Abstract:
A method for decoding a predetermined code word is specified in which the code word comprises a number of positions having different values. In this method, encoding is performed, in particular, by way of a terminated convolutional code. Each position of the code word is correlated with a safety measure (soft output) for a most probable Boolean value by performing the correlation on the basis of a trellis representation. The decoding of the code word is determined by the correlation of the individual positions of the code word.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   The invention relates to a method and an arrangement for decoding a predetermined code word. 
   2. Description of the Related Art 
   In the decoding of a code word which has a predetermined number of positions, the information-carrying positions are restored as completely as possible. 
   The decoding takes place at the end of the receiver which has received the code word via a disturbed channel. Signals are transmitted, in particular as Boolean values, preferably subdivided into +1 and −1, via the channel where they are subject to a disturbance, and are converted into analog values which can deviate to a greater or lesser extent from the predetermined Boolean values (±1) by a demodulator. 
   The general assumption is K positions of binary information (“information bits”) without redundancy uε{±1} K , which is mapped into a code word cε{±1} N  by means of systematic block codes or unsystematic block codes by a channel coder. In this arrangement, the code word contains N−K bits (also “check bits”) which can be used as redundant information to the N information bits for restoring the information after transmission via the disturbed channel. 
   The systematic block code adds to the N information bits N−K check bits which are calculated from the information bits, the information bits themselves remaining unchanged whereas, in the unsystematic block code, the information bits themselves are changed, for example the information is in an operation performed from one to the next position. Here, too, check bits are provided for reconstructing the information hidden in the operations. In the text which follows, in particular, a technically significant variant of unsystematic block codes, the so-called terminated convolutional codes, is considered. 
   “Hard” decoding of a correlation of the received code word (with the positions occupied by analog values) i.e., correlating each position with the nearest Boolean value in each case, is a decisive disadvantage since valuable information is lost in this process. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   It is the object of the invention to determine a decoding of a predetermined code word, with decoding supplying analog values (so-called “soft outputs”) which, in particular, can be taken into consideration in the subsequent decoding method and thus provide for high error correction in the transmission of code words via a disturbed channel. 
   This object is achieved in accordance with the various embodiments of the method and apparatus discussed below. 
   To achieve this object, a method for decoding a predetermined code word is specified in which the code word comprises a number of positions having different values. In this arrangement, encoding has taken place, in particular, by way of a terminated convolutional code. Each position of the code word is correlated with a safety measure (soft output) for a most probable Boolean value by performing the correlation on the basis of a trellis representation. The decoding of the code word is determined by the correlation of the individual positions of the code word. 
   A decisive advantage here is that due to the correlation based on the trellis representation, a distinct reduction in complexity compared with a general representation takes place with the result that decoding of the code word (generation of the soft outputs at the positions of the code word) also becomes possible in real time. 
   A further development consists in that the decoding rule for each position of the code word is determined by 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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   where 
   L(U i |y) is a safety measure (soft output) for the i-th position of the code word to be determined; 
   y is a demodulation result to be decoded; 
   c is a code word; 
   Γ i (±1) are all code words for u i =±1; and 
   σ 2  is a variance (channel disturbance). 
   Another further development provides that the equation (1) is solved by utilizing a characteristic of a convolutional code used in the coding (and correspondingly in the decoding) which determines states in accordance with a shift register operation used during the convolution, from which states, in turn, the trellis representation is obtained. 
   In an additional further development, the trellis representation is run through in a predetermined direction in order to recursively calculate terms A m  and A m  respectively. Into this calculation rule, node weights μ m (s) which are determined by the demodulation result y enter at the nodes (s, m) of the trellis representation. The terms A m  and A m  are described by 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
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   and a starting value 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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                 ( 
                 4 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   A more detailed discussion of the forms of description listed here can also be found in the description of the exemplary embodiment. 
   One embodiment provides that mappings B m  are determined by way of the trellis representation, the trellis representation being processed in opposition to the predetermined direction. The term B m  is determined by 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
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                 ( 
                 5 
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   where 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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                 ( 
                 6 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   is determined for terminating the recursion. 
   Furthermore, terms A α   i  can be determined by again running through the trellis representation taking into consideration the terms A m  and B m  already determined. In particular, the terms A α   i  are determined in accordance with 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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                 ( 
                 7 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   In a further embodiment, the K positions of the decoded code word are determined in accordance with 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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                   . 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 8 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   In particular, an AWGN (Additive Gaussian White Noise) channel model is used for the derivation. The method presented can also be used for other channel models, especially for channel models used in mobile radio. 
   Another embodiment relates to the use of the method in a mobile radio network, especially the GSM network. 
   It is also a further development that, after the soft outputs have been determined, there is a “hard” correlation of the analogue values with the Boolean values ±1. In this arrangement, the nearest Boolean value is in each case determined for correlating the analogue value. 
   The soft output values determined can be used as input values for further decoding when concatenated codes are used. 
   To achieve the object, an arrangement for decoding a predetermined code word is also specified in which a processor unit is provided which is set up in such a manner that
         1. the code word comprises a number of positions having different values;   2. each position of the code word can be correlated with a soft output value by performing the correlation on the basis of a trellis representation; and   3. the decoding of the code word can be determined by the correlation of the individual positions of the code word.       

   This arrangement is particularly suitable for performing the method according to the invention or one of its further developments explained above. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     In the text which follows, exemplary embodiments of the invention will be shown and explained with reference to the drawings, in which: 
       FIG. 1  is a block diagram showing a representation of digital information transmission; 
       FIG. 2  is an algorithm in pseudocode notation for progressing in the trellis diagram observing all states for the calculation of node weights; 
       FIG. 3  is an algorithm in pseudocode notation for determining soft outputs (general case); 
       FIG. 4  is an algorithm in pseudocode notation for determining soft outputs (special case: binary state transition); and 
       FIG. 5  is a block diagram of a processor unit. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   The text which follows describes in greater detail, first the convolutional code, then the reduction in complexity in the calculation of soft outputs and, finally, an algorithmic translation of the reduction in complexity. 
   Terminated Convolutional Code 
   In communication technology, terminated convolutional codes are mostly used in concatenation with other systematic or unsystematic block codes. In particular, the decoding result of a convolutional decoder is used as the input for another decoder. 
   To ensure the lowest possible error rate, it is necessary to supply “soft” decoding decisions instead of “hard” ones in the convolutional decoding for the further decoder, i.e., to generate a tuple of “soft” values (soft outputs) from R instead of a tuple of “hard” Boolean (±1) values. The absolute value of the respective “soft” decision then provides a safety measure for the correctness of the decision. 
   In principle, these soft outputs can be calculated in accordance with equation (1), depending on the channel model. However, the numeric complexity for calculating a soft output is O(2 K ), where K specifies the number of information bits. If K is realistically large, then these formulae can not be evaluated, in particular, since such a code word must be calculated again every few milliseconds (a real-time requirement). 
   One consequence of this is that soft outputs are dispensed with (with all consequences for the word and bit error rates) or, respectively, fewer elaborate approximations are performed for determining the soft outputs. 
   In the text which follows, a possibility for terminated convolutional codes is specified with the aid of which this complexity can be reduced to O(K) in a trellis representation for calculating all soft outputs, i.e., this solution provides the possibility for a precise evaluation of equation (1). 
   In the text which follows, the bits of the code are represented in {±1} representation. In comparison with a {0, 1} representation, which is often used in information technology, −1 corresponds to 1 and 1 corresponds to 0. 
   On a body {±1}, addition ⊕ and multiplication ⊙ are defined as follows: 
   
     
       
             
             
             
           
         
             
                 
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
               −1 ⊕ −1 = 1 
               −1 ⊙ −1 = −1 
             
             
                 
               −1 ⊕ 1 = −1 
               −1 ⊙ 1 = 1 
             
             
                 
                 1 ⊕ −1 = −1 
                 1 ⊙ −1 = 1 
             
             
                 
                 1 ⊕ 1 = 1 
                 1 ⊙ 1 = 1 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   The coding is done with the aid of a “shift register” into which bit blocks (input blocks) of the information bits are written with each clock pulse. The combination of the bits of the shift register then generates one bit block of the code word. The shift register is pre-assigned +1 bits in each case. To terminate the coding (termination) blocks of tail zeros (+1) are shifted in afterwards. As has been mentioned initially, check bits by way of which bit errors can be corrected are correlated with the information bits by way of coding. 
   The following are defined for the further embodiments: 
   bεN number of input bits per block; 
   V:={±1} b  set of state transition signs; 
   aεN number of input blocks; 
   K:=a·b number of information bits without tail zeros; 
   kεN, k≧2 block length of the shift register, penetration depth; 
   L:=k·b bit length of the shift register; 
   S:={±1} L  set of shift register signs; 
   nεN number of output bits per block; 
   Q:=a+k−1 number of state transitions, input blocks+zeros; 
   N:=n·Q number of code bits; and 
   
     
       
         
           R 
           := 
           
             
               b 
               n 
             
             ⁢ 
             
                 
             
             ⁢ 
             code 
             ⁢ 
             
                 
             
             ⁢ 
             
               rate 
               . 
             
           
         
       
     
   
   It should be noted here that the code rate is not K/N since the information bits have been counted without the zeros (+1) of the convolutional termination. 
   Furthermore, s 0 εS and ν 0 εV are assumed to be the respective zero elements, i.e.,
 
 s   0 =(+1, . . . , +1) τ , ν 0 =(+1, . . . , +1) τ .  (9)
 
   The state transition function of the shift register is assumed to be
 
 T:S×V→S,   (10)
 
( s ,ν)           ( s   b+1   , . . . , s   L ,ν 1 , . . . , ν b ) τ .  (11)

   The terminated convolutional code is defined by the characterizing subsets
 
 M   1   , . . . , M   n   ⊂ {1 , . . . , L},   (12)
 
   (combination of register bits, alternatively in polynomial representation). 
   The current register content is coded via
 
 C:S→{± 1} n ,  (13)
 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     s 
                     ⁢ 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       C 
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         s 
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     where 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       
                         C 
                         j 
                       
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         s 
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                   := 
                   
                     
                       ⊕ 
                       
                         i 
                         ∈ 
                         
                           M 
                           j 
                         
                       
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       s 
                       i 
                     
                   
                 
                 , 
                 
                   
                     for 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                   
                   ≤ 
                   j 
                   ≤ 
                   
                     n 
                     . 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 14 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   where s i  is the i-th component of s. 
   Finally, the coding of an information word is defined by way of
 
φ:{±1} K →{±1} N ,  (15)
 
                   u   ⁢   ⁢     (           C   ⁡     (     s   1     )               ⋮             (     s   Q     )           )       ,           (   16   )               
where s 0 εS is the zero state (zero element),
 
                   u   =     (           v   1             ⋮             v   a           )       ,       v   i     ⁢   ε   ⁢           ⁢   V     ,     1   ≤   i   ≤   a     ,           (   17   )               ν 1   :=v   0   , a+ 1 ≦i≦Q,   (18) 
   and furthermore
 
 s   i   :=T ( s   i−1 , ν i ), 1 ≦i≦Q.   (19)
 
   According to the definition of T, the following is obtained
 
 s   Q+1   :=T ( s   Q   ,v   0 )= s   0 .  (20)
 
   Accordingly, the set of all code words is
 
φ({±1} K ):={φ( u )ε{±1} N   ; uε{± 1} K }.  (21)
 
   Often, polynomials
 
 p   j ε{0,1 }[D ] where  deg ( p   j )≦ L −1
 
   are used instead of the sets M j  for code definition, i.e., 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     p 
                     j 
                   
                   ⁡ 
                   
                     ( 
                     D 
                     ) 
                   
                 
                 = 
                 
                   
                     ∑ 
                     
                       i 
                       = 
                       0 
                     
                     
                       L 
                       - 
                       1 
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     γ 
                     
                       i 
                       , 
                       
                         j 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           D 
                           i 
                         
                       
                       , 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 22 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   with
 
γ i,j  ε {0,1 } i =0 , . . . , L− 1 , j =1 , . . . , n.  
 
   The following transformations then apply for j=1, . . . , n:
 
 M   j   ={iε{ 1 , . . . , L}; γ   L−i,j =1}  (23)
 
                     p   j     ⁡     (   D   )       =       ∑     i   ⁢           ⁢   ε   ⁢           ⁢     M   j                 ⁢           ⁢       D     L   -   i       .               (   24   )               
Block Code Representation
 
   Since a terminated convolutional code is a block code, the code bits c j , 1≦j≦N can also be represented from the information bits u i , 1≦i≦K, with index sets J j , as follows: 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       c 
                       j 
                     
                     := 
                     
                       
                         ⊕ 
                         
                           i 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           ε 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             J 
                             j 
                           
                         
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         u 
                         i 
                       
                     
                   
                   , 
                   
                     
                       for 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       1 
                     
                     ≤ 
                     j 
                     ≤ 
                     N 
                   
                   , 
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 25 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   where
 
J 1 , . . . , J N   532  {1 , . . . , K}.   (26)
 
   The index sets J j  can be calculated directly from the above index sets M m  of the code definition. 
   Consider
 
 j=n ( q −1)+ m,q =1 , . . . , Q,m= 1 , . . . , n.   (27)
 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     c 
                     j 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         C 
                         m 
                       
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         
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                           q 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     = 
                     
                       
                         
                           ⊕ 
                           
                             i 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             ε 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               M 
                               m 
                             
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               s 
                               q 
                             
                             ) 
                           
                           i 
                         
                       
                       = 
                       
                         
                           ⊕ 
                           
                             i 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             ε 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               M 
                               m 
                             
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           u 
                           
                             i 
                             + 
                             
                               b 
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   q 
                                   - 
                                   k 
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 , 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 28 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   where u i :=+1 for i ∉{1, . . . , K}. 
   Furthermore, 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     c 
                     j 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         ⊕ 
                         
                           i 
                           - 
                           
                             
                               b 
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   q 
                                   - 
                                   k 
                                 
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                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             ε 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               M 
                               m 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         u 
                         i 
                       
                     
                     = 
                     
                       
                         ⊕ 
                         
                           
                             i 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             ε 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               M 
                               m 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           
                             b 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 q 
                                 - 
                                 k 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         u 
                         i 
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 , 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 29 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   and it thus follows for j=1, . . . , N that 
                         J   j     =       {     1   ,   …   ⁢           ,   K     }     ⋂     (       M   m     +     b   ⁡     (     q   -   k     )         )                   =       {       i   ⁢           ⁢   ε   ⁢           ⁢     {     1   ,   …   ⁢           ,   K     }       ;     i   -       b   ⁡     (     q   -   k     )       ⁢   ε   ⁢           ⁢     M   m           }     .                   (   30   )               
Example: SACCH Convolutional Code
 
   In the above terminology, the convolutional code described in section 4.1.3 of the GSM Technical Specification GSM 05.03, Version 5.2.0 (channel coding) is: 
   b=1 number of input bits per block; 
   V={±1} set of state transition signs; 
   a=224 number of input blocks; 
   K=224 number of information bits without tail zeros; 
   k=5 block length of the shift register, depth of penetration; 
   L=5 bit length of the shift register; 
   S={±1} 5  set of shift register signs; 
   n=2 number of output bits per block; 
   Q=228 number of state transitions, input blocks+zeros; 
   N=456 number of code bits; 
   
     
       
         
           
             R 
             = 
             
               
                 1 
                 2 
               
               ⁢ 
               
                   
               
               ⁢ 
               code 
               ⁢ 
               
                   
               
               ⁢ 
               rate 
             
           
           ; 
         
       
     
   
   M 1 ={1,2,5} characterizing set; polynomial: 1+D 3 +D 4 ; and 
   M 2 ={1,2,4,5} characterizing set; polynomial: 1+D+D 3 +D 4 . 
   Soft Outputs in an AWGN Channel Model 
   In the text which follows, calculation rules for determining the soft outputs are derived, especially for the sake of clarity. 
   For this purpose, a probability space (Ω,S,P) and a K-dimensional random variable U:Ω→{±1} K  are considered which have the properties 
   The components U 1 , . . . , U K : Ω→{±1} are stochastically independent. 
   The following holds for i=1, . . . ,K
 
 P ({ωεΩ;  U   i (ω)=−1})= P ({ωεΩ;  U   i (ω)=+1}).  (31)
 
     FIG. 1  shows a representation of digital telecommunication. A unit consisting of source  201 , source encoder  202  and crypto-encoder  203  determines an information item uε{±1} K  which is used as input for one (or possibly more) channel encoder(s)  204 . The channel encoder  204  generates a code word cε{±1} N  which is fed into a modulator  205  and is transmitted via a disturbed physical channel  206  to a receiver where it is determined to become a real-value code word yεR N  in a demodulator  207 . This code word is converted into a real-value information item in a channel decoder  208 . If necessary, a “hard” correlation with the Boolean values ±1 can also be made in a further decoder so that the received information is present in Boolean notation. The receiver is completed by a unit of crypto-decoder  209 , source decoder  210  and sink  211 . The two crypto-encoder  203  and crypto-decoder  209  units are optional in this arrangement. 
   The information to be reconstructed, uε{±1} K , of the crypto-encoder  203  is interpreted as implementation of the random variables U since nothing is known about the choice of u in the receiver. 
   Thus, the output cε{±1} N  of the channel encoder  204  is an implementation of the random variables φ(U). 
   The output yεR N  of the demodulator  207  is interpreted as implementation of the random variables
 
Y:Ω→             N ,  (32)
 
ω         φ( U (ω))+ Z (ω),  (33)

   a random variable Z:Ω→R N  representing the channel disturbances in the physical channel  206 . 
   In the text which follows, an AWGN channel model is assumed, i.e., Z is a N(0,σ 2 I N ) normally distributed random variable which is stochastically independent of U and, respectively, φ(U). The variance σ 2  is calculated from the ratio between noise power density and mean energy in the channel  206  and is here assumed to be known. 
   The unknown output uε{±1} K  of the crypto-encoder is to be reconstructed on the basis of an implementation y of Y. To estimate the unknown quantities u 1 , . . . , u K , the distribution of the random variables U is investigated given the condition that y has been received. 
   The consequence of the fact that the random variable Y is a steady random variable is that the consideration of U under the condition that y has been received (Y({circumflex over (ω)})=y) is extremely complicated. 
   Firstly, the following is defined for iε{1, . . . , K} and αε{±1}
 
