Abstract:
Embodiments of the present invention relate to managing content item syndication by maintaining referential integrity between isolated systems. A computing device receives a first content item, wherein the first content item has an external dependency with a second content item defined by a first reference. In response to determining that the second content item does not exist on the computing device, the computing device generates a second reference to replace the first reference, wherein the second reference defines a dependency of the first content item to a third content item. The computing device generates a link that directs a user to the third content item in response to the user attempting to access the second content item.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    The present disclosure relates generally to the field of content management, and more particularly to managing content item syndication by maintaining referential integrity between isolated systems. 
         [0002]    Content management systems often separate development, authoring, staging and production environments. With this separation comes the requirement to support transmitting artifacts between these environments (hereinafter “syndicate”) that can introduce data management issues, such as unknown or unresolvable references. CMS can control the referential integrity between content items. For example, if content item A references content item B then content item B can not be deleted until the reference within content item A is removed or re-routed to a different content item, which ensures that on the final production site the link that appears with content item A is operational and not generating a, for example, a “404 Not Found” error notice. 
         [0003]    At times, race conditions can occur wherein a down stream system attempts to apply a syndicated item that refers to a content item that does not yet exist on the system, which can frustrate the ability to ensure referential integrity of syndicate content items between systems. Current solutions include cataloging the original reference value along with the property within the content item that held it in a collection of references to fix. Another approach involves committing all changes that being syndicated into a repository in a single transaction. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0004]    Embodiments of the present invention relate to managing content item syndication by maintaining referential integrity between isolated systems. A computing device receives a first content item, wherein the first content item has an external dependency with a second content item defined by a first reference. In response to determining that the second content item does not exist on the computing device, the computing device generates a second reference to replace the first reference, wherein the second reference defines a dependency of the first content item to a third content item. The computing device generates a link that directs a user to the third content item in response to the user attempting to access the second content item. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0005]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating an environment, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0006]      FIG. 2  illustrated an exemplary syndication event, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0007]      FIG. 3  illustrates an exemplary depiction of the change set of the exemplary syndication event, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0008]      FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary depiction of a modified syndicated content item, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0009]      FIG. 5  depicts operational steps of a program function, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0010]      FIG. 6  depicts a block diagram of components of the computing device, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0011]    As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aspects of the present invention may be embodied as a system, method or computer program product. Accordingly, aspects of the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module” or “system.” Furthermore, aspects of the present invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer-readable medium(s) having computer-readable program code/instructions embodied thereon. 
         [0012]    Any combination of computer-readable media may be utilized. Computer-readable media may be a computer-readable signal medium or a computer-readable storage medium. A computer-readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of a computer-readable storage medium would include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (hereinafter “RAM”), a read-only memory (hereinafter “ROM”), an erasable programmable read-only memory (hereinafter “EPROM” or “Flash memory”), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (hereinafter “CD-ROM”), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. In the context of this document, a computer-readable storage medium may be any tangible medium that can contain, or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. 
         [0013]    A computer-readable signal medium may include a propagated data signal with computer-readable program code embodied therein, for example, in baseband or as part of a carrier wave. Such a propagated signal may take any of a variety of forms, including, but not limited to, electro-magnetic, optical, or any suitable combination thereof. A computer-readable signal medium may be any computer-readable medium that is not a computer-readable storage medium and that can communicate, propagate, or transport a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. 
         [0014]    Program code embodied on a computer-readable medium may be transmitted using any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless, wireline, optical fiber cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination of the foregoing. 
         [0015]    Computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of the present invention may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Java™, Smalltalk, C++ or the like and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The program code may execute entirely on a user&#39;s computer, partly on the user&#39;s computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user&#39;s computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user&#39;s computer through any type of network, including a local area network (hereinafter “LAN”) or a wide area network (hereinafter “WAN”), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). 
         [0016]    Aspects of the present invention are described below with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
         [0017]    These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable medium that can direct a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instructions which implement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
         [0018]    The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other devices to produce a computer-implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide processes for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
         [0019]    Content management systems often separate authoring, staging, delivery and production of content items in to one or more different environments. Content items are created and managed in the authoring environment, aggregated in the staging environment, rendered and delivered in the delivery environment, and implemented and delivered in the production environment. Replicating data from a content library on one computing device to a content library on another computing device is referred to as “syndication”. With this separation comes the requirement to support transmitting artifacts between these environments that can introduce data management issues, such as unknown or unresolvable references. 
         [0020]    Syndication requires a syndicator and a subscriber. Syndicators transmit data to subscribers, which subscribe. In certain embodiments, a computing device can be both a syndicator and a subscriber. Embodiments of the present invention seek to support the syndication of content items with referential integrity by creating temporary references when unresolved dependencies are encountered to aid in addressing errors encountered during the syndication of content item having dependencies that might leave the content item in an invalid state. Embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the Figs.  FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating an environment, generally designated  100 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         [0021]    Environment  100  includes syndicator computing device  140  and subscriber computing device  110 , all interconnected over network  130 . Network  130  can be, for example, a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN) such as the Internet, or a combination of the two, and can include wired, wireless, or fiber optic connections. In general, network  130  can be any combination of connections and protocols that will support communications between syndicator computing device  140  and subscriber computing device  110 . 
         [0022]    In various embodiments of the present invention, syndicator computing device  140  and subscriber computing device  110  may be a laptop computer, tablet computer, netbook computer, personal computer (hereinafter “PC”), a desktop computer, a personal digital assistant (hereinafter “PDA”), a smart phone, or any programmable electronic device capable of communicating via network  130 . Syndicator computing device  140  is a computing device that can replicate content items to a subscriber, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Syndicator computing device  140  includes content manager  142  and exemplary repository  144 . Exemplary repository  144  is an information store that includes content item files  146 , which further include content items, which are files that include data, text, media, and/or webpage templates). Although depicted as an internal component of syndicator computing device  140 , exemplary information repository  144  may be external to syndicator computing device  140 . In certain embodiments, content items included in content item files  146  can have external dependencies on other content items that may or may not exist in content item files  146 . Content item reference table  148  includes referential information reflective of the external dependencies of content items included in content item files  146 . 
         [0023]    Content manager  142  is software that can support one or more content management environments, such as development, authoring, staging, and production, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In an embodiment, content managers  1420  and  188  are copies of the same software. Content manager  142  is in communication with exemplary information repository  144 . Content manager  142  can syndicate content items to other content managers, such as content manager  118 . Syndication is the method by which content items are replicated from one web content repository, such as exemplary information repository  120 , to another, such as exemplary information repository  120 . In an embodiment, content manager  142  can receive information from content manager  118 . The syndicated change set transmitted by content manager  142  can include transporting artifacts reflective of content item dependencies. However, at times, dependencies reflected in the transporting artifact can include content items that are not present on the subscribing system, which may result in errors, such as broken links, out of date postings and lower user satisfaction. 
         [0024]    Subscriber computing device  110  includes exemplary repositories  120  and  114 , content manager  118 , and program function  112 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Exemplary information repository  120  includes content item reference files  124  and content item files  122 . Content item reference files  124  include information that reflects the dependencies of content items included in content item files  122 . Content manager  188  is in communication with exemplary information repository  120  and program function  122 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         [0025]    Content manager  118  is software that supports the collection, managing, and publishing of information, such as content items. Content manager  118  can support a content management environment for the development, authoring, staging, and/or production of content items, such as, content items included in content item files  146 . In an embodiment, content manager  118  subscribes information from other content managers, such as content manager  140 . Program function  112  is in communication with content manager  118  and exemplary information repository  114 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Program function  112  is software that reduces errors associated with unknown or unresolvable references with content items deployed in a syndicated change set (discussed above), in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         [0026]    Program function  112  generates transport reference items  116 . Unknown references within syndicated change sets are stored as unique references (hereinafter “transport reference items”) within exemplary information repository  144 . A change sets is a set of changes that should be treated as an indivisible group. Concepts discussed in reference to  FIGS. 2 ,  3 , and  4  support concepts that will be discussed in reference to  FIG. 5 .  FIG. 2  depicts a syndication event, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically,  FIG. 2  illustrates a syndication event that involves syndicator computing device  120  and subscriber computing device  10 , wherein a change set (discussed further in reference to  FIGS. 3 and 4 ) is syndicated from syndicator computing device  120  to subscriber computing device  110 , via network  130 . 
         [0027]      FIG. 3  depicts an exemplary illustration of the change set of syndication event  210 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Syndication event  210  involves the syndication of data from syndicator computing device  140  to subscriber computing device  110 . Syndication event  210  initiates when content manager  142  receives notification to syndicate a change set, for example, change set  300 , and concludes when content manager  118  receives the syndicated change set. Continuing, upon receipt, program function  112  determines that content item  312  has external dependencies associated with content items  316  and  314 . The reference associated with the dependencies between contents  314  and  312  is unresolved (as depicted by the broken line boarder of content item  314 ) because program function  112  determined that content item  314  is not stored in content item files  122  or subscriber computing device  110 . Content item references may be unresolvable due to, for example, a corrupt or missing file. 
         [0028]    For each unresolved reference, such as the unresolved reference associated with content item  314 , included in change set  300  that is marked for syndication, program function  112  generates a transport reference item, for example, in transport reference items  116 , for example, TRI314.  FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary depiction of a modified syndicated content item, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In certain embodiments, program function  112  instructs content manager  118  to update content item reference files  124  to reflect that the dependency of content item  312  on content item  314  is replaced with that of a temporary reference item, such as TRI414. In certain embodiments, transport reference items  116  can point to alternative content items of the same content item type as the unresolved content item, for example, text, template, and media. In certain embodiments, as a user encounters a website with an unresolved content item, the use of temporary reference item to temporarily stand in for unresolved content items allows the website to remain operational while content therein is being updated. 
         [0029]    Subsequently, program function  112  instructs content manager  118  to commit change set  300  to content item files  122 . In response to determining that the reference to content item  314  has been resolved, program manager  112  instructs content manager  118  to update content reference files  124  to point to the newly resolved content item.  FIG. 5  depicts the operational steps of program function  112 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Program function  112  monitors content management syndication (step  500 ). If program function  112  determines that there are no unresolved issues (“no” branch decisional  505 ), then program function  112  instructs content manager  118  to commit the content items to the content item library (step  525 ). 
         [0030]    If program function  112  determines that there are unresolved references included in the syndicated change set (“yes” branch decisional  505 ), program function  112  proceeds to decisional  510 . If program function  112  determines that the unresolved content item is not included in the syndicated change set (decisional  510 ), program function  112  generates an error notification and instructs content manager  118  to halt the update (step  515 ). If program function  112  determines that the unresolved content item is included in the syndicated change set (decisional  510 ), then for each unresolved reference, program function  112  generates a transport reference item to replace the unresolved reference (step  520 ) and proceeds to step  525 . 
         [0031]    Program function  112  determines the transport references that represent the content item (step  530 ). Program function  112  determines all content items that reference the transport reference item and instructs content manager  118  to replace the reference with determined content items (step  540 ). 
         [0032]      FIG. 6  depicts a block diagram of components of subscriber computing device  112  in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the present invention. It should be appreciated that  FIG. 6  provides only an illustration of one implementation and does not imply any limitations with regard to the environments in which different embodiments may be implemented. Many modifications to the depicted environment may be made. 
         [0033]    subscriber computing device  110  includes communications fabric  602 , which provides communications between computer processor(s)  604 , memory  606 , persistent storage  608 , communications unit  610 , and input/output (I/O) interface(s)  612 . Communications fabric  602  can be implemented with any architecture designed for passing data and/or control information between processors (such as microprocessors, communications and network processors, etc.), system memory, peripheral devices, and any other hardware components within a system. For example, communications fabric  602  can be implemented with one or more buses. 
         [0034]    Memory  606  and persistent storage  608  are computer-readable storage media. In this embodiment, memory  606  includes random access memory (hereinafter “RAM”)  614  and cache memory  616 . In general, memory  606  can include any suitable volatile or non-volatile computer-readable storage media. 
         [0035]    Program function  112 , content manager  118 , and exemplary information repositories  120  and  114  are stored in persistent storage  608  for execution and/or access by one or more of the respective computer processors  604  via one or more memories of memory  606 . In this embodiment, persistent storage  608  includes a magnetic hard disk drive. Alternatively, or in addition to a magnetic hard disk drive, persistent storage  608  can include a solid state hard drive, a semiconductor storage device, read-only memory (hereinafter “ROM”), erasable programmable read-only memory (hereinafter “EPROM”), flash memory, or any other computer-readable storage media that is capable of storing program instructions or digital information. 
         [0036]    The media used by persistent storage  608  may also be removable. For example, a removable hard drive may be used for persistent storage  608 . Other examples include optical and magnetic disks, thumb drives, and smart cards that are inserted into a drive for transfer onto another computer-readable storage medium that is also part of persistent storage  608 . 
         [0037]    Communications unit  610 , in these examples, provides for communications with other data processing systems or devices, including syndicator computing device  120 . In these examples, communications unit  410  includes one or more network interface cards. Communications unit  610  may provide communications through the use of either or both physical and wireless communications links. Program function  112  and content manager  118  may be downloaded to persistent storage  608  through communications unit  610 . 
         [0038]    I/O interface(s)  612  allows for input and output of data with other devices that may be connected to subscriber computing device  110 . For example, I/O interface  612  may provide a connection to external devices  618  such as a keyboard, keypad, a touch screen, and/or some other suitable input device. External devices  618  can also include portable computer-readable storage media such as, for example, thumb drives, portable optical or magnetic disks, and memory cards. Software and data used to practice embodiments of the present invention, e.g., program function  112  and content manager  118 , can be stored on such portable computer-readable storage media and can be loaded onto persistent storage  608  via I/O interface(s)  612 . I/O interface(s) also connects to a display  620 . Display  620  provides a mechanism to display data to a user and may be, for example, a computer monitor. 
         [0039]    The programs described herein are identified based upon the application for which they are implemented in a specific embodiment of the invention. However, it should be appreciated that any particular program nomenclature herein is used merely for convenience, and thus the invention should not be limited to use solely in any specific application identified and/or implied by such nomenclature. 
         [0040]    The flowchart and block diagrams in the FIGS. illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of code, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). It should also be noted that, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts, or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.