Abstract:
A method for determining values for use by radio resource management functions is disclosed. Air interface actual values and predictive values are obtained and stored. A timestamp indicating a time when each actual value or predictive value is obtained is generated and stored. The actual values and the predictive values are processed to provide an output value.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/318,402, filed Dec. 23, 2005, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/748,015, filed Dec. 30, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,050,412, issued May 23, 2006, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/480,844, filed Jun. 23, 2003, which are incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. 
    
    
     FIELD OF INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to wireless communication systems. More particularly, the invention is useful for wireless communication systems which use air interface values for radio resource management. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The purpose of radio resource management (RRM) in wireless communication systems is to efficiently manage the use of resources over the air interface (i.e., radio resources). Intelligent management of radio resources is essential for maximizing the air interface capacity, ensuring connection reliability and network stability and reducing the battery consumption of wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs). 
     Typical RRM functions include: (1) call admission control, which accepts or rejects requests for new radio links based on the system load and quality targets; (2) handover control, which ensures that a call (connection) is not dropped when a WTRU moves from the coverage area of one cell to the coverage area of another cell; (3) power control, which maintains interference levels at a minimum while providing acceptable link quality; (4) radio link maintenance, which ensures that quality of service requirements for individual radio links are satisfied; and (5) congestion control, which maintains network stability in periods of high congestion. 
     RRM functions are triggered, and make decisions, based upon a variety of inputs. Among these inputs, air interface measurements observed by the WTRU and the Node B are extensively used. Air interface measurements can originate from either the WTRU or the Node B. WTRU measurements and radio link specific Node B measurements are referred to as dedicated measurements. Cell-specific Node B measurements are referred to as common measurements. Both types of measurements are employed to precisely evaluate the current state of the radio environment. For example, interference measurements can be used to decide the allocation of physical resources in a timeslot or frequency band. 
     Typical measurements which RRM functions rely upon for evaluating the status of the radio environment include: interference signal code power (ISCP); received power measurements (both individual radio link and received total wideband power (RTWP)); received signal strength indicator (RSSI); transmission power, (including individual radio link power and total power); and signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) measurements. These measurements are just several examples of the many measurements that are applicable with the proposed invention. 
     As will be described hereinafter, some of these measurements may be predicted and a combination of their latest reports and their predictions may be used when the system is in a transient phase. 
     Unfortunately, there is a drawback in the manner in which current RRM functions are performed. There are several conditions that may cause the aforementioned measurements to be unavailable or invalid. First, it is possible that measurements are simply not reported, or measurement reports are corrupted over the air interface. For example, WTRU measurement reports are eventually encapsulated into transport blocks (TBs) to which cyclic redundancy check (CRC) bits are attached. The Node B physical layer determines whether an error occurred by examining the CRC bits. In the event of an error, the Node B physical layer may either deliver the erroneous TB to upper layers with an error indication, or simply indicate to upper layers that an erroneous TB was received on a particular transport channel or a set of transport channels. Such a scenario is particularly relevant when considering WTRU measurements since they are sent over the air interface. 
     Secondly, measurements generally have an age threshold, after which the measurement is considered invalid. If measurement reports are not frequent enough, it is possible that valid measurements will eventually become invalid, and thus unavailable to RRM functions. 
     Finally, it is possible that measurements are simply invalid because the radio link or the system has entered a transient phase that is undergoing stabilization. For example, interference measurements are unstable for a certain period of time (up to ½ second) following the configuration or reconfiguration of a radio link due to the transient phase of the power control. Such measurements should not be used to trigger RRM functions or to make decisions since the current state of the radio link or the system is unstable. 
     Accordingly, an improved system and method for obtaining measurements for more effective radio resource management is needed. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present invention is a radio resource control system and method which manage air interface resources. According to the present invention, a wireless communication system obtains RRM data by determining availability and validity of certain system measurements. First it is determined whether actual system measurements and predicted measurements are available, and it is also determined whether the actual system measurements are valid. Depending upon the results of the determination, a selective combination of actual air interface measurements, predicted values and default values are used. Alternatively, the radio resources for which the RRM measurement is desired may not be allocated for use. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       A more detailed understanding of the invention may be had from the following description of preferred embodiments, given by way of example and to be understood in conjunction with the accompanying drawing wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is a flow diagram showing the use of different types of values for RRM functions in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIGS. 2A and 2B  are time varying weighting functions used in accordance with the present invention; and 
         FIG. 3  is a centralized measurement control unit made in accordance with the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The preferred embodiments are described herein in conjunction with an application of the invention for voice or data utilizing regular and HSDPA transmissions according to the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA) communication system, which is an implementation of a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). Although 3GPP terminology is employed throughout this application, the 3GPP system is used only as an example and the invention may be applied to other wireless communications systems where measurement-based RRM is feasible. 
