Abstract:
A rotary electric starter machine including an electric motor, a housing surrounding the motor, and a pinion connected to the motor, at least one of the motor and the housing comprising a magnetically active portion of the machine, wherein the magnetically active motor portion is made of an enhanced performance steel material having a flux density at a given magnetizing force level that is at least about 20% less than the flux density at the given magnetic force level of a conventional low carbon steel material chosen from the group consisting of AISI 1008 and AISI 1010 steel.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) 
     This application claims the benefit under Title 35, U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/668,919 entitled STARTER MACHINE SYSTEM AND METHOD, filed on Jul. 6, 2012, the entire disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     The present disclosure relates to rotary electric machines such as vehicle engine starter machines including electric motors, and particularly starter machines used in change of mind start-stop applications. 
     Recent requests by vehicle manufacturers for start-stop engine starter systems are specifying a warm start requirement for high speed operation in addition to the traditional cold start requirements of high torque, lower speed operation of the starter machine. A typical cold start (Conventional Start) condition is identified in the graph of  FIG. 4  entitled “Start-Stop Starter Motor Enhancement.” Due to their occurrence at higher than usual cranking speeds, these warm start points, can be difficult to accommodate with traditional starter motor designs, which were intended to perform under cold start conditions. A typical warm start (Stop-Start) condition is identified in  FIG. 4 . Conventional and/or historical approaches to augment the output of the starter motor have included modifications providing flux weakening, winding pattern shifting, or even mechanical gear shifting, which add cost and/or complexity, and may compromise performance of the starter under cold start conditions. It is desirable to enhance performance of the starter motor in the starter machine&#39;s high speed region (or low torque region) in simpler, less costly ways. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present disclosure provides an approach to enhancing electric machine performance that is more subtle and less invasive to existing machine designs than prior approaches, and yields a significant shift in electric machine performance. The approach hereby disclosed notably provides a substantive performance improvement in the high speed region of a starter motor, herein employed as an example electric machine embodiment. 
     In accordance with the present disclosure, non-traditional or non-conventional steel is used in the magnetically active portions of the starter machine. At low starter motor speeds, such as typically encountered during cold start conditions, i.e., when an engine is cranked from a non-rotating or relatively low rotating speed, high torque is demanded of the starter. Therefore, in this low speed region it is desirable for the magnetically active steel to yield a high flux density, or B value, for a given magnetizing force level, or H value. Generally, low carbon steels traditionally or conventionally used in the active magnetic portions of starter motors (e.g., AISI 1008 and AISI 1010 steel) suitably accommodate the cranking needs under cold start conditions. 
     However, at high starter motor speeds, such as typically encountered during warm start conditions, i.e., when an engine is cranked from relatively higher rotating speeds, as during change of mind start-stop operation, relatively lower torque is required of the starter. In accordance with the present disclosure, the starter motor performance is boosted in this high speed region through the use of a steel material having a LOWER flux density (B value) at a given level of magnetizing force (H value), which lowers the back electromotive force (EMF) of the motor and results in higher motor operating speeds. This increase in motor speed consequently produces a higher performance curve in this warm starting or high speed region. 
     To demonstrate this concept, a starter motor has been modeled that uses a conventional low carbon (AISI 1008, AISI 1010) steel material, typically used in starter machines, in the magnetically circuit of the machine, as shown by the dash-dot line in the graph of  FIG. 5 , entitled “Impact of BH Curve on Motor Performance.” Next an enhanced performance steel material was modeled that is represented by the solid lines in the graphs of  FIGS. 4-6 . The modeled enhanced performance steel is based loosely on real world materials, and its consequent impact on performance relative to the conventional steel is apparent through comparison of their curves. In  FIGS. 4 and 5 , the regions of the graphs in which the respective curves for Original Performance or Conventional Steel, and for Enhanced Performance or Enhanced Performance Steel substantially coincide are herein referred to as the low speed region or the high torque region; and the regions of the graphs in which these curves are mutually divergent are herein referred to as the high speed region or the low torque region. As shown, these regions are adjacent along the range of motor operating speeds. Notably, although the scaling of  FIGS. 4 and 5  differ, their curves demonstrate consistency of the relationship between the modeled results. 
     As can be seen in  FIG. 5 , in the low torque, high speed region the performance of a motor using the modeled enhanced performance steel is significantly improved. Samples of conventional starter steel material and modeled enhanced performance steel material are represented by the graphed BH curves of  FIG. 6 . The typical or conventional starter steel represented in  FIG. 6  is hot rolled or cold rolled low carbon steel (e.g., AISI 1010 or AISI 1008 steel) commonly used across a wide variety of electrical machines. The enhanced performance steel material represented in  FIG. 6  is an example of a group of performance enhancing materials having a comparatively lower flux density at a given level of magnetizing force. Such materials exhibit the trait of producing a comparatively lower motor back EMF, which consequently results in higher motor operating speeds and higher motor performance in the warm starting region. Materials included in the performance enhancing material group are each characterized by the flux density (B) of the enhanced performance steel being at least 20% below the flux density (B) of a conventional low carbon steel typically used in such electric machines, both at a given magnetizing force level (H). As shown, the magnetizing force value may be less than approximately 100 ampere-turns/inch. 
     The present disclosure provides a method of improving the performance of a rotary electric machine, operable in a low speed region and in a comparatively higher-speed high speed region, for machine operation in the high speed region. The method includes, between a first steel material having a first flux density at a given magnetizing force level, and a second steel material having a second flux density at the given magnetizing force level that is at least about 20% less than the first flux density, selecting the second steel material for use as a magnetically active portion of the machine. Consequently, machine operation at a given speed in the low speed region causes the machine comprising the magnetically active portion using the second steel material to generate a back EMF that is substantially similar to the back EMF that would be generated by the machine were the first steel material used instead of the second steel material for the magnetically active machine portion, and machine operation at a given speed in the high speed region causes the machine comprising the magnetically active portion using the second steel material to generate a back EMF that is substantially less than the back EMF that would be generated by the machine were the first steel material used instead of the second steel material for the magnetically active machine portion. 
     A further aspect of the method is that the given magnetizing force level is less than approximately 100 ampere-turns/inch. 
     A further aspect of the method is that the low speed region and the high speed region are adjacent regions along a range of machine operational speeds. 
     A further aspect of the method is that the machine includes an electric motor and, at the given speed of machine operation in the high speed region, the comparatively lesser back EMF generated by the machine comprising the magnetically active portion using the selected second steel material, relative to the back EMF that would be generated by the machine were the first steel material used instead of the selected second steel material for the magnetically active machine portion, is manifested by a comparatively higher motor output torque level. 
     A further aspect of the method is that it is also a method of improving the performance of an electric machine, operable in a high torque region and in a comparatively lower-torque low torque region, for machine operation in the low torque region. Consequently, relative to machine operation at a given torque level in the high torque region, the back EMF generated by the machine comprising the magnetically active portion using the selected second steel material is substantially similar to the back EMF that would be generated by the machine were the first steel material used instead of the selected second steel material for the magnetically active machine portion, and, relative to machine operation at a given torque in the low torque region, the back EMF generated by the machine comprising the magnetically active portion using the selected second steel material is substantially less than the back EMF that would be generated by the machine were the first steel material used instead of the selected second steel material for the magnetically active machine portion. 
     A further aspect of the method is that the machine includes an electric motor and, at the given torque level in the low torque region, the comparatively lesser back EMF produced by the machine comprising the magnetically active portion using the selected second steel material, relative to the back EMF that would be generated by the machine were the first steel material used instead of the selected second steel material for the magnetically active machine portion, is manifested by a comparatively higher motor output speed. 
     Another aspect of the method is that the machine is a starter machine in which the motor is connected to a pinion that is engageable with an engine ring gear that is rotatable at varying speeds, and the engine is capable of being cranked by the starter machine under cold start conditions during machine operation in the low speed or high torque region, and under warm start conditions during machine operation in the high speed or low torque region. Consequently, the engine is capable of being cranked under warm start conditions at comparatively higher speed and/or higher torque by the starter machine including the magnetically active machine portion using the selected second steel material, relative to the speed and/or torque at which the engine would be cranked by the starter machine were the first steel material used instead of the selected second steel material for the magnetically active machine portion. 
