Abstract:
A stacked package for a solar cell is provided with a planar arrangement of conductive laminates on the surface of the heat sink. The layered conductive laminate offers multi-directional orientation of the solar cell within the package by eliminating any orientation requirements between the chip and the substrate, and offers multiple options for placement of standard or flipped bypass diodes. The packaged solar cell of the invention provides a smaller horizontal and vertical profile than standard solar cell packages, making it easier to hermetically seal the package.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present application claims benefit under 35 USC 119(e) of U.S. provisional Application No. 61/439,082 filed on Feb. 3, 2011, entitled “Integrated Semiconductor Solar Cell Package,” and U.S. provisional Application No. 61/439,095 filed on Feb. 3, 2011, entitled “Flexible Hermetic Semiconductor Solar Cell Package With Non-Hermetic Option,” the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
     
    
     STATEMENT AS TO RIGHTS TO INVENTIONS MADE UNDER FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
       [0002]    NOT APPLICABLE 
       REFERENCE TO A “SEQUENCE LISTING,” A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING APPENDIX SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISK 
       [0003]    NOT APPLICABLE 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    This invention relates to packaging for semiconductor photovoltaic devices known generally as solar cells. 
         [0005]    Photovoltaic devices present unique problems requiring specialized packaging to achieve desired levels of durability, mechanical integrity, electrical connectivity, maximum thermal transfer, and convenience of mounting. The packaging must also lend itself to a low cost and highly automated manufacturing process. The delicate semiconductor material used as the operative portion of a solar cell must be protected from excessive current by attaching, for example, an additional device such as a bypass diode in parallel with the anode and cathode of the device, an operation nomially accomplished by soldering surface mount plastic packaged devices in a manner that may cause high rates of mechanical failure in actual usage. Further, suppliers of photovoltaic cells and systems are increasingly required to guarantee that their products will operate without replacement for long periods of time, in some cases up to 30 years or more. The packaging for such cells must therefore provide durability as well as reliability. 
         [0006]    Current solar cell package designs suffer from design and component limitations that restrict package usage. For example, solar cell packaging to date has relied on ceramics such as aluminum nitride (ALN) and berrylium oxide (BeO) to provide thermally conductive substrates between the heat sink and solar cell. Because of the limited number of suppliers, use of these ceramic substrates increases the cost of manufacturing the solar packaging. Commercialized solar packages also require that the chip, thermally conductive substrates, and heat sink be stacked vertically, increasing the profile of the package and thereby making hermetic sealing of the solar package more difficult and expensive. A further limitation of solar packaging designs in current use is a maximum platform size of 4.5 inches×4.5 inches. An increased platform size would reduce the raw materials input required at the front end of the manufacturing process, ultimately increasing the capacity throughput and minimizing the need for additional capital expenses. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0007]    According to the invention, a stacked component solar cell package is provided that has a planar arrangement of conductive laminates at or below the surface of a heat sink in order to isolate the solar cell electrically from the heat sink. The present invention provides durable and easily manufactured solar chip packages with lower vertical and narrower horizontal profiles, presenting a more versatile package and a less expensive manufacturing alternative to current chip packaging technologies. The described invention further allows for electrical connections to be made between the chip and a protective bypass diode or other external circuitry without the need for complex, time consuming, expensive, and vulnerable plastic packaging and soldered interconnections. 
         [0008]    The planar alignment allows more electrical connections below the surface of the heat sink, twice as many as known current solar packages. This layout also reduces the vertical profile of the solar package, allowing it to be more easily sealed (against moisture or hemietically) with the primary and secondary optics. 
         [0009]    Also according to the invention, a stacked component solar cell package is provided having one or more thermally-conductive laminates integrated with the heat sink. These conductive laminates comprise non-ceramic PCB-board type materials, allowing more efficient and cost-effective heat dissipation, and eliminate the need for a thermally conductive substrate layer (typically ALN or BeO) between the solar cell and the heat sink. These embodiments allow electrical connections to be made between the chip and a protective bypass diode or other external circuitry without the need for complex, time consuming, expensive, and vulnerable plastic packaged devices. An additional benefit is that the substrate can be embedded within the heat sink during the manufacturing phase, simplifying the assembly process and making assembly of the solar package faster, less expensive, and more easily scalable. 
