Abstract:
Transportation fuels are provided that have reduced toxics, VOC and NO x  emissions, as well as, reduced sulfur content. The transportation fuels provided meet emissions reduction requirements determined by using the EPA Complex Model and for reduced sulfur. Reduction in sulfur content allows the use of components with high concentrations of olefins, while still reducing toxics, hydrocarbon (VOCs) and NO x  emissions to acceptable levels.

Description:
[0001]    The invention relates to reduced emissions transportation fuels, formulated to reduce emissions of toxics, hydrocarbons (VOCs) and NO x . More particularly, the invention relates to transportation fuels that are formulated to reduce emissions of toxics, hydrocarbons (VOCs) and NO x , and have reduced sulfur content.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    There are many challenges for U.S. refiners to produce fuels that comply with environmental regulations and meet vehicle performance requirements. Federal and State Governments have regulated gasoline properties for many years. Generally, these regulations were developed to meet air quality goals. In 1990, the Federal Government issued the Clean Air Act Amendments, which required significant changes to gasoline used in certain areas of the United States.  
           [0003]    Beginning Jan. 1, 1998, refiners had to certify their reformulated gasolines using the EPA Complex Model, a computer model that predicts emissions performance. The properties used in the Complex Model to predict emissions performance are: methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) (wt. % oxygen), ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) (wt. % oxygen), Ethanol (wt. % oxygen), Methanol (wt. % oxygen), tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME) (wt. % oxygen), sulfur (ppm), Reid Vapor Pressure (psi), 50% D-86 distillation point (° F.) or E200(%), 90% D-86 distillation point (° F.) or E300(%), aromatics (vol %), olefins (vol %), and benzene (vol %).  
           [0004]    U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,288,393, 5,593,567, 5,653,866, 5,837,126 and 6,030,521 indicate that the primary factor effecting NO x  emissions is Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP), with the 10% D-86 Distillation Point and Olefins content being of secondary importance. It is reported that since reductions in 10% D-86 Distillation Point are often unacceptable for performance reasons, olefins content is generally to be used as the secondary variable in decreasing NO x  emissions. These U.S. Patents report that a Reid Vapor Pressure of less than 8.0 psi and an olefins content not exceeding 15% by weight are preferred for NO x  emissions reductions. These U.S. Patents also reports that 50% D-86 and distillation points not exceeding 215° F. are preferred for reducing hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions.  
           [0005]    An olefins content of less than 15% by weight is generally not difficult to achieve in high octane blends, such as 93 octane gasoline, since these fuels are generally low in olefins due to the components used to produce them. However, it is more difficult to achieve this olefins content in lower octane fuels, such as 87 octane, because of the high olefins content of the components used to produce these fuels.  
           [0006]    An additional issue facing refiners is the pending implementation of the EPA Tier 2 Motor Vehicle Emissions Standards and Gasoline Sulfur Control Requirements. Beginning in 2004, refiners must produce gasoline that averages 120 ppm sulfur with a batch limit of 300 ppm. In 2005, gasoline sulfur levels must average 90 ppm with a 300 ppm cap, and in 2006, these limits are a 30 ppm average with an 80 ppm cap.  
