Abstract:
A photomask for integrated circuit production comprising a substrate, one or more layers and a detector for monitoring a process parameter of the integrated circuit production in combination with one or more of the following: communication circuitry for communicating with external equipment for the integrated circuit production, a computational processor for analyzing the monitored process parameter, and a data storage component. In addition, a method of integrated circuit production comprising the steps of providing a photomask in the integrated circuit production process and monitoring a process parameter of the integrated circuit production using the photomask, in combination with one or more following steps: analyzing the monitored process parameter using the photomask; communicating the monitored process parameter from the photomask to external equipment involved in the integrated circuit production; and storing the monitored process parameter in the photomask. For example, the photomask embodying aspects of the present invention may monitor and track the process parameter of a stepper during the integrated circuit production. The monitored data may be analyzed against the production information to determine possible adjustment or alteration to the integrated circuit production steps.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention generally relates to photomasks and optical lithography for fabrication of integrated circuits. The present invention also generally relates to a method of manufacturing integrated circuits using photomasks. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Photomasks are high precision plates containing microscopic images of electronic circuits. Photomasks are typically made from very flat pieces of quartz or glass with a layer of chrome on one side. Etched in the chrome is a portion of an electronic circuit design. This circuit design on the mask is also called “geometry.” A typical photomask used in the production of semiconductor devices is formed from a “blank” or “undeveloped” photomask. As shown in  FIG. 1 , a typical blank photomask  5  is comprised of three or four layers. The first layer  11  is a layer of quartz or other substantially transparent material, commonly referred to as the substrate. The next layer is typically a layer of opaque material  12 , such as Cr, which often includes a third layer of antireflective material  13 , such as CrO. The antireflective layer may or may not be included in any given photomask. The top layer is typically a layer of photosensitive resist material  14 . Other types of photomasks are also known and used including, but not limited to, phase shift masks, embedded attenuated phase shift masks (“EAPSM”) and alternating aperture phase shift masks (“AAPSM”). These types of phase shift masks are characterized by design features including opaque regions and partially transparent regions through which the phase of light is shifted by, for example, approximately 180°. Examples of such photomasks are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,682,861, U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004-0185348 A1, U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005-0026053 and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005-0053847 to Photronics, Inc., the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein. 
         [0003]    The process of manufacturing a photomask involves many steps and can be time consuming. In this regard, to manufacturer a photomask, the desired pattern of opaque material  12  to be created on the photomask  5  is typically defined by an electronic data file loaded into an exposure system which typically scans an electron beam (E-beam) or laser beam in a raster or vector fashion across the blank photomask. One such example of a raster scan exposure system is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,900,737 to Collier. Each unique exposure system has its own software and format for processing data to instruct the equipment in exposing the blank photomask. As the E-beam or laser beam is scanned across the blank photomask  10 , the exposure system directs the E-beam or laser beam at addressable locations on the photomask as defined by the electronic data file. The areas of the photosensitive resist material that are exposed to the E-beam or laser beam become soluble while the unexposed portions remain insoluble. 
         [0004]    In order to determine where the e-beam or laser should expose the photoresist  14  on the blank photomask  5 , and where it should not, appropriate instructions to the processing equipment need to be provided, in the form of a jobdeck. In order to create the jobdeck the images of the desired pattern are broken up (or fractured) into smaller standardized shapes, e.g., rectangles and trapezoids. The fracturing process can be very time consuming. After being fractured, the image may need to be further modified by, for example, sizing the data if needed, rotating the data if needed, adding fiducial and internal reference marks, etc. Typically a dedicated computer system is used to perform the fracturing and/or create the jobdecks. The jobdeck data must then be transferred to the processing tools, to provide such tools with the necessary instructions to expose the photomask. 
         [0005]    After the exposure system has scanned the desired image onto the photosensitive resist material  14 , as shown in  FIG. 2 , the soluble photosensitive resist material is removed by means well known in the art, and the unexposed, insoluble photosensitive resist material  14 ′ remains adhered to the opaque material  13  and  12 . Thus, the pattern to be formed on the photomask  5  is formed by the remaining photosensitive resist material  14 ′. 
         [0006]    The pattern is then transferred from the remaining photoresist material  14 ′ to the photomask  5  via known etch processes to remove the antireflective material  13  and opaque materials  12  in regions which are not covered by the remaining photoresist  14 ′. There is a wide variety of etching processes known in the art, including dry etching as well as wet etching, and thus a wide variety of equipment is used to perform such etching. After etching is complete, the remaining photoresist material  14 ′ is stripped or removed and the photomask is completed, as shown in  FIG. 3 . In the completed photomask, the pattern as previously reflected by the remaining antireflective material  13 ′ and opaque materials  12 ′ are located in regions where the remaining photoresist  14 ′ remain after the soluble materials were removed in prior steps. 
         [0007]    In order to determine if there are any unacceptable defects in a particular photomask, it is necessary to inspect the photomask. A defect is any flaw affecting the geometry. This includes undesirable chrome areas (chrome spots, chrome extensions, chrome bridging between geometry) or unwanted clear areas (pin holes, clear extensions, clear breaks). A defect can cause the circuit to be made from the photomask not to function. The entity ordering the photomask will indicate in its defect specification the size of defects that will affect its process. All defects of that size and larger must be repaired, or if they cannot be repaired, the mask must be rejected and rewritten. 
         [0008]    Typically, automated mask inspection systems, such as those manufactured by KLA-Tencor or Applied Materials, are used to detect defects. Such automated systems direct an illumination beam at the photomask and detect the intensity of the portion of the light beam transmitted through and reflected back from the photomask. The detected light intensity is then compared with expected light intensity, and any deviation is noted as a defect. The details of one system can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,702 assigned to KLA-Tencor. 
         [0009]    After passing inspection, a completed photomask is cleaned of contaminants. Next, a pellicle may be applied to the completed photomask to protect its critical pattern region from airborne contamination. Subsequent through pellicle defect inspection may be performed. In some instances, the photomask may be cut either before or after a pellicle is applied. 
         [0010]    Before performing each of the manufacturing steps described above, a semiconductor manufacturer (e.g., customer) must first provide a photomask manufacturer with different types of data relating to the photomask to be manufactured. In this regard, a customer typically provides a photomask order which includes various types of information and data which are needed to manufacture and process the photomask, including, for example, data relating to the design of the photomask, materials to be used, delivery dates, billing information and other information needed to process the order and manufacture the photomask. 
         [0011]    After the manufacturing steps described above are completed, the completed photomask is sent to a customer for use to manufacture semiconductor and other products. In particular, photomasks are commonly used in the semiconductor industry to transfer micro-scale images defining a semiconductor circuit onto a silicon or gallium arsenide substrate or wafer. The process for transferring an image from a photomask to a silicon substrate or wafer is commonly referred to as lithography or microlithography. Typically, as shown in  FIG. 4 , the semiconductor manufacturing process comprises the steps of deposition, photolithography, and etching. During deposition, a layer of either electrically insulating or electrically conductive material (like a metal, polysilicon or oxide) is deposited on the surface of a silicon wafer. This material is then coated with a photosensitive resist. The photomask is then used much the same way a photographic negative is used to make a photograph. Photolithography involves projecting the image on the photomask onto the wafer. If the image on the photomask is projected several times side by side onto the wafer, this is known as stepping and the photomask is called a reticle. 
         [0012]    As shown in  FIG. 5 , to create an image  21  on a semiconductor wafer  20 , a photomask  5  is interposed between the semiconductor wafer  20 , which includes a layer of photosensitive material, and an optical system  22 . Energy generated by an energy source  23 , commonly referred to as a Stepper, is inhibited from passing through the areas of the photomask  5  where the opaque material is present. Energy from the Stepper  23  passes through the transparent portions of the quartz substrate  11  not covered by the opaque material  12  and the antireflective material  13 . The optical system  22  projects a scaled image  24  of the pattern of the opaque material  12  and  13  onto the semiconductor wafer  20  and causes a reaction in the photosensitive material on the semiconductor wafer. The solubility of the photosensitive material is changed in areas exposed to the energy. In the case of a positive photolithographic process, the exposed photosensitive material becomes soluble and can be removed. In the case of a negative photolithographic process, the exposed photosensitive material becomes insoluble and unexposed soluble photosensitive material is removed. 
         [0013]    After the soluble photosensitive material is removed, the image or pattern formed in the insoluble photosensitive material is transferred to the substrate by a process well known in the art which is commonly referred to as etching. Once the pattern is etched onto the substrate material, the remaining resist is removed resulting in a finished product. A new layer of material and resist is then deposited on the wafer and the image on the next photomask is projected onto it. Again the wafer is developed and etched. This process is repeated until the circuit is complete. Because, in a typical semiconductor device many layers may be deposited, many different photomasks may be necessary for the manufacture of even a single semiconductor device. Indeed, if more than one piece of equipment is used by a semiconductor manufacturer to manufacture a semiconductor device, it is possible more than one photomask may be needed, even for each layer. Furthermore, because different types of equipment may also be used to expose the photoresist in the different production lines, even the multiple identical photomask patterns may require additional variations in sizing, orientation, scaling and other attributes to account for differences in the semiconductor manufacturing equipment. Similar adjustments may also be necessary to account for differences in the photomask manufacturer&#39;s lithography equipment. These differences need to be accounted for in the photomask manufacturing process. 
         [0014]    Conventional integrated circuit manufacturing processes using photomasks require monitoring and adjustment on a frequent basis to optimize the quality of the final product and prevent errors from occurring. In this regard, information regarding, among other things, structural features of the photomask, the integrated circuit to be manufactured using the photomask, process parameters, and performance characteristics of the photomask, must be gathered, stored and regularly updated during the manufacturing process. This often requires numerous interruptions of the overall manufacturing process to conduct steps such as simulation of the photomask performance and sampling of the integrated circuit to determine whether adjustments to the process are required. For example, a sampling procedure may reveal that one or more manufacturing tools must be adjusted to compensate for errors or defects in the integrated circuit. The time required to sample the integrated circuit and perform other monitoring steps, analyze the results, and make the necessary adjustments to the manufacturing process may result in substantial delays, thereby generating a lower yield and a reduced overall profit margin for the integrated circuit manufacturer. 
         [0015]    Also, it is important to provide protections against unauthorized actions with a photomask, either prior to, during, or after a manufacturing process using the photomask. The photomask is generally considered to be an “unsafe” or “unsecure” medium for electronics design information. This is for three primary reasons: a) the photomask is the first physical and measurable record of the electronic design information; b) the electronics design information, once recorded on the mask, cannot be encrypted or scrambled (it is possible however to manipulate the mask content in selective ways with mask repair equipment); and c) once the photomask is recorded on a wafer through wafer exposure by an optical imaging system, the wafer pattern reveals additional measurable information about the device pattern. In the extreme case, the device can be fabricated in whole in or in part by an unauthorized source if the masks are in the parties&#39; possession. 
         [0016]    As an example, photomasks used to fabricate military, government or personal information sensitive devices must be assured against manipulation or copy. Also, such protections is desirable for photomasks used to fabricate commercial devices in highly competitive applications, such as, for example, dynamic random access memories (DRAMs) and flash memories. An added concern in these applications is the relative simplicity of the patterns and the amount of competitive information that can be acquired through even visual inspection of the photomasks or patterned wafers. 
         [0017]    Protection may also be necessary for photomasks used to evaluate new equipment or test new modules of technology in a multi-company or multi-party environment. This is especially important given the pervasive use of multi-company consortia for early research and development. In particular, the initial evaluation of equipment for new process nodes requires the most advanced mask information in a nominally uncontrolled environment such as a fabrication facility for equipment owned by a third party. 
         [0018]    Providing protection for photomasks used to generally build devices in “wafer foundries” is also important. Securing and tracking intellectual property within the IC production process remains a key concern for end users. 
         [0019]    Actions of unauthorized users that mask owners and other interested parties may seek to prevent include exposure of the mask on a wafer by a wafer exposure system, reverse engineering of the mask content by scanning the features of the mask with an electronic imaging system such as a mask inspection system, and manipulation of the mask content for purposes of changing the electrical properties of devices being fabricated by the mask. In the case of unauthorized mask exposure, such exposure may be used to partially or completely fabricate the device intended to be manufactured using the mask, reverse engineer the device or otherwise discover the elements of the device. 
         [0020]    Photomasks are provided with some protection against unauthorized use using several conventional methods. For example, mask information may be scanned with a mask inspection or mask measuring system and compared to an electronic version of the design database. This can be used to test against mask manipulation when compared to a verified database. However, this protection method cannot prevent unauthorized exposure of the mask or physically secure the content on the mask. Alternatively, the layers of a full device can be separated to minimize the chance of reverse engineering the device content. In this case, half the device layers might be sent to foundry A while the other half might go to foundry B. Another protection method includes escorting the mask through the process by a designated security official. In general, there is no way at present to physically validate and secure the content of a mask at the point of use. 
         [0021]    Accordingly, there is a need for a photomask that allows for, among other things, monitoring, analyzing and storing of information regarding an integrated circuit manufacturing process that uses the photomask, without requiring interruption of the manufacturing process, while separately providing a secure environment for the use of the photomask. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0022]    A photomask for integrated circuit production according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention comprises a substrate, one or more layers, a detector for monitoring a process parameter of the integrated circuit production, and communication circuitry for communicating with external equipment for the integrated circuit production. 
