Abstract:
A thin-film solar cell ( 10 ) is provided. The thin-film solar cell ( 10 ) comprises a flexible metallic substrate ( 12 ) a having a first surface and a second surface. A back metal contact layer ( 16 ) is deposited on the first surface of the flexible metallic substrate ( 12 ). A semiconductor absorber layer ( 14 ) is deposited on the back metal contact. A photoactive film deposited on the semiconductor absorber layer ( 14 ) forms a heterojunction structure and a grid contact ( 24 ) deposited on the heterjunction structure. The flexible metal substrate ( 12 ) can be constructed of either aluminium or stainless steel. Furthermore, a method of constructing a solar cell is provided. The method comprises providing an aluminum substrate ( 12 ), depositing a semiconductor absorber layer ( 14 ) on the aluminum substrate ( 12 ), and insulating the aluminum substrate ( 12 ) from the semiconductor absorber layer ( 14 ) to inhibit reaction between the aluminum substrate ( 12 ) and the semiconductor absorber layer ( 14 ).

Description:
CONTRACTUAL ORIGIN OF THE INVENTION  
       [[0001]]     The United States Government has rights in this invention under Contract No. DE-AC36-99GO10337 between the United States Department of Energy and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, a division of the Midwest Research Institute. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD  
       [0002]     This invention relates generally to a thin-film solar cell and, more particularly, to a thin-film solar cell fabricated on a flexible metallic aluminum or stainless steel substrate with appropriate means for inhibiting reaction between the aluminum substrate and the semiconductor absorber.  
       BACKGROUND ART  
       [0003]     Photovoltaic devices, i.e., solar cells, are capable of converting solar radiation into usable electrical energy. The energy conversion occurs as the result of what is known as the photovoltaic effect. Solar radiation impinging on a solar cell and absorbed by an active region of semiconductor material generates electricity.  
         [0004]     In recent years, technologies relating to thin-film solar cells have been advanced to realize inexpensive and lightweight solar cells and, therefore, thinner solar cells manufactured with less material have been demanded. This is especially true in the space industry with the solar cells powering satellites and other space vehicles.  
         [0005]     The current state of the art in solar cell design is to deposit a photoactive material onto a dense substrate. Typically, the substrate was constructed of glass or a low expansion glass ceramic with densities of approximately 2.2 gms/cc (2200 mg/cc) or higher. Accordingly, the weight of an array or battery of such prior art solar cells is a determining factor in the size of the battery system to be launched into space due to payload weight constraints. Heavy solar cells increase the cost of positioning the satellite into orbit and the operating costs by reducing the payload of the satellite and increasing the launch weight. A lighter weight cell substrate would provide savings in size and weight thereby translating into an increased size for satellite photovoltaic energy systems, which implies higher reliability and accessibility of the satellite throughout its life cycle.  
         [0006]     Accordingly, there exists a need for a thin-film solar cell fabricated on a flexible metallic substrate which is inexpensive to manufacture. Additionally, a need exists for a thin-film solar cell fabricated on a flexible metallic substrate which is lightweight and reliable for use in space vehicles and other applications. Furthermore, there exists a need for a thin-film solar cell fabricated on a flexible metallic substrate wherein the flexible metallic substrate is an aluminum substrate or a stainless steel substrate with appropriate means between the aluminum substrate and the semiconductor absorber for inhibiting reaction between the aluminum substrate and the semiconductor absorber.  
       DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION  
       [0007]     The present invention is a thin-film solar cell comprising a flexible metallic substrate, either aluminum or stainless steel, having a first surface and a second surface. A back metal contact layer is deposited on the first surface of the flexible metallic substrate. A semiconductor absorber layer is deposited on the back metal contact layer. A photoactive film is deposited on the semiconductor absorber layer forming a heterojunction structure. A grid contact is deposited on the heterojunction structure.  
