Abstract:
As prior art systems fail to produce end-to-end transport and routing mechanisms capable of secure, accurate, and timely delivery of real-time media, the present invention prescribes the method and process to facilitate server-less, IP based sessions across all of public and private network infrastructure without regard for network hardware or carrier makeup. The method and process claimed herein defines the application of well known standards in a unique fashion so as to facilitate transportation of TCP and UDP packets associated with a real-time multicast session in a secure manner while achieving unencumbered access through firewalls and across multiple carrier, public networks through IPSec based virtual networking.

Description:
PRIORITY CLAIM 
   This application claims benefit of priority of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/453,312 titled “THE METHOD AND PROCESS OF APPLYING MULTICAST PROTOCOLS AND VPN TUNNELING TECHNIQUES TO ACHIEVE HIGH QUALITY OF SERVICE FOR REAL TIME MEDIA TRANSPORT ACROSS IP NETWORKS” filed Mar. 10, 2003, whose inventors are Curtis Lehmann and Thomas A. Dye, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 

   FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention relates to computer system and network architecture and more particularly to real time, multipoint communications for collaboration and media exchange over public and private IP networks. 
   DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART 
   Legacy conferencing systems have enabled users to communicate with a limited scope of functionality since their introduction in the early 1980&#39;s. The systems employed transport mechanisms that while robust, were expensive to install, maintain and operate. Dedicated and/or switched lines (ISDN, T-1, T-3, ATM) or satellite broadband circuits employed for these conferencing systems were under-utilized and failed to provide recognizable returns on their recurring cost. Legacy conferencing hardware and infrastructure provided high quality audio and video but lacked features and functionality to facilitate true collaborative environments. Further, the installation and operations of these systems was very complex and thus negatively impacted effective use of the assets. The resulting lack of operational flexibility prohibited inclusion of extraneous sites or ad hoc use. 
   The recent emergence of Internet Protocol, packet based systems attempted to address the key issues of legacy systems but in themselves created additional issues. Unlike their predecessors, these systems produced substandard audio and video quality; frame rates declined as a result of packet loss, latency and sequencing issues. Complicating matters is the public and private infrastructure utilized to support these protocols and the very nature of the protocols themselves. Standard networking protocols such as H.323, video compression protocols such as MPEG, H.263, Motion JPEG and audio compression standards such as G.11 and H.729 were developed primarily for switched networks. Such standards are used in practice of the prior art but do not deliver acceptable performance and quality over Internet Protocol (IP) networks. Within the IP infrastructure, Hardware Multipoint Control Units (MCUs), data servers or software based conferencing servers negatively impact the protocols as each packet must be decoded (uncompressed), buffered for frame regeneration, mixed with corresponding frames data, re-encoded (compressed), and transmitted. In addition, if each packet is encrypted for security, the process includes at least one or more encryption and decryption step per data packet in transport. As this sequence takes place for each conference stream, the negative impact on performance and system scaling grows exponentially. Cost associated with IP based systems does not provide significant savings as the MCU and associated network infrastructure add assets and required additional conditioned communications channels and data center facilities to support the services. 
   Implementation of multipoint communications like multicast and broadcast have significant challenges due to infrastructure hardware manufacturers and public carriers. Manufacturer&#39;s inimitable implementation of standards to obtain perceived performance enhancements results in less than functional interoperability. Competing carriers implement opposing hardware and may, or may not, support transport of real-time (RTP) or streaming (RTSP) media via multicast or broadcast domains. Result of these proprietary implementations is the denial of end-to-end transport for real-time, multicast media across mixtures of public and/or private domains. 
   Prior Art Conferencing System Architecture 
   Prior Art system architectures comprise three distinct systems that comprising a unique set of hardware, software and protocols. These architectures, legacy, IP based servers, and multicast each achieve communications of audio and video to some extent. However, these prior art systems fail to address the need for a method of communication of not only audio and video but further data collaboration in an open, public environment while maintaining session security and optimizing the use of bandwidth in the communications path. 
     FIG. 1  depicts the typical legacy system. Often referred to as conference room systems, Legacy systems deliver the highest quality audio and video, broadcast in nature, but require considerable capital outlay in initial and on-going operation. The extensive sole function hardware is proprietary in nature offering minimal, or difficult at best, cross platform functionality with other manufacturers and has no effective data collaboration functionality. The supporting communications networks are fixed assets requiring high levels of technical expertise for nominal maintenance and operation. Functionality across open, public networks is not supported, thus cost associated with the supporting communications network is very high as dedicated, sole function circuits are the foundation of the communication channel. As these circuits have no open connectivity and are limited to one application, security aspects of collaboration are not addressed. With limited functionality, no scaling factors, and difficult operations requiring very high resources in the form of capital, personnel, and communications network, this architecture falls short of the delivering robust, multi-point, open, media rich communications. 
     FIG. 2  depicts a typical embodiment of a prior art IP sever based system. IP servers are capable of delivering audio and video but not of the quality of legacy systems. The majority of the IP server based solutions add data collaboration functionality and therefore meet the minimum requirements of enabling rich media exchange. As this architecture is Internet Protocol (IP) based it should lend itself well to open, multi-point communications but implementations have resulted in poor quality audio and video, issues with network resources including firewalls and bandwidth, and are not fully supported by network hardware manufacturers or communications carriers. The architectures transport protocols are connection-oriented TCP and connectionless oriented UDP. Connection oriented TCP is well supported by manufacturers and carriers but creates quality issues with real-time data requiring delivery acknowledgement of every packet. As networks only deliver packets based on “best effort”, lost, late, or out of sequence packets cause considerable latency, as entire sequences must be retransmitted. Connectionless UDP transport is much better suited for real-time media but encounter issues with firewall and router transitions between networks; firewall policies often block UDP packets and routers apply Quality of Service (QoS) policies that slow or lower priority of the packet forwarding. Session security is minimal as it is based on user identification; there is no support for channel, communication path integrity or authentication. Network resources, most notably bandwidth, are significantly impacted during operation of IP server based conferencing and collaboration sessions. In prior art systems, each end point transmits all audio, video, and data to a central server where packets are duplicated and distributed back to all participants in the session. End points common to a network each receive a unique set of all the transmitted packets; as such, network convergence points are significantly impacted by the duplicate information flows. In effect, the network access points with the least bandwidth will be heavily impacted resulting in poor network performance and poor quality audio, video, and application response. Lastly, the IP based servers common resources, processor and memory, are limited in supply. The demand to decode, duplicate, re-encode and transmit each packet received and requested by end points taxes server resources and limits scale and scope of sessions. As resources are taxed, server performance degrades adding additional latency to the already latent rich process and again, quality of the real-time media is negatively impacted. 
     FIG. 3  depicts a typical multicast based system. The Multicast enabled system allows for audio, video, and data collaboration within local or limited scope private networks. This architecture is focused on the efficient use of network resources with the largest impact being on saving bandwidth. The protocol architecture supports both TCP and UDP but has significant limitations and exposures when applications require a communications path traversing dissimilar manufacturer hardware or carrier networks. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standards clearly define the protocol yet network hardware manufacturers implementation and interpretation vary in attempt to enhance the service and subsequently lock-in customer base. The lack of homogeneous standard implementation affect public and private networks including the Internet. Public network providers, carriers, select protocols they will support and again, the lack of a homogeneous standards implementation affect application performance. At any network instance or port, the lack of multicast protocol support or deviation of the Multicast protocol standard may result in packet loss or total communication path interruption. No part of the multicast architecture addresses end point authentication or session security as it relies upon IP routing of TCP and UDP packets. All packets must be transmitted and received “in the clear” or unencrypted. Therefore, a low cost system is highly desired that can achieve high quality of service in a secure network environment running over public or private IP networks that is not dependent on a central server for real-time data distribution and whereby such real-time data remains in the network at all times during transport to multiple end points. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   Various embodiments of a system and method are disclosed to enhance the quality of service during the transmission of real-time protocols (RTP, RTSP) over combinations of public and private IP networks. One embodiment preferably encompasses IPSec-based virtual private network (VPN) tunneling applied as a logical or soft network adapter where additionally, Internet Group Management (IGMP) and Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) instances are asserted. An alternate embodiment includes functionality similar to the logical/soft client but embedded into a hardware solution. In other embodiments both software and hardware components may be shared between PC application software and associated network hardware to accomplish aspects of this invention. In one embodiment, end-to-end Quality of Service (QoS) is achieved through establishment of IPSec-based tunneling systems formulating a Virtual Private Network, where clients connect via multiple topologies including peer-to-peer, hub and spoke, or a meshed system. Multicast protocols, e.g., IGMP and DVMRP, may be applied to physical and logical instances of IPSec tunnel ports. One embodiment of the present invention eliminates latency associated with multipoint, real-time media by facilitating the establishment of a secure, media-enabled, opaque network where clients can intermix audio, video and data. This is accomplished by using a multicast address attached to a single payload and routing the transport to multiple remote clients through the private tunnels. One embodiment uses a novel method of inserting multicast protocol instances, IGMP and DVMRP, as a routing and transport mechanism at each instance of an IPSec-based VPN tunnel port. By attaching a multicast address to the media payload, only a single packet is transmitted allowing potential remote clients or locations within these established virtual private network a choice in media selection. Manufacturer and public carrier&#39;s inability to reliably communicate multicast or real-time media is eliminated, as the transport network is in effect, an opaque tunnel. Thus, IPSec packets are routed end-to-end, apart from the media payload. QoS is established because the media data payload never leaves the network during transport. Thus, performance is enhanced eliminating delays associated with application software that manipulates the media data as found in prior art systems. Thus, embodiments of the present invention operate to use multicasting addressing and private tunnels to achieve full duplex, real-time, low-cost secure audio and video data transport across IP networks. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     A better understanding of the present invention can be obtained when the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment is considered in conjunction with the following drawings, in which: 
       FIG. 1  illustrates the typical embodiment for prior art legacy conferencing systems; 
       FIG. 2  illustrates the typical embodiment of the prior art IP-based, central server architecture; 
       FIG. 3  illustrates the typical embodiment of the prior art IP-based, multicast system architecture; 
       FIG. 4  illustrates the method and architecture for the functions of one embodiment of the invention; and 
       FIG. 5  illustrates one possible embodiment and method to establish secured, IP-based, multipoint media exchange between hardware and software implementations 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
   Conferencing System Architecture of the Preferred Embodiment 
   Various embodiments of the present invention address the failures of prior art systems with the intent of uniquely enabling high quality, real-time, media rich communication sessions that are inherently secure. These embodiments facilitate this communication and its associated communications channel/paths through multiple public and private networks using security based on industry standards. Industry based security standards eliminate issues associated with traversing firewalls, multiple and/or dissimilar carrier networks, and multiple private networks, regardless of the network manufacturer&#39;s hardware encountered therein. As the transport uses standards based security protocols, end point authentication and channel encryption are inherent. Lastly, the system and method (the “method”) described herein efficiently utilizes network resources, most specifically bandwidth in the ingress and egress of public and private networks and peering points within Local Area Networks (LANs). 
   The method includes application of multicast routing protocols, Internet Group Management Protocol version 2 (IGMPv.2) and Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) within an ingress or egress instance of an IP Security Protocol (IPSec) based tunnel. The method includes a unique application of multicast route and transport preferably through EPSec based virtual private networks which enables real-time sessions of TCP and/or UDP to traverse dissimilar networks, hardware, and carriers by effectively masking the those packets within the opaque tunnels of the virtual network. 
   The method may be applied to endpoints, ingress/egress network access points, and network hardware infrastructure. As such, the method may be implemented as hardware or software dependent upon session, network, and/or application requirements. In the preferred embodiment, the method could be applied to end points such as client Personal Computers (PCs) in a software application in the form of a logical network adapter. Associated with the application is the required multicast routing protocols, hardware or software applications which integrate a public or private network to associate said multicast routing with specific IPSec based tunnel network connected to one or more remote peers. A multicast enabled application seeks the existence of session peers by broadcast of an IGMP packet with the Time-to-Live (TTL) bit set to one. Local peers or end points respond by transmitting and receiving via the IGMP supplied multicast address and ports and/or hardware instances forward to adjacent peers. Should there be no reply, the application retransmits the IGMP with TTL increased by one, repeating the process to N times as defined by the application. Hardware instances sensing additional end points or peers forward all traffic associated with the session to the next hop or in the absence of a session peer, stops forwarding session flow. Should multiple peers reply to a multicast/VPN instance, packets will be forwarded to the next hop but not duplicated as in prior art until the egress point of the virtual network has been traversed and the next hop is an end point whereby the enabled port will duplicate packets for each. 
   As noted above, videoconferencing systems of the prior art have conventionally focused on standards such as H.323 for interoperability between multiple conference members. Recently, a new standard SIP or Session Interface Protocol has been used to define an improved connection standard. Both H.323 and SIP conferencing standards use the concept of an Multipoint Control Unit (MCU) sometimes referred to as a conferencing bridge.  FIG. 1  shows an example of a legacy multipoint conferencing system. Shown in  FIG. 1 , audio and video input capture devices such as microphones  107  and digitizing cameras  105  are connected to a computer or client device  102  for data conversion and processing. The client device  102  is connected to a local area network directly connected to a router  101 . The router  101  is connected to a wide area network communication lines  108  which in turn connects to one or more routers  101  across public or private networks. The routers  101  are programmed with IP addresses and firewall rules which allow data connection in multipoint fashion to one or more client systems. Audio and video user data may be heard by Speaker output  106  connected to the client computer  102  and video and collaboration data may be viewed on the output monitor  104  connected to the client computer  102 . In alternate embodiments of the prior art, additional client computers  103  may be used for display of collaboration data. 
