Abstract:
Two computing subsystems are disclosed, one a control subsystem, the other a user subsystem, each using engines with augmented conventional instruction sets, together with hardware and/or firmware, to compartmentalize execution of user programs to insure their behavior does not exceed defined bounds. Programs hidden in data cannot execute. User programs cannot alter the control program that manages the overall system.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION DATA 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/026,054, filed Sep. 13, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,938,796, which claims the benefit of and priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Patent Application No. 61/703,351, filed Sep. 20, 2012, entitled “Case Secure Computer Architecture,” and U.S. Patent Application No. 61/752,127, filed Jan. 14, 2013, entitled “Case Secure Computer Architecture,” each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD 
       [0002]    One exemplary embodiment includes two computing subsystems, one a control subsystem, the other a user subsystem, each using engines with augmented conventional instruction sets, together with hardware and/or firmware, to compartmentalize execution of user programs to insure their behavior does not exceed defined bounds. Programs hidden in data cannot execute. User programs cannot alter the control program that manages the overall system. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    The ubiquitous use of the Internet for communication between computer installations has enabled unwanted, sometimes enormously damaging, rogue programs to unknowingly enter into computing systems. This is considered a major national security risk. (See NY Times Aug. 2, 2012 op-Ed by A. B. Carter, deputy secretary of Defense and J. H. Lute, deputy secretary of Homeland Security.) 
         [0004]    The designers of conventional computer architectures and of the Internet did not foresee the need to provide more secure systems. An exemplary embodiment of this invention corrects that oversight for computing systems. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0005]    Computer systems require a set of core programs that initiate and oversee the execution of user programs, organize and control access to the libraries of information used in the system, and facilitate operational control of the system. We refer to this set of instructions as the control program. The integrity of the control program and its data is essential to maintain the integrity and security of the overall system. 
         [0006]    An exemplary embodiment of this invention provides a separate processing subsystem dedicated to exclusive use by the control program. This control subsystem has a dedicated computing engine (CPU) as are its associated memory and optional storage. There is no connection of this engine to the Internet. This section of the computer system is connected to the user processing subsystem(s) via a hardware interface that does not allow the user programs to access the control program memory or storage. This isolation ensures complete integrity of the control program. Knowledge about the organization of the system&#39;s library of information resides in the control program&#39;s information database, which is accessible only to the control program. User programs and data are restricted to reside and execute in a user subsystem, which includes one or more engines (CPU&#39;s) user memory (memories), and user storage(s). Cooperation of the control program is required for a user programs to execute in their processor(s), or to access information in user libraries. User program execution is initiated, supervised, and terminated by the control program, which is assisted by hardware/firmware interface circuits. Incoming information, such as from the Internet, arrives in user memory and is classified as data and cannot execute. (Prearranged, known programs from trusted sources can be imported from the Internet by use of encryption). Information classification in the user subsystem separates data and instructions. Instructions are read-only, whereas data may be classified as read-only or read/write. 
         [0007]    This redesign of the Von Neumann computer architecture, called the Case Secure Computer Architecture, compromises the generality of the VanNeumann model in fundamental ways that provide controls over the execution and integrity of programs, thereby eliminating the disruption of normal operations by rogue programs, including clandestine programs concealed in information received from eternal sources, such as the Internet. This exemplary goal is achieved by (1) providing a separate computing engine, memory, and optional storage for the Control Program (and for its data) to isolate it from disruption by activity in a user computing engine(s), (2) providing hardware enforced separation of user programs and their data, preventing programs masquerading as data from executing, (3) compartmentalizing user programs with hardware-enforced limits of their execution and data access, (4) providing hardware that enables the control program to oversee the execution of user programs to detect then prevent and/or terminate unwanted behavior which might snarl or monopolize the system. The computer is therefore not only secure from malicious intrusion, but also protected from a class of problems that can be caused by errors (bugs) in user programs. This enables the coding of simpler, and this more reliable, control and user programs. 
         [0008]    Exemplary aspects of the invention are directed toward: 
         [0009]    1. A Computer system architecture comprised of two subsystems, a control subsystem for executing the programs that control the operation of the entire system, and a user subsystem that executes user programs and stores user programs and data. The control subsystem contains the instructions and data that are necessary and sufficient to regulate the secure operation of the overall system. The control subsystem has a dedicated processor/CPU, memory, and, optionally, storage, and is empowered to control the user system&#39;s program execution and user data access. 
         [0010]    2. The computer architecture, as in aspect 1, that provides a hardware/firmware interface between the control subsystem and the user subsystem that insulates the control subsystem form any interference by the user subsystem, and controls the dispatching and execution of user programs in the user subsystem in response to commands and data from the control subsystem, and relays information from the user subsystem to the control subsystem. 
         [0011]    3. A computer system architecture as in aspect 1 or in aspect 2, that enforces the classification of user information in the user subsystem into either data or instructions, treating instructions as read-only and data as either read-only or read-write. 
         [0012]    4. System architecture, as in aspect 3 that enables incoming Internet or other external data sources to be treated as data, preventing its execution as instructions. 
         [0013]    5. Computer architecture, as in aspect 2, that enables the CPU in the control subsystem to dynamically have read-write access the memory and storage contained in the user subsystem. 
         [0014]    6. An architecture, as in aspect 3 that can maintain security despite allowing the execution of a conventional internet browser in the user subsystem. Execution of the browser can be tolerated by having the control program set the memory address space congruently for program and data access, and, since no other access to memory or storage is allowed by this architecture, and if all the contents of the browser partition are erased following the execution, then any malware that might have entered the system has been destroyed and eliminated from the system. 
         [0015]    Additional exemplary aspects of the invention are directed toward: 
         [0016]    1. A computer system architecture, processing function and method wherein the CONTROL PROGRAM resides and executes in a separate subsystem consisting of one or more CPU(s), associated MEMORY(ies), and (optionally) STORAGE, and wherein this separate control subsystem is protected by hardware and/or firmware from access by programs located in other parts of the overall system. The MEMORY and optional STORAGE of the control subsystem contain the programs and data that constitute the information required to manage, supervise, and support the overall system. The CONTROL PROGRAM has access to the information in the remainder of the system, and the ability to control the processes and the information in the rest of the system. 
         [0017]    2. A computer system architecture, processing function and method as in aspect 1, wherein there is a second (user) subsystem, consisting of one or more CPU(s), MEMORY(ies), and optional STORAGE, providing a facility for the execution and storage of user programs and user data and/or databases; and wherein there is a hardware and/or firmware interface between the control subsystem and the user subsystem which facilitates the ability of the control subsystem to manage and control the user subsystem, and buffers the control subsystem from the user subsystem, and enables communication between the two subsystems. 
         [0018]    3. A computer system architecture, processing system and method wherein user program instructions are able to be controlled by hardware and/or firmware to be read-only, preventing instructions from modification during loading or execution. 
         [0019]    4. A computer system architecture, processing function and method wherein, by hardware and/or firmware, data is distinguished from instructions, enabling these two classes of information to be treated separately. 
         [0020]    5. A computer system architecture, processing function and method wherein hardware and/or firmware limit the dynamic addresses employed during the execution of a program to values specified by the CONTROL PROGRAM. 
         [0021]    6. A computer system architecture, processing function and method as in aspects 2-5, the totality of which provides an architecture capable of achieving a previously unavailable level of security. 
         [0022]    7. A computer system architecture, processing function and method as in aspect 2, wherein the user MEMORY(ies) and(optional) STORAGE utilize a virtual memory organization, and unique, separate, virtual memories are used for programs and for data. 
         [0023]    8. A computer system architecture, processing function and method as in aspect 2, wherein the addressing scheme utilizes instruction set tags to identify segments within a partition. Segments may be data or instruction segments, and the tags enable relative addressing to be used for each segment. 
         [0024]    9. A computer system architecture, processing function and method as in aspect 1, wherein the control subsystem contains not only the CPU running the kernel CONTROL PROGRAM, but additional CPU(s) and, optionally, additional MEMORY(ies), are available for executing secure system services such as encryption, storage of information, or for backup or other purposes. 
       DEFINITIONS 
       [0025]    “CONROL BLOCK” or “TASK CONTROL BLOOCK”, as used herein refers to a set of data, in CPU 1 MEMORY, containing the information used/needed by the CONTROL PROGRAM and the HARDWARE INTERFACE/CPUn DISPATCHER to record and share the parameters needed to define and control a task that executes in CPUn. 
         [0026]    CPU (Central Processing Unit) as used herein is equivalent to “processor(s)” or “core(s)” or “core processor” or “computing unit(s)” or “computing engine(s)”, or “engine(s).” 
         [0027]    CONTROL PROGRAM as used herein is equivalent to “operating system” and/or “kernel” and/or “Shell program”, and refers to the programs used to manage the processes and data for the overall system. 
         [0028]    MEMORY, as used herein, refers to primary digital storage which at least holds groups of instructions and data available for fast access for execution; and includes “RAM”, “DRAM”, “SRAM”, “T-RAM”, “TT-RAM”, “Z-RAN”, “ROM”, MaskPROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, NVRAM “flash memory”, cache, and other well-known random access technologies. 
         [0029]    STORAGE, as used herein, refers to any type of digital storage technologies and mechanisms, sometimes referred to as secondary memory, usually without fully random access and/or with access times longer than that of primary memory. Examples of STORAGE technologies include magnetic disks, optical disks, magnetic tape, flash memory, semiconductor memory, solid state drives, memory sticks, SD cards and the like. 
         [0030]    COMPUTERIZED PERSONAL SYSTEMS is used herein to refer to any fixed or portable CPU-based devices or equipment available for individual use, including desktop personal computers, laptop personal computers, notebook personal computers, smart-phones including iPhones™ and Android™ phones and Blackberries™; iPads™, Kindles™ and other similar devices; iPods™ and other digital audio devices; PDAs (personal data assistants), digital cameras, mobile phones, synthesizers, video games, GPS devices and the like. 
         [0031]    “APP”, as used herein, is a piece of software, such as an application. The APP can run on the Internet, on a computer, or on a phone, COMPUTERIZED PERSONAL SYSTEMS or other electronic device. 
         [0032]    The phrases “at least one”, “one or more”, and “and/or” are open-ended expressions that are both conjunctive and disjunctive in operation. For example, each of the expressions “at least one of A, B and C”, “at least one of A, B, or C”, “one or more of A, B, and C”, “one or more of A, B, or C” and “A, B, and/or C” means A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, or A, B and C together. 
         [0033]    The term “a” or “an” entity refers to one or more of that entity. As such, the terms “a” (or “an”), “one or more” and “at least one” can be used interchangeably herein. It is also to be noted that the terms “comprising”, “including”, and “having” can be used interchangeably. 
         [0034]    The term “automatic” and variations thereof, as used herein, refers to any process or operation done without material human input when the process or operation is performed. However, a process or operation can be automatic, even though performance of the process or operation uses material or immaterial human input, if the input is received before performance of the process or operation. Human input is deemed to be material if such input influences how the process or operation will be performed. Human input that consents to the performance of the process or operation is not deemed to be “material”. 
         [0035]    The term “computer-readable medium” as used herein refers to any tangible storage and/or transmission medium that participate in providing instructions to a processor for execution. Such a medium may take many forms, including but not limited to, non-volatile media, volatile media, and transmission media. Non-volatile media includes, for example, NVRAM, or magnetic or optical disks. Volatile media includes dynamic memory, such as main memory. Common forms of computer-readable media include, for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, or any other magnetic medium, magneto-optical medium, a CD-ROM, any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tape, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, and EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, a solid state medium like a memory card, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave as described hereinafter, or any other medium from which a computer can read. A digital file attachment to e-mail or other self-contained information archive or set of archives is considered a distribution medium equivalent to a tangible storage medium. When the computer-readable media is configured as a database, it is to be understood that the database may be any type of database, such as relational, hierarchical, object-oriented, and/or the like. Accordingly, the disclosure is considered to include a tangible storage medium or distribution medium and prior art-recognized equivalents and successor media, in which the software implementations of the present disclosure are stored. 
         [0036]    The terms “determine”, “calculate” and “compute,” and variations thereof, as used herein, are used interchangeably and include any type of methodology, process, mathematical operation or technique. 
         [0037]    It shall be understood that the term “means” as used herein shall be given its broadest possible interpretation in accordance with 35 U.S.C. §112, Paragraph 6. Accordingly, a claim incorporating the term “means” shall cover all structures, materials, or acts set forth herein, and all of the equivalents thereof. Further, the structures, materials or acts and the equivalents thereof shall include all those described in any portion of this document. Any one or more of the embodiments herein can therefore be claimed using means-type language. 
         [0038]    The preceding is a simplified summary of the disclosure to provide an understanding of some aspects of the disclosure. This summary is neither an extensive nor exhaustive overview of the disclosure and its various aspects, embodiments, and/or configurations. It is intended neither to identify key or critical elements of the disclosure nor to delineate the scope of the disclosure but to present selected concepts of the disclosure in a simplified form as an introduction to the more detailed description presented below. As will be appreciated, other aspects, embodiments, and/or configurations of the disclosure are possible utilizing, alone or in combination, one or more of the features set forth above or described in detail below. 
         [0039]    These and other features and advantages of this invention are described in, or are apparent from, the following detailed description of the exemplary embodiments. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0040]    The exemplary embodiments of the invention will be described in detail, with reference to the following figures, wherein: 
           [0041]      FIG. 1  shows a block diagram of an exemplary computing system disclosed herein. 
           [0042]      FIG. 2  is illustrates an exemplary method of secure computer management according to an exemplary aspect of the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0043]      FIG. 1  shows a block diagram of an exemplary computing system  1  disclosed herein connected by various links  5 . The processor unit  10  that executes the control program (CPU 1), has a private memory  30  (CPU 1 MEMORY), and private optional storage  40  (CPU1 STORAGE) as well as connection to an operator&#39;s console  70  (CONSOLE). 
         [0044]    The processor unit  10  also has conventional privately (non-Internet) connected Input/Output units, not shown. The processor unit  10  is also connected with the hardware and/or firmware interface unit  50  (HARDWARE INTERFACE CPUn DISPATCHER), and also has a connection with the memory  31  (CPUn MEMORY), and MAIN STORAGE  41 . CPU1  10  is the primary, overriding, director controlling all the various elements it is connected to. 
         [0045]    CPUn  20  is the processing unit that executes user programs (there may be multiple CPUn&#39;s, each with its own CPUn MEMORY  31 , and there may be multiple MAIN STORAGE units  41 ). The CPUn(s)  20  are connected to their respective memory  31  (CPUn MEMORY) and to the MAIN STORAGE  41  which contains user programs and data. CPUn  20  is also connected to HARDWARE INTERFACE CPUn DISPATCHER  50 , which enforces controls on CPUn&#39;s executions. 
         [0046]    CPUn  20  can have any desired Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) augmented by special instructions to communicate with the HARDWARE INTERFACE CPUn DISPATCHER  50  and thereby with CPU 1  10 . CPU 1  10  can have any desired ISA, augmented with instructions designed for its use to communicate with HARDWARE INTERFACE CPUn DISPATCHER  50 , with CPUn MEMORY  31 , with MAIN STORAGE  41 , with CONSOLE  70 , with its own CPU 1 MEMORY  10 , with CPU 1 STORAGE  40 , and/or with conventional in-house input/output units by private non-Internet connections. 
         [0047]    An exemplary embodiment of the Case Secure Computer System Architecture obtains its secure characteristics by several key deviations from the architectures in common use today, but looks and acts very much like today&#39;s computers to users. There is a control subsystem whose computing engine CPU 1  10  has a private memory CPU 1 MEMORY  30  and optional private storage CPU 1 STORAGE  40  which contains system control programs and system control data, and it executes system control functions. 
         [0048]    An example of the use of this subsystem is as follows: CPU 1  10  boots itself in a conventional manner, goes through an initialization, and asks for input from the operations staff via CONSOLE  70  and/or from privately-connected conventional I/O devices (not shown) attached to CPU 1  10  via secure means. Upon receiving an order to start a user process, the control program obtains the required specifications of needed programs from its CPU 1 MEMORY  30  and/or CPU 1 STORAGE  40 . 
         [0049]    Using these specifications, the CPU 1  10  establishes a control block unique to that process in its memory CPU 1 MEMORY  30  containing the parameters of the process. The exemplary control block parameters include: (1) the address and the amount of space used in memory  31  (CPUn MEMORY), separately for the instructions and the data, (2) data defining execution parameters such as the maximum total execution time allowed for this process and the maximum contiguous execution time to be allowed, and (3) the definition of the data in the database  41  (MAIN STORAGE) which the process is allowed to access and whether that access is read or read/write. When these and any other needed parameters have been assembled in a control block, the control program allocates space in CPUn MEMORY  31  and loads the program into CPUn MEMORY  31  from the program library in MAIN STORAGE  41 , and would then notify HARDWARE INTERFACE CPUn DISPATCHER  50  to start the program, by executing a unique instruction designed for this purpose and which provides the location of the control block to the HARDWARE INTERFACE CPUn DISPATCHER  50 . The HARDWARE INTERFACE CPUn DISPATCHER  50  then starts the execution in CPUn  20  by initializing its instruction counter. 
         [0050]    The HARDWARE INTERFACE CPUn DISPATCHER  50  constantly monitors the execution to ensure its addresses, both instruction and data addresses, did not exceed the assigned address space in CPUn MEMORY  31 , and that its access to data in MAIN STORAGE  41  agrees with the permitted limits defined in the control block, and that its execution times are within bounds specified in the control block. 
         [0051]    If any of these limits are attempted to be violated by CPUn  20  the HARDWARE INTERFACE CPUn DISPATCHER  50  halts the execution and posts the control program. The control program, making its rounds, would encounter the post and take a pre-defined action to handle the situation, such as collecting the parameters of the error and sending notification to a system programmer and erasing the task from the CPUn&#39;s MEMORY  30 . Dynamic program calls by an executing user program in CPUn  20  can be made by a special program call instruction to the control program via HARDWARE INTERFACE CPUn DISPATCHER  50 . Additional user programs could be initiated by the control program in CPU 1  10 , resulting in multiprogramming in CPUn  20 . HARDWARE INTERFACE CPUn DISPATCHER  50  contains logic to allocate execution time to each process released by the control program in CPU 1  10 . As discussed hereinafter, an optional methodology for managing user programs is described, making use of multiple virtual memories in the user subsystem to enforce these same principals to control user program execution. 
         [0052]    CPUn  20  does not boot at power-up. Instead its instruction counter is set to null, and it begins execution only when HARDWARE INTERFACE CPUn DISPATCHER  50  initializes its instruction counter. 
         [0053]    The following is an example of the use of the Internet connection  60 . The control program establishes a partition in CPUn  20  with an Internet interface program which communicates with the Internet. Incoming information it receives is put in a data area. The user program interprets the data to determine which user program to call and notifies CPU 1  10  to initiate a program to process the data. The called user program processes the data, accessing that part of MAIN STORAGE  41  it is authorized to access, and makes a responding return message for the Internet access program to send. 
         [0054]    User programs communicate with the operations staff via a special instruction in CPUn  20  that notifies HARDWARE INTERFACE CPUn DISPATCHER  50  of the location in CPUn MEMORY  31  of information to be displayed. HARDWARE INTERFACE CPUn DISPATCHER  50  then posts CPU 1  10  of the availability of the message, and CPU 1  10  then displays the message on the console, such as a display, in such a way as to ensure the operator would know its origin. The response of the operator could be relayed by the control program to the originating space in CPUn MEMORY  31 . 
         [0055]    The security of the installation depends of course on the physical security of the computer installation. Operational security depends on the operations staff and the programming staff, especially the system programming staff. Operations security could be enhanced by having a console that requires two persons to each insert a key whenever any change is to be made to the control information. 
         [0056]      FIG. 2 . illustrates an exemplary method of secure computing device operation. In particular, control begins in step S 200  and continues to step S 210 . In step S 210 , CPU 1 boots itself in a conventional manner, goes through an initialization, and asks for input from the operations staff via CONSOLE and/or from privately-connected conventional I/O devices (not shown) attached to CPU 1 via secure means. Upon receiving an order to start a user process, in Step S 220 , the control program obtains the required specifications of needed programs from its CPU 1 MEMORY and/or CPU 1 STORAGE. 
         [0057]    In step S 230 , and using these specifications, CPU 1 establishes a control block unique to that process in its memory CPU 1 MEMORY0 containing the parameters of the process. The exemplary control block parameters include: (1) the address and the amount of space used in memory  31  (CPUn MEMORY), separately for the instructions and the data, (2) data defining execution parameters such as the maximum total execution time allowed for this process and the maximum contiguous execution time to be allowed, and (3) the definition of the data in the database (MAIN STORAGE) which the process is allowed to access and whether that access is read or read/write. When these and any other needed parameters have been assembled in a control block, in step S 240 , the control program allocates space in CPUn MEMORY and in step S 250  loads the program into CPUn MEMORY from the program library in MAIN STORAGE, and then notifies HARDWARE INTERFACE CPUn DISPATCHER to start the program, by executing a unique instruction designed for this purpose and which provides the location of the control block to the HARDWARE INTERFACE CPUn DISPATCHER. The HARDWARE INTERFACE CPUn DISPATCHER in step S 260  then starts the execution in CPUn  20  by initializing it&#39;s instruction counter. Control then continues to step S 270 . 
         [0058]    In step S 270 , the HARDWARE INTERFACE CPUn DISPATCHER constantly monitors the execution to ensure its addresses, both instruction and data addresses, did not exceed the assigned address space in CPUn MEMORY, and that its access to data in MAIN STORAGE agrees with the permitted limits defined in the control block, and that its execution times are within bounds specified in the control block. 
         [0059]    In step S 280 , if any of these limits are attempted to be violated by CPUn the HARDWARE INTERFACE CPUn DISPATCHER halts the execution and posts the control program. The control program, making its rounds, would encounter the post and take a pre-defined action to handle the situation, such as collecting the parameters of the error and sending notification to a system programmer and erasing the task from the CPUn&#39;s MEMORY. Dynamic program calls by an executing user program in CPUn can be made by a special program call instruction to the control program via HARDWARE INTERFACE CPUn DISPATCHER. Additional user programs could be initiated by the control program in CPU 1, resulting in multiprogramming in CPUn. 
         [0060]    The above scenarios were intended to illustrate the high level of security achievable with this architecture. Some applications of this design might compromise security somewhat in order to have compatibility with contemporary Internet browsers which require the admission into the system of executable code from the Internet winch is not encrypted. An example of how this might be accomplished while still ensuring a high level of security would be to establish a user partition containing a conventional Internet browser. (The browser partition would need to be classified as both instructions and data, which the control program via HARDWARE INTERFACE-CPUn DISPATCHER  50  might do by defining congruent areas of instruction execution addresses and read/write data access). By using the dynamic constraints described above to contain the execution within that partition, any potential malware activity would be constrained to very limited, known, area of the user part of the system. By using the available properties of the architecture, any storage of information outside of this partition can be prohibited, and if the entire partition is erased after each such use, there can be no malware remaining in the system. If information were allowed to be retained, classified as data, it could never be executed. 
         [0061]    This exemplary architecture may well take various forms as it is adapted to the many incarnations of stored program computers in the modern world, but where security from malware is needed, the fundamental principles described should prove useful. 
         [0062]    Another exemplary benefit of the architecture might well prove valuable to the computer industry: the environment in which computer programming is performed, both system (control) programming and user programming, can be expected to be less complex and have fewer bugs. User programs, being dynamically constrained, will be less able to have undesirable systemic effects. 
         [0063]    As used herein, the term control program as a generic synonym for supervisor or operating system. 
         [0064]    In contrast, to prior approaches, an exemplary embodiment protects the control program code and data by completely preventing user program access to it, and dynamically monitors addresses to confine changes to prescribed areas of user information. 
         [0065]    In accordance with another exemplary optional embodiment, there is a routine for register storage during task switching. More specifically, an exemplary handling of register storage when an executing task is switched off is that the HARDWARE INTERFACE/CPUn DISPATCHER store the registers used in CPUn in the Control Block for that task in CPU1 MEMORY. When the task is re-dispatched, HARDWARE INTERFACE/CPUn DISPATCHER retrieves the data from the Control Block and restores the registers. 
