Abstract:
Amines and amine derivatives that improve the buffering range, and/or reduce the chelation and other negative interactions of the buffer and the system to be buffered. The reaction of amines or polyamines with various molecules to form polyamines with differing pKa&#39;s will extend the buffering range, derivatives that result in polyamines that have the same pKa yields a greater buffering capacity. Derivatives that result in zwitterionic buffers improve yield by allowing a greater range of stability.

Description:
[0001]    This applications is related to and claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/946,697 filed Mar. 3, 2014. application 61/946,697 is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    The present invention relates generally to the field of amines and more particularly to a classes of amino zwitterions. 
         [0004]    2. Description of the Problem Solved by the Invention 
         [0005]    Amines are extremely useful compounds in the buffering of biological systems. Each class of amine has various limitations which require choosing an amine based on multiple factors to select the best amine. For example, pH buffering range is typically most important, but issues of chelation, pH range stability, and solubility also come into play. Typically, a suboptimal buffer will result in yields that are well below the potential yield. The present invention improves the yields in fermentation and purification, and improves shelf stability of proteins and amino acids. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0006]    The present invention relates to amines and amine derivatives that improve the buffering range, and/or reduce the chelation and other negative interactions of the buffer and the system to be buffered. The reaction of amines or polyamines with various molecules to form amine derivatives and polyamines and derivatives with differing pKa&#39;s extend the buffering range; derivatives that result in polyamines that have the same pKa yield a greater buffering capacity. Derivatives that result in zwitterionic buffers improve yield by allowing a greater range of stability and reduced conductivity. 
     
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0007]    Attention is now directed to the following figures that describe embodiments of the present invention: 
           [0008]      FIGS. 1-2  show the synthesis of zwitterion type buffers from nitroparaffins. 
           [0009]      FIG. 3  shows the synthesis of dithicarbamates from a series of biolgically active amines. 
           [0010]      FIG. 4  shows the synthesis of xanthates from nitroparaffins. 
           [0011]      FIG. 5  shows the synthesis of derivatives of dithiocarbamates of biologically active amines. 
           [0012]      FIG. 6  shows the synthesis of derivatives of aromatic dithiocarbamates. 
           [0013]      FIG. 7  shows the synthesis of a range of derivatives based on dithiocarbmates of dopamine. 
           [0014]      FIG. 8  shows the synthesis of dithiocarbamate dispersants and polyamine dithiocarbamate derivatives. 
           [0015]      FIG. 9  shows dithiocarbamates from multifunctional secondary amines. 
           [0016]      FIG. 10  shows the synthesis of pharmacologically interesting diothiocarbamates. 
       
    
    
     Several drawings and illustrations have been presented to aid in understanding the invention. The scope of the present invention is not limited to what is shown in the figures. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0017]    The reaction of carbon disulfide with nitroparaffins or nitroalcohols form an intermediate from which xanthate and primary amine functionality can be present in the same molecule through relatively simple, and high yield reactions.  FIGS. 1 ,  2  and  4  depict the route to nitro xanthates, which have utility as cross linking agents and vulcanizing agents and rubber. The nitro functionality improves adhesion of the rubber to the cord in steel belted radial tires and fiber reinforced tire applications as well as other reinforced rubber applications. The nitroxanthates can be utilized as intermediates in the manufacture of primary amine functional xanthates for biological systems, agriculture and antimicrobials as well as many other applications. It should be noted that here, as well as in other embodiments of the invention where a reduction takes place when a xanthate or dithiocarbamate functionality is present, the reduction of the nitro to the amine must be done under relatively mild conditions to limit the co-products of reducing the xanthate functionality. The xanthates and dithiocarbamates have additional functionality in agriculture. The traditional uses such as chelants, and dispersants, are complimented by their use as antifungal, antimicrobial as well as growth regulators as promoters as well as phytocides and insecticides. Often the effects are more pronounced when produced as metal salts, such as zinc, tin, copper or any other transition metal salts. 
         [0018]      FIG. 3  shows the synthesis of dithiocarbamtes from a range of biologically interesting amines. The dithiocarbamates of the alaphatic and aminoalcohols are a low cost dispersant, cross linker, with uses in agricultural, antimicrobial, chelant, mining collector and buffer. While the aromatic amine based dithiocarbamates are useful in the above applications, the cost makes them less commercially viable in those applications, however, they show great promise as therapies for diseases of the nervous system, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer&#39;s, and Parkinson&#39;s diseases. The potential exists for these molecules and their derivatives to be useful therapies as channel blockers as well, which is believed to be the mechanism by which the molecules of the present invention act as an MS therapy. Additionally, the dithiocarbamates are anti-oxidants and have potential as nutritional supplements as well as cancer therapies. 
         [0019]      FIGS. 5 ,  6  and  7  show the synthesis of several classes of derivatives of the dithiocarbamates previously discussed. Several of the derivatives, particularly the pyridine containing derivatives, are biologically active and potential therapies for mood disorders, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer&#39;s disease, and Parkinson&#39;s disease. The carboxcylic acid and ester containing derivatives primarily increase the dispersing capability of the underlying dithiocarbamtes, reduce the chelating, or reduce the cost of manufacture. The molecules of  FIGS. 6 and 7  that contain aromatic rings and require reduction, must be done under mild conditions, such as iron with turnings or under very mild conditions with sponge metal catalysts at ambient temperatures and pressures of less than 400 psi. The molecules of of  FIG. 7  are typically simple one-pot syntheses.  FIG. 8  contains several dispersants that are more surfactant in nature, with the higher carbon chain values of R being foam formers. The di-dithiocarbamates from diamines are strong chelants that are of the class bidentate, but tend to undergo ring closure if not kept under basic aqueous conditions.  FIG. 9  further expands on these bidentate chelants by introducing other chelant groups. Thus allowing for a wider range of substrates for chelation and dispersion.  FIG. 10  teaches a family of aminopyridine derived dithiocarbamates as well as a dopamine diamine derived dithiocarbamates all of which are biologically/ pharmacologically interesting. Similar to those in  FIGS. 6 and 7 , the reduction steps must be undertaken under mild conditions to minimize the reduction of the aromatic groups. 
         [0020]    In the case of the derivatives that are produced as an ionic molecule, the pure zwitterion may be obtained through ion exchange as is routinely carried out on an industrial scale. While the derivatives also show only one dithiocarbamate group, in many cases a second dithiocarbamate group may be obtained as disclosed in the earlier figures. The analogous disubstituted derivative, or mono-substituted analogs are embodiments of the invention. Additionally, where ethylene oxide is shown as a reactant, one skilled in alkoxylations will immediately recognize that ethylene oxide could be substituted with propylene oxide, butylene oxide or any other alkoxylate to generate the analogous product. All of these analogs are within the scope of the present invention. For the derivatives where an amine group results, such as when acrylonitrile is reacted with the nitro xanthates or dithiocarbamates, the amine group can further be derivatized with monochloroacetic acid, allylic acids, sodium vinyl sulfonate, sultones, alkoxylated or phosphonated as shown in my previous patent application Ser. No. 14/079,369. It is further understood by one skilled in the art that higher sultones beyond propane sultone may be substituted and result in the analogous product with additional carbon or carbons between the sulfur and sulfonate group. All of these compounds are also part of the present invention. 
         [0021]    The xanthates and dithiocarbamates taught here are most stable and most easily made as salts. The salts are most commonly sodium salts due to the cost effectiveness and availability of sodium hydroxide. While not shown as salts in the figures, it is understood that the salts are within the scope of the invention taught here. The free zwitterions or neutral forms are obtainable via ion exchange, and are what are typically shown in the figures. This is shown explicitly in  FIG. 9 , in the top reaction series. The salts are not generally shown in the figures to make it clear that all salts, are included in the invention, not just sodium salts. Other bases can be utilized to drive the formation of the xanthates and dithiocarbamates. The resulting salts are within the scope of this invention. Of particular note are the use of tertiary amines to drive the xanthate or dithiocarbamate formation. Not only are small, volatile tertiary amines useful, but so are fatty tertiary amines, monoalkyl tertiary amines, such as the ADMA amines by Lonza, di- and trialkyl tertiaryamines, including tertiary ether amines, such as those produced by Air Products, formerly Tomah Products. Also useful are the tertiary amines that result from alkoxylating primary and secondary amines and ether amines, but care has to be taken not to cause addition to the terminal hydroxyl group. This is controlled by adding the alkoxylated amines in a way that there is a very slight excess of carbon disulfide at all times versus the alkoxylated amine and the amine to be converted to the dithiocarbamate. 
         [0022]    The mineral bases such as lime, calcium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide and all others enable the production of the molecules taught, but without sodium. This is particularly important in agricultural applications. The agricultural applications also benefit from the fatty tertiary amines in that they help the dithiocarbamates or xanthates penetrate the target organism that is to be controlled. If desired, the dithiocarbamates can be made with the starting amine as the counter ion. In this case, two molar equivalents of the amine needs to be utilized to one molar equivalent of carbon disulfide during manufacture. 
         [0023]    While much of the benefits of these molecules have been recognized in biological systems, the zwitterions and derivatives are also known to be beneficial as dispersants, chelants, cross-linkers, antimicrobials, preservatives of organic systems, and pH buffers in oilfield drilling systems and hydraulic fracturing. Additionally, the molecules of the present invention find utility as collectors in mining and as depressants. Further, in ball milling, the dispersant characteristics improve the characteristics of ore pellets. The zwitterionic molecules of the present invention also find utility in high energy storage systems, such as lithium ion and lithium polymer batteries as a means of improving charge transport and as acting as a salt bridge in other battery applications. 
         [0024]    Several descriptions and illustrations have been presented to enhance understanding of the present invention. One skilled in the art will know that numerous changes and variations are possible without departing from the spirit of the invention. Each of these changes and variations are within the scope of the present invention.