-related conditions. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Excessive adiposity is a risk factor for many chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease, and cancer (Wang, McPherson et al. 2011). Studies have shown that even a modest reduction in weight has a positive impact on cardiovascular risk factors (Blackburn 1995; Pi-Sunyer 1996) and is associated with a reduced risk for both developing T2DM and diabetes-associated complications (Bosello, Armellini et al. 1997). 
     Lifestyle interventions aimed at reducing calories and increasing physical activity through behavioral changes are currently recommended as the first-line approach for weight management. However, these strategies alone are less successful when compared to pharmacological interventions for maintained weight loss (6 to 12 months) (Gray, Cooper et al. 2012). Unfortunately, most of the drugs approved for the treatment of obesity have been withdrawn from use due to their side effects (Gray, Cooper et al. 2012). Recently, targeting of gut hormones for the treatment of obesity has garnered interest (Neary and Batterham 2009). Indeed, infusion of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) are able to reduce appetite by acting on feeding regions of the brain in humans (De Silva, Salem et al. 2011). Another promising candidate is the stomach-derived peptide hormone ghrelin. Ghrelin levels peak in circulation during energy depleted states leading to activation of the appetite stimulating neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Agouti gene-related peptide (AgRP) neurons within the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (Nakazato, Murakami et al. 2001). This action occurs via ghrelin binding to the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) (Kamegai, Tamura et al. 2000). In addition to appetite, ghrelin promotes the differentiation of adipocytes and the preference for storage of calories in adipose tissue (Tschop, Smiley et al. 2000; Rodriguez, Gomez-Ambrosi et al. 2009). 
     The ghrelin peptide is derived from proghrelin, which is a precursor peptide proteolytically cleaved to produce acylated ghrelin (AG) (Zhu, Cao et al. 2006), unacylated ghrelin (UAG) (Zhu, Cao et al. 2006) and obestatin (Zhang, Ren et al. 2005). However, in vitro studies have shown that both UAG (Kojima, Hosoda et al. 1999) and obestatin (Zhang, Ren et al. 2005) are unable to bind to GHS-R1a. The GHS-R1a is a G-protein-coupled receptor (Howard, Feighner et al. 1996), and is activated through the binding of its only known endogenous ligand, AG (Kojima, Hosoda et al. 1999). A recent study suggested that AG binds to GHS-R1a in the second extracellular loop (EC2), which forms a hydrophobic pocket, allowing the lipophylic acylated side chain of ghrelin to be stabilized during the binding (Pedretti, Villa et al. 2006). 
     SUMMARY 
     The present inventors have shown that in vivo expression of GHS-R1a fusion construct containing the N-terminal and extracellular binding loops 1 and 2 (GHSR/Fc) caused a reduction in AG but, interestingly, not UAG levels, and protected mice from high fat diet induced weight gain, which was associated with altered adipose gene expression profile and improved glucose clearance and insulin sensitivity. These observations suggest that the GHSR/Fc fusion construct may find clinical use in treating obesity and obesity-related conditions. 
     Accordingly, in one aspect, the present disclosure provides a soluble fusion molecule comprising (a) at least one of i) the N-terminal, ii) extracellular loop 1 and ii) extracellular loop 2, of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a); linked to (b) a fusion partner. 
     In an embodiment, the soluble fusion molecule comprises at least two of i) the N-terminal, ii) the extracellular loop 1 and ii) the extracellular loop 2 of the GHS-R1a, linked to a fusion partner. In another embodiment, the soluble fusion molecule comprises i) the N-terminal, ii) the extracellular loop 1 and iii) the extracellular loop 2 of the GHS-R1a, linked to a fusion partner. In yet a further embodiment, the soluble fusion molecule consists of i) the N-terminal, ii) the extracellular loop 1 and iii) the extracellular loop 2 of the GHS-R1a, linked to a fusion partner. 
     In one embodiment, the N-terminal region of the GHS-R1a has the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO:4 or 13 or a variant thereof; the extracellular loop 1 has the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO:6 or 15 or a variant thereof; and/or the extracellular loop 2 has the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO:8 or 17 or a variant thereof. 
     In another embodiment, the N-terminal region of the GHS-R1a is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO:3 or 12 or a variant thereof; the extracellular loop 1 is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO:5 or 14 or a variant thereof; and/or the extracellular loop 2 is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO:7 or 16 or a variant thereof. 
     In an embodiment, the fusion partner is a stabilizing molecule, such as a stabilizing protein or a polymer. In one embodiment, the stabilizing protein is an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc) or an albumin protein. In an embodiment, the Fc region is an IgG Fc region, optionally IgG2 or IgG4. In another embodiment, the stabilizing polymer is a polyethylene glycol. 
     The soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure can be linked directly or can comprise a peptide linker between more than one extracellular GHS-R1a domain and/or between the GHS-R1a extracellular domain(s) and the fusion partner. 
     In one embodiment, the soluble fusion molecule has the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO:2 or 11 or a variant thereof or is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO:1 or 10 or a variant thereof. 
     Also provided herein is a nucleic acid molecule encoding a soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure, wherein a) and b) are proteins, optionally linked by a peptide linker. 
     In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the N-terminal domain of GHS-R1a. In one embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid comprises the nucleic acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO:3 or 12 or encodes the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO:4 or 13. In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the extracellular loop 1 of GHS-R1a. In one embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid comprises the nucleic acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO:5 or 14 or a variant thereof or encodes the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO:6 or 15 or a variant thereof. Further provided herein is an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the extracellular loop 2 of GHS-R1a. In one embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid comprises the nucleic acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO:7 or 16 or a variant thereof or encodes the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO:8or 17 or a variant thereof. 
     Also provided is a host cell comprising a nucleic acid molecule of the disclosure. 
     Even further provided is a composition, optionally a pharmaceutical composition comprising a soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure, a nucleic acid molecule of the present disclosure, a host cell of the present disclosure, or an extracellular domain of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a), and a carrier optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In an embodiment, the GHS-R1a extracellular domain is selected from the N-terminal region, the extracellular loop 1 and/or the extracellular loop 2 or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, the GHS-R1a extracellular domain is the extracellular loop 1 and/or 2. 
     In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of reducing excessive adiposity in an animal comprising administering a soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure, a nucleic acid molecule of the present disclosure, a host cell of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure or an extracellular domain of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) to the animal in need thereof. Also provided is a use of a soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure, a nucleic acid molecule of the present disclosure, a host cell of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure or an extracellular domain of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) for reducing excessive adiposity in an animal in need thereof. Further provided is a use of a soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure, a nucleic acid molecule of the present disclosure, a host cell of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure or an extracellular domain of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) in the manufacture of a medicament for reducing excessive adiposity in an animal in need thereof. Even further provided is a soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure, a nucleic acid molecule of the present disclosure, a host cell of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure or an extracellular domain of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) for use in reducing excessive adiposity in an animal in need thereof. In an embodiment, the GHS-R1a extracellular domain is selected from the N-terminal region, the extracellular loop 1 and/or the extracellular loop 2 or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, the GHS-R1a extracellular domain is the extracellular loop 2. 
     In one embodiment, the present disclosure provide a method of reducing weight gain in an animal comprising administering a soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure, a nucleic acid molecule of the present disclosure, a host cell of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure or an extracellular domain of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) to the animal in need thereof. Also provided is use of a soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure, a nucleic acid molecule of the present disclosure, a host cell of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure or an extracellular domain of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) for reducing weight gain in an animal in need thereof. Further provided is use of a soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure, a nucleic acid molecule of the present disclosure, a host cell of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure or an extracellular domain of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) in the manufacture of a medicament for reducing weight gain in an animal in need thereof. Even further provided is a soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure, a nucleic acid molecule of the present disclosure, a host cell of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure or an extracellular domain of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) for use in reducing weight gain in an animal in need thereof. In an embodiment, the GHS-R1a extracellular domain is selected from the N-terminal region, the extracellular loop 1 and/or the extracellular loop 2 or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, the GHS-R1a extracellular domain is the extracellular loop 2. 
     In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method of treating obesity or an obesity-related condition in an animal comprising administering a soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure, a nucleic acid molecule of the present disclosure, a host cell of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure or an extracellular domain of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) to the animal in need thereof. Also provided is a use of a soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure, a nucleic acid molecule of the present disclosure, a host cell of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure or an extracellular domain of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) for treating obesity or an obesity-related condition in an animal in need thereof. Further provided is a use of a soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure, a nucleic acid molecule of the present disclosure, a host cell of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure or an extracellular domain of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) in the manufacture of a medicament for treating obesity or an obesity-related condition in an animal in need thereof. Even further provided is a soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure, a nucleic acid molecule of the present disclosure, a host cell of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure or an extracellular domain of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) for use in treating obesity or an obesity-related condition in an animal in need thereof. In an embodiment, the GHS-R1a extracellular domain is selected from the N-terminal region, the extracellular loop 1 and/or the extracellular loop 2 or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, the GHS-R1a extracellular domain is the extracellular loop 2. 
