Abstract:
A stacked antenna, comprising a lower path which may include a coplanar microstrip capable of feeding and stacked antenna and an upper patch which may include at least one slot-like part thereon, wherein the at least one lower patch may be coupled to the upper patch. The lower patch may further include at least one strip-like part formed by at least one hole in the lower patch and the coupling may be accomplished between the lower patch and the upper patch by the at least one strip-like part of the lower patch at least partially crossing over or partially crossing.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. Section 119 from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/493,832, filed Aug. 08, 2003, entitled “Reduced Size Stacked Patch Antenna”. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In some antenna applications it may be desirable to have elements that are reduced in size. Normally, a patch element is roughly half a wavelength in extent in the medium that supports it, such as, but not limited to a dielectric substrate, which may be too large on devices where space is a premium, such as mobile phones, GPS receivers and even on air and spacecraft. Other applications may include antenna arrays, where the element spacing needs to be small (in the order of half a wavelength), such as phased array antennas. 
     Thus, there is strong need in the industry for a stacked antenna with broad band capabilities and improved performance characteristics in a compact size. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a stacked antenna, comprising a lower path which may include a coplanar microstrip capable of feeding the stacked antenna and an upper patch which may include at least one slot-like part thereon, wherein the at least one lower patch may be coupled to the upper patch. The lower patch may further include at least one strip-like part formed by at least one hole in the lower patch and the coupling may be accomplished between the lower patch and the upper patch by the at least one strip-like part of the lower patch at least partially crossing over or partially crossing under the at least one slot-like part of the upper patch. 
     The stacked antenna of the present invention may further comprise at least one additional patch, the at least one additional patch may include at least one slot-like part thereon if the at least one additional patch is adjacent to a patch that contains at least one strip-like part or at least one strip-like part if the at least one additional patch is adjacent to a patch with at least one slot-like part thereon. 
     The present invention may also provide a stacked antenna, comprising a lower patch including a non-coplanar microstrip capable of feeding the stacked antenna and an upper patch including at least one strip-like part thereon, wherein the at least one lower patch is coupled to the upper patch. The lower patch may further include at least one slot-like part formed by at least one notch in the lower patch and the coupling may be accomplished between the lower patch and the upper patch by the at least one slot-like part of the lower patch at least partially crossing over or partially crossing under the at least one strip-like part of the second patch. 
     Also provided herein is a method of providing input for a patch antenna, comprising feeding the patch antenna via a coplanar microstrip, the patch antenna comprising: a lower patch including the coplanar microstrip; and an upper patch including at least one slot-like part thereon, wherein the at least one lower patch is coupled to the upper patch. The lower patch may further include at least one strip-like part formed by at least one hole in the lower patch and the coupling may be accomplished between the lower patch and the upper patch by the at least one strip-like part of the lower patch at least partially crossing over or partially crossing under the at least one slot-like part of the upper patch. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The present invention is described with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, like reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements. Additionally, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the drawing in which the reference number first appears. 
         FIG. 1  depicts current flow phasor vectors on a typical rectangular patch fed by a pin are indicated by arrows; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a reduced size patch antennas showing a variety of patch, hole and notch shapes that can be used in the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a stacked microstrip line and slotline configuration of one embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3   a  is an illustration of a linearly polarized reduced size stacked patch elements of one embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 4  depicts other excitation techniques for feeding the lower patch of one embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a linearly polarized, reduced size stacked patch antenna capable of more flexibility in controlling the design specifications of the present invention; 
         FIG. 6  depicts the dual polarized, reduced size stacked patch antenna using square patches with rectangular notches and crossed-slot holes in one embodiment of the present invention; and 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a dual polarized, reduced size stacked patch antenna using square patches with bowtie notches and crossed-bowtie shaped holes of one embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Other embodiment of the present invention provides for a stacked antenna with broad band capabilities and improved performance characteristics in a compact size. Well known methods for reducing the size of planar antennas, may include, but are not limited to, the following:
     1. Dielectric loading.   2. Using a quarter wave long short-circuited patch.   3. Introducing obstacles such as holes/slots in the patch in regions where high current flow is expected.   4. Introducing obstacles such as notches or half-slots on the edges of the patch where high current flow is expected.   

