Abstract:
An explanation is given of, inter alia, a circuit arrangement containing a trench which penetrates through a charge-storing layer ( 18 ) and a doped semiconductor layer ( 14 ). The trench simultaneously fulfils a multiplicity of functions, namely an insulating function between adjacent components, the patterning of the charge-storing layer and also the subdivision of doping layers of the semiconductor layer ( 14 ).

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/778,014, filed Feb. 12, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,129,540, which is incorporated herein by reference. Further, this application claims the priority of German Patent Application 103 06 318.8 filed in the German Patent Office on Feb. 14, 2003, which is incorporated herein by reference. 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   The invention relates to a semiconductor circuit arrangement having a substrate, which carries in the order specified: 
   a doped semiconductor layer of a first conductivity type or conduction type, 
   an electrically insulating layer, 
   and an electrically conductive or an electrically insulating charge-storing layer, which is suitable for the storage of charges. 
   Moreover, the semiconductor circuit arrangement contains at least one trench which penetrates through the charge-storing layer and also extends into the doped semiconductor layer. 
   The substrate is for example a wafer made of a semiconductor material, e.g. made of silicon. The layer suitable for the storage of charges is also referred to as floating gate particularly in the case of circuit arrangements having memory cells. 
   BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   It is an object of the invention to specify an integrated circuit arrangement which is simple to fabricate and simple to drive and, in particular, has very good electrical properties. In particular, the intention is to specify a circuit arrangement having a multiplicity of memory cells. Moreover, the invention relates to a method which can be used, in particular, to fabricate the semiconductor circuit arrangement. 
   The invention is based on the consideration that there are in principle two possibilities for fabricating the trench. Thus, it is possible to fabricate the trench, apart from auxiliary layers which are completely removed again after the formation of the trench, before the application of layers which remain in the circuit arrangement, so that the trench does not penetrate through these layers. On the other hand, it is possible to introduce the trench only after layers which remain in the circuit arrangement have been applied to the substrate, so that the trench penetrates through these layers. 
   The invention is furthermore based on the consideration that the production of the trench after the application of layers which remain in the circuit arrangement simultaneously permits the patterning of these layers and the orientation of the trench with respect to the patterned regions, i.e. a so-called self-alignment. However, it is possible for the trench to be assigned further functions in the integrated circuit arrangement. In the circuit arrangement according to the invention, the trench also serves, moreover, for subdividing the doped semiconductor layer. This requires the trench to be deeper than the thickness of the doped semiconductor layer. Thus, in the circuit arrangement according to the invention, the trench also has, besides the insulating function for insulating adjacent components, two further functions, namely: 
   the patterning of the charge-storing layer, and 
   the patterning and insulation of the doped semiconductor layer. 
   In one refinement, the circuit arrangement contains a plurality of trenches arranged next to one another, for example trenches lying parallel to one another. 
   Arranged between the trenches are in each case a multiplicity of memory cells, in particular EEPROM memory cells or flash EEPROM memory cells (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory). In a next refinement, the charge-storing layer is subdivided into charge-storing regions transversely with respect to the direction in which the trenches lie. 
   In one development of the circuit arrangement, a doped semiconductor layer having a conductivity type opposite to the first conductivity type is arranged between the doped semiconductor layer and the substrate. The trench also penetrates through the semiconductor layer of opposite conduction type and extends into the substrate. The subdivision of a doped semiconductor layer by means of two trenches, e.g. in the so-called bit line direction, already leads to a multiplicity of advantages with regard to the operation of the memory cells. By way of example, memory cells can be selectively erased. The demarcation of a further lower semiconductor layer lying below the upper semiconductor layer with the aid of the trenches leads to a further improvement of the electrical properties. By way of example, there is a reduction in the junction capacitance between the two semiconductor layers for each individual bit line. Furthermore, additional options are afforded for the electrical driving of the components. 
   In an alternative development with two additional semiconductor layers, the trench ends, by contrast, in the semiconductor layer of opposite conduction type, so that only the semiconductor layer of the first conduction type is separated by the trenches. This measure is sufficient for many applications and simpler to carry out than severing both or more than two semiconductor layers with the aid of the trenches. 
   In one refinement, the substrate is a semiconductor substrate which preferably contains silicon or comprises silicon. The silicon is weakly pre-doped, for example. In another refinement, the doped semiconductor layer forms the channel region of a transistor or the channel regions of a multiplicity of transistors. In a next refinement, the first conductivity type is the p conductivity type, i.e. electrical conduction through defect electrons or so-called holes. In an alternative refinement, the first conductivity type is the n conductivity type, i.e. electrical conduction through conduction electrons. 
