Abstract:
A urea granulation process and the apparatus suitable for operating that process integrates a method for reducing ammonia emissions from a urea granulation plant which is emitted by a urea production process by scrubbing the off-gas and recovering the scrubber bleed and integrating it into the granulation process so that ammonium salts are completely contained by the process.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to a urea granulation process and to the apparatus suitable for operating that process. The invention integrates a method for reducing ammonia emissions from a urea granulation plant which is currently emitted by a conventional urea production process by scrubbing the off-gas and recovering the scrubber bleed and integrating it into the granulation process so that ammonium salts are completely contained by the process. 
     A common process for producing granules from a liquid composition is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,779,945. The focus of this patent is the treatment and sorting of generated granules with different sizes. Herein a gas/solids separating apparatus such as a cyclone or a scrubber is used to separate solid material from the off-gas stream of the apparatus. Advanced treatment of the off-gas stream is not taken into further account. 
     In U.S. Pat. No. 4,370,198 the off-gas of the granulation unit is sent to a dust separation cyclone followed by a continuous wet scrubber which both contributes to the scrubbing off said off-gas stream. The scrubbing liquid used is part of the solution or suspension to be proceeded and the scrubbing liquid leaving the wet scrubber is fed back directly into the granulation unit. Exemplarily, the described process can be achieved for the production of sodium chloride, urea, saccharose or ferric oxide, respectively. Hereby the scrubbing liquor is part of the solution or suspension to be processed and is send directly back into the granulation unit. This process can be only achieved for dust scrubbing but is not suitable for ammonia scrubbing. 
     A further example for an apparatus and a method for wet type simultaneous cleaning and dust-removing gas treatment in a horizontal cross-flow scrubber are disclosed in EP 0853971 A1. This invention performs the removal of pollutants and dust in a packed tower. 
     In a urea plant used air exiting a urea granulator that is equipped with a fluidized bed contains in addition to urea dust also ammonia. This ammonia contamination needs to be removed before the off-gas stream can be vented into the atmosphere. 
     Removing ammonia from an off-gas stream is a well-known technology. Usually the off-gas stream is treated with an acidic scrubbing solution. This scrubbing solution can be easily manufactured by adding an acid such as nitric acid or sulphuric acid to water. The ammonia is removed from the gas stream by chemical absorption and converted to the corresponding ammonium salt. The use of nitric acid produces ammonium nitrate (AN), and the use of sulphuric acid produces ammonium sulphate (AS) respectively. These ammonium salt-containing solutions can be used for the production of ammonium sulphate fertilizer or NPK fertilizer, the technology for this is state of the art. 
     In a urea plant, ammonium salts do not occur in the process and cannot easily be processed at existing urea facilities. A conventional urea production facility therefore has only the following options to reduce gaseous ammonia emissions from the granulation plant:
         to discharge the diluted ammonium salt solution to a waste water stream,   to concentrate the diluted ammonium salt solution up to a concentration which can be utilized by other plants, e.g. NPK,   to produce UAS (urea/ammonium sulphate) fertilizer with a high sulphur content,   to produce UAN (urea/ammonium nitrate) solution.
 
All of these alternatives require significant investments and changes to operating conditions or entail changes of the product composition and characteristics. All above options result in new products that require additional facilities for transport and handling as well as energy utilities in expensive quantities. As a consequence, nowadays, urea facilities are run without efficient ammonia removal causing severe environmental problems. Therefore, ammonia removal from a urea facility is a challenging task that needs to be solved.
       

     An alternative solution is described in WO 03/099721. This invention relates to a process for removing ammonia from an ammonia-containing gas stream by converting the ammonia in the ammonia-containing gas stream with an organic acid into an ammonium salt, whereas the obtained ammonium salt is contacted, at elevated temperature, with peroxide. The ammonium salt is hereby converted into a NH 3 , CO 2  and H 2 O containing mixture in a decomposer and can readily be reprocessed in a urea synthesis unit. The peroxide is supplementary to the common process and may relate to other negative accompaniments. Also, for the conversion of the ammonium salt into NH 3 , CO 2  and H 2 O a separate decomposer in addition to the normal plant layout is required. This emerging gas stream can not be reprocessed in a granulation unit but needs to be recycled in a urea synthesis unit. 
     Reductions of ammonia emissions are also described in M Potthoff, Nitrogen+Syngas, [online], July-August 2008, pages 39-41. In  FIG. 1  a combined dust and acidic scrubber system is shown. The ammonia is absorbed in the acidic scrubbing section and converted into ammonium sulphate. The ammonium sulphate solution is added to the recycle flow going back to the evaporation section. In this unit it is mixed with urea melt from the urea synthesis unit. The concentrated liquor stream from the evaporation is conveyed into the urea granulator. The condensate coming out of the evaporation unit is utilised as makeup for the combined dust/ammonia scrubbing system. With this so called Ammonia Convert Technology ammonia in off-gas can be reduced to 30 mg/Nm 3 . The technology without acidic scrubbing as shown in Brochure Urea, [online], December 2007, pages 1-24 reduces ammonia in off-gas only to values of around 160 mg/m 3  and is further referred herein as technology state of the art. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The ammonia convert technology described in M Potthoff, Nitrogen+Syngas, [online], July-August 2008, pages 39-41 implicates still several disadvantages. First of all, the water balance in this system is a critical parameter. If disturbed, urea synthesis will be contaminated with ammonium sulphate or alternatively large amounts of waste water need to be treated. In addition, mixing of acidic solution with concentrated urea melt in the evaporation unit has adverse effects on granulation. Moreover, this technology implicates the generation of large amounts of condensate contaminated with ammonium sulphate that needs to be distributed to various scrubbers, including dust and acidic scrubbing technology. Also the remaining ammonia concentration in the off-gas achieved with this technology is still not sufficient or satisfactory for modern urea granulation plants. 
     The object of the invention therefore is to provide a process which integrates and optimizes existing scrubbing technology of off-gas generated by the urea granulation process without the production of by-products or waste streams. The process should prevent problems related to conventional technologies as described above. Especially contaminations of the urea melt from a urea synthesis unit should be excluded. The process should not use any additional expensive facilities. In addition the process should not use utilities in expensive quantities such as peroxide. Altogether the process should be more environmental friendly than common urea granulation processes state of the art by finding a use for the ammonium salts generated by the common ammonia scrubbing process. It is also the object of the invention to provide the apparatus suitable to operate such a process. 
     This is achieved by a urea granulation process with scrubbing system including several waste streams for removal of dust and ammonia from the off-gas of a urea granulation unit comprising a urea granulator  1 , a granulator scrubber dust stage  2 , a granulator scrubber acid stage  3 , product coolers  5 , a product cooler scrubber dust stage  4 , an evaporation unit  6 , and a condenser unit  7 . Thereby a first stream of fresh air  8 , running through a first sequence of process steps, is send into the urea granulator  1 , whereby dust- and ammonia-laden air  9  is drawn off from the granulator  1  and conveyed into a granulator scrubber dust stage  2 , followed by a granulator scrubber acid stage  3 , in which stage the ammonia-laden air  12  is contacted with an acid in liquid  22  phase and ammonia is scrubbed from that air by the generation of an ammonium salt. A second stream of fresh air  15 , running through a second sequence of process steps, is used for cooling the product drawn off from the urea granulator  1 , whereby said cooling is performed in product coolers  5 , thereby said air is heated up, and afterwards is conveyed to a product cooler scrubber dust stage  4 . The clean off-gas  13  drawn off from the granulator scrubber acid stage  3 , and the clean off-gas  18  drawn off from the product cooler scrubber dust stage  4 , are released into the atmosphere  19 . Hereby the scrubbing system is passed, which in itself is a complete closed system of waste streams. In this process the ammonium salt solution stream  23  from the granulator scrubber acid stage  3 , is fed into said product cooler scrubber dust stage  4 , whereby the ammonia of the dust-laden air stream  17  exiting the product coolers  5  is removed, and the released liquor  24  from the product cooler scrubber dust stage  4  and the released liquor  11  from the granulator scrubber dust stage  2  is send to the evaporation unit  6 . The vapour stream  29  from the evaporation unit  6 , which contains ammonia is given into the condenser unit  7 , which releases a liquid process condensate  30 , and said liquid process condensate  30  is given into the granulator scrubber acid stage  3 , and the concentrated liquor stream  28  from the evaporation unit  6 , containing urea and ammonium salt, and a urea melt  26  from a synthesis unit  27  are conveyed into the urea granulator  1 , separately. Thereby the ammonium salt contained in the concentrated liquor stream  28  is integrated into the granulated urea product. 
     Hereby the scrubbing system in itself is a complete closed system, and therefore totally decoupled from urea synthesis. Thereby contaminations of the urea melt are avoided. 
     The salt concentration of the scrubbing liquor in the product cooler scrubber dust stage  4  included in the second sequence of process steps is 35-60% wt. 
     Further options of the invention are related to the concentration of the urea melt  26  and concentrated liquor stream  28 , containing urea and ammonium salt, for the urea granulator  1  that is kept in a range from 95 to 99.8% wt. Preferably, it is kept in a range from 96 to 97.5% wt. 
     A further embodiment is that the acid  22  is selected from the group consisting of sulphuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, citric acid, lactic acid and oxalic acid. Of course, other acids can be used if they are non-volatile. Preferably, sulphuric acid is used, as it is readily available and in addition, it supplies sulphur which is considered to be a highly demanded nutrient. 
     The concentration of the ammonia salt in the reaction liquor in the granulator scrubber acid stage  3 , included in the first sequence of process steps, is kept &lt;10% wt, and preferably is kept in a range from 6-8% wt. Thereby, the pH of the liquor stream in the granulator scrubber acid stage  3  included in the first sequence of process steps, is kept in a range from 2-6, and preferably is kept in a range from 3.5-5.0, and most preferably is kept in a range from 4.0-4.5. 
     The urea concentration of the reaction liquor in the granulator scrubber dust stage  2  included in the first sequence of process steps is kept in a range from 35 to 60% wt. It is preferable to keep the urea concentration of the liquor in the granulator scrubber dust stage  2  included in the first sequence of process steps, in a range from 45 to 55% wt. 
     Furthermore, the concentration of the ammonium salt at the outlet of the evaporation unit  6  is kept at weight percentage of below 12% wt, and it is preferably kept in a range from 9-11% wt. 
     Optionally, the mixture fed into the evaporation unit  6  is mixed with a portion of urea melt  31 . 
     Furthermore, the mixture of clean off-gases released into the atmosphere  19  exhibits a concentration of NH 3  in the range of 10-25 mg/Nm 3 , and preferably exhibits a concentration of NH 3  being &lt;15 mg/Nm 3 . 
     The described urea granulation process with a scrubbing system including several waste streams for the removal of dust and ammonia from off-gas of a urea granulator is to be operated in an apparatus comprising an urea granulator  1 , a granulator scrubber dust stage  2 , and a granulator scrubber acid stage  3 , forming a first sequence of apparatuses. Also included are product coolers  5 , and a product cooler scrubber dust stage  4 , forming a second sequence of apparatuses, an evaporation unit  6 , a condenser unit  7 , a means for providing the urea granulator with fresh air  8 , a means for drawing off dust- and ammonia-laden air  9  from the urea granulator  1  and for conveying it into the granulator scrubber dust stage  2 , a means for drawing off air  12  from the granulator scrubber dust stage  2  into the granulator scrubber acid stage  3 , a means for providing the product coolers  5  with fresh air  15 , a means for conveying the used air  17  from the product coolers  5  to the product cooler scrubber dust stage  4 , a means for releasing the cleaned air  18  from the product cooler scrubber dust stage  4  and the cleaned air  13  from the granulator scrubber acid stage  3 , included in the first sequence of apparatuses, into the atmosphere  19 , a means for conveying process water  21  and acid  22  to the granulator scrubber acid stage  3 , a means for conveying process water  10  to the granulator scrubber dust stage  2 , a means for conveying the urea granules  14  from the urea granulator  1  to the product coolers  5 . Thereby apparatuses of the scrubbing system are connected in such a way that a complete closed system of waste streams is built, comprising a means for conveying the liquor stream  23  from the granulator scrubber acid stage  3  to the product cooler scrubber dust stage  4 , and means for conveying the liquor stream  24  from the product cooler scrubber dust stage  4  and the liquor stream  11  from the granulator scrubber dust stage  2  to the evaporation unit  6 , a means for conveying the steam vapour  29  of the evaporation unit  6  to a condenser unit  7 , a means for conveying the process condensate  30  from the condenser unit  7  to the granulator scrubber acid stage  3 , and means for conveying urea melt  26  and a concentrated liquor stream  28 , containing urea and ammonium salt, separately from each other into the urea granulator  1 . 
     An additional embodiment of the invention is that the apparatus comprises a means for mixing the liquor stream  24  from the product cooler scrubber dust stage  4 , included in the second sequence of apparatuses, with the liquor stream  11  from the granulator scrubber dust stage  2  included in the first sequence of apparatuses, a means for feeding urea melt  31  to that mixture, and a means for feeding that mixture into the evaporator  6 . 
     A further option of the apparatus is that it comprises a means for feeding urea melt to the evaporation unit  6 . 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
       The figure shows a block diagram of the urea granulation process according to the invention. 
       In the following, the invention is described in more detail by way of example. 
         FIG. 1  shows a block diagram with a urea granulator with a fluidized bed  1 , a granulator scrubber dust stage  2 , and a granulator scrubber acid stage  3 , forming a first sequence of apparatuses, product coolers  5 , and a product cooler scrubber dust stage  4 , forming a second sequence of apparatuses, an evaporation unit  6 , a condenser unit  7 , and the main process streams. The urea granulator can be a drum granulator instead of a granulator with a fluidized bed or any other granulator, which uses fresh air. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The urea granulator  1  is supplied with a concentrated liquor stream containing urea and ammonium salt  28  drawn off from the evaporator  6  as well with urea melt  26 , separately from each other. In the urea granulator  1  urea granules are formed in the fluidized bed, which is fluidized and cooled by a fresh air stream  8 . A stream of dust- and ammonia-laden air  9  is drawn off. It is first scrubbed in the granulator scrubber dust stage  2 , included in the first stream of apparatuses, where urea dust is removed. A stream of process water  10  is added to the granulator scrubber dust stage  2  and the bleed stream  11  is send to the evaporation unit  6 . Thereby the air is cooled down by evaporation of water in the scrubber. The almost dust-free, but ammonia-laden air stream  12  is scrubbed in the granulator scrubber acid stage  3 , included in the first sequence of apparatuses where ammonia is removed, and the clean off-gas stream  13  can be drawn off. 
     The urea granules produced  14  are conveyed to the product coolers  5  where a fresh air stream  15  cools the final product  16 . The dust-laden air stream  17  is conveyed to the product cooler scrubber dust stage  4 , included in the second sequence of apparatuses, where the urea dust is washed out while the air is cooled down by evaporation of water in the scrubber. The clean air stream  18  leaving the product cooler scrubber dust stage  4  is mixed with the clean off-gas stream  13  and is released to the atmosphere  19 . 
     The scrubbing solution for the granulator scrubber acid stage  3 , included in the first sequence of apparatuses, consists of process water  21  and the acid stream  22  and process condensate  30 . In the granulator scrubber acid stage  3  the acid solution reacts with ammonia producing an ammonium salt solution stream  23 , which is conveyed to the product cooler scrubber dust stage  4 , included in the second sequence of apparatuses, whereby the ammonia of the dust-laden air stream  17  exiting the product coolers  5  included in the second sequence of process steps, is removed. This solution entrains the urea dust from the dust-laden air stream  17 . 
     The resulting liquor stream  24  from the product cooler scrubber dust stage, included in the second sequence of process steps, is combined with the bleed stream  11  from the granulator scrubber dust stage  2  and the resulting mixture  25  is conveyed to the evaporation unit  6 , where it is concentrated. The concentrated liquor stream  28  from the evaporation unit  6  is fed to the urea granulator  1  to integrate the generated ammonium salt into the granulation process. A portion of the urea melt  31  can be added to the evaporation unit  6 , in order to keep the urea concentration and the ammonium sulphate concentration of the concentrated liquor stream  28  in the right ratio, but the urea melt stream  31  is preferred to be reduced to a minimum. The steam vapour  29  drawn off from the evaporation unit  6  is conveyed to a condenser unit  7 , where it is cooled by external cooling water. The process condensate  30  generated during the condensation is send into the granulator scrubber acid stage  3 . For example, as a preferred embodiment horizontal-type cross-flow scrubber are used. 
     Therefore a closed circle of waste streams is formed and all waste streams are recycled. In addition the generated ammonium salts are integrated in the urea granulation process. Also external process water consumption is reduced to a minimum. Altogether, this combination is characterized by its environmental compatibility. 
     In contrast to the ammonia convert technology described in M Potthoff, Nitrogen+Syngas, [online], July-August 2008, pages 39-41, the technology of the current invention avoids contamination of the urea melt generated in the urea synthesis unit  27  by building a closed scrubbing system. This is achieved by conveying the concentrated liquor stream  28  from the evaporation unit  6  and the urea melt  26  in separate means to the granulator  1 . Via stream  31  only a defined and controllable amount of urea melt from the synthesis unit  27  is fed into the evaporation unit  6 . 
     In example 1 a table is shown giving some typical figures concerning ammonia in the urea granulation processes state of the art:
     The amount of ammonia of 500 to 600 ppm by weight in the feed to the granulation unit is more or less unavoidable as it is the result of the equilibrium formed in the upstream evaporation section. About 90 ppm ammonia are added through biuret formation in the urea solution line, so that in total about 590 to 690 ppm enter the granulator.   About 50 ppm of this ammonia are included in the final product, whereby the rest leaves the granulation plant with the air flow from the granulation unit via stacks. This results in a final concentration of approximately 130 to 160 mg/Nm 3  for the technology state of the art as presented in Brochure Urea, [online], December 2007, pages 1-24. A final concentration of approximately 30 mg/Nm 3  ammonia is found in a combined stack of the so called ammonia convert technology as described in M Potthoff, Nitrogen+Syngas, [online], July-August 2008, pages 39-41, while the inventive technology described in this application leads to ammonia concentrations of 10 mg/Nm 3 . Therefore a drastically improvement can be achieved using this technology.   

     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 technology 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 state of the 
                 ammonia convert 
               
               
                   
                 art (Brochure 
                 technology 
                 inventive 
               
               
                   
                 Urea, 2007) 
                 (Potthoff, 2008) 
                 technology 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Free ammonia from 
                 ≈500 to 600 
                 ppm wt. 
               
               
                 evaporation section 
               
               
                 Ammonia from biuret 
                 ≈90 
                 ppm wt. 
               
               
                 formation 
               
               
                 Total free ammonia at 
                 ≈590 to 690 
                 ppm wt. 
               
               
                 granulator inlet 
               
               
                 Free ammonia in final 
                 ≈50 
                 ppm wt. 
               
               
                 product 
               
               
                 Free ammonia released 
                 ≈540 to 640 
                 ppm wt. 
               
               
                 (based on urea 
               
               
                 solution) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Typical ammonia 
                 ≈130 to 
                 ≈30 mg/Nm 3   
                 ≈10 mg/Nm 3   
               
               
                 concentration in 
                 160 mg/Nm 3   
                 ≅0.14 kg/ton product   
                 ≅0.05 kg/ 
               
               
                 combined 
                 ≅0.6 to 0.7 
                   
                 ton product   
               
               
                 stack 
                 kg/ton product   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 2 shows advantageous economical aspects of the ammonia convert technology forming the basis of the current invention in comparison to the so called ammonia convert technology as described in M Potthoff, Nitrogen+Syngas, [online], July-August 2008, pages 39-41 and technology state of the art as presented in Brochure Urea, [online], December 2007, pages 1-24:
     For calculations prices for ammonia of about 300 US$/mt, for urea of about 250 US$/mt, and for sulphuric acid of about 20 US$/mt are predicted.   

     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 technology 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 state of 
                 ammonia 
               
               
                   
                 the art, 
                 convert 
               
               
                   
                 (Brochure 
                 technology 
               
               
                   
                 Urea, 
                 (Potthoff, 
                 inventive 
               
               
                   
                 2007) 
                 2008) 
                 technology 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Plant capacity: 
                 3,500 mt/d 
                 3,500 mt/d 
                 3,500 mt/d 
               
               
                 ammonia emissions: 
                 ≈100 kg/hr 
                 20 kg/hr 
                 7 kg/hr 
               
               
                 (600 ppm NH 3  in 
               
               
                 urea solution) 
               
               
                 Annual ammonia loss: 
                 ≈800 mt/a 
                 160 mt/a 
                 60 mt/a 
               
               
                 Efficiency of ammonia 
                   
                 80% 
                 93% 
               
               
                 recovery: 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
         
         An annual ammonia loss of 800 mt/a means in total a minus of 240,000 US$ per year in common urea granulation plants state of the art. 
       
    
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 technology state of the art (Brochure Urea, 2007) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Recovered ammonia 
                 ≈no recovery 
               
               
                   
                 Ammonium sulphate produced 
                 ≈0 mt/a 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Sulphuric acid consumption 
                 ≈0 mt/a 
                 −0 US$/a 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
         
         Using the ammonia convert technology a recovery of about 640 mt/a is possible, which is a value of about 192,000 US$. Approximately 2,500 mt/a ammonium sulphate is produced by a plant having the same capacity as the one used for calculations for the technology state of the art. The additional urea production is about 2,500 mt/a leading to a profit of about 625,000 US$ per year. Considering the costs of the sulphuric acid consumption of such a process of 1,900 mt/a, what accounts for costs of about 38,000 US$ per year, a total saving of about 587,000 US$ per year remains. 
       
    
                                                     ammonia convert technology (Potthoff, 2008)                                Recovered ammonia   ≈640 mt/a (value of 192,000 US$)            Ammonium sulphate produced   ≈2,500 mt/a           Sulphuric acid consumption   ≈1,900 mt/a    −38,000 US$/a       Replacement/additional urea   ≈2,500 mt/a   +625,000 US$/a       production       Annual saving benefit       +587,000 US$/a                    
Using the current invention a recovery of ammonia of about 740 mt/a is possible, which is a value of about 222,000 US$. Approximately 2,900 mt/a ammonium sulphate is produced by a plant having the same capacity as the one used for calculations for the technology state of the art. The additional urea production is about 2,900 mt/a leading to a profit of about 725,000 US$ per year. Considering the costs of the sulphuric acid consumption of such a process of 2,200 mt/a, what accounts for costs of about 44,000 US$ per year, a total saving of about 681,000 US$ per year remains.
 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 inventive technology 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Recovered ammonia 
                 ≈ 740 mt/a (value of 222,000 US$) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ammonium sulphate produced 
                 ≈ 2,900 mt/a 
                   
               
               
                 Sulphuric acid consumption 
                 ≈ 2200 mt/a 
                  −44,000 US$/a 
               
               
                 Replacement/additional urea 
                 ≈ 2,900 mt/a 
                 +725,000 US$/a 
               
               
                 production 
               
               
                 Annual saving benefit 
                   
                 +681,000 US$/a 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
         
         Therefore the inventive technology leads to savings of about 94,000 US$ per year compared to the ammonia convert technology as described in M Potthoff, Nitrogen+Syngas, [online], July-August 2008, pages 39-41. This effect is due to the increased amount of recovered ammonia that accounts for 400 mt/a additional urea production compared to the ammonia convert technology. 
       
    
     Thus, a solution is produced which contains a low ammonium salt concentration and a high urea concentration. There is no significant change to the product specification and quality by the addition of these small amounts of ammonium salts. The N content of the urea product stays above 46% N, so that the product is still a typical urea fertilizer. 
     The advantages of the proposed process are:
         Significantly lower ammonia emissions to the environment.   Cost benefits are achieved by reducing the ammonia losses and thereby increasing the fertilizer production.   A simple way is used to process ammonium salts in existing urea granulation plants.   Closed loop system with no recycle to synthesis or discharge to waste water system thereby avoiding contaminations with ammonium sulphate.   A proven and low-cost technical process is used to remove ammonia from the off-gas streams from the urea granulation plant with fluidized bed granulation.   As the recovered ammonia is included in the product the urea production is increased, leading to a significant economic benefit.   A typical urea fertilizer grade product is produced.       

     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Key to referenced items 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 urea granulator 
               
               
                 2 
                 granulator scrubber dust stage 
               
               
                 3 
                 granulator scrubber acid stage 
               
               
                 4 
                 product cooler scrubber dust stage 
               
               
                 5 
                 product coolers 
               
               
                 6 
                 evaporation unit 
               
               
                 7 
                 condenser unit 
               
               
                 8 
                 fresh air stream 
               
               
                 9 
                 dust- and ammonia-laden air 
               
               
                 10 
                 stream of process water 
               
               
                 11 
                 liquor stream 
               
               
                 12  
                 ammonia-laden air stream 
               
               
                 13 
                 clean off-gas stream 
               
               
                 14 
                 urea granules 
               
               
                 15 
                 fresh air stream 
               
               
                 16 
                 final product 
               
               
                 17 
                 dust-laden air stream 
               
               
                 18 
                 clean air stream 
               
               
                 19 
                 atmosphere 
               
               
                 20 
                 acidic feed 
               
               
                 21 
                 process water 
               
               
                 22 
                 acid stream 
               
               
                 23 
                 ammonium salt solution stream 
               
               
                 24 
                 liquor stream 
               
               
                 25 
                 resulting mixture 
               
               
                 26 
                 urea melt 
               
               
                 27 
                 urea melt from synthesis unit 
               
               
                 28 
                 concentrated liquor stream 
               
               
                 29 
                 steam vapour 
               
               
                 30 
                 process condensate 
               
               
                 31 
                 portion of urea melt