Abstract:
A system and method for managing phases in a multiphase switching power supply turns off a phase in light load conditions and turns on a phase in heavier load conditions. The increase or decrease in the number of phases changes the efficiency of the power supply in response to operating conditions. The phases of the power supply may be synchronized and interleaved. Input current or power representing power supply loading provides a criteria for switching phases on or off. The input current can be taken from an input current sense resistor. The input power can be determined based on a control for managing phases. Turning a phase off causes remaining phases to have an increased on-time or gain to smooth the transition between differing numbers of active phases.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is based on and claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/796,420, filed May 1, 2006. This application is related to U.S. application Ser. No. 11/799,352 (TI-61712) filed May 1, 2007, U.S. application Ser. No. 11/799,181 (TI-63508) filed May 1, 2007, and U.S. application Ser. No. 11/708,820 (TI-62124) filed Feb. 21, 2007. 
     
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
       [0002]    Not Applicable 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0004]    The present invention relates generally to multiple power converters used in conjunction, and relates more particularly to a system and method for managing power converters used in conjunction as paralleled phases of a multiphase switching power supply. 
         [0005]    2. Description of Related Art 
         [0006]    Power supplies are often paralleled to meet particular application goals, such as current or power specifications. Performance improvements in interleaved, multiphase power supplies can be seen from advantages such as reduced input current ripple, reduced peak output current and greater frequency output ripple current. The higher frequency output ripple current permits easier filtering of the output ripple current to remove the ripple. Multiple interleaved phases in switching power supplies also tends to improve power conversion efficiency. A particular type of multiphase switching power supply has a variable switching frequency to obtain desired power supply output characteristics. 
         [0007]    A variable frequency switching power supply may operate in various modes at various times, depending upon desired characteristics. For example, a switching power supply may operate in continuous, discontinuous or transition mode, each of which have various advantages. A switching power supply may be constructed to have an inductor that is supplied with current for a given interval and permitted to discharge to a certain extent. Such a switching power supply operating in a continuous mode permits an inductor to discharge to a point where the inductor current is still positive, or above zero, before charging the inductor again. A discontinuous mode switching power supply permits the current in the inductor to drop and remain at zero for a finite time before charging the output inductor again in a subsequent switching cycle. A transition mode switching power supply permits the inductor to discharge to zero current, at which point a new charging cycle begins, so that the inductor current is prevented from becoming negative or remaining zero. 
         [0008]    One advantage to transition mode operation is the potential for zero voltage and/or zero current switching in the power supply. Zero voltage switching and zero current switching permits switching losses to be reduced, which can be especially advantageous at high frequencies that are often seen at light loads. 
         [0009]    Another advantage to transition mode operation is that it provides a simple way to maintain a desired power factor for a power converter. A typical transition mode configuration for a power converter permits the current in the inductor to achieve a peak value that is proportional to the input voltage. The momentary average of the current through the inductor is proportional to the instantaneous value of the input voltage, which permits the power converter to draw power from an input source at unity power factor. It is desirable to maintain the power factor as close as possible to unity, so that the power converter appears as a purely resistive load on the input power line. Factors that contribute to improving the power factor include maintaining input voltage in phase with input current, and maintaining the input current as a sinusoid when the input voltage is a sinusoid. Transition mode operation tends to help support realization of a good power factor in a variable frequency switching power supply. 
         [0010]    A variable frequency transition mode power converter constructed with an inductor can be viewed as a free running oscillator with the switching frequency being controlled by the amplitude of the inductor current. As the load demand decreases, the switching frequency tends to increase as inductor current amplitude decreases. Two or more transition mode power converters may be paralleled to obtain desired operating characteristics, such as a desired output current or power level. The paralleled power converters may also be interleaved and their waveforms synchronized to obtain the advantages discussed above. As switching frequency increases in a paralleled, interleaved power converter during light load conditions, the efficiency of the power converter decreases substantially. The switching losses experienced by the paralleled, interleaved power converters during high frequency switching tend to dominate converter losses over conduction losses. A number of applications for paralleled, or multiphase power converters have loads that can vary significantly, with light load demand extending over relatively long periods of time. It would be desirable to improve the efficiency of multiphase power converters during light load demand intervals. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0011]    An exemplary embodiment of the present invention provides a system and method for managing phases in a multiphase switching power supply. One or more phases in the multiphase power supply are dropped or turned off to reduce the number of active phases supplying power to the power supply output during light load conditions. Similarly, one or more phases in the multiphase power supply are added or turned on to increase the number of active phases supplying power to the power supply during heavy load conditions. The increase or decrease in the number of phases changes the efficiency of the power supply in response to operating conditions. 
         [0012]    In an exemplary embodiment, the criteria for turning a phase on or off is based on input power. A control signal realized through a feedback loop provides a voltage that is generally proportional to a power level in the power supply. Alternately, or in addition, a current measure may be taken from current input into power components of the power supply to determine when a phase is to be turned on or off. 
         [0013]    According to a feature of the present invention, a phase turn off causes the remaining active phase(s) to be modified to have a greater on-time or gain to produce the same output power as before the phase turnoff. The change in on-time or gain for remaining active phases occurs rapidly in response to phase turnoff. The use of a phase turn off event to cause the change in on-time or gain avoids delays that can occur if a feedback from the overall power supply control loop were used to cause the change. 
         [0014]    The phases can be any type of power supply, and may be interleaved and synchronized to obtain the benefits of interleaved multiphase operation. Any number of phases may be employed, and the increase or decrease in number of phases may result in no active phases or a maximum number of phases. The various phases may have different inherent frequencies, the waveforms of which can be synchronized to a given common, or average, frequency. 
     
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0015]      FIGS. 1   a - 1   d  are a set of graphs illustrating interleaved multiple phase power supply operation; 
           [0016]      FIGS. 2   a - 2   b  are block diagrams illustrating paralleled power converters; 
           [0017]      FIG. 3  is a circuit block diagram of a two-phase embodiment in accordance with the present invention; 
           [0018]      FIG. 4  is a circuit block diagram of a two-phase embodiment in accordance with the present invention; 
           [0019]      FIGS. 5   a - 5   b  are graphs illustrating current and voltage for a phase-managed PFC power converter; 
           [0020]      FIG. 6  is a graph illustrating efficiency versus output power for one- and two-phase operation; and 
           [0021]      FIG. 7  is a graph illustrating efficiency versus output power for one- and two-phase operation. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0022]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/796,420, filed May 1, 2006, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
         [0023]    Referring to  FIGS. 1   a - 1   d , plots of input current verses time are illustrated for a single phase power supply and a power supply with two interleaved phases.  FIG. 1   a  illustrates a single phase power supply that exhibits a significant amount of input current ripple.  FIGS. 1   b - 1   d  illustrate input current for each of two phases, and the sum of the current of the two phases, respectively. The sum of the two current phases shown in  FIG. 1   d  produces a current with lower peak current, lower ripple, and a ripple frequency that is twice the frequency of the two input current phases. A variable frequency PWM control may be used to produce an interleaved multiphase power supply with such an advantageous summed current. However, the realization of the variable frequency PWM control is somewhat challenging in that properly synchronizing the separate phases can be difficult when the phases vary in frequency. 
         [0024]    Referring to  FIG. 2   a , an abstract block diagram of an interleaved multiphase power converter  12  is illustrated. Power converter  12  includes two phases, P 1  and P 2 , that have periodic waveforms controlled to have a phase difference of 180°. A phase detector  14  inspects the waveforms of phases P 1  and P 2  and provides relative phase information to phase generation/control components  16 ,  17 . Phase detector  14  provides a relative phase measure to each component  16 ,  17 , based on phase information derived from an alternate phase. Accordingly, phase detector  14  inspects the periodic waveform of phase P 2  to provide phase information to component  16 , and inspects the periodic waveform of phase P 1  to provide phase information to component  17 . Each of components  16 ,  17  modify phases P 1  and P 2 , respectively, based on the phase information provided by phase detector  14 . As each of components  16 ,  17  modify their respective phases P 1 , P 2 , phase detector  14  provides further relative phase information feedback, thereby providing a closed loop relative phase angle difference control. 
         [0025]    The periodic waveforms in phases P 1 , P 2  may be power signals that are interleaved to produce a summed output with reduced peak current, reduced ripple, and higher frequency ripple. Alternately, the periodic waveforms in phases P 1  and P 2  can be control signals provided to power components that produce period power waveforms. In the exemplary configuration illustrated in  FIG. 2   a , a single phase detector  14  is provided for two phases P 1  and P 2 . The configuration of  FIG. 2   a  is a special case of the present invention involving two phases, the periodic waveforms of which are separated by 180°. 
         [0026]    Referring now to  FIG. 2   b , a generalized multiphase interleaved power converter  22  is illustrated. Power converter  22  has a general number of phases N, denoted as phases P 1 -PN. Phase generation/control components  23 ,  25  and  27  generate periodic waveforms in each of phases P 1 , P 2  and PN, respectively. Phases P 1 -PN can be combinations of signals for controlling power components to generate periodic power waveforms or the periodic power waveforms themselves. In the general case illustrated in  FIG. 2   b , there is a phase detector for each phase in power converter  22 . The feedback provided by phase detectors  24 ,  26  and  28  each depend upon two phases to obtain a relative phase measure. Accordingly, the phase information that is received by each phase detector  24 ,  26  and  28  is used to obtain a feedback signal to control the generation of a respective phase P 1 -PN to have a desired phase angle separation between the periodic waveforms of phases P 1 -PN. Accordingly, the control of the periodic waveform in each phase P 1 -PN depends upon a phase angle measurement from two different phases. When any of phase detectors  24 ,  26  or  28  detect a phase angle difference error, a correction to reduce the error propagates through components  23 ,  25  and  27  to adjust relative phase angle difference until the error is reduced for all phases. The propagation of the error through the phases synchronizes the periodic waveforms in each phase to have an overall desired phase angle separation between each phase. By synchronizing the period waveforms, the operating frequencies of phases P 1 -PN tend towards a single frequency, so that phases P 1 -PN is operate at a given frequency. The given frequency tends to be an average of the different independent frequencies of phases P 1 -PN. 
         [0027]    Phases P 1 -PN can be in any temporal order with respect to leading or lagging. That is, phases P 1 -PN can be arranged so that phase P 2  lags P 1  and phase PN lags P 2 . Alternately, phases P 1 -PN can be arranged so that phase P 1  lags P 2  or PN or both. The phase detectors  24 ,  26  and  28  are arranged to detect the desired relative phase difference in accordance with the temporal order in which phases P 1 -PN are arranged. 
         [0028]    Referring now to  FIG. 3 , an exemplary embodiment of a control circuit  70  according to the present disclosure is illustrated. In this embodiment, the control signals used to drive the power switches of two separate phases P 1  and P 2  also drive an edge triggered flip-flop  72 . The outputs of edge triggered flip-flop  72  are applied to a control loop filter  74 . Control loop filter  74  provides a phase matching function to provide error signals  76 , 77  that adjust the separation of phases P 1 ,P 2  to track with each other and maintain a desired phase separation. In the two phase example in  FIG. 3 , the periodic waveforms in phases P 1 ,P 2  are maintained to have a 180° phase angle difference. 
         [0029]    The periodic waveforms in phases P 1  and P 2  are PWM signals that drive power switches used to provide periodic power signals that are interleaved to obtain the advantages of an interleaved, paralleled power supply discussed above. The gate drives are provided through points GDA and GDB based on phases P 1  and P 2 , respectively. The periodic signals in phases P 1  and P 2  are applied to an edge-triggered flip-flop  72 , so that flip-flop  72  receives phase difference information depending upon how the set and reset inputs of flip-flop  72  are activated. The outputs of flip-flop  72  maintain the respective S and R edge-triggered states until reset or set, respectively, by edge-triggered inputs on an alternate input of flip-flop  72 . Accordingly, the desired shape of the outputs of flip-flop  72  are complementary, 50% duty cycle PWM signals. If one or both of the outputs of flip-flop  72  drift away from the complementary, 50% duty cycle relationship, that is, if the outputs of flip-flop  72  do not maintain a 180° phase angle separation, the error is detected and fed back to the appropriate phase control to appropriately advance or retard the respective phase angle. Control loop filter  74  provides logic and signaling to generate an appropriate error signal  76 , 77 , for each phase. Error signals  76 , 77  are applied to multipliers  78 , 79 , respectively, to amplify error signals  76 , 77  on the basis of a feedback error voltage FB in conjunction with an operating reference voltage Vref applied to an amplifier  71 . The output of amplifier  71 , as optionally compensated through input COMP, provides a closed loop reference signal with an overall error component for controlling a power output of the overall interleaved multi-phased power supply. 
         [0030]    A control signal  73  provides a control voltage that acts as a threshold to cause a reset in each of phases P 1 ,P 2 , which causes the gate drive signals provided to outputs GDA and GDB to go to a logic low level. The threshold is provided as a ramp that causes a reset in phases P 1  or P 2  when the output of multipliers  78 , 79  exceed the associated ramp values for their respective phases. The ramp signals for each respective phase restart each time an associated phase P 1  or P 2  rises to a logic high level. The outputs of flip-flops  40 , 42  are turned off when the associated ramp reaches a threshold level set by the output of amplifier  71  multiplied by error signals  76  or  77 . Accordingly, the appropriate error signal  76 , 77  influences the respective phase control loop error signal provided by amplifier  71 . Error signals  76 , 77  cause control signal  73  to be increased or decreased to reach a threshold established by the ramp signals in each phase at different times. Flip-flops  76 , 77  are thus reset at a desired time to obtain an adjustment for a phase angle difference between phases P 1  and P 2 . For example, if the phase angle difference between phases P 1  and P 2  is greater than 180°, error signal  76  has a decreased value to decrease the output of multiplier  78  to extend the amount of time needed to meet the threshold established by the ramp in phase P 1 . Accordingly, a reset of phase P 1  is slightly delayed permitting the period of a pulse in phase P 1  to be extended, thereby decreasing the phase angle difference between phases P 1  and P 2  toward 180°. Error signal  76  is similarly increased to retard phase P 1  if the phase angle difference between phases P 1  and P 2  is less than 180°. Error signal  77  operates similarly with respect to phase P 2  to retard or advance phase P 2  by lengthening or shortening the period of the pulse in phase P 2 . 
         [0031]    Control circuit  70  also includes a comparator  44  that is set to determine when the number of active phases should be increased or decreased. Compare  44  includes a threshold voltage Vphb that indicates when a phase switch should occur. An input PHB is applied to the inverting input of comparator  44  to signal a low-power or light load condition to indicate a reduction in the number of active phases. Accordingly, when input PHB drops below voltage Vphb, the output of comparator  44  transitions from a logic low level to a logic high level. The output of comparator  44  is applied to a reset input of flip-flop  42 , causing the normal output of flip-flop  42  to be driven to a logic low level. By driving the normal output of flip-flop  42  to a logic low level, phase P 2  is turned off. 
         [0032]    Phase P 2  remains disabled while input PHB remains below voltage Vphb. If the demand on the power supply increases, such that the signal applied to input PHB increases above voltage Vphb, the output of comparator  44  is driven to a logic low level, which de-asserts the reset applied to a  42 , permitting phase P 2  to be operated once again. 
         [0033]    Control signal  73  provides a control voltage, derived from the output of trans-conductance amplifier  71  and a compensation network optionally applied on a compensation input COMP. The optional compensation network on input COMP is connected between an output of amplifier  71  and ground, so that control signal  73  is compensated based on system characteristics and desired performance, for example. A feedback voltage applied to input FB provides a frequency control for power supply  70 . 
         [0034]    In accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a compensation network is provide between input COMP and ground to provide compensation for the loop gain contributed by amplifier  71  and the remainder of the regulation loop. The operating level at input comp is thus generally proportional to the power level through the power supply. Inputs COMP and PHB are tied together, so that phase management of phases P 1 , P 2  depends in part on control signal  73 . When input PHB is connected to input COMP, a transition criteria for switching between single and dual phase operation becomes generally proportional to input power. That is, control signal  73  applied to input PHB causes switching between a single active phase and two active phases to be based on input current and input voltage. When input power decreases to level represented by voltage Vphb, phase P 2  is turned off and phase P 1  remains active, thereby increasing the efficiency of power supply  70  at increased switching frequency operation associated with light loads. 
         [0035]    Referring now to  FIG. 4 , another exemplary embodiment for managing phases in a multiphase power supply  50  is illustrated. A shunt resistor  222  is coupled to the input current of the power supply  50 . The input current corresponds to a sum of the currents in inductors L 1  and L 2 . Accordingly, the voltage across resistor  222  represents the sum of the currents in inductors L 1  and L 2 , and can be used to determine a control for turning phases on or off during heavy or light loads. 
         [0036]    The use of input current to determine a low-power condition for turning off phase P 2 , for example, represents an improvement in performance for responding to low demand conditions. For example, the input current measure provided by shunt resistor  222  is continuous and cumulative. Prior current measures in power equipment often depended on measuring output current through a switch, which provided little or no current information when the switch was off. Accordingly, such prior measurements were not continuous, and were specific to a switch or phase rather than overall power supply operation. 
         [0037]    The voltage across shunt resistor  222  is a negative voltage value, which is applied to the non-inverting input of comparator  54 , which can be implemented as comparator  44  shown in  FIG. 3 . Comparator  54  has a negative reference voltage V ICT  applied to the inverting input to act as a threshold for turning phase P 2  on or off. When input current decreases, the magnitude of the voltage on shunt resistor  222  also decreases, that is, it becomes more positive. As the magnitude of the voltage applied the non-inverting input of comparator  54  decreases, it becomes more positive than negative reference voltage V ICT . When the voltage from shunt resistor  222  crosses the threshold represented by negative reference voltage V ICT , comparator  54  produces a logic high output. The logic high output resets flip-flop  56 , which causes phase P 2  to be turned off. 
         [0038]    If the load demand on power supply  50  increases, the input current through shunt resistor  222  increases, producing an increased magnitude negative voltage applied to comparator  54 . As the negative voltage across shunt resistor  222  increases in magnitude, that is, becomes more negative, it crosses the threshold represented by negative reference voltage V ICT . The output of comparator  54  then transitions to a logic low level. The logic low level output applied the reset input of flip-flop  56  permits flip-flop  56  to become active and cause switch  213  to switch, reactivating phase P 2 . 
         [0039]    The power supplies illustrated in  FIGS. 3 and 4  make the gain adjustments to the active phase to accommodate turning a phase on or off. For example, in light load conditions, if phase P 2  is turned off, the on time for phase P 1  is approximately doubled. Similarly, as load demand increases, and phase P 2  is reactivated after having been turned off, the on-time for phase P 1  is decreased to approximately half. The changes in gain made to phase P 1 , for example, are initiated once a determination is made to turn phase P 2  on or off. That is, the gain change applied to phase P 1  occurs as soon as phase P 2  is turned on or off. This rapid change in gain avoids performance issues that may arise if the power supply were configured to have the closed loop gain control operate to change the gain in the phase P 1 . That is, the closed loop gain control of the power supplies illustrated in  FIGS. 3 and 4  is typically set to respond relatively slowly to avoid the impact of high-frequency transients. By changing the gain of phase P 1  directly, any performance issues with closed loop control are avoided. 
         [0040]    Referring now to  FIGS. 5-7 , an illustration of operation of phase management for a multiphase interleaved power converter is provided. While interleaved multiphase operation for a power converter attains a number of advantages as discussed above, light load operation can incur significant switching losses as a result of high frequency switching and parasitic capacitances. In particular, in a transition mode boost power converter the switching frequency increases inversely with the load and with the square of the input line voltage RMS value. Other drawbacks may be observed with high frequency operation of transition mode boost converter with low current levels, such as increased line input current THD, unpredictable converter behavior and increased EMI. In accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a transition mode boost converter having multiple interleaved phases disables one or more phases to improve power conversion efficiency and overcome the above-mentioned drawbacks. In accordance with one embodiment, a dual-phase interleaved power converter transitions to single-phase operation to reduce switching losses through operation at lower switching frequency and higher peak current levels as described above. Single-phase operation contributes to overcoming the drawbacks of switching losses that dominate the power stage losses in comparison with conduction losses.  FIGS. 6 and 7  illustrate efficiency in single-phase operation at light loads at various operating power levels. As can be seen, the efficiency of operation in waveforms B and D is significantly improved at lower power ranges in comparison with waveforms A and C that reflect two-phase operation. 
         [0041]    In operation, one phase of two-phase interleaved transition mode boost power converter is disabled. At the same time, the circuit controlling the on-time for the boost switch of the remaining phase increases the on-time by a factor of approximately 2. The increase in on-time for the remaining boost contributes to smoothing a transition between single and two-phase operation. The peak current is accordingly increased in the boost inductor, and the effective switching frequency is similarly reduced. The lower switching frequency tends to decrease switching losses and improve overall power converter efficiency. 
         [0042]    The switch over from two phase to single-phase operation can be provided as a user selectable feature to permit designers to choose a point for phase change-over in relation to switching losses versus the advantages of multi-phased interleaved power conversion. Alternately, or in addition, the point at which phase change-over from two phases to one phase occurs can be set internally or tied to other control signals related to power converter loop control and operational efficiency as described above. 
         [0043]    In accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a phase change-over to reduce the number of active phases in a multi-phased interleaved power converter is determined based on input current information. The determination of the number of active phases based on input current uses efficiency curves versus input current based on the number of active phases. The efficiency curves may be measured or calculated. Phase activation versus input current may be calibrated with the efficiency curves to obtain a maximum efficiency by selecting the number of active phases based on the given input current. The use of input current information to select the number of active phases to increase efficiency provides better performance and a simpler design than previous solutions that rely on power converter output current determinations. One reason the input current information produced better phase management for improved efficiency is that input current more accurately reflects current transferred in the power converter than typical prior output current measurements. Previous output current measures typically rely on a current measure taken through power switches, which, because they are not always conducting, do not always give information about phase current. Measurement of input current contributes to providing a more consistent view of current flows in the power converter than might otherwise be achieved by inspecting the current flows through the power switches. By determining appropriate levels of input current information for selecting a desired number of active phases, the efficiency of the transition mode boost power converter can achieve greater levels of efficiency and an optimal number of phases being active for a given load and input. 
         [0044]    The concept of phase management is not limited to a multiphase interleaved power converter, but can also be used in other power delivery configurations that include multiple power converters. For example, power converters may be connected in parallel to deliver a specified amount of current to a load for a given application. In the event that the load demand drops to a given level, it is desirable to turn off one of the parallel power converters to improve efficiency. The decision on the number of parallel power converters to maintain an active operation, and when a change-over of the number of active parallel power converters should occur is based on input current information in accordance with the present invention. Accordingly, the determination of a number of active power converters arranged in parallel based on input current to improve overall power delivery efficiency is considered to be within the scope of the inventive features of the present disclosure. 
         [0045]    It should be emphasized that the above-described embodiments of the present invention are merely possible examples of implementations, merely set forth for a clear understanding of the principles of the invention. Many variations and modifications may be made to the above-described embodiments of the invention without departing substantially from the spirit and principles of the invention. All such modifications and variations are intended to be included herein within the scope of this disclosure and the present invention and protected by the following claims.