Abstract:
A power control system is implemented within a mobile communications system to prevent erroneous power fluctuations by a mobile station when the power of signals communicated between the mobile station and a base station becomes so weak that the mobile station would otherwise erroneously interpret power control signals communicated from the base station to the mobile station. By configuring the mobile station to ignore power control signals communicated by the base station when a received signal strength is below a power control threshold, erroneous changes in power output can be prevented and the overall performance of the communication system can be increased.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/050,436, filed Jun. 18, 1997, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/050,241, filed Jun. 19, 1997, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/058,434, filed Sep. 10, 1997. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to the field of wireless telecommunications, and more specifically, to the field of mobile station closed loop power control under weak signal conditions in wireless telecommunications systems, such as code division multiple access (CDMA) wireless telephone systems. 
     One of the primary standard specifications relevant to the present invention is TIA/EIA/IS-95-A “Mobile Station-Base Station Compatibility Standard for Dual-Mode Wideband Spread Spectrum Cellular System.” This CDMA industry standard specification is considered understood by those reasonably skilled in the art of the present invention. The invention disclosed herein is applicable to other variants of CDMA technology, other than TIA/EIA/IS-95-A. 
     In CDMA wireless telephone systems (including cellular systems, personal communications systems, satellite communications systems, etc.) power control is crucial to the functionality of the communications system. The available number of simultaneous connections is a function of the transmitted power of the mobile and base stations in the CDMA system. If the mobile and base stations are transmitting at power levels higher than necessary, the overall noise level in the system in increased due to interference between the transmitted signals, thus reducing system capacity. If the mobile and base stations are transmitting power levels lower than necessary, the performance of the CDMA system will be sub-par. Also, since the distance, therefore the received power, between the different mobile stations and the base station will be different, each mobile station and base station pair will be transmitting at a different power level. This implies that transmitted power control has to be performed on an individual basis. 
     There are two different types of power control, open loop power control and closed loop power control. Open loop power control in a mobile station is a gradual system which dictates that output power should increase as the strength of received signals from a base station decreases, and output power should decrease as received signal strengths increase. As specified in the TIA/EIA/IS-95-A standard, the closed loop power control is performed with the assistance of the base station. The base station measures the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the signals received from a mobile station and makes a comparison of the measured SNR with a predetermined threshold. Depending on the result of the comparison, the base station will notify the mobile station via power control commands injected into the forward traffic channel to either increase or decrease its transmitted power. 
     In conditions with low received signal strength, i.e., when the mobile station is far from the base station or there is some large physical body blocking the reception of the transmitted signal, the simple injection of power control commands into the forward traffic channel is not a reliable method of transmitting control information to the mobile station because the injected power control commands are not encoded as is all other data in the CDMA system. In fact, in low received signal strength situations, the mobile station&#39;s version of the received power control command may be erroneous and may not represent the true intent of the base station. This can result in the mobile station erratically changing its power output due to unreliable power control data. 
     There is, therefore, a need in the industry for a system for addressing these and other related and unrelated problems. 
     SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     The present invention is a system in a wireless CDMA telephone system for increasing the stability of the transmitted output power under weak signal conditions which includes the addition of an additional variable, power control threshold (PWR_CNTL_THRESH s ), to the CDMA system. The PWR_CNTL_THRESH s  variable is added to control messages in the CDMA telephone system. The PWR_CNTL_THRESH s  indicates the signal level below which the power control command should be considered unreliable. This variable can be communicated to the mobile station from the base station via several different control messages which it regularly sends to the mobile station. In the first preferred embodiment of the present invention, two bits will be used to represent values for PWR_CNTL_THRESH s , giving the system a total of four different threshold values. 
