Abstract:
There is provided a method and device for providing personal data of first party to a second party. The personal data is stored in an electronic device comprising a mechanism for locking and unlocking access to the personal data and/or condition data stored therein associated with conditions for accessing said personal data. The second party receives the personal data dependent on whether the personal data is in a locked state and/or whether the conditions associated with the condition data are satisfied.

Description:
PRIORITY APPLICATION  
       [0001]    This application claims priority to U.S. provisional application 60/317,574 filed on Sep. 6, 2001, and entitled “Method and Device for Control By Consumers Over Personal Data,” which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND OF INVENTION  
         [0002]    The present invention relates to a method and device for control by consumers over personal data.  
           [0003]    Today, the collection and dissemination of personal consumer data for marketing purposes is ubiquitous. Direct marketers, in particular, use personal data to target their activities to consumers most likely to be interested in the marketer&#39;s products and/or services. This personal data, however, is largely collected without the consumers&#39; knowledge or permission and without any remuneration to the consumers. For example, merchants with which consumers transact business may collect consumers&#39; personal data during transactions with the consumers and, unless the consumers are savvy enough to expressly request otherwise, the merchants may then sell the personal data to direct marketers or others without the consumers&#39; knowledge.  
           [0004]    The existing methods of collection and dissemination of personal data has produced strong complaints by consumers&#39; rights advocacy groups. In response, governments and regulatory bodies throughout the world are strengthening the laws and regulations surrounding the gathering and dissemination of personal data.  
           [0005]    Under certain circumstances, however, consumers may be willing to provide their personal data to merchants or marketers. Accordingly, it would be desirable to have a method and device for easily allowing consumers to make situation-specific decisions regarding the dissemination of their personal data.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0006]    In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a method for providing the personal data related to a first party to a second party. The personal data is stored in an electronic device, which includes a mechanism for locking and unlocking access to the personal data. The method includes the step of receiving the personal data by the second party dependent on whether the personal data is in a locked or unlocked state.  
           [0007]    Preferably, the method further includes the step of providing an economic benefit by the second party to the first party in exchange for the personal data. The economic benefit may be, for example, a discount on a purchase made by the first party, a monetary remuneration, or points for a loyalty program for which the first party is a participant.  
           [0008]    By way of example, the personal data may include the name, address, telephone number, and email address of the first party. The personal data may also include demographic information related to the first party.  
           [0009]    In a preferred embodiment, the electronic device is an integrated circuit (“IC”) card, which includes a processing unit and a memory coupled to the processing unit. In this embodiment, the personal data and a data access code are stored in the memory of the IC card. In addition, the mechanism for locking and unlocking access to the personal data comprises an application stored in the memory of the IC card. Then, the method may further include the steps of executing the application on the processing unit; providing a data access code by the first party to the application; and unlocking access by the application to the personal data responsive to whether the provided data access code matches the stored data access code.  
           [0010]    Preferably, the memory of the IC card further includes a data access flag stored therein indicative of whether the personal data is in a locked or unlocked state. The step of unlocking access to the personal data may then include the step of storing in the data access flag a value indicative of an unlocked state for the personal data responsive to whether the provided data access code matches the stored data access code. Preferably, the application locks access to the personal data after each transmission of the personal data.  
           [0011]    In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the electronic device includes a transmitter for transmitting the personal data using radio-frequency electromagnetic waves. In this embodiment, the mechanism for locking and unlocking access to the personal data is a mechanical switch coupled to the transmitter. The electronic device may also be a computer coupled to a computer network, such as the Internet.  
           [0012]    In yet another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided another method for providing personal data related to a first party to a second party. The method includes an electronic device having stored therein the personal data of the first party and condition data associated with conditions of access to the personal data. The method includes the steps of transmitting data by the second party associated with the conditions of access to the personal data; and receiving at least certain of the personal data by the second party dependent on whether the transmitted data is consistent at least in part with the condition data.  
