Abstract:
A biogas installation for production of biogas from biomass and methods for starting and shutting down a fermenter are disclosed. When biomass in a fermenter is used up, biogas production must stop, the fermented biomass removed, and the fermenter filled with fresh biomass. Biogas production and utilisation is maintained for as long as possible. When the methane concentration in the biogas outlet falls below an upper limit, the biogas line is disconnected. The biogas/off-gas mixture is fed out via an exhaust chimney until the methane concentration has fallen to a lower limit. The fermenter to be shut down is purged with fresh air, and the off-gas/biogas/fresh air mixture is fed out via the exhaust chimney until the carbon-dioxide concentration in the off-gas/biogas/fresh air mixture has fallen to a first limit. The fermenter is then opened to unload the consumed biomass and load fresh biomass.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The invention relates to a biogas installation for production of biogas from biomass having at least one fermenter, to a method for shutting down a fermenter, and to a method for starting a fermenter 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    So-called “dry fermentation” allows pourable biomasses from agriculture, from biological waste and from communal cultivated areas to be converted to methane without having to convert the materials to a liquid substrate which can be pumped. Biomasses with a dry substance component of up to 50% can be fermented. This dry fermentation method is described, for example, in EP 0 934 998. 
         [0003]    In the case of “dry” fermentation, the material to be fermented is not stirred into a liquid phase as is the case, for example, with liquid fermentation of bio waste. Instead of this, the fermentation substrate which has been introduced into the fermenter is kept moist all the time by taking the percolate at the bottom of the fermenter away and spraying it over the biomass again. This results in optimum living conditions for the bacteria. During the recirculation of the percolate, the temperature can also be regulated, and it is possible to add additives for process optimisation. 
         [0004]    WO 02/06439 discloses a bioreactor or a fermenter in the form of a prefabricated garage which is operated using the principle of dry fermentation in the so-called batch process. In this case, after seeding with already fermented material, the fermenter is filled with the fermentation substrate by means of tractor shovels. The fermentation container is constructed in the form of a garage and is closed by a gastight door. The biomass is fermented with air being excluded, with no further thorough mixing during the process, and with no additional material being supplied. The percolate which seeps out of the material being fermented is drawn off via a drainage groove, is temporarily stored in a tank, and is sprayed over the fermentation substrate again, in order to moisturise it. The fermentation process takes place in the mesophilic temperature range between 34 and 37° C., with the temperature being created by means of bottom heating and wall heating. 
         [0005]    The resultant biogas can be used to obtain electricity and heat in a cogeneration system that generates heat and electric power at the same time. In order to ensure that sufficient biogas is always available for the cogeneration system, a plurality of fermentation containers are operated with offset timings in the dry fermentation installation. At the end of the dwell time, the fermenter area is completely emptied and is then refilled. The fermented substrate is supplied to a post-composting process, resulting in an organic fertiliser that is comparable to conventional compost. 
         [0006]    The batch operation means the individual fermenters must be shut down from time to time, that is to say the biogas production must be stopped, the fermented biomass must be removed from the respective fermenter, and the fermenter must be filled with fresh biomass, with biogas production being resumed. During this process, it is necessary for safety reasons to prevent an explosive biogas/air mixture from being created while the individual fermenters are being loaded and unloaded. 
         [0007]    For this purpose, it is known from EP 1301583 B for a fermenter that is in use to be flooded with off-gas containing carbon dioxide from the cogeneration system that is being operated with biogas, in the event of an explosion risk, that is to say if air has entered the fermenter. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    Starting out from a biogas installation according to EP 1301583 B, the object of the present invention is to make safer the process of unloading consumed biomass from the fermenter, and loading it with fresh biomass. 
         [0009]    This object is achieved by the features of Claims  1 ,  10  and  14 , respectively. 
         [0010]    The biogas installation according to Claim  1  comprises the necessary components to allow a fermenter to be shut down and unloaded safely, and likewise to be started safely. 
         [0011]    The measures according to Claim  10  result in the biogas production and utilisation being maintained for as long as possible even during the shutdown and purging with off-gas containing carbon dioxide, that is to say the biogas/off-gas mixture of the fermenter to be shut down is still supplied to the biogas consumer until the quality of the mixture falls below a predetermined level. Only when the methane concentration in the biogas outlet falls below an upper limit value is the biogas line leading to the biogas consumer disconnected from the biogas outlet. The biogas/off-gas mixture, which now just contains a small amount of methane, is fed out via an exhaust chimney. This is done until the methane concentration has fallen to a lower limit value, where the biogas/off-gas mixture now contains virtually no methane. After this, the fermenter to be shut down is purged with fresh air instead of with off-gas containing carbon dioxide, and the off-gas/biogas/fresh air mixture is fed out via the exhaust chimney until the carbon-dioxide concentration in the off-gas/biogas/fresh air mixture has fallen to a first limit value. Only then is the fermenter opened in order to unload the consumed biomass and in order to load the fermenter with fresh biomass again. The previous purging processes with off-gas and fresh air allow the fermenter to be opened, unloaded and loaded, without any risk to the operator. 
         [0012]    According to one preferred refinement of the invention in Claim  11 , when the methane concentration reaches the upper limit value, the biogas/off-gas mixture is not emitted to the environment via the exhaust chimney but is passed to an off-gas flare where it is burnt off. If required, the off-gas flare can be supplied with additional fuel so that combustion always takes place. The biogas/off-gas mixture is burnt off until the methane concentration in the biogas/off-gas mixture falls below a medium limit value, which is between the upper and the lower limit value. 
         [0013]    According to one preferred refinement of the invention in Claim  12 , while the biofermenter that has been shut down is being unloaded and loaded through the open loading and unloading opening, fresh air is sucked in and the gas mixture that is sucked in is passed to the exhaust chimney via the purging gas inlet or via the biogas outlet. Alternatively, a specific fresh-air extraction connection can also be provided in the fermenter. 
         [0014]    The advantageous refinement of the invention in Claim  13  ensures that fresh air is sucked in continuously while the fermenter is being unloaded and loaded. 
         [0015]    The method according to the invention for (re)starting the fermenter which has been shut down in Claims  14  and  15  safely prevents an explosive biogas/air mixture being formed during starting. 
         [0016]    This fermenter which has been started again is connected to the biogas line at a fourth methane concentration limit value, which is the same as the upper limit value, Claim  16 . 
         [0017]    The off-gas for purging the fermenter to be shut down is provided, for example, by an internal combustion engine, Claim  17 . 
         [0018]    According to one preferred embodiment of the invention in Claim  18 , the off-gas which contains carbon dioxide is provided by a biogas processing device connected downstream from the at least one fermenter. 
         [0019]    The other dependent Claims relate to advantageous refinements of the invention. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0020]    Further details, features and advantages of the invention will become evident from the following description of exemplary embodiments with reference to the drawings, in which: 
           [0021]      FIGS. 1 to 7  show schematic illustrations of various operating states during the shut down process and during (re)starting of a fermenter; 
           [0022]      FIG. 8  shows a schematic illustration of a second embodiment of the invention with a fermenter; and 
           [0023]      FIGS. 9 to 15  show schematic illustrations of various operating states of a biogas installation having three fermenters during the shut down process and while a fermenter is being (re)started. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0024]      FIGS. 1 to 7  show a first embodiment of a biogas installation according to the present invention with a single fermenter  2 . The fermenter  2  has a cuboid shape and is constructed approximately in the form of a prefabricated garage. The fermenter  2  can be filled with biomass  6 , and can be emptied again by means of a tractor shovel through a loading and unloading opening  4  which extends over one of the end faces of the cuboid fermenter  2 . Reference is made to WO 02/06439 with regard to details of the construction of the fermenter  2 . 
         [0025]    The fermenter  2  also has a biogas outlet  8 , which can be connected via valves  10  to a biogas line  12 , a first biogas/off-gas line  14  and a second biogas/off-gas line  16 . The biogas line  12  leads to a cogeneration system  18  as a biogas utilisation device. The first biogas/off-gas line  14  leads to a bio off-gas chimney  20 . The second biogas/off-gas line  16  leads to an off-gas flare  22 . Furthermore, the fermenter  2  has a purging gas inlet  24 , which can be connected via valves  10  to an off-gas line  26  or to a fresh air line  28 . An off-gas fan  27  is arranged in the off-gas line  26 , and can be used to pump off-gas into the fermenter  2 . A fresh air fan  29  is arranged in the fresh air line  28  in order to suck fresh air in from the environment. Off-gas containing carbon dioxide is passed via the off-gas line  26  as purging gas into the fermenter  2 , and fresh air is passed into the fermenter  2  via the fresh air line  28 . 
         [0026]    The valves  10  are connected to a control device  30 , and are opened or closed by the control device  30 . The control device  30  is also connected to a first measurement sensor  32 , which is arranged in the biogas outlet  8  and detects the methane concentration in the respective gas mixture. The control device  30  is also connected to a second measurement sensor  34 , which is likewise arranged in the biogas outlet  8  and detects the carbon-dioxide concentration in the respective gas mixture. The control device  30  is also connected to a third measurement sensor  36 , which is arranged in the biogas outlet  8  and detects the gas volume flow in the biogas outlet. If required, the extraction of gas from the fermenter  2  can be assisted by a fan  38  which is arranged in the biogas outlet. 
         [0027]      FIGS. 1 to 7  show various phases of the shut down process and process of starting the fermenter  2 , with active lines and positions of components being illustrated by solid lines, while lines and positions of components which are inactive or are shut down are illustrated by dashed lines. 
         [0028]      FIG. 1  shows the first phase of shutting down the fermenter  2 , in which off-gas containing carbon dioxide is pumped via the off-gas line  26  and the purging gas inlet  24  into the interior of the fermenter  2 . The biogas outlet  8  is connected, as before, to the biogas line  12 , so that the biogas/off-gas mixture is passed on to the cogeneration system  18 . 
         [0029]    Only when the methane concentration detected by the first measurement sensor  32  in the biogas outlet  8  has fallen below an upper limit value is the valve  10  in the biogas line  12  closed by the control device  30 , and the valve  10  in the second biogas/off-gas line  16  is opened, as is illustrated in  FIG. 2 . In this second phase of shutting down the fermenter  2 , the biogas/off-gas mixture is burnt in the off-gas flare  22 . If required, this combustion process can be assisted by adding additional fuel. 
         [0030]    When the methane concentration detected by the first measurement sensor  32  in the biogas outlet  8  has fallen below a medium limit value, the valve  10  in the second biogas/off-gas line  16  is closed by the control device  30  and the valve  10  in the first biogas/off-gas line  14  is opened, as is illustrated in  FIG. 3 . In this third phase of shutting down the fermenter  2 , the biogas/off-gas mixture is emitted to the environment via the off-gas chimney  20 . 
         [0031]    When the methane concentration detected by the first measurement sensor  32  in the biogas outlet  8  has fallen below a lower limit value, the valve  10  in the off-gas line  26  is closed by the control device  30  and the valve  10  in the fresh air line  28  is opened, as is illustrated in  FIG. 4 . In this fourth phase of shutting down the fermenter  2 , fresh air is pumped into the fermenter  2  via the fresh air line  28  and the purging gas inlet  24 . The off-gas/air mixture is emitted further to the environment via the biogas outlet  8  and the first biogas/off-gas line  14  in the off-gas chimney  20 . 
         [0032]    When the carbon-dioxide concentration detected by the second measurement sensor  34  in the biogas outlet  8  has fallen below a first limit value, the valve  10  in the fresh air line  28  is closed by the control device  30 , and the loading and unloading opening  4  is opened, as is illustrated in  FIG. 5 . At the same time, the fan  38  is used to suck fresh air in via the open loading and unloading opening, and to emit it to the environment via the off-gas chimney  20 . This prevents biogas residues which the fermented biomass still contains from representing a risk to the operator during the unloading process. 
         [0033]    Once the fermenter  2  has been loaded with fresh biomass again, the loading and unloading opening  4  is closed, the connection between the biogas outlet  8  and the off-gas chimney  20  is maintained via the first biogas/off-gas line  14 , and the control device  30  opens the valve  10  in the off-gas line  26 , so that the off-gas which contains carbon dioxide is pumped into the fermenter  2 , see  FIG. 6 . This is continued until the carbon-dioxide concentration detected by the second measurement sensor  34  in the biogas outlet  8  reaches or exceeds a second limit value. 
         [0034]    When the carbon-dioxide concentration has reached this second limit value, the control device  30  closes the valve  10  in the off-gas line  26  and in the first biogas/off-gas line  14 , and opens the valve  10  in the biogas line  12 , as is illustrated in  FIG. 7 . The biogas production phase has therefore been reached again, and the biogas produced in the fermenter  2  is supplied via the biogas line  12  to the cogeneration system  18 . 
         [0035]    In the embodiment described above, all the measurement sensors  32 ,  34 ,  36  are arranged in the biogas outlet  8 . Alternatively, the second and third measurement sensors  24 ,  36  can also be arranged in the first and second biogas/off-gas lines  14 ,  16 , respectively.  FIG. 8  shows an alternative refinement of the invention, which differs from the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 1 to 7 , in that the first and second biogas/off-gas lines  14 ,  16  are combined to form a common biogas/off-gas line  40 , before they open into the biogas outlet  8 . The second measurement sensor for detection of the carbon-dioxide concentration is arranged in the common biogas/off-gas line  40 , and the third measurement sensor  36  is arranged in the first biogas/off-gas line  14 . Apart from this, the second embodiment of the invention corresponds to the first embodiment. The method of operation is also identical. 
         [0036]      FIGS. 9 to 15  show a third embodiment of a biogas installation according to the present invention, in which three fermenters  2 - 1 ,  2 - 2  and  2 - 3  are provided, and are operated in parallel. Mutually corresponding components are provided with the same reference symbols. In the biogas installation shown in  FIGS. 9 to 15 , each of the three fermenters  2 - i  is provided with a purging gas inlet  24 - 1 ,  24 - 2  and  24 - 3 , which can each be shut off by a valve  10 . The three purging gas inlets  24 - i  are combined to form a common purging gas inlet  42 . An off-gas line  26  and a fresh air line  28  open into the common purging gas inlet  42 , and can each be shut off by a valve  10 . 
         [0037]    Each of the three fermenters  2 - i  is provided with a biogas outlet  8 - 1 ,  8 - 2  and  8 - 3 , which can each be shut off by a valve  10 . The first biogas/off-gas line  14  to the off-gas chimney  20  and the second biogas/off-gas line  16  to the off-gas flare  22  are combined to form a common biogas/off-gas line  40  in which a fan  38  is arranged. Downstream from the fan  38 , the common biogas/off-gas line  40  splits into a first, a second and a third biogas/off-gas line element  40 - 1 ,  40 - 2  and  40 - 3 . The first biogas/off-gas line element  40 - 1  opens between the valve  10  and the first biofermenter  2 - 1  into the first biogas outlet  8 - 1 . The second biogas/off-gas line element  40 - 2  opens between the valve  10  and the second biofermenter  2 - 2  into the second biogas outlet  8 - 2 . The third biogas/off-gas line element  40 - 3  opens between the valve  10  and the third biofermenter  2 - 3  into the third biogas outlet  8 - 3 . The three biogas/off-gas line elements  40 - 1 ,  40 - 2  and  40 - 3  can each be shut off by a valve  10 . The three biogas outlets  8 - 1 ,  8 - 2  and  8 - 3  open into a common biogas line  12 , which leads to a cogeneration system or combined heat and power unit  18 . An exhaust line  44  from the cogeneration system  18  opens into a second off-gas chimney  46 . The off-gas line  26  is connected via a 3-way valve  48  to the exhaust line  44 , that is to say the off-gas containing carbon dioxide which occurs in the cogeneration system  18  is used to purge a fermenter  2 - i  that is to be shut down. The 3-way valve allows the volume flow of the off-gas which is sent via the off-gas line  26  in order to purge a fermenter  2 - i , and the amount of off-gas which is emitted via the second off-gas chimney  46  to the environment, to be regulated. 
         [0038]    A first measurement sensor  32  is arranged in the common biogas line  12  in order to detect the methane concentration. A second measurement sensor  34  for detection of the carbon-dioxide concentration, a third measurement sensor  36  for detection of the volume flow, and a fourth measurement sensor  50  for detection of the methane concentration, are arranged in the common biogas/off-gas line  40 , downstream from the fan  38  in the flow direction. The four measurement sensors  32 ,  34 ,  36  and  50  are connected to a control device  30 . The various valves  10  are likewise connected to the control device. These control lines are not shown in  FIGS. 9 to 15 , for clarity reasons. 
         [0039]      FIGS. 9 to 15  illustrate the processes for shutting down and restarting the second fermenter  2 - 2 , with  FIGS. 9 to 15  showing the same phases and operating states as  FIGS. 1 to 7 . The biogas production in the first and third fermenters  2 - 1  and  2 - 3  takes place continuously while the second fermenter  2 - 2  is being shut down and started again. 
         [0040]      FIG. 9  shows the first phase of shutting down the fermenter  2 - 2 , in which off-gas containing carbon dioxide from the cogeneration system  18  is pumped via the 3-way valve  48  and the off-gas line  26 , the off-gas fan  27  and the second purging gas inlet  24 - 2  into the interior of the fermenter  2 - 2 . The second biogas outlet  8 - 2  is connected, as before, to the common biogas line  12 , so that the biogas/off-gas mixture is supplied further to the cogeneration system  18 . 
         [0041]    Only when the methane concentration detected by the first measurement sensor  32  in the common biogas line  12  has fallen below an upper limit value is the valve  10  in the second biogas outlet  8 - 2  closed by the control device  30 , and the valve  10  in the second biogas/off-gas line element  40 - 2  and in the second biogas/off-gas line  16  is opened, as is illustrated in  FIG. 10 . In this second phase of shutting down the fermenter  2 - 2 , the biogas/off-gas mixture is burnt in the off-gas flare  22 . If necessary, this combustion process can be assisted by adding additional fuel. 
