Abstract:
Speech signals, and similar one-dimensional signals, are time scaled, interpolated, and/or smoothed, when necessary, under influence of a signal that is sensitive to a small window stationarity of the signal that is being modified. Three measures of stationarity are disclosed: one that is based on time domain analysis, one that is based on frequency domain analysis, and one that is based on both time and frequency domain analysis.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is related to an application, filed on even date herewith, titled “Automatic Detection of Non-Stationarity in Speech Signals.” 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to electronic processing of speech, and similar one-dimensional signals. 
     Processing of speech signals corresponds to a very large field. It includes encoding of speech signals, decoding of speech signals, filtering of speech signals, interpolating of speech signals, synthesizing of speech signals, etc. In connection with speech signals, this invention relates primarily to processing speech signals that call for time scaling, interpolating and smoothing of speech signals. 
     It is well known that speech can be synthesized by concatenating speech units that are selected from a large store of speech units. The selection is made in accordance with various techniques and associated algorithms. Since the number of stored speech units that are available for selection is limited, a synthesized speech that is derived from a catenation of speech units typically requires some modifications, such as smoothing, in order to achieve a speech that sounds continuous and natural. In various applications, time scaling of the entire synthesized speech segment or of some of the speech units is required. Time scaling and smoothing is also sometimes required when a speech signal is interpolated. 
     Simple and flexible time domain techniques have been proposed for time scaling of speech signals. See, for example, E. Moulines and W. Verhelst, “Time Domain and Frequency Domain Techniques for Prosodic Modification of Speech”, in  Speech Coding and Synthesis,  pp. 519-555, Elsevier, 1995, and W. Verhelst and M Roelands, “An overlap-add techniques based on waveforn similarity (WSOLA) for high quality time-scale modification of speech”,  Proc. IEEE ICASSP -93, pp. 554-557, 1993. 
     What has been found is that the quality of time-scaled signal is good for time-scaling factors close to one, but a degradation of the signal is perceived when larger modification factors are required. The degradation is mostly perceived as tonalities and artifacts in the stretched signal. These tonalities do not occur everywhere in the signal. We found that the degradations are mostly localized in areas of transitions of speech, often at the junction of concatenation speech units. 
     SUMMARY 
     We discovered that the aforementioned artifacts problem is related to the level of stationarity of the speech signal within a small interval, or window. In particular, we discovered that speech signals portions that are highly non-stationary cause artifacts when they scaled and/or smoothed. We concluded, therefore, that the level of non-stationarity of the speech signal is a useful parameter to employ when performing time scaling of synthesized speech and that, in general, it is not desirable to modify or smooth highly non-stationary areas of speech, because doing so introduces artifacts in the resulting signal. 
     A simple yet useful indicator of non-stationarity is provided by the transition rate of the root mean squared (RMS) value of the speech signal. Another measure of non-stationarity that is useful for controlling modifications of the speech signal is the transition rate of spectral parameters (line spectrum frequencies, LSF&#39;s), normalized to lie between 0 and 1. A more improved measure of non-stationarity that is usefull for controlling modifications of the speech signal is provided by a combination of the transition rates of the RMS value of the speech signal and the LSFs, normalized to lie between 0 and 1. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 depicts a speech signal and a measure of stationarity signal that is based on time domain analysis; 
     FIG. 2 presents a block diagram of an arrangement for modifying the signal of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 3 depicts the speech signal of FIG. 1 and a measure of stationarity signal that is based on frequency domain analysis; and 
     FIG. 4 depicts the speech signal of FIG. 1 and a measure of stationarity signal that is based on both time and frequency domain analysis. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Generally speaking, speech signal is non-stationary. However, when the speech signal is observed over a very small interval, such as 30 msec, an interval may be found to be mostly stationary, in the sense that its spectral envelope is not changing much and in that its temporal envelop is not changing much. Synthesizing speech from speech units is a process that deals with very small intervals of speech such that some speech units can be considered to be stationary, while other speech units (or portions thereof) may be considered to be non-stationary. 
     None of the prior art approaches for concatenation of speech units, time scaling, smoothing, or interpolation take account of whether the signal that is concatenated, scaled, or smoothed is stationary or not stationary within the immediate vicinity of where the signal is being time scaled or smoothed. In accordance with the principles disclosed herein, modification (e.g. time scaling, interpolating, and/or smoothing) of a one dimensional signal, such as a speech signal, is performed in a manner that is sensitive to the characteristics of the signal itself. That is, such modification is carried out under control of a signal that is dependent on the signal that is being modified. In particular, this control signal is dependent on the level of stationarity of the signal that is being modified within a small window of where the signal is being modified. In connection with speech that is synthesized from speech units, the small window may correlate with one, or a small number of speech units. 
     FIG. 1 presents a time representation of a speech signal  100 . It includes a loud voiced portion  10 , a following silent portion  11 , a following sudden short burst  12  followed by another silent portion  13 , and a terminating unvoiced portion  14 . Based on the above notion of “stationarity”, one might expect that whatever technique is used to quantify the signal&#39;s non-stationarity, the transitions between the regions should be significantly more non-stationary than elsewhere in the signal&#39;s different regions. However, non-stationarities would be also expected inside these regions. What is sought, then, is a function that reflects the level of stationarity or non-stationarity in the analyzed signal and, advantageously, it should have the form                f        (   t   )       =     {           ~   0           when  a  speech  segment  is   stationary               ~   1             when  a  speech  segment  is  non-stationary     .                     (   1   )                                
     That is, f(t) is a function that expresses the level of stationary-ness of the speech signal, with the value coming closer to 0 the more stationary the speech signal is, and coming closer to 1 the more non-stationary the speech signal is. 
     In accordance with our first method, a signal is developed for controlling the modifications of the FIG. 1 speech signal, based on the equation                C   n   1     =              E   n     -     E     n   -   1                  E   n     +     E     n   -   1                   (   2   )                                
     where E n  is the RMS value of the speech signal within a time interval n, and E n−1  is the RMS value of the speech signal within the previous time interval (n−1). That is,                  E   n     =         1     N   +   1                         ∑     m   =       -   N     /   2         N   /   2              x   2          (     n   +   m     )               ,           (   3   )                                
     where x(n) is the speech signal over an interval of N+1 samples. The time intervals of E n  and E n−1  may, but don&#39;t have to, overlap; although, in our experiments we employed a 50% overlap. 
     It is quite clear that the value of C n   1  approximates 1 when the magnitude of the difference between E n  and E n−1  is large (i.e., the signal is non-stationary), and approximates 0 when the magnitude of the difference between E n  and E n−1  is small (i.e., the signal is stationary). Thus, C n   1  can correspond to function ƒ(t) of equation (1). 
     Signal  110  in FIG. 1 represents a pictorial view of the value of C n   1  for speech signal  100 , and it can be observed that signal  110  does appear to be a measure of the speech signal&#39;s stationarity. Signal  110  peaks at the transition for region  10  to region  11 , peaks again during burst  12 , and displays another (smaller) peak close to the transition from region  13  to region  14 . The time domain criterion which equation (1) yields is very easy to compute. 
     FIG. 2 presents a block diagram of a simple structure for controlling the modification of a speech signal. Block  20  corresponds to the element that creates the signal to be modified. It can be, for example, a conventional speech synthesis system that retrieves speech units from a large store and concatenates them. The output signal of block  20  is applied to stationarity processor  30  that, in embodiments that employ the control of equation (1), develops the signal C n   1 . Both the output signal of block  20  and the developed control signal C n   1  are applied to modification block  40 . Block  40  is also conventional. It time-scales, interpolates, and/or smoothes the signal applied by block  20  with whatever algorithm the designer chooses. Block  40  differs from conventional signal modifiers in that whatever control is finally developed for modifing the signal of block  20  (such as time-scaling it), β, that control signal is augmented by the modification control signal ƒ(t) via the relationship 
     
       
         β=1+[1−ƒ( t )] b,   (4) 
       
     
     where b is the desired relative modification of the original duration (in percent). For example, when the speech segment under that is to be time scaled is stationary (i.e. ƒ(t)≡0), then β≡1+b. When a portion is non-stationary (i.e. ƒ(t)≡1), then β≡1, which means that no time scale modifications are carried out on this speech portion. 
