Abstract:
The present invention relates to polymer compositions namely biodegradable segmented block copolymers comprising polyol residues having a number average molecular weight of at least 4000 Daltons and in that the polyols are connected by actual linkages.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is the U.S. national phase of International Application No. PCT/GB2004/005445 filed on Dec. 22, 2004, published in English as International Publication No. WO 2005/061617 A1 on Jul. 7, 2005, which claims priority to Great Britain Patent Application No. 03299654.8 filed on Dec. 23, 2003, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     FIELD 
     The present invention relates to polymer compositions and artifacts made therefrom. In particular the present invention relates to biodegradable polymers having high mechanical strength and their use for the manufacture of load bearing medical devices suitable for implantation within the body. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The degradation characteristics of the aliphatic polyesters are not ideal. Polyglycolic acid and copolymers with a high glycolic acid component (e.g. polyglyconate) lose strength rapidly (typically in around 4 weeks). Most healing processes (e.g. fracture repair, bone healing etc) can take longer than this (typically 6 to 12 weeks). Therefore implants made of these polymers do not provide mechanical support over the full duration of healing. For these polymers mass loss generally occurs after about 1-1.5 years. The release of glycolic acid breakdown products has been linked to inflammatory reactions. 
     In contrast, polymers based on poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) retain their mechanical properties for much longer (typically 6-12 months) which means that they can provide mechanical support throughout the healing process. However, PLLA does not undergo complete mass loss for 3-5 years. This means that the device cannot be replaced by tissue until long after it has ceased to provide any function, if at all. As with PGA, the breakdown products released on degradation are acidic and can lead to an inflammatory response. 
     One way which has been attempted to create more optimal degradation rates is through the use of copolymers of lactic acid and glycolic acid (PLGA), or copolymers of L-lactic acid and D-lactic acid (PDLLA). The degradation times for these polymers are between those of PLLA and PGA However, these polymers are amorphous and have poorer mechanical properties than PGA and PLLA. Also, like PLLA and PGA they degrade by bulk hydrolysis so that significant mass loss and space generation for tissue ingrowth occurs long after loss of mechanical strength. 
     A further problem with materials such as PLLA and PGA is that they are brittle and implants made from them can be prone to breaking to the forces exerted on them during insertion. One way that this has been addressed is to copolymerise the PLLA or PGA with a rubber-like polymer such as poly(trimethylene carbonate). This improves the toughness of the polymer but such materials still suffer the same problems of degradation profile as PLLA and PGA. 
     Another biodegradable polymer which has been used is polycaprolactone (PCL). This polymer melts at around 60° C. so can be delivered to the body in a molten form after which it will set to form an implant in-situ. However, polycaprolactone has a very slow degradation rate so that mass loss in the body takes over 3 years. 
     It is therefore an objective of the present invention to provide a biodegradable polymer that has optimum strength and degradation characteristics for procedures where biodegradable polymers are implanted. 
     SUMMARY 
     According to the present invention there is provided a biodegradable segmented block copolymer comprising polyol residues having a number average molecular weight (Mn) of at least 4000 Daltons connected by acetal linkages. 
     Said residues are hereinafter referred to as “strength components”. 
     According to a first embodiment of the present invention the acetal linkages comprise polyacetal residues (A schematic representation of polymers in accordance with this embodiment of the invention is shown in  FIG. 1  of the accompanying drawings). 
     In one form of said first embodiment the polyacetal residues may comprise enzyme degradable polyacetal/diamino acid ester blocks (as illustrated  FIG. 2  of the accompanying drawings). 
     Alternatively the polyacetal residues may contain an incorporated bioactive diol (as illustrated in  FIG. 3  of the accompanying drawings). 
     The polyacetal residues may contain both enzyme degradable polyacetal/diamino acid ester blocks and incorporated bioactive diol agent (as illustrated in  FIG. 4  of the accompanying drawings). 
     According to a further embodiment of the present invention the segmented block copolymers of the invention may be blended with other polymeric or ceramic materials 
     The strength components of the present invention are polyols of at least 4000 Daltons or more preferably between 4000 and 20000 daltons. Suitably however the polyol residues may have a molecular weight of at least 5000 Daltons or at least 7500 Daltons or 10000 Daltons. 
     Aptly the polyol residues will have a molecular weight between 5000 and 17500 Daltons, or between 7500 and 15000 Daltons, or between 10000 and 12500 Daltons. 
     Suitable polyols may comprise polyesters such as homo- or copolymers of polycaprolactone (PCL), polylactic acid (PLA, L and D forms), polyglycolic acid (PGA) or polydioxanone. Other suitable polyols may comprise degradable aliphatic or aromatic esters, degradable carbonates such as dimethyl trimethylene carbonate (DMTMC), polyamides, polyurethanes and the like. 
     The amino acid diester/acetal blocks are aptly enzyme degradable blocks linked by acetal links and are based on amino acids. Said blocks can be produced by the reaction of amino acids with amines, acids, alcohols or isocyanates groups to give degradable amino acid containing units which can be converted into the corresponding dihydroxy terminated blocks e.g. a diamino terminated amino acid block can be reacted with caprolactone to yield a dihydroxy terminated enzyme degradable amino acid block. 
     The biodegradable segmented block copolymers of the present invention may be used with bioactive material. The bioactive agents may be incorporated into, blended with and/or reacted into the biodegradable segmented block copolymer of the present invention. 
     In other embodiments of the present invention the agent is selected from the group consisting of a growth factor, an antibiotic, a strontium salt, a fluoride salt, a magnesium salt, a sodium salt, a bone morphogenetic factor, a chemotherapeutic agent, a pain killer, a bisphosphonate, a bone growth agent, an angiogenic factor, and combinations thereof. In additional specific embodiments the growth factor is selected from the group consisting of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor b (TGF-b), insulin-related growth factor-I (IGF-I), insulin-related growth factor-II (IGF-II), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), beta-2-microglobulin (BDGF II), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), monobutyrin, butyric acid and combinations thereof. In an additional specific embodiment, the antibiotic is selected from the group consisting of tetracycline hydrochloride, vancomycin, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides such as tobramycin, gentamicin, and combinations thereof. In another specific embodiment, the factor is selected from the group consisting of proteins of demineralised bone, demineralised bone matrix (DBM), bone protein (BP), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), osteonectin, osteocalcin, osteogenin, and combinations thereof. In an additional specific embodiment, the agent is selected from the group consisting of cis-platinum, isofamide, methotrexate, doxorubicin hydrochloride, and combinations thereof. In a further specific embodiment, the pain killer is selected from the group consisting of lidocaine hydrochloride, bipivacaine hydrochloride, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ketorolac tromethamine, and combinations thereof. 
     To promote tissue repair one or several substances can be introduced into the composite bioabsorbable materials of the present invention or impregnated into fabrics or prostheses made from the composite bioabsorbable materials. Exemplary substances include polyeptides such as human growth factors. The term “human growth factor” or “HGF” embraces those materials, known in the literature, which are referred to as such and includes their biologically active, closely related derivatives. 
     The polyacetal blocks are hydrolytically degradable blocks which may contain aromatic, aliphatic and/or alicyclic groups. The blocks will typically be formed by the reaction of divinyl ethers with alcohols. Typical examples are cyclohexane dimethanol with cyclohexane dimethanol divinyl ether, polylactide diol with cyclohexane dimethanol divinyl ether. 
     The active polyacetal blocks are based on active alcohols which are linked together by acetal units such that on release these active alcohols cause a physiological effect ie stimulate or inhibit biological processes with the aim of improving healing, suitable examples are monobutryin, hydrocortisone, cholesterol, 1,4 butendol. 
     The following property enhancements can be obtained through the buffering effect of calcium carbonate (I) Stabilisation of polymer during processing (II) Degradation regulator (II) Modulus improver (IV) Osteoconductive anchoring points. Rate modifying agents may be incorporated into polymers or polymer blends as hereinbefore described by, for example, polymerisation or physical blending. These agents may accelerate degradation, for example acids (e.g. fatty acids, lactic acid), anhydrides (e.g. lauric anhydride) or cyclic esters (e.g. glycolide, lactide). Alternatively the agents may slow down degradation, for example by the use of buffering agents such as bases (e.g. CaCO 3 , MgCO 3 ). 
     The use of acids or bases may be used to switch the degradation mechanism from hydrolytic to predominantly enzymatic where the polymer of the invention contains amino acid blocks. For example use of acids will accelerate the degradation of acid sensitive components (i.e. the acetal component) whilst the addition of bases will retard the acetal degradation and thus increase the relative rate of the enzyme degradable amino acid block. 
     According to the present invention there is further provided a method for improving the modulus of these materials by the incorporation of inorganic (particulate or fibre) and/or polymeric (fibre or particulate) fillers. The addition of inorganic fillers will also be used as an osteogenic promoting material for increasing the binding of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. 
     The present invention further provides a method for improving the cell binding of these materials by the incorporation of peptide sequences such as RGD, GRGDS, REDV and GREDVY groups. Other groups can be sourced from the literature (ie Synthetic biodegradable polymer scaffolds, Chapter 5 Bioactive polymers, J West, J Hubbell, 1997, ISBN 0-8176-3919-5). 
