Abstract:
A method of wafer level manufacturing, separating and electrical connection of liquid crystal optical devices is disclosed. An electro-optic device having at least one liquid crystal cell for providing spatially variable control of light is also described. The electro-optic device includes: a pair of opposed substrates, each substrate having a lateral extent; a pair of electrodes for applying an electric field therebetween, each electrode having a pattern and being deposited on a corresponding substrate, each electrode having an electrical contact area extending to at least one side of the corresponding substrate; a pair of alignment layers sandwiching a liquid crystal layer therebetween, the alignment layers defining a predominant orientation direction for liquid crystal molecules of the liquid crystal layer; and a liquid crystal reservoir wall defining a lateral extent of the liquid crystal layer, the liquid crystal reservoir wall being spaced from at least one side of each substrate such that each electrode electrical contact area is exposed to air in an air gap between the substrates.

Description:
[0001]    This application claims priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/016,727 filed Jun. 25, 2014. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    This invention relates to liquid crystal electro-optic devices, and in particular to fabrication, mechanical assembly and electrical connection of liquid crystal electro-optic devices. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Liquid Crystal (LC) displays (LCD) and lenses (LCL) are known in the art. For example a review of such liquid crystal optical devices is provided by S. Sato entitled “Applications of Liquid Crystals to Variable-Focusing Lenses” in OPTICAL REVIEW Vol. 6, No. 6 (1999) 471-485. The fabrication, assembly and electrical connection of LCL optical devices are critical for commercial scale manufacture of consumer electronic devices employing LCLs such as, but not limited to: cameras in phones, tablets, etc. These devices are very sensitive to manufacturing costs. For this reason wafer scale (parallel or arrayed) fabrication methods have been developed for LCLs, for example described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,679,274 entitled “Method of Manufacturing a Liquid Crystal Device”, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
         [0004]    Wafer level manufacturing is relatively common. Integrated circuits, image sensors, micro lens arrays, etc. are presently manufactured in wafer form. Such parallel wafer level manufacturing uses a limited number of process steps to simultaneously obtain thousands of such devices, reducing their manufacturing cost dramatically. However, the separation of such arrayed wafer level manufactured LCL devices into individual devices (also referred to generally as dies), their assembly and their electrical connection remain some of the most challenging manufacturing steps. Tailored approaches must be developed for each specific application. 
         [0005]    Conventional integrated circuit wafers are usually “all-solid”, have a surface mounting and have a reflowable electrical connection design. The first, all-solid, feature allows the use of mechanical dicing (among other techniques) to separate each integrated circuit die from the wafer. Mechanical dicing is a cost effective and a widely accepted technique in the wafer scale semiconductor manufacturing industry. The third, reflowable electrical connectivity, feature allows standard assembly and electrical connection. 
         [0006]    In the case of LCL optical devices, the need for a very low cost manufacturing process restricts available options to the use of simple glass, ceramic or polymer wafer substrates, which do not permit reflowable electrical connection typically used for integrated circuits. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0007]    The manufacturing of LCL optical devices is more complicated than the manufacturing of all-solid integrated circuits considering that the LCL wafers  12  are 2D arrays of thousands of LCL optical devices  11 , which, by the liquid nature of the LC layers employed, necessarily contain numerous liquid reservoirs  22  as shown in  FIG. 1 . For example, as shown in  FIG. 2A  each LCL optical device  11  includes substrates  1 ,  2 , and at least one LC reservoir  22  delimited by an adhesive ring  3  and spacers  23 . Alternatively or in addition the LC reservoirs  22  can also be fabricated using a substrate  2  (glass, polymer, etc.) having depressions for the LC reservoirs  22 . 
         [0008]    To simplify the description herein, because the LC material  4  is birefringent,  FIG. 2A  illustrates a polarization dependent LCL optical device  11 . At least two such LCL optical devices  11 , stacked and cross-oriented (see  FIG. 4 ), are required to provide polarization independent LCL optical devices  11  for operation in ambient (lamp, Sun) light. Stacked LCL optical devices  11  require an increased number of substrates to be cut through in singulating each individual polarization independent LCL optical device  11 . 
