Abstract:
Since the bandwidth-intensive applications such as Internet access, electronic commerce, multimedia applications, and distributed computing are rapidly increasing the volume of telecommunication traffics, optical networks become an essential backbone of telecommunication networks. The optical networks have shown a superior performance/cost ratio for both long-haul and short-haul routes and the emerging dense wavelength division multiplexing and all-optical network technologies have promised a potential to improve speed, capacity and connectivity of telecommunication networks. The present invention provides a multifunctional intelligent optical module (IOM) by integrating a multitude of photonic, electronic, and micro mechanical elements into a single module. The multifunctional IOM is an integrated hybrid microsystem and it applicable to fast network provisioning, reliable protection switching, instant fault detection/correction, guaranteed quality-of-service, accurate optical performance monitoring, and efficient optical transmission engineering.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD  
         [0001]    The present invention relates generally to mixed-technology microsystems to allow a hybrid integration of photonic, electronic, and micro mechanical elements. It is directed particularly to integrated optical modules to combine various functionalities such as optical channel monitoring, variable optical attenuation, DWDM multiplexing &amp; demultiplexing, optical switching, optical amplification, optical add/drop multiplexing, optical crossconnect switching, or any combinations thereof. Specifically the invention is disclosed as multifunctional intelligent optical modules.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    Bandwidth-intensive applications such as Internet access, electronic commerce, multimedia applications, and distributed computing are rapidly increasing the traffic volumes carried by telecommunication networks. Telecommunication systems employing optical fibers as the transmission medium have delivered superior performance and cost advantage for all classes of optical networks including ultra long-haul core, long-haul core, metro core, and edge networks. The emerging optical network technologies like dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) and all-optical network (AON) can further promote a high-speed and large-bandwidth network access at low cost.  
           [0003]    Although traditional telecommunication service providers have increasingly deployed fiber optic cables for both long-haul and short-haul routes, the ever-increasing network traffic has created some constraints on the existing SONET/SDH-based communication network in terms of speed, capacity, connectivity, and management of networks. The traditional telecommunication service providers generally address these speed, capacity, connectivity, and network management constraints either by installing new fiber cables or by expanding the existing fiber&#39;s transmission capacity using high-speed time-division multiplexing (TDM) or DWDM technologies. The formal method is quite expensive and difficult, as it requires a huge investment as well as constant upgrade of the existing fiber network infrastructures. In the latter methods, the DWDM technology increases the number of optical signals, called channels, transmitted simultaneously on a single fiber, whereas the high-speed TDM technology increases a transmission speed of optical signals. The DWDM technology is ideal for a variety of high-capacity networks such as point-to-point or backbone ring networks with minimal switching and routing requirements. AON is a desirable realization of optical networks and some of the essential optical network elements (ONEs) for AON include optical add/drop multiplexer (OADM), optical crossconnect switch (OXC), optical terminal multiplexer (OTM). These ONEs can dramatically improve the efficiency and operation cost of AON compared to the traditional SONET-/SDH-based optical networks by providing “transparency” to modulation format, protocol and signal bit rates. In the traditional SONET/SDH-based optical networks, the transmission signals within optical networks must be frequently converted between optical and electrical forms. For instance, optical signals should be converted to electrical one at switching ports of SONET/SDH-based network elements and the routing information in the information packet should be analyzed and utilized for a proper signal routing. Then the electrical signal must be converted to optical one for a subsequent signal routing and transmission. These optical-to-electrical and optical-to-electrical signal conversions reduce overall network efficiencies, since it introduces delays and noises. The AON can eliminate these unnecessary signal conversions through the use of transparent ONEs to reduce costs and improve efficiencies. For all of these traditional SONET/SDH-based optical networks and contemporary optical networks of high-speed TDM, multi-channel DWDM, and transparent AON, efficient and intelligent utilization of optical networks is essential for fast network provisioning, reliable protection switching, instant fault detection/correction, guaranteed quality-of-service (QoS), accurate optical performance monitoring, and optimal optical transmission engineering. In particular multifunctional intelligent optical module (IOM) for integrated services and intelligent functionalities are very useful to ONEs in order to manage and to control the optical networks in an efficient and profitable manner.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0004]    Accordingly, it is a primary objective of the present invention to provide a multifunctional intelligent optical module (IOM) platform for efficient and intelligent utilization of optical networks.  
           [0005]    It is another objective of the present invention to provide unidirectional and bi-directional optical channel monitors with or without spectral filtering based on the multifunctional IOM platform.  
           [0006]    It is yet another objective of the present invention to provide diverse and integrated functionalities of dynamic channel controlling, dynamic VOA multiplexing, and smart optical switching based on the multifunctional IOM platform.  
           [0007]    Another objective of the present invention is to provide a method of monitoring and controlling Quality-of-Service (QoS) per individual optical wavelength channel with variable priorities by using the multifunctional IOM platform.  
           [0008]    It is a further objective of the present invention to provide a method of constructing silicon mirror arrays with a small footprint size to be used for the multifunctional IOM platform.  
           [0009]    It is yet a further objective of the present invention to provide a vertical optical switch in order to allow optical signals being routed among vertically positioned cores located at different layers of planar lightwave circuits with multiple waveguide layers.  
           [0010]    It is yet another further objective of the present invention to provide monolithically integrated smart OADM module by using two waveguide layers on planar lightwave circuits by integrating DWDM mutiplexer/demultiplexer filters, vertical optical switches, optical channel monitors, and VOAs into a multifunctional IOM platform.  
           [0011]    Additional objectives, advantages and other novel features of the invention will be set forth in part in the description that follows and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following or may be learned with the practice of the invention. To achieve the foregoing and other objectives, and in accordance with one aspect of the present invention, the multifunctional IOM platform is provided to integrate multiple electronic &amp; photonic devices and components by using planar lightwave circuits (PLC). Still other objective of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in this art from the following description and drawings wherein there is described and shown a preferred embodiment of this invention in one of the best modes contemplated for carrying out the invention. As will be realized, the invention is capable of other different embodiments, and its several details are capable of modification in various, obvious aspects all without departing from the invention. Accordingly, the drawings and descriptions will be regarded as illustrative in nature and not as restrictive. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0012]    The accompanying drawings incorporated in and forming a part of the specification illustrate several aspects of the present invention, and together with the description and claims serve to explain the principles of the invention. In the drawing:  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 1 (comprising FIGS.  1 A- 1 B) is cut-away side elevation views of multifunctional IOM platform with optical I/O couplers, constructed according to the principles of the present invention.  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 2 (comprising FIGS.  2 A- 2 B) is a diagrammatic view of unidirectional and bi-directional optical channel monitors.  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 3 (comprising FIGS.  3 A- 3 B) is a diagrammatic view of unidirectional and bi-directional configurations of spectral optical channel monitors.  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 4 (comprising FIGS.  4 A- 4 B) is a detailed diagrammatic view of multifunctional IOM platform, showing the tapered cores and tilted cores of signal-tap waveguides terminated at micromachined trenches for optical I/O coupling.  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 5 (comprising FIGS.  5 A- 5 F) is a diagrammatic view of micromachined planar lightwave circuit at various stages of fabrication.  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 6 (comprising FIGS.  6 A- 6 F) is a diagrammatic view of silicon mirror array with small footprint size at various stages of fabrication.  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic view of dynamic channel controller composed of arrays of VOAs and optical channel monitors on the multifunctional IOM platform.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic view of dynamic VOA multiplexer composed of optical channel monitors, VOAs, and arrayed waveguide grating multiplexer filter on the multifunctional IOM platform.  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 9 is a diagrammatic view of smart optical switch composed of optical channel monitors, VOAs, and optical switches on the multifunctional IOM platform.  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 10 (comprising FIGS.  10 A- 10 F) is cut-away side elevation views of vertical optical switch on the multifunctional IOM platform and its functional schematic diagrams illustrating that optical signals can be switched vertically among cores on different layers of multilayer planar lightwave circuits through a movement of cantilever flexure containing optical waveguides.  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 11 (comprising FIGS.  11 A- 11 B) is a diagrammatic view of vertical optical switch array.  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 12 (comprising FIGS.  12 A- 12 C) is a diagrammatic view of monolithically integrated smart OADM module on the multifunctional IOM platform. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0025]    Reference will now be made in detail to the present preferred embodiment of the invention, an example of which is illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like numerals indicate the same elements throughout the views.  