     Incorporating signal ƒ(t) in block  40  thus makes block  40  sensitive to the characteristics of the signal being modified. When the C n   1  signal is developed pursuant to equation (1) is used as the stationarity measure signal ƒ(t), the stationarity of the signal is basically equation to variations of the signal&#39;s RMS value. 
     We realized that because the E n  values are sensitive only to time domain variations in the speech signal, the C n   1  criterion is unable to detect variability in the frequency domain, such as the transition rate of certain spectral parameters. Indeed, the RMS based criterion is very noisy during voiced signals (see, for example, signal  110  in region  10  of FIG.  1 ). 
     In a separate and relatively unrelated work, Atal proposed a temporal decomposition method for speech that is time-adaptive. See Atal in “Efficient Coding Of The LPC Parameters By Temporal Decomposition,”  Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Acoust., Speech, Signal Processing,  Vol. 1, pp. 81-84, 1983. Asserting that the method proposed by Atal is computationally costly, by Nandasena et al recently presented a simplified approach “Spectral Stability Based Event Localizing Temporal Decompositions,” in  Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Acoust., Speech Signal Processing,  Vol. 2, (Seattle, USA), pp. 957-960, 1998. The Nandasena et al approach computes the transition rate of spectral parameters like Line Spectrum Frequencies (LSFs). Specifically, they proposed to consider the Spectral Feature Transition Rate (SFTR)                    SFTR:               s        (   n   )       =       ∑     i   =   1     P              c   i          (   n   )       2         ,     1   ≤   n   ≤     N                 where                     (   5   )                   c   i          (   n   )       =         ∑     m   =     -   M       M            my   i          (     n   +   m     )             ∑     m   =     -   M       M          m   2                 (   6   )                                
     where y i  is the i th  spectral parameter about a time window [n−M, n+M]. We discovered that the gradient of the regression line of the evolution of Line Spectrum Frequencies (LSFs) in time, as described by Nandasena et al, can be employed to account for variability in the frequency domain. Hence, in accordance with our second method, a criterion is developed from the FIG. 1 speech signal that is based on the equation                f        (   t   )       =       C   n   2     =       2     1   +            -     β   1            s        (   n   )               -   1               (   7   )                                
     where s(n) is the value derived from the Nandasena et al equation (5), and β 1  is a predefined weight factor. In evaluating speech data, we determined that for 10 spectral lines (i.e. P=1), the value β 1 =20 is reasonable. FIG. 3 shows the speech signal of FIG. 1, along with the transition rate of the spectral parameters (curve  120 ). Curve  120  fails to detect the stop signal in region  12 , but appears to be more sensitive to the transition in the spectrum characteristics in the voiced region  10 . 
     While an embodiment that follows the equation (7) relationship is useful for voiced sounds, FIG. 4 suggests that it is not appropriate for speech events with short duration because the gradient of the regression line in these cases is close to zero. 
     In accordance with our third embodiment, a combination of C n   1  and C n   2  is employed which follows the relationship                f        (   t   )       =       C   n   3     =       2     1   +              -     β   2            s        (   n   )         -     α                   C   n   1               -   1.               (   8   )                                
     where β 2  and α are preselected constants. We determined that the values β 2 =17 and              α   =     {           18.43   ·     (     1.001   -     1.0049                        C   n   1         +       C   n   1               C   n   1           )               if                   C   n   1       ≤   0.5             0.5           if                   C   n   1       ≤   0.5                     (   9   )                                
      yield good results. FIG. 5 shows the speech signal of FIG.  1  and the results of applying the equation (9) relationship.