Abstract:
Through a user interface on a computer, a user is enabled to define questions to be answered by attendees of an event, the answers to the questions being indicative of connections corresponding to pairs of attendees, a computer receives answers to the questions from the attendees through a user interface, and based on the answers, provides information to attendees to facilitate face-to-face interaction between the pairs of attendees. Through a user interface on a computer, a user is enabled to view a graphical device that is representative of a current satisfaction of attendees of an event based on two or more factors associated with satisfaction while the event is occurring.

Description:
BACKGROUND  
       [0001]     This description relates to enabling connections between and events attended by people.  
         [0002]     Several years ago, nTAG Interactive Corporation developed an interactive tag to be worn around the neck of an attendee at a convention. This tag is able to electronically communicate with tags worn by other attendees, for example, when the attendees face each other. The tags (also sometimes called badges) can exchange data electronically even before the two attendees have a chance to talk to each other. The data can carry information about what the two attendees have in common. The tags also can communicate wirelessly with readers, such as RFID readers or WiFi or WiMax transceivers. These tags are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/396,064, filed Mar. 24, 2003, and Ser. No. 10/729,696, filed Dec. 5, 2003, both entitled Apparatus and Method for Enhancing Face-to-Face Communication, incorporated here by reference. They are also described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/069,716, filed Feb. 28, 2005, entitled Method of Scoring the Performance of Attendees at a Meeting, also incorporated here by reference.  
       SUMMARY  
       [0003]     In general, in one aspect, through a user interface on a computer, a user is enabled to define questions to be answered by attendees of an event, the answers to the questions being indicative of connections corresponding to pairs of attendees, a computer receives answers to the questions from the attendees through a user interface, and based on the answers, provides information to attendees through a computer to facilitate face-to-face interaction between the pairs of attendees.  
         [0004]     In general, in one aspect, through a user interface on a computer, an attendee of an event is enabled to provide answers to questions, the answers being indicative of connections of attendees to other attendees of the event, and the attendee is enabled to view, through the user interface, connections of the attendee to other attendees who have been selected based on connections indicated by answers of the attendees to the questions.  
         [0005]     In general, in one aspect, through a user interface on a computer, a user is enabled to define a putative connection between attendees of an event, the putative connection corresponding to an objective of the event, and a computer determines actual connections between attendees of the event corresponding to the putative connection based on information provided by the attendees.  
         [0006]     In general, in one aspect, a user is enabled, through a user interface on a computer, to define connections between attendees of an event that will enhance a measure of success of the event, and based on the defined connections, cause electronic badges worn by the attendees at the event to facilitate the defined connections.  
         [0007]     In general, in one aspect, through a user interface on a computer, a user is enabled to view a graphical device that is representative of a current satisfaction of attendees of an event based on two or more factors associated with satisfaction while the event is occurring.  
         [0008]     Implementations may include the feature that the graphical device illustrates performance against the two or more factors in a single integrated graphical representation.  
         [0009]     In general, in one aspect, a computer receives an identification of a relationship between values, receives an identification of an attribute, determines that a person is associated with a value of the attribute having the identified relationship, and on the basis of the determination, identifies the person as belonging to a group.  
         [0010]     Implementations may include one or more of the following features. Determining includes determining that the person is associated with the same value of the attribute as another person. Determining includes determining that the person is associated with a different value of the attribute than another person. Determining includes determining that the person is associated with a specific value of the attribute. The specific value of the attribute is based on a value of the attribute associated with another person.  
         [0011]     In general, in one aspect, a computer, provides a user interface that allows a user to identify a relationship between values, and identify a relationship.  
         [0012]     In general, in one aspect, a computer provides a user interface that allows a user to associate values of attributes with the user, and displays to the user other users based on the values of attributes and on values of attributes associated with the other users.  
         [0013]     In general, in one aspect, a computer receives first information about behavior of people, receives second information about a correlation of behavior of people to a first measurement, based on the first information and the second information, predicts a value of the first measurement, and displays the first information, the predicted value, and a relationship between the first information and the predicted value.  
         [0014]     Implementations may include one or more of the following features. The first information includes at least two second measurements, the second information includes an indication that at least one of the second measurements is correlated to the first measurement, and displaying the relationship includes indicating which of the second measurements is correlated to the first measurement. The second information includes an indication that on prior occasions, groups of people were associated with at least two different values of the first measurement, and the groups of people associated with different values of the first measurement were associated with different values of at least one of the second measurements.  
         [0015]     Other features and advantages will be apparent from the following description and the claims. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION  
       [0016]      FIGS. 1-5B  are graphs of event data.  
         [0017]      FIGS. 6A-9B  are screen shots of user interfaces.  
         [0018]      FIGS. 10A and 10B  are block diagrams.  
         [0019]      FIG. 11  is a table of data. 
     
