Abstract:
The present invention related to two cDNA clones, designated to PepDef (pepper defensin protein gene) and PepThi (pepper thionin-like protein gene) and individual component; thereof including its coding region and its gene product; modification thereto; application of said gene, coding region and modification thereto; DNA construct, vectors and transformed plants each comprising the gene or part thereof.

Description:
This is a division of application Ser. No. 09/442,631 filed Nov. 18, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,300,489. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention related to two cDNA clones, designated to PepDef (pepper defensin protein gene) and PepThi (pepper thionin-like protein gene) and individual component; thereof including its coding region and its gene product; modification thereto; application of said gene, coding region and modification thereto; DNA construct, vectors and transformed plants each comprising the gene or part thereof. 
     Plants have developed defense mechanisms to defend themselves against phytopathogens. Plants&#39; first responses to pathogen infection include fortification of cell walls for physical barriers by deposition of lignin (Dean and Kuc, 1988) and by oxidative cross-linking (Brisson et al., 1994) as well as the hypersensitive reaction (HR). HR causes a rapid cell death of infected tissues to halt further colonization by pathogens (Goodman and Novacky, 1994). The next array of defense strategies includes the production of antimicrobial phytoalexins (van Etten et al., 1989), pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins (Linthorst, 1991; Ponstein et al., 1994), and cysteine (Cys)-rich proteins, such as lipid transfer protein (Garcia-Olmedo et al., 1995) and thionins (Bohlmann, 1994). 
     Thionins are small, highly basic, Cys-rich proteins that show antimicrobial activity and seem to have a role in plant defense against fungi and bacteria. The overexpression of the THI2.1 thionin in Arabidopsis enhanced resistance to a phytopathogenic fungus (Epple et al., 1997). The overexpression of α-hordothionin in tobacco also enhanced resistance to a phytopathogenic bacterium (Carmona et al., 1993). In addition, during barley and powdery mildew interactions, the accumulation of thionins was higher in the incompatible interaction than in the compatible one (Ebrahim-Nesbat et al., 1993). 
     The thionins contain a signal sequence, the thionin domain and an acid polypeptide domain as well as the conserved Cys residues (Bohlmann et al., 1994). A new class of Cys-rich antimicrobial protein, γ-thionin, has a similar size (5 kD) and the same number of disulfide bridges as thionins. However, since γ-thionins do not have significant sequence homologies with thionins, they have been described as plant defensins (Terras et al., 1995). Both defensin and thionin genes in Arabidopsis are inducible via a salicylic acid-independent pathway different from that for PR proteins (Epple et al., 1995; Penninckx et al., 1996). 
     Fruit ripening represents a genetically synchronized process that involves developmental events unique to plant species. Generally, ripe fruits are susceptible to pathogen attack (Swinburne, 1983; Prusky et al., 1991). Therefore, fruit as one of the reproductive organs of the plants must be protected from pathogens to maintain their integrity and seed maturation. Several antifungal proteins that are responsible for protection against pathogens during fruit ripening have been identified (Fils-Lycaon et al., 1996; Meyer et al., 1996; Salzman et al., 1998). Also, PR proteins are developmentally expressed during the formation of flowers (Lotan et al., 1989; Cote et al., 1991). 
       Colletotrichum gloeosporioides  (Penz.) causes anthracnose diseases in many plant species (Daykin, 1984; Dodds et al., 1991; Prusky et al., 1991).  C. gloeosporioides  is the most prevalent species among  C. acutatum, C. coccodes, C. dematium, C. gloeosporioides , and  G. cingulata  to cause anthracnose diseases on pepper ( Capsicum annuum  L.) (Kim et al., 1986; Manandhar et al., 1995). In previous study, we found that the unripe-mature-green fruit of pepper cv. Nokkwang interacted compatibly with  C. gloeosporioides , whereas the interaction of the ripe-red fruits with fungus was incompatible (Oh et al., 1998). To investigate the activation of defense-related genes from the incompatible-pepper fruit upon  C. gloeosporioides  infection, we isolated a defensin gene and a thionin-like gene by using mRNA differential display. The regulation of these Cys-rich protein genes was studied during fruit ripening and in the initial infection process during the compatible and incompatible interactions. We report here what appears to be the first case of a defensin gene and a thionin-like gene induced via different signal transduction pathways in a plant and fungus interaction. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to two cDNA clones, designated to a defensin gene, PepDef, and a thionin-like gene, PepThi, the sequences of which are depicted in SEQ ID No. 3 and No. 1, respectively. The anthracnose fungus,  C. gloeosporioides , interacts incompatibly with ripe fruits of pepper ( Capsicum annuum ). It interacts compatibly with the unripe-mature fruits. We isolated PepDef and PepThi expressed in the incompatible interaction by using mRNA differential display method. Both genes were developmentally regulated during fruit ripening, organ-specifically regulated, and differentially induced during the compatible and incompatible interactions. The expression of PepThi gene was rapidly induced in the incompatible-ripe fruit upon fungal infection. The fungal-inducible PepThi gene is highly inducible only in the unripe fruit by salicylic acid. In both ripe and unripe fruits, it was induced by wounding, but not by jasmonic acid. The expression of PepDef gene is enhanced in the unripe fruit by jasmonic acid, while suppressed in the ripe fruit. These results suggest that both small and cysteine-rich protein genes are induced via different signal transduction pathways during fruit ripening to protect the reproductive organs against biotic and abiotic stresses. The PepDef and PepThi car be cloned into an expression vector to produce a recombinant DNA expression system suitable for insertion into cells to form a transgenic plant transformed with these genes. In addition, the PepDef and PepThi genes of this invention can be also used to produce transgenic plants that exhibit enhanced resistance against phytopathogens, including fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematode, mycoplasmalike organisms, parasitic higher plants, flagellate protozoa, and insects. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG.  1 . Alignment of the deduced amino acid sequences from PepDef (GenBank accession number X95363) and PepThi cDNAs (AF112443) of pepper (Meyer et al., 1996) with other thionins from tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum , U20591; Milligan and Gasser, 1995),  Nicotiana excelsior  (AB005266), tobacco ( N. tabacum , Z 11748; Gu et al., 1992), and  N. paniculata  (AB005250). The conserved cysteine arrangement —C( . . . )C—X—X—X—C( . . . )G-X—C( . . . )C—X—C— is indicated by arrows. 
     FIG.  2 . Expression and induction of PepDef and PepThi genes from various organs of pepper by  Colletotrichum gloeosporioides  infections and wounding. RNAs were isolated from ripe fruit (R), unripe fruit (U), leaf, stem, and root at 24 h after the treatments of fungal infection (FI) and wounding (W). In addition, RNAs of both ripe and unripe fruits at 48 h after wounding (R48 and U48) were isolated. Ten μl at 5×10 5  conidialml of  C. gloeosporioides  was used for the inoculation of various pepper organs. Organs treated with 10 μl sterile-water except fungal spores for 24 h were used as the controls (C). 
     FIG.  3 . Differential induction of PepDef and PepThi genes from both ripe and unripe fruits of pepper by  Colletotrichum gloeosporioides  infections. RNAs were isolated from both ripe (incompatible interaction) and unripe fruits (compatible interaction) after the fungal infection with time course. Time is indicated in h after infection. 
     FIG.  4 . Induction and suppression of PepDef and PepThi genes from both ripe and unripe fruits of pepper by exogenous salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) treatments. RNAs were isolated from both ripe (R) and unripe fruits (U) treated with SA (1=0.5 mM, 2=5 mM) and JA (3=4 μM, 4=40 μM) for 24 h. Fruits treated with 10 μl sterile-water except fungal spores for 24 h were used as the control (C). 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention has identified two cDNA clones, designated to PepDef and PepThi, from the incompatible interaction between pepper and the pepper anthracnose fungus  Colletotrichum gloeosporioides  using MRNA differential display and cDNA library screening. 
     The PepThi cDNA is 506 bp in length with 9 bp of 5′-untranslated region and 245 bp of 3′-untranslated region including the poly(A) tail (GenBank AF 112443). The PepThi clone represented a full-length cDNA of the 0.5 kb transcript identified by RNA gel blot analysis. The cDNA contained one open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 9.5 kDa with 84 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of PepThi (SEQ ID No. 2) contained an N-terminal secretory signal peptide that was cleaved after glycine at position 25 (FIG.  1 ). PepThi is a Cys-rich polypeptide containing the consensus Cys arrangement —C( . . . )C—X—X—X—C( . . . )G-X—C( . . . )C—X—C—. 
     The PepDef cDNA is 225 bp except 5′-untranslated region and 3′-untranslated region including the poly(A) tail (X95363). The PepDef clone represented a full-length DNA of the 0.45 kb transcript identified by RNA gel blot analysis. The cDNA contained one open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 8.5 kDa with 75 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of PepDef(SEQ ID No. 4) contained an N-terminal secretory signal peptide that was cleaved after alanine at position 27 (FIG.  1 ). PepDef is also a Cys-rich polypeptide containing the consensus Cys arrangement —C( . . . )C—X—X—X—C( . . . )G-X—C( . . . )C—X—C—. 
     The expression of PepThi gene was observed in ripe fruits, leaves, stems, and roots of pepper, respectively. The basal and non-induced level of PepThi gene was higher in the leaves and roots than in the fruits and stems. In the fruits, the PepThi mRNA was highly induced by fungal infection and wounding. Also, the accumulation of the PepThi mRNA increased in the stems with fungal infection and wounding. However, the level of PepThi mRNA was not significantly changed in the leaves and roots by the treatments. 
     The PepDef mRNA was not detected in leaves, stems, and roots even after fungal infection and wounding. However, the basal level of PepDef gene was very high in the ripe fruit, and undetectably low in the unripe fruit. Interestingly, the level of PepDef mRNA was reduced in the ripe fruit by fungal infection and wounding. This phenomenon was also observed in the ripe fruit by JA treatment. The accumulation of PepDef mRNA was not significantly induced in the unripe fruit by fungal infection and wounding for 24 h or 48 h. These results suggest that PepDef and PepThi genes are developmentally and organ-specifically regulated, and the induction by fungal infection and wounding is also subject to developmental regulation. 
