Abstract:
A finely-tuned, compressed antenna in a cube with one or more frequency bands and with high isolation between bands. The antenna is suitable for use in the front end of small, hand-held communications devices. The antenna includes one or more radiation elements, each element for operating in one or more of the bands. A radiation element is formed of a plurality of sections formed of electrically conducting segments where the segments are electrically connected to exchange energy in one or more of the bands of the radiation frequencies. One or more of the radiation elements has segments arrayed in a compressed pattern where the compressed pattern extends in three dimensions to fill a cube.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    The present invention relates to the field of communication devices that communicate using radiation of electromagnetic energy and particularly relates to antennas and radio frequency (RF) front ends for such communication devices, particularly antennas for small communication devices carried by persons or communication devices otherwise benefitting from small-sized antennas and small-sized front ends.  
           [0002]    Small communication devices include front-end components connected to base-band components (base components). The front-end components operate at RF frequencies and the base components operate at intermediate frequencies (IF) or other frequencies lower than RF frequencies. The RF front-end components for small devices have proved to be difficult to design, difficult to miniaturize and have added significant costs to small communication devices. The size of the antenna and its connection to the other RF components is critical in the quest for reducing the size of communication devices.  
           [0003]    Communication devices that both transmit and receive with different transmit and receive bands typically use filters (duplexers, diplexers) to isolate the transmit and receive bands. Such communication devices typically employ broadband antennas that operate over frequency bands that are wider than the operating bands of interest and therefore the filters used to separate the receive (Rx) band and the transmit (Tx) band of a communication device operate to constrain the bandwidth within the desired operating receive (Rx) and the transmit (Tx) frequency bands. A communication device using transmit and receive bands for two-way communication is often referred to as a “single-band” communication device since the transmit and receive bands are usually close to each other within the frequency spectrum and are paired or otherwise related to each other for a common transmit/receive protocol. Dual-band communication devices use two pairs of transmit and receive bands, each pair for two-way communication. In multi-band communication devices, multiple pairs of transmit and receive bands are employed, each pair for two-way communication. In dual-band and other multi-band communication devices, additional filters are needed to separate the multiple bands and in addition, filters are also required to separate transmit and receive signals within each of the multiple bands. In standard designs, a Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) is included between the antenna and a mixer. The mixer converts between RF frequencies of the front-end components and lower frequencies of the base components.  
           [0004]    The common frequency bands presently employed are US Cell, GSM 900, GSM 1800, GSM1900(PCS) where the frequency ranges are as follows:  
                                                       Frequency Ranges                           US Cell    824-894 MHz           GSM 900    890-960 MHz           GSM 1800   1710-1880 MHz           GSM 1900 (PCS)   1850-1990 MHz                      
 
           [0005]    Communication Antennas Generally. In communication devices and other electronic devices, antennas are elements having the primary function of transferring energy to (in the receive mode) or from (in the transmit mode) the electronic device through radiation. Energy is transferred from the electronic device (in the transmit mode) into space or is transferred (in the receive mode) from space into the electronic device. A transmitting antenna is a structure that forms a transition between guided waves contained within the electronic device and space waves traveling in space external to the electronic device. The receiving antenna forms a transition between space waves traveling external to the electronic device and guided waves contained within the electronic device. Often the same antenna operates both to receive and transmit radiation energy.  
           [0006]    Frequencies at which antennas radiate are resonant frequencies for the antenna. A resonant frequency, ƒ, of an antenna can have many different values as a function, for example, of dielectric constant of material surrounding an antenna, the type of antenna, the geometry of the antenna and the speed of light.  
           [0007]    In general, wave-length, λ, is given by X=c/ƒ=cT where c=velocity of light (=3×10 8  meters/sec), ƒ=frequency (cycles/sec), T=1/ƒ=period (sec). Typically, the antenna dimensions such as antenna length, A t , relate to the radiation wavelength λ of the antenna. The electrical impedance properties of an antenna are allocated between a radiation resistance, R r , and an ohmic resistance, R o . The higher the ratio of the radiation resistance, R r , to the ohmic resistance, R o  the greater the radiation efficiency of the antenna.  
           [0008]    Antennas are frequently analyzed with respect to the near field and the far field where the far field is at locations of space points P where the amplitude relationships of the fields approach a fixed relationship and the relative angular distribution of the field becomes independent of the distance from the antenna.  
           [0009]    Antenna Types. A number of different antenna types are well known and include, for example, loop antennas, small loop antennas, dipole antennas, stub antennas, conical antennas, helical antennas and spiral antennas. Such antenna types have often been based on simple geometric shapes. For example, antenna designs have been based on lines, planes, circles, triangles, squares, ellipses, rectangles, hemispheres and paraboloids. The two most basic types of electromagnetic field radiators are the magnetic dipole and the electric dipole. Small antennas, including loop antennas, often have the property that radiation resistance, R r , of the antenna decreases sharply when the antenna length is shortened.  
           [0010]    An antenna radiates when the impedance of the antenna approaches being purely resistive (the reactive component approaches 0). Impedance is a complex number consisting of real resistance and imaginary reactance components. A matching network can be used to force resonance by eliminating reactive components of impedance for particular frequencies.  
           [0011]    The RF front end of a communication device that operates to both transmit and receive signals includes antenna, filter, amplifier and mixer components that have a receiver path and a transmitter path. The receiver path operates to receive the radiation through the antenna. The antenna is matched at its output port to a standard impedance such as 50 ohms. The antenna captures the radiation signal from the air and transfers it as an electronic signal to a transmission line at the antennas output port. The electronic signal from the antenna enters the filter which has an input port that has also been matched to the standard impedance. The function of the filter is to remove unwanted interference and separate the receive signal from the transmit signal. The filter typically has an output port matched to the standard impedance. After the filter, the receive signal travels to a low noise amplifier (LNA) which similarly has input and output ports matched to the standard impedance, 50 ohms in the assumed example. The LNA boosts the signal to a level large enough so that other energy leaking into the transmission line will not significantly distort the receive signal. After the LNA, the receive signal is filtered with a high performance filter which has input and output ports matched to the standard impedance. After the high performance filter, the receive signal is converted to a lower frequency (intermediate frequency, IF) by a mixer which typically has an input port matched to the standard impedance.  
           [0012]    The transmit path is much the same as the receive path. The lower frequency transmission signal from the base components is converted to an RF signal in the mixer and leaves the mixer which has a standard impedance output (for example, 50 ohms in the present example). The transmission signal from the mixer is “cleaned up” by a high performance filter which similarly has input and output ports matched to the standard impedance. The transmission signal is then buffered in a buffer amplifier and amplified in a power amplifier where the amplifiers are connected together with standard impedance lines, 50 ohms in the present example. The transmission signal is then connected to a filter, with input and output ports matched to the standard impedance. The filter functions to remove the remnant noise introduced by the receive signal. The filter output is matched to the standard impedance and connects to the antenna which has an input impedance matched to the standard impedance.  