   In the traditional conferencing system an MCU  101  may be configured to route and process multiple audio video streams. It is the responsibility of the MCU  101  to accumulate audio and video as direct streams from multiple users, process of such streams, and distribute the process streams back to multiple users. Again referring to the prior art system of  FIG. 1 , a computer or client device  102  is used to convert the real world analog inputs into a format capable of transport over analog or digital communication lines  108 . Peripheral Interface devices connect into the client device  102  and are responsible for capturing audio  107  video  105  and displaying incoming video on a desktop or conference room monitor  104  along with broadcast of audio to a speaker  106 . In the prior art legacy systems dedicated analog (switched) communications lines  108  are typically used for the transport of audio, video and collaboration data between remote users. In some of the more recent embodiments the communication lines  108  may be digital (packet switched) over public networks, private networks or over switched networks using data communication standards such as ISDN or even the plan old telephone system. 
   In addition to the conventional legacy systems as shown in  FIG. 1 , conferencing systems of the prior art may be based on central servers running Internet Protocol TCP/IP or UDP/IP as shown in  FIG. 2 .  FIG. 2  indicates input capture devices for audio  107  and video  105  connected directly to a client computer  103  which may be a personal computer, workstation, embedded appliance or mobile device with wired or wireless connectivity. Client computer  103  may double as the output display device for video, possibly a replacement for the TV or monitor  104  indicated in the legacy system of  FIG. 1 . Client computer  103  may also process audio in preparation for delivery to the Speaker device  106 . As indicated in  FIG. 2 , the client computer  103  is connected through a local area network  210  which connects to a network switch or hub  201  then connected to a local area network router  202 . The router  202  is connected to a wide area network  208  which interfaces to the public Internet  207 . In other embodiments of prior art systems the central server  206  model may be connected over one or more types of analog or digital communications lines  208  on public or private networks. 
   Again referring to  FIG. 2 , the preferred environment shows Internet packets of audio, video and collaboration data (payload) are shown in dashed lines traversing multiple network communication lines  208  over multiple public or private hops around the Internet cloud  207 . Here the central server  206  may be connected to a local client over via a local area network  210  where the payload  209 A traverses between a central server  206  and one or more a local clients  103 . In the prior art, the central server  206  may connect payload information  209 C which is transported between one or more routers  202  over the wide area networks  208  to once again traversing the local area network  210  in multipoint remote locations indicated in the payload connection  209 B of  FIG. 2 . Thus, payload information  209 A is transferred and processed by central server  206 , propagated as payload information  209 B and  209 C over public or private networks  207  for delivery over local area networks  210  to one or more remote clients  103 . 
   The purpose of the IP server  206  is to accumulate payloads from multiple remote sources, process those payloads and redistribute to one or more of the same sources. The central server  206  historically is the workhorse of the videoconferencing system. In the prior art the central server is responsible for decompression of audio video streams, mixing such streams in preparation for compression and transport to one or more remote clients  103 . In the systems of the prior art as indicated in  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 , increased costs and undesirable latency may be present while processing the payload on one or more central servers  206 . 
   IP unicast packets are transmitted with a source and destination address, which enable routers to find a path from sender to receiver. Multicast addressing is a highly scalable network protocol which comprises a single content stream that is replicated by the network at branch points closest to the viewers. The result is a much more efficient use of bandwidth and a decrease in the load on content servers which allows an overall lower cost per user. IP multicast packets are transmitted with a source and group address, which extend this functionality to provide delivery to a set of receivers. Multicast routing protocols have distinct advantages for the instantiation of multiple connections based on a multicast group address used to address one or more receivers. As such multicast protocols are very suitable for conferencing or online chat/discussion groups. Recently, an increase in the use and implementation of multicast routing protocols have been defined as indicated in the multiple references listed herein. As known by those knowledgeable in the art, sending a multicast packet has little difference from sending a unicast packet. Receiving a multicast packet is quite different. In order to receive multicast packets, a host must tell its local router that it&#39;s interested in a particular multicast group address, which is defined in the Internet Group Management (IGMP) specification. The IGMP multicast specification follows the process whereby senders send to a multicast address or group of addresses as defined by the multicast protocol specification, the receivers express interest in one or more multicast addresses to local routers. Routers coordinate to replicate and deliver multicast addressed packets from senders to receivers. Replication takes place at the point closest to the receiver to minimize server load and network bandwidth. IP multicast enables efficient many-to-many datagram distribution. It is one of the basic building blocks of the Internet multimedia architecture. For most conferencing purposes, multicast offers a more economical alternative to unicast in delivering multimedia packets. However, as known in the art, since many of the routers on the internet today may not support multicast routing, or are specific or proprietary to a particular multicasting method or process, the use of multicasting over the open internet seems impractical. 
   Recently, the MBONE network was created to solve the multicast routing limitations using unicast protocol transport through internet routers. The MBONE architecture allowed all the hosts participating in a multimedia conference to tie together by means of tunneling. Thus, the MBONE architecture established an IP network of connections comprising at least two virtual network interfaces on two remote hosts communicating over Internet on a known protocol. In the prior art, once the MBONE virtual network was established, network traffic could flow from one host to the other through one or more tunnels as if they are on the same network. At each end of each of a plethora of tunnels, IP packets are encapsulated into unicast packets and then routed through the internet with the destination of the other virtual interface of the other host on the other end of the tunnel where the packet may be un-assembled to its original form. The MBONE network was specific to applications and required special protocol and hardware implications that did not proliferate or be adopted by the market for general use. Because unicast applications of the prior art suffered well-known scaling problems MBONE never really materialized as a viable solution. It is therefore beneficial to have a virtual network of tunnels that can connect to one or more IP address over standard network devices using a broadcasting protocol technique. 
   As noted above,  FIG. 3  illustrates a multicast system as known in the prior art. Input devices such as the video capture device  105  audio capture device  107  indicated the interface to the terminal device(s) or PC computers  103 A,  103 B and  103 C for continuing processing and digitization of captured audio and video data payload. Output devices such as speakers or headsets  106  are used to receive audio information from other members in the conference or meeting. Input capture devices such as camera  105  and audio microphone  107  also may connect into PC devices  103 A,  103 B and  103 C for data conversion into a digital payload in preparation for transport across public or private networks. Payload (IP packets) may be transmitted from one or more local networks to one or more remote networks. Payload is created at the transmitter and terminated at the receivers. To illustrate a multicast operation shown in  FIG. 3 , the simple case of PC  103 C as transmitter and receiver PCs  103 A/ 103 B are depicted. Connected to a local area network the PC or terminal device  103 C connects to a local switch or router  201 B via a local area network  210  which in turn is connected to a wide area network  208  which in turn connects to Internet clouds  207 A/ 207 B. In  FIG. 3  the multicast environment is illustrated showing a termination device or router  201 A which is responsible for forwarding of multicast information to one or more local area networks  210  which connects to one or more subnet switches  301 A and  301 B as illustrated in  FIG. 3 . The subnet switches  301 A and  301 B are connected to one or more subnets  310 A/ 310 B where each subnet connects to individual localized computer devices, terminals or PCs  103 A/ 103 B. The localized devices  103 A/ 103 B may be part of the multicast group used for termination or instantiation of the data payload. 
     FIG. 3  illustrates the creation of a multicast group where PCs  103 A and  103 B wish to be part of the multicast group and join with PC  103 C. The transmission of group address from PC  103 C includes the multicast group addresses for PCs  103 A and  103 B. Local to the networks connected to router  201 A are PCs that are interested in joining the multicast group. Multicasting PCs are required to deliver to the router  201 A their interest to participate in a multicast group. Once the multicast group is established a single payload with multiple IP addresses  309 C may be transmitted via multicast router  201 B to the network where one or more multicast routers  201 A look for payload with the desired multicast group address as indicated previous in the IGMP or DVMRP protocol process. Once found by the router  201 A, multicast addressed payload is duplicated and delivered to one or more listening devices.  FIG. 3  depicts two such PC devices  103 A/ 103 B located within the direct network  309 A, or subnet  310 A/ 310 B. Here the payload is terminated to the proper multicast PC device  103 A/ 103 B. Once the payload is delivered it is then digitally processed for audio and video output to a speaker or display monitor each of which is connected to the local PC&#39;s  103 A/ 103 B. Thus, multicast protocol of the prior art allows for one or more groups of client devices to decode the same payload for remote output insuring a minimum amount of network bandwidth and minimizing or eliminating the need for separate Media Control Unit (MCU) or central server for multi-point communication as illustrated in  FIG. 2  of the present disclosure. Multicast specifications RFC 1112, host extensions for multicasting (IGMPv1), RFC 2236, Internet Group Management Protocol, (IGMPv2) are used during one to many or many to many IP broadcast across public or private networks. Prior art multicasting system for audio and video communication have not established a standard due to the necessity of all routers to be multicast enabled. Thus it is desirable to achieve public and private multicast operation that is independent of the need to have multicast enabled routers throughout the entire packet transport path. 
   In the present invention, payload transport is accomplished using multicast routing by placing a multicast routing instance on ingress or egress nodes of one or more virtual private networks. Embodiments of the present invention alleviate the requirement of having multicast enabled routers between internal nodes of the packet transport path by using a multicast address attached to a single payload and routing the transport to multiple remote clients through private virtual tunnels. In embodiments of the present invention a multicast delivery tree may be thought of as a broadcast delivery tree that has been pruned so that it does not extend beyond those sub networks that have members of the multicast destination group. Hence, datagram&#39;s are not forwarded along those branches which have no listeners of the multicast group. Payload data is forwarded along nets where one or more of the clients on the subsequent subnets indicated interest in one or more of the Multicast group addresses. Thus, multicast addressed packets are encapsulated within the private tunnel such that each tunnel node is specified as a multicast enabled router with specific instructions to construct and maintain the virtual tunnel for payload transport. 
   In one embodiment virtual private networks designed for multicast addressed payloads may be constructed in hardware for high connectivity and throughput. Alternate embodiments may be designed as firmware or software running in dedicated computer system. Hardware and software versions may be mixed and matched as necessary to accomplish configuration and cost goals. 
     FIG. 4  illustrates a hardware embodiment of the present invention. Alternate embodiments may include software running on PCs, servers or embedded devices.  FIG. 4  illustrates a data concentrator device  405  used to classify, process, parse and secure public and private data packets in the preferred embodiment of the present invention. The data concentrator  405  is used to instantiate and terminate secure virtual private network interfaces between one or more local or remote client devices. Alternate embodiments may use other implementations to achieve the use of multicasting via virtual private networks. The concentrator  405  also has a combined public (open) and private (secure) interface connected preferably through one or more Local Area Networks. The LAN/WAN interfaces  440 / 445  may connect to one or more external firewalls, routers, switches, hubs, servers in one or more network configurations including but not limited to peer-to-peer, hub and spoke, or meshed systems. The embodiment of the data concentrator  405  preferably contains internal firewall, security and router capabilities for stand-alone operation without the need for other enterprise hardware. In addition to the necessary VPN and multicast capability, the data concentrator  405  may contain the control code to instantiate and tear down multicasting groups based on RFC-1112/RFC2236 IGMPv1/IGMPv2 multicasting management protocol. Not shown in  FIG. 4  is the redundant duplicate logic for the reverse path receiver  498  and transmitter  498 . It may be assumed that the present embodiment has a full duplex interface or duplicate logic or function is used to assure transmission is bidirectional within the concentrator device  405 . The concentrator  405  of the present embodiment has both public and private payload classification. Thus, the data concentrator  405  may process and classify standard Internet data over both the public and virtual private domains. One or more data concentrators  405  may connect to one or more other data concentrators via local area networks or wide area networks directly or indirectly through a plethora of other hardware devices (hops) located along the transport paths. In one embodiment, one or more concentrator devices  405  establish a virtual private network between one or more hardware based concentrators or between one or more software based concentrators. In alternate embodiments both hardware and software concentrator devices may be mixed and matched to suit the needs of any particular requirement. Software based concentrator devices may run on standard PCs, servers, or embedded devices where the functions of data concentrator  405  are implemented in software. The transmitter  471  output port  445  typically connects to network switches or hubs over one or more local area networks (LANs). In one embodiment of concentrator  405 , custom semiconductors are used with embedded logic performing the functions necessary to enable embodiments of the present invention. The receiver interface  441  interfaces to the packet parsing unit  450  prior to classification unit  430 . The concentrator  405  classifies payload data into public or private, unicast or multicast packet types. Also, the concentrator may require packet decryption using private or public key methods known to one knowledgeable in the art. Two types are shown in the present embodiment, public packets  432  that are preferably TCP protocol based and private packets preferably UDP  480  protocol based. In alternate embodiments multiple packet types may be used. Public packet payloads are routed to the public parsing unit  435  for classification and lookups required for routing requirements. Once public packets have been processed they are qualified against the access control unit  470  prior to transmission through the transceiver output  471  and out to the Local Area Network interface  445 . 
   Referring again to  FIG. 4 , private payload output  480  from the classification unit  430  is preferably decrypted by the decryption unit  455 . Decryption occurs if the data from the private tunnel payload has been previously encrypted by concentrators located downstream prior to transport. Output from the decryption unit  455  is classified as private and may be of a multicast payload type. In one embodiment private data that is not of the multicast group is typically file transfer or directory information typically transported on the virtual private network. Also, in one embodiment multicast group payload information typically contains real-time audio or video data or rtp/rtcp control. In some cases private non-multicast data is parsed for further transport up-stream, while in most or all cases, multicast payload that has expired the time to live count is terminated into one or more local client devices connected directly or indirectly to the concentrators  405  transceiver port  445 . In one embodiment, if the multicast payload is terminated by more than a single client device connected to the transceivers local port  445  it must first traverse the multicast duplication unit  467 . If the multicast payload is to be delivered to only a single client on the local port  445  then the multicast duplication unit may not duplicate the payload. In either case, the multicast data is sent to the access control unit  470  for further security checking. If the multicast payload is to be delivered to one or more up-stream consumers, it is preferably duplicated by the multicast duplication unit  467  and encrypted by the encryption unit  475  prior to re-entry to the wide area network. The Encryption unit  475  connects to the access control unit which is responsible for access of only qualified port and IP addresses. The access control unit  470  connects back to the network forwarding duplicated multicast addresses to other concentrators  405  on the world wide network. If there exists both consumer clients local to the concentrator  405  via network interface  445  and external to the local network connected through the transmitter  498  then multicast payload is duplicated as many times as needed and sent out both transmitters  471  and  496 . Transmitter  471  sends non-encrypted multicast packets to local clients, while transmitter  498  forwards multicast payload to other devices located upstream from the concentrator  405 . Thus, the concentrator  405  forms a network bridge for multicasting information within private virtual networks and doubles for a standard router/firewall for public payload transport.  FIG. 4  shows one particular embodiment of the present invention. Alternate embodiments may be used to accomplish the same goals as described herein. 
     FIG. 5  illustrates one embodiment of the present invention whereby a combination of logical or soft VPN tunnels are connected to multiple hardware instances of the VPN multicasting appliance ( FIG. 4 ). One instance, termed a software only client, or “soft” client is used with secure software application running entirely on the PC  403 D. Connected to the PC  403 D a software application of the hardware concentrator described in  FIG. 4  is running.  FIG. 5  shows for each client one instantiation of audio capture device  107 , video capture device  105  and audio output device  106  required for the users audio and video interface. In alternate embodiments clients may have one or more instantiations of any type of capture or display device representing the analog or digital inputs and output devices for audio, video or data.  FIG. 5  also shows software application code  405 D which runs on the PC client  403 D as a virtual soft client which connects the application without the need for a hardware concentrator device located at the client device  403 D. Connection is preferably made via one or more networks using multicasting virtual private network connection.  FIG. 5  illustrates this connection  415 D whereby the payload is preferably encrypted by the software  405 D running on PC  403 D. 
   Again referring to  FIG. 5 , a typical embodiment of the invention is shown.  FIG. 5  illustrates four remote clients  403 A, B, C and D all connected using the public Internet and the method described herein. In one embodiment all these clients are PC computing devices. Alternate embodiments may use client devices such as embedded dedicated terminals, servers, workstations, mobile or wireless devices to achieve the embodiment of the present invention. One or more embodiments of the present invention may use an alternate transport medium such as private, leased lines, switched circuits, Public Telephone System, wired or wireless mediums for payload transport. All payloads transmitted and received to and from client devices are transported and represented in real time full duplex communication mode as known in the art of audio/video data collaboration communications systems. Full Duplex communication is defined as the ability for each local or remote client to see, hear and share data simultaneously (or nearly simultaneous) without disruption to any parties ability to communicate. Alternate embodiments may include two or more clients connected via different types of transport mediums where said one or more clients are configured according to embodiments of the present invention.  FIG. 5  describes one such typical configuration. The embodiment of  FIG. 5  includes a “soft” client  403 D, a single “hard” client  403 C connected to a single concentrator device  405 C and two additional “hard” clients connected to a single concentrator device  405 B.  FIG. 5  shows one of many possible configurations for the embodiment. In alternate embodiments, one or more “soft” clients may be connected to one or more other clients where the other clients may be “soft” or “hard” and may be connected through one or more hard concentrator devices. Once multicast group addresses and the virtual tunnels are established by either the “Soft” or “Hard” concentrators, Payload may be transported and forwarded along by each dedicated concentrator. Each concentrator, hard or soft, may determine where the payload is terminated or duplicated for forwarding and which tunnel is suited for best transport of said payload. In one embodiment of the present invention, “soft” clients ( 405 D) emulate the features and functions of a hard concentrator device as software application that runs on the local or remote clients devices. In one embodiment, soft clients may be configured as one or more virtual private network configurations capable of using multicast protocol from one or more soft VPN suppliers where virtual tunnels between one or more client devices may be established. In other embodiments the algorithms of the hard concentrator ( FIG. 4 ) may be contained in software applications that run local to the PC on one or more operating systems. The VPN multicasting protocol may be included in the “soft” client application for proper operation. In alternate embodiments, the soft client application may be split up in separate application code running in one or more locations such as at the local client, remote server, local server or alternatively other local clients. 
   Again referring to the embodiment of  FIG. 5 , “hard” concentrators  405 A, B and C are hardware device implementations of one embodiment of the present invention. Alternate embodiments may include embedded appliances that also embody hardware according to the present invention. Hard clients  405 A, B and C may have one or more client users connected to one or more hard concentrator devices. In alternate embodiments, “soft” clients  403 D may be mixed with “hard” clients  403 A, B, C in a plethora of possible “hard” and “soft” system configurations. Thus, preferably one or more Internet connections  208  connect directly or indirectly to hard concentrators or soft clients in a plethora of possible connection configurations. 
