Abstract:
An adaptive channel estimator for estimating channel frequency responses when receiving OFDM symbols. The adaptive channel estimator comprises a channel estimator and a channel tracking module. The channel estimator generates one first channel frequency response for each OFDM symbol when operated in the first mode, and generates the channel frequency responses of a second channel frequency response for every N-th OFDM symbols when operated in the second mode, wherein N is a constant integer exceeding one and j is a non-negative integer. The channel tracking module indicates a channel status, and controls the channel estimator to operate in a first mode or a second mode according to the channel status.

Description:
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/846,088, filed Sep. 21, 2006, and entitled “MULTI-MODE CHANNEL TRACKING ALGORITHM IN OFDM SYSTEMS”. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Field of the Invention 
     The invention relates to communication systems, and more particularly, to channel parameter estimation techniques. 
     Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is well known as a highly efficient spectral transmission scheme capable of handling severe channel impairment encountered in a wireless environment. The basic idea of OFDM is to divide the available spectrum into several sub-channels (sub-carriers). By making all sub-channels narrowband, they experience almost flat fading, thus, equalization is simplified.  FIG. 1  shows a block diagram of an OFDM receiver. The received RF signal is down-converted into the baseband by a mixer  102 . Subsequent to sampling and adjusting the down-converted signal by an analog-digital converter  104  and an auto-gain controller  106 , the timing recovery module  108  must synchronize the symbol timing and frame timing of the baseband signals according to training symbols and preambles. The carrier frequency offset (CFO) is estimated by a CFO estimator  110  and compensated by a CFO compensation module  112  to mitigate the inter-carrier interference (ICI) due to frequency mismatching. The CFO compensated signal is passed through a fast Fourier transform (FFT) module  114  to transform the time domain data into frequency domain. The channel estimation results are fed into the demapper  116  and decoder  120  for demodulation and decoding. A mobile channel is usually time and frequency dispersive. Hence, the channel estimator  118  estimates and tracks the channel frequency response in mobile environments. Estimation of time-dispersive channels resulting from the movement between the transmitter and receiver, however, is still a challenging task for the channel estimation algorithm. Thus, the channel tracking algorithm plays an important role in OFDM systems in obtaining reliable channel estimation results. 
     The channel estimation algorithm can be classified into two categories. The first is the adaptive filter tap selection, and the other is the adaptive channel estimation architecture selection algorithm. The first type of channel estimation algorithm seeks to improve the channel estimation performance through proper selection of filter tap coefficients. The algorithm can be implemented in the time domain or frequency domain. For example, the channel estimation output is first obtained from the pilot sub-carriers on the time-frequency plane and then interpolates the pilot subcarrier channels by the selected filter to obtain the desired channel estimation of data sub-carriers. In the time-varying channels, the interpolation filters for interpolating the pilot subcarrier channels are adapted to different channel statistics and thus comprise parameters such as the signal to noise ratio (SNR), signal to interference ratio (SIR), delay spread and the Doppler spread. 
     It is well known that the wireless LAN-based OFDM system is only suitable for indoor environments and a quasi-static channel. Little attention, however, is paid to mobile scenarios. Also note the channel estimation module consumes excessive power in the mobile device. In order to increase longer battery life while maintaining system performance for use in mobile applications, it is more beneficial to use the estimated channel statistics to help the receiver reduce power consumption rather than only improve the receiver performance without power management. Thus, in the second type of channel estimation algorithm, the filter is adaptive in choosing different channel estimation architectures to balance performance and complexity. 
     Channel statistics are also assumed to be unchanged during a certain data packet. In mobile OFDM systems, however, users may communicate in a moving vehicle or from a stationary location in a building. When the channel is fast time-varying, the receiver must cope with rapid channel variation and high-speed movement. In this case a complicated channel estimation and channel tracking scheme is necessary to support high throughput data transmission. On the other hand, when the user slows down or does not move for a long time, however, it is desirable to enable a simplified channel tracking algorithm to reduce power consumption. This is directly related to battery life and is more critical in hand-held devices. In the proposed algorithm, a robust mode switching process is used and performs channel tracking with the most efficient mode. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, an effective yet simple channel tracking algorithm for mobile terminals in static or slow-moving environments is desirable. In one aspect of the invention, an adaptive channel estimator used for estimating channel frequency responses is provided. The adaptive channel estimator comprises a channel estimator and a channel tracking module. The channel estimator generates one first channel frequency response for each OFDM symbol when operated in the first mode, and generates the channel frequency responses of a second channel frequency response for every N-th OFDM symbols when operated in the second mode, wherein N is a constant integer exceeding one and j is a non-negative integer. The channel tracking module indicates a channel status, and controls the channel estimator to operate in a first mode or a second mode according to the channel status. 
