Abstract:
An apparatus and process for monitoring migratory cell proliferation with restricted migration on a substrate includes providing a substrate, coating the substrate with extracellular matrix, plating cells suspended in cell culture media on extracellular matrix, and placing intersecting channels across the extracellular matrix components by removing the extracellular matrix components from the channels to isolate islands of the extracellular matrix components on the substrate. When the cells are immersed with a fluid, migration of the cells is confined to the isolated islands of the extracellular matrix components, permitting long-term observation of a migratory population.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/967,703, filed on Oct. 14, 2004, and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,276,367 on Oct. 2, 2007. 
     
    
     STATEMENT AS TO RIGHTS TO INVENTIONS MADE UNDER FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT  
       [0002]     The technology set forth herein is federally sponsored and funded by the United States Department of Health and Human Services. The United States government has certain rights in this invention. 
     
    
     REFERENCE TO A “SEQUENCE LISTING,” A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING APPENDIX SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISK  
       [0003]     Not applicable.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0004]     This invention relates to monitoring the proliferation of migratory cells such as CNS stem cells/embryonic stem cells or any other migratory cells. More specifically, an apparatus and process is disclosed for placing isolated islands of an extracellular matrix on a glass cover slip, and, plating, growing, and monitoring the proliferation of migratory cells on the isolated islands of the extracellular matrix.  
         [0005]     Migratory cells, such as CNS stem cells/embryonic stem cells or any other migratory cells are grown and simultaneously monitored during proliferation for research purposes. Typically, an extracellular matrix is placed upon a substrate, usually a coverslip. Thereafter, cells are plated to (placed on) the extracellular matrix for observation during proliferation. During this observed proliferation, the cells unfortunately also migrate.  
         [0006]     Migration causes problems. Typically, only a discrete area on a substrate, such as a portion of a substrate having the extracellular matrix, can be observed. During migration, cells within the observed discrete area move out of the observed discrete area; what becomes of such cells is never known to the observer. Other foreign cells, initially outside of the observed discrete area, move into the observed area; as a consequence, the beginning history of such cells can never be known to the observer. In either case, the integrity of the monitoring processes is degraded. Where one wishes to have an observed history of the proliferation of a group of monitored cells, migration of the cells into or out of the observed area must be inhibited.  
         [0007]     For this reason, where cell populations are grown on substrates, such as glass cover slips, attempts have been made to provide isolated islands of substrate. These isolated islands of substrate have the effect of allowing cell migration within their boundaries while maintaining a discrete cell population within an observable area.  
         [0008]     Attempts to create isolated islands has included printing glass cover slips with the desired isolated islands. In this technique, the material from which the extracellular matrix is ultimately formulated is placed upon a printing block having printing areas shaped with the desired profile of isolated islands of extracellular matrix. Thereafter, the printing block is impressed upon a substrate, such as a glass cover slip, to transfer the extracellular matrix material from the print block to the glass cover slip. Substrate material is transferred from the printing block onto the glass cover slip much as printer&#39;s ink is transferred from a printing block onto paper which is to be printed. The extracellular matrix transferred to the substrate has the profile of the printing areas on the printing block.  
         [0009]     Other techniques have included photo lithographic masks utilizing photo resist, contact masks, micro stamping, and ink jet printing.  
         [0010]     For many of these techniques to work, drying of the substrate transferred on the glass cover slip from the printing block is required. Unfortunately, drying substantially degrades or destroys the extracellular matrix. The growth of cells for subsequent observation is difficult. Further, many of these techniques leave residual chemicals (such as photo resist) with the deposited substrate. These residual chemicals degrade the subsequent growth on the substrate. Most importantly, these techniques do not permit plating of the migratory cells before formation of the islands of substrate.  
         [0011]     It has also been contemplated to utilize lasers to form continuous channels upon a continuous layer of extracellular matrix on a glass cover slip. In this technique, the extracellular matrix is placed upon a substrate, typically a glass cover slip. Once the extracellular material is placed, at least one laser is utilized to etch channels in the extracellular matrix. Typically, the extracellular matrix is submerged during laser etching of channels. This provides isolated islands of extracellular matrix having separation between isolated islands complimentary to the channel width and placement on the substrate.  
         [0012]     The technique suffers from several disadvantages.  
         [0013]     Utilizing lasers to make such channels is expensive. Further, the ablation of the extracellular matrix generates debris and produces localized heating at the channel boundaries which can damage the extracellular matrix adjacent the channel boundaries. Further, if cutting of the channels occurs while the matrix is submerged in a liquid, localized heating of the substrate will occur.  
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0014]     An apparatus and process for monitoring migratory cell proliferation with reduced migration on a substrate includes providing a substrate, such as a glass coverslip. The substrate is coated with extracellular matrix. Plating the extracellular matrix with migratory cells then occurs. Finally, intersecting channels are placed across the plated extracellular matrix by mechanical etching to form desired isolated islands for the observation of migratory cell growth. When the plated cells within the isolated islands are immersed with a growth media, migration of the cells is confined to the isolated islands of the substrate. By observing the isolated islands during cell growth, cell characteristics of migratory cells can be observed.  
         [0015]     In the following specification, we use the word “substrate” to describe the surface on which the extracellular matrix is placed. The reader will understand that this is almost always a coverslip used for magnified observation of the migratory cell proliferation.  
         [0016]     Further, we do not emphasize the normal step of conjugating a fluorescent dye to the extracellular matrix in order to render the extracellular matrix visible and provide the necessary light for observing cell proliferation. As this step is conventional in observations of cellular proliferation, it will not be further discussed herein.  
         [0017]     An advantage of this invention is that the formation of the isolated islands of extracellular matrix upon a glass cover slip is carried out in a continually moist environment. A continually moist environment can be assured by immersing the cover slip during the mechanical etching of the channels.  
         [0018]     In the preferred embodiment, cell plating to the extracellular matrix occurs before the channels are mechanically etched. There is a reason for this order.  
         [0019]     If the mechanical etching is done first, and the plating is done second, some cells that settle within the plating area will attach to the mechanically etched channels where the extracellular material has been removed. The cells within the channel areas, lacking the extracellular matrix, will become detached and float in the liquid. At least some of these cells floating within the liquid will eventually land on surfaces of the substrate that have the extracellular matrix. After such landing, they will attach to the regular growth surface and become normal migratory cells, indistinguishable from the cell group under observation. This will introduce new cells into the controlled growth areas which will degrade the controlled observation process of cell proliferation.  
         [0020]     By plating the cells on the extracellular matrix, and then removing the plated cells with the extracellular matrix within the channel areas, the phenomena of detached cells floating in the liquid is minimized.  
         [0021]     A specialized apparatus is disclosed for mechanically etching regularly spaced intersecting channels onto the extracellular matrix on the substrate. Specifically, an open chamber is defined on the cover slip overlying the extracellular matrix. This open chamber has a fluid tight boundary about the periphery of the chamber to maintain liquid media within the chamber. An etching tool has an etching end with regularly spaced flat mechanical etching teeth separated by regularly spaced intervals for etching the extracellular matrix. The chamber is supplied with a rectilinear opening having boundaries for guiding the etching end of the etching apparatus in movement across the substrate. The etching apparatus has a width to fit snugly within the dimension of the rectilinear opening.  
         [0022]     In use, the chamber is placed over the extracellular matrix on the substrate and filled with cell culture media. At least one etching tool with its regularly spaced flat mechanical etching teeth is fitted to the rectilinear opening and extends through the liquid to the substrate. The etching tool is guided by the rectilinear opening and mechanically etches the extracellular matrix while undergoing guided etching excursion across the rectilinear opening. By first having a mechanical etching tool undergo guided etching excursion parallel to first opposite sides of the rectilinear opening and then having a mechanical etching tool undergo excursion parallel to second opposite sides of the rectilinear opening, a regular matrix of channels is defined upon the extracellular matrix. This leaves a pattern of uniformly sized and aligned rectilinear islands upon the extracellular matrix for the isolation of migratory cell growth.  
         [0023]     In the normal case, the rectilinear opening is square and a single mechanical etching tool is utilized. It will be understood that two etching tools having varying widths and teeth of varying dimension and spacing can be used to generate rectangular growth areas of varied dimensions. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0024]      FIG. 1  is an exploded view of a holding plate, a cover slip coated with an extracellular matrix placed upon the holding plate, an O-ring, and overlying cell grid making guide and, an etching tool aligned for etching excursion to configure a first set of channels within the extracellular matrix;  
         [0025]      FIGS. 2A and 2B  are plan and elevation views of the holding plate, respectively;  
         [0026]      FIGS. 3A and 3B  are plan views of cell grid making guides;  
         [0027]      FIG. 4  is a side elevation of an etching tool for excursion within the cell grid making guide of  FIG. 3 , the tool having etching members at both ends;  
         [0028]      FIG. 5  is a plan view of multiple restricted-growth areas generated as a grid on an observation cover slip;  
         [0029]      FIG. 6  is a plan view of a single rectilinear growth area configured by utilizing a first end of the etching tool shown in  FIG. 4  for a vertical channels and a second end of the etching tool shown in  FIG. 4  for horizontal channels;  
         [0030]      FIGS. 7A and 7B  are a matrix of unrestrained and restrained growth islands and timed intervals illustrating the cell monitoring permitted by this invention; and,  
         [0031]      FIGS. 8A and 8B  are a lineage analysis for cells of the unrestrained and restrained growth islands illustrating the superior monitoring of this invention.  
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0032]     Referring to the exploded view of  FIG. 1 , holding plate H is shown with cover slip C overlying the holding plate. Typically, cover slip C has an upwardly exposed surface  10  onto which extracellular matrix  11  is adhered and layered. Typically, this extracellular matrix  11  includes two layers including poly-L-ornithine which binds to the upper surface of glass cover slip C and a covering layer of fibronectin which provides the surface for attachment of the cells.  
         [0033]     The extracellular matrix  11  is a growth surface. In order to effectively capture cells and thereafter permit the optimum propagation of the captured cells, this surface should preferably remain moist at all times. Because of this requirement, it will be seen that the chamber for etching the desired isolated islands is designed to have the O-ring boundary maintaining the surface of cover slip C in a fluid environment. Immediately overlying cover slip C, circular O-ring O provides a reservoir barrier immediately underlying grid making guide G.  
         [0034]     Grid making guide G fastens at apertures  20  to screws  14  protruding upwardly of holding plate H. Grid making guide G includes central bulbous portion having rectilinear aperture A, here shown as a square, configured centrally of the guide. As will hereinafter become apparent, cover slip C is placed on the holding plate H with O-ring O overlying upwardly exposed surface  10  and extracellular matrix  11 . Typically, holding plate H, cover slip C, O-ring O, and grid making guide G are all held together by wing nuts  16  on screws  14  to provide a gentle but firm compression on cover slip C toward holding plate H.  
         [0035]     Etching tool E includes first etching end  30  and second etching end  31 . Each of these etching ends includes seven regularly thick etching tines  32  spaced by regular intervals  33 . Further, etching tool E has an overall width which matches the overall width of square aperture A within grid making guide G. It will be seen that the tines  32  and intervals  33  vary at each end of etching tool E.  
         [0036]     In operation, cover slip C is covered with the extracellular matrix and thereafter plated over the surface of the extracellular matrix with the cells to be analyzed during proliferation. Once this is done, holding plate H, cover slip C, O-ring O, and grid making guide G are all assembled, and a liquid is poured into the chamber defined between cover slip C and grid making guide G by O-ring O. Thereafter, mechanical etching occurs utilizing an end  30 ,  31  of etching tool E. This etching occurs by aligning etching tool E parallel to one of the sides of aperture A and moving the tool normal to its parallel alignment. This movement places a group of channels L (see  FIG. 5 ) across the surface of cover slip C. Thereafter, by rotating etching tool E 90°, and repeating the movement of the tool normal to its parallel alignment, a second set of intersecting channels L is placed across cover slip C. Since these intersecting channels L will be at 90° with respect to the earlier etched channels L, the remaining extracellular matrix will form isolated islands I or I 1 (See  FIGS. 5 and 6  at respective islands I and I 1 ). It has been found that these isolated islands I and I 1  permit isolated populations of migratory cells to propagate without substantial migration either from without the boundaries of the islands or from within the boundaries of the islands to positions exterior of the islands.  
         [0037]     Referring to  FIG. 2A and 2B , holding plate H includes flat plate  15  having respective upstanding bolts  14  mounted thereto. This plate allows a cover slip C to fit conveniently between upstanding bolts  14 .  
         [0038]     Referring to  FIG. 3A , a first cell grid making guide G is illustrated. Grid making guide G includes central bulbous portion  22  spanned on either side by wings  21 . Apertures  20  accommodating upstanding bolts  14  are configured in the ends of the respective wings  21 . O-ring O is shown in broken lines with respect to bulbous portion  22  of cell grid making guide G.  
         [0039]     Referring to  FIG. 3B , a second cell grid making guide G′ is illustrated. In this embodiment central bulbous portion  22  includes three apertures A 1 , A 2 , and A 3 .  
         [0040]     Referring to  FIG. 4 , etching tool E is illustrated. Etching tool E includes two different etching ends  30 ,  31 . Observing end  30 , it can be seen that etching tines  32  across end  30  are all the same dimension. Further, each etching tine  32  is separated from its adjacent etching tines by regular intervals  33 . Comparing end  31  with end  30 , it will be seen that the dimensions of the tines  32  and their interval of separation  33  are varied. Dimensions are important. By way of example, the respective tines on end  30  are 0.042 in. center to center spacing with slots 0.022 in there between. Similarly, end  31  includes center to center spacing of the tines at 0.038 in. with slots of 0.018 in. there between. The etching tool E is approximately 10 mm wide by 100 millimeters long and made of 1/16 in stainless steel.  
         [0041]     Referring to  FIG. 5 , the end result of the etching process can be seen. Specifically, isolated islands I of the extracellular matrix are illustrated. Referring to  FIG. 6 , a rectilinear island I 1  is illustrated. Rectilinear islands can be formed by using one end  30  of etching tool E for etching in one direction, and the other end  31  of the etching tool E for etching in the other direction at 90° to the first direction.  
         [0042]     Referring to  FIGS. 7A and 7B , the remarkably different population result from the growing of migratory cells is illustrated. Specifically, and observing  FIG. 7A , where the surface of the extracellular matrix is without islands I, cell distribution is sparse. Conversely, and observing  FIG. 7B , where the surface of the extracellular matrix is with islands I, cell distribution is dense.  
         [0043]     During proliferation, the areas in which the cells grow are monitored continuously. Where cells leave the monitored areas, there is no way of identifying what happens to the cells. Where the cells arrive into the monitored areas, there is no way of identifying what is the prior history of the cells and where they have come from.  
         [0044]     Where the islands I set forth in this disclosure are utilized, cells are for the most part confined to the boundaries of the islands. Presuming that the entirety of the islands are continuously monitored, departing and arriving cells are essentially eliminated enabling a much more comprehensive record of proliferation to be maintained.  
         [0045]     The results of this latter assurance can be seen in the graphical representation of  FIGS. 8A and 8B . Observing  FIG. 8A , it will be seen that in a lineage diagram, or family tree, of the original cells (approximately six) shown, only two derivatives remaining in the final frame of the recording. All other cells leave the visual field or die.  
         [0046]     Observing  FIG. 8B , it will be seen that the restrained population differs radically. The observed population is much more numerous. Furthermore, cells are illustrated can be tracked to the seventh generation, as distinguished from a mere three generations.