Γ i (α):={φ( u );  uε{± 1} K   ; u   i =α}.  (34)
 
   In a preparatory step, the following quantities are considered for ε&gt;0, paying attention to the injectivity of the coding map φ: 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         L 
                         ε 
                       
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           
                             U 
                             i 
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                              
                             y 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                         := 
                         
                           ln 
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               
                                 P 
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   
                                     { 
                                     
                                       
                                         ω 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                             
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         ε 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                             
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         Ω 
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                           
                                       
                                       ; 
                                       
                                         
                                           
                                             U 
                                             i 
                                           
                                           ⁡ 
                                           
                                             ( 
                                             ω 
                                             ) 
                                           
                                         
                                         = 
                                         
                                           + 
                                           1 
                                         
                                       
                                     
                                     } 
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                      
                                     
                                       { 
                                       
                                         
                                           ω 
                                           ⁢ 
                                           
                                               
                                           
                                           ⁢ 
                                           ε 
                                           ⁢ 
                                           
                                               
                                           
                                           ⁢ 
                                           Ω 
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                             
                                         
                                         ; 
                                         
                                           
                                             Y 
                                             ⁡ 
                                             
                                               ( 
                                               ω 
                                               ) 
                                             
                                           
                                           ⁢ 
                                           
                                               
                                           
                                           ⁢ 
                                           ε 
                                           ⁢ 
                                           
                                               
                                           
                                           ⁢ 
                                           
                                             M 
                                             
                                               y 
                                               , 
                                               ε 
                                             
                                           
                                         
                                       
                                       } 
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               
                                 P 
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   
                                     { 
                                     
                                       
                                         ω 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                             
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         ε 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                             
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         Ω 
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                           
                                       
                                       ; 
                                       
                                         
                                           
                                             U 
                                             i 
                                           
                                           ⁡ 
                                           
                                             ( 
                                             ω 
                                             ) 
                                           
                                         
                                         = 
                                         
                                           - 
                                           1 
                                         
                                       
                                     
                                     } 
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                      
                                     
                                       { 
                                       
                                         
                                           ω 
                                           ⁢ 
                                           
                                               
                                           
                                           ⁢ 
                                           ε 
                                           ⁢ 
                                           
                                               
                                           
                                           ⁢ 
                                           Ω 
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                             
                                         
                                         ; 
                                         
                                           
                                             Y 
                                             ⁡ 
                                             
                                               ( 
                                               ω 
                                               ) 
                                             
                                           
                                           ⁢ 
                                           
                                               
                                           
                                           ⁢ 
                                           ε 
                                           ⁢ 
                                           
                                               
                                           
                                           ⁢ 
                                           
                                             M 
                                             
                                               y 
                                               , 
                                               ε 
                                             
                                           
                                         
                                       
                                       } 
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                             ) 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         = 
                         
                           ln 
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               
                                 
                                   ∑ 
                                   
                                     c 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     ε 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       
                                         Γ 
                                         i 
                                       
                                       ⁡ 
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           + 
                                           1 
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                   P 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     
                                       { 
                                       
                                         
                                           ω 
                                           ⁢ 
                                           
                                               
                                           
                                           ⁢ 
                                           ε 
                                           ⁢ 
                                           
                                               
                                           
                                           ⁢ 
                                           Ω 
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                             
                                         
                                         ; 
                                         
                                           
                                             φ 
                                             ⁡ 
                                             
                                               ( 
                                               
                                                 U 
                                                 ⁡ 
                                                 
                                                   ( 
                                                   ω 
                                                   ) 
                                                 
                                               
                                               ) 
                                             
                                           
                                           = 
                                           c 
                                         
                                       
                                       } 
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                        
                                       
                                         { 
                                         
                                           
                                             ω 
                                             ⁢ 
                                             
                                                 
                                             
                                             ⁢ 
                                             ε 
                                             ⁢ 
                                             
                                                 
                                             
                                             ⁢ 
                                             Ω 
                                           
                                           ⁢ 
                                           
                                               
                                           
                                           ; 
                                           
                                             
                                               Y 
                                               ⁡ 
                                               
                                                 ( 
                                                 ω 
                                                 ) 
                                               
                                             
                                             ⁢ 
                                             
                                                 
                                             
                                             ⁢ 
                                             ε 
                                             ⁢ 
                                             
                                                 
                                             
                                             ⁢ 
                                             
                                               M 
                                               
                                                 y 
                                                 , 
                                                 ε 
                                               
                                             
                                           
                                         
                                         } 
                                       
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                 
                               
                               
                                 
                                   ∑ 
                                   
                                     c 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     ε 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       
                                         Γ 
                                         i 
                                       
                                       ⁡ 
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           - 
                                           1 
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                   P 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     
                                       { 
                                       
                                         
                                           ω 
                                           ⁢ 
                                           
                                               
                                           
                                           ⁢ 
                                           ε 
                                           ⁢ 
                                           
                                               
                                           
                                           ⁢ 
                                           Ω 
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                             
                                         
                                         ; 
                                         
                                           
                                             φ 
                                             ⁡ 
                                             
                                               ( 
                                               
                                                 U 
                                                 ⁡ 
                                                 
                                                   ( 
                                                   ω 
                                                   ) 
                                                 
                                               
                                               ) 
                                             
                                           
                                           = 
                                           c 
                                         
                                       
                                       } 
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                        
                                       
                                         { 
                                         
                                           
                                             ω 
                                             ⁢ 
                                             
                                                 
                                             
                                             ⁢ 
                                             ε 
                                             ⁢ 
                                             
                                                 
                                             
                                             ⁢ 
                                             Ω 
                                           
                                           ⁢ 
                                           
                                               
                                           
                                           ; 
                                           
                                             
                                               Y 
                                               ⁡ 
                                               
                                                 ( 
                                                 ω 
                                                 ) 
                                               
                                             
                                             ⁢ 
                                             
                                                 
                                             
                                             ⁢ 
                                             ε 
                                             ⁢ 
                                             
                                                 
                                             
                                             ⁢ 
                                             
                                               M 
                                               
                                                 y 
                                                 , 
                                                 ε 
                                               
                                             
                                           
                                         
                                         } 
                                       
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                             ) 
                           
                         
                       
                       , 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 35 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   for i=1, . . . , K, where M y,ε :=[y 1 ,y 1 +ε]× . . . ×[y N ,y N +ε]. 
   Using the theorem by Bayes, the following is obtained: 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         L 
                         ε 
                       
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           
                             U 
                             i 
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                              
                             y 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                         = 
                         
                           ln 
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               
                                 
                                   ∑ 
                                   
                                     c 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     ε 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       
                                         Γ 
                                         i 
                                       
                                       ⁡ 
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           + 
                                           1 
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                   P 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     
                                       { 
                                       
                                         
                                           ω 
                                           ⁢ 
                                           
                                               
                                           
                                           ⁢ 
                                           ε 
                                           ⁢ 
                                           
                                               
                                           
                                           ⁢ 
                                           Ω 
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                             
                                         
                                         ; 
                                         
                                           
                                             Y 
                                             ⁡ 
                                             
                                               ( 
                                               ω 
                                               ) 
                                             
                                           
                                           ⁢ 
                                           
                                               
                                           
                                           ⁢ 
                                           ε 
                                           ⁢ 
                                           
                                               
                                           
                                           ⁢ 
                                           
                                             M 
                                             
                                               y 
                                               , 
                                               ε 
                                             
                                           
                                         
                                       
                                       } 
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                        
                                       
                                         { 
                                         
                                           
                                             ω 
                                             ⁢ 
                                             
                                                 
                                             
                                             ⁢ 
                                             ε 
                                             ⁢ 
                                             
                                                 
                                             
                                             ⁢ 
                                             Ω 
                                           
                                           ⁢ 
                                           
                                               
                                           
                                           ; 
                                           
                                             
                                               φ 
                                               ⁡ 
                                               
                                                 ( 
                                                 
                                                   U 
                                                   ⁡ 
                                                   
                                                     ( 
                                                     ω 
                                                     ) 
                                                   
                                                 
                                                 ) 
                                               
                                             
                                             = 
                                             c 
                                           
                                         
                                         } 
                                       
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                               
                                 
                                   ∑ 
                                   
                                     c 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     ε 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       
                                         Γ 
                                         i 
                                       
                                       ⁡ 
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           - 
                                           1 
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                   P 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     
                                       { 
                                       
                                         
                                           ω 
                                           ⁢ 
                                           
                                               
                                           
                                           ⁢ 
                                           ε 
                                           ⁢ 
                                           
                                               
                                           
                                           ⁢ 
                                           Ω 
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                             
                                         
                                         ; 
                                         
                                           
                                             Y 
                                             ⁡ 
                                             
                                               ( 
                                               ω 
                                               ) 
                                             
                                           
                                           ⁢ 
                                           
                                               
                                           
                                           ⁢ 
                                           ε 
                                           ⁢ 
                                           
                                               
                                           
                                           ⁢ 
                                           
                                             M 
                                             
                                               y 
                                               , 
                                               ε 
                                             
                                           
                                         
                                       
                                       } 
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                        
                                       
                                         { 
                                         
                                           
                                             ω 
                                             ⁢ 
                                             
                                                 
                                             
                                             ⁢ 
                                             ε 
                                             ⁢ 
                                             
                                                 
                                             
                                             ⁢ 
                                             Ω 
                                           
                                           ⁢ 
                                           
                                               
                                           
                                           ; 
                                           
                                             
                                               φ 
                                               ⁡ 
                                               
                                                 ( 
                                                 
                                                   U 
                                                   ⁡ 
                                                   
                                                     ( 
                                                     ω 
                                                     ) 
                                                   
                                                 
                                                 ) 
                                               
                                             
                                             = 
                                             c 
                                           
                                         
                                         } 
                                       
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                             ) 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       = 
                       
                         
                           ln 
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               
                                 
                                   ∑ 
                                   
                                     c 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     ε 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       
                                         Γ 
                                         i 
                                       
                                       ⁡ 
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           + 
                                           1 
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                   
                                     ∫ 
                                     
                                       M 
                                       
                                         y 
                                         , 
                                         ε 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     
                                       exp 
                                       ⁡ 
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           - 
                                           
                                             
                                               
                                                 
                                                   ( 
                                                   
                                                     x 
                                                     - 
                                                     c 
                                                   
                                                   ) 
                                                 
                                                 T 
                                               
                                               ⁢ 
                                               
                                                 ( 
                                                 
                                                   x 
                                                   - 
                                                   c 
                                                 
                                                 ) 
                                               
                                             
                                             
                                               2 
                                               ⁢ 
                                               
                                                   
                                               
                                               ⁢ 
                                               
                                                 σ 
                                                 2 
                                               
                                             
                                           
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       ⅆ 
                                       x 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                               
                                 
                                   ∑ 
                                   
                                     c 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     ε 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       
                                         Γ 
                                         i 
                                       
                                       ⁡ 
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           - 
                                           1 
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                   
                                     ∫ 
                                     
                                       M 
                                       
                                         y 
                                         , 
                                         ε 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     
                                       exp 
                                       ⁡ 
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           - 
                                           
                                             
                                               
                                                 
                                                   ( 
                                                   
                                                     x 
                                                     - 
                                                     c 
                                                   
                                                   ) 
                                                 
                                                 T 
                                               
                                               ⁢ 
                                               
                                                 ( 
                                                 
                                                   x 
                                                   - 
                                                   c 
                                                 
                                                 ) 
                                               
                                             
                                             
                                               2 
                                               ⁢ 
                                               
                                                   
                                               
                                               ⁢ 
                                               
                                                 σ 
                                                 2 
                                               
                                             
                                           
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       ⅆ 
                                       x 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                             ) 
                           
                         
                         . 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 36 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   Considering then the limiting process of L ε (U i |y) for ε↓0 by using L&#39;Hospital&#39;s rule several times, the soft output L(U i |y) is obtained for each symbol as in equation (1). 
   Since
 
Γ i (+1)∪Γ i (−1)={±1} K  
 
   holds true, a total of O(2 K ) numeric operations are necessary for evaluating equation (1). 
   The vector L(U.|y)εR K  is the result of decoder  208 . 
   Reduction of Complexity in the Determination of the Soft Outputs 
   Soft-Output Determination for Convolutional Codes 
   Firstly, the special characteristics of the terminated convolutional coding are used for providing an organized representation of the soft-output formula (1). 
   For an arbitrary, but preselected output yεR N  of the demodulator  207 , the following weighting function (a Viterbi metric) of code words is considered:
 
 F:{± 1} N →             0   + ,  (37)

   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 c 
                 ↦ 
                 
                   
                     ∑ 
                     
                       j 
                       = 
                       1 
                     
                     N 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             y 
                             j 
                           
                           - 
                           
                             c 
                             j 
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       2 
                     
                     . 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 38 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   For permissible code words cε{±1} N , i.e. cεφ({±1} K ), F(c) can be reduced as follows, using the shift register representation: 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   F 
                   ⁡ 
                   
                     ( 
                     c 
                     ) 
                   
                 
                 = 
                 
                   
                     ∑ 
                     
                       q 
                       = 
                       1 
                     
                     Q 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             ∑ 
                             
                               j 
                               = 
                               1 
                             
                             n 
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 
                                   y 
                                   
                                     
                                       n 
                                       ⁡ 
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           q 
                                           - 
                                           1 
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                     + 
                                     j 
                                   
                                 
                                 - 
                                 
                                   
                                     C 
                                     j 
                                   
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       
                                         s 
                                         ~ 
                                       
                                       q 
                                       c 
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                             2 
                           
                         
                         , 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                     
                     
                       ︸ 
                       
                         = 
                         
                           : 
                           
                             Δ 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               
                                 F 
                                 q 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   
                                     s 
                                     ~ 
                                   
                                   q 
                                   c 
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 39 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   where {tilde under (s)} q   c  stands for the q-th state of the shift register in the (unambiguous) generation of the word c. 
   Then the following is defined for I=1, . . . , K and αε{±1}: 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     A 
                     α 
                     i 
                   
                   ⁡ 
                   
                     ( 
                     y 
                     ) 
                   
                 
                 := 
                 
                   
                     
                       ∑ 
                       
                         c 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         ε 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                             Γ 
                             i 
                           
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             α 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                       
                       
                           
                       
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       exp 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           - 
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     y 
                                     - 
                                     c 
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                                 T 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   y 
                                   - 
                                   c 
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                             
                               2 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 σ 
                                 2 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       ∑ 
                       
                         c 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         ε 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                             Γ 
                             i 
                           
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             α 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                       
                       
                           
                       
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       
                         ∏ 
                         
                           q 
                           = 
                           1 
                         
                         Q 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         exp 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               
                                 - 
                                 
                                   1 
                                   
                                     2 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       σ 
                                       2 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               Δ 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 
                                   F 
                                   q 
                                 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     
                                       s 
                                       ~ 
                                     
                                     q 
                                     c 
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                             ) 
                           
                           . 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 40 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   Thus, the following holds true for the soft outputs 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 L 
                 ( 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         U 
                         i 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                          
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         y 
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     = 
                     
                       ln 
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             
                               A 
                               
                                 + 
                                 1 
                               
                               i 
                             
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               y 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               A 
                               
                                 - 
                                 1 
                               
                               i 
                             
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               y 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                   , 
                   
                     i 
                     = 
                     1 
                   
                   , 
                   … 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   , 
                   
                     K 
                     . 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 41 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   In the text which follows, the values A α   i (y) are determined with the aid of a trellis diagram/representation. 
   To reduce the complexity of calculation, the following procedure is adopted in the following sections:
         generalization of A α   i  by mappings Ã m .   Recursive representation of Ã m  by mappings A m , the values of which are calculated with a “from left to right” run through a trellis diagram.   Reversal of the recursion by mappings B m , the values of which are calculated with a “from right to left” run through a trellis diagram.   joint calculation of all A α   i  by way of a further run through a trellis diagram by using A m  and B m .       

   The trellis diagram is here a set
 
           ={( s,q );  sεS, q= 0 , . . . , Q+ 1}  (42)

   The elements (s,q) of this set are also called the nodes in the trellis diagram, s representing a state and q being considered as a dynamic value (especially time). 
   General Recursive Representation 
   Firstly, some definitions are needed for representing the A α   i  in a generalized form which allows later transformation. For this reason, the following is determined
 
 s   i   u   :=T ( s   0   ,u   1 ),  uεV   m   =V× . . . ×V, m≧ 1,  (43)
 
 s   j   u   :=T ( s   j−1   u   ,u   j )  uεV   m   , m≧j&gt; 2,  (44)
 
   i.e., s j   u  represents the state of the shift register after j shifts of the register with the input symbols u 1 , . . . , u j . 
   Furthermore, sets V j   ⊂ V,jεN, which contain the permissible state transition symbols in the j-th step, are considered. Furthermore, product sets are defined as
 
 U   m   :V   1   × . . . ×V   m     ⊂ V   m   , mε               (45)

   i.e., U m  contains the first m components of the permissible input words. 
   For qεN, mappings
 
μ q :S→             (46)

   are considered and for mεN and input word sets U m   ⊂ V m , mappings are defined as follows
 
Ã m :           (S)→         ,  (47)

   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   E 
                   ↦ 
                   
                     
                       ∑ 
                       
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             u 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               εU 
                               m 
                             
                           
                           ) 
                         
                         
                           ⩓ 
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               
                                 s 
                                 m 
                                 u 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               ε 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               E 
                             
                             ) 
                           
                         
                       
                       
                           
                       
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       
                         ∏ 
                         
                           j 
                           = 
                           1 
                         
                         m 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           μ 
                           j 
                         
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             s 
                             j 
                             u 
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 , 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 48 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   i.e., summing over all permissible input words, the shift register of which reaches a final state in E, is performed. If there are no such input words, the sum is determined as 0 over an empty index set. 
   In addition, a mapping is determined as
 
 W:S×             ( V )→         ( S ),  (49)
 
(t, {circumflex over (V)})         { s ∈S; ∃{circumflex over (v)}∈{circumflex over (V)}             T(s,{circumflex over (v)})=t},   (50)

   i.e., W maps (t, {circumflex over (V)}) into the sets of all states which can reach the state t with a transition symbol from {circumflex over (V)}. 
   The following holds true for m≧2, E ⊂ S 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             A 
                             ~ 
                           
                           m 
                         
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           E 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       = 
                       