         [0023]    In at least one embodiment, the detector comprises one or more sensors for detecting optical radiation. 
         [0024]    In at least one embodiment, the one or more sensors are designed to detect optical radiation from a wafer exposure scanner. 
         [0025]    In at least one embodiment, the process parameter comprises a parameter of a stepper for the integrated circuit production. 
         [0026]    In at least one embodiment, the one or more layers comprise an active portion and a non-active portion. 
         [0027]    In at least one embodiment, the detector is positioned at the active portion. 
         [0028]    In at least one embodiment, the detector is positioned at the non-active portion. 
         [0029]    In at least one embodiment, the one or more layers comprise a patterned portion and a non-patterned portion. 
         [0030]    In at least one embodiment, the detector is positioned at the patterned portion. 
         [0031]    In at least one embodiment, the detector is positioned at the non-patterned portion. 
         [0032]    In at least one embodiment, the detector is positioned at a predetermined distance from the patterned portion. 
         [0033]    In at least one embodiment, the detector is positioned at the substrate. 
         [0034]    In at least one embodiment, further comprising a pellicle. 
         [0035]    In at least one embodiment, the detector is positioned at least partially at the pellicle plane. 
         [0036]    In at least one embodiment, the detector comprises at least one type of circuitry selected from the group consisting of: circuitry for monitoring an exposure level, circuitry for monitoring a vibration, circuitry for monitoring a position, circuitry for monitoring illumination characteristics, circuitry for monitoring scattered light, circuitry for monitoring diffracted light, circuitry for measuring image characteristics in a reflected light mode, and circuitry for monitoring the physical location of the photomask. 
         [0037]    In at least one embodiment, the communication circuitry comprises wireless communication circuitry. 
         [0038]    In at least one embodiment, the communication circuitry comprises wired communication circuitry. 
         [0039]    In at least one embodiment, the external equipment comprises at least one type of external equipment selected from the group consisting of: photomask manufacturing equipment, wafer exposure equipment, a design automation tool, a simulation tool, a process control system, a logistical control system, a mask tracking system, a shipping system, a central database, a computer workstation, and a sensing station. 
         [0040]    In at least one embodiment, the photomask further comprises a computational processor for analyzing the monitored process parameter. 
         [0041]    In at least one embodiment, the photomask further comprises a data storage component. 
         [0042]    In at least one embodiment, the data storage component comprises a flash memory. 
         [0043]    In at least one embodiment, the data storage component comprises a memory for storing the monitored process parameter. 
         [0044]    In at least one embodiment, the data storage component comprises a memory for storing photomask manufacturing information. 
         [0045]    In at least one embodiment, the photomask manufacturing information comprises at least one type of information selected from the group consisting of: pattern metrology data, a defect profile, registration information, critical dimensions, layout characteristics, image fidelity, and materials information. 
         [0046]    In at least one embodiment, the data storage component comprises a memory for storing device layout information. 
         [0047]    In at least one embodiment, the device layout information comprises at least one type of information selected from the group consisting of: frequency composition of the layout, information relating to criticality of selected areas of the layout, and required tolerances for creating a functioning device. 
         [0048]    In at least one embodiment, the detector comprises a photochemical detector. 
         [0049]    In at least one embodiment, the photochemical detector comprises a photoresist. 
         [0050]    In at least one embodiment, the communication circuitry comprises circuitry for communication signals recorded in the photochemical detector to stand-alone measurement equipement. 
         [0051]    In at least one embodiment, the photochemical detector is positioned at a top surface of the photomask. 
         [0052]    In at least one embodiment, the photochemical detector is positioned at a bottom surface of the photomask. 
         [0053]    In at least one embodiment, the photochemical detector is positioned on a mask plane between the substrate and the one or more layers. 
         [0054]    In at least one embodiment, the photochemical detector is positioned within the one or more layers. 
         [0055]    In at least one embodiment, the photomask further comprises a pellicle, and the photochemical recording medium is positioned in a pellicle plane. 
         [0056]    In at least one embodiment, the photomask further comprises a test structure for conditioning the process parameter to be monitored by the detector. 
         [0057]    In at least one embodiment, the test structure is designed to diffract optical radiation. 
         [0058]    In at least one embodiment, the test structure comprises a diffraction grating. 
         [0059]    In at least one embodiment, the test structure is designed to reflect optical radiations. 
         [0060]    In at least one embodiment, the test structure is designed to scatter optical radiation. 
         [0061]    In at least one embodiment, the test structure is designed to direct optical radiation to the detector. 
         [0062]    In at least one embodiment, the test structure is positioned at a top surface of the photomask. 
         [0063]    In at least one embodiment, the test structure is positioned at a bottom surface of the photomask. 
         [0064]    In at least one embodiment, the photomask further comprises a pellicle, and the test structure is positioned at the pellicle plane. 
         [0065]    In at least one embodiment, the test structure comprises moving parts. 
         [0066]    In at least one embodiment, the test structure comprises an oscillating device. 
         [0067]    In at least one embodiment, the test structure comprises an integrated microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) device. 
         [0068]    In at least one embodiment, the photomask further comprises a security system that prevents at least one of unauthorized use and copying of the photomask. 
         [0069]    In at least one embodiment, wherein the security system comprises at least a portion of the communication circuitry and transmits signals to one or more of the external equipment to validate connection of the photomask with the one or more external equipment. 
         [0070]    In at least one embodiment, the transmitted signals are encrypted. 
         [0071]    In at least one embodiment, the detector comprises one or more sensors, and the security system comprises at least one of the one or more sensors to detect characteristics of the photomask to ensure that the photomask was not subjected to at least one of manipulation and replacement. 
         [0072]    In at least one embodiment, the at least one sensor is an optical sensor. 
         [0073]    In at least one embodiment, the at least one sensor detects a scattered light thumbprint of the photomask. 
         [0074]    In at least one embodiment, the security system comprises a blocking aperture. 
         [0075]    In at least one embodiment, the blocking aperture is disposed on the photomask. 
         [0076]    In at least one embodiment, the blocking aperture is disposed within the photomask. 
         [0077]    In at least one embodiment, the blocking aperture is external to the photomask. 
         [0078]    In at least one embodiment, the blocking aperture comprises a thin film. 
         [0079]    In at least one embodiment, the thin film is an electrochromic film. 
         [0080]    In at least one embodiment, the photomask is a binary photomask. 
         [0081]    In at least one embodiment, the photomask is an embedded attenuated phase shift mask. 
         [0082]    In at least one embodiment, the photomask is an alternating aperture phase shift mask. 
         [0083]    A method of integrated circuit production according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention comprises the steps of: providing a photomask with circuitry in the integrated circuit production process; monitoring a process parameter of the integrated circuit production using the photomask; and analyzing the monitored process parameter using the photomask. 
         [0084]    In at least one embodiment, the process parameter comprises at least one process parameter selected from the group consisting of: optical radiation, exposure level, vibration, position, illumination characteristics, scattered light, diffracted light, image characteristics in a reflected light mode, and physical location of the photomask. 
         [0085]    In at least one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of adjusting the integrated circuit production process based on the result of the analyzing step. 
         [0086]    In at least one embodiment, the analyzing step comprises the step of comparing the results of the monitoring step with expected results stored in a memory device associated with the photomask. 
         [0087]    In at least one embodiment, the photomask comprises the memory device. 
         [0088]    In at least one embodiment, the analyzing step comprises the step of processing the monitored process parameter using computational logic. 
         [0089]    In at least one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of communicating the result of the analyzing step from the photomask to external equipment involved in the integrated circuit production. 
         [0090]    In at least one embodiment, the external equipment comprises at least one type of equipment selected from the group consisting of: photomask manufacturing equipment, wafer exposure equipment, a design automation tool, a simulation tool, a process control system, a central database, a computer workstation, and a sensing station. 
         [0091]    In at least one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of storing the monitored process parameter in the photomask. 
         [0092]    In at least one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of storing the result of the analyzing step in the photomask. 
         [0093]    In at least one embodiment, the method further comprises, prior to the monitoring step, the step of conditioning the process monitor to be monitored using the photomask. 
         [0094]    In at least one embodiment, the conditioning step comprises the step of diffracting optical radiation using the photomask. 
         [0095]    In at least one embodiment, the conditioning step comprises the step of reflecting optical radiation using the photomask. 
         [0096]    In at least one embodiment, the conditioning step comprises the step of scattering optical radiation using the photomask. 
         [0097]    In at least one embodiment, the conditioning step comprises the step of directing optical radiation toward a detection plane using the photomask. 
         [0098]    In at least one embodiment, the step of monitoring comprises detecting the process parameter using electronic detection circuitry. 
         [0099]    In at least one embodiment, the step of monitoring comprises detecting the process parameter using a photochemical detector. 
         [0100]    In at least one embodiment, the photochemical detector comprises a photoresist. 
         [0101]    In at least one embodiment, the method further comprises a step of securing the photomask against at least one of unauthorized use and copying. 
         [0102]    In at least one embodiment, the step of securing comprises transmitting signals to one or more of the external equipment to validate connection of the photomask with the one or more external equipment. 
         [0103]    In at least one embodiment, the method further comprises a step of encrypting the signals. 
         [0104]    In at least one embodiment, the step of securing comprises detecting one or more characteristics of the photomask to ensure that the photomask was not subjected to at least one of manipulation and replacement. 
         [0105]    In at least one embodiment, the one or more characteristics comprises a scattered light thumbprint of the photomask. 
         [0106]    In at least one embodiment, the step of securing comprises selectively blocking the photomask with a blocking aperture. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0107]    The above and related objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be more fully understood by reference to the following, detailed description of the preferred, albeit illustrative, embodiment of the present invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying figures, wherein: 
           [0108]      FIG. 1  represents a blank or undeveloped photomask of the prior art; 
           [0109]      FIG. 2  represents the photomask of  FIG. 1  after it has been partially processed; 
           [0110]      FIG. 3  represents the photomask of  FIGS. 1 and 2  after it has been fully processed; 
           [0111]      FIG. 4  is a flowchart showing the method of using a processed photomask to make or process a semiconductor wafer; 
           [0112]      FIG. 5  shows the process of making a semiconductor using a wafer stepper; 
           [0113]      FIG. 6  is a block diagram of a system for monitoring an integrated circuit manufacturing process according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0114]      FIG. 7  is a plan view of a photomask according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0115]      FIGS. 8A-8D  are cross sectional views of a photomask according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0116]      FIGS. 9A-9B  are cross-sectional view of a photomask according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0117]      FIG. 10  is a flowchart showing a method for monitoring a photomask according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0118]      FIG. 11  is a flowchart showing a method for monitoring a wafer manufacturing process using a feedback loop according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; and 
           [0119]      FIG. 12  is a flowchart showing a method for inspecting a photomask using a feedback loop according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0120]    Various exemplary embodiments of the present invention are directed to a photomask having electronics and detection capability integrated into the photomask substrate to enable wireless or other type of communication of information between the photomask and other elements of mask and wafer manufacturing processes including but not limited to mask making equipment, wafer exposure equipment, design automation tools, simulation tools, process control systems and mask tracking/logistical/shipping systems. The inventive photomask preferably has the ability to detect irradiation used to expose photomasks onto a wafer, such as, for example, 193 nm laser light in a wafer exposure scanner or other appropriate wavelength laser light. As explained in further detail below, such detected information may to be stored and analyzed for improving process capability. Information relevant to the manufacturing of the photomask, such as pattern metrology data, defects, and registration information, as well as information capturing certain characteristics of the device layout written on the photomask, such as frequency composition of the layout, criticality of certain areas of the layout and tolerances required for creating a functioning device may also be stored using the components of the inventive photomask. In addition to storage capabilities, the photomask according to various exemplary embodiments of the present invention may include computational logic needed to draw specific conclusions from stored data and to interact productively with complementary members of the manufacturing process. 
         [0121]    The inventive photomask may be used in a closed or open loop manufacturing process to accomplish tasks such as passing of layout specific data to a wafer exposure system in order to optimize the printing of the mask pattern on the wafer, passing of information from the mask to a simulation system to assess the manufacturing attributes of the mask, passing of the manufactured characteristics of the mask into a process control system, monitoring and characterization of the wafer exposure in terms of exposure level, vibration, position, mask illumination characteristics, scattered light etc., monitoring of the physical location of the mask for use in a logistical control system, measurement of the image characteristics in a reflected light mode, and passing of information to a centralized database to allow automated record keeping on mask characteristics, simulation results, exposure information and so on. In general, the inventive photomask may be used to monitor an integrated circuit manufacturing environment, either prior to, during, or after the actual manufacturing process. For the purposes of this disclosure, the term “monitor” is intended to encompass any action that the inventive photomask may take relative to the manufacturing environment, such as, for example, measuring, diagnosing, characterizing, transmitting, receiving, testing, and optimizing. 
         [0122]    It should be appreciated that the present invention is applicable to the manufacture of integrated circuits, and the term “integrated circuits” as used herein is intended to cover any devices that include an electric circuit, having semiconductor components or otherwise, including but not limited to display devices, such as liquid crystal displays and plasma displays, microcontrollers, memory devices, processors, sensors, power management circuits and amplifiers. 
         [0123]      FIG. 6  shows a system, generally designated by reference number  1 , for monitoring an integrated circuit manufacturing process according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. The system  1  includes a photomask  10 , a sensing station  20 , a computer workstation  30 , a photomask database  40 , an exposure tool, such as microlithographic tool  60 , as well as other wafer manufacturing components  50 . 
         [0124]      FIG. 7  is a detailed plan view of the photomask  10  according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. The photomask  10  includes a non-active patterned area  12 , an active patterned area  14  and a non-active non-patterned area  14 . A detection system, including various detection modules DM 1 , DM 2 , DM 3  and DM 4 , is integrated into the photomask  10 . The detection system is capable of detecting at least one characteristic and preferably able to sense more than one characteristic of the photomask and/or manufacturing process parameters. In this regard, in order to fully detect and retrieve data from various locations on the photomask, the detection modules DM 1 -DM 4  may be located at different regions within the photomask. For example,  FIG. 2  shows the detection module DM 1  located in non-active non-patterned region  14 , the detection module DM 2  located in non-active patterned area  12 , and the detection module DM 3  located in active patterned area  13 . The detection module DM 4  may be located in the pellicle plane or at some other standoff distance from the primary mask pattern. The detection modules DM 1 -DM 4  may include circuitry that is capable of detecting and/or monitoring any type of desired information, such as, for example, exposure level, vibration, position, illumination characteristics, scattered light, diffracted light, image characteristics in a reflected light mode, and the physical location of the photomask. 
         [0125]    The detection system may also include a photochemical recording medium, such as, for example, a photoresist, that is able to record a signal at the photomask  10  that may be analyzed later using standalone measurement equipment. For example,  FIGS. 8A-D  shows a photoresist  98  included with the photomask  10 , where the photomask  10  includes a first substrate  91 , a second substrate  92 , one or more layers  94  and a pellicle layer  96 . The photoresist  98  may be disposed at the bottom of the photomask  10  ( FIG. 8A ), at the top of the photomask  10  ( FIG. 8B ), between the two substrates  91 ,  92  at the mask plane ( FIG. 8C ), at the pellicle plane ( FIG. 8D ) or at any other suitable location on or external to the photomask  10 . 
         [0126]    The photomask  10  also includes a communication system  16 , which preferably includes a wireless transmitter, that sends information gathered by the detections modules DM 1 -DM 4  to the sensing station  20 . In this regard, the sensing station  20  may include a wireless receiver for retrieving the information transmitted by the communication system  16 . In embodiments of the invention, the photomask  10  may include an interface for connection of hard wiring or a memory storage device such as a memory stick. 
         [0127]    The photomask  10  further includes a memory system  18  that uses a storage medium, such as a flash memory. The memory system  18  is preferably configured to store monitored process parameters and photomask manufacturing information. For example, the memory system  18  may store pattern metrology data, a defect profile, registration information, critical dimensions, layout characteristics, image fidelity and materials information. The memory system  18  may also store, either separately or with other information, device layout information, such as, for example, frequency composition of the layout, information relating to criticality of selected areas of the layout, and required tolerances for creating a functioning device. 
         [0128]    The photomask  10  may also include a logic processing unit  20  to manipulate data stored in the memory system  18  and/or data retrieved by the detection system to generate information to be transmitted to the sensing station  20 . In this regard, software  22  may be integrated into the photomask  10  that generates instructions to be run on the logic processing system  20  to carry out the analysis of data and/or manage the operation of electronics that connect the detection system, the memory system  18  and the logic processing unit  20 . 
         [0129]    The computer workstation  30  may be accessed by a user to monitor the information retrieved by the sensing station  20  from the photomask  10 , and make adjustments to the manufacturing components  50  based on the information transmitted by the photomask  10 . Alternatively, or in addition, the computer workstation  30  may include software and or/hardware that automatically adjusts operation of the manufacturing components  50  based on the transmitted information, so that feedback loops may be generated between the photomask  10  and the manufacturing components  50 . In this regard, the mask database  40  may be used to store and maintain mask and process specific information. The mask database  40  may be maintained at the computer workstation  30  or at a remote location, and may be integrated into a network for access by other users. 
         [0130]    The photomask  10  may also include a test structure  24  that diffracts, directs or otherwise conditions input radiation of a desired frequency or wavelength to render a more meaningful measurement on the electronic or photochemical detectors. The test structures  24  may be placed on the top, bottom or pellicle areas of the photomask. In an exemplary embodiment, the test structure  24  includes a diffraction grating on the top of the mask that works in concert with the detection plane. Such test structures may contain moving parts as in an integrated microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) device or an oscillating device. 
         [0131]    The photomask  10  may also include a security system  26  for validating and securing the content of the photomask  10 . The security system  26  may incorporate other components of the photomask  10 , such as the communication system  16  and the detection system. For example, the communication system  16  may be used to pass an encrypted signal or code to a manufacturing tool to validate the connection of the mask to the tool. Once the connection is validated, the communication system  16  may pass critical information to the tool which is necessary to initialize or continue the manufacturing process. The security system  26  may also incorpotate an optical detector from the detection system that can detect a scattered light thumbprint of the photomask  10  to ensure that the photomask  10  has not been manipulated or replaced in the chip fabrication process. 
         [0132]    The security system  26  may also include a thin film or physical blocking aperture that is opened to allow exposure and interrogation of the pattern on the photomask  10  only when certain information is passed to the photomask system. Preferably, the blocking aperture is physically embedded in the photomask itself so that the photomask is not inspectable or able to be exposed while the blocking aperture is enabled. However, the blocking aperture may also be external to the photomask. As an example, as shown in  FIGS. 9A and 9B , a blocking aperture made of an electrochromic film  15  may be placed under an absorbing layer  17  of the photomask  10 . As known in the art, electrochromic films can be made transparent through the introduction of an electric charge. Other blocking apertures are possible based on mechanical and/or optical means. The blocking aperture may be disabled through a validation step with the wireless detector or with other methods consistent with secure applications. 
         [0133]      FIG. 10  is a flowchart showing a method, generally designated by reference number  100 , for monitoring a photomask according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. In step S 102 , a photomask is manufactured based on customer requirements using processes well known in the art. In step S 104 , critical information is loaded into a mask database during the manufacturing process. Such critical information may include, for example, critical dimensions, layout characteristics, defect profile, registration, image fidelity, and materials information. In step S 106 , the status of the photomask is updated and the status information is sent to the customer and production control. In step S 108 , it is determined whether manufacture of the photomask is complete. If not, the process  100  returns to step S 102 , where manufacturing continues. Otherwise, the process  100  continues to step S 110 , where the mask database is loaded into the mask electronics module, which can be located either on the photomask or at a remote location. 
         [0134]    In step S 112 , the photomask is shipped and may be electronically tracked using the communication system within the photomask. In step S 114 , either prior to or upon arrival at the manufacturing site, the mask database is loaded into various components, such as a simulation system, an exposure system and a fab control system. In step S 116 , the mask database is updated with wafer exposure characteristics. In step S 118 , the information within the mask database, including the critical mask information and the wafer exposure characteristics, is used to adjust manufacturing parameters prior to and during manufacture of the wafer using the photomask. 
         [0135]      FIG. 11  is a flowchart showing a method, generally designed by reference number  200 , for monitoring a wafer manufacturing process using a feedback loop according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. In step S 202  of the process  200 , a photomask according to the present invention is loaded into an exposure tool. In step S 204 , information gathered by the detecting system on the photomask or stored in the memory on the photomask is transmitted to a computer workstation. For example, information regarding diffracted light from the mask as detected by the detection system, or information regarding across field critical dimension variation or pattern layout stored within the memory of the photomask may be transmitted. In step S 206 , the information transmitted by the photomask is used to monitor and/or adjust manufacturing parameters, as appropriate. For example, intensity detected in step S 204  may be compared with a database image of an expected result to monitor the effectiveness of the mask. In the case of the CD variation being transmitted by the photomask, the operation of the exposure tool may be adjusted to compensate for CD error by introducing a dose variation. In the case of the pattern layout being transmitted by the photomask, the exposure tool source may be optimized based on the layout data. 
         [0136]      FIG. 12  is a flowchart showing a method, generally designated by reference number  300 , for inspecting a photomask using a feedback loop according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. In step S 302  of the process  300 , the photomask is loaded into an inspection tool. In step S 304 , critical area information stored within the photomask memory is transmitted to the inspection tool. In step S 306 , defect scoring is obtained using the critical area information transmitted by the photomask. 
         [0137]    Now that the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described in detail, various modifications and improvements thereon will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art. The present embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims, and all changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.