Abstract:
This invention relates to a method and apparatus for controlling the composition of a weld. More particularly it relates to welding using an electric circuit, thereby creating a weld puddle, and adding at least one filler that is electrically independent from the electric circuit to the weld puddle at a controllable rate to obtain a target weld composition. The filler can be added to the extent limited by practical weld puddle geometry and, thus, the method and apparatus also facilitate increased weld deposition rates.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The invention relates to a method for welding. More specifically, the invention is concerned with a method for welding that provides for increased control of the weld composition and an increased weld deposition rate. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Welding is often not an ideal method of manufacture or repair. Achieving weld metal deposits to satisfy composition, material properties and production requirements cannot always be accomplished with readily available or off-the-shelf welding consumables. Special melts or lots of bare wire, rod, or fluxes can be obtained, but not without any combination of impediments, such as observing minimum quantities, extended lead times, and premium prices. Due to manufacturing restrictions certain chemical composition or mechanical requirements cannot even be achieved with special consumables. Desires to increase production deposition rates are commonly thwarted by complex component geometry and the limitations of the available shop equipment and power, including the chosen welding process. 
     Two particular welding methods show opportunity for improvement. The submerged arc (SAW) and electroslag (ESW) welding processes have been used for several decades to deposit high quality corrosion resistant or hardfacing deposits using the strip clad technique in a variety of industries. In the power industry, SAW and ESW have seen extensive use in the cladding of reactor pressure vessels, piping, and large bowl, or coal mill rolls where corrosion or wear present problems. ESW and SAW are also used in surfacing techniques where the objective is to deposit additional material to counteract or anticipate the effects of erosion or abrasion. The difference between surfacing and cladding techniques resides more in the desired material composition and function than the method used to apply the material. 
     These processes and other traditional arc-welding processes suffer from limitations associated with the ability to control (or vary) deposit composition. Thus, the composition of the weld is approximately constant over the surface of the product, even though different surface material properties and, therefore, a different weld deposit composition are desired. Composition has also traditionally been restricted to commercially available wrought wire and strip alloys, and production fluxes. The manufacture of tailored consumable compositions is often expensive since the manufacturer must melt an entire heat (or load) of material to use the processing equipment efficiently. Such heats can range in size from 2000-20,000 lbs. Since a typical consumable costs approximately $8.00 per pound one can easily see that it becomes tremendously expensive to develop “tailored compositions.” 
     SAW, ESW, and traditional arc-welding methods are also limited in their abilities to vary the quantity of the weld deposited. Arbitrary variation in the weld deposit is difficult because typical consumable electrodes present arc maintenance problems (or the ESW equivalent) related to the power supplied, feed rate, feed angles, electrode extension, and arc length. The feed angle is that angle between the consumable electrode and the welded piece. The arc length is the distance between the two. These issues combine to make variation in the feed rate a non-trivial change in the welding process. 
     Should two such electrodes be used to make one deposit, the arcs of such electrodes also become unstable if fed at different rates. The additional angles and gaps between the second consumable electrode and both the first consumable electrode and the welded piece must be controlled. This further limits the potential weld composition variation and makes any variation at all more difficult. The electrode material is finally limited to materials that conduct electricity in the manner necessary to establish an arc and melt at a desired rate. 
     The combination of two consumable electrodes also presents the further problem of “arc blow.” Arc blow is an undesired phenomena in which a weld deposit splatters instead of flowing to the intended location. Arc blow can occur because flowing current creates a magnetic field. With two electrodes the magnetic field from one can repulse the other resulting in force on the flowing melted weld metal to the point it splatters and potentially extinguishes the arc. 
     In general, where weld deposit consumables are current carrying electrodes, any variation in the feed rate of a single electrode affects the power to the weld puddle and, thus, the overall weld process including heat input, weld puddle geometry, weld composition, and deposition rate. There is, therefore, a need in the industry for a better welding method to easily and economically vary composition, improve weld deposition rates, provide better control of heat input, and weld puddle geometry. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention provides a method for welding. A first embodiment of the method comprises welding a workpiece using an electric circuit, thereby creating a weld puddle, and adding at least one filler that is electrically independent from the electric circuit to the weld puddle at a controllable rate to obtain a target weld composition. A second embodiment comprises causing electric current to flow among a primary electrode, a flux, and a workpiece to be welded, thereby creating a weld puddle, passing the electric current through the weld puddle to create resistance heating; and adding at least one filler that is electrically independent from the electric circuit to the weld puddle at a controllable rate to obtain a target weld composition. A third embodiment comprises causing an arc between a primary electrode and a workpiece to be welded, thereby creating a weld puddle, maintaining the puddle with heat created by the arc, the arc being located within the weld puddle, and adding at least one filler that is electrically independent from the electric circuit to the weld puddle at a controllable rate to obtain a target weld composition. In addition these three methods can be used to obtain an increased weld deposition rate. 
     The invention also provides an apparatus for controlling the composition of a weld. A first embodiment comprises means for creating a weld puddle on a workpiece, and means for introducing at least one additional filler, that is independent from the means for creating the weld puddle, into the weld puddle at a controllable rate. A second such embodiment comprises a first consumable electrode, a second electrode, a power supply; an electric circuit established by connecting the second electrode to the power supply and the workpiece, by connecting the first electrode to the power supply, and by establishing current flow between the first electrode and the workpiece, and at least one filler controller that is independent from the electric circuit and wherein the filler controller controls the rate at which at least one filler material is added. 
     The ability to tailor the composition of a weld provides benefits in the application of consumable alloys which are inherently difficult to fabricate. Solid welding consumables (wire or strip) are difficult to manufacture or fabricate in certain applications due to expense or technological limitations of drawing the consumable to a small diameter. The use of tailored compositions will help overcome this obstacle. Essentially, the present invention provides the ability to cast a desired consumable composition “in place.” Such an ability allows a weld composition to be tailored so that the material properties, such as corrosion resistance, hardness, or strength, of the weld are more suited for the designed function of a particular location on the workpiece. Adding filler directly to the weld puddle also increases the deposition rate of the weld process without complicating the maintenance of the arc or other weld puddle-forming procedures. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a preferred embodiment of the invention-using a submerged arc welder; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a further preferred embodiment of the invention using an electroslag welder; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an additional preferred embodiment of the invention using an arc welder; 
         FIG. 4   a  contains a flowchart of a preferred embodiment of the method of the invention; and 
         FIG. 4   b  contains the continuation of the flowchart of  FIG. 4   a.   
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The foregoing and other aspects and advantages will be better understood from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention with reference to the drawings. Like reference numerals refer to corresponding parts throughout the drawings. 
     The present invention provides an improved method of welding whereby the composition of a weld, and thus the component or workpiece, can be tailored during welding to meet specific material requirements of the component at specific locations on the component. Among these requirements are the mechanical properties, such as strength and toughness, and corrosion resistance. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 1 , which illustrates a preferred embodiment of the invention using a submerged arc welder (SAW), SAW  10  is generally composed of power source  12 , control panel  14 , electrode lead  16 , work lead  18 , consumable electrode  20 , machine consumable electrode feeder  22 , and flux feeder  24 . SAW  10  operates on workpieces  25 ,  26  to form weld  28  underneath solid slag  30 . SAW  10  is shown joining workpieces  25 ,  26 , but one of skill in the art will recognize that the invention, described with respect to the joining operation, could also be implemented using SAW  10  to clad or surface a workpiece, or build up a weld, such as weld  28 . SAW  10  begins operation at tab  32  with the initiation of an arc (not shown) between consumable electrode  20  and workpieces  25 ,  26  in welding vee  38 , although tab  32  is not always present, particularly on circumferential weldments. Flux  34  is then added via flux feeder  24  to the surface of workpieces  25 ,  26  thereby covering the arc, although, for purposes of illustration,  FIG. 1  does not show flux  34  covering weld puddle  36 . Welding vee  38  is formed by beveling the edges of workpieces  25 ,  26 . Weld puddle  36  is formed in welding vee  38  by melting consumable electrode  20 , flux  341 , and workpieces  25 ,  26 . After weld puddle  36  forms, filler  40  is added to weld puddle  36  with the rate of filler feeder  42  determined to give weld  38  a desired composition. 
     The composition of filler  40  is chosen depending primarily upon the desired final composition of weld  28 . Other factors that are balanced in making the choice include: the compositions of flux  34 , workpieces  25 ,  26 , consumable electrode  20 , and the rate of travel of consumable electrode  20  along welding vee  38  in direction  44 . Filler  40  is added directly to weld puddle  36 . Filler  40  may be added at a constant rate for the length of weld  28 . Filler feeder  42  may also be controlled to vary the rate at which filler  40  is added to vary the composition of weld  28 . Since filler  40  is not an electrode and is added directly to weld puddle  36 , the rate it is added may vary over a wide range. This range is bounded on the low side by zero filler and on the high side by the practical shape of the weld puddle. Excessive filler could cause the weld puddle to run, or solidify too quickly due to heat transfer to filler material, among other effects known to one of skill in the art. But one desirable effect of using extra filler to cool weld puddle  36  is that the cooled weld puddle has increased surface tension and, thus, weld puddle  36  can be larger due to the extra surface tension of holding cooled weld puddle  36  together. This is particularly useful on a rounded surface, which increases the forces tending to disperse weld puddle  36 . The larger weld puddle results in an increased deposition rate. 
     Filler  40  also need not be the only additional filler added to weld puddle  36 . A second additional filler (see  FIG. 3 , element  43 ) could be added to weld puddle  36  simultaneously with filler  40 , or instead of filler  40 , depending upon the desired composition of weld  28 . In fact, any number of additional fillers could be added to weld puddle  36  so long as the total additional filler added does not exceed the limit set by the practical weld puddle shape or thermodynamic considerations known to one of skill in the art. Similarly, the rate at which consumable electrode  20  is added may also be varied providing that weld puddle  36  retains the properties necessary to create the desired weld  28 . 
     In general, effective energy input to workpieces  25 ,  26  and weld puddle  36  is a function of the consumable electrode parameters, all filler parameters, and the speed at which the weld apparatus travels over the workpiece surface. In particular, with respect to  FIG. 1 , as well as  FIGS. 2 and 3 , consumable electrode  20  is preferably introduced perpendicularly to workpieces  25 ,  26 , or within ten degrees of perpendicular. Lesser angles of introduction increase the risk that consumable electrode  20  will lose contact with weld puddle  36 , causing weld penetration to suffer. Correspondingly, filler  40  and filler  43  ( FIG. 3 ) are preferably introduced into weld puddle  36  at angles less than 60 degrees from workpieces  25 ,  26 . Here, greater angles increase the risk that fillers  40 ,  43  will stub out prior to melting. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 2 , we see a further preferred embodiment of the invention using an electroslag welder (ESW). ESW  11  works to form weld  28  under molten slag bath  35  to join vertical workpieces  25 ,  26 . ESW  11  is shown joining workpieces  25 ,  26 , but one of skill in the art will recognize that the invention, described with respect to the joining operation, could also be implemented using ESW  11  to clad or surface workpiece  26 , or build up a weld, such as weld  28 , if the workpiece and necessary apparatus, such as retaining shoes  48  were properly oriented. ESW  11  initiates the joining of workpieces  25 ,  26  by initiating an arc (not shown) between consumable electrode  20  and workpieces  25 ,  26  at an initial location. This arc creates heat that melts consumable electrode  20  in addition to portions of workpieces  25 ,  26  and forms weld puddle  36 . If consumable electrode  20  is flux-coed its melting provides flux to form molten slag bath  35 , otherwise flux must be added to the process. With the formation of weld puddle  36  and molten slag bath  35  the arc is extinguished, and the passage of electrical current from consumable electrode  20  through the resistance of molten slag bath  35  and weld puddle  36  provides the resistance heating necessary to sustain weld puddle  36 . At this point filler  40  can be added through molten slag bath  35  into weld puddle  36 . As with SAW  10  of  FIG. 1 , filler  40  is chosen depending upon the desired composition of weld  28 . As weld  28  progresses up workpieces  25 ,  26  retaining shoes  48 , which are water cooled, are repositioned to retain molten slag bath  35  and weld puddle  36  between workpieces  25 ,  26 , although retaining shoes  48  are not shown in total in  FIG. 2  for illustrative purposes. Should it be necessary because of the thickness of workpieces  25 ,  26 , both consumable electrode  20  and filler  40  could be horizontally oscillated by consumable electrode feeder  22  and filler feeder  42  in direction  45 . Also as with SAW  10  of  FIG. 1 , and as illustrated in  FIG. 3 , additional fillers could be added to weld puddle  36  in addition to filler  40  for the purpose of varying the composition of weld  28 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 3 , we see illustrated an additional preferred embodiment of the present invention using a typical arc-welder  13 . Here, arc-welder  13  is surfacing or cladding workpiece  26 , by laying down layer  27 . Layer  27  is initiated with the formation of arc  37  between consumable electrode  20  and workpiece  26 . The heat from arc  37  forms weld puddle  36  by melting workpiece  26  and consumable electrode  20 . Upon formation of weld puddle  36  additional fillers  40  and  43 , fed by their respective filler feeders  42 ,  46 , may be added to weld puddle  36  to form layer  27  with a desired composition. After consumable electrode  20  and additional fillers  40  and  43  are passed over workpiece  26 , or arc welder  13  is moved in horizontal direction  45 , workpiece  26  is moved in direction  44  for another horizontal pass. 
     Arc-welder  13  may only use a single additional filler, or may vary the feed rates of additional fillers  40  and  43  to form a layer of varying composition, just as ESW  11  and SAW  10  could use a single filler or multiple fillers. Such compositional variation could be needed due to the need for different locations on the workpiece to have different material properties such as, for example, corrosion resistance, strength, or hardness. A second layer  29  serves to illustrate how the composition of the weld deposited could be varied in three dimensions by varying consumable electrode  20  plus fillers  40  and  43 . Where layer  27  is an inner layer and the material property needed might be toughness, or strength, additional fillers  40  and  43  would be chosen to impart those material properties. But if layer  29  is then an external layer and more corrosion resistance is required, then additional fillers  40  and  43  could be varied in their deposition rate, or composition so that layer  29  achieves the desired corrosion resistance. In this manner a workpiece could be surfaced with many layers, with the inner layers possessing the strength and toughness necessary for the loads the workpiece is to bear, and the outer layer possessing improved corrosion resistance for improved overall longevity. In fact, each layer in a multi-layered cladding could be made a different composition just by varying the fillers used. 
     The preferred embodiment of the invention as depicted in  FIG. 3  could be used in weld buildup of turbine discs where excellent corrosion resistance is desired at the blade attachment region, yet high strength is also necessary. Most of the weld would be with a high tensile, high yield strength filler that matched the inner blade metal, with a gradual change in filler composition to a corrosion resistant filler over the last few layers. This would assure excellent weld properties. Also, both SAW  10  ( FIG. 1 ) and ESW  11 ( FIG. 2 , modified for a horizontal workpiece) welding apparatuses could be used to clad or surface weldpiece  26  in  FIG. 3 , in addition to arc welder  13 . 
     Similarly, in applications requiring high wear resistance (such as valve seats, steel mill rolls, or other material handling/crushing equipment), the weld composition could be tailored over the final four or so layers to go from an alloy steel base metal with poor wear resistance to a hardfacing alloy at the surface with very high wear resistance by selecting the appropriate consumable electrode, fillers and rates of addition. Since many hardfacing consumables are difficult to apply due to the dissimilarity between the base metal substrate and the hardfacing material, this use of tailored compositions would minimize this difficulty by allowing the change from alloy steel to hardfacing steel to be gradual, thus minimizing the dissimilarity between any two layers. 
     The invention would also benefit gears. Typically, gears are carburized to develop good wear resistance at the surface while maintaining high toughness and strength throughout the remainder of the gear. The use of tailored compositions would allow the engineer to fabricate high wear resistant gears via welding, thus eliminating potential concerns over decarburization of the surface wear region. 
     Now referring to  FIGS. 4   a  and  4   b , we describe a flowchart of a preferred embodiment of the method of the invention. Step  50  is to determine the target weld compositions for specific locations on a workpiece or component. As discussed with respect to  FIGS. 1 ,  2 , and  3 , the target compositions can vary according to location on the workpiece, depending upon the material properties desired for that location, and in three dimensions. Step  52  is to choose the filler or fillers necessary for the weld to achieve the target compositions of step  50 . One of skill in the art will know to select fillers from those commercially available or fabricated fillers that contain the elements and materials needed to achieve the target composition, if the selected fillers are added in the appropriate amounts. Thus, the desired total weld deposition rate must also be considered in this step. Step  54  is to set the rate of addition for each filler for specific locations so that the combined fillers and weld puddle leave a weld of the desired target compositions at those locations, again also considering the desired total weld deposition rate. Step  56  is to weld the workpiece to create a weld puddle. As illustrated in  FIGS. 1 ,  2  and  3 , there are many ways to create a weld puddle that are suitable. One of skill in the art will recognize that many ways exist for creating the heat necessary to form a weld puddle and practice the current invention, in addition to those illustrated in the preceding Figures. Step  58  is then to add the necessary fillers to the weld puddle at the rates determined to yield the target weld composition. Step  60  is to move to a new location on the object after the weld of step  58  is completed. That “new” location could in actuality be the same location if more weld deposit is desired at that spot or if a different weld composition is desired over the previous weld. It should be noted that the present method is described in discrete steps, reflecting discrete movements for simplicity, but in actual practice the movement from weld location to weld location would be continuous, and the weld fillers used and the rates at which they would be added would also be adjusted continuously, or as necessary. In this way, step  56  need only be performed at the beginning of the weld, since the proper continuation of the weld process works to perpetuate the weld puddle. Step  62  is to determine whether, at the new location of step  60 , a new weld composition is desired. If so, then the method is to proceed to step  64  of  FIG. 4   b . If not, then steps  58  through  60  are simply repeated until the entire weld is complete (and the answer to step  74  is to discontinue welding). 
     If a new target weld composition is desired, then step  64 , now referring to  FIG. 4   b , is to determine whether the new target requires a change of fillers, and step  66  is to change the filler if necessary. The actual change of filler could be accomplished by numerous means, such as stopping one filler feeder and starting another, in addition to simply reloading a filler feeder with a different filler. Step  68  is to determine whether the new target composition requires any additional fillers. Should that be necessary, step  70  is to introduce the necessary fillers. It should be apparent to one of skill in the art that the choice of fillers is so dependent upon many factors including cost and availability that one desired weld composition could be achieved using any number of fillers and feed rates, depending upon the fillers chosen. 
     Step  72  is then to set the rate of addition of each chosen filler so that when added to the weld puddle, the combined fillers and weld puddle leave a weld of the desired composition. After step  72  the method returns to step  58  and follows the method until step  74  directs you to end welding. 
     The above Figures have described areas where compositional control of weld  28  is important. A second and similarly important aspect of the invention is the ability to increase the deposition rate over that of currently used processes due to the increased ability to add multiple fillers at varied rates independently from the creation and sustaining of weld puddle  36 . Excess (or unused) energy is normally associated with the processes depicted in  FIGS. 1 ,  2 , and  3  and this is normally dispersed into previous weld layers or the base metal substrate. The introduction of a secondary filler makes use of this excess energy and thereby increases the total weld deposit. 
     Two applications where the technology would be useful include the weld buildup of turbine rotors or discs and heavy equipment welding, such as earthmoving equipment. Weld buildup on rotors or discs would enable utilities to dramatically decrease the amount of time it takes to repair a turbine via welding. Weld buildup on heavy equipment, in addition to decreasing repair time, would benefit from the invention&#39;s ability to achieve weld buildups with wear resistant compositions to increase the longevity of equipment such as bulldozer blades, blades on pans, dredging equipment, or drag lines. 
     With the welding method described herein a desired composition can be developed through welding. Significant savings can be realized, as some specialized solid welding wires can run over $100 per lb, since the purchase of small or large batches of such special materials are unnecessary where the method of the present invention allows the creation of the same composition through multiple fillers. Furthermore, multiple weld compositions can be generated and optimized for the desired component service conditions. 
     Finally, this invention can be utilized for the manufacture, fabrication, repair or modification of: steam or industrial turbine rotor/disc components, bowl mills and rolls, waterwall cladding and tubes, fan components, nuclear waste/transportation casks, vessel and pipe interior and exterior cladding. Further uses include: blowout preventers, valves, steel mill components, concast rolls and ladle refurbishment, rail build-up and repair, heavy equipment related to mining and material handling such as crushers and conveyors, marine propeller shafts and sea chests. Additional other uses are: centrifugal casting molds, die repair, plate overlay in lieu of explosion or other bonding methods. Any commercial application which involves manufacture, fabrication, or repair of heavy industrial components will benefit from this technology due to its ability to control composition, metallurgical structure, shrinkage, distortion, and residual stress. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     The following example describes the creation of a tailored weld composition in an exemplary embodiment according to the present invention. This example shows the method of the invention used to change the composition of a weld, with the weld created using a submerged arc welding technique and apparatus such as that illustrated in FIG.  1 . Also, this example uses multiple filler wires, as depicted in  FIG. 3 , fillers  40  and  44 , to change both weld composition and weld deposition rate. For the purposes of this example, only the Cr and Ni content and their changes will be discussed. It is important to note that the second filler (wire) used is considerably higher in Cr and lower in Ni than the 150003-1 strip filler. (See Table 1 for filler compositions.) 
     Now referring Table 2, we see that for a weld made with the strip filler 150003-1, and no secondary filler (Test Bead # P2B14), the Cr and Ni content are 0.28 and 2.45 wt. % respectively. (See Table 3.) If a single wire is added (Test Bead # P2B15) the composition changes to 1.25 wt. % Cr and 2.20 wt. % Ni. Adding a second wire (Test Bead # P3B3) provides a new composition of 2.18 wt. % Cr and 2.01 wt % Ni. All welding parameters were held constant for the three welds with the exception of the secondary wire addition. 
     The weld composition changes radically from one test to the next. The beginning Cr content changed from 0.28 to 2.18 wt. %. Additionally, the Ni content was lowered from 2.45 to 2.01 wt %. The method created new weld compositions depending upon the amount of wire added and realized a greater amount of wire deposited. This particular example altered the number of wires and wire feed rate, but a similar result could be had by changing only the wire feed rate. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Chemical composition of the strip filler material 15003-1 and 
               
               
                 the 1.6 mm diameter metal core wire filler material, M91. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 C 
                 Mn 
                 Si 
                 Cr 
                 Ni 
                 Mo 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Strip 150003-1 
                 0.12 
                 1.7 
                 0.15 
                 0.33 
                 2.6 
                 0.6 
               
               
                 Wire 
                 0.08 
                 0.96 
                 0.32 
                 8 
                 0.26 
                 0.96 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Four layer test deposits demonstrating the ability to increase 
               
               
                 the weld deposition rate by adding additional filler. Note the 
               
               
                 increase in deposition rate (lbs/hr) by introducing one, then 
               
               
                 two secondary filler materials. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Strip 
                   
                 Deposition 
               
               
                   
                 Strip 
                   
                   
                 Feed, 
                 Additional 
                 Rate, 
               
               
                 Test 
                 Filler 
                 Flux 
                 # Layers 
                 ipm 
                 wire feed, 
                 lbs/hr. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 P2B14 
                 150003-1 
                 SA120 
                 4 
                 72 
                 None 
                 26.39 
               
               
                 P2B15 
                 150003-1 
                 SA120 
                 4 
                 72 
                 1@66 ipm 
                 29.30 
               
               
                 P3B3 
                 150003-1 
                 SA120 
                 4 
                 72 
                 2@66 ipm 
                 32.20 
               
               
                 P3B5 
                 150003-1 
                 SA120 
                 4 
                 85 
                 2@100 
                 39.97 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 ipm 
               
               
                 P3B10 
                 150003-1 
                 SA120 
                 4 
                 85 
                 2@125 
                 42.17 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 ipm 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Resulting weld chemistries of four layer test deposits described in 
               
               
                 Table 2. Note the ability to alter composition of the chromium and 
               
               
                 nickel levels by the introduction of a secondary wire(s). 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Test Bead 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Number 
                 C 
                 Mn 
                 Si 
                 Cr 
                 Ni 
                 Mo 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 P2B14 
                 0.086 
                 1.49 
                 0.51 
                 0.28 
                 2.45 
                 0.58 
               
               
                 P2B15 
                 0.086 
                 1.46 
                 0.51 
                 1.25 
                 2.20 
                 0.65 
               
               
                 P3B3 
                 0.094 
                 1.35 
                 0.44 
                 2.18 
                 2.01 
                 0.71 
               
               
                 P3B5 
                 0.092 
                 1.40 
                 0.47 
                 2.19 
                 2.00 
                 0.70 
               
               
                 P3B10 
                 0.089 
                 1.34 
                 0.44 
                 2.57 
                 1.91 
                 0.72 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     It is to be understood that while illustrative embodiments of the invention have been shown and described herein, various changes and adaptions in accordance with the teachings of the invention will be apparent to those of skill in the art. Such changes and adaptions nevertheless are included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.