Abstract:
A practical optical waveguide circuit is provided which includes many intersections but is low loss. The width of a waveguide core is w 1  at input and output terminal sections and w 2  at an intersecting section, where w 2 &gt;w 1 . The core width of the intersecting section is made different from that of the input and output terminal sections, or the core height of the intersecting section is made different from that of the input and output terminal sections. The core width is smoothly varied between the intersecting section and the input and output terminal sections by a tapered section. When the number of the waveguides intersecting with the intersecting section is 100, the intersection loss is 5.8 dB for the conventional device where w 2 =w 1 =5 μm, but is 1.8 dB when w 2 =12 μm, thereby being able to reduce the intersection loss sharply.

Description:
[0001]    This application claims priority from Japanese Patent Application No. 2001-390503 filed Dec. 21, 2001, which is incorporated hereinto by reference.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0003]    The present invention relates to an optical waveguide circuit, and more particularly to an optical waveguide circuit constructed by combining optical waveguides composed of a core and a cladding.  
           [0004]    2. Description of the Related Art  
           [0005]    A wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transmission system, which assigns a plurality of optical signals to different wavelengths and transmits them through a single optical fiber, can greatly increase the capacity of the transmission. To configure an optical transmission network with the optical WDM systems, a wavelength multi/demultiplexer is necessary which multiplexes optical signals with different wavelengths into a single optical fiber, or demultiplexes the optical signals, which are multiplexed into a single optical fiber, to the original wavelengths.  
           [0006]    In particular, an N×N cyclic wavelength multi/demultiplexer that has N input ports and N output ports, and has a demultiplexing characteristic with cyclic input/output relationship can have various applications in the optical WDM system.  
           [0007]    [0007]FIG. 1 shows an example of the demultiplexing characteristics of the N×N cyclic wavelength multi/demultiplexer. Although it includes N 2  paths between N input ports and N output ports, it can establish all the paths independently by only N wavelengths λ 1 -λ N . The characteristics enable an N×N wavelength router function that establishes full mesh links among N nodes, or an N×N optical switch function by combining with N tunable wavelength light sources.  
           [0008]    On the other hand, intensive research and development about planar lightwave circuits, which are constructed using silica-based glass waveguides formed on a silicon substrate, have been progressed. The planar lightwave circuit includes an arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) that implements the wavelength multi/demultiplexing. The detail of the AWG is described in H. Takahashi et al., “Arrayed-Waveguide Grating for Wavelength Division Multi/Demultiplexer With Nanometer Resolution”, Electron. Lett., Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 87-88, 1990.  
           [0009]    [0009]FIG. 2 shows a circuit configuration of an AWG. It includes on a Si substrate  1 , input waveguides  2 , a first slab waveguide  3 , arrayed-waveguides  4 , a second slab waveguide  5  and output waveguides  6 . The N×N cyclic wavelength multi/demultiplexer described before is implemented by a planar lightwave circuit composed of a combination of the AWG described above and optical couplers.  
           [0010]    [0010]FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a configuration of a conventional N×N cyclic wavelength multi/demultiplexer using an AWG and optical couplers. In FIG. 3, the reference numeral  11  designates N input ports,  12  designates N output ports,  13  designates an AWG having a plurality of input and output waveguides,  14  designates a plurality of 2×1 optical couplers, and  15  designates a plurality of connecting waveguides that connect the AWG  13  to the optical couplers  14 .  
           [0011]    [0011]FIG. 3 shows an example in which the number of the input and output ports are four each, the multiplexed number of the wavelengths is four, and the number of each of the input and output waveguides of the AWG  13  is eight. Four quadplexed optical signals A 1 , A 2 , A 3  and A 4 , B 1 , B 2 , B 3  and B 4 , C 1 , C 2 , C 3  and C 4 , and D 1 , D 2 , D 3  and D 4  are incident onto the AWG  13  through the four input ports  11  connected to the four input waveguides among the eight of the AWG  13 .  
           [0012]    Here, the alphabetical letters indicate the positions of the input ports, and the numbers indicate the wavelengths. Accordingly, the optical signals with the same alphabetical letter are inputted into the same input port, and the optical signals with the same number have the same wavelength. Therefore 16 different optical signals are transmitted here at four wavelengths. The input optical signals are wavelength demultiplexed to the output ports according to the characteristics of the AWG  13 , and are supplied to the connecting waveguides  15  in such a manner that the optical signals supplied to each input waveguide are output from the consecutive output ports in accordance with their wavelengths.  
           [0013]    Then, the 2×1 optical couplers  14  couple the waveguides of the connecting waveguides  15  corresponding to the output waveguides ( 2 ) and ( 6 ), ( 3 ) and ( 7 ), and ( 4 ) and ( 8 ) of the AWG  13 , respectively. As a result, the N output ports  12  connected to the outputs of the 2×1 optical couplers  14  implement the demultiplexing characteristics of the cyclic input and output relationships as described in connection with FIG. 1.  
           [0014]    To thus configuring the N×N cyclic wavelength multi/demultiplexer as a single planar lightwave circuit using the AWG and optical couplers, the connecting waveguides  15  that connect the AWG  13  with the optical couplers  14  must intersect with other connecting waveguides (N−1) times at the maximum. In the example of FIG. 3 where N=4, the waveguide corresponding to the output waveguide ( 4 ) or ( 5 ) of the AWG  13  intersects with the other three waveguides.  
           [0015]    In addition, the waveguide corresponding to the output waveguide ( 3 ) or ( 6 ) of the AWG  13 , and the waveguide corresponding to the output waveguide ( 2 ) or ( 7 ) intersect with other waveguides twice and once, respectively, and the waveguide corresponding to the output waveguide ( 8 ) does not intersect with other waveguides. Thus, the number of intersections with the other waveguides varies depending on the connecting waveguides.  
           [0016]    As described above by way of example of the N×N cyclic wavelength multi/demultiplexer, the optical waveguide circuit like the foregoing planar lightwave circuit must have intersections of the waveguides to implement a more complicated waveguide layout, or to interconnect a plurality of component circuits in combination.  
           [0017]    The waveguide intersections, however, cause a loss. Accordingly, a complicated waveguide layout or interconnections of a lot of component circuits in combination, which include many intersections, can increase the loss of the circuit because of cumulative losses, thereby degrading the circuit characteristics, and making the practical use of the circuit difficult.  
           [0018]    In particular, configuring the N×N cyclic wavelength multi/demultiplexer as a single planar lightwave circuit brings about (N−1) waveguide intersections at the maximum for the circuit scale N. In addition, the respective connecting waveguides can have different numbers of the intersections. Accordingly, the loss increase of the circuit is inevitable when realizing a large-scale circuit. Furthermore, difference of the input and output ports and differences of wavelength of the optical signal passing through the circuit can cause great loss difference.  
           [0019]    Therefore the conventional cyclic wavelength multi/demultiplexer has a problem in that it is difficult to realize a circuit which has a large circuit scale in terms of the number of the multiplexed wavelengths or that of the input and output ports, with achieving a good loss characteristics.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0020]    The present invention is implemented to solve the foregoing problems. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a practical optical waveguide circuit, an N×N cyclic wavelength multi/demultiplexer in particular, which has a low loss in spite of a lot of intersections, and has a large circuit scale and good loss characteristics.  
           [0021]    To accomplish the object, according to the present invention, there is provided an optical waveguide circuit including a first optical waveguide composed of a cladding and a core, and a set of second optical waveguides consisting of a plurality of optical waveguides, which are each composed of a cladding and a core, and intersect with the first optical waveguide successively, the first optical waveguide comprising: an intersecting section at which the first optical waveguide intersect with the set of the second optical waveguides; a tapered section at which a core width is varied before and after the intersecting section; and an input terminal section and an output terminal section for inputting and outputting lightwave, wherein at least one of a core width and a core height of the intersecting section differs from corresponding one of a core width and a core height of the input and output terminal sections, and wherein a core width of the tapered section varies smoothly between the intersecting section and the input and output sections.  
           [0022]    Here, the intersecting section in the first optical waveguide may consists of a straight waveguide.  
           [0023]    The individual waveguides included in the set of the second optical waveguides intersect with the first optical waveguide at a fixed interval.  
           [0024]    According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided an optical waveguide circuit composed of optical waveguides each consisting of a cladding and a core and including an arrayed-waveguide grating having a given number of input optical waveguides and a plurality of output optical waveguides; first optical waveguides each connected to one of the plurality of output optical waveguides; and a set of second optical waveguides consisting of a plurality of optical waveguides, which are each composed of a cladding and a core, and intersect the first optical waveguides successively, each of the first optical waveguides comprising: an intersecting section at which each of the first optical waveguides intersect the set of the second optical waveguides; a tapered section at which a core width is varied before and after the intersecting section; and an input terminal section and an output terminal section for inputting and outputting an optical wave, wherein at least one of a core width and a core height of the intersecting section differs from corresponding one of a core width and a core height of the input and output terminal sections, and wherein at least one of core width and core height of the tapered section varies smoothly between the intersecting section and the input and output sections.  
           [0025]    Here, the claddings and the cores may be composed of silica-based glass.  
           [0026]    The arrayed-waveguide grating may consist of an N×2N arrayed-waveguide grating having N input optical waveguides and 2N output waveguides, where N is an integer greater than one; the first optical waveguides may have their one end connected to Lth waveguides of the output waveguides of the N×2N arrayed-waveguide grating, where L=2, 3, . . . , and N; and individual waveguides of the set of the second optical waveguides may have their one ends connected to(N+1)th to (N+L−1)th waveguides of the output waveguides of the N×2N arrayed-waveguide grating, wherein the optical waveguide circuit may further comprise N optical couplers, an Mth optical coupler of which has its inputs connected to an Mth and (M+N)th waveguides of the output waveguides of the N×2N arrayed-waveguide grating to couple the pair of the waveguides, where M=1, 2, . . . , and N, and wherein the input optical waveguides of the N×2N arrayed-waveguide grating,may constitute input ports, and outputs of the couplers may constitute output ports.  
           [0027]    The arrayed-waveguide grating may consist of an N×2N arrayed-waveguide grating having N input waveguides and 2N output waveguides, where N is an integer greater than one; the first optical waveguides may have their one end connected to Lth waveguides of the output waveguides of the N×2N arrayed-waveguide grating, where L=N+1, N+2, . . . , and 2N−1; and individual waveguides of the set of the second optical waveguides may have their one ends connected to (L−N+1)th to Nth waveguides of the output waveguides of the N×2N arrayed-waveguide grating, wherein the optical waveguide circuit may further comprise N optical couplers, an Mth optical coupler of which has its inputs connected to an Mth and (M+N)th waveguides of the output waveguides of the N×2N arrayed-waveguide grating to couple the pair of the waveguides, where M=1, 2, . . . , and N, and wherein the input waveguides of the N×2N arrayed-waveguide grating may constitute input ports, and outputs of the couplers may constitute output ports.  
           [0028]    Here, a free spectral range of the N×2N arrayed-waveguide grating may be set such that a maximum optical loss of the first optical waveguides originating with the intersections with the set of the second optical waveguides becomes substantially equal to a maximum loss difference among the output waveguides of the N×2N arrayed-waveguide grating.  
           [0029]    The first optical waveguides and the set of the second optical waveguides may be arranged such that the first optical waveguides and at least part of the waveguides included in the set of the second optical waveguides intersect with each other perpendicularly.  
           [0030]    As described above, the present invention provides an optical waveguide circuit including a first optical waveguide composed of a cladding and a core, and a set of second optical waveguides consisting of a plurality of optical waveguides, which are each composed of a cladding and a core, and intersect with the first optical waveguide successively, the first optical waveguide comprising: an intersecting section at which the first optical waveguide intersect with the set of the second optical waveguides; a tapered section at which a core width is varied before and after the intersecting section; and an input terminal section and an output terminal section for inputting and outputting lightwave, wherein at least one of a core width and a core height of the intersecting section differs from corresponding one of a core width and a core height of the input and output terminal sections, and wherein a core width of the tapered section varies smoothly between the intersecting section and the input and output sections. Thus, it can reduce the intersection loss in the optical waveguide circuit including intersections, and implement a practical optical waveguide circuit with a loss lower than the one. In particular, it can realize an N×N cyclic wavelength multi/demultiplexer that has a greater circuit scale in terms of the multiplexed number of the wavelengths and the number of the input and output ports, and has more satisfactory loss characteristics, that is, a lower loss and higher consistency in the loss, than the conventional device.  
           [0031]    The above and other objects, effects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following description of embodiments thereof taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0032]    [0032]FIG. 1 is a table showing an example of demultiplexing characteristics of an N×N cyclic wavelength optical multi/demultiplexer;  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a circuit configuration of an AWG;  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a configuration of a conventional N×N cyclic wavelength multi/demultiplexer utilizing an AWG and optical couplers;  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 4 is a plan view of a first embodiment of the optical waveguide circuit in accordance with the present invention;  
         [0036]    [0036]FIG. 5A is a cross-sectional view of the first embodiment of the optical waveguide circuit in accordance with the present invention taken along the line VA-VA′ of FIG. 4;  
         [0037]    [0037]FIG. 5B is a cross-sectional view of the first embodiment of the optical waveguide circuit in accordance with the present invention taken along the line VB-VB′ of FIG. 4;  
         [0038]    [0038]FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating the waveguide core width dependence of the intersection loss of the waveguide;  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 7 is a plan view showing a second embodiment of the optical waveguide circuit in accordance with the present invention;  
         [0040]    [0040]FIG. 8A is a cross-sectional view of the second embodiment of the optical waveguide circuit in accordance with the present invention taken along the line VIIIA-VIIIA′ in FIG. 7;  
         [0041]    [0041]FIG. 8B is a cross-sectional view of the second embodiment of the optical waveguide circuit in accordance with the present invention taken along the line VIIIB-VIIIB′ in FIG. 7;  
         [0042]    [0042]FIG. 9 is a graph illustrating the waveguide core width dependence of the intersection loss of the waveguide;  
         [0043]    [0043]FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a configuration of a third embodiment of the optical waveguide circuit in accordance with the present invention;  
         [0044]    [0044]FIG. 11 is a graph illustrating intersecting angle dependence of the intersection loss of the waveguide;  
         [0045]    [0045]FIG. 12 is a graph illustrating the FSR dependence of the loss difference between central and edge outputs of an AWG; and  
         [0046]    [0046]FIG. 13 is a graph illustrating a loss distribution of outputs of the AWG and an intersection loss distribution of the connecting waveguides in an N×N cyclic optical multi/demultiplexer, the third embodiment in accordance with the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0047]    The embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.  
         [0048]    [Embodiment 1] 
         [0049]    [0049]FIGS. 4, 5A and  5 B are views showing the first embodiment of the optical waveguide circuit in accordance with the present invention: FIG. 4 is a plan view of the optical waveguide circuit; FIG. 5A is a cross-sectional view taken along the line VA-VA′ in FIG. 4; and FIG. 5B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line VB-VB′ in FIG. 4. In these figures, the reference numeral  21  designates a Si substrate, and  28  designates a cladding. The reference numerals  22 - 27  each designate a shape of a waveguide core. The reference numeral  22  designates an input terminal section,  23  designates a tapered section,  24  designates an intersecting section,  25  designates a tapered section, and  26  designates an output terminal section. The reference numerals  27  each designate a waveguide intersecting with the intersecting section  24 .  
         [0050]    Assume that the waveguide core has a width w 1  at the input terminal section  22  and output terminal section  26 , and w 2  at the intersecting section  24 , and that the waveguide core has a height h. The present embodiment is characterized by w 2 &gt;w 1 . The waveguides  27  at the intersecting section  24  has a fixed intersection pitch d, and an intersecting angle θ.  
         [0051]    It is assumed in the present embodiment that the refractive index difference between the waveguide core and the cladding is 1.5%, and that lightwave with an wavelength in 1.5 μm band travels through the waveguide. The core size w 1 ×h at the input and output terminal sections  22  and  26  is set at 5 μm×5 μm to establish the single mode of the traveling lightwave.  
         [0052]    [0052]FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating the optical intensity loss per intersection as a function of w 2  when the waveguide intersection spacing d=1000 μm and the intersecting angle θ=80°. It shows that the loss because of the intersection can be reduced by placing w 2 &gt;w 1  rather than by placing w 2 =w 1 =5 μm. The present embodiment adopts w 2 =12 μm.  
         [0053]    When the number of the waveguides  27  intersecting with the intersecting section  24  is 100, the intersection loss is 5.8 dB when w 2 =w 1 =5 μm as in the conventional example. In contrast, the intersection loss reduces to 1.8 dB when w 2  =12 μm as in the present embodiment. Thus the present embodiment can markedly reduce the intersection loss.  
         [0054]    [Embodiment 2] 
         [0055]    [0055]FIGS. 7, 8A and  8 B are views showing the second embodiment of the optical waveguide circuit in accordance with the present invention: FIG. 7 is a plan view of the optical waveguide circuit; FIG. 8A is a cross-sectional view taken along the line VIIIA-VIIIA′ in FIG. 7; and FIG. 8B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line VIIIB-VIIIB′ in FIG. 7. In these figures, the reference numeral  31  designates a Si substrate, and  38  designates a cladding. The reference numerals  32 - 37  each designate a shape of a waveguide core. The reference numeral  32  designates an input terminal section,  33  designates a tapered section,  34  designates an intersecting section,  35  designates a tapered section, and  36  designates an output terminal section. The reference numerals  37  each designate a waveguide intersecting with the intersecting section  34 .  
         [0056]    Assume that the waveguide core has a width w 1  at the input terminal section  32  and output terminal section  36 , and w 2  at the intersecting section  34 , and that the waveguide core has a height h. The present embodiment is characterized by w 2 &lt;w 1 . The waveguides  37  at the intersecting section  34  has a fixed intersection pitch d, and an intersecting angle θ.  
         [0057]    It is assumed in the present embodiment that the refractive index difference between the waveguide core and the cladding is 1.5%, and that lightwave with an wavelength in 1.5 μm band travels through the waveguide. The core size of the input and output terminal sections  32  and  36  is set at w l ×h=5 μm×5 μm to establish the single mode of the traveling lightwave.  
         [0058]    [0058]FIG. 9 is a graph illustrating the optical intensity loss per intersection as a function of w 2  when the waveguide intersection spacing d=1000 μm and the intersecting angle θ=80°. It illustrates that the loss because of the intersection can be reduced by placing w 2 &lt;w 1  rather than by placing w 2 =w 1 =5 μm. The present embodiment adopts w 2 =3 μm.  
         [0059]    When the number of the waveguides  37  intersecting with the intersecting section  34  is 100, the intersection loss is 5.8 dB when w 2 =w 1 =5 μm as in the conventional example. In contrast, the intersection loss reduces to 3.5 dB when w 2 =3 μm as in the present embodiment. Thus the present embodiment can markedly reduce the intersection loss.  
         [0060]    [Embodiment 3] 
         [0061]    [0061]FIG. 10 is a plan view showing a third embodiment of the optical waveguide circuit in accordance with the present invention, in which the optical waveguide circuit in accordance with the present invention is applied to an N×N wavelength optical multi/demultiplexer. In FIG. 10, the reference numeral  41  designates a Si substrate, and  42  designates an N×2N AWG with N input waveguides and 2N output waveguides. The N input waveguides constitute the input ports of the N×N wavelength optical multi/demultiplexer. Reference numerals  43 - 47  designate one of 2N connecting waveguides including intersections. The reference numeral  43  designates an input terminal section,  44  designates an tapered section,  45  designates an intersecting section,  46  designates an tapered section, and  47  designates an output terminal section. Reference numerals  48  each designate one of N optical couplers for coupling two optical inputs. Each optical coupler consists of a multi-mode interferometer in the present embodiment. The N output waveguides of the N optical couplers  48  constitute the output ports of the N×N wavelength optical multi/demultiplexer.  
         [0062]    In the present embodiment, it is assumed that the refractive index difference between the waveguide core and the cladding is 1.5%, and that the lightwaves in the 1.55 μm wavelength band are multi/demultiplexed. The core size of the input and output waveguides and arrayed-waveguides of the N×2N AWG 42 , that of the input and output terminal sections  43  and  47  of the connecting waveguides and that of the input and output waveguides of the optical coupler  48  are set at 5 μm×5 μm to establish the single mode of the traveling lightwave. The core width of the connection waveguides at the intersecting sections  45  is set at 12 μm, wider than that of the input and output terminal sections. In addition, the intersection spacing with other connecting waveguides are placed at 1000 μm.  
         [0063]    [0063]FIG. 11 is a graph illustrating the optical intensity loss per intersection as the function of the intersecting angle when the core width of the waveguide is 12 μm and the intersection spacing is 1000 μm. It shows that the loss becomes minimum at the intersecting angle of 90 degrees, and it is 0.015 dB per intersection. For this reason, the waveguide layout of the present embodiment is designed such that the intersecting angle of the connecting waveguides becomes 90 degrees as shown in FIG. 10.  
         [0064]    When N=100 in the present embodiment of the N×N cyclic optical multi/demultiplexer, the number of the intersections of the connecting waveguides is 99 at the maximum. When the core width at the intersecting section is set at 5 μm as in the conventional example, since the intersection loss per intersection is 0.051 dB, the maximum loss becomes 5.1 dB. In contrast, since the intersection loss per intersection is 0.015 dB in the present embodiment, the maximum loss becomes 1.5 dB. Thus, it is obvious that the present embodiment can reduce the maximum intersection loss and the intersection loss differences between the ports.  
         [0065]    Furthermore, the loss difference between the output of the central output waveguide and that of the edge output waveguide of the N×2N AWG  42  depends on 2sN/t as illustrated in FIG. 12, where s [nm] is the bandwidth used by the multi/demultiplexed wavelengths of the N×2N AWG, and t [nm] is the free spectral range (FSR) of the N×2N AWG. As is seen from FIG. 12, when the FSR t is made minimum t=2sN, the loss difference becomes about 2.5 dB, and the loss difference reduces with an increase of the FSR.  
         [0066]    As is seen from the configuration of FIG. 10, the number of the intersections of the connecting waveguide connected to the ith output waveguide of the N×2N AWG  42  of the N×N cyclic optical multi/demultiplexer is i−1when i≦N and 2N−i when i≧N. Accordingly, the number of the intersections is maximum at the connecting waveguide connected to the central output waveguide of the N×2N AWG  42 , and is minimum at the connecting waveguide connected to the edge output waveguide. Thus, the losses of the individual output ports of the N×N cyclic wavelength multi/demultiplexer can be made uniform by designing the FSR such that the loss difference between the central and edge outputs of the N×2N AWG  42  cancels out the intersection loss difference between the connecting waveguides connected to the central and edge output waveguides.  
         [0067]    [0067]FIG. 13 illustrates the loss distribution of the individual outputs of the N×2N AWG  42 , the intersection loss distribution of the connecting waveguides connected to them, and the sum of the two losses when N=100 in the present embodiment of the N×N cyclic wavelength multi/demultiplexer. In the present embodiment, the FSR of the N×2N AWG  42  is set at t=1.23×2sN. In this case, the loss of the central output of the N×2N AWG  42  is 3.0 dB and the loss of the edge output is 4.5 dB as illustrated in FIG. 13, thereby giving the loss difference of 1.5 dB. On the other hand, as for the intersection loss of the connecting waveguide, since it is 0.015 dB per intersection, it takes a maximum value 1.5 dB at the connecting waveguide connected to the central output waveguide of the N×2N AWG  42 , and becomes zero at the connecting waveguides connected to the edge output waveguides because they have no intersection.  
         [0068]    Therefore the loss distribution of the losses of the N×2N AWG  42  plus the losses of the connecting waveguides is placed within 4.0-4.5 dB as illustrated in FIG. 13, making it possible to limit the loss deviation below 0.5 dB. The loss difference between the input waveguides of the N×2N AWG  42 , and the loss difference between the individual optical couplers are rather small. Thus, the present invention, making uniform the losses of the individual output ports of the N×N cyclic wavelength multi/demultiplexer within 0.5 dB, can implement the low loss N×N cyclic wavelength multi/demultiplexer with uniform loss.  
         [0069]    The present invention has been described in detail with respect to preferred embodiments, and it will now be apparent from the foregoing to those skilled in the art that changes and modifications may be made without departing from the invention in its broader aspects, and it is the intention, therefore, in the appended claims to cover all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit of the invention.