         [0026]    Optical transport and access networks (OTAN) can generally be classified as: (1) Enterprise DWDM Optical Networks Carriers &amp; System Companies (Edge Networks), (2) Metro Network Carriers &amp; System Companies (Metro Core Networks), (3) Nation-Wide SONET/SDH Carriers &amp; System Companies (Long-haul Core Networks), (4) Undersea/Ultra-long-haul Carriers &amp; System Companies (Ultra-long-haul Core Networks). For all of these edge, metro, and long-haul network carriers and system companies, various and sophisticated optical components are utilized to provide longer distances, more channels per fiber, greater capacity per channel, small power consumption, small footprint, low cost, reliability, functional integration, and improved network management through channel monitoring, provisioning, and protection. The channels (i.e. wavelength length channels) of OTAN represent a group of optical signals at distinctive and pre-determined optical carrier frequencies (i.e. wavelengths), which are transmitted along optical fibers. While the time division multiplexing (TDM) technique maximizes the individual transmission speed of optical signals, the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technique, which can utilize either dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) or coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) schemes, increases the number of optical signals (i.e. channels or wavelength channels) transmitted simultaneously on a single fiber.  
         [0027]    Service-Level Agreement (SLA) is a contract between the end users and carriers covering a variety of metrics such as availability, bandwidth, time to provision/re-provision, speed of protection, and Quality-of-Service (QoS). Most of service providers of OTAN are required to sign SLA with customers of varying requirements and they are expected to guarantee the required QoS. OTAN operators are in need of comprehensive and efficient optical network traffic engineering &amp; management capabilities. And OTAN carriers should monitor the optical traffics continuously and execute the SLA concurrently to thousands of customers with a known confidence. Therefore it is necessary that optical devices or modules for OTAN should be able to deliver fast, accurate, and dynamic services of channel monitoring, protection, provisioning, signal conditioning, (i.e. power equalization, gain control, dispersion &amp;jitter control, and so on) or any combination thereof.  
         [0028]    Multifunctional intelligent optical module (IOM) is a PLC-based optical component or module to enable efficient device integration, intelligent channel monitoring, and smart signal conditioning in order to address the aforementioned problems. The multifunctional IOM is an integration platform, which can combine photonic (i.e. optoelectronic), electronic, and micro mechanical elements to provide integrated optical functionalities within a single module platform, such as optical switching, variable optical attenuation, channel monitoring, optical input/output coupling, and WDM multiplex/demultiplex filtering. For example, the multifunctional IOM can provide an instantaneous and parallel monitoring of WDM wavelength channels to rapidly detect and isolate faults such as loss-of-fiber or loss-of-signal and to initiate alarm signaling and protection switching. The multifunctional IOM also can equalize DWDM wavelength channel powers and suppress unexpected channel signal ripples. It is possible to construct vertical optical switches and to enable a monolithically integrated optical add/drop multiplexer on the multifunctional IOM platform. The multifunctional IOM is useful to a variety of applications such as dynamic gain control of optical fiber amplifier modules (i.e. C and L-band Erbium gain modules and Raman modules), dynamic QoS control of individual WDM channel, temperature-stabilized ITU-grid wavelength filtering for cascaded OTAN networks, and dynamic DWDM network provisioning and protection switching. Some examples of multifunctional IOM-based devices and subsystems may include optical channel monitor (OCM), spectral optical channel monitor (S-OCM), dynamic channel controller (DCC), dynamic VOA multiplexer (DVM), smart optical switch (SOS), vertical optical switch (VOS), and smart optical add/drop multiplexer (S-OADM).  
         [0029]    Some of the essential components for optical communication system are devices that can provide various functionalities such as signal branching, modulation, switching, filtering, amplification, attenuation, wavelength multiplexing/demultiplexing, wavelength switching, dispersion compensation, signal monitoring, optical signal generation/detection, and so on. Until recently majority of these functionalities are provided by manually packaging many discrete optical elements such as optical fibers, lenses, mirrors, prisms, thin-film filters, laser diodes, photodiodes and so on. These discrete optical elements have some inherent limitations on cost, size, speed, and large-scale integration. To overcome these limitations, many research groups around the world have pursued an extensive research on optoelectronic integration by utilizing planar lightwave circuit (PLC) or silicon optical bench (SOB). The PLC and SOB came from the planar geometry of optical waveguide circuits and the use of micromachined silicon chips to attach other electronic or photonic components. The PLC technology has already reached a level of development to produce a variety of commercial components that can compete or surpass the fiber-optic or bulk-optic counterparts. In particular, a silica-glass PLC, fabricated from glass compositions similar to that of optical fibers, has shown many impressive features such as low transmission losses, efficient interface to optical fibers, and a capability to integrate various devices (i.e. directional couplers, WDM filters, splitters, combiners, star couplers, arrayed waveguide grating multiplexer/demultiplexer filters, variable optical attenuators, interleavers, optical I/O couplers, and optical switches) on a single substrate. The multifunctional IOM platforms of the present invention utilize both PLC and SOB technologies to integrate PLC, MEMS actuators/microstructures, and electronic/photonic components on a single substrate and, in turn, it results in a mixed-technology microsystem. This mixed-technology microsystem can provide OTAN carriers with useful integrated optical devices and components with low cost, high performance, good reliability, small footprint size, and diverse functionalities.  
         [0030]    The multifunctional IOM is an integrated and mixed-technology microsystem, which can provide a variety of optical operations such as optical channel monitoring, optical switching, optical channel control, DWDM multiplexing/demultiplexing filtering, and variable optical attenuation by integrating MEMS microstructures, MEMS actuators, electronic chips, and photonic chips within the PLC platform. Regarding optical switching operations, the normally passive PLC can actively perform optical signal switching by integrating MEMS actuators and integrated optical waveguides of PLC together. The combined MEMS actuators and integrated optical waveguides can provide vertical optical switches on PLC too. The vertical optical switch on the multifunctional IOM platform can also utilize a variety of MEMS actuation mechanisms including electrostatic, electromagnetic, thermal, impact, piezoelectric, or shape memory alloy actuators. It delivers many unique benefits such as scalability, low cost, small crosstalk, compactness, and wavelength/polarization insensitivity. Since the conventional macro-mechanical fiber optic switches require very complex assembly and alignment processes using many discrete optical components, it inevitably results in high costs, long production time, and non-uniform device performance. A large-scale array expansion of the macro-mechanical fiber switch is also difficult due to size requirements and device structures involving many discrete components. Since the multifunctional IOM utilizes the lithographically defined PLCs and MEMS microstructures/actuators, it is ideally suited for integrated and large-scale optical devices and components in an array. The present invention&#39;s unique device structure eliminates individual alignment of optical components on the multifunctional IOM platform regardless of number or location of optical components being involved, since the optical devices are defined and manufactured using lithographic manufacturing processes. In return, it allows the multifunctional IOM to be applicable to scalable and reconfigurable OTAN. The OTAN employs many different optical network elements like optical add/drop multiplexer (OADM), optical terminal multiplexer (OTM), optical crossconnect (OXC), and so on. Generally optical switches can dynamically add or drop communicating nodes within the OTAN as a network connectivity configuration changes. The number of active nodes in the OTAN can be dynamically increased or decreased depending on network traffic volume, fairness &amp; priority of individual communicating nodes, or other conditions. OXC can switch or transmit optical signals directly between any input and output ports in both analog &amp; digital formats and in a mixture of multiple data rates without electrical-to-optical or optical-to-electrical signal conversions. The multifunctional IOM is applicable to all of these optical network elements: OADM, OXC, and OTM.  