           [0013]    As described above, the antenna, filter, amplifier and mixer components that form the RF front end of a small communication device each have ports that are connected together from component port to component port to form a transmission path and a receive path. Each port of a component is sometimes called a junction. For a standard design, the junction properties of each component in the transmission path and in the receive path are matched to standard parameters at each junction, and specifically are matched to a standard junction impedance such as 50 ohms. In addition to impedance values, each junction is also definable by additional parameters including scattering matrix values and transmittance matrix values. The junction impedance values, scattering matrix values and transmittance matrix values are mathematically related so that measurement or other determination of one value allows the calculation of the others.  
           [0014]    Typical front-end designs place constraints upon the physical junctions of each component and treat each component as a discrete entity which is designed in many respects independently of the designs of other components provided that the standard matching junction parameter values are maintained. While the discrete nature of components with standard junction parameters tends to simplify the design process, the design of each junction to satisfy standard parameter values (for example, 50 ohms junction impedance) places unwanted limitations upon the overall front-end design.  
           [0015]    While many parameters may be tuned and optimized in RF front ends, the antenna is a critical part of the design. In order to miniaturize the RF front end, miniaturization of the antenna is important to achieve small size. In the prior applications entitled ARRAYED-SEGMENT LOOP ANTENNA (SC/Ser. No. 09/738,906) and LOOP ANTENNA WITH RADIATION AND REFERENCE LOOPS (SC/Ser. No. 09/815,928) assigned to the same assignee as the present application, compressed antennas were shown to render good performance with small sizes. Those antennas were compressed primarily on a two-dimensional basis by having multiple segments connected in snowflake, irregular and other compressed two-dimensional patterns. Some of those compressed antennas have relatively large “footprints,” that is, the size of the antennas on substrates, circuit boards or other planes is larger than is desired for high compression.  
           [0016]    In consideration of the above background, there is a need for improved antennas having smaller “footprints” for miniaturizing the RF front ends of communication devices.  
         SUMMARY  
         [0017]    The present invention is a finely-tuned, compressed antenna in a cube with one or more frequency bands and with high isolation between bands. The antenna is suitable for use in the front end of small, hand-held communications devices. The antenna includes one or more radiation elements, each element for operating in one or more of the bands. A radiation element is formed of a plurality of sections formed of electrically conducting segments where the segments are electrically connected to exchange energy in one of the bands of the radiation frequencies. One or more of the radiation elements has segments arrayed in a compressed pattern where the compressed pattern extends in three dimensions to fill a cube.  
           [0018]    In one embodiment, the antenna has the radiation elements deployed on a flexible substrate and the elements and the substrate are folded to fit within the cube.  
           [0019]    In one embodiment, the antenna has a first one of the elements arrayed to form a loop with two electrical connections and in other embodiments, the antenna has an element arrayed with one electrical connection.  
           [0020]    In one embodiment, the radiation element includes one or more connection pads for electrical connection to RF components of the communication device where the connection pads are deposited on the same substrate as the radiation element.  
           [0021]    In one embodiment, the antenna terminates in one or more connection pads for surface mounting to a circuit board.  
           [0022]    In one embodiment, the antenna has the bands include a US PCS band operating from 1850 MHz to 1990 MHz, a European DCS band operating from 1710 MHz to 1880 MHz, a European GSM band operating from 880 MHz to 960 MHz and a US cellular band operating from 829 MHz to 896 MHz.  
           [0023]    The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description in conjunction with the drawings. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0024]    [0024]FIG. 1 depicts a schematic top view of one embodiment of an unfolded compressed antenna lying in a plane for deployment on a flexible substrate.  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 2 depicts a schematic front view of the compressed antenna of FIG. 1 folded into a volume about dielectric spacers.  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 3 depicts a schematic end view of the compressed antenna of FIG. 1 folded into a volume about dielectric spacers as shown in FIG. 2.  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 4 depicts an isometric view of an a volume in the shape of a cube for housing the folded antenna of FIG. 2 and FIG. 3.  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 5 depicts a schematic view of a top layer of another embodiment of an unfolded compressed antenna lying in a plane for deployment on a flexible substrate.  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 6 depicts a schematic view of a bottom layer of the embodiment with the top layer of FIG. 5.  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 7 depicts a schematic top view of another embodiment of an unfolded compressed antenna, having about the same size and shape as the antenna of FIG. 1, lying in a plane for deployment on substrate layers.  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 8 depicts a schematic top view of layers lying in a plane employed for the antenna of FIG. 7.  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 9 depicts a front view of the stacked layers of FIG. 8 exploded in the vertical direction for ease of viewing.  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 10 depicts a two-dimensional representation of the field pattern of the antenna structure of FIG. 1 for the GSM 900 bands.  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 11 depicts a two-dimensional representation of the field pattern of the antenna structure of FIG. 1 for the GSM 1800 or DCS 1800 bands.  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 12 depicts a two-dimensional representation of the field pattern of the antenna structure of FIG. 1 for the GSM PCS 1900, bands.  
         [0036]    [0036]FIG. 13 depicts a two-dimensional representation of the field pattern of the antenna structure of FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 for the GSM 900 bands.  
         [0037]    [0037]FIG. 14 depicts a two-dimensional representation of the field pattern of the antenna structure of FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 for the GSM 1800 or DCS 1800 bands.  
         [0038]    [0038]FIG. 15 depicts a two-dimensional representation of the field pattern of the antenna structure of FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 for the GSM PCS 1900 bands.  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 16 depicts a voltage standing wave ration (VSWR) representation of the antenna of FIG. 5 and FIG. 6.  
         [0040]    [0040]FIG. 17 depicts a Smith chart representation for the antenna of FIG. 5 and FIG. 6.  
         [0041]    [0041]FIG. 18 depicts a schematic view of a small communication device with RF front-end functions including separate transmit and receive antennas, filters and other RF function components and lower frequency base components.  
         [0042]    [0042]FIG. 19 depicts a schematic view of a small communication device with RF front-end functions including a common antenna for transmitting and receiving and separate filter and other RF function components for transmitting and receiving and including lower frequency base components.  
         [0043]    [0043]FIG. 20 depicts a schematic view of a dual-band small communication device with RF front-end functions including integrated antenna/filter functions for transmit and receive, paths in all bands and including lower frequency base components.  
         [0044]    [0044]FIG. 21 depicts a schematic view of a multi-band small communication device with RF front-end functions including a common antenna function for all bands.  
         [0045]    [0045]FIG. 22 depicts a schematic view of a multi-band small communication device with RF front-end functions including separate antenna functions for each band.  
         [0046]    [0046]FIG. 23 depicts a schematic view of a multi-band small communication device with RF front-end functions including separate antenna functions for each band.  
         [0047]    [0047]FIG. 24 depicts a schematic view of a multi-band small communication device with RF front-end functions including separate antenna functions for each band.  
         [0048]    [0048]FIG. 25 depicts a representation of a front view of a cellular phone representative of a small communication devices employing antennas of the present application.  
         [0049]    [0049]FIG. 26 depicts a representation of an end view of the cellular phone of FIG. 25.  
         [0050]    [0050]FIG. 27 depicts a top view of unstacked layers, lying in a base plane, of another embodiment of an antenna.  
         [0051]    [0051]FIG. 28 depicts a top view, a front view and a bottom view of the layers of FIG. 27 stacked together to form a compressed cube antenna in a volume.  
         [0052]    [0052]FIG. 29 depicts a representation of a front view of a cellular phone representative of a small communication device employing the compressed antenna of FIG. 28.  
         [0053]    [0053]FIG. 30 depicts a representation of an end view of the cellular phone of FIG. 29 taken along a section line  30 ′- 30 ″ in FIG. 29. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0054]    [0054]FIG. 1 depicts a schematic top view of one embodiment of an unfolded compressed antenna conductor  10  lying in a plane (the plane of the drawing) deployed on a flexible substrate  8 . In FIG. 1, the antenna conductor  10  is formed in a loop between connection pads  11 - 1  and a  11 - 2 . The overall outside dimensions of the antenna conductor  10  are approximately 10 mm by 26 mm The antenna conductor  10  is intended to be folded into a volume along the folding lines  12 - 1 ,  12 - 2 ,  12 - 3  and  12 - 4 .  
         [0055]    [0055]FIG. 2 depicts a schematic front view of the compressed antenna  9  and includes the antenna conductor  10  on substrate  8 , as shown in FIG. 1, folded into a volume about dielectric spacers  13 - 1 ,  13 - 2  and  13 - 3 . The connection pads  11 - 1  and  11 - 2  at the bottom of the volume including the dialect spacers  13 - 1 ,  13 - 2  and  13 - 3 , the flexible substrate  8  and the antenna conductor  10 . The configuration of the components for antenna  9  has a height of approximately 8 mm.  
         [0056]    [0056]FIG. 3 depicts a schematic end view of the compressed antenna  9  of FIG. 2 and includes the antenna conductor  10  on substrate  8  folded into a volume about dielectric spacers  13 - 1 ,  13 - 2  and  13 - 3 . The connection pads  11 - 1  and  11 - 2  are at the bottom of the column that includes dialect spacers  13 - 1 ,  13 - 2  and  13 - 3 , flexible substrate  8  and the antenna conductor  10 .  
         [0057]    [0057]FIG. 4 depicts an isometric view of an a volume in the shape of a cube for housing the folded antenna of FIG. 2 and FIG. 3. The dimensions of the cube  14  are approximately 1 cm by 1 cm by 1 cm. The cube  14  is constructed from dielectric or other material which does not interfere with the radiation of an antenna, such as antenna  9  of FIG. 2 and FIG. 3. For purposes of this specification, the term “cube” means any solid volume that is three-dimensional so to support a compressed antenna. A compressed antenna is one where the antenna conductor, like antenna conductor  10 , is formed of a conducting trace that turns back and forth in many segments so that the electrical length is much greater than is present for a trace formed by simple regular geometries such as circular loops, squares, rectangles and similar simple shapes. A compressed antenna in a cube, that is in a volume, is formed of a conducting trace that turns back and forth in many segments arrayed in three dimensions.  
         [0058]    [0058]FIG. 5 depicts a schematic view of a top layer of another embodiment of an unfolded compressed antenna conductor  15  lying in a plane (the plane of the drawing) deployed on the top  16   T  of a flexible substrate. In FIG. 5, the antenna conductor  15  is formed as a stub antenna having an unclosed trace connected to pad  37 . The overall outside dimensions of the antenna conductor  15  are approximately 3 mm by 26 mm. The antenna conductor  15  and substrate  16   T  are constructed of material that can be folded into a volume in the same manner as the FIG. 1 conductor  10  and substrate  8  are folded.  
         [0059]    [0059]FIG. 6 depicts a schematic view of the bottom layer of the embodiment of FIG. 5. The bottom  16   B  of the flexible substrate in FIG. 6 is the opposite side of the top  16   T  in FIG. 5. In FIG. 6, the antenna conductor  38  is formed as a closed loop connected to a pad  39 . The pad  39  is at the opposite end from then pad  37  in FIG. 5. The loop  38  is approximately 4 mm wide and 26 mm long so as to circle the perimeter of the conductor  15  and pad  37  of FIG. 5.  
         [0060]    When the FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 components are folded into a volume, in the same manner as the components in FIG. 1, the appearance is substantially the same as FIG. 2 and FIG. 3  except that the FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 components are more narrow than the FIG. 1 components.  
         [0061]    [0061]FIG. 7 depicts a schematic top view of another embodiment of an unfolded compressed antenna, having about the same size and shape as the antenna of FIG. 1, lying in a plane (the plane of the drawing) for deployment on substrate layers stacked in a volume.  
         [0062]    In FIG. 7, in the conductor  10  is formed in sections  10 - 1 ,  10 - 2  and  10 - 3  where section  10 - 1  includes sections  10 - 1   1  and  10 - 2   2  and section  10 - 2  and includes sections  10 - 2   1  and  10 - 2   2 . The substrate  8 , the FIG. 1 is broken into or otherwise formed into three substrates  8 - 1 ,  8 - 2  and  8 - 3 . The substrate  8 - 1  includes the pads  11 - 1  and  11 - 2  and the sections  10 - 1   1  and that  10 - 2   1 . The substrate  8 - 2  supports the conductor&#39;s  10 - 2   1  and  10 - 2   2 . The substrate  8 - 3   a  supports the conductor  10 - 3 . The substrate so  8 - 1 ,  8 - 2  and  8 - 3  are combined with other intermediate media layers to form a stack of layers to form the antenna volume.  
         [0063]    [0063]FIG. 8 depicts a schematic view of layers lying in a plane (the plane of the paper) that are employed for the antenna components of FIG. 7. In the  8 , the layers that are to be assembled to form the antenna in a volume are shown as layers L 1 , L 2 , . . . , L 8 . The layer L 1  is the bottom most layer and includes The connection pads  11 - 1 ′ and  11 - 2 ′ that are used to connect the final antenna to an external circuit. The layer L 2  includes the conductor section  10 - 1   1  connected to the pad  11 - 1  at one end and the connection point  21 - 3  at the other and the conductor section  10 - 2   1  connects to the pad  11 - 2  at one end and connects to the connection point  21 - 3 ′ at the other. The layer L 2  is essentially the same as the layer on substrate  8 - 1  in FIG. 1 and includes the pad  11 - 1  and the pad  11 - 2 . Pad  11 - 1  connects to the conductor section  10 - 1   1  and the pad  11 - 2  connects to the conductor section  10 - 2   1 . The layer L 3  is the bottom of dielectric separator and includes the openings  21 - 3  and a  21 - 3 ′. The layer L 4  is the top of the dielectric separator and includes the openings  21 - 4  and  21 - 4 ′ which are in alignment with the openings  21 - 3  and  21 - 3 ′ for layer L 3 . The layer L 5  is the bottom of another dielectric separator and includes the openings  21 - 5  and  21 - 5 ′ which are in alignment with the openings  21 - 4  and  21 - 4 ′ for layer L 4 . The layer L 6  is the top of the dielectric separator and includes the conductor section  10 - 2   1  that connects to the connection point  21 - 6  at one end and connects to the connection point  22 - 6 ′ at the other end. The conductor section  10 - 2   2  connects to the connection point.  21 - 6  at one end and connects to the connection point  22 - 6 ′ at the other end. The layer L 7  is the bottom of another dielectric separator and includes the openings  22 - 7  and  22 - 7 ′ that are in alignment connection point.  22 - 6  and  22 - 6 ′. The layer L 8  includes the conductor section  10 - 3  which connects between the connection points  22 - 8  and  22 - 8 ′.  
         [0064]    [0064]FIG. 9 depicts a front view of the stacked layers of FIG. 8 exploded in the vertical direction for ease of viewing. In the FIG. 9, the layers that are assembled to form the antenna in a volume are layers L 1 , L 2 , . . . , L 8  and additionally separators  19 - 1 ,  19 - 2  and  19 - 3 . A similar member  19 - 4  is positioned on top of the layer L 8 . The members  19 - 1 ,  19 - 2 ,  19 - 3  and  19 - 4  are typically adhesive or other dielectric material that does not interfere with operation of the antenna. The layer L 1  is the bottom most layer and includes The connection pads  11 - 1 ′ and  11 - 2 ′ that are used to connect the assembled antenna to an external circuit. The layer L 2  is separated from layer L 1  by member  19 - 1 . The layer L 2  is essentially the same as the layer on substrate  8 - 1  in FIG. 1 and includes the pad  11 - 1  and the pad  11 - 2 . The layer L 3  is the bottom of dielectric separator  13 - 1  and includes the through-layer connection end  21 - 3  (and  21 - 3 ′ behind and not shown). The layer L 3  is separated from layer L 2  by dielectric member or material  19 - 1 . The layer L 4  is the top of the dielectric separator  13 - 1  and includes the through-layer connection end  21 - 4  (and  21 - 4 ′ behind and not shown) which are in alignment with the through-layer connection end  21 - 3  (and  21 - 3 ′ behind and not shown) for layer L 3 . The layer L 5  is separated from layer L 4  by dielectric member or material  19 - 2 . The layer L 5  is the bottom of another dielectric separator  13 - 2  and includes the through-layer connection end  21 - 5  (and  21 - 5 ′ behind and not shown) which are in alignment with the through-layer connection end  21 - 4  (and  21 - 4 ′ behind and not shown) for layer L 4 . The layer L 6  is the top of the dielectric separator  13 - 2  and includes a connection point  22 - 6  (and connection point  22 - 6 ′ behind and not shown). The layer L 7  is the bottom of another dielectric separator  13 - 3  and includes the opening  22 - 7  (and  22 - 7 ′ behind not shown) that are in alignment connection point.  22 - 6  (and  21 - 6 ′ behind and not shown). The layer L 7  is separated from layer L 6  by dielectric member or material  19 - 3 . The layer L 8  includes the conductor section  10 - 3  which connects between the through-layer connection point  22 - 8  (and  21 - 8 ′ behind and not shown).  
         [0065]    The antenna of FIG. 9 when assembled in the collapsed formed has the same width and height as the antenna FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 and therefore fits within the cube  14  of FIG. 4.  
         [0066]    [0066]FIG. 10 depicts a two-dimensional representation of the field pattern of the antenna formed in a volume as described in connection with FIG. 1 through FIG. 4 for the GSM 900 bands.  
         [0067]    [0067]FIG. 11 depicts a two-dimensional representation of the field pattern of the antenna formed in a volume as described in connection with FIG. 1 through FIG. 4 for the GSM 1800 or DCS 1800 bands.  
         [0068]    [0068]FIG. 12 depicts a two-dimensional representation of the field pattern of the antenna formed in a volume as described in connection with FIG. 1 through FIG. 4 for the PCS 1900 bands.  
         [0069]    [0069]FIG. 13 depicts a two-dimensional representation of the field pattern of the antenna structure of FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 for the GSM 900 bands.  
         [0070]    [0070]FIG. 14 depicts a two-dimensional representation of the field pattern of the antenna structure of FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 for the GSM 1800 or DCS 1800 bands.  
         [0071]    [0071]FIG. 15 depicts a two-dimensional representation of the field pattern of the antenna structure of FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 for the GSM PCS 1900 bands.  
         [0072]    [0072]FIG. 16 depicts a voltage standing wave ration (VSWR) representation of the antenna of FIG. 5 and FIG. 6.  
         [0073]    [0073]FIG. 17 depicts a Smith chart representation for the antenna of FIG. 5 and FIG. 6.  
         [0074]    [0074]FIG. 18 depicts a schematic view of a small communication device with RF front-end functions that benefit from antennas described in the present specification. The small communication device includes separate transmit and receive antennas, filters and other RF function components and lower frequency base components incorporating the antennas described in various embodiments.  
         [0075]    In FIG. 18, the small communication device  1   4  includes RF front-end components  3   4  and base components  2   4 . The RF components perform the RF front-end functions and have both a receive path  3   2R  and a transmit path  3   2T . The receive path  3   2R  includes an antenna function  3 - 1   R , a filter function  3 - 2   R , an amplifier function  3 - 3   R , a filter function  3 - 4   R  and a mixer function  3 - 5   R . The antenna function  3 - 1   R  is for converting between received radiation and electronic signals, the filter function  3 - 2   R  is for limiting signals within an operating frequency band for the receive signals, the amplifier function  3 - 3   R  is for boosting receive signal power, the filter function  3 - 4   R  is for limiting signals within the operating frequency receive band, and the mixer function  3 - 5   R  is for shifting frequencies between RF receive signals and lower frequencies.  
         [0076]    The transmit path  3   2R  includes a mixer function  3 - 5   T , a filter function  3 - 4   T , an amplifier function  3 - 3   T , a filter function  3 - 2   T , and an antenna function  3 - 1   T . The mixer function  3 - 5   T  is for frequencies between lower frequencies and RF transmit signals, the filter function  3 - 4   T  is for limiting signals within the operating frequency transmit band, the amplifier function  3 - 3   T  is for boosting transmit signal power, the filter function  3 - 2   T  is for limiting signals within operating frequency band for the transmit signals, and the antenna function  3 - 1   T  is for converting between electronic signals and the transmitted radiation.  
         [0077]    In FIG. 18, the RF front-end functions are connected by junctions. The junction P 1   R  is between antenna function  3 - 1   TR  and filter functions  3 - 2   R , the junction P 2   R  is between filter function  3 - 2   R  and the amplifier function  3 - 3   R , the junction P 3   R  is between amplifier function  3 - 3   R  and filter function  3 - 4   R  and the junction P 4   R  is between filter function  3 - 4   R  and mixer function  3 - 5   R . The junction P 1   T  is between antenna function  3 - 1   T  and filter functions  3 - 2   T , the junction P 2   T  is between filter function  3 - 2   T  and the amplifier function  3 - 3   T , the junction P 3   T  is between amplifier function  3 - 3   T  and filter function  3 - 4   T  and the junction P 4   T  is between filter function  3 - 4   T  and mixer function  3 - 5   T .  
         [0078]    In the embodiment of FIG. 18, the junctions P 1   R , P 2   R , P 3   R  and P 4   R  correspond to ports of the filter  3 - 2   R  amplifier  3 - 3   R , filter  3 - 4   R  and mixer  3 - 5   R  components and the junctions P 4   T , P 3   T , P 2   T , and P 2   T  correspond to ports of mixer  3 - 5   T , filter  3 - 4   T , amplifier  3 - 3   T  and filter  3 - 4   T  components.  
         [0079]    [0079]FIG. 19 depicts a schematic view of a small communication device with RF front-end functions including a common antenna for transmitting and receiving and separate filter and other RF function components for transmitting and receiving and including lower frequency base components incorporating antennas described in various embodiments.  
         [0080]    [0080]FIG. 19 depicts a schematic view of a small communication device  1   6  RF front-end components  3   6  and base components  2   6 . The RF components perform the RF front-end functions and have both a receive path  3   6R  and a transmit path  3   6T . The receive path  3   6R  includes common antenna function  3   6 - 1   TR , a filter function  3   6 - 2   R , an amplifier function  3   6 - 3   R , a filter function  3   6 - 4   R  and a mixer function  3   6 - 5   R . The antenna function  3   6 - 1   TR  is for converting between received radiation and electronic signals, the filter function  3   6 - 2   R  is for limiting signals within an operating frequency band for the receive signals, the amplifier function  3   6 - 3   R  is for boosting receive signal power, the filter function  3   6 - 4   R  is for limiting signals within the operating frequency receive band, and the mixer function  3   6 - 5   R  is for shifting frequencies between RF receive signals and lower frequencies.  
         [0081]    The transmit path  3   6T  includes a mixer function  3   6 - 5   T , a filter function  3   6 - 4   T , an amplifier function  3   6 - 3   T , and common antenna function  3   6 - 1   TR , a filter function  3   6 - 2   T , and an antenna function  3   6 - 1   TR . The mixer function  3   6 - 5   T  is for shifting frequencies between lower frequencies and RF transmit signals, the filter function  3   6 - 4   T  is for limiting signals within the operating frequency transmit band, the amplifier function  3   6 - 3   T  is for boosting transmit signal power, the filter function  3   6 - 2   T  is for limiting signals within operating frequency band for the transmit signals, and the antenna function  3   6 - 1   TR  is for converting between electronic signals and transmitted radiation.  
         [0082]    In FIG. 19, the RF front-end functions are connected by junctions. The junction P 1   R  is between antenna function  3   6 - 1   TR  and filter functions  3   6 - 2   R , the junction P 2   R  is between filter function  3   6 - 2   R  and the amplifier function  3   6 - 3   R , the junction P 3   R  is between amplifier function  3   6 - 3   R  and filter function  3   6 - 4   R  and the junction P 4   R  is between filter function  3   6 - 4   R  and mixer function  3   6 - 5   R . The junction P 1   T  is between antenna function  3   6 - 1   TR  and filter function  3   6 - 2   T , the junction P 2   T  is between filter function  3   6 - 2   T  and the amplifier function  3   6 - 3   T , the junction P 3   T  is between amplifier function  3   6 - 3   T  and filter function  3   6 - 4   T  and the junction P 4   T  is between filter function  3   6 - 4   T  and mixer function  3   6 - 5   T .  
         [0083]    In the embodiment of FIG. 19, the junctions P 1   R , P 2   R , P 3   R  and P 4   R  correspond to ports of filter  3   6 - 2   R , amplifier  3   6 - 3   R , filter  3   6 - 4   R  and mixer  3   6 - 5   R  and the junctions P 4   T , P 3   T , P 2   T  and P 1   T  correspond to ports of mixer  3   6 - 5   T , filter  3   6 - 4   T , amplifier  3   6 - 3   T  and filter  3   6 - 2   T . The antenna function  3   6 - 1   TR  and the filter functions  3   6 - 2   R  and  3   6 - 2   T  in one embodiment are in a common antenna/filter unit  3   6 - 1 / 2 .  
         [0084]    [0084]FIG. 20 depicts a schematic view of a dual-band small communication device with RF front-end functions including integrated antenna/filter functions for transmit and receive paths in all bands and including lower frequency base components incorporating antennas described in various embodiments.  
         [0085]    [0085]FIG. 20 depicts a schematic view of a small communication device  1   7  with base components  2   7  and RF front-end components  3   7 . The front-end components  3   7  include front-end components  3   7 - 1 / 2   1 , front-end components  3   7 - 1 / 2   2 , front-end components  3   7 - 3   1  and front-end components  3   7 - 3   2 . The RF components  3   7  perform the RF front-end functions for two different bands, Band- 1  and Band- 2 . Each band has separate antenna/filter unit components. Band- 1  includes antenna/filter unit components  3   7 - 1 / 2   1  and front-end components  3   7 - 3   1 . Band- 2  includes antenna/filter unit component  3   7 - 1 / 2   2  and front-end components  3   7 - 3   2 . Both Band- 1  and Band- 2  have a receive path and a transmit path.  
         [0086]    For Band- 1 , the receive path includes an antenna function  3 - 1   R1 , a filter function  3 - 2   R1 , an amplifier function  3 - 3   R1 , a filter function  3 - 4   R1  and a mixer function  3 - 5   R1 . The antenna function  3 - 1   R1  is for converting between radiated and electronic signals, the filter function  3 - 2   R1  is for limiting signals within operating frequency band for the receive signals, the amplifier function  3 - 3   R1  is for boosting receive signal power, the filter function  3 - 4   R1  is for limiting signals within the operating frequency receive band, and the mixer function  3 - 5   R1  is for shifting frequencies between RF receive signals and lower frequencies. For Band- 1 , the transmit path includes an antenna function  3 - 1   T1 , a filter function  3 - 2   T1 , an amplifier function  3 - 3   T1 , a filter function  3 - 4   T1  and a mixer function  3 - 5   T1 . The antenna function  3 - 1   R1  is for converting between radiated and electronic signals, the filter function  3 - 2   T1  is for limiting signals within operating frequency band for the transmit signals, the amplifier function  3 - 3   T1  is for boosting transmit signal power, the filter function  3 - 4   T1  is for limiting signals within the operating frequency transmit band, and the mixer function  3 - 5   T1  is for shifting frequencies between RF transmit signals and lower frequencies.  
         [0087]    For Band- 2 , a receive path and a transmit path are present. The receive path includes an antenna function  3 - 1   R2 , a filter function  3 - 2   R2 , an amplifier function  3 - 3   R2 , a filter function  3 - 4   R2  and a mixer function  3 - 5   R2 . The antenna function  3 - 1   R2  is for converting between radiated and electronic signals, the filter function  3 - 2   R2  is for limiting signals within operating frequency band for the receive signals, the amplifier function  3 - 3   R2  is for boosting receive signal power, the filter function  3 - 4   R2  is for limiting signals within the operating frequency receive band, and the mixer function  3 - 5   R2  is for shifting frequencies between RF receive signals and lower frequencies. For Band- 2 , the transmit path includes an antenna function  3 - 1   T2 , a filter function  3 - 2   T2 , an amplifier function  3 - 3   T2 , a filter function  3 - 4   T2  and a mixer function  3 - 5   T2 . The antenna function  3 - 1   T2  is for converting between radiated and electronic signals, the filter function  3 - 2   T2  is for limiting signals within operating frequency band for the transmit signals, the amplifier function  3 - 3   T2  is for boosting transmit signal power, the filter function  3 - 4   T2  is for limiting signals within the operating frequency transmit band, and the mixer function  3 - 5   T2  is for shifting frequencies between RF transmit signals and lower frequencies.  
         [0088]    In FIG. 20, for Band- 1  and Band- 2 , the front-end RF functions are connected by junctions. For Band- 1  for the receive path, the junctions P 2   R1 , P 3   R1  and P 4   R1  are located at ports of amplifier  3 - 3   R1 , filter  3 - 4   R1  and mixer  3 - 5   R1  and the junctions P 4   T1 , P 3   T1  and P 2   T1  are located at ports of mixer  3 - 5   T1 , filter  3 - 4   T1  and amplifier  3 - 3   T1 . The antenna function  3 - 1   R1  and the filter functions  3 - 2   R1  are integrated into a common integrated component, antenna/filter unit  3 - 1 / 2   R1  so that the P 1   R1  junction parameters are integrated and not separately tuned. The parameters for junction P 2   R1  are tuned for the combined antenna function  3 - 1   R1  and the filter function  3 - 2   R1 . The integrated filter and antenna of the antenna/filter unit component  3 - 1 / 2   R1  are characterized by the junction properties at the port having parameters for junction P 2   R1 . In particular, the junction impedance or other parameters which may exist at the P 1   R1  junction are not tuned to provide standard values, such as a 50 ohm matching impedance, but are permitted to assume values dependent on the desired values for junction parameters at the P 2   R2  junction.  
         [0089]    For Band- 1  for the transmit path, the junctions P 1   T1 , P 2   T1 , P 3   T1  and P 4   T1  are located at ports of filter  3 - 2   T1  amplifier  3 - 3   T1 , filter  3 - 4   T1  and mixer  3 - 5   T1  and the junctions P 4   T1 , P 3   T1 , P 2   T1  and P 1   T1  are located at ports of mixer  3 - 5   T1 , filter  3 - 4   T1 , amplifier  3 - 3   T1  and filter  3 - 2   T1 . The antenna function  3 - 1   T1  and the filter functions  3 - 2   T1  are in an antenna/filter unit  3 - 1 / 2   T1 . The parameters for junctions P 1   T1  and P 2   T1  are tuned for the antenna function  3 - 1   T1  and the filter function  3 - 2   T1 .  
         [0090]    For Band- 2  for the receive path, the junctions P 1   R2 , P 2   R2 , P 3   R2  and P 4   R2  are located at ports of filter  3 - 2   R2 , amplifier  3 - 3   R2 , filter  3 - 4   R2  and mixer  3 - 5   R2  and the junctions P 4   T1 , P 3   T1 , P 2   T1  and P 1   T1  are located at ports of mixer  3 - 5   T1 , filter  3 - 4   T1 , amplifier  3 - 3   T1  and filter  3 - 2   T1 . The antenna function  3 - 1   R2  and the filter functions  3 - 2   R2  are in an antenna/filter unit  3 - 1 / 2   R2  so that the junction parameters P 1   R2  and P 2   R2  are tuned for the antenna function  3 - 1   R2  and the filter function  3 - 2   R2 .  
         [0091]    For Band- 2  for the transmit path, the junctions P 1   T2 , P 2   T2 , P 3   T2  and P 4   T2  are located at ports of filter  3 - 2   T2 , amplifier  3 - 3   T2 , filter  3 - 4   T2  and mixer  3 - 5   T2  and the junctions P 4   T2, P   3   T2 , P 2   T2  and P 1   T2  are located at ports of mixer  3 - 5   T2 , filter  3 - 4   T2 , amplifier  3 - 3   T2  and filter  3 - 2   T2 . The antenna function  3 - 1   T2  and the filter functions  3 - 2   T2  are in an antenna/filter unit  3 - 1 / 2   T2  so that the junction parameters for junctions P 1   T2  and P 2   T2  are tuned for the combined antenna function  3 - 1   T2  and the function  3 - 2   T2 .  
         [0092]    [0092]FIG. 21 depicts a schematic view of a multi-band small communication device with RF front-end functions including a separate antenna function for transmit and receive paths in each band and including lower frequency base components incorporating antennas described in various embodiments.  
         [0093]    [0093]FIG. 21 depicts a schematic view of a multi-band small communication device  1   8  with RF front-end components  3   8  and base components  2   8 . The RF components perform the RF front-end functions that include antenna, filter, amplifier and mixer functions.  
         [0094]    In FIG. 21, the antenna function and the filter function are integrated in antenna/filter unit  3   8 - 1 / 2  so that the internal antenna and filter junction parameters are integrated. The parameters of junction P FT  for antenna/filter unit  3   8 - 1 / 2  are tuned for the integrated antenna and filter functions. The antenna/filter unit  3   8 - 1 / 2  connects to B RF bands  1 ,  2 , . . . , B in front-end components  3   8 - 1 ,  3   8 - 2 , . . . ,  3   8 -B, respectively, where each band includes a transmit and receive path. The antenna/filter unit  3   8 - 1 / 2  in one embodiment is a component with [2(B)+1] ports that is characterized at junction P FT  by a [2(B)+1]-by-[2(B)+1] scattering matrix.  
         [0095]    [0095]FIG. 22 depicts a schematic view of a multi-band small communication device  1   9  with RF front-end components  3   9  and base components  2   9 . The RF components perform the RF front-end functions that include antenna, filter, amplifier and mixer functions incorporating antennas described in various embodiments.  
         [0096]    In FIG. 22, the antenna function and the filter function are in a plurality of antenna/filter units  3   9 - 1 / 2   1 ,  3   9 - 1 / 2   2 , . . . ,  3   9 - 1 / 2   B , one for each of the bands  1 ,  2 , . . . , B, respectively, where each band includes a transmit and receive path. The internal antenna and filter junction parameters P FT1 , P FT2 , P FTB  of antenna/filter units  3   9 - 1 / 2   1 ,  3   9 - 1 / 2   2 , . . . ,  3   9 - 1 / 2   B  are each tuned for the combined antenna and filter functions of each band. In one embodiment, the antenna/filter units  3   9 - 1 / 2   1 ,  3   9 - 1 / 2   2 , . . . ,  3   9 - 1 / 2   B  are each three-port components withe the radiation interface junctions P 0,1 , P 0,2 , . . . , P 0,B  and the junctions P FT1 , P FT2 , . . . , P FTB , respectively. The antenna/filter units  3   9 - 1 / 2   1 ,  3   9 - 1 / 2   2 , . . . ,  3   9 - 1 / 2   B  each connect to a corresponding one of the front-end components  3   9 - 1 ,  3   9 - 2 , . . . ,  3   9 -B, respectively. According, in the one embodiment, the scattering matrix for each component is for a 3-port device and antenna/filter units  3   9 - 1 / 2   1 ,  3   9 - 1 / 2   2 , . . . ,  3   9 - 1 / 2   B  are tuned accordingly.  
         [0097]    In FIG. 23, communication device  51  is a cell phone, pager or other similar communication device that can be used in close proximity to people. The communication device  51  includes a flip portion  51   1  shown solid in the open position and shown as  51 ′ 1  in broken-line representing a near closed position. The communication device  51  includes a base portion  51   2 . The communication device  51  includes antenna areas allocated for antennas  60  and  61  which receive and transmit, respectively. The antenna  61  is located in the base portion  51   2  shown and the antenna  60  is located in the flip portion  51   1 . In FIG. 23, the antenna volumes for antennas  60  and  61  are small so as to fit within the base and flip portions of the device  51 .  
         [0098]    In FIG. 24, communication device  51  is shown with-flip portion  51   1  open above base portion  51   2 .  
         [0099]    In FIG. 25, communication device  1  is a cell phone, pager or other similar communication device that can be used in close proximity to people. The communication device  1  includes antenna areas allocated for an antennas  3   5R  and  3   5T  which receive and transmit, respectively, radio wave radiation for the communication device  1 . In FIG. 5, the antenna areas have widths D W  and heights D H . A section line  6 ′- 6 ″ extends from top to bottom of the communication device The communication device  1  is typically a mobile telephone is of small volume, for example, of approximately 4 inches by 2 inches by 1 inch, or smaller, and the filtennas readily fit within such small volume.  
         [0100]    In FIG. 25, the antenna  3   5R  is typically a compressed antenna that lies in an XYZ-volume typically having magnetic current in the Z-axis direction normal to the XY-plane of the drawing. Such antennas operate in allocated frequency spectrums around the world including those of North America, South America, Europe, Asia and Australia. The cellular frequencies are used when the communication device  1  is a mobile phone, PDA, portable computer, telemetering equipment or any other wireless device. The antennas operate to transmit and/or receive in allocated frequency bands, for example, anywhere from 800 MHz to 2500 MHz.  
         [0101]    In FIG. 26, the communication device  1  of FIG. 5 is shown in a schematic, cross-sectional, end view taken along the section line  6 ′- 6 ″ of FIG. 5. In FIG. 6, a circuit board  6  includes, by way of example, an outer conducting layer  6 - 1   1 , internal conducting layers  6 - 1   2  and  6 - 1   3 , internal insulating layers  6 - 2   1 ,  6 - 2   2  and  6 - 2   3 , and another outer conducting layer  6 - 1   4 . In one example the layer  6 - 1   1  is a ground plane and the layer  6 - 1   2  is a power supply plane. The printed circuit board  6  supports the electronic components associated with the communication device  1  including a display  7  and miscellaneous components  8 - 1 ,  8 - 2 ,  8 - 3  and  8 - 4  which are shown as typical. Communication device  1  also includes a battery  9 . The antennas  3   5R  and  3   5T  are mounted or otherwise coupled to the printed circuit board  6  by solder or other convenient connection means.  
         [0102]    [0102]FIG. 27 depicts a top view and bottom view of unstacked layers L 1 , L 2 , . . . , L 7 , lying in a base plane (the plane of the drawing), for an antenna  10   27 . In FIG. 27, each of the layers L 1 , L 2 , . . . , L 7  has a TOP portion (top view) and a BOTTOM portion (bottom view).  
         [0103]    All of the layers L 1 , L 2 , . . . , L 7  have openings  21  on the TOP side including openings  21   1 ,  21   2 , . . . ,  21   7  connecting through to openings  21 ′ on the BOTTOM side including openings  21 ′ 1 ,  21 ′ 2 , . . . ,  21 ′ 7 . All of the openings  21   1 ,  21   2 , . . . ,  21   7  and openings  21 ′ 1 ,  21 ′ 2 , . . . ,  21 ′ 7  are positioned so that they can be aligned in the finally assembled antenna (see FIG. 28) to provide a co-linear, through-layer connection from the layer L 1  through each of the intermediate layers L 2 , . . . , L 6  to layer L 7 . The finally assembled antenna (see FIG. 28) has layer L 7  over layer L 6  over layer L 5  over layer L 4  over layer L 3  over layer L 2  over layer L 1  with all layers adhered together with all of the openings  21   1 ,  21   2 , . . . ,  21   7  and openings  21 ′ 1 ,  21 ′ 2 , . . . ,  21 ′ 7  axially aligned. Typically, the openings  21  and  21 ′ are 0.64 mm in diameter.  
         [0104]    The layer L 1  of antenna  10   27  is a mask layer with openings  11   27 - 1 ,  11   27 - 2  and  21   1  on the TOP and corresponding openings  11 ′ 27 - 1 ,  11 ′ 27 - 2  and  21 ′ 1  on the BOTTOM. The openings  11   27 - 2  and  11 ′ 27 - 2  are aligned in the finally assembled antenna (see FIG. 28) and enable external contact to one end of the radiation element. The openings  11   27 - 1  and  11 ′ 27 - 1  are aligned when assembled (see FIG. 28) to provide access to patch  17 - 3  to facilitate physically attaching the antenna  10   27  at a second point to a circuit board (see FIG. 30).  
         [0105]    The layer L 2  includes, on the TOP, the opening  21   2  and includes, on the BOTTOM, the opening  21 ′ 2  and a section of the radiation element  17  including connection pad  17 - 1 , a trace  17 - 2  and a patch  17 - 3 . The trace  17 - 2  is formed of conducting segments that turn back and forth in many directions to establish an electrical length while compressing the area and volume of the antenna. The trace  17 - 2  can be regular or irregular in shape and is typically formed on a substrate using conventional printed circuit technology. The connection pad  17 - 1 , trace  17 - 2  and patch  17 - 3  are electrically connected to each other and are electrically connected by a through-layer connection through opening  21 ′ 2 .  
         [0106]    The layers L 3 , L 4  and L 5  include, on the TOP, the openings  21   3 ,  21   4  and  21   5  and include, on the BOTTOM, the openings  21 ′ 3 ,  21 ′ 4  and  21 ′ 5 . These openings provide for a through-layer connection  14  in the finally assembled antenna (see FIG. 28) from the patch  17 - 3  of layer L 2  to connection pad  17 - 4  on layer L 6 . The layers L 3  and L 5  are pregnated separators. When the uncompressed antenna  10   27  of FIG. 27 is compressed into the final antenna  10   28  of FIG. 28, all the layers L 1 , L 2 , . . . , L 7  are adhered together by the layers L 3  and L 5 .  
         [0107]    The layer L 6  includes, on the TOP, the opening  21   6  and a section of the radiation element  17  including connection pad  17 - 4 , trace  17 - 5  and patch  17 - 6  and includes on the BOTTOM, the opening  21 ′ 6 . The connection pad  17 - 4 , trace  17 - 5  and patch  17 - 6  are electrically connected to each other and are electrically connected by the through-layer connection  14  (see FIG. 28) through opening  21   6  and opening  21 ′ 6  through layers L 5 , L 4  and L 3  to the section of the radiation element on Layer L 2  including patch  17 - 3 , trace  17 - 2  and connection pad  17 - 1 .  
         [0108]    The layer L 7  is a silk screen layer holding identifying data such as a logo “Protura” and other information that may be desired.  
         [0109]    The radiation element  17  includes the series connection of connection pad  17 - 1 , the trace  17 - 2 , the patch  17 - 3 , through-layer connection  14 , connection pad  17 - 4 , trace  17 - 5  and patch  17 - 6 . The length, width, thickness, position and other attributes of all of the components of radiation element  17  combine to establish the electrical and radiation properties of element  17 .  
         [0110]    In FIG. 27, the patch  17 - 3  on layer L 2  is adjusted in size to tune the high band (GSM1800, GSM1900) and the patch  17 - 6  on layer L 6  is adjusted in size to tune the low band (GSM900). For example, if patch  17 - 3  is widened as shown at  18 - 1 , more of the trace  17 - 2  is covered or if patch  17 - 3  is shortened as shown at  18 - 2 , less of the trace  17 - 2  is covered. Such small adjustments in size are effective to make small adjustments in the antenna parameters, particularly the frequency band.  
         [0111]    In FIG. 28, all of the layers L 1 , L 2 , . . . , L 7  of FIG. 27 are shown finally assembled with all layers adhered together to form compressed antenna  10   28  in a volume. The compressed antenna  10   28  has approximate dimensions that are a width of 8 mm, a length of 10 mm and a height of 6 mm. The layers are superimposed with L 7  over layer L 6  over layer L 5  over layer L 4  over layer L 3  over layer L 2  over layer L 1  with the openings  21  on the TOP side and the openings  21 ′ on the BOTTOM side coaxially aligned to provide the through-layer connection  14  from the layer L 1  through each of the intermediate layers L 2 , . . . , L 6  to layer L 7 . Through-layer connection  14  is established using standard circuit board processing steps. The processing steps include, in one example, assembling the compressed together with openings  21  and  21 ′ coaxially aligned. Sputtering is then performed to seed the openings with a conductive path. Finally, the through-layer connection  14  is completed by electroplating or other conventional circuit board technology.  
         [0112]    In FIG. 28, the layer L 1  is shown in the bottom view of antenna  10   28 , with the openings  11 ′ 27 - 1 ,  11 ′ 27 - 2  and  21 ′ 1 . These openings expose in FIG. 28 the connection pad  17 - 1  and a portion of the patch  17 - 3 , both being on the BOTTOM of layer L 2 . Solder or other connections are made between the connection pad  17 - 1  and patch  17 - 3  to a circuit board in a communication device (see FIG. 30). These connections function to connect the antenna  10   28  to a circuit board both electrically and mechanically.  
         [0113]    In FIG. 29, a communication device  1   29  is shown partially cut-away and representing a cell phone, pager or other similar communication device that can be used in close proximity to people. The communication device  129  includes an antenna area allocated for antenna  10   28  of FIG. 28 which is offset from the ground plane  76 - 1   1 . The antenna  10   28  receives and transmits radio wave radiation for the communication device  1   29 . In FIG. 29, the antenna area is slightly larger than the width D W29  and length D L29  of antenna  10   28 . In one embodiment, the antenna  10   28  has a clearance from the ground plane of approximately 1 mm on the right and 3 mm on the bottom with no ground plane on the top and left. A section line  30 ′- 30 ″ extends from top to bottom of the communication device  1   29 .  
         [0114]    In FIG. 29, the compressed antenna  10   28  operates in allocated frequency spectrums around the world including those of North America, South America, Europe, Asia and Australia. The cellular frequencies are used when the communication device  1   29  is a mobile phone, PDA, portable computer, telemetering equipment or any other wireless device. The antenna  10   28  operates to transmit and/or receive as a tri-band device in frequency bands GSM900, GSM1800 and GSM1900. In other embodiments, compressed antennas operate to transmit and/or receive in allocated frequency bands, for example, anywhere from 800 MHz to 2500 MHz.  
         [0115]    In FIG. 30, the communication device  1   29  of FIG. 29 is shown in a schematic, cross-sectional, end view taken along the section line  30 ′- 30 ″ of FIG. 29. In FIG. 30, a circuit board  76  includes, by way of example, an outer conducting layer  76 - 1   1 , internal conducting layers  76 - 1   2  and  76 - 1   3 , internal insulating layers  76 - 2   1 ,  76 - 2   2  and  76 - 2   3 , and another outer conducting layer  76 - 1   4 . In one example, the layer  76 - 1   1  is a ground plane. The printed circuit board  76  supports the electronic components associated with the communication device  1   29  including a display  77  and miscellaneous components  78 - 1 ,  78 - 2 ,  78 - 3  and  78 - 4  which are shown as representative of many components. Communication device  1   29  also includes a battery  79 . The antenna  10   28  is mounted or otherwise coupled to the multi-layered printed circuit board  76  by solder or other convenient connection means and has, for example, a connection  63  from the antenna  10   28  to components (such as  78 - 1 ,  78 - 2 ,  78 - 3  and  78 - 4  )that form the transceiver unit  62  of FIG. 29.  
         [0116]    While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to preferred embodiments thereof it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention.