Abstract:
A technique for forming a TFT element over a substrate having flexibility typified by a flexible plastic film is tested. When a structure in which a light-resistant layer or a reflective layer is employed to prevent the damage to the delamination layer, it is difficult to fabricate a transmissive liquid crystal display device or a light emitting device which emits light downward. 
     A substrate and a delamination film are separated by a physical means, or a mechanical means in a state where a metal film formed over a substrate, and a delamination layer comprising an oxide film including the metal and a film comprising silicon, which is formed over the metal film, are provided. Specifically, a TFT obtained by forming an oxide layer including the metal over a metal film; crystallizing the oxide layer by heat treatment; and performing delamination in a layer of the oxide layer or at both of the interface of the oxide layer is formed.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0002]    The present invention relates to a delamination method of a functional thin film, particularly to a delamination method of a film or a layer each of which is provided with various elements. In addition, the present invention relates to a transferring method for pasting a separated film to a film substrate, and further relates to a semiconductor device comprising a thin film transistor (hereinafter referred to as a TFT), which is formed in accordance with the transferring method, and to a manufacturing method thereof. 
         [0003]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0004]    Recently, a technique for forming a TFT by using a semiconductor thin film (with a thickness of about several nanometers to several hundred nanometers) formed over a substrate provided with an insulating surface is attracting attention. A TFT is widely applied to an electronic device such as an IC or an electro-optic device, and is developed especially as a switching element or a driver circuit of a display device. 
         [0005]    Such display devices can be mass-produced by performing dicing for obtaining multiple panels. Glass substrates and quartz substrates are mostly used; however, they have disadvantages of fragility and heaviness to be enlarged. Therefore, forming a TFT element on a flexible substrate typified by a flexible plastic film is being tested. 
         [0006]    However, when a sophisticated polysilicon film is used for an active layer of a  11 . 1 ; a process at a high temperature at several hundred degrees centigrade is necessary in a manufacturing process, so that the polysilicon film can not be formed directly on a plastic film. 
         [0007]    Therefore, a method of separating a delamination layer from the substrate by using a separation layer in between is proposed. For example, a separation layer comprising such as amorphous silicon, a semiconductor, nitride ceramics, or an organic polymer is provided and exposed to a laser beam through the substrate; the substrate is separated by a delamination or the like in the separation layer (Reference 1: Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 10-125929). In addition, a reference describes an example of completing a liquid crystal display device by pasting a delamination layer (referred to as a layer to be transferred) to a plastic film (Reference 2: Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 10-125930). Techniques of respective companies are introduced in the articles on flexible displays (Reference 3: Nikkei Microdevices, Nikkei Business Publications, pp. 71-72, Jul. 1, 2002). 
         [0008]    However, in the method described in the above publications, it is required to use a substrate which is highly transparent to light. Further, a rather high-energy laser beam is necessary for imparting sufficient energy to release hydrogen included in amorphous silicon through a substrate. That causes a problem of damage to a delamination layer. Further, the above publication describes a structure in which a light-resistant layer or a reflective layer is provided to prevent the damage to the delamination layer; however, in that case, it is difficult to fabricate a transmissive liquid crystal display device or a light emitting device which emits light downward. Still further, with the above method, it is difficult to separate a delamination layer having a large area. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0009]    The present invention has been made in view of the above problems and it is an object of the present invention to provide a technique for performing separation between a substrate and a delamination layer by a physical means or a mechanical means in a state where a metal film formed over a substrate, and a delamination layer comprising an oxide film including the aforementioned metal and a film comprising silicon, which is formed over the metal film, are provided. Specifically, a TFT obtained by forming an oxide layer including the aforementioned metal over a metal film; crystallizing the aforementioned oxide layer by heat treatment; and performing delamination in a layer of the oxide layer or at the interfaces of both surfaces of the aforementioned oxide layer is formed. 
         [0010]    A TFT formed according to the present invention can be applied to any light emitting device of top emission type or bottom emission type; or to any liquid crystal display device of transmissive type, reflective type, or semi-transmissive type; or the like. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0011]      FIGS. 1A to 1E  show a delamination process according to the present invention. 
           [0012]      FIG. 2  shows an experimental sample in the present invention. 
           [0013]      FIGS. 3A and 3B  show a TEM picture and the frame format of experimental sample A in the present invention. 
           [0014]      FIGS. 4A and 4B  show a TEM picture and the frame format of experimental sample B in the present invention. 
           [0015]      FIGS. 5A and 5B  show a TEM picture and the frame format of experimental sample C in the present invention. 
           [0016]      FIGS. 6A and 6B  show a TEM picture and the frame format of experimental sample D in the present invention. 
           [0017]      FIGS. 7A and 7B  show a TEM picture and the frame format of experimental sample E in the present invention. 
           [0018]      FIGS. 8A and 8B  are a figure showing EDX spectrum and a quantitative result of experimental sample A in the present invention. 
           [0019]      FIGS. 9A and 9B  are a figure showing EDX spectrum and a quantitative result of experimental sample B in the present invention. 
           [0020]      FIGS. 10A and 10B  are a figure showing EDX spectrum and a quantitative result of experimental sample C in the present invention. 
           [0021]      FIGS. 11A to 11D  show experimental samples in the present invention. 
           [0022]      FIGS. 12A and 12B  show a TEM picture and the frame format of experimental sample  1  in the present invention. 
           [0023]      FIGS. 13A and 13B  show a TEM picture and the frame format of experimental sample  2  in the present invention. 
           [0024]      FIGS. 14A and 14B  show a TEM picture and the frame format of experimental sample  3  in the present invention. 
           [0025]      FIGS. 15A and 15B  show a TEM picture and the frame format of experimental sample  4  in the present invention. 
           [0026]      FIGS. 16A to 16C  show XPS measurements of experimental samples A to C in the present invention. 
           [0027]      FIGS. 17A to 17F  are figures in which XPS measurements shown in  FIGS. 16A to 16C  are standardized. 
           [0028]      FIGS. 18A to 18C  show XPS measurements of experimental samples A to C in the present invention. 
           [0029]      FIGS. 19A and 19B  show a TEM picture and the frame format of the substrate side after the separation according to the present invention. 
           [0030]      FIGS. 20A and 20B  show a TEM picture and the frame format of the semiconductor film side after separation according to the present invention. 
           [0031]      FIG. 21  shows SIMS of sample A in the present invention. 
           [0032]      FIG. 22  shows SIMS of sample B in the present invention. 
           [0033]      FIG. 23  shows SIMS of sample C in the present invention. 
           [0034]      FIGS. 24A and 24B  show XPS measurements after the separation according to the present invention. 
           [0035]      FIGS. 25A and 25B  show waveform analysis of XPS measurements shown in  FIGS. 24A and 24B . 
           [0036]      FIGS. 26A and 26B  show a light emitting device formed according to the present invention. 
           [0037]      FIGS. 27A and 27B  show a liquid crystal display device formed according to the present invention. 
           [0038]      FIG. 28  shows a CPU formed according to the present invention. 
           [0039]      FIGS. 29A to 29E  show electronic devices formed according to the present invention. 
           [0040]      FIGS. 30A and 30B  show experimental results of the present invention. 
           [0041]      FIG. 31  shows an experimental result of the present invention. 
           [0042]      FIG. 32  shows an experimental result of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0043]    Referring to the accompanying drawings, a description is made to explain embodiment modes according to the present invention. 
       Embodiment Mode 1 
       [0044]    First, a metal film  11  is formed on a first substrate  10  as shown in  FIG. 1A . Note that, any substrate that has rigidity for withstanding the lamination process thereafter, for example, a glass substrate, a quartz substrate, a ceramic substrate, a Si substrate, a metal substrate, or a stainless substrate, can be used for the first substrate. An element selected from the group consisting of W, Ti, Ta, Mo, Nd, Ni, Co, Zr, Zn, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, and Ir; a single layer mainly comprising an alloy material or a compound material thereof; or a lamination thereof, can be used for the metal film. The metal film may be formed over the first substrate by sputtering using a metal as a target. Note that, the film thickness of the metal film shall be 10 nm to 200 nm, preferably be 50 nm to 75 nm. 
         [0045]    Instead of a metal film, a metal film which is nitrided (metal nitride film) may be used. Nitrogen and oxygen may be added further to the metal film. For example, ion implantation of nitrogen or oxygen to metal film may be performed, or the metal film may be formed by sputtering in a film formation chamber which shall be a nitrogen or oxygen atmosphere. Furthermore, nitride metal may be used as a target. 
         [0046]    Hereupon, when a metal alloy of the aforementioned metal (for example, an alloy of W and Mo: W X Mo 1-X ) is used for the metal film, plural targets such as a first metal (W) and a second metal (Mo), or a target of an alloy of the first metal (W) and the second metal (Mo) is disposed in a film formation chamber, thereby forming the metal film by sputtering. 
         [0047]    When the metal film is formed by sputtering, the film thickness of the periphery of the substrate occasionally becomes uneven. Therefore, it is preferable to remove a film of the periphery portion by dry etching; on that occasion, an insulating film such as a SiON film or a SiNO film may be formed into approximately 100 nm between the first substrate  10  and the metal film  11  so that the first substrate is not etched. 
         [0048]    By setting the formation of metal film appropriately as above, the delamination process can be controlled, and a range of process is broadened. For example, when a metal alloy is used, use or disuse of heat treatment as well as the temperature of heat treatment can be controlled by controlling composition ratio in each metal of the alloy. 
         [0049]    A delamination layer  12  is formed over the metal film  11 . The delamination layer has an oxide film for forming an oxide layer including the aforementioned metal over the metal film  11 , and a semiconductor film. The semiconductor film of the delamination layer may be in a state where a TFT, an organic TFT a thin film diode, a photoelectric transducer comprising PIN junctions of Si, a silicon resistor, a sensor element (typically, a pressure-sensitive fingerprint scanner using polysilicon) or the like is formed in a desired manufacturing process. 
         [0050]    Silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride or the like can be formed by a sputtering method or a CVD method as the oxide film. Incidentally, a thickness of the oxide film is preferably two times larger than that of the metal film  11 . Here, by sputtering using a Si target, a silicon oxide film is formed with a film thickness of 150 nm to 200 nm. 
         [0051]    In the present invention, when an oxide film is formed, the oxide layer including the aforementioned metal is formed over the metal film (not illustrated). The oxide layer may be formed into a film thickness of 0.1 nm to 1 μm, preferably 0.1 nm to 100 nm, further preferably 0.1 nm to 5 nm. 
         [0052]    Another method for forming the oxide layer aside from the above can use a thin oxide film formed by processing an aqueous solution having sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid or nitric acid; an aqueous solution in which sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid or nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide water are mixed; or ozone aqua. As yet another alternative, oxidation may be performed by plasma treatment in an oxygen atmosphere or by generating ozone with ultraviolet irradiation in an oxygen containing atmosphere, or, a thin oxide film may be formed by heating approximately at 200° C. to 350° C. with a clean oven. 
         [0053]    In the delamination layer  12 , it is preferable that an insulating film comprising a nitride such as SiN, or SiON be provided as a base film particularly under a semiconductor film to prevent immersion of impurities or garbage penetrating the exterior of a metal film or a substrate. 
         [0054]    Thereafter, heat treatment is performed at 380° C. to 410° C., 400° C., for example. 
         [0055]    By the heat treatment, the oxide layer is crystallized, and the hydrogen contained in the delamination layer  12 , particularly, hydrogen of a semiconductor film is diffused. Heat treatment in a process for manufacturing a semiconductor device may be performed concurrently with heat treatment for the above step thereby reducing the number of the processes. When an amorphous semiconductor film is formed and a crystalline semiconductor film is formed by using a heating furnace or by laser irradiation, heat treatment at least at 500° C. may be performed for the crystallization, thus diffusing hydrogen as well as forming a crystalline semiconductor film. 
         [0056]    A second substrate  13  which fixes the delamination layer  12  is pasted to the delamination layer  12  with a first adhesive material (binding material)  14  as shown in  FIG. 1B . Note that, it is preferable that a substrate with rigidity which is higher than that of the first substrate  10  be used for the second substrate  13 . For example, a peelable adhesive such as ultra violet peelable adhesive, which is removed with ultra violet rays, or a heat peelable adhesive, which is removed with heat; a water-soluble adhesive; or a two-sided tape may preferably be employed for the first binding material  14 . 
         [0057]    Next, the first substrate  10  provided with the metal film  11  is separated by using physical means ( FIG. 1C ). The separation occurs in a layer of the crystallized oxide layer or at the interfaces of both surfaces of the oxide layer, that is, at the interface between the oxide layer and the metal film or at the interface between the oxide layer and the delamination layer; although it is not illustrated since a figure shows a frame format. Thus, the delamination layer  12  can be separated from the first substrate  10 . 
         [0058]    As shown in  FIG. 1D , the separated delamination layer  12  is pasted to the third substrate  16  which is to be a transfer body, by the second binding material  15 . An ultraviolet curable resin such as an epoxy resin adhesive, a resin additive, a two-sided tape, or the like may be used for the second binding material  15 . Note that, when the surface of the third substrate is adhesive, the second binding material may not necessarily be used. Further, the side surfaces of the delamination layer  12  may also be covered with the third substrate. A substrate with flexibility and thin film thickness (such a substrate is hereinafter referred to as a film substrate), for example, a plastic substrate such as a substrate of polycarbonate, polyarylate, polyethersulfone; polytetrafluoro-ethylene substrate; or ceramic substrate may be used for the third substrate  16 . 
         [0059]    Subsequently, the first binding material  14  is removed and the second substrate  13  is delaminated ( FIG. 1E ). Specifically, ultraviolet irradiation, heat treatment, or water washing may be performed to peel the first binding material. Further, it is preferable to perform plasma cleaning using argon gas and oxygen gas, or bellclean cleaning. 
         [0060]    Plural delamination layers provided with TFTs that suit each usage may be transferred to the third substrate which is to be a transfer body. For example, a delamination layer of a TFT for a pixel area and a TFT for a driver circuit may be formed, and transferred to a predetermined area of the third substrate thereafter. 
         [0061]    A TFT and the like which are formed on the film substrate obtained as above can be employed as a semiconductor element of a light emitting device or of a liquid crystal display device. 
         [0062]    A light emitting device is formed by forming a light emitting element on the delamination layer  12  and forming a protective film which is to be an encapsulant thereafter. When a light emitting element is formed on the delamination layer  12 , since the film substrate provided with a TFT is flexible, the delamination layer may be fixed to another glass substrate using a binding material such as a tape thereby forming each light emitting layer by vacuum deposition. Note that, it is preferable that a light emitting layer, an electrode and a protective film are sequentially formed without being exposed to the atmosphere. 
         [0063]    The order for making a light emitting device is not limited particularly, and the following order may be adopted: a light emitting element is formed over a delamination layer; the second substrate is adhered; the delamination layer having light emitting element is separated, and it is pasted to the film substrate which serves as the third substrate. Further, after the formation of the light emitting element, the whole device may be wrapped in a film substrate designed larger, which serves as the third substrate. 
         [0064]    When a liquid crystal display device is manufactured, a counter substrate is adhered with a sealing material after the separation of the second substrate, and a liquid crystal material may be injected in between. The order for making a liquid crystal display device is not limited particularly, and the following order may also be employed: the second substrate is adhered as a counter substrate; the third substrate is adhered; and a liquid crystal is injected in between, may be employed. 
         [0065]    When a liquid crystal display device is manufactured, generally, spacers are formed or sprinkled to maintain a substrate gap; however, spacers with around 3 times the amount may be formed or sprinkled to maintain a gap between a flexible substrate and the counter substrate. Further, the spacers are preferably formed more softly than that are applied to a general glass substrate. Still further, it is necessary to fix the pacers so as not to move since a film substrate is flexible. 
         [0066]    By applying such a delamination method, a TFT and the like can be formed on a flexible film substrate achieving delamination in the whole surface and high yield. In addition, a burden caused by a laser or the like are not placed on a TFT in the present invention. Thus, a light emitting device, a liquid crystal display device, or other display devices, which have the TFT and the like becomes thin, hard to be broken even if it drops, and lightweight. Further, display on a curved surface or in odd-shape becomes possible. A TFT provided on a film substrate, which is formed according the present invention can achieve the enlargement of display units as well as mass production. The present invention enables the recycling of the first substrate and achieves reducing costs of a display unit by employing a low-cost film substrate. 
       EMBODIMENTS 
       [0067]    A experimental result of the present invention, a light emitting device manufactured according to the present invention, a liquid crystal display device, and other electronic devices will be described below. 
       Embodiment 1 
       [0068]    In this embodiment, a result of a delamination experiment and an audit observation of a transmission electron microscope (TEM) will be described. First, as to a sample shown in  FIG. 2 , an AN  100  glass substrate (126×126 mm 2 ) as a substrate and a film mainly consisting of tungsten (hereinafter referred to as a W film) deposited by sputtering as a metal film are laminated. Thereafter, a SiO 2  film deposited by sputtering as a protective film forming a delamination layer, a SiON film deposited by CVD as a base film, and an amorphous silicon film deposited by CVD as a semiconductor film are laminated thereover. 
         [0069]    Among the above samples, one to which heat treatment is not performed shall be A, another to which heat treatment at 220° C. for one hour is performed shall be B, and the other to which heat treatment at 500° C. for one hour and heat treatment at 550° C. for four hours thereafter are performed shall be C. Each of the samples is observed with a TEM. The results are shown in  FIGS. 3A to 5A . The frame formats corresponding to the respective TEM pictures (TEM images) are shown in  FIGS. 3B to 5B . 
         [0070]    It is found that a layer is formed at an interface between W film serving as a metal film  202  and a protective film  203 . Note that, the layer is not always a complete layer, and is scattered in some cases. 
         [0071]    An EDX measurement is performed to specify the composition of the layer. The spectrum and the quantitative result of the EDX measurement on samples A to C are shown in  FIGS. 8A to 10B . Note that, the peaks of Al and Mo are due to the sample fixing holder during the measurement. The results in  FIGS. 8A to 10B  show the existence of tungsten and oxygen in the layer (hereinafter referred to as a oxide layer). 
         [0072]    In comparing TEM pictures in  FIGS. 3A to 5A , the oxide layer of sample C is found to have a crystalline lattice arranged in a specific direction. It is also found that the oxide layers of samples A and B have film thicknesses of approximately 3 nm; meanwhile, the oxide layer of sample C is formed to have a rather thinner thickness (3 nm at most). 
         [0073]    Such results of the delamination experiment on samples A to C reveal that only sample C in which the oxide layer has a crystalline lattice can be separated. 
         [0074]      FIGS. 6A and 7A  show TEM pictures of a sample shown in  FIG. 2  after heat treatment at 400° C. for one hour, which is to be sample D and a sample shown in  FIG. 2  after heat treatment at 430° C. for one hour, which is to be sample E.  FIGS. 6B and 7B  show frame formats corresponding to the respective TEM pictures. Note that, the temperature 400° C. which is applied to sample D is expected to be a boundary temperature of crystallization; that is a boundary temperature that can cause separation. 
         [0075]      FIGS. 6A and 6B  show that a crystalline lattice is formed on a part of the oxide layer in sample D and a crystalline lattice is formed wholly over the oxide layer in sample E. 
         [0076]    As a result of the lamination experiments of the above samples D and E, only sample E is found to be separated. 
         [0077]    The results of the above delamination experiment and TEM pictures reveal that an oxide layer is formed at the interface between a metal film and a protective film, and that the crystallization of the oxide film begins to occur approximately at 400° C. When the oxide layer has crystallinity, it is considered to be a state where separation may occur. Namely, it is found that an oxide film over a metal film, specifically, an oxide layer comprising W provided over a W film, needs to be formed. 
         [0078]    Accordingly, since separation is possible in a sample wherein an oxide layer is crystallized, when the oxide film is crystallized by heat treatment, a crystal distortion, a lattice defect (point defect, line defect, plane defect (for example, plane defect due to crystallographic shear plane which is formed with congeries of oxygen vacancy), an expansion defect) generate, and separation is considered to occur form the interfaces thereof. 
       Embodiment 2 
       [0079]    Next, a delamination experiment is carried out under a different condition for manufacturing the protective film, or as the absence or presence of the protective film on a W film is varied. 
