Abstract:
A system to compare process sizes is described. In one example embodiment, the system comprises memory and one or more processing devices. The memory may be configured to store executable instructions. The one or more processing devices may be configured to execute the instructions. The instructions may cause the one or more processing devices to generate a first process that corresponds to an activity, generate data objects that correspond to the elements associated with the activity, and identify a number of data objects associated with the first process. The one or more processing devices may further obtain a reference size for the first process based on the number of data objects and compare the reference size for the first process with the reference size for another process.

Description:
CLAIM TO PRIORITY 
       [0001]    This application is continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/157,150 filed Jun. 20, 2005, which claims priority to European Patent Application No. EP04022302.6, filed on Sep. 20, 2004, which applications are incorporated in their entirety herein by reference. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    This patent application relates generally to processing performed by a digital computer and, more particularly, to comparing processes based, e.g., on their sizes. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Real-world activities can be simulated as computer processes. Such simulations are often used in the manufacturing field; however, they may also be used in other production-related activities and in post-production, such as sales and marketing. 
         [0004]    A drawback of current simulation systems is their inability to compare similar processes in terms of importance. This is particularly true if the processes are different. For instance, comparing a sales process (or portion thereof) having only few objects and a low granularity with a manufacturing process (or portion thereof) having a large number of objects and a high granularity can often result in the incorrect conclusion that the manufacturing activity is more important than the sales activity. Comparing objects associated with those processes is further complicated if their simulations can change. 
         [0005]    Because computer-simulated processes can include a variety of different, but linked, tasks, it can become increasingly difficult to determine sizes of such processes. This can hinder comparison of the processes, at least in terms of their sizes. 
     
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0006]      FIG. 1  is a flowchart of a method for determining a reference size of a process. 
           [0007]      FIGS. 2 to 4  are flowcharts showing examples of processes that have reference sizes determined in accordance with  FIG. 1 . 
           [0008]      FIG. 5  is a chart showing a number of data objects in a process over time. 
           [0009]      FIG. 6  is a chart showing determining a reference size for the process of  FIG. 5 . 
       
    
    
       [0010]    Like reference numerals in different figures denote like elements. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0011]    This patent application features methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer program products, for use in comparing processes. Aspects of the methods, systems, and apparatus are set forth below. 
         [0012]    In general, in one aspect, the invention is directed to comparing processes. In this aspect, comparing processes includes generating a first process that corresponds to an activity, the activity having associated elements and the first process including tasks, generating data objects that correspond to elements associated with the activity, identifying a number of data objects associated with the first process, obtaining a first reference size for the first process based on the number of data objects, and comparing the first reference size to a second reference size, the second reference size corresponding to a second process. This aspect may also include one or more of the following. 
         [0013]    The tasks may correspond to activities that are constituents of the activity. The task may be a synchronization task, which references all data objects associated with the first process. Identifying the number of data objects may include counting the number of data objects. Obtaining the first reference size may include calculating 
         [0000]        N   0   =Σn   C ( X ), 
         [0000]    where N o  is the reference size, and n C  is a number of data objects in a task X. 
         [0014]    A new reference size may be obtained for the first process when a data object is split from the first process into a different process. Obtaining the new reference size may include calculating 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
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         [0000]    where N 1  is the new reference size, n C (S) is a number of data objects in a task S after splitting, and n S  is a number of data objects split into the different process. A new reference size may be obtained for the first process when a data object is merged into the first process from a different process. In this case, obtaining the new reference size may include calculating 
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         [0000]    where N 2  is the new reference size, n G (M) is a number of data objects in first process M before merging, and n M  is a number of data objects that are merged into the first process. 
         [0015]    A new reference size may be obtained for the first process when a number of data objects in the first process changes. Changes to data object granularity may not affect the new reference size in some cases. 
         [0016]    The details of one or more examples are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Further features, aspects, and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims. 
         [0017]    Using current enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, activities in the real-world can be simulated as computer-based processes. For example, an aspect of a management, development, or production project can be simulated, as can interactions between aspects of those projects. Similarly, aspects of a product lifecycle can be simulated via a product lifecycle management (PLM) process. Elements used in a real-world activity can be mapped to data objects for use with its counterpart computer-based process. For example, a PLM process can use data objects (e.g., business objects) to represent real-world elements and products. Such objects can change during the process. 
         [0018]    A computer-based simulation process (hereinafter, simply “process”) can include a sequence of tasks. A process with more than one task can also be referred to as a chain or configuration. A process can be split into independent branches, each containing separate tasks. Likewise, two processes can be combined to form a single process. 
         [0019]    The tasks of a process are typically organized in a logical sequence that corresponds to functional dependencies of the process&#39; counterpart real-world activity. In one example, a task can be a self-contained functional unit that corresponds to a clearly defined action, and an element can be an assembly including various parts, each of which also may constitute an element in its own right. The granularity of elements, in this context, is the number of elements referenced in a larger element. For example, a computer can be an element. The computer may contain a processor, a hard-disk, a memory, motherboards, a graphics-unit, etc. Each of these also may constitute an element. The computer element thus has several other elements as its components. The more elements that are within a target element, the higher the target element&#39;s granularity. 
         [0020]    As noted above, elements of an activity can be mapped to data objects. The data objects can be linked to each other to indicate relationships between elements. The granularity of a data object corresponds to the amount that the data object references other data objects (and hence corresponds to the granularity of its corresponding element). During a process, granularities of objects may be defined differently, e.g., within one process task or between process tasks. For example, in a production process, a computer may be described by a data object that references the computer&#39;s components. Therefore, in the production process, the computer data object may have a relatively high granularity. By contrast, in a sales process, the computer data object may not reference other data objects. This is because such references are not important, or less important, to sales. Thus, in the sales process, the computer data object may have a relatively low granularity. 
         [0021]    Referring to  FIG. 1 , method  99  examines a real-world activity, and components thereof, and generates ( 100 ) a computer-based process that corresponds to the activity and its components. The components of the activity may include elementary activities that make up the overall activity. Tasks of the process may relate to any aspect of the real-world activity, such as transforming elements. In this context, an element may be any element relating to the activity upon which a comparison is to be based, such as materials required for manufacturing, man-hours estimates for completing the activity, and the like.  FIGS. 2 to 4  show examples of tasks that are generated by method  99 . Method  99  also generates ( 102 ) data objects that correspond to the elements from the real-world activity. 
         [0022]    Method  99  designates ( 104 ) a task in the simulation process as a synchronization task. The synchronization task essentially dictates factors upon which process comparisons are based. In  FIGS. 2 to 4 , synchronization tasks are labeled  204 ,  304  and  404 . In a synchronization task, data objects in the process are identified and counted ( 106 ). Based on the number of data objects, process  99  calculates ( 106 ) a reference size for the process. In this example, an initial reference size, N o , is obtained as follows 
         [0000]        N   0 =Σn C ( X ), 
         [0000]    where n C  is the number of data objects in a target task “X” of the process. 
         [0023]    Method  99  determines ( 108 ) whether a merger or a split occurs in the process, or whether a comparison is requested. A merger occurs when data objects are combined in a single task and a split occurs when data objects in a single task are assigned to one or more different tasks. Both a merger and a split can affect the reference size of the process if the merger or split occurs with respect to an external process, as explained in more detail below. A comparison compares information determined in method  99  for two processes. 
         [0024]    If a split has occurred that involves an external process (e.g., objects are moved to the external process), method  99  obtains ( 110 ) the new reference size of the original process. The new reference size, N 1 , after a split can be calculated as follows 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
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         [0000]    where n C (S) is the number of data objects in an original process S after the split, and n S  is a number of data objects split into a new process. 
         [0025]    If a merger has occurred that involves an external process (e.g., objects are imported from the external process), method  99  also obtains ( 112 ) the new reference size. The new reference size, N 2 , after the merger can be calculated as follows 
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         [0000]    where n G (M) is the number of data objects in an original process M before merger, and n M  is a number of data objects that are merged into the process. 
         [0026]    If a comparison is requested, method  99  compares ( 114 ) a current reference size of the process to a reference size of another process. A process comparison may also take other factors into account. For instance, a product development activity can depend on man-hours required, cost, information technology resources required, and time of development, to name a few factors. Comparing processes may include selecting characteristics by which the processes are to be compared, and performing the comparison. 
         [0027]      FIG. 2  shows an exemplary process  200 , which may be used to illustrate method  99 . Process  200  begins with task  202 . In the beginning of process  200 , no objects are used. This is evidenced by the upper number “0” at the left side of task  202 . 
         [0028]    As noted above, process  200  may be compared to one or more other processes. To facilitate comparison, task  202  maps sixty elements into sixty data objects. These sixty data objects may represent, e.g., sixty different materials required for manufacturing a machine, sixty man-hours estimated to complete a project, or the like. Task  202  thus ends with sixty data objects, as evidenced by the lower number “60” at the left side of task  202 . 
         [0029]    Here, task  204  is the synchronization task. Task  204  determines the number of objects and stores the resulting value in a counter. The counter may be implemented in software and/or hardware. The number of objects determined in task  204  is used to calculate the reference size of process  200 . The number of objects determined in task  204  is also deemed to be 100% of the objects in process  200 . During task  204 , the number of objects in process  200  is unchanged. This is evident from the upper and lower numbers “60” next to task  204 , i.e., there is no change in that number during task  204 . 
         [0030]    Following task  204 , process  200  is ready to be compared to one or more other processes. In this implementation, all processes to be compared are subjected to synchronization; however, in other embodiments, that may not be the case. 
         [0031]    To enable comparison of processes having objects whose granularity changes over time, granularity changes are disregarded when calculating reference sizes. For example, during task  206 , the granularity of the objects may change. This may cause the number of objects to increase from sixty to ninety. However, the reference size and the object percentage are not changed. This is because no objects actually exit or enter process  200 . The same holds true for objects that are combined, e.g., into assemblies. For example, in task  204 , various objects may be aggregated into an assembly. The number of objects referred to in task  206  may thus change. However, the size of process  200  does not change, since the overall number of objects in process  200  has not changed. 
         [0032]    If, at any point in process  200  after the reference size has been determined, objects are added to the process (e.g., by merger) or removed from the process (e.g., by split), the reference size is increased or decreased. The increase or decrease is measured in terms of percentage. For example, if added objects correspond to 25% of the total number of objects, the reference size is increased by 25%. Conversely, if removed objects make up 25% of the total number of objects, the reference size is decreased by 25%. A weighted counter may be used to represent the reference size of a process. This weighted counter is set to a predetermined value after the synchronization task. The weighted counter does not change unless objects are split from process  200  or merged into process  200 . 
         [0033]    By way of example, task  208  may cause a split in process  200 . Eighty-one objects remain in original process  200 , and nine objects are passed to a successor process  300  ( FIG. 3 ). Passing the nine objects to successor process  300  results in transfer of 10% of the total number of ninety objects from process  200  to process  300 . The reference size of process  200  is changed because of this split. The split can be based on the corresponding real-world activity, or can represent a simulation associated with the activity. In any case, after the split, the percentage of objects in process  200  is 90%, because 10% of the objects are transferred to process  300 . The weighted counter of process  200  is reduced by 10%, resulting in a reference size of fifty-four, which corresponds to a weighted normalized number of objects. Task  210  treats (i.e., processes) the remaining fifty-four objects. 
         [0034]      FIG. 3  illustrates process  300 . Process  300  includes tasks  302  to  310 . Here, task  304  is the synchronization task. Task  304  obtains the reference size of process  300  in the same manner as task  204  above. In task  308 , objects that were split from process  200  merge into process  300 . This merger causes the reference size of process  300  to increase, since the number of objects in process  300  increases. Task  308  therefore obtains a new reference size. The weighted counter of process  200  is reduced by six, resulting in increasing the weighted counter of process  300  by six, which augments the reference size of process  300 . Process  300  continues in task  310  with a new reference size of six. 
         [0035]    Processes  200 ,  300  might be different. For example, process  300  processes only about 10% of the volume of the process  200 . However, their weighted and normalized reference sizes can be compared at any time. 
         [0036]      FIG. 4  illustrates a process  400  having splits and mergers. The process  400  commences at operation  402 . Parallel tasks  408   a ,  408   b  and  410   a ,  410   b  are part of process  400 . Thus, the reference size of process  400  does not change. In process  400 , each task stores the percentage of objects that it processes. This value can only be changed by a split or merger with a separate process (as noted above), or by filtering. However, filtering does not affect the reference size of process  400 . 
         [0037]    Task  404  determines the reference size of process  400 . In this case, the number of objects is sixty. Thus, the weighted counter for process  400  is set at sixty, and the percentage of objects deemed to be 100%. The values for the percentage and weighted counter can be copied from values of a previous task. This results in task  406  having the same values as task  404 . In task  406 , the number of referenced objects is increased from sixty to eighty. However, no objects are removed from, or added to, process  400 . This increase, therefore, does not affect the reference size of process  400 . Thus, the percentage and weighted counter are also not affected by the increase 
         [0038]    Process  400  splits into two branches following task  406 . In a real-world context, this occurs, e.g., if an activity includes two separate activities. For example, a machine can be partially manufactured by two independent robots. If both robots are available, the activity can be split, and each robot works in parallel to manufacture the machine. The reference size of process  400 , however, remains unchanged as a result of the split. 
         [0039]    After splitting in task  406 , task  408   a  starts with eighty objects, which constitute 100% of objects in the left branch. In task  408   a , sixty objects are filtered out. The percentage of objects in the left branch is thus reduced to 25%, because 75% of objects are filtered out. This reduction only affects the left branch, and does not affect the reference size of process  400 . That is, the reference size is not changed in task  410   a.    
         [0040]    Referring now to the right branch, after the splitting, task  408   b  starts with eighty objects and filters out twenty objects, resulting in 75% of the remaining objects in this branch. Again, filtering does not affect the reference size of process  400 . 
         [0041]    In case a split with another process, such as process  400 , occurs with parallel branches, the task that initiates the split needs to know the percentage of objects that are processed in its branch to determine the percentage of objects that is passed to the other process. For example, during task  410   a , a split with another process is triggered. In this split, twenty objects are passed to another process (not shown). Task  410   a  still processes 75% of the eighty objects from the beginning of the right branch. Splitting twenty objects to another process results in a reduction of 25% of objects in the right branch. The reduction of 25% results in a reduction of the reference size of process  400  by 25%, and a reduction of the weighted counter from sixty to forty-five. Process  400  can now be regarded as less important, since its reference size is reduced. A practical example of this is as follows. During product development that is simulated by a process, some technicians may be removed from the project and assigned to a different project. This reduction in manpower can result in a reduced importance of the project. 
         [0042]    Tasks  410   a  and  410   b  are merged into task  412 . The merging does not affect the reference size of process  400 , however. Task  412  adds number of objects from previous tasks, and stores the resulting sum and percentage values from previous tasks. 
         [0043]      FIG. 5  is a chart  500  showing changes to objects in a process over time. At its beginning, the process of  FIG. 5  includes two tasks: A and B. Tasks A and B can operate in parallel, as in the left and right branches of  FIG. 4 . Task A includes n C (A) objects and task B includes n C (B) objects. At time  502 , the two tasks are merged, resulting in a new task C. Task C can be a synchronization task. Calculation of the reference size is illustrated and explained in conjunction with  FIG. 6 . Synchronization can take place at time  504 . 
         [0044]    After synchronization, the number of objects in task C increases. Task C is subjected to a split at time  506 . Some objects are split from task C into a new process. The reference size of process  500  is thus reduced. The remaining number of objects of task C after the split is n C (S). Task C changes into task D at time  508 , which change may result from any factor. In task D, the number of objects is reduced, e.g., by filtering, however, the reference size of the process remains constant. The reduction in the number of objects can be caused by an assembly process in task D, in which the granularity of the objects is decreased. However, the reference size of process  500  does not change. 
         [0045]    After task D, at time  510 , the process splits into two tasks. The objects of task D are split into two new tasks E and F. The number of objects in task F is increased. However, the reference size of process  500  does not change. The number of objects provided from task E to task G at time  512  is n G (E). The number of objects provided from task F to task H at time  512  is n H (F). In task G, at time  514 , there is a merger with a different process (not shown). During this merger, objects are copied from the different process into task G. The reference size of process  500  is thus increased at time  514 , as described below with respect to  FIG. 6 . The number of objects from the merging process is n M  and the number of objects in task G at time  514  is n G (M). Tasks G, and H are merged into one single task  1  at time  516 . The reference size of process  500 , however, does not change as a result. 
         [0046]      FIG. 6  shows a chart  600  indicating a change to the reference size of process  500  ( FIG. 5 ). The time axis is the same as that shown in  FIG. 5 . At time  604 , a synchronization task determines the reference size. The reference size is calculated as follows 
         [0000]        N   0   =Σn   C ( X ), 
         [0000]    which is the sum over all objects at time  604  in task C. 
         [0047]    At time  606 , a split with another process occurs. The reference size of process  500  is reduced because objects are removed from process  500 . The new reference size, N 1 , is determined as follows 
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         [0000]    where N 0  is the initial reference size, n c (S) is the number of objects n in task C after the split, and n S  is the number of objects split to the other process. 
         [0048]    During further processing, the reference size remains unchanged. At time  614  however, a merger with another process occurs. The reference size is increased as follows 
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         [0000]    where N 2  is the new reference size, n g (M) is the number of objects n in task G at a time of the merger, n H (F) is the number of objects n at the beginning of task H, n G (E) is the number of objects n at the beginning of task G, and n M  is the number of objects n merged into task M. The inclusion of task G and H into task I does not affect the reference size because the merger occurs within process  500 , not with an external process. 
         [0049]    The foregoing information may be used to compare processes. As indicated above, during a comparison of first and second processes, the reference size of the first process may be compared to the reference size of the second process. The resulting comparison may indicate which process is more important, efficient, cheaper, easier to implement, or the like. Basically, the comparison may be indicative of any relative judgment that can be made for two (or more) processes. Process comparisons may also take other factors into account, e.g., by selecting characteristics of the processes to be compared, and augmenting the comparison using the selected characteristics. Any type of processes may be compared, including processes corresponding to similar and/or different real-world activities. 
         [0050]    The methods described herein, or any portion(s) thereof—including implementing computer-based process simulations and comparisons thereof, are not limited to use with any particular hardware and software; they may find applicability in any computing or processing environment and with any type of machine that is capable of running machine-readable instructions. All or part of the methods can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer hardware, firmware, software, or in combinations thereof. 
         [0051]    All or part of the methods can be implemented as a computer program product, i.e., a computer program tangibly embodied in a machine-readable storage device, for execution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus, e.g., a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple computers. A computer program can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. A computer program can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network. 
         [0052]    Method steps associated with the methods can be performed by one or more programmable processors executing one or more computer programs to perform the functions of the methods. The method steps can also be performed by, and the methods can be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) and/or an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit). 
         [0053]    Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, and any one or more processors of any kind of digital computer. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read-only storage area or a random access storage area or both. Elements of a computer include a processor for executing instructions and one or more storage area devices for storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will also include, or be operatively coupled to receive data from, or transfer data to, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g., magnetic, magneto-optical disks, or optical disks. Information carriers suitable for embodying computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile storage area, including by way of example, semiconductor storage area devices, e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash storage area devices; magnetic disks, e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. 
         [0054]    All or part of the methods can be implemented in a computing system that includes a back-end component, e.g., as a data server, or that includes a middleware component, e.g., an application server, or that includes a front-end component, e.g., a client computer having a graphical user interface, or any combination of such back-end, middleware, or front-end components. The components of the system can be interconnected by any form or medium of digital data communication, e.g., a communication network. Examples of communication networks include a LAN and a WAN, e.g., the Internet. 
         [0055]    Method steps associated with the methods can be rearranged and/or one or more such steps can be omitted to achieve the same, or similar, results to those described herein. Elements of different embodiments described herein may be combined to form other embodiments not specifically set forth above. Other embodiments not specifically described herein are also within the scope of the following claims.