Abstract:
An assembly and method for treating or otherwise improving an atmosphere contained within an enclosed space. The enclosed space can be a container such as a bag or other housing for equipment, food and/or suitable material. Ozone is generated within an atmosphere that is exposed to the material. The generated ozone is mixed with the atmosphere. At least a portion of the generated ozone is then removed from the mixed atmosphere. The assembly and method can be used to treat contaminated sports equipment and the like, as well as to treat food storage atmospheres, such as those exposed to fresh fruits and vegetables.

Description:
GOVERNMENT INTEREST 
       [0001]    This invention was made with government support under DOD Contract Numbers W911QY-07-C-0005 and W911QY-07-00117, respectively. The United States Government has certain rights in the invention as provided in the respective contracts. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    This invention relates generally to materials, apparatuses, assemblies and methods for treating air such as by removing one or more impurities from the air. 
         [0004]    In one aspect, the invention relates to methods and assemblies for treating an atmosphere that has been exposed to a material within an enclosed space so as to remove impurities from the atmosphere. Such impurity removal may involve one or more of a treatment to sanitize, decontaminate, deodorize, condition and/or dry the atmosphere, for example. Such methods and assemblies may employ UV light to generate ozone, the ozone in conjunction with UV light to destroy impurities in the air, and then uses a catalytic decomposer to destroy ozone so that damaging ozone does not contact the sensitive materials or surfaces being cleaned. In one aspect, the invention employs an integral ozone fuse to help ensure the treated atmosphere does not contain levels of ozone above desired limits. In another aspect, the system may be operated with a control sequence that may periodically reverse the air flow direction in order to introduce ozone into the atmosphere directly to achieve a desired dosage of ozone on the materials in the enclosed space. In some embodiments of this invention, the control sequence may revert to the original flow direction in order to remove the ozone as well as other contaminants from the atmosphere. 
         [0005]    2. Discussion of Related Art 
         [0006]    A wide range of sports equipment is designed and used to protect the human body from injury. Equipment pieces are relatively large, bulky, oddly shaped, fitted with straps, and difficult to wash and dry. In soccer, a player wears shin guards and ankle guards to protect the lower leg. In hockey, a player wears knee pads, a chest protector, elbow pads, gloves, a helmet and hockey pants. In football, a player wears shoulder pads, leg and hip pads, a helmet, a neck roll, elbow pads and gloves. Bicyclists and roller blade skaters use helmets. Many sports require general or specialized footwear, such as cleats, sneakers, spikes, skates, roller blades and the like. Workers can wear similar equipment. 
         [0007]    Protective equipment can be worn with direct contact against a skin or a head surface. Whether the equipment directly contacts the human body or is separated by clothing or a piece of cloth, sweat soaks into materials, such as pads, elastic material, straps, foam, and other materials. If not properly dried or cleaned, the sweat-soaked equipment becomes a site for growth of bacteria, mold, mildew, fungus, and other microorganisms that can spread disease, cause odor and/or damage or discolor the equipment. The equipment and the bag, bin or other storage container can become malodorous. Odors from the equipment can emanate from or through the container and make unpleasant the corresponding room, such as a vehicle compartment. Merely blowing air across the equipment to dry the equipment can more broadly release odors from the evaporated sweat and moisture into the room, house or other compartment. It is desirable to have an apparatus and/or method for drying, deodorizing, and/or sanitizing equipment and/or its surrounding air or atmosphere, quickly and conveniently. 
         [0008]    Known products in the marketplace have addressed this need. Dhaemers, U.S. Pat. No. 6,134,806 describes a portable sport equipment bag having an air distributor connected with a hose to a blower and an ozone generator operable to move pressurized air and ozone into the air distributor. The air distributor moves the air and ozone into the bag to dry the sports equipment contained within the bag, to destroy bacteria, molds and fungus in the bag. The ozone directly contacts the sports equipment, which can be a serious problem because ozone can destroy many equipment materials, such as when the ozone exists in air at concentrations that are high enough to kill undesirable microorganisms. When well mixed with contaminated air, ozone can more effectively and efficiently oxidize contaminants. Also, ozone is a lung irritant and can leak out of the equipment bag and dangerously be inhaled, such as when the user opens the sports equipment bag. These safety issues can be serious enough to warrant alternative approaches. 
         [0009]    Dhaemers, U.S. Pat. No. 5,369,892 describes a dryer in the form of an armoire with an internal drying chamber for housing articles that are subjected to heated circulating air, to remove moisture from the articles. Ultraviolet lamps within the drying chamber destroy contaminants in the air and on the air conditioning coils, in the drying chamber. A similar configuration is taught by Liang, U.S. Pat. No. 5,152,077, which is limited because contaminated materials must be in a direct line of sight of a UV light source, in order to be sanitized. The clothes alone can restrict exposure between the material and the UV light. Air that circulates in the armoire cannot be deodorized. 
         [0010]    There is a need for a convenient, efficient, cost effective and efficient method and apparatus for drying, deodorizing and/or sanitizing air and equipment, particularly without damaging the equipment. 
         [0011]    Many other types of products can benefit from being dried, sanitized and deodorized, such as toys used at home or in commercial or institutional settings, including health care facilities, day care centers and/or schools. The materials used in toys and stuffed animals make it difficult to clean them quickly and conveniently. Many toys need to be individually wiped with disinfectant to clean their surfaces. Disinfectants and wipes can be used to clean toys. These cleaning procedures are time consuming and burdensome. 
         [0012]    There is a need for a method and apparatus for drying, deodorizing, and/or sanitizing a variety of products, quickly, safely and/or effectively, with minimal physical or chemical impact to the products. 
         [0013]    Ethylene gas (C 2 H 4 ) accumulates during the transport and storage of fresh fruits and vegetables and thus causes a problem for commercial agriculture and consumers. Small amounts of ethylene, sometimes less than  1  ppm, can induce fruit ripening, and can produce undesirable flavors such as bitterness, colors, such as yellowing or browning, and textures, such as softening, and thus can increase susceptibility to disease. Certain fruits and vegetables naturally generate ethylene during a ripening cycle. Other fruits and vegetables are highly sensitive to the presence of ethylene, but may or may not actually produce ethylene. The table in  FIG. 9  lists some fruits and vegetables and known ethylene production rates and sensitivities. 
         [0014]    The amount of ethylene that produces undesirable amounts or characteristics varies with different fruits and vegetables, but ethylene concentrations in the range of 0.1-10 ppm can produce a significant effect. There is a need for a system that removes ethylene from the air within a fruit or vegetable storage container while not damaging the fruits or vegetables. 
         [0015]    In addition, mold and fungus and other microbes on the surfaces of food products, such as fresh produce can lead to damage of or total loss of the infected fruits or vegetables. The mold and fungus can release spores as part of their life cycle that circulate through the air and subsequently infect other fruit or vegetable items that are in contact with the same atmosphere. There is a need for a system that can kill the microbes on the surface of the produce and/or in the air circulating around the produce. 
         [0016]    Ozone is known to be able to kill mold and fungus and other microbes on surfaces and in the atmosphere when provided in sufficient dosage, such as in time and concentration. UV light is known to kill microbes at defined exposures, such as at frequency, power level and time. 
         [0017]    Because there is significant industry value in maintaining fresh fruits and vegetables during transportation and storage, some technologies have been researched, developed and commercialized to control ethylene. These conventional methods and their limitations are shown in the table of  FIG. 10 . 
         [0018]    There is a need for an alternative approach to ethylene and microbial control that would be less expensive, consume less power, and require less space. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0019]    It is an object of the invention to provide an improved method and/or apparatus for treating an atmosphere exposed to a material within an enclosed space. 
         [0020]    In one aspect there is provided an apparatus and method for oxidizing ethylene to carbon dioxide and water using UV-generated ozone in conjunction with UV light. 
         [0021]    It is another object of an aspect of the invention to produce ozone to destroy ethylene and then to dissociate the excess ozone back to oxygen, to maintain acceptable levels of ozone within a shipping or storage container, for example that carries fresh fruits and vegetables. According to one embodiment, at least a portion of the ethylene can be destroyed in each pass through a cleaning unit or apparatus in accordance with the invention so that the atmosphere in the storage container is cleaned by repeated circulation through the cleaning apparatus. As long as the rate of destruction of ethylene is higher than the rate of generation of ethylene in the storage container, the cleaning apparatus will reduce the ethylene levels to a desired steady-state level. By designing the cleaning apparatus to partially clean the atmosphere, and relying on recirculation of the atmosphere to reduce the contaminants to desired levels, the balance between system performance, volume and cost can be better optimized. 
         [0022]    It is another object of an aspect of the invention to provide cost effective assemblies and/or methods for better ensuring that ozone is not released into the ambient air in unsafe levels or amounts such as through an automatic shutdown of the assembly if the ozone level in the exhaust reaches a preselected threshold level or sums to a specified, integrated level over a particular period of time. 
         [0023]    According to one embodiment, ethylene can be oxidized in an ethylene control unit while microbes may be treated on the surface of materials and/or in the atmosphere, such as at lower ozone concentration. This dual approach can maximize ethylene removal from the container air and address mold or fungus on the produce packages or the produce surfaces. This dual approach can also minimize negative effects of ozone concentrations in an air handling system or in the produce itself UV-generated ozone can also be used to remove additional pathogens that can degrade produce quality, such as with certain fungus or mold spores. Such an apparatus and method can meet application requirements of a wide range of container sizes and refrigeration or other environmental control systems. 
         [0024]    Such a method and system can generate, use, and destroy ozone, for example to remove ethylene and/or other impurities in the air or atmosphere within fresh fruit and vegetable containers. In one embodiment, ozone is both generated and destroyed by UV light rays. The ethylene removal apparatus and/or method can be accomplished with a wide variety of known configurations of storage containers, air flow patterns and/or refrigeration units. 
         [0025]    According to such aspect of the invention, it is possible to dry, deodorize and sanitize materials and/or the air or atmosphere that surrounds the materials. The materials can be sports equipment stored in a sports bag or an equipment bin, toys stored in a toy box and/or fruits or vegetables stored in a refrigerator or produce storage container. 
         [0026]    It is possible to clean, deodorize, and sanitize materials by circulating cleaned and conditioned air across the materials. The contaminants that are transferred from the materials to the air are treated in an air cleaning unit. The cleaned air is circulated back across the materials, such as in a convective manner. Air flow and/or heat can be used to drive the contaminants from the materials into the air. The contaminants can be, for example, moisture, volatile matter, such as odors, bacteria, spores, dirt, or other gases, liquids and/or microorganisms. 
         [0027]    The contaminants that are driven into an air stream can be drawn into a compact, low-cost, effective cleaning unit where the contaminants are destroyed. The cleaned air can be re-circulated back to the storage container. 
         [0028]    Also provided are a method and device to generate, use, and ultimately at least partially destroy the generated ozone for decontamination, deodorization, and/or conditioning of the air and/or the materials. The air cleaning unit can be positioned inside a chamber of various suitable configurations or designs. Air that requires treatment is drawn from the chamber into the cleaning unit, passes across an ozone generator, such as a UV bulb that emits light rays in the UV wavelength that generates ozone. In one embodiment it has been found that the combination of ozone and UV light serve to rapidly destroy contaminates within the cleaning unit. The clean air is then drawn across a second UV bulb that emits in the UV wavelength that destroys ozone. Alternatively, the treated air can be drawn across a catalyst to dissociate ozone to molecule oxygen. Clean, ozone-free air is then reintroduced to the storage chamber. 
         [0029]    One or more additional treatment devices may be placed in the chamber to heat, dry, cool or dilute the air stream that circulates through the air cleaning unit. 
         [0030]    There is also provided a method for at least one of sanitizing, decontaminating, deodorizing, conditioning and drying an atmosphere exposed to a material within an enclosed space. In accordance with one embodiment, such method involves circulating the atmosphere through an atmosphere treating unit in a primary flow direction. Ozone is generated within the atmosphere treating unit. The generated ozone mixes with the atmosphere in the atmosphere treating unit. The mixture of atmosphere and ozone is exposed to UV light in the atmosphere treating unit to remove at least a portion of the contaminants in the atmosphere. The ozone is removed from the UV light-exposed mixture of atmosphere and ozone to form an ozone-depleted containing an amount of ozone below a preselected threshold amount. The ozone-depleted mixture can then be appropriately exhausted into the enclosed space. In some embodiments of this invention, a control system is employed to reverse the flow of the blower, thereby passing or flowing air containing ozone out of the air treating unit and into the enclosed space. This reversed air flow can be timed or controlled with a sensor in a way to provide a defined dosage of ozone into the enclosed space. Once the dose or dosage is delivered, the flow direction can be reversed again to the primary flow direction so that both the contaminants in the air and the ozone in the air can be removed. 
         [0031]    The system of this invention, which includes the apparatus and/or the method, can produce ozone to destroy contaminants and then used to dissociate the excess ozone back to oxygen in order to maintain appropriate levels of ozone within the storage container. The system of this invention provides a number of significant benefits compared to existing technology. 
         [0032]    Circulation of air and ozone in the presence of UV light through a well designed unit can be more efficient at cleaning the air as compared to injecting gaseous ozone, at non-hazardous levels, into still or calm air or other ambient conditions. It appears that at low concentrations of ozone, random encounters with contaminants results in too slow of a process of contaminant removal. The reaction of ozone with ethylene or other organic gases is greatly enhanced in the presence of UV light. However, there can be significant benefits to combining both of these methods to maximize benefits obtained from the use of ozone. 
