Abstract:
A system and method for inferring an electronic rendering ( 170 ) of an environment ( 110 ) comprises a plurality of devices ( 341  and  345 ), and a processing device. Each wireless device is capable of determining a distance between a neighboring wireless device. Moreover, each device is capable of performing at least one of the following: determining an environmental attribute of the environment, and determining a location of an object in the environment. The processing device gathers information determined from the plurality of devices and infers the electronic rendering of the environment based on the information gathered.

Description:
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     The present application is related to U.S. application Ser. No. 10/145,257, filed May 14, 2002, titled “System and Method for Inferring a Set of Characteristics of an Environment with Location-Capable devices” by Johnson et al. commonly owned together with this application by Motorola, Inc. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to a system and method for inferring an electronic rendering of an environment. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Location systems, well known in the art, have reached a level of sophistication where accurate location coverage in buildings and other confined areas is becoming practical. Spread-spectrum and ultra-wide-band (“UWB”) technologies have offered dramatic improvements in timing accuracy, distributed systems have emerged to address coverage issues, and feasible implementations of portable inertial navigation systems (“PINS”) are emerging that can address short-term stability and coverage holes. 
     Use cases for in-building location systems are generally envisioned in conjunction with a pre-installed infrastructure for the location system, as well as detailed building plans allowing location information to be correlated with the layout of the building or vicinity of the incident. However, there are a number of real-world cases where this information is unavailable. Firefighters, police, and military personnel, for example, are often required to operate in environments that are uncharacterized at first contact. Databases containing building floor plans are being built up in some urban areas, but floor plans can change frequently, and many incidents occur in older and abandoned structures for which this data is unavailable. Military operations on foreign soil will often require operation in environments for which such data are unknown or intentionally withheld by an adversary. 
     This issue particularly affects emergency operations, such as firefighting, since lack of power, dense smoke, and other conditions can reduce visibility to inches. Characterization of the development of an incident, identification of risks such as hazardous materials, prediction of flashover and backdraft conditions, rescue operations, and planning of escape routes are all requirements that would benefit greatly from knowledge of the topology and state of the vicinity of an incident. The a priori collection of topological information, such as floor plans, is often impractical; the a priori collection of situational information, such as blocked or impassable routes, structural damage, environmental temperatures, adversary presence, presence of hazardous materials or deployment of chemical or biological weapons, is by definition impossible. 
     Thus, there exists a need for a method of dynamically constructing an electronic rendering of a given area that will allow a user to determine their location relative to objects or other users in the given area, as well as characteristics/attributes of the given area. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
       A preferred embodiment of the invention is now described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying figures in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic illustration of an office building that is undergoing an electronic rendering of its exterior in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic illustration of an office building that is being traversed by firefighters that are outfitted with wireless communication devices involved in compiling location information in order to produce a rendering of all routes traveled in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  is a floor plan of the interior of and office building, in which are located a number of wireless communication devices involved in determining the physical characteristics of the building in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG. 4  is a floor plan of the interior of and office building, in which are located a number of wireless communication devices involved in determining the environmental characteristics of the building in accordance with the present invention; and 
         FIG. 5  is a flow diagram of an operation of the wireless system in accordance with the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     While this invention is susceptible of embodiments in many different forms, there are shown in the figures and will herein be described in detail specific embodiments, with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered as an example of the principles of the invention and not intended to limit the invention to the specific embodiments shown and described. Further, the terms and words used herein are not to be considered limiting, but rather merely descriptive. In the description below, like reference numbers are used to describe the same, similar, or corresponding parts in the several views of the figures. 
     While the invention has applications in a number of areas, scenarios for fireground operations, and particularly fireground operations within buildings, are currently the best developed. As such, these scenarios are predominantly used herein by way of example. This is done for the sake of clarity and consistency, and is not intended to imply any corresponding limitation on the use of the present invention, which is equally applicable to numerous unrelated applications. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 1 , a method of providing a meaningful ground reference for an ad-hoc location system is illustrated. Reference sites  150 ,  152 ,  154  are deployed around a building  110 . These reference sites  150 ,  152 ,  154  may comprise a part of the infrastructure of a location system, or may simply be used as a reference, for example to initialize velocity models of portable inertial navigation system devices. While this example shows three such reference sites, the number of reference sites required for location will vary according to the location system technology and architecture. In the prior art, the reference sites  150 ,  152 ,  154  would be ground-referenced (e.g., by determining their geocentric latitude and longitude), for example by using global positioning system location devices, and this ground reference would provide a reference to pre-existing ground-referenced maps of the buildings. However, in many cases, an accurate ground-referenced location or a ground-referenced map or floor plan of the building is unavailable. 
     It is typical in fireground situations for an incident commander (“IC”)  100  or other personnel to inspect the exterior of the building  110  before mounting an interior attack. In  FIG. 1 , the IC  100  is assumed to be carrying a location device that provides a location relative to the reference sites  150 ,  152 ,  154 . This may be accomplished using techniques known in the art, including but not limited to ranging, angle of arrival, time difference of arrival, received signal strength, inertial navigation, or combinations thereof. The device may be equipped with a manual control allowing the IC  100  to initiate or record a location estimate. By activating this control near the comers  111 ,  112 ,  113 ,  114 ,  115 ,  116  of the building  110  such that a centralized system records those locations, the IC  100  may enable the drawing on a display  160  of an outline  170  of the building  110  by connecting location estimates  171 ,  172 ,  173 ,  174 ,  175 ,  176  corresponding to the corners  111 ,  112 ,  113 ,  114 ,  115 ,  116 . Since the location of the IC  100  is known relative to the reference sites  150 ,  152 ,  154 , the outline  170  of the building  110  is also known relative to the reference sites  150 ,  152 ,  154  and may be used as a reference for any other location relative to the reference sites  150 ,  152 ,  154 . Note that, according to the present invention, the characterization display of the locations of the reference sites  150 ,  152 ,  154  is not required; they simply provide a common reference for other locations. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 2 , a more sophisticated mapping solution is illustrated. A first user enters the building (represented in the figure as a floor plan of the area  270 ) traveling along path  240 , finding and entering room  272  through door  280 , discovering door  281  on the opposite side, and finally arriving at location point  241 . A second user enters the building traveling along path  242 , traveling up and around room  274 , and finally arriving at location point  243 . A third user enters the building traveling along path  244  and immediately turns left, arriving at location point  245 . A fourth user enters the building traveling along path  246  attempting to retrace path  240 , but finds that the aisle is no longer passable; the fourth user, traveling along path  246 , goes around room  272 , finds door  282 , and exits the building, arriving finally at location point  247 . 
     Due to the low visibility, these users often become disoriented and unaware of their relative and absolute locations. The result is often failure to evacuate when structural danger, personal health, or low air supply demand it. The preferred embodiment of the present invention assumes that each user is equipped with location equipment similar to that described as being used by the IC  100 . As such, their locations may be tracked on display  160 , on which a building outline  170  may have been drawn as described previously. In the current location systems art, the IC  100  would note that the location point  243  of the affected user is near the main entrance  283  where all the paths  240 ,  242 ,  244 ,  246  begin; however neither the IC  100  or the second user at location point  243  can be assured that there exists a direct exit path from the location  243  to the main entrance  283 . 
     In accordance with the present invention, the display  160  may optionally indicate not only the location points  241 ,  243 ,  245 ,  247  of the users, but the location history representing the paths  240 ,  242 ,  244 ,  246  of those users. Noting that path  244  leads directly from the main entrance  283  to a point very close to the location point  243  of the second user, the IC  100  may infer that a direct path exists between the location point  243  and the main entrance  283 . While  FIG. 2 , for clarity&#39;s sake, attempts to minimize overlap between the paths, in a real-life scenario the paths would overlap routinely, giving the IC  100  a greater certainty that there is no obstacle between the point  243  and the shortest exit path  244 . 
     This improvement is illustrated more dramatically on the right side of  FIG. 2 . In this scenario, the first user at location point  241  is the one requiring evacuation. In the current location systems art, the IC  100  would typically direct the first user at location point  241  to evacuate via door  283  without further help, as only the points  241 ,  243 ,  245 , and  247  would be displayed. It would then be up to the first user to negotiate an exit route; if that user were not disoriented and remembered his entry path, an exit through door  280  and a reverse traversal of the entry path would seem the best option. However, the historical data of path  246  captured by the present invention indicates that that the fourth user (now at location point  247 ) attempted to use that passage at a later time and found it impassable; indicating in advance that an alternative exit route must be used. Noting the proximity of the path  246  to the path  240  near the door  280 , the IC  100  may now not only direct the first user at location point  241  to an alternate path, but can clearly infer the existence of an alternate exit through the door  282  used by the fourth user currently at location point  247 , representing an escape route even shorter than the affected user&#39;s entry route. 
     Although the above examples, for the sake of clarity, are oversimplified and assume that the IC  100  interprets the data manually, it will be clear to those skilled in the art that a realistic situation will offer far more data, and that the correlation of paths and the inference of obstacles may be automated to a great extent in software. 
     A further enhancement of the present invention is the integration of additional sensing capabilities beyond mere location.  FIG. 3  illustrates the use of imaging devices, such as those described in U.S. Ser. No. 09/845,467, filed Apr. 20, 2001, titled “Intra-Piconet Location Determination and Tomography”, by Callaway et al., commonly owned together with this application by Motorola, Inc., the disclosure of which prior application is hereby incorporated by reference, verbatim and with the same effect as though it were fully and completely set forth herein. 
     In the preferred embodiment, a large number of devices (represented as black dots in  FIG. 3 ) are deployed. In addition to location awareness, these devices are capable of characterizing a propagation environment. Although a single device may theoretically characterize the local propagation environment by detecting images of its own signal, the preferred embodiment measures propagation characteristics between a transmitting device and a receiving device. The patent application having U.S. Ser. No. 09/845,467 referenced above describes how the two devices may estimate a range between themselves and generate a model of the detected obstructions relative to the devices based on their distance and the measured propagation effects; however, the present invention further enables the set of two or more devices involved in the propagation measurements to convey their results to a centralized or distributed model of the environment in terms of their location relative to reference devices. For example, it is seen that the group of devices  345  may characterize the darkened obstacles  344 , which are segments of the walls of the room  274  and the outer walls of the building. Similarly, the group of devices  341  may characterize the darkened obstacles  342 , which are segments of the walls of the rooms  272 ,  276 . While this information may be of some use to the users of devices in those groups, the present invention allows for a large improvement in their value to other users by allowing the relative locations of the devices to be mapped to a common reference. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that with the tomographic results from the devices  345 ,  341 , plus all the little devices that made this all possible, representations  372 ,  374 ,  376  of the rooms  272 ,  274 ,  276  may be constructed relative to the established building outline  170  and as such integrated into a coherent map of the environment as shown on display  160 . This would serve to prevent collisions with obstacles in the vicinity. 
     It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the function of the multiplicity of propagation detection devices described above may be fulfilled by either a single device detecting the reflected images of its own signal, or by at least two devices receiving the images of each others&#39; signals, provided that the devices occupy a statistically significant number of locations in the target area during an interval of time over which the features of the target area do not change significantly. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 4 , a further extension of the system is illustrated in which other environmental parameters are integrated into the system database. For the sake of simplicity, temperature is used as an example of a relevant environmental parameter due to its simplicity and ease of representation.  FIG. 4  illustrates the same attack scenario described above, but with periodic temperature readings represented by bars such as those labeled in the 490 series. The temperature readings are associated with the locations of the sensors at the time the readings were taken, and may represent results from different sensors or from the same sensor at different times. Longer bars represent higher temperatures. 
     Along the northeast wall of the room  274 , it can be seen that the readings corresponding to the location estimates  452 ,  454 ,  458  indicate higher temperature readings  492 ,  494 ,  498  than those from other devices in area  270  which would indicate that a heat source is located nearer to the northeast comer of room  274 , represented by the rendering  374  on the display  160 . Further support for this estimate comes from the temperature reading  491  from the device at location  451  that is located inside room  374  and displaying the highest temperatures of any sensing device in the area  270 . It may be reasonably inferred based on the correlated location data and imaging data that the heat source is inside the room  274  near the northeast comer. Further, the temperature readings  497 ,  498 ,  499 , that were obtained at a substantially later time than the temperature readings  492 ,  495  respectively, which were obtained in substantially the same locations but at a substantially earlier time. The difference between the earlier temperature readings  492 ,  495  and the later temperature readings  497 ,  498 ,  499  respectively may be used to infer the rate and direction of progress of the fire. 
     Although for clarity this example describes the present invention, and particularly the interpretation of the results in the form of a heuristic and manual process, it will be clear to those skilled in the art that any number of numeric and algorithmic techniques known in the art may be applied to partially or fully automate the interpretation without detracting from the present invention. Further, the measurements which may benefit from the location correlation techniques described herein are hardly limited to the imaging and temperature data described above, but may include such data as: detection of hazardous materials, explosives, volatiles, marker chemicals, or other chemical data; measurements of humidity, barometric pressure, levels of oxygen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, radon, and other atmospheric data; levels of oxygen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, radon, and other gases in the air; detection of specific materials (e.g., iron, metal, gunpowder, etc.); measurement of mechanical vibration, seismic disturbance, data from actively initiated sounding activities, and other motion; detection of extraneous vital signs indicating presence of a victim or adversary; detection or interpretation of electromagnetic and acoustic signals; readings of an associated user&#39;s vital signs and equipment status (e.g., to correlate remaining survivable time with known exit routes or to identify areas of stress-inducing environmental effects not detected by other equipment); and others far to numerous to mention herein. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 5 , a flowchart illustrates the operation of the present invention within a network established in step  500 , the network including devices such as the location/sensing devices carried by the IC  100  and by the other users traveling the paths  240 ,  242 ,  244 ,  246  and any others deployed on the scene, as well as the unit associated with the display  160 , a centralized database, and a central processing unit associated with that database. These functions may be distributed or combined on a single device. 
     In the preferred embodiment, once the wireless communication devices have determined  502  their locations relative to the reference sites  150 ,  152 ,  154 , a set of environmental characteristics may be determined  504 , for example the presence and/or location of objects or obstacles in the environment. Once objects are identified relative to the portable device, and the position of the portable device is known, a central processor creates a rendering (i.e., sketch, map, etc.) of the objects in the environment; since the transmitting and receiving device are known and the distance in which the object is reflecting signals, the position of the object can be estimated. For the sake of clarity, the rendering is described herein as a graphical display of the results; however, the actual rendering comprises the association of objects or environmental conditions in the environment with estimated locations of the objects or environmental conditions. The rendering may be expressed in a variety of forms, as long as it contains information about the environment that is associated with location estimates. 
     Similarly, the wireless devices determine a set of parameters of the environment in which they are deployed  506 . Preferably, each wireless communication device is equipped with at least one sensor. The type of sensor used is dependent on the given application. For example, in the fire ground environment, the sensor may measure temperature, moisture, toxins, humidity, motion, or the like. Once the sensor gathers its data from the environment (e.g., location of the “hot” spots/danger area, or the like), it transmits the data directly or indirectly to a centralized database. 
     A central processing unit with access to the centralized database gathers the various types of information received from the plurality of devices (e.g., locations of the devices  502 , characteristics of the environment  504 , and attributes of the environment  506 )  508 . The central processing unit applies relative location/distance techniques and mapping algorithms, as known in the art, and creates a rendering  510  of the environment on the display  160  with the various types of information plotted on the rendering. Once the various types of information are combined, the rendering of the environment with the various types of information plotted on the display  160  which may comprise a monitor, heads-up display, personal digital assistant, or the like. 
     The central processing unit continues to gather the various types of information from the other devices and update the rendering of the environment accordingly  512  until the operation is terminated. 
     While the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, additional advantages and modifications will readily occur to those skilled in the art. The invention, in its broader aspects, is therefore not limited to the specific details, representative apparatus, and illustrative examples shown and described. Various alterations, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing description. Thus, it should be understood that the invention is not limited by the foregoing description, but embraces all such alterations, modifications and variations in accordance with the spirit and scope of the appended claims.