Abstract:
Techniques for fast and accurate measuring test strip intensities are disclosed herein. A method for measuring a test strip intensity comprising steps of obtaining an image of a sample line in a test strip and a plurality of reference lines, wherein the reference lines have known intensities; determining grayscale values of the sample line and the reference lines from the image; constructing a standard curve based on the grayscale values versus the known intensities of the reference lines; and determining the intensity of the sample line by fitting the grayscale value of the sample line on the standard curve.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/759,899, entitled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR FAST TEST STRIP INTENSITY RECOGNITION”, filed on Feb. 1, 2013, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    This invention relates generally to medical test strip systems, and in particular to a system for fast and accurate test strip intensity recognition. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Test strips are basic diagnostic instruments that are commonly used in various applications such as pregnancy test, drug test, and diabetes test. The test strip technology is widely used in different areas including medicine, biology, and food safety. 
         [0004]    However, test strip technology is considered inaccurate for many reasons. Different manufacture batches of the test strips can have variations on colors and intensities. To receive quantitative result, a human operator has to compare the test strip with a reference card. This introduces subjective human errors. There are dedicated machines for accurately reading the test strip results. But these machines are typically expensive and cumbersome to move, and requires professional training on how to operate the machines. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0005]      FIG. 1  illustrates a screenshot showing main interface  100  of an example computer application for fast test strip intensity recognition. 
           [0006]      FIG. 2A  illustrates a screenshot showing a single cassette mode capture interface of an example computer application. 
           [0007]      FIG. 2B  illustrates a screenshot showing a single cassette mode result interface of an example computer application. 
           [0008]      FIG. 3  illustrates an example process of analyzing a test strip image. 
           [0009]      FIG. 4A  illustrates a screenshot showing a double cassette mode capture interface of an example computer application. 
           [0010]      FIG. 4B  illustrates a screenshot showing a double cassette mode analysis interface of an example computer application. 
           [0011]      FIG. 5  illustrates an example process of analyzing a test strip image with reference strips. 
           [0012]      FIG. 6  illustrates an example process of constructing an interpolation curve and finding an interpolation value on the interpolation curve. 
           [0013]      FIG. 7  illustrates an example measurement system based on the test strip intensity recognition techniques. 
           [0014]      FIG. 8A  shows a linear regression analysis on the experimental data for single cassette mode test strip intensity recognition. 
           [0015]      FIG. 8B  shows a linear regression analysis on the experimental data for single cassette mode test strip intensity recognition in view of the logarithms of the IgG concentrations. 
           [0016]      FIG. 9A  shows a linear regression analysis on the experimental data for double cassette mode test strip intensity recognition. 
           [0017]      FIG. 9B  shows a linear regression analysis on the experimental data for double cassette mode test strip intensity recognition in view of the logarithms of the IgG concentrations. 
           [0018]      FIG. 10  shows a diagrammatic representation of a machine in the example form of a computer device within which a set of instructions, for causing the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, may be executed. 
           [0019]      FIG. 11  illustrates a screenshot showing an interface of an example computer program for capturing cassette images and recognizing test strip intensities. 
           [0020]      FIG. 12  illustrates a screenshot showing a single cassette mode capture interface of the example computer program. 
           [0021]      FIG. 13  illustrates a screenshot showing a double cassette mode capture interface of the example computer program. 
           [0022]      FIG. 14  illustrates a pad with a dark background color having reference strip lines printed on a bright area of the pad. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0023]      FIG. 1  illustrates a screenshot showing a main interface  100  of an example computer application for fast test strip intensity recognition. After the computer application launches, the computer application shows the main interface  100 . The main interface  100  provides two buttons  110  and  120  for a user to choice between a single cassette mode and a double cassette mode. If the user chooses the single cassette mode by clicking the button  110 , the computer application switches to a single cassette mode interface as illustrated in  FIGS. 2A and 2B . If the user chooses the double cassette mode by clicking the button  120 , the computer application switches to a double cassette mode interface as illustrated in  FIGS. 4A and 4B . 
         [0024]    The computer application is designed to run on at least one computer device. The computer device can be a desktop computer, a laptop, a tablet computer, a smart phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a digital camera, or other type of electronic device capable of running the computer application. For instance, the computer application can be designed to run on an Apple iPhone smart phone, or an Android smart phone. 
         [0025]      FIG. 2A  illustrates a screenshot showing a single cassette mode capture interface  210  of an example computer application. After the user clicks the button  110  as shown in the  FIG. 1 , the computer application shows the single cassette mode capture interface  210  for capturing a picture of a test strip cassette. 