     In one embodiment, the obesity-related condition is type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease or cancer. Among the types of cancer most strongly linked to obesity are esophagus, breast, endometrium, colorectal and pancreas. Accordingly, in an embodiment, the cancer is cancer of the esophagus, breast, endometrium, colorectal and pancreas. In another embodiment, the obesity-related condition is high cholesterol, high triglycerides, high blood pressure metabolic syndrome (a combination of high blood sugar, high blood pressure, high triglycerides and high cholesterol) or polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). 
     In yet a further embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method of improving glucose tolerance and/or insulin sensitivity in an animal comprising administering a soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure, a nucleic acid molecule of the present disclosure, a host cell of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure or an extracellular domain of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) to the animal in need thereof. Also provided is a use of a soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure, a nucleic acid molecule of the present disclosure, a host cell of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure or an extracellular domain of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) for improving glucose tolerance and/or insulin sensitivity in an animal in need thereof. Further provided is use of a soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure, a nucleic acid molecule of the present disclosure, a host cell of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure or an extracellular domain of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) in the manufacture of a medicament for improving glucose tolerance and/or insulin sensitivity in an animal in need thereof. Even further provided is a soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure, a nucleic acid molecule of the present disclosure, a host cell of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure or an extracellular domain of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) for use in improving glucose tolerance and/or insulin sensitivity in an animal in need thereof. In an embodiment, the GHS-R1a extracellular domain is selected from the N-terminal region, the extracellular loop 1 and/or the extracellular loop 2 or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, the GHS-R1a extracellular domain is the extracellular loop 2. 
     The animal may be any animal, optionally humans. In one embodiment, the animal has Type 2 diabetes. 
     Other features and advantages of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and the specific examples while indicating embodiments of the disclosure are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The disclosure will now be described in relation to the drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  shows the validation of GHSR related constructs. Illustration of the full length (WT) and extracellular domain (GHSR/Fc) constructs (A). Domains are identified as N-terminal (Nt), extracellular domain 1 and 2 (EC1, EC2) and mouse immunoglobulin IgG1 constant region (Fc). Western blots were performed using anti-Myc tag antibody for immunoblotting of cell lysates (L) and culture media (M) from L6 cells (B), and CHO (C) cells transfected with GHSR/Fc based constructs. Fluorescent immunocytochemistry using anti-mouse IgG-Fc was conducted in L6 muscle cells transfected with WT and GHSR/Fc plasmids (D, transfected cells appear gray in the Figure). 
         FIG. 2  shows the effect of GHSR/Fc on weight gain and metabolic parameters. Mice received three intramuscular injections of indicated plasmids, and were placed on a high fat diet (HFD) the second day after the first gene transfer. The body weight was monitored during the feeding course (A). 
         FIG. 3  shows western blots performed using anti-Myc tag antibody for immunoblotting gastrocnemius muscle tissue lysate (A) and blood plasma (B) at the end of the study. Circulating levels of total (AG and UAG), acyl specific (AG) (C) and IGF-1 (D) were assayed at the end of the study. Data are Mean±SEM, *P&lt;0.05. 
         FIG. 4  shows the effect of GHSR/Fc on adipose tissue. Post experimentally, peritoneal fat pads were observed from sacrificed GHSR/Fc treated and control mice (A). Fat pad mass (B) and gastrocnemius muscle mass (C) were quantified for indicated stores in GHSR/Fc and control mice (B). mRNA Transcripts levels of leptin, hormone sensitive lipase (HSL), PPARγ, interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) were quantified by real time RT-PCR relative to 18S ribosomal RNA using the standard curve method (D). Data are Mean±SEM, *P&lt;0.05, **p&lt;0.001, (n=5). 
         FIG. 5  shows intra-peritoneal glucose and insulin tolerance tests. Glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) were performed either prior to HFD feeding and before the metabolic cage assay (A). The area under the curve (AUC) for the glucose tolerance test was compared between GHSR/Fc and control mice (B). Insulin tolerance test (ITT) was conducted at the day before sacrifice of the mice (C), and (AUC) is shown (D). Data are Mean±SE, *P&lt;0.05, ** p&lt;0.01, (n=5). 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present inventors developed GHS-R1a-fusion constructs of a decoy protein containing the ligand-binding domains of the ghrelin receptor. Intramuscular injection of the GHSR/Fc plasmid decreased circulating levels of acylated-ghrelin. Upon challenge with high fat diet (HFD), treated mice displayed reduced weight gain compared to controls, which is associated with reduced fat accumulation in the peritoneum but not lean mass. Quantitative RT-PCR showed increased PPARγ and hormone sensitive lipase transcripts levels in adipose tissue of treated animals, illustrating a preference for increased fat utilization. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance tests showed improved glucose clearance and insulin sensitivity in GHSR/Fc-treated animals. Thus, in vivo expression of the GHSR-based fusion protein prevents diet-induced weight gain, altering adipose gene expression and improving glucose tolerance. 
     The present inventors have shown that in vivo expression of GHS-R1a fusion construct containing the extracellular binding loops 1 and 2 (GHSR/Fc) caused a reduction in acylated ghrelin (AG) but, interestingly, not unacylated ghrelin (UAG) levels, and protected mice from high fat diet-induced weight gain, which was associated with altered adipose gene expression profile and improved glucose clearance and insulin sensitivity. These observations suggest that the GHSR/Fc fusion construct may find clinical use in treating obesity and obesity-related conditions. 
     Accordingly, in one aspect, the present disclosure provides a soluble fusion molecule comprising (a) at least one of i) the N-terminal, ii) extracellular loop 1 and iii) extracellular loop 2, of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a); linked to (b) a fusion partner. 
     The term “growth hormone secretagogue receptor” or “GHS-R1a” refers to the full length growth hormone secretagogue receptor from any species or source, optionally mammalian, such as human or mouse and isoforms and homologs thereof. Such receptors have both extracellular and intracellular domains including when folded properly as in  FIG. 1A  an N-terminal domain (NTD), three extracellular loops (EC1, EC2 and EC3) and transmembrane domains. The nucleotide sequence of human GHS-R1a is as shown in SEQ ID NO: 18 and encodes the human GHS-R1a protein under Genbank Accession No. Q92847 The nucleotide sequence of murine GHS-R1a is as shown in SEQ ID NO:9 and encodes the murine GHS-R1a protein under Genbank Accession No. Q99P50. 
     The term “extracellular domain of GHS-R1a” refers to a domain of the GHS-R1a receptor that lacks the transmembrane and intracellular domains of the receptor, and includes, without limitation, the N-terminal domain, the extracellular loop 1 and the extracellular loop 2. 
     The term “N-terminal” as used herein refers to an isolated peptide corresponding to the amino acid sequence coding for the N-terminal extracellular region of GHS-R1a. In an embodiment, the N-terminal domain extends to the last amino acid of the extracellular domain preceding the transmembrane domain amino acid sequence. 
     The term “extracellular loop” as used herein refers to an isolated protein comprising the sequence of a portion of the GHS-R1a that forms a loop on the extracellular side of the cell membrane. GHS-R1a has a first extracellular loop from 102 to 127 amino acids of human GHS-R1a and from 101 to 126 amino acids of mouse GHS-R1a, termed extracellular loop 1, and a second extracellular loop from 182 to 207 amino acids of human GHS-R1a and from 181 to 206 amino acids of mouse GHS-R1a, termed extracellular loop 2. 
     In an embodiment, the fusion molecule comprises at least two of i) the N-terminal, ii) the extracellular loop 1 and ii) the extracellular loop 2 of the GHS-R1a, linked to a fusion partner. In another embodiment, the fusion molecule comprises i) the N-terminal, ii) the extracellular loop 1 and iii) the extracellular loop 2 of the GHS-R1a, linked to a fusion partner. In yet a further embodiment, the fusion molecule consists of i) the N-terminal, ii) the extracellular loop 1 and iii) the extracellular loop 2 of the GHS-R1a, linked to a fusion partner. 
     In one embodiment, the N-terminal region of the GHS-R1a has the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO:4 or 13 or a variant thereof or is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO:3 or 12 or a variant thereof; the extracellular loop 1 has the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO:6 or 15 or a variant thereof or is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO:5 or 14 or a variant thereof; and/or the extracellular loop 2 has the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO:8 or 17 or a variant thereof or is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO:7 or 16 or a variant thereof. 
     The term “a fusion molecule” refers to the linking of a peptide sequence derived from the extracellular domain or domains of GHS-R1a to a fusion partner and can be a direct or indirect linkage via a covalent or non-covalent linkage. The fusion partner may be linked to either the N-terminus or the C-terminus of the peptide sequence derived from GHS-R1a. 
     The term “soluble fusion molecule” as used herein refers to the fusion molecule as lacking any transmembrane or intracellular domains and if expressed from a nucleotide sequence in a cell, would be a secreted protein. 
     In an embodiment, the fusion partner is a stabilizing molecule, such as a stabilizing protein or a polymer. 
     The term “stabilizing molecule” as used herein refers to a molecule that when linked to the extracellular domain(s) provides an increased half-life and/or reduced immunogenicity compared to the extracellular domain(s) without such molecule. 
     In one embodiment, the stabilizing protein is an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc) or an albumin protein. In an embodiment, the Fc region is an IgG Fc domain, optionally mouse IgG1 or human IgG2 or IgG4. In another embodiment, the stabilizing polymer is a polyethylene glycol or the like. 
     In another embodiment, the soluble fusion molecule comprises the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO:2 or 11 or a variant thereof or is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO:1 or 10 or a variant thereof. 
     The domains or regions of the soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure can be linked directly or can comprise a linker between each region, optionally a peptide linker. The peptide linker can be any size provided it does not interfere with the function of the individual linked regions. In one embodiment, the peptide linker is from about 1 to about 15 amino acids in length, more specifically from about 1 to about 10 amino acids, and most specifically from about 1 to about 6 amino acids. Where the soluble fusion molecule is made solely of fused peptides, it may be part of a continuous sequence and as such can be translated as a single polypeptide from a coding sequence that codes for both the at least one extracellular domain and the stabilizing protein. 
