Abstract:
A charge pump circuit using more than one parallel source is described. A flying capacitor of the charge pump maintains a break-before-make time with respect to the switches within a side of the charge pump. A flying capacitor of the charge pump takes advantage of a make-before-break time with respect to the switches between the sides of the charge pump. This results in the shared load of the charge pump always receiving current from a flying capacitor. This slight change of control of the flying capacitor switching phases removes the need for a filtering capacitor within the charge pump.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    Field of the Invention 
         [0002]    The present disclosure relates generally to charge pump circuits and more specifically to switched-capacitor power electronic circuits. 
         [0003]    Description of Related Art 
         [0004]    In power conversion solutions, from DC to DC or AC to DC, switching capacitor architecture solutions are used. They consist of capacitors that are switched to move electrical charges from a voltage source such as a battery to an electric network or load. 
         [0005]    Charge Pump Circuits: An Overview on Design Strategies and Topologies by Palumbo (2010), describes how charge pumps circuits are widely used in integrated circuits devoted to several kind of applications such as smart power, nonvolatile memories, switched capacitor circuits, operational amplifiers, voltage regulators, SRAMs, LCD drivers, piezoelectric actuators, RF antenna switch controllers, etc., due to the continuous power supply reduction. 
         [0006]    Switched-Capacitor Power Electronic Circuits by Ioinovici (2002), describes the main orientations in power electronics in the last decade with the development of switching-mode converters without inductors and transformers. These converters are lightweight, small size and high power density as the result of using only switches and capacitors in the power stage. Thus, they serve as ideal power supplies for mobile electronic systems (e.g. cellular phones, personal digital assistants, and so forth). Switched-capacitor (SC) converters, with their large voltage conversion ratio, are a response to such challenges of the 21st century as high-efficiency converters with low EMI emissions and the ability to realize steep step-down of the voltage (to 3V or even a smaller supply voltage for integrated circuits) or steep step-up of the voltage for automotive industry or internet services in the telecom industry. 
         [0007]    Most topologies of charge pumps are based on three types: Dickson, crossconnecting, and Makowski, as described in Analysis and Design of Makowski charge-pump cell by Liu (2005). They are composed of capacitors that are switching between different voltage levels (flying capacitors) and capacitors connected to the load (filtering capacitors). The flying capacitors are used to transfer the charge from the battery source to the load. Those architectures have typically two or more phases that are of two types, one used to recharge the flying capacitor, and the second to discharge the flying capacitor. 
         [0008]      FIG. 1  shows a classical charge pump latest stage with switching capacitors Cn (flying) and Cf (filtering) of the related art. The Cn capacitors are part of the charge pump core that can be of different architectures. The Cf capacitors have always been required and act as an all time available energy reserve connected to the load. This ensures continuous current through the load during the Cn charging phases and during transitions. Typically one of the nodes of the Cn capacitor connected to the load in the last stage through one switch (S 2 ), is also connected to the previous stage through another switch (S 1 ), and it is important to avoid closing, and passing current in, both switches (S 1 &amp;S 2 ) at the same time. Switch S 1  or S 2  is most likely a MOS transistor driven with a signal from a driver circuit that turns on (closes the switch) and off (opens the switch) the device to operate it as a switch. 
         [0009]      FIG. 2  illustrates Cn (flying) capacitor discharge and recharge phases with Tbbm (break before make) time of the related art. The discharge phase and charge phase are controlled independently and a minimum break-before-make time, between closing the first switch (S 1 ) and opening the second switch (S 2 ), is guaranteed by design. 
         [0010]      FIG. 3  shows a circuit diagram of charge pumps of the related art. Interleaved structures have been proposed where two or more charge pumps (A&amp;B) are working in parallel. This has the advantage to increase the output power and reduce the requirement on the Cf (filtering) capacitors, now delivering charge to the load only during Tbbm (break-before-make) time, instead of the full half-period. 
         [0011]      FIG. 4  illustrates a signal diagram of CnA and CnB (flying) capacitor discharge and recharge phases with Tbbm (break-before-make) times, for two charge pumps working in parallel of the related art. The time that the load current is delivered only by the Cf (filtering) capacitors is now Tbbm, instead of the full half-period, which allows use of a smaller value for Cf. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0012]    Accordingly, it is an object of one or more embodiments of the present disclosure to provide two or more charge pump circuits working in parallel, where the non-recovery time of break-before-make is maintained for the switched flying capacitor in one side of the charge pump, and the recovery time of make-before-break between flying capacitors of each side of the charge pump provides for a current to the load. 
