Abstract:
A headband, cap, hat, or the like worn by a child, particularly an infant, includes an embedded sound-attenuation system to protect hearing against loud sounds that might startle, awaken, or injure a wearer. Shells formed of a comparatively soft and flexible elastomeric material are secured against the head of a user, each enclosing an ear in an air tight chamber, to close down the transmission paths available to sound waves. The shells are impervious to air, and flexible to conform to the head when secured by the headgear in which the shells are embedded. Each shell is provided with a rim, sufficiently flexible to deform and deflect into complete, sealed contact with the head.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    1. The Field of the Invention 
         [0002]    This invention relates to head gear and, more particularly, to novel systems and methods for earmuffs. 
         [0003]    2. The Background Art 
         [0004]    Adults who are exposed to dangerous levels of noise may wear hearing protection. Shooters, factory workers who operate noisy machinery, industrial workers who work in noisy environments, and so forth may wear hearing protection. The two most common types of protection are the moldable, memory-foam, plugs that can be molded to a comparatively small diameter for insertion into the outer ear canal, and which then over a matter of seconds or minutes will expand to a larger diameter in order to occlude sound waves entering the outer ear canal of a wearer. 
         [0005]    Shooters earmuffs&#39; resemble private stereo headphones, being manufactured with a large, hard, plastic or other composite material cavity that surrounds the ear. The two, hemispherical, hard shells corresponding to the two ears of a user are often made of a plastic such a styrene or a styrene mixture, other structural materials, fiber-reinforced plastic, or the like. Each hemispherical shell is sufficiently large to fit around the respective ear of a user, receive the ear therein. Typically, a resilient liner is secured along the circumference of each shell in order to deform and deflect at the surface of the head of a user, in order to fit against the head of a user surrounding the ear. 
         [0006]    Necessarily, such systems require substantial force to be applied to the shells by a spring formed in an arc passing from one shell up over the crown of the head and down to the other shell. The force is sufficient that some alignment is often required, giving rise to a pivot system by which each shell may pivot in at least one dimension, about at least one axis with respect to the powerful spring. 
         [0007]    Infants are less likely to be in environments requiring hearing protection. Nevertheless, to avoid startling an infant, waking an infant, protect infant ears, or otherwise to provide attenuations of sound, conventional sound-attenuating earmuffs simply do not serve. Notwithstanding the inappropriate size, such a technique of using a spring force, typically applied by a steel spring, to apply a pressure force against the head of a wearer would be not only uncomfortable but dangerous to an infant. An infant can neither complain, identify the source of discomfort, nor participate in adjusting or finding another solution to the problem. 
         [0008]    Nevertheless, parents often desire to reduce noise to which children are exposed, particularly during sleep, when walking in a stroller along streets bearing substantial traffic, and so forth. What is needed is a sound-attenuation system more in keeping with the physical realities of infant physiology, sound deadening technology, ease of use, comfort, and so forth. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0009]    In accordance with the problems and adult solutions discussed hereinabove, in one embodiment, the apparatus and method in accordance with the invention may rely on embedding various mechanisms for attenuating, deadening, and otherwise muffling sound impinging on the ears of an infant into other infant headgear. This application also incorporates by reference U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/351,352, filed on Jan. 9, 2009. 
         [0010]    A user of adult headgear virtually never uses sound-deadening equipment with a winter cap. These two items are mutually exclusive in that each needs to occupy the same space near the head of a user. In contrast, an infant may be provided with a cap, hat, blanket, other clothing, and so forth to protect against comparatively cooler weather. 
         [0011]    In one embodiment of an apparatus and method in accordance with the invention, sound-deadening devices are embedded in headwear or headgear such as headbands, caps, hats, and so forth. In one currently contemplated embodiment, the ears of a wearer (infant) are each enclosed in a respective flexible shell. 
         [0012]    These contrast to adult systems, which require substantial structural strength and stiffness the shells. Such stiffness is required in order to connect to and support the loads imposed by the steel springs clamping the shells together toward one another on the head of a user. Shells in accordance with present invention may be formed of a compliant elastomeric material, such as silicone, urethane, or other non-structural material. The softness, stiffness, durometer-measured hardness, and bending deflection of the shells approximate those of the shells. 
