Abstract:
A method of difference sensing. A first step involves producing a reference image using temporal averaging and spatial averaging. A second step involves producing a test image. A third step involves computationally comparing the reference image with the test image to arrive at a resulting difference image. The temporal averaging and spatial averaging effectively isolates in the difference image coherent changes imbeded in a complex and rapidly changing environment from transient changes inherent to the complex and rapidly changing environment.

Description:
FIELD 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to a method of difference sensing through optical coherent change detection. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Difference imaging, in its simplest form, is carried out by talking two separate images of the same object or scene with each image being separated by a certain duration of time (the reference and test images). When the two images or brought into spatial alignment, and the values of the individual pixels of one image is computationally compared with the other image (usually by subtraction), the result is a “difference image” where the pixel values quantify (and spatially map) the magnitude of change that has occurred in the scene during the interval between the two samples. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0003]    According there is provided a method of difference sensing. A first step involves producing a reference image using temporal averaging and spatial averaging. A second step involves producing a test image. A third step involves computationally comparing the reference image with the test image to arrive at a resulting difference image. The temporal averaging and spatial averaging effectively isolates in the difference image coherent changes imbeded in a complex and rapidly changing environment from transient changes inherent to the complex and rapidly changing environment. 
     
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0004]    These and other features of the invention will become more apparent from the following description in which reference is made to the appended drawings, the drawings are for the purpose of illustration only and are not intended to in any way limit the scope of the invention to the particular embodiment or embodiments shown, wherein: 
           [0005]      FIG. 1  labelled as PRIOR ART is a time line relating to processes in time leading to creation of difference images. 
           [0006]      FIG. 2  is a time line relating to processes in time leading to creation of an optical coherent change detection image. 
           [0007]      FIG. 3  is a time sequence diagram regarding producing an optical coherent change detection image through subtraction of stationary background objects in a video sequence. 
           [0008]      FIG. 4  is a time sequence diagram regarding using an optical coherent change detection image for the purpose of locating snipers. 
           [0009]      FIG. 5  is a time sequence diagram regarding combining optical coherent change detection image processing with real-time polarization difference imaging. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0010]    Difference imaging, in its simplest form, is carried out by taking two separate images of the same object or scene with each image being separated by a certain duration of time (the reference and test images). When the two images or brought into spatial alignment, and the values of the individual pixels of one image are subtracted from the other image (or otherwise computationally compared with the other image), the result is a “difference image” where the pixel values quantify (and spatially map) the magnitude of change that has occurred in the scene during the interval between the two samples.  FIG. 1  illustrates the relationship of various processes in time, which leads to the creation of typical different images. Different images can be produced using any form of imaging technology (for example, either chemical or digital photographic methods), therefore this figure is meant only to illustrate the salient features or processes underlying the creation of any typical or traditional difference images. Object  2  represents the flow of time, from arbitrary time T (the beginning of the difference imaging process) to time T+3 (the production of the final difference image). Object  4  represents the first image taken at time T. this is a completely exposed image covering a specific field of view. At time T+1 a second such image of the same field of view is taken (object  6 ). At time T+2, images  1  and  2  are spatially aligned, and a difference operation is applied (such as subtracting or ratioing the intensity value at one spatial location in image  1  from the corresponding spatial location in image  2 ). The result of this operation leads to the creation of a difference image (object  10  at time T+3) which highlights spatial variations in pixel intensity between the two initial images (objects  4  and  6 ) over time. The rate at which future reference frames are subsequently generated is dependent on the extent and rate of average change in the environment. 
         [0011]    While difference imaging are extremely sensitive for detecting even the smallest changes which have occurred over time, this same sensitivity results in significant signal noise due to also highlighting random variations. At present, the utility of this technique is therefore limited when dealing with complex or natural settings, due to the presence of random temporal variations within the scenes. For example, in an image taken in a setting with grass and trees being gently blown by wind, complex and subtle variations in the positioning of leaves or blades of grass will result in the generation of a large random signal in the difference image. Likewise, the appearance of any transient object in either of the two images will result in a large difference image signal. Under these conditions, areas with changing pedestrian or vehicular traffic effectively render the technique of difference imaging useless for security applications. 
         [0012]    It is to be noted that while the prior art speaks to polarization difference imaging (PDI), the present application speaks to polarization difference sensing (PDS). The technology that will be hereinafter described can be used in a variety of other applications such as RADAR and LIDAR. For the purpose of this discussion, PDI is considered to be a subset of PDS, which results in the creation of visual images. 
         [0013]    In the present patent, we describe a concept and technique of difference imaging created through a process, which we have named Optical Coherent Change Detection (OCCD). While the present patent focuses on the utility of this new technique using visible, near infrared or ultraviolet wavelengths of light, this process may be applied to any wavelength in the electromagnetic spectrum, and can be carried out by utilizing either reflected, emitted or transmitted stimuli. 
         [0014]    In its simplest form, OCCD utilizes temporal averaging of the imaging input to create both the reference and test images used to produce the final difference image. Temporal averaging of an image can be carried out by a number of methods. For example, one may decrease the amount of light falling on the sensor during a given period of time by inserting an optical component such as a neutral density filter in the stimulus pathway. By limiting the intensity of the input, the time required to gain adequate exposure required for image formation is increased. A second approach is to increase the rate at which data is read off of digital imaging chips (so a full exposure time is never achieved), and then to digitally combine these pixel values in such a way that they come to a normal exposure level. 
         [0015]    Both of the above techniques result in what has traditionally been known as a “time-lapse photograph”. Time-lapse photographs have a unique characteristic in that any temporal variation or movement (over a time scale significantly shorter than the exposure time) is effectively averaged out. The resulting image is a temporal average of spatial variability within the image. With appropriately chosen exposure times, pedestrian and vehicular traffic, as well as the natural movement of leaves, grasses and their resultant shadows effectively vanish from the image. As a result, only significant changes that have occurred in the environment during the interval between the reference and test images are highlighted in the difference images. These changes can be detected in the background even through intervening traffic. Consequently, OCCD allows for the rapid video detection, spatial localization and identification of any object (such as an explosive device) dropped in a complex and constantly changing security environment. 
         [0016]      FIG. 2  illustrates the underlying processes mediating the creation of an Optical Coherent Change Detection (OCCD) image. There are two operationally different (yet conceptually identical) methods for producing an OCCD image. First, a series of underexposed images of the same scene are collected (object  12 ), they are spatially aligned, and their corresponding pixel values are summed (object  14 ) to create a temporal average (“time-lapse”) of pixel intensity over space (object  16 ). After an interval of time, a second series of images (object  18 ) are collected, and a summed (object  20 ) to create a second “time-lapse” image (object  22 ). The first image (object  16 ) is used as a reference image (as designated by the capital letter R), and along with the second image (object  22 : the test image “T”), are processed to create a difference image (object  24 ) which highlights coherent changes in the scene which have occurred during the intervening time between the reference and test images. A second method for obtaining the reference and test images required to calculate an OCCD image is characterized by decreasing the amount of light falling on the detector (such as through the use of neutral density filters), and then allowing for sufficient time to form an adequately exposed image at the level of the detector. This process is repeated again later in time to form the test image, and is processed as outlined above to create the final OCCD image. 
         [0017]    OCCD has applications in areas as diverse as security and military, medical and dental imaging, and engineering or structural assessment. Each field of application will determine both the time of exposure for both the reference and test images, as well as determining the most effective time interval required between the two images used to create the difference image. For example, in a complex and changing environment such as the subway station, difference images computed from reference and test images taken with a 30 second interval would guarantee prompt detection and a rapid response to parcels dropped in the environment. In the case of an OCCD surveillance system being used to secure a shipping yard or warehouse, an interval of five minutes between the reference and test images would be sufficient. In medical applications (such as x-rays), the interval between successive reference and test images could be more than a year. The longer the interval between the reference and test image, the more critical it is to obtain proper spatial registration between these two images used to create the difference image. 
         [0018]    Our underlying OCCD process can be applied in a variety of unique ways that would have been impossible with earlier difference imaging techniques. For example, in  FIG. 3 , a “time-lapse” reference image (object  29 ) can be created (as outlined in  FIG. 2 ) to which a sequence of video frames (object  31 ) can be compared (object  30 ) to create a temporally succinct OCCD image. As a result, all stationery background objects in the video sequence will be subtracted from each individual frame (such as object  32 ), effectively isolating only moving and significantly changeable aspects contained within the otherwise potentially complex and cluttered video stream. 
         [0019]    The ability to localize and identify significant changes in a complex and variable environment can be greatly enhanced through multi-sensor fusion. For example, when combined with acoustic signal processing techniques, OCCD can be integrated into it an efficient system for detecting and spatially localizing the presence of a sniper or enemy fire in a complex combat or urban setting. For example,  FIG. 4  illustrates that if a microphone is used to detect the occurrence of gunfire (such as a sniper), the recorded gunfire (object  48 ) will be displaced in time (object  50 ) by a period of time dependent on the distance to the sniper and the speed of sound. As such, the video frame containing the image of the sniper and the muzzle blast (object  52 ) will occur earlier on the video recording (object  46 ). To detect the exact spatial location and time of the sniper fire a continuous series of reference frames (e.g. boxes Rt 1 -Rt 4 ) are computed and the last reference frame computed before the recorded gunfire (object  40 ) or earlier are used to compute a frame by frame series of difference images. When the video frame containing the muzzle flash is encountered (object  52 ) and included in the calculation of the difference image (object  42 ), the precise temporal and spatial location of the sniper can be isolated in the resultant OCCD image (object  44 ) regardless of the complexity of the surroundings. 
         [0020]    Regions where changes have occurred in OCCD images typically give rise to very large changes in the pixel values. For example, the sudden appearance of an object may result in a maximum local pixel value (e.g. an 8-bit pixel value of 255). Since such extreme pixel values are rarely seen in a correctly exposed image, a spatial clustering of such values can be used to (A) trigger an alarm to draw the attention of the system operator to the occurrence of a significant change, or (B) be used to compute a spatial reference within a coordinate system that can be used to automatically drive other security cameras to focus in on the potentially dangerous object in the security setting. 
         [0021]    The OCCD process can be further enhanced through integration with the real-time polarization difference imaging (PDI) technique. In  FIG. 5 , a series of frames (object  54 ) are imaged utilizing optics which isolate the horizontally polarized components (indicated by Hpol) within the image frame. Likewise, a series of frames (object  58 ) are imaged utilizing optics which isolate the vertically polarized components (indicated by Vpol) within the image frame. Both the Hpol and the Vpol underexposed frames are summed (object  56  and object  60  respectively), and are used to compute a PDI image (object  62 ) which subsequently becomes the reference image (object  64 ) to be used in the computation (object  66 ) of the OCCD image (object  68 ). In this case, the test image (object  72 ) is a frame from a real-time PDI video series (object  70 ). 
         [0022]    Within the security context, a strong polarmetric signature also helps to reduce false alarms by highlighting the presence of artificial structures in a natural environment. In addition, periodic computing of an OCCD difference image will enable the operator of such a security system to detect the approach of an assailant regardless of how well they are camouflaged to blend into their surroundings, or how slow and steady their approach may be. While normal security video systems cannot easily distinguish between a camouflaged intruder and natural foliage, a security surveillance system based on our OCCD technology will easily detect such an intruder. 
         [0023]    When combined with Polarization Difference Imaging (PDI) techniques, OCCD becomes particularly effective at detecting and documenting structural changes (such as component deformation) caused by excessive compressive, torsional or shearing forces even when such the deformations are so subtle as to not be visually detectable, or detectable by traditional video survey techniques. For example, during underwater inspection of offshore oil well structures, variations in the presence of illuminated particles in the two frames taken during a traditional difference image would create a tremendous amount of image noise. With our paired PDI/OCCD system, not only are variations of particle distributions averaged out, but also the PDI process greatly enhances imaging ability through turbid waters. Further applications of such an imaging system include the detection of icing conditions in aviation. For example, during icing conditions the polarmetric signature of light reflected off in metal wing or structure undergoes a significant change, as the ice creates an optically scattering coating (thereby disrupting the polarization signature). PDI video, in combination with OCCD imaging techniques, can be utilized to create a system for determining the spatial location, rate and extent of ice formation on aircraft or other structures. Through the use of a time series of PDI/OCCD images taken of flight surfaces of an aircraft, the extent and rate of ice formation, as well as the efficiency of de-icing techniques can be readily determined either on the ground or during flight. 
         [0024]    When combined with acoustic signal processing techniques, OCCD can be integrated into an efficient system for detecting and spatially localizing the presence of a sniper in a complex combat or urban setting. In this case, a 360° OCCD reference frame is computed and stored in such a way as to maintain a complete temporal record over a predefined period. When the presence of a gunshot is detected utilizing the acoustic signal processor (at time=T+0), a series of individual video frames (taken from seconds before until after the recorded gunshot) are sequentially subtracted from the last OCCD reference image. As a result, the appearance of the muzzle flash, smoke, and movement of the sniper can be rapidly spatially localized. 
         [0025]    In this patent document, the word “comprising” is used in its non-limiting sense to mean that items following the word are included, but items not specifically mentioned are not excluded. A reference to an element by the indefinite article “a” does not exclude the possibility that more than one of the element is present, unless the context clearly requires that there be one and only one of the elements. 
         [0026]    It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that modifications may be made to the illustrated embodiment without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as hereinafter defined in the Claims.