Abstract:
An NMR gyroscope in one example comprises a support structure affixed within an enclosure, an NMR cell affixed to the support structure, a plurality of permanent magnets disposed about the NMR cell to produce a magnetic field within the cell, and a field coil disposed proximate the cell to produce a modulated magnetic field transverse to the magnetic field produced by the permanent magnets.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     This application relates generally to nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) gyroscopes, and in particular to an exemplary architecture and implementation. 
     Known implementations of NMR gyroscopes (gyros) have inconveniently large packages and undesirably high power consumption. Additionally, known gyro structures mix technologies, requiring process steps and procedures that are inconsistent with efficient batch processing during manufacture. 
     Thus, a need exists for an NMR gyro in a relatively small package with reduced power consumption. Further, there is a need for an architecture that allows efficient batch processing during manufacture. 
     SUMMARY 
     The invention in one implementation encompasses an NMR gyro. The NMR gyro comprises a support structure affixed within an enclosure, an NMR cell affixed to the support structure, a plurality of permanent magnets disposed about the NMR cell to produce a magnetic field within the cell, and a field coil disposed proximate the cell to produce a modulated magnetic field transverse to the magnetic field produced by the permanent magnets. 
     In one implementation, the NMR gyro is fabricated in a batch process with a wafer structure comprising a centrally disposed micro NMR cell wafer disposed between top and bottom lid wafers, a detector wafer adjacent the NMR cell wafer, an electronics wafer including detection and signal processing electronics adjacent the detector wafer, a polarizer wafer adjacent the NMR cell wafer on a side opposite the detector wafer, an optics wafer adjacent the polarizer wafer, a laser wafer including readout and pump VCSELs adjacent the optics wafer, and a source control electronics wafer adjacent the laser wafer. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Features of exemplary implementations of the invention will become apparent from the description, the claims, and the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a top plan view of an NMR gyro assembly in accordance with the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a side elevational view of the NMR gyro of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  is a perspective view of the NMR gyro of  FIG. 1 , with the cover shown in outline. 
         FIG. 4  is a stylized view of a wafer organization of an alternative embodiment of an NMR gyro in accordance with the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  is an alternative depiction of the wafer organization of  FIG. 4 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIGS. 1-3  illustrate a compact, generally circular NMR gyro package  100 . In one embodiment of the invention, the case  108  is about 16 mm in diameter and 6 mm tall. Of course, the exact shape and aspect ratio of the package could be modified after detailed consideration of magnetic field and field uniformity. 
     The cell  101  containing the alkali metal, gases with desired nuclear spins, such as, but not limited to, isotopes of Xe or Kr and potential buffer gas is located at or near the center of the case  108 . In one embodiment of the invention, the cell  101  must be maintained at a temperature of roughly 100 deg C. The cell  101  is equipped with a heater, although this is not illustrated in the drawings. To provide a gyro with the lowest possible operating power, the cell  101  must be suspended in vacuum to minimize thermal loss. It is suspended in vacuum by the support  106 . In one embodiment of the invention, the support is made from a material with a high strength to thermal conductivity ratio to minimize thermal conduction down the legs. Also on the support is a pump VCSEL  103  (Vertical Channel Surface Emitting Laser). The light output from the pump VCSEL  103  is directed along the direction about which the rotation is being measured, depicted by arrow A. Depending on the final implementation, the VCSEL chip may also be required to contain a photodetector to monitor the light reflected from a mirror deposited on the opposite face of the cell  101 . The light from the pump laser must be circularly polarized. This is accomplished by inserting a quarter wave plate  109  between the pump VCSEL  103  and the cell  101 . 
     Also on the support  106  is a VCSEL  102  with a photodetector on the chip to act as a sensor. On the cell face opposite this VCSEL  102  is a deposited mirror. The support  106  also has electrical conducting traces  104  to carry heater power and signals between the electronics and the VCSEL/cell cluster. These traces may be on any or all legs of the support, and may be on either top or bottom of the support, or on both sides. 
     The wavelength of the light output from the VCSELs must be tuned to the exact absorption wavelength of the alkali line. This is accomplished by adjusting the temperature of the VCSEL cavity. This in turn can be adjusted by changing the VCSEL current or by providing a heater on the VCSEL so that the optical power out of the VCSEL can be independently controlled. 
     The operation of the gyro requires a magnetic field along the rotation axis, depicted by arrow A. To avoid using electrical power to generate this magnetic field, permanent magnets  105  are used to generate a uniform magnetic field, in the range from about 0.1 to 10 Gauss, within the internal volume of the cell  101 . The design of magnets to accomplish this is covered in U.S. Pat. No. 5,469,256, the disclosure of which is fully incorporated by reference thereto as though fully set forth herein. 
     The case  108  contains four support mounts  202  to which the support  106  is attached. On the floor of the case is a custom ceramic circuit board  204  that surrounds the magnets  105 . The circuit board  204  contains all the electronics for control of the gyro. Much of the electronics will be contained in a single ASIC chip. There may be an innovative method for having the support mounts also make electrical interconnections between the traces on the support and traces on the ceramic circuit board  204 . In the alternative, connections may be made by conventional wire bonds. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, the case  108  itself is made of annealed HyMu 80 to achieve maximum shielding. HyMu 80 alloy is an unoriented, 80% nickel-iron-molybdenum alloy that offers extremely high initial permeability as well as maximum permeability with minimum hysteresis loss. There is flexibility in the location of the joint  201  between the top and bottom of the case  108 . The design shown for the joint is intended to be illustrative of measures to be taken to insure that external magnetic lines do not penetrate through the joint  201 . In the base of the case are a number of feedthroughs  203  that are arranged in a circle reasonably close to the outside diameter of the case  108 . The feedthrough pins  203  will be soldered or brazed to the traces on the ceramic circuit board  204  on the inside of the case  108 , and brazed or soldered to another board or interconnect flex in the inertial navigation system or other system to which it is mounted. Potentially, these solder connections may be sufficient for mechanically mounting the gyro. The feedthroughs  203  do not need to form a circular pattern if not used for mounting. 
     The operation of the gyro requires a modulated magnetic field transverse to the main magnetic field. The modulation frequency may be a few hundred Hertz to over 1 MHz depending on the strength of the main magnetic field. It is believed that a single turn loop  107  will be sufficient. For assembly purposes, it may be expedient to attach this loop  107  to the support. 
     Not illustrated in the drawings is a getter to assure that a hard vacuum is maintained inside the case  108  to prevent excessive power required to operate the cell and VCSELs or VCSEL heaters. Also not illustrated is a second layer of magnetic shielding, which may or may not be required. 
     The present invention, as an architecture for a chip-scale nuclear magnetic resonance gyro, is readily adaptable to facilitate the use of batch processing manufacturing methods while preserving the features and configuration of pump and readout optical beams that are required for high performance. The optimum optical configuration places the pump beam parallel to the DC magnetic field imposed on the cell containing the alkali and noble gas mixture, and places the readout beam perpendicular to the DC field. Locating readout and pump lasers on adjacent faces of the cell, as described in the prior embodiment, impacts batch processing of the device. In an alternative embodiment of the invention, modifying the cell design such that reflecting surfaces redirect the readout beam as illustrated in  FIG. 4 , this limitation can be overcome. Furthermore, a logical stackup of wafers is envisioned as shown in  FIG. 4 , where, ignoring electronics, source and pump lasers are fabricated on one wafer  402 , a second wafer  403  has beam forming optics, a third wafer  404  has a polarizer, wafers  405 - 407  comprise the cell sides and lids, and wafer  408  has pump and readout detectors. Source control and detection/signal processing electronics wafers  401  and  409  may be added to the stack as shown in  FIG. 4 . 
     In  FIG. 5 , the wafer stackup is shown to logically separate technologies for manufacturing by wafer. For example, two wafers  401  and  409  have integrated electronics, one wafer  402  has laser sources, one wafer  408  includes detectors, another wafer  404  has polarizers, another wafer  403  includes optics, and a set of wafers  501  makes up the NMR cell  502 . Segregating technologies shortens development time and enhances manufacturing yields. 
     The steps or operations described herein are just exemplary. There may be many variations to these steps or operations without departing from the spirit of the invention. For instance, the steps may be performed in a differing order, or steps may be added, deleted, or modified. 
     Although exemplary implementations of the invention have been depicted and described in detail herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the relevant art that various modifications, additions, substitutions, and the like can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention and these are therefore considered to be within the scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.