Abstract:
An ultrasound atomization apparatus including an ultrasound transducer, a horn attached to the distal end of the transducer, a chamber within the horn that receives a fluid to be atomized, a radiation surface, and a channel leading from the chamber to the radiation surface. Vibrations produced by the transducer travel down the horn to the radiation surface. The vibrations induce the release of energy into the fluid to be atomized as it travels through the horn&#39;s internal chamber and exits the horn at the radiation surface. Controllably increasing the kinetic energy of the fluid, energy emitted into the fluid assists and/or drives fluid atomization. Assisting and/or driving fluid atomization by utilizing vibrations to increase the kinetic energy of the fluid, the ultrasound atomization apparatus can preserve a desired spray pattern when changing environmental conditions would otherwise destroy the spray pattern and/or reduce atomization.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to an apparatus utilizing ultrasonic waves traveling through a horn and/or resonant structure to atomize and/or assist in the atomization of fluids passing through the horn and/or resonant structure. 
         [0002]    Liquid atomization is a process by which a liquid is separated into small droplets by some force acting on the liquid, such as ultrasound. Ultrasonic atomization systems are employed in situations where creating sprays of a highly atomized liquid is desirable. For example, ultrasonic atomizers are often utilized to apply coatings to various devices and products. Exposing a liquid to ultrasound creates vibrations and/or cavitations within the liquid that break it apart into small droplets. U.S. Pat. No. 4,153,201 to Berger et al., No. 4,655,393 to Berger, and No. 5,516,043 to Manna et al. describe examples of atomization systems utilizing ultrasound to atomize a liquid. These devices possess a tip vibrated by ultrasonic waves passing through the tip. Within the tips are central passages that carry the liquid to be atomized. The liquid within the central passage is driven towards the end of the tip by some force acting upon the liquid. Upon reaching the end of the tip, the liquid to be atomized is expelled from the tip. Ultrasonic waves emanating from the front of the tip then collide with the liquid, thereby breaking the liquid apart into small droplets. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    An ultrasound atomization apparatus capable of producing an atomized spray of fluid is disclosed. The apparatus comprises a horn having an internal chamber including a back wall, a front wall, and at least one side wall, a radiation surface at the horn&#39;s distal end, at least one channel opening into the chamber, and a channel originating in the front wall of the internal chamber and terminating in the radiation surface. Connected to the horn&#39;s proximal end, a transducer powered by a generator induces ultrasonic vibrations within the horn. Traveling down the horn from the transducer to the horn&#39;s radiation surface, the ultrasonic vibrations induce the release of ultrasonic energy into the fluid to be atomized as it travels through the horn&#39;s internal chamber and exits the horn at the radiation surface. Controllably increasing the kinetic energy of the fluid, ultrasonic energy emitted into the fluid assists and/or drives fluid atomization. Assisting and/or driving fluid atomization by utilizing ultrasonic energy to increase the kinetic energy of the fluid, the ultrasound atomization apparatus can preserve a desired spray pattern when changing environmental conditions would otherwise destroy the spray pattern and/or reduce atomization. 
         [0004]    As with typical pressure driven fluid atomizers, the ultrasound atomization apparatus utilizes pressure changes within the fluid to create the kinetic energy that drives atomization. The fluid to be atomized enters the apparatus through a channel opening into the internal chamber. The fluid then flows through the chamber and into a channel extending from the chamber&#39;s front wall to the radiation surface. If the channel originating in the front wall of the internal chamber is narrower than the chamber, the pressure of the fluid flowing through the channel decreases as the fluid&#39;s velocity increases. Because the fluid&#39;s kinetic energy is proportional to its velocity squared, the kinetic energy of the fluid increases as it flows through the channel. Breaking the attractive forces between the molecules of the fluid, the increased kinetic energy of the fluid causes the fluid to atomize as it exits the horn at the radiation surface. 
         [0005]    Unfortunately, pressure driven fluid atomization can be adversely impacted by changes in environmental conditions. Most notably, a change in the pressure of the environment into which the atomized fluid is to be sprayed may decrease the level of atomization and/or distort the spray pattern. As a fluid passes through a pressure driven fluid atomizer, it is pushed backwards by the pressure of the environment. Thus, the net pressure acting on the fluid is the difference of the pressure pushing the fluid through the atomizer and the pressure of the environment. It is the net pressure of the fluid that is converted to kinetic energy. Thus, as the environmental pressure increases, the net pressure decreases, causing a reduction in the kinetic energy of the fluid exiting the horn. An increase in environmental pressure, therefore, reduces the level of fluid atomization. 
