Abstract:
The present invention is directed to a electrical wiring device that includes a housing having a plurality of line terminals. A cover assembly is coupled to the housing, the cover assembly including at least one set of receptacle openings disposed on either side of a central portion of the cover assembly. A plurality of receptacle terminals are disposed in the housing, each of the plurality of receptacle terminals being coupled to a corresponding one of a plurality of load terminal structures. Each of the plurality of receptacle terminals is in communication with a corresponding one of the at least one set of receptacle openings. A light assembly is disposed in the central portion of the cover assembly and coupled to the plurality of line terminals or the plurality of load terminals. The light assembly has a light transmission region disposed in the central portion. The light transmissive region occupies a substantial portion of a width of the cover assembly. An automatic control mechanism is coupled to the light assembly and configured to selectively drive the light assembly from a deenergized state to a light emitting state in response to a predetermined stimulus. A manual control mechanism is coupled to the light assembly and configured to selectively regulate the amount of light transmitted by the light assembly when in the light emitting state.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/609,793 filed on Dec. 12, 2006 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/294,167 filed on Dec. 5, 2005, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/242,406 (Now U.S. Pat. No. 7,285,721) filed on Oct. 3, 2005, which is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/726,128 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,989,489), the contents of which are relied upon and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, and the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §120 is hereby claimed, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/726,128 claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/439,370 filed Jan. 9, 2003. 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   The present invention relates generally to electrical wiring devices, and particularly to electrical wiring devices having safety features. 
   2. Technical Background 
   The AC power interface for the typical electrical distribution system is commonly known as the breaker panel. The size of the breaker panel may vary depending on whether it is disposed within a residence, commercial building or some other such facility. The breaker panel, of course, terminates the AC power service provided by the power utility and distributes AC power to one or more branch electric circuits installed in the structure. Branch electric circuits often include one or more electrical wiring devices, such as receptacle outlets, that accommodate electrical power plugs. 
   Electrical wiring devices are provided in electrically non-conductive housings. The housing includes electrical line terminals that are electrically insulated from electrical load terminals. The line terminals connect the wiring device to conductive wires from the breaker panel. Load terminals are connected to downstream wiring that is configured to propagate AC power to one or more downstream electrical loads. Those of ordinary skill in the pertinent art will understand that the term “load” refers to an appliance, a switch, or some other electrically powered device. The load terminals of an electrical wiring device are sometimes referred to as “feed-through” terminals. As alluded to above, the AC power propagating through a device may be accessed by the user by way of a power plug. As everyone knows, the power plug and cord assembly for a portable electrical device functions as a portable device&#39;s AC power interface. A receptacle outlet provide power to portable “user-accessible loads” when the plug is inserted into a receptacle outlet. Certain types of faults are known to occur in branch electric circuits and electrical wiring systems. These faults represent serious safety issues that may result in fire, shock or electrocution if not addressed properly. 
   Accordingly, branch electric circuits typically employ one or more electric circuit protection devices. Protective devices employ a circuit interrupter disposed between the line terminals and the load terminals. The circuit interrupter provides power to the load terminals under normal conditions, but breaks electrical connectivity when the protective device detects a fault condition in the load circuit. There are several types of electric circuit protection devices including ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), ground-fault equipment protectors (GFEPs), arc fault circuit interrupters (AFCIs), transient voltage surge suppressors (TVSSs), or surge protective devices (SPDs). This list includes representative examples and is not meant to be exhaustive. Some devices include both GFCIs and AFCIs. 
   Another safety issue that is of great concern relates to the amount of ambient lighting in a given room or space. In a scenario that most people are familiar with, a person entering a darkened room will usually attempt to locate the wall switch and turn the wall switch to the ON position before entering. Sometimes the wall switch is not located near the door, i.e., at the point of entry, and the person will begin to search for the light switch. This person begins to “feel” her way around the darkened room in an attempt to navigate around objects such as tables and chairs. More often than not, the person successfully finds the wall switch and manages to turn the lights ON. On the other hand, the darkened room represents a safety issue. For example, if an object is disposed relatively low to the floor surface the person may trip over it and suffer an injury. This scenario applies to other types of spaces, such as corridors, theater aisles, stairways, patios, garages, ingress/egress areas, out-buildings, outdoor pathways and the like. 
   There are situations where a light switch is not available, or is not readily available. There are other situations where the person entering the darkened room is disinclined to turn the lights ON as a matter of courtesy. Several examples immediately come to mind. A person entering a darkened theatre would expect to incur the wrath of his fellow patrons if he turned the theatre lights ON while finding a seat. In another situation, a person may desire to temporarily enter a room occupied by a person who is sleeping. For example, a parent may want to check on the condition of a sleeping infant, or tend to someone who is ill, without having to turn the lights ON. 
   In one approach that has been considered, a portable lighting device may be inserted into an electrical receptacle located in the room to function as a “night light.” While this arrangement may provide a temporarily solution to the potentially unsafe condition described above, it has certain drawbacks associated with it. The most obvious drawback in getting the portable nightlight into a socket in a darkened room is finding the socket in the first place. While this problem may be eliminated with forethought, many people live busy lives and have other things on their minds. On the other hand, once the night light is inserted into the receptacle, it may remain there day and night for an extended period of time and represent a waste of energy. After awhile, the resident may notice the problem and unplug the light during daylight hours if the space admits natural light. Unfortunately, the resident may forget to plug the light back into the socket until after night fall and finds himself revisiting the darkened room scenario. In addition, once a small night light is unplugged from the receptacle there is the possibility that it will become lost, misplaced, or damaged from excessive handling. 
   In another approach that has been considered, a light element may be disposed in a wiring device in combination with another functional element such as a receptacle or a light switch. The wiring device is subsequently installed in a wall box or mounted to a panel. While this approach obviates some of the drawbacks described above, there are other drawbacks that come into play. Conventional permanent lighting elements such as incandescent and neon lights have a relatively short life expectancy of only a few years and, therefore, require periodic servicing and/or replacement. This problem is exacerbated by the fact that the light is typically hard-wired to power contacts disposed in the wiring device. As such, the light element is permanently ON, further limiting the light elements life expectancy of the device. 
   In yet another approach that has been considered, the aforementioned drawbacks are addressed by providing a light sensor, and the associated circuitry, to control the light element. When the sensor detects the ambient light level falling past a certain point, the control circuit turns the light element ON. One design problem associated with using a light sensor to selectively actuate the light element relates to providing a proper degree of isolation between the light sensor and the light element. Conventional devices solve the problem by separating the light sensor and the light element by as great a distance as possible. As such, conventional devices are typically arranged such that the lens covering the light element is disposed in one portion of the wiring device cover and the sensor element is disposed in a second portion of the cover, with sufficient space therebetween. If the wiring device includes another functional element such as a receptacle, the sensor may be disposed between the receptacle and the light&#39;s lens cover. Because the light sensor must be disposed a sufficient distance away from the light element, it necessarily requires that the lighting assembly be reduced in size to fit the wiring device form factor. Accordingly, conventional devices of this type often fail to provide an adequate amount of illumination for the intended application and, therefore, do not address the safety concern in a satisfactory manner. 
   What is needed is an electrical wiring device that includes a light source that is both adapted to a wiring device form factor and configured to address the drawbacks and needs described above. A light emitting wiring device is needed that provides a sufficient amount of illumination when the ambient light in a given space falls below a safe level. The wiring device must maximize the effective area of illumination without sacrificing sensor isolation. What is also needed is a wiring device that addresses both safety issues, i.e., electrical fault conditions as well as ambient lighting issues. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention addresses the needs described above by providing an electrical wiring device that includes a light source that is both adapted to a wiring device form factor and configured to address the drawbacks and needs described above. The wiring device of the present invention may be configured to address both safety issues, i.e., electrical fault conditions as well as ambient lighting issues. 
   One aspect of the present invention is directed to an electrical wiring device that includes a housing having a plurality of line terminals. A cover assembly is coupled to the housing, the cover assembly including at least one set of receptacle openings disposed on either side of a central portion of the cover assembly. A plurality of receptacle terminals are disposed in the housing, each of the plurality of receptacle terminals being coupled to a corresponding one of a plurality of load terminal structures. Each of the plurality of receptacle terminals is in communication with a corresponding one of the at least one set of receptacle openings. A light assembly is disposed in the central portion of the cover assembly and coupled to the plurality of line terminals or the plurality of load terminals. The light assembly has a light transmission region disposed in the central portion. The light transmissive region occupies a substantial portion of a width of the cover assembly. An automatic control mechanism is coupled to the light assembly and configured to selectively drive the light assembly from a deenergized state to a light emitting state in response to a predetermined stimulus. A manual control mechanism is coupled to the light assembly and configured to selectively regulate the amount of light transmitted by the light assembly when in the light emitting state. 
   In another aspect, the present invention is directed to an electrical wiring device that includes a housing including at least one hot connection mechanism and at least one neutral connection mechanism. A cover assembly is coupled to the housing, the cover assembly including at least one set of receptacle openings disposed on either side of a central portion of the cover assembly. A plurality of receptacle terminals are disposed in the housing and coupled to the at least one hot connection mechanism and the at least one neutral connection mechanism. The plurality of receptacle terminals are in communication with each of the at least one set of receptacle openings. A light assembly is disposed in the central portion of the cover assembly and coupled to the at least one hot connection mechanism and the at least one neutral connection mechanism. The light assembly has a light transmission region disposed in the central portion. The light transmissive region occupying a substantial portion of a width of the cover assembly. A light control mechanism is coupled to the light assembly and configured to selectively drive the light assembly from a deenergized state to a light emitting state in response to a predetermined stimulus. The light control mechanism also is configured to selectively regulate the amount of light transmitted by the light assembly when in the light emitting state. 
   Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the detailed description which follows, and in part will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from that description or recognized by practicing the invention as described herein, including the detailed description which follows, the claims, as well as the appended drawings. 
   It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are merely exemplary of the invention, and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the invention as it is claimed. The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the invention, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate various embodiments of the invention, and together with the description serve to explain the principles and operation of the invention. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a perspective view of the fully assembled device in accordance with the present invention; 
       FIG. 2  is an exploded view of the device depicted in  FIG. 1 ; 
       FIG. 3  is a schematic of the center night light assembly in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 4  is a schematic of the center night light circuit in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 5  is a schematic of the center night light assembly in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 6  is a perspective view of the shutter assembly optionally employed in conjunction with the present invention; and 
       FIG. 7  is a schematic of the electrical wiring device in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
   Reference will now be made in detail to the present exemplary embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts. An exemplary embodiment of the electrical wiring device of the present invention is shown in  FIG. 1 , and is designated generally throughout by reference numeral  10 . 
   As embodied herein and depicted in  FIG. 1 , is a perspective view of a fully assembled electrical wiring device in accordance with the present invention is shown. In this embodiment, device  10  is a receptacle outlet device with center night light assembly  200 . The cover assembly  20  includes receptacle openings  22 , disposed at either end, and a center night light lens  206 . Lens  206  is quite large, and covers almost one-third of the surface area of the cover  20 . Sensor lens  207  and a manual glider control lever  2160  are shown as being disposed in the bottom edge of the lens  206 . However, these elements may be disposed along any peripheral edge of lens  206  in alternate embodiments of the present invention. 
     FIG. 2  is an exploded view of the electrical wiring device depicted in  FIG. 1 . Again, cover member  20  includes receptacle openings  22  disposed at either end of a central portion that has an opening  208  formed therein. Opening  208 , of course, is configured to accommodate lens element  206 . The lens  206  is configured to mate with reflector member  204  which includes white LEDs  202  disposed therein. The LEDs  202  are connected to pig tailed wires connected across receptacle terminal structures  40 ,  42 . Of course, the cover member  20  also accommodates shutters  60 . 
   Of course, the hot and neutral receptacle terminals ( 40 ,  42 ) are disposed within back body member  12 . When the ground strap structure  16  is inserted into body member  12  from behind, the hot receptacle terminals  420 , the neutral receptacle terminals  400 , and the ground terminals  160  are perfectly aligned with their respective face receptacle openings  22  in cover  20 . Note that the printed circuit board includes potentiometer  216 . Potentiometer  216  is mechanically coupled to glider element  2160 . Of course, the glider  2160  provides the user with the means for controlling potentiometer  216 . 
   Referring to  FIG. 3 , a schematic of the center night light assembly in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention is shown. The PCB  201  receives power from the receptacle terminals  40 ,  42 . When the ambient light is above a certain level, light sensor  212  reacts to the ambient light level and diode D 3  begins to conduct. In one embodiment, sensor  212  is implemented using a light sensing diode and the amount of current conducted by sensor  212  is related to the amount of incident ambient light. As the ambient light increases past a predetermined level, which may be adjusted by potentiometer R 6  in the factory, the Darlington transistor pair (Q 1 , Q 2 ) are turned OFF. In particular, the current flow through D 4  pulls down the base of transistor Q 1 . Q 1 , in turn, pulls down the base of Q 2 . When the ambient light begins to decrease, e.g., as night falls, the current flowing through sensor  212  begins to decrease accordingly. At some predetermined ambient light level, the current flowing through sensor  212  diminishes to the point where a current flow through diode D 3  and resistor R 1  is established. Subsequently, the transistors Q 1  and Q 2  are turned ON collector/emitter current in Q 2  flows energizing LEDs  202 . 
   In the schematic shown in  FIG. 3 , a dimmer potentiometer  216  is provided, allowing the user to adjust the brightness of the LEDs  202 . In another embodiment, light sensor  212  may be implemented using a light sensing variable resistor. In this embodiment, sensor  212  and resistor  214  function as a voltage divider. Therefore, the voltage presented to diode D 3  changes in accordance with the variable resistance of sensor  212 . Additional features and benefits may be included. For example, the circuit may be configured to provide hysteresis. For example, the amount of ambient light at which LEDs  202  turn ON may differ from the amount of ambient light at which LEDs  202  turn OFF in accordance with the selected hysteresis curve. LEDs  202  can only be energized when two conditions are met. Device  10  must be reset and the ambient light level must fall below a predetermined level. Thus, the light assembly  200  in this embodiment is not a reset indicator per se. 
   In another embodiment of the present invention, the sensor circuitry may be replaced, or augmented by, proximity, motion sensing, or temperature sensing circuitry. While the sensor circuitry may function as strictly an ON/OFF control of the nightlight assembly  200 , it may also be configured to regulate the power to the nightlight such that the luminous intensity is proportional to the incident ambient light. Reference is made to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/294,167, which is incorporated herein by reference as though fully set forth in its entirety, for a more detailed explanation of this type of light sensor circuitry. 
     FIG. 4  is a schematic of the center night light circuit in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention. The circuit depicted herein is similar to the one shown in  FIG. 3  except that dimmer potentiometer  216  is coupled to a switch S 1  that is normally in the open position. Switch S 1  is coupled in parallel with transistors Q 1  and Q 2 . When the user goes beyond one of the adjustment limit of potentiometer  216 , switch S 1  is configured to close to provide a “full-on” bypass. In this mode, the LEDs are fully lit regardless of the intensity of the ambient light. 
   The dimmer potentiometer  216  is also coupled to a switch S 2  that is normally in the closed position. Switch S 2  is connected in series with transistors Q 1  and Q 2 . When the user adjusts potentiometer  216  beyond the other adjustment limit of potentiometer  216 , switch S 2  is configured to open to provide a “full-off” bypass. In this mode, the LEDs are never lit regardless of the intensity of the ambient light. Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that switch S 1  and switch S 2  may be used alone or in combination with each other. 
     FIG. 5  is a schematic of the center night light circuit in accordance with a third embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, light assembly  200  is an “intelligent pilot light,” meaning that more light is emitted in response to a greater amount of room ambient light. Photosensitive device  212  conducts an amount of current governed by the intensity of ambient light. When the intensity of the ambient light increases beyond some preset value, the current propagating through D 3  will turn on Q 1  and Q 2 . As a result, diodes D 1  and D 2  emit light. As the room ambient light increases, Q 1  and Q 2  are ON for a longer duty cycle and D 1  and D 2  emit an increasing intensity of light. Dimmer potentiometer  216  allows a user to adjust the intensity of the light emitted by D 1  and D 2 . Switch S 1  or S 2  may be included. They provide a similar functionality to S 1  and S 2  described in  FIG. 4 . 
   As embodied herein and depicted in  FIG. 6 , a perspective view of the shutter assembly optionally employed in the first embodiment of the present invention is shown. Reference is made to U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 10/729,685, 10/900,778, and 11/609,793, which are incorporated herein by reference as though fully set forth in its entirety, for a more detailed explanation of various embodiments of the protective shutter assembly  30 . The shutter assembly may be optionally employed in any of the embodiments disclosed herein. 
   When assembled, the upper shutter  350  is inserted into lower shutter  300  until stop members  3520  extend beyond rail guides  3082  and snap into place. This position represents the closed position, wherein the upper transverse structure  356  covers neutral aperture  304  (not shown) and upper base  358  covers hot aperture  306  (not shown). The lower shutter member  300  and the upper shutter member  350  are movable relative to each other from the closed position to the open position in response to being simultaneously engaged by the hot plug blade and the neutral plug blade of an electrical plug. To facilitate this movement, shutter members ( 300 , 350 ) are made from a family of plastics having natural lubricity. These include nylon 6-6, Delrin, and Teflon. Shutter members ( 300 , 350 ) may be made from a substrate on which these materials are coated, the substrate having a differing flammability or flexural characteristic. 
   If a foreign object having a width substantially the same as a hot plug blade is inserted into the hot receptacle opening, the shutter assembly remains closed. The foreign object causes ramp  3084 , and therefore, lower shutter  300 , to move. However, this foreign object insertion does not cause upper shutter  350  to move relative to shutter  300 . As a result, the foreign object inserted into the hot receptacle opening strikes base member  358  of the upper shutter. On the other hand, if a foreign object having a width substantially the same as a neutral plug blade is inserted into the neutral receptacle opening, transverse structure  356  will move upper shutter  350  but not move lower shutter  300 . Accordingly, the lower base member  308  does not move and the neutral aperture  304  (not shown) is not exposed. Thus, the foreign object inserted into the neutral receptacle opening strikes lower base member  308 . 
   Only when the hot plug blade and the neutral plug blade of an electrical plug simultaneously engage ramp  3084  and ramp  3562 , respectively, will the lower shutter member  300  and the upper shutter member  350  move relative to each other from the closed position to the open position. In the open position, the lower hot aperture  306  is aligned with the upper hot contact aperture  354  and, the inward edge of the lower neutral contact aperture  304  is substantially aligned with the outer edge of ramp  3562 . In this position, the lower shutter  300  and the upper shutter  350  allow the plug contact blades to pass through the protective shutter  30  and engage the contacts disposed in the interior of the electrical wiring device. On the other hand, a foreign object such as a hairpin is likely to slide off of either side of ramp  3084  or ramp  3562 . Obviously, if the foreign object has slid off the ramp, force cannot be applied to the object to open the corresponding shutter. 
   In another embodiment, the predetermined electrical plug geometry that opens the shutters may include only some of the characteristics that have been described. The geometry may include just one or more of the following: two plug blades separated by a predetermined distance, plug blades contacting the two blade structures simultaneously, a neutral plug blade having a predetermined width, or a hot plug blade having a predetermined width. Plug blade width will not matter if ramps  284  and/or  462  approach the widths of their respective contact structures. 
   In another embodiment, shutters ( 300 ,  350 ) open in response to the insertion of two objects without particular heed given to their geometries. This may be accomplished by extending the widths of ramp  3084  and ramp  3562  so that regardless of the sizes of the objects, there is nowhere for either or both objects escaping the ramps as they are inserted into the device. As such, it is assured that the two shutters will open. 
   The movement of the upper shutter  350  and the lower shutter  300  is effected by spring member  32 . The spring member  32  is configured to bias the frameless shutter sub-assembly, i.e., lower shutter  300  and upper shutter  350 , in the closed position. Spring member  32  is compressed further in the open position and, therefore, opposes movement of the frameless shutter sub-assembly from the closed position to the open position. Accordingly when the electrical plug is removed, the spring moves the frameless shutter sub-assembly from the open position to the closed position. Stated differently, only a single spring is necessary to effect the closed position of the shutter assembly. 
   As alluded to above, the protective shutter assembly  30  includes a spring retainer mechanism. The spring retainer mechanism includes lower shutter retainer pocket  3080  and upper shutter retainer pocket  3560 . The spring retainer mechanism is configured to retain the spring member  32  within the frameless shutter sub-assembly and substantially prevent the spring member from being separated from the frameless shutter sub-assembly. As those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate, the protective shutter assembly  30  may be dropped and/or exposed to vibrational and/or mechanical forces during automated assembly. As shown in  FIG. 4 , retainer pockets ( 3080 ,  3560 ) are equipped with retainer lips that prevent the spring member from being jarred loose. 
   As embodied herein and depicted in  FIG. 7 , a schematic of a circuit protection device  10  in accordance with a fourth embodiment of the present invention is disclosed. In this example, the schematic shows a protective device that includes ground fault interrupter circuitry. 
   Device  10  includes line terminals ( 2 ,  4 ), load terminals ( 6 ,  8 ), and receptacle terminals ( 400 ,  420 ). Again, the load terminals  6 ,  8  may also be referred to herein as feed-through terminals. As noted above, these terminals may be connected to wiring configured to provide power to downstream receptacles or switches. Receptacle load terminals  400 ,  420  are configured to mate with an electrical plug to provide power to an appliance or other such user attachable loads. The line terminals  2 ,  4  are electrically connected to both load terminals  6 ,  8  and receptacle terminals  400 ,  420  when device  10  is reset. When in the tripped state, the circuit interrupter  120  disconnects the load terminals from the line terminals. In addition, the circuit interrupter may disconnect at least one feed-through terminal from a corresponding receptacle terminal. 
   The ground fault circuitry includes a differential transformer  102  which is configured to sense load-side ground faults. Transformer  104  is configured as a grounded neutral transmitter and is employed to sense grounded-neutral fault conditions. Both differential transformer  102  and grounded-neutral transformer  104  are coupled to detector circuit  106 . Power supply  112  provides power for GFI detector circuit  106 . Detector  106  provides an output signal on output pin  7  based on the transformer outputs. The detector output signal is filtered by circuit  108 . Filter circuit  108  filters out noise to thereby substantially reduce the possibility of false tripping. The filtered output signal is provided to the control input of SCR  110 . When SCR  110  is turned ON, solenoid  116  is energized. Solenoid  116  actuates the trip mechanism to thereby trip circuit interrupter  120 . The trip solenoid  116  is energized until the circuit interrupter trips to remove the fault condition. Accordingly, there is no signal at output pin  7  and SCR  110  is turned OFF. The time that the solenoid remains energized is less than about 25 milliseconds. After the fault condition has been eliminated, circuit interrupter  120  may be reset by way of reset button  260 . 
   The present invention addresses certain end of life conditions by denying power when the device is unable to function. One end of life condition may cause the solenoid to remain energized when a fault condition is not present or when the circuit interrupter is in a tripped state. The solenoid is susceptible to burn-out when SCR  110  is permanently ON. This typically happens when SCR  110  is permanently shorted out. Most solenoids are configured to be energized only momentarily. They tend to burn out if energized for more than about 1 second. Once the solenoid burns out, the circuit interrupter is incapable of being tripped. As a result, the load terminals are permanently connected to the line terminals even when there is a fault condition. 
   In this embodiment, solenoid burn-out is prevented by an auxiliary switch  114 . Auxiliary switch  114  is configured to open when circuit interrupter  120  is in the tripped position. If SCR  110  is shorted, or is permanently ON, auxiliary switch  114  ensures that solenoid  116  is not permanently connected to a current source. Accordingly, if reset button  260  is activated, circuit interrupter  120  resets but immediately trips in response to the trip mechanism, which in turn moves auxiliary switch  114  to the open position before solenoid  116  is able to burn out. 
   The auxiliary switch  114  provides other benefits. Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that a metal oxide varistor (MOV) is frequently employed in protective devices to protect the electrical circuit from voltage surges that sometimes occur in the electrical distribution system. The end-of-life failure mode of a MOV is typically an electrical short. The resulting current can be enough to thermally damage the enclosure of the protective device. In one embodiment of the present invention, MOV  118  is connected in series with auxiliary switch  114  and trip solenoid  116  to eliminate most over-current situations. Thus, when MOV  118  reaches end of life and shorts out, trip solenoid  116  is energized to open auxiliary switch  114  and the flow of short circuit current is terminated before any damage ensues. 
   This embodiment includes an additional indicator  150  disposed in parallel with auxiliary switch  114 . As noted above, the auxiliary switch  114  is configured to open when circuit interrupter  120  is in the tripped position. If SCR  38  is shorted, or is permanently ON, auxiliary switch  114  ensures that solenoid  116  is not permanently connected to a current source. Accordingly, if reset button  145  is activated, circuit interrupter  120  resets but immediately trips in response to the trip mechanism, which in turn moves auxiliary switch  114  to the open position before solenoid  116  is able to burn out. The indicator  150  is implemented as a trip indicator, emitting a visual and/or audible indicator signal when circuit interrupter  120  is in the tripped state, i.e., when the auxiliary switch  114  is open. The trip indicator LED  150 , therefore, is energized when there is power on the line terminals and the circuit interrupter is in the tripped condition. The indicator  150  is OFF when device  10  is in the reset state. Indicator  150  may be implemented as a red LED or as an audible indicator, or both. The indicator may also be configured to emit a repetitive signal (flashing or beeping). 
   Of course, each light assembly embodiment described above may be practiced in the GFCI embodiment of  FIG. 7 . The hot receptacle terminal structure  420  is connected to the light assembly  200  by way of connection “A”. The neutral receptacle terminal structure  400  is connected to the light assembly  200  by way of connection “B. 
   In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a secondary power source, such as a battery or a charged capacitor, may be disposed within the housing  12  as a back-up power source when the primary AC power source provided by the electrical distribution system has failed. Reference is made to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/294,167, which is incorporated herein by reference as though fully set forth in its entirety, for a more detailed explanation of a secondary power source. 
   All references, including publications, patent applications, and patents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entirety herein. 
   The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. The term “connected” is to be construed as partly or wholly contained within, attached to, or joined together, even if there is something intervening. 
   The recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. 
   All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate embodiments of the invention and does not impose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. 
   No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention. 
   It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. There is no intention to limit the invention to the specific form or forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, alternative constructions, and equivalents falling within the spirit and scope of the invention, as defined in the appended claims. Thus, it is intended that the present invention cover the modifications and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.