Abstract:
Embodiments are directed to laser emitter modules, or subassemblies thereof, and methods and devices for making or using the modules. Some module embodiments are configured to provide hermetically sealed enclosures that are thermally stable during use, highly reliable in adverse environments, convenient and cost effective to manufacture or any combination of the foregoing.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    Applications requiring light energy and, in some embodiments, laser energy, may benefit from the use of solid state light sources such as laser diodes which may be included in a laser chip and which are commonly available, reliable to operate and relatively cost effective as a laser energy source. Such devices may include a plurality of laser emitters in a single bar that emit laser light simultaneously in a common direction. Typically the emitters of such solid state emitter bars generate significant amounts of heat during operation and are spaced from each other to allow sufficient cooling without the need for elaborate and expensive cooling systems. 
         [0002]    Laser diode bars are often used for communication technology devices, medical applications and other applications such as military applications where it is desirable to couple the output of all the emitters of a single solid state emitter bar or multiple bars in a stacked configuration into a single optical fiber or other optical conduit. Some common optic mounting procedures are not suitable for hermetically sealed assemblies. For example, epoxy adhesive mounting of optical components in a hermetically sealed unit may not be suitable for some embodiments without organic getters because out gassing from the epoxy material may contaminate the system or optics within the system. As such, the heat dissipation and optical alignment requirements of such embodiments may make assembly and packaging of the diode bars difficult, particularly in systems where hermetic sealing of the assembly is required. As such, the heat dissipation and optical alignment requirements of such embodiments may make assembly and packaging of the diode bars difficult, particularly in systems where hermetic sealing of the assembly is required. 
         [0003]    What have been needed are laser modules which are configured to provide hermetically sealed enclosures that are thermally stable during use and convenient and cost effective to manufacture. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0004]    Some embodiments of an optical module or subassembly thereof include a laser chip having a low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and a bottom surface. A submount member having high thermal conductivity and a low CTE that substantially matches the low CTE of the laser chip may also have a top surface which is secured to the bottom surface of the laser chip. A CTE matched spacer member which has a CTE that substantially matches the CTE of the submount member, a high thermal conductivity, a bottom surface and a top surface may have the top surface secured to a bottom surface of the submount. A housing base member may have a top surface which is secured to the bottom surface of the CTE matched spacer member. The housing base member may also have a high thermal conductivity, a bottom surface that forms an outer boundary of a bottom portion of the module, a material including a high thermal conductivity and a high CTE. At least one layer of thermally conductive soft adhesive may be disposed between CTE matched elements of this subassembly, such that the soft adhesive is disposed between members and between the housing base and the laser chip. The soft adhesive may also have a hardness which is substantially less than the hardness of the CTE matched elements adjacent the layer of soft adhesive. In this configuration, stresses generated by a CTE mismatch between adjacent members are not transmitted to the laser chip through the thermally conductive soft adhesive between the spacer member and submount. In some cases, the thermally conductive soft adhesive may be disposed between the submount member and CTE matched spacer member. In some instances, a hard adhesive may be used to secure adjacent members with a substantial CTE mismatch. 
         [0005]    Some embodiments of an optical module or subassembly thereof may include a laser chip which includes a low CTE and a bottom surface. A submount member which includes high thermal conductivity, a low CTE that substantially matches the low CTE of the laser chip and a top surface may be secured to the bottom surface of the laser chip with a thermally conductive hard solder. A CTE matched spacer member may include high thermal conductivity, a CTE that substantially matches the CTE of the submount member, a bottom surface and a top surface. The top surface of the CTE matched spacer may be secured to a bottom surface of the submount member with a soft solder which has a hardness which is substantially less than a hardness of either the submount member or CTE matched spacer member. A housing base member may include a high thermal conductivity, a bottom surface that forms an outer boundary of a bottom portion of the module. The housing base member may also include a material having a high thermal conductivity, a high CTE and a top surface which is secured to the bottom surface of the CTE matched spacer member. The top surface of the base member may be secured to the bottom surface of the CTE matched spacer member with a thermally conductive hard solder whereby stresses generated by the CTE mismatch between the base and CTE matched spacer member are not transmitted to the laser chip through the soft solder between the spacer member and submount. 
         [0006]    Some embodiments of a method of assembling an optical module or subassembly thereof include securing a bottom surface of a laser chip to a top surface of a submount member. The submount member may have a CTE which is substantially the same as the CTE of the laser chip with a hard solder. A bottom surface of CTE matched spacer which includes a CTE that is substantially the same as the laser chip and which has a high thermal conductivity may be secured to a top surface of a module base member with a hard solder. Thereafter, a bottom surface of the submount member may be secured to a top surface of the CTE matched spacer with a soft solder, the soft solder having a yield strength which is substantially less than a yield strength of either the submount or CTE matched spacer member. 
         [0007]    Some embodiments of an optical module or subassembly thereof may include a laser chip which has a low CTE and which has a bottom surface. A submount member may include high thermal conductivity, a low CTE that substantially matches the low CTE of the laser chip and a top surface. The top surface may be secured to the bottom surface of the laser chip with a thermally conductive hard solder. A CTE matched spacer member may include high thermal conductivity, a CTE that substantially matches the CTE of the submount member, a bottom surface and a top surface. The top surface of the CTE matched spacer member may be secured to a bottom surface of the submount member with a soft solder which has a hardness that is substantially less than a hardness of either the submount member or CTE matched spacer member. A pedestal member may include a soft alloy material having high thermal conductivity, a CTE substantially higher than the CTE of either the submount member or CTE matched spacer member and a top surface. The top surface of the pedestal member may be secured to the bottom surface of the CTE matched spacer member with a hard solder. A housing base member may include high thermal conductivity, a bottom surface that forms an outer boundary of a bottom portion of the module, a hardened alloy material including a high thermal conductivity and a high CTE and a top surface. The top surface may be secured to the bottom surface of the soft alloy pedestal member with a thermally conductive hard solder. For such a configuration, stresses generated by CTE mismatch between adjacent members of the subassembly are not transmitted to the laser chip through the soft solder layer disposed between the CTE matched spacer member and submount member. 
         [0008]    Some embodiments of a method of assembling an optical module or subassembly thereof include securing a bottom surface of a laser chip to a top surface of a submount member that includes a CTE which is substantially the same as the CTE of the laser chip. The bottom surface may be secured to the top surface with a hard solder for some embodiments. A bottom surface of a soft alloy pedestal member which has a high thermal conductivity may be secured to a top surface of a hard alloy module base member with a hard solder or braze. A bottom surface of a CTE matched spacer member may be secured to a top surface of the soft alloy pedestal member with a hard solder. The CTE matched spacer member may include a CTE that is substantially the same as the laser chip and may also include a high thermal conductivity. Thereafter, a bottom surface of the submount member may be secured to a top surface of the CTE matched spacer with a soft solder. In some cases, the soft solder may have a low melt point and low yield strength which is substantially less than a yield strength of either of the adjacent submount or CTE matched spacer member. 
         [0009]    Some embodiments of an optical module or subassembly thereof, may include a housing wall member for an optical housing, the wall member including an inside surface, an outside surface and an aperture extending from the inside surface to the outside surface. A conductive pin may pass through the aperture in the housing wall member and be configured to conduct electrical power from a position outside the housing wall member to a position inside the housing wall member. Such a conductive pin may include a ductile material with a high electrical conductivity and a first axial section which has a first nominal outer transverse dimension and which passes through the aperture of the housing wall member. The conductive pin may also include a second axial section which is disposed adjacent to and in electrical communication with the first axial section, which includes a second nominal outer transverse dimension that is substantially greater than the outer transverse dimension of the first axial section, which is disposed outside the housing wall member, and which is configured for low loss coupling of electrical power thereto. For some embodiments, the module may also include an insulative bushing which is secured to the housing wall member, which has an aperture disposed about the first axial section of the conductive pin and which forms a hermetic seal or a portion of a hermetic seal between an outside surface of the first axial section and the wall member. In some cases, the conductive pin has a monolithic structure wherein the first axial section and the second axial section are formed from a single piece of continuous ductile material. 
         [0010]    Some embodiments of an optical module or subassembly thereof, may include a housing wall member for an optical housing, the wall member including an inside surface, an outside surface and an aperture extending from the inside surface to the outside surface. The module may also include a conductive pin passing through the aperture in the housing wall member and be configured to conduct electrical power from a position outside the housing wall member to a position inside the housing wall member. An insulative glass bushing may be disposed about and in sealed relation with an outside surface of the conductive pin and in sealed contact with the wall member so as to form a hermetic seal or a portion of a hermetic seal between an outside surface of the conductive pin and the wall member. A ceramic heat dissipation plate which is configured to dissipate heat from an outside surface of the conductive pin may be disposed in secured relation to the conductive pin and housing wall member. The heat dissipation plate may also include high thermal conductivity, and an aperture which is disposed about an outside surface of the conductive pin. In some cases, the module may include at least two conductive pins passing through respective glass bushings and the ceramic heat dissipation plate may include at least two apertures having a size and spacing configured to receive each of the respective at least two conductive pins. In some embodiments, the module may include at least two conductive pins and at least two ceramic heat dissipation plates, the conductive pins passing through respective glass bushings disposed in the housing wall member, the conductive pins also passing through respective apertures of respective ceramic heat dissipation plates. 
         [0011]    Some embodiments of an optical module or subassembly thereof, include a housing wall member for an optical housing. The housing wall member may also include an inside surface, an outside surface and at least one aperture extending from the inside surface to the outside surface. A first conductive pin of the module passes through an aperture in the housing wall member and is configured to conduct electrical power from a position outside the housing wall member to a position inside the housing wall member. A first insulative glass bushing may be disposed about and in sealed relation with an outside surface of the first conductive pin. The first insulative glass bushing may also be in sealed contact with the wall member so as to form a hermetic seal or a portion of a hermetic seal between an outside surface of the first conductive pin and the wall member. The module also includes a second conductive pin passing through the aperture in the housing wall member. The second conductive pin may be configured to conduct electrical power from a position outside the housing wall member to a position inside the housing wall member. A second insulative glass bushing may be disposed about and in sealed relation with an outside surface of the second conductive pin and in sealed contact with the wall member so as to form a hermetic seal or a portion of a hermetic seal between an outside surface of the conductive pin and the wall member. A ceramic heat dissipation plate which is configured to dissipate heat from an outside surface of the conductive pins may be disposed in secured relation to the conductive pins and housing wall member. The heat dissipation plate may also include a material having high thermal conductivity. The heat dissipation plate may further include a first aperture which is disposed about an outside surface of the first conductive pin and a second aperture which is disposed about an outside surface of the second conductive pin. 
         [0012]    Some embodiments of a method of dissipating heat from a conductive pin of an optical module include emitting heat from a conductive pin which passes through an aperture of a wall member of the optical module housing. Such a conductive pin may also be configured to deliver electrical energy from a position outside the optical module to a position within an interior volume of the optical module. Heat emitted from the conductive pin may be absorbed into a ceramic heat dissipating plate which is disposed in secured relation to the conductive pin an the wall member. The emitted heat may then be dissipated by being transmitted from the ceramic heat dissipating plate to the wall member of the housing and surrounding environment. 
         [0013]    Certain embodiments are described further in the following description, examples, claims and drawings. These features of embodiments will become more apparent from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying exemplary drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0014]    The drawings illustrate embodiments of the technology and are not limiting. For clarity and ease of illustration, the drawings may not be made to scale and, in some instances, various aspects may be shown exaggerated or enlarged to facilitate an understanding of particular embodiments. 
           [0015]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view of a laser chip embodiment. 
           [0016]      FIG. 2  is an elevation view of a laser module embodiment in partial section. 
           [0017]      FIG. 3  is a schematic representation of thermal energy transfer from a laser chip embodiment to a thermally conductive base member embodiment. 
           [0018]      FIG. 4  is a schematic representation of an assembly method embodiment of a laser module subassembly embodiment. 
           [0019]      FIG. 5  is an elevation view of an embodiment of a laser module subassembly. 
           [0020]      FIGS. 5A and 5B  illustrate an embodiment of the laser module subassembly of  FIG. 5  including an integral pedestal on the base member. 
           [0021]      FIG. 5C  is an enlarged view in section showing the hard solder joint between the laser chip and submount of the corresponding encircled portion of  FIG. 5 . 
           [0022]      FIG. 5D  is an enlarged view in section showing the soft solder joint between the submount and CTE matched spacer of the corresponding encircled portion of  FIG. 5 . 
           [0023]      FIG. 6  is a schematic representation of an assembly method embodiment of a laser module subassembly embodiment. 
           [0024]      FIG. 7  is an elevation view of an embodiment of a laser module subassembly. 
           [0025]      FIG. 8  is a perspective view of a laser module subassembly embodiment. 
           [0026]      FIG. 9  is a perspective view of a laser module subassembly embodiment including embodiments of stepped electrical contact pins. 
           [0027]      FIG. 10  is an elevation view in partial section of the laser module subassembly embodiment of  FIG. 10 . 
           [0028]      FIG. 11  is a top view in partial section of the laser module subassembly embodiment of  FIG. 10  showing the stepped pin configuration. 
           [0029]      FIG. 12  is a top view of a stepped electrical contact pin embodiment. 
           [0030]      FIG. 12A  is a top view of a conductive pin embodiment. 
           [0031]      FIG. 12B  is a top view of a conductive pin embodiment. 
           [0032]      FIG. 13  is a transverse cross section view of the stepped pin embodiment of  FIG. 12 . 
           [0033]      FIG. 14  is a transverse cross section view of the stepped pin embodiment of  FIG. 12 . 
           [0034]      FIG. 15  is an elevation view in partial section of a laser module subassembly including a heat dissipating plate assembly over an electrical contact pin that extends through a wall of a module housing embodiment. 
           [0035]      FIG. 16  is a perspective view of a laser module subassembly illustrating the assembly of a heat dissipating plate over electrical contact pins of the module. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0036]    Embodiments discussed herein are directed to methods and devices for packaging emitters such as laser emitter bars or chips having one or more emitters disposed therein. Embodiments discussed herein may also be directed to methods and devices for coupling an output of laser emitter bars to an optical conduit, such as an optical fiber. Such bars or chips may be mounted to or otherwise incorporated into optical system embodiments by a variety of methods. For such optical packages, it may be important that the output array of a chip be properly aligned, that such alignment may be carried out conveniently and accurately and that the final packaging configuration dissipate the heat generated by the chip efficiently. For some embodiments, it may also be important that an enclosure of the optical components be hermetically sealed in order to provide reliability and consistency in the output of the assembly embodiments. 
         [0037]      FIG. 1  shows an embodiment of a laser emitter bar or chip  12  having an output surface  14  that includes a total of 5 emitters  16  which have optical axes that are substantially parallel to each other. The laser emitter bar  12  has an output surface  14  that includes a total of 5 emitters  16  disposed adjacent each other. The emitters  16  are disposed in a substantially linear row along a slow axis direction of the emitters  16 , as indicated by arrow  18 . A fast axis direction of the emitters  16  is perpendicular to the slow axis direction  18  and is indicated by arrow  20 . The emitters  16  are positioned or otherwise configured so as to emit light energy in output beams that propagate along an emission axis  22  which may be perpendicular to both the slow axis direction  18  and fast axis direction  20 . 
         [0038]    Laser emitter bar embodiments  12  may have any suitable number of emitters  16 , such as about 1 emitter to about 100 emitters, more specifically, about 3 emitters to about 12 emitters. For some embodiments, each laser emitter bar  12  having about 5 emitters  16  may have an output power of about 5 W to about 50 W, more specifically, about 10 W to about 20 W. Emitters  16  may include laser diodes such as edge emitting laser diodes, vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) and the like. Materials for the emitters  16  of the laser emitter bar  12  may include semiconductor materials such as GaAs, InP or any other suitable laser gain medium. 
         [0039]    Generally, the emitting aperture of a laser diode embodiment of an emitter  16  is rectangular in shape with the long dimension of the emitter  16  having a size of typically tens or hundreds of microns, while the short dimension is typically one to several microns in size. Radiation emerging from an emitter  16  diverges with the divergence angle being greater along the short emitter  16  direction. Divergence angles are lower in the direction of the long emitter  16  direction. Some embodiments of the emitters  16  may have a physical width of about 50 microns to about 300 microns, a height of about 1 micron to about 3 microns, and a cavity length of about 0.5 mm to about 5 mm. Such emitter  16  embodiments may have a divergence of light energy output of about 2 degrees to about 12 degrees in the slow axis direction  18  and a divergence of light energy output of about 30 degrees to about 75 degrees in the fast axis direction  20 . 
         [0040]    Some embodiments of the laser diode bars  12  may have emitters  16  that emit light energy having a wavelength of about 700 nm to about 1500 nm, more specifically, about 800 nm to about 1000 nm. Emitters  16  may emit light having a centroid or peak wavelength of about 300 nm to about 2000 nm, more specifically, of about 600 nm to about 1000 nm, including wavelengths across the near infrared spectrum. Some particular embodiments of useful emitters may emit light at a peak wavelength of about 350 nm to about 550 nm, 600 nm to about 1350 nm or about 1450 nm to about 2000 nm. Such laser diode bars may be operated in either a pulsed mode or continuous wave mode. 
