Abstract:
An expandable ureteral stent placed in a patient&#39;s ureter so as to extend into the bladder of the patient. Expansion and contraction of the stent accommodates motion of the patient&#39;s kidney and bladder, gently holding the stent in position and reducing patient discomfort. The length of the stent is variable up to several centimeters.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    This invention relates generally to medical devices for the drainage of fluids, and more specifically to ureteral stents.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    A ureter is a tubular passageway in a body that conveys urine from a kidney to a bladder. Urine is transported through the ureter under the influence of hydrostatic pressure, assisted by contractions of muscles located within the walls (lining) of the ureter. Some patients experience a urological condition known as ureteral blockage or obstruction. Some common causes of ureteral blockage are the formation of tumors or abnormalities within the ureteral lining, or the formation and passage of kidney stones.  
           [0003]    Ureteral stents are used to facilitate urinary drainage from the kidney to the bladder in patients having a ureteral obstruction or injury, or to protect the integrity of the ureter in a variety of surgical manipulations. Stents may be used to treat or avoid ureter obstructions (such as ureteral stones or ureteral tumors) which disrupt the flow of urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Serious obstructions may cause urine to back up into the kidneys, threatening renal function. Ureteral stents may also be used after endoscopic inspection of the ureter.  
           [0004]    Ureteral stents typically are tubular in shape, terminating in two opposing ends: a kidney distal end and a bladder proximal end. One or both ends of a ureteral stent may be coiled in a spiral, pigtail or hook-type J-shape to prevent the upward and/or downward migration of the stent due, for example, to physiological movements. A kidney end coil is designed to retain the stent within the renal pelvis and to prevent stent migration down the ureter. The bladder end coil sits in the bladder and is designed to prevent stent migration upward toward the kidney. The bladder coil is also used to aid in retrieval and removal of the stent.  
           [0005]    Unfortunately, certain drawbacks are inherent with these types of ureteral stents. For example, the extraneous material associated with the coiled ends of the stent can be an irritant to the patient, particularly in the trigone area. This trigonal irritation can be exacerbated, for example, by kidney motion relative to stent placement. Even normal breathing activity of a patient can result in significant kidney motion, on the order of 2-4 centimeters, resulting in irritation and discomfort for the patient.  
           [0006]    What is needed is a ureteral stent with a bladder end design and connection method that prevents stent migration towards the kidney, does not irritate the trigone area of the bladder, does not create patient discomfort during routine motion of the bladder or kidney, and that prevents urine reflux up the ureter during bladder voiding.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0007]    One aspect of the present invention is directed to an expandable ureteral stent comprising an elongated member, a proximal retention structure, and a resilient portion connecting them. Each of these has a lumen, the lumens being in fluid communication with each other. The resilient portion allows the proximal retention structure to slideably move in relation to the proximal end of the elongated member between an expanded position and a retracted position.  
           [0008]    In embodiments of the invention, the retention structure can comprise a nonlinear shape, a horn shape, a spherical shape, a mushroom shape, or a flared shape. The outer dimension of the proximal retention structure is larger than the outer diameter of the elongated member, to prevent entry of the proximal retention structure into the intramural tunnel.  
           [0009]    In another embodiment, a stricture is disposed within one of the lumens to minimize urine reflux. The stricture can comprise an orifice in the proximal retention structure.  
           [0010]    The resilient portion can comprise an elastomeric sleeve. The elastomeric sleeve can be disposed internally or externally relative to the elongated member. Additionally, it can be partially contained within the lumen of the elongated member when the proximal retention structure is in a retracted position. The resilient portion can also comprise a spring, and the spring can be biased toward the retracted position of the stent. The spring can be integrally formed with the proximal retention structure.  
           [0011]    In some embodiments of the invention, the proximal retention structure is slideably moveable within the lumen of the elongated member. A retaining device can be used to prevent separation of the proximal retention structure and the elongated member. This retaining device can be a circumferential flange.  
           [0012]    In some embodiments the stent comprises a distal retention structure. This distal retention structure defines a lumen, which is in fluid communication with the lumen of the elongated member. There can be an opening in the distal retention structure to allow drainage into its lumen.  