     The first method can be costly in the case of low frequency antennas, and can sometimes cause surface waves, causing undesirable high mutual coupling between elements in an array that may lead to blind scan angles, and which may also reduces antenna efficiency. 
     The second method may create undesirable cross-polarization radiation due to the high currents flowing perpendicular to the patch surface currents into or out of the ground plane.  FIG. 1 , shown generally at  100 , show the current distribution on a typical rectangular patch antenna  105 , excited for linear polarization. Patch antenna  105  is shown in its flat position  115  adjacent to substrate  120  and ground plane  125  with feed pin  130 . The feedpoint of patch antenna  105  is shown at  110  and the arrows show the direction of current flow, with the arrow size reflects the current density. 
     If holes or slots and notches are placed in the path of the current, it is forced to flow around it, which creates a longer effective path length, and hence the patch size for a given resonant frequency is reduced. This explains the mechanism for the third and fourth method listed above. One advantage of these methods is that they do not require costly high permittivity dielectric substrates or short-circuiting pins or walls. Instead, they can be made from stamped metal plates, supported by inexpensive plastic spacers or foam. 
     Some reduced size geometries are shown in  FIG. 2 , shown generally as  200 . The increase in effective length depends on the strength of the current flow around the obstacles, the size of the obstacles, as well as the total obstacle perimeter length. Generally, a longer obstacle perimeter for similar size obstacles offer a greater size reduction effect, which explains why bow-tie or I-shaped holes and their “half”-shaped counterparts used as notches are sometimes desirable. Since edge currents are stronger than central currents, notches on the patch&#39;s edges generally have a greater effect than holes closer to the centre of the patch. Although the present invention is not limited in this respect, several possible patch shapes include a rectangular patch with rectangular notches as shown at  205 ; a rectangular patch with rectangular hole as shown at  210 ; an elliptical patch with bowtie notches as shown at  215 , a triangular patch with I-shaped hole as shown at  220 ; a diamond shaped patch with hourglass-shaped notches as shown at  225 ; and, a hexagonal patch with dumbbell-shaped hold as shown at  220 . 
     Reducing the size of the patch in any way usually leads to a reduction in bandwidth. Since bandwidth is related to the effective volume occupied by the antenna element, and the aim here is to reduce the footprint area of the element, the only way to recuperate bandwidth again is to increase the height of the element volume. The most effective well-known way to utilize the full element volume with patch elements is to use a staked configuration of two or more patches. 
     In a normal stacked patch configuration, the stacked patches may be identical in shape and differ slightly in size. The problem with reduced size stacked elements, is that the electromagnetic coupling between the stacked elements are apparently reduced by the holes or notches, to the point where stacking does not offer any significant improvement in the bandwidth. This is due to the fact that less coupling between stacked patches requires smaller spacing between them to achieve the right coupling balance, and hence the resultant element height/volume as well as the bandwidth is not increased appreciably. 
     One embodiment of the present invention provides to techniques to improve electromagnetic coupling between such reduced size, stacked elements, which in turn allows for higher stacking geometries and hence increased bandwidth. 
     One important factor to improving the weak electromagnetic coupling between reduced size stacked patches, is to create coupling conditions similar to that of the coupling between a slotline and a microstrip line. It is well known that parallel stacked mircrostrip lines, or in the dual case, parallel stacked slots in two adjacent ground planes, do not couple very strongly, or at any rate not as strongly as in the case of a microstrip line crossing a slotline at right angles. This is illustrated in  FIG. 3  which depicts generally at  300 , a stacked microstrip line  305  and slotline configuration  310  of one embodiment of the present invention. The parallel stacked microstrip lines  305  couple by way of magnetic field lines encircling both strips. Similarly, parallel stacked slotlines  310  couple by way of electric field lines encircling both slots. In the case of a conducting strip crossing over a slotline  320  in the ground plane, the slotline blocks the ground plane currents generated by the transverse electromagnetic (TEM) wave propagating along the microstrip line. This creates a charge build-up across the slotline, which launches a TEM wave propagating in both directions along the slotline. This form of slot-strip coupling is very strong and is widely used in microwave circuits. 
     A stacked pair of reduced size patches of similar shape creates conditions similar to the parallel-coupled microstrip or slotlines, which explains why the coupling is weak. Turning now to  FIG. 3   a,  at  301 , shows two variations of an embodiment of the present invention where electromagnetic coupling, in slot—strip coupling regions  311 , between two stacked patches (upper patch  303  and lower patch  307 ) are increased greatly due to the fact that strip-like parts  302  of one patch (lower patch  307  in this exemplary embodiment) cross over slot-like parts  304  of the other patch (upper patch  303  in this exemplary embodiment). Ground plane  313  is adjacent to lower patch  307  which includes feedpoint  309  thereon. 
     In variation (a), the lower patch  307  has notches  304  and  308  on its edges, while the upper patch  303  has a central hole  306 . This ensures that the strip-like parts  304  of the upper patch  303  cross over the slot-like notches  302  and  308  of the lower patch  307 . At the same time the narrow area between the notches  302  and  308  in the lower patch  307  acts as a strip crossing over the slot-like hole  306  in the upper patch  303 . These strip crossing slot regions  311  create strong electromagnetic coupling between the patches. 
     In variation (b), the upper patch  323  has notches  314  and  316  on its edges, while the lower patch  317  has a central hole  318 . This ensures that the strip-like parts  320  of the lower patch  317  cross over the slot-like notches  314  and  316  of the upper patch  323 . At the same time the narrow area between the notches  314  and  316  in the upper patch  323  acts as a strip crossing over the slot-like hole in the upper patch  323 . These strip crossing slot regions  311  create strong electromagnetic coupling between the patches. 
     The bandwidth can be increased by increasing the total patch assembly height. If the desirable bandwidth cannot be obtained from two patched alone, extra patches can be added to the stack. 
     The double stacked patch configuration can be extended to three or more stacked patches, by adding extra patches while making sure that a patch with a hole is followed by a patch with notches and vice versa. This provides that no two adjacent patches will have the same fundamental geometry. 
     It is understood that although the rectangular patch shapes shown in  FIG. 3   a  suffice to explain the operation of the invention, it should be appreciated that the baseline patch shape can be of a different shape other than rectangular, such as, but in no way limited to, elliptical or polygonal with any number of sides. The notch and hole shapes can also be of different shapes to improve the size reduction effect, such as I, H, hourglass, bowtie or dumbbell shaped, similar to some of the variations shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     It should also be appreciated that patch excitation techniques other than the feedpin excitation shown in  FIG. 3   a  can be used. Although not limited in this respect, the lower patch can also be fed directly by a coplanar or non-coplanar microstrip line or by an aperture coupled technique or by proximity coupling as shown in  FIG. 4 .  FIG. 4  depicted generally at  400 , illustrates other excitation techniques for feeding the lower patch of one embodiment of the present invention. A lower patch  405  with central hole  407  may be fed directly from a coplanar microstrip  420  and a lower patch  415  with notches  440  may be fed directly from a non-coplanar microstrip  430 . Ground plane  425  is depicted non-coplanar to lower patch  415 . 
     At  490  is illustrated an aperture  445  coupled fed from a microstrip  470  to a lower patch  465  with notches and ground plane  485 . In this embodiment the lower patch is diamond shaped with hourglass shaped notches. 
     At  497  of  FIG. 4  is illustrated a lower patch  465  with central holes  480 , fed by a proximity coupled microstrip line  470 . Ground plane is illustrated at  460 . In this embodiment, the lower patch  465  is hexagonal shaped with dumbbell shaped hole  480 . 
     The design of a linearly polarized stacked patch antenna may require control of the following basic characteristics:
     1. Frequency of operation;   2. Minimum bandwidth of operation;   3. Terminating impedance;   4. Maximum overall size.
 
All four of these specifications may be fixed for certain applications, and the design may need to be flexible enough to satisfy them all. The basic reduced size stacked patch antenna described above however, may have some inherent limitations, which may prevent the design to satisfy all the required specifications at once. These limitations may include:
   1. As has been explained before, central holes may not be as effective as notches in reducing the patch size, therefore size reduction would be limited by that which can be achieved by the patch with the central hole.   2. The terminating impedance is proportional to the distance of the feedpoint from the centre of the patch. In a design that may require the lower element to have a hole, the feedpoint may be forced to be near the edge of the patch. This may result in too high of a terminating impedance. Similarly, in a design where the lower patch has notches on the edges, and in addition also needs to have notches on the remaining two edges of the patch for dual polarization applications, for feedpoint is forced to be near the centre of the patch. This may result in too low of a terminating impedance.   3. The only way to control the electromagnetic coupling between the stacked patches once the desired size reduction has been achieved, may be to vary the height separation between them. This may be a problem in applications where there is also a height restriction. Since the height is also proportional to the bandwidth for a given footprint size, the bandwidth will also vary with adjustments in the coupling factor, and in some cases the final bandwidth may be too narrow. An excessively wide bandwidth on the other hand also indicates that the element volume may be unnecessarily large.   

     The aforementioned limitation no. 2 is only a problem in a linearly polarization application when the lower patch has a hole, forcing the feed point to be near the edge. This may be overcome by using a different shaped hole as described above, so there is more freedom in placing the feedpoint. Limitation no. 2 does pose a problem in dual polarization applications, but as described below, the techniques for addressing Limitation 1 and 3 for the linear polarization case will also solve Limitation 2. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 5 , shown generally in a stacked isometric view at  500 , is another embodiment of the present invention capable of solving limitation 1 and 3 above. Both patches in the stacked configuration in this embodiment may now have notches and holes. The upper patch  505  may have a large hole  507  with small notches  509  and  511 , therefore its operation is still governed by the hole  507 . The lowest patch  510  may have deep notches  513  and  517  with a small central hole  519 , therefore its operation is still governed by the notches  513  and  517 . 
     The introduction of notches in the parch that previously in the previous embodiment only had a hole, allow for extra size reduction, thereby overcoming Limitation 1. The relative arrangement of the notches and holes in the upper and lower patches also overcome Limitation 3. In both patches, there are relatively narrow strips between the notch ends and the central holes. These strips are the only paths for the resonant currents to flow from one end of the patch to the other. Since the notches  509  and  511  on the upper patch  505  is much shallower than the lower patch  510 , the upper patch strips pass substantially across the notches  513  and  517  of the lower patch  510 . 
     At the same time the lower patch strips pass substantially across the central hole  507  of the upper patch  505 . Therefore, strong electromagnetic coupling between the patches are ensured. In addition, the amount of coupling can now be controlled by shifting the strips (by increasing the central hole size at the expense of the notch depths, or vice versa) in each patch so that they pass closer or farther from the associated coupling hole or notch in the other patch. Minimum coupling will occur when the strips in the upper and lower patches are aligned, i.e., when the upper and lower patch geometry are essentially identical. Maximum coupling will occur when the strips in the upper patch are removed as far as possible from the strips in the lower patch, i.e. when the central hole in the bottom patch and notches in the upper patch are removed. 
     It should be appreciated that the lower and upper patches in this embodiment can be interchanged without changing the basic operation of the reduced stacked patch antenna, since the coupling mechanism does not depend on which patch is placed higher or lower. It should also be noted that although the patch shapes shown in  FIG. 5  suffice to explain the operation of the invention, it should be appreciated that the baseline patch shape can be of a direct shape other than rectangular, such as, but not limited to, elliptical or polygonal with a different number of sides. The notch and hole shapes can also be of different shapes to improve the size reduction effect, such as, but not limited to, I, H, hourglass, bowtie or dumbbell shaped, similar to some of the variations shown above in  FIG. 2 . Further, it should be appreciated that patch excitation techniques other than the feedpin excitation shown in  FIG. 5  may be used. The lower patch can also be fed directly by a microstrip line, or an aperture coupled technique as illustrated in  FIG. 4 . A ground plane may be adjacent to lower patch  510  with feedpoint shown at  520 . 
     A top view of lower patch  510  is shown at  545  further depicting the lower patch notches  513  and  517  and lower patch hole  519  and feedpoint  520 . A top view of upper patch  505  is shown at  535  further depicting the upper patch notches  509  and  511  and upper patch hole  507  with upper patch strips  530 . 
     Turning now to  FIG. 6 , generally at  600 , is another embodiment of the present invention illustrating in an isometric view a reduced size, dual polarized stacked patch antenna. In order to produce a dual polarized stacked patch antenna, it has to be excited in two orthogonal resonant modes. For good isolation between the two modes, antenna symmetry in one plane orthogonal to the patch ground plane is sufficient. With only one such plane of symmetry, the feed geometry for the two orthogonal resonant modes will be different. For design simplicity, it is therefore desirable to require two orthogonal planes of symmetry with each plane orthogonal to the ground plane. This may allow for the feed geometries to be made identical, saving design time. 
     Thus, although not limited in this respect, this embodiment of the present invention provides for a reduced size stacked patch antenna, with two orthogonal planes of symmetry. Two variations are shown in  FIGS. 6 and 7 . Size reduction is based on the same techniques described above, but due to the symmetry requirements, extra notches and holes with symmetry in two orthogonal planes may be used instead. The pair of bridging strips that are relevant to a first polarization, still run parallel to each other, flanked by edge-notches and the central hole, similar to the linear polarization case. The other notches and central hole features relevant to the orthogonal second polarization are basically parallel to the first polarization currents, and therefore has by design little effect on them, and do not alter the plane of the first polarization. The two feedpoints in  FIG. 6  as well as the microstrip feeds in  FIG. 7  are placed in two different orthogonal planes of symmetry. Strictly speaking, the feed geometries shown may destroy the symmetry, but usually the effect on the isolation is negligible. If needed, perfect symmetry may be restored by feeding the lower patch at opposite ends for each polarization, therefore the number of feedpoints are increased to two per polarization. In such a case, the opposing feedpoints may need to be excited in opposite phase. 
     The solution to Limitation no. 2 described above, which were more applicable to dual polarization applications, can now be explained as follows: Since the lower patch strips are flanked by notches and the central hole, as shown in  FIGS. 6 and 7 , the effective distance of the feedpoints from the centre of the resonating patch may be varied by increasing/decreasing the depth of the notches and decreasing/increasing the dimensions of the central hole appropriately. In this way, the terminating impedance, which is proportional to the distance of the feedpoint from the centre of the resonating patch, may be adjusted, while the resonant frequency may be kept constant. Once the resonant frequency and the terminating impedance have been adjusted in this way, the appropriated amount of coupling to the upper patch can be adjusted. This is done by changing the upper patch notch depends and central hole dimensions so as to obtain the desirable positioning the upper patch strips relative to the lower patch strips. The bandwidth can be increased by increasing the total patch assembly height and by adding extra patches to the stack, as described above. 
     Turning now specifically to  FIG. 6  is shown at  600  stacked patches in an isometric view. The stacked patches include upper patch  605  and lower patch  610  with feed lines  620  and ground plane  615 . At  660  is a lower patch top view with lower patch  610  notches  645 , lower patch  610  hole  650  and lower patch  610  strips  630 . Planes of symmetry between upper patch  605  and lower patch  610  are illustrated at  665 . At  670  is a top view of upper patch  605  which includes upper patch  605  notches  640 , upper patch  605  hole  635  and upper patch  610  strips  675 . 
     Turning now to  FIG. 7  shown generally as  700  is an isometric view of stacked patches. The stacked patches include upper patch  705  and lower patch  710  with microstrip feed  715  and  725  and ground plate  720 . At  760  is a lower patch top view with lower patch  710  strips  750 , lower patches  710  notches  735  and lower patch  710  hole  775  with microstrip fee shown as  755  and  765 . Planes of symmetry between upper patch  705  and lower patch  710  are depicted at  740 . At  770  is a top view of upper patch  705  with upper patch  705  notches  745  and upper patch  705  hole  780  and upper patch  705  strips  785 . 
     While the present invention has been described in terms of what are at present believed to be its preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that various modifications to the disclose embodiments can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the following claims. Further, although a specific scanning antenna utilizing dielectric material is being described in the preferred embodiment, it is understood that any scanning antenna can be used with any type of reader any type of tag and not fall outside of the scope of the present invention.