         [0013]    It is a further object of one or more embodiments of the disclosure to eliminate the requirement for the filtering capacitor connected to the load of a charge pump circuit, thereby minimizing the number of external components in a high power DC-DC power converter while maintaining high efficiency. Other objects will appear hereinafter. 
         [0014]    The above and other objects of the present disclosure may be accomplished in the following manner. Switches in the charge pump circuit are connected to a source, and provide a means for a flying capacitor to charge in one side of the charge pump. Switches in the charge pump circuit are connected to a load, and provide a means for a flying capacitor to discharge in one side of the charge pump. A flying capacitor in the charge pump circuit provides a current to a shared load between each side of the charge pump. Because of the short make-before-break time that flying capacitors of each side of the charge pump are simultaneously discharging, a shared load between each side of the charge pump always receives current from a flying capacitor. A filtering capacitor is no longer needed to provide current to a load in the charge pump circuit. 
         [0015]    The above and other objects are further accomplished by a method of operating a switched-capacitor power electronic circuit, providing two or more charge pump circuits connected in parallel, producing an output power. The method includes each of the charge pump circuits having a flying capacitor for providing a current to a load, and connecting both of the flying capacitors to a load simultaneously after a charging period of one of the flying capacitors and prior to a charging period of the other flying capacitor. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0016]    The present disclosure will be more clearly understood from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like reference numerals designate similar or corresponding elements, regions and portions and in which: 
           [0017]      FIG. 1  shows a circuit diagram of a related art charge pump core, with switching capacitors Cn (flying) and Cf (filtering). 
           [0018]      FIG. 2  illustrates a signal diagram of Cn capacitor discharge and recharge phases with Tbbm (break-before-make) of the related art. 
           [0019]      FIG. 3  shows a circuit diagram of charge pumps working in parallel. 
           [0020]      FIG. 4  illustrates a signal diagram of CnA and CnB capacitor discharge and recharge phases with Tbbm for charge pumps working in parallel. 
           [0021]      FIG. 5  shows a circuit diagram of charge pumps working in parallel, with Cf capacitors removed, in a first preferred embodiment of the present disclosure. 
           [0022]      FIG. 6  illustrates a signal diagram of CnA and CnB capacitor discharge and recharge phases with Tbbm (break-before-make) replaced by Tmbb (make before break), in a first preferred embodiment of the present disclosure. 
           [0023]      FIG. 7 a    shows a circuit diagram of a doubler application. 
           [0024]      FIG. 7 b    shows a circuit diagram of a quadrupler application. 
           [0025]      FIG. 8  illustrates a timing diagram of a first simulation for the circuit of  FIG. 3 , including a filtering capacitor. 
           [0026]      FIG. 9  illustrates a timing diagram of a second simulation for the circuit of  FIG. 3 , without a filtering capacitor. 
           [0027]      FIG. 10  illustrates a timing diagram of a third simulation of a first preferred embodiment of the present disclosure. 
           [0028]      FIG. 11  illustrates a timing diagram of a fourth simulation of a first preferred embodiment of the present disclosure. 
           [0029]      FIG. 12  shows a flowchart of a method for operating a switched-capacitor power electronic circuit. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0030]    In one embodiment, the disclosure replaces the non-recovery Tbbm (break-before-make) time measured between the discharge and recharge phases of a Cn flying capacitor on one side of a related art charge pump by a recovery Tmbb (make-before-break) time measured between the two sides of a charge pump working in parallel, and thereby removes the need for the Cf filtering capacitors on either side of the charge pump. 
         [0031]      FIG. 5  shows a circuit diagram of charge pumps working in parallel, with Cf capacitors removed, in a first preferred embodiment of the present disclosure. When capacitor CnA is discharging current to load Z 1 , switch S 1 A is off (open) and switch S 2 A is on (closed). Concurrently, when capacitor CnB is charging, switch S 1 B is on and switch S 2 B is off. When CnA changes from discharging to charging, switch S 1 A turns on and switch S 2 A turns off, and when CnB changes from charging to discharging, switch S 1 B turns off and switch S 2 B turns on. There is a short time during this phase change when both CnA and CnB provide current to the load. The effect of this make-before-break time, when both S 2 A and S 2 B are both on, is to remove the need for filtering capacitors, since flying capacitors during this time will always provide load current. Make-before-break switching is well known in the art and is here represented by the timing state diagram of  FIG. 6 . 
         [0032]      FIG. 6  illustrates a signal diagram of CnA and CnB capacitor discharge and recharge phases with Tbbm (break-before-make) replaced by Tmbb (make-before-break), in a first preferred embodiment of the present disclosure. With charge pumps working in parallel, there is a time Tmbb when both switch S 2 A and switch S 2 B are on in the charge pump. This is when CnA is switching to charging and CnB to discharging, or when CnA is switching to discharging and CnB to charging. When both CnA and CnB are switching, CnA and CnB provide current to the load and the Cf capacitor is no longer needed. This slight change on the control of the switching phases allows removal of the filtering capacitor component, which usually is a non-negligible contribution on the overall cost of the DC-DC conversion solution (PCB and/or Die area). This would work for any switch type used in a charge-pump configuration. 
         [0033]      FIG. 7 a    shows a voltage doubler application. As a first example of the proposed disclosure this circuit illustrates how a voltage supply greater than the battery can be delivered. Here, as is known in the art, each charge pump capacitor (Cna, Cnb), not yet connected to the load, is connected between Vbat and ground to charge the capacitor to Vbat. Vbat is then switched to the lower capacitor plate which raises each capacitor voltage to 2×Vbat. The above disclosed technique is then used to connect each charge pump to the load through switches S 2 A and S 2 B. 
         [0034]    This disclosure could also be utilized for any other voltage multiplier besides voltage doubling. As an example,  FIG. 7 b    shows a quadrupler application. The output voltage Vout will be 4 times the input voltage Vinput (no load condition). For that application, as described in the present document, the break-before-make (usual method) is maintained within and between the switches connected to the flying capacitors. The modification, which is to use a make-before-break between the switches of the left side and the switches of the right side, allows removing the filtering capacitor, which in the related art is connected in parallel with the load. 
         [0035]      FIG. 8  illustrates a timing diagram of a simulation with Tmbb=0 ps, Cn=4.7 uF, and Cf=10 uF for  FIG. 3  charge pumps working in parallel. This is the case where the phase on flying capacitor CnA switches from discharging to charging. There is a small break-before-make time between switch S 2 A and switch S 1 A as CnA changes phase. 
         [0036]      FIG. 9  illustrates a timing diagram of a simulation with Tmbb=0 ps, Cn=4.7 uF, and Cf=0fF for  FIG. 3  charge pumps working in parallel. This is the case where the filtering capacitor Cf is not connected. The absence of the filtering capacitor in that configuration causes the output voltage to drop periodically (negative spikes) at the switching transition time because the load current is applied to a node without reserve. This is the issue being usually solved by adding the filtering capacitor as an energy reservoir during transition time. 
         [0037]      FIG. 10  illustrates a timing diagram of a simulation with Tmbb=50 ns (increasing), Cn=4.7 uF, and Cf=0 fF, in a first preferred embodiment of the present disclosure, for  FIG. 5  charge pump with Cf capacitors removed. When flying capacitor CnA switches from discharging to charging, and CnB switches from charging to discharging, there is a small make-before-break time between switch S 2 A and switch S 2 B, when both S 2 A and S 2 B are on. The timing diagram mirrors  FIG. 8  where a filtering capacitor was used and a break-before-make time recorded. 
         [0038]      FIG. 11  illustrates a timing diagram of a simulation with Tmbb=50 ns, Cn=10 uF (increasing), and Cf=1 fF, in a first preferred embodiment of the present disclosure, for  FIG. 5  charge pump with Cf capacitors removed. This is the case where the filter capacitor Cf is very small (essentially zero) and the flying capacitor Cn has increased. There is a small make-before-break time between switch S 2 A and switch S 2 B. With the larger Cn value, the timing diagram more closely resembles the timing diagram of  FIG. 8  where a filtering capacitor was used and a break-before-make time is recorded. 
         [0039]      FIG. 12  shows a flowchart of a method for operating a switched-capacitor power electronic circuit. Step  1210  of the method of  1200  shows the provision of two or more charge pump circuits connected in parallel producing an output power. Step  1220  depicts each of the charge pump circuits having a flying capacitor for providing a current to a load. Step  1230  illustrates the connection of both of the flying capacitors to a load simultaneously after a charging period of one of the flying capacitors and prior to a charging period of the other flying capacitor. 
         [0040]    The advantages of one or more embodiments of the present disclosure include eliminating the requirement for the filter capacitor connected to the load of a charge pump circuit, thereby minimizing the number of external components in a high power DC-DC power converter while maintaining high efficiency and limited voltage ripple. 
         [0041]    While this invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to the preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.