Abstract:
The invention relates to a wind power plant, comprising a rotor that can be rotated about a vertical axis, said rotor between two horizontal bearing planes disposed at a distance on top of each other comprising a plurality of rotor blades, which are disposed distributed on a circumferential circle, can each be pivoted about a vertical pivot axis, and the pivot range of which is delimited on both sides by a stop. In such a wind power plant, an improvement in the energy yield, while simultaneously ensuring another operation, is enabled in that the width of the rotor blades is smaller than approximately ⅓ the radius of the circumferential circle.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to the field of alternative energy production by means of wind power. 
     DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART 
     Wind power installations, that is to say installations for obtaining (electrical) energy from the wind, have been known for a long time in widely differing forms and embodiments. One fundamental distinguishing feature between such wind power installations, which normally have a rotor which rotates about a rotation axis, is the spatial arrangement of the rotation axis: in the case of so-called vertical rotors, the rotor rotates about a vertical axis, while in the case of horizontal rotors, the rotor rotates about a horizontal rotation axis. Vertical rotors, which also include the wind power installation according to the present invention, have the particular advantage over horizontal rotors that they do not need to be adjusted for a specific wind direction. 
     In principle, the power contained in the wind at a wind speed v is proportional to the cube of the wind speed v. The power extracted by the wind power installation increasingly reduces the wind speed. In the extreme (v→0), the power extracted tends to 0, because there is no longer any flow through the rotor. There is therefore a maximum possible power that can be extracted, which is about 60% of the power contained in the wind. 
     The power which can be extracted from the wind is governed in particular by the nature of the rotor: the rotors of wind power installations are equipped with rotor blades on which two types of forces can act in the wind flow, specifically a force in the flow direction caused by the drag of the rotor blade and a lift force which acts transversely with respect to the flow direction, for example as is used in the case of aircraft wings. 
     The present invention relates to wind power installations which are based mainly or exclusively on the drag (drag rotors). They are distinguished by a high rotor torque which is available even during starting. WO A2-2005/046638 discloses a wind power installation which is in the form of a vertical rotor based on the drag principle and can have a number of stages in height. This wind power installation has the disadvantage that a comparatively small number of broad rotor blades are used, which can be pivoted only in a very restricted pivoting range of about 45° about their pivoting axis. In consequence, the energy obtained is not optimal. At the same time, its structure is considerably loaded by the pivoting movements and must be designed to be particularly robust. 
     JP-A-2005188494 discloses a wind power installation which is in the form of a vertical rotor based on the drag principle or the lift principle and whose rotor blades admittedly have a pivoting range of up to 180°, but whose rotor blades are so broad that only a small number (four or six) can be arranged on the circumferential circle which is provided for the pivoting axes. In this case as well, the yield is not optimal, and the rotor running is particularly rough, and subject to large disturbance forces. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The object of the invention is therefore to design a wind power installation of the type mentioned initially which avoids the disadvantages of known installations and results in more energy being obtained while at the same time decreasing the mechanical load on the structure. In one embodiment, the width of the rotor blades is chosen to be small, and is less than approximately ⅓ of the radius of the circumferential circle. The narrow rotor blades result in various advantages:
         More rotor blades with a comparatively large pivoting range can be arranged on the circumferential circle, which more effectively convert, and therefore utilize, the wind flow passing through the rotor volume to torque.   The load on the individual rotor blades is less, as a result of which they can pivot more easily to the optimum position, and produce reduced disturbance forces during pivoting and when striking the limit stops of the pivoting range.   If the wind pressure on the rotor blades is not reduced by reducing the width, the rotor blades can be made longer (in the vertical direction) in order to achieve the same rotor area. The torque is thus increased in comparison to broad rotor blades, because the blade area is located further outward, overall.   The pivoting processes of the rotor blades are distributed between considerably more pivoting axes on the circumferential circle, which leads to smoother running of the rotor and to a reduced load on the bearings and on the load-bearing structure.       

     One preferred refinement of the invention is distinguished in that twelve or more rotor blades are arranged such that they can pivot on the circumferential circle of the rotor. 
     The installation design is particularly simple if the rotor blades are in this case in the form of straight blades. Dispensing with an airfoil profile or the like for the rotor blades considerably simplifies production, and thus reduces the production costs. 
     If, according to another refinement, the rotor blades each have a leading edge and a trailing edge, and have a reduced thickness between the leading edge and the trailing edge, the weight of the rotor blades and the magnitude of the disturbance forces produced by them can be further reduced without adversely affecting robustness. 
     If, on the other hand, the rotor blades have an aerodynamic cross-sectional profile, preferably in the form of a stretched droplet, with a pointed end and a round end, the rotor blades encounter less drag in the wind during their movement against the wind, thus increasing the overall power yield of the installation. 
     The pivoting range of the rotor blades is preferably in each case limited to an angle of about 100°. This allows optimum matching of the rotor blades to the respective rotor position without any excessive forces occurring on striking the limit points of the pivoting range. 
     It is particularly advantageous when, according to another refinement of the invention, in one limit position of the pivoting range, the rotor blades each include an angle of about 50° with the radius vector of the circumferential circle which passes through the pivoting axis, and, in the other limit position of the pivoting range, include an angle of about 150-165°. 
     One simple option for defining the pivoting range consists in that the pivoting axes of the rotor blades are arranged within the rotor blades, in the vicinity of, but at a distance from, the leading edge, and in that the pivoting range of the rotor blades is in each case defined by a single stop which is arranged within the circumferential circle. 
     However, it is also feasible for the pivoting axes of the rotor blades to be arranged in the leading edges of the rotor blades, and for the pivoting range of the rotor blades to be defined in each case by a limiting element which is in the form of a circular arc, concentrically surrounds the pivoting axis, and whose ends each form a stop. 
     If the aim is to design the installation to be particularly lightweight, it is advantageous for the mounting planes to be formed by spoked wheels which rotate about the axis. 
     In order to ensure that the wind pressure on the individual rotor blades does not become excessive, it is expedient for the wind power installation to have a plurality of rotors which are arranged at different heights. This can be done without consuming a relatively large area, by arranging the rotors one above the other, and by them rotating about the same axis. 
     In particular, in this case, different wind speeds can be utilized better at different heights, if the rotors can rotate independently of one another. 
     If the rotor blades have an aerodynamic cross-sectional profile, preferably in the form of a stretched droplet, with a pointed end and a round end, it is advantageous for the pivoting axes of the rotor blades to be arranged within the rotor blades in the vicinity of, but at a distance from, the round end, and for the pivoting range of the rotor blades each to be defined by a single stop which is arranged within the rotor blade, rotationally fixed with respect to the pivoting axis. 
     The power can be tapped off in a particularly simple and advantageous manner if the rotor drives at least one compressor via a power transmission, which compressor sucks in air on the input side and is connected on the output side to a compressed-air reservoir, and in that a turbine can be connected to the compressed-air reservoir and drives a generator in order to produce electricity. 
     For better matching to different wind strengths, it is advantageous if the rotor can be selectively connected to a plurality of compressors via power transmission. When the wind strength rises, compressors can be additionally connected in order to process the additional power, and vice versa. 
     The wind power installation is particularly compact if the compressed-air reservoir is incorporated in the ground, and forms the foundation of the wind power installation arranged above it. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The invention will be explained in more detail in the following text with reference to exemplary embodiments and in conjunction with the drawing, in which: 
         FIG. 1  shows a highly simplified schematic illustration of a wind power installation in the form of a vertical rotor, based on the drag principle, with two rotors one above the other, as is suitable for implementation of the invention; 
         FIG. 2  shows a plan view from above of the rotor of a wind power installation according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 3  shows an illustration, comparable to  FIG. 2 , of a detail of the rotor of a wind power installation according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 4  uses various sub- FIGS. 4(   a ) to  4 ( c ) to show various positions of a rotor blade in the rotor as shown in  FIG. 3 ; 
         FIG. 5  shows the variables which occur in a rotor as shown in  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 6  shows, in detail, the design of a rotor as shown in  FIG. 2  with a spoked wheel for the rotor blades to be mounted on, according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention, with the rotor blade located at one end of the pivoting range; 
         FIG. 7  shows the rotor shown in  FIG. 6  with the rotor blade at the other end of the pivoting range; 
         FIG. 8  uses an illustration comparable to  FIG. 2  to show a rotor with aerodynamically shaped rotor blades and angle ranges extended in this way; 
         FIG. 9  shows an enlarged individual illustration of a rotor blade from  FIG. 8 ; 
         FIG. 10  shows the side view ( FIG. 10   a ) and an axial viewing direction of a wind power installation according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention with compressed-air storage; and 
         FIG. 11  shows a highly simplified installation layout for the installation shown in  FIG. 10 . 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       FIG. 1  shows a highly simplified schematic illustration of a wind power installation in the form of a vertical rotor based on the drag principle and having two rotors one above the other, as is suitable for implementation of the invention. The wind power installation  10  has a vertical axis  11  about which two rotors  12  and  12 ′ rotate. Further rotors may, of course, also be provided, which rotate about the axis  11 . However, it is just as possible to provide only a single rotor  12 . The rotor or rotors  12 ,  12 ′ is or are connected via a shaft  16  to a generator unit  17 , which can also contain a gearbox in order to change the rotation speed. Instead of the shaft  16 , a shaft train comprising a plurality of individual shafts located concentrically one inside the other can be provided, via which the individual rotors  12 ,  12 ′ are coupled to the generator unit  17  independently of their rotation. This is particularly advantageous when the aim is to optimally tap off flow strata with different wind speeds by means of rotors  12 ,  12 ′ located at different heights. 
     Each of the rotors  12 ,  12 ′ is equipped with a plurality of vertically arranged rotor blades  15  which are mounted in a distributed manner, such that they can pivot, on a circumferential circle between a lower mounting plane  14  and an upper mounting plane  13 . For the sake of simplicity and clarity, only the front rotor blades are in each case shown in  FIG. 1 .  FIG. 2  shows a plan view from above of a rotor  12  according to one preferred exemplary embodiment of the invention, showing the interaction of the rotor  12  and of the rotor blades  15  accommodated therein, with an air flow (wind)  20 . The upper mounting plane  13  is in this case omitted in order to allow the rotor blades  15  to be seen without any impediment. Overall, twelve rotor blades  15  are arranged distributed uniformly on the circumferential circle  27  and can each pivot about a vertical pivoting axis  18 . The pivoting range of each rotor  15 , which is shown in detail in  FIG. 5  and comprises an angle β of about 100° to 115°, is in each case bounded by a single stop  19  which is in the form of a post and is placed a short distance away from the pivoting axis  18  within the circumferential circle  27 . 
     Each rotor blade  15  is straight and has a leading edge  25  and a trailing edge  26  ( FIG. 7 ). The pivoting axes  18  of the rotor blades  15  are arranged within the rotor blades  15 , in the vicinity of, but at a distance from, the leading edge  25 . At one limit position of the pivoting range ( FIG. 6 ), that section of the rotor blade which is located between the pivoting axis  18  and the leading edge  25  pivots against the stop  19 . In the other limit position ( FIG. 7 ), that section of the rotor blade  15  which is located between the pivoting axis  18  and the trailing edge  26  pivots against the stop  19 . As can be seen from  FIG. 5 , in one limit position of the pivoting range (β), the rotor blades  15  each include an angle α of about 50° with the radius vector of the circumferential circle  27  which passes through the pivoting axis  18 , and in the other limit position of the pivoting range (β), include an angle 180°-γ of about 150° to 165°. 
     In another refinement, which is shown by way of example in  FIGS. 3 and 4 , the pivoting axes  18  of the rotor blades  15  are arranged directly in the leading edges  25  of the rotor blades  15 . In this case, the pivoting range (β) of the rotor blades  15  is in each case defined by a limiting element  21  which is in the form of a circular arc and concentrically surrounds the pivoting axis  18 , and whose ends each form a stop  22  and  23 . 
     The comparatively narrow width b of the individual rotor blades  15  is essential for the invention ( FIG. 5 ). The width b is less than approximately ⅓ of the radius R of the circumferential circle  27 . This allows a comparatively large number of rotor blades  15  to be accommodated on the circumferential circle  27  without having to limit the pivoting range to do so. The interaction of the rotor  12  and of the rotor blades  15  with the air flow is thus subdivided to a greater extent, thus leading to better utilization in the volume, and to smoother running. 
     The size and position of the pivoting range of the rotor blades as shown in  FIG. 5  are also important. When the rotor  12  is revolving in the clockwise direction as shown in  FIG. 2  and with the wind direction shown there, this results in changing rotor blade positions, which can be subdivided into and associated with different angle ranges A to D: in a first angle range A, which can be referred to as the drive range, the rotor blades  15  rest on the stop  19  and are positioned transversely with respect to the air flow  20 , thus resulting in a driving torque. In the angle range B, the situation with respect to the position of the rotor blade  15  is unstable, because this is where the blade starts to separate from the stop  19 . In the angle range C, the rotor blade  15  pivots outward and strikes against the stop  19  from the other side. Once again, this results in a driving torque. Because of the effect of the air flow  20 , a driving torque is also applied in an additional drive range (angle range D) as a result of the chosen position of the pivoting range (see also  FIGS. 4   a  and  4   b ) until, later, the rotor blade is separated from the stop  19  and is positioned parallel to the air flow (right-hand side of  FIG. 2  and  FIG. 3 ) in order to enter the angle range A again even later (see also  FIG. 4   c ). 
     The energy in the air flow  20  is utilized optimally by the position and size of the pivoting range of the rotor blades. The splitting of the total rotor blade area between a multiplicity of comparatively narrow rotor blades  15  also contributes to this. This splitting at the same time results in the rotor  12  running smoothly, reducing the magnitude of the disturbance forces associated with the pivoting. A further improvement can be achieved if the thickness d of the rotor blades  15  is reduced in a center area  24  between the leading edge  25  and the trailing edge  26  ( FIG. 6 ). In addition to the weight saved in each rotor blade  15  by this measure, further weight can be saved, without any loss of strength, by forming the mounting planes  13 ,  14  by spoked wheels  28  which rotate about the axis  11  ( FIG. 6 ). 
     However, instead of the rotor blades  15  shown in  FIGS. 6 and 7 , it is also possible to use aerodynamically optimized rotor blades  15 ′ as shown in  FIG. 9 , which are distinguished by a cross-sectional profile in the form of a stretched droplet with a pointed end  29  and a round end  30 . In this case, the pivoting axis  18  is arranged at the round end  30 . A stop  31  is mounted in a rotationally fixed manner within the rotor blade  15 ′ and has two stop surfaces  32  and  32 ′ which are oriented at an acute angle to one another. In one limit position of the pivoting range (as shown in  FIG. 9 ), one inner face of the rotor blade  15 ′ rests on the lower stop surface  32 . In the other limit position, when the rotor blade  15 ′ has been pivoted about the pivoting axis  18  in the counterclockwise direction, the other inner face of the rotor blade  15 ′ rests on the upper stop surface  32 ′. The internal arrangement protects the stop mechanism against external influences such as icing, dirt or damage, and at the same time improves the aerodynamics. When rotor blades  15 ′ such as these and as shown in  FIG. 8  are installed in the rotor  12 , this results in angle ranges A and D which are larger than those shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     Since the wind does not blow uniformly and continuously at many sites where wind power installations are installed, it is advantageous for operational reasons to be able to store the energy that is produced easily and effectively, and to withdraw the energy from the storage again as required. The described rotor, which emits a high torque from the start as a drag rotor, is particularly highly suitable for operation of one or more compressors. When the compressors are used to suck in air and compress it, the compressed air that is produced can be stored in a compressed-air reservoir, and can drive a turbine or a compressed-air motor, which produces electricity via a flange-connected generator, as required. A wind power installation such as this according to the invention with a compressed-air reservoir is illustrated in the form of the preferred physical embodiment in  FIG. 10 , and in the form of a highly simplified installation layout in  FIG. 11 . 
     In the case of the wind power installation  33  shown in  FIG. 10 , a compressed-air reservoir  40  in the form of a container, composed of concrete by way of example, is introduced into the ground. The compressed-air reservoir at the same time acts as a foundation for the wind power installation built above it. Three rotors or cells  35   a ,  35   b  and  35   c  are arranged one above the other on a mast  45  with a vertical central axis  34  and are designed, for example, as shown in  FIG. 8 . The mast  45  is anchored in a frame  37  which is built on the foundation, and is stabilized via a side guy  36 . Power transmission  38 , which is connected to the rotors  35   a, b, c , and is in the form of a wheel or turntable is arranged within the frame  37 , via which power transmission  38  compressors  39  which are distributed on the circumference can be driven in a manner which allows them to be connected selectively. 
     In the highly simplified installation layout shown in  FIG. 11 , the rotor  35  drives a compressor  39  via the power transmission  38 , which compressor  39  sucks in air at the inlet, compresses it and emits it at the outlet via a first controllable valve  43  to the compressed-air reservoir  40 . When it is intended to produce electrical energy, compressed air is taken from the compressed-air reservoir  40  via a second controllable valve  44 , and is expanded in a turbine  41  (or a compressed-air motor), in order to produce work. The turbine  41  drives a generator  42  which produces three-phase electricity and—after appropriate voltage and frequency matching—emits it to a local or superordinate grid system. When compressed air is stored and taken at the same time, the compressed-air reservoir  40  is used, so to speak, as a “smoothing capacitor”. 
     The wind power installation  33  shown in  FIG. 10  has an overall height of, for example, 90 m, which is made up of 30 m for the mast  45  and 60 m for the three rotors/cells  35   a, b, c , with a height of 20 m each. A mean wind speed of 5 m/s results in a power of 44 kW being produced, corresponding to 1056 kWh of energy per day. If the pressure reservoir  40  has a storage volume of 5000 m 3 , 1250 kWh can be stored in it at a pressure of 10 bar. 
     However, generators can also be arranged directly on the power transmission  38  and produce electrical power directly when required, without the interposition of the compressed-air reservoir, thus allowing the installation to be operated particularly flexibly, overall. 
     LIST OF REFERENCE SYMBOLS 
     
         
           10 ,  33  Wind power installation 
           11 ,  34  Axis (vertical) 
           12 ,  12 ′ Rotor 
           13 ,  14  Mounting plane 
           15 ,  15 ′ Rotor blade (lamellar) 
           16  Shaft 
           17  Generator unit 
           18  Pivoting axis (lamellar) 
           19 ,  31  Stop 
           20  Air flow (wind) 
           21  Limiting element 
           22 ,  23  Stop 
           24  Center area (reduced thickness) 
           25  Leading edge 
           26  Trailing edge 
           27  Circumferential circle 
           28  Spoked wheel 
           29 ,  30  End 
           32 ,  32 ′ Stop surface 
           35  Rotor 
           35   a ,  35   b ,  35   c  Rotor 
           36  Guy 
           37  Frame 
           38  Power transmission 
           39  Compressor 
           40  Compressed-air reservoir (cavern) 
           41  Turbine 
           42  Generator 
           43 ,  44  Valve 
           45  Mast 
         A, . . . D Angle range 
         D 1 , D 2  Diameter 
         d Thickness 
         b Width 
         R Radius (circumferential circle) 
         α, β, γ Angle