Abstract:
A wireless tattoo applicator system includes a wireless tattoo applicator having a frame, a wireless receiver mechanically coupled to the frame, at least one coil mechanically coupled to the frame, an armature pivotally coupled to the frame adjacent the at least one coil, a spring mounted to the frame and applying a force to the armature in a first direction, a needle assembly mechanically coupled to the armature and free to move in a reciprocating manner, a battery power supply mechanically coupled to the frame and selectively electrically couplable to the at least one coil and operable, when coupled to the at least one coil, to energize the at least one coil to create a magnetic field causing the armature to be pulled in a second direction opposite the first direction, and a control circuit communicatively coupled to the receiver and operable to couple and decouple the battery power supply from the at least one coil at a selectable frequency. A wireless tattoo applicator controller remote from the wireless tattoo applicator includes first and second antennas, an antenna selector switch communicatively coupled to the first antenna and the second antenna and operable to activate the first antenna, the second antenna, or both, a wireless transmitter communicatively coupled to the antenna selector switch, and a processor communicatively coupled to the antenna selector switch and the wireless transmitter and operable to cause the wireless transmitter to broadcast a tattoo operating instruction to the wireless tattoo applicator.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. Provisional Application for patent filed on Jun. 25, 2010, assigned Ser. No. 61/358,722, and having a title of FOOT PEDAL FOR CONTROLLING WIRELESS TATTOO DEVICE, which is incorporated herein by reference, and is a Continuation-in-Part application of U.S. application for patent filed on May 30, 2008, assigned Ser. No. 12/130,282 and having a title of WIRELESS TATTOO APPLICATOR, which is also incorporated herein by reference, and which application claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. Provisional Application for patent filed on Jun. 1, 2007, assigned Ser. No. 60/932,821 and having a title of WIRELESS TATTOOING SYSTEMS AND METHODS, which is also incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates generally to tattoo applicators, and more particularly relates to a foot pedal for controlling a battery powered, wirelessly controlled, tattoo device. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Ascertaining the exact historical beginnings of a concept such as body tattoos is a difficult task at best but, research has clearly shown that it is certainly not a recent phenomenon. Some believe that the word tattoo is derived from combining the Polynesian word “TA” which means to strike something with the Tahitian word “TATAU” which means to mark something. The existence of tattoos has been determined to be at least five thousand years old. This belief was based on the 1991 discovery of a frozen body on a European mountain. The frozen body bore a total of 57 tattoos. Today, tattoos are included in the broad spectrum of body art. Body tattoos have considerable range from a small flower, initial, etc. to a full-body themed tattoo such as Tom Leppard whose entire body is covered with leopard spots. 
         [0004]    Whatever is the tattoo of choice, it is clear tattoos are art. The typical tattoo bearer makes a statement about himself or herself through the tattoo, whether it is politically motivated love motivated, vanity motivated or simply an affectionate attachment to the object or style of the tattoo. Likewise, the person applying the tattoo is certainly referred to as a tattoo artist. 
         [0005]    As is typical with most artists, the tattoo artist uses a set of tools or objects to create art where there once was none. In the tattoo arena, the primary took that is utilized by the tattoo artist is the tattoo gun. The tattoo gun in the hand of a tattoo artist is similar to the brush in the hand of a painter or a piece of charcoal in the hand of a drawer. As such, the touch and feel of the tattoo gun becomes important to the tattoo artist and in essence becomes an extension of their artistic being. Thus, it is not surprising that in general, most available tattoo guns or applicators have a similar look and feel to them. It is a design that has become popular and accepted in the industry. 
         [0006]    In the forming of a tattoo on skin, one or more needles carrying a small quantity of ink is utilized. The needle penetrates the skin leaving a small spot of the ink which will result in the production of the discoloration the skin. Repeating this procedure numerous times in a particular pattern with one or more ink colors of ink will result in the production of a desired tattoo. 
         [0007]    In the creation of most tattoos, it is required to insert a needle into the skin hundreds of times, and in some tattoos, even thousands of times. A common technique of producing a tattoo is to manually insert and withdraw a needle each and every time. In order to decrease the amount of time it takes to make a tattoo, in the past it has been known to use some kind of a mechanism that causes the needle to oscillate rapidly with the user only being required to carefully move the needle from one location to another. These locations are generally adjacent to each other, and the needle will be moved continually from these locations until the desired pattern of the tattoo is reproduced. In the past, this type of mechanism has been operated with a plugged in power source. 
         [0008]    A very important feature of modern day tattoo guns is maintaining consistent oscillations of the needle(s). For instance, when an artist is drawing the lines or outlining the tattoo, the needle(s) oscillate at a first frequency. However, when the artist is shading in areas of the tattoo, the needles generally oscillate at a slower speed. In addition, in many circumstances the depth or range of needle motion is varied. For instance, the range can be modified to penetrate deeper into the skin for leathery or darker skins, and less deep for soft pale skins. In addition, certain looks can be achieved by varying the depth of the ink penetration. Thus, maintaining the oscillation frequency as well as the motion range of the oscillation is important to the artist to enable consistency in the application of the ink and control. In the past, the oscillation frequency has been provided by using a stabilized voltage source that is fed to the tattoo gun from an external voltage supply through one or more wires. 
         [0009]    The current generation of tattoo machines is moving towards a wireless or non-connected type of arrangement. However, the typical wireless tattoo mechanisms on the market are either too unsanitary and/or have too much extra weight resulting in an artist having to struggle while creating a tattoo or experiencing fatigue. There are numerous problems with existing wireless tattoo applicators. For instance, employing inefficient voltage conversion technology has resulted in using oversized batteries and hence, resulting in too much extra weight in the tattoo gun. In addition, the lack of universal compatibility has resulted in creating a sanitation issue in that a voltage controller which is used with a possibly infected glove may be used numerous times throughout the process of a tattoo. Another issue that is present in the state of the art is wireless interference that can affect the operation of the wireless tattoo applicator. Yet another issue relates to the inconsistency of power and/or frequency used to control the tattoo gun. Even further, the input voltage of the tattoo applicator can be influenced by the external power supply and is therefore unreliable. 
         [0010]    Furthermore, most tattoo devices are controlled by a foot pedal, the depression of which causes the tattoo device to operate. For typical wired tattoo devices, with a cable spanning from the foot pedal to the tattoo device, pedal operation to control the device works reasonably well. However, when switching to a wireless communication scheme, new issues arise. For instance, wireless communication between a foot pedal and a tattoo device must be performed at low power. This low power requirement is due in part to regulations dictated by the Federal Communications Commission as well as the practicalities of having multiple devices operating within the same shared physical space. 
         [0011]    The control signals sent from the foot pedal to the tattoo device suffer attenuation if objects block the line-of-sight path between the pedal and the tattoo device. One such object will be the foot of the pedal operator. That is, as the operator depresses the foot pedal, the operator&#39;s foot is very likely to be placed between the transmitting antenna of the foot pedal and the tattoo device. 
         [0012]    Thus, there is a need in the art for a wireless or cordless tattoo mechanism that can improve the usability of the device from the artists&#39; perspective, as well as provide a sanitary environment for both the artist and the customer. Therefore, a need exists to overcome the problems with the prior art as discussed above. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0013]    The present invention is directed towards various aspects, features and embodiments of a wireless tattoo applicator and a wireless controller thereof. In general, an exemplary embodiment of the present invention is a wireless, cordless or non-tethered tattooing apparatus that is controlled and communicates with a wireless foot pedal device. 
