Abstract:
An in-situ ion sensor is disclosed for monitoring ion species in a plasma chamber. The ion sensor may comprise: a drift tube; an extractor electrode and a plurality of electrostatic lenses disposed at a first end of the drift tube, wherein the extractor electrode is biased to attract ions from a plasma in the plasma chamber, and wherein the plurality of electrostatic lenses cause at least one portion of the attracted ions to enter the drift tube and drift towards a second end of the drift tube within a limited divergence angle; an ion detector disposed at the second end of the drift tube, wherein the ion detector detects arrival times associated with the at least one portion of the attracted ions; and a housing for the extractor, the plurality of electrostatic lenses, the drift tube, and the ion detector, wherein the housing accommodates differential pumping between the ion sensor and the plasma chamber.

Description:
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE  
       [0001]     The present disclosure relates generally to semiconductor manufacturing equipment and, more particularly, to a technique for monitoring and controlling a plasma process.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE  
       [0002]     Plasma processes are widely used in semiconductor manufacturing, for example, to implant wafers with various dopants, to deposit or to etch thin films. In order to achieve predictable and repeatable process results, it is critical to closely monitor and control the plasma characteristics. For example, studies of plasma doping (PLAD) processes have shown that ion composition of a plasma may be a critical piece of information that determines dopant species, dopant depth profiles, process-related contamination, etc. The ion composition changes with PLAD process parameters such as gas ratio, total gas pressure, and discharge power. The ion composition can also change significantly depending on the conditioning status of a plasma chamber. Therefore, it is important to know the ion composition during a PLAD process, preferably in situ and in real-time, in order to achieve repeatable and predictable process results.  
         [0003]     Existing plasma tools often lack the capability of providing detailed real-time information (e.g., ion composition) of a plasma. In a typical PLAD process, for example, a plasma is controlled by monitoring an implant dose based on a Faraday cup current. However, a Faraday cup is just a total charge counter which does not distinguish different charged particles or otherwise offer any insight of the plasma. Although in-situ mass analysis has been employed in some traditional beam-line ion implantation systems, it has typically been avoided in plasma-based ion implantation systems in order to achieve a high throughput.  
         [0004]     In addition, conventional ion sensors, such as commercial mass/energy analyzers and quadrapole mass spectrometers, are often too bulky and/or too intrusive to implement in production tools. Large ion sensors tend to perturb a plasma under measurement and therefore distort process results. Furthermore, the size and weight of conventional ion sensors often limit their deployment options in a semiconductor process tool. Furthermore, in pulsed plasma processing wherein a plasma alternates between on and off states, time-resolved measurements of the plasma are often required. However, few existing ion sensors provide the capability of time-resolved measurements.  
         [0005]     In view of the foregoing, it would be desirable to provide a technique for monitoring ion species which overcomes the above-described inadequacies and shortcomings.  
       SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE  
       [0006]     A technique for monitoring and controlling a plasma process is disclosed. In one particular exemplary embodiment, the technique may be realized as a time-of-flight ion sensor for monitoring ion species in a plasma chamber. The ion sensor may comprise a drift tube. The ion sensor may also comprise an extractor electrode and a plurality of electrostatic lenses disposed at a first end of the drift tube, wherein the extractor electrode is biased to attract ions from a plasma in the plasma chamber, and wherein the plurality of electrostatic lenses cause at least one portion of the attracted ions to enter the drift tube and drift towards a second end of the drift tube within a limited divergence angle. The ion sensor may further comprise an ion detector disposed at the second end of the drift tube, wherein the ion detector detects arrival times associated with the at least one portion of the attracted ions. The ion sensor may additionally comprise a housing for the extractor, the plurality of electrostatic lenses, the drift tube, and the ion detector, wherein the housing accommodates differential pumping between the ion sensor and the plasma chamber.  
         [0007]     In accordance with other aspects of this particular exemplary embodiment, the extractor electrode may have an aperture between 10 and 500 microns in diameter, and wherein the plurality of electrostatic lenses have apertures substantially aligned with the extractor electrode aperture.  
         [0008]     In accordance with further aspects of this particular exemplary embodiment, at least one of the plurality of electrostatic lenses may be provided with a voltage pulse to cause the at least one portion of the attracted ions to enter the drift tube. The voltage pulse may be synchronized with a voltage applied to a wafer in the plasma chamber. Or, the voltage pulse may be synchronized with plasma generation in the plasma chamber. Alternatively, the voltage pulse may be provided with varying delays with respect to a timing reference to achieve a time-resolved measurement of the ions. The voltage pulse may also have a width that is controlled to select ion masses.  
         [0009]     In accordance with additional aspects of this particular exemplary embodiment, the extractor electrode may be provided with a DC bias.  
         [0010]     In accordance with another aspect of this particular exemplary embodiment, the ion sensor may further comprise an energy analyzer positioned between the drift tube and the ion detector.  
         [0011]     In accordance with yet another aspect of this particular exemplary embodiment, the extractor electrode may be provided with a RF bias. The RF bias may cause one or more deposited materials on the extractor electrode to be sputtered.  
         [0012]     In accordance with still another aspect of this particular exemplary embodiment, the extractor electrode may provided with a voltage pulse to admit ions into the drift tube.  
         [0013]     In accordance with a further aspect of this particular exemplary embodiment, the drift tube may be maintained at a same voltage potential as one of the plurality of electrostatic lenses.  
         [0014]     In accordance with a yet further aspect of this particular exemplary embodiment, the housing may be grounded.  
         [0015]     In accordance with a still further aspect of this particular exemplary embodiment, the ion sensor may be installed through a sidewall of the plasma chamber with the extractor electrode positioned near an edge of the plasma. Or, the ion sensor may be installed through an anode, and wherein the ion sensor is moveable with the anode to monitor the plasma. Alternatively, the plasma chamber may hold a wafer for processing in the plasma, and wherein the ion sensor may be positioned along a side of the wafer so that the ion sensor and the wafer share substantially the same vantage point with respect to the plasma. In this case, the housing may be biased at approximately the same potential as the wafer. The ion sensor may also be movable within the plasma chamber to collect ions from the plasma at two or more spatial points.  
         [0016]     According to other embodiments, the ion sensor may further comprise an interface to a process control module that is adapted to receive data from the ion detector to provide one or more functions selected from a group consisting of: ion dose correction, dopant uniformity monitoring and control, conditioning of the plasma chamber, and fault detection in the plasma process.  
         [0017]     In another particular exemplary embodiment, the technique may be realized as a method for monitoring ion species in a plasma. The method may comprise applying a first bias to an extractor electrode to attract ions from a plasma. The method may also comprise providing a voltage pulse to one of a series of electrostatic lenses to extract at least one portion of the attracted ions. The method may further comprise applying a combination of biases to the series of electrostatic lenses to cause the at least one portion of attracted ions to enter a first end of a drift tube and drift towards a second end of the drift tube within a limited divergence angle. The method may additionally comprise detecting, at the second end of the drift tube, arrival times associated the at least one portion of attracted ions.  
         [0018]     In yet another particular exemplary embodiment, the technique may be realized as at least one signal embodied in at least one carrier wave for transmitting a computer program of instructions configured to be readable by at least one processor for instructing the at least one processor to execute a computer process for performing the method as recited above.  
         [0019]     In still another particular exemplary embodiment, the technique may be realized as at least one processor readable carrier for storing a computer program of instructions configured to be readable by at least one processor for instructing the at least one processor to execute a computer process for performing the method as recited above.  
         [0020]     In a further particular exemplary embodiment, the technique may be realized as time-of-flight ion sensor for monitoring ion species in a plasma chamber. The ion sensor may comprise a drift tube. The ion sensor may also comprise a plurality of electrostatic lenses disposed at a first end of the drift tube. The sensor may further comprise an ion detector disposed at a second end of the drift tube. The ion sensor may additionally comprise a housing for the plurality of electrostatic lenses, the drift tube, and the ion detector, wherein the housing accommodates differential pumping between the ion sensor and the plasma chamber. The housing may be biased to attract ions from a plasma in the plasma chamber. The plurality of electrostatic lenses may cause at least one portion of the attracted ions to enter the drift tube and drift towards a second end of the drift tube within a limited divergence angle. The ion detector may detect arrival times associated with the at least one portion of the attracted ions.  
         [0021]     The present disclosure will now be described in more detail with reference to exemplary embodiments thereof as shown in the accompanying drawings. While the present disclosure is described below with reference to exemplary embodiments, it should be understood that the present disclosure is not limited thereto. Those of ordinary skill in the art having access to the teachings herein will recognize additional implementations, modifications, and embodiments, as well as other fields of use, which are within the scope of the present disclosure as described herein, and with respect to which the present disclosure may be of significant utility.  
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0022]     In order to facilitate a fuller understanding of the present disclosure, reference is now made to the accompanying drawings, in which like elements are referenced with like numerals. These drawings should not be construed as limiting the present disclosure, but are intended to be exemplary only.  
         [0023]      FIG. 1  shows an exemplary ion sensor in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.  
         [0024]      FIG. 2  shows an ion sensor having one exemplary configuration in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.  
         [0025]      FIG. 2   a  shows an ion sensor having an energy analyzer in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.  
         [0026]      FIG. 3  shows an ion sensor having another exemplary configuration in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.  
         [0027]      FIG. 4  shows an ion sensor having yet another exemplary configuration in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.  
         [0028]      FIG. 5  shows one installation option for an ion sensor in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.  
         [0029]      FIG. 6  shows another installation option for an ion sensor in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.  
         [0030]      FIGS. 6   a - c  show different examples of plasma processing chambers in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.  
         [0031]      FIG. 7  shows yet another installation option for an ion sensor in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.  
         [0032]      FIGS. 7   a - b  show exemplary systems for employing ion sensors for process control in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.  
         [0033]      FIG. 8  shows an exemplary ion sensor in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS  
       [0034]     Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a number of compact designs of time-of-flight (TOF) ion sensors that are suitable for in-situ monitoring and controlling of a plasma process. These designs may employ flexible ion extraction and ion focusing techniques to measure ion composition in a plasma chamber. Each TOF ion sensor may be installed in a variety of ways in the plasma chamber and may be configured for a number of functions such as, for example, in-situ process control, chamber readiness verification, fault detection, implant dose correction, and implant uniformity measurement. The sensitivity and size of each ion sensor may allow time-resolved measurement and spatial measurement of a plasma.  
         [0035]     Referring to  FIG. 1 , there is shown an exemplary ion sensor  100  in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. Ion sensor  100  may comprise a housing  102  that may be adapted for installation in a view port of a plasma chamber and may accommodate differential pumping. The housing  102  may be individually biased at a desired potential V housing . A left hand side of the housing  102  may be referred to as an “extractor side” since ions extracted from a plasma enters the ion sensor  100  via an aperture (“housing aperture”) on the left hand side of the housing  102 . A right hand side of the housing  102  may be referred to as a “detector side” since ion detection takes place on the right hand side of the housing  102 .  
         [0036]     Ion sensor  100  may also comprise a drift tube  104  inside the housing  102  which may also be individually biased, for example, at a desired potential V L3 . The drift tube  104  may have a hollow space with a negligible electromagnetic field. An extractor side of the drift tube  104  may have an aperture (“drift tube aperture”) for admitting ions. A detector side of the drift tube  104  may have a grid  124  that allows ions to exit while shielding out external electric fields. The plasma chamber&#39;s pressure is typically 1-3000 mTorr, while the drift tube is at 2×10 −6  Torr or less. Therefore, differential pumping is provided to accommodate the pressure difference.  
