Abstract:
A method and system determines probable strength degradation in a tensile support in an elevator system by monitoring an electrical characteristic of the tensile support as a whole, such as the total electrical resistance of the tensile support, that varies as the remaining strength in the tensile support varies. As the degradation of strength in a typical tensile support varies along the support, and as the relationship between strength and the electrical characteristic generally exhibits an inherent uncertainty, the overall relationship between strength and the electrical characteristic of the whole tensile support will vary as well. Quantifying the probable strength degradation indicated for each value in a range of a measurable electrical characteristic allows monitoring the strength degradation of the tensile support. The method and system also quantifies the relationship between tensile support degradation and a measurable electrical characteristic to monitor degradation.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/589,479 filed Aug. 14, 2006, which is the national phase of International application No. PCT/US04/08192 filed Mar. 16, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,801,600, which issued Sep. 21, 2010. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to evaluating strength in a tensile support, and more particularly to a system and method that monitors tensile support strength based on electrical characteristics of the tensile support. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Tensile supports, such as coated steel belts or wire ropes containing metal cords, are used to move an elevator car up and down within an elevator shaft. Because the condition of the tensile support is critical to safe operation of the elevator, there is a need to determine the remaining strength level of the tensile support and detect if the remaining strength level falls below a minimum threshold. 
         [0004]    Tensile support strength can be reduced by normal operation of the elevator. The primary source of tensile support strength degradation is the cyclic bending of the tensile support around sheaves as the elevator is moved up and down in an elevator shaft. Tensile support degradation is normally not uniform along the length of the tensile support; instead, areas of the tensile support subjected to high levels or severities of bending cycles will degrade faster than areas experiencing fewer bend cycles. 
         [0005]    Some electrical characteristics, such as electrical resistance or impedance, of the cords in the tensile support will vary as the cross-sectional area of the cords decrease. Thus, it is theoretically possible to determine the remaining support strength of the tensile support based on the cords&#39; electrical characteristics. However, as noted above, weaker spots in the tensile support are usually distributed over the tensile support in varying fashions depending on elevator usage (e.g., speed, acceleration, jerk, etc.), elevator system layout, the cord material, manufacturing variables, and other factors, making it difficult to determine exactly when and where the tensile support may have reached its minimum remaining strength. Without a quantitative method relating an electrical characteristic of the tensile support with the remaining tensile support strength, electrical monitoring of the tensile support can only reveal whether the tensile support is intact or broken. 
         [0006]    There is a desire for a system and method that can quantitatively indicate a remaining strength level of cords in a tensile support based on electrical characteristics of the cords, and therefore the electrical characteristic of the tensile support. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0007]    The present invention is directed to a method and system that can determine strength degradation in a tensile support based on an electrical characteristic, such as electrical resistance. One example system determines a relationship between strength degradation and various physical factors, such as the rate of degradation for a given load, operating environment information for the tensile support, and estimated or actual usage data, to obtain a map of mean degradation. This map of mean degradation is then used to generate one or more maps linking the strength degradation (i.e., in the form of a remaining strength percentage) and an electrical characteristic, such as resistance, that varies as the remaining tensile support strength varies. Based on these electrical characteristic maps, it is possible to detect when the tensile support has lost a given level of strength by measuring the electrical characteristic. 
         [0008]    In one embodiment, variances in the degradation rate of the tensile support, the relationships between the electrical characteristic and strength degradation, temperature, and/or electrical devices used to measure the electrical characteristic are taken into account to generate the electrical characteristic maps. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0009]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a process for generating a map of mean degradation according to one embodiment of the invention; 
           [0010]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram of a process for determining an apparent resistance according to one embodiment of the invention; 
           [0011]      FIG. 3  is a plot of remaining strength probabilities for given increases in apparent resistance according to one embodiment of the invention; 
           [0012]      FIG. 4  is a plot of remaining strength probabilities for an estimated usage and for an actual usage according to another embodiment of the invention; 
           [0013]      FIG. 5  is a block diagram illustrating one possible implementation of the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
       [0014]    As noted above, the strength of a tensile support is related to the cross-sectional area of the cords in the tensile support and accumulated breaks in the cords as the tensile support is bent and unbent around one or more sheaves during elevator operation. Empirical testing can yield a strength loss model linking the loss in tensile support strength and elevator operation factors, such as tensile support loading, sheave geometry (e.g., sheave diameter), and the number of bend cycles. In other words, the model provides a relationship between a constant load and the rate of strength degradation caused by the constant load. 