         [0010]    Packaging as described permits the use of standard photovoltaic semiconductor chips having an anode on one surface and a cathode on the other without the need for expensive processing of the chip, extra masks or custom assembly equipment. Use of the invention simplifies the assembly of the solar cell components, both as to the package itself and later for subassembly and connectivity requirements. The package design also allows for scaling the manufacturing process to high volume output in a relatively short time. Additionally, the design allows the solar package to be downsized to ultimately reduce the size of commercial solar arrays. Other benefits from the invention will become readily apparent to those of skill in the arts of semiconductor design and packaging from the following detailed description in connection with the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0011]      FIG. 1  is a plan view of a finished and packaged solar cell manufactured in accordance with a substrate-insert embodiment of the invention. 
           [0012]      FIG. 2  is an assembly view of one substrate-insert embodiment. 
           [0013]      FIG. 3  is a plan view of the one substrate-insert embodiment of the invention showing the solar chip, the substrate insert, flip-chip bypass diodes, and their respective attachments to the conductive laminates. 
           [0014]      FIG. 4  is a plan view of a finished and packaged solar cell manufactured in accordance with a single multi-layered conductive laminate with substrate-insert embodiment of the invention. 
           [0015]      FIG. 5  is an assembly view of a solar package with a single multi-layered conductive laminate with a substrate insert. 
           [0016]      FIG. 5   a  is an assembly view of a five-layer conductive laminate. 
           [0017]      FIG. 6  is a plan view of a finished and packaged solar cell manufactured in accordance with an embedded-substrate embodiment of the invention. 
           [0018]      FIG. 7  is an assembly view showing an embedded-substrate embodiment with two short conductive laminates along one axis of the heat sink and a third longer conductive laminate with an embedded substrate along the perpendicular axis of the heat sink. 
           [0019]      FIG. 8  is a plan view of a finished and packaged solar cell manufactured in accordance with a multi-layered, substrate-embedded laminate embodiment of the invention. 
           [0020]      FIG. 9  is an assembly view showing a multi-layered, substrate-embedded laminate embodiment of the invention. 
           [0021]      FIG. 10   a  is a side elevation view of a finished and packaged solar cell manufactured in accordance with a multi-layered, substrate-embedded embodiment of the invention. 
           [0022]      FIG. 10   b  is a side elevation view of a finished and packaged solar cell manufactured in accordance with a multi-layered, substrate-embedded embodiment of the invention. 
           [0023]      FIG. 11  is an exploded view of a multi-layered laminate manufactured in accordance with a multi-directional embedded substrate embodiment of the invention. 
           [0024]      FIG. 12  is an assembly view of the multi-layered conductive laminate of the embodiment shown in  FIG. 10 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Substrate Insert Embodiments 
       [0025]      FIG. 1  shows one embodiment of a completed solar cell package assembled from the various stackable components as shown in  FIG. 2 . The solar cell package includes five components: a multi junction solar chip, bypass diodes, a substrate insert, four conductive laminates, and a heat sink. The solar chip in this embodiment is a III-V multi junction solar cell, but the structure is compatible with other planar chips with any semiconductor material that must be exposed to weather and a wide range of thermal expansion and contraction. 
         [0026]    Referring to  FIGS. 2 and 5 , the lowest level of the package is a metal base used as a master heat sink  1 . The base is preferably aluminum, but any metal or metallic alloy that is machinable or castable will suffice. The base in this embodiment is a modified flat top heat sink with cooling fins of the sort commercially available (e.g., from AAVID Thermalloy LLC of Concord, N.H.). Several cooling fins  2  protrude from the base of master heat sink  1  to allow thermal dissipation of heat conducted from solar radiation absorbed by the package. 
         [0027]    The upper surface of the heat sink  1  is configured mechanically to have two perpendicular channels  3  designed to seat conductive laminates  4  ( FIG. 3 ). The channels  3  are forged so that when the conductive laminates  4  are seated within, the top surfaces of the laminates  4  are flush with or below the upper surface of the heat sink  1 . 
         [0028]    Each conductive laminate  4  is a tripartite laminate comprised of a metallic conductive layer sandwiched between sheets of temperature-resistant PCB-type material. One skilled in the art will understand that the board material can be any of a number of higher temperature PCB materials such as, but not limited to, materials from the G10-FR4 family, polyimides, Durastone® of Congoleum Corporation of Mercerville, N.J., or STABLCOR® of Stablecor Technology, Inc. of Huntington Beach, Calif. Other materials with comparable properties may also work. The metallic layer of the laminate is typically Au, Ag, Cu, or gold-plated Cu, but one of skill in the art will recognize that other metals can serve as the conductive layer. The metallic layer is fully encased within the non-conductive layers except for metal fingers  5  exposed at both the proximal and distal ends of each laminate to serve as terminals for electrical connections. 
         [0029]    Referring to  FIG. 2 , the electrically and thermally conductive laminates  4  are bonded to the channels of the heat sink  1  such that the proximal ends of the four laminates create a center cavity  6  larger than the solar chip. A square center cavity is preferred, although other configurations are possible if desired. A variety of thermally-conducting, but electrically non-conductive adhesives or mechanical connections (including e.g., epoxy resins, films, eutectic compositions, solder, cyanoacrylates, mechanical fasters (e.g., conductive, such as metal, or non-conductive, such as plastic), thermosonic bonding, or any combination of the above) may be used to affix the conductive laminates to the channels. Electrically conductive fasteners (e.g., metal screws) may be used, although the fasteners must pass through non-conductive regions created within the conductive laminates during manufacturing. The distal end of each conductive laminate  4  preferably extends to the edge of the base where the exposed metallic finger  5  provides a terminal available for electrical connections, although one skilled in the art will recognize that the conductive laminates can fall short of, or exceed the edge of the base if desired. One of skill in the art will further understand that the metallic fingers  5  can be a variety of shapes and sizes depending on the type of bypass diode (standard, flip-chip, or inverted flip-chip) to be used. 
         [0030]    An unpatterned substrate insert  7  fits into the cavity  6 , and is attached to the heat sink  1  with a thermal epoxy, solder, or eutectic material, thereby isolating the solar cell electrically from the heat sink. The substrate insert in the embodiment shown ( FIG. 2 ) is comprised of ALN metalized on both the upper and lower surfaces, although other metalized thermally-conductive materials are contemplated, including but not limited to BeO, aluminum oxide, graphite, SiC, ALSiC, and PCTF (with a base material of BeO or ALN). The substrate insert  7  may be the same height as the surrounding laminates  4 , but is preferably shorter than the walls of the cavity  6  formed by the laminates so as to minimize the vertical profile of the entire package to facilitate hermetic or anti-moisture sealing if desired. The substrate insert is preferably larger in diameter than the solar cell. 
         [0031]    Referring to  FIG. 3 , the solar cell anode is bonded to the metalized upper surface of the substrate insert  7 . Many types of thermal interface material (sometimes referred to as “mastic” or “TIM”) may be used as a thermally conductive adhesive and to fill the gaps between the thermal transfer surface at the bottom of the solar cell chip and the upper surface of the substrate insert positioned in the heat sink. In a specific embodiment, Type EK 1000 or a similar mastic such as those manufactured by Dupont may be used, but those skilled in the art will recognize that many types of bonding materials could be used. 
         [0032]    Referring further to  FIG. 3 , the cathode bus bars of the solar chip  8  are connected with wire or ribbon bonds  9  to proximal finger terminals  5  of opposing conductive laminates  4 . The substrate insert is wire- or ribbon-bonded to the proximal conductive fingers  5  of the remaining two (perpendicular) laminates  4 . 
         [0033]    Two bypass diodes  10  (standard configuration, inverted flip-chip, or preferably flip-chip) are connected to the solar chip. The electrical connection for the bypass diodes  10  is achieved by bridging the cathode and anode segments using epoxy or any other joining materials appropriate for that purpose. The bypass diodes  10  bridge the proximal finger contacts  5  of the conductive laminates  4  and the surface of the substrate insert  7  (allowing excess bonding material to fall into the heat sink cavity during manufacture). 
         [0034]    In an alternate embodiment shown in  FIGS. 4 and 5 , conductive laminate  4  is modified to reduce the horizontal profile of the integrated package with a substrate insert. The solar chip in this embodiment is a III-V multi junction solar cell, but the structure is compatible with other planar chips with any semiconductor material that must be exposed to weather and a wide range of thermal expansion and contraction. 
         [0035]    Referring to  FIGS. 4 and 5 , heat sink  1  in this design has only one channel  3  designed to seat conductive laminate  4 . Channel  3  extends from one distal edge of heat sink  1  towards the center of the chip to a distance necessary so that when the chip is attached to the substrate insert  7 , the center of the chip (in the x and y planes) lies as exactly as possible over the center (in the x and y planes) of the heat sink. 
         [0036]    In this embodiment, conductive laminate  4  functions as described above, but the laminar construction is modified. Referring to  FIG. 5   a , electrically and thermally conductive laminate  4  for this embodiment is a five-layer sandwich built, from the bottom up, with: (a) temperature-resistant PCB-type material; (b) a metallic conductive layer; (c) temperature-resistant PCB-type material; (d) a metallic conductive layer; and (e) temperature-resistant PCB-type material. One skilled in the art will understand that the board material for each layer can be any of a number of higher temperature materials such as, but not limited to, materials from the G10-FR4 family, polyimides, Durastone®, or STABLCOR®. The metallic layers of the laminate may be Au, Ag, Cu, or gold-plated Cu, but one of skill in the art will recognize that other metals can serve as the conductive layer. 
         [0037]    Referring to  FIGS. 5 and 5   a , metallic bottom layer  502  is bonded to board bottom layer  501  such that a non-electrically conductive border of the board material layer  502  extends beyond all sides of the metallic layer  502 . Bottom layers  501  and  502  contain a cavity  6  near the proximal end of the laminate. Middle layers  503  and  504  each have a cutout at its proximal end such that the cutout aligns to maintain cavity  6  when the bottom and middle layers are bonded together. Middle layers  503  and  504  are likewise bonded together such that a non-electrically conductive border of the board material layer  503  extends beyond all sides of the metallic layer  504 . When the conductive laminate  4  is assembled, the cutout forms cavity  6  into which the substrate insert fits. The lengthwise profile of middle layers  503  and  504  are shorter than the lengthwise profile of bottom layers  501  and  502  so as to expose metal fingers  5  on bottom layer  502  to serve as terminals for electrical connections. The lengthwise profile of top layer  505  is shorter than the lengthwise profile of middle layers  503  and  504  such that top layer  505  covers most of middle layer  504 , leaving exposed metal fingers  15  from middle layer  504  to serve as terminals for electrical connections. 
         [0038]    Bottom ( 501 ,  502 ), middle ( 503 ,  504 ), and top ( 505 ) layers are bonded together with a thermally-conducting, but non-electrically conductive adhesives (including, but not limited to epoxy resins, films, eutectic compositions, and cyanoacrylates) or thermosonic bonding. One of skill in the art will further understand that metallic fingers  5  can be a variety of shapes and sizes depending on what is needed for electrical connections or bypass diodes. A variety of thermally-conductive, but electrically non-conductive adhesives or mechanical connections (including e.g., epoxy resins, films, eutectic compositions, solder, cyanoacrylates, mechanical fasters (e.g., conductive, such as metal, or non-conductive, such as plastic), thermosonic bonding, or any combination of the above) may be used to affix the conductive laminate  4  to channel  3 . Electrically conductive fasteners (e.g., metal screws) may be used, although the fasteners must pass through non-conductive regions created within the conductive laminates during manufacturing. 
         [0039]    An unpatterned substrate insert  7  fits into the cavity  6 , and is attached to heat sink  1  with a thermal epoxy, solder, or eutectic material, thereby isolating the solar cell electrically from the heat sink. The substrate insert is preferably comprised of ALN metalized on both the upper and lower surfaces, although other metalized thermally-conductive materials are contemplated, including but not limited to BeO, aluminum oxide, graphite, SiC, ALSiC, and PCTF (with a base material of BeO or ALN). Substrate insert  7  may be the same height as surrounding laminate  4 , but is preferably shorter than the walls of the cavity  6  formed by the laminates so as to minimize the vertical profile of the entire package to facilitate hermetic or anti-moisture sealing if desired. The substrate insert is preferably larger in diameter than the solar cell. 
         [0040]    Referring to  FIG. 4 , the solar cell anode is bonded to the metalized upper surface of the substrate insert  7 . Many types of thermal interface material (sometimes referred to as “mastic” or “TIM”) may be used as a thermally conductive adhesive and to fill the gaps between the thermal transfer surface at the bottom of the solar cell chip and the upper surface of the substrate insert positioned in the heat sink. In a specific embodiment, Type EK 1000 or a similar mastic such as those manufactured by Dupont may be used, but those skilled in the art will recognize that many types of bonding materials could be used. 
         [0041]    Referring to  FIGS. 4 and 5 , the cathode bus bars on the upper surface of the solar chip  8  are connected with wire or ribbon bonds  9  to proximal conductive terminal fingers  15  of middle layer  504  of laminate  4 . The substrate insert is wire- or ribbon-bonded to the proximal conductive finger terminal  5  of the bottom layer  502  of laminate  4 . 
         [0042]    Two bypass diodes  10  (standard configuration, inverted flip-chip, or preferably flip-chip) are connected to the solar chip through electrical connections to the conductive terminal fingers  5  and  15 . The electrical connection for the bypass diodes is achieved by bridging the cathode and anode segments across the two electrically conductive lines using epoxy or any other joining materials appropriate for that purpose. 
       Embedded Substrate Embodiments. 
       [0043]    In an alternate embodiment as illustrated in  FIGS. 6 and 7 , an integral heat sink is embedded within the board material of the conductive laminate. The solar chip in this embodiment is a III-V multi-junction solar cell, but the structure is compatible with other planar chips with any semiconductor material that must be exposed to weather and a wide range of thermal expansion and contraction. 
