Abstract:
A receiver member is provided suitable for having an ultra-gloss, image print formed thereon, the receiver member having at least one planar surface, a plurality of standoffs protruding from the planar surface, the plurality of standoffs providing a coefficient of friction for the planar surface for substantially preventing similar stacked receiver members from sticking together, and without adversely affecting any print image thereon. A member is provided for creating a contour on the receiver member. The member includes a surface contoured to exhibit a plurality of valleys which will not adversely impact print image quality, wherein a reciprocal peaked contour is formed on the receiver member.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   This invention relates in general to image receiver sheets for prints formed by electrographic reproduction apparatus, and more particularly to image receiver sheet characteristics providing optimum sheet handling in an electrographic reproduction apparatus. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   High glossed toner images are created by forming very smooth surfaces that minimize the amount of light diffusion off the surface. These extremely smooth surfaces, when placed against one another, can create significant problems in print handling. When two smooth surfaces are placed together, particularly as with duplex prints (although this is also somewhat true with simplex prints), the surface contact area between the prints is maximized. As air escapes from between the prints, which happens naturally over time or when pressed together, e.g., as in a cutter, the forces locking the prints together increases enough to prevent movement between the sheets and can create a solid “brick” of prints. Handling this type of output within the glossing equipment or in post processing equipment can be impossible. It is particularly noted that in practice there occurs poor stacking, inability to jog the prints, multi-feeding of prints in postal equipment, rejection of prints from the post office for poor handling in postal equipment. 
   After examining a number of print surfaces, it has been determined that those prints with micrometer sized raised features had the best sliding (and non-bricking) performance. In a typical glossing/fusing process mode utilizing a belt for effecting glossing/fusing, the desired belt features, which serve to create the raised print features are formed by the natural roughening that occurs in the glossing/fusing process. Unfortunately, it takes tens of thousand of glossed/fused sheets to get the desired glossing/fusing belt characteristics for optimum print sliding performance. The ideal performance may require a belt that has been aged by as many as 200,000 prints. Accordingly, it is the purpose of this invention to produce an ideal glossing/fusing belt with suitable surface features that eliminate fused prints from “bricking” together. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   In view of the above, this invention is directed to producing an ideal glossing/fusing belt with surface features that eliminate fused prints from “bricking” together. With such belt features, the resulting print features that eliminate prints from bricking together can be accomplished at the same time as glossing/fusing at no additional cost. The preconditioning of the glossing/fusing belt surface can be accomplished using an abrasive surface. The roughening materials and processes used must provide the optimal belt surface for favorable handling, while maintaining overall image quality of the prints. If done correctly, acceptable sliding performance and high image quality is achieved immediately from a conditioned new belt. 
   This invention has three aspects: 
   1) it specifically defines what surface characteristics can eliminate/significantly reduce sticking or bricking of toner images while maintaining the highest, artifact free gloss level; 
   2) it teaches how ideal surface characteristics can be produced on the print surface using a belt fusing apparatus; and 
   3) it shows how the belt can be manufactured to achieve the specific features. 
   The desired features for optimum print-to-print contact, to avoid bricking range from approximately 3 to 25 micrometers in length, approximately 3 micrometers or greater in width, and approximately 0.05 micrometers or greater in height. To yield such features in the prints, similar sized features are formed on the glossing/fusing belt (but are, of course, indentations into the belt coating). During the process of glossing/fusing (heating/melting/cooling), the toner image on the print is cast to the surface of the belt and causes the formation of the desired features on the prints. Because the eye cannot resolve such small features, the image quality of the prints remains extremely high. The high gloss level of the prints is undisturbed, gloss haze increases only slightly, and no image artifacts are introduced. 
   Accordingly, with this invention, a receiver member is provided suitable for having an ultra-gloss, image print formed thereon, the receiver member having at least one planar surface, a plurality of standoffs protruding from the planar surface, the plurality of standoffs providing a coefficient of friction for the planar surface for substantially preventing similar stacked receiver members from sticking together, and without adversely affecting any print image thereon. 
   Further, according to this invention, a receiver member suitable for having an ultra-gloss image print formed thereon, is provided, the receiver member having at least one planar surface, a plurality of standoffs protruding from the planar surface, the plurality of standoffs providing a coefficient of friction for the planar surface for substantially preventing similar stacked receiver members from sticking together, and without adversely affecting any print image thereon. 
   Still further according to this invention, in a mechanism for forming ultra-glossy, print images on a receiver member, a member for creating a contour on the receiver member to substantially prevent stacked receiver members from sticking together while not adversely affecting the quality of the print images, the member including a surface contoured to exhibit a plurality of valleys which will not adversely impact print image quality, wherein a reciprocal peaked contour is formed on the receiver member. 
   The invention, and its objects and advantages, will become more apparent in the detailed description of the preferred embodiment presented below. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     In the detailed description of the preferred embodiment of the invention presented below, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic side elevation view of a glossing/fusing belt being conditioned to form desired features thereon, for impressing similar features on prints, according to this invention. 
       FIG. 2  is an exploded view in perspective of a glossing/fusing belt conditioned with desired features and a receiver sheet with impressed similar features; and 
       FIG. 3  is a schematic side elevation view of a conditioned glossing/fusing belt forming impressed features on a receiver sheet according to this invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   The preferred practice of this invention is to condition the surface of a new (or aged) glossing/fusing belt with suitable desired features such that similar desired surface features are formed on a print at the same time as the smooth glossy surface is produced thereon. Conditioning the surface of the belt, while maintaining the highest quality for glossing can be a challenge. The preferred method is to indent small hard particles into the surface to create valleys 3 to 25 micrometers in length, approximately 3 micrometers or greater in width, and approximately 0.05 micrometers or greater in height. The method currently being used to condition the belt utilizes the glosser hardware. Sandpaper is wrapped around the pressure roller. The pressure roller is then engaged with the glossing belt for 6 revolutions at a given load (10 mm nip width). With this method, the sticking/bricking solution is achieved and the image quality requirements are maintained. 
   Sample Preparation 
   Samples of glossing/fusing belts were prepared for optical examination and Veeco analysis by gold coating using a Denton DV-502A evaporator to make them reflective. The samples were coated to a thickness of 200 angstroms as measured with the Thickness Monitor DTM-100 (Sycon Instruments STM-100). The instrument used for the analysis was a Veeco NT8000 running on Vision software version 3.42. The 50× objective at 0.5 fov in the VSI mode (Vertical Scanning Interferometry) was used to collect the data. 
   A Multiple Regions Analysis routine was used to calculate the average valley height and average peak height. The conditions used are as follows: 
   
     
       
             
             
             
           
         
             
                 
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
               Minimum Region Size: 
               20-30 pix 
             
             
                 
               Region Level: 
               Valleys (for Member) 
             
             
                 
                 
               Peaks (for Receiver Member) 
             
             
                 
               Terms Removal: 
               None 
             
             
                 
               Zero Level: 
               Automatic 
             
             
                 
               Region Finding Routine: 
               by threshold 
             
             
                 
                 
               20 nm or 10 nm for finer features 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   
     
       
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
                 
               TABLE 1 
             
           
           
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               Forming Process Conditions 
               Member Characteristics 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               No. of 
               Avg. 
                 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               Member Forming 
                 
               Surface Abrasive Characteristics 
               Nip 
               Nip 
               Member 
               Valley 
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               Sample 
               Surface Abrasive 
               Mat&#39;l. 
               Ra 
               Rz 
               Thickness 
               Width 
               Temp. 
               Cycles 
               Height 
               Diameter 
               #/mm 2   
             
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               Example 1 
               Cushioned Cloth 
               SiC 
               7.3 
               20.2 
               0.43 
               10 
               80 
               4 
               0.041 
               4.5 
                75 
             
             
                 
               Abrasive Wrapped 
             
             
                 
               Around Pressure 
             
             
                 
               Roller 
             
             
               Example 2 
               Cushioned Cloth 
               SiC 
               7.3 
               20.2 
               0.43 
               10 
               80 
               6 
               0.042 
               7.8 
               1150 
             
             
                 
               Abrasive Wrapped 
             
             
                 
               Around Pressure 
             
             
                 
               Roller 
             
             
               Example 3 
               Cushioned Cloth 
               SiC 
               4.8 
               17.9 
               0.36 
               10 
               80 
               4 
               — 
               — 
               — 
             
             
                 
               Abrasive Wrapped 
             
             
                 
               Around Pressure 
             
             
                 
               Roller 
             
             
               Example 4* 
               Cushioned Cloth 
               SiC 
               4.8 
               17.9 
               0.36 
               10 
               80 
               6 
               0.028 
               5.4 
               7500 
             
             
                 
               Abrasive Wrapped 
             
             
                 
               Around Pressure 
             
             
                 
               Roller 
             
             
               Example 5* 
               Cushioned Cloth 
               Al 2 O 3   
               7.0 
               22.0 
               0.47 
               10 
               80 
               6 
               0.039 
               4.1 
                350 
             
             
                 
               Abrasive Wrapped 
             
             
                 
               Around Pressure 
             
             
                 
               Roller 
             
             
               Example 6 
               Paper Abrasive 
               Al 2 O 3   
               3.9 
               17.4 
               0.20 
               9 
               135 
               2 
               — 
               — 
               — 
             
             
                 
               Fed Between 
             
             
                 
               Member &amp; 
             
             
                 
               Pressure Roller 
             
             
               Example 7 
               Paper Abrasive 
               SiC 
               3.7 
               15.9 
               0.15 
               12 
               135 
               1 
               — 
               — 
               — 
             
             
                 
               Fed Between 
             
             
                 
               Member &amp; 
             
             
                 
               Pressure Roller 
             
             
               Example 8 
               Pressure Roller 
               Al 2 O 3   
               9.7 
               17.4 
               0.09 
               12 
               135 
               1 
               0.054 
               6.7 
                550 
             
             
                 
               Overcoat 
             
             
               Example 9 
               Pressure Roller 
               Al 2 O 3   
               5.7 
               13.1 
               0.09 
               12 
               135 
               1 
               0.053 
               5.7 
               2100 
             
             
                 
               Overcoat 
             
             
               Comparative 
               None 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
               0.023 
               6.0 
               250 
             
             
               Example* 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   
     
       
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
                 
               TABLE 2 
             
           
           
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               Receiver Member Characteristics 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               Average 
               Bricking 
               Gloss 
               Average 
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               Kinetic 
               Subjective 
               20 
               Peak 
               Dia- 
             
             
               Sample 
               COF 
               Ranking 
               Degrees 
               Height 
               meter 
               #/mm 2   
             
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               Example 1 
               0.50 
               1 
               94 
               0.078 
               5.1 
               450 
             
             
               Example 2 
               0.22 
               1 
               93 
               0.066 
               5.4 
               1500 
             
             
               Example 3 
               0.79 
               7 
               96 
               — 
               — 
               — 
             
             
               Example 4* 
               0.39 
               1 
               94 
               0.024 
               5.9 
               2000 
             
             
               Example 5* 
               0.60 
               2 
               94 
               0.038 
               4.8 
               250 
             
             
               Example 6 
               0.36 
               1 
               96 
               — 
               — 
               — 
             
             
               Example 7 
               0.32 
               1 
               97 
               — 
               — 
               — 
             
             
               Example 8 
               0.39 
               1 
               96 
               — 
               — 
               — 
             
             
               Example 9 
               0.35 
               1 
               94 
               — 
               — 
               — 
             
             
               Comparative 
               Locked 
               9 
               96 
               0.028 
               7.0 
               450 
             
             
               Example* 
               Sheets 
             
             
                 
             
             
               *Used a threshold of 10 nm in the Veeco analysis. 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   Methods and Materials 
   EXAMPLES 1-5 
   These examples used Micro-Mesh® forming sheets from Micro-Surface Finishing Products, Inc. of Wilton, Iowa. These are available in forms where either silicon carbide or aluminum oxide crystals are suspended in the sheet resin. Cushioning is provided via flexible cotton backing with polymer emulsion cushioning layer. Average roughness, Ra, and average maximum height of the profile, Rz, were measured using a Federal Surfanalyzer 4000 and are given in Table 1. The lead edge of the sheet was attached to the pressure roller. This allowed the sheet to be smoothed out when operating in an operative pressure relationship with the glossing belt. The time of forming was controlled to achieve a given number of cycles of the glosser belt surface. 
   EXAMPLES 6-7 
   These examples used non-cushioned sheets. Rather than attaching the forming sheet to the pressure roller, the forming sheet was pulled into the nip formed between the pressure roller and the glossing belt. 
   EXAMPLES 8-9 
   These examples used a pressure roller that had been coated with a particulate filled polymer. Two layers of polymer were used. The first layer was 3 mils thick and used aluminum oxide T-61. The second layer was 0.5 mils thick and used aluminum oxide AL-605. The aluminum oxide particles can be obtained from convenient commercial source, e.g., Atlantic Equipment Engineers of Bergenfield, N.J. for AL-605 and Alcoa Inc. for T-61. To control the roughness of the coating on the pressure roller, the time for milling the Al-605 dispersion was varied from 2 to 7 hours for Examples 8 and 9 respectively. The milling time for the T-61 dispersion was kept constant at 7 hours. 
   The coating solutions were prepared in the following general way. 4.89 grams of aminofunctional polydimethyl siloxane were added to 450 grams of polymer solution and rolled for 3 days. The polymer solution contained fluorocarbon thermoplastic random copolymer THV 220A dissolved in methyl ethyl ketone to achieve 15.5% solids. At the end of three days, 150 grams of the reacted solution were mixed in a milling crock with 6.9 grams of zinc oxide, 69.8 grams of aluminum oxide (AL-605 or T-61 depending on the layer), 125 grams of methyl ethyl ketone, and 24.9 grams of fluoroethylenepropylene (FEP). The crock was rolled on a two-roll mill to form a dispersion. The dispersion and 100 grams of MEK rinse were then added back to the remaining 300 grams of reacted polymer solution. To this combined mixture, a curative solution was added containing 2.093 grams of curative  50  (a bisphenol residue, DuPont) dissolved in 11.3 grams of methyl ethyl ketone. This final coating solution was rolled for 10 minutes. The pressure roller was then coated using a ring coating process. The coated roller was cured in an oven with a 6-hour temperature ramp to 100° C., 2.5-hour ramp to 275° C., 30 minute soak at 275° C., 10 minute cool to 260° C., 2 hour soak at 275° C., and then air cool down to room temperature. 
   The materials used are all commonly available. THV 220A is a commercially available fluorocarbon thermoplastic random copolymer, which is sold by Dyneon, a 3M Corporation. The aminosiloxane cross-linker #1 and fluoroethylenepropylene D3325B are commercially available from Whitford Corporation of Frazer, Pa. 
   COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1 
   In Comparative Example 1, the glossing belt was not brought into contact with any abrasive materials. 
   Coefficient of Friction (COF) Test Method 
   The COF measurements were carried out on a slip/peel SP-102C-3M90 unit from Instrumentors Inc. The COF value is calculated as follows: Tractive Forces/Normal Forces=Meter Reading/Sled Weight. 
   The test was performed by placing an ultra-high gloss print image on the test bed. The back of the print image was secured to the test bed via vacuum. Another sample of the ultra-high gloss print was secured to an aluminum sled with the dimensions of 38 mm×53 mm. The test bed with dimensions of 15.25 cm×30.50 cm then traveled at a rate of 6 in/min. The unit digitally recorded a tractive force for the kinetic component of the measurement, which was then divided by the sled weight (39.3 grams) resulting in an average kinetic COF value. The samples were tested at room temperature. ASTM D1894 was used as a rough guide for carrying out the COF test. The print gloss levels from the different examples are given in Table 2 along with the resulting COF values. 
   Ranking of Bricking Performance 
   A subjective method was used to evaluate bricking performance. A pile of 50 double-sided prints was glossed and placed on a workbench. The sheets were pressed together firmly by rolling a cold pressure roller across the pile of prints as one would press dough with a rolling pin. The pile of sheets were subjectively evaluated for the amount of force needed to bend it and its&#39; ability to be ruffled back into individual sheets. A ranking between 1 (best) and 10 (worst), was assigned to each pile of sheets relative to other runs within a given experiment. 
   Definitions 
   Ra, Rz 
   Definitions for Ra and Rz can be found at the following web-site or ANSI standards. (http://www.predev.com/smg/parameters.htm) 
   Gloss 
   
       
       
         
           Gloss at 20 degrees follows ASTM D523. 
           Member and Receiver Member Characteristics:
           Member refers to the glossing/fusing belt
               Average valley depth, size, and frequency   
               Receiver Member refers to the fused image print substrate.
               Average peak height, size, and frequency
 
All of the features were measured using equipment from Veeco Instruments, Inc.
   
               
         
         
       
     
  
   Referring to the  FIG. 1 , a glossing fusing/belt, indicated by the numeral  10 , is mounted in a fixture about a series of support rollers  12 ,  14 , and  16 . One of the support rollers (e.g., roller  16 ) is driven to transport the belt  10  in the direction of the associated arrow about a closed loop path. A conditioning roller  18  has an abrasive surface (e.g., cushioned abrasive or sand paper), with features as described above, wrapped thereon. The conditioning roller  18  is selectively moved into positive engagement, with suitable force, into engagement with the belt  10 . As the belt moves about the closed loop path, the conditioning roller  18  impresses the surface features into the surface of the belt  10 . After approximately six belt revolutions, the features will be suitably formed on the belt  10 . Alternatively, the conditioning roller  18  may have a contoured surface containing a particulate filled polymer. Still another alternative is to provide a coating on receiver member substrates with particles, which yield surface features in the previously discussed ranges. Such particle additions may be non-fused toner particles selected from the group consisting of PMMA, PTFE, FEP, and Kynar. After the glossing/fusing belt  10  is prepared as described, it is placed in a glosser/fuser to act on a receiver member (see  FIG. 2 ) to form the appropriate complimentary features on such receiver sheet (see exploded view of  FIG. 3 ) for optimum sheet handling. 
   The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention. 
   
     
       
             
           
             
             
             
           
         
             
                 
             
             
               PARTS LIST 
             
             
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               10 
               Glossing/fusing belt 
             
             
                 
               12, 14, 16 
               Support rollers 
             
             
                 
               18 
               Conditioning roller