Abstract:
A bank of nano electromechanical integrated circuit filters. The bank of integrated circuit filters comprising a silicon substrate; a sacrificial layer; a device layer including at least two resonators, wherein the at least two resonators include sub-micro excitable elements and wherein the at least two resonators posses a fundamental mode frequency as well as a collective mode frequency and wherein the collective mode frequency of the at least two resonators is determined by the fundamental frequency of the sub-micron elements. At least one switch connects to the bank of integrated circuit filters.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a national stage application under 35 U.S.C. §371 of International Patent Application No. PCT/US2007/079078, filed Sep. 20, 2007, and entitled “NANO ELECTROMECHANICAL INTEGRATED-CIRCUIT BANK AND SWITCH,” which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/846,048, filed Sep. 20, 2006, and entitled “INTEGRATED NANOMECHANICAL RF FILTER BANK AND SWITCH,” the entire contents of both of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     GOVERNMENT SPONSORSHIP 
     This invention was sponsored by National Science Foundation Grant Nos. ECS-0404206 and DMR-0449670. The government has certain rights in the invention. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to a bank of electromechanical integrated circuit filters and switches at the nanometer scale. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Current telecommunications platforms (such as cell phones) rely on a series of radiofrequency (RF) and intermediate frequency (IF) filters in order to isolate the desired communications band or channel from the crowded and noisy background. Currently, surface acoustic wave (SAW), bulk acoustical wave (BAW), film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) and ceramic filters are the devices of choice. However, in general, these filters are large, bulky, and expensive discrete packaged components that cannot be integrated with the rest of the transceiver architecture. While the front-end module of the transceiver can and does continue to miniaturize with improving lithographic processes and designs, the filter stands as the bottleneck to a truly integrated radio package. 
     More and more, a greater number of communications standards (GSM, CDMA, PCS, European/US, UMTS) and features (WiFi, cameras) are being incorporated into a single handset. While this allows for truly global communications, it comes at the cost of a larger and more power-hungry device. Adding more bands and modes means that more and more discrete packages are added onboard, with corresponding increases in overall board size and power consumption due to package-to-package signal losses. 
     Therefore, a need exists for a type of filter that is small in size, utilizes minimal power and can be integrated with other discrete electrical elements. In addition, a need exists for banks of these types of filters as well as switches. Moreover, a need exists for filter banks capable of handling multiple bands or channels. Further, the capability of switching between the bands and uplink or downlink channels is also needed. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention discloses a novel bank electromechanical integrated circuit filter and switches at the nanometer scale. The bank of integrated circuit filters includes: a silicon substrate; a sacrificial layer; a device layer including at least two resonators, wherein the at least two resonators include sub-micron excitable elements and wherein the at least two resonators posses a fundamental mode frequency as well as a collective mode frequency and wherein the collective mode frequency of the at least two resonators is determined by the fundamental frequency of the sub-micron elements. At least one switch connects to the bank of integrated circuit filters. 
     The use of a nano electromechanical filter of the present invention allows for several advantages, including the ability to integrate such a filter on a semiconductor chip with the rest of the transceiver architecture. Removing the 10-20 discrete filter packages in a typical multimode phone and replacing them with a single IC package is obviously a huge advantage. Additionally, the ability to integrate the filters onto the same chip as the radio frequency integrated circuit (RFIC) allows for even more space and power savings. It will also allow for a single device to be sensitive to all relevant communications bands. Additionally, such a filter&#39;s small size allows for the replacement of the RF/IF heterodyning structure of the modern architecture with a tunable direct-channel-select filtering scheme, encompassing hundreds or thousands of individual filters. This type of filter would necessitate a massive redesign of the RF transceiver, but the dividends would be enormous. Among the advantages would be a fully integrated RF transceiver chip, drastically reducing production costs, RF board space, and power consumption. Additionally, a single RF transceiver would be capable of communicating on any band, in any channel, from 10 MHz up to 100 GHz or more. The transceiver could work in all of the cellular communications bands (GSM, CDMA, PCS, UMTS), wireless data bands (WiFi, EDGE, etc.), peripherals bands (Bluetooth), satellite radio, and GPS 
     The following description and drawings set forth in detail a number of illustrative embodiments of the invention. These embodiments are indicative of but a few of the various ways in which the present invention may be utilized. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For a more complete understanding of the present disclosure and its advantages, reference is now made to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals represent like parts: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an example frequency response graph of a nano electromechanical resonator; 
         FIGS. 2-7  illustrate one method of fabricating a single beam resonator; 
         FIG. 8  illustrates one design for a bank of filters; and 
         FIG. 9  illustrates another design for a set of banks of filters. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The following discussion is presented to enable a person skilled in the art to make and use the invention. The general principles described herein may be applied to embodiments and applications other than those detailed below without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined herein. The present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein. 
