Abstract:
A method for neighbor scanning in a wireless local area network having a station, a first access point (AP) to which the station is associated, and a second AP begins by generating timing information regarding a beacon signal sent by the second AP. The timing information is reported from the first AP to the station. The station schedules a time, based on the timing information, to listen for the beacon signal transmitted by the second AP.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/587,159, filed Jul. 12, 2004, which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. 
    
    
     FIELD OF INVENTION 
     The present invention generally relates to wireless local area networks (WLANs), and more particularly, to methods for scanning for neighboring access points (APs). 
     BACKGROUND 
     WLANs have become more popular because of their convenience and flexibility. As new applications for such networks are developed, their popularity is expected to significantly increase. One of the promising areas is the use of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and an increasing demand for support of seamless service continuity (i.e., handover) in contiguous WLAN deployment areas when the user is mobile. 
     In the IEEE 802.11 standards, the stations (STAs) can use two different modes to identify APs: active scanning mode and passive scanning mode. Whether a STA uses active or passive scanning mode is usually determined by configurable settings; in practice both modes are used. In the active scanning mode, the STA chooses a frequency channel and transmits a Probe Request frame, then waits for a certain amount of time to receive a reply in the form of a Probe Response frame. The Probe Response frame is typically sent by the AP when the basic service set (BSS) operates in infrastructure mode. In case the STA does not receive a Probe Response frame after a certain amount of time, it tunes to a new frequency and repeats the process. 
     In passive scanning mode, the STA tries to find out about the presence of a BSS on a particular frequency channel by tuning to the frequency and listening for a certain amount of time in order to capture the beacon frames broadcast in regular time intervals by the AP. In case the STA does not receive a beacon frame after a certain amount of time, it tunes to a new frequency and repeats the process. 
     When using passive scanning mode, a STA may know on which frequency channels it is likely to find candidate APs, but it does not know exactly when a beacon frame will be sent by a neighboring AP. Typically, beacon frames are sent in predetermined fixed time intervals, e.g., every 100 ms. In the worst case, a STA tunes to the target frequency and must wait for at least 100 ms until a beacon frame occurs. In the case where a STA has only one receiver, its ongoing service on the old frequency is interrupted while the STA performs passive scanning on the target frequency. 
     Executing an efficient handover in a WLAN implies several requirements, such as: identification and measurements of suitable candidate APs for handover, establishment of a STA&#39;s authentication and security context in the target AP, re-association with the target AP, and transferring the data link to the target AP. 
     WLANs have traditionally not been developed with the goal in mind to provide full seamless mobility support. One of the problems with the current WLAN systems is that the identification and measurement of suitable candidate APs by the STA is a lengthy process, and could last for several hundred milliseconds. Moreover, STA behavior is not well-specified and the duration of the measurement process can vary largely with different implementations chosen by the manufacturers. 
     In order to avoid noticeable service interruption by the user, for example during a VoIP call, the handover process needs to be executed quickly (the service interruption time should typically not exceed several tens to a few hundred milliseconds). In addition, the process of STA measuring and identifying neighbor candidate APs should not impact the performance of the ongoing service in any noticeable manner. 
     Therefore, there is a need to improve the efficiency of the passive scanning mode to enable use of the passive scanning mode while guaranteeing service continuity and seamless handover, especially for VoIP. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present invention includes methods, signaling mechanisms, and timing information regarding transmission intervals and schedules of neighbor candidate APs. The AP sends timing information about the neighbor candidate APs to the STA, then the STA can use the timing information to schedule its tuning to the target frequency and execute identification and measurement of the target AP in a minimum amount of time. 
     Timing information on neighbor candidate APs can be sent to STAs using broadcast/multicast-type frames (for example included in a beacon frame) or unicast type Medium Access Control (MAC) frames. Furthermore, information elements (IE) containing timing information can be sent in MAC management frames or can be piggybacked onto MAC control or data frames. 
     A method for neighbor scanning in a WLAN having a STA, a first AP to which the STA is associated, and a second AP begins by generating timing information regarding a beacon signal sent by the second AP. The timing information is reported from the first AP to the STA. The STA schedules a time, based on the timing information, to listen for the beacon signal transmitted by the second AP. 
     A system for neighbor scanning in a WLAN includes a STA, a first AP to which the STA is associated, and a second AP. The STA includes a first timing information device, a scheduling device configured to receive timing information from the first timing information device, and a receiver for receiving communication signals and capable of being controlled by the scheduling device. The first AP includes a second timing information device, which sends timing information to the first timing information device in the STA. The second AP includes a beacon transmission device for transmitting a beacon signal, wherein the timing information relates to the beacon signal. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       A more detailed understanding of the invention may be had from the following description of a preferred embodiment, given by way of example, and to be understood in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is a flow diagram of a method for communicating timing information between a STA, an AP associated to the STA, and a candidate AP; 
         FIG. 2  is a diagram illustrating the timing for scanning one candidate AP; 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating the timing for scanning N channels; and 
         FIG. 4  is a diagram of a system for communicating timing information between a STA, an AP to which the STA is associated, and a candidate AP. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Hereafter, the term “station” (STA) includes, but is not limited to, a wireless transmit/receive unit, a user equipment, a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a pager, or any other type of device capable of operating in a wireless environment. When referred to hereafter, the term “access point” (AP) includes, but is not limited to, a base station, a Node B, a site controller, or any other type of interfacing device in a wireless environment. 
     The present invention includes methods where timing information regarding transmission intervals of neighbor candidate APs, typically beacon frame transmit times, are sent to a STA to improve the efficiency of the passive scanning mode. 
     The AP sends timing information about the neighbor candidate APs to the STA. The STA then can use the timing information to schedule its tuning to the target frequency and execute identification and measurement of the target AP in a minimum amount of time. 
       FIG. 1  is a flow diagram of a method  100  for communicating timing information between a STA  102 , an AP (AP 1 )  104  to which the STA  102  is associated, and a candidate AP (AP 2 )  106 . As optional first steps, the STA  102  requests timing information for the candidate AP 2   106  from AP 1   104  (step  110 ), which then requests timing information from AP 2   106  (step  112 ). AP 2   106  reports its timing information to AP 1  (step  114 ). This step is required only if AP 1  has not already obtained AP 2 &#39;s timing information beforehand; there are additional means for AP 1  to obtain the timing information (discussed below). AP 1  reports the timing information for AP 2  to the STA  102  (step  116 ). The STA  102  then schedules time to tune to AP 2 &#39;s frequency to hear AP 2 &#39;s beacon (step  118 ). 
     Timing information of neighbor candidate APs can include, for example: beacon intervals (the periodicity of occurrence of beacon frames), a targeted beacon frame transmit time, or contention-free and contention-based periods. Timing information about a neighbor candidate AP can be communicated to the STA in form of an absolute time reference (e.g., a time stamp such as, “neighbor beacon frame will occur at time xyz”), or a relative time difference to a known reference (such as indicating the number of time units difference from the frame where the timing information was sent from AP 1  to the STA or from AP 1 &#39;s previous or current beacon frame). 
     Because the timing of the transmission of the next beacon frame is not known to a precision of more than a few milliseconds due to the requirement for devices to wait for the end of any on-going transmission/reception before transmitting a beacon, the AP signals to the STA an interval of time for the estimated reception (or equivalently, a target time plus an uncertainty margin). 
     Timing information supplied to STAs can always be supplemented by uncertainty periods, or by a specified rule allowing the STA to derive the timing information and/or the uncertainty period. Generally, the current AP would not only inform the STA that the beacon frame of the candidate AP will occur N time units earlier than the current AP&#39;s beacon frame, but would also inform the STA that, due to uncertainties, the beacon frame of the candidate AP will occur within M time units before and L time units after the indicated time or time interval. Another possibility is that the uncertainty period, instead of being specified every time the AP provides timing information, is signaled separately (through the beacon, for example) or is a specified fixed value. Both of these approaches would save signaling bandwidth. 
     Timing information on neighbor candidate APs can be sent to STAs using solicited and/or unsolicited broadcast/multicast-type frames (for example, included in a beacon frame), or solicited and/or unsolicited unicast-type MAC frames (for example, in Association Response frames, Reassociation Response frames, or Probe Response frames). Information elements (IEs) containing timing information can be sent in (or as part of) MAC management frames or can be piggybacked onto MAC control or data frames. Communicating timing information to STAs can also include using inter-layer service primitives (such as MAC⇄physical layer (PHY)⇄STA management entity (SME)) to initiate, confirm, and report on actions, including sending MAC signaling frames, measurement actions, etc. 
     The timing information of neighbor candidate APs can be generated in a particular AP by several methods, including: the AP uses network side signaling to retrieve timing information of neighboring APs, the AP uses its own measurements of neighbor APs, the AP uses reports from STA measurements, or the AP uses a generic timing device on the network. 
     In network side signaling, the APs exchange information about the transmission time of their beacons through the distribution system connecting the APs together. There are several possible implementations for network side signaling, such as: an AP broadcasts information about the timing of its beacon transmissions to all APs over the distribution system, or an AP requests beacon timing information from another AP which responds through the distribution system. Alternatively, the AP can query a network timing database, such as advantageously realized as part of a central remote or local network management entity to obtain current timing information about its neighboring APs. 
     When the AP uses its own measurements of neighbor APs, the measuring AP listens to the beacons of other APs and measures the transmission time of the beacons. Based on the beacon transmission interval, the measuring AP can infer approximate future transmission times. This method is useful when neighboring APs use the same frequency channel as the measuring AP. Otherwise, this method would require the measuring AP to tune to other frequency channels from time to time so that it can listen to the beacons, which is a less attractive solution. 
     For the AP to use reports from STA measurements, STAs report to the coordinating AP the time(s) at which they heard a beacon from neighboring AP(s) along with beacon transmission intervals, the identity of the neighboring APs, and a timestamp of the neighboring AP. The coordinating AP can use this combination of absolute and relative time references to derive the timing information. The coordinating AP stores this information in memory and infers approximate future transmission times of the beacon for these APs. 
     When a STA enters a BSS, it can set a flag in the Association Request frame, in the Reassociation Request frame, or in the Probe Request frame. The flag is used to indicate that the STA wants to receive a neighbor report element in the corresponding Association Response frame, Reassociation Response frame, or Probe Response frame. The flag can be implemented in various ways, for example as a simple bit flag or as an IE containing multiple values indicating the type of information the STA desires to retrieve from the AP. The neighbor report element can include a timing synchronization function (TSF) information field, which includes a TSF offset value and a beacon interval value for the neighbor AP. The TSF offset value is expressed in timing units (TUs), which are for example and without loss of generality one microsecond in length, and is the timing offset between the coordinating AP and the neighbor AP expressed in TUs relative to the coordinating AP. The beacon interval value can in one advantageous embodiment and without loss of generality be expressed as a target beacon transmission time (TBTT), which has a typical default value of 100 ms. 
     Timing information regarding neighbor candidate APs can be stored, accessed, or configured in an AP management information base (MIB). The MIB may be either a MAC layer MIB or a PHY layer MIB. 
     Two scenarios are shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 . In  FIG. 2 , when the STA knows the approximate time of arrival of the beacon frame for the neighbor candidate AP, the scanning time during which a STA needs to dwell on a given frequency to hear a particular AP is typically around several milliseconds if the timing information is known, down from one full beacon interval (typically 100 ms), if the timing information is not known. 
     In  FIG. 3 , the gain of the proposed method when scanning several APs on different frequencies is illustrated. Typically, when using timing information, the STA can establish a schedule based on the occurrence of the beacon frames and measure all of them in a single or few number of beacon intervals, whereas it would require several beacon intervals if timing information was not used. The “uncertainty interval” shown in  FIG. 3  refers to the uncertainty regarding the exact time of transmission of the beacon due to the need to defer to other transmissions. 
     The methods described above are applicable to IEEE 802.11-based WLANs, and in particular to WLANs based on: 802.11r (Fast BSS Transmission), 802.11s (Extended Service Set (ESS) Mesh), 802.11k Radio Resource Measurement, and 802.11n (High-Throughput WLAN). The methods are also applicable to other wireless network types. 
       FIG. 4  is a diagram of a system  400  for communicating timing information between a STA  402 , an AP (AP 1 )  404  to which the STA  402  is associated, and a candidate AP (AP 2 )  406 . The system  400  can be used when timing information is passed from AP 2  to AP 1  via the distribution network. The STA  402  includes a timing information device  410 , a scheduling device  412 , a receiver  414 , and an antenna  416 . AP 1   404  includes a timing information device  420 . AP 2  includes a timing information device  430 , a beacon transmission device  432 , and an antenna  434 . 
     The system  400  operates as follows. As an optional step, STA  402  requests timing information about AP 2   406  by sending a request from timing information device  410  to the timing information device  420  at AP 1   404 . AP 1   404  receives the timing information regarding AP 2   406  through timing information device  420  and timing information device  430 , respectively. As described above in connection with  FIG. 1 , AP 1   404  can receive the timing information regarding AP 2   406  in a variety of ways. 
     In AP 2   406 , the beacon transmission device  432  transmits its beacon via antenna  434  and communicates the timing information for transmitting the beacon to the timing information device  430 . The timing information is sent from the timing information device  430  to the timing information device  420  in AP 1   404 . AP 1   404  sends the timing information for AP 2   406  from the timing information device  420  to the timing information device  410  in the STA  402 . 
     Once the STA  402  receives the timing information for AP 2   406 , the timing information is passed from the timing information device  410  to the scheduling device  412 . The scheduling device  412  determines when the STA  402  will adjust its receiver  414  to scan and receive the beacon transmission from AP 2   406 . 
     Although the features and elements of the present invention are described in the preferred embodiments in particular combinations, each feature or element can be used alone (without the other features and elements of the preferred embodiments) or in various combinations with or without other features and elements of the present invention.