         [0080]    As shown in  FIGS. 11A to 11D , the followings are prepared: sample  1  formed by sequentially laminating a SiON film  301  formed on a substrate  300  by CVD and a W film  302  formed by sputtering ( FIG. 11A ); sample  2  comprising a Si film  303  over a W film, formed by sputtering using argon gas, as a protective film ( FIG. 11B ); sample  3  comprising a SiO 2  film  304  formed by sputtering using argon gas and oxygen gas instead of Si film ( FIG. 11C ); and sample  4  comprising a SiO 2  film  305  formed by CVD using silane gas and nitrogen gas ( FIG. 11D ). 
         [0081]      FIGS. 12A to 15A  show TEM pictures of cross sections of respective samples  1  to  4 . The frame formats corresponding to the respective TEM pictures are shown in  FIGS. 12B to 15B . 
         [0082]    As illustrated in  FIGS. 12A to 15A , an oxide layer is formed over a W film in sample  3 ; however, an oxide layer is not formed in the other samples. Note that, a natural oxide film is formed in sample  1 ; however, the film thickness is so thin that the film is not clearly shown in the TEM picture. 
         [0083]    The oxide layer is considered to be formed over the W film due to the oxygen gas employed when the sample  3  is formed. On the other hand, when the protective film is formed in sample  2 , it is considered that only argon gas is used, so that an oxide layer is not formed on the W film. When the film thickness is considered, the oxide layer formed in sample  3  is thought to be different from the natural oxide film formed in sample  1 . It is conceivable that the oxide layer is formed when the protective film begins to be formed. 
         [0084]    Further as to sample  4 , the SiO 2  film is formed on a W film by CVD, by which an oxide layer may be formed; however, an oxide layer is not observed as shown in  FIG. 15A . 
         [0085]    Sample  3  and sample  4  in which oxide layers are formed are considered here. The silane gas employed by CVD, by which the SiO 2  film of sample  4  is formed contains hydrogen compared with the source gas used in a manufacturing process of the SiO 2  film in sample  3 . Namely, an oxide layer is projected not to be formed in sample  4  due to the presence of hydrogen. Accordingly, a state in sample  4  can be thought to be varied due to the hydrogen although an oxide layer is formed on the W film. 
         [0086]    As a result of the above, it is conceivable that an oxide layer which is different from a natural oxide film is formed when a protective film is formed on a metal film. Note that, it is regarded that the oxide layer is preferably about 3 nm thick when a W film is used. Further, it is preferable to form the protective film without containing hydrogen thereby forming the oxide film faultlessly. 
         [0087]    In accordance with the above-mentioned result, it is considered necessary to form an oxide layer including the aforementioned metal (a metal oxide layer) on a metal layer for performing delamination. Particularly, when W is used for the metal film, it is found necessary to perform heat treatment at least at 400° C. thereby crystallize an oxide layer with a thickness of about 3 nm. Further according to the experimental result, it is found preferable to perform heat treatment at least at 430° C. since the crystallization of the oxide layer spreads all over. 
         [0088]    Still further, it is found desirable that the aforementioned metal oxide layer on the metal layer is formed when the protective film is formed, and the protective film is formed in a state where hydrogen is not included or where the hydrogen concentration is low. When a W film is given as a concrete example, it is found preferable to form the protective film by sputtering using a source gas containing oxygen gas. 
       Embodiment 3 
       [0089]    In this embodiment, a result of the observation of an oxide layer on the side of a substrate and the side of an amorphous semiconductor film after the separation using TEM will be shown. 
         [0090]    A W film with a thickness of 50 nm is formed over a glass substrate by sputtering; a silicon oxide film with a thickness of 200 nm is formed thereafter by sputtering; subsequently, an silicon oxynitride film with a thickness of 100 nm is formed as a base film by plasma CVD; and an amorphous film with a thickness of 50 nm is formed as a semiconductor film likewise by plasma CVD. Then, heat treatment is performed at 500° C. for 1 hour and at 550° C. for 4 hours; a quartz substrate is adhered by using epoxy resin as a bond; and separation is performed by a physical means. The TEM picture of the W film and the oxide layer on the substrate side at this point is shown in  FIGS. 19A and 19B . The TEM picture of the oxide layer and the silicon oxynitride film on the semiconductor film is shown in  FIGS. 20A and 20B . 
         [0091]    In  FIGS. 19A and 19B , the oxide layer remains nonuniformly on the metal film. Correspondingly, the oxide layer remains nonuniformly on the silicon oxide film, as shown in  FIG. 20 . The two pictures demonstrate that the separation occurs in a layer of the oxide layer or at the interfaces of the oxide layer, and that the oxide layer remains nonuniformly cohered to the metal film and the silicon oxide film. 
       Embodiment 4 
       [0092]    The result of the examining the composition of the oxide layer by using XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) is shown in this embodiment. 
         [0093]      FIGS. 16A to 16C  respectively show the results of samples A to C. In  FIGS. 16A to 16C , the horizontal scale shows a depth direction (the interior of the oxide layer is exposed by ion sputtering. The case where 1 atomic % of tungsten is detected shall be pos.  1 ; the case where 2 atomic % of tungsten is detected shall be pos.  2 ; and the case where 3 atomic % of tungsten is detected shall be pos.  3 )), the vertical scale shows an occupied bond ratio (%). 
         [0094]    When  FIGS. 16A to 16C  are compared, the relative ratio of tungsten (W) that is shown with a circle is higher in sample C compared with samples A and B. Namely, sample C has a high proportion of tungsten and a low proportion of tungsten oxide. 
         [0095]      FIGS. 17A to 17F  show the results of the standardization of the data of  FIGS. 16A to 16C .  FIGS. 17A and 17D  correspond to the result of sample A.  FIGS. 17B and 17E  correspond to the result of sample B.  FIGS. 17C and 17F  correspond to the result of sample C.  FIGS. 17A to 17C  show a graph in which WO 3  shall be 1 and the occupied bond ratio of the other compositions are standardized.  FIGS. 17D to 17F  show graphs in which WO 2  shall be 1 and the occupied bond ratio of the other compositions are standardized. 
         [0096]    When  FIGS. 17A to 17C  are compared, the relative ratio of WO 2  that is shown with a cross is higher in sample C compared with samples A and B. Namely, sample C has a high proportion of O 2 , and the proportion of WO 2  becomes higher as the depth increases from pos.  1  to pos.  3 . Further, sample C has a low proportion of WO x , and the proportion of WO 2  is found to become lower as the depth increases from pos.  1  to pos.  3 . When  FIGS. 17D to 17F  are compared, samples A and B have WO 2  contents of at least 2% meanwhile sample C has a content of at most 2%. As apparent from the graph standardized on WO 3 , sample C has higher proportion of WO 2  compared with samples A and B. 
         [0097]      FIGS. 18A to 18C  show waveform analysis of bond energy and spectrum observed when 1 atomic % of tungsten is detected (pos.  1 ), and the interior of the oxide layer is exposed by ion sputtering.  FIG. 18A  shows the result of sample A after sputtering process for four minutes and a quarter.  FIG. 18B  shows the result of sample B after sputtering process for four minutes.  FIG. 18C  shows the result of sample C after sputtering process for five minutes. In  FIGS. 18A to 18C , as to each of 4 states: W 1  (tungsten W), W 2  (tungsten oxide WO X , X is nearly 2), W 3  (tungsten oxide WO X , 2&lt;X&lt;3), and W 4  (tungsten oxide WO 3  or the like), the area ratio (%) is equivalent to the composition ratio. 
         [0000]    Chart 1 shows the area ratios of the respective states W 1  to W 4  of samples A to C obtained from  FIGS. 18A to 18C . The Chart 1 further shows a graph in which W 2  and W 3  are standardized on W 4  by ratio. In the Chart 1, samples A and B have 10% of the proportions of W 1  while the proportion of sample C is high as 35%. Namely, sample C has a high proportion of tungsten and a low proportion of tungsten oxide.
 
According to the standardized value, it is found that sample C has a high proportion of W 2  (WO 2 ) in the tungsten oxide, compared with samples A and B.
 
         [0098]    Sample C has a high composition ratio of W 2  (WO 2 ), and it is considered that the composition of the oxide layer is changed due to heat treatment. Accordingly, the composition of W 4  (WO 3 ) is changed to W 2  (WO 2 ) or W 3  (WO x ) and it is conceivable that separation occurs between different crystal structures due to such differences of the crystal structures. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 CHART 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 W—O x  Standardized on WO3 in 
               
               
                   
                 each State 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Sample 
                 Depth 
                 W1 
                 W2 
                 W3 
                 W4 
                 W2 
                 W3 
                 W4 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 A 
                 Pos. 1 
                 9.57 
                 18.91 
                 24.58 
                 46.94 
                 40.29% 
                 52.36% 
                 100.00% 
               
               
                   
                 Pos. 2 
                 12.54 
                 18.83 
                 22.19 
                 46.44 
                 40.55% 
                 47.78% 
                 100.00% 
               
               
                   
                 Pos. 3 
                 14.45 
                 20.49 
                 21.49 
                 43.57 
                 47.03% 
                 49.32% 
                 100.00% 
               
               
                 B 
                 Pos. 1 
                 11.32 
                 19.68 
                 22.42 
                 46.58 
                 42.25% 
                 48.13% 
                 100.00% 
               
               
                   
                 Pos. 2 
                 14.57 
                 19.15 
                 21.91 
                 44.38 
                 43.15% 
                 49.37% 
                 100.00% 
               
               
                   
                 Pos. 3 
                 15.46 
                 21.2 
                 22.17 
                 41.18 
                 51.48% 
                 53.84% 
                 100.00% 
               
               
                 C 
                 Pos. 1 
                 35.51 
                 16.37 
                 16.13 
                 32 
                 51.16% 
                 50.41% 
                 100.00% 
               
               
                   
                 Pos. 2 
                 37.44 
                 17.2 
                 15.8 
                 29.57 
                 58.17% 
                 53.43% 
                 100.00% 
               
               
                   
                 Pos. 3 
                 40.94 
                 17.43 
                 13.3 
                 28.33 
                 61.52% 
                 46.95% 
                 100.00% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0099]    Next, the side of the substrate after the separation and the side of the semiconductor film after the separation are measured with XPS. The measurements of the spectrum and the waveform analysis of the spectrum are shown in  FIGS. 24A and 25B . Further, the XPS measurement of sample  1  and the waveform analysis thereof are shown together to compare the oxide layer with the natural oxide film. 
         [0100]      FIGS. 24A and 24B  each show the spectrum of the separated surface which is measured with XPS.  FIG. 24A  shows the spectrum of the separated surface of the semiconductor film side.  FIG. 24B  shows the spectrum of the separated surface of the substrate side. 
         [0101]    Chart  2  shows the detected elements and a quantitative result obtained from  FIGS. 24A and 24B . The Chart  2  reveals that about ten times more tungsten remains on the side of the substrate than on the side of the semiconductor film. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 CHART 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Oxygen 
                 Carbon 
                 Silicon 
                 Tungsten 
               
               
                   
                 (O) 
                 (C) 
                 (Si) 
                 (W) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Sample 1 
                 41 
                 20 
                 &lt;1 
                 38 
               
               
                 Semiconductor Film 
                 59 
                 12 
                 26 
                 3 
               
               
                 Side 
               
               
                 Substrate Side 
                 51 
                 20 
                 less than 
                 29 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 detection limit 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0102]    Subsequently, the waveform analysis of the spectrum on the side of the semiconductor film is shown in  FIG. 25A . The waveform analysis of the spectrum on the side of the substrate is shown in  FIG. 25B . In  FIGS. 25A and 25B , as to each of 4 states: W 1  (tungsten W), W 2  (tungsten oxide WO X , X is nearly 2), W 3  (tungsten oxide WO X , 2&lt;X&lt;3), and W 4  (tungsten oxide WO 3  or the like), the area ratio (%) is equivalent to the composition ratio. 
         [0103]    The spectrum of sample  1  in which a natural oxide film is formed is shown in the XPS measurement in  FIG. 31 . The waveform analysis of the spectrum is shown in  FIG. 32 . The area ratio of each state in sample  1  and the intensity ratio of W 2  and W 3 , which are standardized on W 4  in each sample are shown in Chart  3 . Further, the measurement of the surface of the semiconductor film side and the surface of the substrate side are shown together in the Chart  3 . 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 CHART 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Intensity Standardized on 
               
               
                   
                 W4 in each State 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Sample 
                 W1 
                 W2 
                 W3 
                 W4 
                 W2 
                 W3 
                 W4 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Sample 1 
                 69.54 
                 6.42 
                 1.03 
                 23.01 
                 27.90% 
                 4.48% 
                 100.00% 
               
               
                 Semiconductor Film Side after 
                 0 
                 0 
                 16.48 
                 83.52 
                 0.00% 
                 19.73% 
                 100.00% 
               
               
                 Delamination 
               
               
                 Substrate Side after 
                 43.52 
                 5.04 
                 9.53 
                 41.91 
                 12.03% 
                 22.74% 
                 100.00% 
               
               
                 Delamination 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0104]    Further,  FIG. 30A  is a graph showing the intensity ratio of the components in W 1  to W 4  based upon the charts  1  and  3 .  FIG. 30B  is a graph showing the intensity ratio of W 2  and W 3 , which are standardized on W 4 . 
         [0105]    The occupied bond ratio of the side of the semiconductor film after the separation are as follows: W 1  and W 2  are 0%, W 3  is 16%, and W 4  is 84%; meanwhile on the substrate side, W 1  is 44%, W 2  is 5%, W 3  is 10%, and W 4  is 46%. The occupied bond ratio of the natural oxide film in sample  1  is found to be as follows: W 1  is 70; W 2  is 6; W 3  is 1; and W 4  is 23. 
         [0106]    In addition, the proportion of W 1  (tungsten) is found to be higher in sample  1  compared with other samples. It is also found that the proportions of W 2  to W 4  (oxides) are low, and the proportion of W 3  is considerably low. 
         [0107]    The total amount of WO 2  on the sides of the semiconductor film and the substrate after the separation is found to be lower compared with WO 2  in sample C. Hence, it can be considered that the state of the oxide layer before separation is energetically active (unstable), and W 4  (WO 3 ) as well as the natural oxide film become the main constituent thereby stabilizing the state after the separation. 
         [0108]    When sample C which can be separated and sample  1  in which the natural oxide film is formed are compared using  FIGS. 30A and 30B , sample C is found to contain more W 2  to W 4  (oxides). 
         [0109]    Accordingly, when the separation is performed at the interface between the oxide layer and the metal film, at the interface between an oxide layer and the silicon oxide film, or in a layer of the oxide layer, it is found that all of W 1  (metal W) and W 2  (WO X , X is nearly 2) remain on the substrate side; ⅔ of W 4  (WO 3  and the like) remains on the semiconductor film side; and ⅓ thereof remains on the side of the substrate. Further, the composition ratios of the oxide layer and the natural oxide film are found to be different from each other. Thus, it is considered that the separation can easily be performed in a layer of the oxide layer, especially, at the interfaces between WO 2  and WO X  or between WO 2  and WO 3 . Therefore, WO 2  does not remain on the side of the semiconductor film and WO 2  adheres to the side of the substrate in the experiment; however, it can be possible that WO 2  adheres to the side of the semiconductor film and no WO 2  exists on the side of the substrate. 
       Embodiment 5 
       [0110]    In this embodiment, the result of secondary ion composition analysis method (SIMS) performed against samples A to C will be described using  FIGS. 21 to 23 . 
         [0111]    When the profile of hydrogen in an amorphous silicon film is noted, the hydrogen concentration is approximately 1.0×10 22  (atoms/cm 3 ) in sample A and B, whereas the hydrogen concentration is approximately 1.0×10 20  (atoms/cm 3 ) in sample C, almost twice as large as sample A and B. When the profiles of hydrogen in silicon oxynitride film (SiON) and a silicon oxide film (SiO 2 ) are observed, it shows the nonuniform concentration distribution, such as a tendency to decrease in the vicinity of a depth at 0.2 μM in sample A and B. On the other hand, sample C shows the uniform concentration distribution in the direction of depth without a tendency to decrease. Thus, more hydrogen exists in sample C than in samples A and B. According to the above result, it is considered that the ionization efficiency of hydrogen is different, and sample C has a composition ratio of surface different from samples A and B. 
         [0112]    Next, when the nitrogen concentration at the interface between the silicon oxide film (SiO 2 ) and W film is noted, the nitrogen concentration is approximately 1.0×10 21  (atoms/cm 3 ) in sample A and B, whereas the nitrogen concentration is approximately 6.5×10 21  (atoms/cm 3 ) in sample C, which is about 1 order of magnitude more than the concentration in sample A and B. Accordingly, Sample C has a different composition of the oxide layer at the interface between the silicon oxide film (SiO 2 ) and the W film compared with samples A and B. 
       Embodiment 6 
       [0113]    In this embodiment, a light emitting device which is provided with a TFT manufactured over a film substrate according to a delamination method of the present invention with reference to  FIGS. 26A and 26B . 
         [0114]      FIG. 26A  shows a top view of a light emitting device; a signal line driver circuit  1201 , a scanning line driver circuit  1203 , and a pixel area  1202  are provided over a film substrate  1210 . 
         [0115]      FIG. 26B  shows a cross section of a light emitting device taken along the line A-A′, and an oxide layer  1250  is provided over the film substrate  1210  with a binding material  1240  therebetween. Note that, the oxide layer may be scattered instead of being formed as a layer on the back of the film substrate. When a W film is used as a metal film as described in the above embodiment, the oxide layer serves as an oxide comprising tungsten as a major component, WO 3 , specifically. 
         [0116]    A signal line driver circuit  1201  provided with a CMOS circuit comprising an n-channel TFT  1223  and a p-channel TFT  1224 , which is formed over the film substrate is shown. A TFT forming a signal line driver circuit or the scanning line driver circuit may be formed from a CMOS circuit, a PMOS circuit, or an NMOS circuit. Further in this embodiment, a built-in driver type wherein a signal line driver circuit and a scanning line drive circuit are formed over a substrate is shown; however, the circuits may be formed outside the substrate instead. 
         [0117]    Further, an insulating film  1214  comprising 1212 a switching TFT  1221  and a current controlling TFT, and further comprising an opening in a predetermined position, which covers the TFTs; a first electrode  1213  connected to one of wirings of the current controlling TFT  1212 ; an organic compound layer  1215  which is provided over a first electrode; a light emitting element  1218  comprising a second electrode  1216  which is provided opposite to the first electrode; and a pixel area  1220  comprising a protective layer  1217  which is provided to prevent deterioration of a light emitting element caused by water or oxygen, are shown. 
         [0118]    Owing to the structure wherein the first electrode  1213  contacts a drain of the current controlling TFT  1212 , it is desirable that at least the bottom of the first electrode  1213  shall be formed from a material that can form an ohmic contact with a drain region of the semiconductor film, or a material having a high work function in the surface comprising an organic compound. For example, when a three-layer structure of a titanium nitride film/a film comprising aluminum in major proportions/a titanium nitride film, is employed, the resistance as a wiring is low and the performance of making a good ohmic contact can be obtained. Further, the first electrode  1213  may be a single layer of a titanium nitride film, or a lamination having more than three layers. Furthermore, a light emitting device of a double side emission type can be manufactured by employing a transparent conductive film as the first electrode  1213 . 
         [0119]    The insulating film  1214  may be formed from an organic resin film or an insulating film comprising silicon. A positive photosensitive acrylic film is used here for the insulating film  1214 . 
         [0120]    It is preferable that the top edge and bottom edge of the insulating film  1214  is formed so as to have a curved surface with a curvature, thereby improving the coverage of a light emitting layer comprising an organic compound and the second electrode. For example, when a positive photosensitive acrylic film is employed for the insulating film  1214 , it is preferable that the top edge of the insulating film  1214  solely has a curved surface with a curvature (0.2 μm to 3 μm). Further, whichever of a negative type that becomes insoluble in an etchant with light or a positive type that becomes soluble in an etchant with light can be used. 
         [0121]    Further, the insulating film  1214  may be covered with a protective film. The protective film may be an aluminum nitride film obtained by a film formation system using sputtering (DC system or RF system) or remote plasma; an aluminum oxynitride film; an insulating film such as a silicon nitride film comprising silicon nitride or silicon oxynitride in major proportions; or a thin film comprising carbon in major proportions. It is desirable that the film thickness of the protective may be thin as possible so that light can transmit through the protective film. 
         [0122]    A layer including an organic compound in which the luminescence of R, G, and 
         [0123]    B are obtained by applying an evaporation method with the use of a evaporation mask or ink-jetting is selectively formed over the first electrode  1213 . Further the second electrode is formed over the layer including an organic compound  1215 . 
         [0124]    When the light emitting element  1218  shall emit white light, a color filter formed of a colored layer and a black mask needs to be formed. 
         [0125]    The second electrode  1216  is connected to a connection wiring  1208  through an opening (a contact) provided over the insulating film  1214  in a connection area. The connection wiring  1208  is connected to a flexible printed circuit (FPC)  1209  by an anisotropic conductive resin (ACF). A video signal and a clock signal are received from an FPC  1209  which is to be an external input port. Only the FPC is illustrated here; however, a printed wiring board (PWB) may be attached to the FPC. 
         [0126]    When the FPC is connected by applying pressure or heat with the use of an ACF, it is noted that a crack due to the flexibility of a substrate or softening caused by heat should be prevented from generating. For example, a substrate with high hardness may be disposed as an assistance on a part of the film substrate  1210 , opposite to the part where the FPC is adhered. 
         [0127]    The marginal portion of a substrate is provided with a sealing material  1205 , and the substrate is pasted to a second film substrate  1204 , and encapsulated. An epoxy resin is preferably used as the sealing material  1205 . 
         [0128]    In this embodiment, a substrate formed of FRP (Fiber-Reinforced Plastics), PVF (polyvinyl fluoride), mylar, polyester, acryl, or the like besides a glass substrate and a quartz substrate may be employed as a material for forming the second film substrate  1204 . 
         [0129]    Although it is not illustrated, the film substrate may be covered with a barrier film comprising an organic material such as polyvinyl alcohol or ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer; an inorganic material such as polysilazane, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, or silicon nitride; or a lamination of those, for preventing water or oxygen from penetrating through the film substrate. 
         [0130]    A protective layer may be provided over the film substrate to protect from a medicine in a manufacturing process. An ultraviolet curable resin or a thermosetting resin can be used for the protective layer. 
         [0131]    As described above, a light emitting device comprising a TFT provided over a film substrate is completed. The light emitting device comprising a TFT according to the present invention is hard to be broken even if it drops, and lightweight. A film substrate enables the enlargement of a light emitting device as well as mass production. 
       Embodiment 7 
       [0132]    A liquid crystal display device comprising a TFT formed over a film substrate by a delamination method according to the present invention will be described with reference to  FIGS. 27A and 27B  in this embodiment. 
         [0133]      FIG. 27A  shows a top view of a liquid crystal display device; a signal line driver circuit  1301 , a scanning line driver circuit  1303 , and a pixel area  1302  are provided over a first film substrate  1310 . 
         [0134]      FIG. 27B  shows a cross section of a liquid crystal display device taken along the line A-A′, and an oxide layer  1350  is formed over a film substrate  1310  with a binding material  1340  in between. Note that, the oxide layer may be scattered instead of being formed as a layer on the back of the film substrate. When a W film is used as a metal film as described in the above embodiment, the oxide layer serves as an oxide comprising tungsten as a major component, WO 3 , specifically. 
         [0135]    A signal line driver circuit  1301  provided with a CMOS circuit comprising an n-channel TFT  1323  and a p-channel TFT  1324  is formed over the film substrate. A TFT forming a signal line driver circuit or a scanning line driver circuit may be formed from a CMOS circuit, a PMOS circuit, or a NMOS circuit. Further in this embodiment, a built-in driver type wherein a signal line driver circuit and a scanning line drive circuit are formed over a substrate is shown; however, the circuits may be formed outside the substrate. 
         [0136]    Further, a pixel area provided with an interlayer insulating film  1314  comprising a switching TFT  1321  and a retention volume  1312 , and further comprising an opening in a predetermined position, which covers the TFTs is shown. 
         [0137]    An oriented film  1317  is provided over the interlayer insulating film  1314 , and is treated with rubbing. 
         [0138]    A second film substrate  1304  is prepared as a counter substrate. The second film substrate  1304  is provided with a color filter of RGB  1330 , a counter electrode  1316 , and an oriented film  1317  that is treated with rubbing, in an area partitioned into matrix form with resin or the like. 
         [0139]    A polarizer  1331  is provided over the first and second film substrates, and is adhered with a sealing material  1305 . And a liquid crystal material  1318  is injected between the first and second film substrates. It is not illustrated; however, a spacer is provided appropriately to maintain a gap between the first and the second film substrates. 
         [0140]    Although it is not illustrated, the film substrate may be covered with a barrier film comprising an organic material such as polyvinyl alcohol or ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer; or an inorganic material such as polysilazane, or silicon oxide; or a lamination of those, for preventing water or oxygen from penetrating through the film substrate. 
         [0141]    A protective layer may be provided to protect from a medicine in a manufacturing process. An ultraviolet curable resin or a thermosetting resin can be used for the protective layer. 
         [0142]    Like in  FIGS. 26A and 26B , a wiring and a flexible printed circuit (FPC) are connected together by an anisotropic conductive resin (ACF), and receive a video signal and a clock signal. Note that, a connection with an FPC by applying pressure or heat needs attention to prevent a crack from generating. 
         [0143]    As described above, a liquid crystal display device comprising a TFT provided over a film substrate is completed. The liquid crystal display device comprising a TFT according to the present invention is hard to be broken even if it drops, and lightweight. A film substrate enables the enlargement of a liquid crystal display device as well as mass production. 
       Embodiment 8 
       [0144]    An embodiment according to the present invention will be described with reference to  FIG. 28 . A panel having a pixel area, a driver circuit for controlling the pixel area, a memory circuit, and a CPU comprising a control unit and an arithmetic unit over on insulating surface will be explained in this embodiment. 
         [0145]      FIG. 28  shows the appearance of a panel. The panel has a pixel area  3000  wherein plural pixels are arranged in matrix over a substrate  3009 . A scanning line driver circuit  3001 , a scanning line driver circuit  3001  for controlling the pixel area  3000 , and a signal line driver circuit  3002  are provided at the periphery of the pixel area  3000 . In the pixel area  3000 , an image is displayed according to a signal supplied from the driver circuit. 
         [0146]    The counter substrate may be provided only over the pixel area  3000  and the driver circuits  3001  and  3002 , or may be provided over the entire surface alternatively. Note that, it is preferable that the CPU  3008  that may generate heat be provided with a heat sink contiguously. 
         [0147]    Further, the panel also has a VRAM  3003  (video random access memory) for controlling the driver circuits  3001  and  3002 , and decoders  3004  and  3005  at the periphery of the TRAM  3000 . In addition, the panel has a RAM (random access memory)  3006 , a decoder  3007  at the periphery of the RAM  3006 , and the CPU  3008 . 
         [0148]    All elements forming a circuit over the substrate  3009  are formed of a polycrystalline semiconductor (polysilicon) that has higher field-effect mobility and higher ON current than that of an amorphous semiconductor. Therefore, a plurality of circuits can be formed into an integrated circuit over one insulating surface. A pixel area  3001 , driver circuits  3001  and  3002 , and another circuit are formed over a support substrate first, and separated by the delamination method according to the present invention, then, pasted with each other thereby achieving an integrated structure over the flexible substrate  3009 . The structure of the plural pixels in the pixel area is, but not exclusively, formed by providing SRAM to each of the plural pixels. Thus, VRAM  3003  and RAM  3006  may be omitted. 
       Embodiment 9 
       [0149]    The present invention can be applied to various electronic devices. Given as examples as the electronic devices: a personal digital assistance (a cellular phone, a mobile computer, a portable game machine, an electronic book, or the like), a video camera, a digital camera, a goggle type display, a display, a navigation system, and the like.  FIGS. 29A to 29E  are views showing these electronic devices. 
         [0150]      FIG. 29A  shows a display including a frame  4001 , a sound output unit  4002 , a display unit  4003 , and the like. The present invention is used to the display unit  4003 . The display includes all information displays such as a personal computer, a TV broadcasting, and an advertisement display. 
         [0151]      FIG. 29B  shows a mobile computer having a main body  4101 , a stylus  4102 , a display unit  4103 , an operation button  4104 , an external interface  4105 , and the like. The present invention is used to the display unit  4103 . 
         [0152]      FIG. 29C  shows a game machine including a main body  4201 , a display unit  4202 , an operation button  4203 , and the like. The present invention is used to the display unit  4202 .  FIG. 29D  is a cellular phone including a main body  4301 , a sound output unit  4302 , a sound input unit  4303 , a display unit  4304 , an operation switch  4305 , an antenna  4306 , and the like. The present invention is used to the display unit  4304 . 
         [0153]      FIG. 29E  shows a electronic book reader including a display unit  4401  and the like. The present invention is used to the display unit  4401 . 
         [0154]    Since the application range of the present invention is extremely large, the present invention can be applied to various electronic devices in all fields. Especially, the present invention that enables devices to be thinner and/or lighter is remarkably effective for the electronic devices illustrated in  FIGS. 29A to 29E . 
         [0155]    By employing a delamination method according to the present invention, a TFT or the like can be formed over a flexible film substrate achieving high yield since separation can be performed in the whole surface. Further, a burden caused by a laser or the like are not placed on a TFT in the present invention. Thus, a light emitting device, a display unit of a liquid crystal display device, or the like, which has the TFT and the like can be made thin, hard to be broken even if it drops, and lightweight. Further, display on a curved surface or in odd-shape is enabled. 
         [0156]    A TFT on a film substrate, which is formed according the present invention can achieve the enlargement of display units as well as mass production. The present invention enables the recycling of a first substrate on which a  1 F 1  or the like to be formed before transferring, and achieves reducing costs of a semiconductor film by employing a low-cost film substrate.