Abstract:
An interconnect structure, comprising: a lower level wire having a side and a bottom, the lower level wire comprising: a lower core conductor and a lower conductive liner, the lower conductive liner on the side and the bottom of the lower level wire; an upper level wire having a side and a bottom, the upper level wire comprising an upper core conductor and an upper conductive liner, the upper conductive liner on the side and the bottom of the upper level wire; and the upper conductive liner in contact with the lower core conductor and also in contact with the lower conductive liner in a liner-to-liner contact region.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    The present invention relates to the field of semiconductor devices; more specifically, it relates to a dual damascene via interconnect structure in a dielectric layer and method for forming the structure.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    [0002]FIG. 1 is a partial top view of a related art dual damascene via interconnect. In FIG. 1, a lower level wire  100  is electrically connected to an upper level wire  105  by a via  110 . Lower level wire  100  is comprised of a conductive liner  115  and a core conductor  120 . Upper level wire  105  is comprised of a conductive liner  125  and a core conductor  130 . Via  105  is integrally formed with upper level wire  105  and comprises conductive liner  125  and core conductor  130 . Via  110  is aligned distances “d1” and “d2” from sides  135  of upper wire  105 . The two distances, “d1” and “d2” may or may not be equal. Via  110  is aligned with distances “d3” and “d4” from sides  140  of lower wire  100 . The two distances, “d3” and “d4” may or may not be equal. The thickness of conductive liner  115  is less than distances “d3” and “d4.” and the thickness of conductive liner  125  is less than distances “d1” and “d2.” 
           [0003]    Lower level wire  100  is formed by a damascene process or a dual damascene process. In a damascene process, a trench is formed in a dielectric layer, for example, by reactive ion etching (RIE) of the dielectric layer, and liner and core conductors deposited, filling the trench. The liner is generally deposited conformally as a thin layer, coating the bottom and sides of the trench. The core conductor may be deposited by any suitable method known to the industry, including, but not limited to, physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition and plating, until the trench is filled. A chemical-mechanical-polish process (CMP) is performed to remove excess metal and planarize the top of the metal filled trench with the top surface of the dielectric. Upper level wire  105  and via  110  are formed by a dual-damascene process. In a dual damascene process, a trench for the wire is first etched part way into a dielectric layer. Next via openings are etched in the bottom of the trench through the remaining dielectric to expose an underlying wire or electrical contact to a semiconductor device. Of course, the via openings may be etched first, followed by etching of the trench. Liner and core conductors are then deposited and a CMP process performed as for a damascene process. In a dual damascene process, the liner also coats the sides and bottom of the via openings as well as the bottom and sides of the trench. Lower level wire  100  may be formed by a dual damascene process as well.  
           [0004]    [0004]FIG. 2A is a partial cross-section view through  2 - 2  of FIG. 1. In FIG. 2A, a lower dielectric layer  145  is formed on a semiconductor substrate  150 . Lower level wire  100  is formed in a lower dielectric layer  145 . Formed on top of lower dielectric layer  145  and lower level wire  100  is an upper dielectric layer  155 . Upper level wire  105  and via  110  are formed in upper dielectric layer  155 . Conductive liner  125  covers a bottom  160  of upper wire  105  and a sidewall  165  and a bottom  170  of via  110 . Conductive liner  115  covers sidewall  175  and a bottom  180  of lower level wire  100 . Via  105  is embedded a distance “d5” into core conductor  120  of lower level wire  100 .  
           [0005]    Referring to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2A, a ring  185  of core conductor  120  of lower level wire  100  is in contact with upper dielectric layer  155 . Conductive liner  125  is not in electrical contact with conductive liner  115 . The electrical path from upper level wire  105  to lower wire  100  consists of core conductor  130  to conductive liner  125  and from the conductive liner to core conductor  120 .  
           [0006]    In one example, core conductors  120  and  130  are copper and conductive liners  115  and  125  comprise a dual tantalum nitride/tantalum layers (the tantalum nitride being the outer layer.) The tantalum nitride layer acts, as an adhesion layer and as a copper migration barrier, while the tantalum layer is a relatively good conductive layer. In another example, core conductors  120  and  130  are aluminum or aluminum alloys such as aluminum/copper or aluminum/copper/silicon and conductive liners  115  and  125  comprise dual titanium nitride/titanium layers(the titanium nitride being the outer layer) or a tungsten layer. Of course, any of the core conductor materials listed above may be used in combination with any of the conductive liner materials listed above.  
           [0007]    A problem with the afore-mentioned copper and aluminum metallurgies is a phenomenon called electro-migration. In electro-migration, core conductor atoms (copper or aluminum) are driven in the direction of electron flow. In the case of a via contacting a lower wire and for electron flow from the via to the lower wire, the core conductor atoms of the lower wire are driven away from the via leaving behind a void.  
           [0008]    [0008]FIG. 2B is a partial cross-section view through  2 - 2  of FIG. 1 illustrating electro-migration voiding. In FIG. 2B, a void  190  has been formed by electro-migration. Core conductor  120  is not contacting liner  125  and consequentially, there is no electrical contact between upper level wire  105  (through via  110 ) and lower wire level  100 .  
           [0009]    Clearly, in the case of a via contacting a lower wire, the lower wire being wider than the contacting via, the potential for catastrophic open circuit failures exist. To fully realize the full benefit of copper (or aluminum) dual damascene technology a method of ensuring electrical connection between the via and the lower wire even when very large or even catastrophic core conductor voiding occurs is required.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0010]    A first aspect of the present invention is an interconnect structure, comprising: a lower level wire having a side and a bottom, the lower level wire comprising: a lower core conductor and a lower conductive liner, the lower conductive liner on the side and the bottom of the lower level wire; an upper level wire having a side and a bottom, the upper level wire comprising an upper core conductor and an upper conductive liner, the upper conductive liner on the side and the bottom of the upper level wire; and the upper conductive liner in contact with the lower core conductor and also in contact with the lower conductive liner in a liner-to-liner contact region.  
           [0011]    A second aspect of the present invention is an interconnect structure, comprising: a lower level wire having a side and a bottom, the lower level wire comprising a lower core conductor and an lower conductive liner, the lower conductive liner on the side and the bottom of the lower level wire; an upper level wire having a side and a bottom and a via integrally formed in the bottom of the upper level wire, the via have a side and a bottom, the upper level wire and the via each comprising an upper core conductor and an upper conductive liner, the upper conductive liner on the side and the bottom of the upper level wire and on the side and bottom of the via; and the upper conductive liner on the bottom of the via in contact with the lower core conductor and also in contact with the lower conductive liner in a liner-to-liner contact region.  
           [0012]    A third aspect of the present invention is an interconnect structure, comprising: a lower level wire having a side and a bottom, the lower level wire comprising a lower core conductor and an lower conductive liner, the lower conductive liner on the side and the bottom of the lower level wire; an upper level wire having a side and a bottom and an array of vias integrally formed in the bottom of the upper level wire, each via of the array of vias having a side and a bottom, the upper level wire and each via comprising an upper core conductor and an upper conductive liner, the upper conductive liner on the side and the bottom of the upper level wire and on the side and bottom of each via; and the upper conductive liner on the bottom of each via of a first portion of the array of vias in contact with the lower core conductor and each via of a second portion of the array of vias in contact with the lower core conductor and also in contact with the lower conductive liner in liner-to-liner contact regions.  
           [0013]    A fourth aspect of the present invention is an interconnect structure, comprising: a lower level wire having a side and a bottom and one or more integral extensions each extension having a side and a bottom, the lower level wire and extensions comprising a lower core conductor and an lower conductive liner, the lower conductive liner on the side and the bottom of the lower level wire and the extensions; an upper level wire having a side and a bottom and an array of vias integrally formed in the bottom of the upper level wire, each via of the array of vias having a side and a bottom, the upper level wire and each via comprising an upper core conductor and an upper conductive liner, the upper conductive liner on the side and the bottom of the upper level wire and on the side and bottom of each via; and the upper conductive liner on the bottom of each via of a first portion of the array of vias in contact with the lower core conductor of the lower level wire and a second portion of the array of vias in contact with the lower core conductor of the extensions and also in contact with the lower conductive liner of the extensions in liner-to-liner contact regions.  
           [0014]    A fifth aspect of the present invention is an interconnect structure, comprising: a lower level wire having a side and a bottom, the lower level wire comprising a lower core conductor and a lower conductive liner, the lower conductive liner on the side and the bottom of the lower level wire; one or more dielectric pillars formed in the lower level wire, the lower conductive liner on sides of the dielectric pillars; an upper level wire having a side and a bottom, the upper level wire comprising an upper core conductor and an upper conductive liner, the upper conductive liner on the side and the bottom of the upper level wire; and the upper conductive liner in contact with the lower core conductor and also in contact with the lower conductive liner on the sides of the dielectric pillars in liner-to-liner contact regions.  
           [0015]    A sixth aspect of the present invention is an interconnect structure, comprising: a lower level wire having a side and a bottom, the lower level wire comprising a lower core conductor and an lower conductive liner, the lower conductive liner on the side and the bottom of the lower level wire; one or more dielectric pillars formed in the lower level wire, the lower conductive liner on sides of the dielectric pillars; an upper level wire having a side and a bottom and one or more vias integrally formed in the bottom of the upper level wire, each via having a side and a bottom, the upper level wire and each via comprising an upper core conductor and an upper conductive liner, the upper conductive liner on the side and the bottom of the upper level wire and on the side and bottom of each via; and the upper conductive liner on the bottom of at least a portion of the one or more vias in contact with the lower core conductor and at least a portion of the one or more vias in contact with the lower conductive liner on the side of at least a portion of the one or more dielectric pillars in liner-to-liner contact regions.  
           [0016]    A seventh aspect of the present invention is a method of fabricating an interconnect structure, comprising: providing a substrate; forming, on the substrate, a lower level wire having a side and a bottom, the lower level wire comprising a lower core conductor and a lower conductive liner, the lower conductive liner formed on the side and the bottom of the lower level wire; forming an upper level wire having a side and a bottom, the upper level wire comprising an upper core conductor and an upper conductive liner, the upper conductive liner formed on the side and the bottom of the upper level wire; and aligning the lower level wire with the upper level wire such that the upper conductive liner contacts the lower core conductor and also contacts the lower conductive liner to form a liner-to-liner contact region.  
           [0017]    An eighth aspect of the present invention is a method of fabricating an interconnect structure, comprising: providing a substrate; forming, on the substrate, a lower level wire having a side and a bottom, the lower level wire comprising a lower core conductor and an lower conductive liner, the lower conductive liner formed on the side and the bottom of the lower level wire in a lower dielectric layer; forming an upper level wire having a side and a bottom and a via integrally formed in the bottom of the upper level wire, the via having a side and a bottom, the upper level wire and the via each comprising an upper core conductor and an upper conductive liner, the upper conductive liner formed on the side and the bottom of the upper level wire and on the side and bottom of the via; and aligning upper level wire with the lower level wire such that the upper conductive liner on the bottom of the via contacts the lower core conductor and also contacts the lower conductive liner to form a liner-to-liner contact region.  
           [0018]    A ninth aspect of the present invention is a method of forming an interconnect structure, comprising: providing a substrate; forming, on the substrate, a lower level wire having a side and a bottom, the lower level wire comprising a lower core conductor and a lower conductive liner, the lower conductive liner formed on the side and the bottom of the lower level wire; forming one or more dielectric pillars in the lower level wire, the lower conductive liner formed on sides of the dielectric pillars; forming an upper level wire having a side and a bottom, the upper level wire comprising an upper core conductor and an upper conductive liner, the upper conductive liner formed on the side and the bottom of the upper level wire; and aligning the upper level wire with the lower level wire such that the upper conductive liner contacts the lower core conductor and also contacts the lower conductive liner on the sides of the dielectric pillars to form liner-to-liner contact regions.  
           [0019]    A tenth aspect of the present invention is a method of fabricating an interconnect structure, comprising: providing a substrate; forming, on the substrate, a lower level wire having a side and a bottom, the lower level wire comprising a lower core conductor and an lower conductive liner, the lower conductive liner formed on the side and the bottom of the lower level wire; forming one or more dielectric pillars in the lower level wire, the lower conductive liner formed on sides of the dielectric pillars; forming an upper level wire having a side and a bottom and one or more vias integrally formed in the bottom of the upper level wire, each via having a side and a bottom, the upper level wire and each via comprising an upper core conductor and an upper conductive liner, the upper conductive liner formed on the side and the bottom of the upper level wire and on the side and bottom of each via; and aligning the upper level wire to the lower level wire such that the upper conductive liner on the bottom of at least a portion of the one or more vias contacts the lower core conductor and at least a portion of the one or more vias contacts the lower conductive liner on the side of at least a portion of the one or more dielectric pillars to form liner-to-liner contact regions  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS  
       [0020]    The features of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, will be best understood by reference to the following detailed description of an illustrative embodiment when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 1 is a partial top view of a related art dual damascene via interconnect;  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 2A is a partial cross-section view through  2 - 2  of FIG. 1;  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 2B is a partial cross-section view through  2 - 2  of FIG. 1 illustrating electro-migration voiding;  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 3 is a partial top view of a dual damascene via interconnect according to a first embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 4A is a partial cross-section view through  4 - 4  of FIG. 3;  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 4B is an enlarged view of one upper edge  285  of conductive liner  215  illustrated in FIG. 4B;  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 4C is a partial cross-section view through  4 - 4  of FIG. 3 illustrating electro-migration voiding;  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 5 is a partial top view of a dual damascene via interconnect according to a second embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 6A is a partial cross-section view through  6 - 6  of FIG. 5;  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 6B is a partial cross-section view through  6 - 6  of FIG. 5 illustrating electro-migration voiding;  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 7 is a partial top view of a dual damascene via interconnect according to a third embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 8 is a partial top view of a dual damascene via interconnect according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0033]    [0033]FIGS. 9 through 16 are partial top views of via interconnect schemes according to the present invention;  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 17 is a partial top view of the present invention employing CMP fill shapes;  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 18 is a partial cross-section view through  18 - 18  of FIG. 17;  
         [0036]    [0036]FIG. 19 is a partial top view of alternative via to CMP fill shape layouts;  
         [0037]    [0037]FIGS. 20A through 20D illustrate a first alternative method of contacting two lines according to the present invention; and  
         [0038]    [0038]FIGS. 21A through 21D illustrate a second alternative method of contacting two lines according to the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0039]    [0039]FIG. 3 is a partial top view of a dual damascene via interconnect according to a first embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 3, a lower level wire  200  is electrically connected to an upper level wire  205  by a via  210 . Lower level wire  200  is comprised of a conductive liner  215  and a core conductor  220 . Upper level wire  205  is comprised of a conductive liner  225  and a core conductor  230 . Via  210  is integrally formed with upper level wire  205  and comprises conductive liner  225  and core conductor  230 . Conductive liner  215  is formed on side  235  of lower level wire  200 . A side  242 A of via  210  is aligned a distance “d6” from side portion  235 A of side  235  of lower level wire  200 . A side  242 B of via  210  is aligned a distance “d7” from side portion  235 B of side  235  of lower level wire  200 . Where liner  215  passes under via  210  liner-to-liner contact regions  240 A and  240 B (cross-hatched) are defined, meaning conductive liner  215  of lower level wire  200  is in electrical contact with conductive liner  225  of upper level wire  205 . Side portion  235 A is co-extensive with contact region  240 A and side portion  235 B is co-extensive with contact region  240 B. Lower level wire  200  has a width “w1” changing to a width “w2” where the lower level wire passes under upper level wire  205 . In one example “w1” and “w2” are different in another example “w1” and “w2” are the same. Via  210  has a width “w3.” By construction, w3=w2+d6+d7. Either or both distances “d6” and “d7” may be zero.  
         [0040]    Lower level wire  200  is formed by a damascene process or dual damascene process as described above. Upper level wire  205  and via  210  are formed by a dual damascene process as described above.  
         [0041]    In one example, “w1” is about 0.0250 to 1.0 micron, “w2” is about 0.0225 to 0.9 micron and “w3” is about 0.025 to 1.0 micron. Conductive liners  215  and  225  are about 25Ã to 1000Ã thick and comprise tantalum, tantalum nitride, titanium, titanium nitride, tungsten, tungsten nitride or combinations thereof. Core conductors  120  and  130  are copper, aluminum or aluminum alloys such as aluminum /copper or aluminum/copper/silicon.  
         [0042]    [0042]FIG. 4A is a partial cross-section view through  4 - 4  of FIG. 3. In FIG. 4A, a lower dielectric layer  245  is formed on a semiconductor substrate  250 . Lower wire  200  is formed in lower dielectric layer  245 . Formed on top of a lower dielectric layer  245  and lower wire  200  is an upper dielectric layer  255 . Upper wire  205  and via  210  are formed in an upper dielectric layer  255 . Via  210  is embedded a depth “d9” into core conductor  220  of lower level wire  200 . Via  210  is embedded a depth “d8” into lower dielectric layer  245 . Upper level wire  205  is “t1” thick. Via  210  is “t2” thick and lower level wire  200  is “t3” thick. Conductive liner  225  covers a bottom  260  of upper wire  205  and sidewall  265  and a bottom  270  of via  110 . Conductive liner  215  covers a sidewall  275  and a bottom  280  of lower level wire  200 . Conductive liner  225 , of upper level wire  205 , also covers upper edges  285  of conductive liner  215  of lower wire  210 .  
         [0043]    In one example, “t1” is about 0.025 to 1.25 micron, “t2” is about 0.025 to 1.25 micron and “t3” is about 0.025 to 1.25 micron, “d8” is about 0 to “t3”/2 micron, and “d9” is about 0 to “t3”/10 micron. Examples of lower dielectric layer  245  and upper dielectric layer  255  may comprise silicon oxide, silicon nitride, diamond, fluorine doped silicon oxide, spin on glass, porous silicon oxide, polyimide, polyimide siloxane, polysilsequioxane polymer, benzocyclobutene, paralyene N, paralyene F, polyolefin, poly-naphthalene, amorphous Teflon, SILK™ (Dow Chemical, Midland, Mich.), black diamond (Applied Materials, Santa Clara, Calif.), polymer foam, aerogel, air, dielectric gases, a partial vacuum or combinations of layers thereof.  
         [0044]    [0044]FIG. 4B is an enlarged view of upper edge  285  of conductive liner  215  illustrated in FIG. 4A. FIG. 4B should be considered as an exemplary case. In FIG. 4B, liner-to liner contact region  240 A includes an inner surface  290 A, an outer surface  290 B and a top surface  290 C of upper edge  285  of conductive liner  215 . All liner-to-liner contact regions according to the present invention are so formed. However, depending upon the amount of over-etch of the dielectric layer or core conductor when the via opening is formed in the dielectric layer either or both of inner and outer sides may not be exposed and thus not be included in a liner-to-liner contact region. Also, depending upon alignment, one side or the other, or even the top of the liner may not be positioned to be included in a liner-to-liner contact region.  
         [0045]    Referring to FIG. 3 and FIG. 4A, the electrical path from upper level wire  205  to lower level wire  200  consists of a first path from core conductor  230  to conductive liner  225  and conductive liner  225  to core conductor  220  as well as a second path from core conductor  230  to conductive liner  225  to conductive liner  215  to core conductor  220 .  
         [0046]    [0046]FIG. 4C is a partial cross-section view through  4 - 4  of FIG. 3 illustrating electro-migration voiding. In FIG. 4C, a void  295  has been formed by electro-migration. While conductive liner  225  is not contacting core conductor  220 , conductive liner  220  is still contacting liner  225  and consequentially, there is still electrical contact between upper wire  205  (through via  210 ) and lower wire  200 .  
         [0047]    A second embodiment of the present invention differs from the first embodiment in that, in the second embodiment, only one liner-to-liner contact region (liner-to-liner contact region  240 B) is defined by the passing of liner  215  under via  210 . The examples of dimensions, materials and processes described for the first embodiment of the present invention are applicable to the second embodiment of the present invention as well.  
         [0048]    [0048]FIG. 5 is a partial top view of a dual damascene via interconnect according to the second embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 5, lower level wire  200  is electrically connected to upper level wire  205  by via  210 . Lower level wire  200  is comprised of conductive liner  215  and core conductor  220 . Upper level wire  205  is comprised of conductive liner  225  and core conductor  230 . Via  210  is integrally formed with upper level wire  205  and comprises conductive liner  225  and core conductor  230 . Where liner  215  passes under via  210  liner-to-liner contact region  240 B (cross-hatched) is defined. Side portion  235 B is co-extensive with contact region  240 B. Lower level wire  200  has a width “w1” changing to a width “w2” where the lower level wire passes under upper level wire  205 . Via  210  has a width “w3.” A side  242 A of via  210  is aligned a distance “d10” from side portion  235 A of side  235  of lower level wire  200 . By construction, w3=w2+d10. Distance “d10” must be greater than the thickness of conductive liner  215 .  
         [0049]    [0049]FIG. 6A is a partial cross-section view through  6 - 6  of FIG. 5. In FIG. 6A, a lower dielectric layer  245  is formed on semiconductor substrate  250 . Lower wire  200  is formed in lower dielectric layer  245 . Formed on top of lower dielectric layer  245  and lower wire  200  is upper dielectric layer  255 . Upper wire  205  and via  210  are formed in upper dielectric layer  255 . Via  210  is embedded a depth “d9” into core conductor  220  of lower level wire  200 . Via  210  is embedded a depth “d8” into lower dielectric layer  245 . Upper level wire  205  is “t1” thick. Via  210  is “t2” thick and lower level wire  200  is “t3” thick. Conductive liner  225  covers bottom  260  of upper wire  205  and side  265  and bottom  270  of via  210 . Conductive liner  215  covers sidewall  275  and bottom  280  of lower level wire  200 . Conductive liner  225 , of upper level wire  205 , also covers upper edge  285  of conductive liner  215  of lower wire  210 .  
         [0050]    Referring to FIG. 5 and FIG. 6A, the electrical path from upper level wire  205  to lower level wire  200  consists of a first path from core conductor  230  to conductive liner  225  and conductive liner  225  to core conductor  220  as well as a second path from core conductor  230  to conductive liner  225  to conductive liner  215 .  
         [0051]    [0051]FIG. 6B is a partial cross-section view through  6 - 6  of FIG. 5 illustrating electro-migration voiding. In FIG. 6B, void  295  has been formed by electro-migration. While conductive liner  225  is not contacting core conductor  220 , conductive liner  215  is still contacting liner  225  and consequentially, there is still electrical contact between upper wire  205  (through via  210 ) and lower wire  200 .  
         [0052]    A third embodiment of the present invention differs from the first embodiment in that, in the third embodiment, three liner-to-liner contact regions ( 240 A,  240 B and  240 C) are defined by the passing of conductive liner  215  under via  210 . The examples of dimensions, materials and processes described for the first and second embodiments of the present invention are applicable to the third embodiment of the present invention as well.  
         [0053]    [0053]FIG. 7 is a partial top view of a dual damascene via interconnect according to a third embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 7, lower level wire  200  is electrically connected to upper level wire  205  by via  210 . Lower level wire  200  is comprised of conductive liner  215  and core conductor  220 . Upper level wire  205  is comprised of conductive liner  225  and core conductor  230 . Via  210  is integrally formed with upper level wire  205  and comprises conductive liner  225  and core conductor  230 . Conductive liner  215  is formed on side  235  and an end  300  of lower wire  200 . Side  242 A of via  210  is aligned a distance “d6” from side portion  235 A of side  235  of lower level wire  200 . Side  242 B of via  210  is aligned a distance “d7” from side portion  235 B of side  235  of lower level wire  200 . Where liner  215  passes under via  210  liner-to-liner contact regions  240 A,  240 B and  240 C (cross-hatched) are defined, meaning conductive liner  215  of lower level wire  200  is in electrical contact with conductive liner  225  of upper level wire  205 . Side portion  235 A is co-extensive with contact region  240 A, side portion  235 B is co-extensive with side portion  235 A and end  300  is co-extensive with contact region  240 C. Lower level wire  200  has a width “w1” changing to a width “w2” where the lower level wire passes under upper level wire  205  or alternatively, the lower level wire can remain at width “w1”. Via  210  has a width “w3.” By construction, w3=w2+d6+d7. Either or both distances “d6” and “d7” may be zero. End  300  of lower level wire  200  is aligned distance “d11” from side  242 C of via  210 . Via  210  has a width “w3” and a length “w3′.” Distance “d11” may be zero but cannot be greater than “w3′.” In one example “w3′” is about 0.025 to 1.0 microns.  
         [0054]    A fourth embodiment of the present invention differs from the previous embodiments in the component regions that make up the contact-to-contact region. The examples of dimensions, materials and processes described for the first, second and third embodiments of the present invention are applicable to the fourth embodiment of the present invention as well.  
         [0055]    [0055]FIG. 8 is a partial top view of a dual damascene via interconnect according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 8, lower level wire  200  is electrically connected to an upper level wire  205  by via  210 . Lower level wire  200  is comprised of conductive liner  215  and core conductor  220 . Upper level wire  205  is comprised of conductive liner  225  and core conductor  230 . Via  210  is integrally formed with upper level wire  205  and comprises conductive liner  225  and core conductor  230 . Side  242 A of via  210  is aligned a distance “d6” from side portion  235 A of side  235  of lower level wire  200  thus defining liner-to-liner contact region  240 A in the same manner as illustrated in FIG. 3  and described above. Side portion  235 A is co-extensive with contact region  240 A. Via  210  is aligned distance “d12” from side portion  235 B of side  235  of lower level wire  200 . A portion  300 A of end  300  of lower level wire  200  is positioned under via  210 , defining a liner liner-to-liner contact region  240 D. End portion  300 A is co-extensive with contact region  240 D. End  300  of lower level wire  200  is aligned distance “d11” from side  242 C of via  210 . Via  210  has a width “w3” and a length “w3′.” Distance “d11” may be zero but cannot be greater than “w3′.” Distance “d12” may be zero but can not be greater than “w3′.” 
         [0056]    In FIGS. 9 through 19, liner-to-liner contact regions are formed by one or more of the previously described embodiments of the present invention.  
         [0057]    [0057]FIGS. 9 through 16 are partial top views of via interconnect schemes according to the present invention. In FIGS. 9 through 17 and  19  conductive liners  215  and  225  are not illustrated to simplify the drawings, but it should be understood, that the conductive liners exist as illustrated in the preceding drawings.  
         [0058]    In FIG. 9, lower level wire  200  is electrically connected to upper level wire  205  by vias  210 A and  210 B. Vias  210 A and  210 B contact lower level wire  200  along longitudinal axis A-A of the lower level wire. Vias  210 A and  210 B overlap sides portions  235 A and  235 B of lower level wire  200 . Lower level wire  200  has a width “w2” under vias  210 A and  210 B. Vias  210 A and  210 B have a width “w3.” In one example, “w2” is about 0.0225 to 0.9 micron and “w3” is about 0.025 to 1.0 micron. While two vias have been illustrated, any number of vias may be laid out along longitudinal axis A-A.  
         [0059]    In FIG. 10, lower level wire  200  is electrically connected to upper level wire  205  by vias  210 A and  210 B. Via  210 A overlaps sides  311 A and  311 B of extension  315 A of lower level wire  200 . Via  210 B overlaps sides  312 A and  312 B of extension  315 B of lower level wire  200 . Extensions  315 A and  315 B extend from end  325  of lower level wire  200  and are separated by a gap  320 . Extensions  315 A and  315 B parallel to longitudinal axis A-A of lower level wire  200 . Vias  210 A and  210 B are aligned with longitudinal axis B-B of upper level wire  205 . Via  210 A overlaps extension  315 A and via  210 B overlaps extension  315 B. Longitudinal axis A-A is orthogonal to longitudinal axis B-B. Extensions  315 A and  315 B have a width “w2” under vias  210 A and  210 B and vias  210 A and  210 B have a width “w3.” Gap  320  has a width “w4.” A typical overlap of a via to a side of an extension is distance “d13” while “d14” is the distance between two vias. Distance “d14” cannot be smaller than the minimum space between two vias the fabrication process is capable of producing. Distance “d13” may be zero. While two vias and two extensions have been illustrated, any number extensions may be provided and a corresponding number of vias may be laid out along longitudinal axis B-B.  
         [0060]    In FIG. 11, a wide lower level wire  200  is electrically connected to upper level wire  205  by a first set of vias  330 A and a second set of vias  330 B. Extensions  315 A,  315 B,  315 C and  315 D extend from end  325  of lower level wire  200 . Extensions  315 A,  315 B and  315 C are separated by gaps  320 A,  320 B and  320 C. Extensions  315 A,  315 B,  315 C and  315 D extend parallel to longitudinal axis A-A of lower level wire  200 . First via set  330 A comprises vias  210 A,  210 B,  210 C and  210 D. Second via set  330 B comprises vias  210 E,  210 F and  210 G. Via sets  330 A and  330 B overlap extensions  315 A,  315 B,  315 C and  315 D. Via sets  330 A and  330 B are aligned with longitudinal axis B-B of upper level wire  205 . Longitudinal axis A-A is orthogonal to longitudinal axis B-B.  
         [0061]    Via  210 A overlaps sides  311 A and  311 B and end  311 C of extension  315 A. Via  210 B overlaps sides  312 A and  312 B and end  312 C of extension  315 B. Via  210 C overlaps sides  313 A and  313 B and end  313 C of extension  315 C. Via  210 D overlaps sides  314 A and  314 B and end  314 C of extension  315 D.  
         [0062]    Via  210 F overlaps sides  311 B and  312 A, end  325  and gap  320 A. Via  210 E overlaps sides  312 B and  313 A, end  325  and gap  320 B. Via  210 G overlaps sides  313 B and  314 A, end  325  and gap  320 C.  
         [0063]    Extensions  315 A,  315 B,  315 C and  315 D have a width “w2.” Vias  210 A through  210 G have a width “w3.” Gaps  320 A,  320 B and  320 C have a width “w4.” A typical overlap of a via to a side of an extension is distance “d13.” while “d14” is the distance between vias in a via set ( 330 A or  330 B) and “d15” is the distance between vias in via sets  330 A and  330 B. Distances “d14” and “d15” cannot be smaller than the minimum space between two vias the fabrication process is capable of producing. Distance “d13” may be zero.  
         [0064]    Often when current requirements would require a large via, an array of small vias is used instead. An array of small vias is better suited for photolithographic and CMP processing than a single large via. FIGS. 12 through 16 illustrate the present invention as applied to an array of vias. In FIGS. 12 through 15, an exemplary 3 by 3 array will be used. The techniques illustrated and described will work with any array dimensions.  
         [0065]    In FIG. 12, a wide lower level wire  200  is electrically connected to upper level wire  205  by first, second and third sets of vias  330 A,  330 B and  330 C. First via set  330 A comprises vias  210 A,  210 B and  210 C. Second via set  330 B comprises vias  210 D,  210 E and  210 F. Third via set  330 C comprises vias  210 G,  210 H and  210 I. Via sets  330 B and  330 C contact lower level wire  200  in the conventional manner. Via set  330 A overlaps extensions  315 A,  315 B, and  315 C extending from lower level wire  200  according to the present invention. Extensions  315 A,  315 B and  315 C are separated by gaps  320 A and  320 B. Via  210 A overlaps sides  311 A and  311 B of extension  315 A. Via  210 B overlaps sides  312 A and  312 B of extension  315 B. Via  210 C overlaps sides  313 A and  313 B of extension  315 C. In this configuration, even if lower level wire  200  voids under all the vias of second and third via sets  330 B and  330 C, the liner to liner contact of first via set  330 A will ensure that an open does not occur between the lower level wire and upper level wire  205 .  
         [0066]    [0066]FIG. 12A illustrates an alternative alignment of first via set  330 A of FIG. 12. In FIG. 12A, via  210 A overlaps sides  311 A and  311 B and end  311 C of extension  315 A. Via  210 B overlaps sides  312 A and  312 B and end  312 C of extension  315 B. Via  210 C overlaps sides  313 A and  313 B and end  313 C of extension  315 C.  
         [0067]    In FIG. 13, a wide lower level wire  200  is electrically connected to upper level wire  205  by first, second and third sets of vias  330 A,  330 B and  330 C. First via set  330 A comprises vias  210 A,  210 B and  210 C. Second via set  330 B comprises vias  210 D,  210 E and  210 F. Third via set  330 C comprises vias  210 G,  210 H and  210 I. Via set  330 A,  330 B and  330 C contact elongated extensions  315 A,  315 B and  315 C extending from lower level wire  200 . Extensions  315 A,  315 B and  315 C are separated by gaps  320 A and  320 B. Vias  210 A,  210 D and  210 G overlap extension sides  311 A and  311 B of extension  315 A. Vias  210 B,  210 E and  210 H overlap extension sides  312 A and  312 B of extension  315 B. Via  210 C,  210 F and  210 I overlap extension sides  313 A and  313 B of extension  315 C.  
         [0068]    [0068]FIG. 13A illustrates an alternative alignment of first via set  330 A of FIG. 13. In FIG. 13A, via  210 A additionally overlaps end  311 C of extension  315 A. Via  210 B, additionally overlaps end  312 C of extension  315 B. Via  210 C, additionally overlaps end  313 C of extension  315 C.  
         [0069]    The previous description of the present invention has been illustrated in cases where vias have been connecting an upper level wire to an end of a lower level wire. FIGS. 14 through 16 illustrate the present invention as applied to connecting an upper level wire to a lower level wire away from an end of the lower level wire. In FIGS. 14 through 16, an exemplary 3 by 3 array between two wide wires will be used. The techniques illustrated and described will work with any array dimensions.  
         [0070]    In FIG. 14, a wide lower level wire  200  is electrically connected to upper level wire  205  by a first set of vias  330 A, a second set of vias  330 B and a third set of vias  330 C. All vias are “w3′” in length. Elongated notches  335 A and  335 B are formed in sides  340 A and  340 B, respectively of lower level wire  200 . First via set  330 A comprises vias  210 A,  210 B, and  210 C. Second via set  330 B comprises vias  210 D,  210 E and  210 F. Third via set  330 C comprises vias  210 G,  210 H and  210 I. Vias  210 A,  210 B and  210 C overlap a notch edge  345 A a distance “d16” and vias  210 G,  210 H and  210 I overlap a notch edge  345 B a distance “d16” as well. Vias  210 D,  210 E and  210 F contact lower level wire  200  in the conventional manner. Distance “d16” can be a small as zero but no greater than “w3′.” In one example, “d16” is about 0.2 to 0.35 micron when “w3′” is 0.4 micron.  
         [0071]    In FIG. 15, a wide lower level wire  200  is electrically connected to upper level wire  205  by a first set of vias  330 A, a second set of vias  330 B and a third set of vias  330 C. All vias are “w3” wide by “w3′” in length. Individual notches  335 A,  335 B and  335 C are formed in sides  340 A of lower level wire  200 . Individual notches  335 D,  335 E and  335 F are formed in side  340 B of lower level wire  200 . First via set  330 A comprises vias  210 A,  210 B, and  210 C. Second via set  330 B comprises vias  210 D,  210 E and  210 F. Third via set  330 C comprises vias  210 G,  210 H and  210 I. Notch  335 A extends under via  210 A a distance “d16.” Notch  335 B extends under via  210 B a distance “d16.” Notch  335 C extends under via  210 C a distance “d16.” Notch  335 D extends under via  210 G a distance “d16.” Notch  335 E extends under via  210 H a distance “d16.” Notch  335 F extends under via  210 I a distance “d16.” Vias  210 D,  210 E and  210 F contact lower level wire  200  in the conventional manner. Distance “d16” can be a small as zero but no greater than “w3′.” Notches  335 A through  335 F are “w5” wide. In the example illustrated in FIG. 15, “w5” is less than “w3,” however “w5” may be equal to or greater than “w3.” 
         [0072]    In FIG. 16, a wide lower level wire  200  is comprised of a first wire segment  200 A connected to a second wire segment  200 B by interior wire segments  350 A,  350 B and  350 C. Wire segment  350 A has sides  355 A and  355 B and ends  360 A and  360 B. Wire segment  350 A is connected to first wire portion  200 A at end  360 A and is connected to second wire portion  200 B at end  360 B. Wire segment  350 B has sides  355 C and  355 D and ends  360 C and  360 B. Wire segment  350 B is connected to first wire portion  200 A at end  360 C and is connected to second wire portion  200 B at end  360 D. Wire segment  350 C has sides  355 E and  355 F and ends  360 E and  360 F. Wire segment  350 C is connected to first wire portion  200 A at end  360 E and is connected to second wire portion  200 B at end  360 F. Upper level wire  205  is electrically connected to first wire segment  350 A by vias  210 A,  210 B and  210 C. Upper level wire  205  is electrically connected to second wire segment  350 B by vias  210 D,  210 E and  210 F. Upper level wire  205  is electrically connected to third wire segment  350 C by vias  210 G,  210 H and  210 I. First and second wire segments  350 A and  350 B are separated by a first gap  365 A. Second and third wire segments  350 B and  350 C are separated by a second gap  365 B. Vias  210 A,  210 B and  210 C overlap sides  355 A and  355 B of first line segment  350 A by “d5” and “d6” respectively. Vias  210 D,  210 E and  210 F overlap sides  355 C and  355 D of second line segment  350 B by “d5” and “d6” respectively. Vias  210 G,  210 H and  210 I overlap sides  355 E and  355 F of third line segment  350 C by “d5” and “d6” respectively. All vias are “w3” wide by “w3′” in length. Wire segments  350 A,  350 B and  350 C are “w2” wide. By construction, w3=w2+d6+d7.  
