Abstract:
A semiconductor laser diode array including a plurality of laser diode bars, each carried by a submount and forming a subassembly. Each subassembly is separated by a flexible or compliant electrically conductive spacer. All connections within the array are by way of a non-fluxed solder, that may be hard and/or soft, reflowed in a non-oxidizing atmosphere in a simple mechanical stack fixture to create nearly void-free solder joints with relatively high thermal integrity and electrical conductivity. Flexible electrically conductive spacers are disposed between the subassemblies to eliminate tensile stress on the laser diode bars while providing electrical conductivity between subassemblies. The subassemblies are carried by a thermally conductive dielectric substrate, allowing waste heat generated from the bars to be conducted to a cooling device. The invention eliminates known failure modes in interconnections, minimizing tensile strength on the diode arrays, and increasing the useful life of the array.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0002]    The present invention relates to a semiconductor laser diode array and more particularly to a semiconductor laser diode array which includes a plurality of semiconductor laser diodes separated by electrically conductive flexible or compliant spacers which minimizes tensile stress on the semiconductor laser diodes and in which connections are electrically connected by way of non-fluxed solders, hard and/or soft, such as eutectic solder, to eliminate various failure modes of known semiconductor diode laser arrays.  
           [0003]    2. Description of the Prior Art  
           [0004]    Semiconductor diode laser arrays are known in the art. Such semiconductor laser diode arrays are used in various applications including optical pumping of Nd: YAG slabs of lasing material used to form, for example, zig-zag optical amplifiers. Examples of such optical amplifiers are disclosed in commonly-owned U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,555,254; 5,646,773; 6,094,297 and 6,178,040. Such semiconductor diode laser arrays are used to optically excite the slabs to a relatively high-energy metastable state.  
           [0005]    Such semiconductor diode laser arrays normally include a plurality of individual semiconductor laser diodes, commonly referred to as laser diode bars, which are electrically connected together and aligned so that the light path of each of the individual semiconductor laser diode bars is parallel. The laser diode bars are mounted to a thermally conductive substrate, such as a beryllium oxide BeO substrate. The substrate is used to conduct waste heat from the individual laser diode bars. The substrate, in turn, may be mounted to a microchannel, pin-fin, or labrynth type cooler for further cooling. Examples of such semiconductor diode laser arrays are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,040,187; 5,099,488; 5,305,304; 5,394,426; 5,438,580 and 5,835,518. Such semiconductor laser diode arrays are also disclosed in commonly-owned U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,748,654 and 6,208,677, hereby incorporated by reference.  
           [0006]    Such laser diode bars are normally formed in a rectangular bar shape from various semiconductor materials such as GaAs, AlGa, As and InP semiconductor materials. Electrodes are normally formed on opposing longitudinal edges to allow such laser diode bars to be connected to an external source of electrical power. When such semiconductor laser diodes are configured in an array, the individual laser diode bars are connected in series. One electrode on each end of the array is connected to an external source of electrical power.  
           [0007]    Various techniques are known for interconnecting the individual laser diode bars. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,040,187 discloses a substrate with a plurality of spaced apart parallel rectangular grooves. A continuous metallization pattern is formed from one end of the substrate to the other as well as in the walls of the grooves. The width of the grooves is selected to be slightly smaller than the width of the individual laser bars. The substrate is flexed to spread out the grooves apart to enable the laser diode bars to be inserted therein. When the substrate returns to a normal position, the laser diode bars are firmly compressed within the grooves to provide a secure electrical connection between the electrodes on the laser diode bars and the metallization laser on the substrate. Unfortunately, when packaged such an arrangement may cause tensile stress on the laser diode bars which can cause damage.  
