Abstract:
A material and article holding rack includes two levels wherein the top tier thereof can be moved to accommodate an object. An extension platform is included so articles are easily moved onto the top tier.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention relates to the general art of material and article handling, and to the particular field of material and article handlers with a pivotable load receiving portion. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   Many homeowners have several pieces of equipment that must be stored in a storage space. This equipment includes lawn mowers, snowblowers, snowmobiles, and the like. This equipment is generally stored in a garage or a storage shed. However, with the proliferation of equipment, storage space becomes a premium. Shelves help, but do not solve the problem of storing large equipment, such as lawnmowers or the like. 
   Therefore, there is a need for a material and article handling rack that can be used to store equipment such as lawnmowers and the like. 
   Still further, moving heavy equipment such as a snowmobile may be cumbersome and difficult. Thus, even if there is room for storing such equipment, it may be difficult to maneuver the equipment into the storage space. This problem may be so acute that the storage space that is available may not be used in some instances. This problem may be especially acute if heavy equipment must be moved up a steep ramp onto the storage rack. 
   Therefore, there is a need for a material and article handling rack that can be used to store equipment such as lawnmowers and the like yet which is easily accessible for the stored equipment. 
   Sometimes, a single storage rack may be used for equipment of different sizes. In such a case, the storage rack must be re-configured to accommodate the equipment. Some presently known storage racks are not easily re-configured to accommodate a wide variety of equipment and thus may not be as versatile as possible. This may require a user to own several storage racks, which can be a costly and space consuming proposition. 
   Therefore, there is a need for a material and article handling rack that can be used to store equipment such as lawnmowers and the like yet which is easily re-configured as required. 
   There are racks and the like known in the art; however, these racks are not amenable to easy movement of a vehicle or other heavy object onto a top tier of the rack. 
   Therefore, there is a need for a material and article handling rack that can be used to store equipment such as lawnmowers and the like and which is amenable to accommodating a heavy object on a top tier of the rack. 
   PRINCIPAL OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
   It is a main object of the present invention to provide a material and article handling rack that can be used to store equipment such as lawnmowers and the like. 
   It is another object of the present invention to provide a material and article handling rack that can be used to store equipment such as lawnmowers and the like yet which is easily accessible for the stored equipment. 
   It is another object of the present invention to provide a material and article handling rack that can be used to store equipment such as lawnmowers and the like yet which is easily re-configured as required. 
   It is another object of the present invention to provide a material and article handling rack that can be used to store equipment such as lawnmowers and the like and which is amenable to accommodating a heavy object on a top tier of the rack. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   These, and other, objects are achieved by a material and article holding rack which includes a top tier shelf that is longer than the frame unit of the rack and which can be pivoted from a tilted orientation to a level orientation using a winch. An extension platform is fixed to the top tier rack to further lessen the grade which must be traversed in order to place an object on the top tier rack. A bottom shelf fits snugly on the frame. 
   The material and article holding rack embodying the present invention thus can be modified and customized to accommodate the objects being stored and these objects are easily moved onto the top tier of the rack. The rack is easily configured to accommodate the objects being stored. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES 
       FIG. 1  is a perspective view of a material and article holding rack embodying the present invention. 
       FIG. 2  is a rear end elevational view of the material and article holding rack shown in  FIG. 1 . 
       FIG. 3  is a perspective view of an extension platform that is used to assist movement of objects onto a top tier of the material and article holder rack shown in  FIG. 1 . 
       FIG. 4  is a side perspective view of a material and article holding rack with an extension platform in place. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
   Other objects, features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from a consideration of the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings. 