         [0014]    The wireless tattoo applicator controlled by wireless controller employs the use of batteries and a stable voltage regulator to provide a stable control of the operation of the tattoo applicator. More specifically, one embodiment includes a user interface that enables an artist to set a desired reciprocation frequency for the needle movement of the tattoo applicator. The selected setting is used to generate a particular voltage from the voltage regulator that, in turn, controls the frequency of the needle reciprocations. In another embodiment of the invention, the tattoo applicator includes a wireless receiver through which it can receive operational commands. 
         [0015]    A remote transmitter can then send operational commands to the wireless tattoo applicator to control the operation of the applicator. For instance, a foot pedal may be used to trigger the transmission of an on or off signal. The reception of these commands will result in either turning the reciprocating action of the tattoo applicator on or off. Similarly, a remote device may be used to select the reciprocating frequency. A command indicative of the selected frequency can then be transmitted to the tattoo applicator and the applicator can adjust its settings accordingly. 
         [0016]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the remote transmitter can include two separately selectable and operable communication antennas separated by a distance. Various communication techniques can be employed to determine which one or both of the antennas to operate at any particular time to achieve superior communication ability with the wireless tattoo applicator. 
         [0017]    Various techniques are employed in embodiments of the present invention to help reduce battery consumption and thereby increase the charge life of the batteries running the tattoo applicator. One technique employs a synchronization protocol that periodically transmits an on command to the tattoo applicator until the artist actuates a switch to have an off command sent. Further, such an embodiment includes a software algorithm or module that continuously looks for the on command and then resets a watchdog timer when the on command is received. If the on command is not received in a desired time period, the tattoo applicator can automatically power down. This aspect of the invention advantageously reduces power consumption and also decreases power interrupts due to false power off requests. 
         [0018]    Another technique that can be employed is the application of intelligence in the control of the electromagnetic circuitry used to creating the reciprocating motion of the armature. For instance, rather than triggering the application of current or excitement of the coils based on the armature closing the contacts with the circuit, embodiments of the present invention can capitalize on pendulum motion technology to reduce the energy required to move the armature. For instance, typical tattoo applicators begin to provide power to move the armature downward too early in the pendulum swing. In embodiments incorporating this aspect of the invention, an algorithm is used to more accurately assess when the armature has crested the end of a swing and momentum is starting in the other direction. At this point, power is applied to assist in the motion. 
         [0019]    In addition, embodiments of the invention may employ the use of a spring to help absorb energy during the down swing of the armature and release this energy back in the upswing of the armature. Advantageously, this aspect of the present invention operates to reduce power consumption and prolongs the life of the tattoo applicator by reducing mechanical stress. 
         [0020]    In still another embodiment, a wireless tattoo applicator system includes a wireless tattoo applicator having a frame, a wireless receiver mechanically coupled to the frame, at least one coil mechanically coupled to the frame, an armature pivotally coupled to the frame adjacent the at least one coil, a spring mounted to the frame and applying a force to the armature in a first direction, a needle assembly mechanically coupled to the armature and free to move in a reciprocating manner, a battery power supply mechanically coupled to the frame and selectively electrically couplable to the at least one coil and operable, when coupled to the at least one coil, to energize the at least one coil to create a magnetic field causing the armature to be pulled in a second direction opposite the first direction, and a control circuit communicatively coupled to the receiver and operable to couple and decouple the battery power supply from the at least one coil at a selectable frequency. A wireless tattoo applicator controller remote from the wireless tattoo applicator includes first and second antennas, an antenna selector switch communicatively coupled to the first antenna and the second antenna and operable to activate the first antenna, the second antenna, or both, a wireless transmitter communicatively coupled to the antenna selectors switch, and a processor communicatively coupled to the antenna selector switch and the wireless transmitter and operable to cause the wireless transmitter to broadcast a tattoo operating instruction to the wireless tattoo applicator. 
         [0021]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the wireless tattoo applicator controller includes an activation switch communicatively coupled to the processor, the activation switch, when activated, causing the wireless transmitter to broadcast the tattoo operating instruction to the wireless tattoo applicator. 
         [0022]    In accordance with a further embodiment of the present invention, the activation switch is activatable by pressure from a user&#39;s foot. 
         [0023]    In accordance with an additional embodiment of the present invention, the operating instruction includes a value of the selectable frequency. 
         [0024]    In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, the wireless tattoo applicator includes a wireless transmitter mechanically coupled to the frame and operable to transmit status signals to the wireless tattoo applicator controller. 
         [0025]    In accordance with yet one more embodiment of the present invention, the wireless tattoo applicator controller further includes a wireless receiver communicatively coupled to the antenna selector switch and the processor and operable to receive signals on the first antenna and the second antenna and cause the antenna selector switch to change states based on a detected signal strength on one of the first antenna and the second antenna. 
         [0026]    In accordance with a further embodiment of the present invention, the wireless tattoo applicator controller includes a wireless receiver communicatively coupled to the antenna selector switch and the processor and wherein the processor is operable cause the antenna selector switch to change states upon expiration of a watchdog time function that continuously resets a watchdog timer counter upon receiving with the status signals from the wireless tattoo applicator. 
         [0027]    In accordance with an additional embodiment of the present invention, the wireless tattoo applicator controller is operable to transmit on at least two distinct channels to independently control at least two wireless tattoo applicators. 
         [0028]    In accordance with a further embodiment of the present invention, the wireless tattoo applicator controller is operable to transmit a first channel on the first antenna and a second channel on the second antenna to independently control at least two wireless tattoo applicators. 
         [0029]    In yet one more embodiment, the wireless tattoo applicator controller includes an activation switch communicatively coupled to the processor, the activation switch, when depressed, causing the wireless transmitter to broadcast an on command as the tattoo operating instruction to the wireless tattoo applicator and, when transitioned from a depressed position to a non-depressed position, causing the wireless transmitter to broadcast an off command as the tattoo operating instruction to the wireless tattoo applicator. 
         [0030]    In still another embodiment of the present invention, the wireless tattoo applicator includes a processor that is operable to process a communication protocol exchanged between the wireless tattoo applicator controller and the wireless tattoo applicator, transition the wireless tattoo applicator to a running mode in response to recognizing the on command within the protocol, execute a watchdog timer function that continuously resets a watchdog timer counter upon recognizing the on command, transition the wireless tattoo applicator to an off mode upon receiving the off command, and transition the wireless tattoo applicator to an off mode upon expiration of the watchdog timer counter without receiving the on command. 
         [0031]    In another embodiment of the present invention, the watchdog timer is about 0.5 seconds. 
         [0032]    These and other aspects, features and embodiments of the present invention are more fully described in the detailed description and illustrated in the figures. 
         [0033]    Although the invention is illustrated and described herein as embodied in a wireless tattoo applicator, it is, nevertheless, not intended to be limited to the details shown because various modifications and structural changes may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention and within the scope and range of equivalents of the claims. Additionally, well-known elements of exemplary embodiments of the invention will not be described in detail or will be omitted so as not to obscure the relevant details of the invention. 
         [0034]    Other features that are considered as characteristic for the invention are set forth in the appended claims. As required, detailed embodiments of the present invention are disclosed herein; however, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention, which can be embodied in various forms. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one of ordinary skill in the art to variously employ the present invention in virtually any appropriately detailed structure. Further, the terms and phrases used herein are not intended to be limiting; but rather, to provide an understandable description of the invention. While the specification concludes with claims defining the features of the invention that are regarded as novel, it is believed that the invention will be better understood from a consideration of the following description in conjunction with the drawing figures, in which like reference numerals are carried forward. The figures of the drawings are not drawn to scale. 
         [0035]    Before the present invention is disclosed and described, it is to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. The terms “a” or “an”, as used herein, are defined as one or more than one. The term “plurality,” as used herein, is defined as two or more than two. The term “another,” as used herein, is defined as at least a second or more. The terms “including” and/or “having,” as used herein, are defined as comprising (i.e., open language). The term “coupled,” as used herein, is defined as connected, although not necessarily directly, and not necessarily mechanically. 
         [0036]    As used herein, the term “about” or “approximately” applies to all numeric values, whether or not explicitly indicated. These terms generally refer to a range of numbers that one of skill in the art would consider equivalent to the recited values (i.e.., having the same function or result). In many instances these terms may include numbers that are rounded to the nearest significant figure. In this document, the term “longitudinal” should be understood to mean in a direction corresponding to an elongated direction of the tattoo machine&#39;s needle. The terms “program,” “software application,” and the like as used herein, are defined as a sequence of instructions designed for execution on a computer system. A “program,” “computer program,” or “software application” may include a subroutine, a function, a procedure, an object method, an object implementation, an executable application, an applet, a servlet, a source code, an object code, a shared library/dynamic load library and/or other sequence of instructions designed for execution on a computer system. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0037]    The accompanying figures, where like reference numerals refer to identical or functionally similar elements throughout the separate views and which together with the detailed description below are incorporated in and form part of the specification, serve to further illustrate various embodiments and to explain various principles and advantages all in accordance with the present invention. 
           [0038]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view of a tattoo gun incorporating various features and aspects of the present invention. 
           [0039]      FIG. 2  is a side view elevation of the embodiment illustrates in  FIG. 1 . 
           [0040]      FIG. 3  is a top view elevation of the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
           [0041]      FIG. 4A  is a front view elevation of the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
           [0042]      FIG. 4B  is a back view elevation of the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
           [0043]      FIG. 5  is a perspective view of one embodiment of the frame  116  of the drive assembly  104 . 
           [0044]      FIG. 6  is a flow diagram illustrating the operational steps of an embodiment of the present invention as described above in conjunction with  FIGS. 1-5 . 
           [0045]      FIG. 7  is a perspective view of an exemplary battery charger and remote transmitter that can be used with various embodiments of the present invention. 
           [0046]      FIGS. 8 &amp; 9  are various views of a rotary drive tattoo machine that can be used with various embodiments of the present invention. 
           [0047]      FIG. 10  is an elevational view of a wireless dual-antenna foot pedal controller useful for controlling a wireless tattoo device in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention. 
           [0048]      FIG. 11  is an elevational cross-sectional view of the foot pedal controller of  FIG. 10  showing internal components thereof in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention. 
           [0049]      FIG. 12  is an elevational partial view of the foot pedal controller of  FIG. 10  with the housing and activation button removed in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention. 
           [0050]      FIG. 13  is an devotional view of a wireless foot pedal with a pivoting switch for selecting between communication modes in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention. 
           [0051]      FIG. 14  is an elevational view of a wireless foot pedal with a pivoting switch for selecting between communication modes in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0052]    While the specification concludes with claims defining the features of the invention that are regarded as novel, it is believed that the invention will be better understood from a consideration of the following description in conjunction with the drawing figures, in which like reference numerals are carried forward. It is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention, which can be embodied in various forms. 
         [0053]    The present invention, as well as features and aspects thereof, is directed towards providing a wireless, cordless or non-tethered tattoo applicator or gun for use in the application of tattoos. More specifically, an embodiment of the present invention includes a battery powered tattoo gun that includes a stable voltage regulator that is used to control the oscillating or reciprocating frequency of the needle assembly and that can be set at various settings for differing frequencies. Another embodiment of the invention is a wireless and battery operated pen tube drive assembly that can receive a plurality of brands and styles of tattoo gun pen tubes and control the application of ink by driving the needle assembly of the pen tubes in a stable manner. One inventive aspect that can be incorporated into various embodiments of the present invention is a power saving technique that saves power by cooperatively working with the mechanical momentum of the device to save battery drainage. Another inventive aspect that can be incorporated into various embodiments of the present invention is a redundant protocol that operates to power down the tattoo gun when it is not in use but, that also alleviates the risk of false shut-offs during operation. 
         [0054]    To maintain freedom of movement and availability of hands, an embodiment of the wireless tattoo gun may exclude or, in addition to, a power on/off switch on the tattoo gun, utilize a wireless transmitter to send on and off signals to the wireless tattoo gun. Advantageously, this aspect of the present invention allows the wireless tattoo gun to be powered down during non-use to help conserve power, to free-up the artists&#39; hand from having to turn the gun on and off, and for safety and sanitation purposes. For instance, in one embodiment of the invention, a foot pedal may be used to turn the wireless tattoo gun on and off. The foot pedal can toggle an on/off switch which either activates or deactivates a constant IR or RF signal. The foot pedal can be coupled to a base unit (e.g., a base unit that includes a transmitter/receiver and an optional battery charger)) via a wire plugged into a jack or a wireless connection (such as IR or RF). The base unit can also be directly integrated into the foot pedal so that the foot pedal is a separate unit that is, for example, battery operated and sends the on or off command via an IR or RF signal using the foot pedal&#39;s own PCB and transmitter. 
         [0055]    The wireless communication can be conducted via infrared technology or radio frequency technology. In either case, another aspect of the present invention is a synchronization technique and redundancy techniques to alleviate interference between a wireless tattoo gun and other wireless tattoo guns or other transmitting devices. 
         [0056]    Another inventive aspect of the various embodiments of the invention includes a non-rotating spring holder. In general, this aspect of the present invention helps to prevent the spring from being rotated during adjustments and thereby causing alignment problems. 
         [0057]    These and other aspects, features and embodiments of the present invention will be more clearly understood in view of the following figures and the descriptions associated therewith in which like labels represent like elements throughout the several views.  FIG. 1  is a perspective view of a tattoo gun incorporating various features and aspects of the present invention.  FIG. 2  is a side view elevation of the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 1 .  FIG. 3  is a top view elevation of the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 1 .  FIG. 4A  is a front view elevation of the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 1 .  FIG. 4B  is a front view elevation of the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0058]    Looking at  FIG. 1 , the wireless tattoo applicator  100  includes a pen assembly  102  and a drive assembly  104 . The pen assembly  102  includes a pen tube  106 , a barrel  108  and a needle assembly  110 . It should be appreciated that reference numbers, such as  110  refer to a component or assembly and if a letter is appended to the reference number, it refers to a portion, feature, or aspect of the component or assembly. As such, some components or assemblies only include reference numbers with letters appended to identify or accent portions of features of a component or assembly hut the description will refer to the component or assembly by simply using the reference number, even if it does not appear by itself in the figures. 
         [0059]    In the illustrated embodiment, the pen tube  106  is shown as being cylindrically shaped over a portion of its surface and then tapering off to a blunt end  112 . The artist typically holds the wireless tattoo applicator  100  by holding the pen tube  106  similar to any other writing instrument. In various embodiments the pen tube may be longer or shorter and may have a different shape (octagonal, triangular, etc) as well as contours or various surfaces to facilitate gripping, holding and comfort. The pen tube  106  includes a hollow core through which a barrel  108  extends. The pen tube  106  is shown as ending at the surface of the drive assembly  104  whereas the barrel  108  is shown as extending out of the top  113  of the pen tube  106  and into the drive assembly  104 . In addition, the barrel  108  extends out of the tapered end  112  of the pen tube  106 . 