     The strength of the polymer of the present invention can be increased through the use of composite technology. The addition of particulates, short fibres and continues fibers can be used either individually or in combination to improve the mechanical properties of the polymers as expected according to composite theory (for example see D Hull and T W Clyne, “An introduction to composite materials”, Cambridge university press). 
     Suitable biocompatible or biodegradable fillers for use may include ceramic materials such as hydroxyapatite (HA) and tri-calciumphosphate (TCP). Biglasses may also be used (eg see L. L. Hench et al, J. Biomed. Materials. Research., Vol 41, 1998, pp 511-518 or D Wheeler et al, J. Biomed. Materials. Research., Vol 41, 1998, pp 527-533). The materials may be processed into either particles or fibers using existing technologies for inclusion into the polymers of this invention. 
     Additionally polymer fibers may be used to reinforce the polyacetal polymers. These fibers can be made from homopolymers, co-polymers, blends and alloys of the known bioresorbable polymers such as PLLA, PDLA, PGA, PDO, PCL, PTMC, polyanhydrides, polyorthoesters polyacetal and the like. 
     Additionally fibers could be made from one of the polyacetal compositions disclosed in this invention. These fibers may be incorporated into the polymers using conventional processing techniques such as melting the polymer around fibers via compression moulding or by solvent casting the polymer around the fibers. 
     The biodegradable segmented block copolymer of the present invention may be injectable to form in situ devices. 
     In particular embodiments the polyol residue may have a low melting point and may include polyesters having a low melting point (low melting point polyesters) such as polycaprolactone or polybutyladipate. By the term low melting point polyesters we mean polyesters that have a melting point from about 45° C. to about 80° C., suitably the melting point of the low melting point polyesters may also be between 50° C. and 75° C. or 50° C. and 65° C. 
     Such embodiments of the present invention in which the polyol residue comprises a low melting point polyester would allow the material to be formed/shaped/set in situ and thus can be used in the body. This would allow the present invention to be used as a medical fixation device such as screws and nails. 
     A method of making a medical fixation device such as screws and nails comprises forming the biodegradable segmented block copolymer of the present invention in situ. 
     The present invention also provides artifacts formed from the segmented copolymers of the invention. Such artifacts include, but are not limited to screws, suture anchors, plates, drug delivery devices and the like. 
     The artifacts of the invention may find use in orthopaedic or soft tissue applications. For example said artifacts may include injectable cements for screw augmentation, fracture fixation or improvement of fracture stability, screw/anchor augmentation, ligament fixation, bone reinforcement (for example for use in spine applications) or drug delivery. 
     The biodegradable segmented block copolymer of the present invention may be used as a coating on a medical device, eg a prosthesis, a suture, a screw, nail or bone plate. 
       FIG. 5 . shows an example of a polyacetal structure in which:
     Strength Block=main strength component of polymer   Amino acid diester/acetal block=enzyme degradable and cell compatibility block   Polyacetal block=hydrolytic degradable block   Active/polyacetal=active release block   R 1 =is an organic residue derived from an amino acid.   R 2 =is an organic residue derived from an ester or carbamate. and may be derived from an alkyl-, cycloalkyl-, substituted cycloalkyl-, aryl-, substituted aryl-, or alkenyl-alcohol, in which a least one carbon has been replaced at least one C(O)NH— or C(O)O— group   R 3 =is an organic residue derived from a cyclic ester, cyclic carbonate, hydroxyacid, or amide protected amino acid   R 4 =is an organic residue derived from an ester or carbamate and may be derived from an alkyl-, cycloalkyl-, substituted cycloalkyl-, aryl-, substituted aryl-, or alkenyl-divinyl ether, in which a least one carbon has been replaced at least one C(O)NH, C(O)NR 5  or C(O)O group   R 5 =is a substituent carried on the divinyl ether and may take the form of a hydrogen, aliphatic alkyl, aromatic or cyclic alkane group.   R 6 =is an organic residue derived from a biologically active alcohol.   
     Polymer=is residue of a homopolymer or copolymer diol. Suitable polymeric diols are derived from degradable polyesters, polycarbonates, polyester-carbonates, polyamides, polyamide-esters, polyamide-carbonates or polyurethanes. Examples are polycaprolactone, polylactic acid (D, L or mixture), polyglycolide, polydioxanone, polydimethyl trimethylene carbonate (DMTMC). The polymer blocks suitably have one or more of the following characteristics: (a) glass transition temperature (Tg) above body temperature, (b) crystallinity, (c) hydrogen bonding properties or (d) forms stereo complexes. 
     The biodegradable segmented block copolymer of the present invention may also contain stabilisers or accelerators. 
     These may be incorporated into the material to modify the degradation rate of the material. This may be to slow down or speed up the degradation of the material. 
     By the term accelerator we mean an additive that speeds up or enhances degradation of the material of the present invention. These additives may include acids or derivatives of acids. 
     The stabiliser(s) or accelerator(s) may be blended into the material of the present invention or indeed may be polymerised into the structure. 
     Accelerators suitably for use with and/or in the present invention include, but not limited to: 
     Hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, decanoic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, crotonic acid, 4-pentenoic acid, 2-hexenoic acid, undecylenic acid, petroselenic acid, oleic acid, erucic acid, 2,4-hexadienoic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, benzoic acid, hydrocinnamic acid, 4-isopropylbenzoic acid, ibuprofen, ricinoleic acid, adipic acid, suberic acid, phthalic acid, 2-bromolauric acid, 2,4-hydroxydodecanoic acid, monobutyrin, 2-hexyldecanoic acid, 2-butyloctanoic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, 2-methylvaleric acid, 3-methylvaleric acid, 4-methylvaleric acid, 2-ethylbutyric acid, trans-beta-hydromuconic acid, isovaleric anhydride, hexanoic anhydride, decanoic anhydride, lauric anhydride, myristic anhydride, 4-pentenoic anhydride, oleic anhydride, linoleic anhydride, benzoic anhydride, poly(azelaic anhydride), 2-octen-1-yl succinic anhydride and phthalic anhydride. 
     To encourage bone growth into the polymer, it is preferred that the polymer include an osteoconductive filler, e.g., hydroxyapatites (HA), calcium sulfates, tricalcium phosphates, bioactive glasses, aragonite, calcite, and mixtures of these fillers. A suitable level of osteoconductive filler will encourage bone growth without an unacceptable reduction in the deliverability of the polymer. If bone fragments are used without another filler, it is generally preferred that the polymer include from about 0 to 60% bone fragments by weight, more preferably about 20 to 50% weight. 
     The invention shall be described by way of the following examples and drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1 . Shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of the present invention in which the acetal linkages comprise polyacetal residues. 
         FIG. 2 . Shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of the present invention in which the polyacetal residues comprise enzyme degradable polyacetal/diamino acid ester blocks. 
         FIG. 3 . Shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of the present invention in which the polyacetal residues comprise an incorporated bioactive diol. 
         FIG. 4 . Shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of the present invention in which the polyacetal/diamino acid ester blocks and incorporated bioactive agent. 
         FIG. 5 . Shows an example of a polyacetal structure. 
         FIG. 6   a . Shows reduction in diameter of initial polyacetal after approximately 9 days degradation in buffer from polyacetal (PLA/CHDM/CHDMLVE) degraded in PH 7.4 phosphate buffer solution. 
         FIG. 6   b . Shows effect of degradation on surface of polyacetal. 
         FIG. 7 . Shows osteoclast adhesion onto polyacetal (PLA/CHDM/CHDMDVE/Trytophan diester-caprolactone) CaCO 3  surface 
         FIG. 8   a . Shows preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cultured around discs of polyacetal (PLA/CHDM/CHDMDVE/Trytophan diester-caprolactone) CaCO 3  indicated that the materials did not exert a gross cytotoxic effect on cells: from bulk material cytotoxicity testing of the materials using WST test. 
         FIG. 8   b . Shows all viability (as a function of absorbance) with a range of filled and unfilled PLA based polyacetals, from bulk material cytotoxicity testing of the materials using WST test. 
         FIG. 9 . Shows a typical composite bar according to the present invention. 
         FIG. 10 . Shows a section through a typical composite bar according to the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Examples 
     1. Preparation of Polyacetals Containing Different Sized Polycaprolactone Blocks 
     The polycaprolactone diols (PCL) in the amounts shown in Table 1a were respectively placed into 125 ml Wheaton glass vials, together with the corresponding amounts p-toluene sulfonic acid monohydrate (TSA) also shown in Table 1a and 50 ml of anhydrous chloroform. The vials were sealed (silicon stopper/aluminium crimp cap) and the reactants stirred using a magnetic stirrer at room temperature. Cyclohexane dimethanol divinyl ether (CHDMDVE)/anhydrous chlororm (1 ml/10 ml)) solutions was prepared and these were then added in small aliquots over time to each of the vials. Neat CHDMDVE (1 ml and 4 ml) was added to the reactants using low molecular weight PCL diol (Mn=1250 and Mn=580 respectively) in order to reduce the volume of chloroform added to these reactions. Once the reactant mass had become viscous an additional 20 ml of anhydrous chloroform was added to reduced the solution viscosity. These solutions were passed through a Al 2 O 3 /glasswool column and collected in vials containing CaCO 3  (2% wt/wt). The CaCO 3  was dispersed and the resulting solutions cast onto release paper, molecular weights of the resulting polymers were determined using GPC. 
                                                                         TABLE 1a                   Table showing formulations and final molecular weights of       Polyacetal (PCL/CHDMDVE) films.            Molecular weight                           of           Total       polycaprolactone   PCL   p-TSA   CHDMDVE/total       diol   (g)   (g)   addition time   Mn   Mw                    Mn 10 000   10.06   0.006   0.43 ml/165 min   48365   98805       Mn 4000   9.96   0.004   0.56 ml/178 min   36290   96410       Mn 1250   10.33   0.008   1.60 ml/195 min   42975   107450       Mn 530   10.16   0.004   4.5/248 min   46895   131200                    
Tensile Properties
 
     Above materials were moulded into 1 mm thick flat sheets using a heated press (90 C). Tensile dumbbells were cut and tested on a Zwick 1435 tensile test machine (test speed of 10 mm/min, gauge length=10 mm). 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1b 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Data shows effect of block size on final properties of polyacetal 
               
               
                 polymer. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 PCL (MWT) 
                 Ultimate tensile strength (MPa) 
                 Modulus (MPa) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 10 000 
                 13.0 
                 223 
               
               
                   4000 
                 8.05 
                 300 
               
               
                   1250 
                 2.05 
                 9.8 
               
               
                   580 
                 -too weak 
                 to test 
               
               
                 PCL only (Control) 
                 18.6 
                 245 
               
               
                 (Mn = 38 000) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
                                                                         TABLE 1c                   Effect of block size of PCL on melting and setting temperatures of       PCL based polyacetals (all polyacetals have Mn of approx. 40 000).            PCL block                   Set in water       size (Mn)   T o  (° C.)   T m  (° C.)   ΔH f  (J/g)   T c  (° C.)   (37 or 20 C.)                    10 000   60.3   67.3   94.7   20.9   Yes/37 C.        4 000   59.5   64.4   110.7   24.2   Yes/37 C.         1250   44.7   53.1   69.3   15.7   Yes/20 C.         530   23.5   40.5   41.8   3.6   no       PCL       Control       37 000   56.3   60.8   84.8   25.9   Yes/37 C.                    
2. Accelerated Degradation of Polyacetal (PCL (4000)/Vectromer 4060) Using Accelerant
 
     Polycaprolactone diol (Mn 4000, 11.7 g) was placed into a 125 ml glass vial. p-Toluene sulfonic acid monohydrate (PTSA, 0.023 g) was added to the vial, followed by 40 ml of anhydrous chloroform. This was stirred using a magnetic stirrer at room temperature. A vectromer 4060 (bis[4-(vinyloxy)butyl]adipate) (1.7 g)/chloroform (15 ml) solution was prepared. This was then added in small aliquots over time until the solution became viscous (10 ml over 1 hr) Anhydrous chloroform (20 ml) was also added to reduce the viscosity of the solution. Sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (1 M, 2 ml) was added and mixed for 15 mins. The polymer was then precipitated and air dried. The final material was dried in a vacuum oven. 3 g of the above polyacetal was dissolved in chloroform (50 ml/anhydrous). Lauric acid (LA, 0.15 g, 5% wt/wt) was added and the solution mixed. The solvent was than removed by casting the solution onto release paper and air dried. The resulting polymer/LA blend was further dried in a vacuum oven (1 hr/room temperature). 2 g of the polymer/LA blend was placed into clean small PTFE pot, heated to 90 C, moulded (5 mins), cooled (room temperature) to yield a small polymer plug (18 mm dia). An accelerated degradation experiment was carried out using this polyacetal (PCL/vectromer 4060) sample, phosphate buffer solution (50 ml) and a sealed plastic vial. The degradation experiment was carried out at 45 C/pH 7.4. The plugs were removed at each time point, wiped dry and a small piece (0.1 g) removed for GPC (chloroform/PS standards) analysis. The plugs were then placed back into the buffer solution and degraded until the following time point was reached. 
                                                         TABLE 2                   Effect of acid accelerant on PCL based polyacetal.            Material   time/days   Mn (×1000)   Mw (×1000)                    Polyacetal (PCl [4K]/   0   46   95       Vectromer 4060)           20   43   93           41   40   96           115   41   91       Polyacetal (PCl [4K]/   0   46   95       Vectromer 4060)/5%       lauric acid           10   36   78           31   27   62           105   26   56                    
3. Preparation of Polyacetals Using PCL (Mn 4000) of Different Block Ratios
 
     Polycaprolactone diol (Mn 4000) and cyclohexane dimethanol(CMDM) were placed into 125 ml glass vials. p-Toluene sulfonic acid monohydrate (pTSA) was added to the vial, followed by 40 ml of anhydrous chloroform. The solutions were stirred using a magnetic stirrer at room temperature. Neat CHDMDVE (3 ml and 2 ml) was added to the respective reactions. Cyclohexane dimethanol divinyl ether (CHDMDVE) (1 ml/10 ml) solutions were prepared, using anhydrous chloroform, and added in small aliquots until the solutions became viscous. 20 ml of anhydrous chloroform was then added, the resulting solution mixed and then passed through a Al 2 O 3 /glasswool column. The resulting solution was collected into separate vials containing CaCO 3 , mechanical mixed to disperse the CaCO 3  and cast onto release paper. 
                                               TABLE 3a                   Table showing formulations and final molecular weights of       Polyacetal (PCL/CHDM/CHDMDVE).            PCL   CHDM   p-TSA   Total CHDMDVE (ml)/               (g)   (g)   (g)   Total addition time   Mn   Mw               5.00   3.01   0.005   4.3 ml/165 min   48770   115900       7.51   1.54   0.004   2.8 ml/167 min   47380   127700                    
Mechanical Properties
 
     Above materials were moulded into 1 mm thick flat sheets using a heated press (90 C). Tensile dumbbells were cut and tested on a Zwick 1435 tensile test machine (test speed of 10 mm/min, gauge length=10 mm). 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3b 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Data shows effect of block size on final properties of Polyacetal 
               
               
                 (PCL/CHDM/CHDMDVE) polymer. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ultimate 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 tensile 
               
               
                   
                 strength 
                 Modulus 
               
               
                 Polymer 
                 (MPa) 
                 (MPa) 
                 Mode of failure 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 PCL only 
                 18.6 
                 245 
                 Some breaking below Yield 
               
               
                 (Mn = 38 000) 
                   
                   
                 stress, after long yield 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (Yield then quoted) 
               
               
                 Polyacetal (PCL 
                 8.05 
                 300 
                 Snap @ max stress 
               
               
                 (4000)/CHDMDVE) 
               
               
                 Polyacetal (PCL 
                 4.65 
                 24 
                 Snap @ Max stress (after 
               
               
                 (4000)/CHDM)/ 
                   
                   
                 long pull-out) 
               
               
                 CHDMDVE) 
               
               
                 (50% PCL) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
                                                                 TABLE 3c                   Effect of Polyacetal (PCL/CHDM/CHDMDVE). composition on       melting and setting properties (all polyacetals have Mn of approx. 40 000).                        ΔH f             Sample No.   T o  (° C.)   T m  (° C.)   (J/g)   T c  (° C.)                    Polyacetal   39.6   46.4   30.1   —       (PCL[4000)]CHDM/       CHDMDVE)       (50% PCL)       polyacetal (PCL [4000]/   46.9   54   37.75   −7.9       CHDM/CHDMDVE)       (75% PCL)       Polyacetal blend   36.2   46.4   46.7   14       [polyacetal (PCL       [4000]/CHDMDVE)       blended with Polyacetal       (CHDM/CHDMDVE)       (50:50)]                    
Thermoplastic Elastomer
 
