Abstract:
A liquid level sensor comprising a thermistor probe and a power source connected to the thermistor probe to heat the thermistor probe. A cover encases the thermistor probe and includes openings allowing liquid to enter and exit an interior of the cover and contact the thermistor probe. A detector detects a liquid level in response to a voltage at the thermistor probe.

Description:
BACKGROUND  
       [0001]     The invention relates generally to liquid level sensing and in particular, to sensing the liquid level in a reservoir with turbulent liquid flows. Liquid level sensing in a reservoir with turbulent flow presents problems of false level indication due to splashing and induced turbulent airflow above the liquid. Other errors can be induced due to tilting of the reservoir. Many technologies for liquid level sensing have been used in the past. Mechanical floats/switches have been used but are subject to error if installed improperly where the float does not move as desired due to orientation or fouling. Also being a mechanical switch, it is more subject to shipping stress. Other liquid level sensing devices not sensitive to mechanical shipping stress include solid-state components such as optical or conductive means of sensing liquid. But these devices may also be subject to errors due to local fouling of the sensor. A further method of sensing liquid level in a reservoir is by thermal means or more particularly using externally heated or self-heated thermistors. Many liquid level sensing schemes using self-heated thermistors also require a reference temperature to compare to or other external reference processing to determine if the liquid is truly at the sensor or not.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     An embodiment of the invention is a liquid level sensor comprising a thermistor probe and a power source connected to the thermistor probe to heat the thermistor probe. A cover encases the thermistor probe and includes openings allowing liquid to enter and exit an interior of the cover and contact the thermistor probe. A detector detects a liquid level in response to a voltage at the thermistor probe.  
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0003]      FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of a liquid level sensor in an embodiment of the invention.  
         [0004]      FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of a liquid level sensor in an alternate embodiment of the invention.  
         [0005]      FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram of components in an embodiment of the invention.  
         [0006]      FIG. 4  is thermal model of the liquid level sensor in an embodiment of the invention.  
         [0007]      FIG. 5  is a plot of temperature versus ADC values in an embodiment of the invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0008]      FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of a liquid level sensor  100  in an embodiment of the invention. The liquid level sensor  100  is depicted within a tank wall  200  of a tank containing liquid for which liquid level sensing is desired. A nut  300  is positioned within the tank to secure the liquid level sensor  100  to the tank wall. This mounting is referred to as an internal installation as the nut  300  is located within the tank wall  200 . As described in more detail herein, the liquid level sensor  100  uses a self-heated probe and detects liquid level based on the temperature difference between the liquid and ambient air. When liquid is in contact with the probe tip, this condition is detected. Thus, it is desirable to eliminate cooling of the probe by sources other than the liquid level rising.  
         [0009]     The liquid level sensor  100  includes a cover  102  that is frusto-conical having a wider base  104  positioned close to wall  200  and a smaller top  106  distanced from the wall  200 . An angle between the base  104  and the side wall  107  is selected so that even if the tank is tilted, liquid will still drain out of the cover  102 . Thus, the pitch of side wall  107  is selected to be greater than a maximum tilt of the tank. Cover  102  need not be frusto-conical. Other shapes may be used for cover  102  as long as the bottom surface of the cover slopes downward to promote drainage of liquid out of the cover  102 .  
         [0010]     Openings  110  are formed in the side wall  107  of the cover  102  near the base  104 . The openings  110  allow liquid to enter the cover  102  with rising liquid levels, and exit the cover  102  upon falling liquid levels. A plurality of openings  110  are formed in the cover  102  positioned radially around the longitudinal axis of cover  102 . This ensures that at least one opening is below and above the thermistor probe  130  without having to install the cover  102  in a particular orientation. Holes are used below and above the probe  130  to prevent air pockets from developing around the probe that would cause malfunction. Air, particularly around the probe tip, could be trapped in cover  102  even though the cover  102  is entirely submerged in liquid. It is acceptable to have small air pockets near the mounting end of the probe near the ingress/egress holes  110 . Furthermore, there may be liquid pooled away from the probe tip after liquid has entered cover  102  and then receded. In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 , three openings  110  are used, spaced 120 degrees apart on the cover  102 .  
         [0011]     One or more ribs  112  may be formed within cover  102  extending inwardly towards the longitudinal axis of the cover, parallel to the base  104 . The rib  112  provides structural support to the cover  102  and disrupts airflow through openings  110  from reaching probe  130 . In an embodiment of the invention, the probe  130  is a thermistor such as that provided by US Sensors NTC, part number PS102J2. As the liquid level sensor  100  detects liquid level based on temperature, it is desirable to prevent cooling of the thermistor probe  130  by means other than liquid. Multiple ribs may be used to further torture airflow within the cover  102 . Rib  112  also include openings  114  to allow liquid to escape cover  102  upon falling liquid levels. Openings  114  may be positioned near the junction of rib  112  and side wall  107  and be positioned 120 degrees relative to each other. Cover  102  may be made from an infrared reflective plastic material or coated to reflect infrared energy.  
         [0012]     Within cover  102  is a probe  130  contained within a sheath  132 . The sheath  132  may be made from plastic and is used to support the probe  130  for mechanical mounting, provide a thermal path (high impedance to mounting) and provide electrical isolation from contaminating effects of liquid on thermistor probe  130 . The electrical leads to thermistor probe  130  need isolation from liquid to avoid incorrect resistance values that could yield malfunction. The sheath  132  may be a solid plastic part drilled out almost to the end so that the thermistor probe  130  is fully inserted in sheath  132 . The sheath may then be back-filled with epoxy. The probe  130  is a thermistor operating in a self-heat mode. The thermistor has two wires, which are connected to ground and a power source as described herein with reference to  FIG. 3 .  
         [0013]     As shown in  FIG. 3 , the thermistor probe  130  is connected to a power source  152  through a pull up resistor  150 . The power source may be battery. The voltage over the thermistor probe  130  is received by and analog-to-digital converter  154  which outputs a digital representation of the thermistor voltage. This digital value may be used to derive a temperature of the thermistor which indicates whether the liquid is above or below the probe  130 . A detector  156  receives the output of the analog-to-digital converter  154  and determines if the thermistor probe  130  is in the liquid based on the magnitude of the digital value. The detector may include a lookup table to output a probe temperature.  
         [0014]     In operation, the power source voltage, pull-up resistor value and thermistor resistance value are selected so that a detectable change in voltage over the thermistor probe  130  occurs when the probe tip transitions from air to liquid. For example, the thermistor probe  130  may be selected so that the voltage at ADC  154  is 2 volts when the probe is above the liquid. As the liquid rises and comes in contact with the tip of probe  130 , the thermistor cools, causing an increase in resistance and a corresponding increase in voltage at ADC  154 . By detecting this rise in voltage, the presence of liquid at the probe tip is detected. When the liquid recedes and exits the cover  102 , the thermistor warms, decreasing resistance and the voltage at ADC  154  decreases. This relationship is depicted in  FIG. 5 , which is a plot of temperature versus ADC value, when Vcc is 5V, Rpullup is 100 ohms and the thermistor is US Sensors part number PS102J2.  
         [0015]     As shown in  FIG. 2 , the liquid may be turbulent. In embodiments of the invention, the liquid temperature is regulated at a specific temperature. Cover  102  prevents false readings of liquid level due to splashing of the liquid or convection cooling due to the cooler liquid temperature. The cover  102  prevents liquid from contacting the probe  130  due to splashing. The cover also may include internal circular ribs to prevent convection air cooling through openings  110 . Thus, cooling of the probe tip occurs due to liquid level change rather than other conditions that may cause a false indication of liquid level rise or turbulent airflow near the sensor.  
         [0016]      FIG. 4  is a thermal model of the liquid level sensor  100 . The resistance elements represent resistance to thermal conduction or thermal impedance. Rjm represents thermal impedance between the mounted end of the probe and the sense location of the probe, i.e., the location of the thermistor. This value is very large by virtue of the long probe length and material conductivity of the probe. Rjc represents thermal impedance from the sense location of the thermistor within the probe to the tip of the probe. This value is very small due to the very short distance between the thermistor and the probe tip. Rin_out represents thermal impedance between the inside surface of the cover top  106  to the outside surface of the cover top  106 .  
         [0017]     Rc_in_air represents that thermal impedance between the tip of the probe to the inside surface of the cover tip  106 . This value is of interest as this value will change when the liquid level rises and enters cover  102 . When the probe tip is in air, Rc_in_air has a large value. Conversely, when liquid enters the cover  102  and reaches the level of the probe tip, Rc_in_liq has a small value, due to the conductivity of liquid versus air. This configuration allows the probe tip to be air insulated when the liquid is not at or above the probe tip. When the liquid is at or above the probe tip, the probe tip is set to the liquid temperature causing a change in voltage at the thermistor as described above.  
         [0018]     The system detects liquid level based on the voltage over the thermistor probe. A range of voltages may indicate that the probe  130  is in air to account for variations in the ambient air temperature. Another range of voltages indicates that the probe is in the liquid. The values of the thermistor and power source are selected so that the air voltage range and the liquid voltage are sufficiently distinguishable for a given range of liquid and air temperatures.  
         [0019]     While the invention has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the claims.