     In other embodiments, one of skill in the art can appreciate that the fusion molecule can also be formed by linking the at least two protein regions in vitro, for example, using chemical cross-linkers. 
     As used herein, the term “protein” or “polypeptide” refers to a sequence of amino acid residues encoded by a nucleic acid molecule. Within the context of the present application, a polypeptide of the disclosure may in one embodiment include various structural forms of the primary protein. For example, a polypeptide of the disclosure may be in the form of acidic or basic salts or in neutral form. In addition, individual amino acid residues may be modified by oxidation or reduction. 
     The proteins and polypeptides of the present disclosure may also include truncations, analogs and homologs of the proteins and polypeptides as described herein having substantially the same function as the proteins or polypeptides of the present disclosure, such as the ability to decrease acylated ghrelin. 
     Analogs of the proteins described herein, may include, but are not limited to an amino acid sequence containing one or more amino acid substitutions, insertions, and/or deletions. Amino acid substitutions may be of a conserved or non-conserved nature. Conserved amino acid substitutions involve replacing one or more amino acids of the proteins of the disclosure with amino acids of similar charge, size, and/or hydrophobicity characteristics. When only conserved substitutions are made the resulting analog should be functionally equivalent. Non-conserved substitutions involve replacing one or more amino acids of the amino acid sequence with one or more amino acids which possess dissimilar charge, size, and/or hydrophobicity characteristics. 
     Conservative substitutions are described in the patent literature, as for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,264,558. It is thus expected, for example, that interchange among non-polar aliphatic neutral amino acids, glycine, alanine, proline, valine and isoleucine, would be possible. Likewise, substitutions among the polar aliphatic neutral amino acids, serine, threonine, methionine, asparagine and glutamine could possibly be made. Substitutions among the charged acidic amino acids, aspartic acid and glutamic acid, could probably be made, as could substitutions among the charged basic amino acids, lysine and arginine. Substitutions among the aromatic amino acids, including phenylalanine, histidine, tryptophan and tyrosine would also likely be possible. Other substitutions might well be possible. 
     As used herein, the term “variant thereof” means a sequence with at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% sequence identity to a nucleotide or amino acid sequence of interest. 
     The term “sequence identity” as used herein refers to the percentage of sequence identity between two polypeptide sequences or two nucleic acid sequences. To determine the percent identity of two amino acid sequences or of two nucleic acid sequences, the sequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in the sequence of a first amino acid or nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment with a second amino acid or nucleic acid sequence). The amino acid residues or nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotide positions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same amino acid residue or nucleotide as the corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position. The percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences (i.e., % identity=number of identical overlapping positions/total number of positions.times.100%). In one embodiment, the two sequences are the same length. The determination of percent identity between two sequences can also be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm. An optional, non-limiting example of a mathematical algorithm utilized for the comparison of two sequences is the algorithm of Karlin and Altschul, 1990, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87:2264-2268, modified as in Karlin and Altschul, 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90:5873-5877. Such an algorithm is incorporated into the NBLAST and XBLAST programs of Altschul et al., 1990, J. Mol. Biol. 215:403. BLAST nucleotide searches can be performed with the NBLAST nucleotide program parameters set, e.g., for score=100, wordlength=12 to obtain nucleotide sequences homologous to a nucleic acid molecules of the present disclosure. BLAST protein searches can be performed with the XBLAST program parameters set, e.g., to score-50, wordlength=3 to obtain amino acid sequences homologous to a protein molecule of the present disclosure. To obtain gapped alignments for comparison purposes, Gapped BLAST can be utilized as described in Altschul et al., 1997, Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402. Alternatively, PSI-BLAST can be used to perform an iterated search, which detects distant relationships between molecules (Id.). When utilizing BLAST, Gapped BLAST, and PSI-Blast programs, the default parameters of the respective programs (e.g., of XBLAST and NBLAST) can be used (see, e.g., the NCBI website). Another optional, non-limiting example of a mathematical algorithm utilized for the comparison of sequences is the algorithm of Myers and Miller, 1988, CABIOS 4:11-17. Such an algorithm is incorporated in the ALIGN program (version 2.0) which is part of the GCG sequence alignment software package. When utilizing the ALIGN program for comparing amino acid sequences, a PAM120 weight residue table, a gap length penalty of 12, and a gap penalty of 4 can be used. The percent identity between two sequences can be determined using techniques similar to those described above, with or without allowing gaps. In calculating percent identity, typically only exact matches are counted. 
     As used herein, the term “fragment thereof” refers to a nucleic acid or amino acid sequence comprising up to 3, 5, 10, 15, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000, 2000 or 3000 contiguous residues of a nucleotide or amino acid sequence of interest. 
     Within the context of the present disclosure, a protein of the disclosure may include various structural forms of the primary protein which retain biological activity. For example, a protein of the disclosure may be in the form of acidic or basic salts or in neutral form. In addition, individual amino acid residues may be modified by oxidation or reduction. 
     Exemplary methods of making the alterations set forth above are disclosed by Sambrook et al. (Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989). 
     Also provided herein is a nucleic acid molecule encoding the soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure, wherein the molecule optionally comprise a peptide linker joining the various domains of the fusion molecule. 
     In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the N-terminal domain of GHS-R1a. In one embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid comprises the nucleic acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO:3 or 12 or encodes the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO:4 or 13. In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the extracellular loop 1 of GHS-R1a. In one embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid comprises the nucleic acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO:5 or 14 or a variant thereof or encodes the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO:6 or 15 or a variant thereof. Further provided herein is an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the extracellular loop 2 of GHS-R1a. In one embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid comprises the nucleic acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO:7 or 16 or a variant thereof or encodes the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO:8or 17 or a variant thereof. 
     As used herein, the term “nucleic acid molecule” means a sequence of nucleoside or nucleotide monomers consisting of naturally occurring bases, sugars and intersugar (backbone) linkages. The term also includes modified or substituted sequences comprising non-naturally occurring monomers or portions thereof. The nucleic acid sequences of the present disclosure may be deoxyribonucleic acid sequences (DNA) or ribonucleic acid sequences (RNA) and may include naturally occurring bases including adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymidine and uracil. The sequences may also contain modified bases. Examples of such modified bases include aza and deaza adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymidine and uracil; and xanthine and hypoxanthine. 
     The term “isolated nucleic acid sequences” as used herein refers to a nucleic acid substantially free of cellular material or culture medium when produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or chemical precursors, or other chemicals when chemically synthesized. An isolated nucleic acid is also substantially free of sequences, which naturally flank the nucleic acid (i.e. sequences located at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the nucleic acid) from which the nucleic acid is derived. The term “nucleic acid” is intended to include DNA and RNA and can be either double stranded or single stranded, and represents the sense or antisense strand. Further, the term “nucleic acid” includes the complementary nucleic acid sequences. 
     The disclosure also provides isolated nucleic acid sequences encoding variants of the CDR sequences and variable region sequences discussed above. 
     Variant nucleic acid sequences include nucleic acid sequences that hybridize to the nucleic acid sequences disclosed herein under at least moderately stringent hybridization conditions, or have at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or 98% sequence identity to the nucleic acid sequences that encode the amino acid sequences disclosed herein. 
     The term “sequence that hybridizes” means a nucleic acid sequence that can hybridize to a nucleic acid sequence disclosed herein under stringent hybridization conditions. Appropriate “stringent hybridization conditions” which promote DNA hybridization are known to those skilled in the art, or may be found in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley &amp; Sons, N.Y. (1989), 6.3.1-6.3.6. The term “stringent hybridization conditions” as used herein means that conditions are selected which promote selective hybridization between two complementary nucleic acid molecules in solution. Hybridization may occur to all or a portion of a nucleic acid sequence molecule. The hybridizing portion is at least 50% the length with respect to one of the polynucleotide sequences encoding a polypeptide. In this regard, the stability of a nucleic acid duplex, or hybrids, is determined by the Tm, which in sodium-containing buffers is a function of the sodium ion concentration, G/C content of labeled nucleic acid, length of nucleic acid probe (l), and temperature (Tm=81.5° C.−16.6(Log 10 [Na+])+0.41(%(G+C)−600/l). Accordingly, the parameters in the wash conditions that determine hybrid stability are sodium ion concentration and temperature. In order to identify molecules that are similar, but not identical, to a known nucleic acid molecule a 1% mismatch may be assumed to result in about a 1° C. decrease in Tm, for example if nucleic acid molecules are sought that have a greater than 95% identity, the final wash will be reduced by 5° C. Based on these considerations stringent hybridization conditions shall be defined as: hybridization at 5× sodium chloride/sodium citrate (SSC)/5×Denhardt&#39;s solution/1.0% SDS at Tm (based on the above equation) −5° C., followed by a wash of 0.2×SSC/0.1% SDS at 60° C. 
     One example of a nucleic acid modification to prepare an analog is to replace one of the naturally occurring bases (i.e. adenine, guanine, cytosine or thymidine) of the sequence with a modified base such as xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6-methyl, 2-propyl and other alkyl adenines, 5-halo uracil, 5-halo cytosine, 6-aza uracil, 6-aza cytosine and 6-aza thymine, pseudo uracil, 4-thiouracil, 8-halo adenine, 8-aminoadenine, 8-thiol adenine, 8-thiolalkyl adenines, 8-hydroxyl adenine and other 8-substituted adenines, 8-halo guanines, 8 amino guanine, 8-thiol guanine, 8-thiolalkyl guanines, 8-hydroxyl guanine and other 8-substituted guanines, other aza and deaza uracils, thymidines, cytosines, adenines, or guanines, 5-trifluoromethyl uracil and 5-trifluoro cytosine. 
