Abstract:
A high-frequency circuit is described as having lines crossing each other on a printed circuit board for high-frequency signals, wherein the sections of the lines, lying on both sides of a crossing point as well as a coupler forming the crossing point are situated in a common plane on the printed circuit board and the sections of the lines are connected to four ports of the coupler situated in a quadrangle, which are connected to one another via a plurality of coupling paths in such a way that the components of a signal supplied at a port, which propagate on various coupling paths, interfere destructively at the adjacent ports and constructively at the diagonally opposite port.

Description:
Field of the Invention 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to a high-frequency circuit having lines, for high-frequency signals, which are situated crossing each other on a printed circuit board. 
       BACKGROUND INFORMATION 
       [0002]    Such high-frequency circuits are used, among others things, in radar technology, for instance in radar sensors, which are used in motor vehicles to measure distances and relative speeds of preceding vehicles, in order to make possible an automatic collision warning or a distance control. 
         [0003]    The high-frequency circuit then typically includes a number of feeder lines which connect a number of antenna patches, that are situated on the same printed circuit board, to associated oscillators and evaluation circuits. In the case of transmitting antennas, in order to achieve a certain angular distribution of the radiation transmitted, it is often desirable to feed a plurality of groups of antenna elements that are situated interspersed or interleaved with signals which differ in their phase, amplitude and/or frequency. If the antenna patches form only two groups, it is possible to link up the feeder lines from different sides to the series of antenna elements, so that crossings of the feeder lines are able to be avoided. Frequently, however, it is desirable or required, for reasons of space or based on other boundary conditions, that the antenna patches are fed starting from the same side. In antenna arrangements having three or more separately fed groups, crossings of the feeder lines are unavoidable. 
         [0004]    In principle, it is possible to implement a crossing position by guiding the feeder lines crossing one another in various planes in the printed circuit board. However, this requires a relatively costly high-frequency-suitable printed circuit board having a plurality of wiring planes. 
         [0005]    One possible alternative is to mount an additional element at the crossing position which forms a bridge for one of the lines. This design approach is, however, also relatively costly and requires additional installation space which, under certain installation conditions, will not be available. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0006]    It is an object of the present invention to create a cost-effective and compact high-frequency circuit having lines crossing one another. 
         [0007]    This object is attained in that sections of the line, lying on both sides of a crossing point, as well as a coupler forming the crossing point are situated in a common plane of the printed circuit board and the section of the lines are connected to four ports of the coupler situated in the quadrangle, which are connected to one another via a plurality of coupling paths in such a way that the components of a signal supplied at a port, which propagate on various coupling paths interfere destructively at the adjacent ports and constructively at the diagonally opposite port. 
         [0008]    The present invention permits implementing a crossing point having only one single wiring plane, without the signals on the lines, which cross, interfering with each other. 
         [0009]    The feature, that the ports are to be situated in the quadrangle, is not to be understood geometrically in this case but topologically, i.e. each port has only two direct neighbors, and the ports form two pairs of ports, opposite to each other, which are not adjacent. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0010]      FIG. 1  shows a partial view of a printed circuit board showing a simple example of a high-frequency circuit according to the present invention. 
           [0011]      FIGS. 2 &amp; 3  show a conductor pattern of high-frequency circuits according to additional exemplary embodiments of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0012]      FIG. 1  shows a subsection of a high-frequency-capable printed circuit board  10 , on which a conductor pattern is formed of microstrip lines which form a high-frequency circuit. In the example shown, printed circuit board  10  is a printed circuit board of a radar sensor, on which four antenna patches  12  are situated, which are used for sending radar signals. 
         [0013]    The high-frequency circuit is used for feeding two different high-frequency signals (radar signals) TA and TB into antenna patches  12 . In this context, antenna patches  12  form two interleaved groups A and B, which are respectively to send one of the two high-frequency signals TA and TB. Accordingly, the high-frequency circuit forms a first line  14 , which is used to supply high-frequency signal TA to the antenna patches of group A, and a second line  16 , which is used to supply high-frequency signal TB to the antenna patches of group B. Line  14  has a first branch  18 , which leads to the antenna element of group A at the left end, in  FIG. 1 , of the series of antenna patches, and a branch  20 , which leads to the other antenna patch of group A (the third patch from the left). Correspondingly, line  16  has a first branch  22 , which leads to the antenna patch of group B at the right end of the series, and a branch  24 , which leads to the other patch of group B (the second patch from the left). 
         [0014]    Since the feeding of antenna patches  12  situated in a row is to take place only from a single side of this series, branches  20  and  24  have to cross each other on one side. The crossing point is formed by a coupler  26 , and subdivides branch  20  into a first section  20 - 1  and a second section  20 - 2 , which leads from the crossing point to antenna patch  12 . In the same way, the coupler subdivides branch  24  into a first section  24 - 1  and a second section  24 - 2 , which leads from the crossing point to antenna patch. 
         [0015]    Coupler  26  has two parallel lines of which one connects sections  20 - 1  and  24 - 1  to each other, while the other connects sections  20 - 2  and  24 - 2 . These two parallel lines are connected to each by three parallel coupling paths  28 . Consequently, coupler  26  is configured as a quadripole and has four ports a, b, c, d each of which is connected to one of sections  20 - 1 ,  24 - 1 ,  20 - 2 ,  24 - 2 . Port a is adjacent to ports b and d and is diagonally opposite to port c. Correspondingly, port b is adjacent to ports a and c and is diagonally opposite to port d. 
         [0016]    High-frequency signals TA and TB are able to differ in their amplitude and/or their phase. 
         [0017]    They may also differ, however, in their frequency (slightly), which is symbolized in  FIG. 1  by two separate oscillators  30 ,  32  being provided to generate the high-frequency signals. The two oscillators are controlled by a common control circuit (not shown) and may be phase-locked with each other. Provided high-frequency signals TA and TB differ only in their phase, they may also be fed from a common oscillator, a phase shifter being provided for setting the phase shift. 
         [0018]    The frequencies of the two high-frequency signals may be different, to be sure, but they are of the same order of magnitude, for instance, of the order of magnitude of 76 to 77 GHz. In the following we shall therefore assume that the microwaves, which propagate on the microstrip lines of the high-frequency circuit, have a fixed and known wavelength k. The lengths of the parallel lines and of coupling paths  28  of coupler  26  are tuned to this wavelength λ in such a way that the signals at ports a-d of the coupler interfere either constructively or destructively. 
         [0019]    The high-frequency signal TA, which is initiated in the coupler via port a, is able to get to port d via each of the three coupling paths  28 . In this context, the run lengths are set so that destructive interference comes about at port d, with the result that signal TA does not reach branch  24 - 2  and thus does not excite the antenna patch of group B. In the propagation of the signal from port a to diagonally opposite port c, by contrast, the run length differences lead to constructive interference, so that signal TA is conducted on undiminished to branch  20 - 2  and to the connected patch of group A. At port b, which is opposite port d, destructive interference then comes about again. 
         [0020]    Correspondingly, for high-frequency signal TB, which is fed into port b, one will obtain constructive interference at opposite port d and destructive interference at both the adjoining ports a and c. All in all, it is achieved in this manner that signal TA gets exclusively to the antenna patches of group A, and signal TB exclusively to the patches of group B. In the final analysis, this is equivalent to an arrangement in which lines  14  and  16  (or more precisely, their branches  20  and  24 ) are run so as to cross each other and are galvanically insulated from each other. The advantage of the system according to the present invention is, however, that the microstrip lines of the entire high-frequency circuit are able to lie in a single plane on the printed circuit board. 
         [0021]    In a radar sensor having a monostatic antenna concept, antenna patches  12  are also used as receiving antennas at the same time, and the received signals have to be conducted on via the high-frequency circuit to evaluation circuits (not shown), which are connected via couplers (not shown) to the sections of lines  14 ,  16 , which lead to oscillators  30 ,  32 . Based on the symmetry of coupler  26 , it applies also in this case that the signals received by the patches of group A exclusively get into line  14 , while the signals received by the antenna patches of group B get exclusively into line  16 . 
         [0022]    In the exemplary embodiment shown, coupler  26  is combined with power splitters  34  which determine how the power of high-frequency signal TA is subdivided to branches  18  and  20 , and how the power of high-frequency signal TB is subdivided to branches  22  and  24 . Adapter and power splitter patterns may optionally also be integrated in couplers  26 . 
         [0023]    However, while in the example shown each coupler has three parallel coupling paths  28 , specific embodiments are also possible in which each coupler has a larger (preferably uneven) number of coupling paths. 
         [0024]    The principle illustrated in  FIG. 1  is able to be broadened to high-frequency circuits having more than only one crossing point. As an example,  FIG. 2  shows a feeder circuit for a series of eight antenna patches  12 , which alternately belong to group A and a group B. In this case, lines  14  and  16  have five crossing points, which are each formed by a coupler  26 . 
         [0025]    As a further example,  FIG. 3  shows an high-frequency circuit for six antenna patches  12 , which form three interleaved groups A, B and C. A third high-frequency signal TC is fed into the patches of group C. In addition to lines  14  and  16 , an additional branched line  36  is therefore provided. The crossings between the various branches of these three lines are again formed by couplers  26 .