Abstract:
A display system, with a structural part, including a rear panel, and a light emitting device physically attached to the rear panel over a surface of the rear panel, where the surface of the rear panel comprises the entire surface to be illuminated by the light emitting device and a pixelated spatial light modulator part, coupled between the light emitting device, and a viewing area, modulating a light created by said light emitting device.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     Current TV/Video backlighting systems come in various types. 
     Edge Lit Backlighting Systems 
     Current LED display panels require that light be directed through the edge lit panel, reflected off of the back surface of the panel and emitted out of the front surface of the panel. The LCD panel itself consists of a matrix of very small, referred to as pixel, openings also referred to as LCD gates. When a gate is switched open, light passes through until the gate is switched off. In color displays, each pixel is composed of three sub pixels which are Red, Blue, and Green. When all three sub pixels are switched on, the three colors appear to be emitted from the same point and the eye sees white light. When the sub pixels are switched on and off for various time periods the light emitted from the three sub pixels appears as various colors. 
     Edge lit back light systems are formed of one or more light guides, also called light pipes, and various other plastic sheets or films and air gaps to further direct the light from the light guide(s) and diffuse the light before it is allowed to enter the LCD panel.  FIG. 5  shows the various components of an edge lit backlight assembly and its associated LCD panel assembly. 
     Edge lit display systems are generally thinner and weigh less than direct LED back light systems. 
     Direct LED Backlighting Systems 
     Direct LED backlight systems typically have an array of LEDs mounted on a printed circuit board (PCB) with a reflective sheet or layer residing on the top side of the PCB through which the LEDs protrude. 
     Because of the greater number of LEDs used in a direct LED backlight as opposed to the smaller number of LEDs used in an edge lit backlight, the amount of power used is greater and the amount of heat generated by the LEDs is greater. Direct LED backlight assemblies are also substantially thicker than edge lit LED backlight assemblies. 
       FIGS. 6 and 7  are depictions of direct LED backlight systems. In  FIG. 6 , components to the left of the dashed vertical line comprise the direct LED backlight assembly. To support the weight of the direct LED backlight assembly, a rigid sheet metal support  31  is used as a mounting structure. Some direct LED backlights have standoffs  32  between the sheet metal support  31  and PCB  33 . Light reflector  34  resides in front of PCB  33  to reflect any stray light emitted by LEDs  35 .  FIG. 7  depicts the reflector sheet  34  with holes  36  to allow LEDs  35  to protrude through reflector  34 . A diffuser  25  resides in front of LEDs  35  to further blend and eliminate bands of light from the array of LEDs  35 . 
     SUMMARY 
     The thickness of display devices, be they mobile devices or stationary devices, is dependent on the internal LCD pixel gate array and the backlight system. Current televisions, tablet computers and other mobile devices generally contain backlighting systems that use LEDs for the source of emitted light. LED backlighting systems are typically either edge lit or direct LED back lit. 
     A simpler apparatus and system is needed that is less expensive, has a lower parts count, is thinner and weighs less than either edge lit backlight systems or direct LED backlight systems and more power efficient than either. 
     The present invention contains systems and apparatus&#39; to reduce the thickness and weight of flat panel display screens currently in use for devices such as televisions, desktop and laptop computer displays, tablet computers, appliance and consumer electronics devices, PDAs, mobile devices such as cell phones and wired and wireless telephones, instrument displays for vehicles and various test equipment devices, large commercial display such as stadium displays, add on lightings such as television back directed lighting and bezel lighting, and other various lighting through LCD display panels. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a depiction of an asymmetrical (single dielectric layer) FIPEL light emitting device which emits light only from its front surface. 
         FIG. 2  is a depiction of an asymmetrical (single dielectric layer) FIPEL light emitting device which emits light from its front and back surfaces. 
         FIG. 3  is a depiction of a symmetrical (dual dielectric layers) FIPEL light emitting device which emits light only from its front surface. 
         FIG. 4  is a depiction of an asymmetrical symmetrical (dual dielectric layers) FIPEL light emitting device which emits light from its front and back surfaces 
         FIG. 5  is a depiction of a typical edge lit LED backlight assembly shown with a typical LCD panel. Note that the vertical dashed line separates the components belonging to the LED backlight assembly (to the left) and the components belonging to the LCD panel (to the right). 
         FIG. 6  is a depiction of a typical LED direct backlight assembly with its supporting structure and a typical LCD panel. Note that the vertical dashed line separates the components belonging to the LED direct backlight assembly (to the left) and the components belonging to the LCD panel (to the right). 
         FIG. 7  is a depiction of the front view of a typical LED direct backlight showing the holes  36  in the reflector sheet  34 . 
         FIG. 8  is a depiction of an ultrathin FIPEL backlight and LCD panel assembly embedded in the back supporting panel. 
         FIG. 9  is a depiction of a front view of an ultrathin FIPEL backlight and LCD panel assembly. 
         FIG. 10  is a depiction is a magnified edge view of an ultrathin FIPEL backlight and LCD panel assembly embedded in the back supporting panel. 
         FIG. 11  is a depiction of a FIPEL backlight assembly with the conductor lead used to deliver half of the powering signal from the signal generator  5  to the conductive plating  62  on the back of substrate  1   
         FIG. 12  is a depiction of the conductive lead  63  being conformed to a curve in the back shell  64  of the housing. 
         FIG. 13  is a depiction of the conductor lead  66  used to deliver the other half of the powering signal from the signal generator  5  that is connected to the ITO Plating on the emissive side of substrate  4 A. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present invention is based on Field-Induced Polymer Electro-Luminescence (FIPEL) technology. FIPEL was developed as an area lighting device that produces larger quantities of light for a given size panel than previous electro-luminescence (EL) panels which are well known in the art. FIPEL panels operate on alternating current. The frequency of the current is higher than 60 or 50 Hz normally used to power EL panels. 
     FIPEL panels are simple and inexpensive to construct. Typical configurations for FIPEL panels are shown in  FIGS. 1 and 3 . Note the differences between the two panels. 
     Typical Device Construction 
       FIGS. 1 and 2  illustrate single dielectric FIPEL devices and  FIGS. 3 and 4  illustrate dual dielectric FIPEL devices. The differences between the two groups deal with the direction of emitted light. The basic construction of FIPEL devices is discussed in the following. 
     Lab quality FIPEL devices are generally fabricated on glass substrates with various coatings such as aluminum and Indium tin oxide (ITO). ITO is a widely used transparent conducting oxide because of its two chief properties, its electrical conductivity and optical transparency, as well as the ease with which it can be deposited as a thin film. Because of this, ITO is used for conducting traces on the substrates of most LCD display screens. As with all transparent conducting films, a compromise must be made between conductivity and transparency, since increasing the thickness and increasing the concentration of charge carriers will increase the material&#39;s conductivity, but decrease its transparency. The ITO coating used for the lab devices discussed here is approximately 100 nm. In the figures the ITO coated glass substrates are identified by the reference number  4 A  6  throughout. 
     The other substrate  1  is aluminum (Al) deposited on a glass substrate. The resulting thickness of the Al deposition is sufficient to be optically opaque. The AL deposit on the glass substrate acts as an electrode and reflector to ensure light from the emissive layer (reference number  3 ) is directed through the ITO substrate layer (reference number  4 A  6 ) for devices illustrated in  FIG. 1  and reference number  4 B in  FIG. 3 . 
     Each device includes a dielectric layer(s) identified by the reference number  2  throughout. For the lab devices the dielectric layer is deposed on the opposite side of the top substrate layer of either Al ( FIGS. 1 and 3 ) or ITO ( FIGS. 2 and 4 ). 
     The dielectric layer is composed of a copolymer of P(VDF-TrFE) (51/49%). The dielectric layer is generally spin coated against the glass side of the top layer (insulated side) and the ITO (conductive) side of the bottom glass substrate. 
     The emissive layer (reference number  3  throughout) is composed of a mix polymer base of poly (N-vinylcarbazole):fac-tris(2-phenylpyri-dine)iridium(III) [PVK:Ir(ppy)3] with Multi Walled Nano Tubes (MWNT). The emissive layer coating is laid onto the dielectric layer to a depth of approximately 200 nm. For the lab devices with the greatest light output the concentration of MWNTs to the polymer mix is approximately 0.04% by weight. 
     When an alternating current is applied across the devices shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2  (asymmetrical devices) and  3  and  4  (symmetrical devices), the emissive layer emits light at specific wavelengths depending on the frequency of the alternating current. The alternating current is applied across the conductive side of the top layer (reference number  1  and  4 B) and the conductive side of the bottom layer (reference number  4 A). Light emission comes from the injection of electrons and holes into the emissive layer. Holes follow the PVK paths in the mixed emissive polymer and electrons follow the MWNTs paths. Signal generator  5  may be fixed, as to the frequency it provides to a FIPEL device or it may be control by a computer where the frequency is determined based on algorithms and data contained within content that will be displayed. 
     Carriers within the emissive layer then recombine to form excitons, which are a bound state of an electron and hole that are attracted to each other by the electrostatic force or field in the PVK host polymer, and are subsequently transferred to the Ir(ppy)3 guest, leading to the light emission. 
     Modern LCD digital televisions have undergone an evolution of back light systems starting with Cold Cathode Florescence Light sources, to LED scanning edge lit systems to non-scanning LED edge lit systems. LED Edge Lit backlights are formed of one or more panels that function as light guides or light pipes in that they control the direction of light emitted into the light guide panel and change the light direction such that it is emitted out the front of the light guide. 
     An edge lit LED backlight system  20  generally has one or more LEDs as shown in  FIG. 5 . In this depiction of an edge lit backlight system, note that object  21  is a support structure to which the components are fastened. The fastening devices for the panel are not shown in this depiction for the sake of clarity. Component  22  is a clear plastic panel such as polycarbonate. A LED backlight system may be formed of several narrow panels or a single panel that is the size of the LCD panel assembly  26 - 27 - 28 . 
     While the embodiments described the use of a LCD panel, it should be understood that any spatial light modulator can be used in place of the LED panel. 
     An LED  24  is shown at the edge of the panel with a reflector cone. An air gap separating the LED from panel  22 . Panel  22  will generally have some reflective surface, such as a reflective tape (not shown), attached to all of the edges except for that area in front of LED  24  which is the area covered by the air gap. An air gap is used between the LED and the edge of panel  22  to allow more emitted light to enter panel  22 . 
     Panel  22  will also generally have a reflective back surface to redirect light attempting to exit panel  22  at the back of the panel. The reflective surface is depicted as object  23 . Object  23  may be a reflective film or a reflective panel with microlens and/or reflective structures such as lenses and prisms molded into its back surface. Micro lens and micro prisms are well known in the art for reflecting and directing scattered light in a known direction. Object  23  improves the efficiency of light guide panel  22  to emit light toward object  25  which is a diffuser panel. 
     Light being emitted by light guide panel  22  may have distortions such as rings, lines or bands of brighter and darker light due to light being scattered in patterns in light guide  22 . Diffuser  25  scatters light entering the surface between LED light emitter  24  and diffuser  25 . Note also that an air gap may be present between light guide  22  and diffuser  25  to further allow light emitted from light guide  22  more of an opportunity to mix and soften the edges of light patterns. 
     Diffuser  25  scatters the light into multiple directions further mixing it into a homogenous beam that is emitted out of the opposite surface of diffuser  25  toward the LCD panel assembly  26 - 27 - 28 . 
     The LCD panel is made up of LCD gates which represent the pixels on a LCD display panel. Each pixel is further composed of three sub-pixels. A colorizer film  27  is placed on the back of LCD panels. The area of the colorizer film  27  that resides behind each pixel will be colored either red, blue or green so that white light from the back light system that enters the sub-pixel will be colored. This innovation reduces the number of LEDs needed to provide light from the back light system. In the past, backlights contained red, blue and green LEDs that were strobed in a time sequential manner so that LCD gates had to be turned on and off three times as often as they are with sub-pixels receiving colored simultaneously. 
     LCD gates that make up the LCD panel are able to pass or not pass light based on a strand of polarized material in the gate that is rotated when a charge is placed across the individual gate. So as to pass a maximum amount of light through the gate, the light entering needs to be polarized to the same polarity as the gate. Element  26  of LCD panel  26 - 27 - 28  is a polarization film that ensures that light entering LCD panel  26 - 27 - 28  is properly polarized. 
     As light leaving or being emitted from the LCD gates is still polarized, second polarization film, also referenced as  26 , is placed on the front surface of LCD panel  28 . This polarization film cleans up any scattering of light leaving the front of the LCD gates and improves the viewing angle of the display panel. 
     The inventor recognizes that FIPEL light emitting panels provide the opportunity to replace LED edge lit back lighting systems with a lower cost and lower parts count device. The typical LED edge lit backlight assembly as shown in  FIG. 5  has a light guide/pipe, an array of LEDs mounted to one of the edges of the assembly, a back reflector object  23  to redirect scattered light back through the light guide  22 , a diffuser  25  to blend the light from the light guide  22  and two air gaps shown as  29  and  30 . 
     A first FIPEL backlight system as shown in  FIG. 6  is formed of a FIPEL module  31 , which emits light directly from its transparent surface. The FIPEL module can be any of the modules shown in  FIGS. 1 through 4 . The FIPEL modules need no separate reflective sheet or device module at its back to redirect scattered light. FIPEL modules do not need reflective devices around the edges of the module to redirect light that would otherwise emit from the edges as does the LED edge lit backlight system. There is no LED array needed to inject light into the module. FIPEL module  31  emits light only in one direction evenly from its flat emissive surface. The emitted light contains no distortion pattern, so diffuser panel  25  is not necessary nor are air gaps  29  and  30 , normally found on each side of the diffuser as shown in  FIG. 6 . 
     In Total the FIPEL panel contains one component. The typical LED edge lit backlight assembly has 6 components including the two air gaps and the additional supporting structure (not shown) required for the air gaps. 
     FIPEL panel  53  is shown mounted directly to LCD panel  52  ( FIGS. 8 and 10 ). LCD panel  52  includes polarizer film  26 , color film  27  not shown for the sake of clarity. This further decreases the parts count for supporting structure  51  and  54 . 
     A further refinement of FIPEL backlight systems is shown in  FIG. 7 . In this embodiment, the first polarization film  26  is attached to the emitting surface of FIPEL device  4 A of  FIG. 5 . The polarization film  26  is part of the FIPEL device manufacturing process and become another part of the basic assembly. The addition of polarization film  26  to the FIPEL device makes assembly of the LCD panel simpler with only the color film to be aligned and bonded to the LCD panel. 
     A further refinement of FIPEL backlight systems includes the  4 A substrate plated with ITO on the side facing the PVK layer  3  polarized on the emissive or front side facing the color film between the LCD panel and the FIPEL device resulting in the elimination of polarization film  26  normally residing between the light emitting assembly and color film  27 . 
     Both of the FIPEL devices  31  and  32  shown in  FIGS. 6 and 7  are substantially thinner than a LED edge lit backlight assembly. If we assume that the two glass substrates are 0.020 each in thickness and the Al coating is 100 nm, the dielectric layer is 1,200 nm, the emission layer is 200 nm and the ITO layer is 100 nm. The total resulting thickness is approximately 0.040 inch, more generally less than 0.1 inch thick. 
     LED edge lit assemblies, depending on the reflector sheet behind the light guide can approach 0.250 inch which is some six times thicker than the FIPEL device of an embodiment. 
     The differences between the two technologies can allow for the FIPEL device/module to be mounted directly to the back surface of the LCD panel. This simplifies the manufacturing process (less manual touching of the panel) and allows for the plastic back of the display screen to become the supporting device with less or no structural metal resulting in a weight savings and a substantially thinner product. 
     This can also be used with the new Samsung screen technology called Electro-wetting Displays which may have backlights or have only have reflective back surfaces that reflect ambient light. A FIPEL panel of the type shown in  FIGS. 8, 9 and 10  can provide both. When the FIPEL panel is active with this type of display, the display is using a backlight. When the FIPEL panel is turned off, the reflective back surface of the FIPEL panel is reflective. This gives the Electro-wetting Display the best of both worlds. 
     FIPEL Direct Backlight Assembly 
     A first embodiment of the FIPEL Direct Backlight Assembly is disclosed. An ultrathin FIPEL backlight and LCD panel assembly is depicted in  FIGS. 8, 9 and 10 . A typical lab quality FIPEL panel can be as thin as 0.041 inch and the thickness of a typical LCD panel is approximately 0.091 inch. More generally, the light emitting devices can be less than 0.1 inch in thickness. Since FIPEL panels emit light equally across the area of the panel, a diffuser is not needed. 
       FIG. 8  shows a display panel back piece  51  with a depression area that is the depth of the FIPEL panel and the LCD panel.  FIG. 10  is a magnified view of the upper portion of the panel edge for clarity. For this embodiment, FIPEL panel  53  is physically touching LCD panel  52 . In some embodiments, the panels may be bonded together and in yet another embodiment they may share connecting substrates. Any of the structural materials described herein, including the back piece  51 , can be formed of plastic or any other suitable structural material. 
     With FIPEL panel  53  and LCD panel  52  residing in back piece  51 , a bezel  54 , shown in  FIG. 9  retains the panels within the depression and provide some additional structural rigidity. These depictions of FIPEL panel  53  and LCD panel  52  do not, for the sake of clarity, show polarizer sheets  26  nor color film  27  as depicted in  FIG. 5 . 
     The instant invention provides a new and unique method and apparatus for building ultrathin, lower cost, and lighter weight LCD display panels. 
     A second embodiment of the FIPEL Direct Backlight Assembly is disclosed where a refinement is made that reduces the parts count for the assembly. This embodiment makes use of a single dielectric device as shown in  FIG. 1 . In this embodiment, substrate  1  is plated with a conductive reflective coating  62  such as such as but not limited to Aluminum. In  FIGS. 11, 12 and 13  the plated reflective coating is shown as  62  for clarity. In the present embodiment the substrate becomes part of the back case of the display. Now referencing  FIG. 11 , assembly  60  shows the back panel of the device where  1  is the substrate and  62  is the reflective conductive coating. The back coating may be any conductive material such as, but not limited to, Aluminum. Substrate  1  is a non-conductive material such as, but not limited to, PET or other suitable non-conductive material.  63  is the signal or current line attached to reflective back coating  62 . 
     Now referencing  FIG. 12 , object  64  is an over coating or overshot of a plastic type material to add structural integrity to assembly  65 . Note that Signal or current line  63  has been made to conform to the contour of over coating  64  which is now the back shell for the display. The overshot material may be any plastic material such as, but not limited to, glass filled polycarbonate. 
     The balance of the FIPEL device shown in  FIG. 1  is then added to the device shown in  FIG. 13 . Note that  FIG. 13  shows dielectric layer  2 , the PVK MWNTs emissive layer  3  and the ITO layer  4 A as well as LCD panel  52 . The FIPEL device has now become a layer in the back shell of the display as shown in  FIG. 13 . 
     Note again that in  FIG. 11  object  63  is the conductor lead used to deliver the signal to the conductive plating  62  on the back of substrate  1 .  FIG. 12   FIG. 13  also shows the signal conductor emerging from the assembly after the substrate is overshot to add structural integrity.  FIG. 13  shows object  66  which is the conductor that is connected to the ITO Plating on the emissive side substrate  4 A.  FIG. 13  also shows that additional overshot material is added to  64  to encase the top and bottom of the integrated backlight and LCD panel thus forming the complete display. 
     In a slightly different embodiment, the material used for overshot coating  64  may be optically transparent and reflective back coating may be some conductive back coating such as ITO so that light is emitted from the back of the display and images are emitted from the front of the display. 
     In yet another embodiment, a second LCD panel may reside between the  62 , (coated substrate) and  64  overshot coating so that 2 different sets of images may be emitted from both the front and back of the display. 
     Although only a few embodiments have been disclosed in detail above, other embodiments are possible and the inventors intend these to be encompassed within this specification. The specification describes specific examples to accomplish a more general goal that may be accomplished in another way. This disclosure is intended to be exemplary, and the claims are intended for cover any modification or alternatives which might be predictable to a person having ordinary skill in the art. For example, other sizes and thicknesses can be used. 
     Those of skill would further appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the exemplary embodiments. 
     The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein, may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. The processor can be part of a computer system that also has a user interface port that communicates with a user interface, and which receives commands entered by a user, has at least one memory (e.g., hard drive or other comparable storage, and random access memory) that stores electronic information including a program that operates under control of the processor and with communication via the user interface port, and a video output that produces its output via any kind of video output format, e.g., VGA, DVI, HDMI, display port, or any other form. This may include laptop or desktop computers, and may also include portable computers, including cell phones, tablets such as the IPAD™, and all other kinds of computers and computing platforms. 
     A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. These devices may also be used to select values for devices as described herein. 
     The steps of a method or algorithm described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, using cloud computing, or in combinations. A software module may reside in Random Access Memory (RAM), flash memory, Read Only Memory (ROM), Electrically Programmable ROM (EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM), registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of tangible storage medium that stores tangible, non transitory computer based instructions. An exemplary storage medium is coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in reconfigurable logic of any type. 
     In one or more exemplary embodiments, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. 
     The memory storage can also be rotating magnetic hard disk drives, optical disk drives, or flash memory based storage drives or other such solid state, magnetic, or optical storage devices. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. The computer readable media can be an article comprising a machine-readable non-transitory tangible medium embodying information indicative of instructions that when performed by one or more machines result in computer implemented operations comprising the actions described throughout this specification. 
     Operations as described herein can be carried out on or over a website. The website can be operated on a server computer, or operated locally, e.g., by being downloaded to the client computer, or operated via a server farm. The website can be accessed over a mobile phone or a PDA, or on any other client. The website can use HTML code in any form, e.g., MHTML, or XML, and via any form such as cascading style sheets (“CSS”) or other. 
     Also, the inventor(s) intend that only those claims which use the words “means for” are intended to be interpreted under 35 USC 112, sixth paragraph. Moreover, no limitations from the specification are intended to be read into any claims, unless those limitations are expressly included in the claims. The computers described herein may be any kind of computer, either general purpose, or some specific purpose computer such as a workstation. The programs may be written in C, or Java, Brew or any other programming language. The programs may be resident on a storage medium, e.g., magnetic or optical, e.g. the computer hard drive, a removable disk or media such as a memory stick or SD media, or other removable medium. The programs may also be run over a network, for example, with a server or other machine sending signals to the local machine, which allows the local machine to carry out the operations described herein. 
     Where a specific numerical value is mentioned herein, it should be considered that the value may be increased or decreased by 20%, while still staying within the teachings of the present application, unless some different range is specifically mentioned. Where a specified logical sense is used, the opposite logical sense is also intended to be encompassed. 
     The previous description of the disclosed exemplary embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these exemplary embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.