   In a next refinement, the electrically insulating layer contains an oxide or comprises an oxide, in particular a silicon dioxide which is preferably thermally produced or deposited. During the programming and erasure of the memory cells, charge carriers tunnel through or surmount the electrically insulating layer adjoining the substrate. During programming, e.g. electrons or electron holes are stored in the charge-storing layer. Charge carriers, which are also referred to as hot carriers in this context, are accelerated during programming and/or erasure on account of an electric field in such a way that they can surmount an energy barrier between the charge-storing layer and the substrate. As an alternative, by the application of a suitable potential gradient, the energy barrier may be reduced in such a way that charge carriers can tunnel through it. 
   In a next refinement, the charge-storing layer contains polycrystalline silicon or comprises polycrystalline silicon, preferably doped polycrystalline silicon. In an alternative refinement, the charge-storing layer contains a nonmetal nitride or comprises a nonmetal nitride, in particular silicon nitride. In another alternative refinement, the charge-storing layer contains another material which is able to bind charge carriers for example in material defects such as, for example, aluminum oxide or hafnium oxide. 
   In one development of the circuit arrangement according to the invention, an electrically conductive layer is provided, which is patterned as word lines. A further electrically insulating layer is arranged between the electrically conductive layer and the charge-storing layer. In one refinement, the trench or the trenches which extend into the semiconductor layer do not penetrate through said electrically conductive layer and said electrically insulating layer. 
   In one refinement, the electrically conductive layer contains a polycrystalline material or a metal. By way of example, the electrically conductive layer comprises polycrystalline silicon, in particular doped polycrystalline silicon. In a next refinement, the electrically conductive layer is subdivided into strips lying transversely or at an angle of 90 degrees with respect to the trenches. In another refinement, the electrically conductive layer has subdivisions at locations at which the charge-storing layer is also subdivided, that is to say that the two layers have been patterned using the same mask. 
   In one development of the circuit arrangement, there is at least one trench, which is shallower and wider in comparison with the trench penetrating through the electrically insulating layer and which is arranged in the semiconductor layer of the first conductivity type and through which penetrates the deep trench penetrating through the electrically insulating layer. This measure, without relatively high process-technological outlay, results in degrees of freedom for the method implementation, because the shallow trench can be used as additional insulation. The process-technological additional outlay is low because shallow trenches have to be produced anyway in many circuit arrangements. In particular, shallow trenches are used in logic circuits. Shallow trenches typically have a depth of less than 500 nm (nanometers). By contrast, the deep trench has a depth of greater than 700 nm, greater than 1 μm (micrometer) or even greater than 1.5 μm. The depth of the deep trench depends, in particular, on the voltage conditions, because the latter in turn determine the thickness of the doped semiconductor layers which are intended to be subdivided by the deep trenches parallel to the bit lines. 
   In a next development of the circuit arrangement, the shallow trench does not penetrate through the charge-storing layer and/or the electrically insulating layer. Thus, the shallow trench must have been fabricated, and in particular also filled, before the application of these two layers. This means that shallow trench and deep trench are processed independently of one another. In particular, the depths of the different types of trench can be defined and optimized independently of one another. Furthermore, this method procedure avoids problems which arise on account of the major height differences in the case of the simultaneous filling of shallow trenches and deep trenches in the case of the subsequent leveling of the surface. 
   In one development, the shallow trench is completely filled with an electrically insulating material or the shallow trench contains an electrically insulating material, for example silicon dioxide. In a next development, the shallow trench projects symmetrically beyond the deep trench, so that the insulation properties are equally good in a plurality of directions. 
   In a next development, there is at least one further shallow trench through which no trench, in particular no deep trench, penetrates. In a next development, the shallow trench through which the deep trench penetrates lies in a memory cell array and the shallow trench through which a trench does not penetrate lies in a logic circuit arrangement in which, by way of example, basic logic functions are produced, e.g. NAND switching functions. The logic circuit is e.g. part of a monolithic circuit which also contains a memory cell array having deep trenches. 
