Abstract:
A method for the analysis of DNA sequences and PCR products comprises the steps of constructing an oligonucleotide-labeled bead set, and labeled complementary probe, and exposing the bead set and probe to a DNA fragment or PCR product under hybridizing conditions and analyzing the combined sample/bead set by flow cytometry. Flow cytometric measurements are used to classify beads within an exposed bead set to determine the presence of identical or nonidentical sequences within the test sample. The inventive technology enables the rapid analysis of DNA sequences and detection of point mutations, deletions and/or inversions while also reducing the cost and time for performing genetic assays.

Description:
REFERENCES 
     Commonly owned and co-pending patent application entitled &#34;Multiplexed Analysis of Clinical Specimens Apparatus and Method,&#34; Ser. No. 08/540,814, filed 11 Oct. 1995, by Van S. Chandler, R. Jerrold Fulton, and Mark B. Chandler, is hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a rapid, extremely sensitive, and reliable method for analysis of DNA sequences by flow cytometry. The invention has wide applicability but is particularly valuable as a method for detecting genetic variations associated with disease, malignancy, or other disorders. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Recent advances in genetic analyses have provided a wealth of information regarding specific mutations occurring in particular genes in given disease states. Consequently, use of an individual&#39;s genetic information in diagnosis of disease is becoming increasingly prevalent. Genes responsible for disease have been cloned and characterized in a number of cases, and it has been shown that responsible genetic defects may be a gross gene alteration, a small gene alteration, or even in some cases, a point mutation. There are a number of reported examples of diseases caused by genetic mutations. Other uses of DNA analysis, for example in paternity testing, etc., are also important and can be used in accordance with the invention. 
     Current techniques for genetic analysis have been greatly facilitated by the development and use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify selected segments of DNA. The power and sensitivity of the PCR has prompted its application to a wide variety of analytical problems in which detection of DNA or RNA sequences is required. 
     PCR is capable of amplifying short fragments of DNA, providing short (20 bases or more) nucleotides are supplied as primers. The primers anneal to either end of a span of denatured DNA target and, upon renaturation, enzymes synthesize the intervening complementary sequences by extending the primer along the target strand. During denaturation, the temperature is raised to break apart the target and newly synthesized complementary sequence. Upon cooling, renaturation and annealing, primers bind to the target and the newly made opposite strand and now the primer is extended again creating the complement. The result is that in each cycle of heating and renaturation followed by primer extension, the amount of target sequence is doubled. 
     One major difficulty with adoption of PCR is the cumbersome nature of the methods of analyzing the reaction&#39;s amplified DNA products. Methods for detecting genetic abnormalities and PCR products have been described but they are cumbersome and time consuming. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,429,923 issued Jul. 4, 1995 to Seidman, et al., describes a method for detecting mutations in persons having, or suspected of having, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. That method involves amplifying a DNA sequence suspected of containing the disease associated mutation, combining the amplified product with an RNA probe to produce an RNA-DNA hybrid and detecting the mutation by digesting unhybridized portions of the RNA strand by treating the hybridized product with an RNAse to detect mutations, and then measuring the size of the products of the RNAse reaction to determine whether cleavage of the RNA molecule has occurred. 
     Other methods used for detecting mutations in DNA sequences, including direct sequencing methods (Maxim and Gilbert, PNAS USA, 74, 560-564, 1977); PCR amplification of specific alleles, PASA (Botttema and Sommer, Muta. Res., 288, 93-102, 1993); and reverse dot blot method (Kawasaki, et al., Methods in Enzymology, 218, 369-81, 993) have been described. These techniques, while useful, are time consuming and cumbersome and for that reason are not readily adaptable to diagnostic assays for use on a large scale. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a significant advance in the art by providing a rapid and sensitive flow cytometric assay for analysis of genetic sequences that is widely applicable to detection of any of a number of genetic abnormalities. In general, the methods of the present invention employ a competitive hybridization assay using DNA coupled microspheres and fluorescent DNA probes. 
     In practice of the invention, oligonucleotides from a region of a gene to which a disease associated mutation has been mapped are synthesized and coupled to a microsphere (bead) by standard techniques such as by carbodiimide coupling. A fluorescent oligonucleotide, complementary to the oligonucleotide on the bead, is also synthesized. To perform a test in accordance with the invention, DNA (which is to be tested for a mutation in a gene of interest) is purified and subjected to PCR amplification using standard techniques and PCR initiation probes directed to amplify the particular region of DNA to which such a mutation has been mapped. The PCR product is then incubated with the beads under conditions sufficient to allow hybridization between the amplified DNA and the oligonucleotides present on the beads. A fluorescent DNA probe that is complementary to the oligonucleotide coupled to the beads is also added under competitive hybridization conditions. Aliquots of the beads so reacted are then run through a flow cytometer and the intensity of fluorescence on each bead is measured to detect the level of fluorescence which indicates the presence or absence of mutations in the samples. 
     For example, when beads labeled with an oligonucleotide probe corresponding to a non-mutated (wild-type) DNA segment are hybridized with the PCR product from an individual who has a non-mutated wild-type DNA sequence in the genetic region of interest, the PCR product will effect a significant competitive displacement of fluorescent oligonucleotide probe from the beads and, therefore, cause a measurable decrease in fluorescence of the beads, e.g., as compared to a control reaction that did not receive PCR reaction product. If, on the other hand, a PCR product from an individual having a mutation in the region of interest is incubated with the beads bearing the wild-type probe, a significantly lesser degree of displacement and resulting decrease in intensity of fluorescence on the beads will be observed because the mutated PCR product will be a less effective competitor for binding to the oligonucleotide coupled to the bead than the perfectly complementary fluorescent wild-type probe. Alternatively, the beads may be coupled to an oligonucleotide corresponding to a mutation known to be associated with a particular disease and similar principles applied. The ratio of reactivity of the PCR product with beadsets bearing the wild type versus known mutant sequences identifies the PCR product as wild-type, known mutant, or unknown mutant. In conjunction with the co-pending application entitled &#34;Multiplexed Analysis of Clinical Specimens Apparatus and Method,&#34; by Van S. Chandler, R. Jerrold Fulton and Mark B. Chandler, the reactivity of a PCR product with the wild-type and other known mutations can be analyzed simultaneously. The invention thus provides one with the ability to measure any of a number of genetic variations including point mutations, insertions, deletions, inversions, and alleles in a simple, exquisitely sensitive, and efficient format. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIGS. 1a through 1c show experimental data for DNA detection using a double stranded competitor and a Wild-Type &#34;B&#34; Oligonucleotide probe. 
     FIGS. 2a and 2b show experimental data for DNA detection using a single stranded competitor and a Wild-Type &#34;B&#34; Oligonucleotide probe. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The present invention has wide-spread advantages for detection of any of a number of mutations of interest in the gertomit DNA of an individual or organism and has the advantages of being both rapid and extremely accurate in effecting the detection of such mutations. The invention will find wide applicability in diagnosis of a number of genetically associated disorders as well as in other applications where identification of genetic mutations may be important. Exemplary diseases include without limitation, diseases such as cystic fibrosis, generalized myotonia and myotonia congenita, hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, hereditary ovalocytosis, hereditary spherocytosis and glucose malabsorption; which are associated with mutations in the genes encoding ion transporters; multiple endocrine neoplasia, which is associated with mutations in the MEN2a, b, and MEN1 genes; familial medullary thyroid carcinoma, and Hirschsprung&#39;s disease, which are associated with mutations in the ret proto-oncogene; familial hypercholesterolemia, which is associated with mutations in the LDL receptor gene; neurofibromatosis and tuberous sclerosis, which are associated with mutations in the NF1 gene, and NF type 2 gene; breast and ovarian cancer, which are associated with mutations in the BRCA1, BRCA2, BRCA3 genes; familial adenomatous polyposis, which is associated with mutations in the APC gene; severe combined immunodeficiency, which is associated with mutations in the adenosine deaminase gene; xeroderma pigmentosum, which is associated with mutations in the XPAC gene; Cockayne&#39;s syndrome, which is associated with mutations in the ERCC6 excision repair gene; fragile X, which is associated with mutations in the fmrl gene; Duchenne&#39;s muscular dystrophy, which is associated with mutations in the Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene; myotonic dystrophy, which is associated with mutations in the myotonic dystrophy protein kinase gene; bulbar muscular dystrophy, which is associated with mutations in the androgen receptor genes; Huntington&#39;s disease, which is associated with mutations in the Huntington&#39;s gene; Peutz-jegher&#39;s syndrome; Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, which is associated with mutations in the HPRT gene; Tay-Sachs disease, which is associated with mutations in the HEXA gene; congenital adrenal hyperplasia, which is associated with mutations in the steroid 21-hydroxylase gene; primary hypertension, which is associated with mutations in the angiotensin gene; hereditary non-polyposis, which is associated with mutations in the hNMLH1 gene; colorectal carcinoma, which is associated with mutations in the 2 mismatch repair genes; colorectal cancer, which is associated with mutations in the APC gene; forms of Alzheimer&#39;s disease which have been associated with the apolipoprotein E gene, retinoblastoma, which is associated with mutations in the Rb gene; Li-Fraumeui syndrome, which is associated with mutations in the p53 gene; various malignancies and diseases that are associated with translocations: e.g., in the bcr/abl, bcl-2 gene; chromosomes 11 to 14 and chromosomes 15 to 17 transpositions. The references at the end of the specification which are expressly incorporated herein by reference describe genetic mutations associated with certain diseases which may be tested for in accordance with the invention as well as sequences provided in GENBANK, the contents of which are also expressly incorporated herein by reference. 
