Abstract:
A method for fabricating an electronic assembly which enables the assembly and interconnection of surface mount components and/or other electrical, electronic, electro- optical, electro-mechanical and user interface devices with external I/O contacts on a planar surface without the use of solder or otherwise exposing the components to temperatures substantially above ambient.

Description:
[0001]    This application claims priority from co-pending, commonly assigned provisional applications 60/960,823, filed Oct. 16, 2007. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to the field of electronic component assembly and more specifically to the manufacture and assembly of electronic products using fewer process steps than are used with conventional assembly methods. It further relates to assembling electronic products by a process that does not require temperatures higher than those encountered in normal operating environments rather than the higher temperatures often used in electronic component assembly, such as the reflow temperatures associated with the use of solder. In particular, the present invention relates to a method for fabricating an electronic assembly which enables the assembly and interconnection of surface mount components and/or other electrical, electronic, electro-optical, electro-mechanical and user interface devices with external I/O contacts on a planar surface. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    The electronics industry is constantly seeking lower cost, faster methods to assemble electronics equipment and faster methods to bring new products to market, all of which the current invention facilitates. In addition, the industry desires doing so with less environmental impact. Most traditional electronic component assembly methods utilize solder and thus expose many of the components and parts used in electronic assemblies to the melting point of the solder which is typically in the range of 180° C. to 250° C. The current invention eliminates the need to expose electronic components to these temperatures and thus broadens the number of components, materials and methods that can be used in such assemblies as well as the materials and methods used to manufacture the components themselves. 
         [0004]    In addition, in recent years legislation (particularly the RoHS regulations) has been enacted in a variety of locations that require the elimination of certain materials and elements from electronics products. Among those to be eliminated is lead, a major constituent of conventional solder, which the current invention need not utilize. 
         [0005]    Finally, the industry desires to build devices for lower cost, which can be accomplished by eliminating assembly steps, processes and parts such as circuit boards and enclosures. In addition, this invention broadens the selection of parts that may be incorporated to include parts made with potentially lower cost materials that are unable to tolerate conventional soldering temperatures. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0006]    The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the accompanying drawings in which like reference numerals refer to the same or similar elements and in which: 
           [0007]      FIG. 1  illustrates the eleven process steps utilized in implementing a first embodiment of the invention. 
           [0008]      FIG. 2  illustrates top and side views of a placement fixture suitable for use with the first embodiment of the invention. 
           [0009]      FIG. 3  illustrates a containment fixture suitable for use with the first embodiment of the invention. Although this and other containment fixtures are shown as a single structure it should be noted that, if desired, the fixture can be assembled from a group of segments to provide flexibility in the configuration of the containment fixture. 
           [0010]      FIG. 4  illustrates top and side views of a support fixture suitable for use with the first embodiment of the invention. 
           [0011]      FIG. 5  illustrates the process steps utilized in implementing a second embodiment of the invention 
           [0012]      FIG. 6  illustrates top and side views of a containment fixture suitable for use in implementing the second embodiment of the invention. 
           [0013]      FIG. 7  illustrates the assembly process steps used in accordance with a third embodiment of the present invention with a sticky surface on top of a release surface (which is a preferred design which can be used with any of the other embodiments of the present invention) and also dual encapsulant deposition, also a preferred feature. Dual layer release and dual encapsulant deposition can be utilized independently and are shown together here to minimize the number of embodiments described. The overcoat layer is, sometimes referred to as the dielectric layer. The term “encapsulant” as used herein means a sealant material which is applied in fluid form and subsequently solidifies on cooling (e.g., a thermoplastic) or on curing (e.g., an epoxy resin). The function of the encapsulant is to: i) provide environmental protection; ii) structural integrity; and iii) a desired form factor for the components (parts) after interconnection and singulation. 
           [0014]      FIG. 8  illustrates the assembly process steps used in accordance with a fourth embodiment of the present invention which utilizes a dual release layer placement fixture and multiple interconnect layers. 
           [0015]      FIG. 9  illustrates top and side views of a variation of the placement fixture of  FIG. 2  with dual release surfaces for use in the process of  FIG. 7  or  8  (or 1 or 2, etc. as noted above). 
           [0016]      FIG. 10  illustrates an expanded assembly process in accordance with a fifth embodiment of the present invention using a second containment fixture that allows encapsulation of parts placed on the second, back side of the assembly after the placement fixture is removed. 
           [0017]      FIG. 11  illustrates an expanded assembly process in accordance with a sixth embodiment of the present invention that allows parts that cannot tolerate the primary encapsulation to be placed after the primary encapsulation is complete. 
           [0018]      FIG. 12  illustrates an assembly process in accordance with a seventh embodiment of the present invention having a second interconnect layer on top of the first dielectric layer and a second dielectric layer on top of the second interconnect layer. 
           [0019]      FIG. 13  illustrates an assembly process in accordance with an eighth embodiment of the present invention having a thin interconnect overcoat layer that can be readily separated when units, (i.e., electrically interconnected components), are removed from the encapsulation frame. 
           [0020]      FIG. 14  illustrates an assembly process in accordance with a ninth embodiment of the present invention which provides complete encapsulation of the interconnect structure. 
           [0021]      FIG. 15  illustrates an assembly process in accordance with a tenth embodiment of the present invention using a more complex containment fixture that gives the encapsulated units a final shape, thereby eliminating the need for an additional enclosure or cover. 
           [0022]      FIG. 16  illustrates top and side views of an alternative embodiment of the placement fixture of  FIGS. 2 and 9 . 
           [0023]      FIG. 17  illustrates top, side and edge views of an encapsulation fixture suitable for use with the process of  FIG. 15 . 
