Abstract:
An array antenna apparatus for producing a time-delay beamformed RF signal includes a laser, a modulator for RF modulating the laser optical signal, a first plurality of optical paths coupling the modulator output to a dispersive prism, another plurality of optical paths coupling the dispersive prism outputs to a corresponding plurality of time delay trimmers, an attenuator coupled to each time delay trimmer, and an optical switching matrix to which the time delay trimmers outputs are input. The inputs to the optical switching matrix accordingly are time and amplitude adjusted to remove front end errors prior to rerouting. This is repeated in the back end of the apparatus, in which the switching matrix outputs are each applied to a corresponding attenuator, the outputs of which are then each applied to a photodetector to generate a plurality of replica RF signals that are each applied to a time shifter, thereby producing an error-corrected output that is then applied to an antenna array. The output of the antenna array is a time-delay beamformed RF signal having a 2-D beamsteering capability.

Description:
[0001]    The present application claims the benefit of the priority filing date of provisional patent application No. 60/293,519, filed May 29, 2001. 
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND OF INVENTION  
         [0002]    1. Field of Invention  
           [0003]    This invention pertains to beamformers which are controlled by means of time delay and tunable lasers.  
           [0004]    2. Description of Related Art  
           [0005]    Future multi-dimensional array antenna systems will most likely require true time-delay beam steering instead of phase-shifted beam steering since true time-delay beamformers have the ability to steer wide bandwidth signals without beam squint, i.e., frequency dependent steering. Current all-microwave based true time-delay beamformers suffer from severe drawbacks and are currently impractical. Using optical techniques to form 2-D beamformers has been effective at producing true time-delay systems, however, there have been many problems with past designs, including system complexity, optical power loss, component reproducibility, signal stability, and most importantly system cost. These constraints have effectively prevented optical true time-delay beamformers from being implemented in practical wideband antenna arrays having a large number of elements.  
           [0006]    Several architectures have been suggested to reduce the cost and complexity issues associated with 2-D and other beamformers, which are summarized as follows:  
           [0007]    (A) First are approaches that use switched optical time delay units, but reduce the number of time delay units required via wavelength division multiplexing at each individual antenna element. These approaches still require a large number of time delay units for 2-D and other steering, with some implementations trading off the number of optical time delay units for other inherent system wide problems such as a large number of matched, stable, narrow linewidth, precisely tunable lasers.  
           [0008]    (B) A second approach aims at reducing the complexity and cost of the individual time delay units. One design is to use simple dispersive fiber links to implement a dispersive-prism for the time delays required, with a single tunable optical source per steering dimension. For 2-D control, this approach requires N time delay units for the first steering axis, and N×N or N 2  time delay units for the second steering axis, for a total of N+N 2  time delay units. The approach of cascading two sets of independent optical dispersive prisms, increases system cost, increases RF matching errors between individual elements, and reduces dynamic range. Two independently controlled wavelength tunable lasers or two sets of single wavelength switched laser banks also significantly increase system cost. Furthermore, this approach suffers from increased power loss due to two sets of inefficient RF-optical-RF conversions.  
           [0009]    (C) The third approach uses a 2-D parallel free-space delay line switching architecture relying on cascading bits selected with spatial light modulators. This approach suffers from bulk optic problems of simultaneous alignment of hundreds of optical paths through multiple cascaded delays, long-term stability problems, optical diffraction over long distances, optical power matching between all channels, and free space coupling problems to wide bandwidth photodetectors.  
           [0010]    A beamformer of a phase or time steered radar system is that component which electrically generates the appropriate amount of phase or time delay required to electronically control the propagation direction of the RF radiation which is emitted from the array antenna.  
         OBJECTS AND BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0011]    An array antenna apparatus for producing a time-delay beamformed RF signal includes a laser, a modulator for RF modulating the laser optical signal, a first plurality of optical paths coupling the modulator output to a dispersive prism, another plurality of optical paths coupling the dispersive prism outputs to a corresponding plurality of time delay trimmers, an attenuator coupled to each time delay trimmer, and an optical switching matrix to which the time delay trimmers outputs are input. The inputs to the optical switching matrix accordingly are time and amplitude adjusted to remove front end errors prior to rerouting. This is repeated in the back end of the apparatus, in which the switching matrix outputs are each applied to a corresponding attenuator, the outputs of which are then each applied to a photodetector to generate a plurality of replica RF signals that are each applied to a time shifter, thereby producing an error-corrected output that is then applied to an antenna array. The output of the antenna array is a time-delay beamformed RF signal having a 2-D beamsteering capability.  
           [0012]    It is an object of this invention to reduce the number of time delay units in forming a photonic beamformer.  
           [0013]    It is another object of this invention to reduce the number of steering lasers in forming the architecture of a beamformer.  
           [0014]    It is another object of this invention to reduce the complexity of producing an optical beamformer.  
           [0015]    It is another object of this invention to minimize the time delay error associated with a reconfigurable optical switching matrix.  
           [0016]    It is another object of this invention to displace radar beamformers operating on microwave phase shifter technology with beamformers characterized by a fiber optic time delay units.  
           [0017]    Another object of this invention is reduction of electrical power by a factor of about 10-100, which is no longer required as there is less optical and RF loss in this system design.  
           [0018]    Another object of this invention is making the beamformer smaller and lighter weight, which is of paramount importance to both the aerospace and satellite applications.  
           [0019]    These and other objects can be achieved by a beamformer system, and method for its operation, which system is designed to transmit and steer a radiated RF beam from an antenna array wherein a continuous wave optical carrier is provided by a laser following which optical power is amplified, modulated, again amplified, divided into several optical paths, fed into a multi-channel dispersive prism which includes a time-delay gradient, the optical paths are further divided and are phase and amplitude trimmed, rerouted through an optical switch, further phase and amplitude adjusted, converted from light to RF power and then presented to an antenna array for emission.  
           [0020]    Additional features and advantages of the present invention will be set forth in, or be apparent from, the detailed description of preferred embodiments which follows. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0021]    [0021]FIGS. 1 a - c  are schematic diagrams of the time delay gradient (top) and the assignment of the time delay units to the array elements (bottom) for azimuthal, elevation, and 45° steering, respectively.  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the reconfigurable 2-D fiber optic true time-delay beamformer. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0023]    A basic principle of operation on which the present invention is based is that 2-D beam steering is basically a 1-D timing problem, when viewed in the proper coordinate system. To illustrate this concept, to steer in azimuth all that is required is a linear time delay gradient along the X-axis, as illustrated in FIG. 1 a.  This is achieved by connecting each column of vertical antenna elements to one of the signal feeds from a 1-D linear beamformer. Similarly, steering in elevation is accomplished by reassigning the linear time delay gradient from the 1-D beamformer to horizintal rows of antenna elements, as illustrated in FIG. 1 b.  Steering at an off-axis angle θ, means that the time delay, while still linear, is now applied to array elements grouped in an off XY-axis direction, as illustrated in FIG. 1 c.  The ability to assign/reassign to which antenna array elements the linear time delay signal is fed, is equivalent to the beamformer controlling the beam using a polar R, θ coordinate system wherein 2-D beam steering is achieved with a 1-D beamformer (controlling R) and a device to reconfigure the routing of the antenna array signals (θ control). This is unlike traditional beamformers, which use two separate time delay or phase gradients, with each gradient controlling steering along one of the two linear axes of a Cartesian XY coordinate system.  
         [0024]    Referring now to FIG. 2, a continuous wave optical carrier system  10  includes a wavelength tunable semiconductor laser  12  for producing an optical signal  13 . Wavelength tunable laser  12  is interchangeable with a bank of single wavelength lasers. As is well known in the art, the use of any of the described amplifying components in the invention is dependent on the design choice of laser  12  and its power rating, which affects the strength of the original input optical signal  13  and whether subsequent processing requires amplification downstream of laser  12  of any component output signals. Accordingly, optical signal  13  is optionally then amplified by a polarization maintaining erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA)  14  and is then fed via an optical fiber to a modulator  16 , preferably an intensity modulator such as an electro-absorption modulator or an electro-optic modulator, e.g. a Mach Zehnder electro-optic intensity modulator (MZM). Modulator  16  functions to take an input RF analog signal  18 , amplified by an RF amplifier  20 , and impress its voltage replica onto the amplitude of signal  13 , producing an amplitude-modulated optical signal  21 . Modulated optical signal  21  is optionally further amplified by a second, optical amplifier  22 , e.g. a second erbium-doped fiber amplifier, and is then divided into N optical paths  24  before being fed into an N-channel fiber optic dispersive prism  26  operating as an N-channel time delay unit. As shown, N=3 with three optical paths resulting in three separate time delays generated. It should be understood that the number of divisions is based on the system architecture, i.e. the number of switching elements in the optical switch and the number of RF feeds in the antenna array, as is further described below. As mentioned above, amplifiers  22  are optional and may be unnecessary if a high power wavelength tunable laser  12  is employed. Dispersive prism  26  can be made of either lengths of high dispersion optical fiber or with fiber Bragg gratings and optical circulators. The optical dispersion gradient of the dispersive prism  26  translates a wavelength change at laser  12  into a time-delay gradient imposed upon the optical carrier throughout the rest of system  10 . Each of the 3 optical paths  24  are then divided into 3 parts for a total of 9 optical paths  28 . Each optical path  28  then continues through a separate fiber optic time delay trimmer  30  and a fiber optic amplitude attenuator  32 . Optical time delay trimmers  30  can be of any type with the desired substantially flat wavelength response and the desired amount of time-delay dynamic range. This first set of time and amplitude adjustments are one aspect of the invention and are required to insure equal optical path lengths and equal power trimming amidst all of the optical components before the optical switching matrix. Once the front end errors are minimized, these adjusters then allow us to reduce the errors introduced by an optical switching matrix  34 .  
