Abstract:
Fluorine-containing, chiral liquid crystal compounds comprise (a) a chiral fluorochemical terminal portion comprising (i) at least one chiral center, which can optionally be heteroatom-substituted; (ii) a terminal fluoroalkyl, fluoroether, perfluoroalkyl, or perfluoroether group; and (iii) an alkylene or fluoroalkylene group optionally containing at least one catenary ether oxygen atom; (b) a chiral or achiral terminal portion consisting of a hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon ether group, and, when chiral, comprising at least one chiral center, which can optionally be heteroatom-substituted; and (c) a central core connecting the terminal portions; the alkylene or fluoroalkylene group of the chiral fluorochemical terminal portion having at least 3 in-chain atoms and being located between the chiral center of the chiral fluorochemical terminal portion and the central core. The compounds have smectic mesophases or latent smectic mesophases and are useful, for example, in liquid crystal display devices.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to fluorinated chiral smectic liquid crystal compounds, to a process for the preparation of such compounds (and to intermediates for use therein), and to liquid crystal compound mixtures and electrooptical display devices containing such compounds. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Devices employing liquid crystals have found use in a variety of electrooptical applications, in particular those which require compact, energy-efficient, voltage-controlled light valves, e.g., watch and calculator displays, as well as the flat-panel displays found in portable computers and compact televisions. Liquid crystal displays have a number of unique characteristics, including low voltage and low power of operation, which make them the most promising of the non-emissive electrooptical display candidates currently available. 
     One of the most important characteristics of a liquid crystal display device is its response time, i.e., the time required for the device to switch from the on (light) state to the off (dark) state. In a ferroelectric or anti-ferroelectric device, response time (τ=η/P s E) is proportional to the rotational viscosity (η) of the liquid crystal compound(s) contained within the device and is inversely proportional to their polarization (P s ) and to the applied electric field (E). Thus, response time can be reduced by using compound(s) having high polarizations or low viscosities, and such compounds are greatly desired in the art. 
     In the passive addressing of liquid crystal compounds exhibiting a spontaneous polarization, however, low polarization mixtures can be important for the practical operation of a liquid crystal device. Polarization reversal fields are larger for higher polarization mixtures, and polarization reversal fields cause switching or partial switching back to a material&#39;s original director alignment. This results in loss of the bistability that is crucial to the passive-matrix driving of ferroelectric liquid crystal devices. 
     Another potential disadvantage of using high polarization mixtures is the partial switching of their director alignment in response to non-switching (secondary) signals in a driving waveform. This continued response or fluctuation of the director causes a large decrease in the contrast ratio of a ferroelectric liquid crystal device. 
     In addition to fast response times, compounds should ideally possess broad smectic temperature ranges to enable operation of the device over a broad range of temperatures (or should be capable of combination with other liquid crystal compounds having different smectic temperature ranges without adversely affecting the smectic phase behavior of the base mixture). 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Briefly, in one aspect, this invention provides fluorine-containing, chiral liquid crystal compounds having smectic mesophases or latent smectic mesophases. (Compounds having latent smectic mesophases are those which by themselves do not exhibit a smectic mesophase, but which, when in admixture with compounds having smectic mesophases or with other compounds having latent smectic mesophases, develop smectic mesophases under appropriate conditions.) The chiral liquid crystal compounds of the invention comprise (a) a chiral fluorochemical terminal portion that comprises (i) at least one chiral center (or chiral moiety), which can optionally be heteroatom-substituted; (ii) a terminal fluoroalkyl, fluoroether, perfluoroalkyl, or perfluoroether group (preferably, perfluoroalkyl or perfluoroether) wherein the fluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkyl groups are represented by the formula —C q F 2q X′, wherein q is at least about 5 and X′ is hydrogen or fluorine; and (iii) an alkylene or fluoroalkylene group optionally containing at least one catenary, i.e., in-chain, ether oxygen atom; (b) a chiral or achiral terminal portion consisting of a hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon ether group and, when chiral, comprising at least one chiral center, which can optionally be heteroatom-substituted; and (c) a central core connecting the terminal portions; the alkylene or fluoroalkylene group of the chiral fluorochemical terminal portion having at least 3 in-chain atoms and being located between the chiral center of the chiral fluorochemical terminal portion and the central core (an “extended group”). 
     The chiral fluorochemical terminal portion of the compounds of the invention can be represented by the formula —D—R*—D—R f , where R* is a cyclic or acyclic chiral moiety containing at least one chiral center (asymmetric carbon atom); R f  is fluoroalkyl, perfluoroalkyl, fluoroether, or perfluoroether; and each D is independently and non-directionally selected from the group consisting of a covalent bond,                           
     and combinations thereof, where one or more hydrogen atoms can optionally be replaced with fluorine, and where r and r′ are independently integers of 0 to about 20, s is independently an integer of 1 to about 10 for each (C s H 2s O), t is an integer of 1 to about 6, and p is an integer of 0 to about 4; with the proviso that at least one chiral center of R* is spaced from the central core by at least 3 in-chain atoms. Preferably, R f  is perfluoroalkyl or perfluoroether; more preferably, R f  is perfluoroether, as the perfluoroether-containing compounds of the invention exhibit, e.g., a broad smectic C mesophase, good compatibility with other smectic C compounds, and advantageous layer spacing behavior. When the R f  group of the fluorochemical terminal portion is perfluoroalkyl or perfluoroether, it can contain small amounts of residual carbon-bonded hydrogen atoms but is preferably completely fluorinated. 
     In general, the compounds of this invention have a central core comprised of at least one or two rings independently selected from the group consisting of aromatic, heteroaromatic, alicyclic, substituted aromatic, substituted heteroaromatic, and substituted alicyclic rings, the rings being connected one with another by a covalent bond or by chemical groups selected from the group consisting of —COO—, —COS—, —HC═N—, —CH═CH—, —C≡C—, and —COSe—. The rings can be fused or non-fused. The heteroatoms within the heteroaromatic rings comprise at least one atom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Non-adjacent ring carbon atoms in the alicyclic rings can be substituted by nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur atoms. When the ring(s) are aromatic, heteroaromatic, substituted aromatic, or substituted heteroaromatic, the non-fused rings of the core are preferably no more than about two in number. 
     The chiral liquid crystal compounds of the invention exhibit exceptionally wide mesomorphic temperature ranges. When used in electrooptical devices, the compounds provide fast response times upon application of an electric field over broad temperature ranges. This makes them extremely useful in the preparation of mixtures that operate in their active mesomorphic phase in the range of from about −30° C. to about 70° C. 
     Surprisingly, in comparison with similar compounds having fewer than 3 in-chain atoms between at least one chiral center of the fluorochemical terminal portion and the central core, the compounds of the invention provide comparable electrooptic response speeds in spite of their lower measured polarization values. These lower polarization values in combination with broad mesogenic temperature ranges enable the utilization of liquid crystal mixtures that contain up to 100% of the chiral (optically active) compounds of the invention. In general, mixtures containing a high concentration of the compounds of this invention exhibit more temperature independent switching properties, which is important for the reliable and consistent operation of liquid crystal devices. 
     Furthermore, the use of high concentrations of liquid crystal compounds having low polarizations also provides a decrease (relative to the use of low concentrations of compounds having high polarizations) in the partial switching response of the resulting compositions to non-switching (secondary) signals in the driving waveform that is commonly used in the passive addressing of liquid crystal devices. Such a decrease in this response is critical for improving the contrast of a device. 
     The compounds of the invention are useful in admixture with themselves or with other chiral or achiral liquid crystal compounds (as dopants or as the major components), for electrooptical display applications. The compounds have a number of desirable properties when used in admixture with themselves or with other liquid crystal compounds, preferably compounds having fluorinated terminal portions such as those compounds disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,886,619 (Janulis), U.S. Pat. No. 5,082,587 (Janulis), U.S. Pat. No. 5,262,082 (Janulis et al.), and U.S. Pat. No. 5,658,491 (Kistner et al.). 
     For example, the compounds of the invention when admixed with such preferred liquid crystal compounds show excellent compatibility, show a beneficial effect or only a minimal negative effect on the smectic C temperature range of the resulting mixtures (even when present at high concentrations), and provide ferroelectric mixtures having fast electrical response times. Mixtures containing the compounds exhibit favorable alignment, switching, response to an electric field, temperature dependence of response speed, temperature dependence of polarization, contrast, layer structure, and mesomorphic temperature ranges. Compounds of the invention can also be used to optimize mixture properties such as tilt angle, memory angle, spontaneous polarization and its temperature dependence, mesomorphic transition temperatures, switching behavior, birefringence, and the temperature dependence of layer spacing. 
     In other aspects, this invention also provides liquid crystal compounds (described below) having two fluorochemical terminal portions, a mixture of liquid crystal compounds comprising at least one liquid crystal compound of the invention, a liquid crystal display device containing at least one liquid crystal compound of the invention, and liquid crystal intermediate compounds. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with regard to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawing, wherein: 
     FIG. 1 shows a plot of smectic C layer spacing (in Angstroms) versus temperature (in degrees Centigrade) for selected compounds of the invention that were prepared by the procedures given in the designated Examples. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     A class of the above-described liquid crystal compounds of the present invention can be represented by the general formula I:                           
     where M, N, and P are each independently selected from the group consisting of                           
     a, b, and c are each independently zero or an integer of from 1 to 3, with the proviso that the sum of a+b+c be at least 1 (and preferably no greater than 2); 
     each A and B are non-directionally and independently selected from the group consisting of a covalent bond, —C (═O)—O —, —C (═O)—S—, —C (═O)—Se—, —C(═O)—Te—, —(CH 2 CH 2 ) k — where k is 1 to 4, —CH═CH—, —C≡—C—, —CH═N—, —CH 2 —O—, —C(═O)—, and —O— 
     each X, Y, and Z are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —Cl, —F, —Br, —I, —OH, —OCH 3 , —CH 3 , —CF 3 , —OCF 3 , —CN, and —NO 2 ; 
     each l, m, and n are independently zero or an integer of 1 to 4; 
     each D is non-directionally and independently selected from the group consisting of a covalent bond,                           
     where one or more hydrogen atoms can optionally be replaced with fluorine, and where r and r′ are independently integers of 0 to about 20, s is independently an integer of 1 to about 10 for each (C s H 2s O), t is an integer of 1 to about 6, and p is an integer of 0 to about 4; 
     R is selected from the group consisting of                           
     where each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —F, —CF 3 , —NO 2 , —CN, —H, —C q H 2q+1 , —O—(O═) C—C q H 2q+1 , —C(═O)—O—C q H 2q+1 , —Br, —OH, and —OC q H 2q+1  (preferably, —H or —F); q′ is independently an integer of 1 to about 20 for each (C q′ H 2q′ —O); q is an integer of 1 to about 20; w is an integer of 0 to about 10; v is an integer of 0 to about 2; each v′ is independently an integer of 0 to about 2; g is an integer of 1 to about 3; each D is independently and non-directionally selected from the group set forth for D above, with the proviso that the ring containing D has from about 3 to about 10 ring atoms; each W is independently selected from the group consisting of N, CR′, and SiR′; and R can be chiral or achiral; and 
     R* is a cyclic or acyclic chiral moiety containing at least one chiral center; and 
     R f  is fluoroalkyl, perfluoroalkyl, fluoroether, or perfluoroether; 
     with the proviso that there are at least 3 in-chain atoms between the central core structure —(M) a —AN b BP c — and at least one chiral center of R*. 
     Preferably, R f  is a perfluoroalkyl or perfluoroether group and R* is selected from the group consisting of —O—((C q′ H 2q′−v′ —(R′) v′ ) —O) w —C q H 2q−v —(R′) v —, —((C q′ H 2q′−v′ —(R′) v′ ) —O) w —C q H 2q−v —(R′) v —, —C(═O)—O—C q H 2q−v —(R′) v —, —O—(O═)C—C q H 2q−v —(R′) v —,                           
     where each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —F, —CF 3 , —NO 2 , —CN, —H, —C q H 2q+1 , 
     —O—(O═)C—C q H 2q+1 , —C(═O)—O—C q H 2q+1 , —Br, —OH, and —OC q H 2q+1  (preferably, —H, —F, —CF 3 , —Br, —OH, or —OCH 3 ; more preferably, —H, —F, or —CF 3 ); q′ is independently an integer of 1 to about 20 for each ((C q′ H 2q′−v′ —(R′) v′ )—O); q is an integer of 1 to about 20; w is an integer of 0 to about 10; v is an integer of 0 to about 3; each v′ is independently an integer of 0 to about 3; g is an integer of 1 to about 3; each D is independently and non-directionally selected from the group set forth for D above, with the proviso that the ring containing D has from about 3 to about 10 ring atoms; and each W is independently selected from the group consisting of N, CR′, and SiR′. More preferably, R f  is perfluoroether. 
     In defining R f , particularly preferred perfluoroalkyl and fluoroalkyl groups are those which can be represented by the formula —C q F 2q X′, where q is as defined above (and, preferably, is at least about 5) and X′ is hydrogen or fluorine. Particularly preferred perfluoroether groups are those which can be represented by the formula —(C x F 2x O) z C y F 2y+1 , where x is independently an integer of 1 to about 10 for each (C x F 2x O), y is an integer of 1 to about 10, and z is an integer of 1 to about 10. Preferably, the perfluoroether group is linear, x is independently an integer of 1 to about 6 for each (C x F 2x O), y is an integer of 1 to about 6, and z is an integer of 1 to about 6. 
     Preferred subclasses of the above-described chiral compounds of the invention can be represented by the following formula: 
     
