Abstract:
A new method of performing interference estimation to allow the data packets to be efficiently delivered in an OFDM system. The interference estimation is performed on average over each frame for each mobile station individually in both frequency and time domains. Based on the estimated interference, the CIR can be determined by the BTS based on channel response estimates made by the BTS, or by the MS based on channel response estimates made for the uplink assuming a symmetrical channel. Numerical results show that the CIR estimation error could be very small if a sub-channel is considered as the minimum transmission unit. In terms of the aggregate throughput, the interference estimation method can provide a significant gain.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The invention generally relates to the field of wireless communications, and more specifically to reverse link OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) wireless communications. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Due to the continual growth of wireless internet, there is a high demand for high data rate wireless transmission. Recently, to meet this demand, OFDM systems such as described in Richard Van Nee and Ramjee Prasad, OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications, Artech House, Boston-London, 2000 have been widely researched and developed in the IEEE standards IEEE 802.11a, Supplement to IEEE standard for Information Technology, Part-11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications, Sep. 16, 1999, and IEEE 802.16-REVd/D5-2004, Draft IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area networks, Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems, May 2004. On the forward-link, these standards provide efficient solutions for high data rate transmission, using reported carrier-to-interference ratio (CIR) information to select proper adaptive modulation coding (AMC) and active mobile stations. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    For reverse link transmissions, the average interference received at a base station is estimated for each mobile station on an OFDM channel. This is used to generate an estimate of received CIR for each mobile station. The estimated CIR can be used for many purposes such as AMC determination and mobile station scheduling. 
         [0004]    According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method comprising: determining an interference estimate of an interference component of an OFDM signal received from a mobile station; using the interference estimate, determining a carrier-to-interference ratio (CIR) for at least one sub-carrier and/or for at least one sub-channel for the mobile station. 
         [0005]    According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for execution by a mobile station comprising: receiving an interference estimate of an interference component of a received version of an OFDM signal transmitted by the mobile station; using the interference estimate, determining a carrier-to-interference ratio (CIR) for at least one sub-carrier and/or for at least one sub-channel for the mobile station. 
         [0006]    According to still another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus comprising: an interference estimator adapted to determine an interference estimate of an interference component of an OFDM signal received from a mobile station; a CIR estimator adapted to use the interference estimate to determine a carrier-to-interference ratio (CIR) for at least one sub-carrier and/or for at least one sub-channel for the mobile station. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0007]    Preferred embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the attached drawings in which: 
           [0008]      FIG. 1  is system view of an example interference scenario; 
           [0009]      FIGS. 2A through 2C  are flowcharts of example methods of performing carrier-to-interference ratio estimation as provided by embodiments of the invention; 
           [0010]      FIG. 3  is a plot of a PDF (probability density functions) of CIR estimation error for an example application; 
           [0011]      FIG. 4  is an example of a TDD frame structure; 
           [0012]      FIGS. 5 through 8  are plots showing example simulation results; 
           [0013]      FIG. 9  is a block diagram of an example cellular communication system; 
           [0014]      FIG. 10  is a block diagram of an example base station that might be used to implement some embodiments of the present invention; 
           [0015]      FIG. 11  is a block diagram of an example wireless terminal that might be used to implement some embodiments of the present invention; 
           [0016]      FIG. 12  is a block diagram of a logical breakdown of an example OFDM transmitter architecture that might be used to implement some embodiments of the present invention; and 
           [0017]      FIG. 13  is a block diagram of a logical breakdown of an example OFDM receiver architecture that might be used to implement some embodiments of the present invention; and 
           [0018]      FIGS. 14A-14C  are block diagrams of example apparatuses for performing CIR estimation in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0019]    In the reverse link, the interference received by a serving base station can change significantly over time, and the value between different times can fluctuate by more than 10 dB in some systems. This is due to the randomness with which mobile stations are transmitting their signals using different timing, scheduling etc. 
         [0020]    Referring to  FIG. 1 , shown is an example of an interference scenario. Two sectorized BTSs (base stations)  210 , 212  are shown. Sector  214  of base station  210  is shown serving two MSs (mobile stations)  216 , 218 . There is no interference between these two mobile stations  216 , 218  because their transmissions are under the control of the base station  210 , and can be separated either in terms of time (e.g. time division multiplexing) or frequency by assigning different sets of OFDM subcarriers to each mobile station. Sector  220  of base station  212  is also shown serving two mobile stations  222 , 224 . Mobile stations  222 , 224  do not interfere with each other for the same reasons described above for mobile stations  216 , 218 . However, the transmissions of mobile stations  222 , 224  can be a source of interference to the transmissions of mobile stations  216 , 218  and vice versa. Since the base station  214  and mobile stations  216 , 218  are not aware of how many interfering mobile stations there are, or of when the interfering mobile stations are transmitting, it is difficult to get an accurate estimate of interference. 
         [0021]    In OFDM systems, an OFDM frequency band of interest is used to transmit a set of closely spaced tones referred to as sub-carriers. An OFDM symbol is transmitted over a symbol duration. The transmit capacity of such a set of sub-carriers is typically divided into sub-channels. There are many different sub-channel definitions. For example, a sub-channel can be a contiguous block of sub-carriers. An example of this is the so-called AMC sub-channel defined in IEEE 802.16d. A sub-channel can be a set of blocks of sub-carriers each of which contains contiguous sub-carriers. An example of this is the so-called diversity sub-channel also defined in IEEE 802.16d. A sub-channel can be a set of sub-carriers that are scattered throughout the entire OFDM frequency band. An example of this is the so-called FUSC (full usage of sub-channel) also defined in IEEE 802.16d. A sub-channel can be a set of sub-carriers that are scattered throughout only a part of the entire OFDM frequency band. An example of this is the so-called PUSC (partial usage of sub-channel) also defined in IEEE 802.16d. 
         [0022]    Typically, each transmitting mobile station is assigned one or multiple sub-channels. The sub-channel definition in adjacent coverage areas may be the same or different. The assignment of sub-channels to mobile stations will typically vary from symbol to symbol. In some sub-channel definitions, the sub-channels with the same index in different sectors consist of different sub-carriers due to the different initialization which gives different sub-channel patterns. Therefore, the user receives interferences over a sub-channel that come from many users. 
         [0023]    In OFDM systems, while the interference on a particular sub-carrier is un-predictable, the interference averaged over a set of carriers forming a sub-channel can be relatively stable and can be predicted based on previous received interferences. 
         [0024]    Referring now to  FIG. 2A , an example interference estimation method provided by an embodiment of the invention will now be described. For the embodiment of  FIG. 2A , there is no specificity as to where each of the steps are implemented. For example, they can be implemented by an MS or a BTS as may be appropriate for a given application.  FIGS. 2B and 2C  are specific examples of how the steps might be implemented in TDD (time division duplex) and FDD (frequency division duplex) systems, respectively. 
         [0025]    The method begins at step  2 A- 1  with initializing the estimated interference to be zero (dB) for each individual mobile station. At step  2 A- 2 , based on the signals received during an OFDM frame (defined to be some number of OFDM symbols) on active sub-channels, an average interference level for each mobile station is determined. Preferably, a long term average is generated by combining the current values with previous interference estimates, for example by using a linear filter. At step  2 A- 3 , a channel estimate is generated for each mobile station and for each sub-carrier. At step  2 A- 4 , using the estimated channel response and reported interference, an estimated CIR is determined for each MS, and preferably for each individual sub-carrier and then for each sub-channel. The estimated CIR is then available for use, for example for AMC determination and/or channel selection. 
         [0026]    Referring now to  FIG. 2B , an example interference estimation method provided by an embodiment of the invention will now be described that is particularly applicable to a TDD environment. Steps  2 B- 1  and  2 B- 2  are the same as steps  2 A- 1  and  2 A- 2  described above. At step  2 B- 3 , the BTS reports the interference estimate to each mobile station. At step  2 B- 4 , the MS determines channel response for the downlink for each sub-carrier. In a TDD system, the channel response is symmetrical, so the downlink channel response can be used as estimates for the uplink. At step  2 B- 5 , using the estimated channel response and reported interference, each mobile station determines an estimated CIR for each individual sub-carrier and then for each sub-channel. The estimated CIR is then available for use, for example for AMC determination and/or mobile station. 
         [0027]    Referring now to  FIG. 2C , an example interference estimation method provided by an embodiment of the invention will now be described that is particularly applicable to an FDD environment. Note that this approach can also applied in a TDD environment. Steps  2 C- 1  and  2 C- 2  are the same as steps  2 A- 1  and  2 A- 2  described above. At step  2 C- 3 , the BTS estimates a channel response for each mobile station and each sub-carrier. At step  2 C- 4 , using the estimated channel response and reported interference, each BTS determines an estimated CIR for each individual sub-carrier and then for each sub-channel. At step  2 C- 5 , the estimated CIR is reported to the mobile station. The estimated CIR is then available for use, for example for AMC determination and/or mobile station. 
         [0028]    The following is a mathematical formulation of an example implementation of the interference estimation method. 
         [0029]    The received power for the desired signal component (i.e. not including the interfering components) for the k-th mobile station on the i-th sub-carrier and the l-th sub-channel in the m-th frame is P k,i,l (m). 
         [0030]    The received power of interference and noise for the k-th mobile station on the i-th sub-carrier and the l-th sub-channel in the m-th frame is I k,i,l (m). 
         [0031]    The actual average CIR for the k-th mobile station on the i-th sub-carrier and the 1-th sub-channel in the m-th frame is Γ k,i,l (m). This can be expressed as follows: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 Γ 
                 
                   k 
                   , 
                   i 
                   , 
                   l 
                 
               
                
               
                 ( 
                 m 
                 ) 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 P 
                 
                   k 
                   , 
                   i 
                   , 
                   
                     l 
                      
                     
                       ( 
                       m 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   I 
                   
                     k 
                     , 
                     i 
                     , 
                     
                       l 
                        
                       
                         ( 
                         m 
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 + 
                 
                   N 
                   o 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where P k,i,l (m) is the signal power, I k,i,l (m) is the interference power and N o  is the noise which will be discounted in the math that follows as it is an easily removable contribution. Using the CIR, I k,i,l (m) can be expressed as 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 I 
                 
                   k 
                   , 
                   i 
                   , 
                   l 
                 
               
                
               
                 ( 
                 m 
                 ) 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   
                     P 
                     
                       k 
                       , 
                       i 
                       , 
                       l 
                     
                   
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     m 
                     ) 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     Γ 
                     
                       k 
                       , 
                       i 
                       , 
                       l 
                     
                   
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     m 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
               . 
             
           
         
       
     
         [0032]    More practically, I k,i,l (m) can be expressed in terms of a total received power P received,k,i,l (m) on a particular sub-carrier and the desired signal component power P k,i,l (m) as follows: 
         [0000]        P   received,k,i,l ( m )= I   k,i,l ( m )+ P   k,i,l ( m ) 
         [0000]    This can be rearranged to yield the following expression for I k,i,l (m): 
         [0000]        I   k,i,l ( m )= P   received,k,i,l ( m )− P   k,i,l ( m )
 
         [0033]    In the above expression, P received,k,i,l (m) is measurable at the receiver, and P k,i,l (m) can determined from pilot channel signal strength measurements. For example, in each sub-channel, there may be data tones and pilot tones depending on sub-channelization type. For example, in IEEE 802.16d, the AMC sub-channel consists of 48 data tones and 24 pilot tones. Those pilot tones can be used for many purposes such as signal strength measurements and channel response estimation. The interpolation between neighboring pilot tones is used to figure out the information for data tone. 
         [0034]    The received power of interference and noise averaged over N sub-carriers and L sub-channels for the k-th mobile station in the m-th frame is Ī k (m) and can expressed as 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   I 
                   _ 
                 
                 k 
               
                
               
                 ( 
                 m 
                 ) 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 1 
                 LN 
               
                
               
                 
                   ∑ 
                   
                     l 
                     = 
                     0 
                   
                   
                     L 
                     - 
                     1 
                   
                 
                  
                 
                     
                 
                  
                 
                   
                     ∑ 
                     
                       i 
                       = 
                       0 
                     
                     
                       N 
                       - 
                       1 
                     
                   
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   
                     
                       
                         I 
                         
                           k 
                           , 
                           i 
                           , 
                           j 
                         
                       
                        
                       
                         ( 
                         m 
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     . 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    The pilot sub-carriers are preferably omitted from this calculation. If the pilot sub-carriers are omitted, then the above expression can be simplified to: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   I 
                   _ 
                 
                 l 
               
                
               
                 ( 
                 m 
                 ) 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 1 
                 LN 
               
                
               
                 ( 
                 
                   
                     P 
                     
                       received 
                       , 
                       tot 
                     
                   
                   - 
                   
                     P 
                     
                       desired_signal 
                       , 
                       tot 
                     
                   
                 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where P received,tot  is the total received power over the N sub-carriers and L sub-channels for the k-th mobile station, P received,pilot  is the total received pilot power over the N sub-carriers and L sub-channels for the k-th mobile station, P desired     —     signal,tot  is the total received desired signal power over the N sub-carriers and L sub-channels for the k-th mobile station. 
         [0035]    The estimated power of interference and noise for the k-th mobile station in the (m+1)-th frame is Î k (m+1), which can be represented by a linear filter 
         [0000]        Î   k ( m+ 1)= Î   k ( m )·(1−α)+ Ī   k ( m )·α
 
         [0000]    where α is a filter coefficient and 0&lt;α≦1. Other filter designs/extrapolation designs can be employed. 
         [0036]    The estimated CIR for the k-th mobile station on the i-th sub-carrier and the l-th sub-channel in the (m+1)-th frame is {circumflex over (Γ)} k,i,l (m+1) and can be calculated as 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Γ 
                   ^ 
                 
                 
                   k 
                   , 
                   i 
                   , 
                   l 
                 
               
                
               
                 ( 
                 m 
                 ) 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       P 
                       ~ 
                     
                     
                       k 
                       , 
                       i 
                       , 
                       l 
                     
                   
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     m 
                     ) 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       I 
                       ^ 
                     
                     k 
                   
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     m 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
               . 
             
           
         
       
     
         [0037]    where {tilde over (P)} k,i,l (m) is the reported or estimated desired signal component power for the k-th mobile station on the i-th sub-carrier and the l-th sub-channel in the m-th frame. The estimated CIR for the k-th mobile station on the l-th sub-channel in the (m+1)-th frame is {circumflex over (Γ)} k,l (m+1) and can be calculated as 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Γ 
                   ^ 
                 
                 
                   k 
                   , 
                   l 
                 
               
                
               
                 ( 
                 m 
                 ) 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   
                     ∑ 
                     
                       i 
                       = 
                       0 
                     
                     
                       N 
                       - 
                       1 
                     
                   
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   
                     
                       
                         P 
                         ~ 
                       
                       
                         k 
                         , 
                         i 
                         , 
                         l 
                       
                     
                      
                     
                       ( 
                       m 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   N 
                   · 
                   
                     
                       
                         I 
                         ^ 
                       
                       k 
                     
                      
                     
                       ( 
                       m 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
               
               . 
             
           
         
       
     
         [0038]    As indicated above, the transmissions from each mobile station include one or more pilot sub-carriers. When the BTS receives the pilots, there will also usually be interference from the mobile stations served by neighboring sector. An exception to this is PUSC where neighbouring sectors use different sets of sub-carriers. The pilot sub-carriers are used in order to estimate the channel for the pilot sub-carriers, and interpolation can be performed to determine the channel for every sub-carrier. 
         [0039]    Note that {tilde over (P)} k,i,l (m) can be determined based on received pilots by subtracting the channel response from a known transmit power. This channel response information can be forwarded to the mobile station, and the mobile station will know the power it used to transmit. Alternatively, the base station may also know the power that the mobile station used to transmit if it is controlling that power through power control. 
         [0040]    In a particular example, each mobile station transmits using the same power on all sub-carriers, in which case the transmit power is a single value C k (m) (i.e. for kth mobile station during mth frame). This value may be subject to power control in some implementations. The base station can then determine {tilde over (P)} k,i,l (m) according to {tilde over (P)} k,i,l (m)=C k (m)·H k,i,l (m), where H k,i,l (m) is the channel response information. Alternatively, the mobile station can make this determination if the channel information is fed back from the base station, or can be derived from other information fed back from the base station. 
         [0041]    Interference estimation for a given mobile station is based on interference measurements/estimates for the assigned sub-carriers/sub-channels of the previous frame in combination with earlier estimates. CIR estimates on the other hand can be generated for either currently assigned sub-carriers/sub-channels, for example to assist in AMC decisions, or for potentially assigned sub-carriers/sub-channels, to assist in sub-channel selection for example. 
         [0042]    In other words, the CIR estimate can be determined for a different set of sub-channels/sub-carriers than was used in generating the interference estimate. 
         [0043]    If the CIR calculation is done in the MS, MS knows transmit signal strengths and can interpolate previous channel responses to get channel response estimates for currently/potentially assigned sub-carriers/sub-channels to get the desired signal strength needed for the CIR calculation. In a TDD system, the MS can do this calculation using channel responses estimated for the uplink since there is a symmetrical channel and hence no channel response feedback is needed. 
         [0044]    If the CIR calculation is done by BTS, the BTS needs to make some sort of assumption on transmitted signal strength or otherwise be able to determine the desired signal strength. For example, the BTS might use a known transmit signal strength C, and the interpolated channel response to get desired signal strength needed for the CIR calculation. In this case, BTS estimates the interference and received signal power, and then figures out the average CIR over all the available tones. This CIR will be sent back to MS. 
       Performance Evaluation 
       [0045]    For purposes of performance evaluation of the above derivation, one can assume that the received interference for both real and imaginary parts on each carrier is Gaussian distributed with standard deviations of σ. Averaging M interferences obtains a complex number with the standard deviation of σ/√{square root over (M)} for both parts, resulting in the variance of interference of (2−π/2)·σ 2 /M. This shows that increasing M will linearly decrease the variance of received interference. 
         [0046]    To evaluate how accurate CIR estimation is on each sub-carrier and each sub-channel, an estimation error per sub-carrier is defined as: 
         [0000]      Δ sub-carrier =Γ sub-carrier   (real) −Γ sub-carrier   (est)  
 
         [0000]    and per sub-channel as: 
         [0000]      Δ sub-carrier =Γ sub-channel   (real) −Γ sub-channel   (est)  
 
         [0000]    where Γ sub-carrier , Γ sub-carrier   (est) , Γ sub-channel   (real)  and Γ sub-channel   (est)  represent the real received CIR and estimated CIR per sub-carrier and sub-channel, respectively. 
         [0047]      FIG. 3  shows an example of CIR estimation error between real and estimated CIR for both sub-carrier and sub-channel in the context of an example system described below. From the results of  FIG. 3 , two observations can be made. First, it can be seen that the standard deviation for sub-carriers is about 6.56 dB while the standard deviation for sub-channels (each sub-channel is composed of 48 sub-carriers) is about 2.42 dB. The CIR estimation error for each sub-channel is much smaller than the error for each sub-carrier. This small estimation error may not seriously impact the system level performance due to ARQ (automatic repeat request) processes which may be employed to completely recover some incorrect packets after several retransmissions. Second, the sub-carrier CIR estimation error is extremely high when the received sub-carrier CIR is low. This means that the interference estimation will work best in a higher received sub-carrier CIR region when sub-carrier CIR estimation is required. For sub-channel CIR estimation, however, there is no such a limitation. 
       System Level Performance 
       [0048]    In order to investigate the performance with the proposed interference estimation method, system level simulation based on IEEE 806.16-REVd standard assumptions were performed. In the following, a frame structure for OFDM is described. Then, the simulation assumptions are listed. Finally, the simulation results are presented with detailed discussions. 
       Frame Structure 
       [0049]    The TDD system is based on wireless MAN-OFDMA PHY in IEEE 806.16-REVd standard and its frame structure with 5 msec frame length is illustrated in  FIG. 4 . 
         [0050]    A detailed frame configuration in terms of the number of symbols, preambles, dedicated control symbols, data symbols is listed in Table 1 below. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Frame configuration of TDD OFDMA system for 5 msec frame. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Forward- 
                 Reverse- 
               
               
                   
                 Frame Configuration 
                 Link 
                 Link 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Number of Symbols 
                 27 
                 15 
               
               
                   
                 Number of Preambles 
                 2 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 Number Dedicated Control 
                 1 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 Symbols 
               
               
                   
                 Data Symbols 
                 24 
                 12 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Transmission Time 
                 3.1104 
                 ms 
                 1.728 
                 ms 
               
               
                   
                 TDD Protection Time 
                 121.2 
                 μs 
                 40.4 
                 μs 
               
               
                   
                 Effective Bandwidth 
                 6.3824 
                 MHz 
                 3.6176 
                 MHz 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Simulation Assumptions 
       [0051]    The simulation focuses on the reverse-link and its system level simulation assumptions are listed in Table 2. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 System level simulation assumptions. 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Number of Cells 
                 19 
               
               
                   
                 Number of mobile 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                 stations 
               
               
                   
                 FFT/IFFT Size 
                 1024 
               
               
                   
                 Antenna Structure 
                 1 × 1 
               
               
                   
                 Feedback Delay 
                 1 TDD Frame 
               
               
                   
                 Maximum Retransmission 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 Number 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Entire Bandwidth 
                 10 
                 MHz 
               
               
                   
                 Center Frequency 
                 2.3 
                 GHz 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Transmission Power 
                 200 mWatts (23 dBm) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Noise Figure 
                 9 
                 dB 
               
               
                   
                 Antenna Gain 
                 −1 
                 dBi 
               
               
                   
                 Maximum CIR 
                 30 
                 dB 
               
               
                   
                 Filter Coefficient α 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0052]    The relation of AMC determination in terms of channel encoding block length, modulation, channel code rate, and data transmission rate is listed in Table 3. 
         [0000]                                                                TABLE 3                   AMC set assumption.                Channel   Number of                   Encoding Block   Sub-   Modulation   Channel           Length (bits)   channels   Method   Code Rate                            480   10   QPSK   ⅕           480   10   QPSK   ¼           480   10   QPSK   ⅓           720   15   QPSK   ½           720   15   QPSK   ⅔           960   20   QPSK   ¾           960   20   QPSK   ⅘           1440   30   16QAM   ½           1440   30   16QAM   ⅔           1920   40   16QAM   ¾           2160   45   16QAM   ⅘           2880   60   64QAM   ⅔           2880   60   64QAM   ¾           3600   75   64QAM   ⅘                        
The path-loss model based on ITU vehicular model is represented as
 
         [0000]        L= 40×(1−4×10 −3 ×15)−log 10 R−18×log 10 15+21×log 10 (2.3×10 3 )+80
 
         [0000]    where R is the distance between BTS and mobile station in km. 
       Link-Level Curves for AMC 
       [0053]      FIG. 5  shows the link-level code sets in terms of BLER versus SNR for a 1×1 structure. 
       Channel Model and CIR Generation 
       [0054]    A mixed channel model with assignment probability as listed in Table 4 is considered in our system level simulation. 
         [0000]                                                                        TABLE 4                   Channel Model.                Channel   # of   Speed   Fading   Assignment           Model   fingers   (km/h)   Model   Probability                            Model A   4   3   JTC   0.2           Model B   4   10   JTC   0.2           Model C   6   3   JTC   0.15           Model D   6   10   JTC   0.15           Model E   6   60   JTC   0.3                        
The fading channel generation is based on a JTC model. The CIR calculation is performed on the frequency domain and individually generated for each OFDM tone.
 
       Mobile Station Scheduler and Channel Permutation 
       [0055]    Mobile station scheduler for resource allocation is based on either round-robin (RR) or proportional fairness (PF). 
         [0056]    Several permutation patterns are used to form the sub-channel as follows: 
         [0000]    Permutation-1: This symbol structure (mandatory and diversity channel) supports  35  sub-channels where each transmission uses 48 data carriers as the minimal block of processing. A burst is composed of 3 time symbols and 1 sub-channel, within each burst there are 48 data sub-carriers and 24 fixed-location pilot sub-carriers.
 
Permutation-2: This symbol structure (optional and diversity channel) supports  48  sub-channels where a sub-channel consists of 48 data carriers and 6 pilot carriers. A burst is composed of 3 time symbols and 1 sub-channel, within each burst there are 48 data sub-carriers and 6 fixed-location pilot sub-carriers.
 
Permutation-3: This symbol structure belongs to AMC channel. Sub-channel consists of 48 data carriers or 6 contiguous bins. The bin is the set of 9 contiguous sub-carriers within an OFDMA symbol.
 
       Performance Discussion 
       [0057]      FIG. 6  shows the CDF (cumulative distribution function) of mobile station throughput when we employ 1×1 antenna structure on the reverse-link. It can be seen that the data transmission based on interference estimation method is much better than that without interference estimation. The gain could reach 3.7 if we employ round-robin scheduling and 2.7 if proportional fairness scheduling. 
         [0058]      FIG. 7  shows the fairness curves with and without interference estimation when we utilize permutation-2 channel. We may find that the data transmission with interference estimation and proportional fairness scheduling provides the best result but slightly has some degradation on mobile station throughput (see  FIG. 6 ). 
         [0059]      FIG. 8  shows the received sub-channel CIR for each mobile station when we utilize the permutation-2 channel. It can be found that the data transmission with interference estimation and round-robin experiences the best channels while the data transmission with round-robin and no interference estimation experiences the worst channels. This is because the former provides more accurate AMC determination than the latter. 
         [0060]    Table 5 and Table 6 list the aggregate throughput per sector and residual FER when we employ different schedulers (round-robin, interference estimation round-robin and interference estimation proportional fairness) and different channel (permutation-1, permutation-2 and permutation-3), respectively. It can be seen that the relative gain achieved by interference estimation approach on three permutation channels are almost the same and between 3 and 4 times as opposed to no interference estimation transmission. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Aggregate mobile station throughput with difference 
               
               
                 channels and schedulers. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Permutation-1 
                 Permutation-2 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (Diversity 
                 (Diversity 
                 Permutation-3 
               
               
                   
                 Channel) 
                 Channel) 
                 (AMC Channel) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 RR 
                 310.65 
                 1117.98 
                 1055.15 
               
               
                 Interference 
                 1029.96 
                 4117.68 
                 2919.54 
               
               
                 Estimate RR 
               
               
                 Interference 
                 1097.76 
                 3100.45 
                 2136.73 
               
               
                 Estimate PF 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Residual FER with difference channels and schedulers. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Permutation-1 
                 Permutation-2 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (Diversity 
                 (Diversity 
                 Permutation-3 
               
               
                   
                 Channel) 
                 Channel) 
                 (AMC Channel) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 RR 
                 0.3782 
                 0.4087 
                 0.4206 
               
               
                 Interference 
                 0.1346 
                 0.1068 
                 0.1239 
               
               
                 Estimate RR 
               
               
                 Interference 
                 0.1191 
                 0.0876 
                 0.1467 
               
               
                 Estimate PF 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0061]    For the purposes of providing context for embodiments of the invention for use in a communication system,  FIG. 9  shows a base station controller (BSC)  10  which controls wireless communications within multiple cells  12 , which cells are served by corresponding base stations (BS)  14 . In general, each base station  14  facilitates communications using OFDM with mobile and/or wireless terminals  16 , which are within the cell  12  associated with the corresponding base station  14 . The movement of the mobile terminals  16  in relation to the base stations  14  results in significant fluctuation in channel conditions. As illustrated, the base stations  14  and mobile terminals  16  may include multiple antennas to provide spatial diversity for communications. 
         [0062]    A high level overview of the mobile terminals  16  and base stations  14  upon which aspects of the present invention are implemented is provided prior to delving into the structural and functional details of the preferred embodiments. With reference to  FIG. 10 , an example base station  14  is illustrated. The base station  14  generally includes a control system  20 , a baseband processor  22 , transmit circuitry  24 , receive circuitry  26 , multiple antennas  28 , and a network interface  30 . The receive circuitry  26  receives radio frequency signals bearing information from one or more remote transmitters provided by mobile terminals  16  (illustrated in  FIG. 9 ). Preferably, a low noise amplifier and a filter (not shown) cooperate to amplify and remove broadband interference from the signal for processing. Downconversion and digitization circuitry (not shown) will then downconvert the filtered, received signal to an intermediate or baseband frequency signal, which is then digitized into one or more digital streams. 
         [0063]    The baseband processor  22  processes the digitized received signal to extract the information or data bits conveyed in the received signal. This processing typically involves demodulation, decoding, and error correction operations. As such, the baseband processor  22  is generally implemented in one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) or application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). The received information is then sent across a wireless network via the network interface  30  or transmitted to another mobile terminal  16  serviced by the base station  14 . 
         [0064]    On the transmit side, the baseband processor  22  receives digitized data, which may represent voice, data, or control information, from the network interface  30  under the control of control system  20 , and encodes the data for transmission. The encoded data is output to the transmit circuitry  24 , where it is modulated by a carrier signal having a desired transmit frequency or frequencies. A power amplifier (not shown) will amplify the modulated carrier signal to a level appropriate for transmission, and deliver the modulated carrier signal to the antennas  28  through a matching network (not shown). Modulation and processing details are described in greater detail below. 
         [0065]    With reference to  FIG. 11 , an example mobile terminal  16  configured according to one embodiment of the present invention is illustrated. Similarly to the base station  14 , the mobile terminal  16  will include a control system  32 , a baseband processor  34 , transmit circuitry  36 , receive circuitry  38 , multiple antennas  40 , and user interface circuitry  42 . The receive circuitry  38  receives radio frequency signals bearing information from one or more base stations  14 . Preferably, a low noise amplifier and a filter (not shown) cooperate to amplify and remove broadband interference from the signal for processing. Downconversion and digitization circuitry (not shown) will then downconvert the filtered, received signal to an intermediate or baseband frequency signal, which is then digitized into one or more digital streams. 
         [0066]    The baseband processor  34  processes the digitized received signal to extract the information or data bits conveyed in the received signal. This processing typically involves demodulation, decoding, and error correction operations. The baseband processor  34  is generally implemented in one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) and application specific integrated circuits (ASICs). 
         [0067]    For transmission, the baseband processor  34  receives digitized data, which may represent voice, data, or control information, from the control system  32 , which it encodes for transmission. The encoded data is output to the transmit circuitry  36 , where it is used by a modulator to modulate a carrier signal that is at a desired transmit frequency or frequencies. A power amplifier (not shown) will amplify the modulated carrier signal to a level appropriate for transmission, and deliver the modulated carrier signal to the antennas  40  through a matching network (not shown). Various modulation and processing techniques available to those skilled in the art are used for signal transmission between the mobile terminal and the base station. 
         [0068]    In OFDM modulation, the transmission band is divided into multiple, orthogonal carrier waves. Each carrier wave is modulated according to the digital data to be transmitted. Because OFDM divides the transmission band into multiple carriers, the bandwidth per carrier decreases and the modulation time per carrier increases. Since the multiple carriers are transmitted in parallel, the transmission rate for the digital data, or symbols, on any given carrier is lower than when a single carrier is used. 
         [0069]    OFDM modulation utilizes the performance of an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) on the information to be transmitted. For demodulation, the performance of a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) on the received signal recovers the transmitted information. In practice, the IFFT and FFT are provided by digital signal processing carrying out an Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) and Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), respectively. Accordingly, the characterizing feature of OfDM modulation is that orthogonal carrier waves are generated for multiple bands within a transmission channel. The modulated signals are digital signals having a relatively low transmission rate and capable of staying within their respective bands. The individual carrier waves are not modulated directly by the digital signals. Instead, all carrier waves are modulated at once by IFFT processing. 
         [0070]    In operation, OFDM is preferably used for at least downlink transmission from the base stations  14  to the mobile terminals  16 . Each base station  14  is equipped with “n” transmit antennas  28 , and each mobile terminal  16  is equipped with “m” receive antennas  40 . Notably, the respective antennas can be used for reception and transmission using appropriate duplexers or switches and are so labeled only for clarity. 
         [0071]    With reference to  FIGS. 9 and 12 , an example logical OFDM transmission architecture will be described. Initially, the base station controller  10  will send data to be transmitted to various mobile terminals  16  to the base station  14 . The base station  14  may use the channel quality indicators (CQIs) associated with the mobile terminals to schedule the data for transmission as well as select appropriate coding and modulation for transmitting the scheduled data. The CQIs may be directly from the mobile terminals  16  or determined at the base station  14  based on information provided by the mobile terminals  16 . In either case, the CQI for each mobile terminal  16  is a function of the degree to which the channel amplitude (or response) varies across the OFDM frequency band. 
         [0072]    Scheduled data  44 , which is a stream of bits, is scrambled in a manner reducing the peak-to-average power ratio associated with the data using data scrambling logic  46 . A cyclic redundancy check (CRC) for the scrambled data is determined and appended to the scrambled data using CRC adding logic  48 . Next, channel coding is performed using channel encoder logic  50  to effectively add redundancy to the data to facilitate recovery and error correction at the mobile terminal  16 . Again, the channel coding for a particular mobile terminal  16  is based on the CQI. In some implementations, the channel encoder logic  50  uses known Turbo encoding techniques. The encoded data is then processed by rate matching logic  52  to compensate for the data expansion associated with encoding. 
         [0073]    Bit interleaver logic  54  systematically reorders the bits in the encoded data to minimize the loss of consecutive data bits. The resultant data bits are systematically mapped into corresponding symbols depending on the chosen baseband modulation by mapping logic  56 . Preferably, Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) or Quadrature Phase Shift Key (QPSK) modulation is used. The degree of modulation is preferably chosen based on the CQI for the particular mobile terminal. The symbols may be systematically reordered to further bolster the immunity of the transmitted signal to periodic data loss caused by frequency selective fading using symbol interleaver logic  58 . 
         [0074]    At this point, groups of bits have been mapped into symbols representing locations in an amplitude and phase constellation. When spatial diversity is desired, blocks of symbols are then processed by space-time block code (STC) encoder logic  60 , which modifies the symbols in a fashion making the transmitted signals more resistant to interference and more readily decoded at a mobile terminal  16 . The STC encoder logic  60  will process the incoming symbols and provide “n” outputs corresponding to the number of transmit antennas  28  for the base station  14 . The control system  20  and/or baseband processor  22  as described above with respect to  FIG. 2  may provide a mapping control signal to control STC encoding. At this point, assume the symbols for the “n” outputs are representative of the data to be transmitted and capable of being recovered by the mobile terminal  16 . 
         [0075]    For the present example, assume the base station  14  has two antennas  28  (n=2) and the STC encoder logic  60  provides two output streams of symbols. Accordingly, each of the symbol streams output by the STC encoder logic  60  is sent to a corresponding IFFT processor  62 , illustrated separately for ease of understanding. Those skilled in the art will recognize that one or more processors may be used to provide such digital signal processing, alone or in combination with other processing described herein. The IFFT processor  62  will preferably operate on the respective symbols to provide an inverse Fourier Transform. The output of the IFFT processor  62  provides symbols in the time domain. The time domain symbols are grouped into frames, which are associated with a prefix by prefix insertion logic  64 . Each of the resultant signals is up-converted in the digital domain to an intermediate frequency and converted to an analog signal via the corresponding digital up-conversion (DUC) and digital-to-analog (D/A) conversion circuitry  66 . The resultant (analog) signals are then simultaneously modulated at the desired RF frequency, amplified, and transmitted via the RF circuitry  68  and antennas  28 . Notably, pilot signals known by the intended mobile terminal  16  are scattered among the sub-carriers. The mobile terminal  16 , which is discussed in detail below, will use the pilot signals for channel estimation. 
         [0076]    Reference is now made to  FIG. 13  to illustrate reception of the transmitted signals by a mobile terminal  16 . Upon arrival of the transmitted signals at each of the antennas  40  of the mobile terminal  16 , the respective signals are demodulated and amplified by corresponding RF circuitry  70 . For the sake of conciseness and clarity, only one of the two receive paths is described and illustrated in detail. Analog-to-digital (A/D) converter and down-conversion circuitry  72  digitizes and downconverts the analog signal for digital processing. The resultant digitized signal may be used by automatic gain control circuitry (AGC)  74  to control the gain of the amplifiers in the RF circuitry  70  based on the received signal level. 
         [0077]    Initially, the digitized signal is provided to synchronization logic  76 , which includes coarse synchronization logic  78 , which buffers several OFDM symbols and calculates an auto-correlation between the two successive OFDM symbols. A resultant time index corresponding to the maximum of the correlation result determines a fine synchronization search window, which is used by fine synchronization logic  80  to determine a precise framing starting position based on the headers. The output of the fine synchronization logic  80  facilitates frame acquisition by frame alignment logic  84 . Proper framing alignment is important so that subsequent FFT processing provides an accurate conversion from the time domain to the frequency domain. The fine synchronization algorithm is based on the correlation between the received pilot signals carried by the headers and a local copy of the known pilot data. Once frame alignment acquisition occurs, the prefix of the OFDM symbol is removed with prefix removal logic  86  and resultant samples are sent to frequency offset correction logic  88 , which compensates for the system frequency offset caused by the unmatched local oscillators in the transmitter and the receiver. Preferably, the synchronization logic  76  includes frequency offset and clock estimation logic  82 , which is based on the headers to help estimate such effects on the transmitted signal and provide those estimations to the correction logic  88  to properly process OFDM symbols. 
         [0078]    At this point, the OFDM symbols in the time domain are ready for conversion to the frequency domain using FFT processing logic  90 . The results are frequency domain symbols, which are sent to processing logic  92 . The processing logic  92  extracts the scattered pilot signal using scattered pilot extraction logic  94 , determines a channel estimate based on the extracted pilot signal using channel estimation logic  96 , and provides channel responses for all sub-carriers using channel reconstruction logic  98 . In order to determine a channel response for each of the sub-carriers, the pilot signal is essentially multiple pilot symbols that are scattered among the data symbols throughout the OFDM sub-carriers in a known pattern in both time and frequency. Continuing with  FIG. 13 , the processing logic compares the received pilot symbols with the pilot symbols that are expected in certain sub-carriers at certain times to determine a channel response for the sub-carriers in which pilot symbols were transmitted. The results are interpolated to estimate a channel response for most, if not all, of the remaining sub-carriers for which pilot symbols were not provided. The actual and interpolated channel responses are used to estimate an overall channel response, which includes the channel responses for most, if not all, of the sub-carriers in the OFDM channel. 
         [0079]    The frequency domain symbols and channel reconstruction information, which are derived from the channel responses for each receive path are provided to an STC decoder  100 , which provides STC decoding on both received paths to recover the transmitted symbols. The channel reconstruction information provides equalization information to the STC decoder  100  sufficient to remove the effects of the transmission channel when processing the respective frequency domain symbols 
         [0080]    The recovered symbols are placed back in order using symbol de-interleaver logic  102 , which corresponds to the symbol interleaver logic  58  of the transmitter. The deinterleaved symbols are then demodulated or de-mapped to a corresponding bitstream using de-mapping logic  104 . The bits are then de-interleaved using bit de-interleaver logic  106 , which corresponds to the bit interleaver logic  54  of the transmitter architecture. The de-interleaved bits are then processed by rate de-matching logic  108  and presented to channel decoder logic  110  to recover the initially scrambled data and the CRC checksum. Accordingly, CRC logic  112  removes the CRC checksum, checks the scrambled data in traditional fashion, and provides it to the de-scrambling logic  114  for de-scrambling using the known base station de-scrambling code to recover the originally transmitted data  116 . 
         [0081]    In parallel to recovering the data  116 , a CQI, or at least information sufficient to create a CQI at the base station  14 , is determined and transmitted to the base station  14 . As noted above, the CQI may be a function of the carrier-to-interference ratio (CR), as well as the degree to which the channel response varies across the various sub-carriers in the OFDM frequency band. For this embodiment, the channel gain for each sub-carrier in the OFDM frequency band being used to transmit information is compared relative to one another to determine the degree to which the channel gain varies across the OFDM frequency band. Although numerous techniques are available to measure the degree of variation, one technique is to calculate the standard deviation of the channel gain for each sub-carrier throughout the OFDM frequency band being used to transmit data. 
         [0082]      FIGS. 9 to 13  provide one specific example of a communication system that could be used to implement embodiments of the invention. It is to be understood that embodiments of the invention can be implemented with communications systems having architectures that are different than the specific example, but that operate in a manner consistent with the implementation of the embodiments as described herein. 
         [0083]    Referring now to  FIG. 14A , shown is a block diagram of an example apparatus for performing CIR estimation in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The apparatus has an interference estimator  300  adapted to determine an interference estimate of an interference component of an OFDM signal received from a mobile station, and a CIR estimator  304  adapted to use the interference estimate to determine a carrier-to-interference ratio (CIR) for at least one sub-carrier and/or for at least one each sub-channel for the mobile station. The interference estimator  300  passes the interference estimates to the CIR estimator  304  as indicated at  302 . 
         [0084]      FIG. 14B  is a particular implementation of the apparatus of claim  14 A. The interference estimator  300  is part of a base station  306 , and the CIR estimator  304  is part of a mobile station  308 . The mobile station also has a channel estimator  310  that performs channel estimation of a downlink channel. The CIR estimator uses the downlink channel estimates as if they were uplink channel estimates. This assumes that there is a symmetrical channel. 
         [0085]      FIG. 14C  is another particular implementation of the apparatus of claim  14 A. The interference estimator  300  is part of a base station  320 , and the CIR estimator  304  is also part of the mobile station  320 . The base station  320  also has a channel estimator  322  that performs channel estimation of an uplink channel. The CIR estimator  304  uses the uplink channel estimates to produce the CIR estimates that are then forwarded at  324  to the mobile station. 
         [0086]    For the embodiments of  FIGS. 14A ,  14 B and  14 C, a particular layout of functionality has been shown, but it is to be understood that these functions can be combined, or arranged differently than shown. The functions can be implemented using any suitable one or combination of hardware, software and/or firmware. 
         [0087]    Numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.