Abstract:
A method for manufacturing an integrated solar cell and concentrator. The method includes providing a first photovoltaic region and a second photovoltaic region disposed within a first mold member. A second mold member is coupled to the first mold member to form a cavity region. The cavity region forms a first concentrator region overlying a vicinity of the first photovoltaic region and a second concentrator region overlying a vicinity of the second photovoltaic region. The method includes transferring a molding compound in a fluidic state into the cavity region to fill the cavity region with the molding compound and initiating a curing process of the molding compound to form a first concentrator element and a second concentrator element overlying the respective photovoltaic regions.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to Provisional Application No. 61/013,651, filed Dec. 12, 2007, commonly assigned, and incorporate herein by reference. This application is related to “Method And Resulting Device For Curing A Polymer Material For Solar Module Applications,” application Ser. No. 11/753546, filed May 24, 2007, and is incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     STATEMENT AS TO RIGHTS TO INVENTIONS MADE UNDER FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
       [0002]    NOT APPLICABLE 
       REFERENCE TO A “SEQUENCE LISTING,” A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING APPENDIX SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISK. 
       [0003]    NOT APPLICABLE 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    The present invention relates generally to solar energy techniques. In particular, the present invention provides a method for fabricating integrated concentrator photovoltaic elements molded together within one or more substrate members and a resulting device fabricated from the integrated concentrator photovoltaic elements. More particularly, the present invention provides a method and system for manufacturing photovoltaic cells with lowered costs and increased efficiencies. Merely by way of example, the invention has been applied to solar panels, commonly termed modules, but it would be recognized that the invention has a much broader range of applicability. 
         [0005]    As the population of the world increases, industrial expansion has lead to an equally large consumption of energy. Energy often comes from fossil fuels, including coal and oil, hydroelectric plants, nuclear sources, and others. As merely an example, the International Energy Agency projects further increases in oil consumption, with developing nations such as China and India accounting for most of the increase. Almost every element of our daily lives depends, in part, on oil, which is becoming increasingly scarce. As time further progresses, an era of “cheap” and plentiful oil is coming to an end. Accordingly, other and alternative sources of energy have been developed. 
         [0006]    Concurrent with oil, we have also relied upon other very useful sources of energy such as hydroelectric, nuclear, and the like to provide our electricity needs. As an example, most of our conventional electricity requirements for home and business use come from turbines run on coal or other forms of fossil fuel, nuclear power generation plants, and hydroelectric plants, as well as other forms of renewable energy. Often times, home and business use of electrical power has been stable and widespread. 
         [0007]    Most importantly, much if not all of the useful energy found on the Earth comes from our sun. Generally all common plant life on the Earth achieves life using photosynthesis processes from sun light. Fossil fuels such as oil were also developed from biological materials derived from energy associated with the sun. For human beings including “sun worshipers,” sunlight has been essential. For life on the planet Earth, the sun has been our most important energy source and fuel for modern day solar energy. 
         [0008]    Solar energy possesses many characteristics that are very desirable! Solar energy is renewable, clean, abundant, and often widespread. Certain technologies developed often capture solar energy, concentrate it, store it, and convert it into other useful forms of energy. 
         [0009]    Solar panels have been developed to convert sunlight into energy. As merely an example, solar thermal panels often convert electromagnetic radiation from the sun into thermal energy for heating homes, running certain industrial processes, or driving high grade turbines to generate electricity. As another example, solar photovoltaic panels convert sunlight directly into electricity for a variety of applications. Solar panels are generally composed of an array of solar cells, which are interconnected to each other. The cells are often arranged in series and/or parallel groups of cells in series. Accordingly, solar panels have great potential to benefit our nation, security, and human users. They can even diversify our energy requirements and reduce the world&#39;s dependence on oil and other potentially detrimental sources of energy. 
         [0010]    Although solar panels have been used successful for certain applications, there are still certain limitations. Solar cells are often costly. Depending upon the geographic region, there are often financial subsidies from governmental entities for purchasing solar panels, which often cannot compete with the direct purchase of electricity from public power companies. In addition, availability of solar panels is also somewhat scarce. That is, solar panels are often difficult to find and purchase from limited sources of photovoltaic silicon bearing materials. 
