Abstract:
The present disclosure relates generally to processing media signals such as audio and video. One claim recites a method comprising: obtaining a media signal, wherein the media signal comprises a plurality of samples; identifying characteristics of the media signal, said act of identifying utilizes a programmed electronic processor; utilizing a programmed electronic processor to change some of the plurality of samples at or near the characteristics to degrade the media signal, wherein the changing results in human perceptible degradation, but wherein the degradation is removable according to a process which uses at least some different characteristics of the media signal than were identified by said act of identifying; and communicating the degraded media signal. Of course, other claims and combinations are provided too.

Description:
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/522,678, filed Mar. 10, 2000 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,963,884), which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/123,581, filed Mar. 10, 1999. Each of the above patent documents is herein incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     It is desirable to degrade digital signals in many situations so as to restrict access. For instance, pay-TV broadcasts are degraded so those who haven&#39;t paid for the program cannot watch it because the picture is unclear, while those who have paid for the program see a clear picture because their recovery apparatus has been enabled. Most recently, as a result of the digital audio revolution, it is desirable to restrict MP3 (a standard bit-rate compressed audio file format) access. It is also desirable to produce inexpensive portable MP3 players, which in turn require that recovery of the original signal be simple. 
     There are numerous existing methods of degrading digital content, a.k.a. scrambling. Some methods require a key to de-scramble the content, whereas others do not. Most scrambling or degrading methods are based upon either adding an interference signal to the digital content, or moving the bits around. Other methods use encryption, but this is very computationally intense. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention degrades digital signals and recovers them using a method and corresponding apparatus that is extremely simple and efficient to implement. In addition, most configurations of the invented method and apparatus allow self-synchronization, which means the digital content can be recovered when accessed at any random part of the content. The invented process also has configurations where the original digital data can be recovered from the degraded digital data with or without the need for a key. Finally, the degradation level can be controlled such that the digital content can either be previewed in lower quality before buying, or made totally useless. 
     The invented degradation process involves searching through the original digital data for detection criteria and then adjusting neighboring points to degrade the content, either without affecting the location of the detection criteria or affecting it in a known fashion so that the original signal may be recovered. The detection criteria may include the relationship between several points, or be as simple as a threshold crossing or include every M th  point. The adjustment of the neighboring points may be as simple as multiplying the point after the threshold crossing by N. It is advantageous if N is less than one but not equal to zero so saturation and data points equal to zero are not a problem, and if the threshold is positive and the data is decreasing towards zero during the threshold crossing. 
     The invented recovery process includes searching through the data for the detection criteria and then re-adjusting neighboring points to their original value. For example, if the adjustment in the degradation process uses multiplication by N, the recovery process multiplies by 1/N. 
     The corresponding apparatus includes a logical processor and memory unit. The logical processor is used to search for the detection criteria, then either adjust to degrade or re-adjust to recover the original data point(s). The memory unit is used to hold the previous point(s) necessary to find the criteria location, and the buffer, if using buffered data. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is an overview of the degradation and recovery process. 
         FIG. 2  is the pseudocode for the degradation and recovery process. 
         FIG. 3  is a simple and efficient example of the degradation and recovery process using a threshold crossing and adjusting only the next point. 
         FIG. 4  is the pseudocode for the simple and efficient example of the degradation and recovery process. 
         FIG. 5  is an overview of the apparatus required to implement the invented process. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Below please find the definitions to terms and concepts that are used throughout this document. Digital content refers to digital data representing a perceived physical item, including but not limited to audio, video, and images. Digital data refers to the grouping of bits (1&#39;s or 0&#39;s) that represent a sample of the original digital content at an instant in time. Each bit group is equivalently referred to as a data point or sample. The data points are arranged in an order, many times representing a sequence versus time or frequency. In addition, the data points may be grouped again to form a subgroup, possibly used to represent a sequence versus frequency versus time, as is the case in MPEG standard compressed digital audio and video. Most importantly, the digital data has an order, with a beginning and end, such that searching the data is possible, and neighboring points can be defined as points close to each other. Finally, point(s) refer to one or several points. 
       FIG. 1  displays an overview of the degradation and recovery process, and  FIG. 2  displays the corresponding pseudocode to be implemented by the apparatus. 
     To degrade the digital content (box  100 ), the samples are searched for the detection criteria (boxes  200 ,  210  and  220 ). The searching stops after the last data point in the buffer has been examined (box  210 ), and a new buffer may be presented if available. As known in the state of the art, data values must be saved between buffers and properly initialized for the first buffer so as the initial points are properly searched. 
     When the detection criteria are found, the neighboring data point(s) are adjusted so as to cause content degradation (box  230 ). The adjustment of these points should not change the location of the detection criteria or change it in a known fashion; otherwise, the detection of the correct location to re-adjust the data to its original value (recovery) is not easy. In addition, it is desirable to prevent the adjustment from causing saturation or resulting in a value of zero, because then the original data point(s) will not be easily recoverable. 
     To recover the original digital content (box  110 ), the degraded data is searched for the detection criteria defined by the degradation process (box  200 ,  210 , and  220 ). If the degradation process has changed the detection criteria in a known fashion, then the detection criteria in box  220  for recovery is different than that used in degradation. When the criteria location is found, the neighboring data point(s) are re-adjusted by the inverse of the method used in the degradation process (box  230 ). 
     An example of this process is shown in  FIGS. 3 and 4 . In this case (boxes  300  and  310 ), the detection criterion is a threshold crossing (using c-notation: x[n−1]&gt;thr &amp;&amp; x[n]&lt;thr) with a positive threshold (thr&gt;0) while the data goes towards zero (boxes  400 ,  410  and  420 ). The neighboring point(s) include only the point after the threshold crossing (box  430 ). To degrade the data, the adjustment involves multiplying the data point after the threshold crossing (x[n]) by N, where N is less than 1 (box  430 ). By reducing the value of this data point, the detection criteria location is not changed. In addition, the closer N is to 0 (but not equal to 0), the more the digital content is degraded. To recover the original digital data, the point after the threshold crossing (x[n]) is multiplied by 1/N (box  430 ). Care has to be taken that quantization errors do not degrade the recovered content quality. Obviously, without quantization, the recovered content will be identical to the original content. 
     There are additional simplistic detection criteria that can be used. For example, every M th  data point may be degraded. In this case, synchronization for recovery may require scanning the data for M points until the correct degraded locations are found. In addition, peak values could be used, and the point after the peak could be reduced in value. As desired, this will not affect the detection criteria for the recovery process. Alternatively, threshold crossings with a negative threshold and the data moving towards zero are viable. Again, the data point after the threshold is reduced in absolute value towards but not equal to zero. For these last two cases, synchronization for recovery automatically occurs when searching the data. 
     Although, in this preferred configuration, the detection criteria do not change between degrading and recovering the original digital data, this is not an absolute requirement. The detection criteria may change, if in a known fashion, such that the recovery process uses a different but known detection criteria than the degradation process. In other words, box  420  (or  220 , as discussed above) would be different for the degradation and recovery process. 
     The original content need not be represented by digital samples versus time, as one may have assumed. In many cases, such as using MPEG compression (i.e. MP3 audio), the digital samples represent subgroups of frequencies versus time. In this case the data may be searched across frequency for each subgroup, or across time for each frequency, or in any other but well-defined combination. The data may also represent either the frequency magnitude or corresponding scaling factors. 
     It is important to note that there are alternative ways to recover the content while removing most of the perceptual degradation caused by this degradation technique. For example, a pirate could use a low-pass filter to render reasonable content from the degraded content. The recovered digital data will not exactly match the original digital data, but its perception may be acceptable. As well know by one familiar with the state of the art in DSP, filter characteristics such as type and order will affect the recovered data. 
     Alternatively, one could use pseudo-random sequences (a.k.a. a key) to set the detection criteria (box  220 ) or the adjustment or re-adjustment of the data (box  230 ). This randomness increases the difficulty to illegally recover the data. For example, a pseudo-random number greater than zero but less than one could be used as the scaling value N (box  430 ). Or, a pseudo-random number between minimum and maximum threshold could be used for the threshold (box  420 ). All that matters is that the degradation and recovery process use the same pseudo-random sequence. However, this configuration requires sending a key along with the data. The key may be embedded within the data using known techniques, such that the original data is still recoverable from the degraded data. 
       FIG. 5  shows the hardware apparatus required to implement the invented degradation and recovery processes. The hardware includes a logic processor  500  and a storage unit  510 . The logic processor  500  may be defined as the equivalent of a digital signal processor (DSP), general-purpose central processing unit (CPU), or a specialized CPU, including but not limited to media processors. A likely DSP chip is one of the Texas Instruments TMS320 product line. A CPU could include one of Intel&#39;s Pentium line or Motorola/IBM&#39;s PowerPC product line. The design of code for controlling logic processor  500  is simple for someone familiar with the state of the art given the above pseudo-code and description. The storage unit  510  includes RAM when using a digital processor, and is required to store the current buffer and/or previous point(s) for the detection criteria. 
     In addition, a person familiar with the state of the art could implement the logic processor  500  with analog and digital circuitry, either separately or in an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The analog and digital circuitry could include any combination of the following devices: digital-to-analog converters (D/A), comparators, sample-and-hold circuits, delay elements, analog-to-digital converters (A/D), and programmable logic controllers (PLC). 
     In summary, the main advantage of this invention is that it is an extremely simple and efficient method and apparatus to protect content as compared to prior-art scrambling and encryption methods. 
     The foregoing descriptions of the preferred embodiments of the invention have been presented to teach those skilled in the art how to best utilize the invention. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. For example, as discussed, there are many detection criteria and adjustment schemes that are similar to those described. To this end, the following claims define the scope and spirit of the invention.