Abstract:
A plurality of fluid-fluid contact trays of the cross-flow type are provided within a shell of a mass transfer or heat exchange column. The trays include tray decks that are supported on rings fixed to an inner surface of the shell and downcomers that are supported, not by the typical bolting bars fixed to the shell, but by the tray deck of the underlying tray. The mechanisms for supporting the downcomers in this fashion are support brackets that are not secured to the column shell, but instead extend downwardly from the downcomers and rest on the tray deck of the underlying tray. Alternating trays have side downcomers positioned at openings at one or both ends of the tray deck. The support rings on those trays having side downcomers may be truncated so that the rings do not extend around that portion of the shell circumference where the side downcomer openings are located. On the remaining trays, complete 360 degree rings may be used. Some or all of the downcomers have an inwardly extending shoulder segment in one or both side walls that supports portions of the tray deck and contains fluid passages.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION  
       [0001]    This is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/172,914, filed on Jun. 17, 2002, now pending, which claims the benefit of provisional application Serial No. 60/298,962, filed Jun. 18, 2001. 
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    The present invention is directed to mass transfer devices and, more particularly, to vapor-liquid contact trays and methods of making and utilizing such trays.  
           [0003]    Various types of trays are commonly used in mass transfer columns to promote contact and mass transfer between ascending and downwardly flowing fluid streams. The ascending fluid is typically vapor and the descending fluid is typically liquid, although liquid-liquid and gas-liquid systems are also known. Each tray normally extends horizontally across substantially the entire horizontal cross section of the column and is supported around its perimeter by a ring welded to the inner surface of the circular column wall or shell. A number of trays are positioned in this manner with a uniform vertical spacing between adjacent trays. The trays may be located in only a portion of the column to perform one part of a multi-step process occurring with the column. Alternatively, the trays may fill substantially the entire open area within the column.  
           [0004]    Trays of the type described above contain one or more downcomers that are positioned at openings in the tray deck to provide passageways for liquid to descend from one tray to an adjacent lower tray. Prior to entering the downcomer, the liquid on the tray deck interacts with ascending vapor that passes through openings provided in selected portions of the tray deck. Those areas of the tray deck containing vapor openings are commonly referred to as “active” areas because of the vapor and liquid mixing and frothing that occurs above those areas of the tray. The downcomer inlets on vertically adjacent trays may extend in laterally opposite directions to promote more uniform lateral distribution of the descending liquid or they may extend in a parallel but offset relationship.  
           [0005]    At least two broad categories of trays are used in mass transfer columns. The first category of trays is referred to as counter-flow trays or multiple downcomer trays and is characterized by a relatively large number of downcomers positioned on each tray. In counter-flow trays, the downcomers are generally trough-shaped and extend above the tray so that liquid must accumulate on the tray surface before entering the inlet to the downcomer. The lower outlet of such downcomers utilizes a perforated plate that causes liquid to accumulate within the downcomer to seal the outlet against the entry of ascending vapor into the downcomer where it would impede the descending flow of liquid. The lower outlet of this type of downcomer is normally located well above the deck of the tray below and above the inlet of the downcomers on the tray below.  
           [0006]    The second broad category of trays is referred to as cross-flow trays and differs from counter-flow trays in several significant respects. First, the number of downcomers utilized in cross-flow trays is normally less than the number used in counter-flow trays. Cross-flow trays normally use a side downcomer located at opposite ends of adjacent trays, although in multiple pass configurations one or more additional downcomers are located at intermediate locations on each cross-flow tray. Downcomers on cross-flow trays normally discharge liquid onto an imperforate receiving pan located on the tray below and inlet weirs are provided adjacent the receiving pan to cause liquid to accumulate above the level of the downcomer outlet to seal against entry of vapor into the downcomer. By contrast, as discussed above, counter-flow tray downcomers use a perforated discharge plate rather than an inlet weir to form the liquid seal and liquid is discharged onto the active area of the underlying tray rather than onto an imperforate seal pan.  
           [0007]    Counter-flow and cross-flow trays also differ in the manner in which they are constructed and installed in a column. Counter-flow trays are normally supported entirely on the support rings that are welded to the inner surface of the column shell. Because the downcomer outlets in counter-flow trays are located well above the tray below, some variations in tray spacing resulting from deviations in ring placement and downcomer construction can be accommodated without significantly affecting tray performance. As a result, each downcomer and tray panel in a counter-flow tray is normally preassembled and then simply carried into the column through a manway or other opening and positioned on the support ring.  
