Abstract:
A cargo restraint system comprising, a network of restraining tie-down arms having interconnected common proximal extremities and a plurality of distal extremities, said network arranged to form an angle between each arm, the vertex of said angle being congruent with the common proximal extremities, with a first fastener secured to the arms at the vertex of the angle and a second fastener secured to each of the distal extremities of the arms. Preferably, each of the arms carries a third fastener or connecting eye intermediate the first and second fasteners.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for restraining cargo that is being transported on a truck, a railroad flat car or in an aircraft. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   Increasing concern about the safety and efficiency of state-of-the-art methods of restraining in-transit cargo has led to increased government regulation and changing industry practice. It is recognized that continued reliance on past practices and currently available equipment will lead inevitably to the continuation of shifting loads, damaged goods and accidents resulting from freight falling onto a highway from a transporting vehicle. 
   The majority of current cargo restraint systems comprise one or more belts that cover the load and are attached at each of their ends to anchoring attachments along the edge of or embedded in the surface of the bed of the transport device, whether rail, air or highway vehicle. Using more belts or straps to better secure the load is impractical because the number of anchor points on existing transports limits the number of belts and their effective spacing. In addition, as the height of the cargo increases, so does the instability and ineffectiveness of the restraining system. Furthermore, while presently available straps or belts may be suitable for securing containerized or non-containerized cargo, they do not allow for proper retention of stacked cargo, that is, cargo that is piled onto cargo that is already secured with all of the means that are available. Instances of multiple load packages that are of divergent shapes, sizes and character that must be stacked one on top of the other occur frequently in military applications. For example, a rigid container may be secured to the bed of a truck with available straps and a soft load of tents may be placed on top of the container. In such a case the surface anchoring attachments for restraining belts or straps to secure the superimposed load are either not available or are too widely spaced laterally from the soft load to obtain an effective purchase between the load and the securing straps or restraining network. 
   Accordingly, it is the primary objective of the present invention to provide a tie-down system for in-transit cargo that prevents articles from shifting on or within, or falling from the transporting device which can be a road vehicle, all terrain vehicle, ship, railroad car or aircraft. 
   A second object of the invention is to provide a cargo tie-down apparatus that multiplies the number of anchoring points for attachment of cargo restraints. 
   Another object of the invention is to provide a tie-down system that places the additional anchoring points closer to the higher load elements of stacked cargo for an improved wrap of the load-restraining straps around the top and sides of the stacked load to prevent shifting and movement of the load. 
   A further object of the invention is to provide a load securement system that will allow upper and lower elements of a total load to be separately secured but with common anchoring points, permitting, among other things, the upper load to be off-loaded without disturbing the securement of the lower portion of the load. 
   Another object of the invention is to increase the securement and stability of loads that are placed on vehicles that are required to traverse rough terrain. 
   Yet another object of the invention is to provide a novel method of tying down cargo on a transport device that prevents articles from shifting on or within, or falling from the transporting device. 
   Other and further objects, features and advantages of the tie-down system of the present invention will become apparent upon a reading of the following description of a preferred form of the invention. 
   SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
   The apparatus of the present invention includes a multi-armed tie-down strap, where the arms angularly converge to a common vertex that is equipped with a single fastener for attachment to one of the anchoring points located on or in the bed of the transport device, such as a flat bed truck, ship, railroad car or aircraft. The free or distal ends of the tie-down strap arms are each provided with a connector that is adapted to connect to one end of a load-restraining strap, belt, rope, cable, net or similar means. Preferably, each of the tie-down strap arms carries a secondary connector for fastening to the end of a second or supplementary load-restraining strap. With the use of the multi-armed tie-down straps each of the anchoring points of the transport device may be multiplied by two, four, six or more. Interconnecting or stacking two of the multi-arm tie-down straps between the transport anchoring point and the load-restraining straps may multiply the single anchoring point even further. 

   
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a front view of the multi-arm tie-down strap of the preferred form of the present invention having two arms that form a V. 
       FIG. 2  is a cross section of the tie-down strap taken along lines  2 — 2  of FIG.  1 . 
       FIG. 3  is a side view of a representative stacked load secured to the bed of a truck with multiple load-restraining straps that are attached to respective arms of the tie-down strap of the present invention. 
       FIG. 4  is a rear end view of the load illustrated in FIG.  3 . 
       FIG. 5  is a side view of a multiple character stacked load showing the use of stacked tie-down straps to further multiply the available anchoring points for attachment of load-restraining straps. 
       FIG. 6   a  is a rear view of a multiple character stacked load showing the use of the tie down straps of the present invention applied to the lower portion of the load and with the top portion secured with a traditional long tie-down strap. 
       FIG. 6   b  is a rear view of a multiple character stacked load showing the use of the tie down straps of the present invention applied to both the lower and upper portions of the load. 
       FIG. 7  is a front view of an alternative embodiment of the multi-arm tie-down strap where three arms are provided with a common vertex. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   The preferred form of the multi-armed tie-down strap  2  of the present invention is shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 . This embodiment of the invention contemplates two arms comprising straps  4  and  6  of equal length arranged in a “V” shape with their common ends forming the vertex  7  of the “V” angle. The common ends of the straps  4  and  6  are sewn or otherwise fastened together at the vertex  7  and a hook fastener  10  is attached to the common ends by a familiar slot connection. Although the description of the invention and the accompanying claims will describe the multi-armed tie-down as a “strap” or having “straps” forming the arms of the apparatus, any tension strength device or material will work. Such other arm material may include webbing, rope, cable, chain or belting to cite a few. The common interconnected ends of the arm straps that form the vertex  7  of the “V” shape may be referred to as the proximal end of the tie-down device  2 . The “free” ends  12  and  14  of the respective arm straps  4  and  6  may be referred to as the distal ends of the straps. 
   Clasps or eye connectors  16  and  18  are attached to the distal ends of the arm straps  4  and  6 . The arm straps  4  and  6  slidably carry a second pair of clasps or buckle frames  20  and  22 . While shown in the preferred form of the invention as being slidably connected to the straps  4  and  6 , the second pair of clasps  20  and  22  can be secured to a fixed location on the straps  4  and  6 . The slidable connection is preferred because there may be circumstances where one of the secondary connectors is not used and if it is slidable on the arm strap it can be gotten out of the way so that it will not interfere with other connections. However, if fixed, the location would preferably be at or near the distal end of the strap that carries the connector. 
   Although the preferred form of the invention contemplates a two arm tie-down strap, as shown in  FIGS. 2-5  of the accompanying drawings, three or four angularly interrelated arms whose proximal ends are interconnected at a common point with a fastener are possible alternative embodiments. FIG.  7  shows such an alternative embodiment having three angularly interrelated arms  11 ,  13  and  15 . When more than two arm straps are provided each arm has similar characteristics and similar connectors as described for the “V” embodiment of  FIGS. 1 and 2 . Such arrangements would multiply the number of anchor points beyond the doubling provided by the preferred two-arm “V” assembly. 
   To illustrate and explain possible uses of the multi-arm tie-down  2 , reference is made to  FIGS. 3-5 .  FIG. 3  illustrates a multi-character palletized load situated on the bed  30  of a truck (not shown). The truck bed is assumed to have four anchoring points  31 ,  32 ,  33  and  34  on each of its sides. The cargo consists of two tall palletized containers  36  and  37  on top of which is stacked a soft package  38 . To the rear of the tall containers is a single shorter palletized container  39  on top of which is stacked another similar container  41  on top of which is stacked a third type of load  42 . Four tie-down straps  2  are employed on each side of the truck bed with the vertex fasteners  10  being connected to the anchoring points. A plurality of load-restraining straps  45  with ratchet end attachments  47  are shown in their securing positions over the containers  36 ,  37  and  41 . 
   Two ratchet load-restraining straps  45  embrace the top of the front container  36  with the ratchet ends of those load-restraining straps interconnected to the distal end connectors  16  and  18  of the tie-down strap  2   a . Similarly, two load-restraining straps  45  secure the load element  37  by being attached to the distal end connectors  16  and  18  of the tie-down strap  2   b . Ratchet ended load-restraining straps  48  enfold the stacked soft load  38 . The ends of the straps  48  are attached to the secondary fasteners  22  and  20  respectively of the tie-down straps  2   a  and  2   b.    
   The rear load elements  39 ,  41  and  42  are similarly secured with three load-restraining straps  45  embracing the top of the upper container  41  and being connected to the distal end connectors  16  and  18  of tie-down strap  2   c  and distal end connectors  16  and  18  of the fourth tie-down strap  2   d . The upper stacked load element  42  is secured by three load restraining straps  49  that are respectively connected to the secondary connectors  20  and  22  of tie-down strap  2   c  and to the secondary connector  22  of tie-down strap  2   d . The side of the truck bed not shown is similarly arranged and connected. 
   If the load requires securement with significantly more load-restraining straps than there are available anchor points on the transport device, it is possible to stack, or connect in series, two levels of the multi-arm tie-down straps, as shown in FIG.  5 . Thus, instead of multiplying the anchoring point by two with the use of one of the inventive tie-down straps, the use of three tie-down straps on two levels provides four anchoring points. As seen in  FIG. 5 , connecting the vertex fasteners  10  of two tie-down straps  2   g  and  2   h  to the distal end connectors  16  and  18  of a single tie-down strap  2   f  accomplishes the “stacking” of tie-down straps in two levels. The vertex fastener  10  of the single tie-down strap  2   f  is connected to an anchoring point on the transport device. 
   The stacking of tie-down straps has another important feature, as illustrated in  FIG. 6   b . Where narrow load elements  52  are piled on top of wider cargo, the load-restraining straps  55   a  only make tangential contact with the top load element  52 , as seen in  FIG. 6   a . This limited engagement may provide the required downward force on the top load element, but very little lateral support, permitting the top load  52  to shift sideways with undesirable results. By stacking the tie-downs as shown in  FIG. 6   b , the anchoring points  22  for the top load element  52  are brought in closer to the load so that the load-restraining strap  55   b  that covers the top load can closely wrap around the sides of the load, providing lateral support and improved securement of the top load element  52 . Reference is made to  FIG. 6   b  where the bottom tie-down strap  2   j  is shown secured to the anchoring point  34  on the transport device. A second tie-down strap  2   k  is attached to the first tie-down strap in the manner already discussed in connection with FIG.  5 . The second tie-down strap  2   k  wraps around a portion of the bottom load element  51 . A load-restraining strap  54  interconnects the right and left tie down straps  2   k  and is tightened by the ratchet ends on the load-restraining strap  54 . The secondary connectors  22  on the tie-down straps  2   k  provide anchoring points for the load-restraining strap  55   b  that covers the sides and top of the top load element  52 . 
   While several uses of the tie-down strap of the present invention have been illustrated and discussed, a variety of other configurations and arrangements may be employed to more safely and effectively secure in-transit cargo and thus satisfy the object of the invention.