         [0037]     On the extractor side of the drift tube  104 , between the housing aperture and the drift tube aperture, there may be a series of electrodes for extracting and focusing ions. For example, there may be an extractor electrode  106  next to the housing aperture. The extractor electrode  106  may have an aperture typically between 10 and 500 microns in diameter (preferable 50-200 microns), although the actual aperture size may be varied based at least in part on the differential pumping needs. The extractor electrode  106  may be biased at a suitable potential V extractor  to attract either positive or negative ions from a plasma. The attracted ions may be traveling at diverse angles. To ensure that the attracted ions travel towards the detector side within a finite beam angle (e.g., equal or less than ±1.5 degrees), two or more electrodes (e.g., electrostatic lenses  108  and  110 ) may be arranged in series with their apertures aligned with those of the housing  102 , the extractor  106 , and the drift tub  104 , wherein each electrostatic lens may be individually biased to create a desired electrostatic field to keep the ions in a focused beam. The electrostatic lens  108  may be biased at V L1  and the electrostatic lens  110  at V L2 . The drift tube  104 , biased at V L3 , may function as a third electrostatic lens in the series. One of the electrostatic lenses may be provided with a voltage pulse to admit a portion (or packet) of the attracted ions into the drift tube  104 . The voltage pulse may be repeated in a timed manner for a periodical or near-continuous sampling of the ions.  
         [0038]     Once admitted into the drift tube  104 , the ions may drift towards the detector end virtually unaffected by any electric field. With a same kinetic energy, heavy ions may travel slower and light ions may travel faster. Given sufficient flight time (i.e., sufficient length of the drift tube  104 ), the ions may become separated into individual packets based on ion mass of each ion species.  
         [0039]     On the detector side, a detector assembly  112  may be used to detect the ions. The detector assembly  112  may be any type of commercially available or customized ion detection device (e.g., micro-channel plate (MCP) assembly). Detection and/or collection of the ions may be controlled, for example, with one or more voltage biases such as V MCP . The detector assembly  112  may be coupled to a pre-amplifier  118  that is in turn coupled to a processor unit  122  via an electronic interface  120 . The electronic interface  120  may be, for example, a fast data acquisition card, and the processor unit  122  may be, for example, a personal computer (PC) or other types of computing device. The individual packets, having distinct ion mass numbers, may be detected sequentially, and corresponding signals may be amplified by the pre-amplifier  118 . When the signals are processed in the processor unit  122 , signals corresponding to each individual packet may produce a mass peak in a mass spectrum. Based on one or more samplings of ion species from a plasma, the mass spectrum may accurately reflect an ion composition of the plasma.  
         [0040]     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the ion sensor  100  may be flexibly configured by applying different combinations of voltage potentials to the housing  102 , the drift tube  104 , the extractor electrode  106 , the electrostatic lenses  108  and  110 , and the detector assembly  112 . Exemplary configurations are shown in  FIGS. 2-4 .  
