Abstract:
A road asphalt composition having a penetration at 25° C. in the range of 85 to 100 is made by blending together: (a) a pitch having an initial boiling point of at least 520° C. obtained as a residue in the visbreaking of crude oil, and (b) a distillation residue having a penetration at 25° C. in the range of 150 to 500 obtained in the distillation of crude oil.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to asphaltic compositions which are suitable for use as road paving materials. 
     Asphalt is a natural constituent of crude oils and is typically produced from the distillation residues of refining feedstocks. This product is of very significant industrial importance since it is widely used in the construction of roads, building materials and other industrial applications. This asphalt has normally been obtained from conventional petroleum oils. 
     With the changing economics of the petroleum industry, there is a trend toward the conversion of heavy hydrocarbon oils, such as distillation residues, to light and intermediate naphthas of good quality for reforming feedstocks, fuel oil and gas oils. 
     Most petroleum refineries have visbreaker units and produce visbreaking pitches, i.e. residues of distillation boiling above 524° C. It has been reported by Giavarini, Fuel, 63, 1515 (1984) that visbreaking residuum by itself is not suitable for road asphalt production as this residuum is very temperature susceptible and is thermally unstable. Nevertheless, this visbreaking residuum would be an attractive component of a road asphalt composition if its deficiencies could be overcome. 
     Asphalt cement specifications for road paving purposes are given in Table 1 below. 
     
                                           TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________Asphalt cement specifications for road purpose(16-GP-3M)Grade       85-100 120-150                     150-200                            ASTMRequirements       Min.           Max.              Min.                  Max.                     Min.                         Max.                            Method__________________________________________________________________________Penetration  85 100              120 150                     150 200                            D 5(25° C., 100 g, 5s)Flash point 230 -- 220 -- 220 -- D 92(CO C, °C.)Ductility   100 -- 100 -- 100 -- D 113(25° C., 5 cm/min, cm)Thin film oven test        47 --  42 --  40 -- D 1745(Pen. of residue% of original Pen.)Solubility in Tri-         99.0           --   99.0                  --   99.0                         -- D 2042chloroethylene(wt %)__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It has been found in accordance with the present invention that visbreaking residues can be used as a component of road asphalt compositions when blended with suitable other materials. 
     Thus, the invention in its broadest aspect relates to a paving grade asphalt composition having a penetration at 25° C. in the range of 85 to 100 which comprises a blend of (a) a petroleum pitch having an initial boiling point of at least 520° C. obtained as a residue in the visbreaking of crude oil, and (b) a distillation residue having a penetration at 25° C. in the range of 150 to 500 obtained in the distillation of crude oil. 
     The pitches that are used in the present invention are residues of visbreaking which usually boil above 520° C. and they typically come from the visbreaking of regular crude oils. While the pitches which can be used may be derived from visbreaking processes providing a wide range of conversions, they are usually derived from processes having a conversion in the range of about 20 to 35%. 
     The distillation residue is typically a natural or virgin hydrocarbon product in that it has been subjected to distillation only. The distillation residues should have a minimum penetration at 25° C. of 150 and typically have penetrations in the range of 150 to 500. The distillation residue can obtained from a wide variety of natural or virgin sources, including bitumen from tar sands, heavy oils and from conventional crude oils. The bitumens and heavy oils normally contain a large proportion of materials which boil above 524° C., and a particularly suitable distillation residue is one derived from Athabasca bitumen. 
     The visbreaking residue and distillation residue can be blended in widely varying proportions, provided the resulting blend meets the specification of Table 1. Normally the composition will contain from 20 to 85% by weight of visbreaking pitch, with a range of 25 to 55% by weight being preferred. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Throughout this specification, certain special terms of the art are used which are defined as follows: 
     Asphalt Cement Characteristic (Ic) 
     The Ic is defined as follows ##EQU1## 
     Asphalt cements typically have Ic value in the range of 0.4 to 0.9. 
     CRACKING TEMPERATURE OF ASPHALT CEMENTS 
     An important factor in the cold North American climates is the cracking temperature of asphalt pavement. Based on road tests over 5 years, a nomograph has been developed which allows the prediction of the road cracking temperature of asphalt pavements. This is described in Gaw, et al., &#34;Road Performances After Five Years and Laboratory Predictions of Low Temperature Performance&#34;, Proceedings Can. Tech. Asphalt Association, 45 (1974). The cracking temperature is easily calculated by determining the penetration of the asphalt cement at two different temperatures. 
     COHESIVITY 
     In surface dressing, aggregates are deposited on a film of asphalt cement on the road. The resistance to the stripping of the aggregates due to traffic is related to a property which can be defined as the cohesivity. For an 85-100 penetration road asphalt cement, the measurement of the cohesivity v. temperature allows the comparison of different asphalt cements. 
     The cohesivity was determined by the ram pendulum method as described in Marvillet, et al., &#34;Cohesion&#34;, Critere d&#39;appreciation des hauts pour enduits &#34;Symposium Eurobitume, Cannes, France, 1981. The method consists of measuring the energy absorbed by the breakage of a cement film. A striped 1 cm 2  cube representing an aggregate is glued with asphalt cement on a support. The cube over the support allows 1 mm thickness of asphalt cement. The tip of the ram pendulum hits the cube after travelling 180° around a shaft. On impact, the asphalt cement bonded to the support is broken on the median side. A dial fixed to the shaft allows the measurement of the travel of the ram pendulum in degrees. 
     TEMPERATURE SUSCEPTIBILITY 
     Thermal susceptibility of asphalt cements is an important characteristic for predicting the behaviour of asphalt pavements. A low temperature susceptibility is most desirable. 
     The method used for determining temperature susceptibility was that developed by the &#34;Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussees&#34; in France and shown as Method RLB-1-1964 in the text &#34;Bitumes et bitumes fluxes&#34;, Dunod 1965. This method is based on the determination of the penetration at different temperatures. The penetration index (PI) is calculated from these data. The PI indicates the thermal susceptibility of asphalt cements. 
     Certain preferred features of the present invention will be better understood from consideration of the experimental data in the following examples. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Samples of a variety of blending materials and asphalt cements were obtained as follows: 
     1. Visbreaking distillation residue (+524° C.), about 30% conversion and obtained from the Petro Canada refinery in Montreal 
     2. Visbreaking distillation residue (+524° C.), about 30% conversion and obtained from a refinery in France. 
     3. Asphalt cement 85-100 penetration obtained from the Petro Canada refinery in Montreal 
     4. Asphalt cement 85-100 penetration obtained from a refinery in France 
     5. Interprovincial Pipeline Crude (IPL) distillation residue (+427° C.) 
     6. Athabasca bitumen distillation residue (+371° C.) 
     Blending 
     Different blends were prepared using as one component of each blend the visbreaking residue samples described above and as the other component one of the distillation residue samples. These blends were prepared to meet the 85-100 penetration specification of Table 1. The actual blends prepared were as follows: 
     1. Asphalt cement blend obtained from mixing 68 wt % Sample 1 with 32 wt % Sample 5 
     2. Asphalt cement blend obtained from mixing 85 wt % Sample 2 with 15 wt % Sample 5 
     3. Asphalt cement blend obtained from mixing 46 wt % Sample 1 with 54 wt % Sample 6 
     The above blending materials, blends and asphalt cements had the chemical analyses and physical properties shown in Tables 2, 3 and 4 below. 
     
