Abstract:
Carbon nanotubes are aligned within a host phase of a material that has molecules that will align under a certain influence. When the host molecules become aligned, they cause the carbon nanotube fibers to also become aligned in the same direction. The film of aligned carbon nanotubes is then cured into a permanent phase, which can then be polished to produce a thin film of commonly aligned carbon nanotube fibers for use within a field emission device.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates in general to display systems, and in particular, to field emission displays. 
     BACKGROUND INFORMATION 
     Carbon nanotubes have been demonstrated to achieve good electron field emission. However, in the prior art, the carbon nanotubes are deposited on the cathode in disorganized positions. FIG. 1 illustrates such a cathode  100  with a substrate  101  and an electrode  102 . Illustrated are carbon nanotubes  103  deposited on electrode  102  in such disorganized positions. As a result of the random organization of the carbon nanotube fibers, the efficiency of the electron emission is impacted to be less than possible. 
     Therefore, there is a need in the art for a method of aligning such carbon nanotubes to improve the efficiency of the electron emission therefrom. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention addresses the foregoing need by providing a method for aligning carbon nanotubes within a host phase. Once the carbon nanotubes are aligned, the host phase is then subjected to a binding process to make the alignment of the carbon nanotubes permanent. Thereafter, the surfaces of the host phase can be polished resulting in substantially vertically aligned carbon nanotubes within a thin film, which can then be used within a cathode structure to produce a field emission device, including a display. 
     The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter which form the subject of the claims of the invention. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     For a more complete understanding of the present invention, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
     FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art cathode using unaligned carbon nanotubes; 
     FIG. 2 illustrates carbon nanotubes aligned within a host phase; 
     FIG. 3 illustrates binding of the host phase; 
     FIG. 4 illustrates a thin film including vertically aligned carbon nanotubes; 
     FIG. 5 illustrates a field emission device using the thin film of FIG. 4; 
     FIG. 6 illustrates a data processing system configured in accordance with the present invention; 
     FIG. 7 illustrates a flow diagram of a process for aligning carbon nanotubes in accordance with the present invention; 
     FIG. 8 illustrates an alternative embodiment for the present invention; 
     FIG. 9 illustrates an etching step within an alternative embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 10 illustrates another etching step within an alternative embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 11 illustrates application of a metal layer on the host phase; and 
     FIG. 12 illustrates an alternative embodiment of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth such as specific host phases or display structures, etc. to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without such specific details. In other instances, well-known circuits have been shown in block diagram form in order not to obscure the present invention in unnecessary detail. 
     Refer now to the drawings wherein depicted elements are not necessarily shown to scale and wherein like or similar elements are designated by the same reference numeral through the several views. 
     The present invention exploits the fact that carbon nanotubes are similar to elongated particles (molecules), which can be placed with a host phase of ordered elongated particles. Such ordered elongated particles could be liquid crystals, ordered metal fibers in a liquid under a magnetic or electric field, geometrically anizotropic particles, anizotropic crystals (elongated) possessing a strong dipole moment, etc. By selecting the size of the nanotubes with respect to the host phase, the present invention aligns the carbon nanotube fibers by aligning the particles of the host phase. 
     Referring to FIGS. 2-4 and  7 , as an example, the host phase  200  could be a liquid crystal having liquid crystal molecules  205 . The liquid crystal can also include an ultraviolet (UV) curable binder that hardens the liquid crystal when exposed to UV light, as is further discussed below. The host phase may alternatively be a solution of elongated crystals in an isotropic liquid medium (oil). Another alternative host phase would be a long chain of polymer molecules aligned with each other through a mechanical means, such as rubbing. Such “rubbing” is a commonly used process within the liquid crystal art. Such a rubbing process is further discussed below. The carbon nanotubes  204  are disposed within the host phase (step  701 ) and initially will likely be unaligned with each other (not shown) similar to as that shown in FIG.  1 . This is done within a container (not shown) between electrodes  202  and  203 . Electrode  203  is grounded while electrode  202  is coupled to a power source  201 . Assume for this example that the liquid crystal molecules are long and heavy (≧500 angstroms). If the nanotubes  204  are approximately 50 micrometers in length, a field of 50-60 volts will align the host molecules  205  and eventually the nanotubes  204  (step  702 ). 
     As an alternative, a substrate may be deposited at the bottom of the host phase  200  and above the electrode  203  so that the host phase with the nanotubes is already deposited on a substrate instead of performing the mounting step  705  described below. 
     Another means for aligning the host phase is to place the host phase in physical contact with an alignment layer, such as illustrated in FIG.  8 . On a substrate  801 , the alignment layer  802 , which can consist of long chain polymers in a semi-solid form are deposited, and then rubbed or combed in one direction to align the polymers in a specified direction. Physical contact of the host phase  803  with the alignment layer  802  aligns the molecules in the host phase in the specified direction, this direction being dependent on many parameters. Alignment of the host phase in the specified direction induces alignment of the nanotubes disposed within the host phase. 
     As noted previously, the host phase can contain an ultraviolet (UV) curable binder  302  (or other curable monomers, for example by heat, etc.). By shining an ultraviolet light, for example, on the organized aligned phase  301 , the process produces a solid film of aligned carbon nanotubes  204 . This process is referred to as binding the alignment (step  703 ). 
     Thereafter, the solid film can be sliced, for example along dashed lines A and B, and/or one or more of the surfaces polished (step  704 ) to obtain a thin film  400  of organized carbon nanotubes to be used as a cold electron source for field emission applications. Once an electric field is produced, the carbon nanotubes  204  will emit from their ends  401 . 
     Referring to FIG. 9, step  704  may also alternatively include an etching phase, whereby a portion of the host phase  901  is etched back without etching the nanotubes. This is possible since the nanotubes are made of a carbon or graphic material that is more resistant to etching. As a result, this process will expose portions of the nanotubes  902 . It should be noted that the etching step can be performed in combination with or alternatively to the polishing process. 
     An alternative etching process is illustrated in FIG. 10, whereby a more directional etching process is performed, usually through the use of a mask (not shown), to selectively etch wells  1003  within the host phase  1001  around selected carbon nanotubes  1002 . Again, the result is that portions of the nanotubes  1002  are exposed. 
     Another alternative embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 12 where the nanotubes  1202  are contacted by a conductive layer  1205  on the bottom side. A conductive layer  1204  is deposited on the top side. Wells  1203  are then etched down into the top side conductive layer  1204  and the host phase  1201  such that the top conductive layer  1204  is electrically isolated from the nanotubes  1202 . Thus, the top conducting layer  1204  can be used as a gate control. 
     The exposing of the carbon nanotubes above the host phase can result in a better emission of electrons from the carbon nanotubes. 
     As an alternative to providing a conductive layer on the bottom of the host phase, a conductive layer  1103  can be deposited on top of the host phase  1101  after an etching process to expose portions of the nanotubes  1102 . Naturally, the conductive layer is used to produce the electric field for emission of electrons from the carbon nanotubes  1102 . 
     Alternatively, the host phase in each of the above embodiments can be doped to make the host phase conducting or semiconducting, thus eliminating the need for a conductive layer. 
     This is further shown by the field emission device  500  is FIG.  5 . An anode  501  is made of a substrate  502 , an electrode  503  and a phosphor  504 . The cathode  505  includes a substrate  506 , an electrode  507  and the thin film  400  discussed above. Upon the application of electric field, the carbon nanotubes will emit electrons. Any number of gate electrodes or extraction grids  508 ,  509  may optionally be implemented. 
     Such a field emission device  500  can be used in many applications, such as to produce single cathode pixel elements, to produce large billboard-like displays, or even smaller displays such as for computers The cathodes may be aligned in strips to produce a matrix-addressable display. 
     FIG. 6 illustrates a data processing system  613  configured to use a display device made from the field emission devices described in FIG. 5, which illustrates a typical hardware configuration of workstation  613  in accordance with the subject invention having central processing unit (CPU)  610 , such as a conventional microprocessor, and a number of other units interconnected via system bus  612 . Workstation  613  includes random access memory (RAM)  614 , read only memory (ROM)  616 , and input/output (I/O) adapter  618  for connecting peripheral devices such as disk units  620  and tape drives  640  to bus  612 , user interface adapter  622  for connecting keyboard  624 , mouse  626 , and/or other user interface devices such as a touch screen device (not shown) to bus  612 , communication adapter  634  for connecting workstation  613  to a data processing network, and display adapter  636  for connecting bus  612  to display device  638 . CPU  610  may include other circuitry not shown herein, which will include circuitry commonly found within a microprocessor, e.g., execution unit, bus interface unit, arithmetic logic unit, etc. CPU  610  may also reside on a single integrated circuit. 
     Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.