Abstract:
A traffic recording system for recording vehicular traffic events on a roadway having one or more lanes of traffic has a power control unit and a timer counter. Multilane roadway sensors sense roadway traffic and generates analog signals for vehicles traversing the traffic lanes. Each lane has a lane circuit having a sensor amplifier for processing incoming analog signals and converting the analog signals to digital square wave signal with fast rise time, a latch circuit connected to the sensor amplifier for latching sensor amplifier data. A data storage unit has removable data storage media, such as flashcards. A second latch circuit is connected to the timer counter, and a timing and power control logic circuit connected to receive signals from the sensor amplifier. The system incorporates a microprocessor and an EPROM program storage circuit,

Description:
REFERENCE TO PRIOR APPLICATION 
     Reference is made to application Ser. No. 09/144,102 entitled RESIDUAL CHARGE EFFECT TRAFFIC SENSOR filed Aug. 31, 1998 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,835,027 incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to vehicle traffic sensing systems, and more particularly to vehicle traffic sensing systems using residual charge-effect sensing. 
     For the purpose of the present invention, one or all of the following terms are applicable: “Traffic Classifier”, “Traffic Recorder”, or “Traffic Event Recorder”. 
     The traffic recording system of this invention has several unique features not features not employed by other manufacturers of similar equipment. This invention provides a high tech piece of equipment in large quantities which could be operated with short time training by an unskilled individual. Furthermore, preferably, it does not require the use of peripheral keyboards, switch/display panels, portable computers, etc. to program (setup) the unit. Simplicity of use has the effect of requiring less component parts in the fabrication process which translates into lower costs and more importantly a much higher degree of reliability. Also, a myriad of corporate benefits come about due to this initial philosophical design. 
     The roadside traffic recorder can record several lanes of traffic from a portable sensor array simultaneously with vehicles moving in the same direction. The key word is “portable.” Because there are no known commercial multilane axle sensor array in the market place, there was no need to design a roadside computer that could service more than two lanes of traffic in one direction simultaneously. From the standpoint of electronic or sensor design, the upper limit of lanes that could be monitored simultaneously is 100 or more. While there are roadside computers on the market that can monitor 32 lanes of traffic simultaneously with inputs from loop detectors and/or in-pavement piezo sensors, they do not use the high impedance residual effect sensors. 
     In the preferred embodiment, there is no real-time clock in the roadway computer. However, without a realtime clock, the generation of management reports would not be possible. The customer needs to have traffic data values on a precise time and date basis. The operational procedure of this invention achieves the real-time clock data by combining a hand-written start time on the flash card peelable label with the stored event times within its associated flash card memory. This combining operation takes place during the downloading of the flashcard memory by the customers application software program. By knowing the real-time start time (from the peelable label) and adding the value of each event time, the customer&#39;s application program can generate a real-time for each event. At 2400 hours the customer application program will zero out and increment up to the next highest date and decrement to start a new low order time. This technique has several advantages over providing a real-time clock system within the roadside computer. 
     No peripheral keyboard or displays are required to initiate the roadside computer to begin operations. Almost every multilane roadside computer that applicant&#39;s are aware has some form of keyboard, switch sequencing arrangement, laptop computer via an RS232-C connection, etc. in order to program the roadside computer to start operating. 
     The sensor interface amplifier circuit conditions the sensor signals for processing by the roadside computer. It is designed to present a very low impedance load to a high impedance source to eliminate crosstalk between lane transmitting wires due to capacitive coupling. This amplifier also conditions the incoming analog signal ranging in value from 2.5v-80v (measured with 10 meg-ohm scope probe) to a 3.3vdc digital square wave with a fast rise time. This interface conversion is required in order to be compatible with microprocessor logic within the kernel of the roadside computer. 
     An optional magnetic sensor input pulse may be utilized as a blanking signal to separate vehicles. In slow or tailgating situations, it becomes difficult for the customer application software program to separate closely spaced vehicles. More often than not, two 2-axle vehicles close together would be analyzed and recorded as a four-axle truck. With the use of a magnetic gate pulse generated by a device that supplies a pulse equal to the length of a metal mass (vehicle), this pulse can act as the equivalent of an “AND GATE,” therefore separating the two vehicle example, resulting in one blanking pulse for each vehicle. Counting axles during the positive cycle of the blanking signal eliminates all possible errors due to slow moving or tailgating traffic situations. The software algorithm would correctly detect and conclude these were two vehicles each with two axles. If it were a truck with five axles, the length of the magnetic pulse would be much longer in length, and the five axle counts would be recorded during the long blanking pulse. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The above and other objects, advantages and features of the invention will become more apparent when considered with the following specification and accompanying drawings wherein: 
     FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of a multilane axle sensor incorporating the invention; 
     FIG. 2A illustrates a sensor for monitoring multiple lanes of traffic, FIG. 2B is a bottom view of the conductive extrusion, FIG. 2C is an enlargement of detail A, and FIG. 2D is an enlargement of detail B, 
     FIG. 3A illustrates a permanent sensor for monitoring a single lane of traffic, and FIG. 3B illustrates an installed modification with a ten-conductor multiribbon conductor, 
     FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a data recorder, and 
     FIG. 5 illustrates a circuit diagram of a residual charge-effect amplifier. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Referring to FIG. 1, an array of eight multilane axle sensors (two spaced rows)  10  is deployed on a four-lane highway with an array of magnetic sensors  11  which are coupled to data logger  12  which has removable digital data memory or storage devices, flash cards  13 - 1 ,  13 - 2 ,  13 - 3 ,  13 - 4 , one for each lane of the roadway. It will be appreciated that instead of flash cards, other forms of digital data storage, such as memory “sticks”, floppy disks, etc., can be used and the four channels or lanes of data can be multiplexed and stored on a single removable digital data storage device. Each flash card  13  carries a peel-off label  14  upon which data is entered, such as location, data, time, number of lanes, machine numbers, technician&#39;s name, etc. 
     At selected time intervals, the flash cards bearing the recorded traffic data are removed from data logger  12  and replaced with fresh flash cards, and the recorded data downloaded at a docking station  15  to computer  16  which transmits the data via modem  17  to a remote facility  18 . The raw axle sensor data can be processed in computer  16  and/or remote computer  19  and printed in printer  20  for use by the customer  21 . 
     A sensor for monitoring multiple lanes of traffic is shown in FIG.  2 A. The sensor  200  includes an elongated housing  201  which is formed of, for example,a conductive elastomeric material and contains an elongated cavity  202  which is adapted for a matching piece of adhesive tape  215 . Cavity  202  is open during the manufacturing process to allow the installation of sensor elements and transmitting signal wires. The housing  200  is formed of a conductive elastomeric material and is configured to lie on the roadway surface and is fixed thereto using appropriate hold-down devices (not shown). The housing protects the internal wiring of the traffic sensor from the ambient environment and also owing to its conductive property, acts as a movable electrode which in concert with other elements generates an electric signal when struck by the tire of a vehicle traversing the sensor. 
     Housing  201  contains five grooves,  203 ,  204 ,  205 ,  206  and  207 . Groove  203  serves three functions. First, it is shaped to suspend all the independent lane sensor elements. Secondarily it is shaped to maintain an air gap  207  (second dielectric) between the sensors dielectric (first dielectric) and the conductive elastomeric material (second electrode). Thirdly to support a transmitting wire for one of the multilane configurations. Groove  203  has been extruded with adjoining groove  207  to create an air gap (second dielectric) when no tire is present. When the weighted tire of a vehicle traverses sensor  200  and makes contact on top of grooves  203  and  207 , the air gap is distorted by the collapse of the conductive elastomeric material (second electrode) causing the residual charge is within the sensor element (first electrode/first dielectric) to change resulting in the generation of electric signal on the sensors first electrode (conductor). 
     A rubber-insulated transmitting wire electrically bonded to the sensors conductor on one end and on the other end via cables connected to the analyzing equipment. 
     A wide range of insulated coated wires could be used as a sensor element. It could be a wire with a solid conductor or a wire with a few or many stranded conductors. The dielectric coating on the wires conductor could be more different dielectric coatings available within industry. A special purpose sensor element could be fabricated by placing a thin piece of Teflon™ plumbers tape onto the conductive adhesive side of a length of copper tape. This combination would represent a first electrode/first dielectric sensor element. There are many combinations of first electrode/first dielectric configurations too numerous to mention in this improvement invention. By example, this invention uses a length of #16 gauge stranded wire coated with Teflon™ insulation as the sensor element  214 . 
     Grooves  204 ,  205  and  206  are for signal transmitting it wires  211 ,  212  and  213  which are connected to the sensor elements. By way of example, this invention describes a traffic sensor capable of monitoring four lanes of traffic simultaneously. More or less lanes for monitoring traffic is attainable with component revisions. Lane #1 transmitting signal wire would be typically embedded in groove  207  connected to lane #1 sensor element. Lane #2 embedded in groove  204  connected to lane #2 sensor element. Lane #3 embedded in groove  205  connected to lane #3 sensor element. Lane #4 embedded in groove  206  connected to lane #4 sensor element. 
     In order to prevent the transmitting signal wires from becoming sensor elements (which incidentally would totally invalidate the concept of only receiving electric signals from vehicles that activate the sensor elements in groove  25   203 ), a procedure of using an adhesive  208 ,  209  and  210  to securely bond the transmitting signal wires in grooves  204 ,  205 ,  206  and  207  is employed. The adhesive is a cyanoacrylate formulated to bond PVC coated insulated wires to elastomeric materials, commonly called “super glues”. The adhesive attached transmitting signal wires will now move in unison with the movement of the conductive  5  elastomeric material and associated grooves  204 ,  205 ,  206  and the off-the-roadway section of  207 . This results in no having an air gap change when the vehicle tire traverses the transmitting signal wires, hence no electric signal generation. Field tests with a wide assortment of vehicles in high and low speed conditions revealed that very low level signals (100 mv) were present on the transmitting signal wires from large heavy trucks operating at speeds exceeding 55 MPH. There were no signals from all other vehicles in this study. A further analysis revealed this low level signal was due to a piezoelectric effect and not the residual charge effect. Small light vehicles (cars) generate about 3,000 to 4,000 mv from the sensor elements within groove  203 , which is worst case. Large heavy vehicles (trucks loaded with cement) generate about 100 mv from the transmitting signal wires in grooves  204 ,  205  and  206 , which is worst case. The analyzing equipment threshold adjustment can easily discriminate between valid signals and non-valid signals with these significant proportionality differences. 
     Signals being generated by heavy trucks when they traverse the glued in transmitting wires are significantly reduced when the transmitting wire dielectric is changed from polyvinylchloride (PVC) to a rubber dielectric, the undesirable signals were reduced by 300%. Multi-lane axle sensor will now use stranded tinned copper wire with a cotton separator wrapping and rubber insulation. Specifically, this wire is manufactured by Belden Wire and Cable Company and their part number is 8890. This allows head room (a margin to take care of manufacturing tolerances) to spare. 
     The overall length of sensor  200  is dependent on the number of lanes to be monitored, each lane typically having a width of ten, eleven or twelve 12 feet. Ten feet is added for the roadside shoulder where the analyzing equipment is located and two feet is added for the far side shoulder for the tie-down bracket. A four-lane sensor  200  with 12 feet lanes would be 60 feet in length. It will be recognized the overall length of sensor  200  will be determined by the number of lanes being monitored. 
     The exterior profile of sensor  200  has been optimized to allow the signal output of each sensor element in groove  203  to have approximately the same signal amplitude output independent of the direction of vehicle travel with respect to the fixed location of sensor  200 . A two-lane sensor could be utilized to monitor traffic in two opposite directions simultaneously or two lanes in the same direction. 
     In the analyzing equipment, electronic circuitry was added to develop two unique electronic signals codes, one designated as “heavy”, the other designated as “normal”. In certain traffic conditions, it is possible to have two normal vehicles (cars) traveling close together (tail-gating). Having a “normal”, code present, the application software could make the correct decision that it was not a four-axle truck but most likely two cars spaced closely together. Another example would be a heavy two-axle truck. With a “heavy” signal code present the software application program could accurately identify this vehicle as a two-axle truck as opposed to a two-axle car. These features are possible because the sensor element signal output is nearly proportional to the weight of the vehicle. Field experience viewing thousands of vehicles of different types revealed that the sensor element signal output ranged from 3,100 mv to 78,000 mv. With this extensive range, it will be possible to generate a large number of special codes for defining a greater number of different weight vehicles. 
     An object of this invention is to demonstrate how the three basic components of the portable traffic roadway sensor can be configured to assemble a permanent roadway sensor. The only application difference between a portable roadway sensor and a permanent roadway sensor is the portable sensor is transportable from one location to another and permanent sensors are securely bonded into either asphalt or concrete roadways within a small narrow slot one inch deep. The sensor is then surrounded with either an epoxy, polyurethane or an acrylic grout which when cured bonds the sensor to the roadway. A problem with existing permanent sensors is roadways are eventually resurfaced. This resurfacing involves placing three inches of asphalt on top of an existing sensor which prevents the sensor&#39;s ability to recognize tire pressures from the traveling vehicles. This invention corrects this problem by manufacturing a permanent sensor that is sensitive enough to detect tire pressures with three inches of resurfaced asphalt. 
     Prior art permanent sensors operate on the piezoelectric effect principle using either KYNAR or ceramic as their sensing element. Typical signal outputs without resurfacing range between 100 mv to p250 mv and zero when resurfaced with asphalt. The residual charge-effect principle used in this invention uses a flat Teflon™ coated cable with seven to ten (more or less) conductors as its sensing element and will produce 1,000 mv to 3,000 mv signal output with three inches of asphalt directly on top of the sensor. 
     Permanent in-pavement sensors for monitoring a single lane of traffic is shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B. The sensor  300  includes an elongated housing  301  which is formed of, for example, a conductive elastomeric material and contains an elongated cavity  311  which is adapted for a mating piece of adhesive tape and sensing elements  304 - 310 . Cavity  311  is open during the manufacturing process to allow for the installation of sensor elements  304 - 310 . The housing  301  is formed of a conductive elastomeric material and is configured to be placed in a cut slot in the roadway along with sensor supports (not shown) spaced so the sensor will follow the undulations of the top of the roadway surface. The housing protects the internal wiring of the sensor from its environment and also, owing to its conductive property, acts as a movable electrode in concert with other components to generate an electric signal when struck by the tire of a vehicle traversing the sensor. 
     Housing  301  contains a flat Teflon™ -coated ribbon cable with about seven to about ten conductors  304 - 310 . It has been found that one side of the Teflon™ -coated ribbon cable is significantly more effective in generating signals, and this is determined by testing. The most effective side is oriented up in the assembly. Cavity  311  is shaped to support conductors  304  and  310 . This support allow an air gap  302  to be formed between the sensor dielectric (first dielectric) and the conductive elastomeric material (second electrode). These parallel seven conductors are electrically bonded together with solder and subsequently connected to the center conductor of a coax cable (RG 58 U). The shield of the coax cable is electrically connected to the elastomeric material with a short piece of conductive adhesive copper tape and a solder connection is made between the copper tape and the coax shield wire. The cavity and air gap  302  is sealed to exclude moisture and water. Field tests have revealed the output signal of a single Teflon™ -coated wire compared to a flat ribbon cable with seven conductors tied in parallel produces approximately six times more signal output when all peripheral conditions are the same. 
     As in the aforementioned, when the weighted tire of a vehicle traverses sensor  300  and makes contact on the top surface of the elastomeric material  301 , the air gap  302  becomes distorted by the collapse of the conductive elastomeric material (second electrode) causing the residual charge within the sensor elements (first electrode/first dielectric) to change resulting in the generation of an electric signal on the sensor&#39;s first electrode (conductor). 
     The datalogger is composed of a main control board  400  and one lane board  401 - 1 ,  401 - 2 ,  401 - 3 ,  401 - 4  for each traffic lane being monitored. A low power microcontroller  402  on the control board  400  monitors the connection of sensors to the unit. When it is detected that all the sensor connections are made, the micro controller  402  enables the power control circuitry  403  to supply power to the lane boards and starts the microprocessor oscillator, which is distributed to each lane board  401 - 1 ,  401 - 2  . . .  401 -N. the time counter  404  is reset and starts counting, from zero, in response to a temperature compensated 32 kHz oscillator  405 . The control microcontroller monitors the battery  406  voltage and, if the batteries are getting low, will indicate a warning message on the LCD display  407  for several seconds before continuing. From this point on, the Control microcontroller&#39;s purpose is to constantly monitor and report status of each lane board via the display until the sensors are again disconnected from the datalogger unit. 
     Each lane board receives input from one, or more, sensors. The weak sensor signal is amplified in residual charge-effect sensor amplifier  408  (FIG. 5) and then monitored by the timing and power control logic  410 . When an input signal is detected on any sensor input, the current value of the time counter (from the control board) is latched  411 , as well as the state of all the inputs. The logic then enables power to the EPROM program storage  412 , the flash card data storage  413  and wakes up the microprocessor  415 . The microprocessor reads the latched data, saves the data to the flash card  413  and shuts down the flash card  413 , the EPROM  412  and itself to wait for the next event. 
     Thus, unlike most vehicle data records that store data in “bins”, the data recorder stores each “axle event” in time to a resolution of 100 μs. When the survey is complete, the flash card memory device is placed into a docking station (not shown) which is connected to a desktop computer for analysis by a software application program. This software program is designed to produce the results of the survey in the desired customer format. There are significant advantages of having the rear axle data available at the desktop level. 
     The residual charge-effect sensor amplifier (shown in FIG. 5) has two functions: (1) to convert an imperfect analog voltage signal varying in amplitude from approximately 2.5 volts to 80 volts and in time from 5 msec to 20 msec to a clean digital pulse with a fast rise time. The digital pulse and its fast rise time is required in order to be compatible with high-speed digital logic within  3 XliD the datalogger processing system; and (2) to convert the analog voltage signal to a pure current signal of at least one micro-amp. The elimination of the analog voltage signals are required to abrogate capacitor caused “crosstalk” between the signal transmitting wires within the cable connected between the multilane sensor assembly and the datalogger. 
     The residual charge-effect sensor amplifier circuit includes two operational amplifiers  501 ,  502  and one CMOS Schmitt Trigger device  503 . With the sensor Si inactive, the offset voltage pot  504  is set to about positive  2 . 6  volts at the output of the gain amplifier  502 . This voltage level puts it above the threshold switching level of the connected Schmitt Trigger  503 . It&#39;s output will then be low (gnd). When a vehicle tire makes contact with the sensor element Si, a current of about one micro-amp (or more) is generated, the output of the gain amplifier  502  will swing negative approximately 2.6 volts above ground. This will be determined by the value of the feedback resistors  505 ,  506 , e.g., with a resistor value of 2 meg the gain of this amplifier will be about 2,000,000. This negative swing will cause the Schmitt Trigger  503  output to go to a positive 3.3 volts. As the vehicle tire leaves the sensor, the analog current from the sensor goes negative and the output from the gain amplifier  502  will go positive returning to the present offset voltage setting of 2.6 volts. 
     The output of the Schmitt Trigger  503  will swing negative completing the digital pulse. The Schmitt Trigger  503  plays an important role in cleaning up the ragged edges of the current pulse being generated by the sensor element. The design and selection of the Schmitt Trigger  503  takes full advantage of its input hysteresis characteristics resulting in a clean digital pulse of varying widths. The two diodes  508 ,  509  connected between the two input pins of the gain operational amplifier  502  serve to prevent the gain amplifier  502  from going into saturation and preventing output signal distortions. The offset pot  504  and the gain pot  506  can be replaced with fixed resistors after field testing. Vehicle speeds of between 0.5 MPH-85 MPH and weights of a general cross-section of cars and trucks can be analyzed in order to select the right values to insure 100% accurate readings from the sensor element to the Datalogger via the residual charge-effect sensor amplifier. 
     The datalogger is composed of a main control board  400  and one lane board  401 - 1 ,  401 - 2 ,  401 - 3 ,  401 - 4  for each traffic lane being monitored. A low power microcontroller  402  on the control board  400  monitors the connection of sensors to the unit. When it is detected that all the sensor connections are made, the micro  402  enables the power control circuitry  403  to supply power to the lane boards and starts the microprocessor oscillator, which is distributed to each lane board  401 - 1 ,  401 - 2  . . .  401 -N. the time counter  404  is reset and starts counting, from zero, in response to a temperature compensated 32 kHz oscillator  405 . The control microcontroller monitors the battery  406  voltage and, if the batteries are getting low, will indicate a warning message on the LCD display  407  for several seconds before continuing. From this point on, the Control microcontroller&#39;s purpose is to constantly monitor and report status of each lane board via the display until the sensors are again disconnected from the datalogger unit. 
     Each lane board receives input from one, or more, sensors. The weak sensor signal is amplified in residual charge-effect sensor amplifier  408  (FIG. 5) and then monitored by the timing and power control logic  410 . When an input signal is detected on any sensor input, the current value of the time counter (from the control board) is latched  411 , as well as the state of all the inputs. The logic then enables power to the EPROM program storage  412 , the flash card data storage  413  and wakes up the microprocessor  415 . The microprocessor reads the latched data, saves the data to the flash card  413  and shuts down the flash card  413 , the EPROM  412  and itself to wait for the next event. 
     Thus, unlike most vehicle data records that store data in “bins”, the data recorder stores each “axle event” in time to a resolution of 100 μs. When the survey is complete, the flash card memory device is placed into a docking station (not shown) which is connected to a desktop computer for analysis by a software application program. This software program is designed to produce the results of the survey in the desired customer format. There are significant advantages of having the rear axle data available at the desktop level. 
     While the invention has been described in relation to preferred embodiments of the invention, it will be appreciated that other embodiments, adaptations and modifications of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art.