Abstract:
Described is an apparatus for the production of an elemental metal from a metal-containing compound comprising a solution containing ions of a first metal and a second metal, wherein the second metal is in colloidal form, and a related method.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This application claims priority to provisional application Ser. No. 60/524,469, filed Nov. 24, 2003; Ser. No. 60/531,763, filed Dec. 22, 2003; and Ser. No. 60/531,764, filed Dec. 22, 2003. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD  
       [0002]     The present invention is directed to a method and apparatus for the production of metals from metal ore.  
       BACKGROUND  
       [0003]     Most metals are found in nature in their oxidized form. In order to extract these metals from their ores, it is necessary to chemically reduce these metals to their elemental form. The reduction of these metals usually requires stringent reaction conditions and therefore results in a significant cost. For example, iron, as found in nature, is generally in the oxidized form iron (III) oxide, Fe 2 O 3 , or iron (II) oxide, FeO, or a combination of the two-magnetite, Fe 3 O 4 . The reduction of Fe +2  or Fe +3  to yield Fe is normally carried out at very high temperatures, generally in excess of 1000° C. This reduction is commonly accomplished by reaction of the iron (III) oxide with carbon as shown in equation 1. 
 
2Fe 2 O 3 +3C→4Fe+3CO 2   (1) 
 
         [0004]     The very high temperature required for the reaction employed in equation 1 causes the generation of metallic iron from its oxide to be difficult to achieve, and very expensive. Likewise, aluminum, as found in nature, is generally in the oxidized form aluminum oxide, Al 2 O 3 . The reduction of Al +3  to yield Al is normally carried out using a procedure called the Hall-Heroult process. In the Hall-Heroult process, aluminum oxide, Al 2 O 3 , is dissolved in a carbon-lined bath of molten cryolite, Na 3 AlF 6 . Aluminum fluoride, AlF 3 , is also present to reduce the melting point of the cryolite. The reactants are then electrolyzed, and liquid aluminum is produced at the cathode. The carbon anode is oxidized and forms gaseous carbon dioxide. The net chemical reaction that describes this process is shown in equation 2. The very high temperatures (about 600° C.) required for the reaction employed in equation 2 causes the generation of metallic aluminum from its oxide to be difficult to achieve, and the need for the electrical energy necessary for electrolysis causes the production of aluminum to be a very expensive process. 
 
2Al 2 O 3 +3C→4Al+3CO 2   (2) 
 
         [0005]     Accordingly, there exists a need for a method and apparatus for the production of metals from metal ore that requires less extreme conditions and, accordingly, can be done at a lower cost.  
       SUMMARY  
       [0006]     The above-described need has been addressed by providing an apparatus for the production of an elemental metal from a metal-containing compound which comprises a solution containing ions of a first metal and a second metal, wherein the second metal is in colloidal form.  
         [0007]     In another embodiment of the apparatus, the second metal is less reactive than the first metal.  
         [0008]     In an additional embodiment, the second metal is more reactive than the first metal.  
         [0009]     In an additional embodiment, the apparatus further comprises a third metal, wherein the third metal is in colloidal form.  
         [0010]     In an additional embodiment, the third metal is more reactive than the first metal.  
         [0011]     In an additional embodiment, the apparatus further comprises a vessel for containing the solution, wherein the vessel is inert to the solution.  
         [0012]     In an additional embodiment, the second metal is silver, gold, platinum, tin, lead, copper, zinc, iron, aluminum, magnesium, beryllium, nickel or cadmium.  
         [0013]     In an additional embodiment, the apparatus further comprises a solid comprising the first metal in contact with the solution.  
         [0014]     In an additional embodiment, the solid comprising the first metal is a metal oxide.  
         [0015]     In an additional embodiment, the apparatus further comprises an energy source. In an additional embodiment, the energy source supplies electric energy.  
         [0016]     In an additional embodiment, the apparatus further comprises a cathode and an anode in electrical contact with the solution.  
         [0017]     In an additional embodiment, the temperature of the solution is less than 500° C.  
         [0018]     In an additional embodiment, the apparatus further comprises an elemental non-metal in contact with the solution. In an additional embodiment, the elemental non-metal is carbon.  
         [0019]     In an additional embodiment, the apparatus further comprises ions of a salt dissolved in the solution. In an additional embodiment, a cation of the salt is higher on the electromotive series than the first metal. In an additional embodiment, the salt is aluminum sulfate, magnesium sulfate or potassium aluminum sulfate.  
         [0020]     In an additional embodiment, the solution comprises a reducing agent. In an additional embodiment, the reducing agent is hydrogen peroxide. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0021]     The drawing figure is a diagram of equipment which may be used in connection with one embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0022]     The drawing figure shows equipment which may be used in one embodiment of the present invention. A vessel  102  contains a solution  104 . Vessel  102  is preferably inert to solution  104 . Solution  104  is preferably an aqueous solution in liquid form, although other solvents may be used. A cathode  106  and an anode  108  are preferably in electrical contact with solution  104 . Cathode  106  is preferably in the form of a disk made of carbon, but metallic materials such as lead and iron may also be used. Cathode  106  is preferably positioned on or near a bottom  107  of vessel  102 . However, cathode  106  may generally be any shape and may be positioned anywhere that is in contact with solution  104  and not in direct contact with anode  108 . Cathode  106  may be made of any material which is inert or of lower reactivity than the metal being reduced and is electrically conductive. Anode  108  is preferably in the form of a rod made of carbon, but metallic materials such as lead and iron may also be used. Anode  108  is preferably positioned to extend into solution  104  through a top surface of solution  104 . However, anode  108  may generally be any shape and may be positioned anywhere in contact with solution  104  and not in direct contact with cathode  106 . Anode  108  may be made of any material which is inert or of lower reactivity than the metal being reduced and is electrically conductive.  
         [0023]     Vessel  102  also preferably contains an elemental non-metal  109  in contact with solution  104 . The elemental non-metal is preferable in solid form, for the sake of convenience, though a gaseous or liquid form should also work. Most preferably, elemental non-metal  109  is carbon, since carbon is relatively abundant and the byproducts produced in the resulting reactions (described below) are not toxic.  
         [0024]     An electrical potential source  110  is electrically connected to cathode  106  and anode  108  and provides an electrical potential between cathode  106  and anode  108 . Electrical potential source  110  preferably provides a direct current potential of the approximate order of or greater than 12 volts. The invention described herein has been performed using as little as 1 volt and as great as 12 volts. It has been found that higher voltages increase the overall reaction rate. As an alternative to providing electrical energy, other forms of energy, such as thermal energy, or light or other electromagnetic radiation energy, may be provided to solution  104 . Additionally, ambient thermal energy may be used, but the necessary reactions (discussed below) will occur at a slower rate. However, unlike prior art methods of metal production, the necessary reactions do not require that the solution  104  temperature be extremely high. The necessary reactions have been observed to occur at a reasonable rate at temperatures of about 75° C. when the energy source  110  provides electrical energy.  
         [0025]     Solution  104  contains ions (not shown) of a metal which is to be reduced to its elemental state. Preferably, the ion source is a metal-containing compound  112  in the solid state which is in contact with solution  104 . Most preferably, the metal-containing compound  112  is a metal ore found in nature, such as iron (III) oxide or aluminum oxide. Alternatively, the metal-containing compound  112  may be a derivative of a metal ore, such as aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH) 3 . Additionally, the metal ions may be from a salt, either in a solid or dissolved form, a metal oxide or other ion source.  
         [0026]     Solution  104  also preferably contains a dissolved salt (not shown). The salt preferably comprises a metal cation that is higher on the electromotive series of metals than the metal of the metal-containing compound which is being reduced. The salts that have been found to be most effective are aluminum sulfate, Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , magnesium sulfate MgSO 4 , and potassium aluminum sulfate, KAl(SO 4 ) 2 . However, in theory, any salt could have a similar effect.  
         [0027]     Solution  104  also contains a suspended colloidal catalyst (not shown). Most metals can be produced in a colloidal state in a liquid. A colloid is a material composed of very small particles of one substance that are dispersed (suspended), but not dissolved, in a liquid. Thus, colloidal particles do not settle out of a liquid even though they exist in the solid state. A colloid of any particular metal is then a very small particle of that metal suspended in a liquid. These suspended particles of metal may exist in the solid (metallic) form or in the ionic form, or as a mixture of the two. The very small size of the particles of these metals results in a very large effective surface area for the metal. This very large effective surface area for the metal can cause the surface reactions of the metal to increase dramatically when it comes into contact with other atoms or molecules. The colloidal metals used in the experiments described below were obtained using an apparatus for producing colloidal silver in water sold by CS Prosystems of San Antonio, Tex. The website of CS Prosystems is www.csprosystems.com. Based on materials provided by the manufacturer, the particles of a metal in the colloidal dispersions used in the experiments described below are believed to range in size between 0.001 and 0.01 microns. In such a solution of colloidal metals, the concentrations of the metals are believed to be between about 5 to 20 parts per million with the remainder being water.  
         [0028]     Alternative to using a catalyst in colloidal form, it may be possible to use a catalyst in another form that offers a high surface-area to volume ratio, such as a porous solid or colloid-polymer nanocomposite. In general, any of the catalysts may be in any form with an effective surface area preferably of at least 298,000,000 m 2  per cubic meter of catalyst metal, although smaller surface area ratios may also work.  
         [0029]     When a colloidal metal ion is treated with an oxidized metal, a voltaic oxidation—reduction will take place. The oxidized metal can be any compound where the metal is in a cationic form. Preferably, the oxidized metal will be the metal ore as found in nature. For many metals this is the metal oxide (Me x O y ). Equations 3 and 4 are believed to represent the oxidation and reduction reactions that occur with respect to the colloidal metal. Equations 5 and 6 are believed to represent the oxidation and reduction reactions that occur with the inclusion of elemental non-metal  109 , represented by the letter “Z”. The process proceeds most successfully when elemental non-metal  109 , Z, is either carbon or sulfur, but any non-metal may theoretically be employed.  
         [0030]     The colloidal metal, M, can in principle be any metal, but it has been found that equations 3 and 4, or equations 5 and 6 work most efficiently when the colloidal metal has a higher (more positive) reduction potential than Me. Thus equations 3 and 4 and equations 5 and 6 proceed most efficiently when the colloidal metal is as low as possible on the electromotive series of metals. Consequently, any colloidal metal will be successful, but the reactions illustrated in equations 3 and 4 and equations 5 and 6 proceed most quickly with colloidal silver ion, due to the high reduction potential of silver. When silver, for example, is employed as the colloidal metal ion in equations 3 and 4, or in equations 5 and 6, the pair of reactions is found to take place quite readily. The voltaic reaction produces a positive voltage as the oxidation and reduction reactions indicated take place. This positive voltage can be used to supply the energy required for other chemical processes. In fact, the voltage produced can even be used to supply an over potential for reactions employing equations 3 and 4, or equations 5 and 6 taking place in another reaction vessel. Thus, this electrochemical process can theoretically be made to take place more quickly without the supply of an external source of energy, if at least two of these reactions are performed in series. The addition of an external source of energy, such as thermal energy, electrical energy or light or other electromagnetic radiation, will further enhance the reaction rate.  
         [0000]     Cathode (Reduction) 
 
4M + +4 e   − →4M  (3) 
 
 Anode (Oxidation) 
 
2H 2 O→4H + +O 2 +4 e   −   (4) 
 
 Cathode (Reduction) 
 
4M + +4 e   − →4M  (5) 
 
 Anode (Oxidation) 
 
2H 2 O+Z→4H + +ZO 2 +4 e   −   (6) 
 
         [0031]     It is believed that the oxidation-reduction reaction represented by reactions 5 and 6 occur faster and more easily than the oxidation-reduction reaction represented by equations 3 and 4 due to the thermodynamic stability of the non-metallic oxide, ZO 2 .  
         [0032]     The net result of the oxidation and reductions shown in equations 5 and 6 is equation 7, which results in the production of a colloidal metal in its elemental state plus a non-metallic oxide plus acid.  
                 4   ⁢           ⁢     M   +       +     4   ⁢     e   -         -&gt;     4   ⁢   M             (   5   )                       +                               2   ⁢     H   2     ⁢   O     +   Z     -&gt;       4   ⁢     H   +       +     ZO   2     +     4   ⁢     e   -                 (   6   )                       =                               4   ⁢     M   +       +     2   ⁢     H   2     ⁢   O     +   Z     →       4   ⁢   M     +     4   ⁢     H   +       +     ZO   2               (   7   )             
 
         [0033]     In the absence of the non-metal, Z, the net result of the oxidation and reductions shown in equations 3, and 4 is equation 7A, which is believed to result in the production of a colloidal metal in its elemental state plus elemental oxygen.  
                 4   ⁢           ⁢     M   +       +     4   ⁢     e   -         -&gt;     4   ⁢   M             (   3   )                       +                             2   ⁢     H   2     ⁢   O     -&gt;       4   ⁢     H   +       +     O   2     +     4   ⁢     e   -                 (   4   )                       =                               4   ⁢     M   +       +     2   ⁢     H   2     ⁢   O       →       4   ⁢   M     +     4   ⁢     H   +       +     O   2               (     7   ⁢   A     )             
 
         [0034]     The colloidal elemental metal that has been produced is believed to undergo reaction with the metal ion of the substance that contains the oxidized form of the metal, which will be represented as Me + . Me +  can represent the oxidized form of any metal, which can be present in any oxidation state. Equation 8 illustrates this reaction where the oxidized form of the metal, Me, is an oxide, but in reality can be any compound that contains the metal Me in its oxidized form. 
 
4M+2MeO+2H 2 O→4M + +2Me+4OH −   (8) 
 
         [0035]     The reaction illustrated by equation 8 will take place most efficiently when the colloidal metal, M, is more reactive than the metal Me. That is, the reaction in equation 8 will proceed most efficiently when the colloidal metal, M, is above the metal Me on the electromotive series of metals. The hydroxide ion produced in equation 8 will react with the hydrogen ion produced in equation 7, or in equation 7A to produce water as indicated in equation 9. 
 
4H + +4OH − →4H 2 O  (9) 
 
         [0036]     Since the acid produced in the electrochemical reaction depicted in equations 5 and 6 is neutralized by the base produced in the thermal reaction represented by equation 8, the entire reaction system remains at a pH close to 7 throughout. The combining of equations 5, 6, 8, and 9 results in the net process illustrated by equation 10, which represents the production of the elemental metal Me, produced by a reduction reaction, and the formation of an oxide of a non-metal, ZO 2 , produced by an oxidation reaction.  
                 4   ⁢     M   +       +     4   ⁢     e   -         →     4   ⁢   M             (   5   )                       +                               2   ⁢     H   2     ⁢   O     +   Z     →       4   ⁢     H   +       +     ZO   2     +     4   ⁢     e   -                 (   6   )                       +                               4   ⁢   M     +     2   ⁢   MeO     +     2   ⁢     H   2     ⁢   O       →       4   ⁢     M   +       +     2   ⁢   Me     +     4   ⁢     OH   -                 (   8   )                       +                               4   ⁢     H   +       +     4   ⁢     OH   -         →     4   ⁢     H   2     ⁢   O             (   9   )                       =                               2   ⁢   MeO     +   Z     →       2   ⁢   Me     +     ZO   2               (   10   )             
 
         [0037]     In the absence of the non-metal, Z, the combining of 3, 4, 8, and 9 results in the net process illustrated by equation 10A which represents the production of the elemental metal Me, produced by a reduction reaction, and the formation of elemental oxygen, produced by an oxidation reaction.  
                 4   ⁢     M   +       +     4   ⁢     e   -         →     4   ⁢   M             (   3   )                       +                               2   ⁢     H   2     ⁢   O     +     →       4   ⁢     H   +       +     O   2     +     4   ⁢     e   -                 (   4   )                       +                               4   ⁢   M     +     2   ⁢   MeO     +     2   ⁢     H   2     ⁢   O       →       4   ⁢     M   +       +     2   ⁢   Me     +     4   ⁢     OH   -                 (   8   )                       +                               4   ⁢     H   +       +     4   ⁢     OH   -         →     4   ⁢     H   2     ⁢   O             (   9   )                       =                             2   ⁢   MeO     →       2   ⁢   Me     +     O   2               (     10   ⁢   A     )             
 
         [0038]     The reactions shown in equations 3 and 4 or in equations 5 and 6 seem to occur best when the colloidal metal, M, is as low as possible on the electromotive series of metals (less reactive), however, the reaction depicted by equation 8 takes place most efficiently when the colloidal metal, M, is as high as possible on the electromotive series of metals. The net reaction, which is illustrated by equation 10, or by equation 10A, is merely the sum of equations 3, 4, 8, and 9 or of equations 5, 6, 8, and 9, could in fact be maximally facilitated by either colloidal metals of higher activity or by colloidal metals of low activity. The relative importance of the reaction illustrated by equations 3 and 4, or by equations 5 and 6, compared to the reaction shown in equation 8 determines the characteristics of the colloidal metal that would best assist the net reaction in equation 10 or in equation 10A. It has been found that the net reaction indicated in equation 10 or in equation 10A proceeds at a maximal rate when the colloidal metal is of maximum activity; that is, when the colloidal metal is as high as possible on the electromotive series of metals (more reactive). It has been found that the more reactive colloidal metals, such as, but not limited to, colloidal aluminum ion or colloidal magnesium ion, produce the most facile reduction processes for the reduction of cationic metals. It is also believed, although not yet shown analytically, that the overall reaction may proceed even more favorably when two colloidal metals are used, especially where one is higher (more reactive) and one lower (less reactive) on the electromotive series than the metal being reduced.  
         [0039]     In addition, it has also been found that the inclusion of a small amount (such as 10 wt %) of a salt leads to a rate increase in the reaction represented by equation 10, or equation 10A. The salt has its maximal effect when it includes a cation of a metal of higher activity than Me; that is, one that is higher (more reactive) than Me on the electromotive series of metals. The salts that have been found to be most effective are aluminum sulfate, Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , magnesium sulfate MgSO 4 , and potassium aluminum sulfate, KAl(SO 4 ) 2 ; however, in theory, any salt could potentially have a similar effect.  
         [0040]     Thus, under ambient thermal conditions, the oxide of any metal can be converted to its metallic elemental state, with the concurrent formation of elemental oxygen or the oxide of a non-metal. It is believed that the thermal stability of the oxide of the non-metal, ZO 2 , lowers the endothermicity of the process, and allows the reduction of the oxidized metal to proceed at lower temperatures, when the non-metal Z is used. The supplying of additional energy leads to an acceleration of the reaction rate for the process. It has been found that the increase in reaction rate is most significant when additional energy is supplied in the form of electrical energy.  
         [0041]     An alternative to the above involves the introduction of a reducing agent into solution  104 . Hydrogen peroxide has been found to be an effective reducing agent for this process, although other reducing agents with a less negative standard oxidation potential than hydrogen peroxide may work better. With the addition of hydrogen peroxide to solution  104 , equations 5 and 6 are replaced by equations 11 and 12, or equations 3 and 4 are replaced by equations 11A and 12A.  
         [0000]     Cathode (Reduction) 
 
2M + +2 e   − →2  (11) 
 
 Anode (Oxidation) 
 
H 2 O 2 +Z→2H + +ZO 2 +2 e   −   (12) 
 
 Cathode (Reduction) 
 
2M + +2 e   − →2  (11A) 
 
 Anode (Oxidation) 
 
H 2 O 2 →2H + +O 2 +2 e   −   (12A) 
 
         [0042]     Due to the fact that hydrogen peroxide has a larger (less negative) oxidation potential than water, as indicated in the comparison of equations 4A and 4B, the oxidation—reduction reaction resulting from equations 11 and 12 takes place at an enhanced rate compared to the oxidation—reduction reaction indicated by equations 5 and 6. Likewise, the oxidation—reduction reaction resulting from equations 11A and 12A takes place at an enhanced rate compared to the oxidation—reduction reaction indicated by equations 3 and 4. 
 
H 2 O→4H + +O 2 +4 e   −  ε 0 =−1.229 Volts  (4A) 
 
H 2 O 2 →2H + +O 2 +2 e   −  ε 0 =−0.695 Volts  (4B) 
 
 The net result of the oxidation and reductions shown in equations 11, and 12 will be equation 13, which results in the production of a colloidal metal in its elemental state plus a non-metallic oxide plus acid  
                 2   ⁢     M   +       +     2   ⁢     e   -         →     2   ⁢   M             (   11   )                       +                                 H   2     ⁢     O   2       +   Z     →       2   ⁢     H   +       +     ZO   2     +     2   ⁢     e   -                 (   12   )                       =                               2   ⁢     M   +       +       H   2     ⁢     O   2       +   Z     →       2   ⁢   M     +     2   ⁢     H   +       +     ZO   2               (   13   )             
 
 Likewise, the net result of the oxidation and reductions shown in equations 11A and 12A will be equation 13A, which results in the production of a colloidal metal in its elemental state, plus elemental oxygen, plus acid.  
                 2   ⁢     M   +       +     2   ⁢     e   -         →     2   ⁢   M             (     11   ⁢   A     )                       +                               H   2     ⁢     O   2       →       2   ⁢     H   +       +     O   2     +   2             (     12   ⁢   A     )                       =                               2   ⁢     M   +       +       H   2     ⁢     O   2         →       2   ⁢   M     +     2   ⁢     H   +       +     O   2               (     13   ⁢   A     )             
 
         [0043]     The colloidal elemental metal that has been produced is believed to undergo reaction with the metal ion of the substance that contains the metal to be reduced, which will be represented as Me + . Me +  can represent the oxidized form of any metal, which can be present in any oxidation state. Equation 14 illustrates this reaction where the oxidized form of the metal, Me, is an oxide, but in reality can be any compound that contains the metal Me in its oxidized form. 
 
2M+MeO+H 2 O→2M + +Me+2OH −   (14) 
 
         [0044]     The reaction illustrated by equation 14 will take place most efficiently when the colloidal metal, M, is more reactive than the metal, Me. That is, the reaction in equation 14 will proceed most efficiently when the colloidal metal, M, is above the metal, Me, on the electromotive series of metals. The hydroxide ion produced in equation 14 will react with the hydrogen ion produced in equation 13 or in equation 13A to produce water as indicated in equation 15. 
 
2H + +2OH − →2H 2 O  (15) 
 
         [0045]     Since the acid produced in the electrochemical reaction depicted in equations 11 and 12, or in equations 11A and 12A is neutralized by the base produced in the thermal reaction represented by equation 14, the entire reaction system remains at a pH close to 7 throughout. The combining of equations 11, 12, 14, and 15 results in the net process illustrated by equation 16, which represents the production of the elemental metal, Me, produced by a reduction reaction, and the formation of an oxide of a non-metal, ZO 2 , produced by an oxidation reaction.  
                 2   ⁢     M   +       +     2   ⁢     e   -         →     2   ⁢   M             (   11   )                       +                                 H   2     ⁢     O   2       +   Z     →       2   ⁢     H   +       +     ZO   2     +     2   ⁢     e   -                 (   12   )                       +                               2   ⁢   M     +   MeO   +       H   2     ⁢   O       →       2   ⁢     M   +       +   Me   +     2   ⁢     OH   -                 (   14   )                       +                               2   ⁢     H   +       +     2   ⁢     OH   -         →     2   ⁢     H   2     ⁢   O             (   15   )                       =                                 H   2     ⁢     O   2       +   MeO   +   Z     →     Me   +     ZO   2     +       H   2     ⁢   O               (   16   )             
 
         [0046]     If the non-metal, Z, is not used, the combining of 11A, 12A, 14, and 15 results in the net process illustrated by equation 16A, which represents the production of the elemental metal, Me, produced by a reduction reaction, and the formation of elemental oxygen, produced by an oxidation reaction.  
                 2   ⁢     M   +       +     2   ⁢     e   -         →     2   ⁢   M             (     11   ⁢   A     )                       +                               H   2     ⁢     O   2       →       2   ⁢     H   +       +     O   2     +   2             (     12   ⁢   A     )                       +                               2   ⁢   M     +   MeO   +       H   2     ⁢   O       →       2   ⁢     M   +       +   Me   +     2   ⁢     OH   -                 (   14   )                       +                               2   ⁢     H   +       +     2   ⁢     OH   -         →     2   ⁢     H   2     ⁢   O             (   15   )                       =                                 H   2     ⁢     O   2       +   MeO     →     Me   +     O   2     +       H   2     ⁢   O               (     16   ⁢   A     )             
 
         [0047]     The reactions shown in equations 11 and 12 or in equations 11A and 12A seem to occur best when the colloidal metal, M, is as low as possible on the electromotive series of metals. However, the reaction depicted by equation 14 takes place most efficiently when the colloidal metal, M, is as high as possible on the electromotive series of metals. The net reaction illustrated by equation 16, which is merely the sum of equations 11, 12, 14, and 15, or by equation 16A, which is merely the sum of equations 11A, 12A, 14, and 15 could in fact be maximally facilitated by either colloidal metals of higher activity or by colloidal metals of low activity than the metal being reduced. The relative importance of the reaction illustrated by equations 11 and 12, or by equations 11A and 12A, compared to the reaction shown in equation 14, determines the characteristics of the colloidal metal that would best assist the net reaction in equation 16 or in equation 16A. It has been found that the net reaction indicated in equation 16, or in equation 16A, proceeds at a maximal rate when the colloidal metal is of maximum activity; that is, when the colloidal metal is as high as possible on the electromotive series of metals. It has been found that the more reactive colloidal metals, such as, but not limited to, colloidal aluminum ion or colloidal magnesium ion, produce the most facile reduction processes for the reduction of cationic metals. It is also believed, although not yet shown analytically, that the overall reaction may proceed even more favorably when two colloidal metals are used, especially where one is higher and one lower on the electromotive series than the metal being reduced.  
         [0048]     In addition, it has also been found that the inclusion of a small amount of a salt leads to a rate increase in the reaction represented by equation 16, or by equation 16A. The salt has been found to have a maximal effect when it includes a cation of a metal of higher activity than the metal being reduced; that is, one that is higher (more reactive) on the electromotive series of metals. The salts that have been found most effective are aluminum sulfate, Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , magnesium sulfate MgSO 4 , and potassium aluminum sulfate, KAl (SO 4 ) 2 ; however, in theory, any salt could potentially have a similar effect.  
         [0049]     Thus, under ambient thermal conditions, the oxide of any metal can be treated with hydrogen peroxide and a non-metal, and can be converted to its metallic elemental state, with the concurrent formation of the oxide of a non-metal and water. Since the oxidation of hydrogen peroxide (equation 12 or equation 12A) is more favorable than the oxidation of water (equation 6 or equation 4), the rate of metal reduction should be significantly increased when hydrogen peroxide is used in the place of water. This must be balanced by the fact that hydrogen peroxide is a more costly reagent to supply. In those cases where the rate of the metal reduction is the most critical factor, the use of hydrogen peroxide will offer a significant advantage. It is still believed that the thermal stability of the oxide of the non-metal, ZO 2 , lowers the endothermicity of the process, and allows the reduction of the oxidized metal to proceed at reasonable temperatures. The supplying of additional energy leads to an acceleration of the reaction rate for the process. It has been found that the increase in reaction rate is most significant when additional energy is supplied in the form of electrical energy.  
       EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS  
       [0050]     Several experiments have been conducted using combinations of embodiments of the technology described above. The results of those experiments are given below:  
         [0000]     Experiment #1:  
         [0051]     An experiment was conducted using 150 ml of iron (III) chloride in an aqueous solution (commonly used as an etching solution, purchased from Radio Shack) as the starting materials. Initially, 10 ml of sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) was added to the solution, at which point no reaction occurred. About 50 ml of colloidal magnesium and 80 ml of colloidal lead, each at a concentration believed to be about 20 ppm, were then added, at which point a chemical reaction began and the bubbling of gases was evident at ambient temperature. The production of gas accelerated when the solution was heated to a temperature of about 65° C. The product gas was captured in soap bubbles and the bubbles were then ignited. The observed ignition of the gaseous product was typical for a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen.  
         [0052]     Since, it is believed, the production of hydrogen gas could only be produced with a concurrent oxidation of iron, it is evident that the iron (III) had to be initially reduced before it could be oxidized, thereby providing strong evidence of the reduction reaction. This experiment has subsequently been repeated with hydrochloric acid (HCl) instead of sulfuric acid, with similar results.  
         [0000]     Experiment #2:  
         [0053]     An experiment was conducted using 100 grams of Fe 3 O 4 , (this sample was found to contain roughly equal amounts of Fe 2 O 3  and FeO plus a small amount of elemental carbon), 50 ml of 5% H 2 SO 4 , plus 40 ml of colloidal magnesium and 40 ml of colloidal lead in water. Immediately a stream of gas was evolved that was identified as carbon dioxide by gas chromatography. The mixture was then heated to a temperature of 90° C. for a period of about three hours. At this point, the stream of gas being evolved was again analyzed by gas chromatography. This gaseous mixture was found to contain 40% hydrogen and 60% carbon dioxide. Since, it is believed, the production of hydrogen gas could only be produced with a concurrent oxidation of iron, it is evident that the iron had to be initially reduced before it could be oxidized, thereby providing strong evidence of the reduction reaction.  
         [0000]     Experiment #3:  
         [0054]     An experiment was conducted using 5 grams of Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3  plus 40 ml of colloidal magnesium and 40 ml of colloidal lead in water. Upon being heated to about 75° C. a stream of gas, presumed to be elemental oxygen, was produced that did not ignite, and also did not extinguish a flame. After 45 minutes of heating, the gas was found to ignite very slightly when it was exposed to a flame, indicative of the production of a small amount of elemental hydrogen. Since, it is believed, the production of hydrogen gas could only be produced with a concurrent oxidation of aluminum, it is evident that the aluminum had to be initially reduced before it could be oxidized, thereby providing strong evidence of the reduction reaction.  
         [0000]     Experiment #4:  
         [0055]     An experiment was conducted using 5 grams of Fe 2 O 3  plus 40 ml of colloidal magnesium, 40 ml of colloidal lead and 80 ml of 3% H 2 O 2  in water. Almost immediately a small amount of a gaseous product was produced. As the temperature was increased, over a period of ten minutes, the yield of gas increased with a maximum yield of gas being realized at the maximum temperature of about 75° C. The product gas was found to contain a substantial amount of hydrogen, based upon the manner in which it ignited when a flame was applied. Since, it is believed, the production of hydrogen gas could only be produced with a concurrent oxidation of iron, it is evident that the iron had to be initially reduced before it could be oxidized, thereby providing strong evidence of the reduction reaction.  
         [0000]     Experiment #5:  
         [0056]     An experiment was conducted using 5 grams of Al(OH) 3  plus 40 ml of colloidal magnesium, 40 ml of colloidal lead and 80 ml of 3% H 2 O 2  in water. Almost immediately a small amount of a gaseous product was produced. As the temperature was increased, over a period of ten minutes, the yield of gas increased with a maximum yield of gas being realized at the maximum temperature of about 75° C. The product gas was found to contain a substantial amount of hydrogen, based upon the manner in which it ignited when a flame was applied. Since, it is believed, the production of hydrogen gas could only be produced with a concurrent oxidation of aluminum, it is evident that the aluminum had to be initially reduced before it could be oxidized, thereby providing strong evidence of the reduction reaction.  
         [0000]     Experiment #6:  
         [0057]     An experiment was conducted using 5 grams of Al 2 SO 4  plus 40 ml of colloidal magnesium, 40 ml of colloidal lead and 80 ml of 3% H 2 O 2  in water. Almost immediately a small amount of a gaseous product was produced. As the temperature was increased, over a period of ten minutes, the yield of gas increased with a maximum yield of gas being realized between the temperatures of 50° C. and 75° C. The product gas was found to contain a substantial amount of hydrogen, based upon the manner in which it ignited when a flame was applied. Since, it is believed, the production of hydrogen gas could only be produced with a concurrent oxidation of aluminum, it is evident that the aluminum had to be initially reduced before it could be oxidized, thereby providing strong evidence of the reduction reaction.  
         [0000]     Experiment #7:  
         [0058]     An experiment was conducted using 5 grams of Fe 2 O 3  plus 40 ml of colloidal magnesium, 40 ml of colloidal lead and 1 gram of elemental carbon in water. The mixture was heated to a temperature of about 90° C. for a period of 72 hours. A metallic-like material was produced and collected that reacted with sulfuric acid to produce an ignitable gas presumed to be hydrogen gas. The metallic material is believed to be elemental iron.  
         [0000]     Experiment #8:  
         [0059]     An experiment was conducted using 5 grams of Al(OH) 3  plus 40 ml of colloidal magnesium, 40 ml of colloidal lead and 1 gram of elemental carbon in water. The mixture was heated to a temperature of about 90° C. for a period of 72 hours. A metallic-like material was produced and collected that reacted with sulfuric acid to produce an ignitable gas presumed to be hydrogen gas. The metallic material is believed to be elemental aluminum.  
         [0000]     Experiment #9:  
         [0060]     An experiment was conducted using 5 grams of Fe 2 O 3 , 40 ml of colloidal magnesium and 40 ml of colloidal lead in water. A 12 volt, 10 amp power source was then applied for a period of 5 minutes to a pair of lead electrodes that had been introduced into the solution. A metallic-like material that was produced and was found on the bottom of the apparatus was collected. The metallic material reacted with sulfuric acid to produce an ignitable gas presumed to be hydrogen gas. The metallic material has been tentatively identified as elemental iron.  
         [0000]     Experiment #10:  
         [0061]     An experiment was conducted using 5 grams of Al(OH) 3  plus 40 ml of colloidal silver and about 0.1 g sodium hydroxide in water. A 12 volt, 10 amp power source was then applied for a period of about thirty minutes to an iron anode and a carbon cathod that had been introduced into the solution. After about five minutes, the solution was titrated to a pH of about 7 using H 2 SO 4 . A metallic-like material that was produced and was found attached to the anode was collected. The metallic material reacted with sulfuric acid to produce an ignitable gas presumed to be hydrogen gas. The metallic material has been tentatively identified as elemental aluminum. An X-Ray Photoelectric Spectrum was taken of this material that indicates the presence of some elemental aluminum in this material.  
         [0062]     It is believed the experimental results described above demonstrate the potential value of the inventions described herein. However, the results, calculations, and conclusions are based on the theoretical reaction mechanisms that are described above and that are believed to accurately characterize the reactions involved in these experiments. However, if it is discovered that the theoretical reaction mechanisms used to rationalize the experimental findings, or the calculations based thereon are in error, the inventions described herein nevertheless are valid and valuable.  
         [0063]     The embodiments shown and described above are exemplary. Many details are often found in the art and, therefore, many such details are neither shown nor described. It is not claimed that all of the details, parts, elements, or steps described and shown were invented herein. Even though numerous characteristics and advantages of the present inventions have been described in the drawings and accompanying text, the description is illustrative only, and changes may be made in the detail, especially in matters of shape, size, and arrangement of the parts within the principles of the inventions to the full extent indicated by the broad meaning of the terms of the attached claims.  
         [0064]     The restrictive description and drawings of the specific examples above do not point out what an infringement of this patent would be, but are to provide at least one explanation of how to use and make the inventions. The limits of the inventions and the bounds of the patent protection are measured by and defined in the following claims.