           [0007]    It is desirable to produce transportation fuels that meet the emissions reductions requirements determined using EPA Complex Model and can be produced using components having a high concentration of olefins. It is further desirable to produce transportation fuels that meet the emissions reductions requirements using the EPA Complex Model and have reduced sulfur content.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0008]    The current invention provides transportation fuels that meet the emissions requirements for toxics, VOC and NO x  as determined using the EPA Complex Model. Reductions in NO x  emissions are achieved primarily by controlling the 90% D-86 distillation point, olefins content, aromatics content and sulflur content. Reductions in VOC emissions are achieved primarily by controlling Reid Vapor Pressure and secondarily by controlling aromatics content. Reductions in toxics emissions is achieved primarily by controlling aromatics and benzene content, 90% D-86 distillation point and the use of oxygenates. Transportation fuels according to the current invention can have olefins content from about 0-25% by weight, preferably about 15-25%. Sulfur content in transportation fuels according to the current invention is less than about 300 ppm, preferably less than about 120 ppm, and most preferably less than about 80 ppm. Reduced sulfur content in transportation fuels according to the current invention allows higher olefins content and higher 50 and 90% D-86 distillation points than would otherwise be required for meeting emissions reduction requirements. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0009]    The present invention relates to transportation fuels blended to comply with the requirements for emissions reduction, determined using the EPA Complex Model. The EPA Complex Model uses the following parameters for estimating NO x , VOC and toxics emissions: methyl tert-butyl ether (wt. % oxygen), ethyl tert-butyl ether (wt. % oxygen), ethanol (wt. % oxygen), methanol (wt. % oxygen), tert-amyl methyl ether (wt. % oxygen), sulfur (ppm), Reid Vapor Pressure, D-86 50% distillation point (° F.) or E200 (%), D-86 90% distillation point (° F.) or E300 (%), aromatics (volume %), olefins (volume %) and benzene (volume %). As defined in the complex model, the wt. % oxygen contributed by an oxygenating component, such as methyl tert-butyl ether, is the percent oxygen content in the fuel blend on a total weight basis. As defined in the EPA Complex Model, the E200 (%) and E300 (%) are the percentages of a fuel that vaporizes at 200° F. and 300° F. respectively.  
         [0010]    Fuels according to the current invention were blended to comply with the requirements for reductions in NO x  emissions by controlling at least one of the following properties from the EPA Complex Model: the 90% D-86 distillation point, olefins content, aromatics content and sulfur content, as indicated in the tables. VOC emissions are controlled by controlling Reid Vapor Pressure and aromatics content. Toxics emissions are controlled by controlling aromatics and benzene content, 90% D-86 distillation point and the use of oxygenates.  
         [0011]    According to one embodiment, fuels of the current invention have octane ratings of 94 (R+M)/2 or lower, preferred octane ratings being 87, 93 and 94. The 50% D-86 distillation point of fuels according to this embodiment of the invention is less than about 235° F., preferably from about 215° F. to about 235° F. The 90% D-86 distillation point of fuels according to this embodiment of the invention is less than about 360° F., preferably from about 315° F. to about 360° F. Olefins content of fuels according to this embodiment of the invention is less than about 25%, preferably from about 15% to about 25%. Aromatics content of fuels according to this embodiment of the invention is less than about 47%, preferably from about 20% to about 40%. Sulfur content for fuels according to this embodiment of the invention is less than about 300 ppm. Preferably, the sulfur content of fuels according to this embodiment of the invention is about 120 ppm or less, more preferably about 80 ppm or less.  
         [0012]    Fuels according to this embodiment of the invention fall into two basic categories, oxygenated and non-oxygenated fuels. For the purposes of the invention, non-oxygenated fuels are those fuels that contain less than 0.1% oxygen by weight. In preferred embodiments, oxygen can be introduce by using oxygenating components, such as: ethyl tert-butyl ether (EtBE), methyl tert-butyl ether (MtBE), tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME), ethanol and methanol. Selection of a particular oxygenating component is within the purview of an individual skilled in the art.  
         [0013]    It will be recognized that the examples presented here are for illustrative purposes only and should not be construed as placing a limitation upon the scope of the invention. Further the development of procedures for blending hydrocarbon streams to achieve fuels having the desired content of the several components listed in Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4 can be carried out by one skilled in the art, without undue experimentation. Methods for developing procedures for blending hydrocarbon streams to produce fuels having the desired content of aromatics, olefins, etc., as well as 10, 50 and 90% D-86 distillation points include, but are not limited to, linear programming and non-linear programming. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the fuel blends of the current invention are not limited to a particular method of developing blending procedures to produce them.  
         [0014]    Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4 show examples of transportation fuels of various octane ratings according to the current invention. The examples shown in Tables 1, 3 and 4 are oxygenated fuels. Table 2 shows non-oxygenated fuels. The values presented for olefins and aromatics content in Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4 are not corrected for content of oxygenates. Tables 5, 6, 7 and 8 show emissions of toxics, VOCs and NO x  for the fuels shown in Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4, and reductions versus emissions for an industry average baseline fuel calculated using the EPA Complex Model. The industry average baseline fuel has the following properties: 339 ppm sulfur, 1.53% benzene, 8.7 psi RVP, 87.3(R+M)/2, 128F T10, 218F T50, 330F T90, 32% aromatics, 9.2% olefins and 58.8% saturates. These values represent average 1990 nationwide (excluding California) gasoline composition.  
         [0015]    The values for aromatics, benzene, olefins and sulfur content reported in Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4 were corrected for oxygen content prior to being used to calculate emissions for the example fuels in the EPA Complex Model.  
         [0016]    The data from Tables 5, 6, 7 and 8 show a decrease in emissions of toxics, VOCs and NO x  versus the baseline fuel. Table 6 shows emissions for non-oxygenated fuels. Tables 5, 7 and 8 show emissions for oxygenated fuels according to a preferred embodiment. Emissions values for toxics, NO x  and VOCs is reported in mg/mile. The values for percentage reduction are calculated versus an industry average baseline fuel. In addition, all fuels according to this embodiment meet the EPA requirement of not more than 300 ppm sulfur. Non-oxygenated fuels according to the current invention show a reduction in toxics emissions of up to about 28%, a reduction in NO x  emissions of up to about 14%, and a reduction in VOC emissions of up to about 22% versus an industry average baseline fuel. Oxygenated fuels according to the current invention show a reduction in toxics emissions of up to about 40%, a reduction in NO x  emissions of up to about 16%, and a reduction in VOC emissions of up to about 36% versus an industry average baseline fuel.  
         [0017]    According to another embodiment, the current invention provides a blend stock for use in blending with oxygenates to produce an oxygenated fuel. Blend stocks according to this embodiment have an octane rating of at least 83.5 and are suitable for blending with oxygenates to produce a reduced emissions transportation fuel. Blend stocks according to this embodiment of the invention have a 50% D-86 distillation point of less than about 232° F., preferably from about 215° F. to about 232° F., and a 90% D-86 distillation point less than about 360° F., preferably from about 315° F. to about 360° F. The aromatics content of blend stocks according to this embodiment of the invention is less than about 33%, preferably from about 14% to about 33%. The olefins content of blend stocks according to this embodiment of the invention is less than about 21%, preferably from about 15% to about 21%.  
         [0018]    Blend stocks according to this embodiment of the invention are blended with an oxygenating component to produce an oxygenated transportation fuel. Such oxygenating components include ethyl tert-butyl ether (EtBE), methyl tert-butyl ether (MtBE), tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME), ethanol and methanol.  
         [0019]    A preferred embodiment provides a blend stock having an octane rating of 83.5. According to this embodiment, the blend stock is blended with ethanol to produce a transportation fuel having an octane rating of from about 87 to about 90. Table 9 shows examples of fuels produced from a blend stock according to this preferred embodiment, blended with ethanol. Table 10 shows emissions data for the examples in Table 9. Fuels produced from blend stocks according to this embodiment show a reduction in toxics emissions of up to about 26%, a reduction in NO x  emissions of up to about 10%, and a reduction in VOCs of up to about 25%. Reductions in emissions were determined versus an industry standard baseline fuel.  
                                                                                                                                           TABLE 1                           87 RFG Blends                                Olefins   D86   D86       MtBE   EtBE   TAME                   Batch   Octane   RVP   Aromatic   Benzene   cont.   50%   90%   Sulfur   cont.   cont.   cont.   Methanol   Ethanol   oxygen       ID   Rating   psi   cont. (%)   cont. (%)   (%)   ° F.   ° F.   ppm   (%)   (%)   (%)   cont. (%)   cont. (%)   cont. (%)                    0001   87   6.83   16.85   0.28   13.93   208   352   156   1.858   0   0   0   0   1.858       0002   87   6.35   15.94   0.62   17.17   193   343   203   2.541   0   0.016   0.025   0   2.582       0003   87   6.83   16.47   0.55   15.78   190   336   34   2.503   0   0   0   0   2.503       0004   87   6.60   24.81   0.57   11.57   219   316   102   1.949   0   0   0   0   1.949       0005   87   6.92   22.48   0.82   11.66   195   337   126   2.104   0   0   0   0   2.104       0006   87   7.31   23.51   0.54   11.76   188   331   135   2.092   0   0.005   0   0   2.097       0007   87   6.83   18.68   0.56   23.63   193   348   143   2.679   0   0.002   0   0   2.681       0008   87   6.69   18.02   0.53   12.37   182.8   336   146   2.6   0   0.002   0   0   2.602       0009   87   7.31   23.45   0.49   12.75   197   340.7   154   2.042   0   0.004   0   0   2.046       0010   87   7.03   22.36   0.47   10.76   195   347   166   1.945   0   0   0   0   1.945       0011   87   6.35   20.76   0.45   12.22   201   343   168   2.374   0   0   0   0   2.374       0012   87   7.06   23.17   0.45   13.44   209   347   171   1.782   0   0   0   0   1.782       0013   87   6.66   17.98   0.43   19.5   196   343   172   2.683   0   0.014   0.2   0   2.897       0014   87   6.56   34.25   0.58   18.06   198   341   189   2.626   0   0.002   0   0   2.628       0015   87   7.18   12.8   0.59   12.82   191.6   321.6   190   2.597   0   0   0   0   2.597       0016   87   6.73   23.81   0.5   15.93   219   347   239   2.584   0   0   0   0   2.584       0017   87   6.9   15.87   0.49   19.73   201   353   284   2.579   0   0   0   0   2.579       0018   87   6.57   17.09   0.57   19.44   197   348   298   2.312   0   0.008   0   0   2.32                  
 
         [0020]    [0020]                                                                                                                                           TABLE 2                           93N Blends                                Olefins   D86   D86       MtBE   EtBE   TAME                   Batch   Octane   RVP   Aromatic   Benzene   cont.   50%   90%   Sulfur   cont.   cont.   cont.   Methanol   Ethanol   oxygen       ID   Rating   psi   cont. (%)   cont. (%)   (%)   ° F.   ° F.   ppm   (%)   (%)   (%)   cont. (%)   cont. (%)   cont. (%)                    0019   93   6.63   31.86   0.59   7.71   230   319   41   0.03   0   0   0   0   0.03       0020   93   6.47   30.76   0.59   1.2   234   316   27   0.039   0   0   0   0   0.039       0021   93   6.15   27.33   0.45   1.3   231.7   312.1   34   0.049   0   0   0   0   0.049       0022   93   6.19   28.73   0.73   3.11   228   308   34   0.046   0   0   0   0   0.046       0023   93   6.4   36.18   0.82   4.8   227   312   36   0.016   0   0   0   0   0.016       0024   93   6.44   31.47   0.62   8.61   232.2   321.8   42   0.03   0   0   0   0   0.03       0025   93   6.54   24.1   0.55   5.71   224   310   57   0.028   0   0   0   0   0.028       0026   93   6.5   34.59   0.74   7.61   228   316   66   0.03   0   0   0   0   0.03       0027   93   6.5   35.73   0.77   3.3   231   317   25   0.16   0   0   0   0   0.016       0028   93   6.58   35.97   0.86   4.9   228.9   313.4   24   0.015   0   0   0   0   0.015       0029   93   6.7   35.19   0.61   3.81   229.5   321.6   27   0.03   0   0   0   0   0.03       0030   93   6.45   30.37   0.54   6.01   230   320   32   0.019   0   0   0   0   0.019       0031   93   6.44   28.05   0.6   5.41   229   310   42   0.043   0   0   0   0   0.043       0032   93   6.51   25.77   0.56   5.41   227   319   70   0.035   0   0   0   0   0.035                    
