Abstract:
One or more input signals are used to generate a Pseudo noise generator and re-inject the signal to obtain a more efficient method of control of a receiver using adaptive antenna array technology. The antenna array automatically adjusts its direction to the optimum using information obtained from the input signal by the receiving antenna elements. The input signals may be stored in memory for retrieval, comparison and then used to optimize reception. The difference between the outputs of the memorized signals and the reference signal is used as an error signal.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a CON of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/548,895, filed Jul. 13, 2012; 
         [0002]    which is a CIP of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/029,564, filed Feb. 17, 2011, and titled “Antenna and Method for Steering Antenna Beam Direction”; 
         [0003]    which is a CON of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/043,090, filed Mar. 5, 2008, and titled “Antenna and Method for Steering Antenna Beam Direction”, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,911,402 on Mar. 22, 2011; 
         [0004]    the contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0005]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0006]    This invention relates to code division multiple access (CDMA) mobile communication systems, and more particularly, to a modal adaptive antenna system and related signal receiving methods. 
         [0007]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0008]    In a classical operation of a smart antenna system, the array input vectors are applied to multipliers forming the adaptive array, a summing circuit and an adaptive processor for adjusting the weights. 
         [0009]    The signals are multiplied by weighted outputs from the adaptive processor. It takes a long period of time for the adaptive processor to process the calculations in addition the adaptive processor is complicated. Consequently it is difficult to apply a classical scheme. 
         [0010]    It is generally known in the art that these classical systems require extended periods of time for the adaptive processor to process calculations for signal receiving. Additionally, the circuit of the adaptive processor is complicated, and therefore it is difficult to apply the conventional smart antenna system to CDMA mobile communications. 
         [0011]    More recently, demand has driven requirements for smart antenna systems configured for use in code division multiple access (CDMA) mobile communication systems and applications. In order to overcome some of the previous limitations, new and improved antenna systems and methods are being developed. 
         [0012]    One example of a smart antenna receiver for use in CDMA applications is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,353,643 by Park, hereinafter the &#39;643 patent, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. In the &#39;643 patent, Park discloses a method for including the use of a pilot signal to enable a pseudo noise generator and re-inject the signal to get a more efficient method of control. Although Park suggests methods for improving prior art smart antenna systems, there is a continuing need for improved antenna systems and methods for increased efficiency in signal receiving. 
         [0013]    Modernly, it is therefore a requirement in the dynamic field of mobile communications to provide improved and more efficient methods of signal receiving and processing. Current trends and demand in the industry continue to drive improvements in signal receiving and processing for mobile CDMA communications systems. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0014]    It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a smart antenna receiver using adaptive antenna array technology that automatically adjusts its direction to the optimum position for reception using information obtained from the input signal of the receiving antenna elements. 
         [0015]    The invention describes a method of receiving structure based on a modal approach for the antenna. Since the antenna is tuned in several steps driving from one mode to the other, several radiation patterns will be established in memory corresponding to several states stored in a Look-Up table. The Look-Up table corresponds to a set of voltages applied to both parasitic elements corresponding to the different capacitors or inductors placed to obtain the optimal radiation patterns. 
         [0016]    In certain embodiments the use of a diversity signal as a reference and will help to generate a signal that controls the adaptive processor. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0017]    These and other attributes of the invention are further described in the following detailed description of the invention, particularly when reviewed in conjunction with the drawings, wherein: 
           [0018]      FIG. 1  illustrates a circuit for a smart antenna receiver including multiple inputs which are stored in memory and then compared to an error signal. A feedback loop monitors the changes and adjusts the output for optimum reception. 
           [0019]      FIG. 2  illustrates a smart antenna receiver including multiple inputs that are continually compared to an error signal. The output signal is processed to obtain an error signal that changes and adjusts the output for optimum reception. 
           [0020]      FIG. 3  illustrates a smart antenna receiver including multiple inputs that are stored and continually compared to an error signal. The output signal is processed to obtain an error signal that changes and adjusts the output for optimum reception by being compared to the stored signals. 
           [0021]      FIG. 4  illustrates a smart antenna circuit that is identical in operation to  FIG. 2  except for the addition of a memory storage circuit at the output. 
           [0022]      FIG. 5  illustrates a smart antenna circuit that is identical in operation to  FIG. 3  except for the addition of a diversity signal that provides an additional reference for control of the adaptive processor. 
           [0023]      FIG. 6  illustrates a circuit for a smart antenna receiver including a single input that is continually compared to an error signal. The diversity signal provides an additional reference for control of the adaptive processor. 
           [0024]      FIG. 7  illustrates a block diagram showing the flow between transmit and receive functions based on a simple level of error that could be determined with the levels in the different schemes shown in  FIGS. 1-6 . 
           [0025]      FIG. 8  illustrates a method wherein a controlled analysis is required in a chamber to determine memory settings. 
           [0026]      FIG. 9  illustrates a flow chart describing a method including the utilization of a Look-Up Table to generate voltages for maximum signal reception based upon the angle of the received input signal. 
           [0027]      FIG. 10   a  illustrates an embodiment of the invention where an antenna is positioned between a plurality of parasitic elements for generating a series of modes at which the antenna operates; the multi-mode antenna is included in smart antenna system with voltages applied to parasitic elements that change the angle of the radiation pattern for the Main Antenna  1 . 
           [0028]      FIG. 10   b  illustrates the radiation pattern modes as can be generated using the multi-mode antenna system of  FIG. 10   a.    
           [0029]      FIG. 11  illustrates a circuit that produces reference voltages used to determine the mode of operation as shown in  FIG. 10(   a - b ). Any one of  FIGS. 1-6  could be used for Block A. 
           [0030]      FIG. 12  illustrates an exemplary example of utilizing an Antenna Tuning Module (ATM) that produces a single input signal to a circuit shown in  FIG. 6  derived from a Look-Up table and an Adaptive Processor. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0031]    In the following description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, details and descriptions are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced in other embodiments that depart from these details and descriptions. 
         [0032]    A multimode antenna, or “modal antenna”, is described in commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 7,911,402, issued Mar. 22, 2011, hereinafter referred to as the “&#39;402 patent”, the contents of which are incorporated by reference. The modal antenna of the &#39;402 patent generally comprises an isolated magnetic dipole (IMD) element having one or more resonance portions thereof disposed above a circuit board to form a volume of the antenna. A first parasitic element is positioned between the IMD element and the circuit board within the volume of the antenna. A second parasitic element is positioned adjacent to the IMD element but outside of the antenna volume. Due to proximity of these parasitic elements and other factors, the first parasitic element is adapted to shift a frequency response of the antenna to actively tune one or more of the antenna resonance portions, and the second parasitic element is adapted to steer the antenna beam. In sum, the modal antenna of the &#39;402 patent is capable of frequency shifting and beam steering. Moreover, where the antenna beam comprises a null, the null can be similarly steered such that the antenna can be said to be capable of null steering. For purposes of illustration, the modal antenna of the &#39;402 patent provides a suitable example for use in the invention; however, it will be understood that other modal antennas may be used with some variation to the embodiments described herein. 
         [0033]    Now turning to the drawings,  FIG. 1  illustrates a circuit for a smart antenna system, wherein multiple radio signals  1   a  through  1   n  are received and stored in memory M 1  through Mn. The stored signals in memory M 1  through Mn are then multiplied by a set of weights  2   a  through  2   n  that are derived from an adaptive processor  5  and combined at combiners A- 1  through A-n. The output signals from A- 1  through A-n are combined in a summing circuit  3  to generate an output signal  4 . The summing circuit output  4  and the constantly changing inputs  1   a  through  1   n  are analyzed by the adaptive processor  5  to provide the weighted signals  2   a  through  2   n.  This circuit generally provides a memory-enhanced spatial filter for use in a smart antenna system, where a bank of signals can be stored in memory and used for enhanced signal processing. Additionally, the circuit of  FIG. 1  is capable of being used with a single multi-mode antenna unit. In certain embodiments, the multi-mode antenna provides reduced space and improved efficiency over multi-array antennas for operation at a similar signal range. 
         [0034]      FIG. 2  illustrates a circuit for a smart antenna system, wherein multiple radio signals  20   a  through  20   n  are received and multiplied with a set of weights  21   a  through  21   n  at A- 1  through A-n. Weighted signals  21   a  through  21   n  are derived from an Adaptive Processor  28  and provide inputs to at A- 1  through A-n to generate an input signal to summing circuit  22   a.  The output signal  23  is then multiplied by a pseudo noise code  27  at  24   a  detected by the pilot signal to generate a de-spread signal that is then filtered at  25 . The amplitude of the filtered signal is adjusted by Limiter  26  and then multiplied at  24   b  by the pseudo noise code generator  27  to generate a reference signal  28  from summing circuit  24   b.  The difference between the outputs  20   a  through  20   n  and the reference signal  28  is used as an error signal. An optimum weighted set is generated by using the generated error signal and the radio signals  21   a  through  21   n . The circuit of  FIG. 2  is further adapted for use with a multi-mode antenna unit as will be further described below and is illustrated in  FIG. 10(   a - b ). 
         [0035]      FIG. 3  illustrates a circuit for a smart antenna system, wherein multiple radio signals  30   a  through  30   n  are received and stored in M 1  through Mn. The stored signals M 1  through Mn are then multiplied with a set of weights  31   a  through  31   n  at A- 1  through A-n. Weighted signals  31   a  through  31   n  are derived from an Adaptive Processor  38  and provide inputs to A- 1  through A-n to generate an input signal to summing circuit  32   a.  The output signal  33  is then multiplied by a pseudo noise code  37  at  34   a  detected by the pilot signal to generate a de-spread signal that is then filtered at  35 . The amplitude of the filtered signal is adjusted by Limiter  36  and then multiplied at  34   b  by the pseudo noise code generator  37  to generate a reference signal  38  from summing circuit  34   b.  The difference between the outputs  30   a  through  30   n  and the reference signal  38  is used as an error signal. An optimum weighted set is generated by using the generated error signal and the radio signals  31   a  through  31   n  and the stored signals at M 1  through Mn. 
         [0036]      FIG. 4  is identical in operation to  FIG. 2  with the addition of a memory storage device at the output to store the output signal in memory. 
         [0037]      FIG. 5  is identical in operation to  FIG. 3  except for the addition of a diversity signal  50  that provides an additional reference for control of the adaptive processor  54 . An additional weighted signal  51  is generated and combined with the input signal  50  at D- 1 . The output signal  52  is summed at  53 . 
         [0038]      FIG. 6  illustrates a circuit for a smart antenna system, wherein a single radio signal S 6 - 2  is received and multiplied with a weighted signal S 6 - 7  generated by the adaptive processor  66  at A- 1 . In addition, a diversity signal S 6 - 1  is generated and multiplied with a weighted signal S 6 - 8  by the adaptive processor  67  at D- 1 . 
         [0039]    The weighted signals S 6 - 7  and S 6 - 8  are generated by comparing the two inputs S 6 - 1  and S 6 - 2  with a reference signal S 6 - 6 . The reference signal S 6 - 6  is derived by summing the diversity signal output S 6 - 3  and the output of A- 1  (S 6 - 4 ) at  60 . 
         [0040]    The summing output signal S 6 - 5  is then multiplied by a pseudo noise code generator  65  at  61  to generate a de-spread signal that is then filtered at  63 . The amplitude of the filtered signal is adjusted by Limiter  64  and then multiplied at  62  by the pseudo noise code generator  65  to generate a reference signal S 6 - 6  from summing circuit  66 . 
         [0041]    The difference between the inputs S 6 - 1  and S 6 - 2  and the reference signal S 6 - 6  is that reference signal S 6 - 6  is analyzed by the adaptive processor to produce the weighted outputs S 6 - 7  and S 6 - 8 . 
         [0042]    Each of the circuits illustrated in  FIGS. 1-6  includes a portion captioned as “Block A”. Block A is a general reference relating to any of the circuits captured in  FIGS. 1-6 , where these circuits can be further used in an advanced smart antenna system to provide improved methods for signal receiving. Additionally, each of the circuits of  FIGS. 1-6  can be adapted for use with a multi-mode antenna unit for reduced space and improved performance of the smart antenna system. 
         [0043]      FIG. 7  illustrates a flow diagram describing the process of sampling the response from the multiple antenna modes and developing weights for each mode. A pilot signal  70  is received when the antenna mode  71  is set to the first mode. A second pilot signal  72  is sampled with the antenna set to the second mode  73  and this process is repeated until all modes have been sampled. An estimation of antenna performance that occurs between sampled modes  74  is made. Weights are evaluated for the processor  75  based upon the sampled antenna responses for the various modes n. The adaptive process is highlighted starting in  70   a  where a pilot signal is received for antenna mode  1   71   a . The receive response is stored and compared to previous received responses for mode  1  and estimates are made for receive response for the other antenna modes  72   a  and  73   a.  An estimate of antenna performance between sampled modes is performed  74   a.  Weights are evaluated for the processor  75   a  based on the sampled and estimated antenna response for the modes. 
