Abstract:
A high-voltage transistor includes an active region including a diffused region of a first conductivity type defined by inner edges of a border of shallow trench isolation. A gate having side edges and end edges is disposed over the active region. Spaced apart source and drain regions of a second conductivity type opposite the first conductivity type are disposed in the active region outwardly with respect to the side edges of the gate. Lightly-doped regions of the second conductivity type more lightly-doped than the source and drain regions surround the source and drain regions and extend inwardly between the source and drain regions towards the gate to define a channel, and outwardly towards all of the inner edges of the shallow trench isolation. Outer edges of the lightly-doped region from at least the drain region are spaced apart from the inner edges of the shallow trench isolation.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/907,235 for “High Voltage Device Fabricated Using Low-Voltage Processes” filed Nov. 21, 2013, the contents of which are incorporated in this disclosure by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Programming Silicon-Oxide-Nitride-Oxide-Silicon (SONOS) nonvolatile memory requires medium high or high programming voltages in relation to other voltages used on the device. The devices used to provide these programming voltages should have sufficiently high junction breakdown voltage and are usually fabricated using gate oxide layers thicker than standard I/O devices to increase gate breakdown voltage. Incorporating the formation of these devices into existing complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) fabrication processes usually involves additional masks and process steps that are not part of conventional CMOS fabrication processes. 
     More particularly, to achieve sufficient gate and junction breakdown voltages, existing high (larger than 10V) or medium high (5 to 10V) voltage devices use customized doping profiles, especially at the edges of shallow trench isolation (STI) regions defining the active areas of these devices, as well as the aforementioned thicker gate, all of which contributes to lower yield. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to one aspect of the present invention, a high voltage (5 to 10V) transistor is disclosed that can be fabricated using conventional CMOS processes, without the need to provide additional masking and other process steps. The transistor includes lightly-doped regions surrounding at least the drain region and optionally the source region. The lightly-doped regions extend outwardly towards edges of an active area defined by inner edges of shallow trench isolation (STI), however outer edges of the lightly-doped regions are spaced apart from the inner edges of the shallow trench isolation. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a top view of an illustrative layout of a high-voltage transistor in accordance with one aspect of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a cross sectional view of the layout of a high-voltage transistor of  FIG. 1  taken along lines  2 - 2  in a direction across the width of the channel. 
         FIG. 3  is a cross sectional view of the layout of a high-voltage transistor of  FIG. 1  taken along lines  3 - 3  near the drain edge of the gate in a direction along the drain edge of the channel. 
         FIG. 4  is a top view of an illustrative layout of a high-voltage transistor in accordance with another aspect of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  is a cross sectional view of the layout of a high-voltage transistor of  FIG. 4  taken along lines  5 - 5  in a direction across the width of the channel. 
         FIG. 6  is a cross sectional view of the layout of a high-voltage transistor of  FIG. 4  taken along lines  6 - 6  near the drain edge of the gate in a direction along the drain edge of the channel. 
         FIG. 7  is a flow chart showing an exemplary fabrication process for the high-voltage transistors of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Persons of ordinary skill in the art will realize that the following description of the present invention is illustrative only and not in any way limiting. Other embodiments of the invention will readily suggest themselves to such skilled persons. The below embodiments are particularly described in relation to an n-channel device formed in P-well, it being understood that a p-channel device formed in an N-well is similarly formed. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1 through 3 , top and cross sectional views show an illustrative layout of a high-voltage transistor  10  fabricated in accordance with one aspect of the present invention in which the drain side of the transistor is pulled back from the diffusion edge.  FIG. 1  is a top view,  FIG. 2  is a cross sectional view taken along lines  2 - 2  of  FIG. 1  in a direction across the width of the channel, and  FIG. 3  is a cross sectional view taken along lines  3 - 3  of  FIG. 1  near the drain edge of the gate in a direction along the drain edge of the channel. 
