Abstract:
A host bus adapter for interconnecting a computer system to a storage area network has an embedded processor for processing frames. When frames are received by the processor, it inspects frames for encapsulated write requests and, if encapsulated write request frames are found, de-encapsulates the write request and forwards the write request to a target node of the write request.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    The invention relates to the field of high-reliability computing on storage area networks. In particular the inventions relates to systems and methods of maintaining mirrored datasets when a storage area network suffers sufficient disruption that a particular copy of a mirrored dataset can not be seen for direct writes by one, but not all, compute nodes of the network.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    In the field of high-reliability computing, it is often desirable to maintain redundant data. Redundant data can provide some protection against failure of a storage device. For example, a RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) system can often be configured to keep full duplicate copies of data on separate disk drives. Should a failure occur that affects one, but not both, of these duplicate, or “mirrored” datasets, data will not be lost. Continued operation may also be possible using the surviving dataset. Other configurations are known, for example, in RAID-5 operation data and parity-recovery information may be striped across a number of drives, failure of any one drive will not result in data loss.  
           [0003]    Mirrored datasets are not limited to duplicate datasets maintained by RAID systems. For example, it may be desirable to maintain a primary copy of a mirrored dataset at a different geographical location than the secondary copy. Such remotely located mirrored datasets can provide protection against data loss in the event of flood, fire, lightning strike, or other disaster involving the location of one copy of the dataset.  
           [0004]    A mirrored dataset ideally has at least two copies of all information written to the dataset. Whenever a write occurs, that write must be made to both copies for full redundancy to be maintained. If only one copy is written then redundancy protection is lost until repairs can be made and the datasets synchronized. Synchronization of datasets can be a time consuming task; it is desirable that need for synchronization be minimized. On the other hand, reading of data from a mirrored dataset can occur from any copy if the dataset is synchronized, or if the data read is known not to have been altered since the last synchronization of the data.  
           [0005]    Storage Area Networks (SANs) are characterized as high-speed networks primarily conveying data between storage nodes and compute nodes, often utilizing separate network hardware from that used for general-purpose network functions. Storage nodes are machines that primarily serve storage to other nodes of the network, while compute nodes are typically computers that use storage provided by storage nodes. Compute nodes may, and often do, have additional storage devices directly attached to them.  
           [0006]    SANs are often implemented with fibre-channel hardware, which may be of the arbitrated loop or switched-fabric type. Storage area networks may be operated in a “clustering” environment, where multiple compute nodes have access to at least some common data, the common data may in turn be stored with redundancy. SANs having multiple processors accessing a common database stored with redundancy, are often used for transaction processing systems.  
           [0007]    SANs are also known that use non-fibre-channel interconnect hardware.  
           [0008]    Most modern computer networks, including fibre-channel storage area networks, are packet oriented. In these networks, data transmitted between machines is divided into chunks of size no greater than a predetermined maximum. Each chunk is packaged with a header and a trailer into a packet for transmission. In Fibre-Channel networks, packets are known as Frames.  
           [0009]    A network interface for connection of a machine, to a Fibre Channel fabric is known as an N_port, and a machine attached to a Fibre-Channel network is known as a node. Nodes may be computers, or may be storage devices such as RAID systems. An NL_port is an N-port that supports additional arbitration required so that it may be connected either to a Fibre Channel fabric or to a Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop. An L_port is a network interface for connection of a machine to a Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop. Typically, an N_port, NL_port, or L_Port originates or receives data frames. Each port incorporates such hardware and firmware as is required to transmit and receive frames on the network coupled to a processor and at least one memory system. Ports may incorporate a processor and memory of their own, those that don&#39;t utilize memory and processor of their node. Received frames are stored into memory, and transmitted frames are read from memory. Such ports generally do not re-address, switch, or reroute frames.  
           [0010]    SANS often have redundant network interconnect. This may be provided to increase performance by providing high bandwidth between the multiple nodes of the network; to provide for operation despite some potential failures of network components such as hubs, switches, links, or ports; or both.  
         DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM  
         [0011]    It is possible for some network interconnect components of a SAN to fail while other components continue to operate. This can disrupt some paths between nodes of the network.  
           [0012]    There are possible network configurations where a first compute node of the SAN can lose its direct path to a first storage node; while the first compute node has a path to a second storage node of the network, and a second compute node still has a path to the first storage node. If data is mirrored on the primary and secondary storage nodes, the first processor has difficulty updating the copy on the primary storage node, although it can read data from the copy on the secondary node and update that copy.  
           [0013]    When failures of this type occur, typical SAN-based systems are left with two alternatives: First, the first processor may be shut down, forcing the second processor to handle all load, but permitting maintenance of the mirrored data. This is undesirable because there may be significant loss of throughput with the first processor off-line. Second, the first storage node may be shut down, permitting the processors to share the load, but causing the mirrored datasets to lose synchronization. This is undesirable because synchronization of the datasets is required before the first storage node can be brought back on-line, and because there is a risk of data loss should the second storage node fail before synchronization is completed.  
         SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM  
         [0014]    A modified NL_Port (M_Port) has capability to automatically maintain a mirrored dataset on a pair of storage nodes. A second M_Port can perform a write operation to a copy of a mirrored dataset on behalf of a first M_Port should the second M_Port be able to communicate with the first M_port, and the first M_Port be unable to reach that copy of the mirrored dataset. This write by the second M_Port in behalf of the first M_Port is known herein as a surrogate write.  
           [0015]    In a first embodiment, surrogate writes are performed by port hardware, without need to involve a node processor in the surrogate write.  
           [0016]    In another embodiment of the invention, surrogate writes are performed by a SAN node, thereby enabling surrogate writes when surrogate write requests are received on a port other than that in communication with the target of the surrogate writes.  
           [0017]    The invention is applicable to Storage Area Networks (SANs) in general, and is of particular utility for Web-page serving and transaction processing systems.  
           [0018]    The foregoing and other features, utilities and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of a preferred embodiment of the invention as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0019]    [0019]FIG. 1 is a diagram of a network that may benefit from the present invention;  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 2, a flowchart of surrogate writes to a non-mirrored dataset;  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 3, a flowchart of surrogate writes maintaining a mirrored dataset;  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 4, a block diagram of a port capable of transmitting frames into and receiving frames from a storage area network; and  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 5, a flowchart of how the invention handles data write frames encapsulated for transmission to an M_port for surrogate write operation. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0024]    A storage area network has a first compute node  100  that has a link  102  to a first switch or hub  104 . The first switch or hub  104  also has a link  106  to a first storage node  108 , and a link  110  to a second storage node  112 . A path therefore exists from the first compute node  100  through the first switch  104  to each of the first storage node  108  and second storage node  112 .  
         [0025]    Similarly, the network has a second compute node  120  that has a link  122  to the first switch or hub  104  and a link  124  to a second switch or hub  126 . The second switch or hub  126  also has a link  128  to the first storage node  108 , and a link  130  to the second storage node  112 . A path therefore exists from the second compute node  120  through the second switch  126  to each of the first storage node  108  and second storage node  112 .  
         [0026]    A dataset is mirrored, such that a first copy  131  of the dataset is maintained on the first storage node  108 , and a second copy  132  maintained on the second storage node  112 . This dataset is in use by the first compute node  100 , and may also be in use by other nodes of the SAN.  
         [0027]    At least one path exists through the network for communication between the first compute node  100  and the second compute node  120 . In this example network, a path exists from first compute node  100 , link  102 , switch  104 , link  172  to,second compute node  120 .  
         [0028]    The particular network configuration of FIG. 1 is by way of example to illustrate the utility and operation of the invention and not by way of limitation. Many other network configurations are possible that may benefit from the invention. Some network configurations that may benefit from the invention may themselves result from failure or overload of network components.  
         [0029]    When compute node  100  reads from the dataset, it may read from either the first dataset copy  131  or the second dataset copy  132 . When compute node  100  writes to the dataset, it must write to both the first dataset copy  131  and the second dataset copy  132  if synchronization of the datasets is to be maintained.  
         [0030]    Consider failure of link  106  between the first switch or hub  104  and the first storage node  108 .  
         [0031]    In this event, the path from first compute node  100  through switch  104  to first storage node  108  and the first dataset copy  131  will also fail. Since the path from first compute node  100  through switch  104  to second storage node  112  and the second dataset copy  132  is still operational, first compute node  100  can continue to read the dataset by reading the second copy  132 . Since the path to the first dataset copy  131  has failed, compute node  100  can not ordinarily write to first dataset copy  131 , which may result in loss of synchronization of the dataset copies.  
         [0032]    In many SANs, the compute nodes, such as first compute node  100  and second compute node  120 , are in communication with each other. In the example of FIG. 1, first compute node  100  may communicate with second compute node  120  through first switch  104  by way of links  102  and  122 . In the example network configuration, first compute node  100  may also communicate with second compute node  120  through network hardware separate from the SAN, such as an ethernet or other local area network  136 .  
         [0033]    With only link  106  failed, second compute node  120  still has a path through links  124  and  128 , and switch  126 , to the first storage node  108  and the first dataset copy  131 .  
         [0034]    In a network embodying the present invention, when first compute node  100  can not reach first storage node  108 , second compute node  120  can reach first storage node  108 , and first compute node  100  can reach second compute node  120 ; the second compute node  120  performs surrogate write operations in behalf of first compute node  100 . This permits maintenance of synchronization between the first copy  131  and the second copy  132  of the dataset.  
         [0035]    Surrogate read or write operations may also be performed to non-mirrored datasets, provided that a path exists from the compute node desiring the read or write to a compute node having a path to the destination device.  
         [0036]    Each compute node maintains a list of paths to storage nodes. This list includes status of the paths. It is known that path status can change to failed should a problem occur with a link, switch, or other network device.  
         [0037]    When surrogate writes are enabled and a compute node desires to write a dataset  200  (FIG. 2), that node checks  202  the path status to the storage node on which the dataset is stored. If that path has a status of “path OK”  204 , a write is attempted  206  to the dataset on that node. If the write succeeds, all is well. If the write fails  208  for reasons that are likely to be a result of a failed path to the storage node, such as a fibre channel timeout error, the node looks for a path  210  to a second compute node, and verifies that that path has a status of “path ok”. If that path has status indicating it is failed, the node looks  212  and  214  for any other compute nodes to which it might have a good path. If no such path is found, the write is declared  215  to have failed.  
         [0038]    Once a compute node is identified to which there is a good path, a query is sent  216  to that compute node asking if it has a valid path to the storage node on which the dataset is stored. If that query fails  218  for reasons that are likely to be a result of a failed path to the node, such as a fibre channel timeout error, the node looks  212  and  214  for any other compute nodes to which it might have a good path.  
         [0039]    If the second compute node reports that it has no “OK” path  220  to the target storage node, the node looks  212  and  214  for other compute nodes that might have a path to the target storage node. If the second compute node reports that it has an “OK” path to that target node, the node encapsulates  222  a write request into suitable frames and transmits those frames to the second compute node. The second compute node then relays that write request to the target node and relays any reply back to the compute node desirous of the write.  
         [0040]    If the write occurs correctly  224 , the compute node continues to process data. If the write is reported as having failed or timed out, the write is declared failed  215  and suitable error routines invoked.  
         [0041]    Writes to a mirrored data set are handled similarly. When a write request occurs  300 , the source node checks its path status  302  to both storage nodes having copies of the dataset. If both paths have good status  304 , writes occur in the normal manner  306 . If either write fails  308  for reasons, such as timeout, that could be related to a bad path, a check  310  is made to determine if both failed or if only one failed. If both write attempts failed, a both-paths failed routine is invoked (not shown).  
         [0042]    If, when the path status was checked  302  to both storage nodes, one path was broken and the other was OK, a write is generated  312  to the storage node that can be reached. If that write fails for timeout or other reasons that could be related to a bad path, the both-paths failed routine is invoked (not shown). If that write succeeds, the source node checks  314  for an OK path to a compute node. If the compute node first tried has no valid path, the source node searches  316  and  318  for a compute node to which it has a valid path. If no compute node to which there is a valid path can be found, the mirror set is declared broken  320 ; such that when paths are restored an attempt will be made to re-synchronize the mirror set.  
         [0043]    Once a valid path is found to a compute node, a query is made  322  of that compute node to determine if it has a valid path to the target storage node and to determine if that node supports surrogate writes. If that query results in a reply indicating that surrogate writes are not supported or that there is no valid path  326 , or the query times out or fails for other reasons indicative of a failed path  324 , the source node may continue to search  316  and  318  for another compute node that has a valid path and supports surrogate writes.  
         [0044]    If the compute node reports that it has a valid path and supports surrogate writes, the source node encapsulates a write request into suitable frames, and transmits  328  those frames to the compute node. That node then relays the write request to the target node, and relays any reply from the target node to the source node.  
         [0045]    Any reply from the target node is inspected to determine  330  if the write succeeded. If the write was not successful, the mirror set is reported broken  320 .  
         [0046]    It is anticipated that the present invention can be implemented in driver software of a compute node, or alternatively can be implemented in firmware of an HBA, such as a dual-port HBA.  
         [0047]    A dual port Host Bus Adapter (HBA) (FIG. 4) typically has a port processor  400 , a memory system  402  for storing frames, a DMA (Direct Memory Access) transfer system  404  and other hardware for communicating with its host (not shown), and first  406  and second  408  serializer and deserializer hardware. Each set of serializer and deserializer hardware is coupled to a network transmitter  410  and  412 , and to a network receiver  414  and  416 .  
         [0048]    A dual-port HBA like that illustrated in FIG. 4 implements the connection of second compute node  120  (FIG. 1) to links  122  and  124 . A second, similar, HBA implements the connection of first compute node  100  to link  102 . Each HBA is capable of maintaining a mirror set under control of firmware located in its memory system  402  and running on its port processor  400 , and of implementing the method of requesting surrogate writes previously described.  
         [0049]    Whenever the dual-port HBA receives frames  500  (FIG. 5), the frames are inspected  502  to determine the frame type. If they are path query frames  504  from a source node, as sent in steps  322  (FIG. 3) or  216  (FIG. 2) as previously described, the status of any path to the target node is determined  506 , and checked  508 . If a valid path exists, a reply frame is constructed  510  by the port processor  400  indicating that surrogate writes are supported and that the path is OK, otherwise a frame is constructed  512  indicating that the path does not exist or is not OK. This constructed frame is sent  514  to the source node.  
         [0050]    If the frame was not a path query, the frame is checked  520  to see if it encapsulates a write request. If it does, the write request is de-encapsulated and forwarded  522  to the target node. If the frame does not encapsulate a write request, it is checked  526  to see if it is a response to a forwarded write request. If it is such a response, the write status is relayed  528  to the source node.  
         [0051]    While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to a preferred embodiment thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various other changes in the form and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.