         [0009]    Taking connectivity into consideration,  FIG. 2B  illustrates a prior art polarization dependent LCL optical device  11  including top  6  and bottom  5  transparent electrodes, for example made of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO), coated on respective substrates  1  and  2 . The resulting cleaved substrates are spatially shifted to provide side edges where the transparent electrodes  5 ,  6  are exposed to allow electrical connectivity  8  by “top” soldering  7 . Specifically, the dicing of such individual LCL optical devices  11  requires shifted scribe lines on different substrates.  FIG. 2C  is a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image showing a perspective view of a scribed LCL array.  FIG. 2D  is a SEM image of cleaved substrates with a 133 μm shift between the top and bottom substrates  1 ,  2 . 
         [0010]      FIG. 3A  shows another prior art attempt in accordance with which the external space between rings  3  of individual devices  11  is typically filled with a back-fill liquid material  10  that is subsequently solidified (for example polymerized). In this way, mechanical dicing may be used to cut through multiple substrates  1 ,  2  and through the solidified back-fill material  10  between rings  3 . 
         [0011]    For example the back-fill material can be injected during wafer level assembly of liquid crystal lens devices as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,679,274 entitled “Method of Manufacturing a Liquid Crystal Device” claiming priority from Dec. 31, 2008, which is incorporated herein by reference. For example, once a wafer  12  of LCL optical devices  11  is assembled, the interstitial space (or extracellular matrix) between the reservoir walls  3  (outside reservoirs  22 ) is flooded with back-fill material by pumping back-fill material from the bottom of a vertically held wafer  12  or absorbed by capillary action to reduce air pockets. As another, example an additional peripheral adhesive wall (outer wall) is provided outside and around the array of LCL optical devices  11  on wafer  12 , the peripheral adhesive wall is “U”-shaped having an opening. With the entire wafer  12  exposed to vacuum, the opening of the peripheral adhesive wall is dipped into back-fill material. Removing the vacuum results in back-fill material being absorbed into the interstitial space (capillary action). The back-fill material is then cured before the wafer  12  is processed through dicing. 
         [0012]    It is apparent that the prior art solution shown in  FIG. 3A  does not take connectivity into consideration.  FIG. 3B  schematically illustrates a side view of a polarization dependent LCL optical device  11  in a wafer  12  of multiple such devices. LCL optical device  11  includes top  6  and bottom  5  transparent electrodes extending outside of the liquid crystal reservoirs  22  to dicing lines  9  in interstitial regions back-filled with hard(ened) material  10  which provides support for mechanical dicing.  FIG. 3C  shows a side view of a singulated polarization dependent LCL optical device die  11  with edge exposed electrodes  6  on the left and  5  on the right. 
         [0013]    In accordance with a prior art approach shown in  FIG. 3D , conductive adhesive  13  is used to provide edge contact with electrodes  5  and  6 . External wires  8  are connected to electrodes  5  and  6  respectively via the conductive adhesive  13 . Unfortunately the use of the contact adhesive  13  is not reliable and the curing process required is complex, particularly in the presence of liquid crystal material  4  within the liquid crystal reservoirs  22 . 
         [0014]    In accordance with another prior art approach shown schematically in  FIG. 3E , additional conductive coatings  14  are deposited post-dicing, on an individual die basis, to enable “surface or top” soldering of external wires  8  instead of “edge” contacts as shown in  FIG. 3F . Unfortunately the deposition of additional conductive coating  14  to each LCL die  11  for providing surface soldering  7  is complex and costly. 
         [0015]    Similar or alternative approaches must be used in other wafer level manufacturing processes where the entire wafer is not all solid. 
         [0016]    In this LCL manufacturing context, a specific “edge-connect” approach was developed by LensVector and described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,558,985 claiming priority from U.S. Provisional Application 61/059,274 filed Jun. 6, 2008, patent which is incorporated herein by reference, where various electrodes deposited on different horizontal substrates are provided on their respective substrates with horizontal extensions to the dicing lines as illustrated in  FIG. 4 . It is noted that  FIG. 4  illustrates a polarization independent liquid crystal optical device (so called “full” lens). A relatively thick electrically conductive zone (conductive adhesive, thick metal, etc.) is deposited on the dicing line. 
         [0017]    In this way, a large conductive area is exposed on edge after the dicing process. This conductive area, many times the layer edge area of an electrode layer, can be used to ensure good electrical connectivity via the deposition of a local “droplet” of a conductive adhesive on the edge of the die, near to the conductive area. While this technique is functional, it requires specific conductive adhesives and processes which are not standard in the wafer manufacture industry. 
         [0018]    In view of the above described state of the art, a need exists to develop an alternative way of wafer scale manufacturing of LCL optical devices which would allow simpler assembly and more convenient electrical connectivity processes. 
         [0019]    Therefore there is proposed a method of wafer level manufacturing with steps which enable obtaining surface exposed electrical connection zones in contrast to the edge connection developed and used so far. Assembly and electrical connection techniques are disclosed which use “horizontal” exposed surfaces. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0020]    The invention can be better understood by way of the following detailed description of embodiments of the proposed solution with reference to the appended drawings, in which: 
           [0021]      FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram showing top view of a prior art wafer of liquid crystal optical devices during manufacture just prior to dicing; 
           [0022]      FIG. 2A  is a schematic diagram showing a cross-sectional view through a diced prior art wafer level manufactured liquid crystal optical device having a liquid crystal filled reservoir; 
           [0023]      FIG. 2B  is another schematic diagram showing a cross-sectional view through a diced prior art waver level manufactured liquid crystal optical device having overhanging substrates exposing electrode layers for external soldering; 
           [0024]      FIG. 2C  is a perspective view illustrating a scanning electron microscope image showing a diamond scribed wafer as shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0025]      FIG. 2D  is a perspective view illustrating a scanning electron microscope image showing spatially shifted cleaved substrates as shown in  FIG. 2B ; 
           [0026]      FIG. 3A  is a schematic diagram showing general a prior art wafer of liquid crystal lens devices surrounded by backfill material; 
           [0027]      FIG. 3B  is a schematic diagram illustrating a side view of a prior art wafer of liquid crystal lens devices surrounded by backfill material, each liquid crystal lens device having non-uniform electrodes extending to dicing lines; 
           [0028]      FIG. 3C  is a schematic diagram illustrating a singulated liquid crystal lens device from a wafer illustrated in  FIG. 3B ; 
           [0029]      FIG. 3D  is a schematic diagram illustrating external electrical edge connection to electrodes of the liquid crystal lens device illustrated in  FIGS. 3B and 3C ; 
           [0030]      FIG. 3E  is a schematic diagram illustrating prior art use of conductive coatings for external electrical edge connection; 
           [0031]      FIG. 3F  is a schematic diagram illustrating external electrical edge connection to electrodes of the liquid crystal lens device illustrated in  FIG. 3E ; 
           [0032]      FIG. 4  is another schematic diagram showing another prior art polarization independent liquid crystal lens using another electrical edge connectivity technique; 
           [0033]      FIG. 5A  is a schematic diagram illustrating a wafer of polarization dependent LCL devices manufactured without back-fill material between individual LCL devices on the wafer, in accordance with an embodiment of the proposed solution; 
           [0034]      FIG. 5B  is an illustration of a mechanical scribe tool employed in scribing a wafer of LCL devices; 
           [0035]      FIG. 5C  is a schematic diagram illustrating an individual polarization dependent LCL device manufactured without back-fill material around the corresponding LC reservoir, in accordance with the proposed solution; 
           [0036]      FIG. 6  is a schematic diagram illustrating, in cross-section, providing electrical connectivity via soft leads inserted in side air gaps in contact with electrode layers in accordance with the proposed solution; 
           [0037]      FIGS. 7A and 7B  are schematic diagrams illustrating patterned transparent electrode layers deposited on corresponding substrates in accordance with the proposed solution; 
           [0038]      FIG. 7C  is a schematic diagram illustrating in cross-section transparent electrode layers extending to the same side of an LCL optical device die in accordance with the proposed solution; 
           [0039]      FIG. 8A  is a schematic diagram illustrating a lead frame providing electrical connectivity for an individual LCL optical device illustrated in  FIG. 7C  in accordance with the proposed solution; 
           [0040]      FIG. 8B  is a schematic diagram a housing providing electrical connectivity for an individual LCL optical device illustrated in  FIG. 7C  in accordance with another implementation of the proposed solution; 
           [0041]      FIG. 9A  is a schematic diagram illustrating a side sectional view of a polarization independent LCL optical device in a wafer of such devices in accordance with the proposed solution; 
           [0042]      FIG. 9B  is an illustration showing a side view of a cleaved polarization independent LCL optical device in accordance with the proposed solution; 
           [0043]      FIG. 9C  is an illustration showing a perspective SEM view of a cleaved polarization independent LCL optical device in accordance with the proposed solution; 
           [0044]      FIG. 10A  is a schematic diagram illustrating a side sectional view of a lead frame or housing providing electrical connectivity for a polarization independent LCL optical device in accordance with the proposed solution; 
           [0045]      FIG. 10B  is a schematic diagram illustrating a top view of patterned electrodes on different substrates and a corresponding lead frame or housing providing electrical connectivity for a polarization independent LCL optical device in accordance with the proposed solution; 
           [0046]      FIGS. 11A and 11B  are schematic diagrams illustrating scribe processes providing inner scribe lines on corresponding wafers of polarization dependent electro-optic devices according to the proposed solution; 
           [0047]      FIG. 11C  is a schematic diagram illustrating a scribe process providing first external scribe lines on a wafer of polarization independent electro-optic devices according to the proposed solution; 
           [0048]      FIG. 11D  is a schematic diagram illustrating a scribe process providing second external scribe lines on the wafer of polarization independent electro-optic devices of  FIG. 11C  according to the proposed solution; 
           [0049]      FIG. 12A  is a schematic diagram illustrating a polarization independent electro-optic device layered structure having shifted scribe lines in accordance with the proposed solution; 
           [0050]      FIGS. 12B and 12C  are illustrations showing singulated polarization independent electro-optic device layered structures respectively having outside and inside shifted scribe lines in accordance with the proposed solution; 
           [0051]      FIG. 13A  is a schematic diagram illustrating a perspective view of a wafer laser cutting process in accordance with another embodiment of the proposed solution; 
           [0052]      FIG. 13B  is a schematic diagram illustrating a perspective view of cleaved electro-optical dice in accordance with the proposed solution; 
           [0053]      FIG. 14A  is a SEM micrograph showing top view of a laser scribed wafer array of electro-optic devices in accordance with the proposed solution; 
           [0054]      FIG. 14B  is a SEM micrograph showing a front perspective view of a laser scribed wafer array of electro-optic devices in accordance with the proposed solution; 
           [0055]      FIG. 14C  is a SEM micrograph showing a side perspective view of a laser scribed wafer array of electro-optic devices in accordance with the proposed solution; and 
           [0056]      FIGS. 15A and 15B  are SEM micrographs showing corner regions of a laser cut electro-optic device die in accordance with the proposed solution, 
       
    
    
       [0057]    wherein similar features bear similar labels throughout the drawings. While the layer sequence described is of significance, reference to “top” and “bottom” qualifiers in the present specification is made solely with reference to the orientation of the drawings as presented in the application and do not imply any absolute spatial orientation. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0058]    The above mentioned electrical connectivity problems can be solved according to the proposed solution for example as described below. 
         [0059]    In accordance with a first embodiment schematically illustrated in  FIG. 5A , a manufacturing process for polarization dependent LCL electro-optic device  11  arrays on a wafer  12  is followed; however the step of back-fill material injection is omitted (this is also referred to as “no-backfill material”). In this case, thousands of LCL electro-optic devices  11  are obtained on the same wafer  12 , each having corresponding reservoir walls  3  (separating neighboring reservoirs  22 ) which are separated by air space instead of solid back-fill material. A mechanical scribe tool for example illustrated in  FIG. 5B  is employed to scribe ( 15 ) both sides of the wafer  12  illustrated in  FIG. 5A  along scribe lines  15  which form a 2D network of scribe lines, for example as illustrated in  FIG. 2C . Individual polarization dependent LCL electro-optic devices  11  cleaved out of the wafer are schematically illustrated in  FIG. 5C  with separate electrode  5 ,  6  surfaces exposed inside air gaps between substrates  1 ,  2  alongside corresponding reservoir  22 . For example, the air gap between two substrates can be 3 μm to 100 μm and the distance between the border of the substrates and the reservoir wall  3  can be 500 μm to 700 μm deep.  FIG. 6  schematically illustrates, in cross-section, the use of soft solderable contacts or leads  16  inserted (and expanded) into the side air gaps to provide external electrical connectivity ( 8 ). 
         [0060]    For certainty, the invention is not limited to employing electrical contact leads  16  on multiple sides of a LCL electro-optic device die  11 .  FIG. 7A  schematically illustrates a plan view of a patterned top transparent electrode  6  extending to the back right on the substrate  1 , whereas  FIG. 7B  schematically illustrates a plan view of a patterned bottom transparent electrode  5  extending to the front right on the substrate  2 . The electrode layers can be differently patterned while all electrode layers have electrically conductive area extensions which extend to one side of the die  11 . As illustrated in cross-section in  FIG. 7C , the assembled LCL electro-optic device die  11  includes top  6  and bottom  5  transparent electrodes extending to the right edge of the LCL electro-optic device die  11  without using back-fill material between substrates  1 ,  2 . A lead frame  17  is illustrated in  FIG. 8A  having one sided leads  16 . The LCL optical device die  11  of  FIG. 7C  can be inserted (slid) into the lead frame  17  employing insertion (sliding) guides  18 . The invention is not limited to employing lead frames, an optical device housing having an aperture as illustrated in  FIG. 8B  can equally be employed to provide electrical connectivity in accordance with another implementation of the proposed solution. The same lead frame  17  or housing can also be employed to provide precise positioning of the electro-optic device within the overall apparatus (for example for positioning a LCL optical device within a camera). 
         [0061]    The invention is not limited to the above mentioned solution wherein electrical connectivity is provided for a polarization dependent LCL electro-optic device.  FIG. 9  schematically illustrates a layered structure of a wafer level manufactured polarization independent LCL electro-optic device within an array thereof. Two wafers having arrays of polarization dependent LCL electro-optic devices  11  are assembled together in a stack for example by means of a thin layer of adhesive  19  using cross oriented liquid crystal layers LC ∥  and LC ⊥  to act on to perpendicular polarizations of incident light. In accordance with the embodiment of the proposed solution, prior to assembly, the inner bottom substrates  2 ,  2 * of each polarization dependent LCL electro-optic device wafer  12  are scribed  15 . The two external top substrates  1  can be scribed  20  after assembly. The entire assembled layered structure can be cleaved into individual polarization independent LCL electro-optic devices  11 .  FIG. 9B  illustrates a cleaved polarization independent LCL electro-optic device showing stacked side air gaps corresponding to each liquid crystal layer  4 . For example, the air gaps have a clearance of about 40 μm and are about 700 μm deep.  FIG. 9C  illustrates an SEM image showing a perspective view of a cleaved polarization independent LCL electro-optic device  11 . 
         [0062]    Schematically illustrated in  FIG. 10A  is a side view of a mechanical housing or lead frame  17  including specific lead electrodes  16  at multiple levels which can be inserted into contact with air exposed electrode layer contact areas of the LCL electro-optic device  11  as described hereinabove. Multiple layers of electro-optic wafers can be assembled without employing back-fill material, at least some support substrates having thereon various patterned electrodes  5 ,  6  extending to one side of die.  FIG. 10B  illustrates a top view of an electrode layer configuration and of a housing having a corresponding lead  16  configuration. 
         [0063]    A manufacturing process in accordance with the proposed solution, includes holding, for example on a vacuum table, polarization dependent electro-optic device wafers for example having glass substrates, and using a mechanical scribe having a diamond tip for example as illustrated in  FIG. 5B  to scribe one of the substrates. The scribe process illustrated in  FIGS. 11A and 11B  scores ( 15 ) corresponding substrates  2  of each polarization dependent electro-optic device  11  while the mechanical integrity of each layered structure is maintained. The substrates  2  of each polarization dependent electro-optic device  11  can be scribed in similar fashion. 
         [0064]    Next,  FIG. 11C  illustrates an assembled polarization independent electro-optic device array ( 12 ) during fabrication, where the wafer  12  illustrated in  FIG. 11A  is assembled on top of the wafer  12  illustrated in  FIG. 11B  using a thin layer of transparent adhesive  19 . Without limiting the invention, the previously made scribe lines  15  can be aligned and these scribe lines  15  are hereafter referred to internal scribe lines  15 . Another scribe process ( 20 ) can be applied after this assembly process as illustrated in  FIG. 11C  to provide first external scribe lines  20 . Without limiting the invention, the first external scribe lines  20  can be aligned with the internal scribe lines  15 . 
         [0065]    Another final scribe process ( 20 ) can be applied to the opposed side of the polarization independent electro-optic device layered structure, as illustrated in  FIG. 11D  to provide second external scribe lines  20 . For example, the layered wafer structure illustrated in  FIG. 11C  can be lifted using an adhesive tape and flipped. Without limiting the invention the second external scribe lines  20  can be aligned with the internal scribe lines  15  or with the first external scribe lines  20 . 
         [0066]    The electrical connection of such a die  11  can be achieved if external electrodes or conductive (polymerizable) adhesive are inserted between the substrates  1 &amp; 2  or  3 &amp; 4 . 
         [0067]    For certainty, the invention is not limited to vertically aligned scribe lines  15 / 20 . In accordance with another implementation, the external scribe lines  20  can be laterally shifted  21  with respect to the internal scribe lines  15  as schematically illustrated in  FIG. 12A . Depending upon the relative positions of external  20  and internal  15  scribe lines, the cleaved die  11  can have different electrode layer areas exposed to air. For example, laterally shifted scribed lines  15 / 20  can be employed independently in each x, y electro-optic device array direction.  FIG. 12B  illustrates a singulated polarization independent electro-optic device die  11  corresponding to  FIG. 12A  for example having a 150 μm lateral shift between the scribe lines  15 / 20 .  FIG. 12C  illustrates a singulated polarization independent electro-optic device die  11  for example having a 150 μm lateral shift between the scribe lines  15 / 20  which would enable connection of stacked electrode  6  exposed areas with a common lead  16  expanded between the top and bottom substrates  1 . 
         [0068]    While fast singulation of high quality electro-optic devices from a wafer is possible using the mechanical scribe and cleave process described above, the cleaved substrate edges are not equal. For example, with reference to  FIGS. 9C and 9B  the substrate edge offsets for aligned scribe lines can be in the range of ±40 μm. 
         [0069]    For certainty, the invention is not limited to employing grids of scribe lines, both internal  15  and external  20  scribes can also be circular, providing dies  11  of circular form. 
         [0070]    In accordance with another embodiment of the proposed solution, improved results can be obtained by employing laser cutting techniques. With reference to  FIG. 13A  a laser cut technique includes focusing a laser beam to score dicing lines on a wafer  12 .  FIG. 13A  illustrates laser scoring of a wafer  12  of polarization dependent LCL electro-optic devices  11  for cutting the individual dies of LCL out of the wafer  12 .  FIG. 13B  illustrates individual polarization dependent electro-optic device dies  11  obtained after cleaving along the laser scored lines. Without limiting the invention, cleaving can include exposing the laser scored wafer array to thermal or acoustic shock. The laser cut process can involve a bulk (glass) substrate damage (or scribe), followed by a cleave or a direct cut by local melting or evaporation or other type of damage of the substrate. 
         [0071]      FIGS. 14A, 14B and 14C  respectively illustrate top, side and perspective scanning electron microscope micrographs of an example of a symmetric cut of an array of polarization independent electro-optic devices  11  providing horizontally exposed electrode areas enabling electrical connectivity by external electrodes&#39; insertion as illustrated in  FIGS. 10A and 10B . 
         [0072]    Dice edge comparison between mechanical dicing and laser dicing can be appreciated by observing  FIGS. 9B and 15A , while dice edge comparisons can be appreciated by observing  FIGS. 9C and 15B  for the same layered geometry. No appreciable damage to the surface of the substrates nor to the thin layer of adhesive is observed. As it can be seen, it is clear that the laser cutting technique, allows obtaining air exposed electrode areas, which are still in the x-y plane while their cross section in the x-z or y-z planes is very small. The electrical connection of such a die  11  can be achieved if external electrodes or conductive (polymerizable) adhesive are inserted between the substrates  1 &amp; 2  or  3 &amp; 4 , which have separations typically defined by the LC thickness (typically between 25 μm to 50 μm). 
         [0073]    While the above described laser cutting technique does not provide for vertical electrode surface exposure for example illustrated in  FIGS. 12A, 12B and 12C , the laser cutting technique provides fast singulation with high quality kerf and low edge roughness in comparison with mechanical dicing techniques. 
         [0074]    With respect to LCL electro-optic devices, the layered geometries schematically illustrated in  FIGS. 2B, 3A, 3B, 3C, 4, 5A, 5C, 9 and 12A  are simplified by omitting additional layers. A person of skill in the art, would understand that the LC layer orientation of LC layers for example illustrated in  FIGS. 9 and 12A  is defined by corresponding alignment layers sandwiching each LC layer. An alignment orientation can imparted to each alignment layer during wafer level manufacture. 
         [0075]    While extensive reference has been made in the above description to LC lens optical device, the invention is not limited thereto, for example the above can equally be applied to electro-optical device providing spatially variable control of light including shutters, mirrors and beam steering devices. 
         [0076]    While the invention has been illustrated and described with referenced to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be recognized by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims