Abstract:
The present invention includes a magnetically susceptible polymer component, a method of making the same, and apparatuses and systems for mixing, separating or localizing a magnetically susceptible polymer compound in a reaction. The magnetically susceptible polymer component includes a polymer and a magnetically susceptible particle of a predetermined size, which yields a component having a much-improved magnetic reactivity due to the increase in magnetic material by mass percentage. The apparatuses and systems of the present invention employ controllable magnetic fields distributable in perpendicular directions in order to precisely control the orientation, position and relative motion of any magnetically susceptible components within a reaction vessel.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    1. Field of the Present Invention 
         [0002]    The present invention relates generally to the fields of synthetic and analytical chemistry, and more specifically to chemical reactions with magnetically susceptible particles and apparatuses for their manipulation. 
         [0003]    2. History of the Related Art 
         [0004]    There has been a considerable growth in the use of magnetic particles to cause and/or regulate numerous biological reactions, including cell separation and expansion, protein and peptide sample fractionation, organelle isolation, capturing biotinylated targets, protein separation, RNA isolation, DNA purification, DNA differentiation, immunochemistry, pathogen detection, molecular imaging and drug delivery. The control and use of magnetic particles in reactions has also been the subject of keen interest of many chemists. Unfortunately, the states of the art in the development of new magnetic particles and devices for their optimal control both leave a great deal of room for improvement with respect to complexity, economy, efficiency, versatility and environmental impact. 
         [0005]    As shown in  FIG. 1 , a typical magnetically susceptible polymer particle is formed through a chemical reaction between a polymer (X) and magnetite particle having hydroxyl attached thereto. The hydroxyl allows for a covalent bond between the polymer and the magnetite. In other applications, the polymer can be non-covalently associated as well as covalently bonded to a magnetic core. Many commercial variations of these types of products are available today, and are used with moderate success in the laboratory and industrial settings. To the extent that any components are devised without the use of covalent bonding with a single magnetic core, they are typically restricted to being no more than five percent magnetic material by mass, thus requiring very large magnetic fields with which to interact in a stirring or mixing apparatus. 
         [0006]    Several devices have been described that propose to stir or otherwise cause the motion of magnetic particles. Unfortunately, each of these magnet configurations tends to result in sparse and/or weak magnetic fields. Moreover, to the extent that any of the magnets in existing devices are movable with respect to the reaction vessel, such movement only results in the movement of the sparse and/or weak magnetic field, which can further complicate the motion of the magnetic particles in the reaction vessel. 
         [0007]    There is a need in the art for a more efficient and cost-effective magnetically susceptible polymer that includes a significant improvement in the magnetic mass as a percentage of weight and thus a higher magnetic reactivity. Additionally, there is a need in the art for new devices or apparatuses for mixing magnetically susceptible particles that employ denser, stronger and more predictable magnetic fields and have lower costs of operation and manufacture. 
       SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION 
       [0008]    Accordingly, the present invention includes magnetically susceptible polymer components and a method of making the same. The magnetically susceptible polymers include polymers formed through the polymerization of monomers or polymer precursors; and magnetically susceptible particles of an approximate diameter of less than one micrometer. The magnetically susceptible particles are sterically containable within the polymers such that the components are greater than five percent magnetically susceptible particles by mass. The method of preparing magnetically susceptible polymer components includes the steps of providing monomers adapted to polymerize in a solution; and introducing magnetically susceptible particles of an approximate diameter of less than one micrometer into the solution such that at least a portion of the magnetically susceptible particles are sterically constrained within at least a portion of the polymers such that the components are greater than five percent magnetically susceptible particles by mass. 
         [0009]    The present invention further includes multiple apparatuses for manipulating a magnetically susceptible component, wherein the manipulation can include, but is not limited to, mixing a material with the magnetically susceptible component, separating the magnetically susceptible component from a non-magnetic or less-magnetic other particle, or localizing the magnetically susceptible component within a region of a reaction vessel. A first apparatus for mixing, separating or localizing a magnetically susceptible component includes a container for receiving a reaction vessel and defining a longitudinal axis as well as one or more segments of wiring arranged substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis. The first apparatus also includes an electrical source connected to the segment of wiring, such that in response to an electrical current passing from the electrical source to the segment of wiring, the electrical current generates a magnetic field substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. The first apparatus can further include means for adjusting the relative position of the segment of wiring relative to the container along the longitudinal axis, thereby promoting the motion of any magnetically susceptible particles along the longitudinal axis. 
         [0010]    The present invention further includes a second apparatus for mixing, separating or localizing a magnetically susceptible component. The second apparatus includes a cavity for mixing, separating or localizing the magnetically susceptible component with an additional substance and a first coil disposed substantially circumferentially about the container in a first position about a central axis of the cavity. The second apparatus also includes a second coil disposed substantially circumferentially about the container in a second position about the central axis. The second apparatus can further include a first electrical source connected to the first coil such that in response to a first electrical current passing from the electrical source through the first coil, the first electrical current generates a first magnetic field substantially parallel to the central axis as well as a second electrical source connected to the second coil such that in response to a second electrical current passing from the electrical source through the second coil, the second electrical current generates a second magnetic field substantially parallel to the central axis. The second apparatus can be configured according to a number of geometries described herein. 
         [0011]    The present invention also includes a third apparatus for mixing, separating or localizing a magnetically susceptible component. The third apparatus includes a container for receiving a reaction vessel and defining a longitudinal axis and a first segment of wiring arranged substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis. The third apparatus also includes a second segment of wiring arranged in a substantially circumferential fashion about the longitudinal axis. An electrical source can be connected to the first segment of wiring and the second segment of wiring, such that in response to a first electrical current passing from the electrical source to the first segment of wiring, the first electrical current generates a first magnetic field substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. Similarly, in response to a second electrical current passing from the electrical source to the second segment of wiring, the second electrical current generates a second magnetic field substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis. The magnetic fields can be used to cause the movement of one or more magnetically susceptible components in both the longitudinal and circumferential directions, giving a user complete control of the components in three-dimensions through selective activation or deactivation of the first and second segments of wiring. 
         [0012]    Other features and advantages of the present invention are described in detail below with reference to the following Figures. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0013]      FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of a magnetically susceptible polymer particle in accordance with the prior art. 
           [0014]      FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram of the formation of a magnetically susceptible polymer particle in accordance with one example embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0015]      FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram of an apparatus for mixing, separating or localizing a magnetically susceptible particle with another substance in accordance with another example embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0016]      FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram of the apparatus of  FIG. 3  in use according to one application of the example embodiment. 
           [0017]      FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view along a longitudinal axis of an apparatus for mixing a magnetically susceptible particle with another substance in accordance with another example embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0018]      FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional view perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the apparatus shown in  FIG. 5 . 
           [0019]      FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional view of an apparatus for mixing, separating or localizing a magnetically susceptible particle with another substance in accordance with another example embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0020]      FIG. 8A  is a cross-sectional view an apparatus for mixing, separating or localizing a magnetically susceptible particle with another substance in accordance with another example embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0021]      FIG. 8B  is a cross-sectional view an apparatus for mixing, separating or localizing a magnetically susceptible particle with another substance in accordance with another example embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0022]      FIG. 9A  is a cross-sectional view an apparatus for mixing, separating or localizing a magnetically susceptible particle with another substance in accordance with another example embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0023]      FIG. 9B  is another cross-sectional view the apparatus of  FIG. 9A . 
           [0024]      FIG. 10  is a schematic diagram of an apparatus for mixing a magnetically susceptible particle with another substance in accordance with another example embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0025]      FIG. 11  is a schematic diagram of an apparatus for mixing a magnetically susceptible particle with another substance in accordance with another example embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0026]      FIG. 12A  is a schematic diagram of one application of the apparatus shown in  FIG. 10 . 
           [0027]      FIG. 12B  is a schematic diagram of one application of the apparatus shown in  FIG. 10 . 
           [0028]      FIG. 12C  is a schematic diagram of one application of the apparatus shown in  FIG. 10 . 
           [0029]      FIG. 12D  is a schematic diagram of one application of the apparatus shown in  FIG. 10 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0030]    The following description of the example embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. As used herein, the term magnetically reactive denotes a property of a particle through which an external electromagnetic or magnetic field can induce motion of the particle and/or exert a force on the particle. The terms mix, separate, isolate and localize, used in any form herein, should be understood to denote specific examples of the various ways in which a magnetically susceptible particle can be manipulated by an external magnetic field, and such terms are not meant to be exclusive, but rather exemplary in nature. 
         [0031]    One aspect of the present invention includes magnetically susceptible polymer components composed of polymers formed through the polymerization of monomers or polymer precursors and magnetically susceptible particles of an approximate diameter of less than one micrometer. In one example embodiment, the magnetically susceptible particles are sterically containable within the polymers such that the components are greater than five percent magnetically susceptible particles by mass. As shown in  FIG. 2 , a group of polymer precursors (R) are combined with magnetically susceptible particles (designated by the dots). Through a polymerization reaction, the polymer precursors (that contain the functionality of generic R) form a polymer, within which the magnetic particles are contained sterically, as opposed to through a covalent bond. As the magnetic particles are sufficiently small in size, it is possible to sterically contain a large amount of magnetic material within the polymer, thereby resulting in a magnetically susceptible polymer component that is more highly magnetically reactive to any external electromagnetic fields. 
         [0032]    In one variation of the example embodiment, the magnetically susceptible particles range in diameter between 10 nanometers and one micrometer. Suitable diameters of the magnetically susceptible particles can be in the range between twenty and fifty nanometers, within which the particles have shown a high degree of steric containment within the polymer. The magnetically susceptible particles can be any type of material that is reactive to a magnetic or electromagnetic field, including for example particles of iron oxide (II), iron oxide (III) and iron oxide (II, III), nickel, nickel oxide, samarium cobalt, or any other suitable inorganic or organic particle including manganese, lanthanide series elements such as neodymium and erbium, magnetic alloys such as aluminum, nickel, cobalt and copper alloys, metal oxides such as chromium dioxide, cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, or manganese oxide, composite materials such as ferrites or ceramic materials. Alternatively, the magnetically susceptible polymer components can be composed of on or more different types of magnetically susceptible particles, such as two or more of iron oxide (II), iron oxide (III) and iron oxide (II, III), nickel, nickel oxide, samarium cobalt, or any other suitable inorganic or organic particle including manganese, lanthanide series elements such as neodymium and erbium, magnetic alloys such as aluminum, nickel, cobalt and copper alloys, metal oxides such as chromium dioxide, cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, or manganese oxide, composite materials such as ferrites or ceramic materials. 
         [0033]    In another variation of the example embodiment, the components are between five and forty-nine percent magnetically susceptible particles by mass. In some experiments conducted by the inventors, the components measured at approximately forty percent magnetically susceptible particles by mass. By selecting a magnetically susceptible particle of a suitably low size or diameter, the polymer can form itself around a much larger quantity of magnetic material and sterically contain the magnetic material. As such, the magnetically susceptible particles of this variation of the example embodiment are substantially more magnetically reactive than those currently used in the state of the art. Alternatively, the components can be designed to be approximately forty-nine percent magnetically susceptible particles by mass, yielding even more efficiency in any reaction in which the components may be used. 
         [0034]    In another variation of the example embodiment, the polymers can be adapted to function in a predetermined fashion depending upon the reaction for which they are being used. For example, the polymers can be adapted to function a catalyst, a reagent, a substrate or a scavenger, or any suitable combination thereof, denoted (X) in  FIG. 2 . In another variation of the example embodiment, the polymers can be adapted to recognize a predetermined biological agent or chemical agent, such as for example predetermined characteristics for cell separation and expansion, predetermined proteins for protein and peptide sample fractionation, predetermined characteristics for organelle isolation, predetermined proteins for capturing biotinylated targets, predetermined proteins for performing protein separation, RNA molecules for performing RNA isolation, DNA molecules for performing DNA purification or differentiation, antigens or antibodies for use in immunochemistry, pathogens for pathogen detection, other predetermined molecules in molecular imaging and one or more pharmaceutical compounds for use in drug delivery. 
         [0035]    Alternatively, the magnetically susceptible polymer components can be composed of two or more different types of polymers having different functionality. For example, the magnetically susceptible polymer components can be composed of two or more of a catalyst, a reagent, a substrate or a scavenger polymer. Components containing two more magnetic particles (of the same or differing types noted above) can be easier to conform and/or configure according to the specific functionality desired. In particular, in a magnetic field the molecule or component can exhibit unique and desirable intermolecular and intramolecular control as well as stereocontrol and regiocontrol within any number of reactions. 
         [0036]    In another aspect, the present invention includes a method of preparing magnetically susceptible polymer components. The example method includes the steps of providing monomers or polymer precursors adapted to polymerize in or out of a solution and introducing magnetically susceptible particles of an approximate diameter of less than one micrometer into the solution such that at least a portion of the magnetically susceptible particles are sterically constrained within at least a portion of the polymers such that the components are greater than five percent magnetically susceptible particles by mass. As noted above, the magnetic particles are sufficiently small in size such that it is possible to sterically contain a large amount of magnetic material within the polymer, thereby resulting in a magnetically susceptible polymer component that is more highly reactive to any external electromagnetic fields. 
         [0037]    In one variation of the example method, the magnetically susceptible particles range in diameter between 10 nanometers and one micrometer. Suitable diameters of the magnetically susceptible particles can be in the range between twenty and fifty nanometers, within which the particles have shown a high degree of steric containment within the polymer. The magnetically susceptible particles can be any type of material that is reactive to a magnetic or electromagnetic field, including for example particles of for example particles of iron oxide (II), iron oxide (III) and iron oxide (II, III), nickel, nickel oxide, samarium cobalt, or any other suitable inorganic or organic particle including manganese, lanthanide series elements such as neodymium and erbium, magnetic alloys such as aluminum, nickel, cobalt and copper alloys, metal oxides such as chromium dioxide, cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, or manganese oxide, composite materials such as ferrites or ceramic materials. Alternatively, the magnetically susceptible polymer components can be composed of two or more different types of magnetically susceptible particles, such as two or more for example particles of iron oxide (II), iron oxide (III) and iron oxide (II, III), nickel, nickel oxide, samarium cobalt, or any other suitable inorganic or organic particle including manganese, lanthanide series elements such as neodymium and erbium, magnetic alloys such as aluminum, nickel, cobalt and copper alloys, metal oxides such as chromium dioxide, cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, or manganese oxide, composite materials such as ferrites or ceramic materials. 
         [0038]    In another variation of the example method, the components are between five and forty-nine percent magnetically susceptible particles by mass. In some samples prepared by the inventors according to the methodology described herein, the components measured at approximately forty percent magnetically susceptible particles by mass. Selection of a magnetically susceptible particle of a suitably low size or diameter ensures that the polymer can receive a much larger quantity of magnetic material therein and sterically contain the magnetic material. As such, the magnetically susceptible particles of this variation of the example method are substantially more magnetically reactive than those currently prepared in the state of the art. Alternatively, the components can be designed to be approximately forty-nine percent magnetically susceptible particles by mass, yielding even more efficiency in any reaction in which the components may be used. 
         [0039]    In another variation of the example method, the polymers can be adapted to function in a predetermined fashion depending upon the reaction for which they are being used. For example, the polymers can be adapted to function a catalyst, a reagent, a substrate or a scavenger, or any suitable combination thereof. In another variation of the example method, the polymers can be adapted to recognize a predetermined biological agent or chemical agent, such as for example predetermined characteristics for cell separation and expansion, predetermined proteins for protein and peptide sample fractionation, predetermined characteristics for organelle isolation, predetermined proteins for capturing biotinylated targets, predetermined proteins for performing protein separation, RNA molecules for performing RNA isolation, DNA molecules for performing DNA purification or differentiation, antigens or antibodies for use in immunochemistry, pathogens for pathogen detection, other predetermined molecules in molecular imaging and one or more pharmaceutical compounds for use in drug delivery. 
         [0040]    Alternatively, the magnetically susceptible polymer components can be composed of two or more different types of polymers having different functionality. For example, the magnetically susceptible polymer components can be composed of two or more of a catalyst, a reagent, a substrate or a scavenger polymer. As noted herein, components containing two more magnetic particles (of the same or differing types noted above) can be easier to conform and/or configure according to the specific functionality desired. In particular, in a magnetic field the molecule or component can exhibit unique and desirable intermolecular and intramolecular control as well as stereocontrol and regiocontrol within any number of reactions. 
         [0041]    The present invention further includes an apparatus for mixing, separating or localizing a magnetically susceptible component within a solution. One example embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention is shown in  FIG. 3 . As shown, the example apparatus  10  includes a container  12  for receiving a reaction vessel (not shown), which in turn can be used to hold and/or contain a solution and magnetically susceptible components for mixing, separating or localizing. The container  12  defines a longitudinal axis L, which can be oriented in any suitable fashion relative to any prevailing magnetic, electromagnetic or gravitational field for inducing the appropriate mixing, separating or localizing results. For example, the container  12  can be oriented substantially vertically, substantially horizontally, at a predetermined constant angle or at a variable angle. 
         [0042]    The example apparatus  10  can further include a segment of wiring  18  arranged substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis L. As shown in  FIG. 3 , the segment of wiring  18  forms a band or ring about the longitudinal axis L, within which individual wires are oriented substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis L such that any magnetic field generated by the segment of wiring  18  is substantially circumferentially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis L (e.g., along the direction of the variable θ in a cylindrical coordinate system). For example, the segment of wiring  18  can be composed of a motor-type wiring, in which wires are wrapped substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis L and forming a substantially uniform ring or band about the longitudinal axis L for inducing a circumferential magnetic field about the longitudinal axis L. The segment of wiring  18  can be connected directly to the container  12 , or it can be arranged radially distally from the container  12 , depending upon the characteristic magnetic field that a user is attempting to generate within the container  12 . Alternatively, the position of the segment of wiring  18  can be radially varied relative to the container  12 . 
         [0043]    The segment of wiring  18  can comprise two or more discrete wires that can be connected to an electrical source  16  in series or in parallel, allowing for both synchronous or asynchronous magnetic field generation by the individual wires. For example, the discrete wires can receive current independently from one another, allowing for sequential or staggered generation of magnetic fields within the container  12 . Wiring  18  can include for example a motor-type orientation of conductive wiring adapted to produce a circumferential magnetic field about the longitudinal axis L. Alternatively, the segment of wiring  18  can be wrapped around a non-permanent magnetic material, that can include for example a motor wire stator-type relationship such that all of the portions of the segment of wiring  18  nearest the container  12  are substantially uniformly directed. 
         [0044]    The example apparatus  10  can further include the electrical source  16  connected to the segment of wiring  18 . The electrical source  16  functions to provide electrical current to the segment of wiring  18  according to one or more predetermined current characteristics. As noted above, in response to an electrical current passing from the electrical source  16  to the segment of wiring  18 , the electrical current generates a magnetic field substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis L, which in operation can cause a magnetic force on any magnetic material within the container  12 . The example apparatus  10  can further include means for adjusting the relative position of the segment of wiring relative to the container along the longitudinal axis. 
         [0045]    In one variation of the example apparatus  10 , the means for adjusting can include an actuator  24  (shown in phantom) connected to the container  12  via a connector  22 . The actuator  24  can be adapted to translate the container along the longitudinal axis L relative to the segment of wiring  18 . Alternatively, the means for adjusting can include an actuator  26  (shown in phantom) connected to the segment of wiring  18  via a connector  20 . The actuator  26  can be adapted to translate the segment of wiring  18  along the longitudinal axis L relative to the container  18 . Each of the actuators  24 ,  26  function to adjust the relative longitudinal position of the container  12  and the segment of wiring  18  along the longitudinal axis L, thereby adjusting the longitudinal position of the magnetic field that can be generated by the segment of wiring  18  within the container  12 . Each of the actuators  24 ,  26  can be any suitable mechanical or electromechanical device that is adapted to move an object a predetermined distance along a predetermined trajectory. Each of the actuators  24 ,  26  can be controlled manually or automatically, or any suitable combination thereof to generate the desired reaction results. 
         [0046]    In another variation of the example apparatus  10 , the apparatus  10  can include a temperature control means (not shown) connected to or disposed on one or both of the segment of wiring  18  and the container  12 . The temperature control means functions to maintain a suitable reaction temperature while electrical current passes through the segment of wiring  18 . For the segment of wiring  18 , the temperature control means can include an internal or external core and/or wrap that insulates the container  12  from any heat generated by the segment of wiring  18  when it is conducting electricity. Alternatively, the temperature control means for the segment of wiring  18  can include both heating and cooling materials, such as a heat source and a heat sink, that are adjustable to maintain a specified temperature. The container  12  temperature control means can include for example a fluid bath within which the container  12  is submersible, a cooling or heating jacket disposable about the container  12 , a cooling or heat exchanging apparatus operable as a heat sink or a heat source, or any other suitable means or mechanism for removing heat caused by the segment of wiring  18  away from the reaction within the container  12 . In one alternative to the example apparatus  10 , the temperature control means for both the segment of wiring  18  and the container  12  are adapted to maintain a substantially uniform temperature so as to optimize reaction conditions within the container  12  and prevent damage to wiring  18  while allowing wiring  118  to produce an optimal magnetic field. 
         [0047]    In another variation of the example apparatus  10 , the apparatus  10  can include a controller  14  connected to the electrical source  16 . The controller  14  can be adapted to control one or more of a plurality of current parameters of the electrical source  16 , such as for example a current magnitude, a current frequency, a current timing, and a current direction. In doing so, the controller  14  can be adapted to indirectly control the magnitude, frequency, timing and direction of any magnetic or electromagnetic field generated by the segment of wiring  18 , thereby indirectly controlling various attributes of the reaction within the container  12 . 
         [0048]    The controller  14  can also be connected to one or more of the actuators  24 ,  26  for controlling the actuated movement of the container  12  relative to the segment of wiring  18 . The controller  14  can be any suitable processor, microprocessor, computer, ASIC, integrated circuit, or device that is adapted to produce a predetermined output in response to a set of machine-readable or manual instructions. The controller  14  can be integrated within one of the electrical source  16  or actuators  24 ,  26 , distributed among one or more of the electrical source  16  or actuators  24 ,  26 , or operated as a stand-along modular component of the example apparatus  10 . 
         [0049]      FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram of the example apparatus  10  in use according to one suitable application of the example apparatus  10 . As shown in  FIG. 4 , more than one reaction can occur within the container simultaneously, and one or more of the magnetically susceptible polymer components  100  (M in reaction X, M in reaction Y, or M in reaction Z) can be activated within each distinct reaction by the positioning of the segment of wiring  18  relative to the container  12  along the longitudinal axis L. For example, the container  12  can have an organophilic reaction  30 , a fluorophilic reaction  32  and an aqueophilic reaction occurring substantially simultaneously. The reactions  30 ,  32 ,  34  can be have their reaction rates increased by the mixing, separating or localizing of one or more of the magnetically susceptible polymer components  100  within the distinct regions. The magnetically susceptible polymer components  100  can be moved between the reactions  30 ,  32 ,  34  by causing the relative movement of the segment of wiring  18  relative to the container  12  along the longitudinal axis L. As noted above, the segment of wiring  18  can be configured such that, in response to electrical current passing there through, it generates a magnetic field that is substantially circumferentially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis L. The magnetic field in turn causes the magnetically susceptible components  100  to move in a substantially circumferential or spiral path about the longitudinal axis L, thereby stirring the reaction  30 ,  32 ,  34  in a predetermined manner. 
         [0050]    The present invention further includes a second apparatus for mixing, separating or localizing a magnetically susceptible component. As shown in  FIGS. 5 and 6 , the example apparatus  60  includes a container  46  for receiving a reaction vessel and defining a longitudinal axis L. The example apparatus  60  further includes a first segment  42  of wiring arranged substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis L and a second segment of wiring  44  arranged in a substantially circumferential fashion about the longitudinal axis L. The example apparatus  60  can further include an electrical source (not shown) connected to the first segment of wiring  42  and the second segment of wiring  44 . The first segment of wiring  42  is arranged such that in response to a first electrical current passing from the electrical source to the first segment of wiring  42 , the first electrical current generates a first magnetic field substantially circumferentially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis L. The first segment of wiring  42  can include for example a motor-type orientation of conductive wiring adapted to produce a circumferential magnetic field about the longitudinal axis L. Similarly, the second segment of wiring  44  is arranged such that in response to a second electrical current passing from the electrical source to the second segment of wiring  44 , the second electrical current generates a second magnetic field substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis L. The second segment of wiring  44  can include for example a conductive wire arranged in a substantially cylindrical fashion and adapted to produce a longitudinal magnetic field along the longitudinal axis L. 
         [0051]    In operation, the first segment of wiring  42  functions to create a substantially circumferential magnetic field, which can be used as described above for stirring a magnetically susceptible particle substantially about the longitudinal axis L, thereby promoting a reaction within the reaction vessel. The second segment of wiring  44  functions to create a magnetic field that is substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis, which can be used for moving one or more magnetically susceptible particles along the longitudinal axis L. Accordingly, the simultaneous or systematic operation of the first and second segments of wiring  42 ,  44  can effectively cause the stirring of one or more magnetically susceptible particles at substantially any region within the container  46 , giving a user complete three-dimensional control over the position and/or trajectory of the magnetically susceptible particles and thereby optimizing any reaction occurring therein. Alternatively, the first and second segments of wiring  42 ,  44  can each be composed of individual wires that can be individually controlled to provide variable, sequential, graded or otherwise custom generation of the resultant magnetic fields. A non-permanent magnetic material can be inserted between the first and second segments of wiring  42 ,  44 , as well as between both the first and second segments of wiring  42 ,  44  and the container  46 . 
         [0052]    In one variation of the example apparatus  60 , the example apparatus  60  includes a temperature control means (not shown) connected to or disposed on one, two are all of the container  46 , the first segment of wiring  42  and the second segment of wiring  44 . The temperature control means functions to maintain a suitable reaction temperature while electrical current passes through the first and second segments of wiring  42 ,  44 . For the segments of wiring  42 ,  44 , the temperature control means can include an internal or external core and/or wrap that insulates the container  46  from any heat generated by the segments of wiring  42 ,  44  when one or both are conducting electricity. Alternatively, the temperature control means for the segments of wiring  42 ,  44  can include both heating and cooling materials, such as a heat source and a heat sink, that are adjustable to maintain a specified temperature. The container  46  temperature control means can include for example a fluid bath within which the container  46  is submersible, a cooling or heating jacket disposable about the container  46 , a cooling or heat exchanging apparatus operable as a heat sink or a heat source, or any other suitable means or mechanism for removing heat caused by the segment of wiring  42 ,  44  away from the reaction within the container  46 . In one alternative to the example apparatus  60 , the temperature control means for both the segments of wiring  42 ,  44  and the container  46  are adapted to maintain a substantially uniform temperature so as to optimize reaction conditions within the container  46  and prevent damage to wiring  42  and  44 , while allowing wiring  42  and  44  to produce an optimal magnetic field. 
         [0053]    In another variation of the example apparatus  60 , the electrical source is adapted to provide electrical current to the first segment of wiring  42  and the second segment of wiring  44  in a substantially simultaneous fashion. In doing so, the electrical source can induce both longitudinal and circumferential magnetic fields within the container  46 , thus causing both longitudinal and circumferential stirring motions of one or more magnetically susceptible particles. Alternatively, the electrical source can be adapted to provide electrical current to the first segment of wiring  42  and the second segment of wiring  44  in a substantially sequential fashion. By way of comparison, sequential powering of the first and second segments of wiring  42 ,  44  can cause an alternating, sequenced or ratioed presence of longitudinal and circumferential magnetic fields within the container  46 . For example, the electrical source can be adapted to intersperse activation of the first segment of wiring  42  within a continuous activation of the second segment of wiring  44  in order to counter the effects of gravity, i.e., to raise any magnetically susceptible particles within the container  46  as they are falling under the influence of gravity. 
         [0054]    In another variation of the example apparatus  60 , the example apparatus  60  can include a controller (not shown) connected to the electrical source. As described above, the controller can be adapted to control one or more of a plurality of current parameters of the electrical source, including for example a current magnitude, a current frequency, a current timing, and a current direction. In doing so, the controller can be adapted to indirectly control the magnitude, frequency, timing and direction of any magnetic or electromagnetic field generated by the first and second segments of wiring  42 ,  44 , thereby indirectly controlling various attributes of the reaction within the container  46 . The controller can be any suitable processor, microprocessor, computer, ASIC, integrated circuit, or device that is adapted to produce a predetermined output in response to a set of machine-readable or manual instructions. The controller can be integrated within the electrical source or operated as a stand-along modular component of the example apparatus  60 . 
         [0055]    In another variation of the example apparatus  60 , the example apparatus  60  can include another electrical source, such that each of the first and second segments of wiring  42 ,  44  are independently powered by a unique electrical source. Similarly, the controller noted above can be connected to each of the independent electrical sources and adapted to control one more of the aforementioned current parameters for each of the power sources. 
         [0056]    The present invention further includes another apparatus for mixing, separating or localizing a magnetically susceptible component. The third example apparatus includes a cavity for mixing, separating or localizing the magnetically susceptible component with an additional substance and defining a central axis. The example apparatus further includes a first coil disposed circumferentially about the container in a first position about the central axis and a second coil disposed circumferentially about the container in a second position about the central axis. The example apparatus also includes a first electrical source connected to the first coil such that in response to a first electrical current passing from the electrical source through the first coil, the first electrical current generates a first magnetic field substantially parallel to the central axis; and a second electrical source connected to the second coil such that in response to a second electrical current passing from the electrical source through the second coil, the second electrical current generates a second magnetic field substantially parallel to the central axis. In a variation of the example apparatus, the first and second coils can be connected to a unitary, third electrical source having a switch, controller, or processor adapted to selectively provide electrical current to at least one of the first and second coils through the first and second electrical sources. The third example apparatus can be configured in numerous ways for generating specific types of reactions and reaction conditions within the cavity. 
         [0057]    For example,  FIG. 10  is a schematic illustration of one example embodiment of the aforementioned apparatus. As shown therein, the cavity of the example apparatus  80  defines a substantially cylindrical volume having a central axis C, about which a series of coils  86   a,    86   b,    86   c,    86   d,    86   e  are substantially circumferentially disposed. The example embodiment can also include a reaction vessel (not shown) disposable within the cavity. The reaction vessel can be of any suitable shape or size for conducting the desired reaction, for example ranging in size between a microcapillary tube to a beaker, vat or drum. The example embodiment can further include an isolating material, such as a copper strip, for substantially focusing a magnetic field generated by coil  86   a  into corresponding region  84   a.    
         [0058]    The example embodiment can also include an electrical source  88  adapted to power, in parallel or in series, each of the series of coils  86   a,    86   b,    86   c,    86   d,    86   e.  Each of the coils  86   a,    86   b,    86   c,    86   d,    86   e  are configured for generating a magnetic field substantially within a corresponding region  84   a,    84   b,    84   c,    84   d,    84   e  of the cavity. Each of the series of coils  86   a,    86   b,    86   c,    86   d,    86   e  can be alternatively be connected to one or more independent power sources, which can be distributed within the integrated electrical source  88  shown in  FIG. 10 . The example embodiment can further include a controller  90  adapted to control one or more of a plurality of current parameters of the electrical source  88 , such as for example a current magnitude, a current frequency, a current timing, and a current direction. In an alternative embodiment, the controller  90  can be connected to more than one electrical source and adapted to control one or more of a plurality of current parameters for each electrical source to which it is connected. 
         [0059]    The liquid can be introduced to the reaction under pressure from gravity or a pump to the vessel at region  84   a  and be permitted to leave the reaction vessel at region  84   e,  whilst the magnetic particles may be retained and manipulated by mixing separating or localization within the reaction vessel. Multiple reaction vessels (linked in series or parallel to allow liquid flow between the reaction vessels) placed in multiple electromagnetic devices would permit a series of simultaneous reactions. 
         [0060]    The reaction vessel in region  84   e  can have a faucet to control liquid to leave the reaction vessel under gravity or pressure from gas or additional liquid (introduced to the reaction vessel at region  84   a ), whilst the magnetic particles may be retained and manipulated by mixing separating or localization within the reaction vessel. 
         [0061]      FIG. 11  schematically depicts another configuration for the third example apparatus of the present invention in which the cavity  112  defines a substantially toroidal volume that is well suited for causing reactions within a flow system. The example apparatus  110  can include one or more coils  114  disposed circumferentially about the central axis C of the cavity  112 . As shown in  FIG. 11 , four coils  114  are disposed in quadrants surrounding the cavity  112 , although any suitable number of coils  114  can be used with the example apparatus. As in the prior example embodiments, the coils  114  can be activated by an electrical source  118 , which can be configured as a single unitary electrical source  118  connected to more than one of the coils  114 , or as multiple independent electrical sources each connected to a single one of the coils  114 . 
         [0062]    The example apparatus  110  can further include a pump  116  connected to the cavity that is adapted to cause a material to flow within the cavity. For example, the material can include a solution of desired reactants as well as magnetically susceptible components adapted for stirring the reaction in accordance with the inventive principles described herein. The example apparatus  110  can further include one or more valves (not shown) connected to the cavity that are adapted to control the flow of the material within the cavity. The valves can be connected to an external control apparatus, such as a controller  120 , for selectively actuating the valves at predetermined times within the course of the reaction. The valves (not shown) and/or coils  114  can be used for separating the magnetically susceptible particles and/or any other solid materials from the liquid, thereby allowing the liquid to flow through the pump  116  without fouling the pump with any solid materials and avoiding any damage to the magnetically susceptible particles. 
         [0063]    Prior fluidized bed reactors tend to maintain the magnetic solid approximately stationary in an area of the flow channel. Any localized beneficial agitatory movement of the magnetic solid against the liquid flow ultimately will position the magnetic chemical at the end of the external magnetic field and the material must be moved back in the opposite (inferior agitatory) direction (the same direction as the liquid). The movement of magnetic solid outside the external magnetic field is passively in the direction of the liquid flow. Fortunately, the example apparatus  110  described herein allows a user to control movement of the magnetically susceptible component and the fluid in all directions (e.g. the magnetically susceptible can be moved anticlockwise and the pump can cause the liquid to move clockwise), which would tend to produce optimal mixing, separation or localization for the flow apparatus. 
         [0064]    In another variation of the example embodiment, the apparatus  80 ,  110  can include a temperature control means (not shown) disposed or connected to one or both of the cavity  112  and the coils  114 . As noted above, the temperature control means functions to maintain a suitable reaction temperature while electrical current passes through the coils  114  and protect coils  114  from damage while allowing coils  114  to produce an optimal magnetic field. For the coils  114 , the temperature control means can include an internal or external core and/or wrap that insulates the cavity  112  from any heat generated by the coils  114  when one or more of the coils  114  are conducting electricity. Alternatively, the temperature control means for the coils  114  can include both heating and cooling materials, such as a heat source and a heat sink, that are adjustable to maintain a specified temperature. For the cavity  112 , the temperature control means can include for example a fluid bath within which the cavity  112  is submersible, a cooling or heating jacket disposed around the cavity  112 , a cooling or heat exchanging apparatus operable as a heat sink, or any other suitable means or mechanism for removing heat caused by the coils  114  away from the reaction within the cavity and/or reaction vessel. 
         [0065]    In another variation of the example apparatus  80 ,  110 , the example apparatus can include a controller  90 ,  120  adapted to control one or more of a plurality of current parameters of the first and second electrical sources  88 ,  118 , such as for example a current magnitude, a current frequency, a current timing, and a current direction. As in prior example embodiments, the controller  90 ,  120  can be any suitable processor, microprocessor, computer, ASIC, integrated circuit, or device that is adapted to produce a predetermined output in response to a set of machine-readable or manual instructions. The controller  90 ,  120  can be integrated within one of the electrical source  88 ,  118 , distributed between one and more of the electrical sources  88 ,  118 , or operated as a stand-along modular component of the example apparatus  80 ,  110 . The controller  90 ,  120  can be further adapted to control the electrical source  88 ,  118  to provide electrical current to the first and second coils in a predetermined pattern in order to optimize the mixing, separating or localizing within the apparatus  80 ,  110 . The predetermined pattern can include for the provision of electrical current substantially simultaneously or providing current substantially sequentially. 
         [0066]    For example,  FIGS. 12A ,  12 B,  12 C and  12 D are illustrative of one application of the example apparatus  80  described above. In  FIG. 12A , coil  86   d  can be activated with current running in a first direction that causes a magnetic field to move a magnetically susceptible component  100  towards coil  86   b.  Simultaneously or sequentially, coil  86   b  can be activated with current running in a second direction opposite the first direction that causes a magnetic field to move the magnetically susceptible particle  100  in the opposite direction towards coil  86   d.  As a result, synchronous or sequential activation of coils  86   b,    86   d  will cause opposing magnetic fields to constrain the magnetically susceptible component  100  in the region near coil  86   c.  Oscillation of the respective magnetic fields generated by coils  86   b,    86   d  will also cause the magnetically susceptible component  100  to oscillate, thus causing a substantially vertical, radial and/or circumferential stirring motion within the cavity. Activation of coil  86   c  will cause the magnetically susceptible component  100  to move to the region  84   c  directly adjacent to the coil  86   c.    
         [0067]    Alternatively,  FIG. 12B  shows that simultaneous activation of at least coil  86   b,  and possibly coils  86   c,    86   d,    86   e  in a uniform direction will cause magnetically susceptible component  100  to be suspended in the region adjacent to coil  86   b.  This program of coil activation can be used, for example, to move any magnetic material to an opening of the cavity from where it can be removed following the reaction. That is, at the conclusion of a reaction, the example apparatus  80  can be used to move substantially all of the magnetic material in the direction desired by a user in order to remove the magnetic material. 
         [0068]    The example apparatus  80  can also be used to separate different reactions or different steps of the same reaction. As shown in  FIG. 12C , magnetically susceptible components  100  (M reaction X and M reaction Y) are maintained in different regions of the cavity through the systematic activation of coils  86   a,    86   b,    86   c,    86   d,    86   e.  For example, a user might intend to keep two reactions or phases of a reaction separated for a predetermined amount of time, after which the systematic activation of at least coils  86   c  and  86   e  can unite the disparate materials and the associated magnetically susceptible components  100  into the region of the cavity adjacent to coil  86   d  as shown in  FIG. 12D . Alternatively, magnetically susceptible components  100  (M-X) can be split into two portions by deactivating coil  86   c  and simultaneously activating coils  86   b  and  86   d.  Additionally, one can move magnetically susceptible particles  100  through different phases (and different reaction conditions) of a single reaction through the systematic activation of the coils  86   a,    86   b,    86   c,    86   d,    86   e.  As one of skill in the art will readily appreciate, the examples described with reference to  FIGS. 12A ,  12 B,  12 C and  12 D are illustrative in nature only, and any number of permutations of coil activations could be readily implemented to cause any number of desirable motions of the magnetically susceptible components within the cavity. 
         [0069]    In one variation of the example apparatus  80 , the apparatus can be configured for small-scale reactions using two or more printed circuit boards, each defining a cavity therein, and arranged in a manner such that a central axis of each of the cavities is substantially aligned or collinear. Each of the printed circuit boards can further include a coil such as that described herein, or any other suitable conductive medium imprinted thereon or etched therein in any suitable geometry such as a spiral for generating a magnetic field substantially parallel to the central axis in response to an electrical input. Each printed circuit board can have its own independent electrical source and/or controller connected to the coil for selectively generating the desired magnetic field in the desired direction. Alternatively, each printed circuit board can be connected to one or more external electrical sources and/or controllers for selectively generating the desired magnetic field in the desired direction. In one implementation of this variation of the example apparatus  80 , the cavity disposed in the printed circuit boards can be between one micrometer and two centimeters in diameter, or any other suitable diameter configured for receiving a reaction vessel of the type known in the art. 
         [0070]    Any of the example apparatuses described herein can include a temperature control means, which as noted above, can be implemented in any number of suitable fashions on either the container, cavity, or any of the aforementioned wiring, coils or segments of wiring for generating electromagnetic fields.  FIGS. 7 ,  8 A,  8 B,  9 A and  9 B are illustrative of example apparatuses  70  that employ different types of temperature control means as described herein.  FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional view of an example apparatus  70  that includes an electrical layer  50 , which can be any of the various configurations of wiring segments, coils and the like described herein. The example apparatus  70  further includes an insulating layer  52  disposed between the electrical layer  50  and a reaction area  54 , which can include for example a cylindrical cavity within which a reaction vessel can be disposed. The example apparatus  70  can also include a temperature control means  56 , disposed adjacent to the reaction area  54  and distally from the electrical layer  50 . The temperature control means  56  can include for example a cavity or container within which a temperature control material or liquid can be disposed for draining heat from or adding heat to the reaction area  54  and maintaining an appropriate reaction temperature. 
         [0071]    Another configuration of the example apparatus  70  is shown in  FIGS. 8A and 8B . As shown therein, the example apparatus  70  includes an electrical layer  50  that can include for example a permanent or electromagnet formed as a ring or cylinder bounding a temperature control means  56  as well as a cylinder disposed in a middle portion of the temperature control means  56 . The electrical layer  50  can be configured as any variation or combination of the several wiring segments, coils and the like described herein. A reaction area  54  is disposed within the temperature control means  56 . The reaction area  54  can include for example a container or cavity for receiving a reaction vessel or for receiving the intended reaction materials. As in the prior example, the temperature control means  56  can include a cavity or container within which a temperature control material or liquid can be disposed for draining heat from the reaction area  54  and maintaining an appropriate reaction temperature. 
         [0072]    Another configuration of the example apparatus  70  is shown in  FIGS. 9A and 9B . As shown therein, the example apparatus  70  includes an electrical layer  50  that can be configured as any variation or combination of the several wiring segments, coils and the like described herein. An insulating layer  52  can be disposed between the electrical layer and a reaction area  54 . As in prior examples, the reaction area  54  can include a container or cavity for receiving a reaction vessel or for receiving the intended reaction materials. The example embodiment  70  shown in  FIGS. 9A and 9B  can further include a base portion  58  defining a temperature control means  56  therein. The temperature control means  56  can include a cavity, tube or container within which a temperature control material or liquid can passed in the direction of the arrow, thereby functioning as a heat exchanging material or fluid. As in the prior examples, the temperature control means  56  functions to drain excessive heat from the reaction area  54  and maintain an appropriate reaction temperature. 
         [0073]    The present invention further includes a system for determining a mass change of a magnetically susceptible polymer component in a reaction. The example system can include an apparatus for mixing, separating or localizing a magnetically susceptible polymer component such as for example any of the example apparatuses and variations thereof described herein, or any other suitable apparatus for mixing, separating or localizing magnetically susceptible components. In particular, the apparatus can include a reaction vessel within which the magnetically susceptible polymer component is mixable with another material and means for generating a magnetic field within the reaction vessel. The means for generating a magnetic field can include one or more electromagnetic elements disposed externally to the reaction vessel and an electrical source adapted to selectively provide electrical current to the one or more electromagnetic elements. The example system can also include a small field coil disposed adjacent to the apparatus. The small field coil can be adapted to detect a mass change in the magnetically susceptible polymer component in response to a change in the inductance of the small field coil. 
         [0074]    As a reaction is taking place within the reaction vessel, the functionality of some or all of the magnetically susceptible polymer components can be changed, thus potentially changing the mass of the magnetically susceptible polymer components. Changes in the magnetic field(s) induced by the magnetically susceptible polymer components will cause changes in the impedance of the small field coil, which can be measured in terms of either frequency or current within the small field coil. In order to achieve a consistent and clear understanding of the mass change of the magnetically susceptible polymer components, the system can incorporate additional small field coils as necessary, from which an average impedance and mass change can be determined. Alternatively, the small field coil can be one of the one or more electromagnetic elements that is systematically switched from a current driver to an impedance-measuring element. 
         [0075]    To that end, the system can also include a controller connected to the means for generating a magnetic field and the small field coil. The controller can be adapted to control one or more of a plurality of current parameters relating to the magnetic field and further adapted to determine an inductance in the small field coil. As noted above, the current parameters can include current magnitude, a current frequency, a current timing, and a current direction. The controller can be any suitable processor, microprocessor, computer, ASIC, integrated circuit, or device that is adapted to produce a predetermined output in response to a set of machine-readable or manual instructions. The controller can be integrated within the electrical source or operated as a stand-along modular component of the example system. 
         [0076]    During the reaction, the relatively large magnetic field employed by the means for generating a magnetic field can obscure any impedance changes in the small field coil. As such, in one suitable mode of operation, the controller of the example system can be further adapted to activate and deactivate the means for generating a magnetic field according to a predetermined duty cycle in order to determine the inductance in the small field coil. The predetermined duty cycle can be between seventy-five percent and ninety-five percent activated and between twenty-five percent and five percent deactivated. For example, the controller can control the means for generating a magnetic field to generate the magnetic field for ninety percent of any given time interval, and then deactivate the means for generating in order to power and operate the small field coil and receive any impedance measurements there from. 
         [0077]    Any of the apparatuses and/or systems of the present invention can be readily employed for both macro- and micro-scale reactions, ranging from large scale or batch mixtures for use in the chemical industry as well as micro-scale “lab on a chip” formulations conventionally found in the medical research and pharmaceutical industries. Additionally, any of the apparatuses and/or systems of the present invention can be used for separating magnetic materials from non-magnetic materials, from separating stronger magnetic materials from weaker magnetic materials, and/or isolating or localizing magnetic materials from non-magnetic materials or stronger magnetic materials from weaker magnetic materials. 
         [0078]    For purposes of clarity of the principles thereof, the present invention has been described with reference to its example embodiments so as to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. However, various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art including variations relating to the reaction scale, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims.