Abstract:
A defect inspection method and device for irradiating a linear region on a surface-patterned sample mounted on a planarly movable table, with illumination light from an inclined direction relative to a direction of a line normal to the sample, next detecting in each of a plurality of directions an image of the light scattered from the sample irradiated with the illumination light, then processing signals obtained by the detection of the images of the scattered light, and thereby detecting a defect present on the sample; wherein the step of detecting the scattered light image in the plural directions is performed through elliptical lenses in which elevation angles of the optical axes thereof are different from each other, within one plane perpendicular to a plane formed by the normal to the surface of the table on which to mount the sample and the longitudinal direction of the linear region irradiated with the irradiation light, the elliptical lenses being formed of circular lenses having left and right portions thereof cut.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    The present invention relates generally to inspection techniques that use optically acquired image signal information to detect defects present on a surface-patterned object to be inspected. More particularly, the invention is directed to an inspection technique for detecting microscopic defects present on a patterned substrate such as a semiconductor wafer. 
         [0002]    In defect inspection of a substrate having patterns formed on a surface (i.e., a patterned substrate), defect detection sensitivity depends greatly upon how accurately a defect-diffracted/scattered detection beam of light, or a defect signal, can be detected in distinction from pattern-diffracted/scattered and underlayer-diffracted/scattered detection beams of light, or background light noise. During the inspection of a semiconductor wafer, in particular, the detection of even more microscopic defects is being demanded in response to the progress of further microstructured patterning, and how accurately a very weak defect signal from a microscopic defect can be extracted distinctively from background light noise is a big technological challenge associated with defect inspection. 
         [0003]    A vertical structure of a patterned substrate, which is an object to be inspected, and the kinds of defects to be detected are described below per  FIG. 2 , taking a semiconductor wafer as an example.  FIG. 2  uses reference numbers  20  to  35  and  201  to  251  to denote the vertical structure of the semiconductor wafer, and uses reference numbers  261  to  264  to denote the kinds of defects to be detected. 
         [0004]    Reference number  20  denotes an element isolation layer, and reference number  202  denotes a structure in which, after trenching of a silicon (Si) substrate  201 , the trenches are filled in with silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), which is an insulator, to provide electrical insulating separation between transistor elements formed on the wafer. Reference number  21  denotes a gate and contact layer, and reference number  211  denotes gate electrode portions formed from polysilicon (poly-Si). The gate electrode portions are greatly influential upon transistor performance, weighing heavily in defect inspection as well. Reference number  212  denotes contact portions. 
         [0005]    Each of the contact portions is where a transistor region and an electrical interconnect layer formed above the transistor region are interconnected via a metal, such as tungsten (W), that is buried in a hole etched in the insulating film (silicon dioxide: SiO 2 ). The interconnect layers  22  to  25  form a circuit. These layers are each filled in with an insulating film such as silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ). Reference number  22  denotes a first interconnect layer, which includes a first interconnect portion  221  for planar interconnection. A first via portion  222  is where the transistor region and an electrical interconnect layer formed further above the transistor region are interconnected via a metal buried in a hole etched in an insulating film such as silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ). Reference number  23  denotes a second interconnect layer, which includes a second interconnect portion  231  and a second via portion  232 . Similarly, reference number  24  denotes a third interconnect layer, which includes a third interconnect portion  241  and a third via portion  242 . Reference number  25  denotes a fourth interconnect layer, which includes a fourth interconnect portion  251 . 
         [0006]    The interconnect portion of each interconnect layer is formed from a material including a metal such as aluminum (Al) or copper (Cu). The metal buried in the via portion is formed from tungsten (W), copper (Cu), or the like. 
         [0007]    The defects to be detected are, for example, a scratch  261 , a short circuit  262  and electrical disconnection  264  that are both a pattern defect, and contamination  263 . 
         [0008]      FIG. 3  is an explanatory diagram of the steps, materials, and typical defects of each layer of the semiconductor device shown in  FIG. 2 . The layers of the semiconductor device are formed through various steps. These steps include: the step of depositing the material which forms the layer; the step of forming a resist pattern by lithography; the step of removing the layer-deposited material by etching it along the formed resist pattern; and chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) for planarization. 
         [0009]    The materials used in each layer and each fabrication step of the semiconductor device are diverse. The kinds of defects to be detected also vary from step to step; in the deposition step, they may be contamination, in the lithographic step for pattern formation and in the etching step, they may be contamination and pattern defects, and in the CMP step for polishing, they may be contamination and scratches. 
         [0010]    As described per  FIGS. 2 and 3 , patterns of various shapes and materials are involved in semiconductor wafer inspection, and defects of various kinds are detected. Inspection devices are configured so that a plurality of detection parameters can be set to obtain optimal defect detection sensitivity according to the particular shape and material of the pattern or the kind of defect to be detected. 
         [0011]    As described in JP-A-1997-304289 and JP-A-2007-524832, for example, semiconductor wafer defect inspection devices of a darkfield optical type that are used to inspect defects and contamination present on a substrate with patterns formed on a surface are constructed to illuminate the substrate from an oblique direction and converge the light scattered from the defects, instead of converging via an objective lens the light regularly reflected from the substrate. These inspection devices are also configured so that the light diffracted/scattered from a pattern or underlayer formed on the substrate will be converged via the objective lens, then intensity-reduced by a polarizing filter and/or a spatial filter, and received by a sensor. 
         [0012]    With the above configurations, the defect inspection devices of the darkfield optical type can generate an inspection image with a defect represented explicitly as a luminescent spot against a dark background. Therefore, even if image resolution is too high, that is, a sensor pixel size on the sample substrate surface is too large (but up to 0.3 μm), for a minimum size of defects to be detected, the devices can detect smaller defects, for example of 0.1 μm or less in diameter. Since defect inspection devices of the darkfield optical type have such a feature, they are widely used as high-speed high-sensitivity inspection devices on semiconductor device manufacturing lines. 
         [0013]    Semiconductor wafer defect inspection devices of the future will be required to have an ability to detect even more microscopic defects with the progress of further device-pattern microstructuring. To respond to this tendency, the optical systems in the patterned-wafer defect inspection devices of the darkfield optical type need to contain appropriate measures against the following several problems. 
         [0014]    One of the problems is how to augment a detection aperture (numerical aperture: NA) of the optical system to detect more efficiently the very weak light scattered from microscopic defects. During patterned-wafer defect inspection, however, it is necessary to detect the defect-scattered light in distinction from the light diffracted/scattered from the patterns or underlayer of the wafer. If the detection aperture is merely augmented, although signal intensity of the defect-scattered light will be increased, noise components of the light diffracted/scattered from the patterns or the underlayer will also increase and detection sensitivity of the defect will be difficult to improve. 
         [0015]    To cope with these problems, it is effective to utilize a difference in directionality between the defect-scattered light and the pattern- or underlayer-diffracted/scattered light. More specifically, it is effective to detect scattered light in a widest possible range from a plurality of different directions and conduct defect detection using scattered-light images obtained. For example, JP-A-1997-304289 (Patent Document 1) discloses a technique for inspecting defects by detecting scattered light from a plurality of directions. In addition, JP-A-2007-524832 (Patent Document 2) discloses a technique for inspecting defects using the scattered light acquired by a converging optical system placed in an upward direction and oblique direction of a substrate to be inspected. Furthermore, JP-A-2004-177284 (Patent Document 3) discloses a technique for inspecting defects using scattered-light images acquired by an imaging optical system placed in an upward direction and oblique direction of a substrate to be inspected. 
         [0016]    Furthermore, JP-A-2008-241688 (Patent Document 4) discloses a technique used to inspect defects by changing an angle of a reflecting mirror positioned between a substrate to be inspected and a detection optical system placed above the substrate, and thereby acquiring images of scattered light from a plurality of directions. 
