Abstract:
This is a method of waste treatment in tall reactors having with anaerobic biological stage in the lower section of the reactor and another treatment stage in the upper section of the reactor, these stages are separated by an essentially horizontal partition. Presurized digestion gases generated in the anaerobic section are collected under the partition. The process is further improved by providing a recuperable alkalinity and stripping of biologically generated carbon dioxide so that the free carbon dioxide concentratioon in the anaerobic mixed liquor is very low and a methane-rich digestion gas is produced. Production of presirised methane-rich digestion gas is the major benefit of the process. Ather improvements are in the controllable gaslift mixing with gases other than digestion gases, improved process performance with increasing operating temperatures due to bioheating, and improved solid-liquid separation due to the use of the distillation techniques making use of the bioheating and heat recycle.

Description:
FIELD OF INVENTION  
         [0001]    This invention relates to anaerobic and anaerobic-aerobic processes conducted in stacked sections, and particularly concerned with mixing, separation and collection of digestion gases, generation of methane-rich digestion gases, and solid-liquid separation in stacked reactors.  
         PRIOR ART  
         [0002]    A stacked two-stage anaerobic reactor for treatment of liquid wastewater have been disclosed by Vellinga in U.S. Pat. No. 4,609,460, stacked anaerobic-aerobic reactors for treatment of liquid wastewater and for considerably viscous wastewater sludges have been disclosed by Khudenko in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,514,277 and 5,616,241, and by Habets et.al. in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,972,219 and 6,063,273. The described methods and apparatus address passive mixing of liquid wastewater by digestion gases and separation of the treated liquid from the sludge due to gravity in fluidized beds with garnular sludge and in quiescent settling devises as commonly used for liquid wastewater. Khudenko also teaches how to produce digestion gas substantially free from hydrogen sulfide. Passive mixing in fluidized beds are described by Khudenko in U.S. Pat. No. 4,472,358, by Vellinga in U.S. Pat. No. 4,609,460, and by Habets in U.S. Pat. No. 6,03,273. Passive mixing of viscous sludges is described in by Khudenko in U.S. Pat. No. 4,472,358 and by Edwards in U.S. Pat. No. 5,441,634. Active mixing in fluidized beds by recycling effluent with pumps is well known. The problems of such recycling are as follows: it is very difficult to produce uniform or other predetermined distribution of flows with multiple suction ports and a single pump or a single header and several pumps, use of multiple pumps is complex, it is difficult to select pumps with very low head as needed for most mixing applications because such pumps are not made, pipelines are large and require many turns, many control valves are required, electrical part for the system of many pumps becomes complex, sludge flocks and granules break up in pumps and pipelines with multiple turns. Active mixing with various submersible propeller mixers is also known. Propeller mixers have problems similar to those of pumps. One active system of airlift-mixers for fluidized beds is described by Khudenko in U.S. Pat. No. 6,048,459 and for fluidized beds and viscous sludges in a co-pending patent application. A method of providing pH and alkalinity control with an additional benefit of generating methane-rich digestion gas virtually free from hydrogen sulfide is described by Khudenko in U.S. Pat. No. 5,798,043. None of these technologies provides for collection of treated methane-rich digestion gas under pressure, an option that would greately improve conditions for utilization of this gas instead of flaring it. Collection of the digestion gas can be further improved if the reactors are made taller. Above-ground reactors, or conventional at least partially in-ground reactors are usually limited in height by about 25 meters, and sometimes somewhat taller.  
           [0003]    U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,217,211, 4,251,361, 4,253,949, 4,287,070, 4,374,027, 4,466,928, 4,477,393, 5,503,748, 5,650,070, 5,651,892, 5,645,726, 5,660,724, 6,214,228 B1, Re. 30,944 describe a variety of aerobic and otherwise aerated treatment systems making use of airlift-aerators for the combined purposes of aerating and mixing. These systems have an advantage of a very deep reactor of up to 150-200 meters deep. Such system can be very economical for conducting thermophilic processes, which present great advantages in both the process rate and the degree of treatment. The use of combined anaerobic-aerobic systems, especially with sludges of both anaerobic and aerobic steps being at least partially mixed further significantly improves the performance.  
           [0004]    Accordingly, the main objective of the present invention is to provide a stacked anaerobic-aerobic process with active controllable mixing of either fluidized beds or viscous sludges in reactors.  
           [0005]    Another objective of the present invention is to generate and collect under pressure a methane-rich clean digestion gas.  
           [0006]    Another objective of the present invention is to provide a simple and economical way of separating solids and liquid in treatment processes, while increasing a quality of the effluent and improving the biological processes in reactors.  
           [0007]    Yet another objective of the present invention is to increase the biological process rate and degree of treatment.  
           [0008]    Other objectives will become apparent from the ensuing description of the invention.  
         SUMMARY OF INVENTION  
         [0009]    This is a method of biological treatment of wastewater with biomass. Wastewater and biomass form mixed liquor. Preferably, a tall reactor is used, for example, predominantly in-ground deep shaft reactor, or above ground column type reactors of a substantial height, much greater than conventional 3-4.5 m. The reactor has a closed or open top, a bottom, and an essentially horizontal partition between the top and the bottom. Depending on the technological (treatment related) and structural requirements, the partition can be flat, conical, pyramidal, or curvilinear, convex or concave, or of other shape. The main process steps comprise (a) at least one anaerobic treatment step conducted between the bottom and the partition, a digestion gas comprising methane and carbon dioxide is formed in the anaerobic treatment, (b) a step of mixing said mixed liquor in said anaerobic step by at least one controllable gaslift with a gas other than the digestion gas. At least one step of treatment of wastewater can be conducted between the partition and top of said reactor. The organic loaded waste can be water, wastewater, wastewater sludge, hazardous waste, manure, guano, industrial waste, agricultural waste, polluted soils, contents of polluted ponds and lagoons, and combinations thereof. These mixing steps are very effective not only for treatment of wastewater with dilute biomass but also for treatment of thicker sludges or wastewater with high content of biomass. This method is also more convenient than mixing with digestion gases: there is no corrosion of equipment by digestion gas impurities, no gas leak and fire problems. Unlike with other mixing systems, critical equipment (everything but the submerged pipes) can be open to the atmosphere and is easy to operate, repair, and replace.  
           [0010]    The controllable gaslift lifts the mixed liquor from at least one location between the bottom and the partition to the uppermost point of said controllable gaslift and returns said mixed liquor in said anaerobic treatment step. The lifting and returning constitute a lifting-returning operation step effecting said mixing. Usually, the most convenient uppermost point of the gaslift is above the top of the reactor. However, this point can be at any elevation from the intake or discharge level of the gaslift, whichever is higher, to the top of the reactor. The lifting-returning operation step can include a nonreversible flow in airlift pipes, reversible flow, when the same pipe is used, first, to lift liquid and than to return it back, continuous flow meaning a constant flow rate all the time, discontinuous flow, a flow through a riser-downcomer pipe, a flow through a system of stacked contracting-expanding zones, for example stacked cones forming a virtual pipe which is a nonconfined hydraulic stream within the liquid volume, periodic flow, for example on/off flow or stepwise changing flow, and combinations thereof. Gas other than the digestion gas can be an oxidizing gas, oxygen, air, oxides of nitrogen, nitrogen, and combinations thereof. The oxidizing gas provides oxidizing reactions in the mixed liquor, whereby the mixed liquor is heated. The oxidizing reactions can be biological reactions, abiotic reactions, and combinations thereof.  
           [0011]    Stripping carbon dioxide from the mixed liquor in the anaerobic treatment step can also be provided. Stripping carbon dioxide can be done by gas stripping, oxygen stripping, air stripping, nitrogen stripping, steam stripping, vacuum-stripping, vacuum-vapor-stripping, vacuum-vapor-stripping with steam recompression and condensation, vacuum-vapor-stripping with steam recompression and condensation with preheating the influent, vacuum-vapor-stripping with steam recompression and condensation with heating the contents of said reactor, heat degassing, and combinations thereof.  
           [0012]    The method also provides steps of vaporization of wastewater from the mixed liquor with production of a low pressure steam. This steam is condensed and becomes the treated effluent. The vaporization method can be vaporization by preheating the mixed liquor, vaporization by vacuuming the mixed liquor, vaporization by vacuuming the mixed liquor with steam recompression and condensation, vaporization by vacuuming the mixed liquor with steam recompression and condensation and preheating the influent, vaporization by vacuuming the mixed liquor with steam recompression and condensation and preheating the mixed liquor, and combinations thereof.  
           [0013]    The method also provides steps of feeding reagents, for example, recuperable alkaline species, recuperable oxidation-reduction species, alkalies, acids, nutrients, micronutrients, probiotics, and combinations thereof. Recuperable alkaline species help to control pH and alkalinity by creating a carbonate-bicarbonate buffer which is maintained by stripping biologically produced carbon dioxide. Calcium and iron ions are most practicable species. The bulk of these metals is in form of insoluble carbonates or hydroxides at the stage of solid-liquid separation. Recuperable oxidation-reduction species mediate oxidation-reduction of the original organics in the wastewater, intermediate products and the sludge. Iron ions are most practicable oxidation reduction species. They cycle between ferric and ferrous ions, ferric ions are made of ferrous by oxidation with oxygen, nitrates and nitrites, some halogenated organics, and some other species. The bulk of these ions is in form of insoluble hydroxides at the stage of solid-liquid separation. Maintaining elevated alkalinity also produces very low carbon dioxide concentration in the anaerobic mixed liquor. Accordingly, very high methane content of the harvested digestion gas can be obtained.  
           [0014]    The method also provides for transferring the mixed liquor between anaerobic and other process steps. Additionally, the partition can be a flow-through means capable of collecting the digestion gas and passing through the mixed liquor, or at least partially clarified water. The step of treatment of said wastewater conducted between the partition and the top of the reactor can be an aerobic treatment, an aerobic treatment with aeration by air, an aerobic treatment with aeration by oxygen, an aerobic treatment with nitrification, an aerobic treatment with denitrification, an aerobic treatment with phosphorus removal, an anoxic treatment, a treatment with iron as an intermediate oxidation-reduction specie, an anaerobic hydrolysis treatment, an anaerobic acetogenic treatment, an anaerobic acidogenic treatment, an anaerobic sulfate reduction treatment, an anaerobic methanogenic treatmentg, and combinations thereof.  
           [0015]    This is also a method of biological treatment of wastewater with biomass, where wastewater and biomass form mixed liquor. Tall reactors are preferably used. The reactor has a top, a bottom, and an essentially horizontal partition between said top and said bottom. The main process steps comprise (a) at least one anaerobic treatment step conducted between said bottom and said partition, a digestion gas comprising methane and carbon dioxide is formed in such anaerobic treatment, (c) at least one step of treatment of wastewater conducted between the partition and the top of the reactor, and (d) collecting digestion gas under the partition, whereby the collected gas is pressurized. The accumulation and the release of the gas from under the partition are controlled such a way that the gas volume under the partition changes between preset maximum and minimum values. This simple task can be performed by a variety of ways well familiar to skilled in art. This process modification can also include step of stripping carbon dioxide from the mixed liquor in the anaerobic treatment step. Stripping can be coupled with maintaining high alkalinity. As previously described, a methane-rich digestion gas results. Collecting methane-rich digestion gas under pressure can reduce the gasholder requirements by an order of magnitede, while doubling or tripling the heat value of the gas. Moreover, this gas is also free from hydrogen sulfide. Accordingly, the gas quality and the convenience of the gas storage greatly increase, thus making the gas utilization (instead of flaring) a very attractive option.  
