Abstract:
A proactive adaptive radio methodology for the opportunistic allocation of radio spectrum is described. The methods can be used to allocate radio spectrum resources by employing machine learning to learn models, via accruing data over time, that have the ability to predict the context-sensitive durations of the availability of channels. The predictive models are combined with decision-theoretic cost-benefit analyses to minimize disruptions of service or quality that can be associated with reactive allocation policies. Rather than reacting to losses of channel, the proactive policies seek switches in advance of the loss of a channel. Beyond determining durations of availability for one or more frequency bands statistical machine learning also be employed to generate price predictions in order to facilitate a sale or rental of the available frequencies, and these predictions can be employed in the switching analyses The methods can be employed in non-cooperating distributed models of allocation, in centralized allocation approaches, and in hybrid spectrum allocation scenarios.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    Wireless communications is one of the fastest growing industries. As with any industry faced with a large demand for products, wireless service providers are pressed not only to expand range of products but also to be more cost efficient. Unfortunately, the product to sell, which is, information transmission from one or more points to one or more other points, is limited by technology and regulations. Ubiquitous presence of wireless devices has stressed existing resources such as the fixed radio spectrum that is shared between typically all communication systems. Generally, the maximum range for wireless communications, is largely determined by amount of power that can be transmitted (and therefore received), and capacity is largely determined by amount of spectrum available. A fixed radio spectrum or bandwidth is statically allocated to the service providers by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and accordingly radio networks are statically designed based on traffic throughput. 
         [0002]    A communication network such as a cellular telephone system is generally designed such that each cellular call is assigned a pair of frequencies, typically called an RF (radio frequency) channel, for duration of the call. The RF channel remains dedicated until termination of the conversation which is an expensive use of precious RF channel resources. Additionally, radio channels may be over allocated to certain sectors resulting in non-optimal use of available spectrum or spectrum holes where there may be no devices within an area, thereby consuming more bandwidth than necessary besides creating intra-network interference. Such wastage is not desirable in an environment where resources such as, available spectrum, are limited. Hence, service providers need to explore more efficient ways of using these limited resources. 
         [0003]    In order to better utilize this resource, a wireless service provider generally divides a serviced area geographically into a number of cells and within these cells a single RF channel may be utilized by multiple consumers without interference if they are spaced apart beyond a certain distance. One methodology of assigning channels to cells is a fixed channel assignment (FCA) method wherein certain channels are permanently assigned to specific cells so that a given channel is assigned to two cells simultaneously only if they are spatially separated by the minimum distance. However, dynamic channel assignment (DCA) within cells wherein existing spectrum may be shared improves efficiency and results in better utilization of the limited resources. 
         [0004]    More broadly there have been efforts referred to as “cognitive radio” that explore the feasibility of moving beyond tight assignments of ownership of spectrum and instead allow multiple players to make opportunistic usage of radio spectrum if the spectrum comes available in real-time. 
         [0005]    More constrained notions allow a primary owner to cede secondary users usage of spectrum if communications activities by the secondary users do not interfere with the primary owner&#39;s applications. For example, a television operator may not have interest in using bandwidth within its allocated spectrum within a particular region, based on peripheral location of the region, and allow a secondary user to make use of that spectrum in that region should their be evidence that no disruptions will occur to television clients in that region (e.g., there are no people with televisions using the broadcast spectrum in that region). 
         [0006]    In some applications, a primary user of bandwidth always has precedence but a secondary user can assume that the spectrum is available and use spectrum opportunistically should tests of usage (e.g., via listening to usage) e.g., monitoring two-way usage of the channel reveal that the channel is available to the secondary user. 
         [0007]    In another variant a secondary user always has access to some expensive channel, but attempts to opportunistically gain access to a less expensive channel as it becomes available. In another scenario, a user has access to a channel with some set of properties such as bandwidth, but can opportunistically gain access to higher bandwidth channel that can be used to send higher fidelity transmissions. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    The following presents a simplified summary of the claimed subject matter in order to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of the claimed subject matter. This summary is not an extensive overview of the claimed subject matter. It is intended to neither identify key or critical elements of the claimed subject matter nor delineate the scope of the claimed subject matter. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of the claimed subject matter in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later. 
         [0009]    An adaptive radio system in accordance with embodiments described herein provides for sensing channels available for use within a communication system and selling such channels for the duration of their availability thereby optimizing the use of a radio transceiver as well as the available spectrum. A bandwidth sensing component within the radio system continually monitors a plurality of communication channels or radio frequencies employed in the communication system and senses when one or more communication channels are not currently in use and are therefore available for sharing with others. Additionally, it employs machine learning to determine the probability distributions over the duration of availability of the one or more channels given observational evidence, such as last usage, variables capturing statistics of usage over time, such as mean inter-availability intervals, bursts of usage, time of year, time of day, day of week, and so on. A bandwidth allocation component within the adaptive radio system makes decisions about the best channels to use based on the properties of the channels and their expected durations of availabilities, given the history of usage for such channels. The probabilistic predictions can be ongoing with allocation, and be used to predict an upcoming loss of a channel and allow for switching to another channel to occur in a proactive versus a reactive manner. In more general applications and pricing models, a bandwidth allocation component could also generate probability distributions over the prices for using one or more available communication channels based on forecasts on demand. 
         [0010]    In accordance with other embodiments, the system may also be employed to make predictions about the bandwidth market. The bandwidth market is initially analyzed to determine one or more channels that are in demand. The bandwidth sensing component is employed to sense availability of these channels and infer the duration of their availability. If it is sensed that one or more such channels are available then the bandwidth allocation component generates a lower price for the channels thereby predicting a fall in the bandwidth market. On the contrary, if there is a paucity of such channels for communication, the bandwidth allocation component sets higher prices for these channels thereby predicting a rise in prices. 
         [0011]    Multiple variants of policies and associated ecosystems for the dynamic allocation of radio spectrum are feasible, some based on distributed or decentralized decision making policies, and others relying on the use of some coordinative system or service that assists with requests and allocations. However, all involve policies and methods for decision making about access and a number of such approaches are associated with methods for ongoing testing, bumping of users off channels, and reallocations as they become used by communicators with higher priority. Unfortunately, multiple schemes lead to delays and related transmission switching glitches because of the loss of bandwidth when a primary user or another user grabs bandwidth during communications, forcing the current user to find another channel, such as downmoding to a default channel. We describe systems and methods for minimizing glitches based on reactive switching via the use of statistical machine learning to build predictive models that are used continuously to predict the availability and loss of availability of spectrum to a user or set of users based on observation of evidence about context of a situation. The predictive methods can be harnessed to minimize disruptions associated with reactive methods and also to better optimize overall the allocation of radio spectrum to multiple participants. 
         [0012]    The following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative aspects of the claimed subject matter. These aspects are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of the claimed subject matter may be employed and the claimed subject matter is intended to include all such aspects and their equivalents. Other advantages and distinguishing features of the claimed subject matter will become apparent from the following detailed description of the claimed subject matter when considered in conjunction with the drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0013]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram that illustrates a computer implemented adaptive radio system. 
           [0014]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram that illustrates an embodiment of the computer implemented adaptive radio system that employs a machine learning and reasoning component to build and update models from historical data, to yield classifiers that can be used to sense the availability and duration of channels from contextual information; 
           [0015]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram that illustrates another embodiment of the adaptive radio system that employs an artificial intelligence component to allocate channels and generate price predictions; 
           [0016]      FIG. 4  is a flow diagram that illustrates an embodiment of a methodology to sell/rent/lease communication channels implemented in accordance with a bandwidth allocation system; 
           [0017]      FIG. 5  is a flow diagram that illustrates another embodiment of a methodology to sell communication channels implemented in accordance with a bandwidth allocation system; 
           [0018]      FIG. 6  is a flow diagram that illustrates an embodiment of a methodology to predict trends in the bandwidth market; 
           [0019]      FIG. 7   a  illustrates a block diagram of a communication system that can employ the adaptive radio system in order to optimize the usage of its resources. 
           [0020]      FIG. 7   b  illustrates a flow diagram of a methodology adapted by the communication system of  FIG. 7   a  to optimize the usage of its resources. 
           [0021]      FIG. 8 . illustrates a flow diagram of an embodiment that utilizes the predictions from the bandwidth allocation system to facilitate decisions regarding proactive switch versus an imposed reactive switch. 
           [0022]      FIG. 9  is a computer operable to execute the disclosed architecture for an adaptive radio system. 
           [0023]      FIG. 10  illustrates a schematic block diagram of an exemplary computing environment. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0024]    The claimed subject matter is now described with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the claimed subject matter. It may be evident, however, that the claimed subject matter may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to facilitate describing the claimed subject matter. 
         [0025]    As used in this application, the terms “component,” “module,” “system”, “interface”, “schema”, “algorithm” or the like are generally intended to refer to a computer-related entity, either hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. For example, a component may be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or a computer. By way of illustration, both an application running on a controller and the controller can be a component. One or more components may reside within a process and/or thread of execution and a component may be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers. 
         [0026]    Furthermore, the claimed subject matter may be implemented as a method, apparatus, or article of manufacture using standard programming and/or engineering techniques to produce software, firmware, hardware, or any combination thereof to control a computer to implement the disclosed subject matter. The term “article of manufacture” as used herein is intended to encompass a computer program accessible from any computer-readable device, carrier, or media. For example, computer readable media can include but are not limited to magnetic storage devices (e.g., hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic strips . . . ), optical disks (e.g., compact disk (CD), digital versatile disk (DVD) . . . ), smart cards, and flash memory devices (e.g., card, stick, key drive . . . ). Additionally it should be appreciated that a carrier wave can be employed to carry computer-readable electronic data such as those used in transmitting and receiving electronic mail or in accessing a network such as the Internet or a local area network (LAN). Of course, those skilled in the art will recognize many modifications may be made to this configuration without departing from the scope or spirit of the claimed subject matter. 
         [0027]    Moreover, the word “exemplary” is used herein to mean serving as an example, instance, or illustration. Any aspect or design described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects or designs. Rather, use of the word exemplary is intended to present concepts in a concrete fashion. As used in this application, the term “or” is intended to mean an inclusive “or” rather than an exclusive “or”. That is, unless specified otherwise, or clear from context, “X employs A or B” is intended to mean any of the natural inclusive permutations. That is if, X employs A; X employs B; or X employs both A and B, then “X employs A or B” is satisfied under any of the foregoing instances. In addition, the articles “a” and “an” as used in this application and the appended claims should generally be construed to mean “one or more” unless specified otherwise or clear from context to be directed to a singular form. 
         [0028]    As used herein, the terms to “infer” or “inference” refer generally to the process of reasoning about or inferring states of the system, environment, and/or user from a set of observations as captured via events and/or data. Inference can be employed to identify a specific context or action, or can generate a probability distribution over states, for example. The inference can be probabilistic—that is, the computation of a probability distribution over states of interest based on a consideration of data and events. Inference can also refer to techniques employed for composing higher-level events from a set of events and/or data. Such inference results in the construction of new events or actions from a set of observed events and/or stored event data, whether or not the events are correlated in close temporal proximity, and whether the events and data come from one or several event and data sources. 
         [0029]    The recent past has seen rapid strides in the development of communication systems which has led to an expanding array of technologies that are able to exploit new areas of radio frequency spectrum. This in turn has increased the demand for the radio spectrum. The radio spectrum is statically allocated to various service providers such as cellular telephone companies, cable and satellite television operators etc. by the FCC, a regulatory body that auctions spectrum licenses as different parts of the spectrum are made available for commercial use. These licenses are very expensive and moreover as radio spectrum is a fixed commodity, optimizing its usage will result in cost-efficient systems that make services more affordable to consumers. The systems and methods described herein facilitate trading of the spectrum between various service providers for example, thereby optimizing the use of communication equipment as well the communication channels. 
         [0030]      FIG. 1  depicts an adaptive radio system  100  in accordance with various embodiments and features described herein. The system  100  provides for monitoring various communication channels  104  that are employed by a communication system (not shown) for example, a television system, a wireless radio system, a cellular telephone system etc. By way of illustration and not limitation, the channels  104  can include frequency bands currently ranging for example from 9 kHz to 275 GHz which have been licensed for use by one or more terrestrial or space radio communication services by the FCC. An adaptive radio component  102  within the system  100  further comprises a bandwidth sensing component  110  that can analyze the communication channels  104  in order to sense one or more free channels that are not currently employed in providing communications or can accommodate more users without inconveniencing primary users and can therefore be shared. Additionally, the bandwidth sensing component  110  also infers a time until which the one or more channels will be available for usage. These inferences can be derived from the probability distributions over the duration of availability of the one or more channels given observational evidence, such as last usage, variables capturing statistics of usage over time, such as mean inter-availability intervals, bursts of usage, time of year, time of day, day of week, and so on. Hence, such available channels are dynamically provided to other service agents for the duration of their availability. This method of dynamic channel assignment typically strives to optimize the problem of frequency or channel reuse while maintaining sufficient geographic distance between wireless systems that transmit on the same channel. 
         [0031]    The adaptive radio component  102  also comprises a bandwidth allocation component  112  that interacts with the bandwidth sensing component  110  to determine allocation of available frequencies based on demand  114 . The demand for bandwidth may fluctuate depending on space and time factors. For example, within a mobile communication system certain geographic regions or cells generate a constant demand for bandwidth. In other regions such demand may vary according to network traffic at busy hour versus off-peak hours. In general, various mathematical models are employed to allocate a minimum number of channels to satisfy given demand without causing network interference thereby utilizing the available spectrum most efficiently. However, due to existing regulations, service providers may reassign channels dynamically within their own licensed spectrum. Deregulating the usage of spectrum to permit short-term rental/lease of the RF spectrum between various parties, similar to the rental of radio equipment, is one means to overcome this limitation faced by the service providers. In accordance with an aspect of the bandwidth allocation system, if the bandwidth sensing component  110  detects that a particular channel is free for a certain time interval or has the capacity to service more users, the provider may employ the bandwidth allocation component  112  to sell/rent the free channel to another customer based on existing channel demand  114 . The customers may be another service provider or individual customers with their own radio equipment but who need the channel to use with the equipment. In addition to allocating bandwidth  106 , the bandwidth allocation component  112  also generates price predictions  108  to facilitate selling the channel to other providers/customers for the duration of its availability. Therefore, dynamic channel allocation facilitated by wider tuning ranges of RF transceivers, and deregulation of the spectrum will turn the RF spectrum into a commodity that may be employed to generate additional revenue rather than just an asset utilized to service customers. Thus, the adaptive radio component  102  can be employed by a service provider to optimize the usage of valuable resources such as radio equipment and the RF spectrum. 
         [0032]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram that illustrates an embodiment of the computer implemented bandwidth allocation system that employs machine learning and automatic decision making to infer which frequencies are available and for how long. These predictions can be used to avoid glitches due to reactive switches or delays when channels that have been used opportunistically become unavailable. For sake of brevity, components common to the embodiment of  FIG. 1  will not be further discussed. Likewise, discussion regarding components repeated in connection with other embodiments may not be repeated for ease of readability. 
         [0033]    The bandwidth sensing component  110  comprises a machine learning and reasoning component, referred to as the artificial intelligence (AI) component  202 . The AI component  202  can employ statistical machine learning, for example, in connection with making one-shot or continuing determinations or inferences regarding the duration of channel availability. In one aspect, the artificial intelligence (A/I) component  202  comprises a statistical classifier  204 . The classifier  204  is employed to determine which of the communication channels are available and the duration of their availability. The inferences can be based in part upon explicit training of classifier(s) before employing the system  200 , or implicit training based at least upon inferences made using the system  200 . Explicit training of a classifier can require a user and/or programmer to input data wherein the availability and duration of the channels were correctly inferred. For example for a cellular communication system, the channel availability for a given cell can be based on certain parameters such as call demand within the cell, co-channel interference etc. The classifier can also be implicitly trained by monitoring inferred channel availability. Thus, as availability of channels is sensed and their duration of availability is predicted, the classifier  204  is continuously trained based on such inferences. For example, the classifier  204  when employed in a cellular communication system predicts the duration of channel availability by predicting the time until an arrival of a new call or a call handed off from another cell would occupy the sensed free channel. 
         [0034]    The AI component  202  can employ one of several machine learning and reasoning schemes (e.g., neural networks, expert systems, Bayesian belief networks, support vector machines (SVMs), Hidden Markov Models (HMMs), fuzzy logic, data fusion, etc.) in accordance with implementing various automated aspects described herein. The AI component  202  can factor historical data, extrinsic data, etc. and can compute cost of making an incorrect determination or inference versus benefit of making a correct determination or inference. Accordingly, a utility-based analysis can be employed with providing such information to other components or taking automated action. Ranking and confidence measures can be calculated and employed in connection with such analysis 
         [0035]    One of the fundamental principles of a free market economy is that resources (e.g., products, services, money . . . ) will tend to be redistributed by voluntary transactions in a manner that maximizes wealth and/or utility to all parties involved in the transactions. As such there is a natural tendency for competition between both buyers and sellers to efficiently allocate the resources and create markets that can be measured and analyzed in terms of money. Accordingly,  FIG. 3  is a block diagram that illustrates another embodiment of a bandwidth allocation system  300  that employs a machine learning and reasoning component  302  within a bandwidth allocation component  112  in order to allocate channels  106  based on frequency demands  114  in addition to generating price predictions  108  for the allocated bandwidth. 
         [0036]    The demand and hence the price of free channels varies in accordance with numerous factors to be considered based on various communication systems. For example within a cellular telephone system, the particular cells or geographic regions where the channels are available is one such factor. A free channel in a cell located in an urban area might fetch higher price/rent as compared to its availability in rural cell. The price variation based on geographic location is not only be due to variation in demand but can also be due to geographic topology since RF reception differs within different environments especially with the presence of signal obstructers like walls, metal roofs etc. Similarly, the price may vary depending on particular frequencies available since certain frequencies penetrate better than others. The time of availability such as peak/off-peak hour, weekdays or weekends, as well as duration of availability are some of the other factors that may affect the price/rent of the available channels. A channel which is available for longer duration may be less expensive as compared to a channel which due to greater demand may be available for shorter duration. 
         [0037]    Additionally, as stated supra, the channel availability information generated by the bandwidth sensing component  110  can be utilized for mitigating inconveniences associated with reactive switches. Accordingly, AI component  302  within the bandwidth allocation component  112  comprises a model of preference  306  that is used in guiding decisions, e.g., making the trade between maximizing the duration of the use of a channel and the rising probability of being forced into a reactive switch versus making a proactive switch in advance based on the reaching of threshold in the amount of time left before a switch may be imposed. The preference model  306  can use decision theoretic planning in order to aid in the decision of staying with a current channel or to switch channels. Decision theory employs probability distribution over various outcomes of an action in any state, preference functions over outcomes and utility functions to select a plan that has maximum utility. Accordingly, the adaptive radio component  102  can aid in making the decision to switch, channel to switch to in addition to deciding the time of switch. For example, various factors such as expected cost of switching based on the bandwidth price predictions and the time, duration of channel availability can facilitate in making a decision on switching immediately to a selected channel, staying with the current channel or making a switch to the selected channel at a later time. For example, the switch to the selected channel can be made at a selected time interval after the threshold time or even when a reactive switch is imposed. In the last case, since an alternative channel for communication is selected prior to imposition of the switch, it would still mitigate the inconveniences associated with the imposed reactive switch. The cost/benefit analysis provided by the system  100  can not only be adopted by a user to make a proactive switch but it can also be used by an authority controlling the spectrum to impose a switch on a user. The authority can mitigate the effects of the imposed switch by providing a pre-selected alternate communication channel to the user at the time of making the switch. 
         [0038]    The AI component  302  can employ a statistical machine learning approach, for example, in connection with making determinations or inferences regarding channel allocations  106  and bandwidth price predictions  108 . The artificial intelligence (A/I) component  302  can comprise a statistical classifier  304 . The classifier  304  can be employed to determine which of the communication channels should be allocated to a customer as well as the price of the channel. The inferences can be based in part upon explicit training of classifier(s) before employing the system  300 , or implicit training based at least upon previous inferences made using the system  300 . Explicit training of a classifier can require a user and/or programmer to input data wherein the frequency allocations and price predictions were correctly inferred for a given customer in a particular cell based on various factors listed supra. The classifier may be implicitly trained by monitoring correctly inferred channel allocations and price predictions. Thus, as channels are allocated and their prices are fixed, the classifier  304  is continuously trained based on such inferences. 
         [0039]    The AI component  302  can employ any suitable scheme (e.g., neural networks, expert systems, Bayesian belief networks, support vector machines (SVMs), Hidden Markov Models (HMMs), fuzzy logic, data fusion, etc.) in accordance with implementing various automated aspects described herein. The AI component  302  can factor historical data, extrinsic data, etc. and can compute cost of making an incorrect determination or inference versus benefit of making a correct determination or inference. 
         [0040]    Expected utility analyses known as value of information computations may be employed to guide the sensing and data collection so as to maximize the effectiveness of the models of spectrum availability. 
         [0041]    An expected utility-based analysis can be employed with providing such predictive information to other components or taking automated action. Ranking and confidence measures can be calculated and employed in connection with such analysis. 
         [0042]    Although the bandwidth sensing component  110  and the bandwidth allocation component  112  have been depicted as two separate components, it should be appreciated that the functionality describe supra, may be carried out by more or less number of components. 
         [0043]    A methodology in accordance with features presented herein will now be described via a series of acts. It is to be appreciated that the methodologies claimed herein are not limited by the order of acts, as some acts may occur in different orders, or concurrently with other acts from that shown and described herein. For example, those skilled in the art will understand and appreciate that a methodology could alternatively be represented as a series of interrelated states or events, such as in a state diagram. Moreover, not all illustrated acts may be required to implement a methodology as claimed herein. 
         [0044]      FIG. 4  illustrates one particular methodology  400  to sell/rent/lease communication channel(s) implemented in accordance with a bandwidth allocation system. A limited portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is divided into numerous channels to facilitate communications for a plurality of consumers and within a cellular telephone system may encompass Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and/or Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and/or Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) communications or their combinations. At  402 , the available spectrum is analyzed by various techniques such as employment of a spectrum analyzer or supported receiver. At  404  any channel(s) that are currently available and not employed in facilitating communications are identified. Machine learning used in conjunction with policies that undertake automatic decision making based on the output of predictive models can also predict which if any of the channels would soon be available, and for how long, and when channels that are being used in an opportunistic manner may be lost to other users, such as the usage by a primary owner of the bandwidth in some schemes. At  406  the duration of availability of these channel(s) that are currently available or would soon be free is predicted. This can be obtained based upon, for example, the relationship between a cell&#39;s expected traffic level and the number of channels needed by the system to service such traffic. At  408  a price for selling/renting the channels for their duration of availability is determined. This is discussed in further detail with respect to  FIG. 5 . At  410  one or more of the identified channel(s) are sold or leased for its duration of availability customers who may lease the channel with the transceiver or just the channel based on their requirements. Thus, at  412  use of the equipment such as the radio transceiver as well as the spectrum is optimized by selling/renting it out by an owner/licensee. 
         [0045]    Turning now to  FIG. 5 , a flow diagram illustrates a methodology that facilitates setting a price in order to sell/rent communication channels. At  502 , the available spectrum is analyzed using various techniques as discussed supra. At  504 , one or more channels that are currently available or may be shortly available for renting/selling are identified. At  506 , the demand for the one or more available channels is determined based upon for example, estimated traffic within respective cells in a mobile communication system and the channels required to handle the traffic. At  508 , a price is set for selling/renting the available channels based on primarily on the demand. As discussed supra, the price may vary with other factors such as the particular channel or frequency band that is available, the geographic location of its availability etc. AI techniques based on probabilistic or statistical based approach can be employed in connection with making the inferences or determinations. An explicitly or implicitly trained classifier can be used to make predictions for bandwidth prices based at least on the existing demand. 
         [0046]      FIG. 6  is a flow chart of a methodology that utilizes aspects of adaptive radio system to make predictions about the bandwidth market. As the price paid for a particular resource in a voluntary transaction is representative of the value of that resource to each party, monetary transactions provide a common measuring stick for comparing the relative values attached to particular resources. Accordingly, the price/rent obtained for free channels in these transactions may be utilized to make predictions for price fluctuations. At  602 , the bandwidth market is studied and analyzed through various tools for example, online tools provided by financial institutions with presence in telecom markets. Upon the analysis at  604 , the frequency bands with the highest demand are identified. At  606 , a system such as the adaptable radio component disclosed herein can be employed to sense the availability and obtain the duration of availability of the channels with high demand. At  608 , a determination is made if one or more of the channels in high demand are available for sale/rent within a predetermined time interval. If no channels are available for sale within the predetermined time, then a rise in prices of these channels is predicted at  610 . If one or more channels are available then a fall in prices of the bandwidth market is predicted as shown at  612 . Thus, an adaptive radio system described herein optimizes the use of the transceiver such that the bandwidth is sold according to demand thereby lending an ability to predict when the price will rise and fall. This allows a unique foresight into the bandwidth market. 
         [0047]    In  FIG. 7   a , an example of a communication system  700  that can utilize an adaptive radio system in accordance with various aspects described herein is presented. The figure depicts a geographic cell map of a cellular telecommunication system. Each hexagon  702  represents a cell which has a radio transmission tower to receive/transmit radio signals. Additionally, each of the cells from  1  through  5  is assigned certain number of channels by a provider in order to handle the cellular network traffic. However, due to fluctuations in network traffic one or more channels within the cells may not be involved in providing communication for certain duration of time and hence are free for sale or lease. If the channel cannot be assigned to other cells due to co-channel interference then it would be advantageous to the provider to sell the channel for the duration of its availability to a customer, for example, other service providers, thereby generating extra revenue along with optimizing the usage of resources such as a radio transceiver and the spectrum. 
         [0048]      FIG. 7   b  illustrates a methodology  710  of channel reuse employed by a communication system, for example a system illustrated in  FIG. 7   a  by utilizing an adaptive radio system disclosed in  FIG. 1 . Initially at  712 , a bandwidth sensing component  110  is used to monitor channel usage within a cell, for example, cell  1  of the system depicted in  FIG. 7   a . At  714 , one or more channels that are available or would soon be available for providing communications are detected. For example, the channels can support unlicensed users or they may be available for certain duration due to low network traffic or due to a provider licensing more bandwidth than needed to service the network traffic. At  716 , it is determined if the one or more available channels can be reused. For example, in the system of  FIG. 7   a , it is determined if the free channels detected within cell  1  can be reused in any of the neighboring cells such as cells  2  or  3 . If the same frequencies are being used in cells that are adjacent to cell  2  or cell  3  (e.g. cell  5 ), then it is concluded that the available channels may not be used in these cells since it would cause co-channel interference within the network. At  718 , duration of availability of these channels is determined by the bandwidth sensing component. Within the cellular network example described supra, the duration of availability can be determined by estimating the time until a new call arrives within the cell or arrival of a call handed off from a neighboring cell. At  720 , the demand for the available channels is estimated based on various factors such as network traffic within the cell or type of data transmitted. For example, transmission of video content would require greater bandwidth resulting in higher frequency demand. Accordingly, price for renting/leasing the one or more free channels is determined by a bandwidth allocation component  112  based at least on the demand at  722 . As detailed supra, price of available channels will vary depending on traffic demands, specific channels, type of data transmitted etc. Based on the demand the one or more channels are leased/rented to a customer at a determined price as shown at  724 . In accordance with another aspect, the demand determined at  720  may lead the provider to renting/leasing a channel rather than reserving it for customer service. The client who rents the channel could be another wireless communications provider who requires extra communication channels to service their own customers. Thus, a communication provider may optimize usage of spectrum in accordance with various aspects described herein. 
         [0049]      FIG. 8  refers to another embodiment that utilizes a preference model  306  within the adaptive radio  102  for decision making regarding proactively switching channels in order to avoid inconveniences arising from a reactive switch. These decisions to proactively switch channels can be implemented at client side or by a central allocation authority which encourages/enforces such channel usage or a combination thereof. For example, cognitive radio allows unlicensed/secondary users to utilize licensed bands whenever such usage does not interfere with usage of such bands by a licensed user. Upon sensing the presence of a licensed/primary user, the secondary user can switch channels to continue communications. However, such switches are subject to time and availability constraints of appropriate channels. The methodology described in  FIG. 8  can be adopted to mitigate the influence of such constraints. 
         [0050]    Initially, at  802  time of usage of a channel by a user is monitored by a bandwidth sensing component  110  continuously or at predetermined intervals. The user can be a secondary/unlicensed user utilizing a licensed band for communication. The communication system can utilize the bandwidth predictions generated by the adaptive radio system described supra to define a threshold time of usage left until a channel switch is imposed on the user. The threshold time can be predetermined or set dynamically by techniques discussed in detail earlier, for example, by employing implicitly or explicitly trained classifiers. For example, in mobile communication systems such as cellular telephones, the threshold can be dynamically set based not only on channel availability or cost but also on the geographic location of the mobile user. The classifier(s) determine the threshold time based on different factors such as channel demand or cost associated with channel usage. Accordingly, channels in high demand or expensive channels would be associated with low thresholds. At  804 , a determination is made if time of usage of the channel has reached the threshold. If the threshold time is reached, it can be inferred that there is a high probability of a channel switch being imposed. In this situation, at  806  the bandwidth sensing component  110  can be utilized to identify currently available channels or channels that would be soon be available. Upon identifying available channels, the time of their availability and duration of availability is determined for the identified channels at  808 . At  810 , cost of usage is determined for currently available channels or bandwidth price predictions are generated for channels that would soon be available. At  812  a decision is made on whether to make a switch or to stay with the current channel based on the various factors such as the cost associated with the switch. Decision theoretic optimization can be employed in making the decision to switch in order to minimize the cost of associated with the switch while maximizing the expected utility associated with the switch. A decision to stay with the current communication channel can be made if the expected utility associated with the switch does not justify the cost of switching. Accordingly, the system may return to analyzing the spectrum to identify if other channels have become available. On the other hand, a decision to switch channels can be made if, for example, the benefits associated with the switch offset the cost of switching. The decision regarding switching to the selected channel can also be a weighted result obtained by assigning different weights to each of the aforementioned factors. If the decision is made to switch channels, a channel to switch to and the time to make the switch are selected at  814 . The selection can be based on factors such as the duration of availability, time of availability or the associated costs. In accordance with different embodiments, the system switches to the selected channel immediately upon selection before expiration of the threshold time, after a pre-selected interval but before expiration of the threshold time, it may switch at the end of the threshold time upon imposition of a switch by the authority controlling the spectrum based on the factors described above. Finally, at  816  the communication system switches to the selected channel. The methodology described herein when adopted in any of the aforementioned embodiments, mitigates inconveniences associated with reactive switching by proactively selecting/switching channels in advance of an imposed reactive switch. 
         [0051]    We note that the methods may be used by individual actors in a distributed manner, by coalitions that share coordinative signals and work as teams, and by a central spectrum allocation coordination system or allocator. There is uncertainty as to how the adaptive radio ecosystem will evolve, but the use of machine learning for proactive optimizations of spectrum usage is valuable in all of these scenarios. 
         [0052]    Referring now to  FIG. 9 , there is illustrated a block diagram of an exemplary computer system operable to execute the disclosed architecture. In order to provide additional context for various aspects of the subject invention,  FIG. 9  and the following discussion are intended to provide a brief, general description of a suitable computing environment  900  in which the various aspects of the invention can be implemented. Additionally, while the invention has been described above in the general context of computer-executable instructions that may run on one or more computers, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention also can be implemented in combination with other program modules and/or as a combination of hardware and software. 
         [0053]    Generally, program modules include routines, programs, components, data structures, etc., that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the inventive methods can be practiced with other computer system configurations, including single-processor or multiprocessor computer systems, minicomputers, mainframe computers, as well as personal computers, hand-held computing devices, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, and the like, each of which can be operatively coupled to one or more associated devices. 
         [0054]    The illustrated aspects of the invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where certain tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules can be located in both local and remote memory storage devices. 
         [0055]    A computer typically includes a variety of computer-readable media. Computer-readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by the computer and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer-readable media can comprise computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media can include both volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disk (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by the computer. 
         [0056]    Communication media typically embodies computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism, and includes any information delivery media. The term “modulated data signal” means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of the any of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. 
         [0057]    With reference again to  FIG. 9 , the exemplary environment  900  for implementing various aspects of the invention includes a computer  902 , the computer  902  including a processing unit  904 , a system memory  906  and a system bus  908 . The system bus  908  couples to system components including, but not limited to, the system memory  906  to the processing unit  904 . The processing unit  904  can be any of various commercially available processors. Dual microprocessors and other multi-processor architectures may also be employed as the processing unit  1104 . 
         [0058]    The system bus  908  can be any of several types of bus structure that may further interconnect to a memory bus (with or without a memory controller), a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of commercially available bus architectures. The system memory  906  includes read-only memory (ROM)  910  and random access memory (RAM)  912 . A basic input/output system (BIOS) is stored in a non-volatile memory  910  such as ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, which BIOS contains the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within the computer  902 , such as during start-up. The RAM  912  can also include a high-speed RAM such as static RAM for caching data. 
         [0059]    The computer  902  further includes an internal hard disk drive (HDD)  914  (e.g., EIDE, SATA), which internal hard disk drive  914  may also be configured for external use in a suitable chassis (not shown), a magnetic floppy disk drive (FDD)  916 , (e.g., to read from or write to a removable diskette  919 ) and an optical disk drive  920 , (e.g., reading a CD-ROM disk  922  or, to read from or write to other high capacity optical media such as the DVD). The hard disk drive  914 , magnetic disk drive  916  and optical disk drive  920  can be connected to the system bus  908  by a hard disk drive interface  924 , a magnetic disk drive interface  926  and an optical drive interface  929 , respectively. The interface  924  for external drive implementations includes at least one or both of Universal Serial Bus (USB) and IEEE-134 interface technologies. Other external drive connection technologies are within contemplation of the subject invention. 
         [0060]    The drives and their associated computer-readable media provide nonvolatile storage of data, data structures, computer-executable instructions, and so forth. For the computer  902 , the drives and media accommodate the storage of any data in a suitable digital format. Although the description of computer-readable media above refers to a HDD, a removable magnetic diskette, and a removable optical media such as a CD or DVD, it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other types of media which are readable by a computer, such as zip drives, magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, cartridges, and the like, may also be used in the exemplary operating environment, and further, that any such media may contain computer-executable instructions for performing the methods of the invention. 
         [0061]    A number of program modules can be stored in the drives and RAM  912 , including an operating system  930 , one or more application programs  932 , other program modules  934  and program data  936 . All or portions of the operating system, applications, modules, and/or data can also be cached in the RAM  912 . It is appreciated that the invention can be implemented with various commercially available operating systems or combinations of operating systems. 
         [0062]    A user can enter commands and information into the computer  902  through one or more wired/wireless input devices, e.g., a keyboard  939  and a pointing device, such as a mouse  940 . Other input devices (not shown) may include a microphone, an IR remote control, a joystick, a game pad, a stylus pen, touch screen, or the like. These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit  904  through an input device interface  942  that is coupled to the system bus  908 , but can be connected by other interfaces, such as a parallel port, a serial port, an IEEE-134 port, a game port, a USB port, an IR interface, etc. 
         [0063]    A monitor  944  or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus  908  via an interface, such as a video adapter  946 . In addition to the monitor  944 , a computer typically includes other peripheral output devices (not shown), such as speakers, printers, etc. 
         [0064]    The computer  902  may operate in a networked environment using logical connections via wired and/or wireless communications to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer(s)  949 . The remote computer(s)  949  can be a workstation, a server computer, a router, a personal computer, portable computer, microprocessor-based entertainment appliance, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described relative to the computer  902 , although, for purposes of brevity, only a memory/storage device  950  is illustrated. The logical connections depicted include wired/wireless connectivity to a local area network (LAN)  952  and/or larger networks, e.g., a wide area network (WAN)  954 . Such LAN and WAN networking environments are commonplace in offices and companies, and facilitate enterprise-wide computer networks, such as intranets, all of which may connect to a global communications network, e.g., the Internet. 
         [0065]    When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer  902  is connected to the local network  952  through a wired and/or wireless communication network interface or adapter  956 . The adapter  956  may facilitate wired or wireless communication to the LAN  952 , which may also include a wireless access point disposed thereon for communicating with the wireless adapter  956 . 
         [0066]    When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer  902  can include a modem  959 , or is connected to a communications server on the WAN  954 , or has other means for establishing communications over the WAN  954 , such as by way of the Internet. The modem  959 , which can be internal or external and a wired or wireless device, is connected to the system bus  908  via the serial port interface  942 . In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer  902 , or portions thereof, can be stored in the remote memory/storage device  950 . It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers can be used. 
         [0067]    The computer  902  is operable to communicate with any wireless devices or entities operatively disposed in wireless communication, e.g., a printer, scanner, desktop and/or portable computer, portable data assistant, communications satellite, any piece of equipment or location associated with a wirelessly detectable tag (e.g., a kiosk, news stand, restroom), and telephone. This includes at least Wi-Fi and Bluetooth™ wireless technologies. Thus, the communication can be a predefined structure as with a conventional network or simply an ad hoc communication between at least two devices. 
         [0068]    Wi-Fi, or Wireless Fidelity, allows connection to the Internet from a couch at home, a bed in a hotel room, or a conference room at work, without wires. Wi-Fi is a wireless technology similar to that used in a cell phone that enables such devices, e.g., computers, to send and receive data indoors and out; anywhere within the range of a base station. Wi-Fi networks use radio technologies called IEEE-902.11 (a, b, g, etc.) to provide secure, reliable, fast wireless connectivity. A Wi-Fi network can be used to connect computers to each other, to the Internet, and to wired networks (which use IEEE-902.3 or Ethernet). Wi-Fi networks operate in the unlicensed 2.4 and 5 GHz radio bands, at an 11 Mbps (902.11a) or 54 Mbps (902.11b) data rate, for example, or with products that contain both bands (dual band), so the networks can provide real-world performance similar to the basic 10BaseT wired Ethernet networks used in many offices. 
         [0069]    Referring now to  FIG. 10 , there is illustrated a schematic block diagram of an exemplary computer compilation system operable to execute the disclosed architecture. The system  1000  includes one or more client(s)  1002 . The client(s)  1002  can be hardware and/or software (e.g., threads, processes, computing devices). The client(s)  1002  can house cookie(s) and/or associated contextual information by employing the invention, for example. 
         [0070]    The system  1000  also includes one or more server(s)  1004 . The server(s)  1004  can also be hardware and/or software (e.g., threads, processes, computing devices). The servers  1004  can house threads to perform transformations by employing the invention, for example. One possible communication between a client  1002  and a server  1004  can be in the form of a data packet adapted to be transmitted between two or more computer processes. The data packet may include a cookie and/or associated contextual information, for example. The system  1000  includes a communication framework  1006  (e.g., a global communication network such as the Internet) that can be employed to facilitate communications between the client(s)  1002  and the server(s)  1004 . 
         [0071]    Communications can be facilitated via a wired (including optical fiber) and/or wireless technology. The client(s)  1002  are operatively connected to one or more client data store(s)  1008  that can be employed to store information local to the client(s)  1002  (e.g., cookie(s) and/or associated contextual information). Similarly, the server(s)  1004  are operatively connected to one or more server data store(s)  1010  that can be employed to store information local to the servers  1004 . 
         [0072]    What has been described above includes examples of the various embodiments. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components or methodologies for purposes of describing the embodiments, but one of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that many further combinations and permutations are possible. Accordingly, the detailed description is intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications, and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. 
         [0073]    In particular and in regard to the various functions performed by the above described components, devices, circuits, systems and the like, the terms (including a reference to a “means”) used to describe such components are intended to correspond, unless otherwise indicated, to any component which performs the specified function of the described component (e.g., a functional equivalent), even though not structurally equivalent to the disclosed structure, which performs the function in the herein illustrated exemplary aspects of the embodiments. In this regard, it will also be recognized that the embodiments includes a system as well as a computer-readable medium having computer-executable instructions for performing the acts and/or events of the various methods. 
         [0074]    In addition, while a particular feature may have been disclosed with respect to only one of several implementations, such feature may be combined with one or more other features of the other implementations as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular application. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “includes,” and “including” and variants thereof are used in either the detailed description or the claims, these terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising.”