   Referring to the Figures, it can be understood that the present invention is embodied in a material and article holding rack  10  which is used to store objects such as lawnmowers, snowmobiles and the like. Rack  10  includes a frame unit  12  which can be formed of steel or the like. Frame unit  12  includes a first post  14  which is a first front end post when the frame unit  12  is in a use orientation as shown in  FIGS. 1 and 4 . First post  14  includes a first end  16  which is a bottom end when the frame unit  12  is in the use orientation, a second end  18  which is a top end when the frame unit  12  is in the use orientation, and a longitudinal axis  20  which extends between the first end  14  of the first post  14  and the second end  18  of the first post  14 . The first post  14  further includes a first side  22 , a second side  24 , and a width dimension  26  which extends between the first side  22  of the first post  14  and the second side  24  of the first post  14 . The width dimension  26  of the first post  14  extends transverse to the longitudinal axis  20  of the first post  14 . A plurality of first fastener-accommodating holes  30  are defined from the first side  22  of the first post  14  to the second side  24  of the first post  14  in the direction of the width dimension  36  of the first post  14 . The first fastener-accommodating holes  30  of the first post  14  are spaced apart from each other in the direction of the longitudinal axis  20  of the first post  14 . A plurality of second fastener-accommodating holes  32  are defined from the first side  22  of the first post  14  to the second side  24  of the first post  14  in the direction of the width dimension  26  of the first post  14 . The second fastener-accommodating holes  32  of the first post  14  are located adjacent to the first end  16  of the first post  14  and are spaced apart from each other in the direction of the longitudinal axis  20  of the first post  14 . A plurality of third fastener-accommodating holes  36  are defined from the first side  22  of the first post  14  to the second side  24  of the first post  14  in the direction of the width dimension  26  of the first post  14 . The third fastener-accommodating holes  36  of the first post  14  are located adjacent to the second end  18  of the first post  14  and are spaced apart from each other in the direction of the longitudinal axis  20  of the first post  14 . 
   Frame unit  12  further includes a second post  40  which is a second front end post when the frame unit  12  is in the use orientation. The second post  40  includes a first end  42  which is a bottom end when the frame unit  12  is in the use orientation. A second end  44  is a top end when the frame unit  12  is in the use orientation. A longitudinal axis  46  extends between the first end  42  of the second post  40  and the second end  44  of the second post  40 . Post  40  further includes a first side  48 , a second side  50 , and a width dimension  52  which extends between the first side  48  of the second post  40  and the second side  50  of the second post  40 . The width dimension  52  of the second post  40  extends transverse to the longitudinal axis  46  of the second post  40 . A plurality of first fastener-accommodating holes  54  are defined from the first side  48  of the second post  40  to the second side  50  of the second post  40  in the direction of the width dimension  52  of the second post  40 . The first fastener-accommodating holes  54  of the second post  40  are spaced apart from each other in the direction of the longitudinal axis  46  of the second post  40 . A plurality of second fastener-accommodating holes  56  are defined from the first side  48  of the second post  40  to the second side  50  of the second post  40  in the direction of the width dimension  52  of the second post  40 . The second fastener-accommodating holes  56  of the second post  40  are located adjacent to the first end  42  of the second post  40  and are spaced apart from each other in the direction of the longitudinal axis  46  of the second post  40 . A plurality of third fastener-accommodating holes  58  are defined from the first side  48  of the second post  40  to the second side  50  of the second post  40  in the direction of the width dimension  52  of the second post  40 . The third fastener-accommodating holes  58  of the second post  40  are located adjacent to the second end  44  of the second post  40  and are spaced apart from each other in the direction of the longitudinal axis  46  of the second post  40 . 
   Frame unit  12  further includes a third post  60  which is shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2  and which is a first rear end post when the frame unit  12  is in the use orientation. The third post  60  includes a first end  62  which is a bottom end when the frame unit  12  is in the use orientation. A second end  64  is a top end when the frame unit  12  is in the use orientation. A longitudinal axis  66  extends between the first end  62  of the third post  60  and the second end  64  of the third post  60 . The third post  60  also includes a first side  68 , a second side  70 , and a width dimension  72  which extends between the first side  68  of the third post  60  and the second side  70  of the third post  60 . The width dimension  72  of the third post  60  extends transverse to the longitudinal axis  66  of the third post  60 . A plurality of first fastener-accommodating holes  74  are defined from the first side  68  of the third post  60  to the second side  70  of the third post  60  in the direction of the width dimension  72  of the third post  60 . The first fastener-accommodating holes  74  of the third post  60  are spaced apart from each other in the direction of the longitudinal axis  66  of the third post  60 . A plurality of second fastener-accommodating holes  76  are defined from the first side  68  of the third post  60  to the second side  70  of the third post  60  in the direction of the width dimension  72  of the third post  60 , the second fastener-accommodating holes  76  of the third post  60  being located adjacent to the first end  62  of the third post  60  and are spaced apart from each other in the direction of the longitudinal axis  66  of the third post  60 . A plurality of third fastener-accommodating holes  78  are defined from the first side  68  of the third post  60  to the second side  70  of the third post  60  in the direction of the width dimension  72  of the third post  60 . The third fastener-accommodating holes  78  of the third post  60  are located adjacent to the second end  64  of the third post  60  and are spaced apart from each other in the direction of the longitudinal axis  66  of the third post  60 . 
