Abstract:
In a model based software system, a set of business rules is scanned, and patterns are identified. The patterns are then compared, and similarities identified which indicate that software can be reused in the system. In one embodiment, identifiers of the rules are scanned. In another embodiment, usage patterns are used for designing a middle layer and generating code. In another embodiment of the invention, a data model is generated by capturing data from a user interface for a business document.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This is a divisional patent application of co-pending application Ser. No. 11/065,007 filed on Feb. 24, 2005 entitled “User interfaces and software reuse in model based software systems” which was a complete patent application claiming priority to the following three provisional applications: 
         [0002]    U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/553,091, entitled “User Interface Driven Data Modeling Approach” by inventor Sundararajan Parthasarathy et al., filed Mar. 15, 2004, which is herein incorporated in its entirety by reference for all purposes. 
         [0003]    U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/553,089, entitled “An Approach to Identify Software Re-Use in a Model Based Software Solution” by inventor Raghuraman Devalla et al., filed Mar. 15, 2004, which is herein incorporated in its entirety by reference for all purposes. 
         [0004]    U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/553,088, entitled “A Formal Approach to Design Generation of Multi-tier Applications Using Behavior Patterns” by inventor Rajagopalan Sethuraman et al., filed Mar. 15, 2004, which is herein incorporated in its entirety by reference for all purposes. The aforementioned applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD OF INVENTION 
       [0005]    The present invention relates to model based software systems, and in particular, user interfaces and the reuse of software in such model based systems. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0006]    Model based software solutions involve approaches and implementations in which every significant part of a software development lifecycle is modeled as data and persisted with capabilities that enable a user to perform various steps in the software development lifecycle. This data modeling requires a high level of specialization, and is usually carried out just before the start of coding. The modeled data is persisted and can be used by downstream processes thereby ensuring that all relevant data that is captured by upstream processes are used in the downstream processes without any significant loss of information. 
         [0007]    The traditional approach to the data modeling involves an understanding of the system in its entirety including all the data dependencies between various entities in the system. A schema designer who models data, requires detailed information on various business processes addressed by the system and various constituents of the system. For example, the schema designer requires information in terms of entities that need to be stored in the system and their relationship with other data that are to be stored in the system. The data types and sizes of those entities also need to be stored. 
         [0008]    This schema can then be represented diagrammatically and reviewed by functional specialists. As the number of entities increase, their interconnections with other entities also increase thereby increasing the complexity of the schema. A fully represented schematic diagram for a fairly complex system has many interconnections that explain the origin and destination of the relationship lines between entities. 
         [0009]    The granularity of data captured in a model based environment depends on an extent that the model is used. For example, if functional requirements are captured at a very granular level, it enables a designer to implement these requirements with the exact business logic as envisioned by a requirements engineer. 
         [0010]    During a typical modeling process, business logic that is captured at one point in a system is quite often applicable at some other point in the system. However, because of the granularity of the business logic, the set of business rules that may be needed to be reused may not be a single rule but a set of business rules which may form a subset of the business logic implemented elsewhere. Even though these business rules are not reused by the requirements engineer, the design engineer who analyzes them may benefit if he can identify the reuse of the business rules across the various actions. Unfortunately, the task of identifying this subset of the huge set of business rules that exist in the business process is time consuming and strenuous. This makes reuse identification a near impossibility for the design engineer. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
         [0011]    Embodiments of the present invention are illustrated by way of an example and not limited to the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which like references indicate similar elements and in which: 
           [0012]      FIG. 1  is a flow chart of an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0013]      FIG. 2  illustrates a computer system that may be used in connection with the present invention. 
       
    
    
       [0014]    Other features of the present embodiments will be apparent from the accompanying drawings and from the detailed description that follows. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0015]    Any software solution is a collection of user interfaces between a user and a repository, where the user&#39;s data are stored. These interfaces could be displays, reports, and/or devices such as scanners and readers. 
         [0016]    Any such interface can be visualized as a business document with a header section that uniquely identifies the business document. The business document further has various sections, each of which captures related data at various stages in a lifecycle of the business document. Such business documents also refer to other documents for information relating to certain key data items in the document. These could be references to external documents or data copied from the relevant business documents. 
         [0017]    An usual approach of designing the user interfaces is to capture data for an underlying business in various stages. Each stage adds value to the data that has been already captured. At each of these stages the data captured has direct relevance to the business document that has been considered for automation. 