           [0024]      FIG. 18  illustrates top, side and edge views of an encapsulation fixture suitable for use with many of the processes of the present invention with an added feature that leaves a hole, or holes, in the final units when needed to accommodate parts that are added to the parts assembly after all of the earlier steps are complete. 
           [0025]      FIG. 19  illustrates top, side and edge views of an encapsulation fixture suitable for use with the process of  FIG. 15 . 
           [0026]      FIG. 20  illustrates an assembly process in accordance with an eleventh embodiment of the present invention that does not use a containment fixture but rather utilizes a “dam” of needle dispensed, high viscisity polymeric material that provides a “wall” that contains the encapsulant. As used herein and in the claims, the term “containment means” is intended to encompass both a containment fixture as previously described and also a dam as illustrated in  FIG. 20 . 
           [0027]      FIG. 21  illustrates an assembly process in accordance with a twelfth embodiment of the present invention that allows incorporation of partially encapsulated or of non-encapsulated components, such as electrical contacts, in a manner so as to allow them to protrude through the side of a unit. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0028]    In the following description and in the accompanying drawings, specific terminology and drawing symbols are used to provide a complete understanding of the present invention. 
         [0029]      FIG. 1  illustrates a first embodiment of the assembly process of the present invention. The first step utilizes a placement fixture  1  that comprises at least two elements.  FIG. 2  illustrates this placement fixture in greater detail. The first element is a substantially rigid base  2  that may be of any size or shape but is typically a square 100 to 150 mm on a side or a rectangle 200 mm to 300 mm on a side. The base can be made from a variety of material but one preferred material is glass, approximately 2 to 6 mm thick, which being transparent provides an advantage as will be explained in greater detail shortly. The second element is a sticky surface  3  covering one surface of the glass, the purpose of which will also shortly become apparent. The sticky surface may be implemented in a variety of ways. One preferred method is to use a gel coating such as that available from Gel-Pak of Hayward California named WF-X8 in a sheet form with an adhesive backing that facilitates its attachment to the glass or other rigid base (substrate). The 0.017″ thick version of WF-X8 is particularly suitable. A third, useful feature is fiducials  4  located at pre-determined positions on the placement fixture. Their purpose will also become apparent shortly. Fiducials can have any shape but are often circular with high contrast and are usually used as a pair. They may be made with a mark, by making a hole or by attaching a pin to the surface. A further option in making the placement fixture, is to include a layout  5  between the base and the sticky layer of the parts to be placed that shows their location. This is one reason why a transparent base is advantageous and although this is not a necessary requirement, it is frequently useful. 
         [0030]    The second step in the process as shown in  FIG. 1  entails placing a plurality of electronic parts (components) such as resistors, capacitors or integrated circuits, etc.,which can be the same or different and shown here as  6 . 1 ,  6 . 2  and  11 , which together comprise a “unit” at the desired locations. Although  FIG. 1  shows only 3 units (sets) of 3 different parts, a multiplicity of the same or different parts and/or units can suitably be placed on the sticky surface. In addition, the part pattern may be repeated multiple times to allow many units to be processed simultaneously as an array. In the example shown, the array is repeated 3 times across the fixture. Array assembly processes are commonly used in the electronics assembly industry to minimize handling. 
         [0031]    The purpose of the sticky surface  3  as is now apparent; is to temporarily hold the parts  6 . 1 ,  6 . 2  and  11  in place while additional parts are placed and the subsequent process steps are implemented. Part  11 , which protrudes relatively high might, for example, be an electrical contact or a surface mount electrical connector. The purpose of the fiducials  4  is now also apparent. They provide reference points with respect to which parts  6 . 1 ,  6 . 2  and  11  are oriented and placed. Placement of parts on a flat surface is a common process in the electronics assembly industry and is frequently done using machines that take parts from reels, trays, etc. and place them in a desired configuration on a substrate. The OPAL II machine from Assembleon is one such suitable machine. 
         [0032]    The third step in the process shown in  FIG. 1  is adding the containment fixture  7  after the parts  6 . 1 ,  6 . 2  and  11 , are placed on the sticky surface  3 . The containment fixture  7  is shown in  FIG. 3 . The containment fixture  7  typically is approximately the same size as the placement fixture  1  with which it is to be used. This is not a requirement and the containment fixture  7  may, of course, be smaller than the placement fixture  1 . However, it is necessary for the containment fixture  7  to be large enough to enclose all of the parts  6 . 1 ,  6 . 2  and  11  which it is desired to be located on placement fixture  1 . The inside surface  8  of fixture  7  should have a surface that will prevent encapsulant, that will be added in a subsequent step, from adhering to fixture  7 . Alternately, a release agent may be put on the inside surface of fixture  7 . One option is to make the entire fixture out of a non-stick material such as Teflon (poly-tetrafluoro ethylene) or to coat the surface thereof with Teflon. A further method of ensuring that encapsulant will facilitate release from the containment fixture is to put an angle or bevel on the inside surface  8  of fixture  7 . When fixture  7  is in place on the sticky surface  3  that stickiness helps hold fixture  7  in place. Alternately, an auxiliary holding means such as a clamp or clamps may be used to keep the containment fixture in close contact with the placement fixture to effect a “seal” between the two to prevent encapsulant from leaking out of the containment fixture.  FIG. 3  shows that the containment fixture may also have fiducials  9  to facilitate placing it accurately. Alternatively, the fiducials of the containment fixture can be replaced by a pin or a hole intended to interface with the fiducials located on the placement fixture. 
         [0033]    The fourth step shown in  FIG. 1  is encapsulating the parts by dispensing an encapsulating material  10  over them to a controlled depth. The encapsulant can be any of a variety of known materials. Useful characteristics of the encapsulant include that it be low cost, flow around the parts adequately, not adhere to the sticky surface or the containment fixture, have a sufficiently high modulus when in the solid state to provide the strength required in the final product, not deteriorate due to water absorption or other characteristics of the service environment, accept subsequent marking and be transparent. Suitable materials include an epoxy such as PT-1002 made by Pacific Polytech Corporation 15 Commercial Blvd., Novato, Calif. or Hysol FP4450 HA or 4652 from Henkel Loctite Corp. The amount of material dispensed depends on the design, size of the parts, etc. In this Figure, the encapsulant does not totally cover all of parts  11  but leaves the upper portion of parts  11  exposed. Parts may advantageously be left partially exposed for a variety of reasons such as allowing light to reach a sensor, allowing access to a switch, preventing filling a space in a part with encapsulant, allowing for subsequent attachment of another electrical component such as a wire utilizing mechanical fastening such as a screw, a Faston or attachment with solder, welding, etc. After the encapsulant has solidified the assembly is ready for further processing. 
         [0034]    The fifth step is to remove the encapsulated parts assembly  12  from fixtures  1  and  7 . 
         [0035]    The sixth step is to invert the assembly  12  and place it on the support fixture  13 . The support fixture  13  is shown in further detail in  FIG. 4 . Support fixture  13  is sized to match the assembly  12  and may also have fiducials  14  that are e.g., marks, holes or a pin, to facilitate locating the assembly  12 . In addition, fixture  13  will have cutouts or clearance holes  15  to accommodate parts  11  that protrude above the surface of encapsulant  10 . 
         [0036]    The seventh step shown in  FIG. 1  is to interconnect the electronic parts  6 . 1 ,  6 . 2  and  11 . The following description of suitable methods of interconnect deposition is applicable to all Figures that include an interconnect step. One suitable method is to needle dispense a conductive ink  16  in a suitable pattern utilizing a programmed dispenser such as a Camelot. One suitable ink is 40-3920, Electrically Conductive Ink from Epoxies, etc., 21 Starline Way, Cranston, R.I. Alternate suitable methods of interconnecting the electronic parts  6 . 1 ,  6 . 2  and  11  include, screen printing ink in a suitable pattern, ink jet printing a suitable pattern, plating an interconnect structure using additive printed wiring board methods that can suitably include blind vias, etc. The interconnect should adhere to the encapsulant, provide adequate electrical conductivity and retain these properties through subsequent processing and over the useful life of the product. 
         [0037]    The eighth step in  FIG. 1  is to add parts  17  to the interconnect side of the assembly. The parts  17  can be placed using conventional pick and place equipment such as the Assembleon OPAL II mentioned earlier, or by hand if that is appropriate. The parts can also be attached using a conductive ink such as that which forms the interconnections or with additional conductive epoxy added at contact point  18 . 
         [0038]    The ninth step is overcoating the interconnected parts with a protective layer  19 . One purpose of this layer  19  is to prevent damage to the interconnect e.g., from mechanical effects such as scratches and scrapes. A second purpose of this layer is to further strengthen the assembly  12 . Yet another purpose is to more firmly attach the backside components  17  to the assembly  12 . The protective layer may suitably be made using the encapsulation material used earlier in step  4 . Alternately, another encapsulation material may be used. These materials can be applied in a variety of ways including pouring using a containment fixture similar to  7 , or with a roller if backside components are not present, etc. The result is a fully protected array of units  21 . 
         [0039]    The tenth step in  FIG. 1  is to saw singulate the assembly  12  into individual units. This can be done using a dicing saw, such as a K&amp;S Model 780 Dicing Saw and a suitable blade. The cuts  21  are made in the locations and in suitable directions so as to separate the individual units  23  that made up the assembled array. 
         [0040]    The units are now complete and ready for further processing such as incorporation into a finished electronic device. 
         [0041]      FIG. 5  illustrates a second embodiment of the process of the present invention. This embodiment is similar to that of  FIG. 1 , except it utilizes a slightly different containment fixture  24  shown in detail in  FIG. 6 . 
         [0042]    The process of this embodiment is as follows. 
         [0043]    The first nine steps in the process shown in  FIG. 5  are generally the same as those shown in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0044]    The third step in the process shown in  FIG. 5  is adding the containment fixture  24  after all of the parts  6 . 1 ,  6 . 2  and  11  are placed on the sticky surface,  3 . However, the containment fixture  24 , shown in greater detail in  FIG. 6 , differs from that of  FIG. 3 . The containment fixture  24  is typically about the same size as the placement fixture  1  with which it is to be used. This is not necessary, and again the containment fixture  24  may be smaller than the placement fixture  1 . It is only necessary for the containment fixture  24  to be large enough to enclose all of the parts  6 . 1 ,  6 . 2  and  11  located on the placement fixture  1 . In addition, the individual pockets  25  in containment fixture  24  for the units in the array, need not be rectangular but can be of any appropriate shape. In addition, the coated edges  27  need not be flat surfaces but can be curved to provide a rounded edge. The containment fixture  24  is designed to go between the parts  6 . 1 ,  6 . 2  and  11  on placement fixture  1 . At least the inside surfaces  27  of the fixture  24  should have a surface that will prevent the encapsulant, that will be added in a subsequent step, from adhering to the fixture. Alternately, a release agent may be put on the surfaces  27 . As previously described for  FIG. 3 , one option is to make the entire fixture out of Teflon or to coat its surface with Teflon. A further method of ensuring that encapsulant will release from the containment fixture is to put an angle on the inside surfaces  25  of fixture  24 . When fixture  24  is placed on the sticky surface  3 , that stickiness helps hold the fixture  24 , in place.  FIG. 6  shows that the containment fixture can have fiducials  26  to facilitate placing it accurately. Alternately, the fiducials can be replaced by a pin or a hole intended to interface with the fiducials on the placement fixture. 
         [0045]    The fourth step shown in  FIG. 5  is encapsulating the parts by dispensing an encapsulating material  10  over and around the parts  6 . 1 ,  6 . 2 ,  11  in each cavity  25  to a suitable depth. The encapsulant can be any of the variety of materials, as previously described. Desirable characteristics of the encapsulant include that it be low cost, flow around the parts adequately, not adhere to the sticky surface or the containment fixture, have a high enough modulus to provide the strength require in the final product, not deteriorate due to water absorption or other characteristics of the environment, accept subsequent marking and be transparent. In this illustration, the encapsulant does not cover all of the parts  11  but leaves part of some of them exposed. Parts may be left partially exposed for a variety of reasons such as allowing light to reach a sensor, allowing access to a switch, preventing filling a space with encapsulant, etc. After the encapsulant has solidified the assembly is ready for further processing. 
         [0046]    The fifth step is to remove the encapsulated part assembly  28  from the placement fixture  1 . At this time the containment fixture  24  is part of the assembly. 
         [0047]    The sixth step is to invert the assembly  28  and place it on support fixture  13 . The support fixture  13  is as described in  FIG. 4 . Support fixture  13  is sized to match the assembly  28  and may have fiducials  14  that are marks, holes or a pin, to facilitate locating the assembly  28 . In addition, fixture  13  has cutouts or clearance holes  15  to accommodate parts  11  that protrude above the surface of the encapsulant  10  and the surface of containment fixture  24 . 