         [0042]    When the methane concentration detected by the fourth measurement sensor  50  in the common biogas/off-gas line  40  falls below a medium limit value, the valve  10  in the second biogas/off-gas line  16  is closed by the control device  30  and the valve  10  in the first biogas/off-gas line  14  is opened, as is illustrated in  FIG. 11 . In this third phase of shutting down the fermenter  2 - 2 , the biogas/off-gas mixture is emitted to the environment via the off-gas chimney  20 . 
         [0043]    When the methane concentration detected by the fourth measurement sensor  50  in the common biogas/off-gas line  40  has fallen below a lower limit value, the valve  10  in the off-gas line  26  is closed by the control device  30 , the 3-way valve  48  is switched appropriately, and the valve  10  in the fresh air line  28  is opened, as is illustrated in  FIG. 12 . In this fourth phase of shutting down the fermenter  2 - 2 , the fresh air fan  29  pumps fresh air into the fermenter  2 - 2  via the fresh air line  28  and the purging gas inlet  24 . The off-gas/air mixture is furthermore emitted to the environment via the second biogas outlet  8 - 2 , the second biogas/off-gas line element  40 - 2 , the common biogas/off-gas line  40  and the first biogas/off-gas line  14 , in the off-gas chimney  20 . If necessary, this can be assisted by the fan  38 . 
         [0044]    When the carbon-dioxide concentration detected by the second measurement sensor  34  in the common biogas line  40  has fallen below a first limit value, the valve  10  in the fresh air line  28  is closed by the control device  30 , and the fresh air fan  29  is switched off, as is illustrated in  FIG. 13 . The loading and unloading opening, which is not illustrated in  FIGS. 9 to 15 , is opened. At the same time, fresh air is sucked in to the common biogas/off-gas line  40  via the fan  38  and via the open loading and unloading opening, and is emitted to the environment via the off-gas chimney  20 . This prevents any biogas residues which the fermented biomass still contains representing a risk to the operator during the unloading process. Exhaust gases from a tractor shovel which is used for loading and unloading are therefore also sucked out. 
         [0045]    Once the fermenter  2 - 2  has been loaded with fresh biomass again, the loading and unloading opening is closed, the connection between the second biogas outlet  8 - 2  and the off-gas chimney  20  via the second biogas/off-gas line element  40 - 2 , the common biogas/off-gas line  40  and the first biogas/off-gas line  14  is maintained, and the control device  30  opens the valve  10  in the off-gas line  26 , and switches the 3-way valve  48  in the exhaust line  44  of the cogeneration system  18 , so that off-gas containing carbon dioxide is pumped into the fermenter  2 - 2 , see  FIG. 14 . This process continues until the carbon-dioxide concentration detected by the second measurement sensor  34  in the common biogas/off-gas line  40  reaches or exceeds a second limit value. 
         [0046]    When this second limit value for the carbon-dioxide concentration has been reached, the control device  30  closes the valve  10  in the off-gas line  26 , switches the 3-way valve  38 , closes the valve  10  in the second biogas/off-gas line element  40 - 2  and opens the valve  10  in the second biogas outlet  8 - 2 , as is illustrated in  FIG. 15 . This means that the second fermenter  2 - 2  has also once again reached the phase of biogas production, and the biogas produced in the fermenter  2 - 2  is supplied via the biogas line  12  to the cogeneration system  18 . The biogas outlet  8 - 2  is not connected to the common biogas line  12  until the methane concentration detected by the fourth measurement sensor  50  has reached a fourth limit value. This fourth limit value matches the upper limit value. 
         [0047]    The valve  10  in the off-gas line  26  may be omitted since its function can also be carried out by the 3-way valve  48 . 
         [0048]    Instead of directly connecting the biogas line  12  to the cogeneration system  18  it may be connected first to a gas processing device (not shown) to improve the gas quality. The biogas with improved quality is then fed to the congeneration system  18 . Exhaust gas or off-gas from the gas processing device may be fed to the off-gas line  26 . 
         [0049]    The following text gives examples of numerical values of the various limit values: 
         [0000]    Methane concentration:
       upper limit value 30% to 50%   medium limit value 10% to 20%   lower limit value 0% to 3%   fourth limit value 30% to 50%
 
Carbon-dioxide concentration:
   first limit value 0.5% to 2%   second limit value 5% to 15%       
 
         [0056]    The off-gas volume flow in the off-gas line  26  is between 150 and 1000 m 3 /h, depending on the size of the fermenter and the amount of off-gas available. The fresh air volume flow in the fresh air line  28  is between 1000 and 5000 m 3 /h.