Abstract:
A method and resulting electronic package in which a heat sink is secured to the package&#39;s dielectric material (e.g., overmold). The surface of the dielectric is roughened (e.g., using an abrasive paper or pad) to enhance the subsequent dielectric-heat sink bond in which an adhesive is used. The dielectric material&#39;s roughened external surface(s), typically containing silicone material (e.g., silicone residue) which is an inherent by-product of many dielectric materials of the type used in such packaging, is (are) able to still be securely attached to the heat sink, despite the presence of said silicone. In another embodiment, the roughened surface enhances the marking of dielectric material of this type (e.g., using ink).

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/085,313, filed Feb. 28, 2002 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,893,523, which is a CIP of application Ser. No. 09/757,185, filed Jan. 9, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,719,871, which is a Continuation of application Ser. No. 09/248,341, filed Feb. 11, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,206,997. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to the bonding of articles to electronic component packages. More specifically, the invention relates to a method for bonding heat sinks to overmold material which is part of such a package. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Electronic packages, such as those which use semi-conductor devices (chips), are used in increasing numbers in a wide variety of products. Generally, such electronic packages produce heat during operation. In some devices, the heat generated by the package&#39;s chip may build in the package and damage the package. Accordingly, there is often a need to dissipate the heat generated by electronic packages to extend the life of such packages. 
     Various ways of dissipating heat generated from electronic packages have been developed. One common method is to provide a fan in the device or adjacent thereto to blow air through the device and to vent the heated air. Unfortunately, a fan cannot always be provided because such packages are typically very small and/or located in a close environment with other components (e.g., on a circuit board). Another way to increase heat dissipation from an electronic device involves increasing the surface area of the device. According to well recognized heat transfer principles, increasing the surface area will cause an increased transfer of heat from the electronic component to its surroundings. As stated, however, it is generally desirable that electronic components be as small as possible. Yet another way to dissipate heat is to bond an electronic component to a heat sink. The purpose of the heat sink is to conduct heat away from the electronic package insulative cover material and then dissipate the heat from the heat sink. Heat sinks are typically made from a heat conductive material, such as metal, and aluminum is frequently used since it is lightweight and readily available. Such heat sinks can easily be designed to conduct heat away from the electrical component while simultaneously providing a large surface area for heat dissipation. For example, the heat sink may include integral fins that provide a large surface area for a relatively small volume. 
     While heat sinks solve some of the problems of heat dissipation, there remains a current problem of bonding a heat sink to an electronic component, as discussed in the aforementioned application Ser. No. 09/757,185, which is incorporated herein by reference. For the heat generated through the package&#39;s cover (or overmold) member to be transferred to the heat sink, a connection allowing heat conductance between the cover and the heat sink must exist. Conventionally, heat sinks are mechanically attached to electronic components and a heat conducting thermal grease is placed between the cover and the heat sink, thus providing heat conductance as needed. Unfortunately, mechanical attachment possesses serious disadvantages. First, such mechanical attachments require thermal grease, clips, and/or rivets, and other materials, increasing the material cost of the final package. Second, the mechanical attachments increase the process costs, and third, some mechanical attachments have proven to possess poor long term reliability. In other words, either the conductive path between the cover and heat sink is compromised or the mechanical attachment fails altogether. In addition, devices such as rivets can put stress on the electronic package and may even cause failure of the package during thermal expansion and contraction. 
     One attempt at resolving the problem of mechanical attachment involves using adhesive to create a uniform bond between the package&#39;s cover (overmold) member and a heat sink. Unfortunately, many electronic packages are made of substances or are assembled with substances to which it is very difficult to adhere a heat sink. Typical adhesives that are expected to bond to polymer compounds will not effective bond a heat sink to polymer compounds typically used as package overmold materials. This problem has been encountered in the production of plastic ball grid array (PBGA) packages, in particular, PBGA packages with an overmold cover over the package&#39;s chip(s). Examples of such packages are defined in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,206,997, 5,729,440, 5,726,079 and 5,655,703. All of these patents, assigned to the assignee of this invention, are incorporated herein by reference. 
     In the aforementioned Ser. No. 09/757,185, and in its parent U.S. Pat. No. 6,206,997, there is defined an improved process for attaching a heat sink to the package&#39;s overmold material. This process involves exposing the formed overmold to a plasma for a sufficient period so as to assure at least partial conversion of silicon-containing residue to silica. Silicon is a known and often preferred material to be used when forming the overmold member. Silica conversion on the overmold&#39;s surface enhances subsequent heat sink attachment using a desired adherent material, e.g., a silicone-based paste adhesive (it being believed that the silicon in the adhesive interacts with the formed silica on the overmold&#39;s surface to produce a strong bond). In this embodiment, a metal oxide filler, e.g., alumina, is preferably added to improve the adhesive&#39;s heat conductivity from the overmold to the heat sink positioned thereon. 
     As understood from the following, the present invention defines another improvement to a process for attaching heat sinks to overmold members of an electronic package, and particularly when a process similar to that in defined Ser. No. 09/757,185 is utilized. It is believed that such an improvement will constitute an advancement in the art of electronic packages. 
     OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is, therefore, a primary object of the present invention to enhance the electronic packaging art. 
     It is another object of this invention to provide an improved method for attaching a heat sink to an overmold or similar structure which forms part of an electronic package. 
     It is yet another object to provide such a method which can be relatively easily performed in an expeditious manner and at relatively reasonable cost. 
     According to one aspect of the invention, there is provided an improved method for bonding a heat sink to an electronic package comprising roughening the silicone-containing surface of the dielectric material prior to applying the adhesive to the surface and/or the heat sink. 
     According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided an improved method of marking a dielectric material of an electronic package wherein the dielectric material has a surface with a quantity of silicone thereon and the marking involves the deposition of a predetermined pattern of ink onto the surface, the improvement comprising roughening the surface of the dielectric material prior to the deposition of the predetermined pattern of ink. 
     According to yet another aspect of the invention, an electronic package is provided which comprises a substrate, a semiconductor chip positioned on and electrically coupled to the substrate, an overmold substantially covering the semiconductor chip, the overmold including a roughened upper surface having a quantity of silicone thereon, a quantity of adhesive positioned on the roughened upper surface, and a heat sink secured to the roughened upper surface by the quantity of adhesive. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is an enlarged side-elevational view, partly in section, of an electronic package according to one embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a flow chart representing the steps of bonding a heat sink to an electronic package according to one embodiment of the invention; and 
         FIG. 3  is a flow chart representing the steps of marking an electronic package according to one aspect of the invention. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The need for the present invention as it relates to electronic packages with dielectric overmold (encapsulant) covering material protecting the encased chip(s) arises from difficulty in uniformly bonding heat sinks to the encapsulants. To encourage the release of encapsulated components from a mold, silicone oil or other mold release compounds are frequently included in the polymer encapsulant. Since such mold release compounds encourage release from the mold, these also often prevent a secure adhesive bond between the encapsulant and a heat sink. The problem is that the surface to be bonded to a heat sink must either be silicone free or the adhesive must be able to nevertheless bond with the encapsulant. This problem has been encountered in the production of plastic ball grid array (PBGA) packages, in particular, PBGA packages with an overmold covering electronic components mounted on the PBGA. Essentially, the silicone oil in the overmold prevented the adherence of a room temperature curing two part adhesive that was intended to bond a heat sink to the overmold. Accordingly, Ser. No. 09/757,185 and its parent application (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,206,997) addressed this problem and discovered that use of a pressurized plasma to at least partially convert the silicone residue on the dielectric&#39;s surface to silica resulted in an improved bond between the dielectric (encapsulant) and heat sink. 
     As will be understood from the description herein, the present invention represents an improvement to such bonding procedures, including improving the method taught in Ser. No. 09/757,185. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , a plastic ball grid array (PBGA) package  100  is shown. PBGA package  100  includes a semiconductor device  30  mechanically connected to a laminate  10  by a laminate adherent material  40  and electrically connected to laminate  10  by device interconnects  20  (i.e., wirebonds). Laminate  10  additionally includes a ball grid  50  comprised of several solder balls  51 , which are used to connect PBGA package  100  electrically and/or mechanically to other devices, for example, to a printed circuit board  55  (shown partly in phantom). Also shown in  FIG. 1  is overmold  60 , a molded polymer formed over semiconductor device  30  and device interconnects  20  by transfer molding. A heat sink  90  is in turn mechanically connected to overmold  60  by overmold adherent material  80  placed on overmold surface  70 . Provided that overmold adherent  80  is at least partially heat conductive, heat generated by semiconductor device  30  will be conducted to heat sink  90  and dissipated to the surrounding environment of package  100 . Even though  FIG. 1  shows PBGA package  100  with heat sink  90  bonded thereto by overmold adherent material  80 , it should be noted that the present invention is applicable to other packages, as well as articles that need bonding to such other packages to become a part thereof. In particular, the present invention is applicable to bonding any article to the surface of a molded polymer, wherein a silicon-containing residue or the like on the surface of the molded polymer prevents forming a heat conductive, uniform bond between the article and the surface. 
     Accordingly, a preferred embodiment of the present invention provides a method whereby the interference of silicone oil or other silicon-containing residues on the overmold&#39;s external surface(s) may be overcome in forming a heat conductive bond between a molded polymer and an article, for example, heat sink  90 . The method as taught herein also provides for effective ink marking of such overmolded packages wherein silicon is present on the overmold&#39;s external surface(s). 
     Package preparation requires the forming of the relatively solid (cured) overmold over the chip and connections  20 . Once hardened, it is next essential to suitably position and fasten the package&#39;s intended heat sink. 
     As defined clearly in U.S. Pat. No. 6,206,997, the package, sans heat sink (and adhesive  80 ), may be subjected to a plasma exposure step. It is to be understood, however, that such a plasma exposure is not needed to properly secure a heat sink using the teachings of the instant invention. That is, effective heat sink attachment to the underlying overmold material may be attained without such exposure plasma treatment. It is possible, however, to use the teachings herein during a package assembly process in which such plasma exposure occurs to even further reinforce the resulting heat sink-overmold bond. Accordingly, further description of such an exposure step will be provided hereinbelow. Reference is also directed to U.S. Pat. No. 6,206,997 (beginning at col. 4, line 36). 
     In such a procedure, the plasma conditions are maintained for a sufficiently long time to convert substantially all of any silicone oil or other silicon-containing residue on the surface that will interfere with bonding to its silica. Preferably, the plasma is an oxygen plasma and, more preferably, the oxygen plasma is maintained for about three minutes in a reactive ion etch (RIE) chamber), or equivalent. A suitable plasma will be produced by establishing a pressure of about 0.35 torr in the RIE chamber with an oxygen flow rate of about 75 standard cubic centimeters/minute (sccm) while delivering about 300 watts of generator power. The type of plasma and plasma conditions selected may vary depending upon the particular silicon-containing residue and the type of polymer used for the molded polymer, as well as other factors. However, as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 6,206,997, the proper conditions can be quickly determined through trial plasma exposures followed by visual and/or chemical analysis of the treated surface by scanning electron microscope (SEM). By comparing the surface topography prior to treatment and after treatment, one of ordinary skill in the art can determine when a topography change has occurred, indicating at least partial conversion of the surface residue to silica. Silica is a glass derivative that will exhibit a different texture or topography compared to a polymer material used in a typical electrical component encapsulant. Specifically, the topography changes from a surface that appears relatively smooth at a magnification of about 5000× to a surface that appears much more rough in texture. Once the needed conversion (or at least part thereof) has taken place, the heat sink will be attached in the manner defined hereinbelow. 
     For some applications, it may be advisable to bake out moisture from overmold  60 ; otherwise, moisture may escape from the overmold while curing and possibly form steam pockets in the overmold adherent material  80 . Moisture bakeout typically occurs at a temperature below the curing temperature for a period of several minutes, depending on the particular material from which overmold  60 , or other encapsulant, is formed. For example, moisture will be suitably baked out at 125° C. applied for about 1 hour. Even though it may be advisable in some applications to eliminate steam pockets in overmold adherent material  80 , it may be more advisable to avoid exposing semiconductor device  30  to heat. Some heat exposure will generally be required to cure overmold adherent material  80 ; however, it is often advisable to minimize heat exposure by eliminating steps such as a moisture bakeout if possible. 
     With the package  100  now assembled to the point of having overmold  60  in prepared form, yet where no adherent material  80  has been applied thereto, the next step according to the present invention is to roughen the overmold&#39;s top surface  70 . Such roughening is preferably accomplished using an appropriate abrasive material, e.g., steel wool, a 500 grit sandpaper or pad (e.g., a “Scotchbrite” pad available from the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (3M)). The abrasive is rubbed, e.g., by suitable mechanical means (not shown), across surface  70  a total of from about 5 to 10 times (strokes). The invention is not limited to this particular range, however, as more or fewer strokes may be used depending on the abrasive, surface characteristics, etc. A procedure involving a relatively mild sandblasting of surface  70  is also possible. It is understood that prior to such treatment, surface  70 , if not subjected to the afore defined plasma step, will contain the described silicon-containing residue. If exposed to such plasma, some silicon residue may still be present. In both situations, the residue may prevent subsequent effective adhesion of heat sink  90  using adhesives of the type defined herein (see more below). It has been shown that by roughening surface  70  in the manner defined herein, significant improvement in heat sink adhesion has resulted. 
     Following roughening of surface  70 , the surface is cleaned (e.g., with alcohol). The cleaned surface is now ready for adhesive application. One type of adherent material according to one embodiment of the present invention is a silicone-based paste adhesive with a metal oxide filler. Such a silicone-based adherent material is preferred because it is believed that the silicone in the adhesive interacts with the silica formed on the overmold surface  70  (if overmold  60  has been exposed to a plasma step as mentioned above) to produce a stronger bond between heat sink  90  and overmold surface  70 . The metal oxide filler or, more preferably, alumina filler also improves the heat conductivity of overmold adherent material  80 , such that heat is adequately conveyed from semiconductor device  30  to heat sink  90 , regardless of which surface (plasma-treated or not) is produced. One such adhesive is sold under the product name 1-4373, and is available from Dow Corning Corporation (Midland, Mich.). This material is preferably cured at a temperature of about 130 to 160 degrees Celsius (° C.), or more preferably 150° C., for about 30 to 80 minutes (min), or more preferably 60 min, without applying any pressure. Prior to curing, an initial placement pressure of about 1 to 3 pounds per square inch (psi) is preferably applied for about 1 to 60 seconds (sec), or more preferably 10 sec, to squeeze out excess adhesive between overmold surface  70  and heat sink  90 . Other adhesives known to those skilled in the art may also be in keeping with the above criteria and thus work well with the invention, but may have different curing conditions. 
     When using an adhesive called “Loctite 384”, available from Loctite Corporation (Rocky Hill, Conn.), it has also been discovered that a successful bond between heat sink and overmold is possible by curing the assembled elements at room temperature. A relatively short initial cure period (from about 5 to about 10 minutes) proved sufficient to the extent that release of the mating fixtures and movement of the assembled elements to the next process step was possible. Full cure of this adhesive occurs at room temperature after 12 hours. Obviously, room temperature cure results in a less costly manufacturing operation for the resulting package, primarily due to the lack of need for a heating source (e.g., furnace) and thus represents a significant advantage over adhesives requiring thermal curing at elevated temperatures. 
     Prior to final positioning of heat sink  90 , it is preferred to securely (and electrically) couple this subassembly to the desired host substrate (e.g., a PCB  55 ). To accomplish this, the subassembly is precisely aligned such that the package&#39;s solder balls  51  respectively align with conductor pads (e.g., copper pads)  93  on PCB  55 . Solder reflow now occurs, resulting in an effective electrical coupling between the PCB&#39;s pads  93  and corresponding conductive sites  95  (e.g., copper pads) on laminate  10 . Only one site  95  is clearly seen in  FIG. 1 , it being understood that each of the illustrated solder balls  51  is coupled to a respective one of such sites. As further seen in  FIG. 1 , pads  93  may also be coupled to the PCB&#39;s internal circuitry. Solder reflow temperatures as high as 240° C. were possible with no resulting harm to package  100 . 
     With the subassembly now firmly in position, heat sink  90  is now attached, using the aforementioned adherent material  80 . 
       FIG. 2  represents a flow diagram of the afore defined steps in attaching heat sink  90 , excluding the interim step of coupling the subassembly to the host substrate (before heat sink attach). 
     As indicated earlier, the invention is not limited to heat sink-to-overmold attachment processing. It has been learned that using the teachings herein, appropriate inked messages (e.g., product descriptors, indicia, etc.) may be successfully applied to selected external surfaces of overmold  60  in the case of a package such as package  100 , typically before heat sink attach. If these messages are to be applied to the top surface  70  of overmold  60 , and if the heat sink possesses an accommodating design (e.g., an open center portion), such messages could be applied following heat sink attach. The invention is adaptable to other packages having overmold or similar dielectric materials as part thereof in which the formed surfaces will include silicone (e.g., residue) as part thereof. Such silicone has heretofore impeded ink pattern application of this type on such surfaces. Alternatively, such inking has required use of an ink pad onto which a stamp is depressed to collect the required amount of ink for marking. Typically, such pads also include silicone and thus tend to leave a silicone film on the stamp which will prevent successful marking. The roughening step taught herein will assist in providing an improved stamping (marking) of such dielectric materials. 
     The present invention can also be used to improve the bond between the overmold and heat sink of page  100  in which the alternative, porous polymer film layer defined in U.S. Pat. No. 6,206,997 (beginning at col. 6, line 56) is utilized. The invention&#39;s roughened surface will enhance the bond between such a film and surface. 
     While there have been shown and described what are at present the preferred embodiments of the invention, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.