Abstract:
Method and apparatus for analyzing current microclimate weather data and generating watering schedules according to present need. This method and apparatus further transmits these watering schedules to receivers within individual irrigation timers to adjust water application and saver water. Microclimate weather data is applied to each irrigation timer according to actual local watering need. Water supply flow and starting times are adjusted to distribute delivery loads on water pumping stations. Whereas each individual irrigation timer starts and stops independently in accord with the latest received schedules, immediate control is always available to the transmitting authority.

Description:
[0001]    This method and apparatus has not been conceived or developed with Federal aid.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    Method and Apparatus for wide area remote scheduling of an unlimited number of individual irrigation timers enabling precise control of water used for landscape purposes. This method and apparatus solves a serious water waste problem that has not been addressed in practical terms by others. There exist a myriad of systems purported to save water but none actually solve the problem on a scale needed to make a significant contribution to water conservation.  
           [0003]    1) Field of the Invention  
           [0004]    This method and apparatus permits large-scale manipulation of individual residential and small commercial irrigation controllers by a single scheduling agency. A data processing center calculates watering schedules in step with present microclimate weather conditions specific to localized neighborhoods using current weather data and evapotranspiriation rates for different soil and plant types.  
           [0005]    2) Prior Patents  
           [0006]    Adaptive, self learning, embedded micro controllers are shown And disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,314,340; 6,298,285. That or similar technology may be used in the method and apparatus disclosed. Moisture sensing feedback technology are in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,837,499; 4,852,802. In &#39;499 a moisture sensing device for an irrigation system is disclosed. A pair of concentrically disposed cylindrical conductors are separated by a fibrous material, such that a capacitor is formed and resistance varies in response to the level of moisture present in the fibrous material. An electrical circuit is connected across the cylindrical conductors for measuring the variable resistance caused by the level of moisture present in the fibrous material. If the soil is dry enough to require watering, the sensor circuit will produce an output signal to the appropriate solenoid in the irrigation system to permit watering.  
           [0007]    In &#39;802 localized moisture requirements are input to the control function. A sprinkler head connects to a supply of water under pressure by a pipe having a valve therein and a moisture sensing probe placed in the soil adjacent the sprinkler head that signals moisture content of the soil surrounding the probe. Irrigation logic in the probe activates the valve. The probe compares the moisture content of the soil surrounding it to pre-established limits and for preventing the valve from supplying water to the sprinkler head when there is sufficient moisture in the soil. The valve is electrically operated and a timer controller supplies power to the valve at pre-selected times adjusted to pre-established limits to suit the particular watering needs of the area. Wireless operation is provided by a receiver at the timer controller for a radio frequency signal to prevent supplying power to the valve. A transmitter at the probe transmits the signal when there is sufficient moisture in the soil. Where there are a plurality of valves connected to the timer controller in the wireless version, there are identification code recognition included within the receiver for disabling only the valve associated with an identification code appended to the radio frequency signal. Identification code addition included within the transmitter appends a unique identification code associated with the valve controlling the associated sprinkler head to the radio frequency signal when transmitting the signal. A supplemental valve in a pipe supplying water to one or more sprinkler heads subject to the irrigation bypass logic so flow of water to the individual sprinkler heads is stopped when no water is needed in the area watered. The supplemental valve is in a riser pipe directly connected to a single sprinkler head. A rechargeable battery supplies power to the irrigation bypass logic and solar panel recharges the battery.  
           [0008]    Pre-stored evapotranspiration rates with local moisture sensors is taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,097,861. In &#39;861 a plurality of selectively actuable watering stations are spaced about a selected location such as a lawn and/or garden and are connected to a source of pressurized water. A set of data is stored representing environmental conditions of the selected location the conditions being selected from the group of evapotranspiration rates for predetermined intervals throughout a given time period, and temperature and precipitation rates for predetermined intervals throughout a given time period. Another set of data is provided from at least one input device at the selected location, the input device being selected from the group of a temperature sensor, a rain gauge, a humidity sensor, and a flow meter. Each watering station is actuated for predetermined durations at predetermined intervals based upon the data representing environmental conditions and the input device data to thereby ensure optimum growth of the plants situated in the selected location. A non-watering period may be designated for each of the watering stations to thereby determine an available watering period for each of the watering stations. Each watering station is thereafter only actuated within its corresponding available watering period. The user enters the times when the system is not supposed to water and the control system calculates the necessary water schedule based upon parameters previously entered by the user. With enough environmental and geographical data about the installation site, accurate watering schedules can be calculated. Soil moisture sensors are not needed to satisfy the water requirements for most turf and plant materials. The stored data tables contain information about monthly mean temperature and evapotranspiration rates for each section of the United States and Canada. The data tables actually contain twelve values of E.T. or temperature per ZIP Code area. This data when used with the user supplied variables such as grass type, soil intake rate, station&#39;s precipitation rate and time “not to water,” is used by the control system to calculate water schedules for each output station. Thus, water schedule calculations are based on stored constants in ROM tables in conjunction with user supplied variables which also become part of the permanent data base. The evapotranspiration and temperature information contained in the ROM data tables are data which is history that represents the “mean monthly value” for each ZIP Code in the United States (twelve values per ZIP Code). To complete the required data base information in the preferred embodimnent, the user has the responsibility of providing the station&#39;s precipitation rate (inches per hour), soil intake (inches per hour) and the grass coefficient (multiplier factor of 0.6 to 1).  
           [0009]    Internet or cellular data communication is in U.S. Pat. No. 6,343,255. Broadcast wide area weather data is discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,855. In &#39;855 there is automatic remote control of irrigation sprinklers using evapotranspiration values. A transmitter broadcasts updated evapotranspiration data directly to a collection of receiver/controller units using an FM sub-carrier. These receiver/controller units are microprocessor-based and coupled to a set of irrigation sprinklers. The method provides for broadcasting an encoded data signal to a collection of receiving and irrigation-controlling units. The receiving and irrigation-controlling units include microprocessors and storage for storing a preset evapotranspiration zone reference and crop adjustment values. The method also includes receiving and decrypting an encrypted broadcast data signal into an evapotranspiration zone identifier and a corresponding evapotranspiration value. The method further compares the broadcast evapotranspiration zone identifier with the preset evapotranspiration zone reference. The method adjusts an irrigation flow quantity responsive to the broadcast evapotranspiration value, scaled by the crop adjustment value, when the broadcast evapotranspiration zone identifier matches the preset evapotranspiration zone reference. Thus broadcasts of coded evapotranspiration values and corresponding evapotranspiration zones directly to a collection of intelligent, microprocessor-based irrigation sprinkler controllers located over a wide geographic area are disclosed. These controllers then produce an adjustment value responsive to the broadcast evapotranspiration data for a particular evapotranspiration zone. Other broadcast methods, such as direct satellite transmission or preexisting paging systems could be used. A special receiver selectively receives the evapotranspiration broadcast, meaning that the receiver only responds to evapotranspiration information for a particular preset zone. The receiver is microprocessor-based. The receiver extracts evapotranspiration information associated with the particular zone and automatically adjusts the sprinkler intervals to deliver the proper amount of water. The sprinkler controller is responsive to the updated evapotranspiration information and is also responsive to preset crop- and irrigation-specific information about the particular crop, that is, the crop coefficient. The system is fully automatic, requiring negligible intervention by the various users.  
           [0010]    In this invention the source of current weather data is not defined, the controllers are only addressable by “ET Zone” and no immediate direct control is possible.  
           [0011]    A method of radio transmission useful with the present method and apparatus is presented in U.S. Pat. No. 4,962,522 however the control input is too cumbersome and the scope of application is clearly limited. Central processing of evapotranspiratiion rates are found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,870,302. A system and method uses evapotranspiration and/or predicted precipitation data in controlling automated and semi-automated irrigation systems. Meteorological data is monitored and used to adjust watering schedules for an irrigation site. A central computer uses the data and evapotranspiration to compute a watering factor to adjust a reference watering schedule stored at the irrigation site to a new watering schedule. The watering factor is sent to the irrigation site to modify the reference watering schedule. Alternatively, meteorological data and site characteristics can be monitored at the irrigation site and sent to the central computer, which then computes the watering factor based on this specific site information. The computed ET data is preferably based on a current prediction of future events based upon present meteorological conditions. The host computer may be coupled to the site control devices by wireless links, such as radio or microwave, or may be hard-wired together, such as by telephone lines. Alternatively, the host may be coupled (either by wireless link or hardwired) to a single site control device, which may be in turn coupled to one or more “satellite” site control devices. A “closed loop” system in which meteorological (and even other) data may be collected and stored by each of the site control devices and sent to the host computer and incorporated into the computation of the watering factor. In loop the host computer can be configured such that it computes a unique watering factor for each site and irrigation zone within the site.  
           [0012]    Notwithstanding the preceding teachings all incorporated by reference and made a part hereof, no method and apparatus to individually and periodically control or adjust watering schedules according to current microclimate data on a site by site basis is suggested, proposed or disclosed in these patents or any motivated combination of them.  
         INVENTION SUMMARY  
         [0013]    The greatest amount of water waste during irrigation (hence greatest potential for conservation) is over watering residential and small commercial landscape. This method and apparatus economically permits professional operation of an unlimited number of individual residential and small commercial irrigation controllers from a central location. In the preferred embodiment, microclimate weather date is collected from commercially operated local neighborhood weather station networks. An example would be local TV stations that operate such weather networks for their news programs. From that disparate weather data collected new watering schedules are calculated using commercially available techniques. For example, “REF-ET Reference Evapotranspiration Software” available from the University of Idaho can be used. The calculated watering schedules are unique to the microclimate of each neighborhood. These newly calculated watering schedules are then periodically distributed via mass broadcast (preferably using existing UHF pager signal transmission) for receipt by individually addressable irrigation timers throughout a large geographic area. Information is taken from the pager transmission signals by a receiver in each individually addressable irrigation timer and is used to update the watering schedules as required. Watering amount, scheduling or timing and frequency and immediate direct control are parameters that can be adjusted or operated remotely. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0014]    [0014]FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of the overall system for local irrigation control in accord with microclimate weather data.  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 2 is a functional view of the individually addressable controller or irrigation control timer for each residential or small commercial application.  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 3 shows the optional flow rate sensing and fault flagging functions.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0017]    In FIG. 1 microclimate weather data is typically provided by a commercial network of neighborhood weather stations from which real time weather measurements are collected. Wind speed, wind direction, humidity, temperature, Solar radiation and rain amounts are parameters that are in the data collected. This part of the method and apparatus is conveniently in place and operating in most metropolitan areas for commercial purposes. No automatic active application of that weather data is made to adjust each residential or small commercial irrigation system.  
         [0018]    Using this microclimate weather data and known local plant water needs, new watering schedules are calculated with commercially available personal computer software noted herein. Watering schedules unique to each local area where the various neighborhood weather stations are located can be calculated and broadcast. Frequency of updating the watering schedules to stay in step with daily, weekly or seasonal weather changes can be adjusted as required. It is intended that this part of the system be manned 24 hours per day, 7 days per week so that response to changing weather conditions may be cared for immediately. This is especially important for those occasions where pumping system failures or other emergencies may exist.  
         [0019]    When the new updated watering schedules are calculated, they may be encrypted for security, and sent via Internet to a UHF pager transmission facility for broadcast to the entire area from which the microclimate weather data was obtained. Since this type of transmission facility is already in place, the watering schedules can be broadcast at modest cost without significant investment in capitol equipment. The recognition of this capability (the overall system herein disclosed) and its use is unknown and not used. So as set forth in this disclosure that broadcast of watering schedules related to available microclimate weather data for water saving purposes taught herein is novel and useful.  
         [0020]    All irrigation timers of this method and apparatus may preferably be tuned to a selected frequency to receive the pager transmissions and respond to universal instructions (applicable to all timers), or commands especially for a region, local area, or even instructions unique to an individual timer.  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 2 depicts the principle of operation of an individual irrigation timer  7  located in each residence or small commercial facility. Specifically, antenna  10  captures a signal from preferably a pager transmitter. Circuits in receiver  20  amplify and present the demodulated but still encrypted signal as output. As antenna  10  and receiver  20  of timer  7  are commercially available components for UHF reception, their detailed operation is not disclosed herein. An example of an “off-the-shelf” receiver is the Motorola “creataLink FLX” receiver.  
         [0022]    Micro controller  30  is coupled to receive output from receiver  20 . Micro controller  30  operating under programmable instructions stores the encrypted data in non-volatile memory  40  as it is received for further processing after each broadcast is complete. When each broadcast is complete, micro controller  30  retrieves the encrypted data from the non-volatile memory  40 , decrypts it, separates the various components of time, date and watering schedules and returns this data to memory  40 . A process of encryption and decryption is detailed in the well-known “AES” encryption standard and is not further discussed. Moreover, further information about the AES encryption standard may be found at the Internet web site www.csrc.nist.gov/encryption/aes/. Although others may be used a preferred micro controller  30  would be Maxim DS87C530 that also includes within itself the non-volatile memory  40 , and Real Time Clock  50 .  
         [0023]    When an incoming signal has been decrypted and separated into its component parts of time, date, and watering schedules, the internal real time clock  50  is set to the current time thus keeping it accurate, and the watering schedules are stored back into the nonvolatile memory  40  wherein they will now be used to define both the start time and duration of water application for each station.  
         [0024]    Micro controller  30  compares the time from the real time clock  50  to the stored schedules in non-volatile memory  40  to initiate the watering sequence as instructed by the stored schedules. In the normal fashion for valve control  70 , each station operates sequentially only starting after the completion of the previous stations cycle.  
         [0025]    To prevent all irrigation timers from starting simultaneously, micro controller  30  in each irrigation timer is programmed to use the last 4 bits of its unique serial number to alter the start time in 16 different 20 second increments. Since the stagger codes are derived from the last 4 bits of the individual irrigation timers unique serial number, they will be somewhat randomly distributed in each local area where many such irrigation timers are installed. In this manner, a single local area will have its total number of installed timers operating on 16 different start times separated by 20 seconds to spread the load on the water providers pumping equipment. Valve control  70  utilizing circuits common to existing irrigation timers that send a small current from a 24-volt alternating current transformer  71  to activate individual valve solenoids  72  for each watering station. The 24-volt transformers are readily available commercial items common to the irrigation timer industry and are not herein explained. Most hardware and home supply stores offer a variety of these transformers for use with current irrigation timers.  
         [0026]    Power supply  75 , using AC power from transformer  71 , provides low voltage direct current power to the receiver  20 , micro controller  30 , memory  40  and the real time clock  50 . Battery  76  prevents loss of schedule data in the event of power failure.  
         [0027]    Display  60  indicates the time of day, date, station offsets and manual entry guide prompts and other data useful to the operation and maintenance of the irrigation timer. Micro controller  30  directly controls display  60 .  
         [0028]    Manual input keypad  80  permits personalization of schedule timing via additive or subtractive offsets entered for each station in timer  7 . The offsets are entered as a percentage of the main schedule sent by the central processing facility and can preferably be increased or decreased in five percent increments. Once an offset is entered for a particular station the micro controller  30  adjusts the duration time for that station by the offset value. Thus actual water application can be uniquely adjusted to suit individual needs. Additionally for steeply sloped areas, or newly seeded areas, station timings can be split into user selected number of sub schedules of one the appropriate fraction of the application time to prevent seed washout or excessive runoff while still providing adequate water to keep the newly planted areas moist.  
         [0029]    For recreational use, mowing or other maintenance, the schedule can be delayed for a specified period or even cancelled for one day. If cancelled, micro controller  30  to compensate for the missed water application may automatically extend normal watering on the following day.  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 3 shows the operation of the flow sensor and fault flagging functions. Water  120  from the main feed source enters a flow rate sensor  130  and exits to supply all irrigation valves  72  in FIG. 2 connected to timer  7 . Transducer  132  emits an ultrasonic sound into the water for pick up by microphone  134 . A Doppler frequency shift is introduced as the moving water carries the sound. Transducer and microphone circuits  110  coupled thereto measure the difference between the transmitted and received frequency and passes this information to the micro controller  30 . This method of measuring flow rates within existing pipes is known. An example of this method is available in Model #YD50-A series Instruments from FloCat of Kenosha, Wis. At initial installation, after all valve stations are set up for proper operation, a flow reference value is stored in non-volatile memory  40  for each stations&#39; flow rate. Thus during each subsequent watering cycle, the current water flow rate is compared to the reference value. A fault condition is posted when the present flow rate differs from the reference value either up or down by a specified percentage.  
         [0031]    A power line modem  150  sends the fault data over the 120 volts ac power line to a remote indicator  160  that will present both audible and visual indications to the landscape owner or maintenance personnel so repairs may be done quickly. Optionally the micro controller  30  may be instructed to shut down the station having the fault until it is repaired to prevent water waste. The posted fault condition is cleared automatically if operation of the faulty irrigation circuit is restored to its original condition or if a new reference value is stored (assuming of course that the change is by design). The preferred embodiment would use a power line modem to communicate the fault condition to the remote indicator but low power wireless techniques may also be employed. The preferred power line modem chip set is ST7536 from ST Microelectronics of San Jose, Calif.  
         [0032]    An additional feature of the flow sensor/fault detector allows the automatic adjustment of scheduled water application to compensate for variations of water supply pressure thus applying proper amounts of water even as water delivery pressure varies.  
         [0033]    The irrigation timer  7  may be housed in a weatherproof enclosure and installs quickly in the same locations wherein other controllers are found. No additional wiring is required unless the fault detecting/reporting option is chosen in which case the flow sensor must be installed at the main water supply and then coupled to timer  7 . Alternately, existing water timers may be retrofitted with parts of this system but as that would be labor intensive and counter productive it is not seen as a preferred or viable possibility.  
         [0034]    Up to eight control stations or watering circuits per valve control  70  are currently available in a single timer. If more stations are needed additional “slave” controllers may be installed. More valve control  70  circuits could easily be added to a single irrigation timer but it is not seen as a practical modification.  
         [0035]    The descriptions and drawings show clearly the intent of patent coverage in the following claims. Persons with appropriate skills could easily see many variations in implementation and application of this method and apparatus. The drawings show one example of form and function. Therefore the following claims are made.