         [0060]    The barrel  108  includes a top end  108   a  that extends out of the top of the pen tube  106  and a tapered end  108   b  that extends out of the bottom of the pen tube  106 . The barrel includes a hollowed out, axial radius and is tapered on the lower end. The tapered end of the barrel can receive a needle assembly  110 . 
         [0061]    The needle assembly  110  extends through the axially aligned bore of the barrel and a top end of the needle assembly  110   a  is coupled to an armature  114  of the drive assembly  104  and a bottom end  110   b  extends out of the tapered end of the barrel. 
         [0062]    The drive assembly  104  includes a frame body  115 , a frame plate  116 , coils  118   a  and  118   b,  spring  120 , spring tension assembly  122 , armature  114 , tube assembly lock assembly  124 , armature spring and active plate  126 , base  130 , spring holder  506 , circuit compartment  128 , and control/display assembly  101 , which includes a display  156 , control interface devices  151  and  158 , and optional RF/IR receiver (not shown in  FIG. 1 ). 
         [0063]    The pen assembly  102  can be a completely separate item from the drive assembly  104 . In the illustrated embodiment, the pen assembly  102  is coupled to the drive assembly by inserting the top end of the barrel  108   a  into the tube assembly lock assembly  124  and the top end of the needle assembly  110   a  through the bore of the barrel  108 . The tube assembly lock assembly  124  is then used to secure the pen assembly  102  to the frame  116 . In this illustrated embodiment this is accomplished by tightening lock assembly screw  124   a  but, in other embodiments clamps or pressure levers may also be used. The needle assembly  110 , which may include a single needle or several needles joined together, is mounted through the bore of the barrel  108  in such a manner to allow the needle assembly  110  to freely slide within the barrel  108 . The top portion of the needle assembly  110   a  includes an interface to the armature  114 . In the illustrated embodiment, this interface includes a loop or band on the end of the needle assembly through which a narrowed end of the armature  114  can be inserted. However, it should be appreciated that the various embodiments of the present invention are constructed to accept a wide variety of pen types and can be joined to the armature  114  in a variety of manners. 
         [0064]    The coils  118   a  and  118   b  set on or mounted to the base plate  130  which is coupled to the frame body  115 . The armature  114  extends perpendicular to the coils  118  over the top of the coils. The spring  120  rests over the armature  114  and when pressure is applied to the spring via the spring tension assembly  122 , a downward force is placed on the armature. The spring  120  is attached to the armature  114  via screw or connector  138  and the force from the spring tension assembly  122  and the connector  138  keep the spring  120  in place. Armature spring and active plate  126  is also connected to the armature  114  via connector  138  and to the frame body  115  via connector  140  and spring holder  506 . 
         [0065]    The circuit compartment  128  is used to house the electronics and controls for the wireless tattoo applicator  100 . The specifics of the electronics and controls can vary from embodiment to embodiment and as such, the details are not described. However, in an exemplary embodiment, the electronics may include a power supply including one or more batteries  142  that are shown as being mounted under the frame plate  116  but, in other embodiments can be mounted under the frame body  115 , within the electronics compartment  128  or other locations. 
         [0066]    The electronics may also include a circuit board having a processor, a micro-controller, A/D converters, D/A converters, control outputs, sensor inputs, display drivers, a display  156 , etc. The circuit board and components cooperatively provide functionality that can include an infrared receiver and/or transceiver, or an RF receiver and/or transceiver, a battery charging circuit, a display interface, a user interface including one or more buttons, dials, potentiometers or other adjustments, a stable voltage regulator circuit, a micro-controller or processor, and an interface to the coils  118  for providing or restricting a current from flowing through the coils. 
         [0067]    One of the advantages of using a battery to supply power through the voltage regulator is the accuracy of the resulting voltage and frequency. An embodiment of a tattoo gun is configured to provide approximately a 99% likelihood that a voltage level displayed on display  156  is an accurate depiction of the voltage being applied to the control circuit and that the frequency will remain substantially even, in line with the varying voltage setting. This is a substantial improvement over a main power source where a power supply can vary up to 10% in a single day, and a consistent frequency or power cannot be guaranteed. 
         [0068]    The voltage regulator operates to provide a steady fixed voltage to the electronic circuitry even though the supply (battery) voltage is varying (i.e. is decaying over time and can fluctuate due to temperature). Because of the stable, regulated voltage the electronics perform reliably and consistently without changing the tattoo gun&#39;s speed or operating characteristics as the battery is being discharged. When the battery is too low to adequately power the circuit board or control circuits through the voltage regulator, the tattoo gun will shut down after providing a proper warning that the battery is too low to continue operation. 
         [0069]    In one embodiment, the circuit board can be mounted to the frame body  115  of the tattoo gun  100  and can be covered by a coating film which protects the circuit board from corrosion and makes the circuit board resistant to liquids/humidity/cleaning and/or static electricity. In another embodiment, the electrical components  145  and  146  and the circuit board, as well as the entire circuit compartment  128  can be covered with a moisture and/or corrosion resistant coating to provide a greater life expectancy of the electrical components and to facilitate safe cleaning of the machine when required without the possibility of damaging the components. The coating can be substantially impervious to fluids. 
         [0070]    The wireless tattoo gun or applicator  100  may include an on/off switch  158  which connects/disconnects the battery(ies)  142  to/from the circuitry in the circuit compartment  128 . A battery level indicator, such as a series of LED&#39;s and/or an LCD panel or a display  156  can be used show the expected remaining battery life. In addition, the display  156  can be accessed and controlled by a processing unit to display other information such as the current frequency setting, status information, etc. It should be appreciated that although a single 8-segment display is illustrated in the figures, this is simply a non-limiting example of the display. Other embodiments can include a variety of display types including multiple segment displays, LEDs, LCDs, electro-illuminescent devices, or the like. 
         [0071]      FIG. 5  is an exploded, perspective view of one embodiment of the invention that more clearly shows the frame body  115  and frame plate  116  of the drive assembly  104 . One aspect that can be incorporated into various embodiments of the present invention is the use of an extra light frame body  115  and/or frame plate  116  comprising light-weight material such as for example, but not limited to metal, graphite, composites, glass fiber and/or polycarbonate materials. Using a light-weight material such as one of the aforementioned materials allows an embodiment of invention to have a similar weight as or to be lighter than the weight of a common two-coil tattoo applicator. In addition, the frame plate  116  may be easily removed and substituted with a decorative plate that allows for customized embodiments to be created. In addition, decorative face plates can be mounted to the frame plate  116  in other embodiments. 
         [0072]    The battery  112  is shown as being mounted behind the face plate  116  and within a cavity defined by the surface of the frame body  115 . 
         [0073]      FIG. 6  is a diagram illustrating the operational steps of an embodiment of the present invention as described above in conjunction with  FIGS. 1-5 . The illustrated flow diagram shows the operations of an artist  600  or a user of an applicator  650 , as well as the operations or steps of the applicator  650 . It should be appreciated that the steps described are not all required in all embodiments and all operations of an embodiment of the invention. In addition, the steps do not necessarily have to be performed in the illustrated sequence. 
         [0074]    Initially, the artist installs  602  the pen assembly  102  into the drive assembly  104  using the tube assembly lock assembly  124 . The artist can then adjust the height  604  by adjusting the spring tension assembly  122 . This is accomplished in the illustrated embodiment by actuating the coarse adjustment screw  150  or the fine adjustment screw  152  to adjust the length of the needle  110  stroke or the height or depth of the needle  110  movement. The reciprocating frequency of the needle  110  or the rate of oscillation or vibration can also be adjusted  606 . This adjustment is performed in the illustrated embodiment by changing the frequency using actuator  154  that controls a voltage controller. For instance, in one embodiment, actuator  154  could be a potentiometer that is used to adjust the voltage/frequency. In another embodiment, the actuator  154  may be a push button that increases or decreases a current voltage/frequency value. In other embodiments, additional actuators may be used such as pre-programmed adjustment values, increment, decrement, etc. It will be appreciated that, in some embodiments, a signal that identities a desired setting may be transmitted to the applicator rather than using the actuator  154 . For instance, a remote control unit may include the ability to select a desired setting and then transmit that signal to the applicator. This could be accomplished via a dial, a roller ball, a series of switches/buttons, etc. For instance, a remote control foot pedal may include a plurality of buttons and an artist can alter the control of the applicator (such as the reciprocating frequency) by tapping on the various buttons with his or her foot. In other embodiments, the foot pedal may operate as an accelerator constantly transmitting voltage/frequency level settings based on pressure being applied to the foot pedal. 
         [0075]    The ink can be loaded  608  for application to the client or customer. Those skilled in the art will be familiar with the various techniques for loading ink into a tattoo gun including systems in which the needles  110  are dipped into a reservoir of ink or the ink is automatically released from the pen tube or barrel. Once the applicator is set up in the manner desired by the artist and/or for the particular situation, the artist can actuate the remote on/off switch  610  to activate the applicator (change it from a sleep mode to an awake mode). 
         [0076]      FIG. 7  is a perspective view of an exemplary battery charger and remote transmitter that can be used with various embodiments of the present invention. The battery charger and remote transmitter (also referred to as a base unit or remote control) can include a frame/cover made out of metal, glass fiber and/or polycarbonate. The base unit can house a base unit PCB and/or a transmitting/battery-charging PCB. The base unit  700  includes two battery charging slots or receptacles  702  and  704  for receiving batteries to be charged and LED charge indicators  706  and  708  to indicate respectively when the batteries in slots  702  and  704  are charging and/or charged. The base unit may be configured to charge only one battery or multiple batteries at the same time. 
         [0077]    The base unit may also include a transmitter and/or receiver for communicating with an applicator  100 . The transmission technology may be any wireless technology including infrared, RF, audio, WIFI, 802.11, BlueTooth, WIMAX, etc. In one embodiment, the remote transmitter  700  simply sends commands to the wireless tattoo wireless tattoo applicator  100  in a single communication direction; however, other embodiments may provide two way communications. The base unit  700  includes a power connector  710  for powering the circuitry from a standard 120V or 240V source and an on switch  712  for turning on the charging circuitry and/or for turning on the base unit. On the top of the transmitter, an applicator activation switch  719  may be included along with status indicator  716 ,  718  and  720 . In an exemplary embodiment, the step of actuating the remote on/off switch  610  would include pressing the applicator activation switch  719 . 
         [0078]    In one embodiment of the present invention, actuating the applicator activation switch  719  results in transmitting an ON command to the wireless tattoo applicator  100  over wireless communication link  722 . It should be appreciated that the remote transmitter does not necessarily have to be coupled to a battery charger. For instance, in some embodiments the transmitter may reside in a foot pedal that is positioned proximate to the operating area and as such, the artist can press the applicator activation switch  719  with his or her foot thereby keeping both hands free to hold the actuator  650  and stretch the clients skin. 
         [0079]    An embodiment of a base unit can have one or more of the following features and/or functionalities:
       a) A base unit can be configured to transmit voltage regulation/speed information to a tattoo applicator via an IR or RF signal. Alternatively a user can use a voltage regulator dial on the tattoo applicator. The voltage regulator dial  154  or entire control/display assembly  101  can be removable from the tattoo applicator so that it can be sterilized. A base unit can be configured to either send the on signal solely, or it may—while sending the on signal, also transmit an indication of the voltage that the receiver/tattoo applicator should run at.   b) A base unit can be configured such that each time any of the corresponding tattoo applicators/receivers are placed sufficiently close to the base unit and both units are turned ‘on’, the base unit will synchronize with that receiver only and will not interfere with any other wireless machine in the vicinity, even if the base unit is sending a very ‘long’ coded signal (On voltage) while the artist wants to use the voltage regulator on the base unit and not the one on the tattoo applicator. A base unit stays synchronized with a tattoo applicator until the base unit power supply is turned off (resetting it until turned on and synchronized again). This facilitates the ability to use any of the tattoo applicators with any of the base units without any interference between other similar units or any other wireless machinery in the vicinity. A signal transmitted by the base unit can be encoded after each transmitter is synchronized with a receiver. As a result, many machines can be operated in the same room without interference. The encoding can be formulated by a microprocessor within a base unit PCB and can be configured such that the base unit synchronizes with any one of a plurality of tattoo applicators.   c) A base unit while charging a battery can receive information from the battery&#39;s ‘information’ terminal. This ensures that charging will only take place when it is safe to do so, and that the charging stops when the battery is fully charged. The base unit can indicate when each battery is being charged and also indicate when the each battery is full. This can be achieved via, for example, a series of LED lights or an LCD digital panel.       
 
         [0083]    Returning to  FIG. 6 , while operating in the sleep mode, an exemplary applicator  650  may maintain a background process running or may periodically run a quick check to see if any events have occurred. For instance, in one embodiment, the applicator  650  may execute a continuous loop that checks for frequency adjustments, command receptions and watchdog timer status. More specifically, the applicator  650  may monitor the frequency adjustment actuator  154  and/or other controls to determine if an artist has modified or adjusted the frequency setting. If a frequency adjust is detected  652 , the applicator  650  can change or modify the internal frequency setting  654 . In addition, the applicator  650  may check to see if an ON command has been received  656  from a remote transmitter  700 . If an ON command is received  656 , the applicator  650  can enter an awake mode  658  and clear the watchdog (WD) timer. 
         [0084]    Entering the awake mode involves turning on the reciprocating action of the applicator. The awake mode is entered by actuating or closing a switch that completes a circuit path. In one exemplary embodiment, circuit path allows current to flow through the base plate  130 , through the coils  118  and then through the active plate  126 . The current flow through the coils  118  causes the coils to become electromagnetic. The electromagnet force operates to pull down the metal armature  114 . When the armature  114  is pulled down by the electromagnetic force, the needle assembly  110  descends and the electrical connection between the coils  118  and the active plate  126  is broken. As a result, the electromagnetic force is then removed and the armature  114  can spring back towards its previous position thereby retracting the needle assembly  110 . Returning to its previous position once again completes the circuit path between the coils  118  and the active plate  126  and then the cycle continues to repeat. Thus, this cycle results in creating a reciprocating motion of the needle assembly. 
         [0085]    In another exemplary embodiment, the application of the voltage to the circuit is controlled electronically. As such, rather than the mechanical action breaking the circuit and causing reciprocation, a voltage level associated with a selected frequency is applied to a circuit. Based on the voltage level, the circuit operates to turn on and off a supply voltage to the coils  118 . The frequency of turning the supply voltage on and off is the reciprocating frequency of the needle assembly  110 . This type off functionality can be achieved in a variety of techniques including use of a 555 timer such as those available from TEXAS INSTRUMENTS, a capacitor charging and discharging circuit, a TRIAC circuit, etc. 
         [0086]    The applicator continues by checking to see if an OFF command has been received  662  from the remote transmitter  700 . If an OFF command is received  662 , the applicator  650  can re-enter the sleep mode  664  and clear the watchdog timer  668 . 
         [0087]    In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, a protocol can be employed to control the operation of the applicator  650  and thereby reduce battery consumption. For instance, in some products on the market, an infrared signal is used to turn on a device. As long as the signal is being received, the device operates. However, such a system is susceptible to temporary interrupts due to blocking of the transmission path or saturation of the signal. Similar problems may arise in an RF based solution. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, an ON signal is transmitted to the applicator  100  to turn the applicator on or to activate the applicator. The wireless tattoo applicator  100  then continues to operate unless an OFF command is received or until a watchdog timer timeout event occurs. As an example, the remote transmitter  700 , upon detecting that the applicator activation switch  714  has been actuated, will begin periodically transmitting an ON command. Each time the applicator  650  receives an ON command, the applicator  650  clears or resets the watchdog timer. The watchdog timer is set such that if an ON signal is not received for a specified period of time (which will typically be longer than the period between transmissions of the ON command—such as 2 or 3 times), then the applicator may assume that it is out of range of the transmitter  700  and automatically stop the reciprocating action and enter into the sleep mode. In some embodiments, this action can be preceded by a warning such as a beeping or the flashing of the display  156 . However, if an ON command is received, prior to the watchdog timer timing out, then the watchdog timer can be cleared or reset. 
         [0088]    Thus, the applicator  650  can also check to see if the watchdog timer has timed out  670 . If the watchdog timer has timed out, the applicator  650  can stop the reciprocating action (the drive) and re-enter the sleep mode  664 . In addition, the applicator can clear the watchdog timer  668 . 
         [0089]    The applicator can continuously flow through the loop checking for frequency adjustments  652 , reception of an ON command  656 , reception of an OFF command  662  and a watchdog timer time out  670 . 
         [0090]    While the applicator  650  is awake and the needle assembly  110  is reciprocating, the artist can then apply ink to the client  612 . When the artist needs to stop, change needle assemblies, etc, the artist can again actuate the remote on/off switch  614  to stop the reciprocation of the needle assembly  110 . 
         [0091]    Various other aspects, functions and features may also be incorporated into various embodiments of the present invention. Each of the following aspects, functions and features, although in and of themselves may be considered to be inventive elements, are not necessarily required in all or any embodiments of the present invention. 
         [0092]    One embodiment of the present invention includes a voltage regulator that is sufficiently large so that the artist can avoid touching other parts of the applicator when adjusting the voltage regulator. For instance, a knob can be used for actuating the control  154 . In other embodiments, the knob may even be removable so that it can be sterilized. 
         [0093]    The described embodiments of the present invention have indicated that the voltage regulator is embedded in the applicator. It will also be appreciated that the voltage regulator may be incorporated into a base unit instead. In such an embodiment, a transmission signal controlling the frequency of reciprocation can be transmitted to the applicator, received and then used to control the reciprocation of the needle assembly  110 . 
         [0094]    One advantage of the present invention is that it is universally adaptable for use with any or most pen assemblies. Typically, an artist may use 2-4 or more applicators or guns for creating a single tattoo. The various embodiments of the present invention allow the artist to easily swap out pen assemblies and needle assemblies and as such, a single gun can easily be used. However, many artists may still prefer to use multiple applicators. In a typical environment, each applicator would need to have a corresponding remote transmitter. An embodiment of the present invention incorporates technology to enable the transmitter to adapt and synchronize with as many tattoo applicators as required for an artist (one at a time). Advantageously, this feature allows the artist to control multiple applicators from a single transmitter. 
         [0095]    More specifically, when multiple IR or RF controlled devices are used in the same area, there is the potential for the transmitted signals to interfere with each other. Such interference may result in degraded sensitivities and poor range, or one unit may inadvertently and unintentionally be controlled by the controller or control signals meant for another unit. This problem can be even more aggravated when many similar units are being operated in the same area and more or less continuously sending out IR or RF signals. Several features can be incorporated into various embodiments of the invention to prevent this and improve the reliability of the system. One such feature is the synchronization of the transmitters. For instance, each transmitter can include a channel selector and each device can be assigned to a unique channel. These assignments can be performed at time of manufacturing or, the devices can be adjusted on site by the customer. For instance, each applicator may include one or more switches that can be used to define the control channel for the applicator. The transmitter can also include a switch that is used to tune the transmitter to a particular channel. Thus, the transmitter can be forced to communicate on a specific channel and, the applicators will only respond to commands received on their unique channel. It should be appreciated that the channels may be physical (i.e. different frequencies) or they may be logical by including synchronization commands, encoding or signals that identify which applicator for which the signal is intended. 
         [0096]    In another embodiment, each transmitter may include a channel selector for selecting a device channel for which only the matching receiver device will respond. In addition, each transmitter can include a receiver that monitors signals from other transmitters and adjusts its internal timing so as not to interfere with them. 
         [0097]    In yet another embodiment, a software protocol that is independent of which unit is turned on first may be employed. Normally, there is a master unit in the system, Channel-O, that is sending out synchronizing signals for the other transmitters to lock onto and thereby to control or limit interference. However, if the master transmitting on Channel-O is missing or not turned on, the software will automatically assign the master function to a lower level unit. If Channel-O is subsequently turned on, it will only operate in a listening mode and in essence, will operate as a slave since there is already a reassigned master in the system. 
         [0098]    Other embodiments of the invention, especially those that employ infrared (IR) communication, may include redundancy to improve the reliability of operation. For instance, to prevent performance degradation due to blocked IR transmissions, the remote controller may include multiple IR transmitters aimed in different directions. Similarly, the remote controller may include multiple IR receivers aimed for receiving signals from different directions to prevent performance degradation due to blocked received signals. Likewise, the applicators can include multiple IR receivers and/or transmitters for the same reasons. In addition, because IR receivers are susceptible to interference from light sources, such as the sun, a processing unit can be used to monitor the various receivers to detect if one or more of the receivers is overloaded or saturated by an external light source. Each IR receiver can be independently monitored and if it is saturated, can be disabled so that the other receivers can operate normally. In addition, processes can be included in the control circuitry to eliminate multi-path interference when multiple transmitters and/or receivers are employed. 
         [0099]    An embodiment of a tattoo system of the present invention can have: a) encoding technology that will not allow external interference (pre-existing wireless machines cannot guarantee this feature), b) a consistent power frequency and/or c) an input voltage that is consistent and not influenced by changes in external power supply. 
         [0100]    An embodiment of a tattoo system of the present invention has an option of a new practical and easy to use a clamping mechanism which uses leveraged power to clamp onto the tube and not a thread and screw system that can wear out and constantly be straining on the fingers. Techniques to reduce power may he incorporated into various embodiments, including using a driver delay and/or relying upon the spring bounce energy, 
         [0101]    The driver delay can best be understood by analyzing it as a pendulum or swing movement. For instance, if a person is pushing a regular playground swing and the swing on each cycle is pushed too early during its pendulum swing, the weight and momentum of the swing will exert force to push the person backwards and the person will have to work harder to keep the swing going. However, if the person waits until the swing reaches the full extent of its pendulum swing and then starts to swing back the other way, much less energy is required to keep the swing moving. Similarly, in a typical tattoo gun, the armature swings from a first position downward to a second position and then back. When the armature moves downwardly, the electrical current is removed from the coils. As the armature returns to the first position, the electrical current is again applied to the coils. However, in current tattoo guns, this current is applied too early in the swing cycle and as a result the current flows too early and it counteracts the swinging armature. As such, energy is wasted. 
         [0102]    In various embodiments of the present invention, this wasted energy is saved by utilizing a software or circuit induced delay to retard the application of the current to the coils until the armature has traveled its full length to either the first or second position and in essence, has reversed direction similar to a pendulum. This delay can be optimized by the software taking into account the present power setting, the mass of the swinging armature, and the spring constants. 
         [0103]    With regards to spring bound, in an ideal swing, there should be as little resistance as possible to minimize the energy loss. If a swinging pendulum hits an object at the end of the arc, energy is typically lost by the impact. If the pendulum hits a spring near the end of its travel distance, the spring would be compressed and absorb the energy and then transfer some (and typically most) of that energy hack into swinging the pendulum the other direction. In applying this knowledge to a tattoo gun, the swing of the armature can be optimized to minimize energy loss. Typically, the tattoo gun applies current to the coils to start the armature into a downwardly swing and continues to apply the current until the armature hits the top of the coil core which then becomes a mechanical stop of the armature. At this point, a clicking noise is created from the collision and energy is lost or absorbed into the core. Embodiments of the present invention may utilize a small stiff spring at the end of the armature down stroke. For instance, if a spring  160  is placed between the armature  114  and the coil  118   b,  then energy is absorbed by the spring during the down stroke of the armature  114 . This energy, at some level of loss but much less loss than the striking the core of the coil, is then transferred back into moving the armature  114  in the upswing. The spring  160  can be made of a non-magnetic material so as not to affect the function of the electromagnetic circuit. 
         [0104]      FIG. 5  also illustrates a spring holder  506  that can be incorporated into various embodiments of the invention. The illustrated spring holder  506  prevents or limits spring rotation or movement. Generally, tattoo guns, being electromechanical devices, operate in a resonant mode and experience considerable vibration. As such, they must often times be adjusted or realigned to maintain accuracy. The adjustments necessary to achieve a desired operating frequency, stroke length, and stroke force can be complex. Many of these adjustments require changing the location of the armature and the support springs. Tightening up the mounting screws  138  and  140  can result in causing the support springs  120  to rotate and the armature  114  to more sideways and thus be out of alignment. It can often take several tries to get the adjustments right and it is difficult to counteract the spring rotation by holding it with fingers while tightening the screw  138 . 
         [0105]    This spring holder aspect can be incorporated in a wireless tattoo applicator  100  by including a square or rectangular support post  502  (shown in  FIG. 1 ) for the spring and active plate  126 . By making the spring and active plate  126  the same width as the support post  502 , a non-rotating washer or cap  506  can be placed over the active plate portion of the spring and active plate  126  with edges descending on both sides of the active plate. This assembly operates to lock the spring and active plate  126  in a fixed non-rotatable assembly. In another embodiment, rather than using the cap  506  a recess can be formed in the mounting post so that the spring and active plate  126  sits in a V-shaped trough or other concave or convex surface (for instance protrusion pins from the surface of the support post  502  may extend through holes in active plate portion of the spring and active plate  126 ). In this embodiment, when the spring and active plate  126  is held down by the mounting screw, it again cannot rotate. 
         [0106]    A similar structure as illustrated in  FIGS. 1 and 5  may also be applied in connecting the spring  120  to the armature  114 . 
         [0107]    Rotary Drive Applicator 
         [0108]    The above description of the present invention applies as well to a rotary drive tattoo applicator, as shown in  FIGS. 8 &amp; 9 . One embodiment of the rotary drive works in conjunction with a swashplate mechanism. The swashplate mechanism efficiently drives the needle action by converting the rotational motion of an electric motor to the reciprocating motion of the needle. It utilizes a mechanical advantage, for example, of 15:1. The motion the swashplate delivers to the needles is that of a constant velocity wave motion. This motion produces a consistent feel with a smooth running action. The swashplate mechanism is not a crank nor a cam. 
         [0109]    The swashplate makes use of all 3D axis which creates a natural fluid cyclic reciprocating action. This action can be analogized to taking a large coin, standing it on its edge and giving it a spin, As the coin slows from spinning and starts to fall on its side it gives off a wobbling action. This is known as a swashing action. 
         [0110]    Embodiments of the present invention utilize the “ROTAT” mechanism, which takes the rotary drive, including the swashdrive, and couples it with wireless control techniques, as described above in conjunction with the coil armature spring applicator. The wireless control aspects of the present invention allow adjustment of the operational frequency either by wireless signals or by user controls on the machine itself, e.g., a dial/knob. Adjustment of the frequency—up or down—regulates the needle speed. The invention provides freedom to the artist by placing all controls in the hand or at the foot of the artist, as opposed to the prior-art controls located on the bench. The artist leaning over and adjusting operational aspects of the device causes loss of momentum, train of thought, and rhythm, with the added possibility of knocking over inks on the bench, not to mention the cables and the amount of hassles they cause in the whole process of applying a tattoo. 
         [0111]    Foot Pedal Controller 
         [0112]      FIG. 10  shows an exemplary wireless foot pedal controller  1000 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The wireless foot pedal controller  1000  includes a base  1002 , a button housing  1004 , an activation button  1006 , and a pair of antennas  1008 ,  1010 . When depressed, the activation button  1006  causes components of the wireless foot pedal controller  1000  to transmit signals over one or both of the pair of antennas  1008 ,  1010 . 
         [0113]    Referring now to the elevational cross-sectional view of the foot pedal controller  1000  shown in  FIG. 11 , several of the internal components of the housing  1004  can be seen. In particular,  FIG. 11  shows the activation button  1006  coupled to a switch  1102 . The activation button  1006  is activated when a user steps on, i.e., depresses, the activation button  1006 . Once a force is removed from the activation button  1006 , a spring  1104  located within the housing  1004  and, in the embodiment shown, surrounding the switch  1102 , places a spring force against the activation button  1006  in a direction opposite to the direction of depression. 
         [0114]    Referring now to the elevational partial view of the foot pedal controller of  FIG. 12 , it can be seen that the housing  1004  and activation button  1006  have been removed from the base  1002 . Here, a power source  1202  can be seen coupled to the base  1002 . In the particular embodiment shown, the power source  1202  is a set of three batteries  1202   a - c.  The invention, however, is not limited to any particular number or type of batteries. 
         [0115]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a communication channel selector switch  1204  is provided on the foot controller  1000 . The communication channel selector switch  1204  can be accessible from the bottom of the foot controller  1000  or from any other desired location so that the user can manually select a frequency channel for transmitting instructions to the wireless tattoo device. As used herein, the term “frequency channel” means a particular frequency value or communication protocol useful for communication between the foot controller  1000  and a wireless tattoo device  100  which can be distinguished from other frequency values or communication protocols. 
         [0116]    The present invention also includes a microprocessor based controller (“processor”)  1206 , RF communication system  1212 , and an antenna selector switch  1208  coupled to the communication system  1212  and controlled by the processor  1206 . In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 12 , the antenna selector switch  1208  is located substantially near the middle of the micro stripline  1210  that is connecting the two antennas  1008 ,  1010 . This location, however, is not necessary. 
         [0117]    The foot controller  1000  can utilize both antennas  1008 ,  1010  simultaneously to transmit and receive signals from and to a tattoo device. However, in other embodiments of the present invention, when the foot controller  1000  is in communicative operation, only one of the antennas  1008 ,  1010  is utilized. Generally, only one antenna will be required for sufficient communication. There are times, however, when the single operating antenna becomes obstructed by, for example, a user&#39;s foot. In this situation, the communication performance can be severely degraded and the communication range can become unacceptable. Because the present invention features two separate antennas  1008 ,  1010 , under normal circumstances, at least one of the antennas  1008 ,  1010  will be unobstructed and selection of the unobstructed antenna provides improved performance not available to prior-art wireless communication devices. 
         [0118]    More specifically, in RF communication systems, the RF signal traveling from one antenna to another antenna will often arrive through the shortest path in a direct line. In a practical environment, there are also several reflected signals arriving at the antenna. These additional received signals will either add or subtract from the other signals depending on the phase of the received signals. 
         [0119]    Usually the reflected signals are weaker and therefore do not cause a problem. If the “main” signal is weak because it is being blocked by some object, the reflected ones might be bigger and work better. If the reflected wave has the same amplitude as the main wave, and it is in opposite phase to the main wave, the two signals will cancel each other and reception is lost. If either the receiving antenna or the transmitter antenna is moved a fraction of a wavelength distance of the signals, the cancelation is voided until it has moved far enough to cause another cancellation. The same thing happens if the reflecting surface is moved. 
         [0120]    Because the present invention is able to communicate with a high frequency signal, approximately 2.4 GHz, only a small distance is necessary for the movement to avoid the cancelation. In at least one operating mode signals can be received and transmitted through both antennas  1008 ,  1010  simultaneously. If there is a cancelation as described, the invention will automatically attempt to communicate through the other antenna. In actual applications, it would be unlikely that both antennas  1008 ,  1010  would, at the same time, be in a position where the signals are cancelled. 
         [0121]    Regular diversity communication protocols can be used in the present invention, which protocols transmit and/or receive simultaneously through the multiple antennas. In these systems, advanced signal processing methods are utilized to select the antenna  1008 ,  1010  that provides the best signal-to-noise ratio. 
         [0122]    In accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the wireless foot pedal controller  1000  operates without the need for multiple parallel signal processing channels. In this embodiment, the wireless foot pedal controller  1000  invokes a protocol that simply utilizes one of the antennas  1008 ,  1010  as long as adequate communication performance is achieved between the wireless foot pedal controller and the wireless tattoo device. As described, directly below, if the communication performance becomes poor, the invention instantly switches to the other antenna and remains in continuous communication. 
         [0123]    In accordance with the present invention, the wireless foot pedal controller  1000  operates in the following manner: Once the activation button  1006  is depressed, the processor  1206  causes the RF communication system  1212  to broadcast an instruction signal through the antenna selector switch  1208  to and through the first one of the antennas  1008 ,  1010 . The channel used to communicate is dictated to the processor  1206  by the communication channel selector switch  1204 . The instruction broadcast would be, for example, an instruction for the wireless tattoo device to begin operating. The instruction could also be a speed, i.e., frequency, at which the wireless tattoo device should operate, or other similar instructions. 
         [0124]    After the instruction signal is broadcast, the foot controller  1000  switches to a listening mode. In this mode, the first antenna  1008  is used to receive a signal transmitted from the wireless tattoo device. Throughout operation, the controller  1000  and the wireless tattoo device  100  remain in contact with each other. That is, each of the devices transmits and waits to receive messages from the other device. Here, if the foot controller  1000  continuously receives confirmation messages from the wireless tattoo device  100 , the foot controller  1000  continues to communicate with the first antenna  1008 . However, if the foot controller  1000  does not receive a confirmation message from the wireless tattoo device, the processor  1206  will cause the switch  1208  to transfer communication to the second antenna  1010 . 
         [0125]    In accordance with a further embodiment of the present invention, once the instruction signal is transmitted by the first antenna, both antennas switch to a listening mode. If a response is received from the tattoo device on the first antenna or both the first and second antennas, the foot pedal  1000  remains in the mode where the first antenna is utilized for further transmission of instructions to the tattoo device. However, if a response is received from the tattoo device on the second antenna and not the first antenna, the foot pedal  1000  switches to a communication mode where the second antenna becomes the transmitting antenna. 
         [0126]    In accordance with an additional embodiment of the present invention, as shown in  FIG. 13 , a rockable foot-activatable selector member  1302  is provided on a foot controller  1300 . The selector member  130  pivots in a way that allows it to rock from one side to the other as shown in a comparison between  FIG. 13  in  FIG. 14 . The rockable selector member  1302  can, advantageously, cause the foot controller  1300  to alternate between two separate communication channels depending on which direction the activation button is pushed. 
         [0127]    As shown in  FIG. 13  when the selector member  1302  is presented with a force  1304 , the selector member  1302  pivots in a direction toward a second one  1308  of two antennas  1306 ,  1308 . When the selector member  1302  pivots toward the second antenna  1308 , the first antenna  1306  is used for communication. This generally provides an unobstructed signal path, as the user&#39;s foot will be pressing the selector member  1302  on a side opposite the first antenna  1306 . 
         [0128]    Alternatively, as shown in  FIG. 14 , when a user applies a force  1402  to the activation button  1302  on a side closest to the first antenna  1306 , the second antenna  1308  is then used to broadcast an instruction signal. Again, an unobstructed signal path can be expected as the user&#39;s foot will be on a side of the activation button  1302  furthest away from the second antenna  1308 . 
         [0129]    By transmitting separate frequencies or communication protocols on each of the two antennas  1306 ,  1308 , two separate tattoo devices can be controlled from a single foot pedal. This can be advantageous when for example a first wireless tattoo device is used for a first purpose, for example, drawing clear lines, and a second wireless tattoo device is used for a second purpose, for example, drawing softer shaded areas. 
         [0130]    In accordance with an additional embodiment of the present invention, two separate wireless tattoo devices operating or a same communication channel are controlled by a single foot pedal  1000 . In this embodiment, it is desirable to prevent both devices from operating simultaneously. To achieve this goal, the present invention provides a storage assembly that, upon receiving one or both of the wireless tattoo devices, prevents the received device from either receiving or following instructions provided by the foot pedal  1000 . For example, each of the wireless devices can be provided with a disable switch, e.g., switch  201  shown in  FIG. 2 , that has a portion that engages with a portion of the storage and/or charger assembly  700  and disables the wireless device from either receiving or following instructions provided by the foot pedal  1000 . For example, if each tattoo bay in a tattoo parlor utilizes wireless tattoo devices  100  that operate on a frequency channel unique to that bay, each tattoo artist could have multiple devices operate in his bay. Because the switch  201 , when activated, disables the tattoo device  100 , the operator can easily switch between multiple devices simply by setting the active device on the storage and/or charger assembly  700  and picking up a non-active device so that it becomes active after picking it up. This advantageously allows an artist to instantly switch from one pen to another and/or from one color to another, while maintaining full control of each device, e.g., on/off and frequency, with the same foot pedal and without having to make adjustments in between uses of the devices. Because each bay operates on one frequency, frequency channel, or frequency band, this embodiment also advantageously allows many devices to operate in one space without interfering with the others. 
       CONCLUSION 
       [0131]    In the description and claims of the present application, each of the verbs, “comprise”, “include” and “have”, and conjugates thereof, are used to indicate that the object or objects of the verb are not necessarily a complete listing of members, components, elements, or parts of the subject or subjects of the verb. 
         [0132]    The present invention has been described using detailed descriptions of embodiments thereof that are provided by way of example and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. The described embodiments comprise different features, not all of which are required in all embodiments of the invention. Some embodiments of the present invention utilize only some of the features or possible combinations of the features. Variations of embodiments of the present invention that are described and embodiments of the present invention comprising different combinations of features noted in the described embodiments will occur to persons of the art. 
         [0133]    It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited by what has been particularly shown and described herein above. Rather the scope of the invention is defined by the claims that follow.