Abstract:
Barriers are placed over openings in the opposing sidewalls of leaching chambers used for receiving and dispersing water within soils. The barriers enable outward flow of water and hinder inward movement of soil. Exemplary barriers such as geotextile may be attached directly to the sidewall of the chamber. In another approach, panels comprised of barrier material contained with a frame, and the panels are placed on the chamber sidewall at the location of the openings.

Description:
This application claims benefit of provisional patent application No. 61/343,361 filed Apr. 27, 2010. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to plastic chambers for burial in soil, to receive and disperse wastewater. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Familiar arch shape cross section molded plastic corrugated leaching chambers are buried in soil for use. They have opposing sidewalls which run upwardly and inwardly from opposing side base flanges to a solid top. Chambers must be strong enough to resist the overlying load of soil and any objects such as vehicles which move across the soil surface. The chamber sidewalls have commonly been perforated for flow of water laterally into the surrounding soil. The chamber construction or installation should hinder soil particulates from moving into the chamber interior and allow good outward flow of wastewater. In some situations that aim is achieved by the configuration of the chamber itself. For example, the chamber has downward sloping slots. In other situations, the chamber has holes which are not suited to inhibiting soil movement, and a barrier sheet such as geotextile filter fabric is interposed between the soil and chamber, as discussed further below. Generally, it is desirable to maximize sidewall leaching area per unit length of chamber. The leaching area of a chamber comprises both the exposed soil area at the base of the chamber and the water-exposed soil area adjacent the sidewalls of the chamber. 
     In one typical type of injection molded chamber, the peak and valley corrugations have downward sloping slots which are defined by louvers. See U.S. Pat. No. 7,189,027 of Brochu et al., where the chamber has a continuous curve arch. See U.S. Pat. No. 4,759,661 of Nichols et al. where the chamber has planar sidewalls and a generally trapezoid shape cross section. Louvers which define slots have often been structural parts of the sidewalls; first, in being a part of the sidewall structure which transfers the down-load of overlying soil to the base flanges; and, second, in resisting the lateral or inward-force of soil. There are countervailing aims when there are slotted sidewalls. The essential aim is to maximize the exposed soil area into which wastewater may flow. On the one hand, the openings should be large, and the down-slope small, so there is a resultant large open area, to maximize the outflow of water. On the other hand, the openings should be small and the down-slope steep, to minimize inflow of particles, and maximize the structural plastic per unit area in the sidewall. A practical design compromise is typically reached. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,511,903, 7,189,027 and other patents referenced herein for examples. 
     Other kinds of molded plastic leaching chambers have spaced apart round or of other shape openings. For example, chambers made by thermoforming plastic sheet have such kind of sidewall perforations, which typically might be made in a secondary operation. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,087,151 of Ditullio for a thermoformed chamber with round sidewall holes. Round holes of substantial size generally necessitate the use of geotextile draped over the chamber, before a leaching trench is backfilled with common soil. Holes must not be so large that that the force of soil can push geotextile through the opening. Typically, non-slotted holes are of the order of 0.5-1 inch diameter. In some installations, a geotextile filter fabric is laid over a slotted sidewall chamber, to inhibit inflow of fine sand particles. For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 7,207,747 of England, which describes how geotextile is either wrapped around a chamber or run lengthwise along the chamber sidewalls. 
     There is a continuing aim to lower the cost of leaching chambers, such as by decreasing the weight of plastic, thus reducing manufacture cost, while maintaining strength and adequate sidewall leaching area; or by decreasing the cost of molds and molding. Different soils may indicate different sidewall opening configurations. If openings in a chamber sidewall are made small to resist fine particulates, leaching area per unit length is reduced and such chamber will be inefficient in coarse soils, e.g., more small-opening chambers are needed to meet a particular total leaching area than would be the case if the sidewall was tailored to a coarse material. 
     While different chamber models might be molded, each having a particular sidewall configuration, that would mean not only increased mold costs and inventory costs, but this approach is impractical in the market place. When, as described above, geotextile is placed over the whole of a leaching chamber, labor and material costs are increased. Thus, there is a need to address these issues in an economic way. 
     SUMMARY 
     An object of the invention is to provide a plastic leaching chamber which has improved means for sidewall leaching area. Another object is to reduce the amount of plastic which is needed to make the chamber have good sidewall leaching area. Another object is to provide a means for manufacturing chambers which are adaptable to having different sidewall characteristics, with respect to inhibiting inflow of soils of different character. A further object is to provide such a chamber which has low cost of manufacture and which is easy to install. 
     In accord with the invention an arch shape cross section chamber has a plurality of openings in opposing sidewalls, each opening having an associated water permeable barrier attached directly or indirectly to the sidewall in proximity to the periphery of the opening. The barrier enables outflow of water from the interior of the chamber to the exterior of the chamber while hindering inflow of solids, when the chamber is buried in soil during use. 
     Also in accord with the invention a corrugated arch shape cross section chamber has a water permeable barrier directly or indirectly fastened to the chamber so it covers a plurality of relatively large openings in the opposing sidewalls of the chamber. The barrier may be comprised of one or more materials suitable for preventing the entry of unwanted solids which are outside the chamber, while allowing outward flow of water. For example, the barrier may be a geotextile or a finely perforated sheet. Preferably the openings having barriers are in peak corrugations which are much wider than the valley corrugations which separate adjacent peak corrugations. In embodiments of the invention, barriers are applied to openings in either or both peak corrugation portions and valley corrugation portions of the chamber sidewall. 
     In an embodiment of the invention, a barrier is attached directly to chamber sidewall at the periphery of the opening in the sidewall of the chamber. Optionally there is a land or rib which runs around the periphery of the opening, and the barrier is attached to that. There may be struts or the like running across the opening, to support the barrier against the inward thrust of soil. 
     In another embodiment, the barrier is part of a subassembly which is attached to or sets within the opening in the sidewall of the chamber. For example, a panel comprised of the barrier and a frame fits within, or over, an opening in the chamber sidewall. 
     The openings which are covered by barrier are large compared to chamber sidewall openings of the prior art. In embodiments of the invention, the opening having a barrier is at least 60%, preferably 70% or more of the area of the local portion of sidewall having the barrier. 
     In an improved method of making chambers, the need for inventorying and making chambers having different sidewall character is reduced. In the method, different sets of barriers (with or without frames) are formed, where each set provides a desired different sidewall leaching characteristic. A multiplicity of chambers are made with the kind of openings of approximately the same size as the barriers. A chosen first set of barriers is selected and attached to a first portion of the chambers, and a chosen second set of barriers is selected and attached to a second portion of the chambers. 
     The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following description of preferred embodiments and accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a quasi-isometric view of an end portion of a corrugated leaching chamber having fabric panel sidewalls. 
         FIG. 2  is a side elevation view of the chamber of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  is a partial vertical cross section view of the chamber of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 4  is a horizontal plane cross section of the sidewall of the chamber of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 5  shows a un-corrugated chamber having barrier covered sidewall openings. 
         FIG. 6  is a side elevation view of a portion of sidewall showing how barrier associated areas are dimensioned. 
         FIG. 7  is a horizontal plane cross section of a peak corrugation portion of a sidewall showing how barrier associated areas are dimensioned. 
         FIG. 8  shows in quasi-isometric view a sidewall portion having an opening with an arch shape top. 
         FIG. 9  shows in quasi-isometric view a sidewall portion having a triangular shaped openings. 
         FIG. 10  shows in quasi-isometric view a portion of chamber sidewall, showing cross shape struts which strengthen an opening in the sidewall. 
         FIG. 11  shows in quasi-isometric view a sidewall portion having an opening with an X shape strut system. 
         FIG. 12  shows in quasi-isometric view a sidewall portion having an opening with a double chevron strut system. 
         FIG. 13  in quasi-isometric exploded view how a framed barrier panel insets into a peak corrugation portion of the sidewall of a chamber. 
         FIG. 14  is a view showing an assembly of panels with support bar. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION 
     The present invention may be used in combination with the invention described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,914,230, entitled “Corrugated leaching chamber with hollow pillar supports,” which has ownership in common herewith and is hereby incorporated by reference. In embodiments of chambers which are described in the foregoing patent there is a unique relationship between the widths of the peak corrugations and valley corrugations at the sidewalls. For example, each peak corrugation is substantially larger in width than the width of each valley corrugation, as width measured in the lengthwise direction of the chamber just above the base flange elevation; and slot perforations are preferably present in the peaks but not in the valleys. (For brevity, the term peaks is often used here to describe a peak corrugation and the term valley is used to describe a valley corrugation.) The present invention is particularly useful with such type of sidewall corrugations which are exemplified here by  FIG. 10 , but will be useful for chambers having other peak and valley relationships. 
       FIG. 1  shows a portion of an arch shape cross section corrugated plastic leaching chamber  20 , having a length axis L.  FIG. 2  is a side view and  FIG. 3  is a vertical transverse plane cross section. The chamber has alternating peak corrugations  24  and valley corrugations  26  which run transverse to the length axis. The corrugations run upwardly from one base flange  22 A, along the sidewall and top which comprise curved arch of the chamber cross section, and down to the opposing base flange  22 B. Sidewall  40  of the chamber is that portion of chamber which rises from a base flange toward the top. See  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 . The sidewall has peak corrugations and valley corrugations. The top is a typically solid portion which connects the upper ends of the sidewalls. The sidewalls of prior art chambers typically have horizontal slot perforations. In the chamber of  FIG. 1  the sidewalls have openings which are covered with barriers  30 , one species of which is water permeable geotextile sheets  32 . In the chamber of  FIG. 1-3 , the sidewalls  40  of chamber  20  comprise peak corrugations  24  which having openings  34 , each of which is covered with a barrier  30  having a construction which allows the passage of wastewater out of the chamber while inhibiting inflow of soil. (In  FIG. 2 , the opening on the left awaits the barrier.) The barrier hinders the entry of particles of sand and other substances which comprise the soil or other substitutional medium that is adjacent to the chamber sidewall. In this sense, the barrier can be considered to function as a filter. As more particularly described below, the barrier may be a polymer geotextile or other material which allows water to contact the soil; or the barrier may be a molded or machined plastic structure, such as a spaced apart louvers defining slots. 
     In embodiments of the invention, a barrier  30  is secured directly or indirectly to part or all of the chamber structure which circumscribes an opening in the sidewall. In one embodiment, described first and shown in  FIG. 1  to  FIG. 4 , the barrier  30  is directly affixed to the chamber sidewall in proximity to the edge of an opening  34 . In a second embodiment, exemplified in  FIG. 13  and  FIG. 14 , the barrier is affixed indirectly to the chamber sidewall by being attached to a separately formed frame which fits onto the sidewall or within the opening of the sidewall. The combination of frame and barrier is called here a panel. A panel  102  is received within an opening in the sidewall of the chamber. This embodiment is described further below. 
     A barrier has a multiplicity of small openings for passage of water. A preferred barrier is comprised of commercial geotextile, e.g., a woven or non-woven perforated sheet of polyolefin, preferably polypropylene, like the geotextile used for draping over leaching chambers in the past. See for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,207,747 of England, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. An exemplary barrier is Mirafi No. 160N geotextile (TenCate Geosynthetics, Pendergrass, Ga.). Selection of a particular geotextile, or other barrier material, and its attendant average pore opening size property, may be a function of the character of the soil which is anticipated to contact the sidewall during use. Barriers other than geotextile may be used, as described below. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 1-4 , each peak corrugation  24  has an opening  34  and an associated water permeable barrier  30 . The size of the opening is large compared to the openings in prior art leaching chambers and as compared to the openings which the barrier material provides. Without a barrier the opening sizes on typical chambers of the present invention would allow excess amounts of soil to enter the chamber, e.g., where soil comprises natural or artificial medium which has a particle size smaller than common pea stone. In the chamber  20  embodiment, opening  34  is bisected by an optional vertical strut  36  to lessen the deflection of the barrier under inward force for soil within which the chamber is buried. 
     In embodiments of the invention, a preferred geotextile barrier is attached to the chamber proximate the edges of the opening  34  and optionally to the center strut  36  or such other struts as may be present. The attachment may be made by one or a combination of means including such as adhesive bonding, taping, welding, hot melt fusion, and mechanical fastening (such as with staples or pins, with or without an associated rail or cleat). The barrier may be attached at the exterior of the chamber; or it may be attached to the interior. The attachment of the barrier to the structure of the chamber may be continuous of non-continuous. Preferably, the barrier will be attached along at least 50 percent, more preferably 90 percent or more, of the length of the periphery of an opening. In another way of attaching the barrier, which will be well understood from the discussion below about  FIG. 13  and  FIG. 14 , a geotextile barrier may be laid on the sidewall and a frame may be pressed into the opening, thereby clamping the geotextile between the frame and the periphery of the opening. When a barrier is suitably attached to the chamber, it will resist the forces due to the inward-pushing soil, i.e., those which result in tensile forces in the barrier. 
     To facilitate attachment of the barrier, and to strengthen the chamber sidewall in vicinity of the opening, small ribs—alternately called lands,  38 L,  38 R,  38 T and  38 B are adjacent the edges of the opening as shown in  FIG. 2  and the horizontal plane cross section of  FIG. 4 . Lands  38 , which may be conceived as being small ribs, are raised or thickened portions of the chamber sidewall at or proximate to the edges of an opening  34 . In the generality of the invention there need be no strut, nor any lands  38 , where the barrier is attached. 
     The side elevation view of a portion of chamber in  FIG. 2  shows exemplary chamber  20  has peaks of widths PS, which widths are much wider than the widths VS of the valleys. In an exemplary chamber, the width PS may be about 2 to 4 inch and the width VS may be about 0.5 to 1 inch. The basic thickness of an exemplary chamber (i.e., the typical thickness of the chamber wall at locations away from openings  34 ) may be 0.050 to 0.250 inch. Other useful peak and valley relationships are described in aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 7,914,230. 
     Corrugation widths are measured in the lengthwise direction of the chamber, just above the elevation of the base flange  22  and associated base flange fillets. Measuring technique is discussed further below. Having such a desirable large peak and small valley relationship enables a reduction in the number of openings at which barriers are attached and thus simplifies manufacturing; it also may provide other advantages such as increased number of peak corrugations per chamber length compared to equal peak and valley widths, and thus increased strength. 
     An exemplary arch shape cross section chamber of the kind shown in  FIG. 1-4  is about 34 inches wide at the base, and the height at the center may be in the range 8 to 16 inches. A chamber of the present invention may have no interior pillar, or it may have pillars in the center of the chamber as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,914,230 which is incorporated by reference. 
     The peak corrugation openings described thus far, for receiving panels, are generally trapezoidal in shape. Other shape openings are within contemplation. For example:  FIG. 8  shows a sidewall portion  440  having an opening  434  with a curved arch shape top  471 . And  FIG. 9  shows generally triangular apex-up openings  434 A in the peaks of chamber sidewall  440 A and a typical apex-down triangular opening  435 A in a valley. 
     The area of an opening in the chamber sidewall is the area which is defined by the periphery of the opening (adjusted for the space occupied by any struts). As an example, with reference to semi-schematic representation of a sidewall portion in  FIG. 6  (where the opening is ready to receive a barrier), the area of the sidewall for a peak corrugation  24  is the area defined by the trapezoid having a base ws, a top ts, and a height hs. The area of the opening  34  in the sidewall is the area of the trapezoid having a base wp, a top tp, and a height hp. 
     Adjacent peaks  24  and valleys  22  share webs  50 . See  FIG. 7 . As shown in  FIGS. 1 ,  9  and  10 , certain chamber embodiments have valleys and webs which are free of openings. With reference to  FIG. 7  which shows in horizontal plane cross section a portion of chamber sidewall, the sidewall corrugations often may comprise curves, and when they are relatively shallow, the area of opening and associated sidewall may be determined in simplified fashion, as follows: In  FIG. 7  peak corrugation  24  and associated webs  50  (which connect the peaks  24  with the valleys  22 ) are curved. With reference also to  FIG. 7 , the dimensions ws and is are the lengths of straight EL lines which best fit the curve of the exterior surface and run between points  55 . Points  55  are points where the straight lines EL intersect the best fit tangents TW to the mean curve of the webs  50 . If the opening for a panel is in a valley, the areas of sidewall and opening are determined in analogous fashion. If the sidewall corrugations are severely curved, then the calculation of the areas of the barrier-covered opening and the sidewall portion would take into account the curvature, and be determined using applicable conventional engineering principles. In embodiments of the invention, the opening having a barrier is at least 60%, preferably 70% or more, of the area of the local portion of sidewall having the barrier. 
     Thus far, the invention has been described in connection with chambers having corrugations because such chambers have desirable strength to weight ratios. In the generality of the invention, a chamber may have no corrugations. For example, in  FIG. 5  chamber embodiment  520  comprises a substantially smooth formed arch shape cross section sheet having base flanges  522 . A plurality of barrier covered openings  530  are spaced apart along the length of the chamber sidewall  540 . 
     The invention will be applicable to chambers which have sidewalls which curve upwardly and inwardly as pictured in the Figures here, as well as to chambers having planar sidewalls, such as chambers shown and described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,756,661 and 5,511,903, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     In embodiments of the invention, a panel may comprise a material other than a sheet of geotextile. For example, the barrier may comprise molded plastic material such as a plurality of louvers which define slots, or a thin perforated plastic sheet, or woven mesh screen comprised of fine filaments of corrosion resisting metal or other like strong and corrosion resistant material. Preferably, a barrier will have a relatively high percent of opening area for flow of water, such as an opening area of about 40-50 percent or more. A barrier may comprise more than one layer of the same or differing materials. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the chamber potentially has equal or greater leaching area than the same configuration chamber would have if the barrier area was comprised of prior art louvers and slots; and it will provide adequate resistance to the inward force of soil. 
       FIG. 10  shows a portion of a sidewall  240  of another chamber embodiment in which a typical opening  234  has horizontal struts  237  in addition to a vertical strut  236  (of which there may be more than one). Barrier material (not shown) may be attached to some or all of the multiplicity of struts and the periphery of the opening. 
       FIG. 11  shows a portion of a sidewall  340  of another chamber embodiment in which there are diagonal struts  339  forming an X-shape within the opening  334 . 
       FIG. 12  shows a portion of sidewall  640  of another chamber embodiment having an opening  634  with strut structure  641  comprised of two pairs of chevron pattern struts and a vertical strut. 
     Struts (and previously mentioned lands  38 ) may also serve as a plastic flow channel during injection molding. Other combinations of struts may be used within the opening. Instead of struts, the opening may be filled with a perforated plate or geogrid, to provide structural support for a geotextile barrier, as well as strength to the sidewall. 
       FIG. 13  shows another embodiment of the invention in exploded view, wherein barriers are affixed indirectly to the sidewall  140  of chamber  120 . In an exemplary embodiment, panel  132  is fabricated independently of a chamber. It is then set within opening  134  in a peak corrugation (or in the opening of a valley corrugation when the design of the chamber is such as to accommodate a valley with an opening). Panel  132  may be an assembly comprised of semi-rigid frame  110  to which is attached barrier  130 . The frame  110  is preferably made of plastic like that of the chamber. The frame  110  may comprise struts  104  and other support structures within the frame, in accord with the teachings above about struts. The barrier  130 , preferably a polymer geotextile or other material as described above, is attached to the frame by one of the various means described above in connection with attaching barriers directly to chamber sidewalls. 
     Typical frame  110 , and thus panel  132 , is received in an opening  134  of the sidewall  140  of chamber  120 , as shown in  FIG. 13 . In one embodiment, the frame is mechanically snapped into place by virtue of the interlocking design of the edges of the opening and the periphery of the frame. In another embodiment, the frame may be bonded, welded, screwed, or otherwise fastened to the chamber wall surface adjacent the opening, or within the periphery of the opening. In another embodiment, the frame shape approximates the opening shape and the frame is attached to the exterior or interior surface of the chamber sidewall adjacent the opening. In still another embodiment, the frame  110  is captured in the sidewall by positioning it within an injection molding mold during the step of injection molding the chamber. When separately-fabricated panels are used, the barrier is characterized as being indirectly attached to the sidewall of the chamber. 
       FIG. 14  shows a further embodiment of the invention. An assembly such as assembly  400  comprises a set of two or more panels  410  (three are shown in  FIG. 14 ), spaced apart along support bar  412 . The spacing corresponds with the spacing of openings in the chamber sidewall. Thus, many panels can be set in place simultaneously in openings in the sidewalls. Bar  412  can be left in place after the panels are placed onto the sidewall, or it may be cut away. In other embodiments, bar  412  may be attached to the chamber by means not shown, to secure the panels in place; or each panel may be secured in place as previously described. 
     As mentioned above with respect to the plain barrier, the panels may be affixed to the interior of the chamber instead of the exterior of the chamber. 
     Using barriers, with or without panels, avoids limitations imposed by molding practice on what may be in the sidewall, to inhibit inflow of soil. Using barriers facilitates having alternative and specialized sidewall construction. The composition, thickness, or porosity of barriers may be varied amongst chambers much more conveniently than when the sidewall is wholly molded. When a panel is used, with or without an associated support bar, it can simplify the installation of the barrier. Panels may be made separately in a mass production operation, and the secondary operation of putting barriers across sidewall openings may be simpler individually fastening a barrier directly to the chamber at each opening. Another advantage may be realized when panels are inserted in the chambers near to the point of installation, thus avoiding the possibility of damage during transport and handling. 
     In the generality of the present invention: A chamber may have barriers, attached directly or indirectly to openings in both peaks and valleys, or to openings in only one of the peaks or valleys. And a chamber may have peaks and valleys where the peaks are wider than the valleys, where the valleys are wider than the peaks, or where the peak and valley widths are equal. A chamber may have other perforations in the sidewalls which are not covered with barriers. For instance, one or more peaks and/or valleys may have slots or small holes for leaching or other purposes. 
     Chambers may have more than one opening in the sidewall at each of one or more peak or valley corrugations and an associated barrier. For example, there may be two vertically extending openings next to each other on each corrugation. For example, there may be a lower opening and an upper opening on each corrugation. 
     A chamber of the present invention is preferably made of an olefin thermoplastic, such as polypropylene or polyethylene, by means of injection molding. Other plastics and other means of forming, such as thermoforming, may be used in embodiments of the invention. 
     The present invention enables improvement in the manufacture of chambers, including chambers which have different sidewall leaching character; in particular, sidewalls tailored to soil or regulatory characteristics. In a method of the present invention, chambers of the types described above are molded, such as by injection molding or other means, such as thermoforming. For a way of injection molding, see U.S. Pat. No. 5,401,459, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Each chamber has a multiplicity of the large like-sized sidewall openings, such as openings  34 ,  134 ,  234 ,  334 ,  434  described above. There may be more than one group of like-sized openings. For example, there may be smaller openings in the valleys and larger openings in the peaks of a corrugated chamber. Different sets of barriers, each comprising a multiplicity of barriers having sizes approximating the size of the openings of one of opening groups, may be formed separately from the chamber. The barriers of a set may or may not have associated frames, i.e., they may or not be in the form of panels. Each set has barriers of a desired character. For instance, a first set of barriers may be made from a perforated non-woven geotextile, like the above mentioned Mirafi N160 material; a second set of barriers may be made from the different Mirafi material; and a third set of barriers may be comprised of louvers approximating a prior art sidewall. To make a particular type of chamber, barriers from one of the sets are selected and attached directly or indirectly to the sidewall at the openings as shown in the Figures by one of the means described above. In one mode, the barriers are mated with the chamber at the factory; in another mode, the mating is done at a site remote from the factory. Thus the method simplifies the manufacture and stocking of chambers having differing sidewall characteristics. 
     The invention, with explicit and implicit variations and advantages, has been described and illustrated with respect to one or more embodiments. Those embodiments should be considered illustrative and not restrictive. Any use of words such as “preferred” and variations suggest a feature or combination which is desirable but which is not necessarily mandatory. Thus embodiments lacking any such preferred feature or combination may be within the scope of the claims which follow. Persons skilled in the art may make various changes in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the claimed invention.