Abstract:
An antenna system has high capacity, continuous mobile coverage that is especially beneficial in stadium style venues. The use of a low profile, rail mounted antenna system and the abundance of hand and safety rails enable coverage throughout the venue. The system increases the density of communications antennas throughout the stadium providing significantly enhanced mobile voice and data service to a higher number of users over traditional stadium technology.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/347,801, filed Jun. 9, 2016, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/445,957, filed Jan. 13, 2017. The entire contents of those applications are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Field of the Invention 
       [0002]    The present invention generally relates to antennas, and more specifically to cellular antennas for coverage in crowded, stadium style venues. 
       Background of the Related Art 
       [0003]    A key challenge for wireless communications service providers is maintaining quality of service in large, crowded environments where many wireless devices are simultaneously connected to the network. An example scenario is a stadium or arena where many fans may gather for a concert or a sporting event. In such environments, it is difficult to provide sufficient coverage and capacity to effectively accommodate all users. 
         [0004]    From an RF standpoint, the optimal solution is a dense antenna deployment with many communications antennas distributed throughout the population of users. Unfortunately, the mounting and placement of such communications antennas can be considerably challenging. The layout and architecture of a stadium are carefully planned and executed to maintain a certain aesthetic particular to the venue. As a result, maintaining those aesthetics is important for communications devices such as antennas, and the antennas should seamlessly integrate into the venue ideally unnoticed. At the very least, antennas should integrate into the stadium in such a way that they do not obstruct the view of any attendee. Furthermore, the antennas should be placed such that they do not present safety hazards of their own where attendees may bump into or trip over the antenna causing injury. 
         [0005]    To meet these requirements, current state of the art stadium antenna solutions for mobile wireless coverage generally involve mounting the antennas in areas above the intended crowd of users. In scenarios where there is an upper level that overhangs some portion of a lower level for example, the antennas may be mounted on the upper level to service the lower level. See Maslennikov et al., “ Azimuth and Elevation Sectorization for the Stadium Environment,”  Wireless Communications Symposium, Globecom 2013. Unfortunately, these approaches do not have the capability to meet the demands of the growing number of users transmitting and receiving more and more data. Therefore, an advance in the current state of the art is needed to meet the demands of the growing mobile wireless traffic in crowded, stadium style venues. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0006]    A thin, hand rail mountable stadium antenna is provided to address shortcomings of traditional stadium antenna approaches. Since all arenas and stadiums are equipped with railing to enhance the safety of attendants, a rail mounted antenna presents an attractive solution for large, crowded venues. The antennas may be strategically distributed throughout the venue corresponding to locations of railing where the coverage and capacity can be met to provide attendees effective network connection. The rail mounting approach also provides a nice tradeoff between proximity to human contact and a dense network distributed throughout the population of users. 
         [0007]    In an exemplary embodiment, the antenna may exhibit multiband operation covering low band and high band mobile wireless frequencies. The multiband embodiment enables coverage of multiple cellular bands for enhanced mobile service provided to attendants. The antenna may further comprise antennas of dual orthogonal polarization to maximize coverage throughout the venue. The high band antennas may be arranged such that the beamwidth is controlled for minimal overlap between neighboring sectors. 
         [0008]    The antenna further includes a housing to provide mechanical support as well as a mounting vessel for the antenna. The housing is low profile and specifically shaped to fit stadium railing allowing seamless integration of the antenna into existing stadium architecture. As a result of the proposed mounting scheme, the atmosphere of the venue is maintained, and the antenna does not create an obstacle or distraction for attendees. Furthermore, no substantial stadium construction is required to provide a significantly enhanced mobile network with a dense deployment of communications antennas distributed throughout the venue. The term “stadium” and “venue” are used herein throughout this patent for ease of description to include any area having railings, such as indoor and outdoor stadiums, arenas, theatres, halls, with and without seating and/or stairs. 
         [0009]    These and other objects of the invention, as well as many of the intended advantages thereof, will become more readily apparent when reference is made to the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0010]      FIGS. 1A-1E  illustrate various deployment schemes with notional radiation beams for coverage within the venue; 
           [0011]      FIGS. 2A-2C  illustrate the dual band antenna structure; 
           [0012]      FIGS. 3A-3D  illustrate the high band element configuration, a detailed drawing of the HB elements; 
           [0013]      FIGS. 3E-3L  show typical radiation patterns in azimuth and elevation; 
           [0014]      FIGS. 3M-3Q  illustrate HB elements; 
           [0015]      FIGS. 4A-4B  illustrate a detailed drawing of the low band element along with typical radiation patterns in azimuth and elevation; 
           [0016]      FIGS. 4C-4J  show radiation beams in azimuth; 
           [0017]      FIGS. 5A-5B  illustrate the antenna housing and mounting approach for the proposed antenna system; 
           [0018]      FIGS. 6A-6C  illustrate a high band RF distribution network fully integrated into a HB feed board to which the dipoles are attached; 
           [0019]      FIG. 7A  is a perspective view of the HB array of  FIGS. 6A-6C ; 
           [0020]      FIG. 7B  is a top view of the HB array of  FIGS. 6A-6C ; 
           [0021]      FIGS. 7C-7F  are plots for the HB array of  FIGS. 6A-6C, 7A-7B ; 
           [0022]      FIG. 8A  is a perspective view of the LB element of  FIG. 6C ; 
           [0023]      FIG. 8B  is a side and exploded view of the LB element of  FIG. 6C ; 
           [0024]      FIG. 8C  is a perspective view of the top pipe of the low band antenna of  FIG. 8A ; 
           [0025]      FIG. 8D  is a perspective view of the sleeve connected to the top pipe of  FIG. 8C , with the board removed; 
           [0026]      FIG. 8E  is a perspective view of the sleeve connected to the board, which in turn is connected to the top pipe; 
           [0027]      FIGS. 8F-8G  are a cut-away perspective views of the low band assembly of  FIG. 8A ; 
           [0028]      FIGS. 8H-8K  are plots for the LB element of  FIGS. 8A-8G ; and 
           [0029]      FIGS. 9A, 9B  are VSWR plots for the LB elements of  FIGS. 8A-8G  and the HB array of  FIGS. 7A-7B . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0030]    In describing a preferred embodiment of the invention illustrated in the drawings, specific terminology will be resorted to for the sake of clarity. However, the invention is not intended to be limited to the specific terms so selected, and it is to be understood that each specific term includes all technical equivalents that operate in similar manner to accomplish a similar purpose. Several preferred embodiments of the invention are described for illustrative purposes, it being understood that the invention may be embodied in other forms not specifically shown in the drawings. 
         [0031]    The present invention discloses a thin, handrail mountable antenna system designed to provide mobile wireless coverage in a stadium style venue. By mounting the antennas on handrails distributed throughout a venue, an advance in current state of the art stadium antennas is achieved. The density of handrails along with a novel mounting approach enables many antennas to be seamlessly integrated into existing stadium architecture. Thus a dense network with many communications antennas is created with minimal impact to the aesthetics of the venue, and the atmosphere of the venue is unaffected. 
         [0032]    In  FIGS. 1A-1E , aerial views of the distributed antenna system are shown for a typical stadium venue  160 . Four exemplary coverage schemes are demonstrated using a subsection  100  of the stadium. Coverage scheme A with radiation beams  130   a  and beam overlap  140   a  is pictured in  FIG. 1A , coverage scheme B with radiation beams  130   b  and beam overlap  140   b  is pictured in  FIG. 1B , coverage scheme C with radiation beams  130   c  and beam overlap  140   c  is pictured in  FIG. 1C , coverage scheme D with radiation beams  130   d  and beam overlap  140   d  is pictured in  FIG. 1D , and coverage scheme E with radiation beams  130   e  and beam overlap  140   e  is pictured in  FIG. 1E . 
         [0033]    The stadium subsection  100  illustrates four sectors covered by radiation beams from the proposed rail mounted antenna assemblies  120 . In the preferred embodiment, the antenna assemblies  120  are dual band antennas covering low band (LB) and high band (HB) frequencies of 690-960 MHz and 1695-2700 MHz, respectively, corresponding to carrier frequencies used to provide mobile wireless coverage. As illustrated by the exemplary subsection of the stadium  100 , the antenna assemblies  120  are distributed throughout the stadium corresponding to locations of railing  110  between seating areas. 
         [0034]    The distributed antenna system may use any coverage scheme illustrated in the non-limiting embodiments of  FIGS. 1A-1E , and the antenna may use different coverage schemes for different bands of operation. In the preferred embodiment of a dual band antenna system with HB elements and LB elements, HB antennas use the coverage scheme in  FIG. 1A  while, at the same time, the LB antennas use the coverage scheme in  FIG. 1E . 
         [0035]    The antenna deployment may not be as dense as that shown in  FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1E , where every section of railing  110  generally corresponds to an antenna mounting location. The deployment density is generally determined by the architecture and layout of the venue. Regardless of the deployment density, each network sector generally corresponds to a predetermined section of seats  150  within the venue where the majority of seats  150  within the sector are substantially covered by a single beam radiated from one side of the section. The beam overlap in each sector meets a predetermined maximum power level. The amount of beam overlap may be different depending on the chosen coverage scheme. Clearly, the coverage scheme A overlap  140   a  is significantly different than the coverage scheme E overlap  140   e.    
         [0036]    In  FIGS. 1A-1E , the stadium subsection  100  has a two groups of rows m and columns n of seats  150 . Each group is separated by an ingress/egress, such as an aisle, walkway or stairway. In the examples shown, the stairway is separated by one or more railing assemblies  110 , with an upper railing and lower railing being shown for each stairway. The upper railing is aligned with an upper section of seats  150  in the group, and the lower railing is aligned with the lower section of seats  150  in the group. As best shown in  FIG. 5B , the railings  110  extend upward from the stairs. The railing assemblies  110  have an elongated first vertical railing member at one end, an elongated second upright vertical railing member at an opposite end, and one or more elongated cross-railing members extending therebetween and connected to the first and second vertical railing members. The cross-railing members extend substantially parallel to the stairs or floor. If the floor is horizontal, than the cross-railings are horizontal. If the floor is angled, then the cross-railings are at the same angle. One or more vertical railings can be positioned between the two end vertical railings to further support the railing assembly. Each of the railing members can have a circular cross-section, or any other suitable shape. 
         [0037]    An antenna assembly  120  is positioned on each railing  110 , for instance centrally on the railing  110  to align with the respective seats  150 . As further shown in  FIG. 1A , the radiation beam  130   a  can extend to one side, namely to the right for the upper antenna and to the left for the lower antenna. Each section of seats  150  is substantially covered by a single radiation beam  130   a  with an area of overlap  140   a  between the upper and lower beams. For this configuration and all other described configurations, each section of seats  150  is generally covered by both HB and LB. The particular coverage configuration need not be the same for LB and HB, but it is generally desired to cover each section of seats  150  with both bands to enhance mobile coverage by the network. 
         [0038]    In an alternative configuration, the radiation beam  130   b  may extend to one side, namely to the right, for all antennas as shown in  FIG. 1B . In this configuration, each section of seats  150  is substantially covered by a single radiation beam  130   b  with an area of overlap  140   b  between the upper and lower beams. 
         [0039]    In yet another alternative configuration of  FIG. 1C , the radiation beam  130   c  may extend to both the left and right of each mounted antenna. For such a configuration, the upper section of seats  150  may be covered from the left/right where the lower section of seats is covered from the right/left. Each section of seats  150  is substantially covered by a single radiation beam  130   c  with an area of overlap  140   c  between the upper and lower beams. Because the radiation beams extend to both the left and right for each antenna, this configuration only requires an antenna at every other railing  110 . Thus, one railing has an antenna, and each neighboring railing (both by column and by row) has no antenna. And, each railing without an antenna has neighboring railings (both by column and by row) that has an antenna. Thus, each railing with an antenna is surrounded on four sides by railings without antenna; and each railing without an antenna is surrounded on four sides by railings with an antenna. Each row and column has a pattern of railings as: antenna, no antenna, antenna, no antenna, etc. 
         [0040]    In yet another alternative configuration of  FIG. 1D , the radiation beam  130   d  may extend to both the left and right of each mounted antenna. For such a configuration, both the upper and lower section of seats  150  may be covered from the right or left. Each section of seats  150  is substantially covered by a single radiation beam  130   d  with an area of overlap  140   d  between the upper and lower beams. Here, the columns of railings  110  have a pattern of: all have antenna, none have antenna, all have antenna, none have antenna, etc. And the rows have a pattern within each row of: antenna, no antenna, antenna, no antenna, etc. 
         [0041]    In yet another alternative configuration of  FIG. 1E , the radiation beam  130   e  may extend to both the left and right of each mounted antenna. Each upper and lower section of seats  150  is partially covered from the left and right by two radiation beams  130   e  with areas of overlap  140   e  between the upper, lower, left, and right beams. 
         [0042]    The particular beam configuration is generally dependent on the antenna type along with the performance required by the antenna system. For example, directional antennas could be used to provide coverage schemes A and B with enhanced network capacity over omnidirectional antennas that could be used to provide coverage schemes C, D, and E. Furthermore, the coverage schemes C and D may require fewer mounted antennas as indicated in  FIGS. 1C and 1D . Coverage scheme E is essentially a combination of schemes C and D and may be used to enhance network capacity with omnidirectional antennas. 
         [0043]      FIGS. 2A-2C  show the detail of the antenna assembly  120  of  FIG. 1 . The antenna assembly  120  includes high band (HB) elements  200 , low band (LB) elements  210 , and radome  240 . In  FIG. 2A , the radome  240  and cables  510  are shown. The radome  240  is no more than 0.1 inches thick and generally composed of a material exhibiting a low loss tangent (tan δ≦0.01) and a low dielectric constant (∈ r ≦3.5). If an electrically thin radome is used, the dielectric constant may be higher than if the radome were electrically thick. In this case, electrically thin generally implies a thickness of λ/10 or less. As a rule, an electrically thick radome should be some multiple of λ/2 in order to minimize reflections from the radome. For the low band frequencies of the present invention, λ/2 is between 3.5-5 inches in free space leading to a very thick radome where losses could become problematic. Furthermore, the thickness does not remain close to a multiple of λ/2 over the full range of low band or high band frequencies leading to potentially significant reflections from the radome at various frequencies. 
         [0044]    As a result, a thin radome is the most practical solution. There are many candidate materials available for the radome construction such as high impact polystyrene (HIPS), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), and high density polyethylene (HDPE) to name a few. For the preferred embodiment, the HB radome  240  material is HIPS. The overall height of the radome is generally no more than 2.5 inches, enough to enclose the HB and LB elements with a small amount of margin. 
         [0045]    For purposes of illustration, a portion (¾) of the radome  240  is cut away in  FIG. 2B , and the radome is completely removed in  FIG. 2C  revealing the antenna elements underneath the radome  240 . For dual band operation, four high band (HB) assemblies comprising eight HB elements  200  are used, together with two low band (LB) elements  210  are used. The frequency band for the HB elements  200  is 1695-2700 MHz, and the frequency band for the LB elements  210  is 690-960 MHz. In the preferred embodiment, the antenna is configured for simultaneous dual polarization in the HB configuration and in the LB configuration. The HB elements  200  are configured for dual slant ±45° polarization while the LB elements  210  are configured for vertical (V-pol) and horizontal (H-pol) polarizations. In either case, the two polarizations within each band should be orthogonal for maximum isolation between ports. The preferred embodiment is the dual band antenna, however, the antenna may also be configured for single band operation. The antenna can be configured to operate only in the HB frequency range of 1695-2700 MHz by removing the two LB elements  210  and only keeping the HB elements  200 . Alternatively, the antenna may be configured to operate only in the LB frequency range of 690-960 MHz by removing the HB elements  200  and keeping only the LB elements  210 . 
         [0046]    As best shown in  FIG. 2C , the antenna assembly  120  includes a backplane  202 , feed board  230 , high band elements  200 , low band elements  210 , HB ground plane  220 , and isolation walls  260 . The feed board  230  is connected to the HB ground plane  220 , and the high band elements  200  are connected to the top surface of the feed board  230 . The LB elements  210  and the HB ground plane  220  are connected to the backplane  202 . The radome  240  extends over and the backplane  202  and radome  240  together completely surround the ground plane  220 , feed board  230 , high band elements  200 , low band elements  210 , and the isolation bar  250 . The radome  240  and backplane  202  together form a housing to protect the antenna assembly from damage due to weather and passersby, and provide safety to passersby. 
         [0047]    The ground plane  220  is connected to the backplane  202  using plastic standoffs. The ground plane  220  is a single continuous unitary thin plate, and can be centrally positioned with respect to the substrate  202 . Both the backplane  202  and ground plane  220  can be substantially square-shaped, and the ground plane  220  is smaller than the backplane  202 . 
         [0048]    Each of the high band element assemblies are situated on a respective feed board  230 , which in turn is connected to the ground plane  220 . The feed board  230  can be square-shaped, and the high band elements  200  are placed in a square-shaped configuration on the ground plane  220 , with a high band element assembly in the top right quadrant, top left quadrant, bottom right quadrant and bottom left quadrant of the ground plane  220 . The low band elements  210  are positioned outside of the ground plane  220 . As shown, one low band element  210  is positioned at the top side of the ground plane  220 , and a second low band element  210  is positioned at and to the side (the right side in the embodiment of  FIG. 2C ) of the ground plane  220 . 
         [0049]    The isolation walls  260  are positioned between each of the HB elements  200 . The isolation walls  260  project upward and outward from the top surface of the ground plane  220 . The isolation walls  260  can be directly connected to the ground plane  220 , such as by the isolation walls  260  being L-shaped with a short bottom member that is connected to the ground plane  220  by a connector or bonding (adhesive or solder), and an upright member that projects outwardly from the top surface of the ground plane  220 . The isolation walls  260  are elongated members that extend substantially the entire length and width of the feed board  230 . Thus, a first isolation wall  260  can extend the width of the feed board (shown horizontal in the embodiment of  FIG. 2C ), and a second isolation wall  260  can extend the height of the feed board (shown vertical in the embodiment of  FIG. 2C ). Each isolation wall  260  can be a single continuous unitary member. 
         [0050]    The isolation walls  260  serve to increase the electrical isolation between neighboring antennas  200  by grounding a portion of the signal that would otherwise couple to neighboring antennas  200 . Thus, the diversity gain of the system is improved. The isolation walls  260  are in direct contact with the HB ground plane  220  to provide a ground path for signal that would otherwise couple between neighboring antenna elements. In one embodiment, the isolation walls  260  are bonded to the HB ground plane  220  using solder or conductive epoxy. In an alternative embodiment, the isolation walls  260  may be fixed to the HB ground plane  220  with mechanical fasteners. As best shown in  FIG. 3B , the isolation walls  260  can be offset from one another in the vertical and horizontal directions. The upper vertical wall  260  is vertically offset from the bottom vertical isolation wall  260 . And the left horizontal wall  260  is horizontally offset from the right horizontal wall  260 . Alternatively, two isolation walls (one vertical and one horizontal) or a single isolation wall that includes vertical and horizontal members could be used to achieve the same effect. The use of four separate isolation walls simplifies assembly of the antenna with four identical pieces that are simply placed on the HB ground plane  220 . 
         [0051]    In one exemplary embodiment of the invention, the particular arrangement and element design of the HB elements  200  and the LB elements  210  are chosen, in part, to ensure that the antenna assembly  120  remains below a maximum thickness of two inches and fits within the prescribed volume indicated by the mounting position shown in  FIG. 5B . Furthermore, the LB elements&#39;  210  positioning relative to the HB ground plane  220  is multifold. The LB elements  210  are positioned to the side of the HB ground plane  220  firstly because this allows the LB radiation patterns to cover multiple sections of seats  150 , enabling the LB elements  210  to comply with coverage schemes C, D, or E indicated in  FIG. 1 . The LB elements  210  are positioned to the side of the HB ground plane  220  secondly because this allows for easier manipulation of the input impedance to the LB elements  210 . If the LB elements  210  were positioned substantially in front of the HB ground plane, establishing a good impedance match to the LB elements  210  over a broad bandwidth would be very difficult. The LB elements  210  are positioned to the side of the HB ground plane  220  thirdly because this does not block the radiation from the HB elements  200  and limits coupling between the LB elements  210  and HB elements  200 . 
         [0052]    The LB elements  210  may be moved in a manner parallel to the side of the HB ground plane  220 . The LB elements  210  may also be moved closer to or further from the HB ground plane. Note that repositioning of the LB elements  210  may require slight modifications to the structure of the LB elements  210  for tuning purposes. Also, moving the LB elements very close to the HB ground plane  220  may require tuning of the HB elements  200  to account for their proximity to the LB elements  210 . The LB elements  210  should be held in place with dielectric fasteners that may be mounted to the radome  240  or the HB ground plane  220 . The particular arrangement of the HB elements  200  is chosen to maintain a desired beamwidth over the operating frequencies and provide directional radiation characteristics that comply with coverage schemes A or B as indicated in  FIG. 1 . The antenna includes two LB elements positioned as shown in  FIG. 2  so that the antenna can provide multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) capabilities. For MIMO to work, two decorrelated antennas should be used. Decorrelation can be realized by spatially separating the two antennas or by using antennas in close proximity that are oriented at 90° with respect to each other. The LB arrangement here uses two antennas rotated 90° with respect to each other in addition to the isolation bar  250  to achieve decorrelation (or isolation) between the antennas. 
         [0053]    In  FIGS. 2B, 2C , the isolation bar  250  for the LB elements  210  is also shown. The isolation bar  250  is a thin elongated bar that is connected to one corner of the ground plane  220  (the top right corner in the embodiment shown). The isolation bar  250  extends outward at an angle to the ground plane  220 , which is about 135° with respect to the left and right side edges of the ground plane  220  and also with respect to the top and bottom side edges of the ground plane  220 . The isolation bar  250  reduces coupling between the two LB elements  210 . The isolation bar  250  shorts a portion of the radiation that is polarized at +/−45° with respect to the two LB elements  210 . Without the isolation bar, a portion of this signal is capable of being received by both antennas which results in coupling between the two LB elements  210 . 
         [0054]    The isolation bar  250  serves to reduce this coupling, which improves the isolation and diversity gain for low band operation. The isolation bar  250  is in physical contact with the ground plane  220  but does not touch the two LB elements  210  or the backplane  202 . The isolation bar  250  is further positioned at an angle of 135° with respect to the two adjacent sides of the HB ground plane  220 . The isolation bar  250  may be formed as part of the ground plane where the two are formed from a single piece of metal. Alternatively, the isolation bar  250  may be subsequently attached to the HB ground plane  220  by welding, solder, or epoxy. If the antenna is configured for high band operation only, there are no LB elements  210  and the isolation bar  250  is unnecessary and need not be included. 
         [0055]    With respect to  FIGS. 2 and 3 , the eight HB antenna elements  200  are shown with notional radiation patterns. The eight HB elements  200  are realized as two electrically isolated dipole elements at each of four mounting locations. One dipole element is realized by the combination of  310   a ,  320   a , and  330   a  while the other dipole element is realized by the combination of  310   b ,  320   b , and  330   b . Both elements share the tuning patch  340 . The LB elements  210  are not shown in  FIG. 3A  only to clarify the arrangement of the HB elements  200 . The LB elements  210  remain present in the preferred embodiment of the full antenna assembly  120 . The HB elements  200  in  FIG. 3A  are crossed dipole antenna elements arranged to give dual slant polarization where there is a +45° polarized dipole, and a −45° polarized dipole. The HB elements  200  are positioned on what is referred to as the top side of the HB ground plane  220 . 
         [0056]    The electrical isolation between the +45° polarized dipole and the −45° polarized dipole should meet a minimum of 25 dB in the preferred embodiment. The two orthogonal polarizations are used to provide polarization diversity and enable multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) performance. MIMO operation and the benefits of MIMO are well-established in the mobile wireless field, and the crossed dipole is a common approach to achieve MIMO capabilities. Note that the use of orthogonal polarizations enable MIMO performance in a small package. Note that if the HB elements were oriented in the same direction so that their polarizations were non-orthogonal and the antennas were co-polarized, the elements would need to be spaced apart by some distance to achieve isolation between the ports. In this situation, the overall size of the antenna would increase as the required separation distance is usually multiple wavelengths. Furthermore, HB isolation structures may be needed increasing cost and complexity of the antenna. The two crossed elements are individually fed with baluns to provide the proper 0°/180° phase shift between the two dipole arms as those skilled in the art can appreciate. There are four mounting locations for each of the eight HB elements  200 . In each mounting location, HB elements  200  are positioned where one of the elements is a +45° polarized dipole, and the other is a −45° polarized dipole. The four mounting locations for the HB elements  200  are separated by a distance  300   a  in azimuth and the same distance  300   b  in elevation to assist in providing a symmetric half power beamwidth (HPBW) of approximately 45° over the operating band. It is determined that the elements should be separated by a distance approximately equal to 0.75λ0-1.25λ 0  in order to provide the desired 45° HPBW over the range of operating frequencies. 
         [0057]    To further control the HPBW, the HB ground plane  220  is configured to have beam shaping elongated walls  204 ,  206  that are positioned with an angle of 45° relative to the HB ground plane  220 . The beam shaping walls  204 ,  206  are extensions of the HB ground plane  220  bent to the appropriate angle. The angle, height, and length of the beam shaping walls assist in providing the desired HPBW over the range of operating frequencies. Accordingly, the walls  204 ,  206  are integral with the ground plane  220  and are formed by bending two of the sides (top and bottom in the embodiment of  FIG. 2C ) an angle with respect to the rest of the ground plane  220 . All four of the sides are bent (as best shown in  FIGS. 3B, 3C ), so that the walls  204 ,  206  project upward from the top surface of the ground plane  220  extending the entire height and width of the ground plane  220 . 
         [0058]    In one embodiment ( FIGS. 3A-3D, 3M-3Q ), the HB elements  200  are board-fed antennas where the baluns  330   a ,  330   b  feeding the dipole arms  320   a ,  320   b  are fed with microstrip feed traces  290  on the HB feed board  230 . The HB feed boards  230  are mounted on the top side of the HB ground plane  220  same as the HB elements  200 . The microstrip feed traces  290  are shown in  FIG. 3A  and in more detail in  FIG. 3B  where the HB elements  200  are removed for clarity. The microstrip feed traces  290  etched on a top side of double sided copper clad PCB board with a dielectric constant between ∈ r =2-5 and a low loss tangent (tan δ≦0.02). In one embodiment, double sided copper clad Arlon 25N with a thickness of 0.03 inches is used as the PCB board material. The board material has a dielectric constant of approximately ∈ r =3.28 and a loss tangent of approximately tan δ≦0.0025. The microstrip feed traces  290  of the HB feed board  230  are designed 50 Ohms and are connected to the baluns  330   a ,  330   b  using solder or conductive epoxy. 
         [0059]    The RF distribution to the four dipoles of each polarization (+/−45°) is accomplished through the +45° HB power divider  280   a  and the −45° HB power divider  280   b  where the power dividers are configured to provide equal magnitude and phase to each of the dipoles. The power dividers  280   a ,  280   b  are mounted to the bottom side of the HB ground plane  220  as shown in  FIG. 3C  where the HB ground plane  220  is rotated 180° about its center compared to  FIG. 3A . The power dividers  280   a ,  280   b  are formed in microstrip and are ideally etched on a top side of double sided copper clad PCB board with a dielectric constant between ∈ r =2-5 and a low loss tangent (tan δ≦0.02). In one embodiment, double sided copper clad Arlon 25N with a thickness of 0.03 inches is used as the PCB board material. The bottom side of the PCB board is substantially covered in copper and serves as the ground plane for the traces of the HB power dividers  280   a ,  280   b . The bottom side of the PCB board that is covered with copper is also in physical contact with the HB ground plane  220  and attached using solder or conductive epoxy for good electrical contact. 
         [0060]    To feed the HB power dividers  280   a ,  280   b , coaxial cables are attached at the input ports  281   a ,  281   b  where the center conductors of the cables are soldered to the traces, and the outer shield of the coaxial cables are attached such that it makes electrical contact with the ground plane on the bottom side of the board. This may be accomplished by etching a copper pad on the top side of the PCB board where vias are used to connect this pad to the ground plane on the bottom side of the PCB board. The outer shield of the coaxial cable is subsequently attached to this pad using solder or conductive epoxy to ground the outer shield of the coaxial cable. In a similar fashion, coaxial cables are attached at the output ports of the HB power dividers  282   a / 282   b . The cables are then routed through holes in the HB ground plane  220  and attached in similar way to the microstrip feed traces  290  on the HB feed boards  230 . The coaxial cables should be phase matched to within ±5° to ensure that all antennas are fed with equal amplitude and phase for a given polarization. 
         [0061]      FIGS. 3E-311  illustrate typical free space radiation beams in azimuth for +45° slant polarization  301  and −45° slant polarization  302  along with the elevation beams for +45° slant polarization  303  and −45° slant polarization  304  at 1700 MHz.  FIGS. 3I-3L  illustrate typical free space radiation beams in azimuth for +45° slant polarization  305  and −45° slant polarization  306  along with the elevation beams for +45° slant polarization  307  and −45° slant polarization  308  at 2700 MHz. 
         [0062]    The radiation beams are shown for operation in free space and represent an ideal case for radiation from the HB elements  200 . In the operating environment, the radiation beams will differ from what is shown due to scattering from nearby objects. In this case, azimuth and elevation are defined with respect to the venue where the azimuth plane corresponds to the plane parallel to the field level or the ground floor of the venue, and the elevation plane corresponds to the plane orthogonal to the field level or ground floor of the venue. 
         [0063]    The directional nature of the HB antenna configuration in the preferred embodiment makes it suitable for coverage schemes A or B with respect to  FIG. 1 . These coverage schemes utilize antennas that are directional in nature to cover only a single section of seating  150  whereas coverage schemes C, D, and E utilize omnidirectional antennas to at least partially cover multiple sections of seating  150  simultaneously. The present HB configuration could be arranged for coverage schemes C, D, or E by positioning two sets of antennas back to back. However, this requires the thickness of the antenna assembly  120  to double which is generally undesirable. 
         [0064]    The present invention is not limited to dipole antenna elements for the high band elements. Any style of radiating element may be used as deemed appropriate. The crossed dipole is used in the preferred embodiment due to the ability to achieve broad band, dual linear operation with a simple feeding arrangement in a somewhat compact size. As an alternative example, patch antennas provide a low profile antenna element and may be a suitable alternative to the crossed dipole element. Furthermore, the antennas may be configured to give other polarizations such as single linear polarization with vertical, horizontal, or slant orientation. The dual linear configuration could also be configured for simultaneous vertical and horizontal polarization. The number of HB elements, the HB element spacing, and the configuration of beam shaping walls could also be modified for a HPBW other than the 45° HPBW of the preferred embodiment. For example, three HB elements could be used to give a radiation pattern that is more triangular in shape. Note that the use of other antenna elements or arrangements may require a different configuration of isolation walls or eliminate their need altogether. 
         [0065]    With respect to  FIGS. 3M-3Q , the HB elements  200  are fabricated in a similar manner to the RF feed board  230 . The elements  200  are fabricated using 0.03 inch thick double sided clad Arlon 25N which forms the −45° element substrate  310   a  and the +45° element substrate  310   b . The dipole arms  320   a ,  320   b  are etched or milled on one side of the element substrate  310   a ,  310   b  and the baluns  330   a ,  330   b  are etched on the opposite side. This is illustrated in  FIG. 3M  showing a front view of the HB element  200  and  FIG. 30  showing a back view of the HB element  200 . As those skilled in the art can appreciate, the baluns  330   a ,  330   b  do not make physical contact with the dipole arms  320   a ,  320   b , but they are electrically coupled to feed the antenna and provide the proper phasing for the element  200 . The elements  200  are further fabricated with dipole mounting tabs on the bottom of the dipole arms  320   a ,  320   b  that feed through the RF feed network  230  PCB. The metallization for the dipole mounting tabs is in physical contact with the dipole arms  320   a ,  320   b  and is soldered to the ground plane of the RF feed network  230  securing the antenna elements  200  in place. 
         [0066]    The elements  200  further have a tuning patch  340  secured on top of the dipole arms  320   a ,  320   b  to help with tuning and isolation between the orthogonal polarizations. The tuning patch  340  is fabricated in the same manner as the dipole arms  320   a ,  320   b  and RF feed network  230  where Arlon 25N is used as the tuning patch substrate  342 . The tuning patch only contains metallization on the top side of the tuning patch substrate  342 . To secure the tuning patch  340  in place, patch mounting tabs are fabricated on the element substrates  310   a ,  310   b . The patch mounting tabs are metallized, but the metallization does not make physical contact with the metallization for the dipole arms  320   a ,  320   b . The tuning patch metallization  341  is soldered to the metallization for the patch mounting tabs to secure the tuning patch  340 . 
         [0067]    In one embodiment, the LB elements  210  are sleeve monopole antennas as shown in  FIGS. 4A, 4B . The antennas consist of a central radiating element  400 , an upper tubular sleeve  410  that surrounds a lower portion of the central radiating element  400 , and a lower tubular sleeve  420  that extends opposite to the central radiating element  400 . The antenna further includes a dielectric spacer  440  that maintains the distance between the central radiating element  400  and the junction of the upper  410  and lower  420  tubular sleeves. The distance between the central radiating element  400  and the junction of the upper  410  and lower  420  tubular sleeves is used to tune the input impedance to the antenna. By properly choosing the height of the dielectric spacer  440 , a broadband impedance match is obtained. The entire dielectric spacer  440  fits fully inside of the upper tubular sleeve  410 . A dielectric spacer  440  with a low dielectric constant (∈ r ≦5) and loss tangent (tan δ≦0.02) works well. The dielectric constant along with the height of the dielectric spacer  440  provides broadband tuning capability for the antenna. 
         [0068]    In one embodiment, the dielectric spacer  440  is made of 0.1 inch thick Delrin with a dielectric constant of approximately ∈ r =3.7 and a loss tangent of approximately tan δ=0.005. In an alternative configuration, the dielectric spacer  440  could be made of laminated PCB material using a suitable prepreg. However, this is generally a much more costly approach and can be impractical for some embodiments. 
         [0069]    The antenna is fed with a coaxial cable  430  where the center conductor and dielectric insulation of the cable are fed through a hole at or near the center the dielectric spacer  440  and make contact with the central radiating element  400 . The center conductor of the coaxial cable  430  is in electrical contact with the central radiating element  400  and is attached using solder or conductive epoxy. The outer shield of the coaxial cable  430  is in electrical contact with the lower tubular sleeve  420  and is attached using solder or conductive epoxy. The vertical and horizontal polarized LB elements  210  may contain subtle differences for tuning purposes but are substantially similar in design and fabrication. The antennas may further include a dielectric material that fills a portion of or the entire space between the upper tubular sleeve  410  and the central radiating element  400 , as more fully described in co-pending application Ser. No. 15/395,170 filed Dec. 30, 2016, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 15/350,984 filed Nov. 14, 2016, entitled Sleeve Monopole Antenna with Spatially Variable Dielectric Loading, the entire contents of both of which are hereby incorporated by reference. The dielectric material is generally used to help tune the antenna in its operating environment, for example, taking into account the proximity of the antenna to attendees at the venue. 
         [0070]    The present invention is not limited to sleeve monopole antenna elements for the low band elements. Any style of radiating element may be used as deemed appropriate. The sleeve monopole is used in the preferred embodiment due to the ability to tune the antenna in its operating environment. As an alternative example, a biconical style dipole antenna may provide a suitable alternative giving relatively broad impedance bandwidth and similar radiation patterns to the sleeve monopole. 
         [0071]      FIGS. 4C-4F  illustrate typical free space radiation beams in azimuth for vertical polarization  401  and horizontal polarization  402  along with the elevation beams for vertical polarization  403  and horizontal polarization  404  at 690 MHz.  FIGS. 4G-4J  illustrate typical free space radiation beams in azimuth for vertical polarization  405  and horizontal polarization  406  along with the elevation beams for vertical polarization  407  and horizontal polarization  408  at 960 MHz. The radiation beams are shown for operation in free space and represent an ideal case for radiation from the LB elements  210 . In the operating environment, the radiation beams will differ from what is shown due to scattering from nearby objects. In this case, azimuth and elevation are defined with respect to the venue where the azimuth plane corresponds to the plane parallel to the field level or the ground floor of the venue, and the elevation plane corresponds to the plane orthogonal to the field level or ground floor of the venue. Unlike the high band configuration, the low band configuration gives a radiation beam that is the result of a single omnidirectional antenna. Therefore, the low band configuration in the preferred embodiment gives rise to radiation patterns that are suited for coverage schemes C, D, or E with respect to  FIG. 1  due to the omnidirectional nature of the antennas. 
         [0072]    With respect to  FIG. 5 , the antenna housing  500  is pictured along with the proposed mounting approach for the present invention.  FIG. 5A  illustrates the full antenna assembly  120  along with the housing structure  500 , radome  240 , cables  510 , and mounting hardware  520 . As shown in  FIGS. 5A, 5B , the housing  500  can be formed by two separate thin plates  502  having a shape that matches at least part of the stadium railing  110 . Thus, the top edge of the housing  500  can be at an obtuse angle with respect to the front edge of the housing  500 , and can be 135° to accommodate the rise angle of the stairs. The top edge of the housing  500  is at the top outer periphery of the housing  500 , and the front edge of the housing  500  is at the front outer periphery of the housing  500 . The two plates  520  each have a peripheral edge that is bent to curve inward so that the two plates  520  can come together and have an interior space that houses the radome  240  and can substantially completely surrounds the radome  240 . The plates  502  protect the radome  240  from passersby and connect to a railing. 
         [0073]    In the illustrated non-limiting example of  FIGS. 5A, 5B , the top edge of the housing  500  aligns with the cross-member bar of the railing, so that a top groove  540  can receive and engage the cross-member bar of the railing. And the front side edge of the housing  500  aligns with the front vertical bar of the railing  110 , so that a front groove  542  can receive and engage the vertical bar of the railing. Having the grooves  540 ,  542  at the outer edges of the periphery of the housing  500  maximizes the interior space available to retain the antenna assembly. A notch can be formed at the corner where the top groove  540  and front groove  542  come together, to accommodate the railing. The grooves  540 ,  542  can be formed (for instance) by bending the outer peripheral edges of the housing  500  inward slightly. 
         [0074]    The entire housing  500  (including the antenna assembly  120 ) is the same thickness as, thinner than, or slightly larger than the railing and flat so that it does not obstruct attendees that pass by. As best shown in  FIG. 5B , the housing  500  can extend all the way down to the stairs  550 , so that it abuts (and/or can be coupled to by fastener(s) and/or mounting features) the top horizontal surface and rising vertical surface of a stair. Thus, the housing  500  connects to the vertical railing and the cross-railing. Accordingly, the housing  500  is positioned at one of the vertical railings, which is at one end of the railing assembly (or can be between the two vertical end railings), so that the housing  500  is at the least obstructive location on the railing assembly. In this manner, the housing  500  is firmly attached to the railings and cannot rotate with respect to either the vertical railing or the cross-railing. In addition, where there are several cross-railing members, the housing  500  is coupled to the lower cross-railing member. 
         [0075]    The housing structure  500  is fabricated from a durable, lightweight plastic material in order to protect the internal electronics from damage. The material further exhibits low dielectric constant (∈ r ≦3.5) and low dielectric loss tangent (tan δ≦0.01). In the preferred embodiment, the antenna housing is made of the same HIPS material as the radome. As with the radome, alternative materials are available for the antenna housing. The final material selection is determined based on cost and fabrication complexity vs desired performance. 
         [0076]    The mounting hardware  520  is used to secure the two pieces of the housing  500  in place and ensure the antenna assembly  120  is securely attached to the railing  110 . The antenna assembly  120  is sandwiched between the two plates  502  of the housing  500 , so that it is protected and does not come into direct contact with attendees. For the preferred embodiment, the mounting hardware is stainless steel although, alternative materials such as aluminum may be used. The grooves  540 ,  542  in the housing  500  are sized corresponding to the railing to which the antenna assembly  120  is attached. The cables  510  are coaxial transmission lines and route RF signal between the antenna(s) and base station(s) within the stadium. The number of cables  510  corresponds to the number of polarizations and number of frequency bands where each cable feeds a specific polarization within a specific frequency band. For the preferred embodiment, there are two polarizations for each of two frequency bands giving a total of four cables  510  feeding the antenna assembly  120 . The cable  510  extend from the interior of the housing  500  between the two plates  502 , to the exterior of the housing  500 . For instance, the plates  502  can have an opening at the bottom (for example, at the front groove  542 ), and the cables  510  can extend through the opening. 
         [0077]    The antenna assembly  120  is shown in its intended mounting location in  FIG. 5B . As opposed to stadium antenna approaches where the antenna is mounted within seating areas beneath or fixed to spectator seats, the stadium railing  110  along with the stadium steps  550  offer mounting support for the antenna assembly  120  that maximizes coverage to a particular seating area while minimizing human interaction that could detune the antenna or cause radiation safety concerns. Furthermore, the intended mounting approach provides increased coverage with reduced power levels compared to stadium antenna solutions that mount antennas overhead requiring higher power to fully cover lower levels of seating. 
         [0078]    The plastic housing  500  is the only part of the antenna assembly  120  visible from the outside and is the only part observable by attendants at a given venue. The antenna housing can also be painted with the service provider logo or even a logo representing the team that competes at a given stadium. Therefore, the aesthetics of the venue are maintained. As shown, the antenna assembly  120  can be positioned at a lower portion of the railing  110  and toward the bottom (front) part of the railing, where it is least likely to visually or physically obstruct attendees. As safety rails generally call attention in their own right, the antenna does not create any kind of hazard in its mounting location. The overall antenna can be less than 3 inches thick, so the entire housing  500  is minimally intrusive and fits within the width of the railing assembly. 
         [0079]    Furthermore, positioning at the front of the railing provides some protection for the cabling  510  of the antenna assembly  120  where it is unlikely to create a tripping hazard. However, the antenna assembly  120  can be positioned anywhere on the railing, which can vary depending on the number and size of the railings in any given seating section. If possible, the antenna assembly  120  should be centered with respect to the seats  150  of the intended coverage area adjacent the railing to maximize coverage. The design of the antenna and its position with respect to railing creates a robust antenna that limits the potential for damage to the antenna or injury to any attendee. 
         [0080]    It is further noted that the invention is described for attachment to a hand rail or safety rail. However, the housing can be configured to attach to other fixtures that are provided at a venue, within the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, the low profile of the antenna and housing enable attachment directly to concrete walls that may be distributed throughout the venue without creating an obstruction. This would require minimal reconfiguration of the housing and eliminate the need for grooves in the housing. In addition, while the housing in the preferred embodiment has two grooves to attach to the railing in two places, more or fewer connections can be made to the railing. And the housing can be positioned at the upper part of the railing to attach to the top bar and/or lower bar. 
         [0081]    Turning to  FIGS. 6A-6C , an alternative embodiment of the invention is shown. The high band RF distribution network is fully integrated into a HB feed board  650  to which the dipoles  200  are attached. The artwork to form the microstrip traces is etched on a top side of the HB feed board  650  with a nominal dielectric constant of 3.38 and loss tangent of 0.0025. The bottom side of the HB feed board  650  is predominantly covered with copper to form a HB ground plane. The HB feed board  650  is fixed in place using plastic fasteners that pass through openings in the feed board  650  and thread into protrusions in a backplane  630  that provides mounting locations and mechanical support for the antenna components. 
         [0082]    RF signals are routed to the antenna through coaxial cables where the outer shield of the cable solders to the ground plane of the HB feed board  650 , and the center pin of the cable passes through an opening in the board and is soldered to a microstrip trace on the top side of the HB feed board  650 . The HB and LB coaxial connectors  620  are fixed to a connector mount  610  that provides mechanical support for the coaxial connectors  620 . The connector mount  610  is made of plastic material where the dielectric constant of the plastic is nominally less than 4, and the loss tangent is nominally less than 0.01. The backplane  630  also includes cable management pieces  632 ,  633 ,  634  to assist with proper and repeatable cable routing. The purpose of the cable management pieces  632 ,  633 , and  634  is to route the RF coaxial cables underneath the HB feed board  650  to ensure that the cables do not rub on the edge of the feed board. The backplane also includes tabs  631  with holes for mounting the backplane to the plastic housing  500 . 
         [0083]    With respect to  FIG. 7A , the HB feed board  650  is shown in an isometric view (view (1)) and a front view (view (2)) to illustrate the routing the of the microstrip traces to the HB elements  200 . The feed network consists of a p45 trace  661  to route signals for the +45° polarization and an m45 trace  660  to route signals for the −45° polarization. The p45 trace  661  is soldered to the baluns  330   b  for the +45° dipoles, and the m45 trace  660  is soldered to the baluns  330   a  for the −45° dipole. The HB feed board  650  also includes eleven mounting holes  662  where the HB feed board  650  is mounted to the backplane  630  with plastic fasteners. The plastic fasteners are inserted through the mounting holes  662  and thread into plastic standoffs that are attached to the backplane  630 . Coupled to the ground plane of the HB feed board  650  are three isolation tabs  651 ,  652 ,  653  to assist with port-to-port isolation between the V-pol and H-pol LB elements. The isolation tabs  651 ,  652 ,  653  are made of material with a substantially high conductivity such as aluminum or copper and are either parasitically coupled or directly coupled to the ground plane of the HB feed board  650 . Note that the isolation tab  652  that lies between the two LB elements  640  is bent at a 45° angle. This bend  654  enhances the isolation between the two LB elements compared to the scenario where the isolation tab  652  is not bent. 
         [0084]    By coupling the isolation tabs  651 ,  652 ,  653  to the ground plane of the HB feed board  650 , the tabs effectively act as extensions of the ground plane as those skilled in the art can appreciate. The tabs can be bonded to the bottom side (ground plane) of the HB feed board  650  with solder or conductive epoxy for direct coupling. Alternatively, the tabs may be attached to the ground plane with non-conductive epoxy or double-sided tape for parasitic coupling. The holes in the isolation tabs  651 ,  652 ,  653  and HB feed board  650  serve as a means for placement of the tabs, and a fastener can also be fixed through the holes for added mechanical support for the tabs. 
         [0085]    The pattern performance of the HB array of  FIGS. 6A-6C, 7A-7B  is illustrated in  FIGS. 7C-7F . The +45° elevation pattern  701  and the +45° azimuth pattern  702  are shown in  FIG. 7C , and the −45° elevation pattern  703  and the −45° azimuth pattern are shown in  FIG. 7D . These patterns are measured for the full antenna assembly and include a section of handrail to simulate the patterns in the stadium environment. In all plots for  FIGS. 7C-7F , the railing is positioned on the left side)(−90° of the pattern. 
         [0086]    As best shown in  FIG. 6C , the invention includes two LB antennas  640 . The low band elements  640  may be realized in the form of dipoles fed with a coaxial cable as indicated in  FIGS. 8A-8G . The LB elements  640  include a first antenna element, here an elongated cylindrical top pipe  800  and a second antenna element, here an elongated cylindrical bottom pipe  810 , as well as a top printed circuit board (PCB)  830 , bottom PCB  840 , and tuning sleeve  850 . The top PCB  830  is connected to the distal end of the top pipe  800 , and the bottom PCB  840  is connected to the distal end of the bottom pipe  810 . The tuning sleeve  850  has a cylindrical shape and has one end connected to the top PCB  830  and an opposite end connected to the bottom PCB  840 . Both PCBs  830 ,  840  have a small through hole in the center for the coax center pin to pass through. It will be appreciated that any suitable omnidirectional LB element can be utilized, including the LB element shown in  FIGS. 4A-4C . 
         [0087]    The top pipe  800  has a central longitudinal axis, the bottom pipe  810  has a central longitudinal axis, and the center sleeve  850  has a central longitudinal axis. The central longitudinal axis of each the top pipe  800 , the bottom pipe  810  and the sleeve  850  are aligned with each other and linear. In addition, the top pipe  800  and the bottom pipe  810  have a same width (i.e., diameter), which is larger than the width (i.e., diameter) of the sleeve  850 . Thus, the top and bottom pipes  800 ,  810  are aligned with one another and the sleeve  850  is concentrically arranged with respect to the top and bottom pipes  800 ,  810 , and the top pipe  800 , sleeve  850  and bottom pipe  810  are aligned end to end with the sleeve  850  connecting the top pipe  800  to the bottom pipe  810  and positioned therebetween. 
         [0088]    The sleeve  850  has a first end and a second end opposite the first end. The first sleeve end directly attaches to the top board  830 , which in turn is directly attached at the distal end of the top pipe  800 . Thus, the distal end of the top pipe  800  forms a closed end that is closed by the top board  830 . And the second sleeve end directly attaches to the bottom board  840 , which in turn is directly attached at the distal end of the bottom pipe  810 . Thus, the distal end of the bottom pipe  810  forms a closed end that is closed by the bottom board  840 . As shown, the top board  830  can be at the extreme distal end of the top pipe  800 , with the tabs  802  of the top pipe  800  extending through openings in the board  830  and soldered thereto. And the bottom board  840  can be at the extreme distal end of the bottom pipe  810 , with the tabs  812  of the bottom pipe  810  extending through openings in the bottom board  840  and soldered thereto. The tabs  852  of the sleeve  850  are received in openings in the top and bottom boards  830 ,  840  and are soldered thereto. 
         [0089]    The top and bottom pipes  800 ,  810  partially form the dipole where the pipe material has substantially high conductivity such as aluminum or copper. Each pipe includes three tabs  802 ,  812  that project outward from the distal end of the pipe. The tabs  802 ,  812  pass through respective openings in a top LB PCB  830  and a bottom LB PCB  840 . These tabs serve as alignment holes for the joining of the top and bottom pipes  800 ,  810  and the top and bottom LB PCBs  830 ,  840 . The top LB PCB  830  and bottom LB PCB  840  are constructed of double-sided copper clad PCB material where most of the metal is etched away from a top side of the bottom LB PCB  840 , and a bottom side of the bottom LB PCB  840  is substantially covered with copper. The only metallization on the top side of the bottom LB PCB  840  is used to solder the LB tuning sleeve  850  to the top side of the bottom LB PCB  840 . 
         [0090]    The metallization and holes in the top LB PCB  830  and bottom LB PCB  840  are identical, but for assembly, the top LB PCB  830  is flipped upside down. Therefore, the top side of the top LB PCB  830  is identical to the bottom of the bottom LB PCB  840 , and the bottom side of the top LB PCB  830  is identical to the top side of the bottom LB PCB  840 . The two PCBs are also rotated 180° with respect to one another to align the holes for the tabs  852  on the LB tuning sleeve  850 . The tabs  852  are small members that extend outward slightly from the distal edges at each end of the sleeve  850 , and connect the sleeve  850  to the top and bottom PCBs  830 ,  840 . 
         [0091]    The LB tuning sleeve  850  is soldered to the metallization that remains on the top side of the bottom LB PCB  840  and to the metallization that remains on the bottom side of the top LB PCB  830 . The LB tuning sleeve  850  is not soldered to the metallization on the bottom side of the bottom LB PCB  840  or the metallization on the top side of the top LB PCB  830 . The purpose of the LB tuning sleeve  850  is to assist in impedance matching the dipole. The height and diameter of the LB tuning sleeve can be adjusted to tune the match. 
         [0092]    The top pipe  800  is soldered to the top side of the top LB PCB  830 , and the bottom pipe  810  is soldered to the bottom side of the bottom LB PCB  840 . Since the bottom side of the bottom LB PCB  840  and the top side of the top LB PCB  830  are predominantly covered in copper, the joining of the top LB PCB  830  and the top pipe  800  effectively form a top can. Similarly, the joining of the bottom LB PCB  840  and the bottom pipe  810  effectively form a bottom can. Note that the diameter and height of the top and bottom pipes  800 ,  810  can be adjusted for tuning the dipole. 
         [0093]    In one example embodiment, the dimensions for the pipes are 1.25″ outer diameter for both pipes with a 0.04″ wall thickness. The top pipe  800  is 2.75″ long from the top of the top LB PCB  830 . The bottom pipe  810  is 3″ long from the bottom of the bottom LB PCB  840 . The tabs on both pipes are 0.15″ long. The LB tuning sleeve  850  is 0.75″ in diameter and 0.5″ in length. The diameter of the LB tuning sleeve  850  is smaller than the diameters of the pipes  800 ,  810 . However, the purpose of the sleeve is the same where the LB tuning sleeve  850  modifies the capacitance between the top pipe  800  and bottom pipe  810  and thereby allows the impedance of the element to be tuned. Furthermore, by implementing the LB tuning sleeve  850  with a diameter smaller than the pipe diameter, the tuning sleeve acts as a spacer between top LB PCB  830  and the bottom LB PCB  840 . The values listed for this element are nominal and should not vary by more than 10%. In addition, while the antenna elements  800 ,  810  and sleeve  850  are shown and described as being circular, they can be any suitable shape. 
         [0094]    The outer shield of the coaxial cable  430  is soldered to the bottom side of the bottom LB PCB  840 . The center pin of the coaxial cable  430  passes through a small opening in the middle of the bottom LB PCB  840  and solders to the top side of the top LB PCB  830  after passing through an opening in the middle of the top LB PCB  830 . A cable guide  820  is attached to the bottom metallic pipe  810  by inserting a push rivet through openings in the cable guide  820  and the bottom metallic pipe  810 . The cable guide  820  includes a curved opening that allows the cable to make a bend as it enters through the cable guide  820 . The cable guide  820  should be non-metallic and made of some plastic such as ABS or Delrin with a dielectric constant below 4 and a loss tangent below 0.01. The cable guide should be slid over the cable before it is attached to the bottom LB PCB  840 . 
         [0095]    The LB elements  640  are placed on a LB carriers  641  that is attached to the backplane  630  with plastic fasteners. To hold the LB element  640  in place, tie wraps or zip ties may be used. The tie wraps pass through channels in the LB carrier  641  and around the LB element  640 . The LB carrier  641  also includes tabs for positioning the LB element  640  in the LB carrier  641 . 
         [0096]    Returning to  FIG. 6C , one LB element  640  is located at the side of the feed board  650 , and another LB element  640  is at the top of the feed board  650 . The LB elements  640  are arranged in this manner to give orthogonal vertical and horizontal polarizations establishing polarization diversity and enabling MIMO performance (this is also true for the LB elements  210  in  FIG. 2 ). For MIMO to work, the two orthogonally polarized elements should be decorrelated, or isolated, from one another with an insertion loss of −20 dB or more between the antennas. This means that only 1% of the energy put into one antenna couples to the other antenna, and the two are isolated. The isolation tabs  651 ,  652 ,  653  assist with isolation between the two LB elements  640 . The desired radiation for the LB element to the top of the HB feed board  650  has its electric field oriented horizontally, and the desired radiation for the LB element to the side of the HB feed board  650  has its electric field oriented vertically. Note that if the LB elements  210 ,  640  were oriented in the same direction so that their polarizations were non-orthogonal and the antennas were co-polarized, the elements would need to be spaced apart by some distance to achieve isolation between the ports. In this situation, the overall size of the antenna would increase dramatically as the required separation distance is usually multiple wavelengths. Furthermore, additional isolation structures may be needed increasing cost and complexity of the antenna. 
         [0097]    However, antennas will accept portions of an electric field that does not perfectly align with the intended polarization direction. The isolation tabs  651 ,  652 ,  653  are either in direct contact or are parasitically coupled to the ground plane of the HB feed board  650 . As a result, unwanted electric fields couple to the isolation tabs  651 ,  652 ,  653  and to the ground plane of the HB feed board  650  instead of to the element, and isolation between the LB elements  640  is improved. Note that the tabs  651 ,  652 ,  653  do not touch the LB elements  640 . The direction of the tabs  651 ,  652 ,  653  is also important. The tab  651  is oriented so that its longer side is horizontal and parallel to the top LB element  640 . As a result, it couples energy radiated from the top LB element  640  onto the ground plane of the HB feed board  650  and away from the side LB element  640 . The tab  653  is oriented so that its longer side is vertical and parallel to the side LB element  640 . As a result, it couples energy radiated from the side LB element  640  onto the ground plane of the HB feed board  650  and away from the top LB element  640 . The tab  652  is oriented at a 45° angle between the two LB elements  640 , and as a result, it couples electric fields oriented at 45° angles between the antennas away from each other and onto the ground plane of the HB feed board. The lengths of the tabs  651 ,  653  are not terribly important and are limited by the space between the LB elements and HB feed board. The tab  652  should be less than approximately 4″ in length. If this tab  652  is longer, it can cause distortion in the HB patterns. The width of all tabs is approximately 0.25″ and should be kept to within approximately 20% of this length. 
         [0098]    MIMO capability generally increases system capacity, but it also increases cost and complexity of the antennas. As a result, MIMO may not be desired in all cases. In cases where MIMO performance is not desired, the antenna can be configured for single linear polarization. In this case, one of the polarizations can be removed from the antenna to realize single linear polarization. In the LB operating range, the top LB element  640  could be removed to realize only vertical polarization in the LB. Alternatively, the side LB element  640  could be removed to realize only horizontal polarization in the LB. In the HB operating range, the +45° polarization could be removed leaving only −45° polarization. Alternatively, the −45° polarization could be removed leaving only +45° polarization. Note that these are not the only possible polarizations for the antenna, either HB or LB could be configured for vertical, horizontal, +45°, or −45° polarization. 
         [0099]    The LB pattern performance is illustrated in  FIGS. 8H-8K . The V-pol elevation pattern  801  and the V-pol azimuth pattern  702  are shown in  FIGS. 8H-81 , and the H-pol elevation pattern  803  and the H-pol azimuth pattern are shown in  FIGS. 8J-8K . These patterns are measured for the full antenna assembly and include a section of handrail to simulate the patterns in the stadium environment. In all plots for  FIGS. 8H-8K , the railing is positioned on the top side) (0° of the pattern. 
         [0100]    The measured voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) for the antenna is illustrated in  FIG. 9 . The +45° VSWR  910  and the −45° VSWR  900  are shown in the plot of  FIG. 9A . The VSWR for both polarizations is below 1.5:1 which equates to a return loss of approximately −14 dB. The V-pol VSWR  930  and H-pol VSWR  920  are shown in the plot of  FIG. 9B . The VSWR for both polarizations is below 1.8:1, which equations to a return loss of approximately −11 dB. 
         [0101]    Note that the antenna presented herein is a passive device meaning that there are no active devices such as amplifiers, transmitters, receivers, etc. located within the antenna housing  500 . All of these components as required by the system are located away from the antenna. As a result, the antenna housing  500  only needs to incorporate the passive antenna components, and the size of the housing  500  can be kept to a minimum. Integrating active components as well as the LB and HB antenna structures would increase the size of the overall unit and reduce the aesthetic appeal of the present invention. 
         [0102]    It is noted that the description uses several geometric or relational terms, such as circular, cylindrical, overlapping, parallel, perpendicular, and flat. In addition, the description uses several directional or positioning terms and the like, such as top, bottom, left, right, up, down, and distal. Those terms are merely for convenience to facilitate the description based on the embodiments shown in the figures. Those terms are not intended to limit the invention. Thus, it should be recognized that the invention can be described in other ways without those geometric, relational, directional or positioning terms. In addition, the geometric or relational terms may not be exact. For instance, walls may not be exactly perpendicular or parallel to one another but still be considered to be substantially perpendicular or parallel because of, for example, tolerances allowed in manufacturing, etc. And, other suitable geometries and relationships can be provided without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. 
         [0103]    Within this specification, the terms “substantially” and “about” mean plus or minus 15-20%, more preferably plus or minus 10%, even more preferably plus or minus 5%, most preferably plus or minus 1-2%. In addition, while specific dimensions, sizes and shapes may be provided in certain embodiments of the invention, those are simply to illustrate the scope of the invention and are not limiting. Thus, other dimensions, sizes and/or shapes can be utilized without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. 
         [0104]    The foregoing description and drawings should be considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention. The invention may be configured in a variety of shapes and sizes and is not intended to be limited by the preferred embodiment. Numerous applications of the invention will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Therefore, it is not desired to limit the invention to the specific examples disclosed or the exact construction and operation shown and described. Rather, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling within the scope of the invention.