Abstract:
Data is commonly stored in multidimensional arrays. Users and computer applications may request or interact with the data objects. As larger amounts of data are stored, the resources used to maintain and manipulate the data increase. An effective way to manage resources is to operate on an index of ranges that identify selected data within a multidimensional array. The index of ranges is associated with only a subset of data objects, instead of the entire multidimensional array. A range may comprise multiple dimensions (e.g. row and column) that are indexed by start and end indexes. Using the index of ranges to access data is efficient because the index of ranges is kept in sorted order, allowing for a binary search for locating and accessing specified data within the multidimensional array. The index of ranges is updated to reflect operations within the multidimensional array, such as, selecting new data or removing data, for example.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     Computer systems often represent data as multidimensional data. For example, spreadsheets, tables, data grids, data bases, and other computer structures manage data in multidimensional arrays. Managing data in a multidimensional array often involves storing each object of the multidimensional array. This allows users or computer applications to locate and access the objects within the multidimensional array. An example is a spreadsheet comprising cells. A computer application may search each stored cell to find a specific cell. Another example is when a user or computer application applies various actions to the objects such as rendering the objects, inserting new objects, determine if an object exists within the stored array, or enumerating the objects of the multidimensional array. These actions require locating and accessing the objects. As the amount of multidimensional data increase, the resources needed to store, locate, and perform actions on the data increase. This scenario does not scale well as the number of dimensions increase. 
     SUMMARY 
     This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key factors or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter. 
     This disclosure relates to identifying a set of selected objects within a multidimensional array. The set of selected objects may be cells within a spreadsheet having a red background, user selected cells, currently visible cells, or any other designation of a set of selected objects. Users or computer applications many times request objects or perform operations on objects within a multidimensional array. These requests are efficiently performed by managing a sorted index of ranges, representing a subset of the entire multidimensional array data. The index of ranges identifies (e.g. addresses, coordinates, etc.) a set of selected objects within the multidimensional array. One possible format for specifying the index of ranges is to designate a start index and an end index of a dimension (e.g. a row range comprising a start row index and an end row index). This format may be extrapolated to any number of dimensions (e.g. row range comprising a column range). 
     The index of ranges is maintained in a sorted order, thus allowing a binary search to be performed to efficiently locate and access objects. For example, a computer application may check to see if a specific cell within a spreadsheet is selected (e.g. highlighted). A binary search is performed to determine whether the selected cell is within the index of ranges (the cell is specified). This provides an efficient manner of locating and accessing objects because only a subset of an entire multidimensional array is searched and the index of ranges are sorted allowing for a binary search. The index of ranges is associated with the multidimensional array and is updated depending on operation performed on the array (e.g. selecting new cells, deselecting cells, inserting cells, etc.). 
     To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the following description and annexed drawings set forth certain illustrative aspects and implementations. These are indicative of but a few of the various ways in which one or more aspects may be employed. Other aspects, advantages, and novel features of the disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the annexed drawings. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is an illustration of indentifying a multidimensional array by specifying one dimensional range; 
         FIG. 2  is an illustration of indentifying a multidimensional array by specifying two dimensional ranges; 
         FIG. 3  is an illustration of identifying a multidimensional array by specifying three dimensional ranges; 
         FIG. 4  is a flow diagram illustrating an exemplary method for identifying a set of selected objects in a multidimensional array; 
         FIG. 5  is an illustration of a system configured to identify a first set of selected objects and a second set of selected objects within a multidimensional array; 
         FIG. 6  is an illustration of a system configured to identify within a multidimensional array a set of selected objects; 
         FIG. 7  is an illustration of a system configured to identify within a spreadsheet a set of selected cells before a scroll operation, and a set of new selected cells after the scroll operation; 
         FIG. 8  is an illustration of a system configured to identify within a multidimensional array a set of selected objects before an insertion operation of selected cells, and a set of new selected cells after the insertion operation. 
