Abstract:
A data processing system includes a data storage unit for storing data sets accessible to a user upon receipt of permission. The data processing system restricts access to data sets by requiring a username and then requiring a password to obtain permission for access to a data set stored in a data storage unit. The system is adapted to support use of more than one said password associated with a username; and each of those passwords associated with that username permits a distinct level of access to a particular data set, whereas other passwords can provide different levels of access to any data set assigned thereto.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    This invention relates to provide software security by controlling access to data processing systems, and more particularly to any data processing security system in requiring the user to employ a username and a password to gain access to data. 
         [0002]      FIG. 1  is a flow chart illustrating a typical prior art username/password system for gaining access to data stored in a shared data storage device  18  of a data processing system (hereinafter “system”) accessible by multiple users. When a potential user addresses the system as indicated by START block  7  in  FIG. 1 , the response of the system in username request block  8  is to request a username (e.g. a credit card number, or any equivalent identifier referred to hereinafter as a username.) Then to gain access to shared data in the data storage device  18 , the user must enter a username in a username entry block  9  (e.g. by key entry on a keyboard or by stating the username over a telephone or microphone, etc.) Then the username decision block  10  of the system makes a decision as to whether the username is valid (YES) or invalid (NO). If the username entered is invalid, then the system sends a signal (indicated by a username invalid line  11  back to the username request block  8  where the system again asks for a username, which makes it possible for the potential user to enter a correct username in the username entry block  9 , if the choice is made to repeat an attempt to gain access to the data in the system. 
         [0003]    When the username decision block  10  determines that username entered is valid (YES), the next step by the system is for the password request block  12  to respond by sending a signal (indicated by a username valid line  13 ) to the password request block  12  requesting entry of a password (which may comprise a Personal Identification Number (PIN), an access code, or the like.) Then the potential user must enter a password as indicated by the password entry block  14 . Next, as indicated by the password validity decision block  15 , the system decides whether the password that was entered is valid (YES) or invalid (NO.) If the password entered is invalid, the system sends a signal (indicated by the password invalid line  16 ) back up to the password request block  12  where the system will repeat the request for a password. 
         [0004]    If the password entered in the password entry block  14  is valid, the password validity decision block  15  provides a YES signal on the password valid line  17  granting the user access to the data as the system provides access to the data block associated with the username and the password in the shared data storage device  18 . This is how all commercially available accounts normally work, e.g. UNIX, email, Windows, etc. For each username there is only one password, which must be entered in block  14 . The data stored in the shared data storage device  18  is accessible when the correct username is entered in the username entry block  9  followed by entry of the correct password in the password entry block  14  for the data associated with the username. 
         [0005]    Heretofore internet users have often logged into websites that require password identification. Often users need to use public terminals at libraries or airports. Additionally, many users share computers belonging to others when they have no access to their own computers. A security problem exists because the user is usually unaware of what malware, spyware, key loggers, or any other security holes there may be in the system. This makes users uneasy about using a password or such shared machines. Thus there is the problem that businesses lose customers who refuse to visit the sites of shared computers because of such security concerns. 
         [0006]    For example, many users or customers perform banking online, but many of such users are hesitant to use a password on a public computer terminal because they fear that an unauthorized person such as a thief, an investigator, or a data collecting agency could or would gain access to all their information. Such access could permit unauthorized actions such as use of the data or the taking of unauthorized control of the data in the system. Such unauthorized actions would include control of the data in the system information including use of private information, control of assets in accounts, dispensing assets via an Automatic Teller Machine (ATM), transfer of assets to other accounts, commission of identity theft, as well as commission of other crimes and transgressions. 
         [0007]    For example, if an authorized user were personally unable to gain access to a computer or computer terminal and wanted to check an email account, the authorized user would be required to give another person access to the username and password for that account. That action is undesirable because people frequently use the same password for multiple accounts. Additionally, by revealing the username and password the person receiving that information would have present and future access to the related account without any limitations. 
         [0008]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,484,263 of Liu entitled “Security Profile for Web Browser” discloses a security profile for web browsers with a browser receiving a username-password challenge from a Web server. The user does not have to supply the username and password manually once the triple of (URL, username, password) is stored in the user security profile. The browser sends the challenging Web server the username and password that is associated with the matched URL. 
         [0009]    U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US2006/0021036 of Chang et al. entitled “Method and System for Network Security Management” describes providing a user database established at a server comprising a plurality of first usernames and a plurality of corresponding first user passwords. The usernames and corresponding passwords are calculated and obtained for generating a plurality of user key values. 
         [0010]    Application Publication No. US2006/0112424, of Coley et al. entitled “Method for Authenticating a User Access Request” uses a firewall to authenticate a user access request that employs first password portions sent from the user over a first medium of communication and second password portions sent to the user over a second medium of communication (i.e. a medium other than the first communication medium) responsive to receiving a valid username and first password portion pair from the user. The firewall may also send a password associated with a username to a mobile device for verification. 
         [0011]    U.S. Application Publication No. US2006//0085649 of Wong entitled “Method for Accommodating Multiple Verifier Types with Limited Storage Space with the system receiving a username and a password. Following receipt of a username and password the system looks up an associated verifier type and verifier based on a username; with the verifier generated for the user password, and allows a computer system to offer different verifier type to a newly added user. 
         [0012]    U.S. Pat. No. 7,114,078 of Carman entitled “Method and Apparatus for Storing Usernames, Passwords Associated Network Addresses In Portable Memory” describes a username and a password associated with a particular URL. 
         [0013]    J. Watt et al. “A Shibboleth-Protested Privilege Management Infrastructure for e-Science Education”; Vol. 00, Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE International Symposium on Cluster Computing and the Grid (CCGRID&#39;06) pp 357-364 (2006); ISBN:0-7695-2585-7 describe providing usernames associated with passwords which have varying levels privileges and/or within a privilege management and security infrastructure. 
         [0014]    Three articles from the Proceedings of the Second Symposium On Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS) Jul. 12-14, 2006 Pittsburgh, Pa.; ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, were published, in the ACM International Conference Proceeding Series; Vol. 149; ISBN:1-59593-448-0. The three articles include Ka Ping Yee et al.; “Passpet: Convenient Password Management and Phishing Protection” pp 32-43; Shirley Gaw et al., “Password Management Strategies for Online Accounts” pp 44-55; and Furkan Tari et al., “A Comparison of Perceived and Real Shoulder-surfing Risks between Alphanumeric and Graphical Passwords” pp 56-66. Yee et al. discloses password management and a different password for each account within a browser user interface. Gaw et al. discloses password management for online accounts with users or usernames having three or more passwords relative to a particular environment or need. Furkan Tari et al. discusses the possibility that graphical passwords may offer both a secure and usable solution to network- and Internet-based user authentication. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Glossary 
       [0015]    Logon (log on): Initiation of a session on a computer system, that requires entry of a username that must be accepted by the computer system, which when accepted is followed by entry of a password to gain access to a data set in a secure computer system. 
         [0016]    Username (user name): A string of characters that uniquely identifies a user to a system which is used to associate the user profile with a user when a user signs on a computer system. The username is also known as the user ID (user IDentification) or userid. The “umask” also known as the user number (UID) is a number that uniquely identifies a user to the system. It is the internal number associated with a user ID. 
         [0017]    Username owner: The user who has authority to create and change passwords associated with a username, and to assign various levels of access privilege to those passwords, which grant permission to perform various functions with or upon data sets owned by the username owner which are stored in the computer system. 
         [0018]    Data set: A collection of data stored in a computer system or data stored elsewhere which is accessible to the computer system. 