         [0021]    [0021]                                                                                                                                           TABLE 3                           93RFG Blends                                Olefins   D86   D86       MtBE   EtBE   TAME                   Batch   Octane   RVP   Aromatic   Benzene   cont.   50%   90%   Sulfur   cont.   cont.   cont.   Methanol   Ethanol   oxygen       ID   Rating   psi   cont. (%)   cont. (%)   (%)   ° F.   ° F.   ppm   (%)   (%)   (%)   cont. (%)   cont. (%)   cont. (%)                    0033   93   6.72   25.31   0.34   9.77   216   330   3   2.507   0   0   0   0   2.507       0034   93   6.69   31.05   0.48   5.08   219.7   325.3   65   2.387   0   0   0   0   2.387       0035   93   6.82   30.39   0.55   7.17   219   328   84   2.166   0   0   0   0   2.166       0036   93   6.66   36.31   0.72   9.36   222.8   332.8   88   1.98   0   0   0   0   1.98       0037   93   6.4   35.52   0.56   9.46   220   327   90   2.163   0   0   0   0   2.163       0038   93   6.76   36.97   0.65   11.48   217.2   328.5   90   2.559   0   0   0   0   2.559       0039   93   6.43   21.73   0.29   10.78   212   328   97   2.628   0   0   0   0   2.628       0040   93   6.61   22.66   0.3   9.84   212   328   102   2.642   0   0   0   0   2.642       0041   93   6.53   26.53   0.37   13.33   213.5   328.7   106   2.575   0   0.002   0   0   2.577       0042   93   6.87   35.31   0.63   13.26   209.5   330.8   108   2.593   0   0   0   0   2.593       0043   93   6.89   25.59   0.39   11   212   327   110   2.604   0   0.002   0   0   2.606       0044   93   7.02   32.14   0.6   11.81   209   322   114   2.561   0   0   0   0   2.561       0045   93   6.76   26.2   0.42   13.17   222.8   332.8   272   2.535   0   0.004   0   0   2.539       0046   93   6.85   27.63   0.53   7.34   217   328   83   2.042   0   0   0   0   2.042       0047   93   6.93   30.52   0.44   10.87   211   329   102   2.237   0   0.002   0   0   2.239       0048   93   6.47   25.82   0.45   10.06   215.1   327.5   94   2.587   0   0.005   0   0   2.592       0049   93   6.76   22.17   0.31   11.36   214   331   84   2.618   0   0   0   0   2.618       0050   93   6.7   23.36   0.32   11.71   212   332   95   2.625   0   0.002   0   0   2.627                    
         [0022]    [0022]                                                                                                                                           TABLE 4                           94 RFG Blends                                Olefins   D86   D86       MtBE   EtBE   TAME                   Batch   Octane   RVP   Aromatic   Benzene   cont.   50%   90%   Sulfur   cont.   cont.   cont.   Methanol   Ethanol   oxygen       ID   Rating   psi   cont. (%)   cont. (%)   (%)   ° F.   ° F.   ppm   (%)   (%)   (%)   cont. (%)   cont. (%)   cont. (%)                    0051   94   6.6   26.42   0.39   2.18   221   313   18   2.33   0   0.002   0   0   2.332       0052   94   6.67   25.46   0.39   15.49   214.5   325.3   30   2.643   0   0   0   0   2.643       0053   94   6.76   29.17   0.4   1.25   220   304   44   2.184   0   0   0   0   2.184       0054   94   6.48   25.37   0.38   1.8   218   304   52   1.971   0   0   0   0   1.971       0055   94   6.35   31.14   0.5   9.44   219.3   323.3   54   2.518   0   0   0   0   2.518       0056   94   6.57   37.21   0.49   7.87   221   314   56   2.657   0   0   0   0   2.657       0057   94   6.7   22.82   0.27   5.05   216   316   62   2.67   0   0.002   0   0   2.672       0058   94   6.41   34.5   0.63   7.52   220   320   65   2.388   0   0   0   0   2.388       0059   94   6.56   29.31   0.41   2.52   228   312   67   2.289   0   0   0   0   2.289       0060   94   6.7   22.15   0.34   5.18   217   318   69   2.726   0   0.002   0   0   2.728       0061   94   6.5   36.58   0.7   8.27   219.6   318.9   70   2.486   0   0   0   0   2.486       0062   94   6.61   45.97   0.33   12.26   219   314   71   2.554   0   0   0   0   2.554       0063   94   6.43   37.22   0.51   10.22   223   323   79   2.258   0   0   0   0   2.258       0064   94   6.86   26.9   0.41   12.96   211   323   82   2.575   0   0   0   0   2.575       0065   94   6.53   22.62   0.36   3.34   217   307   84   2.393   0   0   0   0   2.393       0066   94   6.74   29.41   0.44   9.6   219   331   96   2.589   0   0   0   0   2.589       0067   94   6.6   32.09   0.49   7.26   219.3   325.8   111   2.587   0   0.005   0   0   2.592                    
         [0023]    [0023]                                                                           TABLE 5                           87 RFG Blends                total   %       %               Batch   toxics   reduc.   total NO x     reduc.   total VOC   % reduc.       ID   mg/mi.   toxics   mg/mi.   NO x     mg/mi.   VOC                    0001   53.663   37.85   1220.804   8.89   1009.539   31.15       0002   54.617   36.75   1260.524   5.93   943.339   35.67       0003   51.757   40.06   1161.106   13.35   960.592   34.49       0004   57.1   33.87   1198.895   10.53   1009.908   31.13       0005   57.73   33.14   1218.239   9.08   1013.739   30.86       0006   55.512   35.71   1231.645   8.09   1050.877   28.33       0007   55.614   35.59   1310.781   2.18   974.642   33.53       0008   52.42   39.29   1213.766   9.42   965.87   34.13       0009   56.221   34.89   1244.89   7.10   1067.402   27.20       0010   55.912   35.24   1237.985   7.61   1045.064   28.73       0011   54.525   36.85   1228.115   8.35   974.231   33.56       0012   57.583   33.31   1255.382   6.31   1069.352   27.07       0013   53.964   37.50   1273.615   4.95   970.785   33.794       0014   60.783   29.60   1323.784   1.21   1014.197   30.83       0015   52.563   39.12   1210.381   9.67   1015.472   30.75       0016   57.985   32.84   1292.061   3.58   1040.895   29.01       0017   56.083   35.05   1318.623   1.60   1008.762   31.20       0018   57.318   33.62   1333.292   0.50   980.26   33.15                    
         [0024]    [0024]                                                                           TABLE 6                           93N Blends                total toxics   % reduc.   total NO x     % reduc.   total VOC   % reduc.       Batch ID   mg/mi.   toxics   mg/mi.   NO x     mg/mi.   VOC                    0019   65.15   34.55   1171.869   12.55   1171.869   20.08       0020   64.189   25.66   1148.856   14.26   1148.856   21.65       0021   61.009   29.34   1145.354   14.53   1145.354   21.89       0022   64.495   25.30   1150.499   14.14   1150.499   21.54       0023   70.126   18.78   1164.217   13.12   1164.217   20.60       0024   65.794   23.80   1172.023   12.54   1172.023   20.07       0025   60.718   29.68   1156.487   13.70   1156.487   21.13       0026   68.982   20.11   1188.81   11.28   1188.81   18.93       0027   68.993   20.10   1156.441   13.70   1156.441   21.13       0028   70.24   18.65   1157.309   13.63   1157.309   21.07       0029   66.628   22.83   1160.761   13.38   1160.761   20.84       0030   63.824   26.08   1154.843   13.82   1154.843   21.24       0031   63.285   26.71   1153.867   13.89   1153.867   21.31       0032   62.031   28.16   1167.365   12.88   1167.385   20.39                    
         [0025]    [0025]                                                                           TABLE 7                           93 RFG Blends                total   %       %               Batch   toxics   reduc.   total NO x     reduc.   total VOC   % reduc.       ID   mg/mi.   toxics   mg/mi.   NO x     mg/mi.   VOC                    0033   52.728   38.93   1131.315   15.57   1008.601   31.22       0034   56.823   34.19   1174.724   12.33   1042.582   28.90       0035   58.161   32.64   1188.805   11.28   1054.784   28.07       0036   63.21   26.79   1209.203   9.76   1066.4   27.27       0037   60.566   29.86   1208.29   9.83   1031.563   29.65       0038   61.071   29.27   1218.305   9.08   1053.511   28.15       0039   52.155   39.60   1177.518   12.13   980.074   33.16       0040   52.396   39.32   1181.889   11.80   995.448   32.11       0041   54.755   36.59   1213.297   9.46   996.42   32.05       0042   60.195   30.28   1239.889   7.47   1048.015   28.53       0043   54.314   37.10   1202.598   10.25   1026.829   29.97       0044   58.593   32.14   1229.95   8.21   1051.698   28.28       0045   57.535   33.37   1295.935   3.29   1033.95   29.49       0046   57.107   33.86   1183.611   11.67   1047.105   28.59       0047   57.147   33.82   1216.821   9.19   1045.436   28.70       0048   54.774   36.56   1187.554   11.38   998.079   31.93       0049   54.482   39.22   1174.942   12.32   1007.71   31.28       0050   52.954   38.67   1188.511   11.31   1002.73   31.62                    
         [0026]    [0026]                                                                           TABLE 8                           94 RFG Blends                total   %       %               Batch   toxics   reduc.   total NO x     reduc.   total VOC   % reduc.       ID   mg/mi.   toxics   mg/mi.   NO x     mg/mi.   VOC                    0051   54.023   37.43   1127.058   15.89   1038.065   29.21       0052   53.703   37.80   1175.604   12.27   992.671   32.30       0053   55.309   35.94   1155.202   13.79   1045.575   28.69       0054   54.246   37.17   1150.07   14.17   1016.016   30.71       0055   56.737   34.29   1173.981   12.39   1025.477   30.06       0056   58.424   32.34   1180.476   11.90   1027.691   29.91       0057   51.549   40.30   1145.58   14.51   1016.879   30.65       0058   59.513   31.07   1183.136   11.71   1021.007   30.37       0059   56.324   34.77   1161.916   13.29   1061.07   27.64       0060   51.937   39.85   1146.926   14.41   1016.567   30.67       0061   60.897   29.47   1191.626   11.07   1028.754   29.84       0062   61.895   28.31   1208.198   9.84   1039.163   29.13       0063   60.636   29.77   1203.574   10.18   1039.971   29.08       0064   54.625   36.74   1200.047   10.44   1017.282   30.62       0065   52.298   39.43   1164.296   13.11   991.256   32.40       0066   56.046   35.09   1197.383   10.64   1033.807   29.50       0067   57.709   33.16   1204.716   10.10   1040.943   29.01                    
         [0027]    [0027]                                                                                                                                   TABLE 9                           Blend Stocks Blended with Ethanol                                Olefins   D86   D86       MtBE   EtBE   TAME               Batch   Octane   RVP   Aromatic   Benzene   cont.   50%   90%   Sulfur   cont.   cont.   cont.   Methanol   Ethanol       ID   Rating   psi   cont. (%)   cont. (%)   (%)   ° F.   ° F.   ppm   (%)   (%)   (%)   cont. (%)   cont. (%)                    0068   88.8   7.22   31   0.82   10.6   205   332   101   0   0   0   0   3.5       0069   89.6   7.19   32.6   0.82   9.8   211   335   85   0   0   0   0   3.5       0070   88.6   7.31   36.8   0.72   8.9   212   335   81   0   0   0   0   3.5       0071   88.4   7.5   33.3   0.68   10.2   209   334   105   0   0   0   0   3.5       0072   88.1   7.34   23.81   0.44   15.65   208   356   271   0   0   0   0   3.5       0073   87.3   7.19   31.3   0.74   10.7   219   333   120   0   0   0   0   3.5       0074   88   7.46   28.21   0.71   19.73   203   338   186   0   0   0   0   3.5                    
         [0028]    [0028]                                                                           TABLE 10                           Blends Stocks Blended with Ethanol                total   %       %               Batch   toxics   reduc.   total NO x     reduc.   total VOC   % reduc.       ID   mg/mi.   toxics   mg/mi.   NO x     mg/mi.   VOC                    0068   61.791   25.76   1222.92   8.74   1103.88   24.72       0069   62.436   25.03   1211.86   9.56   1115.09   23.95       0070   63.539   24.01   1213.11   9.47   1153.18   21.36       0071   62.146   25.65   1227.91   8.37   1160.46   20.86       0072   60.659   28.27   1320.81   1.43   1119.11   23.68       0073   62.328   25.41   1231.00   8.13   1122.42   23.45       0074   62.786   24.83   1342.47   0.00   1118.12   23.75