     Polyacetal (PCL[4 000)]CHDM/CHDMDVE) (50% PCL) was noted to cold draw to an aligned thermoplastic elastomeric, which stretches (on application of force) and recovers initial dimensions on relaxation of force. 
     4. Preparation of Polyacetal Using PCL (Mn 4000) and Monobutyrin 
     PCL diol (Mn 4000) and cyclohexane dimethanol were dried at 60° C. in a vacuum oven. The monobutyrin was dried at room temperature in a vacuum oven. Catalyst (p-TSA) was added to the PCL/CHDM mixtures and monobutyrin was then added. 50 ml of anhydrous chloroform was added and the mixture stirred at room temperature. The reagents were polymerised by the addition of CHDMDVE/anhydrous chloroform (1.0 ml/10 ml) solution, as shown in table 4a, until the polymerisations solutions became viscous. The mixture was diluted with 20 ml of anhydrous chloroform and the solution passed through an Al 2 O 3 /glasswool column. All solutions were collected in separate vials containing CaCO 3  (2% wt/wt), mechanically mixed to disperse the CaCO 3  and cast on a release paper to yield the following two Polyacetal (PCL/CHDM/Monobutyrin/CHDMDVE). 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4a 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Table showing formulations and final molecular weights of 
               
               
                 Polyacetal (PCL/CHDM/Monobutyrin/CHDMDVE). 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Total CHDMDVE 
                   
                   
                 Monobutyrin 
               
               
                 PCL 
                 CHDM 
                 Monobutyrin 
                 p-TSA 
                 (ml)/ 
                   
                   
                 incorporation 
               
               
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 Total time 
                 Mn 
                 Mw 
                 (g) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 5.08 
                 2.09 
                 0.946 
                 0.003 
                 4.5 ml/117 min 
                 48400 
                 140900 
                 3.5% 
               
               
                 5.02 
                 0.9 
                 0.4 
                 0.0056 
                 2.5/60 min 
                 38980 
                 217200 
                 2.4% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
                                                         TABLE 4b                   Table shows the effect of incorporation of monobutyrin on tensile       properties of PCL based Polyacetal.                Ultimate tensile   Modulus           Composition   strength (MPa)   (MPa)   Mode of failure                    Polyacetal (PCL   8.05   300   Snap @ max stress       [4000]/CHDMDVE)       Polyacetal (PCL [4000]/CHDM/   4.65   24   Snap @ Max stress (after       CHDMDVE) (50% content = PCL)           long pull-out)       Polyacetal (PCL [4000]/CHDM/   4.20   20.6   Snap @ max stress       CHDMDVE) acetal blocks + 3.5%       monobutyrin       (50% content = PCL)       Polyacetal (PCL [4000]/CHDM/   5.67   33.4   Slow breaking @ max       CHDMDVE) acetal blocks + 2.4%           stress after lower maxima       monobutyrin           yield &amp; long pull-out       (75% content = PCL)                    
5. Preparation of Polyacetal(PCL[CHDM/CHDMDVE) Using Bulk Polymerisation Methodologies
 
Preparation of Catalyst.
 
     5.00 g of PCL diol (Mn 4 000) and 0.0036 g of p-toluene sulphonic acid monohydrate (pTSA) were weighed into a 60 ml glass jar then heated in an oven at 100° C. Once the PCL had melted the contents were mixed thoroughly with a spatula to produce a solution then allowed to cool. The mixture was re-warmed in an oven at 65° C. to produce a clear liquid before use. 
     Polyacetal (PCL[4000)]CHDM/CHDMDVE) (72% PCL) 
     7.5 g of PCL diol, 1.06 g CHDM and 1.81 g of CHDMDVE were weighed into a 60 ml glass jar then heated in an oven at 100° C. Once the PCL had melted the contents were mixed with a spatula to produce a homogenous mixture. The jar was then transferred to a 65° C. oven and once it had equilibrated at this temperature, 0.30 g of the catalyst in PCL was added and the contents mixed thoroughly with a magnetic stirrer. The jar was then sealed and returned to the 65° C. oven. Samples were removed from the jar for molecular weight analysis after 4 days of reaction, the results are shown in table 5a. 
     Polyacetal (CHDM/CHDMDVE) 
     8.46 g CHDM and 11.53 g of CHDMDVE were weighed into a 60 ml glass jar then heated in an oven at 100° C. Once CHDM had melted the contents were mixed with a spatula to produce a homogenous mixture. The jar was then transferred to a 65° C. oven and once it had equilibrated at this temperature, 0.47 g of the catalyst in PCLdiol was added. The contents were mixed thoroughly with a spatula and the jar sealed and returned to the 65° C. oven. The CHDM and CHDMDVE were found to be immiscible, and were initially removed from the oven, remixed and replaced in the oven several times before being removed and allowed to cool overnight as no increase in viscosity had been observed. The jar was then placed in a water bath, heated at up to 65° C. and stirred with a magnetic stirrer. After half a day of mixing, the materials had reacted to form a clear viscous liquid. The jar was then removed from the water bath and placed back in the 65° C. oven. Molecular weight analysis of the material was carried out after 4 days and after 6 days of reaction, the results are shown in table 5a. 
                                                         TABLE 5a                   Molecular weight distribution of reaction samples                Sample   Mw   Mn                             28% polyacetal, 4 days reaction   54475   25900           100% polyacetal, 6 days reaction   25760   9622                        
6 Polymer Blend
 
     Polyacetal (PCL/CHDMDVE)/Polyacetal (CHDMDVE/CHDM) was prepared by dissolving 2 g of Polyacetal (PCL/CHDMDVE) and Polyacetal (CHDMDVE/CHDM) in chloroform (50 ml). The resulting was cast on release paper. Final molecular weight of blend was Mn=17825, Mw=116800. 
     7 Applications of In Situ Setting Properties of PCL Based Polyacetals 
     7a Novel in Situ Forming Anchor 
     Four anchor systems were investigated using a commercial polyethylene terephthalate (PET) Ashway #2 suture. The liquid anchor materials chosen were pure ε-polycaprolactone (PCL), mw=37 000, polyacetal (PCL(Mn=4 000)/CHDMDVE), and polyacetal (PCL(Mn=4 000)/CHDMDVE)/PCL(Mn=4000) blend. For comparative purposes, a solid OBL RC5 anchor was also selected for study. 
     Two (Ø2 mm×10 mm) holes, 7 mm apart, were drilled into a block of 20 pcf Sawbone (40×20×20 mm). Each hole was filled with a polymer preheated to 70° C., and a length of suture was placed into the two holes using a hand held tool. The height of the loop formed was fixed at 3.5 mm, which is thought to be wide enough to allow adequate fixation of the supra-spinatus tendon to the bone, and subsequent healing of the rotator cuff injury. For the solid anchor systems, two (Ø5 mm×10 mm) holes were drilled and metal anchors were inserted into these holes using anchor drivers counter sunk to between 0.5 and 1 mm below the surface. Mechanical testing was carried out using an 8511 servo-hydraulic tensile tester fitted with an environmental chamber filled with water heated to 37° C. Each Sawbone block tested was clamped in a g-clamp, and the suture loop, emerging from the block, was attached to the supporting clips which were fed through the holes of the T-piece. This was then held in 30 kN capacity wedge action grips attached to a 1 kN capacity static load cell which was in turn mounted on the actuator of the machine. Pull-out testing was carried out perpendicular to the surface of the Sawbone block at a speed of 32 mm/s until failure occurred, which is either by rupture or by pull-out of the suture device. The load-to failure data were collected on a personal computer and the results were assessed with a force-time diagram. For each anchor system tested, a mean pull-out force was determined from five independent samples. 
                                                 TABLE 7a                   Failure force for in situ formed anchors produced using polyacetals.                Failure           Material for anchor augmentation   force (N)   Variance                    PCL   98.5   17.3       1L-2 Polyacetal (PCL(Mn = 4 000)/CHDMDVE)/   88   12       PCL(Mn = 4000) blend       1L-2 polyacetal (PCL(Mn = 4 000)/CHDMDVE)/   90.2   20       PCL(Mn = 4000) blend       Suture   143   0.14       IL-2 RC5   132   7.7                    
8 Synthesis of PLA Based Polyacetal
 