       
         R″—(O) j —G—D′—R*—(C s′ H 2s′ O) t′ C r″ H 2r″ —R f   (II) 
       
     
     where R″ is (R′) v —C q H 2q+1−v , where q is an integer of 2 to about 10, each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, methyl, and perfluoromethyl, and v is an integer of 1 to about 2; 
     j is an integer of 0 or 1; 
     G is selected from the group consisting of                           
     where one or more of the aromatic hydrogen atoms can be replaced with fluorine; 
     D′ is selected from the group consisting of —OC s H 2s O t C r′ H 2r′ —, —C r H 2r —, C s H 2s O t C r′ H 2r′ —, and —O—C r H 2r —, where r and r′ are independently integers of 0 to about 12, s is independently an integer of 1 to about 10 for each (C s H 2s O), and t is an integer of 1 to about 3; 
     R* is selected from the group consisting of —C q H 2q−v —(R′) v — and                           
     where R′ is —F, q is an integer of 1 to about 4, v is an integer of 1 to about 3, W is N or CH, and D″ is —C(═O)—O— or —CH 2 —; 
     s′ in Formula II is an integer of 1 to about 6; 
     t′ in Formula II is an integer of 0 or 1; 
     r″ in Formula II is an integer of 1 to about 3; and 
     R f  is selected from the group consisting of —C q F 2q+1  and —(C x F 2x O) z C y F 2y+1 , where q is an integer of 1 (preferably 5) to about 6, x is independently an integer of 1 to about 10 for each (C x F 2x O), y is an integer of 1 to about 8, and z is an integer of 1 to about 5; 
     with the proviso that there are at least 3 in-chain atoms between the central core structure G and at least one chiral center of R*. 
     More preferably, s′, t′, and r″ in Formula II are each an integer of 1. 
     The fluorine-containing liquid crystal compounds of the invention can be prepared by a process comprising the steps of (a) mixing at least one compound represented by the formula                           
     with at least one compound represented by the formula                           
     or mixing at least one compound represented by the formula                           
     with at least one compound represented by the formula                           
     or mixing at least one compound represented by the formula                           
     with at least one compound represented by the formula 
     
       
         B″—D—R f   (VII), 
       
     
     where M, N, P, a, b, c, A, B, X, Y, Z, l, m, n, D, R, R*, and R f  are as defined above for formula I; x is an integer of 0 or 1; and each A′, A″, B′, and B″ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —COOH, —CH(CH 2 OH) 2 , —SH, —SeH, —TeH, —NH 2 , —COCl, —CHO, —OSO 2 R f ′″, —OSO 2 CH 3 , —C≡CH, dialkyl borane, —CH═CH 2 , —NH(C═O)OC q H 2q+1 , —NCO, —OSO 2 -cyclo(C 6 H 4 )—CH 3 , —CH 2 COOH, and —CH(C(O)O—C q H 2q+1 ) 2 , where R f ′″ is a perfluoroalkyl group having from 1 to about 10 carbon atoms and q is an integer of 0 to about 20, and with the proviso that (R*) x —A′ can enter into an addition or condensation reaction with A″ and that (R*) x —B′ can enter into an addition or condensation reaction with B″; 
     and (b) allowing compounds III and IV, compounds V and VI, or compounds III and VII to react, optionally in the presence of suitable coupling agent(s), i.e., reagent(s) which effect coupling. For Formula IV, B″ is preferably selected from the group consisting of —C≡CH, dialkyl borane, and —CH═CH 2  (more preferably —CH═CH 2 ), and —D—R*—D—R f  is preferably —D′—R*—(C s′ H 2s′ O)  t′ C r″ H 2r″—R   f  as defined above for Formula II. 
     In another aspect, liquid crystal compounds of the present invention also include compounds that have two fluorochemical terminal portions and can be represented by the general formula VIII:                           
     where n′ is an integer of 0 to about 10 (preferably from about 2 to about 6); j is an integer of 0 or 1; each R f  moiety is independently selected from the group consisting of fluoroalkyl, fluoroether, perfluoroalkyl, and perfluoroether (preferably, perfluoroalkyl or perfluoroether; more preferably, perfluoroether); and definitions (and preferred definitions) for the other moieties are as stated above for Formula I. Such compounds can be prepared by the above-described methods involving Formulas III, IV, V, VI, and VII, wherein the R moiety is replaced with R f —CH 2 O—C n′ H 2n′ O— (wherein R f  and n′ are as defined for Formula VIII). 
     Preferred subclasses of the above-described chiral compounds of the invention having two fluorochemical terminal portions can be represented by the following formula: 
     
       
         R f —CH 2 O—C n′ H 2n′ O—G—D′—R*—(C s′ H 2s′ O) t′ C r″ H 2r″ —R f   (IX) 
       
     
     where n′ is an integer of about 2 to about 6 (preferably, 3 or 4); each R f  is independently selected from the group defined above for R f  in regard to Formula II; and all other moieties (and preferred moieties) are as defined above for Formula II. 
     Most of the compounds of the present invention have enhanced smectic mesophases. Mixtures of the compounds of the invention with other liquid crystal materials can be formulated to provide desired transition temperatures and broad mesophase temperature ranges. Such mixtures preferably contain compounds having fluorinated terminal portions, such as those compounds described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,886,619 (Janulis) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,082,587 (Janulis) and, most preferably, U.S. Pat. No. 5,262,082 (Janulis et al.) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,658,491 (Kistner et al.), the descriptions of which are incorporated herein by reference. The liquid crystal compounds of the invention can also be used to prepare ferroelectric liquid crystal devices such as, e.g., those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,417,883 (Radcliffe) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,427 (Shinjo) and in EP 769582 and EP 769543. 
     The compounds of this invention in admixture with other chiral or achiral liquid crystal compounds may exhibit chiral smectic liquid crystal behavior. Furthermore, many of the perfluoroether group-containing liquid crystal compounds of the invention when used alone or when mixed with other liquid crystal compounds of the invention or with achiral, fluorine-containing liquid crystal compounds (preferably, the perfluoroether group-containing liquid crystal compounds described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,262,082 (Janulis et al.)) exhibit a reduced temperature dependence of the smectic interlayer spacing. This property provides for the spontaneous generation of an essentially bookshelf type layer structure, which is ideal for a ferroelectric liquid crystal device. In general, the compounds of the invention exhibit maintenance or expansion of the smectic C layer spacing with decreasing temperature. 
     Another advantage of using the materials of this invention in the formulation of liquid crystal mixtures is the low birefringence which can be obtained. The low birefringence of the liquid crystal compounds of the invention (relative to their non-fluorine-containing analoques) allows the fabrication of devices with larger device spacings. Light transmission through, e.g., a surface-stabilized ferroelectric device (as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,367,924, the description of which is incorporated by reference herein) with two polarizers is represented by the following equation: 
     
       
         I=I o  (sin 2 (4Θ)) (sin 2 (πΔnd/λ)) 
       
     
     where I o =transmission through parallel polarizers 
     Θ=material tilt angle 
     Δn=liquid crystal birefringence 
     d=device spacing 
     λ=wavelength of light used 
     To maximize the transmission, both sin 2  (4Θ)) and sin 2  (πΔnd/λ) must be at maximum. This occurs when each term equals one. The first term is a maximum when the tilt angle equals 22.5°. This is a function of the liquid crystal and is constant for a given material at a given temperature. The second term is maximum when Δnd=λ/2. This demonstrates the criticality of the low birefringence of the materials of this invention. Low birefringence allows a larger device thickness, d, for a given wavelength of light. Thus, a larger device spacing is possible while still maximizing transmission, allowing easier device construction. 
     Objects and advantages of this invention are further illustrated by the following examples, but the particular materials and amounts thereof recited in these examples, as well as other conditions and details, should not be construed to unduly limit this invention. 
     In the following examples, all temperatures are in degrees Celsius and all parts and percentages are by weight unless indicated otherwise. Commercially available materials were chemically transformed by reaction pathways well-known to those skilled in the art and detailed in the examples. Chemical transformations were comprised of acylation, esterification, etherification, alkylation, and combinations thereof using fluorine-containing and non-fluorine-containing reactants to provide the precursor compounds, which, in turn, were caused to react together to yield the chiral, fluorine-containing liquid crystal compounds of this invention. 
     Compounds prepared in the various examples of this invention were characterized by their melting or boiling point, and structures were confirmed by using at least one of the following methods of analysis: chromatography;  13 C—,  1 H—, and  19 F—NMR; and infrared and mass spectroscopies. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The 5-alkyl-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) pyrimidines used in the examples were prepared essentially as described by Zaschke and Stolle in “Synthese niedrigschmelzender Kristallin-Flussiger Heterocyclen; 5-n-Alkyl-2-[4-n-alkanoyloxy-phenyl]pyrimidine,” Z.Chem. 15, 441-3 (1975). (S)- and (R)-2-fluoro-decyl-p-toluenesulfonate were prepared essentially as described by Nohira et al. in Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 180B, 379 (1990). Fluorinated alcohols were prepared essentially as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,262,082 (Janulis et al.; the description of which is incorporated herein by reference) by sodium borohydride reduction of the corresponding perfluorinated acids (or derivatives), which had been prepared by electrochemical fluorination (ECF) or by direct fluorination (using elemental fluorine) of the corresponding hydrocarbon acids (or derivatives). See, e.g., the description of ECF given in U.S. Pat. No. 2,519,983 (Simons), the description of which is incorporated herein by reference. Direct fluorination is described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,362,919 (Costello et al.), the description of which is also incorporated herein by reference. 
     Example 1 
     Preparation of (S)-5-Octyl-2-[4-(8-(2-(2-(2-(trifluoromethoxy(tetrafluoroethoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-7-fluorooctyl)phenyl]pyrimidine 
     Preparation of Starting Material: 
     (S)-8-(2-(2-(2-(Trifluoromethoxy(tetrafluoroethoxy) (tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-7-fluorooct-1-ene 
     Into a dry 3 liter flask fitted with a reflux condenser, a nitrogen inlet, a thermocouple, and an addition funnel, were placed magnesium turnings (37.8 g, 1.55 mol) and dry t-butylmethylether (100 mL). 5-bromo-1-pentene (225 g, 1.51 mol) was added to the flask dropwise at a rate which maintained the reflux temperature of the reaction mixture (55-6° C.). Additional t-butylmethylether (about 1.5 L) was added in 50 mL portions during the addition of the bromide. After the addition was complete, the resulting mixture was heated to reflux for an additional 30 minutes. The mixture was then cooled to −65° C. Dilithiotetrachlorocuprate (302 mL, 0.1 M in tetrahydrofuran (THF)) was added, and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred for 45 minutes at −65° C. followed by addition of R(−)-epichlorohydrin (125.7 g, 1.36 mol) at a rate not to exceed a reaction mixture temperature of −40° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for an additional 30 minutes, was warmed to −5° C., and was then quenched by the addition of 250 g of ammonium chloride in 2.5 liters of water. The resulting aqueous phase was extracted with t-butylmethylether (300 mL), and the combined ether layers were washed with ammonium chloride/ammonium hydroxide buffer (2×500 mL) and saturated sodium chloride (2×500 mL). The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the resulting residue was distilled (b.p.=57-72° C. at 0.15 torr) to give 183 g of (R)-8-chloro-7-hydroxy-oct-1-ene. 
     This chlorohydrin was converted in situ to (R)-1,2-epoxy-7-octene and reacted with 2-(2-(2-(trifluoromethoxy(tetrafluoroethoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethanol using the following procedure: (R)-8-chloro-7-hydroxy-oct-1-ene (100 g, 0.61 mol), aqueous potassium hydroxide (45 mL of 45 wt. %), 2-(2-(2-(trifluoromethoxy(tetrafluoroethoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethanol (291 g, 0.733 mol), Adogen™ 464 (60 g), and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (60 mL) were added to a one liter flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer, an addition funnel, a reflux condenser, and a thermometer. The resulting solution was stirred for one hour at 45° C. and then warmed to 60° C., at which time aqueous potassium hydroxide (70 mL of 45 wt %) was added dropwise. This solution was heated for 2 hours at 60° C. and then at 70° C. for 8 hours. Water (300 mL) was added, and the resulting organic phase was separated and washed with 7 weight % HCl (300 mL). The organic phase was again separated and was concentrated under reduced pressure (25 torr). The resulting crude product was then purified by silica gel chromatography using toluene as eluent to give 268 g of (R)-8-(2-(2-(2-(trifluoromethoxy(tetrafluoroethoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-7-hydroxyoct-1-ene. 
     Under a nitrogen atmosphere, (R)-8-(2-(2-(2-(trifluoromethoxy(tetrafluoroethoxy) tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-7-hydroxyoct-1-ene (60 g, 0.103 mol) and dry toluene (120 mL) were added to an oven-dried flask with stirring. The resulting solution was cooled to −15° C., perfluorobutanesulfonyl fluoride (58.9 g, 0.185 mol) was added, and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred for 5 minutes. 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (28.7 g, 0.189 mol) was then added at a rate so as not to exceed a temperature of 5° C. for the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at ambient temperature and was quenched by the addition of toluene (120 mL) and water (60 mL). The resulting organic phase was separated from the resulting aqueous phase, and the aqueous phase was washed with toluene. The combined organic extracts were washed with 120 mL of 7 volume % HCl. The combined extracts were concentrated under reduced pressure (25 torr), and the resulting crude product was distilled (b.p. 58-65° C. at 0.01 torr) to give 33.8 g of (S)-8-(2-(2-(2-(trifluoromethoxy(tetrafluoroethoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-7-fluorooct-1-ene. 
     Preparation of Starting Material: 
     4-(5-Octylpyrimidine-2-yl)phenyl Nonafluorobutane Sulfonate 
     A 12 liter flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer, a constant addition funnel, a thermometer, and a reflux condenser was charged with of 5-octyl-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyrimidine (300 g, 1.05 mol), perfluorobutanesulfonyl fluoride (378 g, 1.25 mol), and tert-butylmethylether (3 L) under positive nitrogen pressure and was cooled with an ice bath to 16° C. 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (180 g, 1.18 mol) was added to the resulting mixture over 25 minutes, while maintaining the temperature of the mixture below 20° C. After the addition was complete, the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours, and then 3 liters of water was added. The resulting aqueous phase was separated from the resulting organic phase, and the organic phase was washed with a mixture of 2.25 liters of water and 0.75 liters of concentrated HCl. The solvent was removed from the organic phase under reduced pressure to yield 697 g of crude product, which was recrystallized from ethanol to yield 4-(5-octyl pyrimidine-2-yl)phenyl nonafluorobutane sulfonate (499 g, 84% yield). 
     Preparation of Product: 
     A 1 liter flask fitted with a magnetic stirring bar, a thermocouple, and a nitrogen inlet was charged with anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (230 mL) and 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (229 mL, 0.5 M in THF) under a nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting solution was cooled to 5° C. and then (S)-8-(2-(2-(2-(trifluoromethoxy(tetrafluoroethoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-7-fluorooct-1-ene (50 g, 95.4 mmol) was added via syringe at a rate such that the temperature of the resulting mixture was maintained below 7° C. The mixture was stirred for 14 hours, and then PdCl 2 (Ph 3 P) 2  (2.0 g, 2.86 mmol), NaOH (11.4 g, 286.1 mmol), and 4-(5-octyl pyrimidine-2-yl)phenyl nonafluorobutane sulfonate (54.0 g, 95.4 mmol) were added. The resulting mixture was heated to 50° C. for 1.5 hours and was then poured into 1 liter of water. The resulting product was extracted with toluene (3×100 mL), and the toluene extracts were washed with water (3×100 mL). The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the resulting crude brown product was chromatographed through 200 g of silica gel (10 volume % ethyl acetate in heptanes eluent) and was further purified by recrystallization from heptane at −20° C. followed by Kugelrohr distillation (b.p. 195-197° C. at 0.02 torr; yield 54.7 g). 
     Examples 2 Through 140 
     Example 2-140 were prepared essentially as described in Example 1 using homologous starting materials according to the following general Scheme (where n is an integer of 0 to 7 and R f  and R are as defined above for Formula I.                           
     Example 141 
     Preparation of 5-Hexyloxy-2-[4(-6-(2-pentafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(S)-7-fluorooctyl)phenyl]pyrimidine 
     The starting material, 5-hexyloxy-2-[4(-6-(2-pentafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(R)-7-hydroxyoctyl)phenyl]pyrimidine, was prepared by combining 5-hexyloxy-2-[4-(1,2-epoxyhexyl)phenyl]pyrimidine (3.0 g, 7.85 mmol; which can be prepared from (R)-1,2-epoxy-7-octene and 4-(5-hexyloxypyrimidine-2-yl)phenyl trifluoromethanesulfonate by the method described in Oh-e, T. et. al., J. Org. Chem. 58, 2201 (1993).), 2-pentfluoroethoxy-2,2-difluoroethanol (2.04 g, 9.42 mmol), Adogen™ 464 (0.4 mL), potassium hydroxide (1.0 mL 50 weight % in H 2 O), and THF (1 mL). The resulting mixture was heated at 75° C. for 12 hours. The resulting alcohol was purified by recrystallization from acetonitrile (yield 3.99 g). 
     The title compound was prepared by dropwise addition of 5-hexyloxy-2-[4(-6-(2-pentafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(R)-7-hydroxyoctyl)phenyl]pyrimidine (3.99 g, 6.68 mmol) in THF (13 mL) to a solution of diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (1.2 g, 7.35 mmol) in THF (22 mL) at −50° C. The resulting mixture was then warmed to 0° C. and subsequently cooled to −50° C. before addition of pyridine (1.1 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours and was then added to a slurry of silica gel (15 g in 100 mL diethyl ether). Solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the resulting product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel), eluting with 10:1 hexane/ethyl acetate, followed by Kugelrohr distillation (b.p. 156-165° C. at 0.1 torr; yield 0.93 g). 
     Examples 142 Through 163 
     Examples 142-163 were prepared essentially as described in Example 141 using homologous materials as shown in the following general Scheme 2. In Scheme 2, n is an integer of 4 to 6, and R f  and R are as defined above for Formula I.                           
     Examples 164 Through 175 
     Examples 164-175 were prepared essentially as in described in Example 141 using (S) 3-(3-butenyloxy)-1,2-epoxy-propane (prepared from (R) epichlorohydrin and 3-buten-1-ol using BF 3 . Et 2 O and subsequent treatment with base) in place of (R)-1,2-epoxy-7-octene according to the following general Scheme 3. In Scheme 3, n is an integer of 4, and R f  and R are as defined above for Formula I.                           
     Examples 176 Through 186 
     Examples 176-186 were prepared essentially as described in Example 1 using (R) 1-chloro-3-(5-hexenyloxy)-2-propanol (prepared from (R) epichlorohydrin and 5-hexen-1-ol using BF 3 . Et 2 O) in place of (R)1-chloro-7-octen-2-ol according to the following general Scheme 4 (where n is an integer of 4 to 6, and R and R f  are as defined above for Formula I);                           
     Example 187 
     Example 187 was prepared essentially as described in Example 1 using (S) 1-chloro-3-(5-octenyloxy)-2-propanol (prepared from (R) epichlorohydrin and 7-octen-1-ol using BF 3 . Et 2 O) in place of (R) 1-chloro-7-octen-2-ol. 
     Examples 188 Through 201 
     Examples 188-201 were prepared essentially as described in Example 176 using 5-benzyloxy-2-(4-trifluoromethanesulfonyloxyphenyl) pyrimidine in place of 5-octyloxy-2-(4-nonafluorobutanesulfonyloxyphenyl) pyrimidine. The resulting compound was treated with 10 weight % palladium on carbon under hydrogen pressure (3100 torr) to obtain 5-hydroxy-2-[4-(6-(3-(2-(2-(2-(trifluoromethoxy(tetrafluoroethoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(S)-2-fluoropropyloxy)hexyl)phenyl]pyrimidine. This material was then treated under basic conditions with the corresponding chloride or methane sulfonate to give the final products. The procedure is shown in the following general Scheme 5 (where Bn is a benzyl protecting group, n is an integer of 3 or 4, m is an integer of 0 or 1, and R f  and R are as defined above for Formula I):                           
     Example 202 
     Preparation of 5-Octyloxy-2-[4-(2-(3-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(R)-2-fluoropropoxy)ethoxy)phenyl]pyridine 
     The title compound was prepared by combining 5-octyloxy-2-[4-hydroxyphenyl]pyrimidine (2.2 g, 7.4 mmol), 2-(3-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(R)-2-hydroxypropoxy)ethyl chloride (4.2 g, 7.4 mmol), and potassium carbonate (1.2 g, 8.9 mmol) in a 1:1 mixture of acetonitrile and dimethyl formamide. After heating overnight, the resulting mixture was poured into deionized water (40 mL), was filtered, and the resulting product purified by chromatography, eluting with 4:1 and then 2:1 hexane/ethyl acetate (yield 2.56 g). The resulting chiral (R)-hydroxy compound (2.5 g, 3.0 mmol) was treated with diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (0.58 g, 3.6 mmol) to produce the title compound, which was purified by recrystallization from ethanol, followed by Kugelrohr distillation (b.p. 210-20° C. at 0.4 torr; yield 1.42 g). 
     Example 203 
     Preparation of 5-heptyl-2-[4-(3-(3-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(S)-2-fluoropropoxy)propoxy)phenyl]pyrimidine 
     The starting material, 3-(3-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(S)-2-fluoropropoxy)propyl chloride, was prepared by combining 3-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(S)-2-fluoropropanol (20 g, 39.4 mmol) and 1-bromo-3-chloropropane (18.6 g, 118 mmol). The resulting compound (2.0 g, 3.4 mmol) was then combined with 5-heptyl-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyrimidine (0.9 g, 3.4 mol) in acetonitrile/dimethyl formamide (1:1, 20 mL) using essentially the procedure of Example 8 of International Patent Publication No. WO 96/33251. The resulting crude product was further purified by chromatography, eluting with 30:1 toluene/ethyl acetate, followed by Kugelrohr distillation (180-90° C. at 0.01 torr; yield 0.96 g). 
     Example 204 
     Preparation of 5-Hexyloxy-2-[4-(3-(3-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(S)-2-fluoropropoxy)propoxy)phenyl]pyrimidine 
     The title compound was prepared essentially as described in Example 8 of International Patent Publication No. WO 96/33251 by combining 3-(3-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(S)-2-fluoropropoxy)propyl chloride (3.0 g, 5.1 mmol) with 5-hexyloxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyrimidine (1.4 g, 5.1 mmol). The resulting crude product was purified by Kugelrohr distillation (b.p. 170-80° C. at 0.01 torr). 
     Example 205 
     Preparation of 5-Octyloxy-2-[4-(4-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(S)-3-fluorobutoxy)phenyl]pyrimidine 
     The starting material, 4-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(S)-3-fluorobutane-1-methanesulfonate, was prepared by the following procedure: 4-benzyloxy-(R)-1,2-epoxybutane (8.0 g, 44.9 mmol, prepared essentially as described by J. A. Frick in Synthesis 7, 621 (1992)) was combined with 2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy (23.3 g, 53.9 mmol), potassium hydroxide (3.0 g, 53.9 mmol, aqueous) in tetrahydrofuran (3 mL) and refluxed for 3 hours to produce 4-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(R)-3-hydroxybutane-1-methanesulfonate. This (R)-hydroxy compound (20 g, 32.8 mmol) was treated with diethylaminosulfur tetrafluoride (6.3 g, 39.3 mmol) and was then hydrogenated using Pd(OH) 2  on carbon to remove the benzyl protecting group. 
     The title compound was prepared by combining 5-octyloxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyrimidine (1.1 g, 3.8 mmol) and 4-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(S)-3-fluorobutane-1-methanesulfonate (2.3 g, 3.8 mmol) using essentially the procedure of Example 8 of International Patent Publication No. WO 96/33251. The resulting crude product was further purified by chromatography, followed by Kugelrohr distillation (yield 1.92 g). 
     Example 206 
     Preparation of 5-Hexyloxy-2-[3-(4-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(S)-3-fluorobutoxy)propyl)phenyl]pyrimidine 
     The title compound was prepared by adding (nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(S)-3-fluorobutoxy)prop-1-ene (3.5 g, 6.2 mmol, prepared by addition of 3-bromopropene to 4-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(S)-3-fluorobutanol) to a mixture of 5-hexyloxy-2-[trifluoromethylsulfonyloxyphenyl]pyrimidine (2.5 g, 6.22 mmol), 9-borabicyclononane (12.4 mL of 0.5 M in THF), PdCl 2 dPPF ([1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) chloride, 50 mg, 0.062 mmol), and K 3 PO 4  (2.8 g, 13.1 mmol) in dioxane (17 mL) at a temperature less than 5° C. After stirring the resulting mixture at 100° C. for 16 hours, water was added, and the mixture was extracted with toluene. The combined toluene extracts were dried, and the resulting crude product was purified by chromatography, eluting first with 10:1 then 4:1 hexanes/ethyl acetate, followed by Kugelrohr distillation (b.p. 180° C. at 0.01 torr; yield 0.95 g). 
     Example 207 
     Preparation of 5-Octyloxy-2-[1-(4-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy) tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(S)-3-fluorobutoxy)methyl)phenyl]pyrimidine 
     The title compound was prepared by combining 2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(S)-3-fluorobutanol(2.0 g, 3.8 mmol), 5-octyloxy-2-[bromomethylphenyl]pyrimidine (prepared essentially as described in EP 474196, 1.44 g, 3.8 mmol), potassium hydroxide (0.21 g, 3.8 mmol), and Adogen™ 464 (0.15 g) in tetrahydrofuran and then heating the resulting mixture overnight at 75° C. The resulting crude product was purified by chromatography, eluting with 8:1 hexanes/ethyl acetate, followed by Kugelrohr distillation (yield 0.45 g). 
     Example 208 
     Preparation of 5-Hexyloxy-2-[4-(4-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(S)-3-fluorobutoxy)butoxy)phenyl]pyrimidine 
     The starting material, 4-(4-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(S)-3-fluorobutoxy)butyl bromide, was prepared by combining 1,4-dibromobutane (4.9 g, 22.8 mmol) with 2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(S)-3-fluorobutanol (4.0 g, 7.6 mmol). The title compound was prepared essentially as described in Example 8 of International Patent Publication No. WO 96/33251 by combining 4-(4-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(S)-3-fluorobutoxy)butyl bromide (2.7 g, 4.1 mmol) with 5-hexyloxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyrimidine (1.1 g, 4.1 mmol). The resulting crude product was purified by chromatography, eluting with 6:1 hexanes/ethyl acetate (yield 0.58 g). 
     Example 209 
     Preparation of 5-Octyl-2-[4-(4-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy) tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(S)-3-fluorobutoxy)butoxy)phenyl]pyrimidine 
     The title compound was prepared essentially as described in Example 8 of International Patent Publication No. WO 96/33251 by combining 4-(4-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(S)-3-fluorobutoxy)butyl bromide (2.6 g, 3.95 mmol) with 5-octyl-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyrimidine (1.1 g, 3.95 mmol). The resulting crude product was purified by chromatography, eluting with 6:1 hexanes/ethyl acetate (yield 2.4 g). 
     Example 210 
     Preparation of 5-Heptyl-2-[4-(7-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(R)-6-fluoroheptyloxy)phenyl]pyrimidine 
     The starting material, 7-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(R)-6-fluoroheptane-1-methanesulfonate, was prepared by the following procedure: 7-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(R)-6-fluorohept-1-ene (10 g, 18.8 mmol) was treated with BH 3 . THF (9.4 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran, followed by oxidation with hydrogen peroxide (30% aqueous, 9.4 mmol) to produce the corresponding heptanol. This heptanol (8.9 g, 15.7 mmol) was treated with methanesulfonyl chloride (1.98 g, 17.3 mmol) to produce the methanesulfonate derivative 
     The title compound was prepared by combining 5-heptyl-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyrimidine (1.1 g, 3.8 mmol) and 4-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(S)-3-fluoropropoxy) butane-1-methanesulfonate (2.3 g, 3.8 mmol) essentially as described in Example 8 of International Patent Publication No. WO 96/33251. The resulting crude product was further purified by recrystallization from heptane, then from ethanol, followed by Kugelrohr distillation (b.p. 200° C. at 0.1 torr; yield 1.79 g). 
     Example 211 
     Preparation of 5-Hexyloxy-2-[4-(7-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(R)-6-fluoroheptyloxy)phenyl]pyrimidine 
     The title compound was prepared by combining 5-hexyloxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyrimidine (0.36 g, 1.32 mmol) and 4-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(S)-3-fluoropropoxy)butane-1-methanesulfonate (0.85 g, 1.32 mmol) essentially as described in Example 8 of International Patent Publication No. WO 96/33251. The resulting crude product was further purified by chromatography, eluting with 10:1 hexanes/ethyl acetate, followed by Kugelrohr distillation (b.p. 190-210° C. at 0.01 torr; yield 0.67 g). 
     Example 212 
     Preparation of 5-Octyloxy-2-[4-(7-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(R)-6-fluoroheptyloxy)-2,3-difluorophenyl]pyrimidine 
     The title compound was prepared essentially as described in Example 211 by combining 5-octyloxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-difluoropyrimidine and 4-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(S)-3-fluoropropoxy)butane-1-methanesulfonate essentially as described in Example 8 of International Patent Publication No. WO 96/33251. The resulting crude product was further purified by chromatography, eluting with 10:1 hexanes/ethyl acetate, followed by Kugelrohr distillation. 
     Example 213 
     Preparation of 5-Octyloxy-2-[4-(7-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(R)-6-fluoroheptyloxy)-2,3-difluorophenyl]pyrimidine 
     The title compound was prepared essentially as described in Example 211 by combining 5-octyloxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-fluoropyrimidine and 4-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(S)-3-fluoropropoxy)butane-1-methanesulfonate essentially as described in Example 8 of International Patent Publication No. WO 96/33251. The resulting crude product was further purified by chromatography, eluting with 10:1 hexanes/ethyl acetate, followed by Kugelrohr distillation. 
     Example 214 
     Preparation of 5-(2-(S)-Fluorodecyloxy-2-[4-(6-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(S)-5-fluorohexyl)phenyl]pyrimidine 
     The title compound was prepared by adding (nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(S)-5-fluorohex-1-ene (4.0 g, 7.5 mmol) to a mixture of 5-(2-(S)-fluorodecyloxy-2-[6-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(S)-5-fluorohexyl)phenyl]pyrimidine (3.6 g, 7.5 mmol), 2-(2, 9-borabicyclononane (15 mL of 0.5 M in THF), PdCl 2 dPPF (60 mg, 0.075 mmol), and K 3 PO 4  (3.3 g, 15.8 mmol) in dioxane (17 mL) at a temperature less than 5° C. After stirring the resulting mixture at room temperature overnight, water was added, and the mixture was extracted with toluene. The combined toluene extracts were dried, and the resulting crude product was purified by chromatography, eluting with 10:1 hexanes/ethyl acetate, followed by Kugelrohr distillation (b.p. 190-210° C. at 0.01 torr) and recrystallization from heptane (yield 2.2 g). 
     Example 215 
     Preparation of 5-Hexyloxy-2-[4-(3-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy) )-(R)-2-fluoropropyloxy)-(R)-2-methylpropyloxy)phenyl]pyrimidine 
     The starting material, 3-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy))-(R)-2-fluoropropyloxy)-(R)-2-methylpropane-1-methanesulfonate, was prepared as follows: (S)-2-methyl-3-bromopropanol was alkylated with benzyl bromide to produce (S)-2-methyl-3-bromo-1-benzyloxypropane, which was then combined with 3-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy))-(R)-2-fluoropropanol, followed by hydrogenation with 10% Pd/C to remove the benzyl protecting group. The title compound was prepared by combining 5-hexyloxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyrimidine (0.7 g, 2.58 mmol) and 3-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy))-(R)-2-fluoropropyloxy)-(R)-2-methylpropane-1-methanesulfonate (1.7 g, 2.58 mmol) essentially as described in Example 8 of International Patent Publication No. WO 96/33251. The resulting crude product was further purified by chromatography, eluting with 10:1 hexanes/ethyl acetate, and was recrystallized from heptane, followed by Kugelrohr distillation (b.p. 180-190° C. at 0.02 torr; yield 1.28 g). 
     Example 216 
     Preparation of 5-Heptyloxy-2-[4-(3-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy))-(S)-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl)propyl)phenyl]pyrimidine 
     The title compound was prepared by adding 3-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy))-(S)-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl)prop-1-ene (6.0 g, 10.3 mmol, prepared by addition of 3-bromopropene to 2-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy) tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(S)-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethanol) to a mixture of 5-heptyloxy-2-[trifluoromethylsulfonyloxyphenyl]pyrimidine (4.3 g, 10.3 mmol), 9-borabicyclononane (20.6 mL of 0.5 M in THF), PdCl 2 dPPF (82 mg, 0.1 mmol), and K 3 PO 4  (2.8 g, 13.1 mmol) in dioxane (17 mL) at a temperature less than 5° C. After stirring the resulting mixture at 100° C. for 16 hours, water was added, and the mixture was extracted with toluene. The combined toluene extracts were dried, and the resulting crude product was purified by chromatography, eluting with 10:1 hexanes/ethyl acetate, and was recrystallized from heptane, followed by Kugelrohr distillation (b.p. 160-70° C. at 0.02 torr; yield 3.04 g). 
     Example 217 
     Preparation of 5-Hexyloxy-2-[4-(2-(2-(2-(trifluoromethoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(R)-8-fluorononyloxy)phenyl]pyrimidine 
     The starting material, 2-(2-(2-(trifluoromethoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(R)-8-fluorononyl-1-methanesulfonate, was prepared by hydroboration of 2-(2-(2-(trifluoromethoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(R)-8-fluoronon-1-ene using BH 3  in tetrahydrofuran, followed by mesylation of the resulting nonanol. The title compound was prepared by combining 5-hexyloxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyrimidine (2.0 g, 7.8 mmol) and 2-(2-(2-(trifluoromethoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)-(R)-8-fluorononyl-1-methanesulfonate (4.9 g, 7.8 mmol) essentially as described in Example 8 of International Patent Publication No. WO 96/33251. The resulting crude product was further purified by recrystallization from hexanes, followed by chromatography (eluting with 10:1 hexanes/ethyl acetate) and then by Kugelrohr distillation (b.p. 185-95° C. at 0.01 torr; yield 2.3 g) 
     Example 218 
     Preparation of 5-Heptyloxy-2-(4-[5-(3-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy))-(S)-2-(fluoropropoxy)-2,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluoropentyloxy)phenyl]pyrimidine 
     The title compound was prepared essentially as in Example 97 of International Patent Publication No. 96/15092 by combining 5-heptyloxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyrimidine with 5-(3-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy))-(S)-2-(fluoropropoxy)-2,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluoropentyl-1-butanesulfonate. The resulting product was purified by chromatography, followed by Kugelrohr distillation (b.p. 200-5° C. at 0.008 torr). 
     Example 219 
     Preparation of 5-Heptyloxy-2-(4-[4-(3-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy))-(S)-2-(fluoropropoxy)-2,2,3,3,-tetrafluorobutyloxy)phenyl]pyrimidine 
     The title compound was prepared essentially as in Example 97 of International Patent Publication No. 96/15092 by combining 5-heptyloxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyrimidine with 4-(3-(2-(2-(nonafluorobutoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy))-(S)-2-(fluoropropoxy)-2,2,3,3-tetrafluorobutyl-1-butanesulfonate. The resulting product was purified by chromatography, followed by Kugelrohr distillation (b.p. 195-200° C. at 0.01 torr) 
     The compounds of the Examples were evaluated for transition temperatures by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and/or optical observation of material phase changes using a hot stage and a polarizing microscope. The transition temperatures (° C.) were obtained upon cooling through the isotropic state (I) to the smectic A mesophase (S A ), the smectic C mesophase (S C ), and higher order mesophases (M1 and M2) and are set forth in Table 1 below. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ex. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 No. 
                 Structure 
                 I to S A   
                 to S C   
                 to S M1   
                 to K 
                 to S C   
                 to S A   
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 79.3 
                 56.7 
                 −4.2 
                   
                 22.2 
                 59.2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 90.9 
                 61.3 
                 41.5 
                   
                 46.6 
                 63.2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 92.3 
                 70.1 
                 43.2 
                   
                 48.2 
                 72.5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 4 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 92.1 
                 57.6 
                 41.1 
                   
                 52.8 
                 59.5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 83.4 
                   
                 34.3 
                   
                   
                 48.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 6 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 95 
                 61 
                 27.7 
                   
                 37.7 
                 63.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 7 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 89.6 
                   
                 32.4 
                   
                   
                 45.2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 8 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 84.1 
                   
                 30 
                   
                   
                 47.9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 9 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 95 
                 50 
                 38 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 91.7 
                 59.7 
                 25.8 
                   
                 34.1 
                 62 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 11 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 98.4 
                 63.6 
                 34 
                   
                 42.7 
                 65.9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 12 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 83.5 
                   
                 29.9 
                   
                   
                 42.9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 13 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 93.1 
                 69.6 
                 27.4 
                   
                 34.7 
                 72.1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 14 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 91.5 
                 54.8 
                 23.5 
                   
                 40.8 
                 57.6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 15 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 72.8 
                 40.9 
                 21.4 
                   
                 33.9 
                 43.6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 16 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 67.2 
                 31.5 
                 17.2 
                   
                 25 
                 33.9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 17 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 65.9 
                   
                 26.1 
                   
                   
                 40.5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 18 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 67.7 
                 38 
                 18.2 
                   
                 26.6 
                 40.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 19 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 72.8 
                 48.4 
                 19.2 
                   
                 26.1 
                 51 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 20 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 92 
                   
                 14.9 
                   
                   
                 31.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 21 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 103.4 
                 74.6 
                 12.1 
                   
                 33.4 
                 76.2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 22 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 98.3 
                 53 
                 19.4 
                   
                 41.5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 23 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 91.8 
                   
                 13.5 
                   
                   
                 27.2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 24 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 98.6 
                 74.1 
                 11.6 
                   
                 30.5 
                 76.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 25 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 103.1 
                 69.6 
                 15.3 
                   
                 29.9 
                 72 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 26 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 98.1 
                 70.3 
                 2.6 
                   
                 17.6 
                 72.6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 27 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 80.4 
                 46.7 
                 8 
                   
                 24.8 
                 49.4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 28 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 73 
                 19 
                 13 
                   
                   
                 32 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 29 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 65.4 
                 9 
                 7 
                   
                   
                 16.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 30 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 78 
                 53 
                 &lt;RT 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 31 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 73.1 
                 35.2 
                 −1.7 
                   
                 21.3 
                 37.4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 32 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 92.4 
                 58.1 
                 5.9 
                   
                 20 
                 60.8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 33 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 100.3 
                 74.7 
                 −15.1 
                   
                 12.5 
                 77.1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 34 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 98.7 
                 75.5 
                 0 
                   
                 28.4 
                 77.8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 35 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 93.1 
                 59.5 
                 5 
                   
                 21.6 
                 62 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 36 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 100 
                 73.6 
                 18.1 
                   
                 29.1 
                 76.1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 37 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 103.7 
                 80.2 
                 1.1 
                   
                 21 
                 82.4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 38 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 90.8 
                 67.6 
                 1.1 
                   
                 13.6 
                 70.6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 39 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 98.6 
                 80.7 
                 −14.9 
                   
                 15.3 
                 82.8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 40 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 78.7 
                 50.4 
                 −4.5 
                   
                 19.6 
                 53.5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 41 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 74 
                 41 
                 −0.1 
                   
                 22.5 
                 45.1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 42 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 72.5 
                 47 
                 −0.1 
                   
                 24.5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 43 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 88.1 
                 61.9 
                 −15.1 
                   
                 29.5 
                 64.4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 44 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 95.5 
                 79.9 
                 −12.1 
                   
                 18.6 
                 82.5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 45 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 93.8 
                 82.2 
                 −12.1 
                   
                 20.9 
                 84.6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 46 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 104.4 
                 96.4 
                 −8 
                   
                 −0.2 
                 98.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 48 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 94.6 
                 37 
                 16.7 
                   
                   
                 39 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 49 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 97.6 
                 70.6 
                 13.8 
                   
                 27.1 
                 72.9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 50 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 112.4 
                 89.5 
                 26.3 
                   
                 30 
                 91.9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 51 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 100.7 
                 80.6 
                 20.6 
                   
                 42.9 
                 83.2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 52 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 101.4 
                 68.6 
                 −0.4 
                   
                 28.9 
                 71 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 53 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 95.2 
                 46.4 
                 3.2 
                   
                 38.5 
                 49.1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 54 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 88.9 
                 5 
                 −4.7 
                   
                 31.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 55 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 87.6 
                 32 
                 −4.1 
                   
                 32.1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 56 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 112.1 
                 89.3 
                 43 
                 0.7 
                 7 
                 91.5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 57 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 97.3 
                 59.2 
                 −7.5 
                   
                 33.7 
                 61.6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 58 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 101.3 
                 80.4 
                 15 
                   
                 49.8 
                 82.5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 59 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 74.1 
                 42.7 
                 −8.1 
                   
                 4.9 
                 45.2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 60 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 101.5 
                 70.3 
                 −28 
                   
                 29.2 
                 72.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 61 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 107.3 
                 76.6 
                 −23.2 
                   
                 7.6 
                 79.1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 62 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 93.6 
                 55 
                 −38.8 
                   
                 9.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 63 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 105.8 
                 81.2 
                 −31.8 
                   
                 5 
                 83.1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 64 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 116.4 
                 97.9 
                 42 
                 −29 
                 −22 
                 100.2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 65 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 103.2 
                 76.7 
                 −38.5 
                   
                 −28.7 
                 78.8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 66 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 107.1 
                 89.8 
                 −24.2 
                   
                 23.7 
                 92 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 67 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 81 
                 48 
                 −23.9 
                   
                 3.3 
                 50.2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 68 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 81.6 
                 60.9 
                 −19.6 
                   
                 18.7 
                 63.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 69 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 94.3 
                 70.4 
                 −22.5 
                   
                 −12.4 
                 72.8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 70 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 92.6 
                 73 
                 −23 
                   
                 14.8 
                 75.4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 71 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 99.7 
                 83.1 
                 −19.9 
                   
                 −10.1 
                 85.4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 72 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 74.8 
                 56.2 
                 &lt;−30 
                   
                 9 
                 58.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 73 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 105.8 
                   
                 −22.8 
                   
                   
                 20.8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 74 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 109.9 
                   
                 −5.9 
                   
                   
                 18.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 75 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 108.3 
                   
                 6.3 
                   
                   
                 39.9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 76 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 83.9 
                   
                 11.8 
                   
                   
                 34.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 77 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 86.7 
                   
                 17 
                   
                   
                 34.9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 78 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 108. 1 
                   
                 −7.3 
                   
                   
                 29.2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 79 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 103 
                   
                 −5.2 
                   
                   
                 36.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 80 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 107.9 
                   
                 −17.2 
                   
                   
                 27.9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 81 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 101.5 
                 88.1 
                 −25.3 
                   
                 15.8 
                 88.6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 82 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 102.3 
                   
                 −24.9 
                   
                   
                 15.6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 83 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 109.3 
                   
                 −9.8 
                   
                   
                 24.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 84 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 109-2 
                 70.7 
                 8.6 
                   
                 43.5 
                 73.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 85 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 84 
                   
                 14 
                   
                   
                 36 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 86 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 78.1 
                   
                 17.8 
                   
                   
                 44.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 87 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 83.2 
                   
                 14.5 
                   
                   
                 36.8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 88 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 77.4 
                   
                 2.5 
                   
                   
                 23.1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 89 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 76.7 
                   
                 −2.5 
                   
                   
                 20.8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 90 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 86.3 
                   
                 25.7 
                   
                   
                 49 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 91 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 110.3 
                 66 
                 −17.7 
                   
                 28.9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 92 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 105.5 
                 35 
                 −5.3 
                   
                   
                 35.4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 93 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 108.3 
                 72 
                 −18 
                   