           [0016]    This is further a method of biological treatment of wastewater with biomass, where wastewater and the biomass form mixed liquor, in a tall reactor, said reactor having a top, a bottom, and an essentially horizontal partition between the top and the bottom, comprising (a) at least one anaerobic treatment step conducted between the bottom and the partition, a digestion gas comprising methane and carbon dioxide is formed in the anaerobic treatment, (c) at least one step of treatment conducted between the partition and the top of the reactor, and (e) at least one step of vaporization-separation of liquid from solids in said mixed liquor, whereby the separated liquid constitutes the treated effluent. The step of vaporization can be vaporization by preheating the mixed liquor, vaporization by bioheating the mixed liquor, vaporization by vacuuming the mixed liquor, vaporization by vacuuming the mixed liquor with steam recompression and condensation, vaporization by vacuuming the mixed liquor with steam recompression and condensation and preheating the influent, vaporization by vacuuming the mixed liquor with steam recompression and condensation and preheating the mixed liquor, and combinations thereof. The bioheating is provided by oxidizing the organics and the biomass with an oxidizer such as oxygen of air, oxygen, iron as intermediate oxidation-reduction specie, and combinations thereof. The method further provides a step of vacuum evacuation of digestion gases from mixed liquor simultaneously with step (e). The of vacuum evacuation of gases can be chemical vacuum evacuation, steam recompression vacuum evacuation, and combinations thereof. Chemical evacuation involves absorption with chemical reaction, for example, absorption of carbon dioxide into an alkaline solution. Steam recompression is a process used mainly in water distillation. It involves a vacuum-compressor (a blower) which pumps water vapors through with a vacuum at the suction side and some pressure at the discharge side. In the present case, the vacuum compressor will pull in under vacuum both, the water vapors and the gases. On the discharge side, water vapor is condensed while gases are separated from water and evacuated for utilization or discharge.  
           [0017]    The method taught in this application can be carried out in a reactor selected from the group of deep shaft reactors, tall above-ground reactors, multi-cell reactors, and combinations thereof. Deep shaft reactors can be as deep as 150-200 m, above ground tanks are from at least 5 to 25 m and possibly taller. Multi-cell tanks are a considerably large footprint reservoirs divided into smaller cells to take advantage of the hydraulics of tall tanks. Either both, the bottom and the top sections or only bottom, or only top sections of multi-cell tank can be divided into cells. Top and bottom cells may also have different dimensions. 
       
    
    
     DRAWINGS  
       [0018]    [0018]FIG. 1 is a stacked reactor with anaerobic stage at the bottom and aeated stage at the top, the reactor is provided with passive and active mixing means and with a pressurized digestion gas collection.  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 2 is an alternative embodiment of FIG. 1 having multiple active gaslift means.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 3 is a bottom section of anaerobic reactor showing a passive means for sludge or fluidized bed mixing and active means in form of a pipe-gaslift with complete absoption of the driving gas.  
         [0021]    [0021]FIGS. 4 and 5 are details of the improved passive mixing system.  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 6 is a bottom section of anaerobic reactor showing a passive means for sludge or fluidized bed mixing and active means in form of a nonconfined gaslift with complete absoption of the driving gas.  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 7 is a system with a first anaerobic stage and an aerated stage stacked on top of the second anaerobic stage.  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 8 is a stacked reactor with passive and active mixing means, pressurized gas collection, and a vaporization-steam-recompression-heat utilization system for separating effluent from the mixed liquor in the reactor.  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 9 is an alternative embodiment of that shown in FIG. 8 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS  
       [0026]    Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a reactor  1  having a bottom  100 , a top  101 , and a partition  66  defining the bottom anaerobic section comprising zones  51   a  and  51   b,    56 , and  52  respectively for reaction, at least partial sludge separation, and gas collection. A mixing cone  6  is a passive mixing means. Pipelines  60  and  61  with air (or oxygen, or another nondigestion gas) supply lines  23   a  and  23   b  connected to an elevated vessel  71  are the active mixing means. Optionally, vessel  71  is provided with an air line  10  and distributors (not shown) for stripping carbon dioxide. Also optionally, an influent line  8  and lines for feeding reagents  80  (for example, for lime) and  81  (for example, for iron) are connected to vessel  71 . Alternatively, lines  8 ,  80 , and  81  can be connected to the anaerobic process stage, or to the aerated process stage. A calming box  69  is provided at the lower end of pipeline  61 , and flow directors  70  are provided around the lower end of pipeline  60 . The gas collection section  52  is provided with a line  11  for gas evacuation. A flow passage  65  across the partition  66  with a flow calmer is provided. A central pipe  59  and an air (or oxygen) line  23   f  are provided in the upper aerated stage  53   a.  The upper stage also has a circular clarifier  55  with an effluent collection flume  54 , sludge return airlifts  58 , and an effluent line  9 . Optionally, means for conveying anaerobic mixed liquor to the aerated stage and for feeding mixed liquor from the aerated stage to the anaerobic stage can also be provided. These mixed liquor transfer means are not shown in FIG. 1.  
         [0027]    The embodiment of FIG. 1 is operated as follows. The influent via line  8  is fed in vessel  71  and ultimately, via line  60  or  61  in the anaerobic process stage wherein it undergoes anaerobic transformations resulting in organics conversion to water, carbon dioxide, methane, and lesser quantities of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. The process is intensified by mixing. Mixing is naturally provided by the digestion gas, however, the quantity of gas per unit volume of the reactor diminishes with increased degree of treatment, and additional mixing is required. Mixing can be partially intensified by using a cone  6  which produces circulations as shown in FIG. 1 and as described in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,472,358 which is made a part of this application by inclusion. Lacking a generic term, the term cone is used here in a broad sense. Actually, it can be a pyramid, or a pair of oppositely inclined baffles forming a contracting cross section in the direction of the flow, or other shape producing effect of flow contraction and circulation around baffles. Such cones may not provide sufficient mixing, especially at low gas production rates. Accordingly, active mixing means should be used. A simple version of such means is as follows: air is fed via line  23   a  in pipeline  61  and lifts liquid from the calming box  69  and ultimately from the top of fluidized bed or from the upper part of the viscous sludge in the vessel  71 . From vessel  71  thus lifted liquid descends via pipe  60  to the reactor bottom  100 , strikes the bottom, and the flow directors  70  and flows upwardly. If the cone  6  is present, the flow forms the rotational patterns as shown by arrows. Alternative patterns of mixing streams can be produced by skilled in arts, for example, a rotational bottom flow as in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,338,447, or other, preferably nonuniform flows. The digestion gas accumulates in the liquid and separates into bubbles, which flow up and become collected in section  56  from where the gas is evacuated via line  11 . Unlike in other systems, digestion gas is evacuated under substantial pressure thus saving on the compression equipment and storage volumes. This is an important unexpected benefit. Another unexpected benefit is in the use of air in the active airlift which produces stripping of carbon dioxide and thus greatly improves pH and alkalinity control in the system. This effect is further improved by stripping carbon dioxide by air (or oxygen) fed via line  10  in vessel  71 . The stripping process is additionally improved by providing recuperable alkaline species, calcium and iron, as described in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,798,043 which is made a part of the present invention by inclusion. It may be important to strip carbon dioxide from largely bicarbonate solution by forming carbonates of calcium provided with lime or otherwise. When calcium carbonate is formed, it is precipitated in the biomass. When this biomass is returned in the anaerobic stage, thus precipitated carbonate reacts with carbon dioxide and makes bicarbonates. Accordingly, pH in the reactor is not significantly reduced and carbon dioxide gas is not released from the solution. Hence, only methane-rich gas is released. It is important that the total amount of the carbonate alkalinity and the rate of recycle of this alkalinity are sufficient to substantially exclude free carbon dioxide formation. Another benefit is in bioheating of the wastewater or sludge due to oxidation by oxygen of air or better by oxygen in the airlift line  61  and in the stripping step conducted in vessel  71 . Such heating increases the process rate. The aerated section is operated as usual aeration tank with aerators or with airlift-aerators. Aerated stage can be either a conventional activated sludge process, or process with nitrification, or a microaeration process, or any other process with various levels of oxidation-reduction potentials. Moreover, even methanogenic bacteria can be provided in the aerated stage, these bacteria producing methane. Airlift-aerators are shown in FIG. 1. As described in prior art, airlift-aerators have a partially aerated downcomer and aerated riser. In case of using oxygen instead of air, virtually all oxygen can be absorbed and consumed in the process thus reducing the quantity of off gases and heat loss with off gases and improving the heating efficiency of the process overall. The absorbtion of gases can be further increased by providing iron ions in the reactor. In aerated stage, iron in ferrous form is oxidized to ferric ions by oxygen and thus increases oxygen absorbtion via chemosorbtion mechanism, with ferric ions oxidizing organics and sludge in the system. Ferric and ferrous ions also participate in oxidation-reduction removal of ammonia and nitrates and nitrites with the formation of nitrogen. The beneficial effects of iron ions are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,919,367 which is made a part of this application by inclusion. For many waste the present invention may increase the total methane content in the digestion gas from about 50% to 95%, and the collected gas pressure may be several atmospheres, for example, 3 ata. At such conditions, the volume of the required gas storage may be reduced almost by a factor of six. This is a very tangible benefit for many industries and municipalities.  
         [0028]    Alternative operations of the active airlift system may include using only line  60  in a reciprocal regime: when vessel  71  is filled via line  60 , air in line  23   b  is shut off and flow goes from the vessel  71  to the reactor bottom. Another alternative can be when one or both airlifts can be operated periodically, both airlifts can be operated in a reciprocal flow regime, line  60  can be a riser and line  61  can be a downcomer, lines  60  and  61  can be alternating in the riser-downcoming regimes. Such mixing in multiple points with very variable operating regimes is virtually impossible with pumps and submersible mixers. Additionally, airlifts have no moving parts, easy to service (only air solenoids beyond the reactor volume), and are unlikely to break down, if well made. Even best pumps and especially submersible mixers periodically break down, require extraction from the system for service and repair.  
         [0029]    Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown a modified version of the reactor of FIG. 1. The common parts of these reactors will not be described. FIG. 2 shows alternative feed locations  8   a  and  8   b  for the influent directed in the aerated stage and in the anaerobic stage respectively. The reactor  1  has a curvilinear bottom  100 , there are no mixing cones in the anaerobic section and there is no airlift aerators in the aerated stage. The anaerobic stage is provided with multiple gaslifts  60 ,  61 ,  62 ,  63 , and  64  having intakes at various elevations and terminating in the vessel  71 . These gaslifts can be operated periodically, for example, gaslift  60  can periodically lift some well digested methanogen-rich sludge from the reactor bottom, this sludge can be fed down any of the remaining airlifts and mixed with the sludge volume being digested. In such a case, the bottom part of the reactor will serve as a sludge conditioner as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,514,277. This patent is made a part of the present application by inclusion. The contents of any vertical segment between intakes of the gaslifts of the anaerobic stage can be mixed with any other segment or recycled from the bottom up or in opposite direction within any segment. Gaslifts may be provided with a variable flow of air so that at a lower air feed the gaslift stays in a neutral position, which means it does not lift any noticeable quantity of liquid and does not let any noticeable quantity to flow down. At maximum air feed, the gaslift lifts the liquid in the vessel  71 . When air is not fed, the gaslift becomes a downcomer. Additionally, the vessel  71  can be split into more than one compartment. More than one gaslift originating at a given elevation in the reactor can be provided. Such arrangements of active mixing can be very convenient and effective in anaerobic deep shaft reactors or deeper anaerobic reactors. The use of air and/or oxygen will provide the benefits already discussed in the FIG. 1. The aerated stage can be operated as previously described with the airlift-aerator or as a more conventional aerated stage.  
         [0030]    Referring now to FIGS. 3, 4, and  5  there is shown an anaerobic stage of the reactor  1  from the bottom  100  to the partition  66 . The upper stage is not shown. It can be the same as in FIGS. 1 and 2, or it can be such as shown later in FIGS.  7  or  8 . Other variants are also well known to skilled in arts. FIGS. 3, 4, and  5  show a combination of a passive and an active mixing means comprising multiple stacked cones  6  secured to a central pipe  2  by gussets  12 . There are openings  14  between the upper end of the cone in sectors  16  and the central pipe, and openings  15  in the central pipe within sectors  17 . Sectors  16  and  17  are separated by gussets  12 . A working gaslift gas is fed in the central pipe via line  23 . In operation, digestion gases are formed in the entire volume of the anaerobic stage and form floating bubbles. Bubbles are collected under the cones and produce rotational mixing pattern around cones through openings  14  as shown by arrows. A portion of the gases in sections  17  is directed through openings  15  into the central pipe and serve as a gaslift gas. All these gases eventually are collected in the gas section  52  and evacuated via line  11 . The working gas fed via line  23 , preferably methane, or possibly oxygen, creates a controllable gaslift effect in the central pipe. As already described, oxygen in very deep tanks can be dissolved virtually completely. Accordingly, the gas collected in section  52  will not contain oxygen.  
         [0031]    Referring now to FIG. 6, there is shown an anaerobic stage of the reactor  1  from the bottom  100  to the partition  66 . FIG. 6 differs from FIG. 3 by the absence of the central pipe in the mixing arrangement. Instead the cones  6  and the connecting gussets  21  form a cage with a central passage into which a working gas is provided via line  23 . Hydraulically, the non-confined central passage plays the same role as the central pipe  2  in FIGS. 3, 4, and  5 . The operation of the embodiments of FIGS.  6  and FIGS. 3, 4, and  5  are similar.  
         [0032]    Referring now to FIG. 7, there is shown a reactor  1  having a bottom  100 , a top  101 , and a partition  66 , the partition divides the reactor into stacked lower and upper stages. The lower stage of the present embodiment has like elements marked with like numerals already described in previous Figures. Note, the airlift vessel in FIG. 7 is marked as  71   a.  The portion of the upper level circumscribed by the partition  66 , top  101 , outer wall of the reactor  1 , and a vertical circular partition  103  accommodates a first anaerobic stage  102 . Partition  103  delimits the aerated stage within the upper level. This partition can be level with the horizontal partition  66 , or, as shown in FIG. 7, it may form a recess in the partition  66 , or skilled in art may choose other configurations, for example, the entire upper stage may be the first anaerobic stage, or the anaerobic stage may be inscribed into aerated stage. Alternatively, the upper level stage can be an equalization basin or can include an equalization basin. The first anaerobic stage is equipped with gaslifts  105  supplied with the working gas, air or oxygen, via lines  23   g.  These gaslifts lift mixed liquor from the stage  102  into a separate lift vessel  71   b,  carbon dioxide is partially stripped from the mixed liquor, preferably by air, and returned via the same airlifts back into the first anaerobic stage. Stripping means are not shown in FIG. 8. Gas accumulating at the top of stage  102 , mainly carbon dioxide, is released via line  107 , preferably in the vessel  71   a  where it is scrubbed and re-stripped from the mixed liquor. A portion of the flow lifted to the vessel  71   b  is transferred via passage  106  into vessel  71   a  and further into the lower anaerobic stage, which in this embodiment is the second anaerobic stage. The effluent from the second anaerobic stage is transferred to the aerated stage via passages  65 . The aerated stage can be similar to those already described. The biological transformations in the first anaerobic stage are preferably limited to hydrolysis and acidification of wastes without or with negligible methane production. The second stage can be a methanogenic stage. In general, these two stages can be operated as a two-stage anaerobic process or as a two-phase anaerobic process. The system of FIG. 7 can be provided with any known means for solid-liquid separation, including those shown herein in other Figures.  
         [0033]    Referring now to FIG. 8, there is shown a biological reactor  1  having a lower portion from the bottom  100  to the partition  66  occupied by an anaerobic stage, and an upper part from the partition  66  to the top  101  used for aerated process stage  53 . The anaerobic process stage of FIG. 8 is similar to that of FIG. 1 and the like parts having like numbers will not be described again. FIG. 8 shows a further development of mixing arrangement at the bottom, comprising flow directors  70  and the bottom fill  72  for improved circulation of the fluidized bed or of a viscous sludges. In the upper part of the anaerobic stage, conical baffles  68  and  90  and a water collection through  67  form a gravity separator (settler, or clarifier) for solid-liquid separation. Additional downcomers  73  from the elevated vessel  71  to the vicinity of the anaerobic clarifier are provided for bringing carbonates for neutralization of carbon dioxide in the upper portion of the anaerobic reactor thus eliminating gassing and floatation of the sludge in the clarifier. The aerated stage can be the same as previously described. A system for separating effluent from the mixed liquor includes a stripper  74  for carbon dioxide connected by line  75  to the aerobic stage  53  and further by line  76  to a vacuum-evaporator vessel  90  connected via line  31  to a vacuum-compressor  32  which further is connected to a heat exchanger  33  having an effluent line  9 . A heat exchanger is provided with a gas separation line  41 . Alternative arrangements for gas separation are also known to skilled in art. Influent line  8  is also connected to the heat exchanger. Alternatively, a recycle line with a pump for heating the contents of either anaerobic stage or the aerated stage in the heat exchanger  33  can also be provided. A portion of the contents of the vacuum-evaporator vessel  90  can be recycled back in the reactor  1 , for example, in aerated stage by pump  78  via line  77 . In the stripper  74 , carbon dioxide is largely removed from the mixed liquor by, preferably, air stripping, although other gases can also be used. In the vacuum-evaporator vessel  90  a portion of the water is evaporated from the mixed liquor. Vacuum improves evaporation at below-boiling point temperature, for example, at a thermophylic biological range of 45 to 75° C. Other temperature ranges can also be used. Vacuum is created by the vacuum-compressor  32  and the steam condensation in a heat exchanger  33 . Recompression of the vapors with the vacuum-compressor insures the evacuation of gases which cannot be condensed in the heat exchanger  33  and provides some additional energy to the steam, thus compensating heat losses in the system. The gases to be evacuated are primarily carbon dioxide and traces of methane, oxygen, nitrogen, and possibly other gases. Steam condensation and dissolution of these gases in the cooled, and even in the chilled, condensate will not be sufficient to evacuate gases and to eliminate the “vacuum breakage” due to the gas build up in the vessel  90 . Removal of carbon dioxide and reduction or prevention of its formation in the vessel  90  are improved by providing additional alkalinity. Alkalinity can be in a well soluble form, for example, as sodium hydroxide, or in form of soluble/insoluble compounds such as calcium bicarbonates/carbonates. With biomass present, calcium carbonate precipitates into the biomass.  
         [0034]    Referring now to FIG. 9, there is shown a modification of the embodiment exemplified in FIG. 8 with the principal difference in the arrangement of the vaporization vessel  90 , which is disposed above the top of the reactor  1  now. This arrangement also includes a recycle line  35  with pump  36  and sprinklers  37  for improving the steam vaporization and for controlling foam in the vessel  90 . A carbon dioxide stripping section  27  communicating with the aerated stage via openings  28  and  29  and having air supply  40  and the gas exhaust  30  is provided. The airlift effect in section  27  allows to recycle the degassed contents of the combined aerated section-evaporator vessel-and stripping section to be partially recycled via line  38  in the lower anaerobic stage of the reactor  1 . The aerated stage is provided with a conical partition to illustrate the possibility of using it for airlift-aerator: the air, or in this case highly preferably oxygen, is fed via line and a distributor  10  in the downcomer space “C” and is circulating through the riser space “B” with a portion of the liquid being split in the vaporization space “A”. The use of oxygen is preferred considering the possibility of its virtually complete utilization so that no aeration gases, for example, nitrogen of air, are vacuum-stripped with vapor in the vessel  90 . When the system with addition of alkali is used, it is possible to keep the carbonic acid species in the forms of mainly carbonates and bicarbonates with very little free carbon dioxide. This is achieved by stripping carbon dioxide in section  27  in the presence of elevated alkalinity. Accordingly, there is a very low partial pressure of either carbon dioxide or oxygen, or other gas in the vacuum-vaporization vessel  90 . Respectively, a small and low-power vacuum-compressor  32  is needed and a small and simple means for separating gases after the steam condensation are required. FIG. 8 also illustrates the possibility of using the vacuum in the upper stage for mixing the lower stage: vacuum “pulls up” the liquid into vessel  90 , when vacuum in vessel  90  is temporarily released the pulled-up liquid rushes thorough the riser-downcomer into the bottom  100  thus producing mixing in the anaerobic stage, afterwards, the liquid is pulled up again. Means for releasing vacuum in vessel  90  are trivial and are not shown. The anaerobic stage is also provided with an active airlift operated with a working gas, preferably oxygen, fed via line  23 . The anaerobic stage is further provided with passive mixing cones  6  attached to a central pipe  2  with gussets. In this embodiment, the mixing cones are inverted.