Abstract:
The present invention relates to structures and methods that reduce ESD damage to electronic devices. In an embodiment, the structure is a parallel plate dissipative capacitor formed by sandwiching a dissipative dielectric layer between two conductive layers in series to the electronic device. The dissipative dielectric layer includes a nonconductive dielectric doped with a voltage dependent resistive material that defines a conductive threshold voltage. The structure functions as a voltage dependent resistor in response to an applied voltage such as an ESD surge voltage exceeding the defined conductive threshold voltage and dissipates the applied voltage into thermal energy before it can reach the electronic device and cause damage. The dissipative dielectric layer restores to a dielectric and the structure functions as a capacitor when the excess voltage is depleted that is drops below the defined conductive threshold voltage. In another embodiment, the structure is a parallel plate dissipative capacitors in series that enhances ESD mitigation through a capacitive voltage divider structure. The structures can be used in EMI/RFI shielding applications.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
   The present invention relates to structures and methods that reduce damage from electrostatic discharge and/or shield against electromagnetic and radio frequency interference. 
   In electronic manufacturing, a worker may develop electrostatic charge from touching or rubbing surfaces as he works. Electrostatic discharge (ESD) from the worker to an electronic device can damage it. Grounding the machines, the worker, the walls, and the floor as well as controlling humidity will help, but not eliminate ESD damage especially if the device is transported around the factories. 
   Sensitivity to ESD damage increases as electronic devices such as semiconductors shrink in size. For example, if semiconductors have submicron size conductive channels, even tenths of a volt can cause a surge current that exceeds channel current capacity and fuses the channels. 
   It would be desirable to have structures and methods to reduce ESD damage especially during transportation and handling of electronic devices and if the structures and methods could be used to shield against electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency interference (RFI). 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention relates to structures and methods to reduce ESD damage and shield against EMI and RFI. By placing one or more parallel plate capacitors adjacent an electronic device the invention places one or more capacitors in series with the current flowing through the electronic device when there is ESD. The capacitance acts as a capacitive voltage divider to the ESD. After the discharge, the dissipative characteristics of the lossy dielectric of the physical structure cause the transferred electrical energy to be converted to thermal energy. The structure can be also used to reduce EMI/RFI. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1A  illustrates a structure made of a parallel plate dissipative capacitor that reduces ESD damage. 
       FIG. 1B  illustrates a structure made of parallel plate dissipative capacitors in series that reduce ESD damage. 
       FIG. 1C  is an electrical model of the structure of  FIG. 1B  in a nonconductive state. 
       FIG. 1D  is an electrical model of the structure of  FIG. 1B  in a conductive state. 
       FIG. 2A  illustrates a BGA package lid made of parallel plate dissipative capacitors in series. 
       FIG. 2B  is an electrical model of the BGA package lid of  FIG. 2A  in nonconductive state. 
       FIG. 2C  is an electrical model of the BGA package lid of  FIG. 2A  in conductive state. 
       FIG. 3A  illustrates using a structure as an EMI/RFI shield for a building. 
       FIG. 3B  illustrates using a structure for an antistatic container. 
       FIG. 3C  illustrates using a structure for an antistatic bag. 
       FIG. 3D  illustrates using a structure for an enclosure of a notebook computer. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   The following description includes the best mode of carrying out the invention. The detailed description is made for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the invention and should not be taken in a limiting sense. The scope of the invention is best determined by reference to the claims. 
   We assign each part, even if structurally identical to another part, a unique reference number wherever that part appears in the drawings. A dashed circle indicates a part of a figure that is enlarged in another figure. The reference number tied to the dashed circle indicates the figure showing the enlarged portion. 
     FIG. 1A  illustrates a structure made of a parallel plate dissipative capacitor that will reduce ESD damage. In an embodiment, a structure  10  is a parallel plate dissipative capacitor C 1  formed by sandwiching a dissipative dielectric layer  14  between a first conductive layer  12  and a second conductive layer  16 . 
   In the embodiment, the dissipative dielectric layer  14  includes a nonconductive dielectric doped with a voltage dependent resistive material that defines a conductive threshold voltage in the dissipative dielectric layer  14 . Some suitable nonconductive dielectrics include Mylar, polyethylene, polycarbonate, glass fiber laminates, plastic and paper fibers. One suitable voltage dependent resistive material is carbon nanotubes manufactured by Hyperion Catalysis International, Cambridge, Mass. In an embodiment, the carbon nanotubes are preferably 1.5–4.5% by weight of the dissipative dielectric layer  14 . Carbon nanotubes are electrically conductive polymers with a high aspect ratio. Electrical conductivity in the dissipative dielectric layer  14  is achieved through a quantum mechanism rather than through direct particle to particle contact thus exhibiting a nonlinear current voltage relationship (i.e., a non-ohmic relationship).  Carbon Nanotubes for Static Dissipation , in Plastic Additives &amp; Compounding, September 2001, volume 3, issue  9 , published by Elsevier, describes the characteristics and properties of carbon nanotubes, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
   The concentration of the voltage dependent resistive material in the nonconductive dielectric defines the conductive threshold voltage of the parallel plate dissipative capacitor C 1 . An ESD voltage that exceeds the conductive threshold voltage applied across first and second conductive layers  12  and  16  makes the dissipative dielectric layer  14  conductive. The resistance of the dissipative dielectric layer  14  decreases nonlinearly with increase in the ESD voltage. The ESD voltage is dissipated into thermal energy through current conduction in the dissipative dielectric layer  14  until the ESD voltage is depleted or removed and the parallel plate dissipative capacitor C 1  restores its capacitive function. 
   In other embodiments, low cost materials such as FR 1 , FR 2  and unfired ceramics may be used instead of doping a nonconductive dielectric with a voltage dependent resistive material. Such low cost materials exhibit inherent nonconductive dielectric and voltage dependent resistive characteristics with an associated conductive threshold voltage. 
     FIG. 1B  illustrates a structure made of parallel plate dissipative capacitors in series that will further reduce ESD damage. The capacitors are made as described above in connection with  FIG. 1A . In this embodiment, the structure  20  is made of capacitors C 2 , C 3  and C 4 . Conductive layers  22  and  26  sandwich dissipative dielectric layer  24  to form capacitor C 2 . Conductive layers  26  and  30  sandwich dissipative dielectric layer  28  to form capacitor C 3 . Conductive layers  30  and  34  sandwich dissipative dielectric layer  32  to form capacitor C 4 . 
   The concentration of the voltage dependent resistive material defines the conductive threshold voltage. In an embodiment, the concentration of the carbon nanotubes is preferably 1.5–4.5% of the total weight of each of the dissipative dielectric layers  24 ,  28 , and  32 . The capacitance value which is a function of the dielectric properties and concentration of the voltage dependent resistive material defines a suitable thickness (e.g., 1–5 mils) for the dissipative dielectric layers  24 ,  28  and  32 . The dissipative dielectric layer should be thin to better transfer the dissipated thermal energy to the adjacent conductors or to a heat sink. 
     FIG. 1C  is an electrical model of the structure  20  of  FIG. 1B  made of parallel plate dissipative capacitors in series in a nonconductive state. In nonconductive state, the structure  20  has a return path connected to the ground for series capacitors C 2 , C 3 , and C 4 . If applied voltage V 1  is across the capacitors C 2 , C 3 , and C 4 , the total capacitance of the capacitors C 2 , C 3 , and C 4  is expressed by:
 1/ Ctotal   1 =1 /C   2 +1 /C   3 +1 /C   4   
If capacitors C 2  C 3  and C 4  are identical, the Ctotal 1  value is reduced to ⅓ of, e.g., capacitor C 2 :
   Ctotal   1 =⅓ ×C   2 , when  C   2 = C   3 = C   4   
Each dissipative dielectric layers  24 ,  28  and  32  ( FIG. 1B ) is a voltage divider and therefore dissipates ⅓ of the applied voltage V 1 . If there are N capacitors in series that are identical, each capacitor will dissipate 1/N of the applied voltage V 1 . The greater the number of capacitors in series, the smaller the voltage each capacitor has to dissipate. The ability of the dielectric layers to conduct heat to a heat sink as described in  FIG. 1B  limits the number of dissipative dielectric layers used in the structure  20 .
 
   The conductive threshold voltage Vthsum 1  of the structure  20  is the sum of the conductive threshold voltages Vth 2 , Vth 3 , and Vth 4  of capacitors C 2 , C 3  and C 4 , expressed:
 
 Vthsum   1 = Vth   2 + Vth   3 + Vth   4 
 
   If the applied voltage V 1  is equal or less than the sum of the conductive threshold voltage, Vthsum 1 , capacitors C 2 , C 3 , and C 4  remain in a nonconductive state and act as capacitors:
 
If V 1 &lt;Vthsum 1 , C 2 , C 3 , and C 4  are capacitive.
 
     FIG. 1D  is an electrical model of the structure  20  of  FIG. 1B  made of parallel plate dissipative capacitors in series in the conductive state. If the applied voltage V 1  is greater than the conductive threshold voltage Vthsum 1 , the capacitors C 2 , C 3 , and C 4  act not as capacitors but as a voltage dependent resistor R 1 :
 If V 1 &gt;Vthsum 1 , C 2 , C 3 , and C 4  act as a voltage dependent resistor R 1 . 
   Excess voltage ΔV 1  is the difference between the applied voltage V 1  and the conductive threshold voltage Vthsum 1 , expressed:
 
 V   1 − Vthsum   1 =Δ V   1  excess voltage
 
Electrical conductivity in dissipative dielectric layers  24 ,  28  and  32  is achieved through quantum mechanism at excess voltage ΔV 1 . The voltage dependent resistor R 1  exhibits resistance that is inversely proportional to the excess voltage ΔV 1 . Capacitors C 2 , C 3 , and C 4  can be modeled by a voltage dependent resistor R 1  in series with a small inductor L 1  where the current  11  is proportional to the differential change of the excess voltage ΔV 1  over time, expressed:
 