                 29.2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 94 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 109.7 
                 70 
                 −17.3 
                   
                 28 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 95 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 104.6 
                 62.7 
                 −14.8 
                   
                 21.5 
                 65.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 96 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 104.2 
                 58 
                 −15.1 
                   
                 20.5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 97 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 86.6 
                 43.3 
                 25.7 
                   
                   
                 49.6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 98 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 102.5 
                 14 
                   
                   
                 38.6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 99 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 79.7 
                 22.6 
                   
                   
                 43.8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 100 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 107.7 
                 45 
                 11.2 
                   
                 39.2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 101 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 106.7 
                 80 
                 9.4 
                   
                 37.8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 102 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 105.4 
                   
                 −34 
                   
                   
                 9.4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 103 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 111.4 
                 −3.3 
                 &lt;−30 
                   
                   
                 8.5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 104 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 112.7 
                 37 
                 −15.6 
                   
                 23 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 105 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 109 
                 38.8 
                 −13.5 
                   
                 27.6 
                 41 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 106 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 109.9 
                 77.1 
                 −15 
                   
                 19 
                 79.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 107 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 105.9 
                 50.6 
                 −11.6 
                   
                 −6.1 
                 53.6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 108 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 113.5 
                 72.1 
                 −10.9 
                   
                 23.7 
                 73.9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 109 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 109.7 
                 70.6 
                 −16.1 
                   
                 30.1 
                 73.2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 110 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 106.4 
                 73.6 
                 −7.1 
                   
                 4.5 
                 75.9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 111 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 89.9 
                 63.1 
                 42.8 
                   
                 47.6 
                 65.4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 112 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 90.5 
                 64.9 
                 36.8 
                   
                 42.2 
                 67.2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 113 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 98 
                 73.6 
                 30.4 
                 40.2 
                 75.9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 114 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 91.2 
                 33 
                 31.2 
                   
                   
                 45.6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 115 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 96.4 
                 62.8 
                 35.2 
                   
                 42.3 
                 64.5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 116 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 96.2 
                 80.7 
                 28.5 
                   
                 37.1 
                 83.2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 117 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 75.3 
                 46.5 
                 28.4 
                   
                 35.2 
                 48.2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 118 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 95 
                 77.2 
                 23.5 
                   
                 39.2 
                 79.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 119 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 93.5 
                 68 
                 18.8 
                   
                 46.6 
                 69.8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 120 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 86 
                 37 
                 15.5 
                   
                 26.8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 121 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 94.8 
                 61.5 
                 31.1 
                   
                 38.6 
                 60.9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 122 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 97.9 
                 75.8 
                 25.3 
                   
                 34.1 
                 77.5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 123 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 88.1 
                 57.3 
                 22.5 
                   
                 41.4 
                 59.9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 124 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 77.6 
                 59.9 
                 9.2 
                   
                 34 
                 81.1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 125 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 71.1 
                 30 
                 15.6 
                   
                   
                 36.1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 126 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 74.5 
                 49.8 
                 22 
                   
                 36 
                 51.5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 127 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 64.5 
                 26.4 
                 21 
                   
                   
                 32.6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 128 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 97.9 
                 85.1 
                 8.9 
                   
                 37.7 
                 87.4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 129 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 93 
                 69.6 
                 −3.5 
                   
                 30.4 
                 71.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 130 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 97.9 
                 85.1 
                 8.9 
                   
                 37.7 
                 87.4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 131 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 101.4 
                 89.2 
                 11.7 
                   
                 29.8 
                 90.5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 132 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 92.7 
                 79.3 
                 6 
                   
                 20 
                 81.5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 133 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 103 
                 93.7 
                 12.9 
                   
                 32.9 
                 95.6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 134 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 76.7 
                 48 
                 26.8 
                 15.6 
                 36.9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 135 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 80 
                 60 
                 23.5 
                   
                 41.4 
                 64 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 136 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 70.3 
                 38 
                 14.8 
                   
                 32.6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 137 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 86.3 
                 64.9 
                 45.6 
                   
                 50.7 
                 67.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 138 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 94.3 
                 67 
                 35 
                   
                   
                 40.4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 139 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 77.6 
                 59.9 
                 9.2 
                   
                 34 
                 81.1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 140 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 88.3 
                 79.2 
                 15.4 
                   
                 37.5 
                 80.4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 141 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 82.6 
                   
                 23.5 
                   
                   
                 37.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 142 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 99.2 
                 51 
                 21.3 
                   
                 38.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 143 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 90 
                 27 
                 8.8 
                   
                   
                 29 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 144 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 76.9 
                 59.5 
                 −5.7 
                   
                 14.5 
                 62 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 145 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 100.2 
                 82.5 
                 9.1 
                   
                 18.9 
                 84.8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 146 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 96 
                 74 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 147 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 106.1 
                 95.6 
                 −8.8 
                   
                 9.1 
                 97.8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 148 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 88 
                 61 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 149 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 100.8 
                 90.9 
                 −8.2 
                   
                 13.6 
                 93.4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 150 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 64.80 
                 59.1 
                   
                 19.3 
                 25.1 
                 61.6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 151 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 96.3 
                 68.7 
                 −4.4 
                   
                 25.6 
                 71.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 152 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 75.2 
                 32.3 
                 −8.7 
                   
                 5.1 
                 34.6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 153 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 67.9 
                 19 
                 −8.4 
                   
                 12.6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 154 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 96.1 
                 40 
                 −32 
                   
                 8.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 155 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 106.1 
                 83.2 
                 −27.4 
                   
                 22.8 
                 85.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 156 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 102.1 
                 79.2 
                 −27.3 
                   
                 20.9 
                 81.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 157 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 78.4 
                 55.2 
                 −24.5 
                   
                 2.7 
                 57.6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 158 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 79.00 
                 57.5 
                   
                 −29.8 
                 9.9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 159 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 55.9 
                 12 
                 −24.5 
                   
                   
                 16.4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 160 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 72.00 
                 47.6 
                   
                 −25 
                 15.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 161 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 79.50 
                 62.00 
                 −25.40 
                   
                 −10.40 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 162 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 73.20 
                 55.1 
                   
                 −29 
                 25.4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 163 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 94.6 
                 81.6 
                 −16.7 
                   
                 −9.8 
                 84 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 164 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 73.9 
                   
                 −22.9 
                   
                   
                 28.9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 165 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 71.8 
                 35.3 
                 −21.6 
                   
                 26.6 
                 39.8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 166 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 91.6 
                 57.6 
                 12.6 
                   
                 20 
                 60.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 167 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 76.8 
                 4 
                 &lt;-40 
                   
                   
                 20 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 168 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 74.7 
                 40 
                 −36.5 
                 22.4 
                 43.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 169 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 84.4 
                 56 
                 &lt;−35 
                   
                 −34.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 170 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 94.5 
                 62.8 
                 &lt;-47 
                   
                   
                 65.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 171 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 76.7 
                   
                 &lt;-47 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 172 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 80.2 
                 25 
                 &lt;−47 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 173 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 82 
                 63.5 
                 −44.5 
                   
                 −32 
                 65.8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 174 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 84.3 
                 55.7 
                 &lt;−47 
                   
                 −35.5 
                 58.2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 175 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 83.1 
                   
                 −14.8 
                   
                   
                 36.2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 176 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 70.7 
                 49.1 
                 10.1 
                   
                 14.7 
                 50.5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 177 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 73.8 
                 50.1 
                 −9.6 
                   
                 17 
                 52.1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 178 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 78.3 
                   
                 −40.2 
                   
                   
                 5.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 179 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 80.3 
                   
                 −35.9 
                   
                   
                 6.4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 180 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 83.1 
                 69.8 
                 &lt;−40 
                   
                 0.7 
                 71.2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 181 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 84.3 
                 57.4 
                 −34.5 
                   
                 6.8 
                 59.8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 182 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 86.3 
                 73.7 
                 −20.3 
                   
                 −12.6 
                 75.9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 183 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 79.1 
                 58 
                 −23.3 
                   
                 6.6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 184 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 80.3 
                 55 
                 −24.7 
                   
                 7.8 
                 58.6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 185 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 78 
                 70.4 
                 −33 
                   
                 11.9 
                 72.6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 186 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 77.6 
                 74 
                 0.6 
                 −11.2 
                 3.2 
                 77.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 187 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 73/71 
                 54.4 
                 8.7 
                   
                 15.6 
                 56.6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 188 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 93.5 
                 34.4 
                 &lt;−-47 
                   
                 &lt;47 
                 86.9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 189 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 61.9 
                 54.4 
                 16.3 
                   
                 21.8 
                 56.5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 190 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 55.2 
                 47.2 
                 8.2 
                 −29.4 
                 22.1 
                 50.1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 191 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 69.2 
                 61.3 
                 −22.2 
                   
                 −8.6 
                 63.9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 192 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 61.6 
                 57 
                 4.2 
                   
                 16.4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 193 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 32 
                 24 
                 −14 
                   
                 12.5 
                 26.6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 194 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 69.6 
                 63 
                   
                 16.2 
                 17.8 
                 65 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 195 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 78.8 
                 51.8 
                 −19 
                   
                 10.5 
                 55 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 196 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 50 
                 37.1 
                   
                 &lt;5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 197 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 56.7 
                 38.6 
                 9.8 
                 2.9 
                 23.8 
                 40.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 198 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 61.9 
                 54.4 
                 16.3 
                   
                 21.8 
                 56.5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 199 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 85.4 
                 71.1 
                 −0.9 
                   
                 10.1 
                 73.1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 200 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 86.7 
                 78.1 
                 −5 
                   
                 22.7 
                 80.4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 201 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 47.1 
                 −2 
                   
                 13.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 202 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 108.9 
                 93.6 
                 −19.9 
                   
                 39.2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 203 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 73 
                   
                 −41.9 
                   
                   
                 −31.5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 204 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 99.5 
                 77.8 
                 −14.5 
                   
                 −1.6 
                 80.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 205 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 129.7 
                 80.4 
                 −5 
                   
                 17.6 
                 82.8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 206 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 82 
                 70.6 
                 −39.5 
                   
                 −30.8 
                 73 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 207 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 81 
                 68 
                 &lt;RT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 208 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 100.8 
                 94.1 
                 −12.7 
                   
                 19.2 
                 96.5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 209 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 78.2 
                 60.3 
                 −11.3 
                   
                 32.5 
                 62.5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 210 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 100.5 
                 79.8 
                 −0.6 
                   
                 11.7 
                 82.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 211 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 120.1 
                 103.1 
                 −5.3 
                   
                 17.9 
                 105.9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 212 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 100.9 
                 75.5 
                 2.2 
                   
                 24 
                 78 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 213 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 111.5 
                 94.2 
                 −7.3 
                   
                 14.4 
                 96.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 214 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 96.4 
                 85.4 
                 59.2 
                   
                 63.2 
                 87.6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 215 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 82 
                 65 
                 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 216 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 68 
                 48 
                 −7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 217 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 93 
                 81 
                 24 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 218 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 82.5 
                 67.4 
                 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 219 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 73.8 
                 57.7 
                 1.7 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The data in Table 1 shows that most of the compounds of the invention exhibit smectic mesophases and that many of the compounds exhibit a broad smectic C mesophase, which makes the compounds well-suited for use in liquid crystal display devices. As a result of the breadth of the smectic C mesophase, the compounds are useful in admixture with themselves or with other liquid crystal compounds, even at high concentration. 
     The smectic C layer spacing of selected compounds of the invention was measured as a function of temperature by Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS), essentially as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,417,883, and a plot of the data is shown in FIG.  1 . This data indicates that the compounds of the invention generally exhibited maintenance or expansion of the smectic C layer spacing with decreasing temperature (and can be used to control layer spacing with respect to temperature as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,417,883). The expansion rate varied with structure. 
     Examples 220 Through 236 
     A series of devices, each containing a chiral compound of this invention (designated by a parenthetical reference to Example No. in Table 2 below), was prepared essentially as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,377,033 (Radcliffe). The ITO-constituted electrodes of each device were connected to an arbitrary waveform generator with variable output voltage. The device was driven by a voltage waveform consisting of bipolar, square pulses of ±10 V/μm amplitude, spaced 30 milliseconds apart by a train of square pulses having the same width and 3.3 V/μm amplitude. The device was heated to the temperatures noted in Table 3 (below) and the polarization (nC/cm 2 ), the τ electric , the smectic viscosity, and the tilt angle φ t  were determined as described below: 
     The polarization of the device was determined essentially as described by Miyasato et al. in Jap. J. Appl. Phys. 22, 661 (1983). The electronic response time, τ electric , was derived from the displacement current of the ferroelectric liquid crystal device under an applied square voltage pulse. The current was viewed on a 100 megahertz bandwidth oscilloscope. The usual decaying exponential, associated with a dielectric filled capacitor, was followed by the spontaneous polarization (P s ) switching pulse. The time from the rising edge of the voltage pulse to the peak of the P s  pulse was taken to be τ electric . The rotational viscosity (smectic viscosity, η) was calculated as shown below: 
     
       
         η(10 −3  kg/m·s)=0.01·P s ·E·τ electric , 
       
     
     where the units of P s , E, and τ electric  are respectively nC/cm 2 †, V/μm, and μs. The tilt angle φ t  of the mixture was taken to be half the angle separating the extinction points of the driven states. The results given in Table 2 show fast response times over a wide temperature range. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Reduced 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Temper- 
                 Temper- 
                 Polari- 
                 Response 
                 Smectic 
               
               
                 Example 
                 ature 
                 ature (T- 
                 zation 
                 Time 
                 Viscosity 
                 Tilt Angle 
               
               
                 No. 
                 (° C.) 
                 T c , ° C.) 
                 (nC/cm 2 ) 
                 (μs) 
                 (mPa.s) 
                 (degrees) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 220 
                 50.2 
                 −9.3 
                 25.3 
                 5.8 
                 14.6 
                 22.6 
               
               
                 (using 
                 39.6 
                 −19.9 
                 31.6 
                 7.0 
                 22.0 
                 24.1 
               
               
                 compound 
                 29.6 
                 −29.9 
                 37.1 
                 8.1 
                 29.9 
                 24.6 
               
               
                 Of Ex. 
                 19.5 
                 40.0 
                 42.2 
                 9.9 
                 41.7 
                 24.7 
               
               
                 No. 144) 
                 14.2 
                 −45.3 
                 45.0 
                 11.2 
                 50.4 
                 24.7 
               
               
                 221 
                 40.5 
                 9.9 
                 27.1 
                 5.0 
                 13.6 
                 20.8 
               
               
                 (using 
                 30.3 
                 −20.1 
                 33.1 
                 6.4 
                 21.2 
                 21.7 
               
               
                 compound 
                 20.1 
                 −30.3 
                 38.8 
                 7.5 
                 29.1 
                 22.1 
               
               
                 of Ex. 
                 9.9 
                 40.5 
                 45.2 
                 9.4 
                 42.5 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 No. 40) 
               
               
                 222 
                 53.0 
                 3.0 
                 2.1 
                 8.0 
                 1.7 
               
               
                 (using 
                 42.7 
                 −7.3 
                 3.7 
                 37.9 
                 14.0 
                 16.1 
               
               
                 compound 
                 32.5 
                 −17.5 
                 3.8 
                 76.5 
                 29.1 
                 18.1 
               
               
                 of Ex. 
                 22.1 
                 −27.9 
                 2.1 
                 18.9 
               
               
                 No. 106) 
               
               
                 223 
                 73.5 
                 −8.5 
                 27.5 
                 5.2 
                 14.4 
                 23.3 
               
               
                 (using 
                 62.9 
                 −19.1 
                 34.6 
                 6.1 
                 21.0 
                 24.9 
               
               
                 compound 
                 52.7 
                 −29.3 
                 41.2 
                 7.0 
                 28.6 
                 25.6 
               
               
                 of Ex. 
                 42.7 
                 −39.3 
                 47.0 
                 8.2 
                 38.4 
                 25.8 
               
               
                 No. 45) 
                 32.3 
                 49.7 
                 53.3 
                 10.3 
                 54.8 
                 25.9 
               
               
                   
                 22.3 
                 −59.7 
                 59.3 
                 13.4 
                 79.6 
                 25.7 
               
               
                   
                 12.0 
                 −70.1 
                 61.2 
                 19.5 
                 119.6 
                 25.5 
               
               
                 224 
                 87.6 
                 −8.4 
                 26.7 
                 5.5 
                 14.7 
                 28.6 
               
               
                 (using 
                 77.5 
                 −18.5 
                 32.7 
                 6.3 
                 20.5 
                 30.2 
               
               
                 compound 
                 67.2 
                 −28.8 
                 38.0 
                 7.0 
                 26.5 
                 31.8 
               
               
                 of Ex. 
                 57.0 
                 −39.0 
                 42.6 
                 8.0 
                 33.9 
                 32.0 
               
               
                 No. 46) 
                 46.8 
                 49.2 
                 47.3 
                 9.4 
                 44.7 
                 32.0 
               
               
                   
                 36.5 
                 −59.5 
                 52.4 
                 11.5 
                 60.5 
                 31.7 
               
               
                   
                 26.2 
                 −69.8 
                 57.5 
                 15.4 
                 88.3 
                 31.4 
               
               
                   
                 16.0 
                 −80.1 
                 63.7 
                 21.9 
                 139.5 
                 31.1 
               
               
                 225 
                 70.7 
                 −1.3 
                 6.4 
                 6.2 
                 4.0 
                 15.3 
               
               
                 (using 
                 60.3 
                 −11.7 
                 9.7 
                 10.5 
                 10.2 
                 18.0 
               
               
                 compound 
                 50.2 
                 41.8 
                 11.7 
                 13.1 
                 15.2 
                 18.8 
               
               
                 Of Ex. 
                 40.1 
                 −31.9 
                 13.1 
                 16.5 
                 21.6 
                 19.1 
               
               
                 No. 93) 
                 30.0 
                 42.0 
                 14.2 
                 22.1 
                 31.4 
                 19.1 
               
               
                 226 
                 91.6 
                 −12.4 
                 23.7 
                 6.4 
                 15.3 
                 28.7 
               
               
                 (using 
                 78.0 
                 −26.0 
                 31.2 
                 8.1 
                 25.4 
                 31.4 
               
               
                 compound 
                 64.1 
                 −39.9 
                 38.5 
                 10.6 
                 40.9 
                 32.6 
               
               
                 of Ex. 
                 50.1 
                 −53.9 
                 47.0 
                 14.8 
                 69.8 
                 33.2 
               
               
                 No. 73) 
                 36.1 
                 −67.9 
                 58.1 
                 22.6 
                 131.4 
                 33.6 
               
               
                   
                 22.2 
                 −81.8 
                 72.6 
                 39.9 
                 289.4 
                 33.9 
               
               
                 227 
                 85.6 
                 −9.9 
                 17.0 
                 6.6 
                 11.2 
                 26.4 
               
               
                 (using 
                 75.8 
                 −19.7 
                 20.5 
                 7.5 
                 15.4 
                 27.9 
               
               
                 compound 
                 65.6 
                 −29.9 
                 23.1 
                 8.5 
                 19.5 
                 28.4 
               
               
                 of Ex. 
                 55.8 
                 −39.7 
                 25.2 
                 9.7 
                 24.5 
                 28.4 
               
               
                 No. 133) 
                 45.6 
                 −49.9 
                 27.9 
                 11.4 
                 31.9 
                 28.3 
               
               
                   
                 35.6 
                 −59.9 
                 30.8 
                 14.0 
                 43.0 
                 28.0 
               
               
                   
                 25.5 
                 −70.0 
                 34.8 
                 18.3 
                 63.7 
               
               
                 228 
                 69.1 
                 −9.9 
                 19.0 
                 7.4 
                 14.1 
                 22.2 
               
               
                 (using 
                 58.9 
                 −20.1 
                 22.0 
                 9.7 
                 21.3 
                 23.2 
               
               
                 compoun4 
                 49.0 
                 −30.0 
                 23.9 
                 12.7 
                 30.4 
                 23.3 
               
               
                 Of Ex. 
                 38.8 
                 40.2 
                 25.6 
                 17.3 
                 44.3 
                 22.9 
               
               
                 No. 204) 
                 29.1 
                 49.9 
                 27.0 
                 24.8 
                 67.0 
                 22.2 
               
               
                   
                 19.0 
                 −60.0 
                 28.5 
                 42.0 
                 119.7 
                 21.4 
               
               
                   
                 9.1 
                 −69.9 
                 30.1 
                 77.2 
                 232.4 
                 20.6 
               
               
                 229 
                 55.3 
                 −10.2 
                 21.4 
                 7.9 
                 16.8 
                 23.5 
               
               
                 (using 
                 45.4 
                 −20.1 
                 24.2 
                 9.3 
                 22.5 
                 24.6 
               
               
                 compound 
                 35.5 
                 −30.0 
                 27.5 
                 11.7 
                 32.1 
                 24.8 
               
               
                 of Ex. 
                 25.2 
                 40.3 
                 30.0 
                 15.8 
                 47.4 
                 24.7 
               
               
                 No. 173) 
                 15.2 
                 −50.3 
                 31.6 
                 23.3 
                 73.8 
                 24.4 
               
               
                   
                 5.4 
                 −60.1 
                 33.8 
                 39.7 
                 134.5 
                 23.9 
               
               
                 230 
                 62.1 
                 −10.1 
                 21.7 
                 8.8 
                 19.0 
                 27.4 
               
               
                 (using 
                 52.1 
                 −20.1 
                 27.9 
                 10.2 
                 28.3 
                 29.1 
               
               
                 compound 
                 42.0 
                 −30.2 
                 34.6 
                 12.1 
                 41.8 
                 29.8 
               
               
                 Of Ex. 
                 32.1 
                 −40.1 
                 41.4 
                 15.3 
                 63.5 
                 30.0 
               
               
                 No. 206) 
                 22.1 
                 −50.1 
                 49.2 
                 20.5 
                 100.9 
                 30.1 
               
               
                   
                 12.1 
                 −60.1 
                 56.2 
                 30.2 
                 169.8 
                 30.0 
               
               
                   
                 2.1 
                 −70.1 
                 65.4 
                 51.8 
                 338.6 
                 29.8 
               
               
                 231 
                 72.1 
                 4.6 
                 4.4 
                 8.7 
                 3.9 
                 15.2 
               
               
                 (using 
                 67.2 
                 −9.5 
                 5.2 
                 10.3 
                 5.3 
                 16.2 
               
               
                 compound 
                 56.8 
                 −19.9 
                 6.9 
                 11.1 
                 7.7 
                 16.3 
               
               
                 of Ex. 
                 46.8 
                 −29.9 
                 8.1 
                 12.1 
                 9.8 
                 16.1 
               
               
                 No. 101) 
                 36.7 
                 40.0 
                 9.0 
                 13.8 
                 12.4 
                 15.8 
               
               
                   
                 26.7 
                 −50.0 
                 10.5 
                 16.4 
                 17.2 
                 15.6 
               
               
                   
                 16.6 
                 −60.1 
                 11.4 
                 21.5 
                 24.6 
                 15.2 
               
               
                 232 
                 39.4 
                 −9.9 
                 74.3 
                 11.5 
                 85.6 
                 35.3 
               
               
                 (using 
                 29.1 
                 −20.2 
                 89.8 
                 16.4 
                 147.2 
                 37.1 
               
               
                 compound 
                 19.1 
                 30.2 
                 98.3 
                 25.6 
                 251.5 
                 37.9 
               
               
                 of Ex. 
                 9.1 
                 −40.2 
                 101.3 
                 46.2 
                 467.7 
                 38.3 
               
               
                 No. 216) 
                 −1.0 
                 −50.3 
                 104.9 
                 106.2 
                 1114.0 
                 38.4 
               
               
                 233 
                 39.3 
                 −6.5 
                 38.1 
                 5.0 
                 19.2 
               
               
                 (using 
                 32.2 
                 −13.6 
                 47.5 
                 6.9 
                 33.0 
               
               
                 compound 
                 24.2 
                 −21.6 
                 58.2 
                 8.7 
                 50.6 
               
               
                 of Ex. 
                 17.0 
                 −28.8 
                 69.3 
                 10.6 
                 73.7 
               
               
                 No. 59) 
                 9.6 
                 −36.2 
                 82.2 
                 14.0 
                 115.1 
               
               
                 234 
                 77.0 
                 −11.5 
                 38.2 
                 4.6 
                 17.8 
               
               
                 (using 
                 66.8 
                 −21.7 
                 46.3 
                 5.2 
                 24.0 
                 27.9 
               
               
                 compound 
                 56.8 
                 −31.7 
                 55.6 
                 6.0 
                 33.3 
                 28.6 
               
               
                 of Ex. 
                 46.9 
                 A1.6 
                 61.1 
                 7.0 
                 42.7 
                 28.8 
               
               
                 No. 63) 
                 36.9 
                 −S1.6 
                 68.1 
                 8.7 
                 59.4 
                 28.8 
               
               
                   
                 26.8 
                 −61.7 
                 74.4 
                 11.5 
                 85.2 
               
               
                   
                 16.7 
                 −71.8 
                 80.1 
                 16.4 
                 131.2 
               
               
                 235 
                 43.1 
                 −7.1 
                 42.7 
                 4.2 
                 17.9 
               
               
                 (using 
                 38.4 
                 −11.8 
                 49.0 
                 5.1 
                 25.1 
               
               
                 compound 
                 33.7 
                 −16.5 
                 55.5 
                 6.0 
                 33.6 
               
               
                 of Ex. 
                 28.7 
                 −21.5 
                 62.8 
                 7.1 
                 44.4 
               
               
                 No. 53) 
                 23.7 
                 −26.5 
                 70.0 
                 8.3 
                 57.8 
               
               
                   
                 18.8 
                 −31.4 
                 78.1 
                 9.7 
                 76.0 
               
               
                   
                 13.6 
                 −36.6 
                 88.4 
                 11.5 
                 101.8 
               
               
                 236 
                 68.0 
                 −10.0 
                 13.0 
                 7.4 
                 9.6 
                 23.4 
               
               
                 (using 
                 58.0 
                 −20.0 
                 16.2 
                 8.4 
                 13.6 
                 24.7 
               
               
                 compound 
                 48.0 
                 −30.0 
                 17.6 
                 10.0 
                 17.6 
                 25.0 
               
               
                 of Ex. 
                 38.0 
                 40.0 
                 19.1 
                 12.6 
                 24.1 
                 24.9 
               
               
                 No. 182) 
                 28.0 
                 −50.0 
                 20.4 
                 16.7 
                 34.1 
                 24.6 
               
               
                   
                 18.0 
                 −60.0 
                 21.9 
                 24.0 
                 52.6 
                 24.1 
               
               
                   
                 8.0 
                 −70.0 
                 23.4 
                 39.9 
                 93.4 
                 23.6 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 237 
     A device was prepared essentially as described above using a mixture of 90 weight % of the compound of the invention prepared in Example 93 and 10 weight % 5-octyloxy-2-[4-(3-(4-(nonafluorobutoxy)octafluorobutoxy)-2,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluorobutoxy)2-(S)-fluoropropoxyphenyl]pyrimidine (prepared essentially as described in Example 12 of International Patent Publication No. WO 96/33251), and the electrooptical properties of the mixture were measured essentially as previously described. The results are shown in Table 4. 
     Example 238-242 
     In the following Examples, a series of devices, each containing at least one chiral compound of this invention, were prepared essentially as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,377,033 (Radcliffe) and filled with a mixture of liquid crystal compounds. The composition of each mixture (in weight percent) and the phase transition temperatures of the mixtures are shown in Table 3. 
     Compound A, 5-hexyl-2-[4-(6-(2-(2-(2-(trifluoromethoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)hexyl)phenyl]pyrimidine, was prepared essentially as in Example 1 by combining 6-(2-(2-(2-(trifluoromethoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)hex-1-ene (6.0 g, 12.4 mmol) and 5-hexyl-2-(4-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)phenyl)pyrimidine (4.70 g, 12.4 mmol). The resulting mixture was quenched with water, and the resulting crude product was isolated by extraction with toluene and further purified essentially as in Example 1, followed by Kugelrohr distillation (187-92° C. at 0.01 to 0.015 torr) to provide a yield of 4.45 g. 
     Compound B, 5-heptyloxy-2-[4-(6-(2-(2-(2-(trifluoromethoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)hexyl)phenyl]pyrimidine was prepared using essentially the procedure of Example 1 by combining 6-(2-(2-(2-(trifluoromethoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)tetrafluoroethoxy)-2,2-difluoroethoxy)hex-1-ene and 5-heptyloxy-2-(4-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)phenyl)pyrimidine. 
     Compound C, 5-heptyloxy-2-[4-(6-(3-(pentafluoroethoxy)-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropoxy)hexyl)phenyl]pyrimidine was prepared using essentially the procedure of Example 1 by combining 3-(pentafluoroethoxy)-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropoxy)hex-1-ene and 5-heptyloxy-2-(4-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)phenyl)pyrimidine. 
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example No. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Compound 
                 237 
                 238 
                 239 
                 240 
                 241 
                 242 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Example 93 
                 90 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example 12 of 
                 10 
               
               
                 WO 96/33251 
               
               
                 Exampie 155 
                   
                 15 
                 15 
                 10 
               
               
                 Example 63 
                   
                 30 
                 30 
                 20 
               
               
                 Example 211 
                   
                 25 
               
               
                 Example 30 of 
                   
                 10 
                 10 
                 10 
               
               
                 US 5658491 
               
               
                 Compound A 
                   
                 20 
                 20 
                 20 
               
               
                 Example 204 
                   
                   
                 25 
               
               
                 Example 34 
                   
                   
                   
                 40 
               
               
                 Example 200 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 54 
               
               
                 Example 13 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 46 
               
               
                 Example 112 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 15 
               
               
                 Example 44 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 20 
               
               
                 Example 35 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 20 
               
               
                 Example 151 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 10 
               
               
                 Compound B 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 15 
               
               
                 Compound C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 20 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Transition Temperature Data (° C.) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 I to S A   
                 112.3 
                 106.1 
                 102.6 
                 101.2 
                 96.0 
                 198.0 
               
               
                 to S C   
                 155.4 
                 74.0 
                 68.2 
                 64 
                 79.2 
                 55.4 
               
               
                 to S M1   
                 &lt;6 
                 &lt;1 
                 &lt;1 
                 &lt;−1 
                 10 
                 &lt;−5 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Reduced 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Temper- 
                 Temper- 
                 Polari- 
                 Response 
                 Smectic 
               
               
                 Example 
                 ature 
                 ature (T- 
                 zation 
                 Time 
                 Viscosity 
                 Tilt Angle 
               
               
                 No. 
                 (° C.) 
                 T c , ° C.) 
                 (nC/cm 2 ) 
                 (μs) 
                 (mPa.s) 
                 (degrees) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 237 
                 46.6 
                 −8.8 
                 13.4 
                 6.1 
                 8.2 
                 14.8 
               
               
                   
                 36.7 
                 −18.7 
                 15.7 
                 8.3 
                 13.0 
                 15.5 
               
               
                   
                 26.8 
                 −28.6 
                 17.4 
                 10.9 
                 19.0 
                 15.4 
               
               
                   
                 16.5 
                 −38.9 
                 18.5 
                 15.6 
                 28.8 
                 15.1 
               
               
                   
                 6.4 
                 −49.0 
                 19.8 
                 24.4 
                 48.4 
                 14.8 
               
               
                 238 
                 62 
                 −10 
                 22.5 
                 6.1 
                 13.7 
                 23.3 
               
               
                   
                 52 
                 −20 
                 27.7 
                 7.3 
                 20.2 
                 24.9 
               
               
                   
                 42 
                 −30 
                 31.9 
                 9.0 
                 28.7 
                 25.6 
               
               
                   
                 32 
                 40 
                 36.2 
                 11.4 
                 41.1 
                 25.9 
               
               
                   
                 22 
                 −50 
                 40.7 
                 15.9 
                 64.5 
                 26.0 
               
               
                 239 
                 58 
                 −10 
                 20.7 
                 6.3 
                 13.1 
                 22.4 
               
               
                   
                 48 
                 40 
                 25.4 
                 7.7 
                 19.6 
                 24.0 
               
               
                   
                 38 
                 −30 
                 29.1 
                 9.5 
                 27.5 
                 24.6 
               
               
                   
                 28 
                 40 
                 32.6 
                 12.1 
                 39.4 
                 24.8 
               
               
                   
                 18 
                 −50 
                 35.7 
                 17.7 
                 63.1 
                 24.8 
               
               
                 240 
                 52 
                 −10 
                 24.3 
                 6.3 
                 15.4 
               
               
                   
                 42 
                 −20 
                 28.8 
                 7.4 
                 21.5 
               
               
                   
                 32 
                 −30 
                 33.4 
                 9.4 
                 31.4 
               
               
                   
                 22 
                 −40 
                 37.1 
                 12.8 
                 47.5 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 −50 
                 41.8 
                 18.7 
                 78.2 
               
               
                 241 
                 69 
                 −10 
                 33.7 
                 6.9 
                 23.1 
                 29.0 
               
               
                   
                 59 
                 −20 
                 41.7 
                 8.0 
                 33.3 
                 30.9 
               
               
                   
                 49 
                 −30 
                 48.5 
                 9.6 
                 46.6 
                 31.8 
               
               
                   
                 39 
                 −40 
                 57.0 
                 12.0 
                 68.3 
                 32.3 
               
               
                   
                 29 
                 −50 
                 64.9 
                 15.7 
                 102.2 
                 32.5 
               
               
                   
                 19 
                 −60 
                 76.3 
                 22.2 
                 169.2 
                 32.7 
               
               
                 242 
                 49 
                 −7 
                 16.4 
                 5.6 
                 9.2 
                 17.7 
               
               
                   
                 38 
                 −17 
                 21.6 
                 8.5 
                 18.3 
                 19.6 
               
               
                   
                 28 
                 −27 
                 26.3 
                 11.1 
                 29.3 
                 20.6 
               
               
                   
                 23 
                 −32 
                 28.4 
                 12.9 
                 36.6 
                 20.9 
               
               
                   
                 18 
                 −37 
                 31.1 
                 15.3 
                 47.8 
                 21.1 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 −47 
                 36.8 
                 23.4 
                 86.0 
                 21.5 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The results shown in table 4 indicate that the compounds of the invention can be used in mixtures in liquid crystal display devices to provide low mixture viscosities and improve the performance of the devices. 
     Various modifications and alterations of this invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention.