Abstract:
A bimodal spinneret system including the bimodal spinneret and method for making a surgical buttress having improved characteristics are disclosed. The bimodal spinneret includes at least a distribution of hole diameters to create fibers with a more heterogeneous shear history and die swell. The system and method of using the bimodal spinneret creates a melt blown non-woven fiber mat that is cut into a surgical buttress having unique fabric properties such as differentiated load deflection behavior, flexural stiffness, polymer fiber alignment, fiber crystallinity and subsequent strength retention during in vitro degradation not attainable with unimodal spinneret hole diameters.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The present disclosure relates to surgical buttresses and equipment for their manufacture, and more particularly, to a spinneret configured to make a nonwoven fabric surgical implant or buttress created from a melt blown process. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Surgical stapling instruments that are used to sequentially or simultaneously apply one or more rows of fasteners to join segments of body tissues are well known in the art. Such devices generally include a pair of jaws to clamp therebetween the body tissues to be joined. Typically, one of the jaw members includes a staple cartridge which accommodates a plurality of staples while the other jaw member has an anvil that defines a surface for forming the staple legs as the staples are driven from the staple cartridge. When stapling relatively thin or fragile tissues, it is often necessary to reinforce the staple line against the tissue to prevent tears in the tissue or pulling of the staples through the tissue. One method of preventing tears or pull through involves the placement of a biocompatible fabric reinforcing material, or a “buttress,” between the staple and the underlying tissue. 
         [0003]    A common method for making a buttress is to extrude a biocompatible material through a spinneret having a unimodal distribution of hole diameters to form fibers, collect the fibers to create a fiber mat and then cut the nonwoven fiber mat into a predetermined shape. However, using a spinneret with a unimodal distribution of hole diameters produces a buttress having a certain flexibility and strength. 
         [0004]    It is a desire of the present application to provide a spinneret, system and method for making a nonwoven fiber mat that results in a buttress having improved flexibility and strength characteristics. 
         [0005]    Specifically, this disclosure presents a spinneret design that includes at least a distribution of hole diameters to create fibers with a more heterogeneous shear history and die swell. All of these advantages confer unique fabric properties not attainable with unimodal spinneret hole diameters such as differentiated load deflection behavior, flexural stiffness, polymer fiber alignment, fiber crystallinity and subsequent strength retention during in vivo degradation. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0006]    In accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, a multi-modal spinneret is provided, including a body defining a longitudinal axis, wherein the body includes a first side surface and a second side surface, and a top surface and a bottom surface; and at least two holes disposed along the longitudinal axis of the spinneret, each of the at least two holes having a hole diameter, wherein at least one hole has a first diameter and least one hole has a second diameter different than the first diameter. 
         [0007]    The spinneret can include additional holes, and wherein each of the additional holes has a hole diameter equivalent to either the first or second diameter. The additional holes of the spinneret may be disposed along the longitudinal axis of the spinneret in a pattern of alternating first and second diameters or randomly disposed along the longitudinal axis of the spinneret. The number of holes having a first diameter and the number of holes having a second diameter may be equal. 
         [0008]    In aspects, each of the additional holes has a center and an edge, the additional holes may be disposed along the longitudinal axis of the spinneret such that the centers of the additional holes are equidistant or the distance between each edge of each of the additional holes are equidistant. 
         [0009]    In aspects, the at least two holes of the spinneret have a hole depth, and wherein each of the at least two holes has a ratio that is defined by the hole depth divided by the hole diameter. Each of the ratios of the at least two holes may be equal or unequal. 
         [0010]    In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure, a method of making a nonwoven fiber mat is disclosed and comprises providing a material, an extruder and a spinneret, wherein the spinneret defines at least one hole having one diameter and at least one hole having a second diameter different than the first diameter; coupling the spinneret to the extruder; feeding the material into the extruder; melting the material in the extruder; extruding the melted material through the spinneret forming a plurality of fibers; and collecting the plurality of fibers onto a conveyer surface to form a nonwoven fiber mat, wherein the nonwoven fiber mat includes at least one fiber having a first diameter and at least one fiber having a second diameter. 
         [0011]    In certain embodiments, the material is a polymer selected from the group consisting of lactide homopolymer, glycolide homopolymer, polydioxanone homopolymer, glycolide trimethylene carbonate copolymer, glycolide lactide copolymer, glycolide dioxanone trimethylene carbonate copolymer, and glycolide caprolactone trimethylene carbonate lactide copolymer. 
         [0012]    In certain embodiments, the material is a bioabsorbable polymeric material. The melting temperature of the polymer may be between about 180 and about 270 degrees Celsius. In other embodiments, the melting temperature of the polymer is between about 80 degrees Celsius and about 190 degrees Celsius. 
         [0013]    The method may also include blowing hot air on the plurality of fibers as they exit the spinneret and before they are collected on the conveyer surface. The hot air may have a temperature greater than or equal to the melting temperature of the plurality of fibers. The hot air may have a temperature of between about 225 and about 290 degrees Celsius. The hot air may have a temperature of about 240 degrees Celsius. 
         [0014]    In certain embodiments, the method includes plasma treating at least a portion of a surface of the non-woven fiber mat with an ionizable gas species or combination of ionizable gas species configured to chemically modify or functionalize the surface of the non-woven fiber mat. The ionizable gas species is selected from the group consisting of air, water vapor, oxygen, nitrogen, argon, and combinations thereof. 
         [0015]    In certain embodiments, the method includes applying heat and pressure to the non-woven fiber mat before plasma treating the non-woven fiber mat. 
         [0016]    In certain embodiments, the non-woven material is cut into a shape corresponding to the shape of the tissue contacting surfaces of a linear surgical stapler. In other embodiments, the non-woven material is cut into a shape corresponding to the shape of the tissue contacting surfaces of a circular surgical stapler. 
         [0017]    In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure, a system for making a surgical buttress for surgical staplers is disclosed and comprises an extruder configured to receive and melt a material; a spinneret coupled to the extruder and configured to form a plurality of fibers, wherein the spinneret defines at least two holes of different sizes; and a conveyer surface configured to receive the plurality of fibers extruded from the spinneret. The extruder may reach a temperature between about 180 and about 270 degrees Celsius or temperatures between about 80 degrees Celsius and about 190 degrees Celsius. The system may include a blower and/or compressed air, wherein the blower and/or compressed air blows hot air on the plurality of fibers as they exit the spinneret. 
         [0018]    In certain embodiments, the hot air from the blower and/or compressed air may have a temperature greater than or equal to the melting temperature of the plurality of fibers. The hot air may have a temperature approximately between 225 and 290 degrees Celsius. 
         [0019]    In certain embodiments, the system may include a plasma treatment apparatus, wherein the plasma treatment apparatus treats at least a portion of a surface of the non-woven fiber mat with an ionizable gas species or combination of ionizable gas species configured to chemically modify or functionalize the surface of the non-woven fiber mat. The ionizable gas species is selected from the group consisting of air, water vapor, oxygen, nitrogen, argon, and combinations thereof. 
         [0020]    In certain embodiments, the system may include a cutting apparatus to cut the nonwoven fiber mat into a buttress. The non-woven fiber mat is cut into a shape corresponding to the shape of the tissue contacting surfaces a linear surgical stapler or into a shape corresponding to the shape of the tissue contacting surfaces a circular surgical stapler. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0021]    The foregoing objects and advantages of the disclosure will become more apparent from the reading of the following description in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0022]      FIG. 1  is a schematic illustration of a system for making a surgical buttress according to the present disclosure; 
           [0023]      FIG. 2  is a perspective view of a spinneret, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure, for use in the system of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0024]      FIG. 3  is a bottom view of the spinneret of  FIG. 2 ; 
           [0025]      FIG. 4  is a front, elevational view of the spinneret of  FIG. 2 ; 
           [0026]      FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional of the spinneret of  FIGS. 2 and 3 , as taken along  5 - 5  or  FIG. 4 ; 
           [0027]      FIG. 6  is a schematic illustration of an apparatus which is suitable for carrying out plasma treatment of a nonwoven fiber mat in accordance with the present disclosure; and 
           [0028]      FIG. 7  is a flow chart illustrating a method of making a nonwoven fiber mat. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0029]    The present disclosure is directed to a spinneret design, system and method of using a melt blown process to make a nonwoven fiber mat having a distribution of fiber diameters. 
         [0030]    For the purposes of discussion, the nonwoven fiber mat will be discussed in terms of a surgical buttress. However, those skilled in the art will appreciate the presently disclosed nonwoven fiber mat may be any surgical implant, such as meshes, scaffolds, grafts (e.g., fabrics and/or tubes), rings, sutures, patches, slings, pledgets, growth matrices, drug delivery devices, wound plugs, and, in general, soft tissue repair devices and surgical prostheses. In other embodiments, a suitable nonwoven fiber mat may be cut as topically applied medical products, such as wound dressings, coverings, gauzes, and the like, that can be used in medical/surgical procedures. 
         [0031]    Referring now to the figures, wherein like components are designated by like reference numerals throughout the several views, 
         [0032]    With reference to  FIG. 1 , a system for making a surgical buttress material, is generally designated as  10 . As will be discussed in greater detail below, system  10  generally includes a bimodal spinneret  100 , an extruder  200  configured to supply material  210  to spinneret  100 , a blower and/or compressed air  500  configured to blow hot air onto fibers  400  and transport fibers  400  to a plasma apparatus  700  and then onto a cutting apparatus  800 . 
         [0033]      FIG. 2  illustrates a perspective view of a spinneret  100  in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure. Spinneret  100  includes a body portion  101  defining a longitudinal axis  102  extending from a proximal end  103  to a distal end  104  of the body portion  101 . Preferably, spinneret  100  may have a substantially V-shaped profile, however spinneret  100  may be any other suitable shape. The body portion further defines a cavity  107  defining a nadir  108  that is formed along the longitudinal axis  102  of the body portion  101 . Disposed along longitudinal axis  102  of body portion  101  are at least two through holes  120 , 130 . Through hole  120  has a first diameter “D1” and through hole  130  has a second diameter “D2” that is different from first diameter “D1”. First diameter “D1” may be more than 100% larger than second diameter “D2”. Optimally, the size difference between first and second diameters “D1”, “D2” is at least 10%. Generally, the first and second diameters “D1”, “D2” range from about 0.13 mm to about 0.3 mm, in some embodiments, from about 0.175 mm to about 0.25 mm. Spinneret  100  may be composed of steel, however any other suitable material may be used. 
         [0034]      FIG. 3  illustrates a bottom view of spinneret  100 . In an embodiment, the body portion  101  of spinneret  100  has a plurality of holes  110 , where the plurality of holes  110  includes through holes  120 ,  130 . Each of the holes  110  has a diameter equal to either the first or second diameter “D1”, “D2”. Holes  110  are disposed along longitudinal axis  102  in an alternating pattern such that a hole having first diameter “D1” is next to a hole having a second diameter “D2”. Alternatively, holes  110  may be disposed along longitudinal axis  102  in a random pattern (not shown) or any pattern desired. 
         [0035]    Still referring to  FIG. 3 , each of the holes  110  is circular, having a center  140  and a side edge  150 . Each hole  110  may be disposed along longitudinal axis  102  such that a distance “L1” between each center  140  is equal. Alternatively, each hole  110  may be disposed along longitudinal axis  102  such that a distance “L2” between each side edge  150  is equal. 
         [0036]    Turning to  FIG. 4 , the nadir  108  of spinneret  100  may be substantially flat and dimensioned such that the width “W1” is greater than each of the holes  110 . 
         [0037]    Shown in  FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view of spinneret  100  as taken along cross-sectional line  5 - 5  of  FIG. 4 . Each of the holes  110  has a hole depth extending from a top surface  105  to a bottom surface  106  of the body portion  110 . Preferably, each hole depth is different; however, each hole depth may be the same. Here, through hole  120  has a hole depth “HD1” and through hole  130  has a hole depth “HD2” that is greater than “HD1.” 
         [0038]    Referring back to  FIG. 1 , as mentioned above, spinneret  100  is operatively connected to extruder  200 . Extruder  200  is configured to receive material  210  therein from a supply source (not shown). Material  210  may include polymers such as those made from lactide, glycolide, caprolactone, valerolactone, carbonates (e.g., trimethylene carbonate, tetramethylene carbonate, and the like), dioxanones (e.g., 1,4-dioxanone), δ-valerolactone, 1,dioxepanones (e.g., 1,4-dioxepan-2-one and 1,5-dioxepan-2-one), ethylene glycol, ethylene oxide, esteramides, γ-hydroxyvalerate, β-hydroxypropionate, alpha-hydroxy acid, hydroxybuterates, poly (ortho esters), hydroxy alkanoates, tyrosine carbonates, poly(imide carbonates), poly(imino carbonates) such as poly (bisphenol A-iminocarbonate) and poly (hydroquinone-iminocarbonate), polyurethanes, polyanhydrides, polymer drugs (e.g., polydiflunisol, polyaspirin, and protein therapeutics), and copolymers and combinations thereof. 
         [0039]    In embodiments, material  210  may be a lactomer copolymer of glycolide and lactide derived from glycolic and lactic acids. In embodiments, the porous nonwoven fiber mat may be fabricated from polyglyconate, a copolymer of glycolic acid and trimethylene carbonate. 
         [0040]    In other embodiments, material  210  may be a synthetic polyester composed of glycolide, dioxanone, and trimethylene carbonate. The polymer may include from about from about 50% to about 70% by weight glycolide, in embodiments, from about 55% to about 65% by weight glycolide, and in some embodiments, about 60% by weight glycolide; from about 4% to about 24% by weight dioxanone, in embodiments, from about 9% to about 19% by weight dioxanone, and in some embodiments, about 14% by weight dioxanone; and from about 16% to about 36% by weight trimethyl carbonate, in embodiments, from about 21% to about 31% by weight trimethyl carbonate, and in some embodiments, about 26% by weight trimethyl carbonate. 
         [0041]    In yet other embodiments, material  210  may be a copolymer of glycolide and trimethylene carbonate. The polymer may include from about 55% to about 75% by weight glycolide, in embodiments, about 60% to about 70% by weight glycolide, and in some embodiments, about 65% by weight glycolide, and from about 25% to about 45% by weight trimethylene carbonate, in embodiments, from about 30% to about 40% by weight trimethylene carbonate, and in some embodiments, about 35% by weight trimethylene carbonate. 
         [0042]    Extruder  200  is configured to heat material  210  until it becomes a melted material  220 , and then forces melted material  220  into spinneret  100  and through the array of holes therein. In some embodiments, the temperature of spinneret  100  is between about 200 degrees Celsius, and about 275 degrees Celsius in some embodiments, from between about 235 degrees Celsius and about 255 degrees Celsius. In some embodiments, the pressure, at spinneret  100 , acting on melted material  220 , is between about 10 bar and about 80 bar. In some embodiments, the pressure can be 125 bar. 
         [0043]    Spinneret  100  forms melted material  220  into fibers  400  having differing fiber diameters. Blower and/or compressed air  500  blows hot air onto fibers  400  exiting spinneret  100  to force fibers  400  onto a conveyor surface  600 . In some embodiments, the hot air has a temperature of between about 225 degrees Celsius and about 325 degrees Celsius, and in other embodiments hot air has a temperature from about 265 degrees Celsius and about 295 degrees Celsius. The speed of conveyor surface  600  is between about 1 meter per minute and about 10 meters per minute. Fibers  400  randomly land on conveyor surface and build up to several layers in thickness. Suction  610  is applied through conveyor surface  600  to help compact fibers  400  against each other to form a nonwoven fiber mat  410  as fibers  400  cool. 
         [0044]    It is contemplated that fibers  400  can be generated at lower temperatures. In certain embodiments, fibers  400  are formed from a material  210  having a lower melting temperature. For example, a copolymer of glycolide, caprolactone, trimethylene carbonate and lactide could be melt extruded at between about 140 degrees Celsius and about 185 degrees Celsius. Thus, the nonwoven fiber mat  410  may be formed from fibers  400  that are melt extruded from polymers having a melting temperature of between about 80 degrees Celsius and about 190 degrees Celsius. 
         [0045]    The diameter of the individual fibers  400  may be from about 5 μm to about 100 μm in embodiments, from about 10 μm to about 40 μm in some embodiments, and from about 15 μm to about 35 μm in some embodiments, and in some further embodiments, from about 18 μm to about 33 μm. The nonwoven fiber mat  410  thickness may be from about 100 μm to about 400 μm in embodiments, and from about 100 μm to about 300 μm in some embodiments, and from about 200 μm to about 250 microns in some embodiments, and in some further embodiments about 230 μm. The nonwoven fiber mat  410  weight may be from about 75 g/m 2  to about 100 g/m 2 , in embodiments, from about 80 g/m 2  to about 95 g/m 2 , and in some embodiments, about 87 g/m 2 . It should be understood that different mat thicknesses, weights, and porosities may be selected by varying manufacturing conditions. In certain embodiments, the fabric can be between 35 to 80 g/m 2 . 
         [0046]    In accordance with the present disclosure, the nonwoven fiber mat  410  may be chemically modified to render at least a portion of a surface of nonwoven fiber mat  410  hydrophilic. For example, in embodiments, the nonwoven fiber mat  410  is carried on conveyer surface  600  and delivered to a plasma apparatus  700  where a plasma treatment is used. The plasma may be formed of a single gas species such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, ammonia, nitrogen, or argon. The use of oxygen, for example, will result in surface activation of an oxygenate type, such as the formation of —OH, —CHO, and/or —COOH groups. It is envisioned that other gases, mixtures of gases, vapours of volatile organic molecules such as alcohols, water, or open air plasma may also be utilized. For example, ozone may be used in place of oxygen. In other examples, the plasma gas may be produced using an oxygen-containing molecule, a nitrogen-containing molecule, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, plasma gases may be used serially. 
         [0047]    Once fiber mat  410  is plasma treated, nonwoven fiber mat  410  is carried on conveyor surface  600  and delivered to a cutting apparatus  800 . Cutting apparatus  800  cuts nonwoven fiber mat  410  into a surgical buttress having a profile corresponding to a linear or circular stapling instrument. 
         [0048]    An illustrative plasma apparatus is shown in  FIG. 6 . Plasma apparatus  700  includes a chamber  721  including a rack  722 , such as a stainless steel rack, and a pair of parallel electrode plates  724  and  726  between which a plasma is formed. A radio frequency generator  723  is provided as a source of potential, with an output terminal of the generator  723  being connected to electrode plate  724  and electrode plate  726  being grounded, thereby providing means for generating an electrical field between the electrode plates  724  and  726 , in which field the plasma can be created and sustained. To provide the desired gas from which the plasma is formed, the apparatus  700  includes a plasma gas source  730  (typically a standard gas cylinder) connected through a gas inlet system  732  to the chamber  721 . The plasma gas source  730  includes a valve  736  for controlling the flow of gas through a supply line  734 . A purge gas source  742 , such as helium, is also connected through a line  744  and valve  738  to gas inlet system  732 . A vacuum pump  740  is connected to the chamber  721  for reducing the gas pressure therein. 
         [0049]    Preferably, the nonwoven fiber mat  410  may travel through the plasma field between reels in a continuous reel to reel system requiring no support rack. Alternatively, the nonwoven fiber mat  410  is mounted within the chamber  721  on the rack  722 , positioned between electrode plates  724  and  726 . Alternatively, the rack  722  may be movable so that nonwoven fiber mat  410  may be pulled through the chamber  721 . The gas inlet system  732  is operated to permit reacting gas monomer from plasma gas source  730  to flow into the chamber  721  through the supply line  734  before generating a plasma. 
         [0050]    The plasma is created by applying the output of the radio frequency generator  723  to the electrode plate  724 . The power supplied by the generator  723  is at the minimum required to sustain the plasma, as higher powered plasma will only degrade the surface of nonwoven fiber mat  410 . The reaction between the plasma and nonwoven fiber mat  410  is allowed to proceed for a period of time determined by the desired thickness and surface energy on nonwoven fiber mat  410  and the concentration of gas monomers in the reacting vapor. The pressure within the chamber  721  is measured by a capacitance manometer  746  to maintain appropriate pressure throughout the reaction period. 
         [0051]    Following the reaction period, the flow of gas from the plasma gas source  730  is terminated, the power from the generator  723  sustaining the plasma is turned off, and valve  738  is opened to permit gas to flow into the chamber  721  from purge gas source  742  to purge nonwoven fiber mat  410  surface of highly reactive radicals which could cause premature contamination of nonwoven fiber mat&#39;s  410  surface. Valve  838  is then closed, the chamber  721  is opened so that chamber  721  is returned to atmospheric pressure, and the plasma treated nonwoven fiber mat  410  is removed. 
         [0052]    The plasma treated nonwoven fiber mat  410  may then be sterilized by any means within the purview of those skilled in the art including, but not limited to, ethylene oxide, electron beam, gamma irradiation, autoclaving, plasma sterilization, and the like. 
         [0053]    It should be understood that the conditions under which treatment occurs may be dependent upon a number of factors, such as the type, size, thickness, and porosity of material being treated, the type and concentration of gas species being utilized and the flow rate thereof, the plasma technology system being utilized, and plasma treatment conditions such as voltage, pressure, temperature, duration, and the like. 
         [0054]    For example, the plasma may include from about 1% to about 100% by weight of oxygen, nitrogen, or argon, in embodiments, from about 15% to about 90% by weight of oxygen, nitrogen, or argon, and in some embodiments, from about 25% to about 75% by weight oxygen, nitrogen, or argon. The gas may have a mass flow rate of from about 10 sccm to about 200 sccm, in embodiments, from about 25 sccm to about 150 sccm, and in some embodiments, about 50 sccm to about 100 sccm. The plasma generating electrodes may operate at a power of about 25 watts to about 1000 watts, in embodiments, from about 50 watts to about 750 watts, and in some embodiments, about 100 watts to about 500 watts. The treatment pressure may be about 25 mtorr to about 500 mtorr, in embodiments, from about 50 mtorr to about 400 mtorr, and in some embodiments, from about 100 mtorr to about 250 mtorr. The treatment may occur at a temperature of less than 100° C., and, in embodiments, at ambient temperature. The length of exposure may range from about 10 seconds to about 120 minutes, in embodiments, from about 30 seconds to about 60 minutes, and in some embodiments, from about 2 minutes to about 30 minutes. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the treatment conditions may be outside the ranges set forth as discussed above. 
         [0055]    In embodiments, the nonwoven fiber mat  410  treated in accordance with the present disclosure may also be subjected to a plasma polymerization process to form a polymer coating on at least a portion of the surface of nonwoven fiber mat  410 . Such methods are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,294,357 and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0123816 the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
         [0056]    The monomers used to form the polymer coating may be polymerized directly on nonwoven fiber mat&#39;s  410  surface using plasma-state polymerization techniques generally known to those skilled in the art. In brief, the monomers are polymerized onto the surface of nonwoven fiber mat  410  by activating the monomer in a plasma state. The plasma state generates highly reactive species, which form a highly cross-linked and highly-branched ultra-thin polymer coating, which is deposited on the surface of nonwoven fiber mat  410  during plasma polymerization. 
         [0057]    In embodiments, a suitable organic monomer or a mixture of monomers having polymerizable unsaturated groups is introduced into the chamber where it is fragmented and/or activated forming further excited species in addition to the activated plasma gases. The excited species and fragments of the monomer recombine upon contact with the surface of nonwoven fiber mat  410  to form a largely undefined structure which contains a complex variety of different groups and chemical bonds and forms a highly cross-linked polymer coating. If oxygen, nitrogen, argon, or molecules possessing these elements are present, either within the plasma reactor during the polymer coating process or on exposure of the polymer coated nonwoven fiber mat  410  to oxygen or air subsequent to the plasma process, the polymeric deposit will include a variety of polar groups. 
         [0058]    In embodiments, plasma polymerization may utilize solvents such as diglyme and tetraglyme, to produced PEG-like surfaces. In other embodiments, plasma polymerization may utilize fluorochemicals such as aliphatic fluorine-containing gases, to produced fluorinated polymer surfaces. 
         [0059]    The amount and relative position of polymer deposition on the nonwoven fiber mat  410  is influenced by at least three geometric factors: (1) location of the electrode plates and distribution of charge; (2) monomer flow; and (3) nonwoven fiber mat  410  position within the chamber. In practice, an electric discharge from the RF generator may be applied to the electrode plates within the chamber and the selected monomers may be introduced into the chamber and energized into a plasma, saturating the space between the electrode plates with an abundance of energetic free radicals and lesser amounts of ions and free electrons produced by the monomers. As nonwoven fiber mat  410  is passed through, or positioned between, the electrode plates, the surface of nonwoven fiber mat  410  is bombarded with free radicals, resulting in the formation of the polymer coating. 
         [0060]    In embodiments, siloxane monomers with hydrophilic end groups may be used in the plasma polymerization process to produce polymer coatings on the surface of nonwoven fiber mat  410 . In some embodiments, aliphatic hydrocyclosiloxane monomers, alone or mixed with co-monomers, may be utilized to provide polymer coatings having a homogenous or mixed property coating. For example, by introducing reactive functionalizing monomers, organo-based monomers, or fluorocarbon monomers together with the aliphatic hydrocyclosiloxane monomers in the plasma polymerization system, physical pore size and chemical affinity of the plasma copolymerized aliphatic hydrocyclosiloxane coating with selective monomers can be controlled. This allows the use of the copolymerized plasma polymer coating for applications which require the coating to differentiate between certain types of gases, ions, and molecules and it also may be utilized to introduce functional groups to the polymer coating which, in turn, can help link hydrophilic molecules to the polymer coating. 
         [0061]    Referring now to  FIG. 7 , the use and operation of spinneret  100  in a system for making a nonwoven fiber mat is detailed. Although detailed with respect to spinneret  100  and system  10  of  FIG. 1  for exemplary purposes, the system detailed herein is equally applicable for use with other spinnerets for making a nonwoven fiber mat. 
         [0062]    Initially, as indicated in step  810 , the extruder  200  is supplied with an appropriate amount of a material  210 . Next, extruder  200  is activated. Once activated, as indicated in step  820 , extruder  200  heats material  210  until it changes into melted material  220 . Extruder  200  then proceeds to force melted material  220  through the array of holes  110  (See  FIG. 3 ) in spinneret  100  thereby creating fibers  400 , as indicated in step  830 . Shown in steps  840  and  843 , blower and/or compressed air  500  is activated and blows hot air onto fibers  400  as they exit spinneret  100 . The air blown fibers  400  then collect onto conveyor surface  600  and cool to form a non-woven fiber mat  410 , as indicated in step  850 . As previously discussed, conveyor surface  600  includes a suction  610  to pull fibers  400  together as they cool. 
         [0063]    The method may also include plasma treating non-woven fiber mat  410 . Indicated in step  860 , non-woven fiber mat  410  is delivered to a plasma treatment apparatus  700 . Delivery may be by conveyor surface  600  or manually. In step  870 , plasma treatment apparatus  700  is activated thereby surface treating non-woven fiber mat  410 . A detailed discussion of the operation of plasma treatment apparatus  700  is discussed with reference to  FIG. 6 . Following plasma treatment, as indicated in step  880 , non-woven fiber mat  410  is delivered to cutting apparatus  800 . In step  890 , cutting apparatus  800  is then activated to cut non-woven fiber mat  410  into a surgical buttress having a profile corresponding to a linear or circular surgical stapling instrument. However, as mentioned above, those skilled in the art will appreciate the presently disclosed nonwoven fiber mat may be cut to form any surgical implant, such as meshes, scaffolds, grafts, and the like. 
         [0064]    While several embodiments of the disclosure have been shown in the drawings, it is not intended that the disclosure be limited thereto, as it is intended that the disclosure be as broad in scope as the art will allow and that the specification be read likewise. For example, a bimodal spinneret has been disclosed, but multiple different diameter holes can be used in other embodiments. In any of the embodiments disclosed herein, the holes can be arranged in a pattern or randomly. The spacing may be equidistant or otherwise. In certain embodiments, techniques for injecting cold air to the molten polymer can be used and/or techniques for removing process heat from the system during fiber mat deposition can be used. In any of the embodiments disclosed herein the material may be annealed. In any of the embodiments, the material may be formed or cut into sheets, threads, or three dimensional shapes can be made. In certain embodiments, a dye may be used to achieve a characteristic color or to make the material radio-opaque. In any of the embodiments, a step of applying pressure or compressing the material may be used to condense the material, improve thickness control or for some other reason. Therefore, the above description should not be construed as limited, but merely as exemplifications of particular embodiments. Those skilled in the art will envision other modifications within the scope and spirit of the claims appended hereto.