         [0011]    Partly to reduce the material requirement for manufacturing photovoltaic cells and partly to increase the efficiencies of energy conversion, the manufacturing process often require physically assembling light concentrator elements onto photovoltaic silicon bearing wafer materials. Such assembly, however, can be costly and difficult to manufacture, especially on a large scale. Due to sensitive manufacturing tolerances, the efficiencies of such silicon panels can often be less low than desired. 
         [0012]    From the above, it can seen that a method and system for improving manufacturing processes associated with making lost cost, efficient solar devices is highly desirable. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0013]    The present invention relates generally to solar energy techniques. In particular, the present invention provides a method for fabricating integrated concentrator photovoltaic elements molded together within one or more substrate members and a resulting device fabricated from the integrated concentrator photovoltaic elements. More particularly, the present invention provides a method and system for manufacturing photovoltaic cells with lowered costs and increased efficiencies. Merely by way of example, the invention has been applied to solar panels, commonly termed modules, but it would be recognized that the invention has a much broader range of applicability. 
         [0014]    In a specific embodiment, a method of forming an integrated molded concentrator onto one or more photovoltaic regions is provided. According to the embodiment, the method includes providing a photovoltaic region wherein the photovoltaic region includes a backside surface, a thickness of material (including junction regions), and a frontside surface. In a specific embodiment, the thickness of material is provided between the backside surface and the frontside surface. The method includes providing a first mold member and forming a volume (e.g., evacuated space, displaceable fluid) bounded by the frontside surface of the photovoltaic region and the first mold member. The method includes transferring an optical material, which can be in a fluid state, into the volume to substantially fill the volume. Upon substantially filling the volume, the optical material is coupled to the frontside surface of the photovoltaic region. In a specific embodiment, the optical material is cured to cause the formation of a concentrator element coupled to the frontside surface of the photovoltaic region. The photovoltaic region and the optical material may be released to form a sandwiched structure including the photovoltaic region and the optical material and an interface region (also referred to as an encapsulant layer), which can be an optical coupling material. 
         [0015]    According to another embodiment, the method may in general include other processes to form an integrated, molded concentrator element into a photovoltaic device. According to a specific embodiment, the method may further comprise providing a second mold member adapted to operatively couple with the first mold member. The coupling between the first and second members forms a volume bounded by the frontside surface of the photovoltaic region, the first mold member, and the second mold member. The order of the steps described above is also only exemplary. That is, certain steps may be combined, separated, or interchanged. For example, according to an embodiment, the photovoltaic region and the optical material may be first released before the optical material is cured. Alternatively, curing can occur before the photovoltaic region coupled to the optical material is released. Of course, there can be other variations, modifications, and alternatives. 
         [0016]    According to another embodiment, the method is adapted to form an array of solar cells or modules. For example, the photovoltaic region may only be one of a plurality of photovoltaic regions configured in an array. According to an embodiment, the array is an N by M array, where N is an integer of 1 and greater and M is an integer of two and greater. The method produces an array of photovoltaic cells where each cell includes an integrated concentrator element molded as part of the cell. 
         [0017]    According to another embodiment, the method further provides for the forming of an optical coupling material between the optical material and the frontside surface of the photovoltaic region. According to another embodiment, the method also provides for the coupling of at least one electrode member to the backside surface of the photovoltaic member. According to another embodiment, the curing step comprises subjecting the thickness of the optical material from a thermal plastic state to a thermal set state. 
         [0018]    According yet another embodiment, a method for manufacturing an integrated solar cell is provided. The method includes providing a photovoltaic member that has a frontside surface and a backside surface separated by a pre-defined thickness. The method also includes providing for a first substrate member where the first substrate member includes a cavity. The method also includes aligning the first substrate member with the photovoltaic member to mechanically engage the first substrate member with the photovoltaic member. The method may further include positioning a second substrate member to align with the first substrate member to form a volume bounded by the frontside surface of the photovoltaic region, a surface region of the second substrate member, and a surface region of the cavity. The method also includes transferring an optical material into the volume to substantially fill the volume. The optical material in the cavity then couples to the frontside surface of the photovoltaic region. The method also includes a step for curing the optical material coupled to the frontside surface of the photovoltaic region. A portion of the cured optical material may cause the formation of a concentrator element that is coupled to the frontside surface of the photovoltaic region. The method also includes the releasing of the photovoltaic member and the optical material. 