         [0019]    Password (User password): A value used to gain access to a computer system known to the computer system and to a user. The password which comprises a unique string of characters or the like which must be entered into the computer system to identify a user to the system who is entitled to the privilege of gaining access to the computer system and who is entitled to permission to have access to one or more data sets stored in or accessible to the computer system. 
         [0020]    User profile: In computer security, the user profile is a description of a user that includes such information as user ID, user name, password, access authority, and other attributes obtained at logon. The user profile may comprise an object with a unique name that contains the password of the user, the list of special authorities assigned to a user, and the objects the user owns. 
         [0021]    User profile name: A name or code associated by a system with a user when that user signs on the system. It is an authorization ID, which is a name identifying a user to whom privileges can be granted. 
         [0022]    User identification and verification: The actions of identifying and verifying a user to a system during logon. The system identifies the user by the userid and verifies the user by the password supplied during logon processing. 
         [0023]    Object: In computer security, an object is anything to which access is controlled referred to herein as a data set, e.g. a file, a program, an area of main storage. 
         [0024]    User object: The information created by a user within an application. 
         [0025]    Privilege: Access to data sets to perform a function with Read Only (RO) access, Read Print (RP) access, Read Write (RW) access, or Read Write Execute (RWE) access to a data set when permission for such access has been granted by the computer system. 
         [0026]    As employed herein username is intended to be synonymous with “user name”, user id, userid, the umask or the UID or any other logon name, symbol or code which precedes a password in the logon process. 
       Acronyms: 
       [0000]    
       
         DS: Data Set 
         DSA: Data Set A 
         DSB: Data Set B 
         DSC: Data Set C 
         DSD: Data Set D 
         DSABC: Data Set A,B,C 
         DSBC: Data Set B,C 
         RO: Read Only; 
         ROP: Read Only Permission 
         RW: Read Write 
         RWP: Read Write Permission 
         RWE: Read Write Edit 
         RWEP: Read Write Edit Permission 
       
     
         [0040]    In accordance with this invention, a username is associated with multiple passwords; and the user has one username. Preferably, a single password allows access as normal with all privileges as normal; and also associated with the same username is another, auxiliary password which has fewer privileges. Further in accordance with this invention, the user is able to set up a plurality of passwords with different privileges granted to the user for different passwords depending upon the comfort level the user has with respect to the machine being used at the time; and the exact privileges can be determined by the user or the web site at the time of creation of the username. 
         [0041]    Further in accordance with this invention, apparatus is provided including a data processing system including a data storage unit for storing at least one data set accessible to a user having permission for access thereto. The data processing system has a restriction of requiring a username and then requiring a password associated with the username to obtain permission for access to the data set. The system is adapted to support use of a multiple passwords associated with the username. Each of the multiple passwords associated with the username permits a distinct level of data set access to the at least one data set. Preferably, a user has one username associated with multiple data sets and with the multiple data sets including the one data set, and with the multiple data sets being accessible by entry of the one username and one of the multiple associated passwords. Preferably, one password allows access with all privileges to interact with the at least one data set; and another password associated with the username has fewer privileges to interact with the data set. It is preferred that an owner of a username creates many passwords with different levels of privilege for users of the data set. It is also preferred that one or more data processing units with data storage units for storing data sets are linked together. 
         [0042]    In accordance with still another aspect of this invention, a method of operating a data processing system includes a data storage unit for storing data sets accessible to a user upon receipt of permission. Access is restricted to the data processing system by requiring a username and then requiring a password to obtain permission for access to a data set stored in the data storage unit. Access is granted to the system with the username and multiple passwords associated with the username. A distinct level of access to the data set is permitted for each password associated with the username. Preferably, a user has one username associated with multiple data sets wherein the multiple data sets include the one data set, and the multiple data sets are accessible by entry of the username and the password. Preferably, one password allows access with all privileges to interact with the data set; and another password associated with the username has fewer privileges to interact with the data set. Preferably, an owner of a username creates multiple passwords with different levels of privilege for multiple users of the data set. Preferably, one or more data processing units with data storage units for storing data sets are linked together. 
         [0043]    In accordance with yet another aspect of this invention, a computer program product comprising a computer readable medium has a computer program recorded therein for responding to a username and multiple passwords for controlling access to data sets; the computer program. Computer program code means receive a username and issue a request for a password. Computer program password means for receive a password and determine whether the password is valid. Computer program access control means determine whether a level of access to a data set can be provided for a given valid password. Computer program access granting means for provide access to a data set upon granting of a level permission. The data processing system has a restriction of requiring a username and then requiring a password to obtain permission for access to a data set stored in the data storage unit. The system is adapted to support use of multiple password associated with a the username; and each of the multiple passwords for the username permits a distinct level of access to the data set. Preferably, a user has one username associated with multiple data sets, with the multiple data sets including the one data set, and with the multiple data sets being accessible by entry of the one username and one of the multiple associated passwords. Preferably, one password allows access with all privileges to interact with the data set; and another password associated with the username has fewer privileges to interact with the data set. Preferably, an owner of a username creates many passwords with different levels of privilege for multiple users of the data set. 
         [0044]    In contrast with Chang et al. the present invention embeds a username and password into a pre-shared key; and derives a client key value according to the shared key and internet key exchange mechanism. The server compares the client key value with the user key values, and when the client key value matches one user key, the system calculates the second username and the corresponding password to generate a server key value. The system can assign permissions by password; with one username having multiple passwords capable of varied privileges. 
         [0045]    In accordance with this invention a system is provided which employs a single username associated with multiple passwords with only one or a few thereof having the highest levels of privileges of access to one or more data sets. Other ones of those multiple passwords are restricted to lesser levels of privilege, i.e. different lower level passwords are provided with more restrictions to access to data or limited levels of access to data. In other words, different, i.e. higher or greater, levels of restriction are provided by submission of lower level access codes (passwords), which have fewer privileges for access to data associated therewith. For instance, while a banking site user who is the owner (i.e. the assignee) of a username can employ a highly restricted password permitting check writing, fund transfers and changing personal information, an additional highly restricted, lower priority password is associated with the same username but has fewer privileges granted by the owner of that username for use by a designee. 
         [0046]    For instance with respect to banking, if a lower priority user (designee) were to log into a data processing system with an lower priority password with fewer privileges the designee would be restricted to an action such as viewing the balances, but would not be allowed to view or change personal information, transfer monies or write checks. This would allow a username owner to perform limited banking functions online with no fear that even in the event that the password employed at that time were stolen that the assets or information of the username owner would be at risk. In accordance with this invention, the username owner can set up many passwords with different levels of privileges, i.e. different levels of restriction, to use depending on the comfort level of the username owner with respect to a machine or data processing system being employed by that owner at any given time or place. 
         [0047]    The exact privileges associated with any given password can be determined, i.e. prescribed, by the username owner or the website when the username is created. A more restricted password with lower levels of privileges (higher levels of restriction) can be either a single-use password so that even if the password were stolen the username owner would never risk a catastrophic loss. The more highly restricted, single use password has as much initial functionality as the normal password, but if it were stolen it would not be useful for acts of malfeasance, such as theft. The lower level password with fewer privileges could also be chosen by the username owner so that it could be easily remembered. The username owner would also not fear stealing of the restricted password because it would have limited access to data sets and could be changed easily by the username owner when logged into the system with the normal password. 
         [0048]    This invention can be applied to any password based framework. For example, if a username owner were unavailable and one needed to gain access to information in an account on a file system which was password protected by a fully privileged password, it would be possible to ask the username owner to grant use of a more restricted password. Such a more restricted password would grant permission for read-only access to the data associated with the account. This would leave the username owner secure in the knowledge that no one could write or delete to the directories in the account while the information would remain available for viewing by others with limited read-only access to the data. The username owner would be more comfortable granting access with the more restricted password rather than the folly restricted access password. 
         [0049]    System and computer program products corresponding to the above-summarized methods are also described hereinbelow. 
         [0050]    Additional features and advantages are realized through the techniques of the present invention. Other embodiments and aspects of the invention are described in detail herein and are considered a part of the claimed invention. For a better understanding of the invention with advantages and features, refer to the description and to the drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0051]    The subject matter that is regarded as the invention is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion of the specification. The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the invention are apparent from the detailed description that follows taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: 
           [0052]      FIG. 1  is a flow chart which illustrates a typical prior art username/password system and how a user can access data in a data base. 
           [0053]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram of a data processing system adapted to embody the present invention and to perform in accordance with the method of this invention. 
           [0054]      FIG. 3  is a flow chart for a username/password system in accordance with this invention allowing a single username to use different passwords to grant different levels of permission to access a data set stored in the data processing system. 
           [0055]      FIG. 4  is a flow chart for a username/password system in accordance with this invention allowing a single username to use different passwords to grant different levels of permission to access two different data sets associated with the username. 
           [0056]      FIGS. 5A and 5B  show a flow chart for yet another username/password system in accordance with this invention allowing a single username using different passwords to grant access to four different data sets with different levels of permission. 
           [0057]      FIGS. 6A ,  6 B, and  6 C show a flow chart for still another username/password system in accordance with this invention allowing a single username using different passwords to access five different combinations of data sets. 
           [0058]      FIG. 7  is a table which shows the single username of  FIGS. 6A ,  6 B, and  6 C and the five associated passwords, the five different combinations of data sets with one level of full permission and four restrictive levels of permission to data sets. 
       
    
    
       [0059]    The detailed description explains the preferred embodiments of the invention, together with advantages and features, by way of example with reference to the drawings. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0060]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram of an information system  19  embodying the present invention which employs a username and multiple passwords to control access to a data processing system and to data storage devices controlled thereby. Moreover, the information system  19  which is adapted to operate in accordance with the method of this invention comprises an I/O device  20  (e.g. a keyboard, microphone, or telephone) that can enter a username and a password transmitted over a first data link  21 , e.g. a wire or wireless transmission, into a local data processing system  22 . The local data processing system  22  is programmed to receive usernames and passwords associated with data sets that are stored in a local data storage device  23  or data sets that are stored in a remote data storage device  26  via a second data link  24  and remote data processing system  25 . 
       First Embodiment 
       [0061]      FIG. 3  is a flow chart for a username/password system in accordance with this invention which is a modification of the flowchart of  FIG. 1 , allowing a single username which uses different passwords to access data in a single data set. Moreover, in the embodiment of  FIG. 3  two different levels of permission for one or more data sets are associated with two different passwords. Each of the two different passwords grants permission to access a related one of the two different levels of permission for access to the data set A which, as the case may be, are stored in the access granted to Data Set A Permission (DSAP) block(s)  31 / 33  of either one or both in the local data storage device  23  in  FIG. 2  or in the remote data storage device  26  which are accessible by multiple users. In fact, the Data Set A (DSA) data may be stored in only one data storage location which for convenience of explanation is designated by both access granted to DSA blocks  31 / 33  in  FIG. 3  since the DSA data may be located at either the same location or in separate locations depending upon the particular implementation of this invention. 
         [0062]    Referring again to  FIG. 3 , when a potential user addresses the system is activated as indicated by the start block  7 . The username request block  8  of the system responds by requesting a username. Then the user enters a username in the username entry block  9  using an I/O device  20  ( FIG. 2 ) such as a keyboard or stating the username over a telephone or microphone, etc. Then the username decision block  10 , of the system makes a decision as to whether the username is valid or invalid (YES or NO). If the username entered is invalid, then the system sends a signal (indicated by the username invalid line  11  back up to username request block  8 , whereby the username request block  8  of the system repeats the request for a username, which makes it possible for the potential user to enter a correct username in the username entry block  9  if the choice is made to repeat an attempt to gain access to one or more of two data permission sets in the data set via the access granted to DSA blocks  31 / 33  of the data storage device(s)  23 / 26  in  FIG. 2 . The permission sets include the access granted to DSA Read/Write/Edit Permission (DSA/RWEP) block  31  and the access granted to DSA Read/Only (RO) Permission set (DSA/ROP) block  33 . 
         [0063]    When the username decision block  10  determines that username entered is valid (YES), the next step for the system is to ask the potential user to enter a password (which may comprise a Personal Identification Number (PIN), an access code, or the like) as indicated by the password request block  12 . Then the potential user can enter a password into the password entry block  14 . Next, the system decides whether the password is valid (YES) or invalid (NO) in the password validity decision block  15 . When the password entered is invalid (NO 6 ) the system returns a signal (as indicated by line  16 ) to the password request block  12  whereby the system will repeat the request for a password. 
         [0064]    In general, if the password is valid, the next step for the system is to determine what high, intermediate, or low level of permission(s) is/are associated with a given password. If for example a high level RWEP level is associated with the password, then the user has total access to a related data set in the storage device based upon that highest level of permission. If the password has only RWP status then the user has only RW access to a related data set in the associated storage device based upon that intermediate level of permission. If the password has only ROP status, then the user has only RO access to a related data set in the associated storage device based upon that lowest level of permission. This approach can be expanded to any number passwords with any combination of permissions and related data sets. This is ideal for an email system where one gives out or uses a password with only RO status on an insecure terminal to permit access for reading email but assuring that nothing in the data base could be changed, such as the settings in the system or composing of an email message. 
         [0065]    If the password entered in password entry block  14  in  FIG. 3  is valid (YES,) the password validity decision block  15  provides a YES signal on line  17  apparently granting the user access to at least some of the data in the system. The YES signal is passed along line  17  to both line  17 A and line  17 B. Line  17 A leads to DSA/RWEP decision block  30 . Line  17 B leads to Data Set A Read Only Permission (DSA/ROP) decision block  32 . The DSA/RWEP decision block  30  decides whether the user is entitled to the privilege of accessing data set A with RWE permission as indicated by the access granted DSA/RWEP block  31 . In parallel, the Data Set A Read Only Permission (DSA/ROP) decision block  32  decides whether the user is entitled to the privilege of accessing data set A with ROP status, as indicated by access granted DSA/ROP block  33 . In the unlikely event that neither RWE nor RO Permission is granted, the decision blocks lead on line  36  to END  34 . 
         [0066]    Thus, if the DSA/RWEP decision block  30  decides that the password entered in block  14  is entitled to RWE permission, then access data set A is granted by the DSA/RWEP block  31  with RWE permission. If the DSA ROP decision block  32  decides that the password entered in block  14  is entitled to be granted ROP access to DSA, then DSA/ROP access is granted to the related data set A by DSA/ROP block  33 . 
       Second Embodiment 
       [0067]    In  FIG. 4  a modified version of the system of  FIG. 3  which is identical except for the decision blocks  40  and  41  and the DSA/RWEP access granted block  41  and the DSB/ROP access granted block  42 . The description above is the same up through lines  17 A/ 17 B. 
         [0068]    In  FIG. 4 , for the case of data set A, RWEP state can be granted upon submission of an appropriate password. In the case of data set B only RO permission can be granted upon submission of a different, appropriate password. If the username is valid and the password is accepted, then the next step is for the system to determine what level(s) of permissions is/are associated with this password in decision blocks  40  and  41 . The decision block  40  tests whether to grant RWEP access to data set A for the password which has just been accepted. If the decision of block  40  is YES, then a signal is sent on line  44  to the DSA/RWEP block  41  which grants the user RWEP access to data set A. In parallel, the decision block  42  tests whether access is to be granted ROP access to data set B for the password which has just been accepted. If the decision of block  40  is YES, then a signal is sent on line  44  to the DSA/ROP block  43 , which grants the user ROP access to data set B. 
         [0069]    Data set B includes more limited access to records, as the user has only RO permission for access to data set B. The approach shown by  FIG. 4  can be expanded to any number passwords with any combination of levels of permissions and any number of data sets A, B, C . . . Z, etc. For example, this can be useful for banking online. A password can give certain access only to a checking account, but can hide the data sets. Another password can give full access to every data set belonging to the owner of the related data. 
         [0070]    In the unlikely event that neither level of permission is granted, the decision blocks  40  and  42  lead along line  46  to END  44 . 
       Third Embodiment 
       [0071]      FIGS. 5A-5B  show a modification of  FIG. 3  wherein the system performs the steps from block  7  to line  17  identically, but then in the descent down a serial decision tree one of four decisions can be made by one of a series of decision blocks  50 ,  52 ,  54 , and  56  providing access to one of these data sets A, B, C or D with three corresponding different levels of granting of RWEP, RWP or ROP access. The descent down the decision tree ends upon the determination that the password entered by the user provides access to a given data set with a particular level of access or with failure to make a positive determination at the END in step  45 . 
         [0072]    The decision block  50  which receives activation by a YES signal on line  17  is connected to data storage device  51  with access to data set A. The decision block  50  tests whether access is to be granted with RWEP status for access to data set A for this password. If the decision of block  50  is YES, then the system grants the user DSA/RWEP access to data set A. 
         [0073]    If block  50  decides NO, then the system passes via connector A in  FIG. 5A  to connector A in  FIG. 5B  down the decision tree to decision block  52 , which is connected to data storage device  53  with access to data set B. Decision block  52  tests whether access is to be granted with ROP status to data set B for this password. If block  52  is decides YES, then the system grants the user DSB/ROP access to data set B. 
         [0074]    If block  52  decides NO, then the system passes down the decision tree to decision block  54 , which is connected to data storage device  55  with access to data set C. The decision block  54  tests whether access is to be granted with RWEP status to data set C for this password. If the decision of block  54  is YES, then the system grants the user DSC/RWEP access to data set C. 
         [0075]    If block  54  decides NO, then the system passes down the decision tree to decision block  56 , which is connected to data storage device  57  with access to data set D. The decision block  56  tests whether the user is to be granted access with RWP status to data set D for this password. If the decision of Block  56  is YES, then the user is granted DSD/RWP access to data set D. 
         [0076]    In the unlikely event that no permission is granted, the decision blocks  50  a leads on line  58  to END  59 . 
       Fourth Embodiment 
       [0077]      FIGS. 6A-6C  show a modification of  FIGS. 5A-5B  wherein the system performs the steps from block  7  to line  17  in a similar fashion but then in the descent down a serial decision tree one of four decisions can be made by one of a series of decision blocks  50 ,  52 ,  54 , and  56  providing access to one or snore of the data sets A, B, C and D with three corresponding different levels of permission RWEP, RWP and ROP. In this case, as an example, the username is “DANIEL” and username decision block  10  tests for that username. The usual test is made by decision block  15  for a password and if a YES decision is made the system passes on to decision block  60 . 
         [0078]    The system performs the steps from block  7  to line  17  identically with the added detail that the username in the username decision block  10  must be DANIEL. As with  FIGS. 5A and 5B , there is a descent down a serial decision tree during which one of five decisions can be made by one of a series of decision blocks  60 ,  62 ,  64 ,  66  and  68  providing access to one of these data sets A, B, C or D with three corresponding different levels of permission RWEP, RWP, or ROP. The descent down the decision tree ends upon the determination that the password entered by the user provides access to a given data set with a particular level of access or with failure to make a positive determination at the END in step  45 . 
         [0079]    The decision block  60  which receives activation by a YES signal on line  17  is connected to data storage device  61  with access to data sets A, B, and C. The decision block  60  tests whether access is to be granted by testing as to whether the password is “PASS1” in which case DSABC/RWEP status is to be granted for access to data sets A, B, and C. If the decision of block  60  is YES, then DSABC/RWEP access is granted to the user for access to all three data sets A, B, and C. 
         [0080]    If block  60  decides NO, then the system passes via connector B in  FIG. 6A  to connector B in  FIG. 5B  down the decision tree to decision block  62 , which is connected to data storage device  63  with DSABC/ROP access to data set B. The decision block  62  tests whether the password is “PASS2” in which case DSABC/ROP access is granted to data sets A, B, and C. If the decision of block  62  is YES, then ROP access is granted to the user for all three data sets A, B, and C. 
         [0081]    If block  62  decides NO, then the system passes down the decision tree to decision block  64 , which is connected to data storage device  65  with DSA/ROP access to data set A. The decision block  64  tests whether the password is “PASS3” in which case DSA/ROP access is to be granted with ROP to data set C for this password. If the decision of block  54  is YES, then DSA/ROP access is granted to the user for data set A. 
         [0082]    If block  64  decides NO, then the system passes down the decision tree to decision block  56 , connected to data storage device  67  with DSBC/RWP access to data sets B &amp; C. The decision block  66  tests whether the password is “PASS4” in which case DSBC/RWP access is to be granted to data sets B &amp; C. If the decision of Block  66  is YES, then DSBC/RWP access is granted to the user for data sets B &amp; C. 
         [0083]    If block  66  decides NO, then the system passes down via connector C in  FIG. 6B  to connector C in  FIG. 6C  along the decision tree to decision block  68 , connected to data storage device  69  with DSD/ROP access to data set D. The decision block  68  tests whether the password is “PASS5” in which case DSD/ROP access is to be granted to data sets D. If the decision of Block  68  is YES, then DSD/ROP access is granted to the user for data sets D. 
         [0084]    In the unlikely event that no permission is granted, the decision block  68  leads to END  70 . 
         [0085]      FIG. 7  is a table which illustrates the use of a single username using five passwords to access four different sets of data in five different combinations with one level of full permission and three restrictive levels of permission to gain access to data stored in a data base. 
         [0086]      FIG. 7  is a table which shows the single username of  FIGS. 6A ,  6 B, and  6 C the five associated passwords, the five different combinations of data sets with one level of full permission and four restrictive levels of permission to data sets. The username is DANIEL. For the password PASS 1 , RWEP is granted for access to data sets A, B, and C. For the password PASS 2 , ROP is granted for access to data sets A, B, and C. For the password PASS 3 , ROP is granted for access to data set A. For the password PASS 4 , RWP is granted for access to data sets B and C. For the password PASS 5 , ROP is granted for access to data set D. 
         [0087]    The capabilities of the present invention can be implemented in software, firmware, hardware or some combination thereof. 
         [0088]    For example, one or more aspect of the present invention can be included in an article of manufacture (e.g., one or more computer program products), e.g. having computer usable media; and the media can have a computer readable program code means for providing and facilitating the capabilities of this invention embodied therein. The article of manufacture can be a part of a computer system or can be sold separately. 
         [0089]    Additionally, at least one program storage device readable by a machine, tangibly embodying at least one program of instructions executable by the machine to perform the capabilities of the present invention can be provided. 
         [0090]    While the flow chart diagrams depicted herein are examples, there may be many variations to these diagrams or the steps (or operations) described therein without departing from the spirit of the invention. For instance, the steps may be performed in a differing order, or steps may be added, deleted, or modified. All of these variations are considered a part of the claimed invention. 
         [0091]    While the preferred embodiment to the invention has been described, it will be understood that those skilled in the art, both now and in the future, may make various improvements and enhancements which fall within the scope of the claims which follow. These claims should be construed to maintain the proper protection for the invention first described.