         [0033]    This invention provides two opportunities to oxidize the odors and the microorganisms, one in an air cleaning unit, and the second, such as at a lower ozone concentration, in the ambient air of the storage container. This dual approach can better remove impurities from the air in the storage container and from surfaces of the materials. Ozone concentrations are relatively high in the air cleaning unit and the mixing rates between the ozone and the air is relatively high, and thus the oxidation rates of the impurities is relatively high. The air in the storage container can be quickly deodorized and sanitized. By establishing the desired control sequence of flow direction through the air treating unit, the concentration of ozone in the enclosed space can be precisely established. A very low concentration of ozone can be established in the storage container in order to sanitize surfaces of the materials. This dual approach can minimize negative effects of ozone concentrations in the air handling system or the surface of the sports or other equipment. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0034]    The above and other features and objects of this invention are better understood from the following detailed description taken in view of the drawings wherein: 
           [0035]      FIG. 1  is a diagrammatic view showing three elements of an air cleaner, including an ozone generation zone, a mixing zone and an ozone dissociation zone, according to one embodiment of this invention; 
           [0036]      FIG. 2  is a diagrammatic showing of an inside of a container, such as a refrigerated truck trailer, a housing and an evaporator, an air cleaner, and a material or product, according to one embodiment of this invention; 
           [0037]      FIG. 3  is a diagrammatic side view of a cylindrical configuration of an air cleaner unit, according to one embodiment of this invention; 
           [0038]      FIG. 4  is a diagrammatic partial sectional view of an air cleaner unit, according to one embodiment of this invention; 
           [0039]      FIG. 5  is a diagrammatic partial sectional view of an air cleaner unit, according to another embodiment of this invention; 
           [0040]      FIG. 6  is a diagrammatic partial sectional view of an air cleaner unit, according to one embodiment of this invention; 
           [0041]      FIG. 7  is a diagrammatic partial section view of an air cleaner unit, according to one embodiment of this invention; 
           [0042]      FIG. 8  is table showing ozone-generating ultraviolet light performance parameters; 
           [0043]      FIG. 9  is a table showing ethylene production and sensitivity of selected produce; 
           [0044]      FIG. 10  is a table showing conventional ethylene control technologies and corresponding limitations; 
           [0045]      FIG. 11  is a graph showing a reduction of ozone using ultraviolet light, according to one embodiment of this invention; 
           [0046]      FIG. 12  is a partial cut-away perspective view of an air cleaning unit mounted within a container, according to one embodiment of this invention; 
           [0047]      FIG. 13  is an enlarged perspective view showing a partial cut-away section of an air handling unit, according to the embodiment as shown in  FIG. 12 ; 
           [0048]      FIG. 14  is a partial cut-away perspective view of an air cleaning unit mounted within a container, according to another embodiment of this invention; 
           [0049]      FIG. 15  is a partial cut-away perspective view of an air cleaning unit, according to the embodiment shown in  FIG. 14 ; 
           [0050]      FIG. 16  is an exploded partial cut-away perspective view of an ozone removal section, according to one embodiment of this invention; 
           [0051]      FIG. 17  is a simplified sectional side view of an atmosphere treatment assembly, according to another embodiment of the invention; 
           [0052]      FIG. 18  is a simplified perspective view of the atmosphere treatment assembly shown in  FIG. 17 ; 
           [0053]      FIG. 19  is a chart showing that UV light exposure in the reaction zone significantly improves performance, e.g., enhances the reaction rate of ozone and ethylene, according to an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0054]      FIG. 20  is a simplified schematic view showing elements of an assembly in accordance with one aspect of the invention; 
           [0055]      FIG. 21  is a top view of the assembly shown in  FIG. 20 , showing two possible locations of an ozone fuse in accordance with one aspect of the invention; 
           [0056]      FIG. 22  is a side view with a cut-away of the assembly shown in  FIG. 20 , indicating three possible locations for an ozone fuse in accordance with one aspect of the invention; 
           [0057]      FIG. 23  is a partially cut-away view of an enclosed space, such as a refrigerated truck trailer, operationally associated with an atmosphere treatment assembly in accordance with one embodiment of the invention; 
           [0058]      FIG. 24  is an enlarged perspective fragmentary view showing a partial cut-away of an enclosed space operationally associated with an atmosphere treatment assembly, according to the embodiment as shown in  FIG. 23 ; 
           [0059]      FIG. 25  is a cross section of an assembly in accordance with one aspect of this invention; 
           [0060]      FIG. 26  is an exploded view of the assembly shown in  FIG. 25 ; and 
           [0061]      FIG. 27  is a three dimensional view of the assembly shown in  FIG. 25 ; 
           [0062]      FIG. 28  is a partial sectional view of an assembly in accordance with another embodiment of this invention; and 
           [0063]      FIG. 29  shows five different embodiments of partial sectional views showing different baffle arrangements according to different configurations of assemblies according to this invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0064]    Throughout this specification and in the claims, the terms air cleaning unit and atmosphere treating unit are intended to relate to an apparatus for sanitizing, decontaminating, deodorizing, conditioning, drying and/or otherwise treating, cleaning, modifying and/or improving an atmosphere within a container. 
         [0065]      FIG. 1  shows air cleaning unit  40 , according to one embodiment of this invention.  FIG. 2  shows air cleaning unit  40  positioned or mounted within container  32 , such as a truck trailer, according to one embodiment of this invention.  FIG. 3  shows air cleaning unit  40  positioned or mounted within a different container  32 , according to another embodiment of this invention. 
         [0066]    As shown in  FIG. 1 , air cleaning unit  40  has structure  42 , such as a housing, that forms zone  44 , zone  46  and zone  48 . As air or another suitable atmosphere passes through air cleaning unit  40 , such as shown by the arrows of flow direction  41 , in  FIG. 1 , atmosphere  33  passes first through zone  44 , then through zone  46 , and then through zone  48 . 
         [0067]    In certain embodiments according to this invention, ozone is generated within atmosphere  33  passing through zone  44 . 
         [0068]    The generated ozone is mixed with atmosphere  33 , through zone  46 . As described in greater detail below, in embodiments wherein ethylene is an atmosphere contaminant that is desired to be removed, zone  46  can desirably serve for both ozone mixing and reaction with ethylene. 
         [0069]    At least a portion of the generated ozone is removed from the mixed atmosphere, within zone  48 . Thus, as the atmosphere discharges from zone  48 , the atmosphere has been exposed to generated ozone, mixed with the generated ozone and then disassociated from at least a portion of the generated ozone. 
         [0070]      FIGS. 4-7  each shows a different embodiment of air cleaning unit  40 , according to this invention. As shown in  FIGS. 4-7 , UV source  50  comprises a light bulb with an ultraviolet output and/or a corona discharge device that generates ozone within zone  44 . Any other suitable mechanical, electro-mechanical and/or other device can be used to generate ozone within zone  44 . 
         [0071]      FIGS. 1 and 2  show zone  48  downstream with respect to zone  46 , and zone  46  downstream with respect to zone  44 . In other embodiments according to this invention, zone  46  which is the mixing zone can be at least partially within or part of zone  44  where ozone is generated. In other embodiments according to this invention, zone  48  in which ozone is removed can be at least partially within or part of zone  46 , in which mixing occurs. In other embodiments according to this invention, mixing, such as in zone  46 , can occur entirely throughout zones  44  and/or  48 . 
         [0072]      FIG. 1  shows flow diverter  54  positioned within zone  46 . In other embodiments according to this invention, flow diverter  54  can be mounted within or exposed to zone  44  and/or zone  48 . Flow diverter  54  can be any suitable device that mixes fluid flowing through air cleaning unit  40 , including but not limited to a flow nozzle, a baffle, a structure, a mechanical mixer and/or a nozzle, such as a nozzle forming a plurality of flow channels. 
         [0073]    As shown in FIGS.  1  and  4 - 7 , for example, mixing can occur by forming a nozzle that has a variable diameter along a flow direction of the atmosphere flowing through air cleaning unit  40 . Any suitable venturri nozzle or other converging and/or diverging nozzle can be used to mix the fluid flow. 
         [0074]      FIGS. 12 and 13  show another embodiment for mixing fluid flowing through air cleaning unit  40 . The arrows in  FIG. 13  show flow direction  41  along which fluid passes through zone  44 , zone  46  and zone  48  of air cleaning unit  40 .  FIG. 13  shows one particular baffle arrangement. However, any other suitable baffle configuration and design can be used to mix the fluid flow. 
         [0075]      FIGS. 12 and 13  show one embodiment of air cleaning unit  40  positioned within container  32  which stores or houses material  34 .  FIGS. 14-16  show another embodiment of air cleaning unit  40  according to this invention.  FIG. 14  shows air cleaning unit  40  mounted within container  32 . 
         [0076]      FIG. 15  shows structure  42  formed by tubular structural members, for example. Any suitable blower or air moving unit, such as an axial fan and/or a centrifugal blower, can be used to draw fluid into an inlet and discharge fluid through an outlet, for example in flow direction  41  as shown in  FIG. 15 . Structure  42  as shown in  FIGS. 15 and 16  may or may not include flow diverter  54 , depending upon the particular intended use and requirements for operation. 
         [0077]      FIG. 16  shows UV source  50 , for example shown as a light bulb in  FIG. 16 , that can be used to remove ozone within zone  48 . Zone  48  can be positioned as shown in  FIG. 15  or in any other suitable position for accomplishing ozone removal or reduction. 
         [0078]    Air cleaning unit  40  can be constructed with structure  42  as described in this specification and/or with any other suitable structure that can house or form any zone or chamber used to accomplish ozone generation, mixing and/or ozone removal. 
         [0079]    As shown in  FIGS. 12-16 , structure  42  can be or form an independent apparatus or system that can be positioned within container  32  and/or exposed to atmosphere  33 . With an independent arrangement or a stand-alone arrangement of air cleaning unit  40 , it is possible to operate air cleaning unit  40  independently of any existing air conditioner  35 . For example, an independent system can accommodate flow rates passing through air cleaning unit  40  which are different than flow rates passing through air conditioner  35 , such as an existing refrigeration unit mounted within a transport trailer or other container. 
         [0080]    Any suitable conventional device for removing ozone can be mounted within or exposed to zone  48 . In certain embodiments according to this invention, ozone can be removed or disassociated from zone  48  with a thermal decomposer, a combustible support, a catalytic decomposer (for example, CARULITE® 200, manganese dioxide/copper oxide catalyst, and/or activated carbon), a photo-disassociating device and/or an ultraviolet light source. 
         [0081]    In certain embodiments according to this invention, the UV light is generated at a wavelength of about 187 nm to absorb oxygen and thus produce ozone, such as within zone  44 . In certain embodiments according to this invention, the UV light is generated at a wavelength of about 254 nm to absorb the ozone and cause photolysis or photo-disassociation.  FIG. 11  is a graph showing ozone reduction with ultraviolet light at about 254 nm. 
