Abstract:
The present invention relates to a method for burying a conductive mesh in a transparent electrode, and more particularly, to a method which prevents a conductive mesh from protruding from a transparent electrode by burying the conductive mesh in the transparent electrode.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims priority to and the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2011-0076817 filed in the Korean Intellectual Property Office on Aug. 2, 2011, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     (a) Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a method for burying a conductive mesh in a transparent electrode, and more particularly, to a method which prevents a conductive mesh from protruding from a transparent electrode by burying the conductive mesh in the transparent electrode. 
     (b) Description of the Related Art 
     Generally, a transparent conductive film is used for plasma display panels (PDPs), liquid crystal displays (LCDs), light emitting diodes (LEDs), organic electroluminescent devices (OLEDs), touch panels, solar cells, etc. 
     Because the transparent electrode has high conductivity and high transmittance in the visible light range, it may be used as the electrode of not only solar cells, LCDs and PDPs but also of various light-receiving devices and light-emitting devices, and as well, as a transparent electromagnetic wave shield, including an antistatic film or an electromagnetic wave shielding film, for use in automobile window glass or building window glass, and a transparent heat generator for a heat reflection film or a freezing showcase. 
     As the above-described transparent electrode, ITO is widely used. 
     Although ITO, having superior general properties, is mainly applied to the process to date, indium oxide (In 2 O 3 ) is produced as a by-product in a zinc (Zn) mine, and problems of instable supply and unmet demand arise. 
     Further, the ITO film is not flexible and thus cannot be used as a flexible material for a polymer substrate, and furthermore, because it is manufactured under conditions of high temperature and high pressure, the production cost thereof is undesirably high. 
     To solve this problem, as shown in  FIG. 1 , techniques for forming a conductive material in a mesh form (hereinafter, referred to as a conductive mesh) M on an organic polymer electrode (hereinafter, referred to as a transparent electrode)  10  by printing or coating are proposed. 
     However, the above-described conductive mesh M according to a conventional method is formed to protrude on the upper surface of the transparent electrode  10 , and its protruding height is not uniform. 
     Due to this, the contact performance of the transparent electrode  10  is deteriorated, and the conductive mesh M is separated from the transparent electrode  10 . 
     The above information disclosed in this Background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the background of the invention and therefore it may contain information that does not form the prior art that is already known in this country to a person of ordinary skill in the art. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention has been made in an effort to provide a method for burying a conductive mesh in a transparent electrode, which prevents the conductive mesh from protruding from the transparent electrode by burying the conductive mesh in the transparent electrode, and therefore improves the contact performance of the transparent electrode and prevents the conductive mesh from being separated from the transparent electrode. 
     An exemplary embodiment of the present invention provides a method for burying a conductive mesh in a transparent electrode, the method including: attaching a conductive mesh to a transfer unit made of PDMS; pressing and tightly adhering the transfer unit to a transparent electrode on a substrate; and separating the transfer unit from the transparent electrode to separate the conductive mesh from the transfer unit and bury the conductive mesh in the transparent electrode to prevent the conductive mesh from protruding from the transparent electrode. 
     Another embodiment of the present invention provides a method for burying a conductive mesh in a transparent electrode by a mesh burying device including a bed with a plurality of recesses forming a mesh form by crossing each other and a first transfer unit made of PDMS adapted to be in contact with the bed, the method including: filling a liquid conductive mesh in the recesses of the bed; bringing the first transfer unit into contact with the bed; separating the contacted bed and first transfer unit from each other to transfer the conductive mesh filled in the recesses of the bed to the first transfer unit; tightly adhering the first transfer unit to a substrate having the transparent electrode and burying the conductive mesh attached to the first transfer unit in the transparent electrode; and separating the first transfer unit from the substrate having the transparent electrode, with the conductive mesh being buried in the transparent electrode so as not to protrude from the transparent electrode. 
     Yet another embodiment of the present invention provides a method for burying a conductive mesh in a transparent electrode by a mesh burying device including a bed with a plurality of recesses forming a mesh form by crossing each other, a first transfer unit made of PDMS adapted to be in contact with the bed, and a second transfer unit made of PDMS adapted to be in contact with the first transfer unit, and having a lower contact force than the first transfer unit, the method including: filling a liquid conductive mesh in the recesses of the bed; bringing the first transfer unit into contact with the bed; separating the first transfer unit being in contact with the bed from the bed to transfer the conductive mesh filled in the recesses of the bed to the first transfer unit; tightly adhering the first transfer unit to the second transfer unit having the transparent electrode and burying the conductive mesh attached to the first transfer unit in the transparent electrode so as not to protrude from the transparent electrode; separating the first transfer unit from the second transfer unit to separate the transparent electrode with the conductive mesh buried therein, being attached to the first transfer unit, from the second transfer unit; and bringing the first transfer unit, to which the transparent electrode with the conductive mesh buried therein is attached, into contact with a substrate and separating the first transfer unit from the substrate to attach the transparent electrode with the conductive mesh buried therein to the substrate. 
     A further embodiment of the present invention provides a method for burying a conductive mesh in a transparent electrode by a gravure offset printing machine including a pattern roller with a plurality of recesses forming a mesh form by crossing each other, a blanket roller having a blanket made of PDMS adapted to be in contact with the pattern roller, and an impression roller to be brought into contact with the blanket roller, with a substrate interposed therebetween, the method including: filling a liquid conductive mesh in the recesses of the pattern roller; bringing the blanket roller into contact with the pattern roller to transfer the conductive mesh to the blanket roller; and passing the substrate applied with the transparent electrode between the blanket roller and the impression roller, wherein, in the passing of the substrate between the blanket roller and the impression roller, the blanket roller and the substrate are brought into contact with each other so that the conductive mesh transferred to the blanket roller is buried in the transparent electrode on the substrate without protruding from the transparent electrode. 
     A further embodiment of the present invention provides a method for burying a conductive mesh in a transparent electrode by a reverse gravure offset printing machine including a cliche with a plurality of protrusions forming a mesh form by crossing each other, a base applied with the conductive mesh in liquid form, and a roller for transferring the conductive mesh to a substrate applied with the transparent electrode, the method including: applying a liquid conductive mesh to the base; bringing the roller into contact with the base to transfer the conductive mesh to the roller; bringing the roller into contact with the cliche to transfer unnecessary portions of the conductive mesh to the protrusions; and bringing the roller, by which the unnecessary portions of the conductive mesh are removed, into contact with the substrate applied with the transparent electrode, so that the conductive mesh transferred to the roller is buried in the transparent electrode on the substrate. 
     A further embodiment of the present invention provides a method for burying a conductive mesh in a transparent electrode by a flatbed offset printing machine including a flatbed with a plurality of pattern recesses forming a mesh form by crossing each other and a roller adapted to be brought into contact with the flatbed to transfer the conductive mesh to a substrate, the method including: applying the conductive mesh to the flatbed; filling the conductive mesh in the pattern recesses of the flatbed by a doctor blade; bringing the roller into contact with the flatbed to transfer the conductive mesh filled in the pattern recesses of the flatbed to the roller; and bringing the roller into contact with the substrate applied with the transparent electrode so that the conductive mesh transferred to the roller is buried in the transparent electrode on the substrate. 
     According to an embodiment of the present invention, the contact performance of the transparent electrode is improved because the conductive mesh does not protrude from the transparent electrode, and the conductive mesh is firmly fixed to the transparent electrode. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram showing a conductive mesh protruding on a transparent electrode in the conventional art. 
         FIG. 2A to 2E  are schematic diagrams showing a method of an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3A to 3I  are schematic diagrams showing a method of the other embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram showing a method of another embodiment of the present invention using a gravure offset printing machine. 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic diagram showing a method of another embodiment of the present invention using a gravure offset printing machine. 
         FIG. 6A to 6C  are schematic diagrams showing a method of another embodiment the present invention using a reverse gravure offset printing machine. 
         FIG. 7A to 7C  are schematic diagrams showing a method of an embodiment the present invention using a flatbed printing machine. 
     
    
    
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Description of Reference Numerals Indicating Primary 
               
               
                 Elements in the Drawings 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 100, 200: mesh burying device 
                 110, 210: bed 
               
               
                   
                 120, 220: first transfer unit 
                 230: second transfer unit 
               
               
                   
                 E: transparent electrode 
                 S: substrate 
               
               
                   
                 300: gravure offset printing machine 
               
               
                   
                 500: reverse gravure printing machine 
               
               
                   
                 600: flatbed printing machine 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
     Before explaining the current examples of the present modular outdoor playpen apparatus in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and arrangements of the components set forth in the following description or illustration. 
     The invention is capable of other examples and of being practiced and carried out in various ways. 
     Also, it is to be understood that phraseology and terminology used herein with reference to device or element orientation (such as, for example, terms like “front”, “back”, “up”, “down”, “top”, “bottom”, “left”, “lateral”, and the like) are only used to simplify description of the present invention, and do not alone indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a particular orientation. 
     Hereinafter, an exemplary embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Prior to making the description, the terms or words used in the specification and claims of the present invention are not interpreted using typical or dictionary limited meanings, and are constructed as meanings and concepts conforming to the technical spirit of the present invention based on the principle that the inventors can appropriately define the concepts of the terms to explain the present invention in the best manner. 
     Accordingly, it is to be understood that the detailed description, which will be disclosed along with the accompanying drawings, is intended to describe the exemplary embodiments of the present invention and is not intended to represent all technical ideas of the present invention. Therefore, it should be understood that various equivalents and modifications can exist which can replace the embodiments described in the time of the application. 
     Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to  FIG. 2  and an exemplary embodiment. 
     As described above, the present invention involves a method for burying a conductive mesh in a transparent electrode to prevent the conductive mesh from protruding from the transparent electrode, the method including: attaching a conductive mesh to a transfer unit made of PDMS; and pressing and tightly adhering the transfer unit to a transparent electrode on a substrate, and separating the transfer unit from the transparent electrode to separate the conductive mesh from the transfer unit and bury the conductive mesh in the transparent electrode. 
     In other words, when the conductive mesh is pressed onto a plate-like transparent electrode and enters the transparent electrode to be buried therein, the conductive mesh is buried without protruding from the transparent. 
     The present invention having this configuration will be described in the following exemplary embodiments. 
     Exemplary Embodiment 1 
     As shown in  FIGS. 2A to 2E , the embodiment of the present invention involves a method S 100  for burying a conductive mesh M in a transparent electrode E by using a mesh burying device  100  including a bed  110  with a plurality of recesses  111 , serving as molds of the conductive mesh M buried in the transparent electrode E and forming a mesh form by crossing each other, and a first transfer unit  120  made of PDMS adapted to be in contact with the bed  110 . 
     To this end, first of all, the step S 110  (hereinafter, referred to as the eleventh step) of filling a liquid conductive mesh M in the recesses  111  of the bed  110  is carried out. (see  FIG. 2A ) 
     In the eleventh step S 110 , a liquid conductive mesh may be poured onto the bed  110  by a dispenser (not shown), and then the liquid conductive mesh M may be filled in the recesses  111  of the bed  110  by using a doctor blade DB. 
     Afterwards, the step S 120  (hereinafter, referred to as the twelfth step) of bringing the first transfer unit  120  into contact with the bed  110  is carried out. The first transfer unit  120  of the twelfth step may be made of PDMS. (see  FIG. 2B ) 
     PDMS stamps (polydimethylsiloxane stamps) have the characteristics of being stably adhered to a wide area of a substrate and capable of adjusting surface free energy. 
     Using these characteristics, the above-mentioned conductive mesh M can be easily transferred to the first transfer unit  120  or to other components from the first transfer unit  120 . 
     Since this has been widely known, a detailed description thereof will be omitted here. 
     After carrying out the twelfth step S 120 , the step S 130  (hereinafter, referred to as the thirteenth step) of separating the contacted bed  110  and first transfer unit  120  from each other to transfer the conductive mesh M filled in the recesses  111  of the bed  110  to the first transfer unit  120  is carried out. (see  FIG. 2C ) 
     In the thirteenth step S 130 , the conductive mesh M is transferred to the first transfer unit  120  by the use of a surface energy difference between the first transfer unit  120  and the bed  110 , as described above. 
     After carrying out the thirteenth step S 130 , the step S 140  (hereinafter, referred to as the fourteenth step) of tightly adhering the first transfer unit  120  to a substrate S having a transparent electrode E and burying the conductive mesh M attached to the first transfer unit  120  in the transparent electrode E is carried out. (see  FIG. 2D ) 
     By the fourteenth step S 140 , the conductive mesh M can be buried in the transparent electrode E without protruding from the transparent electrode E. 
     Afterwards, the transparent electrode E having the buried conductive mesh M is mounted on the substrate S by the step S 150  of separating the first transfer unit  120  from the substrate S. (see  FIG. 2E ) 
     Conventionally, as shown in  FIG. 1 , the conductive mesh M has a shape that protrudes from the transparent electrode  10 . 
     This shape causes the problem of deterioration of the contact performance of the transparent electrode  10  and separation of the conductive mesh M from the transparent electrode  10 . 
     The embodiment of the present invention aims to solve this problem by burying the conductive mesh M in the transparent electrode to prevent the conductive mesh M from protruding from the transparent electrode E. Consequently, the contact performance of the transparent electrode is improved, and the conductive mesh is not separated from the transparent electrode but instead firmly attached thereto. 
     After carrying out the fourteenth step S 140 , the step S 150  (hereinafter, referred to as the fifteenth step) of separating the first transfer unit  120  and the substrate S to separate the conductive mesh M, being buried in the transparent electrode E, from the first transfer unit  120  is carried out, thereby completing the process. 
     Meanwhile, the transparent electrode E is formed on the substrate S. To this end, the transparent electrode E may be applied to the substrate S by spin coating or slit coating. Since this is a widely known technique, a detailed description thereof is omitted. 
     Exemplary Embodiment 2 
     As shown in  FIGS. 3A to 3I , the embodiment of the present invention involves a method S 200  for burying a conductive mesh M in a transparent electrode E by using a mesh burying device  200  including a bed  210  with a plurality of recesses  211 , serving as molds of the conductive mesh M buried in the transparent electrode E and forming a mesh form by crossing each other, a first transfer unit  220  made of PDMS adapted to be in contact with the bed  210 , and a second transfer unit  230  made of PDMS adapted to be in contact with the first transfer unit  220 , and having a lower contact force than the first transfer unit  220 . 
     To this end, first of all, the step S 210  (hereinafter, referred to as the twenty-first step) of filling a liquid conductive mesh M in the recesses  211  of the bed  210  is carried out. (see  FIG. 3A ) 
     The twenty-first step S 210  is identical to the eleventh step S 110  of Exemplary Embodiment 1, so redundant description will be omitted. 
     After carrying out the twenty-first step S 210 , the step S 220  (hereinafter, referred to as the twenty-second step) of bringing the first transfer unit  220  into contact with the bed  210  and the step S 230  (hereinafter, referred to as the twenty-third step) of separating the contacted bed  210  and first transfer unit  220  from each other to transfer the conductive mesh M filled in the recesses  211  of the bed  210  to the first transfer unit  220  are carried out. (see  FIG. 3B  and  FIG. 3C ) 
     The twenty-second step S 220  and the twenty-third step S 230  are identical to the twelfth step S 120  and thirteenth step S 130  of Exemplary Embodiment 1, redundant description will be omitted. 
     After carrying out the twenty-second step S 220  and the twenty-third step S 230 , the step S 240  (hereinafter, referred to as the twenty-fourth step) of tightly adhering the first transfer unit  220  to the second transfer unit  230  having a transparent electrode E and burying the conductive mesh M attached to the first transfer unit  220  in the transparent electrode E is carried out. (see  FIG. 3E  and  FIG. 3F ) 
     At this point, as shown in  FIG. 3D , the transparent electrode E is applied to the second transfer unit  230 . To this end, spin coating, slit coating, etc. may be used as explained above. 
     The second transfer unit  230  is made of a PDMS having a lower contact force than the first transfer unit  220 , as described above. 
     Thereby, the conductive mesh M is transferred from the first transfer unit  220  to the second transfer unit  230 . 
     By the twenty-fourth step S 240 , the conductive mesh M enters the transparent electrode E, and the conductive mesh M is buried therein without protruding from the transparent electrode E. (see  FIG. 3F ) 
     After carrying out the twenty-fourth step S 240 , the step S 250  (hereinafter, referred to as the twenty-fifth step) of separating the first transfer unit  220  and the second transfer unit  230  to separate the transparent electrode E with the conductive mesh M buried therein, being attached to the first transfer unit  220 , from the second transfer unit  230  is carried out. (see  FIG. 3G ) 
     The twenty-fifth step S 250  is carried out by taking advantage of the characteristic that first transfer unit  220  and the second transfer unit  230  have different contact forces. 
     After carrying out the twenty-fifth step S 250 , the step S 260  (hereinafter, referred to as the twenty-sixth step) of bringing the first transfer unit  220  into contact with the substrate S and separating the first transfer unit  220  from the substrate S to attach the transparent electrode E with the conductive mesh M buried therein to the substrate S is carried out. (see  FIG. 3H ) 
     Afterwards, as shown in  FIG. 3I , the first transfer unit  220  is separated from the substrate S, thereby completing the process, with the transparent electrode E being attached to the substrate S. 
     Exemplary Embodiment 3 
     As shown in  FIG. 4 , the embodiment of the present invention provides a method S 300  of burying a conductive mesh M in a transparent electrode E by a gravure offset printing machine  300 . 
     That is, the embodiment of the present invention provides a method S 300  of burying a conductive mesh M in a transparent electrode E by a gravure offset printing machine  300 , the gravure offset printing machine  300  including a pattern roller  310  with a plurality of recesses  311 , serving as molds of the conductive mesh M buried in the transparent electrode E and forming a mesh form by crossing each other, a blanket roller  320  having a blanket  321  made of PDMS adapted to be in contact with the pattern roller  310 , and an impression roller  330  to be brought into contact with the blanket roller  320 , with a substrate S interposed therebetween. 
     To this end, first of all, the step S 310  (hereinafter, referred to as the thirty-first step) of filling a liquid conductive mesh M in the recesses  311  of the pattern roller  310  is carried out. 
     The thirty-first step S 310  may be carried out by using a dispenser D for ejecting the liquid conductive mesh M and a doctor blade DB for uniformly applying the liquid conductive mesh M. Since this is widely known, a detailed description thereof will be omitted. 
     Meanwhile, the recesses  311  may be formed in the blanket (not shown) made of PDMS that covers the periphery of the pattern roller  310 . 
     After carrying out the thirty-first step S 310 , the step S 320  (hereinafter, referred to as the thirty-second step) of brining the blanket roller  320  into contact with the pattern roller  310  to transfer the conductive mesh M to the blanket roller  320  is carried out. 
     At this point, the above-described blanket (not shown) made of PDMS may be installed on the outer circumference of the blanket roller  320  to transfer the conductive mesh M in the thirty-second step S 320 . 
     After carrying out the thirty-second S 320 , the step S 330  (hereinafter, referred to as the thirty-third step) of passing the substrate S applied with the transparent electrode E between the blanket roller  320  and the impression roller  330  is carried out. In the thirty-third step, the blanket roller  320  and the substrate S are brought into contact with each other so that the conductive mesh M transferred to the blanket roller  320  is buried in the transparent electrode E of the substrate S without protruding from the transparent electrode E. 
     A dispenser D, a doctor blade Db, and a roller  340  may be provided to apply the transparent electrode E to the substrate S (see the left part of  FIG. 4 ). 
     At this point, the transparent electrode E may be formed on the substrate S, as illustrated in the drawing, by applying a liquid transparent electrode E to the roller  340  by the dispenser D and then bringing the roller  340  and the substrate into contact with each other. 
     In the present invention, the conductive mesh M may be pressed by the blanket roller  320  and buried in the transparent electrode E by bringing the blanket roller  320  and the transparent electrode E into contact with each other, as shown in  FIG. 4 , or the conductive mesh M may be buried in the transparent electrode E by attaching the conductive mesh M to protrude from the transparent electrode E and pressing the conductive mesh M by rollers  350 ;  351 , and  352 , as shown in  FIG. 5 . 
     Exemplary Embodiment 4 
     As shown in  FIGS. 6A to 6C , the embodiment of the present invention provides a method S 500  of burying a conductive mesh M in a transparent electrode E by a reverse gravure offset printing machine  500 . 
     That is, the embodiment of the present invention provides a method S 500  of burying a conductive mesh M in a transparent electrode E by a reverse gravure offset printing machine  500 , the reverse gravure offset printing machine  500  including a cliche  520  with a plurality of protrusions  521 , serving as molds of the conductive mesh M buried in the transparent electrode E and forming a mesh form by crossing each other, a base B applied with the conductive mesh M in liquid form, and a roller  530  for transferring the conductive mesh M to the substrate S applied with the transparent electrode E. 
     To this end, first of all, the step S 510  (hereinafter, referred to as the fifty-first step) of applying a liquid conductive mesh M to a base B and the step of (hereinafter, referred to as the fifty-second step) of bringing the roller  530  into contact with the base B to transfer the conductive mesh M to the roller  530  are carried out (see  FIG. 6A ). 
     In the fifty-first step S 510 , the conductive mesh M may be applied by spin coating or slit coating, as described above. 
     After carrying out the fifty-first step S 510  and the fifty-second step S 520 , the step S 530  (hereinafter, referred to as the fifty-third step) of bringing the roller  530  into contact with the cliche  520  to transfer unnecessary portions of the conductive mesh M to the protrusions  521  are carried out. 
     By the fifty-third step S 530 , only a mesh of a desired shape remains on the roller  530 . 
     After carrying out the fifty-third step S 530 , the step S 540  (hereinafter, referred to as the fifty-fourth step) of bringing the roller  530 , by which the unnecessary portions of the conductive mesh M are removed, into contact with the substrate S applied with the transparent electrode E is carried out. In the fifty-fourth step, the conductive mesh M transferred to the roller  530  is buried in the transparent electrode E on the substrate S. 
     To this end, the roller  530  may be brought into contact with the transparent electrode E so that the conductive mesh M is pressed by the roller  530  and buried in the transparent electrode E. 
     Exemplary Embodiment 5 
     As shown in  FIGS. 7A to 7C , the embodiment of the present invention provides a method S 600  of burying a conductive mesh M in a transparent electrode E by a flatbed offset printing machine  600 . 
     That is, the embodiment of the present invention provides a method S 600  of burying a conductive mesh M in a transparent electrode E by a flatbed offset printing machine  600 , the flatbed offset printing machine  600  including a flatbed  610  with a plurality of pattern recesses  611 , serving as molds of the conductive mesh M buried in the transparent electrode E and forming a mesh form by crossing each other, and a roller  630  adapted to be brought into contact with the flatbed  610  to transfer the conductive mesh M to the substrate S. 
     To this end, first of all, the step S 610  (hereinafter, referred to as the sixty-first step) of applying the conductive mesh M to the flatbed  610  and the step S 620  (hereinafter, referred to as the sixty-second step) of filling the conductive mesh M in the pattern recesses  611  of the flatbed  610  by using a doctor blade DB are carried out (see  FIG. 7A ). 
     The sixty-first step S 610  may be carried out using a dispenser D, as explained above. 
     Moreover, the liquid conductive mesh M applied by the dispenser D may be filled in the pattern recesses  611  of the flatbed  610  by the doctor blade DB. 
     Since this is a widely known technique, a detailed description thereof will be omitted. 
     After carrying out the sixty-first step S 610  and the sixty-second step S 620 , the step S 630  (hereinafter, referred to as the sixty-third step) of bringing the roller  630  into contact with the flatbed  610  to transfer the conductive mesh M filled in the pattern recesses  611  of the flatbed  610  to the roller  630  is carried out (see  FIG. 7B ). 
     At this point, a blanket (not shown) made of PDMS may be installed on the outer circumference of the roller  630 , and then the conductive mesh M may be transferred to the conductive mesh M. 
     After carrying out the sixty-third step S 630 , the step S 640  (hereinafter, referred to as the sixty-fourth step) of bringing the roller  630  into contact with the substrate S applied with the transparent electrode E so that the conductive mesh M transferred to the roller  630  is buried in the transparent electrode E on the substrate S is carried out. (see  FIG. 7C ) 
     By the method as above, it is possible to prevent the conductive mesh M from protruding from the transparent electrode E by burying the conductive mesh M in the transparent electrode E. 
     In the step sixty-fourth step S 640 , the transparent electrode E may be applied to the substrate S by spin coating or slit coating, as described above. 
     While this invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be practical exemplary embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments, but, on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.