Abstract:
A tubular structure which includes a plurality of axial sites in circular relation to one another and a plurality of bias sites that interconnect the axial sites to form the tubular structure. The tubular structure&#39;s axial sites have a greater diameter than the structure&#39;s bias sites.

Description:
[0001]    This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/017,277 filed Dec. 20, 2004, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    The present invention relates generally to braided structures and more particularly to conformable braided structures that are characterized by axial sites and bias sites, where the axial sites have a greater diameter than the bias sites. The conformable braided structures are mathematically designed to meet the perimeter and area requirements of target gap area to be filled in a structure. 
         [0004]    2. Background of the Invention 
         [0005]    Resin transfer molding has been around for many decades, and its use has grown considerably in recent years. The process allows the economical manufacture of high quality composites. The term “composite” has been used principally to define a class of materials in which a matrix material, such as plastics (both thermosetting and thermoplastic), metals, or ceramics are reinforced by strengthening fibers in the form of a preform. Composites are advantageous since the final structure exhibits properties which are a combination of the properties of the constituent materials (i.e., the fiber reinforcement and matrix material). 
         [0006]    In accordance with the process, a resin system is transferred at low viscosities and low pressures into a closed mold die containing a preform of dry fibers. The dry fibers, which may have the form of continuous strand mat, unidirectional, woven, or knitted preforms, are placed in a closed mold and resin is introduced into the mold under external pressure or vacuum. The resin cures under the action of its own exotherm, or heat can be applied to the mold to complete the curing process. 
         [0007]    The resin transfer molding process can be used to produce low-cost composite parts that are complex in shape. These parts typically provide continuous fiber reinforcement, along with inside mold line and outside mold line controlled surfaces. It is the placement of the continuous fiber reinforcements in large structures that sets resin transfer molding apart from other liquid molding processes. 
         [0008]    In the past, resin transfer molding was used for applications suitable to consumer product markets. However, in the last few years, through the development of high-strength resin systems and more advanced pumping systems, resin transfer molding has advanced to new levels. These recent developments have promoted resin transfer molding technology as a practical manufacturing option for high-strength composite designs, particularly in the aerospace industry. 
         [0009]    In the aerospace industry, the most visible advantage to the resin transfer molding process lies in resin transfer molding&#39;s ability to combine multiple, detailed, components into one configuration. For example, many traditional designs consist of many individual details that are combined as a subassembly. These subassemblies usually require labor-intensive shimming, bonding, mechanical fastening and sealing. Consequently, these subassemblies demonstrate high part-to-part variability due to tolerance build-up. 
         [0010]    Resin transfer molding produces smooth surfaces. Being a product of the mold makes the surface quality of the part produced within the mold comparable to that of the tool&#39;s surface. Resin transfer molding also provides control of the fiber/resin ratio in the completed product. This advantage produces parts that are lightweight and high in strength. 
         [0011]    However, when multiple detailed components having rounded edges are combined, the concavity of the edges causes gaps to be formed at the point where the components join together. Consider the geometries shown in  FIGS. 1A and 1B , which are typical of the types of cross-sections that often need to be filled with “radius gap-filler” material during construction of a composite lay-up. One method to fill this volume with fiber is to lay-in individual ends of fiber. However, this method can be tedious and inefficient. An alternative method of filling this volume is to use a braided “gap-filler” component that holds multiple ends of the fiber together in a single piece. A drawback of this alternative is that gap filler is typically rigid and not easily conformable to varying cross-sections. Specialty braiders are available that can produce material to a specific geometry, but that geometry is then applicable only to a single application. Generic tubular braids are somewhat conformable to varying shapes, but geometric constraints of the braiding process make it difficult to obtain both the correct fiber volume and the correct perimeter for concave or complex shapes such as that of  FIGS. 1A and 1B . 
         [0012]    For example, consider again the geometry shown in  FIG. 1A  where the length of the sides of the concave gap or area  8  to be filled is indicated by  10  and  12  and the radius of the concave gap or area  8  to be filled is indicated by  14 . In this example assume that the length of the sides,  10  and  12  of the concave gap  8  to be tilled is 0.500 in. each. Further, assume that the radius of the concave gap  14  is approximately 0.500 in. In order to function as an acceptable gap filler that will be conformable to the shape of the gap, a braid must have roughly the same cross-sectional area (0.05 4  sq. in.) and perimeter (1.785 sq. in.) as the concave gap  8  in  FIG. 1A .  FIGS. 2A and 2B  show the two extremes possible when trying to produce a circular or maypole braid to meet the area and perimeter criteria of  FIG. 1A . In one case, as depicted in  FIG. 2A  where the braid radius  16  is 0.284 in., the perimeter is fixed at 1.785 in, and the area of the solid braid (0.253 sq. in.) is too high. In the other case, as depicted in  FIG. 2B  where the braid radius  16  is 0.131 in the area is fixed at 0.054 sq. in. and the perimeter of the solid braid (0.283 in.) is too low. 
         [0013]    In some cases it is possible to avoid the dilemma described above with conventional maypole braids via the use of mandrels. In fact, braids have the property of being conformable to mandrels of various cross-sections. However, this capability is limited in that the mandrel must have no concave geometry. Thus, one typically must attempt to braid around a convex geometry of the target perimeter, then deform this perimeter to the desired concave shape after braiding. However, the area bounded by the initial convex braid prior to deformation will always be higher than the target area of the concave geometry. This is shown in  FIG. 3  by the circular cross-section of a braided sheath about an undersized core  18  with an idealized perimeter but also having a high internal void area  24 . As opposed to the solid braid in  FIG. 2A  in which the area of fiber is too large, the braid in  FIG. 3  shows a solid core of fiber  22  sized appropriately to meet the area requirement. Any attempt to fill the void area  24  between the solid core of fiber  22  and the braided sheath  20  with unidirectional fibers would be futile, as the core would simply “fall out” of the sheath. 
         [0014]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,231,941 discloses a radius or gap filler to fill concave areas as depicted in  FIGS. 1A and 1B . As disclosed, a braided sleeve surrounds a number of unidirectional tows (untwisted filaments). The core of the unidirectional tows can be of uniform cross section, or can be varied in cross-section along its length so as to fit a particular gap. The radius filler is formed on a mandrel that includes a contoured surface that is substantially the same shape as depicted in  FIG. 1A  or  FIG. 1B . The braided sleeve is braided around the unidirectional tows and is then soaked with a tackifier. The braided sleeve with the unidirectional tows therein is then placed on the mandrel surface and is vacuum bagged under a bladder. The bagged radius filler is then placed in an autoclave and heat is applied while vacuum is applied to the bladder. The bagged radius filler is heated until the tackifier on the braided sleeve is procured or semi-hardened. Since the tackifier is only semi-hardened, it acts as a binding agent to maintain consolidation and configuration of the braided sleeve until the final transfer molding of the component to be filled is performed. However, this process requires specially designed mandrels to construct the specific gap filler required which is a time consuming, laborious and expensive process. 
         [0015]    Accordingly, a need exists for a braided gap filler that can be designed so that it is conformable to gaps with varying cross sections, that can be constructed using conventional braiding techniques. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0016]    It is the object of the present invention to provide a tubular structure that is conformable to concave gaps or complex shapes. 
         [0017]    The present invention is directed to a tubular structure which includes a plurality of axial sites in circular relation to one another and a plurality of bias sites that interconnect the axial sites to form the tubular structure. The tubular structure&#39;s axial sites have a greater diameter than the structure&#39;s bias sites. 
         [0018]    Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method for forming the conformable braid. The method includes calculating the perimeter and the area of the gap that is to be filled by the braid. Next, based on the perimeter and area of the gap, the number of carriers on a braider and the diameter of the circular axial tows are calculated. Once the calculations are completed, the conformable braid is fabricated with a plurality of axial tows that form the sheath of the braid. Since the resulting sheath of the braid was designed based on the perimeter and area requirements of the gap to be filled, upon being conformed, the gap is filled by the braid. 
         [0019]    A further aspect of the present invention relates to a method of reinforcing a woven structure. The method includes providing a tubular structure with a plurality of axial sites in circular relation to one another and a plurality of bias sites interconnecting the axial sites to form the tubular structure. The tubular structure&#39;s axial sites have a diameter which is greater than the diameter of the bias sites. Once provided, the tubular structure is inserted and conformed to at least one surface of the woven structure to be reinforced. Finally, the combination of the woven structure and the tubular structure is impregnated with a resin material. 
         [0020]    The various features of novelty which characterize the invention are pointed out in particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part of this disclosure. For a better understanding of the invention, its operating advantages and specific objects attained by its uses, reference is made to the accompanying descriptive matter in which preferred embodiments of the invention are illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which corresponding components are identified by the same reference numerals. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0021]    The following detailed description, given by way of example and not intended to limit the present invention solely thereto, will best be appreciated in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals denote like elements and parts, in which: 
           [0022]      FIG. 1A  depicts a concave gap that is to be filled with fibers; 
           [0023]      FIG. 1B  depicts a complex gap that is to be filled with fibers that is formed when curved structures are joined; 
           [0024]      FIG. 2A  depicts a known solid circular braid with a perimeter equal to the perimeter of the gap to be filled in  FIG. 1A ; 
           [0025]      FIG. 2B  depicts a known solid circular braid with an area equal to the area of the gap to be filled in  FIG. 1A ; 
           [0026]      FIG. 3  depicts a braided sheath with an undersized solid core that meets both the area and perimeter requirements of the gap to be filled in  FIG. 1A ; 
           [0027]      FIG. 4  depicts one aspect of the present invention with oversized axial sites; 
           [0028]      FIG. 5  depicts a conformable braid, according to one embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0029]      FIG. 6  depicts a standard triaxial design according to the prior art; 
           [0030]      FIG. 7  depicts adjacent uribraided axial sites or tows during roll over, according to one embodiment of the present invention; and 
           [0031]      FIG. 8  depicts adjacent braided axial sites or tows during roll over, according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0032]    As previously described and illustrated in  FIGS. 2A and 28 , it is difficult and almost impossible to design a conventional braided tubular structure that meets both the area and perimeter requirements of the concave gaps or complex shapes depicted in  FIGS. 1A and 1B . Previously, in order to meet both the area and perimeter requirements of a complex gap, a structure  18  consisting of a braided sheath  20  surrounding an undersized solid fiber core  22 , would be constructed as depicted in  FIG. 3 , in order to satisfy the area and perimeter requirements of  FIG. 1A , the radius  26  of the braided sheath  20  would be 0.284 in. and the radius  28  of the fiber core  22  would be 0.093 in. The area of the solid fiber core  22  satisfies the area requirement of  FIG. 1A  and the perimeter of the braided sheath  20  satisfies the perimeter requirement of  FIG. 1A . However, as depicted in  FIG. 3 , a void area  24  is created between the solid fiber core  22  and the braided sheath  20 . Any attempt to fill the void area  24  would be futile since the solid fiber core  22  would simply “fall out” of the sheath  20 . This could lead to delamination of the finished composite structure. 
         [0033]    Therefore, the present invention relates to a tubular structure  32  comprised of large, unbraided, circular axial tows or sites  30  as depicted in  FIG. 4 . The axial tows  30  are made up of the core material used for the solid fiber core  22  in FIG,  3 , By moving the fiber core material  22  to the axial sites  30  of the braid as depicted in  FIG. 4 , the conformable braid  32  now consists of a sheath  34  without a core. The fiber area of the axial sites or tows  30  alone satisfies the entire area requirement of the gap to be filled depicted in  FIG. 1A . Furthermore, the diameter of these axial sites  30  has been controlled such that the perimeter of the braid can be accurately predicted. The radius  36  of the braid  32  is 0.284 in., As demonstrated by  FIG. 3 , both the axial fiber area and the perimeter of the conformable braid  32  in  FIG. 4  are in agreement with the targets defined by  FIG. 1A . Hence, the conformable braid can be used to fill a target gap or complex shape and reinforce a structure. 
         [0034]    The mathematical relationship of the area and the perimeter of the gap or complex shape to be filled is shown below for the simplified case of an axial tow having a circular cross-section: 
         [0000]        A =( n/ 2)(π d   2 /4)   (1)
 
         [0000]        P =( n/ 2) d    (2)
 
         [0000]    where:
       A=desired area of gap filler   P=desired perimeter of gap filler   n=number of carriers (part of a braiding machine that carries the group of yarns or a single yarn, through the braid as it is made)on the braider   n/2=number of axial sites on the braider
           (note standard braiders contain one axial site for every 2 carriers)   
           d=diameter of the axial tow
 
For a given area and perimeter, equations (1) and (2) define the size of the braider and axial tow required.
       
 
         [0041]    Using an example, if the requirements shown in  FIG. 1A  are substituted into equations (1) and (2) above, then the values of “n/2” and “d” calculate to be 46.3 in. and 0.0385 in., respectively. Since braiders come in discreet sizes, set the value of “n/2” to 48 which corresponds to a 96 carrier braider (a common size). Now using equation (2) above and an “n/2” equal to 48, re-calculate “d”  31  to be 0.037 in.  FIG. 5  shows the axial cross-section of the 96 carrier conformable braid  32  defined by this example. The size of the axial tows  30  turn out to be representative of what could be achieved using a single end of commercially available 12K carbon. 
         [0042]      FIG. 6  depicts a prior art design using the same size braider and a standard, triaxial construction. For simplicity only the axial tow cross-sections  30  are shown. In order to make room for similarly sized bias fibers that must travel over and under or otherwise around the axials or tows  30  in  FIG. 6 , spacing  38  must exist between the axial tows  30  as shown. Subsequently, in order for the circumference of the braid to be close to the target value, the size of the axial tows  30  in  FIG. 6  must be smaller than those shown in  FIG. 5 . Hence, it has been demonstrated that a standard braided equivalent to the conformable braid does not satisfy the criteria of having the majority of its fiber weighted in the axial direction.  FIG. 6  depicts the cross-section of a solid fiber  22  that would still be required in the core of the braid in order to satisfy the  FIG. 1A  area requirement. As with  FIG. 3 , it can be seen that the void volume  24  within this cross-section is significantly higher than the size of the core, such that the core and sheath are unlikely to behave as a single component as is the case with the conformable braid structure. This represents a problem both in terms of handleability, and in the likelihood for de-lamination to occur between core and sheath in the composite. 
         [0043]    It is possible to form a structure similar to that of  FIG. 3  using a traditional triaxial braid. However, the uniqueness of the conformable braid concept is that almost all of the required fiber volume is in the form of the axial tows or fibers. Thus, the bias fiber that holds the conformable braid together is extremely small in cross-section relative to the axial fiber. The function of the bias fiber in this case is to loosely hold the axial tows together such that the conformable braid still has the advantage of being a single piece that is easy to handle, but at the same time has a high percentage of axial fibers with the ability to roll over each other semi-freely thus allowing good conformability to the final gap or complex shape cross-section. Therefore, in one embodiment of the present invention, the bias fibers are not used to impart strength on the conformable braid but instead to simply hold the axial fibers together until the braid is inserted into the target gap or complex shape and the structure is impregnated with resin. 
         [0044]    In another embodiment of the present invention, braided tows are utilized within the axial sites  30  of the conformable braid itself. Take for example two adjacent tows  40  as depicted in  FIG. 4 . Triaxial braids traditionally incorporate either individual or multiple ends of fiber. These ends tend to take on elliptical cross-sections and the shape of these cross-sections is difficult to predict and control as depicted in  FIG. 7 . By utilizing solid braids in the axial sites of the conformable braid as depicted in  FIG. 8 , one can be confident that the cross-sectional shape of the axial tows is circular. Equations (1) and (2) then become far more accurate and thus the ability to design the conformable braid to a given combination of perimeter and area becomes more reliable. In addition, a key property of the conformable braid is the ability of the axial sites to roll over each other when conforming to a given geometry as depicted in  FIGS. 7 and 8 . The circular geometry of the braided axial tows as depicted in  FIG. 8  should lend itself better to this effect than the oval geometry of a non-braided axial tow as depicted in FIG,  7  because the oval geometry of the upbraided tows lead to higher frictional forces when the tows roll over each other. With the axial-site fiber being in braided form, frictional forces between individual filaments should be minimized, since the surface area to mass ratio of the axial site is far less for the braided configuration as shown in  FIG. 8 . 
         [0045]    The concept of using braids in the axial sites is applicable to other materials that, similarly to braids, have fairly rigid, circular cross-sections. The most apparent alternative of this may be pultruded rods. 
         [0046]    Accordingly, it has been shown that a conformable braid where the fiber core material is moved to the axial sites can be designed to satisfy both the area and perimeter requirements of a concave or complex gap that needs to be filled prior to the introduction of a matrix material. 
         [0047]    Although a preferred embodiment of the present invention and modifications thereof have been described in detail herein, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to this precise embodiment and modifications, and that other modifications and variations may be effected by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.