 I   1 = Ctotal   1   ×dΔV   1 / dT  
 
   The current  11  flows through the structure  20  from the conductive layer  22  to the conductive layer  34  or vice versa depending on the voltage polarity across the structure  20  ( FIG. 1B ). The excess voltage ΔV 1  is dissipated into thermal energy in the dissipative dielectric layers  24 ,  28  and  32 , and decreases over time following a RC time constant exponential decay relationship until ΔV 1  is depleted. 
     FIG. 2A  illustrates a ball grid array (BGA) package  40  with a lid  41  made of parallel plate dissipative capacitors in series. The lid  41  includes parallel plate dissipative capacitors C 5  and C 6  in series in a range of 100 pF to 1000 pF such as 500 pF. Capacitors C 5  and C 6  have dissipative dielectric layers  44  and  48  sandwiched by conductive layers  42 ,  46  and  50  with a total conductive threshold voltage Vthsum 2 . The lid  41  seals the stiffener  52  with an adhesive  51 . The stiffener  52  is the body of the BGA package that is made of conductive structure such as aluminum or copper. Capacitor C 7  has a value of 500 pF and is formed by the dielectric layer of the adhesive  51  sandwiched between the conductive layer  50  and the stiffener  52 . The stiffener  52  is brazed to the interposer  56 , i.e., the BGA substrate, and the BGA package  40  is attached to the printed wired board (PWB)  59  through the melted solder ball  58  in the bottom of the interposer  56 . A semiconductor device  54  is brazed onto the interposer  56 . Capacitor C 8  with a value of less than 300 pF is formed by the top and bottom metallization of the semiconductor device  54 . The value of capacitor C 8  is usually small compared to the capacitors C 5  and C 6  of the lid  41 . Capacitors C 5  and C 6  are in series to the capacitors C 7  and C 8 . 
     FIG. 2B  is an electrical model of the BGA package  40  shown in  FIG. 2A  in a nonconductive state with an applied voltage V 2  less than or equal to the conductive threshold voltage Vthsum 2 . The total capacitance seen by the device  54  is:
 1/ Ctotal   2 =1 /C   5 +1 /C   6 +1 /C   7 +1 /C   8   
The series capacitors C 5  to C 8  form a voltage divider circuit where the voltage across each capacitor is inversely proportional to its capacitance.
 
     FIG. 2C  is an electrical model of the BGA package  40  shown in  FIG. 2A  in a conductive state with an applied voltage V 2  greater than the conductive threshold voltage Vthsum 2 . The difference is the excess voltage ΔV 2  as follows:
   V   2 − Vthsum   2 =Δ V   2  (excess voltage) 
Under this condition, the capacitors C 5  and C 6  are modeled as a voltage dependent resistor R 2  with an illustrative value of 10 k ohm with a series inductance L 2  with a value of 0.3 nH and capacitors C 7  and C 8  are relatively nonconductive. The current  12  is proportional to the differential change of the excess voltage ΔV 2  over time until V 2  is less than or equal to conductive threshold voltage Vthsum 2 :
   I   2 =( Ctotal   2 )* dΔV   2 / dT    
For example, if the voltage dependent resistor R 2  is about 10 k ohm, capacitor C 7  is about 500 pF and capacitor C 8  is about 300 pF, the RC time constant is less than 2 micro second. The excess voltage ΔV 2  is dissipated into thermal energy and decreases with exponential decay following an RC time constant in the dissipative dielectric layers  44  and  48 . The generated heat is conducted from the lid  41  to the PWB  59  through the stiffener  52  and to the interposer  56 .
 
     FIG. 3A  illustrates using the structures of  FIG. 1A  or  FIG. 1B  as an EMI/RFI shield. A structure  62  is laminated using known adhesives and/or pressure on each of the windows of a building  60 . The EMI/RFI shield that results improves wireless LAN communication security where microwave and radio frequencies would penetrate the building without the EMI/RFI shield. The radiated energy can be reduced by the dissipative dielectric layer of the structure  62 . 
     FIGS. 3B–3C  illustrate using the structures of  FIG. 1A  or  1 B as an antistatic container  64  and an antistatic bag  70  for transporting electronic devices. The structures can also form the interior surface  66  and the exterior surfaces  68 ,  72  on some rigid or flexible material. The antistatic container  64  and an antistatic bag  70  act as a Faraday cage to shield and dissipate the ESD voltage to prevent ESD damage to the electronic devices inside. 
     FIG. 3D  illustrates using the structure of  FIG. 1A  or  FIG. 1B  for an enclosure adjacent or part of the monitor enclosure  76  and the enclosure case  78  of a notebook computer  74 . This allows ESD mitigation to the components in the notebook computer  74  as well EMI/RFI shielding.