     In another aspect of the invention, an adaptive channel estimating method is provided. The method comprises detecting a channel statistic metric. One operation mode from a plurality of operation modes is determined according to the channel statistic metric. A first channel frequency response for every ODFM symbol is then generated when operated in a first mode. A second channel frequency response of the j*N OFDM symbols is generated when operated in a second mode, wherein N is a constant exceeding one and j is a non-negative integer. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description, given herein below, and the accompanying drawings. The drawings and description are provided for purposes of illustration only, and, thus, are not intended to be limiting of the invention. 
         FIG. 1  shows a block diagram of an OFDM receiver; 
         FIG. 2  shows a block diagram of channel estimation/tracking module  118  according to an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 3A-3C  respectively shows an example of the timing for updating the channel frequency response in Normal mode, Easy mode, and Freeze mode; 
         FIG. 4  shows a flow chart of the channel tracking method applying a channel statistic metric (CSM); 
         FIG. 5  shows an example of the CSM values and the correspondent mode (M CT ); 
         FIG. 6A-6C  show an example of the walking-type channel; and 
         FIG. 7A-7C  show an example of the driving-type channel. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       FIG. 2  shows a block diagram of channel estimation/tracking module  118  according to an embodiment of the invention. The channel estimation/tracking module  118  estimates and tracks the channel frequency response in mobile environments. Pilot extraction module  202  extracts distinct pilot sub-carriers from an OFDM symbol. Pilot demodulator  204  generates the channel characteristics of pilot sub-channels. The operations of block  206 - 212  depend on the operation mode of the channel estimator  118 . In one embodiment of the invention, the operation modes of the channel estimator  118  are classified as a first mode (Normal mode) and a second mode. The operation modes are switched when receiving a new OFDM frame for tracking channel variation. The ML/MMSE block  206  is activated in Normal mode, and estimates the channel frequency response according to the results of pilot demodulation. The channel tracking module  208  monitors the channel variation at each OFDM frame, and informs the ML/MMSE block  206  and activates filter  210  when operating in the second mode. 
     In Normal mode, a high-performance channel estimation approach is utilized to track the high-speed channel variation, and the channel estimation outputs within an OFDM frame are updated symbol by symbol. In most OFDM systems the pilots are allocated along with the data sub-carriers in a communication channel. The pilots can be extracted and demodulated for providing initial pilot channel estimation by the pilot extraction module  202  and the pilot demodulator  204 . The channel estimation of data sub-carriers can be interpolated using the maximum-likelihood (ML) or minimum mean square error (MMSE) criterion estimation along the frequency axis. 
     In the second mode, the channel estimator performs a simple yet effective channel estimation. In some embodiments, the second mode further comprises a Easy mode or a Freeze mode. In the Easy mode, the timing variation of a slow-moving channel is assumed to be linear with time. In one embodiment of the invention, the channel frequency response can be generated by interpolating certain sub-carrier channels estimation, such as pilot sub-carriers. For example, the channel estimation outputs for a sub-carrier k can be represented by 
                         h   k     ⁡     (   n   )       =           M   -   n     M     ⁢       h   k     ⁡     (   0   )         +       n   M     ⁢       h   k     ⁡     (   M   )             ,     n   =   1     ,   2   ,   …   ⁢           ,     M   -   1     ,           Eqn   ⁢           ⁢     (   1   )                 
where M is the span of the OFDM symbols, and h k (0) and h k  (M) of the equation are the channel frequency responses of k-th sub-carrier in the 0-th and M-th OFDM symbol, respectively, using the Normal mode tracking approach. In other embodiments of the invention, the channel frequency response can be generated by extrapolating other sub-carrier channels estimation. For example, the channel estimation outputs for a certain sub-carrier k can be represented by
 
                         h   k     ⁡     (   n   )       =           M   +   n     M     ⁢       h   k     ⁡     (   0   )         -       n   M     ⁢       h   k     ⁡     (     -   M     )             ,     n   =   1     ,   2   ,   …   ⁢           ,     M   -   1.             Eqn   ⁢           ⁢     (   2   )                 
The interpolation option performs better than extrapolation, but the time delay is somewhat longer.
 
     Other approaches, such as curve-fitting and approximation by polynomials, capable of performing substantially the same operations also fall within the scope of the invention. 
     In Freeze mode, the channel estimator  118  does not update channel frequency response symbol by symbol. The channel frequency response is updated after predetermined symbols. For example, the channel frequency response is updated after four symbols. In Freeze mode, the mobile device is stationary and the computation burden from the channel estimator/tracking module is significantly reduced. In some embodiments, the threshold speed to activate Freeze mode is about 1 km/hr. 
     In a realistic receiver design, RF impairment, such as carrier frequency offset or phase noise can make the channel estimation output deviate slightly from the desired values along with time. Thus, in some embodiments, a phase tracking module is required in Freeze mode. 
     A detailed description of the Freeze and Easy mode operations within each frame are described in the following. Since the Easy mode works well under the assumption of linear variation with time, the channel frequency response for linear interpolation or extrapolation should not be too far apart in the time domain. In other words, the channel frequency response should be updated in only a few symbols. In some embodiments, the update frequency is four symbols per channel frequency response. That is, the channel frequency response of every four OFDM symbols are estimated by channel estimator/tracking module, the other three channel frequency responses are interpolated or extrapolated therefrom along the time axis. The estimated channel frequency response, in some embodiments, is estimated by applying the approach used in Normal mode. In Freeze mode, the channel estimation outputs are produced with a period of a few symbols, where the first symbol is calculated by the approach used in Normal mode with the other symbols borrowing the channel estimation outputs of the first symbol. 
     Table 1 shows three channel types and the corresponding channel estimation approaches. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 An example of the channel types, operation modes, and the 
               
               
                 corresponding channel tracking approaches. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Operating mode 
                   
               
               
                 Channel 
                   
                 of the channel 
                 Channel estimation 
               
               
                 types 
                 Speed 
                 estimator 
                 approaches 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Fast- 
                 &gt;30 km/hr 
                 Normal 
                 ML/MMSE in frequency 
               
               
                 moving 
                   
                   
                 domain 
               
               
                 Slow- 
                 1~30 km/hr  
                 Easy 
                 Linear interpolation/ 
               
               
                 moving 
                   
                   
                 extrapolation in time 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 domain 
               
               
                 Static 
                  &lt;1 km/hr 
                 Freeze 
                 Borrow the previous symbol 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (with or without phase 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 tracking) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       FIG. 3A-3C  respectively shows an example of the timing for updating the channel frequency response in Normal mode, Easy mode, and Freeze mode. When operated in Normal mode, the channel frequency response is updated symbol by symbol, shown as circles in  FIG. 3A . When operated in Easy mode, the channel frequency response is estimated according to time-domain interpolation or extrapolation. The circles in  FIG. 3B  are estimated OFDM symbols, while the shaded dots in  FIG. 3B  are interpolated or extrapolated by the circles. When operated in Freeze mode, the channel frequency response is periodically updated every four symbols. The circles in  FIG. 3C  represent estimated OFDM symbols, while the shaded dots in  FIG. 3C  are symbols without updating channel frequency response. 
     In Normal mode, the channel frequency response of each OFDM symbol is analyzed at the sacrifice of high computational complexity. For example, a filter with about ten complex taps may be used in high-speed channels. This requires ten complex multiplication operations as well as other minor operations per. Easy mode requires fewer computations than Normal mode. For example, in an example with an update frequency of four symbols, only two real multiplications are required and are simpler than Normal mode. In this situation, the time-domain filtering of nearby channel estimations suffices to provide adequate quality. Note that in Easy mode, the channel estimator/tracking module may not rely on the pilot channel estimates to produce the primitive channel estimates. Rather, the channel estimation accuracy in this mode entails the accuracy of the neighboring symbols and the validity of linear property for the low-velocity channels. 
     To determine which operation mode the channel estimator  118  operates, a detector monitoring channel variation is required. In some embodiments of the invention, a correlation-based metric C X (m) may be calculated from channel frequency responses of pilot sub-carriers estimation in the training or data symbols, as expressed by 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       X 
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         m 
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     = 
                     
                       
                         1 
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                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
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                             = 
                             0 
                           
                           
                             P 
                             - 
                             1 
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
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                                 Re 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 
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                               ⁢ 
                               
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                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
 
                   
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                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
                       
                         C 
                         X 
                       
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                           ( 
                           
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                   Eqn 
                   . 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     3 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Preferably, a channel inverse mean square error (IMSE) is used for a new channel variation metric C I (m) as follows: 
                       D   ⁡     (   m   )       =       1   P     ⁢       ∑     k   =   0       P   -   1       ⁢     {         [         Re     ⁢     (       h   k     ⁡     (     m   ,   0     )       )       -       Re     ⁢     (       h   k     ⁡     (     m   ,   L     )       )         ]     2     +       [         Im     ⁢     (       h   k     ⁡     (     m   ,   0     )       )       -       Im     ⁢     (       h   k     ⁡     (     m   ,   L     )       )         ]     2       }           ⁢     
     ⁢       W   ⁡     (   m   )       =       1   P     ⁢       ∑     k   =   0       P   -   1       ⁢     {         Re     ⁢       (       h   k     ⁡     (     m   ,   0     )       )     2       +       Im     ⁢       (       h   k     ⁡     (     m   ,   0     )       )     2         }           ⁢     
     ⁢         C   I     ⁡     (   m   )       =         (     1   -   λ     )     ·       C   I     ⁡     (     m   -   1     )         +     λ   ·       W   ⁡     (   m   )       /     D   ⁡     (   m   )                       Eqn   .           ⁢     (   4   )                 
where P represents the summation number of pilot sub-carriers, h k (m,n) denotes the channel estimation of the n-th symbol in the m-th frame, k is sub-carrier index, □ is a smoothing factor, L is a constant exceeding one, and W(m) and λ are identical to those in the conventional correlation-based algorithm in Eqn. (3). The IMSE metric is monotonic decreasing alone with increased speed, which is similar to C X (m). The difference of the IMSE lies in that it would amplify the difference outputs at low velocities than at high velocities. Since the low-speed region is of greatest concern, the proposed IMSE metric is more sensitive to velocity variation in low-speed regions than the correlation-based metric for determining the channel tracking mode.
 
       FIG. 4  shows a flow chart of one example of the channel tracking method applying a channel statistic metric (CSM). Two threshold values, T Normal  and T Easy , are determined. The channel statistic metric is updated once per frame and the mode switch is activated in the beginning of each frame. In the initialization phase, no channel information is available and the tracking mode is then set as Normal mode (M CT =2). When the CSM C(m) (C X (m) or C I (m)) falls below T Normal , the channel tracking mode is set as the Normal mode. Otherwise, if C(m) is greater than T Normal  but is less than T Easy , the estimated channel speed is slow, thus, channel tracking mode is switched to Easy mode (M CT =1). When C(m) is greater than T Easy , the current frame is not immediately set to Freeze mode, but rather remains in Easy mode. Only when previous N x  consecutive frames the modes of which are either M CT =0 or M CT =1, and when previous consecutive N Freeze  frames the CSM values of which all exceed T Easy  does the channel tracking enter Freeze mode as M CT =0. 
       FIG. 5  shows an example of the CSM values and the correspondence M CT . The operation mode is selected as Normal mode(M CT =2) in the beginning. When the CSM exceeds T Normal , the Easy mode (M CT =1) is selected. When the CSM exceed T Normal  for N x  consecutive frames and also exceeds T Easy  for N Freeze  frames, the Freeze mode is selected. 
     To further illustrate the channel tracking method, two examples are described. In the following examples, the frame durations are all set as 5 ms and SNR=23 dB in vehicular A model of 3GPP channel model.  FIG. 6A-6C  show an example of the walking-type channel. In  FIG. 6A , a speed profile, along with time, is plotted to simulate a user driving slowing down and stopping. The user then walks to his home or office to communicate using the mobile terminal. In this case, the user speed is typically slow and suitable for the proposed algorithm. Table 2 lists the percentages of the three modes.  FIG. 6B  shows that the speed metric (IMSE metric) tracks the varying speeds.  FIG. 6C  shows the mode-switching procedure selecting a proper tracking mode in each frame. Table 3 shows that for the relative hit rates of three speed modes the proposed algorithm performs very well in all modes. The power saving rate, which is defined as the ratio of the total frames in the entries (A), (B), and (D) to the overall frame count, is 95.4%. The probability of missing detection, which is defined as the ratio of the total frames in the entries (C), (E), and (F) to the overall frame count, is merely 0.4%. This shows that the tracking method is able to effectively recognize the low-speed frames from high-speed frames with fast convergence time. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Percentage of three modes present in the walking-type channel model 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Actual mode 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Freeze 
                 Easy 
                 Normal 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Percentage 
                 64% 
                 33.5% 
                 2.5% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Relative hit rate for three modes of the walking-type channel model 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Detected 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Actual 
                 Freeze 
                 Easy 
                 Normal 
                 Summation 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Freeze 
                 100% (A) 
                   0% (B) 
                  0% 
                 100% 
               
               
                   
                 Easy 
                  1.2% (C) 
                 93.9% (D) 
                  4.9% 
                 100% 
               
               
                   
                 Normal 
                  0% (E) 
                   0% (F) 
                 100% 
                 100% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     In the second example as shown in  FIG. 7A-7C , a simulated scenario of users in a traffic jam, the driving-type channels are chosen to verify the proposed tracking method in low-speed moving vehicles. The speed distribution of the channel in terms of modes is represented in Table 4. Similar to the first example, the proposed channel tracking method tracks the varying speeds frame by frame. The power-saving rate in this case is 82.3% and the probability of missing detection is only 0.8%. These two examples demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Percentage of three modes present in the driving-type channel model 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Actual mode 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Freeze 
                 Easy 
                 Normal 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Percentage 
                 44.7% 
                 38.8% 
                 16.5% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Relative hit rate for three modes of the driving-type channel model 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Detected 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Actual 
                 Freeze 
                 Easy 
                 Normal 
                 Summation 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Freeze 
                 99.7% (A) 
                  0.3% (B) 
                  0% 
                 100% 
               
               
                   
                 Easy 
                  2.1% (C) 
                 61.8% (D) 
                 36.1%  
                 100% 
               
               
                   
                 Normal 
                   0% (E) 
                   0% (F) 
                 100% 
                 100% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     A rough comparison of computation complexity for three modes is compared in Table 6. It can be shown that the Easy mode or Freeze mode can reduce the complexity of the channel tracking algorithm to the extent of 30%. On the other hand, the overhead computation for speed metric calculation is also considered in Table 7. It can be found that, as compared to the frame-based initial channel estimation, the speed metric requires only 2% of the complexity for the channel estimation. Thus, the reduced complexity of the proposed algorithm is attractive. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Computation complexity of three modes for the proposed algorithm 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Mode 
                 MUL 
                 ADD 
                 Total 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Normal 
                 922K 
                 865K 
                  5.48M 
               
               
                   
                 Freeze 
                 244K 
                 360K 
                 1.6M 
               
               
                   
                 Easy 
                 271K 
                 271K 
                 1.6M 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Computation overhead of frame-based speed metric calculation. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Mode 
                 MUL 
                 DIV 
                 ADD 
                 Total 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Preamble CE 
                  28K 
                 0 
                  26K 
                 165K  
               
               
                   
                 Correlation 
                 0.5K 
                 1 
                 0.5K 
                 2.9K 
               
               
                   
                 Inverse MSE 
                 0.5K 
                 1 
                 0.5K 
                 2.9K 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     While the invention has been described by way of example and in terms of preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited thereto. To the contrary, it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements (as would be apparent to those skilled in the art). Therefore, the scope of the appended claims should be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar arrangements.