         [0048]    The seventh step shown in  FIG. 5  is to interconnect the electronic parts  6 . 1 ,  6 . 2  and  11 . One suitable method is to needle dispense a conductive ink  16  in a suitable pattern utilizing a programmed dispenser such as a Camelot, Model 370 dispenser using an auger dispense pump with a #25 needle. One suitable ink is 40-3920, Electrically Conductive Ink from Epoxies, etc., 21 Starline Way, Cranston, R.I. Alternate methods of interconnecting the electronic parts  6 . 1 ,  6 . 2  and  11  include screen printing ink in a suitable pattern, ink jet printing a suitable pattern, plating an interconnect structure using additive printed wiring board methods which can include blind vias, etc. The interconnect should adhere to the encapsulant, provide adequate electrical conductivity and retain these properties through subsequent processing and for the useful life of the product. 
         [0049]    The eighth step in  FIG. 5  is to add parts  17  on the interconnect side of the assembly. The parts  17  can be placed using conventional pick and place equipment such as the Assembleon OPAL II mentioned earlier, or by hand if that is useful. The parts can be attached using a conductive ink such as that which forms the interconnect or with additional conductive epoxy added at contact point  18 . 
         [0050]    The ninth step is overcoating the interconnect with a protective layer  29 . One purpose of this layer  29  is to prevent damage to the interconnect, especially from mechanical effects such as scratches and scrapes. A further purpose is to more firmly attach the backside components  17  to the assembly  12 . The protective layer may be made using the encapsulation material used earlier in steps  4  and  10 . Alternately, another encapsulating material may be used. These encapsulating overcoating materials can be applied in a variety of ways including pouring using a containment fixture similar to  24  or with a roller if backside (interconnect side) components are not present, etc. The result is a fully protected array of units  30  encased in containment fixture  28 . 
         [0051]    The tenth step is removing the support fixture  13  from the array of units  30  encased in the containment fixture  28 . 
         [0052]    The eleventh and final step is removing the individual parts  31  from containment fixture  28 . The units are now complete and ready for subsequent processing. 
         [0053]      FIG. 7 , step  1 , shows an alternative version of the assembly process of  FIG. 1 . The processes of both  FIGS. 7 &amp; 8  utilize a more complex placement fixture  1  as shown in  FIG. 9 . The purpose of this more complex fixture will be explained shortly. This fixture, as shown in  FIG. 9 , has a sticky surface  3  that may be implemented using a single sided tape, such as one made from du Pont Kapton polymer , a 6″ wide, single sided 0.002 inch thick tape available from Echo Engineering of Milpitas Calif., that is placed, sticky side up, on release surface  32 . Release surface  32  can suitably be made from a material such as GelPak WF-X8. Glass, about 5 mm thin, makes a suitable rigid base  2  and allows a layout plan  33  to be placed on the bottom of the placement fixture so as to be visible from the top to aid hand placement of parts. 
         [0054]    In  FIG. 7 , steps  2  &amp;  3  are similar to those of  FIG. 1  that results in parts  6 . 1 ,  6 . 2  and  11  being placed in specific locations with containment fixture  7  being placed around them. In step  4  encapsulant  34  is dispensed into the containment fixture and allowed to flow around and under the parts  6 . 1 ,  6 . 2  and  11 . The amount dispensed is dependent on the particular parts and size of the array but should be sufficient to wet the entire upper surface of the placement fixture  3  and also fill the voids between the sticky surface  3  and the bottom of the parts  6 . 1 ,  6 . 2  and  11 . It should not be so much, however, as to cause capillary action to lift parts  6 . 1 ,  6 . 2  or  11  off of the sticky surface  3  or cause any of parts  6 . 1 ,  6 . 2  or  11 , that would be buoyant in the encapsulant, to float. After the encapsulant is dispensed, it is solidified by cooling, solvent removal, or if appropriate, at least partially cured. During the solidification process, the assembly should be kept reasonably level so that this first layer of encapsulant has a substantially uniform thickness over the entire area of the parts array. 
         [0055]    In  FIG. 7  step  5  shows the dispensing of the remainder of the encapsulant  36 . This dispensing is followed by drying or total curing of the encapsulant. After step  5 , the parts are fully encapsulated. 
         [0056]    Step  6  is the first step in removal of the encapsulated array from the placement fixture. First, the containment frame  7  and encapsulated array of parts  12  with sticky surfaced tape  3  still attached are removed from release surface  32  as a complete unit. Next, sticky surfaced tape  3  is peeled off of the encapsulated array  12  leaving the plurality of contact points  35  exposed. This two step removal process enables sticky surface  3  to tightly grip the encapsulant and particularly the parts yet allows for sticky surface  3  as a tape to be removed with a peeling action. To peel off tape  3  the tape must be accessible and hence it is enabled to be removed from the rigid base by a release surface  32 . 
         [0057]    Step  7  shows that the containment frame  7  has also been removed from the encapsulated array  12 . Frame  7  may be removed at this stage or, if desired, left in place to assist handling through subsequent stages and then removed when convenient to do so. 
         [0058]    Step  8  comprises several sub-steps. First, as in  FIG. 1 , the array  12  is inverted and placed on support fixture  13 , as shown in  FIG. 4 . Support fixture  13  may or may not be needed. Fixture  13  is shown for completeness but may be excluded if parts  11  do not protrude above encapsulation layer  36 . If necessary, the part contact points  35  may be cleaned of any contaminants that might interfere with the interconnect  16  including any encapsulant that may have gotten on them during the encapsulation process, and made ready for the next step. 
         [0059]    Step  9  is interconnection deposition. The interconnect structure can be deposited using a variety of known techniques such as screen printing, electroplating, ink jet dispense or needle dispense. An example of a specific method is the use of silver epoxy ink #H2OE from Epoxy Technology of Massachusetts which is dispensed with a Camelot, Model 370, dispenser using an auger dispense pump with a #25 needle. 
         [0060]    Step  10  is placement of parts on the interconnect side on top of the interconnect structure. They may be connected using more conductive inks if the ink previously used for the interconnect is suitable, or with conductive epoxy. 
         [0061]    Step  11  is depositing a protective layer  19  on the interconnect structure to protect it from the environment. The encapsulant material dispensed in steps  4  and  5  is generally suitable and can be applied in a variety of ways such as, for example, brushing on. 
         [0062]    Step  12  is saw singulation at points  21  as in step  10  of  FIG. 1 . 
         [0063]    Step  13  is removing the individual units  23  from the support fixture. They are now complete or ready for any subsequent step or steps. 
