Abstract:
Disclosed is a lens module, especially a projection lens for semiconductor lithography, comprising at least one replaceable optical element that is disposed in a lens housing. At least one gas exchange device is positioned in an area of the replaceable optical element in such a way that a receiving zone for the replaceable optical element can be flushed when the optical element is replaced.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/722,595, with a filing date of Feb. 28, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,092,029, which is a U.S. National Stage Entry Under 35 U.S.C. §371 of, and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §§119 and 363 to PCT/EP2005/013990, filed Dec. 23, 2005, which in turn claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/639,684, filed Dec. 23, 2004. The entire contents of each of the recited applications are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The invention relates to a lens module comprising at least one exchangeable optical element. In this case, a lens module is understood as meaning part of a projection lens or an illuminating lens for semiconductor lithography or else the entire lens. The invention also relates to a method for flushing a receiving region of an optical element. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     In the case of high-performance lenses, as is the case for example with projection lenses in semiconductor lithography, imaging errors after an adjustment of the lens and during use of the lens must be minimized. To correct the imaging errors, an optical element that can be exchanged under operating conditions is therefore provided. 
     In addition, it is advantageous to provide exchangeable optical elements for using the same projection exposure machine to produce different types of semiconductor devices. On account of different structures (for example perpendicular and vertical lines, via holes, honeycomb structures), different semiconductor devices lead to different requirements for the type of exposure in the projection exposure machine, for example with regard to the numerical aperture or the type of illuminating field (for example annular, dipole, quadrupole). Possible means of realizing the desired properties are, for example, filters in or near the pupil plane, which screen spatial regions of the pupil, neutral filters, which have a constant transmission or a transmission that is variable over their surface, or polarizing elements. 
     In this case, the exchangeable optical elements referred to may be used both in the projection lens and in the illuminating system of a projection exposure machine. 
     However, there is the risk that freedom from contamination cannot be ensured in the lens module as a result of the fitting and removal of the exchangeable optical element, entailing the introduction of gas from the outside. This introduced gas may have the consequence that the optical elements in the lens module of the projection exposure machine are contaminated by (photo)chemical reaction. Furthermore, the introduced gas may impair the optical properties if it has a refractive index that is different from that of the flushing gas of the lens module. 
     The present invention is therefore based on the object of providing a lens module, in particular a projection lens for semiconductor lithography, with which no contamination is introduced after an optical element is exchanged and re-fitted, and rapid reuse is made possible. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This object is achieved according to the invention by at least one gas exchange device being arranged in a region of the exchangeable optical element in such a way that a receiving region for the exchangeable optical element can be flushed during the exchange of the optical element. 
     This means that, after the fitting of the new exchangeable optical element, the volume of gas in the lens module can be quickly exchanged and, as a result, further use of the lens module is possible without any problem after a short time. 
     The at least one gas exchange device according to the invention, by which the receiving region of the optical element is flushed during the exchange, i.e. in the opened state of the lens module, allows contamination in the interior of the lens module during the exchange of the optical element to be avoided, so that much less flushing time is necessary after the closing of the lens module. The consequently reduced downtime of the machine has the effect that an exchange of the optical element is more acceptable. The risk of internal contaminations during the exchange of the optical element on account of reduced effectiveness of the exchangeable optical element can be significantly reduced by the flushing according to the invention of the receiving region for the optical element. 
     An advantage of this solution is that the projection exposure machine can be optimized in a very short time for this respectively chosen application, so that the machine can also be operated with a high throughput in the case of small batches for a specific type of device. 
     It is particularly favorable if the aforementioned optimization is performed so quickly that an optimization can be carried out after each wafer. This enables the user to expose the same wafer twice directly in succession, for example with vertical and horizontal structures, without having to remove it from the wafer stage, which would significantly improve the accuracy of the spatial positioning of the two structures in relation to each other. 
     This procedure, known as double exposure, has previously only been used in conjunction with intermediate storage outside the wafer stage of the wafer exposed with one structure. 
