Abstract:
A three-dimensional imaging system providing certification over a distributed network. By monitoring or controlling image capture from a trusted environment, the fidelity of the record of the image captured is certified by the operator of the trusted environment. An image record may be archived and an audit trail maintained for any image of interest.

Description:
RELATED CASES  
       [0001]    This is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 09/660,811, filed on Sep. 13, 2000, entitled DIGITAL IMAGING SYSTEM HAVING DISTRIBUTION CONTROLLED OVER A DISTRIBUTED NETWORK. 
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND  
         [0002]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0003]    The invention relates to three-dimensional imaging. More specifically, the invention relates to capture and distribution of three-dimensional digital images.  
           [0004]    2. Background  
           [0005]    Pictures have long been used to prove the condition of objects photographed. Such proof may arise in the context of insurance claims, lawsuits, etc. With the advent of digital photography and the proliferation of software for manipulation of digital pictures, the reliability of pictures has diminished and the opportunity for fraud has increased.  
           [0006]    In the case of digital pictures, once downloaded from the camera to the computer, the user typically has complete access to all the pixels that make up the image. Thus, a marginally computer savvy teenager with Adobe Photoshop™ can generate very realistic, yet fraudulent digital images. With a host of digital images now posted on the Internet and digital images generally, there is an ongoing credibility gap in connection with the fidelity of such images posted when compared with the image actually captured.  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0007]    The invention is illustrated by way of example and not by way of limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings in which like references indicate similar elements. It should be noted that references to “an” or “one” embodiment in this disclosure are not necessarily to the same embodiment, and such references mean at least one.  
         [0008]    [0008]FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system of one embodiment of the invention.  
         [0009]    [0009]FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a system of one embodiment of the invention.  
         [0010]    [0010]FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an alternative embodiment of the invention.  
         [0011]    [0011]FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of operation of the host in one embodiment of the invention.  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of operation at a server node in one embodiment of the invention.  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of operation in a digitizer in one embodiment of the invention.  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of setup and data capture in a digitizer of one embodiment of the invention.  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a network image capture system of one embodiment of the invention.  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 9 is a flow diagram of a system of one embodiment of the invention.  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 10 is a flow diagram of an alternative embodiment of a system of the invention.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0018]    [0018]FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system of one embodiment of the invention. The distributed network  100  such as the Internet provides an interconnection between a plurality of user nodes  110 , a server node  120  and a host  150 . Server node  120  may be any conventional server or a collection of servers to handle traffic and requests over the distributed network. User nodes may be discrete computers running a web browser, a corporate network, another server site, or any other node on the distributed network. Host  150  may be a computer (laptop, desktop, hand-held, server, workstation, etc.), an internet appliance or any other device through which data may be forwarded across the distributed network.  
         [0019]    The host  150  may communicate over a wired link such as a universal serial bus (USB) or wireless link  162  to a digitizer  170 . The digitizer  170  may be any of the myriad noncontact digitizers. One suitable digitizer is described in copending patent application Ser. No. 09/660,809, entitled DIGITIZER USING INTENSITY GRADIENT TO IMAGE FEATURES OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL OBJECTS and assigned to the assignee of the instant application.  
         [0020]    In one embodiment, digitizer  170  is physically independent of an orientation fixture  180 . For user convenience, it is desirable to minimize space permanently allocated to the system and minimize setup time. Most users will not be able to allocate sufficient space to leave the system configured for use at all times. The user will therefore be required to reintroduce some portion of the system prior to each use. The need to swap cables and otherwise rewire serves as a significant deterrent to widespread consumer adoption.  
         [0021]    As used herein, “physically independent” means that no mechanical or wired electrical connection must exist between the physically independent units during operation. By way of example and not limitation, two devices coupled together by an electrical signaling wire either directly or through a host computer, are not physically independent, whereas two devices that have no physical coupling and communicate over a wireless link are deemed “physically independent.” Connection to a common power source, e.g., two outlets in a house, is not deemed to destroy physical independence.  
         [0022]    Orientation fixture  180  repositions an object to be digitized by digitizer  170  such that different aspects of the object are exposed relative to the digitizer at different points in time. In one embodiment the orientation fixture  180  is a turntable. One suitable turntable is described in copending application Ser. No. 09/660,810 entitled WIRELESS TURNTABLE and assigned to the assignee of the instant application. Orientation fixture  180  may also be a robotic arm or other robotic device, or may be a turntable in conjunction with a robotic arm or other robotic device. Other mechanisms that are capable of exposing different aspects of an object relative to the digitizer are deemed to be within the ambit of orientation fixtures.  
         [0023]    As previously noted the orientation fixture is physically independent of the digitizer. One premise of the system is relative ease of setup to facilitate wide acceptance. Thus, with the physical independence it is desirable that the digitizer  170  and orientation fixture  180  be able to “find” each other. To that end, the digitizer  170  may be equipped to sweep an area looking with its sensing apparatus for a feature of the orientation fixture  180 . The orientation fixture  180  may include a feature such as indicia, for example, acquisition indicia  188 , or may contain some other physically observable structure that permits the digitizer to identify and acquire the orientation fixture  180  without the user introducing or removing a separate reference object. Acquiring the orientation fixture may permit, for example, any of automatic calibration of the digitizer, automatic determination of the relative position of the digitizer and orientation fixture, and fixture&#39;s orientation or condition. In one embodiment, imaging the feature provides an indication of focal distance as the perspective of the feature varies in a known way with distance. Calibration may be performed by imaging the feature and comparing the results to a set of reference data corresponding to the feature. In this manner the digitizer settings can be automatically optimized to provide the best available accuracy under existing conditions. Alternatively, the calibration can be performed based on a reference target or path entirely within the digitizer.  
         [0024]    Alternatively, the orientation fixture may have a localized radiation source  186 , which permits the digitizer  170  to sweep and identify the location of the orientation fixture based on the localized radiation from radiation source  186 . It is also within the scope and contemplation of the invention to have the orientation fixture  170  position itself relative to the digitizer, such that the orientation fixture controls the acquisition by the digitizer  170  of the orientation fixture  180  and the object to be oriented thereby. In the system of such embodiment the orientation fixture would likely be a mobile robotic unit.  
         [0025]    In one embodiment, the digitizer communicates with the orientation fixture across a wireless link  184  to coordinate the orientation of the object with image capture by the digitizer. The wireless link may be infrared (“IR”), radio frequency (“RF”), optical signaling, or any other mode of wireless communication. In one embodiment the orientation fixture  180  includes a self contained power source  194  such as a battery. The self-contained power source  194  may also be a solar panel, fuel cell, or any other suitable power source.  
         [0026]    In one embodiment of the invention, digitizer  170  captures information about an object positioned by orientation fixture  180  from which a three-dimensional model can be derived. Controller  192  in digitizer  170  controls the coordination between the data capture by digitizer  170  and aspect change by the orientation fixture  180 . It is within the scope and contemplation of the invention for the controller to reside in the host, the digitizer, the orientation fixture or in an independent unit. References to the controller herein are deemed to include without limitation all of these options. The digitizer  170  may also include a data analyzer  196  that reviews captured data to find errors, anomalies or other points of interest that warrant further investigation, including possibly rescanning the corresponding area. After any corrective action, the data captured by digitizer  170  is passed to the host  150 , which renders the three-dimensional model from the data. The host  150  may perform compression or any other manipulation of the data known in the art. The three-dimensional model may then be sent over distributed network  100  to remote nodes such as user nodes  110  or a server node  120 . This provides maximum ease of distribution across the distributed network  100 .  
         [0027]    In some cases, control of distribution of information captured by the digitizer is desirable, for example, to facilitate administration of user fees. To that end, in one embodiment the digitizer is provided with a hardware interlock  190  which prevents the system from operating without first receiving authorization. Such authorization may be provided by the server node  120  sending authorization data across the distributed network. Alternative locking mechanisms such as software or firmware-based locking mechanisms may also be employed either within the digitizer  170  or the host  150 . Further security of the system can be affected by requiring an imaging application  152  on the host  150  to provide a valid digital signature in addition to the authorization data before enabling capture and/or transfer of captured data from the digitizer  170  to the host  150 .  
         [0028]    Some embodiments of the digitizer  170  may encrypt the data captured prior to sending it to the host  150 . In that event, unless the host is able to decrypt the data to render it, it may forward it on to the server node  120  across the distributed network and subsequent rendering of the image or three-dimensional model would occur on the server node  120 . In this manner, the local user does not have access to the data from which the three-dimensional model may be derived unless a key is provided. In still another embodiment, the host  150  may include encryption capabilities and encrypt the rendered image before forwarding it on to the server node  120 . Keying information may be provided to the digitizer and/or the host by the server node  120 . The server node may maintain keying information and authorization data in a local database  122 . Once the three-dimensional data is safely controlled by the server node  120 , access to the data may be made available for free or at cost to the user nodes  110  or back to the host  150 .  
         [0029]    The digitizer may also include a field programmable gate array (“FPGA”) or other reconfigurable logic unit. In such case, the server node periodically may reprogram the FPGA to implement an updated or enhanced algorithm for processing or security purposes, for example, as subsequently developed.  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a subsystem of one embodiment of the invention. The subsystem of FIG. 2 may be inserted in place of host  150 , digitizer  120  and orientation fixture  180  of FIG. 1. Digitizer  70  is coupled to a host  50 . This coupling may be by a bus  60  such as the Universal Serial Bus (USB), IEEE 1394 bus, or any other suitable data transfer system. It is also within the scope and contemplation of the invention for the digitizer to communicate with the host via a wireless interconnection. Host  50  may be a personal computer, a work station, an internet appliance, or any other device that provides sufficient intelligence and processing power to render images from the data obtained by the digitizer. The digitizer  70  captures image data and may forward it to the host  50  for rendering. In this way, the processing on the digitizer  70  may be limited, permitting lower cost construction. It is also within the scope and contemplation of the invention for the digitizer to render the image and deliver it directly to a distributed network. It is further within the scope and contemplation of the invention for the digitizer to deliver the data to a distributed network for rendering on a remote node.  
         [0031]    The digitizer  70  includes a projector to project a stripe of white light through a projection window  74  onto a remote object such as a person  82  on a turntable  80  remote from the digitizer. The digitizer also contains an image sensing array (ISA) aligned with an image capture window  76  which captures the image of the object  82  within a focal zone. In one embodiment, the ISA is a linear charge coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensor, and the focal zone is a line on the target object. In some embodiments, the digitizer includes a base  72  about which the upper unit, including the projector and the ISA, can rotate in either direction. This permits the focal line to be swept back and forth across a target object through an arc. This sweeping reduces the loss of detail in the captured image that results from shadowing on the object from the perspective of an immobile focal line. The digitizer  70  also includes a wireless interface to communicate with a turntable  80  via a wireless link  84 .  
         [0032]    Turntable  80  may be the type described in co-pending application entitled WIRELESS TURNTABLE, Ser. No. 09/660,810, assigned to the assignee of the instant application. Via wireless link  84 , the digitizer sends commands to the turntable  80  and receives from the turntable indications of the angular position of the turntable surface relative to a home position. When the digitizer is activated, it searches for the turntable  80  by sending a signal to which the turntable  80  is required to respond. If the turntable responds, the digitizer looks for a predetermined pattern that is expected to be present on the turntable surface. For example, the pattern may be concentric circles on the turntable surface. In such case, based on the image captured, the digitizer can both find the turntable and determine its distance from the digitizer. Then after the response is received, the digitizer sends a “go home” signal to the turntable. In some embodiments, the digitizer sends acceleration and rotation profiles to the turntable to control its rotation. Each profile may be retained in firmware on the digitizer or downloaded from host  50 .  
         [0033]    Generally speaking, the projection portion of the digitizer  70  is retained in fixed relation to the imaging portion. The projection portion produces a light stripe as noted previously on the object  82 . By either sweeping the light stripe back and forth through the focal line or by mechanically blocking the stripe at a known rate, the intensity gradient can be created. In one embodiment, the blocking is from 0% to 100% during a cycle. Because the ISA integrates the illumination over time, the outline of a three-dimensional surface is reflected in the data captured by the ISA. This is because protruding features will remain illuminated longer. Accordingly, more photons are captured by the ISA corresponding to those features. After repeating this process one stripe at a time as the object is rotated by turntable  80  or through the course of sweeping the entire digitizer back and forth as it rotates about the base, cost effective three-dimensional imaging is effected. The digitizer may also be used to capture high resolution scans of two dimensional objects by sweeping back and forth across the object. This feature is particularly desirable in the context of digitizing works of art.  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an alternative embodiment of the invention. Again, in this embodiment user nodes  110  are coupled to a distributed network  100 . Also coupled to distributed node  100  is server node  120  and host  150 . However, rather than being physically independent in this embodiment, the digitizer  270  and orientation unit  280  are coupled together to form a single integral unit. The unit communicates with the host by wireless link  262 . Alternatively, the unit may be wired to the host by a USB or any other suitable wired communication link. A digitizer may use a linear image sensor  200  to image an object on the orientation fixture  280 . A light source  274  may provide the lighting used by the image sensing array to discern the three-dimensional data. By integrating the digitizer and orientation unit, setup of the system is simplified. The digitizer may be rotatably coupled so that it can sweep its focal zone back and forth across an object positioned by the orientation fixture  280 . This embodiment is particularly suitable for small-scale objects such as jewelry, in which the desired focal distance is relatively short. The other features discussed above in connection with FIG. 1 may equally be applied to embodiments as shown in FIG. 3.  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of operation of the host in one embodiment of the invention. At functional block  400 , host requests authorization to scan from a remote node (such as the server node). At functional block  402 , the host node receives authorization data across the distributed network. At functional block  404 , the host forwards authorization data to the digitizer. At functional block  406  the host receives scan data from the digitizer.  
         [0036]    At decision block  408  a determination is made whether the three-dimensional model should be rendered locally. If the rendering should not occur locally the data is forwarded to a remote node at functional block  420 . The forwarded data may be encrypted or unencrypted, compressed or not compressed, and the forwarding protocol may be cell-based, packet-based or any other transmission protocol commonly used on distributed networks.  
         [0037]    If the rendering should occur locally, a determination is made at decision block  422  if the data is encrypted. If the data is not encrypted at decision block  422 , the image or three-dimensional model is rendered from the data at functional block  412 . A determination is then made at decision block  414  whether the rendered model should be stored locally. If it is determined that the model should be stored locally, the model is stored on the host at functional block  416 . If it is determined that the model should not be stored locally, the rendered model is forwarded to the remote node at functional block  418 . In some cases, if the image is stored locally, it may not be forwarded to the remote node. In one embodiment of the invention, the authorization data indicates if local storage is permitted. If local storage is not permitted, the imaging application may be made responsible for electronic shredding of any temporary buffer space used in forwarding the scanned data.  
         [0038]    If at decision block  422  it is determined that the data is encrypted, a request is made across the distributed network for keying information (or other information that permits decryption) from the remote node at functional block  424 . The request may include payment for access privileges. Once the keying information is received at functional block  426 , the host is able to decrypt the data at functional block  428 . The flow then continues at functional block  412  as above described.  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of operation at a server node in one embodiment of the invention. At functional block  500  the server node receives a request for scan authorization. A determination is made at decision block  502  if the requesting account is in good standing. If it is not, authorization is declined at functional block  526 . If the account is in good standing, the authorization data is sent to the requester at functional block  504 . A determination is made at decision block  506  if the requester is to render the image. If the requester is to render the image, a determination is made at decision block  508  whether encryption is required. Requiring encryption may be at the option of the server node as part of the use authorization. If encryption is required, the server receives a request to decrypt at functional block  510 . The server node may then send keying information (or other information that permits decryption) to the requester at functional block  512 . If no encryption is required or after the keying information has been sent, the server node may receive the rendered three-dimensional model at functional block  514 .  
         [0040]    If at decision block  506  the requester is not to render the image, the server node receives the scan data and decrypts as necessary at functional block  516 . The server then renders the three-dimensional model at functional block  518 . After the three-dimensional model is rendered by the server or received by the server, the model is stored for subsequent distribution at functional block  520 . Once stored, the server may provide the model to any arbitrary node or the distributed network.  
         [0041]    At functional block  522 , the request is received for access to a model. At decision block  524  a determination is made whether to allow access to the model to the requester. Such a determination may be made based on predetermined access privilege to different models, including whether the requester was the creator of the model, access privilege level established by the creator, or based on some payment for such access. If it is determined that access to the model should be allowed, the model is sent to the requester at functional block  526 . The model may be sent in any form and may be encrypted for security. In some embodiments the requester may be given the option of the file type sent. Otherwise, access to the request is declined.  
         [0042]    [0042]FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of operation in a digitizer in one embodiment of the invention. At functional block  600 , authorization data is received from the host. The determination is made at functional block  602  if the authorization data is valid. Authorization data may include a code and, for example, a digital signature for the imaging application to ensure that an authorized imaging application is operating on the host. If the authorization data is valid, the image capture system is unlocked and enabled at functional block  604 . At functional block  606 , the digitizer captures scan data for the object positioned by the orientation fixture. A determination is then made at decision block  608  whether the scan data should be secured. If the scan data should be secured, the digitizer may encrypt the data at functional block  612 . If the data need not be secured or after encryption, the scan data may be sent to the host at functional block  614 . At functional block  616 , the image capture system is relocked.  
         [0043]    In one embodiment the server node is able to control both the enablement of the imaging subsystem to operate and access to the data subsequently captured. This permits remote control of a widely distributed network of imaging subsystem having broad user appeal due to low cost and ease of operation.  
         [0044]    [0044]FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of setup and data capture in a digitizer in one embodiment of the invention. At functional block  702 , the digitizer scans for the orientation fixture. In one embodiment, this may take the form of the digitizer sweeping an arc around it looking for a distinctive feature. At functional block  704 , the digitizer acquires the orientation fixture. At functional block  706 , the digitizer identifies a feature on the digitizer from which it can derive certain information. A featured datum is located at functional block  708 . The featured datum provides a reference from which, e.g., the center of the turntable, may be located. At functional block  710 , feature distortion is compared to a saved reference value, for example, this distortion may either be of the feature or of the entire orientation fixture. Based on this comparison, the relative position is calculated at functional block  712 . At functional block  714 , the same distortion can be used to calculate and set calibration data to optimize the accuracy of subsequent scans based on existing conditions. At functional block  716 , the digitizer becomes ready to scan.  
         [0045]    At functional block  718 , the digitizer begins to scan and capture data from which a three-dimensional model of the object being scanned may be derived. At decision block  720 , a determination is made if the scan is complete. If the scan is not complete, a determination is made at decision block  722  if the partial scan is corrupt, anomalous, or otherwise unusable. If the data is not usable, a partial rescan may be performed for that region of the object at functional block  724 . If at decision block  720  the scan is complete, the scan data is analyzed to identify points of interest. At functional block  726 , those points of interest may include anomalous data, errors, features for which greater resolution is desirable, or any other facet of the object that warrants further investigation or review. A determination is made at decision block  728  whether any points of interest are present. If there are points of interest present, a determination is made at decision block  730  if all points of interest have been addressed. If all points of interest have not been addressed at functional block  732 , the system rescans a portion of the object corresponding to a point of interest. This rescan may be conducted at a higher resolution than the original scan, the same resolution as the original scan, or even using an alternative image capture method. At functional block  734 , the model is adjusted based on the rescan. Flow then returns to decision block  730  to determine if all points of interest have been addressed. If they have, the system returns to identify points of interest at functional block  726 . In this manner, if the rescan adjustment creates additional points of interest, those will subsequently be picked up and addressed. If at decision block  728  no points of interest are present, the system renders the image at functional block  736 .  
         [0046]    [0046]FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a network image capture system of one embodiment of the invention. In one embodiment, the image capture system (ICS)  800  is coupled through a distributed network  830  to a remote node  840 . The ICS  800  may be a three dimensional capture system as described above or a more traditional two dimensional imaging system. Remote node  840  may include web servers and one or more databases including an image database  842  and access rights database  844  and a log database  846 . These databases may be instantiated as a single database or plurality of related databases. Access rights may be user specified or automatically defined. In one embodiment, remote node  840  either monitors or controls image capture system  800 .  
         [0047]    If remote node  840  only monitors, it may only watch the state of the ICS  800 . As used herein, “state information” may include any or all of the following: a time of event, an identification of the ICS, a network address of the ICS, a parameter of capture, a local access log and an automatically assigned index. In such embodiment, the remote node may not be able to prevent production of a fraudulent image record, but may be able to identify and, therefore, certify image records that have not been tampered with between capture and storage at the remote node  840 . In one embodiment, Java® script or a Java® applet may be used to monitor the settings and activities of the ICS  800 . If the remote node  840  can control the ICS  800 , it can prevent local access to the digital record of the image captured or only allow local access to a copy at the digital record and can control the settings and other parameters of capture. In this manner, the remote node  840  can ensure that a digital record of an image captured received at the remote node  840  is authentic. In one embodiment, this control may be exercised through use of Java® script or a Java® applet sent from the remote node  840 .  
         [0048]    The ICS  800  may have a tamper resistant housing  810  which contains an image sensing array (ISA)  804  under the control of a processor  802 . A tamper sensor  812  detects tampering with the housing  810  and signals the processor  802  when tampering is detected. Various mechanisms may be used for the tamper sensor  812  including switches tripped in response to opening of the housing. Alternatively, some feature such as a paper label inside the device may be used in conjunction with the ISA to detect tampering. For example, if the label is torn by opening the housing, subsequent images of the label captured by the ISA will show the tampering. In one embodiment, the tamper sensor  812  is a single use device like a fuse that once broken all images captured are suspect. In another embodiment, a code used for authentication may be stored in a battery backed up memory for which the battery backup is disconnected responsive to tampering with or opening the housing. The disconnection results in deletion of the necessary code after which authentication is disabled.  
         [0049]    Image sensing array  804  may be used to capture an image of a target  850  under the control of processor  802 . A memory  806  is coupled to the processor  802 . In one embodiment, image capture system  800  is calibrated prior to distribution and calibration data  814  is retained in a section of the memory  806 . The processor  802  controls the parameters of capture which may include without limitation exposure setting, spectral filter setting, illumination level, resolution of capture, orientation of object, orientation of scanning and use of the calibration file. These parameters may be provided by the remote node  840  in certain instances, by a local host (not shown) or automatically determined within the ICS  800 . Based on the parameters, an image capture of the target  850  may occur.  
         [0050]    A data insertion device  816  interacts with the ISA  804  to “mark” a data stream produced by the ISA  804 . The data insertion device (DID)  816  may take any of several forms. In one embodiment, a light source such as, for example a light emitting diode (LED) “sprays” light in a predetermined way on to the ISA  804  during capture. In another embodiment, the DID  816  causes a precapture of some other optical reference such as, a serial number, bar code or other such reference contained within the apparatus prior to capture of the target. The precapture may then be encoded by the processor  802  within a capture record.  
         [0051]    In another embodiment, the DID  816  injects an electrical marker into the data read from the ISA  804 . For example, a resistive network may be used to create a unique electrical identity for the device. The resistance value may be read by an analog to digital (A/D) converter to identify a single code for the device that may be infused into the data stream. In one embodiment, a same A/D that reads the ISA may be used to read the resistor values. A series of switches may alternatively be used to create a unique code. In another embodiment, the DID  816  inserts data stored in a secure memory element into the data stream to act as a marker.  
         [0052]    Typical charge coupled devices (CCD) have a number of bits that are not used during image capture. These include dark level bits and dummy bits typical around the periphery of the ISA  804 . These bits may provide a substantially unique signature for the ISA  804  unaffected by an image capture such that the bits may be compared with expected values (from calibration) to identify if an image record came from a particular CCD. It is also noted that ISA&#39;s by virtue of manufacturing variance typically have a unique fingerprint in that some pixels are more responsive than others. This fingerprint can be derived from the calibration data.  
         [0053]    In one embodiment, an encryption engine  808  may optionally be provided to encrypt the digital record of the capture created by the image sensing array  804  prior to passing it from the tamper resistant housing  810 . In one embodiment, public key encryption is used. In one embodiment, an encryption engine  808  also includes a one-way hash engine. Alternatively, encryption may be performed by the processor using software resident in the system, firmware, or for example, a Java® applet downloaded to the processor  802  as part of the image capture process. This permits keying information to be externally established and changed without reconfiguration of the ICS. In this manner, the authenticity of the data captured and subsequently displayed may be certified.  
         [0054]    In one embodiment, the processor  802 , memory and related components, may be packaged in tamper resistant semiconductor packaging known in the art. In one embodiment, the ICS may employ a subset of techniques used with secure coprocessors analogous to those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,757,919 entitled CRYPTOGRAPHICALLY PROTECTED PAGING SUBSET SYSTEM assigned to Intel Corporation.  
         [0055]    [0055]FIG. 9 is a flow diagram of a system of one embodiment of the invention. At decision block  902 , a determination is made if authorization is required to capture an image. If authorization is required, the capture is authorized at functional block  904 . In one embodiment, the authorization is provided by a remote node. In another embodiment, authorization may be provided through, e.g. a prepaid magnetic card or other payment vehicle. Then after authorization or if no authorization is required, the state information from the image capture system is acquired at functional block  906 . At functional block  908 , a capture is initiated. At decision block  910 , a determination is made based on the state information monitored whether any unauthorized material alteration of the state occurred during the capture sequence. If no material alteration occurred, at functional block  912 , the data captured may be uploaded to a remote node and may be subsequently certified. In some embodiments, part of the uploading sequence includes encrypting a digital record of the image captured. In some embodiments, the state information may be encoded into the digital record along with the image. At decision block  914 , the uploading node verifies that the data is authentic by checking for characteristics expected to be present in an authentic file created by the image capture system. If a material alteration occurred or verification fails, the monitoring system notes that the resulting record cannot be certified authentic at functional block  916 .  
         [0056]    If verified at functional block  918 , the record is certifiable and a copy of the record (or the relevant portion thereof) is stored in a secure environment such as on a remote node. At decisional block  920 , a determination is made if a request to access the record has been made. Access requests includes requests to view, copy, and modify the record. If a request to access the record is received, information about the request is stored in a log at functional block  922 . Then at decision block  924 , an access rights database is checked to determine whether the requestor is authorized to access the record. If the access is authorized, access is granted at functional block  926 . If access is granted, additional log entries are made regarding the type of access and parameters of access for the record at functional block  928 . In one embodiment, log entries may include who accessed the record, the time accessed, any approval of the filing and network address of the accessor and what aspects of the image record was accessed. In some embodiments, if access is to modify the record, a duplicate of the unmodified record is automatically maintained so that at least one unmodified copy exists. The length that such an unmodified escrow copy is maintained may vary depending on the useful life of the image record. If access is not authorized at decision block  924 , access is denied at functional block  930 . In one embodiment, if a user of the ICS so specifies, the ICS or remote node automatically publishes the certified image to a set of networked recipients. In such embodiment, the access log may track access and approvals of such recipients.  
         [0057]    [0057]FIG. 10 is a flow diagram of an alternative embodiment of a system of the invention. At functional block  1002 , the state of the image capture system is acquired. A determination is made at functional block  1004  if the state falls within a defined range of acceptable states. If the state does not fall within that range, the state is forced to a desired value at functional block  1006 . If the state is acceptable or after forcing the state, the then existing state information is saved at functional block  1008 . Capture is initiated at functional block  1010  and the state is maintained within the authorized limits throughout the capture process at functional block  1012 . Flow then continues as in FIG. 9 at functional block  912 .  
         [0058]    In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes can be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.  
       Appendix A  
       [0059]    I hereby appoint BLAKELY SOKOLOFF TAYLOR &amp; ZAFMAN LLP, a firm including: William E. Alford, Reg. No. 37,764; Farzad E. Amini, Reg. No. 42,261; William Thomas Babbitt, Reg. No. 39,591; Carol F. Barry, Reg. No. 41,600; Jordan Michael Becker, Reg. No. 39,602; Lisa N. Benado, Reg. No. 39,995; Bradley J. Bereznak, Reg. No. 33,474; Michael A. Bernadicou, Reg. No. 35,934; Roger W. Blakely, Jr., Reg. No. 25,831; R. Alan Burnett, Reg. No. 46,149; Gregory D. Caldwell, Reg. No. 39,926; Andrew C. Chen, Reg. No. 43,544; Jae-Hee Choi, Reg. No. 45,288 Thomas M. Coester, Reg. No. 39,637; Robert P. Cogan, Reg. No. 25,049; Donna Jo Coningsby, Reg. No. 41,684; Florin A. Corie, Reg. No. 46,244; Dennis M. deGuzman, Reg. No. 41,702; Stephen M. De Klerk, Reg. No. P46,503; Michael Anthony DeSanctis, Reg. No. 39,957; Daniel M. De Vos, Reg. No. 37,813; Justin M. Dillon, Reg. No. 42,486;. Sanjeet Dutta, Reg. No. P46,145; Matthew C. Fagan, Reg. No. 37,542; Tarek N. Fahrui, Reg. No. 41,402; Mark C. Farrell, Reg. No. 45,988; George Fountain, Reg. No. 36,374; James Y. Go, Reg. No. 40,621; James A. Henry, Reg. No. 41,064; Willmore F. Holbrow III, Reg. No. 41,845; Sheryl Sue Holloway, Reg. No. 37,850; George W Hoover II, Reg. No. 32,992; Eric S. Hyman, Reg. No. 30,139; William W. Kidd, Reg. No. 31,772; Sang Hui Kim, Reg. No. 40,450; Walter T. Kim, Reg. No. 42,731; Eric T. King, Reg. No. 44,188; Steven Laut, Reg. No. 47,736; George Brian Leavell, Reg. No. 45,436; Samuel S. Lee, Reg. No. 42,791; Gordon R. Lindeen III, Reg. No. 33,192; Jan Carol Little, Reg. No. 41,181; Robert G. Litts, Reg. No. 46,876; Julio Loza, Reg. No. 47,758; Joseph Lutz, Reg. No. 43,765; Lawrence Lycke, Reg. No. 38,540; Michael J. Mallie, Reg. No. 36,591; Andre L. Marais, under 37 C. F. R. §10.9(b); Raul D. Martinez, Reg. No. 46,904; Paul A. Mendonsa, Reg. No. 42,879; Clive D. Menezes, Reg. No. 45,493; Chun M. Ng, Reg. No. 36,878; Thien T. Nguyen, Reg. No. 43,835; Thinh V. Nguyen, Reg. No. 42,034; Daniel E. Ovanezian, Reg. No. 41,236; Kenneth B. Paley, Reg. No. 38,989; Gregg A. Peacock, Reg. No. 45,001; Marina Portnova, Reg. No. P45,750; Michael A. Proksch, Reg. No. 43,021; Randol W. Read, Reg. No. 43,876; William F. Ryann, Reg. 44,313; James H. Salter, Reg. No. 35,668; William W. Schaal, Reg. No. 39,018; James C. Scheller, Reg. No. 31,195; Jeffrey S. Schubert, Reg. No. 43,098; George Simion, Reg. No. P47,089; Maria McCormack Sobrino, Reg. No. 31,639; Stanley W. Sokoloff, Reg. No. 25,128; Edwin H. Taylor, Reg. No. 25,129; Lance A. Termes, Reg. No. 43,184; John F. Travis, Reg. No. 43,203; Joseph A. Twarowski, Reg. No. 42,191; Kerry D. Tweet, Reg. No. 45,959; Mark C. Van Ness, Reg. No. 39,865; Thomas A. Van Zandt, Reg. No. 43,219; Lester J. Vincent, Reg. No. 31,460; Glenn E. Von Tersch, Reg. No. 41,364; John Patrick Ward, Reg. No. 40,216; Mark L. Watson, Reg. No. P46,322; Thomas C. Webster, Reg. No. P46,154; and Norman Zafman, Reg. No. 26,250; my patent attorneys, and Firasat Ali, Reg. No. 45,715; and Richard A, Nakashima, Reg. No. 42,023; my patent agents, with offices located at 12400 Wilshire Boulevard, 7th Floor, Los Angeles, Calif. 90025, telephone (310) 207-3800, with full power of substitution and revocation, to prosecute this application and to transact all business in the Patent and Trademark Office connected herewith.