     As used throughout the current specification, the terminology “wireless transmit/receive unit” (WTRU) includes, but is not limited to, a user equipment, mobile station, fixed or mobile subscriber unit, pager, or any other type of device capable of operating in a wireless environment. These exemplary types of wireless environments include, but are not limited to, wireless local area networks and public land mobile networks. The terminology “Node B” includes, but is not limited to, a base station, site controller, access point or any other type of interfacing device in a wireless environment. 
       FIG. 1  is a flow diagram of a procedure  20  for determining measurement values for use by RRM functions in accordance with the present invention. First, actual measurements and predictive values are received and stored in a database along with a timestamp of when they were received (step  22 ). These measurements and values are received from different RRM functions such as call admission control, handover control, power control and radio link maintenance. Regardless of whether they are actual system measurements or predictive values (such as, for example, in the case of the call admission control function which predicts the system impact upon acceptance of a new call), they are stored in a database. The RNC maintains the database of both the measurements and values and when they were stored. 
     Each time the RNC receives a measurement or value, it stores it in the database along with a timestamp corresponding to the time at which it is received. By doing so, the RNC can subsequently determine if measurements or values are available (i.e., stored in the database) and if so, if they are valid with respect to their age (i.e., their age is less than a certain age threshold). 
     If an RRM measurement request has not been received as determined at step  30 , no further action is taken other than to continue to receive and store actual measurements and predictive values at step  22 . If a request for an RRM measurement has been received as determined at step  30 , the RNC reviews the database for the requested RRM measurement to determine whether the requested RRM measurement is available. Measurements may be unavailable (i.e., they are not stored in the database) either because no measurement report was sent or the measurement report was corrupted over the air interface. If actual system measurements are not available as determined at step  34 , a determination is made as to whether predictive values are available (step  36 ). 
     The predictive values (M PREDICTED ) are determined as follows. When certain RRM functions perform an action, they can predict what certain system measurements, (such as interference or power), will be once the action is performed. For example, one RRM function is the Call Admission Control (CAC) algorithm. The CAC algorithm predicts what the interference and power will become once a call is added. If the predicted levels are acceptable, then the call is added; if the predicted levels are unacceptable, then the call is denied. In accordance with the present invention, these predicted interference and power values (along with other types of predicted values) are then stored and used as predicted values for interference and power. Since the prediction of RRM values is well known in the prior art for many different types of RRM functions, and the particular prediction method is not central to the present invention, it will not be described in detail hereinafter. 
     If predictive values are available, the predictive values are used (step  38 ), and if not, a default value is used (step  40 ). 
     A default value is a predetermined value which is established by historical conditions and or a series of measurements or evaluations. In essence, a default value is a predetermined value which is pre-stored and retrieved when desired. The default value is typically chosen such that RRM functions behave in a conservative way. 
     If actual system measurements are available as determined at step  34 , then it is determined whether the actual system measurements are valid (step  42 ). As aforementioned, with respect to the validity of actual system measurements, these measurements may be invalid because they are too old, or may be invalid because the system is in a transient phase and hence, the measurements do not accurately represent the state of the system. 
     With respect to the age of a measurement, when a measurement report is received in the RNC database, it is assigned a timestamp. The timestamp corresponds to the time at which the measurement report was received. When the measurement is retrieved from memory, its timestamp is read. If the timestamp indicates that the measurement is older than a certain measurement age threshold (e.g., one second), then the measurement is deemed invalid. 
     With respect to the invalidity of a measurement because it is taken when the system is in a transient period, as aforementioned, each RRM function is associated with one or more RRM measurements. Each time an RRM function performs an action on the system, it determines the time at which the action was taken. This time corresponds to the start of the “transient period.” The transition period lasts for a certain duration, after which point the system is considered stable again. The duration of the transient period depends on the type of action that was performed by the RRM function. The duration of the transient period is a design parameter. 
     If a particular RRM measurement is taken during the transient period of the RRM function, it is deemed to be invalid. This can be determined in several ways. In a first alternative, associated with each RRM measurement stored in the database is an indication of whether or not the RRM measurement was taken during the transient period. Although these measurements are stored, they will be deemed invalid. 
     In a second alternative, a timestamp for the beginning of each RRM transient is stored separately. When an RRM measurement is retrieved from the database, its timestamp may be compared to the timestamp of the transient period. If the timestamp of the retrieved RRM measurement is within the transient period (i.e., the timestamp of the beginning of the RRM transient plus the duration of the transient), the retrieved RRM measurement is determined to be invalid. 
     In a third alternative, actual measurements may be declared invalid by simply determining if a predicted measurement is in the database and if so, determining its timestamp. This alternative assumes that the transient period begins exactly when predicted measurements are written to the database. These alternatives are intended to be illustrative, not limiting, as there are many different ways that such a determination of invalidity may be effected. 
     The system determines the validity of an actual measurement in view of both age of the actual measurement and the stability of the system. If the actual measurement is valid as determined at step  42 , then the actual measurement is used (step  44 ). 
     If the actual measurement is deemed not valid at step  42 , a determination is made as to whether a predictive value is available (step  46 ). If a predictive value is available as determined at step  46 , the actual measurement is combined with the predictive value (step  48 ). 
     The combination of actual measurements and predictive values as performed at step  48  will now be described. Although those of skill in the art realize that they are many different ways to combine the values, in one preferred embodiment, the present invention uses a combination of actual measurements (M ACTUAL ) and predicted values (M PREDICTED ) as follows:
 
 M ( t )=α( t )· M   PREDICTED +(1−α( t ))· M   ACTUAL ;  Equation (1)
 
where α(t) is a time-varying weighting function and t represent the amount for time elapsed since the initiation of the transient period (i.e., transient period starts at t=0). M(t) represents the combined measurement at time t which is provided to the RRM function. Typically, α is a monotonically decreasing function between one (1) and zero (0). Preferably α should equal 1 at t=0, immediately following the beginning of the transient period and α should equal 0 at the end of the transient period, once actual measurements are considered stable.
 
     Example α weighting functions are shown in  FIGS. 2A and 2B  for a transient phase of 1 second duration. In  FIG. 2A , the variation over time is a substantially straight line function, whereas in  FIG. 2B  the variation over time results in α initially diminishing at a slow rate, followed by a rapidly diminishing rate. This may be approximated by an exponential or geometric change, depending on the nature of α. 
     It is possible that succeeding actions take place during the transient period (i.e., before α has reached zero). When a subsequent action is taken by an RRM function, the system enters a “new” transient period. Since certain RRM functions typically predict what αvalue would be following an action that is taken at time t 1 , the predicted value is based on M (t 1 ). In this case, M PREDICTED  is made based on M (t 1 ), where t 1  is the time when the succeeding action is triggered. 
     Furthermore, t is reset to zero at the completion of the succeeding action (i.e., a new transient period is started). If a new transient period is started, any subsequent RRM function that acts at t 2  would use t 1  as the beginning of the transient phase. As a result, t in Equation 1 would be t=t 2 −t 1 . 
     Referring back to  FIG. 1 , if it has been determined that the actual measurement is not valid as determined at step  42  and predictive values are not available as determined at step  46 , then the RNC may implement one of the following four options (step  50 ): (1) use a default value as in step  40 ; (2) combine the actual measurement with a default value; (3) add a margin to the actual measurement; or (4) declare the resources at issue to be unavailable. 
     With respect to the first option, use of the default value, this was explained with reference to step  40 . 
     With respect to the second option, combining the actual measurement and a default value, the RNC combines these in different ways depending upon the reason why the measurement is invalid. If the measurement is invalid because the latest actual measurement in the database is too old, then an equation similar to Equation 1 can be used:
 
 M ( t )=α( t )· M   ACTUAL +(1−α( t ))· M   DEFAULT   Equation (2)
 
     In Equation 2, the time-decaying α term is applied to M ACTUAL  and t is the elapsed time since the measurement was stored in the database. Preferably this α function differs from the one used in Equation 1 in that it is chosen to decay much more slowly. 
     If the actual measurement is declared invalid because the system is in a transient state, but fresh actual measurements are available, a weighted combination of the actual measurement and the default value is used:
 
 M=A·M   ACTUAL   +B·M   DEFAULT ;  Equation (3)
 
where A+B=1 and the weighting factors A and B are configurable parameters that are optimized based on simulations or observations of the system. Note that different measurements could have different weighting factors.
 
     With respect to the third option of adding a margin to the actual measurement, preferably a time-varying error margin is added to the actual measurement, as described by:
 
 M=M   ACTUAL ±MARGIN;  Equation (4)
 
where MARGIN is a time-varying margin which is large at time zero, immediately following the initiation of the transient period, and monotonically decreases toward zero as the transient period ends. As is the case with Equation (1), Equation (4) is executed when the actual measurements are available, but are deemed not to be valid due to a transient period or an expired timestamp. Note that this option is only valid in the case where measurements or metrics monotonically increase or decrease towards the converged value. In the case where measurements or metrics oscillate around the converged value, this option is not optimum.
 
     This option has the advantage that predictive measurements need not be presumed to exist during the transient period. It is further possible to execute Equation (1) when predictive measurements are available and execute Equation (4) when MARGIN is considered the best “prediction.” 
     With respect to the last option of step  50  regarding declaring resources to be unavailable, if it has been determined that actual measurements, predictive values, adding a margin to an actual measurement or a combination of any of these options is undesirable, the system may simply decline to send an RRM measurement and those resources for which the RRM measurement was requested will be deemed by the assistant to be unavailable. Accordingly, those resources will not be used. 
     The result of the determination as to whether to use the actual value at step  44 , a predictive value at step  38 , a default value at step  40 , a combined actual measurement with a predictive value at step  48 , or one of the options in step  50 , is then used to provide the requested RRM measurement. 
     To facilitate the management of measurements, a centralized measurement control unit is utilized at the RNC. The centralized measurement control unit implements the following functions: (1) storing received measurements within a central structure; and (2) measurement processing, including measurement filtering, tracking measurement age, and validity (e.g., assigning timestamp upon reception, and age threshold comparison) and selecting between or combining predicted values and actual measurements. 
     A centralized measurement control unit  80  made in accordance with the present invention is shown in  FIG. 3 . The measurement control unit  80  includes a measurement setup unit  81 , a measurement reception and storing unit  82 , a measurement processing unit  83  and a measurement output unit  84 . 
     The measurement setup unit  81  implements the measurement setup procedures with respect to the WTRU and the Node B. It is responsible for the setup and configuration of measurements. More specifically, it communicates with the Node B and the WTRU RRC layers to setup, modify, and end measurements, giving all measurement configuration details (e.g., averaging period, reporting criterion/period). 
     The measurement reception and storing unit  82  stores the actual and predicted WTRU and Node B measurements in an organized structure. This includes assigning timestamp information upon reception of a measurement in order to track the age of the measurement. 
     The measurement processing unit  83  filters received measurements, verifies measurement validity and/or availability and combining actual measurements, predicted values and default as appropriate. The measurement processing unit  83  is responsible for all of the measurement processing that is described in the present invention. 
     The measurement output unit  84  provides proper measurements to RRM functions upon request (i.e., providing actual measurements when valid, predicted measurements when unavailable or invalid or a combination of actual measurements, predicted values and default values, such as are illustrated in  FIG. 1  at steps  38 ,  40 ,  44 ,  48 , and  50 ). Moreover, this measurement output unit  84  can optionally be responsible for triggering RRM functions when measurements exceed a predetermined threshold.