         [0044]      FIG. 8  provides a description of a method in one embodiment of the invention, wherein an analysis of the signal is required in a test chamber where all the modes are characterized and memorized for settings in the cell phone. This insures that measurements are made in a controlled environment. 
         [0045]      FIG. 9  illustrates a flow chart that describes the generation of voltages for maximum signal reception based upon the angle of the maxima or minima of the antenna radiation pattern (or any other parameters driving the antenna performances). The mode and angle are stored successively in memory using sample and hold circuitry and are retrieved from the Look-Up Table. The mode is initially set to 0 and then incremented in steps where an Antenna Tuning Module is more finely tuned to achieve the optimum mode. The result is stored in memory for retrieval. 
         [0046]      FIG. 10(   a - b ) illustrate an exemplary physical example of a multi-mode smart antenna with voltages V 1  and V 2  applied to parasitic elements  1  and  2  used to modify the angle of maxima and/or minima of the radiation pattern(or any other parameters driving the antenna performances) for the Main Antenna  1  as shown for Mode  1  through Mode n. The voltages V 1  and V 2  are derived from a Look-Up table and are generated based upon changes in the input signals utilizing the methods described in this application. 
         [0047]      FIG. 11  illustrates a circuit for a smart antenna system, wherein Block A represents any of the circuits of  FIGS. 1-6  with Diversity and either single or multiple inputs Ai as shown again in  FIGS. 1-6 . The Adaptive Processor  110  can be included in Block A if required. 
         [0048]    An output from Block A S 11 - 1  is compared with voltage reference signal Vref at  112 . The output of the Comparator  112  increments or decrements a Counter  113  based upon the Comparator  112  output. 
         [0049]    The Counter output signal S 11 - 2  in conjunction with an output S 11 - 3  from the Adaptive Processor  111  and a bi-directional signal S 11 - 4   a  from the Automatic Tuning Module  115  determine the output required from the Look-Up Table  114 . 
         [0050]    This resultant signal  11 - 4   b  in conjunction with signal S 11 - 5  from the Adaptive Processor  111  are used to determine the outputs V 1  and V 2  from the Automatic Tuning Module  115 . See  FIG. 10  for the physical representation of the application of V 1  and V 2 . 
         [0051]      FIG. 12  illustrates a circuit for a smart antenna system, wherein Block A represents any of the circuits of  FIGS. 1-6  with a Diversity signal and single input from the Automatic Tuning Module  120 . The Adaptive Processor  121  can be included in Block A if required. 
         [0052]    An output S 12 - 2  from the Adaptive Processor  121  is used to determine the output from a Memory circuit  122 . This output S 12 - 1  is used to update Adaptive Processor  121 . 
         [0053]    The output from the Automatic Tuning Module  120  is derived from two signals, S 12 - 3  from the Look-Up Table  123  and a bi-directional signal S 12 - 4  that provides both input and output signals to update the Adaptive Processor  121  and tune Automatic Tuning Module  120 . 
         [0054]    The circuits illustrated in  FIGS. 11-12  can be adapted for use with a multi-mode antenna unit, such as an isolated magnetic dipole antenna element (IMD) and one or more parasitic elements positioned near the IMD antenna element. Alternatively, the circuits illustrated in  FIGS. 11-12  can be further adapted for use with a multi-array antenna unit. 
         [0055]    As described above, a smart antenna system includes a spatial filter comprising a plurality of multipliers, a summer, and an adaptive processor. The smart antenna system can further include memory for storing radio signals at the input. 
         [0056]    Additionally, the smart antenna system can further include: a pseudo noise code generator and a multiplier for multiplying the signal with the pseudo noise code; a data bandwidth filter for eliminating the interference component by filtering a despread signal; a limiter for adjusting amplitude of the signal having an omitted interference component; a multiplier for generating a re-spread reference signal by multiplying the amplitude adjusted signal by the pseudo noise code; and a subtracter for generating an error signal. 
         [0057]    Furthermore, the smart antenna system can include one or more of: a memory module positioned at the output of the smart antenna circuit; a diversity signal for further reference and improved signal processing; a comparator for comparing the voltage of a Block A circuit with a V ref  provided by the adaptive processor; a counter for generating a counter output signal for determining the output required from a look-up table; a look-up table, and an antenna tuning module for dynamic tuning of the antenna system. 
         [0058]    While the invention has been shown and described with reference to one or more certain preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those having skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.