         [0026]    The user places a treated cassette on a surface, preferably a dark surface. The cassette has been treated with test fluid, such as urine or blood sample. The user aims the camera of the computer device running the computer program to the cassette. The image of the cassette is visualized in the single cassette mode capture interface  210 , as shown in the  FIG. 2A . 
         [0027]    In one embodiment, the single cassette mode capture interface  210  includes an overlay frame  212  visualized on the interface  210 . The overlay frame  212  mimics the overall shape of the cassette to prompt the user to adjust the computer device to a proper position and angle so that the image of the cassette  214  closely fit the overlay frame  212 , in order to achieve consistent capturing of the image of the cassette. For instance, the overlay frame  212  illustrated in the  FIG. 2A  has an outer rectangle mimicking the outer rectangular shape of the cassette. Additionally, the overly frame  212  has an oval and an inner rectangle mimicking the test drop window and the test strip window of the cassette. The oval and the inner rectangle prompt the user to lay down the cassette for image capturing in a proper orientation, as suggested by the positions of the oval and the inner rectangle. An exact match between the rectangle and the cassette&#39;s border, however, is not required for capturing the image of the cassette. 
         [0028]    Optionally, the single cassette mode capture interface  210  can include a flash option button  216  to switch between flash modes. For instance, in one embodiment, the flash modes include Auto, On and Off modes. The device capturing the image can be equipped with flash component to improve the image quality. In one embodiment, the single cassette mode capture interface  210  can further include a load button. After the user clicks the load button, the computer program loads and processes a saved image, instead of capturing a new image for processing. The single cassette mode capture interface  210  can also include a cancel button  218 . If the user clicks the cancel button  218 , the computer program switches back to the main interface  100  as shown in the  FIG. 1 . 
         [0029]    The user can click a capture button  219  to capture the image of the cassette. Then the computer program analyzes the captured image of the cassette and switches to a single cassette mode result interface  220  as illustrated in  FIG. 2B . To analyze the captured image, the computer program can follow the process  300  as illustrated in  FIG. 3 . 
         [0030]    In one embodiment, the cassette includes a test drop window and a test strip window. The cassette is treated with test fluid, such as urine or blood sample, by dropping the test fluid onto the test drop window. Once the cassette is treated, two strips will be visualized in the test strip window. One of the strips is a test strip, whose intensity indicates the test result. The other strip is a control strip providing a standardized reference for the intensity reading. The image of the cassette captured by the computer program includes the images of test strip and the control strip. 
         [0031]      FIG. 2B  illustrates a screenshot showing a single cassette mode result interface  220  of an example computer application. The result interface  220  visualizes a captured image  221  of the cassette, which includes test strip image  222  and control strip image  223 . 
         [0032]    The single cassette mode result interface  220  further visualizes an intensity curve  225  showing the intensity of the test strip window  224  along an axis of the test strip window  224  that is perpendicular to the test strip line. The intensity curve  225  can be calculated by the computer program using the captured image via a process illustrated in  FIG. 3 . The intensity curve  225  has two peaks  226  and  227 . Peak  226  corresponds to the intensity of test strip  222 , peak  227  corresponds to the intensity of the control strip  223 . The result interface  220  further displays a test strip intensity reading  229 . The test strip intensity reading  229  is calculated by the computer program via the process illustrated in  FIG. 3 . 
         [0033]      FIG. 3  illustrates an example process  300  of analyzing a test strip image. At step  310 , the computer program obtains an image of a test strip cassette. In one embodiment, the computer program obtains the image by capturing an image of test strip cassette by using a camera of a computer device on which the computer program runs. At step  312 , the computer program identifies edge pixels by find locations (i.e. pixels) where pixel grayscale value changes radically. At step  315 , the computer program performs a Hough transform on edge pixels to identify a quadrilateral on the image that is defined by two horizontal lines and two vertical lines on the image. Hough transform is a feature extraction technique used in image analysis. Hough transform technique can find instances of lines within a certain class of shapes by a voting procedure. In one embodiment, other feature extraction technique, other than the Hough transform, can be used to identify the quadrilateral, as readily understood by a person having ordinary skill in the art. 
         [0034]    At step  320 , the computer program checks whether a quadrilateral is identified from the image. If a quadrilateral is identified, the computer program continues to step  325 . The identified quadrilateral indicates the shape and location of the cassette on the image. Otherwise, the computer program stops at step  395 . 
