Abstract:
The present invention is a high voltage power converter having primary and secondary winding sets in a single planar layer stacked in increasing voltage and arranged without the use of a conductor. Substantially no AC stress exists between winding sets.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
   This application for a patent claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/619,529 as filed Oct. 15, 2004. 

   BACKGROUND 
   The present invention relates to high voltage power supplies, and more particularly, to high voltage power converter circuits having substantially reduced AC voltage between secondary windings. 
   Many conventional high voltage DC sources rely upon inductive coupling of energy from a low voltage AC source to secondary coils which include a rectifier assembly for rectifying the AC voltage to produce a DC output. An increased output voltage level is achieved by the transformer principle. That is, the low voltage AC source is connected to a primary coil having a small number of turns and rectifying component are connected to a secondary coil having a large number of turns. The inductive coupling in the high turns ratio secondary increases or “steps-up” the voltage to the high output level. 
   U.S. Pat. No. 5,631,815 to Cross describes a high voltage power supply in which a high voltage DC output is generated by magnetically coupling energy from a high frequency alternating electrical source to an arrangement of rectifier modules in the output stage. Accordingly, the rectifier modules and the associated magnetic coupling operate to limit the alternating voltages produced in the secondary windings to a level below the Paschen Minimum Voltage for the medium surrounding the rectifiers. This facilitates the use of high frequency alternating voltages as the excitation source for the magnetic structure, and eliminates partial discharges which are a serious insulation problem with alternating circuits at high voltage. High frequency excitation of the magnetic structure is desirable because it reduces the size of the structure required and similarly reduces the cost. 
   With the addition of many low voltages, which each are less than Paschen minimum or approximately 380 Volts, it is possible to use surface mount technology to construct the rectifier stages and to use printed circuit boards as carriers for the secondary windings and rectifier stages. Advantageously, this arrangement provides a reliable and low cost assembly suitable for operation at high frequency excitation. The modular nature of the arrangement makes it is possible to stack a large number of the voltage generating printed circuit boards to provide very high voltages. Assuming that all printed circuit boards used are identical, it is economical to create very high voltages by using a large number of the voltage generating boards connected in series. 
   In some known power supply configurations, energy from the excitation source is provided to secondary windings and rectifiers through magnetic coupling in a magnetic circuit or core. This magnetic core is assumed to be at ground potential, and the voltage generating boards are insulated from the magnetic core. For practical purposes, such a design works well for moderately high voltages, for example, up to 200 kV. It becomes difficult and impractical to insulate secondary windings of the supply from a grounded magnetic core at higher voltages. Such issues were long ago encountered when high voltage power supplies were excited with 60 Hz oscillations. To surmount the problems, the magnetic core was segmented, and the segments were insulated from one another via a polymer layer. The segments of the magnetic core were then maintained at a voltage level similar to that of neighboring neighbouring secondaries. This became known as an Isolated Core Transformer (ICT) and was first developed Van der Graaf in the 1940&#39;s. 
   It is well known that even at 60 Hz, problems exist with using an ICT. This is especially true at higher currents. The problems arise out of the segmentation of the magnetic core in the transformer which introduces gaps in the magnetic structure with a permeability essentially that of air. This greatly increases the reluctance of the magnetic structure and results in increased primary current required to produce requisite secondary current. Furthermore, leakage of magnetic flux around gaps results in decreased magnetic flux coupled between primary and distant secondaries. This results in a lower generated voltage per turn on the secondary windings. The leakage flux also gives rise to leakage reactance in the equivalent circuit of the transformer. The leakage reactance produces a drop in output voltage proportional to the load current. Because of this leakage, an ICT is highly likely to exhibit a severe drop in output voltage with load current. Thus, it is difficult to design an ICT for very high voltages because of the loss of magnetic flux in the upper stages. 
   These inherent problems with ICTs operating at 60 Hz were addressed to an extent by winding more turns on upper secondary coils. While this approach may be suitable for conventional ICTs, it is typically undesirable for the arrangement of voltage generating printed circuit board devices using surface mount technology in the high voltage power supply. 
   Thus, what is desired is a single layer planar power converter circuit having a winding geometry for processing energy to and from high voltages using multiple windings operating at progressively higher voltages and without the use of a conductor between windings. 
   Such an approach has significant packaging advantages which make feasible secondaries in the range of approximately 30V/turn rather than nearly 200V/turn in the case of the ICT proposed by Cross. This ten fold increase in secondary turns allows drastic reduction in required magnetic cross section at the gaps and increased gap dimension to ensure reliability of inter-ferrite insulation. 
   SUMMARY 
   The various exemplary embodiments of the present invention include a device for transmitting energy, comprising at least one return vertex and at least a primary winding set and secondary winding sets. It is preferred that each winding set comprises at least one winding, at least two diode edge pairs, at least two pole vertices, at least two throw vertices, and at least two capacitors. It is preferred that each pair has a positive diode and a negative diode. Preferably, each pole vertex is positioned between the positive diode and the negative diode of each diode edge pair such that each pole vertex has a voltage that may be substantially determined via the positive diode, the negative diode, or both. Each throw vertex is preferably activated by the positive diode, the negative diode, or both to substantially determine the voltage transferred to the pole vertices. The two capacitors are each connected to one of the throw vertices. There is substantially no AC voltage between winding sets, and each winding set shares at least a throw vertex with an adjacent secondary winding set. It is also preferred that each secondary winding set closes at least a single closed path which does not include a winding of another secondary winding set, and closes at least a second closed path that includes the at least one return vertex included in the return path of another winding set. The throw vertices of a secondary winding set operate at a substantial DC bias relative to at least one of the return vertices operating at a similar DC voltage. Substantially all current related to energy transfer between primary windings and secondary windings passes through one of the return vertices. 
   The various exemplary embodiments of the present invention further include a method of energy transfer between at least a primary and secondary winding sets. The method includes substantially eliminating AC voltage between secondary winding sets, closing at least a first closed path within each secondary winding set that does not include another secondary winding set, sharing at least a portion of a second closed path comprising and closed by another secondary winding edge apart from the first closed path for each secondary winding set, operating a winding edge which closes the second closed path for each secondary winding set at a substantial DC bias relative to another secondary winding set sharing the second closed path and having a substantially similar DC voltage, and transferring substantially all current responsible for energy transfer between the first winding set and the secondary winding sets through the shared portion of the second closed path operating at substantially similar DC voltages. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
     The various exemplary embodiments of the present invention, which will become more apparent as the description proceeds, are described in the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of a high voltage rectifier circuit of an embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram showing a first mode of the embodiment of  FIG. 1 . 
       FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram showing a second mode of the embodiment of  FIG. 1 . 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a preferred geometry of the present invention. 
       FIG. 5  is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the present invention having only one path for winding current in each mode. 
       FIG. 6  is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of the present invention having only one path for winding current in each mode. 
       FIG. 7  is yet another a schematic diagram of another embodiment of the present invention having only one path for winding current in each mode. 
       FIG. 8  is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of the present invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
   An exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a high voltage rectifier circuit using multiple windings Wa, Wb, to Wn, is illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
   The exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 1  is illustrated using graph theory techniques in  FIG. 2 . In the present invention, substantially no AC stress is present between the windings, Wa, Wb, to Wn. To achieve substantially no AC stress between windings, the windings are symmetrically constructed with respect to one another. 
   It is also preferred in exemplary embodiments of the present invention that magnetic coupling, spatial orientation, and operation of the circuit should be such that substantially no AC voltage stress exists between windings during normal operation. 
   Referring to  FIG. 1  illustrating a device for transmitting energy  10 , the preferred embodiments include that only diodes D 1   a , D 1   b , through D 1   n  &amp; D 2   a , D 2   b , through D 2   n  conduct during a first mode. The first mode is that which is valid for positive winding current in the present invention. In a similar fashion, D 3   a , D 3   b , through D 3   n  &amp; D 4   a , D 4   b , through D 4   n  conduct during a second mode, which is valid for negative winding current 
   Each winding of the present invention, in conjunction with its associated diode edge pairs and capacitors, comprises winding set SGa, SGb, . . . , SGn. For instance diodes D 1   b , D 2   b , D 3   b  and D 4   b , capacitors Cb 1  and Cb 2  and winding Wb comprise winding set SGb. 
   Referring to  FIG. 2  and  FIG. 3 , within winding set SGb, for example, Wb intersects each diode edge pair, D 2   b  &amp; D 4   b  and D 1   b  &amp; D 3   b  at two degree 3 “pole” vertices, VPb 1  and VPb 2 .  FIG. 2  represents the first mode, and  FIG. 3  represents the second mode. Owing to the existence of two return vertices, VRa and VRn, two closed paths exist for each winding during each mode. These closed paths are PWxya and PWxyn which are of the form PWxyz where x denotes the associated winding, y denotes the mode, and z denotes the associated return vertex. Thus, in reference to  FIG. 2 , winding set, SGb, the closed paths are PWb 1   a  and PWb 2   n . In the  FIG. 3 , the second mode, the closed path for the same winding set would be PWb 2   a  and PWb 2   n . Owing to both the preferred circuit topology and operation of the diodes, no valid closed path exists through more than one winding. 
   Each of the two closed paths associated with each winding, PWxya and PWxyn, during each mode must intersect one, and only one, of the two “throw” vertices opposite each pole vertex. For example, in  FIG. 2 , PWb 1   a  and PWb 1   n  both intersect throw vertices VTa 2  &amp; VTb 1 . In  FIG. 3 , PWb 2   a  and PWb 2   n  both intersect throw vertices VTa 1  &amp; VTb 2 . The two throw vertices opposite each pole vertex connect to capacitors, Ca 1  and Ca 2 . 
   During the first mode, as represented in  FIG. 2 , positive winding currents flow through closed paths PWa 1   a  and PWn 1   n , charging capacitors Ca 1  and Cn 2  through vertices VRa and VRn respectively. In a similar fashion, in the second mode, as represented in  FIG. 3 , negative winding currents flow through closed paths PWa 2   a  and PWn 2   n , charging capacitors Ca 2  and Cn 1  through vertices VRa and VRn respectively. 
   The various exemplary embodiments of the present invention relate most directly to closed paths PWbyz through PW(n- 1 )yz which close through capacitors within adjacent stages. Owing to the location of the stage capacitors at the two throw vertices, winding currents only charge their associated stage capacitors. As stage capacitors (i.e. Cb 1  and Cb 2 ) are charged through closed paths PWx 1   z  and PWx 2   z , the return path provided by adjacent stage capacitors is equally charged and discharged. 
   For example, during the first mode, current in PWb 1   a  charges Ca 1 -Cb 1  and discharges Ca 2  through VRa while current in PWb 1   n  charges Cb 2 -Cn 2  and discharges C(b+1) 1 -Cn 1  through VRn. Similarly, during the second mode, current in PWb 2   a  charges Ca 2 -Cb 2  and discharges Ca 1  through VRa while current in PWb 2   n  charges Cb 1 -Cn 1  and discharges C(b+1) 2 -Cn 2  through VRn. 
     FIG. 4  illustrates another exemplary geometry for implementation of the present invention. Windings Wa, Wb, to Wn are formed in concentric single layer planar coils wound in the same direction with starts Sa, Sb, to Sn and finishes Fa, Fb, to Fn aligned. Insulating media, Iab, . . . , I(n- 1 )n are located between windings. This symmetric construction and orientation of windings Wa, Wb, to Wn as accomplished in this the preferred geometry makes possible substantially only DC stress between the windings. A rectifier embodiment of present invention may be arranged as illustrated in  FIG. 4 . This arrangement provides a natural arrangement of one planar secondary for each layer of a multilayered printed circuit board. 
   An array of embodiments of the present invention can be derived by development of a primitive circuit topology which ensures substantially only DC stress between the windings as well as reduction of the number of locations in which AC stress is present between windings and the return conductors carrying winding current without increasing the voltage stress between said conductors and the windings. 
     FIG. 5  illustrates another exemplary embodiment of the present invention having only one path for winding current in each mode. In this way, the exemplary embodiment is, in essence, two instances of the embodiment of  FIG. 5 . Furthermore,  FIG. 5  illustrates the more general functionality of the present invention by using switches in the throws. Windings are formed and operated in phase with substantially only DC stress between the windings as described above. Therefore, only switches  5 S 1   a ,  5 S 1   b , through  5 S 1   n  and  5 S 2   a ,  5 S 2   b , through  5 S 2   n  conduct in the first mode. Meanwhile,  5 S 3   a ,  5 S 3   b , through  5 S 3   n  &amp;  5 S 4   a ,  5 S 4   b , through  5 S 4   n  conduct in the second mode. Each mode provides one closed winding current path,  5 PWxy, where x denotes the associated winding and y denotes the mode. Owing to both the preferred circuit topology and operation of the diodes, no valid paths exist through more than one winding. 
   Winding current paths,  5 PWxy, in each mode do not change for opposing energy flow. Holding stage capacitor polarity positive (V( 5 VTa 1 )&gt;V( 5 VRa)), energy flow is determined by current direction in each path. The filled arrow,            , indicates current direction for processing energy from windings  5 Wa,  5 Wb, through  5 Wn to capacitors  5 Ca 1  through  5 Cn 1  and  5 Ca 2  through  5 Cn 2 . Similarly, the unfilled arrow,          , indicates current direction for processing energy from capacitors  5 Ca 1  through  5 Cn 1  and  5 Ca 2  through  5 Cn 2  to windings  5 Wa,  5 Wb, through  5 Wn. The former is possible using diodes in the switch edges, while transistors are required to perform the latter.
   Reduction of the number of locations in which AC stress is present between windings and the return conductors is accomplished by routing substantially all winding return currents through  5 VRa rather than through individual returns between stages, as in conventional designs. For instance, during both the first mode and the second mode, at least one edge and at least two vertices are shared by the closed paths  5 PWxy. 
   Another embodiment of the present invention, illustrated in  FIG. 6 , is derived from  FIG. 5  by using an inductor to facilitate energy transfer between capacitors  6 Ca 1  through  6 Cn 1  and  6 Ca 2  through  6 Cn 2  and windings  6 Wa,  6 Wb, through  6 Wn. Windings are formed and operated in phase with substantially only DC stress between the windings as described above. Therefore, only switches  6 S 1   a ,  6 S 1   b , through  6 S 1   n  conduct in the first mode, and  6 S 4   a ,  6 S 4   b , through  6 S 4   n  conduct in the second mode. Each mode provides one closed winding current path,  6 PWxy, where x denotes the associated winding and y denotes the mode. 
   The pole current flowing in inductors  6 Lx 1  and  6 Lx 2  (where x denotes the associated winding) must remain continuous between modes. Therefore, when  6 Wb polarity changes and  6 S 4   b  turns on in order to drive  6 Lb 2 , current in  6 Lb 1  will continue to flow in the closed path,  6 PLb 2 , formed by  6 Lb 1 ,  6 Cb 1  and  6 S 4   b . Owing to both the circuit topology and operation of the windings, no valid paths exist through more than one winding. 
   Winding current paths,  6 PWxy and  6 PLxy in each mode do not change for opposing energy flow. Holding stage capacitor polarity positive (V( 6 VTa 1 )&gt;V( 6 VRa)), energy flow is determined by current direction in each path. The filled arrow,            , indicates current direction for processing energy from windings  6 Wa,  6 Wb, through  6 Wn to capacitors  6 Ca 1  through  6 Cn 1  and  6 Ca 2  through  6 Cn 2 . Similarly, the unfilled arrow,          , indicates current direction for processing energy from capacitors  6 Ca 1  through  6 Cn 1  and  6 Ca 2  through  6 Cn 2  to windings  6 Wa,  6 Wb, through  6 Wn. The former is possible using diodes in the switch edges, while transistors are required to perform the latter.
   Reduction of the number of locations in which AC stress is present between windings and the return conductors is accomplished by routing substantially all winding return currents through  6 VRa rather than through individual returns between stages, as in conventional designs. For instance, during both the first mode and the second mode, at least one edge and at least two vertices are shared by the closed paths  6 PWxy. 
   Yet another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, illustrated in  FIG. 7 , can be derived from  FIG. 5  by moving the lower stage connected vertices of capacitor edges associated with paths  5 PWb 1  &amp;  5 PWb 2  through  5 PWn 1  &amp;  5 PWn 2  to be incident at a single vertex,  5 VRa, shared by all winding paths. These modifications are presented in  FIG. 7 . Windings are formed and operated in phase with substantially only DC stress between the windings as described above. Therefore, only switches  7 S 1   a ,  7 S 1   b , through  7 S 1   n  &amp;  7 S 2   a ,  7 S 2   b , through  7 S 2   n  conduct in the first mode. Similarly,  7 S 3   a ,  7 S 3   b , through  7 S 3   n  &amp;  7 S 4   a ,  7 S 4   b , through  7 S 4   n  conduct in the second mode. Each mode provides one closed winding current path,  7 PWxy, where x denotes the associated winding and y denotes the mode. Owing to both the preferred circuit topology and operation of the windings, no valid path exists through more than one winding. 
   Winding current paths,  7 PWxy, in each mode do not change for opposing energy flow. Holding stage capacitor polarity positive (V( 7 VTa 1 )&gt;V( 7 VRa)), energy flow is determined by current direction in each path. The filled arrow,            , indicates current direction for processing energy from the windings to the capacitors. Similarly, the unfilled arrow,          , indicates current direction for processing energy from the capacitors to the windings. The former is possible using diodes in the switch edges, while transistors are required to perform the latter.
   Reduction of the number of locations in which AC stress is present between windings and the return conductors is accomplished by routing all winding return currents through  7 VRa rather than through individual returns between stages, as in conventional designs. For instance, during both mode  1  and mode  2 ,  7 VRa is shared by the closed paths  7 PWxy. 
   Still another embodiment of the present invention, illustrated in  FIG. 8 , can be derived from  FIG. 5  by moving the lower stage connected vertices of capacitor edges associated with paths  5 PWb 1  &amp;  5 PWb 2  through  5 PWn 1  &amp;  5 PWn 2  such that each pair of stage capacitors intersects at its own vertex. Additional capacitor edges are then placed between each new vertex and the vertex from which the stage capacitor was removed. These modifications are presented in  FIG. 8 . Windings are formed and operated with substantially only DC stress between the windings as described above. Therefore, only switches  8 S 1   a ,  8 S 1   b , through  8 S 1   n  &amp;  8 S 2   a ,  8 S 2   b , through  8 S 2   n  conduct in mode  1  and  8 S 3   a ,  8 S 3   b , through  8 S 3   n  &amp;  8 S 4   a ,  8 S 4   b , through  8 S 4   n  conduct in mode  2 . Closed winding paths PWxy, where x denotes the associated winding and y denotes the mode are illustrated in  FIG. 8 . For each path illustrated, another nearly identical path exists through three capacitors in series that provide a path parallel to the added capacitor edge. For instance, during mode  1 , all winding current in  8 Wb must flow through the portion of  8 PWb 1  that does not include the  8 Cab 2  edge. However, some portion of the current may flow through the path parallel to  8 Cab 2  provided by  8 Cab 1 ,  8 Ca 1 , and  8 Ca 2 . 
   Winding current paths,  8 PWxy, in each mode do not change for opposing energy flow. Holding stage capacitor polarity positive (V( 8 VTa 1 )&gt;V( 8 VRa)), energy flow is determined by current direction in each path. The filled arrow,            , indicates current direction for processing energy from the windings to the capacitors. Similarly, the unfilled arrow,          , indicates current direction for processing energy from the capacitors to the windings. The former is possible using diodes in the switch edges, while transistors are required to perform the latter.
   In the embodiment of  FIG. 8 , no path or vertex must be shared by the entire winding currents of two or more windings. However, all closed winding paths, including the paths not shown, contain a vertex that is substantially equal in voltage to at least one vertex in the closed path of another winding. For example,  8 VRa,  8 VRb, through  8 VRn operate at substantially equal voltages. Furthermore, both vertices of windings  8 Wb through  8 Wn operate at a substantial DC component of voltage relative to their associated return vertices which are at substantially similar voltage relative to at least one vertex comprised by other return paths. 
   While this invention has been described in conjunction with the specific embodiments outlined above, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the preferred embodiments of the invention as set forth above are intended to be illustrative, not limiting. Various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.