         [0073]    [0073]FIG. 17 is a partial top view of the present invention employing CMP fill shapes. In FIG. 17, a wide lower level wire  200  is connected to upper level wire  205  by a multiplicity of vias  210 . Lower level wire  200  includes a multiplicity of dielectric pillars  365  and a multiplicity of dielectric pillars  370 . Each dielectric pillar  365  and  370  is filled with dielectric material as illustrated in FIG. 18 and described below. Dielectric pillars  365  are positioned under upper level wire  205 , while dielectric pillars  370  are not. Dielectric pillars  365  and  370  are placed in lower level wire  205  to prevent dishing during CMP processes. Dishing is where, in very wide metal lines, the metal thickness decreases from the edge of the wire to the center of the wire. Instead of placing vias to avoid the dielectric pillars, the present invention places the vias to overlap the dielectric pillars in order to create a multiplicity of liner-to-liner contact regions  375 .  
         [0074]    [0074]FIG. 18 is a partial cross-section view through  18 - 18  of FIG. 17. In FIG. 18, a lower dielectric layer  245  is formed on a semiconductor substrate  250 . Lower wire  200  is formed in lower dielectric layer  245 . Formed on top of a lower dielectric layer  245  and lower wire  200  is an upper dielectric layer  255 . Upper wire  205  and via  210  are formed in an upper dielectric layer  255 . Conductive liner  225  covers a bottom  260  of upper wire  205  and sidewall  265  and a bottom  270  of via  210 . Conductive liner  215  covers a sidewall  275  and a bottom  280  of lower level wire  200 . Conductive liner  225 , of upper level wire  205 , also covers and upper edges  285  of conductive liner  215  of lower wire  210 . Bottom of via  210  overlaps dielectric pillar  365  as well as lower dielectric layer  245 .  
         [0075]    [0075]FIG. 19 is a partial top view of alternative via to CMP fill shape layouts. In FIG. 19, a wide lower level wire  200  is connected to upper level wire  205  by a multiplicity of vias  210 . Lower level wire  200  includes a multiplicity of dielectric pillars  370 , a multiplicity of dielectric pillars  385  and a multiplicity of dielectric pillars  390 . Each dielectric pillar  370 ,  385  and  390  is filled with dielectric material as illustrated in FIG. 18 and described above. Dielectric pillars  385  and  390  are positioned under upper level wire  205 , while dielectric pillars  370  are not. The overlap of vias  210  with dielectric pillars  385  forms liner-to-liner contact regions  395 . The overlap of vias  210  with dielectric pillars  390  forms liner-to-liner contact regions  400 . Dielectric pillars  385  and  390  differ from dielectric pillars  370  in that the size, shape and location of the pillars have been modified so that the dielectric pillars align under vias  210 .  
         [0076]    [0076]FIGS. 20A through 20D illustrate a first alternative method of contacting two lines according to the present invention. In FIG. 20A, a lower wire  380  comprises a core conductor  385  and a conductive liner  390 . An upper wire  395  comprises a core conductor  400  and a conductive liner  405 . Where conductive liner  390  of lower wire  380  contacts conductive liner  405  of upper wire  395 , a liner-to-liner contact regions  410 A and  410 B are defined. Materials for conductive liners and core conductors are the same as described above. Upper wire  395  may be formed by a damascene process while lower wire  380  may be formed by either a damascene or dual damascene process.  
         [0077]    [0077]FIG. 20B is a partial cross-sectional view through line  20 B- 21 B of FIG. 20A. In FIG. 20B, formed on a substrate  415  is a lower dielectric layer  420 . Lower wire  380  has been formed in lower dielectric layer  420 . Formed on top of lower dielectric layer  420  is upper dielectric layer  425 . Upper wire  400  has been formed in an upper dielectric layer not visible in FIG. 21B.  
         [0078]    In FIG. 20C, lower wire  380  does not extend entirely under upper wire  445 . Therefore only one contact-to-contact region, contact-to contact-region  460 A, is defined.  
         [0079]    In FIG. 20D, only a corner region  435  of lower wire  380  extends under a corner region  440  of upper wire  395  defining an “L” shaped contact-to-contact region  410 C.  
         [0080]    [0080]FIGS. 21A through 21D illustrate a second alternative method of contacting two lines according to the present invention. In FIG. 21A, a lower wire  380  comprises a core conductor  385  and a conductive liner  390 . An upper wire  445  comprises a core conductor  450  and a conductive liner  455 . Where conductive liner  390  of lower wire  380  contacts conductive liner  455  of upper wire  445 , a liner-to-liner contact regions  460 A and  460 B are defined. Materials for conductive liners and core conductors are the same as described above. Upper wire  445  may be formed by a damascene process while lower wire  380  may be formed by either a damascene or dual damascene process.  
         [0081]    [0081]FIG. 21B is a partial cross-sectional view through line  21 B- 21 B of FIG. 21A. In FIG. 21B, formed on a substrate  415  is a lower dielectric layer  420 . Lower wire  380  has been formed in lower dielectric layer  420 . Upper wire  445  has been formed in upper dielectric layer  425 . A notable feature of upper wire  395  is an integral bar via region  430  formed therein. Bar via region along the longitudinal axis of line upper wire  395  and contacts lower wire  380 .  
         [0082]    In FIG. 21C, lower wire  380  does not extend entirely under upper wire  395 . Therefore only one contact-to-contact region, contact-to contact-region  410 A, is defined.  
         [0083]    In FIG. 21D, only a corner region  435  of lower wire extends under a corner region  465  of upper wire  445  defining an “L” shaped contact-to-contact region  460 C.  
         [0084]    The description of the embodiments of the present invention is given above for the understanding of the present invention. It will be understood that the invention is not to the particular embodiments described herein, but is capable of various modifications, rearrangements and substitutions as will now become apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention. Therefore, it is intended that the following claims cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.