Abstract:
Systems and methods for network transmission of three-dimensional graphical data are disclosed. A single graphical application instance can virtually and efficiently exist on multiple local or remote display systems by directly sharing its raw rendered framebuffer memory information among all local or remote graphics accelerators, thus avoiding the need to re-render any application information again on each node. An internal graphics card is used to scale the rendered data prior to transmission. This graphics scaling eliminates the need for data compression or image compression and achieves an adaptive, hardware-accelerated reduction in network bandwidth. Furthermore, since all memory and remote processing support tasks are performed within the graphics card, the CPU, system bus, and memory bandwidth remain available to the system and other applications.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     Not applicable.  
       STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT  
       [0002]     Not applicable.  
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0003]     The invention relates to systems and methods for remotely displaying graphical data, and more particularly to techniques for network transmission and execution of three-dimensional graphical data through a distributed application.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0004]     As business moves toward distributed working environments, and as transmission of electronic data becomes a valuable business tool, it becomes increasingly important to efficiently transport various types of data through computer networks. Transmission of graphical data may pose unique challenges for a number of reasons, including the relatively large size of various types of graphical data and relatively slow and unreliable network transmission bandwidths. Moreover, the size of the graphical data handled by conventional software applications has increased exponentially, making it impracticable to work with local graphical data from remote locations since there is no economical, efficient, and secure way to remotely access the data.  
         [0005]     Graphical data may be stored in a computer as a three dimensional (3-D) graphical model, which is a 3-D representation of a real or computer-generated object. Normally, a particular view of the 3-D graphical model is computed using high-end computer hardware, software, and high-end graphics accelerators before it can be displayed to a user in the form of a two-dimensional (2-D) image. The terms display and image may be used interchangeably when reference is made to a user, client and server. The process of extracting a 2-D image from a 3-D graphical model often includes a technique known as rendering. Rendering is the process of creating views from selected viewing angles and adding 3-D visual cues and qualities, such as lighting, textures, shadows, color and image attributes, stereographic perception, animation, and motion-parallax, to the extracted 3-D graphical model in order to enhance the 2-D image understanding of the model. One technique for rendering graphics is called ray tracing. Another type of rendering is scanline rendering, which renders images one horizontal line at a time instead of object-by-object as in ray tracing.  
         [0006]     Various techniques exist for the transmission of, or remote display of, graphical data. These techniques may be implemented on a network of computers. The network of computers may include a server, which is a computer running a particular graphics application and managing various resources, and one or more clients, which are computers that rely on the server to perform one or more operations. Alternatively, the network of computers may include a plurality of nodes. The nodes may be computers that are configured to share information without functioning in a structured client-server relationship.  
         [0007]     Various image compression techniques may be used to reduce the bandwidth required for transmitting 3-D models or 2-D images locally or across a network. For example, a 3-D model or 2-D image may be compressed at a server or at a first node and transmitted using hardware image compression and hardware data compression techniques. The compressed data may then be decompressed at a client or at a second node in order to image the original data. Conventional image compression techniques, such as transform coding, vector quantisation, segmentation and approximation, spline approximation, wavelet compression, or fractal coding, often lead to lossy or distorted images. In addition, lossy techniques often lead to image degradation at each compression stage. As a result, lossless image compression techniques, including run-length encoding, Huffman encoding, Lempel/Ziv coding, or area coding, were developed.  
         [0008]     These conventional techniques, nevertheless, suffer from inherent disadvantages. For example, both the server or first node and the client or second node must perform a compression or decompression step, which is an inefficient use of computing or computer resources. Furthermore, some conventional techniques may be difficult to implement, particularly across multiple heterogeneous platforms normally found in all computing environments. Moreover, lossless image compression techniques may suffer from compression ratios that are not as high as conventional lossy techniques.  
         [0009]     U.S. Pat. No. 6,219,057 describes a collaborative work environment for allowing remote users to manipulate a 3-D model using conventional techniques. In this system, each node or client requires its own local copy of the original 3-D model. A local copy of the original 3-D model is rendered at each node or client. Each user may manipulate its local copy of the original 3-D model using a transformation matrix. The transformation matrix is a set of data that represents a manipulation of the original 3-D model. The transformation matrix is used to communicate the viewing position and orientation of the manipulated 3-D model to other users, who use the information to render a new local copy based on the application of the transformation matrix to the original local copy. The system disclosed in the &#39;057 patent is disadvantaged to the extent that it requires significant system resources at each node in the network. For example, each node requires high-end graphics-specific hardware that is sufficient to render the 3-D model. In addition, the rendering operation may require additional memory, system bus bandwidth, and other resources on each node in the network. This usually affects the performance of other applications running on each node.  
         [0010]     Furthermore, the nature of the collaborative environment described by the &#39;057 patent may not be practical when some of the 3-D model information is confidential or cannot reside on the client or node because the 3-D model is comprised of data that exceeds the system capacity of the client or node.  
         [0011]     Other conventional systems that are available for displaying 3-D graphical data include OpenGL Performer® and OpenGL Vizserver™—both applications offered by Silicon Graphics, Inc. (SGI®). OpenGL Performer® includes a “Dynamic Video Resolution” feature that reduces the size of the rendered image, and correspondingly, the number of rendered pixels. As a result, the speed (frame rate) at which all processing is completed before updating the display with a new image is enhanced. Afterwards, specialized SGI® video hardware enlarges the images to the original size. This is accomplished by using a technique known as bipolar filtering to enlarge the image. In this way, the image is the correct size, but it contains a reduced number of pixels.  
         [0012]     OpenGL Performer® is, nevertheless, disadvantaged to the extent that it requires specialized SGI video hardware on any machine that displays an object image. Furthermore, this system does not enable remote rendering, but is, rather, optimized to achieve high frame rates locally. While it can be used in conjunction with remote-enabling products in order to transmit 3-D graphics information, this requires enlarging the image at each node in the network. Therefore, each node must contain specialized video hardware. OpenGL Vizserver™ is similarly disadvantaged. For example, OpenGL Vizserver™ requires specialized hardware in the form of multiple (five) compression modules that compress/decompress the frames of a rendered 3-D graphics model. These compression modules reside at the client and server thus, reducing performance at each end when performing other necessary tasks and interacting with the 3-D graphics model. OpenGL Vizserver™ may also require additional customized modules which adversely impact the system resources of the client and server. In either application using OpenGL Performer®, OpenGL Vizserver™, or both, the cost of implementing such systems is significant.  
         [0013]     Another example of a conventional system for displaying 3-D graphical data includes EarthCube® RemoteViz offered by Landmark Graphics Corporation. Like other conventional remote collaboration systems, EarthCube® RemoteViz requires specialized hardware in the form of image based or video based compression packages that are expensive and restrict the client and server system resources from performing other necessary functions.  
         [0014]     As demonstrated by the state of the art, there is a need, among other things, for an efficient system that can remotely display 3-D graphical data through a distributed application, however, does not require specialized hardware or software on every node in the network. There is also a need for a single executable application that may be used in a collaborative way, yet may selectively grant control to remote users and runs on most existing client platforms and operating systems. In short, there is a need for a system that operates on most hardware platforms and enables high remote frame rates, transparent remote collaboration processes, and per-component adaptive resolutions while eliminating the need for any client processes, daemons, hardware image compression, software image compression, stream compression and/or data compression.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0015]     An embodiment of the invention addressing these and other needs in the art includes a method of imaging graphical data on one or more clients. The method includes rendering 3-D graphical information in the form of a 3-D model at a local server and using a local server graphics accelerator, sometimes referred to herein as a graphics card, to reduce the network bandwidth requirements (transmission size) of the graphical information by dynamically processing and applying a scaling factor to the 3-D graphical information. The method further includes transmitting the scaled 3-D graphical information and/or other information from the server&#39;s graphics accelerator memory to at least one client&#39;s graphics accelerator memory and re-scaling the 3-D graphical information to display a mirror image of the original 3-D graphical information to all available clients.  
         [0016]     In one particular embodiment, using the local server graphics accelerator to process and apply a scaling factor to the 3-D graphical data includes retrieving the rendered graphic accelerator memory information from the server and binding the graphical information into texture memory to form a texture map, or directly rendering to a texture. This also includes rendering the graphical information into a memory buffer of the server&#39;s graphic accelerator, determining a client&#39;s native graphics card-pixel format, and reformatting the pixel format of the 3-D graphical information to match the client&#39;s native pixel format.  