     According to the first preferred embodiment of the present invention, after the mobile station becomes synchronized with the base station or alternatively, after the mobile station powers up, the mobile station sets the PWR_CNTL_THRESH s  variable to value 0. This disables any effects of the PWR_CNTL_THRESH s  variable. Through communication with the mobile station, if the base station senses that the mobile station is behaving erratically, by noticing a high variance in the transmitted output power from the mobile station according to one implementations the base station will send to the mobile station a control message with the PWR_CNTL_THRESH s  set to a particular value in an attempt to make the operation of the mobile station more reliable, i.e., to reduce the variance of the output power. If after the setting of a particular threshold using the PWR_CNTL_THRESH s  parameter, the variance of the output power does not decrease, the base station may decide to increase the threshold by sending additional messages with PWR_CNTL_THRESH s  set at larger values. 
     According to the second preferred embodiment of the present invention, the mobile station will initialize with a pre-determined non-zero value for PWR_CNTL_THRESH s  that will remain until the mobile station output power becomes erratic. 
     According to the third preferred embodiment of the present invention, the mobile station has a specific value for PWR_CNTL_THRESH s  hard coded into its circuitry and will always use this hard coded value. 
     It is therefore an object of the present invention to improve the reliability of the closed loop power control system. 
     Another object of the present system is to better handle the different operating conditions between each base station and mobile station pair by providing a more robust power control system. 
     Yet another object of the present system is to increase the overall system capacity of the CDMA system by having each mobile station transmitting at the optimum power level. 
     Yet another object of this invention is to make the mobile station more immune to the effects of power control commands from multiple base stations when the mobile station is at the edge of multiple base station coverage ranges. 
     Other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon reading and understanding the present specifications, when taken in conjunction with accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram representation of a CDMA wireless telephone in accordance with a first preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a block diagram representation of a CDMA base station and multiple mobile stations, in accordance with a first preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 3 is a graph displaying the power control commands from the base station, the power control commands as received by the mobile station the resulting change in the output power of the mobile station, and the mobile station received signal strength indicator as a function of the distance from the base station, in accordance with prior art systems. 
     FIG. 4 is a graph displaying the effect of the received power threshold comparison on the actions taken by the mobile station pertaining to its output transmitted power as it moves constantly further away from the base station, in accordance with a first preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 5 is a graph displaying the effect of the received power threshold comparison on the actions taken by the mobile station pertaining to its output transmitted power as it first moves further away from the base station and then moves closer to the base station, in accordance with a first preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 6 is a flow chart representation of a portion of a power control process executing in the base station, in accordance with a first preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 7 is a flow chart representation of a portion of a power control process executing in the mobile station, in accordance with a first preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 8 is a table of example power control threshold values, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Refer now in greater detail to the drawings in which like numerals represent like components throughout the several views, FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a code division multiple access (CDMA) wireless telephone  10  in accordance with a first preferred embodiment of the present invention. The diagram additionally applies to a variety of wireless telephones of alternate embodiments of the present invention, including dual mode cellular and PCS telephones. According to the first preferred embodiment of the present invention, radio signals are received through an antenna  12  and then filtered, mixed to lower frequencies, automatic gain controlled, and I and Q demodulated (separating the combined received signal into its in-phase (I) and quadrature-phase (Q) components) in a radio frequency transmit/receive (RF TX/RX) circuit  14  before being converted, in an analog front end (AFE)  18 , from analog to digital and supplied to a CDMA modem circuit (CMC)  22 . 
     A central processing unit (CPU)  23 , is interfaced to a memory unit  25  comprising storage for a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) value, a power control threshold (PWR_CNTL_THRESH s ) value, an output transmitted power level value among other stored values. The RSSI value is calculated in the CMC  22  and stored in the memory unit  25 . The PWR_CNTL_THRESH s  is communicated to the wireless telephone  10  by the base station, and the output transmitted power level is a value that sets the gain in a variable output amplifier (not shown) in the RF TX/RX  14 . As controlled by the CPU  23  the CMC  29  demodulates the I and Q signals into an interleaved signal stream which. according to the first preferred embodiment of the present invention, is deinterleaved, Viterbi decoded and digitally speech decoded by a digital signal processor (DSP)  26  before being decoded by a coder/decoder (CODEC)  30  into an audio signal which is controllably amplified by an interface controller  34  and output through a telephone speaker  36 . Likewise, a reverse path is followed through the wireless telephone  10  as the telephone microphone  38  detects user speech. A keypad  39  and a display  40  provide conventional user input and output. 
     Refer now to FIG. 2 for a block diagram of a CDMA base station  100 , its effective operating boundary  110 , and multiple mobile stations  120  and  130 . Mobile station  120  is close to the base station  100 , therefore, the transmitted signals from the base station will be received at the mobile station  120  clearly. Furthermore, the transmitted signals from the mobile station  120  will be received at the base station  100  clearly. Mobile station  130  is at the edge of the effective operating boundary  110  of the base station  100 . Therefore, signals transmitted from the base station  100  will be relatively weak when they arrive at the mobile station  130 . The same is true for signals originating at the mobile station  130 . Obviously, if mobile station  120  is transmitting at the same output power as the mobile station  130 , the signal from the mobile station  120  will overwhelm the signal from mobile station  130 . Through closed loop power control, the base station  100  notifies the mobile station  120  to lower its output power and mobile station  130  to raise its output power so that signals from both mobile stations  120  and  130  will arrive at the base station  100  with approximately the same power. 
     Another problem occurs when the mobile station  120  is in the fringe coverage area between multiple base stations. When more than one base station is communicating with the mobile station  120 , typically, one base station will have a stronger signal than the other(s). Since TIA/EIA/IS-95-A specifies that the power control command which specifies power down will always be chosen over one that specified power up, an erroneously received power control command, i.e., a power up command received as a power down command can result in a dropped connection. 
     Refer now to FIG. 3 for a graph displaying an example of power control commands  210  from the base station  100  (FIG.  2 ), power control commands  220  as received by the mobile station  120  (FIG.  2 ), resulting change in the output power  230  of the mobile station  120  (FIG.  2 ), and mobile station received signal strength indicator  240  as a function of the distance from the base station  100  (FIG. 2) in accordance with the prior art. The power control commands  210  from the base station  100  (FIG. 2) notify the mobile station  100  (FIG. 2) to increase its output power (the upwards arrow) or to decrease its output power (the downwards arrow). The power control commands  220  as received by the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) are initially accurate when the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) is close to the base station  100  (FIG.  2 ). However, as the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) moves further away from the base station  100  (FIG.  2 ), the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) begins to receive some of the power control commands erroneously. The output power  230  of the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) shows the effect of the received power commands. Since the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) continues to erroneously receive the power control commands, the power output  230  may actually decrease as the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) moves farther away from the base station  100  (FIG.  2 ). This is contrary to the desired behavior of maintaining or increasing the output power  230  as distance from the base station  100  (FIG. 2) increases. Thus. FIG. 3 illustrates the problem of many prior art systems. 
     Refer now to FIG. 4 for a graph displaying an example of power control commands  310  from the base station  100  (FIG.  2 ), power control commands  320  as received by the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) resulting change in the output power  330  of the mobile station  120  (FIG.  2 ), and mobile station received signal strength indicator  340  as a function of the distance from the base station  100  (FIG.  2 ), according to the first preferred embodiment of the present invention. Line  350  displays the power level threshold for the RSSI as specified by the base station  100  (FIG. 2) in a message,e containing the PWR_CNTL_THRESH s  parameter. In a situation similar to that shown in FIG. 3 as the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) moves further away from the base station  100  (FIG.  2 ), the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) begins to receive the power control commands  310  from the base station  100  (FIG. 2) erroneously. However, when the RSSI  340  drops below the threshold  350  as specified by the PWR_CNTL_THRESH s  parameter, the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) ignores any power control command  320  it receives from the base station  100  (FIG.  2 ). The presence of the threshold  350  prevents the transmitted output power  330  of the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) from fluctuating wildly. 