   In a next development, the electrically conductive layer through which the deep trench does not penetrate and/or the electrically insulating layer through which the deep trench does not penetrate are at least partly arranged in the shallow trench. This measure makes it possible to introduce a cutout into the electrically conductive layer through which the deep trench does not penetrate, without stringent requirements being made of its depth. All that is important is that the electrically conductive layer is completely interrupted. There is a relatively large leeway, for example of more than 10 nm or more than 20 nm, for the projection of the cutout into the shallow trench. Despite different depths, it is ensured that the coupling factor between the capacitance of the charge-storing layer and the electrically conductive layer is relatively independent of the depth if the cutout lies within the trench edges of the shallow trench. 
   In a next development of the circuit arrangement, the circuit arrangement contains a further charge-storing layer, which adjoins the charge-storing layer and, in one refinement, comprises the same material. At least one cutout is arranged in the further charge-storing layer, the bottom of said cutout preferably lying completely within the edge of the deep trench or of the shallow trench. The depth of said cutout is also non-critical provided that the further charge-storing layer is completely patterned. The same relationships as explained in the previous paragraph hold true with regard to the coupling factor of the capacitances. 
   In another development, the trench is filled with an electrically insulating material or the trench contains an electrically insulating material. In particular, oxides such as silicon dioxide, for example, are suitable for filling the trench. In a next development, the trench contains an electrically conductive or electrically semiconducting material insulated from the trench wall, for example a polycrystalline material, in particular polycrystalline silicon, which is doped or undoped. 
   The invention relates, moreover, to a method for fabricating a semiconductor circuit arrangement, in particular for fabricating the circuit arrangement according to the invention or one of its developments. Thus, the technical effects mentioned above also hold true for the method. 
   In one development of the method according to the invention, a hard mask layer is used for introducing the deep trench. The hard mask layer can be removed before the trench is filled. However, the hard mask layer can also be removed only after the trench has been filled with a filling material and the filling material has subsequently been etched back. What is achieved by this measure is that, during the etching-back, layers lying below the hard mask are protected by the hard mask. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Exemplary embodiments of the invention are explained below with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
       FIGS. 1A to 1F  show fabrication stages in accordance with a first method variant with a hard mask layer which is removed directly after the fabrication of deep trenches, 
       FIG. 2  shows a fabrication stage in accordance with a second method variant with a hard mask layer which is utilized over a plurality of method steps, 
       FIGS. 3A and 3B  show fabrication stages in accordance with a third method variant with shallow trenches through which deep trenches penetrate, and 
       FIGS. 4A and 4B  show fabrication stages in accordance with a further method variant with a floating gate double layer. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     FIG. 1A  shows a weakly p-doped semiconductor substrate  10  made of silicon. An n-doped semiconductor layer has been introduced into the semiconductor substrate  10  by doping, said layer lying for example at a depth of 800 nm to 1.6 μm (micrometers). Moreover, a p-doped semiconductor layer  14  has been produced in the semiconductor substrate  10 , said layer extending from the surface of the semiconductor substrate down to a depth of about 800 nm. At the edges of a cell array, the semiconductor layers  12  and  14  may be formed as a well, that is to say that they are taken as far as the surface of the semiconductor substrate  10 . However, other contact-making possibilities, too, are utilized in another exemplary embodiment. 
   By way of example, the dopings of the semiconductor layers  12  and  14  are fabricated by implantation. Semiconductor layers  12  and  14  formed in well-type fashion are also referred to as n-well or as p-well. 
   An oxide layer  16  is subsequently applied, for example thermally, said layer having a thickness of 6 to 15 nm, for example. A floating gate layer  18  is then deposited on the oxide layer  16 , said floating gate layer comprising in-situ-doped polycrystalline silicon, and having a thickness of 50 to 150 nm, for example. 
   In a subsequent method step, a hard mask layer  20 , for example a TEOS layer (Tetra Ethyl Ortho Silicate) having a thickness of hundreds of nm, is applied on the floating gate layer  18 . The thickness depends on the selectivity of the trench etching. In other words, given a highly selective etching or another hard mask material, the thickness may also be thinner, under certain circumstances. 
   As illustrated in  FIG. 1B , firstly the hard mask layer  20  is patterned with the aid of a lithography method and a photomask (not illustrated), a cutout  30  arising firstly only in the hard mask layer  20 . During the fabrication of the cutout  30 , etching is effected for example in a time-controlled manner. The photoresist is removed after the patterning of the hard mask layer  20 . Afterward, with the aid of the patterned hard mask layer  20 , the cutout  30  is extended to form a trench  32  having a depth of about 1.8 μm, for example, measured from the boundary between hard mask layer  20  and floating gate layer  18 . By way of example, a reactive ion etching RIE is carried out for the etching of the trench  32 . The trench  32  has a width of 200 nm, for example. The hard mask layer  20  is already thinned to a great extent during the etching of the trench  32 , so that only an etching reserve of 100 nm, for example, remains. 