         FIG. 9  is an illustration of a system configured to identify within a multidimensional array a set of selected objects before an insertion operation of overlapping selected cells, and a set of new selected cells after the insertion. 
         FIG. 10  is an illustration of a system configured to identify within a multidimensional array a set of selected objects before a deselection operation, and a set of new selected cells after the deselection operation. 
         FIG. 11  is an illustration of a system configured to identify within a multidimensional array a set of selected cells and enumerate the set of selected cells. 
         FIG. 12  is an illustration of a system configured to identify within a multidimensional array a set of selected cells and query the set of selected cells to determine if a cell is comprised within the set of selected cells. 
         FIG. 13  is an illustration of an exemplary computer-readable medium comprising processor-executable instructions configured to embody one or more of the provisions set forth herein. 
         FIG. 14  illustrates an exemplary computing environment wherein one or more of the provisions set forth herein may be implemented. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The claimed subject matter is now described with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the claimed subject matter. It may be evident, however, that the claimed subject matter may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to facilitate describing the claimed subject matter. 
     Data is often stored and managed within multidimensional arrays (e.g. tables, spreadsheets, arrays, databases, etc.). Multidimensional arrays may comprise of one-dimension, two-dimensions, or any number of dimensions. When the amount of data that is associated within a multidimensional array increases, the resources needed to store the data increase and the time needed to manipulate the data becomes increasingly slower. The performance issues become more significant when data is associated in a greater number of dimensions. For example, performance issues may be acceptable for one-dimensional data (e.g. ListBox), but performance issues increase when scaling to two-dimensional data (e.g. DataGrid). 
     These performance issues, such as increased memory storage, may occur when every object, including empty cells, within a multidimensional array is maintained. A user or a computer application that interacts (e.g. insert cells, remove cells, select cells, locate cells, enumerate cells, etc.) with objects in a multidimensional array may experience decreased performance because the entire set of objects may be searched to locate and provide access to the objects. For example, when a website renders a table (e.g. a DataGrid), the table may determine what cells a user selected. The table searches the entire collection of cells within the table to determine if a cell is selected. The table is rendered with the selected cells shaded grey. As more cells are associated with the table, the time to render the table is increased because the table searches and interacts with more cells. 
     Data within a multidimensional array may be represented as a set of objects or cells. One method to mitigate performance issues when interacting with a large amount of multidimensional data is to store references (e.g. addresses, indexed rows, indexed columns, etc.) of a subset of selected objects within the multidimensional array. Examples of a subset of selected cells within a spreadsheet are: cells that have the property of a red background; user selected cells; cells currently rendered within the spreadsheet; and cells that comprise a numerical value. 
     One implementation of a method for storing references to a subset of selected objects within a multidimensional array is a data structure that stores the address of the subset of selected objects in indexed ranges sorted by row and then by column. Performance may increase by keeping the indexed ranges sorted. Objects can be located and accessed using fewer resources because a binary search may be performed on the sorted indexed ranges. A binary search may mitigate the time needed to locate an object by searching first by the row index and then by column index. Performance may also increase because the search comprises the subset of selected objects (not the entire multidimensional array). 
     The data structure also adds, removes, or modifies indexed ranges to reflect a change of selected objects within the multidimensional array. For example, if a user performs an operation that adds selected objects to the multidimensional array, the data structure updates the indexed ranges to store a set of ranges, in sorted order, corresponding to the new select objects. The data structure may merge overlapping ranges, split ranges, perform intersection operations, or perform compliment operations to the indexed ranges to optimize and maintain a sorted order of the indexed ranges. 
     An example of a merge operation is a data structure that stores selected objects within in a two-dimensional array (this example may be extrapolated to any number of dimensions) as row ranges and column ranges. The data structure may contain 2 ranges: Row 1 &lt;start 1 ,end 1 ,column ranges 1 &gt;and Row 2 &lt;start 2 ,end 2 ,column ranges 2 &gt;. The merge is performed when the value of end 1  plus 1 is equal to end 2 , and column ranges 1  is equal to column ranges 2 . The resulting range is Row 3 &lt;start 1 ,end 2 ,column ranges 1 &gt;(Row 3  replaces Row 1  and Row 2 ). The range Row 3  is sorted. 
     Another feature of the data structure is the ability to efficiently query or enumerate the selected objects within the indexed ranges because the indexed ranges are sorted. An example of the data structure enumeration is when selected objects are copied into a clipboard (storage space for copied data). The data structure enumerates the selected objects by column ranges (left to right) and then by row ranges (top to bottom). Because the data structure maintains ranges (e.g. column range, row range, a third dimension range, etc.) in sorted order, the enumeration does not need additional operations, such as, search or sort. 
       FIG. 1 ,  FIG. 2 , and  FIG. 3  illustrate different methods for indexing a three-dimensional array by at least one dimension range. This method can be extrapolated to any set of dimensions.  FIG. 1  illustrates a three-dimensional array  100  with an X range  102 , Y range  104 , and Z range  106 . The three-dimensional array  100  is indexed by the X range  108 .  FIG. 2  illustrates a three-dimensional array  110  with an X range  112 , Y range  114 , and Z range  116 . The three-dimensional array  110  is indexed by the X range and Y range  118 .  FIG. 3  illustrates a three-dimensional array  120  with an X range  122 , Y range  124 , and Z range  126 . The three-dimensional array  120  is indexed by the X range, Y range, and Z range  128 . 
     One embodiment of indentifying a set of selected objects in a multidimensional array is illustrated by an exemplary method  140  in  FIG. 4 . At  142  the method begins. At  144 , at least one selection specifier, specifying at least one range of selected objects within the multidimensional array, is created. The range of selected objects may comprise at least one dimensional interval (e.g. row, column, axis, etc.) with a start index and an end index of the dimension. An example of specifying at least one range of selected objects within a two-dimensional array is a selection specifier comprising a first dimension range object (row range). The first dimension range object comprises a first dimension start index (row start index), a first dimension end index (row end index), and at least one second dimension range object (column range). The second dimension range object may comprise a second dimension start index (column start index) and a second dimension end index (column end index). An example format for the range is Row(start index, end index, &lt;Col(start index, end index)&gt;). At,  146  the at least one selection specifier is associated with the multidimensional array. The selection specifier may be associated with the multidimensional array by responding to operations (insert cells, remove cells, render cells, enumerate cells, etc.) within the multidimensional array. The selection specifier may add, remove, merge, split, update, or sort the range of selected objects to correspond a set of selected objects (after the operation changes the set of selected objects) within the multidimensional array. The method ends at  148 . 
       FIG. 5  illustrates an example of a system  160  configured to indentify a first set of selected objects  164  and a second set of selected objects  166  within a multidimensional array  162 . The multidimensional array  162  is two-dimensional, but can be extrapolated to any set of dimensions (such as illustrated in the three-dimensional illustration of  FIG. 1-3 ). Both sets of selected objects may be defined as user selected objects, objects associated together (e.g. red cells, rendered cells, cells containing formulas), or any other method of defining a set of selected objects. 
     A first selection specifier  168  comprises a first black cells range  170  and a second black cells range  172 . The first black cells range  170  and the second black cells range  172  identifies the set of selected black cells (selected objects)  164 . The first black cells range  170  indentifies the black cells starting at row  8  and ending at row  8 , which start at column  2  and end at column  6  (start row index of 8, end row index of 9, start column index of 2, and end column index of 6). The second black cells range  172  identifies the black cells starting at row  9  and ending at row  10 , which start at column  2  and end at column  3  The second black cells range  172  also identifies black cells starting at row  9  and ending at row  10 , which start at column  6  and end at column  6 . The second black cells range  171  comprises a start row index of 9, and end row index of 10, a start column index of 2, and end column index of 3, a second start column index of 6, and a second end column index of 6. 
