Abstract:
The method and device of the present invention for ultrasound wound treatment includes a transducer to produce ultrasonic waves. The ultrasonic transducer has tip with the distal end (radiation surface). A liquid is directed to the radiation surface throug central orifice or separate tube wherein an directed atomized particle spray of the liquid is created upon contact of the liquid with the radiation surface. The spray directed to the wound from at least 0.1 inches transmits ultrasound waves trough particles and has an irrigation, mechanical cleansing, liquid energizing and bactericide effect.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    The present invention relates to a method of using ultrasonic waves in wound treatment. In particular, the present invention relates to a method of spraying a wound surface using ultrasonic waves for delivering drugs, killing bacteria, cleansing a surface, increasing blood flow and stimulating healthy tissue cells.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    Ultrasonic waves have been widely used in medical applications, including both diagnostics and therapy, as well as in many industrial applications. One diagnostic use of ultrasound waves includes using ultrasonic waves to detect underlying structures in an object or human tissue. In this method, an ultrasonic transducer is placed in contact with the tissue (or object) via a coupling medium, and high frequency (1-10 MHz) ultrasonic waves are directed into the tissue. Upon contact with underlying structures, the waves are reflected back to a receiver adjacent the transducer. By comparison of the signals of an ultrasonic wave as sent with the reflected ultrasonic wave as received, an image of the underlying structure can be produced. This technique is particularly useful for identifying boundaries between components of tissue and can be used to detect irregular masses, tumors, and the like.  
           [0003]    Two therapeutic medical uses of ultrasonic waves include aerosol mist production and contact physiotherapy. Aerosol mist production makes use of a nebulizer or inhaler to produce an aerosol mist for creating a humid environment and delivering drug to the lung.  
           [0004]    Ultrasonic nebulizers operate by passing ultrasonic waves of sufficient intensity through a liquid, the waves being directed at an air-liquid interface of the liquid from a point underneath or within the liquid. Liquid particles are ejected from the surface of the liquid into the surrounding air following the disintegration of capillary waves produced by the ultrasound. This technique can produce a very fine dense fog or mist. Aerosol mists produced by ultrasound are preferred because a smaller particle size of the aerosol can be obtained with the ultrasonic waves. One of the major shortcomings of inhalers and nebulizers is that there are no directed aerosol to the target without an air stream, which decreases the efficiency of ultrasound.  
           [0005]    Contact physiotherapy applies ultrasonic waves directly to tissue in an attempt to produce a physical change in the tissue. In conventional ultrasound physiotherapy, an ultrasonic transducer contacts the tissue via a coupling medium. Ultrasonic waves produced by the transducer travel through the coupling medium and into the tissue. The coupling medium is typically a bath of liquid, a jelly applied to the surface to be treated, or a water-filled balloon. Conventional techniques provide ultrasonic waves having an intensity of from about 0.25 w/cm 2  to 3 w/cm 2  at a frequency of from about 0.8 to 3 Megahertz. The treatment is applied to a skin surface for from about 1 to 30 minutes, two or three times a week. The coupling medium can provide a cooling effect which dissipates some of the heat energy produced by the ultrasonic transducer. More importantly, a coupling medium or direct contact between the tissue and the ultrasonic transducer is necessary to transmit the ultrasonic waves from the transducer to the skin surface because ambient air is a relatively poor medium for the propagation of ultrasonic waves.  
           [0006]    Several beneficial effects have been reported from contact ultrasound physiotherapy. For example, the following effects have been associated with contact ultrasound physiotherapy: local improvement of the blood circulation, heating of the tissue, accelerated enzyme activity, muscle relaxation, pain reduction, and enhancement of natural healing processes. Despite these beneficial effects, current techniques of medical physiotherapy using ultrasonic waves are limited by the necessity of providing a direct contact interface between the ultrasonic transducer and the tissue to maintain an effective transmission of the ultrasonic waves from the transducer to the tissue. The necessity of direct contact with or without a coupling medium makes current methods undesirable. Some tissue conditions may be accessible to contact ultrasound devices but would be impractical for contact ultrasound treatment. For example, fresh or open wounds resulting from trauma, burns, surgical interventions are not suitable for direct contact ultrasound treatment because of the structural of the structural nature of the open wound and the painful condition associated with those wounds. Moreover, conventional contact ultrasound may have a destructive effect on these types of open wounds due to the close proximity of an oscillating tip of an ultrasonic transducer relative to the already damaged tissue surface.  
         OBJECT OF THE INVENTION  
         [0007]    It is an object of the invention to provide a method and device for treating wounds.  
           [0008]    It is also an object of this invention to provide a method and device for treating wounds using ultrasonic waves.  
           [0009]    It is another object of the invention to provide a method and device for delivering drugs and irrigation to wounds.  
           [0010]    It is a yet another object of the invention to provide a method and device for the mechanical cleansing and debridement of wounds.  
           [0011]    It is a further object of the invention to provide a method and device for increasing blood flow in a wound area.  
           [0012]    It is a yet further object of the invention to treat a wound by spraying the surface of the wound with an aerosol mist produced by ultrasonic waves.  
           [0013]    These and other objects of the invention will become more apparent from the discussion below.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0014]    The present invention concerns a method and device for spraying a wound surface to deliver drugs, kill bacteria, or cleanse a surface by non-contact application of ultrasonic waves. The ultrasonic waves are applied to the wound without requiring direct or indirect (via a traditional coupling medium) contact between an ultrasonic wave transducer and the wound to be sprayed.  
           [0015]    Ultrasonic sprayers (Sonic and Materials Inc., Misonix Inc., Sono-Tek Inc.; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,153,201, 4,655,393, and 5,516,043) typically operate by passing liquid through the central orifice of the tip of an ultrasound instrument. Known applications are essentially industrial, such as a burner or device for coating of surfaces. No ultrasound wound or biological tissue treatment application with such a device has been indicated, with the exception of ultrasound liposuction.  
           [0016]    According to the present invention a directed spray of liquid particles produced by contact of the liquid with a free end surface of an ultrasonic transducer is directed onto a wound. The ultrasonic waves cause the spray to project outwardly from the distal end surface, and the particles of the spray provide a medium for propagation of the ultrasonic waves emanating from the distal end surface.  
           [0017]    In the method of the present invention, particle spray created by low frequency ultrasound waves and directed at the surface of a wound, can deliver drugs, kill bacteria on the wound, increase blood flow, and/or remove dirt and other contaminants from that surface (mechanical cleansing). This method of drug delivery is particularly advantageous on tissues for which local topical application of a drug is desirable yet contact with the tissue is to be avoided. Furthermore, the low frequency ultrasound waves used in the method energize the drug and cause penetration of the drug below the surface of the tissue. Finally, the bacteria killing method is effective when applied to the surface whether the liquid sprayed is a drug (an antiseptic or antibiotic), oil, saline, distilled water, or the like.  
           [0018]    In a device according to the invention, a spray is produced by first delivering liquid to the free distal end surface of an ultrasound tip through the axial (center) orifice or hose. After liquid is delivered to the free distal end surface, ultrasonic waves create the spray, which is directed to a particular targeted surface such a wound. Simultaneously ultrasonic waves are delivered to the wound surface through the spray.  
           [0019]    The device must have a nozzle made from a rigid material such as steel (non-disposable) or plastic (disposable). The nozzle allows liquid to be delivered to a lateral surface of the transducer tip or directly to the distal side (radiation surface) of the ultrasound instrument to be sprayed. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0020]    [0020]FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an ultrasonic wound treatment system for use according to the invention;  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 2 is a partial cross-sectional view of the distal portion of an ultrasonic wound treatment device of the invention with a central orifice;  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 3 is a partial cross-sectional view of the distal portion of an ultrasonic wound treatment device of the invention with no central orifice;  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 4 is a partial cross-sectional view of the distal portion of an ultrasonic wound treatment device of the invention with focused ultrasound;  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 5 is a partial cross-sectional view of the distal portion of an ultrasonic wound treatment device of the invention with a thread on a radial surface;  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 6 is a partial cross-sectional view of the distal portion of an ultrasonic wound treatment device of the invention with a thread in a central orifice;  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 7 is a partial cross-sectional view of the distal portion of a device for spraying where fluid is delivered to a lateral or radiation surface of the transducer tip by tube or sleeve and gas is delivered through the ultrasound tip&#39;s central orifice;  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 8 is a partial cross-sectional view of the distal portion of a device for spraying where gas is delivered to a lateral or radiation surface of the transducer tip the through housing or bushing by perimeter of the tip and liquid is delivered through the ultrasound tip&#39;s central orifice;  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 9 is a view illustrating use of a bushing for better effect of ultrasound standing waves to treat wounds; and  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 10 is a partial cross-sectional view of a nozzle for ultrasound wound treatment using two tubes, one for carrying gas such a oxygen and another for carrying liquid such as a therapeutic agent. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0030]    The present invention is a method and device, which uses ultrasonic wave energy to treat wounds. The device comprises a generator of electrical signals and a handpiece having an ultrasound transducer tip. The handpiece also comprises a tube for delivering drug to the radiation surface of the ultrasound tip.  
         [0031]    The invention can perhaps be better appreciated from the drawings. In FIG. 1, a system  10  according to the invention comprises an ultrasound generator  12  in operative connection through cable  14  with an ultrasound handpiece  16 . Handpiece  16  comprises an ultrasound nozzle  18  and a transducer  20  and is in fluid communication through connecting member  22  with liquid reservoir  24 . Liquid dispensed from reservoir  24  contacts the distal end or radiation surface  26  of nozzle  18 , resulting in a spray  30  that is directed toward the surface  32  of wound  34 . In this fashion liquid is sprayed on the wound surface while ultrasonic waves are delivered to the wound.  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a cross-section of an ultrasonic nozzle tip  36  for wound treatment with a central lumen or orifice  38 , as used in a device of the present invention. Liquid from a reservoir (not shown) is delivered in the direction of arrow  40  to the distal end  42  of ultrasound tip  36  through central orifice  38  to create ultrasound mist  44 , which is directed to the surface  46  of a wound  48 .  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a cross-section of an ultrasonic nozzle tip  50  for wound treatment with no central orifice, as used in a device of the present invention. Liquid from a reservoir (not shown) is delivered in the direction of arrow  52  to a solid distal end  54  of ultrasound tip  50  through a lumen  55  in tubing  56 , to create ultrasound mist  58 . Ultrasound mist  58  is directed to the surface  60  of a wound  62 .  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of a cross-section of an ultrasonic nozzle tip  66  with focused energy for wound treatment with no central orifice, as used according to the invention. Liquid  68  from a reservoir (not shown) is delivered in the direction of arrow  68  to the solid distal end  70  of ultrasound tip  66  through a lumen  71  in tubing  72  to create an ultrasound mist  74  that is directed to a focal point  76  on the surface  78  of a wound  80 . Ultrasound tip distal end  70  is curved, e.g., elliptical, oval, etc.  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of a cross-section of an ultrasonic nozzle tip  84  for wound treatment with grooves  86  on a radial surface  88 . Liquid from a reservoir (not shown) is delivered in the direction of arrow  90  to radial surface  88  through a lumen  91  in tubing  92 , to create an ultrasound mist  94 . Ultrasound mist  94  is directed to the surface  96  of a wound  98 . Grooves  86  can alternatively be threads or rings.  
         [0036]    [0036]FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of a cross-section of an ultrasonic nozzle tip  102  for wound treatment with thread  104  in a central lumen or orifice  106 . Liquid from a reservoir (not shown) is delivered in the direction of arrow  108  through central orifice  106  to the distal end  110  of ultrasound tip  102  to create an ultrasound mist  112 . Ultrasound mist  112  is directed to the surface  114  of a wound  116 .  
         [0037]    [0037]FIG. 7 is a schematic representation of a cross-section of an ultrasonic nozzle tip  120  for wound treatment with a central lumen or orifice  122 . Liquid from a reservoir (not shown) is delivered in the direction of arrow  124  through a lumen  128  in tubing  130  to the distal end  132  of ultrasound tip  120  to create an ultrasound mist  134 . A gas such as oxygen is delivered in the direction of arrow  136  through central orifice  122 . Ultrasound mist  134  is directed to the surface  138  of wound  140 . Alternatively, liquid can be delivered in the direction of arrow  136  through central orifice  122  and gas can be delivered in the direction of arrow  124  through lumen  128 .  
         [0038]    [0038]FIG. 8 is a schematic representation of a cross-section of an ultrasonic nozzle tip  146  for wound treatment with a central lumen or orifice  148 . Liquid from a reservoir (not shown) is delivered to the distal end  152  of ultrasound tip  146  through central orifice  148 , to create an ultrasound mist  154 . Ultrasound mist  154  also carries a gas such as oxygen, delivered in the direction of arrow  156  through annular channel  158  formed by bushing  160 . Ultrasound mist  154  contacts the surface  164  of wound  166 . Alternatively, gas liquid can be delivered in the direction of arrow  156  through annular channel  158  and gas can be delivered in the direction of arrow  150  through central orifice  148 .  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 9 is a schematic representation of a cross-section of an ultrasonic nozzle tip  168  for wound treatment with a central lumen or orifice  170  and an expanded bushing  176 , which creates better conditions for standing waves. Liquid from a reservoir (not shown) is delivered in the direction of arrow  172 . Substantially annular channel  174  is formed by expended bushing  176 , and gas such as oxygen is delivered through annular channel  174  in the direction of arrow  178 . An ultrasound mist  180  created at the distal end  182  of ultrasound tip  168  is directed at the surface  184  of wound  186 . Alternatively, liquid can be delivered in the direction of arrow  178  through annular channel  174  and gas can be delivered in the direction of arrow  172  through central orifice  170 .  
         [0040]    [0040]FIG. 10 is a schematic representation of an ultrasonic nozzle tip  190  with no central orifice, where liquid is delivered from a reservoir (not shown) in the direction of arrow  192  through a lumen  194  in tubing  196  to the distal end  198  of tip  190 . A gas such as oxygen is delivered from a gas source (not shown) in the direction of arrow  200  through a lumen  202  in tubing  204  to tip distal end  198 . An ultrasound mist  206  created at tip distal end  198  is directed to the surface  208  of wound  216 .  
         [0041]    The cross-section of the ultrasonic nozzle tip can be circular, oval, elliptical, rectangular, mult-angular, trapezoidal, or a combination thereof. The distal end shape of the ultrasound nozzle tip may be the same or different, such as rectangular, elliptical, oval, spherical, conical, curved, stepped, with chamfer, etc. The most preferred shape is rectangular, due to radiation beams from the ultrasonic nozzle tip surface being fully directed to the target (wound). With the spherical, elliptical and oval shaped ends, radiation beams are focussed at a focal point, as shown, for example, in FIG. 4. With distal ends of other shapes, some of the radiation beams spread before reaching the target.  
         [0042]    Radial side surface (FIG. 5) of distal end and central orifice (FIG. 6) of the ultrasond tip may have slot (groove) or thread for liquid to be directed to the radiation surface, which increases the liquid pressure.  
         [0043]    Since local tissue oxygenation can stimulate tissue regeneration and prevent infection in wound treatment, the method of the present invention includes the mixing and delivery of oxygen and sprayed liquid (saline, water, therapeutic agent, etc., a shown, for example, in FIG. 7. In this case the liquid spray delivers oxygen or another gas to the wound. Gas or liquid can be delivered via tubing (FIG. 7) or housing (FIG. 8).  
         [0044]    The step of producing the spray can further include operating the transducer to produce ultrasonic waves having a frequency of from about 18 to 10000 kHz. Although a frequency of 1 to 18 kHz can be used, this range should be avoided since this range of sound wave is uncomfortable to the patient and operator. The preferred range of frequency is from about 30 to 100 kilohertz, the most preferred frequency being about 40 kHz.  
         [0045]    The distance of separation between the distal free end surface of the transducer and the surface to be sprayed is preferably from about 0.1 to 20 inches.  
         [0046]    One of the benefits of the present invention is the use of the ultrasound standing waves for wound treatment. Ultrasound standing waves  210  occur when an ultrasound nozzle tip is activated through the air toward the wound surface as a result of incident and reflected waves from the wound surface, which creates ultrasonic radiation pressure. Standing waves  210 , actually ultrasound radiation pressure, occur when the distance between the distal end of the transducer nozzle tip (as a radiant of ultrasound waves) and the reflected surface (wound surface) is: n.λ/2 (λ=wave length, n=integer). To reach this preferred distance and therefore this effect in wound treatment practice, the ultrasound transducer or tip must be moved back and forth toward the wound by the operator.  
         [0047]    The standing waves are more effective in limited space or area as a tube. In this case use of a bushing  12  (FIG. 9) increases ultrasound radiation pressure. The bushing may or may not be disposable part on the distal end.  
         [0048]    The liquid can further include any drug (antibiotic, anticeptic, etc.), saline, water (distilled or regular), or oil for application to the tissue.  
         [0049]    In addition, the method of the invention can include directing the spray onto the surface for from about 1 second to about 30 minutes, dependant upon the condition and size of the wound. This can be done on a daily or semi daily basis, or two-three times per week or month.  
         [0050]    The method of the present invention permits application of ultrasonic waves to the wound without establishing contact, directly or indirectly, between the ultrasonic transducer and the wound. For example, surfaces of the human body especially suited for treatment with the method of the present invention include infected and/or inflamed situations in open wounds, including trauma or gun shut wounds, and fire and chemical bums.  
         [0051]    In addition, the method of the present invention is particularly suited to directing a spray into orifices or other body crevices that are difficult to access.  
         [0052]    This method of wound treatment has a several advantages. First, this method topically applies medicines such as liquid antibiotics to the wound surface without the need to contact an infected, inflamed or painful tissue with an instrument. Second, a significant debridement, cleansing and bactericidal effect can occur, when spraying a wound surface using the method of the present invention. And third, aside from the bactericidal effect and advantages of non-contact treatment, use of the method of the present invention permits a significant reduction in volume used of liquid medicine used as compared with traditional methods for wound treatment. Similarly, this allows for precise dosage of the sprayed liquid to permit a user, such as a physician to administer the desired volume of liquid at a desired rate and duration.  
         [0053]    The method of the present invention decreases healing times for inflammatory and purulent infected wounds, up to 1.5 to 2 times faster than traditional methods. This effect results from a bactericidal, blood flow increasing and mechanical cleansing effect of the atomized spray particles, which have ultrasound energy due to the ultrasonic waves.  
         [0054]    The ultrasonic spray mechanically scrubs the surface of tissue to remove dirt, dead tissue, and purulent buildup on the tissue surface.  
         [0055]    The mentioned healing effect also results of energized and highly activated antibiotics, drug penetration into the tissue surface up to 0.5 mm in depth under influence of ultrasound waves. Additionally, a combination of the low frequency ultrasonic waves and the sonicated medicines (highly activated by ultrasonic energy) destroy the surface bacteria to result in a higher disinfecting property of sonicated liquids as compared to ordinarily applied liquids. The spray of the present method also stimulates healthy cell growth to aid in granulization and epithelization of the healing tissue. Other applications of the method can be directed to non-medical uses such as cleansing, sterilizing and coating surfaces of objects and food. The method of the present invention offers an approach that may re-establish use of some traditional antibiotics and establish a method fighting bacteria without antibiotics when necessary.  
         [0056]    The effect of the method of the present invention in highly activating antibiotics may allow some traditional antibiotics to overcome bacteria which have become resistant to that antibiotic. Moreover, independent of the sonication effect of the antibiotics, the low frequency ultrasonic waves applied in the method of the present invention physically destroy bacteria. The combination of the highly activated antibiotics and of the low frequency ultrasonic waves in the method of the present invention produce a strong bactericidal effect not found in mere topically application or orally ingested antibiotics. This combined effect has been shown to significantly increase the healing of purulent infected wounds.  
         [0057]    The present method also provides a system of non-contact drug delivery without using a compression sprayer system. This simplifies the design of a non-contact drug delivery sprayer and reduces the weight of the sprayer. More importantly, not using compression to propel the atomized particles preserves the ultrasound energy carried by the spray particles.  
         [0058]    The method of the present invention provides a method of compressionless non-contact drug delivery.  
         [0059]    It is to be understood, however, that other expedients known to those skilled in the art or disclosed herein, may be employed without departing from the spirit of the invention or the scope of the appended claims.