         [0006]    The pressure of the environment into which the fluid is sprayed may increase for several reasons. For instance, natural weather patterns may result in an increase in environmental pressure. A chemical reaction in which the atomized fluid is a substrate may also cause an increase in environmental pressure. For example, a chemical reaction in which the molecules of the atomized fluid are separated and/or otherwise broken apart into smaller molecules may lead to an increase in environmental pressure. Likewise, the addition of reagents to the environment outside the horn, as to increase the yield of the chemical reaction, may also increase the environmental pressure. 
         [0007]    By increasing the kinetic energy of the fluid, ultrasonic energy emanating from various points of the horn may assist the atomization of the fluid as to counteract an increase in environmental pressure. When the proximal end of the horn is secured to an ultrasound transducer, activation of the transducer induces ultrasonic vibrations within the horn. The vibrations can be conceptualized as ultrasonic waves traveling from the proximal end to the distal end of the horn. As the ultrasonic vibrations travel down the length of the horn, the horn contracts and expands. However, the entire length of the horn is not expanding and contracting. Instead, the segments of the horn between the nodes of the ultrasonic vibrations (points of minimum deflection or amplitude) are expanding and contracting. The portions of the horn lying exactly on the nodes of the ultrasonic vibrations are not expanding and contracting. Therefore, only the segments of the horn between the nodes are expanding and contracting, while the portions of the horn lying exactly on nodes are not moving. It is as if the ultrasound horn has been physically cut into separate pieces. The pieces of the horn corresponding to nodes of the ultrasonic vibrations are held stationary, while the pieces of the horn corresponding to the regions between nodes are expanding and contracting. If the pieces of the horn corresponding to the regions between nodes were cut up into even smaller pieces, the pieces expanding and contracting the most would be the pieces corresponding to the antinodes of ultrasonic vibrations (points of maximum deflection or amplitude). 
         [0008]    The expansion and contraction of the horn causes the back wall of the internal chamber to move forwards and backwards. Moving forwards and backwards, the back wall emits ultrasonic energy into the fluid within the chamber. As the back wall moves forward it hits the fluid within the chamber. Striking the fluid within the chamber, like a mallet hitting a gong, the back wall of the chamber emits, or induces, vibrations within the fluid. The vibrations traveling through the fluid possess the same frequency as the ultrasonic vibrations traveling through the horn. The farther forwards and backwards the back wall of the chamber moves, the more forcefully the back wall strikes the fluid within the chamber and the higher the amplitude of the ultrasonic vibrations emitted into the fluid. Inducing vibrations within the fluid, the movement of the chamber&#39;s back wall increases the kinetic energy of the fluid traveling through the chamber. The increased kinetic energy of the fluid improves the atomization of the fluid as it exits at the radiation surface, thereby counteracting a decrease in atomization caused by changing environmental conditions. 
         [0009]    A counteracting increase in the kinetic energy of the fluid may also be induced from the ultrasonic vibrations emanating from the radiation surface. Like the back wall of the internal chamber, the radiation surface is also moving forwards and backwards when ultrasonic vibrations travel down the length of the horn. Consequently, as the radiation surface moves forward it strikes the fluid exiting the horn and the surrounding air. Striking the exiting fluid and surrounding air, the radiation surface emits, or induces, vibrations within the exiting fluid. As such, the kinetic energy of the exiting fluid increases. The increased kinetic energy further atomizes the fluid exiting at the radiation surface, thereby counteracting a decrease in atomization caused by changing environmental conditions. 
         [0010]    The increased kinetic energy imparted on the fluid by the movement of the chamber&#39;s back wall and/or the radiation surface can be controlled by adjusting the amplitude of the ultrasonic vibrations traveling down the length of the horn. Increasing the amplitude of the ultrasonic vibrations increases the amount of kinetic energy imparted on the fluid as it travels through the chamber and/or exits at the radiation surface. If the horn is ultrasonically vibrated in resonance by a piezoelectric transducer driven by an electrical signal supplied by a generator, then increasing the voltage of the electrical signal will increase the amplitude of the ultrasonic vibrations traveling down the horn. 
         [0011]    As with increases in environmental pressure, decreases in environmental pressure may adversely impact the atomized spray. Because the net pressure acting on the fluid is converted to kinetic energy and the net pressure acting on the fluid is the difference between the pressure pushing the fluid through the atomizer and the pressure of the environment, decreasing the environmental pressure increases the kinetic energy of the fluid exiting a pressure driven atomizer. Thus, as the environmental pressure decreases, the exiting velocity of the fluid increases. Exiting the atomizer at a higher velocity, the atomized fluid droplets move farther away from the atomizer, thereby widening the spray pattern. Changing the spray pattern may lead to undesirable consequences. For instance, widening the spray pattern may direct the atomized fluid away from its intended target and/or towards unintended targets. Thus, a decrease in environmental pressure may result in a detrimental un-focusing of the atomized spray. 
         [0012]    Adjusting the amplitude of the ultrasonic waves traveling down the length of the horn may be useful in focusing the atomized spray produced at the radiation surface. Creating a focused spray may be accomplished by utilizing the ultrasonic vibrations emanating from the radiation surface to confine and direct the spray pattern. Ultrasonic vibrations emanating from the radiation surface may direct and confine the vast majority of the atomized spray produced within the outer boundaries of the radiation surface. The level of confinement obtained by the ultrasonic vibrations emanating from the radiation surface depends upon the amplitude of the ultrasonic vibrations traveling down the horn. As such, increasing the amplitude of the ultrasonic vibrations passing through the horn may narrow the width of the spray pattern produced; thereby focusing the spray. For instance, if the spray is fanning too wide, increasing the amplitude of the ultrasonic vibrations may narrow the spray pattern. Conversely, if the spray is too narrow, then decreasing the amplitude of the ultrasonic vibrations may widen the spray pattern. 
         [0013]    Changing the geometric conformation of the radiation surface may also alter the shape of the spray pattern. Producing a roughly column-like spray pattern may be accomplished by utilizing a radiation surface with a planar face. Generating a spray pattern with a width smaller than the width of the horn may be accomplished by utilizing a tapered radiation surface. Further focusing of the spray may be accomplished by utilizing a concave radiation surface. In such a configuration, ultrasonic waves emanating from the concave radiation surface may focus the spray through the focus of the radiation surface. If it is desirable to focus, or concentrate, the spray produced towards the inner boundaries of the radiation surface, but not towards a specific point, then utilizing a radiation surface with slanted portions facing the central axis of the horn may be desirable. Ultrasonic waves emanating from the slanted portions of the radiation surface may direct the atomized spray inwards, towards the central axis. There may, of course, be instances where a focused spray is not desirable. For instance, it may be desirable to quickly apply an atomized liquid to a large surface area. In such instances, utilizing a convex radiation surface may produce a spray pattern with a width wider than that of the horn. The radiation surface utilized may possess any combination of the above mentioned configurations such as, but not limited to, an outer concave portion encircling an inner convex portion and/or an outer planar portion encompassing an inner conical portion. Inducing resonating vibrations within the horn facilitates the production of the spray patterns described above, but may not be necessary. 
         [0014]    It should be noted and appreciated that other benefits and/or mechanisms of operation, in addition to those listed above and/or below, may be elicited by devices in accordance with the present invention. The mechanisms of operation presented herein are strictly theoretical and are not meant in any way to limit the scope this disclosure and/or the accompanying claims. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0015]      FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b  illustrate cross-sectional views of an embodiment of the ultrasound atomization apparatus. 
           [0016]      FIGS. 2   a  through  2   e  illustrate alternative embodiments of the radiation surface. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0017]    Preferred embodiments of the ultrasound atomization apparatus are illustrated throughout the figures and described in detail below. Those skilled in the art will understand the advantages provided by the atomization apparatus upon review. 