     An element of the present invention is the compound nano electromechanical resonator/filter described in concurrently filed PCT International Application Number PCT/US2007/079059, filed on Sep. 20, 2007, entitled “Nano Electromechanical Integrated-Circuit Filter, based on U.S. provisional application No. 60/846,129 assigned to Assignee. The resonator consists of a number of small elements coupled to a larger element in such a way as to possess a number of collective modes of vibration. Such collective modes are characterized by the smaller elements moving in-phase with each other, generating a corresponding displacement in the larger element. With the dimensions of the smaller elements all being less than one micron, the collective modes have natural frequencies that range from about 10 MHz to 100 GHz. The dimensions of the various elements, the material composition, method of coupling, number and location of the smaller elements with respect to the larger, and type of vibration (flexural, torsional, etc.) all work together to determine the value of the resonant frequency. By coupling two or more of these resonators together, a bandpass filter can be created by the existence of symmetric and anti-symmetric modes of vibration whose resonance peaks overlap.  FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary nano electromechanical filter. The quality factor Q of the resonator determines the effective bandwidth of this filter. In addition, the width and shape of this passband describes how well undesired signals are excluded. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates one embodiment of a filter  100 . This embodiment of a filter  100  includes two resonators  104 ,  112 , and each resonator includes numerous paddles, or minor elements  106 ,  110 . Both resonators  104 ,  112  are suspended over a substrate (shown in  FIG. 7 ) and attached to the substrate by coupling elements  102 ,  108 . 
     One complication of the fabrication process is due to the inclusion of a coupling element or elements  102 ,  108 . The coupling element  102 ,  108  add extra difficulty to the fabrication of the filter, as these coupling elements  102 ,  108  need to be free of electrical contacts in order to preserve each resonators&#39;  104 ,  112  independence. Additionally, the structure of the coupling element  102 ,  108  cannot interrupt the array of minor elements  106 ,  110 , as it is the strain coupling between the minor elements  106 ,  110  which allows for the generation of the high-frequency collective modes. One implementation of the coupling elements  102 ,  108  can be at the clamping points of the individual resonators  104 ,  112  (where the suspended resonator meets the unsuspended support structure shown in detail in  FIG. 7 ). The coupling elements  102 ,  108  can be modified by changing the depth of the undercut and the separation between the participating resonators  104 ,  112 . Alternatively, the coupling elements  102 ,  108  between the resonators  104 ,  112  need not be mechanical in nature—it can be capacitive, electrostatic, optical, thermomechanical, magnetic, piezoelectric/resistive, or electrodynamic. 
     Now, the process to create a simplified resonator will be described as illustrated in  FIGS. 2-7 . In this embodiment, a resonator is fabricated from silicon on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer, using a single lithography layer. The method in this embodiment of fabrication of a nano electromechanical structure includes a series of pattern/mask definitions, material deposition and etching processes. Now referring to  FIG. 2 , creating a silicon nano electromechanical resonator starts with an epitaxially-grown wafer  208  with required thickness of silicon  204  on top of a certain thickness of silicon oxide  206 , used as the sacrificial layer. The wafer is then spin-coated with a trilayer PMMA  202  (however, this trilayer PMMA could be replaced by a bilayer PMMA) The structure patterning is then created by e-beam  200  lithography. 
     The wafer and pattern is then developed to create the patterned PMMA  202  as shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     After e-beam exposure and development, a selective metal mask  400  is evaporated as shown in  FIG. 4 . 
     The process then includes a liftoff technique to create the structure shown in  FIG. 5 , which includes a single beam  500 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 6 , a directional anisotropic etch is then done by a reactive ion etch (RIE) process with positive  602  as well negative  600  particles, until the sacrificial layer  206  is completely etched out from under the beam  500 . In this embodiment, the undercut is obtained by a second isotropic RIE etch or by a wet acid etch. In case of a wet acid etch, a critical-point drying process allows suspension and release of the structure without buckling. In addition, the fabrication process is designed to accommodate additional electrical lines. 
     The final structure is shown in  FIG. 7  with the beam  500  suspended over the silicon substrate  208 . 
     While the embodiment of  FIG. 2-7  utilized lithographically with an electron-beam source, photolithography can also be used as the device dimensions are well within the feature size designated by the new deep-UV sources and masks, as well as nano imprint lithography, self assembled techniques, bottom up chemical techniques and other similar nano fabrication techniques. In general however, the fabrication steps for this embodiment were accomplished with well-established methods in the semiconductor industry. However, other embodiments can be fabricated from pure metals, metallic alloys, and alternative semiconductor compositions such as silicon carbide (SiC), GaAs, lithium tantalite, lithium niobate, diamond, metal/semiconductor or other similar compounds or any combination of the above. Quartz, aluminum nitride or other related materials may also be used for piezoelectric actuation and detection. 
     One of the advantages of the nanomechanical filter described above is its compatibility with existing integrated circuit (IC) fabrication technology. Embodiments of nano electromechanical resonators have been fabricated from silicon with CMOS-compatible processes. Alternative methods of fabricating filters include piezoelectric aluminum nitride (AlN) or similar materials, which are also CMOS-compatible. Each resonator/filter is a few square microns in area and can be fabricated with standard 130-nm process technology, allowing for integration of the resonator/filter with existing or future RFIC technology. Current RFIC switches are made with gallium arsenide (GaAs) or silicon-germanium (SiGe). However, silicon CMOS switches are also currently in development and show great promise. The nano electromechanical resonator/filter is compatible with all of these fabrication technologies. 
     The present invention includes a bank of filters, each of which can cover a single communications channel within a given RF band (GSM, for example), in a single package with a multiplexing circuit capable of switching between individual channel filters, as illustrated in  FIG. 8 . Ideally, this entire circuit is assembled at the wafer level, with the RF switch and electromechanical filters all fabricated in a single process and integrated seamlessly. Alternatively, it is possible to fabricate the RF switch with a section of a circuit board space reserved for the subsequent placement and bonding of a discrete filter package. This entire circuit board would then be combined into a single sealed multi-chip module. 
     Now referring to  FIG. 8 , a bank of filters is illustrated. In this embodiment, a first  800  and second filter  802  and a last filter  804  are shown. However, the diagram illustrates that any number of filters could be included, but shows only three for simplicity. A switch  806  can be used to connect to any of the filters  800 ,  802  or  804 . 
     The number of RF filters in a bank depends greatly on the communications band of interest. For instance, the European analog GSM standard defines the receive band from 935-960 MHz. Each channel is 200 kHz wide, therefore defining 125 channels with Q&#39;s ranging from 4675 to 4800. The transmit band is similarly defined. Thus, a circuit designed for both receive and transmit, include a single integrated switch/filter bank for each, capable of allocating any particular communications channel within a particular band. This design can be extended to any particular band or modulation scheme. 
     While a single 125-port switch could perform all relevant channel selections, such architecture might be challenging from a design standpoint, 8-port switches, for example, do exist and are well-proven RF designs. Several such switches can be cascaded together to accomplish channel selection, on-chip, or in one package, with a filter bank. This design can be extended to include any RF switch technology. The switch itself can be fabricated from any current or future process technology, including, but not limited to, GaAs, SiGe, GaN, and Si-CMOS. This design can be integrated completely with the filter bank at the chip level or any number of degrees removed.  FIG. 9  illustrates one such bank. 
     Specifically,  FIG. 9  includes a similar bank illustrated in  FIG. 8 , but includes a second  900  and a third  902  banks, along with the respective switches  904 ,  906 . A fourth switch  908  can be used to select one of the three banks. However, many more switches and banks can be implemented, but this embodiment illustrates just three for simplicity. 
     There are many possibilities of using nano electromechanical or micromechanical devices as a switch. Nano electromechanical devices, such as the dynamic bistable memory elements can be exceptionally small and integrable components for such a multi-channel switch. Alternatively, MEMS switches have experienced a great amount of development over the past few years, and are possible candidates for integration. Both of these options allow for fully-integrated switch/filter packages sensitive to a wide range of communications applications. 
     Additionally, the nano electromechanical filter bank and/or switch can be used in many types of devices. For example, the filter may be used in, but limited to, cellular phones, PDAs, personal computers, RFID tracking devices, GPS receivers, wireless-enabled appliances and peripherals (printers, digital cameras, household appliances), satellite communications, radar communications, miniaturized communications platforms, satellite radio receivers (Sirius/XM), military communications platforms, interplanetary space probes, encrypted safety identification, MEMS device communication/control (e.g. biocompatible medical micro/nanobots controlled via integrated RF transceivers). 
     The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable those skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art and generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.