         [0041]      FIG. 2  shows an ion sensor  200  having one exemplary configuration in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The ion sensor  200  may comprise substantially the same components as the ion sensor  100  shown in  FIG. 1 . In this exemplary configuration, the housing  104  may be grounded and/or attached to a plasma chamber wall. The extractor electrode  106  may be biased at V extractor ≈−50V-0V DC for extraction of positive ions or V extractor ≈0V-50V DC for extraction of negative ions. For illustration purposes, the description below will assume that only positive ions are sampled. It should be noted, however, that embodiments of the present disclosure can be easily adapted or configured for sampling of negative ions. Further, for simplicity, the electrostatic lens  108  is referred to as Lens  1 , the electrostatic lens  110  is referred to as Lens  2 , and the drift tube  104  is referred to as Lens  3 . Lens  1  and Lens  3  may be held at a same or similar potential which may be a fixed value between, for example, −150V and −300V, mainly determined by the length of the drift tube  104  and the desired ion mass resolution. In some embodiments, Lens  1  and Lens  3  may be biased at different potentials (e.g., V L1 =−400V-−200V and V L3 =−200V). Lens  2  may be biased at V L2 =−500V-−900V. Lens  2  may be further configured as a “gate” for the drift tube  104 . To open the gate, a short voltage pulse (e.g., 50-500 nanosecond) may be provided to Lens  2  to admit a packet of ions into the drift tube  104 . To close the gate, a relatively large positive potential may be imposed on Lens  2  to block positive ions from entering the drift tube  104 . According to one embodiment, Lens  2  (i.e., gate electrode) may be normally biased with a positive voltage, e.g. +30V or above, except during the very short gating period. For example, assume that the gate pulse width is 100 ns, and the wafer&#39;s pulse frequency is 5000 kHz (period=200 microsecond). Assuming that we sample once per wafer pulse, then in 99.95% of the period (199.9 microsecond) the gate electrode is closed and in only 0.05% of the period is the gate electrode open. When the gate pulse is synchronized with the wafer pulse, a delay may be introduced to control where the gate is open relative to the wafer pulse. In this way, it is possible to sample the plasma at different points in time space with a high resolution. The collective effect of the biases on Lenses  1 - 3  may be an electrostatic field that focuses the admitted ions into a beam with a limited divergence angle. On the detector side, the detector assembly  112  may be biased at a high voltage V MCP . The grid  124  may electrostatically shield the drift tube  104  from the high voltage V MCP .  
         [0042]     The ion sensor  200  may also be configured for time-resolved measurements of a plasma. Many semiconductor processing plasmas are “pulsed plasmas” which alternate between on and off (afterglow) states periodically. The plasma-on state may last 1-50% of each cycle. The pulsed operation can cause dynamic changes in plasma conditions and process chemistries. The sampling of the ion species may be synchronized with either the plasma pulses or wafer bias pulse, or both if they are synchronized. By changing the gate delay relative to the reference pulse (plasma pulses and/or wafer bias), time-resolved measurement could be carried out over the whole period.  
         [0043]      FIG. 2   a  shows an ion sensor  200 A having an energy analyzer  114  in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The energy analyzer  114  is positioned between the drift tube  104  and the detector assembly  112 , for example, to select ions within a desired energy range.  
         [0044]      FIG. 3  shows an ion sensor  300  having another exemplary configuration in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The ion sensor  300  may comprise substantially the same components as the ion sensor  100  shown in  FIG. 1 . In this exemplary configuration, the main difference from what is shown in  FIG. 2  is that the extractor electrode  106  may be provided with a radio frequency (RF) (1-300 MHz, typically 13.56 MHz) bias. The RF biased extractor electrode  106  may serve dual functions—extracting ions and removing deposits from the extractor aperture—in a deposition-dominant environment. Many semiconductor manufacturing processes are carried out in a deposition-dominant environment wherein thin-film materials are deposited in a plasma chamber. If a thick insulating film blocks the extractor aperture, a DC bias on the extractor electrode  106  may no longer be effective. An RF bias may help sputter clean the extractor aperture to remove the deposited materials. That is, an RF bias may provide the ion sensor  300  with a “self-cleaning” capability. For ion extraction, the RF bias may have a negative average potential (or RF self-bias) between −50V and 0V, and a peak-to-peak value of 0V-100V. For sputter cleaning purposes, the RF self-bias may be larger than a sputtering threshold and the peak-to-peak value may be 100-1000V or higher.  
         [0045]      FIG. 4  shows an ion sensor  400  having yet another exemplary configuration in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The ion sensor  400  may comprise substantially the same components as the ion sensor  100  shown in  FIG. 1 . Compared to  FIG. 1 , the main difference in this exemplary configuration is that the extractor electrode  106  now functions also as a gate. A gate pulse may be provided to the extractor electrode  106  to pull a packet of ions into the ion sensor  400 . Lens  2  may be provided with a DC bias to focus the ion beam.  
         [0046]     Ion sensors in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure may be installed in a number of ways for flexible detection of ion species in a plasma chamber. Exemplary installation options are shown in  FIGS. 5-7 .  
         [0047]      FIG. 5  shows one installation option for an ion sensor  508  in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. An over-simplified plasma chamber  500  is shown with a platen/cathode  502  holding a wafer  504 . An anode  506  is positioned above the platen/cathode  502 . The anode  506  is not necessarily grounded but may be biased at a voltage, for example, between −1 kV and +1 kV (other voltages are possible). An anode shaft  507  may enable movement of the anode  506  in the vertical direction. A plasma  50  may be generated between the anode  506  and the platen/cathode  502 , either by cathode bias voltages or by additional plasma sources. For ion implantation purpose, negative voltage pulses may be applied to the platen  502  to draw positive ions towards the wafer  504 . For negative ions, positive voltage pulses may be used. The ion sensor  508  may be installed in a sidewall of the plasma chamber  500 . The installation may be through a view port or similar mechanism. The ion sensor  508  may have its extractor tip extended sideway into or near an edge of the plasma  50 . Due to the small size of the extractor tip, it may be inserted deep into the plasma  50  without significantly disturbing the plasma  50 .  
         [0048]      FIG. 6  shows another installation option for an ion sensor in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. In this installation option, instead of or in addition to the ion sensor  508  installed in the sidewall, an ion sensor  602  may be installed on the anode side. That is, the ion sensor  602  may be positioned through the anode  506  and be vertically oriented with its extractor tip pointing downwards at or into the plasma  50 . The ion sensor  602  may be electrically connected with the anode  506 . The ion sensor  602  or its extractor tip may move up and down independent from the anode  506  to sample ions at different spatial points in the plasma chamber  500 . Alternatively, the ion sensor  602  or its extractor tip may move up and down together with the anode  506  for in-situ diagnostic of different process conditions. The horizontally positioned ion sensor  508  may be similarly actuated for a spatial measurement of the plasma  50 .  
         [0049]      FIGS. 6   a - c  show different examples of plasma processing chambers in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.  
         [0050]     In  FIG. 6   a , there is shown a plasma chamber  600 A. An ion sensor  602  may be installed through an anode  506 . A bellows seal  604  may accommodate installation and movement of the ion sensor  602  through the chamber wall. The plasma  50  may be generated by negatively pulsed voltages applied on the wafer  504  or the platen  502 . According to one embodiment, extraction of ions from the plasma  50  into the ion sensor  602  may be synchronized with the plasma generation, and therefore the voltage pulses on the wafer  504 .  
         [0051]     In  FIG. 6   b , there is shown a plasma chamber  600 B. A main difference between the plasma chamber  600 B and the plasma chamber  600 A is the plasma generation technique. The plasma chamber  600 B may have one or more external plasma sources, such as, for example, ICP or Helicon plasma sources. For example, an RF power supply  605  and an RF matching unit  607  may be coupled to RF coils  606 . Through dielectric interfaces  609 , the RF coils  606  may supply RF electrical power into the plasma chamber  600 B. The platen  502  may be biased to control the energy of ions that impact the wafer  504 .  
         [0052]     In  FIG. 6   c , there is shown a plasma chamber  600 C, wherein another plasma generation technique is employed. One or more microwave sources may be coupled to the plasma chamber  600 C to supply the power to generate and sustain the plasma  50 . For example, a microwave supply  611  may be coupled to a microwave cavity  608  via a tuner  613  and a waveguide or cable. The microwave power supplied to the microwave cavity  608  may generate a “source plasma” therein, whereupon the source plasma may diffuse into the plasma chamber  600 C to produce the plasma  50 . Alternatively, the plasma  50  may be generated directly inside the plasma chamber  600 C by coupling microwave power via the cavity  608  and into the plasma chamber  600 C.  
         [0053]      FIG. 7  shows yet another installation option for an ion sensor in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. In this installation option, one or more ion sensors  702  may be installed on the cathode side. That is, an ion sensor  702  may be positioned vertically through the platen/cathode  502  with the extractor tip positioned next to the wafer  504 . The installation location for the ion sensor  702  may be (or near) where a Faraday cup would be typically located. Since the extractor tip is pointing up at the plasma  50 , the ion sensor  702  and the wafer  504  may share a same or similar vantage point with respect to the plasma  50 . As a result, the ion sensor  702  may “see” the same composition and dose of ions as what the wafer  504  sees, which may facilitate a more accurate control of plasma processing of the wafer  504 . In a plasma doping (PLAD) system, for example, the ion sensor  702  may be able to directly detect what ions are implanted into the wafer  504 . If desired, the ion sensor  702  may also be moved up and down for a spatial measurement.  
         [0054]      FIGS. 7   a - b  show exemplary systems for employing ion sensors for process control in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.  
         [0055]      FIG. 7   a  shows an ion sensor  702  being installed next to the wafer  504 . A Faraday cup  704  may be installed on the other side of the wafer  504  or the Faraday cup  704  may partially surround the wafer  504 . Both the ion sensor  702  and the Faraday cup  704  face up to a plasma (not shown) as the wafer  504 . The ion sensor  702  may be coupled to a unit  706  that calculates an in-situ ion composition based on detection data received from the ion sensor  702 . The Faraday cup  704  may be coupled to a charge counter  708  that calculates a total ion dose based on the Faraday cup current. The ion composition information and the ion dose data may be input to a dose correction module  710 . In addition, the ion composition data may be input to a system controller  712  for further process control.  
         [0056]      FIG. 7   b  shows two or more ion sensors  702  being installed around the wafer  504 . The in-situ ion composition data from these ion sensors  702  may be input to the system controller  712 . Output functions  714  of the system controller  712  may include, but are not limited to, ion dose correction, dose uniformity control, plasma chamber conditioning, and/or process fault detection.  
         [0057]     For the cathode-side (or wafer-side) measurement of the plasma  50 , the ion sensor  702  may be configured differently from those shown in  FIGS. 2-4 . One example is shown in  FIG. 8 .  
         [0058]      FIG. 8  shows an exemplary ion sensor  800  in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The ion sensor  800  may comprise substantially the same components as the ion sensor  200  shown in  FIG. 2 , except that the extractor electrode  106  is removed. The housing aperture at the extractor side may be shrunk to approximately 10-500 microns (preferably  50 - 200  microns). The housing  102  may be biased at a same or similar potential (e.g., 0V-−10 kV) as the wafer  504 . Lens  1 , Lens  3  (drift tube  104 ), and detector assembly  112  may also be biased at a same or similar potential. Lens  2  may function as a gate to pulse ion packets into the drift tube  104 .  
         [0059]     At this point it should be noted that the ion sensors in accordance with the present disclosure as described above typically involves the processing of input data and the generation of output data to some extent. This input data processing and output data generation may be implemented in hardware or software. For example, specific electronic components may be employed in a plasma processing tool or similar or related circuitry for implementing the functions associated with in-situ monitoring of ion species in accordance with the present disclosure as described above. Alternatively, one or more processors operating in accordance with stored instructions may implement the functions associated with in-situ monitoring of ion species in accordance with the present disclosure as described above. If such is the case, it is within the scope of the present disclosure that such instructions may be stored on one or more processor readable carriers (e.g., a magnetic disk), or transmitted to one or more processors via one or more signals.  
         [0060]     The present disclosure is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments described herein. Indeed, other various embodiments of and modifications to the present disclosure, in addition to those described herein, will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art from the foregoing description and accompanying drawings. Thus, such other embodiments and modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the present disclosure. Further, although the present disclosure has been described herein in the context of a particular implementation in a particular environment for a particular purpose, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that its usefulness is not limited thereto and that the present disclosure may be beneficially implemented in any number of environments for any number of purposes. Accordingly, the claims set forth below should be construed in view of the full breadth and spirit of the present disclosure as described herein.