     FIG. 5  illustrates one possible connection schema where the Internet cloud  208  may include broadband providers, ISPs, ASPs network providers, local network connections and wide area connections connected in a plethora of network configurations necessary for full duplex payload transport between a multiplicity of clients. As shown in  FIG. 5 , soft client  403 D is connected to audio and video capture devices  107  and  105  respectively and audio output device  106  is connected again to client PC  403 D. In the present embodiment, the PC is used for application processing of audio and video. The video display device hardware is connected to the client as known by one knowledgeable in the art. In addition soft client  403 D has application software  405 D that emulates hard concentrator devices which runs local on soft client  403 D. Thus soft client  403 D runs the audio processing software including capture, compression, decompression, mixing and audio output in addition to video processing software including video capture, compression, decompression and video output to a display adapter and device known to one knowledgeable in the art. 
   Again referring to  FIG. 5 , Internet connection  41   1 D connects the client PC  403 D through the Internet  208  to a hard concentrator  405 A also connected to the Internet in one or more configurations. In the present embodiment concentrator  405 A may be located on a backbone of the Internet network for higher throughput and lower latency. In alternate embodiments concentrators may be located anywhere within the Internet or Intranet network. In a similar method, client  403 C runs the audio processing software including capture  107 , compression, decompression, mixing and audio output  107  in addition to video processing software including video capture  105 / 402 , compression, decompression and video output to display adapter and display device known to one knowledgeable in the art. In addition,  FIG. 5  indicates video capture hardware  402  used to digitize the video input from video capture device  105 . Client  403 C is connected to the Internet cloud via one or more network connections starting with the local area network  411 C which connects in one or more network configurations to hard concentrator  405 C which connects in one or more network configurations wide area network systems  411  C that interface to the Internet  208 . Alternate embodiments may include hardware concentrator  405 C connected to one or more hardware concentrators in a plethora of configurations. Thus, the system is scalable in alternate configurations whereby multiple hard and soft concentrators may be used to interface to public Internet, private Intranets or to a mixture of various networks. Thus, alternate embodiments may have a mixture of hard and soft concentrators connected to other network configurations including but not limited to private, switched, wired or wireless broadband or dial-up connections. 
   Continuing with the description of  FIG. 5 ,  FIG. 5  illustrates an embodiment where two clients  403 A and  403 B are connected to a single hard concentrator device  405 B via local network interfaces  310 A and  310 B each of which are connected through other network gear such as switches  301 A and  301 B which eventually connect to hard concentrator  405 B through network  311 . In this example of the present embodiment clients  403 A and  403 B are actually on separate Local area networks  310 A and  310 B respectively. Again referring to  FIG. 5 , hard concentrators  405 B and  405 C connect to hard concentrator  405 A over Internet  208  through LAN or WAN connections  411 A,  411 B and  411 C. Also as indicated in  FIG. 5 , soft client connects to hard concentrator  405 A through LAN or WAN connection  411 D. Alternate embodiments the present invention may be network connected in more configurations as known by one knowledgeable in the art. 
     FIG. 5  indicates the establishment of private tunnels between one or more hard/soft concentrator devices. Client  403 A establishes a multicast connection to concentrator  405 B via multicast protocol connection  415 A. Likewise, client  403 B establishes a multicast connection to the same hardware concentrator  405 B. Private tunnels may or may not be established until the point at which the payload is processed by one or more concentrators. In one embodiment, one or more private tunnels may be previously established during system network configuration or in alternate embodiments may be instantiated at session instantiation. In the example of  FIG. 5 , hard concentrator  405 B is configured with a private tunnel  415 F to hard concentrator  405 A and hard concentrator  405 C establishes a tunnel  415 E to hard concentrator  405 A. Soft client  403 D using software  405 D establishes a tunnel  415 D to hard concentrator  405 A. Thus, the system of  FIG. 5  establishes multiple tunnels to each of hard or soft concentrator devices which are used to establish high quality of service for the transport of audio, video and data (payload) between multiple local or remote clients across public or private networks. 
   In one embodiment, multicast group addresses are typically established by a central server responsible for the authenticity and tracking of clients as they enter and leave a particular meeting room or session. These multicast group addresses are transported to clients interested in joining a session or meeting room by the server. Transfer of group addresses is preferably done through established private tunnels. In alternate embodiments the transfer of group addresses by the central server device may be done outside the private tunnels during session or meeting room instantiation. Local clients are responsible for informing upstream concentrators of particular interest in particular multicast groups they wish to join. Concentrators listen for multicast addresses that are of interest to particular clients which typically are located on the same network or sub-network as the concentrator. Thus, media and data payloads may be forwarded by concentrators to clients that are interested in the reception of payload data with particular multicast group addresses. Concentrators without local client interest in payload delivery may copy and or forward multicast payload to other concentrators located along the established virtual private network. 
   The present invention comprises various embodiments of a process and method for the delivery of media payload over secure private networks whereby the deliver of such payload consumes less bandwidth due to the encapsulation of payload in a multicast environment. In alternate environments payloads may be under transport in both multicast and unicast protocol formats and may or may not be transported in virtual private tunnels such that a mix of the methods described herein and that known in the art may be used.