Abstract:
An A/D converter suitable for use in a system in which the signal power of noise increases with the signal power of the signal, such as an imaging system, utilizes a variable quantization system for converting analog signals into digital signals. The variable quantization is controlled so that at low signal levels the quantization is similar or identical to conventional A/D converters, while the quantization level is increased at higher signal levels. Thus, higher resolution is provided at low signal levels while lower resolution is produced at high signal levels.

Description:
FIELD OF INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to an imaging system. More specifically, the present invention is directed to the use of variable quantization while performing analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion in an imaging system. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]      FIG. 1  is an illustration of a conventional imaging system  100 . The system  100  includes an N×M array  110  of pixels P. The system  100  may be monochromatic or color. If the system  100  is a color system, the pixels P in the array  110  would be sensitive to the primary colors of red, green, or blue, and would typically be arranged in a Bayer pattern (i.e., alternating rows are comprised of green/red and blue/green sensitive pixels in adjacent columns). 
         [0003]    Each pixel P in the array  110  converts incident light into electrical energy, which is output as an electrical signal. The signals from the N pixels forming a row in the array  110  are typically simultaneously output on respective column lines to respective sample-and-hold circuits  120 , which store the electrical signals. These signals are then selected, one pixel at a time, for further processing by a driver  130 , and then converted into a digital signal by an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter  140 . The digital signals are further processed by a digital processing section  150 , and then stored by a storage device  160 . When all the signals stored in the sample-and-hold circuits  120  have been processed, another row of signals is output and stored in the sample-and-hold circuit  120  and the processing continues until each row of the N×M array  110  has been processed. The above described processing may be controlled by a control circuit  170 . Alternatively, control circuit  170  may include a plurality of control circuits. 
         [0004]    An ideal pixel would output an analog pixel signal with no noise component in a manner consistent with the amount of incident light upon the pixel. In order to achieve a high fidelity image, a conventional high resolution (e.g., 12 to 14 bits) A/D converter is typically used to convert the pixel signal into a digital signal. However, one drawback associated with conventional high resolution A/D converters is that they require a relatively long time to perform each A/D conversion. For example, converter  140  might be based on a “ramp” design, which requires many processing steps in the A/D conversion. 
         [0005]    Now referring to  FIGS. 2A and 2B , it can be seen that a ramp type A/D converter  200  operates by sampling and holding the input signal (Vs) over a sampling period (ts) comprised of a plurality of clock cycles ( 1   tc,    2   tc, . . . ,    8   tc ). The A/D converter  200  is initialized when the start pulse control  201  generates the logical high portion of a start pulse. This resets the value stored in counter  204 , resets the state of the ramp generator  205 , and causes the AND gate  203  to output a low logical state. Thereafter, during each clock cycle ( 1   tc - 8   tc ), the value of the counter  204  is incremented by one, and the state of the ramp generator  205  is changed to cause the ramp generator  205  to generate a new reference signal Vr. A comparator  206  compares the reference signal Vr against the input signal Vs. If the magnitude of the reference signal Vr does not exceed that of the input signal Vs, the comparator  206  outputs a logical high state to the AND gate  203 , which when combined with a clock pulse generated by clock  202  and the low logical state portion of the start signal, toggles the clock inputs of counter  204  and ramp generator  205 . 
         [0006]    Each time counter  204  is toggled, it increases is value by one. Thus, on each successive cycle, the ramp generator  205  generates a higher magnitude reference voltage Vr until the magnitude of the reference voltage Vr exceeds the magnitude of the sample signal. Thereafter, the comparator outputs a low logical state to AND gate  203 , causing the AND gate  203  to continually output a low logical state, thereby freezing the counter value. When enough clock cycles have elapsed to constitute an entire sample period, the counter value is equal to the digitally converted value. Once the counter value has been read out, the start pulse control can generate a new start pulse to cause the A/D converter  200  to being the conversion process again. 
         [0007]    It should be apparent from the discussion above with respect to  FIGS. 2A-2B  that an I-bit ramp type A/D converter requires a minimum sampling time equal to 2 I  clock cycles in order to permit sufficient time to compare the maximum ramp value with the input signal. Thus, the throughput of an imaging system  100  ( FIG. 1 ) is at least partially limited by the speed of the A/D converter  140 , especially when high resolution (e.g., I=12 or more) A/D conversion is employed. Accordingly, there is a need for a method and mechanism for performing high resolution A/D conversion at a faster rate. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    Embodiments of the present invention provide an A/D converter, and method of operation of same, which utilizes a variable quantization system for converting analog signals into digital signals. The variable quantization is controlled so that at low signal levels the quantization is similar or identical to conventional A/D converters, while the quantization level is increased at higher signal levels. Thus, higher resolution is provided at low signal levels while lower resolution is produced at high signal levels. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
         [0009]    The foregoing and other advantages and features of the invention will become more apparent from the detailed description of exemplary embodiments of the invention given below with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0010]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a conventional imaging system; 
           [0011]      FIG. 2A  is a diagram illustrating the operation of a conventional ramp type A/D converter; 
           [0012]      FIG. 2B  is a block diagram of a conventional ramp type A/D converter; 
           [0013]      FIG. 3  is a graph illustrating the relative levels of photo and noise signals from a pixel; 
           [0014]      FIGS. 4A-4C  are graphs illustrating different transfer functions between an input analog voltage and an output digital word; 
           [0015]      FIG. 5A  is a block diagram of a circuit for replacing counter  204  in  FIG. 2B ; 
           [0016]      FIG. 5B  is a block diagram of a ramp generator having multiple capacitor banks; 
           [0017]      FIG. 5C  is a block diagram of a A/D converter in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention; and 
           [0018]      FIG. 6  is a block diagram of a processor based system utilizing the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0019]    Now referring to the drawings, where like reference numerals designate like elements, there is shown in  FIG. 3  a graph illustrating the relationship between photo signal level (i.e., pixel signal level) and noise level. As shown in  FIG. 3 , the noise level is approximately the square root of the photo signal level. Thus, as the photo or pixel signal level increases, so does the noise level, however, the gap between the pixel signal level and the noise level also increases. 
         [0020]    In the present invention, a variable quantization A/D converter is utilized to implement an alternate transfer function between an input analog voltage and a output digital word, in order to take advantage of the above illustrated relationship. Referring now to  FIG. 4A , the linear transfer function between an input analog voltage IN and a output digital word OUT from a conventional A/D converter is illustrated. As shown in  FIG. 4A , in a conventional A/D converter, the output digital word varies linearly with the input analog signal. The slope and the step increments of the transfer function in  FIG. 4A  remains unchanged between low and high levels of the input signal IN, indicating that the same precision is retained in the conversion across all input signal levels. 
         [0021]    As illustrated in  FIG. 3 , in an imaging system, at low photo signal levels, noise levels are low, thereby permitting high precision A/D conversion. However, at high photo signal levels, noise levels also increase, thereby making high precision A/D conversion increasingly problematic as photo signal levels increase. Thus, as is discussed below,  FIGS. 4B and 4C  illustrate alternate transfer functions of an input analog voltage and an output digital word that would be more suitable for use in imaging systems than the transfer function illustrated in  FIG. 4A . 
         [0022]    Now referring to  FIG. 4B , it can be seen that the illustrated transfer function behaves identically to the transfer function of  FIG. 4A  at low input signals IN levels. At increasing levels of the input signal IN, however, the increment between conversion steps (in both the IN and OUT axis) are also increased. That is, while transfer functions of  FIGS. 4A and 4B  span the same input IN and output OUT ranges, in the transfer function of  FIG. 4B , at higher levels of the input signal, increasing levels of the input signal IN are mapped to the same output signal value and a lesser number of output signal values OUT are valid outputs. 
         [0023]    The transfer function illustrated in  FIG. 4C  also behaves identically to the transfer function of  FIG. 4A  at low input signal IN levels. At increasing levels of the input signal IN, however, the increment in conversion steps for the IN axis is increased while the increment in conversion steps for the OUT axis is unchanged. That is, in comparison to the transfer function of  FIG. 4A , the transfer function of  FIG. 4C  spans the identical range of IN values while spanning a lesser range of OUT values. Further, at increasing levels of the input signal IN, an increasing number of levels of the input signal are mapped to the same OUT value. Although the same number of OUT values are valid outputs for the transfer functions shown in  FIGS. 4B and 4C , the range of OUT values for the transfer function of  FIG. 4B  spans the same range as that of  FIG. 4A  while the range of OUT values for the transfer function of  FIG. 4C  spans a lesser range than that of  FIGS. 4A and 4B . In one exemplary embodiment, the transfer function illustrated in  FIG. 4A  would be a 12-bit linear transfer function, while the transfer functions of  FIGS. 4B and 4C  would be 10-bit transfer functions (i.e., the number of valid output signals OUT has been reduced by a factor of 4 over the transfer function of  FIG. 4A ). 
         [0024]    The transfer function of  FIG. 4B  is generally known as a linear mode transfer function while the transfer function of  FIG. 4C  is generally known as a compressed mode transfer function. A variable quantization A/D converter in accordance with the principles of the present invention may be constructed using either the linear or compressed mode transfer functions by using a modified version of the circuit of FIG.  2 B. Essentially, the circuit of  FIG. 2B  can be used, except that the ramp generator  205  and the counter  204  will be replaced with different ramp generators and counters. 
         [0025]    More specifically, to implement the linear mode transfer function, both the ramp generator  205  and the counter  204  are modified so that at increasingly high signal levels both circuits ramp up in identical steps consistent with the transfer function as shown in  FIG. 4B . That is, when the ramp voltage begins to increment in double steps, the counter must also increment in double steps. As the ramp voltage increments increases further, so must the counter. To implement the compressed mode transfer function, the original counter  204  is utilized while the ramp generator  205  is modified so that at increasingly high signal levels the ramp generator ramps up in steps consistent with the transfer function as shown in  FIG. 4C . Referring now to  FIGS. 5A and 5B , it can be seen that the linear mode transfer function embodiment of the invention may be implemented by replacing the counter  204  in  FIG. 2B  with the circuit  204 ′ of  FIG. 5A . Furthermore, implementing either the linear mode or the compressed mode transfer function of the present invention also requires replacing the ramp generator  205  of  FIG. 2B  with ramp generator  205 ′ of  FIG. 5B . 
         [0026]    In the new counter circuit  204 ′ illustrated in  FIG. 5A , the clock and reset signals previously supplied to counter  204  in  FIG. 2B  are routed to a controller  501 , which reads successive values from a ROM  512 . The ROM  512  contains the output values OUT for the transfer function of  FIG. 4B  or  FIG. 4C . The controller  501  loads each successive output value from the ROM  512  into the register  502  as the clock signal is incremented. When the reset signal is pulsed, the controller is set to read the next output value from the ROM  512  starting at the ROM&#39;s first address. 
         [0027]    In  FIG. 5B , the new ramp generator  205 ′ includes multiple capacitor banks  520   a,    520   b,    520   c.  Each capacitor bank  520   a,    520   b,    520   c  differs only in that the capacitance of each capacitor in a particular bank is different from those of the other banks. For example, in one embodiment, the capacitance of each capacitor C 1  is one quarter that of the capacitance of each capacitor C 3 , and the capacitance of each capacitor C 2  is one half of that of the capacitance of each capacitor C 3 . The outputs from each capacitor bank  520   a,    520   b,    520   c  are coupled together to form a single output from the ramp generator  205 ′. The use of different capacitor banks with different capacitances permits the use of fewer capacitors to span the reduced number of required output voltages. 
         [0028]    The clock and reset signals previously supplied to the single shift register  210  in  FIG. 2C  are now instead supplied to a controller  511 . The controller  511  is coupled to a ROM  512 ′ which stores code words corresponding to the transfer function of  FIG. 4B . More specifically, the code words are used to instruct the controller  511  to increment one or more of the clock signals and/or to reset one or more of the shift registers  210 , in the plurality of capacitor banks  520   a,    520   b,    520   c  in order to provide a ramp voltage consistent with the desired transfer function. 
         [0029]      FIG. 5C  is a block diagram of an A/D converter  200 ′ in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The A/D converter  200 ′ includes many of the same parts as the conventional A/D converter  200  ( FIG. 2 ), but respectively substitutes the above described ramp generator  205 ′ and counter circuit  204 ′ in place of the conventional ramp generator  205  and counter  204 . Thus, the A/D converter  200 ′ can implement the linear or compressed mode transfer functions as described above. 
         [0030]      FIG. 6  is an illustration of a processor based system  600  incorporating a processor  601 , a memory  602 , at least one peripheral device  603 , and an imaging system  604 , each coupled to a bus  610 . The imaging system  604  incorporates at least one A/D converter  200 ′ ( FIG. 5C ) of the invention. 
         [0031]    The present invention therefore provides for the use of variable quantization A/D conversion in an imaging system. According to one embodiment, a variable quantization A/D converter provides the variable levels of quantization, and is operated such that at higher levels of the input signal, the degree of quantization is increased. This embodiment provides for faster A/D conversion, for example, in a ramp type A/D converter. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a ramp generator includes a plurality of capacitor banks, with each capacitor bank utilizing capacitors of varying values. In one embodiment, the capacitance of the capacitors of each capacitor bank are related as powers of 2 to one of the capacitor banks. The choice between the transfer functions illustrated in  FIGS. 4B and 4C  is left to the designer of the imaging system. However, it should be recognized that the invention may also be practiced in a variety of other manners. For example, the invention may also be practiced by a combination of a linear and non-linear A/D converters. Alternatively, the invention may also be practiced by passing the output of a linear A/D converter to a non-linear processing circuit which performs non-linear signal mapping/compression. Such a processing circuit might, for example, map or compress output of a linear A/D converter by using a look-up table to map input values to output values. 
         [0032]    While the invention has been described in detail in connection with the exemplary embodiment, it should be understood that the invention is not limited to the above disclosed embodiment. Rather, the invention can be modified to incorporate any number of variations, alternations, substitutions, or equivalent arrangements not heretofore described, but which are commensurate with the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited by the foregoing description or drawings, but is only limited by the scope of the appended claims.