         [0066]    In accordance with another exemplary optional embodiment, for the displaying of information on the console screen, in exemplary use, the display on the console screen is under complete supervision by the CONTROL PROGRAM. The primary use of the display is to provide operational information to the operator-user. The CONTROL PROGRAM also accesses input from CPUn tasks for display. Exemplary use includes presenting user task information in a unique window in such a way that no task can masquerade as being the CONTROL PROGRAM. 
         [0067]    In accordance with another exemplary optional embodiment, for Input/Output operations, there are two kinds of CPU&#39;s in this architecture, each might have I/O devices attached. An exemplary use could be as follows: CPU 1 devices are critical security risks, and must be physically safeguarded so they do not provide any risky access to CPU 1&#39;s MEMORY or STORAGE. An exemplary arrangement may have no I/O input devices attached, relying on updating of the CONTROL PROGRAM via encrypted internet or LAN connections, using, for example, the drivers in CPUn to control connections to these devices. 
         [0068]    Other exemplary uses of this architecture: I/O devices connected to CPUn are less risky than with conventional architectures, as exemplary supervision by the CONTROL PROGRAM can be used to control user programs and devices. This architecture provides opportunities for specialized applications. The HARDWARE/DISPATCHER INTERFACE unit could, for example, provide dynamic monitoring of user program execution to limit the instruction set available to a user program. An exemplary use of such a feature could be to prevent write access to the Internet. 
         [0069]    In accordance with yet another exemplary embodiment, one current concern over the security of computer systems leads to an examination of the vulnerabilities in today&#39;s computer architectures. The following primal vulnerabilities, some coming from the original Von Neumann concept of a stored program computer, others arising as a consequence of the evolutionary need for ever more complex operating system software, are evident:
       User programs and CONTROL PROGRAMS are entangled in ways that make it difficult to address the security of either type of programs.   The two major classes of information in a computer system, namely (1) program instructions and (2) data, are not distinguished from each other by the hardware, creating the opportunity for confusion between them that can lead to security breaches.   Programs themselves are subject to dynamic changes. If unwanted changes are caused by malware, security breaches can occur. If such changes are caused by accident, such as by program bugs, unforeseen results can affect accuracy and security.   Programs are not always constrained by hardware-enforced limits on their reach, so that, however caused, unintended addresses can be generated and used in execution. Without address constraints, random damage can result.       
 
         [0074]    A review of recent technology addressing improvements in computer security reveals increasingly complex designs. While various levels of protection have been devised for some situations, we have found no comprehensive solutions. An exemplary embodiment of the Case Secure Computer Architecture addresses the vulnerabilities listed above and has been invented to, for example, provide a comprehensive solution to defeating malware. 
         [0075]    An exemplary embodiment of the Case Secure Computer System Architecture provides a paradigm change in the universal basic computer architecture that has existed since the 1940&#39;s, and is intended to apply, in whole or in part, to all future uses of computer-based technology, such as main-frame computers, host computers, server computers, application computers, data-base computers, mini-computers, microcomputers, firewall computers, computerized switches, routers, scientific computers, COMPUTERIZED PERSONAL SYSTEMS, Internet server computers, robotic computers, machine tool computers, industrial controllers, computerized industrial systems, computerized medical systems and devices, and pervasively to mechanisms wherever CPUs and MEMORIES are used. Usage is expected not only in situations where the security advantages of this architecture are needed, but also where increased reliability is needed. 
         [0076]    An exemplary use of the read-only program feature of this architecture creates a need for programs to have a separate data space associated with them for temporary variables used during execution. In exemplary usage, compilers, interpreters, and the base system design would provide for such a data space for each such program. An exemplary use of this invention for use by programmers in a main-frame installation follows: 
         [0077]    System programmers (privileged programmers who are authorized to modify the CONTROL PROGRAM) could use I/O devices which are privately connected to CPU 1  10  to access the control subsystem in a conventional manner, using pre-compiled binaries, or interpreters and compilers running in the control subsystem to update the CONTROL PROGRAM. User programmers could operate from I/O devices privately connected to CPUn  20 . The libraries in Main Storage  41  could include the necessary compilers and other support tools, including temporary libraries for programs being debugged, sample data for testing new code, etc., all accessible under the supervision and control of the operations staff assisted by the CONTROL PROGRAM. User program workstations may not be connected to the Internet at any time, preventing malware from entering the system during the user programming process. 
         [0078]    An exemplary alternative to the main-frame scenario above, applicable to server configurations, is one where workstations connected to the Internet and/or LANs (Local Area Networks) would be used by programmers for access to computer systems for modifying programs, both CONTROL PROGRAMS and user programs. In this scenario all network traffic entering a computer could initially be received and classified as data. Processing of this data would separate out the encrypted information intended for this computer and direct it to decryption processes where it would be authenticated and routed to appropriate processes. Information intended for updating the CONTROL PROGRAM and/or control data would be brought into the control subsystem by the CONTROL PROGRAM and acted upon, e.g., authenticated/decrypted, etc., there. This process would be facilitated by the ability of the CONTROL PROGRAM to reach into the user subsystem&#39;s MEMORIES and STORAGES. For security purposes the workstations used in this scenario would also adhere to the Case Secure Architecture to avoid their being contaminated by malware. 