           [0013]    In yet another aspect, the invention features an apparatus for positioning a ureteral stent having a retention structure with a nonlinear shape and a resilient portion, the apparatus comprising a guide wire and a pusher. The shape of the distal end of the pusher conforms to the shape of the retention structure of the stent, which can be a nonlinear shape, a horn shape, a spherical shape, a mushroom shape, or a flared shape. The pusher travels along the guide wire. The guide wire passes through the resilient portion of the stent.  
           [0014]    In another aspect, the invention features a method of facilitating urinary drainage from a kidney to a bladder in a patient that reduces discomfort to the patient, comprising positioning a ureteral stent having an elongated member, a retention structure, and a resilient portion in the ureter of a a patient, and allowing the retention structure to slideably move relative to the elongated member, based on positioning of organs with the patient, including the kidney and bladder, or the breathing pattern of the patient. The resilient portion can be biased to a retracted position.  
           [0015]    Another aspect of the invention features a method of manufacturing an adjustable stent. This comprises the steps of providing an elongated member, a retention structure and a resilient portion, and connecting the elongated member and the retention structure to opposing ends of the resilient portion. The resilient portion can include a coiled spring, which can be formed by an extrusion process. Heat forming techniques can be used to connect the resilient portion, or it can be integrally formed with the elongated member or the retention structure. A circumferential flange can be used to retain the spring. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0016]    The foregoing discussion will be understood more readily from the following detailed description of the invention, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a human urinary tract, illustrating the placement of one embodiment of the invention within the ureter of a patient;  
         [0018]    [0018]FIGS. 2A and 2B show details of one embodiment of the invention;  
         [0019]    FIGS.  3 A- 3 D show the shape of different embodiments of the proximal end of the ureteral stent of the invention;  
         [0020]    FIGS.  4 - 8  show different embodiments of the resilient portion of the invention;  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 9 shows yet another embodiment of the resilient portion of the invention, employing a spring-like device; and  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 10 is an illustration of a pusher device that can be used for positioning the ureteral stent of the invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0023]    The invention features ureteral stents that, when positioned within the ureter of a patient, significantly reduce discomfort to the patient. Referring to the drawings, FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic view of a human urinary tract  100 . The ureters  105  transport urine from the kidneys  110  to the bladder  115 . When one or both of the ureters  105  become blocked or obstructed due to, for example, post kidney stone fragmentation/removal and ureteral stricture therapy, fluid drainage can become restricted. Ureteral stents are medical devices that are implanted within a ureter  105  to restore patency and fluid drainage.  
         [0024]    Conventional ureteral stents have spiral, pigtail, or hook ends designed to retain the stent within the ureter. In the bladder, this type of retention structure contacts the bladder lining within a sensitive area known as the trigone  120 . The trigone  120  is a generally triangular section of the bladder  115  located between the urethral opening  125  and the two ureteral orifices  130 . The trigone  120  is a sensitive region of the bladder containing a nerve bed. Foreign objects within the trigone, such as the coiled end of a conventional ureteral stent, rubbing against the bladder, can stimulate this nerve bed and cause the patient to experience urinary urgency sensations. Stimuli within the trigone due to contact with the bladder end portion of conventional stents are also believed to be the source of patient discomfort. The ureteral stents of the invention provide an increase in comfort for a patient, in part, because the proximal retention structure  140  located at the bladder-end of the ureteral stent is designed to minimize stimulation in the trigone.  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 1 illustrates the placement of one embodiment of the invention within the urinary tract of a patient. The ureteral stent  135  is located within the ureter  105  of a patient, with the distal retention structure  150  in the pelvis of the kidney, and the proximal retention structure  140  in the bladder. A lumen extends within the proximal retention structure  140 , the elongated member  145 , and the distal retention structure  150 , to provide for the passage of fluid.  
         [0026]    The proximal retention structure  140 , elongated member  145 , and distal retention structure  150  can be fabricated of materials such as nylon, polyurethane, or the like. Heat bonding of these materials is conveniently accomplished, for example, using an RF heat source as is commonly employed for plastic tubes and catheters. The desired shape of the proximal retention structure can be formed by injection molding or extrusion. It can also be heat-formed, for example, by flaring the working piece over an anvil of the appropriate shape, with the application of heat. Creation of a coiled or spiral shape of the distal retention structure can also be conveniently accomplished using heat formation techniques. Stent components suitable for use in the urinary tract of a patient are conveniently formed by these methods.  
         [0027]    In use, the proximal retention structure  140  of the stent resides in the bladder  115  and can have a horn shape to minimize stimulation of the nerves within the trigone. In this embodiment, the horn shape of the proximal retention structure  140  flares or curves away from the trigone  120 , to reduce patient discomfort. The shape of the proximal retention structure provides the ureteral stent of the invention with a broad surface that gently contacts the ureteral orifice  130 , near the trigone. To minimize patient discomfort, the proximal retention structure contacts only this area, and does not contact other portions of the trigone or of the bladder surface. This is achieved in part due to the reduced size of the proximal retention structure, as compared with conventional spiral retention devices. The smaller size of the proximal retention structure of the invention makes it less likely that edges of the horn shape will contact the trigone or bladder surface during patient movement, or when the bladder and kidney move with respect to each other. Nevertheless, the size of the proximal retention structure is still sufficient to provide for effective grasping of the stent, for removal through a scope.  
         [0028]    The largest diameter of the proximal retention structure  140 , illustrated as dimension A in FIG. 1, should be greater than the diameter of the ureter  105 , illustrated as dimension B in FIG. 1. This stabilizes the positioning of the stent  135  by preventing the stent from migrating toward the kidney  110 . Moreover, the stent  135  can include a distal retention structure  150 , such as the coil shape shown in FIG. 1. A lumen is disposed within the distal retention structure to provide for the passage of fluid. Additionally, the distal retention structure can have one or more openings  155  to facilitate the entry of fluid into the stent  135 . The openings  155  can be positioned at or near the distal end of the stent, as shown in FIG. 1.  
         [0029]    [0029]FIGS. 2A and 2B show additional details of an embodiment of the invention. In FIG. 2A, a resilient portion  205  is disposed between the proximal retention structure  140  and the elongated member  145 . Incorporation of the resilient portion into the invention is intended to minimize patient discomfort, by providing a gentle biasing force that tends to draw the proximal retention structure  140  and the elongated member  145  toward each other. This bias limits the amount of force that is applied to the trigone  120  by the proximal retention structure  140 . For example, even normal breathing activity of a patient can result in significant motion of the kidney  110  with respect to the bladder  115 , on the order of 2-4 centimeters. The resilient portion  205  allows movement of the proximal retention structure  140  with respect to the elongated member  145  and the distal retention structure  150  (if a distal retention structure is present). As a patient inhales and the bladder moves away from the kidney, the overall length of the stent  135  increases as the resilient portion  205  expands. Conversely, as the patient exhales the resilient portion can contract, thereby maintaining a gentle and consistent positioning force of the proximal retention structure  140  with respect to the ureteral orifice  130 . Thus, the ureteral stent of the invention compensates for the breathing pattern of the patient.  
         [0030]    Another advantage of the resilient portion pertains to stent size. By judicious selection of the size and material of the resilient portion, the invention allows a wide range of useable stent lengths to be achieved by a single stent. In one embodiment, a stent-length variation of 5-8 centimeters can be achieved. This “one-size-fits-all” approach reduces the stent inventory that must be maintained by a surgical facility, since one type of stent can accommodate a wide variety of patient sizes. The resilient portion allows placement of the proximal retention structure near the intramural tunnel, while using the same type of stent for a range of patient sizes.  
         [0031]    The resilient portion  205  comprises a lumen  210 . The lumens of the proximal retention structure  215 , the resilient portion  210 , the elongated member  220 , and the distal retention structure  225  (if a distal retention structure  150  is present), are all in fluid communication with each other, allowing drainage of fluid from the kidney  110  to the bladder  115 . As illustrated, the distal retention structure can include multiple openings  155 , to facilitate entry of fluid into the stent  135 .  
         [0032]    In one embodiment, the stent  135  includes a stricture  240 . Although shown in FIG. 2A as located within the elongated member  145 , the stricture can be located within any of the lumens ( 210 ,  215 ,  220 , or  225 ) described above. Alternatively, the stricture can be positioned as an orifice, at an end of one of the lumens. The stricture reduces reflux up the ureter during a high bladder condition (voiding) by providing a restriction to flow, thereby reducing patient discomfort.  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 2B shows an enlarged view of a horn-shaped embodiment of the proximal retention structure  140 , including the lumen  215  within the proximal retention structure. Other embodiments of the proximal retention structure  140  are shown in FIGS.  3 A- 3 D. For example, use of a spherical shape  305 , a mushroom shape  310 , a flared shape  315 , an open-bowl shape  320 , a triangular shape, or a hemispherical shape can all yield satisfactory results. In general, any nonlinear shape is considered to be within the scope of the invention. Each embodiment provides the advantages listed above. Contact with the trigonal area of the bladder is minimized, and stent position is maintained. These embodiments of the proximal retention structure comprise a trunk  325 . The trunk of the proximal retention structure  140  comprises lumen  215 , and is in communication with the resilient portion  205 . As discussed above, a stricture  240  can be conveniently and effectively included in the lumen  215  of any of these embodiments of the proximal retention structure  140 . The embodiment shown in FIG. 3D illustrates placement of the stricture  240  within the portion of the lumen  215  that is located in the trunk  325 .  
         [0034]    FIGS.  4 - 8  illustrate different embodiments and configurations of the resilient portion  205  of the invention, and different ways the proximal retention structure  140  can interact with the elongated member  145 . The material of which the resilient portion can be a resilient material. The resilient material can be elastomeric, and this elastomeric property can provide a gentle biasing force towards the retracted position of the stent as it stretches and contracts. Elastomeric materials of various sizes, shapes, and materials are suitable for this purpose. The resilient portion can be made of TPR rubber, sometimes known as thermoplastic rubber, or of Kraton® (registred trademark of Shell Oil Company). Other elastomers are also suitable. Elastomers with melting temperatures similar to TPR or Kraton® are also particularly suitable, as they work especially well with the fabrication techniques discussed below.  
         [0035]    When the resilient portion  205  comprises an elastomeric material, fabrication is conveniently accomplish by heat-attaching the elastic material to the proximal retention structure  140 , and/or to the elongated member  145 . The heat bonding is most effective when the members being joined have approximately the same melting temperature.  
         [0036]    Although embodiments of the resilient portion comprising an elastomeric material are detailed below, other materials can be used for this purpose. An objective is to provide a material that provides a biasing force between the elongated member  145  and the proximal retention structure  140 . Materials with shape memories work well for this purpose, as do combinations of materials that provide a shape memory. As an example, the resilient portion can be fabricated from superelastic materials, comprising metal alloys. Materials with superelastic properties make it possible to configure a component into a particular shape, such as a coil or a sleeve, and then modify reversibly the geometry of the component, such as by straightening it out. Once the device is straightened, after removal of the straightening force, the component reverts spontaneously to its predetermined configuration, thereby regaining its former geometry. In so doing, the component provides a biasing force back to its original configuration.  
         [0037]    Superelastic materials can comprise alloys of In—Ti, Fe—Mn, Ni—Ti, Ag—Cd, Au—Cd, Au—Cu, Cu—Al—Ni, Cu—Au—Zn, Cu—Zn, Cu—Zn—Al, Cu—Zn—Sn, Cu—Zn—Xe, Fe 3 Be, Fe 3 Pt, Ni—Ti—V, Fe—Ni—Ti—Co, and Cu—Sn. Preferably, the superelastic material comprises a nickel and titanium alloy, known commonly as nitinol available from Memry Corp. of Brookfield, Conn., or SMA Inc. of San Jose, Calif. The ratio of nickel and titanium in nitinol may be varied. Examples include a ratio of about 50% to about 52% nickel by weight, or a ratio of about 47% to about 49% nickel by weight. Nitinol has shape retention properties in its superelastic phase.  
         [0038]    Referring to FIG. 4, the resilient portion  205  can comprise an elastomeric material. The resilient portion comprises an outer surface  405  and an inner surface  410 . It has a proximal end  415  and a distal end  420 . As the proximal retention structure  140  and the elongated member  145  move away from each other to an expanded position, the resilient portion  205  stretches. The proximal end of the resilient portion  415  is attached to the trunk  325  of the proximal retention structure  140 , and remains near the bladder  115 . The distal end of the resilient portion  420  remains attached to the elongated member  145 , and is drawn toward the kidney  110  during expansion of the stent. The resilient portion  205  is coupled with the proximal retention structure  140  and the elongated member  145  at all times. The lumen of the proximal retention structure  215 , the lumen of the resilient portion  210 , the lumen of the elongated member  220 , and the lumen of the distal retention structure  225  (if a distal retention structure is present) remain in fluid communication with each other at all times providing for the drainage of fluid.  
         [0039]    The resilient portion of the invention gently draws the elongated member and the proximal retention structure back to a retracted position, as any opposing forces allow. In this way, the resilient portion can provide a gentle biasing force towards the retracted position, allowing the stent to compensate for normal changes in organ location while minimizing discomfort to the patient. The biasing force between the proximal retention structure and the elongated member can be provided by a resilient portion that is fabricated from an elastomeric material.  
         [0040]    The inner surface of both the distal end and proximal end of the resilient portion  205  of FIG. 4 is connected to the outer surface of the elongated member  145  and to the outer surface of the trunk  325  of the proximal retention structure  140 , respectively. When in the retracted position, the resilient portion  205  is partially contained within the lumen of the elongated member  220 . In this fashion, the lumen of the elongated member guides the trunk of the proximal retention structure  325  as it slides between retracted and expanded positions. The proximal retention structure  140  is free to move longitudinally with respect to the elongated member  145 , although the resilient portion  205  provides a gentle biasing force towards the retracted position.  
         [0041]    The proximal retention structure of FIG. 4 is shown in a mostly retracted configuration. As shown in this figure, a stricture  240  can be disposed within the lumen of the proximal retention structure  215  to reduce reflux up the ureter during a high bladder condition (voiding), by providing a restriction to flow. This stricture can also be located in other places, such as the lumen of the elongated member  220 . FIG. 5 shows the resilient portion  205  of FIG. 4 with the proximal retention structure in an expanded position. In the absence of opposing forces, the resilient portion  205  draws the proximal retention structure  140  to the retracted position as illustrated in FIG. 4, thereby minimizing contact with the trigone  120 .  
         [0042]    [0042]FIG. 6 shows another embodiment of the resilient portion  205 . In this embodiment, the inner surface  410  of the distal end of the resilient portion  420  is connected to the outer surface of the elongated member  145 , and the outer surface  405  of the proximal end of the resilient portion  415  is connected to the outer surface of the trunk  325  of the proximal retention structure  140 , but the curvature of the resilient portion is reversed. Again, the trunk of the proximal retention structure can be contained within the lumen of the elongated member  220 , but without the proximal end of the resilient portion  415  entering this lumen  220 . The material of the resilient portion can be elastomeric, and this elastomeric property can provide a gentle biasing force towards the retracted position of the stent. The proximal retention structure  140  is free to move longitudinally with respect to the elongated member  145 , between retracted and expanded positions. Although not shown, a stricture can be disposed within the lumen of the elongated member  220 , or within the lumen of the proximal retention structure  215 , to reduce reflux up the ureter during a high bladder condition (voiding), by providing a restriction to flow.  
         [0043]    [0043]FIG. 7 shows another embodiment of the resilient portion  205 . Here, the inner surface  410  of both ends of the resilient portion are connected to the inner surface of the elongated member  145 , and to the outer surface of the trunk of the proximal retention structure  325 . As illustrated, the material of the resilient portion  205  is concave in the distal direction. However, it could be directed proximally. As indicated above, the material of which the resilient portion is made can be elastomeric, and this elastomeric property can provide a gently biasing force towards the retracted position of the stent. The proximal retention structure  140  is free to move longitudinally with respect to the elongated member  145 , between retracted and expanded positions. In this embodiment, the trunk of the proximal retention structure can be disposed within the lumen of the elongated member. Although not shown, a stricture can be disposed within the lumen of the elongated member  220  or within the lumen of the proximal retention structure  215 , to reduce reflux up the ureter during a high bladder condition (voiding), by providing a restriction to flow.  
         [0044]    [0044]FIG. 8 shows yet another embodiment of the resilient portion  205 . This embodiment illustrates that different configurations can exist between the diameter of the trunk of the proximal retention structure  325  and the diameter of the elongated member  145 . In this embodiment, the two have the same diameter. FIG. 8 shows the inner surface of the resilient portion  410  connected to the outer surface of the elongated member  145  and to the outer surface of the proximal retention structure  140 . The material of which the resilient portion is made can be elastomeric, and this elastomeric property can provide a gently biasing force towards the retracted position of the stent. The proximal retention structure  140  is free to slideably move with respect to the elongated member  145 , between a retracted and expanded position. As illustrated in FIG. 8, the diameters of the trunk of the proximal retention structure  325  and the elongated member  145  are the same. Even though the trunk of the proximal retention structure cannot fit into the lumen of the elongated member, the stent can still alternate between an expanded and a retracted position. Any alignment required between the proximal retention structure  140  and the elongated member  145  is provided by the resilient portion  205 .  
         [0045]    [0045]FIG. 9 shows a cutaway view of another embodiment of the resilient portion, comprising a coiled spring  905 . The coiled spring is maintained between the circumferential flange  910  of the elongated member, and the circumferential flange  915  of the proximal retention structure. Not only do these flanges provide containment of the spring, but they also keep the proximal retention structure  140  from sliding out of the elongated member  145 .  
         [0046]    The coiled spring  905  can be formed by an extrusion process. Heat forming can be used to shape the coil. If the coiled spring  905  is integrally formed with the proximal retention structure  140 , then one method of assembly and fabrication comprises inserting the circumferential flange of the proximal retention structure  915  into the proximal end of the elongated member  145 , followed by using heat forming techniques to form the circumferential flange of the elongated member  910 . This is easily accomplished by using heat to soften the proximal end of the elongated member, and partially folding the proximal portion of the elongated member in towards the lumen of the elongated member  220 , to form the circumferential flange  910 . Alternatively, if the coiled spring  905  and proximal retention structure  140  were not integrally formed together, they can be preassembled and then joined with the elongated member  145  using techniques similar to those described above.  
         [0047]    The coiled spring  905  can be biased toward the retracted position of the stent. The elongated member  145  acts as a guide for the proximal retention structure  140 , as it moves between retracted and expanded positions. The coiled spring can be a separate piece, or it can be integrally formed with the elongated member, for example, by integrally molding it at the time of manufacture of the elongated portion. Alternatively, it could be integrally molded with the proximal retention structure.  
         [0048]    In another aspect, the invention provides an apparatus for delivering the stent into a patient, as shown in FIG. 10. The delivery apparatus  1000  comprises a guide wire  1005  and a pusher  1010 . The distal end of the pusher  1015  has a shape that is conformed to the shape of the proximal retention structure  140 . For example, the distal end can conform to a spherical shape, a mushroom shape, a flared shape, a triangular shape, or a hemispherical shape. The proximal end of the pusher includes a grip  1020 , to assist in using the device.  
         [0049]    In use, the stent  135  is mounted on the delivery apparatus  1000 , as shown in FIG. 10. The distal retention structure  150  (if a distal retention structure is present), is also threaded over the guide wire  1005 , and most of its inherent curvature removed. Next, the guide wire is inserted into the bladder  115 , through the ureteral orifice  130 , up the ureter  105 , and into the kidney  110 . The pusher  1010  is then moved along the guide wire  1005 , pushing the stent  135  along the guide wire  1005  towards the kidney  110 . The proximal end of the elongated member can be positioned either at or distal to the ureteral orifice  130 . The stent can also be positioned such that the resilient portion  205  is at or distal to the ureteral orifice  130 .  
         [0050]    Once the surgeon has achieved the desired positioning of the stent, the guide wire  1005  is removed, while holding the pusher  1010  stationary to maintain the stent  135  in position. Finally, pusher  1010  is removed from within the patient, leaving the stent  135  in place. Using this method, the stent of the invention can be precisely positioned within the ureter and bladder of the patient, and the proximal retention structure  140  can be accurately positioned at or near the trigonal area of the bladder. The method can also be used to accurately position the distal retention structure  150  (if a distal retention structure is present), within the kidney.  
         [0051]    In one embodiment of the invention, the guide wire, pusher, and stent are inserted into the ureter  105  percutaneously through a surgical opening. In another embodiment, they are inserted into the ureter via the urinary tract of the patient.  
         [0052]    While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to specific preferred embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.