   Frame unit  12  further includes a fourth post  80  which is a second rear end post when the frame unit  12  is in the use orientation. The fourth post  80  includes a first end  82  which is a bottom end when the frame unit  12  is in the use orientation, a second end  84  which is a top end when the frame unit  12  is in the use orientation, and a longitudinal axis  86  which extends between the first end  82  of the fourth post  80  and the second end  84  of the fourth post  80 . The fourth post  80  also includes a first side  88 , a second side  90 , and a width dimension  92  which extends between the first side  88  of the fourth post  80  and the second side  90  of the fourth post  80 . The width dimension  92  of the fourth post  80  extends transverse to the longitudinal axis  86  of the fourth post  80 . A plurality of first fastener-accommodating holes  100  are defined from the first side  88  of the fourth post  80  to the second side  90  of the fourth post  80  in the direction of the width dimension  92  of the fourth post  80 . The first fastener-accommodating holes  100  of the fourth post  80  are spaced apart from each other in the direction of the longitudinal axis  86  of the fourth post  80 . A plurality of second fastener-accommodating holes  102  are defined from the first side  88  of the fourth post  80  to the second side  90  of the fourth post  80  in the direction of the width dimension  92  of the fourth post  80 . The second fastener-accommodating holes  102  of the fourth post  80  are located adjacent to the first end  82  of the fourth post  80  and are spaced apart from each other in the direction of the longitudinal axis  86  of the fourth post  80 . A plurality of third fastener-accommodating holes  106  are defined from the first side  88  of the fourth post  80  to the second side  90  of the fourth post  80  in the direction of the width dimension  92  of the fourth post  80 . The third fastener-accommodating holes  106  of the fourth post  80  are located adjacent to the second end  84  of the fourth post  80  and are spaced apart from each other in the direction of the longitudinal axis  86  of the fourth post  80 . 
   Frame unit  12  further includes a first side beam  110  which is a bottom beam when the frame unit  12  is in the use orientation. The first side beam  110  includes a first end  112  which is located adjacent to the first end  16  of the first post  14 , a second end  114  which is located adjacent to the first end  82  of the fourth post  80 , and a longitudinal axis  116  which extends between the first end  112  of the first side beam  110  and the second end  114  of the first side beam  110 . The first side beam  110  also includes a first surface  117  which is a top surface when the frame unit  12  is in the use orientation, a first side surface  118 , and a second surface  120 . 
   Frame unit  12  further includes a second side beam  130  which is a bottom beam when the frame unit  12  is in the use orientation. The second side beam  130  includes a first end  132  which is located adjacent to the first end  42  of the second post  40 , a second end  134  which is located adjacent to the first end  62  of the third post  60 , and a longitudinal axis which extends between the first end  132  of the second side beam  130  and the second end  134  of the second side beam  130 . Side beam  130  further includes a first surface  136  which is a top surface when the frame unit  12  is in the use orientation, a first side surface  137 , and a second side surface  138 . 
   Frame unit  12  further includes a third side beam  140  which is a top beam when the frame unit  12  is in the use orientation. The third side beam  140  includes a first end  142  which is located adjacent to the second end  18  of the first post  14 , a second end  144  which is located adjacent to the second end  84  of the fourth post  80 , and a longitudinal axis  146  which extends between the first end  142  of the third side beam  140  and the second end  144  of the third side beam  140 . Side beam  140  also includes a first surface  148  which is a top surface when the frame unit  12  is in the use orientation, a first side surface  150 , and a second surface  152 . 
   Frame unit  12  further includes a fourth side beam  160  which is a top beam when the frame unit  12  is in the use orientation. The fourth side beam  160  includes a first end  162  which is located adjacent to the second end  44  of the second post  40 , a second end  164  which is located adjacent to the second end  64  of the third post  60 , and a longitudinal axis  166  which extends between the first end  162  of the fourth side beam  160  and the second end  164  of the fourth side beam  160 . Side beam  160  also includes a first surface  168  which is a top surface when the frame unit  12  is in the use orientation, a first side surface  170 , and a second surface  172 . 
   Frame unit  12  further includes a first cross beam  180  which is a bottom beam when the frame unit  12  is in the use orientation. The first cross beam  180  includes a first end  182  fixed to the first end  16  of the first post  14 , a second end  184  fixed to the first end  42  of the second post  40 , and a longitudinal axis  186  which extends between the first end  182  of the first cross beam  180  and the second end  184  of the first cross beam  180 . Cross beam  180  also includes a first surface  188 . 
   Frame unit  12  further includes a second cross beam  190  which is a top beam when the frame unit  12  is in the use orientation. The second cross beam  190  includes a first end  192  fixed to the second end  18  of the first post  14 , a second end  194  fixed to the second end  44  of the second post  40 , a longitudinal axis  196  which extends between the first end  192  of the second cross beam  190  and the second end  194  of the second cross beam  190 , and a first surface  198 . 
   Frame unit  12  further includes a third cross beam  200  which is a bottom beam when the frame unit  12  is in the use orientation. The third cross beam  200  includes a first end  202  fixed to the first end  82  of the fourth post  80 , a second end  204  fixed to the first end  62  of the third post  60 , a longitudinal axis  206  which extends between the first end  202  of the third cross beam  200  and the second end  204  of the third cross beam  200 , and a first surface  208 . 
   Frame unit  12  further includes a fourth cross beam  210  which is a top beam when the frame unit  12  is in the use orientation. The fourth cross beam  210  includes a first end  212  fixed to the second end  84  of the fourth post  80 , a second end  214  fixed to the second end  64  of the third post  60 , a longitudinal axis  216  which extends between the first end  212  of the fourth cross beam  210  and the second end  214  of the fourth cross beam  210 , and a first surface  218 . 
   Frame unit  12  further includes a support beam  230  which has a first end  232  fixed to the fourth post  80  and a second end  234  fixed to the third post  60 . 
   Frame unit  12  further includes a first fastener plate  240  fixed to the first side surface  118  of the first side beam  110  adjacent to the first end  112  of the first side beam  110 . The first fastener plate  240  includes two fastener-accommodating holes  242  defined there-through. 
   Further fastener plates include: a second fastener plate  244  fixed to the first side surface  150  of the third side beam  140  adjacent to the first end  142  of the third side beam  140 , the second fastener plate  244  including two fastener-accommodating holes  246  defined therethrough; a third fastener plate  248  fixed to the first side surface  137  of the second side beam  130  adjacent to the first end  132  of the second side beam  130 , the third fastener plate  248  including two fastener-accommodating holes  250  defined therethrough; a fourth fastener plate  252  fixed to the first side surface  170  of the fourth side beam  160  adjacent to the first end  162  of the fourth side beam  160 , the fourth fastener plate  252  including two fastener-accommodating holes  254  defined therethrough; a fifth fastener plate  260  fixed to the first side surface  118  of the first side beam  110  adjacent to the second end  184  of the first cross beam, the fifth fastener plate  260  including two fastener-accommodating holes  262  defined therethrough; a sixth fastener plate  266  fixed to the first side surface  150  of the third side beam  140  adjacent to the second end  144  of the third side beam  140 , the sixth fastener plate  266  including two fastener-accommodating holes  268  defined therethrough; a seventh fastener plate  272  fixed to the first side surface  137  of the second side beam  130  adjacent to the second end  134  of the second side beam  130 , the seventh fastener plate  272  including two fastener-accommodating holes  274  defined therethrough; and an eighth fastener plate  280  fixed to the first side surface  170  of the fourth side beam  160  adjacent to the second end  164  of the fourth side beam  160 , the eighth fastener plate  280  including two fastener-accommodating holes  282  defined therethrough. 
   Frame unit  12  further includes two fasteners which extend through each fastener plate. The fasteners include: two fasteners  300  which extend through the fastener-accommodating holes  242  defined through the first fastener plate  240  into the second fastener-accommodating holes  32  of the first post  14  and fixing the first fastener plate  240  to the first post  14 ; two fasteners  302  which extend through the fastener-accommodating holes  246  defined through the second fastener plate  244  into the third fastener-accommodating holes  36  of the first post  14  and fix the second fastener plate  244  to the first post  14 ; two fasteners  304  which extend through the fastener-accommodating holes  250  defined through the third fastener plate  248  into the second fastener-accommodating holes  56  of the second post  40  and fix the third fastener plate  248  to the second post  40 ; two fasteners  306  which extend through the fastener-accommodating holes  254  defined through the fourth fastener plate  252  into the third fastener-accommodating holes  58  of the second post  40  and fix the fourth fastener plate  252  to the second post  40 ; two fasteners  308  which extend through the fastener-accommodating holes  262  defined through the fifth fastener plate  260  into the second fastener-accommodating holes  102  of the fourth post  80  and fix the fifth fastener plate  260  to the fourth post  80 ; two fasteners  310  which extend through the fastener-accommodating holes  268  defined through the sixth fastener plate  266  into the third fastener-accommodating holes  106  of the fourth post  80  and fix the sixth fastener plate  206  to the fourth post  80 ; two fasteners  312  which extend through the fastener-accommodating holes  274  defined through the seventh fastener plate  272  into the second fastener-accommodating holes  76  of the third post  60  and fix the seventh fastener plate  272  to the third post  60 ; and two fasteners  314  which extend through the fastener-accommodating holes  282  defined through the eighth fastener plate  280  into the third fastener-accommodating holes  78  of the third post  60  and fix the eighth fastener plate  280  to the third post  60 . 
   Frame unit  12  has a length dimension  320  which is measured between the first surface  188  of the first cross beam  180  and the first surface  208  of the third cross beam  200  in the direction of the longitudinal axis  116  of the first side beam  110 , and a width dimension  322  measured between the second surface  120  of the first side beam  110  and the second surface  138  of the second side beam  130  in the direction of the longitudinal axis  186  of the first cross beam  180 . 
   A first tier shelf  330  includes a first side edge  332  fixed to the second surface  120  of the first side beam  110 , a second side edge  334  fixed to the second surface  138  of the second side beam  130 , a first end edge  336  fixed to the first surface  188  of the first cross beam  180 , a second end edge  338  fixed to the first surface  208  of the third cross beam  200 , and a first surface  340  which is a top surface when the first tier shelf  330  is in a use orientation as shown in  FIG. 1 . The first tier shelf  330  also includes a width dimension  342  that extends between the first side edge  332  of the first tier shelf  330  and the second side edge  334  of the first tier shelf  330 . The width dimension  342  of the first tier shelf  330  is equal to the width dimension  26  of the frame unit  12  so the first tier shelf  330  is snugly and securely held in place on the frame unit  12 . A length dimension  346  extends between the first end edge  336  of the first tier shelf  330  and the second end edge  338  of the first tier shelf  330 . The length dimension  346  of the first tier shelf  330  is equal to the length dimension of the frame unit  12  so the first tier shelf  330  is securely mounted on the frame unit  12 . 
   A top tier shelf  350  includes a first end edge  352 , a second end edge  354 , a first side edge  356 , a second side edge  358 , and a width dimension  360  which extends between the first side edge  356  of the top tier shelf  350  and the second side edge  358  of the top tier shelf  350 . The width dimension  360  of the top tier shelf  350  is equal to the width dimension  26  of the frame unit  12 . The top tier shelf  350  further includes a length dimension  362  which extends between the first end edge  352  of the top tier shelf  350  and the second end edge  354  of the top tier shelf  350 . The length dimension  362  of the top tier shelf  350  is greater than the length dimension of the frame unit  12 . The extra length permits the top tier  350  to be angled as shown in  FIG. 1  so a heavy object can be easily moved onto the top tier  350 . The top tier shelf  350  further includes a first surface  366  which is a top surface when the top tier shelf  350  is in a use orientation. 
   Fastener-accommodating holes are defined in the top tier shelf  350  and include: a first fastener-accommodating hole  370  defined in the top tier shelf  350  through the first side edge  356  of the top tier shelf  350  adjacent to the second end edge  354  of the top tier shelf  350 ; a second fastener-accommodating hole  372  defined in the top tier shelf  350  through the second side edge  358  of the top tier shelf  350  adjacent to the second end edge  354  of the top tier shelf  350 ; a third fastener-accommodating hole  374  defined in the top tier shelf  350  through the first side edge  356  of the top tier shelf  350  near and spaced apart from the first end edge  352  of the top tier shelf  350 ; and a fourth fastener-accommodating hole  376  defined in the top tier shelf  350  through the second side edge  358  of the top tier shelf  350  near and spaced apart from the first end edge  352  of the top tier shelf  350 . 
   Fasteners are accommodated in the fastener-accommodating holes in the fastener plates and in the top tier shelf  350  to attach the top tier shelf  350  to the frame unit  12  as shown in  FIG. 1 . These fasteners include: a first fastener  380  accommodated through one fastener-accommodating hole of the plurality of first fastener-accommodating holes  100  in the fourth post  80 , with first fastener  380  pivotally attaching the top tier shelf  350  to the fourth post  80 ; a second fastener  382  accommodated through one fastener-accommodating hole of the plurality of first fastener-accommodating holes  74  in the third post  60 , the second fastener  382  pivotally attaching the top tier shelf  350  to the third post  60 ; a third fastener  384  accommodated through one fastener-accommodating hole of the plurality first fastener-accommodating holes  30  in the first post  14 , the third fastener  384  being accommodated in the third fastener-accommodating hole  374  defined in the top tier shelf  350  and attaching the top tier shelf  350  to the first post  14 ; and a fourth fastener  386  accommodated through one fastener-accommodating hole of the plurality of first fastener-accommodating holes  54  in the second post  40 , the fourth fastener  386  being accommodated in the fourth fastener-accommodating hole  376  defined in the top tier shelf  350  and attaching the top tier shelf  350  to the second post  40 . 
   A first support chain  390  has a first end  392  fixed to the first side edge  356  of the top tier shelf  350  and a second end  394 . A second support chain  396  has a first end  398  fixed to the second side edge  358  of the top tier shelf  350  and a second end  400 . 
   A winding winch unit  410  is mounted on the frame unit  12  and is connected to the first support chain  390  and to the second support chain  396 . The winding wench unit  410  is well known to those skilled in the art and thus will not be further described. 
   An extension platform  420  is shown in  FIGS. 3 and 4  and includes a first side edge  422 , a second side edge  424 , a first end edge  426 , a second end edge  428 , and a width dimension  430  measured between the first side edge  422  of the extension platform  420  and the second side edge  424  of the extension platform  420 . The width dimension  430  of the extension platform  420  is equal to the width dimension  360  of the top tier shelf  350 . The extension platform  420  further includes a first surface  432  which is a top surface when the extension platform  420  is in the use orientation as shown in  FIGS. 3 and 4 . 
   The first end edge  426  of the extension platform  420  is fixedly connected to the first end edge  352  of the top tier shelf  350  when the extension platform  420  is in the use orientation as shown in  FIG. 4 . The extension platform  420  permits a heavy object to be gradually moved onto the top tier shelf  350  so the incline up which the object must be pushed is as gradual as possible. 
   A plurality of support wheels include: a first support wheel  450  on the first end  16  of the first post  14  of the frame unit  12 , a second support wheel  452  on the first end  42  of the second post  40  of the frame unit  12 , a third support wheel  454  on the first end  62  of the third post  60  of the frame unit  12 , and a fourth support wheel  456  on the first end  82  of the fourth post  80  of the frame unit  12 . 
   Use of rack  10  will be understood from the foregoing. However, it is noted that the extension platform  420  is used to permit heavy objects to be pushed up a gradual incline onto the top tier shelf  350  thereby making use of rack  10  easy. The top tier shelf  350  is oriented as shown in  FIG. 1  for an object to be loaded thereon, and the winch  410  is operated to move the top tier shelf  350  into a level orientation. Another object can then be loaded onto the bottom shelf  330  and the rack  10  moved on its wheels to a convenient location. 
   It is understood that while certain forms of the present invention have been illustrated and described herein, it is not to be limited to the specific forms or arrangements of parts described and shown.