         [0041]    Frequently, the output spectral band of individual emitters  16  which are not wavelength controlled (for example wavelength controlled by providing wavelength-dependent feedback from a volume index grating or the like) may be about 0.5 nm to about 2.0 nm or more. Due to the variation in peak emission wavelength in addition to the spectral band for each individual emitter, the overall bandwidth of the laser emitter bar  12  may be about 2 nm to about 5 nm, for some embodiments. 
         [0042]      FIG. 2  illustrates an embodiment of an optical apparatus assembly  40  in the form of a laser emitter module for coupling the output of a laser emitter bar  12  into an input surface  42  of an optical fiber  44 . The assembly  40  includes a hermetically sealed enclosure in the form of a housing  46  having a base  48 , a lid  50 , and side walls  52  which are disposed between the base  48  and the lid  50 . An aperture  54  is disposed in a wall  52  opposite the laser emitter bar  12  and is configured to accept an adjustable ferrule assembly  56  having a radially extending flange  58  which may be sealingly secured to a wall of the enclosure  46 . Although laser emitter bar  12  is shown with 5 emitters  16 , the module  40  may include a laser emitter bar  12  having any suitable number of emitters  16  as discussed above. 
         [0043]    The housing  46  also includes one or more apertures disposed on a wall opposite the aperture  54  that is configured to accommodate a plurality of high current electrical conductors. For the embodiment shown, a first electrical conductor  64  and second electrical conductor  66  are used to provide electrical power to the interior of the housing  46  for powering the laser emitter bar or bars  12  disposed within the housing  46 . The conductors  64  and  66  may include solid conducting material or be configured as a multifilament braid or strand for flexibility. The conductors  64  and  66  may be made from materials having high degree of electrical conductivity such as copper, silver, gold or the like. Portions of the conductors  64  and  66  are secured in a fixed and sealed relation to a flange member  58  that may in turn be secured in a fixed and sealed relation to a wall  52  of the housing  46 . The seal between the conductors  64  and  66  and the flange  58  and the flange  58  and the housing  46  may be a hermetic seal for some embodiments. 
         [0044]    A heat sink spacer  70  may be secured to an inside surface  72  of the base  48  with a bonding agent layer (not shown, but may be similar is some cases to the solder layers shown in  FIGS. 5C and 5D  discussed below) disposed between the heat sink spacer  70  and base  48 . The heat sink spacer embodiment  70  shown is substantially rectangular having an upper surface which is substantially parallel to a lower surface thereof. The heatsink  74  may be used as a platform to mount the laser emitter bar  12  of the module  40 . For some embodiments, the laser emitter bar  12  may be secured to the heatsink  74  with thermally conductive adhesive bonding, thermal compression bonding, soft solder, hard solder, including gold tin solder or the like. 
         [0045]    In some cases, the bonding agent layer between the heat sink spacer  70  and the base  48 , which may be a thin substantially uniform layer covering the entire bottom surface of the heat sink spacer  70 , may include hard solder, soft solder, thermally conductive adhesive such as silver epoxy or silver glass, welding, glass attaching or the like. Suitable solders for the bonding agent layer between the heat sink spacer  70  and the base  48  may include InSn, SnAg, AuGe and AuSn solders as well as others. For some hard solder embodiments such as AuSn, the Au concentration may be about 80 percent to about 86 percent relative to the Sn concentration. 
         [0046]    For some embodiments of apparatus  40 , such as hermetically sealed embodiments thereof, it may be desirable to include organic getters within the housing when bonding agents that may produce outgassing, such as epoxies, are used.  FIG. 2  shows an organic getter assembly  76 A secured to the inside surface of the cover  46  and an organic getter assembly  76 B clipped to the base  48 . Such getter assemblies  76 A and  76 B may be included in any of the module embodiments discussed herein. The organic getter assemblies  76 A and  76 B may be configured to absorb organic outgassing that occurs within the interior volume  53  of the module  40 . Such organic getter assemblies may be included within any of the module assembly embodiments discussed herein. 
         [0047]    For the embodiment shown as well as other embodiments, the fast axis collimator  62  may be secured in a fixed position adjacent an output surface  14  of the laser emitter bar  12 . The fast axis collimator  62 , which may include an elongate cylindrical lens, may be configured to substantially collimate the output of the laser emitter bar  12  in a fast axis direction. For some embodiments, the fast axis collimator  62  may be secured to the optical substrate  76  by soldering, welding or glass attaching. For some embodiments, the fast axis collimator  62  may be secured to the optical substrate  76  by epoxy bonding. The assembly  40  may also include a variety of additional elements disposed within the optical path of the output beam of the laser chip  12  including a slow axis collimator  78 , focusing element  88  as well as additional optional optical components or elements  90  that may include lenses, filters, prisms, polarizers, waveplates such as ¼ waveplates and ½ waveplates and the like. 
         [0048]    In some cases, the packages for high power diode laser modules may need to be designed to be capable of dissipating a few watts, tens watts, hundreds watts or even higher heat power with limited package sizes. Dissipation of heat from such power levels may require that a package base of an optical module be made of materials having high thermal conductivity, such as copper and aluminum, as well as other similar materials or their alloys. Many of these materials having high thermal conductivity also have a coefficient of thermal expansion which is high relative to semiconductor materials, for example in the range of about 16 parts per million per degree Centigrade (ppm/C) to about 20 ppm/C. Material embodiments having a high thermal conductivity as discussed herein may have a thermal conductivity of at least about 150 Watts per meter-degree Kelvin (W/m·K). Some materials having high thermal conductivity as discussed herein may have a thermal conductivity of about 150 W/m·K to about 400 W/m·K. 
         [0049]    Furthermore, diode laser modules, particularly for pulsed applications, high reliability applications, or both, may require a laser chip or laser bar  12  of the module to be bonded or otherwise secured to an adjacent heatsink with a hard solder such as AuSn solder or the like. The hard solder may provide the mechanical strength suitable for high reliability applications. In many cases, the laser chip  12  may be so secured to a heatsink that has a CTE that substantially matches the CTE of the laser chip  12  itself. For example, some high energy laser chips  12  may be made primarily from GaAs semiconductor material which may have a CTE of about 6 ppm/C to about 7 ppm/C. Such a chip  12  may be secured to a heatsink submount or carrier  100  made of a material such as copper tungsten (CuW), or metalized aluminum nitride (AlN) or beryllium oxide (BeO). These submount material may also have a CTE in a range of about 4 ppm/C to about 7 ppm/C and thus substantially match the CTE of the laser chip  12  itself. Such submount materials may also have a high thermal conductivity in order to not only substantially match the CTE of the laser chip but also effectively dissipate heat from the laser chip  12 . 
         [0050]    Substantially matching the CTE of a laser chip to the CTE of a heat sink submount which is secured to and in thermal communication with the laser chip may be useful to prevent or minimize thermal stress between these two elements during operation of the device including distortion or thermally induced warping that might otherwise be caused by disparate CTEs of the laser chip and submount secured thereto. In some cases, a base component of a high energy optical module may require a flatness to be maintained during operation of no more than 50 microns per 25 mm deviation. In addition, stress induced by a CTE mismatch between a base member and heatsink, or any other two adjacent components of an optical module, may cause such a bond therebetween to be compromised. 
         [0051]    Managing the transmission of heat  102  from laser chip  12  and submount  100  to base  48  of an optical module  40 , as shown in  FIG. 3 , may be a challenge. As discussed, this may be particularly true in cases where the heat  102  to be dissipated must be conducted through a variety of materials having differing CTEs. For example, in some cases, the heat to be dissipated which is emitted from the laser chip  12  must pass through a transition from the CTE of the high power diode laser chip/bar  12 , which may have a CTE of about 6˜7 ppm/C, to the CTE of the material of the base  48  which may include a highly thermally conducting metal, such as copper or aluminum, which may have CTEs of about 16˜20 ppm/C. 
         [0052]    In some embodiments configured to address these issues, a laser chip  12  (which may also be known as a laser bar or minibar) may have a CTE of about 6˜7 ppm/K (if it is made of GaAs semiconductor), may be bonded to a CTE matched heatsink or submount  100  that has a high thermal conductivity and a CTE that is substantially similar to that of the GaAs chip  12  as shown in  FIG. 4 . In some cases, such submounts  100  may include CuW, metalized AlN or BeO, which may have CTEs in the range of about 4 ppm/C to about 7 ppm/C. The laser chip  12  may be secured to such a submount  100  with a hard solder  104  (such as AuSn or any other suitable hard solder discussed herein) to produce a joint between the laser chip  12  and submount  100  with high mechanical strength and reliability for highly reliable diode laser modules. The laser chip  12 /submount  100  sub-assembly  106  may also be referred to by the abbreviations CoS, CoS, or BoS. The bonding reliability between laser chip  12  and heatsink/submount  100  is high as they are substantially CTE matched and the tensile stress of hard solder is high. For example, the tensile or yield strength of some hard solders  104  such as AuSn may be about 170 mega Pascals (MPa) to about 300 MPa, more specifically, about 200 MPa to about 220 MPa in some cases, and even more specifically, about 210 MPa. The hard solder  104  may form a layer between the bottom surface at the chip  12  and a top surface of the submount  100 . The hard solder layer may be a thin layer of solder material as shown in  FIG. 5C . The thin layer of soft solder  116  is also shown disposed between a bottom surface  110  of the submount  100  and a top surface  112  of the CTE matched spacer  108 , in  FIG. 5D . The solder or adhesive layers for embodiments discussed herein may have a thickness of up to about 100 microns, more specifically, up to about 40 microns, and even more specifically, up to about 10 microns, in some cases. The solder layers of embodiments discussed herein may be applied by a variety of suitable methods. In one exemplary method, a solder material may be pre-coated onto one or more of the surfaces to be bonded. Such pre-coating may be carried out by sputter coating, vapor deposition or the like. In other methods, a pre-form layer or foil made from the preselected solder material may be placed between the two surfaces to be secured together by the soldering process. In some other cases, a solder layer may be drawn between the respective surfaces by capillary action during a soldering process. Such processes, features and dimensions of the solder bonds may be applicable to any other suitable solder bond discussed herein. 
         [0053]    In order to facilitate the transition from the CTE of the laser chip  12 /submount  100  to the base  48 , a CTE matched spacer  108  may be bonded to the high thermal conducting metal base  48 , also as shown in  FIG. 4 . Such a base  48  having high thermal conductivity may be made from or include metals such as copper, aluminum, or the like as well as their alloys. The CTE matched spacer  108  may be secured or otherwise bonded to the base  48  with a hard solder such as AuSn solder, AuGe solder, AuSi solder or the like for high reliability and good thermal performance. In some cases, the hard solder  104  may form a layer between a top surface of the base  48  and a bottom surface of the CTE matched spacer  108  and adhere to each of these surfaces by wetting action or other type of bond. The material of the CTE matched spacer  108  may be selected to have good thermal conductivity and a CTE which substantially matches the CTE of the laser chip  12  and submount  100 . This subassembly  106  may be referred to as the base-spacer sub-assembly in some cases. The CTE matched spacer  108  may also be made from similar materials as those of the submount  100 . In some instances, the CTE matched spacer may be made from CuW, AlN, BeO, CuMo, laminated material such as CuMoCu or the like or metal matrix composite material such as Cu/SiC or the like. In such embodiments, the bonding reliability between base  48  and CTE matched spacer  108  is high as the tensile stress of hard solder used for the bond maybe high, for example about 170 MPa to about 300 MPa in some cases, more specifically, about 200 MPa to about 220 MPa, and even more specifically, about 210 MPa if AuSn solder is used. 
         [0054]    Once the laser chip  12  is secured to the submount  100  and the CTE matched spacer  108  is secured to the base  48 , a bottom surface  110  of the submount  100  may then be bonded or otherwise secured to a top surface  112  of the CTE matched spacer  108  as shown in  FIG. 5 . This bond may be carried out in some cases with a layer of soft solder  116 , like lead free solders or other low melting point solders. For such a configuration, stress created in base-CTE matched spacer sub-assembly  114  may not substantially transfer to a bonding region of the laser chip  12  between the top surface of the submount  100  and bottom surface of the chip  12  because the tensile stress or strength of soft solder  116  (which may be about 2 MPa to about 50 MPa in some cases) may be much lower than the tensile or yield strength of the material of the submount  100 , which may be about 150 MPa to about 350 MPa for the materials discussed above for this component. In addition, the elastic modulus of the soft solder  116  may be much lower than the elastic modulus of the material of the submount  100 . In some cases, the elastic modulus of the soft solder  116  may be about 10 GPa to about 30 GPa for the soft solder embodiments discussed, about 20 GPa to about 30 GPa in some cases, and the elastic modulus of the submount material may be about 300 GPa to about 400 GPa for the submount materials discussed above. The bonding reliability between submount  100  and CTE matched spacer with soft solder  116  may still be high as their CTE mismatch is minimized by this configuration with minimal thermally induced stress or strain. 
         [0055]    In some cases, the optical module subassembly shown in  FIGS. 4 and 5  may include a laser chip  12  having a low CTE and a bottom surface  118 . A submount member  100  having high thermal conductivity and a low CTE that substantially matches the low CTE of the laser chip  12  may also have a top surface  120  which is secured to the bottom surface  118  of the laser chip  12 . A CTE matched spacer member  108  which has a CTE that substantially matches the CTE of the submount member  100 , a high thermal conductivity, a bottom surface  122  and a top surface  112  may have the top surface  112  secured to a bottom surface  110  of the submount  100 . A housing base member  48  may have a top surface  126  which is secured to the bottom surface  122  of the CTE matched spacer member  108 . The housing base member  48  may also have a high thermal conductivity, a bottom surface  128  that forms an outer boundary of a bottom portion of the module  130 , a material including a high thermal conductivity and a high CTE. At least one layer of thermally conductive soft adhesive, such as soft solder  116 , may be disposed between CTE matched elements of this subassembly, such that the soft adhesive is disposed between members and between the housing base  48  and the laser chip  12 . The soft adhesive may also have a hardness which is substantially less than the hardness of the CTE matched elements adjacent the layer of soft adhesive such as the CTE matched spacer  108  and submount  100 . In this configuration, stresses generated by a CTE mismatch between adjacent members are not transmitted to the laser chip  12  through the thermally conductive soft adhesive between the CTE matched spacer member  108  and submount  100 . In some cases, the thermally conductive soft adhesive may be disposed between the submount member  100  and CTE matched spacer member  108 . In some instances, a hard adhesive, such as hard solder  104 , may be used to secure adjacent members with a substantial CTE mismatch. The optical module subassembly  130  of  FIGS. 4 and 5  may also include any or all of the features, dimensions or materials of the optical module  40  shown in  FIG. 2 . In addition, any of the features, dimensions or materials of the subassembly shown in  FIGS. 4 and 5  may be incorporated into the module embodiment  40  shown in  FIG. 2 . 
         [0056]    For some embodiments, the thermally conductive soft adhesive may be disposed between the submount member  100  and CTE matched spacer member  108 . Some soft adhesive embodiments may form a bond to adjacent surfaces due to wetting action. In some instances, the thermally conductive soft adhesive may include the soft solder  116  such as a lead free solder, an indium-based solder or the like, and have a yield strength of about 2 MPa to about 50 MPa. In some embodiments, a hard adhesive may have a tensile strength of about 170 MPa to about 300 MPa and be used to secure adjacent members of the module which have a substantial CTE mismatch relative to each other. Such a hard adhesive may include a hard solder  104  such as AuSn solder, AuGe solder, AuSi solder or the like. 
         [0057]    Some embodiments of an optical module or subassembly thereof as shown in  FIGS. 4 and 5  may include a laser chip  12  which includes a low CTE and a bottom surface  118 . A submount member  100  which includes high thermal conductivity, a low CTE that substantially matches the low CTE of the laser chip  12  and a top surface  120  may be secured to the bottom surface  118  of the laser chip with a thermally conductive hard solder  104 . A CTE matched spacer member  108  may include high thermal conductivity, a CTE that substantially matches the CTE of the submount member, a bottom surface  122  and a top surface  112 . The top surface  112  of the CTE matched spacer  108  may be secured to a bottom surface  110  of the submount member  100  with a soft solder  116  which may have a hardness which is substantially less than a hardness of either the submount member  100  or CTE matched spacer member  108 . A housing base member  48  may include a high thermal conductivity, a bottom surface  128  that forms an outer boundary of a bottom portion of the module. The housing base member  48  may also include a material having a high thermal conductivity, a high CTE and a top surface  126  which is secured to the bottom surface  122  of the CTE matched spacer member  108 . The top surface  126  of the base member  48  may be secured to the bottom surface  122  of the CTE matched spacer member  108  with a thermally conductive hard solder  104  whereby stresses generated by the CTE mismatch between the base and CTE matched spacer member  108  are not transmitted to the laser chip  12  through the soft solder  116  between the CTE matched spacer member  108  and submount  100 . 
