Abstract:
A wireless communication method and apparatus for encoding and decoding beamforming vectors are disclosed. A base station sends explicit signaling for a beamforming vector of a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) and implicit signaling for beamforming vectors of interfering WTRUs. Each WTRU uses its own beam forming vector to estimate the beamforming vectors of each of the other WTRUs.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/950,699 filed Jul. 19, 2007, which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth. 
         [0002]    This application is also related to co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/052,842, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF INVENTION 
       [0003]    This application is related to wireless communications. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0004]    Many wireless communications systems contain a base station in two-way wireless communication with a plurality of wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs). The base station may send signals containing beamforming vectors to each WTRU. The signal instructs the WTRU as to how to receive a radio beam formed by a base station having a specific beam shape for communicating between the WTRU and the base station. A goal of such beam forming is to optimize the overall performance of the system. One example of such optimization is the supporting of multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) communications and minimizing of interference when two or more WTRUs are transmitting simultaneously using the same frequency/time resources. 
         [0005]    Co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/052,842, which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses that beamforming or precoding information needs to be communicated from a transmitter, (e.g., a base station), to a receiver, (e.g., a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU)), to avoid a channel mismatch between transmitting and receiving signals. This is particularly important for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) data demodulation when beamforming and precoding are used. When a receiver uses incorrect beamforming information for constructing effective channel responses for data detection, significant performance degradation can occur. 
         [0006]    Generally, beamforming or precoding information may be communicated using explicit control signaling, particularly when the transmitter and receiver are restricted to the use of limited sets of antenna weight coefficients for beamforming and precoding. The limited sets of antenna weight coefficients are sometimes referred to as a beamforming or precoding codebook. Explicit signaling to communicate beamforming or precoding information from a transmitter to a receiver may incur large signaling overhead, particularly for MU-MIMO systems in which the desired beamforming information needs to be communicated to the WTRU. Furthermore, interference beamforming information may have to be communicated to the WTRU to enable advanced receiver processing, such as joint detection and interference cancellation. The signaling overhead increases when a large size codebook is deployed. 
         [0007]      FIG. 1  shows a wireless communication system  100  including a base station  105  and a WTRU  110 . The base station  105  may include a MIMO antenna  115  having a plurality of transmit antennas  116 A,  115 B,  115 C and  115 D. The WTRU  110  may also include a MIMO antenna  120  having a plurality of receive antennas  120 A,  120 B,  120 C and  120 D. The base station  105  communicates with the WTRU  110  by transmitting signals via resource blocks (RBs)  125  to the WTRU  110 . Each of the RBs  125  has a particular RB structure that includes a plurality of resource elements (REs). In accordance with the particular RB structure, each RE may be reserved for one of the following: 
         [0008]    1) a common reference signal (CRS) associated with one of the transmit antennas  116 A,  115 B,  115 C and  115 D of the base station  105 ; 
         [0009]    2) a dedicated reference signal (DRS) including a single beamformed or precoded pilot; 
         [0010]    3) a DRS including a composite beamformed or precoded pilot; and 
         [0011]    4) a data symbol. 
         [0012]    At least a portion of data symbols reserved by REs of the RBs  125  are “control type” data symbols that include a DRS mode indicator. Once decoded, the DRS mode indicator enables the WTRU  110  to properly detect/demodulate data symbols in the RBs  125  transmitted by the base station  105 . 
         [0013]    A hybrid DRS scheme in which REs are reserved for DRSs including a single beamformed or precoded pilot and/or a composite beamformed or precoded pilot is introduced, where a plurality (N) of DRSs per RB are used. 