                                           TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________Composition and properties of the samplesSample  1 2 3   4   5  6  7   8   9__________________________________________________________________________Penetration   24     42       85  85  too                  245                     87  92  9325° C., 100 q, 5s               softPredicted   --     --       -44 -37 -- -- -46 -46 -39crackingtemperature,°C.CohesivityT.sub.M, °C.   --     --       40  43  -- -- 30  35  --C.sub.M, kg/cm.sup.2   --     --        8.7            7.7               -- --  7.3                          6.8Penetration   --     --       -0.5           -0.5               -- -- +1.5                         +0.4                             +0.1Index (PI)__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                                           TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________Comprehensive analysis of the samplesSample   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9__________________________________________________________________________Specific Gravity    1.065        1.039            1.019                1.025                    1.004                        1.035                            1.031                                1.032                                    1.04515/15° C.Carbon, wt %    86.21        86.50            85.19                84.93                    86.10                        83.21                            86.48                                86.17                                    83.98Hydrogen, wt %    9.66        9.66            10.17                10.02                    10.61                        9.81                            10.53                                9.98                                    9.69Sulphur, wt %    2.82        2.82            3.21                4.31                    2.55                        5.06                            2.44                                2.65                                    4.00Nitrogen, wt %    0.67        0.54            0.67                0.24                    0.65                        0.77                            0.52                                0.46                                    1.07Heptane sol.,    67.6        76.0            87.0                79.1                    95.2                        83.4                            75.3                                78.4                                    80.9wt %Heptane insol.,    32.4        24.0            13.0                20.9                    4.8 16.6                            24.7                                21.6                                    19.1wt %Toluene insol.,    1.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.3wt %Vanadium, ppm    410 278 456 82  102 256 266 228 400Nickel, ppm    137 101 75  26  55  101 92  68  90Ash, wt %    0.1 0.1 0.1 0.02                    0.2 0.47                            0.1 0.1 --__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                                           TABLE 4__________________________________________________________________________Physical properties of the samplesSamples    1    2   3     4     5   6   7   8     9__________________________________________________________________________Penetration      24   42  85    80    Too 245 87  92    9325° C., 100 q, 5s        SoftDuctility  --   --  +150  +150  --  --  25  +150  +15025° C., 5 cm/mmViscosity, 135° C.      Too  413 307   423   17   87 311 254   282      ViscousFlash Point      308  318 308   325   282 262 360 364   262°C., c.o.c.Solubility in tri-        99.5             99.7               99.8  99.9  99.8                                 99.9                                   99.9                                       99.4  99.1chloroethylene, %Thin Film Oven Test(TFOT)% Original pen.      --   --  63.3  73.9  --  --  67.5                                       57.1  59.2Loss on heating,      --   --  0.04  0.04  --  --  0.07                                       0.04  0.49wt %Softening Point      87   55  42    47    --  --  54  45    45°C., R8B__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     The compound type distribution results of the samples are shown in Tables 5 and 6 below. 
     
                       TABLE 5______________________________________Compound-type distribution of samples(n-heptane solubles, wt %)Sample Saturates          Mono-diaromatics                        Polyaromatics                                  Resins______________________________________1     20.9     18.5          28.5      32.12     23.0     18.2          19.3      39.53     20.4     31.4          27.2      21.04     16.4     20.9          30.0      32.75     47.6     16.7          16.8      18.96     22.8     21.6          25.2      30.47     30.0     17.3          22.7      30.08     27.1     18.0          18.9      36.09     19.8     19.4          27.3      33.5______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 6______________________________________Compound-type distribution of samplesSample Saturates          Aromatics Resins Asphaltenes                                    Ic______________________________________1     14.1     31.8      21.7   32.4     *2     17.5     28.5      30.0   24.0     *3     17.7     51.0      18.3   13.0     0.444     13.0     40.2      25.9   20.9     0.515     45.3     31.9      18.0    4.8     *6     19.0     39.0      25.4   16.6     *7     22.6     30.1      22.6   24.7     0.898     21.3     28.9      28.2   21.6     0.759     16.0     37.8      27.1   19.1     0.54______________________________________ *Ic is meaningful only for asphalt cement 
    
     Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was used for determining the average molecular weight of the various samples herein. The results of these analyses are shown in Table 7 below. 
     
                       TABLE 7______________________________________Molecular weight distribution by gelpermeation chromatography (GPC)Average Molecular WeightSample  Original     Maltenes Asphaltenes______________________________________1       690          680       8302       690          675       8603       1140         880      30004       1970         1090     43005       640          560      25206       1500         790      39707       685          640       9808       700          920       9409       940          710      2140______________________________________ 
    
     It will be seen from the above results that the predicted cracking temperature of asphalt pavements improved by increasing saturates and resins content. 
     The cohesivity tests indicated that the blends (Samples 7 and 8) are comparable to conventional asphalt cements (Samples 3 and 4). 
     The temperature susceptibility tests indicated that conventional asphalt cements (Samples 3 and 4) are more temperature susceptible than the blends (Samples 7, 8 and 9). The best product in terms of low temperature susceptibility was the blend prepared in which the distillation residue was obtained from Athabasca bitumen.