Abstract:
An exemplary embodiment of a temperature sensor includes housing, and a solid state temperature sensing device disposed within the housing. A first wiring conductor makes electrical connection from outside the housing to a first terminal of the sensing device. A second wiring conductor makes electrical connection outside the housing to a second terminal of the device. The housing is an over-molded plastic structure encapsulating the sensing device and portions of the first and second wiring conductors. The plastic structure is fabricated of a thermally conductive material. A method for fabricating a temperature sensor positioning a sensor assembly including an elongated circuit board, a solid state sensing device mounted to a tip of the circuit board, and a portion of a cable assembly electrically connected to the circuit board within a mold assembly defining a housing cavity. Molten plastic material is injected into the housing cavity to encapsulate the circuit board, the solid state sensing device and the portion of the cable assembly. The plastic material is thermally conductive and electrically non-conductive. The molten plastic material cools to form a housing structure protecting the sensing device.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    Bathing installations typically include a heater assembly connected in a recirculating water flow path, with a pump to circulate water through the heater and typically a filter. A temperature sensor is typically used to monitor a temperature of the bathing installation or a component of the system. For example, a temperature sensor can be placed on or near the heater assembly, or at other locations adjacent the water flow path. 
         [0002]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,407,469 describes an exemplary temperature sensor construction. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0003]    Features and advantages of the disclosure will readily be appreciated by persons skilled in the art from the following detailed description when read in conjunction with the drawing wherein: 
           [0004]      FIG. 1  is an exploded diagrammatic view of an exemplary embodiment of a solid state temperature sensor. 
           [0005]      FIG. 2  is a top view of the exemplary temperature sensor of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0006]      FIG. 2A  is a cross-sectional view taken along line  2 A- 2 A of  FIG. 2 . 
           [0007]      FIG. 3  is a side view of the temperature sensor of  FIG. 1 , with phantom lines illustrating positioning of the temperature sensing circuit within an overmolded head portion of the sensor. 
           [0008]      FIG. 4  is an end view of the sensor of  FIG. 3 . 
           [0009]      FIG. 5  is an isometric view of the cable assembly and temperature sensing circuit of the sensor of  FIG. 1 , prior to overmolding a plastic sensor head housing over the temperature sensing circuit.  FIG. 5A  is an exploded view of an exemplary circuit board and solid state sensing element of the temperature sensing circuit. 
           [0010]      FIGS. 6 and 7  are top and side views of the device of  FIG. 5 . 
           [0011]      FIG. 8  is a diagrammatic exploded isometric view illustrative of an exemplary over-molding process for fabricating a temperature sensor. 
           [0012]      FIG. 9  is an isometric view of an exemplary heater assembly employing temperature sensors. 
           [0013]      FIG. 10  is a cross-sectional view illustrating features of the heater assembly of  FIG. 9 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0014]    In the following detailed description and in the several figures of the drawing, like elements are identified with like reference numerals. The figures are not to scale, and relative feature sizes may be exaggerated for illustrative purposes. 
         [0015]    An exemplary embodiment of a solid state temperature sensor  50  is illustrated in  FIGS. 1-7 . The sensor includes a cable assembly  60  connecting to a sensor head  70 . The cable assembly  60  includes a connector  62  electrically connected to connector ends of insulated wires  64 A and  64 B. Distal sensor circuit ends of the wires are connected to the temperature sensitive element. An outer flexible insulator layer  64 C may be used to further insulate and protect the wires. 
         [0016]    Referring now to  FIGS. 1-2 , the sensor head  70  includes an outer housing structure  72 , which is formed by injection molding a thermally conductive plastic housing over a temperature sensing circuit. This over-molding fabrication process may eliminate the use of a potting material to encapsulate a sensor circuit within a housing, and the problems associated with encapsulation. As shown, the housing structure includes a generally cylindrical probe portion  72 A, a probe tip end  72 B, and a portion  72 C of generally cylindrical configuration which may be threaded to engage a threaded bore in a bathing installation, e.g. a heater assembly. The head portion  70  further includes a hexagonal portion  72 D with opposed flat surfaces, which may be engaged by a wrench or tool to turn the sensor in a threaded bore. The hexagonal portion has a cross-sectional dimension larger than that of the portion  72 C, and defines a transverse stop surface  72 E. An elastomeric seal member (not shown in  FIG. 1 ) such as an o-ring may be positioned against the surface  72 E and compressed between the surface  72 E and a surface of the heater assembly or other feature of the bathing installation. A transition portion  72 F extends toward the connector end of the cable assembly and is molded over the wiring. 
         [0017]    The tip end  72 B terminates in a reduced cross-sectional dimension. The tip end is reduced in size to bring the temperature sensitive device, e.g. a thermistor, closer to the surface, thereby improving the response time of the sensor. The reduced cross section at the tip of the sensor where the thermistor is located, reduces the mass around the thermistor and makes it more responsive to temperature changes. In an exemplary embodiment, the tip of the sensor has a “+” or “X” shape which also increases turbulence around the tip of the sensor, enhancing the thermal response by increasing the contact area with the water flowing past it, breaking any laminar effects that would exist with a simple rounded tip. 
         [0018]    The sensor includes a temperature sensing circuit assembly  80 , which includes an elongated, thin dielectric circuit board  82 . Thin conductive strips are formed on opposite sides of the circuit board; one such strip  82 A is visible in  FIG. 5 . The circuit board has A sensor tip end of the board has a relieved notch area  82 C. A solid state temperature sensitive device  86  is mounted within the notch area of the circuit board, and has two wire leads  86 A,  86 B extending from the temperature sensitive area. Preferably, the body of the device  86  does not protrude beyond the end of the circuit board by more than a predetermined small distance, e.g. no more than 0.03 inch. The two wire leads are soldered to the respective conductive strips on opposite sides of the circuit board.  FIG. 5  illustrates exemplary wire lead  86 A soldered to strip  82 A. 
         [0019]    The sensor ends of the wires  64 A,  64 B of the cable assembly are also connected to a conductor strip on the circuit board  82 , on opposite side thereof. The circuit board may be disposed between the wires  64 A,  64 B, with the exposed tips of the wires soldered to the respective conductor strips.  FIG. 5  illustrates exemplary wire  64 B having its tip soldered to one end of the conductor strip  82 A, and the wire lead  86 A of the device  86  being soldered to the opposed end of the conductor strip  82 A. The wire  64 A is similarly soldered to the conductor strip on the opposed surface of the circuit board  82 . In this manner, the cable assembly is in electrically continuity with the solid state device  86 , so that there is a series circuit formed by wire  64 B, device  86  and wire  64 A. 
         [0020]    The solid state temperature sensing device  86  can be implemented by various types of devices, including thermistors, thermocouples, temperature-sensing diodes wherein leakage currents are temperature-dependent, or constant current source circuits wherein the current is temperature-dependent. In an exemplary embodiment, the device  86  is a thermistor. The thermistor device is a thermally sensitive resistor and has, according to type, a negative or positive resistance/temperature coefficient. When used in a sense circuit, the variation in current through the device or voltage drop across the device may be measured as an indication of variation in temperature. 
         [0021]    The connector  62  can be inserted in a corresponding connector receptacle on a controller circuit board to establish a sense circuit. For example, one pin or terminal of the connector  62  can be connected to a +5 VDC supply node on the controller circuit board. The second terminal of the connector  62  may be connected to ground through a resistor. The device  86  and the sense resistor thus form a voltage divider circuit, with the voltage across the connector  62  terminals dependent on the variable resistance of the thermistor. The voltage across the connector may be converted to a digital value by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and monitored by the controller or microcomputer on the controller circuit board. Since the resistance values of the thermistor  86  varies precisely with its temperature, the voltage across the connector can be converted to temperature readings. Of course, the temperature sensor  50  can be used with other sense circuits. 
         [0022]    In an exemplary embodiment, a length of thin wall shrink tubing is positioned over a portion of the length of the circuit board  82 , covering the soldered wire ends and the conductor strips on the circuit board.  FIGS. 6 and 7  depict a shrink tubing  88  in dashed lines. The tubing is heated, and the distal end of the tubing is adjacent the bottom of the notch  82 C in the circuit board after shrinking. The tubing does not cover or partially extend over the sensor  86 , in an exemplary embodiment. For example, the tubing may be a length of PTFE shrink tube, 0.015 inch wall thickness, and 1 inch in length. The user of shrink tube is a novel approach to holding the leads of the thermistor in place during the overmolding process. These leads are typically used in a through-hole application, and in this exemplary assembly, they are laying flat on the board and are not inserted into holes. 
         [0023]    The temperature of the plastic during a molding process may be close to the melt point of the solder used to make the electrical connections to the circuit board conductor strips. Preferably, the solder used to make the electrical connections is a high temperature solder with a higher melt point than the temperature to which the solder joint is subjected during the overmolding process. One exemplary solder is a Sn95, Sb05 solder. If the solder is melted during the molding, there is a risk of one or both leads of the thermistor coming away from the circuit board resulting in a failed assembly. The shrink-tube holds the leads in place during the mold process even if the solder melts and reflows. 
         [0024]    In an exemplary embodiment, the shrink tubing may serve two purposes. First, it holds the wires in contact with the solder joints, if reflow should occur during molding. Second, it provides a barrier between the molten plastic and the solder joints to reduce the temperature seen by the solder joints and therefore reduce the possibility of reflow. The shrink tubing does not extend over the temperature sensitive device or thermistor, in an exemplary embodiment, since that would tend to insulate the device from the sensed media, e.g. water or other fluid. 
         [0025]    The assembly shown in  FIGS. 6 and 7  is then processed through an over-molding step or steps to fabricate the housing structure  70  covering the sensor head. Mold halves  102 ,  104  define a cavity (generally depicted as  110 ) which creates the outer shape and configuration of the housing  70 . Core pins  106 ,  108  fix the position of the circuit board  82  in the mold halves, and include features which capture the holes  83  to register the position of the circuit board and sensor. When the mold is closed, the circuit board is clamped in place, and held while molten plastic is injected or introduced into the cavity under pressure to surround the circuit board  82 , tubing  88 , the end of the cable assembly  60  and sensor  86 . The plastic is allowed to cool, and the mold halves and core pins are separated, to allow removal or ejection of the sensor assembly from the mold halves. Voids defined by the core pins may be left open, exposing the circuit board at the pin contact points. Alternatively, the voids may be closed, by partial withdrawal of the pins at the end of the injection cycle to allow plastic to back fill the voids left by the pins, thus encapsulating the circuit board completely. 
         [0026]    Suitable thermally conductive plastics are also preferably electrical insulators, and include a polyphenylene sulfide with a filler to add thermal conductivity. Suitable materials are marketed by Cool Polymers, Inc., Warwick, R.I., as D-series CoolPoly® thermally conductive polymers. 
         [0027]    A sensor as described herein can have any number of uses, and is particularly suited to applications that require a temperature sensing device that is immune to a wide variety of adverse environments. The environment to be sensed can be a liquid, such as for example water in a bathing installation heater assembly, but does not have to be a liquid. The sensor may be employed to sense air or other gas temperature. 
         [0028]      FIGS. 9 and 10  illustrate a bathing system heater  200 , as an exemplary application for a temperature sensor  50 . The heater  200  is suitable for connection in a recirculating water flow path of a spa, pool or whirlpool bath, for example. The heater assembly is described more fully in co-pending application entitled BATHING INSTALLATION HEATER ASSEMBLY, attorney docket number 2180, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by this reference. In a general sense, the heater  200  includes a housing structure  210  and a cover plate  220 , which assemble together to provide a heater cavity  202  in which an electrically powered heater element  230  is disposed. In this exemplary heater assembly, two temperature sensors  50  are employed, at each ends of the cavity. The sensors may be received in threaded bosses, e.g. boss  222  ( FIG. 10 ), formed in the cover plate, such that the temperature sensitive element  86  is positioned within the cavity, and the overmolded housing structure is exposed to water flowing through the heater  200 . The sensor signals may be processed by a controller of the bathing systems, e.g. a microcomputer. Of course, for other applications, only one temperature sensor may be employed. The sensor may be employed in any application utilizing a temperature sensor, including, by way of example only, and without limitation, automotive applications such as engine coolant, ambient air temperature, oil and transmission fluid temperature sensing, and heating/air conditioning applications. 
         [0029]    Although the foregoing has been a description and illustration of specific embodiments of the subject matter, various modifications and changes thereto can be made by persons skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as defined by the following claims.