Abstract:
A process for determining the position of closed holes in a component is provided. By carrying out laser triangulation measurements on an uncoated component and a coated component with holes, the exact position of the holes to be reopened may be detected following the coating. A device used to carry out this process is also provided.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is the U.S. National Stage of International Application No. PCT/EP2010/065347, filed Oct. 13, 2010 and claims the benefit thereof. The International Application claims the benefits of German application No. 09013245.7 EP filed Oct. 20, 2009. All of the applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD OF INVENTION 
       [0002]    The invention relates to a process for surface analysis for detecting closed holes. 
       BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 
       [0003]    During the repair of turbine blades or vanes, the worn ceramic protective layer has to be removed and, after restoration, reapplied. In this case, the cooling-air holes which are present are partially or completely closed during the coating process. The position and orientation of the borehole axes of the cooling-air holes cannot be determined or can only be partially determined. To date, the holes have been identified in part by finding slight depressions in the ceramic layer and/or relatively small openings, and opened with the aid of a manual process. A reliable, controllable system is not available. 
       SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
       [0004]    Therefore, it is an object of the invention to solve the problem mentioned above. 
         [0005]    The object is achieved by a process as claimed in the claims and by a device as claimed in the claims. 
         [0006]    The dependent claims list further advantageous measures which can be combined with one another, as desired, in order to obtain further advantages. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0007]      FIGS. 1 ,  2 ,  3  schematically show the course of the process, 
           [0008]      FIG. 4  shows a gas turbine, 
           [0009]      FIG. 5  shows a turbine blade or vane, 
           [0010]      FIG. 6  shows a combustion chamber, and 
           [0011]      FIG. 7  shows a list of superalloys. 
       
    
    
       [0012]    The description and the figures represent merely exemplary embodiments of the invention. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION 
       [0013]      FIG. 1  shows a coating model  4  of determined geometrical data of two holes with a coating (not shown). 
         [0014]      FIG. 1  also shows a mask model  19  with theoretical assumptions in relation to the position  7 ′,  7 ″ of at least one hole and to the orientation  13 ′,  13 ″ of the hole. 
         [0015]    The mask model  19  can also be determined by measuring the uncoated component  120 ,  130 . 
         [0016]    The surface of curved areas can be determined, preferably by means of triangulation measurement processes, in an acceptable resolution and in a very short time in a plurality of dimensions. 
         [0017]    The blade or vane  120 ,  130 , here as an exemplary component, is scanned in the uncoated state at the relevant locations in order to define the position of the holes and/or in order to define the location of the axes of the holes. These data are later used in the computation unit  16  as a mask model  19  ( FIGS. 1 ,  2 ). 
         [0018]    Similarly, known geometrical data of the component  120 ,  130  can be used as the mask model  19 , these being known in advance for example from the manufacturing stage. 
         [0019]    In any event, the hole axis and the hole angle (position of the hole) must be present in a data record ( 19  in  FIG. 2 ). 
         [0020]      FIG. 2  shows that the computation unit  16  receives data of a mask model  19  or known geometrical data  5 , which are measured. 
         [0021]    This is followed by coating of the component  120 ,  130 . Then, the coated component  120 ,  130  is measured again, in particular by means of laser triangulation, as a result of which a coating model  4  is formed. 
         [0022]    In combination with a previously determined orientation  7 ′,  7 ″ of the hole or the holes, it is possible to exactly indicate the position and direction of cooling-air holes in the coated/closed state. 
         [0023]    Here, an iterative comparison  17  of the two models  4 ,  19  is carried out until the position or center of the hole and bore axis are determined. 
         [0024]    In this case, the position of the depression in a trough  10 ′,  10 ″ of a completely closed hole or the position  10 ′,  10 ″ of the opening of a partially closed hole is used to determine the center of the hole and the location of the axis of the unclosed hole. 
