Abstract:
A new and improved method for producing electric energy or mechanical power, and in particular to an improved system and method for producing rotary motion from an electro-magnetic motor or generating electrical power from a rotary motion input by concentrating magnetic forces due to electromagnetism or geometric configurations.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/613,022, filed on Mar. 20, 2012, entitled “An Improved Electric Motor Generator,” and the benefit of the filing date of a PCT application entitled “AN IMPROVED DC ELECTRIC MOTOR/GENERATOR WITH ENHANCED PERMANENT MAGNET FLUX DENSITIES” filed on Mar. 20, 2013, international application number PCT/US2013/033198, the disclosure of both applications are also incorporated by reference for all purposes. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The invention relates in general to a new and improved electric motor/generator, and in particular to an improved system and method for producing rotary motion from a electro-magnetic motor or generating electrical power from a rotary motion input. 
     BACKGROUND INFORMATION 
     Electric motors use electrical energy to produce mechanical energy, very typically through the interaction of magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors. The conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy by electromagnetic means was first demonstrated by the British scientist Michael Faraday in 1821 and later quantified by the work of Hendrik Lorentz. 
     A magnetic field is generated when electric charge carriers such as electrons move through space or within an electrical conductor. The geometric shapes of the magnetic flux lines produced by moving charge carriers (electric current) are similar to the shapes of the flux lines in an electrostatic field. Magnetic flux passes through most metals with little or no effect, with certain exceptions, notably iron and nickel. These two metals, and alloys and mixtures containing them, are known as ferromagnetic materials because they concentrate magnetic lines of flux. Areas of greatest field strength or flux concentration are known as magnetic poles. 
     In a traditional electric motor, a central core of tightly wrapped current carrying material creates magnetic poles (known as the rotor) which spins or rotates at high speed between the fixed poles of a magnet (known as the stator) when an electric current is applied. The central core is typically coupled to a shaft which will also rotate with the rotor. The shaft may be used to drive gears and wheels in a rotary machine and/or convert rotational motion into motion in a straight line. 
     Generators are usually based on the principle of electromagnetic induction, which was discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831. Faraday discovered that when an electrical conducting material (such as copper) is moved through a magnetic field (or vice versa), an electric current will begin to flow through that material. This electromagnetic effect induces voltage or electric current into the moving conductors. 
     Current power generation devices such as rotary alternator/generators and linear alternators rely on Faraday&#39;s discovery to produce power. In fact, rotary generators are essentially very large quantities of wire spinning around the inside of very large magnets. In this situation, the coils of wire are called the armature because they are moving with respect to the stationary magnets (which are called the stators). Typically, the moving component is called the armature and the stationary components are called the stator or stators. 
     Motors and generators used today produce or utilize a sinusoidal time varying voltage. This waveform is inherent to the operation of these devices. 
     In most conventional motors, both linear and rotating, enough power of the proper polarity must be pulsed at the right time to supply an opposing (or attracting) force at each pole segment to produce a particular torque. In conventional motors at any given instant only a portion of the coil pole pieces is actively supplying torque. 
     With conventional motors a pulsed electrical current of sufficient magnitude must be applied to produce a given torque/horsepower. Horsepower output and efficiency then is a function of design, electrical input power plus losses. 
     With conventional generators, an electrical current is produced when the rotor is rotated. The power generated is a function of flux strength, conductor size, number of pole pieces and speed in RPM. However output is a sinusoidal output with the same losses as shown in conventional electric motors. 
     A conventional linear motor/generator, on the other hand, may be visualized as a typical electric motor/generator that has been cut open and unwrapped. The “stator” is laid out in the form of a track of flat coils made from aluminum or copper and is known as the “primary” of a linear motor. The “rotor” takes the form of a moving platform known as the “secondary.” When the current is switched on, the secondary glides past the primary supported and propelled by a magnetic field. A Linear generator works in the same manner but mechanical power provides the force to move the rotor or secondary past magnetic fields. 
     In traditional generators and motors, the pulsed time varying magnetic fields produces undesired effects and losses, i.e. Iron Hystersis losses, Counter-EMF, inductive kickback, eddy currents, inrush currents, torque ripple, heat losses, cogging, brush losses, high wear in brushed designs, commutation losses and magnetic buffeting of permanent magnets. In many instances, complex controllers are used in place of mechanical commutation to address some of these effects. 
     In motors and generators that utilize permanent magnets it is desirable to increase magnetic flux densities to achieve more efficient operation. Most permanent magnet motor/generators used today rely on permanent magnets such as Neodymium magnets. These magnets are the strongest of the man made magnetic materials. Due to their strategic value to industry and high costs it is desirable to increase flux densities without relying on a breakthrough in material composition of these magnets or manufacturing high density special purpose magnet shapes and sizes. 
     In motors or generators, some form of energy drives the rotation and/or movement of the rotor. As energy becomes more scarce and expensive, what is needed are more efficient motors and generators to reduce energy costs. 
     SUMMARY 
     In response to these and other problems, there is presented various embodiments disclosed in this application, including methods and systems of increasing flux density by permanent magnet manipulation. Specifically, methods and systems of increasing flux density utilizing commercially available shapes or sizes that can be chosen based on lower cost rather than flux density. Also described are methods of producing mechanical power by moving a coil/s coupled to a core into a magnet assembly with an increased flux density or producing an electrical output power when the coils are mechanically forced through the magnetic assembly with an increased flux density. In certain aspects, within the magnetic cylinder or magnet assembly magnetic flux lines are created and increased by the configuration of permanent magnets or electromagnets and are restrained within the magnetic cylinder or magnet assembly until exiting at predetermined locations. 
     In certain aspects presented herein, non-pulsating or non-sinusoidal DC current is applied to the power terminals which produces a Lorentz force at each length of coil conductor. This force is applied continuously throughout the entire rotation of the rotor hub without variations in amplitude or interruptions in output power. There are no pole pieces to provide magnetic attraction or repulsion consequently, there is reduced torque ripple, polarity reversals or interruptions in power output while the poles are in the process of reversing, thus producing more efficient output than traditional motors 
     When certain aspects of the disclosed embodiments are used as a generator non pulsating or non-sinusoidal DC current is produced at the power terminals. A Lorentz force at each length of coil conductor and across all coils induces an output current flow. This output is supplied continuously throughout the entire rotation of the rotor hub without variations in amplitude, polarity reversals, or interruptions in output power. There are no pole pieces to provide magnetic attraction or repulsion which produces a current output more efficiently than traditional generators. 
     Certain aspects of the disclosure reduces or eliminates the undesired effects and losses of traditional generators and motors discussed above, including Iron Hystersis losses, Counter-EMF, inductive kickback, eddy currents, inrush currents, torque ripple, heat losses, cogging, brush losses, sparking and high wear in brushed designs, commutation losses and magnetic buffeting of permanent magnets. 
     In summary, certain aspects of the various disclosed embodiments may provide the following benefits: 
     Unlike conventional brush rectified or PWM controller motor/generators, the coils in aspects of this invention are in continuous contact with the Permanent Magnet field and thus produce a non-varying continuous torque or output. 
     Complex PWM drives and controllers, commutators, etc (and the associated losses) may not be not required since certain aspects of the invention produce and utilize DC current directly. 
     If automatic speed control for a given load is required, complex position indication is not required. A much simpler RPM indication and a varying voltage/current relationship is all that is required to control speed. 
     Using the magnetic cylinder/single pole magnet assembly concept utilizing permanent magnets an otherwise unachievable, extremely strong magnetic field is generated without consuming any electrical power. 
     Though a Counter EMF field is produced by any induced current flow, due to the magnet cylinder and core design there is no direct impact on coil movement that hinders such movement. 
     Iron Hysteresis losses are essentially eliminated as only two points on the core experience any hysteresis loss at all and then only twice per revolution. 
     Eddy current losses are essentially eliminated as the core does not move perpendicular to the flux lines 
     Cogging is also essentially eliminated as the core forces are balanced and equal in all directions 
     There is little inrush current as there is no need to saturate large masses of iron 
     100% of the copper windings in the coil is utilized to take advantage of Lorentz forces thus there is no wasted copper winding as in conventional motor/generators. 
     Inductive kickback from the rising and collapsing sinusoidal waveform is eliminated 
     Like other DC motors reversal of torque is simply a reversal of input polarities. 
     These and other features, and advantages, will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
     It is important to note the drawings are not intended to represent the only aspect of the invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of a toroidal magnetic cylinder illustrating representative “planar” portions of magnetic flux paths within and around the cylinder with an iron core. 