   As illustrated in  FIG. 1C , the hard mask layer  20  is subsequently removed or etched away. Afterward, a so-called liner oxidation is carried out, during which an oxide layer  40  having a thickness of 40 nm, for example, is produced at the wall of the trench  32  and on the floating gate layer  18 . After the production of the liner oxide layer  40 , a polycrystalline silicon layer  42  is deposited, which completely fills the trench  32 . By way of example, a low-pressure CVD method (Chemical Vapor Deposition) is utilized for the deposition of the silicon layer  42 . In the exemplary embodiment, the polycrystalline silicon layer  42  is undoped. In another exemplary embodiment, however, a doped polycrystalline silicon layer  42  is fabricated. 
   As illustrated in  FIG. 1D , regions of the silicon layer  42  which lie outside the trench  32  are subsequently removed, for example with the aid of a reactive ion etching method. Moreover, in the upper region of the trench  32 , the silicon layer  42  is removed selectively with regard to the oxide layer  40 , for example down to a depth of 300 nm below the boundary between oxide layer  16  and p-doped semiconductor layer  14 . After the etching of the silicon layer  42 , an insulating filling material  50  is introduced into the upper part of the trench  32 , for example silicon dioxide with the aid of an HDP method (High Density Plasma). An oxide layer  50  is produced in the upper region of the trench  32  and on the floating gate layer  18 . 
   As illustrated in  FIG. 1E , the oxide layer  50  is subsequently etched back over the whole area, a cutout  60  arising in the upper region of the trench  32 . The etching-back of the oxide layer  50  is carried out for example with the aid of an RIE method (reactive ion etching) or with the aid of a wet etching. The bottom of the cutout  60  should not lie below the boundary between oxide layer  16  and p-doped semiconductor layer  14 . 
   As shown in  FIG. 1F , a dielectric layer  70  is subsequently deposited, for example an ONO layer (Oxide-Nitride-Oxide). The dielectric layer  70  has a thickness of less than 20 nm, for example. After the application of the dielectric layer  70 , a control gate layer  72  is applied, for example made of in-situ-doped polycrystalline silicon and having a thickness of e.g. greater than 100 nm. 
   In subsequent method steps (not illustrated), the control gate layer  72 , the dielectric layer  70  and the floating gate layer  18  are patterned simultaneously in a word line direction, which lies parallel to the sheet plane, see arrow  74 . A bit line direction lies perpendicular to the sheet plane and corresponds to the direction of the trench  32 . After the patterning of the control gate layer  72 , channel and source regions are introduced into the p-doped semiconductor layer  14  by doping, said regions lying in front of and behind the sheet plane, respectively, with reference to  FIG. 1F . One or a plurality of metallization layers for making contact with the memory cells are applied in further method steps. Finally, a memory circuit  76  is completed, containing the arrangement illustrated in  FIG. 1F . 
     FIG. 2  shows a fabrication stage in accordance with a second method, in which a hard mask layer  20   a  is used over a plurality of method steps. Proceeding from a semiconductor substrate  10   a , the method steps presented above with reference to  FIGS. 1A and 1B  are performed for producing an n-doped semiconductor layer  12   a , a p-doped semiconductor layer  14   a , an oxide layer  16   a  and a floating gate layer  18   a . Reference is made to  FIGS. 1A to 1B  with regard to the details. Afterward, the hard mask layer  20   a  is applied and patterned with the aid of a photolithographic method, the floating gate layer  18   a  initially remaining unpatterned. After the removal of the photoresist, the patterned hard mask layer  20   a  is used for producing a trench  32   a  having the same properties as the trench  32 . 
   With the hard mask layer  20   a  still present on the oxide layer  18   a , a for example thermal liner oxidation is subsequently carried out for producing an oxide layer  40   a  situated at the walls of the trench  32   a  and on the hard mask layer  20   a.    
   In a next method step, a doped or undoped polycrystalline silicon layer  42   a  is deposited, which completely fills the trench  32   a . Afterward, the polycrystalline silicon layer  42   a  is etched back for example with the aid of a reactive ion etching method, the silicon layer  42   a  being removed outside the trench  32   a  and in the upper region thereof. Those regions of the oxide layer  40   a  which lie on the hard mask layer  20   a  are also removed in this case. The hard mask layer  20   a  protects the floating gate layer  18   a  during the etching-back. 
