Abstract:
A database management system has a plurality of database servers and data can be transferred between them by partitioning a data area into small areas and altering allocation of the small areas to the database servers. After altering the configuration, there occurs degradation in processing speed that accompanies re-creation of the index. If this problem is solved by using conventional techniques, noticeable degradation in processing speed will occur to a specific query at the time of a steady state operation. Accordingly, an index created for each of the small areas and an index to all of the small areas are allocated to the database server and used in combination.

Description:
[0001]    This application is a continuation application of U.S. Ser. No. 11/483,548, filed Jul. 11, 2006, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
       CLAIM OF PRIORITY 
       [0002]    The present application claims priority from Japanese application JP 2005-202401 filed in Jul. 12, 2005, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference into this application. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    This invention relates to an indexing method for operating a database management system (DBMS) whose data area was partition. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    The DBMS usually uses an index in order to speed up retrieval. Especially the B-Tree structure and its extended structure are data structures suitable for a disk unit, and therefore are widely used as the most common index structure. In the B-Tree structured index is obtained by sorting a specific one or plurality of columns in a table in advance. The index is arranged so that search efficiency is increased, whereby search with the column being used as a key is speeded up. 
         [0005]    Meanwhile, as the amount of data has increased in recent years, attentions have been attracted to the cluster DBMS that uses a plurality of DB servers. As one method for operating the cluster DBMS, there is a method in which partition is performed with the hash-division algorithm or the range division method using a specific one or plurality of partition key columns in a table so that the same row in the table is not shared by the DB servers. 
         [0006]    The cluster DBMS being operated by the above-mentioned method comes with a disadvantage that it will take a time to alter its configuration, such as a change of the number of DB servers. With the cluster DBMS, in the case of query processing that requires search results of all the DB servers to be summarized, query processing performance is governed by a DB server that takes the largest time. Since occurrence of a difference in the amount of data among the servers generally degrades the performance, it is essential to equalize the amount of data when altering the configuration. However, this processing requires data on a disk unit to be transferred to a physically different place, therefore taking a long time to do so. 
         [0007]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,551,027 gives description about a hierarchical index for narrowing retrieval by a non-partition key in a cluster environment of the non-shared type DBMS. According to it, by using a global index consisting of a pair of a non-partition key and server number that maintains its column, it is possible to narrow down a server to be used for retrieval. However, the global index has only that capacity, but not a capacity for indicating a specific column in the table. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    The inventors of this invention have previously proposed an invention in which a sharable storage is partitioned in advance and only allocation thereof is altered at the time of configuration alteration of the DBMS, whereby high-speed configuration alteration that does not accompany transfer of data is made feasible (JP 2004-003601 A).  FIGS. 2A and 2B  show examples in each of which a table area  204  is partitioned into 12 small areas  205 . In a state shown by  FIG. 2A , two set of six small areas  206 ,  207  allocated to two back end modules  201 ,  202  connected to each other via a network  203 , respectively.  FIG. 2B  shows a state of  FIG. 2A  with one back end module  208  being newly added. In this state, three sets of four small areas  205  are allocated to three back end modules  209 , 210 , 211 , respectively. The prior application proposes a method in which, as a method for partitioning a storage, a partition key column of a table is used and the same partitioning method as that of a table is used. Moreover, the allocation of the small areas  205  to the DB servers is managed using an allocation management table. 
         [0009]    In addition, it is also possible to imitate a function of the method of the prior application only using partitioned storages, without using the allocation management table. As one example, the imitating is possible by creating a large number of small LU&#39;s each corresponding to a small area in the shared storage on a network and manually managing allocation of these LU&#39;s. However, in this case, it is necessary to secure all matters that the DBMS manages, such as consistency management of transaction, which makes the operation complicated. 
         [0010]    However, in the case where JP 2004-003601 A and the imitated technique described above are applied to a DBMS equipped with an index search function, there arises a problem that the index needs to be re-created. This is a problem arising from the DBMS having a configuration that makes it possible to create an index by specifying a column different from a partition key column of the table as a key. Re-creation of the index generally requires the whole table to be scanned, which needs a considerable time. Because of this, in the case of presence of the index, a merit of the high-speed configuration alteration by JP 2004-003601 A and the imitated technique described above will become faded. 
         [0011]    There is also a case, as a solution method enabled by the conventional technique, where an index area  301  is previously partitioned ( 302 ) by the same dividing method as that of the table area  204  into the same number of partitioned areas, as shown in  FIG. 3 , and the technique proposed by the above-mentioned JP 2004-003601 A and the imitated technique described above are applied to the index area, and the partitioned areas and index areas  303 ,  304 ,  305 ,  306 ,  307  are allocated to the back end modules  201 ,  202 ,  208 , whereby the high-speed configuration alteration can be realized including the index. Where the index area  301  is partitioned, it is necessary to establish one-to-one correspondence between small areas in the table area  204  and small areas in the index area  301 . In this case, this correspondence includes a correspondence between small areas  401  in the table area  204  and small areas  402  in the index area  301  and a correspondence between small areas  403  in the table area  204  and small areas  404  in the index area  301 . However, if this method is applied to the B-Tree index, a large number of small indices whose search cost is much the same as that of the usual index for the whole table area  204  will be created. As a result, a problem that a search cost will be multiplied by the number of partitions in the partition for a specific query, such as range retrieval. 
         [0012]    Therefore, the problem that is intended to be solved by this invention is concerned with an operation of a database management system that consists of a plurality of database servers and enables the database servers to transfer data between them by partitioning a data area into small areas and altering allocation of the small areas to the database servers. More specifically, the problem is the occurrence of degradation in processing speed that accompanies the re-creation of the index after the configuration alteration. If this problem is intended to be solved by using the conventional technique, the problem is an occurrence of noticeable degradation in processing speed to a specific query at the time of a steady state operation. 
         [0013]    In the operation of a database management system that consists of a plurality of database servers and enables the database servers to transfer data between them by partitioning a data area into small areas and altering allocation of the small areas to the database servers, indices created for the respective small areas and an index for all the small areas allocated to each database server are used in combination. 
         [0014]    In the operation of a database management system that enables the database servers to transfer data between them by partitioning a data area into small areas and altering allocation of the small areas to the database servers, after the configuration alteration by altering allocation of the partitioned data areas, noticeable degradation in processing speed caused by re-creation of the index will not occur and, at the time of a steady state operation, noticeable degradation in processing speed to a specific query will not occur. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0015]      FIG. 1  is a conceptual diagram showing a system configuration of a database management system according to this invention; 
           [0016]      FIGS. 2A and 2B  are explanatory diagrams showing a method of altering the configuration with high speed in a database management system whose data area was partitioned:  FIG. 2A  shows a state before allocation alteration, and  FIG. 2B  shows a state after allocation alteration; 
           [0017]      FIGS. 3A and 3B  are explanatory diagrams showing a method of high-speed configuration alteration in the database management system whose data area was partitioned:  FIG. 3A  shows a state before allocation alteration, and  FIG. 3B  shows a state after allocation alteration; 
           [0018]      FIG. 4  is an explanatory diagram showing a method for configuring an index that makes it possible to alter the configuration with high speed in the database management system whose data area was partitioned; 
           [0019]      FIG. 5  is an explanatory diagram showing a method for constructing a database management system using a large index and small indices of an embodiment of this invention; 
           [0020]      FIG. 6  is an explanatory diagram showing a processing flow of the configuration alteration in the database management system of the above-mentioned embodiment; 
           [0021]      FIG. 7  is an explanatory diagram showing a method for constructing a database management system of another embodiment of this invention; and 
           [0022]      FIG. 8  is a flowchart showing a processing flow of the configuration alteration in the database management system of the above-mentioned embodiment (second embodiment). 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
       [0023]      FIG. 1  shows a best mode for carrying out the invention. In this embodiment, a plurality of DB servers  101 ,  102  are connected with a table area  109  and an index area # 1   110  on a network-connected storage via a network  117 , and accordingly the table area  109  and the index area  110  are sharable by the plurality of DB servers  101 , 102 . Moreover, exclusive index areas # 2   113 , 115  are connected with the respective DB server. The table area  109  and the index area # 1   110  are partitioned internally into the same number of small areas  111 ,  112  by using the same technique. Each of the small areas  103 , 104 , 106 , 107  is allocated to the DB servers  101 , 102 . Small areas are not created in the other index areas # 2   113 ,  115 , but one or a plurality of areas  114 ,  116  are made up and referred to by DB servers  105 ,  108 . 
       First Embodiment 
       [0024]      FIG. 5  is a schematic diagram of a first embodiment of this invention. In this embodiment, back end modules  501 , 502  for performing data search in a table area  508  and the index areas and data operation correspond to the DB servers  101 ,  102  in  FIG. 1 , respectively. In addition, a database management system  512  is constructed with: the back end modules  501 , 502 ; a front end module  503  for receiving a query from a user or program  504  and creating a query plan; a scheduler module  505  for managing the configuration alteration done by the function shown in JP 2004-003601 A and a schedule of indexing; a mapping module  506  for managing allocation of the partitioned data areas; the table area  508  in the shared storage; an index area # 1   509  in the shared storage; and index areas # 2   510 ,  511  on the non-shared storage; all of which work in conjunction with one another. An administrator or program  507  does input of a configuration altering instruction into the scheduler module  505 . 
         [0025]    In this embodiment, the function shown in JP 2004-003601 A is applied to the table area  508  and the index area # 1   509 . The scheduler module  505  is made to perform schedule management of the configuration alteration, and the mapping module  506  is made to perform allocation management of the areas  508 , 509  on the shared storage. In order to take such a configuration, it is necessary to guarantee that the table area  508  and the index area # 1   509  will establish one-to-one correspondence. In this embodiment, the hash-division algorithm was used to partition the table, and the B-Tree index was chosen to be the index. Further, using the technique shown in  FIG. 4 , the hash function used to partition the table area  508  and the index area # 1   509 , respectively, are equalized, and the table area  508  and the index area # 1   509  are partitioned by the same number of partitions, respectively, whereby consistency is guaranteed. Here, the divided indices being created in the index area # 1   509  are referred to as small indices. In the other index areas # 2   510 , 511 , the index corresponding to the whole of the table areas allocated to the back end modules  501 , 502  are created, respectively. In this specification, the index created in each of the index areas # 2   510 , 511  is referred to as a large index. 
         [0026]    Note here that when the configuration is altered, the small areas allocated to the back end modules  501 , 502  as a table area will change; therefore, discrepancy of contents will arise between the table area  508  and the index areas # 2   510 ,  511 . In order to solve the problem, it is necessary to manage the large index before and after the configuration alteration.  FIG. 6  shows a processing flow at the time of this configuration alteration. In this flow, after receiving configuration alteration request (Step  601 ), the large index is invalidated (Step  602 ) and the configuration alternation is performed (Step  603 ) according to JP 2004-003601 A. After the configuration alteration (Step  603 ), the large index that has been invalidated previously (Step  602 ) is re-created (Step  604 ). Since the re-creation of the large index (Step  604 ) is performed in the background, a query from the user or the program  504  is being received continuously. Moreover, during the re-creation of the large index (Step  604 ), the fall of the retrieval processing speed can be kept to the minimum by performing retrieval processing using the small index. After finishing the re-creation of the large index (Step  604 ), the large index is validated (Step  605 ) to be usable in query processing, and the configuration alteration processing is ended (Step  6106 ). 
         [0027]    Note that, in order to re-create the large index by the conventional technique, all the items in a pertinent table need to be scanned. However, in the environment to which this invention is applied, it is guaranteed that the small index corresponding to the large index surely exists and the small index has already been sorted. Therefore, speed-up in re-creating the large index can be attained by creating the large index from the small index, not from the table. 
       Second Embodiment 
       [0028]      FIG. 7  is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of this invention. In this embodiment, back end modules  701 , 702  for performing data search in a table area and an index area and data operation correspond to the DB servers  101 , 102  of  FIG. 1 , respectively. In addition, the back end modules  701 , 702  constitute a database management system  709  along with as a front end module  703  for receiving a query from a program  704  and generating a query plan as well as a table area  705  on a shared storage, an index area # 1   706  in the shared storage, and non-shared storage index areas # 2   707 ,  708  all of which work in conjunction with one another. 
         [0029]    This embodiment imitates the function shown in JP 2004-003601 A without using the allocation management table. In this embodiment, the table area and the index area # 1  in the shared storage are divided into 12 virtual volumes  705 ,  706 , respectively, and allocation of these virtual volumes  705 ,  706  to the back end servers  701 ,  702  is managed manually, whereby the functions shown in JP 2004-003601 A are imitated. Storing of the table in the 12-divided virtual volumes  705  is done by taking a method whereby a table divided into to create 12 parts similarly by the hash-division algorithm. Here, a divided index that is created in the index area # 1   706  is also referred to as a small index. In the other index areas # 2   707 , 708 , an index that corresponds to all the virtual volumes that are allocated to the back end modules  701 ,  702  is created. The index created in the index areas # 2   707 ,  708  is referred to as a large index. 
         [0030]    In this embodiment, just like the first embodiment, when the configuration is altered, there will occur discrepancy in contents between the table area and the index area # 2 .  FIG. 8  shows a processing flow for management of the large index that is necessary at the time of this configuration alteration. In this embodiment, the large index is invalidated (Step  802 ) after the reception of the configuration alteration processing (Step  801 ). In preparation for allocation alteration of the 12-divided virtual volumes  705 , 706 , the table area and the index area # 1  are dismounted from a database management system (Step  803 ), and a database management system is halted (Step  804 ). Then, instructions are issued to the OS and the shared storage to alter the allocation of the 12-divided virtual volumes  705 ,  706  (Step  805 ). Since the database management system has been halted previously (Step  804 ), this allocation alteration does not cause data loss to be generated. After the allocation alteration (Step  805 ), the database management system is started (Step  806 ), and the table area and the index area # 1  are re-mounted on the database management system (Step  807 ). At this time, the database management system becomes able to receive a query from the user or the program  704 . Then, the large index that has been invalidated previously (Step  802 ) is re-created (Step  808 ). Since the creation of the large index (Step  808 ) is performed in the background, reception of a query from the user or the program  704  is being done continuously. Moreover, during the re-creation of the large index (Step  808 ), the fall of retrieval processing speed is kept to the minimum by performing retrieval processing using the small index. After finishing the re-creation (Step  808 ) of the large index, the large index is validated (Step  809 ) to be usable in query processing, and the configuration alteration processing is ended (Step  810 ).