     General Approach 
     A general approach for detecting a DNA mutation in accordance with this aspect of the invention is as follows. In a first step, a suitable probe for detecting a mutation of interest is selected. In an illustrative embodiment, selected oligonucleotides, representing wild-type and mutant sequences, from a region of a gene known to contain a mutation are prepared. Such oligonucleotides are coupled to microspheres by techniques known in the art, (e.g., carbodiimide coupling, or other means) to produce individual aliquots of beads having known oligonucleotides coupled thereto. The oligonucleotides must be a sufficient length to allow specific hybridization in the assay, e.g., generally between about 10 and 50 nucleotides, more preferably between about 20 and 30 nucleotides in length. In a preferred embodiment, a saturating amount of the oligonucleotide is bound to the bead. Fluorescent oligonucleotides, complementary to all or part of the sequences attached to each bead, are also prepared. 
     Next, PCR primers are selected which are used to amplify the particular region of DNA in the sample that contains the sequence corresponding to the oligonucleotide coupled to the beads. Either double stranded or single stranded PCR techniques may be used. If double stranded product is produced, the amplified PCR product is made single stranded by heating to a sufficient temperature to and for a sufficient time to denature the DNA (e.g., for about 1 to about 5 minutes at about 90°-95° C. in 2.3X SSC hybridization buffer). The mixture is cooled, and the beads are added and incubated with the PCR product under conditions suitable to allow hybridization to occur between the oligonucleotide on the beads and the PCR product (e.g., at room temperature for about 10 minutes). The fluorescent DNA probe may then be added and the entire mixture incubated under hybridization conditions suitable to allow competitive hybridization to occur (e.g., 5 minutes at 65° C., then cooling to room temperature over a period of several hours in 2.3X SSC buffer). As those of skill in the art will recognize, the concentrations of the PCR product and fluorescent probe to be used may vary and may be adjusted to optimize the reaction. 
     In general, the concentrations of PCR product and fluorescent probe to be used are adjusted so as to optimize the detectable loss of fluorescence resulting from competitive inhibition without sacrificing the ability of the assay to discriminate between perfect complementarity and one or more nucleotide mismatches. In an exemplary assay, the concentration of PCR product complementary to the oligonucleotide bound to the beads may be on the order of 1 to 10 times the concentration of fluorescent probe used. If the PCR product is much longer than the bead bound oligonucleotide, the amount of PCR product may be increased accordingly to reflect relative molar concentrations in the region of DNA complementary to bead bound oligonucleotide. The fluorescent probe should preferably be added in an amount sufficient to saturate the complementary oligonucleotide on the beads, e.g., in the range of from 1 to 1000 fold and more preferably 2-100 fold or 20-50 fold the concentration of oligonucleotide bound to the bead. 
     If the PCR product is perfectly complementary to the oligonucleotide on the bead, it will competitively hybridize to it with a higher degree of binding affinity than will be observed if the PCR product is not perfectly complementary. Thus, the PCR product will decrease the binding of the fluorescent complementary oligonucleotide to the bead more or less efficiently depending on the level of complementarity of the PCR product. 
     The fluorescent oligonucleotide probe may be prepared by methods known in the art such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,403,711, issued Apr. 4, 1995 which is incorporated herein by reference, or by other means well-known in the art. 
     The reacted sample is analyzed by flow cytometry to determine a change in the fluorescence intensity of the beads. The results are straightforward to analyze for one of ordinary skill. If the sequence that is completely complementary to the nucleotide sequence on the bead of interest is present in the PCR sample and amplified, significant displacement of the fluorescent labeled probe from the bead will be observed. A lesser degree of displacement will be observed if there is a point mutation existent in the PCR product to be measured so that there is less than complete complementarty between the PCR product and the oligonucleotide coupled to the beads. An even lesser degree of diminution of fluorescence will occur if the mutation is more substantial than a point mutation. 
     A significant advantage of the invention is that it has been shown suitably sensitive to enable the detection of even a single-point mutation. This result makes it extremely desirable and sensitive for use in detecting genotypes where point mutations are associated with disease. The example below describes an application of the invention in an assay directed toward detection of point mutations in the Kras gene, which is associated with a number of malignancies including lung cancer, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, skin cancer, and the like. The example was performed in accordance with the present invention but is not intended to limit the invention in any way but only to exemplify effectiveness of the invention in detecting disease. 
     If desired, the inventive method may be adapted for multiplexing as described in our co-pending patent application, filed concurrently with this application, entitled &#34;Multiplexed Analysis of Clinical Specimens Apparatus and Method.&#34; 
     Double Stranded Experiment 
     For the purposes of illustration, the two complementary strands of a double-stranded DNA segment are referred to as strand &#34;A&#34; and strand &#34;B&#34;. Either strand may be designated &#34;A&#34; or &#34;B&#34;. The wild-type &#34;B&#34; strand oligo (ras codon 12) having the oligonucleotide sequence 5&#39;-GCCTACGCCACCAGCTCCAACTAC-3&#39;  SEQ ID No. 1! was coupled to 3.0 micrometers (μm) latex microspheres (manufactured by Interfacial Dynamics) by carbodiimide coupling. Double stranded competitor was prepared by combining equal amounts of both the &#34;A&#34; and &#34;B&#34; strands of either the wild-type or mutant version of the oligo, mutant &#34;B&#34; strand having the sequence 5&#39;-GCCTACGCCACAAGCTCCAACTAC-3&#39;  SEQ ID No. 2! (ras codon 12) in 5×SSC buffer. Annealing was accomplished by heating the mixture to 65° C. for five minutes, then cooling slowly to room temperature. Competitive hybridization was accomplished by combining approximately 40 picomoles of the bead-attached oligo (wild-type &#34;B&#34; strand) with the indicated mounts of double stranded competitor in 2.3×SSC buffer at approximately 25° C. Finally, 100 picomoles of the fluorescinated oligo (wild-type &#34;A&#34; strand) was added to the reaction mixture. This mixture was incubated for two hours at room temperature, and then diluted with 300 microlitres (μl) of saline pH 7.3, and analyzed on the &#34;FAGSCAN&#34; (manufactured by Becton-Dickinson Immunocytometry Systems). The results are shown in Table 1 below and in FIGS. 1a through 1c. 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________Double-Stranded Experimental Results UsingWild-Type &#34;B&#34; OligonucleotideDouble Stranded        Percent Inhibition (%)                       Fold CompetitionCompetitor (picomole)        Wild-Type Mutant   Wild-Type/Mutant______________________________________10           20        9        2.2100          35        12       2.91000         56        17       3.3______________________________________ 
    
     These results (see also FIG. 2) clearly show that the DNA containing the single point mutation (&#34;Mutant&#34;) was a detectably less effective inhibitor of hybridization between the DNA on the beads and the fluorescent oligonueleotide probe at all concentrations of competitor tested. 
     Single Stranded Experiment 
     The wild-type &#34;B&#34; strand oligo (ras codon 12) was coupled to 3.0 μm latex microspheres (manufactured by Interfacial Dynamics) by carbodiimide coupling. Competitive hybridization was accomplished by combining approximately 40 picomoles of the bead-attached oligo with 100 picomoles of the fluorescinated oligo (wild-type &#34;A&#34; strand) in 2.3×SSC buffer. Finally, the indicated amounts of single stranded competitor (either mutant or wild-type) were added to two separate aliquots of the reaction mixture. These aliquots were incubated for two hours at room temperature, and then diluted with 300 μl of saline pH 7.3. and analyzed on the FACSCAN flow cytometer. The result of these experiments are set forth in Table 2 below and in FIGS. 2a and 2b. 
     
                       TABLE 2______________________________________Single-Stranded Experimental ResultsSingle Stranded        Percent Inhibition (%)                       Fold CompetitionCompetitor (picomole)        Wild-Type Mutant   Wild-Type/Mutant______________________________________ 100 &#34;A&#34; Strand        14        6        2.41000 &#34;A&#34; Strand        25        11       2.3______________________________________ 
    
     These results (see also FIGS. 2a and 2b) clearly show that the DNA containing the single point mutation (&#34;Mutant&#34;) was a detectably less effective inhibitor of hybridization between the DNA on the beads and the florescent oligonucleotide probe at all concentrations of competitor tested. 
     The foregoing description of the invention has been directed to particular preferred embodiments in accordance with the requirements of the patent statutes and for purposes of explanation and illustration. It will be apparent, however, to those skilled in the art that many modifications and changes may be made without departing from the scope and the spirit of the a invention. It is apparent that the invention may also be utilized, with suitable modifications within the state of the art. It is the Applicant&#39;s intention in the following claims to cover all such equivalent modifications and variations which fall within the true spirit, and scope of the invention. 
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         __________________________________________________________________________SEQUENCE LISTING(1) GENERAL INFORMATION:(iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 2(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 24 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:1:GCCTACGCCACCAGCTCCAACTAC24(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 24 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2:GCCTACGCCACAAGCTCCAACTAC24__________________________________________________________________________