Abstract:
Software applications are analyzed to determine if they are legitimate applications and warnings are provided to users to avoid installation and/or purchases of unnecessary and/or potentially harmful software based on comparisons of user-interface characteristics of the software applications to visual characteristics of authentic applications to determine to what extent they match (or do not match) or are attempting to mirror the legitimate application.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The invention relates generally to computer security, and, more specifically, the identification of rogue software applications that deceive users into purchasing the rogue software. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    The advance of computer and networking technologies has resulted in a significant increase in the number of people who use computers in their daily lives to conduct business, communicate with friends and co-workers, and store information. In performing these functions, users are often required to provide personally-identifiable and/or sensitive private information such as user names, passwords, account numbers, birth dates, social security numbers and credit card numbers. Because this information can be used for nefarious purposes, such as stealing identities, executing fraudulent purchases and other similar schemes, an entire class of software has evolved with the sole purpose of covertly gathering and transmitting this information to third parties. Such software, often referred to as “malware” or “spoof” software, comes in many forms and is designed to infiltrate a computer system such that its detection and removal is very difficult, especially for the casual computer user. 
         [0003]    In response to these threats, legitimate computer software companies have introduced so-called “Anti-Virus” software, which is designed to identify and remove malware, spyware, and other potentially threatening applications. In some instances, the anti-virus software operates as an ongoing process and when new software is introduced onto the machine, the anti-virus software performs a pre-installation scan or file check to determine if the software is legitimate even before it is installed on the computer. These applications often present the user with a screen or other visual message that indicates a virus or other malware was found or is attempting to install itself on the users machine, and instruct the user to take action. For example, the user may decide the application is legitimate and allow the installation, she may ask that the application be quarantined, or have the software removed. 
         [0004]    With the onslaught of damaging viruses and computer-based identity threats, anti-virus software has become a very large industry and users routinely purchase new applications. Some developers, however, have taken advantage of this vulnerability and now present such “warning” screens even without any evidence of malware or viruses on a computer, knowing that a large percentage of users will accept the installation of such software as a precaution. These applications often require users to purchase unneeded applications, and, in some cases, install malware or spyware of their own. 
         [0005]    These applications, referred to herein as “rogue” software, essentially prey on the fears and concerns of consumers by focusing on a market with high demand (e.g., anti-virus, password management, browser plug-ins, etc.) but offer substandard products. To increase their appeal, developers of rogue software design their applications with a look and feel similar to that of reputable software applications, further confusing users. Recently, consumers have begun identifying these rouge programs and are demanding that legitimate anti-virus and malware detection applications trap these applications as well. What is needed, therefore, is a method and system for positively identifying rogue software applications that are designed to appear as legitimate applications, but in fact are not. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0006]    In various embodiments of the present invention, software applications are analyzed to determine if they are legitimate applications and warnings are provided to users to avoid installation and/or purchases of unnecessary and/or potentially harmful software. This is achieved, in part, by comparing certain characteristics of potentially “rogue” software to the same or similar characteristics of known, legitimate applications. In addition to using binary signature detection methods and behavioral functions, user-interface characteristics are used to determine if an application is legitimate. These visual characteristics can be compared to visual characteristics of other applications to determine to what extent they match (or do not match) or are attempting to minor the legitimate application. 
         [0007]    As used herein, “rogue” software generally means a software product that substantially mimics the look and feel of another legitimate software product, but not its functionality. Generally, the rough software masquerades as a legitimate product, often as an anti-virus or computer-maintenance/performance-enhancement software, and convinces a user to buy the fake product. Thus in some ways, the rogue software is analogous to a phishing website that presents itself as an authentic website to a user. The conventional anti-virus and/or malware-detection applications may not adequately protect a user from a rogue software because it typically does not perform any harmful actions on a computer (e.g., deleting files, accessing passwords, etc.), and hence, may not be detected by the conventional applications. 
         [0008]    In order to facilitate detection of rogue software products, features of the user-interface (UI) of an offered software are analyzed. Some exemplary UI features include the window title name, names of menu buttons, types of components in the UI (e.g., progress bar, lists, buttons, etc.), image files associated with the offered software, dialogue names, and colors. From the downloaded executable and/or data files associated with an offered software product, the various UI features are extracted. These features are compared with the known features of legitimate products, and a potentially rogue software is detected if the extracted features and the known features are similar but do not match exactly or nearly exactly. In some instances, components of the downloaded executable and/or data files such as digital signatures, etc. are also inspected to determine whether the offered software product is a rogue product. 
         [0009]    Accordingly, in one aspect, a method for determining the legitimacy of a software application being presented to a user of a computing device includes programmatically detecting the execution of a software application on a computing device, during which user interface characteristics of the software application are collected and stored in a memory. For example, one method to collect such user interface characteristics on systems using the Microsoft Windows Operating System (OS) is to utilize one or more of the OS Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) provided with the OS. The collected user interface characteristics are compared to known user interface characteristics of legitimate software applications and if a similarity between the collected user interface characteristics and the known user interface characteristics surpasses a predefined similarity threshold, analyzing additional characteristics of the executing software application to determine whether the application is a legitimate software application. 
         [0010]    The computing device can be a personal computer, a tablet computer, a game console, or a mobile communications device. The user interface characteristics may be one or more of window title names, screen control names, screen control components, progress bars, lists, buttons, image files, dialog box names, colors, and system tray settings. The legitimate software applications comprise anti-virus applications, and the executing software application may be a rogue software application masquerading as an anti-virus application. The additional characteristics may include a digital signature, a source location, a binary signature of the executing software application, an operating system device driver, and/or an operating system kernel driver. 
         [0011]    In some embodiments, a determination is made as to whether the executing software has been digitally signed, and, if not, the executing software is classified as rogue software. The source location from which the executing software was transmitted to the computing device may also be determined and if not known to be an authentic source of legitimate software applications, the executing software is classified as rogue software. Further, a binary signature of the executing software may be calculated or determined, and if it does not match a binary signature of a known legitimate software application, the executing software is classified as rogue software. In each case, the user may then be presented with a message indicating the software is rogue. 
         [0012]    In certain implementations, execution of the software is forced to terminated and the files associated with the application are quarantined for subsequent deletion from the computing device. Again, the user may be presented with a message suggesting and/or confirming the deletion of the software application from the device. 
         [0013]    In another aspect, a system for analyzing determining the legitimacy of a software application being presented to a user of a computing device includes computer-executable instructions stored on a memory device. When executed by a processor, the instructions programmatically detect the execution of a software application on a computing device during which interface characteristics of the software application are collected and stored in a memory. The instructions further cause known user interface characteristics of legitimate software applications to be retrieved from a database, and programmatically compare the collected user interface characteristics to the known user interface characteristics. If a similarity between the collected user interface characteristics and the known user interface characteristics surpasses a predefined similarity threshold, the instructions analyze additional characteristics of the executing software application to determine whether the application is a legitimate software application. 
         [0014]    In some implementations, the instructions further determine if the executing software has been digitally signed, if the source location from which the executing software was transmitted to the computing device is an authentic source of known legitimate software applications, and/or if the binary signature of the executing application matches a binary signature of a known legitimate software application and, if one or more of these conditions are not met, the executing software is classified as rogue software. In some instances the user is presented with a message indicating the software is rogue software. In some instances, the instructions force termination of the executing software application and quarantine the files associated with the executing software application for subsequent deletion from the computing device. The software may also be deleted from the computing device, and appropriate messages presented to the user. 
         [0015]    Other aspects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following drawings, detailed description, and claims, all of which illustrate the principles of the invention, by way of example only. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0016]    In the drawings, like reference characters generally refer to the same parts throughout the different views. Also, the drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead generally being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. 
           [0017]      FIG. 1  schematically depicts an exemplary computing device and system components for performing the methods described herein according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0018]      FIG. 2  shows a flow diagram of the steps performed in identifying and remediating potentially rogue software when presented to a user of a computing device according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0019]      FIG. 3  shows an exemplary screen image of a software application that may be analyzed using the methods and systems described herein. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0020]    Referring to  FIG. 1 , a computing device  100  on which various embodiments of the invention may be implemented includes a stored memory  105 , one or more processors  110  and a display  315 . In some embodiments, the device may include other components such as user input mechanisms such as a keyboard, mouse, pointer and the like. In other cases (or in combination with these input mechanisms) the display  115  may also provide user input functionality using, for example, touch screen technology as known in the art. Although  FIG. 1  shows a single device  100 , this are illustrative only and is meant to include devices such as cell phones, smart phones, netbooks, wireless devices, gaming consoles, pad computers and/or personal digital assistants (PDAs). The device  100  is typically connected to a communication network (e.g., a private network, a local-area network, a wireless network, the Internet, etc.) in order to send and receive messages and data from other devices. 
         [0021]    The stored memory  105  stores applications and data that are used by the device to perform functions as directed by the user of the device. One such application that is routinely installed and used on the device is anti-virus software, which assists the user in identifying and eliminating unwanted software, and/or restoring systems settings to proper values. Examples of unwanted software include, for example, malware, keyboard loggers, tracking cookies, viruses, and the like, which are typically installed on the device  100  without the users knowledge or consent. Because the unwanted software can have such a detrimental impact on the users device and/or compromise the user&#39;s privacy and security, users are especially prone to purchasing anti-virus software when they are informed of a potential infection. 
         [0022]    Unscrupulous software vendors are aware of this vulnerability and have devised schemes to take advantage of users&#39; naïveté in this regard. For example, software vendors have designed applications that mimic the look, feel and operation of legitimate anti-virus applications that, when executing, lure the users into a false sense of threat and, based on this fear, encourage the user to purchase the software unnecessarily. Unlike traditional malware and viruses, these applications do not perform any “harmful” functions (e.g., deleting files, changing registry entries, creating tracking cookies, or covertly transmitting data). As such, the execution of these applications is not detected by conventional anti-virus software applications. Using the techniques and systems described herein, however, users can be notified when these rogue applications are presented to them and can be informed that the applications are not authentic anti-virus applications. 
         [0023]    According to various embodiments of the invention, and referring to  FIG. 2 , a user operating a computing device may be presented with a warning screen, pop-up ad, email or other message (generally referred to herein as a “potentially rogue software application” or “application”) that indicates (usually falsely) that their device is under threat from malware, a virus, or other potentially damaging software. The execution of this “application” is first detected on the device (STEP  205 ). The detection may take place by monitoring the Windows messaging queue for new display commands containing certain elements. Once detected, various user interface characteristics are then identified and collected (STEP  210 ). These characteristics may include, for example, window title names, screen control names, screen control components, progress bars, lists, buttons, image files, dialog box names, colors, text, and/or system tray settings. The specific characteristics may be stored in memory for subsequent comparison. 
         [0024]    Separately, a database of visual characteristics of known authentic anti-virus software applications may be maintained. In some instances, the database may be a centrally-managed database (e.g., by an anti-virus application vendor, for example) and accessed remotely over the Internet, or, in some cases, the database may be stored locally on the device itself. If stored locally, the local database may be updated periodically (e.g., every week, month, etc.), on demand, or whenever the central database is updated. In any instance, user interface characteristics from the authentic anti-virus applications are retrieved from the database (STEP  215 ) and compared to those collected from the executing application (STEP  220 ). The comparison may include comparing object names, naming conventions, text, binary representations of images, as well as other comparisons to determine a degree of match between the application being analyzed and applications known to be authentic. If none of the characteristics match, or so few match that it is unlikely that the application not being passed off as anti-virus software (DECISION STEP  225 ), the process ends (STEP  230 ). If, however, the degree of match is above some predetermined threshold (e.g., more than 75% of the components in a known anti-virus application exist in the potentially rogue software) additional characteristics are then analyzed (STEP  235 ). 
         [0025]    For example, if the application is now suspected as being rogue software, characteristics such as the binary signature of the executing application may be captured and compared to those of applications known to be authentic applications. In some cases, the comparison may be limited to those applications to which a high degree of match among the user interface characteristics was made. In other instances, the application may be analyzed to determine if it has a digital signature associated with it, as most rogue applications do not. Further, in some implementations it is feasible to determine the source from which the application was sent to the device, and that source (e.g., a URL, IP address, email address, or other uniquely identifiable information) may be captured and compared to those of authentic applications. If these characteristics do not match those of applications known to be authentic (DECISION STEP  240 ) the applications are then classified as rogue applications. 
         [0026]    Once classified as such, the users may be notified and remediation may then take place (STEP  245 ). For example, the user may be presented with a dialog box informing him that the application screen being presented is from a rogue application, and that there are in fact no known threats to his device, and any suggestions to execute or purchase the application should be ignored. In some versions, the process may continue by searching for and removing any components of the rogue application present on the device. In still other versions, a digital signature, hash, or other numeric representation of the application or its components may be derived and stored and/or transmitted to a central repository for tracking such applications. 
         [0027]      FIG. 3  provides an exemplary screen capture  300  from an application determined to be rogue software using the above-described techniques. The user interface components that make up the screen  300  that may be compared to those of authentic anti-virus applications include the window name, “Antivirus Plus (Unregistered)”  305 , an image (typically a .jpg file) of shield  310  that is very similar to an image used in an authentic application and buttons  315  having text descriptions such as “privacy,” “security,” “scan” and the like. Other components include a progress bar  320  indicating the status of a scan, text suggesting the user “get full protection”  325  or “purchase the application now,” a color and menu scheme that matches known application schemes  330  and/or a listing of system scan results  335 . 
         [0028]    Each functional component described above may be implemented as stand-alone software components or as a single functional module. In some embodiments the components may set aside portions of a computer&#39;s random access memory to provide control logic that affects the interception, scanning and presentation steps described above. In such an embodiment, the program or programs may be written in any one of a number of high-level languages, such as FORTRAN, PASCAL, C, C++, C#, Java, Tcl, PERL, or BASIC. Further, the program can be written in a script, macro, or functionality embedded in commercially available software, such as EXCEL or VISUAL BASIC. 
         [0029]    Additionally, the software may be implemented in an assembly language directed to a microprocessor resident on a computer. For example, the software can be implemented in Intel 80×86 assembly language if it is configured to run on an IBM PC or PC clone. The software may be embedded on an article of manufacture including, but not limited to, computer-readable program means such as a floppy disk, a hard disk, an optical disk, a magnetic tape, a PROM, an EPROM, or CD-ROM. 
         [0030]    The invention can be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The foregoing embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects illustrative rather than limiting on the invention described herein.