Abstract:
Various aspects of the technology are directed to integrated circuit manufacturing methods and integrated circuits. In one method, a first charge type buried layer in a semiconductor material of an integrated circuit by implanting first charge type dopants of the first charge type buried layer through a sacrificial oxide over the semiconductor material and through an intermediate region of the semiconductor material transited by the implanted first charge type dopants. When the implanted dopants pass through the sacrificial oxide, damage to the semiconductor crystalline lattice is averted. If the sacrificial oxide were absent, the implanted dopants would have passed through and damaged the semiconductor crystalline lattice instead. Later, a pre-anneal oxide is grown and removed.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/549,869, filed 28 Aug. 2009 entitled Buried Layer of An Integrated Circuit, which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The described technology relates to forming a n-type or p-type buried layer with few defects in an integrated circuit. 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     Implantation of dopants is a more accurate alternative to diffusion. Unfortunately, as the energetic dopants penetrate the substrate material damage to the crystalline structure results. Collisions with the nuclei of the substrate material knock the substrate nuclei out of the crystalline lattice, resulting in crystalline defects. Accordingly, the use of implantation technology is a tradeoff of more precise doping in exchange for damage to the semiconductor crystal structure. 
     SUMMARY 
     The described technology reduces the downside of implantation by disposing of an amount of the crystal lattice which was damaged during implantation. 
     One aspect of the technology is an integrated circuit manufacturing method, comprising:
         making a first charge type buried layer in a semiconductor material of an integrated circuit by implanting first charge type dopants of the first charge type buried layer through a sacrificial oxide over the semiconductor material and through an intermediate region of the semiconductor material transited by the implanted first charge type dopants. When the implanted dopants pass through the sacrificial oxide, damage to the semiconductor crystalline lattice is averted. If the sacrificial oxide were absent, the implanted dopants would have passed through and damaged the semiconductor crystalline lattice instead.   removing the sacrificial oxide transited by the implanted first charge type dopants. The sacrificial oxide has served its purpose of absorbing damage from transiting implanted dopants. The damage would otherwise have occurred in the semiconductor crystalline lattice.   after removing the sacrificial oxide, growing a pre-anneal oxide consuming part of the intermediate region of the semiconductor material transited by the implanted first charge type dopants. When pre-anneal oxide is grown, such as silicon oxide on silicon, part of the silicon substrate is consumed in the chemical reaction. As with the prior sacrificial oxide, this consumed semiconductor material had also been transited by, and damaged by, the implanted dopants. Accordingly, growing the pre-anneal oxide helps to remove semiconductor material with a damaged crystalline lattice.   annealing the first charge type buried layer covered by the pre-anneal oxide. Annealing activates the implanted dopants by helping to move the implanted dopants into appropriate locations of the crystalline lattice.   removing the pre-anneal oxide that consumed part of the intermediate region of the semiconductor material transited by the implanted first charge type dopants. Similar to the sacrificial oxide, removal of the pre-anneal oxide serves the purpose of removing material which occupied space that had been transited by implanted dopants.       

     Accordingly, the technology described above disposes of an amount of the crystal lattice which was damaged during implantation. Various specific embodiments are discussed below. 
     In many embodiments, the first charge type buried layer is an n-type buried layer, and the first charge type dopants are n-type dopants. 
     In many embodiments, the first charge type buried layer is a p-type buried layer, and the first charge type dopants are p-type dopants. In the various specific embodiments discussed herein, in alternative embodiments the n-type buried layer may be changed to a p-type buried layer and the n-type dopants may be changed to p-type dopants. 
     One embodiment adds the following steps:
         after removing the pre-anneal oxide, forming semiconductor material in the integrated circuit over the n-type buried layer.   forming source and drain regions of a field effect device in the semiconductor material in the integrated circuit over the n-type buried layer, the source and drain regions having a channel region between the source and drain regions, such that after manufacturing the integrated circuit, the n-type buried layer has a peak dopant concentration at a vertical depth below the channel region in the integrated circuit and above a p-type substrate of the integrated circuit.       

