Abstract:
A choke or kill line connector for a subsea blowout preventer stack which is slide member operated to provide pressure balanced design to eliminate the potentially high forces associated with connectors which do not have the complication of a locking connector and provide integral valving capability to allow for testing and to retain drilling mud in the choke or kill lines upon disconnection.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    Deepwater blowout preventer systems are major pieces of capital equipment landed on the ocean floor in order to provide pressure protection while drilling holes deep into the earth for the production of oil and gas. The typical blowout preventer stacks have an 18¾″ bore and are usually of 10,000 psi working pressure. The blowout preventer stack assembly weighs in the range of five to eight hundred thousand pounds. It is typically divided into a lower blowout preventer stack and a lower marine riser package.  
           [0002]    The lower blowout preventer stack includes a connector for connecting to the wellhead at the bottom and several individual ram type blowout preventer assemblies, which will close on various pipe sizes and in some cases, will close on an open hole with what is called blind rams. Characteristically there is an annular preventer at the top, which will close on any pipe size or close on the open hole.  
           [0003]    The lower marine riser package typically includes a connector at the bottom for connecting to the lower blowout preventer stack, a single angular preventer for closing off on any piece of pipe or the open hole, a flex joint, and a connection to a riser pipe which extends to the surface to the drilling vessel.  
           [0004]    The purpose of the separation between the lower blowout preventer stack and the lower marine riser package is that the annular blowout preventer on the lower marine riser package is the preferred assembly to be used. When it is used and either has a failure or is worn out, it can be released and retrieved to the surface for servicing while the lower blowout preventer stack maintains pressure competency on the wellhead. The riser pipe going to the surface is typically a 21″ O.D. pipe with a bore larger than the bore of the blowout preventer stack. It is a low pressure pipe and will control the mud flow which is coming from the well up to the rig floor, but will not contain the 10,000-15,000 psi that the blowout preventer stack will contain. Whenever the high pressures must be communicated back to the surface for well control procedures, smaller pipes on each side of the drilling riser, called the choke line and the kill lines provide this function. These will typically have the same working pressure as the blowout preventer stack and rather than have an 18¾-20″ bore, they will have a 3-4″ bore.  
           [0005]    These pipes come down on each side of the drilling riser, go past flex joints, to an area on each side of the connector connecting the lowering riser package to the lower blowout preventer stack. At this point they are connected to pipes which go down the lower blowout preventer stack and enter the bore of the lower blowout preventer stack, near the bottom of the blowout preventer stack. One of these lines is called the choke line, and has a general job description of allowing high pressure well fluids to flow up across chokes during the well control operations. The line on the opposite side is typically called the kill line and it is attached below the lowest blowout preventer ram and has a general job description of communicating a heavy fluid to be pumped down into the well to kill the well. Killing the well means that the pressure in the formation is high enough to overcome the pressure head of the fluid in the bore. Killing the well is placing heavy enough fluid in the well bore to overcome the formation pressures. When the lower marine riser package is disconnected from the lower blowout preventer stack, the choke and kill lines must be disconnected. There are typically two types of connectors for this application, a passive connector and an active connector. The passive connector is typically a straight stab and would typically have a seal O.D. of about 4½″. As the stab is on about a 5 ft. radius from the centerline of the blowout preventer stack, if one of these units is pressured to 10,000 psi it exerts a force of approximately 160,000 lbs. on the blowout preventer stack or puts a moment of approximately 800,000 ft. lbs moment on the blowout preventer stack connector. This is a substantial force to be withstood and requires a redesign and reinforcement of the blowout preventer stack to accommodate these high forces.  
           [0006]    The connector type choke and kill connector literally engages a small connector similar to the one that is on the centerline of the blowout preventer stack. By having an actual connector on the choke or kill connector the pressure force is taken within the connector and eliminates the destructive moment forces on the blowout preventer stack frame. A problem can occur in this design in that when the connector must be released in an emergency situation such as when the vessel has lost control and is being driven off location on the surface, the connector may not release. If the connector does not release in a drive off situation, the unit will be torn in half causing substantial damage to the blowout preventer stack, making it expensive and difficult to recover. Literally if a connector does not release and the blowout preventer stack is released, the recovery and repair is a multi-million dollar repair operation. An additional problem with conventional choke and kill connectors is that the choke and the kill lines are a pipe as long as 12,000 feet back to the surface, full of expensive drilling mud. When the open marine riser is released and the connector is released, the entire column of mud is spilled onto the ocean floor, representing not only a high cost but pollution potential. The conventional solution to this is the addition of a high pressure failsafe gate valve on the choke line and the kill line, along with additional required control functions for the valve.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0007]    The object of this invention is to provide a connector which is a passive connector which does not lock onto the lower mandrel, but also does not provide a separation force to be sustained by the blowout preventer guide frame and lower marine riser hydraulic connector.  
           [0008]    A second object of the present invention is to provide a means for integral valving to retain the drilling mud in the choke and kill lines.  
           [0009]    A third object of the present invention is to provide redundant re-energizeable sealing.  
           [0010]    Another object of the present invention is to provide a connector which is tolerant of real-world manufacturing and installation conditions. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0011]    [0011]FIG. 1 is a view of a complete system for drilling subsea wells.  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 2 is a closer view of a subsea blowout preventer stack showing the installation of a connector of this invention.  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 3 is a cross section view of a connector of this invention in the operating condition.  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 4 is a top view of the connector of this invention.  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 5 is a cross section view of the connector of this invention with the valving closed.  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 6 is a cross section view of the connector of this invention with the valving closed and the upper section separated from the lower section.  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 7 is a close-up cross section of the lower end of the internal valving of this invention showing the angular misalignment capability.  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 8 is a cross section view of an alternate embodiment of the connector. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0019]    Illustrative embodiments of the invention are described below. In the interest of clarity, not all features of an actual implementation are described in this specification. It will of course be appreciated that in the development of any such actual embodiment, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developers&#39; specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which will vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it will be appreciated that such a development effort, even if complex and time-consuming, would be a routine undertaking for those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure.  
         [0020]    Referring now to FIG. 1, a view of a complete system for drilling subsea wells  1  is shown in order to illustrate the utility of the present invention. The C&amp;K connector  3  is shown at approximately the same elevation as the interface  5  between the lower Blowout Preventer stack  7  and the lower marine riser package  9 . The lower marine riser package  9  sits generally on a subsea wellhead system  11 , which in turn is landed on the ocean floor  13 .  
         [0021]    Below the subsea wellhead system  11 , it can be seen that a hole was drilled for a first casing string, that string  15  was landed and cemented in place, a hole drill thru the first string for a second string, the second string  17  cemented in place, and a hole is being drilled for a third casing string by drill bit  19  on drill string  21 .  
         [0022]    The lower Blowout Preventer stack generally comprises a lower hydraulic connector for connecting to the subsea wellhead system  11 , usually 4 or 5 ram style Blowout Preventers, an annular preventer, and an upper mandrel for connection by the connector on the lower marine riser package.  
         [0023]    The C&amp;K connector  3  is on a vertical pipe  30  which is generally illustrative of a choke or a kill line. Typically the kill line will enter the bore of the Blowout Preventers below the lowest ram and has the general function of pumping heavy fluid in the well to overburden the pressure in the bore or to “kill” the pressure. The general implication of this is that the heavier mud will not be circulated, but rather forced into the formations. The choke line will typically enter the well bore above the lowest ram and is generally intended to allow circulation to circulate heavier mud into the well to regain pressure control of the well. The circulation path will be discussed following. For brevity of space, the line  30  is intended to be exemplary of both the choke and kill lines. Generally a choke valve is indicated at  32  and a kill valve indicated at  34 .  
         [0024]    Normal drilling circulation is the mud pumps  40  taking drilling mud  42  from tank  44 . The drilling mud will be pumped up a standpipe  46  and down the upper end  48  of the drill pipe  21 . It will be pumped down the drill pipe  21 , out the drill bit  19 , up the annular area  50  between the outside of the drill pipe  21  and the bore of the hole being drilled, up the bore of the casing  17 , thru the subsea wellhead system  11 , the lower Blowout Preventer stack  7 , the lower marine riser package  9 , up the drilling riser  52 , out a bell nipple  54  and back into the mud tank  44 .  
         [0025]    During situations in which an abnormally high pressure from the formation has entered the well bore, the thin walled drilling riser  52  is typically not able to withstand the pressures involved. Rather than making the wall thickness of the relatively large bore drilling riser thick enough to withstand the pressure, the flow is diverted to a choke line  30 . It is more economic to have a relatively thick wall in a small pipe to withstand the higher pressures than to have the proportionately thick wall in the large riser pipe.  
         [0026]    When the higher pressures are to be contained, one of the annular or ram Blowout Preventers are closed around the drill pipe and the flow coming up the annular area around the drill pipe is diverted out thru choke valve  30  into the pipe  30 . The flow passes up thru C&amp;K connector  3 , up pipe  60  which is attached to the outer diameter of the riser  52 , thru choking means illustrated at  62 , and back into the mud tanks.  
         [0027]    The connector illustrated in the figure is a passive stab connector and as discussed previously, it is simply a stab sub which produces a separation force upon pressuring which is a function of the seal diameter and the pressure. It in turn produces a moment on the structures and lower marine riser connector which is a function of the force and the distance from the centerline of the lower marine riser connector. The connector of this invention will be discussed in further detail in the figures which follow. On the opposite side of the drilling riser  52  is shown a cable or hose  70  coming across a sheave  72  from a reel  74  on the vessel  76 . The cable  70  is shown characteristically entering the top of the lower marine riser package. These cables typically carry hydraulic, electrical, multiplex electrical, or fiber optic signals. Typically there are at least 2 of these systems, which are characteristically painted yellow and blue. As the cables or hoses  70  enter the top of the lower marine riser package  9 , they typically enter the top of control pod to deliver their supply or signals. When hydraulic supply is delivered, a series of accumulators are located on the lower marine riser package  9  or the lower Blowout Preventer stack  7  to store hydraulic fluid under pressure until needed.  
         [0028]    Referring now to FIG. 2, a closer view of a subsea blowout preventer stack shows the installation of a connector of this invention. The C&amp;K connector  3  is shown at the interface  5  between the lower marine riser package  9  and the lower Blowout Preventer stack  7 .  
         [0029]    The lower Blowout Preventer stack  7  shows the lower hydraulic connector  80 , four ram Blowout Preventers  82 - 85 , and an annular Blowout Preventer  86 . The lower marine riser package  9  shows a hydraulic connector  90  for engaging a mandrel on the lower Blowout Preventer stack, an annular Blowout Preventer  92 , a flex joint  94 , drilling riser section  96 , choke line  98 , kill line  100 , choke or kill line flex pipe  102  and control pod  104 . Valve  106  is a remotely controlled failsafe gate valve which conventionally has the job of being closed to allow testing of the choke or the kill line during running as joints are added, and to save the mud in the choke or the kill line after disconnection. This valve which is required by alternate connectors is eliminated by the connector of this invention.  
         [0030]    Referring now to FIG. 3, cross section view of a connector of this invention is shown in the operating condition. Plate  110  is the lower structural plate of the lower marine riser package and plate  112  is the upper structural plate of the lower Blowout Preventer stack. Mandrel  114  is bolted to plate  112  with bolts  116 , has a central bore  118  and an outlet bore  120  at an angle with respect to the central bore  118 . In the case of the illustration the angle is 30°.  
         [0031]    Upper body  130  has a central bore  132  which is generally aligned with central bore  118  and an outlet bore  134  at an angle to the central bore  132 . The upper body  130  is bolted to plate  110  with bolts  136 . Shims  138  are provided to give angular alignment adjustment capability for upper body  130  with respect to mandrel  114 .  
         [0032]    Slide member  140  is provided with a flow path  142  at an angle such that it communicates the bore  120  with the bore  134 . Slide member  140  has seals  144 ,  146 ,  148 , and  150  such that seals  144  and  146  seal the interface between flow path  142  and bore  120  and seals  148  and  150  seal the interface between flow path  142  and bore  134 . As seals  144  and  146  are circular, concentric, and of the same seal diameter, they do not provide an axial force but rather are pressure balanced. In the same manner, as seals  148  and  150  are circular, concentric, and of the same seal diameter, they do not provide an axial force but rather are pressure balanced.  
         [0033]    As can be seen in the figure, flow enters the flange  160 ; flows along the path of arrows  162 ,  164 ,  166 , and  168 ; and then flows out of flange  170 . Cylinder  172  at the top of the assembly along with piston  174  hold the slide member  140  in the correct position for communication.  
         [0034]    Referring now to FIG. 4, a top view of the connector of this invention is shown landed on plate  110 .  
         [0035]    Referring now to FIG. 5, a cross section view is shown of the connector of this invention with the valving closed. Seals  144  and  146  are in approximately the same position as seals  148  and  150  were in FIG. 3, causing both ends of the flow path  142  to be sealed against central bore  132 . The effect of this is that the flow into or out of bore  134  is sealed off, with the slide member  140  acting as a shutoff valve.  
         [0036]    Referring now to FIG. 6, a cross section view of the connector of this invention with the valving closed and the upper section separated from the lower section as it would be when landing the lower marine riser package on the lower Blowout Preventer stack or removing the lower marine riser package from the lower Blowout Preventer stack. When engaging, the diameter  180  on the mandrel  114  first engages diameter  182  of upper body  130  to provide concentricity alignment between the mandrel and the upper body. This diametrical engagement ensures that the diameter indicated at  184  which will be sealed by seals  146  is closely aligned with the bore  132  of the upper body  130 . Seal area  186  of mandrel  114  is further from the engagement of the aligning diameters  180  and  182  and is therefore more subject to angular misalignment.  
         [0037]    Referring now to FIG. 7, a close up cross section of the lower end of the internal valving of this invention is shown with the angular misalignment compensation capability. Seal  144  is actually made up of triple seals  190 ,  192 , and  194  on ring  196 . The seals are preferably of a resilient compound for ease of reliable sealing against a straight bore, and are preferably of a metal seal to prevent blowing off when the slide member is opened with pressure in the bore. Ring  196  is fitted with an additional face seal  198  which engages a flat face  200  on retainer  202 . Retainer  202  is a portion of slide member  140  which is releasably attached to the lower end. Gap  204  around diameter  206  allows the ring  196  to float radially to compensate for angular misalignment of the central bore  118  with the bore  132  and still remain in a sealing relationship with the other parts of slide member  140 .  
         [0038]    Referring now to FIG. 8, a reversal of parts is shown with the slide member  220  being the outer cylindrical member rather than the inner bar type member. The flow path is curved to allow the bar type upper and lower members to be fluidly connected. The cylinder  222  would be two cylinders on each side of the assembly. Multiple check valves are shown at  224  to indicate that sealant can be injected into the space between the multiple seals in case full sealing is not obtained naturally. In deep water operations, the sealant can be injected by a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). The same ports can be used as test ports when the unit is first engaged.  
         [0039]    The particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, as the invention may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein. Furthermore, no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown, other than as described in the claims below. It is therefore evident that the particular embodiments disclosed above may be altered or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the protection sought herein is as set forth in the claims below.