Abstract:
A method for delivering a mobile terminated call to a mobile device communicating with a mobile switching center (MSC) in one example comprises steps of attempting to deliver the mobile terminated call to a mobile device, receiving a message that the mobile device is no longer in the location area served by the visiting MSC and forwarding the mobile terminated call to a different visiting MSC. The mobile terminated call is forwarded directly from one VMSC to another VMSC without requiring two potentially international calls to be placed serially from the GMSC to a VMSC. This method of Mobile Termination Roaming Forwarding can reduce substantial delay in call setup while saving network resources during establishment of the first call.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of the filing date, and incorporates by reference in its entirety Provisional Patent Application 61/434,961 filed Jan. 21, 2011. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates generally to wireless communication systems and more particularly to the handling of mobile terminated calls during location updates. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Today&#39;s wireless telecommunications networks provide telephone subscribers with the ability to access telecommunications services from almost anywhere in the world. The key to facilitating such world-wide access is mobility management. With mobility management, wireless networks are able to track the location of mobile stations so that mobile services can be delivered to them. 
     A wireless network is typically formed of a number of cells, each covering a small geographic area within which a mobile device, such as a mobile station, may receive mobile services. Each cell is equipped with a base station that provides radio coverage to the cell, thereby enabling communication with mobile devices located within the cell. By integrating the coverage of multiple base stations, a wireless network is able to provide radio coverage to mobile stations over a large geographic area. 
     The coverage area of a collection of neighboring base stations is commonly referred to as a location area. Each location area is served by a mobile switching center (MSC), and each MSC may serve multiple location areas. The MSC is the network node that provides circuit-switched calling, mobility management and other telecommunications/mobile services to mobile subscribers. In particular, the MSC maintains subscriber data for all mobile subscribers that are currently located within one of the location areas served by the MSC. Mobile subscriber data is permanently maintained in a home location register (HLR) within the wireless network. When the mobile station is within the range of an MSC, that MSC acquires a copy of the mobile subscriber data from the HLR and maintains it in a visiting location register (VLR). The location area of the mobile station is also maintained in the visiting location register (VLR) for the MSC to page the mobile station in the location area for a mobile termination call. An MSC that is associated with the current location area of a mobile station is referred to as a visiting mobile switching center (VMSC) relative to the mobile station. The MSC receiving a call that is intended for the mobile subscriber is referred to as a Gateway MSC. 
     When a mobile station moves or “roams” into a new location area, the mobile station must inform the wireless network of the change in location area by performing what is commonly referred to as a location update procedure. Each mobile device is responsible for comparing the stored LAI (location area id) with the LAI of the newly selected cell. If the mobile device finds that the received LAI is different from the stored LAI, the mobile device sends a location update request to the wireless network. If the new location is served by a different VMSC than the previous location area, an inter-VLR location update is performed. 
     During the inter-VLR location update, the new VMSC that receives the location update request from the mobile station transmits an update location message to the HLR of the mobile subscriber. Upon receiving the update location message, the HLR forwards the subscriber data associated with the mobile subscriber to the new VMSC for temporary storage in the VLR of the new VMSC and updates its records to indicate that the mobile station is now served by the new VMSC. In addition, the HLR sends a message to the old VMSC to delete its subscriber record for this mobile subscriber since the mobile station is no longer served by the old VMSC. 
     Once the location update procedure is complete, the mobile station stores the new LAI and can continue to receive mobile services through the new VMSC. For example, in a typical mobile terminated call scenario, an incoming call to the mobile station is first routed to a gateway mobile switching center (GMSC) of the called mobile station&#39;s HPLMN (Home Public Line Mobile Network). Upon receiving the call, the GMSC queries the HLR of the mobile subscriber to determine the VMSC on which the mobile station is currently registered. The HLR typically obtains routing information from the VMSC and returns it to the GMSC. The GMSC uses the routing information to route the call to the VMSC. The VMSC accesses its subscriber data for the called mobile subscriber to determine its location area and pages the mobile station within that location area to set-up a call connection between the caller and the mobile subscriber. 
     However, if the mobile terminated call is received during the time that the mobile station is performing an inter-VLR location update, the mobile terminated call may not be completed to the mobile station. For example, if the HLR has not yet been informed of the change in VMSC when the GMSC queries the HLR for routing information, the HLR will return the routing information for the old VMSC to the GMSC. Thus, the GMSC will route the call to the old VMSC which will attempt to page the mobile station. Since the mobile station is no longer in the VMSC location area, the mobile device will not be able to answer the page. Currently, when a mobile device does not answer a page for a mobile terminated call, the VMSC requests the GMSC to reroute the call to the new VMSC. This mechanism is called Mobile Termination Roaming Retry (MTRR) and is further described in WO 2008/033951, Delivery of Mobile Terminated Call During Inter-VLR Location Update, incorporated by reference. This is dissatisfactory for many mobile subscribers and network providers since two potentially international calls must be placed serially from the GMSC to a VMSC. This can introduce substantial delay in call setup while wasting network resources during establishment of the first call. 
     Therefore, what is needed is an improved mechanism for delivering mobile terminated calls to mobile stations during inter-VLR location updates. 
     SUMMARY 
     Embodiments of the present invention disclose a method and apparatus for routing a mobile terminated call locally from an old VMSC/VLR to a new VMSC/VLR during an inter MSC Location Update operation. 
     In one embodiment, there is provided a method for delivering a mobile terminated call to a mobile device communicating with a mobile switching center (MSC) comprising the steps of attempting to deliver the mobile terminated call to a mobile device, receiving a message that the mobile device is no longer in the location area served by the MSC and forwarding the mobile terminated call to a different MSC. 
     Some embodiments of the above method further comprise the step of receiving an initial address message with a mobile station roaming number from an home location register (HLR) assigned to the mobile device. 
     Some embodiments of any of the above methods further include wherein the different MSC sends an update location request to the HLR with an MTRF flag set when the different MSC receives a Location Update message from the mobile device. 
     Some embodiments of any of the above methods further comprise the steps of receiving a cancel location message with an address of the different MSC, stopping the attempt to deliver the mobile terminated call to the mobile device and sending a mobile terminated roaming forwarding request (MTRF) to the different MSC. 
     Some embodiments of any of the above methods further comprise the steps of receiving a mobile station roaming number from the different MSC and delivering an initial address message referring to the mobile terminated call to the different MSC. 
     Some embodiments of any of the above methods further include wherein mobile device is an LTE (Long Term Evolution) device, the mobile terminated call originates from a circuit-switched network and the attempting step further comprises the step of sending a circuit-switched page to an LTE radio in the mobile device. 
     Some embodiments of any of the above methods further comprise the step receiving an update location request from the LTE mobile device that has retuned to a 2G/3G radio from the LTE radio. 
     Some embodiments of any of the above methods further include wherein the different MSC is an MSC designated to handle circuit-switched calls for LTE mobile devices. 
     In another embodiment, there is provided a method for delivering a mobile terminated call to a mobile device comprising the steps of receiving an initial address message (IAM) for the mobile device from a gateway mobile switching center (GMSC), paging the mobile device that is referenced by the IAM, receiving a cancel location message from the home location register (HLR) assigned to the mobile device, the cancel location message including a mobile terminated roaming forwarding (MTRF) flag and addresses of a new visiting mobile switching center/visiting location register (VMSC/VLS), sending, a provide routing number message to the new VMSC/VLR, receiving a PRN Response message from the new VMSC/VLR and forwarding the IAM to the new VMSC/VLR. 
     Some embodiments of any of the above methods further comprise the step of sending a provide routing number acknowledge message (PRN ACK) to the HLR in response to a PRN message from the HLR in response to the SRI message from the GMSC and wherein the IAM message is received after the PRN ACK message is sent. 
     Some embodiments of any of the above methods further include wherein the mobile device initiates a location update procedure after the IAM message is received. 
     Some embodiments of any of the above methods further comprise the step of, if the MTRF flag is not set in the cancel location message, requesting the GMSC to reroute the call to the new VMSC/VLR. 
     Some embodiments of any of the above methods further comprise the step of, if the MTRF flag is set in the cancel location message, checking roaming agreements with the new VMSC/VLR in response to the cancel location message and if MTRF is not allowed, requesting the GMSC to reroute the call to the new VMSC/VLR. 
     Some embodiments of any of the above methods further include wherein the HLR, old VMSC/VLR and new VMSC/VLR are located in the same Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN). 
     Some embodiments of any of the above methods further include wherein the HLR, old VMSC/VLR and new VMSC/VLR are not located in the same Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) and each checks roaming agreements before performing allowing a MTRF operation. 
     Some embodiments of any of the above methods further include wherein the mobile device is an LTE (Long Term Evolution) device, the GMSC is a 2G/3G device, the new VMSC/VLR is an MSC/VLR designated to handle circuit-switched calls for LTE mobile devices and the paging step further comprises the step of sending a circuit-switched page to an LTE radio in the mobile device. 
     In another embodiment, there is provided an apparatus for use in a telecommunications network for delivering a mobile terminated call to a mobile device, said apparatus configured so as to perform the steps of receiving an initial address message (IAM) for the mobile device from a gateway mobile switching center (GMSC), paging the mobile device that is referenced by the IAM, receiving a cancel location message from the home location register (HLR) assigned to the mobile device, the cancel location message including a mobile termination roaming forwarding (MTRF) flag and addresses of a new visiting mobile switching center/visiting location register (VMSC/VLR), sending a provide roaming number (PRN) message to the new VMSC/VLR, receiving a PRN Response message from the new VMSC/VLR and forwarding the IAM to the new VMSC/VLR. 
     Some embodiments of the above apparatus may be further configured to perform the step of sending a provide routing number acknowledge message (PRN ACK) to the HLR in response to a PRN message from the HLR in response to the SRI message from the GMSC, wherein the IAM message is received after the PRN ACK message is sent. 
     Some embodiments of the above apparatus may be further configured to perform the steps of, if the MTRF flag is not set in the cancel location message, requesting the GMSC to reroute the call to the new VMSC/VLR and if the MTRF flag is set in the cancel location message, checking roaming agreements with the new VMSC/VLR in response to the cancel location message and if MTRF is not allowed, requesting the GMSC to reroute the call to the new VMSC/VLR. 
     Some embodiments of the above apparatus may further include wherein the HLR, old VMSC/VLR and new VMSC/VLR are not located in the same Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) and each checks roaming agreements before performing allowing a MTRF operation. 
     Some embodiments of the above apparatus may further include wherein the mobile device is an LTE (Long Term Evolution) device, the GMSC is a 2G/3G device, the new VMSC/VLR is an MSC/VLR designated to handle circuit-switched calls for LTE mobile devices and the paging step further comprises the step of sending a circuit-switched page to an LTE radio in the mobile device. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Features of example implementations of the invention will become apparent from the description, the claims, and the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary wireless network for delivering a mobile terminated call to a mobile station during an inter-VLR location update, in accordance with the embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a signaling diagram illustrating exemplary signaling for delivering a mobile terminated call to a mobile station according to the embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  is a signaling diagram illustrating a more detailed view of exemplary signaling for delivering a mobile terminated call to a mobile station according to the embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 4  is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary process for delivering a mobile terminated call to a mobile station. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Wireless networks around the world are in the process of updating from second and third generation (2G/3G) networks to Long Term Evolution (LTE, also known as 4G) networks. Until LTE networks and mobile stations fully support voice services directly over LTE, the mobile stations must be capable of performing the Circuit-Switched FallBack (CSFB) procedure to be able to support voice services on 2G/3G. CSFB requires that the LTE mobile station perform the location update procedure with the circuit-switched core network so that LTE mobile station is reachable for mobile-terminated circuit-switched calls. The LTE access network is configured to pass location update messages from LTE mobile stations to a 2G/3G VMSC. When a mobile terminated call is received by the GMSC for a mobile station currently camped on LTE, the mobile station normally receives a circuit-switched page request on the LTE radio via the VMSC and LTE access network, recognizes that it cannot complete the call on LTE and initiates the CSFB procedure by retuning to a 2G/3G radio to respond to the page and allow the call to complete. There are several cases, however, when the 2G/3G radio to which the mobile station retunes is not in a location area of the VMSC. This can occur, for example, when the mapping of LTE tracking areas to CS location areas is imprecise, when the mobile station is on a border between location areas, or when the VMSC managing the 2G/3G radio to which the mobile station retunes has not been upgraded or configured to accept location update requests via the LTE access network. In this latter case, the LTE access network may be configured to send location update requests to a compatible VMSC that is not associated with the location area of the 2G/3G radio. In all of these cases, the mobile station first performs the location update procedure upon retuning to the 2G/3G radio, after which MTRR and potential alternative algorithms apply to enable successful call delivery. Rather than being an exception procedure during race conditions, as it is 2G/3G networks, this procedure will be common in some LTE networks. 
       FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary wireless network  10  for delivering a mobile terminated call  20  to a mobile station  80  during an inter-VLR location update, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. The wireless network  10  includes a Gateway Mobile Switching Center (GMSC)  30 , Mobile Switching Center/Visitor Location Registers (MSC/VLR  50  and  60 ), Base Station System (BSS)  70  for 2G (or Radio Network Controller (RNC) for 3G) and Home Location Register (HLR)  40 . MSC/VLR  50  serves location area  55 , while MSC/VLR  60  serves location area  65 . It should be understood that each MSC/VLR  50  and  60  may serve multiple location areas. However, for simplicity, only one location for each MSC/VLR is shown. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , mobile station  80  has recently moved from location area  65  served by MSC/VLR  60  into location area  55  served by MSC/VLR  50 . Thus, MSC/VLR  60  is labeled “old MSC/VLR”, while MSC/VLR  50  is labeled “new MSC/VLR.” Once the mobile station  80  realizes that is has roamed into the new location area  55  served by the new MSC/VLR  50  (i.e., by determining that the location area id (LAI) received from BSS  70  is new), the mobile station  80  sends a location update request to the new MSC/VLR  50  via BSS  70 . Mobile station  80  may also send the location update request to new MSC/VLR  50  after receiving a page on an LTE network as described in paragraph [38]. 
     Upon receiving the location update request, the new MSC/VLR  50  transmits an update location to the HLR  40  to retrieve the subscriber data associated with the mobile station  80  and to update the HLR  40  with the addresses of the new MSC/VLR  50 . In addition, the HLR  40  transmits a cancel location message to the old MSC/VLR  60  instructing the old MSC/VLR  60  to delete the subscriber data record of the mobile station  80  since the mobile station  80  is not longer located in the location area  65  served by the old MSC/VLR  60 . 
     If an incoming mobile terminated call  20  for the mobile station  80  is received at the GMSC  30  during the location update process as in conventional wireless networks, or when MS  80  is camped on an LTE network using a location area other than the underlying 2G/3G VMSCs, the GMSC  30  queries the HLR  40  for routing information to deliver the incoming call to the mobile station  80 . If the HLR  40  has not yet received the update location message from the new MSC/VLR  50  when the GMSC query is received, either due to a timing overlap or the situation when MS  80  is an LTE equipment, the HLR  40  returns the routing information for the old MSC/VLR  60  to the GMSC  30 . Thus, the GMSC routes the mobile terminated call  20  to the old MSC/VLR  60  for call handling. 
     When the old MSC/VLR  60  receives the call  20 , it accesses its subscriber data for the mobile subscriber to determine the location area  65  of the mobile station  80 , and pages the mobile station  80  within that location area  65  to attempt to set-up a call connection to the mobile station  80  for the mobile terminated call. However, since the mobile station  80  has moved out of location area  65  and into location area  55  and is currently performing a location update to the new MSC/VLR  50 , or is camped on LTE using a location area other than that of the underlying 2G/3G MSCVLR, the mobile station  80  will not be able to answer the page from the old MSC/VLR  60 . 
     Therefore, in accordance with the embodiments of the present invention, once the old MSC/VLR  60  receives the cancel location message from the HLR  40  that requests the old MSC/VLR  60  to delete the subscriber record for mobile station  80 , the MSC/VLR  60  stops paging the mobile station  80 . If the HLR  40 , old MSC/VLR  60  and new MSC/VLR  50  all support a mobile termination roaming forwarding (MTRF) process, the old MSC/VLR  60  is able to request the routing information from the new MSC/VLR  50  so that the old MSC/VLR can send the call  20  directly to the new MSC/VLR  50 . If one or more of the HLR  40 , old MSC/VLR  60  and new MSC/VLR  50  do not support MTRF, the old MSC/VLR  60  reverts back to a mobile termination roaming retry (MTRR) process, as described in WO 2008/033951, Delivery of Mobile Terminated Call During Inter-VLR Location Update, incorporated by reference. In this case (MTRR), the old MSC/VLR  60  releases the call back to the GMSC  30  which requests new routing information from the HLR  40  and tries again to route the call. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, the new MSC/VLR  50  sends an “MTRF supported” flag in the MAP Update Location to the HLR  40 , the HLR  40  sends the new MSC/VLR addresses in Cancel Location to the old MSC/VLR  60  and then the old MSC/VLR  60  sends the MTRF request message (or an “MTRF request” indicator in MAP PRN) message to the new MSC/VLR  50 . The new MSC/VLR  50  returns the roaming information to the old MSC/VLR  60 . The mobile terminated call will be routed locally from the old MSC/VLR  60  to the new MSC/VLR  50 . This mechanism is called Mobile Termination Roaming Forwarding (MTRF). 
       FIG. 2  is a signaling diagram illustrating exemplary signaling for this embodiment. For explanatory purposes,  FIG. 2  shows the signals directly related to the present embodiment.  FIG. 3  show a more complete diagram of signals exchanged as part of the present embodiment. 
     After receiving a mobile terminated call request for MS  80  and determining a temporary routing number at which MS  80  can be reached via standard procedures, in  FIG. 2 , GMSC  30  sends an Initial Address Message (IAM) containing a Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN) to old MSC/VLR  60 . The MSRN is an E.164 number that is temporarily assigned to the mobile station  80  for the mobile terminated call and can be used to route the mobile terminated call to the old MSC/VLR  60 . In response, old MSC/VLR  60  attempts to page mobile station  80 . Prior to this paging, however, mobile station  80  has left the location area of old MSC/VLR  60  and sent a Location Update message to the new MSC/VLR  50  serving its new location area at  104 . Alternatively, MS  80  has received a page on an LTE network triggering the Location Update message to a new MSC/VLR  50  on a 2G/3G network. In response to the Location Update message, the new MSC/VLR  50  sends an Update Location message containing a “MTRF supported” flag to HLR  40  at  106 . This lets HLR  40  know that the new MSC/VLR  50  supports MTRF. 
     In response to this message, HLR  40  checks its roaming agreements with the old and new MSCNLRs to determine whether or not to include the new MSC/VLR  50  addresses in a Cancel Location message at  108 . Assuming that all three elements (HLR  40 , old MSC/VLR  60  and new MSC/VLR  50 ) support MTRF, HLR  40  sends the Cancel Location message with the mew MSC/VLR  50  addresses to old MSC/VLR  60  at  108 . 
     In response, the old MSC/VLR  60  stops paging the MS  80 , sends a Cancel Location Acknowledge message  110  back to HLR  40  and checks its roaming agreements with the HLR  40  and the new MSC/VLR  50 . If MTRF is supported, old MSC/VLR  60  sends an MTRF Request  112  with the old MSC/VLR  60  addresses to the new MSC/VLR  50 . This request may also be referred to as a Provide Roaming Number (PRN) message with a “MTRF” indicator. If MTRF is not supported by one or more of the HLR  40 , old MSC/VLR  60  and new MSC/VLR  50 , the old MSC/VLR  60  reverts back to a mobile termination roaming retry (MTRR) process. 
     The new MSC/VLR  50  then processes the MTRF Request from old MSC/VLR  60  as if it were a PRN message from the HLR  40 , with some small modifications described herein. In one embodiment, the MTRF Request message may comprise a standard PRN message with the addition of an “MTRF request” indicator. New MSC/VLR  50  may check roaming agreements with the HLR  40  and the old MSC/VLR  60  for MTRF. If MTRF is allowed, the new MSC/VLR  50  returns the MTRF acknowledge message with a new MSRN′ to the old MSC/VLR  60  at  114 . In response, old MSC/VLR  60  forwards the IAM of step  100  with the new MSRN′ to the new MSC/VLR  50  and call set up proceeds normally as shown in steps  118 ,  120  and  122 . If the new MSC/VLR  50  rejects the MTRF request from the old MSC/VLR  60 , the new MSC/VLR  50  returns a negative response to the old MSC/VLR  60  so that the old MSC/VLR  60  can trigger MTRR. 
     If the HLR  40 , new MSC/VLR  50  and old MSC/VLR  60  are within the same Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN), MTRF can always be triggered. 
     Between PLMNs, where the HLR  40 , new MSC/VLR  50  and old MSC/VLR  60  may belong to three different PLMNs, the roaming agreements between them include billing clauses on how to charge the roaming calls with MTRF. Without roaming agreements for MTFR, MTRR applies. For example, if the HLR  40  and the new MSC/VLR  50  belong to the same PLMN and the old MSC/VLR  60  is an international MSC/VLR, the HLR  40  shall not permit MTRF. 
     In the present embodiment, MTRF does not require a Send ID message. It works for the Location Updates with International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI). As noted above, MTRF is backward compatible with existing MTRR. If the new MSC/VLR  50  doesn&#39;t support MTRF, then the old MSC/VLR  60  triggers MTRR when a Cancel Location message is received. 
     For prepaging, the HLR  40  triggers MTRR. 
       FIG. 3  is a signaling diagram illustrating a more detailed view of exemplary signaling for delivering a mobile terminated call to a mobile station  80  according to the embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     In  FIG. 3 , when GMSC  30  receives a mobile terminated call request for mobile station  80 , the GMSC transmits a Send Routing Information (SRI) message to the HLR  40  to retrieve routing information for the routing of the call to the old MSC/VLR, shown at  200 . At  202 , the HLR  40  accesses a subscriber record for the mobile station  80  to identify the old MSC/VLR  60  and transmit a Provide Roaming Number (PRN) message to the old MSC/VLR  60 . 
     In response, the old MSC/VLR  60  transmits a PRN acknowledgement message  204  back to the HLR  40  that includes a Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN) for the mobile terminated call. The HLR  40  forwards the MSRN to the GMSC  30  in an SRI acknowledgment message at  206 . Using the received MSRN, the GMSC  30  generates and transmits an Initial Address Message (IAM) containing the MSRN at  208  for the call to the old MSC/VLR  60 . Upon receipt of the IAM, the old MSC/VLR  60  accesses the temporary subscriber record for the mobile station  80  to determine the location area within which the mobile station last reported it was located, and at  210 , pages the mobile station within that location area. 
     Prior to paging by the old MSC/VLR  60 , or in response to receiving a page from the old VMSC on an LTE network that causes MS  80  to return to a 2G/3G VMSC in a different location area, the mobile station  80  transmits a Location Update Request at  212  to the new MSC/VLR  50 . After authentication of the mobile station  80  at  214 , the new MSC/VLR  50  transmits an Update Location message at  216  to the HLR  40  to update the HLR  40  with the addresses of the new MSC/VLR  50 . The new MSC/VLR  50  also sets a Mobile Termination Roaming Forwarding (MTRF) flag in the Update Location message. This lets HLR  40  know that the old MSC/VLR  60  supports MTRF. 
     In response to the Update Location message, HLR  40  checks its roaming agreements with the old and new MSC/VLRs to determine whether or not to include the new MSC/VLR  50  addresses in the Cancel Location message at  218 . Assuming that all three elements (HLR  40 , old MSC/VLR  60 , new MSC/VLR  50 ) support MTRF, HLR  40  sends the Cancel Location message with the new MSC/VLR  50  addresses to old MSC/VLR  60  at  218 , requesting the old MSC/VLR to delete the temporary subscriber record for the mobile station  80 . Once the old MSC/VLR deletes the subscriber record for the mobile station  80 , the old MSC/VLR stops paging the MS  80  at step  222  and transmits a cancel location acknowledgement message  220  back to the HLR  40 . 
     Additional steps of the Update Location process are performed at  224 ,  228  and  230 . 
     After receiving the Cancel Location message  218 , the old MSC/VLR  60  also checks its roaming agreements with the HLR  40  and the new MSC/VLR  50 . If MTRF is allowed, old MSC/VLR  60  sends an MTRF Request  226  with the old MSC/VLR  60  address to the new MSC/VLR  50 . This request may also be referred to as a Provide Roaming Number (PRN) message with a “MTRF” indicator. 
     The new MSC/VLR  50  then processes the MTRF Request as if it were a PRN message from the HLR  40  and returns the MTRF acknowledge message with a new MSRN′ to the old MSC/VLR  60  at  232 ,  234 . In response, old MSC/VLR  60  forwards the IAM of step  208  with the new MSRN′ to the new MSC/VLR  50  at step  236 . The new MSC/VLR  50  delays setup until the location update procedure finishes at  238  and sends Location Update Accept message  240  to mobile station  80  at  240 . Then call set up proceeds normally as shown in steps  242 - 248 . 
       FIG. 4  is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary process for delivering a mobile terminated call to a mobile station  80  according to the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 . When, at block  310 , an IAM for a mobile terminated call to a mobile station  80  is received at an old MSC/VLR, and at block  320 , a Cancel Location message for the mobile station  80  which contains the addresses of a new MSC/VLR  50  is also received at the old MSC/VLR  60 , then at block  330 , the old MSC/VLR  60  sends an MTRF request directly to the new MSC/VLR  50  requesting a replacement MSRN. Upon receiving the MSRN at block  340 , the old MSC/VLR  60  forwards the IAM with the replacement MSRN to the new MSC/VLR  50 . 
     In this manner, unnecessary routing of the call is avoided if the GMSC  30  is far away from the old MSC/VLR  60  and the new MSC/VLR  50 . Also, the call setup time is reduced if the GMSC  30  is a long distance from the old MSC/VLR  60  and the new MSC/VLR  50 . 
     The apparatus in  FIG. 1  in one example comprises a plurality of components such as one or more of electronic components, hardware components, and computer software components. A number of such components can be combined or divided in the apparatus  100 . An example component of the apparatus  100  employs and/or comprises a set and/or series of computer instructions written in or implemented with any of a number of programming languages, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. 
     The steps or operations described herein are just for example. There may be many variations to these steps or operations without departing from the spirit of the invention. For instance, the steps may be performed in a differing order, or steps may be added, deleted, or modified. 
     Although example implementations of the invention have been depicted and described in detail herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the relevant art that various modifications, additions, substitutions, and the like can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention and these are therefore considered to be within the scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.