Abstract:
This invention relates to a process for separating a mixture of finely divided minerals into constituents thereof. In particular, the invention relates to a procedure for effecting such separation by a novel selective flocculation technique wherein a dispersed aqueous pulp containing the mixture of minerals is preconditioned for selective flocculation with an anionic polymer by addition of both a fatty acid such as oleic acid and source of polyvalent cation such as calcium chloride. The fatty acid and cation of the salt selectively coat the component of the mixture that is subsequently flocculated with the anionic polymer. A polyacrylate salt dispersant is preferably used in the process. The invention is especially adapted to the separation of colored titaniferous impurities from kaolin clay.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to a process for separating a mixture of finely divided minerals into constituents thereof. In particular, the invention relates to a procedure for effecting such separation by a novel selective flocculation technique wherein a dispersed aqueous pulp containing the mixture of minerals is preconditioned for selective flocculation with an anionic polymer by addition of both a fatty acid, such as oleic acid, and a source of a polyvalent metal cation, such as calcium chloride. The fatty acid and polyvalent metal cation selectively coat the component of the mixture that is subsequently flocculated with the anionic polymer. An anionic polymer salt dispersant is preferably used in the process. The invention is especially adapted to the separation of colored impurities from kaolin clay. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     When particles of mineral ore or powder mixtures are sufficiently large, for example larger than 325 (U.S.)mesh, the components of the mixture can be separated by simple physical means such as air or magnetic separation. When the particles in the mixture are finer, more sophisticated technology may be needed to bring about efficient separations. It is conventional to make the separation of finely divided mineral, e.g., particles finer than 325 mesh (U.S. Sieve), by forming the mixture into an aqueous pulp and adding chemicals that will bring about the desired separation. One widely used procedure is froth flotation. In the case of froth flotation of phosphate or oxidized minerals from siliceous gangue, it is conventional to use a fatty acid collector and a salt promoter. The collector coated minerals particles are separated from gangue in the form of a froth. A frother and aeration are frequently employed. When froth flotation is applied to extremely finely divided (slimed) minerals such as certain kaolin clays, froth flotation of the colored impurities in the clay using a fatty acid collector becomes more difficult and it is necessary to use a clay dispersant to keep the clay particles dispersed during froth flotation. A seminal event in the flotation beneficiation of slimed minerals, especially the flotation of colored titaniferous impurities from fine particle size kaolin, is described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,990,958 Green, et al. This procedure is frequently referred to in the art as ULTRAFLOTATION. ULTRAFLOTATION has been practiced on a vast scale for several decades to upgrade kaolin clays. The process has been extended to the beneficiation of other commercially valuable minerals such as cassiterite (tin oxide), phosphate slime, fluorite and other nonsulfide minerals. Another commercial kaolin flotation process, referred to as TREP, employs calcium chloride and oleic acid. See U.S. Pat. No. 4,472,271, Bacon, et al. In the case of kaolin clays which contain significant amount of slimes, conventional froth flotation techniques may not produce the desired removal of colored bodies. 
     So-called &#34;selective flocculation&#34; is another procedure that is widely used commercially to separate finely divided minerals and powders. In the case of clay, some procedures utilize anionic polymers to selectively flocculate the clay, leaving the impurities dispersed and amenable to subsequent separation. Commercial variants of selective flocculation employ weakly anionic polymers such as hydrolyzed polyacrylamide to selectively flocculate impurities in the clay, leaving the purified clay dispersed. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,837,482, Sheridan, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,701,417 and 3,862,027, both Mercade, U.S. Pat. No. 3,371,988, Maynard, et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 4,604,369 (Shi). 
     Early in the history of froth flotation it was proposed to add an anionic polymeric flocculating agent to a mineral pulp already conditioned with a fatty acid collector. This was followed by froth flotation to bring about the separation. See U.S. Pat. No. 3,138,550, Woolery. 
     To achieve selective adsorption of a flocculating agent on a particular component of a mixture a number of methods have been suggested in the literature [Yu and Attia; in &#34;Flocculation in Biotechnology and Separation Systems,&#34; (Y. A. Attia, ed.), p. 601, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1987; Behl, S. and Moudgil, B. M., Minerals and Metallurgical Processing, 5, 92, 1992 and, Behl, S. and Moudgil, B. M., Journal of Colloid Interface Science, 160, 1993]. One of the methods involves selectively blocking the active sites on the inert or nonflocculating component for adsorption of the polymeric flocculating agent. This may be achieved by adsorption of a lower molecular weight fraction of the flocculating agent, which can act as a dispersant and/or site blocking agent prior to exposing the particle surfaces to the flocculating agent. 
     Both froth flotation and selective flocculation have limitations, especially when applied to slimed ores. In the case of froth flotation of kaolin clay in which a significant portion of the material is in the sub-micron size range, even ULTRAFLOTATION may not bring about adequate separation of color bodies in kaolinire to a commercially viable level at an acceptable recovery of purified kaolin. Similar difficulties are experienced when TREP is utilized to beneficiate such ultrafine clay on a commercial scale. On the other hand, selective flocculation processes utilizing anionic polymers generally result in flocs that are very slow to settle unless copious quantities of salt are used to facilitate sedimentation of the flocs. This necessitates costly multiple washing steps because the presence of salt with the clay would adversely affect the rheology of the clay. 
     SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     We have invented a novel process for separating mixtures of finely divided solids which represents a significant departure from known froth flotation and selective flocculation processes. Our process overcomes many of the deficiencies of prior art froth flotation and selective flocculation separation processes and provides means for producing novel kaolin pigment products when applied to kaolin clay. 
     The procedure utilizes selective flocculation of constituents in a previously dispersed aqueous mineral pulp, preferably a pulp dispersed with sodium metasilicate and sodium polyacrylate. The pulp is dispersed in the sense that the particles are not aggregated with each other. The dispersed pulp is preconditioned for subsequent selective flocculation by the addition of both a fatty acid and a water soluble source of a polyvalent metal cation. The quantities of fatty acid and polyvalent metal cation are insufficient to flocculate components in the dispersed pulp. When anionic polymer is added to the preconditioned dispersed pulp, a dense flocculated phase forms virtually instantaneously and settles rapidly as a dense, viscous, gelatinous bottom layer; the top layer is a dispersed fluid pulp containing the non-flocculated mineral particles. The flocculated phase also contains virtually all of the fatty acid and polyvalent cations introduced into the pulp. Separation of the lower dense gelatinous layer from the remainder of the pulp is readily accomplished by decantation or other conventional unit operation. 
     In the process of this invention the pulp is not subjected to froth flotation after introduction of fatty acid and polymer as it is in Woolery (supra); nor is froth flotation used to accomplish the separation of the lower flocculated phase from the upper dispersed phase. 
     In an especially preferred embodiment, the invention is practiced with impure kaolin clay containing discrete particles of at least one colored titaniferous impurities and the kaolin and the impurities are so fine that they do not respond satisfactorily to conventional froth flotation processes such as ULTRAFLOTATION or TREP. The dispersant used in purifying such kaolins in accordance with the present invention is preferably sodium metasilicate supplemented with sodium polyacrylate. Examples of such ultrafine kaolins are those mined in East Georgia, USA; such clays which have an average particles size below 0.5 micron and are presently beneficiated by selective flocculation using a weakly anionic polymer, followed by addition of copious quantities of salt to facilitate sedimentation of the flocs and multiple washing steps. 
     We believe the invention constitutes a significant breakthrough in the beneficiation of a host of very finely divided mineral mixtures that can provide a significant economic benefit over presently practiced technologies. For example, high brightness kaolin products (90% GE brightness and higher) can be produced without froth flotation. In some cases the high brightness kaolin products can be produced without conventional post processing procedures intended to increase brightness, such as, for example, bleaching and magnetic separation. This is explained by the fact that our process can achieve such a significant reduction in the quantity of colored impurities that conventional downstream beneficiation operations many not be needed to produce kaolin products of desired brightness. In some cases, preliminary degritting (necessary in most kaolin beneficiation schemes) can be omitted because the grit can be removed in the settled flocculated impurity layer. The process of invention does not introduce the undesirable soluble salts introduced during prior art selective flocculation processes. This can provide significant cost reduction in kaolin processing because multiple washing steps are not needed. In fact, the multivalent metal cations present in the kaolin crude or introduced during processing may be picked up substantially quantitatively in the flocculated layer, thus not impairing the rheology of the purified kaolin. Beneficiated kaolin products having remarkably good rheology can be produced. 
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The process is capable of removing titania (rutile and anatase and mixtures thereof) from kaolin even when the titania and the kaolin are in the form of very fine particles. The process is also capable of separating other non-sulfide minerals from other silicates. It may be employed to separate certain iron-bearing sulphides such as pyrite. The process of this invention can be employed to remove apatite (calcium phosphate) from silicate minerals in phosphate ores, ore concentrates and ore preconcentrates, even when the feed material is slimed. The process can be employed to concentrate slimed cassiterite (tin oxide), iron oxide, wollastonite, alkaline earth carbonates such as dolomite, calcite and magnesite from silicate gangue in ores, ore concentrates and ore preconcentrates. Naturally occurring zeolites, containing alkaline earth ions, such as chabazite, may be separated from silicate gangue. Exemplary of minerals present in various silicate gangue are feldspar, smectitic clay, fine silica, phosphatic clays and kaolins. The silicate materials remain in the dispersed phase during such separations. The process of the invention may also be used to concentrate ilmenite ores, nickel ores, anatase and bauxite. Generally, any mineral that can be collector coated for selective froth flotation by means of the combination of fatty acid with polyvalent cation promoter can be separated as a gelatinous flocced lower layer by the process of the invention. 
     The process is useful in separating minerals all or a significant portion of which are finer than 325 mesh. (U.S. Sieve). The grit, which is defined as +325 mesh (U.S. Sieve) particles, i.e., particles that are retained on a 325 mesh screen, can be eliminated from the feed prior to or during the process. The invention appears to have the most significant commercial value in separating ultrafine minerals, e.g., mineral mixtures in which at least 50% by weight of the particles are in the sub-micron size range. Application of the process to such finely mineralized mixtures represents the potential for the most significant cost reductions. This is explained by the fact that costly pre- or post-processing conventional steps such as bleaching and washing can be eliminated or they can be carried out more expeditiously. 
     The invention will be described in detail for processing impure ultrafine kaolin from East Georgia, USA. Colored impurities are predominantly titania (both rutile and anatase). Typical titania (TiO 2 ) analysis are in the range of 2.0 to 4.5% by weight, based on the dry weight of the degritted clay as mined. However, acceptable improvements in brightness have been achieved with East Georgia clay crudes in which TiO 2  analyzed as low as 0.6% to as high as 6.0%. A portion of the iron typically is located in the structural lattice of the kaolin crystals. Iron is present in minor amount, e.g., up to 1.0% Fe 2  O 3  based on the dry weight of the degritted clay. These clays may have poor response to oxidative and reductive bleaches and do not respond satisfactorily to known flotation schemes. 
     The particle size of typical East Georgia crude clays varies from 80% finer than 2 micron to in excess of 95% finer than 2 micron e.s.d. (equivalent spherical diameter). At least 50% by weight is generally finer than 0.4 micron e.s.d. Thus, these clays fall within a common definition of slimed ores, as used in froth flotation technology. 
     The East Georgia clays are becoming of increasing importance to the paper industry due to excellent high shear rheology and as a compatible co-pigment with carbonates. Removal of titania impurities improves the brightness and the shade (less yellow) of the clay, resulting in a more compatible carbonate co-pigment. 
     The primary dispersant presently preferred in practice of the invention is sodium metasilicate. We have found that compositions obtained made by mixing sodium hydroxide with sodium silicate solutions such as N® Brand sodium silicate to the same Na 2  O/SiO 2  ratio as sodium metasilicate do not result in as extensive TiO 2  removal from East Georgia kaolins as can be achieved using sodium metasilicate. 
     The sodium metasilicate primary dispersant can be added dry or as a solution in water. When added as a solution, the concentration of the metasilicate is not important. The primary dispersant is added to a clay of 5 percent to 70 percent solids, preferably above 50% solids, using 3 to 9 pounds per ton, preferably above 6 pounds per ton, sodium metasilicate, dry weight based on the dry clay weight. Sodium metasilicate, in excess amounts, will tend to coagulate the suspension; this has an adverse effect on the selective flocculation process. When added in insufficient amount, the slurry will not be dispersed; this adversely affects the selective adsorption of the flocculating agent. 
     A water soluble dispersant grade of sodium or ammonium polyacrylate such as C-211 sodium polyacrylate, is advantageously added to the pulp previously dispersed with sodium metasilicate, using 0.1 to 0.8 pounds per ton, based on the dry weight of the clay, in order to assure dispersion of the clay throughout processing. Typical molecular weights of polyacylate dispersants can range between 2,000 to 20,000. The acrylate dispersant is essential for achieving high recovery of purified clay. Recommended viscosity of an adequately dispersed slurry for purposes of this invention is less than 600 CPS at 20 rpm, as measured by a No. 2 spindle in a Brookfield viscometer. The pH of a kaolin pulp prior to addition of sodium metasilicate is usually in the range of 5 to 7. After addition of sodium metasilicate, the pH is usually in the range of 7 to 11; sodium or ammonium polyacrylate usually has no effect on the pH of the slurry. 
     After addition of primary dispersant and acrylate salt (secondary dispersant), the dispersed kaolin pulp is a thin fluid having the appearance of a milkshake. When maintained quiescent, essentially no stratification or appearance of flocs takes place. As mentioned, the slurry is dispersed in the sense that particles are not aggregated. The degree of dispersion may not be the same as that of a slurry dispersed to minimum viscosity (i.e., a rheologically dispersed slurry). 
     Fatty acids used in the process to precondition the impure clay (or other feed material) for selective flocculation can be of the type conventionally used in oxide mineral froth flotation, for example, C12-18 fatty acids. Oleic acid is presently preferred. Mixtures of fatty and resin acids such as tall oil fatty acids and sulfonated fatty acids can be used. The amount of fatty acid will vary with the content of impurities in the kaolin (or relative amount of nonsilicate minerals in other minerals that can be coated with oleic acid and polyvalent cations) and is typically in the range of 1 to 10 pounds, most usually 3 to 5 pounds per ton based on the dry clay weight. When too much fatty acid is used, a film (or a separate phase) is observed on the surface of the slurry; this film entraps fine colored aggregates, preventing them from settling after flocculation; when an insufficient amount of fatty acid is used, the separation efficiency of the process is poorer. Addition of frothers is not advantageous. 
     A salt containing a polyvalent metal cation is added to the pulp simultaneously with or before the addition of the fatty acid. When treating an ore, pre-concentrate or a concentrate containing a solid which provides polyvalent cations in pulp, it may not be necessary to add any other source of polyvalent cations. Suitable salts containing polyvalent metal cations are soluble in water at the pH of the pulp to which the salt is added. Especially preferred are salts containing divalent metal cations, particularly calcium, magnesium and barium. Other polyvalent metal cations that may be used include aluminum, ferric, tin, titanium, manganese and rare earth. When processing clays, colorless cations such as calcium and magnesium are recommended. The preferable anion of the salt is chloride, although nitrate, sulfate, acetate or formate salts may be used. The salt is added dry or as an aqueous solution; salt is added in the amount generally in the range of about 0 to 4 pounds/ton, most preferably about 2 pounds per ton of dry clay. When excess salt is used, undesired nonselective flocculation of the pulp may occur and this may interfere with the ability of the polymer to flocculate the titania selectively. Also excess salt (relative to fatty acid) may necessitate one or more washing steps which can add significantly to the cost of the processing. When no salt is added, the flocs formed are very small and this would adversely affect the separation process. 
     The flocculating agent used in the process is highly anionic and is a homopolymer or co-polymer of carboxylic acid, carboxylic anhydride and carboxylic acid salt monomer with a suitable non-ionic monomer. Examples of a non-ionic monomers are carboxylic acid amide and carboxyl alkyl esters. A co-polymer of acrylic acid (or salt thereof) and acrylamide is preferred for kaolin processing. Since the polymer is highly anionic, it consists predominately of the acid acrylic group. 
     A flocculating agent used successfully in the process is a highly anionic, high molecular weight copolymer of sodium acrylate and acrylamide having greater than 50% (by weight) acrylate and a molecular weight in excess of 5 million. The preferred polymer has 95% or greater acrylate (by weight) in the co-polymer and a molecular weight in the range of 10-30 million, with 25 million preferred. Polymers used in the accompanying examples were obtained from Sharpe Specialty Chemical Co. and included Sharpfloc™ 9990, 9993, 9950, 9954 and 8581. The method of production of these polymers is proprietary. In theory they can be prepared by either copolymerization of acrylamide and acrylic acid (anionic monomer) or by partial hydrolysis of polyacrylamide. 
     Fatty acid and salt are usually added to a previously dispersed pulp at 10 to 50 percent solids. Minimal dilution occurs when these reagents are added, whereby the solids of the pulp remain essentially unchanged. The pH of the slurry typically ranges from 6.5 to 10 after addition of fatty acid and salt. 
     The solids of the pulp after addition of fatty acid and salt is generally in the range of 20 to 45, with about 40% preferred. It is desirable to dilute the pulp with water, preferably water having a low mineral content, after addition of fatty acid and salt but prior to addition of the polymer. 
     The polymer is added as a solution having a concentration (weight) less than 0.5%. At higher concentration, the flocculated material may aggregate due to mixing limitations. At very low concentrations, the volume of water added becomes too large, thereby causing handling problems. In making up the polymer solution, water with a low content of calcium and magnesium must be used. Agitation should be sufficiently moderate to avoid degradation of the polymer while it is being solubilize in water. 
     Virtually immediately after the polymer solution is added to the well dispersed pulp preconditioned with fatty acid and metal salt, the formation of flocs can be observed. It is not necessary to agitate the contents of the vessel in order for floc to form. However, agitation, even severe, will not impair floc formation. Within a few minutes of standing under quiescent or semi-quiescent conditions, the floc settles as a well-defined viscous gelatinous bottom layer which contains predominantly all of the titaniterous minerals in the starting clay. In case of East Georgia kaolin, the iron content of the clay remains essentially unchanged. However, in the case of kaolins containing liberated iron mineral, the iron should concentrate in the flocs. Unless the clay has been degritted before treatment, grit will report in the flocced layer when processing kaolin crude. The lower settled layer is generally dun colored and is distinctly darker than the dispersed upper layer which contains the purified clay. Most of the water in the pulp appears in the supernatant clay-rich upper layer. 
     After polymer addition, a fluid dispersion of beneficiated kaolin product can be decanted in a cylindrical tank, column, etc., with the underflow containing the gelatinous mass containing coarse particles greater than 5 micron, impurities including color bodies, and other minerals. Mechanical devices such as a drag box or a low shear centrifugal device, may also be used to separate the gelatinous flocs from the dispersed product. 
     Processing downstream of decantation can provide numerous opportunities to optimize the overall process yield and decrease the amount of residual impurities which remain in the dispersed phase. This will have an impact on the quality of the beneficiated product and the overall cost to manufacture such a product. 
     Very small (even colloidal) flocs may remain in suspension in the dispersed beneficiated kaolin product due to the high viscosity imparted to the kaolin slurry by the addition of the flocculating agent. These flocs are structures which contain impurities and fatty acid and are incapable of settling after the initial polymer addition. These small flocs can be dispersed by the addition of an appropriate dispersant such as C-211 (sodium polyacrylate). 
     An alternative method to deal with the small amount of flocs is to retain the small flocs on a screen when operating in a batch mode. Blinding of the screen can be a significant processing problem when operating this type of a process in a continuous manner without frequent washing of the screen surface with an agent capable of dislodging the flocs. This agent could be high pressure water or a solvent. 
     Additional improvement in the purity, physical properties and brightness of the beneficiated kaolin product may be achieved with a HGMS (high gradient magnetic separator) having a field strength above 2 tesla, preferably up to 5 tesla. Also, impurities located in the pore structure of the mineral may be removed with a process step of &#34;scrub grinding&#34; upstream of the HGMS. This unit operation does not subject the pulp to significant changes in particle size distribution. This process will provide a liberation of embedded impurities not removed by the initial implementation of the process of this invention. 
     Additional brightness enhancement may be achieved using a conventional reduction bleach. A dithionite chemical agent can be used or the reagent can be formed in situ and described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,145,814, Willis, et al. Oxidation bleaches can be of benefit when treating a clay contaminated with organic impurities. 
     The process of the invention can be employed to reduce further the level of colored impurities in kaolin materials that have already undergone partial purification by means such as, for example, froth flotation. 
     In laboratory experimentation simple propeller mixers can be employed during all stages of the processing. Batch or continuous operations may be employed. In continuous operations, a squirrel cage mixer can be used to mix the dispersed pulp after addition of fatty acid and salt. 
     The following examples are given to illustrate the invention in presently preferred best mode operation and are not to be construed as limiting the invention thereto. In Examples 1 to 5, the kaolin crudes employed was from a mine in East Georgia, USA. The typical particle size distribution was 80% (weight) finer than 2 microns with average particle size being 0.3 to 0.4 microns. 
     All quantities are reported on a dry weight basis unless otherwise indicated. All mesh sizes refer to values obtained using U.S. Sieves. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE 1 
     In accordance with the invention, East Georgia kaolin crude was blunged at 60% solids with 7 lb/ton of anhydrous sodium metasilicate and 0.6 lb/ton of C-211 (sodium polyacrylate) using a Cowles mixer. This slurry was mixed for 15 minutes to ensure complete makedown of the crude clay. This slurry was screened through a 325 mesh screen to remove the coarse grit material. The resulting slurry was then diluted to 40% solids. The pH of the slurry was 10.4. To this slurry 5 lb/ton of oleic acid and 2 lb/ton of calcium chloride solution (38.5%) were added simultaneously while mixing the slurry. The resulting slurry was mixed thoroughly at ambient temperatures for 15 minutes. To this slurry 0.25 lb/ton of Sharpfloc™ 9950 polymer was added under mild agitation. Sharpfloc™ 9950 is a co-polymer of polyacrylamide and polyacrylate with 95% anionic charge and molecular weight in excess of 10 million. The required amount of polymer was diluted to a concentration such that when added to the clay slurry the resulting solids loading was 20%. Colored flocs began to appear immediately. As soon as agitation was stopped the flocs began to settle very rapidly. The flocs were settled for 30 minutes. The floc phase (dun colored gelatinous phase) constituted about 30% of the volume of the slurry. The dispersed slurry was decanted to separate it from the flocced layer and passed through a 325 mesh screen to remove any small flocs still remaining with the slurry of purified kaolin. The solids content of the decanted slurry was 10%. The slurry was then flocced, using alum and sulfuric acid, and filtered in a Buchner funnel. The filter cake was dried in a microwave oven. 
     The results, reported in Table 1, show that the TiO 2  level of the East Georgia kaolin was reduced from about 4% to about 0.6%. The GE brightness improved from 80.0% to 90.4% at an outstanding clay recovery of 73%. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     A portion of the dispersed slurry used in Example 1 was conditioned with oleic acid and calcium chloride as in Example 1. This slurry was aged for 12 hours. The slurry was then diluted to 20% solids and thereafter 0.25 lb/ton of Sharpfloc™ polymer 9950 at 0.01% (weight concentration) was added under mild agitation. Colored flocs begin to appear and, once the agitation was stopped, the flocs settled very rapidly. The flocs were settled for 30 minutes and they formed a lower layer constituting about 30% volume of the slurry. The dispersed slurry was decanted and passed through a 325 mesh screen to remove any small flocs still remaining with the purified slurry. The product had GE brightness of 89.0%. Recovery of kaolin in the process was 82%. 
     EXAMPLE 2A 
     The purified slurry of Example 2 was treated with 5 lb/ton of reduction bleach (sodium dithionite), flocced with 6 lb/ton of alum and sulfuric acid (pH 3.5) and filtered. These steps were carried out to determine if the clay could be further brightened by conventional reductive bleaching. The bleached sample was dried and the results reported in Table 1. Data in table show that the GE Brightness of the bleached beneficiated product was 89.9%. This indicates that the beneficiated the East Georgia Crude responded only moderately to reductive bleach. 
     EFFECT OF PROCESS OF INVENTION ON REMOVAL OF IMPURITIES FROM EAST GEORGIA KAOLIN 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________         TiO.sub.2,                  Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3,                          Recovery, wt. %    GEB  wt. %    wt. %   clay*______________________________________DEGRITTED  80.0   3.94     0.92  --CRUDEExample 1  90.4   0.64     0.92  73Example 2  89.0   --       --    82.0Example 2a 89.9   --       --    --______________________________________ *Based on weight of degritted crude. 
    
     EXAMPLE 3 
     A test was performed to study the effect of lower molecular weight of the flocculant on the selective flocculation process of the invention. The approximate molecular weight of the polymer used in this example is specified by the supplier is to be 5-MM. 
     East Georgia crude was blunged at 60% solids with 7 lb/ton of anhydrous sodium metasilicate and 0.5 lb/ton of C211 (sodium polyacrylate) using a Cowles mixer. This slurry was mixed for 15 minutes to ensure complete make down of the crude clay. This slurry was screened through a 200 mesh screen to remove the coarse grit material. In previous examples, a 325 mesh screen was used. A much coarser screen was employed in this example because of the ease in screening the slurry through a 200 mesh screen. The resulting slurry was then diluted to 40% solids. pH of the slurry was 10.5. To this slurry, 3 lb/ton of oleic acid and 21b/ton of calcium chloride solution (2 lb./ton expressed on a dry weight basis) were added simultaneously while mixing the slurry. The resulting slurry was mixed thoroughly for 3 minutes and diluted to 30% solids. To this slurry, 0.30 lb/ton of Sharpfloc™ 9954 was added under mild agitation. The required amount of polymer, before addition, was diluted to a concentration such that when added to the clay slurry the resulting solids loading, was 20%. Dun colored flocs began to appear. As soon as the agitation was stopped, the flocs settled down. The flocs were very small compared to those observed in Examples 1 and 2. The decanted slurry was oven dried and analyzed. 
     Chemical analysis of the beneficiated slurry showed that the TiO 2  level of the East Georgia kaolin was reduced from about 4.0% to 1.54%. The GE brightness improved from 80.0% to 87.2% and the recovery of purified kaolin was 61%. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     This test was performed to study the effect of another polymer on the selective flocculation process. The polymer used was supplied by Sharpe Specialty Chemical Company as Sharpfloc™ 8581. This is a co-polymer of acrylamide and 2 acrylamide-2 methyl propyl sulfonic acid, sodium salt (poly AMPS). This polymer has 58% (by weight) anionic monomer in the co-polymer. The approximate molecular weight of the polymer as specified by the supplier is 15 MM. 
     Example 3 was repeated with Sharpfloc™ 8581 as the flocculant. Dun colored flocs began to appear almost as soon as the flocculant was added. Once the agitation was stopped, the flocs settled down very rapidly. The flocs were very large. The flocs were oven dried and analyzed. 
     The results show that the TiO 2  level of the East Georgia kaolin was reduced from about 4.0% to 0.92%. The GE brightness improved from 80.0% to 89.4% and the recovery was 45%. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     The test was performed to study the effect of different salts on the selective flocculation process of the invention. The salts used were calcium chloride, calcium sulfate, sodium chloride and ammonium chloride. 
     Example 3 was repeated with the above mentioned different salts. Sharpfloc™ 9950 was used as the flocculant. Dun colored flocs began to appear almost as soon as the flocculant was added in case of the calcium salts. Once the agitation was stopped, the flocs settle down very rapidly. 
     The flocs were oven dried and analyzed. The results are shown in Table 2. 
     The results show that no separation was observed with a salt of a monovalent cation. 
     EXAMPLE 6 (Dolomite-Silicate Separation) 
     This example illustrates the separation of dolomite from silicate gangue using the process of this invention. 
     A 1:1 mixture of fine dolomite (-400 mesh) and East Georgia kaolin crude was blunged at 60% solids with 7 lb/ton of anhydrous sodium metasilicate and 0.5 lb/ton of C211 sodium polyacrylate using a Cowles mixer. The kaolin was added to simulate silicate gangue associated with dolomitic ores. This slurry was mixed for 15 minutes to ensure complete make down of the crude clay. This slurry was screened through a 200 mesh screen to remove the coarse grit material (associated with the kaolin crude). The resulting slurry was then diluted to 40% solids. pH of the slurry was 10.5. To this slurry 3 lb/ton oleic acid and 2 lb/ton of calcium chloride solution (dry) was added simultaneously while mixing the slurry. The resulting slurry was mixed thoroughly for 15 minutes and diluted to 30% solids. To this slurry 0.30 lb/ton of Sharpfloc™ 9950 polymer was added under mild agitation. The required amount of polymer was diluted to a concentration such that when added to the clay/dolomite slurry the resulting solids loading would be 20%. Yellow colored flocs began to appear virtually immediately and once the agitation was stopped the flocs settled rapidly. The flocs were settled for 60 minutes; the flocced phase (yellow colored phase) that formed constituted approximately 18% of the volume of the slurry. The flocs constituted about 60% of the total weight. The flocs were oven dried and analyzed. 
     The dolomite content (measured by the Mg concentration) of the flocs was 88%. 
     EXAMPLE 7 
     This example demonstrates an embodiment of the invention in which a source of polyvalent cations, such as, calcium ions, is not added when purifying a mineral based on a divalent metal. Dolomite in an alkaline solution is expected to be a source of divalent cations, by virtue of its limited solubility (calcium and magnesium ions). Example 6 was repeated with no calcium chloride added to the system. On addition of the flocculating agent, yellow colored flocs began to appear as a lower layer once the agitation was stopped. The flocs settled rapidly. As expected, the flocs were smaller than those of Example 6. The flocs were settled for 60 minutes; the floc phase (yellow colored phase) formed approximately 9% volume of the slurry. The flocs constituted about 50% of the total weight. The flocs were oven dried and analyzed. 
     It was found that the dolomite content of the flocs (measured by the Mg concentration) was 67%. A comparison of the results of Examples 6 and 7 indicates that better selectivity was observed in the presence of salt. 
     EXAMPLE 8 
     This example illustrates the separation of apatite from silicate gangue. 
     Example 3 was repeated (using a 1:1 mixture of fine apatite (finer than 400 mesh) and East Georgia kaolin crude. On addition of the polymeric flocculating agent, light yellow colored flocs began to appear; once again the agitation was stopped the flocs settled down very rapidly. The flocs were settled for 60 minutes and the floc phase (light yellow colored phase) formed approximately 20% volume of the slurry. The flocs constituted 60% of the total weight. The flocs were oven dried and analyzed. 
     The apatite content (measured by the P 2  O 5  concentration) of the flocs was 83%. 
     EXAMPLE 9 
     This example illustrates the application of the process of the invention to the concentration of anatase titania from silicate gangue. 
     Example 3 was repeated with a sample of Brazilian anatase ore. On addition of the polymeric flocculating agent, dark brown colored flocs began to appear and once the agitation was stopped the flocs settled down very rapidly. The flocs were settled for 60 minutes and the floc phase (dark brown colored phase) formed approximately 12% volume of the slurry. The flocs constituted 50% of the total weight. The flocs and the dispersed slurry were oven dried and analyzed. 
     It was found that TiO 2  was upgraded from 53% (in the anatase ore) to 65% with a recovery of 65%. The concentration of TiO 2  in the dispersed phase was 4%. The grit content (+200 mesh, U.S.) material in the ore was 30%. 
     
                       TABLE 2______________________________________EFFECT OF SALT TYPEON SELECTIVE FLOCCULATION                           Recovery ofSalt used for     TiO.sub.2,              GEB Brightness                           PurifiedSeparation     wt. %    %            Kaolin, wt. %*______________________________________Calcium   0.60     91.0         44ChlorideCalcium   2.77     83.8         80SulfateAmmonium  3.35     83.0         64ChlorideSodium    3.17     83.0         82ChlorideFEED      3.54     81.8         --______________________________________ *Based on weight of degritted crude.