         [0018]      FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b  illustrate an embodiment of the ultrasound atomization apparatus comprising a horn  101  and an ultrasound transducer  102  attached to the proximal surface  117  of horn  101  powered by generator  116 . As ultrasound transducers and generators are well known in the art they need not be described in detail herein. Ultrasound horn  101  comprises a proximal surface  117 , a radiation surface  111  opposite proximal end  117 , and at least one radial surface  118  extending between proximal surface  117  and radiation surface  111 . Within horn  101  is an internal chamber  103  containing a back wall  104 , a front wall  105 , at least one side wall  113  extending between back wall  104  and front wall  105 , and an ultrasonic lens  122  within back wall  104 . As to induce vibrations within horn  101 , ultrasound transducer  102  may be mechanically coupled to proximal surface  117 . Mechanically coupling horn  101  to transducer  102  may be achieved by mechanically attaching (for example, securing with a threaded connection), adhesively attaching, and/or welding horn  101  to transducer  102 . Other means of mechanically coupling horn  101  and transducer  102 , readily recognizable to persons of ordinary skill in the art, may be used in combination with or in the alternative to the previously enumerated means. Alternatively, horn  101  and transducer  102  may be a single piece. When transducer  102  is mechanically coupled to horn  101 , driving transducer  102  with an electrical signal supplied from generator  116  induces ultrasonic vibrations  114  within horn  101 . If transducer  102  is a piezoelectric transducer, then the amplitude of the ultrasonic vibrations  114  traveling down the length of horn  101  may be increased by increasing the voltage of the electrical signal driving transducer  102 . 
         [0019]    As the ultrasonic vibrations  114  travel down the length of horn  101 , back wall  104  oscillates back-and-forth. The back-and-forth movement of back wall  104  induces the release ultrasonic vibrations from lens  122  into the fluid inside chamber  103 . Positioning back wall  104  such that at least one point on lens  122  lies approximately on an antinode of the ultrasonic vibrations  114  passing through horn  101  may maximize the amount and/or amplitude of the ultrasonic vibrations emitted into the fluid in chamber  103 . Preferably, the center of lens  122  lies approximately on an antinode of the ultrasonic vibrations  114 . The ultrasonic vibrations emanating from lens  122 , represented by arrows  119 , travel towards the front of chamber  103 . As to minimize the oscillations and/or vibrations of front wall  105 , it may be desirable to position front wall  105  such that at least one point on front wall  105  lies on a node of the ultrasonic vibrations  114 . Preferably, the center of front wall  105  lies approximately on a node of the ultrasonic vibrations  114 . 
         [0020]    The specific lens illustrated in  FIG. 1   a  contains a concave portion  123 . If the concave portion  123  forms an overall parabolic configuration in at least two dimensions, then the ultrasonic vibrations depicted by arrows  119  emanating from concave portion  123  of lens  122  travel in an undisturbed pattern of convergence towards the parabola&#39;s focus  124 . As the ultrasonic vibrations  119  converge at focus  124 , the ultrasonic energy carried by vibrations  119  may become focused at focus  124 . The fluid passing through chamber  103  is therefore exposed to the greatest concentration of ultrasonic energy at focus  124 . Consequently, the ultrasonically induced increase in the kinetic energy of the fluid is greatest at focus  124 . Positioning focus  124  at or near the opening of channel  110 , as to be in close proximity to the opening of channel  110  in front wall  105 , therefore, yields the maximum increase in kinetic energy as the fluid enters channel  110 . 
         [0021]    In the alternative or in combination the ultrasonic lens within the back wall of the chamber may also contain convex portions. For instance, the ultrasonic lens within the back wall of the chamber may contain an outer concave portion encircling an inner convex portion. 
         [0022]    Front wall  105  of chamber  103  may contain slanted portion  125 , as depicted in  FIG. 1   a . Slanted portion  125  of front wall  105  may funnel the fluid flowing through chamber  103  into channel  110 . If the ultrasonic vibrations emanating from lens  122  are directed towards a point in close proximity to the opening of channel  110 , it may be desirable for slanted portion  125  of front wall  105  to form an angle equal to or greater than the angle of convergence of the ultrasonic vibrations emitted from the peripheral boundaries of ultrasonic lens  122 . 
         [0023]    The fluid and/or fluids to be atomized enter chamber  103  of the embodiments depicted in  FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b  through at least one channel  109  originating in radial surface  118  and opening into chamber  103 . Preferably, channel  109  encompasses a node of the ultrasonic vibrations  114  traveling down the length of the horn  101  and/or emanating from lens  122 . In the alternative or in combination, channel  109  may originate in radial surface  118  and open at back wall  104  into chamber  103 . Upon exiting channel  109 , the fluid flows through chamber  103 . The fluid then exits chamber  103  through channel  110 , originating within front wall  105  and terminating within radiation surface  111 . As the fluid to be atomized passes through channel  110 , the pressure of the fluid decreases while its velocity increases. Thus, as the fluid flows through channel  110 , the pressure acting on the fluid is converted to kinetic energy. If the fluid gains sufficient kinetic energy as it passes through channel  110 , then the attractive forces between the molecules of the fluid may be broken, causing the fluid to atomize as it exits channel  110  at radiation surface  111 . If the fluid passing through horn  101  is to be atomized by the kinetic energy gained from its passage through channel  110 , then the maximum height (h) of chamber  103  should be larger than maximum width (w) of channel  110 . Preferably, the maximum height of chamber  103  should be approximately 200 times larger than the maximum width of channel  110  or greater. 
         [0024]    It is preferable if at least one point on radiation surface  111  lies approximately on an antinode of the ultrasonic vibrations  114  passing through horn  101 . 
         [0025]    As to simplify manufacturing, ultrasound horn  101  may further comprise cap  112  attached to its distal end. Cap  112  may be mechanically attached (for example, secured with a threaded connector), adhesively attached, and/or welded to the distal end of horn  101 . Other means of attaching cap  112  to horn  101 , readily recognizable to persons of ordinary skill in the art, may be used in combination with or in the alternative to the previously enumerated means. Comprising front wall  105 , channel  110 , and radiation surface  111 , a removable cap  112  permits the level of fluid atomization and/or the spray pattern produced to be adjusted depending on need and/or circumstances. For instance, the width of channel  110  may need to be adjusted to produce the desired level of atomization with different fluids. The geometrical configuration of the radiation surface may also need to be changed as to create the appropriate spray pattern for different applications. Attaching cap  112  to the present invention at approximately a nodal point of the ultrasonic vibrations  114  passing through horn  101  may help prevent the separation of cap  112  from horn  101  during operation. 
         [0026]    It is important to note that fluids of different temperatures may be delivered into chamber  103  as to improve the atomization of the fluid exiting channel  110 . This may also change the spray volume, the quality of the spray, and/or expedite the drying process of the fluid sprayed. 
         [0027]    Alternative embodiments of an ultrasound horn  101  in accordance with the present invention may possess a single channel  109  opening within side wall  113  of chamber  103 . If multiple channels  109  are utilized, they may be aligned along the central axis  120  of horn  101 , as depicted in  FIG. 1   a . Alternatively or in combination, channels  109  may be located on different platans, as depicted in  FIG. 1   a , and/or the same platan, as depicted in  FIG. 1   b.    
         [0028]    Alternatively or in combination, the fluid to be atomized may enter chamber  103  through a channel  121  originating in proximal surface  117  and opening within back wall  104 . If fluids are be atomized by their passage through horn  101 , then the maximum width (w′) of channel  121  should be smaller than the maximum height of chamber  103 . Preferably, the maximum height of chamber  103  should be approximately twenty times larger than the maximum width of channel  121 . 
         [0029]    A single channel may be used to deliver the fluids to be atomized into chamber  103 . When horn  101  includes multiple channels opening into chamber  103 , atomization of the fluids may be improved by delivering a gas into chamber  103  through at least one of the channels. 
         [0030]    Horn  101  and chamber  103  may be cylindrical, as depicted in  FIG. 1 . Horn  101  and chamber  103  may also be constructed in other shapes and the shape of chamber  103  need not correspond to the shape of horn  101 . 
         [0031]    The increase in the kinetic energy of the fluid caused by the exposure to ultrasonic vibrations  119  in chamber  103  and/or the fluid&#39;s passage through channel  110  may atomize the fluid exiting from horn  101  at radiation surface  111 . The energy carried by the ultrasonic vibrations emanating from radiation surface  111  may also atomize the exiting fluid. In addition or in the alternative to increasing the atomization of the fluid, the ultrasonic vibrations emanating from radiation surface  111  may direct the atomized fluid spray. 
         [0032]    The manner in which ultrasonic vibrations emanating from the radiation surface direct the spray of fluid ejected from channel  110  depends largely upon the conformation of radiation surface  111 .  FIGS. 2   a - 2   e  illustrate alternative embodiments of the radiation surface.  FIGS. 2   a  and  2   b  depict radiation surfaces  111  comprising a planar face producing a roughly column-like spray pattern. Radiation surface  111  may be tapered such that it is narrower than the width of the horn in at least one dimension oriented orthogonal to the central axis  120  of the horn, as depicted  FIG. 2   b . Ultrasonic vibrations emanating from the radiation surfaces  111  depicted in  FIGS. 2   a  and  2   b  may direct and confine the vast majority of spray  201  ejected from channel  110  to the outer boundaries of the radiation surfaces  111 . Consequently, the majority of spray  201  emitted from channel  110  in  FIGS. 4   a  and  4   b  is initially confined to the geometric boundaries of the respective radiation surfaces. 
         [0033]    The ultrasonic vibrations emitted from the convex portion  203  of the radiation surface  111  depicted in  FIG. 2   c  directs spray  201  radially and longitudinally away from radiation surface  111 . Conversely, the ultrasonic vibrations emanating from the concave portion  204  of the radiation surface  111  depicted in  FIG. 2   e  focuses spray  201  through focus  202 . Maximizing the focusing of spray  201  towards focus  202  may be accomplished by constructing radiation surface  111  such that focus  202  is the focus of an overall parabolic configuration formed in at least two dimensions by concave portion  204 . The radiation surface  111  may also possess a conical portion  205  as depicted in  FIG. 2   d . Ultrasonic vibrations emanating from the conical portion  205  direct the atomized spray  201  inwards. The radiation surface may possess any combination of the above mentioned configurations such as, but not limited to, an outer concave portion encircling an inner convex portion and/or an outer planar portion encompassing an inner conical portion. 
         [0034]    Regardless of the configuration of the radiation surface, adjusting the amplitude of the ultrasonic vibrations traveling down the length of the horn may be useful in focusing the atomized spray produced. The level of confinement obtained by the ultrasonic vibrations emanating from the radiation surface and/or the ultrasonic energy the vibrations carry depends upon the amplitude of the ultrasonic vibrations traveling down horn. As such, increasing the amplitude of the ultrasonic vibrations may narrow the width of the spray pattern produced; thereby focusing the spray produced. For instance, if the fluid spray exceeds the geometric bounds of the radiation surface, i.e. is fanning too wide, increasing the amplitude of the ultrasonic vibrations may narrow the spray. Conversely, if the spray is too narrow, then decreasing the amplitude of the ultrasonic vibrations may widen the spray. If the horn is vibrated in resonance by a piezoelectric transducer attached to its proximal end, increasing the amplitude of the ultrasonic vibrations traveling down the length of the horn may be accomplished by increasing the voltage of the electrical signal driving the transducer. 
         [0035]    The horn may be capable of vibrating in resonance at a frequency of approximately 16 kHz or greater. The ultrasonic vibrations traveling down the horn may have an amplitude of approximately 1 micron or greater. It is preferred that the horn be capable of vibrating in resonance at a frequency between approximately 20 kHz and approximately 200 kHz. It is recommended that the horn be capable of vibrating in resonance at a frequency of approximately 30 kHz. 
         [0036]    The signal driving the ultrasound transducer may be a sinusoidal wave, square wave, triangular wave, trapezoidal wave, or any combination thereof. 
         [0037]    It should be appreciated that elements described with singular articles such as “a”, “an”, and/or “the” and/or otherwise described singularly may be used in plurality. It should also be appreciated that elements described in plurality may be used singularly. 
         [0038]    Although specific embodiments of apparatuses and methods have been illustrated and described herein, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that any arrangement, combination, and/or sequence that is calculated to achieve the same purpose may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown. It is to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative and not restrictive. Combinations of the above embodiments and other embodiments as well as combinations and sequences of the above methods and other methods of use will be apparent to individuals possessing skill in the art upon review the present disclosure. 
         [0039]    The scope of the claimed apparatus and methods should be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.