         [0031]    Referring now to the drawing, the FIG. 1 (comprising FIGS.  1 A- 1 B) shows a side elevation view of multifunctional IOM platform with optical input/output (I/O) couplers, constructed according to the principles of present invention. In the multifunctional IOM platform as shown in FIG. 1 as well as in FIG. 10, the MEMS microstructures such as silicon mirrors  36 , waveguide/silicon trenches  46 , and MEMS actuators can provide optical I/O coupling and optical switching functionalities, while the PLC networks deliver high-speed and large-bandwidth optical interconnects. The combination of MEMS microstructures, micromachined PLC networks, and electronic/photonic chips  60  on a single substrate allows mixed-technology integration on the multifunctional IOM platform. In FIG. 1, both micromachined PLC and MEMS microstructures are separately fabricated and subsequently bonded together. Electronic or photonic chips  60  are later mounted on the micromachined PLC too. Detailed fabrication processes for micromachined PLC and MEMS microstructures are illustrated in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6. Note that the multifunctional IOM platform of FIG. 1 shows the silicon mirrors  36  with vertically etched sidewalls and it enables a high-density optical I/O coupler array by reducing the footprint size for silicon mirrors  36 . It should be also noted that the silicon mirror  36  in FIG. 1 could be replaced with other type of micro mirror arrays. For example, an injection-molded mirror array structure can replace the silicon mirrors  36  if a similar or compatible structure as shown in FIG. 1 is provided. The injection-molded mirror array structure, made from a material like plastics or similar, can easily generate low cost and high quality micro mirrors and the mirror angle can easily be controlled to produce any angles. Like the silicon mirrors  36 , the injection-molded mirror array structure can be coated with high reflectance materials  75  like dielectric or metal materials in order to improve the optical I/O coupling efficiencies. In FIG. 1A, the optical signals from waveguide cores  50  are reflected by the micro mirrors  36  and then are redirected toward the photo detectors  62 . Similarly the optical signals from the light source  64  can be directed into the waveguide cores  50  by using micro mirrors  36 . In FIG. 1B, a planar lens array  66  is further integrated with the multifunctional IOM platform. The optical signals from both waveguide cores  50  and light sources  64  are generally diverging along the optical paths. The diverging optical signals yield poor optical coupling efficiencies because the active areas for waveguide cores  50  and photo detectors  62  are relative small compared to the incoming optical beams. Therefore it is useful to utilize an optical lens  68 , which can either collimate or focus the diverging optical beams toward the intended target such as waveguide cores  50  or photo detectors  62 . Because of the unique device configuration of multifunctional IOM platform, it is necessary to utilize a planar lens array  66 , which can be introduced along the optical paths. The planar lens array  66  is an array of optical lenses  68  fabricated within a single substrate. For example, but not limited, the gradient index lens (i.e. GRIN lens) can be manufactured in a planar lens array configuration. The optical lenses  68  can also be fabricated by constructing particular lens surface shapes. In this case the optical lenses  68  are typically composed of a material with constant refractive indices. It is also possible to construct the optical lenses  68  by utilizing diffractive optical elements such as gratings or holograms. Generally, the optical lenses are changing the direction of optical signal propagation by introducing material changes (like a refractive index change) or geometrical lens surface modification. The planar lens array  66  can increase the separation between waveguide cores  50  and light source  64  or photo detector  62 . And it also facilitates an efficient optical I/O coupling. It is also feasible to implement the waveguide cores  50  at the bottom side of PLC substrate too, if the planar lens array  68  can focus the diverging optical beams efficiently. In FIGS. 1A and 1B, the electronic/photonic chips are mounted on the multifunctional IOM platform by using bonding pads  72  and solder bumps  70 . The solder bumps  70  can be replaced with other types of electrically conducting pump materials including, but not limited to, gold, electrically conducting polymers, and so on. The micromachined PLC and MEMS structures are bonded together by using a bonding layer  74  too. This bonding layer  74  can provide a simple adhesion or electrically conductive pathways as necessary.  
         [0032]    Generally the multifunctional IOM can be understood as one embodiment of Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical System (MOEMS). The MOEMS is an integrated and mixed-technology microsystem utilizing photonic, electronic, and micro mechanical technologies. The letter in the term “MOEMS” stands for “Micro” (micro-scale), “Optical” (like integrated optical waveguide networks and passive/active micro-optical components), “Electronic” (like integrated circuits and multilayer metal interconnects), “Mechanical” (like micromachined silicon sensors/actuators and passive alignment structures), and “Systems”. It also represents that these components are integrated into a single microstructure by using IC compatible microfabrication and assembly technologies. Using the proposed MOEMS device structures (i.e. multifunctional IOM platform), very versatile optical devices, components, or subsystems can be fabricated and integrated using a lithographic batch process without presenting any of fabrication compatibility problems. The multifunctional IOM can provide known benefits of MEMS technology (such as miniaturization, multiplicity, and microelectronics), in addition to a seamless integration of electronic/photonic/micro-mechanical devices and components into a single package.  
         [0033]    In MEMS technology, miniaturization allows structures of a few tens of micrometers to be fabricated with an accuracy in the sub-micrometer range, while multiplicity allows many structures be simultaneously fabricated by pre-assembly and batch processes. Micro-optoelectronics provides a way to fabricate and integrate optoelectronic &amp; electronic devices and components by using the conventional IC-compatible micromachining technology. The resultant integration provides a smart microsystem having a variety of technologies (photonic, electronic and micro-mechanic). The current invention also fabricates integrated vertical optical switches in a batch mode using a well-established IC fabrication process, thereby improving performance and reliability, and reducing costs. In MEMS technology, MEMS sensors and actuators can lead to a completely different class of mechanical, fluid, thermal, optical, biological, and chemical device or component at the micro scale, which could deliver a previously impossible improvement on reliability, integration, performance, and cost. Multidisciplinary efforts on material search, device design, fabrication, and packaging of MEMS sensors and actuators are currently underway to provide the desired internal structure or functionality within the integrated microsystem platform. Some of the prominent subsystems for MEMS applications may include: physical (position, velocity, acceleration, and pressure), biological and chemical sensors; motors; valves and pumps; optical mirrors, modulators, scanners, and switches; mechanical actuators, levers, flexures, bearings, hinges, springs, and couplings; seals, interfaces, and packages and others. Currently there exist a variety of MEMS actuation methods such as electrostatic, electromagnetic, thermal, shape memory alloy (SMA), impact, and piezoelectric mechanisms and so on by utilizing a wide array of physical effects. Depending on the application, a suitable MEMS actuation mechanism can be selected and employed by carefully considering actuation range, power consumption, suitable range of electrical voltages and currents, temperature requirements, size constraints, process integration, device packaging, and so on.  
         [0034]    In MEMS, bulk micromachining means that three-dimensional structures are etched into the bulk of crystalline or non-crystalline materials whereas surface micromachining represents the features built up layer-by-layer on the substrate surface. In bulk micromachining, bulk materials such as silicon, quartz, GaAs, InP, Ge, SiC, and glass are sculpted by orientation-dependant (anisotropic) and/or orientation-independent (isotropic) etch processes. In a typical surface micromachining, a dry etching defines the surface structures in x-y plane and a subsequent wet etching releases them from the plane by undercutting a sacrificial layer. In surface micromachining, a high vertical structure can be constructed by building large and flat structures horizontally and then rotate them on a hinge to an upright position as reported in polysilicon (poly-Si) hinges by Pister et al. A flat and long structural poly-Si features can be rotated out of the substrate plane and erected to create highly vertical microstructures such as hot wire anemometers, micro windmill, and micro-optical bench with mirrors, gratings, and micro-lenses. The hinged vertical mirror actuator can serve as a MEMS mirror actuator. The hinged vertical mirror actuator is beneficial when a large mirror surface is required. However the friction around the hinges and the need to erect and assemble hinged vertical mirrors makes the implementation of hinged vertical mirror actuator somewhat difficult too.  
         [0035]    In general optical waveguides can be formed successfully by using both crystalline and non-crystalline materials. Optical waveguides formed using non-crystalline materials generally provide low propagation loss and economical fabrication, although crystalline materials, including semiconductors, are necessary for performing active functions such as optical signal generation, detection, and modulation. Crystalline optical waveguides are a part of semiconductor lasers and are used in semiconductor photonic integrated circuits. Another type of crystalline optical waveguide is made in lithium niobate by titanium diffusion, where they can build modulators, switching arrays, and polarization controllers. Silicon can also be used as optical waveguide material to construct PLCs. Among non-crystalline materials, silica glass is a choice of optical waveguide material for PLC by a large number of leading communication research groups. The silica glass waveguide has a stable and well-controlled refractive index with a very small propagation loss. It is highly transparent over a broad spectrum of optical wavelengths. Currently there exist several major ways of forming thick silica glass films for optical waveguides and these are flame hydrolysis deposition (FHD), plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PE-CVD), low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LP-CVD), and electron beam deposition. All of these fabrication methods are using a reactive ion etching (RIE) to pattern a waveguide core. The patterned waveguide cores are generally buried within the layers of silica glass buffers. On the other hand, the polymer is another promising material for a low-cost PLC, though it suffers from problems related to long term stability, high-power handling capability, waveguide shrinkage, and so on. It should be noted that the PLCs for multifunctional IOM platform are not limited in utilizing a variety of optical waveguide materials including polymers or silicon so that it can take advantage of advancements and applicability of various waveguide material and material processing techniques. Note that the PLC platform can support either single-mode or multi-mode electromagnetic wave propagations along the waveguide networks.  
         [0036]    [0036]FIG. 2 (comprising FIGS.  2 A- 2 B) shows a diagrammatic view of unidirectional and bi-directional optical channel monitors, showing details of micromachined optical I/O couplers  48 , optical pass-through waveguides  30 , and signal-tap waveguides  32 . The micromachined optical I/O couplers  48  direct optical signals from optical signal-tap waveguide  32  to optical detectors  62  through optical signal reflection on the surfaces of silicon mirrors  36 . Optical detectors  62  can be positioned on top of the optical I/O couplers  48  such that reflected signals from the silicon mirror surfaces can be interfaced to light sensing areas of optical detectors  62 . Again, it should be also noted that the silicon mirrors  36  could be replaced with other type of micro mirror arrays including the injection-molded mirror array. The PLC substrate is micromachined to form a trench  46  so that an array of micromachined silicon mirrors  36  can be inserted into the trench  46 . A free-space gap between sidewalls of micromachined PLC trenches  46  and silicon mirror surfaces can be filled with air, gas, or index-matching fluid. For both unidirectional and bidirectional optical channel monitors as shown in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B respectively, the optical signal-tap waveguides  32  sample a portion of optical signals by using signal branching waveguide structures  34 . Directional coupler, Y-branch, or wavelength insensitive coupler can implement the signal branching waveguide structures  34 . In the bidirectional optical channel monitor of FIG. 2B, two counter-propagating optical signals along two neighboring waveguides  30 ,  37  are branched into two signal-tap waveguides  32  to interface with a single optical I/O coupler  48 . The optical signal couplers in FIG. 2B can handle two optical signals out of two distinctive signal-tap waveguides  32  simultaneously and in parallel by using two distinctive mirror surfaces. For both unidirectional and bidirectional optical channel monitors, optical pass-through waveguides  30  transfer a major portion of optical powers without altering signal state nor interrupting signal transfer characteristics of passing-through optical signals, while a small portion of optical powers from the same optical pass-through waveguides  30  are sampled and monitored by using signal branching structures  34 , optical signal-tap waveguides  32 , micromachined optical I/O couplers  48 , and optical detectors  62 .  
         [0037]    [0037]FIG. 3 (comprising FIGS.  3 A- 3 B) shows a diagrammatic view of unidirectional and bi-directional configurations of spectral optical channel monitors, showing details of vertical filter plates  35  inserted into two-sided trenches, micromachined optical I/O couplers  48 , optical pass-through waveguides  30 , and signal-tap waveguides  32 . Compared to previous optical channel monitors shown in FIG. 2, the spectral optical channel monitors incorporate a narrow two-sided trench intersecting both optical pass-through waveguide  30  and optical signal-tap waveguide  32  at tilted angles. In FIG. 3, the two-sided trench is filled with the vertical filter plate  35 , so its structure is not shown in detail. The vertical filter plate  35 , inserted into the narrow two-sided trench, can be permanently fixed by bonding materials with a reflective index closely matched to the core  50  of light-transmitting waveguide. The vertical filter plate  50  could be a wavelength selective device by selectively transmitting optical signals within the passband of optical wavelength spectrum, while selectively reflecting optical signals outside of the passband of optical wavelength spectrum. The reflected optical signals from optical pass-through waveguides  30  and optical signal-tap waveguides  32  are coupled into third waveguide  31  and fourth waveguide  33  respectively, which are in turn coupled out of the PLC by another optical I/O couplers  48 . In FIGS. 3A and 3B, a large optical I/O coupler  48  with wider silicon mirror surfaces and trench sidewalls are interfacing with third and fourth waveguides  31 ,  33 . The large optical I/O coupler  48  can utilize separate optical I/O couplers with narrower silicon mirror surfaces or trench sidewalls in order to interface with third and fourth waveguides  31 ,  33  individually. The vertical filter plate  35  for spectral optical channel monitoring could also filter out optical noises outside the passing bands. And these filtered optical noise signals are reflected and coupled to the third and fourth waveguides  31 ,  33 . Therefore optical signals coupled out of third and fourth waveguides  31 ,  33  can indicate the spectral integrity of optical signals, which propagates along the pass-through waveguides  30 .  
         [0038]    [0038]FIG. 4 (comprising FIGS.  4 A- 4 B) is a detailed diagrammatic view of optical I/O couplers for multifunctional IOM platform, showing the tapered cores  53  and tilted cores  49  of signal-tap waveguides  32  terminated at micromachined trenches  46 . In FIG. 4A, the cores  50  of optical signal-tap waveguides  32  are tapered to wider cores prior to interfacing with vertical sidewalls at waveguide-to-trench interfaces. Here the waveguide tapers  53  can be either symmetric or asymmetric. In FIG. 4B, the termination interface between cores of optical signal-tap waveguides and micromachined trench is tilted from a usual 90-degree angle as shown in FIG. 4A. The tilted waveguide termination at the optical I/O coupler can reduce the back-reflections from the waveguide-to-trench interfaces.  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 5 (comprising FIGS.  5 A- 5 F) is a diagrammatic view of micromachined planar lightwave circuit at various stages of fabrication. The PLC network consists of layers of micromachined waveguide layers, where waveguide core  50  is buried between upper and under cladding layers  40 . Here, various fabrication stages for the micromachined planar lightwave circuit by using silica glass waveguide is described in the following, but the PLCs utilizing other type of waveguide materials can also be fabricated in a similar way.  
         [0040]    In FIG. 5A, a silicon wafer  10  is thermally oxidized to form a thin silicon dioxide layer  20  on both sides of wafer.  
         [0041]    In FIG. 5B, an under cladding silica glass layer  40  is deposited on top of the silicon dioxide layer to provide a sufficiently thick under-cladding for waveguide formation.  
         [0042]    In FIG. 5C, a silica glass core layer  50  with a slightly higher refractive index than the cladding layer material is deposited on top of the under cladding layer  40 . Then the deposited silica glass layers  40 ,  50  can be annealed at high temperature for consolidation. Subsequent photolithography and reactive ion etching (RIE) processes can pattern the waveguide core layer  50 . Then upper cladding silica glass layer  40  is deposited on top of the patterned waveguide core  50 . Subsequently the final structure can be consolidated again by annealing at high temperature.  
         [0043]    In FIG. 5D, a portion of material for silica glass waveguide layers is etched away by RIE processes to form a micromachined trench on the waveguide layer. A portion of silicon dioxide layer on the back of PLC wafer is also etched away.  
         [0044]    In FIG. 5E, a portion of silicon on backside of PLC wafer is etched away vertically by RIE processes.  
         [0045]    In FIG. 5F, a portion of silicon underneath micromachined trench on the waveguide layer is etched vertically by RIE processes to form a micromachined through-holes in order to allow micromachined silicon mirrors to be inserted.  
         [0046]    Aside from the fabrication procedures described in the FIG. 5, the micromachined PLC can also be fabricated by using a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structure, since the optical waveguide layers can be deposited on the SOI wafers and subsequently micromachined. The thin silicon layer on SOI wafer can be sculptured into the MEMS structures and the sculptured MEMS structures with optical waveguide layers can be combined with micromachined silicon mirror arrays too.  
         [0047]    [0047]FIG. 6 (comprising FIGS.  6 A- 6 F) is a diagrammatic view of silicon mirror array with a small footprint size at various stages of fabrication.  
         [0048]    In FIG. 6A, a silicon wafer  10  is thermally oxidized to form a thin silicon dioxide layer  20  on both sides of wafer.  
         [0049]    In FIG. 6B, a portion of silicon substrate  10  is etched away from a backside of silicon wafer.  
         [0050]    In FIG. 6C, the micromachined silicon substrate prepared as shown in FIG. 6B is bonded with another silicon substrate  10 .  
         [0051]    In FIG. 6D, a silicon dioxide layer  20  on a front side of micromachined silicon wafer is patterned. Then a portion of silicon on the front side of micromachined silicon wafer is wet etched to form an array of silicon mirrors.  
         [0052]    In FIG. 6E, the front side with silicon mirror array is selectively coated with reflective layer  75 . Using shadow mask, which is a thin mask plate with through-hole patterns in order to define the area to be coated with reflective material, can perform a selective patterned coating. The reflective layer can also be first deposited on top of the entire silicon mirror array wafer. Then it can be patterned and etched away to leave the reflective coating on top of the silicon mirror arrays only.  
         [0053]    In FIG. 6F, a portion of silicon not covered by metal layer as shown in FIG. 6E is etched away to produce an array of silicon mirrors  36  with vertical sidewalls. Vertical sidewalls of silicon mirrors as shown in the FIG. 6F make the silicon mirror footprint be smaller than the conventional pyramid-shape silicon mirrors.  
         [0054]    The micromachined PLC and MEMS microstructures with silicon mirror arrays in FIG. 5F and FIG. 6F can be aligned and bonded with each other. Finally, a subsequent bonding of electronic/photonic chips  60  on the micromachined PLC can result in the multifunctional IOM platform as shown in FIG. 1.  
         [0055]    [0055]FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic view of dynamic channel controller (DCC) composed of VOAs and optical channel monitors (OCMs) in an array configuration by using the multifunctional IOM platform. DCC is an intelligent optical subsystem capable of dynamically and independently controlling power levels of individual optical signals. It consists of two distinctive optical stages: VOA  210  and OCM  220  stages. The OCM stage can monitor the incoming optical signals on the pass-through waveguides  30 . The OCM stage can utilize either regular optical channel monitor of FIG. 2 or spectral optical channel monitor of FIG. 3. The controller  222  collects the optical channel power information and provides an appropriate control signals to VOA driver  212  to adjust the optical signal power. Depending on applications, individual power level of optical signals along pass-through waveguides  30  can be equalized or set to any specific values too. Even though the FIG. 7 shows the OCM  220  stage right after the VOA  210  stage, it is also possible to construct a similar DCC with a different configuration by reversing the OCM  220  and VOA  210  stages. FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic view of dynamic VOA multiplexer (DVM) composed of optical channel monitors (OCM)  220 , VOAs  210 , and arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) filter  230  on the multifunctional IOM platform. DVM is another intelligent optical subsystem with an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG)  230  stage integrated with the DCC of FIG. 7. In comparison with the DCC of FIG. 7, the number of output ports on DVM as shown in FIG. 8 becomes just one due to the optical channel multiplexing by using AWG multiplexer  230 . In DVM, the active monitoring and controlling of individual optical channels through VOA  210  and OCM  220  stages can compensate the channel-dependent AWG insertion losses. Again, the DVM can be constructed with a different configuration by reversing the VOA  210  and OCM  220  stages. It is also feasible to construct another variation of DVM by reversing the optical signal propagation direction in order to construct a dynamic VOA demultiplexer. The VOA  210  and AWG filter  230  can be a bidirectional optical device. For the AWG filter  230 , the reversal of optical signal propagation transforms a multiplexer filter into a demultiplexer filter. It is shown in FIG. 2B and FIG. 3B that both regular and spectral OCM  220  can be easily modified to enable optical signal propagations in a reverse direction.  
         [0056]    [0056]FIG. 9 is a diagrammatic view of smart optical switch (SOS) composed of optical channel monitors  220 , VOAs  210 , and optical switches  250  on the multifunctional IOM platform. SOS is an intelligent optical subsystem for dynamic optical signal add/drop switching by integrating 2×2 optical switches  250  and DCC of FIG. 7. The use of VOA  210  and OCM  220  stages on SOS also enables accurate optical channel monitoring and precise optical power level control in real-time. The stages of 2×2 optical switches  250 , VOA  210 , and OCM  220  can be interchanged with each other to construct other possible configurations of SOS.  