     Another aspect of the method is that the motor comprises the magnetically active machine portion for which the selected second steel material is used. 
     A further aspect of the method is that the first steel material is a low carbon steel. 
     Another aspect of the method is that the first steel material is selected from the group consisting of AISI 1008 steel and AISI 1010 steel. 
     The present disclosure also provides, in combination with a rotary electric starter machine operable in a low speed region and a comparatively higher-speed high speed region for cranking an engine under cold start and warm start conditions, respectively, and which includes an electric motor, a housing surrounding the motor, and a pinion connected to the motor and engageable with an engine ring gear, wherein at least one of the motor and the housing includes a magnetically active portion of the machine, an improvement. The improvement includes using for the magnetically active machine portion an enhanced performance steel material having a flux density at a given magnetizing force level that is at least about 20% less than the flux density at the given magnetic force level of a conventional low carbon steel material chosen from the group consisting of AISI 1008 and AISI 1010 steel. Consequently, operation of the machine at a given speed in the low speed region causes the machine to generate a back EMF that is substantially similar to the back EMF that would be generated by the machine were the conventional low carbon steel material used instead of the enhanced performance steel material for the magnetically active machine portion, and whereby operation of the machine at a given speed in the high speed region causes the machine to generate a back EMF that is substantially less than the back EMF than would be generated by the machine were the conventional low carbon steel material used instead of the enhanced performance steel material for the magnetically active machine portion. 
     A further aspect of the combination is that the given magnetizing force level is less than approximately 100 ampere-turns/inch. 
     A further aspect of the combination is that the low speed region and the high speed region are adjacent regions along a range of machine operational speeds. 
     A further aspect of the combination is that at the given speed of machine operation in the high speed region, the comparatively lesser back EMF generated by the machine comprising the magnetically active portion using the enhanced performance steel material, relative to the back EMF that would be generated by the machine were the conventional low carbon steel material used instead of the enhanced performance steel material for the magnetically active machine portion, is manifested by a comparatively higher motor output torque level. 
     A further aspect of the combination is that the machine is operable in a high torque region and a comparatively lower-torque low torque region, which respectively correspond to the low speed and high speed regions. Consequently, relative to machine operation at a given torque level in the high torque region, the back EMF generated by the machine comprising the magnetically active portion using the enhanced performance steel material is substantially similar to the back EMF that would be generated by the machine were the conventional low carbon steel material used instead of the enhanced performance steel material for the magnetically active machine portion. Also consequently, relative to machine operation at a given torque in the low torque region, the back EMF generated by the machine comprising the magnetically active portion using the enhanced performance steel material is substantially less than the back EMF that would be generated by the machine were the conventional low carbon steel material used instead of the enhanced performance steel material for the magnetically active machine portion. 
     Another aspect of the combination is that the comparatively lesser back EMF produced by the machine comprising the magnetically active portion using the enhanced performance steel material at the given torque level in the low torque region, relative to the back EMF that would be generated by the machine were the conventional low carbon steel material used instead of the enhanced performance steel material for the magnetically active machine portion, is manifested by a comparatively higher motor output speed. 
     An additional aspect of the combination is that the engine is capable of being cranked under warm start conditions at comparatively higher speed and/or higher torque by the machine including the magnetically active machine portion using the enhanced performance steel material, relative to the speed and/or torque at which the engine would be cranked by the machine were the conventional low carbon steel material used instead of the enhanced performance steel material for the magnetically active machine portion. 
     An additional aspect of the combination is that the motor includes the magnetically active machine portion for which the enhanced performance steel material is used. 
     The present disclosure also provides a rotary electric starter machine including an electric motor, a housing surrounding the motor, and a pinion connected to the motor. At least one of the motor and the housing include a magnetically active portion of the machine. The magnetically active motor portion is made of an enhanced performance steel material having a flux density at a given magnetizing force level that is at least about 20% less than the flux density at the given magnetic force level of a conventional low carbon steel material chosen from the group consisting of AISI 1008 and AISI 1010 steel. 
     A further aspect of the machine is that the given magnetizing force level is less than approximately 100 ampere-turns/inch. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The above-mentioned aspects and other characteristics and advantages of an apparatus and/or method according to the present disclosure will become more apparent and will be better understood by reference to the following description of exemplary embodiments taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is a diagram of a machine control system according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS. 2A and 2B  are cross-sectional views of starter machines according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS. 3A and 3B  are cross-sectional views of solenoid assemblies according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 4  is a graph showing a starting episode requirements relative to starter machine pinion torque and speed according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 5  is a graph showing modeled torque and speed performance relative to the use of a conventional steel and non-conventional steel in a starter motor according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 6  is a graph showing modeled changes in flux density and magnetizing field according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views. Although the drawings represent embodiments of the disclosed apparatus and method, the drawings are not necessarily to scale or to the same scale and certain features may be exaggerated or omitted in order to better illustrate and explain the present disclosure. Moreover, in accompanying drawings that show sectional views, cross-hatching of various sectional elements may have been omitted for clarity. It is to be understood that this omission of cross-hatching is for the purpose of clarity in illustration only. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The embodiments described below are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the present disclosure to the precise forms or steps disclosed in the following detailed description. Rather, the embodiments are chosen and described so that others skilled in the art may appreciate and understand the principles and practices of the invention. 
     Before any embodiments of the invention are explained in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the following drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of “including,” “comprising,” or “having” and variations thereof herein is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items. Unless specified or limited otherwise, the terms “mounted,” “connected,” “supported,” and “coupled” and variations thereof are used broadly and encompass both direct and indirect mountings, connections, supports, and couplings. Further, “connected” and “coupled” are not restricted to physical or mechanical connections or couplings. 
     The following discussion is presented to enable a person skilled in the art to make and use embodiments of the invention. Various modifications to the illustrated embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles herein can be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from embodiments of the invention. Thus, embodiments of the invention are not intended to be limited to embodiments shown, but are to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein. The following detailed description is to be read with reference to the figures, in which like elements in different figures have like reference numerals. The figures, which are not necessarily to scale, depict selected embodiments and are not intended to limit the scope of embodiments of the invention. Skilled artisans will recognize that the examples provided herein have many useful alternatives which fall within the scope of embodiments of the invention. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a starter machine control system  10  according to one embodiment of the invention. The system  10  can include an electric machine  12 , a power source  14 , such as a battery, an electronic control unit  16 , one or more sensors  18 , and an engine  20 , such as an internal combustion engine. In some embodiments, a vehicle, such as an automobile, can comprise the system  10 , although other vehicles can include the system  10 . In some embodiments, non-mobile apparatuses, such as stationary engines, can comprise the system  10 . 
     The electric machine  12  can be, without limitation, an electric motor, such as a hybrid electric motor, an electric generator, a starter machine, or a vehicle alternator. In one embodiment, the electric machine can be a High Voltage Hairpin (HVH) electric motor or an interior permanent magnet electric motor for hybrid vehicle applications. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 2A and 2B , in some embodiments, the electric machine  12  can comprise a starter machine  12 . In some embodiments, the starter machine  12  can comprise a housing  22 , a gear train  24 , a brushed or brushless motor  26 , a solenoid assembly  28 , a clutch  30  (e.g., an overrunning clutch), and a pinion  32 . In some embodiments, the starter machine  12  can operate in a generally conventional manner. For example, in response to a signal (e.g., a user closing a switch, such as an ignition switch), the solenoid assembly  28  can cause a plunger  34  to move the pinion  32  into an engagement position with a ring gear  36  of a crankshaft of the engine  20 . Further, the signal can lead to the motor  26  generating an EMF, which can be translated through the gear train  24  to the pinion  32  engaged with the ring gear  36 . As a result, in some embodiments, the pinion  32  can move the ring gear  36 , which can crank the engine  20 , leading to engine  20  ignition. Further, in some embodiments, the clutch  30  can aid in reducing a risk of damage to the starter machine  12  and the motor  26  by disengaging the pinion  32  from a shaft  38  connecting the pinion  32  and the motor  26  (e.g., allowing the pinion  32  to free spin if it is still engaged with the ring gear  36 ). 
     In some embodiments, the starter machine  12  can comprise multiple configurations. For example, in some embodiments, the solenoid assembly  28  can comprise one or more configurations. In some embodiments, the solenoid assembly  28  can comprise the plunger  34 , a coil winding  40 , and a plurality of biasing members  42  (e.g., springs or other structures capable of biasing portions of the solenoid assembly  28 ). In some embodiments, a first end  44   a  of a shift lever  44  can be coupled to the plunger  34  and a second end  44   b  of the shift lever  44  can be coupled to the pinion  32  and/or a shaft  38  that can operatively couple together the motor  26  and the pinion  32 . As a result, in some embodiments, at least a portion of the movement created by the solenoid assembly  28  can be transferred to the pinion  32  via the shift lever  44  to engage the pinion  32  with the ring gear  36 , as previously mentioned. 
     Moreover, as shown in  FIGS. 3A and 3B , the solenoid assembly  28  can comprise at least a plunger-return biasing member  42   a  and a contact over-travel biasing member  42   b . When the starter machine  12  is activated (e.g., by the user closing the ignition switch), the system  10  can energize the coil winding  40 , which can cause movement of the plunger  34  (e.g., in a generally axial direction). For example, current flowing through the coil winding  40  can draw-in or otherwise move the plunger  34 , and this movement can be translated to engagement of the pinion  32 , via the shift lever  44  (i.e., the magnetic field created by current flowing through coil winding  40  can cause the plunger  34  to move). Moreover, the plunger  34  moving inward as a result of the energized coil winding  40  can at least partially compress the plunger-return biasing member  42   a.    
     Additionally, in some embodiments, the plunger  34  can be drawn-in or otherwise moved to a position (e.g., an axially inward position) so that at least a portion of the plunger  34  (e.g., a lateral end of the plunger  34 ) can at least partially engage or otherwise contact one or more contacts  46  to close a circuit that provides current to the motor  26  from the power source  14 . As a result, the motor  26  can be activated by the current flowing through the circuit closed by the plunger  34 . For example, in some embodiments, the plunger  34  can comprise a plunger contact  48  that can engage the contacts  46  to close the circuit to enable current to flow to the motor  26 . In some embodiments, the contact over-travel biasing member  42   b  can be coupled to and/or disposed over at least a portion of the plunger  34  at a position substantially adjacent to the plunger contact  48 , as shown in  FIG. 3 . In some embodiments, the contact over-travel biasing member  42   b  can function to assist the plunger-return biasing member  42   a  in returning the plunger  34  to the home position. Additionally, in some embodiments, the contact over-travel biasing member  42   b  can also function to assist in separating the plunger contact  48  and the contacts  46  (e.g., the biasing force of the compressed contact over-travel biasing member  42   b  can aid in moving the plunger contact  48  away from the contacts  46 ). 
     In some embodiments, after partial or total completion of the starting event (e.g., the engine has at least partially turned over and combustion has begun), the coil winding  40  can be at least partially de-energized. In some embodiments, the reduction or removal of force retaining the plunger  34  in place (e.g., the magnetic field created by current flowing through the coil winding  40 ) can enable the compressed plunger-return biasing member  42   a  to expand. As a result, the plunger-return biasing member  42   a  can expand and return the plunger  34  to its original position before the initial energization of the coil winding  40  (i.e., a “home” position). Accordingly, the pinion  32  can be withdrawn from the ring gear  36  and return to its original position within the housing  22 . Additionally, as shown in  FIG. 3B , in some embodiments, the solenoid assembly  28  can also comprise a drive-return biasing member  42   c  that can be configured and arranged to further aid in returning the plunger  34  to the home position. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 2B ,  3 B, and  4 , in some embodiments, the solenoid assembly  28  can comprise more than one coil winding  40 . For example, as shown in  FIGS. 2B ,  3 B, and  4 , the solenoid assembly  28  can comprise two coil windings  40 . In other embodiments, the solenoid assembly  28  can comprise more than two coil windings  40  (not shown). In some embodiments, a first coil winding  40   a  can be configured and arranged to move the plunger  34  from the home position (i.e., a position occupied by the plunger  34  when little to no current flows through any of the coil windings  40 ) to the artificial stopping point. For example, current flowing through the first coil winding  40   a  can create a magnetic field sufficient to move the plunger  34  from the home position to the artificial stop, but the magnetic field can be of a magnitude that is insufficient to overcome the resistive force of the auxiliary biasing member  42   d . As a result, activation of the first coil winding  40   a  can move the plunger  34  to the artificial stop, but in some embodiments, the plunger contact  48  will not engage the contacts  46  to close the circuit. 
     In some embodiments, the coil winding  40  can comprise a second coil winding  40   b . The second coil winding  40   b  can be configured and arranged to move the plunger  34  from the artificial stop to a position where the plunger contacts  48  can engage the contacts  46  to close the circuit and provide current from the power source  14  to the motor  26 . For example, current flowing through the second coil winding  40   b  can create a magnetic field sufficient to move the plunger  34  from the artificial stop to a position where the plunger contact  48  can engage the contacts  46 . In some embodiments, the first coil winding  40   a  can be deactivated before and/or after activation of the second coil winding  40   b . Additionally, in some embodiments, the second or the first coil winding  40   a ,  40   b  can comprise a magnetic field of sufficient magnitude to overcome the resistive force of the auxiliary biasing member  42   d  so that only one coil winding  40  needs to be used. Moreover, in some embodiments, the solenoid assembly  28  can function without the auxiliary biasing member  42   d  so that either the first coil winding  40   a  or the second coil winding  40   b  would be needed to engage the plunger contact  48  and the contacts  46  to close the circuit. As shown in  FIGS. 2B and 3B , in some embodiments, the coil windings  40   a ,  40   b  can be at least partially co-radially arranged so that one of the coil windings  40  (e.g. the first coil winding  40   a ) can at least partially circumscribe the other coil winding  40  (e.g., the second coil winding  40   b ). 
     In some embodiments, the coil windings  40   a ,  40   b  can comprise other configurations. In some embodiments, the coil windings  40   a ,  40   b  can function as conventional coil windings  40   a ,  40   b . Regardless of the number and/or configuration of biasing members  42 , the first coil winding  40   a  can be configured and arranged to function as a “pull-in” coil winding  42  and the second coil winding  40   b  can be configured and arranged to function as a “hold-in” coil winding  42 , or vice versa. For example, the first coil winding  40   a  can be initially activated by the electronic control unit  16  to initially move the plunger  34  from the home position. In some embodiments, the solenoid assembly  28  can operate without the auxiliary biasing member  42   d , and as a result, the first coil winding  40   a  can move the plunger  36  until the contacts  46 ,  48  engage to close the circuit (i.e., the first coil winding  40   a  can function to initially “pull-in” the plunger  34 ) and to move the pinion  32  into engagement with the ring gear  36 . In some embodiments, the second coil winding  40   b  can be activated upon the contacts  46 ,  48  engaging or another signal resulting from the plunger  34  moving. Upon activation, the second coil winding  40   b  can function to retain or “hold-in” the plunger  36  during a starting episode. Moreover, during activation of the second coil winding  40   b , the solenoid assembly  28  can be configured and arranged so that the first coil winding  40   a  is substantially or completely deactivated by the activation of the second coil winding  40   b . For example, the second coil winding  40   b  can comprise a greater resistance and, as a result, a lesser current relative to the first coil winding  40   a . Accordingly, the second coil winding  40   b  can operate at a lower temperature relative to the first coil windings  40   a , and, as a result, can operate for longer periods of time because of the lesser thermal output by the winding  40   b . In some embodiments, after the engine  20  has been started, the second coil winding  40   b  can be substantially or completely deactivated and the plunger-return biasing member  42   a  can move the plunger  34  back to the home position. 
     In some embodiments, the coil windings  40   a ,  40   b  can be coupled to and/or in communication with the electronic control unit  16  and the power source  14 . For example, as previously mentioned, current can circulate through the coil windings  40   a ,  40   b  to move the plunger  34 , and, as a result, move the pinion  32  toward the ring gear  36 . In some embodiments, the current circulating through the coil windings  40   a ,  40   b  can originate from the power source  14  (e.g., the battery). Moreover, in some embodiments, the electronic control unit  16  can control the current flow to one, some, or all of the coil windings  40   a ,  40   b  from the power source  14  so that the plunger  34  moves upon the electronic control unit  16  transmitting the necessary signals for current to flow to the coil windings  40   a ,  40   b.    
     In some embodiments, one or more of the sensors  18  can comprise an engine speed sensor  18 . For example, the engine speed sensor  18  can detect and transmit data to the electronic control unit  16  that correlates to the speed of the engine  20 , the crankshaft, and/or the ring gear  36 . In some embodiments, the engine speed sensor  18  can communicate with the electronic control unit  16  via wired and/or wireless communication protocols. 
     In addition to the conventional engine  20  starting episode (i.e., a “cold start” starting episode) previously mentioned, the starter machine control system  10  can be used in other starting episodes. In some embodiments, the control system  10  can be configured and arranged to enable a “stop-start” starting episode. For example, the control system  10  can start an engine  20  when the engine  20  has already been started (e.g., during a “cold start” starting episode) and the vehicle continues to be in an active state (e.g., operational), but the engine  20  is temporarily inactivated (e.g., the engine  20  has substantially or completely ceased moving). 
     Moreover, in some embodiments, in addition to, or in lieu of being configured and arranged to enable a stop-start starting episode, the control system  10  can be configured and arranged to enable a “change of mind stop-start” starting episode. The control system  10  can start an engine  20  when the engine  20  has already been started by a cold start starting episode and the vehicle continues to be in an active state and the engine  20  has been deactivated, but continues to move (i.e., the engine  20  is decelerating). For example, after the engine receives a deactivation signal, but before the engine  20  substantially or completely ceases moving, the user can decide to reactivate the engine  20  so that the pinion  32  engages the ring gear  36  as the ring gear  36  is decelerating, but continues to move (e.g., rotate). After engaging the ring gear  36 , the motor  26  can restart the engine  20  via the pinion  32  engaged with the ring gear  36 . In some embodiments, the control system  10  can be configured for other starting episodes, such as a conventional “soft start” starting episodes (e.g., the motor  26  is at least partially activated during engagement of the pinion  32  and the ring gear  36 ). 
     The following discussion is intended as an illustrative example of some of the previously mentioned embodiments employed in a vehicle, such as an automobile, during a starting episode. However, as previously mentioned, the control system  10  can be employed in other structures for engine  20  starting. 
     As previously mentioned, in some embodiments, the control system  10  can be configured and arranged to start the engine  20  during a change of mind stop-start starting episode. For example, after a user cold starts the engine  20 , the engine  20  can be deactivated upon receipt of a signal from the electronic control unit  16  (e.g., the vehicle is not moving and the engine  20  speed is at or below idle speed, the vehicle user instructs the engine  20  to inactivate by depressing a brake pedal for a certain duration, etc.), the engine  20  can be deactivated, but the vehicle can remain active (e.g., at least a portion of the vehicle systems can be operated by the power source  14  or in other manners). At some point after the engine  20  is deactivated, but before the engine  20  ceases moving, the vehicle user can choose to restart the engine  20  by signaling the electronic control unit  16  (e.g., via releasing the brake pedal, depressing the acceleration pedal, etc.). After receiving the signal, the electronic control unit  16  can use at least some portions of the starter machine control system  10  to restart the engine  20 . For example, in order to reduce the potential risk of damage to the pinion  32  and/or the ring gear  36 , a speed of the pinion  32  can be substantially synchronized with a speed of the ring gear  36  (i.e., a speed of the engine  20 ) when the starter machine  12  attempts to restart the engine  20 . 
     During a conventional starting episode or event, the pinion  32  can operate at a relatively low rotational speed and at a higher torque (e.g., relative to a change of mind stop-start starting episode) because the pinion  32  must move a stationary ring gear  36 , which can require a significant amount of torque. However, during a change of mind stop-start starting episode, the pinion  32  can start the engine  20  with lesser torque (e.g., relative to a conventional starting episode) and at greater pinion  32  rotational speed because the ring gear  36  can already be moving. Some conventional attempts to augment the output of the starter machine  12  to better accommodate change of mind start-stop operation include flux weakening, winding pattern shifting, and/or the inclusion of a transmission within the starter machine  12 . For example, as shown in the graph of  FIG. 4 , a curve of a torque to speed ratio illustrates the differences in requirements for a conventional starting episode and a change of mind stop-start starting episode. As shown in  FIG. 4 , the torque to speed ratio is greater for conventional starting episodes than for change of mind stop-start starting episodes which occur at relatively higher starter motor and pinion, and engine ring gear speeds. 
     In some embodiments, one or more properties of components of at least a portion of the starter machine  12  components can impact operations of the system  10 . For example, in some embodiments, materials selected for use in formation, assembly, and/or construction of the housing  22  (i.e., the frame), the motor  26  (e.g., including conventional portions of the motor  26 , such as laminations), or any other portion of the machine  12  can at least partially impact operations of the system  10 . Constituents of active magnetic circuit portions (e.g., some or all of the housing  12  and/or the motor  26 ) of the electric machine  12  can impact electric machine  12  operations. For example, some electric machines  12  can comprise conventional metals (e.g., AISI 1008 and/or AISI 1010 steel) that can be purchased and incorporated at less expense to the manufacturer and/or end user. In some embodiments, altering the composition of some portions of the electric machine  12  can alter performance of the starter machine system  10  enable improved conventional and/or change of mind stop-start starting events (e.g., reach different torque to speed ratios). 
     In some embodiments, at least some portions of the electric machine  12  can comprise non-conventional constituents that can augment and/or improve electric machine  12  performance. For example, the housing  12  and/or the motor  26  can comprise non-conventional steel elements that can improve performance curves (hereinafter “enhanced performance”) relative to conventional steel elements (hereinafter “original performance”). In some embodiments, by altering the active magnetic circuit path adjacent to and including the motor  26 , the enhanced performance starter machine  12  can produce outputs that are able to function to start the engine  20  under both conventional and change of mind stop-start starting episodes. As shown in  FIG. 4 , modeling starter machines  12  (e.g., modeled on real-world materials and their related properties) comprising conventional and non-conventional steel components reveals that the enhanced performance machines  12  can output the necessary ratios of torque to speed to start engines  20  during both conventional (for example, cold-start) and change of mind stop-start starting episodes, while the conventional, original performance machines  12  do not perform as well in the change of mind stop-start starting episodes, which are typically warm-start episodes. 
     Similarly, as shown in  FIG. 5 , modeling reveals that starter machines  12  comprising non-conventional steel elements yield greater amounts of torque at higher speeds (for example, during warm-start conditions) than can starter machines  12  comprising only conventional steel. For example, performance lines of the two steels remain on virtually the same BH (Flux Density and Magnetic Field Strength) curve until the pinion  32  torque output is at approximately 50 Newton-meters (N-m) and the pinion  32  rotational speed is at approximately 1400 Revolutions per Minute (RPM). At this point, the differences between the conventional and nonconventional steel begin to appear and become progressively more pronounced. The conventional steel can comprise hot-rolled and cold-rolled, low carbon metals that are commonly used across a wide variety of electrical machines (e.g., AISI 1008 and AISI 1010 steels). For the unique properties of the non-conventional steel to be effective, it was discovered that the resulting flux density of the non-conventional steel below a magnetic field strength or density of approximately 100 ampere-turns/inch should be at least 20% less than a conventional low carbon steel. 
     As shown in  FIG. 6 , the enhanced performance steel can comprise different properties relative to the original performance steel. For example, during a conventional starting episode (i.e., high torque, low rotational speed), the amount of flux density (B) should be higher for a given magnetic field strength (H). Furthermore, during starting episodes similar to a change of mind stop-start starting episode (i.e., less torque is required, but the pinion  32  moves at higher rotational speeds), performance can be enhanced by using materials comprising a lesser flux density (B) at a given magnetizing force level (H). As a result of inclusion of the enhanced performance steel, the back EMF generated in a motor according to the present disclosure can be reduced relative to that generated in a similar motor including only conventional steel, which can result in greater operating rotational speeds. This can result in the production of greater performance and outputting the ratio of torque to speed necessary to achieve a successful change of mind stop-start starting episode. 
     While exemplary embodiments have been disclosed hereinabove, the present disclosure is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. Instead, this application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the present disclosure using its general principles. Further, this application is intended to cover such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice in the art to which this present disclosure pertains and which fall within the limits of the appended claims.