Abstract:
Transportation fuels are provided that have reduced toxics, VOC and NO x  emissions, as well as, reduced sulfur content. The transportation fuels provided meet emissions reduction requirements determined by using the EPA Complex Model and for reduced sulfur. Reduction in sulfur content allows the use of components with high concentrations of olefins, while still reducing toxics, hydrocarbon (VOCs) and NO x  emissions to acceptable levels.

Description:
The invention relates to reduced emissions transportation fuels, formulated to reduce emissions of toxics, hydrocarbons (VOCs) and NO x . More particularly, the invention relates to transportation fuels that are formulated to reduce emissions of toxics, hydrocarbons (VOCs) and NO x , and have reduced sulfur content. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     There are many challenges for U.S. refiners to produce fuels that comply with environmental regulations and meet vehicle performance requirements. Federal and State Governments have regulated gasoline properties for many years. Generally, these regulations were developed to meet air quality goals. In 1990, the Federal Government issued the Clean Air Act Amendments, which required significant changes to gasoline used in certain areas of the United States. 
     Beginning Jan. 1, 1998, refiners had to certify their reformulated gasolines using the EPA Complex Model, a computer model that predicts emissions performance. The properties used in the Complex Model to predict emissions performance are: methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) (wt. % oxygen), ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) (wt. % oxygen), Ethanol (wt. % oxygen), Methanol (wt. % oxygen), tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME) (wt. % oxygen), sulfur (ppm), Reid Vapor Pressure (psi), 50% D-86 distillation point (° F.) or E200(%), 90% D-86 distillation point (° F.) or E300(%), aromatics (vol %), olefins (vol %), and benzene (vol %). 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,288,393, 5,593,567, 5,653,866, 5,837,126 and 6,030,521 indicate that the primary factor effecting NO x  emissions is Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP), with the 10% D-86 Distillation Point and Olefins content being of secondary importance. It is reported that since reductions in 10% D-86 Distillation Point are often unacceptable for performance reasons, olefins content is generally to be used as the secondary variable in decreasing NO x  emissions. These U.S. Patents report that a Reid Vapor Pressure of less than 8.0 psi and an olefins content not exceeding 15% by weight are preferred for NO x  emissions reductions. These U.S. Patents also reports that 50% D-86 and distillation points not exceeding 215° F. are preferred for reducing hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions. 
     An olefins content of less than 15% by weight is generally not difficult to achieve in high octane blends, such as 93 octane gasoline, since these fuels are generally low in olefins due to the components used to produce them. However, it is more difficult to achieve this olefins content in lower octane fuels, such as 87 octane, because of the high olefins content of the components used to produce these fuels. 
     An additional issue facing refiners is the pending implementation of the EPA Tier 2 Motor Vehicle Emissions Standards and Gasoline Sulfur Control Requirements. Beginning in 2004, refiners must produce gasoline that averages 120 ppm sulfur with a batch limit of 300 ppm. In 2005, gasoline sulfur levels must average 90 ppm with a 300 ppm cap, and in 2006, these limits are a 30 ppm average with an 80 ppm cap. 
     It is desirable to produce transportation fuels that meet the emissions reductions requirements determined using EPA Complex Model and can be produced using components having a high concentration of olefins. It is further desirable to produce transportation fuels that meet the emissions reductions requirements using the EPA Complex Model and have reduced sulfur content. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The current invention provides transportation fuels that meet the emissions requirements for toxics, VOC and NO x  as determined using the EPA Complex Model. Reductions in NO x  emissions are achieved primarily by controlling the 90% D-86 distillation point, olefins content, aromatics content and sulfur content. Reductions in VOC emissions are achieved primarily by controlling Reid Vapor Pressure and secondarily by controlling aromatics content. Reductions in toxics emissions is achieved primarily by controlling aromatics and benzene content, 90% D-86 distillation point and the use of oxygenates. Transportation fuels according to the current invention can have olefins content from about 0-25% by weight, preferably about 15-25%. Sulfur content in transportation fuels according to the current invention is less than about 300 ppm, preferably less than about 120 ppm, and most preferably less than about 80 ppm. Reduced sulfur content in transportation fuels according to the current invention allows higher olefins content and higher 50 and 90% D-86 distillation points than would otherwise be required for meeting emissions reduction requirements. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to transportation fuels blended to comply with the requirements for emissions reduction, determined using the EPA Complex Model. The EPA Complex Model uses the following parameters for estimating NO x , VOC and toxics emissions: methyl tert-butyl ether (wt. % oxygen), ethyl tert-butyl ether (wt. % oxygen), ethanol (wt. % oxygen), methanol (wt. % oxygen), tert-amyl methyl ether (wt. % oxygen), sulfur (ppm), Reid Vapor Pressure, D-86 50% distillation point (° F.) or E200 (%), D-86 90% distillation point (° F.) or E300 (%), aromatics (volume %), olefins (volume %) and benzene (volume %). As defined in the complex model, the wt. % oxygen contributed by an oxygenating component, such as methyl tert-butyl ether, is the percent oxygen content in the fuel blend on a total weight basis. As defined in the EPA Complex Model, the E200 (%) and E300 (%) are the percentages of a fuel that vaporizes at 200° F. and 300° F. respectively. 
     Fuels according to the current invention were blended to comply with the requirements for reductions in NO x  emissions by controlling at least one of the following properties from the EPA Complex Model: the 90% D-86 distillation point, olefins content, aromatics content and sulfur content, as indicated in the tables. VOC emissions are controlled by controlling Reid Vapor Pressure and aromatics content. Toxics emissions are controlled by controlling aromatics and benzene content, 90% D-86 distillation point and the use of oxygenates. 