     Refer now to FIG. 5 for a graph displaying an example of power control commands  410  from the base station  100  (FIG.  2 ), power control commands  420  as received by the mobile station  120  (FIG.  2 ), resulting change in the output power  430  of the mobile station  120  (FIG.  2 ), and mobile station received signal strength indicator  440  as a function of time. Initially, the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) is close to the base station  100  (FIG. 2) and begins to move away from the base station  100  (FIG.  2 ). After a small amount of time, the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) begins to move back towards the base station  100  (FIG.  2 ). The RSSI  440  first drops as the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) moves away and then increases as it moves back towards the base station  100  (FIG.  2 ). When the RSSI  440  drops below the threshold  450 , the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) stops responding  430  to the received power control commands  420  from the base station  100  (FIG.  2 ). 
     Refer now to FIG. 6 for a flow chart representation of a power control process  499  executing in the base station  100  (FIG.  2 ), in accordance with the first preferred embodiment of the present invention. In the process of communicating  505  with the mobile station  120  (FIG.  2 ), the base station  100  (FIG. 2) measures the received power from the mobile station  120  (FIG.  2 ). In the TIA/EIA/IS-95-A standard, the base station  100  (FIG. 2) measures the actual received power from six consecutive data symbols. After measuring the actual received power, the base station  100  (FIG. 2) calculates the variance of the actual received power with respect to the desired (optimal) received power  510 . The base station  100  (FIG. 2) then compares the actual received power with the optimum received power  515 . If the received power is approximately equal to the optimum received power, the base station  100  (FIG. 2) continues communications with the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) and  505 . If the actual received power is not approximately equal to the optimum received power, the base station  100  (FIG. 2) generates and transmits a power control command to the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) to update (increase or decrease) its transmitted output power  520 . The base station will then repeat the received power measurement and calculation of the variance of the received power  525 . The base station  100  (FIG. 2) again compares the received power with the optimum received power  530 . If the received power is not approximately equal to the optimum received power, the base station  100  (FIG. 2) will compare the variance of the received power with an acceptable threshold  535 . If the variance is less than or equal to the acceptable threshold, the base station  100  (FIG. 2) resumes communications with the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) and  505 . If the variance is g,greater than the acceptable threshold, the base station  100  (FIG. 2) will determine if the variance in the actual received power has decreased from the last time the variance was calculated  540 . If the variance has not decreased, the base station will increment the value of the parameter PWR_CNTL_THRESH s    545  and transmit threshold value, PWR_CNTL_THRESH s , to the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) and  550 . After transmitting the parameter to the mobile station  120  (FIG.  2 ), the base station  100  (FIG. 2) resumes communications with the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) and  505 . 
     Refer now to FIG. 7 for a flow chart representation of the power control process  599  executing in the mobile station  120  (FIG.  2 ), in accordance with the first preferred embodiment of the present invention. In the normal closed loop power control as it is implemented in the TIA/EIA/IS-95A standard, the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) will respond directly to the power control commands received. Power control commands increase or decrease mobile station power by one dB. It should be apparent to one skilled in the art that the quantity of one dB is for illustrative purposes and that other quantities are possible. 
     In the first preferred embodiment of the present invention, the base station  100  (FIG. 2) has a threshold, the PWR_CNTL_THRESH s  that is used by the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) to help ensure that the power control command received from the base station  100  (FIG. 2) is a valid power control command. In FIG. 7, the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) first checks to see if it has received a new power control command  610 . If a new power control command has indeed arrived, the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) will compare the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) of the incoming signal from the base station  100  (FIG. 2) with the threshold as specified by the parameter, PWR_CNTL_THRESH s    620 . If the RSSI does not exceed the value specified in PWR_CNTL_THRESH s  (i.e., the RSSI is in a range of values below the power threshold value, PWR_CNTL_THRESH s ), the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) ignores the power control command  630  and waits for the next power control command  610 . If the RSSI does exceed the value specified in PWR_CNTL_THRESH s  (i.e., the RSSI is in a range of values above the power threshold value, PWR_CNTL_THRESH s ), the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) will change its output power per the power control command  640  and then wait for the next power control command  610 . 
     The RSSI of the incoming signal from the base station  100  (FIG. 2) can be calculated as 10 times the log base  10  of the absolute value of the amplitude of the power control command times the amplitude of the pilot channel bit corresponding to the bit of the power control command divided by the total received power at the mobile station  120  (FIG.  2 ). This expressed as a mathematical expression is: 
     
       
         RSSI=10*log 10 {|A pc *A pilot |/I o } 
       
     
     where A pc  is the amplitude of the power control command, A pilot  is the amplitude of the pilot channel corresponding to the power control command, and I o  is the total received power at the mobile station  120  (FIG.  2 ). 
     In one implementation of the first preferred embodiment of the present invention, the PWR_CNTL_THRESH s  parameter is represented as a two bit value. FIG. 8 shows examples of the values for PWR_CNTL_THRESH s  and their corresponding dB value at which power control commands will be ignored. Note that when PWR_CNTL_THRESH s  is equal to zero (0), the power control command is always acted upon by the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) and  620  (FIG.  7 ). 
     The PWR_CNTL_THRESH s  is transmitted to the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) by the base station  100  (FIG. 2) via several different control messages. The base station can send the PWR_CNTL_THRESH s  value in either the Channel Assignment Message, the Extended Channel Assignment Message, the Supplemental Channel Assignment Message, the Extended Handoff Direction Message, or the Power Control Message. The Channel Assignment Message is the message sent to the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) by the base station  100  (FIG. 2) when the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) is first synchronizing with the CDMA system and the base station  100  (FIG. 2) is making the assignment of the traffic channel. The Extended Channel Assignment Message is used by the base station  100  (FIG. 2) when it needs to make a reassignment of the traffic channel. The Supplemental Channel Assignment Message performs the same function as the Extended Channel Assignment Message but deals with the wide-band portion of the CDMA standard. The Extended Handoff Direction Message is the message used to perform the handoff of the control of the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) from one base station  100  (FIG. 2) to a different base station. The Power Control Message is a new message that the base station  100  (FIG. 2) can transmit to the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) at anytime when the base station  100  (FIG. 2) desires to update PWR_CNTL_THRESH s . The Power Control Message is a very short message containing only PWR_CNTL_THRESH s  plus a small amount of additional overhead. 
     In the previously discussed situation where the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) is in the fringe coverage area between multiple base stations, the first preferred embodiment of the present invention specifies that the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) will set its RSSI threshold to the highest level specified in PWR_CNTL_THRESH s  by the multiple base stations. By setting the RSSI threshold to the highest specified level, the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) reduces the probability of erroneously reciving a power control command because the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) will ignore the power control commands which are received with low RSSI. 
     It should be noted that the values for PWR_CNTL_THRESH s  can be any number of bits. Although the preferred embodiment utilizes two bits to convey threshold information, the present invention is not so limited. 
     In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the initial value for PWR_CNTL_THRESH s  zero. Only after sensing that the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) is behaving erratically does the base station  100  (FIG. 2) send the mobile station a particular value for PWR_CNTL_THRESH s . However, in a second embodiment of the present invention, the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) initializes with a predetermined non-zero value for PWR_CNTL_THRESH s  that is valid until the base station  100  (FIG. 2) updates the threshold value. 
     In a third embodiment of the present invention, the mobile station  120  (FIG. 2) has a specific value for PWR_CNTL_THRESH s  hard coded into its circuitry. In this situation, no updating of the PWR_CNTL_THRESH s  occurs. 
     While the embodiments of the present invention which have been disclosed herein are the preferred forms, other embodiments of the method and apparatus of the present invention will suggest themselves to persons skilled in the art in view of this disclosure. Therefore, it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention and that the scope of the present invention should only be limited by the claims below. Furthermore, the corresponding structures materials acts, and equivalents of any means- or step-plus-function elements in the claims below are hereby described to include any structure material or acts for performing the claimed functions in combination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed.