Abstract:
A child-sized adaptor for a DPI or MDI is provided. Also provided is a patient feedback mechanism for signaling and/or teaching proper inhaler use.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This Application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/317,706 filed Sep. 6, 2001. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates generally to the field of inhalation devices, and more specifically, to a mouthpiece adaptor and patient feedback for an inhaler. The invention has particular utility as a mouthpiece adaptor and patient feedback for inhalation devices such as dry powder inhalers (“DPIs”) for facilitating use of same by pediatric, geriatric and compromised patients, and will be described in connection with such utility, although other utilities are contemplated such as for use with metered dose inhalers (“MDIs”) and nebulizers. 
         [0003]    Metered dose inhalers (MDIs) depend on delivery technique to deliver the proper amount of medication to the lungs. A properly delivered MDI medication depends on dexterity, coordination, timing, and practice. This can be a real problem when the patient is young, has coordination problems, or especially irritable airways. 
         [0004]    An alternative to MDIs are dry powder inhaler devices (DPIs), which are activated by the patient&#39;s inspiratory effort, so that coordination is not a problem, although inhalation technique is still important. The drug is aerosolized by the airflow through a DPI created by the patient inhaling. DPI devices are easy to use and are thus suitable for most ages. Newer multidose types of powder devices have electronics which include dose counters, which enable patients to check whether or not they have taken a dose and warns them when the inhaler is running out of doses by showing them exactly how many doses remain. U.S. Pat. No. 6,142,146 to Abrams et al. discloses this type of device. However, dry powder inhalers require patients to inspire reasonably rapidly to inhale the dry powder, so these devices are not suitable for younger children and infants. Further, even if young children and infants could conform to the protocol for using the device, current devices have mouthpieces which are too cumbersome for these patients. 
         [0005]    When dealing with bronchial diseases among children and infants, it is difficult to make the patient properly inhale the therapeutic substances necessary for treatment. When asthma makes its debut among infants and young children, typically at 8 months to 2.5 years, it is especially difficult to make a child or infant inhale the prescribed medical substances in the proper way. Children and infants have limited lung capacity and the force of a child&#39;s or infant&#39;s breath during inhalation (inhalation flow) is thus limited. This is even more apparent when the child or infant is suffering from asthma or other bronchial diseases. Parents also desire that the devices used for inhalation be as flexible as possible, as it is difficult to position the inhaler in a way that will allow proper inhalation by an infant. 
         [0006]    For patients of limited or compromised inhalation capacity, inhalation therapy may be accomplished through the use of inhalation chambers. An inhalation chamber typically includes an inlet and fixture for a medicament dispenser, e.g., an MDI, and an expanded hollow body, which in the technical field of inhalers normally is called a “spacer” or inhalation chamber, having an outlet provided at the end remote from the inlet. An inhalation/exhalation valve, e.g., a one-way valve, typically is provided adjacent the outlet, and a mouthpiece is provided at the outlet. When such a device is used by older children or adults the mouthpiece is inserted between the teeth and the lips are closed around the mouthpiece. It is, however, not possible for young children and infants to hold such a mouthpiece between their lips. Moreover, these devices are constructed to be used by older children who have large lung capacity and who can inhale more forcefully. The inhalation/exhalation valves provided typically require a certain inhalation flow, which a child or infant is unable to generate, to open properly. Therefore, for satisfactory inhalation to be achieved by young children and infants, inhalation devices often are provided with a face mask. 
         [0007]    However, some small children and infants find standard inhalation devices employing masks frightening, and, as a consequence, resist using them. Faced with strong resistance from children, many care-givers responsible for administering medication to children report a reluctance to offer air-borne drugs for use with standard inhalation devices employing masks on a regular basis. In addition, care-givers also report that even when attempted, the delivery of aerosol/gas medication to children is often sub-optimal because the child cries and/or forcibly removes the mask from their face before the medication is taken properly. 
         [0008]    Many patients who cannot use MDIs or DPIs, even with inhalation chambers, are forced to use nebulizers. Nebulizers produce a cloud of medication by passing a jet of compressed air through a solution of a drug (jet nebulizers) or by dropping the drug solution onto a plate vibrating at high frequency (ultrasonic nebulizers). Nebulizers have the advantage of being able to be used by patients of all ages, including young babies, because coordination is unimportant. However, disadvantages of nebulizers include that they are cumbersome, expensive (both the machine and the drugs) and noisy; require a power source, typically lines (AC) current; treatment takes a long time, often around ten minutes; and young patients are required to wear a mask. The amount of drug delivered to the lungs is highly dependant on the breathing pattern of the patient. All these factors tie down the patient and care-giver. 
         [0009]    Because nebulizers have the above problems, several devices have been developed in order to entice or teach children how to use MDIs or DPIs, so that a nebulizer is unnecessary. But, those devices designed for use by young children require a mask adaptor for the MDI or DPI. PCT Application No. 995398 to Watt and European Patent 667168 to Minar et al. disclose incentive systems of this type. 
         [0010]    Quite apart from the foregoing, conventional MDIs and DPIs (and also inhalation chambers therefor) have mouthpieces sized for the adult population. Thus, conventional MDIs, DPIs and inhalation chambers therefor have mouthpieces that are too big to be comfortably used by small children and infants. Moreover, the mouthpieces of conventional MDIs, DPIs and spacers are primarily rectangular in shape, which is somewhat awkward, or at least unfamiliar, particularly to small children. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0011]    This invention seeks to solve the problems with the prior art by allowing young children, geriatric and compromised patients to use DPIs, MDIs and inhalation chambers mask-free. Another aspect of the invention seeks to solve the issue of consistent patient inhalation in the pediatric, geriatric or physically challenged patients. Another aspect of the invention seeks to solve the problem of patient compliance when the patient is young, thereby enabling them to use certain devices previously unavailable to them. Yet another aspect of the invention seeks to allow sick or infirm patients to receive a dosage of medicine through an extension to the mouthpiece, thereby allowing the patient to recline while receiving medicine through an inhaler. 
     
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         [0012]    Still other features and advantages of the present invention may be seen from the following detailed description taken in connection with the attached drawings wherein like numerals depict like parts, and wherein: 
           [0013]      FIG. 1  is a longitudinal view of an exemplary adaptor for an inhaler attached to an inhaler according to one embodiment of the invention; 
           [0014]      FIG. 2  is a longitudinal view of an exemplary adaptor for an inhaler attached to an inhaler according to another embodiment of the invention; 
           [0015]      FIG. 3  is a longitudinal view of an exemplary adaptor for an inhaler attached to an inhaler according to yet another embodiment of the invention; 
           [0016]      FIG. 4  is a frontal view of an exemplary adaptor for an inhaler and a mouthpiece for an adaptor according to one embodiment of the invention; 
           [0017]      FIG. 5  is a frontal view of an exemplary adaptor for an inhaler and the mouthpiece of the adaptor according to another embodiment of the invention; 
           [0018]      FIG. 6  is a longitudinal view of an exemplary adaptor for an inhaler attached to the inhaler according to yet another embodiment of the invention; 
           [0019]      FIG. 7  is a functional block diagram of the sensor-light/sound mechanism of the invention according to one embodiment of the invention; 
           [0020]      FIG. 8  is a longitudinal view of an exemplary adaptor employing the sensor-light/sound mechanism of  FIG. 7 ; and 
           [0021]      FIG. 9  is a frontal view of an exemplary adaptor with a sensor-light/sound mechanism according to the embodiment shown in  FIG. 8 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0022]    The detailed description of the preferred embodiments illustrates the use of the adaptor with MDIs and DPIs. However, each of the described embodiments of the adaptor also can be used in conjunction with spacer devices and nebulizers. 
         [0023]      FIG. 1  illustrates one embodiment of an exemplary adaptor, wherein an adaptor  1  is attached to the mouthpiece  10  of an inhaler  5 . The adaptor is attached to the inhaler mouthpiece  10  from an attachment side  2  using an attachment means that forms an airtight seal. In this embodiment, the adaptor side is designed to create a friction fit with the inhaler mouthpiece. The friction fit is accomplished by creating the attachment side of the adaptor to be just slightly larger in inside dimension than the outside dimension of the inhaler mouthpiece to which it is designed to attach, and sliding the adaptor onto the inhaler mouthpiece, thereby creating an airtight seal. 
         [0024]    The adaptor  1  also includes a transition section  4  between a mouthpiece side  3  and an attachment side  2 . The transition section  4  tapers the attachment side  2  of the adaptor to a child-sized mouthpiece side. Aerated particles enter and immediately pass through the connection means from the inhaler mouthpiece upon proper stimulation of the inhalation device. The connecting means does not act as a holding chamber. Here, the connection means is tapered in a funnel-like shape to minimize turbulence and prevent the coagulation of the aerated particles upon usage of the adaptor, which helps maintain the inhaler&#39;s effectiveness. 
         [0025]    The mouthpiece side  3  is child-sized, similar in cross-sectional dimension to that of a drinking straw, i.e., having a diameter in the range of 1 mm to 15 mm, and is either round or oval shaped, as shown in  FIG. 4 . A round shape for the mouthpiece side is preferred for young children who are already familiar with this shape, i.e., from the use of drinking straws. That is to say, young children are already familiar with using a straw, and have shown that they are capable of proper inspirator pressures. Thus, the mouthpiece side straw-like size and shape not only encourages patient compliance, but also presents a familiar, less frightening alternative to a mask. 
         [0026]    A second embodiment of mouthpiece adaptor  4  is illustrated in  FIG. 2 . This embodiment, like the first, includes a connecting side  21 , a transition section  6 , and a mouthpiece side  3 . As in the first embodiment, the connecting side  21  must facilitate the formation of an airtight seal. As shown in  FIG. 2 , this is accomplished by securing a plastic or metal clamp  20 , which is located on the connecting side  21  of the mouthpiece adaptor. Here, the mouthpiece adaptor attachment side  21  is larger in inside dimension than the outside dimension of the inhaler mouthpiece  10 , and allows the adaptor to easily slide on the inhaler mouthpiece  10 . Once the mouthpiece adaptor  21  is slid over the mouthpiece of the inhaler  10 , the clamps  20  are fastened, creating the requisite airtight seal. 
         [0027]    The mouthpiece adaptor of  FIG. 2  includes a funnel-like region between the connecting side  21  and the mouthpiece side  3  comprising a slanted wall  7  formed opposite of the inhaler mouthpiece. A metal foil  6  is applied to the slanted wall connected to the circuit of the MDI or DPI and charged by the power source of the MDI or DPI, to the same charge as the particles. This causes a repulsion between the slanted wall and the particles whereby to prevent the particles from collecting on or colliding with the wall, and thus prevent coagulation of the particles on the interior adaptor walls. Further, as with the adaptor of  FIG. 1 , aerated particles only enter and pass through the adaptor of  FIG. 2  upon proper stimulation of the inhalation device, i.e., the connection means does not act as a holding chamber. 
         [0028]    The mouthpiece side of the adaptor of  FIG. 2 , as illustrated in  FIG. 5 , is manufactured as a replication of the inhaler mouthpiece. Like the mouthpiece side in the adaptor of  FIG. 1 , the mouthpiece side in the adaptor of  FIG. 2  is child-sized, i.e., having cross-sectional dimensional area from 1 mm 2  to 200 mm 2 . This design, like the round or cylindrical mouthpiece side, also has advantages. Because the shape of the mouthpiece side here is the shape of the inhaler mouthpiece, airflow is concentrated with minimum turbulence. 
         [0029]    A third embodiment of the instant invention is shown in  FIG. 3 . The third embodiment, like the first and second, includes a connecting side  2 , a transition section  4 , and a mouthpiece side  3 . Here, the connecting side  2  is fitted to the inhaler mouthpiece  10  using an attachment means that employs a rubber ring to create an airtight seal. The connecting side  2  is slightly larger than the inhaler mouthpiece  10 , and includes on the distal end a taut rubber ring  25  fitted over the connecting side  2 . The connecting side  2  is slid over the mouthpiece  10 , and the rubber ring is pushed from the top of adaptor connecting side  2  over the mouthpiece of the inhaler  10 . In addition, the interior of the attachment side, in which the attachment side of an interior cone  9  is located, and the inhaler mouthpiece, link end to end, forming a seal. Thus, there is no ridge on which particles can coalesce, formed between the adaptor and the inhaler mouthpiece  10 . 
         [0030]    Further, in  FIG. 3  a conical wall  8  is formed on the inside of the transition section  4 . The interior wall forms a smooth transition between the inhaler mouthpiece and the adaptor, thereby allowing the particles to move through the inhaler mouthpiece with minimum turbulence. As in the above embodiments, aerated particles only enter and pass through the adaptor when the inhaler is stimulated to pass medication. Thus, the adaptor does not act to hold-up flow of medication. 
         [0031]    The mouthpiece side in the adaptor of  FIG. 3  could be shaped, e.g., according to the first or second embodiment. 
         [0032]    A fourth embodiment of the instant invention is shown in  FIG. 6 . As in the other embodiments, the fourth embodiment consists of a connecting side  2 , a transition section  4 , and a mouthpiece side  3 . However, in the  FIG. 6  embodiment, the transition section  4  comprises an elongate, curved, generally tubular section of constantly narrowing cross-section. The cross-sectional shape of the transition section  4  preferably is of airfoil shape, so as to minimize turbulence whereby to keep the aerated particles from colliding and coagulating. Further, the extension should be long enough to allow a care-giver to administer medicine from the inhaler to a person lying in a prone or semi-prone position, i.e., without the patient having to sit up or hold the inhaler. Finally, as in the other embodiments, the connecting means facilitates the immediate passage or medication between the inhaler mouthpiece and the oral contact means of the adaptor, without acting as a holding chamber for the medication. 
         [0033]    In yet another embodiment of the present invention, illustrated in  FIGS. 7-9 , the mouthpiece adaptor or the MDI or DPI itself includes electronic means to teach the patient to retrieve a proper breathing pattern. Such electronic means includes a sensor  14 , an on/off switch  15 , a power source  16 , actuation controller  17 , noise or light generating means  18 , a light  12 , and optionally a speaker  13 . As shown in  FIG. 7 , the actuation controller  17  supplies power to the noise and light generating means  18  only when the sensor  14  detects a patient is inhaling and the power switch  15  is on. Upon receiving power, the noise or light generating means  18  determines the strength and frequency of the inhalations, and generates light and sound based upon these values. If the patient is not attaining the proper breathing pattern for a particular device, the noise and light generating means  18  causes a light  12  to turn red, which signals to the patient to change his or her breathing pattern to conform to the protocols of the device. Correlating sounds may also be produced by the light/sound generating means  18  and output to the speaker  13 . Once the proper breathing pattern is attained, the light  12  on the adaptor  1  changes from red to green, and/or the sound/light generating means  18  informs the patient that they have attained the proper breathing pattern. 
         [0034]    In yet another embodiment of the present invention the electronic means to teach the patient to inhale properly is integral to the inhaler. 
         [0035]    It will be appreciated that although the foregoing detailed description proceeded with reference being made to the preferred embodiments and methods of use, the present invention is not intended to be limited to these preferred embodiments and methods of use. Rather, the invention is of a broad scope and intended to be limited only as set forth in the accompanying claims.