Abstract:
A composite material for passive radiative cooling including a base layer, and at least one emissive layer located adjacent to a surface of the base layer, wherein the at least one emissive layer is affixed to the surface of the base layer via a binding agent.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION DATA 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/172,304, filed Jun. 3, 2016, which claims the priority benefit of U.S. Application No. 62/170,369, filed Jun. 3, 2015, which are hereby incorporated in their entirety herein by reference. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    The present disclosure relates to passive coolers which are capable of cooling a supported article by radiation to the surrounding environment; and more particularly to a composite material for passive radiative cooling. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Radiative cooling refers to the process whereby a body will emit as radiation heat energy absorbed through normal convection and conduction processes. Generally, there is a low absorption “atmospheric window” in the region of 8-13 μm where the atmosphere is relatively transparent. A similar window exists for some wavelengths within the 1-5 μm band. Radiation from the Earth&#39;s surface within these wavelengths is likely to pass through these atmospheric windows to space rather than be absorbed by the atmosphere and returned to the Earth&#39;s surface. 
         [0004]    For the wavelengths having high atmospheric absorption there will be significant amounts of radiation in the atmosphere as that radiation is absorbed and re-emitted back to Earth. Conversely, for the wavelengths corresponding to these atmospheric windows there will be little radiation in the atmosphere as the majority of radiation emitted by the Earth at these wavelengths is allowed to pass through the atmosphere to space. 
         [0005]    A “selective surface” is one that exploits the atmospheric window by preferentially emitting thermal energy at wavelengths corresponding to these atmospheric windows where there is reduced incident radiation which may be absorbed by the surface, that allows rapid transfer of that radiation to space, and by that is non-absorptive of radiation outside these wavelengths. 
         [0006]    Radiative cooling can include nighttime cooling; however, such cooling often has a relatively limited practical relevance. For instance, nighttime radiative cooling is often of limited value because nighttime has lower ambient temperatures than daytime, and therefore, there is less of a need for cooling. There is therefore a need for improvements in composite materials to passively cool terrestrial structures such as buildings, homes, electronics and other objects in both the daytime and the nighttime. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0007]    In some embodiments, a composite material for passive radiative cooling is provided. In some embodiments, the composite material comprises a base layer and at least one thermally-emissive layer located adjacent to a surface of the base layer. In some embodiments, the at least one emissive layer is affixed to the surface of the base layer via a binding agent. 
         [0008]    In some embodiments, a composite material for passive radiative cooling is provided. In some embodiments, the composite material comprises a base layer and at least one thermally-emissive layer located adjacent to a surface of the base layer. In some embodiments, the surface of the base layer comprises a reflective substrate comprising an adhesive layer. In some embodiments, the at least one emissive layer is affixed to the base layer via the adhesive layer of the base layer. 
         [0009]    Other embodiments are also disclosed. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         [0010]      FIG. 1  illustrates a schematic cross-sectional view of a composite material for passive radiative cooling according to one embodiment of the present disclosure; 
           [0011]      FIG. 2  illustrates a cross-sectional view of a microparticle according to one embodiment of the present disclosure; 
           [0012]      FIG. 3  illustrates a graph of a cooling potential of composite materials against ambient daytime temperatures; and 
           [0013]      FIG. 4  illustrates a graph of a cooling potential of composite materials against ambient nighttime temperatures. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION 
       [0014]    For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the present disclosure, reference will now be made to the embodiments illustrated in the drawings, and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of this disclosure is thereby intended. 
         [0015]    To enhance the emissivity in the 8-13 μm wavelength range or in the wavelength range supported by a blackbody with temperatures in the range of 250−350° K, a composite material, generally indicated at  10  is applied to the surface of an object. This leads to the preferential emission of light in the 8-13 μm range or in the wavelength range supported by a blackbody with temperatures in the range of 250-350° K. The preferential emission of light is embodied in the emissivity spectrum. 
         [0016]    In some embodiments, the composite material  10 , as shown in  FIG. 1 , includes a base layer  12  composed of a reflective substrate composed of at least one of aluminum, silver, glass, polyurethane, nylon, and polyethylene fibers. In some embodiments, the reflective substrate comprises paint. In some embodiments, the paint comprises white paint. In some embodiments, the reflective substrate comprises glue. The base layer  12  may be placed in thermal contact with an object to be cooled. 
         [0017]    Immediately above the base layer  12  is at least one emissive layer  14  in some embodiments. The at least one emissive layer  14  may be arranged in a hexagonal monolayer, square monolayer, irregular monolayer, or irregular combination of between one and ten layers; exposed to sunlight and also to the atmosphere and paths for radiating thermal energy. In an embodiment, the at least one emissive layer  14  is composed of a plurality of microparticles  16 . In one embodiment, each of the plurality of microparticles  16  may be formed in a geometric shape, and composed of a silica material. For example, the at least one emissive layer  14  may include a plurality of microspheres. The plurality of microparticles  16  may also be formed in square, cylindrical, or an irregular geometric shape to name a few non-limiting examples. 
         [0018]    In an embodiment, with reference to  FIG. 2 , each of the plurality of microparticles  16  includes a characteristic dimension  18 . In one embodiment, the characteristic dimension  18  is between about 5 to about 50 microns. In another embodiment, the characteristic dimension  18  is less than 30 microns. In still another embodiment, the characteristic dimension  18  is between about 10 and about 20 microns. 
         [0019]    In an embodiment, with reference to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the at least one emissive layer  14  is bonded to the base later  12  via a binding agent  20 . The binding agent  20  may be composed of a transparent, polymer material. In some embodiments, the binding agent  20  may be uniformly applied to the at least one emissive layer  14  or applied to each of the plurality of microparticles  16 , as shown in  FIG. 2 , via an electromagnetic brush (EMB) process or other suitable process. In some embodiments, the EMB process of the present disclosure utilizes a rotating wire brush in conjunction with static electromagnetic fields to deposit the plurality of microparticles  16  to the base layer  12 . In some embodiments, the EMB process requires the use of the binding agent  20  coating each of the plurality of microparticles  16  to achieve adhesion under subsequent heating. When applied to each of the plurality of microparticles  16  via an electromagnetic brush (EMB) process, the binding agent  20  may have a characteristic thickness  22  between about 1 and about 50 microns in one embodiment. The binding agent  20  is melted after application of the plurality of microparticles  16  to the emissive layer  14  to form the binding agent  20  layer illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0020]    In some embodiments, a dry dusting process, rather than the EMB process, is utilized by dry dusting the plurality of microparticles  16  over the base layer  12 . The dry dusting process achieves a rough approximation of the uniform thin layer using a standard powder duster or squeeze bottle filled with the plurality of microparticles  16 . In some embodiments, the dry dusting process is used with the binding agent  20  coating each of the plurality of microparticles  16  to achieve adhesion under subsequent heating. In some embodiments, the dry dusting process is used when the surface of base layer  12  comprises a reflective substrate comprising an adhesive layer that will dry, creating an adhesion and surface morphology. In some embodiments, the reflective substrate is glue or paint, to name a couple of non-limiting examples. It is envisioned that any suitable reflective substrate may be employed in the dry dusting process utilized in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, when base layer  12  comprising an adhesive layer is utilized in the dry dusting process, use of binding agent  20  is optional. 
         [0021]    In some embodiments, wet printing and fusing is utilized in lieu of the EMB process and dry dusting process. In some embodiments, the wet printing and fusing process uses a printer to print a liquid suspension of the plurality of microparticles  16  directly on the base layer  12 . In some embodiments, the wet printing and fusing process requires subsequent heating through infrared heating or a hot roller process to cure the binding agent  20  coating each of the plurality of microparticles  16  to achieve adhesion. 
         [0022]    In one embodiment, the binding agent  20  layer shown in  FIG. 1  includes a characteristic thickness  23  between about 1 and about 50 microns in one embodiment. It will be appreciated that the characteristic thickness  23  may be greater than approximately 50 μm in other embodiments. It will further be appreciated that when the characteristic thickness  22  is larger than the characteristic dimension  18  of the plurality of microparticles  16 , a smooth surface morphology is created. Additionally, a rough surface morphology is created when the characteristic thickness  23  is less than the characteristic dimension  18  of the plurality of microparticles  16 . 
         [0023]    As shown in  FIGS. 3 and 4 , a computational study was performed to study the cooling power of a composite material  10  in one embodiment composed of an aluminum-silver-silica (SiO 2 ) combination. The computational study of composite material  10  (shown by line  24 ), yielded a cooling potential of approximately 113 W/m 2  at an ambient temperature of approximately 300° K when exposed to direct sunlight. The computational study also analyzed an aluminum-silica combination, shown by line  26 , and yielded a cooling potential of approximately 82 W/m 2  at an ambient temperature of approximately 300° K when exposed to direct sunlight. For the ideal case, the computational study assumed a fictional ideal material that is purely reflective in all bands other than 8-13 microns. In the 8-13 micron band, the ideal material is purely emitting (i.e., emissivity=1). As shown, the aluminum-silver-silica combination outperforms the ideal case, shown by line  28 , above an ambient temperature of approximately 310° K due to a broader emission spectrum above approximately 13 μm thereby accessing narrower atmospheric window bands in the 20 to 25 micron range. 
         [0024]    As shown in  FIG. 4 , the computational study of the aluminum-silver-silica combination, shown by line  30 , yields a cooling potential exceeding approximately 250 W/m 2  when exposed to the nighttime sky and outperforms the ideal case, line  32 , above an ambient nighttime temperature of 255° K. It will therefore be appreciated that the composite material  10  includes at least one thermally-emissive layer  14  bonded to a base layer  12 , via a binding agent  20 , where the composite material  10  produces a positive cooling potential in both daytime and nighttime ambient temperatures. 
         [0025]    While the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, the same is to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive in character, it being understood that only certain embodiments have been shown and described and that all changes and modifications that come within the spirit of the invention are desired to be protected.