     In one embodiment, a thickness of the pre-anneal oxide is limited to no more than about 300 angstroms. According to experimental data, a thickness exceeding 400 angstroms will induce defects. 
     In one embodiment, the sacrificial oxide is made with a thickness of between about 50 and 300 angstroms. Below 50 angstroms, it is believed that the sacrificial oxide is too thin to provide a substantial protective effect against implantation damage. Above 300 angstroms, it is believed that the energies required to implant the ions to sufficient depth become impractically high. 
     In one embodiment, annealing the n-type buried layer is performed for at least about 6 hours at least at about 1200 C. The annealing time and temperature affects sheet resistance of the n-type buried layer, but does not change defect amounts. An annealing time of 4 hours has n-type buried layer resistance Rs of 40-44 ohm/sq based on experimental data Annealing temperature as low as 1100 C is not expected to change the defect amount, though n-type buried layer resistance Rs is expected to be higher. 
     The described technology provides performance benefits which are realized in various applications, as follows. 
     One embodiment, adds the following steps:
         after removing the pre-anneal oxide, forming semiconductor material in the integrated circuit over the n-type buried layer.   forming at least a p-type well in the semiconductor material in the integrated circuit over the n-type buried layer. A junction between the p-type well and the n-type buried layer has a breakdown voltage magnitude of at least about 60 volts. This high voltage junction is a benefit of the described technology.   forming source and drain regions of a field effect device, at least one of the source and drain regions formed in the p-type well.       

     One embodiment, adds the following steps:
         after removing the pre-anneal oxide, forming semiconductor material in the integrated circuit over the n-type buried layer; and   forming at least a p-type well in the semiconductor material in the integrated circuit over the n-type buried layer, wherein the n-type buried layer electrically isolates the p-type well from a p-type substrate of the integrated circuit; and   forming source and drain regions of a field effect device, at least one of the source and drain regions formed in the p-type well.       

     One embodiment, adds the following steps:
         after removing the pre-anneal oxide, forming semiconductor material in the integrated circuit over the n-type buried layer; and   forming at least a p-type well in the semiconductor material in the integrated circuit over the n-type buried layer, wherein the n-type buried layer electrically isolates the p-type well from a p-type substrate of the integrated circuit; and   forming source and drain regions of a field effect device, the source and drain regions formed in the p-type well.       

     One embodiment, adds the following steps:
         after removing the pre-anneal oxide, forming semiconductor material in the integrated circuit over the n-type buried layer; and   forming p-type and n-type wells in the semiconductor material in the integrated circuit over the n-type buried layer, wherein the n-type buried layer electrically isolates the p-type well from a p-type substrate of the integrated circuit; and   forming source and drain regions of a field effect device in the p-type and n-type wells.       

     One embodiment, adds the following steps:
         after removing the pre-anneal oxide, forming semiconductor material in the integrated circuit over the n-type buried layer; and   forming p-type wells in the semiconductor material in the integrated circuit over the n-type buried layer, wherein the n-type buried layer electrically isolates the p-type wells from a p-type substrate of the integrated circuit; and   forming source and drain regions of a field effect device in the p-type wells.       

     One embodiment, adds the following steps:
         after removing the pre-anneal oxide, forming semiconductor material in the integrated circuit over the n-type buried layer; and   forming at least an n-type well in the semiconductor material in the integrated circuit over the n-type buried layer; and   forming source and drain regions of a field effect device, at least one of the source and drain regions formed in the n-type well,   wherein the n-type buried layer lowers a resistance of said at least one of the source and drain regions formed in the n-type well.       

     In one embodiment, the n-type buried layer is part of a super-steep retrograde well. 
     In one embodiment, the n-type dopants are antimony. 
     In one embodiment, the dopants are implanted with an energy of at least 100 keV. In one embodiment, the dopants are implanted with a dose of less than 5×10 15  cm −2 . 
     In one embodiment, the n-type buried layer corresponds to a maximum defect density of 5 defects per area of a 6 inch wafer. In one embodiment, the n-type buried layer has a sheet resistance of less than 40 ohms per square. 
     One embodiment, adds the following steps:
         after removing the pre-anneal oxide, forming semiconductor material in the integrated circuit over the n-type buried layer; and   forming a bipolar junction device in the semiconductor material in the integrated circuit, such that the n-type buried layer is a buried collector of the bipolar junction transistor above a p-type substrate of the integrated circuit.       

     One embodiment, adds the following steps:
         after removing the pre-anneal oxide, forming epitaxial semiconductor material in the integrated circuit over the n-type buried layer.       

     Another aspect of the technology is an integrated circuit, comprising the following:
         a second charge type substrate;   a first charge type buried layer over the second charge type substrate;   an epitaxial layer above the first charge type buried layer, including at least a:
           a second charge type, wherein a junction between the second charge type well and the first charge type buried layer has a breakdown voltage magnitude of at least 60 volts.   
               

     In many embodiments, the first charge type buried layer is an n-type buried layer, the second charge type substrate is a p-type substrate, the second charge type well is a p-type well 
     In many embodiments, the first charge type buried layer is a p-type buried layer, the second charge type substrate is an n-type substrate, the second charge type well is an n-type well. In the various specific embodiments discussed herein, in alternative embodiments the n-type buried layer may be changed to a p-type buried layer, the p-type substrate may be changed to an n-type substrate, and the p-type well may be changed to an n-type well. 
     One embodiment, includes source and drain regions of a field effect transistor, at least one of the source and drain regions in the p-type well. Another embodiment further includes collector, base and emitter regions of a bipolar junction transistor, wherein the n-type buried layer is adjacent to the collector region. 
     Another aspect of the technology is an integrated circuit manufacturing method, comprising the following steps:
         providing a second charge type substrate;   making a first charge type buried layer over the second charge type substrate;   making an epitaxial layer above the first charge type buried layer;   making a second charge type well in the epitaxial layer, wherein a junction between the second charge type well and the first charge type buried layer has a breakdown voltage magnitude of at least 60 volts.       

    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIGS. 1-8  show a process flow of making an n-type buried layer on a p-type substrate. 
         FIG. 1  shows a p-type substrate on which the n-type buried layer is grown. 
         FIG. 2  shows the formation of a sacrificial oxide on the p-type substrate. 
         FIG. 3  shows the implantation of an n-type buried layer through the sacrificial oxide on the p-type substrate. 
         FIG. 4  shows the removal of the sacrificial oxide. 
         FIG. 5  shows the formation of a pre-anneal oxide over the n-type buried layer. 
         FIG. 6  shows the annealing of the n-type buried layer covered by the pre-anneal oxide. 
         FIG. 7  shows the removal of the pre-anneal oxide. 
         FIG. 8  shows the formation of epitaxial semiconductor material over the n-type buried layer. 
         FIGS. 9-12  show example end devices with an n-type buried layer. 
         FIG. 9  shows a high voltage PMOS FET with an n-type buried layer. 
         FIG. 10  shows a high voltage NMOS FET with an n-type buried layer. 
         FIG. 11  shows an NMOS FET with an n-type buried layer. 
         FIG. 12  shows a BJT with an n-type buried layer. 
         FIGS. 13-19  show a process flow of making an n-type buried layer in an n-type well. 
         FIG. 13  shows an n-type well in which the n-type buried layer is grown. 
         FIG. 14  shows the formation of a sacrificial oxide on the n-type well. 
         FIG. 15  shows the implantation of an n-type buried layer through the sacrificial oxide in the n-type well. 
         FIG. 16  shows the removal of the sacrificial oxide. 
         FIG. 17  shows the formation of a pre-anneal oxide over the n-type buried layer. 
         FIG. 18  shows the annealing of the n-type buried layer covered by the pre-anneal oxide. 
         FIG. 19  shows the removal of the pre-anneal oxide. 
         FIG. 20  shows an integrated circuit with circuitry improved by the n-type buried layer as described herein. 
         FIG. 21  shows experimental data of the n-type buried layer as described herein. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     An n-type buried layer in a p-type substrate generally isolates the p-type substrate from the p-type well. An n-type buried layer in a p-type substrate also reduces resistance of an n-well in a p-type substrate. 
     A p-type buried layer in an n-type substrate generally isolates the n-type substrate from the n-type well. A p-type buried layer in an n-type substrate also reduces resistance of a p-well in an n-type substrate. 
       FIGS. 1-8  show a process flow of making an n-type buried layer on a p-type substrate. 
       FIG. 1  shows a p-type substrate  104  on which the n-type buried layer is grown. A p-type epitaxial layer over a substrate is also considered a type of p-type substrate. 
       FIG. 2  shows the formation of a sacrificial oxide  206  on the p-type substrate  204 . 
     The sacrificial oxide is made with a thickness of between about 50 and 300 angstroms. Below 50 angstroms, it is believed that the sacrificial oxide is too thin to provide a substantial protective effect against implantation damage. Above 300 angstroms, it is believed that the energies required to implant the ions to sufficient depth become impractically high. These thicknesses are based on extrapolation from experimental data gathered from a sacrificial oxide having a thickness of 200 angstroms. The thickness is a compromise, because a thicker sacrificial oxide will absorb more damage caused by the implantation, but require larger implantation energies. Larger implantation energies in turn tend to cause damage to the semiconductor lattice. 
       FIG. 3  shows the implantation of an n-type buried layer  308  through the sacrificial oxide  306  on the p-type substrate  304 . 
     The implanted dopant is preferably Sb. Alternatively, As or P can be implanted. However, lower atomic number/weight dopants tend to diffuse and spread too much in subsequent steps with heat. 
     A sample implant dose is less than 5×10 15  cm −2 . Larger doses tend to cause excessive damage, even with the described technology. A sample implantation energy is 100 keV, which is a deep implant energy. A sample deep implant depth is 380 angstroms, versus a shallow implant depth such as at 150 angstroms. The described technology has the unexpected result of being effective despite the relatively deep implant depths, and the relatively large volume of damaged semiconductor lattice left in the wake of the implanted dopants. 
       FIG. 4  shows the removal of the sacrificial oxide. 
     Various etch techniques can be applied, such as a wet etch. 
       FIG. 5  shows the formation of a pre-anneal oxide  510  over the n-type buried layer  508 . A typical pre-anneal oxide temperature is 920 C for easier control of the oxide thickness. Other embodiments have a pre-anneal oxide temperature in the range of 920 C+/−100 C. 
     When pre-anneal oxide—also called pre-oxidation oxide—is grown, such as silicon oxide on silicon, part of the silicon substrate is consumed in the chemical reaction. As with the prior sacrificial oxide, this consumed semiconductor material had also been transited by, and damaged by, the implanted dopants. Accordingly, growing the pre-anneal oxide helps to remove semiconductor material with a damaged crystalline lattice. 
       FIG. 6  shows the annealing of the n-type buried layer covered by the pre-anneal oxide  610 , showing the resulting expansion of the n-type buried layer  608 . 
     Annealing the n-type buried layer is performed for at least about 6 hours at least at about 1200 C. These annealing conditions result in a sheet resistance of less than 40 ohms per square. 
       FIG. 7  shows the removal of the pre-anneal oxide. 
     Various etch techniques can be applied, such as a wet etch. 
       FIG. 8  shows the formation of epitaxial semiconductor material  812  over the n-type buried layer  808 . 