           [0013]    Preferably, as in the previous embodiment, the method further includes the step of providing an economic benefit by the second party to the first party in exchange for the personal data. As in the previous embodiment, the electronic device is preferably an IC card, in which case the personal data and the condition data are stored in the memory of the IC card and an application determines whether the data transmitted by the second party is consistent at least in part with the condition data. Instead of an IC card, the electronic device may also be a computer coupled to a computer network, such as the Internet.  
           [0014]    In yet another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided an electronic device for providing personal data. The electronic device includes means for storing the personal data; means for controlling access to the personal data; and means for transmitting the personal data responsive to the means for controlling access to the personal data. Preferably, the electronic device further includes means for receiving a economic value in exchange for transmitting the personal data. Such economic value may include electronic money and points for a loyalty program.  
           [0015]    Preferably, the electronic device is an IC card, which includes a processing unit and a memory coupled to the processing unit. In this case, the personal data is stored in the memory of the IC card. Preferably, the means for controlling access to the personal data includes a data access flag stored in the memory indicative of whether the personal data is in a locked or unlocked state and the means for transmitting the personal data responsive to the means for controlling access to the personal data includes an application stored in the memory. The application transmits the personal data if the data access flag indicates an unlocked state.  
           [0016]    The memory of the IC card may further include a first data access code stored therein. The application may then receive a second data access code by a user of the IC card and may store a value indicative of an unlocked state in the data access flag responsive to whether the second data access code matches the first data access code.  
           [0017]    Instead of a data access flag, the means for controlling access of the electronic device may be condition data stored in the memory of the IC card, the condition data being associated with conditions of access to the personal data. In this case, the application stored in the IC card may include means for receiving data associated with the conditions of access to the personal data and means for transmitting at least certain of the personal data if the received data is consistent at least in part with the condition data.  
           [0018]    Instead of an IC card, the electronic device may be a computer coupled to a computer network or a portable device including a radio transmitter and a switch coupled to the radio transmitter for controlling the transmission of the personal data.  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0019]    The invention will be better understood from the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments thereof in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 1 is a front view of an integrated circuit card according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of the integrated circuit of an integrated circuit card according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 3 is a memory map of a preferred embodiment of the integrated circuit of FIG. 2;  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a preferred embodiment of a data access application;  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 5 is a flow chart of an exemplary transaction involving an integrated circuit card according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 6 is a memory map of another preferred embodiment of the integrated circuit of FIG. 2;  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 7 is a flow chart of another preferred embodiment of a data access application;  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 8 is a flow chart of an exemplary transaction involving an integrated circuit card according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention; and  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 9 is a flow chart of a read function of a data access application according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
       [0029]    Throughout the figures of the drawings the same reference numerals or characters are used to denote like components or features of the invention.  
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0030]    A preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to an integrated circuit (“IC”) card, which is illustrated in FIG. 1. The IC card  100  looks similar to a conventional credit card, but also includes an integrated circuit  122  therein and electrical contacts  124  for communication between the integrated circuit  122  and devices external to the IC card  100 . The IC card  100  may be used as a credit card, a debit card, and an electronic cash card (i.e., a card containing monetary value that can be transferred when the cardholder makes purchases). Similar to the conventional credit card, the front side of the IC card  100  preferably contains the cardholder&#39;s name  112 , the cardholder&#39;s account number  114 , the date until which the card is valid  116 , and the logo  118  of the financial company whose services are used by the card (e.g., MasterCard®).  
         [0031]    As used in this specification and the appended claims, the term “terminal” shall be used to generically describe devices with which an IC card may communicate. A terminal typically includes a card reader, a keypad, and a display. The keypad and the display allow a user of the IC card  100  to interact with the terminal. The keypad allows the user to select a transaction, to enter a personal identification number (“PIN”), and to enter transactional information. The display allows the user to receive informational messages and prompts for data entry. By way of example, a terminal may comprise a card reader in communication with or incorporated into a point-of-sale device, an ATM, a computer, and/or a telephone.  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of a preferred embodiment of the integrated circuit  122 . The integrated circuit  122  includes a processing unit  210 , a memory unit  220 , control logic  230 , a timer  240 , input/output ports  250 , security circuitry  260 , and a co-processor  270 . The control logic  230  provides, in conjunction with the processing unit  210 , the control necessary to handle communications between the memory unit  220  and the input/output ports  250 . The timer  240  provides a timing reference signal for the processing unit  210  and the control logic  230 . The security circuitry  260  preferably provides fusible links that connect the input/output ports  250  to internal circuitry for testing during manufacturing. The fusible links are burned after completion of testing to limit later access to sensitive circuit areas. The co-processor  270  provides the ability to perform complex computations in real time, such as those required by cryptographic algorithms.  
         [0033]    The memory unit  220  may include different types of memory, such as volatile and non-volatile memory and read-only and programmable memory. For example, as shown in FIG. 2, the memory unit  220  may include read-only memory (ROM)  222 , electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM)  224 , and random-access memory (RAM)  226 .  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 3 shows a memory map of the memory unit  220  according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 3, the memory unit  220  stores therein unique IC card data such as secret cryptographic keys  320  and a card PIN  330 . The secret cryptographic keys  320  may be any type of well-known cryptographic keys, such as the private keys of public-key pairs, which are used for authentication of the IC card and data stored in the IC card. The card PIN  330  may be used to lock and unlock access to the IC card. Preferably, the secret cryptographic keys  320  and the card PIN  330  are stored in a secure area of ROM or EEPROM that is either not accessible or has very limited accessibility from outside the IC card.  
         [0035]    The memory unit  220  also stores the operating system  300  of the IC card  100 . The operating system  300  loads and executes IC card applications and provides file management and other basic card services to the IC card applications. Preferably, the operating system is stored in ROM.  
         [0036]    In addition to the basic services provided by the operating system, the memory unit  220  may also include one or more IC card applications  350 . For example, if the IC card is to be used as an electronic cash card, the application Mondex™ Purse from Mondex International Limited might be included on the IC card, which loads an electronic value of a certain currency onto the IC card. In addition, if the IC card is to be used as a credit card, the MasterCard® Credit application from MasterCard® International, Inc., may be included on the IC card. Preferably, the operating system  300  of the IC card  100  should support multiple applications  350 . An example of such an operating system is the MULTOS™ operating system from Mondex International Limited.  
         [0037]    An IC card application may include both program and associated data files, which are typically stored in EEPROM. The application program may be written either in the native programming code of the processing unit  210  or it may be written in a higher level language that must be translated before it is executed on the processing unit  210 . An example of such a higher level language for use on IC cards is the MULTOS™ Executable Language (MEL). Advantageously, by using a higher level language such as MEL, an application program is capable of running on multiple hardware platforms without any need for re-writing.  
         [0038]    Because IC cards typically have limited memory capacity due to the size and cost restraints of placing memory on the IC cards, an IC card may also have primitives  310  stored in ROM, which are subroutines that perform frequently used functions or procedures, such as mathematical functions. The primitives  310  are usually written in the native language of the processing unit  210  so that they can be executed very quickly.  
         [0039]    In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the memory unit  220  also includes a data access application  340 . The data access application  340  has associated therewith a data access PIN  342 , a data access flag  344 , and a personal data file  346 . The data access PIN  342  permits access to certain functions of the data access application  340  (to be discussed below). The data access flag  344  indicates the state of the personal data file  346 —i.e., whether the personal data file is locked or unlocked. The personal data file  346  contains personal information of the cardholder. Such information may include, for example, the name, address, telephone number, email address, and/or demographic information of the cardholder.  
         [0040]    [0040]FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a preferred embodiment of the data access application  340 . The data access application  340  has four functions: a store/edit function, a lock function, an unlock function, and a read function. The store/edit function is used to store and/or edit information in the personal data file  346 . When this function is selected, it is necessary to transmit a PIN to the data access application  340 . In step  410 , the data access application determines whether the transmitted PIN matches the data access PIN  342 . If the transmitted PIN matches the data access PIN  342 , in step  420 , the data access application stores new or revised data in the personal data file  346 . Otherwise, if the transmitted PIN does not match the data access PIN  342 , in step  480 , the data access application returns an error code.  
         [0041]    When the lock function is selected, in step  430 , the data access application stores a value in the data access flag  344  indicative of a locked state for the personal data file  346 . When the unlock function is selected, a PIN is again required to be provided to the data access application  340 . In step  440 , the data access application determines whether the transmitted PIN matches the data access PIN  342 . If the transmitted PIN matches the data access PIN  342 , in step  450 , the data access application stores a value in the data access flag  344  indicative of an unlocked state for the personal data file  346 . Otherwise, if the transmitted PIN does not match the data access PIN  342 , in step  480 , the data access application returns an error code.  
         [0042]    When the read function is selected, in step  460 , the data access application  340  determines whether the data access flag  344  indicates that the personal data file  346  is unlocked. If the data access flag  344  indicates an unlocked state, the data in the personal data file  346  is returned in step  470 . Otherwise, if the data access flag  344  indicates a locked state, a error code is returned in step  480 .  
         [0043]    [0043]FIG. 5 is a flow chart of an exemplary transaction involving the data access application  340  of the IC card  100 . It is assumed that prior to the beginning of the transaction, the data access flag  344  indicates a locked state for the personal data file  340 . In addition, it is assumed, for the purposes of this example, that the cardholder is ready to buy a product using the MasterCard® Credit application stored on the IC card  100 . In step  510 , the cardholder determines to permit the merchant with which he or she is about to transact business to have access to the data in the personal data file  346 . Accordingly, using a terminal provided by the merchant, the cardholder executes the data access application  340 , selects the unlock function, and enters a PIN matching the data access PIN  342 . The data access application  340  then sets the data access flag  344  to a value indicative of an unlocked state for the personal data file  346 .  
         [0044]    In step  520 , the cardholder uses the IC card  100  to tender payment for the product for which he or she is interested in buying. Once the payment is processed by the merchant, in step  530 , the merchant attempts to read the personal data file  346  by executing the data access application  340 . Since the data access flag  344  indicates an unlocked state, the data access application  340  transmits the data in the personal data file  346  to the merchant.  
         [0045]    Preferably, in step  540 , the merchant provides an economic benefit to the cardholder in exchange for access to the personal data file. For example, the merchant may provide direct remuneration in the form of a purchase discount or a rebate. Alternatively, the merchant may provide indirect remuneration in the form of loyalty points that are redeemable under the terms and conditions of a loyalty program for which the cardholder is a participant. In step  550 , at the end of the transaction, the cardholder locks the personal data file using the data access application. Alternatively, the data access application may automatically lock the personal data file after each transmission of the data in the personal data file. Thus, in subsequent transactions, other merchants are prevented from accessing the personal data file unless it is explicitly unlocked by the cardholder.  
         [0046]    [0046]FIG. 6 shows a memory map of another preferred embodiment of the memory unit  220 . The embodiment of FIG. 6 includes an operating system  600 , primitives  610 , secret cryptographic keys  620 , a card PIN  630 , and applications  650 , which are the same as those discussed with reference to the embodiment of FIG. 3.  
         [0047]    The embodiment of FIG. 6 also includes a data access application  640 , which has associated therewith a data access pin  642 , access condition data  644 , and a personal data file  646 . The data access pin  342  permits access to certain functions of the data access application  640  (to be discussed below). The access condition data  644  indicates the terms and conditions under which the data in the personal data file  646  is to be accessed. For example, the access condition data may indicate the identity of the merchants to whom the data in the personal data files may be provided. In addition, the access condition data may indicate the minimum remuneration the cardholder requires for access to the data in the personal data file. Such merchant or remuneration requirements may be specified for the data in the personal data file as a whole or may be specified individually for each data item in the personal data file. As previously discussed, the personal data file contains personal information of the cardholder, such as the name, address, telephone number, email address, and/or demographic information of the cardholder.  
         [0048]    [0048]FIG. 7 is a flow chart of a preferred embodiment of the data access application  640  of FIG. 6. The data access application  640  contains three functions: a store/edit personal data function, a store/edit access condition data function, and a read function. When the store/edit personal data function is selected, the data access application  640  determines in step  710  whether a transmitted PIN matches the data access PIN  642 . If the transmitted PIN matches the data access PIN  642 , the data access application stores new or revised data in the personal data file  646  in step  720 . Otherwise, if the transmitted PIN does not match the data access PIN  642 , the data access application returns an error code in step  770 .  
         [0049]    When the store/edit access condition data function is selected, the data access application  640  determines in step  730  whether a transmitted PIN matches the data access PIN  642 . If the transmitted PIN matches the data access PIN  642 , the data access application  640  stores new or revised access condition data in step  740 . Otherwise, if the transmitted PIN does not match the data access PIN  642 , the data access application returns an error code in step  770 .  
         [0050]    When the read function is selected, the data access application  640  compares data provided by a merchant associated with the conditions of access with the conditions specified by the access condition data  644 . If some or all of the conditions are satisfied, some or all of the data in the personal data file is provided to the merchant in step  760 . Otherwise, the data access application  640  returns an error code in step  770 . To ensure the accuracy of the data to be provided by the merchant, such data may be encoded into the merchant terminals or digitally signed by IC card issuers.  
         [0051]    [0051]FIG. 8 is a flow chart showing a typical transaction involving an IC card with the data access application  640  stored therein. In step  810 , the payment processing of the cardholder&#39;s purchase is performed. Such processing may involve, for example, the execution of the MasterCard® Credit application on the IC card. In step  820 , after the payment processing, the data access application  640  is selected and the merchant attempts to read the personal data file as described with reference to the read function of the data access application  640 . If the merchant successfully reads the personal data file, the merchant provides the cardholder with a form of remuneration in step  830 .  
         [0052]    The embodiments of the data access applications of FIGS.  3 - 4  and FIGS.  6 - 7  are not exclusive, but may be combined. A data access application combining the features of the prior embodiments would operate in the same manner as previously discussed, except for the read function.  
         [0053]    [0053]FIG. 9 is a flow chart of a preferred embodiment of the read function for a data access application combining the features of the previous embodiments. In step  910 , the data access application first determines if the data access flag indicates an unlocked state for the personal data file. If the data access flag indicates an unlocked state, in step  920 , the data access application determines whether the merchant data satisfies the conditions indicated by the access condition data. If both the data access flag indicates an unlocked state and the access conditions are satisfied, the data access application transmits the personal data file to the merchant in step  930 . Otherwise, an error code is returned to the merchant in step  940 .  
         [0054]    Although the preferred embodiments of the present invention utilize an IC card, the present invention is not limited to such embodiments. Other portable data devices which are utilized in commercial transactions may be used with the present invention. For example, certain transportation authorities have implemented electronic toll collection systems that make paying tolls on bridges and tunnels faster and more convenient for motorists. One such system is the E-Z Pass system implemented by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority of New York State. The E-Z Pass system uses a portable electronic device that contains a radio transmitter that transmits a code exclusively identifying a motorist&#39;s account. When a motorist approaches a toll gate, a receiver installed in the toll gate receives the motorist&#39;s unique code and the system automatically deducts a toll amount from a prepaid account held by the motorist.  
         [0055]    According to the present invention, the personal data of a motorist could be stored in such an electronic toll device and could be transmitted to the toll authority for its use. The electronic toll device could be equipped with a mechanism for locking and unlocking the personal data, such as a switch that controls the transmission of the personal data. In return for the transmission of the personal data, the toll authority could provide a toll discount or other benefit.  
         [0056]    As yet another example, the present invention could be utilized with electronic commerce over a computer network, such as the Internet. In this case, the personal data of a computer user, a data access PIN, and a data access application could be stored on the computer user&#39;s computer, instead of on an IC card. In addition, a data access flag and/or condition data may also be stored on the user&#39;s computer. Then, when the user engages in an electronic transaction with a merchant, the user&#39;s personal data may be transmitted to the merchant&#39;s computer if the personal data file is unlocked by the user and/or the merchant satisfies the conditions indicated by the condition data of the user.  
         [0057]    Although the present invention has been described with reference to certain preferred embodiments, various modifications, alterations, and substitutions will be known or obvious to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, as defined by the appended claims.