         [0057]    In the above examples of DCC, DVM, and SOS, the integration of diverse optical stages  210 ,  220 ,  230 ,  240  on the multifunctional IOM platform reduces overall device sizes, insertion losses, and costs, while improving reliability of IOM. Without aforementioned integrations, all of the discrete VOA  210 , OCM  220 , optical switches  250 , and AWG filter  230  devices need to interface with each other by using many fiber-to-waveguide and waveguide-to-fiber interfaces. The repeated waveguide-to-fiber or fiber-to-waveguide interfaces introduce additional costs and insertion losses with uncertain variations. It is known that PLC chips can interface with each other by utilizing a direct waveguide-to-waveguide bonding. However, the direct waveguide-to-waveguide bonding requires the end facets of PLC to be cleaved and polished first. The PLC end facet normally incorporates a planar glass or silicon cover in order to protect the PLC waveguide layers from peeling and to increase an effective bonding area for the direct waveguide-to-waveguide bonding. Further it is well known that PLC end facet or fiber end fact should be polished in an angle in order to reduce back-reflection effects. Therefore the multifunctional IOM platform can provide many attractive advantages by providing a monolithic integration of diverse optical stages. The above examples of DCC, DVM, and SOS can be implemented by using direct waveguide-to-waveguide bondings, as another embodiment of the present invention, to eliminate many waveguide-to-fiber and fiber-to-waveguide interfaces. As the number of optical channels increases, the fiber management can become a major manufacturing bottleneck, since hundreds of fragile and discrete optical components may deteriorate overall reliability of complex optical components and subsystems. The integration of multiple optical stages on the multifunctional IOM platform or direct waveguide-to-waveguide bonding can eliminate fiber splicing points and fiber connectors too. The 2×2 optical switches  250  for the multifunctional IOM platform can utilize a variety of PLC-based optical switches, including thermo-optic switches, micro-mechanical optical switches, total internal reflection switches using micro bubbles or liquid flows, and the other types of optical switches. The VOA  210  can also utilize a variety of PLC-based variable attenuation devices too. It could be thermo-optic, micro-mechanical, or electro-absorption type devices. The AWG filters  230  can be constructed on the PLC platform by using a variety of materials such as silica glass, polymer, or silicon.  
         [0058]    [0058]FIG. 10 (comprising FIGS.  10 A- 10 F) is a cut-away side elevation view of a vertical optical switch and corresponding functional diagrams illustrating that, through a movement of cantilever flexure containing optical waveguides, optical signal can be routed vertically among cores positioned at different layers of multilayer integrated optical waveguides. PLC core  50  for sender waveguide port  80  of vertical optical switch is integrated on a moving cantilever flexure  180  of MEMS actuator. The PLC core  50  can move upward and adjust its position relative to a fixed receiver waveguide ports&#39;  90  cores  50 . FIG. 10A illustrates the MEMS actuator utilizing vertically positioned and electrostatically driven side actuator (i.e. comb driver). The comb driver is composed of moving comb  170  with moving comb fingers  150  and stationary comb  160  with stationary comb fingers  140 . The electrostatic forces between moving comb fingers  150  and stationary comb fingers  140  provide a swing motion to the moving cantilever flexure  180  to enable add-drop state or pass-through state as shown in FIG. 10B and FIG. 10C respectively. An external electric control signals can supply the electrostatic potential to displace the moving cantilever flexure  180  of vertical optical switch. Note that the moving comb fingers  150  and stationary comb finger  140  need not to be implemented along the entire portion of the moving cantilever flexure port  180 . The moving cantilever flexure port  180  may utilize the comb driver implemented around the freely moving end of cantilever structure. In the add-drop state as shown in FIG. 10B, Add port and In port are interfaced with Out port and Drop port respectively. In the pass-through state as shown in FIG. 10C, In port is interfaced with Out port. Here Add and Drop ports are disconnected and not interfaced with each other. If it is necessary to interface Add and Drop ports for the pass-through state, a third waveguide layer can be utilized to provide a feedback loop between Add and Drop ports.  
         [0059]    Comb driver, also known as electrostatically driven side actuator, is a simple and ingenious actuator, where one comb  170  is free to move while the other  160  is stationary as shown in FIG. 10A. The comb driver can be implemented into a variety of configurations such as unidirectional, bidirectional, linear, or rotary comb actuators. Both the moving and stationary combs  170 ,  160  are interfaced with a substrate  18  supporting both combs as an integrated structure. When electrical control signals are applied to the stationary combs  160 , the moving comb  170  moves either toward or away from the stationary comb  160  due to the electrostatic potential accumulated between the combs  170 ,  160 . In FIG. 10A, the moving comb  170  becomes a movable cantilever flexure  180  with the comb fingers  150  placed on a bottom. Micro-mechanical characteristics of vertical optical switches are determined by geometrical configuration of combs  140 ,  150 , moving cantilever flexure&#39;s spring constant, and electrical control signals. In the case of comb driver as shown in FIG. 10A, the electrostatic force caused by voltage across the moving and stationary combs  170 ,  160  can control the position of moving cantilever flexure  180  wherein the sender waveguide port  80  is integrated. The comb driver is a well-known MEMS component and the mathematical models for comb driver&#39;s spring constant, resonant frequency, and displacement are well studied and extensively published in the leading MEMS journals.  
         [0060]    Cantilevered beam suspension can provide a spring motion for the moving comb  170 . The mechanical properties of materials determine the deflection of cantilever beams and the first-order model for cantilever beam deflection will be described in the following. Every solid material exhibits some sort of stress after it is formed into a certain shape. The stress a is a force per unit area and it can be either tensile or compressive stresses. Consider a linear bar under a stress by either pushing or pulling both ends of the bar. Let&#39;s assume that the force is uniformly distributed over the cross section of the bar. The stress on the bar induces an elongation of the bar and the ratio of elongation to the original length of bar is known as strain ε. A linearly elastic bar follows the Hook&#39;s law by exhibiting that the strain ε is linearly proportional to the stress σ on the bar as shown in the formula below:  
         σ=Eε 
         [0061]    The linear constant E relating stress σ and strain ε in the Hook&#39;s law is known as modulus of elasticity or Young&#39;s modulus and its value depends on the material characteristics of the linearly elastic bar. For the cantilever suspension beam used in the comb driver, it is important to determine the deflection v(L) and angle of rotation θ at the free-end of the beam. The force behind the deflection of movable cantilever flexure can be an electrostatic potential accumulated between the stationary and moving combs  160 ,  170 . Based on the theory of electrostatics the electrostatic force can be calculated as follows:  
       F   =       n   ·     ɛ   0     ·   H   ·     V   2       g                           
 
         [0062]    Here n, ε 0 , H, V, and g are the number of combs, dielectric permitivity of the material among comb fingers, comb height, applied voltage, and the gap between combs respectively. Assuming that the force is uniformly distributed along the side of cantilever beam flexure, the deflection v(L) and angle of rotation θ at the free-end can be expressed as:  
               v        (   L   )       =         F   ·   BL       8   ·   E   ·   I       =       3   ·   n   ·     ɛ   0     ·     V   2     ·     BL   3         2   ·   g   ·   E   ·     BW   3                       θ   =         F   ·     BL   2         6   ·   E   ·   I       =       2   ·   n   ·     ɛ   0     ·     V   2     ·     BL   2         g   ·   E   ·     BW   3                                       
 
         [0063]    Here F, BL, E, and I are the force, beam length, Young&#39;s modulus, and moment inertia of the moving cantilever flexure  170  respectively. By substituting F and I with the appropriate formulas, the final expressions are obtained in the above formulas. The moment of inertia of the moving cantilever flexure with a cross-section of rectangular shape is given by:  
       I   =       BH   ·     BW   3       12                           
 
         [0064]    In the final expressions for the deflection v(L) and angle of rotation θ at the free-end, the notations of BW, n, ε 0 , H, V, and g represent the beam width of moving cantilever flexure  170 , number of combs, dielectric permitivity of materials between combs, comb height, applied voltage, and gap among comb fingers respectively. Note that BH (beam height of the moving cantilever flexure  170 ) is same as H (comb height) and these are cancelled with each other in the final expressions. The first-order model for cantilever beams provides some insights on the vertical optical switch design parameters and their inter-relationship. To understand the feasibility of vertical optical switch, the following design parameters can be considered as a vertical optical switch example: E=175 GPa for single crystal silicon, BL=12,000 μm, BW=50 μm, H=100 μm, FW (comb finger width)=20 μm, g (comb finger gap)=10 μm, V=30 V, and ε 0   =8.854×1O E-14 F/cm. If these design parameters are applied to the first-order model for cantilever beams, the deflection v(L) and angle of rotation θ at the free-end become 18.88 μm and 0.12 degrees. If we assume a receiver waveguide port  90  with core width  52  of 8 μm and waveguide channel separation  58  of 8 μm, the optical switch with 1-input/3-output configuration utilizing the vertical actuation structure requires a deflection about 16 μm for the moving cantilever flexure  170 . The moving cantilever flexure  170  of this example can provide a sufficient amount of movement for the sender waveguide port  80  to implement the optical switch with 1-input/3-output configuration.  
