Abstract:
An integrated process separates salts from salty waters and electrolyzes the salts to produce chlorine products such as chlorine, hypochlorites, chlorates and/or caustic soda.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 11/978,890, filed Oct. 30, 2007 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,947,185, which was a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/706,341, filed Nov. 11, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,353,634, issued Apr. 8, 2008. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to an integrated process for preparing useful products from waste waters that were formerly discarded, e.g., salty irrigation drainage. 
     In a more particular respect, the integrated process yields a clean water stream which can be recycled for irrigation or other uses. The intermediate salt product is the raw material for an electrolytic process for preparing chlorine, hypochlorite and related products. 
     These and other, further and more specific objectives and advantages of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the drawings, in which: 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a flow chart depicting my integrated process which combines the initial purification of salty waters with the electrolytic production of a chlorine and/or byproducts. 
     
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Water purification typically produces a first effluent of relatively “clean water” and a second effluent of “waste water” which includes unwanted contaminants. 
     For example, the softening of hard water by the removal of calcium and magnesium is required for both industrial and household use. Known water softening processes proceed either by way of ion-exchange, membrane softening or precipitation. In the ion-exchange processes, the calcium and magnesium ions are exchanged for sodium ions. Regeneration of the ion-exchange resin is achieved with a large excess of sodium chloride. This process creates a regeneration effluent being a relatively concentrated aqueous solution of sodium, calcium and magnesium chlorides. Consequently, by this method, considerable amounts of sodium, calcium and magnesium salts in solution must be disposed of. 
     Alternatively, it is possible to use weak acid resins which exchange hydrogen for calcium and magnesium ions, and to regenerate the spent resins with a mineral acid. While this method creates less waste water, it is more expensive and yields relatively acidic soft water which is corrosive. 
     Membrane softening concentrates the calcium, magnesium salts and salts of other divalent ions to produce waste waters which require costly disposal. 
     The precipitation process has traditionally been carried out by the “lime soda” process in which lime is added to hard water to convert water soluble calcium bicarbonate into water insoluble calcium carbonate. This results in waste water which is difficult to filter and requires use of cumbersome equipment. 
     It would be desirable if salty waters, e.g., salty irrigation drainage, could be processed to provide a recycle stream of clean water and a waste stream containing salts that can be processed by electrolysis for producing chlorine products and byproducts. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Briefly, in accordance with the invention, I provide an integrated process for manufacturing chlorine products comprising, in combination, the steps of treating salty waters to produce a clean water stream and a waste water stream, and electrolyzing salts contained in said waste stream to provide chlorine products such as chlorine, hypochlorites and chlorates and electrolysis byproducts such as sodium hydroxide. 
     The salty waters can be varied in source such as irrigation runoff, salty groundwaters, oil field production waters and the like. 
     As defined herein, clean water refers to water which has been treated by one or several methods for public or industrial use. For example, in the drinking water industry, clean water is the final delivered water. Typical water purification processes and water softening processes create waste water having various levels of salt content. For the purposes of this invention, I define “waste water” as water containing about 0.15% or more by weight of the chloride sulfate or carbonate salts of sodium, potassium, magnesium or iron and combinations thereof. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Several methods for effecting water softening are known. The best known process for softening water is “ion-exchange.” Ion-exchange entails the exchange of sodium, which is introduced into water, for calcium, magnesium, iron and other divalent mineral ions which are transferred out of the water and into a resin. When the resin approaches saturation with these “hard” ions, the resin is regenerated, most often with solutions of sodium chloride, leaving an effluent containing 3 to 25% sodium, calcium and magnesium salts which must be disposed of. 
     The exact concentration of the effluent depends on the shop practice and, in particular, on the amount of rinse water included in the effluent, if any. Less often mineral acids like sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid are used for water softening and these also produce effluents. Conversely, reverse water softening also involves ion exchange in which calcium and magnesium are introduced into the water to separate sodium. 
     Membrane systems have recently become economically feasible. These systems, such as electro-dialysis and reverse osmosis, include the use of a membrane which also produces a salty effluent. 
     Each of these water purifying processes produces a clean water effluent and a waste water effluent which is expensive and difficult to dispose of, contaminated with salts including the chloride, sulfate and carbonate salts of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and iron. The purification processes may be any of those known by those skilled in the art, including distillation, reverse osmosis, electrolysis, evaporation, ion exchange, etc. The contaminated water is processed to produce a first effluent of relatively clean water which is useful for agricultural purposes, drinking water, industrial purposes, etc. The processing also produces a second effluent of waste water comprising an aqueous solution of the salts. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Samples of salty irrigation runoff water contain contaminants, including 
                                                       Mean mg/l                                        Calcium   515           Magnesium   289           Sodium   4480           Sulfate   6700           Chloride   3290           Total Dissolved Solids   14,100                        
This irrigation runoff is treated by ion-exchange purification to separate sodium and produce a clean water effluent that is recycled for use as agricultural irrigation without increasing soil salinity. The recycled stream contains
 
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Mean mg/l 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Calcium 
                 &gt;50 
               
               
                   
                 Magnesium 
                 &gt;30 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium 
                 &lt;300 
               
               
                   
                 Sulfate 
                 &lt;450 
               
               
                   
                 Chloride 
                 &lt;200 
               
               
                   
                 Total Dissolved Solids 
                 &lt;1200 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The waste stream from the purification step is either directly introduced into the electrolysis step or evaporated in solar ponds to produce a solid salt product that is trucked to the electrolysis plant. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     A sample of the salt recovered from waters from the Salton Sea is treated by ion exchange, followed by solar evaporation. The solid salt product is used to make an aqueous solution containing about 1% sodium chloride. This solution is subjected to electrolysis to make sodium hypochlorite bleach.