     A second selection specifier  174  comprises a stripped cells range  176 . The stripped cells range  176  identifies the set of stripped cells (selected objects)  166 . The stripped cells range  176  indentifies the stripped cells starting at row  3  and ending at row  5 , which start at column  1  and end at column  3  (start row index of 3, end row index of 3, start column index of 1, and end column index of 3). The first selection specifier  168  and the second selection specifier  174  maintain the ranges in sorted order by a sort criterion (e.g. ascending order by starting row index, then within each row, ascending order by start column index). 
       FIG. 6  illustrates an example of a system  180  configured to identify a set of selected objects  184  within a multidimensional array  182 . The multidimensional array  182  is two-dimensional, but can be extrapolated to any set of dimensions (such as illustrated in the three-dimensional illustration of  FIG. 1-3 ). The set of selected objects  184  comprises the characters: A, B, R, F, T, X. A selection specifier  186  indentifies the set of selected objects  184  by specifying two ranges  188 , Row( 8 , 9 ,&lt;Col( 2 , 3 )&gt;) and Row( 10 , 10 ,&lt;Col( 3 , 4 )&gt;). The two ranges  188  are sorted by ascending order of start row index, then within each row, ascending order of start column index. The two ranges  188  indentify the address of each object (characters) within the set of selected objects  184 . Locating or performing operations on objects within the set of selected objects  184  are efficiently accomplished through a binary search. The binary search searches within the two ranges  188 , instead of searching the entire multidimensional array  182 . 
       FIG. 7  illustrates an example of a system  200  configured to indentify within a spreadsheet  220  an original set of selected cells  202  before a user  208  performs a scroll operation  218 , and identify a set of new selected cells  212  after the scroll operation  218 . The spreadsheet  220  is two-dimensional, but can be extrapolated to any set of dimensions (such as illustrated in the three-dimensional illustration of  FIG. 1-3 ). 
     A selection specifier  204  (original) specifies an original range  206  of the original set of selected cells  202  within the spreadsheet  220 . The original range  206  comprises references (e.g. addresses) indexed by row and column to the original set of selected cells  202 . The selection specifier  204  comprises an updating component  222  configured to detect operations (e.g. scrolling, inserting cells, removing cells, rendering cells, etc.) within the spreadsheet  220 . An updating component may be configured to receive an operation; identify a set of new selected objects within a multidimensional array; and update a selection specifier with at least one range of the set of new selected objects. The updating component  222  comprises a range removing interface  210  and a range adding interface  216 . A range removing interface removes ranges from a selection specifier when objects are deselected (removed) from a multidimensional array. A range adding interface adds ranges to a selection specifier when new objects are selected (inserted) within a multidimensional array. 
     In the example of system  200 , the updating component  222  detects and receives the scrolling operation  218  within the spreadsheet  220  by the user  208 . The updating component detects that the set of new selected cells  212  is selected. The updating component  222  updates the selection specifier  204  (after operation) by means of the range removing interface  210  and the range adding interface  216 . The original set selected cells  202  are not rendered within the spreadsheet  220  (therefore are deselected within the spreadsheet) after the scrolling operation  218  occurs. The range removing interface  210  removes from the selection specifier  204  the original set of selected cells  202 . The range adding interface  216  adds the set of new ranges  214  (corresponding to the set of new selected cells) into the selection specifier  204 . The set of new selected cells  212  are rendered (selected) within the spreadsheet  220  after the scrolling operation  218  occurs. The selection specifier  204  (after operation) now comprises a set of new ranges  214  that indentify the set of new selected cells  212  within the spreadsheet  220 . 
       FIG. 8  illustrates an example of a system  230  configured to identify within a multidimensional array  254  an original set of selected cells  232  before an insertion operation  240  of a set of operated on cells  234 , and a set of new selected cells  256  after the insertion operation  240 . The multidimensional array  254  is two-dimensional, but can be extrapolated to any set of dimensions (such as illustrated in the three-dimensional illustration of  FIG. 1-3 ). 
     A selection specifier  236  (original) specifies an original range  242  of the original set of selected cells  232  within the multidimensional array  254 . The original range  242  comprises references (e.g. addresses) indexed by row and column to the original set of selected cells  232 . The selection specifier  236  comprises an updating component  250  configured to receive an operation; identify a set of new selected objects within a multidimensional array; and update a selection specifier with at least one range of the set of new selected objects. The updating component  250  comprises a range removing interface  252  and a range adding interface  248 . A range removing interface removes ranges from a selection specifier when objects are deselected (removed) from a multidimensional array. A range adding interface adds ranges to a selection specifier when new objects are selected (inserted) within a multidimensional array. 
     In the example of system  230 , the updating component  250  detects and receives an insert selected cells operation  240 . The updating component  250  identifies that a set of operated on cells  234  has been inserted into the multidimensional array  254 . The set of operated on cells  234  has an operated on cell range  244 . The updating component  250  updates the selection specifier  236  (after operation) by means of the range adding interface  248 . The range adding interface  248  receives the operated on cell range  244  and adds the operated on cell range  244  to the selection specifier  236  (after operation). The selection specifier  236  (after operation) now comprises a set of new ranges  246  that identifies the set of new selected cells  256  within the multidimensional array  254 . 
       FIG. 9  illustrates an example of a system  260  configured to identify within a multidimensional array  262  an original set of selected cells  270  before an insertion operation  264  (with overlap) of a set of operated on cells  268 , and a set of new selected cells  266  after the insertion operation  264 . The multidimensional array  262  is two-dimensional, but can be extrapolated to any set of dimensions (such as illustrated in the three-dimensional illustration of  FIG. 1-3 ). 
     A selection specifier  272  (original) specifies an original range  274  of the original set of selected cells  270  within the multidimensional array  262 . The selection specifier  272  comprises an updating component  280  configured to receive an operation; identify a set of new selected objects within a multidimensional array; and update a selection specifier with at least one range of the set of new selected objects. The updating component  280  comprises a range removing interface  282  and a range adding interface  284 . A range removing interface removes ranges from a selection specifier when objects are deselected (removed) from a multidimensional array. A range adding interface adds ranges to a selection specifier when new objects are selected (inserted) within a multidimensional array. 
     In the example of system  260 , the updating component  280  detects and receives an insert selected cells operation  264 . The updating component  280  identifies that the set of operated on cells  268  has been inserted (selected) into the multidimensional array  262 . The set of operated on cells  268  has an operated on cell range  276 . The operated on cell range  276  overlaps the original range  274  of the original set of selected cells  270 . The range adding interface  282  merges the appropriate ranges of the original range  274  with the operated on cell range  276  (there is an overlap of row  8  column  3  that creates a Row( 8 , 8 ,&lt;Col( 2 , 4 )&gt;), so that a set of new ranges  278  remains in sorted order. The range removing interface  284  splits the appropriate ranges of the original range  274  and the operated on cell range  276  (row  6  and row  7  now have separate column designations than row  10  and  11 , therefore two subselection ranges are created: Row( 6 , 7 &lt;Col( 3 , 4 )&gt;) and Row( 9 , 10 ,&lt;Col( 2 , 3 )&gt;)). The selection specifier  272  (after operation) now comprises the set of new ranges  278 , in sorted order, that identifies the set of new selected cells  266  within the multidimensional array  262 . 
       FIG. 10  illustrates an example of a system  300  configured to identify within a multidimensional array  302  an original set of selected cells before a deselection operation  306  (e.g. removing cells), and a set of new selected cells  304  after the deselection operation  306 . The multidimensional array  302  is two-dimensional, but can be extrapolated to any set of dimensions (such as illustrated in the three-dimensional illustration of  FIG. 1-3 ). 
     A selection specifier  308  (original) specifies an original range  310  of selected cells within the multidimensional array  302 . The selection specifier  308  comprises an updating component  312 . The updating component  312  comprises a range removing interface  314  and a range adding interface  316 . 
     In the example of system  300 , the updating component  312  detects and receives a deselected cells operation  306  (e.g. removing cells from the multidimensional array). The updating component  312  identifies an operated on cell range  320  of the deselected cells. The range removing interface  314  receives the operated on cell range  320  of the deselected cells and removes the corresponding operated on cell range  320  from the selection specifier  308 . The updating component  312  may merge ranges, split ranges, perform intersect operations, and/or perform compliment operations to maintain a set of new ranges  318  in sorted order. The selection specifier  308  (after operation) now comprises the set of new ranges  318  that identifies the set of new selected cells  304  within the multidimensional array  302 . 
       FIG. 11  illustrates an example of a system  400  configured to identify within a multidimensional array  402  a set of selected cells  404 . The system  400  is configured to enumerate the set of selected cells  404 . The multidimensional array  402  is two-dimensional, but can be extrapolated to any set of dimensions (such as illustrated in the three-dimensional illustration of  FIG. 1-3 ). 
     A multidimensional array store  410  (e.g. a data structure, memory addresses, array of cells, collection of cells, etc.) stores objects comprised within each cell of the multidimensional array  402 . A selection specifier  414  specifies a range  418  of selected cells  404  within the multidimensional array  402 . The selection specifier  414  comprises an enumerator component  406  configured to receive an enumeration request  408  and produce an enumeration  416  over the range  418  of the set of selected cells  404 . The enumeration  416  may return the address of each cell within the range  418 . The enumeration  416  may also return the object of each cell within the range  418 . 
     In the example of system  400 , the enumerator component  406  detects and receives an enumeration request  408 . The enumerator component  406  retrieves the objects (F,G,H,J) contained within the range  418  (addresses ( 8 , 2 )( 8 , 3 )( 9 , 2 )( 9 , 3 )) from the multidimensional array store  410 . The enumerator component  406  returns an enumeration  416  of the objects and addresses of the selected cells  404  in sorted order by row then column. 
       FIG. 12  illustrates an example of a system  500  configured to identify within a multidimensional array  502  a set of selected cells  504 . The system  500  is configured to query the set of selected cells  504  to determine if a cell is contained within the set of selected cells  504 . The multidimensional array  502  is two-dimensional, but can be extrapolated to any set of dimensions (such as illustrated in the three-dimensional illustration of  FIG. 1-3 ). 
     A multidimensional array store  510  (e.g. a data structure, memory addresses, array of cells, collection of cells, etc.) stores objects comprised within each cell of the multidimensional array  502 . A selection specifier  514  specifies a range  518  of selected cells  504  within the multidimensional array  502 . The selection specifier  514  comprises a query component  506  configured to receive a query request  508  (e.g. contains(x,y)) and determine whether the query cell ( 8 , 3 ) is contained within the range  518  of selected cells  504 . The query component  506  may return a value or any other identification (e.g. Boolean value) indicating if the query cell is contained within the range  518  of selected cells  504 . 
     In the example of system  500 , the query component  506  detects and receives a query request  508  from a computer application  512 . The query component  506  determines whether the cell address ( 8 , 3 ) is contained within the range  518  of selected cells  504 . The query component  506  determines ( 8 , 3 ) is within the range  518  and returns True  516  to the computer application  512 . One method the selection specifier can perform to make the query determination is by performing a binary search for 8 (x coordinate) by row ranges within the range  518 . If 8 (x coordinate) is found within the row ranges, then the selection specifier performs a binary search for 3 (y coordinate) by column ranges within the range  518 . This method illustrates a two-dimensional query determination, but can be extrapolated to any set of dimensions (such as illustrated in the three-dimensional illustration of  FIG. 1-3 ). 
