Abstract:
A system and method for managing and storing logically grouped hierarchical data via physical block storage is provided. Logical groups of parsed XML node data forming node ID ranges are indexed by creating and inserting an index entry into a node ID range. Index entries indicate node ID range bounds for blocks in which nodes are stored. Consulting a node ID range index facilitates XML node traversal via logical links between nodes in different blocks. Additionally, physical links between nodes within a block allow for fast node traversal. Node update including insertion and deletion as well as document order based pre-fetch and XML document re-organization is also facilitated by this architecture.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This application is related to the application entitled “Extensible Decimal Identification System for Ordered Nodes”, now U.S. Ser. No. 10/605,448, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, including any appendices and references thereto. This application is also related to the application entitled “Isolated Ordered Regions (IOR) Node Order”, now U.S. Ser. No. 10/604,450, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, including any appendices and references thereto. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     1. Field of Invention  
         [0003]     The present invention relates generally to the field of hierarchical node management. More specifically, the present invention is related to node storage, location, and grouping via physical and logical identifiers.  
         [0004]     2. Discussion of Prior Art  
         [0005]     A tree structure comprising nodes is a type of data structure in which each element is attached to one or more elements directly beneath it. The connections among elements in a tree structure are called branches. Trees are often called inverted trees because they are normally drawn with the root at the top. Inverted trees are the data structures used to represent hierarchical file structures. In this case, the leaves are files and the other elements above the leaves are directories.  
         [0006]     Tree structures have been used in prior art data processing systems to organize data. But, a disadvantage with such prior art is that they fails to provide for a node identification system for ordered nodes wherein adding or deleting a child node (or a subtree of nodes) from a hierarchical structure of nodes still maintains the order and relationships between the parent, child, and sibling nodes. Node identification solutions based upon assigning preorder traversal and/or postorder traversal numbers can only provide an ordering solution as such solutions cannot be used to identify sibling relationships between nodes.  
         [0007]     Yet another disadvantage of such prior art systems is that they fail to address storage architectures for hierarchical data providing the advantage of having physical links between the nodes (for fast traversal) and also providing the advantage of having logical links between nodes (for easier updating, versioning, and reorganization).  
         [0008]     The following references provide a general teaching in ordering nodes, but they fail to provide for a solution that incorporates advantages of both the physical and logical storage architectures.  
         [0009]     The patent application publication to Sutherland et al. (2002/0114341 A1) discloses a peer-to-peer storage system that includes a storage coordinator that centrally manages distributed storage resources in accordance with system policies. The storage resources are otherwise unused portions of storage media, e.g., hard disks, that are included in the devices such as personal computers, workstations, laptops, file servers, and so forth, that are connected to a corporate computer network. The devices are referred to collectively as “storage nodes.” The storage coordinator manages the distributed storage resources by assigning the nodes to various groups and allocating the storage resources on each of the nodes in a given group to maintaining dynamically replicated versions of the group files.  
         [0010]     The patent application publication to Schnelle et al. (2003/0070144) discloses the conversion of an XML encoded dataset into a minimal set of SQL tables. In the disclosed method, a hierarchical structure in the XML encoded dataset is identified. A node element set for the XML encoded dataset is determined, wherein each node element in the node element set is a discrete level of the hierarchical structure of the dataset. One or more nodes of the XML encoded dataset are determined, each node being an instance of a node element. A unique node identifier is allocated to each node. Then, an SQL node table containing one or more records is generated, each record corresponding to a respective one of the allocated node identifiers. An SQL ancestry table is optionally generated to define the inter-relationships among nodes of the identified hierarchical structure of the XML encoded dataset.  
         [0011]     The patent application publication to Moses (2003/0061216) discloses a system and method for controlling access to data within a hierarchically organized document, such as an XML document. Elements may have their access rights specified, for example as a variable in an XML tag. If not specified within an element of the document, access rights are inherited from its nearest ancestor. Specified access rights may refer to a collection of entitlement expressions, which describe with arbitrarily fine granularity which users and user types may access the data.  
         [0012]     The non-patent literature to Ives et al., titled “An XML query engine for network-bound data,” generally discloses how XML documents are modeled using a tree structure.  
         [0013]     The above-mentioned prior art fail to provide for a solution that incorporates advantages of both the physical and logical storage architectures. Whatever the precise merits, features, and advantages of the above cited references, none of them achieves or fulfills the purposes of the present invention.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0014]     The present invention provides for a dynamic storage architecture for hierarchical data, wherein such an architecture is used to store parsed documents (e.g., XML documents) and manage their traversals, prefetches, updates, and reorganization. Nodes of a document are assigned Node IDs based on the extensible decimal identification system for ordered nodes, wherein Node IDs encode parent child relationships and new Node IDs are assigned to new nodes without affecting existing Node IDs.  
         [0015]     The architecture groups sets of nodes in Node ID order forming ranges of Node IDs. The ranges are written to blocks. The highest Node ID (or, alternatively, lowest Node ID or a computed Node ID key) in a range and the block&#39;s Block ID are entered into a Node ID Range Index. Physical links exist between nodes in the same range while logical links, in the form of index entries in the Node ID Range Index, exist between nodes in different ranges. This architecture allows for single to multiple ranges per block as well as single to multiple subtree roots per range.  
         [0016]     Node traversals within ranges are accomplished via physical links, while node traversals between ranges are accomplished via index lookups based on Node IDs. Updates in the hierarchy only affect the ranges that contain the nodes being updated and no other ranges because of the logical links maintained between ranges. The Node ID Range Index enables inter-range node traversals as well as prefetching of blocks containing ranges based on Node ID order.  
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0017]      FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the present invention&#39;s dynamic storage architecture for hierarchical data.  
         [0018]      FIG. 2  illustrates the physical storage architecture, wherein physical links exist between nodes in the same block as well as nodes in different blocks.  
         [0019]      FIG. 3  illustrates the logical storage architecture, wherein each node is stored as a B-tree index entry and assigned a Node ID.  
         [0020]      FIGS. 4   a - c  illustrate the Extensible Decimal Identification System for Ordered Nodes which is used in conjunction with the present invention&#39;s storage architecture.  
         [0021]      FIG. 5  illustrates how Nodes are inserted in between sibling nodes the Extensible Decimal Identification System for Ordered Nodes.  
         [0022]      FIGS. 6   a - c  illustrate how nodes can be grouped in Node ID order.  
         [0023]      FIGS. 7   a - c  illustrate the Single Range per Block concept and the Multiple Ranges per Block concept.  
         [0024]      FIG. 8  illustrates the roots list structure encoding the complete Node IDs of root nodes.  
         [0025]      FIGS. 9   a - c  illustrates range splits that can occur during updates that result in Multiple Ranges per Block.  
         [0026]      FIGS. 10   a - c,    11   a - c,    FIG. 12 ,  FIG. 13   a - c,  and  FIG. 14   a - c  illustrate changes to ranges and the range index when subtrees are inserted.  
         [0027]      FIGS. 15 through 19   a - b  collectively illustrate the insertion of an XML document as per the teaching of the present invention.  
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0028]     While this invention is illustrated and described in a preferred embodiment, the invention may be produced in many different configurations. There is depicted in the drawings, and will herein be described in detail, a preferred embodiment of the invention, with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification of the principles of the invention and the associated functional specifications for its construction and is not intended to limit the invention to the embodiment illustrated. Those skilled in the art will envision many other possible variations within the scope of the present invention.  
         [0029]     The present invention provides a dynamic storage architecture for hierarchical data, wherein such an architecture can be used to store parsed documents, such as parsed XML documents. The disclosed storage architecture allows for prefetching relevant parts of a document based on the document order, and allows for easy updating and reorganization of the document. This storage architecture has the advantages of a physical architecture because physical links between nodes in the same block allow for fast traversals, and the storage architecture also has the advantages of a logical architecture because logical links between nodes in different blocks allow for easier updating, versioning and reorganization.  
         [0030]      FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the present invention&#39;s dynamic storage architecture for hierarchical data, wherein such an architecture is used to store parsed documents (e.g., XML documents) and manage their traversals, prefetches, updates, and reorganization. Nodes of a document are assigned Node IDs based on the extensible decimal identification system for ordered nodes, wherein Node IDs encode parent child relationships and new Node IDs are assigned to new nodes without affecting existing Node IDs.  
         [0031]     The architecture groups sets of nodes in Node ID order forming ranges of Node IDs. The ranges are written to blocks. The highest Node ID in a range and the block&#39;s Block ID are entered into a Node ID Range Index. It should be noted that although a specific example of entering the highest Node ID (in the Node ID range index) is provided, other examples such as entering a lowest Node ID or a computed Node ID key is within the scope of the present invention. For example, if a set of nodes had the following Node IDs: 1.2, 1.2.4.5, 1.2.4.5.5.5.5, then the highest key would be 1.2.4.5.5.5.5 and the lowest key would be 1.2. A computed key would be 1.2.x, where ‘x’ is higher than any number.  
         [0032]     Physical links exist between nodes in the same range while logical links, in the form of index entries in the Node ID Range Index, exist between nodes in different ranges. This architecture allows for single to multiple ranges per block as well as single to multiple subtree roots per range.  
         [0033]     In  FIG. 1 , nodes ‘C’ to ‘I’ form a range and are written to a block. The highest NodeID in this range, 1.1.1.3.1 (corresponding to node ‘I’), requires an index entry in the Node ID Range Index. This range has one root in ‘C’. The next range ‘J’ to ‘R’ is written to another block. This requires the index entry 1.1.2.2.2.1 for ‘R’. This range has two roots in ‘J’ and ‘M’.  
         [0034]     Node traversals within ranges are accomplished via physical links, while node traversals between ranges are accomplished via index lookups based on Node IDs. For example in  FIG. 1 , to traverse from 1.1 ‘B’ to 1.1.1 ‘C’, an index lookup to find 1.1.1 ‘C’ is required and results in the use of the index entry with the high key 1.1.1.3. Updates in the hierarchy only affect the ranges that contain the nodes being updated and no other ranges because of the logical links maintained between ranges. The Node ID Range Index enables inter-range node traversals as well as prefetching of blocks containing ranges based on Node ID order. The architecture of  FIG. 1  uses features of physical storage and logical storage architectures.  
         [0035]      FIG. 2  illustrates the physical storage architecture, wherein physical links exist between nodes in the same block as well as nodes in different blocks. A block contains a Node Slot Array and a set of Nodes. Each Node Slot points to a Node. Each Node contains a Child Slot Array and each Child Slot points to a Node Slot that points to a Child Node. Each Node also points to a Node Slot that in turn points to its parent Node. This architecture makes updating, reorganizing and versioning difficult, as physical link between nodes in different blocks need to be updated and propagated throughout the hierarchy. Such a physical storage architecture, however, allows for fast node traversals due to physical links.  
         [0036]      FIG. 3  illustrates the logical storage architecture, wherein each Node is stored as a B-tree index entry and assigned a Node ID. The Node ID B-tree index is based on Node ID order. The parent and children of a node can be found by computing for their Node IDs relative to that node, and searching the index for the index entry with a matching Node ID. This makes node traversals expensive as it requires every traversal to search the B-tree, but it allows easier management of updates and versioning, as only nodes (index entries) being updated are affected. One way to alleviate the cost of node traversals, involves the maintenance of multiple index cursors for different levels of the hierarchy.  
         [0037]     The present invention&#39;s architecture as depicted in  FIG. 1  has the advantages of the physical architecture because physical links between nodes in the same block allow for fast traversals. Similarly, the present invention&#39;s architecture of  FIG. 1  also has the advantages of the logical architecture because logical links between nodes in different blocks allow for easier updating, versioning and reorganization. Additionally, the present invention&#39;s architecture provides the advantage of allowing to prefetch blocks based on document order. As noted earlier, architecture depicted in  FIG. 1  allows for single to multiple ranges per block, as well as single to multiple roots per range.  
         [0038]      FIGS. 4   a - b  illustrate the Extensible Decimal Identification System for Ordered Nodes which is used in conjunction with the present invention&#39;s storage architecture, wherein Nodes of a document be assigned Node IDs based on a decimal identification system. In this system, the Node IDs are variable sized, byte comparable, and resemble preorder traversal numbers of the hierarchy, as shown in  FIG. 4   c.  The Node ID of children nodes are formed from the Node ID of parent nodes by appending more digits to the Node ID of the parent. For example, the first child of ‘B’, ‘C’ has the Node ID 1.1.1, the second child of ‘B’, ‘M’ has the Node ID 1.1.2. The Node ID of the parent node forms the prefix of the Node ID of the children nodes. Nodes that are inserted in between sibling nodes can have more digits following this prefix, forming longer Node IDs as shown in  FIG. 5 . For example, the sibling node between 4.4 and 4.5 has the Node ID 4.4.x.1. A Child&#39;s Node ID digits are the digits following its parents Node ID prefix. For example, the Child Node ID digits for node ‘M’ is 2.  
         [0039]     With Node IDs assigned to every node in the hierarchy, the nodes can now be grouped in Node ID order, as shown in  FIGS. 6   a - c.  Groups of nodes form Node ID ranges that are inserted into blocks. Each range requires an index entry in the Node ID Range Index, with the highest Node ID in the range forming part of the index key. The Node ID in the index key is compared during index lookups to find a target Node ID. The lookup would return the Block ID of the Block containing the node whose Node ID is equal to or less than the highest Node ID. For example in  FIG. 6   c,  the ‘O’ node would be found in the block pointed to by the Node ID Range Index Entry with the high Node ID of 19.  
         [0040]      FIGS. 7   a - c  illustrate the Node ID Range Index pointing to Node ID ranges stored in blocks. Some of the ranges are single rooted as in the range stored in block B 1  in  FIG. 7   a,  and some of the ranges are multi-rooted as in the ranges stored in blocks B 2  and B 3  in  FIG. 7   b.  For ranges that are single rooted, the index entry pointing to it points to the one root node or a structure that describes the root node (a roots list of one). For ranges that are multi-rooted, the index entry pointing to it points to a structure (a roots list) that identifies all of the root nodes in the range. Each index entry&#39;s key is the highest Node ID within a range. For example, in  FIG. 7   a,  block B 1 &#39;s highest Node ID is 4.  
         [0041]      FIGS. 7   a - c  shows Single Range per Block and Multiple Ranges per Block. Single Range per Block results from blocking of nodes that strictly follow Node ID order. Multiple Ranges per Block results from the blocking of nodes that may not follow Node ID order and results in multiple entries in the Node ID Range Index having the same Block ID payload. For example, in  FIG. 7   c,  there are two index entries that point to block B 1 , one for the high key  13  and one for the high key  19 .  
         [0042]     In  FIG. 8 , the roots list structure encodes the complete Node IDs of root nodes. Within each node, Child Slot Entries contains the Child&#39;s Node ID digits. Node traversals need to form the Node ID of the next node to be traversed to. This is started by taking the Node ID of the root nodes from the roots list, to form the next Node ID and subsequent Node IDs. To traverse to a parent, the parents Node ID can be retrieved from the prefix of the current Node ID. To traverse to a child, the Child&#39;s Node ID can be formed by concatenating the current Node ID with the Child&#39;s Node ID digits contained in the Child Slot Entry.  
         [0043]      FIGS. 9   a - c  illustrates range splits that can occur during updates that result in Multiple Ranges per Block. During each range split, a new index entry is required for the Highest Node ID in the Split Range. Another index entry is required for the Previous High Key. The Previous High Key is the Node ID of the node previous in order to the lowest Node ID in the Split Range. The Previous High Key, can be determined by first finding the node in the Split Range with the lowest Node ID (‘G’ with Node ID  7  in  FIG. 9   c  and ‘D’ with Node ID  4  in  FIG. 9   c ). This is the lowest Node ID assigned to the roots of the subtrees in the Split Range. From this node, the previous sibling (‘D’ with Node ID  4  in  FIG. 9   c ) is traversed to find its last descendant&#39;s Node ID (‘F’ with Node ID  6  in  FIG. 9   b ). If there are no previous siblings, then the immediate parent&#39;s Node ID is used (‘C’ with Node ID  3  in  FIG. 9   c ). This traversal to find the Previous High Key is done within the original block using the physical links. The result is two index entries, one for the Highest Node ID in the split range (‘L’ in  FIG. 9   b  and ‘F’ in  FIG. 9   c ) and one for the Previous High Key (‘F’ in  FIG. 9   b  and ‘C’ in  FIG. 9   c ). There can be no Previous High Key if the root node of the document is the lowest Node ID&#39;ed node in the Split Range.  
         [0044]     It should be noted that all the nodes that have index entries pointing to them are marked as Indexed Nodes. This is so that if the Indexed Node is moved with a set of nodes that have higher Node IDs than the Indexed Node to another block, the index entry corresponding to the Indexed Node can be updated. For example in  FIG. 9   c,  if ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’, and ‘M’ are split, the index entry for ‘C’ needs to be updated. In  FIG. 9   c,  ‘F’ is an Indexed Node that moved from B 1  to B 3 , so the index entry for ‘F’ is updated.  
         [0045]     Alternatively, if the Node ID Range Index is always consulted and the current Highest Node ID remembered during an update, then the nodes that are indexed need not be marked, as any node movement will only involve nodes in the range bounded by the current Highest Node ID. For example, the ‘M’ will never be moved with ‘A’, ‘B’, and ‘C’ because ‘C’ is the highest Node ID&#39;ed node in the range being updated.  
         [0046]      FIGS. 10   a - c,    11   a - c,    FIG. 12 ,  FIG. 13   a - c,  and  FIG. 14   a - c  illustrate changes to ranges and the range index when subtrees are inserted. Specifically,  FIGS. 10   a - c  and  FIG. 11   a - c  show subtree insertions that do not affect the high key, while  FIGS. 13   a - c  and  14   a - c  show subtree insertions that does affect the high key.  
         [0047]      FIG. 10   a  shows a range with high key  15  ‘O’.  FIG. 10   b  shows the subtree ‘J’ being inserted into the range as a child of ‘H’. In this case, the subtree inserted fits in the block so no changes are required in the index. In  FIG. 10   c,  the insertion of the subtree ‘J’ results in the nodes exceeding block capacity and require a range split.  FIG. 10   c  shows how a range split can be accomplished by following strict Node ID order. That is, split points are chosen so that only single ranges per block result.  
         [0048]     In  FIG. 11   b,  multiple ranges per block result from a range split. In this case, the first block requires two index entries, one for the ranges original high key  15  ‘O’, and one for the Previous High Key of the split range  7  ‘G’. The split range also requires an index entry for its high key  12  ‘L’.  FIG. 11   c  shows a different range split strategy, this time splitting the node ‘H’. When a node is split, the split part becomes an Out of Order Node and requires an index entry. Because the split part is indexed, the original node, which may still be in Node ID order, also requires an index entry. Lastly, the Previous High Key of the split range ‘I’ requires an index entry.  FIG. 11   c  shows five index entries (corresponding to high keys  8  ‘H’,  9  ‘I’, and  15  ‘O’ in the first region and high keys  8  ‘H’, and  12  ‘L’ in the second region) created after splitting node ‘H’.  
         [0049]      FIG. 12  shows the index entries created when splitting a node. All the nodes have the same Node ID. What distinguishes one from another are their highest Child Node ID digit(s). For example, the first ‘B’s highest Child Node ID is 1.1.3, so its highest Child Node ID digit is 3. The second ‘B’s highest Child Node ID is 1.1.5.x.1, so its highest Child Node ID digits are 5.x.1. Nodes may need to be split when the nodes Child Slot Array grows too large to fit in the block.  
         [0050]      FIG. 13   b  illustrates a subtree insertion that causes a high key change in an existing range.  FIG. 13   c  illustrates the same subtree insertion requiring a range split. In this case, there is room to grow the child slot array for ‘O’, but there is no room to contain the children subtrees, so the children subtrees are assigned a different range.  FIG. 14   b  shows a different range split. In this case, the ‘O’ node is split as well as the range, resulting in 4 index entries.  FIG. 14   c  shows a range split that results in a new high key in the original range.  
         [0051]      FIGS. 15 through 19   a - b  collectively illustrate the insertion of an XML document.  FIG. 15  shows nodes ‘A’ to ‘F’ being processed, as events are received for the document. For every start event of a node, information about that node is kept on the stack. For the end event of a node, the node and its descendants are popped off the stack, and linked with a parent node. The result is a tree of nodes linked with their parent nodes, which is kept on the stack. The nodes kept on the stack are called Incomplete Nodes because their end events are not yet received, which means that there may be more children nodes associated with them.  
         [0052]     As events for nodes ‘A’ to ‘J’ are received shown in  FIG. 16 , the data for node ‘J’ exceeds the buffer allocated for the nodes. Now, some of the subtrees on the stack are written out to blocks in storage.  FIG. 16  illustrates that the subtree anchored in ‘C’ was picked. The nodes ‘C’ and ‘H’ are incomplete because there may be more children for those nodes. For each incomplete node, one or more index entries may need to be inserted. This is similar to what is required in splitting a node discussed in  FIG. 12 , except that because a document is being inserted, the insertion of the index entries are deferred, just in case there are no more children for an incomplete node, as in the case for the ‘C’ node in  FIG. 16 . The ‘C’ node is marked incomplete because node traversals need to query the index to see if there is another ‘C’ node written out. Because the ‘H’ is being split, this node is marked to be indexed. Node ‘I’ is marked to be indexed since this is the node with the Highest Node ID.  
         [0053]     Now, the second set of nodes shown in  FIG. 17  is processed, as events for ‘K’ to ‘R’ are received. The ‘C’ node is now removed from the list of nodes that may need an index entry (because an end event was received for it) without adding any children to it. The ‘H’ node is marked to be indexed because more children have been added to it. In this example, the ‘H’ node for the first block points to H&#39;s first child ‘I’, while the ‘H’ node in the second block points to the second child ‘J’. Both ‘H’ nodes are marked to be indexed as in the case for split nodes in  FIG. 12 . The node with the highest Node ID for the second block, node ‘R’, is also marked to be indexed.  FIG. 18  shows the subtrees written out to blocks and the resulting index entries in the Node ID Range Index.  
         [0054]      FIGS. 19   a - b  illustrate instances during an insertion where nodes can split. In  FIG. 19   a,  node  12  is split between two blocks resulting in 4 index entries. In  FIG. 19   b,  nodes  12  and  19  are split resulting in 6 index entries.  
         [0055]     Additionally, the present invention provides for an article of manufacture comprising computer readable program code contained within implementing one or more modules to physically store and manage logical groups of XML nodes. Furthermore, the present invention includes a computer program code-based product, which is a storage medium having program code stored therein which can be used to instruct a computer to perform any of the methods associated with the present invention. The computer storage medium includes any of, but is not limited to, the following: CD-ROM, DVD, magnetic tape, optical disc, hard drive, floppy disk, ferroelectric memory, flash memory, ferromagnetic memory, optical storage, charge coupled devices, magnetic or optical cards, smart cards, EEPROM, EPROM, RAM, ROM, DRAM, SRAM, SDRAM, or any other appropriate static or dynamic memory or data storage devices.  
         [0056]     Implemented in computer program code based products are software modules for: grouping sets of nodes in NodeID order to form one or more ranges of Node IDs, wherein each of the ranges are written to a block of memory; (b) maintaining one or more physical links between nodes in a similar range; (c) maintaining an index of entries in a Node ID Range Index, each entry corresponding to a highest node ID (or, alternatively, lowest Node ID or a computed Node ID key) in a range, said index entries defining one or more logical links between nodes in different ranges; and wherein traversals within ranges are accomplished via the physical links and traversals between ranges occur based on an index lookup of NodeIDs.  
       CONCLUSION  
       [0057]     A system and method has been shown in the above embodiments for the effective implementation of a hierarchical storage architecture using node ID ranges. While various preferred embodiments have been shown and described, it will be understood that there is no intent to limit the invention by such disclosure, but rather, it is intended to cover all modifications falling within the spirit and scope of the invention, as defined in the appended claims. For example, the present invention should not be limited by type of Node ID recorded in the Node ID Range Index (i.e., Highest Node ID, Lowest Node ID, Computed Node Key, etc.), software/program, or computing environment.  
         [0058]     The above enhancements are implemented in various computing environments. All programming and data related thereto are stored in computer memory, static or dynamic, and may be retrieved by the user in any of: conventional computer storage, display (i.e., CRT) and/or hardcopy (i.e., printed) formats. The programming of the present invention may be implemented by one of skill in the art of database programming.