Abstract:
Methods and marking devices for indicating and/or detecting a color of marking material used in performance of a marking operation to mark the presence or absence of an underground facility are described. Information about the color of the marking material may optionally be logged or stored by a marking device and/or transmitted to an external device.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/235,619, filed on Aug. 20, 2009 under Attorney Docket No. D0687.70049US00, and entitled “MARKING DEVICE WITH MECHANISMS FOR INDICATING AND/OR DETECTING MARKING MATERIAL COLOR,” which application is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Field service operations may be any operation in which companies dispatch technicians and/or other staff to perform certain activities, for example, installations, services and/or repairs. Field service operations may exist in various industries, examples of which include, but are not limited to, network installations, utility installations, security systems, construction, medical equipment, heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) and the like. 
         [0003]    An example of a field service operation in the construction industry is a so-called “locate and marking operation,” also commonly referred to more simply as a “locate operation” (or sometimes merely as “a locate”). In a typical locate operation, a locate technician visits a work site in which there is a plan to disturb the ground (e.g., excavate, dig one or more holes and/or trenches, bore, etc.) so as to determine a presence or an absence of one or more underground facilities (such as various types of utility cables and pipes) in a dig area to be excavated or disturbed at the work site. In some instances, a locate operation may be requested for a “design” project, in which there may be no immediate plan to excavate or otherwise disturb the ground, but nonetheless information about a presence or absence of one or more underground facilities at a work site may be valuable to inform a planning, permitting and/or engineering design phase of a future construction project. 
         [0004]    In many states, an excavator who plans to disturb ground at a work site is required by law to notify any potentially affected underground facility owners prior to undertaking an excavation activity. Advanced notice of excavation activities may be provided by an excavator (or another party) by contacting a “one-call center.” One-call centers typically are operated by a consortium of underground facility owners for the purposes of receiving excavation notices and in turn notifying facility owners and/or their agents of a plan to excavate. As part of an advanced notification, excavators typically provide to the one-call center various information relating to the planned activity, including a location (e.g., address) of the work site and a description of the dig area to be excavated or otherwise disturbed at the work site. 
         [0005]      FIG. 1  illustrates an example in which a locate operation is initiated as a result of an excavator  110  providing an excavation notice to a one-call center  120 . An excavation notice also is commonly referred to as a “locate request,” and may be provided by the excavator to the one-call center via an electronic mail message, information entry via a website maintained by the one-call center, or a telephone conversation between the excavator and a human operator at the one-call center. The locate request may include an address or some other location-related information describing the geographic location of a work site at which the excavation is to be performed, as well as a description of the dig area (e.g., a text description), such as its location relative to certain landmarks and/or its approximate dimensions, within which there is a plan to disturb the ground at the work site. One-call centers similarly may receive locate requests for design projects (for which, as discussed above, there may be no immediate plan to excavate or otherwise disturb the ground). 
         [0006]    Using the information provided in a locate request for planned excavation or design projects, the one-call center identifies certain underground facilities that may be present at the indicated work site. For this purpose, many one-call centers typically maintain a collection of “polygon maps” which indicate, within a given geographic area over which the one-call center has jurisdiction, generally where underground facilities may be found relative to some geographic reference frame or coordinate system. 
         [0007]    Once facilities implicated by the locate request are identified by a one-call center, the one-call center generates a “locate request ticket” (also known as a “locate ticket,” or simply a “ticket”). The locate request ticket essentially constitutes an instruction to inspect a work site and typically identifies the work site of the proposed excavation or design and includes a description of the dig area. The ticket typically lists all of the underground facilities that may be present at the work site (e.g., by providing a member code for the facility owner whose polygon falls within a given buffer zone), and may also include various other information relevant to the proposed excavation or design (e.g., the name of the excavation company, a name of a property owner or party contracting the excavation company to perform the excavation, etc.). The one-call center sends the ticket to one or more underground facility owners  140  and/or one or more locate service providers  130  (who may be acting as contracted agents of the facility owners) so that they can conduct a locate and marking operation to verify a presence or absence of the underground facilities in the dig area. For example, in some instances, a given underground facility owner  140  may operate its own fleet of locate technicians (e.g., locate technician  145 ), in which case the one-call center  120  may send the ticket to the underground facility owner  140 . In other instances, a given facility owner may contract with a locate service provider to receive locate request tickets and perform a locate and marking operation in response to received tickets on their behalf. 
         [0008]    Upon receiving the locate ticket, a locate service provider or a facility owner (hereafter referred to as a “ticket recipient”) may dispatch a locate technician  145  or  150  to the work site of planned excavation to determine a presence or absence of one or more underground facilities in the dig area to be excavated or otherwise disturbed. A typical first step for the locate technician includes utilizing an underground facility “locate device,” which is an instrument or set of instruments (also referred to commonly as a “locate set”) for detecting facilities that are concealed in some manner, such as cables and pipes that are located underground. The locate device is employed by the technician to verify the presence or absence of underground facilities indicated in the locate request ticket as potentially present in the dig area (e.g., via the facility owner member codes listed in the ticket). An underground facility locate device is used to detect electromagnetic fields that are generated by a “test” signal provided along a length of a target facility to be identified. Locate devices typically include both a signal transmitter to provide the test signal (e.g., which is applied by the locate technician to a tracer wire disposed along a length of a facility), and a signal receiver which is generally a hand-held apparatus carried by the locate technician as the technician walks around the dig area to search for underground facilities. The signal receiver indicates a presence of a facility when it detects electromagnetic fields arising from the test signal. Conversely, the absence of a signal detected by the receiver of the locate device generally indicates the absence of the target facility. 
         [0009]    In addition to the locate operation, the locate technician also generally performs a “marking operation,” in which the technician marks the presence (and in some cases the absence) of a given underground facility in the dig area based on the various signals detected (or not detected) during the locate operation. For this purpose, the locate technician conventionally utilizes a “marking device” to dispense a marking material on, for example, the ground, pavement, or other surface along a detected underground facility. Marking material may be any material, substance, compound, and/or element, used or which may be used separately or in combination to mark, signify, and/or indicate. Examples of marking materials may include, but are not limited to, paint, chalk, dye, and/or iron. Marking devices, such as paint marking wands and/or paint marking wheels, provide a convenient method of dispensing marking materials onto surfaces, such as onto the surface of the ground or pavement. 