         FIG. 2 a    is an isometric and partial section view of a toroidal magnetic cylinder of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 2 b    is a detailed partial section view of the toroidal magnetic cylinder of  FIG. 1 a    illustrating the planar magnetic fields or flux walls generated within the cylinder interior. 
         FIG. 3  is a conceptualized isometric view of a rotor hub assembly. 
         FIG. 4  is a conceptualized isometric view of a rotor hub assembly with a coil positioned on the rotor assembly. 
         FIG. 5  is a conceptualized lateral section view of an electric motor/generator assembly using the rotor hub assembly illustrating the power terminals and segmented single slip ring brush assembly configuration. 
         FIG. 6  is a conceptualized longitudinal section view of the electric motor/generator assembly of  FIG. 5 . 
         FIG. 7  is a lateral section view illustrating one embodiment of a coupling system between a portion of the coils and the slip ring segments which may be used with the electric motor/generator of  FIG. 5 . 
         FIG. 8 a    is an isometric view of a magnetic ring. 
         FIG. 8 b    is a detailed isometric view of a portion of an alternative embodiment of a magnetic ring. 
         FIG. 8 c    is a detailed isometric view of a portion of an alternative embodiment of a magnetic ring. 
         FIG. 8 d    is a detailed isometric view of a portion of an alternative embodiment of a magnetic ring. 
         FIG. 9 a    is an isometric exploded view of a magnetic cylindrical coil assembly. 
         FIG. 9 b    is an isometric view of the assembled magnetic cylindrical coil assembly of  FIG. 9   a.    
         FIG. 9 c    is a longitudinal section view of the assembled magnetic cylindrical coil assembly of  FIG. 9 a    positioned within a motor/generator assembly. 
         FIG. 9 d    is a longitudinal section view of the assembled magnetic cylindrical coil assembly of  FIG. 9 a    within the motor/generator assembly of  FIG. 9 c    showing a brush system electrically coupled to various coils of the magnetic cylindrical coil assembly. 
         FIG. 10 a    is a section view of an alternative motor/generator assembly when a coil segment is not in an energized state. 
         FIG. 10 b    is a section view of the motor/generator assembly of  FIG. 10 a    when the coil segment is in an energized state. 
         FIG. 11 a    is an isometric view of an alternative assembled magnetic cylindrical coil assembly. 
         FIG. 11 b    is a longitudinal isometric section view of the assembled magnetic cylindrical coil assembly of  FIG. 10 a    positioned within an alternative motor/generator assembly. 
         FIG. 11 c    is a longitudinal section view of the assembled magnetic cylindrical coil assembly of  FIG. 10 a    within the motor/generator assembly of  FIG. 10   b.    
         FIG. 11 d    is a longitudinal section view of the assembled magnetic cylindrical coil assembly of  FIG. 10 a    within the motor/generator assembly of  FIG. 10 b    showing a brush system electrically coupled to various coils of the magnetic cylindrical coil assembly. 
         FIG. 12  is a longitudinal section view of an alternative magnetic cylindrical coil assembly positioned within a motor/generator assembly. 
         FIGS. 13 a  and 13 b    illustrate a hybrid electromagnet magnet assembly which may be used in place of conventional magnets in the various magnetic cylinders discussed within this disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Specific examples of components, signals, messages, protocols, and arrangements are described below to simplify the present disclosure. These are, of course, merely examples and are not intended to limit the invention from that described in the claims. Well-known elements are presented without detailed description in order not to obscure the present invention in unnecessary detail. For the most part, details unnecessary to obtain a complete understanding of the present invention have been omitted inasmuch as such details are within the skills of persons of ordinary skill in the relevant art. Details regarding control circuitry, power supplies, or circuitry used to power certain components or elements described herein are omitted, as such details are within the skills of persons of ordinary skill in the relevant art. 
     When directions, such as upper, lower, top, bottom, clockwise, or counter-clockwise are discussed in this disclosure, such directions are meant to only supply reference directions for the illustrated figures and for orientation of components in the figures. The directions should not be read to imply actual directions used in any resulting invention or actual use. Under no circumstances, should such directions be read to limit or impart any meaning into the claims. 
     Most motors and generators used today require or produce a sinusoidal time varying voltage referred to as Alternating Current (AC). When Direct Current is utilized it must first be inverted and pulsed to replicate an AC waveform to produce the desired current or mechanical output. Certain embodiments of the present invention neither produces nor utilizes Alternating Current but instead directly produces or utilizes a non sinusoidal Direct Current without the need for rectification or commutation. This results in the elimination of Alternating Current Losses and results in a more efficient utilization of input or output power. However, certain aspects of the invention may accept any rectified A/C current and thus may be “blind” to input power supply phasing. Thus, simple rectified single phase, two phase, three phase power, etc. are all acceptable for input power depending on the configuration. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 1 , there is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a toroidal magnetic cylinder  100  illustrating representative planar magnetic flux paths  101  within and around the cylinder. These are representative illustrations; actual flux paths are dependent on the material design and specific configuration of the magnets within the cylinder. The magnetic cylinder  100  comprises an outer cylinder wall of  102  and an inner cylinder wall  104 . The outer cylinder wall  102  and inner cylinder wall  104  may be made with a plurality of magnets. In a lateral section view, such as illustrated in  FIG. 1 , it can be seen that the outer cylinder wall  102  is comprised of a plurality of magnets  106 , comprising individual magnets, such as magnets  106   a ,  106   b ,  106   c , etc. Similarly, the inner cylinder wall  104  may be comprised with a plurality of magnets  108 , comprising individual magnets  108   a ,  108   b , etc. It should be noted that only one polarity of the magnets are utilized within (or facing into) the magnetic cylinder or magnet assembly. 
     In certain embodiments, there may be a central iron core  110  positioned between the outer wall  102  and the inner wall  104 , however other core materials maybe used when design considerations such as strength, reduction of eddy currents, cooling channels, etc. are considered. 
     In certain embodiments, the plurality of magnets  106  and magnets  108  may be made of out any suitable magnetic material, such as: neodymium, Alnico alloys, ceramic permanent magnets, or electromagnets. In certain embodiments, each magnet  106   a  or  108   a  in the respective plurality of magnets has the dimensions of 1″×1″×1″. The exact number of magnets or electromagnets will be dependent on the required magnetic field strength or mechanical configuration. The illustrated embodiment is only one way of arranging the magnets, based on certain commercially available magnets. Other arrangements are possible—especially if magnets are manufactured for this specific purpose. 
     When the plurality of magnets  106  and  108  are arranged into the outer wall  102  and inner wall  104  to form the cylinder  100 , the flux lines  101  will form particular patterns as represented in a conceptual manner by the flux lines illustrated in  FIG. 1 . The actual shape, direction, and orientation of the flux lines  101  depend on factors such as the use of an interior retaining ring, material composition and configuration. For example, the flux line  112   a  from the magnet  106   a  on the exterior wall  102  tends to flow from the north pole of the magnet in a perpendicular manner from the face of the magnet around the interior of the cylinder  100 , through the iron core  110 , exiting through an open end  114 , then flow around the exterior of the cylinder  100 , and back to an exterior face of the magnet  106   a  containing its south pole. Similarly, the flux line  112   b  from the magnet  106   b  on the exterior wall  102  tends to flow from the north pole of the magnet in a perpendicular manner from the face of the magnet around the interior of the cylinder  100 , through the iron core  110 , exiting through the open end  114 , then flow around the exterior of the cylinder  100 , and back to the face of the magnet  106   b  containing its south pole. Although only a few flux lines  112  are illustrated for purposes of clarity, each successive magnet in the plurality of magnets will produce similar flux lines. Thus, the magnetic flux forces for each successive magnet in the plurality of magnets  106  tend to follow these illustrative flux lines or patterns  112  for each successive magnetic disc in the plurality of magnets  106  until the magnets at the open ends  114  or  116  of the magnetic cylinder  100  are reached. 
     Magnets on the opposing side of the cylinder  100 , such as magnet  106   c  tend to generate flux lines  112   c  from the magnet  106   c  on the exterior wall  102  which tends to flow from the north pole of the magnet in a perpendicular manner from the face around the interior of the cylinder  100 , through the iron core  110 , exiting through an open end  114 , then flow around the exterior of the cylinder  100 , and back to an exterior face of the magnet  106   c  containing its south pole. Although only a few flux lines  112  on the opposing side of the cylinder  100  are illustrated for purposes of clarity, each successive magnet in the plurality of magnets will produce similar flux lines. 
     In certain embodiments, the interior wall  104  also produces flux lines  118 . For instance, the flux line  118   a  from the magnet  108   a  on the interior wall  104  tends to flow from the north pole in a perpendicular manner from the face of the magnet, around the interior wall  104  via the iron core  110 , and back through the radial center of the interior wall  104  to the face of the magnet  108   a  containing its south pole. Similarly, the flux line  118   b  from the magnet  108   b  on the interior wall  104  tends to flow from the north pole in a perpendicular manner from the face of the magnet, around the interior wall  104  via the iron core  110 , and back through the radial center of the interior wall  104 , then back to the face of the magnet  108   b  containing its south pole. 
     The magnetic flux forces for each successive magnet in the plurality of magnets  108  tend to follow these illustrative flux lines or patterns  118  for each successive magnet in the plurality of magnets  108  until the open ends  114  or  116  of the magnetic cylinder  100  are reached. Thus, the flux produced by the magnets of the interior wall  104  of the cylinder  100  have an unobstructed path to exit through the center of the cylinder and return to its opposing pole on the exterior of the cylinder. 
     In some embodiments, the magnetic flux lines  112  and  118  will tend to develop a stacking effect and the configuration of the exterior magnetic cylinder manipulates the flux lines  101  of the magnets in the magnetic cylinder  100  such that most or all of the flux lines  110  flows out of the open ends  114  and  116  of the cylinder  100 . 
     In conventional configurations, the opposing poles of the magnets are usually aligned longitudinally. Thus, the field flux lines will “hug” or closely follow the surface of the magnets. So, when using conventional power generating/utilization equipment, the clearances must usually be extremely tight in order to be able to act on these lines of force. By aligning like magnetic poles radially with respect to the center  120  of the cylinder  100 , the magnetic flux lines  112  and  118  tend to stack up as they pass through the center of the magnetic cylinder  110  and radiate perpendicularly from the surface of the magnets. This configuration allows for greater tolerances between coils and the magnetic cylinder  100 . 
     In certain embodiments, the iron core  110  is positioned concentrically about the center  120  of the magnetic cylinder  100  such that the iron core is an equidistant radially from the interior wall  104 , generating a representative flux pattern  101  as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . The flux fields or lines are drawn to the iron core  110  and compressed as it approaches the iron core. The flux fields may then establish what can be visualized as a series of “flux walls” surrounding the iron core which extend throughout the cylinder and the exit points. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 2 a   , there is presented is a conceptual isometric view of the toroidal magnetic cylinder  100  having the central iron core  110  positioned within the magnetic cylinder.  FIG. 2 b    is a detailed partial view of the toroidal magnetic cylinder  100  illustrating the planar magnetic fields or flux walls  122  generated within the interior cavity  124  of the magnetic cylinder  100  in conjunction with the iron core  110 . These are representative illustrations; the actual flux walls  122  are dependent on the material design and configuration. 
     The cylinder  100  as presented in  FIGS. 1, 2   a  and  2   b  have been conceptualized to illustrate the basic flux lines or paths of a partial magnetic cylinder with an iron core concentrically located in a hollow portion of its walls. From a practical perspective, a core or rotor assembly may position the core  110  within the magnetic cylinder  100 . 
     Turning now to  FIG. 3 , there is presented an isometric view of a one embodiment of a assembly  130  comprising an iron core  132 , a rotor hub  134  and shaft  136 . The iron core  132  is similar to the core  110  discussed above. The iron core  132  and the rotor hub  134  are fastened to a shaft  136  using conventional fastening methods known in the art. In certain embodiments the rotor hub  134  may be composed of non-ferrous materials for example, to eliminate the production of eddy currents. When assembled with the magnetic cylinder  100 , a transverse slot (not shown) in the inner wall  104  of the magnetic cylinder (not shown in  FIG. 3 ) allows the core  132  and a portion of the rotor hub  134  to extend through the inner wall  104  of the magnetic cylinder  100  and into the interior cavity  124  (See  FIG. 2 b   ). 
     In certain embodiments, leakage flux through the transverse slot may be reduced or eliminated by embedding a series or plurality of magnets  138  in a periphery of the rotor hub  134 . The plurality of magnets  138  may be oriented similar to the cylinder magnets  106  of the cylinder  100  (not shown in  FIG. 3 ). In certain embodiments, the plurality of magnets  138  will move with the rotor assembly  130 . 
     In other embodiments the iron core  132  may consist of two or more segments  140   a  and  140   b  which may be fastened together to form a complete ring or core. This configuration may have the benefit of allowing a plurality of coils to be built on conventional forms then added to ring segments. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates an isometric view of the rotor assembly  130  where the core  132  comprises the core segment  140   a  and the core segment  140   b . A single coil  142   a  is positioned about the core segment  140   a . In certain embodiments, there may be a plurality of coils  142  as illustrated in  FIG. 5 . 
       FIG. 5  is a lateral cross-sectional view of one embodiment of an electric motor/generator assembly  150  which incorporates the magnetic cylinder  100  and the rotor hub  134 .  FIG. 6  is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the electric motor/generator assembly  150 . The motor/generator assembly  150  may use components similar to the components discussed above, such as the magnetic cylinder  100  and the rotor hub  134 .  FIG. 7  is a lateral cross-sectional view of one embodiment of an electric motor/generator assembly  150  illustrating additional detail regarding the current paths between individual coils in the plurality of coils  142 . The coils illustrated in  FIG. 7  are connected in series but any combination of series or parallel connections are possible. Additional brush locations may be added depending on design needs and criteria. 
     In the illustrative embodiment, the motor/generator assembly  150  has a longitudinal shaft  152 . In certain embodiments, the longitudinal shaft  152  may be made from an iron or a ferrite compound with similar magnetic properties to iron. In some embodiments, the ferrite compound or powder may be suspended in a viscous material, such as an insulating liquid, a lubricant, motor oil, gel, or mineral oil. 
     In certain embodiments, there may be an outer casing or housing  154  which provides structural support for the magnetic cylinder  100  and the longitudinal shaft  152 . In certain embodiments, the housing  154  may be formed from any material, alloy, or compound having the required structural strength. In certain embodiments, non-ferrous materials may be used. In some embodiments, external bearings  156  ( FIG. 6 ) may be used to reduce the friction between the longitudinal shaft  152  and the housing  154  or a similar supporting structure. In certain embodiments, the housing  154  may be coupled to a base  158  to provide for structural support for the housing  154 . 
     As described with respect to  FIGS. 1, 2   a  and  2   b , the toroidal magnetic cylinder  100  may comprise a plurality of exterior magnets  106  forming the exterior wall  102 , a plurality of interior magnets  108  forming the interior wall  104 . Additionally, there may first side wall  170  and an opposing side wall  172  which include a plurality of side exterior magnets  168  (see  FIGS. 5 and 6 ). 
     In certain embodiments, the core  132  as discussed above is positioned concentrically about a longitudinal axis  176  and within the interior cavity  124  of the magnetic cylinder  100 . As described above, a transverse slot  160  formed within the interior wall  104  of the magnetic cylinder  100  allows a portion of the rotor hub  134  to be positioned within the interior cavity  124 . The rotor hub  134  is also coupled to the core  132  which is also positioned within the interior cavity  124  of the magnetic cylinder  100 . 
     A plurality of coils  148 , such as coil  148   a  are positioned radially about the core  132  to form a coil assembly  182 . Each individual coil  178   a  in the coil assembly  182  may be made from a conductive material, such as copper (or a similar alloy) wire and may be constructed using conventional winding techniques known in the art. In certain embodiments, the individual coils  178   a  may be essentially cylindrical in shape being wound around a coil core (not shown) having a center opening sized to allow the individual coil  178   a  to be secured to the core  132 . 
     Although a particular number of coils in the plurality of coils  142  are illustrated in  FIGS. 5 and 7 , depending on the power requirements of the motor/generator assembly, any number of coils could be used to assemble the coil assembly  182 . 
     In certain embodiments, as illustrated in  FIG. 6  and  FIG. 7 , a plurality of slip ring segments  184  electrically connect the individual coils  142   a  in the coil assembly  182  in series to each other. Other configurations of coil connections, slip rings and brush injection/pickup points may be utilized. For example, other embodiments may use two non-segmented slip rings and the coils in parallel connection to each other. 
     In some embodiments, the slip ring segments  184  are in electrical communication with a current source via a plurality of brushes  186  and  188  ( FIG. 6 ) which may also be positioned within the casing  154  to provide current to the plurality of coils  142  in the coil assembly  182 . In certain embodiments, the brush  186  may be a positive brush and the brush  188  may be the negative brush. In certain embodiments, inductive coupling may also be used to transfer power to the coils or vice versa. 
     When in the “motor mode,” electric power is applied to power terminals  190  and  192 , certain coils in the plurality of coils  142  move through the magnetic cylinder  100  and only “see” “flux walls” similar to the flux walls discussed above in reference to  FIG. 2 b   . The plurality of coils  142  are not substantially affected by the direction of flux within the core  132 , thus the plurality of coils move according to the “right hand rule” throughout the cylinder  100 . However during the short period of time that certain coils of the plurality of coils  142  are out of the magnetic cylinder  100  itself and traveling through the open segment  194 , it is possible they can also contribute to the torque being produced. During this transition period, the flux is now leaving the core  132  on its path to the external walls of the magnetic cylinder  100  which is in the opposite direction to the flux forces within the magnetic cylinder, thus each coil in the plurality of coils  142  has to be supplied with a reverse polarity to contribute torque. 
     At the contact area for the negative brush  188 , the current is divided into two paths, one path is back through the plurality of coils within the magnetic cylinder  100  itself, the other path is routed through the coils positioned in the open segment  194 . Thus, the individual coils in the plurality of coils  142  are automatically provided with the correct polarity as illustrated in  FIG. 7 . 
     In the generator mode, when the plurality of coils  142  move through the magnetic cylinder  100  as a result of the shaft  152  being rotated, the coils within the magnetic cylinder only see the “flux walls” (as discussed in reference to  FIG. 2 b   ). They may not be affected by the direction of flux within the core, thus the coils produce power throughout their travel through the magnetic cylinder  100 . However during the short period of time they are out of the cylinder  100  itself and traveling through the open segment  194 , it is possible the coils can also contribute to the power being produced. During this transition period when the coils are in the open segment  194 , the flux is now leaving the iron core  132  on its path to the external walls  102 ,  104 ,  170  and  172  of the magnetic cylinder  100  which is, however in the opposite direction to the flux forces within the magnetic cylinder. Thus, the coil assembly  182  can also produce usable power which can be utilized depending on design needs. 
     Should it be desired to remove the open segment coil from the circuit, a diode rectifier may be added to one side of each coil to limit current flow to a specific direction. 
     As is well known, almost all conventional magnets have magnetic poles. Magnetic poles are typically either of two regions of a magnet, typically designated north and south, where the magnetic field or flux density is strongest.  FIGS. 8 a  through 8 d    illustrate the combinations of typical permanent magnets that may be utilized in magnetic rings or cylinders to create the concentrated flux densities of one magnetic pole (such as the north or south pole). Such magnets may be traditional magnets, electro-magnets, or an electro-permanent magnet hybrid discussed later in this application. Additionally, iron, iron powder or other magnetic material may be added to the cylinder core area for increased magnetic flux densities and concentrations (not shown). 
     Rather than using a magnetic cylinder  100  as described above, an alternative magnetic ring or cylinder  200  can be made of a single row of magnets, such as illustrated in  FIG. 8 a   . As illustrated in  FIG. 8 a   , all of the like or similar poles (e.g. south poles) of the plurality of magnets  202 , such as magnet  202   a  face inward. Such a magnetic ring  200  could be used in a motor or generator, but the strength of the magnetic field or intensity of the flux field (and therefore the motor or generator) would primarily depend on the strength of the individual magnets  202   a  in the plurality of magnets  202 . 
       FIG. 8 b    is an isometric illustration of a portion  210  of a magnetic ring, where each portion  210  comprises a magnet  212  and a magnet  214 . Positioning the magnet  212  and magnet  214  so that a magnetic ring has a cross sectional shape of a “V” as illustrated in  FIG. 8 b    and where the like poles face each other increases the strength of the magnetic field or flux density at the throat even if the strength of the individual magnets remain the same. For purposes of this disclosure, such a configuration may be known as a “2×” magnet cylinder assembly, where the term “×” indicates the approximate increase in flux density per magnet surface area (and not necessarily the number of magnets used). Such a configuration may increase the flux density approximately two times at the selected pole exit area  211 . Collapsing or compressing the “V’ further concentrates the flux density but at the expense of a smaller exit area  211 . 
       FIG. 8 c    is an isometric illustration of a portion  220  of a magnetic ring, where each portion  220  comprises a magnet  222 , a magnet  224 , and a magnet  226 . Positioning the magnet  222 , the magnet  224 , and the magnet  226  so that a magnetic ring has a cross sectional shape of a “U” as illustrated in  FIG. 8 c    and where the like poles face of each magnet faces inward increases the strength of the magnetic field or flux density even if the strength of the individual magnets remain the same. For purposes of this disclosure, such a configuration may be known as a “3×” conceptual magnet cylinder assembly. Such a configuration may increase the flux density approximately three times at the selected pole exit area  221 . Collapsing or compressing the “U’ (i.e., moving magnet  224  towards magnet  222 ) further concentrates the flux density but at the expense of a smaller exit area  221 . 
       FIG. 8 d    is an isometric illustration of a portion  230  of a magnetic ring, where each portion  230  comprises a magnet  232 , a magnet  234 , a magnet  236 , a magnet  238 , and a magnet  240  (not visible in  FIG. 8 d   ). Positioning the magnet  232  opposing the magnet  234  so that their like poles face each other and positioning the magnet  236  opposing the magnet  238  so that their like poles face each other. In other words, all of the south poles of the magnets  236  through  238  face inward. Furthermore, a magnet  240  is positioned on the back face of the “tube” formed by the magnets  232  to  238  to create an open box shape or cube as illustrated in  FIG. 8 d   . For purposes of this disclosure, such a configuration may be known as a “5×” conceptual magnet cylinder assembly. Such a configuration may increase the flux density approximately five times at the selected pole exit area  231 . Collapsing or compressing the box area (e.g., moving the magnets  236  towards magnet  238 ) further concentrates the flux density but at the expense of a smaller exit area  231 . 
     For brevity and clarity, a description of those parts or components which are identical or similar to those described above will not be repeated here. Reference should be made to the foregoing paragraphs with the following description to arrive at a complete understanding of alternative embodiments. 
     Turning now to  FIGS. 9 a  through 9 d   , there is presented an alternative embodiment or a 3× design which concentrates the magnetic field or flux lines to improve the efficiency of the motor or generator.  FIG. 9 a    is an isometric exploded view of a magnetic cylindrical coil assembly  300 .  FIG. 9 b    is an isometric view of the assembled magnetic cylindrical coil assembly  300 .  FIG. 9 c    is a longitudinal section view of the assembled magnetic cylindrical coil assembly  300  within a motor/generator assembly  350 .  FIG. 9 d    is a longitudinal section view of the assembled magnetic cylindrical coil assembly  300  within a motor/generator assembly  350  showing a brush system electrically coupled to various coils of the magnetic cylindrical coil assembly. Although four brushes per toroid cylinder are shown, the actual number of brushes depend on well known engineering factors, such as wear and current carrying capacity. 
     Turning now to  FIGS. 9 a  and 9 b   , there is an enhanced flux toroidal core magnetic cylinder assembly  300 . In some aspects, many of these components of the cylinder assembly  300  are assembled utilizing the enhanced magnetic cylinder concepts as described above. Note that only one pole (i.e., either North or South) is used and concentrated throughout the length and breadth of the magnetic cylinder  300 . 
     In certain embodiments, a conductor wrapped coil assembly  310  comprises a core  312  which may be formed of iron, iron powder composite or other magnetic/non-magnetic core material. A conductive material  314 , such as copper wire is wrapped around the core  312  to form one or more coils. Thus, the coil assembly  310  may consist of one or more coil segments. Especially in brushless designs, multiple coil segments allows speed control by selectively connecting coil segments in differing combinations of series and parallel connections without changing the system supply voltage. For purposes of example, certain embodiments of the coil assembly  310  may comprise twenty four (“24”) coil segments which allows multiple possible combinations of series-parallel connections resulting in multiple output speeds or output power. Where a continuously variable speed or torque requirement are required, input voltages may be adjusted accordingly and if needed, in combination with simple relaying or switched step control of the series-parallel connections between the coil segments. The coil assembly  310  is generally ring shape which allows an interior longitudinal magnetic cylinder  315  to slip through the coil assembly&#39;s central aperture  316 . 
     As illustrated, the interior magnetic cylinder  315  comprises a series or plurality of magnets  318  where the north poles face radially outward and transverse to the longitudinal axis  302 . Thus, when assembled the north poles of the plurality of magnets  318  would face the core  312  of the coil assembly  310 . A first side or end magnetic ring assembly  320  is positioned next to the coil assembly  310 . In certain embodiments the first side magnetic ring assembly  320  comprises a plurality of magnets  322  arranged in a radial pattern where the poles of each magnet  322   a  in the plurality of magnets are generally aligned in a parallel fashion with a longitudinal axis  302 . As illustrated the north poles of the plurality of magnets  322  face inward toward the core  312  or the coil assembly  310 . 
     In certain embodiments, a second side or end magnetic ring assembly  330  comprises a plurality of magnets  332  arranged in a radial pattern where the poles of each magnet  332   a  in the plurality of magnets are generally aligned in a parallel fashion with the longitudinal axis  302 . As illustrated the north poles of the plurality of magnets  332  face inward toward the coil assembly  310 . 
     When assembled, it is apparent from discussion regarding  FIGS. 8 a  through 8 d   , that the coil assembly  300  uses a 3× flux concentrator design to concentrate the flux force intensity or magnetic fields. 
       FIG. 9 c    is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of one embodiment of an electric motor/generator assembly  350  which incorporates the magnetic cylinder  300 . The motor/generator assembly  350  may use components similar to the components discussed above, such as the magnetic cylinder  100  and the rotor hub  134 . 
     In the illustrative embodiment, the motor/generator assembly  350  has a longitudinal shaft  352 . In certain embodiments, the longitudinal shaft  352  may be made from an iron, steel, or a ferrite compound with similar magnetic properties to iron. In certain embodiments, the longitudinal shaft  352  may include a ferrite compound or powder. In some embodiments, the ferrite compound or powder may be suspended in a viscous material, such as an insulating liquid, a lubricant, motor oil, gel, or mineral oil to reduce or eliminate eddy currents and magnetic hysteresis. 
     In certain embodiments, there may be an outer casing or housing  354  which provides structural support for the magnetic cylinder  300  and the longitudinal shaft  352 . In certain embodiments, the housing  354  may be formed from any material, alloy, or compound having the required structural strength. In certain embodiments, non-ferrous materials may be used. In some embodiments, external bearings (not shown) may be used to reduce the friction between the longitudinal shaft  352  and the housing  354  or a similar supporting structure. In certain embodiments, the housing  354  may be coupled to a base (not shown) to provide for structural support for the housing  354   
     As illustrated in  FIG. 9 c   , the magnetic cylinder  300  may be a 3× brushless assembly in that the magnet assembly (e.g., the magnetic longitudinal cylinder  315 , the first side magnetic ring  320 , and the second side magnetic  330 ) acts as the rotor with the toroidal coil assembly  310  stationary. This configuration has the advantage of using coil segments whose conductor leads can be brought to a single location (not shown) allowing stepped speed control by simple switching series-parallel combinations in combination with varying voltage inputs where stepless control of motor/generator outputs are desired. A connecting hub  340  couples the magnetic cylinder  315  to the shaft  302  in a conventional manner. 
       FIG. 9 d    illustrates the magnetic cylinder  300  as a 3× concentrated brushed “side wall” brush assembly. This assembly may be easily incorporated into a modular assembly  500  illustrated in  FIGS. 11 a  through 11 d    below. In certain embodiments, the modular assembly  500  may be a bolt up modular assembly which allows greater flexibility in selecting differing mechanical or electrical outputs without major design changes. Engineering needs and design consideration will determine the maximal numbers of magnetic cylinder and coils assemblies. 
     Turning now to  FIGS. 10 a  and 10 b   , there is presented an alternative embodiment or a 3× design which concentrates magnetic fields or flux lines  401  to improve the efficiency of a motor or generator  450 .  FIG. 10 a    is a longitudinal section view of the assembled magnetic cylindrical coil assembly  400  within the motor/generator assembly  450  where a coil segment  410   a  is not in an energized state.  FIG. 10 b    is a longitudinal section view of the motor/generator assembly  450  when the coil segment  410   a  is in an energized state (i.e, current/voltage moving through the conductive material  414 . 
     The enhanced flux toroidal core magnetic cylinder assembly  400  is similar to the core magnetic cylinder assembly  300  except that the interior parallel magnetic cylinder  315  is positioned on the outside of the side magnets ring assemblies  420  and  430 . 
     In certain embodiments, a conductor wrapped coil assembly  410  comprises a core  412  which may be formed of iron, iron powder composite or other magnetic/non-magnetic core material similar to the core  312  discussed above. A conductive material  414 , similar to the conductive material  314 , is wrapped around the core  412  to form one or more coils or coil segments such as coil segment  410   a . Thus, the coil assembly  410  may consist of one or more coil segments as described above in reference to the coil assembly  310 . 
     The coil assembly  410  is generally ring shape which allows a connecting hub  417  to couple the coil assembly  410  to a longitudinal shaft  452 . In certain embodiments, the connecting hub may be coupled to slip rings (not shown) or bushings  419 . 
     As illustrated, the exterior magnetic cylinder  415  comprises a series or plurality of magnets  418  where the north poles face radially inward towards the core  412  and the longitudinal axis  402 . A first side magnetic ring assembly  420  is positioned next to the coil assembly  410 . In certain embodiments, the first side magnetic ring assembly  420  comprises a plurality of magnets  422  arranged in a radial pattern where the poles of each magnet  422   a  in the plurality of magnets are generally aligned in a parallel fashion with a longitudinal axis  402 . As illustrated the north poles of the plurality of magnets  422  face inward toward the core  412 . 
     In certain embodiments a second side magnetic ring assembly  430  comprises a plurality of magnets  432  arranged in a radial pattern where the poles of each magnet  432   a  in the plurality of magnets are generally aligned in a parallel fashion with the longitudinal axis  402 . As illustrated the north poles of the plurality of magnets  432  face inward toward the core  412 . 
     In the illustrative embodiment, the motor/generator assembly  450  has a longitudinal shaft  452 . In certain embodiments, the longitudinal shaft  452  may be similar to the longitudinal shaft  352  discussed above. 
     In certain embodiments, there may be an outer casing or housing  454  (similar to housing  354  discussed above) which provides structural support for the coil assembly  410  and the longitudinal shaft  452 . In some embodiments, external bearings (not shown) may be used to reduce the friction between the longitudinal shaft  452  and the housing  454  or a similar supporting structure. 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 10 a  and 10 b   , the magnetic cylinder  400  may be a 3× brushless assembly in that the magnet cylinder assembly  400  (e.g., the exterior magnetic ring  414 , the first side magnetic ring  420 , and the second side magnetic  430 ) acts as the stator with the toroidal coil assembly  410  acting as a rotor. 
       FIG. 10 a    illustrates the representative flux paths in a 3× magnetic cylinder assembly section prior to energization of the coils. When a current is established in the coil segment  410   a , the permanent magnet flux lines  401  of  FIG. 10 a    are forced outside the coil segment  410   a  and are compressed in the remaining space between the magnetic rings and the core or coil segment  410   a  as illustrated in  FIG. 10 b   . A Lorentz force is then imparted on the rotor causing rotation in the case of a motor and induced current flow in the case of a generator. The force imparted or the voltage/current flow established is indicated by the Lorentz force calculations. 
     In a motor, force is equal to flux density in Tesla times the amperage times the conductor length in meters. In a generator voltage is equal to flux density in Tesla times velocity times conductor length in meters. In all configurations presented in this application these basic calculations are utilized. 
     Turning now to  FIGS. 11 a  through 11 d   , there is presented an alternative modular embodiment where each module uses a 3× design which concentrates the magnetic field or flux lines to improve the efficiency of the motor or generator.  FIG. 11 a    is an isometric view of the assembled magnetic cylindrical coil assembly  500 .  FIG. 11 b    is a longitudinal isometric section view of the assembled magnetic cylindrical coil assembly  500  within a motor/generator assembly  550 .  FIG. 11 c    is a longitudinal section view of the assembled magnetic cylindrical coil assembly  500  within a motor/generator assembly  550 .  FIG. 11 d    is a longitudinal section view of the assembled magnetic cylindrical coil assembly  500  within a motor/generator assembly  550  showing an exemplary brush system electrically coupled to various coils of the magnetic cylindrical coil assembly. 
     Turning now to  FIGS. 11 a  and 11 b   , there is an enhanced flux toroidal core magnetic cylinder assembly  500 . In some aspects, many of these components of the cylinder assembly  500  are assembled utilizing the enhanced magnetic cylinder concepts as described above. The magnetic assembly  500  is essentially three magnetic cylinders  100  (discussed above) assembled longitudinally as a single cylinder assembly (with certain polarities reversed as explained below) and on a common shaft. 
     In certain embodiments, conductor wrapped coil assemblies  510   a  through  510   c  include cores  512   a  through  512   c  similar to the core  312  discussed above. The cores  512   a  through  512   c  may be formed of iron, iron powder composite or other magnetic/non-magnetic core material. Conductive materials  514   a  through  514   c , such as copper wire are individually wrapped around the cores  512   a , the core  512   b , and the core  512   c  to form one or more coil segments for each coil assembly  512   a  through  512   c . As discussed above, multiple coil segments in each coil assembly  510   a  through  510   c  allows speed control by selectively connecting coil segments in differing combinations of series and parallel connections without changing the system supply voltage. 
     The coil assemblies  510   a  through  510   c  are generally ring shape which allows for interior magnetic cylinders  514   a  through  514   c  to be positioned annularly with respect to a longitudinal axis  502 . A plurality of hubs, such as hub  516   a  through  516   c  couple a longitudinal shaft  552  to the interior magnetic cylinders  515   a  through  515   c.    
     As illustrated, the interior magnetic cylinders  515   a  through  515   c  each comprise a series or plurality of magnets  518  positioned such that their magnetic poles are radially aligned perpendicular to the longitudinal axis  502 . A first end magnetic ring assembly  520  is positioned next to the coil assembly  510   a . In certain embodiments, the first end magnetic ring assembly  520  comprises a plurality of magnets  522  arranged in a radial pattern where the poles of each magnet in the plurality of magnets are generally aligned in a parallel fashion with a longitudinal axis  502  (similar to the ring assembly  320  discussed above). As illustrated, the north poles of the plurality of magnets  522  face inward toward the core  512   a.    
     In certain embodiments a second end magnetic ring assembly  530  comprises a plurality of magnets  532  arranged in a radial pattern where the poles of each magnet  532   a  in the plurality of magnets are generally aligned in a parallel fashion with the longitudinal axis  502 . As illustrated, in  FIGS. 11 c  and 11 d   , the north poles of the plurality of magnets  532  face inward toward the core  512   c.    
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 11 c  and 11 d   , the magnetic cylinder  500  may include three “magnetic cylinders”  500   a ,  500   b , and  500   c  spaced longitudinally from each other and sharing the same shaft  552  and longitudinal axis  502 . In the embodiment of the magnetic cylinder  500 , the individual magnetic cylinders  500   a ,  500   b , and  500   c  alternate magnetic polarities. For instance, the north pole of magnet  515   a  faces outward towards the core  512   a . However, the north pole of the magnet  515   b  faces inward away from the core  512   b . Similarly, the north pole of magnet  515   c  faces outward towards the core  512   c . This pattern would continue if more individual magnetic cylinders were added to the magnetic cylinder assembly  500 . 
     In other words, the space filled by the core  512   a  for the individual magnetic cylinder  500   a  has a magnetic force filled with a “north pole” polarity from the positioning of the magnets  522 , the magnets  515   a , and the magnets of the magnetic ring  524 . On the other hand, the space filled by the core  512   b  for the individual magnetic cylinder  500   b  has a magnetic force filled with a “south pole” polarity from the positioning of the magnets of the magnetic ring  524 , the magnets  515   b , and the magnets of the magnetic ring  526 . The space filled by the core  512   c  for the individual magnetic cylinder  500   c  has a magnetic force filled with a “north pole” polarity from the positioning of the magnets from the magnetic ring  526 , the magnets  515   c , and the magnets of the magnetic ring  532 . 
     In certain embodiments, the longitudinal shaft  552  may be made from an iron, steel, or a ferrite compound with similar magnetic properties to iron. In certain embodiments, the longitudinal shaft  552  may include a ferrite compound or powder. In some embodiments, the ferrite compound or powder may be suspended in a viscous material, such as an insulating liquid, a lubricant, motor oil, gel, or mineral oil to reduce or eliminate eddy currents and magnetic hysteresis. 
     In certain embodiments, there may be an outer casing or housing  554  which provides structural support for the magnetic cylinder  500  and the longitudinal shaft  552 . In certain embodiments, the housing  554  may be formed from any material, alloy, or compound having the required structural strength. In certain embodiments, non-ferrous materials may be used. In some embodiments, external bearings (not shown) may be used to reduce the friction between the longitudinal shaft  552  and the housing  554  or a similar supporting structure. In certain embodiments, the housing  554  may be coupled to a base (not shown) to provide for structural support for the housing  554 . 
     In this example, the magnetic cylinders  500   a  through  500   c  include a 3× concentration and brushless assembly in that the magnet assembly (e.g., the magnetic ring or cylinder  515 , the first side magnetic ring  520 , and the second side magnetic  530 ) acts as the rotor with the toroidal coil assembly  510  stationary. This configuration has the advantage of using coil segments whose conductor leads can be brought to a single location (not shown) allowing stepped speed control by simple switching series-parallel combinations in combination with varying voltage inputs where stepless control of motor/generator outputs are desired. 
       FIG. 12  is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of one embodiment of an electric motor/generator assembly  650  which incorporates an enhanced flux magnetic cylinder  600 . The motor/generator assembly  650  may use components similar to the components discussed above, such as coil assembly  610 . In some aspects, many of these components of the magnetic cylinder assembly  600  and the motor/generator assembly  650  are assembled utilizing the enhanced magnetic cylinder concepts as described above. 
     In certain embodiments, the conductor wrapped coil assembly  610  comprises a core  612  similar to the core  312  discussed above. A conductive material  614 , such as copper wire is wrapped around the core  612  to form one or more coil segments  610   a . The coil assembly  610  is generally ring shape and may be coupled to a connecting hub or sling ring assembly  617  which may in turn be coupled to a shaft  652 . 
     As illustrated, the enhanced flux toroidal magnetic cylinder assembly  600  comprises three U-shaped magnetic cylinders  680 ,  682  and  684  where the open end face of each U shaped cylinder faces the core  612  or the coil assembly  610 . Each of the U-shaped magnetic cylinders are comprised with a series or plurality of magnets  618  where the north poles of each magnet faces inward towards the “U” space. Thus when assembled, the north poles of the plurality of magnets  618  faces the core  612  to concentrate the magnetic fields of the magnets. 
     The coil assembly  600  uses a 9× flux concentrator design (three 3× concentrators). Thus, the assembled  650  motor/generator has a magnetic concentration of 9× and uses a typical DC brushes  619  (although four are shown, any number may be used depending on the engineering factors) to impart or collect the current. In this particular embodiment, the toroidal coil assembly  610  acts as the rotor which is connected to a slip ring assembly  642 . The 9× magnet cylinder or ring assembly acts as the stator. The greater flux density acting on the conductors increases the Lorentz outputs in motor or generator mode. 
     In the illustrative embodiment, the motor/generator assembly  650  has a longitudinal shaft  652 , similar to the shaft  352  discussed above. 
     In certain embodiments, there may be an outer casing or housing  654  which provides structural support for the magnetic cylinder  600  and the longitudinal shaft  652 . 
       FIGS. 13 a  and 13 b    illustrate a hybrid electromagnet magnet assembly  700  which may be incorporated in certain aspects of the above magnetic cylinders to concentrate the magnetic fields. Additionally, iron cores or similar materials may also be used with the magnetic cylinders to concentrate the magnetic fields as described above. 
     In certain embodiments, the magnet assembly  700  comprises at least two or more commercially available permanent magnets  710  and  712  positioned on either end of an iron core  714 . In the illustrated embodiment a cylinder shape has been selected but any shape may be constructed in any suitable configuration. 
       FIG. 13 a    illustrates conceptual flux lines  716  of the hybrid magnet assembly  700 . One skilled in the art may see that though some of the aligned magnetic domains will contribute to flux lines  716  exiting the permanent magnets pole faces, however, most will “leak” out of the core side walls  718 . 
       FIG. 13 b    illustrates the hybrid magnet assembly  700  with a spirally wrapped a conductive material  720  carrying a current. As illustrated, the conductor  720  confines and concentrates all the flux lines  716  to align any magnetic domains not aligned by the permanent magnets. This addition allows the creation of much stronger magnetic flux outputs at a lower ampere turn levels than conventional iron core coils. 
     Thus, such “hybrid” magnet assemblies can also be used to assist in the concentration of flux force lines in the magnetic cylinders discussed above. 
     In certain embodiments, there is an apparatus or system claims to produce voltage, for instance, there may be: 
     A system for generating DC electric voltage characterized by: a means for concentrating similarly polarized magnetic flux forces around a circumferential portion of a magnetic cylinder to create an area of magnetic concentration comprising a stacked plurality of similarly polarized magnetic flux forces, a means for coupling the coil segment to a longitudinal shaft such that as the longitudinal shaft rotates, the coil segment is moved into the area of concentration, a means for producing a voltage in the coil segment as the plurality of flux forces within the area of magnetic concentration are compressed, and a means for removing the voltage from the coil segment. 
     There may also be the above system further characterized by: a means for concentrating similarly polarized magnetic flux forces around an additional circumferential portion of the magnetic cylinder to create an additional area of magnetic concentration comprising an additional stacked plurality of similarly polarized magnetic flux forces wherein the additional area of magnetic concentration is radially positioned away from the area of magnetic concentration, a means for coupling the additional coil segment to a longitudinal shaft such that as the longitudinal shaft rotates, the additional coil segment is moved into the additional area of concentration, a means for producing an additional voltage in the additional coil segment as the plurality of flux forces within the area of magnetic concentration are compressed, and a means for removing the voltage from the coil segment. 
     There may also be the above systems wherein the system is further characterized by: a means for concentrating similarly polarized magnetic flux forces around a circumferential portion of an additional magnetic cylinder positioned longitudinally away from the magnetic cylinder to create an additional area of magnetic concentration within the additional magnetic cylinder comprising an additional stacked plurality of similarly polarized magnetic flux forces, a means for coupling an additional coil segment positioned within the additional cylinder to a longitudinal shaft such that as the longitudinal shaft rotates, the additional coil segment is moved into the additional area of concentration, a means for producing an additional current in the additional coil segment as the plurality of flux forces within the additional area of magnetic concentration are compressed, and a means for removing the additional voltage from the additional coil segment. 
     There may also be the above systems further characterized by: a means for concentrating similarly polarized magnetic flux forces around an additional circumferential portion of the additional magnetic cylinder to create an second additional area of magnetic concentration comprising a second additional stacked plurality of similarly polarized magnetic flux forces wherein the second additional area of magnetic concentration is radially positioned away from the additional area of magnetic concentration, a means for coupling a second additional coil segment positioned within the additional cylinder to the longitudinal shaft such that as the longitudinal shaft rotates, the second additional coil segment is moved into the second additional area of concentration, a means for producing a second additional voltage in the second additional coil segment as the plurality of flux forces within the second additional area of magnetic concentration are compressed, a means for removing the second additional voltage from the second additional coil segment. 
     Yet, there may also be a system or apparatus claims to produce mechanical power, for instance: A system for producing radial motion of a shaft, the system characterized by: a means for concentrating similarly polarized magnetic flux forces around a circumferential portion of a magnetic cylinder to create an area of magnetic concentration comprising a stacked plurality of similarly polarized magnetic flux forces, a means for radially moving a coil segment into the area of magnetic concentration, a means for applying a current to the coil segment to change the plurality of flux forces within the area of magnetic concentration, a means for creating a repulsive magnetic force on the coil segment to move the coil segment out of the area of magnetic concentration, and a means for coupling the coil segment to a longitudinal shaft such that as the coil segment moves out of the area of concentration, the shaft rotates in a radial manner. 
     There may also be the above system further characterized by: a means for concentrating similarly polarized magnetic flux forces around an additional circumferential portion of the magnetic cylinder to create an additional area of magnetic concentration comprising an additional stacked plurality of similarly polarized magnetic flux forces wherein the additional area of magnetic concentration is radially positioned away from the area of magnetic concentration, a means for radially moving an additional coil segment into the additional area of magnetic concentration, a means for applying an additional current to the additional coil segment to change the plurality of flux forces within the additional area of magnetic concentration, a means for creating an additional repulsive magnetic force on the additional coil segment to move the additional coil segment out of the additional area of concentration, and a means for coupling the additional coil segment to the longitudinal shaft such that as the additional coil segment moves out of the additional area of concentration, the additional coil segment contributes to the radial shaft rotation. 
     There may also be the above systems further characterized by: a means for concentrating similarly polarized magnetic flux forces around a circumferential portion of an additional magnetic cylinder positioned longitudinally away from the magnetic cylinder to create an additional area of magnetic concentration comprising an additional stacked plurality of similarly polarized magnetic flux forces, a means for radially moving an additional coil segment into the additional area of magnetic concentration, a means for applying an additional current to the additional coil segment to change the additional plurality of flux forces within the additional area of magnetic concentration, a means for creating an additional repulsive magnetic force on the additional coil segment to move the additional coil segment out of the additional area of magnetic concentration, and a means for coupling the additional coil segment to the longitudinal shaft such that as the additional coil segment moves out of the additional area of concentration, the additional coil segment contributes to the radial shaft rotation. 
     There may also be the above systems further characterized by: a means for concentrating similarly polarized magnetic flux forces around an additional circumferential portion of the additional magnetic cylinder to create an second additional area of magnetic concentration comprising a second additional stacked plurality of similarly polarized magnetic flux forces wherein the second additional area of magnetic concentration is radially positioned away from the additional area of magnetic concentration, a means for radially moving a second additional coil segment into the second additional area of magnetic concentration, a means for applying a second additional current to the second additional coil segment to change the plurality of flux forces within the second additional area of magnetic concentration, a means for creating a second additional repulsive magnetic force on the second additional coil segment to move the second additional coil segment out of the second additional area of concentration, and a means for coupling the second additional coil segment to the longitudinal shaft such that as the second additional coil segment moves out of the second additional area of concentration, the second additional coil segment contributes to the radial shaft rotation. 
     Also disclosed are means of creating the area of concentration, which may include: the above systems further characterized by: a means for positioning a longitudinal magnet within the magnetic cylinder, such that a longitudinal has a longitudinal axis that is parallel to a longitudinal axis of the shaft and that the poles of the longitudinal magnet are transverse to the longitudinal axis of the shaft, a means for positioning a first transverse magnet within the magnetic cylinder, such that the poles of the of the first transverse magnet are parallel to the longitudinal axis of the shaft, a means for positioning a second transverse magnet within the magnetic cylinder, such that the poles of the of the second transverse magnet are parallel to the longitudinal axis of the shaft, such that similarly polarized magnet poles all face towards one area to produce the area of magnetic concentration. 
     There may also be the above system further characterized by: a first magnet positioned within the magnetic cylinder, a second magnet positioned within the magnetic cylinder, such that similarly polarized magnet poles of the first and second magnets face towards one area to produce the area of magnetic concentration. 
     There may also be the above systems further characterized by: wherein the means for concentrating is further characterized by a third magnet positioned within the magnetic cylinder, such that similarly polarized magnet poles of the first magnet, second magnet, and third magnet face towards one area to produce the area of magnetic concentration. 
     There may also be the above systems further characterized by: wherein the means for concentrating is further characterized by positioning an additional magnets within the magnetic cylinder, such that similarly polarized magnetic poles of the first magnet, the second magnet, and the third magnet, and the additional magnets are positioned such that the polarized magnetic poles of the plurality of additional magnets face towards one area to produce the area of magnetic concentration. 
     There may also be the above systems further characterized by: wherein the means for concentrating is further characterized by an electromagnetic magnet positioned within the magnetic cylinder to produce the area of magnetic concentration. 
     There may also be the above systems further characterized by: a first magnet positioned within the magnetic cylinder, a second magnet positioned within the magnetic cylinder, an iron core coupling the first magnet to the second magnet and positioned between the first magnet and the second magnet, conductive material wrapped around the iron core, and a means for applying a current to the conductive material to produce an area of magnetic concentration. 
     Also disclosed are method claims to produce DC voltage: such as a method of producing DC voltage, the method characterized by: concentrating similarly polarized magnetic flux forces around a circumferential portion of a magnetic cylinder to create an area of magnetic concentration comprising a stacked plurality of similarly polarized magnetic flux forces, coupling the coil segment to a longitudinal shaft such that as the longitudinal shaft rotates, the coil segment is moved into the area of concentration, producing a voltage in the coil segment as the plurality of flux forces within the area of magnetic concentration are compressed, removing the voltage from the coil segment. 
     The methods of the above claims further characterized by: concentrating similarly polarized magnetic flux forces around an additional circumferential portion of the magnetic cylinder to create an additional area of magnetic concentration comprising an additional stacked plurality of similarly polarized magnetic flux forces wherein the additional area of magnetic concentration is radially positioned away from the area of magnetic concentration, coupling the additional coil segment to a longitudinal shaft such that as the longitudinal shaft rotates, the additional coil segment is moved into the additional area of concentration, producing an additional voltage in the additional coil segment as the plurality of flux forces within the area of magnetic concentration are compressed, removing the voltage from the coil segment. 
     The methods of the above claims wherein the method is further characterized by: concentrating similarly polarized magnetic flux forces around a circumferential portion of an additional magnetic cylinder positioned longitudinally away from the magnetic cylinder to create an additional area of magnetic concentration within the additional magnetic cylinder comprising an additional stacked plurality of similarly polarized magnetic flux forces, coupling an additional coil segment positioned within the additional cylinder to a longitudinal shaft such that as the longitudinal shaft rotates, the additional coil segment is moved into the additional area of concentration, producing an additional voltage in the additional coil segment as the plurality of flux forces within the additional area of magnetic concentration are compressed, removing the additional voltage from the additional coil segment. 
     The methods of the above claims further characterized by: concentrating similarly polarized magnetic flux forces around an additional circumferential portion of the additional magnetic cylinder to create an second additional area of magnetic concentration comprising a second additional stacked plurality of similarly polarized magnetic flux forces wherein the second additional area of magnetic concentration is radially positioned away from the additional area of magnetic concentration, coupling a second additional coil segment positioned within the additional cylinder to the longitudinal shaft such that as the longitudinal shaft rotates, the second additional coil segment is moved into the second additional area of concentration, producing a second additional voltage in the second additional coil segment as the plurality of flux forces within the second additional area of magnetic concentration are compressed, removing the second additional voltage from the second additional coil segment. 
     Additionally, there may be methods to produce DC mechanical power such as: a method of producing a radial motion of a shaft, the method characterized by: concentrating similarly polarized magnetic flux forces around a circumferential portion of a magnetic cylinder to create an area of magnetic concentration comprising a stacked plurality of similarly polarized magnetic flux forces, radially moving a coil segment into the area of magnetic concentration, applying a current to the coil segment to change the plurality of flux forces within the area of magnetic concentration, creating a repulsive magnetic force on the coil segment to move the coil segment out of the area of magnetic concentration, and coupling the coil segment to a longitudinal shaft such that as the coil segment moves out of the area of concentration, the shaft rotates in a radial manner. 
     The methods of the above claims further characterized by: concentrating similarly polarized magnetic flux forces around an additional circumferential portion of the magnetic cylinder to create an additional area of magnetic concentration comprising an additional stacked plurality of similarly polarized magnetic flux forces wherein the additional area of magnetic concentration is radially positioned away from the area of magnetic concentration, radially moving an additional coil segment into the additional area of magnetic concentration, applying an additional current to the additional coil segment to change the plurality of flux forces within the additional area of magnetic concentration, creating an additional repulsive magnetic force on the additional coil segment to move the additional coil segment out of the additional area of concentration, and coupling the additional coil segment to the longitudinal shaft such that as the additional coil segment moves out of the additional area of concentration, the additional coil segment contributes to the radial shaft rotation. 
     The methods of the above claims further characterized by: concentrating similarly polarized magnetic flux forces around a circumferential portion of an additional magnetic cylinder positioned longitudinally away from the magnetic cylinder to create an additional area of magnetic concentration comprising an additional stacked plurality of similarly polarized magnetic flux forces, radially moving an additional coil segment into the additional area of magnetic concentration, applying an additional current to the additional coil segment to change the additional plurality of flux forces within the additional area of magnetic concentration, creating an additional repulsive magnetic force on the additional coil segment to move the additional coil segment out of the additional area of magnetic concentration, and coupling the additional coil segment to the longitudinal shaft such that as the additional coil segment moves out of the additional area of concentration, the additional coil segment contributes to the radial shaft rotation. 
     The methods of the above claims further characterized by: concentrating similarly polarized magnetic flux forces around an additional circumferential portion of the additional magnetic cylinder to create an second additional area of magnetic concentration comprising a second additional stacked plurality of similarly polarized magnetic flux forces wherein the second additional area of magnetic concentration is radially positioned away from the additional area of magnetic concentration, radially moving a second additional coil segment into the second additional area of magnetic concentration, applying a second additional current to the second additional coil segment to change the plurality of flux forces within the second additional area of magnetic concentration, creating a second additional repulsive magnetic force on the second additional coil segment to move the second additional coil segment out of the second additional area of concentration, and coupling the second additional coil segment to the longitudinal shaft such that as the second additional coil segment moves out of the second additional area of concentration, the second additional coil segment contributes to the radial shaft rotation. 
     As above, there may also be methods of creating the area of concentration: such as the methods of the above claims wherein the concentrating is further characterized by: positioning a longitudinal magnet within the magnetic cylinder, such that a longitudinal has a longitudinal axis that is parallel to a longitudinal axis of the shaft and that the poles of the longitudinal magnet are transverse to the longitudinal axis of the shaft, positioning a first transverse magnet within the magnetic cylinder, such that the poles of the of the first transverse magnet are parallel to the longitudinal axis of the shaft, positioning a second transverse magnet within the magnetic cylinder, such that the poles of the of the second transverse magnet are parallel to the longitudinal axis of the shaft, such that similarly polarized magnet poles all face towards one area to produce the area of magnetic concentration. 
     The methods of the above claims wherein the concentrating is further characterized by: positioning a first magnet within the magnetic cylinder, positioning a second magnet within the magnetic cylinder, such that similarly polarized magnet poles of the first and second magnets face towards one area to produce the area of magnetic concentration. 
     The methods of the above claims wherein the concentrating is further characterized by positioning a third magnet within the magnetic cylinder, such that similarly polarized magnet poles of the first magnet, second magnet, and third magnet face towards one area to produce the area of magnetic concentration. 
     The methods of the above claims wherein the concentrating is further characterized by positioning a fourth magnet within the magnetic cylinder, such that similarly polarized magnet poles of the first magnet, second magnet, third magnet and forth magnet face towards one area to produce the area of magnetic concentration. 
     The methods of the above claims further characterized by wherein the concentrating is further characterized by positioning a fifth magnet within the magnetic cylinder, such that similarly polarized magnet poles of the first magnet, second magnet, third magnet, forth magnet and firth magnets face towards one area to produce the area of magnetic concentration. 
     The methods of the above claims further characterized by wherein the concentrating is further characterized by positioning an additional magnets within the magnetic cylinder, such that similarly polarized magnetic poles of the first magnet and the polarized magnetic poles of the plurality of additional magnets face towards one area to produce the area of magnetic concentration. 
     The methods of the above claims wherein the concentrating is further characterized by positioning an electromagnetic magnet within the magnetic cylinder to produce the area of magnetic concentration. 
     The methods of the above claims wherein the concentrating is further characterized by: positioning a first magnet within the magnetic cylinder, positioning a second magnet within the magnetic cylinder, positioning an iron core between the first magnet and the second magnet, positioning conductive material around the iron core, and applying a current to the conductive material to produce an area of magnetic concentration. 
     The methods of the above claims wherein the concentrating is further characterized by positioning one or more iron cores or similar metals within the magnetic cylinder to assist in producing the area of magnetic concentration. 
     The abstract of the disclosure is provided for the sole reason of complying with the rules requiring an abstract, which will allow a searcher to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the technical disclosure of any patent issued from this disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. 
     Any advantages and benefits described may not apply to all embodiments of the invention. When the word “means” is recited in a claim element, Applicant intends for the claim element to fall under 35 USC 112, paragraph 6. Often a label of one or more words precedes the word “means”. The word or words preceding the word “means” is a label intended to ease referencing of claims elements and is not intended to convey a structural limitation. Such means-plus-function claims are intended to cover not only the structures described herein for performing the function and their structural equivalents, but also equivalent structures. For example, although a nail and a screw have different structures, they are equivalent structures since they both perform the function of fastening. Claims that do not use the word means are not intended to fall under 35 USC 112, paragraph 6. 
     The foregoing description of the embodiments of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Many combinations, modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. Undescribed embodiments which have interchanged components are still within the scope of the present invention. It is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description, but rather by the claims appended hereto.