           [0008]    In order to avoid tensile stress on the laser diode bars, alternate methods for electrically interconnecting the laser diode bars have been developed. An example of such an interconnection method is illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,305,344. In particular, the &#39;344 patent discloses a substrate with a plurality of spaced apart generally parallel grooves. A soft solder layer is disposed in each of the grooves. The laser diode bars are disposed in the grooves. Electrical connection between the laser diode bars is by reflow of the solder layer within the grooves. Unfortunately, the interconnection method disclosed in the &#39;344 patent results in various known failure modes, such as degradation of the laser diode bar, solder creep onto bar and contamination of the laser diode bars. Other known failure modes include alloying, melting, vaporization and arcing which can lead to a catastrophic destruction of the laser diode bars forming the array. Thus, there is a need for a semiconductor laser diode array that is fabricated in such a manner to eliminate known failure modes associated with fluxed soft soldering interconnection methods while at the same time minimizing stress caused by packaging to prevent damage to the laser diode arrays during assembly.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0009]    The present invention relates to a semiconductor laser diode array which includes a plurality of laser diode bars. Each of the laser diode bars is carried by a submount forming a subassembly. Each subassembly is separated by a flexible, compliant, or expansion-matched electrically conductive spacer. All connections within the array are by way of a non-fluxed solder, hard and/or soft, reflowed in a non-oxidizing atmosphere in a simple mechanical stack fixture to create nearly void-free solder joints with relatively high thermal integrity and electrical conductivity. Flexible, compliant or expansion-matched electrically conductive spacers are disposed between the subassemblies to substantially eliminate the stress on the laser diode bars while providing electrical conductivity between subassemblies. The subassemblies are carried by a thermally conductive dielectric substrate, such as a beryllium oxide, BeO, substrate, which, in turn, allows waste heat generated from the laser diode bars to be conducted to a cooling device, such a backplane cooler. In addition to eliminating known failure modes of semiconductor laser diode arrays in the solder interconnection as well as minimizing a stress on the diode arrays, the semiconductor laser diode array in accordance with the present invention is relatively simple and thus relatively inexpensive to fabricate and results in a more reliable semiconductor laser diode array with a useful life relatively longer than known devices. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0010]    These and other advantages of the present invention will be readily understood with reference to the following specification and attached drawings wherein:  
         [0011]    [0011]FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor laser diode array in accordance with the present invention.  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a semiconductor laser diode array in accordance with the present invention at an intermediate fabrication step, shown in a fixture base.  
         [0013]    FIGS.  3 A- 3 C illustrate intermediate processing steps illustrating the use of solder preforms, hard and/or soft, attached to the Cu/W mount, flexible compliant or expansion matched spacer and copper electrode in accordance with one aspect of the invention.  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 4 is a plan view of the laser diode bar array in accordance with the present invention.  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 5 is a side elevational view of the semiconductor laser diode array illustrated in FIG. 4.  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 6 is an enlarged partial side view of the semiconductor laser diode array illustrated in FIG. 4  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a laser diode bar for use with the present invention.  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 8 is a front view of an exemplary flexible spacer for use with the present invention.  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 9 is a side view of the spacer illustrated in FIG. 8.  
         [0020]    FIGS.  10 A- 10 C represent an alternate embodiment of the semiconductor laser diode array in accordance with the present invention.  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 11 is detailed elevational view of the alternate embodiment illustrated in FIG. 10.  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 12 is another embodiment of the spacer having a U-shape. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0023]    The present invention relates to a semiconductor laser diode array which utilizes non-fluxed solder, hard and/or soft, such as eutectic solder, to form relatively void-free solder joints between various components of the semiconductor laser diode array with relatively high thermal integrity and electrical conductivity. The term “hard solders” is well known and is generally understood to include solders that are harder than soft solders, such as 80 Au/20 Sn, m.p. 278° C., or 88 Qu/12 Ge, m.p. 361° C. The term “soft solders” is also a well known term and is generally understood to include solders with lower melting points and comprised of Pb, Sn and Ag, such as Sn 96: 4% Ag, balance Sn, m.p. 221° C. or Sn 63: 63% Sn, 36% Pb, m.p. 183° C. As such, the use of non-fluxed hard and/or soft solder joints virtually eliminates many known failure modes associated with semiconductor laser diode arrays in which interconnection between components are made by way of fluxed soft solder. In order to minimize tensile stress between the various laser diode bars forming the array, electrically conductive flexible, compliant, or expansion-matched spacers are used. As will be discussed in more detail below, another important aspect of the invention is its relative simplicity which enables the semiconductor laser diode arrays to be fabricated relatively inexpensively from commonly available or easily manufactured components.  
         [0024]    Turning to the drawings and in particular to FIG. 1, a first embodiment of a semiconductor laser diode array in accordance with the present invention is illustrated. The semiconductor laser diode array, generally identified with the reference numeral  20 , includes a plurality of submounts  22 , formed from an electrically conductive and thermally conductive material. As shown, the semiconductor laser diode array  20  includes four laser diode bars, generally identified with the reference numeral  24 . As shown in FIG. 1, each of the laser diode bars  24  is carried and electrically connected along one surface to a submount  22  forming a subassembly. In order to reduce stress between the subassemblies, flexible, compliant, or expansion-matched spacers  28  are disposed between each of the subassemblies. The spacers  28  are flexible, compliant or expansion-matched and formed from an electrically conductive material. As shown, the spacer  28  is shown as a foil tube formed from a soft ductile material that is preferably non-oxidizing in air, such as gold, Au, or other precious metals. An additional submount  30  as well as an additional spacer  32  may be provided on the end of the array  20  so that the length of the array matches the length of commercially available backplane coolers.  
         [0025]    In accordance with an important aspect of the invention, electrical connection among the various components in the array  20  are by way of a non-fluxed solder, hard and/or soft, such as 80 Au/20 Sn or Sn 96 or other soft eutectic solders. The solder is formed as preforms, generally identified with the reference numerals  26 ,  36 , and  57 . Such solder preforms are commonly available, for example, from Coining Corporation of America in Saddle Brook, N.J. As best shown in FIGS.  3 A- 3 C, the solder preforms may be initially rigidly attached to various components in the array  20 . For example, FIG. 3A illustrates a solder preform rigidly attached to a submount  22  or  30 , for example, by tack welding. The solder preforms  26 ,  36 , and  57  may also be attached to opposing sides of the compliant spacer  28  as shown in FIG. 3B.  
         [0026]    As shown in FIG. 1, the submounts  22 ,  30  on opposing ends of the array  20  are attached to electrodes  38 ,  40  for connection to an electrical circuit. The electrodes  38 ,  40  may be formed from Au-plated Cu covered with Kapton™ film and formed in generally L-shape. As shown in FIG. 3C, solder preforms may be rigidly attached each of the electrodes  38 ,  40 .  
         [0027]    In order to reduce the operating temperature of the array  20  generated by the laser diode bars  24 , each of the subassemblies are rigidly secured to a thermally conductive dielectric substrate  42 , for example, a beryllium oxide BeO substrate. Such BeO substrates are known to have a thermal conductivity of 200 watts/meter/° K. Other substrate materials are also suitable, such as silicon carbide which has a thermal conductivity of 270/280 watts/meter/° K.  
         [0028]    A metallized pattern (not shown) is formed on the substrate  42  by conventional photolithography techniques. The metallization patterns are used to provide a thermal conductivity path from the submounts  22 ,  30  to the backplane cooler  34 . As such, metallization patterns are formed on both sides of the substrate  42 . The solder preforms  36 , hard and/or soft, are disposed adjacent each of the submounts  22 ,  30  to provide a secure thermal connection between the submounts  22 ,  30  and the backplane cooler  34 . These hard and/or soft solder preforms  36  may either be rigidly attached to the substrate or alternatively to the submounts  22 ,  30  and/or the backplane cooler  34 .  
         [0029]    In order to optimize the electrical connection between the laser diode bars  24  and the compliant spacers  28 , pure gold, Au, is selected for the compliant spacer  28 . Pure gold is soft and ductile and does not oxidize in air which eliminates the need for flux and optimizes the electrical contact. The use of the nonfluxed solder, hard and/or soft, preforms eliminates the contamination from solder flux so that the solder preforms can be reflowed in a non-oxidizing environment, such as a nitrogen environment. In general, oxidizing materials other than gold, Au, require flux which can lead to corrosion and voids and alloying. The diode array  20  in accordance with the present invention may be heated in a nitrogen environment to cause reflow of the solder, 80 Au/20 Sn, for example, after vacuum degassing in a known manner. Various devices are available for use in reflowing of the solder, such as a 5C Linear Hotplate machine, available from SIKAMA Corporation in Santa Barbara, Calif., which includes a plurality of microprocessor-controlled hotplates in an inert or 10% H 2  reducing environment. The use of such a machine along with the solder preforms allow relatively precise control of the solder volume by way of microprocessor control of the temperature profiles. The use of such machines in the manner of controlling solder reflow is well known in the art.  
         [0030]    The configuration of the array  20  allows for a simple mechanical stack arrangement to be used for assembly as shown in FIG. 2. An exemplary fixture  44  for fabricating the array  20  is illustrated in FIG. 2. As shown, the fixture includes a generally L-shaped notch  46 . Initially, the solder preforms are rigidly secured to the various components of the array  20  in a manner as discussed above. The various subassemblies are essentially stacked in place as shown in FIG. 2. A weight  48  may be used to squeeze the various subassemblies together. After the array is formed in the fixture  44 , the array may be degassed and heated in the manner as discussed above to form a semiconductor laser diode array in accordance with the present invention.  
         [0031]    The principles of the present invention may be used to form a semiconductor laser diode array having various numbers of laser diode bars  24 . For example, FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment which includes four laser diode bars  24  which emit light in a path or direction generally parallel with the arrow  49 . However, the principles of the present invention are applicable to diode arrays having fewer or more laser diode bars  24 . For example, FIGS.  4 - 6  illustrate an embodiment of a semiconductor laser diode array  50  having twelve laser diode bars  24 .  
         [0032]    An exemplary laser diode bar  24  is illustrated in FIG. 7. Such laser diode bars are generally known in the art and are commercially available, for example, from the Coherent Laser Group of Santa Clara, Calif. The laser diode bars have a thin internal epitaxial layer  51  shown as a dashed line in FIG. 7. The outer or near surface  53  of the layer  51  is known as the p surface of the bar. The epitaxial layer  51  is grown on semiconductor material which has an n surface  55  parallel to and opposed to the p surface  53 . The dimension of the laser diode bar  24  is illustrated in FIG. 7. In accordance with the present invention, a hard solder preform  26  is disposed adjacent the p surface  53  and a soft solder preform  57  is disposed adjacent the n surface  55 . Commercially laser diode bars  24  are preferably provided with a gold-plated interface for connection to the compliant spacers  28 . Various diode bars having various characteristics are suitable for use with the present invention. Exemplary characteristics for the laser diode bar  24  are as follows: wavelength 808 nanometers±3 nanometers; 20% duty cycle; 250: SEC; 70 watts power; 90% fill factor; 1,000 micron cavity depth; 1 centimeter length and 135 micron wafer thickness, cleaved out of a GaAs wafer.  
         [0033]    The submounts  22 , as mentioned above, are formed from an electrically and thermally conductive materials. For example, copper tungsten CuW submounts, for example 0.625 inches×0.08 inches×0.3937 inches, available from Ametek Corporation in Wallingford Conn. are suitable. These submounts are formed from a 10% composition of copper Cu and a 90% composition of tungsten W. Alternatively, the submounts  22  may be formed from copper molybdenum (15% Cu/85% Mo.).  
         [0034]    As shown in FIG. 1, the submount  22  may be formed with a step to make assembly easier. As mentioned above, submounts, such as the submount  30  (FIG. 1) used on the end of the array are formed in a generally rectangular shape. In addition, as will be discussed in more detail below rectangular submounts can also be used in embodiments, such as the alternate embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 10 and 11, which are discussed in detail below.  
         [0035]    The preforms  26 ,  36 , and  57  are formed as metallic foils of solder, hard and/or soft, material, such 80 Au/20 Sn, or Sn 96 available from Coining Corporation of America in Saddle Brook, N.J. Other hard or soft solder or so-called eutectic materials are also suitable for use with the present invention.  
         [0036]    Various embodiments of the flexible, compliant, or expansion-matched spacer are contemplated. For example, as shown in FIGS. 1, 8 and  9 , a hollow tube of a non-oxidizing material, such as gold, Au, may be used. As mentioned above, the compliant spacer  28  is formed from pure gold which is soft ductile material and does not oxidize in air. The hollow shape allows the compliant spacer  28  to decouple stress from the laser diode bars  24 . Alternatively, the compliant spacer can be made in other shapes such as a U-shape. The use of a U-shape requires two bends in a foil material instead of forming a tube, or machining a slot  61  in the spacer  28 , as shown in FIG. 12.  
         [0037]    For example, the compliant spacer can be electro-formed in copper or gold on an aluminum mandrel. After the copper is electro-formed, the Al mandrel can be etched away and the copper gold plated, or pure gold can be electro-formed.  
         [0038]    [0038]FIGS. 10 and 11 illustrate an alternate embodiment of the invention and identified generally with the reference numeral  51 . In this embodiment, like components are identified with the same reference numeral as the first embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1. The major difference in this embodiment is the use of rectangular submounts  52 . In this embodiment, an alumina spacer  54  having essentially the same width as the laser diode bar  24  is disposed on the backside of the laser diode bar  24  to the assembly. The alumina spacer  54  may be provided with an angled end surface as shown to provide an air space  56  below the laser diode bar  24 . Alternatively, an alumina spacer bar may simply be cut with a notch for the laser diode bar  24  (not shown).  
         [0039]    In this embodiment, solder, hard and/or soft, preforms are used to connect the various components together as in the embodiment as illustrated in FIG. 1. However, in the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 10 and 11 the length of the preform disposed adjacent to the laser diode bar  24  and alumina spacer  54  is selected to be equal to the length of the submount  52  since both the alumina spacer  54  and laser diode bar  24  must be connected.  
         [0040]    Obviously, many modification and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. For example, thus, it is to be understood that, within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described above.  
         [0041]    What is claimed and desired to be secured by Letters Patent of the United States is: