Abstract:
The seal ( 1, 1′,1 ″), which is made of a multilayered material ( 2 ), is used as a capsule for sealing a bottle of wine and comprises a layer C which can be subjected to resilient axial compression, and a layer B forming a barrier to oxygen. In said seal, layer B forms or comprises a deposit of organic material. The seal ( 1, 1′, 1 ″) comprises a layer S forming a support for layer B, wherein said support S is or not in contact with layer C such that it is possible to have a structure comprising either a series of layers C, B and S, said structure being represented symbolically by C/ B/ S in the case of adjacent layers C, B and S, wherein layer S enters into contact with wine, or a series of layers C, S and B, said structure being represented symbolically by C/ S/ B in the case of adjacent layers C, S and B, wherein layer B enters into contact with wine. Advantages: possibility of forming screwed sealing capsules provided with a large variety of seals adapted to the specific requirements of each type of wine, in order to replace tradition corks.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     The invention relates to the field of seals associated with stopper means for sealing up containers, typically the field of cork, top or stopper cap seals.  
       STATE OF THE ART  
       [0002]     A known multi-layer material seal is described in EP 0 970 893 A1 wherein EVOH is used as a barrier material.  
         [0003]     Seals are also known that comprise PVDC as a barrier material.  
         [0004]     A multi-layer material seal is thus known, for example, which has the following structure:  
         [0000]     LPDE/EVA/PVDC/EVA/LDPE/EPE/LDPE/EVA/PVDC/EVA/LDPE  
         [0005]     In this structure, used particularly as a stopper cap seal, the EVA acts as an adhesive layer to bond the LDPE to the PVDC, and EPE denotes an expanded PE.  
       PROBLEMS POSED  
       [0006]     The problems posed are of several types: 
        on the one hand, in order to be cost-effective, the seals are typically formed from strip material, typically by cutting with a punch, such that a not insubstantial part of said strip material, in practice typically about 20% in the case of round seals cut “contiguously”, forms a skeleton or offcuts which go for waste. In fact, when the strip material intended to form these seals comprises a material including chlorine, typically PVDC, recycling the skeleton, and possible recycling the seals at the end of their life span poses problems, in particular problems of corrosion through the formation of hydrochloric acid,     moreover the presence of PVDC does not allow a seal with a uniform structure to be preserved,     on the other hand, the applicant has conducted stopper tests on bottles of wine for laying down using stopper caps fitted with seals, even though traditionally, bottles of wine for laying down are closed by cork stoppers, and it has noted that, in many cases, the seal used in caps sealing up wine for laying down interfered with the behaviour of the wine over time, in other words, its ageing process. Furthermore, the applicant has found that seals comprising EVOH, although able to form a barrier that is in principle effective or adapted to the ageing of the wine, could not be used as they were unstable in storage,     furthermore, the invention aims to obtain seals that have, with a comparable barrier, a smaller production cost,     finally, the applicant has noted that caps fitted with standard seals were not necessarily adapted, in terms of the level of barrier to oxygen or to steam, to the conservation of wines, since each wine requires a certain barrier level, or a barrier located in a given range of values. Indeed, the ageing of some wines involves a controlled atmosphere exchange, and therefore a pre-set barrier level.        
 
         [0012]     The seals according to the invention aim to resolve these problems, while still providing the required tightness, in other words having no liquid leaks.  
       DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0013]     According to the invention, the multi-layer material leakproof seal intended for use in a stopper means for a container intended to contain a food product, said container typically being a bottle intended to contain an alcoholic drink and said stopper means being typically a stopper cap, comprises a layer C of thermoplastic material with a density of between 200 and 500 kg/m 3 , and a layer B forming a barrier to oxygen.  
         [0014]     In this seal:  
         [0015]     a) said layer B forms or comprises a coating of non-organic material,  
         [0016]     b) said seal comprises a layer S forming a support of said layer B, said support layer S being or not being in contact with said layer C, so as to give a structure that comprises either a succession of layers C, B and S, a structure shown symbolically as C/B/S in the case of adjacent layers C, B and S, the layer S being intended to be in contact with said food product, or a succession of layers C, S and B, a structure represented symbolically as C/S/B in the case of adjacent layers C, S and B, the layer B being intended to be in contact with said product.  
         [0017]     The seals according to the invention resolve the problems posed, while still providing the required tightness, in other words having no liquid leaks.  
         [0018]     Indeed, these seals are formed from chlorine-free strip material, the barrier B not comprising any PVDC, such that recycling the skeleton, and possibly recycling the seals at the end of their lifespan poses no problem, in particular poses no problem of corrosion through the formation of hydrochloric acid.  
         [0019]     Moreover, the barrier layer B is a layer which, despite its slight degree of relative thickness compared with the layer C, has a high barrier level, such that recycling the skeleton in the layer C may occur without drawbacks. The layer C is typically at least 1000 times thicker than the barrier layer B, and even sometimes 10,000 times thicker than the barrier layer B.  
         [0020]     The applicant has conducted tests on stoppering bottles of wine for laying down, using stopper caps fitted with seals according to the invention which ensured the correct ageing of wines, without modifying the properties of these seals over time, and without furthermore encountering the problems with stoppers which can arise more or less randomly with traditional cork stoppers.  
         [0021]     The invention furthermore makes it possible to obtain a whole series of seals with a smaller production cost, particularly through the possibility of having a more straightforward multi-layer structure for a comparable barrier level.  
         [0022]     Finally, the invention makes it possible to obtain a range of seals as a barrier to oxygen or to steam, so as to be able to adapt the barrier level to each type of wine, with a view to the ageing thereof. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES  
       [0023]     All the figures relate to the invention.  
         [0024]      FIG. 1   a  is a cross-section view of a stopper cap ( 4 ) fitted with a multi-layer seal ( 1 ,  1 ′) according to the invention. This cap ( 4 ) comprises a threaded insert ( 40 ) and a metal shell ( 41 ).  
         [0025]     The structure of the multi-layer seal ( 1 ,  1 ′) in  FIG. 1   a  has been shown in  FIG. 1   b  and corresponds to the symbolic representation C/B/S, corresponding to the succession of layers A, B and S, S being the layer in contact with the liquid.  
         [0026]      FIGS. 2   a  to  8   d  are similar to  FIG. 1   b  and illustrate a variety of structures of multi-layer seals ( 1 ,  1 ′,  1 ″) according to the invention. The following table shows for each figure the structure of the multi-layer seal:  
                                   Figure number   Symbolic representation of multi-layer structure                   2a   C/I/B/S       2b   C/Ad/B/S       2c   C/I/Ad/B/S       2d   C/I/Ad/S/B       3a   S/B/C′/B/S       3b   S/B/I/C′/I/B/S       3c   S/B/C′/Ad/B/S       3d   S/B/Ad/I/C′/I/Ad/B/S       3e   S/B/Ad/I/C′/I/B/S       3f   S/B/C′/I/Ad/B/S       4a   C/M/B/S       4b   C/Ad/M/B/S       4c   C/Ad/M/Ad′/B/S       4d   C/M/Ad/B/S       5a   S/B/M/C′/M/B/S       5b   S/B/C′/I/M/B/S       5c   S/B/Ad/M/C′/M/Ad/B/S       5d   S/B/Ad/M/C′/I/B/S       5e   S/B/C′/M/Ad/B/S       5f   S/B/C′/Ad′/M/Ad/B/S       6a   S/B/C′/B/S/M       6b   S/B/I/C′/I/B/S/M       6c   S/B/C′/Ad/B/S/M       6d   S/B/Ad/I/C′/Ad′/I/B/S/M       6e   M/S/B/Ad/I/C′/I/B/S/M       6f   B/S/C′/Ad/M       7a   M′ or S/B/C′/B/M′ or S       7b   M′ or S/B/I/C′/I/B/M′ or S       7c   M′ or S/B/Ad/C′/Ad/M′       7d   M′ or S/B/Ad′/I/C/I/Ad/B/M′ or S       7e   S′/M′/B/Ad/C′/Ad/B/M′/S′       8a   M′ or S/B/Ad/C′/Ad/B/M′ or S/V or P       8b   V or P/M′ or S/B/Ad/C′/Ad/B/M′ or S/V orP       8c   V or P/B/S/Ad/C′/Ad/S/B/V or P       8d   V or P/M/Ad′/B/S/Ad/C′/S/B/Ad′/M/V or P                    
         [0027]     In  FIGS. 2   a  to  8   d , only the layers C, C′, B and S have been hatched. The other layers I, Ad, Ad′, M etc have not been hatched in the interests of clarity.  
         [0028]      FIG. 9  is a diagrammatic representation of the manufacture of a multi-layer strip material ( 2 ) of the type “C/B/E”, with a layer C ( 20 ) formed by extrusion on a twin layer strip film B/E ( 23 ) supplied on a spool ( 24 ), and the manufacture of corresponding seals ( 1 ,  1 ′,  1 ″) by cutting out of the strip ( 2 ) of multi-layer material C/B/E formed in this manner, the skeleton ( 3 ) then being returned to the feed hopper ( 22 ) of the extrusion machine ( 21 ) and thus recycled in the layer C.  
         [0029]      FIG. 10   a  is a view from above of a portion of multi-layer material strip ( 2 ) after round seals ( 1 ,  1 ′) have been cut out, and known as the “skeleton” ( 3 ).  
         [0030]      FIG. 10   b  is a vertical cross-section view of a plane seal ( 1 ,  1 ′) of the C/S/B type.  
         [0031]      FIG. 10   c  is a vertical cross-section view of a thermoformed seal ( 1 ,  1 ′) of the C/S/B type.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0032]     According to the invention, said barrier layer B may form or comprise a non-organic layer constituted by a coating of SiO x .  
         [0033]     According to another embodiment of the invention, said barrier layer B may form or comprise a coating of aluminum oxide.  
         [0034]     According to another embodiment, said barrier layer B may form or comprise a coating of carbon.  
         [0035]     According to another embodiment of the invention, said barrier layer B may form or comprise a nano-particle dispersion of exfoliated platelets of a phyllosilicate clay.  
         [0036]     Whatever embodiment is selected, said barrier layer B may be of selected thickness or of selected content of non-organic material, to give a seal with permeability to oxygen of less than 5 cm 3 /m 2 /j.  
         [0037]     Said barrier layer B may be of selected thickness or of selected content of said non-organic material, to give a seal with permeability to oxygen of between 5 and 10 cm 3 /m 2 /j.  
         [0038]     Said barrier layer B may be of selected thickness or of selected content of said non-organic material, to give a seal with permeability to oxygen of between 10 and 20 cm 3 /m 2 /j.  
         [0039]     Said barrier layer B may be of selected thickness or of selected content of said non-organic material, to give a seal with permeability to oxygen of between 20 and 40 cm 3 /m 2 /j.  
         [0040]     Said barrier layer B may be of selected thickness or of selected content of said non-organic material, to give a seal with permeability to oxygen of over 40 cm 3 /m 2 /j and typically of up to 80 cm 3 /m 2 /j.  
         [0041]     Indeed, it is important to have available a range of seals with different ranges of permeability to oxygen, insofar as each type of wine may require, for optimum conservation and ageing, a seal which provides a more or less significant level of gaseous exchange with the outer atmosphere.  
         [0042]     Generally speaking, the level of gaseous exchange will be less for white wines than for red wines.  
         [0043]     According to the invention, said barrier layer B may have a thickness of between 10 nm and 250 nm when said non-organic material is selected from a coating of SiO x , or a coating of aluminum oxide or a coating of carbon.  
         [0044]     Said barrier layer B may also be formed by a dispersion of exfoliated nano-particles in a resin or a plastic material with a thickness of between 1 μm and 30 μm.  
         [0045]     According to the invention said layer C may have a thickness E, typically between 0.5 mm and 2.5 mm.  
         [0046]     Said layer C may be formed of a material M C  constituted by or comprising a layer of expanded polyolefin typically expanded PE or EPE.  
         [0047]     Said layer C may be constituted by or comprise a layer of thermoplastic material with density between 200 and 500 kg/m 3 .  
         [0048]     Typically, said layer C may be a layer of expanded or cellular polyolefin, typically a layer of expanded PE or EPE, with density between 350 kg/m 3  and 450 kg/m 3 .  
         [0049]     Said layer C may be constituted by or comprise a layer of elastomer, typically SEBS or silicon.  
         [0050]     According to the invention, said support layer S may be formed out of the material Ms selected from a polyolefin or a PET, typically a PP, of thickness E S  typically between 10 μm and 50 μm. See  FIG. 1   b.    
         [0051]     As is shown in diagrammatic form particularly in  FIG. 2   a , an intermediate layer I may be interposed between said layer C and said layer B, said intermediate layer I being a layer of polyolefin, and typically a layer of PE, of thickness E I  typically between 10 μm and 50 μm, to give for said multi-layer material a structure represented symbolically as C/I/B/S or as C/I/S/B.  
         [0052]     Indeed, it may be useful or necessary to manufacture the multi-layer material I/B/S separately, since the layer I is able to act to protect the barrier layer B and/or provide the connection with the layer C.  
         [0053]     Depending particularly on the nature of said layer B, and as shown in diagrammatic form in  FIGS. 2   b  and  2   c , a layer of adhesive Ad may be interposed between said layer B and said layer C or said layer I, said adhesive layer Ad typically having a thickness EA of less than 5 μm, to give for said multi-layer material a structure represented symbolically as C/Ad/B/S or C/I/Ad/B/S or C/Ad/S/B or C/I/Ad/S/B or C/Ad/I/B/S or C/Ad/I/S/B.  
         [0054]     According to another embodiment of the invention shown in  FIGS. 3   a  to  3   f  and  6   a  to  8   d , said layer C may be a central layer C′ possibly forming a plane of symmetry in respect of said multi-layer material, to give for said multi-layer material structures selected from:  
         [0055]     a) S/B/C′/B/S,B/S/C′/S/B,S/B/C′/B/S, as shown in  FIG. 3   a,    
         [0056]     B) structures comprising at least one intermediate layer I, in particular: S/B/I/C′/I/B/S,B/S/I/C′/I/S/B, S/B/I/C′/I/S/B,S/B/C′/I/B/S,B/S/C′/I/S/B,S/B/C′/I/S/B, S/B/I/C′/S/B, as shown in  FIG. 3   b,    
         [0057]     c) structures comprising at least one adhesive layer Ad, in particular: S/B/Ad/C′/Ad/B/S, B/S/Ad/C′/Ad/S/B, S/B/C′/Ad/B/S,B/S/C′/Ad/S/B, as shown in  FIG. 3   c,    
         [0058]     d) structures comprising at least one adhesive layer Ad and an intermediate layer I, in particular:  
         [0000]     S/B/Ad/I/C′/I/Ad/B/S,B/S/Ad/I/C′/I/Ad/S/B,S/B/I/Ad/C′/Ad/I/B/S,B/S/I/Ad/C′/Ad/I/S/B,S/B/I/C′/I/Ad/B/S,B/S/I/C′/I/Ad/S/B, S/B/I/C′/Ad/I/B/S,B/S/I/C′/Ad/I/S/B, as shown in  FIGS. 3   d  to  3   e.    
         [0059]     As shown in the portions of  FIGS. 3   a  and  5   a  between the dotted lines A and A′, said layer C′ may be formed by the layers C/Ad″/C, Ad″ being another adhesive layer, the layer Ad″ and said adhesive layers Ad and Ad′ being able to be formed of one adhesive of the same type or of adhesives of different types.  
         [0060]     As shown diagrammatically in  FIGS. 4   a  to  6   e , said seal ( 1 ,  1 ′,  1 ″) may comprise a metal layer M, typically in the form of a metal film M F  made of Sn or Al or in the form of a metal layer M D  formed by vacuum coating of metal, typically a layer of Cr or Al.  
         [0061]     According to one embodiment of the invention, said metal layer M may be interposed between said barrier layer B and said layer C or said layer C′, possibly by means of an adhesive layer Ad or an adhesive layer Ad′, different or not different from said adhesive layer Ad, in such a way that a part of said seal comprises a multi-layer structure part selected from:  
         [0062]     a) C or C′/M/B/S, C or C′/M/S/B, as shown in  FIG. 4   a  or  5   a,    
         [0063]     b) structure parts comprising an intermediate layer I, in particular: C or C′/I/M/B/S, C or C′/I/M/S/B, as shown in  FIG. 4   b  or  5   b,    
         [0064]     c) structure parts comprising at least one adhesive layer Ad, in particular: C or C′/Ad/M/B/S, C or C′/Ad/M/S/B, C or C′/Ad′/M/Ad/B/S, C or C′/Ad′/M/Ad/S/B, as shown in  FIGS. 4   c ,  5   c ,  5   e  and  5   f,    
         [0065]     d) structure parts comprising at least one intermediate layer I and an adhesive layer Ad and/or an adhesive layer Ad′, in particular: C or C′/I/M/Ad/B/S, C or C′/I/Ad/M/B/S, C or C′/I/Ad/M/S/B, as shown in particular in  FIGS. 4   d  and  5   d.    
         [0066]     According to another embodiment of the invention, said barrier B may be included between said metal layer M and said layer C or C′, possibly by using an adhesive layer Ad or an adhesive layer Ad′, different or not different from said adhesive layer Ad, in such a way that a part of said seal comprises a multi-layer structure part selected from:  
         [0067]     a) C or C′/B/S/M, C or C′/S/B/M, as shown in  FIG. 6   a,    
         [0068]     b) structure parts comprising an intermediate layer I, in particular: C or C′/I/B/S/M, C or C′/I/S/B/M, as shown in  FIG. 6   b,    
         [0069]     c) structure parts comprising an adhesive layer Ad, in particular: C or C′/Ad/B/S/M, C or C′/Ad/S/B/M, as shown in  FIG. 6   c,    
         [0070]     d) structure parts comprising at least one intermediate layer I and an adhesive layer Ad and/or Ad′, in particular: C or C′/Ad/I/B/S/M, C or C′/I/Ad/B/S/M, C or C′/Ad/I/S/B/M, C or C′/I/Ad/S/B/M or C′/I/Ad/S/B/Ad′/M, as shown in  FIGS. 6   d  and  6   e.    
         [0071]     Whatever the embodiment of the invention, said metal film M F  may be constituted by a film of Sn or Al, with a thickness E M  of between 5 μm and 20 μm, and typically a thickness of 10 gm.  
         [0072]     Said metal layer M D  formed by vacuum deposition of metal may be a vacuum metal plated layer with a thickness of between 10 nm and 1000 nm, deposited on said support S or on another support S′, as shown in  FIG. 4   d.    
         [0073]     According to another embodiment of the invention shown in  FIGS. 7   a  to  7   e , said layer S may be replaced by a layer M′, said layer M′ being selected from a metal film M F  of Sn or Al or a metal layer M D  formed by vacuum deposition of metal, typically a layer of Cr or of Al, on a support film S′, to give, for said multi-layer material, structures selected from:  
         [0074]     a) M′/B/C′/B/M′,B/M′/C′/M′/B,M/B/C′/B/M′, as shown in  FIG. 7   a,    
         [0075]     b) structures comprising at least one intermediate layer I, in particular: M′/B/I/C′/I/B/M′, M′/I/C′/I/M′/B, M′/B/I/C′/I/M′/B, M′/B/C′/I/B/M′, B/M′/C′/I/M′/B, M′/B/C′/I/M′/B, M′/B/I/C′/M′/B, as shown in  FIG. 7   b,    
         [0076]     c) structures comprising at least one adhesive layer Ad, in particular: M/B/Ad/C′/Ad/B/M′, B/M′/Ad/C′/Ad/M′/B, M′/B/C′/Ad/B/M′, B/M′/C′/Ad/M′/B, as shown in  FIG. 7   c  or  7   e,    
         [0077]     d) structures comprising at least one adhesive layer Ad and one intermediate layer, in particular:  
         [0078]     M′/B/Ad/I/C′/I/Ad/B/M′, B/M/Ad/I/C′/I/Ad/M′/B, M′/B/I/Ad/C′/Ad/I/B/M′, B/M′/I/Ad/C′/Ad/I/M′/B, M′/B/I/C′/I/Ad/B/M′, B/M′/I/C′/I/Ad/M′/B, ′/B/I/C′/Ad/I/B/M′, B/M′/I/C′/Ad/I/M′/B, as shown in  FIG. 7   d.    
         [0079]     However, said layer S may be replaced by a layer M′, said layer M′ being selected from a metal film M F  of Sn or Al or a layer of metal M D  formed by vacuum deposition of metal, typically a layer of Cr or Al, on a support film S′, in such a way that a part of said seal comprises a part of said multi-layer structure selected from:  
         [0080]     a) C or C′/M′/B/C or C′/B/M′, as shown in  FIG. 7   a,    
         [0081]     b) structure parts comprising an intermediate layer I, in particular: C or C′/I/M′/B, C or C′/I/B/M′, as shown in  FIG. 7   b,    
         [0082]     c) structure parts comprising an adhesive layer Ad, in particular: C or C′/Ad/M′/B, C or C′/Ad/B/M′, as shown in  FIG. 7   c  or  7   e,    
         [0083]     d) structure parts comprising at least one adhesive layer Ad and one intermediate layer I, in particular: C or C′/I/Ad/M′/B, C or C′/Ad/I/B/M′,C,C or C′/I/Ad/B/M′, C or C′/Ad/I/M′/B, C or C′/I/Ad/M′/B, as shown in  FIG. 7   d.    
         [0084]     As shown in  FIGS. 8   a  to  8   d , when said layer B or said layer M or M′ is an outer layer intended to be in contact with the food product, said layer B or said layer M or M′ may be coated with a layer of varnish V, typically a food varnish, in such a way that said seal has a structure comprising externally “/B/V” or “/M(M′)/V”.  
         [0085]     According to another embodiment of the invention, and as shown in  FIGS. 8   a  to  8   d , when said layer B or said layer M or M′ is an outer layer intended to be in contact with said food product, said layer B or said layer M or M′ may be coated with a protective layer P, typically of polyolefin, possibly anchored by an adhesive layer Ad′″, in such a way that said seal has a structure ending in “/B/P” or in “/M(M′)/P”, or in B/Ad′″/P″ or in “/M(M′)/Ad′″/P”.  
         [0086]     Typically, said thickness E C  of said layer C or of said layer C′ may represent from 70% to 99% of the total thickness E J  of said seal. See  FIG. 1   b.    
         [0087]     As shown particularly in  FIG. 10   b , said seal ( 1 ) may form a plane seal ( 1 ′) typically obtained by cutting said multi-layer material in a strip or typically two-dimensional format.  
         [0088]     However, as shown in  FIG. 10   c , said seal ( 1 ) may form a shaped seal (I″) typically obtained by thermoforming said multi-layer material in a strip or two-dimensional format.  
         [0089]     Another purpose of the invention is constituted by container stopper means comprising-a seal ( 1 ,  1 ′,  1 ″) according to the invention.  
         [0090]     This stopper means may comprise a stopper cap ( 4 ) fitted with a seal ( 1 ,  1 ′,  1 ″) according to the invention, said container typically being a bottle intended to contain, as a food product, an alcoholic drink, typically wine.  
         [0091]     As shown in  FIG. 1   a , said stopper cap ( 4 ) may comprise a typically threaded plastic material insert ( 40 ), said seal ( 1 ,  1 ′,  1 ″) being anchored to said insert ( 40 ), and an outer shell ( 41 ) of metal, typically of Al or Sn, or metallised plastic, or plastic.  
         [0092]     Another purpose of the invention is constituted by the use of a seal ( 1 ,  1 ′,  1 ″) according to the invention in a container stopper means, and more especially by this use in the event of said container being a bottle intended to contain an alcoholic drink, typically wine.  
         [0093]     Another purpose of the invention is constituted by the method for manufacturing a seal according to the invention.  
         [0094]     In this method, and as shown diagrammatically in  FIG. 9 :  
         [0095]     a) a multi-layer component B/S or I/B/S or I/Ad/B/S or B/M′ may be supplied or formed depending on circumstances, in the form of a strip material B B ,  
         [0096]     b) said layer C or C′ may be formed, typically by extrusion of said material M C , forming a strip B c ,  
         [0097]     c) a strip B J  of said multi-layer material may be formed by laminating said strip B B  onto at least one surface of said strip B C ,  
         [0098]     d) said seals may be cut from said strip B J  of said multi-layer material, forming a skeleton ( 3 ) or waste which are recycled in said material M C  intended to form said layer C or C′, so as to give a low material cost for said seal.  
         [0099]     A portion of a skeleton ( 3 ) of this kind has been shown in  FIG. 10   a.    
       EMBODIMENT EXAMPLES  
       [0100]     20 μm OPP trade films were supplied coated with a layer of SiOx of between 20 nm and 150 nm.  
         [0101]     m PET trade films were also supplied coated with a layer of SiOx of between 20 nm and 150 nm.  
         [0102]     These films are films in spools 690 mm in width or breadth.  
         [0103]     Thus, for all tests, the layer B corresponds to a layer of SiOx, and the layer S is either 12 μm PET, or  20  gm OPP.  
         [0104]     A—Manufacturing Multi-Layer Structures or Films  
         [0105]     A1. Manufacturing the Structure I or C/B/S  
         [0106]     The layers C or C′ were formed by extruding 690 mm wide layers of expanded PE or EPE, to form directly the multi-layer film or material EPE/SiOx/PET or OPP, i.e. symbolically C/B/S, the B/S film bonding directly onto the layer C at the exit of the extruder prior to being cooled. See  FIG. 1   b.    
         [0107]     To form the structure C/B/S in a strip ( 2 ), the device shown diagrammatically in  FIG. 6  was used.  
         [0108]     The layer C of EPE had a density of 0.380 (density of 380 kg/m 3 ) and a thickness of 1.8 mm.  
         [0109]     A2. Manufacturing the Structures  2   a  to  2   c    
         [0110]     Structure  2   a =C/I/B/S (see  FIG. 2   a ),  
         [0111]     Structure  2   b =C/Ad/B/S (see  FIG. 2   b ),  
         [0112]     Structure  2   c =C/I/Ad/B/S (see  FIG. 2   c ),  
         [0113]     Structure  2   d =C/I/Ad/S/B (see  FIG. 2   d ),  
         [0114]     For the layer I, a 20 μm thick layer of LDPE was taken, in these tests and generally in all tests including a layer I.  
         [0115]     The layer Ad is a layer of adhesive for 2 μm thick trade PE.  
         [0116]     To manufacture the structure  2   a , the layer I was extruded between the layer C and the film B/S.  
         [0117]     To manufacture the structure  2   b , the surface B of the film B/S was coated with a coating of adhesive layer Ad before being overlaid onto the layer C.  
         [0118]     To manufacture the structure  2   c , the structure I/Ad/B/S was formed first by using as the layer I a film of LDPE of the same thickness (20 um), then this structure was assembled with the layer C at the exit of the extruder.  
         [0119]     To manufacture the structure  2   d , the surface S of the film B/S was coated with a coating of adhesive layer Ad before being overlaid onto the layer C.  
         [0120]     A3. Manufacturing the Structures  3   a  to  3   f    
         [0121]     Structure  3   a  S/B/C′/B/S (see  FIG. 3   a ),  
         [0122]     Structure  3   b =S/B/I/C′/I/B/S (see  FIG. 3   b ),  
         [0123]     Structure  3   c =S/B/C′/I/B/S,  
         [0124]     Structure  3   d =S/B/Ad/I/C′/I/Ad/B/S (see  FIG. 3   d ),  
         [0125]     Structure  3   e =S/B/Ad/I/C′/I/B/S (see  FIG. 3   e ),  
         [0126]     Structure  3   f =S/B/C′/I/Ad/B/S (see  FIG. 3   f ),  
         [0127]     Structure  3   a  was formed like structure  1 , by placing B/S on either side of the layer C, becoming C′.  
         [0128]     Structure  3   b  was formed like structure  2   a  by placing I/B/S on either side of the layer C, becoming C′.  
         [0129]     Structure  3   c  is a mixed structure which was formed by assembling on one surface of the central layer C, the structural component I/B/S as in structure  2   b  and by assembling on the other surface S/B as in structure  1 , the layer C then becoming the layer C′.  
         [0130]     Structure  3   d  was formed like structure  2   c , by placing I/Ad/B/S on either side of the layer C, becoming C′.  
         [0131]     A4. Manufacturing the Structures  4   a  to  4   d    
         [0132]     Structure  4   a =C/M/B/S (see  FIG. 4   a )  
         [0133]     Structure  4   b =C/I/M/B/S (see  FIG. 4   b )  
         [0134]     Structure  4   c =C/Ad/M/Ad′/B/S (see  FIG. 4   c )  
         [0135]     Structure  4   d =C/I/M/Ad/B/S (see  FIG. 4   d )  
         [0136]     Structure  4   e =C/M/Ad/B/S  
         [0137]     Structure  4   f =C/S′/M/Ad/B/S (see  FIG. 4   d )  
         [0138]     Structure  4   g =C/I/M/S/B  
         [0139]     For layer M was used: 
        a layer of metal plated by vacuum deposition of 500 nm thick aluminum, in the case of tests  4   a ,  4   f  and  4   g  the metal layer M being a vacuum deposition layer M D  formed on the film B/S in the case of test  4   a  and  4   b , on the support S′ (15 μm of PE) in the case of test  4   f , and on the layer I in the case of test  4   g,       a layer of tin or aluminum from 6 to 10 μm thick forming a film M F  for the other tests.        
 
         [0142]     The structure  4   a  was formed by vacuum metal plating the film B/S to obtain the structure M/B/S, then by assembling it with the layer C before it is cooled.  
         [0143]     In the case of structure  4   b , the structure M/B/S was assembled with the layer C with a 2 gm adhesive layer Ad′.  
         [0144]     The structure  4   c  was formed by assembling a layer of Sn (M) with the film B/S and with the layer C using two layers of adhesive Ad and Ad′, typically identical.  
         [0145]     The structure  4   d  was formed by assembling a layer of Sn (M) with the film B/S using a layer of adhesive Ad, the structure M/Ad/B/S then being assembled with the layer C before it is cooled.  
         [0146]     The structure  4   e  was formed by poly-laminating the metal strip M between the layer C and the film B/S, using an adhesive layer Ad.  
         [0147]     The structure  4   f  was formed by forming the film S′/M by vacuum deposition of metal, and by poly-laminating it between the layer C and the film B/S, using an adhesive layer.  
         [0148]     The structure  4   g  was formed by forming the film I/M by vacuum deposition of metal and by directly poly-laminating the film I/M between the layer C and the film S/B.  
         [0149]     A5. Manufacturing the Structures  5   a  to  51   
         [0150]     Structure  5   a =S/B/M/C′/M/B/S (see  FIG. 5   a )  
         [0151]     Structure  5   b =S/B/C′/I/M/B/S (see  FIG. 5   b )  
         [0152]     Structure  5   c =S/B/Ad/M/C′/M/Ad/B/S (see  FIG. 5   c )  
         [0153]     Structure  5   d =S/B/Ad/M/C′/I/B/S (see  FIG. 5   d )  
         [0154]     Structure  5   e =S/B/C′/M/Ad/B/S (see  FIG. 5   e )  
         [0155]     Structure  5   f =S/B/C′/Ad′/M/Ad/B/S (see  FIG. 5   f )  
         [0156]     Structure  5   g =S/B/C′/M/S/B  
         [0157]     Structure  5   h =B/S/C′/M/S/B  
         [0158]     Structure  51 =B/S/M/C′/M/S/B  
         [0159]     This series of structures is similar to the one denoted  3   a  to  3   f.    
         [0160]     The structure  5   a  was formed by forming the film S/B/M by vacuum deposition of metal on the layer B of the film B/S, then by placing it on either side of the layer C′, by hot polylaminating.  
         [0161]     The structure  5   b  is asymmetrical and was formed by co-extruding the component C′/I and by assembling by polylaminating the film M/B/S of the structure  5   a , and the film B/S.  
         [0162]     The structure  5   c  is symmetrical and was formed by polylaminating on either side of the layer C′, a metal layer M F  (6 μm Al or Sn metal film) and the film B/S using an adhesive layer Ad. The component M/Ad/B/S may be formed first.  
         [0163]     The structure  5   d  is asymmetrical and was formed, by co-extruding the component C′/I and by polylaminating on one surface the film B/S, and the metal layer M F , another film S/B being assembled to the metal layer M F  using an adhesive layer Ad.  
         [0164]     The component S/B/Ad/M (identical to M/Ad/B/S) which was then laminated onto the co-extruded component C/I, was also formed first.  
         [0165]     The structure  5   e  was formed from the film S/B and from the structure M/Ad/B/S (see structure  5   c  and  5   d ), and by extruding the layer C′ between the film S/B and the structure M/Ad/B/S.  
         [0166]     The structure  5   f  differs from the structure  5   e  through the presence of an adhesive layer Ad′ between the layer C′ and the component M/Ad/B/S.  
         [0167]     The structure  5   g  is formed from the film S/B and from the component M/S/B formed by vacuum deposition of a metal layer M D  onto the surface S of the film S/B, by polylaminating the extruded layer C′ between the film S/B and the film M/S/B.  
         [0168]     The structure  5   h  was formed by polylaminating the extruded layer C′ between the film B/S (=film S/B) and the film M/S/B.  
         [0169]     The structure Si was formed by polylaminating the extruded layer C′ between the films M/S/B.  
         [0170]     A6. Manufacturing the Structures  6   a  to  6   f    
         [0171]     Structure  6   a =S/B/C′/B/S/M  
         [0172]     Structure  6   b =S/B/I/C′/I/B/S/M  
         [0173]     Structure  6   c =S/B/C′/Ad/B/S/M  
         [0174]     Structure  6   d =S/B/Ad/I/C′/Ad′/I/B/S/M  
         [0175]     Structure  6   e =M/S/B/Ad/I/C′/I/B/S/M  
         [0176]     Structure  6   f =B/S/C′/Ad/M  
         [0177]     To manufacture the structures  6   a  to  6   e , first of all the component B/S/M was formed by metal plating the surface S of the film B/S, and a process was then used similar to the one used for previous similar structures.  
         [0178]     To manufacture the structure  6   f , the film B/S was laminated onto one surface of the extruded layer C′ and a metal film M was bonded onto the other surface using a layer of adhesive Ad.  
         [0179]     In the same way, the structure  6   g  was also formed similar to the structure  6   f : B/S/Ad/C′/Ad/M.  
         [0180]     A7. Manufacturing the Structures  7   a  to  7   e    
         [0181]     Structure  7   a  M′/B/C′/B/M′ or S  
         [0182]     Structure  7   b =M′/B/I/C′/I/B/M′ or S  
         [0183]     Structure  7   c =M′/B/Ad/C′/Ad/M′ or S  
         [0184]     Structure  7   d =M′/B/Ad′/I/C/I/Ad/B/M′ or S  
         [0185]     Structure  7   e =S′/M′/B/Ad/C′/Ad/B/M′/S′ 
         [0186]     To manufacture these structures, the component M′/B is formed. To do this, a metal layer M′ was used as a support for the barrier layer B, this metal layer M′ replacing the support layer S. This metal layer M′ is a metal layer of Sn or Al with a thickness of between 6 and 10 μm.  
         [0187]     The structures  7   a  to  7   d  comprise on either side of the layer C′, either the same component M′/B, or the component M′/B on one side of the layer C′ and the component B/S on the other side of the layer C′.  
         [0188]     In the case of the structure  7   e , the metal layer M′ is formed by a layer of metal plating M D , formed on a support S′ (15 μm film of PE or PET).  
         [0189]     To manufacture the structures  7   a  to  7   e , a process was used similar to the one used for previous similar structures.  
         [0190]     A8. Manufacturing the Structures  8   a  to  8   d    
         [0191]     Structure  8   a =M′/B/Ad/C′/Ad/B/M′/V or P  
         [0192]     Structure  8   b =V or P/M′/B/Ad/C′Ad/B/M′/V or P  
         [0193]     Structure  8   c =V or P/B/S/Ad/C′/Ad/S/B/V or P  
         [0194]     Structure  8   d =V or P/M/Ad′/B/S/Ad/C′/S/B/Ad′/M/V or P  
         [0195]     These structures  8   a  to  8   d  were manufactured either by applying a layer of varnish V typically at 3 g/m 2 , to the relevant structures, or by applying a protective film P, typically by calendering.  
         [0196]     B—Manufacturing Seals  
         [0197]     Plane seals ( 1 ,  1 ′) were obtained by cutting with a punch from the multi-layer strip material ( 2 ) obtained previously.  
         [0198]     In the case of round seals ( 1 ,  1 ′) a skeleton ( 3 ) is left as shown in  FIG. 10   a , a skeleton which is typically recycled, as shown diagrammatically in  FIG. 9 .  
         [0199]     In the case of a multi-layer structure not comprising a layer of tin, the skeleton ( 3 ) obtained after cutting out the seals was recycled in the layer C or C′.  
         [0200]     C—Results Obtained  
         [0201]     These plane seals ( 1 ,  1 ′) had a great variety of levels of permeability to gases and typically to oxygen and a great variety of thickness, so as to give seals belonging to different categories as follows:  
         [0202]     Category I: &lt;5 cm 3 /m 2 /j  
         [0203]     Category II: 5-10 cm 3 /m 2 /j  
         [0204]     Category III: 10-20 cm 3 /m 2 /j  
         [0205]     Category IV: 20-40 cm 3 /m 2 /j  
         [0206]     Category V: 40-80 cm 3 /m 2 /j  
         [0207]     These seals were placed into stopper caps ( 4 ) of the same type as the one shown in  FIG. 1   a.    
         [0208]     These caps ( 4 ) typically comprise an outer metal shell ( 41 ) able to be inserted under the finish of the bottle to be sealed, and an inner insert ( 40 ) of plastic material, an insert ( 40 ) which is typically threaded so as to engage with the threading of the finish.  
         [0209]     The seal ( 1 ,  1 ′) is placed inside the insert ( 40 ) and is typically held in place by a radial groove or radial projections ( 42 ) formed inside the insert ( 40 ).  
       ADVANTAGES OF THE INVENTION  
       [0210]     The invention allows a great variety of seals adapted to each type of wine for packaging to be obtained in a cost-effective way.  
         [0211]     The invention thus allows screw capping to be developed to replace the use of corks as the traditional means for stoppering wine bottles.  
       KEY TO REFERENCE NUMBERS  
       [0212]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 SEAL 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 SEAL plane 
                 1′ 
               
               
                   
                 SEAL shaped (heat formed) 
                 1″ 
               
               
                   
                 MULTI-LAYER MATERIAL 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 MULTI-LAYER MATERIAL STRIP 
                 2′ 
               
               
                   
                 EXTRUDED LAYER “C” 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                 EXTRUDER 
                 21 
               
               
                   
                 FEEDER FOR 20 
                 22 
               
               
                   
                 STRIP OF “B/S” or B/M′ 
                 23 
               
               
                   
                 SPOOL OF “B/S” or B/M′ 
                 24 
               
               
                   
                 SKELETON of 2 recycled at 22 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 STOPPER CAP 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 THREADED INSERT 
                 40 
               
               
                   
                 OUTER SHELL 
                 41 
               
               
                   
                 MEANS of anchoring 1 to 40 
                 42