         [0065]    The comb microstructures of vertical optical switch can be fabricated in a variety of ways, but one of the promising silicon etching method is a deep silicon reactive ion etch (RIE) by the Bosch process utilizing inductively coupled plasma (ICP) reactors. The ICP reactor provides low pressure (1 to 100 mTorr), high degree of ionization (2 to 10%), high aspect ratio etching, and high rate of material removal by ion impact. The ICP silicon etching process can fabricate a variety of silicon microstructures with trench aspect ratio up to 50:1, beam aspect ratio up to 90:1, and etch depth covering from less than 2 micrometers to larger than 500 micrometers. Currently this process provides the silicon etch rate up to 12 micrometer/minute, Si:Resist mask selectivity up to 250:1, Si:Oxide mask selectivity up to 1000:1, etch uniformity less than ±5%, and controllable profile angle of 90±1 degrees with a room-temperature process environment. As suggested in the formulas for deflection v(L) and angle of rotation θ at the free end of the beam, it is highly beneficial to fabricate comb microstructures with long finger length, fine finger pitch, and small finger gap. Currently the silica-glass micromachining technique exhibits many limitations on minimum feature size, etch rate, and etch depth of the microstructures compared to the silicon micromachining techniques.  
         [0066]    In guided wave optical switch technology, three classes of switching mechanisms can be identified for the moving optical fiber switches and these are 1) fiber-to-fiber switching, 2) fiber-to-waveguide switching, and 3) waveguide-to-waveguide switching. First, the fiber-to-fiber optical switching is a simple and direct optical switching mechanism with low insertion losses. But the actuation for this type of optical switch mechanism requires a large amount of actuator displacement. In addition this mechanism demands the discrete optical components to be aligned and packaged individually to result in a high cost. Secondly the fiber-to-waveguide optical switching is a hybrid method by employing optical fibers and integrated optic waveguides at both ends of the receiver/sender ports. The inherent advantage of this mechanism is a reduction on the amount of actuator&#39;s movement, since the integrated optical waveguides at the receiver/sender ports are spaced closer than the optical fibers for fiber-to-fiber switching. It is not necessary to align and package multiple optical fibers at the receiver/sender ports. But this mechanism requires fiber-to-waveguide couplers to interface optical signals. In third the waveguide-to-waveguide optical switching is a fully integrated switching mechanism. It allows a cascaded switch array on a single substrate to realize a large-scale integration of switches. The optical switching time is small, as it requires relatively a small amount of actuator movement, and the integrated nature of this mechanism makes the alignment &amp; packaging of discrete optical components unnecessary. But it requires fiber-to-waveguide couplers or waveguide-to-fiber couplers to interface signals from or to optical fibers and it could exhibit relatively large amounts of optical switch insertion losses. The vertical optical switch is essentially a moving waveguide switch utilizing the waveguide-to-waveguide optical switching mechanism by the aid of MEMS actuator. The vertical optical switch employing the waveguide-to-waveguide switching scheme requires a small amount of waveguide movement, since the PLC cores  50  are spaced closer than the fiber cores used in the moving fiber-to-fiber switches. Optical fiber diameters for the telecommunication systems are typically 125 micrometers for both single and multimode fibers, which results in a minimum fiber separation of 125 micrometers for the fiber-to-fiber switching. For example but not limited to, the typical PLC channel separations  58  on the waveguide-to-waveguide switching, ranges from 5 μm to 20 μm and it allows the optical channel density for the fiber-to-waveguide or waveguide-to-waveguide switches one order higher than that of moving fiber-to-fiber switches. Furthermore the photolithographic fabrication processes prearrange the relative positions of sender port  80  and receiver port  90  of vertical optical switch to eliminate the alignment and packaging processes of discrete optical components used in the moving fiber-to-fiber switches. The fully integrated nature of vertical optical switch using the lithographic PLC fabrication processes results in a small amount of height differentials and gap width  56  between the sender and receiver ports  80 ,  90  to assure a consistent and reliable vertical optical switch operation.  
         [0067]    [0067]FIG. 10D is a cut-away side elevation view of other embodiment for vertical optical switch illustrating that, through a movement of cantilever flexure containing optical waveguides, optical signal can be routed vertically among cores positioned at different layers of multilayer integrated optical waveguides. In FIG. 10D, the vertical optical switch utilizes a device structure similar to that of FIG. 10A. In FIG. 10A, the vertical optical switch employees the vertically stacked cores  50  of PLC with a micro actuator. But, the vertical optical switch as shown in FIG. 10D utilizes two identical devices  184  stacked together, wherein the identical device  184  employees a single core PLC with a micro actuator. By joining the PLC waveguide layers together through a bonding layer  186 , it is possible to switch optical signal vertically between the cores of stacked PLCs. The functional block diagrams of FIG. 10E and FIG. 10F are identical to FIG. 10B and FIG. 10C respectively. The advantage of the vertical optical switch shown in FIG. 10D is that stresses of the moving cantilever flexure  180  can be compensated with each other by utilizing the identical and symmetric device structure.  