         [0017]    Furthermore, JP-A-2010-54395 (Patent Document 5) discloses a technique used to inspect defects by placing a plurality of reflecting mirrors between a substrate to be inspected and a detection optical system placed above the substrate, and thereby acquiring images of scattered light from a plurality of directions. Moreover, JP-A-2008-261790 (Patent Document 6) discloses a technique for extending a scattered-light detection range by cutting off two end portions of each of circular lenses and using these lenses as part of a detection optical system for detecting scattered light from a plurality of directions. Besides, JP-A-2009-53132 (Patent Document 7) discloses a technique for inspecting defects by conducting comparative processing of scattered-light images acquired from a plurality of directions. 
         [0018]    If detectability of a detection optical system is enhanced in an attempt to detect finer defects, such changes as in ambient temperature and in atmospheric pressure will change imaging performance of the detection optical system, resulting in defect detection sensitivity decreasing. Techniques for improving this problem are described in, for example, JP-A-2002-90311, JP-A-2007-248086, and JP-A-2008-249571 (Patent Documents 8, 9, and 10). The techniques disclosed in Patent Documents 8 and 9 relate to correcting changes in imaging position due to changes in temperature and atmospheric pressure. The technique disclosed in Patent Document 10 relates to controlling an internal temperature of an inspection device. 
         [0019]    In connection with a scattered-laser-light detection type of defect inspection, “Principles of Optics” (M. Born, E. Wolf), Cambridge University Press, pp. 774-785, (1999) (Non-Patent Document 1) introduces the fact that intensity of a scattered-light signal from a microscopic object whose diameter or radius is smaller than a wavelength of light decreases inversely with the sixth power of a size of the object and increases in proportion to the fourth power of illumination wavelength. 
         [0020]    In addition, the relational expression representing the relationship between changes in ambient temperature and ambient air pressure and a change in the reflective index of air is shown in “The Reflective Index of Air” (Bengt Edlen), Metrologia vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 71-80, (1966) (Non-Patent Document 2). 
         [0021]    Furthermore, the relational expression representing the relationship between a change in wavelength and a change in the reflective index of a lens material is shown in “Zur Erklarung der abnormen Farbenfolge im Spectrum einiger Substanzen” (Wolfgang Sellmeier), Annalen der Physik and Chemie, pp. 272-282, (1871) (Non-Patent Document 3). 
       SUMMARY 
       [0022]    As described earlier herein, in darkfield defect inspection of a patterned substrate, defect detection sensitivity depends greatly upon how accurately a defect-diffracted/scattered detection beam of light, or a defect signal, can be detected in distinction from pattern-diffracted/scattered and underlayer-diffracted/scattered detection beams of light, or background light noise. It has also been described earlier herein that discrimination between a defect signal and background light noise is achievable by adopting any one of the techniques utilizing the differences between the scattered beams of light causing the defect signal and the background light noise, that is, the differences in the respective orientations of occurrence and polarization states due to the differences in the shape, material, and other factors of the object causing the scattered light. 
         [0023]    In darkfield inspection of a patterned substrate, on the other hand, a detection optical system is constituted by an imaging optical system, an image of the light scattered from the substrate to be inspected is acquired, and this acquired image undergoes processing for defect detection. Accordingly, defect detection sensitivity is greatly dictated by the quality of the scattered-light image acquired. For example, it is necessary, in addition to detecting scattered light from a direction different from the previous one and conducting optical filtering with a spatial filter, a polarizing filter, or the like, to construct the optical system so that the image of the scattered light will have the quality needed to discriminate between a defect signal and background light noise. 
         [0024]    As described earlier herein, to improve defect detection sensitivity, it is effective to increase the amount of information for defect detection, by detecting defects with a plurality of detection optical systems and acquiring, from one position of one object to be inspected, a plurality of scattered-light images different in features and characteristics. During image processing, in particular, it is effective not only to process each of the scattered-light images independently, but also to conduct comparisons between the scattered-light images different in features and characteristics. In addition, realizing this requires improving the quality of the scattered-light images acquired by the detection optical systems, and minimizing any differences in quality between the scattered-light images acquired by the detection optical systems. 
         [0025]    A challenge to be attained by the present invention is to realize the above-described two requirements relating to the improvement of defect detection sensitivity by comparative analysis of a plurality of scattered-light images different in features and characteristics, that is, (a) improving the quality of scattered-light images acquired by a plurality of detection optical systems, and (b) minimizing the differences in quality between the scattered-light images acquired by the detection optical systems. 
         [0026]    The inventions described in Patent Documents 1 to 7 relate to techniques for improving defect detection sensitivity by using an appropriate detection optical system according to the direction in which light is scattered, and the invention in Patent Document 1 only detects the amount of light scattered and does not presuppose image acquisition. At least the invention in Patent Document 1 is therefore considered to be unable to meet the challenge that the technique of the present invention is to attain. 
         [0027]    The inventions described in Patent Documents 2 and 3 do not presuppose conducting comparisons between a plurality of scattered-light images different in features and characteristics, and are thus considered to be unable to meet the challenge that the technique of the present invention is to attain. 
         [0028]    In the inventions according to Patent Documents 4 and 5, when a plurality of kinds of scattered-light images different in detection direction are acquired, the detection optical system to be used is changed in configuration, which causes differences in quality between the plurality of kinds of scattered-light images. For this reason, the inventions described in Patent Documents 4, 5 are considered to be unable to meet the challenge that the technique of the present invention is to attain. 
         [0029]    In the invention according to Patent Document 6 is disclosed a technique that relates to avoiding mutual interference of light between a plurality of detection optical systems arranged in different directions, and the technique uses a plurality of circular lenses whose portions that are likely to cause the mutual interference of light are cut off. The particular technique, however, does not envisage ensuring the quality of the scattered-light images obtained when the substrate to be inspected is detected from an oblique direction, so the technique is considered to be unable to meet the challenge that the technique of the present invention is to attain. 
         [0030]    The invention described in Patent Document 7 relates to a method of detecting defects by arranging a plurality of detection optical systems in different directions, detecting images different in scattering direction, and comparing the images, or a method of detecting defects by detecting scattered light with a detection optical system having a large NA value of at least 0.7, then branching an optical path and detecting images different in scattering direction, and comparing the images. When a plurality of detection optical systems are arranged in different directions, however, contention for a mounting space (i.e., the possible interference of light) between the plurality of detection optical systems will usually make it difficult to ensure a large detection aperture. In the detection optical system with the large NA value of at least 0.7, it is also difficult, in terms of lens design, to ensure a long working distance (W.D.) between the lens end and the object to be inspected. This means that in the darkfield optical type of defect inspection, in particular, it is difficult to realize a configuration needed to ensure the space for guiding laser illumination light (see  FIG. 4 ) to the wafer surface. In addition, the above invention does not envisage ensuring the quality of the scattered-light images obtained when the substrate to be inspected is detected from an oblique direction, so the technique is considered to be unable to meet the challenge that the technique of the present invention is to attain. 
         [0031]    The inventions described in Patent Documents 8 to 10 relate to techniques for accommodating changes in imaging characteristics due to ambient environmental changes, and the inventions in Patent Documents 8, 9 only conduct corrections for in-focus position variations due to the ambient environmental changes, and do not allow for other changes in characteristics, so the corresponding techniques are considered to be unable to meet the challenge that the technique of the present invention is to attain. The invention described in Patent Document 10 only holds a constant temperature environment and does not allow for changes in atmospheric pressure, so the invention is considered to be unable to meet the challenge that the technique of the present invention is to attain. 
         [0032]    The present invention contemplates the improvement of defect detection sensitivity, based on comparative analysis of a plurality of scattered-light images different in features and characteristics, and an object of the invention is to provide a defect inspection method and defect inspection device that enables the improvement of quality of scattered-light images acquired by a plurality of detection optical systems, and the minimization of any differences in quality between the scattered-light images acquired by the detection optical systems. 
