Abstract:
A CMOS image sensor that has reduced transistor count is disclosed. The individual pixels are formed by a pinned photodiode and a transfer transistor. An output node receives the signal from the photodiode via the transfer transistor. The output node is shared between multiple pixels. Further, a reset transistor is coupled between a selectable low voltage rail V ss  or a high voltage reference V ref  and the output node. The gate of an output transistor is then coupled to the output node. Both the reset transistor and output transistors are shared between multiple pixels.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD  
       [0001]     The present invention relates to CMOS image sensors, and more particularly, to a CMOS image sensor having a pixel architecture that allows for sharing of output transistors during readout.  
       BACKGROUND  
       [0002]     Integrated circuit technology has revolutionized various fields, including computers, control systems, telecommunications, and imaging. In the field of imaging, complimentary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) active pixel image sensors have made considerable inroads into applications served by charge coupled imaging devices. As noted in U.S. Pat. No. 5,625,210 to Lee et al. (“the &#39;210 patent”), an active pixel sensor refers to an electronic image sensor with active devices, such as transistors, that are associated with each pixel. The active pixel sensor has the advantage of being able to incorporate both signal processing and sensing circuitry within the same integrated circuit because of the CMOS manufacturing techniques.  
         [0003]     One common design for an active pixel is the basic, three-transistor CMOS active pixel which contains a photodiode; a reset transistor for resetting the photodiode voltage, a source follower for amplification, and a row select transistor for buffering the photodiode voltage onto a vertical-column bus. However, the three-transistor pixel is lacking in its ability to suppress noise due to the reset operation, referred to as kTC noise. Further, the three-transistor pixel does not have good response to blue light.  
         [0004]     Another popular active pixel sensor structure consists of four transistors and a pinned photodiode. The pinned photodiode has gained favor for its ability to have good color response for blue light, as well as advantages in dark current density and image lag. Reduction in dark current is accomplished by “pinning” the diode surface potential to the Pwell or Psubstrate (GND) through a P+ region. Because of the particular characteristics of pinned photodiodes, it is necessary to incorporate a transfer transistor that is not required in the three-transistor design discussed above.  
         [0005]     Still, one disadvantage of the pinned photodiode is that it requires four transistors for each pixel. Thus, a one-megapixel image sensor would require 4 million transistors simply for the imaging array. As higher resolution image sensors become popular, coupled with the need for higher integration densities, it is desirable to implement the pinned photodiode pixel while limiting the number of required transistors. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0006]     The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages of the invention will become more readily appreciated as the same become better understood by reference to the following detailed description, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:  
         [0007]      FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of a prior art active pixel.  
         [0008]      FIG. 2  is a cross section view of the prior art active pixel of  FIG. 1 .  
         [0009]      FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram of a portion of a column of a prior art image sensor array.  
         [0010]      FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram of a portion of a column of an imaging array formed in accordance with the present invention.  
         [0011]      FIG. 5  is a block diagram of a CMOS image sensor formed in accordance with the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0012]     The present invention relates to an active pixel design using a pinned photodiode that requires fewer than an average of four transistors per active pixel. In the following description, numerous specific details are provided to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments of the invention. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, however, that the invention can be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components, etc. In other instances, well-known structures or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of various embodiments of the invention.  
         [0013]     Reference throughout the specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.  
         [0014]      FIGS. 1 and 2  show a prior art active pixel  101  with pinned photodiode  103 . The pinned photodiode  103  is typically an N-well formed in a P-type substrate. A P+ region is formed atop of the N-well. A transfer gate (also referred to as a transfer transistor) controls the transfer of the signal from the pinned photodiode  103  to an output node  107 . The output node  107  is connected to the gate of a source-follower transistor  109  (also referred to as a drive or output transistor). This results in the signal on the output node  107  being amplified and placed onto the column line out  111 . A row select transistor (SEL) is used to select the particular pixel to be read out on the column line out  111 . The row select transistor is controlled by a row select line. Further, a reset transistor  113  is used to deplete the signal from the sensing node. In order to reduce the leakage current from the silicon surface and kTC noise, the photodiode is typically provided with a pinning P+ surface shield layer at the silicon surface and is completely depleted.  
         [0015]      FIG. 3  illustrates a portion of a column from a sensor array using pinned photodiode pixels. In the illustration, column one of the array is shown and the first three rows of the array are shown. As seen, a column line out  111  carries the signals from the rows to readout circuitry (not shown). The row select (SEL) transistors for each pixel are selectively activated one at a time to read out the pixel signals. As seen, for three pixels, twelve transistors are required. Extrapolated out, a one megapixel array would require four million transistors for the imaging array.  
         [0016]     The present invention can reduce the amount of transistors required to implement a pinned photodiode sensor array. This reduction is made possible by sharing the source follower transistor  109  and reset transistor between two or more adjacent rows of pixels. This sharing of transistors will reduce greatly the overall number of transistors required to implement a pinned photodiode image sensor.  
         [0017]     Specifically, turning to  FIG. 4 , a portion of an imaging array is shown. This specific portion shows a single column (Column  1 ) and four rows. In contrast to the prior art, note that adjacent pixels in rows  1  and  2  share a source follower and a reset transistor. Similarly, adjacent pixels in rows  3  and  4  share a source follower and reset transistor. Further, note that in accordance with the present invention there is no row select transistor needed. Instead, the drain of the source follower transistor is connected directly to the column line out  111 . Thus, the total number of transistors required for these four pixels is eight. Therefore, on average, each pixel requires only two transistors. This is a significant savings from the four transistors for each pixel in the prior art of  FIG. 3 .  
         [0018]     Further, while it is shown that two pixels share a common reset transistor and source follower transistor, this can be increased to perhaps three or even four pixels in a column for greater transistor savings. However, in the embodiment shown in  FIG. 4 , two pixels in adjacent rows share the reset transistor and source follower transistor.  
         [0019]     Moreover, the reset transistor has its upper connection (the drain) connected to either a low voltage V ss  or a high voltage reference V ref . As will be seen below, the reset transistor will place either V ss  or V ref  onto node A as appropriate for the operation of the present invention. The actual switching between V ss  or V ref  can be easily done using a simple control switch (not shown) as is apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art.  
         [0020]     The output node  107  (also referred to Node A) thus is shared between two pixels. The operation of the present invention is explained as follows. When the signal from row  1  is to be read out, the reset transistor is turned on to allow high voltage reference V ref  to be placed on node A. The other node A&#39;s for all of the other rows are placed at voltage V ss  through their respective reset transistors. Thus, only node A associated with the row to be read is at high voltage, while all of the other node A&#39;s for the other rows are at low voltage.  
         [0021]     Next, the reset transistor for the row to be read is turned off and the transfer gate for the row is turned on. The accumulated charge from the photodiode is then transferred to Node A and, along with the high voltage already placed on node A, will modulate the source follower transistor. The transfer gate for the adjacent row pixel (row  2 ) is off at this time. Thus, the signal produced by the photodiode of the pixel in row  1  modifies the high voltage “base point” and is then amplified by the source follower and the signal is provided onto the column line output  111 .  
         [0022]     Once this has been done, the reset transistor drain voltage is switched over to low and the reset transistor is turned on. This resets node A to the low reference voltage, such as V ss .  
         [0023]     For reading of the next row (Row  2 ), the procedure is repeated where the reset transistor places a high voltage onto Node A and then turning on the transfer gate for row  2  is turned on and the signal from the photodiode of the row  2  pixel is transferred to the output node  107  to mix with the high voltage.  
         [0024]     At this time, the transfer gate for the row  1  pixel is turned off. The signal on the output node  107  from the row  2  pixel is then amplified by the source follower and the signal is output via the column line out  111 . Note that during the read out of rows  1  and  2 , Node A of rows  3  and  4  (and all other rows) are held at a low voltage reference, such as V ss , by turning on the reset transistors for those rows and keeping the reset transistors&#39; drain voltage at low.  
         [0025]     The process of reading the remaining rows of the image sensor are the same as for as for rows  1  and  2 . At any one instant in time, only one of the row select transistors is turned on.  
         [0026]     In one actual embodiment, the transistors that form the reset transistor, the source follower transistor, and the row select transistor for a grouping of rows is typically formed in those areas of the imaging array that are outside of the actual photodiode and transfer gate pixel area. This will increase the fill factor of the pixel and provide additional balancing to the operation of the read out circuit.  
         [0027]     The active pixels described above may be used in a sensor array of a CMOS image sensor  1101 . Specifically,  FIG. 5  shows a CMOS image sensor formed in accordance with the present invention. The CMOS image sensor includes a sensor array  1103 , a processor circuit  1105 , an input/output (I/O)  1107 , memory  1109 , and bus  1111 . Preferably, each of these components is formed on a single N-type semiconductor silicon substrate and manufactured to be integrated onto a single chip using standard CMOS processes.  
         [0028]     The sensor array  1103  portion may be, for example, substantially similar to the sensor arrays portions of image sensors manufactured by the assignee of the present invention, OmniVision Technologies, Inc., of Sunnyvale, Calif., as model numbers OV7630, OV7920, OV7930, OV9620, OV9630, OV6910, or OV7640, except that the pixels are replaced with the active pixels disclosed herein.  
         [0029]     More specifically, the sensor array  1103  includes a plurality of individual pixels arranged in a two-dimensional array. In operation, as an image is focused onto the sensor array  1103 , the sensor array  1103  can obtain the raw image data.  
         [0030]     The raw image data is then received by the processor circuit  1105  via bus  1111  to begin signal processing. The processor circuit  1105  is capable of executing a set of preprogrammed instructions (perhaps stored in memory  1107 ) necessary to carry out the functions of the integrated circuit  1101 . The processor circuit  1105  may be a conventional microprocessor, DSP, FPGA or a neuron circuit.  
         [0031]     While the preferred embodiment of the invention has been illustrated and described, it will be appreciated that various changed can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.  
         [0032]     The present invention has thus been described in relation to a preferred and several alternate embodiments. One of ordinary skill after reading the foregoing specification will be able to affect various changes, alterations, and substitutions of equivalents without departing from the broad concepts disclosed. It is therefore intended that the scope of the letters patent granted hereon be limited only by the definitions contained in appended claims and equivalents thereof, and not by limitations of the embodiments described herein.