         [0018]    In an embodiment of the invention, a user interface may normally have several types of elements. There are single instance user interface elements such as edit controls, check boxes and text areas. There are also multiple instance data sets that reflect the various constituents of a business document. These normally reflect the table of data that is present in the business documents, and are incorporated in the user interfaces as grid controls. Also, there are single instance data items that have a predefined list of values of which one can be selected for a particular instance of a business document. These are incorporated in the user interface as Combo Boxes or List controls. Additionally, sets of single instance data items are present as elements, some or all of which could be applicable for the instance of the business document. These can be incorporated as a group of check boxes. There are also non-editable user elements that reflect various business states in which a document can exist at any point in time. These are typically incorporated as display only controls. And there are links to other user interfaces that reflect the references to other business documents that could be referred to for additional information. These may be incorporated as hyperlinks or command buttons that invoke other user interfaces by passing the required context information. Lastly, there are reference data items that reflect data that are copied from the other business documents and are displayed in the user interface. These are incorporated as display only controls in the user interface. 
         [0019]    After establishing the methodology of mapping various user elements to probable business documents, the data model is formed for the business document. A business object (BO) represents the business document, and an interface business object (IBO) refers to the business documents from where the information is acquired. Both business objects and interface business objects have data segments that refer to the various sections of the business documents and the related business documents. Each data segment has a unique identifier which uniquely identifies an instance of data in the data segment. A hierarchy of data segments can also be established. This can be accomplished by specifying a parent segment to each data segment. A data item of a data segment could be owned by the data segment itself or be present as a reference to another interface business object, a data segment, or a data item. 
         [0020]    In an embodiment, factors that affect such a business object hierarchy are as follows. First, every collection of related user interfaces forms a business object. Second, every related collection of referred user interfaces forms an interface business object. Third, every section in the user interface is a data segment. Fourth, any list of values is a data segment from an interface business object. Fifth, any display only field that displays data from other collections is not stored as data but refers to the corresponding data in the interface business objects. Recording the corresponding interface business object, segment, and data items depicts such relations. 
         [0021]    In another embodiment, a database schema can be derived out of this structure of business objects and interface business objects. The physical representation of this embodiment is as follows. Every data segment is represented as database tables, and each of these tables has a primary key formed by the identifier that is a part of the segment and the identifiers of its parent segments. Foreign keys are identified for any data items that refer to interface business objects. Every data segment of an interface business object can be represented as database views or database stored procedures. The data items of the data segment are columns for the corresponding database tables. The data items of the interface business objects are the columns of the corresponding database views or the parameters of the database stored procedures used for integration. This embodiment directly attempts to arrive at a fairly comprehensive database schema that can be further refined for any specific database requirements such as audit trail and concurrency control implications. This embodiment provides a direct relationship of the database schema to the user interface, an intuitive approach to database design that enables a high level of consistency with the user interface, and a quick first cut schema to facilitate overall understanding of the business functionality. 
         [0022]    In another embodiment, every function in the system has a set of business rules, and a group of business rules is associated with a particular action performed by an end user. These groups can be completely or partially used as part of another task. Identifying this set of business rules is a challenge for a design engineer. In this embodiment, there are two categories of reuse. First, there are a set of rules in which their identification markers repeat across other actions. Second, there are a set of rules that, after considering the contents of the business rules, repeat across other actions. In either instance however, the repetition indicates the possibility of reuse. 
         [0023]    In an embodiment, each distinct action is considered. For each action, a sequential scan is made from the first business rule to the last business rule. As the scan progresses the system forms a pattern signature that uniquely identifies the business rules encountered so far in the sequence. The result is that at the end of this step each action may have a pattern signature associated with it. 
         [0024]    Thereafter, each task is again considered. A scan is made through the pattern signature to identify if any part of the signature occurs in the pattern signature of the other actions. If such an occurrence is made then the subset is identified as a pattern and recorded separately along with its occurrences. 
         [0025]    This process is continued for all actions. If in this process a pattern is identified that consists of other patterns, then this pattern hierarchy is also maintained. At the end of this process the system has data in terms of the various patterns and their occurrences. 
         [0026]    A designer then analyzes this data, and identifies the best possible reuse(s). There are several points that a designer may consider in this process. First, a designer may want to maximize business rule reuse by selecting a pattern with the maximum size, irrespective of its occurrences. The advantage of this approach is that the designer can identify bigger chunks of business logic that can be implemented across the system. Second, a designer may choose to maximize occurrence reuse by selecting patterns that cover the maximum number of actions. This embodiment permits a designer to reduce design effort by spreading the effort over a greater number of tasks. Since the reuse is high with this embodiment, adequate care could be exercised in designing for such patterns. Third, a designer could maximize the total number of business rules that need not be designed for, as a result of pattern reuse. This embodiment ensures that the maximum amount of patterns that can be reused has been extracted, thereby reducing the overall design effort. 
         [0027]    In several embodiments, various aspects may be considered before finally arriving at the patterns whose reuses are to be adopted. One such consideration is that as a pattern size is reduced, the reuse of that pattern becomes trivial. That is to say, certain business rules repeat in all actions and are trivial in nature. These should be reused only if it gives a significant benefit for the designers. Reusing patterns that have a negligible business rule count could result in a design overhead that would impact the overall size and effectiveness of the solution. 
         [0028]    In an embodiment, in the process of identifying the pattern signature, the description of the business rule is considered. First, white spaces and special characters other than numerical operators are removed. The actions are then analyzed and pattern signatures formed for every action. Then once the pattern signature is formed, the reuse identification process is similar to that of the embodiment of the first approach. 
         [0029]    The advantage of this approach is that it relies on the content of the business rule rather than the identifier of the business rule. While in all likelihood this may be a more time consuming process as the operations have to be carried out on the business rule descriptions (rather than just the identifiers), the result may be more effective than that obtained from the other approach (since it is based on the description which by design holds more information). The approach a user adopts depends on the user&#39;s needs and the satisfaction level he/she obtains in analyzing the reuse in each of the approaches. The process flow is illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0030]    These approaches for identifying reuse in a model based environment have several advantages. First, there is a tremendous saving of time as a majority of the operations described can be automated. Second, the embodiments are highly effective as each and every business rule is analyzed and all the various combinations are identified. Third, there is a significant saving of design effort as patterns identified may result in decreased design effort leading to a reduction in the construction efforts also. 
         [0031]    In another embodiment of the invention, a specification repository captures extensive information on the interfaces and sequence of actions that are needed at different layers. This is a humungous task when there is a need to develop and deploy software systems that involve hundreds of business components and/or functions. This embodiment then abstracts interfaces and action sequences based on the expected response of the system. This abstraction is based on the study of different user actions and the expected behavior of the system in response, and also the participating user interface elements. The expected response of the system is captured as a set of specification data for each action. 
         [0032]    Each user action is associated with the user interface information that influences the behavior, and each user action is modeled as a different variety of action based on the expected behavior of the system. For example, a user interaction may be modeled as a document fetch type if the action requires that the system take a key element from the user interface and come up with all information pertaining to that particular business document. 
         [0033]    In an embodiment, to design the middle tier elements for implementing the system response for a user interaction, the designer specifies the type of user action, the user interface controls that are involved in this action, and the expected behavior of the system. The expected response of the system is specified as binary logic (Yes/No) to a variety of questions (e.g., whether refresh is required, related combo to be filled, etc.) This information is stored in the data model. Design generators then use this model information to generate the service interfaces and method interfaces, and invoking back end objects interfaces also, to generate the sequence of these method calls. A facility is provided to override these interfaces to do a dataset reduction of the interface elements of the methods. The design generators take care of passing the appropriate parameters across the different layers. 
         [0034]    The salient advantages of this pattern based design are, first, the resulting simplified interface and sequence specifications across layers. This simplified procedure enables the design work to be done by non-specialists who have an understanding of the application. Second, automated plumbing of interfaces across different software artifacts in different layers leads to reduced defects in terms of interface mismatches. Third, there is a standardized design across the entire development team leading to better maintainability. This helps to reduce the dependency of persons to either enhance the product or fix defects. Fourth, there is reduced time for design specifications leading to better productivity. Since the middle layer design is driven by expected response it does not require any special skills and can be effectively done by a business user also. 
         [0035]      FIG. 2  is an overview diagram of hardware and an operating environment in conjunction with which embodiments of the invention may be practiced. The description of  FIG. 2  is intended to provide a brief, a general description of suitable computer hardware and a suitable computing environment in conjunction with which the invention may be implemented. In some embodiments, the invention is described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer, such as a personal computer. Generally, the program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc., that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. 
         [0036]    Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention may be practiced with other computer system configurations, including hand-held devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, network PCS, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and the like. The invention may also be practiced in distributed computer environments, where tasks are performed by I/O remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, the program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices. 
         [0037]    In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 2 , the hardware and operating environment is provided that is applicable to any of the servers and/or remote clients shown in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0038]    As shown in  FIG. 2 , one embodiment of the hardware and operating environment includes a general purpose computing device in the form of a computer  20  (e.g., a personal computer, workstation, or server), including one or more processing units  21 , a system memory  22 , and a system bus  23  that operatively couples various system components including the system memory  22  to the processing unit  21 . There may be only one or there may be more than one processing unit  21 , such that the processor of the computer  20  includes a single central-processing unit (CPU), or a plurality of processing units, commonly referred to as a multiprocessor or parallel-processor environment. In various embodiments, the computer  20  is a conventional computer, a distributed computer, or any other type of computer. 
         [0039]    The system bus  23  can be any of several types of bus structures including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. The system memory  22  can also be referred to as simply the memory, and, in some embodiments, includes read-only memory (ROM)  24  and random-access memory (RAM)  25 . A basic input/output system (BIOS)  26 , containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within the computer  20 , such as during start-up, may be stored in the ROM  24 . The computer  20  further includes a hard disk drive  27  for reading from and writing to a hard disk (not shown), a magnetic disk drive  28  for reading from or writing to a removable magnetic disk  29 , and an optical disk drive  30  for reading from or writing to a removable optical disk  31  such as a CD ROM or other optical media. 
         [0040]    The hard disk drive  27 , magnetic disk drive  28 , and optical disk drive  30  are coupled with a hard disk drive interface  32 , a magnetic disk drive interface  33 , and an optical drive interface  34 , respectively. The drives and their associated computer-readable media provide a non volatile storage of computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules and other data for the computer  20 . It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that any type of computer-readable media which can store data that is accessible by the computer  20 , such as magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, digital video disks, Bernoulli cartridges, random access memories (RAMs), read only memories (ROMs), redundant arrays of independent disks (e.g., RAID) and the like, can be used in the exemplary hardware and operating environment. 
         [0041]    A plurality of program modules can be stored on the hard disk drive  27 , magnetic disk drive  29 , optical disk drive  31 , ROM  24 , or RAM  25 , including an operating system  35 , one or more application programs  36 , other program modules  37 , and program data  38 . A plug-in containing a security transmission engine for the present invention can be resident on any one or number of these computer-readable media. 
         [0042]    A user may enter commands and information into the computer  20  through input devices such as a keyboard  40  and a pointing device  42 . Other input devices (not shown) can include a microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, or the like. These other input devices are often connected to the processing unit  21  through a serial port interface  46  that is coupled to the system bus  23 , but can be connected by other interfaces, such as a parallel port, game port, or a universal serial bus (USB). A monitor  47  or other type of display device can also be connected to the system bus  23  via an interface, such as a video adapter  48 . The monitor  47  can display a graphical user interface (GUI) for the user. In addition to the monitor  47 , the computer  20  typically include other peripheral output devices (not shown), such as speakers and printers. 
         [0043]    The computer  20  may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers or servers, such as a remote computer  49 . These logical connections are achieved by a communication device coupled to or a part of the computer  20 ; the invention is not limited to a particular type of communications device. The remote computer  49  can be another computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a client, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above I/O relative to the computer  20 , although only a memory storage device  50  has been illustrated. The logical connections depicted in  FIG. 2  include a local area network (LAN)  51  and/or a wide area network (WAN)  52 . Such networking environments are commonplace in office networks, enterprise-wide computer networks, intranets and the internet, which are all types of networks. 
         [0044]    When used in a LAN-networking environment, the computer  20  is connected to the LAN  51  through a network interface or adapter  53 , which is one type of communications device. In some embodiments, when used in a WAN-networking environment, the computer  20  typically includes a modem  54  (another type of communications device) or any other type of communications device, e.g., a wireless transceiver, for establishing communications over the wide-area network  52 , such as the internet. The modem  54 , which may be internal or external, is connected to the system bus  23  via the serial port interface  46 . In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer  20  can be stored in the remote memory storage device  50  of the remote computer or server  49 . It is appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other means of, and communications devices for, establishing a communications link between the computers may be used including hybrid fiber-coax connections, T1-T3 lines, DSL&#39;s, OC-3 and/or OC-12, TCP/IP, microwave, wireless application protocol, and any other electronic media through any suitable switches, routers, outlets and power lines, as the same are known and understood by one of ordinary skilled in the art. 
         [0045]    In the foregoing detailed description of embodiments of the invention, various features are grouped together in a single embodiment for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed embodiments of the invention require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed embodiment. Thus the following claims are hereby incorporated into the detailed description of embodiments of the invention, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment. It is understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. It is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims. Many other embodiments will be apparent to those of skilled in the art upon reviewing the above description. The scope of the invention should, therefore, be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. In the appended claims, the terms “including” and “in which” are used as the plain-English equivalents of the respective terms “comprising” and “wherein,” respectively. Moreover, the terms “first,” “second,” and “third,” etc., are used merely as labels, and are not intended to impose numerical requirements on their objects.