Abstract:
An apparatus provides a safer, high brightness glare or illumination source. The apparatus comprises a laser to emit a light beam, and a magnifying telescope, including a negative lens to expand the light beam and a positive lens to collimate the expanded light beam. The apparatus also includes a holographic diffuser to receive the collimated light beam and to produce a diffused light beam. The diffused light beam has an extended cross section and provides an extended glare source at increased power down range.

Description:
The invention was made under a contract with an agency of the United States Government, contract number F41624-02-D-7003. 
    
    
     FIELD OF INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to laser illuminators. In particular, the present invention provides an extended source laser illuminator. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Lasers are used in a myriad of industrial, medical, commercial, scientific and military applications. The advent of compact, battery-powered solid-state lasers has led to an interest in developing light-based non-lethal technologies (NLT) for law enforcement and military applications. Laser illuminators, capable of producing non-damaging high-brightness glare sources have applications in suspect apprehension, crowd control, perimeter defense, and intruder delay and denial. For example, laser illuminators provide an unequivocal warning to the adversary that his presence has been detected and may also impede mobility by degrading visual sensitivity. Effectiveness of laser illuminators has been limited by the inability to project sufficient light at a distance (“downrange”) and, at the same time, to be eye safe at close range. Because of safety concerns, the power of lasers used in consumer applications often do not exceed a maximum permissible exposure. 
     The safety limitation of conventional illuminator designs is inherent in the point source nature of lasers. The conventional laser illuminators as well as common laser pointers emit a nearly collimated or parallel beam of light. When directed towards the human eye, a collimated beam may be focused to a point on the retina by the cornea and lens of the eye. Focusing causes the light energy to become extremely concentrated, greatly increasing the thermal damage potential of the light. The focused light can cause eye as well as skin damage. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An apparatus that provides a safer, high brightness glare source. The apparatus comprises a laser to emit a light beam, and a magnifying telescope, including a negative lens to expand the light beam and a positive lens to collimate the expanded light beam. The apparatus also includes a holographic diffuser to receive the collimated light beam and produces a diffused light beam. The diffused light beam has an expanded cross section and provides an extended glare source at increased power downrange. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Embodiments of the present invention are illustrated by way of example, and not limitation, in the accompanying figures in which like references denote similar elements, and in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a diagrammatic representation of an apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a diagrammatic representation of an apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and 
         FIG. 3  is a graph showing a maximum permissible exposure and laser intensity for a point and an extended laser source. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In accordance with an embodiment, the present invention provides a extended source laser illuminator which incorporates a diffuser that may increase the maximum permissible exposure at the aperture, thereby affording increased light transmission downrange as well as safer light exposure at close range. This invention relates to laser illuminators which can project sufficient light for a glare source at a distance (“downrange”) and, at the same time, be eye safe at close range. 
       FIG. 1  is diagrammatic representation of an extended source laser illuminator  110  in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in  FIG. 1 , the laser illuminator  110  may include, for example, a laser head  101 , a magnifying telescope  105  and a holographic optical element  104 . 
     The laser illuminator  110  is powered by power source  130 . The power source  130  may be located internal to or external to the illuminator  110 . The power source  130  may be a battery power source which may use rechargeable batteries and/or non-rechargeable batteries. Additionally or optionally, the power source  130  may receive power from a wall outlet. 
     The laser head  101  may be any type of laser. For example, the laser head  101  may include a diode laser, diode-pumped solid state laser, solid state laser, a gas laser and/or any class of laser. The laser may output red light, green light or light of other wavelengths. The laser head  101  emits a coherent laser beam  111  into a magnifying telescope  105 . The magnifying telescope  105  receives the beam  111  and outputs a collimated expanded light beam  113  to holographic optical element  104 . 
     The magnifying telescope  105  may include a plurality of optical elements. For example, the optical elements may be one or more lenses, prisms, mirrors or other optical elements. 
     In an embodiment of the invention, the magnifying telescope  105  includes one or more negative lenses  102  and/or at least one positive lens  103 . The magnifying telescope may include additional lenses. The one or more negative lenses  102  may be diverging lenses that cause the laser beam  111  to spread out. The positive lens  103  may be a converging lens which produces collimated (i.e., parallel), expanded light beam  113 . The surfaces of the various lenses may be plano-concave, double concave or concavo-convex. The collimated expanded light beam  113  output by the magnifying telescope  105  is coherent light. 
     The collimated expanded light beam  113  is input to the holographic optical element  104 . Holographic optical element  104  (e.g., a diffuser, a holographic diffuser, etc.) spreads and diffuses the light beam  113  at a controlled divergence. The holographic optical element  104  outputs incoherent or diffused light  114 . The holographic optical element spreads and homogenizes the light so that it is no longer collimated (non-collimated light). However, beam spread is precisely controlled by the holographic optical element  104 , maximizing photon efficiency. 
     The holographic optical element  104  diffuses the collimated expanded light beam  113  so that it covers a larger cross sectional area. The holographic optical element  104  diffuses the collimated expanded light beam  113  at each point on the diffuser at different angles and in different directions, but within a circumscribed cone. The extended source produced by the diffuser  104  creates an extended image on the retina of the eye. The extended retinal image permits a higher power laser exposure, compared to a point source image common in conventional designs. Consequently, the extended source laser illuminator  110 , as described herein, may provide a safer, more effective and efficient light source, having a shorter hazard distance than a point light source, which can also be used for general lighting purposes. The extended source laser illuminator  110  may also be used as a search light providing increased light downrange. 
       FIG. 2  shows laser illuminator  210  in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As shown, telescope  205  includes at least one prism  206  which may be a dove prism or other type of prism. Prism  206  receives laser beam  111  from the laser head  101  and further decentralizes the laser beam  111  to produce laser beam  211 . Laser beam  211  is input to one or more negative lenses  102 . The one or more negative lenses  102  cause the laser beam  211  from the prism  206  to spread out and produce diverging beam  212 . The positive lens  103  receives beam  212  and produces collimated expanded light beam  213 . The collimated expanded light beam  213  output by the magnifying telescope is coherent light. The collimated expanded light beam  213  is input to the holographic optical element  104 . Holographic optical element  104  spreads and diffuses the collimated expanded light beam  213  at a controlled divergence, and outputs incoherent or diffused light  214 . 
     The holographic optical element  104  diffuses collimated expanded light beam  213  so that it covers a larger cross sectional area. The holographic optical element  104  (e.g., a diffuser, a holographic diffuser, etc.) diffuses the collimated expanded light beam  213  at each point on the diffuser at different angles and in different directions, but within a circumscribed cone. The extended source produced by the holographic optical element  104  creates an extended image on the retina of the eye. The extended retinal image permits a higher power laser exposure, compared to a point source image common in conventional designs. 
     The laser illuminators  110  and  210 , as described herein, may be used as a safer non-lethal glare source providing a high intensity glare source which can temporarily visually impair an adversary. The non-lethal glare source may have military, police and security applications. For example, the non-lethal glare source may be used for apprehension, crowd control, perimeter defense, and intruder delay and denial. The illuminator provides a glare field which may result in the reduction of visibility to disorient the advisory, and assist in capture. 
     As described above, holographic optical element  104  also homogenizes the laser beam providing a more effective glare device by distributing the light more evenly, minimizing potentially hazardous hot spots. The holographic diffuser design safely permits the use of higher laser power, extending the effective range of the extended source illuminators  110  and  210  when compared to conventional point source designs. The holographic design may double the effective glare range at night and could also prove to be an effective glare source during the day. 
     To be considered eye safe, a laser must not exceed the maximum permissible exposure (MPE) at the exit aperture, the opening of the laser where the beam is emitted. The MPE is defined as the level of laser radiation to which a person may be exposed without hazardous effect or adverse biological changes in the eye or skin. Lasers that exceed the MPE must be used with eye protection to avoid the risk of eye injury. Lasers available to the general public are typically limited to low power because of the safety concern. Therefore, the amount of light transmitted downrange will always be limited by the power at the exit aperture. The laser illuminators in accordance with embodiments of the invention may increase the maximum permissible exposure at the aperture, thereby affording increased light transmission downrange. 
