Abstract:
Pre filtering is commonly used in video encoding to remove undesirable noise from video sources. Without a pre filter, the noise degrades the performance of a video encoder by wasting a number of bits to represent the noise itself, and by introducing encoding artifacts such as blocking and ringing noise. However, excess use of pre filtering will degrade subjective visual quality. This invention employs an automatic pre filter control using a subjective noise detector capable of measuring noise that strongly correlates to subjective video quality.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   The technical field of this invention is digital video compression. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   Recent progress in digital technology has made the widespread use of compressed digital video signals practical. Standardization has been very important in the development of common compression methods to be used in the new services and products that are now possible. This allows the new services to interoperate with each other and encourages the investment needed in integrated circuits to make the technology affordable. 
   MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group) was started in 1988 as a working group within ISO/IEC (International Standardization Organization/International Electrotechnical Commission) with the aim of defining standards for digital compression of audio-visual signals. MPEG&#39;s first project, MPEG-1, was published in 1993 as ISO/IEC 11172. It is a three-part standard defining audio and video compression coding methods and a multiplexing system for interleaving audio and video data so that they can be played back together. MPEG-1 principally supports video coding up to about 1.5 Mbit/s giving quality similar to VHS and stereo audio at 192 bit/s. It is used in the CD-i (CD-interactive) and Video-CD systems for storing video and audio on CD-ROM. 
   During 1990, MPEG recognized the need for a second, related standard for coding video for broadcast formats at higher data rates. The MPEG-2 standard is capable of coding standard-definition television at bit rates from about 3-15 Mbit/s and high-definition television at 15-30 Mbit/s. MPEG-2 extends the stereo audio capabilities of MPEG-1 to multi-channel surround sound coding. MPEG-2 decoders will also decode MPEG-1 bitstreams. 
   MPEG-2 aims to be a generic video coding system supporting a diverse range of applications. Different algorithmic tools, developed for many applications, have been integrated into the full standard. To implement all the features of the standard in all decoders is unnecessarily complex and a waste of bandwidth, so a small number of subsets of the full standard, known as profiles and levels, have been defined. A profile is a subset of algorithmic tools and a level identifies a set of constraints on parameter values (such as picture size and bit rate). A decoder which supports a particular profile and level is only required to support the corresponding subset of the full standard and set of parameter constraints. 
   Television services in the United States broadcast video at a frame rate of slightly less than 30 Hz. Each frame consists of two interlaced fields, giving a field rate of slightly less than 60 Hz. The first field of each frame contains only the odd numbered lines of the frame (numbering the top frame line as line  1 ), and the second field contains only the even numbered lines of the frame. It is important to note that one interlaced frame contains fields from two instants in time. 
   In video systems other than television, non-interlaced video is commonplace (for example, most computers output non-interlaced video). In non-interlaced video, all the lines of a frame are sampled at the same instant in time. Non-interlaced video is also termed progressively scanned or sequentially scanned video. 
   The red, green and blue (RGB) signals commonly used can be equivalently expressed as luminance (Y) and chrominance (UV) components. The chrominance bandwidth may be reduced relative to the luminance without significantly affecting the picture quality. For standard definition video, CCIR (Consultative Committee for International Radio)  601  defines how the component (YUV) video signals can be sampled and digitized to form discrete pixels. The terms 4:2:2 and 4:2:0 are often used to describe the sampling structure of the digital picture. 4:2:2 means the chrominance is horizontally subsampled by a factor of two relative to the luminance; 4:2:0 means the chrominance is horizontally and vertically subsampled by a factor of two relative to the luminance. 
   Using 8 bits for each Y, U or V pixel, the uncompressed bit rates are over 150 Mbits/second. 
   MPEG-2 is capable of compressing the bit rate of standard-definition 4:2:0 video down to about 3-15 Mbit/s. At the lower bit rates in this range, the artifacts introduced by the MPEG-2 coding and decoding process become increasingly objectionable. 
   In order to improve encoded quality, and additional pre filtering step is usually implemented at the input to the encoder. The purpose of the pre filter is to reduce or eliminate any high frequency noise that may be present in the input video source. If present, such noise would degrade the performance of the video encoder as the encoder would waste available bits in attempting to encode the noise itself. 
   In low bit rate applications, pre filtering is also used to reduce the high frequency components of the source video to prevent blocking and ringing noise in the decoder. Blocking noise is the noise artifacts at the encoded block boundaries, while ringing and mosquito noise is usually due to excess high frequency components and is evident within the encoded blocks. 
   The pre filter is usually implemented as a low pass filter. The amount of filtering is critical, as too much filtering will degrade the overall image quality. The invention described herein shows an effective feedback mechanism that controls the amount of filtering based on a noise measure that strongly relates to subjective video quality. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   This invention involves adaptive pre filtering of video signals previous to encoding. A variable low pass filter is employed, and the amount of filtering is controlled by a subjective noise detector. This detector directly estimates the subjective picture quality, and then adjusts the pre filter to optimize the picture to be encoded. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     These and other aspects of this invention are illustrated in the drawings, in which: 
       FIG. 1  shows the DCT/IDCT scanning in MPEG; 
     “ FIGS. 2A and 2B  are block diagrams of a typical MPEG coder and decoder;” 
       FIG. 3  shows the MPEG-2 bit stream structure; 
       FIG. 4  is a block diagram of a digital video system to which this invention is applicable; 
       FIG. 5  is a block diagram of one implementation of a pre filter as known in the prior art; 
       FIG. 6  is a block diagram of a different implementation of the pre filter as known in the prior art; 
       FIG. 7  is a block diagram of the pre filter described in this invention; 
       FIG. 8  is a block diagram of one implementation of the subjective noise detector employed in this invention; and 
       FIG. 9  is a block diagram of one implementation of the pre filter controller employed in this invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   Video compression systems operate by removing redundant information from the signal at the coder prior to transmission and re-inserting it at the decoder. A coder and decoder pair are referred to as a codec. In video signals, two distinct kinds of redundancy can be identified. 
   Spatial and temporal redundancy: Pixel values are not independent, but are correlated with their neighbors both within the same frame and across frames. So, to some extent, the value of a pixel is predictable given the values of neighboring pixels. 
   Psycho visual redundancy: The human eye has a limited response to fine spatial detail, and is less sensitive to detail near object edges or around scene changes. Consequently, some artifacts introduced into the decoded picture by the bit rate reduction process may not be visible to the human eye. 
   Two of the main approaches employed in MPEG codecs are intra-frame Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) coding and motion-compensated inter-frame prediction. 
   In Intra-frame DCT coding s two-dimensional DCT is performed on small blocks (8×8 pixels) of each component of the picture to produce blocks of DCT coefficients as shown in  FIG. 1 . The magnitude of each DCT coefficient indicates the contribution of a particular combination of horizontal and vertical spatial frequencies to the original picture block. The coefficient corresponding to zero horizontal and vertical frequency is called the DC coefficient. In  FIG. 1 , the pixel value and DCT coefficient magnitude are represented by dot size. 
   The DCT doesn&#39;t directly reduce the number of bits required to represent the block. In fact for an 8×8 block of 8 bit pixels, the DCT produces an 8×8 block of 11 bit coefficients (the range of coefficient values is larger than the range of pixel values.) The reduction in the number of bits follows from the observation that, for typical blocks from natural images, the distribution of coefficients is non-uniform. The transform tends to concentrate the energy into the low-frequency coefficients and many of the other coefficients are near-zero. The bit rate reduction is achieved by not transmitting the near-zero coefficients and by quantizing and coding the remaining coefficients as described below. The non-uniform coefficient distribution is a result of the spatial redundancy present in the original image block. 
   Quantization: The function of the coder is to transmit the DCT block to the decoder, in a bit rate efficient manner, so that it can perform the inverse transform to reconstruct the image. It has been observed that the numerical precision of the DCT coefficients may be reduced while still maintaining good image quality at the decoder. Quantization is used to reduce the number of possible values to be transmitted, reducing the required number of bits. 
   The degree of quantization applied to each coefficient is weighted according to the visibility of the resulting quantization noise to a human observer. In practice, this results in the high-frequency coefficients being more coarsely quantized than the low-frequency coefficients. Note that the quantization noise introduced by the coder is not reversible in the decoder, making the coding and decoding process lossy. 
   Coding: The serialization and coding of the quantized DCT coefficients exploits the likely clustering of energy into the low-frequency coefficients and the frequent occurrence of zero-value coefficients. The block is scanned in a diagonal zigzag pattern starting at the DC coefficient to produce a list of quantized coefficient values, ordered according to the scan pattern. 
   The list of values produced by scanning is entropy coded using a variable-length code (VLC). Each VLC code word denotes a run of zeros followed by a non-zero coefficient of a particular level. VLC coding recognizes that short runs of zeros are more likely than long ones and small coefficients are more likely than large ones. The VLC allocates code words which have different lengths depending upon the probability with which they are expected to occur. To enable the decoder to distinguish where one code ends and the next begins, the VLC has the property that no complete code is a prefix of any other. 
     FIG. 1  shows the zigzag scanning process, using the scan pattern common to both MPEG-1 and MPEG-2. MPEG-2 has an additional alternate scan pattern intended for scanning the quantized coefficients resulting from interlaced source pictures. 
   Motion-compensated inter-frame prediction exploits temporal redundancy by attempting to predict the frame to be coded from a previous reference frame. The prediction cannot be based on a source picture because the prediction has to be repeatable in the decoder, where the source pictures are not available (the decoded pictures are not identical to the source pictures because the bit rate reduction process introduces small distortions into the decoded picture.) Consequently, the coder contains a local decoder which reconstructs pictures exactly as they would be in the decoder, from which predictions can be formed. 
   The simplest inter-frame prediction of the block being coded is that which takes the co-sited (i.e. the same spatial position) block from the reference picture. Naturally this makes a good prediction for stationary regions of the image, but is poor in moving areas. A more sophisticated method, known as motion-compensated inter-frame prediction, is to offset any motion which has occurred between the block being coded and the reference frame and to use a shifted block from the reference frame as the prediction. 
   One method of determining the motion that has occurred between the block being coded and the reference frame is a block-matching search in which a large number of trial offsets are tested by the coder using the luminance component of the picture. The best offset is selected on the basis of minimum error between the block being coded and the prediction. 
   The bit rate overhead of using motion-compensated prediction is the need to convey the motion vectors required to predict each block to the decoder. For example, using MPEG-2 to compress standard-definition video to 6 Mbit/s, the motion vector overhead could account for about 2 Mbit/s during a picture making heavy use of motion-compensated prediction. 
   In an MPEG-2 system, the DCT and motion-compensated interframe prediction may be combined, as shown in  FIG. 2 . The coder subtracts the motion-compensated prediction from the source picture to form a prediction error picture. The prediction error is transformed with the DCT, the coefficients are quantized and these quantized values coded using a VLC. The coded luminance and chrominance prediction error is combined with side information required by the decoder, such as motion vectors and synchronizing information, and formed into a bit stream for transmission.  FIG. 3  shows an outline of the MPEG-2 video bit stream structure. 
   In the decoder, the quantized DCT coefficients are reconstructed and inverse transformed to produce the prediction error. This is added to the motion-compensated prediction generated from previously decoded pictures to produce the decoded output. 
   In an MPEG-2 codec, the motion-compensated predictor shown in  FIG. 2  supports many methods for generating a prediction. For example, the block may be forward predicted from a previous picture, backward predicted from a future picture, or bidirectionally predicted by averaging a forward and backward prediction. The method used to predict the block may change from one block to the next. Additionally, the two fields within a block may be predicted separately with their own motion vector, or together using a common motion vector. Another option is to make a zero-value prediction, such that the source image block rather than the prediction error block is DCT coded. For each block to be coded, the coder chooses between these prediction modes, trying to maximize the decoded picture quality within the constraints of the bit rate. The choice of prediction mode is transmitted to the decoder, with the prediction error, so that it may regenerate the correct prediction. 
   In MPEG-2, three picture types are defined. The picture type defines which prediction modes may be used to code each block. 
   Intra pictures (I-pictures) are coded without reference to other pictures. Moderate compression is achieved by reducing spatial redundancy, but not temporal redundancy. They can be used periodically to provide access points in the bit stream where decoding can begin. 
   Predictive pictures (P-pictures) can use the previous I- or P-picture for motion compensation and may be used as a reference for further prediction. Each block in a P-picture can either be predicted or intra-coded. By reducing spatial and temporal redundancy, P-pictures offer increased compression compared to I-pictures. 
   Bidirectionally-predictive pictures (B-pictures) can use the previous and next I or P pictures for motion-compensation, and offer the highest degree of compression. Each block in a B-picture can be forward, backward or bidirectionally predicted or intra-coded. To enable backward prediction from a future frame, the coder reorders the pictures from natural display order to bit stream order so that the B-picture is transmitted after the previous and next pictures it references. This introduces a reordering delay dependent on the number of consecutive B-pictures. 
   The different picture types typically occur in a repeating sequence, termed a Group of Pictures or GOP. A typical GOP in display order is: 
   B 1  B 2  I 3  B 4  B 5  P 6  B 7  B 8  P 9  B 10  B 11  P 12    
   The corresponding bit stream order is: 
   I 3  B 1  B 2  P 6  B 4  B 5  P 9  B 7  B 8  P 12  B 10  B 11    
   A regular GOP structure can be described with two parameters: N, which is the number of pictures in the GOP, and M, which is the spacing of P-pictures. The GOP given here is described as N=12 and M=3. MPEG-2 does not insist on a regular GOP structure. For example, a P picture following a scene change may be badly predicted since the reference picture for prediction is completely different from the picture being predicted. Thus, it may be beneficial to code it as an I picture instead. 
   For a given decoded picture quality, coding using each picture type produces a different number of bits. In a typical example sequence, a coded I picture was three times larger than a coded P picture, which was itself 50% larger than a coded B picture. 
   By removing much of the redundancy from the source images, the coder outputs a variable bit rate. The bit rate depends on the complexity and predictability of the source picture and the effectiveness of the motion-compensated prediction. 
   For many applications, the bit stream must be carried as a fixed bit rate stream. In these cases, a buffer must be placed between the coder and the output. The buffer is filled at a variable rate by the coder, and emptied at a constant rate by the transmitted stream. To prevent the buffer from under or overflowing, a feedback mechanism must be implemented to adjust the average coded bit rate as a function of the buffer size and fullness. For example, the average coded bit rate may be lowered by increasing the degree of quantization applied to the DCT coefficients. This reduces the number of bits generated by the variable-length coding, but increases distortion in the decoded image. The decoder must also have a buffer between the transmission channel and the variable rate input to the decoding process. The size of the buffers in the coder and decoder must be the same. 
   MPEG-2 defines the maximum decoder (and hence coder) buffer size, although the coder may choose to use only part of this. The delay through the coder and decoder buffer is equal to the buffer size divided by the transmission channel bit rate. For example, an MPEG-2 coder operating at 6 Mbit/s with a buffer size of 1.8 Mbits would have a total delay through the coder and decoder buffers of around 300 ms. Reducing the buffer size will reduce the delay, but may affect picture quality if the buffer becomes too small to accommodate the variation in bit rate from the coder VLC. 
   Most MPEG implementations contain a pre filter to improve video quality by reducing artifacts caused by noise in the input signal. The amount of filtering is critical, as excessive filtering will degrade the resultant image. Most implementations of the pre filter depend on a feedback mechanism to minimize such degradation. 
     FIG. 4  is a block diagram of a system to which this invention is applicable. The preferred embodiment is a DVD recorder or a DVD player/recorder where the pre filter of this invention is employed to improve the recorded video quality. 
   System  400  receives digital video data through input block  402 . The digital video data may originate from a satellite receiver, digital cable interface, digital video camera or other sources. Alternately, analog video data from a VCR, analog video camera, analog cable interface or other sources may be supplied to input block  403 . In this case, the analog video is digitized in analog video processor block  404 . In either case, the resultant digital video signal is further processed by MPEG video encoder/decoder block  406 . This processing may optionally comprise of decryption of the data stream, authorization of conditional access to the date, decompression of the MPEG compressed data stream, audio/video synchronization by interaction with stereo audio decoder block  405 , color space conversion to/from YUV, RGB, component and composite video streams, and other functions. The resulting video streams are output through block  408  for display, storage or further processing. 
   Optionally separate mono or stereo audio signals may be supplied to stereo audio codec  405  through stereo audio input  401 . The resultant processed audio as well as the audio processed by MPEG video encoder/decoder  606  may be output through block  407 . 
     FIG. 5  demonstrates one implementation known in the prior art. As shown in the block diagram, source video  501  is input to the adjustable pre filter block  502 . The output of the pre filter block is the input to the video encoder block  503 , whose output is the compressed bitstream  505 . The encoder also outputs control information to the pre filter control block  504 . The information provided to the control block may be one or more of the following: 
   Global Complexity Measure (GCM) as defined in the MPEG-2 test model 5. GCM represents the estimated degree of difficulty of encoding the picture, 
   Degree of over and/or under generation of encoded bits, 
   Sum or average of the absolute residual error after motion compensation in the encoder, and 
   Spatial activity of the image as determined during the motion compensation step in the encoder. 
   The average size of the Motion vectors calculated by the encoder. 
   Using the supplied information, the pre filter controller attempts to estimate the quality of the encoded image. The estimate is calculated using a considerably simplified theoretical model of the encoder in order to reduce computational complexity. The information used to control the pre filter is derived from arbitrary estimates from the encoding process only, without taking into effect the quality of the decoded image, resulting in a sub optimal control algorithm. 
   A different embodiment known in the prior art is shown in  FIG. 6 . In this approach, the video source  601  is input to the controllable pre filter block  602 , and to the input of frame memory block  606 . The output of block  602  is connected to the input of the video encoder block  603 , whose output is the compressed bit stream  604 . Video encoder block  603  also generates a local decoded image in block  605 . 
   The said local decoded image is compared with the output of the frame memory block  606 , using comparator block  607 . The results of the comparison are supplied to pre filter controller block  608 , which block then generates control information supplied to pre filter block  602 . 
   This implementation directly observes picture quality by comparing the image after encoding with the corresponding image before encoding. In typical implementations, the pre filter controller uses the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio. (PSNR) generated by comparator block  607 . 
   Since this implementation directly observes picture quality, it is free from estimation errors. It does this at the expense of additional complexity in calculating the PSNR or other representations of objective picture quality. There is also a requirement for an additional full frame memory to store the original image. 
   Generating the local decoded image does not increase complexity, as this function is incorporated in the MPEG encoding process. 
     FIG. 7  is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of this invention. Video source  701  is input to the pre-filter block  702 . The output of block  702  is the input to video encoder block  703 , and the output of block  703  is the compressed bit stream  704 . Video encoder block  703  also generates a local decoded image in block  705 . This local decoded image is processed by subjective noise detector  706 , further described in  FIG. 8 . The output of subjective noise detector block  706  is input to pre filter controller  707  which is further described in  FIG. 9 . Block  707  generates the control information supplied to pre filter  702  to adjust the filter characteristics. 
   This implementation directly observes picture quality by using the locally decoded image generated by the MPEG encoder. However, instead of comparing the locally decoded image with a reference image, the invention employs a subjective noise detector. It detects the presence of encoding artifacts that have a great influence on subjective video quality. Some of these artifacts are blocking noise, ringing noise and/or mosquito noise. Artifacts that do not directly decrease the subjective visual quality are ignored. Since the subjective noise is derived from the image generated by the local decoder, an additional frame memory to store a reference image is not required. 
     FIG. 8  shows an example implementation of the subjective noise detector. Here the local decoded image  801  is input to the filter block  802 . Block  802  may contain various filter elements optimized to remove specific artifacts such as blocking noise and ringing noise in the example shown. The output of filter block  802  is then subtracted from the input image  801  in block  804 , and the absolute sum of the resulting error is computed in block  805 . The output of block  805  is the subjective noise level  806 . 
     FIG. 9  shows an implementation of the pre filter controller. The inputs to comparator  903  are the subjective noise level  901  and the noise threshold  902 . The output of comparator block  903  is the delta filter intensity desired. If the subjective noise level is less than the threshold, the filter intensity is decreased to increase the sharpness of the image. If the subjective noise level is greater than the threshold, the filter intensity is increased to remove more high frequency components. The resultant filter intensity signal is clipped to a determined range in block  905 . A negative feedback signal is generated in block  906  and is applied to block  904  in order to introduce a small amount of hysteresis to eliminate hunting near the threshold. 
   The controllable pre-filter may be implemented as a continually adjustable filter, or as a plurality of predefined filters. In the case of multiple filters block  907  is used to map the continuous error signal into discrete steps used to select the appropriate filter element. The output of mapping block  907  is the filter intensity signal  908  used to control pre filter  702  of  FIG. 7 . 
   The use of a subjective noise detector as shown in this invention gives excellent results in improving picture quality with a minimum of additional complexity. The subjective noise is calculated from the locally decoded image that is always present as part of the MPEG encoding process, and there is no requirement for an additional frame buffer. Most applications such as consumer video recorders already have a noise filter implemented. This filter may be modified to implement this invention without adding significant complexities.