Abstract:
Free standing articles or articles at least partially coated with substantially porosity free, fine-grained and/or amorphous Co-bearing metallic materials optionally containing solid particulates dispersed therein, are disclosed. The electrodeposited metallic layers and/or patches comprising Co provide, enhance or restore strength, wear and/or lubricity of substrates without reducing the fatigue performance compared to either uncoated or equivalent thickness chromium coated substrate. The fine-grained and/or amorphous metallic coatings comprising Co are particularly suited for articles exposed to thermal cycling, fatigue and other stresses and/or in applications requiring anti-microbial properties.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    This invention relates to the electrodeposition of coatings or free-standing components comprised of cobalt bearing metallic materials that possess a fine-grained and/or amorphous microstructure. The proper selection of the electrodeposition processing parameters enables the efficient production of fully-dense, hard, wear resistant metallic materials comprising Co that also exhibit enhanced anti-microbial, antibacterial, anti-fungal and/or anti-viral behavior. This invention also relates to applying the fine-grained and/or amorphous metallic coatings comprising Co to metallic substrates by electrodeposition without compromising the fatigue performance. The invention is particularly well suited for the fabrication of articles containing outer surfaces that require both enhanced biocidal performance and wear performance and are subject to load during use, e.g., outer surfaces on health care, household, and consumer goods. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Coatings deposited on metallic material substrates are extensively used in consumer and industrial applications. The most commonly used industrial coating is chromium (Cr) which is electrodeposited from aqueous electrolytes. Engineering hard chromium (EHC) coatings (0.00025″ to 0.010″ thick) are used extensively for imparting wear and erosion resistance to components in both industrial, aerospace and military applications because of their intrinsic high hardness (600-1,000 VHN) and their low coefficient of friction (&lt;0.2). Hard chromium electrodeposition from hexavalent chromium (Cr 6+ ) baths is used to apply hard coatings to a variety of aircraft components in manufacturing and repair and overhaul operations, most notably landing gear, hydraulic actuators, gas turbine engines, helicopter dynamic components and propeller hubs. Process and performance drawbacks of EHC coatings include the low current efficiency of the EHC plating processes, low deposition (or build) rates compared to the plating of other metals and alloys (e.g., 12.5 micron to 25 micron per hour for EHC versus over 200 micron per hour for Ni). The intrinsic brittleness of EHC deposits (i.e., &lt;0.1% tensile elongation) invariably leads to micro- or macro-cracked deposits. Although these ‘cracks’ do not compromise wear and erosion resistance, cracked or porous coatings are unacceptable for applications requiring corrosion resistance. Voids, macro and micro cracks in coatings allow for moisture ingress severely limiting the corrosion resistance of, e.g., chromium plated steel parts. In these applications, an electrodeposited underlayer of more ductile and corrosion resistant material (usually Ni) must be applied. 
         [0003]    The most common health effect from exposure to chromium metal is contact dermatitis, a skin inflammation or rash. A fraction of the population, between 5 and 10 percent, has an allergic skin reaction to chromium which, much like other allergies, is genetically based. Avoiding skin contact with chromium—in jewelry for example—is not a problem for most of the general population but it is for those whose occupations involve daily exposure to chromium compounds, such as, e.g., cement workers and electroplaters, which may develop chronic allergic reactions. 
         [0004]    As a result of the toxicity of chromium compounds, maximum exposure levels of chromate ions are regulated. The US Department of Labor&#39;s Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) recently reduced the permissible exposure limit (PEL) for hexavalent Cr and all hexavalent Cr compounds from 52 μg/m 3  to 5 μg/m 3  as an 8-hour time weighted average. In addition to tighter limits on air pollution the EPA has also set new limits for Cr in the water recognizing that the electrodeposition of chromium is a hazardous process. Due to the expected increase in operational costs associated with compliance to the proposed rule environmentally benign alternatives to hard chrome plating are being sought. 
         [0005]    It is well documented that applying electroplated coatings including Ni and Cr to steel reduces the fatigue performance of the plated part. 
         [0006]    From the aforementioned it is apparent that there is great need to replace electroplated Cr coatings with Cr- and Ni-free wear resistant coatings which meet or exceed the physical properties of Cr coatings with alternative coatings which are biocompatible, safe, are not limited to line-of sight applications and introduce properties not inherent to Cr based coatings, including, but not limited to, low porosity, enhanced fatigue and anti-microbial properties. 
         [0007]    Coating technologies considered as suitable Cr alternatives include other suitable Cr-free coatings applied by electrolytic or electroless plating techniques as well as thermal spray processes including high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) thermal spray and plasma vapor deposition. Although HVOF thermal spray coatings generally meet the properties of electrodeposited Cr, their application is limited to line-of-sight applications, i.e., 1:1 width-to-depth aspect ratios and blind holes cannot be coated using this technology. 
         [0008]    For coating applications requiring non-line-of-sight deposition and/or high-volume, low-added-value production, it is generally accepted that only electroplating technologies will be suitable and/or cost effective. Traditionally, most of the electroplated coating alternatives have been based on Ni alloys, including both electroless (Ni—P and Ni—B) and electrolytic (Ni—W, Ni—Co, Ni—Mo, etc.) coatings. As Ni is listed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as a priority pollutant and is considered to be one of the 14 most toxic heavy metals, coatings containing Ni, at best, are considered to represent a short-term solution. Bath stability issues and adhesion failures restrict the use of electroless coatings particularly in aerospace applications. 
         [0009]    It is therefore evident that a Ni-free electroplating technology would be ideal to provide an environmentally acceptable alternative for non-line-of-sight applications currently addressed with EHC. 
         [0010]    The prior art has disclosed the use of cobalt (Co) bearing electrodeposited coatings: 
         [0011]    Brenner in U.S. Pat. No. 2,643,221 (1950) discloses the electrodeposition of Ni—P and Co—P alloy coatings from solutions containing the metal ions and phosphates and considered them suitable for use as alternatives to chromium electrodeposits. Specifically to Co-bearing coatings, Brenner noted that they were dull at lower than 9% phosphorus (P), they turned black when exposed to oxidizing conditions and overall Brenner prefers Ni—P for protective and decorative applications. Brenner is silent on the microstructure, the coating stress, the fatigue performance and the antibacterial properties of all coatings. 
         [0012]    Holko in U.S. Pat. No. 5,358,547 (1994) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,649,994 (1997) describes wear resistant coatings of cobalt and phosphorus for metallic surfaces. The preferred composition consists of Co-11P, i.e., 11% per weight of P, which represents approximately the eutectic composition. Preferred applications include surgical blades, files and burrs, guide slots, drills and drill guides, surgical instruments and medical prostheses. While Holko&#39;s preferred method of application is the use of metal powders and binders followed by heat-treatment, i.e., powder metallurgy, as illustrated in all examples, Holko does extend his application methods to include other synthesis processes including electroless and electrodeposition. Holko is silent on the microstructure, the coating stress, the fatigue performance and the antibacterial properties of the coatings. 
         [0013]    Tang in U.S. Pat. No. 6,036,833 (2000) discloses electroplated nickel, cobalt, nickel alloys or cobalt alloys without any internal stress deposited from a Watts bath, a chloride bath or a combination thereof, by employing pulse plating with periodic reverse pulses and sulfonated naphthalene additives. 
         [0014]    Engelhaupt in U.S. Pat. No. 6,406,611 (2002) describes amorphous electrodeposited Ni—P or Ni—Co—P alloys which are essentially free of stress. 
         [0015]    Ware in US 2005/0170201 and US 2007/0084731 describes coarse-grained Co—P—B coatings of low compressive residual stress and decreased fatigue resistance. Ware discusses the “nanophase Co alloy coating” developed by Integran Technologies Inc. of Toronto, Canada, the applicant of this case. According to Ware this technology requires plating equipment that is different from the existing Cr plating equipment and, therefore, requires costly modifications of existing facilities. Ware states that high residual stress of Co alloy coatings results in an unacceptable decrease in fatigue performance. 
         [0016]    As highlighted by Ware, electrodeposited nanocrystalline Co based electrodeposited coatings have been proposed by Integran Technologies Inc. of Toronto, Canada, the applicant of this invention, as an alternative to electrodeposited Cr coatings. 
         [0017]    Erb in U.S. Pat. No. 5,352,266 (1994), and U.S. Pat. No. 5,433,797 (1995), assigned to the applicant, describe a process for producing nanocrystalline materials, particularly nanocrystalline nickel. The nanocrystalline material is electrodeposited onto the cathode in an aqueous acidic electrolytic cell by application of a pulsed current. 
         [0018]    Palumbo in US 2005/0205425 and DE 102 88 323 (2005), assigned to the same applicant, discloses a process for forming coatings or freestanding deposits of nanocrystalline metals, metal alloys or metal matrix composites. The process employs tank, drum plating or selective plating processes using aqueous electrolytes and optionally a non-stationary anode or cathode. Nanocrystalline metal matrix composites are disclosed as well. 
         [0019]    Tomantschger in US 2009/0159451 (2007), assigned to the same applicant, discloses variable property deposits of fine-grained and amorphous metallic materials, optionally containing solid particulates. 
         [0020]    Palumbo in U.S. Pat. No. 7,320,832 (2008), assigned to the same applicant, discloses means for matching the coefficient of thermal expansion of a fine-grained metallic coating to the one of the substrate by adjusting the composition of the alloy and/or by varying the chemistry and volume fraction of particulates embedded in the coating. The fine-grained metallic coatings are particularly suited for strong and lightweight articles, precision molds, sporting goods, automotive parts and components exposed to thermal cycling. Maintaining low coefficients of thermal expansion and matching the coefficient of thermal expansion of the fine-grained metallic coating with the one of the substrate minimizes dimensional changes during thermal cycling and prevents delamination. 
         [0021]    The prior art describes numerous processes for affecting fatigue performance and to deal with the loss of fatigue resistance (fatigue debit) imparted by electrodeposited coatings. 
         [0022]    Nascimento et. al. in the International Journal of Fatigue 23 (2001), 607-618, reports various fatigue data for surface treated and untreated 4340 aeronautical steel for electroplated Cr and electroless Ni coatings. In all instances, the addition of a coating layer showed a decrease in fatigue strength. All Cr-containing coatings resulted in poorer fatigue performance than the uncoated material as evident in  FIGS. 2 ,  6 ,  9 ,  11  and  14 . 
         [0023]    Sriraman et. al. in Materials Letters 61 (2007) 715-718 reports on the fatigue resistance of steel coated with nanocrystalline Ni—W alloys by electrodeposition and reports inferior fatigue lives for all coated samples. 
         [0024]    Greenfield in U.S. Pat. No. 4,168,183 (1979) describes a process for improving the fatigue properties by coating the substrate with materials that contain a solute, prestraining the part to create dislocations in the surface layer, and annealing to diffuse the solute into the deformed surface layer. 
         [0025]    The prior art has also disclosed the use of metals for use in anti-microbial and anti-bacterial applications: 
         [0026]    Burrel in U.S. Pat. No. 5,681,575 (1997) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,753,251 (1998) teaches the synthesis of antimicrobial metals, specifically Ag, Cu, Sn, Zn and noble metals, which release-ions exhibiting enhanced antimicrobial activity that is intrinsic to the bulk metal by virtue of its high stored internal energy. Note that Burell&#39;s definition of “metals” is not limited to what is generally accepted to represent “metallic materials”, i.e., metals and alloys, but is significantly expanded to also include electrically non-conductive metal compounds such as oxides, nitrides, borides, sulfides, halides and hydrides. The optimized, sustained ionic dissolution rate is due to the ultrafine-grained microstructure of the “metallic films”. While it is demonstrated that a distinctly enhanced, sustained anti-microbial effect is associated with the processing of “metals” in fine-grained form, the material processing technique of Burrel et al. is based upon vapor deposition methods such as physical vapor deposition (PVD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). While such techniques are suitable for the synthesis of fine-grained anti-microbial materials, unfortunately they are not suited for the production of highly abrasive, wear-resistant, scratch-resistant and scuff-resistant surfaces as the vapor deposited coatings are generally thin (typically &lt;&lt;10 micron thickness), porous (&lt;&lt;98% theoretical density) and soft (&lt;200 VHN). 
         [0027]    In order to satisfy the basic durability requirements of hospital, household, and consumer goods touch surfaces, especially in high traffic areas, the inherent mechanical limitations of thin and porous sputtered antimicrobial films as disclosed in the Burrel patents must be overcome. This necessitates the use of a processing technique capable of producing fine-grained metallic materials that exhibit the desired unassisted sustained release of metal ions inherent to fine-grained microstructures while simultaneously exhibiting good hardness, strength, toughness, scratch resistance, abrasive/sliding wear, and scuff resistance properties. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0028]    The invention relates to electroplating, conforming fine-grained and/or amorphous metallic layers, coatings or patches comprising Co onto suitable substrates or to electroforming free-standing, fine-grained and/or amorphous metallic materials comprising Co. 
         [0029]    It is an objective of the invention to produce fine-grained and/or amorphous Co-comprising metallic materials by electrodeposition including both direct current (DC) and pulsed electrolytic deposition as the plating conditions can be adjusted to conveniently achieve the desired properties. Suitable methods of electroplating include tank, barrel and brush plating. Metal matrix composites (MMCs) can be produced by electrodeposition by suitably suspending particles in the plating bath resulting in the incorporation of the particulate matter in the electrodeposit by inclusion. Alternatively, MMCs can be formed by electroplating porous structures including foams, felts, clothes, perforated plates and the like. 
         [0030]    The invention relates to applying hard, substantially porosity and crack-free, bright, ductile, metallic materials comprising Co with significant internal stress by electrodeposition to at least part of the surface of permanent (electroplating) or temporary (electro forming) substrates. 
         [0031]    It is an objective of the present invention to provide Co-bearing coatings as replacement for Cr coatings which are currently commonly used as wear-resistant coatings, e.g., in aerospace, automotive, medical and consumer applications. 
         [0032]    It is an objective of the present invention to provide Co based alloys and metal matrix composite coatings which have the potential to eliminate environmental and worker safety issues inherent to Cr electroplating while significantly improving the performance for a variety of applications and result in coated articles without the introduction of a decrease in fatigue resistance, as is common to electrodeposited coatings. 
         [0033]    It is another objective of the invention to suitably pretreat the surface of substrate materials and/or post treat the coated article to enhance the fatigue performance by heat-treating and/or cold working such as peening including shot, hammer and laser peening, and/or polishing and/or superfinishing. 
         [0034]    It is another objective of the invention to achieve a bond strength between the Co-bearing layer and the permanent substrate which shows no signs of peeling or delamination between the Co-comprising coating and the substrate at low (10×) magnification when tested in accordance with the bend test described in ASTM B571. 
         [0035]    It is an objective of the invention to improve the hardness of the Co bearing coatings by a suitable heat-treatment of between 5 minutes and 50 hours at between 50 and 500° C. 
         [0036]    It is an objective of the present invention to provide Co-bearing coatings for parts that are severely loaded during use such as sliding surfaces and surfaces experiencing impact during service, including, but not limited to hydraulic bars and tubes, as well as aerospace parts such as landing gear parts, pistons, shafts, pins, flap track carriage spindles and hooks. 
         [0037]    It is an objective of this invention to at least partially coat the inner or outer surface of parts including complex shapes with fine-grained and/or amorphous metallic Co-bearing materials using electrodeposition that are strong, lightweight, have high toughness and stiffness (e.g., resistance to deflection and higher natural frequencies of vibration), are able to withstand thermal cycling without degradation and without reducing the fatigue performance. 
         [0038]    It is an objective of the invention to provide metallic coatings, layers and/or patches selected from the group of amorphous and/or fine-grained metals, metal alloys or metal matrix composites comprising Co. The metallic coating/layer is applied to at least part of the surface of the substrate by electrodeposition. The coating process can be applied to new parts and/or can be employed as a repair/refurbishment technique. 
         [0039]    It is an objective of the invention to provide metallic coatings, layers and/or patches selected from the group of amorphous and/or fine-grained metals, metal alloys or metal matrix composites comprising Co wherein the electrodeposited metallic layer and/or patch comprising Co represents up to 100%, e.g., between 1 and 95% of the total weight of the article. 
         [0040]    It is an objective of the invention to provide enhanced mechanical strength, erosion and wear properties, improved lubricity, and preferably anti-microbial properties by applying fine-grained metallic coatings/layers comprising Co with an average grain size between 2 and 5,000 nm and/or amorphous coatings/layers and/or metal matrix composite coatings comprising Co. Graded and/or layered structures comprising Co can be employed as well. 
         [0041]    It is an objective of the invention to provide biocompatible Co-metals, Co-alloys and Co-metal matrix composites that exhibit a highly desirable combination of anti-microbial, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal and anti-viral efficacy and enhanced mechanical durability. The inventive process renders the materials functionally biocidal yet highly resistant to abrasive and/or sliding wear, scuffing and scratching. 
         [0042]    It is the objective of the invention to provide preferred embodiments of articles comprising Co which are biocidal which, apart from unavoidable impurities, are substantially free of Ni, Cr, Pb, Sb, As and other toxic elements and/or which, apart from unavoidable impurities, are free of Ag, Cu, Sn, Zn and noble metals. 
         [0043]    It is the objective of the invention to provide articles or coatings comprising Co which after 24 hrs at 37° C. displays a “radius of no growth” on the zone inhibition test for  salmonella  or  listeria  ranging from range of 0.5 mm to 50 mm. 
         [0044]    It is another objective of the invention to apply a metallic Co-bearing material directly onto a substrate. Alternatively, one or more intermediate structures selected from the group of metallic layers, metal alloy layers and metal matrix composite layers can be employed. Metallic intermediate structures can be deposited by a process selected from electroless deposition, electrodeposition, physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), powder spraying and gas condensation. Intermediate structures are always used when a substrate to be coated is poorly conductive or non conductive, e.g., in the case of polymers or ceramics. 
         [0045]    It is an objective of the invention to apply a fine-grained and/or amorphous metallic Co-bearing coating to at least a portion of a surface of a part, optionally after metalizing the surface (layer thickness &lt;5 micron, preferably &lt;1 micron) with a thin layer of Co, Ni, Cu, Ag, Zn or the like prior to applying a porosity-free, conforming Co-bearing metal layer by electrodeposition. The fine-grained and/or amorphous Co-bearing coating is usually substantially thicker (&gt;5 micron) than the metalizing layer. 
         [0046]    It is an objective of this invention to provide a fine-grained and/or amorphous metallic layer or coating comprising Co by electrodeposition by providing an electroplating bath which includes an electroplating solution containing Co metal ions, e.g., by dissolving suitable Co salts such as chlorides, sulfates and/or carbonates, and optionally one or more components selected from the group consisting of other non-toxic metal ions (e.g., Fe, Mo, W and Zn), phosphorus (P) containing compounds including, but not limited to, phosphorous ions (PO 3 ″), phosphoric ions (PO 4 ′″); boron (B) containing compounds including, but not limited to, borate ions (BO 3 ′″); non-toxic particulates (carbon, graphite, diamond, BN, B 4 C); brighteners, grain-refiners, surfactants and stress relievers. 
         [0047]    It is an objective of this invention to provide a fine-grained and/or amorphous metallic layer or coating comprising Co optionally containing solid particulates dispersed therein. The fine-grained and/or amorphous metallic layers or coatings comprising Co are particularly suited for strong and lightweight articles exposed to loads and/or thermal cycling. Examples include Co, Co—W, Co—P and Co—W—P with 2.5-50% per volume of one or more particulates selected from the group consisting of diamond; graphite; BN or other nitrides; B 4 C, WC or other carbides; and PTFE. 
         [0048]    It is an objective of the invention to provide fine-grained and/or amorphous coatings comprising Co which exhibit an internal stress (tensile or compressive) ranging from 2.5 to 30 ksi (17.3 to 207 MPa). 
         [0049]    It is an objective of this invention to provide articles containing fine-grained and/or amorphous metallic coatings comprising Co, optionally graded or layered, on suitable substrates which do not provide a fatigue debit over either the uncoated substrate or the chromium coated substrate of equivalent thickness when tested for fatigue performance in accordance with at least one suitable fatigue test, e.g., axial fatigue, bending fatigue, beam fatigue, torsional fatigue, rotating beam fatigue and rotating bending fatigue. Suitable fatigue tests include, but are not limited to, ASTM E466: Standard Practice for Conducting Force Controlled Constant Amplitude Axial Fatigue Tests of Metallic Materials; E606: Standard Practice for Strain-Controlled Fatigue Testing; ISO 1099: Metallic Materials—Fatigue Testing—Axial Force—Controlled Method; ISO 12106: Metallic Materials—Fatigue Testing—Axial—Strain—Controlled Method; and ISO 1143: Metals—Rotating Bar Bending Fatigue Testing. 
         [0050]    It is an objective of this invention to provide articles containing fine-grained and/or amorphous metallic coatings comprising Co on substrates capable of withstanding 1, preferably 5, more preferably 10, more preferably 20 and even more preferably 30 temperature cycles without failure according to ANSI/ASTM specification B604-75 section 5.4 (Standard Recommended Practice for Thermal Cycling Test for Evaluation of Electroplated Plastics ASTM B553-71) for service condition 1, preferably service condition 2, preferably service condition 3 and even more preferably for service condition 4. 
         [0051]    It is an objective to apply stiff, rigid and tough metallic coatings and/or metallic patches comprising Co to complex part geometries by a process enabling net-shape-forming of conforming shapes on parts of complex geometries. 
         [0052]    It is an objective to provide conforming, substantially porosity-free metallic coatings comprising Co and/or metallic patches comprising Co to parts as a structural repair or refurbishment technique. 
         [0053]    It is an objective of the present invention to provide strong, lightweight fully-dense, ductile, conforming metallic barrier layers and/or patches comprising Co to substrates/articles for use in a number of applications including, but not limited to, automotive, aerospace and defense applications; industrial components; electronic equipment or appliances; sporting goods; molding applications and medical applications. 
         [0054]    It is an objective of this invention to provide articles, coated with fine-grained and/or amorphous metallic layers comprising Co that are stiff, lightweight, have anti-bacterial properties, are resistant to abrasion and resistant to permanent deformation, do not splinter when cracked or broken and are able to withstand thermal cycling without degradation, for a variety of applications including, but not limited to: applications requiring cylindrical objects including gun barrels; shafts, tubes, pipes and rods; golf and arrow shafts; skiing and hiking poles; various drive shafts; fishing poles; baseball bats, bicycle frames, ammunition casings, wires and cables and other cylindrical or tubular structures for use in commercial goods; medical equipment including orthopedic prosthesis, medical implants and surgical tools; sporting goods including golf shafts, heads and faceplates; lacrosse sticks; hockey sticks; skis and snowboards as well as their components including bindings; racquets for tennis, squash, badminton; bicycle parts; components and housings for electronic equipment including laptops; cell phones; personal digital assistants (PDAs) devices; walkmen; discmen; MP3 players and BlackBerry®-type devices; cameras and other image recording devices as well as TVs; automotive components including heat shields; cabin components including seat parts, steering wheel and armature parts; fluid conduits including air ducts, fuel rails, turbocharger components, oil, transmission and brake parts, fluid tanks and housings including oil and transmission pans; cylinder head covers; spoilers; grill-guards and running boards; brake, transmission, clutch, steering and suspension parts; brackets and pedals; muffler components; wheels; brackets; vehicle frames; spoilers; fluid pumps such as fuel, coolant, oil and transmission pumps and their components; housing and tank components such as oil, transmission or other fluid pans including gas tanks; electrical and engine covers; engines and engine parts; industrial/consumer products and parts including linings on hydraulic actuator, bearings, gun components, hydraulics, journals, valves, connectors, cylinders and the like; drills; files; knives; saws; blades; sharpening devices and other cutting, polishing and grinding tools; augers; rollers; housings; frames; hinges; sputtering targets; antennas as well as electromagnetic interference (EMI) shields; compressors; molds and molding tools and equipment; aerospace parts including wings; wing parts including flaps and access covers; engine parts; structural spars and ribs; propellers; rotors; rotor blades; rudders; covers; housings; fuselage parts; nose cones landing gear; lightweight cabin parts; landing gear parts; pistons; shafts; pins; flap track carriage spindles; hooks; ducts and interior panels and military products including ammunition, armor as well as firearm components. 
         [0055]    Accordingly, the invention is directed to a metal-coated article as follows: An article comprising:
       (i) a substrate material, e.g., of metallic or polymeric material;   (ii) an electrodeposited substance forming a metallic layer and/or patch on said substrate material or on structure thereon, said metallic layer or patch comprising Co having a microstructure which is fine-grained with an average grain size between 2 and 5,000 nm and/or an amorphous, said metallic layer or patch exhibiting a tensile or compressive internal stress in the range of between 2.5 and 30 ksi, and having a thickness between 5 micron and 2.5 mm and a porosity in the range of between 0 and 1.5%;   (iii) with or without at least one intermediate structure between said substrate material and the electrodeposited layer and/or patch comprising Co; and   (iv) said article exhibiting a fatigue life cycle number equivalent to or exceeding the one of either the uncoated substrate material or equivalent thickness chromium coated substrate material when tested at an applied stress of between ⅓ and ⅔ of the yield strength of said uncoated substrate material.       
 
       DEFINITIONS 
       [0060]    As used herein, the term “metal”, “alloy” or “metallic material” means crystalline and/or amorphous structures where atoms are chemically bonded to each other and in which mobile valence electrons are shared among atoms. Metals and alloys are electronic conductors, they are malleable and lustrous materials and typically form positive ions. Metallic materials include Co—P, Co—B and Co—P—B alloys. Metal compounds, i.e., metal salts including the metal as an ion and not having a valency of 0, bound to another ion, usually an anion, e.g., CoO, CoCl 2 , CoSO 4  and the like are not considered a metallic material within the context of this invention. 
         [0061]    As used herein, the terms “metal-coated article”, “laminate article” and “metal-clad article” mean an item which contains at least one substrate material and at least one metallic layer or patch comprising Co in intimate contact covering at least part of the surface of said substrate material. In addition, one or more intermediate structures, such as metalizing layers and polymer layers including adhesive layers, can be employed between said metallic layer or patch and said substrate material. 
         [0062]    As used herein, the term “metallic coating” or “metallic layer” means a metallic deposit/layer comprising Co applied to part of or the entire exposed surface of an article. The substantially porosity-free metallic coating comprising Co is intended to adhere to the surface of the article to provide mechanical strength, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, anti-microbial properties and a low coefficient of friction without reducing the fatigue performance, i.e., without introducing a fatigue debit over either the uncoated substrate or the same substrate coated with chromium of equivalent thickness. Equivalent thickness is defined as less than +/−15% variation between the Co and Cr-bearing coatings thicknesses. 
         [0063]    As used herein, the term “metal matrix composite” (MMC) is defined as particulate matter embedded in a fine-grained and/or amorphous metal matrix. MMCs are produced by suspending particles in a suitable plating bath and incorporating particulate matter into the deposit by inclusion. 
         [0064]    As used herein, the term “coating thickness” or “layer thickness” refers to depth in a deposit direction. 
         [0065]    As used herein, the term “surface” means a surface located on a particular side of an article. A side of an article may include various surfaces or surface areas, including, but not limited to, a metallic article surface area, a polymer article surface area, a fastener surface area, a seam or joint surface area, etc. Thus, when indicating a coating is applied to a “surface” of an article, it is intended that such surface can comprise any one or all of the surfaces or surface areas located on that particular side of the article being coated. 
         [0066]    As used herein, the term “substantially porosity-free,” means the metallic coating comprising Co has a porosity of less than 1.5%. 
         [0067]    As used herein “coating/layer internal stress” or “internal stress” or “residual stress” means an inherent force in an electrodeposit, which free from any external forces, causes the electrodeposit to be either “compressed” or “stretched”. In the compressed stressed condition the deposit has the tendency to expand, whereas in the tensile stressed condition the deposit has the tendency to contract. High internal stresses, i.e., stresses equal to or exceeding 2.5 ksi (compressive or tensile) have heretofore been considered to be undesirable as they have been attributed to compromise corrosion performance due to cracking and flaking and furthermore to also compromise fatigue strength. 
         [0068]    As used herein “tensile stress”, signified by a positive value, causes the plated strip to bend in the direction of the anode whereas “compressive stress”, signified by a negative value, causes the plated strip to bend away from the anode. 
         [0069]    As used herein “fatigue” is the progressive and localized structural damage that occurs when a material is subjected to cyclic loading and the “fatigue life” is the number of stress cycles that a specimen can sustain before failure. 
         [0070]    As used herein “biocidal agents” refer to agents that are destructive to living organisms, particularly microorganisms. 
         [0071]    As used herein “unavoidable impurities” refer to elements built into the metallic deposit originating from impurities present in the bath, i.e., substances not purposely added to the electrolyte, e.g., bath chemical impurities (such as Ni in Co salts and in Co soluble anodes; C and O from organic additives; H from organic additives or water reduction), or substances inadvertently introduced into the bath (such as Cu from bus bar corrosion and Fe from corrosion of racking or tank liners). Total unavoidable impurities typically amount to &lt;1% of the metallic deposit. 
         [0072]    Metal-coated or free-standing articles of the invention comprise fine-grained and/or amorphous metallic layers comprising Co having a porosity of preferably of equal to or less than 1.5%, a layer thickness of at least 0.010 mm, preferably greater than 0.025 mm, more preferably greater than 0.050 mm and even more preferably greater than 0.100 mm. 
         [0073]    Metal-coated or free-standing articles of the invention comprise a single or several fine-grained and/or amorphous metallic layers comprising Co applied to substrates as well as multi-layer laminates composed of alternating layers of fine-grained and/or amorphous metallic layers. 
         [0074]    According to one aspect of the present invention an article is provided by a process which comprises the steps of, positioning a the metallic or metalized work-piece to be plated in a plating tank containing a suitable electrolyte and a fluid circulation system, providing electrical connections to the workpiece (permanent substrate) or temporary cathode to be plated and to one or more anodes and plating a structural layer of a metallic material comprising Co with an average grain size of equal to or less than 5,000 nm and/or an amorphous metallic material comprising Co on the surface of the metallic or metalized work piece using suitable direct current (D.C.) or pulse electrodeposition processes described, e.g., in the co-pending application published as US 2005/0205425. In addition to tank plating other approaches such as drum-, barrel- and brush-plating are contemplated as well. 
         [0075]    The bond achieved between the metallic coating comprising Co and the surface of the article/substrate should be configured to be as strong as possible. The bond should be strong to avoid crack formation, delamination and/or blistering during use and/or during temperature cycling. Moreover, in the case of applying metallic patches comprising Co, the bond should be particularly strong around the edges of the metallic coating to ensure the metallic coating does not separate from the surface of the substrate. In the case of metallic substrates suitable surface preparation methods include degreasing, mechanical abrasion and/or chemical etching. In the case of polymeric substrates suitable surface preparation methods include mechanical abrasion, swelling and/or chemical etching and metalizing. 
         [0076]    According to this invention, an entire article can be coated, i.e., encapsulated with a metallic layer comprising Co. Alternatively, metallic patches or sections can be formed on selected areas of the article only, without the need to coat the entire article. 
         [0077]    According to this invention metallic patches or sleeves comprising Co are not necessarily uniform in thickness, microstructure and composition and can be deposited in order to, e.g., enable a thicker coating on selected sections or sections particularly prone to heavy use, erosion or wear. 
         [0078]    The following listing further defines the article of the invention: 
       Substrate Specification: 
       [0079]    Preferred substrates for the application for the Co-comprising fine-grained and/or amorphous coatings include Fe based alloys (ferrous alloys). Particularly suited steels include carbon steels (e.g., 1000 series), alloy steels (e.g., 4000, 8000, 9000 series) and stainless steels (e.g., 300, 400, 600 series). Suitable substrates further include Al, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Ni, Sn, Ti, W, Zn-based substrates and alloys of two or more of these metals including brass and bronze. Suitable substrates can also include non-metallic materials including, but not limited to, ceramics and polymers; and chromium coated substrate material. 
       Co Bearing Metallic Coating/Layer Specification: 
     Mechanical and Other Relevant Properties: 
       [0080]    Microstructure: Amorphous or crystalline
 
Minimum average grain size [nm]: 2; 5; 10
 
Maximum average grain size [nm]: 100; 500; 1,000; 5,000
 
       Metallic Layer Thickness Minimum [μm]: 5; 10; 25; 30; 50; 100 
       [0081]    Metallic Layer Thickness Maximum [mm]: 2.5; 25; 50 
       Minimum Yield Strength [MPa]: 300 
     Maximum Yield Strength [MPa]: 2,750 
     Minimum Hardness [VHN]: 100; 200; 400 
     Maximum Hardness [VHN]: 1,000; 2,000; 3,000 
     Minimum Porosity [%]: 0; 0.01 
     Maximum Porosity [%]: 0.75; 1; 1.5 
     Minimum Ductility [%]: 0.01; 0.1; 0.5 
     Maximum Ductility [%]: 15; 25; 35 
     Minimum Coefficient of Friction: 0.01 
     Maximum Coefficient of Friction: 1 
       [0082]    Minimum deposit stress/tensile or compressive [ksi]: 2.5; 5; 10
 
Maximum deposit stress/tensile or compressive [ksi]: 15; 20; 25; 30
 
Minimum Zone of Inhibition Radius after 24 hrs at 37° C. [mm]: 0.1; 0.5; 1
 
Maximum Zone of Inhibition Radius after 24 hrs at 37° C. [mm]: 5; 10; 50
 
       Composition: 
       [0083]    Minimum Co material content [%]: 5; 10; 25; 50,
 
Maximum Co material content [%]: 90; 95; 97.5; 100,
 
Metallic Materials comprising Co and optionally are alloyed with one or more elements selected from the group of: Ag, Al, Au, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Mo, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru, Sn, Ti, W, Zn and Zr.
 
         [0084]    Other alloying additions: B, C, H, O, P and S 
         [0085]    Particulate additions: metals (Ag, Al, In, Mg, Si, Sn, Pt, Ti, V, W, Zn); metal oxides (Ag 2 O, Al 2 O 3 , CoO, CuO, In 2 O 3 , MgO, NiO, SiO 2 , SnO 2 , TiO 2 , V 2 O 5 , ZnO); carbides and nitrides of Al, B, Cr, Bi, Si, W; carbon (carbon nanotubes, diamond, graphite, graphite fibers, Buckminster Fullerenes); glass; polymer materials (PTFE, PVC, PE, PP, ABS, epoxy resins) and self lubricating materials such as MoS 2 . 
         [0000]    Minimum particulate fraction [% by volume]: 0; 1; 5; 10
 
Maximum particulate fraction [% by volume]: 50; 75; 95
 
       Electrodeposition Specification for the Co-Comprising Material: 
       [0086]    Minimum Deposition Rates [mm/hr]: 0.025; 0.05; 0.1
 
Maximum Deposition Rates [mm/hr]: 0.5; 1; 2
 
Minimum Agitation Rates [1/(min×cm 2  anode or cathode electrode area)]: 0.01; 0.1
 
Maximum Agitation Rates [1/(min×cm 2  anode or cathode electrode area)]: 7.5; 10
 
       Intermediate Structure Specification: 
       [0087]    Electroless and electroplated Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, Sn and/or Ag comprising coatings 
       Metal-Coated Article Specification: 
       [0088]    The yield strength and/or ultimate tensile strength of the metal-coated article exceed 25 MPa, preferably 100 MPa and can be as high as 5,000 MPa. The coating comprising Co represents between 0.001%-100% of the total weight of the article. 
         [0089]    Fatigue Performance: 
         [0090]    Minimum fatigue performance ratio between the cycle life of the coated and either the uncoated substrate or the equivalent thickness chromium coated substrate when tested at a coating thicknesses range of between 5 micron and 250 micron and up to 2.5 mm, at stress levels of between ⅓ and ⅔ of the yield strength of the substrate, preferably at stress levels around ½ of the yield strength: 1.00 (equivalent to either the uncoated substrate or the equivalent thickness chromium coated substrate), preferably 1.01 times the fatigue cycle life of either the uncoated substrate or the equivalent thickness chromium coated substrate (1% increase in fatigue resistance). Equivalent thickness is defined as less than +/−15% variation between the Co and Cr-bearing coatings thicknesses. 
         [0091]    Maximum fatigue performance ratio between the cycle life of the coated and either the uncoated substrate or the equivalent thickness chromium coated substrate: 10.0 (10 times the cycle life of either the uncoated substrate or the equivalent thickness chromium coated substrate under otherwise identical conditions), preferably 100 and more preferably 1,000 the cycle life of either the uncoated substrate or the equivalent thickness chromium coated substrate. 
         [0092]    The fatigue performance can be determined using one of the following fatigue tests:
       ASTM E466: Standard Practice for Conducting Force Controlled Constant Amplitude Axial Fatigue Tests of Metallic Materials   E606: Standard Practice for Strain-Controlled Fatigue Testing   ISO 1099: Metallic Materials—Fatigue Testing—Axial Force-Controlled method   ISO 12106: Metallic Materials—Fatigue Testing—Axial-Strain-Controlled method   ISO 1143: Metals—Rotating Bar Bending Fatigue Testing.       
 
         [0098]    The person skilled in the art will know that, in addition to various standardized axial and bending (cantilever bend and rotating) fatigue tests, a large number of “special” fatigue tests including, but not limited to, torsional, rolling contact, gear tests, are being used and at times performed under special environmental conditions, which are all within the scope of this invention. 
       Thermal Cycling Performance: 
       [0099]    Minimum thermal cycling performance according to ASTM B553-71: 1 cycle according to service condition 1 without failure (no blistering, delamination or &lt;2% displacement) and with &lt;2% displacement between the polymer and metallic layer. Maximum thermal cycling performance according to ASTM B553-71: infinite number of cycles according to service condition 4 without failure. 
         [0100]    The following description highlights a number of relevant test protocols applicable to determining the properties of the Co-bearing metallic materials: 
       Porosity Test Specification: 
       [0101]    To determine the porosity, samples are polished to a 1 μm diamond polish and imaged in a light microscope to 400× magnification. The % porosity is determined using image analysis, e.g., ImageJ (Image Processing and Analysis in Java provided by the US NIH at http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/) relating the area fraction of pores, cracks, pits etc. to the total surface of the samples. 
         [0102]    This method is preferred over measuring the porosity of less than 25 micron thick electrodeposits on steel substrates by applying an acidified copper sulfate solution to the plated areas as commonly used for Cr coatings. The pores permit the solution to copper coat steel by displacement, and the degree of copper coating thus indicates the degree of porosity. This test is unsuitable for use with Co-containing coatings. 
       Internal Stress Test Specification: 
       [0103]    It is well known that most electrodeposits exhibit either tensile or compressive stresses as outlined, e.g., Stein, AESF Electroforming Symposium, Mar. 27-29, 1996, Las Vegas, Nev. The most popular measurement technique used is the bent strip method which uses two-legged brass strips whose opposite sides are plated and the resulting leg deflection caused by deposit stress is measured. Other measurement techniques can be used including, but not limited to, the spiral contractometer, stressometer, x-ray, strain gauge, dilatometer, hole drilling and holographic interferometry. 
       Fatigue Test Information: 
       [0104]    Fatigue testing involves the application of dynamic and fluctuating cyclic stresses to a material or article. The applied stresses are typically lower than the tensile or yield strength of the material. To evaluate the effects of a coating on the fatigue performance of a substrate material, the coating is applied to at least a portion of the gauge length of the test specimen prior to testing. 
         [0105]    A number of test methods exist for evaluating the fatigue performance of materials. Of these, the most common are axial and rotating bending configurations. ASTM E466 (“Standard Practice for Conducting Force Controlled Constant Amplitude Axial Fatigue Tests of Metallic Materials”) is an example of a test procedure that describes the axial fatigue test method that is stress controlled. ASTM E606 (“Standard Practice for Strain-Controlled Fatigue Testing”) is an example of a test procedure that describes axial fatigue test method that is strain controlled. ISO 1143 (“Metals—Rotating Bar Bending Fatigue Testing”) is an example of a test procedure describing the rotating bending fatigue test method. 
       Thermal Cycling Test Specification: 
       [0106]    ANSI/ASTM specification B604-75 section 5.4 Test (“Standard Recommended Practice for Thermal Cycling Test for Evaluation of Electroplated Plastics ASTM B553-71”) is used. In this test the samples are subjected to a thermal cycle procedure as indicated in Table 1. In each cycle the sample is held at the high temperature for an hour, cooled to room temperature and held at room temperature for an hour and subsequently cooled to the low temperature limit and maintained there for an hour. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Standard Recommended Practice for Thermal Cycling Test for Evaluation 
               
               
                 of Electroplated Plastics According to ASTM B553-71 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Service Condition 
                 High Limit [° C.] 
                 Low Limit [° C.] 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 (mild) 
                 60 
                 −30 
               
               
                 2 (moderate) 
                 75 
                 −30 
               
               
                 3 (severe) 
                 85 
                 −30 
               
               
                 4 (very severe) 
                 85 
                 −40 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0107]    If any blistering, delamination or cracking is noted the sample is considered to have failed and the test is immediately suspended. After 10 such test cycles the sample is allowed to cool to room temperature, is carefully checked for delamination, blistering and cracking and the total displacement of the coating relative to the substrate is determined. 
       Zone of Inhibition Test Specification: 
       [0108]    The effects of microstructural refinement of Co-comprising metallic materials compared to stainless steel (Type 304) and conventional coarse-grained pure Co (&gt;10 μm grain size) on the bacterium  salmonella typhimurium  and  listeria monocytogenes  were determined by the zone inhibition test adapted from the “Parallel Streak Method AATCC Test Method 147-2004”. In this test metal samples (1 cm 2 ) are sterilized in 80% ethanol for 10 minutes, followed by 10 minutes under ultraviolet light. Bacteria ( Listeria monocytogenes  10403S and  Salmonella typhimurium  SL1344) are grown overnight in 5.0 ml of broth (brain heart infusion (BHI) media for  Listeria monocytogenes  and Luria-Bertani (LB) media containing 50 mg/ml streptomycin for  Salmonella typhimurium ) at 37° C. with shaking 1.0 ml of the overnight culture is diluted in 9.0 ml of sterile distilled water. An inoculating loop is flamed and loaded with the diluted inoculum, and 5 parallel streaks of ˜5-6 cm are made on a sterile agar plate of the appropriate media without refilling the loop (1 plate/sample). The test sample plate is then placed to cover the 5 streaks and pressed gently into the media to ensure contact. The plates are incubated for 24 hours at 37° C. and the diameter of no growth measured. The diameter of the sample itself is subtracted from the diameter of no growth. The resulting difference is divided by 2 to get the radius of the zone of inhibition (mm). 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0109]    In order to better illustrate the invention by way of examples, descriptions are provided for suitable embodiments of the method/process/apparatus according to the invention in which: 
           [0110]      FIG. 1  illustrates pictures of an engineered hard chromium coating and a fine grained Co-comprising coating according to this invention including the image analysis used to determine the porosity. 
           [0111]      FIG. 2  shows a picture of a zone of inhibition test for nanocrystalline Co-2P. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0112]    This invention relates to articles formed by electrodeposition by applying conforming, substantially porosity free, Co-bearing metallic layers having a fine-grained and/or amorphous microstructure to permanent or temporary substrates. Compared to Cr coatings a significant reduction in energy consumption and significant increases in coating throughput can be achieved with electrodeposited coatings/layers comprising Co metallic materials, alloys and metal matrix composites. The overall plating efficiency of the Co-comprising coatings/layers using an electrodeposition process ranges from 75% to 99%, compared to less than 35% for Cr. Furthermore, Co-comprising coatings/layers can be deposited at high deposition rates, ranging from five to twenty times typical Cr deposition rates. 
         [0113]    Unlike conventional Co based coatings which have an average grain size exceeding 10 microns, fine-grained Co-comprising coatings of this invention have a preferred average grain size in the range of 2 to 5,000 nm, more preferably, 2 to 1,000 nm and even more preferably 5 to 500 nm. Amorphous and mixed amorphous/fine-grained microstructures are contemplated as well. The microstructure is suitably selected to provide the optimum combination of strength and ductility. 
         [0114]    As a result of Hall-Petch strengthening, Co-bearing alloys display significant increases in hardness and strength relative to their coarser grained counterparts. Through a precipitation hardening mechanism, a further increase in hardness can be obtained in selected Co bearing alloys including, but not limited to Co—P, Co—B and Co—P—B alloy and MMC coatings/layers, by annealing the as-deposited material to induce the precipitation of Co-phosphides and/or Co-borides from the supersaturated solid solution at elevated temperatures. 
         [0115]    Due to safety concerns a number of applications including, but not limited to, transportation, require high reliability and the application of metallic coatings. Parts used on external motor vehicle, aircraft or ship parts are prone to impact damage, e.g., by rain, snow or hail; sand or other debris; other airborne objects including birds and/or thermal cycling degradation in outside service. 
         [0116]    Similarly, the application of strong, well bonded, substantially porosity-free, conforming, metallic coatings comprising Co to the surface of parts can be used to restore worn or otherwise degraded parts. When initiating the repair the area to be treated is typically first “under-dimensioned” by removing some surface material to account for the thickness of the coating to be eventually added. The affected area is thereafter roughened, preferably by mechanical abrading, grit blasting, and/or chemical or plasma etching. The under-dimensioned area is then optionally metalized and finally restored to at least its original dimension by applying the conforming metallic layer comprising Co. After the metallic Co-bearing coating has been applied, the metallic coating can be ground or machined back to the proper original dimensions of the tool. Suitable finishing processes including milling, grinding, drilling, sanding, and polishing. 
         [0117]    Preferred embodiments of this invention therefore relate to enhancing the durability and structural integrity of new or worn parts/components by applying the conforming metallic coating comprising Co. The electrodeposition method used comprises (a) suitably preparing/activating a surface of the part/component to receive a metallic coating thereon; (b) optionally applying one or more electricity conductive intermediate structures or layers to the surface of the part/component to receive the electrodeposited coating selected from the group consisting of a primer, an adhesive layer, an intermediate metallic layer, a conductive paint; and (c) applying one or more fine grained and/or amorphous metallic coating(s) comprising Co to part, or all of the surface of the part/component, by DC or pulse electrodeposition. 
         [0118]    After electrodeposition, where appropriate, the metallic coating can be suitably exposed to a finishing treatment such as polishing including electropolishing and/or additional coatings can be applied which can include, among others, electroplating, i.e., metal plating and/or applying polymeric top coatings such as paints. In applications requiring good wear, friction, anti-bacterial performance, the Co-comprising fine-grained and/or amorphous coating forms the outer most surface. 
       Electroplating/Electroforming Description: 
       [0119]    The electroplating process for plating or refurbishing a suitable article includes the steps of: (i) providing a part including a substrate having one or more surfaces to be plated, (ii) degreasing the surface(s) of the part and, if desired, masking selected areas of the surface(s) not to be plated, (iii) activating the surface(s) to be plated and (iv) optionally applying intermediate layers and (v) suitably coating the surface(s) to be coated with one or more layers of fine-grained and/or amorphous Co-comprising metallic material. 
         [0120]    To enhance the bond between the Co-bearing coating and, e.g., a steel substrate, the steel substrate is typically cleaned before applying one or more coatings. The steel surface(s) to be plated is(are) degreased and cleaned using one or more of the processes selected from the group of vapor degrease, solvent wipe, as well as aqueous or solvent based (e.g., ketones, alcohols) degrease, applying dry abrasives; alkaline cleaners and electrocleaning Surfaces not to be coated can be suitably masked using lacquers, rubber-based coatings, and tapes. The surface of the substrate to be plated can be shot peened using an abrasive material including glass bead, steel shot or aluminum oxide, optionally followed by alkaline cleaning or an electrolytic “electro-clean” process using DC or AC. 
         [0121]    The substrate is suitably activated using a mineral acid etch, a plasma or oxidizing gas etch, and/or other surface preparation methods well known in the art. The pretreatment process steps and conditions are varied depending on the chemical composition of the substrate and are comparable to the pretreatment steps used in Cr or Ni plating processes. 
         [0122]    Optionally, one or more thin layers called “intermediate conductive layers or structures” can be applied prior to applying one or more Co-bearing coatings of the invention. The intermediate conductive layers or structures include metallic layer comprising Co-, Ag-, Ni-, Zn-, Sn- or Cu-strikes or a combination of any two or more of these, and the intermediate conductive layer or structure can be deposited by electrodeposition, electroless deposition, sputtering, thermal spraying, chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition of by any two or more of these. 
         [0123]    In the case of electroforming a temporary substrate is chosen so the metallic Co-comprising layer can be readily removed after plating. Suitable temporary substrates include metallic substrates such as polished titanium surfaces (followed, e.g., by mechanical removal), as well as organic substrates such as conductive waxes (followed typically by melting the temporary substrate). 
         [0124]    A person skilled in the art of plating will know how to generally electroplate selected fine-grained and/or amorphous metals, alloys or metal matrix composites choosing suitable plating bath formulations and plating conditions. Specifically to fine-grained and/or amorphous coatings comprising Co of this invention a number of process variables need to be closely controlled in order to achieve the desired properties outlined in this invention. In the case of tank plating, the part(s) to be plated are submerged into a Co-ion containing plating solution; providing one or more dimensionally stable anode(s) (DSA) or one or more soluble anode(s) and optionally one or more current thieve(s) submersed in the Co-ion bearing plating solution; providing for electrical connections to the cathode(s), current thieve(s) and anode(s) and applying direct and/or pulsed current to coat the surface of the part with a Co-bearing coating; removing the part from the tank, washing the part; optionally baking the plated part to reduce the risk of hydrogen embrittlement and/or heat treatment to harden the part and/or the Co-bearing coating; optionally polishing or buffing the surface and optionally applying other coatings, e.g., protective paints or waxes. 
         [0125]    Dimensionally stable anodes (DSA) or soluble anodes can be used. Suitable DSAs include platinized metal anodes, platinum clad niobium anodes, graphite or lead anodes or the like. Soluble anodes include Co metal or Co alloy rounds placed in suitable anode basket made, e.g., out of Ti, and covered by suitable anode bags. Where possible the use of soluble anodes is preferred as, unlike when using DSAs, Co-ions lost from the electrolyte through reduction to the coating on the cathode get replenished by Co rounds which are anodically dissolved. Further benefits of using soluble anodes include a substantial reduction in the cell voltage due to the potential difference between Co-oxidation and oxygen evolution and much simpler bath maintenance. 
         [0126]    Specifically preferred Co-bearing plating solutions include one or more Co-bearing compounds including cobalt sulfate (CoSO 4 .6H 2 O) cobalt chloride (CoCl 2 .6H 2 O) and cobalt carbonates (CoCO 3 .H 2 O; 2CoCO 3 .3Co(OH) 2 .H 2 O) with a preferred concentration range of Co ++  ion between 10 g/l (or mol/l) and 100 g/l (or mol/l). Other salts can be used as sources for the Co metal ions including, but not limited to citrate and phosphate. 
         [0127]    The Co-ion bearing plating solution optionally contains P-ions, e.g., as phosphorous acid (H 3 PO 3 ) and/or phosphate, e.g., as phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ), with a P concentration in the range of between 0.5 to 100 g/l or mol/l. (Phosphites and phosphates may be added to the Co-bearing plating to enable the formation of Co—P alloy deposits, provide for the phosphate/phosphite equilibrium, and to maintain the pH value of the plating solution, e.g., as phosphoric acid, Co phosphate or sodium phosphate. 
         [0128]    The Co-bearing plating solution also typically contains one or more additives selected from the group of surfactants, brighteners, grain-refiners, stress-relievers, salts to raise the ionic conductivity and pH adjusters. Stress-controlling agents and grain-refiners based on sulfur compounds such as sodium saccharin may be added in the range of 0 to 10 g/l to control the grain-size/hardness and the stress. Other suitable grain refiners/brighteners include borates and/or perborates in the concentration range of between 0 and 10 g/l of B. Sodium, potassium or other chlorides can be added to increase the ionic conductivity of the plating solution which may also act as stress relievers. 
         [0129]    A preferred range for the pH value of the plating solution is between 0.9 and 4. The surface tension of the Co-ion plating solution having above described composition may be in a preferred range of 30 to 100 dyne/cm. A preferred temperature range of the plating solution is 20 to 120° C. 
         [0130]    When using soluble anodes Co-ion depletion is prevented by using Co rounds as soluble anodes, e.g., retained in Ti anode baskets otherwise Co-ions depletion is prevented by suitable bath additions. 
         [0131]    After suitably contacting one or more anodes and one or more parts serving as cathode(s), direct or pulsed current (including the use of one or more cathodic pulses, and optionally anodic pulses and/or off times) is applied between the cathode(s) and the anode(s). A suitable duty cycle is in the range of 25% to 100%, preferably between 50 and 100% and suitable applied average cathodic current densities are in the range of 50 to 300 mA/cm 2 , preferably between about 100 and 200 mA/cm 2 . This results in deposition rates of between 0.025 and 0.5 mm/h. Agitation rates can also be used to affect the microstructure and the deposit stress and suitable agitation rates range from about 0.01 to 10 liter per minute and effective cathode or anode area to from about 0.1 to 300 liter per minute and applied Ampere. 
         [0132]    By using the electrodeposition process described, Co-comprising coatings can be produced which are ductile, free of cracks, and possess sufficient hardness and residual stress to meet wear and fatigue requirements for wear-resistant coatings. Preferred Co-comprising coatings comprise Co in the range of about 75 to 100 weight percent; P in the range of about 0 to 25 weight percent; W in the range of about 0 to 25 weight percent; boron in the range of about 0 to 10 weight percent. Embedded in the fine-grained and/or amorphous Co-comprising coating can be one or more particulates representing between 0-50% per volume of the total metal matrix composite. 
         [0133]    Using the process described a preferred Co-comprising coating deposited onto a steel substrate (4340) using DC or pulse plating contains Co with 2±1% per weight of P and unavoidable impurities totaling less than 1% with an average grain size in the 5-25 nm range and a internal deposit tensile stress of 15±5 ksi and a as deposited Vickers hardness of 570±40 VHN. The coating was applied at a thickness of 50 microns. To prevent hydrogen embrittlement the deposit can be heat-treated for at least 12 hours, preferably 24 hrs at a temperature range of between 175-200° C. Optionally a further heat-treatment can be employed to increase the deposit Vickers hardness to 640±40. Similarly fine-grained, amorphous, mixed fine-grained and amorphous metallic layers comprising various compositions including, but not limited to, Co—P, Co—P—B, Co—Fe, Co—Fe—P, Co—Ni, Co—Ni—P, Co—Ni—P—B, Co—Ni—W, Co—W and Co—W—P with and without the addition of particulates can be synthesized. 
       Internal Coating Stress: 
       [0134]    It is also well documented that internal stress is perhaps the most integral characteristic of an electrodeposition system and is affected by a large number of variables including, but not limited to, the current density; concentration of every major component of the plating bath (metal salts, conductive salts, buffering agents, etc.); concentration of additives (organic or inorganic wetting agents, grain refiners, brighteners); concentration of impurities (chemical or particulate), including trace amounts; bath temperature; agitation rate; solution pH; plating cell geometry; composition and condition of anodes; anode/cathode surface area ratio; thickness of the deposit, quality of DC power (ripple) and, where applicable, pulsing conditions; and nature and condition of the substrate; 
         [0135]    It is known that tight process control needs to be applied to suitably control stress and furthermore that it is of paramount importance to measure stress directly in the plating tank rather than attempt to recreate the same conditions in a laboratory cell. 
         [0136]    Specific to fine-gained and/or amorphous coatings comprising Co in general a stress in the range of from 2.5 to 30 ksi is desired and, e.g., specifically to fine-grained Co-2±1% P a desired stress is +15±5 ksi (tensile). 
       Porosity: 
       [0137]    When suitably adjusting the deposition conditions, the porosity of fine-grained and/or amorphous metallic coatings comprising Co can be maintained below 1.5%, typically below 1%. As an example, porosity values determined as described above are 0.1% for fine-grained Co-2±1% P (grain size: 15 nm; internal stress: +15 ksi) compared to 1.6% for EHC as is illustrated in  FIG. 1 . Specifically  FIG. 1  shows optical microscopy pictures of hard Cr and the Co-2P coatings, as well as the high contrast images derived thereof using commercial imaging software, which are the images used to determine the actual porosity values. It is well known that a number of properties of coatings is compromised by porosity, which in the case of electrodeposited coatings, includes pores, voids, cracks and the like introduced during the coating deposition and/or formed thereafter due to the inherent stress in the deposit or induced by stress, wear and/or corrosion. It is observed that the porosity of a coating is not necessarily exclusively an “inherent material property” as the porosity of a coating layer is usually affected by the deposition conditions, the coating thickness (thicker coatings tend to have lower porosity) and the substrate topography/texture/roughness, i.e., in the case of very thin coatings the substrate topography predominantly determines the coating porosity. 
       Anti-Microbial/Anti-Bacterial Properties: 
       [0138]    It is well known that over 80% of infectious diseases are transmitted by touch and while stainless steel and aluminum doorknobs, plates, counter tops, sinks, etc. appear to be clean they can harbor deadly microbes. Metallic antimicrobial coatings can maintain the antimicrobial properties over the life of the product and not suffer deterioration when scratched or damaged. It is well known that silver and copper alloys provide antimicrobial properties; however, these metals and their alloys are relatively soft and could not be employed in applications requiring wear resistance equivalent to, e.g., hard chromium. 
         [0139]    Anti-microbial properties of Co-comprising coatings were investigated using zone of inhibition testing. The test protocol for the zone of inhibition test includes growing selected bacteria overnight, streaking them onto a semi-solid organic media plate, followed by placing a 1 cm 2  metal sample on the bacteria streaks and holding the sample at 37° C. for 24 hrs. Thereafter, the distance the bacteria streak has receded away from the edge of the metal sample is measured and this distance denotes the “radius of no growth”/“zone of inhibition”. 
         [0140]    The Luria-Bertani media was used for testing for  salmonella  which included: 10 g/L NaCl, 10 g/L tryptone, 5 g/L yeast extract, 15 g/L agar dissolved in sterile distilled water; pH 7.0-7.2. The Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) media was used for testing for  Listeria  which included 37 g/L BHI and 15 g/L agar dissolved in sterile distilled water, pH 7.0-7.2. 
         [0141]    The fine-grained Co-2P (average grain size between 5 and 25 nm; internal stress: +15±5 ksi) had a no-growth distance similar to Cu and displayed a characteristic large brown halo as illustrated in  FIG. 2  for  Salmonella . Table 2 summarizes the zone of inhibition test results for a number of metallic materials. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Zone of Inhibition test results after 24 hrs exposure at 37° C. to 
               
               
                   salmonella  and  listeria  for a number of metallic materials. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Zone of Inhibition [mm] 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 304  
                 OFHC  
                 Co (coarse 
                 Co-2P (5- 
               
               
                 Bacteria 
                 Steel 
                 Cu 
                 grained) 
                 25 nm) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   Salmonella 
                 
                 ~0 
                 ~0.2 
                 ~0 
                 3.7 
               
               
                 
                   typhimurium 
                 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Listeria 
                   monocytogenes 
                 
                 ~0 
                 ~1.0 
                 ~0 
                 1.9 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Adhesion: 
       [0142]    When suitably pretreated, excellent bond strengths of fine-grained and/or amorphous metallic coatings comprising Co in general, and fine-grained Co-2±1% P in particular, are achieved. In bend tests conducted in accordance with ASTM B571, no signs of peeling or delamination are observed between the Co-comprising coating and the substrate at low (10×) magnification. In testing conducted in accordance with ASTM B553-71, samples coated with fine-grained and/or amorphous metallic coatings comprising Co were exposed to a thermal cycling pass 30 thermal cycles without delamination and the displacement of the coating relative to the underlying substrate is substantially zero. 
       Fatigue Life: 
       [0143]    As highlighted above electrodeposited coatings are known from the scientific and patent literature to compromise the fatigue performance, particularly at high deposit internal stress levels. It has now been surprisingly found that electroplated fine-grained and/or amorphous coatings comprising Co in general and fine-grained Co-2±1% P in particular do not adversely affect the fatigue performance and, at times, even provide a fatigue benefit (fatigue credit). Table 3 illustrates fatigue data obtained with uncoated and a Co-coated AISI heat-treatable 4340 low-alloy steel substrates (hardness: RC 49-53, yield strength: 1,790-1,930 MPa) tested at roughly 56% of the yield strength of the steel (1,035 MPa) and Table 4 illustrates fatigue data obtained with equivalent thickness Cr and a Co-coated AISI heat-treatable 4340 low-alloy steel substrates. Specifically, the steel was coated with 50 micron Co-2P with an average grain size of about 5-25 nm and a tensile stress of +15±2 ksi and a as deposited hardness of VHN570±40. No shot peening was performed. As fatigue performance can vary significantly each data point represents an average of five test samples. Cr coated samples were prepared using conventional EHC technology. Table 5 illustrates fatigue data obtained on various test specimen using AISI heat-treatable 4340 low-alloy steel substrates. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Fatigue Performance for Uncoated and 50 Micron  
               
               
                 Thick Fine-Grained Co-2P Coated 4340 Steel. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Number of Fatigue Life Cycles to Failure at  
               
               
                   
                 an Applied Stress of 1035 MPa (=150 ksi) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 4340 coated 
                 Ratio between the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 with a 50 
                 number of cycles of  
               
               
                   
                 Uncoated 
                 micron thick 
                 the coated versus the 
               
               
                 Fatigue Test 
                 4340 Steel 
                 Co-2P coating 
                 uncoated test specimen 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Axial Fatigue 
                 43,000 
                 43,500 
                 1.01 
               
               
                 ASTM E466 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Rotating Beam 
                 23,000 
                 60,000 
                 2.61 
               
               
                 Fatigue ISO 1143 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Fatigue Performance for 50 Micron Thick Chromium  
               
               
                 and Fine-Grained Co-2P Coated 4340 Steel. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Number of Fatigue Life Cycles to Failure at  
               
               
                   
                 an Applied Stress of 1035 MPa (=150 ksi) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 4340 coated 
                 Ratio between the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 with a 50 
                 number of cycles of  
               
               
                   
                 Cr coated 
                 micron thick 
                 the coated versus the 
               
               
                 Fatigue Test 
                 4340 Steel 
                 Co-2P coating 
                 uncoated test specimen 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Axial Fatigue 
                  7,000 
                 43,500 
                 6.21 
               
               
                 ASTM E466 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Rotating Beam 
                 10,000 
                 60,000 
                 6.00 
               
               
                 Fatigue ISO 1143 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Axial Fatigue Performance for Uncoated as well as  
               
               
                 Chromium and Fine-Grained Co-2P Coated 4340 Steel. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Number of Fatigue Life Cycles to Failure at  
               
               
                   
                 an Applied Stress of 1035 MPa (=150 ksi) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 50 micron 
                 250 micron 
               
               
                   
                   
                 50 micron 
                 thick 
                 thick 
               
               
                   
                 uncoated 
                 Cr coated 
                 Co-2P  
                 Co-2P  
               
               
                 Fatigue Test 
                 4340 Steel 
                 4340 Steel 
                 coating 
                 coating 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Axial Fatigue 
                 43,500 
                 7,000 
                 43,500 
                 125,000 
               
               
                 ASTM E466 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ratio between 
                 1.00 
                 0.16 
                 1.00 
                 2.87 
               
               
                 the number of  
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 cycles of the 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 test specimen 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 versus the 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 uncoated test 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 specimen 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ratio between 
                 62.14 
                 1.00 
                 62.14 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 the number of 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 cycles of the 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 test specimen  
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 versus the Cr 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 coated test 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 specimen 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0144]    A further enhancement of the fatigue performance was observed when the surface of substrate was suitably pre-treated and/or post-treated by heat-treating and/or cold working such as peening. Similar results were achieved when the Co bearing coating had a mixed amorphous/crystalline nanostructure, i.e., Co—P with P in the range of 3-5%, or amorphous, i.e. in the case of Co—P with P&gt;5. The addition of other alloying elements such as B, W, Fe and the like and particulates such as diamond, SiC, BN and the like provide similar results. 
       VARIATIONS 
       [0145]    The foregoing description of the invention has been presented describing certain operable and preferred embodiments. It is not intended that the invention should be so limited since variations and modifications thereof will be obvious to those skilled in the art, all of which are within the spirit and scope of the invention.