Abstract:
The invention relates to a method for filling a receptacle ( 200 ) with carbon nanotubes from another receptacle ( 106 ) whereby the CNTs are passed from one receptacle to the other by means of a coupling ( 300 ) comprising a double-valve device ( 30 ), each valve being coupled to one of the receptacles, the valves ( 31, 32 ) closing independently and tightly and being openable only when they are coupled to one another.

Description:
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/361,652, filed on Jan. 29, 2009, which claims priority to FR 08.50674, filed Feb. 4, 2008, the entireties of which applications are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The invention relates to an industrial method for safely filling a receptacle with carbon nanotubes (CNT) from another receptacle. The invention also relates to a filling system employing the method. The invention also relates to a plant for the safe packaging of carbon nanotubes, which is equipped with a filling system according to the invention. 
         [0003]    Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are particles of a diameter ranging between 0.4 nm and 50 nm and of a length in excess of 100 times their diameter. CNTs form bundles such that they exist in the form of a powder of a range of particle sizes in which the mean diameter of the particles is about 400 microns. 
         [0004]    The expansion in activity relating to CNTs has lead the applicant, in their capacity as a CNT manufacturer, to handle significant quantities of CNT powder and to seek solutions to allow CNTs to be packaged into containers and transported between reactor and storage hopper. However, handling CNTs and designing systems for packaging and transporting them could potentially raise issues of environmental and personal safety, 20 even though to date the risks involved if CNT powder were to be released into the air, even at low doses, are not known. 
         [0005]    What has happened is that the applicant has run into difficulties particularly when filling a receptacle with CNTs from another receptacle. Receptacle-filling operations have to be performed once an industrial plant for packaging CNTs into containers has been 25 designed. 
         [0006]    What has happened is that the applicant has had to solve the problem of transferring CNTs on an industrial scale without knowing what impact CNTs might have on man and the environment. In order to solve this problem, the applicant has chosen a solution which provides the maximum level of safety with respect to the environment and 30 which is compatible with use on an industrial scale. 
         [0007]    In this context, the applicant has chosen to take a precautionary approach and has sought a solution such as to afford a maximum level of safety when transferring CNTs from one receptacle to another receptacle through a mechanical connection positioned between the two receptacles. The applicant has, in particular, sought a solution that affords maximum safety for the operations of filling a CNT packaging receptacle with CNTs from a storage receptacle in a way that is compatible with an industrial process. 
         [0008]    In this same approach, the applicant has sought a solution that presents a maximum level of safety throughout an industrial plant developed to transport CNT powder from the reactor in which the CNTs are manufactured as far as the point where they are packaged into containers. 
         [0009]    To these ends, the applicant has developed a safe filling method whereby the coupling between a receptacle containing the CNTs and a receptacle intended to receive the CNTs is achieved by means of a safe double-valve device. 
         [0010]    A double-valve device provides the tightest possible seal and the highest level of safety with respect to the environment during transfer and also afterwards because those parts of the valves that are exposed to the open air do not become soiled during transfer. 
       PRIOR ART 
       [0011]    Document EP 1 468 917 describes a device for transferring powder, granules, paste, liquid or gas from one container to another container. That transfer device is made up of a cone valve that closes off the opening of one container, of a drive mechanism for moving the cone valve; of a shut-off head positioned on the other container and of a mechanism allowing the head to be moved inside the container under the thrust of the cone valve, this same mechanism ensuring that the shut-off head returns to its initial position when there is no driving thrust. 
         [0012]    The cone valve is moved by the drive mechanism of the hydraulic, electrical or pneumatic cylinder type housed in one container. 
         [0013]    The head is coupled to the return mechanism housed in the other container. 
         [0014]    The drive mechanism that drives the valve is housed inside the container. It is therefore necessary to adapt the container in order to allow this mechanism to be controlled from the outside. 
         [0015]    The device described in that document does not deal with the transfer of carbon nanotubes. In any event, that transfer device is unsuited to carbon nanotubes because, being inside the container, the drive mechanism that drives the valve is in contact with the powder that is to be transferred. There is therefore a risk of soiling and of malfunctioning, which risk increases as the powder that is to be transferred becomes more fine, and nanoparticles such as carbon nanotubes are extremely fine. 
         [0016]    Further, that device is ill suited to an industrial method for filling with carbon nanotubes because the device entails containers that are specially adapted to take external controls so that the movement of the cone valve can be actuated. 
         [0017]    Aside from these disadvantages, the transfer device made up of this type of valve is complex and bulky because it contains a valve drive mechanism and a head return mechanism each moving in the container that houses them and along the longitudinal axis of this container. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0018]    Thus, in order to provide the maximum level of safety for transferring carbon nanotubes and to afford an industrial solution to the transfer of CNTs from one site to another, the applicant has chosen to fit the containers with double-valve devices such as, for example, a device of the “Buck®” or “Glatt®” type. These devices are also known by the name of butterfly valves. These are compact devices in the form of two flat cylindrical elements that are very compact and seal very tightly. Each element constitutes one valve, one being known as the active valve and the other as the passive valve. 
         [0019]    Hitherto, double-valve devices of the “Buck®” or “Glatt®” type have been used to handle small volumes of powders of a particle size greater in diameter than CNTs, in pharmaceutical laboratories. 
         [0020]    Such devices comprise an active first valve and a passive valve. The opening control is on the periphery of the active valve of the device. The double-valve device can be opened only when the two valves are coupled to one another. The opening control is locked when there is no coupling. The passage between two receptacles connected to one another by this type of valve is opened and closed by shutters that face one another and pivot about a diametral axis under the action of the opening control. The faces of the shutters that are in contact with the products contained in the receptacles are never in contact with the outside. Thus, after the two valves have been disconnected, no product (powder or the like) is present on the external faces of the shutters. This then protects the environment while products are being transferred and even afterwards. 
         [0021]    A more particular subject of the invention is an industrial method for filling a receptacle with carbon nanotubes from another receptacle whereby the CNTs are passed from one receptacle to the other by means of a coupling comprising a double-valve device, each of the valves being coupled to one of the receptacles, the said valves closing independently and tightly and being openable only when they are coupled to one another, the said device being a double-valve device of the butterfly valve type. 
         [0022]    When the filling method is applied to the metering of CNTs, the CNTs are to transferred from a container to a metering device, and the method then consists in connecting the valve known as the active valve to the container and the other valve known as the passive valve to the metering device. 
         [0023]    When the filling method is being applied to the packaging of CNTs in containers from a storage hopper, the method consists in coupling a valve known as the active valve to the outlet line of the hopper and the other valve known as the passive valve to the container. 
         [0024]    The invention also relates to an industrial system for filling a receptacle with carbon nanotubes from another receptacle, the system to this end comprising a means of coupling between the two receptacles, comprising a double-valve device, it being possible for a first valve to be coupled to one of the receptacles, it being possible for the other valve to be coupled to the other receptacle, each of the valves closing independently and tightly once they have been fitted to the receptacles, it being possible for the two valves to be coupled to one another, this coupling allowing them to be opened, the said device being a double-valve device of the butterfly valve type. 
         [0025]    At least one valve of the double-valve device is active, that is to say that it comprises an opening control. The second valve is a passive valve. 
         [0026]    The double-valve device is flat and compact and has shutters that face one another and pivot about a diametral axis under the action of an opening control on the external periphery of the active valve. 
         [0027]    The filling system may comprise an adapter to adapt the opening diameter of the container to the diameter of the valve. An adapter may be fixed to the opening of each container to allow coupling with the valves. 
         [0028]    The invention applies to any receptacle equipped with a valve of a double-valve device to allow CNTs to be transferred from one receptacle to the other or allow one receptacle to be filled with CNTs from the other. 
         [0029]    Receptacles of the storage receptacle type are coupled to the active valve of the double-valve device. 
         [0030]    Receptacles in which the CNTs are packaged or other transfer receptacles are coupled to the passive valve of the device, it being possible for this valve to be, for example, connected directly to the opening of the receptacle. 
         [0031]    The invention also relates to an industrial plant for packaging CNTs into containers, the said plant being equipped with a carbon nanotubes filling system according to the present invention. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0032]      FIG. 1  is a diagram of a CNT filling system for implementing the method in a first application that involves transferring CNTs from a first receptacle to another receptacle, 
           [0033]      FIG. 2  is a diagram of an industrial plant for packaging CNTs into containers, using a CNT filling system that implements the method, 
           [0034]      FIGS. 3A and 3B  are cross sections on AA of the device  30  of  FIGS. 4A and 4B , respectively, in the uncoupled then in the coupled position;  FIGS. 3C and 3D  are cross sections on BB of this same device; 
           [0035]      FIG. 5  is a diagram of an industrial plant for packaging CNTs with a pneumatic conveyor line between the reactor  100  and the packaging stage. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0036]    Large-scale handling of CNTs has lead the applicant to develop an industrial plant covering the phases from manufacture, that is to say from the reactor in which the CNTs are formed, to the packaging of CNTs in containers, the sizes of which vary from 201 to 20001 depending on the anticipated end-use. 
         [0037]    The present invention falls into the context of this development and applies to the transfer of CNTs from one receptacle to another when one receptacle needs to be mechanically coupled to another, either directly or via an outlet line, whether this be a packaging receptacle or any other receptacle, for example a metering receptacle. 
         [0038]    The description given hereafter illustrates the use of the method according to the invention in two applications and the system used for implementing the method. 
         [0039]    In a first application illustrated by the diagram that is  FIG. 1 , the method and the implementation system allow CNTs to be transferred to a receptacle  20  from another receptacle  10  containing CNTs. The receptacle  20  into which the CNTs are transferred, may for example, be a metering device. The receptacle  20  is a storage container. 
         [0040]    The coupling  300  between the two receptacles  10 ,  20  is achieved via the double-valve device  30 , a valve  31  and a valve  32  being connected to each opening of the two receptacles. 
         [0041]    A suction device  50  coupled to the device  30  may be provided in order to extract any CNT powder residue from the connection. 
         [0042]    For transporting the CNTs there is no need to use shuttle containers, that is to say containers the opening of which has the same diameter as that of the double valves. Containers of standard diameter may be used. To do that, the lid of the container is removed. Provision is then made for the transfer device to be fitted with a diameter adapter, referenced  33  in  FIG. 1 . This is because the diameters of standard containers are greater than those of the double valves. The adapter  33  is cone-shaped such that one of its openings is attached to the container in place of the lid, the other opening being fixed to a valve  31  and/or  32 . 
         [0043]    The CNT filling method in the case of a second application which is that of packaging CNTs in containers will now be described. 
         [0044]    In a first practical exemplary embodiment illustrated by the diagram that is  FIG. 2 , packaging is performed without transporting the CNTs, these being transferred from a storage hopper  103  in which the CNT powder is held, into containers  200 . The mechanical coupling between the outlet of the hopper  103  and the opening of the container  200  is achieved by means of a double-valve device  30  of the “Buck®” or “Glatt®” butterfly-valve type, marketed by the company of the same name. This device may have an adapter  33  or adapting the diameter fitted to the container  200  if the diameter thereof is not the same as that of the valve  32 . 
         [0045]    The elements that make up the industrial plant I1 from the reactor  100  as far as the packaging station are:
       a cooler  101     a screen  102     a storage hopper  103     valves  301 ,  302     a filling system  300  for packaging, comprising a double-valve device  30 .       
 
         [0051]    In order to obtain a very high quality powder with no coke present, the largest particles are removed. To this end, a screen  102  is positioned after the cooler in order to separate out the large particles. This screen  102  must be completely sealed and allow no contact whatever between the operator and the CNT powder, and for example may be a compact screen by the company RITEC. The cut-off of the screen is 2 mm with the screen diameter of 400 mm for a filtration area of 0.1 m 2 . This tool gives continuous screening of the powder at a high flow rate, the advantage of this equipment being its lateral motors which allow for greater screening performance. 
         [0052]    The hopper  103  is coupled to the outlet of the screen. The hopper is preferably pyramid-shaped and made of stainless steel with, in this particular exemplary embodiment, a capacity of 350 1. 
         [0053]    The mechanical coupling  300  allows for safe filling between the CNT inlet from the hopper and the opening of the container  200  by virtue of the butterfly-type double-valve device  30 . 
         [0054]    The CNTs from the hopper  103  may, in an alternative version not depicted in this diagram, pass through a control valve. The active valve  31  of the device  30  would then be coupled to this control valve. 
         [0055]    The packaging container  200  is coupled to the passive valve  32  of the device  30 . 
         [0056]    The butterfly-type double-valve device of the “BUCK” type for example makes it possible to avoid any contact between the powder and the outside, and the CNT powder can thus be transferred in complete safety. By virtue of the technology of this type of valve, the way in which the CNT powder is transferred is highly contained and free of dust. The design of this valve prevents any possibility of the CNT powder leaking to and contaminating the outside. 
         [0057]    In this example, the passive valve  32  of the device is connected to the opening of the packaging containers  200  while the active valve  31  is connected to the outlet of the storage hopper. 
         [0058]    Reference may be made to the diagrams that are  FIGS. 3A to 3D  and  4 A to  4 D in order to understand how the double-valve device described hereinafter works. 
         [0059]    When the passive valve  32  on a receptacle  20  or container  200  is coupled to the active valve  31  receiving the CNTs from another receptacle  10  ( FIG. 1 ) or from the hopper  103  ( FIG. 2 ), the two external faces of the shutters  34  and  35  of the valves are pressed together, preventing any CNT powder from soiling these faces. Thus, when the valves  31 ,  32  are separated, the faces of the shutters  34 ,  35  find themselves in contact with the outside but have not been soiled with the powder. Further, the coupling of the two valves  31 ,  32  unlocks the opening control  36  and the shutters can then pivot under the action of the control. The control may be automatic or manual. 
         [0060]    The opening of the double valve then allows CNT powder to flow without any external leak. 
         [0061]    In a second example illustrated by the diagram that is  FIG. 5 , packaging is performed after transport. In this case, the plant I2 comprises a circuit conveying the CNTs from the reactor  100  in which they were manufactured to a remote storage hopper  106  (for example one situated in another building or on a different floor). 
         [0062]    The type of transport chosen is pneumatic conveying in the dense phase in order to preserve the quality of the CNT powder and avoid the generation of fine particles. The gas used is air. 
         [0063]    In order to make the transportation completely safe, an operation has been chosen in which there is a vacuum in the circuit such that, in the event of a leak, no CNT powder can be discharged into the atmosphere. 
         [0064]    The elements that make up the industrial plant from the reactor  100  as far as the packaging stage are:
       a reactor ( 100 ) in which the CNTs are formed,   a cooler ( 101 ),   an airlock ( 120 ),   a pneumatic conveyor ( 400 ),   a vacuum chamber ( 105 ) with air filtration ( 108 ),   an in-line screen ( 102 ),   the storage hopper ( 106 ),   a metering valve ( 104 ),   an air filter ( 107 ),   a filling system  300  for packaging using a butterfly-type double-valve device (device with safety valves).       
 
         [0075]    The airlock  120  allows CNT powder produced by the reactor  100  to be recovered and this powder to be inerted by alternating vacuum with nitrogen in order to eliminate any trace of ethylene and, above all, of hydrogen, before pneumatic conveying is performed. 
         [0076]    This airlock  120  may also be fitted with a pressurizer so that it can, if appropriate, operate with blowback. 
         [0077]    The presence of hydrogen may prove hazardous in the event of leakage and contact with the air. The carbon nanotubes will not be transported until an in-line analyser positioned at the exit of the air lock  120  (before the CNTs are transported) has checked the ethylene concentration. It will be assumed that if no further ethylene is present then the hydrogen will also have disappeared. 
         [0078]    In order to obtain a very high quality powder with no coke present, the largest particles are eliminated. To do this, an in-line screen  102  is positioned in the transport circuit  400  after the vacuum chamber  105  in order to separate out the large particles. This screen  102  must be completely sealed and allow no contact whatever between the operator and the CNT powder, and for example may be a compact screen by the company RITEC. The cut-off of the screen is 2 mm with a screen diameter of 400 mm for a filtration area of 0.1 m 2 . This tool gives continuous screening of the powder at a high flow rate, the advantage of this equipment being the result of the lateral motors which allow for greater screening performance. 
         [0079]    The hopper  106  is preferably pyramid-shaped and made of stainless steel with, in this particular exemplary embodiment, a capacity of 350 1. 
         [0080]    A weighing device, not depicted, may make it possible at any moment to determine the amount of CNTs produced in the reactor  100 . 
         [0081]    The air conveyed with the CNT powder is sent to an air filtration device  107  equipped with very high efficiency filters such as HEPA filters H14. An HEPA filter has the ability to retain particles of a diameter of 0.3 μm in the air with an efficiency of 99.995%. 
         [0082]    The filling system for packaging CNTs offers the possibility of providing various different volumes (small volumes 11 to 101, big volumes 601 to 2001 until 1 m 3  (in weight from 100 g to 100 kg and more)) of carbon nanotubes and of operating in complete safety without handling the powder. 
         [0083]    The mechanical coupling  300  between the inlet of CNTs from the hopper and the opening of the container is achieved by means of a butterfly-type double-valve device  30  (of the “Buck®” or “Glatt®” type). 
         [0084]    The CNTs from the hopper pass first of all through the control valve  104 . The active valve  31  of the device  30  is coupled to this control valve  104 . 
         [0085]    With a view to avoiding excessive bulk, the control valve  104  comprises a metering device of the DOSIMAT© type. This valve has a cross section DN 150 and consists of a circular disc set in motion by a cylinder which, when pivoting about an axis, opens the way to a greater or lesser flow of product through a crescent-shaped opening that can vary from being completely closed to wide open. 
         [0086]    Provision may also be made for the receiving container to be emptied after transport into a receiving hopper with which the plant that will use the CNTs is equipped. When this is the case, the receiving hopper is fitted with an active valve in order to allow the transfer to be performed in complete safety. 
         [0087]    The industrial plant that has just been described allows CNT powder to be packaged in complete safety, this safety being afforded at the time of packaging into containers and also throughout the transport line from the reactor as far as the safe coupling device  30 .