         [0058]    For some such optical module embodiments, the soft adhesive in the form of soft solder  116  may include a solder selected from the group consisting of a lead free solder such as SnAg, SnAgCu or the like, an indium-based solder such as indium, indium alloy or the like and have a tensile strength of about 2 MPa to about 50 MPa. In some cases the hard adhesive in the form of hard solder  104  may include a solder selected from the group consisting of AuSn solder, AuGe solder, AuSi solder or the like and have a tensile strength of about 170 MPa to about 300 MPa, more specifically, about 200 MPa to about 220 MPa. For some embodiments, the submount  100  may include a CTE of about 4 ppm/C to about 7 ppm/C and the CTE matched spacer  108  may include a CTE of about 4 ppm/C to about 10 ppm/C. The base member  48  may have a CTE of about 16 ppm/C to about 20 ppm/C in some instances. Suitable materials for the CTE matched spacer  108  may include a material selected from the group consisting of CuW, AlN, BeO, CuMo, laminated material, metal matrix composite material and the like. In general, such a module may include a laser chip  12  that includes a high energy laser chip  12 , such as a pulsed high energy laser chip  12  that may have an power output of about 1 Watt to about 100 Watts or higher. 
         [0059]    Referring to  FIGS. 5A and 5B , a laser module sub-assembly is shown having a housing base member  48  that includes an integral pedestal  132 . The integral pedestal may be formed integrally as an extension of the base  48  made from the same monolithic piece of thermally conductive material as the base member. The pedestal  132  shown in the  FIGS. 5A and 5B  may have the same or similar features, dimensions or materials as those of the pedestal of the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 6 and 7 . 
         [0060]    Some other embodiments of optical modules or subassemblies thereof may include additional layers or members configured to dissipate heat generated from the laser chip  12  and maintain mechanical and thermal stability of the module. Referring to  FIG. 6 , a laser chip  12  has a bottom surface  118  which is bonded to a top surface  120  of a submount  100 . In some cases, the laser chip  12  may be made of GaAs semiconductor having a CTE of about 6 ppm/C to about 7 ppm/C. The submount  100  may be made from a material such as CuW, metalized AlN, BeO or the like, having a low CTE that substantially matches the CTE of the laser chip  12 . These particular materials may have a CTE of about 4 ppm/C to about 7 ppm/C. The bottom surface  118  of the laser chip  12  and top surface  120  of the submount  100  may be bonded or otherwise secured by a layer of hard adhesive disposed between these members. Suitable hard adhesives such as hard solders  104  may be configured to generate a bond between the adjacent surfaces by wetting action. Such adjacent surfaces may be disposed in close proximity with enough space therebetween for a thin layer of solder material. In some cases hard solders such as AuSn, AuGe or AuSi may be used, particularly for applications where high reliability is desired for the diode laser module embodiment. The bonding reliability between the surfaces of the laser chip  12  and submount  100  is high as the CTE for each of these elements is substantially matched and the tensile stress of hard solder is high. In some cases, the tensile strength of such hard solders  104  may be about 170 MPa to about 300 MPa, more specifically, about 200 MPa to about 220 MPa, and even more specifically, about 210 MPa if AuSn solder is used. In some cases, the wall member of the housing of an optical module may include apertures for passage of conductive pins and the like. Such an aperture may be sealed to such a conductive pin with one or more bushings or collars that may be made from a variety of suitable materials with controlled thermal expansion, such as iron-nickel-cobalt alloys such as Kovar®, or ceramic materials such as alumina or the like. 
         [0061]    For some embodiments, the laser chip  12  may have dimensions as discussed above, including a length of about 0.5 mm to about 5 mm, a width of about 0.4 mm to about 12 mm, and a height of about 0.075 mm to about 0.15 mm. In some cases, the submount  100  may have dimensions that are similar to those of the submount  100  or perhaps slightly larger in order to provide a suitable platform upon which to secure the laser chip  12 . In some embodiments, the submount  100  may have a length of about 2 mm to about 10 mm, a width of about 2 mm to about 20 mm, and a height of about 0.3 mm to about 1.5 mm. 
         [0062]    In some embodiments, the base  48  of the module subassembly embodiment may be made from a hard copper alloy, such as a metal matrix composite, zirconium copper or the like. Such an embodiment is shown in  FIGS. 6 and 7 . An example of a metal matrix composite suitable for some module embodiments includes Glidcop® manufactured by SCM Metal Products, Inc. Such materials may be used as the package base  48  to get both high thermal performance and high mechanical strength. The top surface  126  of such a base  48  may be secured to a bottom surface  134  of an annealed soft copper pedestal  136 . The pedestal  136  may be secured to the base member  48  with a hard adhesive such as a hard solder  104  or braze. Suitable hard solders  104  may include AuSn, AuGe, AuSi or the like. Suitable materials for the pedestal  136  include relatively soft, ductile materials having a high level of thermal conductivity such as oxygen free high thermal conductivity (OFHC) copper. Materials such as OFHC copper used for the pedestal  136  may have a hardness of about 40 to about 60 Vickers for some embodiments. The bonding reliability between hard copper base  48  and soft copper pedestal  136  may be as high as the CTE of these two elements  48  and  136  is substantially matched and tensile stress of the hard adhesive such as the hard solder embodiments  104  may be high, such as the tensile values discussed above, including, more specifically, about 210 MPa in some cases. Glidcop copper, which may include a copper that is doped with about 0.3 percent alumina, may have CTE of about 16 ppm/C to about 18 ppm/C at room temperature, yield strength of about 255 MPa to about 300 MPa and a modulus of about 1.28×10 11  Pa. In some cases, OFHC annealed copper may have a yield strength of about 30 MPa to about 35 MPa. For such material embodiment embodiments, the soft copper pedestal  136  may help absorb the strain and stress caused by a CTE mis-match between hard copper alloy base  48  and CTE matched spacer  108  which will be discussed below. 
         [0063]    A CTE matched spacer  108  made from a material having a CTE that substantially matches the CTE of the submount  100  may be secured to a top surface  138  of the pedestal  136  by a layer of adhesive, such as a hard adhesive. In some cases, the CTE of the CTE matched spacer  108  may have a CTE substantially matching the CTE of a material such as GaAs, which is used for some laser chip embodiments  12  as discussed above. The CTE matched spacer  108  may be made from materials which are the same as or similar to those materials of the submount, including CuW, metalized AlN, BeO, CuMo or the like. The hard adhesive used for bonding the CTE matched spacer to the pedestal may include a hard solder  104  such as AuSn solder or the like, in some cases, for high reliability and high thermal performance. The sub-assembly of base member  48 , pedestal member  136  and CTE matched spacer  108  may sometimes be referred to as the base-spacer sub-assembly. The bonding reliability between the soft copper pedestal  136  and the CTE matched spacer  108  may be high as the tensile stress or strength of the hard adhesive or hard solder  104  is high. In some cases, the tensile strength of the hard adhesive or solder  104  may be about 170 MPa to about 300 MPa, more specifically, about 200 MPa to about 220 MPa, and even more specifically, about 210 MPa if AuSn solder is used. In such configurations, the tensile strength of the hard solder  104  may be sufficient to maintain a secure bond even with the mechanical stresses caused by the CTE mismatch of the CTE matched spacer  108  and pedestal  136  during temperature variations in use. Once the base-spacer sub-assembly is complete, a bottom surface  110  of the submount  100  may be secured to a top surface  112  of the CTE matched spacer  108  with a soft adhesive, such as a soft solder  116 , as shown in  FIG. 7 . In some case, soft solders  116  such as lead free solders or other low melting point solders may be used. More particularly, soft solders  116  having formulations such as lead free solders or indium-based solders may be used in some cases. 
         [0064]    For optical module sub-assembly configurations such as shown in  FIGS. 6 and 7 , the stress created in base-spacer sub-assembly generally will not transfer to laser chip bonding region at the bottom of laser chip  12  as the tensile stress of soft solder  116  (about 2 MPa to about 50 MPa for some soft solder embodiments) is much lower than the tensile strength of the material of the submount  100  (about 150 MPa to about 350 MPa for some submount embodiments). Also, the elastic modulus of the soft solder  116  is much lower than that of the submount  100  material (10 GPa to about 30 GPa for soft solder embodiments vs. 300 GPa to about 400 GPa for certain submount materials). Furthermore, the bonding reliability between chip submount  100  and CTE matched spacer  108  is high as the CTE mismatch of the respective materials of the two elements is minimized. 