     According to one embodiment, fuels of the current invention have octane ratings of 94 (R+M)/2 or lower, preferred octane ratings being 87, 93 and 94. The 50% D-86 distillation point of fuels according to this embodiment of the invention is less than about 235° F., preferably from about 215° F. to about 235° F. The 90% D-86 distillation point of fuels according to this embodiment of the invention is less than about 360° F., preferably from about 315° F. to about 360° F. Olefins content of fuels according to this embodiment of the invention is less than about 25%, preferably from about 15% to about 25%. 
     Aromatics content of fuels according to this embodiment of the invention is less than about 47%, preferably from about 20% to about 40%. Sulfur content for fuels according to this embodiment of the invention is less than about 300 ppm. Preferably, the sulfur content of fuels according to this embodiment of the invention is about 120 ppm or less, more preferably about 80 ppm or less. 
     Fuels according to this embodiment of the invention fall into two basic categories, oxygenated and non-oxygenated fuels. For the purposes of the invention, non-oxygenated fuels are those fuels that contain less than 0.1% oxygen by weight. In preferred embodiments, oxygen can be introduce by using oxygenating components, such as: ethyl tert-butyl ether (EtBE), methyl tert-butyl ether (MtBE), tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME), ethanol and methanol. Selection of a particular oxygenating component is within the purview of an individual skilled in the art. 
     It will be recognized that the examples presented here are for illustrative purposes only and should not be construed as placing a limitation upon the scope of the invention. Further the development of procedures for blending hydrocarbon streams to achieve fuels having the desired content of the several components listed in Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4 can be carried out by one skilled in the art, without undue experimentation. Methods for developing procedures for blending hydrocarbon streams to produce fuels having the desired content of aromatics, olefins, etc., as well as 10, 50 and 90% D-86 distillation points include, but are not limited to, linear programming and non-linear programming. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the fuel blends of the current invention are not limited to a particular method of developing blending procedures to produce them. 
     Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4 show examples of transportation fuels of various octane ratings according to the current invention. The examples shown in Tables 1, 3 and 4 are oxygenated fuels. Table 2 shows non-oxygenated fuels. The values presented for olefins and aromatics content in Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4 are not corrected for content of oxygenates. Tables 5, 6, 7 and 8 show emissions of toxics, VOCs and NO x  for the fuels shown in Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4, and reductions versus emissions for an industry average baseline fuel calculated using the EPA Complex Model. The industry average baseline fuel has the following properties: 339 ppm sulfur, 1.53% benzene, 8.7 psi RVP, 87.3(R+M)/2, 128F T10, 218F T50, 330F T90, 32% aromatics, 9.2% olefins and 58.8% saturates. These values represent average 1990 nationwide (excluding California) gasoline composition. 
     The values for aromatics, benzene, olefins and sulfur content reported in Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4 were corrected for oxygen content prior to being used to calculate emissions for the example fuels in the EPA Complex Model. 
     The data from Tables 5, 6, 7 and 8 show a decrease in emissions of toxics, VOCs and NO x  versus the baseline fuel. Table 6 shows emissions for non-oxygenated fuels. Tables 5, 7 and 8 show emissions for oxygenated fuels according to a preferred embodiment. Emissions values for toxics, NO x  and VOCs is reported in mg/mile. The values for percentage reduction are calculated versus an industry average baseline fuel. In addition, all fuels according to this embodiment meet the EPA requirement of not more than 300 ppm sulfur. Non-oxygenated fuels according to the current invention show a reduction in toxics emissions of up to about 28%, a reduction in NO x  emissions of up to about 14%, and a reduction in VOC emissions of up to about 22% versus an industry average baseline fuel. Oxygenated fuels according to the current invention show a reduction in toxics emissions of up to about 40%, a reduction in NO x  emissions of up to about 16%, and a reduction in VOC emissions of up to about 36% versus an industry average baseline fuel. 
     According to another embodiment, the current invention provides a blend stock for use in blending with oxygenates to produce an oxygenated fuel. Blend stocks according to this embodiment have an octane rating of at least 83.5 and are suitable for blending with oxygenates to produce a reduced emissions transportation fuel. Blend stocks according to this embodiment of the invention have a 50% D-86 distillation point of less than about 232° F., preferably from about 215° F. to about 232° F., and a 90% D-86 distillation point less than about 360° F., preferably from about 315° F. to about 360° F. The aromatics content of blend stocks according to this embodiment of the invention is less than about 33%, preferably from about 14% to about 33%. The olefins content of blend stocks according to this embodiment of the invention is less than about 21%, preferably from about 15% to about 21%. 
     Blend stocks according to this embodiment of the invention are blended with an oxygenating component to produce an oxygenated transportation fuel. Such oxygenating components include ethyl tert-butyl ether (EtBE), methyl tert-butyl ether (MtBE), tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME), ethanol and methanol. 
     A preferred embodiment provides a blend stock having an octane rating of 83.5. According to this embodiment, the blend stock is blended with ethanol to produce a transportation fuel having an octane rating of from about 87 to about 90. Table 9 shows examples of fuels produced from a blend stock according to this preferred embodiment, blended with ethanol. Table 10 shows emissions data for the examples in Table 9. Fuels produced from blend stocks according to this embodiment show a reduction in toxics emissions of up to about 26%, a reduction in NO x  emissions of up to about 10%, and a reduction in VOCs of up to about 25%. Reductions in emissions were determined versus an industry standard baseline fuel. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 87 RFG Blends 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Olefins 
                 D86 
                 D86 
                   
                 MtBE 
                 EtBE 
                 TAME 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Batch 
                 Octane 
                 RVP 
                 Aromatic 
                 Benzene 
                 cont. 
                 50% 
                 90% 
                 Sulfur 
                 cont. 
                 cont. 
                 cont. 
                 Methanol 
                 Ethanol 
                 oxygen 
               
               
                 ID 
                 Rating 
                 psi 
                 cont. (%) 
                 cont. (%) 
                 (%) 
                 ° F. 
                 ° F. 
                 ppm 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
                 cont. (%) 
                 cont. (%) 
                 cont. (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0001 
                 87 
                 6.83 
                 16.85 
                 0.28 
                 13.93 
                 208 
                 352 
                 156 
                 1.858 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1.858 
               
               
                 0002 
                 87 
                 6.35 
                 15.94 
                 0.62 
                 17.17 
                 193 
                 343 
                 203 
                 2.541 
                 0 
                 0.016 
                 0.025 
                 0 
                 2.582 
               
               
                 0003 
                 87 
                 6.83 
                 16.47 
                 0.55 
                 15.78 
                 190 
                 336 
                 34 
                 2.503 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.503 
               
               
                 0004 
                 87 
                 6.60 
                 24.81 
                 0.57 
                 11.57 
                 219 
                 316 
                 102 
                 1.949 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1.949 
               
               
                 0005 
                 87 
                 6.92 
                 22.48 
                 0.82 
                 11.66 
                 195 
                 337 
                 126 
                 2.104 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.104 
               
               
                 0006 
                 87 
                 7.31 
                 23.51 
                 0.54 
                 11.76 
                 188 
                 331 
                 135 
                 2.092 
                 0 
                 0.005 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.097 
               
               
                 0007 
                 87 
                 6.83 
                 18.68 
                 0.56 
                 23.63 
                 193 
                 348 
                 143 
                 2.679 
                 0 
                 0.002 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.681 
               
               
                 0008 
                 87 
                 6.69 
                 18.02 
                 0.53 
                 12.37 
                 182.8 
                 336 
                 146 
                 2.6 
                 0 
                 0.002 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.602 
               
               
                 0009 
                 87 
                 7.31 
                 23.45 
                 0.49 
                 12.75 
                 197 
                 340.7 
                 154 
                 2.042 
                 0 
                 0.004 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.046 
               
               
                 0010 
                 87 
                 7.03 
                 22.36 
                 0.47 
                 10.76 
                 195 
                 347 
                 166 
                 1.945 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1.945 
               
               
                 0011 
                 87 
                 6.35 
                 20.76 
                 0.45 
                 12.22 
                 201 
                 343 
                 168 
                 2.374 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.374 
               
               
                 0012 
                 87 
                 7.06 
                 23.17 
                 0.45 
                 13.44 
                 209 
                 347 
                 171 
                 1.782 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1.782 
               
               
                 0013 
                 87 
                 6.66 
                 17.98 
                 0.43 
                 19.5 
                 196 
                 343 
                 172 
                 2.683 
                 0 
                 0.014 
                 0.2 
                 0 
                 2.897 
               
               
                 0014 
                 87 
                 6.56 
                 34.25 
                 0.58 
                 18.06 
                 198 
                 341 
                 189 
                 2.626 
                 0 
                 0.002 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.628 
               
               
                 0015 
                 87 
                 7.18 
                 12.8 
                 0.59 
                 12.82 
                 191.6 
                 321.6 
                 190 
                 2.597 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.597 
               
               
                 0016 
                 87 
                 6.73 
                 23.81 
                 0.5 
                 15.93 
                 219 
                 347 
                 239 
                 2.584 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.584 
               
               
                 0017 
                 87 
                 6.9 
                 15.87 
                 0.49 
                 19.73 
                 201 
                 353 
                 284 
                 2.579 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.579 
               
               
                 0018 
                 87 
                 6.57 
                 17.09 
                 0.57 
                 19.44 
                 197 
                 348 
                 298 
                 2.312 
                 0 
                 0.008 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.32 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 93N Blends 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Olefins 
                 D86 
                 D86 
                   
                 MtBE 
                 EtBE 
                 TAME 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Batch 
                 Octane 
                 RVP 
                 Aromatic 
                 Benzene 
                 cont. 
                 50% 
                 90% 
                 Sulfur 
                 cont. 
                 cont. 
                 cont. 
                 Methanol 
                 Ethanol 
                 oxygen 
               
               
                 ID 
                 Rating 
                 psi 
                 cont. (%) 
                 cont. (%) 
                 (%) 
                 ° F. 
                 ° F. 
                 ppm 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
                 cont. (%) 
                 cont. (%) 
                 cont. (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0019 
                 93 
                 6.63 
                 31.86 
                 0.59 
                 7.71 
                 230 
                 319 
                 41 
                 0.03 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.03 
               
               
                 0020 
                 93 
                 6.47 
                 30.76 
                 0.59 
                 1.2 
                 234 
                 316 
                 27 
                 0.039 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.039 
               
               
                 0021 
                 93 
                 6.15 
                 27.33 
                 0.45 
                 1.3 
                 231.7 
                 312.1 
                 34 
                 0.049 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.049 
               
               
                 0022 
                 93 
                 6.19 
                 28.73 
                 0.73 
                 3.11 
                 228 
                 308 
                 34 
                 0.046 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.046 
               
               
                 0023 
                 93 
                 6.4 
                 36.18 
                 0.82 
                 4.8 
                 227 
                 312 
                 36 
                 0.016 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.016 
               
               
                 0024 
                 93 
                 6.44 
                 31.47 
                 0.62 
                 8.61 
                 232.2 
                 321.8 
                 42 
                 0.03 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.03 
               
               
                 0025 
                 93 
                 6.54 
                 24.1 
                 0.55 
                 5.71 
                 224 
                 310 
                 57 
                 0.028 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.028 
               
               
                 0026 
                 93 
                 6.5 
                 34.59 
                 0.74 
                 7.61 
                 228 
                 316 
                 66 
                 0.03 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.03 
               
               
                 0027 
                 93 
                 6.5 
                 35.73 
                 0.77 
                 3.3 
                 231 
                 317 
                 25 
                 0.16 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.016 
               
               
                 0028 
                 93 
                 6.58 
                 35.97 
                 0.86 
                 4.9 
                 228.9 
                 313.4 
                 24 
                 0.015 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.015 
               
               
                 0029 
                 93 
                 6.7 
                 35.19 
                 0.61 
                 3.81 
                 229.5 
                 321.6 
                 27 
                 0.03 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.03 
               
               
                 0030 
                 93 
                 6.45 
                 30.37 
                 0.54 
                 6.01 
                 230 
                 320 
                 32 
                 0.019 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.019 
               
               
                 0031 
                 93 
                 6.44 
                 28.05 
                 0.6 
                 5.41 
                 229 
                 310 
                 42 
                 0.043 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.043 
               
               
                 0032 
                 93 
                 6.51 
                 25.77 
                 0.56 
                 5.41 
                 227 
                 319 
                 70 
                 0.035 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.035 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 93RFG Blends 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Olefins 
                 D86 
                 D86 
                   
                 MtBE 
                 EtBE 
                 TAME 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Batch 
                 Octane 
                 RVP 
                 Aromatic 
                 Benzene 
                 cont. 
                 50% 
                 90% 
                 Sulfur 
                 cont. 
                 cont. 
                 cont. 
                 Methanol 
                 Ethanol 
                 oxygen 
               
               
                 ID 
                 Rating 
                 psi 
                 cont. (%) 
                 cont. (%) 
                 (%) 
                 ° F. 
                 ° F. 
                 ppm 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
                 cont. (%) 
                 cont. (%) 
                 cont. (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0033 
                 93 
                 6.72 
                 25.31 
                 0.34 
                 9.77 
                 216 
                 330 
                 3 
                 2.507 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.507 
               
               
                 0034 
                 93 
                 6.69 
                 31.05 
                 0.48 
                 5.08 
                 219.7 
                 325.3 
                 65 
                 2.387 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.387 
               
               
                 0035 
                 93 
                 6.82 
                 30.39 
                 0.55 
                 7.17 
                 219 
                 328 
                 84 
                 2.166 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.166 
               
               
                 0036 
                 93 
                 6.66 
                 36.31 
                 0.72 
                 9.36 
                 222.8 
                 332.8 
                 88 
                 1.98 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1.98 
               
               
                 0037 
                 93 
                 6.4 
                 35.52 
                 0.56 
                 9.46 
                 220 
                 327 
                 90 
                 2.163 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.163 
               
               
                 0038 
                 93 
                 6.76 
                 36.97 
                 0.65 
                 11.48 
                 217.2 
                 328.5 
                 90 
                 2.559 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.559 
               
               
                 0039 
                 93 
                 6.43 
                 21.73 
                 0.29 
                 10.78 
                 212 
                 328 
                 97 
                 2.628 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.628 
               
               
                 0040 
                 93 
                 6.61 
                 22.66 
                 0.3 
                 9.84 
                 212 
                 328 
                 102 
                 2.642 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.642 
               
               
                 0041 
                 93 
                 6.53 
                 26.53 
                 0.37 
                 13.33 
                 213.5 
                 328.7 
                 106 
                 2.575 
                 0 
                 0.002 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.577 
               
               
                 0042 
                 93 
                 6.87 
                 35.31 
                 0.63 
                 13.26 
                 209.5 
                 330.8 
                 108 
                 2.593 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.593 
               
               
                 0043 
                 93 
                 6.89 
                 25.59 
                 0.39 
                 11 
                 212 
                 327 
                 110 
                 2.604 
                 0 
                 0.002 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.606 
               
               
                 0044 
                 93 
                 7.02 
                 32.14 
                 0.6 
                 11.81 
                 209 
                 322 
                 114 
                 2.561 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.561 
               
               
                 0045 
                 93 
                 6.76 
                 26.2 
                 0.42 
                 13.17 
                 222.8 
                 332.8 
                 272 
                 2.535 
                 0 
                 0.004 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.539 
               
               
                 0046 
                 93 
                 6.85 
                 27.63 
                 0.53 
                 7.34 
                 217 
                 328 
                 83 
                 2.042 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.042 
               
               
                 0047 
                 93 
                 6.93 
                 30.52 
                 0.44 
                 10.87 
                 211 
                 329 
                 102 
                 2.237 
                 0 
                 0.002 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.239 
               
               
                 0048 
                 93 
                 6.47 
                 25.82 
                 0.45 
                 10.06 
                 215.1 
                 327.5 
                 94 
                 2.587 
                 0 
                 0.005 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.592 
               
               
                 0049 
                 93 
                 6.76 
                 22.17 
                 0.31 
                 11.36 
                 214 
                 331 
                 84 
                 2.618 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.618 
               
               
                 0050 
                 93 
                 6.7 
                 23.36 
                 0.32 
                 11.71 
                 212 
                 332 
                 95 
                 2.625 
                 0 
                 0.002 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.627 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 94 RFG Blends 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Olefins 
                 D86 
                 D86 
                   
                 MtBE 
                 EtBE 
                 TAME 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Batch 
                 Octane 
                 RVP 
                 Aromatic 
                 Benzene 
                 cont. 
                 50% 
                 90% 
                 Sulfur 
                 cont. 
                 cont. 
                 cont. 
                 Methanol 
                 Ethanol 
                 oxygen 
               
               
                 ID 
                 Rating 
                 psi 
                 cont. (%) 
                 cont. (%) 
                 (%) 
                 ° F. 
                 ° F. 
                 ppm 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
                 cont. (%) 
                 cont. (%) 
                 cont. (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0051 
                 94 
                 6.6 
                 26.42 
                 0.39 
                 2.18 
                 221 
                 313 
                 18 
                 2.33 
                 0 
                 0.002 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.332 
               
               
                 0052 
                 94 
                 6.67 
                 25.46 
                 0.39 
                 15.49 
                 214.5 
                 325.3 
                 30 
                 2.643 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.643 
               
               
                 0053 
                 94 
                 6.76 
                 29.17 
                 0.4 
                 1.25 
                 220 
                 304 
                 44 
                 2.184 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.184 
               
               
                 0054 
                 94 
                 6.48 
                 25.37 
                 0.38 
                 1.8 
                 218 
                 304 
                 52 
                 1.971 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1.971 
               
               
                 0055 
                 94 
                 6.35 
                 31.14 
                 0.5 
                 9.44 
                 219.3 
                 323.3 
                 54 
                 2.518 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.518 
               
               
                 0056 
                 94 
                 6.57 
                 37.21 
                 0.49 
                 7.87 
                 221 
                 314 
                 56 
                 2.657 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.657 
               
               
                 0057 
                 94 
                 6.7 
                 22.82 
                 0.27 
                 5.05 
                 216 
                 316 
                 62 
                 2.67 
                 0 
                 0.002 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.672 
               
               
                 0058 
                 94 
                 6.41 
                 34.5 
                 0.63 
                 7.52 
                 220 
                 320 
                 65 
                 2.388 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.388 
               
               
                 0059 
                 94 
                 6.56 
                 29.31 
                 0.41 
                 2.52 
                 228 
                 312 
                 67 
                 2.289 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.289 
               
               
                 0060 
                 94 
                 6.7 
                 22.15 
                 0.34 
                 5.18 
                 217 
                 318 
                 69 
                 2.726 
                 0 
                 0.002 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.728 
               
               
                 0061 
                 94 
                 6.5 
                 36.58 
                 0.7 
                 8.27 
                 219.6 
                 318.9 
                 70 
                 2.486 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.486 
               
               
                 0062 
                 94 
                 6.61 
                 45.97 
                 0.33 
                 12.26 
                 219 
                 314 
                 71 
                 2.554 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.554 
               
               
                 0063 
                 94 
                 6.43 
                 37.22 
                 0.51 
                 10.22 
                 223 
                 323 
                 79 
                 2.258 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.258 
               
               
                 0064 
                 94 
                 6.86 
                 26.9 
                 0.41 
                 12.96 
                 211 
                 323 
                 82 
                 2.575 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.575 
               
               
                 0065 
                 94 
                 6.53 
                 22.62 
                 0.36 
                 3.34 
                 217 
                 307 
                 84 
                 2.393 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.393 
               
               
                 0066 
                 94 
                 6.74 
                 29.41 
                 0.44 
                 9.6 
                 219 
                 331 
                 96 
                 2.589 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.589 
               
               
                 0067 
                 94 
                 6.6 
                 32.09 
                 0.49 
                 7.26 
                 219.3 
                 325.8 
                 111 
                 2.587 
                 0 
                 0.005 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2.592 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 87 RFG Blends 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 total 
                 % 
                   
                 % 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Batch 
                 toxics 
                 reduc. 
                 total NO x   
                 reduc. 
                 total VOC 
                 % reduc. 
               
               
                 ID 
                 mg/mi. 
                 toxics 
                 mg/mi. 
                 NO x   
                 mg/mi. 
                 VOC 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0001 
                 53.663 
                 37.85 
                 1220.804 
                 8.89 
                 1009.539 
                 31.15 
               
               
                 0002 
                 54.617 
                 36.75 
                 1260.524 
                 5.93 
                 943.339 
                 35.67 
               
               
                 0003 
                 51.757 
                 40.06 
                 1161.106 
                 13.35 
                 960.592 
                 34.49 
               
               
                 0004 
                 57.1 
                 33.87 
                 1198.895 
                 10.53 
                 1009.908 
                 31.13 
               
               
                 0005 
                 57.73 
                 33.14 
                 1218.239 
                 9.08 
                 1013.739 
                 30.86 
               
               
                 0006 
                 55.512 
                 35.71 
                 1231.645 
                 8.09 
                 1050.877 
                 28.33 
               
               
                 0007 
                 55.614 
                 35.59 
                 1310.781 
                 2.18 
                 974.642 
                 33.53 
               
               
                 0008 
                 52.42 
                 39.29 
                 1213.766 
                 9.42 
                 965.87 
                 34.13 
               
               
                 0009 
                 56.221 
                 34.89 
                 1244.89 
                 7.10 
                 1067.402 
                 27.20 
               
               
                 0010 
                 55.912 
                 35.24 
                 1237.985 
                 7.61 
                 1045.064 
                 28.73 
               
               
                 0011 
                 54.525 
                 36.85 
                 1228.115 
                 8.35 
                 974.231 
                 33.56 
               
               
                 0012 
                 57.583 
                 33.31 
                 1255.382 
                 6.31 
                 1069.352 
                 27.07 
               
               
                 0013 
                 53.964 
                 37.50 
                 1273.615 
                 4.95 
                 970.785 
                 33.794 
               
               
                 0014 
                 60.783 
                 29.60 
                 1323.784 
                 1.21 
                 1014.197 
                 30.83 
               
               
                 0015 
                 52.563 
                 39.12 
                 1210.381 
                 9.67 
                 1015.472 
                 30.75 
               
               
                 0016 
                 57.985 
                 32.84 
                 1292.061 
                 3.58 
                 1040.895 
                 29.01 
               
               
                 0017 
                 56.083 
                 35.05 
                 1318.623 
                 1.60 
                 1008.762 
                 31.20 
               
               
                 0018 
                 57.318 
                 33.62 
                 1333.292 
                 0.50 
                 980.26 
                 33.15 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 93N Blends 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 total toxics 
                 % reduc. 
                 total NO x   
                 % reduc. 
                 total VOC 
                 % reduc. 
               
               
                 Batch ID 
                 mg/mi. 
                 toxics 
                 mg/mi. 
                 NO x   
                 mg/mi. 
                 VOC 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0019 
                 65.15 
                 34.55 
                 1171.869 
                 12.55 
                 1171.869 
                 20.08 
               
               
                 0020 
                 64.189 
                 25.66 
                 1148.856 
                 14.26 
                 1148.856 
                 21.65 
               
               
                 0021 
                 61.009 
                 29.34 
                 1145.354 
                 14.53 
                 1145.354 
                 21.89 
               
               
                 0022 
                 64.495 
                 25.30 
                 1150.499 
                 14.14 
                 1150.499 
                 21.54 
               
               
                 0023 
                 70.126 
                 18.78 
                 1164.217 
                 13.12 
                 1164.217 
                 20.60 
               
               
                 0024 
                 65.794 
                 23.80 
                 1172.023 
                 12.54 
                 1172.023 
                 20.07 
               
               
                 0025 
                 60.718 
                 29.68 
                 1156.487 
                 13.70 
                 1156.487 
                 21.13 
               
               
                 0026 
                 68.982 
                 20.11 
                 1188.81 
                 11.28 
                 1188.81 
                 18.93 
               
               
                 0027 
                 68.993 
                 20.10 
                 1156.441 
                 13.70 
                 1156.441 
                 21.13 
               
               
                 0028 
                 70.24 
                 18.65 
                 1157.309 
                 13.63 
                 1157.309 
                 21.07 
               
               
                 0029 
                 66.628 
                 22.83 
                 1160.761 
                 13.38 
                 1160.761 
                 20.84 
               
               
                 0030 
                 63.824 
                 26.08 
                 1154.843 
                 13.82 
                 1154.843 
                 21.24 
               
               
                 0031 
                 63.285 
                 26.71 
                 1153.867 
                 13.89 
                 1153.867 
                 21.31 
               
               
                 0032 
                 62.031 
                 28.16 
                 1167.365 
                 12.88 
                 1167.385 
                 20.39 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 93 RFG Blends 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 total 
                 % 
                   
                 % 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Batch 
                 toxics 
                 reduc. 
                 total NO x   
                 reduc. 
                 total VOC 
                 % reduc. 
               
               
                 ID 
                 mg/mi. 
                 toxics 
                 mg/mi. 
                 NO x   
                 mg/mi. 
                 VOC 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0033 
                 52.728 
                 38.93 
                 1131.315 
                 15.57 
                 1008.601 
                 31.22 
               
               
                 0034 
                 56.823 
                 34.19 
                 1174.724 
                 12.33 
                 1042.582 
                 28.90 
               
               
                 0035 
                 58.161 
                 32.64 
                 1188.805 
                 11.28 
                 1054.784 
                 28.07 
               
               
                 0036 
                 63.21 
                 26.79 
                 1209.203 
                 9.76 
                 1066.4 
                 27.27 
               
               
                 0037 
                 60.566 
                 29.86 
                 1208.29 
                 9.83 
                 1031.563 
                 29.65 
               
               
                 0038 
                 61.071 
                 29.27 
                 1218.305 
                 9.08 
                 1053.511 
                 28.15 
               
               
                 0039 
                 52.155 
                 39.60 
                 1177.518 
                 12.13 
                 980.074 
                 33.16 
               
               
                 0040 
                 52.396 
                 39.32 
                 1181.889 
                 11.80 
                 995.448 
                 32.11 
               
               
                 0041 
                 54.755 
                 36.59 
                 1213.297 
                 9.46 
                 996.42 
                 32.05 
               
               
                 0042 
                 60.195 
                 30.28 
                 1239.889 
                 7.47 
                 1048.015 
                 28.53 
               
               
                 0043 
                 54.314 
                 37.10 
                 1202.598 
                 10.25 
                 1026.829 
                 29.97 
               
               
                 0044 
                 58.593 
                 32.14 
                 1229.95 
                 8.21 
                 1051.698 
                 28.28 
               
               
                 0045 
                 57.535 
                 33.37 
                 1295.935 
                 3.29 
                 1033.95 
                 29.49 
               
               
                 0046 
                 57.107 
                 33.86 
                 1183.611 
                 11.67 
                 1047.105 
                 28.59 
               
               
                 0047 
                 57.147 
                 33.82 
                 1216.821 
                 9.19 
                 1045.436 
                 28.70 
               
               
                 0048 
                 54.774 
                 36.56 
                 1187.554 
                 11.38 
                 998.079 
                 31.93 
               
               
                 0049 
                 54.482 
                 39.22 
                 1174.942 
                 12.32 
                 1007.71 
                 31.28 
               
               
                 0050 
                 52.954 
                 38.67 
                 1188.511 
                 11.31 
                 1002.73 
                 31.62 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 94 RFG Blends 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 total 
                 % 
                   
                 % 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Batch 
                 toxics 
                 reduc. 
                 total NO x   
                 reduc. 
                 total VOC 
                 % reduc. 
               
               
                 ID 
                 mg/mi. 
                 toxics 
                 mg/mi. 
                 NO x   
                 mg/mi. 
                 VOC 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0051 
                 54.023 
                 37.43 
                 1127.058 
                 15.89 
                 1038.065 
                 29.21 
               
               
                 0052 
                 53.703 
                 37.80 
                 1175.604 
                 12.27 
                 992.671 
                 32.30 
               
               
                 0053 
                 55.309 
                 35.94 
                 1155.202 
                 13.79 
                 1045.575 
                 28.69 
               
               
                 0054 
                 54.246 
                 37.17 
                 1150.07 
                 14.17 
                 1016.016 
                 30.71 
               
               
                 0055 
                 56.737 
                 34.29 
                 1173.981 
                 12.39 
                 1025.477 
                 30.06 
               
               
                 0056 
                 58.424 
                 32.34 
                 1180.476 
                 11.90 
                 1027.691 
                 29.91 
               
               
                 0057 
                 51.549 
                 40.30 
                 1145.58 
                 14.51 
                 1016.879 
                 30.65 
               
               
                 0058 
                 59.513 
                 31.07 
                 1183.136 
                 11.71 
                 1021.007 
                 30.37 
               
               
                 0059 
                 56.324 
                 34.77 
                 1161.916 
                 13.29 
                 1061.07 
                 27.64 
               
               
                 0060 
                 51.937 
                 39.85 
                 1146.926 
                 14.41 
                 1016.567 
                 30.67 
               
               
                 0061 
                 60.897 
                 29.47 
                 1191.626 
                 11.07 
                 1028.754 
                 29.84 
               
               
                 0062 
                 61.895 
                 28.31 
                 1208.198 
                 9.84 
                 1039.163 
                 29.13 
               
               
                 0063 
                 60.636 
                 29.77 
                 1203.574 
                 10.18 
                 1039.971 
                 29.08 
               
               
                 0064 
                 54.625 
                 36.74 
                 1200.047 
                 10.44 
                 1017.282 
                 30.62 
               
               
                 0065 
                 52.298 
                 39.43 
                 1164.296 
                 13.11 
                 991.256 
                 32.40 
               
               
                 0066 
                 56.046 
                 35.09 
                 1197.383 
                 10.64 
                 1033.807 
                 29.50 
               
               
                 0067 
                 57.709 
                 33.16 
                 1204.716 
                 10.10 
                 1040.943 
                 29.01 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Blend Stocks Blended with Ethanol 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Olefins 
                 D86 
                 D86 
                   
                 MtBE 
                 EtBE 
                 TAME 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Batch 
                 Octane 
                 RVP 
                 Aromatic 
                 Benzene 
                 cont. 
                 50% 
                 90% 
                 Sulfur 
                 cont. 
                 cont. 
                 cont. 
                 Methanol 
                 Ethanol 
               
               
                 ID 
                 Rating 
                 psi 
                 cont. (%) 
                 cont. (%) 
                 (%) 
                 ° F. 
                 ° F. 
                 ppm 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
                 cont. (%) 
                 cont. (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0068 
                 88.8 
                 7.22 
                 31 
                 0.82 
                 10.6 
                 205 
                 332 
                 101 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 3.5 
               
               
                 0069 
                 89.6 
                 7.19 
                 32.6 
                 0.82 
                 9.8 
                 211 
                 335 
                 85 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 3.5 
               
               
                 0070 
                 88.6 
                 7.31 
                 36.8 
                 0.72 
                 8.9 
                 212 
                 335 
                 81 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 3.5 
               
               
                 0071 
                 88.4 
                 7.5 
                 33.3 
                 0.68 
                 10.2 
                 209 
                 334 
                 105 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 3.5 
               
               
                 0072 
                 88.1 
                 7.34 
                 23.81 
                 0.44 
                 15.65 
                 208 
                 356 
                 271 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 3.5 
               
               
                 0073 
                 87.3 
                 7.19 
                 31.3 
                 0.74 
                 10.7 
                 219 
                 333 
                 120 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 3.5 
               
               
                 0074 
                 88 
                 7.46 
                 28.21 
                 0.71 
                 19.73 
                 203 
                 338 
                 186 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 3.5 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Blends Stocks Blended with Ethanol 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 total 
                 % 
                   
                 % 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Batch 
                 toxics 
                 reduc. 
                 total NO x   
                 reduc. 
                 total VOC 
                 % reduc. 
               
               
                 ID 
                 mg/mi. 
                 toxics 
                 mg/mi. 
                 NO x   
                 mg/mi. 
                 VOC 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0068 
                 61.791 
                 25.76 
                 1222.92 
                 8.74 
                 1103.88 
                 24.72 
               
               
                 0069 
                 62.436 
                 25.03 
                 1211.86 
                 9.56 
                 1115.09 
                 23.95 
               
               
                 0070 
                 63.539 
                 24.01 
                 1213.11 
                 9.47 
                 1153.18 
                 21.36 
               
               
                 0071 
                 62.146 
                 25.65 
                 1227.91 
                 8.37 
                 1160.46 
                 20.86 
               
               
                 0072 
                 60.659 
                 28.27 
                 1320.81 
                 1.43 
                 1119.11 
                 23.68 
               
               
                 0073 
                 62.328 
                 25.41 
                 1231.00 
                 8.13 
                 1122.42 
                 23.45 
               
               
                 0074 
                 62.786 
                 24.83 
                 1342.47 
                 0.00 
                 1118.12 
                 23.75