       FIGS. 9-12  show example end devices with an n-type buried layer. 
       FIG. 9  shows a high voltage PMOS FET with an n-type buried layer. 
     The FET is formed over the n-type buried layer  908  over the p-type substrate  904 . The p+/p− source  940  and p+/p− drain  950  are formed in respective p-wells  920 . These p-wells  920  are separated by an n-well  930 . The gate  960  is formed over this n-well  930 . 
     The n-type buried layer  908  electrically isolates the p-wells  920  from the p-type substrate  904 . The n-type buried layer  908  also electrically isolates the p+/p− source  940  and p+/p− drain  950  from the p-type substrate  904 . 
       FIG. 10  shows a high voltage NMOS FET with an n-type buried layer. 
     The FET is formed over the n-type buried layer  1008  over the p-type substrate  1004 . The n+/n− source  1040 , adjacent to a p+/p− area, is formed in a p-well  1020 . The n+/n− drain  1050  is formed in an n-well  1020 . The gate  1060  is formed over part of the p-well  1020 , which physically separates the source  1040  from the n-well  1020  of the drain  1050 . 
     The n-type buried layer  1008  electrically isolates the p-well  1020  from the p-type substrate  1004 , with corresponding improvement in body effect control and bulk side potential control. The n-type buried layer  1008  under the n-well  1030  also improves the drain side resistance, with an estimated improve specific on resistance Ronsp of 10%. 
       FIG. 11  shows an NMOS FET with an n-type buried layer. 
     The FET is formed over the n-type buried layer  1108  over the p-type substrate  1104 . The n+/n− source  1140  and n+/n− drain  1150  are formed in a p-well  1120 . The gate  1160  is formed over part of the p-well  1120 , which physically separates the source  1140  from the drain  1150 . 
     The n-type buried layer  1108  electrically isolates the p-well  1120  from the p-type substrate  1104 , with corresponding improvement in body effect control and bulk side potential control. 
       FIG. 12  shows a BJT with an n-type buried layer. 
     The BJT is formed over the n-type buried layer  1208  over the p-type substrate  1204 . The n+/n− emitter  1270  is formed in a p-well  1220 . The collector  1290  is an n+/n− region in an n-well  1230 . The base  180  is a p+/p− contact in the p-well  1220 , such that the p+/p− contact is in physically in between the n+/n− emitter  1270  and the n+/n− contact of the collector  1290 . 
     The n-type buried layer  1208  electrically isolates the p-well  1220  from the p-type substrate  1204 . The n-type buried layer  1208  is physically and electrically connected to the n-well  1230  of the collector  1290 , and thereby decreases the collector resistance. 
       FIGS. 13-19  show a process flow of making an n-type buried layer in an n-type well. This technology is useful for forming a SSR, super-steep retrograde, doping profile. The SSR profile helps to prevent the source and drain depletion regions from merging, and is placed sufficiently below the channel to avoid harming the carrier mobility of the channel. 
       FIG. 13  shows an n-type well  1304  in which the n-type buried layer is grown. 
       FIG. 14  shows the formation of a sacrificial oxide  1406  on the n-type well  1404 . 
       FIG. 15  shows the implantation of an n-type buried layer  1508  through the sacrificial oxide  1506  in the n-type well  1504 . 
       FIG. 16  shows the removal of the sacrificial oxide. 
       FIG. 17  shows the formation of a pre-anneal oxide  1710  over the n-type buried layer  1708 . 
       FIG. 18  shows the annealing of the n-type buried layer covered by the pre-anneal oxide  1810 , showing the resulting expansion of the n-type buried layer  1808 . 
       FIG. 19  shows the removal of the pre-anneal oxide. 
       FIG. 20  shows an integrated circuit  2050  with circuitry improved by the n-type buried layer  2008  as described herein. 
       FIG. 21  shows experimental data of the n-type buried layer as described herein. Shown is the n-type buried layer drive-in recipe versus n-type buried layer sheet resistance Rs, all with an Sb implantation dose of 10 15  cm −2 . 
     Drive-in recipe 20A6 corresponds to a pre-anneal oxide thickness of 200 angstroms and an anneal time of 6 hours. Drive-in recipe 20A10 corresponds to a pre-anneal oxide thickness of 200 angstroms and an anneal time of 10 hours. Drive-in recipe 30A10 corresponds to a pre-anneal oxide thickness of 300 angstroms and an anneal time of 10 hours. Drive-in recipe 40A6 corresponds to a pre-anneal oxide thickness of 400 angstroms and an anneal time of 6 hours. Drive-in recipe 40A10 corresponds to a pre-anneal oxide thickness of 400 angstroms and an anneal time of 10 hours. Drive-in recipe 47A10 corresponds to a pre-anneal oxide thickness of 470 angstroms and an anneal time of 10 hours. 
     In the graph legend, C/W THK indicates thickness of control wafers without any implantation. 
     To determine whether the samples were defect free or had stacking fault defects, two methods were used, review with an optical microscope with Nomarski function, and checking with a surface inspection machine. 
       FIG. 21  shows that a pre-anneal oxidation thickness &lt;=300 angstroms produces defect a free n-type buried layer. An n-type buried layer drive-in time &gt;=6 hours makes resistance Rs&lt;40 ohm/sq of the n-type buried layer. A Sb implant dosage of 10 15  cm −2  and suitable drive-in recipe produces a defect free n-type buried layer resistance Rs&lt;40 ohm/sq. 
     While the present invention is disclosed by reference to the preferred embodiments and examples detailed above, it is to be understood that these examples are intended in an illustrative rather than in a limiting sense. It is contemplated that modifications and combinations will readily occur to those skilled in the art, which modifications and combinations will be within the spirit of the invention and the scope of the following claims.