Abstract:
A sand screen having a shroud with a channel for routing of a control line and associated methods and systems. It is emphasized that this abstract is provided to comply with the rules requiring an abstract which will allow a searcher or other reader to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The following is based on and claims the priority of provisional application No. 60/245,515 filed Nov. 3, 2000. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to the field of sand screens used to complete subterranean wells and, more specifically, to devices and methods used for routing control lines with a sand screen. 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     Hydrocarbon fluids such as oil and natural gas are obtained from a subterranean geologic formation, referred to as a reservoir, by drilling a well that penetrates the hydrocarbon-bearing formation. Once a wellbore has been drilled, the well must be completed before hydrocarbons can be produced from the well. A completion involves the design, selection, and installation of equipment and materials in or around the wellbore for conveying, pumping, or controlling the production or injection of fluids. After the well has been completed, production of oil and gas can begin. 
     Sand or silt flowing into the wellbore from unconsolidated formations can lead to an accumulation of fill within the wellbore, reduced production rates and damage to subsurface production equipment. Migrating sand has the possibility of packing off around the subsurface production equipment, or may enter the production tubing and become carried into the production equipment. Due to its highly abrasive nature, sand contained within production streams can result in the erosion of tubing, flowlines, valves and processing equipment. The problems caused by sand production can significantly increase operational and maintenance expenses and can lead to a total loss of the well. 
     One means of controlling sand production is the placement of relatively large grain sand (i.e., “gravel”) around the exterior of a slotted, perforated, or other type liner or sand screen. The gravel serves as a filter to help assure that formation fines and sand do not migrate with the produced fluids into the wellbore. In a typical gravel pack completion, a sand screen is placed in the wellbore and positioned within the unconsolidated formation that is to be completed for production. The sand screen is typically connected to a tool that includes a production packer and a cross-over, and the tool is in turn connected to a work or production tubing string. The gravel is mixed with a carrier fluid and pumped in slurry form down the tubing and through the crossover, thereby flowing into the annulus between the sand screen and the wellbore. The carrier fluid in the slurry leaks off into the formation and/or through the sand screen. The sand screen is designed to prevent the gravel in the slurry from flowing through it and entering into the production tubing. As a result, the gravel is deposited in the annulus around the sand screen where it forms a gravel pack. It is important to size the gravel for proper containment of the formation sand, and the sand screen must be designed in a manner to prevent the flow of the gravel through the sand screen. 
     At times it is desired to place other items within the wellbore adjacent to the sand screen, such as alternate pathway tubes or control lines. If these items are placed outside of the sand screen, they may be damaged when they and the sand screen are inserted into the wellbore. If these items are located within the longitudinal bore of the sand screen, they may interfere with the production of fluids or the subsequent running of other downhole tools. 
     There is a need for improved apparatus and methods that enable the inclusion of control lines and/or alternate pathway tubes adjacent to a sand screen. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     One embodiment of the invention is a sand screen comprising a shroud having a channel or passageway formed therein. The sand screen can include a restraining element adapted to maintain one or more control lines within the channel. The sand screen can also include a base pipe and a screen. The shroud can be attached to the base pipe by a connecting member and can at least partially surround the screen and define a space between them. The shroud can also be perforated. At least one alternate path can be positioned within the shroud and can be positioned within the space between the shroud and the screen. 
     Other features and embodiments will become apparent from the following description, the drawings, and the claims. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     In the accompanying drawings: 
     FIG. 1 is a cross section of a wellbore showing a typical gravel pack completion apparatus. This illustration is of prior art. 
     FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view of an embodiment of the invention comprising a sand screen having a control line channel formed therein. 
     FIG. 3 is a partial cross sectional, side elevational view of the sand screen of FIG.  2 . 
     FIG. 4 is a side elevational view of a restraining element and cable protector that may be used with the sand screen. 
     FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view of an embodiment of the invention comprising a sand screen having a control line channel formed therein. 