         [0033]    The present invention includes a plurality of means to solve the problems. Among these means is a defect inspection method, which includes: an illumination step of irradiating a surface-patterned object to be inspected, with light from an illumination optical system in such a way as to form a linear illumination region on the surface of the object; a detection step of converging via a detection optical system the light reflected/scattered from the object, then forming an optical image of the object surface on an image sensor, and converting the reflected/scattered light into an electrical signal; a defect discrimination step of extracting a defect signal by processing the electrical signal that has been obtained by the photo-electric conversion; and a scanning step of moving the object in a mounted condition and applying the detection step to the entire surface of the object. The detection step is conducted using a plurality of detection optical systems and image sensors, and the defect discrimination step is conducted to extract the defect signal by comparing detection images obtained by the plurality of detection optical systems and image sensors. The detection optical systems used in the detection step have the same construction and are arranged so that respective optical axes form different angles of elevation in one plane perpendicular to a surface formed and defined by a longitudinal direction of the linear illumination region and a line normal to the object surface; detection lenses used in the detection optical systems are composite lens assemblies, part of which include oval shaped lenses of a left-right symmetrical shape created by cutting off left and right end portions of a circular lens rectilinearly, and rectilinear portions of the detection lenses are disposed to be perpendicular to a surface formed by the optical axes of the detection optical systems; in the illumination step, the longitudinal direction of the linear illumination region is formed to be perpendicular to the optical axes of the detection optical systems; and in the scanning step, scanning is conducted in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the linear illumination region. 
         [0034]    Another example that the present invention provides as the means for solving the problems is a defect inspection method, which includes: irradiating a linear region on a surface-patterned sample mounted on a table which moves in a plane, with illumination light from an inclined direction relative to a direction of a line normal to the sample; detecting from each of a plurality of directions an image of scattered light originating from the sample irradiated with the illumination light; and detecting a defect on the sample by processing signals obtained by the detection of the images of the scattered light. The step of detecting the scattered light image in the plural directions is performed through oval shaped lenses in which elevation angles of the optical axes thereof are different from each other, within one plane perpendicular to a plane formed by the normal to the surface of the table on which to mount the sample and the longitudinal direction of the linear region irradiated with the irradiation light, the oval shaped lenses being formed of circular lenses having left and right portions thereof cut. 
         [0035]    Yet another example that the present invention provides as the means for solving the problems is a defect inspection device, which includes: a table unit adapted to move in a plane with a surface-patterned sample mounted on the table unit; an illumination optics unit that irradiates a linear region on the sample mounted on the table unit, with illumination light from an inclined direction relative to a direction of a line normal to the patterned surface of the sample; a detection optics unit that detects an image of scattered light originating from the sample irradiated with the illumination light by the illumination optics unit; and an image-processing unit that detects a defect on the sample by processing a signal obtained from the image of the scattered light that the detection optics unit has detected. The detection optics unit includes a plurality of detection optical systems arranged so that oval shaped lenses in which elevation angles of the optical axes thereof are different from each other are arranged within one plane perpendicular to a plane formed by the normal to the surface of the table unit on which to mount the sample and the longitudinal direction of the linear region irradiated with the irradiation light by the illumination optics unit. The detection optical systems each include an objective lens that is the oval shaped lenses formed of circular lenses having left and right portions thereof cut. 
         [0036]    In accordance with the present invention, adoption of the configuration outlined above enables high-NA (numerical aperture) detection of images from a plurality of directions, and hence, realization of highly sensitive inspection by effective detection of the light scattered from a microscopic defect. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0037]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram showing a basic configuration of a defect inspection device in a first embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0038]      FIG. 2  is a partial sectional view of a patterned substrate to be inspected, the sectional view showing a vertical structure of the patterned substrate and the kinds of defects to be detected; 
           [0039]      FIG. 3  is a diagram showing a flow of the steps of forming various layers of a semiconductor device, the flow diagram also listing names of materials and typical defects on a layer-by-layer basis; 
           [0040]      FIG. 4  is a plan view (a), side view (b), and front view (c) of an oval shaped lens used in the first embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0041]      FIG. 5  is a plan view (a) and front view (b) of oval shaped lenses as arranged in the first embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0042]      FIG. 6  is a front view of oval shaped lenses that illustrates an example in which the oval shaped lenses in the first embodiment of the present invention are constructed using composite lenses; 
           [0043]      FIG. 7  is a plan view (a) showing an example in which various objective lenses of detection units are each composed of a circular lens, and a plan view (b) showing an example in which the objective lenses are each composed of an oval shaped lens; 
           [0044]      FIG. 8  is a block diagram of a detection optical system that illustrates thin-line illumination as used in the first embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0045]      FIG. 9A  is a graph representing a relationship between atmospheric pressure and lens aberration; 
           [0046]      FIG. 9B  is a graph representing a relationship between lens aberration and Strehl ratio; 
           [0047]      FIG. 10  is a front view showing schematically a detection optical system configuration including a mechanism to correct a change in ambient air pressure in a second embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0048]      FIG. 11  is a perspective view of a patterned substrate as mounted on a stage unit prior to defect inspection, the perspective view illustrating a direction of illumination by an illumination optical system in the second embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0049]      FIG. 12  is a front view (a) representing a relationship between the patterned substrate to be inspected and an objective lens of a detection unit, and a plan view (b) representing a relationship between the patterned substrate that has been illuminated with a thin linear beam of light, and the objective lens of the detection unit; 
           [0050]      FIG. 13  is a graph of changes in refractive index of air, plotted against changes in atmospheric pressure; 
           [0051]      FIG. 14  is a graph of changes in refractive index of synthetic quartz, plotted against changes in wavelength of light passed through a lens; 
           [0052]      FIG. 15  shows a first example of a mechanism which changes a wavelength of the illumination light source; and 
           [0053]      FIG. 16  shows a second example of a mechanism which changes the wavelength of the illumination light source. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0054]    Hereunder, embodiments of the present invention will be described using the accompanying drawings. 
         [0055]    While the following description takes defect inspection of a semiconductor wafer as an example, the present invention is not limited to the example and can be applied to a method and device for inspecting other objects on which patterns are formed. For example, the invention can also be applied to inspection of substrates used for flat-panel displays such as a liquid-crystal display, plasma display, and organic EL display, and for patterned data-storage products such as discrete track media (DTM) and bit-patterned media (BPM). 
       First Embodiment 
       [0056]      FIG. 1  shows an example of a defect inspection device configuration as a first embodiment. The defect inspection device according to the present embodiment includes an illumination optics unit  10 , a detection optics unit  11 , a data-processing unit  12 , a stage unit  13 , and a total control unit  01 . 
         [0057]    The illumination optics unit  10  includes a light source  101 , a polarization state controller  102 , a beam-forming unit  103 , and a thin-line converging optics system  104 . Illumination light that has emitted from the light source  101  in this configuration is passed through the polarization state controller  102  and the beam-forming unit  103 , and then introduced into the thin-line converging optics system  104 . The polarization state controller  102  is a member including such polarizers as a half-wave plate and a quarter-wave plate. The polarization state controller  102 , further fitted with a driving element (not shown) that is adapted to rotate about an optical axis of the illumination optical system, controls a polarization state of the light used to illuminate a wafer  001  mounted on the stage unit  13 . The beam-forming unit  103  is an optical unit that forms thin-line illumination described later herein, and the optical unit includes a beam expander, an anamorphic prism, and the like. 
         [0058]    The thin-line converging optics system  104 , which includes a cylindrical lens as its major element, illuminates a thin linear illumination region  1000  of the wafer (substrate)  001  with illumination light formed into a shape of a thin line. The description of the present embodiment assumes that as shown in  FIG. 1 , a cross direction of the thin-line illumination (i.e., a direction perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the thin-line illumination region) is a stage scan direction  1300  (x-direction) and the longitudinal direction of the thin-line illumination is a y-direction. 
         [0059]    In addition, in the present embodiment a narrow region is illuminated in this way by the thin-line illumination, one of purposes of which is to improve inspection throughput by enhancing intensity of the illumination (energy density of the illumination) for the object, that is, the wafer (substrate). To this end, the light source  101  is desirably a laser light source, or a highly converging and highly coherent light source that emits linearly polarized light. Additionally, as discussed in the “Background” hereof, reduction in a wavelength of the light source is effective partly for increasing the amount of light scattered from a defect, and the present embodiment envisages an ultraviolet (UV) laser as the light source  101 . For example, the embodiment uses either a YAG (Yttrium Aluminum Garnet)-THG (third-harmonic generation) solid-state laser of 355 nm in wavelength, a YAG-FHG (fourth-harmonic generation) solid-state laser of 266 nm in wavelength, or a 213-nm, 199-nm, 193-nm solid-state laser of a sum-frequency generation type based on a combination of YAG-FHG and YAG fundamental waves. 
         [0060]    The light diffracted/scattered from the wafer  001  which has undergone the thin-line illumination from the illumination optics unit  10  is detected through the detection optics system  11 . The detection optics system  11  includes three detection units, namely,  11   a ,  11   b , and  11   c . Although the configuration with the three detection units is shown in the present embodiment, the detection optics system is not limited to the example and may use two detection units or at least four detection units. Hereinafter, for ease of distinction, constituent elements of the detection unit  11   a  as a first detection unit, those of the detection unit  11   b  as a second detection unit, and those of the detection unit  11   c  as a third detection unit, are expressed with suffixes “a”, “b”, and “c”, respectively, at ends of reference numbers. 
         [0061]    The first detection unit  11   a  includes an objective lens  111   a , a spatial filter  112   a , a polarizing filter  113   a , an imaging lens  114   a , and an image sensor  115   a . The second detection unit  11   b  and the third detection unit  11   c  also include substantially the same optical elements as the above. 
         [0062]    Operation of the first detection unit  11   a  is described below. The diffracted/scattered light from the wafer  001  is converged by the objective lens  111   a , and an image of the wafer-scattered light is formed on the image sensor  115   a  by the imaging lens  114   a . The second detection unit  11   b  and the third detection unit  11   c  also operate in substantially the same form as the above. That is to say, the diffracted/scattered light is converged by objective lenses  111   b ,  111   c , and images of the wafer-scattered light are formed on image sensors  115   b ,  115   c  by imaging lenses  114   b ,  114   c . The objective lenses  111   a ,  111   b ,  111   c  here are each formed by, as shown in  FIG. 1 , a lens obtained by cutting off left and right end portions of a circular lens rectilinearly (hereinafter referred to as an oval shaped lens). Configurations and advantageous effects of the objective lenses will be described in detail later herein. 
         [0063]    The spatial filters  112   a ,  112   b ,  112   c  in the detection optics system  11  block the light regularly diffracted from cyclic patterns regularly formed on the substrate, thereby reduce detection-associated background noise, and improve defect detection sensitivity. The polarizing filters (polarizers)  113   a ,  113   b ,  113   c  are used to filter out a specific polarization component included in detected light, thus reduce background noise, and improve defect detection sensitivity. 
         [0064]    The image sensors  115   a ,  115   b ,  115   c  each convert a detected optical image into an electrical signal by photo-electric conversion. In general, charge-coupled device (CCD) sensors, complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensors, time delay integration (TDI) sensors, or other array sensors are used as the image sensors. Photodiode (PD) arrays, avalanche photodiode (APD) arrays, or photomultiplier tube (PMT) arrays may be used as alternatives to the image sensors. 
         [0065]    The above-mentioned thin linear illumination region  1000  on the substrate is illuminated so as to scatter the illumination light collectively toward a detection range of the image sensor  115  for enhanced illumination efficiency (this avoids inefficient illumination that causes scattering in a direction overstepping the detection range of the image sensor). The present embodiment assumes that the image sensors  115   a ,  115   b ,  115   c  are line sensors. 
         [0066]    The three detection units,  11   a ,  11   b ,  11   c , arranged in the detection optics system  11  of the present embodiment are of the same construction. This reduces any differences in quality between the scattered-light images detected by the detection units, and thereby raises extraction accuracy of a defect signal, based on comparison results of the scattered-light images obtained by the different detection units during imaging. The arrangement of the detection units having the same construction also helps reduce a manufacturing man-hour requirement and manufacturing cost of the inspection device. 
         [0067]    The data-processing unit  12  uses signal-processing units  121   a ,  121   b ,  121   c  to conduct A-D conversion of the detection image signals which the first, second, and third image sensors,  115   a ,  115   b ,  115   c , have acquired by photo-electric conversion, and then to generate inspection image data by conducting a process such as noise reduction or noise removal. 
         [0068]    Reference number  122  denotes an image-processing unit, in which the inspection image data that the signal-processing units  121   a ,  121   b ,  121   c  have generated undergoes image processing based on comparison with reference image data and a defect signal is extracted from comparison results. The reference image data may be created from design data relating to the circuit patterns formed on the wafer, or may be stored image data obtained after imaging of those patterns on different sections of the wafer that originally have the same shape as that of any one of the patterns, or may be image data obtained between different detection units by imaging the same section on the wafer. 
         [0069]    In the extraction of the defect signal, information contained in the scattered-light images which have been obtained by the first, second, and third detection systems (optics) undergoes processing and the defect is extracted. During the extraction of the defect signal, not only the image obtained by each detection system is subjected to independent processing, the images obtained by the different detection systems are also subjected to comparative processing. 
         [0070]    The control unit  01  controls the illumination optics system  10 , the detection optics system  11 , the data-processing unit  12 , and the stage unit  13 . 
         [0071]    The stage unit  13 , which is a mechanism that moves the mounted wafer  001  in xyz directions, includes an X-stage  131  and a Y-stage  132 , each of which has an x-axial or y-axial movement stroke to enable the detection optics system  11  to inspect the entire wafer surface, and a Z-stage  133  has a z-axial movement stroke to control a z-position of the wafer surface (the surface to be inspected) within a focus range of the detection optics system  11 , even if the wafer is not uniform in thickness. 
         [0072]    Stage movements of the stage unit  13  during inspection are controlled in the following fashion. As shown in  FIG. 1 , the wafer  001  is illuminated at the thin linear illumination region  1000  having a longitudinal dimension as length “Li” in a direction of the y-axis. During inspection, the X-stage  131  continuously moves the wafer  001  in a direction  1300  of the x-axis and the three detection units of the detection optics system  11  scan the wafer to acquire images. 
         [0073]    In the example of  FIG. 1 , where, for example, a left edge of the wafer is taken as a starting position of movement, the X-stage  131  moves the wafer until the stage has reached an opposite edge (right edge) of the wafer, and the detection optics system  11  scans across the wafer surface, that is, between the left and right edges. After the opposite (right) edge of the wafer has been reached, in order to provide for next scan, the Y-stage  132  moves the wafer in steps through the length “Li” of the illumination region  1000  in the direction of the y-axis, then the X-stage  131  continuously moves in a direction opposite to that of the previous movement, and the detection optics system  11  acquires wafer images by scanning the wafer in substantially the same manner as that of the previous scan. The entire wafer surface is inspected by repetition of such processing. 
         [0074]    During scanning, if the wafer goes out of the focus range of the detection optics system  11 , the quality of the wafer images acquired will deteriorate and defect detection sensitivity will decrease. In order to avoid this, the z-position of the wafer surface is controlled by the Z-stage  133  to always stay within the focus range of the detection optics systems  11  during scanning. The z-position of the wafer surface is detected by a wafer surface z-position detection device not shown. 
         [0075]    Defocusing significantly affects the quality of the acquired wafer images and can be a cause of a significant decrease in defect detection sensitivity. In order to avoid this, the illumination optical system and the detection optical system are constructed as follows in the present embodiment: the detection units having the same construction in the detection optics system are arranged so that respective optical axes differ from one another in detection angle of elevation in one plane (hereinafter, this plane is referred to as the detection optical-axis plane) and so that the detection optical-axis plane is perpendicular to a plane formed by two elements, that is, a line normal to the object surface to be inspected, and the longitudinal direction of the thin linear illumination region  1000 . 
         [0076]    Since the detection units are arranged in this form, when the same detection optics system is disposed in plurality and scattered light is detected from different directions, distances from those points within a detection range, on the surface to be inspected, that are detected by the image sensors (line sensors) of the detection optics system  11 , to detection surfaces of the image sensors, can be kept the same and even without a special mechanism, scattered-light images in focus can be obtained over entire detection regions of the image sensors (line sensors). 
         [0077]    The objective lenses  111   a ,  111   b ,  111   c  of the present embodiment, described earlier, are each formed using an oval shaped lens of a left-right symmetrical shape that is obtained by cutting off the left and right end portions of a circular lens rectilinearly, and are arranged so that the cut rectilinear portions are perpendicular to the detection optical-axis plane described above. When a plurality of detection units are arranged, therefore, the use of the oval shaped lenses, compared with the use of ordinary circular lenses, enables the extension of a detection aperture for enhanced capturing efficiency of the scattered light. The use of the oval shaped lenses also enables the acquisition of in-focus scattered-light images over the entire detection regions of the image sensors (line sensors)  115   a ,  115   b ,  115   c . The use of the oval shaped lenses additionally enables the detection of uniform image quality over the entire detection regions of the image sensors (line sensors) by constructing symmetrical optics with respect to the plane formed by the longitudinal direction of the image sensors (line sensors)  115   a ,  115   b ,  115   c  and the optical axes of the detection units  11   a ,  11   b ,  11   c.    
         [0078]    In addition, the plurality of detection units (in the present embodiment, three units, namely  11   a ,  11   b ,  11   c ) are arranged so that the respective optical axes are symmetrical with respect to the plane formed by two elements, that is, the line normal to the object surface to be inspected, and the longitudinal direction of the thin linear illumination region  1000  on the object surface. When the images acquired by different sets of detection optics systems undergo comparative processing for the extraction of a defect signal, the above arrangement of the detection units facilitates comparative processing of those images. For example, detecting one position from the left and right sides thereof at the same detection angle of elevation in the above arrangement enables the acquisition of two scattered-light images having substantially the same quality and reflecting only the difference in the direction of occurrence of the scattered light, and then executing comparative processing of the two images enables highly accurate extraction of a defect signal. Furthermore, at least one of the plurality of detection units (in the present embodiment, three units, namely  11   a ,  11   b ,  11   c ) in the present embodiment is disposed so that the corresponding optical axis is in alignment with the line normal to the object surface to be inspected. This disposition facilitates device state monitoring with reference image quality assigned to the image acquired through the particular detection unit. 
         [0079]    As will be described later herein, the detection optical systems for oblique detection (in the present embodiment, the detection units  11   b ,  11   c ) are liable to significantly deteriorate the quality of the detection images (scattered-light images) in case of defocusing. In the present embodiment, a plurality of detection units having the same configuration are arranged and if their original performance is exhibited, the scattered-light images acquired by the detection units will have substantially equal quality. At this time, however, if all detection units of the device are constructed only of the oblique-detection optical systems, it is estimated that all the units will cause similar image deterioration due to defocused oblique detection. In addition, if this actually occurs, it will be difficult to determine to what extent the actually acquired image quality satisfies the image quality that originally ought to be obtained. 
         [0080]    If one detection unit (in the configuration of  FIG. 1 , the detection unit  11   a ) is disposed so that its optical axis is in alignment with the line normal to the object surface to be inspected, the deterioration of a detection image in the corresponding optics due to defocusing will be less significant than that of the other detection units for oblique detection (in the present embodiment, the detection units  11   b  and  11   c ). Accordingly, when the quality of the scattered-light image acquired by the particular optics is adopted as a reference, the quality of the scattered-light images acquired by the other units can be appropriately evaluated and device state monitoring and on-trouble adjustment become easy. 
         [0081]    A configuration of the oval shaped lenses in the present embodiment is described below using  FIGS. 4 to 7 . 
         [0082]      FIG. 4  is an explanatory diagram illustrating a single-lens shape of one oval shaped lens,  111 . This planar shape of the oval shaped lens  111  is created by, as shown in  FIG. 4(   a ), cutting a circular lens along two rectilinear cutting planes,  1110 , thereof into an oval shaped of a left-right symmetrical shape. A side shape is created by, as shown in  FIG. 4(   c ), cutting the lens obliquely so that if a detection aperture angle obtained in a short-side direction of the single lens by combining the lens in plurality to construct a composite lens assembly is expressed as θW2, a distance from a focus plane of each lens as L, and half width of the lens as W2, then a relationship of W2≈L·tan θW2 exists. Thus the x-axial detection aperture θW2 of the lens, shown in  FIG. 4(   c ), differs from a y-axial aperture θW1 shown in  FIG. 4(   b ), and it follows that θW1&gt;θW2. The following describes how the oval shaped lenses are to be arranged in the actual device to realize such a relationship. 
         [0083]      FIG. 5  is a diagram that illustrates layout of the oval shaped lenses in the inspection device. Section (a) of  FIG. 5  is a plan view of the oval shaped lenses, and section (b) is a front view thereof. The three oval shaped objective lenses,  111   a ,  111   b ,  111   c , in an x-y plane of FIG.  5 ( a ) all have the same aperture, but since the optical axes of the objective lenses  111   b ,  111   c  are inclined and these two objective lenses are shown in x-y plane view, the two objective lenses are depicted as if both were seemingly smaller than the objective lens  111   a.    
         [0084]    The three oval shaped objective lenses,  111   a ,  111   b ,  111   c , are arranged so that respective focus positions match the position of the thin linear illumination region  1000 . At this time, the optical axes of the oval shaped objective lenses  111   a ,  111   b ,  111   c  meet together on one such planar section of the detection optical-axis plane  1112  that is perpendicular to the plane formed by two elements, that is, the line  1111  normal to the surface of the wafer  001 , and the longitudinal direction (y-axis direction) of the thin linear illumination region  1000 . In addition, the optical axes are of symmetrical layout about the line  1111  normal to the surface of the wafer  001 . The cutting planes  1110   a ,  1110   b ,  1110   c  of each lens are as close as possible to one another, and are also substantially parallel to one another. Furthermore, the cutting planes  1110   a ,  1110   b ,  1110   c  of the lens are oriented in a direction parallel to the longitudinal direction of the thin linear illumination region  1000 , and when inspection images are acquired, the wafer is scanned in a direction  1300  perpendicular to the direction of the cutting planes. 
         [0085]    The detection aperture of the lens has the angle of θW2 in the x-direction and the angle of θW1 in the y-direction. While the aperture size of the lens as considered as an independent element is greater in the y-direction than in the x-direction, combination of the lenses  111   a ,  111   b ,  111   c  enables an aperture of the entire composite lens assembly to be extended in the x-direction. 
         [0086]      FIG. 6 , which assumes that the actual objective lenses are composite lens assemblies each formed from a combination of single lenses, is an explanatory diagram illustrating an example in which each of the composite lens assemblies is constituted by oval shaped lenses.  FIG. 6  shows an example in which each objective lens assembly  111   a ,  111   b ,  111   c  is constructed using 12 composite lenses. In this case, not all of the 12 lenses need to be oval shape lenses. Since an increase in distance from the wafer  001  also causes an increase in distance between the optical axes of the lenses, if the lenses are circular, interference between them is likely, so these interfering lenses are preferably replaced by oval shaped lenses. 
         [0087]    In the present embodiment, since interference between circular lenses is likely, nine lenses closer to the wafer are oval shaped lenses. A basic state of cutting is the same as that described in  FIG. 4 . That is to say, the nine front lenses of each of the objective lens assemblies  111   a ,  111   b ,  111   c  are formed from circular lenses cut for a detection aperture angle θW, along cutting planes  1110   a ,  1110   b ,  1110   c.    
         [0088]    The three rear lenses, which do not interfere with each other, need no cutting, so they are not cut. In addition, as in  FIG. 5 , the three objective lenses,  111   a ,  111   b ,  111   c , are arranged so that respective focus positions match the position of the thin linear illumination region  1000 . At this time, the optical axes of the oval shaped objective lenses  111   a ,  111   b ,  111   c  meet together on one plane (equivalent to the detection optical-axis plane  1112 ) that is perpendicular to the plane formed by two elements, that is, the line  1111  normal to the surface of the wafer  001 , and the longitudinal direction (y-axis direction, not shown) of the thin linear illumination region  1000 . In addition, the optical axes are of symmetrical layout about the line  1111  normal to the surface of the wafer  001 . The cutting planes  1110   a ,  1110   b ,  1110   c  of each lens are as close as possible to one another, and are also substantially parallel to one another. 
         [0089]      FIG. 7  is an explanatory diagram that illustrates advantages arising from adopting oval shaped lenses.  FIG. 7(   a ) shows apertures obtained when light is detected from three different directions using circular lenses  111   na ,  111   nb ,  111   nc  of the same size. The apertures of the lenses are all of the same size and circular, but since the optical axes of the objective lenses  111   nb ,  111   nc  are inclined and these two objective lenses are shown in x-y plane view, the two objective lenses are depicted as if both were seemingly smaller than the objective lens  111   na.    
         [0090]    To avoid lens-to-lens interference in this case, it is necessary to make the lens apertures, and since these apertures are circular, it is further necessary to make the apertures smaller in both an x-direction and a y-direction. The detection optics system in the present example assumes forming wafer images with the imaging optics, and for this purpose, envisages a condition of arranging the plurality of objective lenses so that the respective optical axes meet together in one plane. For this reason, if a plurality of circular lenses are arranged on the above assumption, this arrangement is likely to cause an inconvenience of the detection aperture sizes being very much limited, especially the y-axial dimension of each detection aperture becoming too small. 
         [0091]    On the other hand, if as shown in  FIG. 7(   b ), oval shaped objective lenses  111   a ,  111   b ,  111   c  are adopted and x-axial and y-axial aperture dimensions of each of the objective lenses are made to be optionally settable, it suffices just to make the x-axial aperture of one objective lens smaller for avoidance of interference and arrange a correspondingly larger number of lenses in the x-direction. Additionally, any necessary y-axial aperture dimensions of the lenses can be set, irrespective of the x-axial aperture dimension(s), and even if an image is to be detected using a plurality of sets of detection optics systems, capturing efficiency of scattered light can be significantly improved in comparison with a case in which the detection optics system is constituted by circular lenses. 
         [0092]    Next, necessity for the thin-line illumination in the present embodiment is described below using  FIG. 8 . In addition to objective lenses  111   a  and  111   b , a third objective lens is actually located to the left of the objective lens  111   a , and thus three detection units constitute a detection optics system. For simplicity, however, the detection unit actually present at the left of the objective lens  111   a  is omitted and an example assuming that the detection optics system is constituted by two detection units is described here. 
         [0093]    This example assumes that a second detection unit shown with suffix “b” has an optical axis inclined at an elevation angle θd with respect to the surface of the wafer  001  that is to be inspected, and that the objective lens  111   b  has an aperture angle θW, that is, the objective lens  111   b  has an x-axial numerical aperture NAx represented as follows: 
         [0000]        NAx =sin θ W   (Numerical expression 1)
 
         [0094]    When the wavelength of the illumination light source is expressed as λ, if a depth of focus of the objective lens  111   b  is expressed as DOF, then: 
         [0000]        DOF =λ/(sin θ W ) 2   (Numerical expression 2)
 
         [0095]    The thin linear illumination region  1000  on the wafer is illuminated with an illumination width “Wi” of light. If the illumination light oversteps a DOF range of the objective lens  111   b  of the second detection unit, scattered light from regions outside the DOF range will enter and images of the scattered light will contain a blurring component, which will in turn deteriorate the image quality of the scattered light, thus reducing defect detection sensitivity. To prevent the reduction in sensitivity from occurring, it is necessary that the thin linear illumination region  1000  and the illumination width “Wi” should fall within the DOF range of the objective lens  111   b  of the second detection unit, that is, that the following relationship should hold: 
         [0000]        Wi&lt;DOF /sin θ d   (Numerical expression 3)
 
         [0096]    In addition to this, depending on control accuracy of the z-stage, the detection position of the wafer is likely to move in the direction of the optical axis of the second detection optical unit. If the control accuracy of the z-stage is taken as ±Δz, the change in the detection position can be expressed as follows: 
         [0000]      ±Δ z /cos θ d   (Numerical expression 4)
 
         [0097]    Putting these together, the following becomes the condition necessary to acquire blur-free images of scattered light in the oblique-detection optical systems: 
         [0000]        DOF /sin θ d&gt;Wi+ 2×(Δ z /cos θ d )  (Numerical expression 5)
 
         [0098]    When a magnification of the second detection optical unit is expressed as M, the image sensor (line sensor)  115   b  in the oblique-detection optical system  12  desirably has the following value as a pixel size Wd1 in the scanning direction of the x-stage: 
         [0000]        Wd 1≧ M×Wi ×sin θ d   (Numerical expression 6)
 
         [0099]    This is because the image sensor  115   b  needs to detect the scattered light originating from all illumination regions, improve detection efficiency of the scattered light, and hence improve inspection throughput. In other words, if the pixel size Wd1 of the image sensor  115   b  is such that 
         [0000]        Wd 1&lt; M×Wi ×sin θ d   (Numerical expression 7)
 
         [0100]    and the detection range is limited to a portion of the illumination range, then the illumination light falling outside the detection range of the image sensor  115   b  will not be used effectively, the amount of light detected will decrease, and inspection throughput will also decrease. 
         [0101]    Similarly, the image sensor  115   a  of a first detection unit shown with suffix “a” desirably satisfies the following relationship in terms of illumination light utilization efficiency: 
         [0000]        Wd 1≧ M×Wi   (Numerical expression 8)
 
         [0102]    For reduced device costs, the inspection device of the present embodiment assumes that the respective objective lenses  111   a ,  111   b , imaging lenses  114   a ,  114   b , and image sensors  115   a ,  115   b  of the first and second optical units for detection are common in specifications. Depending on the device configuration, therefore, the larger of the values predetermined per numerical expressions 6 and 8 can be set as a pixel size Ws1 of the image sensors  115   a ,  115   b  in the scanning direction of the stage. 
         [0103]    A pixel size Wd2 of the image sensors  115   a ,  115   b , in a direction (y-direction, sensor arrayal direction) perpendicular to the scanning direction of the stage, does not need to be the same as Wd1. Signals are desirably sampled at a rate N (N=1, 2 . . . ) based on y-axial resolution of the objective lenses  111   a ,  111   b , that is, on numerical expression 9 defined from the formula relating to the Rayleigh&#39;s diffraction limit. Briefly, a preferable value of the pixel size is: 
         [0000]        Wd 2=(0.61×λ/ NAy )/ N  ( N= 1,2 . . . )  (Numerical expression 9)
 
         [0104]    An appropriate sampling rate N to be assigned subject to the Nyquist theorem is at least 2, and if possible, nearly 4. However, even if a larger value is assigned (i.e., even if the pixel size is made smaller than necessary), this is ineffective in terms of the improvement of inspection image quality and only results in narrowed inspection area and hence in reduced inspection throughput, so that the appropriate value within the above range needs to be set. 
         [0105]    For these reasons, the pixels of the image sensors in the present embodiment are desirably the rectangular pixels that satisfy Wd1&gt;Wd2, that is, the pixels whose size generally differs between the scanning direction of the stage and the direction perpendicular to this scanning direction. 
         [0106]    In the present embodiment, which envisages the use of the oval shaped lenses, whereas the x-axial lens numerical aperture NAx is restricted by the arrangement of the lenses, the y-axial lens numerical aperture NAy is not subject to the restriction. Increasing NAy without any such restriction, therefore, enables Y-axial resolution to be raised and thus the image quality of the scattered light to be correspondingly enhanced. X-axial resolution can likewise be raised, regardless of the aperture sizes of the lenses, by reducing the line width “Wi” of the thin-line illumination below the x-axial lens resolution of 0.61×λ/NAx and narrowing the illumination range. The use of the oval shaped lenses is particularly effective in a case that the number of detection units is increased and the x-axial aperture sizes of the objective lenses are correspondingly reduced. 
         [0107]    An example in which the three detection units,  11   a  to  11   c , of the detection optics system  11  all include the same optical elements has been described in the above embodiment. However, the present invention is not limited to this configuration and may adopt a configuration in which the objective lens  111   a  of the first detection unit  11   a  is made larger than the objective lenses  111   b  and  111   c  of the second and third detection units  11   b  and  11   c . Thus, the light scattered perpendicularly relative to the wafer  001  and the light scattered in a vicinity thereof will be converged in greater amounts by that objective lens  111   a  to form the images obtained. With this configuration, the detection optics system can have the NA of the first detection unit  11   a  increased and detect even more microscopic defects with the first detection unit  11   a.    
       Second Embodiment 
       [0108]    Changes in ambient environment significantly affect the image quality of the scattered light. Although changes in temperature can be accommodated by merely providing a temperature control mechanism inside the device, it is difficult in terms of costs to provide, against changes in atmospheric pressure, a structure or mechanism that keeps an internal atmospheric pressure of the entire device constant. 
         [0109]      FIGS. 9A and 9B  are diagrams that explain impacts of atmospheric pressure changes upon the deterioration of image quality.  FIG. 9A  shows calculation results that indicate how changes in atmospheric pressure vary lens aberration. For example, even if a lens is assembled and adjusted under an environment of 1,000 hPa and aberration is controlled below 0.1λ, a decrease of the atmospheric pressure to 850 hPa degrades aberration to 0.2λ. 
         [0110]    The degradation in aberration is a component that cannot be sufficiently corrected by adjustment of the imaging position, as in the prior-art devices discussed earlier herein.  FIG. 9B  illustrates the adverse effects of such degradation upon images of scattered light. In the case that aberration degrades from 0.1λ to 0.2λ, the Strehl ratio that represents theoretical point-imaging performance decreases below ⅓ of its original value. This means that a blur of the image degrades by a factor of three. If such image deterioration occurs, defect detection performance that has been obtained under the original environment of 1,000 hPa in atmospheric pressure cannot likewise be achieved under the environment of 850 hPa in atmospheric pressure. 
         [0111]    In the present embodiment, therefore, a function that prevents image quality from deteriorating even if a change in atmospheric pressure occurs during inspection is imparted to the defect inspection device described in the first embodiment. 
         [0112]      FIGS. 10 and 11  are diagrams that explain mechanisms assigned to lenses to correct the deterioration of image quality. Not all these correction mechanisms need to be provided and it suffices if, among these mechanisms, at least one or more appropriate kinds of mechanisms are added according to mechanism-mounting conditions and in a feasible correction range that does not cause the deterioration of the scattered-light images detected. 
         [0113]    The configuration shown in  FIG. 10  relates to the optics corresponding to the first detection unit  11   a , second detection unit  11   b , and third detection unit  11   c  of the first embodiment described using  FIG. 1 . In the present (second) embodiment, constituent elements not shown are the same as those described in the first embodiment, and description of these elements is therefore omitted hereinafter. 
         [0114]    Referring to  FIG. 10 , elements  1111   a ,  1111   b ,  1111   c  for moving image sensors in directions of optical axes are mechanisms that move the image sensors in directions of arrows, that is, directions along optical axes of imaging lenses  114   a ,  114   b ,  114   c , in response to changes in imaging positions of the lenses due to changes in ambient air pressure. Mechanisms  1112   a ,  1112   b ,  1112   c  provide aberration correction by inserting/removing parallel flat plates. A change in performance of a lens, associated with a change in ambient air pressure, is due to a change in the refractive index of air, caused by the change in ambient air pressure. In order to compensate for a decrease in the refractive index of air due to a decrease in atmospheric pressure, the parallel flat plates, which are high-refractive-index media, are inserted into/removed from optical paths of the imaging lenses  114   a ,  114   b ,  114   c , to correct aberration. 
         [0115]    Lens actuators  11131   a ,  11131   b , and  11131   c  each move one lens  1113   a ,  1113   b , or  1113   c  within lens groups constituting the imaging lenses  114   a ,  114   b ,  114   c , in a direction of an arrow, that is, the direction along the optical axis of the imaging lens  114   a ,  114   b ,  114   c . Controlling a position of the lens  1113   a ,  1113   b ,  1113   c  via the corresponding lens actuator  11131   a ,  11131   b , and  11131   c  enables performance of the imaging lens  114   a ,  114   b ,  114   c  to be corrected and thus a change in the performance of the lens due to a change in atmospheric pressure to be compensated. Air pressure controllers  1114   a ,  1114   b ,  1114   c  control internal air pressures of lens tubes  1110   a ,  1110   b ,  1110   c  by keeping the inside of each lens tube  1110   a ,  1110   b ,  1110   c  airtight, thereby to maintain constant lens performance. With the air pressure controllers, internal environments of the lens tubes  1110   a ,  1110   b ,  1110   c  can be blocked from their external environments to maintain the internal air pressures of the lens tubes  1110   a ,  1110   b ,  1110   c  at the same level as during lens assembly and adjustment, and hence to maintain constant lens performance even under changing air pressures. 
         [0116]      FIG. 10  shows an example in which the detection units are provided with a mechanism that corrects a change in lens performance due to a change in atmospheric pressure. This correction mechanism can also be provided in illumination optics systems. An example of illumination optics systems provided with the correction mechanism is described below using  FIG. 11 . 
         [0117]    The reason why the change in lens performance due to a change in atmospheric pressure occurs is that the change in atmospheric pressure causes a change in the refractive index of air, a medium that fills in a space between lenses. When atmospheric pressure decreases, the density of air also decreases, which in turn reduces the refractive index of air. 
         [0118]    A beam of light that passes through lenses is bent according to particular differences between refractive indexes of the lens materials (glass, quartz, or others) and the refractive index of air, the medium lying between the lenses. Thus, scattered light that has originated from the wafer propagates through the lenses and forms an image on an image sensor. If the ambient air pressure changes and thus the refractive index of air changes, an extent to which the beam of light that passes through the lenses is bent will also change and a state of the image formed on the image sensor will change as a result. Normal lens design is based on a prerequisite of 1 atmosphere (1,013 hPa) in ambient air pressure, and lenses are designed to develop best imaging performance under that environment. Imaging performance deteriorates for atmospheric pressure variations departing from the prerequisite. 
         [0119]    The refractive indexes of the materials, on the other hand, differ according to a wavelength of the light passing through them. Utilizing this relationship allows a decrease in the imaging performance of the lenses due to a change in atmospheric pressure to be corrected by varying the wavelength of the light passing through the lenses, that is, the wavelength of the illumination light source. 
         [0120]      FIG. 13  is a graph that indicates changes in the refractive index of air, plotted against changes in atmospheric pressure. According to Non-Patent Document 2, the relationship between the refractive index of air, n air , air temperature T (° C.), and atmospheric pressure (Torr), is represented by numerical expression (10) as follows: 
         [0000]        n   air =1+(3.83639×10−7× P )(1+ P (0.817−0.0133 T )×10−6)/(1+0.03661 T )  (Numerical expression 10)
 
         [0121]      FIG. 13  is a graph based on numerical expression 10, representing how the refractive index of air (−n air ) will vary as atmospheric pressure changes from 850 to 1,020 [hPa]. The variation in the refractive index of air (n air ) is nearly 4.56×10 −5  for the change of 170 [hPa] in atmospheric pressure. As can be seen from this fact, when the atmospheric pressure changes, the refractive index also changes. These changes in the refractive index of air (n air ) cause such changes in lens performance that are shown in  FIGS. 9A ,  9 B. 
         [0122]      FIG. 14 , on the other hand, is a graph based on the Sellmeier&#39;s equation (Non-Patent Document 3), representing changes in refractive index (n siO2 ) of synthetic quartz, a typical lens material, plotted against changes in the wavelength of the light passing through the lens. When the wavelength increases, the refractive index decreases, and when the wavelength increases by 0.1 nm (100 μm) from 265.95 nm to 266.05 nm, the refractive index decreases by nearly 4.33×10 −5 . 
         [0123]    Utilizing these relationships makes it possible, when ambient air pressure decreases (the refractive index of air, n air , decreases), to control the wavelength of the light source for a shift to a greater wavelength, and thus to keep refractive power of the lens constant, that is, maintain a constant difference in refractive index between air and synthetic quartz n si02 −n air ), by reducing the refractive index of synthetic quartz (n si02 ) as well. Thus, even when the ambient air pressure changes, the performance of the lens can be kept substantially equal to its design value based on the prerequisite of 1 atmosphere=1,013 hPa. 
         [0124]    Next, mechanisms that change the wavelength of the illumination light source are described below using  FIGS. 15 and 16 . 
         [0125]    As discussed earlier herein, a high-coherence and high-power short-wavelength light source is desirable for the darkfield type of defect inspection device. Mechanisms based on this are also described in the examples below. 
         [0126]      FIG. 15  shows a first example of a mechanism which changes the wavelength of the illumination light source. Reference number  15 A denotes a seed laser section,  15 B an amplifier section, and  15 C a wavelength converter section. Reference number  150  denotes a laser diode (LD),  1500  a passive fiber,  1501  a coupling, and  1502  an amplifying fiber. Reference numbers  1503 B 1  and  1503 B 2  denote fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs). Reference number  154  denotes a nonlinear optical crystal. 
         [0127]    Referring to the seed laser section  15 A, laser light with a wavelength λ 1  is emitted from the LD  150  and introduced into the amplifier section  15 B via the passive fiber  1500 . 
         [0128]    Referring to the amplifier section  15 B, the amplifying fiber  1502  is an optical fiber doped with rare earthes, and the FBGs  1503 B 1 ,  1503 B 2  placed across the amplifying fiber  1502  function as diffraction gratings to generate periodic variations in the refractive index of the passive fiber  1500 . Thus, only wavelengths that satisfy a Bragg reflection condition created by a period of the gratings are reflected, which forms an optical cavity, amplifies the incident λ1 laser light, then emits λ2 laser light, and admits the λ2 laser light into the wavelength converter section  15 C. 
         [0129]    Referring to the wavelength converter section  15 C, the nonlinear optical crystal  154  includes a barium borate (BBO) crystal (βBaB204), a lithium triborate (LBO) crystal (LiB305), a KTP crystal (KTiOPO4), and a lithium niobate crystal (LiNbO3). The nonlinear optical crystal  154  receives the incident λ2 laser light and emits high-harmonic λ3 laser light. With this configuration, high-power and short-wavelength laser light can be emitted. 
         [0130]    In the other constituent elements in  FIG. 15 ,  151 A,  151 B 1 ,  151 B 2 ,  151 C are temperature control units, and the temperature control elements  152 A,  152 B 1 ,  152 B 2 ,  152 C are Peltier elements or heaters. Temperature sensors  153 A,  153 B 1 ,  153 B 2 ,  153 C work to sense temperature states of various constituent elements and send information to the corresponding temperature control units  151 A- 151 C, and the temperature control units  151 A- 151 C control the temperature control element  152 A and corresponding temperature control elements  152 B,  152 C to maintain the various constituent elements at required temperatures. 
         [0131]    The LD  150 , FBGs  1503 ,  1504 , and nonlinear optical crystal  154  here have a characteristic in that each changes a corresponding wavelength according to temperature. In the LD  150 , for example, when the element increases in temperature, the wavelength of the laser light emitted will shift to a greater wavelength. This also occurs in the FBGs  1503 , 1504 . When the FBG increases in temperature, thermal expansion spreads a spacing of its diffraction gratings and the Bragg wavelength shifts to a greater wavelength. In addition, an increase in a temperature of the nonlinear optical crystal  154  causes a change in its refractive index, thus shifting the wavelength of the higher-harmonic light. 
         [0132]    These characteristics can be used to shift the wavelength of the illumination light source depicted in the overall block diagram of  FIG. 15 , by controlling the temperatures of the constituent elements. This feature, in turn, can be used to correct the lens characteristics for an environmental change. 
         [0133]      FIG. 16  shows a second example of a mechanism which changes the wavelength of the illumination light source. Detailed description of constituent elements assigned the same reference numbers as in  FIG. 15  is omitted herein. 
         [0134]    In the present example, the laser light of a λ1 wavelength that has been emitted from the seed laser section  15 A is admitted into a wavelength converter section  16 B. The wavelength converter section  16 B activates the nonlinear optical element  154  to form an optical cavity via mirrors  161 A,  161 B,  161 C,  161 D, on the optical path. In this configuration, the nonlinear optical element  154  is temperature-controlled by the temperature control unit  151 C, the temperature control element  152 C, and the temperature sensor  153 C, and the mirror  161 C is moved by a mirror actuator mechanism  162 . These actions change cavity length and thus allow wavelength shifting of the λ2-wavelength laser light which has been emitted from the wavelength converter section  16 B. This feature can be further used to correct the lens characteristics for an environmental change. 
       Third Embodiment 
       [0135]    A third embodiment relates to a direction of illumination. As described earlier herein, the present embodiment presupposes that the longitudinal direction of the thin linear illumination region  1000  is set to be the y-axis direction, but this is not intended to limit the direction of the illumination. 
         [0136]    Constituent elements of the present embodiment, such as the illumination optics unit  10  and the detection optics system  11 , are substantially the same as in the defect inspection device of the first embodiment described using  FIG. 1 , and the present (third) embodiment differs from the first embodiment in terms of a location of the illumination optics unit  10  relative to the detection optics system  11 . 
         [0137]    As shown in  FIG. 11 , a plane  1010 , formed by a line  1111  normal to a surface of a wafer  001  and an optical axis of the illumination light, may have an arbitrary azimuth angle “φi” with respect to the y-axis. Thus, as described earlier herein, different scattered-light components will enter the detection optical units arranged to be left-right symmetrical with respect to the normal  1111  to the surface of the wafer  001 , and detection sensitivity will thus improve. 
         [0138]    The section (a) of  FIG. 12  is a front view representing a relationship between the patterned substrate to be inspected and an objective lens of the detection optics system, and the section (b) of  FIG. 12  is a plan view representing a relationship between the patterned substrate that has been illuminated with a thin linear beam of light, and the objective lens of the detection optics system. 
         [0139]    However, as shown in the section (a) of  FIG. 12 , when the objective lens  111   a  having the same optical axis as the normal  1111  to the surface of the wafer  001  is placed, it is effective to set “φi” in a limited range so that as shown in the section (b) of  FIG. 12 , diffracted light  1020  from a circuit pattern  010  extending in parallel in an x-direction on the wafer will enter the objective lens  111   a.    
         [0140]    The reason for this is described below. In the present embodiment, the second and third detection units described in  FIG. 1  but not shown in  FIG. 12  are arranged to be left-right symmetrical with respect to the normal  1111  to the surface of the wafer  001 , and these detection units detect substantially the same scattered-light images. 
         [0141]    The scattered-light images that the detection units have thus acquired reflect only a difference in the direction of the scattered light. The present embodiment assumes highly sensitive detection of a defect by comparing these images of the scattered light. If the diffracted light  1020  from the circuit pattern  010  enters at least one of objective lenses  111   b ,  111   c  of the second and third detection units, however, a significant difference will occur between the two images of the scattered light, and this difference will make it impossible to compare the scattered-light images that reflect only the difference in the direction of the scattered light. 
         [0142]    This, in turn, makes it necessary to conduct the illumination so that an illumination converging angle “θi”, the illumination azimuth angle “φi” with respect to the longitudinal direction (y-axis) of the linear illumination in the object plane, and a detection angle “θW” of the first detection optics system having the same optical axis as the normal to the object surface, with respect to a direction perpendicular to the rectilinear portion of the lens, that is, in the section (b) of  FIG. 12 , the x-direction, will satisfy a relation of φi≦θW−θi. 
       REFERENCE SIGNS LIST 
       [0143]      001  . . . wafer  01  . . . total control unit  10  . . . illumination optics unit  101  . . . light source  102  . . . polarization state controller  103  . . . beam-forming unit  104  . . . thin-line converging optics system  1000  . . . thin linear illumination region  11  . . . detection optics unit  11   a , 11   b , 11   c  . . . detection unit  111   a , 111   b , 111   c  . . . objective lens  112   a , 112   b , 112   c  . . . spatial filter  113   a , 113   b , 113   c  . . . polarization filter  114   a , 114   b , 114   c  . . . imaging lens  115   a , 115   b , 115   c  . . . image sensor  12  . . . data-processing unit  121   a , 121   b , 121   c  . . . signal-processing unit  122  . . . image-processing unit  13  . . . stage unit