Abstract:
A micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) micromirror array has an array of micromirrors on a support structure. Each micromirror is pivotally attached to the support structure by a resilient structure. The resilient structure defines a pivot axis. There is an array of electrostatic actuators for pivotally driving the array of micromirrors about the pivot axis. Each electrostatic actuator comprises a first part carried by the support structure, and a second part carried by the corresponding micromirror. An electrostatic sink is mounted to the support structure that shields at least one micromirror from spurious electrostatic actuation.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This relates to a MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical System) micromirror used for one or two dimensional tilting micromirror arrays with a high fill factor. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical System) mirrors and mirror arrays have wide applications in the light process and fiber optic networks such as in optical cross-connect switches, attenuators, wavelength blocker, dynamic gain equalizer, configurable grating and tunable filter etc. The MEMS mirror arrays with high fill factors and one or two axes rotation have particular importance in the wavelength division multiplexing systems. The fill factor is generally defined as the ratio of the active area to the total area in an array. The high fill factor improves the shape of the optical channel and reduces the optical loss in the system. A micromirror with two axes of rotation can provide switching of the optical beam among the channels while avoiding undesirable optical transient cross-talk during switching, and achieving variable optical attenuations. 
     There are a number of actuation methods for the MEMS micromirror array such as electromagnetic actuation disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,760,145 (Taylor et al.) entitled “Actuator for dual-axis rotation micromirror”, thermal actuation disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,091,057 (Gan et al.) entitled “Method of making a single-crystal-silicon 3D micromirror”, and electrostatic actuation disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,095,546 (Mala et al.) entitled “Micro-electro-mechanical-system two dimensional mirror with articulated suspension structures for high fill factor arrays”. Electrostatic actuation is favored due to its low power consumption and relative simple structure and small footprint. 
     Existing micromirrors with electrostatic actuation fall into two categories: vertical combdrive type micromirrors and parallel plate type micromirrors. The drawback for conventional vertical combdrive type micromirrors is that is generally fails to form the high fill factor arrays due to its typical gimbaled and framed structure. Since it is difficult to reduce the gap between adjacent micromirrors, it is hard to form a mirror array with high fill factor. An example of this type of MEMS micromirrors is found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,822,776 (Hah et al.) entitled “Scanning micromirror for optical communication systems and method of manufacturing the same”. 
     It is much easier to form high fill factor mirror arrays based on the parallel plate type of electrostatic actuators. The majority of existing high fill factor micromirror array designs use parallel plate type of electrostatic actuators, such as those taught in U.S. Pat. No. 7,095,546 (Mala et al.) entitled “Micro-electro-mechanical-system two dimensional mirror with articulated suspension structures for high fill factor arrays”, U.S. Pat. No. 6,934,439 (Mala et al.) entitled “Plano MEMS micromirror”, U.S. Pat. No. 6,694,073 (Golub et al.) entitled “Reconfigurable free space wavelength cross connect”, U.S. Pat. No. 6,781,744 (Aksyuk) entitled “Amplification of MEMS motion”, U.S. Pat. No. 6,778,728 (Taylor et al.) entitled “Micro-electro-mechanical mirror devices having a high linear mirror fill factor”, U.S. Pat. No. 7,209,274 (Van Drieenhuizen et al.) entitled “High fill-factor bulk silicon mirrors” and U.S. Pat. No. 7,053,981 (Bleeker) entitled “Lithographic apparatus and device manufacturing method”. The advantage of using a parallel plate electrostatic actuator is that no typical gimbaled structure or frame is required for the design. As such, the gap between the mirrors can be very small to form a high fill factor mirror array. 
     SUMMARY 
     According to an aspect, there is provided a micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) micromirror array, comprising an array of micromirrors on a support structure, each micromirror being pivotally attached to the support structure by a resilient structure, the resilient structure defining a pivot axis. The MEMS micromirror array further comprises an array of electrostatic actuators for pivotally driving the array of micromirrors about the pivot axis, each electrostatic actuator comprising a first part carried by the support structure, and a second part carried by the corresponding micromirror. The MEMS micromirror array further comprises an electrostatic sink mounted to the support structure that shields at least one micromirror from spurious electrostatic actuation. 
     According to another aspect, the electrostatic sink may be one or more of an electrical ground, a physical barrier, an electrode on the support structure. The electrostatic sink may shield at least one micromirror from spurious actuation by an adjacent electrostatic actuator and may shield at least one micromirror from accumulated electrostatic charge on the support structure. 
     According to another aspect, the electrostatic actuator may be a vertical comb drive. One of the first part of the vertical comb drive or the second part of the vertical comb drive may comprise fingers that are enclosed within an outer perimeter of the other of the first part or the second part. The fingers may be carried by a carrier portion that is perpendicular to the pivot axis, the carrier portion being connected to an external portion that is outside the outer perimeter of the other of the first part and the second part. The fingers may be parallel to the pivot axis. The fingers may be angled relative to the pivot axis. 
     According to another aspect, each micromirror may be symmetrical about the pivot axis. The micromirrors in the array may be staggered perpendicularly to the pivot axis. 
     According to another aspect, there may be a cavity between the micromirrors and the support structure, and a physical barrier may separate adjacent cavities to prevent pneumatic actuation of adjacent micromirrors due to movement of an adjacent micromirror. The physical barrier may comprise an intermediate support structure. 
     According to another aspect, the micromirrors may be formed from a first layer of material, the electrostatic sink may be formed from a second layer of material, and the support structure may be formed from a third layer of material. 
     According to another aspect, at least one micromirror may comprise a second electrostatic actuator for pivoting the micromirror about a second pivot axis. 
     According to another aspect, the resilient structure may comprise a first portion having an I beam connected to a composite structure, and a second portion that is symmetrical to the first portion, the first and second portions defining the pivot axis. The composite structure may be one of one or more dual I beam structures, one or more V-shaped structures, and combinations thereof. 
     According to another aspect, there is provided a MEMS micromirror structure, comprising a micromirror mounted on a support structure by a resilient structure, and an electrostatic actuator for moving the micromirror relative to the support structure. The electrostatic actuator comprises a first part carried by the support structure, and a second part carried by the corresponding micromirror. A latch is mounted to the support structure by a movable portion that moves in response to an applied voltage between a latching position and a release position as the applied voltage is varied, wherein, in the latching position, the latch secures the micromirror in a desired position. The movable portion may be a thermal arched beam actuator. The movable portion may comprise first and second parallel thermal connectors that expand at different rates in response to the applied voltage. 
     According to another aspect, there is provided a MEMS micromirror structure, comprising a micromirror mounted on a support structure by a resilient structure; and an electrostatic actuator for pivotally driving the micromirror. The electrostatic actuator comprises a first part carried by the support structure, and a second part carried by the corresponding micromirror. The resilient structure comprises a first portion and a second portion that is symmetrical to the first portion. Each of the first portion and the second portion comprises an I beam connected to a composite structure. The composite structure may be one of one or more dual I beam structures, one or more V-shaped structures, and combinations thereof. 
     According to another aspect, there is provided a MEMS micromirror, comprising a micromirror mounted on a support structure by a resilient structure. The resilient structure permits movement along an axis that is perpendicular to the support structure and resists movement in any direction perpendicular to the axis. The MEMS micromirror further comprises an electrostatic combdrive actuator that has a first part mounted on the support structure, and a second part mounted on the micromirror. The first part and the second part provide an actuating force to the micromirror to move the micromirror along the axis. The electrostatic combdrive actuator may comprise more than one first and second parts spaced evenly about an outer perimeter of the micromirror. The resilient structure may comprise more than one resilient structures spaced evenly about an outer perimeter of the micromirror. The support structure may be formed from a first layer of material, the first part of the electrostatic combdrive may be formed from a second layer of material, and the micromirror, the second part of the electrostatic combdrive and the resilient structure may be formed from a third layer of material. 
     According to another aspect, there is provided a single micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) micromirror and a MEMS micromirror used in high fill factor mirror arrays includes at least one moveable mirror, flexible hinges to connect the mirror to the fixed anchors, a wall structure surrounding the mirror, and supporting material to support the wall structure and anchors. The wall structures eliminate the electrical and mechanical crosstalk between any adjacent mirrors in the mirror array. The whole wall structure or parts of the wall structure are used as electrostatic actuation components. The wall structure is also working with actuation electrodes on the support material to form electrode gap with high aspect ration to reduce or eliminate the mirror tilting drifting caused by the charged dielectric materials within the gap. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       These and other features will become more apparent from the following description in which reference is made to the appended drawings, the drawings are for the purpose of illustration only and are not intended to be in any way limiting, wherein: 
         FIG. 1   a  is a perspective view of a prior art micromirror array using a conventional parallel plate type electrostatic actuator. 
         FIG. 1   b  is a detailed perspective view of Detail “A” in  FIG. 1   a.    
         FIG. 2   a  is a perspective view of a micromirror using wall structure surrounding the mirror. 
         FIG. 2   b  is a perspective view in section of a micromirror using wall structure surrounding the mirror. 
         FIG. 2   c  is a detailed view of a micromirror using wall structure surrounding the mirror. 
         FIG. 3   a  is a rear perspective view of high fill factor mirror array using the mirror show in  FIG. 2   a.    
         FIG. 3   b  is a front perspective view of high fill factor mirror array using the mirror show in  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 4   a  is a perspective view of a single I beam hinge. 
         FIG. 4   b  is a top plan view of the single I beam hinge. 
         FIG. 5   a  is a perspective view of a double I beam hinge. 
         FIG. 5   b  is a top plan view of the double I beam hinge. 
         FIG. 5   c  is a perspective view of a hinge with a combination of a single I beam and double I beam. 
         FIG. 5   d  is a perspective view of a hinge with a combination of a single I beam and two cascaded double I beams. 
         FIG. 5   e  is a perspective view of a hinge with a combination of a single I beam and three cascaded double I beams. 
         FIG. 5   f  is a perspective view of a V shaped hinge. 
         FIG. 5   g  is a perspective view of a hinge with a combination of a single I beam and a V shaped hinge 
         FIG. 6   a  is a perspective view of the micromirror device with a trenching and refilling region on the mirror connector. 
         FIG. 6   b  is an enlarged perspective view of the trenching and refilling region on the mirror connector shown in Detail “C” of  FIG. 6   a.    
         FIG. 7  is a perspective view of pattern variations of the trenching and refilling regions. 
         FIG. 8  is a perspective view of micromirror device with the wall structure surrounding only one of the two mirrors. 
         FIG. 9   a  is a perspective view of micromirror array device using the micromirror shown in  FIG. 6 . 
         FIG. 9   b  is a perspective view of micromirror array device using the micromirror shown in  FIG. 8 . 
         FIG. 9   c  is a perspective view of micromirror array device using the micromirror shown in  FIG. 6 . 
         FIG. 10   a  is a perspective view of a micromirror array device using the micromirror shown in  FIG. 6 . 
         FIG. 10   b  is a perspective view of micromirror array device using the micromirror shown in  FIG. 8 . 
         FIG. 11  is a perspective view of a micromirror device. 
         FIG. 12  is a side elevation view in section of the interference of charged dielectric material within the electrode gap. 
         FIG. 13   a  is a side elevation view in section of the shielding effect of an electrode gap with high aspect ratio. 
         FIG. 13   b  is a side elevation view in section of the shielding effect of an electrode gap variation with high aspect ratio. 
         FIG. 13   c  is a side elevation view in section of the shielding effect of an electrode gap variation with high aspect ratio. 
         FIG. 14   a  is a side elevation view in section of the shielding effect of an electrode gap with high aspect ratio and removed dielectric material within the gap. 
         FIG. 14   b  is a side elevation view in section of the shielding effect of an electrode gap variation with high aspect ratio and removed dielectric material within the gap. 
         FIG. 14   c  is a side elevation view in section of the shielding effect of an electrode gap variation with high aspect ratio and removed dielectric material within the gap. 
         FIG. 15   a  is a perspective view in section of the micromirror using shielding effect of the electrode gap with high aspect ratio. 
         FIG. 15   b  is a perspective view in section of the micromirror variation using shielding effect of the electrode gap with high aspect ratio. 
         FIG. 15   c  is a perspective view in section of a micromirror variation using shielding effect of the electrode gap with high aspect ratio. 
         FIG. 16   a  is a perspective view of a glass plate with electrode structure using shielding effect of the electrode gap with high aspect ratio. 
         FIG. 16   b  is a perspective view of the glass plate with electrode structure using shielding effect of the electrode gap with high aspect ratio. 
         FIG. 16   c  is a perspective view of the glass plate with electrode structure using shielding effect of the electrode gap with high aspect ratio. 
         FIG. 17   a  is a perspective view in section of the micromirror using an electrostatic vertical comb drive. 
         FIG. 17   b  is a perspective view in section of the micromirror using an electrostatic vertical comb drive and a trenching and refilling region on its mirror connector. 
         FIG. 17   c  is a perspective view in section of the micromirror using an electrostatic vertical comb drive without the wall structure between two adjacent mirrors. 
         FIG. 17   d  is a perspective view in section of the micromirror using an electrostatic vertical comb drive and a trenching and refilling region on its mirror connector, and without the wall structure between two adjacent mirrors. 
         FIG. 18   a  is a perspective view in section of the micromirror using an electrostatic vertical comb drive and an electrode structure using the shielding effect of the electrode gap with high aspect ratio. 
         FIG. 18   b  is a perspective view in section of the micromirror variation using an electrostatic vertical comb drive and an electrode structure and using the shielding effect of the electrode gap with high aspect ratio. 
         FIG. 18   c  is a perspective view in section of a micromirror variation using an electrostatic vertical comb drive and an electrode structure and using the shielding effect of the electrode gap with high aspect ratio. 
         FIG. 18   d  is a perspective view in section of a micromirror variation using an electrostatic vertical comb drive and an electrode structure and using the shielding effect of the electrode gap with high aspect ratio, and without the wall structure between two adjacent mirrors. 
         FIG. 18   e  is a perspective view in section of a micromirror using an electrostatic vertical comb drive and an electrode structure and using the shielding effect of the electrode gap with high aspect ratio, and without the wall structure between two adjacent mirrors. 
         FIG. 18   f  is a perspective view in section of a micromirror variation using an electrostatic vertical comb drive and an electrode structure and using the shielding effect of the electrode gap with high aspect ratio, and without the wall structure between two adjacent mirrors. 
         FIG. 19   a  is a perspective view of a comb finger design. 
         FIG. 19   b  is a perspective view of a comb finger design variation. 
         FIG. 19   c  is a perspective view of a comb finger design variation. 
         FIG. 19   d  is a perspective view of a comb finger design variation. 
         FIG. 20   a  is a perspective view of a micromirror variation using an electrostatic vertical comb drive to increase mirror tilting angle. 
         FIG. 20   b  is a perspective view of a micromirror variation using an electrostatic vertical comb drive to increase mirror tilting angle. 
         FIG. 21   a  is a perspective view of a micromirror variation using a trenching and refilling region to reduce the mirror array die size. 
         FIG. 21   b  is a perspective view of a micromirror variation using an electrostatic vertical comb drive to reduce the mirror array die size. 
         FIG. 21   c  is a perspective view of a micromirror variation using electrostatic vertical comb drive and extension beams. 
         FIG. 22   a  is a perspective view of a micromirror array variation using the micromirror shown in  FIG. 21   a.    
         FIG. 22   b  is a perspective view of a micromirror array variation using the micromirror shown in  FIG. 21   b.    
         FIG. 22   c  is a perspective view of a micromirror array variation using the micromirror shown in  FIG. 21   c.    
         FIG. 22   d  is a perspective view of a simplified micromirror array using the micromirror shown in  FIG. 22   c.    
         FIG. 23   a  is a perspective view in section of a micromirror using vertical comb drive for two axes tilting with a detailed view of Detail “D”. 
         FIG. 23   b  is a perspective view in section of a micromirror variation using a vertical comb drive for two axes tilting. 
         FIG. 24   a  is a perspective view of a micromirror variation using the micromirror shown in  FIG. 23   b.    
         FIG. 24   b  is a perspective view of a micromirror variation using the micromirror shown in  FIG. 23   a.    
         FIG. 25  is a perspective view of a micromirror variation using the micromirror shown in  FIG. 23   a  or  FIG. 23   b.    
         FIG. 26   a - 26   k  are side elevation views in section of major process steps of the first fabrication method to fabricate a micromirror and micromirror array. 
         FIG. 27   a - 27   k  are side elevation views in section of major process steps of the second fabrication method to fabricate a micromirror and micromirror array. 
         FIG. 28  is a perspective view of a micromirror array device using micromirrors with thin and tall mechanical walls between adjacent mirrors to prevent the electrical and mechanical crosstalk. 
         FIG. 29   a  is a perspective view of a single tilting micromirror device using the actuation structures and fabrication method with a detailed view of Detail “E”. 
         FIG. 29   b  is a perspective view of a single tilting micromirror device using the actuation structures and fabrication method with two electrically isolated bottom electrodes under the titling mirror. 
         FIG. 29   c  is a perspective view of a single tilting micromirror device variation using the actuation structures and fabrication method. 
         FIG. 29   d  is a perspective view of a single micromirror device variation using the actuation structures and fabrication method. 
         FIG. 30   a  is a perspective view of a single tilting micromirror device using the actuation structures and fabrication method with a micromirror tilting position latching structure and its thermal actuator after fabrication. 
         FIG. 30   b  is an enlarged perspective view of Detail “F” in  FIG. 30   a  of a micromirror tilting position latching structure. 
         FIG. 31   a  is a perspective view of a single tilting micromirror device using the actuation structures and fabrication method with a micromirror tilting position latching structure and its thermal actuator after thermal actuation. 
         FIG. 31   b  is an enlarged perspective view of Detail “G” in  FIG. 31   a  of a micromirror tilting position latching structure after thermal actuation. 
         FIG. 32   a  is a perspective view of a single tilting micromirror device using the actuation structures and fabrication method with a micromirror tilting position latching structure and its thermal actuator in the latching state. 
         FIG. 32   b  is an enlarged perspective view of Detail “H” in  FIG. 32   a  of a micromirror tilting position latching structure in the latching state. 
         FIG. 33   a  is a perspective view of a single tilting micromirror device using the actuation structures and fabrication method with a micromirror tilting position latching structure and its thermal actuator in the latching state, with trenching and refilling regions used to prevent electrical interference. 
         FIG. 33   b  is an enlarged perspective view of Detail “I” in  FIG. 33   a  of a micromirror tilting position latching structure in the latching state, with trenching and refilling regions used to prevent electrical interference. 
         FIG. 34  is an enlarged perspective view of a thermal actuator variation for latching the micromirror at its desired tilting position. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     A micromirror with parallel plate type electrostatic actuators known in the prior art is shown in  FIG. 1 . The mirror  1 ,  2  and  3  are coated with optical reflective materials such as an optical reflective metal film, and is supported by hinges  7 ,  8  and  9  which are connected to their anchors. The fixed actuation electrodes  4 ,  5  and  12  are located below mirror  2 ,  3  and  1 . Mirror  1 ,  2  and  3 , hinges  7 ,  8  and  9  can be made of heavily doped electrically conductive silicon for good electrical conductivity. When the actuation voltage is applied between mirror  2  and electrode  4 , the resulting electrostatic force between mirror  2  and electrode  4  will pull the mirror  2  towards electrode  4  and cause the deformation of hinges  8  and rotation of the mirror  4  around the hinges  8 . When the electrostatic force is balanced with the mechanical restoring force of the deformed hinges  8 , the mirror  2  will stabilize at a tilting angle. 
     There are some major disadvantages of such mirror array structures. One disadvantage is the electrical interference. The electrical field between mirror  2  and electrode  4  will interfere with the position/movement of adjacent mirror  1  and mirror  3 . In other word, the electrical field generated by any mirror and its electrode will affect the position/movement of its adjacent mirrors. This electrical interference cause adjacent mirror position control difficult and complex. 
     Another disadvantage is mechanical interference. When the actuation voltage is applied between mirror  2  and electrode  4 , the resulting electrostatic force between mirror  2  and electrode  4  will pull the mirror  2  towards electrode  4 . The air between the movable mirror  2  and the fixed electrode  4  during this fast mirror tilting movement will be either compressed or decompressed. As such, the air flow will be formed. The air flow resulting from the switching of mirror  2  will therefore interfere with the adjacent mirror  1  and  3 , and cause mirror  1  and  3  to change their positions. 
     A third disadvantage is the drift in the mirror tilting angle due to electrical charging in the dielectric materials. The electrodes  12 ,  4  and  5  are on top of a dielectric material  6  to provide electrical isolation. In order to have a larger controllable titling angle for the mirror, the gap between the fixed actuation electrode and the mirror has to be increased. This increased gap results in a higher actuation voltage, such as over 100 V, to obtain a couple of degrees of mirror titling. This higher actuation voltage can cause electrical charging of the dielectric material  6  within the gap  11  between two electrodes  4  and  5 . The amount of charging varies with the time and the applied actuation voltage as well as the packaging condition etc. The electrical field generated from these variable charges will in turn cause an undesired drift in the tilting angle of the mirror  2  and  3 . 
     The disadvantages discussed above may lead to spurious mirror movement, or in other words, unintended and “false” movement of a mirror that may affect the operation of a device. This may include movement where there should be none, or reduced movement or lack of movement when actuated. 
     To overcome these disadvantages and reduce the effect of spurious mirror movement, a thin and electrically conductive wall structure around the mirror may be utilized. One example of the mirror with such a thin wall structure is shown in  FIG. 2   a - 2   c . The mirror  25  with optical reflective coating  19  is connected to the anchor  18  using hinge  26 . The mirror  25 , hinge  26  and anchor  18  can be made of electrically conductive material such as doped single crystal silicon. A thin and electrically conductive wall structure  20  is around the edge of the mirror  25  with a several microns gap between ( FIG. 2   c ). The upper surface of the wall structure  20  can be either lower or higher than the lower surface of the mirror. The upper surface of the wall structure  20  being lower than the lower surface of the mirror is shown in  FIG. 2 . The wall structure  20  has to be several microns larger than the mirror  25  so that the mirror  25  can freely move inwards and outwards relative to the wall structure  20  ( FIG. 2   c ). An electrically conductive supporting material  21  is located underneath the mirror  25 . The thin and electrically conductive wall structure  20  can be either electrically connected to the electrically conductive support material  21 , or electrically isolated with the electrically conductive support material through a thin layer of dielectric material  24 . In  FIG. 2 , the thin and electrically conductive wall structure  20  and electrically conductive support material  21  are electrically isolated by a thin layer of dielectric material  24 . 
     There are varieties of actuation schemes for the mirror device shown in  FIG. 2 . One of them is to use the sidewall structure as the actuation electrode. For example, the electrically conductive support material  21  and electrically conductive wall structure  20  may be connected to electrical ground. If an AC or DC voltage is applied on the mirror  25 , there will be electrostatic forces. One electrostatic force is between the mirror  25  and the electrically conductive support material  21 , and is a typical parallel plate type electrostatic actuator. The other electrostatic force is created between the mirror  25  and the wall structure  20 , and is similar to a staggered vertical comb drive electrostatic actuator. The vertical comb drive electrostatic actuator has many advantages compared with the parallel plate type electrostatic actuator, such as no pull-in effects, higher actuation energy density, etc. These two electrostatic forces will pull the mirror into the wall structure towards the electrically conductive layer  21 . The hinge  26  will be deformed. When the electrostatic forces are balanced with the mechanical restoring force of the deformed hinge  26 , mirror  25  will stabilize at a tilting angle. 
     The other example of an actuation scheme is to keep the wall structure  20  at electrical ground, and apply an actuation voltage to the electrically conductive support material  21  and the mirror  25 . The electrostatic force generated between the wall structure  20  and the mirror  25  will cause the mirror to tilt at a stable position. 
     The openings  23  (shown in  FIG. 2   b  and  FIG. 3   a ) on the wall structure  20  are used to release the squeezed air due to the movement of the mirror. The number of openings, the opening size and the location can be optimized on the wall structure to achieve the desired air damping for the mirror movement. Suitable air damping is desired for MEMS optical switches, MEMS VOA, etc. since it will help the mirror to achieve a stable position within a much shorter time using a simpler electrical control scheme. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b , the mirror array can be formed using the mirror structure shown in  FIG. 2   a ,  FIG. 2   b  and  FIG. 2   c . If all the electrically conductive support material  21  is connected to electrical ground, and all the wall structures  20  are also connected to electrical ground, each mirror can be actuated independently be applying an actuation voltage to it. 
     The mechanical interference from a squeezed air film is eliminated by the walls between any two mirrors. The squeezed air film can be released or adjusted by the openings  23  and  28  on the wall structure. Since there are no exposed dielectric materials to the mirrors, no mirror tilting drifting will occur. 
     The interference of the electrical field to tilt the adjacent mirror will also be reduced or eliminated. The wall between any two mirrors provides an electrical shield between the two mirrors. The gap between the mirror edge and its surrounding wall is much smaller than the gap between the two mirrors; therefore, the electrostatic force between the mirror and its surrounding wall structure is much higher than the electrostatic force between the two mirrors. Sometimes, in order to increase the shielding effects, the top surface of the sidewall structure can be made at the same height as the mirror surface.  FIGS. 2 and 3  only show the case where the top surface of the sidewall structure is lower than the mirror surface. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b , in order to have a mirror array with a high fill factor, the part of the wall structure between two mirrors is very thin. To improve the strength of this part of wall structure, the small recesses  31  on both sides of the mirror  25  are made to give some space to add a structural post  32  to the wall structure. The recesses  31  are preferably small enough that no optical reflective surface area of metal coating  19  is sacrificed. Also, the extended portion  30  and  29  of the wall structure will be used to improve the strength of the wall structure. 
     The possible undesired sideways movement of the mirror can be prevented by using a properly designed hinge shape.  FIGS. 4   a  and  4   b  show a simple short I beam shape hinges  37  and  38  with a mirror connector  40  that connects to a mirror supported by fixed anchors  36  and  39  through the hinges  37  and  38 . The possible undesired sideways movement of the mirror can result from different factors. One factor is the alignment error in the lithography process, where the gaps between the mirror&#39;s two long edges and the surrounding wall structure are not equal. Once an electrical potential is applied between the mirror and its surrounding wall structure, the gap offset results in the unbalanced electrostatic forces on the two long edges of the mirror. As a result, the mirror will not only tilt around the x-axis and move inwards to its surrounding wall structure, but also, the unbalanced electrostatic force on the two mirror long edges will force the mirror rotate around the z-axis. This rotation around the z-axis is undesirable since it causes electrical shorting once the mirror is contacting the surrounding wall structure. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 22   c  and  22   d , a mechanical stop  309  may be used to prevent further mirror rotation around the z-axis and prevent electrical shorting. It is very important to design the hinges so that they have not only good flexibility to allow desirable rotation around the x-axis, but also the strong stiffness to reduce or eliminate any possible undesirable rotation around the z-axis. In  FIG. 5   a , the mirror connector is supported by anchors  44  with double parallel I beams. The hinge with double parallel I beams design has better rotation flexibility/stiffness control on X and Z axes. The design parameters are A 1  (I beam height), A 2  (the gap between two I beams), A 3  (I beam width) and A 4  (I beam length). The rotation stiffness around Z axis will be increased if A 2  (the gap between two I beams) is increased. 
     The hinge designs can be optimized by using combinational of single I beam and single double parallel I beams as shown in  FIG. 5   c , single I beam and two or more cascaded double parallel I beams as shown in  FIG. 5   d  through  5   e . For cascaded double parallel I beam structure, the double parallel I beam with larger gap A 2  is towards to the mirror connector, while the double parallel beams with smaller gap A 2  is towards to the anchor. The design parameters A 1 , A 2 , A 3  and A 4  can be varied for each single I beam and double parallel I beams. The hinge designs with other I beam combination variations are not limited to what is shown and described herein. For example, single I beam with more than three cascaded double parallel I beams, multiple cascaded double parallel I beams, part of the hinges consisting of cascaded double parallel I beams or multiple cascaded double parallel I beams etc. 
     The V shaped hinge design shown in  FIG. 5   f  can also be used since it has good flexibility to allow desirable rotation around X axis, but also the strong stiffness to reduce or eliminate any possible undesirable rotation around Z axis. Again, this is not only limited to single V shape hinge, it also includes the cascaded multiple V shape hinges, a single I beam with a cascaded V shape hinge as shown in  FIG. 5   g , or combination of V shape hinges and double parallel I beam hinges. 
     In  FIG. 2  and  FIG. 3 , the mirror can tilt only in one direction.  FIG. 6  shows a mirror structure which can have the two rotation directions around the x-axis defined by the hinge. The mirrors  45  and  46 , wall structures  52  and  53 , anchors  47  and  50 , hinges  48  and  49  and supporting material  51  are electrically conductive, and may be made of, for example, typical doped single crystal silicon. The air release openings  55  are on the wall structure. The reflective metal costing  56  and  57  are on the top surface of mirror  45  and  46  respectively. The wall structural supports and expanded portions  58  are also shown in  FIG. 6   a . The electrical isolation layer  54  can be, for example, a silicon oxide layer, which electrically isolates the wall structure  52  and  53  with the electrically conductive supporting layer  51 . The mirror connector has a trenching and refilled region  43 , which mechanically connects but electrically isolated mirror  45  and  46 . The anchor  47 , hinge  48  and mirror  46  are electrically connected, as are the anchor  50 , hinge  49  and mirror  45 . 
     When the electrically conductive supporting layer  51 , wall structure  52  and  53  are connected to electrical ground, if the anchor  47  is connected to electrical ground and anchor  50  is connected to an electrical potential, the resulting electrostatic forces between mirror  45  and wall structure  52  as well as electrically conductive supporting material  51  will pull the mirror  45  towards to the electrically conductive material  51  while the mirror  46  moves away from the electrically conductive layer  51 . If the anchor  50  is connected to electrical ground and the anchor  47  is connected to an electrical potential, the resulting electrostatic forces between the mirror  46  and the wall structure  53  as well as the electrically conductive supporting material  51  will pull the mirror  46  towards to the electrically conductive layer  51  while the mirror  45  move away from the electrically conductive layer  51 . Other actuation schemes also can be used to tilt the mirrors about an axis in two directions. 
     A trenching and dielectric material refilling method is used on single crystal silicon to form the electrically isolated but mechanically connected regions, examples of which are shown in  FIG. 7 . The Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE) of silicon is often utilized to create a hollow trench that is a couple of microns wide formed on the single crystal silicon layer  60 . Sometimes, some very narrow silicon structures (about 1 um thick, for example), such as narrow silicon beams or meshing structures, are kept to connect the intended electrical isolated silicon regions crossing the hollow trenches. These narrow silicon structures will keep the intended electrically isolated silicon parts together during the whole process. A single trench or multiple parallel trenches should be formed in order to have good electrical isolation and mechanical strength. The processed wafer is then sent to the thermal oxidation furnace for wet or dry oxidation, the oxidation will occur on the sidewalls of the hollow trench. The oxide formed from both sidewalls of the trench will meet each other to close or almost close the trench after a certain period of thermal oxidation. Also, if very narrow silicon structures are used, these tiny silicon structures, such as narrow silicon beams, will also change into oxide structures after thermal oxidation. These very narrow silicon oxide structures will mechanically join two electrical isolated silicon regions. The subsequent CMP (Chemical and Mechanical Polish) may be performed to remove excess oxide on the both top and bottom side surfaces of the silicon wafer. There are many other options to do the trench etching and dielectric material refilling. For example, instead of filling the trench with very thick oxide alone, LPCVD (Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition) or PECVD (Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition) polysilicon can be used to fill most of the hollow trenches after initial thin thermal oxide growth. The choice of the trench etching method and refilling materials depends on the requirements of the micromirror and associated process cost.  FIG. 7  shows three different trenching and refilling pattern shapes  61 ,  62  and  63 , each of which has very good mechanical strength to connect two electrically isolated silicon pieces on their right and left sides. 
     The mirror structures shown in  FIGS. 6 and 8  have a higher mechanical stability if they are subject to shocking and vibration environments compared with the mirror structure shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 . In  FIG. 8 , the anchors  71 , hinges  70 , and mirrors  67  and  69  are mechanically and electrically connected. Reflective metal coatings  74  and  75  are on the tops of mirrors  67  and  69 , respectively. A layer of electrical isolation material  73  is used to electrically isolate the wall structure  66  and electrically conductive supporting material  68 . Squeezed air releasing opening  72  is on the wall structure  66 . 
     There are two mirrors  67  and  69  on the both side of the hinge  70 , as shown in  FIG. 8 . If the device is subject to the shock force, the resulting inertia force from mirror  67  and  69  will be balanced out; no tilting around the hinge, e.g., the x-axis, will be expected. When the wall structure  66  and electrically conductive supporting material  68  are connected to the electrical ground, and the wall height is intentionally increased to the extent that the electrostatic force between wall structure  66  and mirror  67  is dominant compared with the electrostatic force between the electrically conductive layer  68  and mirror  75 , any applied voltage on the mirrors  67  and  69  will cause the mirror  67  to move towards the electrically conductive supporting material  68  and the mirror  69  to move away from the electrically conductive layer  68 . 
     The mirror structures shown  FIG. 6  and  FIG. 8  can be used in a mirror array with a high fill factor.  FIG. 9   a  shows a row of a mirror array made by arranging the mirror structure shown in  FIG. 6  side by side.  FIG. 9   b  shows a row of a mirror array made by arranging the mirror structure shown in  FIG. 8  side by side.  FIG. 9   c  shows two rows of a mirror array made by arranging the mirror structure shown in  FIG. 6  side by side. 
     Alternatively, the mirror array configurations with high fill factor may use mirror devices, such as those shown in  FIG. 6  and  FIG. 8 , in a staggered or offset array as shown in  FIG. 10 . Both array configurations use only one of two mirror devices shown in  FIG. 6  and  FIG. 8  to form the mirror array in  FIG. 10   a  and  FIG. 10   b.    
     In the mirror device and mirror array structure shown in  FIGS. 2 ,  3 ,  6 ,  8 ,  9  and  10 , the wall structure and electrically conductive supporting material underneath are shown with an electrical isolation material between. However, depending on the process and material choice, as well as the desired mirror array structure and performance, the wall structure (e.g. wall structure  52  in  FIG. 6   a ) and a layer of electrically conductive supporting material (e.g. supporting material  51  in  FIG. 6   a ) can be formed from the same material, for example, a doped single crystal silicon. Therefore, no electrical isolation material layer (e.g.  54  in  FIG. 6   a ) is required between the wall structure and the electrically conductive supporting material layer. The microfabrication process becomes simplified, and actuation control schemes are also simplified. The corresponding electrically conductive mirror (e.g. mirrors  45  and  46  in  FIG. 6   a ) will be used as the control address electrode for the mirror tilting/rotation around the mirror hinges (e.g. hinges  48  and  49  in  FIG. 6   b ). The mirror structure shown in  FIG. 6  with no isolation material  54  is shown in  FIG. 11 . 
     In order to add more actuation controllability for the mirror tilting, some electrically conductive materials as actuation electrodes are often used underneath the mirror, for example, the fixed actuation electrode  4  shown in  FIG. 1   b . However, the fixed actuation electrode is often made of a thin layer of metal film. In  FIG. 12 , the fixed actuation electrodes  81  and  82  are on top of the dielectric material  83 , which is on the support material  84 . Due to very thin structure of the electrode  81  and  82 , the electrical filed resulting from the electrical charging of the dielectric material  83  in the gap  85  between electrode  81  and  82  will affect the tilting of the mirror  80 , resulting in spurious movement of the mirror. 
