Abstract:
The present invention relates to an improved solar energy concentrating system and to a preferred way of moving the receiver, along a curvilinear path above the mirror surface to the optimal location where the instantaneous concentration of reflected rays is the largest. The system comprises a fixed, trough concentrating collector formed with a concave curvature, shaped as a section of an spiral, oriented along the East-West axis, with a movable receiver, inclined facing South and capable of adjusting the angle of inclination periodically, preferably twice a year. The invention overcomes some of the limitations and is capable of capturing more solar energy, on a more constant basis throughout the year and at a lower cost than the preferred, state-of-the-art, trough parabolic concentrating collectors oriented along the North South axis.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    Solar Energy Generating Systems (herein referred as “SEGS”) are electricity producing systems that utilize solar energy as a source heat which coupled with a Rankine engine transform thermal energy into shaft energy which gets transformed into electrical energy. The fluid heated by the sun in a solar collector is used to evaporate a working fluid and the vapor is used to move a turbo-generator by conventional techniques. The spent vapor is condensed utilizing either cold water or air as a heat sink. The turbines of the Rankine engine are a well known and mature technology and latest improvements are relatively small, but there is potential for improvement in the solar collector field which today represents the bulk of the investment of SEGS. 
         [0002]    Efforts to capture solar energy to produce steam are more than 150 years old (August Mouchot—1860). Sun-tracking parabolic reflectors are more than 100 years old. Frank Shuman applied for patent 1,240,890 in Sep. 30, 1912 for a Sun Boiler that comprises, among other things, a sun tracking parabolic collector. The oil embargo in 1973 spurred research efforts to develop renewable energy sources which translated into a deluge of patents and papers with leap jumps in improvements and installation of photovoltaic panels, wind turbines and solar thermal systems. Several SEGS large plants were installed in the Mojave Desert in the 1980s with a combined capacity of 354 MW. 
         [0003]    Recent high energy prices have sparked renewed interest in the use of renewable energy sources. Solar energy, available almost everywhere, is unfortunately much diluted and fluctuates widely during the year and even during the day, even without taking into consideration cloud cover. The installation of wind turbines and photovoltaic has exploded in the last decade and prices have continued to drop, but due to their unsteadiness and unpredictability, without storage, they are not able to provide the steady electricity we need. 
         [0004]    The new SEGS with better trough parabolic mirrors and solar towers with dual axis tracking heliostats operating at higher temperatures and with molten salts as thermal storage are able to provide steadier generation and are becoming less pricey. Progress has been impressive and efficiencies have improved steadily over time with better materials, better tracking mechanisms, evacuated tubes, the use of thermal oils and molten salts, or even new approaches like Stirling engines mounted on top of parabolic dual tracking mirrors. Yet, challenges remain 
         [0005]    State-of-the-art, sun tracking trough parabolic collectors are oriented along the North South (“NS”) axis, with the mirror and receiver following the sun&#39;s movements from East to West, but are held horizontally even when it is well known that inclining the mirror will allow the capture of more energy. There are two problems with NS orientation: (i) the sun&#39;s altitude also changes during the day and seasons (in the winter months in most of the USA, the sun does not rise above the horizon more than 40°, and therefore, collectors oriented along the NS axis face substantial dispersion due to the cosine law in the winter), and; (ii) inclining the collectors to capture more energy is prevented from (a) wind considerations that requires a strong structure to prevent damage to a large moving area; (b) shadowing effects requiring large distances between collectors, and even; (c) possible freeze considerations due to the difficulty of draining low spots of a field of inclined collectors. As of today, no economic solution has been found for the problem of inclining large surface collectors capable of resisting strong winds. 
         [0006]    An inclined collector oriented along the East-West (“EW”) axis, facing South in the northern hemisphere ameliorates some of the problems discussed above, but encounters others. The hourly movement of the sun produces accentuated daily dispersion and the collectors need to be spaced further apart. While the output of NS collectors peaks during the summer, the output of inclined EW collectors (same angle as latitude) peaks during the spring and fall equinoxes. 
         [0007]    Since the electricity generated is mostly sold to utilities, to improve the financial viability of SEGS, developers sought larger solar thermal installations to capture better economies of scale, high temperatures to improve thermal efficiencies and even molten salts to provide some storage, that has resulted in increased size and complexity which makes their financing and proliferation difficult. 
         [0008]    The present invention relates to the use of an inclined and flip-able spiral shaped fixed trough collector, oriented along the EW axis with a moving receiver. The system departs from current pursuit of high temperature and large generation units, seeking instead a less costly and simpler smaller scale system, which could be the basis of a distributed system generating with capacities of several hundred kW. 
       PRIOR ART 
       [0009]    There is a plethora of books discussing solar thermal energy and hundreds of patents related to solar collectors. Depending on the application, there are many ways of optimizing the feeble solar resource to achieve the desired goal. In one hand, pool heating requires little temperature gradient and can use inexpensive PVC conduits to reach the goal while on the other hand, solar towers with heliostats achieving concentration ratios of several hundred suns require the use of molten metal as the heat transfer medium. 
         [0010]    For this application, the relevant patents to consider are those with fixed mirrors but movable receivers. Fletcher et all (U.S. Pat. No. 4,065,053—Dec. 27, 1977) recommended an East-West orientation for the second stage heating source for a large (100 MW) ground based, fixed cylindrical collector to minimize the receiver&#39;s movement which is supported by stanchions, with a pivoted moving arm connected to a bar linkage member where the receiver is fastened, which allows the receiver to move in a circular path above the mirror and with the receiver having a secondary reflector to capture scattered irradiation. Myles et al (U.S. Pat. No. 5,673,684—Oct. 7, 1997) proposed a concave cylindrical configuration mirror with a moving receiver, the receiver being connected to a drive shaft that impinges a circular motion, and with the receiver also coupled with a secondary parabolic reflector and with the collector oriented within 30° of true East-West axis. Finally, Fairstein&#39;s recent patent (U.S. Pat. No. 8,474,445—Jul. 2, 2013) provides for a shallow cylindrical trough mirror configured to share structural elements with a building and with a movable receiver within the area of focus of the mirror with a secondary mirror that augments solar energy collection and parallel linear tracking assemblies that move the receiver with a mechanism mounted on the building sidewalls. Either the building is used for other purposes or the mirror is limited by the building size. 
         [0011]    While some fixed collectors without moving receivers discuss the possibility of changing the inclination of the collector, none of these collectors in the patents enumerated above provide for the possibility of periodically changing the inclination of the collector. 
       OBJECTS AND ADVANTAGES 
       [0012]    The object of the invention is to design an inexpensive solar collector that can meet the following criteria: 
         [0013]    The proposed collector should be capable of heating a reasonable flow rate of water (or another substance chosen as the heating fluid) to not less than 180° C., for a period of not less than six hours a day; 
         [0014]    The proposed collector should be capable of capturing a relatively constant amount of heat throughout the year (assuming no cloud cover), with no day capturing less than 75% of the yearly average or not more the 125% of the yearly average; 
         [0015]    The proposed collector should have similar overall yearly efficiencies comparable with state of the art sun tracking parabolic collectors, and; 
         [0016]    The proposed collector should cost less than the state-of-the-art sun-tracking parabolic collectors. 
         [0017]    Meeting the above criteria would result in more efficient means of capturing solar energy, at a lower cost, which places the following requirements on the collector: 
         [0018]    To be able to reach such temperature, having a reasonable flow rate through the collector capturing such heat, the concentration ratio should exceed 10× for at least six hours a day. 
         [0019]    To maintain such concentration ratio for at least six hours a day, either the collector must track the sun, or the receiver needs to be moved. 
         [0020]    To capture a larger flux of the available solar energy, the collector should be inclined, facing South (in the northern hemisphere). 
         [0021]    To avoid having to build strong structures and ameliorate the wind effects, the collectors should be oriented along the EW axis, reducing the height of the structure and to further simplify the support structure, the collectors should be stationary, and therefore the receiver should move. 
         [0022]    To be able to capture similar amounts of energy throughout the year, a means of flipping the inclination of the collectors at least twice a year is necessary. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0023]    The present invention provides for a practical and economical way of integrating the requirements listed above. 
         [0024]    While several curvilinear shapes allow concentrating the solar irradiation, a simple variation of the Archimedes spiral shape retains a stronger ability to concentrate the incoming rays into a particular area. The variation of the spiral is characterized by a pair of parametric equations: (a) x=Aθ Sin(8), and; (b) y=Aθ Cos(8), where A is a parameter that defines the size of the spiral and θ is the independent variable that defines the curvature. The curvature of the mirror is defined by the initial and final value of θ and the size of the mirror depends on the value and dimensions of A. 
         [0025]    To achieve high temperatures, high concentration ratios (“CR”) are required. The concentration ratios are herein defined as the opening of the mirror divided by the diameter of the receiver as a proxy of the area of the mirror divided by the area of the receiver. Flatter mirrors, constructed with a large initial value of θ and/or a small increment of θ, achieve consistently higher concentration ratios. Flat mirrors require the receiver to be located further away from the mirror surface and a more accurate moving mechanism, but maintain good concentration ratios throughout wider changes on the incident angle. 
         [0026]    The maximum solar azimuth in a given location is given by 90° plus the maximum declination in the summer of 23.45° minus the latitude. From this fact, it follows that a stationary collector oriented along the EW axis will only have to move the receiver less than 80° in Southern California and even less if there is shadowing within the collectors. The orientation and fixed position of the mirror allows inclining it, facing South in the northern hemisphere, to allow closer to normal capture of solar irradiation. The selected shape of the mirror and its geographical location defines the optimal angle of inclination to maximize capture for a particular date. 
         [0027]    From the considerations given above, one embodiment of the present invention consists of a fixed trough spiral shaped but relatively flat collector with a moving receiver oriented along the EW axis and inclined facing South. The fixed collectors can be heavier, opening the door to many alternatives, among them a pre-cast concrete body, smoothed or even glassed over; or a glass mirror, with a structure strong enough to maintain the shape and coherence; or a less expensive ceramic mirror with a structure and frame. Either one of these materials would have to be covered with a thin reflective film. 
         [0028]    The mirror will be held in place above ground in the lower end by a short thin column-like support, preferably concrete columns, evenly spaced along the length of the line, a couple of meters apart. The higher end could also be supported by taller columns, either concrete or metal. The mirror will be fastened to the support columns by traditional means. 
         [0029]    In a second embodiment of the present invention, a means of adjusting the tilt or inclination of the collector, preferably twice a year, is provided. Changing the inclination improves the heat captured throughout the year. While the concrete mirror is likely to be too heavy to be moved, the glass or ceramic mirrors might be moved and fixed to the taller columns by traditional means of securing them in place. 
         [0030]    While the device can be scaled up or down depending on the needs, economies of scale indicate that a collector field, perhaps a couple of thousand square meters will be ideal. The collector field could be composed of a plurality of lines of collectors, each line having a length between 50 and 100 m long, with collectors with an opening of about 2 m, separated some 10-15 m to avoid shadowing. 
         [0031]    While simplified embodiments of the invention have been enunciated and will be further described in detail below, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that various modifications and substitutions may be made thereto and that the invention intends to cover all such modifications and substitutions that fall within the scope of the appended claims as might be understood from the foregoing written description. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0032]    The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description given herein below and the accompanying drawings which are given by way of illustration only and thus are not limitative of the present invention and wherein: 
           [0033]      FIG. 1  illustrates a lateral view of a state-of-the-art trough parabolic mirror with incident rays 5 degrees off the axis of the parabola and with the receiver at the focal point of the parabola. 
           [0034]      FIG. 2  illustrates a lateral view of a trough spiral mirror with incident rays 15 degrees off a perpendicular line to the line connecting the lips of the mirror, with the mirror inclined 35 degrees and with the receiver moved to the optimal location to capture the largest amount of reflected rays. 
           [0035]      FIG. 3  illustrates an expanded and exploded view of the receiver and details of the fasteners to transmit movement to the receiver. 
           [0036]      FIG. 4  shows a detailed lateral view of the connection between the rail supporting the receiver and the vertical strut supporting the rail. 
           [0037]      FIG. 5  shows a schematic front view of the moving mechanism. 
           [0038]      FIG. 6  illustrates a detailed front view of the moving mechanism at the lower portion of the collector structure. 
           [0039]      FIG. 7  shows a detailed lateral view of the lower portion of the moving mechanism. 
           [0040]      FIG. 8  illustrates means of flipping the spiral collector twice a year. 
           [0041]      FIG. 9  shows a front view of one extreme of the collector, showing the flexible connector connecting the moving receiver to a manifold. 
           [0042]      FIG. 10  illustrates the means of transferring the movement to a plurality of mirrors in the collector field along the longitudinal axis and to other lines of collectors. 
           [0043]      FIG. 11  compares the amount of heat captured annually by several collectors. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0044]      FIG. 1  shows a lateral sketch of a state-of-art parabolic collector  1 , depicting a plurality of parallel sun rays  11  coming parallel from the sun&#39;s rays inclined 5° from the axis of the parabola. The parabolic collector has a mirror surface  13 , a frame  3 , two or more struts  5  supporting the receiver  7 , which are attached to the frame and an axis  9  with means of rotating the collector along said axis. Each incoming ray impinges the mirror surface  13  at a different point, which has a slightly different slope, therefore forming reflecting rays  15  at a different angle. A parabolic mirror is the preferred trough shape, because in a parabola, if the incoming rays are coming parallel to the axis of the parabola, all rays will be reflected at the focus of the parabola. With accurate sun tracking mechanisms, the parabola can produce good concentration when the collector is oriented along the NS axis, following the sun as it moves from East to West.  FIG. 1  shows that parabolic mirrors quickly lose their focusing ability when the rays of the sun are off the axis of the parabola by only 5°. This inability to maintain focus forces the use of a sophisticated and accurate sun tracking mechanism. 
         [0045]      FIG. 2  shows a lateral view of an inclined spiral collector  2 , at a cut, somewhere in the middle of the longitudinal axis of said collector, next to one of the frames. The view also depicts a plurality of parallel sun rays  26  inclined 15° from line  4  which is perpendicular to line  6  connecting the lower lip  10  of the mirror surface  8  and the upper lip  12 . The collector is shown inclined 35°, the angle formed between line  6  and the horizon. The spiral collector also has a plurality of equidistant frames  14 , spaced and constructed as needed to provide the needed structural integrity. Other structures described herein below coincide with the location of the frames. While the description is singular, it is understood that each element is replicated on each of the plurality of frames. The frame of the inclined spiral collector is lighter than the frame  3  of the parabolic mirror of  FIG. 1 , because the frame is stationary and can be fastened to the lower column  16  and the upper column  18  utilizing traditional fastening means. Two struts, the upper strut  20  and the lower strut  22 , which are perpendicular to line  6 , connect with the receiver rail  24 , which guides the solar energy absorber or receiver  30  along a curved path above the mirror surface. The curvature defined by the upper edge of said rail which supports the receiver and the length of the upper strut  20  and lower strut  22  will depend on the dimensions of the mirror and the chosen curvature. The upper strut  20  and the lower strut  22  could be of different length. Each incoming ray  26  impinges the mirror surface  8  at a different point, which has a slightly different slope, therefore forming reflecting rays  28  at a different angle. A good portion of the incoming rays, with an angle of incidence of 15° with respect to line  4 , get reflected into the solar energy absorber or receiver  30 . Depending on the angle of incidence of the incoming rays and given the curvature of the mirror surface of the spiral collector, a good portion of the incoming rays gets reflected along the path described by the curved receiver rail  24 , which serves as a guide to locate the receiver to capture the maximum amount of reflected rays. The receiver moves up and down along the rail, during the day, propelled by traditional means, locating it in the position where the reflected rays tend to congregate at that instant. As the sun moves, the receiver is moved to the new optimal position. The receiver will be surrounded by a glass enclosure (not shown) to minimize the thermal losses of the receiver due to convection. The void between the receiver and the glass could be empty like in a typical evacuated tube, or not, in which case air will be providing the thermal barrier. 
         [0046]    Since the mirror does not need to be moved, it can be constructed out of concrete, ceramic, glass or even thin metal sheets, covered with a reflective film. A concrete mirror might be rather inexpensive, but large pieces that require less assembly would have to be thicker and have ribs along the edges to maintain its shape while in transit. Ceramic tiles are inexpensive and can have very smooth surfaces if glassed over, but are usually smaller and would require a support structure. Glass, the preferred alternative today is practical and can easily be made in larger units requiring less site assembly. 
         [0047]    The frame and/or structure could be made easily and inexpensively out of steel, brass or aluminum. It can be welded or cast. The strength of the frame and/or structure is only required to provide structural integrity, support to the struts and rail and to withstand surface winds. The structural requirements are less strict than those of a moving mirror, which needs to be stronger to withstand the wind, maintaining the shape and position of mirror. 
         [0048]      FIG. 3  shows details of the moving receiver sketched on  FIG. 2  along area  32 . A small portion of the receiver  30  that is not covered by the glass enclosure  47 , receives a brace clamp  48  or other means of clamping the receiver and a ball bearing  44 . The brace clamp is connected by a shackle  34  or other means of fastening the brace clamp with the moving wire  60 . The receiver rail  24  has at least two different channels providing a path to the ball bearing  38  and the brace clamp  40 . The brace clamp channel would also house the tensed moving cable. The receiver, kept tense by the wire, slides across the rail as the wire is pulled in the upward or downward direction by the moving means (not shown). The ball bearing smoothes the movement of the receiver and allows the receiver to freely rotate as it moves along the rail, removing strain and prevents twisting of the flexible connector (not shown) at both ends of the collector. The ball bearing runs in the ball bearing channel and is kept in place in the receiver by conventional spacers (not shown). 
         [0049]      FIG. 4  shows details of the connection of the rail with the support structure, along the area  34  of  FIG. 2 . An aluminum rail fastener  46  or similar fastening means is used to connect the rail  24  with the vertical struts (one for each of the lower strut  22  or the upper strut  20 ). The cast connector has embedded a free moving pulley  45  to guide the tensed wire  60  (not shown) from changing direction. 
         [0050]      FIG. 5  shows a schematic of the receiver&#39;s moving mechanism. The moving mechanism follows the movement of a movement transfer pulley  50  that is connected to shaft  54  that moves clockwise or counterclockwise, which translates into moving the receiver  30  up or down along the path or channel on the receiver rail  24 . A plurality of free moving pulleys  42  are attached or embedded along the path of the moving wire in all places where a change of direction is required. The moving wire is always kept tensed by means of the tension pulley  44  or other tensioning means. 
         [0051]      FIG. 6  shows a front view of details of the movement transmission between the shaft and the moving pulleys along area  52  on  FIG. 5 . A plurality of freely moving pulleys directs the wire  60  along the desired path to the movement transfer pulley  50  that receives its movement from shaft  54 . The wire  60  can be moved up as indicated by  60 ′ or down, as indicated by  60 ″. Fasteners  51  and  55  connect the lower portion of the collector to pin  53 , assuring that the mirror is secured in the location and yet has some flexibility to allow it to be flipped sporadically. 
         [0052]      FIG. 7  shows a lateral view of  FIG. 6 , showing alignment between the free moving pulleys  42  and the moving pulley  50  driven by the moving shaft. 
         [0053]      FIG. 8  shows a lateral schematic of the flipping mechanism for the collector, presenting the mirror surface  13  and  13 ′ in two different inclinations. Since ideally the collector will have to be flipped only twice a year around spring and fall equinoxes, the flipping mechanism could be rather simple and needs not be attached permanently to the structure. The description assumes that the flipping mechanism is not attached permanently. When the collector is to be moved, a wire  56  or  56 ″, depending on the location of the mirror, is attached to fastener  59  which is placed on a preparation in the mirror and/or mirror frame (not shown). A free moving pulley  62  is attached to pin  63  that is held in a preparation made on the upper support column  18 . The continuation of wire  56 ′ is attached to a winch or other means of pulling the wire. A slight pull on the wire frees the support pin  64  from its location in the upper support column allowing the mirror to be flipped from one position to the other. Once the mirror is in the new position, the mirror is fastened to the support pin that is inserted into the new position. 
         [0054]      FIG. 9  shows another lateral view of the collector, at one of the extremes of the collector, showing a flexible connector  67  connecting the receiver  30  with the distribution pipe  66  that is connected to the manifold  65 , which is supported above ground by a plurality of supports  68 . 
         [0055]      FIG. 10  shows the means of transferring the movement transfer force along the longitudinal length of the collector, by having a plurality of moving pulleys  50  along the longitudinal shaft  76 , each moving pulley coincident to the support columns (not shown) where the movement is transmitted to the receiver with a plurality of moving mechanisms as shown in the previous  FIGS. 5 and 6 . A microprocessor (not shown) controls the clockwise or counterclockwise movement of the electric motor  70 , which via a gearbox  72  transmits the movement to the longitudinal shaft  76 . The longitudinal shaft  76  also transmits the movement to a plurality of gearboxes  74  to transmit the movement to a plurality of lateral shafts  78 , which in turn move other gearboxes  74  which move the plurality of longitudinal shafts  76 , assuring that all receivers in the collector&#39;s field move simultaneously to the desired position dictated by the microprocessor. 
         [0056]    It will be apparent to those of skill in the art that various modifications and substitutions may be made thereto and that the invention intends to cover all such modifications and substitution that fall within the scope of the invention. 
         [0057]    In one embodiment of the present invention, chosen among many possibilities, is a 200 cm mirror constructed with an initial angle θ of 80° and a Δθ of 30° and a receiver of 10 cm in diameter. Such collector would have a CR of 20× with rays perpendicular to the mirror and could have a CR of 12× if the incident angle of the rays is ±30° from the perpendicular, provided that the receiver is moved to the new location where the maximum concentration of rays forms, and a CR of 5× if the incident angle is between −40 to +50° from the perpendicular (the spiral mirror is not symmetric). For such embodiment, the receiver will move along a curve that is about 1 m above the upper lip, about 0.8 m above the lower lip, with a maximum distance above the surface of the mirror, of about 1.45 m. The instantaneous location of the receiver is defined as the point that maximizes the capture of the reflected rays with the ever changing incident angles. 
         [0058]    Finally,  FIG. 11  shows the potential heat capture (expressed as kWh/(m 2  d) for the embodiment described above on the fifteenth day of every month, for several inclinations and orientations, and compares the possible heat capture with a state-of-the-art, sun tracking parabolic collector. The collector is assumed to be located in Raleigh N.C. (35° 52′N and 72° 12′ W) and assumes no cloud cover on that day. While the numerical value of the yearly average presented might be unrealistic because it also assumes no cloud cover, the comparison of the relative potential heat capture is still valid. 
         [0059]    The graph shows six curves. The first three curves follow current practices as the collectors are oriented along the North South axis and the mirrors are held horizontally. The first curve, labeled NS receiver, shows the potential heat capture of the spiral mirror described above, showing very little heat capture during the winter and peaking at about 3.5 kWh/(m 2  d) on June 15. The calculated yearly average is 1.73 kWh/(m 2  d). The second curve, labeled NS tracking assumes the use of a parabolic collector capable of achieving a 20×CR constantly. Heat capture improves substantially and peak capture in June reaches about 4.9 kWh/(m 2  d). The calculated yearly average is 2.56 kWh/(m 2  d). The third curve, labeled NS tracking HCR, assumes a state-of-the-art sun tracking parabolic collector, capable of maintaining 60×CR. Heat capture also improves, and peak collection reaches about 6.0 kWh/(m 2  d). The calculated yearly average is 3.42 kWh/(m 2  d). 
         [0060]    The second set of curves has the collectors oriented along the East West axis, with the collectors inclined and facing South. The curve labeled EW-25 assumes that the collector is inclined 25° with respect to the horizon and shows it can capture about 2.0 kWh/(m 2  d) in the winter months and levels up to about 4.2 kWh/(m 2  d) in the summer. The calculated yearly average is 3.32 KWH/(m 2  d). The curve labeled EW-55 assumes that the collector is inclined 55° with respect to the horizon, and shows that it can capture substantially more heat in the winter months, about 4.1 kWh/(m 2  d), but has a very poor capture in the summer, reaching only about 2.50 kWh/(m 2  d) in June 15. The calculated yearly average is 3.75 kWh/(m 2  d). The third curve, labeled Flipping is superimposed in the previous two lines, and assumes that the collector is inclined, facing South, 55° with respect to the horizon from September 15 to March 15, therefore capturing about 4.3 kWh/(m 2  d) during that period, and that it is inclined 25° facing South from March 15 to September 15, capturing also about 4.0 kWh/(m 2  d) in the summer months. Overall, the flipping collector captures on a yearly average about 4.17 kWh/(m 2  d). The heat capture of the Flipping collector is rather even, exceeding the initial requirements of fluctuations above the average. The calculated range, again assuming no clouds, is ±10%. 
       LIST OF ITEMS ON FIGURES 
       [0061]      FIG. 1  State of the Art Sun-tracking Parabolic Collector
     1 . Parabolic Collector (prior art)     3 . Frame     5 . Struts     7 . Receiver     9 . Axis     11 . Incoming sun rays     13 . Mirror Surface     15 . Reflecting Rays   
 
         [0070]      FIG. 2  Spiral Shaped Collectors
     2 . Spiral Collector with moving receiver     4 . Line perpendicular to line  6       6 . Line connecting lips of mirror     8 . Mirror surface     10 . Lower mirror lip     12  Upper mirror lip     14 . Frame     16 . Lower support column     18 . Upper support column     20 . Upper strut     22 . Lower strut     24 . Receiver Rail     26 . Incoming sun rays     28 . Reflecting rays     30 . Receiver     32 . Area for details of receiver     34 . Area for detail of moving mechanism   
 
         [0088]      FIG. 3  Details of Receiver
     24 . Receiver rail     32 . Exploded views area of receiver     36 . Receiver. Shackle     38 . Ball bearing channel     40  Brace clamp channel     60 . Moving Cable     44 . Ball bearing     47 . Glass enclosure of receiver     48 . Brace clamp   
 
         [0098]      FIG. 4 . Details of Rail Fastener
     24 . Receiver Rai     22 . Lower struts     45 . Wire transfer pulley     46 . Rail Fastener     
         [0103]      FIG. 5  Moving mechanism
     16 . Lower support column     18 . Upper support column     20 . Lower Strut     22 . Upper Strut     24 . Receiver Rail     30 . Receiver     36 . Receiver Shackle     42 . Moving Pulleys     44 . Tension Pulley   
 
         [0113]    Movement Transfer Pulley
     52 . Exploded area for moving mechanism lower arrangement     54 . Moving shaft     60 . Moving cable   
 
         [0117]      FIG. 6 . Front Details of Moving Mechanism Lower Arrangement
     51 . Strut flippable fastener     53 . Flippable pin     55 . Mirror flippable fastener     57 . Support Block     60 . Moving cable     60 ′. Movement of the moving cable up     60 ″. Movement of the moving cable down     
         [0125]      FIG. 7 . Lateral Details of Moving Mechanism Lower Arrangement 
         [0126]      FIG. 8 . Ripping Mechanism
     13 ′. Mirror in lower position     56 . Flipping cable     56 ′. Movement of flipping cable     56 ″. Flipping cable to lower position     59 . Fastener to mirror     59 ′. Fastener to mirror in lower position     62 . Flipping pulley     63 . Pin for flipping cable     64 . Mirror support pin     64 ′. Mirror support pin lower position     
         [0137]      FIG. 9 . Flexible Connector
     65 . Manifold     66 . Distributor pipe     67 . Flexible Connector     68 . Ground Manifold Support     
         [0142]      FIG. 10 . Moving Mechanism Transfer
     70 . Electric motor     72 . Speed Reducing gearbox     74 . Angular transferring gearbox     76 . Longitudinal Shaft     78 . Lateral Shaft     50 . Movement Transfer Pulleys     
         [0149]      FIG. 11 . Heat Capture Comparison