         [0015]    Because different sections of the tensile support lose strength at different rates, it is desirable to generate a map of mean degradation to predict the amount of strength degradation for any section in the tensile support. As a practical matter, it is virtually impossible to locate the weakest portion of the tensile support directly. However, because weakened portions of the tensile support are distributed over the entire tensile support length during use, the resistance of the entire tensile support can be an accurate indication of the weakest section in the tensile support, which dictates the tensile support&#39;s remaining strength. 
         [0016]      FIG. 1  illustrates one method of generating the map of mean degradation  100 . In this embodiment, the map  100  is generated based on a strength loss model  102  for the elevator system being considered, the elevator configuration  104  and the estimated elevator traffic  106 . Each of these components will be explained in greater detail below. 
         [0017]    To obtain the strength loss model  102 , the rate of degradation of the tensile support for a given constant load is obtained empirically. In one embodiment, repeated bend cycles are applied to a plurality of sample tensile supports until they break. This can be conducted using any known fatigue machine. From this information, it is possible to determine a statistical distribution of the number of bend cycles required to bend a given tensile support to failure for a known constant load. 
         [0018]    The remaining strength in the tensile support is also dictated by the elevator configuration  104 , such as the number of sheaves in the elevator system, tensile support routing around the sheaves, the distance between the sheaves, and the sheave configuration. The estimated elevator traffic  106 , such as frequency of use, average passenger weight, etc., is also considered in generating the mean degradation map. Usage details, such as the number of times the elevator moves between certain floors, directly affects the location and amount of degradation in the tensile support. Taking estimated elevator traffic  106  and the elevator configuration  104  into account keeps track of the number of times a sheave contacts a particular section of the tensile support and the tension at that time. This is tracked via a sheave contact and load tracking algorithm  108 . From this information, it is possible to predict a wear state of a given section of the tensile support and therefore predict the remaining strength of the entire tensile support. 
         [0019]    The mean degradation map  100  for a given elevator configuration  104  can be analyzed statistically by varying the estimated elevator traffic data  106  and the data on the degradation rate  102  and data  108  for monitoring the effects of the load at areas where the sheave contacts the tensile support in different load and traffic situations. The resulting map of mean degradation  100  provides a statistical distribution of strength degradation for a particular elevator system for a given constant load. In other words, the map of mean degradation  100  indicates a range of bend cycles in which the tensile support is expected to fail for a type of elevator system. 
         [0020]    To detect remaining strength in the tensile support based on an electrical characteristic, such as electrical resistance, the information in the map of mean degradation  100  needs to be linked with the electrical characteristics of the tensile support, preferably in the form of electrical characteristic maps.  FIG. 2  is a block diagram illustrating a process  200  according to one embodiment of the invention to determine the relationship between electrical resistance and remaining strength. 
         [0021]    To generate the electrical resistance maps in this embodiment, the degradation map  100  is first considered with a degradation rate variance  202 , which reflects the uncertainty in the degradation rate reflected by the map  100 . Although the map of mean degradation  100  provides a range of possible values, the range itself reflected in the map  100  may also vary. The degradation rate variance  202  takes this into account when determining the resistance maps. The amount of variance can be determined empirically. 
         [0022]    Evaluating the degradation map  100  with respect to the degradation rate variance  202  generates a range of usage patterns and wear rates of the tensile support and produces a range of minimum tensile support strength and/or maximum loss in braking strength (LBS)  204 , which reflects the maximum amount that the tensile support strength can be degraded. More particularly, the maximum LBS can be determined by detecting the point in the degradation map at which the tensile support strength is the lowest, after taking the degradation rate variance  202  into account, and then using this point as the maximum LBS value  204 . The maximum LBS  204  indicates the point at which the tensile support would break if placed under extreme load. 
         [0023]    This maximum LBS  204  value that can be linked with an apparent resistance  205  value, which will be described in greater detail below. From this link, an operator can be alerted to a weak tensile support condition when the apparent resistance  205  reaches a value corresponding to the maximum LBS  204 . 
         [0024]    Note that linking the relationship between the resistance and the LBS for multiple tensile supports only provides a range of possible resistance values for the maximum LBS. Additional analysis, which will be explained below, is needed to obtain the relationship between resistance values and strength characteristics other than the LBS. 
         [0025]    As noted above, the loss in the cross-sectional area of the cords in the tensile support and accumulation of breaks in the cords may affect electrical characteristics of the tensile support, such as increase the electrical resistance. In the example shown in  FIG. 2 , a relationship between the electrical resistance R and the LBS is developed empirically and analytically to generate an R vs. LBS map  206 . Because the relationship between the resistance R and the LBS can vary randomly among tensile supports due to uncontrollable factors, such as manufacturing variables and differing material properties, the process  200  simulates these random variations in a variation map  208  and adds them to the R vs. LBS map  206 . 
         [0026]    The modified degradation map  100 ,  202  and the modified R vs. LBS map  206 ,  208  are incorporated together to generate an electrical resistance map  210 , which reflects the electrical resistance at any given section of the tensile support. As shown in the Figure, corresponding map points in the modified degradation map  100 ,  202  and the modified R vs. LBS map  206 ,  208  are multiplied together to obtain the resistance map  210 . The total resistance of the tensile support at any given time can be calculated by summing  212  the resistances of the tensile support sections together. 
         [0027]    Temperature changes and variations among electronic devices in the elevator system may change the apparent resistance of the tensile support. In general, the effects of temperature-induced variances  214  and electronic device variances  216  can be determined experimentally and/or analytically. For example, the effect of temperature changes on the tensile support resistance can be calculated as well as empirically measured, while variances in electronic devices can be empirically determined through testing. The process  200  incorporates the effects of temperature-induced variance  214  and electronic device variances  216  on the resistance value to generate a resistance map that reflects the possible values of the apparent resistance  205 . Alternatively, if the temperature along the tensile support is known or simulated, the temperature variance may be applied to each value in the resistance map  210  before the summation  212  is performed. 
         [0028]    Thus, the analysis shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2  generates a distribution of minimum remaining tensile support strength estimates and a corresponding distribution of apparent resistances corresponding to the strength estimates. These distributions can be analyzed statistically to produce probability estimates of remaining tensile support strength for selected electrical resistances. 
         [0029]      FIG. 3  is a graph illustrating one possible relationship between changes in the apparent, total tensile support resistance and the probability estimates of remaining tensile support strength. As shown in the Figure, the larger the percentage increase in the apparent resistance (shown in  FIG. 3  as “DR”), the lower the amount of remaining strength in the tensile support. The distributions shown in  FIG. 3  illustrate the percentage of tensile supports having a given percentage of remaining strength for a given percent increase in apparent resistance. From this graph, it is simple to estimate the amount of strength remaining in a tensile support based on the amount its resistance has increased. 
         [0030]    In another embodiment, the map of mean degradation  100  used to calculate the apparent resistance and determine the strength probability map is based on actual elevator usage data instead of simulated or historical data. To obtain this embodiment, actual elevator usage data can be substituted for the estimated elevator traffic  106  in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0031]    The actual elevator usage data may be continuously fed to the sheave contact and load tracking algorithm  108  so that the map of mean degradation  100 , and therefore the apparent resistance values  205  and corresponding resistance maps, can be updated continuously as more data regarding the elevator usage is obtained. In addition to the elevator usage factors used to estimate tensile support degradation, this embodiment also considers how the elevator is actually used and takes passenger loads and the severity and number of bend cycles in any section of the tensile support into account. Because the strength probability estimates are based on actual elevator usage, the estimates of the remaining strength levels obtained in this embodiment will likely have a narrower range than those in the first embodiment, which encompasses a broad range of possible elevator usage. 
         [0032]      FIG. 4  shows a comparison between an estimate of remaining tensile support strength based on estimated elevator usage versus actual elevator usage. The actual elevator usage data provides an electrical resistance value that improves the estimate of the remaining tensile support strength for a given elevator system, making it possible to set action thresholds in an elevator health monitoring system that are relevant to the particular elevator system being monitored. 
         [0033]      FIG. 5  is a representative diagram of a system that evaluates tensile support strength as described above. Generally, the system  300  should include at least one electrical characteristic measurement device, such as a resistance meter  302 , that monitors the tensile support and a temperature measurement device  303  that monitors the tensile support&#39;s environment. The system  300  also includes a processor  304  that generates the maps described above from the measured electrical and temperature characteristics and determines the probable remaining strength in the tensile support. The specific components to be used on the system  300  can be selected by those of ordinary skill in the art. 
         [0034]    By measuring the tensile support strength based on an electrical characteristic, such as electrical resistance, the invention can monitor the remaining strength level of the tensile support, detect a minimum remaining strength level and, if desired, prompt action based on the remaining strength level. Although the examples described above focus on tensile supports used in elevator applications, such as coated steel belts, the invention can be used to monitor the strength of any structure whose electrical characteristics vary based on tensile support strength. Further, although the examples above focus on correlating resistance with remaining strength, other electrical characteristics can be monitored and used. The invention can be implemented in any known manner using any desired components; those of ordinary skill in the art will be able to determine what devices are needed to obtain the electrical characteristic data, obtain simulation data, and generate programs that can carry out the invention in a processor, for example. 
         [0035]    It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and that the method and apparatus within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.