     One method to shield the undesirable electrical field from the charged dielectric material and reduce spurious movement is to use the electrode structure with the high aspect ratio between the electrode thickness and electrode gap. In  FIG. 13   a , the electrode  88  and  90  are very thick compared with the gap  89  between them. Once the ratio between the electrode thickness and electrode gap is high enough, e.g. over 10, then the electrical field from the charged dielectric material can be significantly shielded. Therefore, the undesirable interference of the mirror tilting can be significantly minimized. 
       FIG. 13   b  shows another implementation, where electrode  91  is very thick, but electrode  93  is relative thinner. Once the gap  92  is small enough, sufficient shield results can be achieved. 
       FIG. 13   c  shows a structure that is very similar to the mirror device with a surrounding electrically conductive wall structure. The electrode  94  represents the electrically conductive wall structure, and electrode  96  is fixed on the dielectric material  83  and is relatively thin. But with a fairly small electrode gap  95 , sufficient shield results can be achieved. 
     The shielding effects of undesirable electrical field from charged dielectric material can be even improved significantly if the dielectric material in the electrode gap region  100  can etched away so that over hanging electrodes are achieved, as shown in  FIGS. 14   a ,  14   b  and  14   c.    
       FIGS. 15   a ,  15   b  and  15   c  show the mirror devices with electrode structures that shield the undesirable electrical fields from charged dielectric material. In  FIG. 15   a , the electrically conductive wall  102  has very small gap with the thick electrically conductive electrode  104 , which is on top of the dielectric material  103 . In  FIG. 15   b , the wall structure  105  is on top of the dielectric material  106 , and a relatively thick electrode  107  is inserted in the dielectric material  106 . The gap between wall structure  105  and electrode  107  is very small, and the dielectric material in the gap region is etched away. In  FIG. 15   c , the wall structure  109  and the relatively thin electrode  111  are on top of the dielectric material  110 , with a small gap between the wall structure  109  and the thin electrode  111 . 
     The structures of the electrodes  104 ,  107  and  111  shown in  FIG. 15  may be fabricated or directly purchased from the commercial vendors. The substrate  114  shown in  FIG. 16   a  may be Pyrex glass. The thick electrodes  115  and  116  can be electroplated on the top of the glass plate  114  with a small gap. Furthermore, various different shapes of the electrodes can be electroplated on the glass plate  114 . 
     The customized silicon inserts in the glass plate can be purchased from the commercial supplier. The shape of the thickness and the properties (doping, etc.) of the silicon insets can be specified. In  FIG. 16   b , the silicon inserts  117  and  118  are heavily doped, and can be used as actuation electrodes. The gap between silicon insets  117  and  118  is very small. The glass in the area  119  of the gap region is etched away for the better shielding effects using high aspect ratio electrode gap structure. 
     The conventional thin film metallization, lithography and metal film etching are used to form the electrodes shown in  FIG. 16   c . The processes are done on the flat surface of the glass substrate  114 , such that the gap between electrode  121  and  120  can be made very small. 
     In order to increase the actuation effects between the mirror and the wall structure for larger actuation forces, some part of the wall structure of the mirror devices described previously, such as those shown in  FIGS. 2 ,  3 ,  6 ,  8 ,  9 ,  10 ,  11  and  15 , is made into a comb drive structure.  FIG. 17   a  and  FIG. 17   b  show the comb finger structures on the wall structure part  128  and  132 , where the comb finger structures are also made on the mirror edges corresponding to the comb drive structures on the wall structure part  128  and  132 . The comb finger structures on the wall structures and on the mirror edges forms a typical vertical electrostatic comb drive. These vertical comb drives have advantages of simple structure, easy fabrication and larger resulting electrostatic force. 
     In  FIG. 17   a , the supporting material  126  is made from electrically conductive material, such as heavily doped single crystal silicon. The wall structures  128 ,  129 ,  133  and  132  are also made from electrically conductive material, and they are electrically isolated from the electrically conductive supporting material  126  using dielectric material  127 , which can be any suitable dielectric material, such as silicon oxide. The anchors  136  and  137 , hinges  138  and  139 , mirrors  130  and  131  are also made of the electrically conductive material. The reflective metal coatings are on the top of mirrors  130  and  131 . The wall structures  128  and  132  with comb finger structures are mechanically and electrically separated from the remaining wall structures  129  and  133 . There are a variety of actuation methods of the device shown in  FIG. 17   a . One of the actuation methods is described below. 
     The anchors  136  and  137 , hinges  138  and  139 , mirrors  130  and  131 , wall structures  129  and  133  are connected to the electrical ground. If the comb drive of the wall structure  132  is connected to the electrical ground and an electrical voltage is applied to the comb drive of the wall structure  128 , the resulting electrostatic force between the comb structures of wall structure  128  and mirror  130  will pull the mirror  130  to tilt in one direction around the hinges  137  and  139  towards the supporting material  126 . The tilting will also cause the deformation of the hinges of  138  and  139 . When the mechanical restoring force of the hinges  138  and  139  is balanced by the electrostatic force, the mirrors  130  and  131  will remain in the tilted position. If the comb drive of the wall structure  128  is connected to the electrical ground and an electrical voltage is applied to the comb drive of the wall structure  132 , the resulting electrostatic force between the comb structures of wall structure  132  and mirror  131  will pull the mirror  131  to tilt in another direction around the hinges  137  and  139  towards the supporting material  126 . The tilting will also cause the deformation of the hinges of  138  and  139 . When the mechanical restoring force of the hinges  138  and  139  is balanced by the electrostatic force, the mirrors  130  and  131  will stay in another tilted position. 
     If the supporting material  126  in  FIG. 17   a  is not an electrically conductive material, but instead a non-electrically conductive material, such as Pyrex glass, then a lay of electrically conductive materials (shown in  FIG. 15 ) should be applied on the top of the supporting material  126  and under the mirrors to avoid electrical charging effects of the non conductive supporting material. 
       FIG. 17   b  shows another implementation with vertical comb drive. The supporting material  134  is an electrically conductive material. The wall structures  128 ,  129 ,  133  and  132  are made of the electrically conductive material, and they are electrically connected to the electrically conductive supporting material  134 . The anchors  136  and  137 , hinges  138  and  139 , mirrors  130  and  131  are also made of the electrically conductive materials. The reflective metal coatings are on the top of mirror  130  and  131 . The trenching and refilling region  135  is on the mirror connector between the hinges  138  and  139 . The region  135  mechanically connects but electrically isolates the separated mirror connector, so the mirror  130  and mirror  131  are mechanically connected but electrically isolated. There are a variety of actuation methods of the device shown in  FIG. 17   b . One of the methods is described below. 
     If the wall structures  128 ,  129 ,  132  and  133 , supporting material  134 , anchor  137 , hinge  138  and mirror  131  are all connected to the electrical ground, and an electrical voltage is applied to the anchor  136 , hinge  139  and mirror  130 , the resulting electrostatic force between the comb finger structures of wall structure  128  and mirror  130  will pull the mirror  130  to tilt in one direction around the hinges  137  and  139  towards the supporting material  134 . The tilting will also cause the deformation of the hinges of  138  and  139 . When the mechanical restoring force of the hinges  138  and  139  is balanced by the electrostatic force, the mirrors  130  and  131  will stay in a tilted position. If the wall structures  128 ,  129 ,  132  and  133 , supporting material  134 , anchor  136 , hinge  139  and mirror  130  are all connected to the electrical ground, and an electrical voltage is applied to the anchor  137 , hinge  138  and mirror  131 , the resulting electrostatic force between the comb finger structures of wall structure  132  and mirror  131  will pull the mirror  131  to tilt in another direction around the hinges  137  and  139  towards the supporting material  134 . The tilting will also cause the deformation of the hinges of  138  and  139 . When the mechanical restoring force of the hinges  138  and  139  is balanced by the electrostatic force, the mirrors  130  and  131  will stay in another tilted position. 
     If the supporting material  134  in  FIG. 17   b  is not electrically conductive material, such as doped silicon, but a non-electrically conductive material such as Pyrex glass, then a lay of electrically conductive materials (shown in  FIG. 15 ) should be applied on the top of the supporting material  134  and under the mirrors to avoid electrical charging effects of the non conductive supporting material. 
     Sometimes, it is important to have a higher fill factor for the mirror array. In this case, the whole or part of wall structure  129  and  133  between two adjacent mirrors can be removed to reduce the gap between any two adjacent mirrors.  FIG. 17   c  and  FIG. 17   d  show the mirror devices shown in  FIGS. 17   a  and  17   b  without wall structure  129  and  133  between two mirrors respectively. Vertical comb dive electrostatic actuators in  128  and  132  in  FIGS. 17   a ,  17   b ,  17   c  and  17   d  are the dominant actuators. 
     There are varieties of actuation methods of the device shown in  FIG. 17   c . One of the actuation methods is described below. 
     The anchors  136  and  137 , hinges  138  and  139 , mirrors  130  and  131  are connected to the electrical ground. If the comb drive of the wall structure  132  is connected to the electrical ground, and an electrical voltage is applied to the comb drive of the wall structure  128 , the resulting electrostatic force between the comb finger structures of wall structure  128  and mirror  130  will tilt the mirror  130  in one direction around the hinges  137  and  139  towards the supporting material  126 . The tilting will also cause the deformation of the hinges of  138  and  139 . When the mechanical restoring force of the hinges  138  and  139  is balanced by the electrostatic force, the mirrors  130  and  131  will stay in a tilted position. If the comb drive of the wall structure  128  is connected to the electrical ground, and an electrical voltage is applied to the comb drive of the wall structure  132 , the resulting electrostatic force between the comb finger structures of wall structure  132  and mirror  131  will pull the mirror  131  to tilt in another direction around the hinges  137  and  139  towards the supporting material  126 . The tilting will also cause the deformation of the hinges of  138  and  139 . When the mechanical restoring force of the hinges  138  and  139  is balanced by the electrostatic force, the mirrors  130  and  131  will stay in another tilted position. 
     If the supporting material  126  in  FIG. 17   c  is not an electrically conductive material such as doped silicon, but an electrical non-conductive material such as Pyrex glass, then a lay of electrically conductive materials (shown in  FIG. 15 ) should be applied on the top of the supporting material  126  and under the mirrors to avoid electrical charging effects of the non conductive supporting material. 
     The mirror devices with more actuation flexibilities and lower actuation voltage are shown in  FIGS. 18   a ,  18   b  and  18   c . These mirror devices have three actuation components, general wall structures between two mirrors, and comb structures on the part of wall structure and bottom electrodes on the supporting material. The three actuation components can be used at the same time, can be used with any two components, or can be used independently. The trenching and refilling regions are not shown on the mirror devices in  FIGS. 18   a ,  18   b  and  18   c , but can be implemented in all three mirror devices. The supporting materials  141  in  FIGS. 18   a ,  18   b  and  18   c  can be a dielectric material, such as Pyrex glass. The electrodes  142 ,  143  and  144  form high aspect ratio gaps with the wall structures. These high aspect ratio gaps have very good electrical shielding effects to the electrical field of the charged dielectric materials which are exposed to the mirrors. The etching away or removal of the dielectric material within the gaps (shown in  FIGS. 14   a ,  14   b  and  14   c ) can further increase the shielding effects and reduce the undesired charging effects. 
     Sometimes, it is important to have a higher fill factor for the mirror array. In this case, all or part of general wall structure between two adjacent mirrors should be removed to reduce the gap between any two adjacent minors.  FIGS. 18   d ,  18   e  and  18   f  shows the mirror devices shown in  FIGS. 18   a ,  18   b  and  18   c  without general wall structure between two adjacent mirrors respectively. 
     The comb drive structures on the mirror edges or on the part of wall structures form vertical electrostatic comb drives. There are many comb finger configurations of such vertical comb drive actuators.  FIG. 19  shows four different comb drive finger configurations. The comb fingers are perpendicular to the tilting x-axis in  FIG. 19   a , and the comb fingers are parallel to the tilting x-axis in  FIG. 19   b . The comb fingers may also have a small angle with the tilting axis X as shown in  FIG. 19   d . The comb finger configuration has many variations besides the above-mentioned three comb finger configurations. For example, the comb fingers can be a curved beam, multiple curved beams or multiple straight beams, as long as the effective comb finger has very small angle with the tilting x-axis. In addition, combinations of the above three comb finger configurations can also be used.  FIG. 19   c  shows the combination of comb finger configurations in  FIGS. 19   a  and  19   b.    
     For the purposes of having different tilting angle and structure strength as well as convenience to form the mirror array with high fill factor, the electrostatic vertical comb drives are arranged at such locations shown in  FIGS. 20   a  and  20   b . There are two vertical comb drives in  FIG. 20   a . One is close to the tilting hinges, and the other is spaced from the tilting hinges. When the vertical comb drive close to the hinge is used, a larger mirror tilt can be expected. The two vertical comb drives are all close to the tilting hinges shown in  FIG. 20   b , therefore when any one of the actuators works, a larger mirror tilt can be expected. 
     All the mirror structure shown in  FIGS. 17   a - 18   f ,  20   a  and  20   b  can be used to form the high fill factor mirror arrays shown in  FIG. 9  and  FIG. 10 . 
     The mirror device can also be designed in such way that the mirror  146  in  FIG. 21  used for optical switching, etc. is on one side of the hinges, while the shorter and wider part  147  in  FIG. 21  is on the other side of hinged as a weight balance mirror. These mirror structures have many advantages, such as forming a smaller footprint mirror array. The purpose of part  147  is to keep the mirror  146  in the stable positions if the whole mirror device is subjected to the shock and vibration environments. Since part  147  is not used as an optical mirror, it can be designed using shorter and wider shapes.  FIG. 21   a  shows a mirror device with a retrenching and refilling region on the mirror connector.  FIG. 21   b  shows a mirror device that has comb fingers on the mirror edges and a weight balanced mirror edge. If the actuation electrodes underneath the mirror  146  and weight balanced mirror  147  are required, the high aspect ratio electrode gap with electrical field shielding effect should be used in all these mirror devices. 
     In order to have a mirror array with an even higher fill factor, the whole or part of the wall structure between two adjacent mirrors in  FIGS. 21   a  and  21   b  can be removed. 
       FIG. 21   c  shows the comb finger structures  342  connected to the mirrors  341  through extension beams  340 . The purpose of extension beam is to form higher fill factor mirror arrays when the mirror pitch is getting smaller while wider space is required for these comb finger structure. 
     The high fill factor mirror array shown in  FIG. 22   a  can be formed using mirror device shown in  FIG. 21   a , while the mirror array in  FIG. 22   b  can be formed using mirror device shown in  FIG. 21   b . Both mirror arrays have smaller foot prints. The mirror array shown in  FIGS. 22   a  and  22   b  can be also formed with the mirror devices shown in  FIGS. 21   a  and  21   b  without a wall structure between two adjacent mirrors. 
     The high fill factor mirror array shown in  FIG. 22   c  can be formed using the mirror device shown in  FIG. 21   c .  FIG. 22   d  shows a simplified version of the mirror array shown in  FIG. 22   c  in order to reduce the die size and cost. The wall structure between two adjacent mirrors can be partly or totally removed depending on the requirements of mirror filling factor. In  FIGS. 22   d  and  22   c , the hinges  312  and  313  of adjacent mirrors  305  and  306  are staggered in order to accommodate the wider hinge for the mirror array with smaller mirror pitch, where the mirror pitch is the distance between two adjacent mirror centers. The comb finger structures  301  and  303  are connected to the mirrors  305  and  306  using extension beams  308  and  307 , respectively. The fixed comb finger structures  300  and  302  are separated by DRIE trenches and conductive electrical shielding traces  310 . The mechanical stop  309  is used to prevent the excess undesirable side way movement of the mirror. 
     The mirror device shown in  FIG. 23  has the ability to tilt around both X and Y axes. In  FIG. 23   a , the anchor  150  is fixed and within a gimbal hinge structure formed by the combination of single I beam and cascaded double I beams. The vertical comb drive  148  is used to tilt the mirrors in one direction around axis X, while the vertical comb drive  154  is used to tilt the mirrors in another direction around axis X. The vertical comb drive  149  is used to tilt the mirrors in one direction around axis Y. 
     In  FIG. 23   b , the actuation electrodes on the supporting material are used to increase the actuation ability. The electrode  151  can work with vertical comb drive  152  to pull the mirror  153  toward itself. For both devices shown in  FIGS. 23   a  and  23   b , again the general wall structure between two adjacent mirrors can be partly or totally removed to increase the mirror fill factor. 
     The high fill factor mirror array shown in  FIG. 24   a  can be formed using mirror device shown in  FIG. 23   b , while the mirror array in  FIG. 24   b  can be formed using mirror device shown in  FIG. 23   a . Both mirror devices can be also configured to form the high fill factor mirror array shown in  FIG. 25 . Again, the mirror array shown in  FIG. 24  and  FIG. 25  can be formed by the mirror devices shown in  FIG. 15 ,  17 ,  18 ,  20 ,  21  or  23 , while the general wall structures between two adjacent mirrors of these mirror devices may be partly and totally removed to increase the mirror fill factor. Also, these mirror device may use extension beams to connect the comb drive fingers to the mirror for the mirror array with smaller mirror pitches, the mirror pitch is the distance between two adjacent mirror centers. 
     Many microfabrication methods and materials can be used to make the micromirrors and micromirror arrays described herein. Two microfabrication process flows and corresponding materials will be described in the following paragraphs. Only major process steps are described. The process methods and materials are not limited to what is described in these two microfabrication methods. 
     The first process flow shown in  FIG. 26  gives a very simple process flow. The purpose of this process flow is for making a lower budget 1×2 WSS micromirror array, VOA, optical switch etc. A SOI (Silicon on Insulator) wafer (shown in  FIG. 26   a ) is used as the starting material. It has thin oxide layer  155 , silicon device layer  158 , which is heavily doped to increase the electrical conductivity, buried oxide layer  156  and handle silicon wafer  157 . The trenching and refilling regions can also be made in the silicon device layer  158 . The trenching and refilling regions are not shown in the process flow. Such SOI wafer can be custom made by silicon wafer vendors. 
     The first lithography and subsequent oxide RIE (Reactive Ion Etching) are used to pattern the oxide layer  155  ( FIG. 26   b ). The patterned oxide layer serves as the electrical isolation layer between silicon device layer and supporting silicon  159 . The cavities are created using silicon DRIE on silicon device layer  158  ( FIG. 26   c ). A heavily doped silicon wafer  159  used as supporting material and is bonded with the SOI wafer using wafer bonding ( FIG. 26   d ) such as fusion bonding, eutectic bonding etc. The handle silicon wafer  157  of the SOI wafer is removed using chemical wet etching or silicon CMP (Chemical and Mechanical Polishing) ( FIG. 26   e ). The second lithography and subsequent oxide RIE (Reactive Ion Etching) are used to pattern the buried oxide layer  156  ( FIG. 26   f ). The patterned oxide layer serves as the subsequent silicon DRIE etching mask. The thin film metallization is applied to the wafer using E-beam evaporation or sputtering. The third lithography and metal etching or liftoff are utilized to create the reflective metal coating ( 160 ) on the mirror, the metal bonding pads and electrical interconnection traces ( FIG. 26   g ). A layer of photoresist  161  is coated and patterned to cover all the metal patterns in order to protect them during subsequent silicon DRIB and oxide RIE ( FIG. 26   h ). A silicon DRIE is used to release the mirrors and create the hinges etc. ( FIG. 26   i ). An oxide RIE removes the remaining buried oxide used as DRIB etching mask ( FIG. 26   j ). The last photoresist ashing process clears away the protection photoresist layer  161 . 
     There are many process variations to the above process method. For example, a regular doped single crystal silicon wafer may be used as the starting and supporting material. After thermal oxidation and cavity formation using silicon DRIE, it is bonded with second doped single crystal silicon wafer, which will be used to form the mirrors and hinges etc. There may be an electrical isolation oxide between the two wafers. After thinning of the second silicon wafer to the right thickness using CMP, the similar process steps ( FIG. 26   e - 26   k ) can be used to fabricate the mirror and micromirror array. 
     Another variation of the first process flow is used to maintain the accurate mirror, hinge thickness, cavity depth as well as comb finger heights. In this process variation, a SOI wafer is used as a starting material, its device silicon thickness is same as the cavity depth. At the process step shown in  FIG. 26   c , the DRIE etching will etch the device silicon all the way to the buried oxide  156  to form the lower comb drive fingers and cavities underneath the mirrors, such that all the exposed buried oxide  156  within the opened comb finger cavities and cavities underneath the mirrors will be etched away. So the starting SOI wafer becomes a supporting wafer. The wafer  159  in this process variation could be a second SOI wafer, whose doped device silicon layer has accurate desired thickness required for the mirrors, hinges and upper comb fingers. After wafer bonding and handle wafer removal of the second SOI wafer, the process steps shown in  FIGS. 26   e  to  26   k  will be performed on the device layer of the second SOI wafer. 
     The first process flow only needs three or four masks to fabricate the mircromirror or micromirror array devices. The production yield could be very high and the cost could be very lower. 
     The second process flow provides a more flexible design of micromirror and micromirror array. 
     A double SOI (Silicon on Insulator) wafer (shown in  FIG. 27   a ) is used as the starting material. It has a first silicon device layer  170 , which is heavily doped to increase the electrical conductivity, a first buried oxide layer  171 , a second silicon device layer  172 , which is heavily doped to increase the electrical conductivity, a second buried oxide layer  173 , and a handle silicon wafer  174 . The trenching and refilling regions can also be made in the silicon device layer  172 . The trenching and refilling regions are not shown in the process flow. Such double SOI wafer can be custom made by silicon wafer vendors. 
     The first lithography and subsequent silicon DRIB (Reactive Ion Etching) are used to create the cavities underneath the mirrors and lower comb fingers in the silicon layer of  170  ( FIG. 27   b ). The first buried oxide in the bottom of the cavities is etched away either by oxide RIB or oxide wet etching. 
     A Pyrex glass wafer  175  with metal patterns ( 176 ) on its one side will be anodic bonded with the double SOI wafer ( FIGS. 27   c  and  27   d ). The metal pattern and structures can be any one of configurations shown in  FIGS. 16   a ,  16   b  and  16   c . For the purpose of simple description, only thin film metal pattern is shown in the process flow. 
     After anodic bonding of double SOI wafer and the Pyrex wafer ( FIG. 27   d ), the handle silicon wafer  174  of the double SOI wafer is removed using chemical wet etching or silicon CMP (Chemical and Mechanical Polishing) ( FIG. 27   e ). Lithography and subsequent oxide RIE (Reactive Ion Etching) are used to pattern the buried oxide layer  173  ( FIG. 270 . The patterned oxide layer serves as the subsequent silicon DRIB etching mask. The thin film metallization is applied to the wafer using E-beam evaporation or sputtering. Another lithography and metal etching or liftoff step is used to create the reflective metal coating ( 177 ) on the silicon mirror, and the metal bonding pads and electrical interconnection traces ( FIG. 27   g ). A layer of photoresist  178  is coated and patterned to cover all the metal patterns and other silicon surfaces in order to protect them during subsequent silicon DRIB and oxide RIE ( FIG. 27   h ). A silicon DRIE is used to release the mirrors, create upper comb fingers, the hinges, etc. ( FIG. 27   i ). An oxide RIB removes the remaining buried oxide used as DRIB etching mask ( FIG. 27   j ). The last photoresist ashing process clears away the protection photoresist layer  178 . 
     Using the fabrication flow described in  FIG. 27   a - FIG. 27   k , if the silicon layer  172  and buried oxide layer  171  ( FIG. 27   a ) between the adjacent mirrors are etched away, then we will have similar micromirror array structures (shown in  FIG. 18 ). In order to further reduce the mechanical crosstalk and electrical interference between adjacent micromirrors, a thin mechanical wall between adjacent two micromirrors as high as up to the mirror surface may be used.  FIG. 28  shows the micromirror array devices with thin wall structure as high as up to the mirror surface between adjacent two micromirrors. Ideally, the thin wall material should be electrically conductive. Using the fabrication flow described in  FIG. 26   a - FIG. 26   k  and  FIG. 27   a - FIG. 27   k , we will have similar micromirror array structures (shown in  FIG. 28 ) with a thin electrically conductive silicon wall ( 190  in  FIG. 28 ) between any two adjacent mirrors. In order to prevent or reduce the optical reflection from the top surface of the thin wall, the wall structure can be very thin, or its top surface has many some etched thin and fine structures such as lines, meshes etc. for reducing the optical reflection. 
     The same design and microfabrication methods may be used to make the single larger titling mirror devices which have applications for optical switches, optical attenuators, etc.  FIGS. 29   a  and  29   b  show examples of larger tilting mirrors. In  FIGS. 29   a  and  29   b , the mirror  199  has the reflective coating  198  on its top surface. The mirror  199  is connected to anchor  201  using hinges with combinations of single I beam and cascade double I beams. The comb fingers are on the mirror edge, which is far from the mirror tilting axis X. In other implementations, the outside mirror edge without comb fingers can be used as electrostatic actuation components working with the wall. Mirror  199 , hinges  200 , anchor  201  and comb fingers are all made of electrically conductive material such as doped single crystal silicon. The wall structures  202  and  191  are made of electrically conductive material such as doped single crystal silicon. They are mechanically and electrically separated by etching cut  192 . 
     In  FIG. 29   a , the supporting material  194  is made of electrically conductive material such as doped single crystal silicon. It is electrically isolated from the wall structure  202  and  191  using dielectric material  203  which can be silicon dioxide. There are many actuation methods which can be utilized. When the mirror  199  with its comb fingers and the comb fingers of the wall structure  191  are connected to the electrical ground, if the comb fingers of the wall structure  202  is connected to electrical potential, the mirror will rotate around the x-axis in one direction under the electrostatic force between the mirror comb fingers and the comb fingers of the wall structure  202 . When the mirror  199  with its comb fingers and the comb fingers of the wall structure  202  are connected to the electrical ground, if the wall structure  191  is connected to electrical potential, the mirror will rotate around the x-axis in the other direction under the electrostatic force between the its comb fingers and the comb fingers of the wall structure  191 . 
     In  FIG. 29   b , the supporting material  195  is made of dielectric material such as Pyrex glass. It has two electrically isolated metal electrodes  196  and  197  on its top surface. There are many actuation methods that may be used. When the mirror  199  with its comb fingers and the comb fingers of the wall structure  191  and the metal electrode  197  are connected to the electrical ground, if the comb fingers of the wall structure  202  and metal electrode  196  are connected to an electrical potential, the mirror will rotate around the x-axis in one direction under the electrostatic force between the mirror comb fingers and the comb fingers of the wall structure  202 , as well as the electrostatic force between the mirror and the electrode  196 . When the mirror  199  with its comb fingers and the comb fingers of the wall structure  202  are connected to the electrical ground, if the comb fingers of the wall structure  191  and metal electrode  197  are connected to an electrical potential, the mirror will rotate around the x-axis in the other direction under the electrostatic force between the mirror comb fingers and the comb fingers of the wall structure  191 , as well as the electrostatic force between the mirror and the electrode  197 . 
       FIG. 29   c  shows another single larger titling mirror;  FIG. 29   c  shows the two comb finger pairs  320  and  321 , which are consisting of the comb fingers on the mirror edges and comb fingers on the wall structures. The mirror will be actuated to tilt around the hinge  322  when any one of comb finger pairs  320  or  321  is energized. A simple straight I beam hinge is used in the device shown in the  FIG. 29   c , but other hinge shapes, such as a V-shaped hinge, double parallel I beam hinge, composite hinges, etc. can also be used. This simple mirror device has advantage of larger tilting angle at lower actuation voltage. 
       FIG. 29   d  shows another single larger mirror which can be actuated in a direction perpendicular to the mirror surface. The vertical comb drives  320  and  321  formed by the comb finger on the mirror edges and wall structure surrounds the mirror. The structural design and locations of the hinges  323  supports the mirror to ensure that the mirror will be moved in the direction perpendicular to its surface to prevent minor tilting. This type mirror device can be very useful in tunable filters, etc. 
     In some applications, such as an optical protective switch, it is beneficial to maintain the desired position of the micromirror even when the electrical actuation power is off. In the past, many efforts were tried to achieve the micromirror with latching mechanisms, but there are obstacles that prevented this, such as including stiction effects. 
     A MEMS thermal actuator has certain advantages, including its simple structure, easy fabrication and a larger actuation force output, as the actuation force from the thermal actuator can overcome the stiction force. 
     The latching structure and the thermal actuator described herein can be used with any MEMS micromirror and micromirror array device. In order to show the latching structure implementation,  FIGS. 30   a  and  30   b  show an example with a single larger tilting micromirror with latching structure and a thermal actuator. The same latching and thermal actuator can be implemented in any mirror such as the mirror used in the minor array, mirrors shown in  FIGS. 29   a ,  29   b ,  29   c  and  29   d  to latch these mirror into desired positions. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 30   a  and  30   b , the thermal actuator is made from a single crystal silicon. It has two fixed anchors  226 , thin silicon expansion beams  220  and a beam connector  221 . The beam  220  can be a single beam, double beam, multiple beams or any combinations of these beam structures. The cross section of the beam  220  shown in  FIG. 30  is a double I beam shape, although it will be understood that other cross section shapes can also be used. The beam  220  and beam connector  221  between fixed anchors  226  are above an etched cavity in order to reduce thermal loss and improve actuation efficiency. The shape of beam  220  and beam connector  221  is preferably V shaped, arc shaped, or other shapes that will thermally expand in a predictable direction, and that have large amounts of thermal deformation in that direction. These shapes will help to pre-set the actuation direction of the thermal actuator. When the electrical voltage is applied on the two fixed anchors  226 , the electrical current will flow through the silicon expansion beam  220 , the temperature of the expansion beams  220  will increase due to the Joule heating effect, resulting in the length of the expansion beams also increasing. Since the two fixed anchors limit the outwards movement of the beams  220  along their length&#39;s direction, the beams  220  could only move sideways in the direction determined by its shape. In the case of a V-shaped or arc shaped relationship, the beams will deform in the actuation direction shown in  FIG. 31   b.    
     As shown, a long beam  223  is connected to the mirror  227  and located on the outside of the mirror  227 . A latching structure  225  is formed close to the tip of the beam  223 . The shape of the latching structure  255  can be any shape, such as arrow shape, that is capable of locking against another latching structure or surface. The part of sidewall of latching structure in the example is smooth cylinder surface. Other surface shapes with smooth tilting surfaces can also be used, but the preferred designs offer easy latching process. 
     As shown, one or two beams  222  are connected to the beam connector  221 , such that they have latching structures  224  on their tips. Two beams  222  are shown in  FIG. 30 . The shape of beam  222  can be other shape such as serpentine shape to have more flexibility for easy of engaging into the latching position. The locking structure  224  can also be located within the connector  221  without using beam  222 . The part of sidewalls of latching structure ( 224 ) in the example is smooth cylinder surface. Other surface shapes, such as smooth tilting surfaces, can also be used as long as they can offer easy latching process. 
     When the thermal actuator is actuated, the beams  222  will be pushed forwards until the cylinder surface of their latching structure  224  contacts to the cylinder surface of their latching structure  225 . Since the thermal actuator can generate very strong actuation forces, the actuation force will be sufficiently strong that it can force the deformation of the beams  222  and overcome the stiction force between latching structures  224  and  225 . The latching structures  224  therefore will move forwards and slide along the cylinder sidewall surface of the latching structure  225 . Once the latching structures  224  pass over the latching structure  225 , the beams  222  will return from their deformed shapes shown in  FIG. 31   a.    
     If the electrical power for the thermal actuator is off, the mechanical restoring force of the beams  220  will pull the beams  222  and their latching structures  224  backwards until the latching structure  224  contacts with the latching structure  225 , as shown in  FIGS. 32   a  and  32   b . At that moment, the mechanical restoring force of the silicon beams  220  will lock the mirror in certain position through mechanical contact force and friction force between the locking structures  224  and  225 . 
     If it is desired to change the tilting and latched position of the mirror, electrical power can be applied to the thermal actuator until the thermal expansion of the silicon beams  220  overcomes the stiction force between latching structures  224  and  225 , as well as mechanical restoring force of the silicon beams  220 , and the beams  222  and the locking structures  224  will move to create a separation gap  228  as shown in  FIG. 3  lb between latching structures  224  and  225 . The mirror then can freely tilt to the desired position with the help of its electrostatic actuators. Once the desired mirror position is established, the electrical power of the thermal actuation is turned off, the mechanical restoring force of the silicon beams  220  will lock the mirror at the desired mirror tilting position as shown in  FIGS. 32   a  and  32   b , even after the electrical power for the mirror tilting actuator has been turned off. 
     In order to prevent electrical interference between the mirror tilting actuator and thermal actuator, referring to  FIGS. 33   a  and  33   b , a trenching and dielectric material refilling region can used to electrically isolate both actuators. The dovetail shape trenching and dielectric material refilling regions  238  and  234  are on the beam connector  221  and locking beam  223  respectively. The regions  237  and  239  are electrical isolated, as are regions  236  and  235 . The materials and fabrication methods of the trenching and dielectric material refilling region have been described previously. The trenching and refilling region shape can also be any shape, examples of which are shown in  FIG. 7 . 
     Since the actuation force of the thermal actuator is too strong for certain designs, sometimes the strong actuation and mechanical restoring force from the thermal actuator can push or pull the mirror away from its desired center balanced position. Therefore, a pair of the thermal actuators may be required to balance the adverse effects of the thermal actuator to the mirror and its hinges. In the  FIG. 32   a , another thermal actuator with its latching structure could be built in the position of the  230 . In some circumstances, more thermal actuators with their locking structures may be provided around the mirror to optimize the balanced latching performance. 
     It will be understood that many types of MEMS thermal actuators may be used. An example of an alternative thermal actuator is shown in  FIG. 34 . The thermal actuator is made of an electrically conductive material, such as doped single crystal silicon, and has two fixed anchors  353  and  354 , thin expansion beam  350 , thick beam  351 , and latching structure  355 . The latching structure  356  is connected to the mirror through the beam  357 . When the electrical voltage is applied on the two fixed anchors  353  and  354 , the electrical current will flow through the thin and thick beams  350  and  351 , and the temperature of both beams will rise due to the Joule heating effects. The temperature of the thin beams  350  will be higher than that of the thick beam  351  since the thin beam has a larger electrical resistance, therefore the thermal expansion of the thin beam is larger than that of the thick beam. Also, because the two fixed anchors limit the outward movement of both beams along their length&#39;s direction, the beams  350  could only push the latching structure  355  towards the latching structure  356  into the final engaged latching position. 
     All the thermal actuators described herein can be used in the tilting mirrors piston movement mirrors, mirror arrays, etc. described previously. 
     The tilting micromirror and piston movement micromirror with locking structures and thermal actuator ( FIGS. 29   a ,  29   b ,  29   c ,  29   d ,  30   a ,  30   b ,  31   a ,  31   b ,  32   a ,  32   b ,  33   a ,  33   b  and  34 ) can be fabricated using the process flow described herein such as the process shown in  FIG. 26   a - 26   k ,  27   a - 27   k.    
     In this patent document, the word “comprising” is used in its non-limiting sense to mean that items following the word are included, but items not specifically mentioned are not excluded. A reference to an element by the indefinite article “a” does not exclude the possibility that more than one of the element is present, unless the context clearly requires that there be one and only one of the elements. 
     While the device described above is susceptible of embodiments in many different forms, the drawings and description give details of preferred embodiments with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification of the principles of the device and is not intended to limit the broad aspects of the device to the embodiments illustrated. The figures are not necessarily drawn to scale and relative sizes of various elements in the structures may be different than in an actual device. 
     The following claims are to be understood to include what is specifically illustrated and described above, what is conceptually equivalent, and what can be obviously substituted. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that various adaptations and modifications of the described embodiments can be configured without departing from the scope of the claims. The illustrated embodiments have been set forth only as examples and should not be taken as limiting the invention. It is to be understood that, within the scope of the following claims, the invention may be practiced other than as specifically illustrated and described.