    
    
     It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only typical embodiments of this invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     FIG. 1 illustrates a wellbore  10  that has penetrated a subterranean zone  12  that includes a productive formation  14 . The wellbore  10  has a casing  16  that has been cemented in place. The casing  16  has a plurality of perforations  18  which allow fluid communication between the wellbore  10  and the productive formation  14 . A well tool  20  is positioned within the casing  16  in a position adjacent to the productive formation  14 , which is to be gravel packed. 
     The well tool  20  comprises a tubular member  22  attached to a production packer  24 , a cross-over  26 , one or more sand screen elements  28  and optionally a lower packer  30 . Blank sections  32  of pipe may be used to properly space the relative positions of each of the components. An annulus area  34  is created between each of the components and the wellbore casing  16 . The combination of the well tool  20  and the tubular string extending from the well tool to the surface can be referred to as the production string. 
     In a typical gravel pack operation the packer elements  24 ,  30  are set to ensure a seal between the tubular member  22  and the casing  16 . Gravel laden slurry is pumped down the tubular member  22 , exits the tubular member through ports in the cross-over  26  and enters the annulus area  34 . In one typical embodiment the particulate matter (gravel) in the slurry has an average particle size between about 40/60 mesh-12/20 mesh, although other sizes may be used. Slurry dehydration occurs when the carrier fluid leaves the slurry. The carrier fluid can leave the slurry by way of the perforations  18  and enter the formation  14 . The carrier fluid can also leave the slurry by way of the sand screen elements  28  and enter the tubular member  22 . The carrier fluid flows up through the tubular member  22  until the cross-over  26  places it in the annulus area  36  above the production packer  24  where it can leave the wellbore  10  at the surface. Upon slurry dehydration the gravel grains should pack tightly together. The final gravel filled annulus area is referred to as a gravel pack. 
     As can be seen in FIG. 1, the annulus area  38  between the screen element  28  and the casing perforations  18  has multiple fluid flow paths for slurry dehydration. The annulus area  40  between a blank section  32  and non-perforated casing does not have any direct fluid flow paths for slurry dehydration. If the blank section  32  extends more than a few feet in length, the slurry dehydration in the adjacent annulus area  40  can be greatly reduced and can lead to a void area within the resulting gravel pack. 
     An area that is prone to developing a void during a gravel pack operation is the annulus area  42  below the lowest screen element  28 , sometimes referred to as the “sump”. A gravel pack void in the sump is particularly problematic in that it can allow the gravel from above to settle and fall into the voided sump. Production of fluids from the productive formation  14  can agitate or “fluff” the gravel pack and initiate the gravel to migrate and settle within the sump  42 . This can lead to the creation of voids in the annulus areas  38  adjacent to the screen elements  28  and undermine the effectiveness of the entire well completion. 
     The area from the top perforation to the lowest perforation can be referred to as a completion zone. For a good gravel pack completion the entire completion zone should be tightly packed with gravel and contain no void areas. One method that is used to reduce the likelihood of voids being created within the gravel pack is the use of shunt tubes or alternate flowpath tubes (shown in FIG.  2 ), which assist in the slurry being evenly distributed throughout the completion zone. 
     As used herein, the term “screen” refers to wire wrapped screens, mechanical type screens and other filtering mechanisms typically employed with sand screens. Sand screens need to be have openings small enough to restrict gravel flow, often having gaps in the 60-120 mesh range, but other sizes may be used. The screen element  28  can be referred to as a sand screen. Screens of various types are commonly known to those skilled in the art. 
     FIGS. 2 and 3 show embodiments of the present invention that may be used in a well. The sand screen  50  generally comprises a base pipe  52  surrounded by a screen  54 . To provide for the flow of fluid into the base pipe  52 , it has perforations therethrough. The screen  54  is typical to those used in wells such as those formed of a screen wrap or mesh designed to control the flow of sand therethrough. Surrounding at least a portion of the base pipe  52  and screen  54  is a perforated shroud  56 . The shroud  56  is attached to the base pipe  52  by, for example, a connecting ring or other connecting member extending therebetween and connected by a known method such as welding. The shroud  56  and the screen  54  define a space therebetween  55 . 
     In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the sand screen  50  comprises a plurality of shunt tubes  58  (also known as alternate paths) positioned in the space  55  between the screen  57  and the shroud  56 . The shunt tubes  58  are shown attached to the base pipe  52  by an attachment ring  60 . The methods and devices of attaching the shunt tubes  58  to the base pipe  52  may be replaced by any one of numerous equivalent alternatives, only some of which are disclosed in the specification. The shunt tubes  58  can be used to transport gravel laden slurry during a gravel pack operation, thus reducing the likelihood of gravel bridging and providing improved gravel coverage across the zone to be gravel packed. The shunt tubes  58  can also be used to distribute treating fluids more evenly throughout the producing zone, such as during an acid stimulation treatment. 
     The shroud  56  comprises at least one channel  62  therein. The channel  62  is an indented area in the shroud  56  that extends along its length linearly, helically, or in other traversing paths. The channel  62  in one alternative embodiment has a depth sufficient to accommodate a control line  64  therein and allow the control line  64  to not extend beyond the outer diameter of the shroud  56 . Other alternative embodiments may allow a portion of the control line  64  to extend from the channel  62  and beyond the outer diameter of the shroud  56  without damaging the control line  64 . In another alternative, the channel  62  includes an outer cover (not shown) that encloses at least a portion of the channel  62 . 
     To protect the control line  64  and maintain it in the channel  62 , the sand screen  50  may comprise one or more cable protectors, or restraining elements, or clips,  66 . The clips  66  attach to the shroud in the channel  62  and are adapted to selectively receive and hold a control line  64  therein. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the clip  66  has a dovetail groove forming a mouth with a smaller width than the inner portion of the clip  66 . In this embodiment, the control line  64  is noncircular and capable of fitting through the mouth in one orientation after which it is reoriented so that it cannot pass through the mouth. Thereby the control line  64  is held in the clip  66 . 
     FIG. 4 shows an alternative embodiment wherein the groove in the clip  66  is rectangular rather than dovetail shaped. Note that the clip  66  may be formed with resilient sides to allow a control line  64  to be snapped into position. In the embodiments shown, the clip  66  has a length such that holds a significant length of the control line  64 . The clips  66  shown may be replaced by any one of numerous equivalent alternatives, only some of which are disclosed in the specification. In general, any device or method capable of holding the control line  64  in the channel  62  may be used, and are herein referred to as restraining elements  66 . The restraining element  66  can be a single unit having a length that is as long as the longitudinal length of the channel  62 . Alternately, multiple restraining elements  66  of shorter length can be utilized, such as shown in FIG.  3 . 
     FIG. 5 shows an alternative embodiment in which the channel  62 , or control line passageway, is fully enclosed. This alternative embodiment is illustrative in showing the channel  62  or control line passageway may take may forms from an open channel to a fully encircled channel. Further, although shown as a channel having square corners, the channel may be rounded or otherwise configured. FIG. 5 also illustrates that the channel may house a plurality of control lines  64  therein. 
     Note that, as used herein, control line  64  includes fiber optic lines, hydraulic lines, electrical lines, other types of control lines used in wells, and combinations thereof. The control line  64  may be used to power or communicate with, collectively referred to as telemetering, a device placed in the well. The devices may include any device commonly controlled by a control line in a well, such as intelligent completion devices, valves, meters, sensors, gauges, and other devices. 
     Although only a few exemplary embodiments of this invention have been described in detail above, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the exemplary embodiments without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of this invention. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of this invention as defined in the following claims. In the claims, means-plus-function clauses are intended to cover the structures described herein as performing the recited function and not only structural equivalents, but also equivalent structures. Thus, although a nail and a screw may not be structural equivalents in that a nail employs a cylindrical surface to secure wooden parts together, whereas a screw employs a helical surface, in the environment of fastening wooden parts, a nail and a screw may be equivalent structures. It is the express intention of the applicant not to invoke 35 U.S.C. § 112, paragraph 6 for any limitations of any of the claims herein, except for those in which the claim expressly uses the words ‘means for’ together with an associated function.