         [0014]    As introduced by co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/052,842,  FIG. 2  shows an example of an RB structure that may be used to transmit signals by the base station  105  and receive signals by the WTRU. Each of a plurality of RBs  205  and  210  includes a plurality of REs reserved for data symbols (D), a plurality of REs reserved for CRSs associated with respective base station transmit antennas (T 1 -T 4 ), and a plurality of REs reserved for DRSs (P), which include either a single beamformed or precoded pilot, or a composite beamformed or precoded pilot. As shown in  FIG. 2 , the DRSs are reserved by REs  215 ,  220 ,  225 ,  230 ,  235 ,  240 ,  245 ,  250 ,  255 ,  260 ,  265  and  270 . 
         [0015]    Signaling of the beamforming vector of interfering WTRUs to a specific desired WTRU allows the specific WTRU to perform advanced receiver processing, (e.g. joint detection and cancellation of interference). At the same time, signaling the beamforming vector of the specific desired WTRU may require better accuracy than signaling the beamforming vectors of interfering WTRUs. Usually, the information transmitted using explicit signaling, such as by using a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), is more accurately detected and decoded by the WTRU in terms of error probability or rate of detection than the information transmitted using implicit signaling, such as by using a DRS. This is because explicit signaling (e.g., signaling via PDCCH) is protected by channel coding and cyclic redundancy check (CRC). On the other hand, implicit signaling (e.g., signaling via DRS) does not have channel coding and CRC protection, and requires blind detection to withdraw the information carried by the DRS. However, the overhead using explicit signaling or PDCCH to carry all beamforming information including both desired and interference information is large, as compared with the overhead using implicit signaling or DRS. A more efficient signaling scheme and method is desirable to minimize the signaling overhead while maintaining the performance and at the same time have more protection on the most important beamforming information. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0016]    A wireless communication method and apparatus are used to encode and decode beamforming information including beamforming vectors in which explicit and implicit signaling are used together to transmit beamforming information. Signals carrying beamforming information are multiplexed and demultiplexed for downlink MU-MIMO communication. A signaling scheme that combines explicit and implicit signaling schemes to transmit beamforming information for MU-MIMO systems is proposed. Part of beamforming information may be explicitly signaled and part or all of beamforming information may be implicitly signaled. 
         [0017]    A type of beamforming information may be explicitly signaled, and another (or all types) of beamforming information may be implicitly signaled. One example of explicit signaling is the signaling via a PDCCH. One example of implicit signaling is the signaling via a DRS. One type of beamforming information is “own” (desired) beamforming information for a given user. Another type of beamforming information is interfering beamforming information, i.e., the beamforming information of interfering users. Explicit signaling has the advantages of high accuracy but has a disadvantage of high overhead. Implicit signaling has the advantage of low overhead but has disadvantages of low accuracy. By combining explicit and implicit signaling for transmitting beamforming information, the performance, accuracy and overhead can be traded off and optimized, and the beamforming information is protected differently according to the importance of different types of beamforming information. Thus, explicit signaling is used for conveying “own” beamforming information, (the beamforming information or vector of a desired WTRU), and implicit signaling is used for conveying the interfering beamforming information, (the beamforming information or vectors of interfering WTRUs). 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0018]    A more detailed understanding may be had from the following description, given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein: 
           [0019]      FIG. 1  shows a conventional wireless communication system including a base station and a WTRU; 
           [0020]      FIG. 2  shows an example of conventional RB structures transmitted by the base station in the system of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0021]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram of a base station that uses a signaling scheme that combines explicit signaling and implicit signaling; and 
           [0022]      FIG. 4  is a block diagram of a WTRU that processes signals generated by the base station of  FIG. 3  using a signaling scheme that combines explicit signaling and implicit signaling. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0023]    When referred to hereafter, the terminology “wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU)” includes but is not limited to a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a computer, or any other type of user device capable of operating in a wireless environment. 
         [0024]    When referred to hereafter, the terminology “base station” includes but is not limited to a Node-B, a site controller, an access point (AP), or any other type of interfacing device capable of operating in a wireless environment. 
         [0025]    Beamforming information is categorized into at least two types—“own” beamforming information, (“type A” beamforming information), and interference beamforming information, (“type B” beamforming information). Type A beamforming information is required for a WTRU to correctly perform the data detection. “Type B” beamforming information is used for a WTRU to enhance the data detection in order to improve the performance of data detection by canceling the interference with the help of “type B” beamforming information. Thus, “type A” beamforming information may be considered to be more important than “type B” beamforming information. In the proposed scheme, a greater amount of protection is used for “type A” beamforming information than is used for “type B” beamforming information. 
         [0026]    Signaling schemes are categorized into two methods—explicit signaling and explicit signaling. Explicit signaling uses channel coding and CRC to protect transmitted information. Implicit signaling does not use channel coding and CRC to protect information transmitted, but instead uses reference signals to carry information. Because there is no channel coding and CRC protection for implicit signaling, the information that is received and detected by a WTRU is considered to be less accurate, and has more error probability and/or a higher error rate as compared to the explicit signaling method. On the other hand, because there is channel coding and CRC to protect beamforming information for explicit signaling, the signaling overhead for explicit signaling is considered much higher than the signaling overhead for implicit signaling method. Beamforming information is protected more when it is transmitted using explicit signaling method than using implicit signaling method. 
         [0027]    In the proposed signaling scheme for beamforming information, both “type A” and “type B” beamforming information are communicated to the WTRU. The “type A” beamforming information, (i.e., the beamforming matrix or vector of a desired WTRU), is conveyed using explicit signaling method, and “type B” beamforming information, (the beamforming matrices or vectors of interfering WTRUs), is conveyed using implicit signaling method. 
         [0028]    One example of an explicit signaling uses a control channel, such as a PDCCH. One example of an implicit signaling method uses reference signals, such as a DRS. Beamforming information contains a beamforming (or precoding) matrix or vector(s). 
         [0029]    In order to trade off between performance, accuracy and overhead, it would be desirable to explicitly signal one type of beamforming information, and implicitly signal the other type of beamforming information. It would be also desirable to explicitly signal one type of beamforming information, and implicitly signal all types of beamforming information in order to perform efficient blind detection of beamforming information. 
         [0030]    In order to trade off between performance, accuracy and overhead, it would be desirable to explicitly signal “type A” beamforming information, and implicitly signal both “type A” and “type B” beamforming information. 
         [0031]    In order to trade off between performance, accuracy and overhead, it would be desirable to explicitly signal part of beamforming information, and implicitly signal the other part of beamforming information. It would be also desirable to explicitly signal part of beamforming information, and implicitly signal all the beamforming information in order to perform efficient blind detection of beamforming information. 
         [0032]    A “type A” beamforming matrix or vector is “own” beamforming information, i.e., the beamforming information dedicated to the particular WTRU. A “type B” beamforming matrix or vector is the beamforming information dedicated to other WTRU that is considered to be an interfering WTRU to the particular WTRU. 
         [0033]    As one implementation, the “own” (desired) beamforming information or “type A” beamforming matrix or vector may be transmitted using explicit signaling, e.g., by a PDCCH, and interference beamforming information or “type B” beamforming information, (or both own and interference information, i.e., both “type A” and “type B” beamforming matrix or vector), may be transmitted using implicit signaling, e.g., by a DRS. Thus, the performance, detection, accuracy and signaling overhead can be balanced and optimized. 
         [0034]    A signaling scheme that combines explicit and implicit signaling schemes to transmit beamforming information is used for MU-MIMO systems. A “type A” beamforming matrix or vector may be explicitly signaled and both “type A” and “type B” beamforming information may be implicitly signaled. Part of beamforming information may be explicitly signaled and part or all of beamforming information may be implicitly signaled. 
         [0035]    Beamforming information that is signaled explicitly and beamforming information that is signaled implicitly may overlap in order to enable efficient blind detection. It is possible that beamforming information that is signaled explicitly may be a subset of beamforming information that is signaled implicitly, or vice versa. One example of explicit signaling is the signaling via a PDCCH. One example of implicit signaling is the signaling via a DRS. Explicit signaling may contain desired beamforming information. Implicit signaling may contain both desired and interference beamforming information, which is an example that information that is signaled explicitly may be a subset of information that is signaled implicitly for beamforming or precoding. 
         [0036]    Explicit signaling for beamforming information has advantages of high performance and high accuracy but has disadvantages of high signaling overhead. Implicit signaling for beamforming information has advantages of low signaling overhead but has disadvantages of low performance and low accuracy. By combining explicit and implicit signaling for transmitting beamforming information, the performance, accuracy and signaling overhead can be traded off and optimized. 
         [0037]    To emphasize the importance of beamforming information, beamforming information of high importance is transmitted using explicit signaling and beamforming information of less importance is transmitted using implicit signaling. 
         [0038]    “Type A” and “type B” beamforming information are transmitted to a WTRU. As one implementation, “type A” beamforming information is transmitted via a WTRU-specific PDCCH, and both “type A” and “type B” beamforming information are transmitted via a DRS. 
         [0039]    Usually beamforming information or vector(s) of the desired WTRU is more important than the beamforming information or vectors of interfering WTRUs. To protect beamforming information or vector(s) of the desired WTRU, explicit signaling is used for transmitting or carrying beamforming information or vector(s) of the desired WTRU, and implicit signaling is used for transmitting or carrying beamforming information or vectors of interfering WTRUs. 
         [0040]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram of a base station  300  that multiplexes explicit and implicit signaling to communicate with a plurality of WTRUs; WTRU 1 , WTRU 2 , . . . , WTRU K  (not shown). The base station  300  comprises a beamforming vector determination and scheduling unit  305 , a downlink reference signal generator  310 , a downlink control channel generator  315 , a downlink data beamforming/precoding unit  320 , a multiplexer  325 , and a MIMO antenna  330  having a plurality of antenna elements  330 A,  330 B,  330 C and  330 D. 
         [0041]    Referring to  FIG. 3 , the beamforming vector determination and scheduling unit  305  outputs a beamforming/precoding information signal  335  for WTRUs including precoding vector indices (PVI 1 , PVI 2 , . . . , PVI K ) to the downlink reference signal generator  310 , the downlink control channel generator  315  and the downlink data beamforming/precoding unit  320 . For example, PVI 1  is beamforming information for WTRU 1 . Thus, PVI 2 , . . . , PVI K  are the beamforming information for WTRU 2 , . . . , WTRU K , respectively. For a desired WTRU, one of the PVIs; PVI 1 , PVI 2 , . . . , PVI K  is the own (desired) beamforming/precoding information and the rest of the PVIs are the interfering beamforming/precoding information for the desired WTRU. For example, for WTRU 1 , PVI 1  constitutes the WTRU 1 &#39;s own beamforming information, (i.e., C_own), and PVI 2 , . . . , PVI K  are the interference beamforming information for WTRU 1 . Alternatively, besides using PVIs, any other type of beamforming or precoding information indices, such as precoding matrix indices (PMIs), may be used. It should be understood by one of skill in the art that beamforming information, matrix or vector may be interchangeable for precoding information, matrix or vector. 
         [0042]    The downlink reference signal generator  310  generates DRS signals  340 , (i.e., implicit signaling), that carry own (desired) and/or interference beamforming information embedded with the precoding vector indices (PVI 1 , PVI 2 , . . . , PVI K ) which correspond to WTRUs WTRU 1 , WTRU 2 , . . . , WTRU K . The downlink control channel generator  315  generates WTRU-specific control channels (CCHs)  345   1 ,  345   2 , . . . ,  345   K , (i.e., explicit signaling), which may be WTRU-specific PDCCHs that carry the precoding vector indices (PVI 1 , PVI 2 , . . . , PVI K ). The downlink data beamforming/precoding unit  320  generates beamformed/precoded data  350  using beamforming or precoding vectors corresponding to PVI 1 , PVI 2 , . . . , PVI K . 
         [0043]    The DRS signals  340 , control signals, (e.g., PDCCH),  345   1 ,  345   2 , . . . ,  345   K , associated with a plurality (K) of WTRUs, and beamformed/precoded data signals  350  are multiplexed together by the multiplexer  325  into proper resource elements or resource blocks in frequency and/or time domain. The DRS signals  340  carry all beamforming information including the own (desired) and interference beamforming information for all WTRUs. The signals  345  carry beamforming information for the WTRUs WTRU 1 , WTRU 2  . . . WTRU K . Data  350  is beamformed/precoded for WTRU 1  . . . . WTRU K  using respective precoding vector indices PVI 1  . . . PVI K . 
         [0044]    The multiplexed signals  355  are then sent to the antenna  330  for transmission to the plurality of WTRUs via the antenna elements  330 A,  330 B,  330 C and  330 D. 
         [0045]      FIG. 4  is a block diagram of a WTRU  400  that receives and processes the multiplexed signals  355  transmitted by the base station  300  of  FIG. 3 . The WTRU  400  includes a MIMO antenna  405  having a plurality of antenna elements  405 A,  405 B,  405 C and  405 D, a demultiplexer  410 , a beamforming/precoding vector index (PVI) blind detector  415 , a downlink control channel detection, decoding and CRC unit  420 , and a downlink data detector  425 . 
         [0046]    Referring to  FIG. 4 , the multiplexed signals  355  are received at antenna  405 . The received multiplexed signals  355  are demultiplexed by the demultiplexer  410  into proper resource elements or resource blocks in frequency and time domain. DRS signals  340  are then forwarded to the PVI blind detector  415  for blind detection of precoding or beamforming vectors. Control channel signals, (e.g., PDCCH),  345   1 ,  345   2 , . . . ,  345   K , are forwarded to the downlink control channel detection, decoding and CRC unit  420  in which the PDCCHs are detected, decoded and CRC checked. For any WTRU, only one PDCCH will be successfully detected, decoded and pass CRC check. That successful PDCCH is considered to be the PDCCH dedicated to the particular WTRU. Beamformed/precoded data signals  350  are forwarded to the downlink data detector  425 . The beamforming/precoded vectors, obtained by the PVI blind detector  415  and the downlink control channel detection, decoding and CRC unit  420 , are fed to the downlink data detector  425  for data detection. For example, for WTRU 1 , the downlink control channel detection, decoding and CRC unit  420  outputs a signal  430  including PVI 1 , which is input to the beamforming/PVI blind detector  415 . The beamforming/PVI blind detector  415  then subtracts a signal, constructed using beamforming or precoding information corresponding to an index (PVI 1 ) associated with the desired WTRU, from the DRS  340  to estimate beamforming vectors associated with the other WTRUs, and outputs a signal  435  including only PVI 2  . . . PVI K , without PVI 1 . The beamforming/precoding information  430  and  435  are used by the downlink data detector  425  to compute effective channel responses. Effective channel responses are the channel responses that have precoding or beamforming effects which are used for proper data detection. 
         [0047]    The WTRU  400  first detects and decodes its own control channel (e.g., PDCCH) for explicit signaling to obtain the RB information, modulation information, and the like, and its own beamforming vector, C_own. C_own is one of a plurality of precoding vector indices PVI 1  . . . PVI K  associated with a particular WTRU. For example, for WTRU 1 , C_own is PVI 1 . 
         [0048]    The WTRU  400  removes the known component, (i.e., C_own), from received signal Y that is contributed by the WTRU&#39;s own beamforming vector, C_own. Finally, the WTRU  400  performs blind detection to obtain the beamforming vectors of interfering WTRUs. The blind detection procedure removes the desired beamforming vector C_own before blind detection of interfering beamforming vectors of other WTRUs. 
         [0049]    The beamforming vector(s) of a desired WTRU is signaled via a shared control channel, (e.g., via a PDCCH), while beamforming vectors of all WTRUs, (including interfering WTRUs), are signaled via composite beamformed/precoded pilots, (e.g., via a DRS). 
         [0050]    The base station  300  may transmit to a plurality (K) of WTRUs using the scheme of combined shared control channel and composite beamformed/precoded reference channel. A beamforming vector of each WTRU is sent using a WTRU-specific shared control channel. A pilot is precoded by beamforming vectors of all K WTRUs. The resulting precoded signals (K signals) are summed up and produce a summed signal S, which is a transmitted signal at the base station, which is given by the equation: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     S 
                     = 
                     
                       
                         ∑ 
                         
                           k 
                           = 
                           1 
                         
                         K 
                       
                        
                       
                         
                           C 
                           k 
                         
                          
                         P 
                       
                     
                   
                   ; 
                 
               
               
                 
                   Equation 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     1 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where C k  is a beamforming vector for the Kth WTRU and P represents the pilot. The summed signal S is then sent via the composite beamformed/precoded reference channel. The composite beamformed/precoded reference channel could be the DRS channel. 
         [0051]    The received signal at each WTRU may be modeled by the equation: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     Y 
                     = 
                     
                       
                         H 
                          
                         
                           
                             ∑ 
                             
                               k 
                               = 
                               1 
                             
                             K 
                           
                            
                           
                             
                               C 
                               k 
                             
                              
                             P 
                           
                         
                       
                       + 
                       N 
                     
                   
                   ; 
                 
               
               
                 
                   Equation 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     2 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where Y is the received signal at a DRS, H is a matrix representing the channel, and N represents noise. Subtracting the desired signal from Y gives the following equation: 
         [0000]        {tilde over (Y)}=Y−ĤC   own   P;   Equation (3) 
         [0000]    where Ĥ is an estimate of H, and C own  is the beamforming vector of a specific WTRU. Performing blind detection on the new Y or {tilde over (Y)}, a set of estimated beamforming vectors is obtained based on the following formula: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       { 
                       
                         C 
                         ^ 
                       
                       } 
                     
                     = 
                     
                       arg 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       
                         
                           min 
                           
                             
                               
                                 { 
                                 
                                   C 
                                   k 
                                 
                                 } 
                               
                               ∈ 
                               C 
                             
                             
                               
                                 C 
                                 k 
                               
                               ≠ 
                               
                                 C 
                                 own 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                          
                         
                           
                              
                             
                               
                                 Y 
                                 ~ 
                               
                               - 
                               
                                 
                                   H 
                                   ^ 
                                 
                                  
                                 
                                   
                                     ∑ 
                                     
                                       k 
                                       = 
                                       1 
                                     
                                     
                                       K 
                                       - 
                                       1 
                                     
                                   
                                    
                                   
                                     
                                       C 
                                       k 
                                     
                                      
                                     P 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                              
                           
                           2 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   ; 
                 
               
               
                 
                   Equation 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     4 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where {C} is a set of transmitted beamforming vectors and {Ĉ} is the set of estimates of beamforming vectors. Arg is the argument for a set of beamforming vectors which are complex vectors. Beamforming vectors C are searched among a codebook and those combinations of C that result in the smallest norm or distance in formula are selected. Blind detection thus produces a set of estimated beamforming vectors for interfering WTRUs: {Ĉ}={Ĉ 1 , Ĉ 2 , . . . , Ĉ K−1 }. 
         [0052]    Alternatively, the beamforming vector(s) of a desired WTRU is signaled via a shared control channel, (e.g., via a PDCCH), while beamforming vectors of interfering WTRUs are signaled via a composite beamformed/precoded pilots (e.g., via DRS). 
         [0053]    Beamforming information contains a beamforming (or precoding) matrix or vector(s). This is assumed in the above discussions for illustration purpose. It should be noted that the proposed method applies to general beamforming information that may also contain other information regarding the number of users, number of transmission layers, number of spatial streams, or the information regarding the rank for MIMO. Furthermore, beamforming information may also contain other information or parameters related to MIMO, beamforming and/or precoding to perform beamforming and/or precoding accordingly. 
         [0054]    Although features and elements are described above in particular combinations, each feature or element can be used alone without the other features and elements or in various combinations with or without other features and elements. The methods or flow charts provided herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable storage medium for execution by a general purpose computer or a processor. Examples of computer-readable storage mediums include a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROM disks, and digital versatile disks (DVDs). 
         [0055]    Suitable processors include, by way of example, a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), and/or a state machine. 
         [0056]    A processor in association with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU), user equipment (UE), terminal, base station, radio network controller (RNC), or any host computer. The WTRU may be used in conjunction with modules, implemented in hardware and/or software, such as a camera, a video camera module, a videophone, a speakerphone, a vibration device, a speaker, a microphone, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a keyboard, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit, an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, and/or any wireless local area network (WLAN) or Ultra Wide Band (UWB) module.