Abstract:
An image forming apparatus includes a fixing device including a fixing member; a pressure member to press against the fixing member; and a halogen lamp to heat the fixing member, and a controller to control the halogen lamp. The controller controls an ON duty of the halogen lamp according to a control cycle, and sets the ON duty including two thresholds consisting of a first ON duty and a second ON duty that is larger than the first ON duty. The controller calculates an ON duty of the halogen lamp, judges whether the calculated ON duty is equal to or more than the first duty and less then the second duty, and changes the calculated ON duty when the calculated ON duty is equal to or more than the first duty and less then the second duty.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present application claims priority from Japanese patent application number 2010-193862, filed on Aug. 31, 2010, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein. 
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to an image forming apparatus including a fixing device with a built-in halogen heater. 
       DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART 
       [0003]    Generally, image forming apparatuses such as electrophotographic printer, copier or the like include a fixing device having a fixing member, such as a fixing roller, to fix with heat and pressure an unfixed toner image onto a recording medium such as a sheet of paper have conventionally been widely known. Such a fixing member is heated by a heat source such as a halogen heater. A pressure member, such as a pressure roller, is provided opposite the fixing member to press against the fixing member. The sheet carrying the unfixed toner image thereon passes through a nip formed between the fixing member and the pressure member, and the toner image is fixed onto the sheet with heat and pressure. 
         [0004]    Such a fixing device generally employs a halogen heater as a heat source to heat the fixing member. In the fixing device using the halogen heater, when the halogen heater is repeatedly turned on and off in a very short cycle, a halogen cycle inside the halogen heater terminates in an incomplete state. The halogen cycle is a cyclical thermo-chemical reaction between tungsten vaporized from a filament and halogen gas sealed inside a halogen lamp. 
         [0005]      FIG. 13  is a schematic view illustrating the halogen cycle. 
         [0006]    As illustrated in  FIG. 13 , by passing an electric current through a filament  101 , the temperature of the filament rises and tungsten  102  is vaporized in a tube  105 . As the temperature of the filament  101  rises, halogen gas  103  inside the halogen heater is activated with heat. The vaporized tungsten  102  is combined with activated halogen gas  103  to generate volatile tungsten halide  104 . 
         [0007]    Thermal convection carries the tungsten halide  104  toward the walls of the tube  15  and returns it to the filament  102 . In a high-temperature zone around the filament  102 , the tungsten halide  104  thermally decomposes into the tungsten  102  and the halogen gas  103 . The tungsten is deposited on the filament and the halogen gas diffuses and is used for a next combination. The above series of reactions constitutes the halogen cycle. 
         [0008]    Due to the recent trend toward faster printing speeds and lower thermal capacity of the fixing device, two or more halogen heaters having different light distributions have come to be used. In such a case, the temperature of the filament and the density of the gas inside the halogen heaters can become uneven, with the result that the halogen cycle may take place normally at one place but not at another, which may cause adverse effects such as blackening of the glass tube or premature burnout of the filament. 
         [0009]    The problem is a phenomenon called chemical attack. Chemical attack means a state in which the tungsten is not vaporized from the filament and the activated halogen gas reacts directly with the tungsten of the filament to generate tungsten halide, which is volatile. Even though the tungsten is lost from the filament, the tungsten halide cannot be thermally decomposed due to a low filament temperature. Then, the tungsten is not deposited on the filament. As a result, the filament becomes gradually thinner. 
         [0010]      FIGS. 14A to 14C  are graphs schematically illustrating examples of filament temperature distribution and halogen gas concentration distribution in a conventional halogen heater. In both heater  1  and heater  2 , the filament temperature is high enough in the central portion in the longitudinal direction thereof that the tungsten is vaporized. The halogen gas concentration is low as well. However, in edge portions, the filament temperature is low and the tungsten does not vaporize. The halogen gas concentration is high and activated halogen gas activated in the central portion of the heater  1  or  2  accumulates around the edge portions. As a result, chemical attack occurs in the edge portions and the filament becomes thinner and burns out prematurely. 
         [0011]    As a measure to cope with the shortened lifetime of the filament, for example, JP-2002-23548-A discloses a method to turn the heater on and off rapidly until the temperature of the glass tube rises to a certain level. 
         [0012]    However, a problem with the conventional technology disclosed in JP-2002-23548-A is that the temperature of the glass tube rises due to the closely-disposed halogen heaters even though the temperature of the filament is low, causing the fixing member to overshoot compared to a target temperature for the fixing member because the halogen heater is turned on and off rapidly during a predetermined period, resulting in defective image and a longer standby time. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0013]    The present invention aims to solve the aforementioned problems of a conventional fixing device using a halogen lamp as a heat source and provide an optimal image forming apparatus capable of restricting occurrence of defective overshoot and preventing shortened lifetime of the halogen lamp. 
         [0014]    The optimal image forming apparatus includes a fixing device, and the fixing device includes a fixing member, a pressure member to press against the fixing member, a halogen lamp to heat the fixing member. The image forming apparatus further includes a controller to control the halogen lamp. The controller controls an ON duty of the halogen lamp according to a control cycle, and sets the ON duty including two thresholds of a first ON duty and a second ON duty that is larger than the first ON duty. The controller calculates an ON duty of the halogen lamp, judges whether the calculated ON duty is equal to or more than the first duty and less then the second duty, and changes the calculated ON duty when the calculated ON duty is equal to or more than the first duty and less then the second duty, to thus control the halogen lamp. 
         [0015]    These and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon consideration of the following description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0016]      FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of a monochrome printer as one example of an image forming apparatus employing a fixing device according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0017]      FIG. 2  is a view illustrating a main part of the fixing device; 
           [0018]      FIG. 3  is a graph showing a relation between activation period of the halogen heater and the color temperature of the filament; 
           [0019]      FIG. 4  is a flowchart illustrating steps in a process of halogen heater control according to a first embodiment; 
           [0020]      FIG. 5  is a flowchart illustrating steps in a process of halogen heater control according to a second embodiment; 
           [0021]      FIG. 6  is a flowchart illustrating steps in a process of halogen heater control according to a third embodiment; 
           [0022]      FIG. 7  is a flowchart illustrating steps in a process of halogen heater control according to a fourth embodiment; 
           [0023]      FIGS. 8A and 8B  are a chart and a graph, respectively, illustrating an example of halogen heater control; 
           [0024]      FIG. 9  is a flowchart illustrating steps in a process of halogen heater control according to a fifth embodiment; 
           [0025]      FIGS. 10A to 10C  are charts and a graph illustrating an example in which the fifth example is applied to the heater control as illustrated in  FIGS. 8A to 8C ; 
           [0026]      FIG. 11  is a flowchart illustrating steps in a process of halogen heater control according to a sixth embodiment; 
           [0027]      FIG. 12  is a flowchart illustrating steps in a process of halogen heater control according to a seventh embodiment; 
           [0028]      FIG. 13  is a schematic illustration of a halogen cycle; and 
           [0029]      FIGS. 14A to 14C  are graphs schematically illustrating examples of filament temperature distribution and halogen gas concentration distribution in a conventional halogen heater. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0030]    Preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
         [0031]      FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of a monochrome printer as one example of an image forming apparatus employing a fixing device according to an embodiment of the present invention. The printer as illustrated in  FIG. 1  includes, around a photoreceptor  1  rotating in the counterclockwise direction, a charger  2 , a cleaner  3 , an optical writing unit  4  including a laser optical system and radiating a scanning light L onto the photoreceptor  1 , a developing unit  7  including a developing sleeve  5  to render visible a latent image to be carried on the photoreceptor  1  by supplying toner, and a transfer unit  6 . 
         [0032]    In addition, a sheet feed cassette  10  is disposed in the bottom of the printer and is detachable from the printer in the direction of arrow “a” in the figure. A plurality of sheets P as recording media is stacked inside the sheet feed cassette  10 . The sheets P are supported by an inner plate  11  and are pressed against a sheet feed roller  13  by a spring, not shown, via an arm  12 . When the sheet feed roller  13  rotates based on an instruction from a controller, not shown, an uppermost sheet inside the sheet feed cassette  10  is conveyed to a pair of registration rollers  15  downstream in the sheet feed direction while a separation pad  14  prevents multiple sheet feed, and is sent to the transfer unit  6  in synchrony with an image carried on the photoreceptor  1 . 
         [0033]    The sheet on which a toner image has been transferred from the photoreceptor  1  by the transfer unit  6  is further conveyed to a fixing unit  16  and passes through a portion between a heat roller  18  and a pressure roller  19  which is disposed opposite the heat roller  18  with pressure. With such a configuration, the toner image is fixed onto the sheet with heat and pressure applied. Thereafter, the sheet on which an image has been formed is discharged with the image formed surface face down by a sheet discharge roller  20  onto a sheet discharge tray  22  from a sheet outlet  21 . A sheet discharge stopper is extendable toward the direction of arrow “b” to accommodate various sheet sizes. 
         [0034]    An operation surface is disposed at an upper right surface of the printer body, and a control panel  30  is so provided as to protrude from the upper front surface of the printer. A sheet feed tray  32  is provided to be rotatable about a pin  33 . In a case  34  disposed at the left side inside the printer, a power supply unit  35 , several printed circuit boards  36  such as an engine driver board, and a controller unit are accommodated. A controller board  37  is also included in the case  34 . A cover  38  forming a sheet discharge tray  22  is openable about a hinge  39 . 
         [0035]      FIG. 2  is a view illustrating a main part of the fixing unit  16 . A cross-sectional view of the fixing roller  18  along its shaft direction is illustrated in  FIG. 2 . The fixing unit  16  is configured such that the heat fixing roller  18  is pressed against the pressure roller  19  formed of an elastic material such as a silicon rubber with a predetermined pressure by a spring, not shown. The heat fixing roller  18  is attached to fixing side plates  50 ,  50  via heat insulation bushes  51 ,  51  and shaft bearings  52 ,  52 . A gear  53  engaging with an edge of the roller  18  is connected with a driving source, not shown, and is driven to rotate. 
         [0036]    The fixing roller  18  includes a base member formed of a thin pipe of aluminum or iron. Thickness of the pipe base is approximately 0.3 to 1.0 mm. A surface release layer is formed on an outer surface of the fixing roller  18 . The fixing roller  18  includes a built-in halogen heater or lamp  23 . The fixing roller  18  contacts a temperature sensor  60  to detect temperature and send a signal based on the detected temperature to a CPU  63  via an input circuit  61 . The CPU  63  controls power distribution to the halogen heater  23  via a driver  62  according to the detected temperature of the heat fixing roller  18 . Normally, when the power to the apparatus is turned on, electricity is supplied, via the driver  62 , to the halogen heater  23 , and the temperature of the heat fixing roller  18  drastically increases up to a temperature set for the image fixation. It should be noted that even though the heating member is formed not of a roller but a belt, the same control is performed. 
         [0037]      FIG. 3  is a graph illustrating a relation between the length of time the heater is turned on (the “time period”) and a color temperature of a filament. The color temperature of the halogen heater increases with the length of time the heater is on, and reaches saturation when a predetermined time has elapsed after the power to the heater has been turned on. Chemical attack tends to occur when the color temperature is greater than Tc 1  and less than Tc 2 , that is, in Area II. Accordingly, when the heater is activated from a state in which the filament has been sufficiently cooled down, at a time when the power is on for a time period of more than t 1 , chemical attack begins to occur. However, when power continues for more than t 2  as in Area III, chemical attack does not occur. Further, when the power is turned on for a time period of less than t 1  (as in Area I), neither halogen cycle nor chemical attack occur. 
         [0038]    Specifically, as illustrated in Table 1 below, the halogen lamp having a filament diameter of from 100 to 200 μm requires approximately 20 ms of power-on time so that the filament color temperature reaches 1,000K (Kelvin), and approximately 80 ms of power-on time so that the filament color temperature reaches 2,000K (Kelvin). The halogen cycle does not occur inside the halogen lamp when the power-on time is less than 20 ms, and the halogen cycle begins to occur when the power-on time exceeds 20 ms in which the filament temperature exceeds 1,000K. In such a condition, when the power-on time is less than 80 ms, the halogen cycle is not sufficient and chemical attack occurs. By contrast, when the power-on time is more than 80 ms, the chemical attack does not occur and the lifetime of the halogen lamp is preserved thanks to the occurrence of the normal halogen cycle. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Relation between the color temperature and the power-on time of 
               
               
                 a heater using a filament with a diameter of from 100 to 200 μm 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Filament Color 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Temperature 
                 Power-on Time 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 1,000 K (Tc1) 
                 20 ms (t1) 
               
               
                   
                 2,000 K (Tc2) 
                 80 ms (t2) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0039]      FIG. 4  is a flowchart illustrating a first embodiment of controlling the halogen heater. As illustrated in  FIG. 4 , first, a heater lighting duty or ON duty is calculated from the history of the temperatures of the fixing roller detected by the temperature sensor  60  (S 1 ). The calculated ON duty here is set to “A” %. Next, it is judged whether the calculated duty “A” satisfies a relation B %≦A %≦C % (S 2 ). If, in S 2 , the duty “A” satisfies the relation B %≦A %≦C %, the process proceeds to S 3  in which the heater ON duty is changed, and the heater ON duty is output so that the heater lighting control is performed in S 5 . By contrast, if, in S 2 , it is judged that the calculated duty “A” does not satisfy the relation B %≦A %≦C %, that is, the calculated duty “A” is judged to be less than “B” or more than “C”, the process proceeds to S 4  and the duty “A” is set and the heater lighting control is performed in S 5 . 
         [0040]    The duties B and C are set as described below so that, when the calculated ON duty “A” % is included in Area II in  FIG. 3 , i.e., the area in which chemical attack tends to occur, the ON duty is changed, chemical attack is prevented, and the lifetime of the heater is prevented from being shortened. 
         [0041]      FIG. 5  is a flowchart illustrating a second embodiment of controlling the halogen heater. First, a heater ON duty “A” is calculated from the history of the temperatures of the fixing roller detected by the temperature sensor  60  using PID control (S 11 ). Next, it is determined whether the calculated duty “A” satisfies the relation B %≦A %≦C % (S 12 ). If, in S 12 , the duty “A” satisfies the relation B %≦A %≦C %, the process proceeds to S 13  in which the heater ON duty is set to 0 (zero) %. Specifically, the heater is not lighted. By contrast, if it is judged that the duty “A” is less than “B” or more than “C” in S 12 , the process proceeds to S 14  in which the heater ON duty is set to “A” to be processed to output the heater ON duty in S 15 , thereby performing the heater lighting control. 
         [0042]    The duties B and C are set as described below so that, when the calculated ON duty “A” % is included in Area II in  FIG. 3 , i.e., the area in which chemical attack tends to occur, the heater is not turned on in the second embodiment, whereby the abnormal halogen cycle is prevented and the lifetime of the heater is prevented from being shortened. 
         [0043]      FIG. 6  is a flowchart illustrating a third embodiment of controlling the halogen heater. In the third embodiment, first, a heater ON duty “A” is calculated from the history of the temperatures of the fixing roller detected by the temperature sensor  60  using PID control (S 21 ). Next, it is judged whether the calculated duty “A” satisfies the relation B %≦A %≦C % (S 22 ). In S 22 , if the duty “A” is determined to be equal to or more than “B” and less than “C”, the process proceeds to S 23  in which the heater ON duty is set to “B”%. By contrast, if, in S 22 , it is judged that the duty “A” is less than B or more than C, the process proceeds to S 24  and the ON duty is set to “A”% as is and the ON duty “A” is output in S 25 . 
         [0044]    The duties B and C are set as described below so that, when the calculated ON duty “A” % is included in Area II, i.e., the area in which chemical attack tends to occur, the ON duty is changed to the maximum ON duty so that the halogen cycle does not occur in the third embodiment, whereby the abnormal halogen cycle is securely eliminated to prevent the lifetime of the heater from decreasing and the temperature decrease due to the power-off of the halogen lamp can be prevented. 
         [0045]      FIG. 7  is a flowchart illustrating a fourth embodiment of controlling the halogen heater. In the fourth embodiment, first, a heater ON duty “A” is calculated from the history of the temperatures of the fixing roller detected by the temperature sensor  60  using PID control (S 31 ). Next, it is judged whether the calculated duty “A” satisfies the relation B %≦A %≦C % (S 32 ). In S 32 , if the duty “A” is equal to or more than “B” and less than “C”, the process proceeds to S 33  and the heater ON duty is set to “C”%. By contrast, if in S 32  it is judged that the duty “A” is less than “B” or more than “C”, the process proceeds to S 34  in which the duty is set to “A”, and an output process is performed with the duty “A” to thus perform the heater lighting control. 
         [0046]    The duties B and C are set as described below so that, when the calculated ON duty “A” % is included in Area II, i.e., the area in which the chemical attack tends to occur, the ON duty is changed to a minimum ON duty and the halogen cycle is performed normally, whereby the abnormal halogen cycle is securely eliminated to prevent the lifetime of the heater from decreasing and the temperature decrease due to the power-off of the halogen lamp can be prevented. 
         [0047]    Here, the duties “B” and “C” will now be described. As described above,  FIG. 3  is a graph showing a relation between the activation period of the halogen heater and the color temperature of the filament. The color temperature Tc 1  in this graph shows a maximum color temperature in which the filament in the halogen lamp generates heat but the substance of the filament related to the halogen cycle does not vaporize. The substance of the filament related to the halogen cycle denotes tungsten if the main component of the filament is tungsten. t 1  in the figure shows the power-on time of the halogen lamp in which the color temperature of the filament becomes Tc 1 . Accordingly, allowing the heater not to be powered on more than the duty “B” in which the power-on time of the halogen lamp is t 1 , the lifetime decrease of the halogen heater due to the abnormal halogen cycle may be prevented. 
         [0048]    In addition, the color temperature Tc 2  in  FIG. 3  is a minimum color temperature in which the filament inside the halogen lamp generates enough heat and the halogen cycle is performed normally. t 2  in the figure is the power-on time of the halogen lamp in which the color temperature of the filament becomes Tc 2 . Accordingly, the duty “C” is the time added with an allowance of t 3  in addition to the power-on time t 2  of the halogen lamp and the halogen heater is to be powered on with the duty “C” or more, so that the lifetime decrease due to the abnormal halogen cycle can be prevented.  FIG. 3  does not show t 3 . The allowance time t 3  may be 20 ms or so. 
         [0049]    As is shown with reference to Table 1, the duty “B” is the duty in which the color temperature of the filament becomes approximately 1,000K (Kelvin). In a case of the halogen lamp including a filament with a diameter of from 100 to 200 μm, the duty “B” is approximately 20 ms. (For example, when the heater control cycle is 500 ms, the duty becomes 4%.) Similarly, the duty “C” is the duty in which the color temperature of the filament becomes approximately 2,000K (Kelvin). In a case of the halogen lamp including a filament with a diameter of from 100 to 200 μm, the duty “B” is approximately 80 to 100 ms. (For example, when the heater control cycle is 500 ms, the duty becomes 16%.) 
         [0050]      FIGS. 8A and 8B  show an example of controlling the halogen heater.  FIG. 8A  is a chart illustrating lighting states of a heater, and  FIG. 8B  is a graph illustrating a color temperature of the filament corresponding to  FIG. 8A . As illustrated in  FIG. 8B , a range between the color temperature of the filament when the heater is lighted at the duty “B” and the color temperature of the filament when the heater is lighted at the duty “C” is shaded with diagonal lines. This shaded portion is the range of the color temperature in which chemical attack tends to occur. Accordingly, when the heater is lighted, the color temperature of the filament by certain ON duty should preferably be outside the above shaded portion. (If the color temperature of the filament does not exceed 2,000K when the heater is turned on, an adverse effect due to the occurrence of chemical attack arises.) 
         [0051]    In  FIG. 8A , the values of the duty “D” and the duty “E” are the same, and the both are more than the duty “B” and less than the duty “C”. Here, in the case of duty “D”, the time elapsed from the previous lighting is short and the temperature of the filament is sufficiently high from the previous lighting. When the lighting at the duty “D” starts, the temperature of the filament remains high. Then, the abnormal halogen cycle does not occur even though the lighting is performed with more than the duty “B” and less than the duty “C”. On the other hand, in the case of duty “E”, time elapsed from the previous lighting is long and the temperature of the filament decreases. The temperature of the filament does not sufficiently rise by the lighting of the duty “E”, and there is a possibility that chemical attack occurs. 
         [0052]    In such a case, by applying the control as illustrated in  FIG. 9  (a fifth embodiment), the above duty “E” can be controlled or changed so that the actual output becomes outside the shaded range in  FIG. 8B , thereby preventing occurrence of chemical attack and the decrease of the lifetime of the filament. 
         [0053]      FIG. 9  is a flowchart illustrating a fifth embodiment of controlling the halogen heater. 
         [0054]    As illustrated in this flowchart, first, a heater ON duty “A” is calculated from the history of the temperatures of the fixing roller detected by the temperature sensor  60  using PID control or the like (S 41 ). Then, it is judged whether the time elapsed from the previous lighting is more than the specified time “1” (S 42 ). Here, when the time elapsed from the previous lighting is less than the specified time “1”, the process proceeds to S 47 , the actual output duty is set to “A”, and the output process is performed in S 48 , thereby performing the heater lighting control. 
         [0055]    When the time elapsed from the previous lighting is more than the specified time “1” in S 42 , it is judged whether the previous output duty is below “F”% or not (S 43 ). When the previous output duty is more than “F”%, it is deemed that the temperature of the filament in the previous lighting rose sufficiently and the process proceeds to S 46 , where it is judged whether the time elapsed more than the specified time “2”. It is noted that the specified time “1” is shorter than the specified time “2”. In S 46 , if the time elapsed from the previous lighting is shorter than the specified time “2”, it is deemed that the temperature of the filament remains high, the process proceeds to S 47  in which the actual output duty is set to “A”, and output processing is performed in S 48 , thereby performing the heater lighting control. 
         [0056]    In either case in which the previous ON duty is below “F”% in S 43  or in which the elapsed time from the previous lighting is more than the specified time “2” in S 46 , the process proceeds to S 44  and it is judged whether the calculated duty “A” in S 41  satisfies the relation B %≦A %≦C %. If the calculated duty “A” does not satisfy the relation B %≦A %≦C %, the process proceeds to S 47  in which the actual output duty is set to “A”%, and the set heater ON duty is output in S 48  and the heater is lighting-controlled. 
         [0057]    By contrast, if in S 44  it is judged that the duty “A” is more than “B” and less than “C”, the process proceeds to S 45  and the actual output duty is set to “0”%, and the heater ON duty output is performed in S 48  and the heater is not turned on. In the present embodiment, the heater ON duty is changed to “0”% in S 45  as in the second embodiment; however, the heater ON duty may be changed to “B”% as in the third embodiment (see  FIG. 11 ) and to “C”% as in the fourth embodiment (see  FIG. 12 ). 
         [0058]    As described above, in the fifth embodiment, the elapsed time from the previous lighting and the duty in the previous lighting are added to the control of the heater ON duty for finer control, thereby eliminating the abnormal halogen cycle and preventing decrease in the fixing temperature. 
         [0059]      FIGS. 10A to 10C  show a case in which the heater ON duty as illustrated in  FIG. 8A  is adapted to the fifth embodiment as described above.  FIG. 10A  is a chart illustrating calculated output duties.  FIG. 10B  is a chart illustrating actual output duties after the output control has been applied.  FIG. 10C  is a graph illustrating the filament color temperature after the control. 
         [0060]    Referring to the flowchart in  FIG. 9 , the duty “D” is output shortly after the previous lighting and is judged as NO in S 42 , and then the process proceeds to S 47  in which the duty is set to the calculated duty “A”% (herein, the same duty “D”), and is lighting-controlled as is. By contrast, the duty “E” is output with a longer time elapsed from the previous lighting, is judged as YES in S 42 , and further is judged as YES in S 44 . That is, the duty “E” is judged to be more than “B” and less than “C” to thus proceed to S 45  and the actual ON duty is changed to “0” % so that the heater is not lighted, thereby preventing occurrence of chemical attack and decrease of the lifetime of the filament. 
         [0061]      FIGS. 11 and 12  are flowcharts illustrating a sixth and seventh embodiment, respectively. Differences from the fifth embodiment reside in S 55  and S 65 , each corresponding to S 45  of  FIG. 9 . 
         [0062]    In the sixth embodiment, the actual output duty is changed to “B”% in S 55  and the heater lighting control is performed. Because the actual output duty is controlled and changed to the maximum ON duty so that the halogen cycle does not occur, the abnormal halogen cycle is securely prevented from occurring, and the temperature decrease due to the power-off of the halogen lamp may be reduced. 
         [0063]    In the seventh embodiment, the actual output duty is changed to “C”% in S 55  and the heater lighting control is performed. Because the actual output duty is controlled and changed to the minimum ON duty so that the normal halogen cycle is performed, the abnormal halogen cycle is securely prevented from occurring, the decrease in the lifetime of the heater is prevented, and the temperature decrease due to the power-off of the halogen lamp may be reduced. 
         [0064]    In the case in which the sixth or the seventh embodiment is applied to the heater ON duty as illustrated in  FIG. 8A , the abnormal halogen cycle is prevented and the heater lifetime loss is prevented similarly to the case of the fifth embodiment. Useless decrease in the fixing temperature is also prevented due to finer control. 
         [0065]    It is noted that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above. For example, the fixing method is not limited to the heat roll method and may be adapted to the belt fixing method. Arrangements of the halogen lamp or heater and materials for the filament are selectable. In addition, the present invention may be applied to a structure using a plurality of heaters with different layouts. Control cycles of the halogen heater are also selectable. Not limited to the monochrome printers, the present invention may be applied various types of printers and apparatuses including multicolor machines and full-color machines, each of which may be a copier, a facsimile machine, or a multifunctional apparatus. 
         [0066]    Additional modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that, within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced other than as specifically described herein.