         [0010]      FIGS. 2A and 2B  illustrate a conventional marking device  50  with a mechanical actuation system to dispense paint as a marker. Generally speaking, the marking device  50  includes a handle  38  at a proximal end of an elongated shaft  36  and resembles a sort of “walking stick,” such that a technician may operate the marking device while standing/walking in an upright or substantially upright position. A marking dispenser holder  40  is coupled to a distal end of the shaft  36  so as to contain and support a marking dispenser  56 , e.g., an aerosol paint can having a spray nozzle  54 . Typically, a marking dispenser in the form of an aerosol paint can is placed into the holder  40  upside down, such that the spray nozzle  54  is proximate to the distal end of the shaft (close to the ground, pavement or other surface on which markers are to be dispensed). 
         [0011]    In  FIGS. 2A and 2B , the mechanical actuation system of the marking device  50  includes an actuator or mechanical trigger  42  proximate to the handle  38  that is actuated/triggered by the technician (e.g., via pulling, depressing or squeezing with fingers/hand). The actuator  42  is connected to a mechanical coupler  52  (e.g., a rod) disposed inside and along a length of the elongated shaft  36 . The coupler  52  is in turn connected to an actuation mechanism  58 , at the distal end of the shaft  36 , which mechanism extends outward from the shaft in the direction of the spray nozzle  54 . Thus, the actuator  42 , the mechanical coupler  52 , and the actuation mechanism  58  constitute the mechanical actuation system of the marking device  50 . 
         [0012]      FIG. 2A  shows the mechanical actuation system of the conventional marking device  50  in the non-actuated state, wherein the actuator  42  is “at rest” (not being pulled) and, as a result, the actuation mechanism  58  is not in contact with the spray nozzle  54 .  FIG. 2B  shows the marking device  50  in the actuated state, wherein the actuator  42  is being actuated (pulled, depressed, squeezed) by the technician. When actuated, the actuator  42  displaces the mechanical coupler  52  and the actuation mechanism  58  such that the actuation mechanism contacts and applies pressure to the spray nozzle  54 , thus causing the spray nozzle to deflect slightly and dispense paint. The mechanical actuation system is spring-loaded so that it automatically returns to the non-actuated state ( FIG. 2A ) when the actuator  42  is released. 
         [0013]    In some environments, arrows, flags, darts, or other types of physical marks may be used to mark the presence or absence of an underground facility in a dig area, in addition to or as an alternative to a material applied to the ground (such as paint, chalk, dye, tape) along the path of a detected utility. The marks resulting from any of a wide variety of materials and/or objects used to indicate a presence or absence of underground facilities generally are referred to as “locate marks.” Often, different color materials and/or physical objects may be used for locate marks, wherein different colors correspond to different utility types. For example, the American Public Works Association (APWA) has established a standardized color-coding system for utility identification for use by public agencies, utilities, contractors and various groups involved in ground excavation (e.g., red=electric power lines and cables; blue=potable water; orange=telecommunication lines; yellow=gas, oil, steam). In some cases, the technician also may provide one or more marks to indicate that no facility was found in the dig area (sometimes referred to as a “clear”). 
         [0014]    As mentioned above, the foregoing activity of identifying and marking a presence or absence of one or more underground facilities generally is referred to for completeness as a “locate and marking operation.” However, in light of common parlance adopted in the construction industry, and/or for the sake of brevity, one or both of the respective locate and marking functions may be referred to in some instances simply as a “locate operation” or a “locate” (i.e., without making any specific reference to the marking function). Accordingly, it should be appreciated that any reference in the relevant arts to the task of a locate technician simply as a “locate operation” or a “locate” does not necessarily exclude the marking portion of the overall process. At the same time, in some contexts a locate operation is identified separately from a marking operation, wherein the former relates more specifically to detection-related activities and the latter relates more specifically to marking-related activities. 
         [0015]    Inaccurate locating and/or marking of underground facilities can result in physical damage to the facilities, property damage, and/or personal injury during the excavation process that, in turn, can expose a facility owner or contractor to significant legal liability. When underground facilities are damaged and/or when property damage or personal injury results from damaging an underground facility during an excavation, the excavator may assert that the facility was not accurately located and/or marked by a locate technician, while the locate contractor who dispatched the technician may in turn assert that the facility was indeed properly located and marked. Proving whether the underground facility was properly located and marked can be difficult after the excavation (or after some damage, e.g., a gas explosion), because in many cases the physical locate marks (e.g., the marking material or other physical marks used to mark the facility on the surface of the dig area) will have been disturbed or destroyed during the excavation process (and/or damage resulting from excavation). 
       SUMMARY 
       [0016]    Applicants have recognized and appreciated that uncertainties which may be attendant to locate and marking operations may be significantly reduced by collecting various information particularly relating to the marking operation, rather than merely focusing on information relating to detection of underground facilities via a locate device. In many instances, excavators arriving to a work site have only physical locate marks on which to rely to indicate a presence or absence of underground facilities, and they are not generally privy to information that may have been collected previously during the locate operation. Accordingly, the integrity and accuracy of the physical locate marks applied during a marking operation arguably is significantly more important in connection with reducing risk of damage and/or injury during excavation than the location of where an underground facility was detected via a locate device during a locate operation. 
         [0017]    More specifically, Applicants have recognized and appreciated that conventional techniques for using a locate device to detect underground facilities are sometimes tentative and typically iterative in nature, and use of locate devices with GPS capabilities may result in redundant, spurious and/or incomplete geographic location data collected by such devices. For example, during a typical locate operation, a technician attempting to locate an underground facility with a locate device often needs to sweep an appreciable area around a suspected underground facility, and make multiple passes with the locate device over the underground facility to obtain meaningful detection signals. Furthermore, the technician often needs to rely significantly on visual observations of the area, including relevant landmarks such as facility connections to buildings, transformer boxes, maintenance/public access points, curbs, sidewalks, roadways, etc., to effectively deduce a sensible path of an underground facility to be located. The foregoing is particularly true if at some point during the locate operation the technician loses a signal from an underground facility in the process of being detected (e.g., due to a broken transmitter circuit path from a damaged tracer wire, and loss of the transmitter test signal). In view of the foregoing, it may be readily appreciated that collecting and logging geographic location information throughout this process may result in excessive and/or imprecise data, or in some instances incomplete relevant data (e.g., in the case of signal loss/broken tracer wire), from which it may be difficult to cull the data that is truly complete and representative of where the underground facility ultimately was detected. 
         [0018]    Furthermore, Applicants have recognized and appreciated that the location at which an underground facility ultimately is detected during a locate operation is not always where the technician physically marks the ground, pavement or other surface during a marking operation; in fact, technician imprecision or negligence, as well as various ground conditions and/or different operating conditions amongst different locate devices, may in some instances result in significant discrepancies between detected location and physical locate marks. Accordingly, having documentation (e.g., an electronic record) of where physical locate marks were actually dispensed (i.e., what an excavator encounters when arriving to a work site) is notably more relevant to the assessment of liability in the event of damage and/or injury than where an underground facility was detected prior to marking. 
         [0019]    Examples of marking devices configured to collect some types of information relating specifically to marking operations are provided in U.S. publication no. 2008-0228294-A1, published Sep. 18, 2008, filed Mar. 13, 2007, and entitled “Marking System and Method With Location and/or Time Tracking,” and U.S. publication no. 2008-0245299-A1, published Oct. 9, 2008, filed Apr. 4, 2007, and entitled “Marking System and Method,” both of which publications are incorporated herein by reference. These publications describe, amongst other things, collecting information relating to the geographic location, time, and/or characteristics (e.g., color/type) of dispensed marking material from a marking device and generating an electronic record based on this collected information. Applicants have recognized and appreciated that collecting information relating to both geographic location and color of dispensed marking material provides for automated correlation of geographic information for a locate mark to facility type (e.g., red=electric power lines and cables; blue=potable water; orange=telecommunication lines; yellow=gas, oil, steam); in contrast, in conventional locate devices equipped with GPS capabilities as discussed above, there is no apparent automated provision for readily linking GPS information for a detected facility to the type of facility detected. Applicants have further appreciated that building a more comprehensive electronic record of information relating to marking operations further facilitates ensuring the accuracy of such operations. 
         [0020]    In view of the foregoing, various inventive embodiments disclosed herein relate generally to marking devices that include mechanisms for indicating, detecting and/or logging marking material information, such as marking material color. The mechanisms may include a marking material selector and/or a sensor to detect the color of a cap of the marking dispenser. 
         [0021]    According to a first aspect of the invention, a marking device is provided to mark the presence or absence of an underground facility in a dig area. The marking device comprises a housing configured to enable dispensing of a marking material onto the ground for marking the presence or absence of an underground facility in a dig area; a marking dispenser holder affixed to the housing to hold a marking dispenser; an actuator to cause dispensing of the marking material from the marking dispenser onto the ground to mark the presence or absence of an underground facility in the dig area; a marking material selector to provide marking material information in response to user selection; a local memory to store the marking material information from the marking material selector; and a processing device configured to control logging of the marking material information in the local memory. 
         [0022]    According to a second aspect of the invention, a method is provided for performing a marking operation for marking the presence or absence of an underground facility in a dig area using a marking device that holds a marking dispenser. The method comprises dispensing a marking material from the marking dispenser onto the ground in the dig area to mark the presence or absence of an underground facility, in response to activation of the marking dispenser; generating marking material information in response to a user selection from a marking material selector; and logging the marking material information in a local memory of the marking device. 
         [0023]    According to a third aspect of the invention, a marking device is provided to mark the presence or absence of an underground facility in a dig area. The marking device comprises a housing configured to enable dispensing of a marking material onto the ground for marking the presence or absence of an underground facility in a dig area; a marking dispenser holder affixed to the housing to hold a marking dispenser; an actuator to cause dispensing of the marking material from the marking dispenser onto the ground to mark the presence or absence of an underground facility in the dig area; a sensor to detect the color of a cap of the marking dispenser and to provide color information based on the detected color; a local memory to store the color information; and a processing device to control logging of the color information in the local memory. 
         [0024]    According to a fourth aspect of the invention, a method is provided for performing a marking operation for marking the presence or absence of an underground facility in a dig area using a marking device that holds a marking dispenser. The method comprises dispensing a marking material from the marking dispenser onto the ground in the dig area to mark the presence or absence of an underground facility, in response to activation of the marking dispenser; detecting the color of the cap of the marking dispenser and providing color information based on the detected color; and logging the color information in a local memory of the marking device. 
         [0025]    According to a fifth aspect a marking device is provided to mark the presence or absence of an underground facility in a dig area. The marking device comprises a housing configured to enable dispensing of a marking material onto the ground for marking the presence or absence of an underground facility in a dig area; a marking dispenser holder affixed to the housing to hold a marking dispenser; an actuator to cause dispensing of the marking material from the marking dispenser onto the ground to mark the presence or absence of an underground facility in the dig area; a marking material selector to provide marking material information in response to user selection; and a communication interface configured to transmit the marking material information from the marking device to an external computing device. 
         [0026]    According to a sixth aspect, a marking device is provided to mark the presence or absence of an underground facility in a dig area. The marking device comprises a housing configured to enable dispensing of a marking material onto the ground for marking the presence or absence of an underground facility in a dig area; a marking dispenser holder affixed to the housing to hold a marking dispenser; an actuator to cause dispensing of the marking material from the marking dispenser onto the ground to mark the presence or absence of an underground facility in the dig area; a sensor to detect the color of a cap of the marking dispenser and to provide color information based on the detected color; and a communication interface configured to transmit the color information from the marking device to an external computing device. 
         [0027]    According to a seventh aspect, a method is provided for performing a marking operation for marking the presence or absence of an underground facility in a dig area using a marking device that holds a marking dispenser. The method comprises dispensing a marking material from the marking dispenser onto the ground in the dig area to mark the presence or absence of an underground facility, in response to activation of the marking dispenser; generating marking material information in response to a user selection from a marking material selector; and transmitting the marking material information from the marking device to an external device via a communication interface. 
         [0028]    According to an eighth aspect, a method is provided for performing a marking operation for marking the presence or absence of an underground facility in a dig area using a marking device that holds a marking dispenser. The method comprises dispensing a marking material from the marking dispenser onto the ground in the dig area to mark the presence or absence of an underground facility, in response to activation of the marking dispenser; detecting a color of a cap of the marking dispenser and providing color information based on the detected color; and transmitting the color information from the marking device to an external device via a communication interface. 
         [0029]    For purposes of the present disclosure, the term “dig area” refers to a specified area of a work site within which there is a plan to disturb the ground (e.g., excavate, dig holes and/or trenches, bore, etc.), and beyond which there is no plan to excavate in the immediate surroundings. Thus, the metes and bounds of a dig area are intended to provide specificity as to where some disturbance to the ground is planned at a given work site. It should be appreciated that a given work site may include multiple dig areas. 
         [0030]    The term “facility” refers to one or more lines, cables, fibers, conduits, transmitters, receivers, or other physical objects or structures capable of or used for carrying, transmitting, receiving, storing, and providing utilities, energy, data, substances, and/or services, and/or any combination thereof. The term “underground facility” means any facility beneath the surface of the ground. Examples of facilities include, but are not limited to, oil, gas, water, sewer, power, telephone, data transmission, cable television (TV), and/or internet services. 
         [0031]    The term “locate device” refers to any apparatus and/or device for detecting and/or inferring the presence or absence of any facility, including without limitation, any underground facility. In various examples, a locate device may include both a locate transmitter and a locate receiver (which in some instances may also be referred to collectively as a “locate instrument set,” or simply “locate set”). 
         [0032]    The term “marking device” refers to any apparatus, mechanism, or other device that employs a marking dispenser for causing a marking material and/or marking object to be dispensed, or any apparatus, mechanism, or other device for electronically indicating (e.g., logging in memory) a location, such as a location of an underground facility. Additionally, the term “marking dispenser” refers to any apparatus, mechanism, or other device for dispensing and/or otherwise using, separately or in combination, a marking material and/or a marking object. An example of a marking dispenser may include, but is not limited to, a pressurized can of marking paint. The term “marking material” means any material, substance, compound, and/or element, used or which may be used separately or in combination to mark, signify, and/or indicate. Examples of marking materials may include, but are not limited to, paint, chalk, dye, and/or iron. The term “marking object” means any object and/or objects used or which may be used separately or in combination to mark, signify, and/or indicate. Examples of marking objects may include, but are not limited to, a flag, a dart, and arrow, and/or an RFID marking ball. It is contemplated that marking material may include marking objects. It is further contemplated that the terms “marking materials” or “marking objects” may be used interchangeably in accordance with the present disclosure. 
         [0033]    The term “locate mark” means any mark, sign, and/or object employed to indicate the presence or absence of any underground facility. Examples of locate marks may include, but are not limited to, marks made with marking materials, marking objects, global positioning or other information, and/or any other means. Locate marks may be represented in any form including, without limitation, physical, visible, electronic, and/or any combination thereof. 
         [0034]    The terms “actuate” or “trigger” (verb form) are used interchangeably to refer to starting or causing any device, program, system, and/or any combination thereof to work, operate, and/or function in response to some type of signal or stimulus. Examples of actuation signals or stimuli may include, but are not limited to, any local or remote, physical, audible, inaudible, visual, non-visual, electronic, mechanical, electromechanical, biomechanical, biosensing or other signal, instruction, or event. The terms “actuator” or “trigger” (noun form) are used interchangeably to refer to any method or device used to generate one or more signals or stimuli to cause or causing actuation. Examples of an actuator/trigger may include, but are not limited to, any form or combination of a lever, switch, program, processor, screen, microphone for capturing audible commands, and/or other device or method. An actuator/trigger may also include, but is not limited to, a device, software, or program that responds to any movement and/or condition of a user, such as, but not limited to, eye movement, brain activity, heart rate, other data, and/or the like, and generates one or more signals or stimuli in response thereto. In the case of a marking device or other marking mechanism (e.g., to physically or electronically mark a facility or other feature), actuation may cause marking material to be dispensed, as well as various data relating to the marking operation (e.g., geographic location, time stamps, characteristics of material dispensed, etc.) to be logged in an electronic file stored in memory. In the case of a locate device or other locate mechanism (e.g., to physically locate a facility or other feature), actuation may cause a detected signal strength, signal frequency, depth, or other information relating to the locate operation to be logged in an electronic file stored in memory. 
         [0035]    The terms “locate and marking operation,” “locate operation,” and “locate” generally are used interchangeably and refer to any activity to detect, infer, and/or mark the presence or absence of an underground facility. In some contexts, the term “locate operation” is used to more specifically refer to detection of one or more underground facilities, and, the term “marking operation” is used to more specifically refer to using a marking material and/or one or more marking objects to mark a presence or an absence of one or more underground facilities. The term “locate technician” refers to an individual performing a locate operation. A locate and marking operation often is specified in connection with a dig area, at least a portion of which may be excavated or otherwise disturbed during excavation activities. 
         [0036]    The term “user” refers to an individual utilizing a locate device and/or a marking device and may include, but is not limited to, land surveyors, locate technicians, and support personnel. 
         [0037]    The terms “locate request” and “excavation notice” are used interchangeably to refer to any communication to request a locate and marking operation. The term “locate request ticket” (or simply “ticket”) refers to any communication or instruction to perform a locate operation. A ticket might specify, for example, the address or description of a dig area to be marked, the day and/or time that the dig area is to be marked, and/or whether the user is to mark the excavation area for certain gas, water, sewer, power, telephone, cable television, and/or some other underground facility. The term “historical ticket” refers to past tickets that have been completed. 
         [0038]    The following U.S. published applications and patents are hereby incorporated herein by reference: 
         [0039]    U.S. publication no. 2008-0228294-A1, published Sep. 18, 2008, filed Mar. 13, 2007, and entitled “Marking System and Method With Location and/or Time Tracking;” 
         [0040]    U.S. Pat. No. 7,640,105, issued Dec. 29, 2009, filed Mar. 13, 2007, and entitled “Marking System and Method With Location and/or Time Tracking;” 
         [0041]    U.S. publication no. 2010-0094553-A1, published Apr. 15, 2010, filed Dec. 16, 2009, and entitled “Systems and Methods for Using Location Data and/or Time Data to Electronically Display Dispensing of Markers by A Marking System or Marking Tool;” 
         [0042]    U.S. publication no. 2008-0245299-A1, published Oct. 9, 2008, filed Apr. 4, 2007, and entitled “Marking System and Method;” 
         [0043]    U.S. publication no. 2009-0013928-A1, published Jan. 15, 2009, filed Sep. 24, 2008, and entitled “Marking System and Method;” 
         [0044]    U.S. publication no. 2010-0090858-A1, published Apr. 15, 2010, filed Dec. 16, 2009, and entitled “Systems and Methods for Using Marking Information to Electronically Display Dispensing of Markers by a Marking System or Marking Tool;” 
         [0045]    U.S. publication no. 2009-0238414-A1, published Sep. 24, 2009, filed Mar. 18, 2008, and entitled “Virtual White Lines for Delimiting Planned Excavation Sites;” 
         [0046]    U.S. publication no. 2009-0241045-A1, published Sep. 24, 2009, filed Sep. 26, 2008, and entitled “Virtual White Lines for Delimiting Planned Excavation Sites;” 
         [0047]    U.S. publication no. 2009-0238415-A1, published Sep. 24, 2009, filed Sep. 26, 2008, and entitled “Virtual White Lines for Delimiting Planned Excavation Sites;” 
         [0048]    U.S. publication no. 2009-0241046-A1, published Sep. 24, 2009, filed Jan. 16, 2009, and entitled “Virtual White Lines for Delimiting Planned Excavation Sites;” 
         [0049]    U.S. publication no. 2009-0238416-A1, published Sep. 24, 2009, filed Jan. 16, 2009, and entitled “Virtual White Lines for Delimiting Planned Excavation Sites;” 
         [0050]    U.S. publication no. 2009-0237408-A1, published Sep. 24, 2009, filed Jan. 16, 2009, and entitled “Virtual White Lines for Delimiting Planned Excavation Sites;” 
         [0051]    U.S. publication no. 2009-0202101-A1, published Aug. 13, 2009, filed Feb. 12, 2008, and entitled “Electronic Manifest of Underground Facility Locate Marks;” 
         [0052]    U.S. publication no. 2009-0202110-A1, published Aug. 13, 2009, filed Sep. 11, 2008, and entitled “Electronic Manifest of Underground Facility Locate Marks;” 
         [0053]    U.S. publication no. 2009-0201311-A1, published Aug. 13, 2009, filed Jan. 30, 2009, and entitled “Electronic Manifest of Underground Facility Locate Marks;” 
         [0054]    U.S. publication no. 2009-0202111-A1, published Aug. 13, 2009, filed Jan. 30, 2009, and entitled “Electronic Manifest of Underground Facility Locate Marks;” 
         [0055]    U.S. publication no. 2009-0204625-A1, published Aug. 13, 2009, filed Feb. 5, 2009, and entitled “Electronic Manifest of Underground Facility Locate Operation;” 
         [0056]    U.S. publication no. 2009-0204466-A1, published Aug. 13, 2009, filed Sep. 4, 2008, and entitled “Ticket Approval System For and Method of Performing Quality Control In Field Service Applications;” 
         [0057]    U.S. publication no. 2009-0207019-A1, published Aug. 20, 2009, filed Apr. 30, 2009, and entitled “Ticket Approval System For and Method of Performing Quality Control In Field Service Applications;” 
         [0058]    U.S. publication no. 2009-0210284-A1, published Aug. 20, 2009, filed Apr. 30, 2009, and entitled “Ticket Approval System For and Method of Performing Quality Control In Field Service Applications;” 
         [0059]    U.S. publication no. 2009-0210297-A1, published Aug. 20, 2009, filed Apr. 30, 2009, and entitled “Ticket Approval System For and Method of Performing Quality Control In Field Service Applications;” 
         [0060]    U.S. publication no. 2009-0210298-A1, published Aug. 20, 2009, filed Apr. 30, 2009, and entitled “Ticket Approval System For and Method of Performing Quality Control In Field Service Applications;” 
         [0061]    U.S. publication no. 2009-0210285-A1, published Aug. 20, 2009, filed Apr. 30, 2009, and entitled “Ticket Approval System For and Method of Performing Quality Control In Field Service Applications;” 
         [0062]    U.S. publication no. 2009-0324815-A1, published Dec. 31, 2009, filed Apr. 24, 2009, and entitled “Marking Apparatus and Marking Methods Using Marking Dispenser with Machine-Readable ID Mechanism;” 
         [0063]    U.S. publication no. 2010-0006667-A1, published Jan. 14, 2010, filed Apr. 24, 2009, and entitled, “Marker Detection Mechanisms for use in Marking Devices And Methods of Using Same;” 
         [0064]    U.S. publication no. 2010-0085694 A1, published Apr. 8, 2010, filed Sep. 30, 2009, and entitled, “Marking Device Docking Stations and Methods of Using Same;” 
         [0065]    U.S. publication no. 2010-0085701 A1, published Apr. 8, 2010, filed Sep. 30, 2009, and entitled, “Marking Device Docking Stations Having Security Features and Methods of Using Same;” 
         [0066]    U.S. publication no. 2010-0084532 A1, published Apr. 8, 2010, filed Sep. 30, 2009, and entitled, “Marking Device Docking Stations Having Mechanical Docking and Methods of Using Same;” 
         [0067]    U.S. publication no. 2010-0088032-A1, published Apr. 8, 2010, filed Sep. 29, 2009, and entitled, “Methods, Apparatus and Systems for Generating Electronic Records of Locate And Marking Operations, and Combined Locate and Marking Apparatus for Same;” 
         [0068]    U.S. publication no. 2010-0117654 A1, published May 13, 2010, filed Dec. 30, 2009, and entitled, “Methods and Apparatus for Displaying an Electronic Rendering of a Locate and/or Marking Operation Using Display Layers;” 
         [0069]    U.S. publication no. 2010-0086677 A1, published Apr. 8, 2010, filed Aug. 11, 2009, and entitled, “Methods and Apparatus for Generating an Electronic Record of a Marking Operation Including Service-Related Information and Ticket Information;” 
         [0070]    U.S. publication no. 2010-0086671 A1, published Apr. 8, 2010, filed Nov. 20, 2009, and entitled, “Methods and Apparatus for Generating an Electronic Record of A Marking Operation Including Service-Related Information and Ticket Information;” 
         [0071]    U.S. publication no. 2010-0085376 A1, published Apr. 8, 2010, filed Oct. 28, 2009,and entitled, “Methods and Apparatus for Displaying an Electronic Rendering of a Marking Operation Based on an Electronic Record of Marking Information;” 
         [0072]    U.S. publication no. 2010-0088164-A1, published Apr. 8, 2010, filed Sep. 30, 2009, and entitled, “Methods and Apparatus for Analyzing Locate and Marking Operations with Respect to Facilities Maps;” 
         [0073]    U.S. publication no. 2010-0088134 A1, published Apr. 8, 2010, filed Oct. 1, 2009, and entitled, “Methods and Apparatus for Analyzing Locate and Marking Operations with Respect to Historical Information;” 
         [0074]    U.S. publication no. 2010-0088031 A1, published Apr. 8, 2010, filed Sep. 28, 2009, and entitled, “Methods and Apparatus for Generating an Electronic Record of Environmental Landmarks Based on Marking Device Actuations;” 
         [0075]    U.S. publication no. 2009-0204238-A1, published Aug. 13, 2009, filed Feb. 2, 2009, and entitled “Electronically Controlled Marking Apparatus and Methods;” 
         [0076]    U.S. publication no. 2009-0208642-A1, published Aug. 20, 2009, filed Feb. 2, 2009, and entitled “Marking Apparatus and Methods For Creating an Electronic Record of Marking Operations;” 
         [0077]    U.S. publication no. 2009-0210098-A1, published Aug. 20, 2009, filed Feb. 2, 2009, and entitled “Marking Apparatus and Methods For Creating an Electronic Record of Marking Apparatus Operations;” 
         [0078]    U.S. publication no. 2009-0201178-A1, published Aug. 13, 2009, filed Feb. 2, 2009, and entitled “Methods For Evaluating Operation of Marking Apparatus;” 
         [0079]    U.S. publication no. 2009-0238417-A1, published Sep. 24, 2009, filed Feb. 6, 2009, and entitled “Virtual White Lines for Indicating Planned Excavation Sites on Electronic Images;” 
         [0080]    U.S. publication no. 2009-0202112-A1, published Aug. 13, 2009, filed Feb. 11, 2009, and entitled “Searchable Electronic Records of Underground Facility Locate Marking Operations;” 
         [0081]    U.S. publication no. 2009-0204614-A1, published Aug. 13, 2009, filed Feb. 11, 2009, and entitled “Searchable Electronic Records of Underground Facility Locate Marking Operations;” 
         [0082]    U.S. publication no. 2009-0327024-A1, published Dec. 31, 2009, filed June 26, 2009, and entitled “Methods and Apparatus for Quality Assessment of a Field Service Operation;” 
         [0083]    U.S. publication no. 2010-0010862-A1, published Jan. 14, 2010, filed Aug. 7, 2009, and entitled, “Methods and Apparatus for Quality Assessment of a Field Service Operation Based on Geographic Information;” 
         [0084]    U.S. publication No. 2010-0010863-A1, published Jan. 14, 2010, filed Aug. 7, 2009, and entitled, “Methods and Apparatus for Quality Assessment of a Field Service Operation Based on Multiple Scoring Categories;” 
         [0085]    U.S. publication no. 2010-0010882-A1, published Jan. 14, 2010, filed Aug. 7, 2009, and entitled, “Methods and Apparatus for Quality Assessment of a Field Service Operation Based on Dynamic Assessment Parameters;” 
         [0086]    U.S. publication no. 2010-0010883-A1, published Jan. 14, 2010, filed Aug. 7, 2009, and entitled, “Methods and Apparatus for Quality Assessment of a Field Service Operation Based on Multiple Quality Assessment Criteria;” 
         [0087]    U.S. publication no. 2010-0088135 A1, published Apr. 8, 2010, filed Oct. 1, 2009, and entitled, “Methods and Apparatus for Analyzing Locate and Marking Operations with Respect to Environmental Landmarks;” 
         [0088]    U.S. publication no. 2010-0085185 A1, published Apr. 8, 2010, filed Sep. 30, 2009, and entitled, “Methods and Apparatus for Generating Electronic Records of Locate Operations;” 
         [0089]    U.S. publication no. 2010-0090700-A1, published Apr. 15, 2010, filed Oct. 30, 2009, and entitled “Methods and Apparatus for Displaying an Electronic Rendering of a Locate Operation Based on an Electronic Record of Locate Information;” and 
         [0090]    U.S. publication no. 2010-0085054 A1, published Apr. 8, 2010, filed Sep. 30, 2009, and entitled, “Systems and Methods for Generating Electronic Records of Locate And Marking Operations.” 
         [0091]    It should be appreciated that all combinations of the foregoing concepts and additional concepts discussed in greater detail below (provided such concepts are not mutually inconsistent) are contemplated as being part of the inventive subject matter disclosed herein. In particular, all combinations of claimed subject matter appearing at the end of this disclosure are contemplated as being part of the inventive subject matter disclosed herein. It should also be appreciated that terminology explicitly employed herein that also may appear in any disclosure incorporated by reference should be accorded a meaning most consistent with the particular concepts disclosed herein. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0092]    The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead generally being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. 
           [0093]    The present disclosure, both as to its organization and manner of operation, together with further objectives and advantages, may be best understood by reference to the following description, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings as set forth below: 
           [0094]      FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram that illustrates a process for initiation of a locate operation; 
           [0095]      FIGS. 2A and 2B  illustrate a conventional marking device with a mechanical actuation system to dispense paint as a marker; 
           [0096]      FIG. 3  illustrates a perspective view of an example of a marking device that includes simple mechanisms for indicating and/or detecting marking material color, according to the present disclosure; 
           [0097]      FIG. 4  illustrates a functional block diagram of an example of the electronics of the marking device, according to the present disclosure; and 
           [0098]      FIG. 5  illustrates a side view of an example of a cap color detection mechanism of the marking device, according to the present disclosure. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0099]    Following below are more detailed descriptions of various concepts related to, and embodiments of, inventive systems, methods and apparatus for indicating, detecting and/or logging marking material information representative of marking material dispensed by a marking device. It should be appreciated that various concepts introduced above and discussed in greater detail below may be implemented in any of numerous ways, as the disclosed concepts are not limited to any particular manner of implementation. Examples of specific implementations and applications are provided primarily for illustrative purposes. 
         [0100]    The present disclosure describes a marking device that includes simple mechanisms for indicating and/or detecting marking material color. In one embodiment, the present disclosure describes a marking device that includes a manual selector for indicating the color of the marking material being used. Color information may be saved according to the setting of the selector. In another embodiment, the present disclosure describes a marking device that includes a color detection device for detecting the color of the cap of the marking dispenser that is installed therein. 
         [0101]    Referring to  FIG. 3 , a perspective view of an example of a marking device  100  that includes simple mechanisms for indicating and/or detecting marking material color is presented. Marking device  100  is a simple electronic marking device that may have a marking dispenser  110  installed therein for dispensing marking material  112 . 
         [0102]    Marking device  100  includes an actuator  114 , which may be an electrical/mechanical actuator for activating the marking material spray action of marking dispenser  110 . Marking device  100  also includes a user interface  116 . User interface  116  of marking device  100  may be formed of any mechanism or combination of mechanisms by which the user (e.g., a locate technician) may operate the device and by which information that is processed by the device may be presented to the user. For example, user interface  116  may include, but is not limited to, a display, a ruggedized touch panel, one or more manual pushbuttons, one or more toggle switches, one or more rocker switches, one or more sliding bar selectors or slide switches, a keypad, an audio speaker, an audible buzzer or alert mechanism, a speaker, and any combinations thereof. 
         [0103]    User interface  116  may further include a simple selector mechanism for manually indicating the color of marking material  112  that is being dispensed from marking device  100 . For example, user interface  116  may include a selector  117 . In one example implementation, selector  117  may be a rotary multiple-position switch, such as shown in  FIG. 3 . In this example, the positions of selector  117  may include, but are not limited to, WHITE, PINK, RED, YELLOW, ORANGE, BLUE, PURPLE, and GREEN. When white marking material  112  is installed in marking device  100 , the user (not shown) manually sets selector  117  to the WHITE position; when pink marking material  112  is installed in marking device  100 , the user manually sets selector  117  to the PINK position; when red marking material  112  is installed in marking device  100 , the user manually sets selector  117  to the RED position; and so on. According to one non-limiting embodiment, the selector  117  may be a Mouser Part # 633-FR02FR10P-S rotary switch, available from Mouser Electronics of Mansfield, Tex., although other rotary switches may also be suitable, as this is simply a non-limiting example. In other examples, selector  117  may be implemented using a sliding bar selector, multiple pushbuttons (e.g., illuminated pushbuttons), multiple toggle switches, multiple rocker switches (e.g., in the form of a rocker switch panel, such as a 428RSP rocker switch panel available from Airpax SCS Oviedo of Oviedo, Fla. including LED indicators), one or more slide switches (e.g., slide switch Mouser Part # 611-L101011MS02Q available from Mouser Electronics of Mansfield, Tex.), and the like. 
         [0104]    As should be appreciated from the foregoing, a user may be provided with an indication (i.e., feedback) as to whether a particular color has been selected. For example, the selector mechanism itself may provide an indication. As a non-limiting example, the selector mechanism may include one or more switches or buttons which illuminate with a particular color when activated (e.g., the selector mechanism may include a panel of switches corresponding to the various marking material color options, and each switch may include an LED that illuminates with the corresponding color when selected). According to one embodiment, an indication may additionally or alternatively be provided to the user via the user interface other than directly from the selection mechanism. 
         [0105]    Marking device  100  also includes device electronics  118 , which is used to manage the overall operations of marking device  100 . Additionally, device electronics  118  is used to process the information of selector  117 . More details of device electronics  118  are described with reference to  FIG. 4 . 
         [0106]    Referring to  FIG. 4 , a functional block diagram of an example of device electronics  118  of marking device  100  is presented. Device electronics  118  of marking device  100  may include, for example, user interface  116 , a processing unit  210 , a quantity of local memory  212  that may be used to store any device data  214 , decode logic  218 , and, optionally, an actuation system  216  that is fed by actuator  114 . 
         [0107]    Processing unit  210  may be any standard controller or microprocessor device that is capable of executing program instructions. Memory  212  may be any data storage mechanism for storing any information that is processed locally at marking device  100 . Processing unit  210  and memory  212  may be used for managing the overall operations of marking device  100 . 
         [0108]    Actuation system  216  of marking device  100  may be triggered by a mechanical and/or electrical actuator mechanism, such as actuator  114 . Actuation system  216  may be coupled to an actuator of marking dispenser  110  that causes marking material  112  to be dispensed. Actuation means starting or causing any device (e.g., marking device  100 ), program, system, and/or any combination thereof to work, operate, and/or function. Actuations of marking device  100  may be performed for any purpose, such as, but not limited to, for dispensing marking material and for capturing any information of any component of marking device  100  without dispensing marking material. 
         [0109]    Device data  214  that is stored in the local memory  212  may be any data that is generated and/or used during locate operations by any devices that are installed in marking device  100 . For example, the contents of device data  214  may include any information generated and/or used by actuation system  216  and decode logic  218 . In one example, decode logic  218  monitors the state of selector  117  and provides a unique binary decode of each setting. This binary decode indicates the color of marking material  112  and may be stored as the marking material color information in device data  214 . An example of unique color information that is generated by decode logic  218  is shown in Table 1. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Correlation of selector 117 settings to unique color 
               
               
                 information provided by decode logic 218 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Selector 117 setting 
                 Binary color information 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 WHITE 
                 0000 
               
               
                   
                 PINK 
                 0001 
               
               
                   
                 RED 
                 0010 
               
               
                   
                 YELLOW 
                 0011 
               
               
                   
                 ORANGE 
                 0100 
               
               
                   
                 BLUE 
                 0101 
               
               
                   
                 PURPLE 
                 0110 
               
               
                   
                 GREEN 
                 0111 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0110]    Optionally, device electronics  118  of marking device  100  may further include other input devices  220  in addition to user interface  116 , processing unit  210 , local memory  212 , actuation system  216 , and decode logic  218 . 
         [0111]    Examples of other input devices  220  may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following types of devices: a marking material detection mechanism, a location tracking system, a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, a light sensor, a compass, an inclinometer, an accelerometer, an image capture device, an audio recorder, and the like. In addition to the color information that results from the setting of selector  117 , information generated and/or used during locate operations by any input device  220  may be stored in device data  214  at local memory  212 . 
         [0112]    Device data  214 , which includes the color information from the setting of selector  117 , may be offloaded from the local memory  212  of marking device  100  to an external computing device (not shown) for processing. In one example, the device data  214  of one or more locate operations may be offloaded daily or weekly in bulk from the local memory  212  of marking device  100  to an external computing device for processing. One way to implement this embodiment is to provide local memory  212  in the form of a removable memory device, such as, but not limited to, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) flash drive memory device, which is installed in a USB port (not shown) of marking device  100 . 
         [0113]    Optionally, device electronics  118  of marking device  100  may further include a communication interface  222 . Communication interface  222  may be any wired and/or wireless communication interface for connecting to a network (not shown) and by which information may be exchanged with other computing devices that may be separate from marking device  100 . Examples of wired communication interfaces may include, but are not limited to, USB ports, RS232 connectors, RJ45 connectors, Ethernet, and any combinations thereof. Examples of wireless communication interfaces may include, but are not limited to, an Intranet connection, Internet, Bluetooth® technology, Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, IEEE 802.11 technology, radio frequency (RF), Infrared Data Association (IrDA) compatible protocols, Local Area Networks (LAN), Wide Area Networks (WAN), Shared Wireless Access Protocol (SWAP), any combinations thereof, and other types of wireless networking protocols. 
         [0114]    When communication interface  222  is present, there exists the option of storing the color information data in device data  214  of local memory  212  and offloading the information periodically, as described above. However, there further exists the option of transmitting device data  214 , which includes the color information from the setting of selector  117 , to the external computing device in real time. For example, in some embodiments, data, such as color information, may be transmitted to an external computing device and not stored locally on the marking device. For example, in some embodiments the marking device may not have a local storage, and the color information may be transmitted via communication interface  222  to an external device. 
         [0115]    Referring to  FIG. 5 , a side view of an example of a cap color detection mechanism  300  of marking device  100  is presented. Cap color detection mechanism  300  may be used in place of or in combination with selector  117 . While selector  117  is one example of a simple mechanism for indicating the color of marking material  112 , cap color detection mechanism  300  provides another manner for detecting the color of marking material  112 . Because the color of the caps of marking dispensers  110  are provided to substantially match the color of the marking material  112  therein, a mechanism for detecting the color of the cap provides an indirect way to determine the color of the marking material  112  being dispensed during locate operations. 
         [0116]    Cap color detection mechanism  300  may be, for example, a sensor  310  that is installed in close proximity to the cap of marking dispenser  110  when installed in marking device  100 , as shown in  FIG. 3 . Preferably, there is a “line of sight” between sensor  310  and the cap of marking dispenser  110 . 
         [0117]    In one example, sensor  310  may be a spectrometer (or reflectance spectrometer) device, which is an optical instrument that is used to measure properties of light over a specific portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Spectrometers are typically used to perform spectroscopic analysis in order to identify materials. During locate operations, the spectrometer (e.g., sensor  310 ) is used to perform spectroscopic analysis in order to capture color information of marking material  112  by detecting the color of the cap of marking dispenser  110 . Commercially available low power, compact spectrometer devices may be suitable for use as sensor  310  of marking device  100 . In one example, a digital value between about 0 and about 100 may be returned from sensor  310 , depending on the color that is sensed. Again, the information that is returned from sensor  310  may be incorporated in device data  214  of memory  212 . 
         [0118]    In another example, sensor  310  may be a digital camera for capturing the color of the cap of marking dispenser  110 . In this example, digital imaging software may be used to determine the color of the cap. 
         [0119]    Optionally, a marking dispenser “presence sensor” (not shown) may be included in the marking dispenser holder of the marking device  100 . In this case, only when the marking dispenser “presence sensor” detects that a marking dispenser  110  is installed in marking device  100  is selector  117  and/or sensor  310  active and/or monitored. 
         [0120]    Referring again to  FIGS. 3 ,  4 , and  5 , the simple mechanisms for indicating and/or detecting the color of marking material  112  may be packaged as separate devices that may be mechanically mounted to any commercially available marking device from any marking device supplier. In one example, selector  117 , decode logic  218 , and memory  212  may be provided as a separate battery-powered device to be mounted on any marking device. In another example, sensor  310  and memory  212  may be provided as a separate battery-powered device to be mounted on any marking device. 
         [0121]    While various inventive embodiments have been described and illustrated herein, those of ordinary skill in the art will readily envision a variety of other means and/or structures for performing the function and/or obtaining the results and/or one or more of the advantages described herein, and each of such variations and/or modifications is deemed to be within the scope of the inventive embodiments described herein. More generally, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that all parameters, dimensions, materials, and configurations described herein are meant to be exemplary and that the actual parameters, dimensions, materials, and/or configurations will depend upon the specific application or applications for which the inventive teachings is/are used. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific inventive embodiments described herein. It is, therefore, to be understood that the foregoing embodiments are presented by way of example only and that, within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereto, inventive embodiments may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described and claimed. Inventive embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to each individual feature, system, article, material, kit, and/or method described herein. In addition, any combination of two or more such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods, if such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods are not mutually inconsistent, is included within the inventive scope of the present disclosure. 
         [0122]    The above-described embodiments can be implemented in any of numerous ways. For example, some of the embodiments may be implemented using hardware, software or a combination thereof. When implemented in software, the software code can be executed on any suitable processor or collection of processors, whether provided in a single computer or distributed among multiple computers. 
         [0123]    Further, it should be appreciated that a computer may be embodied in any of a number of forms, such as a rack-mounted computer, a desktop computer, a laptop computer, or a tablet computer. Additionally, a computer may be embedded in a device not generally regarded as a computer but with suitable processing capabilities, including a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a smart phone or any other suitable portable or fixed electronic device. 
         [0124]    Also, a computer may have one or more input and output devices. These devices can be used, among other things, to present a user interface. Examples of output devices that can be used to provide a user interface include printers or display screens for visual presentation of output and speakers or other sound generating devices for audible presentation of output. Examples of input devices that can be used for a user interface include keyboards, and pointing devices, such as mice, touch pads, and digitizing tablets. As another example, a computer may receive input information through speech recognition or in other audible format. 
         [0125]    Such computers may be interconnected by one or more networks in any suitable form, including a local area network or a wide area network, such as an enterprise network, an intelligent network (IN) or the Internet. Such networks may be based on any suitable technology and may operate according to any suitable protocol and may include wireless networks, wired networks or fiber optic networks. 
         [0126]    The various methods or processes outlined herein may be coded as software that is executable on one or more processors that employ any one of a variety of operating systems or platforms. Additionally, such software may be written using any of a number of suitable programming languages and/or programming or scripting tools, and also may be compiled as executable machine language code or intermediate code that is executed on a framework or virtual machine. 
         [0127]    In this respect, various inventive concepts may be embodied as a computer readable storage medium (or multiple computer readable storage media) (e.g., a computer memory, one or more floppy discs, compact discs, optical discs, magnetic tapes, flash memories, circuit configurations in Field Programmable Gate Arrays or other semiconductor devices, or other non-transitory medium or tangible computer storage medium) encoded with one or more programs that, when executed on one or more computers or other processors, perform methods that implement the various embodiments of the invention discussed above. The computer readable medium or media can be transportable, such that the program or programs stored thereon can be loaded onto one or more different computers or other processors to implement various aspects of the present invention as discussed above. 
         [0128]    The terms “program” or “software” are used herein in a generic sense to refer to any type of computer code or set of computer-executable instructions that can be employed to program a computer or other processor to implement various aspects of embodiments as discussed above. Additionally, it should be appreciated that according to one aspect, one or more computer programs that when executed perform methods of the present invention need not reside on a single computer or processor, but may be distributed in a modular fashion amongst a number of different computers or processors to implement various aspects of the present invention. 
         [0129]    Computer-executable instructions may be in many forms, such as program modules, executed by one or more computers or other devices. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Typically the functionality of the program modules may be combined or distributed as desired in various embodiments. 
         [0130]    Also, data structures may be stored in computer-readable media in any suitable form. For simplicity of illustration, data structures may be shown to have fields that are related through location in the data structure. Such relationships may likewise be achieved by assigning storage for the fields with locations in a computer-readable medium that convey relationship between the fields. However, any suitable mechanism may be used to establish a relationship between information in fields of a data structure, including through the use of pointers, tags or other mechanisms that establish relationship between data elements. 
         [0131]    Also, various inventive concepts may be embodied as one or more methods, of which an example has been provided. The acts performed as part of the method may be ordered in any suitable way. Accordingly, embodiments may be constructed in which acts are performed in an order different than illustrated, which may include performing some acts simultaneously, even though shown as sequential acts in illustrative embodiments. 
         [0132]    All definitions, as defined and used herein, should be understood to control over dictionary definitions, definitions in documents incorporated by reference, and/or ordinary meanings of the defined terms. 
         [0133]    The indefinite articles “a” and “an,” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, should be understood to mean “at least one.” 
         [0134]    The phrase “and/or,” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, should be understood to mean “either or both” of the elements so conjoined, i.e., elements that are conjunctively present in some cases and disjunctively present in other cases. Multiple elements listed with “and/or” should be construed in the same fashion, i.e., “one or more” of the elements so conjoined. Other elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified by the “and/or” clause, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, a reference to “A and/or B”, when used in conjunction with open-ended language such as “comprising” can refer, in one embodiment, to A only (optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to B only (optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionally including other elements); etc. 
         [0135]    As used herein in the specification and in the claims, “or” should be understood to have the same meaning as “and/or” as defined above. For example, when separating items in a list, “or” or “and/or” shall be interpreted as being inclusive, i.e., the inclusion of at least one, but also including more than one, of a number or list of elements, and, optionally, additional unlisted items. Only terms clearly indicated to the contrary, such as “only one of” or “exactly one of,” or, when used in the claims, “consisting of,” will refer to the inclusion of exactly one element of a number or list of elements. In general, the term “or” as used herein shall only be interpreted as indicating exclusive alternatives (i.e. “one or the other but not both”) when preceded by terms of exclusivity, such as “either,” “one of,” “only one of,” or “exactly one of.” “Consisting essentially of,” when used in the claims, shall have its ordinary meaning as used in the field of patent law. 
         [0136]    As used herein in the specification and in the claims, the phrase “at least one,” in reference to a list of one or more elements, should be understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more of the elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including at least one of each and every element specifically listed within the list of elements and not excluding any combinations of elements in the list of elements. This definition also allows that elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified within the list of elements to which the phrase “at least one” refers, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, “at least one of A and B” (or, equivalently, “at least one of A or B,” or, equivalently “at least one of A and/or B”) can refer, in one embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, with no B present (and optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, with no A present (and optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B (and optionally including other elements); etc. 
         [0137]    In the claims, as well as in the specification above, all transitional phrases such as “comprising,” “including,” “carrying,” “having,” “containing,” “involving,” “holding,” “composed of,” and the like are to be understood to be open-ended, i.e., to mean including but not limited to. Only the transitional phrases “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of” shall be closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively, as set forth in the United States Patent Office Manual of Patent Examining Procedures, Section 2111.03.