         [0017]     In another embodiment, the invention includes computer-executable instructions, executable to perform the steps of rendering graphical information in the form of a 3-D model at a local server and exclusively using a local server graphics accelerator to reduce the network bandwidth requirements of the 3-D graphical information by dynamically processing and applying a scaling factor to the 3-D graphical information. The computer-executable instructions are further executable to perform the steps of transmitting the scaled 3-D graphical information and/or other information from the server&#39;s graphics accelerator memory to at least one client&#39;s graphics accelerator memory and re-scaling the 3-D graphical information to display a mirror image of the original 3-D graphical information to all available clients.  
         [0018]     In yet another embodiment, a server system is used for displaying graphical data at a remote client and includes a 3-D application rendering module configured to render graphical information, a 3-D graphics accelerator configured to reduce the bandwidth requirements of the graphical information by dynamically processing and applying a scaling factor to the graphical information, and a framebuffer memory configured to store the scaled 3-D graphical information. This system may also include a windows application program interface (API) configured to transmit window system and graphic protocol to the client to enable the client to open one or more display windows. The system further includes a graphics API configured to transmit a scaled-down image of the 3-D graphical information from the framebuffer memory to the client.  
         [0019]     In yet another embodiment, a method for displaying graphical data at a client includes receiving windows protocols from a server, receiving pre-rendered 3-D graphical information from the server, and mapping the 3-D graphical information directly into a graphics accelerator memory. The method also includes executing the window system protocol and displaying the pre-rendered 3-D graphical information. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0020]     The invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which like elements are referenced with like reference numerals, and in which:  
         [0021]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a system for remotely displaying graphics in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.  
         [0022]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram of a server system in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.  
         [0023]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram of a client system in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.  
         [0024]      FIG. 4  is a block diagram of a server graphics accelerator in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.  
         [0025]      FIG. 5  is a flow chart depicting a method for remotely displaying graphics in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.  
         [0026]      FIGS. 6    a - f  illustrate enabled networking environments in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS  
       [0027]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a system for remotely displaying graphics in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The system may include a 3-D graphics application server  100  and 3-D graphics client  102 , which are referred to herein as the server  100  and client  102 . In some applications, the server  100  and client  102  may be referred to collectively as nodes. The server  100  may be any computer that is configured to run a distributed application and remotely display graphical data and other information at the client  102 . The server  100  may store a 3-D model to be rendered and imaged to remote clients. The server  100  may also manage resources that are used by one or more of the clients  102 . These resources may include specialized rendered graphical data and other information generated by the distributed application.  
         [0028]     The client  102  may be a computer that uses resources provided by the server  100 . The client  102  may be configured to remotely display graphical data. In one embodiment, the client  102  may be configured to remotely display graphical data rendered exclusively by the server  100  and based on a 3-D model stored on the server  100 . In this embodiment, the client  102  may be configured to display the graphical data using a windows API to execute windows and other graphics protocols communicated by the server  100 . This may allow the client  102  to remotely display graphical data without actually running the distributed application, and without running a daemon or other process. In other embodiments, the client  102  may itself function as a server in conjunction with other computers.  
         [0029]     The server  100  may be connected to the client  102  via a network  104 . The network  104  may be any logical connection that enables the server  100  and client  102  to exchange information. In one embodiment, the network  104  may comprise a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), the internet, or another network. The network  104  may also comprise a wired network, a wireless network, or some combination thereof.  
         [0030]     The server  100  may include an application rendering window  106 , and 3-D graphics accelerator  110 . The application rendering window  106  contains memory of a projection view image  108  that represents the rendered 3-D model. The projection view image  108  is processed by the 3-D graphics accelerator  110  to produce a scaled down image  112  that is stored in the application rendering window  106  at the same location. The 3-D graphics accelerator  110  may include specialized graphics hardware designed to manipulate graphical data stored in its memory. Depending on the type of memory used by the 3-D graphics accelerator  110 , the application rendering window  106  may be used to display the scaled-down image  112  to a user at the server  100 , or may be made totally invisible to the user. The scaled-down image  112  stored by the application rendering window  106  may be transmitted via the network  104  to a 3-D graphics accelerator  114  for the client  102 . Transmitting the scaled-down image  112  may include simultaneously transmitting additional information, such as windows protocols, user interface (UI) information, or other application information directly from the memory of the 3-D graphics accelerator  110  to the memory of the 3-D graphics accelerator  114 .  
         [0031]     The 3-D graphics accelerator  110  normally includes any commercially available high performance graphics accelerator, and the 3-D graphics accelerator  114  may include any OpenGL® compatible games-class graphics accelerator such as the GeForce® and Quadro® graphics cards marketed by NVIDIA®, which are otherwise well known for their local image processing and editing capabilities. The 3-D graphics accelerator  110  and 3-D graphics accelerator  114  include memory and a GPU. In one embodiment, the memory for the 3-D graphics accelerators  110  and  114  may include a framebuffer, textures windows, and other memory objects. Alternatively, these objects may exist as memory independent from the 3-D graphics accelerator.  
         [0032]     In reference to  FIG. 1 , the application rendering window  106  resides in the memory of the 3-D graphics accelerator  110  at the server  100 . Similarly, the remote application rendering window  118  resides in the memory of the 3-D graphics accelerator  114  at the client  102 . The 3-D graphics accelerator  114  may be configured to render a scaled-up image  116 . The scaled-up image  116  may then be displayed on the remote application rendering window  118 .  
         [0033]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram of the server  100  in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The server  100  may include an operating system  202 . The operating system  202  may include a graphics API  204  and a windows/graphics protocol  206 . The graphics API  204  may include a set of routines, protocols, and tools for building graphics software applications, such as X11 and Open GL®, which are open source software. The windows/graphics protocol  206  may include a set of routines, protocols, and tools for managing display windows for various applications, such as the open source X-server, or any other windows emulator.  
         [0034]     The server  100  may also include a 3-D model  210  of a real or computer-generated object. The 3-D model  210  contains all the necessary model information that is rendered by the 3-D application rendering module  212  to create the projection view image  108 .  
         [0035]     The graphics API  204  is used by the 3-D application rendering module  212  to send the proper commands to the 3-D graphics accelerator  110  in order to create the projection view image  108 . In some applications, it may be preferable to store the projection view image  108  in the framebuffer  216  in order to display a visible object on a monitor (not shown) for the server  100 . The server  100  may also be used to transmit UI information for 2-D objects  214  through the windows/graphics protocol  206  to the windows API/X-server  304  at the client  102 . The 3-D rendering module  212  and 2-D objects  214  define the distributed application that resides on the server  100 .  
         [0036]     The projection view image  108  may be scaled down by the 3-D graphics accelerator  110 . Scaling may include reducing the size of the projection view image  108  based on a dynamically selected scaling factor. The scaling factor used to scale down the projection view image  208  may be determined by the performance requirements of a particular client or adaptively depending on the workflow in use. The scaling process is described in more detail with reference to  FIG. 4 .  
         [0037]     The windows/graphics protocol  206  may be used to open an application 3-D window  218  and display the scaled-down image  112  stored in the framebuffer  216 . The application 3-D window  218  may also contain windows information from the windows/graphics protocol  206 . Application 3-D window  218  and application rendering window  106  may be related to the extent that they perform similar functions and reside in the memory of the 3-D graphics accelerator  110 .  
         [0038]     Application 3-D window  218  preferably includes memory from the framebuffer  216 . The memory from the framebuffer  216 , in some embodiments, refers to the visible memory of the 3-D graphics accelerator  110  that may be displayed on a monitor (not shown) at the server  100 .  
         [0039]     Windows/graphics protocol  206  may also be used to open a window located at the client  102 . In addition, the application 3-D window  218  may be used to transmit information to the client  102 . In some embodiments, information from the application 3-D window  218  may be transmitted to the client  102  directly from the framebuffer  216 . The application 3-D window  218  may then be displayed at the client  102  in a window opened by windows API/X-server  304  once memory from the 3-D graphics accelerator  110  is mapped into the respective memory for the 3-D graphics accelerator  114 .  
         [0040]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram of the client  102  in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The client  102  may include an operating system  302 . The operating system  302  may include a windows API/X-Server  304 . The windows API/X-Server  304  may include a set of routines, protocols, or tools for managing display windows for various applications, such as an X windowing system or an X windowing emulator.  
         [0041]     The client  102  may receive information from the server  100 . The information may be received by the windows API/X-Server  304 . The information received from the server  100  may include information that contains instructions or protocols to open one or more display windows, or to otherwise display data from the windows/graphics protocol  206 . The information received from the server  100  may also include scaled-down image  112  and/or other graphical information from the framebuffer  216 .  
         [0042]     The information from the framebuffer  216  is transmitted to the 3-D graphics accelerator  114 , which is preferably used to render the scaled-up image  116 . The GPU for the 3-D graphics accelerator  114  may be used to perform bilinear interpolation, or other intended functions, to render the scaled-up image  116 . This process may also include the application of texture filters by the 3-D graphics accelerator  114 , which may result in a smoother, more continuous image.  
         [0043]     The windows API/X-Server  304  may be used to open one or more windows in order to display the scaled-up image  116  and other data. For example, the API/X-server  304  may be used to open the application 3-D window(s)  310  that displays the scaled-up image  116 . Additionally, the API/X-server  304  may be used to open the user interface window  308  that displays UI information, such as text and other menu operational objects, and the application 2-D window(s)  312  that displays other 2-D images like color maps and other objects.  
         [0044]     User interface window  308 , application 3-D window(s)  310 , and application 2D window(s)  312  are preferably part of the framebuffer  306  that may reside in the memory of the 3-D graphics accelerator  114 . In this embodiment, the user interface window  308 , application 3-D window(s)  310 , and application 2D window(s)  312  may be displayed on a display device (not shown) located at the client  102 . Application 3-D window(s)  310  and remote application rendering window  118  may be related to the extent that they perform similar functions and reside in the memory of the 3-D graphics accelerator  114 .  
         [0045]     Referring now to  FIG. 4 , a block diagram of the 3-D graphics accelerator  110  is shown in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The results of the 3-D application rendering module  212  (i.e., the projection view image  108 ) may be stored in an array of discrete information units. Each of these discrete information units may be referred to as a component chunk. Each component chunk may comprise an array of values associated with color channel elements. For example, in one implementation, each component chunk includes values corresponding to the colors red, green, and blue (RGB) in any predetermined order. In another implementation, each component chunk may include values corresponding to the colors red, green, blue, and an opacity factor alpha (RGBA) in any predetermined order.  
         [0046]     The 3-D graphics accelerator  110  may also include texture memory  404 , back buffer  406 , and a pixel transfer and mapping module  408 . The frame buffer  216 , texture memory  404 , and back buffer  406 , in one embodiment, exist in the memory of the 3-D graphics accelerator  110 . The texture memory  404 , also known as texture cache, may include specialized memory that is set aside for graphics operations. The component chunk information may be bound to the texture memory  404 , which may include loading and locking component chunk information into the texture memory  404 . The result may be referred to as a texture map. Binding the component chunk information to the texture memory  404  may also include converting the component chunk information into the native processing format of the server  100 , which may lead to faster processing performance inside the 3-D graphics accelerator  110 . This may be accomplished using a pixel transfer and mapping module  408  that is commonly found in most 3-D graphics cards. Because the 3-D graphics accelerator  110  is capable of reformatting the component chunk information to match the server&#39;s and client&#39;s native processing format, the CPU, the main memory, the bus bandwidth, and other computing system resources can be utilized for other processes or tasks.  
         [0047]     The information contained in the texture memory  404  may be scaled and transferred to a visible back buffer  406 . A scaling factor may be selected or specified by a user or may be calculated or determined by a computer. The scaling factor may be specified or determined by the network bandwidth transmission requirements. This may depend on the performance requirements or workflows being used on a particular client  102 . For example, if a user requires a higher resolution, the scaling factor may be adaptively decreased, thereby increasing the amount of data transmitted until a desired resolution and performance are achieved. Alternatively, if a user is using a very slow bandwidth, the scaling factor may be increased, thereby reducing the amount of data transmitted until a desired resolution and interactive performance are achieved. The information contained in the texture memory  404  may also be scaled to a size that is proportional to the scaling factor. For example, in one embodiment, the information contained in the texture memory  404  may be scaled by a factor of 1/SF 2 , where SF is the scaling factor.  
         [0048]     Thus, the information contained in the texture memory  404  (i.e., the texture map) may be scaled down by applying it to a polygon, such as a quadrilateral, having a scaling factor of 1/SF with respect to the projection view image  108 . The polygon is rendered directly into the back buffer  406 . As a result, all operations leading to the scaled-down image  112  may be performed exclusively within the 3-D graphics accelerator  110 , which enables the server resources to perform other tasks.  
         [0049]     The scaled information in the back buffer  406  may be converted into a format that is more readily understood by a particular client  102  using the pixel transfer and mapping module  408 . The pixel transfer and mapping module  408  may thus, be used to reformat the scaled information received from the back buffer  406 , or framebuffer  216 , to match the format supported by the 3-D graphics accelerator  114 . This technique may include converting the scaled information into any well known format, including RGB or RGBA combinations. The scaled information that is converted in the manner thus described may be transmitted from the 3-D graphics accelerator  110  to one or more clients  102  through the network  104 .  
         [0050]     Alternatively, the scaled information that is converted may be transmitted to a compression module  410 . The compression module  410  may be located on the server  100 , or elsewhere. The compression module  410  may apply additional compression techniques to the scaled information before it is transmitted to the client  102  via the network  104 . The compression module  410  may apply compression techniques such as JPEG, MPEG, RLE, LBX, fractal coding, wavelet compression, or other well known compression techniques.  
         [0051]     In one embodiment of the invention, a user located at the server  100  or the client  102  may desire to interactively alter or manipulate the projection view  108  which may be done by using 2-D windowing and cursor information. The graphical information may also be manipulated automatically by the server  100  or the client  102  when, for example, the graphical information is updated. The graphical information may be displayed or imaged using lossy factors while it is being manipulated and it may be displayed using lossless factors when it is not being manipulated.  
         [0052]     Referring now to  FIG. 5 , a flow chart of a method for remotely displaying graphics depicts one embodiment of the invention. The method may begin at step  500  by rendering 3-D graphical information from a 3-D model  210 . Rendering 3-D graphical information in step  500  may include adding realism to computer graphics by adding three-dimensional attributes and qualities such as textures, lighting, shadows, and variations in color and shade. Rendering 3-D graphical information in step  500  may also include ray tracing, scanline rendering, or other well known rendering techniques.  
         [0053]     Rendering 3-D graphical information may be performed, for example, by the 3-D application rendering module  212 . The 3-D application rendering module  212  may use the graphics API  204  as described in reference to  FIG. 2 . Step  500  may produce any combination of 3-D information, 2-D information, and UI information.  
         [0054]     In step  502 , the results of step  500  may be stored in the memory of the 3-D graphics accelerator  110  (i.e., the framebuffer  216 , texture memory  404 , back buffer  406 , or any other type of graphics card memory). The results stored during step  502  may be stored as component chunks and optionally displayed to a user at the server  100 . Each component chunk may be an array of values associated with color channel elements as described in reference to  FIG. 4 .  
         [0055]     Step  504  binds the results of step  500  into texture memory  404 . Step  504  may include loading and locking the results of step  500  into texture memory  404 . The results of step  504  may be referred to as a binded texture map. Step  504  may also include converting the results (texture map) into the native processing format of the server  100  as described in reference to  FIG. 4 . This conversion technique may be accomplished using the pixel transfer and mapping module  408 , which may lead to faster processing performance inside the 3-D graphics accelerator  110 , and enable the CPU main memory, bus bandwidth and other system resources to be utilized for other tasks.  
         [0056]     In step  506 , the result of step  504  may be scaled by selecting, specifying, or otherwise determining a scaling factor and rendering the scaled results to the memory for the 3-D graphics accelerator  110  in the manner described in reference to  FIG. 4 . The scaling factor may be specified by a user or determined by a computer based on the network bandwidth reduction that is desired or necessary. This may depend on the performance requirements of a particular client  102 . For example, step  506  may include scaling the information contained in the texture memory  404  to a size that is proportional to the scaling factor. In one embodiment, this includes scaling the information contained in the texture memory  404  by a factor of 1/SF 2 , where SF is the scaling factor.  
         [0057]     Step  508  converts the scaled results of step  506  into a format that is more readily understood by a particular client  102 . Step  508  may be performed also by using the pixel transfer and mapping module  408 . The pixel transfer and mapping module  408  may thus, be used to reformat the scaled results of step  506  to match the format supported by the 3-D graphics accelerator  114  for the client  102  as described in reference to  FIG. 4 . This technique may include converting the scaled results of step  506  into any well known format, including RGB or RGBA combinations. The results of step  508  may be transmitted to one or more clients  102  via the network  104 .  
         [0058]     Alternatively, the results of step  508  may be compressed in step  510  using a compression module  410 . Step  510  may be performed on the server  100 , or elsewhere. Step  510  may include applying additional compression techniques to the results of step  508  before being transmitted to the client  102  via the network  104 . Step  510  may include applying compression techniques such as JPEG, MPEG, RLE, LBX, fractal coding, wavelet compression, or other well known compression techniques.  
         [0059]     Steps  504 ,  506 , and  508  may be performed exclusively within the memory and processing units of the 3-D graphics accelerator  110 . As a result, the CPU, the main memory, the bus bandwidth, and other system resources may be used for other processes or tasks.  
         [0060]     In one embodiment of the invention, a user located at the server  100  or the client  102  may desire to interactively alter or manipulate the graphical information rendered from the 3-D application rendering model  212 . The graphical information may also be manipulated automatically by the server  100  or the client  102  when, for example, the graphical information is updated. The graphical information may be displayed or imaged using lossy factors while it is being manipulated and it may be displayed using lossless factors when it is not being manipulated.  
         [0061]     One or more display connections may be opened in step  512 . Step  512  may include an application running on the server  100  that can open one or more display connections to the remote windowing systems for a particular client  102 . Step  512  may therefore, be performed using the graphics API  204  and windows/graphics protocol  206  as described in reference to  FIG. 2 . The empty client windows that are opened may be managed by a client window manager system.  
         [0062]     In step  514 , protocols and information from the 3-D graphics accelerator  110  may be transmitted to the client  102  via the network  104 . Transmitting protocols may include transmitting windowing protocol, window managing protocol, or graphics protocol via the network  104 . In one embodiment, the client  102  may execute window system protocols and commands without running any client side processes or daemons. Transmitting information from the 3-D graphics accelerator  110  may include transmitting “raw” or unprocessed memory from the 3-D graphics accelerator  110  to the 3-D graphics accelerator  114 . Alternatively, information from the 3-D graphics accelerator  110  may be compressed, as described in reference to  FIG. 4 , before it is transmitted to the client  102 .  
         [0063]     In Step  516 , the information from the memory of the 3-D graphics accelerator  114  may be displayed to the client  102  on the opened windows using the transmitted protocols.  
         [0064]     In summary, a single executable instance of an application comprising the 3-D application rendering module  212  and 2-D objects  214  may be located on the server  100 . The server  100  can therefore, remotely open various display connections as described in reference to step  512 . This allows the server  100  to write raw memory from the 3-D graphics accelerator  110  directly to multiple clients using different graphics memory resolutions and different scaling factors. This also allows the server  100  to control local and remote window refreshes so that windows are refreshed only as needed and only on the particular windows that need it. It may also allow the application to control security settings for specific windows or to use adaptive lossy or lossless compression for specific windows. Furthermore, the fact that rendering (step  500 ) need not be performed by the client  102  may reduce or eliminate many conventional system requirements for the client  102 .  
         [0065]      FIGS. 6    a - f  illustrate various optional networking environments in accordance with multiple embodiments of the invention. The computers illustrated in  FIGS. 6    a - f  may include desktop computers, laptop computers, dedicated servers, supercomputers, personal digital assistants (PDA&#39;s), other well known computing devices, or any combination thereof.  
         [0066]      FIG. 6   a  illustrates a local environment. The local environment may include locally running a server/client  600 . The server/client  600  may render and display 3-D graphical data.  
         [0067]      FIG. 6   b  illustrates a collaboration hub-networking environment. A collaboration hub may include any computer that transmits data to and receives data from multiple other computers. A collaboration hub may also be configured to incorporate changes received from multiple other computers into a single data object or other data instance. A collaboration hub may also control application security settings for one or more other computers. The collaboration hub networking environment may include a server/collaboration hub  602 , which may render and display 3-D graphical data as well as functioning as a collaboration hub. The collaboration hub networking environment may also include one or more collaboration clients  604 ,  606  that remotely display 3-D graphical data that is rendered on the server/collaboration hub  602 . In one embodiment, the collaboration clients  604 ,  606  may also alter or manipulate the rendered data. These changes may be tracked, processed, or stored by the server/collaboration hub  602 .  
         [0068]      FIG. 6   c  illustrates a remote execution networking environment. The remote execution networking environment may include a server  608 , which renders and displays 3-D graphical data. The remote execution networking environment may also include one or more clients  610  that remotely display 3-D graphical data rendered on the server  608 .  
         [0069]      FIG. 6   d  illustrates a remote execution and collaboration networking environment. The remote execution and collaboration networking environment may include a server  612 , which visibly or invisibly renders and displays 3-D graphical data. The remote execution and collaboration networking environment may also include one or more client/collaboration hubs  614 . Each client/collaboration hub  614  may remotely display 3-D graphical data that is rendered on the server  612 . Each client/collaboration hub  614  may transmit data to, and receive data from, one or more collaboration clients  616 ,  618 . Each client/collaboration hub  614  may also be configured to incorporate changes received from collaboration clients  616 ,  618  into a single data object or other data instance. The client/collaboration hub  614  may also control security settings for collaboration clients  616 ,  618 . The collaboration clients  616 ,  618  may remotely display 3-D graphical data that is rendered on the server  612  and transmitted via the client/collaboration hub  614 . In one embodiment, the collaboration clients  616 ,  618  may also alter or manipulate the rendered data. These changes may be tracked, processed, or stored by each client/collaboration hub  614  through window and display state changes that are sent to the server  612  for processing and synchronization of all client interactions.  
         [0070]      FIG. 6   e  illustrates an application service provider (ASP) networking environment. The ASP networking environment may include one or more servers  620 ,  622 ,  624 , which render and display 3-D graphical data. The ASP networking environment may also include one or more client/ASP servers  626 . Each client/ASP server  626  may receive 3-D graphical data that is rendered on the servers  620 ,  622 ,  624 . Each client/ASP server  626  may include a computer that is configured to manage and distribute software-based services and solutions to customers across a wide area or other network from a central data center. In one embodiment, each client/ASP server  626  may be a third-party server that is owned or operated by an entity separate from the entity owning and operating the servers  620 ,  622 ,  624  or the client  628 . Each client/ASP server  626  may be an enterprise ASP, which is designed to deliver high-end business applications; a local or regional ASP, which is designed to supply a wide variety of application services for smaller businesses in a local area; a specialist ASP, which is designed to provide applications for a specific need; a vertical market ASP, which is designed to provide support to a specific industry; or a volume business ASP, which is designed to supply small or medium-sized businesses with prepackaged application services in volume. The ASP networking environment may also include one or more clients  628  that remotely display 3-D graphical data rendered on the servers  620 ,  622 ,  624  and transmit the 3-D graphical data to each client  628  via the client/ASP server  626 .  
         [0071]      FIG. 6   f  illustrates an ASP and collaboration networking environment. The ASP and collaboration networking environment may include one or more servers  630 ,  632 ,  634 , which render and display 3-D graphical data. The ASP and collaboration networking environment may also include one or more client/ASP servers  636 . Each client/ASP server  636  may receive 3-D graphical data that is rendered on the servers  630 ,  632 ,  634 . Each client/ASP server  636  may include a computer that is configured to manage and distribute software-based services and solutions to customers across a wide area or other network from a central data center. In one embodiment, each client/ASP server  636  may include a third-party server that is owned or operated by an entity separate from the entity owning and operating the servers  630 ,  632 ,  634 , the client/collaboration hub  638 , or the client  640 ,  642 . Each client/ASP server  636  may be an enterprise ASP, which is designed to deliver high-end business applications; a local or regional ASP, which is designed to supply a wide variety of application services for smaller businesses in a local area; a specialist ASP, which is designed to provide applications for a specific need; a vertical market ASP, which is designed to provide support to a specific industry; or a volume business ASP, which is designed to supply small or medium-sized businesses with prepackaged application services in volume.  
         [0072]     The ASP and collaboration networking environment may also include one or more client/collaboration hubs  638 . Each client/collaboration hub  638  may remotely display 3-D graphical data that is rendered on the servers  630 ,  632 ,  634  and is transmitted via the client/ASP server  636 . Each client/collaboration hub  638  may transmit data to and receive data from multiple clients  640 ,  642 . The client/collaboration hub  638  may be configured to incorporate changes received from clients  640 ,  642  into a single data object or other data instance. Each client/collaboration hub  638  may also control security settings for the clients  640 ,  642 . The clients  640 ,  642  may also remotely display 3-D graphical data that is rendered on the servers  630 ,  632 ,  634 , and transmitted via the client/ASP server  636  and the client/collaboration hub  638 . In another embodiment, the collaboration clients  640 ,  642  may also alter or manipulate the rendered data through window and display state changes that are sent to the servers  630 ,  632 ,  634  for processing and synchronization of all client interactions.  
         [0073]     The foregoing description of the invention is illustrative, and modifications in configuration and implementation will occur to persons skilled in the art. For instance, steps can be combined or may be performed in any order. Hardware, software or other resources described as singular may in embodiments be distributed, and similarly in embodiments resources described as distributed may be combined. The scope of the invention is accordingly intended to be limited only by the following claims.