         [0008]     The present invention additionally includes a solar cell for converting solar radiation into usable electrical energy. The solar cell comprises an aluminum substrate and a semiconductor absorber. Means between the aluminum substrate and the semiconductor absorber inhibit reaction between the aluminum substrate and the semiconductor absorber.  
         [0009]     The present invention further includes a method of constructing a solar cell. The method comprises providing an aluminum substrate, depositing a semiconductor absorber layer on the aluminum substrate, and insulating the aluminum substrate from the semiconductor absorber layer to inhibit reaction between the aluminum substrate and the semiconductor absorber layer. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS  
       [0010]     The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and form a part of the specification, illustrate the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and together with the descriptions serve to explain the principles of the invention.  
         [heading-0011]     In the Drawings:  
         [0012]      FIG. 1  is a sectional view of a thin-film solar cell fabricated on a flexible metallic substrate, constructed in accordance with the present invention;  
         [0013]      FIG. 2  is a sectional view of another embodiment of the thin-film solar cell fabricated on a flexible metallic substrate, constructed in accordance with the present invention;  
         [0014]      FIG. 3  is a sectional view of still another embodiment of the thin-film solar cell fabricated on a flexible metallic substrate, constructed in accordance with the present invention;  
         [0015]      FIG. 4  is a sectional view of yet another embodiment of the thin-film solar cell fabricated on a flexible metallic substrate, constructed in accordance with the present invention; and  
         [0016]      FIG. 5  is a sectional view of still yet another embodiment of the thin-film solar cell fabricated on a flexible metallic substrate, constructed in accordance with the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0017]     As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the present invention is a thin-film solar cell, indicated generally at  10 . The thin-film solar  10  cell has a flexible metallic substrate  12  preferably constructed from an Aluminum (Al) material or a stainless steel material and a semiconductor absorber layer  14  deposited on the flexible metallic substrate  12 . The surface of the flexible metallic substrate  12  can be polished (to benefit the film structure of the absorber layer  14  and morphology) or it may be textured (to increase the path length of the reflected light). A chromium adhesion layer, although not always required, can be added to increase adhesion, i.e., a chromium adhesion layer between approximately 100 Å and 400 Å. Furthermore, the flexible metallic substrate  12  can be thin and flexible, i.e., approximately 25 μm to approximately 100 μm, in order that the thin-film solar cell  10  is lightweight, or the flexible metallic substrate  12  can be thick and rigid to improve handling of the thin-film solar cell  10 .  
         [0018]     In an embodiment of the present invention, the semiconductor absorber layer  14  is a deposition of high quality Cu(In, Ga)Se 2  (CIGS) thin films providing the fabrication of a high efficiency thin-film solar cell  10 . Example processes of deposition of the semiconductor absorber layer  14  are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,436,204 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,441,897, which are assigned to the same assignee of the present application and are hereby herein incorporated by reference. It should be noted that the deposition of the CIGS thin film  14  onto the flexible metallic substrate  12  can be by any of a variety of common techniques including, but not limited to, evaporation, sputtering electrodeposition, chemical vapor deposition, etc.  
         [0019]     While the deposition of the CIGS thin film  14  has been demonstrated before on other metal foil substrates such as Titanium and Molybdenum, the fundamental hurdle for the deposition of CIGS thin films  14  onto the Aluminum substrate  12  is that the Aluminum in the Aluminum substrate  12  reacts with the Selenium in the CIGS thin film  14  to form Al 2 Se 3  (an unstable compound in air). Furthermore, at high temperatures, the Aluminum within the Aluminum substrate  12  alloys with the Copper, Indium, and Gallium in the CIGS thin film  14 . With the reaction between the Aluminum and the Copper and the alloy of Aluminum with the Copper, Indium, and Gallium, the Aluminum substrate  12  would be essentially consumed during the deposition of the CIGS thin film  14  on the Aluminum substrate  12 . A requirement for a properly functioning thin-film solar cell  10  is that the substrate be inert to the film deposited on the substrate.  
         [0020]     In order to overcome the consumption of the Aluminum substrate  12  with the CIGS thin film  14  during deposition of the CIGS thin film  14  onto the Aluminum substrate  12 , the inventors of the present application discovered that a layer of suitable back metal contact (i.e., conductive metal layer)  16  can be deposited on one or both surfaces of the Aluminum substrate  12  between the Aluminum substrate  12  and the CIGS thin film  14 . The back metal contact layer  16  protects and isolates the Aluminum substrate  12  from the fluxes of the Selenium in the CIGS thin film  14  during the deposition of the CIGS thin film  14  onto the Aluminum substrate  12 . Preferably, the back metal contact layer  16  is constructed from a Molybdenum (Mo) material. The Molybdenum back metal contact layer  16  preferably has a thickness between approximately 0.1 μm and approximately 1.0 μm although having a Molybdenum back metal contact layer  16  with a thickness less than approximately 0.1 μm and greater than approximately 1.0 μm is within the scope of the present invention. Furthermore, it should be noted that other back metal contact layers  16  besides a Molybdenum back metal contact layer  16  can be used including, but not limited to, a molybdenum/gold combination, nickel, graphite, etc., (all which have been commonly employed in conventional solar cells).  
         [0021]     In addition, as illustrated in  FIG. 2 , when depositing the CIGS thin film  14 , a seed layer  18  of In 2 Se 3  or (In,Ga) 2 Se 3  can be deposited on the Molybdenum back metal contact layer  16  which also adds protection of the Aluminum substrate  12  from the CIGS thin film  14 . The seed layer  18  of In 2 Se 3  is then followed by the CIGS thin film  16  deposition scheme as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,436,204 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,441,897, for instance. While the Molybdenum back metal contact layer  16  is sufficient to protect the Aluminum substrate  12 , the In 2 Se 3  seed layer  18  is an added protection at the start of the CIGS thin film  16  deposition, but will end up reacting with the Copper, Indium, Gallium, and Selenium fluxes during the CIGS thin film  14  growth, and is accounted for in the final CIGS thin film  14  composition.  
         [0022]     It should be noted that while the CIGS thin film  14  deposition scheme as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,436,204 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,441,897 is the preferred deposition of the CIGS thin film  14  onto the Aluminum substrate  12 , any other deposition scheme can also be used after the deposition of the Molybdenum back metal contact layer  16  and the In 2 Se 3  seed layer  18 .  
         [0023]     In a variation of the above-described CIGS thin film  14  deposition scheme, as illustrated in  FIGS. 3, 4 , and  5 , an insulation layer  20  of SiO x  and/or Al 2 O 3  (preferred) can be deposited on the Aluminum substrate  12  followed by the Molybdenum back metal contact layer  16 . The insulation layer  20  serves as an additional protection for the Aluminum substrate  12  with the Molybdenum back contact layer  16 . The primary function, however, of the thin insulation layer  20  is to allow the use of CIGS thin films  14  on the Aluminum substrates  12 , in monolithically integrated modules, based on CIGS solar cells. In this configuration, the Aluminum substrate  12  must be electrically isolated from the Molybdenum back metal contact layer  16  in order to accomplish the monolithic interconnect of individual solar cells into a module. In monolithic interconnect CIGS modules, the Aluminum substrate  12  serves as the substrate and the SiO x  and/or Al 2 O 3  insulation layer  20  serves as an electric isolation between the Aluminum substrate  12  and the Molybdenum back metal contact layer  16 . The Molybdenum back contact metal layer is the back contact and the CIGS thin film  14  is the absorber.  
         [0024]     Therefore, the thin-film solar cell  10  of the present invention can be constructed in at least the following two variations: 
        1. Al/Mo/CIGS/CdS/ZnO. This structure is for a single, stand-alone thin-film solar cell  10 .     2. Al/(Al 2 O 3  and/or SiO x )/Mo/CIGS/CdS/ZnO)). This structure is necessary for monolithic interconnected modules made up of several thin-film solar cells  10  and can be used for the single, stand-alone thin-film solar cell  10 .        
 
         [0027]     In yet another embodiment of the thin-film solar cell  10  of the present invention, the Al 2 O 3  insulation layer  20  can be deposited on the Aluminum substrate  12  by any of a variety of common techniques including, but not limited to, evaporation, sputtering electrodeposition, chemical vapor deposition, etc. In still another embodiment of the thin-film solar cell  10 , the Al 2 O 3  insulation layer  20  can be constructed by anodizing the Aluminum substrate  12 . The anodization essentially converts the surfaces of the Aluminum substrate  12  to Al 2 O 3  by electrolytic means. It should be noted that in this embodiment, the adhesion layer between the Aluminum substrate  12  and alumina, as described above, is not necessary.  
         [0028]     To complete the construction of the thin-film solar cell  10 , the CIGS can be paired with a II-VI film  22  to form a photoactive heterojunction. In an embodiment of the present invention, the II-VI film  22  is constructed from Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) although constructing the II-VI films  22  from other materials including, but not limited to, Cadmium Zinc Sulfide (CdZnS), Zinc Selenide (ZnSe), etc., are within the scope of the present invention.  
         [0029]     A transparent conducting oxide (TCO) layer  23  for collection of current is applied to the II-VI film. Preferably, the transparent conducting oxide layer  23  is constructed from Zinc Oxide (ZnO) although constructing the transparent conducting oxide layer  23  from other materials is within the scope of the present invention.  
         [0030]     A suitable grid contact  24  or other suitable collector is deposited on the upper surface of the TCO layer  23  when forming a stand-alone thin-film solar cell  10 . The grid contact  24  can be formed from various materials but should have high electrical conductivity and form a good ohmic contact with the underlying TCO  23 . In an embodiment of the present invention, the grid contact  24  is constructed from a metal material, although constructing the grid contact  24  from other materials including, but not limited to, aluminum, indium, chromium, or molybdenum, with an additional conductive metal overlayment, such as copper, silver, nickel, etc., is within the scope of the present invention.  
         [0031]     Furthermore, one or more anti-reflective coatings (not shown) can be applied to the grid contact  24  to improve the thin-film solar cell&#39;s  10  collection of incident light. As understood by a person skilled in the art, any suitable anti-reflective coating is within the scope of the present invention.  
         [0032]     The thin-film solar cell  10  is singular in nature and has variable size, ranging from approximately 1-cm 2  to approximately 100-cm 2  or even larger. In order to series connect singular thin-film solar cells  10 , the thin-film solar cells  10  must be separated by cutting or slitting the flexible metallic substrate  12  and then reconnecting the grid contact  24  of one thin-film solar cell  10  to the flexible metallic substrate  12  of another thin-film solar cell  10 . In the monolithic integration, the monolithic integrated scheme can be followed to connect the thin-film solar cells  10 .  
         [0033]     The thin-film solar cell  10  of the present invention provides a great advantage over conventional solar cells. The thin-film solar cell  10  with the flexible metallic substrate  12 , as described herein, is lighter, less space consuming, and less expensive than using glass or other metallic substrates. Lightness and size are especially useful in space applications where these criteria are important factors. Furthermore, the thin-film solar cell  10  of the present invention can be rolled and/or folded, depending on the desires of the user.  
         [0034]     The foregoing exemplary descriptions and the illustrative preferred embodiments of the present invention have been explained in the drawings and described in detail, with varying modifications and alternative embodiments being taught. While the invention has been so shown, described and illustrated, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that equivalent changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention, and that the scope of the present invention is to be limited only to the claims except as precluded by the prior art. Moreover, the invention as disclosed herein, may be suitably practiced in the absence of the specific elements which are disclosed herein.