         [0068]    [0068]FIG. 11 (comprising FIGS.  11 A- 11 B) is a diagrammatic view of vertical optical switch array. The FIG. 11 A shows a diagrammatic view of tapered optical waveguide  53  geometry (either symmetric or asymmetric tapers) at the receiver waveguide ports  90  on the vertical optical switch. The tapered waveguides  53  at the receiver waveguide ports  90  are lithographically defined and fabricated by using the step shown in FIG. 5. The vertical optical switch moves the sender waveguide port  80  relative to the multiple cores of receiver waveguide ports  90 . The multiple cores of receiver waveguide ports  90  are positioned along different waveguide layers and there are stacked vertically with each other. Therefore, the diagrammatic views as shown in FIG. 11A and FIG. 11B does not explicitly show the multiple cores of receiver waveguide ports  90  as illustrated in FIG. 10A. The waveguide cores  50  of sender waveguide ports  80  are located on top of the moving cantilever flexure  170  with an appropriate waveguide width  52 . The sender and receiver waveguide ports  80 ,  90  are separated by the micromachined free space  46  with an appropriate gap width  56 . The individual waveguides at receiver ports  90  are isolated appropriately from the neighboring waveguides with horizontal channel separation widths  59  and vertical channel separation widths  58 . The core  50  of tapered waveguide  53  is wider than the ordinary waveguide cores  50 . The taper length  55 , taper width  54 , channel separation widths  58 ,  59 , waveguide core width  52  of the receiver waveguide ports  90  and micromachined gap width  56  defines the boundary conditions for tapered waveguide  53 , which in turn influences the vertical optical switch&#39;s insertion losses and signal uniformity. The tapered waveguide  53  can reduce insertion losses and promote equalized optical power delivery among the receiver waveguide ports  90 . When multiple cores of optical waveguides are stacked with each other, it is not always possible to perfectly align the cores between layers. Therefore the perfectly aligned sender waveguide port  80  and receiver waveguide port  90  cannot be maintained for the vertical optical switches with misaligned cores. Here the enlarged waveguide width at the tapered waveguide  53  also reduces alignment requirement among sender waveguide ports  80  and receiver waveguide ports  90  related to the misaligned cores to achieve low insertion losses and good signal uniformity. It can result in a drastic reduction on the controller complexity of vertical optical switch and lithographic alignment requirements too. Note that the integrated nature of vertical optical switch allows waveguide thickness and gap width  56  between the sender and receiver waveguide ports  80 ,  90  to be precisely pre-aligned. Again the moving cantilever flexure  180  provides a swinging movement to position and align the sender waveguide port  80  relative to the receiver waveguide ports  90 .  
         [0069]    The finite-difference beam propagation method (FD-BPM) simulation suggests that it is quite feasible to achieve the vertical optical switching with a low insertion loss by using the tapered waveguide  53 , which is also insensitive to the alignment accuracy. The two-dimensional FD-BPM simulations are performed using a 1550 nm signal wavelength on the micromachined silica glass PLC boundary conditions outlined below. The PLC core has 8 μm×8 μm dimension and the refractive indices for core and cladding are set to be 1.4538 and 1.444 to yield a high-delta of 0.67%. In this boundary condition, the minimum bending radius for a nominal waveguide bending loss becomes about 4 to 5 mm. The sender waveguide is a straight waveguide segment on top of the moving cantilever flexure  170  and the receiver waveguide is a tapered waveguide  53  with symmetric tapers. The taper width  54  and taper length  55  are set to be 2 μm and 600 μm respectively. The micromachined gap width  56  (i.e. port separation between the sender and receiver ports) are set from 10 μm to 50 μm with an increment of 10 μm and the neighboring channels at the receiver ports are separated 6 μm apart. The FD-BPM simulation results suggest that a slight misalignment between the sender waveguide port  80  and receiver waveguide port  90 , perhaps in range of couple of micrometers, does not increase the insertion loss significantly. The following table also summarizes the influence of micromachined gap width  56  to the vertical optical switch&#39;s coupling efficiency by assuming that the sender waveguide port  80  is aligned to the center of tapered receiver waveguide port  90 .  
                                   Micromachined Gap Width   Coupling Efficiency of MOEM-WS                   10 μm   97.0%       20 μm   96.7%       30 μm   96.3%       40 μm   95.8%       50 μm   95.0%                  
 
         [0070]    The relationship between channel separation length  58  and signal crosstalk among channels are summarized in the following table by using the same boundary conditions and the micromachined gap width  56  of 20 μm. This relationship indicates that a nominal channel separation about 6 μm to 8 μm is sufficient enough for good channel isolation with negligible crosstalks.  
                                                   Channel Separation Length   Crosstalk between Channels                           4 μm       7%           6 μm   &lt;0.1%           8 μm   &lt;0.1%                      
 
         [0071]    The FIG. 11B is a diagrammatic view of another embodiment of vertical optical switches, showing a pair of waveguide channels as well as three vertical optical waveguide channels linked together. The full-duplex vertical optical switch has a pair of waveguide channels at both ports of sender and receiver waveguides  80 ,  90 . The pair of waveguide channels is composed of one forward channel waveguide  42  and one backward channel waveguide  44 . It supports concurrent signal propagation in both forward and backward directions in order to allow bidirectional and full-duplex signal transmissions. Note that the upper core channel of the receiver waveguide port  90  is tapered for the forward channel waveguide  42 , while the lower core of the sender waveguide port  80  is tapered for the backward channel waveguide. The moving cantilever flexure  180  moves and aligns the cores of sender waveguide port  80  to the multiples cores of receiver waveguide port  90  simultaneously. In the embodiment of three vertical optical waveguide channels linked together, a single moving cantilever flexure port  180  moves and aligns the three cores of sender waveguide port  80  to the multiple cores of receiver waveguide port  90  simultaneously.  
         [0072]    [0072]FIG. 12 (comprising FIGS.  12 A- 12 C) is a diagrammatic view of monolithically integrated smart OADM module based on the multifunctional IOM platform. Smart OADM (S-OADM) module is composed of two waveguide layers with five distinctive optical stages: demultiplexer filter  236 , vertical optical switch  250 , VOA  210 , optical channel monitor  220 , and multiplexer filter  238  stages. The first waveguide layer of S-OADM shown in FIG. 12A consists of arrayed waveguide grating demultiplexing filter  236 , VOS  250 , VOA  210 , and OCM  220  stages in cascade and it interfaces with one input port and multiple drop ports. The second waveguide layer of S-OADM shown in FIG. 12B consists of VOS  250 , VOA  210 , OCM  220 , and arrayed waveguide grating multiplexer filter  238  in cascade and it interfaces with multiple add ports and one output port. Two waveguide layers are stacked together to yield a diagrammatic view as shown in FIG. 12C. The first and second waveguide layers interact with each other at the VOS  250  stage, where multiple ports of demultiplexed input signal on the first waveguide layer and add ports on the second waveguide layer can be individually coupled to multiple VOA input ports for both first and second waveguide layers. Due to the unique device structure of AWG filter  236 ,  238  as shown in FIG. 12A and FIG. 12C, the S-OADM requires a crossconnecting network of optical waveguides in front of the VOA  210  stage. Single layer implementation of the crossconnecting network on the monolithically integrated OADM module will accompany many unavoidable waveguide crossings to introduce crosstalks and to increase insertion losses. But, two distinctive waveguide layers of S-OADM eliminate the direct waveguide crossings at the crossconnecting network, because the crossconnect networks are implemented by using two optical waveguide layers to eliminate all possible waveguide crossings. FIG. 12C shows two waveguide layers being combined utilizing the multifunctional IOM platform, wherein a fully integrated S-OADM is implemented. In S-OADM, a proper operation of demultiplexer/multiplexer filters  236 ,  238 , VOA  210 , and OCM  220  does not depend to the particular assignment of these stage to a specific waveguide layer. Furthermore, VOS  250 , VOA  210 , and OCM  220  can be configured in all permissible serial interconnection orders within the monolithically integrated S-AODM. Even though it is not explicitly depicted in FIG. 12, electronic/photonic chips  60  for optical detectors  62 , switch drivers  252 , VOA drivers  212 , and controllers  222  can be mounted on the micromachined PLC.  
         [0073]    The foregoing description of a preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Obvious modifications or variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best illustrate the principles of the invention and its practical application to thereby enable one of ordinary skill in the art to best utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto.