Abstract:
A method for emplacing sensors, comprising the steps of modifying an existing sensor to attach an autorotational mechanism and deploying said sensor by autorotational means.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This Application is a Continuation In Part and claims rights under 35 USC §120 from U.S. application Ser. No. 12/082,371 filed Apr. 9, 2008, which claims rights under 35 USC §119(e) from Provisional Application 60/922,458 filed Apr. 9, 2007, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to aeronautics and astronautics and, more particularly, to autorotational delivery means for sensor emplacement. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     High accuracy emplacement of fragile electronic sensor payloads for ground or sea monitoring is typically addressed utilizing either free fall or parachute-deployed systems. Unfortunately, both of these approaches have serious drawbacks relating to accuracy in the case of the parachute delivery approach and high impact loads in the case of the free fall technique. Furthermore, while it is possible to address specific environmental constraints such as winds aloft under certain conditions, both of the existing systems suffer from accuracy susceptibility due to limited control authority or lack of apriori information. Finally, in the case of the parachute system, two additional drawbacks are hang time, which optically exposes the payload and delivery vehicle to unwanted scrutiny for long periods of time, and the physical size of the deployment mechanism required to ensure emplacement of the payload. Additional post deployment issues with observability of a large parachute canopy further spoil observability. 
     A need, therefore, exists for an improved way of emplacing sensitive electronics without risking damage due to shock loads associated with impact and the need for a covert, autonomous, emplacement capability in the presence of strong external factors, such as environmental constraints, with extremely high accuracy, as well as post emplacement preservation of covert aspects of sensor operation. 
     More particularly, the problem in covertly emplacing relatively fragile sensors is the ability to air launch the sensors, have a controlled descent to limit their downward velocity and have them placed at a precise geophysical location which has been pre-targeted. It is important that the sensitive payload not impact the ground. This requirement for a soft landing eliminates the possibility of standard parachute deployment where the payload impacts the ground at some unknown velocity against some unknown surface where damage to the payload can occur. 
     It is noted that the payloads envisioned are very sensitive sensors, often employing sensitive imaging cameras or radars, which are subject to damage during parachuting or dead-dropping. 
     The problem with dead-dropping of payloads is also that the accuracies involved are minimal. If one does not know where the payload is going to land within a mile of the target due to winds aloft, then precision emplacement is impossible. 
     Note that when a payload is dropped using a parachute it hits with some terminal velocity that is not necessarily controlled and does not necessarily result in the payload landing right side up. Note also that whatever the terminal velocity is, it can damage relatively fragile sensors so that if a rock is hit at high speed there is a substantial risk of damaging the sensitive radar, optical device or other sensor. 
     Moreover, it is important to be able to deploy payloads as high as 40,000 or as low as 40 feet. There is therefore a necessity to provide a payload velocity limiting system that can deploy quickly from the payload over a wide range of altitudes. For instance, one needs to have enough altitude to perform a precision drop and have the payload emplaced exactly on a predetermined spot. Moreover, there needs to be enough altitude to be able to determine the geophysical location of the payload, having preloaded the target&#39;s location, and to be able to solve the guidance problem to develop an optimum trajectory for the payload to travel in order to be precisely emplaced. 
     Additionally, for low or minimum altitudes one needs to provide almost instantaneous deceleration of the payload and almost instantaneous trajectory control. For higher altitudes, one may wish to delay deployment of the decelerating device to let the payload freefall in the general vicinity of the target location until it gets to a so-called deployment basket where one can deploy deceleration and activate guidance. At the point that the deceleration mechanism is deployed it would be desirable to instantly calculate the optimum trajectory to route the payload to the target. 
     Moreover, when the payload is sufficiently close to the landing point it would be desirable to brake the descent of the payload, and to level the payload so as to protect the sensitive sensors and to provide for optimal sensor orientation. 
     Thus, it is important to provide payload descents which provide for a soft landing and to provide for the ability to adjust the sensor when landing on an uneven, rocky terrain. 
     In summary, it is important to provide a sensor delivery system which is covert and has an acoustically low signature as well as a low radar cross section, and that is faster than using a parachute and considerably more controllable than a parachute so that the payload is gently delivered to the exact target spot in the ground, the minimal observability, both in flight and post landing, by limiting the time that the payload descents, with a brake provided to limit impact velocity. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The system of the present invention solves the emplacement problem with a low-cost, silent configuration that can be adapted to precisely and silently launch any size payload or dispenser and guide it to a soft touchdown at a precise target locality. The subject system accomplishes those goals by deploying sensors on an autogiro that controls the descent to be along a calculated optimum trajectory. The system relies on the autorotational principle embodied in traditional helicopter design and merges those techniques with low-cost manufacturing and low radar cross-section materials to provide a sensor delivery system that is deployable at a variety of altitudes, has a GPS engine to provide instantaneous payload location, calculates the trajectory to a target location from the GPS-derived location, and uses an autogiro autopilot to control the descent of the payload to guide the payload along the trajectory to a precise, soft landing. 
     More particularly, the subject invention incorporates a covert acoustically muted system of emplacing sensors at a predetermined target location by deploying the sensor from a height above the target area and controlling its descent while at the same time steering the sensor to the target. This is accompanied by utilizing a GPS or other location determining engine at the sensor payload vehicle to ascertain where the payload is when deployed, and to monitor its trajectory toward a pre-entered target coordinate, with an onboard navigation unit calculating an optimal trajectory based on pre-release conditions, and guiding the payload post-release along the optimal trajectory. Realtime location is provided to the navigation unit that includes an autopilot. In one embodiment, the deceleration of the payload is provided by the autogiro autorotational delivery mechanism that involves a free wheeling rotor with blades controlled by the autopilot to guide the payload to the intended target. In one embodiment, the autogiro is controlled by an autopilot copied to a GPS receiver to provide an optimal payload trajectory, with the autogiro mechanism acting like an unpowered helicopter in an autorotation mode, thus to accurately emplace the sensors and to minimize damage during landing. 
     In one embodiment, a shock absorbing articulated four footed quadropod assembly cushion is used to support and to automatically reposition the sensor payload with respect to the terrain to which it has landed. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       These and other features of the subject invention will be better understood in conjunction with the Detailed Description in connection with the Drawings of which: 
         FIG. 1  is a diagrammatic illustration of sensor module deployment utilizing an autocopter autorotation mechanism descent control for guiding the deployed sensor module along a trajectory toward preloaded coordinates of a target at which the sensor is to be emplaced; 
         FIG. 2  is a diagrammatic illustration of the sensor deployment module of  FIG. 1  in which the autocopter blades are stowed about the body of the module, also showing the stowed position of a four footed quadropod landing assembly for the support of the module upon landing; 
         FIG. 3  is a diagrammatic illustration of the sensor deployment module of  FIGS. 1 and 2  showing the extension of the rotor blades at the top of the module, with the quadropod assembly collapsed along the sides of the module; 
         FIG. 4  is a diagrammatic illustration of the sensor deployment module of  FIG. 3  illustrating the deployment of the quadropod landing assembly, showing an articulated assembly with pins extending from the assembly at the distal ends of articulated arms, also showing articulating stabilization fins or vanes which counter the rotation of the rotor blades; 
         FIG. 5  is a diagrammatic illustration of the sensor module of  FIG. 4  showing the extension of a sensor package below the sensor module body and located between the pins of the articulated quadropod; 
         FIG. 6  is a diagrammatic illustration of the extension of the sensors carried within the module down from an outer module housing between the pins of the quadropod; 
         FIG. 7  is a diagrammatic illustration of a portion of the quadropod assembly of  FIG. 5  illustrating a parallelogram arm configuration showing pivots at the four corners, also showing the laterally extending autorotation countering pins; 
         FIG. 8  is a diagrammatic illustration of the top portion of the module of  FIGS. 1-7  illustrating the attachment of the rotor blades to a hub and swash plate located at the top portion of the module housing in which the swash plate freely rotates relative to the module housing; 
         FIG. 9  is a diagrammatic illustration of the partial extension of the quadropod of  FIG. 3  showing the parallel positioning of the pins and pin holding assemblies as the quadropod is deployed from its stowed position; 
         FIG. 10  is a bottom view of the module of  FIGS. 1 and 2  showing the pins, quadropod assembly and centrally located sensor assembly; and, 
         FIG. 11  is a diagrammatic illustration of the mechanical actuation and attachment of the blades of the autocopter module showing a swash plate and various hinged joints and actuating members to control the angle of attack of the blades and other blade parameters, thus to be able to guide the descending sensor module to the ground along a predetermined trajectory to a soft landing. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1-11 , the mechanism of the present invention is a simple modification kit for existing sensors or can be readily incorporated into new sensor payloads to enable heretofore unattainable, precision emplacement of the sensor device at extremely low risk of damage due to high landing loads. The device consists of a guidance and control assembly and mechanical swash plate assembly with attendant rotor blades. The blades are attached in a conventional manner, incorporating a fully articulating hinge. Both cyclic and collective control is provided, enabling a full range of dive speed and directional control to be accommodated. The control is provided via the autogiro navigation and control algorithm hosted in the master processor contained within the electronics module segment of the device. The system navigation approach utilizes GPS techniques with an inertial capability for operation in GPS-denied areas. The blades stow along the longitudinal axis of the payload and are deployed upon release from the canister, or in an alternative embodiment, using a timing mechanism to effect better separation from the carriage vehicle. The swash plate assembly incorporates materials and manufacturing techniques tailored to low cost and high mechanical reliability. The rotor blades are of unique section configuration tailored to the specific flight envelope of the device. The autocopter modification kit is compatible with both fixed- and rotary-wing platforms. 
     Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the mechanism of the present invention solves the precision emplacement problem via a controllable rotor. High accuracy is possible through the use of a suitable control algorithm inertial sensors for guidance, and sufficient control authority provided by the rotor. It solves impact load problems via soft landing provided by the autorotation flight mode. It provides a covert method of sensor emplacement with the acoustic signature of the autogiro being extremely low; with the form factor being significantly smaller than a comparable parachute; and RCS, with the radar cross section being controlled via material selection and geometric shaping. The entire package is compatible with existing dispenser form factors and can be deployed in a similar manner as ordinary existing payloads. 
     The following describes known techniques for auto copter control:
     Leishman, Gordon J., “Development of the Autogiro: A Technical Perspective,” Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 41, No. 4, July-August 2004.   Young, Larry A.; Briggs, Geoffrey; Aiken, Edwin, Pisanich, “Rotary-Wing Decelerators For Probe Descent Through the Atmosphere of Venus,” 2 nd  International Planetary Probe Workshop, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field Calif., Aug. 23-27, 2004.   Wheatley, John B., “An Aerodynamic Analysis Of the Autogiro Rotor With a Comparison Between Calculated and Experimental Results,” NACA TN No. 487, Jan. 17, 1934.   McCormick, Barnes W., “A Numerical Analysis Of Autogiro Performance,” AIAA 2002-5950, 2002 Biennial International Powered Lift Conference and Exhibit, 5-7 Nov. 2002, Williamsburg, Va.   Wheatley, John B., “Lift and Drag Characteristics and Gliding Performance Of an Autogiro As Determined In Flight,” NACA Report N. 434, May 2, 1932.   Wheatley, John B., “The Aerodynamic Analysis of the Gyroplane,” NACA TN No. 492, March, 1934.   

     Referring now to  FIG. 1 , what is shown is the deployment of a sensor module  10  with autogiro or autocopter blades and landing apparatus stowed. After the deployment of the module, as illustrated at  10 ′, the autocopter blades extend out and the module descends along an optimal trajectory  12  to a point above the surface of the earth  14  at which multi-footed landing apparatus  16  is deployed. In one embodiment the multi-footed landing apparatus includes a assembly with four feet and shock absorbing articulated arms and sensor leveling capabilities, such that when the sensor module lands, as illustrated at  10 ″, the sensor package carried by the module is positioned exactly at the target location with its sensors at the appropriate attitude for the particular sensing operation they are to perform. Sensor module  10  includes a guidance unit  18  having a OPS input  20 , an attitude computer input  22 , and an accelerometer/inertial navigation unit  23  input, with the unit consisting of a plurality of accelerometers  25 , gyroscopes  27  and magnetometers  29 , and with the preloaded landing location  24  also inputted to the guidance unit. The guidance unit is coupled to an autocopter control  26  in the form of an autopilot which positions the autocopter blades to guide the module along an optimal trajectory computed by the guidance unit. The guidance unit also is responsible for the deployment of the quadropod landing assembly as illustrated at  28 . 
     It is noted that module  10  may be deployed from any height, for instance from 40,000 feet down to 40 feet. The advantage of the autocopter is that when it is deployed at a low altitude one can deploy the blades immediately and go into the autorotate mode. Thus, one needs to have enough altitude for a precision drop to make sure that the module lands exactly on the predetermined spot. One thus needs enough altitude for the sensors and modules to determine where it is and to determine where the target is relative to its position, thus to be able to solve guidance problems to develop the aforementioned optimum trajectory. Note that while one needs a minimum altitude, it can be a relatively low altitude in view of the autorotation delivery system described. It is noted that higher altitudes work just as well. 
     In the case that one has a higher altitude drop one can delay the deployment of the rotor blades and let the module fall in the general direction of the intended target until it reaches a so-called deployment basket where the autocopter blades are deployed from their stowed position. By the point that the blades are deployed the trajectory has been calculated and the route to the target specified, with the autocopter utilizing autorotational algorithms to limit the downward descent of the module and to guide it to the target. In one embodiment, the module has the aforementioned quadropod landing apparatus so that even with a relatively heavy sensor payload the articulated arms of the quadropod provide shock absorbing to prevent sensor damage when the module impacts the ground. Moreover, the fully articulated quadropod assembly provides the ability to adjust the sensors to an uneven terrain for appropriate leveling and sensor attitude adjustment. Thus, the subject module is designed to hit and self adjust as it goes down, with the leveling system inside the body of the module providing proper orientation of the sensors once the module has landed. Thus, if one has a camera and a particular view in mind, the camera may be registered to the terrain. This leveling provides for orientation critical missions where it&#39;s important to know exactly where the sensor is relative to the ground as well as its orientation. 
     The subject system provides a covert sensor delivery system that offers minimum observability while at the same time limiting the impact velocity for a soft landing. 
     It is noted that the autocopter design is an autogiro operating like an unpowered helicopter using the autorotation principal. 
     The autorotation principal involves the physics that when a device is falling, air rushing up through the blades causes the blades to spin. When the blades spin they create a lift vector which is opposing the fall. Eventually an equilibrium is established where one ends up with a constant downward velocity. By control of the autocopter blades one achieves a very gentle, controllable descent and with the appropriate autopilot is possible to guide the module and steer it like a helicopter to control its lateral direction as well as descent speed. 
     The blade configuration depends upon wind tunnel data or experimental data on the lift coefficient of the blades, the drag coefficient of the body, the rate at which the blades are to rotate, and friction parameters between the rotor head and the body. The control of the autocopter blades involve an algorithm that is modeled after the algorithm for the modern helicopter, which takes into account the scenario when the engine fails and the helicopter goes into the autorotation mode. 
     Note that in the autorotation mode the blades rotate with respect to the body of the module and are separated by a joint very much like that used in a helicopter. A swash plate is utilized along with control rods that reciprocate the control rods are attached to the main rotor to adjust the pitch of the blades. The blade control includes control to the left, right, up and down. The autocopter is designed to minimize the friction between the rotor head assembly and the body to minimize the amount of coupling between the body and rotor head. 
     In one embodiment, the module has vanes on the quadropod arms to provide an amount of control area to counter to rotation of the blades. 
     Thus, the blades or fins provided on the outside of the package provide a torque which opposes the minimal amount of torque of the freely turning blade hub, with the fins or vanes counteracting frictional torque. 
     As will be seen in connection with  FIG. 11 , the swash plate assembly uses a so-called flapping hinge. The flapping hinge is described by reference character  302 . When the hinges move vertically then the angle of effective diherdal of the blades is changed. The outboard hinges  324  control rotation of each blade in the pitch plane  325 , which sets the angle of attack of each blade. The angle of attack is set by adjusting the swash plate. Thus, as the swash plate rotates on a cam, the push prod rocks an inner ring up and down. The inner ring is shown in  FIG. 11  at reference character  304 , which rotates as indicated by the double-ended arrow,  326 . The control rod is illustrated at reference character  306  and moves a control rod feature  308  as illustrated. Feature  308  controls rotational joint  310  which is to set the angle of attack of the blade that controls the lift and rate of descent. Note that feature  308  moves in the direction of double-ended arrow  312  to control the lead or lag of the blade. This is accomplished through the utilization of a lead or lag pivot  314  which is a restrained pivot. This means that the blade can move in the direction of double-ended arrow  316  in which the blade is allowed to rotate about axis  320 . 
     Note the entire assembly is rotating about a main central shaft  322  rotating as illustrated by arrow  320 . The assembly in  FIG. 11  thus constitutes a fully articulated flapping hinge. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 2 , in one embodiment the sensor module  10  has four blades showed in stowed position, namely blades  30 ,  32 ,  34 , and  36 . These blades are attached to a hub  40 , such that when deployed on hinges  42  extend outwardly as shown in  FIG. 3 . Here hub  40  is attached to module housing  46 . Mounted on housing  46  are payload canisters  48 , with the lower portion of module  10  carrying a collapsed and stowed four footed landing assembly  50 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 4 , during descent, quadropod  50  has four feet  52  having ground engaging pins  54 . In one embodiment the quadropod landing assembly involves an articulated parallelogram frame  54  such that upon deployment from the stowed position pins  42  are parallel to the module body  46  and are parallel to each other. Each of feet  52  optionally includes vanes  58  that are used to oppose the rotation of blades  30 - 36 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 5 , what is shown is that extending from module body  46  is a canister  60  which extends between pins  54  of the articulated arm structure forming the landing apparatus. As a result, the sensor package is spaced precisely above the ground and is supported above the pins as illustrated. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6 , canister  60  includes a number of individual sensors  62  carried within a canister that contains one or more sensors for a variety of different sensing missions. 
     Referring to  FIG. 7 , what can be seen is that pins  54  are secured to tubes or rods  62  which form the distal ends of respective arms  64  of the articulated landing apparatus. 
     Here it can be seen that the parallelogram arm includes distal end  70 , with parallel arms  72  and  74  hingedly attached to module  10 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 8 , rotor blades  30 - 36  are carried on freely rotateable hub  40  which is mounted to module  10 , such that the rotor assembly is freely rotateable with respect to the module body. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 9 , what can be seen is that the articulated landing assembly is shown partially deployed from module  10  such that pins  54  extend downwardly and in parallel one to the other during the deployment of the landing apparatus. 
     Referring to  FIG. 10 , what is shown is a bottom view of module  10  indicating pins  54 , canister  60  and the stowed or retracted arms  64  of the landing assembly. Also illustrated are the stowed rotor blades  30 - 36  all of which being retained in the stowed condition by a surrounding cylindrical shroud shown in dotted outline  70 . 
     The deployment of the blades and the landing assembly can be easily accomplished through the removal of the shroud which maintains the stowed parts in the stowed position. 
     While the present invention has been described in connection with the preferred embodiments of the various figures, it is to be understood that other similar embodiments may be used or modifications or additions may be made to the described embodiment for performing the same function of the present invention without deviating therefrom. Therefore, the present invention should not be limited to any single embodiment, but rather construed in breadth and, scope in accordance with the recitation of the appended claims.