     The laser illuminators, as described herein, provide an extended source which distributes the light over a larger surface area, making it less hazardous to a person&#39;s eye. The diffuser  104  diffuses the light over a larger area making the diffused light less hazardous because it is distributed over a larger area on the retina. More energy can be absorbed and dissipated without reaching the burn threshold, so the extended source has a higher maximum permissible exposure (“MPE”) than a comparable point source. 
     The laser illuminators, as described herein, may be in the form of a flashlight, a search light, a vehicle headlight, a pointer and/or any illumination or security device. 
       FIG. 3  is a graph showing a theoretical MPE curve and beam fluence (laser intensity) for a point source and an extended source laser illuminator (e.g., laser illuminators  110  and/or  210 ). The power of the laser may be defined beam fluence or intensity measured as power per area per solid angle (e.g., W/m^-steradian). The power can also be described as irradiance measured as power per area (e.g., watt/m^2, milli-watts/cm^2). The graph shows the beam fluence (Y-Axis) versus distance or range (X-Axis). At distance zero (0)  301 , the graph shows the beam fluence exiting the laser aperture. As can be seen on the graph, the point source MPE  304  is constant as a function of range. To maintain eye safety along the entire beam path, laser intensity cannot exceed the MPE at the laser aperture. The graph further shows that the point source beam fluence  305  decreases with increasing range. Point source fluence and, consequently, effectiveness are limited by the point source MPE at the laser aperture. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , the extended source MPE  303 , on the other hand, changes as a function of range. The extended source MPE  303  is greater than the point source MPE  304  at the laser aperture. As a viewer approaches the extended source, the MPE  303  increases in direct proportion to the image size on the retina. As can be seen, the extended source beam fluence  310  is higher at the laser aperture and, therefore, results in greater fluence downrange (i.e., as the distance increases). A holographic design that extends the cross-section of the beam by a factor of ten may also increase the eye-safe power limit by a factor of ten. Because of the higher MPE  303  at the laser aperture, an extended source laser illuminator propagates greater intensity along the entire beam path making it a more effective illumination and glare source compared to a point source design. The point source MPE and extended source MPE meet at a range where the effective image size of the extended source reduces to a point source. At this distance the extended source MPE and point source MPE are the same. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 3 ,  FIG. 3  shows an example of how an extended source design allows for the use of a higher power laser without exceeding safety limits. The point source and extended source laser parameters in this hypothetical example use a 1-cm diameter Gaussian beam profile and a 10-mrad divergence. For the point source laser, the beam is essentially composed of parallel light rays. The maximum permissible exposure for the point source laser at the aperture is 2.6 mW cm −2  for a 0.25-s exposure (American National Standard for the Safe Use of Lasers, Standard Z136.1, The Laser Institute of America, American National Standards Institute (2000)). The one-cm beam of the extended source passes through the holographic optical element, thereby producing a diffuse source with a higher safety limit at the aperture. The maximum permissible exposure for a 1-cm extended source beam is 173 mW cm −2  (ANSI Z136.1-2000). This higher safety limit permits the use of a 30 mW source instead of a 2-mW source. The higher output power results in higher power by a factor of 15 along the entire beam path. At 25 m the irradiance for the point source is 4 μW cm −2  compare to 60 μW cm −2  for the extended source. 
     The extended source laser illuminator design (laser illuminators  110  and/or  210 ), as described herein, can be scaled to large and small applications. The extended range MPE continues to increase as diffuser area increases, providing an increased margin of safety or reduced hazard distance for large scale applications. Because the extended source illuminator design covers a larger cross-sectional area than a point source, it becomes a more effective light source. Thus, the extended source illuminator design can be used in high power applications such as laser search lights and street lights that could provide illumination of a large area over a long distance. A larger spot size also improves pointing and tracking performance. Small scale applications include a household laser flashlight and accent lighting. Furthermore, images can be recorded on the diffuser so that pictures, patterns or words can be projected onto surfaces or directly into the eye. 
     Several embodiments of the present invention are specifically illustrated and/or described herein. However, it will be appreciated that modifications and variations of the present invention are covered by the above teachings and within the purview of the appended claims without departing from the spirit and intended scope of the invention.