Abstract:
A golf swing plane training device is disclosed that helps the user develop a correct swing plane as well as exercise the muscle groups most effective in imparting maximum power to a golf ball. The device is portable and comprises a rotating swing plane guide, one end pivotably connected to a club shaft, for controlling the swing arc of the club shaft when swung by the user to ingrain the feel of swinging on plane. The other end of the rotating swing plane guide is connected to a rotation control assembly mounted on a vertically adjustable support frame. A resistance source is connected to the hub of the rotation control assembly.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This is a utility patent application filed under 35 U.S.C. 111(a) and claiming the benefit under 35 U.S.C. 119(e)(1) of the filing date of provisional application Ser. No. 60/835,791 filed on Aug. 4, 2006 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   The present invention relates in general to a golf swing plane training device, and more particularly to a golf swing plane training device that comprises a rotating swing plane guide, one end pivotably connected to a golf club shaft, for constraining and controlling the swing arc of the golf club shaft when swung by a golfer to ingrain the feel of swinging on plane and consequently develop a correct golf swing. 
   2. General Background 
   Golf is a sport that has a centuries-long history and has been studied exhaustively by devoted golfers in their quest to understand and master the fundamentals of the golf swing mechanics. There is a constant stream of instructions in the form of books, videos and magazine articles on various elements of the golf swing, such as grip, stance, posture, steps of the swing (backswing, downswing and follow-through) and swing plane. Likewise, there is also a steady flow of training devices being created to help golfers tackle specific aspects of the golf swing. Of all the elements, the concept of the swing plane may possibly be the most complicated to grasp. 
   It is generally acknowledged that one must swing “on plane” to produce a good golf shot. However, many golfers do not have a clear understanding of what the swing plane is and what it is that should be on this plane. The primary reason for this difficulty is that a golf swing is a dynamic motion in a three-dimensional space that lasts only a second or two. It is infeasible for a golfer to observe or check his/her own swing plane in real time; the viewing of one&#39;s own swing can only be done using high-speed video or sequence photograph that captures the swing in a two-dimensional space. Furthermore, other referential concepts intended to help golfers gain understanding may be misinterpreted by some. For instance, there is the “shaft plane”, defined as the imaginary line that runs through the club shaft as it sits at address, and the “Hogan plane”, which is an imaginary pane of glass extending from the ball to the golfer&#39;s shoulders. Conceptual planes like these serve as valuable checkpoints of a golfer&#39;s swing at discrete steps; however, they do not describe the plane the club travels on throughout a golf swing. 
   Put simply, a correct golf swing requires the club shaft be swung on substantially the same plane on both the backswing and the downswing. If one could observe the trail of a marker on the club shaft made during a swing, it would correspond to an elliptical arc. The arc is not circular as the golfer does not pivot around a central point through the entire swing. Hips, arms, elbows, wrists, etc. are all pivot points that are activated at different moments during the swing. Also, this elliptical arc flattens further as the swing approaches the end of the backswing, i.e., the top of the swing. Furthermore, as the downswing is initiated with a slight lower-body shift toward the target coupled with a lowering of the right shoulder and elbow (for a right-handed golfer), the elliptical arc of the downswing, if it could be observed, would be narrower than that of the backswing and likely on a slightly flatter plane. Therefore, a correct golf swing requires the downswing be on the same plane as, or a slightly flatter plane than, that of the backswing. For a normal golf shot, when the golfer is not attempting to shape the ball flight, the downswing should not be on a steeper plane than that of the backswing, which tends to lead to the dreaded “outside-in” move not conducive to a good golf shot. 
   Finally, there is not a singular “ideal” swing plane that is suitable for all golfers. The plane angle, which is the angle between the swing plane and the ground, varies amongst golfers depending on many factors such as height, body build, arm length proportion, spine tilt at address, etc. Additionally, for each golfer, the plane angle also varies depending on the length of the particular club being used for a golf shot and the position of the ball, i.e., the lie. As to the arc of the swing, it should be narrower on the downswing. However, the degree again differs amongst golfers depending on factors such as the amount of lower-body forward shift, ability to retain a full wrist cock on the downswing, etc. These are natural and perfectly acceptable variations; there is no singular ideal swing that all golfers should be forced to imitate. 
   Perhaps to a greater extent than other aspects of the golf swing, the golfer must rely on the proper feel, or muscle memory, to keep his/her swing on plane. Even with a sound understanding of the concept, it is difficult for a golfer to work on his/her swing plane without the assistance of an instructor or a training device. Many training devices have been conceived over the years to help golfers “groove” their swing and develop the desired muscle memory. These devices fall generally into three categories. One category of training devices concentrate on constant- or variable-force resistance training of the specific muscles involved in the golf swing (backswing, downswing or follow-through), and secondarily on swing plane training. Most of these devices employ a handle connected to a flexible cord which, in turn, is connected to a resistance mechanism. The resistance force discourages, but not constrains, the user from making an abrupt, jerky movement when transitioning from backswing to downswing. Also, the flexible cord exerts little control over the path of the movement of hands or the swing plane. A second category of training devices use tracks or rails to lay out a predetermined, fixed path for a real or simulated golf club. Some devices mandate the exact same plane for both the backswing and the downswing. Others construct a narrower or flatter, but fixed and non-adjustable, path for the downswing. That is to say, most of these devices do not take into account the perfectly allowable variations in golfers&#39; swings. Also, these devices are outsized, difficult to transport, and tend to be expensive to manufacture. 
   A third category of training devices employ a rotating swing arm, typically a rod, which constrains and guides the motion of a real or simulated golf club. Some also include a resistance mechanism for muscle strength training. The present invention fits in this general category. Examples include: U.S. Pat. No. 2,737,432, G. M. T. Jenks; U.S. Pat. No. 3,429,571, R. Abel, Jr.; U.S. Pat. No. 3,604,712, A. P. Lansing, et at.; U.S. Pat. No. 3,614,108, E. Garten; U.S. Pat. No. 4,261,573, R. H. A. Richards; U.S. Pat. No. 4,449,708, M. N. R. Humphrey; U.S. Pat. No. 4,486,020, B. T. Kane, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,580,786, B. E. Shipley; U.S. Pat. No. 4,653,757, K. E. Wilkinson; U.S. Pat. No. 5,125,882, T. A. La Mothe, et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,242,344, K. W. Hundley. While these devices take a similar approach as the present invention, each has one or more of the following drawbacks. (1) The device comprises a rotating rod fixedly connected to a club shaft, restricting the club shaft to move along the same circular arc on both the backswing and the downswing. As the golf swing does not naturally follow a circular arc, the device restricts the golfer from getting full extension in the middle of the backswing and forces the golfer to lift the club or swing around his/her body toward the top of the swing. (2) The club shaft is restricted to move only on the same swing plane throughout the swing. This forces some golfers to unnecessarily alter their swing. (3) The distal end of the rod not connected to the club shaft is anchored on a vertical support; the rod freely rotates or pivots relative to the anchor. No means is provided to adjust the angle of the swing plane. (4) The rotating swing arm is a flexible tension member or a telescoping rod that does not restrict the club shaft from moving on a steeper swing plane on the downswing. (5) Dissimilar shapes are involved where the club shaft is attached to the rotating rod, creating friction and hampering smooth motion transmission. For instance, the square clubface is attached to a telescoping rod, or the tapered club shaft is fastened with a ring nut. (6) The device does not allow the user to make a full swing as the rod would not clear his/her head. (7) The device is too complicated or too expensive to manufacture to be economically viable. (8) The device is outsized or requires being anchored on an opposing wall, thus is not transportable. 
   There exists a need for a golf swing plane training device which comprises a rotating swing plane guide, one end pivotably connected to a golf club shaft, for constraining and controlling the swing arc which is asymmetrically elliptical, while allowing for natural variations in golfers&#39; swings but restricting improper swing plane changes. 
   BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention relates to a golf swing plane training device that also serves as an exercising device to help the user develop the muscle memory of swinging on plane as well as exercise the muscle groups most effective in imparting maximum power to a golf ball. The device is portable and comprises a rotating swing plane guide, one end pivotably connected to a golf club shaft, for constraining and controlling the swing arc of the golf club shaft when swung by the user to ingrain the feel of swinging on plane and consequently develop a correct golf swing. The other end of the rotating swing plane guide is connected to a rotation control assembly. A resistance source is connected to the hub of the rotation control assembly to provide resistance force against the club shaft on the downswing, strengthening the muscle groups that need be activated to maximize power and intensifying the proper feel of a correct swing. 
   One object of the present invention provides a golf swing plane training device that is relatively compact is size and is realistically portable. The device is collapsible; it can be set up at a suitable location for a practice session, and then folded into a storage configuration. 
   Another object of the present invention provides a golf swing plane training device that includes a rotation control assembly mounted on a vertically adjustable support frame. The rotation control assembly is set at an angle that is adjustable, but fixed during operation. This angle determines the axis of rotation and, thus, the angle of the swing plane. The adjustability of the height of the device and the plane angle allows the device to be used by all golfers. 
   A further object of the present invention provides a golf swing plane training device having a swing plane guide which comprises a rotatable, largely concave swing arm to constrain and restrict the club shaft from moving down on a swing plane steeper than that of the backswing. The curved shape of the swing plane guide allows it to clear the user&#39;s head when the swing is approaching the top of the swing or the end of the follow-through. The swing plane guide further comprises a radius adjustment assembly, connected to the swing arm, which includes a linear track having an axis perpendicular to the swing plane axis of rotation. A universal pivoting assembly is employed to connect a golf club shaft to the swing arm via a carriage slidably disposed on the linear track. Thus, the golf club shaft is not connected to the swing plane guide at a fixed point, which would force the golf club shaft to follow a circular swing arc. The connecting point is at the carriage which is free to slide along the linear track, and the golf club shaft can follow a swing arc that flattens toward the top of the swing. 
   Still a further object of the present invention provides a golf swing plane training device that employs a universal joint for connecting the golf club shaft to the swing plane guide, allowing the club shaft to pivot freely relative to the swing plane guide and to slide within the universal joint. Hence, the swing arc is not limited to strictly follow a circular shape, and the swing arc can be extended on the backswing and narrowed on the downswing by varying degrees as is natural to different golfers. Furthermore, the radius adjustment assembly includes a swing plane varying assembly which extends and retracts axially, allowing the user to initiate the downswing on a slightly flatter swing plane. 
   Yet one further object of the present invention provides a golf swing plane training device that contains a resistance source for exercising the muscle groups which are most effective in transferring maximum power to a golf ball. The resistance force preferably is only engaged on the downswing and is disengaged on the backswing, as the goal during the backswing is to achieve smooth motion and full extension in order to maximize leverage. 
   These and other objects of the present invention will become apparent after a reading of the following description and accompanying drawings. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING 
       FIG. 1  is a perspective view of the preferred embodiment of the golf swing plane training device constructed in accordance with the present invention. 
       FIG. 2  is a side elevational view of the device shown in  FIG. 1 . 
       FIGS. 3   a - 3   d  are a series of perspective views of the device shown in  FIG. 1  showing the device at various stages when a user (omitted from the illustration) swings the simulated golf club from the at-rest position to the top of the swing. 
       FIG. 4   a  is an enlarged front perspective view of the rotation control assembly and the resistance mechanism (and a partial portion of the swing plane guide) of the device shown in  FIG. 1 , with the hub housing and the stand omitted from the illustration. 
       FIG. 4   b  is an enlarged rear perspective view of the rotation control assembly and the resistance mechanism (and a partial portion of the swing plane guide) of the device shown in  FIG. 1 , with the hub housing and the stand omitted from the illustration. 
       FIG. 5   a  is a partial perspective view of the swing plane guide and the simulated golf club of the device shown in  FIG. 1 . 
       FIG. 5   b  is an enlarged perspective view of the radius adjustment assembly of the device shown in  FIG. 1 , with the support member omitted from the illustration. 
       FIG. 5   c  is an enlarged perspective view of the radius adjustment assembly of the device shown in  FIG. 1  oriented for the top of the backswing or the beginning of the downswing. 
       FIG. 5   d  is an enlarged perspective view of the radius adjustment assembly of the device shown in  FIG. 1  oriented for the beginning of the downswing, showing the rod extending axially at the initiation of the downswing. 
   

   It is to be understood that like elements are identified throughout the drawings with like reference numerals. 
   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   The golf swing plane training device according to the concepts of the present invention and how it functions can best be explained by reference to the attached drawings. As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the preferred embodiment of the golf swing plane training device  10  comprises a base member  20 , a support frame  30 , a rotation control assembly  40 , a swing plane guide  50 , a simulated golf club  70 , and a resistance mechanism  80 . 
   Referring now to  FIG. 2 , the base member  20  consists of a base platform  21  that is generally rectangular in shape for supporting and positioning the user by standing on it. The weight of the user standing on the base platform  21  serves to stabilize the device. The upright support frame  30  consists of a lower support portion  31  and an upper support portion  32 . The upper support portion  32  is vertically adjustable such that the height of the device can be altered to suit the user&#39;s stature. The adjustment can be implemented using any conventional means suitable for the type of material used to fabricate the support frame  30 . Suitable adjustment means include locking pins or bolts that extend through a hole in the lower or upper support portion  31  and one of a plurality of vertically spaced holes in the upper or lower support portion  32 , or twist locks commonly used on tripod legs. The support frame  30  preferably is curved, approximately corresponding to the shape of the swing plane guide  50  that will be detailed later, so as to make the device more compact and portable. While curved vertical columns with cross bars are illustrated in the drawings, it will be understood that the support frame  30  can take on differing shapes without affecting its function of upholding the rotation control assembly  40 , the swing plane guide  50  and the resistance mechanism  80 . The support frame  30  is affixed to the base member  20  via any one of a number of securing mechanisms suitable for the material used and generally well known in the art, such as clamping knobs, fasteners or screws. The illustrations show the support frame  30  being attached to a base frame  22  extending from and welded or otherwise attached to the base platform  21 . The purpose of the base frame  22  is to reduce the mass of the base member  20  to aid in the portability of the device. It is to be understood that the support frame  30  can alternatively be directly affixed to a larger-sized base platform. The support frame  30  preferably can be released from the base frame  22  and folded for storage. Additional appendages such as a handle and wheels can be added to the base member  20  to further make the device easy to transport when in the collapsed configuration. 
   As illustrated in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the rotation control assembly  40  comprises a hub  41 , which is a shaft for driving other components of the device, rotatably seated on a hub housing  42  pivotably mounted on a stand  43  affixed to the support frame  30 . Preferably, the stand  43  is releasably affixed to the support frame  30  so the device can be more easily collapsed and folded into a storage configuration. Any conventional fastening means that is commonly known, such as the clamping knobs illustrated in the drawings, may be used. The hub  41  extends beyond both ends of the hub housing  42  for connecting and driving other components that will be described later. The hub  41  rotates about an axis A that defines a swing plane axis of rotation as will be described below. Preferably, at either end of the hub housing  42  around the opening through which the hub  41  extends, a ring of roller/ball bearings are employed and sandwiched between an inner race (affixed to the hub  41 ) and an outer race (affixed to the hub housing  42 ) such that the hub  41  can freely rotate with minimal rotational friction with the hub housing  42 . The incline of the rotation control assembly  40  is adjustable, but fixed during operation of the device. By altering this angle as shown by angle B, the swing plane axis about which the device rotates during use is set at a desired angle of inclination, B, which also means the angle of the swing plane, being perpendicular to the axis of the hub  41 , is set. Preferably, graduations or other markings are provided on the hub housing  42  so that an established inclination setting can be noted and relied upon to set up the device for subsequent use. Any conventional fastening means, such as the clamping handle with ball knobs illustrated in the drawings, that is commonly used and well known to one skilled in the art may be employed to adjustably secure the hub housing  42  to the stand  43 . 
   Now referring to  FIGS. 4   a  and  4   b , there is shown the rotation control assembly  40 . A center brace  44  is positioned in the middle and affixed to the interior wall of the hub housing  42  (shown in  FIG. 2 ). The hub  41  is free to rotate relative to the center brace  44 . Clockwise and counterclockwise dampening means  45  are provided on either side of the center brace  44  to limit the range of rotation of the swing plane guide  50 . Each dampening means  45  consists of a torsion spring  46  fitted over the hub  41 , an anchor pin  47  affixed to the center brace  44 , and a pickup pin  48  affixed to a disc  49  which is attached to and rotates in step with the hub  41 . The placement of the pickup pin  48  relative to the anchor pin  47  is dependent on design specifications such as at what point of the swing the dampening means should be actuated and the leg angle of the torsion spring. Generally, the pickup pin  48  is positioned where it will start to engage with the leg of the torsion spring  46  when the swing plane guide  50  has rotated more than 180 degrees from its at-rest position. The counterclockwise dampening means  45  is actuated when the swing plane guide  50  has rotated counterclockwise more than 180 degrees; likewise, the clockwise dampening means  45  is actuated when the swing plane guide  50  has rotated clockwise more than 180 degrees. The pickup pin  48  engages with the leg of the torsion spring  46  only in one direction, either clockwise or counterclockwise. For instance, the pickup pin  48  of the counterclockwise dampening means  45  can only engage with the torsion spring  46  when the hub  41  is rotating counterclockwise. It simply pushes against the torsion spring  46 , which rotates freely, when the hub  41  is rotating clockwise. 
   Referring to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the swing plane guide  50  is connected by swing arm  52 , preferably removably, to the front side (relative to the user) of the hub  41  for constraining and controlling the swing path of the simulated golf club  70 . A counterweight  51  is provided and connected to the hub  41  opposite the swing plane guide  50  although it can be on an extension of swing arm  52 . The swing arm  52  of the swing plane guide  50  is a rigid tube or rod which is largely concave relative to the user&#39;s position on the base member  20  so that it will clear the user&#39;s head when the swing is approaching the top of the backswing or the end of the follow-through. The swing arm  52  consists of upper and lower portions adjustably attached such that the radius of the swing arc can be altered to suit the user&#39;s stature. The length adjustment means  52   e  may be any conventional means suitable for the type of material used to fabricate the swing arm  52 . At its lower end the swing arm  52  forks into two portions, an upper fork  52   b  and a lower fork  52   a  terminating at ends  52   d  and  52   c  respectively. The forked configuration is for the purpose of firmly connecting the radius adjustment assembly  53  to the swing arm  52 . 
   Referring to  FIGS. 2 ,  5   a  and  5   b , the radius adjustment assembly  53  has a support member  54 , a linear motion assembly  55  and a universal pivoting assembly  56 . The support member  54  has a first end  54   a  and a second end  54   b  which are attached respectively to the terminating ends  52   c  and  52   d  of the lower forked portion of the swing arm  52 . The support member  54  can made from a straight section of tube with the underside cut out or a section of rod or any other configuration that can be employed to attach the linear motion assembly  55  to the swing arm  52  as shown by extension line C intersecting axis A at a right angle D. The upper fork  52   b  of the swing arm  52  becomes substantially straight as it joins the radius adjustment guide  53  at  52   d . The linear motion assembly  55  (described below) is affixed to the support member  54  for connecting the simulated golf club  70  to the swing plane guide  50  and for providing the radius adjustment during the swing. An optional part of the linear motion assembly  55 , referred to as the swing plane varying assembly will be described below. The universal pivoting assembly  56  is attached to the linear motion assembly  55 . 
   As illustrated in  FIGS. 5   a  and  5   b , the linear motion assembly  55  consists of a first part and a second part. The first part referred to as the swing plane varying assembly is contained inside or affixed to the straight portion of the upper fork  52   b  of the swing arm  52 . It comprises a rod  57  slidably held in position by a front brace  58  and a back brace  59  affixed to the interior wall or the surface of the upper fork  52   b  of the swing arm  52 , and a compression spring  61  fitted over the rod  57  between the front brace  58  and an actuator  62  affixed to the rod  57 . The second part of the linear motion assembly  55  comprises a track  63  positioned within or otherwise mounted on the support member  54 , a carriage  64  slidably disposed on the track  63 . It will be understood that any linear motion guide assembly that is generally known in the industry may be employed. The end (referred to as the upper end) of the track  63  proximate the upper end  52   d  of the swing arm  52  is connected to the rod  57  and the other end (referred to as the lower end) is affixed to an end  54   a  of the support member  54  by pivot means  65  such as a pintle. The universal pivoting assembly  56  is attached to the carriage  64  for holding the simulated or training golf club  70 . Hence, for a user whose downswing starts on a slightly flatter plane, when force is exerted on the track  63 , it causes the rod  57  to slide generally axially compressing the compression spring  61  between the actuator  62  and the front brace  58 . The center opening in the front brace  58  is slightly enlarged to accommodate the slight change in the angle between the front brace  58  and the back brace  59  during use. Preferably, an energy-absorbing element such as a spring  66  is added between the actuator  62  and the back brace  59  to absorb the return force. The universal pivoting assembly  56  is a universal joint consisting of a Y-shaped yoke  67  and a collar  68  held on a transverse bar through which the simulated or training golf club  70  is slidably fitted. The yoke  67  rotates around an axis perpendicular to the track  63  and the collar  68  rotates around an axis parallel to the track  63 ; consequently, the simulated golf club  70  can freely pivot relative to the linear motion assembly  55 . Preferably, energy-absorbing elements such as rubber, sponge foam or springs are added at either end of the track  63  to absorb and dissipate the impact force from the carriage  64  moving back and forth along the track  63  when the device is in operation. In an alternate embodiment, if the objective is to train the user to swing on plane through the entire swing and therefore disallow the downswing to initiate on a slightly flatter plane, the first part, the swing plane varying assembly, may be omitted and the linear motion assembly  55  consists of only the second part as defined above with the track  63  fixedly attached to the swing arm  52  at both the upper and lower ends  52   d  and  52   c.    
   Referring now to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the simulated golf club  70  is a club shaft  71  with a handle  72  at one end and a stopper  73  removably attached to the other end to imitate a golf club. For training, a user can also use his/her own golf club or otherwise a real golf club. Therefore either the simulated or an actual golf club is referred to as a training golf club for purposes of use with the present invention. For the simulated golf club, to assemble it, the club shaft  71  is threaded through the collar  68  of the universal pivoting assembly  56  and then the stopper  73  is attached. A spring element preferably is provided and placed between the stopper  73  and the collar  68  to cushion the impact between the two parts during operation. In an alternate embodiment of the present invention, the club shaft  71  has a handle  72  at one end and the other end terminates at and is removably affixed to the collar  68  of the universal pivoting assembly  56 . The simulated golf club  70  thus can still freely pivot relative the linear motion assembly  55 . 
   In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, a resistance mechanism  80  is included to provide variable-force resistance for exercising the muscle groups which should be activated on the downswing and are most effective in transferring maximum power to a golf ball. Referring to  FIGS. 1 ,  2 ,  4   a  and  4   b , the resistance mechanism  80  comprises a freewheel  81  removably mounted on the back side of the hub  41 , and a flywheel  82 , which is a weighted disk, removably mounted on the freewheel  81 . The attachment means for mounting the freewheel  81  on the hub  41  and the flywheel  82  on the freewheel  81  may include cooperative projections and slots, i.e., keys and keyways, or matching threads or splines. In mechanical or automotive engineering, a freewheel design typically has spring-loaded rollers inside a driven cylinder. When the driveshaft rotates in one direction, projections on the driveshaft lock with the rollers making the cylinder rotate in unison. When the driveshaft rotates slower or in the other direction, the rollers just slip and the cylinder disengages from the driveshaft. Thus, employing a freewheel design allows the resistance mechanism  80  to provide resistance in one direction only. The freewheel  81  can be flipped over for use by a left-handed golfer; differently weighted flywheels may be provided to suit golfers desiring different levels of resistance force. Alternatively, if constant-force resistance is desired for overall muscle strength training, the freewheel  81  can be replaced with a cylinder that is in continuous engagement with the hub  41  and provides constant-force resistance. 
   In use, the golf swing plane training device  10  is set up at a suitable location and the rotation control assembly  40  is adjusted to a desired angle of inclination B ( FIG. 2 ), either from a previously noted setting or for initiating trials to identify appropriate settings for subsequent use. As the angle of the swing plane naturally changes depending on factors such as the golf club used and the lie, it is advisable for the user to practice with different settings so as to “groove” his/her swing with the swing plane at different angles. Depending on the goal of the practice session, the resistance mechanism  80  may be mounted with a flywheel  82  of the desired weight, or omitted entirely. Referring to  FIGS. 3   a - 3   d , which show the backswing, as the user takes the simulated golf club  70  back, the swing plane guide  50  constrains the club shaft  71  to stay on the swing plane, but allows it to extend through the collar  68  to follow an elliptical arc. As the simulated golf club  70  approaches the top of the swing, the swing arc flattens further. The radius adjustment assembly  55  allows the club shaft  71 , connected to the carriage  64  via the universal pivoting assembly  56  to slide lower along the track  63  while still staying on plane. If the user makes a full swing, the counterclockwise dampening means  45  (for a right-handed user) is actuated to dampen the momentum and slow down the simulated golf club  70  to prevent it from going much past horizontal. Now referring to  FIGS. 5   c  and  5   d  (oriented in the drawings for the top of the backswing or the beginning of the downswing), if the user&#39;s downswing naturally follows a slightly flatter swing plane, the initiation of the downswing pulls on the track  63  which, in turn, causes the rod  57  to extend axially and the actuator  62  to compress the compression spring  61  against the front brace  58 . As the compressive force abates during the downswing and the compression spring  61  returns to its original form, in the middle of the downswing, the rod  57  retracts and the simulated golf club  70  is guided back to the original swing plane before it reaches the impact zone. Therefore, the swing plane guide  50  constrains the club shaft  71  to move on the same or a slightly flatter plane on the downswing, but restricts the club shaft  71  from moving down on a steeper plane, i.e., the “outside-in” or “over-the-top” move that many recreational golfers make. The clockwise dampening means  45  is actuated to slow down the club as the swing reaches the end of the follow-through. 
   To conclude, with respect to the above description, it is to be understood that the optimal dimensional specifications for the parts of the invention, including variations in number, size, shape, form, placement, material and the method of fabrication and assembly, are deemed readily apparent to persons skilled in the art upon a reading of the foregoing description, and all equivalent specifications to those illustrated in the drawings and detailed in the description are intended to be encompassed by the present invention. 
   Further, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various modifications and revisions can be made to the embodiment shown herein without departing from the spirit and essential characteristics of the invention. It is therefore intended by the appended claims to cover any and all such modifications and revisions within the scope of the present invention.