     Another example of a modification is to include modified phosphorous or oxygen heteroatoms in the phosphate backbone, short chain alkyl or cycloalkyl intersugar linkages or short chain heteroatomic or heterocyclic intersugar linkages in the nucleic acid molecules. For example, the nucleic acid sequences may contain phosphorothioates, phosphotriesters, methyl phosphonates, and phosphorodithioates. 
     A further example of an analog of a nucleic acid molecule of the disclosure is a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) wherein the deoxyribose (or ribose) phosphate backbone in the DNA (or RNA), is replaced with a polyamide backbone which is similar to that found in peptides (P. E. Nielsen, et al Science 1991, 254, 1497). PNA analogs have been shown to be resistant to degradation by enzymes and to have extended lives in vivo and in vitro. PNAs also bind stronger to a complimentary DNA sequence due to the lack of charge repulsion between the PNA strand and the DNA strand. Other nucleic acid analogs may contain nucleotides containing polymer backbones, cyclic backbones, or acyclic backbones. For example, the nucleotides may have morpholino backbone structures (U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,506). The analogs may also contain groups such as reporter groups, a group for improving the pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic properties of nucleic acid sequence. 
     A person skilled in the art will appreciate that the proteins of the disclosure may be prepared in any of several ways, including, without limitation, by using recombinant methods. 
     Accordingly, the nucleic acid molecules disclosed herein may be incorporated in a known manner into an appropriate expression vector which ensures good expression of the proteins. Possible expression vectors include but are not limited to cosmids, plasmids, or modified viruses (e.g. replication defective retroviruses, adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses), so long as the vector is compatible with the host cell used. The expression vectors are “suitable for transformation of a host cell”, which means that the expression vectors contain a nucleic acid molecule of the application and regulatory sequences selected on the basis of the host cells to be used for expression, which is operatively linked to the nucleic acid molecule. Operatively linked is intended to mean that the nucleic acid is linked to regulatory sequences in a manner which allows expression of the nucleic acid. 
     The disclosure therefore contemplates a recombinant expression vector containing a nucleic acid molecule disclosed herein, and the necessary regulatory sequences for the transcription and translation of the inserted protein-sequence. 
     Suitable regulatory sequences may be derived from a variety of sources, including bacterial, fungal, viral, mammalian, or insect genes (For example, see the regulatory sequences described in Goeddel, Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990)). Selection of appropriate regulatory sequences is dependent on the host cell chosen as discussed below, and may be readily accomplished by one of ordinary skill in the art. Examples of such regulatory sequences include: a transcriptional promoter and enhancer or RNA polymerase binding sequence, a ribosomal binding sequence, including a translation initiation signal. Additionally, depending on the host cell chosen and the vector employed, other sequences, such as an origin of replication, additional DNA restriction sites, enhancers, and sequences conferring inducibility of transcription may be incorporated into the expression vector. 
     The recombinant expression vectors of the disclosure may also contain a selectable marker gene which facilitates the selection of host cells transformed or transfected with a recombinant molecule of the application. Examples of selectable marker genes are genes encoding a protein such as G418 and hygromycin which confer resistance to certain drugs, β-galactosidase, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, firefly luciferase, or an immunoglobulin or portion thereof such as the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin, optionally IgG. Transcription of the selectable marker gene is monitored by changes in the concentration of the selectable marker protein such as β-galactosidase, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, or firefly luciferase. If the selectable marker gene encodes a protein conferring antibiotic resistance such as neomycin resistance transformant cells can be selected with G418. Cells that have incorporated the selectable marker gene will survive, while the other cells die. This makes it possible to visualize and assay for expression of recombinant expression vectors of the application and in particular to determine the effect of a mutation on expression and phenotype. It will be appreciated that selectable markers can be introduced on a separate vector from the nucleic acid of interest. 
     The recombinant expression vectors may also contain genes which encode a fusion moiety which provides increased expression of the recombinant protein; increased solubility of the recombinant protein; and aid in the purification of the target recombinant protein by acting as a ligand in affinity purification. For example, a proteolytic cleavage site may be added to the target recombinant protein to allow separation of the recombinant protein from the fusion moiety subsequent to purification of the fusion protein. Typical fusion expression vectors include pGEX (Amrad Corp., Melbourne, Australia), pMal (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.) and pRIT5 (Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.) which fuse glutathione S-transferase (GST), maltose E binding protein, or protein A, respectively, to the recombinant protein. 
     Recombinant expression vectors can be introduced into host cells to produce a transformed host cell. The terms “transformed with”, “transfected with”, “transformation” and “transfection” are intended to encompass introduction of nucleic acid (e.g. a vector) into a cell by one of many possible techniques known in the art. The term “transformed host cell” as used herein is intended to also include cells capable of glycosylation that have been transformed with a recombinant expression vector of the invention. Prokaryotic cells can be transformed with nucleic acid by, for example, electroporation or calcium chloride-mediated transformation. For example, nucleic acid can be introduced into mammalian cells via conventional techniques such as calcium phosphate or calcium chloride co-precipitation, DEAE-dextran mediated transfection, lipofectin, electroporation or microinjection. Suitable methods for transforming and transfecting host cells can be found in Sambrook et al. (Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3rd Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2001), and other laboratory textbooks. 
     Suitable host cells include a wide variety of eukaryotic host cells and prokaryotic cells. For example, the proteins of the disclosure may be expressed in yeast cells or mammalian cells. Other suitable host cells can be found in Goeddel, Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1991). In addition, the proteins of the disclosure may be expressed in prokaryotic cells, such as  Escherichia coli  (Zhang et al., Science 303(5656): 371-3 (2004)). In addition, a  Pseudomonas -based expression system such as  Pseudomonas fluorescens  can be used (US Patent Application Publication No. US 2005/0186666, Schneider, Jane C et al.). 
     Accordingly, also provided herein is a host cell comprising a nucleic acid molecule of the disclosure. 
     Even further provided is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure, a nucleic acid molecule of the present disclosure or a host cell of the present disclosure, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 
     The soluble fusion molecule is optionally present in an amount effective for reducing excessive adiposity in a mammal in need thereof. 
     The term “effective amount” as used herein means an amount sufficient to achieve the desired result and accordingly will depend on the ingredient and its desired result. Nonetheless, once the desired effect is known, determining the effective amount is within the skill of a person skilled in the art. 
     Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include essentially chemically inert and nontoxic materials that do not interfere with the effectiveness of the biological activity of the pharmaceutical composition. Suitable vehicles are described, for example, in Remington&#39;s Pharmaceutical Sciences (Remington&#39;s Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., USA, 2000). Examples of suitable pharmaceutical carriers include, but are not limited to, water, saline solutions, glycerol solutions, ethanol, N-(1(2,3-dioleyloxy)propyl)N,N, N-trimethylammonium chloride (DOTMA), diolesylphosphotidyl-ethanolamine (DOPE), and liposomes. Such compositions contain a therapeutically effective amount of the agent, together with a suitable amount of carrier so as to provide the form for direct administration to the patient. 
     In some embodiments, the composition is formulated for administration to a subject such as a human. In particular embodiments, the composition is formulated for intravenous or oral administration. Optionally, the composition is formulated for inhalative, rectal or parenteral administration, including dermal, intradermal, intragastral, intracutan, intravasal, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intranasal, intravaginal, intrabuccal, percutaneous, subcutaneous, sublingual, topical or transdermal administration. 
     In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of reducing excessive adiposity in an animal comprising administering a soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure, a nucleic acid molecule of the present disclosure, a host cell of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure, or an extracellular domain of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) to the animal in need thereof. Also provided is a use of a soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure, a nucleic acid molecule of the present disclosure, a host cell of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure, or an extracellular domain of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) for reducing excessive adiposity in an animal in need thereof. Further provided is a use of a soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure, a nucleic acid molecule of the present disclosure, a host cell of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure, or an extracellular domain of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) in the manufacture of a medicament for reducing excessive adiposity in an animal in need thereof. Even further provided is a soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure, a nucleic acid molecule of the present disclosure, a host cell of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure, or an extracellular domain of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) for use in reducing excessive adiposity in an animal in need thereof. 
     The phrase “reducing excessive adiposity” as used herein refers to a reduction of at least 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% or more in the amount of fat tissue in a treated subject compared to a control that is on the same or similar diet. 
     In one embodiment, the present disclosure provide a method of reducing weight gain in an animal comprising administering a soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure, a nucleic acid molecule of the present disclosure, a host cell of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure, or an extracellular domain of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) to the animal in need thereof. Also provided is use of a soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure, a nucleic acid molecule of the present disclosure, a host cell of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure, or an extracellular domain of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) for reducing weight gain in an animal in need thereof. Further provided is use of a soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure, a nucleic acid molecule of the present disclosure, a host cell of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure, or an extracellular domain of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) in the manufacture of a medicament for reducing weight gain in an animal in need thereof. Even further provided is a soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure, a nucleic acid molecule of the present disclosure, a host cell of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure, or an extracellular domain of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) for use in reducing weight gain in an animal in need thereof. 
     The phrase “reducing weight gain” as used herein refers to a reduction of at least 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% or more in the mass of a treated subject compared to a control that is on the same or similar diet. 
     In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method of treating obesity or an obesity-related condition in an animal comprising administering a soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure, a nucleic acid molecule of the present disclosure, a host cell of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure, or an extracellular domain of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) to the animal in need thereof. Also provided is a use of a soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure, a nucleic acid molecule of the present disclosure, a host cell of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure, or an extracellular domain of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) for treating obesity or an obesity related condition to an animal in need thereof. Further provided is a use of a soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure, a nucleic acid molecule of the present disclosure, a host cell of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure, or an extracellular domain of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) in the manufacture of a medicament for treating obesity or an obesity related condition to an animal in need thereof. Even further provided is a soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure, a nucleic acid molecule of the present disclosure, a host cell of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure, or an extracellular domain of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) for use in treating obesity or an obesity related condition to an animal in need thereof. 
     The term “obesity” as used herein refers to a condition in a subject having an accumulation of body fat and includes, without limitation, pre-obesity typically defined as having a body mass index greater than 25, and obesity typically defined having a body mass index greater than 30 (often called obese). 
     The phrase “treating obesity” includes a reduction of at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% or more in weight compared to a non-treated subject on a similar or same diet regimen or a reduction of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% or more in the ratio of fat mass to lean mass of the subject. 
     The term “treating” or “treatment” as used herein and as is well understood in the art, means an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired results, including clinical results. Beneficial or desired clinical results can include, but are not limited to, alleviation or amelioration of one or more symptoms or conditions, diminishment of extent of disease, stabilizing (i.e. not worsening) the state of disease, prevention of disease spread, delaying or slowing of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, diminishment of the reoccurrence of disease, and remission (whether partial or total), whether detectable or undetectable. “Treating” and “treatment” can also mean prolonging survival as compared to expected survival if not receiving treatment. “Treating” and “treatment” as used herein also include prophylactic treatment. Treatment methods comprise administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of an active agent and optionally consists of a single administration, or alternatively comprises a series of applications. The length of the treatment period depends on a variety of factors, such as the severity of the condition, the age of the patient, the concentration of active ingredient or agent, the activity of the compositions described herein, and/or a combination thereof. It will also be appreciated that the effective dosage of the agent used for the treatment or prophylaxis may increase or decrease over the course of a particular treatment or prophylaxis regime. Changes in dosage may result and become apparent by standard diagnostic assays known in the art. In some instances, chronic administration may be required. For example, the compositions are administered to the subject in an amount and for a duration sufficient to treat the patient. 
     In one embodiment, the obesity-related condition is type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease or cancer. In an embodiment, the cancer is cancer of the esophagus, breast, endometrium, colorectal or pancreas. 
     In another embodiment, the obesity-related condition is high cholesterol, high triglycerides, high blood pressure metabolic syndrome (a combination of high blood sugar, high blood pressure, high triglycerides and high cholesterol) or polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). 
     In yet a further embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method of improving glucose tolerance and/or insulin sensitivity in an animal comprising administering a soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure, a nucleic acid molecule of the present disclosure, a host cell of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure, or an extracellular domain of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) to the animal in need thereof. Also provided is a use of a soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure, a nucleic acid molecule of the present disclosure, a host cell of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure, or an extracellular domain of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) for improving glucose tolerance and/or insulin sensitivity in an animal in need thereof. Further provided is use of a soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure, a nucleic acid molecule of the present disclosure, a host cell of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure, or an extracellular domain of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) in the manufacture of a medicament for improving glucose tolerance and/or insulin sensitivity. Even further provided is a soluble fusion molecule of the present disclosure, a nucleic acid molecule of the present disclosure, a host cell of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure, or an extracellular domain of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) for use in improving glucose tolerance and/or insulin sensitivity in an animal in need thereof. 
     The phrase “improving glucose tolerance and/or insulin sensitivity” as used herein refers to an improved metabolic status including reduced blood glucose levels as a result of enhanced insulin secretion and insulin action in the body. This is also exemplified by enhanced glucose uptake or utilization in the insulin-responsible tissues such as muscle, fat and liver. 
     The term “subject” or “animal” as used herein includes all members of the animal kingdom, including mammals, and suitably refers to humans. In one embodiment, the animal has Type 2 diabetes. 
     The term “administering the proteins disclosed herein” includes both the administration of protein as well as the administration of a nucleic acid sequence encoding the protein to an animal or to a cell in vitro or in vivo. The term “administering” also includes the administration of a cell that expresses the antibody or antibody fragment thereof. 
     The term “a cell” includes a single cell as well as a plurality or population of cells. Administering to a cell includes administering in vitro (or ex vivo) as well as in vivo. 
     The active agents or compositions of the present disclosure may be used alone or in combination with other known agents useful for reducing excessive adiposity or weight gain, for example, for treating obesity or an obesity-related condition in a subject. When used in combination with other agents, it is an embodiment that the compositions or active agents of the present disclosure are administered contemporaneously with those agents. As used herein, “contemporaneous administration” of two substances to a subject means providing each of the two substances so that they are both biologically active in the individual at the same time. The exact details of the administration will depend on the pharmacokinetics of the two substances in the presence of each other, and can include administering the two substances within a few hours of each other, or even administering one substance within 24 hours of administration of the other, if the pharmacokinetics are suitable. Design of suitable dosing regimens is routine for one skilled in the art. In particular embodiments, two substances will be administered substantially simultaneously, i.e., within minutes of each other, or in a single composition that contains both substances. It is a further embodiment of the present disclosure that the composition or active agent of the present disclosure and the other agent(s) is administered to a subject in a non-contemporaneous fashion. 
     The dosage of compositions or active agents of the present disclosure can vary depending on many factors such as the pharmacodynamic properties of the composition, the mode of administration, the age, health and weight of the recipient, the nature and extent of the symptoms, the frequency of the treatment and the type of concurrent treatment, if any, and the clearance rate of the composition in the subject to be treated. One of skill in the art can determine the appropriate dosage based on, for example the above factors. Compositions of the present disclosure may be administered initially in a suitable dosage that may be adjusted as required, depending on the clinical response, and may be administered in a single daily dose or the total daily dose may be divided into two, three or four daily doses. 
     The above disclosure generally describes the present application. A more complete understanding can be obtained by reference to the following specific examples. These examples are described solely for the purpose of illustration and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure. Changes in form and substitution of equivalents are contemplated as circumstances might suggest or render expedient. Although specific terms have been employed herein, such terms are intended in a descriptive sense and not for purposes of limitation. 
     The following non-limiting examples are illustrative of the present disclosure: 
     EXAMPLES 
     Depleting circulating ghrelin holds the potential to reduce caloric intake and promote fat energy utilization. As such, mammalian expression plasmid vectors encoding the ligand binding domains of the GHS-R1a were constructed, specifically the N-terminal (Nt), and/or the first, second extracellular domain (EC1, EC2) and were fused with a mouse IgG constant regions (Fc), forming GHSR/Fc ( FIG. 1A ). In vivo expression of these fusion proteins was achieved through plasmid-intramuscular injection and subsequent electroporation in gastrocnemius muscle of mice. The fusion constructs omitted the sequence motif corresponding to the transmembrane domains of the receptor, allowing the production of GHSR/Fc that is secretable. 
     Results 
     Validation of GHSR Constructs 
     The expression and secretion of the fusion proteins were first examined under in vitro conditions by the transient transfection of the plasmid vectors ( FIG. 1A ) into L6 rat skeletal muscle cell line. At 48 h after transfection, the medium and the cells were harvested separately and extracted proteins were subjected to Western blot analysis using anti-Myc tag antibodies. As shown, the expression of the fusion constructs (Nt-, Nt-EC1, and Nt-EC1-EC2, denoted as GHSR/Fc) was consistently detected in both the cell lysate and culture media whereas the WT/Fc, which contains the transmembrane domains, was only found in the cell lysate (45 kD) ( FIG. 1B ). Similar results were also obtained in the culture media or cell lysate in CHO cells transfected with the fusion constructs ( FIG. 1C ). Immunocytochemistry experiments using anti IgG-Fc antibodies showed that Nt-EC1-EC2 (GHSR/Fc), Nt/Fc, EC1/Fc, and WT/Fc were detected in the transfected L6 cells ( FIG. 1D ), suggesting that these fusion proteins can be produced in the mammalian expression system in vitro. 
     Effects of In Vivo Expression of GHSR/Fc in Mice 
     To examine the impact of GHSR gene therapy on energy intake and weight gain, food consumption and body weight was measured in mice injected with the GHSR-based constructs and control mice (injected with the Fc empty vector) fed on a high fat diet (HFD). Mice treated with the GHSR/Fc construct gained significantly less body weight compared to the control animals ( FIG. 2A ). The weight differences began at 30 days post injection (21.0±0.195 g vs 23.8±0.433 g in control, p&lt;0.05), and continued until the termination of the experiment at 54 days post the first injection (23.5±1.36 g vs 29.6±0.434 g in control, p&lt;0.001), ( FIG. 2A ). Mice that received Nt/Fc, Nt-EC1/Fc, or WT/Fc injections all showed a modest reduction in weight gain that did not reach statistical significance. The GHSR/Fc having the N-terminal as well as both extracellular loop 1 and extracellular loop 2 were the focus of the remaining analysis. 
     Since ghrelin was previously shown to have a potent orexigenic effect, the daily food and water consumption was examined. As shown in  FIG. 2B , there was no difference in food intake between control and GHSR/Fc treated mice. However, treatment with GHSR/Fc increased water intake and urine. 
     In vivo expression of the GHSR/Fc was verified by western blot analysis. As shown, western blotting of whole gastrocnemius muscle lysates detected a 55 kDa band corresponding to the GHSR/Fc fusion protein in each of the GHSR/Fc-treated mice ( FIG. 3A ). Furthermore, Western blot analysis of plasma showed the presence of the 55 kDa band in GHSR/Fc treated mice but not in vehicle-injected control mice ( FIG. 3B ). To confirm the ghrelin neutralizing effect of this treatment, the levels of AG and total ghrelin (primarily UAG) were measured in circulation. As shown in  FIG. 3C , expression of GHSR/Fc did not alter the levels of total ghrelin ( FIG. 2D  140.9±30.2 pg/ml vs 140.8±37.94 pg/ml in control) but significantly reduced the levels of AG ( FIG. 2D , 1.41±0.160 pg/ml vs 2.25±0.240 pg/ml in control, p&lt;0.05). Finally, to address if reduced AG levels had an effect on the growth hormone pathway, plasma levels of the GH-dependent insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1) were examined. No difference was found for IGF-1 levels between the GHSR/Fc treated and control mice ( FIG. 3D ). 
     Effects of GHSR/Fc on Adipose Tissue 
     To determine the source of the reduced weight gain in the treated animals, fat pad and lean tissue (gastrocnemius and soleus muscles) were investigated. Visually, the amount of white adipose tissue (WAT) found in the peritoneum of treated mice was less than control ( FIG. 4A ). This difference was quantified by the weighing of various fat pads. Several fat stores were significantly smaller in the treated mice including retroperitoneal (0.476±0.12 g vs 0.948±0.119 g in control, p&lt;0.001), peri-renal (0.44±0.19 g vs 0.734±0.011 g in control, p&lt;0.05) and inguinal fat pads (0.396±0.067 g vs 0.722±0.56 g in control, p&lt;0.05) ( FIG. 4B ). Lean mass was not affected by treatment as determined by the equal gastrocnemius muscle weight (0.131±0.016 g vs 0.109±0.011 g in control) ( FIG. 4C ). 
     Since reduced caloric consumption was not responsible for the reduction in WAT, alterations in WAT mRNA expression in the context of several metabolic genes were examined. Visceral WAT was examined for the adipokine leptin (a hormone that signals in response to fat cell anabolism), hormone sensitive lipase (HSL; an enzyme catalyzing the breakdown of triglycerides to fatty acids) and PPARγ (a nuclear receptor that promotes adipogenesis) mRNA using quantitative RT-PCR. Treated animals had lower levels of leptin gene expression in WAT (0.10±0.14 fold of control, p&lt;0.05) while HSL mRNA (1.76±0.07 fold of control, p&lt;0.05) and PPARγ mRNA (3.91±0.378 fold of control, p&lt;0.05) expression were elevated ( FIG. 4D ). In addition, mRNA levels of adipose-derived proinflammatory cytokines known to be elevated in obesity were examined in WAT. Both interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) were reduced in GHSR/Fc compared to control (2.9±1.6% of control for IL-1, and 15±7% of control for TNFα, p&lt;0.05). 
     Effect of Neutralizing Ghrelin on Glucose Metabolism 
     Ghrelin has been shown to affect glucose homeostasis (Broglio, Arvat et al. 2001). To determine the effect of GHSR/Fc treatment on glucose metabolism, intra-peritoneal glucose tolerance tests (IPGTT) and insulin tolerance tests (ITT) were performed on control and treated mice before and at the end of the study. Treated mice displayed improved glucose tolerance with significantly lower blood glucose at 10 minutes (14.5±1.52 mmol/L vs 18.9±1.48 mmol/L in control, p&lt;0.01) and 20 minutes (10.1±0.968 mmol/L vs 14.2±0.989 mmol/L in control, p&lt;0.05) post glucose injection ( FIG. 5A ). The area under the curve in the IPGTT was also significantly decreased in the treated mice (516±32.2 vs 668±22.1 in control, p&lt;0.05) ( FIG. 5B ). In ITT, area under the glucose curve was lower in treated animals (180±19.1 vs 230±20.3 in control, p&lt;0.05) indicating increased insulin sensitivity ( FIGS. 5C and 5D ). These results suggest that reduced circulating AG improves insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in mice on a high fat diet. 
     Discussion 
     In this study, an in vivo gene transfer method was used to administer GHSR1a-based fusion proteins as a ‘decoy receptor’ for circulating AG in mice. The fusion constructs were designed to incorporate the extracellular domains of the GHSR1a that interact with the acylated portion of ghrelin, fused with IgG Fc to improve the stability and half-life of the complex in circulation (Soltani, Kumar et al. 2007). Initially, expression and secretion of the construct in vitro was confirmed by plasmid transfection in L6 muscle and CHO cell lines. As expected, the full length WT/Fc was not detected in culture media as it possesses the hydrophobic transmembrane domains that would retain it in the plasma membrane. The expression was further confirmed in both the muscle and plasma from GHSR/Fc plasmid injected animals. To verify that the treatment led to altered ghrelin levels both total (AG+UAG) and acylated (AG) levels were measured in the circulation. While there was no significant difference in the levels of total ghrelin, there was a significant reduction of AG in treated animals. Any differences in AG (5% of total ghrelin in circulation) occurring in the total ghrelin assay would likely be undetectable (Kojima, Hosoda et al. 1999; Ariyasu, Takaya et al. 2001). The lack of difference in the total ghrelin assay confirms the specificity of the GHSR/Fc for binding only AG. 
     The impact of neutralizing ghrelin on energy homeostasis was examined by placing animals on a HFD. Thirty days after the HFD feeding, animals treated with GHSR/Fc had gained significantly less weight compared to empty vector treated mice on high fat diet. The reduced weight gain in the GHSR/Fc group was maintained until the end of the study at 74 days post gene transfer with a final weight gain reduction of over 20%. These observations of reduced weight gain and reduced circulating AG in GHSR/Fc mice is in agreement with previous work examining the effects of ghrelin immunoneutralization (Zorrilla, Iwasaki et al. 2006). 
     Constructs encoding for the N-terminal region of the GHSR1a (Nt/Fc) or the N-terminal and the first extracellular loop (Nt-EC1/Fc) were also designed. These constructs, while exerting some weight sparing effects, had only a moderate effect compared with GHSR/Fc. The GHSR/Fc was the one construct that incorporated all 3 of the extracellular domains of the GHSR1a (Nt, EC1 and EC2). Without wishing to be bound by theory, of potential importance was the incorporation of both the extracellular loop domains (EC1 and EC2) as these extracellular loops are thought to be the binding sites for AG to the GHS-R1a (Pedretti, Villa et al. 2006). 
     Despite the difference in weight gain, no difference was observed throughout the study in food consumed between the GHSR/Fc treatment and control groups. Interestingly, the GHSR/Fc mice showed increased water consumption and urine output. Ghrelin&#39;s action on appetite occurs through binding with the GHSR1a in neurons within the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (Cowley, Smith et al. 2003). While peripheral ghrelin administration has been shown to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) and stimulate appetite (Banks, Tschop et al. 2002), a population of ghrelin-producing neurons also exists within the arcuate nucleus (Kageyama, Kitamura et al. 2008). In the present study, due to the size of the GHSR/Fc protein, it is unlikely that it was able to cross the BBB and neutralize hypothalamic ghrelin. Thus, without wishing to be bound by theory, the present strategy may only be targeting peripheral ghrelin and its actions. In agreement with this study, ghrelin immunoneutralization studies also had no effect on food intake (Zorrilla, Iwasaki et al. 2006). Furthermore, studies that examined both ghrelin and GHSR1a embryonic knockout mice also had no effect on feeding behavior but instead, when challenged with a high fat diet, were more likely to utilize fat as their energy substrate (Wortley, Anderson et al. 2004; Zigman, Nakano et al. 2005). Consistent with these previous observations, reduced fat pads primarily in the peritoneum were found in the present study. 
     Given that the food consumption was unchanged in GHSR/Fc-treated mice, the reduced fat mass is likely the consequence of the reduction in AG which affected fat tissue metabolism. Indeed, a recent study indicated that ghrelin acts directly on adipocytes to prevent lipolysis (Davies, Kotokorpi et al. 2009). To determine the effect of reduced circulating ghrelin levels on adipose tissue, the mRNA expression of fat metabolism genes in WAT was measured. Not surprisingly, leptin, which is produced during fat accumulation and adipocyte differentiation (Houseknecht, Baile et al. 1998), was lower in the GHSR/Fc-treated animals. Of particular interest, HSL, a key enzyme in the catabolism of triglycerides to fatty acids (Yeaman 2004), was found to be elevated in the treated animals. This increased lipase expression is indicative of increased mobilization of fatty acids for energy substrate, which supports the finding that the treated animals were protected from adiposity while eating a HFD. This finding is also in good agreement with a previous indirect calorimetry study on ghrelin KO mice that suggested preferential use of fat as their energy substrate (Wortley, Anderson et al. 2004). 
     PPARγ mRNA levels were also found to be elevated in the treated animals. While activation of this nuclear receptor typically leads to the differentiation and growth of adipose tissue, some evidence suggests that increased PPARγ may partition fat away from visceral stores (Laplante, Sell et al. 2003). Indeed, the present study shows that the most significant reduction on fat pad weight, in GHSR/Fc-treated mice was in the visceral depots. These findings are supported by other&#39;s studies that showed that low dose ghrelin administration caused increased fat pad weight and altered adipocyte gene expression without an effect on feeding in mice (Tsubone, Masaki et al. 2005). Taken together, the present data suggest that reducing circulating AG with GHSR-1a/Fc treatment leads to reduced fat stores and altered adipocyte gene expression. 
     Reducing AG with GHSR/Fc treatment significantly improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in mice on HFD feeding. These findings are in agreement with several studies suggesting that ghrelin promotes glucose homeostasis through inhibiting insulin release from the pancreas (Dezaki, Sone et al. 2006; Dezaki, Sone et al. 2008). Since no differences in circulating insulin levels were observed, the improved glucose clearance may be a consequence of reduced hepatic glucose production in the GHSR/Fc treated animals. This is, at least in part, supported by previous investigation that demonstrated that ghrelin promotes glucose production in hepatocytes(Gauna, Delhanty et al. 2005). Moreover, the improved glucose tolerance may be a secondary effect to the reduced visceral adiposity in GHSR/Fc-mice. It is known that increased adiposity can lead to insulin resistance which is brought on by proinflammatory factors released from inflamed fat stores (Oliver, McGillicuddy et al. 2010). 
     To determine the possible involvement of pro-inflammatory cytokines, the mRNA expression of both IL-1 and TNFα was examined in visceral adipose tissue. Both these genes were expressed at significantly lower levels in GHSR/Fc-treated animals, suggesting that improved insulin sensitivity in GHSR/Fc-treated mice may be partially conferred by reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines in these mice. Therefore, the strategy involving neutralization of circulating ghrelin, exemplified by the GHSR/Fc treatment, prevents weight gain and improves glucose tolerance, which may provide beneficial therapies for T2DM. 
     The present inventors examined if the GHSR/Fc treatment had any impact on other metabolic hormones. None of the hormones examined (GLP-1, insulin, PYY, pancreatic polypeptide and glucose insulinotropic peptide) were significantly altered by the expression of GHSR/Fc (data not shown). As ghrelin is a known GH secretagogue (Kojima, Hosoda et al. 1999) and GH has effects on glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity (Moller and Jorgensen 2009), the effects of ghrelin depletion on GH were examined. Since GH varies throughout the day in a pulsatile fashion a more stable measurement of GH levels can be obtained by measuring circulating IGF-1. Interestingly, circulating IGF-1 levels were not affected by ghrelin neutralization and likely were not responsible for the reduced weight and improved glucose parameters. This lack of effect is consistent with a previous report indicating that GH levels are unchanged in GHSR1a KO mice on HFD (Zigman, Nakano et al. 2005). 
     In summary, a novel strategy has been developed using secretable GHSR1a-based fusion proteins to neutralize the circulating active ghrelin and hence reduce HFD-induced weight gain. Among those fusion constructs, the GHSR/Fc which contains the Nt, EC1, and EC2 domains of GHSR1a was the most effective in reducing weight gain, improving insulin resistance, and improving glucose tolerance in mice fed with HFD. Of particular benefit, this approach reduced body weight and adiposity, without affecting the appetite and, more particularly, lean mass. The treatment also altered adipose gene expression, exemplified by increased fat catabolism and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines genes, suggesting a shift to fat usage rather than storage in mice. This yields a secondary beneficial outcome exemplified by improved insulin sensitivity and improved glucose clearance. Thus, GHSR/Fc fusion proteins may have clinical application for the treatment and management of obesity and T2DM. 
     Methods 
     Construct Design 
     All ghrelin receptor constructs were designed based on the mouse growth hormone secretagogue receptor sequence (Gene ID: 208188). GHSR regions and mouse IgG Fc fragment were produced by PCR amplification. Primers used for amplification of the N-terminal region were (6mNtF) GCG GGG TAC CAT GTG GAA CGC GAC GCC A (SEQ ID NO:19) and (6mNtR) GCG AGT ACT CGC GGG GAA CAG TGG CAG CAG TTC (SEQ ID NO:20), the first extracellular loop (6mEC1F) GCG AAG CTT TTC CAG TTT GTC AGC GAG AGC TGC ACC TAC GCC CCC AGC GAG ACC GTC ACC TGC (SEQ ID NO:21) and (6mEC1R) CGA AGC TTG CAG AGC AGG TCG CCG AAG TTC CAG GGC CGA TAC TGC CAG AGG CGC GCG GGG AAC AGT GGC AGC AGT TC (SEQ ID NO:22), the second extracellular loop (6mEC2F) GCG ACG GAT CCC CGG GAC ACC AAC GAG TGC CGC GCC ACC GAG TTC GCT GTG CGC TCT CCC AGC GAG ACC GTC ACC TGC AAC (SEQ ID NO:23) and (6mEC2R) GCGGGGATCCGTG CCG TTC TCG TGC TCC ACG CCC ACC AGC ACG GCG TAG GTG CAG CTC TCG CTG AC (SEQ ID NO:24), and mouse IgG Fc fragment (mIgGF) GCG AGT ACT TGG CCC AGC GAG ACC GTC ACC TGC AAC (SEQ ID NO:25) and (mIgGR) GCG CTC GAG CAG GGA AGA AGT CTG TTA TCA TGC A (SEQ ID NO:26). Each extracellular domain GHSR PCR product was cleaved with KpnI and ScaI while the mouse IgG Fc fragment was cleaved with ScaI and XhoI. This was ligated into the pSecTag2B vector (Invitrogen, ON Canada) at Kpn1 and XhoI using T4 DNA ligase. 
     Similar cloning strategy can be utilized for creating fusion molecules comprising the N-terminal, extracellular loop 1 and/or extracellular loop 2 of the mouse or human GHS-R1a. 
     In Vitro Expression of the Fusion Constructs 
     To establish the expression and secretion of GHSR constructs, the rat skeletal muscle cell line L6 and the Chinese hamster ovary CHO cells were transfected with the designed plasmids. 40 μg of cell extract and media were collected using standard methods and run out on 12% SDS PAGE gels. Following the end of experiments, the gastrocnemius muscle was collected and extracted from treated mice to examine the in vivo expression. Proteins were transferred to PVDF membrane and probed using anti-Myc antibody (Millipore) at 1:3000 at 4° C. followed by secondary rabbit ant-mouse HRP at 1:5000 at room temp for 1 hr. 
     Immunofluorescence Microscopy 
     To determine the localization and expression of transfected GHSR proteins, cell lines were immunostained with anti-IgG Fc antibodies which only detect the F chain of the transfected protein. L6 cells were grown on coverslips and were fixed for 1 hr at RT in 4% paraformaldehyde. They were then washed 3 times in PBS followed by 15 minutes of blocking in 5% normal horse serum. Cells were incubated with primary biotinylated anti-mouse Fc in blocking solution for 2 hours at room temperature (RT). Cells were then washed and treated with avidin-conjugated Cy3 in blocking solution for 45 minutes in dark at RT. Coverslips were mounted on slides and visualized on a Zeiss Axioplan II microscope. 
     In Vivo Expression of GHSR/Fc in Mice 
     C57/BI6 mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratories (Bar Harbor, Me., USA). Mice were housed under controlled light (12 h light/12 h dark) and temperature conditions, and had free access to food (normal rodent chow, or high fat-diet where indicated) and water. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Canadian Council on Animal Care and were approved by the St. Michael&#39;s Hospital Animal Care Committee. 
     In vivo expression of GHSR/Fc was achieved by intramuscular plasmid injection followed by an electroporation as previously described (Soltani, Kumar et al. 2007). Briefly, a total of 50 μg of plasmid DNA was injected (25 μg per leg) intramuscularly into gastrocnemius of 8 week old male C57/BI6 mice and an electrical current was applied using caliper electrodes (BTX, MA) on the muscle as follows; 8 pulses (pulse length 20 ms) with 1 second intervals at 200V/cm. A conductive (aquasonic 100) gel was used to facilitate current delivery. Plasmid injection and electroporation were conducted once weekly for the first 3 weeks of the study course. 
     Food Intake and Body Weight Measurement: 
     High fat diet (Research diets, North Brunswick, N.J., USA, containing 60% of kCal as fat) began on the day of the first DNA injection and continued until the end of the experiment 54 days later. Food consumption was measured by weighing of food basket in each cage every 3 days. Animals from each group were weighed individually every 3 days. 
     Glucose and Insulin Tolerance Tests: 
     Intraperitoneal (ip) glucose and insulin tolerance tests were completed after 54 days of high fat diet. Animals were fasted overnight for 12 hours prior to tests. For the IPGTT, a single bolus injection of glucose at 1.5 mg/kg of mouse weight was administered ip. For the ITT, a single bolus injection of insulin at 0.75 U/kg was injected ip. Tails tips were treated with topical anesthetic (EMLA, ON Canada) and blood samples were drawn from tail vein at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 60 minutes post injection. Blood samples (4-5 μl) were analyzed by the glucose oxidase method using the Bayer Acensia Elite XL glucometer (Bayer, ON Canada). 
     Fat Tissue Collection 
     Post mortem analysis of fat tissues weight was completed by bi-lateral harvesting of fat pads and immediate weighing. The peritoneal fat tissue was snap frozen in liquid nitrogen for later RNA extraction. 
     Real Time PCR 
     Visceral white adipose tissue was collected at the end of the experiment. Total RNA was extracted using the Trizol® (Invitrogen, CA USA) extraction phenol chloroform precipitation method as per manufacturer&#39;s protocol. Samples were treated with DNAase (Invitrogen) and cDNA was produced using random hexamers under standard methods. Realtime PCR was conducted on the Bio-Rad CFX instrument (Bio-Rad, CA USA) using primers for leptin (forward: CCAAAACCCTCATCAAGACC (SEQ ID NO:27), reverse: TGTCTCCACCACCGAAACTC (SEQ ID NO:28)), hormone sensitive lipase (forward: TGTCTCCACCACCGAAACTC (SEQ ID NO:29), reverse TCTCCAGTTGAACCAAGCAGGTCA (SEQ ID NO:30)), PPARγ (forward: GGAAAGACAACGGACAAATCAC (SEQ ID NO:31), reverse: ATCCTTGGCCCTCTGAGATG (SEQ ID NO:32)), IL-1 (forward: TGTCTGAAGCAGCTATGGCAA (SEQ ID NO:33, reverse: TGCTGCGAGATTTGAAGCTG (SEQ ID NO:34)) and TNFα (forward: TGATCGGTCCCCAAAGGGAT (SEQ ID NO:35), reverse: TTGCTACGACGTGGGCTAC (SEQ ID NO:36)). Data was analyzed using Bio-Rad CFX manager software and relative expression was determined using the standard curve method with 18S as the normalization gene. 
     Hormone Assays 
     Blood was collected at the end of the experiment in capillary tubes containing EDTA (Sarstedt, PQ) from ad-libitum fed mice. Plasma level of hormones involved in the regulation of energy metabolism was analyzed using the Milliplex hormone assay panel (Millipore, MA) including; active GLP-1, insulin, PYY, pancreatic polypeptide, and GIP (Millipore). Acylated ghrelin and IGF-1 plasma levels were analyzed by enzyme link immunoassays (Cayman chemical, ON and Millipore, MA respectively) and total ghrelin levels were measured using a radioimmunoassay (Phoenix Pharmaceuticals, CA). 
     Statistical Analysis 
     The relative changes in weight gain over time were analyzed using the two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post test to compare each group to the control group. Multiplex hormone assays analyzing each group were compared with the one-way ANOVA. Time points during IPGTT and ITT were examined by two-way ANOVA. All other comparisons between the control and GHSR/Fc group were analyzed with the student&#39;s t-test. 
     While the present disclosure has been described with reference to what are presently considered to be the examples, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not limited to the disclosed examples. To the contrary, the disclosure is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. 
     All publications, patents and patent applications are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Sequences 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 mNo6Nt-EC1-EC2-mIgG(nucleic acid) 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   1 
                 atggatgcca tgaagagagg gctctgctgt gtgctgctgc tgtgtggagc agtcttcgtt 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  61 
                 tcgaacagcg agagcgacac gcgtcggaaa cggatgtgga acgcgacgcc cagcgaggag 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 121 
                 ccggagccta acgtcacgct ggacctggac tgggacgctt ctcccggcaa cgactcactc 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 181 
                 tctgacgaac tgctgccact gttccccgcg cgcctctggc agtatcggcc ctggaacttc 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 241 
                 ggcgacctgc tctgcaaact cttccagttt gtcagcgaga gctgcaccgt gggcgtggag 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 301 
                 cacgagaacg gcacagatcc ccgggacacc aacgagtgcc gcgccaccga gttcgctgtg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 361 
                 cgctctggcg gcggcggacc cagcgagacc gtcacctgca acgttgccca cccggccagc 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 421 
                 agcaccaagg tggacaagaa aattgtgccc agggattgtg gttgtaagcc ttgcatatgt 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 481 
                 acagtcccag aagtatcatc tgtcttcatc ttccccccaa agcccaagga tgtgctcacc 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 541 
                 attactctga ctcctaaggt cacgtgtgtt gtggtagaca tcagcaagga tgatcccgag 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 601 
                 gtccagttca gctggtttgt agatgatgtg gaggtgcaca cagctcagac gcaaccccgg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 661 
                 gaggagcagt tcaacagcac tttccgctca gtcagtgaac ttcccatcat gcaccaggac 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 721 
                 tggctcaatg gcaaggagtt caaatgcagg gtcaacagtg cagctttccc tgcccccatc 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 781 
                 gagaaaacca tctccaaaac caaaggcaga ccgaaggctc cacaggtgta caccattcca 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 841 
                 cctcccaagg agcagatggc caaggataaa gtcagtctga cctgcatgat aacagacttc 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 901 
                 ttccctgctc gaggagggcc cgaacaaaaa ctcatctcag aagaggatct gaatagcgcc 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 961 
                 gtcgaccatc atcatcatcat 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 mNo6 Nt-EC1-EC2-mIgG amino acid sequence  
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 2) 
               
               
                 MDAMKRGLCCVLLLCGAVFVSNSESDTRRKRMWNATPSEEPEPNVTLDLDWDASPGNDSL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SDELLPLFPARLWQYRPWNFGDLLCKLFQFVSESCTVGVEHENGTDPRDTNECRATEFAV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 RSGGGGSRKCCVECPPCPAPPVAGPSVFLFPPKPKDPLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 QFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQFNSTFRVVSVLTVVHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKGLPAPIE 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 KTISKTKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TPPMLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK--RPRI 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 PRPRPLAN 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Mouse N-Terminal Domain (nucleic acid)  
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 3) 
               
             
          
           
               
                  1 
                 atgtggaacg cgacgcccag cgaggagccg gagcctaacg tcacgctgga cctggactgg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 61 
                 gacgcttctc ccggcaacga ctcactctct gacgaactgc tgccactgtt ccccgcg 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Mouse N-Terminal Domain (amino acid)  
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 4) 
               
               
                 MWNATPSEEPEPNVTLDLDWDASPGNDSLSDELLPLFPA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Mouse EC1 Domain (nucleic acid)  
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 5) 
               
             
          
           
               
                  1 
                 cgcctctggc agtatcggcc ctggaacttc ggcgacctgc tctgcaaact cttccagttt 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 61 
                 gtcagcgaga gctgcacc 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Mouse EC1 Domain (amino acid)  
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 6) 
               
               
                 RLWQYRPWNFGDLLCKLFQFVSESCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Mouse EC2 Domain (nucleic acid)  
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 7) 
               
             
          
           
               
                  1 
                 gtgggcgtgg agcacgagaa cggcacagat ccccgggaca ccaacgagtg ccgcgccacc 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 61 
                 gagttcgctg tgcgctct 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Mouse EC2 Domain (amino acid)  
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 8) 
               
               
                 VGVEHENGTDPRDTNECRATEFAVRS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Mouse Ghrelin receptor (nucleic acid) 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 9) 
               
             
          
           
               
                    1 
                 atgtggaacg cgacgcccag cgaggagccg gagcctaacg tcacgctgga cctggactgg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   61 
                 gacgcttctc ccggcaacga ctcactctct gacgaactgc tgccactgtt ccccgcgccg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  121 
                 ctgctggcgg gcgtcactgc cacctgcgtg gcgctcttcg tggtgggcat ctcgggcaac 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  181 
                 ctgctcacca tgctggtggt gtcccgcttc cgcgagctgc gcaccaccac caacctctac 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  241 
                 ctatccagca tggccttctc cgatctgctc atcttcctgt gcatgccgct ggacctcgtc 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  301 
                 cgcctctggc agtatcggcc ctggaacttc ggcgacctgc tctgcaaact cttccagttt 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  361 
                 gtcagcgaga gctgcaccta cgccacggtc ctcaccatca ccgcgctgag cgtcgagcgc 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  421 
                 tacttcgcca tctgcttccc gctgcgggcc aaggtggtgg tcaccaaggg ccgtgtgaag 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  481 
                 ctggtcatcc ttgtcatttg ggccgtggcc ttctgcagcg cggggcccat cttcgtgctg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  541 
                 gtgggcgtgg agcacgagaa cggcacagat ccccgggaca ccaacgagtg ccgcgccacc 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  601 
                 gagttcgctg tgcgctctgg gctgctcacc gtgatggtat gggtgtcgag cgtcttcttc 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  661 
                 ttcctgccgg tcttctgcct cactgtgctc tacagtctca tcgggaggaa gctgtggcgg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  721 
                 aggcgcggcg acgcggcggt gggctcctcg ctcagggacc agaaccacaa acagacagtg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  781 
                 aagatgcttg ctgtggtggt gtttgctttc atcctctgct ggctgccctt ccacgtggga 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  841 
                 agatatctgt tttccaagtc tttcgagcct ggctctctgg agatcgcgca gatcagtcag 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  901 
                 tactgcaacc tggtgtcctt tgtcctcttc tacctcagcg ctgccatcaa ccccattctc 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  961 
                 tacaacatca tgtccaagaa gtaccgggtg gccgtgttca aacttctagg atttgaatcc 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1021 
                 ttctcccaga gaaagctttc cactctgaag gatgagagtt cccgggcctg gacaaagtcg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1081 
                 agcatcaata catga 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Human Fusion molecule (nucleic acid)  
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 10) 
               
             
          
           
               
                    1 
                 atggatgcca tgaagagagg gctctgctgt gtgctgctgc tgtgtggagc agtcttcgtt 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   61 
                 tcgaacagcg agagcgacac gcgtcggaaa cggatgtgga acgcgacgcc cagcgaagag 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  121 
                 ccggggttca acctcacact ggccgacctg gactgggatg cttcccccgg caacgactcg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  181 
                 ctgggcgacg agctgctgca gctcttcccc gcgcgcctct ggcagtaccg gccctggaac 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  241 
                 ttcggcgacc tcctctgcaa actcttccaa ttcgtcagtg agagctgcac cgtcggggtg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  301 
                 gagcacgaga acggcaccga cccttgggac accaacgagt gccgccccac cgagtttgcg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  361 
                 gtgcgctctg gcggcggcgg atctagaaaa tgttgtgtcg agtgcccacc gtgcccagca 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  421 
                 ccacctgtgg caggaccgtc agtcttcctc ttccccccaa aacccaagga ccccctcatg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  481 
                 atctcccgga cccctgaggt cacgtgcgtg gtggtggacg tgagccacga agaccccgag 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  541 
                 gtccagttca actggtacgt ggacggcgtg gaggtgcata atgccaagac aaagccacgg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  601 
                 gaggagcagt tcaacagcac gttccgtgtg gtcagcgtcc tcaccgttgt gcaccaggac 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  661 
                 tggctgaacg gcaaggagta caagtgcaag gtctccaaca aaggcctccc agcccccatc 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  721 
                 gagaaaacca tctccaaaac caaagggcag ccccgagaac cacaggtgta caccctgccc 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  781 
                 ccatcccggg aggagatgac caagaaccag gtcagcctga cctgcctggt caaaggcttc 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  841 
                 taccccagcg acatcgccgt ggagtgggag agcaatgggc agccggagaa caactacaag 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  901 
                 accacacctc ccatgctgga ctccgacggc tccttcttcc tctacagcaa gctcaccgtg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  961 
                 gacaagagca ggtggcagca ggggaacgtc ttctcatgct ccgtgatgca tgaggctctg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1021 
                 cacaaccact acacgcagaa gagcctctcc ctgtctccgg gtaaatgata gcggccgcgg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1081 
                 atcccccgac ctcgacctct ggctaat 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Human Fusion molecule (amino acid)  
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 11) 
               
               
                 MDAMKRGLCCVLLLCGAVFVSNSESDTRRKRMWNATPSEEPGFNLTLADLDWDASPGNDS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 LGDELLQLFPARLWQYRPWNFGDLLCKLFQFVSESCTVGVEHENGTDPWDTNECRPTEFA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 VRSGGGGSRKCCVECPPCPAPPVAGPSVFLEPPKPKDPLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPE 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 VQFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQFNSTFRVVSVLTVVHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKGLPAPI 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 EKTISKTKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYK 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTPPMLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Human N-Terminal Domain (nucleic acid)  
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 12) 
               
             
          
           
               
                  1 
                 atgtggaacg cgacgcccag cgaagagccg gggttcaacc tcacactggc cgacctggac 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 61 
                 tgggatgctt cccccggcaa cgactcgctg ggcgacgagc tgctgcagct cttccccgcg 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Human N-Terminal Domain (amino acid)  
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 13) 
               
               
                 MWNATPSEEPGFNLTLADLDWDASPGNDSLGDELLQLFPA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Human EC1 Domain (nucleic acid)  
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 14) 
               
             
          
           
               
                  1 
                 cgcctctggc agtaccggcc ctggaacttc ggcgacctcc tctgcaaact cttccaattc 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 61 
                 gtcagtgaga gctgcacc 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Human EC1 Domain (amino acid)  
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 15) 
               
               
                 RLWQYRPWNFGDLLCKLFQFVSESCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Human EC2 Domain (nucleic acid)  
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 16) 
               
             
          
           
               
                  1 
                 gtcggggtgg agcacgagaa cggcaccgac ccttgggaca ccaacgagtg ccgccccacc 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 61 
                 gagtttgcgg tgcgctct 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Human EC2 Domain (amino acid)  
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 17) 
               
               
                 VGVEHENGTDPWDTNECRPTEFAVRS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Human Ghrelin receptor (nucleic acid)  
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 18) 
               
             
          
           
               
                    1 
                 atgtggaacg cgacgcccag cgaagagccg gggttcaacc tcacactggc cgacctggac 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   61 
                 tgggatgctt cccccggcaa cgactcgctg ggcgacgagc tgctgcagct cttccccgcg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  121 
                 ccgctgctgg cgggcgtcac agccacctgc gtggcactct tcgtggtggg catcgctggc 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  181 
                 aacctgctca ccatgctggt ggtgtcgcgc ttccgcgagc tgcgcaccac caccaacctc 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  241 
                 tacctgtcca gcatggcctt ctccgatctg ctcatcttcc tctgcatgcc cctggacctc 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  301 
                 gttcgcctct ggcagtaccg gccctggaac ttcggcgacc tcctctgcaa actcttccaa 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  361 
                 ttcgtcagtg agagctgcac ctacgccacg gtgctcacca tcacagcgct gagcgtcgag 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  421 
                 cgctacttcg ccatctgctt cccactccgg gccaaggtgg tggtcaccaa ggggcgggtg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  481 
                 aagctggtca tcttcgtcat ctgggccgtg gccttctgca gcgccgggcc catcttcgtg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  541 
                 ctagtcgggg tggagcacga gaacggcacc gacccttggg acaccaacga gtgccgcccc 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  601 
                 accgagtttg cggtgcgctc tggactgctc acggtcatgg tgtgggtgtc cagcatcttc 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  661 
                 ttcttccttc ctgtcttctg tctcacggtc ctctacagtc tcatcggcag gaagctgtgg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  721 
                 cggaggaggc gcggcgatgc tgtcgtgggt gcctcgctca gggaccagaa ccacaagcaa 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  781 
                 accgtgaaaa tgctggctgt agtggtgttt gccttcatcc tctgctggct ccccttccac 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  841 
                 gtagggcgat atttattttc caaatccttt gagcctggct ccttggagat tgctcagatc 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  901 
                 agccagtact gcaacctcgt gtcctttgtc ctcttctacc tcagtgctgc catcaacccc 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  961 
                 attctgtaca acatcatgtc caagaagtac cgggtggcag tgttcagact tctgggattc 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1021 
                 gaacccttct cccagagaaa gctctccact ctgaaagatg aaagttctcg ggcctggaca 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1081 
                 gaatctagta ttaatacatg a 
                   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
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