Abstract:
An improved homodyne receiver I/Q receiver for use in RFID and similar applications. The receiver uses a lumped constant network approach to eliminate costly and bulky couplers, circulators and distributed delay lines. A unique single-pole, four-throw ( sp4t) antenna switching arrangement is also provided. The receiver combines small size with improved efficiency and sensitivity to provide a practical, low-cost, hand-held receiver capable of operation over distances of approximately three to five meters. This allows the construction of a hand-held receiver having high performance (i.e., a long reading distance) and good discrimination (i.e., the ability to accurately read closely-spaced tags moving rapidly past a check point). When used with compatible RFID tags, the inventive system may also be used to alter the identification or other information stored within the RFID tags.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention pertains to long range electronic article surveillance and tracking and, more particularly, to a high sensitivity, lightweight homodyne transceiver for use in an RFID or similar reader for accurately reading data from and/or writing data into tags attached to a multiplicity of items rapidly passing a checkpoint. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Many commercial applications require accurate identification of packaged items in transit or inventory. This is often accomplished by placing machine-readable identification tags on the packages such as barcodes or magnetic stripes. But these methods cannot identify packages, which are not visible to the reader. It is also sometimes necessary to change an item&#39;s identification characteristic such as its shipping destination or cost. Such identification changes require that a reader write data into the package&#39;s tags or labels. Radio frequency identification (RFID) systems, using readers and tags, are currently available for performing these tasks on a variety of items, which are hidden from view in bags, boxes or totes. 
     The reader in these RFID systems is a transceiver whose transmitter activates an RFID tag. RFID tags are electronic devices that incorporate specific and typically unique identification numbers. These embedded numbers may be “read” by an interrogating radio frequency (RF) transceiver (i.e., transmitter/receiver) system. The RFID tags are generally attached to objects to be identified and/or tracked. These tags are transponders which may be either active (powered by an on-board power source such as a battery) or passive (acquiring energy for operation from the incident RF signal.) Passive tags generally have fewer components than do active tags, making them smaller and less expensive. 
     The identification number is generally contained in a non-volatile memory device within the RFID tag. When properly activated by an RF field, a passive RFID tag modulates its impedance, causing back-scattering of the RF energy field in its vicinity. The receiver portion of the reader then detects the tag&#39;s identification number from within this back-scattered field, thereby identifying all pertinent characteristics of the item to which the tag is attached. 
     Active RFID tags, on the other hand, have far greater flexibility of design, ranging from a simple battery which powers the ID-containing memory device to complete, active transponder systems using transmitters. 
     Because of cost considerations, the vast majority of system readers use passive tags and, therefore, receive tag data in the back-scatter mode. Consequently, the reader receiver functions as a homodyne or zero base-band frequency detector. Homodyne receivers utilize a zero beat principle, in which the local oscillator&#39;s frequency is identical to that of the carrier. Attempting to detect the back-scattered signal&#39;s amplitude modulation envelope with a single detected channel will fail in the homodyne environment. This is because the product detector nulls when the tag is at intervals where the back-scatter receiver&#39;s carrier phase at the detector is different from that of the transmitter by odd phase multiples of 90 degrees. Circumventing this problem requires that there be at least one other detector where the phase relationships between carrier and local oscillator differ from the first by 90 degrees. This dual product detection or demodulation scheme is generally referred as “I/Q Demodulation”. 
     Presently, long range systems utilizing passive tags operate in and above the UHF frequency range. Present generation receiver architecture follows one of two basic approaches. In the first approach, a conventional I/Q receiver is used. An I/Q receiver provides two demodulated outputs which are: 
     The “I” output which is a result of product detecting the received signal against an in-phase local oscillator signal, while the “Q” output is a result of product detecting the received signal against a local oscillator signal with a phase shift of 90 degrees. 
     Conventional I/Q receivers of the prior art typically utilize couplers, circulators, power dividers and high level mixers. This approach is costly, bulky and has numerous problems, the most serious problem being related to severe local oscillator isolation. If the local oscillator leakage level approaches the input compression level of a conventional mixer, the received backscatter signal will be. “captured” or “Wiped out”, thereby rendering the receiver useless. Since poor antenna matching invariably causes severe local oscillator power reflection, it is absolutely imperative that the antenna be perfectly matched for this type of system to function properly. 
     The second architecture approach for passive tags utilizes tapped transmission lines with a minimum of four detected channels. While these receivers generally perform better than the conventional I/Q receivers, their large distributed transmission line and extra receiver channels add excessive bulk and cost to the overall system. With this design small, handheld readers are almost impossible to fabricate. 
     DISCUSSION OF THE RELATED ART 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,784,686 for IQ COMBINER TECHNOLOGY IN MODULATED BACKSCATTER SYSTEM, issued to You-Sun Wu, et al. describes a homodyne receiver having two outputs: the in-phase or “I” output and the out-of-phase or “Q” output. In the WU, et al. system, the modulated back-scattered signal is composed of an informational signal modulated onto a single-frequency sub-carrier signal. To demodulate the back-scattered signal, the I and Q outputs are combined using an IQ combiner. The IQ combiner introduces a 90 degree phase shift with respect to the frequency of the sub-carrier signal. The outputs are then combined. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,936,527 for METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR LOCATING AND TRACKING DOCUMENTS AND OTHER OBJECTS, issued to Marvin Isaacman, et al., teaches an apparatus and method for a document control system using passive RFID tags attached to documents. ISAACMAN, et al. utilize a plurality of local exciters to interact with the passive RFID tags. The system is under the control of a personal computer. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,046,683 for MODULATED BACKSCATTER LOCATION SYSTEM, issued to Alex Pidwerbetsky, et al. teaches a system utilizing RFID tags whereby items may be located. An interrogator transmits a signal to one or more RFID tags which, in turn, responds by modulating the RF field via conventional back-scattering or by generating a sub-carrier signal that modulates the sub-carrier and forms a reflective signal. The RFID tag&#39;s relative direction and velocity relative to the interrogator is determined using analysis of any Doppler shift. 
     None of these references teaches or suggests the simple, homodyne transceiver of the instant invention. The inventive receiver, unlike the prior art, utilizes specific characteristics of a “lumped network” in combination with an amplitude/phase detector to form an I/Q receiver. Some of the salient advantages of the inventive receiver are: 
     That, by using the lumped network approach, its size may be significantly reduced relative to receivers of the prior art. 
     That, by eliminating couplers and circulators used in the prior art, the receiver will remain fully operational regardless of antenna matching. 
     That, by utilizing the extremely low loss nine pole lumped network, lower power is required from the transmitter and therefore there is higher efficiency and reliability. 
     That, by utilizing the extremely low loss nine pole lumped network, the receiver sensitivity will be higher than prior arts. 
     These inventive design improvements over those of the prior art allow miniature hand-held readers to have effective operating distances at least equal to those of larger base-station types. In addition, a unique switch design not shown in the prior art allows a cost-effective and lower loss implementation of a single-pole, four-throw (sp4t) switch from a pair of single-pole, double-throw (spdt) switches. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with the present invention, there is provided an improved homodyne transceiver for use in RFID and similar applications. The inventive receiver uses a lumped constant network approach to eliminate costly and bulky couplers, circulators and distributed delay lines. A unique single-pole, four-throw (sp4t) antenna switching arrangement is also used. The inventive receiver combines small size with improved sensitivity and efficiency to provide a practical, low-cost, hand-held reader capable of operation over distances of approximately three to five meters. When used with compatible RFID tags, the inventive system may also be used to alter the information stored within the RFID tags. 
     It is, therefore, an object of the invention to provide an improved, compact homodyne reader with performance capabilities surpassing those of larger, more expensive systems for use in an RFID-type application. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide an improved, compact homodyne transceiver, which may be hand-held. 
     It is a still further object of the invention to provide an improved, compact homodyne transceiver, which may interactively alter the contents of an RFID tag. 
     It is yet another object of the invention to provide an improved, compact homodyne receiver, which utilizes a lumped network to reduce size and improve reader performance and efficiency. 
     It is an additional object of the invention to provide an improved, compact homodyne receiver which may use I/Q outputs to help accurately distinguish between closel-yspaced articles. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     A complete understanding of the present invention may be obtained by reference to the accompanying drawings, when considered in conjunction with the subsequent detailed description, in which: 
     FIG. 1 is a system block diagram of the RFID reader of the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 is an electrical schematic diagram of an I/Q demodulator consisting of a three section lumped network with four taps and an amplitude/phase detector consisting of product detectors, low pass filters and difference amplifiers. 
     FIG. 3 a  is a table showing by analysis, how the I and Q channel signals are derived from a transmitted carrier and a received back-scatter signal; 
     FIG. 3 b  is a table showing by analysis, the low-order products obtained from the four detectors of FIG. 2; 
     FIG. 3 c  is a table showing the elimination of second harmonics of the signals shown in FIG. 2 b;    
     FIG. 3 d  is a table showing the derived I and Q output equations; 
     FIG. 4 is a plot of the I and Q channels which verifies that the received back-scattered signal will always be at an adequate level for tag detection at either the I or Q channel regardless of the tag&#39;s spatial location within range; 
     FIG. 5 a  is a schematic diagram of a single-pole, four-throw switch of the prior art; and 
     FIG. 5 b  is a schematic diagram showing a novel implementation of a single-pole, four-throw switch of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     The present invention provides an improved homodyne transceiver for use in RFID and similar applications. 
     Referring first to FIG. 1, there is shown a system block diagram of the improved RFID transceiver of the present invention, generally at reference number  100 . A transmitter  102  contains a frequency synthesizer  104 , which provides a signal to a data-modulating switch  106 . Switch  106  provides a modulated signal to a power amplifier  108 . Frequency synthesizer  104  is a fast-settling, low-noise, programmable device, which is chosen so that close-in phase noise is minimized even during times of rapid frequency change. A device found suitable for the application is catalog number Si4133G-BT manufactured by Silicon Laboratories. Because FCC Part 15 regulations mandate the dwell time in frequency-hopping applications, these characteristics of frequency synthesizer  104  are very important. 
     The data-modulating switch  106 , when transceiver  100  is in “read” mode, forms commands to be sent to the RFID tags (not shown) in the radiated RF field. The tags may be instructed to send back data (i.e., interrogated), or to go into their sleep (i.e., off) mode. The data-modulating switch  106  is also used when transceiver  100  is in “write” mode for forming the data to be written into the RFID tags. 
     The operation of the “write” mode is as follows: If it is desired to change the data information written in a tag&#39;s memory, a special modulation code, recognizable to a particular tag only, is sent out via the Data Modulator. When the desired tag receives this command, it puts itself into a programmable mode, which allows its memory to be altered. The data is then written into memory by data modulating the transmitter via SW  106  located in  102 . After the desired data transfer is complete, the tag is commanded to return to the “read” mode. A data-modulating switch such as catalog number AWS550-S13 manufactured by ANADIGICS has been found suitable for use. 
     The power amplifier  108  boosts the output signal from the data-modulating switch  106  to a level suitable for creating an RF field of adequate intensity for the particular RFID installation. Power amplifier  108  must minimize distortion and spurious signal generation while operating at a high efficiency. While the inventive circuit exhibits much lower power losses than do circuits of the prior art, the power output of amplifier  108  must still be high enough to overcome the remaining circuit losses. Because of the reduced circuit losses of  110 , power amplifier  108  may run cooler than similar devices in prior art receivers. This provides the obvious advantage of improved system reliability. A power amplifier suitable for use in the inventive receiver is catalog number MAX2235 manufactured by MAXIM Integrated Products. 
     The output of power amplifier  108  is connected to a nine-pole lumped network  110 . The output of lowpass lumped network  110  is connected to a single-pole, four-throw switch  112 . Switch  112  is connected to the harmonic filters  114  which are connected to antennas  116 . 
     Four taps on lowpass lumped network  110  feed four inputs of the amplitude/phase detector  118  which provides two outputs: In-phase (i.e., “I”) output  120  and quadrature (i.e., “Q”) output  122 . Outputs  120 ,  122  are connected to inputs of compressive amplifiers  124 ,  126 , respectively. The outputs of compressive amplifiers  124 ,  126  are connected to the inputs of noise filters  128 ,  130 , respectively. The outputs of noise filters  128 ,  130  are connected to inputs of threshold comparators  132 ,  134 , respectively. The outputs of threshold comparators  122 ,  134  are connected to a controller/processor  136 . Processor  136  has output  138  connected to frequency synthesizer  104  and output  140  connected to data-modulating switch  106 . 
     Referring now also to FIG. 2, there is shown a detailed schematic diagram of the I/Q demodulator  119  consisting of a nine-pole lowpass lumped network  110  and an amplitude/phase detector  118 . Lumped network  110  is a three-section  142   a ,  142   b ,  142   c  π filter. A series of four taps  148   a ,  148   b ,  148   c ,  148   d  are provided between each of the lumped network sections  142   a ,  142   b , and  142   c . Each tap  148   a ,  148   b ,  148   c ,  148   d  is connected to the input of a product detector  150   a ,  150   b ,  150   c ,  150   d , respectively. The outputs of product detectors  150   a ,  150   b ,  150   c ,  150   d  are connected to inputs of lowpass filters  152   a ,  152   b ,  152   c ,  152   d , respectively. Outputs of lowpass filters  152   a ,  152   c  are connected to differential inputs of difference amplifier  154 . Likewise, outputs of lowpass filters  152   b ,  152   d  are connected to difference amplifier  156 . 
     Harmonic filters  114  (FIG. 1) are needed to reduce the harmonic signals so that they meet the radiation requirements specified in part 15 of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requirements. Specifically, these requirements limit the allowable harmonics transmitted to no more than 500 microvolts per meter at a distance of 3 meters away. 
     Compressive amplifiers  124 ,  126  in combination with filters  128 ,  130  and threshold comparators  132 ,  134 , form two high gain, amplitude compressing channels, which preserve data integrity of the tag&#39;s back-scatter under an extremely large dynamic range. The preferred embodiment of the inventive reader is designed as a multi-protocol system which can accommodate various information bandwidth requirements. Therefore, the compressive amplifiers  124 ,  126  are designed to accommodate large information bandwidths with minimal noise and low group delay distortion. Non-linear group delay could cause data identification errors. The bandwidth of noise filters  128 ,  130  is programmable so that, tag protocols with narrow information bandwidths can be optimized. The threshold comparators  132 ,  134  provide digital signals for processing, while minimizing “False Alarms” (i.e., invalid data). 
     Controller/processor  136  provides primary data processing and controls the frequency and modulation of the transmitter  102 . The I and Q channels are examined simultaneously for valid data and then processed. Processor  136  has a data interface  164  which allows the inventive reader to be readily adapted to systems applications hardware which form no part of the instant invention. 
     The unique I/Q demodulator  119  formed by nine-pole lumped network  110  and the amplitude/phase detector  118  form the heart of the receiver of the instant invention. 
     In operation, an RF wave from the transmitter  102  enters lumped network  110  from connection  144 . As the wave passes left-to-right through sections  142   a ,  142   b , and  142   c , it is phase delayed by 45 degrees through each section. Consequently, the output at tap  1   148   a  is undelayed, the output at tap  2   148   b  is delayed by 45 degrees, 90 degrees at  148   c  and 135 degrees at  148   d.    
     Similarly, as a back-scattered signal (not shown) is received at one of the antennas  116 , it enters lumped network  110  from connection  146  and passes right-to-left through sections  142   c ,  142   b , and  142   a . The received (back-scattered) signal at tap  4   148   d  can be assumed for this discussion to be non-delayed, the signal at tap  3   148   c  is delayed by 45 degrees, 90 degrees at  148   b  and 135 degrees at  148   a . As a transmitted wave and a received (back-scattered) wave, which are assumed to be in phase with one another, pass through the nine-pole lowpass lumped network  110  in opposite directions, the relative phase shift between them doubles as they pass through each lumped network section. The net result is the creation of a relative shift of 90 degrees between each tap (tap 1  to tap 2  to tap 3  to tap 4 ), and 180 degrees between alternate taps (tap 1  to tap 3 , tap 2  to tap 4 ). 
     The “I” channel signal is created as follows: 
     The phase shifted waves from the two alternate taps  148   a  and  148   c  are applied to the inputs of product detectors  150   a  and  150   c , and the detected products are filtered by  152   a  and  152   c  and then subtracted by difference amplifier  154 . Similarly the “Q” Channel is formed from the waves between  148   b  and  148   d , filters  152   b  and  152   d  and difference amplifier  156 . The important distinction between the “I” channel at  120  and the “Q” channel at  122  is that they operate across sets of taps that are offset by relative phase shift of 90 degrees. Therefore, if the relative delay from tapl ( 148   a ) and tap 3  ( 148   c ) happens to be 180 degrees which will cause the “I” channel to null, the relative delay across tap 2  and tap 4  will be offset by 90 degrees, which will produce an output at  122  just 3 dB below maximum. Therefore, data will never be lost (See FIG.  4 ). 
     Referring now to the Tables shown in FIGS. 3 a ,  3   b ,  3   c ,  3   d , respectively, there are shown the mathematical relationships of signals as they pass through the inventive nine-pole lumped network  110  and amplitude/phase detector  118 . FIG. 3 a  shows the relationship of both the transmitted and received signals at each of the four taps  148   a ,  148   b ,  148   c ,  148   d  (FIG.  2 ). 
     FIG. 3 b  shows the low-order products obtained from the four product detectors  150   a ,  150   b ,  150   c ,  150   d  (FIG.  2 ). 
     FIG. 3 c  shows the elimination of second harmonics of the output signals from product detectors  150   a ,  150   b ,  150   c ,  150 d (FIG. 2) shown in FIG. 3 b.    
     FIG. 3 d  shows the In-Phase(I) and Quadrature-Phase (Q) signals  120 ,  122  (FIG.  1 ), respectively. 
     Referring now to FIG. 4, there is shown a plot of the I and Q output signals  120 ,  122 , respectively, showing how the signals vary as an RFID tag (not shown) moves along one wavelength (λ) relative to the reader. As the I signal dips, there is a corresponding peak in the Q signal. Consequently, by simultaneously processing both the I and Q signals  120 ,  122 , the likelihood of properly reading a tag is 100%, regardless of the position of the tag relative to the reader. 
     In some practical applications such as movevement through a portal entry, multiple antennas  116  are required to guarantee absolute identification of tags which may be randomly oriented. Generally, the antennas are time sequenced so that only one transceiver is required. To accomplish the selective attachment of multiple antennas, a switch is generally used. For the embodiment chosen for purposes of disclosure, a single-pole, four-throw (sp4t) switch has been chosen. It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that other antenna  116 /switch  112  combinations may be required for a particular operating environment. Generally, RF sp4t switches are readily available for operation at power levels below 1 Watt or for DC operating voltages above 5 volts. There are, however, few commercially available sp4t switches capable of handling the RF power generated by transmitter  102  of the inventive reader using only 5 volts of DC power. 
     Referring now to FIG. 5 a , there is shown an electrical schematic showing how three conventional gallium arsenide or other similar sp2t switches, which are well known to those skilled in the art and readily available, may be connected to form the required sp4t switch  112 . 
     A novel method for constructing the required sp4t switch using only two conventional gallium arsenide devices is shown in FIG. 5 b . Gallium arsenide switches  160   a ,  160   b  each have an “off” or “open” position, which is mostly reactive with a low conductive component. This high impedance can be “tuned” out by a matching network  162 . So the open or unused switch can effectively be de-coupled from the signal path. A voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) less than 2:1 can easily be maintained. 
     It is important to remember that the inventive reader embodiment is very tolerant of non-ideal matching conditions to the antennas  116 . Conventional readers of the prior art which utilized circulators can fail to operate because of local oscillator reflection if there are significant antenna mismatches. This problem has been eliminated in the inventive reader design. 
     Since other modifications and changes varied to fit particular operating conditions and environments or designs will be apparent to those skilled in the art, the invention is not considered limited to the examples chosen for purposes of disclosure, and covers changes and modifications which do not constitute departures from the true scope of this invention. 
     Having thus described the invention, what is desired to be protected by letters patents is presented in the subsequently appended claims.