     To examine the time course of the induction of PepDef or PepThi mRNAs in response to the fungal infection, RNA gel blot analysis was performed with the ripe and unripe fruits at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after inoculation (HAI) using PepDef and PepThi cDNAs as probes. The uninoculated incompatible-ripe fruit contained a basal level of PepThi mRNA. However, the expression of PepThi was rapidly induced in the ripe fruit upon fungal infection and reached a maximum at 48 and 72 HAIs. In compatible-unripe fruits, the accumulation of PepThi mRNA was late, at 12 HAI, and reached its maximum level at 72 HAI. 
     Accumulation of PepDef mRNA in the unripe fruit was very low. PepDef expression was suppressed by fungal infection in the ripe fruit. The transcript levels dropped until 48 HAI, and had begun to increase again 72 HAI. Since PepDef gene was highly expressed in the ripe fruit and PepThi gene was induced in the ripe fruit by the fungal infection, these genes may be involved in the defense mechanism during fruit ripening against the phytopathogen. 
     To identify inducers of PepDef and PepThi gene expression from fruits, RNA gel blot analysis was performed with unripe and ripe fruits treated with exogenous jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) for 24 h. The PepThi mRNA was highly accumulated in the unripe fruit compared to in the ripe fruit by SA at 5 MM (FIG.  4 ). However, JA could not significantly induce the PepThi mRNA in both ripe and unripe fruits. The expression level of PepDef mRNA was not changed in both ripe and unripe fruits by SA. Interestingly, the expression of PepDef mRNA by JA increased in the unripe fruit, but decreased slightly in the ripe fruit. Taken together, these results suggest that the PepThi and PepDef genes are expressed via different signal transduction pathways during ripening. 
     The PepDef and PepThi genes can be cloned into an expression vector to produce a recombinant DNA expression system suitable for insertion into cells to form a transgenic plant transformed with these genes. In addition, the PepDef and PepThi genes of this invention can be also used to produce transgenic plants that exhibit enhanced resistance against phytopathogens, including fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematode, mycoplasmalike organisms, parasitic higher plants, flagellate protozoa, and insects. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Fungal Inoculum and Plant Material 
     Monoconidial isolate KG13 of  C. gloeosporioides  was cultured on potato dextrose agar (Difco, USA) for 5 days in darkness at 27° C. Sterile distilled water was added and conidia were harvested through four layers of cheesecloth to remove mycelial debris. Ten μl at 5×10 5  conidia/ml of  C. gloeosporioides  was used for the inoculation of both unripe and ripe pepper fruit as described (Oh et al., 1998). 
     Both ripe-red and unripe-mature-green fruits of pepper cv. Nokkwang were grown and harvested under green-house conditions. For wound treatments, five healthy ripe and unripe fruits were deeply scratched by a knife and incubated under relative humidity of 100% at 27° C. in the dark. Ten μl of SA (0.5 and 5 mM) and JA (4 and 40 μM) was applied to both ripe and unripe sets of five fruits. After incubation under the condition described above, the fruits were excised to 1 cm 2  at the application site and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Leaf, root, and stem samples were harvested from 3-week-old plants and handled as described above for fungal inoculation and wounding. 
     mRNA Differential Display 
     Total RNA was extracted from healthy and infected ripe and unripe fruits using RNeasy Plant kit (Qiagen, Germany) according to the manufacturer&#39;s instruction. We used total RNA as template for the reverse transcriptase reaction and performed differential display with [α 33 P]dATP instead of [α 35 S]dATP (Liang and Pardee, 1992). Anchored primers and random-arbitrary primers were purchased from Operon Technologies (Alameda, Calif., USA). PCR-amplified cDNA fragments were separated on denaturing 5% polyacrylamide gels in Tris-borate buffer. cDNAs were recovered from the gel, amplified by PCR, and cloned into pGEM-T easy vector (Promega, USA) as described (Oh et al., 1995). 
     Construction and Screening of cDNA Library 
     Poly(A) +  mRNA was purified from total RNA of unripe fruits at 24 and 48 h after inoculation with  C. gloeosporioides  using Oligotex mRNA Kit (Qiagen, Germany). The cDNA library (2.5×10 5  plaque-forming unit with the mean insert size of 1.2 kb) was constructed in the cloning vector XZAPII (Stratagene, Germany) according to the manufacturer&#39;s instruction. 
     A partial cDNA, designated pddThi, from the differential display was used as a probe to screen the  C. gloeosporioides -induced pepper cDNA library. After three rounds of plaque hybridization, positive plaques were purified. The pBluescript SK phagemid containing cDNAs was excised in vivo from the ZAP Express vector using the ExAssit helper phage. 
     DNA Sequencing and Homology Search 
     The cDNA sequencing was performed with an ALFexpress automated DNA sequencer (Pharmacia, Sweden). Analysis of nucleotide and amino acid sequences was performed using the DNASIS sequence analysis software for Windows, version 2.1 (Hitachi, Japan). The multiple sequence alignment was produced with the Clustal W program. For a homology search, cDNA sequence was compared to the NCBI non-redundant databases using the BLAST electronic mail server (Altschul et al., 1997). 
     RNA Blot and Hybridization 
     Total RNA (10 μg/lane) from each plant tissue used in this study was separated on 1.2% denaturing agarose gels in the presence of formaldehyde. RNA gel-blotting, hybridization and washing were conducted as described by the manufacturer of the positively charged nylon membrane employed (Hybond N + ; Amersham, UK). Radiolabeled probes were prepared with [α 32 P]dCTP (Amersham) using a random primer-labeling kit (Boehringer Mannheim, Germany). 
     Cloning and Characterization of Thionin-Like cDNAs 
       C. gloeosporioides  showed the incompatible interaction with ripe-red fruits of pepper and the compatible interaction with unripe-mature-green fruits (Oh et al., 1998). We isolated several cDNAs induced from the ripe fruit, but not from the unripe fruit by the fungal infection using mRNA differential display. By nucleotide sequence analysis of cDNAs, two cDNA fragments were identified to be thionin homologs. One cDNA was full length and was similar to j1-1 cDNA that encodes a fruit specific defensin (Meyer et al., 1996). We named the defensin as PepDef ( pep per  def ensin). Another cDNA fragment, designated pddThi, showed homology to γ-thionin from tobacco (Gu et al., 1992). In preliminary RNA gel blot analysis, the two mRNAs accumulated to high levels in the incompatible interaction. A full-length cDNA clone of pddThi was isolated from a cDNA library prepared from pepper fruits 24 and 48 h after inoculation with the fungus. The full-length clone was designated pPepThi ( pep per  thi onin) and sequenced. 
     The pPepThi cDNA is 506 bp in length with 9 bp of 5′-untranslated region and 245 bp of 3′-untranslated region including the poly(A) tail (GenBank AF112443). The pPepThi clone represented a full-length cDNA of the 0.5 kb transcript identified by RNA gel blot analysis. The cDNA contained one open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 9.5 kDa with 84 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of PepThi contained an N-terminal secretory signal peptide that was cleaved after glycine at position 25 (FIG.  1 ). PepThi is a Cys-rich polypeptide containing the consensus Cys arrangement —C( . . . )C—X—X—X—C( . . . )G-X—C( . . . )C—X—C—. 
     A sequence alignment showed that the PepThi shared significant homology (identity and similarity: 50% and 64%, respectively) to a flower-specific y-thionin from tobacco (Gu et al., 1992) and to several other γ-thionins from Nicotiana species and tomato (Milligan and Gasser, 1995; FIG.  1 ). PepThi protein showed 29% identity for the whole coding region to a pepper defensin protein PepDef. PepThi did not have nucleotide sequence homology to thionins and was different from other γ-thionins. Thus, we assigned PepThi as a thionin-like protein. 
     Expression Pattern and Induction by Fungal Infection and Wounding 
     To examine the PepThi gene expression in various organs and its inducibility by fungal inoculation and wounding, RNA gel blot analysis was performed using total RNAs prepared from fruits, leaves, stems, and roots of pepper plants at 24 h after treatments. The expression of Peplhi gene was observed in ripe fruits, leaves, stems, and roots (FIG.  2 ). The basal and non-induced level of PepThi gene was higher in the leaves and roots than in the fruits and stems. In the fruits, the PepThi mRNA was highly induced by fungal infection and wounding. Also, the accumulation of the PepThi mRNA increased in the stems with fungal infection and wounding. However, the level of PepThi mRNA was not significantly changed in the leaves and roots by the treatments. 
     We hybridized the PepDef cDNA to the same blot that was used for the hybridization of PepThi cDNA. The basal level of PepDef gene was very high in the ripe fruit, and undetectably low in the unripe fruit (FIG.  2 ). The PepDef mRNA was not detected in leaves, stems, and roots even after the treatments. PepDef protein is wound-inducible in the unripe fruit at 3 days after treatment (Meyer et al., 1996). However, the accumulation of PepDef mRNA was not significantly induced in the unripe fruit by fungal infection and wounding for 24 h or 48 h. Interestingly, the level of PepDef mRNA was reduced in the ripe fruit by fungal infection and wounding. These phenomena were also observed in the ripe fruit by fungal infection and JA treatment (see FIGS.  3  and  4 ). These results suggest that PepThi and PepDef genes are developmentally and organ-specifically regulated, and the induction by fungal infection and wounding is also subject to developmental regulation. 
     Differential Induction by Fungal Infection During Fruit Ripening 
     In our previous study for fungal morphogenesis on the surface of fruits, conidial germination, initial and mature infection hypha were observed at 2, 12, and 24 h after inoculations (HAIs), respectively (Oh et al. 1998). The initial anthracnose symptoms were detected only on the unripe fruit at 2 days after inoculation, resulting in typical sunken necrosis within 5 days after inoculation. To examine the time course of the induction of PepThi or PepDef mRNAs in response to the fungal infection, RNA gel blot analysis was performed with the ripe and unripe fruits at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 HAI using PepThi and j1-1 cDNAs as probes. The uninoculated incompatible-ripe fruit contained a basal level of PepThi mRNA (FIGS.  2  and  3 ). However, the expression of PepThi was rapidly induced in the ripe fruit upon fungal infection and reached a maximum at 48 and 72 HAIs (FIG.  3 ). In compatible-unripe fruits, the accumulation of PepThi mRNA was late, at 12 HAI, and reached its maximum level at 72 HAI. 
     Accumulation of PepDef mRNA in the unripe fruit was very low (FIG.  3 ). As shown in FIG. 2, PepDef expression was suppressed by fungal infection in the ripe fruit. The transcript levels dropped until 48 HAI, and had begun to increase again 72 HAI. Since PepDef gene was highly expressed in the ripe fruit and PepThi gene was induced in the ripe fruit by the fungal infection, these genes may be involved in the defense mechanism during fruit ripening against the phytopathogen. 
     Induction and Suppression During Fruit Ripening by JA and SA 
     To identify the inducers of PepThi and PepDef gene expression from fruits, RNA gel blot analysis was performed with the unripe and ripe fruits treated with exogenous JA and SA for 24 h. The PepThi mRNA was highly accumulated in the unripe fruit compared to in the ripe fruit by SA at 5 mM (FIG.  4 ). However, JA could not significantly induce the PepThi mRNA in both ripe and unripe fruits. The expression level of PepDef mRNA was not changed in both ripe and unripe fruits by SA. Interestingly, the expression of PepDef mRNA by JA increased in the unripe fruit, but decreased slightly in the ripe fruit. Taken together, these results suggest that the PepThi and PepDef genes are expressed via different signal transduction pathways during ripening. 
     Discussion 
     Fungal-inducible thionin genes were identified in several plant/fungus interactions, such as in  Arabidopsis/Fusarium oxysporum  f.sp.  matthiolae  (Epple et al., 1995), barley/ Stagonospora nodorum  (Titarenko et al., 1993; Stevens et al., 1996), and barley/the mildew fungus (Boyd et al., 1994; Bohlmann et al., 1998). Relevant to these findings, the accumulation of barley leaf thionin in papillae and in the cell wall surrounding the infection peg was higher in the incompatible interaction than that in the compatible one (Ebrahim-Nesbat et al., 1989, 1993). Similar phenomena have been reported for many other plant and pathogen interactions. The induction of PepThi mRNA was observed to be faster in the incompatible interaction of ripe pepper fruits with the fungus (FIG.  3 ). 
     The PepThi gene was induced during the early conidial germination of the fungus, before infection hyphae formation (Oh et al., 1998) and even before appressorium formation (Kim et al., 1999). These results suggest that signaling compounds released/produced during fungal germination result in the expression of PepThi gene in the epidermal cells of the incompatible-ripe fruit. Since the PepThi gene is expressed in various organs of pepper plants and its expression level is enhanced by fungal inoculation and wounding (FIG.  2 ), PepThi thionin-like protein could play a role in conferring systemic protection for the plants against both biotic and abiotic stresses. Also, the induction of PepThi gene in the unripe fruit by SA (FIG. 4) is consistent with a systemic protection role. SA plays an important role in the signal transduction pathway leading to the systemic acquired resistance (Gaffney et al., 1993). 
     The expression of the PepDef gene is regulated during fruit ripening. Similarly, several defensins and thionins are specifically expressed in reproductive organs, such as flowers in tobacco (Gu et al., 1992) and Arabidopsis (Epple et al., 1995), pistils in petunia (Karunanandaa et al., 1994), and seeds in radish (Terras et al., 1995). These findings suggest that both defensins and thionins are possibly involved in the defense mechanism for protecting the reproductive organ against pathogens or wounds. Further, thionins and other Cys-rich proteins exhibit synergistically enhanced antifungal activity (Terras et al., 1993). Therefore, the concerted expression of both PepDef and PepThi genes during ripening could confer disease resistance in the ripe fruit during the early fungal infection process. 
     The responses to exogenous JA and SA treatments in pepper during fruit ripening are different for both PepDef and PepThi genes. JA as a chemical elicitor induces thionin genes in Arabidopsis (Epple et al., 1995; Vignutelli et al., 1998) and barley (Andresen et al., 1992), and defensin genes in Arabidopsis (Penninckx et al., 1996), in addition to other wound inducible genes (Hildmann et al., 1992; Reinbothe et al., 1994). SA also induces a thionin gene in barley leaf (Kogel et al., 1995) as well as PR proteins (Ward et al., 1991; Uknes et al., 1992). A JA-independent wound induction pathway that shows opposite regulation to the JA-dependent one was identified in Arabidopsis (Rojo et al., 1998). In the present study, the PepThi gene is strongly inducible in the unripe fruit by SA and wounding, but not by JA (FIG.  4 ). These data indicate that the PepThi gene is expressed via a JA-independent wound signal transduction pathway. 
     Since the PepDef gene is induced in the unripe fruit by JA, it is probably regulated via the octadecanoid pathway (Peña-Cortés et al., 1995; Bergey et al., 1996). The slightly suppression of the PepDef gene in the ripe fruit by JA and wounding is puzzling, since both JA in the unripe fruit result in the induction of PepDef RNA. The possible explanation is that JA may elicit other signals that are able to activate genes in response to JA. These additional signals may result in the inhibition of PepDef expression in the ripe fruit. 
     This present study shows that a defensin and a thionin-like protein that may have defensive roles are deployed via different signal transduction pathways and may protect pepper fruits against the anthracnose fungus. 
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     25. Kim W G, Cho E K, Lee E J: Two strains of  Colletotrichum gloeosporioides  Penz. causing anthracnose on pepper fruits. Korean J Plant Pathol 2: 107-113 (1986). 
     26. Kim K D, Oh B J, Yang J: Differential interactions of a  Colletotrichum gloeosporioides  isolate with green and red pepper fruits. Phytoparasitica 27: 97-106 (1999). 
     27. Kogel K-H, Ortel B, Jarosch B, Atzom R, Schiffer R, Wastemack C: Resistance in barley against the powdery mildew fungus ( Erysiphe graminis  f.sp.  hordei ) is not associated with enhanced levels of endogenous jasmonates. Eur J Plant Pathol 101: 319-332 (1995). 
     28. Liang P, Pardee A B: Differential display of eukaryotic messenger RNA by means of the polymerase chain reaction. Science 257: 967-971 (1992). 
     29. Linthrost H J M: Pathogenesis-related proteins of plants. Crit Rev Plant Sci 10: 123-150 (1991). 
     30. Lotan T, Ori N, Fluhr R: Pathogenesis-related proteins are developmentally regulated in tobacco flowers. Plant Cell 1: 881-887 (1989). 
     31. Manandhar J B, Hartman G L, Wang T C: Conidial germination and appressorial formation of  Colletotrichum capsici  and  C. gloeosporioides  isolates from pepper. Plant Dis 79: 361-366 (1995). 
     32. Meyer B, Houlné G, Pozueta-Romero J, Schantz M-L, Schantz R: Fruit-specific expression of a defensin-type gene family in bell pepper. Upregulation during ripening and upon wounding. Plant Physiol 112: 615-622 (1996). 
     33. Milligan S B, Gasser C S: Nature and regulation of pistil-expressed gene in tomato. Plant Mol Biol 28: 691-711 (1995). 
     34. Oh B J, Balint D E, Giovannoni J J: A modified procedure for PCR-based differential display and demonstration of use in plants for isolation of gene related to fruit ripening. Plant Mol Biol rep 13: 70-81 (1995). 
     35. Oh B J, Kim K D, Kim Y S: A microscopic characterization of the infection of green and red pepper fruits by an isolate of  Colletotrichum gloeosporioides . J Phytopathol 146: 301-303 (1998). 
     36. Peña-Cortés H; Fisahn J, Willmitzer L: Signals involves in wound-induced proteinase inhibitor II gene expression in tomato and potato plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 4106-4113 (1995). 
     37. Penninckx I A, Eggermont K, Terras F R, Thomma B P, De Samblanx G W, Buchala A, Metraux J P, Manners J M, Broekaert W F: Pathogen-induced systemic activation of a plant defensin gene in Arabidopsis follows a salicylic acid-independent pathway. Plant Cell 8: 2309-2323 (1996). 
     38. Ponstein A S, Bres-Vloemans S A, Sela-Buurlage M B, van den Elzen P J M, Melchers L S, Comelissen B J C: A novel pathogen- and wound-inducible tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum ) protein with antifungal activity. Plant Physiol 104: 109-118 (1994). 
     39. Prusky D, Plumbley R A, Kobiler I: The relationship between the antifungal diene levels and fungal inhibition during quiescent infections of  Colletotrichum gloeosporioides  in unripe avocado fruits. Plant Pathol 40: 45-52 (1991). 
     40. Reinbothe S, Mollenhauer B, Reinbothe C: JIP and RIPs: the regulation of plant gene expression by jasmonates in response to environmental cues and pathogens. Plant Cell 6: 1197-1209 (1994). 
     41. Rojo E, Titarenko E, León J, Berger S, Vancanneyt G, Sanchez-Serrano J J: Reversal protein phosphorylation regulates jasmonic acid-dependent and—independent wound signal transduction pathways in  Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J  13: 153-165 (1998). 
     42. Salzman R A, Tikhonova I, Bordelon B P, Hasegawa P M, Bressan R A: Coordinate accumulation of antifungal proteins and hexoses constitutes a developmentally controlled defense response during fruit ripening in grape. Plant Physiol 117: 465-472 (1998). 
     43. Stevens C, Titarenko E, Hargreaves J A, Gurr S J: Defense-related gene activation during an incompatible interaction between  Stagonospora  ( Septoria )  nodorum  and barey ( Hordeum vulgare  L.) coleoptile cells. Plant Mol Biol 31: 741-749 (1996). 
     44. Swinbume T R: Post-Harvest Pathology of Fruits and Vegetables. Academic Press, NY, USA (1983). 
     45. Terras F R G, Egermont K, Kovaleva V, Raikhel N V, Osborn R W, Kester A, Rees S B, Torrekens S, Van Leuven F, Vanderleyden J, Cammue B P A, Broekaert W F: Small cystein-rich antifungal proteins from radish: their role in host defense. Plant Cell 7: 573-588 (1995). 
     46. Terras F R G, Schoofs H M E, Thevissen K, Osborn R W, Vanderleyden J, Cammue B P A, Broekaert W F: Synergistic enhancement of the antifungal activity of wheat and barley thionins by radish and oilseed rape 2S albumins and by barley trypsin inhibitors. Plant Physiol 103: 1311-1319 (1993). 
     47. Titarenko E, Hargreaves J, Keon J, Gurr S J: Defense-related gene expression in barley coleoptile cells following infection by  Septoria nodorum . In Mechanisms of Plant Defense responses, Fritig B and Legrand M (eds), pp. 308-311. Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht (1993). 
     48. Uknes S, Mauch-Mani B, Moyer M, Potter S, Williams S, Dincher S, Chandler D, Slusarenko A, Ward E, Ryals J: Acquired resistance in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 4: 645-656 (1992). 
     49. Van Etten H D, Mattews D E, Mattews P S: Phytoalexin detoxification: Importance for pathogenicity and practical implications. Annu Rev Phytopathol 27:143-164 (1989). 
     50. Vignutelli A, Wasternack C, Apel K, Bohlmann H: Systemic and local induction of an Arabidopsis thionin gene by wounding and pathogens. Plant J 14: 285-295 (1998). 
     51. Ward E R, Uknes S J, Williams S C, Dincher S S, Wiederhold D L, Alexander D C, Ahl-Goy P, Metraux J-P, Ryals J A: Coordinate gene activity in response to agents that induce systemic acquired resistance. Plant Cell 3: 1085-1094 (1991). 
     
       
         
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                                    
               
               
                 #             SEQUENCE LISTING  
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 (1) GENERAL INFORMATION:  
               
               
                   
               
               
                    (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 4  
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 1:  
               
               
                   
               
               
                      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:  
               
               
                           (A) LENGTH: 1685 base  
               
               
                 #pairs  
               
               
                           (B) TYPE: nucleic acid  
               
               
                           (C) STRANDEDNESS: single  
               
               
                           (D) TOPOLOGY: linear  
               
               
                   
               
               
                     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA  
               
               
                   
               
               
                     (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE:  
               
               
                           (A) ORGANISM: Arabidopsis  
               
               
                 #thaliano  
               
               
                   
               
               
                     (ix) FEATURE:  
               
               
                           (A) NAME/KEY: CDS  
               
               
                           (B) LOCATION: 57..1511  
               
               
                           (D) OTHER INFORMATION:  
               
               
                 #/note= “amino acid transporter”  
               
               
                   
               
               
                     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:  
               
               
                 #1:  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CTTAAAACAT TTATTTTATC TTCTTCTTGT TCTCTCTTTC TCTTTCTCTC AT  
               
               
                 #CACT         56  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATG AAG AGT TTC AAC ACA GAA GGA CAC AAC CA  
               
               
                 #C TCC ACG GCG GAA TCC      104  
               
               
                 Met Lys Ser Phe Asn Thr Glu Gly His Asn Hi  
               
               
                 #s Ser Thr Ala Glu Ser  
               
               
                   1               5  
               
               
                 #                 10  
               
               
                 #                 15  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGC GAT GCC TAC ACC GTG TCG GAC CCG ACA AA  
               
               
                 #G AAC GTC GAT GAA GAT      152  
               
               
                 Gly Asp Ala Tyr Thr Val Ser Asp Pro Thr Ly  
               
               
                 #s Asn Val Asp Glu Asp  
               
               
                              20      
               
               
                 #             25      
               
               
                 #             30  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGT CGA GAG AAG CGT ACC GGG ACG TGG CTT AC  
               
               
                 #G GCG AGT GCG CAT ATT      200  
               
               
                 Gly Arg Glu Lys Arg Thr Gly Thr Trp Leu Th  
               
               
                 #r Ala Ser Ala His Ile  
               
               
                          35          
               
               
                 #         40          
               
               
                 #         45  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATC ACG GCG GTG ATA GGC TCC GGA GTG TTG TC  
               
               
                 #T TTA GCA TGG GCT ATA      248  
               
               
                 Ile Thr Ala Val Ile Gly Ser Gly Val Leu Se  
               
               
                 #r Leu Ala Trp Ala Ile  
               
               
                      50              
               
               
                 #     55              
               
               
                 #     60  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GCT CAG CTT GGT TGG ATC GCA GGG ACA TCG AT  
               
               
                 #C TTA CTC ATT TTC TCG      296  
               
               
                 Ala Gln Leu Gly Trp Ile Ala Gly Thr Ser Il  
               
               
                 #e Leu Leu Ile Phe Ser  
               
               
                  65                  
               
               
                 # 70                  
               
               
                 # 75                  
               
               
                 # 80  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTC ATT ACT TAC TTC ACC TCC ACC ATG CTT GC  
               
               
                 #C GAT TGC TAC CGT GCG      344  
               
               
                 Phe Ile Thr Tyr Phe Thr Ser Thr Met Leu Al  
               
               
                 #a Asp Cys Tyr Arg Ala  
               
               
                                  85  
               
               
                 #                 90  
               
               
                 #                 95  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CCG GAT CCC GTC ACC GGA AAA CGG AAT TAC AC  
               
               
                 #T TAC ATG GAC GTT GTT      392  
               
               
                 Pro Asp Pro Val Thr Gly Lys Arg Asn Tyr Th  
               
               
                 #r Tyr Met Asp Val Val  
               
               
                             100       
               
               
                 #           105       
               
               
                 #           110  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CGA TCT TAC CTC GGT GGT AGG AAA GTG CAG CT  
               
               
                 #C TGT GGA GTG GCA CAA      440  
               
               
                 Arg Ser Tyr Leu Gly Gly Arg Lys Val Gln Le  
               
               
                 #u Cys Gly Val Ala Gln  
               
               
                         115           
               
               
                 #       120           
               
               
                 #       125  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TAT GGG AAT CTG ATT GGG GTC ACT GTT GGT TA  
               
               
                 #C ACC ATC ACT GCT TCT      488  
               
               
                 Tyr Gly Asn Leu Ile Gly Val Thr Val Gly Ty  
               
               
                 #r Thr Ile Thr Ala Ser  
               
               
                     130               
               
               
                 #   135               
               
               
                 #   140  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATT AGT TTG GTA GCG GTA GGG AAA TCG AAC TG  
               
               
                 #C TTC CAC GAT AAA GGG      536  
               
               
                 Ile Ser Leu Val Ala Val Gly Lys Ser Asn Cy  
               
               
                 #s Phe His Asp Lys Gly  
               
               
                 145                 1  
               
               
                 #50                 1  
               
               
                 #55                 1  
               
               
                 #60  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CAC ACT GCG GAT TGT ACT ATA TCG AAT TAT CC  
               
               
                 #G TAT ATG GCG GTT TTT      584  
               
               
                 His Thr Ala Asp Cys Thr Ile Ser Asn Tyr Pr  
               
               
                 #o Tyr Met Ala Val Phe  
               
               
                                 165   
               
               
                 #               170   
               
               
                 #               175  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGT ATC ATT CAA GTT ATT CTT AGC CAG ATC CC  
               
               
                 #A AAT TTC CAC AAG CTC      632  
               
               
                 Gly Ile Ile Gln Val Ile Leu Ser Gln Ile Pr  
               
               
                 #o Asn Phe His Lys Leu  
               
               
                             180       
               
               
                 #           185       
               
               
                 #           190  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TCT TTT CTT TCC ATT ATG GCC GCA GTC ATG TC  
               
               
                 #C TTT ACT TAT GCA ACT      680  
               
               
                 Ser Phe Leu Ser Ile Met Ala Ala Val Met Se  
               
               
                 #r Phe Thr Tyr Ala Thr  
               
               
                         195           
               
               
                 #       200           
               
               
                 #       205  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATT GGA ATC GGT CTA GCC ATC GCA ACC GTC GC  
               
               
                 #A GGT GGG AAA GTG GGT      728  
               
               
                 Ile Gly Ile Gly Leu Ala Ile Ala Thr Val Al  
               
               
                 #a Gly Gly Lys Val Gly  
               
               
                     210               
               
               
                 #   215               
               
               
                 #   220  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AAG ACG AGT ATG ACG GGC ACA GCG GTT GGA GT  
               
               
                 #A GAT GTA ACC GCA GCT      776  
               
               
                 Lys Thr Ser Met Thr Gly Thr Ala Val Gly Va  
               
               
                 #l Asp Val Thr Ala Ala  
               
               
                 225                 2  
               
               
                 #30                 2  
               
               
                 #35                 2  
               
               
                 #40  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CAA AAG ATA TGG AGA TCG TTT CAA GCG GTT GG  
               
               
                 #G GAC ATA GCG TTC GCC      824  
               
               
                 Gln Lys Ile Trp Arg Ser Phe Gln Ala Val Gl  
               
               
                 #y Asp Ile Ala Phe Ala  
               
               
                                 245   
               
               
                 #               250   
               
               
                 #               255  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TAT GCT TAT GCC ACG GTT CTC ATC GAG ATT CA  
               
               
                 #G GAT ACA CTA AGA TCT      872  
               
               
                 Tyr Ala Tyr Ala Thr Val Leu Ile Glu Ile Gl  
               
               
                 #n Asp Thr Leu Arg Ser  
               
               
                             260       
               
               
                 #           265       
               
               
                 #           270  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AGC CCA GCT GAG AAC AAA GCC ATG AAA AGA GC  
               
               
                 #A AGT CTT GTG GGA GTA      920  
               
               
                 Ser Pro Ala Glu Asn Lys Ala Met Lys Arg Al  
               
               
                 #a Ser Leu Val Gly Val  
               
               
                         275           
               
               
                 #       280           
               
               
                 #       285  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TCA ACC ACC ACT TTT TTC TAC ATC TTA TGT GG  
               
               
                 #A TGC ATC GGC TAT GCT      968  
               
               
                 Ser Thr Thr Thr Phe Phe Tyr Ile Leu Cys Gl  
               
               
                 #y Cys Ile Gly Tyr Ala  
               
               
                     290               
               
               
                 #   295               
               
               
                 #   300  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GCA TTT GGA AAC AAT GCC CCT GGA GAT TTC CT  
               
               
                 #C ACA GAT TTC GGG TTT     1016  
               
               
                 Ala Phe Gly Asn Asn Ala Pro Gly Asp Phe Le  
               
               
                 #u Thr Asp Phe Gly Phe  
               
               
                 305                 3  
               
               
                 #10                 3  
               
               
                 #15                 3  
               
               
                 #20  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTC GAG CCC TTT TGG CTC ATT GAC TTT GCA AA  
               
               
                 #C GCT TGC ATC GCT GTC     1064  
               
               
                 Phe Glu Pro Phe Trp Leu Ile Asp Phe Ala As  
               
               
                 #n Ala Cys Ile Ala Val  
               
               
                                 325   
               
               
                 #               330   
               
               
                 #               335  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CAC CTT ATT GGT GCC TAT CAG GTG TTC GCG CA  
               
               
                 #G CCG ATA TTC CAG TTT     1112  
               
               
                 His Leu Ile Gly Ala Tyr Gln Val Phe Ala Gl  
               
               
                 #n Pro Ile Phe Gln Phe  
               
               
                             340       
               
               
                 #           345       
               
               
                 #           350  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GTT GAG AAA AAA TGC AAC AGA AAC TAT CCA GA  
               
               
                 #C AAC AAG TTC ATC ACT     1160  
               
               
                 Val Glu Lys Lys Cys Asn Arg Asn Tyr Pro As  
               
               
                 #p Asn Lys Phe Ile Thr  
               
               
                         355           
               
               
                 #       360           
               
               
                 #       365  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TCT GAA TAT TCA GTA AAC GTA CCT TTC CTT GG  
               
               
                 #A AAA TTC AAC ATT AGC     1208  
               
               
                 Ser Glu Tyr Ser Val Asn Val Pro Phe Leu Gl  
               
               
                 #y Lys Phe Asn Ile Ser  
               
               
                     370               
               
               
                 #   375               
               
               
                 #   380  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CTC TTC AGA TTG GTG TGG AGG ACA GCT TAT GT  
               
               
                 #G GTT ATA ACC ACT GTT     1256  
               
               
                 Leu Phe Arg Leu Val Trp Arg Thr Ala Tyr Va  
               
               
                 #l Val Ile Thr Thr Val  
               
               
                 385                 3  
               
               
                 #90                 3  
               
               
                 #95                 4  
               
               
                 #00  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GTA GCT ATG ATA TTC CCT TTC TTC AAC GCG AT  
               
               
                 #C TTA GGT CTT ATC GGA     1304  
               
               
                 Val Ala Met Ile Phe Pro Phe Phe Asn Ala Il  
               
               
                 #e Leu Gly Leu Ile Gly  
               
               
                                 405   
               
               
                 #               410   
               
               
                 #               415  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GCA GCT TCC TTC TGG CCT TTA ACG GTT TAT TT  
               
               
                 #C CCT GTG GAG ATG CAC     1352  
               
               
                 Ala Ala Ser Phe Trp Pro Leu Thr Val Tyr Ph  
               
               
                 #e Pro Val Glu Met His  
               
               
                             420       
               
               
                 #           425       
               
               
                 #           430  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATT GCA CAA ACC AAG ATT AAG AAG TAC TCT GC  
               
               
                 #T AGA TGG ATT GCG CTG     1400  
               
               
                 Ile Ala Gln Thr Lys Ile Lys Lys Tyr Ser Al  
               
               
                 #a Arg Trp Ile Ala Leu  
               
               
                         435           
               
               
                 #       440           
               
               
                 #       445  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AAA ACG ATG TGC TAT GTT TGC TTG ATC GTC TC  
               
               
                 #G CTC TTA GCT GCA GCC     1448  
               
               
                 Lys Thr Met Cys Tyr Val Cys Leu Ile Val Se  
               
               
                 #r Leu Leu Ala Ala Ala  
               
               
                     450               
               
               
                 #   455               
               
               
                 #   460  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGA TCC ATC GCA GGA CTT ATA AGT AGT GTC AA  
               
               
                 #A ACC TAC AAG CCC TTC     1496  
               
               
                 Gly Ser Ile Ala Gly Leu Ile Ser Ser Val Ly  
               
               
                 #s Thr Tyr Lys Pro Phe  
               
               
                 465                 4  
               
               
                 #70                 4  
               
               
                 #75                 4  
               
               
                 #80  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CGG ACT ATG CAT GAG TGAGTTTGAG ATCCTCAAGA GAGTCAAAA  
               
               
                 #A TATATGTAGT     1551  
               
               
                 Arg Thr Met His Glu  
               
               
                                 485  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AGTTTGGTCT TTCTGTTAAA CTATCTGGTG TCTAAATCCA ATGAGAATGC TT  
               
               
                 #TATTGC     1611  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AAACTTCATG AATCTCTCTG TATCTACATC TTTCAATCTA ATACATATGA GC  
               
               
                 #TCTTCC     1671  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AAAAAAAAAA AAAA               
               
               
                 #                   
               
               
                 #                   
               
               
                 #   1685  
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 2:  
               
               
                   
               
               
                      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:  
               
               
                           (A) LENGTH: 485 amino  
               
               
                 #acids  
               
               
                           (B) TYPE: amino acid  
               
               
                           (D) TOPOLOGY: linear  
               
               
                   
               
               
                     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein  
               
               
                   
               
               
                     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:  
               
               
                 #2:  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Met Lys Ser Phe Asn Thr Glu Gly His Asn Hi  
               
               
                 #s Ser Thr Ala Glu Ser  
               
               
                   1               5  
               
               
                 #                 10  
               
               
                 #                 15  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Gly Asp Ala Tyr Thr Val Ser Asp Pro Thr Ly  
               
               
                 #s Asn Val Asp Glu Asp  
               
               
                              20      
               
               
                 #             25      
               
               
                 #             30  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Gly Arg Glu Lys Arg Thr Gly Thr Trp Leu Th  
               
               
                 #r Ala Ser Ala His Ile  
               
               
                          35          
               
               
                 #         40          
               
               
                 #         45  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ile Thr Ala Val Ile Gly Ser Gly Val Leu Se  
               
               
                 #r Leu Ala Trp Ala Ile  
               
               
                      50              
               
               
                 #     55              
               
               
                 #     60  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ala Gln Leu Gly Trp Ile Ala Gly Thr Ser Il  
               
               
                 #e Leu Leu Ile Phe Ser  
               
               
                  65                  
               
               
                 # 70                  
               
               
                 # 75                  
               
               
                 # 80  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Phe Ile Thr Tyr Phe Thr Ser Thr Met Leu Al  
               
               
                 #a Asp Cys Tyr Arg Ala  
               
               
                                  85  
               
               
                 #                 90  
               
               
                 #                 95  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Pro Asp Pro Val Thr Gly Lys Arg Asn Tyr Th  
               
               
                 #r Tyr Met Asp Val Val  
               
               
                             100       
               
               
                 #           105       
               
               
                 #           110  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Arg Ser Tyr Leu Gly Gly Arg Lys Val Gln Le  
               
               
                 #u Cys Gly Val Ala Gln  
               
               
                         115           
               
               
                 #       120           
               
               
                 #       125  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Tyr Gly Asn Leu Ile Gly Val Thr Val Gly Ty  
               
               
                 #r Thr Ile Thr Ala Ser  
               
               
                     130               
               
               
                 #   135               
               
               
                 #   140  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ile Ser Leu Val Ala Val Gly Lys Ser Asn Cy  
               
               
                 #s Phe His Asp Lys Gly  
               
               
                 145                 1  
               
               
                 #50                 1  
               
               
                 #55                 1  
               
               
                 #60  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 His Thr Ala Asp Cys Thr Ile Ser Asn Tyr Pr  
               
               
                 #o Tyr Met Ala Val Phe  
               
               
                                 165   
               
               
                 #               170   
               
               
                 #               175  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Gly Ile Ile Gln Val Ile Leu Ser Gln Ile Pr  
               
               
                 #o Asn Phe His Lys Leu  
               
               
                             180       
               
               
                 #           185       
               
               
                 #           190  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ser Phe Leu Ser Ile Met Ala Ala Val Met Se  
               
               
                 #r Phe Thr Tyr Ala Thr  
               
               
                         195           
               
               
                 #       200           
               
               
                 #       205  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ile Gly Ile Gly Leu Ala Ile Ala Thr Val Al  
               
               
                 #a Gly Gly Lys Val Gly  
               
               
                     210               
               
               
                 #   215               
               
               
                 #   220  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Lys Thr Ser Met Thr Gly Thr Ala Val Gly Va  
               
               
                 #l Asp Val Thr Ala Ala  
               
               
                 225                 2  
               
               
                 #30                 2  
               
               
                 #35                 2  
               
               
                 #40  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Gln Lys Ile Trp Arg Ser Phe Gln Ala Val Gl  
               
               
                 #y Asp Ile Ala Phe Ala  
               
               
                                 245   
               
               
                 #               250   
               
               
                 #               255  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Tyr Ala Tyr Ala Thr Val Leu Ile Glu Ile Gl  
               
               
                 #n Asp Thr Leu Arg Ser  
               
               
                             260       
               
               
                 #           265       
               
               
                 #           270  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ser Pro Ala Glu Asn Lys Ala Met Lys Arg Al  
               
               
                 #a Ser Leu Val Gly Val  
               
               
                         275           
               
               
                 #       280           
               
               
                 #       285  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ser Thr Thr Thr Phe Phe Tyr Ile Leu Cys Gl  
               
               
                 #y Cys Ile Gly Tyr Ala  
               
               
                     290               
               
               
                 #   295               
               
               
                 #   300  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ala Phe Gly Asn Asn Ala Pro Gly Asp Phe Le  
               
               
                 #u Thr Asp Phe Gly Phe  
               
               
                 305                 3  
               
               
                 #10                 3  
               
               
                 #15                 3  
               
               
                 #20  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Phe Glu Pro Phe Trp Leu Ile Asp Phe Ala As  
               
               
                 #n Ala Cys Ile Ala Val  
               
               
                                 325   
               
               
                 #               330   
               
               
                 #               335  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 His Leu Ile Gly Ala Tyr Gln Val Phe Ala Gl  
               
               
                 #n Pro Ile Phe Gln Phe  
               
               
                             340       
               
               
                 #           345       
               
               
                 #           350  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Val Glu Lys Lys Cys Asn Arg Asn Tyr Pro As  
               
               
                 #p Asn Lys Phe Ile Thr  
               
               
                         355           
               
               
                 #       360           
               
               
                 #       365  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ser Glu Tyr Ser Val Asn Val Pro Phe Leu Gl  
               
               
                 #y Lys Phe Asn Ile Ser  
               
               
                     370               
               
               
                 #   375               
               
               
                 #   380  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Leu Phe Arg Leu Val Trp Arg Thr Ala Tyr Va  
               
               
                 #l Val Ile Thr Thr Val  
               
               
                 385                 3  
               
               
                 #90                 3  
               
               
                 #95                 4  
               
               
                 #00  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Val Ala Met Ile Phe Pro Phe Phe Asn Ala Il  
               
               
                 #e Leu Gly Leu Ile Gly  
               
               
                                 405   
               
               
                 #               410   
               
               
                 #               415  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ala Ala Ser Phe Trp Pro Leu Thr Val Tyr Ph  
               
               
                 #e Pro Val Glu Met His  
               
               
                             420       
               
               
                 #           425       
               
               
                 #           430  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ile Ala Gln Thr Lys Ile Lys Lys Tyr Ser Al  
               
               
                 #a Arg Trp Ile Ala Leu  
               
               
                         435           
               
               
                 #       440           
               
               
                 #       445  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Lys Thr Met Cys Tyr Val Cys Leu Ile Val Se  
               
               
                 #r Leu Leu Ala Ala Ala  
               
               
                     450               
               
               
                 #   455               
               
               
                 #   460  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Gly Ser Ile Ala Gly Leu Ile Ser Ser Val Ly  
               
               
                 #s Thr Tyr Lys Pro Phe  
               
               
                 465                 4  
               
               
                 #70                 4  
               
               
                 #75                 4  
               
               
                 #80  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Arg Thr Met His Glu  
               
               
                                 485  
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 3:  
               
               
                   
               
               
                      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:  
               
               
                           (A) LENGTH: 1740 base  
               
               
                 #pairs  
               
               
                           (B) TYPE: nucleic acid  
               
               
                           (C) STRANDEDNESS: single  
               
               
                           (D) TOPOLOGY: linear  
               
               
                   
               
               
                     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA  
               
               
                   
               
               
                     (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE:  
               
               
                           (A) ORGANISM: Arabidopsis  
               
               
                 #thaliana  
               
               
                   
               
               
                     (ix) FEATURE:  
               
               
                           (A) NAME/KEY: CDS  
               
               
                           (B) LOCATION: 80..1558  
               
               
                           (D) OTHER INFORMATION:  
               
               
                 #/product= “amino acid transporter”  
               
               
                   
               
               
                     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:  
               
               
                 #3:  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CTATTTTATA ATTCCTCTTC TTTTTGTTCA TAGCTTTGTA ATTATAGTCT TA  
               
               
                 #TTTCTCTT     60  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TAAGGCTCAA TAAGAGGAG ATG GGT GAA ACC GCT GCC GCC  
               
               
                 # AAT AAC CAC CGT     112  
               
               
                                    
               
               
                 #   Met Gly Glu Thr Ala Ala Ala Asn Asn  
               
               
                 # His Arg  
               
               
                                    
               
               
                 #     1              
               
               
                 #  5                 
               
               
                 #  10  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CAC CAC CAC CAT CAC GGC CAC CAG GTC TTT GA  
               
               
                 #C GTG GCC AGC CAC GAT      160  
               
               
                 His His His His His Gly His Gln Val Phe As  
               
               
                 #p Val Ala Ser His Asp  
               
               
                              15      
               
               
                 #             20      
               
               
                 #             25  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTC GTC CCT CCA CAA CCG GCT TTT AAA TGC TT  
               
               
                 #C GAT GAT GAT GGC CGC      208  
               
               
                 Phe Val Pro Pro Gln Pro Ala Phe Lys Cys Ph  
               
               
                 #e Asp Asp Asp Gly Arg  
               
               
                          30          
               
               
                 #         35          
               
               
                 #         40  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CTC AAA AGA ACT GGG ACT GTT TGG ACC GCG AG  
               
               
                 #C GCT CAT ATA ATA ACT      256  
               
               
                 Leu Lys Arg Thr Gly Thr Val Trp Thr Ala Se  
               
               
                 #r Ala His Ile Ile Thr  
               
               
                      45              
               
               
                 #     50              
               
               
                 #     55  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GCG GTT ATC GGA TCC GGC GTT TTG TCA TTG GC  
               
               
                 #G TGG GCG ATT GCA CAG      304  
               
               
                 Ala Val Ile Gly Ser Gly Val Leu Ser Leu Al  
               
               
                 #a Trp Ala Ile Ala Gln  
               
               
                  60                  
               
               
                 # 65                  
               
               
                 # 70                  
               
               
                 # 75  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CTC GGA TGG ATC GCT GGC CCT GCT GTG ATG CT  
               
               
                 #A TTG TTC TCT CTT GTT      352  
               
               
                 Leu Gly Trp Ile Ala Gly Pro Ala Val Met Le  
               
               
                 #u Leu Phe Ser Leu Val  
               
               
                                  80  
               
               
                 #                 85  
               
               
                 #                 90  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ACT CTT TAC TCC TCC ACA CTT CTT AGC GAC TG  
               
               
                 #C TAC AGA ACC GGC GAT      400  
               
               
                 Thr Leu Tyr Ser Ser Thr Leu Leu Ser Asp Cy  
               
               
                 #s Tyr Arg Thr Gly Asp  
               
               
                              95      
               
               
                 #            100      
               
               
                 #            105  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GCA GTG TCT GGC AAG AGA AAC TAC ACT TAC AT  
               
               
                 #G GAT GCC GTT CGA TCA      448  
               
               
                 Ala Val Ser Gly Lys Arg Asn Tyr Thr Tyr Me  
               
               
                 #t Asp Ala Val Arg Ser  
               
               
                         110           
               
               
                 #       115           
               
               
                 #       120  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATT CTC GGT GGG TTC AAG TTC AAG ATT TGT GG  
               
               
                 #G TTG ATT CAA TAC TTG      496  
               
               
                 Ile Leu Gly Gly Phe Lys Phe Lys Ile Cys Gl  
               
               
                 #y Leu Ile Gln Tyr Leu  
               
               
                     125               
               
               
                 #   130               
               
               
                 #   135  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AAT CTC TTT GGT ATC GCA ATT GGA TAC ACG AT  
               
               
                 #A GCA GCT TCC ATA AGC      544  
               
               
                 Asn Leu Phe Gly Ile Ala Ile Gly Tyr Thr Il  
               
               
                 #e Ala Ala Ser Ile Ser  
               
               
                 140                 1  
               
               
                 #45                 1  
               
               
                 #50                 1  
               
               
                 #55  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATG ATG GCG ATC AAG AGA TCC AAC TGC TTC CA  
               
               
                 #C AAG AGT GGA GGA AAA      592  
               
               
                 Met Met Ala Ile Lys Arg Ser Asn Cys Phe Hi  
               
               
                 #s Lys Ser Gly Gly Lys  
               
               
                                 160   
               
               
                 #               165   
               
               
                 #               170  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GAC CCA TGT CAC ATG TCC AGT AAT CCT TAC AT  
               
               
                 #G ATC GTA TTT GGT GTG      640  
               
               
                 Asp Pro Cys His Met Ser Ser Asn Pro Tyr Me  
               
               
                 #t Ile Val Phe Gly Val  
               
               
                             175       
               
               
                 #           180       
               
               
                 #           185  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GCA GAG ATC TTG CTC TCT CAG GTT CCT GAT TT  
               
               
                 #C GAT CAG ATT TGG TGG      688  
               
               
                 Ala Glu Ile Leu Leu Ser Gln Val Pro Asp Ph  
               
               
                 #e Asp Gln Ile Trp Trp  
               
               
                         190           
               
               
                 #       195           
               
               
                 #       200  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATC TCC ATT GTT GCA GCT GTT ATG TCC TTC AC  
               
               
                 #T TAC TCT GCC ATT GGT      736  
               
               
                 Ile Ser Ile Val Ala Ala Val Met Ser Phe Th  
               
               
                 #r Tyr Ser Ala Ile Gly  
               
               
                     205               
               
               
                 #   210               
               
               
                 #   215  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CTA GCT CTT GGA ATC GTT CAA GTT GCA GCG AA  
               
               
                 #T GGA GTT TTC AAA GGA      784  
               
               
                 Leu Ala Leu Gly Ile Val Gln Val Ala Ala As  
               
               
                 #n Gly Val Phe Lys Gly  
               
               
                 220                 2  
               
               
                 #25                 2  
               
               
                 #30                 2  
               
               
                 #35  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AGT CTC ACT GGA ATA AGC ATC GGA ACA GTG AC  
               
               
                 #T CAA ACA CAG AAG ATA      832  
               
               
                 Ser Leu Thr Gly Ile Ser Ile Gly Thr Val Th  
               
               
                 #r Gln Thr Gln Lys Ile  
               
               
                                 240   
               
               
                 #               245   
               
               
                 #               250  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGG AGA ACC TTC CAA GCA CTT GGA GAC ATT GC  
               
               
                 #C TTT GCG TAC TCA TAC      880  
               
               
                 Trp Arg Thr Phe Gln Ala Leu Gly Asp Ile Al  
               
               
                 #a Phe Ala Tyr Ser Tyr  
               
               
                             255       
               
               
                 #           260       
               
               
                 #           265  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TCT GTT GTC CTA ATC GAG ATT CAG GAT ACT GT  
               
               
                 #A AGA TCC CCA CCG GCG      928  
               
               
                 Ser Val Val Leu Ile Glu Ile Gln Asp Thr Va  
               
               
                 #l Arg Ser Pro Pro Ala  
               
               
                         270           
               
               
                 #       275           
               
               
                 #       280  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GAA TCG AAA ACG ATG AAG AAA GCA ACA AAA AT  
               
               
                 #C AGT ATT GCC GTC ACA      976  
               
               
                 Glu Ser Lys Thr Met Lys Lys Ala Thr Lys Il  
               
               
                 #e Ser Ile Ala Val Thr  
               
               
                     285               
               
               
                 #   290               
               
               
                 #   295  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ACT ATC TTC TAC ATG CTA TGT GGC TCA ATG GG  
               
               
                 #T TAT GCC GCT TTT GGA     1024  
               
               
                 Thr Ile Phe Tyr Met Leu Cys Gly Ser Met Gl  
               
               
                 #y Tyr Ala Ala Phe Gly  
               
               
                 300                 3  
               
               
                 #05                 3  
               
               
                 #10                 3  
               
               
                 #15  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GAT GCA GCA CCG GGA AAC CTC CTC ACC GGT TT  
               
               
                 #T GGA TTC TAC AAC CCG     1072  
               
               
                 Asp Ala Ala Pro Gly Asn Leu Leu Thr Gly Ph  
               
               
                 #e Gly Phe Tyr Asn Pro  
               
               
                                 320   
               
               
                 #               325   
               
               
                 #               330  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTT TGG CTC CTT GAC ATA GCT AAC GCC GCC AT  
               
               
                 #T GTT GTC CAC CTC GTT     1120  
               
               
                 Phe Trp Leu Leu Asp Ile Ala Asn Ala Ala Il  
               
               
                 #e Val Val His Leu Val  
               
               
                             335       
               
               
                 #           340       
               
               
                 #           345  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGA GCT TAC CAA GTC TTT GCT CAG CCC ATC TT  
               
               
                 #T GCC TTT ATT GAA AAA     1168  
               
               
                 Gly Ala Tyr Gln Val Phe Ala Gln Pro Ile Ph  
               
               
                 #e Ala Phe Ile Glu Lys  
               
               
                         350           
               
               
                 #       355           
               
               
                 #       360  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TCA GTC GCA GAG AGA TAT CCA GAC AAT GAC TT  
               
               
                 #C CTC AGC AAG GAA TTT     1216  
               
               
                 Ser Val Ala Glu Arg Tyr Pro Asp Asn Asp Ph  
               
               
                 #e Leu Ser Lys Glu Phe  
               
               
                     365               
               
               
                 #   370               
               
               
                 #   375  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GAA ATC AGA ATC CCC GGA TTT AAG TCT CCT TA  
               
               
                 #C AAA GTA AAC GTT TTC     1264  
               
               
                 Glu Ile Arg Ile Pro Gly Phe Lys Ser Pro Ty  
               
               
                 #r Lys Val Asn Val Phe  
               
               
                 380                 3  
               
               
                 #85                 3  
               
               
                 #90                 3  
               
               
                 #95  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AGG ATG GTT TAC AGG AGT GGC TTT GTC GTT AC  
               
               
                 #A ACC ACC GTG ATA TCG     1312  
               
               
                 Arg Met Val Tyr Arg Ser Gly Phe Val Val Th  
               
               
                 #r Thr Thr Val Ile Ser  
               
               
                                 400   
               
               
                 #               405   
               
               
                 #               410  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATG CTG ATG CCG TTT TTT AAC GAC GTG GTC GG  
               
               
                 #G ATC TTA GGG GCG TTA     1360  
               
               
                 Met Leu Met Pro Phe Phe Asn Asp Val Val Gl  
               
               
                 #y Ile Leu Gly Ala Leu  
               
               
                             415       
               
               
                 #           420       
               
               
                 #           425  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGG TTT TGG CCC TTG ACG GTT TAT TTT CCG GT  
               
               
                 #G GAG ATG TAT ATT AAG     1408  
               
               
                 Gly Phe Trp Pro Leu Thr Val Tyr Phe Pro Va  
               
               
                 #l Glu Met Tyr Ile Lys  
               
               
                         430           
               
               
                 #       435           
               
               
                 #       440  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CAG AGG AAG GTT GAG AAA TGG AGC ACG AGA TG  
               
               
                 #G GTG TGT TTA CAG ATG     1456  
               
               
                 Gln Arg Lys Val Glu Lys Trp Ser Thr Arg Tr  
               
               
                 #p Val Cys Leu Gln Met  
               
               
                     445               
               
               
                 #   450               
               
               
                 #   455  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CTT AGT GTT GCT TGT CTT GTG ATC TCG GTG GT  
               
               
                 #C GCC GGG GTT GGA TCA     1504  
               
               
                 Leu Ser Val Ala Cys Leu Val Ile Ser Val Va  
               
               
                 #l Ala Gly Val Gly Ser  
               
               
                 460                 4  
               
               
                 #65                 4  
               
               
                 #70                 4  
               
               
                 #75  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATC GCC GGA GTG ATG CTT GAT CTT AAG GTC TA  
               
               
                 #T AAG CCA TTC AAG TCT     1552  
               
               
                 Ile Ala Gly Val Met Leu Asp Leu Lys Val Ty  
               
               
                 #r Lys Pro Phe Lys Ser  
               
               
                                 480   
               
               
                 #               485   
               
               
                 #               490  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ACA TAT TGATGATTAT GGACCATGAA CAACAGAGAG AGTTGGTGTG TA  
               
               
                 #AAGTTTAC      1608  
               
               
                 Thr Tyr  
               
               
                 CATTTCAAAG AAAACTCCAA AAATGTGTAT ATTGTATGTT GTTCTCATTT CG  
               
               
                 #TATGGT     1668  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CATCTTTGTA ATAAAATTTA AAACTTATGT TATAAATTAT AAAAAAAAAA AA  
               
               
                 #AAAAAA     1728  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AAAAAAAAAA AA               
               
               
                 #                   
               
               
                 #                   
               
               
                 #     1740  
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 4:  
               
               
                   
               
               
                      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:  
               
               
                           (A) LENGTH: 493 amino  
               
               
                 #acids  
               
               
                           (B) TYPE: amino acid  
               
               
                           (D) TOPOLOGY: linear  
               
               
                   
               
               
                     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein  
               
               
                   
               
               
                     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:  
               
               
                 #4:  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Met Gly Glu Thr Ala Ala Ala Asn Asn His Ar  
               
               
                 #g His His His His His  
               
               
                   1               5  
               
               
                 #                 10  
               
               
                 #                 15  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Gly His Gln Val Phe Asp Val Ala Ser His As  
               
               
                 #p Phe Val Pro Pro Gln  
               
               
                              20      
               
               
                 #             25      
               
               
                 #             30  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Pro Ala Phe Lys Cys Phe Asp Asp Asp Gly Ar  
               
               
                 #g Leu Lys Arg Thr Gly  
               
               
                          35          
               
               
                 #         40          
               
               
                 #         45  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Thr Val Trp Thr Ala Ser Ala His Ile Ile Th  
               
               
                 #r Ala Val Ile Gly Ser  
               
               
                      50              
               
               
                 #     55              
               
               
                 #     60  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Gly Val Leu Ser Leu Ala Trp Ala Ile Ala Gl  
               
               
                 #n Leu Gly Trp Ile Ala  
               
               
                  65                  
               
               
                 # 70                  
               
               
                 # 75                  
               
               
                 # 80  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Gly Pro Ala Val Met Leu Leu Phe Ser Leu Va  
               
               
                 #l Thr Leu Tyr Ser Ser  
               
               
                                  85  
               
               
                 #                 90  
               
               
                 #                 95  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Thr Leu Leu Ser Asp Cys Tyr Arg Thr Gly As  
               
               
                 #p Ala Val Ser Gly Lys  
               
               
                             100       
               
               
                 #           105       
               
               
                 #           110  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Arg Asn Tyr Thr Tyr Met Asp Ala Val Arg Se  
               
               
                 #r Ile Leu Gly Gly Phe  
               
               
                         115           
               
               
                 #       120           
               
               
                 #       125  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Lys Phe Lys Ile Cys Gly Leu Ile Gln Tyr Le  
               
               
                 #u Asn Leu Phe Gly Ile  
               
               
                     130               
               
               
                 #   135               
               
               
                 #   140  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ala Ile Gly Tyr Thr Ile Ala Ala Ser Ile Se  
               
               
                 #r Met Met Ala Ile Lys  
               
               
                 145                 1  
               
               
                 #50                 1  
               
               
                 #55                 1  
               
               
                 #60  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Arg Ser Asn Cys Phe His Lys Ser Gly Gly Ly  
               
               
                 #s Asp Pro Cys His Met  
               
               
                                 165   
               
               
                 #               170   
               
               
                 #               175  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ser Ser Asn Pro Tyr Met Ile Val Phe Gly Va  
               
               
                 #l Ala Glu Ile Leu Leu  
               
               
                             180       
               
               
                 #           185       
               
               
                 #           190  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ser Gln Val Pro Asp Phe Asp Gln Ile Trp Tr  
               
               
                 #p Ile Ser Ile Val Ala  
               
               
                         195           
               
               
                 #       200           
               
               
                 #       205  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ala Val Met Ser Phe Thr Tyr Ser Ala Ile Gl  
               
               
                 #y Leu Ala Leu Gly Ile  
               
               
                     210               
               
               
                 #   215               
               
               
                 #   220  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Val Gln Val Ala Ala Asn Gly Val Phe Lys Gl  
               
               
                 #y Ser Leu Thr Gly Ile  
               
               
                 225                 2  
               
               
                 #30                 2  
               
               
                 #35                 2  
               
               
                 #40  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ser Ile Gly Thr Val Thr Gln Thr Gln Lys Il  
               
               
                 #e Trp Arg Thr Phe Gln  
               
               
                                 245   
               
               
                 #               250   
               
               
                 #               255  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ala Leu Gly Asp Ile Ala Phe Ala Tyr Ser Ty  
               
               
                 #r Ser Val Val Leu Ile  
               
               
                             260       
               
               
                 #           265       
               
               
                 #           270  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Glu Ile Gln Asp Thr Val Arg Ser Pro Pro Al  
               
               
                 #a Glu Ser Lys Thr Met  
               
               
                         275           
               
               
                 #       280           
               
               
                 #       285  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Lys Lys Ala Thr Lys Ile Ser Ile Ala Val Th  
               
               
                 #r Thr Ile Phe Tyr Met  
               
               
                     290               
               
               
                 #   295               
               
               
                 #   300  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Leu Cys Gly Ser Met Gly Tyr Ala Ala Phe Gl  
               
               
                 #y Asp Ala Ala Pro Gly  
               
               
                 305                 3  
               
               
                 #10                 3  
               
               
                 #15                 3  
               
               
                 #20  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Asn Leu Leu Thr Gly Phe Gly Phe Tyr Asn Pr  
               
               
                 #o Phe Trp Leu Leu Asp  
               
               
                                 325   
               
               
                 #               330   
               
               
                 #               335  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ile Ala Asn Ala Ala Ile Val Val His Leu Va  
               
               
                 #l Gly Ala Tyr Gln Val  
               
               
                             340       
               
               
                 #           345       
               
               
                 #           350  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Phe Ala Gln Pro Ile Phe Ala Phe Ile Glu Ly  
               
               
                 #s Ser Val Ala Glu Arg  
               
               
                         355           
               
               
                 #       360           
               
               
                 #       365  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Tyr Pro Asp Asn Asp Phe Leu Ser Lys Glu Ph  
               
               
                 #e Glu Ile Arg Ile Pro  
               
               
                     370               
               
               
                 #   375               
               
               
                 #   380  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Gly Phe Lys Ser Pro Tyr Lys Val Asn Val Ph  
               
               
                 #e Arg Met Val Tyr Arg  
               
               
                 385                 3  
               
               
                 #90                 3  
               
               
                 #95                 4  
               
               
                 #00  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ser Gly Phe Val Val Thr Thr Thr Val Ile Se  
               
               
                 #r Met Leu Met Pro Phe  
               
               
                                 405   
               
               
                 #               410   
               
               
                 #               415  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Phe Asn Asp Val Val Gly Ile Leu Gly Ala Le  
               
               
                 #u Gly Phe Trp Pro Leu  
               
               
                             420       
               
               
                 #           425       
               
               
                 #           430  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Thr Val Tyr Phe Pro Val Glu Met Tyr Ile Ly  
               
               
                 #s Gln Arg Lys Val Glu  
               
               
                         435           
               
               
                 #       440           
               
               
                 #       445  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Lys Trp Ser Thr Arg Trp Val Cys Leu Gln Me  
               
               
                 #t Leu Ser Val Ala Cys  
               
               
                     450               
               
               
                 #   455               
               
               
                 #   460  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Leu Val Ile Ser Val Val Ala Gly Val Gly Se  
               
               
                 #r Ile Ala Gly Val Met  
               
               
                 465                 4  
               
               
                 #70                 4  
               
               
                 #75                 4  
               
               
                 #80  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Leu Asp Leu Lys Val Tyr Lys Pro Phe Lys Se  
               
               
                 #r Thr Tyr  
               
               
                                 485   
               
               
                 #               490