     Still another embodiment involves a computer-readable medium comprising processor-executable instructions configured to implement one or more of the techniques presented herein. An exemplary computer-readable medium that may be devised in these ways is illustrated in  FIG. 12 , wherein the implementation  600  comprises a computer-readable medium  616  (e.g., a CD-R, DVD-R, or a platter of a hard disk drive), on which is encoded computer-readable data  610 . This computer-readable data  610  in turn comprises a set of computer instructions  612  configured to operate according to one or more of the principles set forth herein. In one such embodiment  600 , the processor-executable instructions  614  may be configured to perform a method, such as the exemplary method  140  of  FIG. 4 , for example. In another such embodiment, the processor-executable instructions  614  may be configured to implement a system, such as the exemplary system  160  of  FIG. 5 , for example. Many such computer-readable media may be devised by those of ordinary skill in the art that are configured to operate in accordance with the techniques presented herein. 
     Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims. 
     As used in this application, the terms “component,” “module,” “system”, “interface”, and the like are generally intended to refer to a computer-related entity, either hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. For example, a component may be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or a computer. By way of illustration, both an application running on a controller and the controller can be a component. One or more components may reside within a process and/or thread of execution and a component may be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers. 
     Furthermore, the claimed subject matter may be implemented as a method, apparatus, or article of manufacture using standard programming and/or engineering techniques to produce software, firmware, hardware, or any combination thereof to control a computer to implement the disclosed subject matter. The term “article of manufacture” as used herein is intended to encompass a computer program accessible from any computer-readable device, carrier, or media. Of course, those skilled in the art will recognize many modifications may be made to this configuration without departing from the scope or spirit of the claimed subject matter. 
       FIG. 14  and the following discussion provide a brief, general description of a suitable computing environment to implement embodiments of one or more of the provisions set forth herein. The operating environment of  FIG. 14  is only one example of a suitable operating environment and is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of the operating environment. Example computing devices include, but are not limited to, personal computers, server computers, hand-held or laptop devices, mobile devices (such as mobile phones, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), media players, and the like), multiprocessor systems, consumer electronics, mini computers, mainframe computers, distributed computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like. 
     Although not required, embodiments are described in the general context of “computer readable instructions” being executed by one or more computing devices. Computer readable instructions may be distributed via computer readable media (discussed below). Computer readable instructions may be implemented as program modules, such as functions, objects, Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), data structures, and the like, that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Typically, the functionality of the computer readable instructions may be combined or distributed as desired in various environments. 
       FIG. 14  illustrates an example of a system  710  comprising a computing device  712  configured to implement one or more embodiments provided herein. In one configuration, computing device  712  includes at least one processing unit  716  and memory  718 . Depending on the exact configuration and type of computing device, memory  718  may be volatile (such as RAM, for example), non-volatile (such as ROM, flash memory, etc., for example) or some combination of the two. This configuration is illustrated in  FIG. 14  by dashed line  714 . 
     In other embodiments, device  712  may include additional features and/or functionality. For example, device  712  may also include additional storage (e.g., removable and/or non-removable) including, but not limited to, magnetic storage, optical storage, and the like. Such additional storage is illustrated in  FIG. 14  by storage  720 . In one embodiment, computer readable instructions to implement one or more embodiments provided herein may be in storage  720 . Storage  720  may also store other computer readable instructions to implement an operating system, an application program, and the like. Computer readable instructions may be loaded in memory  718  for execution by processing unit  716 , for example. 
     The term “computer readable media” as used herein includes computer storage media. Computer storage media includes volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions or other data. Memory  718  and storage  720  are examples of computer storage media. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, Digital Versatile Disks (DVDs) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by device  712 . Any such computer storage media may be part of device  712 . 
     Device  712  may also include communication connection(s)  726  that allows device  712  to communicate with other devices. Communication connection(s)  726  may include, but is not limited to, a modem, a Network Interface Card (NIC), an integrated network interface, a radio frequency transmitter/receiver, an infrared port, a USB connection, or other interfaces for connecting computing device  712  to other computing devices. Communication connection(s)  726  may include a wired connection or a wireless connection. Communication connection(s)  726  may transmit and/or receive communication media. 
     The term “computer readable media” may include communication media. Communication media typically embodies computer readable instructions or other data in a “modulated data signal” such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. The term “modulated data signal” may include a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. 
     Device  712  may include input device(s)  724  such as keyboard, mouse, pen, voice input device, touch input device, infrared cameras, video input devices, and/or any other input device. Output device(s)  722  such as one or more displays, speakers, printers, and/or any other output device may also be included in device  712 . Input device(s)  724  and output device(s)  722  may be connected to device  712  via a wired connection, wireless connection, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, an input device or an output device from another computing device may be used as input device(s)  724  or output device(s)  722  for computing device  712 . 
     Components of computing device  712  may be connected by various interconnects, such as a bus. Such interconnects may include a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI), such as PCI Express, a Universal Serial Bus (USB), firewire (IEEE 1394), an optical bus structure, and the like. In another embodiment, components of computing device  712  may be interconnected by a network. For example, memory  718  may be comprised of multiple physical memory units located in different physical locations interconnected by a network. 
     Those skilled in the art will realize that storage devices utilized to store computer readable instructions may be distributed across a network. For example, a computing device  730  accessible via network  728  may store computer readable instructions to implement one or more embodiments provided herein. Computing device  712  may access computing device  730  and download a part or all of the computer readable instructions for execution. Alternatively, computing device  712  may download pieces of the computer readable instructions, as needed, or some instructions may be executed at computing device  712  and some at computing device  730 . 
     Various operations of embodiments are provided herein. In one embodiment, one or more of the operations described may constitute computer readable instructions stored on one or more computer readable media, which if executed by a computing device, will cause the computing device to perform the operations described. The order in which some or all of the operations are described should not be construed as to imply that these operations are necessarily order dependent. Alternative ordering will be appreciated by one skilled in the art having the benefit of this description. Further, it will be understood that not all operations are necessarily present in each embodiment provided herein. 
     Moreover, the word “exemplary” is used herein to mean serving as an example, instance, or illustration. Any aspect or design described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as advantageous over other aspects or designs. Rather, use of the word exemplary is intended to present concepts in a concrete fashion. As used in this application, the term “or” is intended to mean an inclusive “or” rather than an exclusive “or”. That is, unless specified otherwise, or clear from context, “X employs A or B” is intended to mean any of the natural inclusive permutations. That is, if X employs A; X employs B; or X employs both A and B, then “X employs A or B” is satisfied under any of the foregoing instances. In addition, the articles “a” and “an” as used in this application and the appended claims may generally be construed to mean “one or more” unless specified otherwise or clear from context to be directed to a singular form. 
     Also, although the disclosure has been shown and described with respect to one or more implementations, equivalent alterations and modifications will occur to others skilled in the art based upon a reading and understanding of this specification and the annexed drawings. The disclosure includes all such modifications and alterations and is limited only by the scope of the following claims. In particular regard to the various functions performed by the above described components (e.g., elements, resources, etc.), the terms used to describe such components are intended to correspond, unless otherwise indicated, to any component which performs the specified function of the described component (e.g., that is functionally equivalent), even though not structurally equivalent to the disclosed structure which performs the function in the herein illustrated exemplary implementations of the disclosure. In addition, while a particular feature of the disclosure may have been disclosed with respect to only one of several implementations, such feature may be combined with one or more other features of the other implementations as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular application. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “includes”, “having”, “has”, “with”, or variants thereof are used in either the detailed description or the claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising.”