8.1 Synthesis of Poly(L) Lactide Diol
 
     Lactide (49.5 g) was placed into 125 ml Wheaton vial and the vial sealed with a silicon stopper and aluminium crimp cap. 1 ml of a tin (ii) dilaurate (0.1 g)/diethylene glycol (5 g) suspension was then added. The vial was placed into an oven (135 C) and heated until all the monomer had melted. The vial was manually agitated during this period. The vial was then heated (135 C) for 69.5 hr to yield a white crystalline solid. The temperature was increased to 165 C and the resulting PLA melt heated for 6 hr. All samples were removed from the oven and cooled to room temperature to yield a white solid. The solid was dissolved in chloroform (80 ml) and precipitated into methanol (2×800 ml). The resulting polymer was collected and dried (air and vacuum oven (5 hr/70 C). The polymer was dried overnight at room temperature/under vacuum (1 mm Hg). The resulting polymer had an Mn=7400/Mw=10804). 
     8.2 Synthesis of Polyacetal (PLA/CHDM/CHDMDVE) 
     The following is a general procedure used in the synthesis of polyacetal (PLA/CHDM/CHDMDVE) (50% PLA). The same method, with adjusted reagent ratios, was also used to produce other polyacetals (PLA/CHDM/CHDMDVE) materials with PLA contents between 50-90%, table 8a below. 
     Poly-I-lactic acid diol ( 6   g , Mn=7400/Mw=10804), CHDM (2.5 g) was placed into a 125 ml glass vial. p-Toluene sulfonic acid monohydrate (3.3 mg) was added to the vial and the contents dried in a vacuum oven (60 C/4 hr). The vial was then sealed (silicon stopper/aluminium crimp lid) and 50 ml of anhydrous chloroform was added. This was stirred using a magnetic stirrer at room temperature. The PLA diol was polymerised with (cis/trans) cyclohexane dimethanol divinyl ether (CHDMDVE), 3.3 ml of neat CHDMDVE and 2 ml dilute CHDMDVE/anhydrous chloroform (1 ml/10 ml) solution. The reaction was noted be very viscous. An additional 20 ml of chloroform was added to reduce the solution viscosity. This solution was passed through an Al 2 O 3 /glasswool column and collected into a vial containing CaCO 3 . The collected solution was mixed using mechanical rollers and cast onto release sheets, properties:—Mn=19 800, Mw=47 600, Tg=−3.2 C &amp; 42 C, Tm=143.2 C. 
     Tensile test samples were moulded using these Polyacetals (PLA/CHDM/CHDMDVE) polymers and their respective tensile properties determined. 
                                                                                 TABLE 8a                   Table shows the effect of PLA block content on tensile properties of       the Polyacetal(PLA/CHDM/CHDMDVE).                                U.           PLA   Acetal               Tensile   Modu-       content   content   Filler   Mn   Mw   Strength   lus       (wt %)   (Wt %)   Type/Level   (×1000)   (× 1000)   (MPa)   (MPa)                    50   50   CaCO 3 /2%   18   75   12   300       60   40   CaCO 3 /4%   37   85   16.1   177       70   30   CaCO 3 /4%   31.5   68   20.6   260       87   13   CaCO 3 /4%   27   61   7   664                    
9 Degradation of Polyacetal(PLA/CHDM/CHDMDVE)
 
     Polyacetal(PLA CHDM/CHDMDVE) was produced using the following procedure Poly-I-lactic acid diol (4.5 g, Mn=5200/Mw=10800) ), CHDM (2.1 g) was placed into a 125 ml glass vial. p-Toluene sulfonic acid monohydrate (12 mg) was added to the vial and the contents dried in a vacuum oven (100 C/4 hr). The vial was then sealed (silicon stopper/aluminium crimp lid) and anhydrous chloroform (40 ml) added. This was stirred using a magnetic stirrer at room temperature. The PLA diol was polymerised with (cis/trans) cyclohexane dimethanol divinyl ether (CHDMDVE). A CHDMDVE/anhydrous chloroform solution (2.55 g/10 ml) was prepared and aliquots added to the stirred solution over a 2 hr period. A further CHDMDVE/Chloroform (2 g/10 ml) solution was prepared. 9 ml of this solution was added over 2.5 hr period. The reaction became very viscous, an additional 20 ml of chloroform was added to the mixture to reduce the viscosity. The polymer was purified by passing the solution through an Al 2 O 3 /glasswool column and precipitated into methanol. The final polymer was collected and dried (air dried and vacuum oven (60 C/4 hr)). Molecular weight of polymer Mn=35 500/Mw=126 000. Polymer rods (approx. 6.0 mm diameter) were produced by packing a PTFE block, containing a 6.2 mm hole with polymer. This was heated at 170 C until the polymer had become molten. The molten polymer was compressed and cooled to form a soft rod which crystallised on cooling. Small plugs (approx. 10 mm in length) were cut and degraded in both acid (pH 3) and buffer solution (pH 7.4),  FIG. 6 . The degradation data is given in table 9a below. 
                                                                                         TABLE 9a                   Data shows change in weight and diameter of degrading polyacetal       (PLA/CHDM/CHDMDVE) with time and pH.                Total           %                   PH of   deg           Wt   Dia-   Diameter   %       solu-   Time   Weight   Wt   loss   meter/   change/   Diameter       tion   days   (g)   Change   (g)   mm   mm   reduction                    3   0.0   0.2953   —   0   6.07   —   0           0.9   0.2950   −0.0003   0.11   6.02   −0.05   0.82           3.8   0.2669   −0.0284   9.6   5.89   −0.18   2.96           4.8   0.2484   −0.0469   15.9   5.82   −0.25   4.1           6.2   0.2265   −0.0688   23.3   5.72   −0.35   5.8           8.2   0.2084   −0.087   29.4   5.61   −0.46   7.6           11.1   0.1694   −0.1259   42   5.36   −0.71   11.7           13.9   0.1471   −0.1482   50.2   5.27   −0.8   13.1       7.4   0.0   0.2657   0   0   6.08   0   0           0.9   0.2652   −0.0005   0.19   5.95   −0.13   2.1           3.8   0.2518   −0.0139   5.2   5.94   −0.14   2.3           4.8   0.2433   −0.0224   8.4   5.87   −0.21   3.4           6.2   0.2327   −0.033   12.4   5.83   −0.25   4.1           8.2   0.2236   −0.0421   15.8   5.76   −0.32   5.3           11.1   0.2033   −0.0624   23.5   5.65   −0.43   7.1           13.9   0.1882   −0.0775   29.2   5.58   −0.50   8.2           19.8   0.1710   −0.0947   35.6   5.43   −0.65   8.9           23.9   0.1644   −0.1013   38.1   5.38   −0.7   11.5           27.1   0.1595   −0.1062   39.9   5.28   −0.80   13.1           31.1   0.1552   −0.1105   41.5   5.22   −0.86   14.1           33.4   0.1518   −0.1139   42.8   5.19   −0.89   14.6           39.4   0.1427   −0.123   46.3   5.12   −0.96   15.8           58.3   0.1299   −0.1358   51.1   4.99   −1.09   17.9           101.3   0.1040   −0.1617   60.8   —   —   —                    
10 Effect of Buffering Agent on Thermal Stability of Polyacetal(PLA/CHDM/CHDMDVE)
 
     Polyacetal (PLA/CHDM/CHDMDVE)/CaCO 3  blends were produced by solution blending (PLA/CHDM/CHDMDVE) (3.5 g) with CaCO 3  powder (3.5 g) in chloroform (20 ml). The resulting solution was cast to form films and dried (air dried overnight then vacuum oven 80 C). Polymer rods (approx. 9.3 mm diameter) were produced by packing a PTFE block, containing a 9.3 mm hole, with polymer/CaCO 3 . The mould/polymer was heated to 185 C until the polymer had become molten. The molten polymer was then compressed and cooled. A opaque white rod was formed on cooling. 
                                                         TABLE 10a                   Data shows the effect of temperature on the molecular weight of       stabilised and unstabilised polyacetal (PLA/CHDM/CHDMDVE).                Material   Mn   Mw                            Polyacetal (PLA/CHDM/CHDMDVE)   13710   28350           (control)           Polyacetal (PLA/CHDM/CHDMDVE)/   6980.5   15155           Heat 185 C.           Polyacetal (PLA/CHDM/CHDMDVE)/   9149   21685           CaCO 3 /Heat 185 C.                        
11 Effect of CaCO 3 (Buffer on Degradation of Polyacetal (PLA/CHDM/CHDMDVE)
 
     Polyacetal (PLA/CHDM/CHDMDVE)/Caco 3  Rod was Cut to Give a Plug (9.3 mm diameter×7.55 mm length). The sample was placed into a sealed pot and degraded 37 C/pH 7.4 in phosphate buffer solution. 
                                                                         TABLE 11a                   Data shows the effect of CaCO 3  on weight and diameter of       degrading polyacetal (PLA/CHDM/CHDMDVE) with time.            Sample   Total       % Wt       %       Polyacetal   degradation   Weight   change       Diameter       (PLA/CHDM/CHDMDVE)   Time days   (g)   (g)   Diameter/mm   change                    Contains 50% (wt/wt)   0.0   0.7407   0   9.31   0       CaCO 3  buffered   3.7   0.7395   −0.16   9.32   +0.11           5.6   0.7386   −0.28   9.30   −0.11           11.3   0.7371   −0.48   9.285   −0.27           16.3   0.7332   −1.01   9.26   −0.54           35.1   0.7261   −1.96   9.22   −0.97           80.1   0.7149   −3.48   9.11   −2.14           230.1   0.6948   −6.9   9.05   −2.8       No CaCO 3     0.0   0.2657   0   6.08   0           0.9   0.2652   −0.19   5.95   −2.1           3.8   0.2518   −5.2   5.94   −2.3           4.8   0.2433   −8.4   5.87   −3.4           6.2   0.2327   −12.4   5.83   −4.1           8.2   0.2236   −15.8   5.76   −5.3           11.1   0.2033   −23.5   5.65   −7.1           13.9   0.1882   −29.2   5.58   −8.2           19.8   0.1710   −35.6   5.43   −8.9           23.9   0.1644   −38.1   5.38   −11.5           27.1   0.1595   −39.9   5.28   −13.1           31.1   0.1552   −41.5   5.22   −14.1           33.4   0.1518   −42.8   5.19   −14.6           39.4   0.1427   −46.3   5.12   −15.8           58.3   0.1299   −51.1   4.99   −17.9           101.3   0.1040   −60.8   —   —                    
12 Use of Inorganic Filler to Enhance the Modulus of PLA Based Polyacetals
 
     Polyacetal (PLA/CHDM/CHDMDVE)/CaCO 3  containing 50% hydroxyapatite (HA) was produced by solution blending Polyacetal (PLA/CHDM/CHDMDVE)/(50% Wt PLA)/CaCO 3  with HA particles (Ceramed). The resulting solution was cast and dried. Tensile samples were produced by compression moulding the blend using the Fontijne heated hydraulic press to produce 15 cm round sheets. Tensile samples were produced by cutting dumbbells using the 5 mm short dumbbell cutter and an Atom SE8 hydraulic clicker press. 
                                                                                 TABLE 12a                   Data shows the effect of filler level on modulus of polyacetal       (PLA/CHDM/CHDMDVE) with time.            PLA   Acetal               U. Tensile   Modu-       content   content   Filler Type/           Strength   lus       (wt %)   (Wt %)   Level   Mn   Mw   (MPa)   (MPa)                    50   50   CaCO 3  (2%)   18000   75000   12   300       50   50   CaCO 3  (2%)   14000   65000   12.6   900               HA (50%)                    
13 Synthesis of Polyacetal (PLA/CHDM/Amino Acid Diester/CHDMDVE)
 
     The reaction path following the scheme below:—
 
2NH 2 —R 1 —CO 2 H+HO—R 2 —OH-&gt;NH 2 —R 1 —CO2-R 2 —O2C—R 1 —NH 2 +2H 2 O  Step 1
 
NH 2 —R 1 —CO2-R 2 -02C—R 1 —NH 2 +R 3 C═O-&gt;HO—R 3 —CONH—R 1 —C02-R 2 -02 C—R 1 —NHCO—R 3 —OH  Step 2
 
HO—R 3 —CONH—R 1 —CO2-R 2 —O2C—R 1 —NHCO—R 3 —OH+HO—R 2 —OH+CH 2 ═C(R 5 )—O—R 4 —O(R 5 )═CH 2 +HO-POLYMER-OH-&gt;{[O—POLYMER-O—CH(R 5 )—OR 4 —OCH(R 5 )—] m -[O—R 2 —O—CH(R 5 )—OR 4 —OCH(R 5 )—] p —[O—R 3 —CONH—R 1 —CO 2 —R 2 —O 2 C—R 1 —NHCO—R 3 —O—CH(R 5 )—OR 4 —OCH(R 5 )—] n -} r   Step 3
 
m=1-100, n=0-100, p=0-100, r=1-100
 
Step 1: Diamino Ester
 
     L-Phenylalanine (16.5 g, 0.1 moles) was reacted with cyclohexane dimethanol (7.2 g, 0.05 moles) and p-toluene sulfonic acid monohydrate (20 g, 0.105 moles). These reagents were heated in 130 ml toluene under reflux using a Dean Stark head in order to collect the water. A volume of 2.6 ml of water was collected. The toluene solvent was removed on a rotary evaporator to leave a crude white powdery product. The white powder was purified by washing with absolute alcohol (3×80 ml) and drying the resulting product to constant weight in a vacuum oven. The product was suspended in 200 ml of deionised water (80 C) and neutralised with potassium carbonate (10 g). Gas(CO2) was evolved resulting in the formation of an oil/water emulsion. On cooling to room temp this yielded a light brown solid. The solid was collected, dissolved in chloroform, dried with magnesium sulphate, filtered and the solution reduced on a rotor evaporator to yield a brown-cream solid. Structure of diamino ester was confirmed using  1 H-NMR and the FT-IR. 
     Step 2: Diamino Ester/Caprolactone Adduct 
     Diphenylalanine ester (2.5 g) and caprolactone (2.5 g) were placed into a Wheaton vial (10 ml). The vial was sealed (silicon stopper &amp; aluminium crimp cap) and placed in an extracted oven at 105 C (2 hr) then 150 C (5 hr), the sample was manually agitated during this period. It was noted that the diester melted quickly and became soluble in the caprolactone to yield a yellow product. The sample was reacted for further 14 hrs, removed and cooled to yield a viscous brown liquid. Structure of diamino ester confirmed using  1 H-NMR and the FT-IR. 
     Degradation of Diphenylalanineester/Caprolactone Adduct Using Chymotyrpsin 
     Approximately 1.0 g of diphenylalanine ester/caprolactone adduct was placed into 2 separate polypropylene containers (25 mm×5.5 mm). These were placed into 2 polycarbonate jars (25 ml). Materials were then degraded by exposing the materials to either (I) chymotrypsin solution or (II) Tris buffer solution. These solutions were prepared by:—
     (a) Producing a stock enzyme solution containing 0.5 g of Chymotrypsin in 3.366 ml of 1.0 mM HCL. This was used to make a 25 ml enzyme solution having an activity of 500 units/ml by adding Tris Buffer Solution (22.67 ml),  2 M CaCl 2  Solution (0.675 ml) and stock enzyme solution (1.65 ml) into a polycarbonate pot. 10 ml of this solution was transferred into a 25 ml polycarbonate pot containing a diphenylalanine ester/caprolactone adduct sample.   (b) The buffer (control) solution was prepared using a similar method. This was then made by adding Tris buffer Solution (22.67 ml),  2 M CaCl 2  Solution (0.675 ml) and dilute HCl solution (1.65 ml) into a sealed polycarbonate pot. 10 ml of this solution was transferred into a 25 ml polycarbonate pot containing a diphenylalanineester/caprolactone adduct sample.   

     All samples were incubated at 37 C with mechanical agitation. Samples were removed from there respective solutions, air dried (2 days) and weighted. These samples were further degraded in the respective solutions. The degradation solutions were also changed ever 3 days to ensure a high activity of the enzyme. 
                                                         TABLE 13a                   Enzymatic and hydrolytic degradation of diamino       ester/caprolactone block containing 5 units of caprolactone                Degradation media   Time   Mass loss (%)                            Chymotrypsin (500 units), tris   0   0           buffer/37 C.   48   9.1               145   26.9               193   36.5               262   51.4               310   58.6               363   65.7               450   74.2           Tris buffer/37 C.   0   0               48   −0.86               145   1.81               193   3.73               262   5.8               310   7.3               363   8.9               450   9.8                        
Step 3: PLA Based Polyacetal Containing Diamino Ester/Caprolactone Adduct
 
Polyacetal(PLA/CHDM/CHDMDVE/phenylalanine ester-caprolactone adduct) was produced using the following procedure: Poly-I-lactic acid diol (4 g, Mn=5200/Mw=10800) and diphenylalanine ester/caprolactone (3.0 g) adducts were placed into a 125 ml glass vial. p-Toluene sulfonic acid monohydrate(16 mg) was added to the vial and the contents dried in a vacuum oven (100 C/4 hr). The vial was then stoppered (silicon stopper/aluminium crimp lid) and 30 ml of anhydrous chloroform was added. This was stirred using a magnetic stirrer at room temperature. The PLA diol was polymerised with (cis/trans) cyclohexane dimethanol divinyl ether (CHDMDVE). A CHDMDVE/anhydrous chloroform solution (2 g/10 ml) was prepared and added in small aliquots. The resulting solution was noted to become cloudy. The solution was then filtered, via a syringe fitted with a 0.45 um nylon filter, into a separated sealed Wheaton vial (125 ml) containing CHDM (1.0 g), magnetic stirrer and p-TSA (10 mg). This formed a clear straw yellow solution. 9 ml of a CHDMDVE/chloroform solution (1.23 g/10 ml chloroform) was added over a 2 hr period. The resulting viscous solution was purified by passing the solution through an Al 2 O 3 /glasswool column, precipitating into methanol and dried to remove residual solvent. The polymer structure was confirmed using FTIR and NMR. Polymer rods (approx. 6.0 mm diameter) were produced by packing a PTFE block, containing a 6.2 mm hole, with polymer. The resulting mould was heated at 180 for 10 mins until the polymer had become molten. The molten polymer was then compressed and cooled to form a soft rod which crystallised on cooling.
 
                                                         TABLE 13b                   Data shows the effect of heat on polyacetal       (PLA/CHDM/CHDMDVE/phenylalanine ester-caprolactone) during the       moulding process.                Polymer   Mn   Mw                            Initial polymer   42560   111150           Heated to form plug   30555   78300                        
14. Degradation PLA Based Polyacetal Containing Diamino Ester/Caprolactone Adduct
 
     Polyacetal (PLA/CHDM/CHDMDVE/phenylalanine ester-caprolactone adduct) were produced using the above method. Polymer plugs were cut from the polyacetal rod using a diamond saw. The enzymatic degradation of these materials was then evaluated by degrading the polymers plugs at 37 C/pH7.8/in 10 ml of enzymatic or buffer solutions. The protocols for the preparation of the enzyme and buffer solution are given in example 13. 
                                                                         TABLE 14a                   Enzymatic and hydrolytic degradation of Polyacetal       (PLA/CHDM/CHDMDVE/phenylalanine ester-caprolactone adduct)            Sample                           Polyacetal(PLA/           CHDM/CHDMDVE/   Total       phenylalanine   deg       % Wt       %       ester-caprolactone   Time   Weight   change   Diameter/   Diameter       adduct)   days   (g)   (g)   mm   change                    Buffered solution   0   0.1392   0   5.86   0           2   0.1396   +0.26   5.86   0           9   0.1379   −0.95   5.85   −0.2           19.8   0.128   −7.2   5.84   −0.34           23.8   0.1261   −9.4   5.84   −0.34       Enzyme solution   0   0.1750   0   5.94   0           1.16   0.1755   +0.27   5.95   +0.16           9   0.1741   −0.52   5.91   −0.50           19.8   0.1409   −19.5   5.76   −3.03           23.8   0.1280   −26.8   5.59   −5.9                    
15. Polyacetal(PLA/CHDM/CHDMDVE/Tryptophan Diester-CL Adduct)/CaCO 3  Blend
 
     Polyacetal(PLA/CHDM/CHDMDVE/Tryptophan diester-CL adduct) was prepared using the above methodology. Polymer structure was confirmed using FTIR and NMR and the molecular weight via GPC (Mn=23 900 and Mw=152 600). 3 g of Polyacetal(PLA/CHDM/CHDMDVE/Tryptophan diester-CL adduct) placed in glass vial containing CaCO 3  (3 g) powder. Dichloromethane (10 ml) was added and the solution agitated until all the polymer had dissolved. The solution was cast and dried to remove residual solvent. A rod was moulded by packing the polymer blend into a PTFE mould (9. mm diameter hole), heated (160 C) and cooled to yield a polymer rod. 
                                       TABLE 15a                   Data shows the effect of heat on polyacetal       (PLA/CHDM/CHDMDVE/Tryptophan ester-caprolactone adduct)       during the moulding process.                Polymer   Mn   Mw                       Initial polymer   23 900   152 600           Heated to form plug (180 C/10 min)   17 000   131 000           Polymer/CaCO 3  heated to form plug   17 000   205 000           (180 C/10 min)                        
16. Cell Adhesion
 
     Cell binding was found to be dependent upon the chemical composition of the Polyacetal. Human peripheral blood derived osteoclasts were differentiated in situ on discs of polyacetal test materials. Polyacetal-(tryptophan diester/PLA), polyacetal-(tryptophan diester/PLA)/CaCO 3 , polyacetal-(PLA/CHDM/CHDMVE), polyacetal-(PLA/CHDM/CHDMVE)/CaCO 3  and control materials were tested over the 4 week culture period during which the osteoclast progenitor cells differentiated into mature osteoclasts,  FIG. 7 . After 6 and 19 days in culture, cells were observed attached to the control materials and polyacetal-(tryptophan diester/PLA)/CaCO 3 . Further cells were attached to the polyacetal-(tryptophan diester/PLA). There were also no cells attached to the polyacetal-(PLA/CH DM/CHDMVE) or polyacetal-(PLA/CH DM/CHDMVE)/CaCO 3  after 12 days in culture. These effects do not appear to be caused by the materials having cytotoxicity issues. 
     Bulk material cytotoxicity testing of the materials, using preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1, cultured around discs of the materials indicated that the materials did not exert a gross cytotoxic effect on cells,  FIG. 8 . The lack of cells attached to the polyacetal-(tryptophan diester/PLA), polyacetal-(PLA/CHDM/CHDMVE) and polyacetal-(PLA/CHDM/CHDMVE)/CaCO 3  can be related to their degradation rate in vitro and suggests that the cells were lost due to erosion of the discs surface. Where as cells were still present on the polyacetal-(tryptophan diester/PLA)/CaCO 3  discs which coincided with this material having the lowest degradation rate in vitro. 
     Cell viability experiments were also carried out using a WST method. Polyacetal samples were degraded in acid (pH 3), 37 C for 2 wk. The solution were then neutralised with Na 2  CO 3  Various concentrations of degradation solutions were prepared by using a serial dilution method, using culture medium. MC3T3-E1 (osteoblast-like) were then cultured for 24 h with test solutions. Cell viability was assayed. Control solutions were produced from (I)LDPE conditioned medium and (II)PVC/Tin conditioned medium. The cytotoxicity of both glycolic and lactic acid were measured as controls. The highest tolerated concentration of glycolic acid showing &gt;90% cell viability was 0.1 mg/ml whilst the highest tolerated concentration of lactic acid showing &gt;90% cell viability 0.5 mg/ml. 
                                                                                       TABLE 16a               WST Cell viability experiment data showing cell viability with       degradation products generated from the accelerated degradation of       polyacetal(PLA/CHDM/CHDMVE/Phenylalanine diester-caprolactone) and       Polyacetal(PLA/CHDM/CHDMVE)                   Polyacetal(PLA/CHDM/CHDMVE/Phenylalanine diester-caprolactone)            Concentration (mg/ml)   0.5015   0.2507   0.1253   0.0627   0.0313   0.0157       Cell viability   106   103   89.5   90.3   97.1   97.6       (Mean cell viability expressed as %       of medium only control)            Polyacetal(PLA/CHDM/CHDMVE)            Concentration (mg/ml)   3.153   1.576   0.788   0.394   0.197   0.098       Cell viability   0   87.8   107.4   100.5   97.1   97.6       (Mean cell viability expressed as %       of medium only control)                    
17. Production of Composite Bars
     Materials.   PLLA-co-PA (50:50)+4% w/w CaCO 3      High-strength PGA Fibre.   Method.
 
1. Compression Moulding of PLLA-co-PA into Sheets.
   

     10 g of polymer was compression moulded between two sheets of PTFE impregnated glass cloth for 1 minute at 135° C., 50 kN force. The resulting sheet of polymer was then cut up and re-moulded under the same conditions to reduce the number of bubbles. 
     The moulded sheet were vacuum dried at 50° C., approx. 0.1 mbar for 2 hours. 
     2. Preparation of the Fibre. 
     The fibre was wound around a metal sheet lined with PTFE impregnated glass cloth to produce a tightly wound spiral approx 6.5 cm across. 0.5 mm thick shims were attached to the plate, placed up against both sides of the spiral on both sides of the plate to stabilise it during moulding. 
     The fibre and plate were then heated between sheets of PTFE impregnated glass cloth in the press for 2 minutes at 135° C. The plate was then removed from the press and before it had time to cool sheets of PLLA-co-PA were placed over the PGA fibre on both sides of the plate. The plate was the returned to the press for 30 seconds under low pressure to allow the PLLA-co-PA to melt, then 30 seconds at 50 kN pressure to force the polymer into the fibre. The press was then crash cooled and the plate removed to yield two sheets of composite containing a single layer of fibre (one from each side of the plate). The composite sheet was then cut to produce 1.0×7.0 cm strips with the fibre-orientated parallel to the long side, 
     3. Production of Composite. 
     An aluminium block (1×4×12 cm) with a slot (0.3×1×12 cm) was used as a mould. 
     The bottom of the mould was lined with a strip of PTFE impregnated glass cloth and the mould heated to 135° C. in a press. Once the mould had warmed up the press was opened and 5 strips of composite sheet were added one at a time, after each new sheet was added a roller was used to remove any bubbles between the sheets. 
     The mould was then covered with a sheet of PTFE impregnated glass cloth and pressed with 50 kN force for 1 minute, the press was then crash cooled and the mould removed. The mould was then cooled with dry ice and the composite bars removed by tapping the mould. The composite bars were then dried immediately in a vacuum oven at room temperature approx. 0.1 mbar to remove condensation resulting from the freezing process. After drying the ends of the bar were trimmed to make them parallel, a typical composite bar, and a cross section though the bar are shown in  FIGS. 1 &amp; 2 . 
     Four bars were manufactured and submitted for tensile testing. After tensile testing one half of the bar was submitted for GPC to determine the molecular weight distribution. 1 cm lengths were cut from the two of the bars and used to determine the fibre content in duplicate. This was done by weighing and measuring the sample, then washing the matrix from the fibres using chloroform. The remaining fibres were then dried and weighed. 
     Results. 
     The molecular weight distribution of the starting polymer, matrix of the individual bars and the PGA fibre are summarised in table 2. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Molecular weight distribution of composite matrix and fibre. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Sample 
                 Sample number 
                 Mw 
                 Mn 
                 Pd 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Matrix polymer 
                 ET238-2250-3-13S 
                 103950 
                 24475 
                 4.28 
               
               
                 Composite 1 matrix. 
                 ET238-2250-13-3A 
                 76860 
                 15840 
                 4.85 
               
               
                 Composite 2 matrix. 
                 ET238-2250-13-3B 
                 83105 
                 17725 
                 4.69 
               
               
                 Composite 3 matrix. 
                 ET238-2250-13-3C 
                 91385 
                 18545 
                 4.93 
               
               
                 Composite 4 matrix. 
                 ET238-2250-13-3D 
                 94515 
                 19760 
                 4.78 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Mean 
                 86466 
                 17968 
                 4.81 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Composite 1 fibre. 
                 ET238-2250-13-3A 
                 89730 
                 38910 
                 2.31 
               
               
                 Composite 2 fibre. 
                 ET238-2250-13-3B 
                 89825 
                 37405 
                 2.40 
               
               
                 Composite 3 fibre. 
                 ET238-2250-13-3C 
                 86605 
                 33635 
                 2.57 
               
               
                 Composite 4 fibre. 
                 ET238-2250-13-3D 
                 86970 
                 41885 
                 2.08 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Mean 
                 88283 
                 37959 
                 2.34 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The mechanical properties of the composite bars are summarised in table 3. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 mechanical properties of composite bars. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Sample 
                 σ F  (MPa) 
                 E F  (MPa) 
                 ε F  (%) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ET238-2250-13-3A 
                 182.4 
                 398.9 
                 35.3 
               
               
                 ET238-2250-13-3B 
                 169.3 
                 396.0 
                 39.9 
               
               
                 ET238-2250-13-3C 
                 169.6 
                 554.7 
                 31.4 
               
               
                 ET238-2250-13-3D 
                 169.1 
                 509.0 
                 42.5 
               
               
                 Mean (SD) 
                 172.6 (5.7) 
                 464.7 (69.1) 
                 37.3 (4.3) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The weight composition of the composite was measured and volume composition calculated assuming a PGA fibre density of 1.53 gcm −3 . The density of the matrix polymer was also calculated these results are summarised in table 4. 
                                                         TABLE 4                   Composite composition.                Fibre   Matrix                sample   (% w/w)   (% v/v)   (gcm-3)                       3A   30.6   25.7   1.20           3A   31.2   25.8   1.17           3B   30.3   23.9   1.10           3B   28.7   23.4   1.16           Mean   30.2   24.7   1.16                        
Degradation Experiments of PCL Based Polyacetals
 
     Polycaprolcatone(PCL) based acetals used in this study were produced using the methodologies described in this patent. The polycaprolactone-co-polyacetal copolymers used in this study were synthesised from PCL diol (Mn=10 k) and contained approximately 95% (PCL-co-PA(CHDMDVE)) and 50% (PCL-co-PA(CHDM/CHDMDVE)) PCL. Lauric anhydride (LAH) (2% wt/wt) was solution blended into the above copolymers, cast on opposite sheet and dried. Polycaprolactone-co-polyacetal polymers and the corresponding lauric anhydride blends were then packed into PCL syringes and melt moulded at 105 C to form rods. Cylindrical plugs were cut from the rods to standard dimensions (10 mm long, and 4.6 mm in diameter). The mass of each material was kept fairly constant ensuring that direct comparisons could be made between each sample. Each sample was placed in a vial, containing 30 mls of Phosphate Buffer Solution, (PBS). Two degradation profiles were set up to investigate the effect of mass loss and molecular weight loss in novel PCL based materials. The first aging profile was conducted at physiological conditions (37° C., PBS) and the second study at accelerated conditions (45° C., PBS). In both cases, samples were immersed in 30 mls of PBS, and the buffer solution was not replaced at any time point preventing any periodic fluid analysis. “Clip on” tops were used in the study to help minimise any evaporation that might have taken place from the vials during storage. Samples were degraded for 10 weeks, removed and evaluated (MWT and mass loss). A total of 3 replicates per material per time point were used for this study. Initially, the dry weight of each sample was recorded. Each sample was terminally discarded at each time point. At each time point the PBS was drained from the vials and the “wet weight” of the samples were recorded after a small amount of hand drying was undertaken to remove the excess PBS. Subsequently, the samples were dried using a vacuum pump to remove the residual fluid, and hence obtain a “dry weight”. This technique was used to monitor the mass loss of the samples over time. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was carried out on the terminal samples to determine changes in molecular weight. The collected data was compared to the initial time point, and an appropriate analysis undertake 
                                                                                         Change in Molecular Weight and Mass during degradation at 37 C. in PBS                                % Change in   % Change in           Mw   Mn   Mw   Mn   mass   mass       Sample   (T = 0 Wk)   (T = 0 wk)   (T = 0 wk)   (T = 10 wk)   (T = 0 Wk)   (T = 10 wk)                    PCL-co-PA(CHDM/CHDMDVE)   88797   32683   83727   26767   0   −0.21       PCL-co-PA/CHDM/CHDMDVE)/   93657   31297   65547   21087   0   −1.3       LAH 2%       PCL-co-PA(CHDMDVE)   195133   76013   175733   64257   0   −0.45       PCL-co-PA (CHDMDVE)/   190933   78927   100007   39343   0   −1.95       LAH 2%                    
18. In Vivo Evaluation
 
Production of Polymer Plug
 
     Polylactide(PLLA) based polyacetals used in this study were produced using the methodologies described in example 8. The PLA-co-Polyacetal copolymers were synthesized from PLLA diol (Mn=7.5 K) and contained approximately 50% PLLA. 
     The PLA-co-PA (CHDM/CHDMDVE)/HA (40% wt/wt) blend was produced by solution blending polyacetal(PLA/CHDM/CHDMDVE) copolymer and hydroxyapatite (HA, previously dried at 170 C./15 hr) in sealed Wheaton vials (125 ml), casting onto an opposite release paper and air-dried. PLA-co-PA (CHDM/CHDMDVE and PLA-co-PA (CHDM/CHDMDVE)/HA (40% wt/wt) sheets were cut into small sections and ground in a cryomill to produce powder suitable for feeding into a Rondol 12 mm single screw extruder. The materials were then extruded into rods under the following conditions:—
     (i) Polyacetal (PLA-co-PA (CHDM/CHDMDVE) Rods   Screw speed=90 units   Barrel temp=135° C.   Die temp=140° C.   

     Melt was extruded into hot PTFE blocks (130° C.) containing 6.4 mm holes, approximately 50 mm long. The polymer melt extrudate filled 7 blocks. The blocks were cooled in a freezer to aid removal of the polymer rods.
     (II) Polyacetal (PLA-co-PA (CHDM/CHDMDVE)/HA Rods   Screw speed=90 units   Barrel temp=170° C.   Die temp=170° C.   

     Melt was extruded into hot PTFE blocks (130° C.) containing 6.4 mm holes, approximately 50 long. The polymer melt extrudate filled 10 blocks. The blocks were cooled in a freeze to aid removal of the polymer rods. 
     Polymer plugs were produced by cutting the rods, on a Buehler Isomet 2000 saw, to yield plugs of 11 mm in length. These were then ground on a Buehler Metaserv polisher to produce plugs tapered at one end. All rods were washed in absolute alcohol and air-dried. All samples were placed into separate view packs and batched. Samples were weighted, measured and ETO sterilisation. All samples were analysed before implanting (Table XX—Molecular weight and. Thermal properties) 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Tg (° C.) 
                 Tm (° C.) 
                 ΔH (J/g) 
               
               
                 Material 
                 Form 
                 Mn 
                 Mw 
                 1st heat 
                 1st heat 
                 1st heat 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 PLA-co-PA 
                 Extruded 
                 20775 
                 47685 
                 −7.6/39.9 
                 144.0 
                 20.7 
               
               
                 (CHDM/CHDMDVE 
                 Plug 
               
               
                 PLA-co-PA 
                 Plug 
                 21145 
                 49490 
                 −4.3/39.1 
                 142.9 
                 20.2 
               
               
                 (CHDM/CHDMDVE 
                 sterilised 
               
               
                   
                 (ETO) 
               
               
                 PLA-co-PA 
                 Extruded 
                 27795 
                 68395 
                 −5.0/42.6 
                 143.2 
                 14.0 
               
               
                 (CHDM/CHDMDVE)/HA 
                 Plug 
               
               
                 PLA-co-PA 
                 Plug 
                 25880 
                 64750 
                 −5.9/39.4 
                 140 
                 10.7 
               
               
                 (CHDM/CHDMDVE)/HA 
                 sterilised 
               
               
                   
                 (ETO) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     An in vivo study was carried out using a clinically relevant bone site. The polymer plugs were implanted, harvested after 12 months, declassified and stained using a standard H&amp;E stain. Both polymer plugs showed signs of surface cracking, polymer erosion and ossification at the surface of the implant. Total reduction of surface area of the implants was calculated to be 17.5% (±0.6) and 21.5% (±0.4) for the PLA-co-PA (CHDM/CHDMDVE) and PLA-co-PA (CHDM/CHDMDVE)/HA respectively.