         [0065]    For some embodiments, the CTE matched spacer  108  may have dimensions including a length of about 2 mm to about 20 mm, a width of about 2 mm to about 20 mm, and a height of about 0.3 mm to about 3 mm. In general, it may be desirable for the CTE matched spacer  108  to have a top surface  112  with dimensions which are similar to or larger than the dimensions of the submount  100  in order to provide a suitable platform upon which to secure the submount  100 . In some cases, the pedestal  136  may have dimensions that are similar to those of the CTE matched spacer  108  or perhaps slightly larger in order to provide a suitable platform upon which to secure the CTE matched spacer  108 . In some embodiments, the pedestal  136  may have a length of about 2 mm to about 25 mm, a width of about 2 mm to about 25 mm, and a height of about 0.3 mm to about 5 mm. In some cases, the base member  48  may have a length of about 10 mm to about 100 mm, a width of about 10 mm to about 100 mm, and a height of about 1 mm to about 10 mm. 
         [0066]    Some embodiments or examples of an optical module or subassembly thereof as shown in  FIGS. 6 and 7 , may include a laser chip  12  which has a low CTE and which has a bottom surface  118 . A submount member  100  may include high thermal conductivity, a low CTE that substantially matches the low CTE of the laser chip and a top surface  120 . The top surface  120  may be secured to the bottom surface  118  of the laser chip with a thermally conductive hard solder  104 . A CTE matched spacer member  108  may include high thermal conductivity, a CTE that substantially matches the CTE of the submount member, a bottom surface  122  and a top surface  112 . The top surface  112  of the CTE matched spacer member may be secured to a bottom surface  110  of the submount member  100  with a soft solder  116  which may have a hardness that is substantially less than a hardness of either the submount member  100  or CTE matched spacer member  108 . A pedestal member  136  may include a soft alloy material having high thermal conductivity, a CTE substantially higher than the CTE of either the submount member  100  or CTE matched spacer member  108  and a top surface  138 . The top surface  138  of the pedestal member  136  may be secured to the bottom surface  122  of the CTE matched spacer member  108  with a hard solder  104 . A housing base member  48  may include high thermal conductivity, a bottom surface  128  that forms an outer boundary of a bottom portion of the module, a hardened alloy material including a high thermal conductivity and a high CTE and a top surface  126 . The top surface  126  may be secured to the bottom surface  134  of the soft alloy pedestal member  136  with a thermally conductive hard solder  104 . For such a configuration, stresses generated by CTE mismatch between adjacent members of the subassembly may not be transmitted or substantially transmitted to the laser chip  12  through the soft solder layer  116  disposed between the CTE matched spacer member  108  and submount member  100 . The optical module subassembly of  FIGS. 6 and 7  may also include any or all of the features, dimensions or materials of the optical module  40  shown in  FIG. 2 . In addition, any of the features, dimensions or materials of the subassembly shown in  FIGS. 6 and 7  may be incorporated into the module embodiment  40  shown in  FIG. 2 . 
         [0067]    For such embodiments, the soft solder  116  may include a lead free solder or an indium-based solder having a tensile strength of about 2 MPa to about 50 MPa. The hard solder  104  may include AuSn solder, AuGe solder and AuSi solder having a tensile strength of about 170 MPa to about 300 MPa, more specifically, about 200 MPa to about 220 MPa. The submount member  100  may be made from a material such as CuW, AlN or BeO having a CTE of about 4 ppm/C to about 7 ppm/C. The CTE matched spacer  108  may also be made from or include a material such as CuW, AlN, BeO, CuMo or a laminated material such as CuMoCu or a metal matrix composite material such as Cu/SiC or the like and have a CTE of about 4 ppm/C to about 10 ppm/C. The pedestal  136  may be made from a soft ductile metal having a high thermal conductivity such as aluminum, annealed copper, OFHC copper or the like with a CTE of about 16 ppm/C to about 20 ppm/C. The housing base member  48  may include a material (which is hard relative to annealed copper or OFHC copper) such as copper-ceramic alloys, zirconium copper and the like having a CTE of about 16 ppm/C to about 20 ppm/C. 
         [0068]      FIG. 8  shows a perspective view of an embodiment of an optical module sub-assembly  140 . The base member  48 , which (depending on the mechanic strength requirement of the package) may be either a monolithic metal base with a pedestal or a flat base made from a hard copper alloy or metal matrix as discussed above, also includes a plurality of mounting holes  142  disposed in tabs  144  which extend laterally from the base member  48 . Such a configuration of the base member  48  shown in  FIG. 8  including mounting holes  142  may be used for any suitable base member embodiment discussed herein. The module sub-assembly  140  includes a CTE matched spacer  108  disposed between a submount  100  and pedestal  136  which may be either a part of a monolithic base  48  as shown in  FIGS. 5A and 5B  or a soft copper pedestal  136  attached to a flat base  48  as shown in  FIG. 8 . A laser chip  12  is secured to a top surface  120  of the submount  100 . For the embodiment shown, the top surface  112  of the CTE matched spacer  108  is bonded or otherwise secured to a bottom surface  110  of the submount  100  with a soft solder  116  or the like which may serve to keep the temperature of the soldering process under the melt temperature of a hard solder joint. A bottom surface  122  of the CTE matched spacer  108  may be secured to a top surface  138  of the pedestal  136  with a layer of hard adhesive such as hard solder  104 . For embodiments having a flat base configuration, the bottom surface  134  of the pedestal  136  may also be secured to a top surface  126  of the base member  48  with a layer of hard adhesive, such as hard solder  104 . For some embodiments, the CTE matched spacer  108  may have dimensions that include a width of about 2 mm to about 20 mm, more specifically about 10 mm to about 14 mm and a length of about 2 mm to about 20 mm, more specifically about 14 mm to about 16 mm. In some cases, CTE matched spacer  108  may be made from BeO having a CTE of about 6 ppm/C to about 7 ppm/C at room temperature. The CTE matched spacer  108  may also be made from copper tungsten CuW having a CTE of about 6 ppm/C to about 8 ppm/C and a modulus of about 3.4×10 11  Pa. In some embodiments, the pedestal  136  may have a length of about 2 mm to about 25 mm, more specifically about 15 mm to about 20 mm, a width of about 2 mm to about 25 mm, more specifically about 14 mm to about 16 mm, and a height of about 0.3 mm to about 5 mm, more specifically about 1 mm to about 3 mm. In some cases, the base member  48  may have a length of about 10 mm to about 100 mm, more specifically about 20 mm to about 60 mm, a width of about 10 mm to about 100 mm, more specifically about 12 mm to about 30 mm, and a height of about 1 mm to about 10 mm, more specifically about 1 mm to about 5 mm. 
         [0069]    Some high power diode laser modules may include single or multiple laser chips(s)  12  packed inside. High output laser chips  12  used for high output laser modules generally require a correspondingly high power electrical energy source in order to operate. This high power electrical current is typically delivered from a power source  200 , as shown in  FIG. 2 , outside an interior volume  53  of the laser module housing  46  to the laser chip or chips  12  disposed within the module housing  46  with two or more conductive pins  150  as shown in  FIG. 9 . For small diameter conductive pins  150 , high current there through may generate large amounts of Ohm heating in the contact area between pins  150  and an external socket. The heat emitted from the pins  150  may jeopardize the laser module performance in some cases, such as by reducing the module energy efficiency (PCE) and may also reduce the laser module reliability. Using thick conductive pins  150  may significantly reduce the Ohm heating in the contact area; however, thick pins may cause difficulties with regard to sealing of the module package. In particular, in many cases, an outside surface of the conductive pin  150  must be mechanically secured and sealed to a module housing  46  with a bushing or washer  152  while also being electrically insulated from the housing  46 . Some bushings or washer embodiments  152  that support one or more of these properties may be made from glass or ceramic materials which may be subject to cracking, splitting or other mechanical failure if subjected to excessive stress. As such, stiff thick conductive pins  150  may damage the hermetic feed through sealing due to mechanical stress caused by manipulation of the conductive pins  150  during plug-in and plug-out of electrical terminals from a power source during use. Embodiments configured to address this problem may include conductive pins  150  that vary in transverse dimension along an axial length of the conductive pin. 
         [0070]    Some such stepped conductive pin embodiments  150  include conductive pins  150  having two different diameters or transverse dimensions. A thin portion of such a conductive pin  150  may be configured to provide the flexibility and compliance with regard to surrounding structures during the pin plug-in and plug-out. A thick portion of the conductive pin  150  may be configured to provide lower contact resistance for high current laser modules.  FIGS. 9-14  illustrate conductive pins  150  having such a configuration. Some embodiments of such an optical module or subassembly thereof, may include a housing wall member  52  for an optical housing, the wall member  52  including an inside surface  154 , an outside surface  156  and an aperture  158  extending from the inside surface  154  to the outside surface  156 . A conductive pin  150  may pass through the aperture  158  in the housing wall member  52  and be configured to conduct electrical power from a position outside the housing wall member  52  to a position inside the housing wall member  53 . Such a conductive pin  150  may include a ductile material with a high electrical conductivity and a first axial section  160  which has a first nominal outer transverse dimension  162  and which passes through the aperture  158  of the housing wall member  52 . 
         [0071]    The conductive pin  150  may also include a second axial section  164  which is disposed adjacent to and in electrical communication with the first axial section  160 , which includes a second nominal outer transverse dimension  166  that is substantially greater than the first outer transverse dimension  162  of the first axial section  160 , which is disposed outside the housing wall member  52 , and which is configured for low loss coupling of electrical power thereto. For some embodiments, the module  40  may also include an insulative bushing  152  which is secured to the housing wall member  52 , which has an aperture  168  disposed about the first axial section  160  of the conductive pin  150  and which forms a hermetic seal or a portion of a hermetic seal between an outside surface  170  of the first axial section  160  and the wall member. In some cases, the conductive pin  150  may have either a monolithic structure wherein the first axial section  160  and the second axial section  164  are formed from a single piece of continuous ductile material or a composite structure as shown in  FIG. 10 . For some composite structures, the conductive pin  150  may have two pieces or sections wherein the first axial section  160  has a thin transverse diameter or dimension and the second axial section  164  has a thick transverse diameter or dimension. In some cases, the two or more sections of the conductive pin embodiments may be joined by high temperature brazing, soldering as shown in  FIGS. 12A and 12B . 
         [0072]    A flattened portion  172  of the conductive pin  150  may be disposed within an interior volume  53  of the housing  46  and may be configured to be secured to an end of an electrical lead ( 64  or  66  shown in  FIG. 2 ) that is also in electrical communication with the laser chip  12 . The optical module subassembly of  FIGS. 9-14  may also include any or all of the features, dimensions or materials of the optical module  40  shown in  FIG. 2 . In addition, any of the features, dimensions or materials of the subassembly shown in  FIGS. 9-14  may be incorporated into the module embodiment  40  shown in  FIG. 2 . 
         [0073]    In many cases, the hermetic package housing wall member  52  may be made from a thermally conductive and electrically conductive material and suitable for seam welding seal, such as Kovar, CRS1010 steel and stainless steel. A non-hermetic package housing wall  52  can also be made from other materials, like copper, aluminum or the like. As such, some module embodiments  40  may include an insulative bushing  152  which may be secured to the housing wall member  52 , which may have an aperture  168  disposed about the first axial section  160  of the conductive pin  150  and which may form a hermetic seal or a portion of a hermetic seal between an outside surface  170  of the first axial section  160  and the wall member  52 . Such an optical module housing embodiment  46  may be configured to provide an interior volume  53  that is hermetically sealed from a surrounding environment. In some cases, the insulative bushing  152 , which may be made of a glass or ceramic material, may be directly secured to the outside surface  170  of the conductive pin  150  and directly secured to the wall member  52 . 
         [0074]    In some cases, the first axial section  160  of the conductive pin  150  may have an axial length  174  of about 3 mm to about 5 mm, an outer transverse dimension  162  of about 1.8 mm to about 2.2 mm and be configured to conduct about 20 amperes of electricity to about 100 amperes of electricity. In some embodiments, the second axial section  164  may have an axial length  176  of about 5 mm to about 15 mm and an outer transverse dimension  166  of about 3 mm to about 5 mm. For some embodiments, the outer transverse dimension  166  of the second axial section  164  may be about 1.5 to about 2.5 times the outer transverse dimension  162  of the first axial section  160 . For some embodiments, the conductive pin  150  may include either an alloy 52 or a copper core alloy 52 or a copper alloy such as zirconium copper, or a soft highly conductive pure copper such as annealed OFHC copper and may also have either a monolithic structure wherein the first axial section and the second axial section are formed from a single piece of continuous ductile material (as shown in  FIG. 10 ) or two sections joined together as shown in  FIGS. 12A and 12B . 
         [0075]    In some cases, the thin first section  160  within the interior volume  53  of the housing  46  may terminate with a flattened section  172  that is configured to facilitate coupling to an electrical lead  64  or  66  which is in turn in electrical communication with a terminal of a laser chip  12  of the system. The thinner portion  160  of the pin  150  may allow for greater flexibility of the pin  150  in the thin section  160  while the thicker section  164  improves electrical transmission to the pin  150  by lowering contact resistance for high power applications. The conductive pin  150  or any axial section  160  or  164  thereof may include a soft highly conductive material such as annealed copper or other materials discussed above. Some pin embodiments may also include an outer layer of a material which has a CTE which substantially matches a CTE of the bushing  152 . For example, some pin embodiments may include an outer layer of an alloy with a CTE that substantially matches a CTE of glass, Kovar® or other materials suitable for construction of bushing  152 . 
         [0076]    For pin embodiments that include a first axial section  160  made of one piece and a second axial section  164  made of a second piece, the pieces or sections may be secured to each other in a variety of ways.  FIG. 12A  shows an embodiment of a conductive pin  150  made from two separate pieces of conductive material. The first axial section  160  is made from a solid cylindrical piece of conductive material having outer transverse dimension  162  and a transverse cross section which is circular for the embodiment shown. The second axial section  164  is also made from a solid cylindrical piece of conductive material having outer transverse dimension  166  and a circular cross section. An axial end of the first axial section is secured to a corresponding axial end of the second axial section  164  by a butt joint in which the two respective ends are brought into close proximity and secured together with a conductive joint. The butt joint between the first axial section  160  and second axial section  164  may include a brazed or soldered joint as well as any other suitable method. The braze material  159  shown forms a layer of material disposed between the two respective axial ends of the first axial section  160  and second axial section  164 . The ends may also be joined by materials such as hard solders  104 , soft solders  116  or any other suitable materials or methods. 
         [0077]      FIG. 12B  shows an embodiment of a conductive pin  150  which is also made from two separate pieces of conductive material which are joined to as to form a first axial section  160  and a second axial section  164 . As discussed above, the second axial section  164  has a substantially greater outer transverse dimension than the outer transverse dimension than an outer transverse dimension of the first axial section  160 . For the embodiment shown in  FIG. 12B , the first axial section is formed from an end portion of a first cylindrical piece of conductive material  161 . The second axial section is formed from a second cylindrical piece of conductive material  163  that includes an axial passage  165  disposed through at least a portion of the second cylindrical piece  163 . The inside dimension of the axial passage  165  of the second cylindrical piece  163  may be configured to accept an outside surface of the first cylindrical piece  161  with a sufficient gap therebetween to include an agent for securing the two pieces  161  and  163  together in an overlapped configuration. As shown in  FIG. 12B , a first end portion of the first cylindrical piece  161  extends axially from the passage  165  of the second cylindrical piece  163  so as to form the first axial section  160 . The outside surface of the second cylindrical piece  163  forms the second axial section  164 . The outside surface of the first cylindrical piece  161  which is disposed within the axial passage  165  of the second cylindrical piece  163  may be secured to the inside surface of the axial passage  165  of the second cylindrical piece  163  with any suitable conductive bonding agent, including braze  159 , hard solder  104 , soft solder  116  or any other suitable material or method. The amount of overlap between the first cylindrical piece  161  and axial passage  165  of the second cylindrical piece may vary. The outer transverse dimension of the first cylindrical piece  161  may be the same as the outer transverse dimension of the first axial section  160 . The outer transverse dimension of the second cylindrical piece  163  may be the same as the outer transverse dimension of the second axial section  164 . Although the first and second pieces  161  and  163  are shown as cylindrical for the embodiment illustrated, other configurations having any other suitable transverse cross section are also contemplated. 
         [0078]    Conductive pins, and particularly, conductive pins which are hermetically sealed with glass bushings, or the like, may be a cost effective technology used in high power diode laser modules  40 . However, since the tensile strength of sealing glass may be in the range of 20 MPa to about 60 MPa for some specific glass embodiments, which is much lower than that of ceramic material, some large diameter through pin designs may cause stress induced damage to glass bushings such as cracking when being assembled or manipulated by an end user. This may be particularly true with thick stiff conductive pins used in high energy high current flow applications. In addition, due to the poor thermal conductivity of glass, the conductive pin Ohm heating may be problematic for high energy high current flow applications. This may be especially true if thinner pins, such as the stepped pin embodiments  150  discussed above, are used in embodiments such as shown in  FIGS. 15 and 16  in order to minimize mechanical stress on glass bushings. 
         [0079]    Some embodiments of an optical module or sub-assembly of an optical module configured to address these issues may include conductive pins  180  and  180 ′ which are hermetically sealed to a wall member  52  of an optical module by glass material as shown in  FIGS. 15 and 16 . Such a module embodiment may also include a thermally conductive, electrically insulative, ceramic plate  182  that is in thermal communication with a wall of the module and conductive pins of the module. The plate  182  may be configured to absorb heat emitted from the conductive pins due to Ohmic heating or other sources and distribute the heat energy away from the conductive pins to the wall member of the module housing or surrounding environment outside the module generally. Such a heat dissipating plate  182  may be made from suitable materials such as alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) or AlN. The heat dissipating plate  182  may be attached to the conductive pins  180  and wall member  52  of the module housing or package  46  frame/base (outside of the package) with a thermally conductive and electrically insulative epoxy  184 . Such a heat dissipating plate  182  may be effective in some cases to significantly dissipate the heat from the conductive pins  180  of the module to the wall member  52  of the module housing  46  and package frame/base generally. Such effective heat dissipation may be effective to increase the current capacity of the conductive pins  180 . 
         [0080]    Some embodiments of such an optical module or subassembly thereof which incorporate glass bushings  186  and a heat dissipation plate  182  as shown in  FIGS. 15 and 16  include a housing wall member  52  for an optical housing  46 . The housing wall member  52  may also include an inside surface  54 , an outside surface  156  and at least one aperture  158  extending from the inside surface  154  to the outside surface  156 . For the embodiment shown, the housing wall member  52  includes a first aperture  158  and a second aperture  158 . A first conductive pin  180  of the module passes through the first aperture  158  in the housing wall member  52  and is configured to conduct electrical power from a position outside the housing wall member to a position inside the housing wall member  52 . A first insulative glass bushing  186  may be disposed about and in sealed relation with an outside surface of the first conductive pin  180 . The first insulative glass bushing  186  may also be in sealed contact with the inside surface of the aperture  158  of the wall member  52  so as to form a hermetic seal or a portion of a hermetic seal between an outside surface of the first conductive pin  180  and the wall member  52 . 
         [0081]    The module also includes a second conductive pin  180 ′ passing through a second aperture  158 ′ in the housing wall member  52 . The second conductive pin  180 ′ may also be configured to conduct electrical power from a position outside the housing wall member  52  to a position inside the housing wall member  52 . A second insulative glass bushing  186 ′ may be disposed about and in sealed relation with an outside surface of the second conductive pin  180 ′ and in sealed contact with the wall member  52  so as to form a hermetic seal or a portion of a hermetic seal between an outside surface of the conductive pin  180 ′ and the wall member  52 . A ceramic heat dissipation plate  182  which is configured to dissipate heat from an outside surface of the conductive pins  180  and  180 ′ may be disposed in secured relation to the conductive pins  180  and  180 ′ and housing wall member  52 . The heat dissipation plate  182  may also include a material having high thermal conductivity. The heat dissipation plate  182  may further include a first aperture  188  which is disposed about an outside surface of the first conductive pin  180  and a second aperture  190  which is disposed about an outside surface of the second conductive pin  180 ′. The optical module subassembly of  FIGS. 15 and 16  may also include any or all of the features, dimensions or materials of the optical module  40  shown in  FIG. 2 . In addition, any of the features, dimensions or materials of the subassembly shown in  FIGS. 15 and 16  may be incorporated into the module embodiment  40  shown in  FIG. 2 . 
         [0082]    The heat dissipation plate  182  may be sized to cover the apertures  158  and  158 ′ of the housing and the glass bushings  186  and  186 ′ disposed between an inside surface of the apertures  158  and  158 ′ and the outside surfaces of the respective conductive pins  180  and  180 ′. For ceramic heat dissipation plate embodiments  182  which have two or more apertures  188  and  190 , the two or more apertures  188  and  190  may be sized and spaced so as to be configured to receive each of the respective two or more conductive pins  180  and  180 ′ disposed therein. For some embodiments, the heat dissipation plate  182  may have a length of about 3 to about 15 mm, a width of about 2 mm to about 10 mm and a thickness of about 0.3 mm to about 2 mm. 
         [0083]    In some cases, the heat dissipating plate  182  may be electrically insulative and thermally conductive. In some cases the heat dissipating plate  182  may be secured to the wall member  52  of the housing  46  with an electrically insulative and thermally conductive epoxy  184  such as EP21TCHT-1 epoxy manufactured by Master Bond Inc. located at 154 Hobart Street, Hackensack, N.J. 07601-3922. The aperture or apertures  188  and  190  of the ceramic heat dissipation plate  182  may have an inside transverse dimension that is slightly larger than an outside transverse dimension of an adjacent portion of the conductive pin  180  for some embodiments. The first and second apertures  188  and  190  may be sized to allow passage of the conductive pins  180  and  180 ′ with a gap  192  between an outside surface of the conductive pins  180  and  180 ′ and an inside surface  194  of the respective apertures  188  and  190  which is suitable for bonding between the outside surface of the pin  180  and  180 ′ and inside surface  194  of the aperture  188  and  190  of the insulative plate  182 . In some cases, the transverse gap  192  disposed between the outside surface of a conductive pin  180  and  180 ′ and an inside surface of a respective aperture  188  or  190  of the heat dissipation plate  182  may be about 0.05 mm to about 0.5 mm. In some cases, an inside surface of the aperture or apertures  188  or  190  of the heat dissipation plate  182  may be in contact with the outside surface of the conductive pin  180  or  180 ′. 
         [0084]    In certain embodiments, the ceramic material of the ceramic heat dissipation plate  182  comprises a thermal conductivity of about 15 W/m·K to about 200 W/m·K. As discussed above, embodiments of the heat dissipating plate  182  may be made from alumina, aluminum nitride or the like. In certain embodiments, it may be desirable for the conductive pin  180  or  180 ′ to be made from or include a material or outer layer of material having a CTE which is substantially the same as the CTE of the insulative glass bushing  186  or  186 ′ disposed about the conductive pin  180  or  180 ′. Examples of conductive pin materials that may have a CTE which is substantially the same as the CTE of glass may include VCF-25, Kovar, Alloy  52  or copper core alloy 52. The apertures  158  and  158 ′ in the wall member  52  of the housing  46  may also be sealed to the pin  180  or  180 ′ with one or more bushings or collars in addition to the glass bushings. The additional bushings (not shown) may be made from a variety of suitable materials with controlled thermal expansion, such as iron-nickel-cobalt alloys such as Kovar®, or ceramic materials such as alumina or the like. Some optical module embodiments  40  may include two or more heat dissipating plates  182  which may be configured to be disposed over an individual respective conductive pin  180  or  180 ′, over a plurality of pins or to be layered on other heat dissipating plates  182 . 
         [0085]    The wall  52  of the hermetic package housing  46  used for some embodiments may include materials such as Kovar, CRS1010 steel, stainless steel or the like. The wall  52  of the non-hermetic package housing used for some embodiments may include other materials such as copper or the like. For some embodiments, the base  48  of the housing  46  may be made from a high strength material such as copper based metal matrix composite, such as copper doped with alumina oxide. Materials such as these, including Glidcop® manufactured by SCM Metal Products, Inc., may be useful to increase resistance of the base to thermal softening and increase high temperature strength. 
         [0086]    With regard to the above detailed description, like reference numerals used therein may refer to like elements that may have the same or similar dimensions, materials and configurations. While particular forms of embodiments have been illustrated and described, it will be apparent that various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the embodiments of the invention. Accordingly, it is not intended that the invention be limited by the forgoing detailed description. 
         [0087]    The entirety of each patent, patent application, publication and document referenced herein is hereby incorporated by reference. Citation of the above patents, patent applications, publications and documents is not an admission that any of the foregoing is pertinent prior art, nor does it constitute any admission as to the contents or date of these documents. 
         [0088]    Modifications may be made to the foregoing embodiments without departing from the basic aspects of the technology. Although the technology may have been described in substantial detail with reference to one or more specific embodiments, changes may be made to the embodiments specifically disclosed in this application, yet these modifications and improvements are within the scope and spirit of the technology. The technology illustratively described herein suitably may be practiced in the absence of any element(s) not specifically disclosed herein. Thus, for example, in each instance herein any of the terms “comprising,” “consisting essentially of,” and “consisting of” may be replaced with either of the other two terms. The terms and expressions which have been employed are used as terms of description and not of limitation and use of such terms and expressions do not exclude any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof and various modifications are possible within the scope of the technology claimed. The term “a” or “an” may refer to one of or a plurality of the elements it modifies (e.g., “a reagent” can mean one or more reagents) unless it is contextually clear either one of the elements or more than one of the elements is described. Although the present technology has been specifically disclosed by representative embodiments and optional features, modification and variation of the concepts herein disclosed may be made, and such modifications and variations may be considered within the scope of this technology. 
         [0089]    Certain embodiments of the technology are set forth in the claim(s) that follow(s).