         [0025]    Similarly, the border of the trough  10 ′,  10 ″ can be compared with the border of the hole ( FIG. 3 ) in order to determine the position of the hole. In this case, depending on the coating, the border of the trough  10 ′, whether it is small or large, has to have a certain orientation in the border  7 ′, here for example concentric ( FIG. 3 ). If there are a plurality of holes, the best fit is determined iteratively over all the holes. Only in this way is it possible for the holes to be reopened. 
         [0026]    With the aid of a computer, the midpoint of a hole can then be calculated ( 17  in  FIG. 2 ) and a machining program for reopening can be generated, which makes it possible to remove the “coat down” from the hole. 
         [0027]    In addition to the computer-aided determination of positional and angular data for cooling-air holes underneath a coating, the essential advantage here is primarily the exact position of the cooling-air bore for each individual blade or vane and in each state of production. At present, it is only possible to predict the warpage of a blade or vane  120 ,  130  during the coating using empirically determined approaches. The methodology used here can check this prediction and determine an exact position (step  17  in  FIG. 2 ). 
         [0028]      FIG. 4  shows, by way of example, a partial longitudinal section through a gas turbine  100 . 
         [0029]    In the interior, the gas turbine  100  has a rotor  103  with a shaft which is mounted such that it can rotate about an axis of rotation  102  and is also referred to as the turbine rotor. 
         [0030]    An intake housing  104 , a compressor  105 , a, for example, toroidal combustion chamber  110 , in particular an annular combustion chamber, with a plurality of coaxially arranged burners  107 , a turbine  108  and the exhaust-gas housing  109  follow one another along the rotor  103 . 
         [0031]    The annular combustion chamber  110  is in communication with a, for example, annular hot-gas passage  111 , where, by way of example, four successive turbine stages  112  form the turbine  108 . 
         [0032]    Each turbine stage  112  is formed, for example, from two blade or vane rings. As seen in the direction of flow of a working medium  113 , in the hot-gas passage  111  a row of guide vanes  115  is followed by a row  125  formed from rotor blades  120 . 
         [0033]    The guide vanes  130  are secured to an inner housing  138  of a stator  143 , whereas the rotor blades  120  of a row  125  are fitted to the rotor  103  for example by means of a turbine disk  133 . 
         [0034]    A generator (not shown) is coupled to the rotor  103 . 
         [0035]    While the gas turbine  100  is operating, the compressor  105  sucks in air  135  through the intake housing  104  and compresses it. The compressed air provided at the turbine-side end of the compressor  105  is passed to the burners  107 , where it is mixed with a fuel. The mix is then burnt in the combustion chamber  110 , forming the working medium  113 . From there, the working medium  113  flows along the hot-gas passage  111  past the guide vanes  130  and the rotor blades  120 . The working medium  113  is expanded at the rotor blades  120 , transferring its momentum, so that the rotor blades  120  drive the rotor  103  and the latter in turn drives the generator coupled to it. 
         [0036]    While the gas turbine  100  is operating, the components which are exposed to the hot working medium  113  are subject to thermal stresses. The guide vanes  130  and rotor blades  120  of the first turbine stage  112 , as seen in the direction of flow of the working medium  113 , together with the heat shield elements which line the annular combustion chamber  110 , are subject to the highest thermal stresses. 
         [0037]    To be able to withstand the temperatures which prevail there, they may be cooled by means of a coolant. 
         [0038]    Substrates of the components may likewise have a directional structure, i.e. they are in single-crystal form (SX structure) or have only longitudinally oriented grains (DS structure). 
         [0039]    By way of example, iron-based, nickel-based or cobalt-based superalloys are used as material for the components, in particular for the turbine blade or vane  120 ,  130  and components of the combustion chamber  110 . 
         [0040]    Superalloys of this type are known, for example, from EP 1 204 776 B 1, EP 1 306 454, EP 1 319 729 A1, WO 99/67435 or WO 00/44949. 
         [0041]    The guide vane  130  has a guide vane root (not shown here), which faces the inner housing  138  of the turbine  108 , and a guide vane head which is at the opposite end from the guide vane root. The guide vane head faces the rotor  103  and is fixed to a securing ring  140  of the stator  143 . 