         [0025]    The outputs of attenuators  32  are each coupled to an input of optical switching matrix  34 , e.g. an 8 input×8 output device commercially available from NEL Electronics Corporation consisting of thermo-optic Mach-Zehnder interferometers and electronically controlled thermo-optic phase shifters. The device is strictly non-blocking, resulting in the capability to route any of the 8 input ports to any of the 8 output ports. This capability of the optical switching matrix  34  to reconfigure the assignment of the optical signals from the various time delay units routed to the elements of the antenna array (further described below) is what gives this 1-D beamformer the ability to steer in two-dimensions. As manufactured, optical switching matrix  34  has optical loss and optical path length (timing) errors which depend on the settings, e.g., when identical optical signals are injected to the input ports of switch  34 , the signals passing through switch  34  to its output ports arrive at different times and have different magnitudes depending on the configuration of the switch. This performance limitation is a severe drawback for antenna array applications in which precise control over both magnitude and timing of the RF signals is required for proper beam formation. Accordingly, the present invention must be capable of both implementing this novel architecture while also overcoming these limitations. Since it is expected that all optical switching matrices and other types of switching matrices will be imperfect to some degree, the techniques described are more general in that they can be used to overcome timing and amplitude errors with any type of switching matrix. Furthermore, the size of optical switching matrix  34  limits the number of time delay units which can be rerouted and hence limits the size of the array which can be controlled. The size of optical switching matrix  34  also limits the number of pure directions along which the beamformer will steer, without additional timing adjustments. Optical switching matrix  34  may be of any type capable of redirecting the light from the input ports to the output ports. It should also be noted that the switching matrix used is not restricted to one of optical design, as the beamforming architecture is flexible in part; therefore, any method of reconfiguring the RF signal can be used.  
         [0026]    Each of the output optical signals from optical switching matrix  34  then pass through a second set of optical attenuators  38  before being directed onto a photodetector  40 , sensitive to the optical carrier power, which converts optical signal  36  into an electrical RF signal  42  which is a replica of the input RF signal  18 . Optical attenuators  38  are interchangeable with microwave counterparts. Photodetectors  40  may be of any type which exhibit the desired frequency response. Each resulting RF signal  42  is amplified by a low noise RF amplifier  44 , is then passed through a microwave time shifter  46  and fed into the input plane  48  of the antenna array  50 . Time shifters  46  can be replaced by a set of optical time shifters inserted between optical switching matrix  34  and photodectors  40 . The second set of attenuators  38  and time shifters  46  provide the appropriate amplitude and time delays for the optical and microwave components in the second half of the system after optical switching matrix  34 , by providing substantially equal optical path lengths and power trimming in that part of system  10 . Once these back end errors are minimized, these adjusters then allow reduction of the errors introduced by optical switching matrix  34 . Without both sets of adjustments, amplitude and timing errors would be too large for proper beam formation. A single set of time and amplitude adjustments do not have enough degrees of freedom to fully compensate for all the errors in this system. Amplifiers  44  can be of any type which exhibit the desired frequency and gain response, e.g. amplifiers operating in the microwave range.  
         [0027]    During construction and testing of the system, it was discovered that the optical switching matrix as delivered has built-in timing errors, meaning that the optical path lengths through the optical switching matrix varied and depended on the switch settings. The timing errors were measured to be on average ±4.75 ps and at worst ±14.6 ps. Timing errors of this magnitude translate to an average error in the difference in the path lengths between the various channels in the optical switching of about ±1.5 mm. While this may not be an exceedingly large manufacturing error, a ±4.75 ps timing error translates into an RF phase error of ±10.3 ° at 6 Ghz and ±31° at 18 GHz between the radiating elements of the antenna array. [phase error (°)=timing error (ps)×Frequency (GHz)×360°/1000]. In antenna array applications, tight control over both amplitude and phase error are critical, since these errors result in antenna radiation in non-mainbeam directions (poor directivity), raised sidelobe levels, and poor beam pointing accuracy. The tolerable amounts of amplitude and phase errors for an array may be calculated, but a rule-of-thumb design criteria is to permit a maximum phase error of about 10° for antenna arrays, whose average far-out sidelobe level is numerically equal to the non-error gain of the array antenna (a typical array requirement). To mitigate this problem, an operational method was developed to reduce the overall amplitude and timing errors of the system, described as follows:  
         [0028]    1. Measure the amplitude and timing for each optical link and adjust the input amplitude and time trimmers to minimize the amplitude and path length error when all of the input optical signals are switched through the optical switching matrix to a single output channel/photodetector/amplifier link. This minimizes errors before optical switching matrix  34 .  
         [0029]    2. Measure the amplitude and timing for each optical link and adjust the output amplitude and time trimmers to minimize the amplitude and path length error when a single input optical signal is switched through the optical switching matrix to all of the output channel/photodetector/amplifier links. This minimizes errors after optical switching matrix  34 .  
         [0030]    3. Measure the amplitude errors and timing errors for all input channels switched to all output channels at the greatest RF frequency for which the system is designed to operate (worst case for phase errors).  
         [0031]    4. Using either a spreadsheet calculation, a suitable computer program, or hand calculation, minimize the amplitude errors by adding or subtracting units of amplitude adjustment in the following manner:  
         [0032]    a). Add/subtract amplitude to each of the input channels and propagate the resulting amplitude deviation to all to all of the output channels.  
         [0033]    b). (Same as a, above) Add/subtract amplitude to each of the output channels and propagate the resulting amplitude deviation to all of the input channels.  
         [0034]    c). Calculate the standard deviation of the amplitude errors for all of the channels. Note this value. Go back to step 4a) and repeat until the standard deviation is minimized or within acceptable values. When the standard deviation is minimized, record the amount of amplitude adjustment required for each channel.  
         [0035]    5. Using either a spreadsheet calculation, a suitable computer program, or by hand calculation, minimize the timing errors by adding or subtracting units of path length adjustment in the following manner:  
         [0036]    a). Add/subtract path length to each of the input channels and propagate the resulting timing error to all of the output channels.  
         [0037]    b). Add/subtract path length to each of the output channels and propagate the resulting timing error to all of the input channels.  
         [0038]    c). Calculate the standard deviation of the timing errors for all of the channels. Note this value. Go back to step 5a) and repeat until the standard deviation is minimized or within acceptable values. When the standard deviation is minimized, record the amount of path length adjustment required for each channel.  
         [0039]    6. While measuring the amplitude and phase, adjust the appropriate amplitude and path length adjusters on both the input and output sides of the optical switching matrix using the values obtained in steps 4 and 5.  
         [0040]    The system is now at the minimum overall amplitude and timing error possible. Residual error is a combination of errors in the optical switching matrix and other error sources in the components of the system.  
         [0041]    To experimentally verify the functionality of the reconfigurable optical beamformer described above, the amplitude and phase of a RF signal propagating through all 64 possible combinations of optical paths in the optical system was measured. The system was also tested in the laboratory to measure its ultrawideband RF steering capacity. The system was then tested in an anechoic radar chamber to test both the capability of the reconfigurable beam steering as well as the ability to produce a squint-free beam.  
         [0042]    An example of the reduction in the phase error for the current system using the technique described above shows the measured phase tracking of all 64 possible paths through the optical switching matrix without correcting for the phase errors of the optical switching matrix. (As an experimental starting point with which to compare, the standard deviation of the phase for the system without the optical switching matrix was measured to be 4.5° from 6-18 GHz). Without correcting for the phase tracking of the optical switching matrix, the standard deviation of the phase from 6-18 GHz was measured the standard to be 31.2°. After correcting for the phase error, the system was measured to have a standard deviation in the phase of 17.4° for 6-18 GHz, a 44% decrease in phase error. The minimum calculated phase error is expected to be 15.7° for 6-18 Ghz, which in practice might be achievable with more precise time adjustments.  
         [0043]    After further laboratory testing, the reconfigurable beamforming system was attached to a 2-D antenna array and tested in a compact anechoic radar chamber. The first set of tests were designed to test the ability of the beamformer to produce and steer a wideband squint-free beam (frequency independent steering).  
         [0044]    The ability of the 1-D beamformer&#39;s ability to steer along multiple axes was carried out for RF radiation at 12 GHz. Successful steering of a beam to other angles (±15°, ±30°, and ±45°) was also demonstrated along both the azimuthal and elevational axis and also along the ±45° inter-cardinal planes, by a mere reconfiguration of the beamformer (axis selection) or a change in the laser wavelength (angle selection). Similar results were obtained at the above steered angles and along the above steered axes for frequencies ranging from 6-18 GHz. The frequency range was limited solely by the microwave components used in the system.  
         [0045]    Obviously many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in the light of the above teachings. For example, a 2-D receive beamformer architecture could be similarly constructed by appropriately reversing the beamformer design. And, the 1-D true time delay beamformer is not restricted to the optical dispersion techniques described herein, and any method of generating a true time delay, optical, RF, or otherwise, can be employed. It is therefore to be understood that the scope of the invention should be determined by referring to the following appended claims.