Abstract:
A method of fabricating a high-performance planar back-gate CMOS structure having superior short-channel characteristics and reduced capacitance using processing steps that are not too lengthy or costly is provided. Also provided is a high-performance planar back-gate CMOS structure that is formed utilizing the method of the present invention. The method includes forming an opening in an upper surface of a substrate. Thereafter, a dopant region is formed in the substrate through the opening. In accordance with the inventive method, the dopant region defines a back-gate conductor of the inventive structure. Next, a front gate conductor having at least a portion thereof is formed within the opening.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     The present invention relates to semiconductor device fabrication, and more particularly to a low-cost method of fabricating a planar back-gate complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) structure having low parasitic capacitance. The present invention also relates to a planar back-gate CMOS structure that has low parasitic capacitance.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     Over the past twenty-five years or so, the primary challenge of very large scale integration (VLSI) has been the integration of an ever-increasing number of CMOS devices with high yield and reliability. This was achieved mainly in the prior art by scaling down the channel length of the CMOS devices, without excessive short-channel effects. As is known to one skilled in the art, short-channel effects are the decrease of threshold voltage Vt in short channel devices due to two-dimensional electrostatic charge sharing between the gate and the source/drain regions.  
         [0003]     To scale the channel lengths of CMOS devices without excessive short-channel effects, the gate oxide thickness has to be reduced, while increasing the channel-doping concentration. However, Yan, et al., “Scaling the Si MOSFET: From bulk to SOI to bulk”, IEEE Trans. Elect. Dev., Vol. 39, p 1704, July 1992, have shown that to reduce short-channel effects for sub-0.05 micron metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs), it is important to have a backside-conducting layer present in the structure that screens the drain field away from the channel. The Yan, et al. results show that double-gated MOSFETs and MOSFETs with a top gate and a backside gated ground plane are more immune to short-channel effects and hence can be scaled to shorter dimensions than conventional MOSFETs.  
         [0004]     Although planar back-gate technology can provide improved performance through superior short-channel characteristics, such devices have either exhibited excessive parasitic capacitances leading to poor active power and speed behaviors, or have required incredibly lengthy and expensive processes which are unlikely to provide sufficient manufacturing yield.  
         [0005]     In view of the above, there is a continued need for providing a method for fabricating a planar back-gate CMOS having low parasitic capacitance which provides good active power and speed behaviors using a methodology that is not too lengthy or costly.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0006]     The present invention provides a method of fabricating a high-performance planar back-gate CMOS structure having superior short-channel characteristics and reduced capacitance using processing steps that are not too lengthy or costly. In one embodiment of the present invention, an ultrathin (on the order of about 10 nm or less) silicon-on-insulator process is provided in which a poly-buffered local oxidation of silicon thinning step and a self-aligned back gate implant step are employed to form a self-aligned back-gate. By “self-aligned” it is meant that the implanted back-gate has a lateral dimension that is substantially defined by an opening provided in the upper surface of a substrate. Some lateral out-diffusion of the implanted back-gate beyond edges of the overlying opening may occur due to various thermal processes that occur in the present invention.  
         [0007]     In broad terms, the method of the present invention includes the steps of:  
         [0008]     forming an opening in an upper surface of a substrate;  
         [0009]     forming a dopant region in said substrate through said opening, said dopant region defining a back-gate conductor; and  
         [0010]     forming a front gate conductor having at least a portion thereof within said opening.  
         [0011]     In addition to the method broadly described above, the present invention also provides a planar back-gate CMOS that exhibits superior short-channel characteristics and low parasitic capacitance. By “superior short-channel characteristics” it is meant, that deleterious effects, such as, sub-threshold swing and Drain-Induced Barrier Lowering (DIBL) are of minor effect in the device operation. By “low parasitic capacitance” it is meant that capacitances not directly required to operate the transistor, such as gate-to-drain capacitance (extrinsic of the channel) are small (e.g., not more than 20%) compared to the direct gate-to-channel capacitances; in particular, the drain-to-back-gate and source-to-back-gate capacitances are much less than the intrinsic drain-to-gate capacitance of the device.  
         [0012]     Specifically, and in broad terms, the planar back-gate CMOS structure of the present invention comprises:  
         [0013]     a substrate having a back-gate conductor whose lateral dimension is substantially defined by an opening located in an upper surface of said substrate;  
         [0014]     a front gate conductor having a portion thereof that is located within said opening; and  
         [0015]     source/drain regions located adjacent to opposite sides of said front gate conductor. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0016]      FIG. 1  is a pictorial representation (through a cross sectional view) illustrating a preferred substrate that is employed in the present invention.  
         [0017]      FIG. 2  is a pictorial representation (through a cross sectional view) illustrating the substrate of  FIG. 1  after forming trench isolation regions and a trench contact.  
         [0018]      FIG. 3  is a pictorial representation (through a cross sectional view) illustrating the structure of  FIG. 2  after forming a material stack on a surface of the substrate.  
         [0019]      FIG. 4  is a pictorial representation (through a cross sectional view) illustrating the structure of  FIG. 3  after forming an opening within the material stack and, optionally, an upper surface of the substrate.  
         [0020]      FIG. 5  is a pictorial representation (through a cross sectional view) illustrating the structure of  FIG. 4  after performing a step that thins the exposed substrate.  
         [0021]      FIG. 6  is a pictorial representation (through a cross sectional view) illustrating the structure of  FIG. 5  after forming a sacrificial oxide on at least the thinned substrate.  
         [0022]      FIG. 7  is a pictorial representation (through a cross sectional view) illustrating the structure of  FIG. 6  during implantation of a first well region which is the self-aligned back-gate conductor of the present invention.  
         [0023]      FIG. 8  is a pictorial representation (through a cross sectional view) illustrating the structure of  FIG. 7  during implantation of a second well region.  
         [0024]      FIG. 9  is a pictorial representation (through a cross sectional view) illustrating the structure of  FIG. 8  after a spacer is formed within the opening on each exposed sidewall of the upper surface of the substrate.  
         [0025]      FIG. 10  is a pictorial representation (through a cross sectional view) illustrating the structure of  FIG. 9  after performing a wet etching process that removes exposed portions of the sacrificial oxide.  
         [0026]      FIG. 11  is a pictorial representation (through a cross sectional view) illustrating the structure of  FIG. 10  after forming a gate dielectric and a front gate conductor within the opening.  
         [0027]      FIG. 12  is a pictorial representation (through a cross sectional view) illustrating the structure of  FIG. 11  after performing a planarization step.  
         [0028]      FIG. 13  is a pictorial representation (through a cross sectional view) illustrating the structure of  FIG. 12  after performing a selective recess etching process.  
         [0029]      FIG. 14  is a pictorial representation (through a cross sectional view) illustrating the structure of  FIG. 13  during implantation of the source/drain regions within the substrate.  
         [0030]      FIG. 15  is a pictorial representation (through a cross sectional view) illustrating the structure of  FIG. 14  after performing an activation anneal process.  
         [0031]      FIG. 16  is a pictorial representation (through a cross sectional view) illustrating the structure of  FIG. 15  after silicide formation.  
         [0032]      FIG. 17  is a pictorial representation (through a cross sectional view) illustrating the structure of  FIG. 16  after interconnect formation. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0033]     The present invention, which provides a method for forming a high-performance planar back-gate CMOS and the resultant back-gate structure, will now be described in greater detail by referring to the drawings that accompany the present application. It is noted that the drawings of the present application are provided for illustrative purposes and thus the structures shown therein are not drawn to scale. Also, it is observed that although the description that follows shows the formation of a single planar back-gate CMOS structure, the inventive method can be used to form a plurality of said planar back-gate CMOS structures on a surface of a single substrate.  
         [0034]     The following description is made using a semiconductor-on-insulator substrate including either a top Si layer, or a top SiGe layer. Although the detailed discussion that follows employs a semiconductor-on-insulator substrate, the present invention is not limited to using such a substrate. Instead, bulk semiconductor substrates including, Si, SiGe, SiGeC, SiC, InAs, InP, GaAs and other III/V or II/IV compound semiconductors may be used in place of the semiconductor-on-insulator. In a preferable embodiment of the present invention, the initial substrate is a Si-containing substrate such as a Si-on-insulator (SOI).  
         [0035]     Reference is first made to  FIG. 1  which illustrates one type of substrate  10  that can be employed in the present invention. As shown, substrate  10  is a semiconductor-on-insulator that includes a bottom semiconductor layer  12 , a buried insulating layer  14  and a top semiconductor layer  18 . Typically, the top and bottom semiconductor layers are comprised of a Si-containing semiconductor such as, for example, Si, SiGe, SiC, SiGeC, Si/Si, Si/SiC, or Si/SiGeC. Typically, the top and bottom semiconductor layers are comprised of Si or SiGe, with Si being most preferred.  
         [0036]     The buried insulating layer  14 , which electrically isolates the top semiconductor layer  16  from the bottom semiconductor layer  12 , may comprise a crystalline or non-crystalline oxide, or nitride. Preferably, the buried insulating layer  14  is comprised of an oxide. The buried insulating layer  14  may be continuous, as shown, or it may be non-continuous, e.g., the buried insulating layer  14  may comprise discrete and isolated regions or islands of insulating material surrounded by a semiconductor.  
         [0037]     The semiconductor-on-insulator substrate  10  shown in  FIG. 1  is fabricated using techniques well known to those skilled in the art. For example, the semiconductor-on-insulator may be formed by ion implantation and annealing, or by a layer transfer process. Alternatively, the substrate  10  can be formed by deposition of the various layers onto a bulk semiconductor substrate.  
         [0038]     The thickness of the various layers of the initial semiconductor-on-insulator substrate  10  may vary depending on the process used in making the substrate. Typically, however, the top Si-containing layer  16  has a thickness from about 20 to about 200 nm, with a thickness from about 40 to about 70 nm being even more typical. The buried insulating layer  14  typically has a thickness from about 1 to about 100 nm, with a thickness from about 5 to about 20 nm being even more typical. The thickness of the bottom semiconductor layer  12  is inconsequential to the present invention. It is observed that the thicknesses provided above are typical ranges for each of the layers, which in no way limits the scope of the present application.  
         [0039]     It is noted that the initial substrate  10  may be doped with a first conductivity type dopant. The first conductivity type dopant can be either an n-type dopant or a p-type dopant. The first conductivity type dopant is introduced into the substrate by ion implantation and typically the first conductivity type dopant is present in a concentration from about 1×10 14  to about 5×10 16  atoms/cm 3 , with a first conductivity type dopant concentration from about 5×10 14  to about 5×10 15  atoms/cm 3  being even more typical.  
         [0040]     It is noted that if the initial semiconductor-on-insulator substrate  10  includes a top semiconductor layer  16  that is too thick, beyond the ranges specified above, the top semiconductor layer  16  can be subjected to a thinning process such as chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), grinding or oxidation and etching.  
         [0041]     After providing a substrate such as the substrate  10  shown in  FIG. 1 , trench isolation regions  18  are formed into the substrate utilizing techniques well known in the art. Specifically, the trench isolation regions  18  are formed by lithography, etching a trench into the substrate and filling the trench with a trench dielectric material such as an oxide. The lithography step includes applying a photoresist (not shown) to the substrate, exposing the photoresist to a pattern, i.e., trench pattern, of radiation and developing the exposed resist using a conventional resist developer. The etching step may include a dry etching process such as, for example, reactive ion etching (RIE), ion beam etching, plasma etching or laser ablation. Alternatively, a chemical wet etch process may be used in forming the trench opening in the substrate.  
         [0042]     The trench isolation regions  18  can extend down into the buried insulating layer  14 , as shown, or they can have a bottom surface that is above the uppermost surface of the buried insulating layer  14 . It is observed that a pair of neighboring trench isolation regions  18  can be used to form an isolated top semiconductor island  16  such as shown in  FIG. 2 .  
         [0043]     Next, a trench contact  20  is formed by lithography, etching and trench fill, so as to provide an electrical contact from the top surface of the substrate to the bottom semiconductor layer  12 . The trench contact  20  is filled with a conductive material such as, for example, doped polysilicon. The trench contact  20  will be used as an electrical pathway to the back-gate conductor to be subsequently formed in the substrate.  
         [0044]     It is observed that a planarization process can follow the formation of both the trench isolation regions  18  and the trench contact  20 , as desired. The planarization process includes CMP, grinding or a combination thereof.  
         [0045]     A material stack  22  is then formed on the upper surface of the substrate  10  providing the structure shown, for example, in  FIG. 3 . The material stack  22  may comprise any number of layers. Illustratively, the material stack  22  comprises a lower insulator  24 , a polysilicon layer  26 , and an upper insulator  28 . The lower insulator  24  and the upper insulator  28  are comprised of different insulating materials. Typically, the lower insulator  24  of the material stack  22  is comprised of an oxide such as SiO 2  and the upper insulator  28  is comprised of a nitride such as Si 3 N 4 .  
         [0046]     The material stack  22  is formed utilizing a combination of processes such as, for example, deposition and/or thermal growth. Suitable deposition processes that can be used in forming the various layers of the material stack  22  include chemical vapor deposition (CVD), plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), atomic layer deposition, evaporation, chemical solution deposition or other like deposition processes. Epitaxy can be used in forming the polysilicon layer  26  of the material stack  22 .  
         [0047]     The overall thickness of material stack  22  may vary depending on the number of layers within the stack. Typically, the material stack  22  has a total thickness from about 15 to about 100 nm, with a thickness from about 20 to about 50 nm being even more typical. For the specific embodiment illustrated in which the material stack  22  comprises the lower insulator  24 , the polysilicon layer  26 , and the upper insulator  28 , the following thickness ranges can be employed: lower insulator  24  having a thickness from about 4 to about 25 nm, polysilicon layer  26  having a thickness from about 3 to about 15 nm, and upper insulator  28  having a thickness from about 7 to about 60 nm.  
         [0048]     After providing the material stack  22  on the substrate, an opening  30  is the formed into the material stack  22  and, optionally an upper surface of the substrate  10 , e.g., an upper surface of top semiconductor layer  16 , utilizing conventional lithography and etching. One or more etching processes (dry, wet or a combination thereof) can be used in forming the opening  30 . The structure including the opening  30  is shown, for example, in  FIG. 4 .  
         [0049]     Next, and as shown in  FIG. 5 , the structure shown in  FIG. 4  is subjected to a thinning process that includes a series of oxidation and etching steps wherein the etching is a selective etch that removes oxide. This step serves to thin the exposed top semiconductor layer  16  of the initial substrate  10  to provide a region of top semiconductor  16 ′ having a thickness from about 5 to about 25 nm.  
         [0050]     After performing the thinning step shown in  FIG. 5 , a sacrificial oxide  32  is formed within the opening  30  on all exposed surfaces (including sidewalls and bottom wall) of the top semiconductor layer  16 . The structure including the sacrificial oxide  32  is shown, for example, in  FIG. 6 . The sacrificial oxide  32  is formed utilizing a thermal oxidation process and it typically has a thickness of less than about 5 nm, with a thickness from about 1 to about 2 nm being even more typical.  
         [0051]     After sacrificial oxide  32  growth, a patterned mask  34  is formed on the upper surface of the material stack  22  utilizing conventional deposition and lithography. The patterned mask  34 , which has an opening that has a lateral width greater than the opening  30 , is used in forming well regions within the substrate  10 .  FIG. 7  shows the structure during implantation of a first well region. Reference numeral  36  is used to denote ions being implanted into the substrate, while reference numeral  38  denotes the first well region that is formed. In accordance with the present invention, the first well region  38  serves as the back-gate conductor of the inventive structure. The ions  36  used in this step of the present invention are of a second conductivity type that is different from the first conductivity type present in the initial substrate. Typically, the ions  36  are implanted to provide a first well region  38  that is heavily doped. By “heavily doped” it is meant a concentration of said second conductivity type ion from about 1×10 19  to about 1×10 21  atoms/cm 3 . The ions  26  are implanted utilizing conditions, e.g., energy, that are sufficient to penetrate through the top semiconductor layer  16  and  16 ′; and the buried insulating layer  14  into the bottom semiconductor layer  12 . A typical implant energy that can be used in the present invention includes a range from about 0.2 to about 2 keV.  
         [0052]     Following the formation of the first well region  38  and with the patterned mask  34  in place, exposed portions of the material stack  22 , e.g., the upper insulator  28  and the polysilicon layer  26 , not protected by the patterned mask  34 , are removed utilizing an etching process such as reactive ion etching. Next, and as shown in  FIG. 8 , a second well region  42  is formed by implanting ions  40  into the substrate though opening  30 . The second well region  42  has a doping concentration of second conductivity type ions that is less than the concentration of second conductivity ions in the first well region  38 . Typically, the second well region  42  has a dopant concentration of about 5×10 18  atoms/cm 3  or less. The energy used in this implant step is sufficiently great so as to penetrate the entire film stack comprising layers  28 ,  26 , and  24 , thereby reaching the top semiconductor layer  16  that is beneath this stack. Thus, energies for this step may range from 40 keV to above 200 keV, depending on the exact thickness employed for the stack.  
         [0053]     Following the formation of both well regions  38  and  42 , the patterned mask  36  is removed from the structure utilizing a conventional stripping process and thereafter the upper insulator  28  and the polysilicon layer  26  of the material stack  22  are removed stopping atop the lower insulator  24 . Layers  28  and  26  are removed utilizing a conventional planarization process such as, for example, CMP. Next, a spacer  44 , as shown in  FIG. 9 , is formed within the opening  30  atop the sacrificial oxide  32 . The spacer  44  is formed by deposition and etching. The spacer  44  is comprised of an insulating material including, for example, an oxide, nitride, oxynitride or any combination thereof. Preferably, the spacer  44  is comprised of a nitride such as Si 3 N 4 .  
         [0054]     Following spacer  44  formation, the exposed portions of the sacrificial oxide  32  are removed to expose the underlying surface of the thinned top semiconductor layer  16 ′. This step of the present invention comprises a wet etching process that selectively removes oxide. The resultant structure formed after removing the exposed portion of sacrificial oxide  32  within opening  30  that are not protected by spacer  44  is shown in  FIG. 10 .  
         [0055]      FIG. 11  shows the structure after formation of gate dielectric  46  and front gate conductor  48  on the structure of  FIG. 10 . As shown, both the gate dielectric  46  and the front gate conductor  48  are formed within the opening  30  and a portion of the front gate conductor  48  is also formed outside of the opening  30 . The gate dielectric  46  can be formed by a thermal growing process or, alternatively, by a conventional deposition process such as CVD or PECVD. The gate dielectric  46  is a thin layer having a thickness that is from about 1 to about 5 nm. The gate dielectric  46  may be composed of a conventional oxide such as, but not limited to: SiO 2 , SiO x N y , Al 2 O 3 , Ta 2 O 3 , TiO 2  or a mixed metal oxide, e.g., a perovskite-type oxide. The gate dielectric  46  may also comprise a stack of more that one of the aforementioned dielectric materials.  
         [0056]     The front gate conductor  48  is formed on the gate dielectric  46  utilizing a conventional deposition process such as, for example, CVD or PECVD. The front gate conductor  48  may comprise a doped Si-containing layer, i.e., doped polySi or doped SiGe, a conductive metal, an alloy including a conductive metal, a conductive metal silicide, a conventional metal nitride or any combination thereof. Typically, the front gate conductor  48  is comprised of polysilicon. When Si-containing layers are used, the Si-containing layer can be doped in-situ or following deposition utilizing ion implantation and annealing.  
         [0057]     After forming the gate dielectric  46  and the front gate conductor  48 , the structure shown in  FIG. 11  is planarized by CMP or another like planarization process such as an etch back process, to provide the structure shown in  FIG. 12 . It is observed that both the gate dielectric  46  and the front gate conductor  48  are located only within the opening  30  after this planarization step.  
         [0058]     Next, the lower insulator  24  is removed from the structure utilizing a conventional etching process that selectively removes the lower insulator  24  and thereafter a recess etch is performed to recess at least the front gate conductor  38  and optionally a portion of the top semiconductor layer  16  from the planarized structure. The structure that is formed after these steps have been performed is shown in  FIG. 13 .  
         [0059]     A second patterned mask  50  is then formed on the surface of the structure utilizing conventional deposition, lithography and thereafter source/drain regions  54  are formed by implanting ions  52  into the exposed top semiconductor layer  16 . The structure during the step of the present invention is shown in  FIG. 14 . The steps can be repeated to form source/drain regions for nFETs or pFETs, if both are present.  
         [0060]      FIG. 15  shows the structure after removing the patterned mask  50 , and after performing an activation anneal. The conditions for the activation anneal are well known in the art and can vary depending on whether a furnace anneal, a laser anneal, a spike anneal or a rapid thermal anneal is used. Typically, the dopants within the source/drain regions  54  are activated by a rapid thermal anneal that is performed at a temperature of greater than 900° C. for a time period of about 10 seconds or less.  
         [0061]      FIG. 16  shows the structure after silicide  56  formation. The silicide  56  forms on all exposed surfaces that contain silicon. The silicide  56  is formed utilizing a conventional silicidation process in which a silicide metal such as, for example, Ti, Co, W, or Ni, is formed on the surface of the structure by a conventional deposition process. Following the deposition of the silicide metal, a single anneal step that is capable of causing a metal silicide to form is performed. Remaining metal not reacted with silicon is then removed by a selective etching process and a second optional anneal can be performed. The first anneal is typically performed at a lower temperature than the optional second anneal. In embodiments in which the front gate conductor  48  is not comprised of a Si-containing material, silicide  56  does not form thereon unless a source of silicon is first provided.  
         [0062]      FIG. 17  shows the structure after interconnect  58  formation. The interconnect  58  is formed utilizing conventional techniques well known to those skilled in the art. This includes deposition of an interlevel dielectric  60 , providing lines  62  and vias  64  within the interlevel dielectric and filling said lines and vias with a conductive metal such as, for example, doped polysilicon, W, Al, or Cu. In  FIG. 17 , the labels drain, gate, source, and back-gate refer to the contacts formed to each of those regions.  
         [0063]     It is observed that  FIGS. 15-17  include the planar back-gate CMOS structure of the present invention. In broad terms and as stated above, the planar back-gate structure includes a substrate  10  having a back-gate conductor  38  whose lateral dimension is substantially defined, e.g., self-aligned, by an opening  30  located in an upper surface of said substrate; a front gate conductor  48  having a portion thereof that is located within the opening  30 ; and source/drain regions  54  located adjacent to opposite sides of the front gate conductor  48 .  
         [0064]     While the present invention has been has been particularly shown and described with respect to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing and other changes in forms and details may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. It is therefore intended that the present invention not be limited to the exact forms and details described and illustrated, but fall within the scope of the appended claims.