         [0035]    At step  325 , based on the location and dimension of the identified quadrilateral, and a predetermined dimensional relationship between the identified quadrilateral and an inner quadrilateral, the computer program locates the inner quadrilateral within the identified quadrilateral. The inner quadrilateral indicates the shape and location of the test strip window on the image. 
         [0036]    At step  330 , the computer program determines a horizontal central line of the inner quadrilateral. The horizontal central line can be roughly horizontal along the inner quadrilateral. However, the horizontal central line is not required to be at zero degree from any axis of the inner quadrilateral. The horizontal central line is the X-axis of an intensity curve to be calculated by the computer program. At step  335 , the computer program identifies a rectangle by extending the horizontal central line to a pre-defined distance vertically towards the top and the bottom of the inner quadrilateral. In case when the image of the test strip window happens to be rectangular, the identified rectangle closely fit the image of the test strip window. 
         [0037]    At step  340 , the computer program calculates the intensity curve by computing vertical projection of the rectangle along the horizontal central line. In one embodiment, the computer program reads pixels of the image portion within the rectangle, and aggregates the pixel values along the direction that is perpendicular to the central line as the intensity curve values along the horizontal central line (X-Axis). 
         [0038]    At step  350 , the computer program finds two peaks on the intensity curve. In the embodiment as illustrated in  FIG. 2B , the left peak corresponds to the intensity of the test strip, and the right peak corresponds to the intensity of the control strip. 
         [0039]    At step  355 , the computer program checks whether two peaks are located on the intensity curve. If two peaks are located, the computer program continues to step  360 . Otherwise, the computer program stops at step  395 . 
         [0040]    At step  360 , the computer program calculates the test strip intensity reading as the intensity of the test peak divided by the intensity of the control peak. 
         [0041]    Similarly to the single cassette mode, the computer program can provide a double cassette mode for accurate recognition of the test strip intensity reading. If a user clicks the button  120  as illustrated in the  FIG. 1 , the computer program switches to a double cassette mode interface as illustrated in  FIGS. 4A and 4B . 
         [0042]      FIG. 4A  illustrates a screenshot showing a double cassette mode capture interface  410  of an example computer application. The user places a treated test cassette and a reference cassette on a surface, preferably a dark surface. The test cassette has been treated with test fluid, such as urine or blood sample. The user aims the camera of the computer device running the computer program to the cassettes. In the embodiment illustrated in the  FIG. 4A , the reference cassette is placed on top of the test cassette. In some other embodiment, the computer program can automatically recognize the reference cassette and the test cassette; therefore the positions of the cassette do not matter. The image of the cassettes is visualized in the double cassette mode capture interface  410 , as shown in the  FIG. 4A . 
         [0043]    In one embodiment, the double cassette mode capture interface  410  includes an overlay frame  412  visualized on the interface  410 . The overlay frame  412  mimics the overall shapes of the test cassette and the reference cassette to prompt the user to adjust the computer device and the cassettes to proper positions and angles so that the images of the cassettes  414  and  415  closely fit the overlay frame  412 , in order to achieve consistent capturing of the image of the cassettes. For instance, the overlay frame  412  illustrated in the  FIG. 4A  has an upper rectangle mimicking the outer rectangular shape of the reference cassette, and a lower rectangle mimicking the outer rectangular shape of the test cassette. Additionally, the overly frame  412  has ovals and inner rectangles mimicking the test drop windows and the inner strip windows of the cassettes. The ovals and the inner rectangles prompt the user to lay down the test cassette and the reference cassette for image capturing in a proper orientation, as suggested by the positions of the oval and the inner rectangle. In one embodiment, the top portion of the overlay frame  412  has 4 bars in an inner strip window, which reminds the user to put the reference cassette on the top. In other embodiments, the overlay frame can contain numbers of bars other than 4, or to remind the user to put the reference cassette in other positions relative to the test cassette, as ready understood by a person having ordinary skill in the art. An exact match between the rectangles and the cassettes&#39; borders, however, is not required for capturing the image of the cassettes. 
         [0044]    Optionally, the double cassette mode capture interface  410  can include a flash option button  416  to switch between flash modes. For instance, in one embodiment, the flash modes include Auto, On and Off modes. The device capturing the image can be equipped with flash component to improve the image quality. In one embodiment, the double cassette mode capture interface  410  can further include a load button. After the user clicks the load button, the computer program loads and processes a saved image, instead of capturing a new image for processing. The double cassette mode capture interface  410  can also include a cancel button  418 . If the user clicks the cancel button  418 , the computer program switches back to the main interface  100  as shown in the  FIG. 1 . 
         [0045]    The user can click a capture button  419  to capture the image of the cassette. Then the computer program analyzes the captured image of the cassette and switches to a double cassette mode result interface  420  as illustrated in  FIG. 4B . To analyze the captured image, the computer program can follow the process  500  as illustrated in  FIG. 5 . 
         [0046]    In one embodiment, the test cassette includes a test drop window and a test strip window. The test cassette is treated with test fluid, such as urine or blood sample, by dropping the test fluid onto the test drop window. Once the cassette is treated, a test strip will be visualized in the test strip window, whose intensity indicates the test result. In some embodiments, the test strip window includes another control strip providing a standardized reference for the intensity reading. The image of the cassette captured by the computer program includes the images of test strip and the control strip. The reference cassette includes a reference strip window. In one embodiment as illustrated in the  FIG. 5 , the reference strip window includes four reference lines (also referred to as reference strips). In another embodiment, the reference strip window can include from two to eight lines. In yet another embodiment, the reference strip window can includes a plurality of reference lines. The intensities of the reference lines are known. The computer program is able to determine the intensity of the test strip by comparing the image of the test strip with the images of the reference strips. In some embodiments, the reference lines are printed using computer generated images of lines having grayscale values that are predetermined by a user. 
         [0047]      FIG. 4B  illustrates a screenshot showing a double cassette mode result interface  420  of an example computer application. The result interface  420  visualizes a captured image  421  of the test cassette, which includes test strip image  422 , and a captured image  431  of the reference cassette, which includes reference strips image  432 . 
         [0048]    The double cassette mode result interface  420  further visualizes an intensity curve  425  showing the intensity of the test strip window  424  along an axis of the test strip window  424  that is perpendicular to the test strip line. The intensity curve  425  can be calculated by the computer program using the captured image via a process illustrated in  FIG. 5 . The intensity curve  425  has a peaks  426  corresponding to the intensity of test strip  422 . 
         [0049]    The double cassette mode result interface  420  further visualizes a reference curve  435  showing the intensities of the reference strip window  434  along an axis of the reference strip window  434  that is perpendicular to the reference strip lines. The reference curve  435  can be calculated by the computer program using the captured image via a process illustrated in  FIG. 5 . The reference curve  435  has four peaks  436  corresponding to the intensities of the reference strips  432 . 
         [0050]    The result interface  420  further display a test strip intensity reading  429 . The test strip intensity reading  429  is calculated by the computer program via the process illustrated in  FIG. 5 . 
         [0051]      FIG. 5  illustrates an example process  500  of analyzing a test strip image with reference strips (also referred to as reference lines). At step  510 , the computer program obtains an image of a test strip cassette and a reference cassette. In one embodiment, the computer program obtains the image by capturing an image of test strip cassette and a reference cassette by using a camera of a computer device on which the computer program runs. At step  512 , the computer program determines a division line for the image and divides the image into a top portion and a bottom portion separate by the division line. 
         [0052]    At step  512 , the computer program identifies edge pixels by find locations (i.e. pixels) where pixel grayscale value changes radically. At step  515 , the computer program performs a Hough transform on edge pixels to identify a quadrilateral on the lower portion that is defined by two horizontal lines and two vertical lines on the image. In one embodiment, other feature extraction technique, other than the Hough transform, can be used to identify the quadrilateral, as readily understood by a person having ordinary skill in the art. 
         [0053]    At step  520 , the computer program checks whether a quadrilateral is identified from the lower portion. If a quadrilateral is identified, the computer program continues to step  525 . The identified quadrilateral indicates the shape and location of the test cassette on the image. Otherwise, the computer program stops at step  595 . 
         [0054]    At step  525 , based on the location and dimension of the identified quadrilateral, and a predetermined dimensional relationship between the identified quadrilateral and an inner quadrilateral, the computer program locates the inner quadrilateral within the identified quadrilateral. The inner quadrilateral indicates the shape and location of the test strip window of the test cassette on the lower portion of the image. 
         [0055]    At step  530 , the computer program determines a horizontal central line of the inner quadrilateral. The horizontal central line can be roughly horizontal along the inner quadrilateral. However, the horizontal central line is not required to be at zero degree from any axis of the inner quadrilateral. The horizontal central line is the X-axis of an intensity curve to be calculated by the computer program. At step  535 , the computer program identifies a rectangle by extending the horizontal central line vertically to a pre-defined distance towards the top and the bottom of the inner quadrilateral. In case when the image of the test strip window happens to be rectangular, the identified rectangle closely fit the image of the test strip window. 
