Abstract:
The present invention pertains to an aqueous inkjet ink containing 1,1-diethylurea in the liquid vehicle which provides good print reliability and excellent latency with dye colorants. The present invention further pertains to an ink set containing this aqueous inkjet ink, as well as to methods of printing with this ink and ink set on a variety of substrates.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/843,667 (filed Sep. 11, 2006), the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein for all purposes as if fully set forth. 
     
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention pertains to an aqueous inkjet ink comprising a particular vehicle which provides good print reliability and excellent decap performance (or latency) with dye colorants. 
         [0003]    Inkjet printing is a non-impact printing process in which droplets of ink are deposited on a substrate, such as paper, to form the desired image. The droplets are ejected from a printhead in response to electrical signals generated by a microprocessor. Inkjet printers offer low cost, high quality printing and have become a popular alternative to other types of printers. 
         [0004]    A good ink-jet ink is characterized by a number of necessary properties, including color, jettability, decap time (latency), drying time and shelf-life, among others. However, there is often a tradeoff between these properties because improving one property can result in the deterioration of another property. 
         [0005]    Ink-jet printhead technology has developed to deliver very small drop sizes. Drop volumes of 1-2 pL are currently possible, which produce extremely high resolution images with no visible graininess. In addition, smaller drops allow an image to be formed with less ink volume per unit area, thus reducing dry-time and improving printer throughput. However, in order to obtain highly colored and chromatic images with less ink, more colorant must be incorporated into the ink. 
         [0006]    High colorant concentrations can lead to problems with print reliability and latency. Latency (also known as decap) is the amount of time a printhead can be left uncapped and idle and still fire properly, without the drying ink causing blocked nozzles, mis-directed drops or some other print defect. Problems are exacerbated by the small diameter of the nozzles designed to deliver small volume drops. The smaller nozzles can clog more easily and require a greater force to clear any high viscosity blockage. 
         [0007]    An additional problem with higher dye concentration inks is that the dye is more likely to aggregate as it dries on the media, such as glossy photographic paper, causing a phenomenon of “bronzing” whereby specular reflected light appears colored. This is most common in cyan dyes where a reddish bronzing is seen, but can occur with other dyes. Bronzing also increases the glossiness of an the image relative to the substrate causing gloss non-uniformity between different colored areas and the white background. U.S. Patent Publication 2004/0003755 discloses inks with antibronzing properties, in particular inks comprising cyan dye. 
         [0008]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,213,613 discloses aqueous dye-based inkjet inks comprising 3-4 wt % 1,1-diethyl urea. U.S. Pat. No. 5,733,363 discloses an aqueous dye-based inkjet ink comprising 2 wt % 1,1-diethyl urea. US Patent Publication 2005/0098063 discloses inkjet ink compositions with a variety of ureas, as possible ingredients. 
         [0009]    There is still a need for ink-jet ink formulations that provides outstanding latency (longer decap times) while maintaining reliability and other important jetting characteristics. In particular, there is a need for such a formulation where the colorant is a dye present in relatively high concentration. Still further there is needed a formulation that will provide the foregoing properties with little or no bronzing. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0010]    In one aspect, the present invention pertains to an aqueous dye-based ink-jet ink with improved decap time which, as discussed above, is the amount of time a nozzle can remain dormant and then be fired again without any detrimental effect on the droplet velocity, weight or direction. A longer decap time is preferred because it allows greater productivity by reducing the need for “servicing” the printhead. 
         [0011]    The present invention addresses the decap problem, while maintaining reliability and other important jetting characteristics, such as those discussed above, by providing an ink-jet ink comprising an aqueous vehicle and a dye soluble in said aqueous vehicle, wherein the aqueous vehicle comprises water and 1,1-diethyl urea; the amount of 1,1-diethyl urea present in the ink being at least 4.5 weight %, based on the total weight of ink. 
         [0012]    In another aspect, the present invention pertains to an inkjet ink as set forth above, wherein the dye is present in an amount of at least 3 weight percent based on the total weight of ink. In yet another aspect, present invention comprises dye in an amount of 4 weight percent or more based on the total weight of ink. 
         [0013]    The present invention further includes a method for ink jet printing onto a substrate, comprising the steps, in any workable order, of: 
         [0014]    (a) providing an ink jet printer that is responsive to digital data signals; 
         [0015]    (b) loading the printer with a substrate to be printed; 
         [0016]    (c) loading the printer with an ink set forth above; and 
         [0017]    (d) printing onto said substrate, using the said ink, in response to the digital data signals. 
         [0018]    These and other features and advantages of the present invention will be more readily understood by those of ordinary skill in the art from a reading of the following detailed description. It is to be appreciated that certain features of the invention which are, for clarity, described above and below in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention that are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any subcombination. In addition, references in the singular may also include the plural (for example, “a” and “an” may refer to one, or one or more) unless the context specifically states otherwise. Further, reference to values stated in ranges include each and every value within that range. 
     
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Vehicle 
       [0019]    The ink vehicle is the carrier (or medium) for the colorant and additives, if any. An “aqueous vehicle” refers to a vehicle comprised of water or a mixture of water and at least one water-soluble organic solvent (co-solvent) or humectant. Selection of a suitable mixture depends on requirements of the specific application, such as desired surface tension and viscosity, the selected colorant, and compatibility with substrate onto which the ink will be printed. 
         [0020]    As prescribed herein the ink comprises at least 4.5 weight percent (wt %) of 1,1-diethylurea. There is no upper limit, per se, but generally no more than about 20 wt % and typically no more than 15 wt % 1,1-diethylurea is needed to achieve the desired effect. The wt % is based on the total weight of ink. Written as a formula, 1,1-diethylurea is (C 2 H 5 ) 2 NCONH 2 . 
         [0021]    The inventive inks may further comprise additional water-soluble co-solvent(s)/humectant(s) such as, for example, alcohols, ketones, keto-alcohols, ethers and others, sulfones, sulfoxides, lactones and lactams; glycerol and derivatives thereof; glycols such as ethylene glycol, di-, tri- and tetra-ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, di- and tri-propylene glycol, trimethylene glycol, butylene glycol, hexylene glycol and thiodiglycol; addition polymers of oxyethylene or oxypropylene such as polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol and the like; mono- and di-alkyl (C 1 -C 4 ) ethers of mono-, di- and tri-ethylene glycol and mono-, di- and tri-propylene glycols; linear or branched C 4 -C 8  diols and triols. 
         [0022]    An aqueous vehicle will typically contain about 50% to about 95% water with the balance (i.e., about 50% to about 5%) being the water-soluble solvent/humectant. The prescribed 1,1-diethylurea is part of the co-solvent/humectant component of the vehicle. 
         [0023]    In a preferred embodiment, the total of all co-solvent/humectant present is at least about 8 wt % of the final ink weight. That total co-solvent/humectant refers to cumulative amount of 1,1-diethylurea plus any other co-solvent/humectant, such as those herein above mentioned, present in the ink. 
         [0024]    Preferred as additional vehicle component(s) are co-solvents/humectants selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, glycerol, ethoxylated glycerol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 2,5-hexanediol, 2-pyrrolidone, urea, imidazolidinone, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, dihydroxyethyl-5,5-dimethyl hydantoin, sulfolane, tetramethylsulfoxide, xylose, fructose, and mannose and any combination thereof. 
       Colorant 
       [0025]    The colorant prescribed by the present invention is a dye. By definition, a dye is soluble in the ink vehicle. Useful dyes include conventional dyes, such as anionic, cationic, amphoteric and non-ionic dyes. Such dyes are in general well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. 
         [0026]    Anionic dyes are those dyes that, in aqueous solution, yield colored anions. Cationic dyes are those dyes that, in aqueous solution, yield colored cations. Typically anionic dyes contain carboxylic or sulfonic acid groups as the ionic moiety. Cationic dyes usually contain quaternary nitrogen groups. 
         [0027]    The types of anionic dyes most useful in this invention are, for example, Acid, Direct, Food, Mordant and Reactive dyes. 
         [0028]    Preferred anionic dyes are those selected from the group consisting of nitroso compounds, nitro compounds, azo compounds, stilbene compounds, triarylmethane compounds, xanthene compounds, quinoline compounds, thiazole compounds, azine compounds, oxazine compounds, thiazine compounds, aminoketone compounds, anthraquinone compounds, indigoid compounds and phthalocyanine compounds. 
         [0029]    Preferred cationic dyes include mainly the basic dyes and some of the mordant dyes that are designed to bind acidic sites on a substrate, such as fibers. Useful types of such dyes include the azo compounds, diphenylmethane compounds, triarylmethanes, xanthene compounds, acridine compounds, quinoline compounds, methine or polymethine compounds, thiazole compounds, indamine or indophenyl compounds, azine compounds, oxazine compounds and thiazine compounds, among others, all of which are generally well known to those skilled in the art. 
         [0030]    Particularly preferred for this invention are anionic dyes. 
         [0031]    Useful CMY dyes include (cyan) Acid Blue 9 and Direct Blue 199; (magenta) Acid Red 52, Reactive Red 180, Acid Red 37 and Reactive Red 23; and (yellow) Direct Yellow 86, Direct Yellow 132 and Acid Yellow 23. 
         [0032]    Useful RGB dyes include (red) Reactive Orange 16, Reactive Red 123, Reactive Red 43, Reactive Orange 13, Acid Red 337 and Acid Red 415; (blue) Reactive Blue 49, Reactive Blue 19, Reactive Blue 72, Reactive Blue 21, Acid Blue 83 and Acid Blue 260; and (green) Reactive Green 12. 
         [0033]    Inks may also be formed from a mixture of dyes, for example a red ink may be a mixture of Reactive Red 180 and Reactive Yellow 84, and a green ink may be a mixture of Reactive Blue 72 and Reactive Yellow 85. 
         [0034]    The preceding dyes are referred to by their “C.I.” designation established by Society Dyers and Colourists, Bradford, Yorkshire, UK and published in the The Color Index, Third Edition, 1971. 
         [0035]    The dyes are generally present in amounts up to about 15 wt %, more typically from about 0.5 wt % to about 12 wt %. The present invention is advantageous for inks with higher dye loadings, for example inks with at least 3 wt % dye and inks with least 4 wt % dye. Percentages are weight percent of the total weight of ink. 
         [0036]    The “dye content” in a given ink refers the total dye present in that ink, whether a single dye species or a combination of two or more dye species. 
       Other Ingredients (Additives) 
       [0037]    Other ingredients, additives, can be formulated into the inkjet ink to the extent that such other ingredients do not interfere with the stability and jetablity of the ink, which may be readily determined by routine experimentation. Such other ingredients are in a general sense well known in the art. 
         [0038]    Commonly, surfactants are added to the ink to adjust surface tension and wetting properties. Suitable surfactants include ethoxylated acetylene diols (e.g. Surfynol® series from Air Products), ethoxylated primary (e.g. Tomadol® series from Tomah Products) and secondary (e.g. Tergitol® series from Union Carbide) alcohols, sulfosuccinates (e.g. Aerosol® series from Cytec), organosilicones (e.g. Silwet® series from Witco) and fluoro surfactants (e.g. Zonyl® series from DuPont). Surfactants are typically used in the amount of about 0.01 to about 5% and more typically about 0.2 to about 2%, based on the total weight of the ink. 
         [0039]    Polymers, such as polymeric binders, may be added to the ink to improve durability or for other purposes. The polymers can be soluble in the vehicle or dispersed (e.g. “emulsion polymer” or “latex”), and can be ionic or nonionic. Useful classes of polymers include acrylics, styrene-acrylics and polyurethanes. 
         [0040]    Biocides may be used to inhibit growth of microorganisms. 
         [0041]    Inclusion of sequestering (or chelating) agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), iminodiacetic acid (IDA), ethylenediamine-di(o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) (EDDHA), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), dihydroxyethylglycine (DHEG), trans-1,2-cyclohexanediaminetetraacetic acid (CyDTA), dethylenetriamine-N,N,N′,N″,N″-pentaacetic acid (DTPA), and glycoletherdiamine-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (GEDTA), and salts thereof, may be advantageous, for example, to eliminate deleterious effects of heavy metal impurities. 
       Ink Properties 
       [0042]    Jet velocity, separation length of the droplets, drop size and stream stability are greatly affected by the surface tension and the viscosity of the ink. Pigmented ink jet inks typically have a surface tension in the range of about 20 dyne/cm to about 70 dyne/cm at 25° C. Viscosity can be as high as 30 cP at 25° C., but is typically somewhat lower. The ink has physical properties compatible with a wide range of ejecting conditions, materials construction and the shape and size of the nozzle. The inks should have excellent storage stability for long periods so as not clog to a significant extent in an ink jet apparatus. Further, the ink should not corrode parts of the ink jet printing device it comes in contact with, and it should be essentially odorless and non-toxic. 
         [0043]    Although not restricted to any particular viscosity range or printhead, the inventive ink is particularly suited to lower viscosity applications. Thus the viscosity (at 25° C.) of the inventive inks and fixer can be less than about 7 cps, or less than about 5 cps, and even, advantageously, less than about 3.5 cps. Thermal inkjet actuators rely on instantaneous heating/bubble formation to eject ink drops and this mechanism of drop formation generally requires inks of lower viscosity. As such, the instant inks can be particularly advantages in thermal printheads. 
       Ink Sets 
       [0044]    Inkjet ink sets comprise at least two differently colored inks, more preferably at three differently colored inks (such as CMY), and still more preferably at least four differently colored inks (such as CMYK). Advantageously, one or more of the inks in the set, such as the cyan, magenta and/or yellow ink, can be formulated according to the present invention. 
         [0045]    In addition to the typical CMYK inks, the ink sets may further comprise one or more “gamut-expanding” inks, including different colored inks such as an orange ink, a green ink, a red ink and/or a blue ink, and combinations of full strength and light strengths inks such as light cyan and light magenta. 
       Method of Printing 
       [0046]    The inks and ink sets of the present invention can be printed with any suitable inkjet printer. The substrate can be any suitable substrate including plain paper, such as common electrophotographic copier paper; treated paper, such as photo-quality inkjet paper; textile; and non-porous substrates including polymeric films such as polyvinyl chloride and polyester. 
       EXAMPLES 
     Ink Preparation 
       [0047]    Inks were prepared according to the formulations noted in each example. Ingredients, given as weight percent of the total weight of ink, were mixed together and filtered. Water was deionized. Surfynol® 465 is a surfactant from Air Products Corp (Allentown, Pa., USA). Proxel® GXL is a Biocide from Avecia (Wilmington, Del., USA). Silwet® L-7606 is a silicone surfactant from GE Advanced Materials. 
       Gloss, Chroma and Optical Density Measurements 
       [0048]    Inks were printed on Epson Premium Glossy Photo Paper from the appropriate color printhead in a Canon i960 printer using “High Quality” print mode. Gloss (600) was measured using a Byk Gardner Micro-Tri-Glossmeter. Optical Density (OD) and chroma were measured using a Greytag-Macbeth Spectrolino spectrometer. 
       Bronzing Evaluation 
       [0049]    Prints on Epson Premium Glossy Photo Paper were evaluated visually and given the following ratings.
       AA=no bronzing (most desirable); gloss&lt;45   A=just discernable bronzing; gloss&lt;50   B=slight bronzing; gloss&lt;60   C=severe bronzing (least desirable) gloss≧60       
 
         [0054]    The bronzing values generally correlate with an increase gloss (relative to the unprinted media) so that the more severe the bronzing, the higher the gloss and the greater the undesirable gloss non-uniformity with the medium. The level of bronzing can vary sometimes depending on the particular batch of dye (perhaps related to impurity profile). For comparison of bronzing, batch integrity of dye (especially DB199) was maintained. 
       Nozzle Strength Test 
       [0055]    This test provides a simple way to evaluate how well the ink fires from the printhead and how well it primes the printhead nozzles. The inks were filled into HP 45A cartridges and a nozzle check pattern was printed using an HP DeskJet 800 series printer. The nozzle check pattern consists of a short line printed by each individual nozzle in the printhead. The pattern was evaluated for missing or misdirected lines indicating a problem with firing from a particular nozzle. The nozzle check patterns were rated according to the following criteria:
       Good—2 or fewer missing or misdirected nozzles   Fair—2 to 5 missing or misdirected nozzles   Poor—More than 5 missing or misdirected nozzle       
 
       Latency Test 
       [0059]    Latency (Decap time) was determined according to the following procedure using a Hewlett Packard 850 printer that was altered so that the ink cartridge would not be serviced during the test. Just prior to the beginning of the test, the nozzles were primed and a nozzle check pattern was performed to ensure all nozzles were firing acceptably. No further servicing was then conducted During each scan across the page, the pen prints a pattern of 149 vertical lines spaced about 1/16 inch apart. Each vertical line was formed by all nozzles firing one drop, therefore the line is one drop wide an about ½ inch high corresponding to the length of the nozzle array on the printhead. The first vertical line in each scan is the first drop fired from each nozzle after the prescribed latency period, the fifth line was the fifth drop from each nozzle on that scan, and so forth for all 149 lines. 
         [0060]    The pattern was repeated at increasingly longer time intervals (decap times) between scans. The standard time intervals between scans was 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1000 seconds. Nothing beyond 1000 seconds was attempted. 
         [0061]    Upon completion of the test, the 1 st , 5 th , and 32 nd  vertical lines in each scan was examined for consistency, misdirected drop deposits, and clarity of the print. These lines correspond to the 1 st , 5 th  and 32 nd  drops of ink droplets ejected from the nozzle after a prescribed latency period. The decap time for each drop was the longest time interval where the particular vertical line can be printed without significant defects. 
         [0062]    Preferably, the pen will fire properly on the first drop. However, when the first drop fails to eject properly, the decap time for the fifth and thirty-second drops can provide some information as to the severity of the pluggage and how easily the nozzles can be recovered. 
         [0063]    The results tables hereinafter report only the first drop decap time and refer to the value simply as the “Decap” in units of seconds. 
       Example 1 
       [0064]    The following inks are formulated with 1,1-diethyl urea. Results demonstrate that, when added at sufficient levels, 1,1-diethyl urea is advantageous for decap, bronzing, chroma and OD. Effective levels of 1,1-diethylurea are above 4 wt % (Comparative Ink 1B versus 1A). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ink 1B 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ink 1A 
                 Comp. 
                 Ink 1C 
                 Ink 1D 
                 Ink 1E 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ingredients 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 DB 199 Cyan Dye 
                 6.0 
                 6.0 
                 6.0 
                 4.0 
                 6.0 
               
               
                 1,1-diethyl urea 
                 7.0 
                 4.0 
                 7.0 
                 10.0 
                 15.0 
               
               
                 Diethylene glycol 
                 5.0 
                 5.0 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 2-pyrrolidone 
                 3.0 
                 3.0 
                 3.0 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Ethylene glycol 
                 — 
                 — 
                 5.0 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Surfynol 465 
                 0.2 
                 0.5 
                 0.35 
                 0.5 
                 0.3 
               
               
                 Water (to 100%) 
                 Balance 
                 Balance 
                 Balance 
                 Balance 
                 Balance 
               
               
                 Properties 
               
               
                 Decap 
                 1,000 
                 300 
                 500 
                 1000 
                 &gt;1,000 
               
               
                 Nozzle Strength 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                 Bronzing 
                 AA 
                 C 
                 C 
                 AA 
                 A 
               
               
                 Gloss 
                 44 
                 78 
                 74 
                 42 
                 76 
               
               
                 Chroma 
                 67 
                 63 
                 66 
                 71 
                 68 
               
               
                 Optical Density 
                 2.32 
                 1.84 
                 1.84 
                 2.05 
                 1.90 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 2 
     Comparative 
       [0065]    Comparative inks 2A-2F were made with formulations similar to those in Example 1A but with other ureas in place of 1,1-diethyl urea or with no (alkyl)urea at all. Comparative Inks 2G-2M were formulated with urea or alkyl urea as the only humectant, analogous to Inventive inks 1D-1E. 
         [0066]    None of these comparative inks have the advantageous decap demonstrated by the inventive inks. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ink 2A 
                 Ink 2B 
                 Ink 2C 
                 Ink 2D 
                 Ink 2E 
                 Ink 2F 
               
               
                   
                 Comp. 
                 Comp. 
                 Comp. 
                 Comp. 
                 Comp. 
                 Comp. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ingredients 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 DB 199 
                 6.0 
                 6.0 
                 6.0 
                 6.0 
                 6.0 
                 6.0 
               
               
                 Urea 
                 — 
                 7.0 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Methyl urea 
                 — 
                 — 
                 7.0 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 1,1-dimethyl 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 7.0 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 urea 
               
               
                 Ethyl urea 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 7.0 
                 — 
               
               
                 1,3- 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 7.0 
               
               
                 diethylurea 
               
               
                 Diethylene 
                 5.0 
                 5.0 
                 5.0 
                 5.0 
                 5.0 
                 5.0 
               
               
                 glycol 
               
               
                 2- 
                 3.0 
                 3.0 
                 3.0 
                 3.0 
                 3.0 
                 3.0 
               
               
                 pyrrolidone 
               
               
                 Surfynol 465 
                 0.1 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 Water (to 
                 Balance 
                 Balance 
                 Balance 
                 Balance 
                 Balance 
                 Balance 
               
               
                 100%) 
               
               
                 Properties 
               
               
                 Decap 
                 30 
                 200 
                 100 
                 80 
                 400 
                 500 
               
               
                 Nozzle 
                 Weak 
                 Weak 
                 OK 
                 Good 
                 OK 
                 Excellent 
               
               
                 Strength 
               
               
                 Bronzing 
                 C 
                 C 
                 A 
                 AA 
                 AA 
                 AA 
               
               
                 Gloss 
                 76 
                 62 
                 45 
                 40 
                 41 
                 39 
               
               
                 Chroma 
                 61 
                 67 
                 68 
                 69 
                 68 
                 96 
               
               
                 Optical 
                 1.58 
                 2.13 
                 2.36 
                 2.39 
                 2.36 
                 2.34 
               
               
                 Density 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ink 2G 
                 Ink 2H 
                 Ink 2I 
                 Ink 2J 
                 Ink 2K 
                 Ink 2L 
                 Ink 
               
               
                   
                 Comp. 
                 Comp. 
                 Comp. 
                 Comp. 
                 Comp. 
                 Comp. 
                 2M Comp. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ingredients 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 DB 199 
                 4.0 
                 4.0 
                 6.0 
                 6.0 
                 4.0 
                 6.0 
                 4.0 
               
               
                 Urea 
                 10.0 
                 — 
                 15.0 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Methyl urea 
                 — 
                 10.0 
                 — 
                 15.0 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Ethyl urea 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 10.0 
                 15.0 
                 — 
               
               
                 1,3-diethylurea 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 10.0 
               
               
                 Surfynol 465 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
                 0.5 
                 0.3 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 Water (to 100%) 
                 Bal. 
                 Bal. 
                 Bal. 
                 Bal. 
                 Bal. 
                 Bal. 
                 Bal. 
               
               
                 Properties 
               
               
                 Decap 
                 200 
                 100 
                 100 
                 300 
                 200 
                 800 
                 70 
               
               
                 Nozzle Strength 
                 Weak 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                 Bronzing 
                 C 
                 AA 
                 C 
                 A 
                 AA 
                 A 
                 AA 
               
               
                 Gloss 
                 72 
                 40 
                 82 
                 45 
                 41 
                 46 
                 39 
               
               
                 Chroma 
                 71 
                 73 
                 62 
                 72 
                 73 
                 68 
                 74 
               
               
                 Optical Density 
                 2.04 
                 2.34 
                 1.67 
                 2.20 
                 2.35 
                 2.07 
                 2.36 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 3 
       [0067]    The following inventive ink employs yellow dye and demonstrates beneficial effects similar to the cyan inks of Example 1. No bronzing evaluation is provided as this property is typically not an issue with this colorant. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Ingredients 
                 Ink 3D 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 DY 132 Yellow Dye 
                 4.0 
               
               
                   
                 1,1-diethylurea 
                 7.0 
               
               
                   
                 Diethylene glycol 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 2-pyrrolidone 
                 3.05 
               
               
                   
                 Surfynol 465 
                 0.2 
               
               
                   
                 Water (to 100%) 
                 Balance 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Properties 
                 Ink 6D 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Decap 
                 &gt;1,000 
               
               
                   
                 Nozzle Strength 
                 Good 
               
               
                   
                 Gloss 
                 58 
               
               
                   
                 Chroma 
                 123 
               
               
                   
                 Optical Density 
                 1.99