         [0044]    More specifically, and referring to  FIG. 6 , in this embodiment, a single extended substrate-embedded thermally and electrically conductive laminate  11  is attached within the channel  3  along one axis of the heat sink  1 , while the channel  3  along the perpendicular axis contains the same conductive tripartite laminates  4  as described above (i.e., terminating proximally near the center of the heat sink). The substrate-embedded laminate  11  and the conductive laminates  4  may be affixed to the channels  3  of heat sink  1  with a variety of thermally-conductive but non-electrically conductive adhesives or mechanical connections (including e.g., epoxy resins, films, eutectic compositions, solder, cyanoacrylates, mechanical, fasters (e.g., conductive, such as metal, or non-conductive, such as plastic), thermosonic bonding, or any combination of the above), although if electrically conductive fasteners (e.g., metal screws) are used, the fasteners must pass through non-conductive regions created within the substrate-embedded and/or conductive laminates during manufacturing. 
         [0045]    The substrate-embedded laminate  11  is comprised of a modified temperature-resistant PCB-type material with an embedded region  12  containing a thermally conductive material. One skilled in the art will recognize that the board material can be any of a number of higher temperature materials such as, but not limited to, materials from the FR4-G10 family, polyimides, Durastone®, or STABLCOR®. The board material is modified such that the embedded region  12  of the laminate is infiltrated with a thermally and electrically conductive substrate such as, but not limited to, metalized ALN, BeO, aluminum oxide, graphite, SiC, or ALSiC. 
         [0046]    One method of infiltrating the thermally conductive substrate is to manufacture the center region of the laminate with multiple thermally and electrically conductive via holes passing from the upper surface of the laminate to the bottom surface. Each via hole is backfilled with a metal (e.g., AL, Cu, Ag, or Au), a composite, or a metal alloy. Alternatively, via holes are metalized along the entire extent of their inner surfaces and filled with a thermally conductive material, including but not limited to metals, ceramics, alloys, and composites. Alternatively, via holes are machined into the center region of the conductive laminate and then plugged with metallic or metalized ceramic studs. The via holes are both thermally and electrically conductive, allowing heat to be directed to the heat sink and current to be passed through the metallic layer of the laminate to the terminal fingers. 
         [0047]    Via holes in the substrate-embedded embodiments are approximately 0.018 inches in diameter, and typically occupy a minimum of 50% of the surface of the laminate center region. One of ordinary skill in the art, however, will recognize that the size and density of via holes can vary and will be determined by the percentage of radiant heat that can be diverted along each of the three possible planes (X, Y, and Z), as well as by process manufacturing concerns. 
         [0048]    As shown in  FIG. 7 , the embedded region  12  in the substrate-embedded embodiments will extend laterally along the laminate beyond the edges of the intersecting conductive laminates. One skilled in the art will understand that the embedded region will extend laterally to a reasonable distance necessary to absorb stray light and redirect it to the heat sink. 
         [0049]    Referring to  FIGS. 6 and 7 , the solar chip electrode bus bars are connected with wire- or ribbon-bonds  9  to the appropriate proximal conductive fingers  5  of laminates  4 . One or more flip-chip bypass diodes are connected to the chip and are positioned preferably beneath the cathode wire or ribbon connections to minimize the package profile, although one of skill in the art will understand that the bypass diodes can be positioned in other locations and inverted if desired. Alternatively, a standard bypass diode can be seated on two opposing laminates  4  distal to the proximal conductive fingers  5  of the laminates  4 . 
         [0050]    The anode surface of the chip is bonded with a conductive (thermally and electrically) adhesive material (e.g., epoxy resins, films, eutectics, solder) to the embedded region  12  of the embedded laminate  11 . Because electrically conductive via holes connect the surface of the embedded region  12  through the middle metallic layer of the embedded laminate, allowing electrical conduction to the finger terminals  5  of the embedded laminate  11 , no explicit wire- or ribbon-bonding of the chip anode to the laminate  11  is necessary. 
         [0051]    In an alternate embodiment shown in  FIGS. 8 and 9 , an integral heat sink is embedded within a modified conductive laminate  11 , thereby reducing both the horizontal and vertical profile of the integrated package. The solar chip in this embodiment is a III-V solar cell, but the structure is compatible with other planar chips with any semiconductor material that must be exposed to weather and a wide range of thermal expansion and contraction. 
         [0052]    Referring to  FIGS. 8 and 9 , heat sink  1  in this design has only one channel  3  designed to seat modified conductive laminate  11 . Channel  3  extends from one distal edge of heat sink  1  towards the center of the chip to a distance necessary so that when the chip is inserted, the center of the chip (in the x and y planes) lies as exactly as possible over the center (in the x and y planes) of the heat sink. 
         [0053]    Referring to  FIG. 8 , in this embodiment, a single modified substrate-embedded thermally and electrically conductive laminate  11  is attached within the channel  3 . Substrate-embedded laminate  11  may be affixed to the channels  3  of heat sink  1  with a variety of thermally-conductive but non-electrically conductive adhesives or mechanical connections (including e.g., epoxy resins, films, eutectic compositions, solder, cyanoacrylates, mechanical fasters (e.g., conductive, such as metal, or non-conductive, such as plastic), thermosonic bonding, or any combination of the above), although if electrically conductive fasteners (e.g., metal screws) are used, the fasteners must pass through non-conductive regions created within the substrate-embedded and/or conductive laminates during manufacturing. 
         [0054]    Modified substrate-embedded laminate  11  is a five-layer sandwich built as described above for the modified substrate-insert embodiment ( FIG. 5   a ), with one exception. Instead of cavity  6  cut into the bottom layers  501  and  502  of the laminate for substrate insert  7 , that region of laminate  11  comprises an embedded region  12  ( FIG. 9 ) containing a thermally conductive material. One skilled in the art will recognize that the board material can be any of a number of higher temperature PCB materials such as, but not limited to, materials from the FR4-G10 family, polyimides, Durastone®, or STABLCOR®. The board material is modified such that the embedded region  12  of the laminate is infiltrated with a thermally and electrically conductive substrate such as, but not limited to, metalized ALN, BeO, aluminum oxide, graphite, SiC, or ALSiC. 
         [0055]    One method of infiltrating the thermally conductive substrate is to manufacture the embedded region  12  of the laminate  11  with multiple via holes passing from the upper surface of the laminate to the bottom surface. Each via hole is backfilled with a metal (e.g., AL, Cu, Ag, or Au), a composite, or a metal alloy. Alternatively, via holes are metalized along the entire extent of their inner surfaces and filled with a thermally conductive material, including but not limited to metals, ceramics, alloys, and composites. Alternatively, via holes are machined into the embedded region of the conductive laminate and then plugged with metallic or metalized ceramic studs. The via holes are both thermally and electrically conductive, allowing heat to be directed to the heat sink and current to be passed through the metallic layer of the laminate to the terminal fingers. 
         [0056]    Via holes in the substrate-embedded embodiments are preferably 0.018 inches in diameter, and typically occupy a minimum of 50% of the surface of the laminate embedded region. One of ordinary skill in the art, however, will recognize that the size and density of via holes can vary and will be determined by the percentage of radiant heat that can be diverted along each of the three possible planes (X, Y, and Z), as well as by process manufacturing concerns. 
         [0057]    As shown in  FIG. 9 , the embedded region  12  in this embodiment preferably extends laterally along the laminate only to the proximal edges of middle layers  503  and  504 . One skilled in the art will recognize that the embedded region can be extended further laterally if desired. 
         [0058]    Referring to  FIGS. 8 and 9 , the solar chip electrode bus bars are connected with wire- or ribbon-bonds  9  to proximal conductive fingers  15  of middle layer  504  of laminate  11 . One or more flip-chip bypass diodes may be connected to the chip and are positioned, preferably on proximal terminal finger  5  adjacent to the proximal end of middle layers  503  and  504  of laminate  11 , to minimize the package profile, although one of skill in the art will understand that the flip-chip bypass diodes can be positioned in other locations or inverted if desired. Alternatively, a standard bypass-diode can be used. 
         [0059]    The anode surface of the chip is bonded with a conductive (thermally and electrically) adhesive material (e.g., epoxy resins, films, eutectics, solder) to the embedded region  12  of the substrate-embedded laminate  11 . Because electrically conductive via holes connect the surface of the embedded region  12  through the lower metallic layer  502  of the embedded laminate, allowing conduction to finger terminals  5  of the embedded laminate  11 , no explicit wire- or ribbon-bonding of the chip anode to the laminate  11  is necessary. 
       Multi-Directional Embedded Substrate Embodiments. 
       [0060]    Alternatively, the substrate-embedded embodiment of the invention can be modified for multi-directional electric connectivity. In this embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 10   a ,  10   b  and  11 , the thermally and electrically conductive laminate is modified such that a solar cell can be mounted on the embedded substrate in any x-y planar orientation. The solar chip in this embodiment is a III-V multi junction solar cell, but the structure is compatible with other planar chips with any semiconductor material that must be exposed to weather and a wide range of thermal expansion and contraction. 
         [0061]    Referring to  FIGS. 10   a ,  10   b , and  11 , electrically and thermally conductive laminate  16  for this embodiment is a nine-layer stack of tripartite sandwiches built, from the bottom up, with: (a) a metallic conductive layer  1601 ; (b) a temperature-resistant PCB-type material layer  1602 ; (c) a metallic conductive layer  1603 ; (d) a metallic conductive layer  1604 ; (e) a modified thermally conductive and electrically non-conductive material layer  1605 ; (f) a metallic conductive layer  1606 ; (g) a metallic conductive layer  1607 ; (h) a temperature-resistant PCB-type material  1608 ; and (i) a metallic conductive layer  1609 . The metallic layers of the laminate may be Au, Ag, Cu, or gold-plated Cu, although one skilled in the art will recognize that other metals can serve as the conductive layer. The board material for upper ( 1602 ) and bottom ( 1608 ) layers can be any of a number of higher temperature materials such as, but not limited to, materials from the G10-FR4 family, polyimides, Durastone®, graphite, TC1050®, or STABLCOR®. The layers of substrate-embedded laminate  16  may be bonded together with a variety of thermally-conductive but non-electrically conductive adhesives (including e.g., but not limited to epoxy resins, films, eutectic compositions, cyanoacrylates, or any combination of the above). 
         [0062]    Referring to  FIGS. 11 and 12 , the bottom sandwich of laminate  16  has a PCB-type material layer  1602  bonded between metallic layers  1601  and  1603 . Layers  1602  and  1603  are modified to be thermally conductive and electrically non-conductive. As discussed above for other substrate-embedded embodiments, a central region  12  within layers  1602  and  1603  is infiltrated, preferably by means of via holes as discussed above, with a thermally conductive material such as, but not limited to, metalized ALN, BeO, aluminum oxide, graphite, SiC, or ALSiC. The lengthwise profile of layers  1601  and  1602  is greater than the lengthwise profile of other layers within laminate  16  to facilitate attachment to a heatsink  1 . As with other substrate-embodiments discussed above, a variety of thermally-conductive, but electrically non-conductive adhesives or mechanical connections (including e.g., epoxy resins, films, eutectic compositions, solder, cyanoacrylates, mechanical fasters (e.g., conductive, such as metal, or non-conductive, such as plastic), thermosonic bonding, or any combination of the above) may be used to affix conductive laminate  16  to a generic (e.g., non-channeled) heatsink  1 . 
         [0063]    Referring to  FIG. 11 , the middle sandwich of laminate  16  likewise has a modified thermally conductive layer  1605  bonded between metallic layers  1604  and  1606 . STABLCOR® S10 is the preferred thermally conductive material for middle layer  1605  because of its thermal wicking properties along x- and y-planes, adjustable coefficient of thermal expansion, and rigidity, although one of skill in the art will understand that the STABLCOR® S10 layer may be replaced with a layer comprised of any other material both thermally conductive and electrically non-conductive material, such as, without limitation, other STABLCOR® products, graphite, TC1050®, or diamond. Thermally conductive layer  1605  and metallic layers  1604  and  1606  are modified as discussed above for other substrate-embedded embodiments such that a central embedded region  12  of each layer is infiltrated, preferably by means of via holes as discussed above, with a thermally conductive substrate such as, but not limited to, metalized ALN, BeO, aluminum oxide, graphite, SiC, or ALSiC. 
         [0064]    Referring to  FIG. 11 , the upper sandwich of laminate  16  has a PCB-type material layer  1608  bonded between metallic layers  1607  and  1609 . Top-most metallic layer  1609  comprises two discontinuous sheets of metal which, when bonded to board material layer  1608 , are separated by an island of exposed layer  1608 . One metal sheet  1609   a  of layer  1609  is shaped to form the top edge of a cavity  6  when attached to layers  1607  and  1608 , and serves as exposed finger terminal  15  available for electrical connections. The other metal sheet  1609   b  of layer  1609  is electrically isolated from  1609   a , and serves as exposed finger terminal  5  available for electrical connections of opposing polarity. 
         [0065]    Referring to  FIGS. 10   a ,  10   b ,  11  and  12 , Layers  1607  and  1608  each have a cutout therethrough such that the cutouts align to define cavity  6  when the layers are bonded together. Middle layer  1606  forms the base of cavity  6  which passes through the centers of upper layers  1607 ,  1608 , and  1609 . The cutout for layer  1607  is larger than the layer  1608  cutout such that an electrically conductive ledge  19  is formed within the edge of the cavity  6  when layers  1607 ,  1608 , and  1609  are mated. In the preferred configuration, cavity  6  is round, as is conductive ledge  19 . Cavity  6  can be sized and shaped as desired by changing the shape and size of layer  1607 ,  1608 , and  1609  cutouts, but will extend beyond the chip borders so as to absorb stray light and redirect it to heat sink  1  ( FIG. 12 ). With the preferred circular configuration of cavity  6  and ledge  19 , solar cell  8  can be attached to laminate  16  in any x-y planar orientation without disrupting thermal conduction ( 20 ) away from the chip  8  or electrical conduction ( 21 ) to and from terminals of the chip  8 . In short, the bond pad layout on the substrate eliminates any orientation requirements between chip  8  and the substrate. 
         [0066]    One method of infiltrating upper layer  1608  with an electrically conductive substrate is to manufacture lateral embedded regions  17  and  18  within laminate  16  with multiple via holes passing from the upper surface of the laminate to the bottom surface. Each via hole is backfilled with a metal (e.g., AL, Cu, Ag, or Au), a composite, or a metal alloy. Alternatively, via holes are metalized along the entire extent of their inner surfaces and filled with another electrically conductive material, including but not limited to metals, alloys, and composites. Alternatively, via holes are machined into the lateral regions of the conductive laminate and then plugged with metallic studs. Lateral embedded regions  17  and  18  allow current to be passed through metallic layer  1608  of the laminate to terminals  15  and  5  respectively. 
         [0067]    Lateral embedded regions  17  and  18  each occupy approximately ⅓ of layer  1608 . Lateral embedded region  18  likewise occupies approximately ⅓ of layer  1607 . Via holes in the lateral embedded regions are preferably 0.018 inches in diameter, and typically occupy a minimum of 50% of the surface of the lateral embedded region. One of ordinary skill in the art, however, will recognize that the size and shape of the field of via holes, as well as the size and density of the via holes themselves can be varied as desired and will be determined by signal resistivity and process manufacturing concerns. 
         [0068]    Referring to  FIGS. 10   a ,  10   b ,  11 , and  12 , the anode surface of solar chip  8  is bonded with a thermally and electrically conductive adhesive material (e.g., epoxy resins, films, eutectics, solder) to embedded region  12  of layer  1606  in the assembled laminate  16 . Because electrically conductive via holes connect the surface of embedded region  12  through lateral embedded region  18 , allowing electrical conduction to finger terminal  5  of embedded laminate  16 , no explicit wire-or ribbon-bonding of the chip anode to laminate  16  is necessary. 
         [0069]    Referring to  FIGS. 10   a ,  10   b ,  11 , and  12 , the solar chip bus bars are connected with wire- or ribbon-bonds  9  to the appropriate finger terminal  15  or conductive ledge  19  of laminate  16 . One or more flip-chip bypass diodes are connected to the chip and are positioned preferably beneath the cathode wire or ribbon connections to minimize the package profile, although one of skill in the art will understand that the bypass diodes can be positioned in other locations and inverted if desired. Alternatively, a standard bypass diode can be seated on exposed island of layer  1608  on the upper surface ( 1609 ) of laminate  16  and bonded to metallic upper layers  1609   a  and  1609   b.    
         [0070]    The foregoing describes an assembly and various embodiments that can be automatically constructed. 
         [0071]    The integrated solar cell package can be sealed hermetically or against moisture using a variety of substances and methods, as, for example, by applying a proprietary hermetic conformal coating material that permanently seals the covered surfaces from the environment. Although conformal coatings have been available for many years, they have not generally been sufficiently impermeable to moisture to create true hermetic sealing required by the standards in use today. See, e.g., Mil Spec 883. The preferred conformal coating used in this invention is an alkali silicate glass material compound that will be obtained from Rockwell Collins pursuant to an exclusive license. The material is disclosed in at least the following patent application: U.S. 2009/0068474 A1. Once all of the solar package components are in place, the conformal coating is spray-applied at room temperature to encapsulate the semiconductor and associated electrical connectors and connections (e.g., wire bonds and bypass diodes), and then cured at an elevated temperature. The thickness of the conformal coating will be determined by the manufacturer&#39;s specification and may vary from one application to another from a minimum of 40 nm upwards, depending on the lifespan and durability of the coating desired. One of skill in the art will understand that other conformal coatings may be used if desired. 
         [0072]    While the foregoing written description of the invention will enable one skilled in the art to make and use the invention, those skilled will understand and appreciate the number of variations, combinations, and equivalents of the specific embodiment, method, and examples herein. The invention should therefore not be limited by the above describes embodiments, methods, and examples, but by all embodiments and methods within the scope and spirit of the invention.