         [0064]    The process of  FIG. 8  through step  7  is similar to  FIG. 1  through step  7 . 
         [0065]    Step  6  is similar to that of  FIG. 1  step  8  except it includes the added stage of cleaning the exposed part contact points  35 , if necessary, as described for  FIG. 7 , step  8 . 
         [0066]    Step  7  is deposition of the interconnect structure using techniques such as screen printing, electroplating, ink jet dispense or needle dispense as already described. 
         [0067]    Step  8  is the deposition of a dielectric layer  37  on top of the interconnect structure  16 . The purpose of the dielectric layer is to prevent connection between the initial interconnect layer  16  and the second interconnect layer  96 , deposited in step  9  using methods the same as or similar to those used for depositing the first layer  16 . Dielectric layer  37  will have holes  38  (vias) if connection between the two conductive interconnect layers  16  and  96  is required and must also provide isolation between the two interconnect layers where they cross when connection is to be avoided. The dielectric may be deposited using techniques such as screen printing, lithographic methods as used with printed circuit board design ink jet printing, needle dispense or other known suitable means. 
         [0068]    Step  9  is the deposition of a second interconnect layer  96  using the same or similar methods to those of step  7  to deposit the first interconnect layer. 
         [0069]    Step  10  is the deposition of a second dielectric layer  95  over the 2 nd  interconnect layer  96 . 
         [0070]    Steps  9  and  10  can be repeated multiple times to build up multiple interconnect layers if required by the end product design. 
         [0071]    Step  11  is the application of a protective overcoat  39  to protect the interconnect structure from the environment. This overcoat  39  may be excluded if not needed, or be of the same material used for the encapsulant in step  4 , or of another material appropriate for the purpose. The encapsulant can be applied with a brush, screen printed, etc, or other suitable means. 
         [0072]    Step  12  is saw singulation at points  21 . 
         [0073]    Step  13  is removal of the individual units  23  from the support fixture. The units are now complete and suitable for further processing, if desired. 
         [0074]      FIG. 10  illustrates a fifth embodiment of the process of the present invention that allows parts to be placed and totally encapsulated on the back side of the first component layer using second support and containment fixtures. 
         [0075]    Steps  1  through  8  of  FIG. 10  are substantially similar to those of  FIG. 5  and therefore need not be described again. 
         [0076]    Step  9  shows the placement of a second containment fixture  40  on top of assembly  28  resulting from step  8 . This fixture is similar to that of  FIG. 6  and has ribs  41  that match the first containment fixture  24 . Placement may be aided by fiducials or by pins and matching holes located at suitable points similar to those shown for the fiducials. 
         [0077]    Step  10  is the dispensing of a suitable quantity of encapsulant  42  into the individual cavities  25  of the second containment fixture  41 . 
         [0078]    Step  11  is removal of the encapsulated parts and containment fixtures  43  from support fixture,  13 . 
         [0079]    Step  12  is removal of the finished parts  23  from the two containment fixtures  28  and  40 . The, parts  23  are now ready for further processing. 
         [0080]    The procedure of  FIG. 10  can be done using any of the placement fixtures described in  FIG. 2 ,  9  or  16 . 
         [0081]      FIG. 11  illustrates a process that allows parts to be included in an assembly that for some reason may not tolerate the encapsulation process. 
         [0082]    Step  1  and  2  are similar to those of  FIG. 5 . The  FIG. 11  process can utilize any of the placement fixtures shown in  FIG. 2 ,  9  or  16 , but that of  FIG. 9  is preferred for many applications. 
         [0083]    Step  3  shows the placement of “place holders”  44 . Place holders are dummy parts that have a footprint slightly larger that of the real part that will eventually go in this location, are high enough to project above the encapsulant, have a surface the encapsulant will not stick to and will preferably be slightly tapered to facilitate their removal after the encapsulant is solidified. 
         [0084]    Step  4  shows placement of the containment fixture  24 . 
         [0085]    Step  5  shows the dispensing of the encapsulant  10  into the individual cavities  25 . 
         [0086]    Step  6  shows the holes  45  remaining in the encapsulant when the “place holders” are removed from the encapsulated units. 
         [0087]    Step  7  shows placement of the final parts  46  in the cavities  45 . It may be necessary to use a glue or some adhesive that the sensitive parts will tolerate, such as room temperature curing epoxy, Crazy Glue (cyano acrylate) etc., to hold them rigidly in place for subsequent process steps at points  47  where they contact the encapsulant. 
         [0088]    The final parts in  FIG. 11  are shown as going all of the way through the encapsulant so they to can be placed before the placement fixture is removed although this is not always necessary. The place holders can be totally covered by the encapsulant and removed after the placement fixture is removed. The final parts can then be placed in the resulting cavities and again held, when needed, with additional adhesive. 
         [0089]    Steps  8  through  14  are similar to steps  5  through  11  of  FIG. 5  and therefore need not be reiterated. 
         [0090]      FIG. 12  illustrates an embodiment of the present invention that minimizes the number of steps required to complete the assembly. The procedure through step  7  is similar to that of  FIG. 8 . It differs in step  8  because the dielectric is not deposited on the separation edge  44  of the encapsulation fixture. 
         [0091]    Steps  9  and  10  build up the interconnect structure with an additional layer of interconnect  45  and dielectric  46 . These two steps can be repeated yet again to add additional interconnect layers as required by the end use application. In all, cases, however, the dielectric is not deposited on the separation edges of the encapsulation fixture. 
         [0092]    Step  11  is removing the support fixture  47  from the encapsulation frame  48  that holds the individual units  49 . 
         [0093]    Step  12  is the removal of the individual units  49  from the cavities in the encapsulation frame. The, units,  49 , are now ready for further processing, if needed. 
         [0094]      FIG. 13  illustrates a further embodiment of the invention similar to that shown in  FIG. 12 . The process is substantially similar through step  10  so a detailed description of these steps need not be repeated. 
         [0095]    In step  11 , the final dielectric layer is overcoated with a thin protective layer  50 . The purpose of this layer is to provide added protection from the environment for the interconnect structure consisting of the conductive layers  51  and dielectric layers  52 . 
         [0096]    Step  12  is again removal of the support fixture  53  from the encapsulation frame  54  that still holds the individual units  55 . 
         [0097]    Step  13  is removal of the individual units  55  from the encapsulation frame  54 . It will often be desirable to facilitate removal of units  55  from fixture  54  by first cutting the overcoat  50  where the units are to be separated. The units  55  are now ready for further processing, if needed. 
         [0098]      FIG. 14  illustrates an embodiment of the invention that is similar to the embodiment of  FIG. 13  through step  10  but thereafter differs by incorporating a second encapsulation fixture to increase separation of the individual units and thus allow a more complete encapsulation. 
         [0099]    Step  11  shows the addition of the second encapsulation fixture  56  that aligns and matches the first encapsulation fixture  57 . In this embodiment, encapsulation fixture  56  is similar to that shows in  FIG. 26 . After the addition of the second fixture, additional encapsulant  58  is dispensed into the cavities of encapsulation fixture  56 . This layer of encapsulant can be made as thick as desired by simply controlling the amount of material dispensed. Thicker material not only provides greater protection to the interconnect but also makes the complete part more robust. 
         [0100]    Step  12  entails removal of the support fixture  59  the encapsulated units  60  from the containment fixtures  56  and  57 . The units  60  are now ready for further processing, if needed. 
         [0101]      FIG. 15  illustrates another embodiment of the invention that results in a finished unit that can have a variety of configurations. It utilizes encapsulation fixtures similar to those shown in  FIG. 17 . 
         [0102]    Steps  1  and  2  are similar to those of earlier Figures. Parts  61  are positioned on placement fixture  1  with a machine such as an OPAL II from Assembleon. Any of the placement fixtures of  FIG. 2 ,  9  or  16  may be used, but that of  FIG. 9  is preferred. 
         [0103]    Step  3  shows placement of the encapsulation fixture  62  over the parts. 
         [0104]      FIG. 17  shows fixture  62  in further detail. The fixture has cavities  63  that include a “cover”  66 , with holes  64  through which the encapsulant can be dispensed. The cavities  63  reflect the shape desired in the final part. The cavity in the example of  FIG. 17  has rounded edges  65  for example, but other shape edges are also suitable. Also, the exemplary cavity  63  is rectangular but again other shapes can be accommodated. In all cases, however, the cavities should have a surface from which the encapsulant will release, and a geometry that allows the encapsulant to fill the cavity and allows the unit to be removed from the cavity. 
         [0105]    Transfer molding or injection molding may be used as described below. If either of those processes is used, a more complex structure in the form of a mold may be sometimes required to contain the encapsulant. Those skilled in the art will know how to go from the less complex fixtures to a more complex mold suitable for use with either transfer or injection molding, should those prove to be advantageous for a particular application. 
         [0106]    Continuing the description of  FIG. 15 , step  4  is the dispensing of encapsulant  67  into each of the cavities  63 . The dispensing is best done using a process, such as the Camelot process described earlier, that controls the volume of material dispensed. The amount of material dispensed should be sufficient to fill the entire cavity and at least part of the fill hole  64 . One should seek to eliminate voids in the encapsulant because these would be detrimental to the end product. Steps to minimize voids in encapsulant  67  can include degassing encapsulant  67  before dispensing it into cavities  63  and/or putting the assembly  80  after encapsulant is dispensed into a vacuum box to withdraw air, are two procedures suitable to minimize encapsulant voids. 
         [0107]    Step  4  can be practiced utilizing transfer molding or injection molding. These processes allow the use of alternate materials that may have particularly desirable properties, such as formation to of a more precise or complex final configuration and/or provide lower cost through faster processing. 
         [0108]    Step  5  is removal of the placement fixture  68  from the encapsulated parts  69  and assembly  70 . 
         [0109]    Step  6  is inverting the assembly  70  and, if needed, adding support fixture  71 . 
         [0110]    Step  7  is deposition of the first interconnect layer  72  and step  8  is deposition of the first dielectric layer  73 . 
         [0111]    Step  9  is deposition of the second interconnect layer  74  and step  10  is deposition of the second dielectric layer  75 . 
         [0112]    Steps  9  and  10  are similar to those described for earlier embodiments of the invention and can use similar methods. As with those embodiments, steps  9  and  10  can be repeated to build up multiple interconnect layers when needed for a particular end use application. Also, the exposed surface of the encapsulation fixture  76  is not coated with the dielectric but rather left clean. 
         [0113]    Step  11  shows the result of placing a second encapsulation fixture  77  on top of the structure  78  resulting from step  10 . It also shows encapsulant  79  dispensed to fill each of the cavities through fill hole  86 . The details of the dispensing of step  4  also apply to this dispensing. As described above, an alternative method for dispensing the encapsulant is the use of transfer or injection molding. 
         [0114]    Step  12  shows removal of support fixture  81  from the rest of the assembly  82 . 
         [0115]    Step  13  is removal of the units  83  from the encapsulation fixtures  62  and  77 . The units  83  still have “flash”  84  left from excess material in the fill hole  86 . 
         [0116]    Step  14  shows the final unit  85  after removal of the flash  84 . The units  85  are now ready for further processing, if appropriate. 
         [0117]      FIG. 16  shows a variation of the placement fixture of  FIG. 2 . While  FIG. 16  is noted as ˜150 mm square to give the reader a sense of the proportions, any suitable size placement fixture can be used as long as it is larger than the array of units to be assembled. The fixture should preferably have a rigid base  88  which is transparent for this embodiment. The top  87  where parts are to be placed should be “sticky” to hold the parts in place until the encapsulant has solidified to hold them in place. The parts layout  89  on the bottom assists placing parts that are not placed by automatic equipment including those such as a battery, that are often placed by hand. 
         [0118]      FIG. 17  has been described above during the description of  FIG. 15 . 
         [0119]      FIG. 18  shows another variant of the containment fixture means suitable for use in an embodiment such as that of  FIG. 11  that utilizes place holders  44  to provide cavities  45  into which sensitive parts  46  that for whatever reason cannot go through the encapsulation procedure, are subsequently placed and held in position with ancillary adhesive  47 . Instead of placing individual place holders  44  on the placement fixture, the cavities  45  can be formed by a pedestal  90  built into the encapsulation fixture  91 . While  FIG. 18  shows only a single square pedestal  90  in each cavity  92 , multiple pedestals, or pedestals of other shapes, such as rectangular, round, etc., can be utilized. 
         [0120]      FIG. 19  shows another containment fixture with additional features. This fixture is similar that of  FIG. 18  except the pedestals  93  in the cavities  94  are not place holders for sensitive parts but rather a method of providing a hole in the final assembly. While this  FIG. 19  shows two pedestals that will result in two holes in the finished units, additional holes can be made at any desired location using similar pedestals. These holes can be used for multiple purposes; e.g., screws to hold the unit to another higher level assembly or as a hole through which a chain, for example, might loop. 