         [0082]      FIGS. 17 and 18  illustrate a more compact version of an atmosphere treating unit  40  in accordance with one embodiment. In this configuration, air or another suitable selected atmosphere enters via inlet  70  and passes around light baffles  72  and through unit  40 . Four UV bulbs  50  (three of which are visible in  FIG. 17 ) are located in zone  46  where ozone is generated and ethylene is rapidly destroyed in the presence of UV light. Ozone is removed through the catalytic decomposer in zone  48 . A fan pulls the atmosphere through unit  40 . Controls  60  are provided and can communicate or transmit signals through a wired and/or a wireless connection to control any operating parameter and/or function of unit  40 . The overall volume of this atmosphere treating/air cleaning unit is less than 1 cubic foot. 
         [0083]    As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art and guided by the teachings herein provided, light baffles or other suitable design features can desirably be incorporated into atmosphere treating units to minimize and/or avoid exposure to UV light external to the unit. 
         [0084]    The destruction of ethylene is greatly enhanced in a configuration in which the ozone is oxidizing the ethylene in the presence of UV light. An experiment was conducted in which UV bulbs were used to generate ozone. In one test, the ethylene was added to the system upstream of the UV lights so that the ethylene would mix with the ozone laden air in the presence of the UV bulbs. In a second test, the ethylene was added to the system downstream of the UV bulbs so that there was no view factor of the reacting gases and the UV light itself. This experiment was conducted twice: once with one UV bulb energized and again with two UV bulbs energized.  FIG. 19  shows the difference in ethylene destruction rate between these two test conditions. With one UV bulb energized, the fraction of ethylene destroyed was over 25% in the presence of UV light and almost 0% without the light present. With two UV bulbs energized, the fraction of ethylene destroyed was about 60% in the presence of UV light and less than 20% without the UV light enhancing the reaction rate. This experiment demonstrates that the presence of UV light significantly enhances the reaction rate of ozone and ethylene. 
         [0085]    As shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 , for example, an outlet of structure  42  which forms air cleaning unit  40  is in communication with zone  48  and atmosphere  33  or the space of container  32 . As shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 , material  34  is mounted, positioned or otherwise housed within container  32  so that material  34  is exposed to atmosphere  33 . 
         [0086]    Also shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 , air mover  36  can be used to circulate atmosphere  33 . Any suitable fan or other air moving device can be used to create flow of atmosphere  33  through air cleaning unit  40 . As shown in  FIG. 2 , air conditioner  35 , such as an evaporator or any other suitable air conditioning device, is mounted within atmosphere  33  of container  32 . 
         [0087]    Container  32  can comprise any suitable structure that defines a chamber or other suitable space for accommodating material  34 . Container  32  can be formed by a transportation trailer, a storage trailer, a storage bin, a bag, a shipping container, an equipment bin and/or an expandable structure. 
         [0088]    In certain embodiments according to this invention, the method for sanitizing, decontaminating, deodorizing, conditioning, drying or otherwise treating atmosphere  33  begins with generating ozone within atmosphere  33  passing through zone  44 . Within zone  46 , the generated ozone is mixed with the atmosphere  33  to enhance removal of undesirable contaminates or other elements of atmosphere  33 . At least a portion and possibly the entire amount of generated ozone is removed from the mixed atmosphere  33  as it passes through zone  48 . 
         [0089]    It is possible to mix atmosphere  33  with the generated ozone within zone  44  and/or zone  46 . It is possible to continue to mix atmosphere  33  with the generated ozone as it passes through zone  48 . 
         [0090]    The apparatus of this invention can comprise a control unit, for example located at the exit of the evaporator. The control unit can comprise three sections, including a UV-light (187 nm) ozone generation chamber for generating a relatively high ozone concentration, a mixing zone for removing ethylene with ozone, and a UV-light (254 nm) ozone dissociation chamber for destroying ozone to a level desired for the atmosphere in the container. 
         [0091]    The apparatus and/or the method of this invention can comprise a controller or other suitable control system for managing or controlling ozone generation, mixing and/or ozone removal. 
         [0092]    In some embodiments of this invention, a controller, such as control  60  as shown in  FIG. 19 , can communicate or transmit signals through a wired and/or a wireless connection to control any operating parameter and/or function of air cleaning unit  40 . In some embodiments of this invention, control parameters are based on timing functions of one or more UV sources  50 . It is possible to control the apparatus and/or the method to achieve desired results without requiring, for example, a relatively expensive ethylene sensor and/or a feedback loop. Any control based on timing functions of UV source  50 , according to this invention, can be relatively inexpensive and will require reduced maintenance and reduced replacement parts, particularly as compared to a sensor-based control system. 
         [0093]    In certain embodiments of this invention, the controller can comprise a transport and storage mode and/or a cleaning mode. In the transport and storage mode, air cleaning unit  40  can cycle with an evaporator. When an evaporator air handler operates, two sets of UV sources  50  can be energized to remove any residual ethylene from atmosphere  33 . An override mode can start air mover  36  or any other suitable air handler, for example to begin moving air through the evaporator and/or air cleaning unit  40 , for a defined or chosen time period. The controller can then trigger the air handler to start and begin passing fluid through air cleaning unit  40 , even if a thermostat or other sensor does not request or call for the evaporator to start. 
         [0094]    In certain embodiments of this invention, during the cleaning mode, container  32  can be closed, with or without a lock and/or an alarm, during a cleaning cycle. During the cleaning cycle, UV source  50  or another suitable ozone generator can be energized while fluid passes through air cleaning unit  40 , such as for any preset and/or calculated time period. After a defined or calculated time period for generating ozone is reached, UV source  50  can be stopped or not operated while air is circulated through air cleaning unit  40 , for example for a time that is sufficient to expose atmosphere  33  and thus kill or remove molds, fungus, spores and/or any other undesired contaminate. Any necessary time period can be calculated from a program of the controller and/or from known data. After the defined and/or calculated time period, UV source  50  can be started within zone  48  to remove ozone from the fluid flowing through air cleaning unit  40 . This same function can be achieved with the use of a catalytic decomposer as an alternative to the UV source  50  in zone  48 . With the use of a catalytic decomposer to destroy the ozone in zone  48 , the cleaning cycle would utilize a bypass of zone  48  during the cleaning mode that would allow ozone build-up in the storage container. After the defined and/or calculated cleaning period, the bypass would be closed and UV light  50  in zone  44  would be turned off. The circulation of atmosphere through the catalytic decomposer in zone  48  would clean the atmosphere in storage container of ozone. 
         [0095]    After the cleaning cycle time period expires, the controller can signal and/or activate to open any lock and/or to deactivate any alarm. The controller can also be used to communicate with and learn information from any suitable sensor that detects a desired parameter or when the ozone concentration is at a certain level, such as when the ozone concentration falls below a level defined by any government agency and/or other guideline recommendation. 
         [0096]    According to this invention, a test facility to conduct ozone generation, ethylene removal and ozone destruction testing can include the following components: instrumentation, including a Thermo Fisher  49 i ozone analyzer, a storage control systems electro-chemical ethylene analyzer, voltage and/or current meters to monitor a power draw of lamps or UV source  50 ; an ozone generator, including a UV lamp G24T6VH/U ozone generator (180 nm wavelength, 25 Watts, 2.3 grams/hour output); an ozone remover, including a UV lamp G24T6/U germicidal lamp (254 nm wavelength, 25 Watts, 8.5 Watts UV output); and a stainless steel model container and flow system, including a container sized at ⅛ scale, flow rates scaled to achieve up to 1 air change per minute, an axial fan positioned in a duct to move air through zones  44 ,  46  and  48 , and high vacuum stainless steel weld fittings to provide leak-free operation. 
         [0097]    Turning now to  FIGS. 20-22  there is illustrated assembly  100  and, in particular, atmosphere treating unit structure  102  in accordance with one aspect of the invention. Atmosphere treating unit structure  102  includes: air inlet  104 ; light baffles  106  (to ensure that no viewing angle would result in external exposure to UV light); UV light bulbs  110  that generate ozone; catalytic ozone destruction bed  112 ; a set of flow baffles  114  and fan  116  to pull air through structure  102 ; and various control elements useful in the operation of assembly  100 , including bulb ballasts  120 , on-off switch  122 , system operation indicator  124 , microprocessor  126  and safety switch  128 , for example. Assembly  100  also includes suitable mounting elements or features such as shock absorbing mounts  130 . 
         [0098]    Thus, atmosphere treating unit structure  102  includes first zone  140  in which ozone is generated within the atmosphere and exposed to UV light, and second zone  144  in which at least a portion of the generated ozone is removed from the mixed atmosphere to form an ozone-depleted mixture. First zone  140  and second zone  144  are generally represented by respective zone boxes, shown via phantom lines in  FIG. 22 . Those skilled in the art and guided by the teachings herein provided will understand and appreciate that such depiction of the zones is not intended to necessarily limit the size, shape or dimensions of the zones or the placement or positioning of the zones. Furthermore, as for example herein described, such zones relative to each other, may be separated, adjacent or overlap, in whole or in part, as may be appropriate or desired for a particular application. 
         [0099]    In such structure, UV light bulbs  110 , used to generate ozone and to irradiate ozone mixed with the atmosphere, are oriented perpendicularly to atmosphere flow through the structure. 
         [0100]    In particular embodiments, it can be desirable to expose the mixture of atmosphere and ozone to UV light of either  185  or 254 nm wavelength at an input rate of 0.5 watt per cfm to 10 watts per cfm, where such input rates or ratios reflect power into the UV bulb(s) divided by the total flow rate through the system/unit. 
         [0101]    Assembly  100  may include one or more shut-off devices  150  in operational communication with structure  102  to shut-off atmosphere treatment assembly  100  when a selected ozone level parameter exceeds a preselected amount. One or more shut-off devices  150  can be variously located within or about assembly  100 . For example,  FIG. 21  illustrates a first possible location, designated by reference  152 , in air inlet region  104  and a second possible location, designated by reference  154  downstream of catalytic ozone destruction bed  112 .  FIG. 22 , in addition to location  152  also shows possible location  156  within catalytic ozone removal bed  112  and location  160 , downstream of catalytic ozone removal bed  112 . The arrows in  FIG. 22  show flow direction  41  along which fluid passes through the unit assembly  100 . 
         [0102]    Suitable such shut-off devices may be in the form or nature of a fuse, e.g., an integral ozone fuse such as can automatically shut down assembly operation if and when the fuse is blown. For example, a chemical input such as a level or amount of ozone triggers an electrical switch or fuse such as to shut down operation of the assembly such as by turning off the UV light bulbs. 
         [0103]      FIGS. 23 and 24  are partially cut-away views of enclosed space  200 , such as a refrigerated truck trailer, operationally associated with atmosphere treatment assembly  202  in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. 
         [0104]    Enclosed space  200  can be normally used to carry or convey one or more products (not shown), with atmosphere treatment assembly  202  used to treat the atmosphere held or otherwise contained within the enclosed space. 
         [0105]    Enclosed space  200  also houses or contains evaporator  206  such as may be utilized to control the humidity or moisture level within the enclosed space  200 . 
         [0106]    Those skilled in the art and guided by the teachings herein provided will appreciate that, in accordance with one embodiment, the atmosphere in a storage container can desirably be cleaned via repeated circulation through a treatment or cleaning unit, such as herein described. For example, in the case of desired removal of ethylene from a selected atmosphere, at least a portion of the ethylene can be destroyed in each pass through the unit. As long as the rate of destruction of ethylene is higher than the rate of generation of ethylene in the storage container, the cleaning apparatus will reduce the ethylene levels to a desired steady-state level. By designing the cleaning apparatus to partially clean the atmosphere on a per pass basis, and relying on recirculation of the atmosphere to reduce the contaminants to desired levels, the balance between system performance, volume and cost can be better optimized. For example, by utilizing such recirculation, the amount of power or energy required for proper operation of the unit can be significantly reduced or minimized such as by reducing the number of UV lights required to be energized in any particular pass of atmosphere to be treated through the unit. 
         [0107]      FIGS. 25-27  illustrate an apparatus that is designed for efficient replacement of the UV bulb and catalyst assembly. The system is shown in cross section, 3-D wire drawing and exploded view in  FIGS. 25-27 . This apparatus minimizes the size of the unit and simplifies the replacement of the consumable “cartridge”. The electrical connections are inserted together and a rotatable outer housing is used to lock the cartridge in place with the fan and motor. 
         [0108]    As shown in  FIG. 25 , air is pulled through the assembly by fan  116 . The air enters the unit through the air inlet  104 . This air inlet  104  comprises an air inlet screen and a structure that supports the UV bulb connector  105 . The air flows from the air inlet  104  in the initial air treatment zone  140  where the air is exposed to ozone generated by UV bulb  110 . The air in this zone is both mixed with ozone and exposed to UV light from bulb  110 . The air then passes from the first zone  140  to the second zone  144  where ozone is removed from the air in catalyst bed  112 . The catalyst material is held in bed  112  with screens  183  at the inlet and exhaust from the second zone  144 . 
         [0109]    The exploded view in  FIG. 26  illustrates the elements that make the unit easy to replace for periodic maintenance. The replacement cartridge  180  comprises an interior cartridge  187  and a rotating exterior interlock housing  188 . Electrical connector  185  inserts into the electrical connector  184  that is an integral part of the permanent mounting ring  181 . Mounting ring  181  is connected to the fan  116  through the o-ring  182 . The replacement cartridge  180  is removed by rotating exterior interlock housing  188  and pulling down on the interior cartridge  187  thus disconnecting electrical connectors  184  and  185  without applying undue torque or force to this delicate connector. A new replacement cartridge is installed by reversing the steps of removing the replacement cartridge. 
         [0110]    The 3-D drawing shown in  FIG. 27  illustrates electrical wiring path  190  through which wires are passed to connect the UV bulb connector  105  to the power available from the fan  116  which can be permanently mounted to a chamber, such as a refrigerator or a storage bin. Electrical power is available to fan  116  from a permanent source or a power source. 
         [0111]      FIG. 28  illustrates an alternative configuration for wiring path  190 . In this configuration wiring pat  190  is centered in the middle of second zone  144 . The cross section drawing shown in  FIG. 29  illustrates  5  different options for baffling  170  within catalyst bed  112 . These baffling configurations provide options to ensure flow through the catalyst bed regardless of the orientation of the overall cartridge, vertical or horizontal. 
         [0112]    While in the foregoing detailed description this invention has been described in relation to certain preferred embodiments thereof, and many details have been set forth for purposes of illustration, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that this invention is susceptible to additional embodiments and that certain of the details described herein can be varied considerably without departing from the basic principles of this invention.