Abstract:
In general, the present invention relates to a virtual platform in which one or more distributed virtual switches can be created for use in virtual networking. According to some aspects, the distributed virtual switch according to the invention provides the ability for virtual and physical machines to more readily, securely, and efficiently communicate with each other even if they are not located on the same physical host and/or in the same subnet or VLAN. According other aspects, the distributed virtual switches of the invention can support integration with traditional IP networks and support sophisticated IP technologies including NAT functionality, stateful firewalling, and notifying the IP network of workload migration. According to further aspects, the virtual platform of the invention creates one or more distributed virtual switches which may be allocated to a tenant, application, or other entity requiring isolation and/or independent configuration state. According to still further aspects, the virtual platform of the invention manages and/or uses VLAN or tunnels (e.g., GRE) to create a distributed virtual switch for a network while working with existing switches and routers in the network. The present invention finds utility in both enterprise networks, datacenters and other facilities.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present application claims priority to U.S. Prov. Appln. No. 61/165,875 filed Apr. 1, 2009, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to networking, and more particularly to the design and use of virtual switches in virtual networking. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    The increased sophistication of computing, including mobility, virtualization, dynamic workloads, multi-tenancy, and security needs, require a better paradigm for networking. Virtualization is an important catalyst of the new requirements for networks. With it, multiple VMs can share the same physical server, those VMs can be migrated, and workloads are being built to “scale-out” dynamically as capacity is needed. In order to cope with this new level of dynamics, the concept of a distributed virtual switch has arisen. The idea behind a distributed virtual switch is to provide a logical view of a switch which is decoupled from the underlying hardware and can extend across multiple switches or hypervisors. 
         [0004]    One example of a conventional distributed virtual switch is the Nexus 1000V provided by Cisco of San Jose, Calif. Another example is the DVS provided by VMWare of Palo Alto. While both of these are intended for virtual-only environments, there is no architectural reason why the same concepts cannot be extended to physical environments. 
         [0005]    Three of the many challenges of large networks (including datacenters and the enterprise) are scalability, mobility, and multi-tenancy and often the approaches taken to address one hamper the other. For instance, one can easily provide network mobility for VMs within an L2 domain, but L2 domains cannot scale to large sizes. And retaining tenant isolation greatly complicates mobility. Conventional distributed virtual switches fall short of addressing these problems in a number of areas. First, they don&#39;t provide multi-tenancy, they don&#39;t bridge IP subnets, and cannot scale to support tens of thousands of end hosts. Further, the concepts have not effectively moved beyond virtual environments to include physical hosts in a general and flexible manner. 
         [0006]    Accordingly, a need remains in the art for a distributed virtual networking platform that addresses these and other issues. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0007]    In general, the present invention relates to a virtual platform in which one or more distributed virtual switches can be created for use in virtual networking. According to some aspects, the distributed virtual switch according to the invention provides the ability for virtual and physical machines to more readily, securely, and efficiently communicate with each other even if they are not located on the same physical host and/or in the same subnet or VLAN. According other aspects, the distributed virtual switches of the invention can support integration with traditional IP networks and support sophisticated IP technologies including NAT functionality, stateful firewalling, and notifying the IP network of workload migration. According to further aspects, the virtual platform of the invention creates one or more distributed virtual switches which may be allocated to a tenant, application, or other entity requiring isolation and/or independent configuration state. According to still further aspects, the virtual platform of the invention manages and/or uses VLAN or tunnels (e.g., GRE) to create a distributed virtual switch for a network while working with existing switches and routers in the network. The present invention finds utility in both enterprise networks, datacenters and other facilities. 
         [0008]    In accordance with these and other aspects, a method of managing networking resources in a site comprising a plurality of hosts and physical forwarding elements according to embodiments of the invention includes identifying a first set of virtual machines using a first set of the plurality of hosts and physical forwarding elements, identifying a second set of virtual machines using a second set of the plurality of hosts and physical forwarding elements, certain of the hosts and physical forwarding elements in the first and second sets being the same, and providing first and second distributed virtual switches that exclusively handle communications between the first and second sets of virtual machines, respectively, while maintaining isolation between the first and second sets of virtual machines. 
         [0009]    In additional furtherance of these and other aspects, a method of managing communications in a network comprising one or more physical forwarding elements according to embodiments of the invention includes providing a network virtualization layer comprising a logical forwarding element, providing a mapping between a port of the logical forwarding element to a port of certain of the physical forwarding elements, and causing the physical forwarding element to forward a packet using the provided mapping. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0010]    These and other aspects and features of the present invention will become apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art upon review of the following description of specific embodiments of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying figures, wherein: 
           [0011]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating aspects of providing a virtual platform according to embodiments of the invention; 
           [0012]      FIG. 2  illustrates a packet forwarding scheme implemented in a network using principles of the invention; 
           [0013]      FIG. 3  illustrates an example of providing a distributed virtual switch in accordance with the invention in a data center having several virtual machines and physical hosts; and 
           [0014]      FIG. 4  is a functional block diagram of an example distributed virtual switch according to embodiments of the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0015]    The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the drawings, which are provided as illustrative examples of the invention so as to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention. Notably, the figures and examples below are not meant to limit the scope of the present invention to a single embodiment, but other embodiments are possible by way of interchange of some or all of the described or illustrated elements. Moreover, where certain elements of the present invention can be partially or fully implemented using known components, only those portions of such known components that are necessary for an understanding of the present invention will be described, and detailed descriptions of other portions of such known components will be omitted so as not to obscure the invention. Embodiments described as being implemented in software should not be limited thereto, but can include embodiments implemented in hardware, or combinations of software and hardware, and vice-versa, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art, unless otherwise specified herein. In the present specification, an embodiment showing a singular component should not be considered limiting; rather, the invention is intended to encompass other embodiments including a plurality of the same component, and vice-versa, unless explicitly stated otherwise herein. Moreover, applicants do not intend for any term in the specification or claims to be ascribed an uncommon or special meaning unless explicitly set forth as such. Further, the present invention encompasses present and future known equivalents to the known components referred to herein by way of illustration. 
         [0016]    According to general aspects, the invention relates to a virtual platform for use with a network that provides the ability for physical and virtual machines associated with it to more readily, securely, and efficiently communicate with each other even if they are not located on the same physical host and/or in the same VLAN or subnet. According to further aspects, it also allows multiple different tenants sharing the same physical network infrastructure to communicate and set configuration state in isolation from each other. 
         [0017]    An example implementation of aspects of the invention is illustrated in  FIG. 1 . As shown in  FIG. 1 , a site such as a data center or an enterprise network can include a physical network  104 . The physical network  104  includes a plurality of VMs and/or non-virtualized physical servers, as well as physical and virtual switches. VMs are hosted by a virtualization platform such as that provided by VMWare, (e.g. included in vSphere, vCenter etc.) and physical servers may be any generic computational unit such as those provided by HP, Dell and others. It should be apparent that large hosting services or enterprise networks can maintain multiple data centers, or networks at several sites, which may be geographically dispersed (e.g. San Francisco, New York, etc.). 
         [0018]      FIG. 1  further depicts how the invention introduces a network virtualization layer  106  on top of which one or more distributed virtual switches  108  are maintained by a network hypervisor  102 . These distributed virtual switches  108  may extend across subnets, may include physical hosts or physical network ports, and can share the same physical hardware. According to aspects of the invention, these distributed virtual switches can provide isolated contexts for multi-tenant environments, can support VM migration across subnets, can scale to tens or hundreds of thousands of physical servers, and can support seamless integration with physical environments. 
         [0019]    As a particular example, the invention could be deployed by service providers (such as San Antonio based Rackspace) which often support both virtual and physical hosting of servers for a plurality of customers. In such an example, a single customer may have both VMs and physical servers hosted at the same service provider. Further, a service provider may have multiple datacenters in geographically distinct locations. The invention could be deployed within the service provider operations such that each customer/tenant can be allocated one or more distributed virtual switches (DVS&#39;s)  108 . These DVS&#39;s can be independently configured and given minimum resource guarantees as specified by the service provider operators using hypervisor  102 . A single DVS may contain both physical and virtual hosts and may bridge multiple subnets or VLANs. For example, a single DVS  108  may connect to virtual machines at the service provider, physical machines as part of a managed hosting service, and may even extend across the Internet to connect to the customer premises. 
         [0020]    According to further aspects, the invention introduces a new abstraction between the physical forwarding elements and control plane. The abstraction exposes the forwarding elements as one or more logical forwarding elements for the control plane. The logical forwarding elements possess similar properties and functionalities as their physical counterparts, i.e., lookup tables, ports, counters, as well as associated capacities (e.g., port speeds and/or bisectional bandwidth). 
         [0021]    Although shown separately for ease of illustrating aspects of the invention, the network hypervisor  102  and network virtualization layer  106  are preferably implemented by a common set of software (described in more detail below) that creates and maintains the logical forwarding elements and maps them to the underlying hardware. Nominally, this means exposing forwarding state, counters, and forwarding element events in their corresponding logical context. The control plane, rather than driving the physical forwarding elements directly, then interfaces with the logical forwarding elements. 
         [0022]    More particularly, network virtualization layer  106  presents a forwarding abstraction to the control plane which is minimally affected by changes in the physical topology of network  104 . From the point of view of the control plane, the addition of switches to the physical topology provides more forwarding bandwidth, but should not require any changes to the control logic, or the existing state in the logical forwarding tables. 
         [0023]    Layer  106  allows logical forwarding element ports to be bound to physical ports, or to provide other port abstractions such as virtual machine interfaces, VLANs, or tunnels. It is the job of the network hypervisor  102  (described below) to maintain the mappings between the ports on the logical forwarding elements in layer  106  and the underlying network  104 , and to update flow tables in physical and/or virtual switches in the physical network accordingly. 
         [0024]    Each logical forwarding element in layer  106  provides an interface compatible with a traditional switch datapath. This is desirable for two reasons. First, the invention is preferably compatible with existing hardware and to be useful, all forwarding should remain on the hardware fast path. Thus, the logical forwarding plane should preferably map to existing forwarding pipelines. Second, existing network control stacks are preferably compatible with the invention. Accordingly, the interface of a logical element in layer  106  includes: 
         [0025]    Lookup tables: The logical forwarding element exposes one or more forwarding tables. Typically this includes an L2, L3, and ACL table. One example implementation is designed around OpenFlow (see www.openflow.org), according to which a more generalized table structure is built around a pipeline of TCAMs with forwarding actions specified for each rule. This structure provides quite a bit of flexibility allowing for support of forwarding rules, ACLs, SPAN, and other primitives. 
         [0026]    Ports: The logical forwarding element contains ports which represent bindings to the underlying network. Ports may appear and leave dynamically as they are either administratively added, or the component they are bound to fails or leaves. In embodiments of the invention, ports maintain much of the same qualities of their physical analogs including rx/tx counters, MTU, speed, error counters, and carrier signal. 
         [0027]    Physical network  104  consists of the physical forwarding elements. In embodiments of the invention, the forwarding elements can be traditional hardware switches with standard forwarding silicon, as well as virtual switches such as those included with hypervisors. In embodiments of the invention, certain or all of the existing switches provide support for a protocol to allow their flow tables to be adjusted to implement the distributed virtual switches of the present invention. Such a protocol can include OpenFlow, but other proprietary and open protocols such as OSPF may be used. In other embodiments of the invention, and according to certain beneficial aspects to be described in more detail below, some or all of the existing physical switches (and perhaps some of the virtual switches) need not support such a protocol and/or have their flow tables adjusted. In such embodiments, tunneling may be used to route traffic through such existing switches. 
         [0028]    At a high level, forwarding elements in the physical network  104  that are used by network hypervisor  102  to implement distributed virtual switches  108  have four primary responsibilities: i) to map incoming packets to the correct logical context, ii) to make logical forwarding decisions, iii) map logical forwarding decisions back to the physical next-hop address, and iv) to make physical forwarding decisions in order to send packets to the physical next hop. 
         [0029]    More particularly, as shown in  FIG. 2 , all packets are handled by exactly one logical forwarding element in layer  106 . However, multiple logical forwarding elements may be multiplexed over the same physical switch in physical network  104 . So, on ingress, a packet must therefore be mapped to the correct logical context (S 202 ). It may be the case that the current switch does not contain the logical forwarding state for a given packet, in which case it simply performs a physical forwarding decision (i.e., skip to step S 208 ). Also, if all the physical switches are for implementing only a single logical forwarding element, the mapping becomes a no-op because the logical addressing may be used at the physical network. 
         [0030]    There are many different field(s) that can be used to map a packet to a logical context by the invention. For example, the field can be an identifying tag such as an MPLS header, or the ingress port. However, in order to provide transparency to end systems, the tag used for identifying logical contexts are preferably not exposed to the systems connecting to the logical switch. In general, this means that the first physical switch receiving a packet tags it to mark the context, and the last switch removes the tag. How the first tag is chosen depends largely on the deployment environment, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. 
         [0031]    In step S 204 , once a packet is mapped to its logical context, the physical switch performs a forwarding decision which is only meaningful within the logical context. This could be, for example, an L2 lookup for the logical switch or a sequence of lookups required for a logical L3 router. However, if the physical switch executing the logical decision does not have enough capacity to maintain all the logical state, the logical decision executed may be only a step in overall logical decision that needs be executed; and therefore, packet may require further logical processing before leaving the logical forwarding plane. 
         [0032]    In step S 206 , the logical decision is mapped to physical. The result of a logical forwarding decisions (assuming the packet wasn&#39;t dropped) is one or more egress ports on the logical forwarding element in layer  106 . Once these are determined, the network must send the packets to the physical objects in network  104  to which these egress ports are bound. This could be, for example, a physical port on another physical switch, or a virtual port of a virtual machine on a different physical server. 
         [0033]    Thus, the network hypervisor  102  must provide the physical forwarding element with table entries to map the logical egress port to the physical next hop. In embodiments, the logical and physical networks share distinct (though potentially overlapping) address spaces. Thus, once the physical address is found for the next hop, the (logical) packet must be encapsulated to be transferred to the next hop physical address. Note that it may be that case that a lookup is distributed across multiple physical components in which case the “next hop” will be the next physical component to continue the lookup rather than a logical egress port. 
         [0034]    In step S 208 , physical forwarding finally takes place. The physical forwarding decision is responsible for forwarding the packet out of the correct physical egress port based on the physical address determined by the previous mapping step. This requires a third (or more) lookup over the new physical header (which was created in the previous step). 
         [0035]    It is worthwhile to note that if the physical switches of the network do not have multiple logical contexts, but only one, the previous two steps S 204  and S 206  may become no-ops. 
         [0036]    To implement the above four steps, the physical switch needs to have state for: i) lookup to map to logical context, ii) logical forwarding decision, iii) map from logical egress port to physical next hop address, and iv) physical forwarding decision. The hypervisor  102  is responsible for managing the first three, whereas physical forwarding state can be either managed by a standard IGP (such as OSPF or ISIS) implementation or by the hypervisor  102 , if it would prefer to maximize the control over the physical network. 
         [0037]    In embodiments of the invention, physical network  104  features correspond to the modern line card features. For example, at a minimum, physical and/or virtual switches in network  104  should provide a packet forwarding pipeline to support both multiple logical and physical lookups per a packet. In addition to the basic forwarding actions (such as egress port selection), the hardware should support (nested) en/decapsulation to isolate the logical addressing from the physical addressing if the physical switching infrastructure is shared by multiple logical forwarding planes. Moreover, some or all of physical and/or virtual switches in network  104  must have support for having flow tables adapted by network hypervisor  102 , for example using a protocol such as OpenFlow. Other example methods for modifying flow tables include using an SDK such as that provided by networking chipset providers Marvell or Broadcom, or using a switch vendor API such as the OpenJunos API offered by Juniper. It should be noted that in some embodiments, and according to aspects of the invention, existing switches and routers can be used without having their flow tables adjusted by using tunneling. 
         [0038]    The capacity of a logical forwarding element may exceed the capacity of an individual physical forwarding element. Therefore, the physical switch/forwarding element should preferably provide a traffic splitting action (e.g., ECMP or hashing) and link aggregration to distribute traffic over multiple physical paths/links. Finally, to effectively monitor links and tunnels the physical switches should provide a hardware based link and tunnel monitoring protocol implementation (such as BFD). Those skilled in the art will recognize how to implement physical switches and other elements in physical network  104  based on these examples, as well as from the overall descriptions herein. 
         [0039]    In embodiments, the network hypervisor  102  implementation is decoupled from the physical forwarding elements, so that the hypervisor implementation has a global view over the network state. Therefore, the network hypervisor  102  needs to be involved whenever the state is changed on either side of it, by adjusting mappings and/or flow tables for all affected switches in network  104  accordingly. In other words, when there&#39;s a network topology event on the physical network or when the control implementation changes the state of the logical forwarding plane, the network hypervisor  102  needs to be involved. In addition, the hypervisor will execute resource management tasks on a regular intervals on its own to keep the physical network resource usage optimal. 
         [0040]    Example mechanisms of hypervisor  102  used to map the abstractions in the logical interface  106  to the physical network  104  according to embodiments of the invention will now be described. For example, assume there is a separate mechanism for creating, defining, and managing what should be in the logical interface—i.e., for example, how many logical forwarding elements the interface should expose and what are their interconnections alike. 
         [0041]    If one assumes the used physical switches all provide all the primitives discussed above, the hypervisor  102  has two challenges to meet while mapping the logical interface abstractions to the physical hardware: 
         [0042]    Potentially limited switching capacity of individual physical forwarding elements, as well as the limited number and capacity of the ports. 
         [0043]    Potentially limited capacity of the TCAM tables of individual physical forwarding elements. 
         [0044]    In the context of the data centers, the task of the network hypervisors is simplified since the network topology is likely to be a fat-tree; therefore, multi-pathing, either implemented by offline load-balancing (e.g. ECMP) or online (e.g. TeXCP), will provide unified capacity between any points in the network topology. As a result, the network hypervisor  102  can realize the required capacity even for an extremely high capacity logical switch without having a physical forwarding element with a matching capacity. 
         [0045]    Placement problem: If the TCAM table capacity associated with physical forwarding elements is a non-issue (for the particular control plane implementation), the network hypervisor&#39;s tasks are simplified because it can have all the logical forwarding state in every physical forwarding element. However, if the available physical TCAM resources are more scarce, the hypervisor  102  has to be more intelligent in the placement of the logical forwarding decisions within the physical network. In a deployment where the physical network elements are not equal (in terms of the TCAM sizes), and some do have enough capacity for the logical forwarding tables, the network hypervisor  102  may use these elements for logical forwarding decisions and then use the rest only to forward packets between them. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the exact topological location of the high capacity physical forwarding elements can be left to be a deployment specific issue, but either having them in the edge as a first-hop elements or in the core (where they are shared) is a reasonable starting point. 
         [0046]    If the deployment has no physical forwarding elements capable of holding the complete logical forwarding table(s), the hypervisor  102  can partition the problem either by splitting the problematic logical lookup step to span multiple physical elements or using separate physical forwarding elements to implement separate logical lookup steps (if the logical forwarding is a chain of steps). In either case, the physical forwarding element should send the processed packets to the next physical forwarding element in a way that conveys the necessary context for the next to continue the processing where the previous physical forwarding stopped. 
         [0047]    If the deployment specific limitations are somewhere between the above two extremes, the network hypervisor  102  can explicitly do trade-offs between the optimal forwarding table resource usage and optimal physical network bandwidth usage. 
         [0048]    Finally, note that as with all the physical forwarding elements, if the forwarding capacity of an individual element with the required capacity for the logical forwarding table(s) becomes a limiting factor, the hypervisor  102  may exploit load-balancing over multiple such elements circumvent this limit. 
         [0049]    In one particular example implementation shown in  FIG. 3 , the invention provides a distributed virtual network platform that distributes across multiple virtual and physical switches, and that combines both speed, security and flexibility in a novel manner. As shown in  FIG. 3 , the invention provides a distributed virtual switch (DVS)  108  that allows VMs to communicate across hosts and/or virtual LANs and/or subnets in an efficient manner similar to being within the same L2 network. Further, the invention allows multiple distributed virtual switches  108  to be instantiated on the same physical host or within the same data-center allowing multiple tenants to share the same physical hardware while remaining isolated both from addressing each other and consuming each others&#39; resources. 
         [0050]    As shown in  FIG. 3 , an organization (e.g. data center tenant) has a plurality of physical hosts and VMs using services of the data center having hosts  300 -A to  300 -X. As shown, these include at least VMs  302 - 1  and  302 - 3  on host  300 -A, VM  302 - 4  on host  300 -C and VM  302 - 6  on host  300 -D. Although a data center can attempt to include these VMs in a common VLAN for management and other purposes, this does not become possible when the number of VMs exceeds the VLAN size supported by the data center. Further, VLANs require configuration of the network as VMs move, and VLANs cannot extend across a subnet without an additional mechanism. 
         [0051]    As further shown in  FIG. 3 , virtual switches  304 —possibly also distributed on a plurality of different hosts  300 —and physical switches  306  are used by the virtualization layer  106  of the invention and/or hypervisor  102  to collectively act as a single distributed virtual switch  308  to collectively allow these diverse VMs to communicate with each other, and further also with authorized hosts  305  (e.g. authorized users of a tenant organization which may be on a separate external customer premises, and/or connected to the resources of the data center via a public or private network), even if they are located on different hosts and/or VLANs (i.e. subnets). As mentioned above, and will be discussed in more detail below, hypervisor  102  can be used to manage the virtual network, for example by configuring QOS settings, ACLs, firewalls, load balancing, etc. 
         [0052]    In embodiments, hypervisor  102  can be implemented by a controller using a network operating system such as that described in co-pending application Ser. No. 12/286,098, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein, as adapted with the principles of the invention. However, other OpenFlow standard or other proprietary or open controllers may be used. Hypervisor  102  and/or distributed virtual switch  108  can also leverage certain techniques described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/970,976, the entire contents of which are also incorporated herein by reference. 
         [0053]    Virtual switches  304  can include commercially available virtual switches such as those provided by Cisco and VMware, or other proprietary virtual switches. Preferably, most or all of the virtual switches  304  include OpenFlow or other standard or proprietary protocol support for communicating with network hypervisor  102 . Physical switches  306  can include any commercially available (e.g. NEC (IP8800) or HP (ProCurve 5406ZL)) or proprietary switch that includes OpenFlow or other standard or proprietary protocol support such as those mentioned above for communicating with network hypervisor  102 . However, in embodiments of the invention mentioned above, and described further below, some or all of the existing physical switches and routers  306  in the network are used without having flow tables affected by using tunneling. 
         [0054]    As shown in  FIG. 3 , virtual switches  304  communicate with virtual machines  302 , while physical switches  306  communicate with physical hosts  305 . 
         [0055]    An example host  300  includes a server (e.g. Dell, HP, etc.) running a VMware ESX hypervisor, for example. However, the invention is not limited to this example embodiment, and those skilled in the art will understand how to implement this and equivalent embodiments of the invention using other operating systems and/or hypervisors, etc. These include, for example, Citrix XenServer, Linux KVM Moreover, it should be noted that not all of the physical hosts included in an organization managed by hypervisor  102  need to run any virtualization software (e.g. some or all of hosts  305 ). 
         [0056]    An example implementation of a distributed virtual switch  108  according to an embodiment of the invention will now be described in connection with  FIG. 4 . As set forth above, a distributed virtual switch  108  such as that shown in  FIG. 4  harnesses multiple traditional virtual switches  304  and physical switches  306  to provide a logical abstraction that is decoupled from the underlying configuration. 
         [0057]    It can be seen in  FIG. 4 , and should be noted, that distributed virtual switch  108  preferably includes its own L2 and L3 logical flow tables, which may or may not be the same as the flowtables in the underlying switches  304  and  306 . This is to implement the logical forwarding elements in the control plane of the virtualization layer  106  as described above. 
         [0058]    As shown in  FIG. 4 , each virtual and physical switch used by distributed virtual switch  108  includes a secure channel for communicating with network hypervisor  102 . This can be, for example, a communication module that implements the OpenFlow standard (See www.openflow.org) and is adapted to communicate with a controller using the OpenFlow protocol. However, other proprietary and open protocols are possible. 
         [0059]    Each virtual and physical switch  304  and  306  also includes its own logical and physical flowtables, as well as a mapper to map an incoming packet to a logical context (i.e. such that a single physical switch may support multiple logical switches). These can be implemented using the standard flowtables and forwarding engines available in conventional switches, as manipulated by the hypervisor  102 . In other words, hypervisor  102  adjusts entries in the existing flowtables so that the existing forwarding engines in  304  and  306  implement the logical and other mappings described above. It should be appreciated that switches  304  and  306  can have additional flow table entries that are not affected by the present invention, and which can be created and maintained using conventional means (e.g. network administration, policies, routing requirements, etc.). 
         [0060]    As further shown in  FIG. 4 , in order to support communications across different subnets, and also to adapt to existing physical and/or virtual switches and routers that are not affected by having adjusted flow tables, the certain physical and virtual switches  306  and  304  used in the invention to implement a distributed virtual switch  108  preferably include a tunnel manager. In one example embodiment, tunnel manager uses VLANs or Generic Route Encapsulation (GRE) tunnels to a set of virtual private networks (PVNs), which function as virtual private L2 broadcast domains. Controller  110  maintains a database that maps VMs  102  to one or more associated PVNs. For each PVN controller  110  and/or switch  104  create and maintain a set of PVN tunnels connecting the hosts along which broadcast and other packets are carried. In this way, VMs  102  in the same PVN can communicate with each other, even if they are in different L2 domains and/or different hosts. Moreover, all the VMs associated with hosts in a PVN see all broadcast packets sent by VMs on other hosts within the PVN, and these packets are not seen by any hosts outside of that PVN. 
         [0061]    There are many different ways that tunnels can be created and/or how hosts can be interconnected via PVNs using tunnel manager  204  in accordance with the invention, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. 
         [0062]    Although the present invention has been particularly described with reference to the preferred embodiments thereof, it should be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that changes and modifications in the form and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is intended that the appended claims encompass such changes and modifications.