Abstract:
System and methods for 2D and 3D image integration and synchronization are disclosed. An example method includes displaying a first two-dimensional image via a first image viewer on a first screen, wherein the first two-dimensional image is from a first set of images and displaying a three-dimensional image via a second image viewer on the first screen, wherein the three-dimensional image is constructed from the first set of images and wherein the first image viewer and the second image viewer are linked to share commands and messages. The example method also includes receiving a first instruction to modify a selected one of the first two-dimensional image or the three-dimensional image, modifying the selected one of the first two-dimensional image or the three-dimensional image based on the first instruction via the first image viewer or the second image viewer corresponding to the selected image and correspondingly modifying the other of the first two-dimensional image or the three-dimensional image based on the first instruction via the other of the first image viewer or the second image viewer corresponding to the unselected one of the first two-dimensional image or the three-dimensional image.

Description:
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE 
       [0001]    The present disclosure relates generally to medical imaging and, more particularly, to systems and methods for two-dimensional and three-dimensional image integration and synchronization. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Medical imaging devices typically record a series of two-dimensional images of a patient. This series of 2-dimensional images can be used to create a 3-dimensional image using tomography or other mathematical techniques. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY 
       [0003]    Example systems and methods provide for 2D and 3D image integration and synchronization. 
         [0004]    An example method includes displaying a two-dimensional image via a first image viewer on a screen, wherein the two-dimensional image is from a set of images. The example method includes displaying a three-dimensional image via a second image viewer on the screen, wherein the three-dimensional image is constructed from the set of images and wherein the first image viewer and the second image viewer are linked to share commands and messages. The example method includes receiving an instruction to modify either the two-dimensional image or the three-dimensional image. The example method includes modifying either the selected two-dimensional image or three-dimensional image based on the instruction via the first image viewer or the second image viewer corresponding to the selected image. The example method includes correspondingly modifying the two-dimensional image or the three-dimensional image that was not selected based on the instruction via the first image viewer or the second image viewer corresponding to the two-dimensional image or the three-dimensional image that was not selected. 
         [0005]    An example tangible computer readable medium has a set of instructions that when read, cause the computer to at least display a two-dimensional image via a first image viewer on a screen, wherein the two-dimensional image is from a set of images. The example instructions cause the computer to display a three-dimensional image via a second image viewer on the screen, wherein the three-dimensional image is constructed from the set of images and wherein the first image viewer and the second image viewer are linked to share commands and messages. The example instructions cause the computer to receive an instruction to modify either the two-dimensional image or the three-dimensional image. The example instructions cause the computer to modify the selected two-dimensional image or three-dimensional image based on the instruction via the first image viewer or the second image viewer corresponding to the selected image. The example instructions cause the computer to correspondingly modify the two-dimensional image or the three-dimensional image that was not selected based on the instruction via the first image viewer or the second image viewer corresponding to the two-dimensional image or three-dimensional image that was not selected. 
         [0006]    An example apparatus includes a first image viewer to display a two-dimensional image on a screen, wherein the two-dimensional image is from a set of images. The example apparatus includes a second image viewer to display a three-dimensional image on the screen, wherein the three-dimensional image is constructed from the set of images and wherein the first image viewer and the second image viewer are linked to share commands and messages. The example apparatus includes an input terminal to receive an instruction to modify either the two-dimensional image or the three-dimensional image, wherein upon receiving the instruction, either the first image viewer or the second image viewer corresponding to the selected image modifies either the selected two-dimensional image or the three-dimensional image based on the instruction and the first image viewer or the second image viewer corresponding to the two-dimensional image or the three-dimensional image that was not selected correspondingly modifies the two-dimensional image or the three-dimensional image that was not selected based on the instruction. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0007]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of an example medical imaging system constructed in accordance with the teachings of this disclosure. 
           [0008]      FIG. 2  is an illustration of the example monitor of the medical imaging system of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0009]      FIGS. 3-5  are flowcharts representative of example machine readable instructions that may be executed to implement the example medical imaging system of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0010]      FIG. 6  is an example screenshot of an example output of the medical imaging system of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0011]      FIG. 7  is a block diagram of an example processing system capable of executing the example machine readable instructions of  FIGS. 3-5  to implement the example medical imaging system of  FIG. 1 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0012]    Medical images of the human body are often used by doctors and other medical professionals to help diagnose and treat patients. Various medical imaging technologies can be used for this purpose, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), x-ray computed tomography (CT), or ultrasound. Typically, a medical imaging device using one of these imaging technologies or any other imaging technology scans a portion of a patient&#39;s body and creates a series of two-dimensional (2D) images or slices representing a series of cross-sections of the scanned portion of the patient&#39;s body. This series of 2D images can then be viewed by a doctor or others. 
         [0013]    Alternatively, this series of 2D images can be used to construct a three-dimensional (3D) volume image of the scanned portion of the patient&#39;s body. This 3D image construction is typically done by computer software using a mathematical technique such as tomography. Because the 3D volume image is constructed from the series of 2D images, it is typically only possible to view either one of the 2D image or the constructed 3D image at any given time. A doctor would typically use one software program to view the 2D images and another completely different software program to view the 3D volume image. In some instances, these two different software programs might reside on different workstations, meaning that doctor would need to look at one workstation to view the 2D images and a different workstation to view the 3D volume image. 
         [0014]    Furthermore, medical imaging software typically has a number of tools for enhancing, clarifying, rotating, changing the zoom level or otherwise modifying a displayed image. These various tools allow a displayed image to be fine-tuned to assist a doctor in making a diagnosis or any other purpose for which the image is being viewed. Because the 2D images and the 3D image can only be viewed with different software programs or even on different workstations, any image modification tools used on any of the 2D images will have no effect on the 3D image and vice versa. 
         [0015]    Example systems, methods, apparatus, and/or articles of manufacture disclosed herein provide a mechanism for viewing one image from a series of 2D images alongside a 3D volume image constructed from the series of 2D images. In particular, examples disclosed herein provide a mechanism for viewing the 2D image and the 3D image on the same screen and in synchronicity with each other. Examples disclosed herein provide tools to modify the viewing conditions for the displayed 2D image that make a corresponding modification to the viewing conditions of the displayed 3D image. Examples disclosed herein provide tools to modify the viewing conditions for the displayed 3D image that make a corresponding modification to the viewing conditions of the displayed 2D image. Examples disclosed herein provide tools to load a different image from the series of 2D images that cause the view of the displayed 3D image to change to show the position in the 3D image corresponding to the loaded 2D image. Examples disclosed herein provide tools to change the cursor position in the displayed 3D image that cause a new 2D image to be loaded corresponding to the new cursor position in the 3D image. Specifically, two different software applications run simultaneously on a computer system. One software application displays a 2D image and the other software application displays a 3D image. The two software applications operate independently but communicate with each other by sending extensible markup language (XML) commands to each other. At any given time, a user controls one of the two software applications to modify the image displayed by that application. The application being controlled by the user then sends XML commands to the other software application with information about how the image displayed by the other software application should be modified. 
         [0016]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of an example medical imaging system  100  constructed in accordance with the teachings of this disclosure. The example imaging system  100  of  FIG. 1  includes a medical imaging device  102 . This medical imaging device  102  can be any device capable of recording medical images such as an MRI, PET, CT or ultrasound scanner or any other such device. The example medical imaging device  102  scans a portion of a patient&#39;s body and stores the results of the scan on a server  104 . The example server  104  communicates with the medical imaging device  102  in order to receive medical imaging data from the medical imaging device  102 . The server  104  also has a database or other storage capability to store medical imaging data received from the medical imaging device  102 . 
         [0017]    As the medical imaging device  102  scans a portion of the patient&#39;s body, a series of 2D images are created. Each of these 2D images represents a cross-section of the scanned portion of the patient&#39;s body. In some examples, the results of the scan are stored on the example server  104  in a Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format. The scan results are then transmitted from the medical imaging device  102  to the server  104  and stored on the server  104 . 
         [0018]    The example imaging system includes a computer system  105 . The example computer system  105  communicates with the example server  104  to load 2D images stored on the server  104  from the server  104  to the computer system  105 . The computer system  105  is connected to the server  104  either directly or via a network. If a network connection is used, the network may be implemented using any type of public or private network such as, but not limited to, the Internet, a telephone network, a local area network (LAN), a cable network, and/or a wireless network. To enable communication via the network, the computer system  105  may include a communication interface that enables connection to an Ethernet, a digital subscriber line (DSL), a telephone line, a coaxial cable, or any wireless connection, etc. 
         [0019]    The example computer system  105  communicates with an input terminal  112  to receive input from a user. The example computer system  105  communicates with a monitor  114  to display images and other output to a user. The example computer system also includes a 2D imager  106 , a 3D imager  108  and an XML transmitter  110 . 
         [0020]    The example 2D imager  106  is a software application that runs on the example computer system  105 . In one example, the 2D imager  106  is written in C++, however any other programming language can be used to implement the 2D imager  106 . The 2D imager  106  controls an image viewer to display one or more 2D images. After the computer system  105  receives the 2D images from the server  104 , the 2D images are sent to the 2D imager  106  wherein the series of 2D images comprise one scan taken by the medical imaging device  102 . The 2D imager  106  stores the series of 2D images until another series of 2D images comprising another scan by the medical imaging device  102  is loaded from the server  104  to the computer system  105 . 
         [0021]    The 2D imager  106  communicates, through device drivers on the computer system  105 , with the input terminal  112  and the monitor  114 . The 2D imager sends one or more 2D images to the monitor  114  to be displayed on the monitor  114 . The 2D imager receives input from a user through the input terminal  112 . The 2D imager  106  sends XML commands to a 3D imager  108  via the XML transmitter  110 . The 2D imager  106  also receives XML commands from the example 3D imager  108  via the example XML transmitter  110 . In one example, the XML transmitter  110  includes two TCP/IP ports, wherein one port is used to send XML commands from the 2D imager  106  to the 3D imager  108  and the other port is used to send XML commands from the 3D imager  108  to the 2D imager  106 . While the transmitter  110  is labeled as an XML transmitter for purposes of illustration, and resulting commands are identified as XML commands, it is understood that commands could be generated according to other formats. The example XML transmitter  110  therefore facilitates the transmission of XML commands between the example 2D imager  106  and the example 3D imager  108 . The communication protocol between the 2D imager  106  and the 3D imager  108  is established through known handshaking techniques. 
         [0022]    The example 3D imager  108  is a software application that runs on the example computer system  105 . In one example, the 3D imager  108  is written in JAVA, however any other programming language can be used to implement the 3D imager  108 . The 3D imager  108  controls an image viewer to display one or more views of a 3D image from different viewing angles. After the computer system  105  receives the 2D images from the server  104 , the 2D images are sent to the 3D imager  108 , wherein the series of 2D images is the same series of 2D images sent to the 2D imager  106 . After the series of 2D images is received by the 3D imager  108 , the 3D imager  108  constructs a 3D volume image of the portion of the patient&#39;s body that was scanned from the series of 2D images. The 3D imager  108  constructs the 3D volume image using tomography or some other technique of three-dimensional image construction from a series of two-dimensional cross-sectional images. The 3D imager  108  stores the constructed 3D image until another series of 2D images comprising another scan by the medical imaging device  102  is loaded from the server  104  and a new 3D image is constructed. 
         [0023]    The 3D imager  108  communicates, through device drivers on the computer system  105 , with the input terminal  112  and the monitor  114 . The 3D imager sends one or more views of a 3D image to the monitor  114  be displayed on the monitor  114 . The 3D imager receives input from a user through the input terminal  112 . The 3D imager  108  receives XML commands from the 2D imager  106  via the XML transmitter  110 . The 3D imager  108  also sends XML commands to the 2D imager  106  via the XML transmitter  110 . 
         [0024]    The example monitor  114  communicates with the 2D imager  106  and the 3D imager  108 . The monitor  114  displays the output from the 2D imager  106  and the output from the 3D imager  108 . Although, the 2D imager  106  and the 3D imager  108  are two separate applications executing on the computer system  105 , their outputs on the monitor  114  are displayed in such a way that they appear to the user to be a single application. 
         [0025]    The 2D imager  106  sends one or more 2D image to the monitor  114 , wherein the one or more 2D images are from the series of 2D images stored on the 2D imager  106 . The 3D imager  108  sends one or more views of the constructed 3D volume image to the monitor  114 . The monitor  114  displays the one or more received 2D images and the one or more received views of the 3D image.  FIG. 2  illustrates an example display of the monitor  114  and its display. In the example of  FIG. 2  only one 2D image and one 3D image are displayed. In other examples, multiple 2D images and multiple views of the 3D image could be displayed. In the example of  FIG. 2 , one portion of the monitor  114  displays a 2D image  200  received from the 2D imager  106 . Another portion of the monitor  114  displays a 3D image  202  received from the 3D imager  108 . However, the sizes of the 2D image  200  and the 3D image  202  can vary, the positions of the 2D image  200  and the 3D image can vary and one of the images can partially overlap the other. As the 2D image  200  sent by the 2D imager  106  and the 3D image  202  sent by the 3D imager  108  are changed, as explained in further detail below, the 2D image  200  and the 3D image  202  displayed on the monitor  114  are updated accordingly. 
         [0026]    The input terminal  112  of  FIG. 1  is the mechanism by which a user interacts with the imaging system  100 . The input terminal  112  communicates with the 2D imager  106  and the 3D imager  108 . The input terminal  112  includes a mouse and a keyboard. The input terminal  112  can also include other methods of providing input to the imaging system  100 . The input terminal  112  is used to modify what is displayed on the monitor  114 . 
         [0027]    One way that the display on the monitor  114  can be changed is that the user can use the input terminal  112  to resize and/or move the 2D image  200  and/or the 3D image  202 . In  FIG. 2 , 2D image  200  and 3D image  202  are the same size and take up the same amount of space on the monitor  114 . However, both the 2D image  200  and the 3D image  202  can be resized and/or moved through the use of the input terminal  112 . The view on the monitor  114  can be modified such that the size of the 2D image  200  and/or the size of the 3D image  202  can be increased or decreased. Also, the 2D image  200  and/or the 3D image  202  can be minimized completely so that only one image is displayed on the monitor  114 . Also, the position of either of the 2D image  200  and the 3D image  300  can be moved. 
         [0028]      FIG. 6  illustrates a screenshot  600  of an example display of the monitor  114  of the example imaging system  100 . Window  602  illustrates an example output of the 2D imager  106  and window  604  illustrates an example output of the 3D imager  108 . In the example of  FIG. 6 , the 2D imager  106  has sent four 2D images to the monitor  114  and the 3D imager  108  has sent four views of the 3D image to the monitor  114 . Window  602 , the output of the 2D imager  106  has been made smaller than window  604 , the output of the 3D imager  108 . In the example of  FIG. 6 , window  602  displays four different 2D images and window  604  displays four different angles of the constructed 3D image, although only two of those views are completely visible in  FIG. 6  as the other two views are partially obscured by window  600 . Image  606  of  FIG. 6  illustrates one of the four images output by the 2D imager  106 . Image  608  of  FIG. 6  illustrates one of the four images output by the 3D imager  108 . 
         [0029]    In addition to resizing the 2D image  200  and the 3D image  202 , the input terminal  112  can be used to modify what is displayed as the 2D image  200  and the 3D image  202 . Certain mouse and keyboard commands can cause the input terminal  112  to send commands to the 2D imager  106  or the 3D imager  108 . When commands are received from the input terminal  112  by the 2D imager  106 , the 2D imager  106  modifies the 2D image  200  accordingly and sends the modified 2D image  200  to the monitor  114 , which then updates the 2D image  200  displayed on the monitor  114 . When commands are received from the input terminal  112  by the 3D imager  108 , the 3D imager  108  modifies the 3D image  202  accordingly and sends the modified 3D image  202  to the monitor  114 , which then updates the 3D image  202  displayed on the monitor  114 . Any known image processing or image modification technique can be applied by either the 2D imager  106  or the 3D imager  108  such as modifying the zoom level of an image, modifying the contrast of an image, or modifying the window/level of an image. There are also many image modification tools typically used in radiology that can be applied by either the 2D imager  106  or the 3D imager  108  as well. Any such image modification can be programmed to be triggered by any type of input made by a user into the example input terminal  112  such as any series of keyboard or mouse commands. 
         [0030]    Any such input made to the input terminal  112  to modify the display of the 2D image  200  causes the input terminal  112  to send a command to the 2D imager  106  to cause the 2D imager  106  to make the appropriate requested modification to the 2D image  200  that is sent to and displayed on the monitor  114 . In addition, when any such modifications are made to the 2D image  200 , the 2D imager  106  also sends XML commands to the 3D imager  108  via the example XML transmitter  110 . The XML commands sent from the 2D imager  106  to the 3D imager  108  via the XML transmitter  110  instruct the 3D imager  108  to make the same changes to the 3D image  202  that that 2D imager  106  made to the 2D image  200 . For example, if the input terminal  112  instructs the 2D imager  106  to change the window/level contrast of the 2D image  200 , the 2D imager  106  sends XML commands to the 3D imager  108  instructing the 3D imager  108  to make the same adjustments to the window/level contrast of the 3D image  202 . This ensures that the view of the 2D image  200  and the view of the 3D image  202  stay in synch with each other. 
         [0031]    Similarly, any input by the user to the input terminal  112  to modify the display of the 3D image  202  causes the input terminal  112  to send a command to the 3D imager  108  to cause the 3D imager  108  to make the appropriate requested modification to the 3D image  202  that is sent to and displayed on the monitor  114 . In addition, when any such modifications are made to the 3D image  202 , the 3D imager  108  also sends XML commands to the 2D imager  106  via the example XML transmitter  110 . The XML commands sent from the 3D imager  108  to the 2D imager  106  via the XML transmitter  110  instruct the 2D imager  106  to make the same changes to the 2D image  200  that that 3D imager  108  made to the 3D image  202 . For example, if the input terminal  112  instructs the 3D imager  108  to change the zoom level of the 3D image  202 , the 3D imager  108  sends XML commands to the 2D imager  106  instructing the 2D imager  106  to make the same adjustments to the zoom level of the 2D image  200 . 
         [0032]    The example input terminal  112  can also cause the 2D imager  106  to send a new 2D image  200  to the monitor  114 , wherein the new 2D image  200  is another one of the series of 2D images stored on the 2D imager  106 . Since the series of 2D images stored on the 2D imager  106  represent different cross sections of the portion of the patient&#39;s body scanned by the medical imaging device  102 , loading a new 2D image  200  allows a different cross section to be viewed on the monitor  114 . Accordingly, when a command to load a new 2D image  200  is made to the input terminal  112 , the input terminal  112  sends a command to the 2D imager  106  causing the 2D imager  106  to load a new 2D image  200  and send the new 2D image  200  to the monitor  114  where it is displayed. 
         [0033]    When a new 2D image  200  is loaded by the 2D imager  106 , the 3D image  202  must be modified to maintain synchronicity with the displayed 2D image  200 . This is accomplished by moving a pointer on the 3D image  202 . The pointer can be any conspicuous dot or symbol that highlights a specific point on the 3D image  202 . The 3D volume image  202  is constructed from the series of two-dimensional cross sections recorded by the medical imaging device  102 . Accordingly, any given cross section of the 3D image  202  corresponds to one of the 2D images stored on the 2D imager  106 . Likewise, each one of the 2D images stored on the 2D imager  106  corresponds to a cross section of the 3D volume image  202 . Therefore, in order to synchronize the view of the 2D image  200  and the 3D image  202 , whenever a new 2D image  200  is loaded by the 2D imager  106 , the 2D imager  106  sends XML commands to the 3D imager  108  instructing the 3D imager  108  to move the pointer to a location on the 3D image  202  in which the cross section of the 3D image  202  at that location corresponds to the 2D image  200  that was loaded. When the XML commands are received by the 3D imager  108 , the 3D imager  108  changes the 3D image  202  such that the pointer is moved to the appropriate location and then sends the updated 3D image  202  to the monitor  114  for display. 
         [0034]    The input terminal  112  can also be used to move the pointer to any location on the 3D image  202 . When this is done, the 2D image  200  must change in order to keep the 2D image  200  and the 3D image  202  in synchronization. Accordingly, when the user makes an input to the input terminal  112  to move the 3D pointer, the input terminal  112  instructs the 3D imager  108  to move the pointer to the appropriate location. The 3D imager  108  then changes the 3D image  202  such that the pointer is in the new location and sends the 3D image  202  to the monitor  114  to be displayed. The 3D imager  108  also sends XML commands to the 2D imager  106  instructing the 2D imager  106  to load a new 2D image  200 . The new 2D image  200  to be loaded is the cross section of the 3D image  202  that is closest to the point on the 3D image  202  where the pointer is. When the 2D imager  106  receives the XML commands, the 2D imager  106  loads the appropriate 2D image  200  and sends the 2D image  200  to the monitor  114  for display. 
         [0035]    The input terminal  112  can also be used to add labels and/or annotations to the 2D image  200 . When the input terminal  112  sends a command to the 2D imager  106  to add a label or annotation to the 2D image  200 , the 2D imager  106  adds the requested label or annotation to the 2D image  200  and sends the updated 2D image  200  to the monitor  114  for display. The 2D imager  106  also sends XML commands to the 3D imager  108  instructing the 3D imager  108  to add the same label or annotation to the 3D image  202 . The XML commands sent by the 2D imager  106  instruct the 3D imager  108  to add the label or annotation to the 3D image  202  at a point on the 3D image  202  with the cross section represented by the 2D image  200  so that the two images are synchronized. The 3D imager  108  receives the XML commands, adds the label or annotation in the appropriate location to the 3D image  202  and sends the 3D image  202  to the monitor  114  for display. 
         [0036]    The input terminal  112  can also be used to add labels and/or annotations to the 3D image  202 . When the input terminal  112  sends a command to the 3D imager  108  to add a label or annotation to the 3D image  202 , the 3D imager  108  adds the requested label or annotation to the 3D image  202  and sends the updated 3D image  202  to the monitor  114  for display. After adding a label or annotation to the 3D image  202 , the 3D imager  108  sends XML commands to the example 2D imager  106 . The XML commands sent by the 3D imager  108  to the 2D imager  106  instruct the 2D imager  106  to add the label or annotation in the correct location. However, because the 3D image  202  is a composite of all of the 2D images stored on the 2D imager  106 , not all of those 2D images should have every label or annotation made to the 3D image  202 . Accordingly, when a label or annotation is added to the 3D image  202 , the 3D imager  108  sends XML commands to the 2D imager  106  instructing the 2D imager  106  to add the label or annotation only to the 2D images stored in the 2D imager  106  that are cross sections of the 3D image  202  that intersect the label or annotation on the 3D image  202 . Upon receiving the XML commands, the 2D imager  106  internally records the label or annotation on each of the appropriate stored 2D images. As various 2D images  200  are displayed on the monitor  114 , every time a 2D image  200  that has had a label or annotation added is displayed, the label or annotation is displayed on both the 2D image  200  and the 3D image  202 . 
         [0037]    While an example manner of implementing the medical imaging system  100  has been illustrated in  FIG. 1 , one or more of the elements, processes and/or devices illustrated in  FIG. 1  may be combined, divided, re-arranged, omitted, eliminated and/or implemented in any other way. Further, the example server  104 , the example 2D imager  106 , the example 3D imager  108 , the example XML transmitter  110 , and/or, more generally, the example medical imaging system  100  of  FIG. 1  may be implemented by hardware, software, firmware and/or any combination of hardware, software and/or firmware. Thus, for example, any of the example server  104 , the example 2D imager  106 , the example 3D imager  108 , the example XML transmitter  110 , and/or, more generally, the example medical imaging system  100  of  FIG. 1  could be implemented by one or more circuit(s), programmable processor(s), application specific integrated circuit(s) (ASIC(s)), programmable logic device(s) (PLD(s)), microprocessor(s), hardware processor(s), and/or field programmable logic device(s) (FPLD(s)), etc. When any of the system or apparatus claims of this patent are read to cover a purely software and/or firmware implementation, at least one of the example server  104 , the example 2D imager  106 , the example 3D imager  108 , the example XML transmitter  110 , and/or, more generally, the example medical imaging system  100  of  FIG. 1  is hereby expressly defined to include a tangible computer readable storage medium such as a memory, DVD, CD, Blu-ray, etc. storing the software and/or firmware. Further still, the example medical imaging system  100  of  FIG. 1  may include one or more elements, processes and/or devices in addition to, or instead of, those illustrated in  FIG. 1 , and/or may include more than one of any or all of the illustrated elements, processes and devices. 
         [0038]      FIGS. 3-5  are flowcharts representative of example machine readable instructions for implementing the example medical imaging system  100  of  FIG. 1 . In the example flowcharts of  FIGS. 3-5 , the machine readable instructions comprise program(s) for execution by a processor such as the processor  612  shown in the example computer  600  discussed below in connection with  FIG. 6 . The program(s) may be embodied in software stored on a tangible computer readable storage medium such as a CD-ROM, a floppy disk, a hard drive, a digital versatile disk (DVD), a Blu-ray disk, or a memory associated with the processor  612 , but the entire program and/or parts thereof could alternatively be executed by a device other than the processor  612  and/or embodied in firmware or dedicated hardware. Further, although the example program(s) is described with reference to the flowcharts illustrated in  FIGS. 3-5 , many other methods of implementing the example loop vectorizer  300  of  FIG. 3  may alternatively be used. For example, the order of execution of the blocks may be changed, and/or some of the blocks described may be changed, eliminated, or combined. 
         [0039]    As mentioned above, the example processes of  FIGS. 3-5  may be implemented using coded instructions (e.g., computer readable instructions) stored on a tangible computer readable storage medium such as a hard disk drive, a flash memory, a read-only memory (ROM), a compact disk (CD), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a cache, a random-access memory (RAM) and/or any other storage media in which information is stored for any duration (e.g., for extended time periods, permanently, brief instances, for temporarily buffering, and/or for caching of the information). As used herein, the term tangible computer readable storage medium is expressly defined to include any type of computer readable storage device and/or disk and to exclude propagating signals. Additionally or alternatively, the example processes of  FIG. 3  may be implemented using coded instructions (e.g., computer readable instructions) stored on a non-transitory computer readable medium such as a hard disk drive, a flash memory, a read-only memory, a compact disk, a digital versatile disk, a cache, a random-access memory and/or any other storage media in which information is stored for any duration (e.g., for extended time periods, permanently, brief instances, for temporarily buffering, and/or for caching of the information). As used herein, the term non-transitory computer readable storage medium is expressly defined to include any type of computer readable storage device and/or disk and to exclude propagating signals. As used herein, when the phrase “at least” is used as the transition term in a preamble of a claim, it is open-ended in the same manner as the term “comprising” is open ended. Thus, a claim using “at least” as the transition term in its preamble may include elements in addition to those expressly recited in the claim. 
         [0040]      FIG. 3  is a flowchart of example machine readable instructions to initialize the example medical imaging system of  FIG. 1 . Initialization begins when a user wishes to view medical images that have been recorded by the medical imaging device  102  and stored on the server  104  (block  300 ). The series of two-dimensional images stored on the server  104  are transferred to the computer system  105  and to the 2D imager  106  and the 3D imager  108  (block  302 ). The 2D imager  106  then sends one or more 2D images to the monitor  114  to be displayed on a portion of the monitor  114  (block  304 ). In the example of  FIG. 6 , four 2D images are sent to the monitor  114  and the four 2D images are displayed in window  602 . One of the displayed 2D images is image  606 . The 3D imager  108  constructs a three-dimensional volume image from the series of 2D images received from the server  104  using tomography or some other three-dimensional image construction technique (block  306 ). One or more views of the constructed 3D image is then sent to the monitor  114  to be displayed on a portion of the monitor  114  (block  308 ). In the example of  FIG. 6 , four views of the constructed 3D image, comprising four different viewing angles of the 3D image are sent to the monitor  114  and the four 3D images are displayed in window  604 . One of the displayed 3D images is image  608 . The imaging system  100  then assigns control to either the 2D imager  106  or the 3D imager  108  (block  310 ). This ends initialization of the imaging system  100  (block  312 ). 
         [0041]    In certain examples, either the 2D imager  106  or the 3D imager  108  has control of the imaging system  100  at any given time. For example, the 2D imager  106  and the 3D imager  108  are separate applications executing simultaneously on the computer system  105 . When the 2D imager  106  is assigned control, the user interacts with the 2D imager  106  application. Furthermore, when the 2D imager  106  has control and more than one 2D image is displayed on the monitor  114 , as in window  602  of  FIG. 6 , the user interacts specifically with one of the 2D images displayed, such as image  606  of  FIG. 6 . When the 3D imager  108  is assigned control, the user interacts with the 3D imager  108  application. Furthermore, when the 3D imager has control and more than one 3D image is displayed on the monitor  114 , as in window  602  of  FIG. 6 , the user interacts specifically with one of the 3D images displayed, such as image  608  of  FIG. 6 . However, this assignment of control to either the 2D imager  106  or the 3D imager  108  is mostly transparent to the user of the imaging system  100  because the outputs of the 2D imager  106  and the 3D imager  108  are displayed together on the monitor  114 , as shown in the example of  FIG. 6 , wherein window  602  and window  604  are displayed together. In other examples, the 2D imager  106  and the 3D imager  108  are elements of a single computer software program and/or unified user interface, and the user is unaware of the existence of both a 2D imager  106  component and a 3D imager  108  component. 
         [0042]    Whichever one of the 2D imager  106  and the 3D imager  108  has control of the imaging system  100  is the application that can accept input from the example input terminal  112  at any given time. However, the user can easily change control from the 2D imager  106  to the 3D imager  108  and vice versa. In some examples, this control can be changed by simply using a mouse that is part of the input terminal  112  and moving the mouse cursor from one side of the monitor  114  to the other. For example, in  FIG. 6 , the user could assign control to the 2D imager  106  by clicking anywhere in window  602  and the user could assign control to the 3D imager  108  by clicking anywhere win window  604 . In some examples, after initialization, initial control is assigned to the 2D imager  106 . In other examples, after initialization, initial control is assigned to the 3D imager  108 . 
         [0043]      FIG. 4  is a flowchart of example machine readable instructions to implement the 2D imager  106  of  FIG. 1 . The flowchart begins when control of the imaging system  100  is assigned to the 2D imager  106  (block  400 ). The 2D imager  106  then waits for a command to be received from the input terminal  112  (block  402 ). There are a variety of commands that can be received by the input terminal  112  as described above in connection with  FIG. 1 . Some commands sent by the input terminal  112  cause the displayed 2D image, such as image  606  of  FIG. 6  to be modified. Some commands sent by the input terminal  112  cause a new 2D image to be sent to the monitor  114 . Other commands sent by the input terminal  112  indicate that the user wishes to modify the 3D image, such as image  608  of  FIG. 6 , and that therefore control of the imaging system  100  should pass to the 3D imager  108 . As such, when a command is received from the input terminal  112 , the 2D imager  106  first determines whether control should be passed to the 3D imager  108  (block  404 ). If the command from the input terminal  112  indicates that control should be passed to the 3D imager  108 , then control is passed to the 3D imager  108  and the example of  FIG. 4  ends (block  406 ). If control is not to be passed to the 3D imager  108 , then the example of  FIG. 4  moves to block  408 . 
         [0044]    In block  408 , the 2D imager  106  interprets the command received from the input terminal  112  and takes the appropriate action. For example, the 2D image  606  of  FIG. 6  displayed on the monitor  114  could be modified in some way or a new 2D image could be loaded from the images stored on the 2D imager  106 , depending on the specific command received from the input terminal  112 . After either the 2D image  606  of  FIG. 6  is modified or a new 2D image is loaded, the 2D imager  106  sends XML commands to the 3D imager  108  through the XML transmitter  110  instructing the 3D imager  108  to make the same modification to the displayed 3D image, such as image  608  of  FIG. 6 , to stay in synch with the displayed 2D image (block  410 ). The 3D imager  108  then receives the XML commands and makes the appropriate modifications to the 3D image  202  (block  412 ). The example of  FIG. 4  then moves back to block  402 , and the 2D imager  106  awaits the next command from the input terminal  112 . 
         [0045]      FIG. 5  is a flowchart of example machine readable instructions to implement the 3D imager  108  of  FIG. 1 . The flowchart begins when control of the imaging system  100  is assigned to the 3D imager  108  (block  500 ). The 3D imager  108  then waits for a command to be received from the input terminal  112  (block  502 ). Some such commands from the input terminal  112  cause the 3D image  202  to be modified. Other such commands from the input terminal  112  cause control of the imaging system to be passed to the 2D imager  106 . When a command is received from the input terminal  112 , the 3D imager  108  first determines whether control should be passed to the 2D imager  106  (block  504 ). If the command from the input terminal  112  indicates that control should be passed to the 2D imager  106 , then control is passed to the 2D imager  106 , and the example of  FIG. 5  ends (block  506 ). If control is not to be passed to the 2D imager  106 , then the example of  FIG. 4  moves to block  508 . 
         [0046]    In block  508 , the 3D imager  108  interprets the command received from the input terminal  112  and takes the appropriate action to modify the displayed 3D image, such as image  608  of  FIG. 6 , and send the modified image to the monitor  114 . After the 3D imager  108  modifies the 3D image, the 3D imager  108  sends XML commands to the 2D imager  106  through the XML transmitter  110  instructing the 2D imager  106  to make the same modification to the 2D image  606  of  FIG. 6  to stay in synch with the 3D image  608  (block  510 ). The 2D imager  106  then receives the XML commands and makes the appropriate modifications to the 2D image  606  of  FIG. 6  (block  512 ). For example, modifications involve modifying the currently displayed 2D image  606  or loading a new 2D image from the 2D images stored in the 2D imager  106 . The example of  FIG. 5  then moves back to block  502  and the 3D imager  108  awaits the next command from the input terminal  112 . 
         [0047]      FIG. 7  is a block diagram of a processor platform  700  capable of executing the instructions of  FIGS. 3-5  to implement the example medical imaging system  100  of  FIG. 1 . The processor platform  700  can be, for example, a server, a personal computer, an Internet appliance, a DVD player, a CD player, a Blu-ray player, a gaming console, a personal video recorder, a mobile device (e.g., a smart phone, a tablet, etc.), a printer, or any other type of computing device. 
         [0048]    The processor platform  700  of the instant example includes a processor  712 . As used herein, the term “processor” refers to a logic circuit capable of executing machine readable instructions. For example, the processor  712  can be implemented by one or more microprocessors or controllers from any desired family or manufacturer. 
         [0049]    The processor  712  includes a local memory  713  (e.g., a cache) and is in communication with a main memory including a volatile memory  714  and a non-volatile memory  716  via a bus  718 . The volatile memory  714  may be implemented by Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM), Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), RAMBUS Dynamic Random Access Memory (RDRAM) and/or any other type of random access memory device. The non-volatile memory  716  may be implemented by flash memory and/or any other desired type of memory device. Access to the main memory  714 ,  716  is controlled by a memory controller. 
         [0050]    The processor platform  700  also includes an interface circuit  720 . The interface circuit  720  may be implemented by any type of interface standard, such as an Ethernet interface, a universal serial bus (USB), and/or a PCI express interface. 
         [0051]    One or more input devices  722  are connected to the interface circuit  720 . The input device(s)  722  permit a user to enter data and commands into the processor  712 . The input device(s) can be implemented by, for example, a keyboard, a mouse, a touchscreen, a track-pad, a trackball, isopoint and/or a voice recognition system. 
         [0052]    One or more output devices  724  are also connected to the interface circuit  720 . The output devices  724  can be implemented, for example, by display devices (e.g., a liquid crystal display, a cathode ray tube display (CRT), a printer and/or speakers). The interface circuit  720 , thus, typically includes a graphics driver card. 
         [0053]    The interface circuit  720  also includes a communication device such as a modem or network interface card to facilitate exchange of data with external computers via a network  726  (e.g., an Ethernet connection, a digital subscriber line (DSL), a telephone line, coaxial cable, a cellular telephone system, etc.). 
         [0054]    The processor platform  700  also includes one or more mass storage devices  728  for storing software and data. Examples of such mass storage devices  728  include floppy disk drives, hard drive disks, compact disk drives and digital versatile disk (DVD) drives. 
         [0055]    The coded instructions  732  of  FIG. 7  may be stored in the mass storage device  728 , in the volatile memory  714 , in the non-volatile memory  716 , and/or on a removable storage medium such as a CD or DVD. 
         [0056]    Although certain example apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture have been disclosed herein, the scope of coverage of this patent is not limited thereto. On the contrary, this patent covers all apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture fairly falling within the scope of the claims of this patent.