         [0019]    According to another embodiment, the method may in general include other steps as necessary to form an integrated, molded concentrator element into a photovoltaic device. For example, according to an embodiment, the method may further comprise providing a second mold member adapted to operatively couple with the first mold member. The coupling between the first and second members forms a volume bounded by the frontside surface of the photovoltaic region, the first mold member, and the second mold member. The order of the steps described above is also only exemplary. For example, according to an embodiment, the photovoltaic region and the optical material may be first released before the optical material is cured. 
         [0020]    According to another embodiment, the method is adapted to form an array of solar cells or modules. For example, the photovoltaic region may only be one of a plurality of photovoltaic regions configured in an array. According to an embodiment, the array is an N by M array, where N is an integer of 1 and greater and M is an integer of two and greater. The method produces an array of photovoltaic cells where each cell includes an integrated concentrator element molded as part of the cell. 
         [0021]    According to another embodiment, the method further provides for the forming of an optical coupling material between the optical material and the frontside surface of the photovoltaic region. According to another embodiment, the method also provides for the coupling of at least one electrode member to the backside surface of the photovoltaic member. According to another embodiment, the curing step comprises subjecting the thickness of the optical material from a thermal plastic state to a thermal set state. 
         [0022]    According to another embodiment, the invention provides for a system for manufacturing an integrated solar cell. The system includes a first substrate member including a photovoltaic region and a cavity region where the cavity region includes a backside surface and the photovoltaic region including a backside surface, a thickness of material, and a frontside surface, the thickness of material being provided between the backside surface and the frontside surface of the photovoltaic region. 
         [0023]    According to the embodiment, the system also includes a second substrate member, an injection component, a curing component and a release component. In the specific embodiment, the first substrate member is adapted to mechanically engage the thickness of the photovoltaic region to the cavity region. The first substrate member and the second member are adapted to form a volume bounded by the photovoltaic region and the second substrate member. The injection component is adapted to transfer an optical material into the volume to substantially fill the volume with the optical material. The optical material in the volume is coupled to the frontside surface of the photovoltaic region. The curing component is adapted to cure the optical material coupled to the frontside surface of the photovoltaic region. A concentrator element coupled to the frontside surface of the photovoltaic region is formed as a result. The release component is adapted to release the photovoltaic region and the optical material from the first substrate member and the second substrate member. 
         [0024]    According to another embodiment, the first substrate member and the second member is also adapted to form an array of trapezoidal volumes bounded by at least the frontside surface of the photovoltaic region and a surface region of the second substrate member. In the embodiment, the injection component is adapted to transfer the optical material into the array of volumes to substantially fill the volumes to couple the optical material in the array of volumes to the frontside surface of the photovoltaic region. According to an embodiment, the array may be an N by M array, where N is an integer of 1 and greater and M is an integer of two and greater. 
         [0025]    According to another embodiment, the system is also adapted to provide an optical coupling material between the optical material and the frontside surface of the photovoltaic region. According to yet another embodiment, the system is adapted to couple the backside surface of the photovoltaic region to at least one electrode member. According to another embodiment, the system is adapted to cure the optical material by subjecting the thickness of the optical material from a thermal plastic state to a thermal set state. 
         [0026]    In a specific embodiment, a method for manufacturing an integrated solar cell and concentrator is provided. The method includes providing a first photovoltaic region and a second photovoltaic region disposed within a first mold member. The method includes coupling a second mold member to the first mold member to form a cavity region. In a specific embodiment, the cavity region forms a first concentrator region overlying a vicinity of the first photovoltaic region and a second concentrator region overlying a vicinity of the second photovoltaic region. A molding compound in a fluidic state is transferred into the cavity region to fill the cavity region with the molding compound. A curing process of the molding compound is initiated to form a first concentrator element and a second concentrator element overlying the respective photovoltaic regions. 
         [0027]    Many benefits are achieved by way of the present invention over conventional techniques. For example, the present technique provides a solution to manufacture solar elements and solar modules that are cost effective and that leverage existing examples. The invention provides, according to an embodiment, a process that relies upon conventional technology such as silicon materials, although other materials can also be used. The method provides a process for making solar elements and modules where the process makes use of conventional process technologies without substantial modifications. 
         [0028]    According to an embodiment, the invention provides for an improved solar cell that is less costly and easier to handle than conventional solar cells. An exemplary solar cell includes a plurality of photovoltaic members or regions that are integrated and sealed within one or more substrate structures. In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method and a completed solar cell structure using a plurality of photovoltaic strips that are free and clear from a module or panel assembly and that are integrated and molded together with the plurality of photovoltaic strips during an assembly process. Also in a preferred embodiment, one or more of the resulting solar cells are characterized by less silicon per area (e.g., 80% or less, 50% or less) than conventional solar cells. 
         [0029]    In preferred embodiments, the present method and cell structures are light weight and amenable to be used in building structures and the like. According to a specific embodiment, the weight is about the same or slightly more than conventional solar cells at a module level. In a preferred embodiment, a solar cell is configured using a molded concentrator element thereon. Depending upon the embodiment, one or more of these benefits may be achieved. These and other benefits will be described in more detail throughout the present specification and more particularly below. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0030]      FIG. 1  is a simplified diagram illustrating a front cover including an array of concentrating element overlaying one or more photovoltaic regions according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0031]      FIG. 2  shows a simplified diagram illustrating a front cover with a plurality of concentrating elements and a side profile of a plurality of concentrating elements according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0032]      FIG. 3  is a simplified diagram illustrating side profile views of a front cover with an array of concentrating elements according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0033]      FIG. 4  is a simplified diagram of a few of the details of a concentrator unit according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0034]      FIG. 5  is a simplified diagram of a basic unit of an integrated concentrator-photovoltaic element according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0035]      FIGS. 6A-6D  is a simplified diagram illustrating a method for manufacturing an integrated concentrator photovoltaic element using one mold member according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0036]      FIGS. 7A-7C  is a simplified diagram illustrating a method for manufacturing an integrated concentrator photovoltaic element using two mold members according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0037]      FIG. 8  is a simplified diagram illustrating a method for manufacturing an integrated concentrator photovoltaic element using a two-stage molding process according to an embodiment of the present invention; and 
           [0038]      FIGS. 9A-9F  present a series of simplified diagrams illustrating various intermediate stages of manufacturing an integrated array of concentrator photovoltaic units using a two stage molding process according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0039]    The present invention relates generally to solar energy techniques. In particular, the present invention provides a method for fabricating integrated concentrator photovoltaic elements molded together within one or more substrate members and a resulting device fabricated from the integrated concentrator photovoltaic elements. More particularly, the present invention provides a method and system for manufacturing photovoltaic cells with lowered costs and increased efficiencies. Merely by way of example, the invention has been applied to solar panels, commonly termed modules, but it would be recognized that the invention has a much broader range of applicability. 
         [0040]    According to an embodiment, the present invention provides a method and system for manufacturing arrays of integrated molded concentrator element photovoltaic cells. An exemplary method and system includes molding and coupling an array of solar concentrators to an array of photovoltaic cells or modules. The descriptions and diagrams provided in this document show the invention through specific embodiments merely by way of examples, and should not be taken unduly to limit the scope of the invention. For example, merely by way of example, the invention has been applied to solar panels, commonly termed modules, but it would be recognized that the invention has a much broader range of applicability. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, modifications, and alternatives. 
         [0041]      FIG. 1  shows a simplified diagram illustrating a solar panel  100  according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown, the solar panel includes a front cover  101  overlaying a plurality of photovoltaic component  150 . The photovoltaic component can include a back cover, an array of photovoltaic strips or photovoltaic elements, and an encapsulant. Details on the encapsulant is described throughout the present specification and specifically in  FIG. 5 . In a preferred embodiment, front cover  101  includes an array of concentrating elements  105  coupled to each of the respective photovoltaic elements. An exemplary array of concentrating elements  105  may be characterized by a first length characterizing a dimensional extent of a unit along a first direction  107  and a second length characterizing the size of the gap separating each unit of concentrating element from each other along a second direction  108 . 
         [0042]    According to an aspect of the current invention, a portion of front cover  101  includes light concentrators that may be molded onto an array of photovoltaic cells to form an array of integrated concentrator photovoltaic cells. Depending upon the specific embodiments, the front cover member may be created rigid and made of a polymer material, a glass material, a multilayered construction, etc. According to an embodiment, a rigid front cover member can be manufactured by one of a variety of processes including injection, transfer, compression, or extrusion. 
         [0043]    According to a specific embodiment, the front cover member is optically transparent and can be characterized by an index of refraction. In a specific embodiment, the front cover member can have an index of refraction of about 1.4 or greater. An exemplary front cover member may be provided by a material with a light transmissivity of 88% or greater. According to another specific embodiment, a front cover member may be provided by a material with a light absorption of 4% or less. Other variations, modifications, and alternatives as contemplated by a person of ordinary skill in the art also exist. 
         [0044]      FIG. 2  shows a simplified diagram illustrating several perspectives of the front cover member and the array of concentrating elements. According to a current embodiment, the front cover is illustrated by a side view V 1 , a top view V 2 , and a cross section view V 3  across section “B-B,” and a close-up profile view V 4  including two concentrating elements. Of course there can be other variations, modifications, and alternatives. 
         [0045]      FIG. 3  shows a simplified diagram illustrating a view of a front cover  101  with a plurality of concentrating elements  105  according to an embodiment of the present invention. This figure also includes a close-up of side profile of a concentrating element  200 . As shown, an exemplary concentrating element includes a trapezoidal shaped member, where the trapezoidal shaped member has a bottom surface  201  coupled to a pyramidal shaped region that defined by a lower surface  205  and an upper surface  207 . According to the embodiment, the trapezoidal shaped member has an upper surface region  209  which may be co-extensive of front cover  101 . In a specific embodiment, each concentrator element  200  may be spatially disposed to be parallel to each other, according to a specific embodiment. An exemplary concentration element  200  also includes a first reflective side  207  and an aperture region  209 . 
         [0046]    According to an embodiment, a “trapezoidal” or “pyramidal” shaped member includes embodiments with straight, curved, or a combination of straight and curved walls. For example, the trapezoidal or pyramidal surfaces defined by surfaces  205  and  207  may be curved and not necessarily straight as illustrated in  FIG. 3 . Also, depending upon the specific embodiment, the concentrating elements may be located near the front cover, integrated as part of the front cover, or be coupled to the front cover. According to a preferred embodiment, the front cover and concentrating elements are molded and integrated with photovoltaic members, where the integrated unit is adapted to convert light energy into electrical energy. 
         [0047]      FIG. 4  shows a simplified diagram of a concentrator element according to an embodiment of the present invention. The concentrator element has an aperture region  220  where light enters the concentrator element and an exit region  230  where light exists. It shows how light rays entering a concentrator may be reflected and directed toward exist region  230 . Due to inefficiencies, some of the energy of light entering aperture region  220  may not exit the concentrator through exit region  230 . In a specific embodiment, the efficiencies of a concentrator element to direct light from the aperture toward the exist region can be 90% or higher. 
         [0048]    According to a specific embodiment, the concentrating element is characterized by a light entrance aperture area  220  and a light exit area  230  where the ratio of light exit area to light entrance aperture area is about 0.8 or less. By way of example, a concentrating element may have light exit area to light entrance aperture area ratio of about 0.5. According to an embodiment, a concentrating element has a height. An exemplary concentrating element has a height of about 7 mm or less. According to another embodiment, the concentrating element may be characterized by a surface roughness that correlates with the reflectivity of the surface. According to a specific embodiment, a first reflective side  240  and a second reflective side  260  of a concentrating element may be characterized by a surface roughness of about 120 nanometers RMS and less. According to another specific embodiment, the surface roughness can have a dimension value of about 10% of a wavelength of a light entering the aperture regions. An exemplary first reflective side and the second reflective side may be adapted to provide for total internal reflection of light entering the aperture region. Of course there can be other variations, modifications, and alternatives. 
         [0049]    According to another specific embodiment, an exemplary concentrating element is characterized by reflectivity, durability, and refractivity of one or more coatings on one or more of its surface regions. An exemplary concentrating element includes an anti-reflective coating for improved efficiency. Another exemplary concentrating element includes coatings for improving durability of the concentrating element. Another exemplary concentrating element includes coatings having a refractive index of about 1.45 or greater. Of course, there can be other variations, modifications, and alternatives. 
         [0050]      FIG. 5  shows a simplified diagram of a concentrator unit integrated with a photovoltaic unit according to an embodiment of the present invention. According to an exemplary embodiment, an integrated molded concentrator photovoltaic element includes a molded concentrator  200 , an encapsulant  305 , an energy conversion element (or photovoltaic element, for example, a photovoltaic strip )  310 , and a bus bar  320 . In a preferred embodiment, the concentrator  200  is molded directly onto the photovoltaic element. An exemplary integrated concentrator is preferably adapted to efficiently concentrate the light collected at aperture region  220  to exit region  230  coupled to the photovoltaic member, for example a photovoltaic strip in a specific embodiment. The bus bar  320  is provided to conduct electric energy generated to an external load in a preferred embodiment. 
         [0051]    According to an embodiment, an encapsulant layer  305  may be provided to compensate for a difference in thermal expansivity between the concentrator material and the photovoltaic material. Encapsulant layer  305  may also provide an improved transmission efficiency of light from the concentrator element  200  to the photovoltaic strip  310 . An exemplary concentrator additionally include one or more pocket regions facing a first reflective side or a second reflective side characterized by a refractive index of about 1 in a specific embodiment. According to a specific embodiment, the pocket regions can be configured to allow a total internal reflection of light within a volume of the concentrator element and an efficient transmission of light from the aperture region to the exit region. 
         [0052]    Depending upon the embodiment, the concentrator element may be made of one of several suitable materials. The concentrator element can be made of a polymer, glass, or other optically transparent materials, or a combination of all these materials. A suitable material can be one that is environmentally stable, a material that can preferably withstand environmental temperatures, weather, and other “outdoor” conditions. Of course there can be other variations, modifications, an alternatives 
         [0053]      FIG. 6A  is a simplified diagram illustrating a method for manufacturing an integrated concentrator photovoltaic element using a mold member according to an embodiment of the present invention.  FIGS. 6B-6D  illustrate the results of an exemplary photovoltaic member being manufactured following the steps of  FIG. 6A . 
         [0054]      FIG. 6B  shows an exemplary photovoltaic member  300  before a concentrator is molded and integrated. According to an embodiment, the photovoltaic member includes an encapsulant layer  305 , a photovoltaic strip or element  310  for converting light energy into electrical energy, and a bus bar or conducting element  320  for conducting electrical energy away from the photovoltaic strip or element  310 . As shown, each of the photovoltaic member is separated by an isolation material  330 .  FIG. 6C  shows a simplified diagram of the structure of an integrated concentrator as it is being manufactured.  FIG. 6D  shows a simplified diagram of a product manufactured by the exemplary process. 
         [0055]    According to an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary method for manufacturing an integrated concentrator photovoltaic element includes providing a first mold member  350  and photovoltaic member  300  coupled to the first mold member. The method includes coupling photovoltaic member  300  to first mold member  350  and forming a volume  360  bounded in part by photovoltaic member  300  and first mold member  350 . The method includes transferring an optical material  370  to volume  360  to substantially fill volume  360 . 
         [0056]    The method includes a step for curing optical material  370  transferred to the volume to cause the formation of one or more concentrator elements  200  coupled to each of the photovoltaic element  310 , as shown in  FIG. 6D . An exemplary integrated molded concentrator photovoltaic element  390  produced from the method described above is illustrated. The method includes a step for releasing photovoltaic member  300  and optical material  370  from first mold member  350 . Depending on the specific embodiment, the step for releasing may come before, after or during the process of curing the optical material. 
         [0057]    Depending on the specific embodiment, the releasing of the photovoltaic member from the first mold member may involve one of several approaches. According to a preferred embodiment, a vacuum can be applied to a top surface of the integrated concentrator photovoltaic device whereby the vacuum is used to pull the concentrator photovoltaic device from the first mold member. In a specific embodiment, the vacuum may be applied using a plurality of suction cups. Preferably, the vacuum is applied uniformly across the entire top surface. Of course there can be other variations, modifications, and alternatives. 
         [0058]      FIG. 6D  shows two units of an integrated molded concentrator photovoltaic element after the device has been released. An exemplary integrated molded concentrator photovoltaic unit may include a light concentrator component  200 , an encapsulant layer  305 , a photovoltaic element  310 , a conducting element or bus bar  320 , and a non-optical component  330  separating the integrated concentrator photovoltaic units from each other. 
         [0059]      FIG. 7A  shows a simplified diagram illustrating a method for manufacturing an integrated concentrator photovoltaic element using two mold members according to an embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 7B  shows a simplified diagram of an exemplary molding apparatus that can be used for practicing the exemplary process described in  FIG. 7A .  FIG. 7B  also represents a simplified diagram of an exemplary photovoltaic member undergoing the exemplary process described in  FIG. 7A . 
         [0060]    According to an embodiment, a method for manufacturing integrated concentrator photovoltaic elements includes providing a first mold member  350  and a second mold member  352 . The method includes providing a photovoltaic member  390  coupled to first mold member  350 . As shown in  FIG. 7B , the method includes forming a volume  362  bounded in part by photovoltaic member  390 , first mold member  350 , and second mold member  352 . 
         [0061]    According to the embodiment, the method includes a step for transferring optical material  370  to volume  362  to substantially fill volume  362 . The method includes a step for curing optical material  370  transferred to volume  362  to cause the formation of a concentrator element  200  coupled to photovoltaic member  390 . The method includes a step for releasing a photovoltaic member  390  including the concentrator element from first mold member  350  and second mold member  352 . Depending on the specific embodiment, the step for releasing may come before, after or during the process of curing optical material  370 . 
         [0062]    According to a specific embodiment, isolation material  330  is provided to separate units of an integrated molded concentrator photovoltaic element. Isolation material may or may not be released or removed depending on the application. If isolations material  330  is not released or removed, an integrated molded concentrator photovoltaic element similar to the one illustrated in  FIG. 6D  is produced, according to an embodiment. If isolations material  330  is released or removed, an integrated molded concentrator photovoltaic element similar to the one illustrated in  FIG. 7C  is produced, according to another embodiment. Of course there can be other variations, modifications, and alternatives. 
         [0063]      FIG. 7C  shows a simplified diagram illustrating two integrated concentrator photovoltaic units separated by a gap region  334  separating according to an embodiment of the present invention. An exemplary unit of integrated molded concentrator photovoltaic element  390  includes a light concentrator component  200 , an encapsulant layer  305 , a photovoltaic strip or element  310 , a bus bar or energy conducting element  320 , and a gap region  334  separating the integrated concentrator photovoltaic units. An exemplary gap region may be created when isolating material  330  is released or removed in a specific embodiment. Of course, there can be other variations, modifications, and alternatives. 
         [0064]    Depending on the specific embodiment, the releasing of the photovoltaic member may involve one of several approaches. According to a preferred embodiment, a vacuum may be applied to a top surface of the integrated concentrator photovoltaic device whereby the vacuum is used to pull the concentrator photovoltaic device from the first mold member. In one embodiment, the vacuum may be applied using a plurality of suction cups. In a specific embodiment, the vacuum is applied uniformly across the entire top surface. Of course, there can be other variations, modifications, and alternatives. 
         [0065]      FIG. 8  shows a simplified diagram illustrating a method for manufacturing an integrated concentrator photovoltaic element using a two-stage molding process to create a plurality or array of photovoltaic units according to an embodiment of the present invention.  FIGS. 9A-9F  show a series of simplified diagrams illustrating the various stages of manufacturing an array of photovoltaic units using an exemplary two-stage molding process. 
         [0066]    According to an embodiment, an exemplary method includes providing a first mold member  410 , a second mold member  420 , and a third mold member  430 . The method includes providing a photovoltaic member  440  coupled to first mold member  410 . The method includes coupling third mold member  430  with first mold member  410  to form a first volume  450  bounded by photovoltaic member  440 , first mold member  410 , and third mold member  430 . The method includes transferring an isolations material  375  to first volume  450  to substantially fill first volume  450 . 
         [0067]    The method includes releasing third mold member  430  and coupling second mold member  420  with first mold member  410  to form a second volume  460 . The method includes transferring an optical material  370  into the second volume  460  to substantially fill the second volume  460 . The method includes curing the optical material  370  to cause the formation of a concentrator element  200  coupled to the photovoltaic member and releasing the integrated concentrator-photovoltaic member  480  from the first mold member  410  and from the second mold member  420 . 
         [0068]    The order in which the curing and the releasing may differ depending on the specific embodiment. For example, according to one embodiment, releasing and curing steps may occur concurrently. According to another embodiment, the releasing step occurs before the curing process. According to yet another embodiment, the curing process occurs before the releasing step. Whether the isolations material is released or removed also depends on the specific embodiment. For example, according to an embodiment where the isolations material is not released or removed, a device  480  similar to one depicted in  FIG. 9E  results. According to another embodiment where the isolations material is released or removed from structure  480 , an integrated concentrator-photovoltaic device  485  similar to one depicted in  FIG. 9F  results. Other variations of the processes are possible. For example, instead of providing photovoltaic member  440  for the process, a photovoltaic member  300  (of  FIG. 6B ) with pre-built isolating units  330  may be provided instead. In that case, a first step to for preparing an isolations layer  375  may not be needed. 
         [0069]    Depending on the specific embodiment, the releasing of the photovoltaic member may involve one of several approaches. According to a preferred embodiment, the approach may involve the application of a vacuum to a top surface of the integrated concentrator photovoltaic device whereby the vacuum is used to pull the concentrator photovoltaic device from the manufacturing mold. In one embodiment, the vacuum may be applied through a plurality of suction cups. According to another embodiment, the vacuum may be applied by uniformly across the entire top surface. 
         [0070]    The invention disclosed here have been described in terms of specific embodiments and examples. Additional details and variations regarding the method may be provided without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, regarding the embodiment shown in  FIG. 9A , an exemplary photovoltaic member  440  needs not have an encapsulant layer  305  prefabricated. Encapsulant layer  305  may be introduced onto photovoltaic member  440  as part of the process. For example, before the introduction of an optical material shown in  FIG. 9C , an encapsulant material may be introduced to form an encapsulating layer. Alternatively, an encapsulant layer may be introduced and physically bonded to the photovoltaic member before the introduction of the optical material. 
         [0071]    Other variations may be made in the methods to manufacture integrated molded concentrator photovoltaic devices without deviating from the spirit and scopes of the embodiments disclosed. According to a specific embodiment, various steps may be added to the method to incorporate additional components to an integrated concentrator photovoltaic device. For example, in the method disclosed in  FIG. 6A ,  FIG. 7A , and  FIG. 8 , a series of steps may be added to integrate a sheet of specialized optical glass and/or environmental shield after the step to transfer an optical material and before curing the optical material. According to an exemplary embodiment, a sheet of glass such as a Solite Asahi Glass is provided for and bonded to a yet to be uncured optical material before the curing step. An exemplary sheet of Solite Asahi Glass may be between 3.2 and 4 mm. According to the embodiment, when the optical material is cured, the sheet of Solite Asahi Glass become permanently bonded and integrated into the molded concentrator photovoltaic device. 
         [0072]    Still other variations exist. As additional examples, the curing process may include any of several types of curing including thermal, chemical, mechanical, and radiation based curing. According to a specific embodiment, the curing processes disclosed in application Ser. No. 11/753546 filed May 24, 2007 are herein incorporated by reference. It is understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only. Various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art. All these are considered to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and scope of the appended claims