     The active area of the high-voltage transistor  10  is a p-well region  12  that lies within shallow trench isolation region  14 . N+ source region  16  and N+ drain region  18  are formed in p-well  12 . Lightly-doped drain (LDD) regions  20  and  22  surround source and drain regions  16  and  18 , respectively, and define a channel in between the source and drain. Gate  24  is disposed above and insulated from the substrate over the channel. Spacers  26  are formed on the side edges of the gate to facilitate formation of the LDD regions  20  and  22  by blocking the higher source/drain implant at the gate edges as is known in the art. In a typical embodiment, the LDD doping level is between about 5e16 and 5e17 cm-3, and the source/drain implant doping is between about 1e19 and 1e20 cm-3. The spacers are shown in  FIG. 2  and are not indicated in  FIG. 1  to avoid overcomplicating the drawing figure. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , the edge of the LDD region  22  in the p-well diffusion  12  extending outwardly (towards the right side of  FIG. 2 ) from the drain  18  of transistor  10  is spaced inwardly from the inner edge of the STI region in the present invention as shown at reference numeral  28   a . In a typical embodiment, the drain LDD region  22  surrounding the drain region  18  is spaced inwardly from inner edge of the STI region  14  by between about 100 nm and 500 nm. The diffusion edge is where devices usually break down first due to the presence of the highest electric fields in these regions. This inward spacing is also performed at the edges of the channel width, i.e., near the end edges of the gate  24  as indicated by arrows  28   b  in  FIG. 1  and by reference numerals  28   b  in  FIG. 3 . As may be seen from an examination of both  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 3 , the ends of the gate  24  extend beyond the outer edges of the LDD regions at  28   b  and even into the area above the STI boundary of the transistor active area. 
     Pulling back the outer portions of the LDD region  22  changes the potential contour around the drain  18  and significantly lowers the electric field at the edge of the STI region  14 . With this, drain junction breakdown voltage increases significantly, and will easily meet a voltage breakdown requirement of about 8 volts or higher. This inward spacing is important on the drain side of the devices where the highest voltages will be found during normal device operation. This decreases mask symmetry somewhat. An individual designer will weigh this tradeoff at design time. While persons of ordinary skill in the art will realize that what is a “high voltage” will scale with shrinking device sizes, the principles of the present invention will still be valid. 
     To further improve junction breakdown, a salicide block layer  30  is introduced at least at the drain side so that only silicon in the vicinity of the source, drain, and gate contacts is salicided (i.e., converted to a metal salicide). Persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that, for simplicity, the top view of  FIG. 1  shows a single contact to each of the source and drain regions  16  and  18 , and that multiple contacts may be employed in an actual integrated circuit fabricated according to the teachings of the present invention. Metal salicide regions  32  are shown in  FIG. 2  in contact apertures at the upper surfaces of the source  16 , drain  18 , and gate regions  24  as is known in the art. Because the outer edges of the diffusions (p-well  12 ) are covered by the salicide block layer  30  that extends over the inner edges of STI regions  12 , they have not been converted to metal salicide. Consequently, they have a lower electric field and leakage, as well as much reduced joule heat generated at the drain corners. The robustness of the transistor is thereby much improved. 
     Referring also to  FIGS. 4 through 6 , top and cross sectional views show an illustrative layout of a high-voltage transistor  40  fabricated in accordance with another aspect of the present invention in which both the drain side and the source side of the transistor are pulled back from the diffusion edge.  FIG. 4  is a top view,  FIG. 5  is a cross sectional view taken along lines  5 - 5  of  FIG. 4  in a direction across the width of the channel, and  FIG. 6  is a cross sectional view taken along lines  6 - 6  of  FIG. 4  near the drain side of the gate in a direction along the drain edge of the channel. 
     Transistor  40  of  FIGS. 4 through 6  is similar to transistor  10  of  FIGS. 1 through 3 . Elements of transistor  40  that are the same as elements of transistor  10  of  FIGS. 1 through 3  are designated by the same reference numerals used to identify corresponding elements in  FIGS. 4 through 6 . 
     The active area of the high-voltage transistor  40  is a p-well region  12  that lies within shallow trench isolation region  14 . N+ source region  16  and N+ drain region  18  are formed in p-well  12 . Lightly-doped drain (LDD) regions  20  and  22  surround source and drain regions  16  and  18  and define a channel in between the source and drain. Gate  24  is disposed above and insulated from the substrate over the channel. Spacers  26  are formed on the edges of the gate to facilitate formation of the LDD regions  20  and  22  by blocking the higher source/drain implant at the gate edges as is known in the art. In an exemplary embodiment, the LDD doping level is between about 5e16 and 5e17 cm−3, and the source/drain implant doping is between about 1e19 and 1e20 cm−3. The spacers are shown in  FIG. 5  and are not indicated in  FIG. 4  to avoid overcomplicating the drawing figure. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 5 and 6 , the edges of the LDD regions  20  and  22  in the p-well diffusion  12  that extend outwardly towards the STI region  14  from both the drain  18  (towards the right side of  FIG. 5 ) and the source  16  (to the left side of  FIG. 5 ) of transistor  40 , respectively, are spaced inwardly from the inner edges of the STI regions  14  in the present invention. In an exemplary embodiment, the LDD regions  20  and  22  are spaced inwardly from the inner edge of the STI  14  by between about 100 nm and 500 nm. In the embodiment of the invention depicted in  FIGS. 4 through 6 , this inward spacing is performed at both the edge of the LDD region  22  at the drain side and the source side of the transistor  10  as indicated at reference numerals  28   a , as illustrated in  FIG. 5 , and also, as in the embodiment depicted in  FIGS. 1 through 3 , at the edges of the channel near the ends of the gate  24  as indicated by arrows  28   b  in  FIG. 4  and reference numeral  28   b  in  FIG. 6 . As may be seen from an examination of both  FIG. 4  and  FIG. 6 , the ends of the gate  24  extend beyond the outer edges of the outer LDD regions at  28   b  and even into the area above the STI boundary of the transistor active area. 
     Pulling back drain N+ implant and the outer portions of the LDD regions  22  from STI region  14  changes the potential contour around the drain  18  and significantly lowers the electric field at the edge of the STI region  14 . Pulling back the outer portions of the LDD regions  20  from STI region  40  changes the potential contour around the source  20  and significantly lowers the electric field at the edge of the STI region  14 . With this, drain junction breakdown voltage increases significantly, and will easily meet medium high voltage requirement of about 9 volts. As noted, this inward spacing of the LDD regions from the edges of the STI region  14  is important on the drain side of the devices where the highest voltages will be found during normal device operation, but in this embodiment of the present invention, the inward spacing is also provided at the source side as shown in  FIGS. 4 through 6 . This allows more symmetrical masks to be used, but the pullback of the LDD region  20  at the source  16  will increase the source impedance somewhat. An individual designer will weigh these tradeoffs at design time. 
     To further improve junction breakdown, a salicide block layer  30  is introduced at least at the drain side so that only silicon in the vicinity of the contacts, including the gate contact  32 , is salicided (i.e., converted to a metal salicide). As shown in  FIG. 5 , the salicide block layer  30  may be similarly introduced at the source side for symmetry. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that, for simplicity, the top view of  FIG. 4  shows a single contact to each of the source and drain regions  16  and  18 , and that multiple contacts may be employed in an actual integrated circuit fabricated according to the teachings of the present invention. Metal salicide regions  32  are shown in  FIG. 5  in contact apertures at the upper surfaces of the source, drain, and gate regions as is known in the art. Because the outer edges of the diffusions (p-well  12 ) are covered by the salicide block layer  30  that extends over the inner edges of STI regions  12 , they have not been converted to metal salicide. Consequently, they have a lower electric field and leakage, as well as much reduced joule heat generated at the drain corners. The robustness of the transistor is thereby much improved. 
     The high-voltage transistors of the present invention can be fabricated using a conventional low voltage logic CMOS process flow. Referring now to  FIG. 7 , an exemplary process  40  for fabricating the high-voltage transistors of the present invention is shown. The process starts art reference numeral  42 . At reference numeral  44 , STI regions are defined and formed using conventional photolithography and etching steps. Next, the bottoms of the trenches are doped with channel-stop implants using conventional implanting steps. The trenches are then filled with a dielectric material using conventional deposition techniques. 
     At reference numeral  46 , the p-wells and n-wells for all of the devices are formed using conventional lithography and dopant diffusion techniques. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that, in conventional CMOS processes, the well formation steps may be performed either before or after the STI formation steps. 
     Next, as shown at reference numeral  48 , a gate oxide layer for all of the transistor devices is grown or deposited using conventional techniques. At reference numeral  50 , a layer of polysilicon is deposited and defined to form the gates for all of the transistor devices on the integrated circuit, also using known techniques. 
     At reference numeral  52 , the LDD regions for all devices on the integrated circuit are formed. A mask for the lightly-doped-drain (LDD) regions is applied using conventional photolithography steps. The LDD mask is already used in a conventional CMOS process. The mask geometry is altered to accommodate the features of the invention that are shown in  FIG. 16 , particularly the pull back from the formed STI region of the drain LDD, and optionally the pull back from the formed STI region of the source LDD. The LDD regions are then implanted using conventional ion implantation steps. 
     After the LDD regions have been formed, at reference numeral  54  gate spacers are formed at the gate edges as is known in the art. At reference numeral  56  an N+ mask is then applied using conventional photolithography steps. The N+ mask is already used in a conventional CMOS process to form all of the n-channel transistors in the circuit. The source and drain regions for all devices are then implanted using conventional implantation steps. 
     At reference numeral  58 , a salicide block layer is then defined and formed using lithography, deposition, and etching steps as is known in the art. This process sequence is already present in a conventional CMOS process employing salicided contacts to form a salicide block layer configured to pull back salicide regions from gate edges in I/O transistors to provide electrostatic discharge protection. In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, the existing mask for this process is modified to add the features of the salicide block layer of the present invention so that the oxide etch process for the salicide apertures incorporates the geometry of the salicide block layer taught herein, in particular that only silicon in the N+ regions and gate regions is salicided, and that salicide is not formed at the edges of the active region at the inner edges of the STI regions. 
     At reference numeral  60 , the metal layer for the salicide is then deposited and rapidly annealed to form salicide regions in the apertures of the salicide mask as is known in the art. The portions of the metal layer overlaying the salicide mask that have not been converted to metal salicides are then removed as is known in the art, for example by a selective metal etching step. 
     At reference numeral  62 , the normal back-end process steps are then performed, including depositing dielectrics, formation and definition of one or more metal interconnect layers and connection vias, and device passivation. The process ends at reference numeral  64 . 
     From the above process description, persons of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate that the high-voltage transistor of the present invention can be fabricated without altering existing CMOS fabrication processes. The processes accommodate the high-voltage transistors of the present invention by altering the geometry of several of the masks used in the already existing mask set for the process in order to accommodate the geometric features of the invention disclosed herein. 
     The present invention provides a significantly simpler fabrication process as compared to the conventional method, and a significant total footprint reduction as compared to other possible solutions such as source/drain extension MOS devices. The new device is fully compatible with existing process, and readily scalable in channel width and length, which is critical for efficient circuit design. 
     While embodiments and applications of this invention have been shown and described, it would be apparent to those skilled in the art that many more modifications than mentioned above are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein. The invention, therefore, is not to be restricted except in the spirit of the appended claims.