Abstract:
A single gloss sensor which can perform both DIN gloss measurement and DIN high gloss measurement, using the same hardware, and with minimal delay between the two measurements. The gloss sensor functions by directing light beams from a source to two different positions, either concurrently, or sequentially, between a position which measures gloss (75.degree) and a position which measures high gloss (45.degree). The gloss sensor also provides a reference light beam for correction of errors caused by the window glass, such as by dirt buildup.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    The present invention relates generally to measurement of sheet surface characteristics, and more particularly to measurement of gloss and high gloss, on paper, using a single device.  
         DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART  
         [0002]    One of the parameters used in determining the quality of a surface is the surface luster or the loss of the surface. For example, in paper production, various grades of paper having different surface gloss are produced to suit various applications. During paper production, it is desirable to periodically or continuously measure the gloss of the surface of the paper to ensure that the paper surface has the desired gloss.  
           [0003]    Typically, the surface gloss of paper is measured using a gloss gauge during the last step of paper production before the finished paper, which is manufactured in a continuous sheet, and is packaged in the form of rolls. The rolls of paper are then shipped to paper products manufacturers who process the paper sheet in accordance with the intended use.  
           [0004]    Certain devices for determining the gloss of paper surfaces comprise an optical system which measures the intensity of a beam of light reflected from the paper surface. Typically, the gloss of the paper surface is determined by comparing its reflectance to the reflectance of a known gloss standard, such as, for example, a glass tile having a polished surface with a known gloss.  
           [0005]    Specifically, in measuring the reflectance of the paper surface, light is projected onto the surface, and a sensor which is responsive to the intensity of light is positioned to measure the intensity of the light reflected from the paper surface. The gloss gauge measures the reflectance of a tile surface in the same manner by substituting the tile surface for the paper surface. The reflectance of the paper surface is referenced to the reflectance of the tile surface, thereby providing a measurement of the gloss of the paper surface. In practice, the reflectance measurement of the tile surface is periodically performed, off-sheet and between scans, as the gloss gauge scans back and forth across the paper surface. The gloss gauge is calibrated during each such measurement with the known reflectance of the tile surface.  
           [0006]    Two gloss level measurements have evolved from this basic gloss gauging technique under DIN 54502. For regular gloss measurements, measurements are taken using a 75° angle for the incident light beam from perpendicular to the measured surface, and for high gloss, measurements are taken using a 45° angle for the incident light beam from perpendicular to the measured surface. Thus, if both measurements are desired on the same machine, in the past, two separate DIN standard measuring devices were needed. This double requirement not only causes a slower process, but also involves twice the equipment which must be purchased, maintained, and upgraded, etc. This situation is particularly troublesome considering the only difference between the two standards is the angle of the light beam striking the surface to be measured for gloss.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0007]    The present invention addresses the above issues by providing a single gloss sensor which can perform both the DIN gloss measurement and DIN high gloss measurement using the same hardware, and with minimal delay between the two measurements.  
           [0008]    In a first embodiment, the invention functions by providing redirecting mirrors which alter the path of the light source used for the gloss measurements from a position which measures gloss (75°) to a position which measures high gloss (45°).  
           [0009]    In a second embodiment, optical fibers direct measurement light beams to the necessary measurement angles. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0010]    [0010]FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a system incorporating the applicant&#39;s invention which is in position to take DIN gloss measurements.  
         [0011]    [0011]FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of a system incorporating the applicant&#39;s invention which is in position to take DIN high gloss measurements.  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 3 shows the applicant&#39;s system implemented using optical fibers, rather than mirrors.  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 4 shows a more compact system implemented using optical fibers.  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 5 shows a second scheme for a first metho of gloss signal correction.  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 6 shows a system including two step gloss signal correction. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0016]    A schematic diagram of a system incorporating the applicant&#39;s invention and which is in position to take DIN gloss measurements is shown in FIG. 1.  
         [0017]    The disclosed gloss sensor consists of excitation source or lamp  1 , first and second collimators  2  and  3 , respectively, six mirrors  4 - 9  of which  5  and  8  are movable, filter  10 , and detector  11 , as shown in FIG. 1. Source or lamp  1  is a filament lamp which produces intense CW radiation in visible and IR regions.  
         [0018]    To provide DIN gloss (75°) measurements. The radiation produced by source  1  is collimated by the first collimator  2  into a parallel beam, which is reflected by mirror  9  to the paper surface. As is shown in the FIG. 1, mirrors  5  and  8  are positioned out of the path of the beam from the laser source. In this mode, the parallel beams are incident on the paper plane with angle of 75°. The light beam reflected from the paper plane are thereafter directed by mirror  4  to second collimator  3 , which condenses radiation on detector  11  after is passes through filter  10 .  
         [0019]    In order to provide DIN high gloss 45° measurements, mirrors  5  and  8  are rotated so that they cause the beam of light from light source  1  to reflect off mirrors  7  and  8  before striking the paper plane at an angle of 45°, as shown in FIG. 2. After specular reflection from the paper plane, the beam from source  1  reflects from mirror  6  to mirror  5 . Finally, the beam reflects from mirror  4  through collimator  3  to detector  11 , after passing through filter  10 .  
         [0020]    For both modes of operation, the coefficient of reflection from the paper surface is proportional to paper gloss. From the beam received at detector  11 , the gloss may therefore be calculated.  
         [0021]    A second embodiment of the applicant&#39;s invention is shown in FIG. 3. In this system, optical fibers are used as the source of incident light beams. By using multiple optical fibers, measurement of both gloss and high gloss can be performed simultaneously. Like in the first embodiment, condencers and detectors are used on the receiving side of the sensor, to collect gloss signals.  
         [0022]    A more detailed description of FIG. 3 is now provided. Source  20 , is a filament lamp which produces intense CW radiation in visible and IR regions. The radiation is modulated by tuning forks  21  and  22 , which for reasons to be described later, resonate at different frequencies. The radiation is focused on optical fibers  23  and  24 , using lenses  25  and  26 , respectively, which deliver radiation to collimators  27  and  28 , respectively. The output tip of the optical fiber is practically an ideal point light source. The optical fibers serve as a diffuser and an optical mode mixer. The fiber tips are positioned at the focal point of the collimator lenses. The collimators thereafter produces parallel light beams and directs them into paper sample  29  one collimator placed to cause a 45° beam of light, and the other collimator placed to cause a 75° beam of light. Of course the collimators may be place to cause any angles desired by the designer. After specular reflection from paper sample  29 , the parallel,light beam is directed to second collimators  30  and  31 , which condenses radiation on the detectors  32  and  33 , respectively. The detector signals are then used to calculate paper gloss of paper surface  29  using the coefficient of reflection.  
         [0023]    To correct for source variations or other system disturbances, further optical fibers  34  and  35  deliver optical radiation to reference detectors  36  and  37 . The beams of radiation used for reference are split off after radiation from source  20  has passed through lenses  25  and  26 , and tuning forks,  21  and  22  are used to,modulate the signal. The reference is used to determine gloss by determining the percent of light reflection from the sample (i.e. paper  29 ) relative to the standard. The counts or units of the measurement channel are then divided by the counts on the reference channel to obtain a ratio. Gloss measurement is a slope times this ratio plus an offset.  
         [0024]    In order to prevent interference between 45° and 75° channels, modulation of the light radiation is provided with different frequencies using the tuning forks  21  and  22 .  
         [0025]    A further modification of the embodiment is possible if conservation of space is a concern. FIG. 4 shows such a system. Source  41  and detector  42  for the 45° measurement are brought in closer to the measurement point, by moving 75° source  43  and detector  44  closer together, so that their incident and reflected beams are perpendicular to the measured surface. To provide the proper angle on the paper, additional lenses  45  and  46  are positioned to redirect incident and reflected beams to the necessary angles at the paper surface, and to detector  40 , respectively.  
         [0026]    Variations on the reference channel are also possible, as outlined in FIGS. 5 and 6, particularly for circumstances wherein the measurement beams must pass through sensor windows (i.e. glass) or some other optical disturbance likely to alter the measurement signal. For simplicity, the high gloss portions of the system have not been labeled in FIG. 5, since they are identical to the gloss components, only at a slightly different locations. In FIG. 5, optical fiber  50  delivers a light beam from source  51  in a similar manner to systems already described. After light from optical fiber  50  passes through collimator  52  the beam must pass through a glass window  53  to reach paper surface  54  to be measured. The reflected light beam must pass through another (or part of the same) glass window  55  before reaching a second collimator  56  and a detector  57 . To compensate for dirt build-up on the glass windows, a reference fiber  58  passes a light beam through a GRIN (gradient index) lens  59 , through the window glass  53 , through second window  55 , to reference beam detector  60 . The reference beam must be modulated at a different frequency than either of the measured signals to prevent interference. Correction of errors caused by the window glass, such as dirt build-up are corrected by combining the measurement signal and the reference signal in a combining device  61 .  
         [0027]    As a further embodiment, both corrective signals could be used to improve the measurement accuracy since they each correct for a different error. A system using both reference measurements appears in FIG. 6. In this figure, the high gloss measurement components have been omitted entirely for clarity. In the figure, an optic fiber  70  passes a measurement light beam to a collimator  71 . The beam exits the collimator, passing through window  72 , and thereafter strikes paper surface  73 . The reflected light beam passes through window  74 , which may or may not be the same glass as window  72 . Collimator  75  receives this light beam and passes it to detector  76 . To provide a first reference signal, a second optical fiber  77  passes a light beam through a GRIN lens  78 , after being modulated to prevent interference with the measurement signal. The light beam, after exiting GRIN lens  78  passes through windows  72  and  74 , striking reference collimator  79 , and finally reference detector  80 . At the same time, another optic fiber  81  passes a light beam to a reference/detector  82  directly. The measurement signal and the signal from reference/detector  82  are combined in a first combining device  83  to produce a first corrected signal. This corrected signal is thereafter combined with the references signal from detector  80  to form a final corrected gloss signal. From a practical standpoint, reference detector  82  corrects for source variations, while the signal from detector  80  corrects for window glass variations, such as paper dust build-up on the window glass.  
         [0028]    Machine direction (MD) and cross direction (CD) DIN gloss and high gloss measurements may all be made with the same device by providing another set of sensors perpendicular to the shown set. In order to prevent interference between 45 and 75 degrees and MD and CD channels, modulation of the light radiation must be provided with different frequencies for each beam incident on the paper, for a total of four frequencies.  
         [0029]    Thus since the invention disclosed herein may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or general characteristics thereof, some of which forms have been indicated, the embodiments described herein are to be considered in all respects illustrative and not restrictive. For example, the disclosed sensor can provide also 20, 60, and 85 degrees specular gloss measurements according to ISO 2.813 standards. The scope of the invention is to be indicated by the appended claims, rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are intended to be embraced therein.