Abstract:
The invention relates to the clone pTOM36, comprising a gene encoding an enzyme involved in ripening related processes in tomato. Also described are DNA constructs comprising pTOM36 and a transcriptional intiation region operative in plants such that pTOM36 RNA is generated in plant cells, and tomato cells transformed with the DNA constructs.

Description:
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/847,037, filed on Apr. 16, 1992, which was abandoned upon the filing hereof. 
    
    
     This application relates to novel DNA constructs, plant cells containing them and plants derived therefrom. In particular it involves the use of antisense RNA technology to control gene expression in plants. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     As is well known, a cell manufactures protein by transcribing the DNA of the gene for that protein to produce messenger RNA (mRNA), which is then processed (eg by the removal of introns) and finally translated by ribosomes into protein. This process may be inhibited by the presence in the cell of &#34;antisense RNA&#34;. By this term is meant an RNA sequence which is complementary to a sequence of bases in the mRNA in question: complementary in the sense that each base (or the majority of bases) in the antisense sequence (read in the 3&#39; to 5&#39; sense) is capable of pairing with the corresponding base (G with C, A with U) in the mRNA sequence read in the 5&#39; to 3&#39; sense. It is believed that this inhibition takes place by formation of a complex between the two complementary strands of RNA, preventing the formation of protein. How this works is uncertain: the complex may interfere with further transcription, processing, transport or translation, or degrade the mRNA, or have more than one of these effects. Such antisense RNA may be produced in the cell by transformation with an appropriate DNA construct arranged to transcribe backwards part of the coding strand (as opposed to the template strand) of the relevant gene (or of a DNA sequence showing substantial homology therewith). 
     The use of this technology to downregulate the expression of specific plant genes has been described, for example in European-Patent publication no 271988 to ICI (corresponding to U.S. Ser. No. 119,614). Reduction of gene expression has led to a change in the phenotype of the plant: either at the level of gross visible phenotypic difference e.g. lack of anthocyanin production in flower petals of petunia leading to colourless instead of coloured petals (van der Krol et al, Nature, 333, 866-869, 1988); or at a more subtle biochemical level e.g. change in the amount of polygalacturonase and reduction in depolymerisation of pectins during tomato fruit ripening (Smith et al, Nature, 334, 724-726, 1988; Smith et al., manuscript submitted for publication). Thus antisense RNA has been proven to be useful in achieving downregulation of gene expression in plants. 
     In work leading to the present invention we have identified a gene which expresses an enzyme involved in the ripening of tomatoes. This gene has been cloned and characterised. We postulate that it will be of use in modifying the ripening tomatoes and other fruit. The gene in question is encoded (almost completely) in the clone pTOM36, not previously disclosed. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to the present invention we provide DNA constructs comprising a DNA sequence homologous to some or all of the gene encoded by the clone pTOM36. The homologous DNA sequence may be preceded by a transcriptional initiation region operative in plants, so that the construct can generate mRNA in plant cells. 
     In a further aspect, the present invention provides DNA constructs comprising a transcriptional initiation region operative in plants positioned for transcription of a DNA sequence encoding RNA complementary to a substantial run of bases showing substantial homology to an mRNA encoding the enzyme produced by the gene in pTOM36. The invention also includes plant cells containing such constructs; plants derived therefrom showing modified ripening characteristics; and fruit and seeds of such plants. 
     The constructs of the invention may be inserted into plants to regulate the production of the pTOM36 enzyme. Depending on the nature of the construct, the production of the enzyme may be increased, or reduced, either throughout or at particular stages in the life of the plant. The plants to which the present invention can be applied include commercially important fruit-bearing plants, in particular the tomato. In this way, plants can be generated which may have one or more of the following characteristics: 
     Novel flavour and aroma due to changes in the concentrations and ratios of the many aromatic compounds that contribute to fruit flavour. 
     Sweeter fruit (e.g. tomatoes) due to decrease in the accumulation of acids (e.g. citric or malic acid) thereby allowing the flavour of the sugars to dominate. 
     Modified colour due to inhibition of the pathways of pigment biosynthesis (e.g. in the case of tomatoes, lycopene, β-carotene). 
     Longer shelf life and better storage characteristics due to reduced activity of degradative pathways (e.g. cell wall hydrolysis). 
     Improved processing characteristics due to changed activity of enzymes contributing to factors such as: viscosity, solids, pH, elasticity. 
     Modified fruit shape thus improving packing and storage characteristics. 
     Extended leaf biosynthetic activity due to inhibition of enzymes responsible for the degradative processes involved in senescence (in particular, leaf senescence); thus improving plant productivity. 
     DNA constructs according to the invention preferably comprise a homologous base sequence at least 50 bases in length. There is no theoretical upper limit to the base sequence--it may be as long as the relevant mRNA produced by the cell--but for convenience it will generally be found suitable to use sequences between 100 and 1000 bases in length. The preparation of such constructs is described in more detail below. 
     The preferred source of antisense RNA for use in the present invention is DNA derived from the clone pTOM36. The required DNA encoding antisense RNA can be obtained in several ways: by cutting with restriction enzymes an appropriate sequence of such DNA; by synthesising a DNA fragment using synthetic oligonucleotides which are annealed and then ligated together in such a way as to give suitable restriction sites at each end; by using synthetic oligonucleotides in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to generate the required fragment with suitable restriction sites at each end. The DNA is then cloned into a vector containing upstream promoter and downstream terminator sequences, the cloning being carried out so that the DNA sequence is inverted with respect to its orientation in the strand from which it was cut. In the new vector, the strand that was formerly the template strand becomes the coding strand, and vice versa. The new vector will thus encode RNA in a base sequence which is complementary to the sequence of pTOM36 mRNA. Thus the two RNA strands are complementary not only in their base sequence but also in their orientations (5&#39; to 3&#39;). 
     As source of the DNA base sequence for transcription, it is convenient to use a cDNA clone such as pTOM36. The base sequence of pTOM36 is set out in FIG. 1. Searches in DNA and protein data bases have not revealed any homology to known genes or proteins. This clone has been deposited at the National Collections of Industrial and Marine Bacteria, PO Box 31, of 23 St Machar Drive (formerly of 135 Abbey Road), Aberdeen AB2 1RY, Scotland, as a plasmid in E.coli, under the reference NCIMB 40192, on 1 Sep. 1989. Alternatively, a cDNA clone similar to pTOM36 may be obtained from the mRNA of ripening tomatoes by the method described by Slater et al, Plant Molecular Biology 5, 137-147, 1985. In this way may be obtained sequences coding for the whole, or substantially the whole, of the mRNA produced by pTOM36. Suitable lengths of the cDNA so obtained may be cut out for use by means of restriction enzymes. 
     An alternative source of DNA for the base sequence for transcription is a suitable gene encoding a protein involved in fruit ripening. Such a gene may differ from the cDNA of pTOM36 in that introns may be present. The introns are not transcribed into mRNA (or, if so transcribed, are subsequently cut out). When using such a gene as the source of the base sequence for transcription it is possible to use either intron or exon regions. 
     A further way of obtaining a suitable DNA base sequence for transcription is to synthesise it ab initio from the appropriate bases, for example using FIG. 1 as a guide. 
     Recombinant DNA and vectors according to the present invention may be made as follows. A suitable vector containing the desired base sequence for transcription (for example pTOM36) is treated with restriction enzymes to cut the sequence out. The DNA strand so obtained is cloned (in reverse orientation) into a second vector containing the desired promoter sequence (for example cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA promoter or the tomato polygalacturonase gene promoter sequence--Bird et al., Plant Molecular Biology, 11, 651-662, 1988) and the desired terminator sequence (for example the 3&#39; of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens nopaline synthase gene, the nos 3&#39; end). 
     According to the invention we propose to use both constitutive promoters (such as cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA) and inducible or developmentally regulated promoters (such as the ripe-fruit-specific polygalacturonase promoter) as circumstances require. Use of a constitutive promoter will tend to affect functions in all parts of the plant: while by using a tissue specific promoter, functions may be controlled more selectively. Thus in applying the invention, e.g. to tomatoes, it may be found convenient to use the promoter of the PG gene (Bird et al, 1988, cited above). Use of this promoter, at least in tomatoes, has the advantage that the production of antisense RNA is under the control of a ripening-specific promoter. Thus the antisense RNA is only produced in the organ in which its action is required. Other ripening-specific promoters that could be used include the E8 promoter (Diekman &amp; Fischer, EMBO Journal 7, 3315-3320, 1988) and the promoters from the pTOM36 genes. 
     Vectors according to the invention may be used to transform plants as desired, to make plants according to the invention. Dicotyledonous plants, such as tomato, may be transformed by Agrobacterium Ti plasmid technology, for example as described by Bevan (1984) Nucleic Acid Research, 12, 8711-8721. Such transformed plants may be reproduced sexually, or by cell or tissue culture. 
     The degree of production of RNA in the plant cells can be controlled by suitable choice of promoter sequences, or by selecting the number of copies, or the site of integration, of the DNA sequences according to the invention that are introduced into the plant genome. In this way it may be possible to modify ripening or senescence to a greater or lesser extent. 
     The constructs of our invention may be used to transform cells of both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants in various ways known to the art. In many cases such plant cells (particularly when they are cells of dicotyledonous plants) may be cultured to regenerate whole plants which subsequently reproduce to give successive generations of genetically modified plants. Examples of genetically modified plants according to the present invention include, as well as tomatoes, fruits of such as mangoes, peaches, apples, pears, strawberries, bananas and melons. 
     As previously stated, the preferred source of antisense RNA for use in the present invention is DNA showing homology to the gene encoded by the clone pTOM36. pTOM36 was derived from a cDNA library isolated from ripe tomato RNA (Slater et al Plant Molecular Biology 5, 137-147, 1985). Four other clones (pTOM22, pTOM76, pTOM77, pTOM89) from the same library cross-hybridise to pTOM36 and probably contain related sequences. pTOM36 has been characterised by hybrid select translation, but there is some ambiguity about the results of these experiments. Slater et al (Plant Molecular Biology 5, 137-147, 1985) reported a product of 44kD, whereas (Maunders et al Plant, Cell and Environment 10, 177-184, 1987) found that it encodes a protein of approximately 52,000 daltons. DNA sequence analysis has demonstrated that the clone is 1069 bases long with an open reading frame of 271 codons. It is believed to encode a cytoplasmic protein, as no apparent leader sequence was detected using computer analysis of the amino acid sequence derived from the DNA sequence. 
     We have shown that the mRNA for which pTOM36 codes is expressed in ripening tomato fruit. No expression could be detected in green fruit. pTOM36 is expressed most strongly at the full orange stage of ripening. The level of mRNA then declines in line with the general decline in synthetic capacity of the ripening fruit. Expression of pTOM36 mRNA could also be induced by exposing mature green fruit to exogenous ethylene. The expression of pTOM36 is reduced in the ripening inhibitor (rin) tomato fruit ripening mutant which mature very slowly. pTOM36 related sequences are also expressed in senescing leaves. 
     The genomic locations of sequences homologous to pTOM36 have been identified using RFLP mapping: three loci in the tomato genome carry sequences homologous to pTOM36. It has also been shown by Southern blotting that the gene may be present as a small multigene family. The individual members of the multigene family may be expressed differentially in ripening fruit and during senescence. Although a considerable body of information on the structure and expression of the pTOM36 gene family is known, the biochemical function of this clone has not hitherto been elucidated. In the present invention, we use antisense RNA in order to determine the phenotype of transgenic tomato plants which show modified--increased or reduced--expression of pTOM36. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 shows the base sequence of the clone pTOM36; (SEQ ID NO:1) 
     FIG. 2 shows the regions of the pTOM36 sequence which may be synthesised by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and used in the construction of antisense RNA vectors according to the invention. 
     FIG. 3 shows the base sequence of the oligonucleotides used as primers (SEQ ID NO:2 to SEQ ID NO:5) for the polymerase chain reactions to synthesise the fragments illustrated in FIG. 2. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Identification of Base Sequence of pTOM36 
     The base sequence of pTOM36 has not previously been determined. The sequence was determined by standard DNA sequencing procedures and is shownin FIG. 1. Knowledge of this sequence is essential for determining the orientation of the open reading frame and for the subsequent construction of RNA antisense vectors. 
     EXAMPLE 2A 
     Construction of pTOM36 Antisense RNA Vectors with the CaMV 35S Promoter 
     A vector pJR136B was constructed using the sequence corresponding to Fragment B (bases 1-538) of the pTOM36 cDNA as shown in FIG. 2. 
     This fragment was synthesised in vitro using polymerase chain reactions with the synthetic oligonucleotides 1 and 3 as shown in FIG. 2 as primers and pTOM36 cDNA as template. The synthetic oligonucleotide primers were designed such that a BamHI restriction site was incorporated at the 5&#39; endof the fragment and a KpnI site was incorporated at the 3&#39; end of the fragment: base sequences are shown in FIG. 3. After cleavage of the fragment with BamHI and KpnI, it was cloned into the vector pJR1 which hadpreviously been cut with KpnI and BamHI, to give a vector which was named pJR136B. pJR1 (Smith et al Nature 334, 724-726, 1988) is a Bin19 (Bevan, Nucleic Acids Research, 12, 8711-8721, 1984) based vector, which permits the expression of the antisense RNA under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter. This vector includes a nopaline synthase (nos) 3&#39; end termination sequence. 
     After synthesis of the vector pJR136B, the structure and orientation of thepTOM36 sequence it contained were confirmed by DNA sequence analysis. 
     EXAMPLE 2B 
     Vectors pJR136A and pJR136C were prepared in the same way as pJR136B in Example 2A. They contain respectively bases 1 to 132 and bases 1 to 1069 (the complete cDNA) of pTOM36. 
     EXAMPLE 3A 
     Construction of pTOM36 Antisense RNA Vector with the Polygalacturonase Promoter 
     The fragment produced in Example 2A by cleavage with BamHI and KpnI was also cloned into the vector pJR2 to give the clone pJR236B. pJR2 is a Bin19 based vector, which permits the expression of the antisense RNA under the control of the tomato polygalacturonase promoter. This vector includes a nopaline synthase (nos) 3&#39; end termination sequence. This vector does not contain a KpnI or a BamHI site between the promoter and terminator sequences. Consequently, the PCR synthesised fragment was digested with KpnI and BamHI, the cut ends were made flush with T4 polymerase and then cloned into the HincII site of pJR2. After synthesis, the vector with the correct inverted orientation of pTOM36 sequence was identified by DNA sequence analysis. 
     EXAMPLE 3B 
     Clones similar to pJR236B were made from the fragments of Example 2B. Theseare: 
     1. Bases 1 to 132--pJR236A 
     2. Bases 1 to 1069--pJR236C 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     Construction of pTOM36 Sense RNA Vectors with the CaMV 35 Promoter 
     The fragments of pTOM36 cDNA described in Example 2 were also cloned into the vector pJR1 in the sense orientation to give the following clones: 
     1. Bases 1 to 132--pJR136AS 
     2. Bases 1 to 538--pJR136BS 
     3. Bases 1 to 1069--pJR136CS 
     The PCR generated fragments were digested with KpnI and BamHI, the cut endsmade flush with T4 polymerase and then cloned into the HincII site of pJR1.After synthesis, the vectors with the sense orientation of pTOM36 sequence were identified by DNA sequence analysis. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     Generation of Transformed Plants 
     Vectors were transferred to Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 (a micro-organism widely available to plant biotechnologists) and were used to transform tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum, var. Ailsa Craig). Transformation of tomato stem segments followed standard protocols (e.g. Bird et al Plant Molecular Biology 11, 651-662, 1988. Transformed plants were identified by their ability to grow on media containing the antibiotic kanamycin. Plants were regenerated and grown to maturity. Ripening fruit were analysed by PCR. 
     Where the vector used was pJR136B (prepared as in Example 2A) PCR reactionswith genomic DNA from 11 transformants indicated that at least 10 of the plants contained the pTOM36 antisense construct from pJR136B. One such plant (coded E 56  C 6  S 1 ) was allowed to produce fruit. RNA analysis of orange fruit of this plant showed a lower level of 1.45 kb mRNA homologous to the endogenous pTOM36 gene as compared with similar fruit from an untransformed Ailsa Craig plant. However, the level of RNA homologous to pTOM6 (produced by the polygalactutonase gene) was similar in both fruit. We infer that this reduction in pTOM36 mRNA is caused by antisense RNA produced by DNA derived from the pJR136 construct. 
     
         __________________________________________________________________________SEQUENCE LISTING(1) GENERAL INFORMATION:(iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 5(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 1080 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: double(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA to mRNA(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO(vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE:(A) ORGANISM: Lycopersicon esculentum(B) STRAIN: Ailsa Craig(D) DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE: Ripening(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:1:ATGGTAAATTGCAATGGTGAAGGAGTCTTGTTTATCGAAGGTGATGCTAATATAGAGCTT60GAAAAATTAGGTGAATCTATTAAGCCACCATGTCATACTTGGATTTACTACTTCATAATG120TTCATGGTTCTGATGGAATTATTGGTTCTCCTCTTTTGTTAATTCAGGTGACTCGTTTTA180CTTGTGGTGGATTTGCTGTTGGATTTAGATTTAATCACACAATGATGGATGCTTATGGCT240TCAAAATGTTTCTAAATGCGTTAAGTGAATTAATTCAAGGAGCTTCAACACCTTCTATAT300TGCCTGTATGGGAAAGACATCTCCTAAGTGCTAGATCATCACCAAGTATTACATGTATTC360ATCATGAGTTTGATGAGGAAATTGAATCAAAAATTGCGTGGGAATCTATGGAAGATAAGT420TGATACAACAATCATTTTTCTTTGGAAATGAGGAGATGGAAGTCATTAAAAATCAAGTTC480CTCCAAATTATGAATGTACAAAATTCGAGTTATTAATGGCATTTTTATGGAAATGTCGTA540CCATTGCTCTTAATTTGCACTCTGATGAAATTGTTCGTTTGACATACGTTATTAATATAC600GTGGAAAAAAGTCACTCAACATTGAATTACCAATTGGTTATTATGGGAATGCGTTTATTA660CTCCAGTTGTTGTATCAAAAGCAGGTTTGTTATGTTCAAATCCAGTGACATATGCAGTTG720AATTGATCAAGAAAGTTAAAGATCATATAAATGAAGAATACATCAAATCATTGATAGATT780TAATGGTTACTAAAGGGAGACCAGAGTTAACAAATCTTGGAATTTTTTGGTCTCAGATAA840TAGATATATTGGATTTGATGAATTTGATTTTGGATGGGGAAACCCCATTTTTGGAGGGAT900CTTAAAGGCTATATCTTTCACTAGTTTTGGTGTTTCTGTTAAAAATGACAAAGGAGAAAA960AGGTGTTTTGATAGCTATAAGTTTACCTCCATTGGCCATGAAAAAACTTCAAGATATCTA1020CAACATGACTTTCAGAGTCATAATTTCAAATATATAGGCTTTTCTATTGAAAAAAAAAAA1080(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 37 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2:GGGGGGGATCCTAAATTGCAATGGTGAAGGAGTCTTG37(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 46 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:3:GGTACCAATAGAAAAGCCTATATATTTGAAATTATGACTCTGAAAG46(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 52 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4:GGTACCGACATTTCCATAAAAATGCCATTAATAACTCGAATTTTGTACATTC52(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:5:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 48 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:5:CCAATAATTCCATCGGTACCATGAACATTATGAAGTAGTAAATCCAAG48__________________________________________________________________________