    
       [0020]     A convention is one example of a wide variety of events at which effective fact-to-face interactions among people can be important. Such events can includes meetings, parties, training sessions, cruises, conferences, shows, educational forums, and governmental sessions, to name a few. Events often have hosts, organizers, or operators who have certain goals or objectives in terms of human interactions that they aim to foster. For example, a sponsor of an electronics show may want to maximize the number of visits by attendees to vendor booths. A sponsor of a sales meeting may want to facilitate interactions of salesmen with prospects. In the case of a large party, the host may measure the success of the event simply on an average overall satisfaction of people who attended.  
         [0021]     The badges mentioned above can be used to provide information to attendees of an event, allow the attendees to exchange information, for example, virtual business cards, and enable an event organizer to monitor interactions between attendees. The badges also enable the event organizer to poll the attendees and collect information about their satisfaction with the event. Specific features include attendance tracking, surveys, networking activity, lead capture, and audience response.  
         [0022]     In analyzing data collected at events using the badges, it has been found that certain activities, behaviors, and attitudes correlate with very high satisfaction by event attendees. An event organizer can obtain information about some of these factors by analyzing the interactions among attendees recorded by the badges. Five such factors are described in Table 1. Other factors, such as those listed in Table 2, can be derived from attendee participation in conference sessions, workshops, or similar activities that can be run independently or as part of events.  
                   TABLE 1                           Face Time   Average amount of time per day that an attendee           spent talking to another attendee       Breadth   Average number of different attendees per day           with whom an attendee spoke       Depth   Average length of an attendee conversation       Card Exchanges   Average number of virtual business card           exchanges per attendee per day       Card Exchange   Average percent of conversations that resulted in       Yield   card exchange                  
 
         [0023]    
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Attendance 
                 Average number of sessions attended per 
               
               
                   
                 attendee per day 
               
               
                 Net Positive 
                 Average number of “hit sessions” minus number 
               
               
                 Impressions 
                 of “turkey sessions” per person per day 
               
               
                 Average Score 
                 Average of “overall” ratings for each session 
               
               
                 Response Rate 
                 Percent of session surveys answered 
               
               
                 Data Volume 
                 Average amount of survey questions answered 
               
               
                   
                 per person per day 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0024]     The data used to assign values to each of these factors are collected by the badges in several ways. When two attendees are facing each other, and presumably interacting, their respective badges sense each other and each record the identity of the other party, as reported by his badge, and the duration of their interaction. This information is used to compute factors such as those in Table 1. For example, Face Time is computed from the total time of all interactions, divided by the number of attendees. Depth is based on the same total, divided by the number of interactions. Breadth is based on the number of different attendees&#39; badges each badge reports interacting with. Card Exchanges and Card Exchange Yield are based on how much attendees use a feature of the badges that allows them to exchange virtual business cards.  
         [0025]     Factors related to attendance at sessions, such as those in Table 2, are based on features of the badges that allow attendance to be taken and feedback received through the badges. After attending a session, attendees may be asked to complete a survey about the session on their badge. Net Positive Impressions and Average Score are based on the substance of the responses, while Response Rate and Data Volume are based on how manu attendees actually complete their surveys. Although many of the factors are expressed “per day,” other periods could be used for the measurement.  
         [0026]     As shown in  FIG. 10A , an event management system  10  provides this information through an event administrator interface  14  to event organizers during an event, as it is collected from the badges  12 A . . .  12 N, for example. The above-referenced applications describe how this data is collected and made available to the event management system. The event administrator interface  14  and an attendee interface  16  may be provided by a console on the computer hosting the event management system  10  or may be provided over a network, for example, through a web page on the Internet. The event management system has several components, as shown in  FIG. 10B . These include a server  20 , a database  22 , and facilities  26  for interfacing with the badges. A user interface  24  generates the event administrator interface  14  and the attendee interface  16 . Some of all of these components may be integrated into a single computer system, or they may be distributed over a number of computer systems and specialized hardware, in some examples, redundantly.  
         [0027]     The information provided by the interface can be valuable to event organizers, because it enables them to respond rapidly in real time, and in particular during the event itself, to anything that might diminish attendee satisfaction with the event. An example of the information collected over five events is shown in  FIG. 11 . Such information is especially useful if it is presented to the event organizers at a time and in a manner that allows them to quickly understand it and identify which factors are responsible for positive or negative measurements of satisfaction. The information can also be valuable after an event is completed to allow organizers to evaluate what went well in terms of interaction of attendees and what did not and to make appropriate changes to other events. In addition to reporting this information to event organizers during the event itself, it can be stored and accumulated over multiple events, as in  FIG. 11 , allowing more detailed analysis and a larger sample on which to base such analysis.  
         [0028]      FIG. 1  shows an example of how factors, like those in  FIG. 11 , that influence attendee satisfaction may be visualized and presented by the user interface of the event management system. In a radar graph  100 , five factors  102   a - e  are selected and each is assigned to one spoke  104   a - e  of the graph. In the example of  FIG. 1 , these factors  102   a - e  correspond to the factors in Table 1, above. Each factor will be given a percentile ranking. Fiftieth percentile (0.5 on the graph) is the median ranking, meaning half of other events measured higher, and half measured lower. For example, a fiftieth percentile measure on the Card Exchange factor means that in fifty percent of events, the average number of card exchanges per attendee per day was higher than in the current event. Heading  106  indicates what category these factors relate to. Other factors and other categories could be measured and reported, for example, any of the factors shown in  FIG. 11 .  
         [0029]     As shown in  FIG. 2 , to rapidly convey to the event organizer how the factors  102   a - e  for the current event compare to other events, a shaded region  202  is overlaid on the graph  100  connecting the points  204   a - e  that are set by plotting the current ranking of each factor  102   a - e  on its corresponding spoke  104   a - e . This information can be updated continuously, i.e., as often as new data is available. Since the factors graphed in this example relate to exchanges between attendees, this shaded region  202  is referred to as the “networking profile” of this particular event. To allow rapid comparison, a pre-defined shaded region  206  reflects an “average” event, where all of the vital signs rated the median value.  
         [0030]     Analysis of past events, for which an overall attendee satisfaction rating or other measurement is available, such as the “% Overall Excellent” factor in  FIG. 11 , can be used to show an event organizer which factors are important to that measurement. Inferences can then be drawn about what that overall measurement will be for the current event based on the same factors. First, a measurement is identified, such as overall satisfaction. Attendees for whom the measurement had the desired value are identified. The values of the available factors based on these attendees are compared to the values of those factors based on other attendees. Significant differences between the two groups in a particular factor suggest that those factors correlate to the overall measurement.  
         [0031]     For example, as shown in  FIG. 3 , 60 percent of attendees at a conference were highly satisfied. The two graphs  302  and  304  compare the values of selected factors for the highly satisfied participants to the values for the other 40 percent of participants. In the first graph  302 , a shaded region  306  defined by points  310   a - e  shows that the highly satisfied participants had a higher average number of card exchanges per day than the other participants, when compared to the shaded region  308  defined by points  312   a - e  in the second graph  304 . This indicates that a high number card exchanges is correlated to high satisfaction with the event. An organizer who wants highly satisfied attendees may therefore want to take steps that will result in the attendees having a higher number of card exchanges. Of course it is also possible that the high number of card exchanges results from one of the other factors that is different between the two groups, such as the number of different people spoken to (breadth) and amount of time spent speaking to each of them (face time).  
         [0032]     A similar analysis of attendance at sessions or workshops might indicate, for example, that the highly satisfied attendees had a higher “net positive” rating than the others, while both groups had a high attendance rate. This would imply that actual attendance rate is not as important as making sure that at least some sessions produce a very positive experience.  
         [0033]     Once this analysis has been performed for past events and important factors identified, a display is tailored to the specific measurements that an event organizer want to maximize. As shown in  FIG. 4 , in addition to displaying the current values for each factor, the graphs identify which factors have in the past correlated to the chosen measure. The five factors  102   a - e  relating to exchanges between attendees are used to create one graph  402 , as in  FIG. 2 , while the five factors  406   a - e  pertaining to conference sessions, from Table 2, are used to create a second graph  404 , with the label “sessions”  408  corresponding to the category to which the factors  406   a - e  belong. Face Time, Breadth, Card Exchanges, and Net Positives are highlighted by ovals  410   a - d  on the graphs, while the current values  204   a - e  and  412   a - e  for all the factors are displayed, creating shaded regions  202  and  414 .  
         [0034]     These graphs  402  and  404  show the organizers that while three of the factors that correlate to high satisfaction are well above average, one, Card Exchanges, is only slightly above the median. At the same time, two less important factors, that is, factors that don&#39;t correlate to high satisfaction, are also well above average, session attendance and average score. This might suggest to the event organizer that they need to introduce some incentive for attendees to not only meet (which Face Time and Breadth indicate they are doing), but to actually exchange cards, and that they can do so at the expense of session attendance, since keeping high won&#39;t do as much to improve satisfaction as improving the number of card exchanges.  
         [0035]     In other examples, as shown in  FIGS. 5A and 5B , the current status of a set of factors can be used to predict a satisfaction measurement, such as the percentage of attendees who are highly satisfied. This is displayed using a speedometer-style graph  502  which uses a needle  504  and ring  506  to graphically display the percent satisfied  508 .  
         [0036]     In  FIG. 5A , a graph  510  with a shaded region  512  indicates that only one factor  410   d , Net Positive, is known to correlate to the percentage of attendees who are highly satisfied. That factor is slightly above the median, and the corresponding prediction that 45% of attendees will be highly satisfied is shown by the percent satisfied  508  in the graph  502 . The availability of such information during an event, informing the organizer whether, for example, meeting sessions are contributing to satisfaction, can be very valuable. An organizer may realize that a certain type of session is proving more popular than another, and adjust their schedule on the fly to provide more sessions of that type. Similarly, the organizer may discover that certain groups of attendees are enjoying one type of session, while other groups are enjoying another type. The organizer could then re-arrange who is participating in upcoming events to assure that any remaining events are attended primarily by people who have been enjoying events of that type. These schedule updates could be communicated to the attendees and to those leading events through their badges, as described in the above-referenced applications.  
         [0037]     In  FIG. 5B , a graph  514  with a shaded region  516  indicates that for events of the same type as the event to which the data relates, three factors, Depth, Card Exchanges, and Card Exchange Yield, correlate to satisfaction by highlighting them with ovals  518   a ,  518   b , and  410   c . In this example, Depth is above the median, while Card Exchanges and Card Exchange Yield are both below the median. As a result, the graph  502  again shows that satisfaction is only predicted to be 45%. By increasing the number of cards exchanged by attendees, an organizer should be able to increase the percentage of attendees that are highly satisfied. Other factors could be displayed, for example a combination of networking and attendance related factors, and other types of visual displays could be used to display this information.  
         [0038]     Another feature of the event management system is connections. One way that has been identified to improve attendee satisfaction is to encourage attendees to interact with each other. All of the factors in the Table 1 above relate to interactions between attendees. Based on the analysis of the correlation between the various factors and satisfaction or other overall measurements, an event organizer may want to specifically encourage interactions that are likely to produce longer conversations and more follow-up, rather than simply encouraging interactions in general. The connections feature facilitates this by identifying characteristics of the attendees and presenting the organizer with a user interface that allows him to query the attendees answers and to take actions to encourage attendees having certain characteristics to meet.  
         [0039]     The user interface of the event management system can be presented to the event administrator, which may be the event organizer, through a web site as shown in  FIGS. 6A, 6B , and  7 . A row of tabs  650  presents the administrator with various functions, for example an “attendees” tab  650   a . The functions associated with the other tabs shown are beyond the scope of this disclosure. A menu  654  lists options  654   a - c  available to the user within the current function. A title  652  ( FIG. 6 ),  752  ( FIG. 7 ) identifies which option the user is currently using. A event title  656  reminds the administrator what event he is working on.  
         [0040]     As a first step in using the connections function, the event administrator creates profile questions by selecting the corresponding option ( 654   b ) from the menu  654 . Profile questions identify attributes for each attendee, tailored to the specific event. In the example of  FIG. 6A , a profile questions interface  600  includes a section  602  titled “Attendee Profile” in which two example profile questions  604   a  and  604   b —“What database do you currently use at your enterprise?” and “When do you expect to upgrade your existing database?”—have been created. These two questions might be relevant to a sales event sponsored by a database vendor. The “edit” and “delete” links  606  and  608  allow the administrator to change or remove these questions, while the “create a profile question” link  610  allows the administrator to add an additional question. Another section  612 , “Profile Status,” indicates how many attendees  616  fall into each of three status categories: those who haven&#39;t answered the profile questions ( 614   a ), those who have answered some of the questions ( 614   b ), and those who have answered them all ( 614   c ).  
         [0041]     If the administrator follows the edit link  606 , they are taken to a screen like that shown in the example of  FIG. 6B . A title  652   b  indicates that the purpose of this page is to update a question. A configuration section  660  allows the administrator to specify a short name  662  for the question and the type of answer from a list box  664 . In the example, “Pick Many” is selected from the list box  664 . Other types of answers may include pick one, true/false, yes/no, or open-ended. An answers section  666  provides input boxes  668  for the administrator to specify potential answers.  
         [0042]     Once profile questions have been defined for the event, the administrator can use the connections feature to define connections between attendees by selecting that option ( 654   c ). A connection is a set of rules that result in recommendations for attendees to meet other attendees or types of attendees at the event. Multiple potential connections can be created to encourage effective networking. In  FIG. 7 , a connection named “Share Same DB Knowledge” is being created such that when an attendee selects a specific answer to the selected profile question, other attendees who selected the same answer for that profile question are recommended to the attendee. A connections interface  700  includes two sections, the first section  702  titled “What is the name of this connection?” indicates what name the administrator has given the connection he is creating, and a link  704  allows the administrator to edit this name. The title  752  is modified to include additional information  756  reflecting the name of the current connection. A second section  706  titled “When will this connection be made?” displays the conditions that must be met for the present connection to be made. In this example, a single condition  708  consists of a relation  710  and a field,  712 . The value selected for relation  710  is that the two attendees have the same value in the field  712 . The value selected for field  712  is “current database,” the answer to the profile question  604   a  in  FIG. 6 . This means that any two attendees who provide the same answer to the question  604   a  will have the connection “Share Same DB Knowledge.” 
         [0043]     The administrator can add additional criteria to the connection using the “edit” link  704 . For example, the administrator could specify that in addition to using the same database, at least one of the attendees must have answered that he expects to upgrade his database within the next three months in response to the “Purchase Timeframe” profile question  604   b . Other possible relations  710  include that the attendees have differing values for a field, or specific values, for example, both using Oracle, or one using Oracle and one using Sybase.  
         [0044]     The “save” and “cancel” links  716  and  718  allow the administrator to save the connection they have created or cancel without creating or modifying the connection. The “add a connection to make” link  714  allows the administrator to create additional connections. Multiple connections can be created for an event to maximize networking recommendations for the attendees.  
         [0045]     The event management system provides a personalized web site for each attendee to provide the attendee with information, tools, and resources pertaining to the event. Portions of this interface are shown in  FIGS. 8, 9A , and  9 B. As in  FIGS. 6 and 7 , a row of tabs  850  presents the attendee with various functions, for example a “my profile” tab  850   a  and a “search” tab  850   b . The functions associated with the other tabs shown are beyond the scope of this disclosure. A menu of options  854  ( FIG. 8 ),  954  ( FIG. 9 ) lists options available to the user within each function. A title  852  ( FIG. 8 ),  952  ( FIG. 9 ) identifies which option the user is currently using.  
         [0046]     Before the connections defined by the event administrator can function with respect to an attendee, the attendee must answer his profile questions, as shown in  FIG. 8 . When the attendee logs into his personalized website, he is presented with his profile questions in the profiles interface  800 . A contact information section  802  shows information  804  that has already been entered, for example, in another part of the personalized website or by the event administrator, about the current attendee, while a profile questions section  806  presents the questions defined by the administrator in the profile questions interface  600 . In this case, the first question  808   a  corresponds to profile question  604   a  ( FIG. 6 ) and is presented as a multiple-choice question, where the attendee can specify only one of the potential answers  810 . The second question  808   b  corresponds to profile question  604   b  and is presented in a way that allows the attendee to select more than one of the potential answers  812 . The “save” and “cancel” buttons  814  and  816  allow the attendee to save his answers or cancel out of this screen. The “edit” link  818  allows the attendee to edit the information  804  shown in the contact information section  802 .  
         [0047]     Once connections are defined and attendees have entered profile information, connections that apply to an attendee appear in the attendee&#39;s search screen, as shown in  FIG. 9A . When the attendee has chosen to search for other attendees, for example by using the “search” tab  850   b  at the top of the screen, he is presented with the search interface  900 . The attendee can use a search box  904  to conduct a search for other attendees based on their contact information or their answers to the profile questions. “Search” button  906  executes the search specified in the search box  904 , while the “advanced search” and “run a saved search” links  908  and  910  provide other functions. Since the attendee has not yet entered any search criteria, the interface displays all of the other attendees in the results list  912 . When the attendee is using the search interface  900 , a box  914  appears that recommends people he should meet. Two connections  916   a  and  916   b  are displayed. The “Share Same DB Knowledge” connection  916   b  is the connection defined in the example of  FIG. 7 . Parenthetical notations  918   a  and  918   b  after the connection titles  920   a  and  920   b  indicate how many attendees make the corresponding connection to the current attendee. Clicking on one of the connection titles  916   a  or  916   b  will cause the results list  912  to update to show those attendees.  
         [0048]     Clicking on the advanced search link  908  takes an attendee to the advanced search interface  960  shown in  FIG. 9B , which allows an attendee to search for other attendees based on demographic information and any profile information they have provided. The advanced search interface  960  allows the attendee to select profile questions  962 . By specifying particular answers  964  to the selected profile questions  962 , the attendee can search for other attendees that answered the selected profile questions  962  in the manner specified. Trash can icons  966  allow the attendee to delete the corresponding question from the search criteria. The “add criteria” link  968  allows the attendee to select an additional profile question, for example demographic information, while the “simple search link  970  returns the attendee to the simple search interface  900  of  FIG. 9A . The “save” link  972  saves the search criteria for later use, while the “search” button  974  executes the search immediately. Search results are again shown in the results list  912 .  
         [0049]     This technology is not limited to organized events, but could be applied to any number of situations, for example, tracking and optimizing the activities of students in a school or the interactions of workers in an office environment. Similarly, this technology is not limited to use with badges as the medium for collecting information and effecting the connections, for example, electronic devices such as cellular telephones and personal digital assistants may be used. Other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.