           [0008]    By contrast, the downcomers in cross-flow trays extend almost completely to the tray below and must be carefully positioned to ensure that the proper vertical clearance is provided between the lower edge of the downcomer and the imperforate seal pan on the tray below. Variations in this vertical clearance can significantly affect the amount of liquid that can be discharged from the downcomer and may result in detrimental flooding of the downcomer and column. Because the vertical clearance is so important, the downcomer is normally assembled within the column using multiple pieces so that the lower wall or apron of the downcomer can be adjusted to provide the proper vertical clearance.  
           [0009]    The downcomers in counter-flow and cross-flow trays also differ in the manner in which they are supported in the column. Counter-flow downcomers are box-like in configuration and normally do not extend completely across the column cross section in order to simplify installation of the trays. Because fewer downcomers are normally used in cross-flow trays, they traditionally extend completely across the horizontal cross section of the column to maximize the total liquid carrying capacity of the downcomers. Normally the column shell forms the short end walls of these downcomers and, in the case of side downcomers, one of the longitudinally extending downcomer side walls. The remaining side walls of each downcomer are attached to the column shell using numerous vertically extending and inclined bolting bars that are prepositioned and welded to the inner surface of the column shell. Location and installation of these bolting bars is a time-consuming and labor-intensive task that can add significantly to the installation cost of cross-flow trays. Moreover, if the bolting bars are misaligned, installation of the downcomer is made more difficult and/or the important vertical discharge clearance at the downcomer outlet may be adversely affected.  
           [0010]    A need has thus developed for a cross-flow tray that is easier to install and does not require the use of downcomer bolting bars.  
         BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0011]    In one aspect, the present invention is directed to a mass transfer or heat exchange column having an upright shell that defines an open internal region and has an inner surface with a circumference of preselected length. A first tray support in the nature of a partial or complete support ring is attached to the inner surface of the shell and extends in a first plane around at least a portion of the circumference of the inner surface of the shell. A second tray support also in the nature of a support ring or segments thereof is attached to the inner surface of the shell and extends in a second plane spaced a preselected distance below the first plane around at least a portion of the circumference of the inner surface of the shell. A first tray and an underlying second tray are positioned within the shell and each tray is of similar construction and comprises a tray deck having an active area and opposed ends and opposed sides. At least one and normally a plurality of downcomers are each positioned at an opening in the tray deck and extend in a downward direction for removing liquid following interaction with vapor on the tray deck. The tray deck of the first tray is supported by said first tray support and the tray deck of the second tray is supported by the second tray support. At least one support bracket extends downwardly from one or more of the downcomers of the first tray to the underlying second tray and supports the associated downcomers of the first tray on the underlying second tray. In this manner, the support brackets allow the desired downcomer clearance to be maintained even though there may be variances in the placement of the support rings. Moreover, the elimination of bolting bars that are conventionally welded to the column shell allows for quicker and less costly assembly of the trays  16  within the column  10 .  
           [0012]    In another aspect, the invention is directed to a method of installing a plurality of the contact trays within a new or revamped mass transfer or heat exchange column. The method includes the steps of providing a first tray support attached to the inner surface of the shell and extending in a first plane around some or substantially the entire circumference of the inner surface of the shell. A second tray support is attached to the inner surface of the shell and extends in a second plane spaced a preselected distance below the first plane around some or substantially the entire circumference of the inner surface of the shell. A first tray and an underlying second tray of the type described herein are carried into the column through suitable manways or other openings and are assembled with the tray deck of the first tray supported on the first tray support and the tray deck of the second tray supported on the second tray support. The downcomers of at least the first tray and preferably both the first and second trays are supported entirely on the tray deck of the underlying trays.  
           [0013]    The present invention is also directed to a contact tray comprising a tray deck having vapor apertures for permitting vapor to ascend through the tray for mixing with liquid flowing across the tray deck, an elongated opening in the tray, and a downcomer positioned at the opening for removing liquid from the tray deck. The downcomer comprises spaced apart side walls and end walls that extend between the side walls to close opposite ends of the downcomer. Each of the side walls comprises a lower segment, an upright intermediate segment and an inwardly extending shoulder segment. At least one of the lower segments is inclined toward the other lower segment to from a lower discharge outlet having a preselected open area in a horizontal plane which is less than a horizontal cross-sectional area between the intermediate segments of the downcomer. Portions of the tray deck overlap and are supported on the shoulder segments. Aligned fluid passage openings in the shoulder segments and the overlapped portions of the tray deck allow liquid entry into the downcomer during start up. Following start up, the fluid passage openings also permit vapor that has separated from liquid in the downcomer to exit the downcomer without impeding liquid entry into the downcomer inlet. Advantageously, each downcomer side wall and an associated weir are of a one-piece construction formed by folding a single sheet of metal.  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0014]    In the accompanying drawings which form part of the specification and in which like reference numerals are used to indicate like parts in the various views:  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 1 is a fragmentary perspective view of a mass transfer column containing cross-flow trays constructed in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 2 is an enlarged, fragmentary elevation view of the column and a plurality of trays taken in vertical section along line  2 - 2  of FIG. 1;  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 3 is a top plan view of the column and tray;  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 4 is an enlarged, fragmentary elevation view of a portion of the tray containing a downcomer, with an end wall of the downcomer being broken away for illustration purposes;  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 5 is a fragmentary end perspective view of the downcomer shown in FIG. 4;  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 6 is a top plan view of the downcomer taken along line  6 - 6  of FIG. 4 in the direction of the arrows;  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 7 is top plan view of the downcomer taken in horizontal section along line  7 - 7  of FIG. 4 in the direction of the arrows;  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 8 is a fragmentary top plan view of the column showing a portion of a side downcomer supported on an underlying tray;  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 9 is a fragmentary side elevation view of the column taken in vertical section along line  9 - 9  of FIG. 8 and showing the manner in which the side downcomer is support on the underlying tray; and  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 10 is an enlarged fragmentary perspective view showing one of the brackets used to support one end of the side downcomer. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0025]    Referring now to the drawings in greater detail, and initially to FIGS. 1-3, a mass transfer or heat exchange column is designated generally by the numeral  10  and includes an upright cylindrical shell  12  which defines an open interior region  14  in which a plurality of fluid-fluid contact trays  16  are located. The trays  16  are of a cross-flow design and are normally used for facilitating vapor-liquid fractionation or other contact, but may also be used in liquid-liquid and gas-liquid applications. Column  10  is of a type used for processing liquid and vapor streams, including to obtain fractionation products. Although column  10  is shown in a cylindrical configuration, other shapes, including polygonal, may be used. The column  10  can be of any suitable diameter and height and can be constructed from suitable rigid materials.  
         [0026]    One or more liquid streams can be directed to the column  10  in a conventional manner through feed lines that are not shown because of their conventional nature. Likewise, one or more vapor streams can be charged to the column or can be generated within the column. In addition to trays  16 , internals such as beds of packing can be located within the column to carry out other desired processing of the liquid and vapor streams. Other appropriate system components such as connections and lines for feed, product removal and reflux streams, reboilers, condensers, and the like are not illustrated because of their conventional nature.  
         [0027]    The trays  16  of the present invention are positioned in the interior region  14  of column  10  and are located in vertically spaced apart relationship. The trays  16  are generally horizontally disposed and are supported on rings  18  that are welded or otherwise mounted on the inner surface of the column shell  12 . As more fully described below, some rings  18  extend completely around the inner circumference of the column  10 , while others are formed as two or more spaced apart ring segments that circumscribe only selected portions of the inner circumference of the column.  
         [0028]    Each tray  16  comprises a tray deck  20  formed from a plurality of generally coplanar panels  22  that are spaced apart to form a plurality of elongated openings. Downcomers  24  are positioned in these openings to remove liquid from the tray deck  20  and convey it to the next underlying tray  16  through a lower discharge outlet  25 . The two panels  22  at the opposite ends of alternate trays  16  are similarly spaced from column shell  12  to form a chordal opening in which side downcomers  26  are positioned. The downcomers  24  are oriented so that their longer horizontal dimensions extend in the same direction, but downcomers  24  on adjacent trays  16  are staggered so that they are not in vertical alignment.  
         [0029]    The panels  22  of the tray deck  20  include a plurality of vapor flow apertures  28  uniformly distributed across the portion of the tray deck known as the “active area.” The apertures  28  permit vapor to pass through the tray deck and interact with liquid flowing across the upper surface of the deck. The apertures  28  have a size, shape and distribution selected for the particular operating conditions in which the tray  16  will be utilized. As best shown in FIG. 8, the apertures  28  can be punched valves of a conventional design. Alternatively, the apertures  28  can be moveable valve units or simple sieve holes.  
         [0030]    Each tray deck panel  22  is supported at its opposite ends by the support ring  18  welded to the column shell  12 . In those portions of the tray deck  20  where no panels  22  are located, portions of the support ring  18  can be omitted to simplify the installation process. For example, the support ring  18  need not be present at those portions of the trays  16  where the side downcomers  26  are located. As can best be seen in FIGS. 4 and 5, the sides of deck panels  22  partially overlap and are supported by T-shaped beams  30  that extend in the same longitudinal direction as the deck panels  22 . The T-shaped beams  30  are likewise supported at their opposite ends by the support ring  18 . Each beam  30  is preferably formed from two pieces of flat metal stock that are bent into an inverted L-shape and are then joined together to form the T-shape of the beam. Other fabrication techniques, of course, are available and optional gussets  31  may be used for strengthening purposes. The vertical leg of the beam  30  functions as an anti-jump baffle  32  to help to direct liquid into the vertically aligned downcomer  24  on the tray below. A plurality of openings  33  may be formed in the baffle  32  to permit vapor to flow through the baffle  32  to equalize the pressure on both sides thereof.  
         [0031]    The laterally or horizontally extending portions of T-shaped beams  30  form an inlet panel  34  that underlies the downcomers  24  extending downward from the tray  16  above. Two parallel and spaced apart rows of box-shaped bubble promoters  36  are positioned on the upper surface of the inlet panel  34  above openings (not shown) formed in the inlet panel  34  to permit vapor entry into the bubble promoters  36 .  
         [0032]    An elongated liquid receiving pan  38  is centrally positioned between the rows of bubble promoters  36  on top of the inlet panel  34  and extends along the length of the inlet panel  34 . The receiving pan  38  is in vertical alignment with the discharge outlet  25  of the overlying downcomer  24  so that it receives the liquid discharged from the overlying downcomer  24 . The receiving pan  38  is preferably imperforate to prevent the downward flowing liquid from weeping through the receiving pan  38  and thereby bypass the intended interaction with vapor on the tray deck.  
         [0033]    Positioned along both sides of the receiving pan  38  are weirs  40  that extend upwardly a preselected distance to cause liquid discharged from the overlying downcomer  24  to accumulate on the receiving pan  38  to form a liquid seal that impedes entry of vapor into the discharge outlet  25  of the overlying downcomer  24 . The receiving pan  38  and weirs  40  are preferably of a single-piece construction formed by bending upwardly the longitudinal sides of a piece of elongate flat metal stock.  
         [0034]    Each downcomer  24  comprises a pair of longitudinally extending and spaced apart side walls  42  and a pair of end walls  44  that are secured to ends of the side walls  42 . The spacing between the vertically extending upper portions of the side walls  42  forms an inlet  46  for liquid to enter the downcomer  24 . The lower or apron portions of the side walls  42  are angled toward each other to form the discharge outlet  25  which has a smaller cross-sectional area than the inlet  46  so that some liquid will accumulate within the downcomer during operation of the column  10 . A pair of spaced apart weirs  48  is formed along the downcomer inlet  46  so that liquid will accumulate on the tray deck  20  for vapor interaction prior to entering downcomer  24 . Each downcomer side wall  42  and associated weir  48  are of a one-piece construction formed by bending flat metal stock. In this manner, the weir  48  is formed integrally with the side wall  42  and is connected to a horizontal flange  50  that extends inwardly from the upper portion of the side wall  42 . As can best be seen in FIGS. 5 and 6, the flange  50  and overlapped portions of the tray deck  20  advantageously include a plurality of spaced apart and aligned openings  52  that function as start up spouts to permit liquid entry into the downcomer  24  at the low flow rates present during start up of the column  10 . It can be seen that the horizontally extending flange  50  also supports the overlapped portions of the tray deck  20  and allows the upper portion of the side walls  42  to be displaced outwardly to increase the internal volume of the downcomer  24 . After start up, the openings  52  contained in the flange  50  and tray deck  20  providing a ready flow path for vapor to exit the internal volume of the downcomer  24  after disengaging from the liquid therein.  
         [0035]    Each downcomer  24  includes a support bracket  54  secured to the lower portion of each downcomer end wall  44 . The support bracket  54  extends downwardly below the end wall  44  a preselected distance corresponding to the desired vertical discharge clearance at the downcomer outlet  25 . When the downcomer  24  is positioned in the column  10 , the support brackets  54  rest on the receiving pan  38  of the underlying tray  16 . In this manner, the support brackets  54  carry the entire weight of the downcomer  24  and transfer it to the T-shaped beam  30  on the tray  16  below. The downcomers  24  thus do not need to be supported on the same ring  18  as the tray  16  from which the downcomer descends. Because the support brackets  54  transfer the weight of the downcomer  24  to the tray below, the downcomers  24  do not need to be supported by vertical bolting bars as is the case with conventional cross-flow trays. Moreover, because the support brackets  54  maintain the desired vertical clearance between the downcomer discharge outlet  25  and the underlying receiving pan  38 , the downcomer  24  need not be of a multiple piece construction as is conventionally necessary to permit adjustment of the downcomer apron to obtain the desired vertical discharge clearance. As a result, the downcomer side walls  42  can be of a one-piece construction and the downcomer can be preassembled outside of the column  10  and then simply carried through a manway and positioned on the underlying tray  16 . By eliminating the need to install bolting bars and assemble the downcomer from multiple pieces within the column, substantial time and expense can be saved in the installation of downcomers  24 .  
         [0036]    Each support bracket  54  comprises a generally planar body  56  and a pair of vertically extending stiffening flanges  58 . An opening  60  is preferably formed in the body  56  to permit fluid to flow through the bracket  54 . The bracket  54  can be welded, bolted or otherwise secured to the outer face of the downcomer end wall  44 .  
         [0037]    Turning additionally to FIGS. 8 and 9, each side downcomer  26  can be supported on the underlying tray  16  in a manner similar to intermediate downcomers  24 . The side downcomers  26  are chordal in configuration and include a multi-segmented, semi-conical lower skirt  62 . A support bracket  64  is secured to the underlying tray panel  22  at a location to receive and support the downcomer skirt  62 . The bracket  64  is generally U-shaped and is cut out to form an L-shape in side profile. In this manner, the bracket  64  functions to provide the desired vertical clearance between the lower discharge end of the downcomer skirt  62  and the underlying tray panel  22  and also positions the downcomer skirt  62  the desired horizontal distance from the column shell  12 . As can best be seen in FIGS. 9 and 10, a pair of support brackets  66  are also secured to opposite ends of the downcomer  26  to provide additional support for the downcomer  26  on the underlying tray deck  20 . The support brackets  66  are each of a two-piece construction with a lower L-shaped leg  68  that is moveably secured to the underlying tray deck  20 . Various methods of securing the leg  68  to the trays deck  20  can be utilized, including a fastener  70 , such as a nut and bolt, that extends through a closed-ended slot  72  in the tray deck  20  and an opening (not shown) in the leg  68 . The slot  72  allows adjustment of the positioning of the leg  68  in relation to the shell  12 , with the leg  68  preferably being adjusted so that it abuts the shell  12  and provides a partial seal thereagainst. Each support bracket  66  also includes an upper segment  74  that has a vertical plate  76  that is secured to the downcomer skirt  62  by fasteners  70  that extend through adjustment slots  78  in the downcomer skirt  62 . The upper segment  74  includes a flange  80  that extends at 90 degrees from a vertical edge of the plate  76  and is secured to the lower leg  68  by a pair of the fasteners  70 . A horizontally extending flange  82  extends along the upper edge of the plate  76  and is secured to the support ring  18  for the overlying tray deck  20 . It can be seen that the method described herein for supporting the downcomers  24  and side downcomers  26  entirely on the underlying tray deck  20  allows the trays  16  to be readily assembled within the column  12  without the delays and expense associated with bolting bars that are conventionally welded to the inner surface of the column shell  12  to provide support for the downcomers. Further installation savings are obtained by using support ring segments only in those portions of the shell  12  circumference where the tray deck  12  requires support. The openings in the tray deck  20  where the downcomers are located, particularly the side downcomers  26 , do not require the presence of the support rings  18 . Omitting the support rings  18  from these areas can also increase the capacity of the downcomers by increasing the open area for liquid entry into the downcomer inlet  46 . In other applications, such as existing columns, the use of complete support rings  18  may be desirable or even preferred.  
         [0038]    The present invention includes a method of constructing the column  10 , comprising the steps of providing a first support ring  18  attached to the inner surface of the shell  12  and extending in a first plane around the circumference of the inner surface of the shell  12 . A second support ring  18  is attached to said inner surface of the shell  12  and extends in a second plane spaced a preselected distance below the first plane around the circumference of the inner surface of the shell  12 . The tray decks  20  of a first tray  16  and an underlying second tray  16  are supported on the first and second support rings  18 , respectively, while the downcomers  24  and/or  26  of the first tray  16  are supported entirely on the tray deck  20  of the underlying second tray  16 .  
         [0039]    From the foregoing it will be seen that this invention is one well adapted to attain all ends and objectives hereinabove set forth together with the other advantages which are inherent to the structure.  
         [0040]    It will be understood that certain features and subcombinations are of utility and may be employed without reference to other features and subcombinations. This is contemplated by and is within the scope of the claims.  
         [0041]    Since many possible embodiments may be made of the invention without departing from the scope thereof, it is to be understood that all matter herein set forth or shown in the accompanying drawings is to be interpreted as illustrative, and not in a limiting sense.