                         
                           ∑ 
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 u 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                   εU 
                                   m 
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                             
                               ⩓ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   
                                     s 
                                     m 
                                     u 
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   ε 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   E 
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                               
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                             ∏ 
                             
                               j 
                               = 
                               1 
                             
                             m 
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             
                               μ 
                               j 
                             
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 s 
                                 j 
                                 u 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       = 
                       
                         
                           ∑ 
                           
                             s 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             ε 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             E 
                           
                           
                               
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                             ∑ 
                             
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   u 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     εU 
                                     m 
                                   
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                               
                                 ⩓ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     
                                       s 
                                       m 
                                       u 
                                     
                                     = 
                                     s 
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                             
                                 
                             
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             
                               ∏ 
                               
                                 j 
                                 = 
                                 1 
                               
                               m 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               
                                 μ 
                                 j 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   s 
                                   j 
                                   u 
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       = 
                       
                         
                           ∑ 
                           
                             s 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             ε 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             E 
                           
                           
                               
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                             
                               μ 
                               m 
                             
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               s 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             
                               ∑ 
                               
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     u 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       εU 
                                       m 
                                     
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                                 
                                   ⩓ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       
                                         s 
                                         m 
                                         u 
                                       
                                       = 
                                       s 
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               
                                   
                               
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               
                                 ∏ 
                                 
                                   j 
                                   = 
                                   1 
                                 
                                 
                                   m 
                                   - 
                                   1 
                                 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 
                                   μ 
                                   j 
                                 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     s 
                                     j 
                                     u 
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       = 
                       
                         
                           ∑ 
                           
                             s 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             ε 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             E 
                           
                           
                               
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                             
                               μ 
                               m 
                             
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               s 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             
                               ∑ 
                               
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     u 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       εU 
                                       
                                         m 
                                         - 
                                         1 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                                 
                                   ⩓ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       
                                         s 
                                         
                                           m 
                                           - 
                                           1 
                                         
                                         u 
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       ε 
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                           
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                         W 
                                         ⁡ 
                                         
                                           ( 
                                           
                                             s 
                                             , 
                                             
                                               V 
                                               m 
                                             
                                           
                                           ) 
                                         
                                       
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               
                                   
                               
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               
                                 ∏ 
                                 
                                   j 
                                   = 
                                   1 
                                 
                                 
                                   m 
                                   - 
                                   1 
                                 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 
                                   μ 
                                   j 
                                 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     s 
                                     j 
                                     u 
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       = 
                       
                         
                           ∑ 
                           
                             s 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             ε 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             E 
                           
                           
                               
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                             
                               μ 
                               m 
                             
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               s 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   A 
                                   ~ 
                                 
                                 
                                   m 
                                   - 
                                   1 
                                 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   W 
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       s 
                                       , 
                                       
                                         V 
                                         m 
                                       
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                             . 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 51 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   In the transformation in the last step but one, attention must be paid to the fact that there is exactly one transition symbol νεV m  with T(s m−1   u ,v)=s, if s m−1   u  is in W(s,V m ), i.e., it is not necessary to take account of any multiplicities. 
   Consider, then, the following for m≧2 mappings
 
A m :S→           ,  (52)
 
 s           μ m ( s ) Ã   m−1 ( W ( s,V   m )).  (53)

   Thus, a recursion formula can be derived for m≧3: 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           A 
                           m 
                         
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           s 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       = 
                         
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           
                             μ 
                             m 
                           
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             s 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                             
                               A 
                               ~ 
                             
                             
                               m 
                               - 
                               1 
                             
                           
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               W 
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   s 
                                   , 
                                   
                                     V 
                                     m 
                                   
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                             ) 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       = 
                         
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           
                             μ 
                             m 
                           
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             s 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                             ∑ 
                             
                               t 
                               ∈ 
                               
                                 W 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     s 
                                     , 
                                     
                                       V 
                                       m 
                                     
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             
                               
                                 μ 
                                 
                                   m 
                                   - 
                                   1 
                                 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 t 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               
                                 
                                   A 
                                   ~ 
                                 
                                 
                                   m 
                                   - 
                                   2 
                                 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   W 
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       t 
                                       , 
                                       
                                         V 
                                         
                                           m 
                                           - 
                                           1 
                                         
                                       
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       = 
                         
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           
                             μ 
                             m 
                           
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             s 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                             ∑ 
                             
                               t 
                               ∈ 
                               
                                 W 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     s 
                                     , 
                                     
                                       V 
                                       m 
                                     
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             
                               
                                 A 
                                 
                                   m 
                                   - 
                                   1 
                                 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 t 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                             . 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 54 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   Furthermore: 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           A 
                           2 
                         
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           s 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       = 
                         
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           
                             μ 
                             2 
                           
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             s 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                             
                               A 
                               ~ 
                             
                             1 
                           
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               W 
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   s 
                                   , 
                                   
                                     V 
                                     2 
                                   
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                             ) 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       = 
                         
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           
                             μ 
                             2 
                           
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             s 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                             ∑ 
                             
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   u 
                                   ∈ 
                                   
                                     U 
                                     1 
                                   
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                               
                                 ⩓ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     
                                       s 
                                       1 
                                       u 
                                     
                                     ∈ 
                                     
                                       W 
                                       ⁡ 
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           s 
                                           , 
                                           
                                             V 
                                             2 
                                           
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             
                               μ 
                               1 
                             
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 s 
                                 1 
                                 u 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       = 
                         
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               μ 
                               2 
                             
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               s 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             
                               ∑ 
                               
                                 t 
                                 ∈ 
                                 
                                   W 
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       s 
                                       , 
                                       
                                         V 
                                         2 
                                       
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               
                                 
                                   μ 
                                   1 
                                 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   t 
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 δ 
                                 
                                   s 
                                   0 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         ∈ 
                         
                           W 
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               t 
                               , 
                               
                                 V 
                                 1 
                               
                             
                             ) 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       = 
                         
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           
                             μ 
                             2 
                           
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             s 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                             ∑ 
                             
                               t 
                               ∈ 
                               
                                 W 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     s 
                                     , 
                                     
                                       V 
                                       2 
                                     
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   μ 
                                   1 
                                 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   t 
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 
                                   ∑ 
                                   
                                     
                                       t 
                                       ^ 
                                     
                                     ∈ 
                                     
                                       W 
                                       ⁡ 
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           t 
                                           , 
                                           
                                             V 
                                             1 
                                           
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                   
                                     
                                       
                                         
                                           δ 
                                           
                                             
                                               t 
                                               ^ 
                                             
                                             = 
                                             
                                               s 
                                               0 
                                             
                                           
                                         
                                         ︸ 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                   
                                     
                                       
                                         = 
                                         
                                           : 
                                           
                                             
                                               A 
                                               0 
                                             
                                             ⁡ 
                                             
                                               ( 
                                               
                                                 t 
                                                 ^ 
                                               
                                               ) 
                                             
                                           
                                         
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                             
                               ︸ 
                               
                                 = 
                                 
                                   : 
                                   
                                     
                                       A 
                                       1 
                                     
                                     ⁡ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       t 
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 55 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   In summary, the following thus holds true for sεS, E ⊂ S: 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     A 
                     0 
                   
                   ⁡ 
                   
                     ( 
                     s 
                     ) 
                   
                 
                 = 
                 
                   { 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             1 
                             , 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 for 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 s 
                               
                               = 
                               
                                 s 
                                 0 
                               
                             
                             , 
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           
                             0 
                             , 
                           
                         
                         
                           otherwise 
                         
                       
                     
                     , 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 56 
                 ) 
               
             
           
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       A 
                       m 
                     
                     ⁡ 
                     
                       ( 
                       s 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         μ 
                         m 
                       
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         s 
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       
                         ∑ 
                         
                           t 
                           ∈ 
                           
                             W 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 s 
                                 , 
                                 
                                   V 
                                   m 
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           A 
                           
                             m 
                             - 
                             1 
                           
                         
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           t 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 , 
                 
                   
                     for 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     m 
                   
                   ∈ 
                 
                 , 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 57 
                 ) 
               
             
           
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         A 
                         ~ 
                       
                       m 
                     
                     ⁡ 
                     
                       ( 
                       E 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       ∑ 
                       
                         s 
                         ∈ 
                         E 
                       
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       
                         A 
                         m 
                       
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         s 
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 , 
                 
                   
                     for 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     m 
                   
                   ∈ 
                   
                     . 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 58 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   The sets W(s,V m ) can be represented constructively. For this purpose, two further mappings are considered. The following is defined
 
τ:S→V,  (59)
 
 s =( s   i   , . . . , s   L ) τ             ( s   L−b+1   , . . . , s   L ) τ ,  (60)

   i.e., if the state s is the result of a state transition, then τ(s) was the associated state transition symbol. 
   Furthermore
 
 {circumflex over (T)}:V×S→S,   (61)
 
( v,s )           ( v   1   , . . . , v   b   ,s   1   , . . . , s   L−b ) τ ,  (62)

   is defined, i.e., {circumflex over (T)} reverses the direction of the shift register operation. 
   The following then holds
 
 T ( {circumflex over (T)} ( v,s ),τ( s ))= s , for all  sεS,vεV   (63)
 
   and for all tεS and {circumflex over (V)} ⊂ V, it also holds true that 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         W 
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             t 
                             , 
                             
                               V 
                               ^ 
                             
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       = 
                         
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             s 
                             ∈ 
                             S 
                           
                           ; 
                           
                             
                               ∃ 
                               
                                 
                                   υ 
                                   ^ 
                                 
                                 ∈ 
                                 
                                   V 
                                   ^ 
                                 
                                 ∋ 
                                 
                                   T 
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       s 
                                       , 
                                       
                                         υ 
                                         ^ 
                                       
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                             = 
                             t 
                           
                         
                         } 
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       = 
                         
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         { 
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   { 
                                   
                                     
                                       
                                         T 
                                         ^ 
                                       
                                       ⁡ 
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           υ 
                                           , 
                                           t 
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                     ; 
                                     
                                       υ 
                                       ∈ 
                                       V 
                                     
                                   
                                   } 
                                 
                                 , 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               
                                 ∅ 
                                 , 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     
                         
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   if 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     τ 
                                     ⁡ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       t 
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                                 ∈ 
                                 
                                   V 
                                   ^ 
                                 
                               
                               , 
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               else 
                               . 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 64 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   Thus, the recursion formula (57) for A m (s) can be written down constructively as follows: 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           A 
                           m 
                         
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           s 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       = 
                         
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           
                             μ 
                             m 
                           
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             s 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                             ∑ 
                             
                               t 
                               ∈ 
                               
                                 W 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     s 
                                     , 
                                     
                                       V 
                                       m 
                                     
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             
                               A 
                               
                                 m 
                                 - 
                                 1 
                               
                             
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               t 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       = 
                         
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         { 
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     
                                       μ 
                                       m 
                                     
                                     ⁡ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       s 
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     
                                       ∑ 
                                       
                                         υ 
                                         ∈ 
                                         V 
                                       
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       
                                         A 
                                         
                                           m 
                                           - 
                                           1 
                                         
                                       
                                       ⁡ 
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           
                                             T 
                                             ^ 
                                           
                                           ⁡ 
                                           
                                             ( 
                                             
                                               υ 
                                               , 
                                               s 
                                             
                                             ) 
                                           
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                 
                                 , 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               
                                 0 
                                 , 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     
                         
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   if 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     τ 
                                     ⁡ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       s 
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                                 ∈ 
                                 
                                   V 
                                   m 
                                 
                               
                               , 
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               else 
                               . 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 65 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   It should be noted that in this section, no restrictions were set for the set V of the state transition symbols and for the sets V j εδ(V). 
   Reversal of Recursion 
   In the text which follows, a recursion in the “reverse direction” compared with the above recursion is described. This new recursion is defined with the aid of the recursion formula (57) for A m (s). 
   The following is assumed for this purpose
 
 T ( t,{circumflex over (V)} ):={ T ( t,{circumflex over (v)} );  {circumflex over (v)}ε{circumflex over (V)} }, for  tεS,{circumflex over (V)} ⊂ V   (66)
 
   and for MεN, 0≦m≦Q, the following mappings are considered
 
B m :S→           ,  (67)

   with the following recursive characteristic: 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             ∑ 
                             
                               s 
                               ∈ 
                               S 
                             
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             
                               
                                 A 
                                 m 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 s 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               
                                 ∑ 
                                 
                                   t 
                                   ∈ 
                                   
                                     T 
                                     ⁡ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       
                                         s 
                                         , 
                                         
                                           V 
                                           
                                             m 
                                             + 
                                             1 
                                           
                                         
                                       
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 
                                   B 
                                   
                                     Q 
                                     - 
                                     m 
                                   
                                 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   t 
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         = 
                           
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                             ∑ 
                             
                               s 
                               ∈ 
                               S 
                             
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             
                               
                                 μ 
                                 m 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 s 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               
                                 ∑ 
                                 
                                   
                                     t 
                                     ^ 
                                   
                                   ∈ 
                                   
                                     W 
                                     ⁡ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       
                                         s 
                                         , 
                                         
                                           V 
                                           m 
                                         
                                       
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     A 
                                     
                                       m 
                                       - 
                                       1 
                                     
                                   
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       t 
                                       ^ 
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                   
                                     ∑ 
                                     
                                       t 
                                       ∈ 
                                       
                                         T 
                                         ⁡ 
                                         
                                           ( 
                                           
                                             s 
                                             , 
                                             
                                               V 
                                               
                                                 m 
                                                 + 
                                                 1 
                                               
                                             
                                           
                                           ) 
                                         
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     
                                       B 
                                       
                                         Q 
                                         - 
                                         m 
                                       
                                     
                                     ⁡ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       t 
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       
                         = 
                           
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                             ∑ 
                             
                               
                                 t 
                                 ^ 
                               
                               ∈ 
                               S 
                             
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             
                               ∑ 
                               
                                 s 
                                 ∈ 
                                 
                                   T 
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       
                                         t 
                                         ^ 
                                       
                                       , 
                                       
                                         V 
                                         m 
                                       
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               
                                 
                                   μ 
                                   m 
                                 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   s 
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 
                                   A 
                                   
                                     m 
                                     - 
                                     1 
                                   
                                 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     t 
                                     ^ 
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 
                                   ∑ 
                                   
                                     t 
                                     ∈ 
                                     
                                       T 
                                       ⁡ 
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           s 
                                           , 
                                           
                                             V 
                                             
                                               m 
                                               + 
                                               1 
                                             
                                           
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                   
                                     B 
                                     
                                       Q 
                                       - 
                                       m 
                                     
                                   
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     t 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           = 
                             
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             
                               ∑ 
                               
                                 
                                   t 
                                   ^ 
                                 
                                 ∈ 
                                 S 
                               
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               
                                 
                                   A 
                                   
                                     m 
                                     - 
                                     1 
                                   
                                 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     t 
                                     ^ 
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 
                                   ∑ 
                                   
                                     s 
                                     ∈ 
                                     
                                       T 
                                       ⁡ 
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           
                                             t 
                                             ^ 
                                           
                                           , 
                                           
                                             V 
                                             m 
                                           
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                   
                                     
                                       
                                         μ 
                                         m 
                                       
                                       ⁡ 
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         s 
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       
                                         ∑ 
                                         
                                           t 
                                           ∈ 
                                           
                                             T 
                                             ⁡ 
                                             
                                               ( 
                                               
                                                 s 
                                                 , 
                                                 
                                                   V 
                                                   
                                                     m 
                                                     + 
                                                     1 
                                                   
                                                 
                                               
                                               ) 
                                             
                                           
                                         
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                         
                                           B 
                                           
                                             Q 
                                             - 
                                             m 
                                           
                                         
                                         ⁡ 
                                         
                                           ( 
                                           t 
                                           ) 
                                         
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                   
                                     ︸ 
                                     
                                       = 
                                       
                                         : 
                                         
                                           
                                             B 
                                             
                                               Q 
                                               - 
                                               m 
                                               + 
                                               1 
                                             
                                           
                                           ⁡ 
                                           
                                             ( 
                                             s 
                                             ) 
                                           
                                         
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         , 
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                   
 
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                   
                     i 
                     . 
                     e 
                     . 
                   
                   , 
                 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
           
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     ∑ 
                     
                       s 
                       ∈ 
                       S 
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
                       
                         A 
                         m 
                       
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         s 
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       
                         ∑ 
                         
                           t 
                           ∈ 
                           
                             T 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 s 
                                 , 
                                 
                                   V 
                                   
                                     m 
                                     + 
                                     1 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           B 
                           
                             Q 
                             - 
                             m 
                           
                         
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           t 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 = 
                 
                   
                     ∑ 
                     
                       s 
                       ∈ 
                       S 
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
                       
                         A 
                         
                           m 
                           - 
                           1 
                         
                       
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         s 
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       
                         ∑ 
                         
                           t 
                           ∈ 
                           
                             T 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 s 
                                 , 
                                 
                                   V 
                                   m 
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           
                             B 
                             
                               Q 
                               - 
                               m 
                               + 
                               1 
                             
                           
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             t 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                         . 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 68 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   By applying equation (68) several times, the following is obtained for an arbitrary jε{1, . . . , m+1} 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     ∑ 
                     
                       s 
                       ∈ 
                       S 
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
                       
                         A 
                         m 
                       
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         s 
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       
                         ∑ 
                         
                           t 
                           ∈ 
                           
                             T 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 s 
                                 , 
                                 
                                   V 
                                   
                                     m 
                                     + 
                                     1 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           B 
                           
                             Q 
                             - 
                             m 
                           
                         
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           t 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 = 
                 
                   
                     ∑ 
                     
                       s 
                       ∈ 
                       S 
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
                       
                         A 
                         
                           j 
                           - 
                           1 
                         
                       
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         s 
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       
                         ∑ 
                         
                           t 
                           ∈ 
                           
                             T 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 s 
                                 , 
                                 
                                   V 
                                   j 
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           
                             B 
                             
                               Q 
                               - 
                               j 
                               + 
                               1 
                             
                           
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             t 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                         . 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 69 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   According to the above definition, the recursion formula is thus 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       B 
                       m 
                     
                     ⁡ 
                     
                       ( 
                       s 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         μ 
                         
                           Q 
                           - 
                           m 
                           + 
                           1 
                         
                       
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         s 
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       
                         ∑ 
                         
                           t 
                           ∈ 
                           
                             T 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 s 
                                 , 
                                 
                                   V 
                                   
                                     Q 
                                     - 
                                     m 
                                     + 
                                     2 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           B 
                           
                             m 
                             - 
                             1 
                           
                         
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           t 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 , 
                 
                   
                     for 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                   
                   ≤ 
                   m 
                   ≤ 
                   
                     Q 
                     . 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 70 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   To terminate the recursion, the following are defined 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     B 
                     0 
                   
                   ⁡ 
                   
                     ( 
                     s 
                     ) 
                   
                 
                 = 
                 
                   { 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           1 
                           , 
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               for 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               s 
                             
                             = 
                             
                               s 
                               0 
                             
                           
                           , 
                         
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         
                           0 
                           , 
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           else 
                           . 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 71 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   Given this termination and the equations (58) and (69),
 
Ã Q (W(s 0 ,V Q+1 ))
 
   can be represented for V Q+1 :={ν 0 } and with an arbitrary jε{1, . . . , Q+1} as follows: 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             A 
                             ~ 
                           
                           Q 
                         
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             W 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 
                                   s 
                                   0 
                                 
                                 , 
                                 
                                   V 
                                   
                                     Q 
                                     + 
                                     1 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       = 
                         
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           ∑ 
                           
                             s 
                             ∈ 
                             
                               W 
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   
                                     s 
                                     0 
                                   
                                   , 
                                   
                                     V 
                                     
                                       Q 
                                       + 
                                       1 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                             A 
                             Q 
                           
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             s 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       = 
                         
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           ∑ 
                           
                             s 
                             ∈ 
                             S 
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                             
                               A 
                               Q 
                             
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               s 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             
                               ∑ 
                               
                                 t 
                                 ∈ 
                                 
                                   T 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     s 
                                     , 
                                     
                                       { 
                                       
                                         υ 
                                         0 
                                       
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                   } 
                                 
                               
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               
                                 B 
                                 0 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 t 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       = 
                         
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           ∑ 
                           
                             s 
                             ∈ 
                             S 
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                             
                               A 
                               Q 
                             
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               s 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             
                               ∑ 
                               
                                 t 
                                 ∈ 
                                 
                                   T 
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       s 
                                       , 
                                       
                                         V 
                                         
                                           Q 
                                           + 
                                           1 
                                         
                                       
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               
                                 B 
                                 0 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 t 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       = 
                         
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           ∑ 
                           
                             s 
                             ∈ 
                             S 
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                             
                               A 
                               
                                 j 
                                 - 
                                 1 
                               
                             
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               s 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             
                               ∑ 
                               
                                 t 
                                 ∈ 
                                 
                                   T 
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       s 
                                       , 
                                       
                                         V 
                                         j 
                                       
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               
                                 
                                   B 
                                   
                                     Q 
                                     - 
                                     j 
                                     + 
                                     1 
                                   
                                 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   t 
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                               . 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 72 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   Note: in the evaluation of (72), V j  is not included in the calculation of the A m  and B m  needed. 
   Calculation of A α   i    
   Using the preliminary work from the preceding sections, A α   i  can now be calculated in a simple manner. 
   For this purpose, the following are defined:
 
V j :=V, for jε{1, . . . , α},  (73)
 
 V   j   :={v   0 }, for  jε{α +1 , . . . , Q +1},  (74)
 
   i.e., all permissible code words are defined via the states s j   u  with
 
 uεU   Q   =V   1   × . . . ×V   Q  
 
   The code words used in the calculation of the A α   i  are restricted by u i =α. For an arbitrary but fixed choice of iε{1, . . . , K}, there is exactly one jε{1, . . . , α} and exactly one îε{1, . . . , b} with
 
 i =( j− 1)· b+î.   (75)
 
   Furthermore, the following are defined for an arbitrary but fixed choice of αε{±1}:
 
 V   j   i (α):={ vεV; v   î =α}  (76)
 
 U   Q   i (α):= V   1    × . . . ×V   j−1   ×V   j   i (α)× V   j+1    × . . . ×V   Q   ⊂U   Q ,  (77)
 
i.e., the code words from Γ i (α) are determined via the states s j   u  with uεU Q   i (α).
 
   For an arbitrary, but fixed choice of yεR N , define for qε{1, . . . , Q}
 
μ q :S→             (78)

   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   s 
                   ⁢ 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     exp 
                     ⁡ 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           - 
                           
                             1 
                             
                               2 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 σ 
                                 2 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                             ∑ 
                             
                               j 
                               = 
                               1 
                             
                             n 
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 
                                   y 
                                   
                                     
                                       n 
                                       ⁡ 
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           q 
                                           - 
                                           1 
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                     + 
                                     j 
                                   
                                 
                                 - 
                                 
                                   
                                     C 
                                     j 
                                   
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     s 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                             2 
                           
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
                 = 
                 
                   
                     exp 
                     ⁡ 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           - 
                           
                             1 
                             
                               2 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 σ 
                                 2 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         Δ 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                             F 
                             q 
                           
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             s 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   . 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 79 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   According to the definition of the convolutional code, the following holds true for all s Q   u  with uεU Q :
 
 s   Q+1   u   =T ( s   Q   u   ,u   Q+1 )= s   0   , u   Q+1   εV   Q+1 ={ν 0 },  (80)
 
   i.e.,
 
S Q   u εW(s 0 ,V Q+1 ).  (81)
 
   Taking account of equation (72), the following thus holds true: 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           A 
                           α 
                           i 
                         
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           y 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       = 
                         
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           ∑ 
                           
                             c 
                             ∈ 
                             
                               
                                 Γ 
                                 i 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 α 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                             ∏ 
                             
                               q 
                               = 
                               1 
                             
                             Q 
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             exp 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 
                                   - 
                                   
                                     1 
                                     
                                       2 
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                         σ 
                                         2 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 Δ 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                   
                                     F 
                                     q 
                                   
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       
                                         s 
                                         ~ 
                                       
                                       q 
                                       c 
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       = 
                         
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           ∑ 
                           
                             u 
                             ∈ 
                             
                               
                                 U 
                                 Q 
                                 i 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 α 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                             ∏ 
                             
                               q 
                               = 
                               1 
                             
                             Q 
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             
                               μ 
                               q 
                             
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 s 
                                 q 
                                 u 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       = 
                         
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           ∑ 
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 u 
                                 ∈ 
                                 
                                   
                                     U 
                                     Q 
                                     i 
                                   
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     α 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                             
                               ⩓ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   
                                     s 
                                     Q 
                                     u 
                                   
                                   ∈ 
                                   
                                     W 
                                     ⁡ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       
                                         
                                           s 
                                           0 
                                         
                                         , 
                                         
                                           V 
                                           
                                             Q 
                                             + 
                                             1 
                                           
                                         
                                       
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                             ∏ 
                             
                               q 
                               = 
                               1 
                             
                             Q 
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             
                               μ 
                               q 
                             
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 s 
                                 q 
                                 u 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       = 
                         
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           
                             A 
                             ~ 
                           
                           Q 
                         
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             W 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 
                                   s 
                                   0 
                                 
                                 , 
                                 
                                   V 
                                   
                                     Q 
                                     + 
                                     1 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       = 
                         
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           ∑ 
                           
                             s 
                             ∈ 
                             S 
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                             
                               A 
                               
                                 j 
                                 - 
                                 1 
                               
                             
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               s 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             
                               ∑ 
                               
                                 t 
                                 ∈ 
                                 
                                   T 
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       s 
                                       , 
                                       
                                         
                                           V 
                                           j 
                                           i 
                                         
                                         ⁡ 
                                         
                                           ( 
                                           α 
                                           ) 
                                         
                                       
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               
                                 B 
                                 
                                   Q 
                                   - 
                                   j 
                                   + 
                                   1 
                                 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 t 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 82 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   The important factor is that the A m  and B m  needed can be calculated independently of i and α via U Q  and, respectively, U Q+1 . Above, Ã Q (W(s 0 ,V Q+1 )) was formally determined via the auxiliary construct U Q   i (α) which, however, is no longer needed in the resultant explicit representation. 
   SUMMARY OF THE PROCEDURE 
   Define 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     V 
                     j 
                   
                   := 
                   V 
                 
                 , 
               
             
             
               for 
             
             
               
                 
                   j 
                   ∈ 
                   
                     { 
                     
                       1 
                       , 
                       … 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       , 
                       α 
                     
                     } 
                   
                 
                 , 
               
             
           
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     V 
                     j 
                   
                   := 
                   
                     { 
                     
                       υ 
                       0 
                     
                     } 
                   
                 
                 , 
               
             
             
               for 
             
             
               
                 
                   j 
                   ∈ 
                   
                     { 
                     
                       
                         α 
                         + 
                         1 
                       
                       , 
                       … 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       , 
                       
                         Q 
                         + 
                         1 
                       
                     
                     } 
                   
                 
                 , 
               
             
           
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       V 
                       j 
                       i 
                     
                     ⁡ 
                     
                       ( 
                       α 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   := 
                   
                     { 
                     
                       
                         υ 
                         ∈ 
                         V 
                       
                       ; 
                       
                         
                           υ 
                           i 
                         
                         = 
                         α 
                       
                     
                     } 
                   
                 
                 , 
               
             
             
               for 
             
             
               
                 
                   i 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           j 
                           - 
                           1 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       · 
                       b 
                     
                     + 
                     
                       i 
                       ^ 
                     
                   
                 
                 , 
               
             
           
           
             
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     i 
                     ^ 
                   
                   ∈ 
                   
                     { 
                     
                       1 
                       , 
                       … 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       , 
                       b 
                     
                     } 
                   
                 
                 , 
               
             
           
           
             
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 
                   j 
                   ∈ 
                   
                     { 
                     
                       1 
                       , 
                       … 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       , 
                       α 
                     
                     } 
                   
                 
                 , 
                 
                   α 
                   ∈ 
                   
                     
                       { 
                       
                         ± 
                         1 
                       
                       } 
                     
                     . 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   For an arbitrary, but fixed choice of yεR N , define for qε{1, . . . , Q}
 
μ q :S→           ,

   
     
       
         
           
             s 
             ⁢ 
             ⁢ 
             
               exp 
               ⁡ 
               
                 ( 
                 
                   
                     - 
                     
                       1 
                       
                         2 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           σ 
                           2 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
                       ∑ 
                       
                         j 
                         = 
                         1 
                       
                       n 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             y 
                             
                               
                                 n 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     q 
                                     - 
                                     1 
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                               + 
                               j 
                             
                           
                           - 
                           
                             
                               C 
                               j 
                             
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               s 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       2 
                     
                   
                 
                 ) 
               
             
           
           = 
           
             
               exp 
               ⁡ 
               
                 ( 
                 
                   
                     - 
                     
                       1 
                       
                         2 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           σ 
                           2 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   Δ 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
                       F 
                       q 
                     
                     ⁡ 
                     
                       ( 
                       s 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
                 ) 
               
             
             . 
           
         
       
     
   
   Calculate
 
A m (s), for sεS, mε{1, . . . , a−1},
 
B m (s), for sεS, mε{1, . . . , Q},
 
   according to the recursion formulae (57) and (70) and starting values A 0 (s), B 0 (s), specified above, with (56) and (71). 
   Calculate all A α   i , iε{1, . . . , L}, αε{±1} over 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     A 
                     α 
                     i 
                   
                   ⁡ 
                   
                     ( 
                     y 
                     ) 
                   
                 
                 = 
                 
                   
                     ∑ 
                     
                       s 
                       ∈ 
                       S 
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
                       
                         A 
                         
                           j 
                           - 
                           1 
                         
                       
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         s 
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       
                         ∑ 
                         
                           t 
                           ∈ 
                           
                             T 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 s 
                                 , 
                                 
                                   
                                     V 
                                     j 
                                     i 
                                   
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     α 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           
                             B 
                             
                               Q 
                               - 
                               j 
                               + 
                               1 
                             
                           
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             t 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                         . 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 83 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   and determine the soft outputs 
   
     
       
         
           L 
           ( 
           
             
               
                 
                   U 
                   i 
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                    
                   y 
                   ) 
                 
               
               = 
               
                 ln 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     
                       
                         A 
                         
                           + 
                           1 
                         
                         i 
                       
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         y 
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         A 
                         
                           - 
                           1 
                         
                         i 
                       
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         y 
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             , 
             
               i 
               = 
               1 
             
             , 
             … 
             ⁢ 
             
                 
             
             , 
             
               K 
               . 
             
           
         
       
     
   
   Together with the recursion formula from the preceding section, all A α   i (y) can now be calculated jointly with O(2 L ·Q) or, respectively, O(K) operations instead of O(K2 K ) operations. 
   Note that 
     L=k·b, Q=a+k− 1 ,K=a·b,    
   where a is the number of information bits. 
   The numeric complexity for calculating the soft outputs has thus been reduced from an exponential order to a linear order where a, the number of information bits, is the decisive quantity. 
   Special Case: Binary State Transition (B=1) 
   In the important special case of b=1, the set V of state transition symbols only consists of the two elements +1, −1. The GSM codes, for instance, belong to this widespread special case. 
   Since now i=j and V j   i  (α)={α} in the above description, the procedure is simplified as follows: 
   Define
 
 V   j :={±1}, for  jε{ 1, . . . , α},
 
 V   j :={+1}, for  jε{α+ 1, . . . , Q+1}
 
   For an arbitrary, but fixed choice of yεR N  define for qε{1, . . . , Q}
 
μ q :S→           

   
     
       
         
           
             s 
             ⁢ 
             ⁢ 
             exp 
             ⁢ 
             
                 
             
             ⁢ 
             
               ( 
               
                 
                   - 
                   
                     1 
                     
                       2 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         σ 
                         2 
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                   
                     ∑ 
                     
                       j 
                       = 
                       1 
                     
                     n 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           y 
                           
                             
                               n 
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   q 
                                   - 
                                   1 
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                             + 
                             j 
                           
                         
                         - 
                         
                           
                             C 
                             j 
                           
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             s 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                     2 
                   
                 
               
               ) 
             
           
           = 
           
             
               exp 
               ⁡ 
               
                 ( 
                 
                   
                     - 
                     
                       1 
                       
                         2 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           σ 
                           2 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   Δ 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
                       F 
                       q 
                     
                     ⁡ 
                     
                       ( 
                       s 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
                 ) 
               
             
             . 
           
         
       
     
   
   Calculate
 
A m (s), for sεS, mε{1, . . . , α−1},
 
B m (s), for sεS, mε{1, . . . , Q},
 
   according to the recursion formulae (57) and (70) and starting values A 0 (s), B 0 (s) with (56) and (71). 
   Calculate all A α   i , iε{1, . . . , K}, αε{±1} over 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     A 
                     α 
                     i 
                   
                   ⁡ 
                   
                     ( 
                     y 
                     ) 
                   
                 
                 = 
                 
                   
                     ∑ 
                     
                       
                         s 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         ε 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         S 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                     
                     
                         
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
                       
                         A 
                         
                           i 
                           - 
                           1 
                         
                       
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         s 
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       
                         
                           B 
                           
                             Q 
                             - 
                             i 
                             + 
                             1 
                           
                         
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             T 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 s 
                                 , 
                                 α 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       . 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 84 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   and determine the soft outputs 
           L   (           U   i     ⁢        y   )       =     ln   ⁢           ⁢     (         A     +   1     i     ⁡     (   y   )           A     -   1     i     ⁡     (   y   )         )         ,     i   =   1     ,   …   ⁢           ,     K   .             
Algorithmic Conversion
 
   For the algorithmic conversion, consider the trellis diagram
 
           ={( s,q );  sεS,q =0 , . . . , Q+ 1}

   and the mappings 
   node weights in state s of trellis segment q
 
μ:           →         ,

   
     
       
         
           
             ( 
             
               s 
               , 
               q 
             
             ) 
           
           ⁢ 
           ⁢ 
           exp 
           ⁢ 
           
               
           
           ⁢ 
           
             ( 
             
               
                 - 
                 
                   1 
                   
                     2 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       σ 
                       2 
                     
                   
                 
               
               ⁢ 
               
                   
               
               ⁢ 
               Δ 
               ⁢ 
               
                   
               
               ⁢ 
               
                 
                   F 
                   q 
                 
                 ⁡ 
                 
                   ( 
                   s 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             ) 
           
         
       
     
   
   Subtotals ‘A’ in state s of trellis segment q
 
A:           →         ,
 
(s,q)         A(s,q)

   Subtotals ‘B’ in state s of trellis segment Q−q+1
 
B:           →         ,
 
(s,q)         B(s,q)

   The mappings are only evaluated in the meaningful subsets of the definition domain. 
     FIG. 2  shows an algorithm in pseudocode notation which represents a progression in the trellis diagram, considering all states for the calculation of the node weights. The algorithm illustrates the above statements and is comprehensible out of itself. Since the value of ΔF q (s) depends only indirectly on the state s and is formed directly with C(s), the following holds true
 |{Δ F   q ( s );  sεS }|≦min{2 L ,2 n }, 
   i.e., for n&lt;L, many of the above μ(s,q) have the same value. Depending on the special code, μ(s,q) can thus be determined with far fewer operations in the implementation. 
     FIG. 3  and  FIG. 4  each show an algorithm in pseudocode notation for determining soft outputs.  FIG. 3  relates to the general case and  FIG. 4  relates to the special case for the binary state transition (b=1). Both algorithms illustrate the above statements and are comprehensible in and of themselves. 
   With a suitable implementation representation of V and, respectively, v j   i (α), for instance as subsets of N, the above iterations νεV and sεS can be implemented as normal program loops. Naturally, indices which may occur such as, for example, k−1+q, are calculated only once in the implementation and not with every occurrence as is written down here for better clarity. 
     FIG. 5  shows a processor unit PRZE. The processor unit PRZE comprises a processor CPU, a memory SPE and an input/output interface IOS which is used in various ways via an interface IFC: an output can be displayed on a monitor MON and/or output on a printer PRT via a graphics interface. An input is made via a mouse MAS or a keyboard TAST. The processor unit PRZE also has a data bus BUS which ensures the connection of a memory MEM, the processor CPU and the input/output interface IOS. Furthermore, additional components, for example an additional memory, data store (hard disk) or scanner, can be connected to the data bus BUS. 
   The above-described method and apparatus are illustrative of the principles of the present invention. Numerous modifications and adaptations will be readily apparent to those skilled in this art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.