   The hard mask layer  20   a  is removed after the etching-back. Afterward, further processing is effected in the manner explained above with reference to  FIGS. 1D to 1F , i.e. application of an oxide layer corresponding to the oxide layer  50 , etc. 
     FIGS. 3A and 3B  show fabrication stages in accordance with a third method variant, in which a deep trench  32   b  penetrates through a shallow trench  100 . The shallow trench  100  is produced in a semiconductor substrate  10   b , corresponding to the semiconductor substrate  10 , before or after the application of an oxide layer  16   b , corresponding to the oxide layer  16 , and a floating gate layer  18   b , corresponding to the floating gate layer  18 , for example before the implantation for producing an n-doped semiconductor layer  12   b  or a p-doped semiconductor layer  14   b . Except for the introduction of the trench  100 , the method steps explained with reference to  FIGS. 1A to 1D  are performed unchanged, see broken line  100  in said figures. When the state illustrated in  FIG. 1D  is reached, an oxide layer corresponding to the oxide layer  50  is etched back, a cutout  60   b  arising in the upper region of the trench  32   b . During the etching-back, it is not critical if the bottom of the cutout  60   b  lies below the boundary between the oxide layer  16   b  and the semiconductor layer  14   b . By way of example, it is possible to etch into the shallow trench  100  to an extent of tens of nm, see broken line  102 . The trench  100  is filled with an insulating material, for example with silicon dioxide. This insulating material, even with the bottom of the cutout  60   b  lying at a deeper level, affords a sufficient insulation between the subsequently applied control gate and the semiconductor layer  14   b.    
   This is because the trench  100  has a larger width than the trench  32   b . In the exemplary embodiment, the shallow trench  100  has a width of 300 nm and a depth of 400 nm. Given a symmetrical arrangement of the deep trench  32   b  with respect to the shallow trench  100 , the shallow trench  100  projects beyond the deep trench  32   b  by a distance A of 50 nm on each side. The larger width of the trench  100  also prevents instances of incipient etching of the tunnel oxide  16   b  in edge regions of the trench  100  during the etching of the cutout  60   b , see regions  104  and  106 , which leads to a higher reliability. 
   As illustrated in  FIG. 3B , a dielectric layer  70   b , corresponding to the dielectric layer  70 , is subsequently applied. A control gate layer  72   b , corresponding to the control gate layer  72 , is then applied. The other method steps explained with reference to  FIG. 1F  are subsequently performed. 
   The method with a shallow trench through which a deep trench penetrates is carried out, in accordance with a fourth method variant, also in the case of the method variant explained with reference to  FIG. 2 , see broken line  100  in  FIG. 2 . That is to say that a hard mask layer corresponding to the hard mask layer  20   a  can be utilized for a plurality of method steps even when a deep trench corresponding to the deep trench  32   a  penetrates through the shallow trench  100 . 
     FIGS. 4A to 4B  show a fifth method variant, in which a floating gate double layer comprising a floating gate layer  18   c , corresponding to the floating gate layer  18 , and a floating gate layer  110  is fabricated. The method steps up to the etching-back of an oxide layer  50   c  corresponding to the oxide layer  50  are the same as explained above with reference to  FIGS. 1A to 1D . For a semiconductor substrate  10   c , an n-doped semiconductor layer  12   c , a p-doped semiconductor layer  14   c , an oxide layer  16   c , a trench  32   c , an oxide layer  40   c  and a polycrystalline silicon trench filling  42   c , reference is made to the explanations with respect to  FIGS. 1A to 1D . 
   In a departure from the method explained with reference to  FIG. 1D , the oxide layer  50   c  is etched back only as far as the floating gate layer  18   c , the floating gate layer  18   c  serving as an etching stop layer. The trench  32   c  thus remains filled with the oxide layer  50   c  in its upper region as well. 
   This procedure, as also explained with reference to  FIG. 3A , prevents damage to the thin oxide of the oxide layer  16   c  at the edges  112  and  114  of the trench  32   c  during the etching-back of the oxide layer. 
   The floating gate layer  110  is then deposited, for example polycrystalline silicon, which is doped in situ. 
   As illustrated in  FIG. 4B , the floating gate layer  110  is then patterned with the aid of a photolithographic method. In this case, a cutout  120  is produced above the trench  32   c , the width of said cutout being less than the width of the trench  32   c . The cutout  120  is oriented symmetrically with respect to the trench center of the trench  32   c . During the etching of the cutout  120 , care has to be taken only to ensure that the floating gate layer  110  is completely severed. An overetching is not critical, because the bottom of the cutout  120  is surrounded on all sides by that part of the oxide layer  50   c  which remains in the trench  32   c , see broken line  122 . Even when the bottom of the cutout  120  is in a different position, there is only an insignificant change in a coupling factor of the capacitances between the floating gate and the control gate of the memory cells to be fabricated on account of the projection of the floating gate layer  110  over the floating gate layer  18   c.    
   Afterward, the method steps explained above with reference to  FIG. 1F  are carried out. Instead of a three-layer ONO layer, it is also possible to use a single-layer dielectric layer. 
   In accordance with a sixth method variant, the methods in accordance with  FIG. 2  and in accordance with  FIGS. 4A and 4B  are combined, so that the hard mask is utilized for a plurality of method steps even in a method in which a floating gate double layer is produced. The etching-back of the oxide layer is then carried out e.g. in a time-controlled manner. The hard mask is then removed. 
   The cutout  120  can also be made wider than the trench  32   c . On the basis of the two lithography methods for the two floating gate layers  18   c  and  110 , the width of the trench  32   c  and the width of the cutout  120  can be chosen independently of one another. 
   In other exemplary embodiments, a CMP method (Chemical Mechanical Polishing) is also used instead of etching-back. Instead of a hard mask layer made of TEOS, it is also possible to use a hard mask layer made of another material, for example made of a nitride such as silicon nitride. If the deep trench has a smaller depth than in the exemplary embodiments, a photoresist layer may also be used instead of the hard mask. 
   Consequently, a plurality of variants for fabricating nonvolatile memory cells has been explained, in which: 
   deep isolation trenches are used for flash EEPROM memory cells or for simple EEPROM memory cells, 
   method sections, i.e. so-called modules, for fabricating shallow isolation trenches (STI—Shallow Trench Isolation) and modules for fabricating and filling deep trenches (DTI—Deep Trench Isolation) can be carried out in a simple manner, in particular successively, in a fabrication process, and 
   the problems of “classic” integration, in which deep trenches and shallow trenches are fabricated at the start of the method, are avoided. In particular, no problems arise during the planarization of HDP oxide fillings (High Density Plasma) which have a different height above the shallow trenches and the deep trenches. 
   In the exemplary embodiments explained, deep trench isolations lead to insulated well strips. The trenches in the memory cell array have a larger depth than trenches in the drive circuit of the memory array or in a logic circuit applied on the same chip. On account of the filling with polycrystalline silicon, it is possible to fabricate deep trenches having a small ratio of width to depth, e.g. with ratios smaller than ¼ or 1/10. 
   The methods explained are suitable in particular for memory cells based on a cell concept in which the charges are applied to the floating gate or are removed from the floating gate on the basis of the Fowler-Nordheim tunnel effect. 
   The variant with a deep trench through which no shallow trench penetrates makes it possible: 
   to manage with a small chip area for the insulation, 
   to avoid problems of alignment between shallow trenches and deep trenches, so that no additional tolerances have to be provided, and 
   to planarize shallow trenches lying outside the cell array without any problems. 
   The variant with a deep trench through which a shallow trench penetrates makes it possible: 
   to improve the insulation between control gate and substrate or p-doped region, 
   to achieve larger coupling factors on account of the reduced coupling of floating gate and substrate, 
   to be able to set the coupling factor better, and 
   to be able to etch back the filling oxide of the trench more easily. 
   Both variants make it possible: 
   to avoid additional CMP steps (Chemical Mechanical Polishing), 
   to avoid a CMP method with major height differences, and 
   to carry out and to optimize processes for fabricating the shallow trenches independently of processes for fabricating the deep trenches. 
   The methods explained make it possible, in particular, to avoid or reduce damage to the sensitive tunnel oxide in particular at the edges of the trenches, so that the yield and reliability increase. Moreover, it is thus possible to produce strips made from the doped wells in a simple manner, said strips running in the bit line direction. 
   In other exemplary embodiments, the same structures are fabricated based on other doping layer sequences, e.g. p-substrate and n-well. An alternative is to work with n-substrate and p-well. A third alternative works with n-substrate and p-well and also n-well.