         [0042]      FIG. 5  shows a perspective view of a rotor blade  120  or guide vane  130  of a turbomachine, which extends along a longitudinal axis  121 . 
         [0043]    The turbomachine may be a gas turbine of an aircraft or of a power plant for generating electricity, a steam turbine or a compressor. 
         [0044]    The blade or vane  120 ,  130  has, in succession along the longitudinal axis  121 , a securing region  400 , an adjoining blade or vane platform  403  and a main blade or vane part  406  and a blade or vane tip  415 . 
         [0045]    As a guide vane  130 , the vane  130  may have a further platform (not shown) at its vane tip  415 . 
         [0046]    A blade or vane root  183 , which is used to secure the rotor blades  120 ,  130  to a shaft or a disk (not shown), is formed in the securing region  400 . 
         [0047]    The blade or vane root  183  is designed, for example, in hammerhead form. Other configurations, such as a fir-tree or dovetail root, are possible. 
         [0048]    The blade or vane  120 ,  130  has a leading edge  409  and a trailing edge  412  for a medium which flows past the main blade or vane part  406 . 
         [0049]    In the case of conventional blades or vanes  120 ,  130 , by way of example solid metallic materials, in particular superalloys, are used in all regions  400 ,  403 ,  406  of the blade or vane  120 ,  130 . 
         [0050]    Superalloys of this type are known, for example, from EP 1 204 776 B1, EP 1 306 454, EP 1 319 729 A1, WO 99/67435 or WO 00/44949. 
         [0051]    The blade or vane  120 ,  130  may in this case be produced by a casting process, by means of directional solidification, by a forging process, by a milling process or combinations thereof. 
         [0052]    Workpieces with a single-crystal structure or structures are used as components for machines which, in operation, are exposed to high mechanical, thermal and/or chemical stresses. 
         [0053]    Single-crystal workpieces of this type are produced, for example, by directional solidification from the melt. This involves casting processes in which the liquid metallic alloy solidifies to form the single-crystal structure, i.e. the single-crystal workpiece, or solidifies directionally. 
         [0054]    In this case, dendritic crystals are oriented along the direction of heat flow and form either a columnar crystalline grain structure (i.e. grains which run over the entire length of the workpiece and are referred to here, in accordance with the language customarily used, as directionally solidified) or a single-crystal structure, i.e. the entire workpiece consists of one single crystal. In these processes, a transition to globular (polycrystalline) solidification needs to be avoided, since non-directional growth inevitably forms transverse and longitudinal grain boundaries, which negate the favorable properties of the directionally solidified or single-crystal component. 
         [0055]    Where the text refers in general terms to directionally solidified microstructures, this is to be understood as meaning both single crystals, which do not have any grain boundaries or at most have small-angle grain boundaries, and columnar crystal structures, which do have grain boundaries running in the longitudinal direction but do not have any transverse grain boundaries. This second form of crystalline structures is also described as directionally solidified microstructures (directionally solidified structures). 
         [0056]    Processes of this type are known from U.S. Pat. No. 6,024,792 and EP 0 892 090 A1. 
         [0057]    The blades or vanes  120 ,  130  may likewise have coatings protecting against corrosion or oxidation e.g. (MCrAlX; M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), X is an active element and stands for yttrium (Y) and/or silicon and/or at least one rare earth element, or hafnium (Hf). Alloys of this type are known from EP 0 486 489 B1, EP 0 786 017 B1, EP 0 412 397 B1 or EP 1 306 454 A1. 
         [0058]    The density is preferably 95% of the theoretical density. 
         [0059]    A protective aluminum oxide layer (TGO=thermally grown oxide layer) is formed on the MCrAlX layer (as an intermediate layer or as the outermost layer). 
         [0060]    The layer preferably has a composition Co30Ni-28Cr-8Al-0.6Y-0.7Si or Co-28Ni-24Cr-10Al-0.6Y. In addition to these cobalt-based protective coatings, it is also preferable to use nickel-based protective layers, such as Ni-10Cr-12Al-0.6Y-3Re or Ni-12Co-21Cr-11Al-0.4Y-2Re or Ni-25Co-17Cr-10Al-0.4Y-1.5Re. 
         [0061]    It is also possible for a thermal barrier coating, which is preferably the outermost layer, to be present on the MCrAlX, consisting for example of ZrO 2 , Y 2 O 3 —ZrO 2 , i.e. unstabilized, partially stabilized or fully stabilized by yttrium oxide and/or calcium oxide and/or magnesium oxide. 
         [0062]    The thermal barrier coating covers the entire MCrAlX layer. Columnar grains are produced in the thermal barrier coating by suitable coating processes, such as for example electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD). 
         [0063]    Other coating processes are possible, e.g. atmospheric plasma spraying (APS), LPPS, VPS or CVD. The thermal barrier coating may include grains that are porous or have micro-cracks or macro-cracks, in order to improve the resistance to thermal shocks. The thermal barrier coating is therefore preferably more porous than the MCrAlX layer. 
         [0064]    The blade or vane  120 ,  130  may be hollow or solid in form. If the blade or vane  120 ,  130  is to be cooled, it is hollow and may also have film-cooling holes  418  (indicated by dashed lines). 
         [0065]      FIG. 6  shows a combustion chamber  110  of the gas turbine  100 . 
         [0066]    The combustion chamber  110  is configured, for example, as what is known as an annular combustion chamber, in which a multiplicity of burners  107 , which generate flames  156 , arranged circumferentially around an axis of rotation  102  open out into a common combustion chamber space  154 . For this purpose, the combustion chamber  110  overall is of annular configuration positioned around the axis of rotation  102 . 
         [0067]    To achieve a relatively high efficiency, the combustion chamber  110  is designed for a relatively high temperature of the working medium M of approximately 1000° C. to 1600° C. To allow a relatively long service life even with these operating parameters, which are unfavorable for the materials, the combustion chamber wall  153  is provided, on its side which faces the working medium M, with an inner lining formed from heat shield elements  155 . 
         [0068]    Moreover, a cooling system may be provided for the heat shield elements  155  and/or their holding elements, on account of the high temperatures in the interior of the combustion chamber  110 . The heat shield elements  155  are then, for example, hollow and may also have cooling holes (not shown) opening out into the combustion chamber space  154 . 
         [0069]    On the working medium side, each heat shield element  155  made from an alloy is equipped with a particularly heat-resistant protective layer (MCrAlX layer and/or ceramic coating) or is made from material that is able to withstand high temperatures (solid ceramic bricks). 
         [0070]    These protective layers may be similar to the turbine blades or vanes, i.e. for example MCrAlX: M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), X is an active element and stands for yttrium (Y) and/or silicon and/or at least one rare earth element or hafnium (Hf). Alloys of this type are known from EP 0 486 489 B1, EP 0 786 017 B1, EP 0 412 397 B1 or EP 1 306 454 A1. 
         [0071]    It is also possible for a, for example ceramic, thermal barrier coating to be present on the MCrAlX, consisting for example of ZrO 2 , Y 2 O 3 —ZrO 2 , i.e. unstabilized, partially stabilized or fully stabilized by yttrium oxide and/or calcium oxide and/or magnesium oxide. 
         [0072]    Columnar grains are produced in the thermal barrier coating by suitable coating processes, such as for example electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD). 
         [0073]    Other coating processes are possible, e.g. atmospheric plasma spraying (APS), LPPS, VPS or CVD. The thermal barrier coating may include grains that are porous or have micro-cracks or macro-cracks, in order to improve the resistance to thermal shocks. 
         [0074]    Refurbishment means that after they have been used, protective layers may have to be removed from turbine blades or vanes  120 ,  130  or heat shield elements  155  (e.g. by sand-blasting). Then, the corrosion and/or oxidation layers and products are removed. If appropriate, cracks in the turbine blade or vane  120 ,  130  or in the heat shield element  155  are also repaired. This is followed by recoating of the turbine blades or vanes  120 ,  130  or heat shield elements  155 , after which the turbine blades or vanes  120 ,  130  or the heat shield elements  155  can be reused.