         [0121]    While a drawing of a unit made using the fixtures in  FIGS. 18 and 19  is not provided, those skilled in the art will understand from the foregoing descriptions of the variety of embodiments in  FIGS. 5 and 10  thru  15  how this type of encapsulation fixture can be used to add this feature.  FIG. 20  shows an embodiment of the invention that does not utilize a containment fixture as the containment means as shown for the earlier process embodiments but, instead, substitutes a polymeric “dam”  95  as the containment means that is customized to the unit being made 
         [0122]    Step  1  and  2  are similar to those describe for earlier embodiments of the process. 
         [0123]    Step  3  is the formation of the dam  95 . The important properties of a dam are: i) that it be high enough to retain a subsequently applied, low viscosity encapsulant, ii) not be so high that it forms an un-needed ridge, and iii) forms a continuous dam around the area to be encapsulated. 
         [0124]    A dam might be made using a Camelot, as described earlier for interconnect deposition, utilizing a needle to dispense a suitable dam material. A suitable dam material might be one with a viscosity sufficient to enable the dam to retain its shape through a cure cycle, e.g., one that is dispensed hot and then cools to retain its shape or one that can be cured using UV or local heating. A suitable material is FP4451TD from Henkel Loctite Corp. 
         [0125]    An alternate method of forming the dam is to make a “widow frame” from a suitable material with the desired “window” shape. The shape might be square, rectangular, round, oval, etc. as desired in the end product. In this case, the window may be molded or otherwise formed separately and placed around the parts to be encapsulated. 
         [0126]    The important properties of the dam material  95  are: i) that it seal adequately to the sticky surface to prevent encapsulant  96  applied in step  4 , from going under it, lifting it or moving it, ii) allows the encapsulant applied in step  4  to stick to it adequately to form a good bond, iii) has properties compatible with the end use of the unit, and iv) forms a complete dam to contain the encapsulant  96 . 
         [0127]    Step  4  is the dispensing of the encapsulant  96  inside of the dammed area or areas. Again, this can be done using a Camelot and needle system or any other method that allows adequate control of the quantity of encapsulant material dispensed and control of its height with respect to the dam and components,  6 . 1 ,  6 . 2  and  11 , to be encapsulated. 
         [0128]    Step  5  is removal of the placement fixture  1  as described earlier. 
         [0129]    Step  6  is inverting the assembly  97  and placing it on the Support Fixture  98 . 
         [0130]    Step  7  is formation of the interconnect structure  99  utilizing methods as described above. 
         [0131]    Step  8  is placement of the interconnect side parts  17  as described above. 
         [0132]    Step  9  is the application of an overcoat  100  if needed, to a suitable thickness to protect the interconnect structure. 
         [0133]    Step  10  is removal of the support fixture  98 . 
         [0134]    Step  11  is saw singulating the assembly by cutting through the encapsulant forming kerf  101  to make parts  102 . 
         [0135]    In some cases, it may be desirable to reverse the order of steps  10  and  11  and remove the units  102  from the support fixture  98  only after they are singulated. 
         [0136]    If a “window frame” was used to form the dam  95  singulation may be more complex, especially if the window frames are not square or rectangular. Saw singulation may not be possible if some cuts are not straight lines. In the case or irregular shapes, laser singulation to form kerf  101  may suitably be utilized. A high intensity narrow laser beam can form the kerf by removing material utilizing either a thermal process (CO2 laser and infrared photons) or an ablation process (UV photons). The beam must be steered and move at a rate compatible with its power so as to remove all of the material necessary. A laser beam has the advantage that its direction can be programmed to any pattern desired and thus cut any shape needed. 
         [0137]      FIG. 21  illustrates a further embodiment of the invention that allows electrical contacts, electrical connectors or other parts or components that need to avoid encapsulation to protrude from the side of a finished unit. This embodiment utilizes the “dam” containment means concept described in  FIG. 20  but with a further refinement. 
         [0138]    Step  1  shows a modified placement fixture  105  suitable for use with this embodiment. This fixture has clearances  103  at suitable locations. It also breaks the sticky surface  104  into sections to accommodate the clearances  103 . 
         [0139]    Step  2  shows the placement of parts on the sticky surface. Among these are  6 . 1 ,  6 . 2  and  11  similar to the parts described and placed earlier. Part  106  however, is placed in a different type of location  107 . This location is suitable for parts  106  that may be a connector, a contact, or some other component where full encapsulation is not desirable for some reason. 
         [0140]    Step  3  shows dispensing a dam  108  over the component  107  in a manner that seals around the part so encapsulant  110  applied in step  4 , will not leak. The dam at point  109  is similar to that of  FIG. 20 . 
         [0141]    Step  4  shows dispensing of the encapsulant  110  into the enclosed spaces formed by the dams  108  and  109 . 
         [0142]    Step  5  shows the inversion of the assembly  111  with the encapsulation fixture  105  still in position and placement of the combination onto support fixture  112 . 
         [0143]    Step  6  shows removal of the placement fixture  105  as described earlier. 
         [0144]    Step  7  shows formation of the interconnect  113  utilizing one of the methods described earlier that is suitable, such as e.g., needle dispensing if parts protrude above the surface on which the interconnect is deposited, screen printing if the surface is relatively flat, etc. 
         [0145]    Step  8  shows placement of the interconnect side parts  114  as described earlier. 
         [0146]    Step  9  shows application of the overcoat  115  as described earlier. 
         [0147]    Step  10  shows the units  116  removed from the support fixture and ready for subsequent processing if desired. Item  117 , which may be a connector pin, for example, is now accessible and free from encapsulation. 
         [0148]    Those skilled in the art will understand how to use various combinations of the methods and fixtures previously described to achieve the desired combination of features in the final unit being fabricated. 
         [0149]    Alternatives (and in some cases the specific Figures illustrating same) include: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Choice 
                 Options 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1. 
                 Placement fixture 
                 A sticky layer with or without a layout, FIG. 2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A sticky layer on a release layer with or without a layout, FIG. 9 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A discontinuous sticky surface to accommodate parts that protrude 
               
               
                   
                   
                 below the sticky surface 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A layout transparency under the sticky surface and release layer on 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the rigid base on the bottom of a transparent rigid base. 
               
               
                 2. 
                 Placement 
                 Parts placed on one side 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Parts placed on two sides 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Place holders for sensitive parts to be placed later 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Placement of surface mount type components, such as an electrical 
               
               
                   
                   
                 contact, that has a contact on the sticky surface but that also 
               
               
                   
                   
                 protrude above the encapsulant to allow electrical connection of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the finished part. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Placement of components that should not be encapsulated so that 
               
               
                   
                   
                 they can be “damned” off from the encapsulant flow with a 
               
               
                   
                   
                 deposited dam. 
               
               
                 3. 
                 Containment means 
                 Window frame, FIG. 5 
               
               
                   
                 (fixture or containment dam) 
                 Cavity frame, FIG. 6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Fixtures on two sides, FIGS. 14 and 15 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Fixtures forming a final shape, FIG. 17 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Fixture with pedestals forming cavities for sensitive parts FIG. 18 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Fixture with pedestal to form holes, FIG. 19 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Step where the containment fixture is removed 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Dam of a suitable material deposited with a needle dispenser 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Dam of a suitable material deposited using an alternative method 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Dam made from a “window frame” placed on the sticky surface 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Dam made from a “window frame” that will be integral with the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 final unit placed on the sticky surface 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Dam used to block off encapsulant and exclude flow. 
               
               
                 4. 
                 Encapsulant 
                 Single side, single layer, FIG. 1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Single side dual layer, FIG. 7 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Double sided, single layer, e.g., FIGS. 14 &amp; 15. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Double sided, double layer first side, single layer second side 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A different encapsulant used for each layer 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Part encapsulation formed from the combination of a dam and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 encapsulant deposited within the dam. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Encapsulant put in position utilizing transfer or injection molding 
               
               
                 5. 
                 Interconnect &amp; Dielectric 
                 One layer of interconnect and no dielectric overcoat 
               
               
                   
                 Structure 
                 One layer of interconnect with a protective dielectric overcoat 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Two or more layers of interconnect and dielectric 
               
               
                 6. 
                 Interconnect and dielectric 
                 Screen printing 
               
               
                   
                 deposition 
                 Stamp printing 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Needle dispense 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Electroplating with an additive process (a standard process used to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 fabricate printed circuit boards and is well known in the industry). 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ink jet dispense 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Application of a series of decals 
               
               
                 7. 
                 Interconnect &amp; dielectric 
                 None, with the dielectric and/or interconnect exposed, FIG. 13 
               
               
                   
                 structure protection 
                 Overcoating the structure with a thin protective coat, FIG. 14 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Encapsulate the interconnect structure, FIGS. 14, 15 
               
               
                 8. 
                 Support fixture 
                 Where appropriate for parts that protrude above the encapsulation 
               
               
                   
                   
                 or for parts that protrude above the containment fixture 
               
               
                   
                   
                 If needed to handle parts during singulation 
               
               
                 9. 
                 Singulation 
                 Sawing, FIG. 1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Using a containment fixture with cavities, e.g., FIG. 5. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Using two matching containment fixtures, e.g., FIGS. 14, 15. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Using window dams that require no singulation 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Using laser singulation to cut arbitrary shapes. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0150]    Of the above possible process combinations, those combinations of process steps which are most preferred are: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 1. 
                 Placement fixture 
                 A sticky layer on a release layer with or without a layout, FIG. 9 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A layout transparency on the bottom of a transparent rigid base. 
               
               
                 2. 
                 Placement 
                 Parts placed on two sides 
               
               
                 3. 
                 Containment fixture 
                 Fixtures on two sides, FIGS. 14 and 15 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Fixtures forming a final shape, FIG. 17 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Fixture with pedestals to form cavities for sensitive parts, FIG. 18 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Fixture with pedestal to form holes, FIG. 19 
               
               
                 4. 
                 Encapsulant 
                 Single side dual layer, FIG. 7 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Double sided, double layer first side, single layer second side 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A different encapsulant used for each layer 
               
               
                 5. 
                 Interconnect &amp; Dielectric 
                 One layer of interconnect and no dielectric overcoat 
               
               
                   
                 Structure 
                 One layer of interconnect with a protective dielectric overcoat 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Two, or more, layers of interconnect and/or dielectric 
               
               
                 6. 
                 Interconnect and dielectric 
                 Screen printing 
               
               
                   
                 deposition 
                 Needle dispense 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Electroplating with an additive process 
               
               
                 7. 
                 Interconnect &amp; dielectric 
                 Encapsulate the interconnect structure, FIG. 14, 15 
               
               
                   
                 structure protection 
               
               
                 8. 
                 Support fixture 
                 If appropriate for parts that protrude above the encapsulation 
               
               
                   
                   
                 If appropriate for parts that protrude above the containment fixture 
               
               
                 9. 
                 Singulation 
                 Using two matching containment fixtures, e.g., FIGS. 14, 15, etc. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Using one containment fixture. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Saw Singulation 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Laser singulation 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0151]    Those skilled in the art will be able to select an appropriate combination from the identified alternatives to achieve their objectives for any specific combination of components. 
         [0152]    Although the invention has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.