         [0079]    An exemplary use of this architecture in COMPUTERIZED PERSONAL SYSTEMS would be in a context in which the user is also the operator, the control program is usually supplied by a third party affiliated with the hardware vendor, and/or by the hardware vendor, and the user programs (some of which are called APPs) by still other vendors or suppliers. Program updates for these COMPUTERIZED PERSONAL SYSTEMS could typically be handled as described in the previous scenario, using secure communications with trusted sources, employing encryption or equivalent protection. The program providing an interface to the LAN or Internet for handling program updates would be a secure design which would not allow imported scripts to execute. Certified APPs which conform to this architecture and are from a trusted source could be handled this way as well. However, the current user environment includes many APPs that are subject to possible malware contamination, and they do not necessarily conform to the requirements of this architecture. If such programs are confined to defined partitions, it would ensure any malware could not contaminate the system. However, some APPs may require write access to the user&#39;s database, possibly causing data contamination. Use of the features of this architecture, wherein the CONTROL PROGRAM can restrict the access of any user program to appropriate data, could be used to limit such contamination. 
         [0080]    Compatibility issues may also require the use of today&#39;s conventional browsers in some devices. A conventional browser could be supported in a read/write user partition. If the partition is erased after each use, any malware would be eliminated, and partition addressing constraints would prevent any access to the user database. 
         [0081]    Another exemplary way of dealing with the need to allow current browser technology to co-exist with this new architecture would be to create virtual machines in partitions. This offers another encapsulation technique, whose value will depends on the circumstances. 
         [0082]    An exemplary way of implementing addressing in the user sub-system would be to make the user sub-system a virtual memory sub-system. Programs could each have separate, unique, virtual memory spaces, and data files would each be in separate virtual memory address spaces. HARDWARE INTERFACE/CPUN DISPATCHER  50  could then monitor instruction executions to ensure they were in the designated virtual memory and data addresses in their virtual memory. A given task set up by CPU 1  10  CONTROL PROGRAM might have multiple virtual memories assigned to it. Virtual memories could be classified and identified as program or data repositories. CPU 1  10  CONTROL PROGRAM would be able to access the virtual memories in Main Storage  41 , and to control their contents and classification. 
         [0083]    Another exemplary way of handling addressing in the user CPUn(s)  20  would be to compile program and data addresses, respectively, with a base address of 0 (or 1) so that the CONTROL PROGRAM, when assigning space in CPUN MEMORY  31  for program instructions and data segments, respectively, could supply the offset from 0 (or 1) to the actual location assigned in CPUN MEMORY  31 . This would make address monitoring in HARDWARE INTERFACE/CPUn DISPATCHER  50  straightforward by monitoring of the upper limit. The compiled addresses could be dynamically indexed by HARDWARE INTERFACE/CPUn DISPATCHER  50  to become the actual memory address used in execution. 
         [0084]    A further exemplary use of the addressing methods outlined above would be to include in the CPUn instruction set an address tag which would indicate a particular segment to which the address applies. This would enable programs to share utilize code in different data segments, and execute as part of a single task. HARDWARE INTERFACE/CPUN DISPATCHER  50 , assisted by the CONTROL PROGRAM in CPU 1  10  would use these tags to identify separate programs and/or data segments and control them to maintain the integrity of the addressing restrictions of the architecture in CPUn  20 . 
         [0085]    The exemplary systems and methods of this disclosure have been described in relation to management and display of a computing system or architecture. However, to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present disclosure, the preceding description omits a number of known structures and devices. This omission is not to be construed as a limitation of the scopes of the claims. Specific details are set forth to provide an understanding of the present disclosure. It should however be appreciated that the present disclosure may be practiced in a variety of ways beyond the specific detail set forth herein. 
         [0086]    Furthermore, while the exemplary aspects, embodiments, and/or configurations illustrated herein show the various components of the system collocated, certain components of the system can be located remotely, at distant portions of a distributed network, such as a LAN and/or the Internet, or within a dedicated system. Thus, it should be appreciated, that the components of the system can be combined in to one or more devices, such as a special purpose computer or server(s), or collocated on a particular node of a distributed network, such as an analog and/or digital telecommunications network, a packet-switch network, or a circuit-switched network. It will be appreciated from the preceding description, and for reasons of computational efficiency, that the components of the system can be arranged at any location within a distributed network of components without affecting the operation of the system 
         [0087]    Furthermore, it should be appreciated that the various links, such as link  5 , connecting the elements can be wired or wireless links, or any combination thereof, or any other known or later developed element(s) that is capable of supplying and/or communicating data to and from the connected elements. These wired or wireless links can also be secure links and may be capable of communicating encrypted information. Transmission media used as links, for example, can be any suitable carrier for electrical signals, including coaxial cables, copper wire and fiber optics, and may take the form of acoustic or light waves, such as those generated during radio-wave and infra-red data communications. 
         [0088]    Also, while the flowchart have been discussed and illustrated in relation to a particular sequence of events, it should be appreciated that changes, additions, and omissions to this sequence can occur without materially affecting the operation of the disclosed embodiments, configuration, and aspects. 
         [0089]    A number of variations and modifications of the disclosure can be used. It would be possible to provide for some features of the disclosure without providing others. 
         [0090]    In yet another embodiment, the systems and methods of this disclosure can be implemented in conjunction with a special purpose computer, a programmed microprocessor or microcontroller and peripheral integrated circuit element(s), an ASIC or other integrated circuit, a digital signal processor, a hard-wired electronic or logic circuit such as discrete element circuit, a programmable logic device or gate array such as PLD, PLA, FPGA, PAL, special purpose computer, any comparable means, or the like. In general, any device(s) or means capable of implementing the methodology illustrated herein can be used to implement the various aspects of this disclosure. Exemplary hardware that can be used for the disclosed embodiments, configurations and aspects includes computers, handheld devices, telephones (e.g., cellular, Internet enabled, digital, analog, hybrids, and others), and other hardware known in the art. Some of these devices include processors (e.g., a single or multiple microprocessors), memory, nonvolatile storage, input devices, and output devices. Furthermore, alternative software implementations including, but not limited to, distributed processing or component/object distributed processing, parallel processing, or virtual machine processing can also be constructed to implement the methods described herein. 
         [0091]    In yet another embodiment, the disclosed methods may be at least partially readily implemented in conjunction with software using object or object-oriented software development environments that provide portable source code that can be used on a variety of computer or workstation platforms. Alternatively, the disclosed system may be implemented partially or fully in hardware using standard logic circuits or VLSI design. Whether software or hardware is used to implement the systems in accordance with this disclosure is dependent on the speed and/or efficiency requirements of the system, the particular function, and the particular software or hardware systems or microprocessor or microcomputer systems being utilized. 
         [0092]    In yet another embodiment, the disclosed methods may be partially implemented in software that can be stored on a storage medium, executed on programmed general-purpose computer with the cooperation of a controller and memory, a special purpose computer, a microprocessor, or the like. In these instances, the systems and methods of this disclosure can be implemented as program embedded on personal computer such as an applet, JAVA® or CGI script, as a resource residing on a server or computer workstation, as a routine embedded in a dedicated measurement system, system component, or the like. The system can also be implemented by physically incorporating the system and/or method into a software and/or hardware system. 
         [0093]    Although the present disclosure describes components and functions implemented in the aspects, embodiments, and/or configurations with reference to particular standards and protocols, the aspects, embodiments, and/or configurations are not limited to such standards and protocols. Other similar standards and protocols not mentioned herein are in existence and are considered to be included in the present disclosure. Moreover, the standards and protocols mentioned herein and other similar standards and protocols not mentioned herein are periodically superseded by faster or more effective equivalents having essentially the same functions. Such replacement standards and protocols having the same functions are considered equivalents included in the present disclosure. 
         [0094]    The present disclosure, in various aspects, embodiments, and/or configurations, includes components, methods, processes, systems and/or apparatus substantially as depicted and described herein, including various aspects, embodiments, configurations embodiments, subcombinations, and/or subsets thereof. Those of skill in the art will understand how to make and use the disclosed aspects, embodiments, and/or configurations after understanding the present disclosure. The present disclosure, in various aspects, embodiments, and/or configurations, includes providing devices and processes in the absence of items not depicted and/or described herein or in various aspects, embodiments, and/or configurations hereof, including in the absence of such items as may have been used in previous devices or processes, e.g., for improving performance, achieving ease and\or reducing cost of implementation. 
         [0095]    The foregoing discussion has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. The foregoing is not intended to limit the disclosure to the form or forms disclosed herein. In the foregoing Detailed Description for example, various features of the disclosure are grouped together in one or more aspects, embodiments, and/or configurations for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. The features of the aspects, embodiments, and/or configurations of the disclosure may be combined in alternate aspects, embodiments, and/or configurations other than those discussed above. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claims require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive aspects lie in less than all features of a single foregoing disclosed aspect, embodiment, and/or configuration. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into this Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate preferred embodiment of the disclosure. 
         [0096]    Moreover, though the description has included description of one or more aspects, embodiments, and/or configurations and certain variations and modifications, other variations, combinations, and modifications are within the scope of the disclosure, e.g., as may be within the skill and knowledge of those in the art, after understanding the present disclosure. It is intended to obtain rights which include alternative aspects, embodiments, and/or configurations to the extent permitted, including alternate, interchangeable and/or equivalent structures, functions, ranges or steps to those claimed, whether or not such alternate, interchangeable and/or equivalent structures, functions, ranges or steps are disclosed herein, and without intending to publicly dedicate any patentable subject matter.