     The proposed solution effectively reduces the risk of contamination by the two mechanisms described below: during the exchange of the optical elements, contaminations can diffuse into the lens module as a result of it being opened for a short time. This diffusion even takes place when the lens module is under increased pressure in comparison with ambient pressure. Moreover, the movement of the exchangeable optical element can cause gas to be introduced from the ambience by the effects of suction and turbulence. 
     Another way of introducing contamination is that of contamination adsorbed on the exchangeable element, in particular hydrocarbons, which may be deposited on it during storage. 
     In an advantageous way, it may be provided that the at least one gas exchange device is formed as a gas inlet device in such a way that a laminar gas stream is obtained, completely or virtually preventing inward diffusion of contaminations from the ambient air during the exchange of the optical element. 
     In an advantageous refinement, the at least one gas inlet device has a grating device with at least one grating, with preference two or more gratings, to produce the laminar gas stream. 
     A laminar gas stream has the effect of avoiding turbulences, and consequently effectively removing or keeping away from the interior of the lens module contaminations which could diffuse into the lens module during the exchange of the optical element. 
     Exemplary embodiments of the invention are explained in more detail below on the basis of the drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows a basic representation of a projection exposure machine for semiconductor lithography, which can be used for exposing structures on wafers coated with photosensitive materials; 
         FIG. 2  shows a perspective basic diagram of a mount of a lens housing in which an exchangeable optical element is arranged;. 
         FIG. 3  shows a perspective representation of a gas inlet, device according to the invention; 
         FIG. 4  shows a perspective representation of an alternative gas inlet device according to the invention; 
         FIG. 5  shows a basic representation of a lens module with a number of exchangeable optical elements for a further projection exposure machine; 
         FIG. 6  shows a basic representation of a lens module with a gas outlet device in a region of the lens housing that lies opposite a push-in opening for the optical element; 
         FIG. 7  shows a basic representation of a lens module with a further gas inlet device on the side of the housing mount opposite the push-in opening; 
         FIG. 8  shows a basic representation of a lens module with a further gas inlet device on the side of the push-in opening in the housing mount; 
         FIG. 9  shows a basic representation of a lens module with a gas lock for keeping the optical element; 
         FIG. 10  shows a basic representation of a lens module with a gas inlet device with a valve which can be activated by means of a control device; 
         FIG. 11  shows a basic representation of a lens module, the inner space of the lens housing being designed in such a way that contamination from the receiving region into adjacent spaces in the lens housing is largely suppressed; 
         FIG. 12  shows an alternative arrangement of the element to be exchanged in the lens module. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In  FIG. 1 , a projection exposure machine  1  for semiconductor lithography is represented. This serves for exposing structures on a substrate which is coated with photosensitive materials, generally consists predominantly of silicon and is referred to as a wafer  2 , for the production of semiconductor devices, such as for example computer chips. 
     The projection exposure machine  1  in this case substantially comprises an illuminating device  3 , a device  4  for receiving and exactly positioning a mask provided with a grating-like structure, known as a reticle  5 , by which the later structures on the wafer  2  are determined, a device  6  for securing, advancing and exactly positioning the wafer  2  and a projection lens  7 . 
     The basic functional principle provides in this case that the structures introduced into the reticle  5  are exposed on the wafer  2 , in particular with a reduction in the size of the structures to one third or less of the original size. The requirements to be imposed on the projection exposure machine  1 , in particular on the projection lens  7 , with regard to the resolution in this case lie in the range of just a few nanometers. 
     Once exposure of the wafer  2  has been performed, said wafer is advanced, so that a multiplicity of individual fields, each with the structure determined by the reticle  5 , are exposed on the same wafer  2 . When the entire area of the wafer  2  has been exposed, said wafer is removed from the projection exposure machine  1  and subjected to a plurality of chemical treatment steps, generally removing material by etching. If appropriate, a number of these exposure and treatment steps are passed through one after the other, until a multiplicity of computer chips are created on the wafer  2 . 
     The illuminating device  3  provides a projection beam  8 , for example light or similar electromagnetic radiation, required for the imaging of the reticle  5  on the wafer  2 . A laser or the like may be used as the source of this radiation. The radiation is supplied to the illuminating device  3  by means of optical elements, so that the projection beam  8  has the desired properties with regard to diameter, polarization and the like when it impinges on the reticle  5 . An image of the reticle  5  is produced by means of the projection beam  8  and is transmitted by the projection lens  7  in an appropriately reduced size onto the wafer  2 , as already explained above. The projection lens  7  in this case comprises a multiplicity of individual refractive and/or diffractive elements, such as for example lenses, mirrors, prisms, end plates or the like. 
     Furthermore, in the projection lens  7 , at least one optical element  9  which is formed as an exchangeable optical element is mounted in a mount  10 . The optical element  9 , here a lens, is arranged in the projection lens  7  in a pupil plane. The mount  10  with the optical element  9  is in turn mounted in a housing mount  11 , which is part of a lens housing  12 . In this case, the lens housing is part of the lens module or forms the lens module. The housing mount  11  in this case forms part of the outer circumference of the lens housing  12 . Further such exchangeable optical elements may likewise be provided in the projection lens  7 , the optical element  9  in the pupil plane being assumed hereafter. 
     In  FIG. 2 , the exchangeable optical element  9  is perspectively represented. The optical element  9 , mounted in the projection lens  7  in a receiving region  10 ′ provided for it, is connected to the mount  10  for example by means of small supporting feet. By pushing it into the housing mount  11  of the lens housing  12 , the mount  10  is connected to the latter by means of three fastening elements  13 . The housing mount  11  of the lens housing  12  comprises a ring, in particular a steel ring, in which a push-in opening  14  is made for the insertion of the mount  10  with the optical element  9 . The push-in opening  14  is made, in particular milled, in the housing mount  11  of the lens housing  12 , in order in this way to ensure simple exchange of the optical element  9 . The fastening elements  13  may be formed as adjustable fastening elements, for example as manipulators, in order to mount the mount  10  with the optical element  9  exactly and centered in the housing mount  11  of the lens housing  12 . 
     Provided in a region opposite the push-in opening  14  for the optical element  9  are two gas inlet devices  15 , which are respectively provided to the side of a fastening element  13 . In  FIG. 3 , one of the two gas inlet devices  15  is represented in more detail in an enlarged form. The regions in which a gas inlet device  15  is respectively arranged in the housing mount  11  of the lens housing  12  are identified in  FIG. 2  by an “X”. During the exchange of the mount  10  together with the optical element  9 , the mount  10  and the optical element  9  being removed from the housing mount  11  of the lens housing  12  by way of the push-in opening  14 , a gas stream is supplied by way of at least one gas inlet line  16  to the gas inlet devices  15 , which produce a laminar gas stream, a gas inlet line  16  for each gas inlet device  15  being represented in  FIG. 2 . The gas stream introduced into the gas inlet devices  15  from outside the projection lens  7  is supplied to the gas inlet devices  15  by a gas supply device  23  by way of the gas inlet lines  16 . The laminar gas stream represented by the arrows is conducted in the direction of the push-in opening  14 , whereby a flushing of the receiving region  10 ′ of the mount  10  is performed, and so contaminations in the interior of the projection lens  7  are avoided during the exchange of the mount  10 . Once the mount  10  with the optical element  9  has been secured again on the fastening elements  13 , the laminar flow, which flows perpendicularly in relation to an optical axis  24  through the receiving region  10 ′, and consequently transversely through the interior of the lens housing  12 , and leaves at the push-in opening  14 , can be ended or switched off. 
     The gas inlet device  15  represented in  FIG. 3  has a grating device  17  at the inlet into the receiving region  10 ′. Said grating device is provided with a number of gratings  18  one behind the other and offset in relation to one another, which are only indicated here, in order to produce a laminar gas stream. In order to produce a laminar gas stream, generally at least three gratings  18  should be provided, as shown by the basic representation in  FIG. 3 . However, it is self-evidently also possible to provide only one grating  18  in the grating device  17 , if at least one largely laminar gas stream can be ensured with it. 
     Furthermore,  FIG. 3  shows the gas inlet line  16  for introducing the gas stream, which is represented here by an arrow  19 . Either high-purity nitrogen or noble gas or gas mixtures of such inert gases as nitrogen or noble gases may be used as the gas; the same gas that is already used in the interior of the projection lens  7  for flushing the same should advantageously be used. The gas pressure of the gas stream that is used should be regulated in such a way that a laminar gas stream is ensured. In order to conduct the gas stream from the gas inlet line  16  appropriately to the grating device  17 , at least one cross-bore  22  is provided in the housing mount  11  of the lens housing  12 . 
     Alternatively, instead of the grating device  17  with one or more gratings  18 , a bore device  20  with a multiplicity of bores  21  may be provided in a plate at the end of the bore  22  in the housing mount  11 , in front of the outlet in the receiving region  10 ′,  FIG. 4  showing said plurality of bores arranged in a plate  20 ′. Since only the grating device  17  has been replaced by the bore device  20 , and otherwise the same parts as in  FIG. 3  are provided, the same designations have also been used. The bore device  20  may also have a number of bores  21  one behind the other and offset in relation to one another, which are arranged in plates  20 ′ arranged at a distance from one another. 
     In  FIG. 5 , a projection lens  7 ′ with a lens housing  12 ′ for a further embodiment of the projection exposure machine  1  is represented in a greatly simplified form. The device  4  for receiving and exactly positioning the reticle  5  and the wafer  2  are indicated by dashed lines. The projection lens  7 ′ has, beginning at the reticle  5  and proceeding in the radiating direction, a refractive part  31 , an exchangeable deflecting prism  32 , a catadioptric part  33  with a lens  34  and an exchangeable concave deflecting mirror  35  as well as a further refractive part  36  with an exchangeable end element  37 . In the region of the exchangeable optical elements, i.e. the deflecting prism  32 , the concave deflecting mirror  35  and the end element  37 , gas inlet devices with gas supply devices  23  and gas inlet lines  16  are arranged in the housing mount (not represented in any more detail), whereby it is possible during the exchange of the optical elements  32 ,  35  and  37  for their receiving regions (not represented in detail in  FIG. 5 ) to be flushed. 
     In a preferred way, the gas in the inner space of the lens housing  12  is conducted in such a way that, during the exchange, it flows away through the push-in opening  14 , as represented in  FIG. 6 . In the embodiment represented, the exchangeable element  9  is at the center of a lens housing  12 , between at least two further optical elements  9   a  and  9   b . By contrast with a solution in which a gas inlet device is located at one end of the lens housing or the lens module and a gas outlet device is located at the other end, with preference a gas inlet device  41  or  42  is respectively provided at both ends and a gas outlet device  43  is provided in the receiving region  10 ′, which accommodates the element  9  to be exchanged. This described arrangement of the gas inlet and outlet devices achieves the effect that penetrating contamination is effectively removed from the inner space of the lens housing  12 . 
     In a further advantageous embodiment, which is represented in  FIG. 7 , a further gas inlet device  44  is located in the receiving region  10 ′, which accommodates the element  9  to be exchanged. On the side of the lens housing  12  that is facing the push-in opening  14  there is a gas outlet device  45 . It is advantageous in particular in the case of this embodiment that, on account of the arrangement of the gas inlet and outlet devices, a virtually laminar flow in the direction of the push-in opening  14  can form in the interior of the lens housing  12 , allowing contaminations to be efficiently removed from the lens housing  12 . 
     Combination of the two embodiments represented in  FIGS. 6 and 7  produces the solution described in  FIG. 8 . In addition to the gas inlet device  44 , a further gas inlet device  46  is present in the vicinity of the receiving region  10 ′, on the side facing the push-in opening. In this way, further significantly increased flushing through of the receiving region  10 ′ is ensured. 
     A slight positive pressure of 50 to 1000 Pa in relation to the ambience usually prevails in the inner space of the lens housing  12 . If an opening is then created to exchange the exchangeable element  9 , this positive pressure breaks down virtually completely, unless the gas supply is designed for a short-term delivery of extreme amounts of gas. However, this would lead to undesired side effects, such as for example a drop in pressure in the lines. For example, with a positive pressure of 100 Pa, 4500 l/min of flushing gas would flow through an opening of 100×2 mm in a 5 mm thick housing wall. 
     This drop in pressure must be equalized again in as short a time as possible after introduction of the exchangeable element  9 . This can take place by the following advantageous possibilities: 
       FIG. 9 : the exchangeable optical element  9  is brought into a gas lock  47 , in which there prevails a pressure that is greater than the ambient pressure but less than or equal to the desired positive pressure in the lens housing  12 . It is introduced into the gas lock  47  through the lock opening  60  and, from there, is introduced into the lens housing  12  through the push-in opening  14 . Optionally, a number of exchangeable elements  9   c ,  9   d ,  9   e  may be stored in the gas lock  47 . With preference, the gas lock  47  is flushed with the same gas as the lens housing  12  and has its own gas inlet device  48  and a gas outlet device  49 . 
     Another embodiment is represented in  FIG. 10 . It is based on the idea of equalizing the pressure loss independently of the gas supply of the lens housing by way of the gas inlet device  41  through an additional gas inlet device  50 , which is opened for the time required to equalize the drop in pressure by a valve  51  actuated by means of a control device  54 . The control may take place in a time-controlled manner, for example starting after a detection of the closing of the motor-operated push-in opening  14  by means of a closing sensor  70  connected to the control device  54 , or take place in a pressure-controlled manner by means of a pressure sensor  52 . 
     Any other gas inlet device may also serve as the gas inlet device for the gas supply; similarly, it is conceivable to close a gas outlet device during a changing operation. 
     In a particularly favorable embodiment, this additional gas stream is introduced into the receiving region  10 , and switched on at the same time as or in temporal correlation with the motorized actuation of the push-in opening  14  in the lens housing  12 . As a result, the receiving region  10 ′ is continuously flushed in the direction of the exchange opening during the changing operation. Since the gas flow is only required for the duration of the exchange, the gas flow can be a multiple of the gas flow conventionally used for flushing the lens housing  12 . In this case, it is advantageous if 95%, with preference 99%, of the positive operating pressure is achieved in the lens housing within 5 min, with preference within 30 s, after the change of the optical element, in particular after the closing of the push-in opening  14 . 
       FIG. 11  shows a solution by which the inward diffusion of contamination from the receiving region  10 ′ into adjacent gas spaces  55   a  and  55   b  can be restricted. Even if a higher pressure prevails in the adjacent gas spaces  55   a ,  55   b  than in the receiving region  10 ′, contamination can penetrate into them by diffusion. 
     For this diffusion, the following formula applies: 
     
       
         
           
             C 
             = 
             
               
                 C 
                 0 
               
               · 
               
                 1 
                 
                   
                     ⅇ 
                     
                       
                         u 
                         · 
                         L 
                       
                       D 
                     
                   
                   - 
                   1 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
         
         
           
             where 
             u=flow velocity of the gas in the gap 
             L=length of the gap in the direction of flow 
             D=diffusion coefficient of the gas 
             C=here concentration in the gas space  55   a    
             C 0 =here concentration in the receiving region  10 ′ 
           
         
       
    
     According to the invention, the contamination of the adjacent gas spaces  55   a ,  55   b  is restricted by the gap between the adjacent gas spaces  55   a ,  55   b  and the receiving region  10 ′ being provided with a suitable geometry. For example, a peripheral gas seal  56   a ,  56   b  may be realized between the optical elements  9   a ,  9   b  and the inner wall of the lens housing  12 . In this case, a gas seal is understood as meaning an at least partially open sealing gap in which a sealing effect is achieved with respect to the ambience by an opposing gas stream. 
     In  FIG. 11 , the preferred direction of flow of the flushing gas is indicated by the arrows  75   a,b,c,d.    
     Preferred here for H 2 O as the contamination and N 2  as the flushing gas is, a combination of gap length and flow velocity with contamination suppression =concentration of a gas in the gas space  55   a/ concentration of a gas in the receiving region  10 ′ of &gt;10, with preference &gt;1000. 
     The embodiments referred to have been shown for an element  9  located at the center, but can also be used if the exchangeable element  9  is located at the end of a lens housing  12 , such as for example the last optical element of a projection lens (cf.  FIG. 12 ), which in the present example is represented as a plane-parallel plate. The region of the plane-parallel plate is in this case separated from the adjoining gas space  58  by the gas seal  57 . 
     The exemplary embodiments described merely represent forms of realization that are given by way of example. It is self-evident that further variants of the invention, in particular including combinations of the exemplary embodiments or individual features of the exemplary embodiments, are also conceivable.