         [0013]    The shells surrounding the ears of the user in accordance with the current invention provide deadening of sound directly through the walls of the shells, unlike adult systems, which simply transmit the sound therethrough to be deadened elsewhere. Likewise, in an apparatus and method in accordance with the invention, the shell may be sealed against the side of the head of a user by a combination of distortion of a liner portion of the shell, and deflection of the shell, changing its fundamental shape to conform by bending about the cranium of a wearer. 
         [0014]    Additional mechanisms, including elastomeric, dampening materials, comforting or warming fabrics, and the like may be installed in the interior of the shells in order to add comfort, support, or sound dampening for the benefit of a wearer. 
         [0015]    Avoiding the forces along an axial direction with respect to the ear canal of a user, the shell may be supported by ties, ligatures, laces, straps, or the like. Typically, a flap portion of headgear, may hold some or all of the shell, and have a tie placed at one extremum, opposite the hat. Accordingly, rather than applying axial force along the shell, in the direction of the gear of a wearer, an apparatus and method in accordance with the invention may rely on circumferential loading along an arc proceeding from proximate the hat down through the ear flap, and under the chin of a wearer. Forces will necessarily be less applying pressure to the head of a wearer from the shells. By the same token, inasmuch as the shells are themselves quite flexible, fabricated from elastomeric materials in comparatively thin gauges, a user will not have to serve as a resistance to a strong spring. Instead, the shells are readily deformable about any radius or diameter in response to the draw of a line such as a tie, lanyard, strap, or the like. Accordingly, complete contact can be assured. 
         [0016]    Moreover, in an apparatus and method in accordance with the invention, a wearer need not be troubled by sound leakage such as would occur in conventional headgear. Rather, in one embodiment, the elastomeric material of the shells is sufficiently impervious to fluid transport as to block frequencies of sound in substantially all ranges. Necessarily, some limits exist to the ability to attenuate sound. Nevertheless, as a general proposition, sound waves, as other waves pass through openings characterized according to their relationship to the wave length passing therethrough. Sound waves tends to be attenuated best when subjected to passage through an opening much less than the characteristic length of the waves. Here, the polymeric or elastomeric polymer of which the shells are formed may be continuous and contiguous throughout the shell, thus attenuating all wavelengths. 
         [0017]    Of course, the amount of energy in a sound wave also affects the ability to attenuate the sound. Thus, it may quite impossible to eliminate all sound, not withstanding all sound wave frequencies may be attenuated to some extent. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0018]    It will be readily understood that the components of the present invention, as generally described and illustrated in the drawings herein, could be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations. Thus, the following more detailed description of the embodiments of the system and method of the present invention, as represented in the drawings, is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, as claimed, but is merely representative of various embodiments of the invention. The illustrated embodiments of the invention will be best understood by reference to the drawings, wherein like parts are designated by like numerals throughout. 
           [0019]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view of one embodiment of an apparatus in accordance with the invention worn by a user; 
           [0020]      FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a sound-attenuation insert in one embodiment of an apparatus in accordance with invention; 
           [0021]      FIG. 3  is a perspective view of one embodiment of headgear suitable for including a sound-reducing earmuff in accordance with the invention; 
           [0022]      FIG. 4  is alternative embodiment of headgear for containing sound-reducing earmuffs; 
           [0023]      FIG. 5  is a left side perspective view of one embodiment of a shell for an earmuff for reducing sound, in accordance with the invention; 
           [0024]      FIG. 6  is a right side perspective view thereof; 
           [0025]      FIG. 7  is a right side elevation view thereof; 
           [0026]      FIG. 8  is a left side elevation view thereof; 
           [0027]      FIG. 9  is a top plan view thereof; 
           [0028]      FIG. 10  is a bottom plan view thereof; 
           [0029]      FIG. 11  is a rear elevation view thereof; 
           [0030]      FIG. 12  is a front elevation view thereof; 
           [0031]      FIG. 13  is a left side perspective view of an alternative embodiment of a shell in accordance with the invention; 
           [0032]      FIG. 14  is a right side perspective view thereof; 
           [0033]      FIG. 15  is a right side elevation view thereof; 
           [0034]      FIG. 16  is a left side elevation view thereof; 
           [0035]      FIG. 17  is a top plan view thereof; 
           [0036]      FIG. 18  is a bottom plan view thereof; 
           [0037]      FIG. 19  is a rear elevation view thereof; 
           [0038]      FIG. 20  is a front elevation view thereof; 
           [0039]      FIG. 21  is a partially cut away perspective view of an alternative embodiment of headgear in accordance with the invention, illustrating the sound-reducing earmuff installed in the housing formed in an earflap of the headgear; 
           [0040]      FIG. 22  is a partially cut away, cross-sectional view of the upper portion of the earmuff and housing expanded in exploded view; and 
           [0041]      FIG. 23  is a rear elevation, partially cut away, cross-sectional view of a housing and earmuff in accordance with the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0042]    Sound muffling headwear is provided herein that includes a flexible circumferential band. As used herein, the term circumferential band shall be broadly understood to mean a band that forms a continuous perimeter, although it may be formed of more than one piece. In at least one example, the sound muffling headwear includes flexible housings coupled to or integrated with the circumferential band. The flexible housings are configured to receive earmuffs. When assembled, the circumferential band and the flexible housing cooperate to place the earmuffs in proximity with a wearer&#39;s ears to thereby provide muffle or reduce ambient noises detected by the wearer, such as a child. 
         [0043]    In at least one example, the circumferential band can be made of a fabric material with a soft hand, such as a fleece material. Such a configuration can allow a wearer, such as a child, to comfortably wear the headwear in a variety of settings. Allowing the user to comfortably wear the headwear can in turn help ensure that the user will not become annoyed by the headwear and remove it. As a result, such a configuration can help ensure that the headwear will remain in place and thus be allowed to muffle sound to thereby protect the wearer. The circumferential nature of the flexible band can also further ensure that the headwear will remain in place. 
         [0044]    The following description supplies specific details in order to provide a thorough understanding. Nevertheless, the skilled artisan would understand that the apparatus and associated methods of using the apparatus can be implemented and used without employing these specific details. Indeed, the apparatus and associated methods can be placed into practice by modifying the illustrated apparatus and associated methods and can be used in conjunction with any other apparatus and techniques conventionally used in the industry. 
         [0045]      FIG. 1  illustrates a perspective view of sound muffling headwear  10 . As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the sound muffling headwear  10  includes a flexible circumferential band  12 . The sound muffling headwear  10  further includes housings  14  coupled to or integrated with the flexible circumferential band  12 . The housings  14  are configured to receive earmuffs  20 . The earmuffs  20  can be secured to the housings  14  in any suitable manner. In at least one example, the earmuffs  20  can be sewn into the housing  14 . In other examples, the housings  14  can be configured as flapped pockets such that the earmuffs  20  can be removably coupled to the housings  14 . It will be appreciated that the earmuffs  20  can be secured to the housings  14  in any suitable manner. 
         [0046]    The flexible circumferential headband  12  can be formed of any suitable material, including cloth or fabric materials. In at least one example, the flexible circumferential band  12  can be formed of a fleece material. The flexible circumferential band  12  can also include elastic properties which allow the flexible circumferential band  12  to stretch to be readily fitted to a wearer. In at least one example, the circumferential band  12  can have an adjustable circumference. One such example can be provided to include headwear configured as an adjustable cap, such as an adjustable baseball-style cap. 
         [0047]    Similarly, the housings  14  can be formed of flexible material, such as a cloth or fabric material. The housings  14  can be formed of the same or different materials than the flexible circumferential band  12 . In at least one example, the housings  14  can be formed of a cloth material with a soft hand and wicking properties to allow the earmuffs  20  to be comfortably maintained in close proximity to a wearer&#39;s ears. 
         [0048]      FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of one of the earmuffs taken along section  2 - 2  of  FIG. 1 . As illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the earmuff  20  can include a base layer  22  and additional layers  24 ,  26 . The base layer  22  can be formed of any flexible material with sound muffling properties. In at least one example, the base layer  22  can be formed of a neoprene material. In other examples, the base layer  22  and/or the other layers  24 ,  26  can be formed of closed cell rubber, closed cell foam, memory foam, or any other material. 
         [0049]    The additional layers  24 ,  26  can be secured to each other and to the base layer  22  to form a recess. In at least one example, layer  24  can be formed of a sound muffling material, such as neoprene. Layer  26  can also be formed of a softer material having sound muffling properties. Further layer  26  can be formed of a material that conforms to the wearer. In at least one example, layer  26  can be formed of a memory foam material. The layers  24 ,  26  cooperate to form a recess configured to engage or receive a wearer&#39;s ear. 
         [0050]    In at least one example, the recess can be at least partially filled with a soft material  28  that can have sound muffling properties as well. For example, the recess can be at least partially filled with a soft foam material that can have antibacterial properties. 
         [0051]    The layers  24 ,  26  can be secured to the base layer  22  in any suitable manner. In at least one example, silicone, such as aquarium-grade silicone gel, can be used to secure layer  24  to the base  22  and/or to secure layer  26  to layer  24 . It has been found that the use of silicone provides additional sound muffling properties, thereby enhancing the efficacy of the noise muffling headwear in isolating noise. 
         [0052]    In the illustrated example, the earmuffs  20  are part of noise muffling headwear that is configured as a headband. It will be appreciated that other configurations are possible. Several additional configurations will be described in more detail below. 
         [0053]      FIG. 3  illustrates noise muffling headwear  10  according to one example. As illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the noise muffling headwear  10  includes an optional top portion  30  secured to or integrated with the flexible circumferential headband  12  and optional lower straps  32  integrated with the housings  14 . Accordingly, the noise muffling headwear  10  can be configured as a beanie or a touque. 
         [0054]    In other examples, such as illustrated in  FIG. 4 , noise muffling headwear  10  can also include a bill  38  coupled to or integrated with the flexible circumferential headband  12  such that the noise muffling headwear  10  is configured as a cap. Accordingly, the noise muffling headwear can be configured in any number of ways. 
         [0055]    With respect to the embodiments of headgear illustrated in  FIGS. 1-4 , various alternatives to the system  10  may be embodied in various bands  12  or caps  30  or combinations thereof. As a practical matter, the housings  14  may be embodied in earflaps  16  associated with caps  30  or top portions  30 . That is, a band  12  may be part and parcel of, integrated completely and seamlessly within, the top portion  30 , to form a cap  30 . On the other hand, a cap  30  may be a top portion  30  fastened to a band  12 . In any event, whether an isolated band  12 , an integrated cap  30  that includes the band integrally and inseparably, even seamlessly, attached, or a band  12  that has been seamed, sewn, bonded, or otherwise attached to a top portion  30 , the earflaps  16  are best provided in a configuration that extends down to cover the ears of a user, while leaving the face free for sight, breathing, and so forth. 
         [0056]    Thus, in general, the earflaps  16  may form all or part of the housings  14  over the ears, respectively Likewise, any type of decoration  34  that may be printed on, be attached to, extend from, or otherwise be connected with a cap  30  may be added, included, integrated, or the like. Typically, the decoration  34  is a design choice or an arbitrary aesthetic choice of a user or designer. Typically, decorative elements  34  will not influence the function, design, appearance, configuration, or science of the earmuffs  20  located withing the housings  14 . 
         [0057]    In one embodiment, the earflaps  16  may include straps  32  or ties  32  for securing the earflaps  16  together around the jaw line or chin of a wearer. Meanwhile, straps  36  may include closures such as snaps, hook-and-loop fasteners, buttons, buckles, or the like. Regardless of whether the straps  36  or the ties  32  are relied upon, or entirely absent, the earflaps  16  are best able to function to maintain coverage if a degree of tension in a circumferential direction around the crown of the head, or in a circumferential path under the chin and over the top of the crown of the head, exists in the headgear system  10 . The strap  32 ,  36  or the headband  12  applying a circumferential tensile force is valuable in the operation of the earmuffs  20 . For example, the circumferential tension applied to the earflaps  16  supports a snug compressive force against the earmuffs  20 , transmitted through the housings  14 . 
         [0058]    Referring to  FIGS. 5-20 , while continuing to refer generally to  FIGS. 1-23 , earmuffs  20  in accordance with the invention may rely on a shell  40  formed of an elastomeric polymer formed to fit around an ear of a user. The material selected for molding, forming, shaping, or otherwise manufacturing a shell  40  should be selected to have a durometer value of hardness (the reciprocal of softness, qualitatively) that is close to that of human tissue. 
         [0059]    Specifically, the thickness, material properties, dimensions, bending stress, and so forth may be selected such that the shell  40  itself acts approximately the same in resistance, deformability, mechanical properties, or flexure as the human ear. To the touch, the material of the shell  40  should approximate of skin or human flesh. In this way, pressure exerted against any portion of the head of a wearer is limited by the size, shape, and material properties of the configuration and material of the shell  40 . In this way, the comfort may be assured of a user who is often incapable of a specific complaint, may be assured. 
         [0060]    In the illustrated embodiments, the shell  40  may be formed to have an outer surface  41  that will receive sound waves impinging thereon from the environment surrounding a wearer. Meanwhile, a flange  42  may be used as a manufacturing device for delivery of resin into a mold, as well as a fastening mechanism for securing the shell  40  into the housing  14 . 
         [0061]    In the illustrated embodiments, the flange  42  may be included in manufacture only, manufacturing and installation, or may be present in manufacture and removed for assembly. In yet other embodiments, the flange  42  may be completely dispensed with, and the shells  40  may be manufactured by any suitable polymeric molding process. Absent the flange  42 , positioning and securing the shells  40  to the housing portion  14  of the earflaps  16  may require bonding, fastening, clipping, pinning, sewing, or other fastening mechanisms in order to stablize and position the shells  40  to surround the ears of a wearer. 
         [0062]    The inner surface  43  of the shell  40  may or may not touch the head or ears of a wearer. In currently contemplated embodiments, the pocket  44  or cavity  44  formed in the interior of the shell  40  by the inner surface  43  of the shell  40  receives an ear of a user. Nevertheless, the pocket  44  may be shaped in one of several ways. 
         [0063]    For example, in the illustrated embodiments, the pocket  44  is monotonically decreasing in effective diameter as one proceeds along an axis perpendicular to the flange  42 , and from the flange  42  outboard toward the offset wall  46  and outer wall  48 . In other embodiments, depending on manufacturing technique, the pocket  44  may expand in effective diameter before closing back to a reduced diameter at the outer wall  48 , if at all. 
         [0064]    Nevertheless, it has been found that for the ears of infants, the proportions of the shell  40  as illustrated serve adequately. In the illustrated embodiment, the rim  50  is the only portion of the shell  40  in contact with the person of a wearer. For example, the offset wall  46  has an effective diameter encircling an axis passing through the center thereof. It is perpendicular to the flange  42 , approximately perpendicular to the outer wall  48 , which is adequate to receive an ear of a user, and still accommodate additional padding. 
         [0065]    The rim  50  specifically remains completely empty. For example, the rim  50  is designed to form or encompass a continuous, uninterrupted, completely closed loop having a U-shaped cross-section. That shallow U cross-section has an outer leg in contact with a head of a user beside the ear of the user. That leg of the U is free to bend, fold, collapse, or the like, in order to relieve any localized stress. 
         [0066]    For example, the shape of a head of a user is not a flat plane. Below and behind the ear, the skull typically recedes away from the ear. Accordingly, the straps  32 ,  36 , securing the earflaps  16  will tend to form the housings  14  around the head of a user. The housing  14  will itself tend to load the shell  40  and bend it to conform to the head of a user. Bending stresses may bend the shell  40 , thus bringing the rim  50  into complete contact about its entire circumference against the head of a user. To the extent that localized adjustments are necessary or valuable, they will be automatically made by deflection of the shell  40  itself. Generally, in response to bending loads, or by localized deflection or even collapse of the outer leg of the U cross-section of the rim  50 , an effectively air-right seal is made by the rim against the head. 
         [0067]    It has been found particularly useful in an embodiment of the shell  40  in accordance with the invention to have the rim  50  of about the same wall thickness as the offset wall  46 , the outer wall  48 , and so forth. The flange  42  being of the same thickness is less important, but may be of the same thickness in order to assist in manufacturing and assembly (e.g., sewing, stitching, etc.) processes. For example, an injection mold works most efficiently if all web thicknesses being molded are of the same dimension or value. A thin wall is also more easily penetrated for stitching. 
         [0068]    The flexible material of the shell  40  may be any suitable material such as polyurethane, neoprene, silicone, or other elastomeric polymers having the proper durometer hardness values, structural strength, ultimate tensile strength, deflection with load, resilience, elasticity, and so forth. 
         [0069]    In general, the offset wall  46  serves to offset the outer wall  48  away from both the flange  42  and the rim  50 . Thus, the offset wall  46  proceeds from the corner  52  or vertex  52  between the flange  42  and the offset wall  46  extends toward the outer wall  48 . Thus, the offset wall  46  begins as a continuous, contiguous, homogeneous material formed with the flange  42 . It proceeds from the corner  52  defined by circumferential curve in the illustrations. It proceeds outward, but angled toward its central axis, ultimately arriving at the corner  54  or vertex  54 . That vertex  54  is represented by another curve extending circumferentially at a smaller effective radius and circumference. 
         [0070]    For purposes of this description, effective diameter is considered to be a hydraulic diameter. A hydraulic diameter is twice a hydraulic radius. A hydraulic radius is four times an area divided by its perimeter. Thus, an effective diameter may be calculated for the outer wall  48  and the inner and outer corners  52 ,  54  (vertices  52 ,  54 ) that bound the offset wall  46 , and the rim  50 . 
         [0071]    Likewise, an effective diameter for the flange  42  may be calculated. Thus, it is proper herein to speak of an effective diameter, since features of the shell  40  need not be, and indeed are not shown to be, exactly circular in any of the illustrated embodiments. Circular embodiments are possible, but raise other manufacturing and fit issues for use by a wearer, given the natural shape of ears. 
         [0072]    Referring to  FIGS. 21-23 , while continuing to refer generally to  FIGS. 1-23 , a system  10  or headgear  10  in accordance with the invention may have sewn into or otherwise secured between different layers  14   a ,  14   b  of the housing  14  a flange  42  of a shell  40 . In the illustrated embodiment, the layers  14   a ,  14   b  may be thought of as an outside layer  14   a , and an inside layer  14   b  of a housing  14 . The inside layer  14   b  is not necessarily required. 
         [0073]    For example, the flange  42  may be secured directly to the outside layer  14   a . Nevertheless, for aesthetics and comfort, as well as warmth, the housing  14  may be made as two portions  14   a ,  14   b . It should also be noted herein that a trailing reference letter signifies a specific instance of an item identified by the reference numeral. Accordingly, it is proper to speak of a housing  14  as well as a housing  14   a ,  14   b , or the like. 
         [0074]    Referring to  FIG. 22 , one embodiment of an apparatus and system  10  in accordance with the invention may provide a stackup beginning at an outermost extreme with a layer  14   a  of a housing  14 . Inside the housing  14   a  is contained a shell  40  providing an inner surface  41 , a flange  42 , and an outer surface  43 , all defining a pocket  44  or cavity  44  to receive an ear of a user wearing the headgear  10 . In the illustrated embodiment, the rim  50  is formed inboard (toward the wearer) of the flange  42 . Accordingly, when the inner layer  14   b  of the housing  14  is positioned inboard of the flange  42 , the flange  42  may be sewn, bonded, stitched, tied, stapled, riveted, or otherwise fastened between the two layers  14   a ,  14   b  of the housing  14 . Thus, the shell  40  may be stabilized within the earflap  16  of the headgear  10 . 
         [0075]    As illustrated, the inner wall  43  of the shell  40  may receive various additional components. For example, closest to the actual skin of a user may be a contact layer  56 . The contact layer  56  may formed of the same material as the housing  14 . Typically, a contact layer  56  may be formed of fleece, terry cloth, synthetic fur, or other soft, insulating fabric pleasant to the touch. In cold weather, the contact layer  56  may form part of a comfort system providing not only soft contact, but insulation value against outdoor temperatures. For example, if the shell  40  were exposed to outside temperatures on the outer surface  41 , and had no additional lining elements on the inside surface  43 , it may not provide the secondary benefit of sufficient warmth for the wearer. 
         [0076]    A contact surface  57  may actually contact the skin, typically on the ear. It may possibly touch on a portion of the head, but typically only the ear of a user. Similarly, an optional layer  58  may operate as a filler or deflection layer  58 . Typically, the layer  58  is a compliant, virtually unresistant, open-cell elastomeric foam. It is entirely optional. However, sound deadening material, thermally insulating material, comparatively soft (low spring constant) easily deflected material or the like may be used in an optional layer  58 . 
         [0077]    Meanwhile, a liner  60  is typically is installed along the entire interior surface  43  of the shell  40 , outboard of the rim  50 . Inelastic, sound dampening, memory foam serves well. 
         [0078]    For example, the rim  50  is typically completely empty in order to accommodate its need for deflection and deformability to fit against the head of a wearer. 
         [0079]    By contrast, the liner  60  typically is formed of an expanded elastomeric polymer. Thus, urethane, neoprene, or the like containing embedded air bubbles may be formed as an open-cell or closed-cell foam. Typically, a closed-cell foam will tend to deaden the sound. However inelastic foams (e.g., memory foam) may be open-cell types. The liner  60 , when formed of inelastic material tends to dampen sound by delaying transmission because it is deformable inelastically. Various types of foam, such as memory foam, and other rheologically inelastic materials may actually return elastically to their initial position, but with such a delay that sound, deflection, force, and the like are not immediately transmitted as would be the case in exactly elastic material. 
         [0080]    The liner  60  may be bonded to the inside surface  43  of the shell  40 . The liner  60  may extend along the inside surface, entire outer wall  48 , and even along all or part of the offset wall  46  provides the offset by spacing the outer wall  48  away from the rim  50 . 
         [0081]    In general, the surface of the head of a user may present a contact line  62  or contact plane  62 . The contact line  62  may be outboard from the rim  50 . The first compliance or deflection in order to accommodate movement by a user of the contact line  62  in an outboard direction is the rim  50 . The rim  50  may deflect to accommodate any variation from an absolute planar configuration along the contact line  62 . 
         [0082]    For example, the entire outer most edge of the rim  50  may typically be in contact with a plane  62 . Nevertheless, the head of a user is not a plane. It is not planar and may necessarily deflect portions of the rim  50  about its circumference as necessary. The rim  50  provides a comparatively minimal deflection defined by the thickness of the rim  50  or the wall of the rim  50  and the distance from the flange  42  out to the contact line  62  or contact plane  62 . 
         [0083]    The bending deflecting of the shell  40  may be greater than that of the rim  50 . Beam deflection of the rim may occur with a degree of resistance, inasmuch as the entire circumference of the rim  50  is uninterrupted. Nevertheless, the rim  50  may roll under itself or collapse locally in order to accommodate deflections, with only nominal force required. Thus, the rim  50  is able to maintain a substantially airtight seal against the head, around the ear of a user. 
         [0084]    Meanwhile, if the rim  50  deflects sufficiently, the contact plane  62  or contact line  62  will next be met by the housing layer  14   b . The layer  14   b  may typically be formed of a loose fabric such as a fleece, felt, knit, or other comparatively soft and deformable material. Thus, the head of a user may contact the layer  14   b  when the contact line  62  is deflected sufficiently to the right in the illustrated embodiment. 
         [0085]    Additional deflection may also be available to a user in reliance on the outer layer  14   b  of the housing  14 . For example, the arrows illustrate tension forces  64  existing within the outer layer  14   b  of the housing  14  due to the ties  32 ,  36  securing the earflaps  16  toward one another. In an embodiment that relies only on a flexible circumferential band  12 , the direction of the forces  64  will be different. Nevertheless, a tensile force acting circumferentially about the crown of the head may be applied. 
         [0086]    The resultant force vector acting on the shell  40  as a result of the tensile forces  64  in the housing portion  14   a  may be compressive in nature. Thus, the arrows  66  showing compressive forces  66  tend to provide deflection, such as by beam bending, in the cross section of the shell  40 . By so doing, the outer layer  14   a  may apply sufficient loading to deform or deflect the shell  40  in beam bending. Thus, in addition to the deflection of the rim  50 , the entire shell  40  may deflect, rendering it more easily conformal to the shape of the head of a wearer. 
         [0087]    The dimensions of thickness, length, width, circumference, and so forth are selected, and particularly the wall thickness, in order to provide an ease of deflection that corresponds to about the same levels of force and stress as would deflect skin or bend an ear of a user. Thus, when in contact with the ear of a user, the system  10  and the skin and ear of a user may provide about the same levels of force against one another. In this way, the system  10  provides deflection to accommodate the shape of the head of ears of a user, without causing undue stress, and consequent development of pain. 
         [0088]    It has been found that pressure on tissue tends to restrict circulation of blood within tissue. A lack of circulation causes pain after a period of minutes. Pressure often causes development of sores and necrosis over a period of days. In the use of headwear  10 , it is unlikely that a user or wearer would wear the headgear for days at a time uninterrupted. Nevertheless, the headgear may be worn for minutes or hours within a day, thus making pain a significant element to be avoided. 
         [0089]    Stitches  68  or stitching  68  may pass from the outside of each of the layers  14   a ,  14   b  of the housing  14  through to one another, by way of the flange  42 . In the alternative embodiments lacking a flange  42 , the shell  40  may be bonded to one or more of the layers  14   a ,  14   b . Glue, heat, melting of base material in the housing  14 , shell  40 , or both, riveting, stapling, or the like may still be done to secure the outer wall  48 , for example, to the outer layer  14   a.    
         [0090]    The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.