         [0056]    At step  540 , the computer program calculates the intensity curve by computing vertical projections of the rectangle along the horizontal central line. In one embodiment, the computer program reads pixels of the image portion within the rectangle, and aggregates the pixel values along the direction that is perpendicular to the central line as the intensity curve values along the horizontal central line (X-Axis). 
         [0057]    At step  550 , the computer program finds a test strip peak on the intensity curve. In the embodiment as illustrated in  FIG. 4B , the left peak corresponds to the intensity of a sample line of the test strip. The height of the peak is recorded as the peak value (also referred to as grayscale value) of the sample line of the test strip. 
         [0058]    At step  552 , the computer program identifies edge pixels by find locations (i.e. pixels) where pixel grayscale value changes radically. At step  555 , the computer program performs a Hough transform on edge pixels. to identify a quadrilateral on the upper portion that is defined by two horizontal lines and two vertical lines on the image. In one embodiment, other feature extraction technique, other than the Hough transform, can be used to identify the quadrilateral, as readily understood by a person having ordinary skill in the art. 
         [0059]    At step  560 , the computer program checks whether a quadrilateral is identified from the upper portion. If a quadrilateral is identified, the computer program continues to step  565 . The identified quadrilateral indicates the shape and location of the reference cassette on the image. Otherwise, the computer program stops at step  595 . 
         [0060]    At step  565 , based on the location and dimension of the identified quadrilateral, and a predetermined dimensional relationship between the identified quadrilateral and an inner quadrilateral, the computer program locates the inner quadrilateral within the identified quadrilateral. The inner quadrilateral indicates the shape and location of the reference strip window of the reference cassette on the upper portion of the image. 
         [0061]    At step  570 , the computer program determines a horizontal central line of the inner quadrilateral. The horizontal central line can be roughly horizontal along the inner quadrilateral. However, the horizontal central line is not required to be at zero degree from any axis of the inner quadrilateral. The horizontal central line is the X-axis of a reference curve to be calculated by the computer program. At step  535 , the computer program identifies a rectangle by extending the horizontal central line vertically to a pre-defined distance towards the top and the bottom of the inner quadrilateral. In case when the image of the reference strip window happens to be rectangular, the identified rectangle closely fit the image of the reference strip window. 
         [0062]    At step  575 , the computer program calculates the reference curve by computing vertical projections of the rectangle along the horizontal central line. In one embodiment, the computer program reads pixels of the image portion within the rectangle, and aggregates the pixel values along the direction that is perpendicular to the central line as the reference curve values along the horizontal central line (X-Axis). 
         [0063]    At step  580 , the computer program finds four reference strip peaks on the reference curve, corresponding to four reference strips in the reference strip window of the reference cassette. The heights of the peaks are recorded as the peak values (also referred to as grayscale values) of the reference strip. 
         [0064]    The steps of analyzing the lower portion (i.e. steps  515 - 550 ) and the steps of analyzing the upper portion (i.e. steps  555 - 580 ) can be performed by the computer program simultaneously as illustrated in the  FIG. 5 . In one embodiment, the steps of analyzing the lower portion can be performed before the steps of analyzing the upper portion. In another embodiment, the steps of analyzing the upper portion can be performed before the steps of analyzing the lower portion 
         [0065]    At step  585 , the computer program constructs an interpolation curve (also referred to as standard curve) based on the four peak values of the reference strips and their known intensity values. At step  590 , using the peak value (also referred to as grayscale value) value of the test strip, the computer program determines a test strip intensity reading by finding a corresponding interpolation value on the interpolation curve. 
         [0066]    There are various ways of constructing the interpolation curve and finding the interpolation value on the interpolation curve, as readily understood by a person having ordinary skill in the art.  FIG. 6  illustrates an example process of constructing an interpolation curve (also referred to as standard curve) and finding an interpolation value on the interpolation curve. 
         [0067]    At step a, the computer program receives four peak values (also referred to as grayscale values) for the four reference strips generated from the captured image of the reference cassette, as disclosed in step  580  in  FIG. 5 . The computer program also has four known intensity values for these four reference strips. For each reference strip, the computer program determines a point in an interpolation curve. The X coordinate value of the point is the intensity value of the corresponding reference strip; The Y coordinate value of the point is the peak value (also referred to as grayscale value) of the corresponding reference strip. 
         [0068]    At step b, the computer program determines line segments that are bounded by neighboring points. The line segments forms the interpolation curve. 
         [0069]    At step c, the computer program receives the peak value (also referred to as grayscale value) for the sample line of the test strip generated from the captured image of the test strip cassette, as disclosed in step  550  in  FIG. 5 . 
         [0070]    At step d, the computer program finds a point on the interpolation curve whose Y coordinate value is the peak value for the test strip. The X coordinate value of the point is the interpolation value, i.e. the test strip intensity reading. Therefore, by comparing the test strip&#39;s peak value with the peak values of the reference strips whose intensities are known, the computer program accurately determines the test strip intensity reading, with little interference from the ambient light condition. 
         [0071]    The embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 6  uses four reference strips (reference lines). In other embodiments, the computer program can use a plurality of reference lines. For example, the computer program can use two reference lines. In that case, the standard curve is assumed to be a linear curve defined by two points located by the know intensities and grayscale values of the two reference lines. 
         [0072]      FIG. 7  illustrates an example measurement system  700  based on the test strip intensity recognition techniques disclosed herein. The measurement system  700  includes a computer device  710 . The computer device  710  can be a desktop computer, a laptop, a tablet computer, a smart phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a digital camera, or other type of electronic device. The computer device  710  includes a camera  712  capable of capturing images of test strip cassettes. Optionally, the computer device  710  can further include location positioning module, GPRS module, or wireless communication module for transferring the measurement result in real time. 
         [0073]    The measurement system  700  further includes a computer program  720  for performing the test strip intensity recognition techniques as disclosed in, for example,  FIGS. 3 and 5 . The computer program  720  runs on the computer device  710  to control the camera  712  to capture the image and further performs the analysis of the image to recognize the test strip intensity. 
         [0074]    The measurement system  700  also includes a test strip cassette  730 . The test strip cassette  730  includes a test strip  732  inside of the test strip cassette  730 . The test strip cassette  730  can further include a test drop window  734  and a test strip window  736 . The test strip cassette  730  can be treated with test fluid, such as urine or blood sample, by dropping the test fluid onto the test drop window  734 . Once the test strip cassette  730  is treated with test fluid, one or more strip line  738  will be visualized in the test strip window  736 . 
         [0075]    In one embodiment, the measurement system  700  can further include a referent strip cassette  740 . The reference strip cassette  740  includes a reference strip window  742 . Four reference strip lines  744  are visualized in the reference strip window  742 . The four reference strip lines  744  have four different known intensities to be compared with the intensity of the test strip line. 
         [0076]    In another embodiment, a plurality of reference strip lines is printed on the test strip cassette  730 , instead of on a separate reference strip cassette. 
         [0077]    In yet another embodiment, as illustrated in  FIG. 14 , a plurality of reference strip lines  890  is printed on a small bright area  889  on a pad  888  (similar to a computer mouse pad) having dark background color. The pad further contains a designed location  891  to put the test cassette. A computer device can capture an image of the pad  888  (including the reference strip lines  890 ) and the test cassette, in order to process the image and recognize the test strip intensity. 
         [0078]    Running on the computer device  710 , the computer program  720  can recognize the test strip intensity on the treated test strip cassette  730 , calibrated by the reference strip lines  744  on the reference strip cassette  740 . The computer program  720  determines a measurement result based on the calibrated test strip intensity. 
         [0079]    In one embodiment, the test strip  732  uses colloidal gold immunochromatography technique. The immunochromatography technique is a type of antigen-antibody immune marker technique using colloidal gold as a tracer marker. Colloidal gold is a suspension (or colloid) of particles of gold in a fluid. Gold nanoparticles are produced in a liquid by reduction of chloroauric acid (H[AuCl 4 ]). In the test strip  732 , a first specific antigen is attached to a zone of a nitrocellulose membrane. When test fluid reaches one end of the dry nitrocellulose membrane, the antibody and the colloidal gold forms a mixture. Due to the capillary action, the mixture moves along the nitrocellulose membrane. Once the mixture reaches the zone with the first specific antigen, the antibody binds to the antigen. Accordingly the zone shows the color of the colloidal gold. The intensity of the colloidal gold corresponds to the concentration of the antibody. 
       EXAMPLE 
     Example 1 
     Test Strip Intensity Recognition using Single Cassette Mode 
       [0080]    Four treated test strip cassettes are prepared for intensity recognition. Each of the test strip cassettes is applied with test fluid containing Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody with different concentrations. The concentrations of the IgG test fluid are 0.5 ug/mL, 1 ug/mL, 2 ug/mL, 4 ug/mL, and 8 ug/mL respectively. 
         [0081]    A computer device running the above mentioned computer program is used for recognizing the intensities of the test strips on the treated test strip cassettes. For each test strip cassette, the intensity recognition process is repeated 5 times. The background is black. Ambient light condition is typical office light condition. The distance between the computer device and the cassettes during intensity recognition is 9.5 cm. The intensity readings are listed in the Table 1. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Concentration 
                 Log of 
                 Repeat 
                 Repeat 
                 Repeat 
                 Repeat 
                 Repeat 
                 mean 
                   
                   
               
               
                 (ug/mL IgG) 
                 concentration 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 intensity 
                 stdev 
                 cv 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0.5 
                 −0.693147181 
                 0.1 
                 0.09 
                 0.09 
                 0.08 
                 0.08 
                 0.088 
                 0.008367 
                 9.5075 
               
               
                 1 
                 0 
                 0.1 
                 0.12 
                 0.12 
                 0.13 
                 0.12 
                 0.118 
                 0.010954 
                 9.283433 
               
               
                 2 
                 0.693147181 
                 0.18 
                 0.22 
                 0.18 
                 0.18 
                 0.18 
                 0.188 
                 0.017889 
                 9.515183 
               
               
                 4 
                 1.386294361 
                 0.22 
                 0.22 
                 0.27 
                 0.23 
                 0.25 
                 0.238 
                 0.021679 
                 9.109027 
               
               
                 8 
                 2.079441542 
                 0.35 
                 0.36 
                 0.35 
                 0.35 
                 0.35 
                 0.352 
                 0.004472 
                 1.270493 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0082]      FIG. 8A  shows a linear regression analysis on the experimental data for single cassette mode test strip intensity recognition. The horizontal coordinates of the data points on  FIG. 8A  are the average number of the intensity readings repeated 5 times for each test strip cassettes. The vertical coordinates of the data points are the concentrations of the IgG antibody applied to the test strip fluid. 
         [0083]      FIG. 8B  shows a linear regression analysis on the experimental data for single cassette mode test strip intensity recognition in view of the logarithms of the IgG concentrations. The horizontal coordinates of the data points on  FIG. 8B  are the average number of the intensity readings repeated 5 times for each test strip cassettes. The vertical coordinates of the data points are the logarithms of concentrations of the IgG antibody applied to the test strip fluid. 
       Example 2 
     Test Strip Intensity Recognition using Double Cassette Mode 
       [0084]    Four treated test strip cassettes are prepared for intensity recognition. Each of the test strip cassettes is applied with test fluid containing Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody with different concentrations. The concentrations of the IgG test fluid are 0.5 ug/mL, 1 ug/mL, 2 ug/mL, 4 ug/mL, and 8 ug/mL respectively. A reference cassette showing four reference strips with different known intensities are used as reference for intensity recognition. 
         [0085]    A computer device running the above mentioned computer program is used for capture the images of the test strip cassettes along with the reference cassette. The computer program performs the recognition of the intensities of the test strips on the treated test strip cassettes based on the images. For each test strip cassette, the intensity recognition process is repeated 5 times. The background is black. Ambient light condition is typical office light condition. The distance between the computer device and the cassettes during intensity recognition is 9.5 cm. The distance between each test strip cassette and the reference cassette is 1.0 cm. The intensity readings are listed in the Table 2. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Concentration 
                 Log of 
                 Repeat 
                 Repeat 
                 Repeat 
                 Repeat 
                 Repeat 
                 mean 
                   
                   
               
               
                 (ug/mL IgG) 
                 concentration 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 intensity 
                 stdev 
                 cv 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0.5 
                 −0.693147181 
                 2.68 
                 2.64 
                 2.66 
                 2.66 
                 2.66 
                 2.66 
                 0.014142 
                 0.531659 
               
               
                 1 
                 0 
                 2.66 
                 2.8 
                 2.64 
                 2.68 
                 2.78 
                 2.712 
                 0.072938 
                 2.689466 
               
               
                 2 
                 0.693147181 
                 2.94 
                 3.02 
                 2.96 
                 2.96 
                 2.96 
                 2.968 
                 0.030332 
                 1.021951 
               
               
                 4 
                 1.386294361 
                 3.18 
                 3.24 
                 3.16 
                 3.16 
                 3.14 
                 3.176 
                 0.038471 
                 1.211296 
               
               
                 8 
                 2.079441542 
                 3.42 
                 3.46 
                 3.52 
                 3.52 
                 3.54 
                 3.492 
                 0.0502 
                 1.43756 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0086]      FIG. 9A  shows a linear regression analysis on the experimental data for double cassette mode test strip intensity recognition. The horizontal coordinates of the data points on  FIG. 9A  are the average number of the intensity readings repeated 5 times for each test strip cassette. The vertical coordinates of the data points are the concentrations of the IgG antibody applied to the test strip fluid. 
         [0087]      FIG. 9B  shows a linear regression analysis on the experimental data for double cassette mode test strip intensity recognition in view of the logarithms of the IgG concentrations. The horizontal coordinates of the data points on  FIG. 9B  are the average number of the intensity readings repeated 5 times for each test strip cassette. The vertical coordinates of the data points are the logarithms of concentrations of the IgG antibody applied to the test strip fluid.  FIG. 9B  shows that the logarithms of the IgG concentrations have a strong linear relationship with the intensity readings of the test strip. The linear coefficient is 0.9582. The coefficient of variation is less than 3% for each test strip cassette sample. 
         [0088]    Although the examples show using the technique to accurately recognize intensities of the test strips. The technique can be also used to accurately recognize colors of the test strips, as readily understood by a person having ordinary skill in the art. 
         [0089]      FIG. 10  shows a diagrammatic representation of a machine in the example form of a computer device within which a set of instructions, for causing the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, may be executed. 
         [0090]    In alternative embodiments, the machine operates as a standalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine may operate in the capacity of a server or a client machine in a client-server network environment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. 
         [0091]    The machine may be a server computer, a client computer, a personal computer (PC), a user device, a tablet PC, a laptop computer, a set-top box (STB), a personal digital assistant (PDA), a cellular telephone, an iPhone, an iPad, a Blackberry, a processor, a telephone, a web appliance, a network router, switch or bridge, a console, a hand-held console, a (hand-held) gaming device, a music player, any portable, mobile, hand-held device, or any machine capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine. 
         [0092]    While the machine-readable medium or machine-readable storage medium is shown in an exemplary embodiment to be a single medium, the term “machine-readable medium” and “machine-readable storage medium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) that store the one or more sets of instructions. The term “machine-readable medium” and “machine-readable storage medium” shall also be taken to include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying a set of instructions for execution by the machine and that cause the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies of the presently disclosed technique and innovation. 
         [0093]    In general, the routines executed to implement the embodiments of the disclosure, may be implemented as part of an operating system or a specific application, component, program, object, module or sequence of instructions referred to as “computer programs.” The computer programs typically comprise one or more instructions set at various times in various memory and storage devices in a computer, and that, when read and executed by one or more processing units or processors in a computer, cause the computer to perform operations to execute elements involving the various aspects of the disclosure. 
         [0094]    Moreover, while embodiments have been described in the context of fully functioning computers and computer devices, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the various embodiments are capable of being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that the disclosure applies equally regardless of the particular type of machine or computer-readable media used to actually effect the distribution. 
         [0095]    Further examples of machine-readable storage media, machine-readable media, or computer-readable (storage) media include, but are not limited to, recordable type media such as volatile and non-volatile memory devices, floppy and other removable disks, hard disk drives, optical disks (e.g., Compact Disk Read-Only Memory (CD ROMS), Digital Versatile Disks, (DVDs), etc.), among others, and transmission type media such as digital and analog communication links. 
         [0096]    The network interface device enables the machine to mediate data in a network with an entity that is external to the host server, through any known and/or convenient communications protocol supported by the host and the external entity. The network interface device can include one or more of a network adaptor card, a wireless network interface card, a router, an access point, a wireless router, a switch, a multilayer switch, a protocol converter, a gateway, a bridge, bridge router, a hub, a digital media receiver, and/or a repeater. 
         [0097]    The network interface device can include a firewall which can, in some embodiments, govern and/or manage permission to access/proxy data in a computer network, and track varying levels of trust between different machines and/or applications. The firewall can be any number of modules having any combination of hardware and/or software components able to enforce a predetermined set of access rights between a particular set of machines and applications, machines and machines, and/or applications and applications, for example, to regulate the flow of traffic and resource sharing between these varying entities. The firewall may additionally manage and/or have access to an access control list which details permissions including for example, the access and operation rights of an object by an individual, a machine, and/or an application, and the circumstances under which the permission rights stand. 
         [0098]    Other network security functions can be performed or included in the functions of the firewall, can be, for example, but are not limited to, intrusion-prevention, intrusion detection, next-generation firewall, personal firewall, etc. without deviating from the novel art of this disclosure.