Abstract:
A modular connector has a body defining an opening to receive a telephone type jack. The conductors are arranged in pairs so that adjacent conductors of non-pairs create capacitive and inductive cross talk. The conductors are non-parallel in-part to provide inductive coupling that reduces cross talk. The free ends of the conductors are connected to capacitive layers of a substrate located behind the contact portions to reduce capacitive cross talk.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to a prior co-pending provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/224,149, filed Aug. 10, 2000. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to electrical connectors, and more particularly, to an improved modular connector for use in data communications and/or telephony. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Modular connectors, such as the popular RJ 45 connector, are well known in the communications art. FIGS. 1A and 1B show a typical male modular connector  12 , known as the “plug”, and typical female modular connector  14 , known as the “jack”. The plug  12  and the jack  14  connectors mate for communicating signals between the external circuit  16 , in this instance a printed circuit board, and the external circuit  18 , in this instance a computer. The pins  20  of the jack  14  electrically connect to the printed circuit board, and the cable  22  electrically connects the plug  12  to the computer. 
     FIG. 1B shows a perspective view of the plug connector  12  and a partially cut away view of the jack connector  14 . The plug connector  12  includes a body  24 , and disposed with the body  24  are a plurality of conductors  28  that include blade-type contacts  30 . The jack connector  14  can include the body  32 , which in turn can include a housing  34  and a lead frame  36 . The plurality of conductors  38  is disposed with the body  32 , and each of the conductors of the plurality include a contacting portion for contacting the contacts  30  of the plug connector  12  when the plug connector  12  is mated with the jack connector  14 . The reference numeral  40  indicates generally the row of contact portions of the plurality of connectors  38 . The lead frame  36  of the body  32  can be included with the body  32  to space and support the plurality of conductors  38  such that contact portions thereof properly electrically connect with the contacts  30  of the plurality of conductors  28  of the plug connector  12 , when the connections are mated. 
     Although the plug  12  and jack  14  above are each shown with eight conductors, one example of a modular connector, which can use only four conductors, is the ubiquitous telephone jack present in almost every home. Typically, however, the plug  12  and jack  14  will each include eight conductors, as shown in FIG. 1B, yielding four data conductor pairs. 
     The general mechanical design of the modular plug and jack connectors shown FIGS. 1A and 1B was determined at a time when the connectors were to be used almost exclusively for the transmission of relatively low frequency signals, such as analog telephone signals. At the present time, however, modular connectors are used at higher and higher frequencies, such as in computer networks. Unfortunately, at these higher frequencies, cross talk between data pairs of conductors becomes increasingly problematic. It is considered that certain aspects of the mechanical design of the typical modular connector contribute to causing the undesired cross talk. 
     For example, the conductors  28  of the plug connector  12  are very close and run parallel to each other, such that data conductors that should ideally be electromagnetically isolated from one another actually do interact. Cross talk can be categorized as capacitive, wherein the electric field of conductor of one data pair induces a voltage in a conductor of a different data pair, and inductive, wherein the magnetic field of a conductor of one data pair induces a current in a conductor of a different data pair. 
     The cross talk in modular connections is often further categorized as near-end cross talk, or NEXT, and far-end cross talk, or FEXT. NEXT refers to cross talk that appears as an unwanted signal in one data pair at, for example, the end  42  of plug connector  12 , and is responsive to a signal also entering the end  42  of the plug on another data pair. Such cross talk can be launched onto the external circuit to which the plug connector  12  is electrically connected, such as the computer in FIG.  1 A. Similarly, FEXT refers to cross talk that travels through the plug-jack mated pair. For example, for a desired signal entering the end  42  of the plug connector  12  on one data pair, FEXT refers to an undesired signal appearing at the pins  20  and on a different pair of conductors. 
     Cross talk becomes progressively worse as the frequency of the electrical signals increases. Cross talk standards are promulgated from time to time. Each new standard is typically stricter than the last, such as by increasing the frequency range and/or lowering the amount of allowable cross talk. For example, the Category  5  standard now in use specifies NEXT up to approximately 100 MHz. The Category  5  standard does not address FEXT. The new Category  6  standard specifies cross talk up to a frequency of 250 MHz. Furthermore, the Category  6  standard specifies limits for both NEXT and FEXT. 
     Because of the large installed base of older modular connectors, and the need for new connector designs to be backwardly compatible with such older connectors installed in the field, the mechanical arrangement of modular connectors is now standard and subject to little change. Accordingly, design choices can be limited, and the focus is on compensating for the cross talk introduced in the connectors. For example, designers have attempted to meet the Category  5  standard by introducing compensating electronic elements into the external circuits to which the plug and jack are connected, or into the jack and/or plug connectors. These elements typically compensate for the cross talk induced in the plug. For example, the conductors of a jack connector can be arranged to introduce inductive cross talk that cancels cross talk introduced in the plug. Also, it is known to provide capacitors on the external circuit  16 , such as the printed circuit board of FIG. 1B, to which the output of the jack connector is electrically connected to compensate for cross talk introduced by the plug connector. While such techniques have been useful at lower frequencies, they are not entirely satisfactory, even in the upper frequency range of Category  5 . The Category  6  specification significantly exceeds the 100 MHz limit of Category  5  to 250 MHz. 
     There is an additional complication. Designers are wary to attack the problem of cross talk in the Category  6  frequency range by attacking the source, that is by reducing the cross talk introduced in the plug connector, even apart from the general consideration that much of the mechanical design is fixed. This is because many Category  5  jacks in use meet the Category  5  specification by compensating for a known amount of cross talk in the plug. Remove that cross talk, and the “solution”, that is, the compensation in the Category  5  jack, or in the external circuitry associated with the jack, simply becomes the “problem”, and introduces cross talk when such a jack is mated with a newer plug that introduces less cross talk or that includes it own compensation. 
     Reducing the cross talk in modular connectors, particularly at higher frequencies, such as above the 100 MHz upper limit of the Category  5  specification, can be problematic. 
     Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to address one or more of the foregoing disadvantages and drawbacks of the prior art. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide an improved modular connector, such as a modular connector having improved cross talk performance. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In one aspect, the invention provides an improved modular connector such as a jack connector, for mating with another modular connector, such as a plug connector, for electrical connection therewith. The modular connector includes a body and a plurality of conductors disposed with the body. Each of the conductors extends from a first portion to a second end and has a contact portion therebetween, and the contact portions can be substantially parallel and arranged in a row for electrical connection with a row of contacts of the other connector when mated with the modular connector of the invention. The first portions are for connection with an external circuit for communication of signals between the contacts and the external circuit, and are electrically spaced from the contact portions. A capacitive element is disposed with the modular connector and is in electrical communication with a first pair of the conductors, where the electrical communication is established nearer electrically to the contact portions of the conductors than the first portions are to the contact portions. 
     Preferably, the electrical communication is established at less than about 5 degrees of phase of the contact portions at a selected frequency, such as the highest frequency at which cross talk is to reduced. More preferably, the electrical communication is established at less than about 3 degrees of phase of the contact portions. The selected frequency can be 200 MHz, or alternatively, 250 MHz. 
     In another aspect of the invention, there is provided a modular connector, such as a jack connector, for mating with a second modular connector of the opposite sex, such as a plug connector, where the second modular connector introduces cross talk having, a predetermined inductive component and a predetermined capacitive component. The modular connector includes a body and a plurality of conductors disposed with the body. Each of the conductors extends from a first portion to a second end and has a contact portion therebetween. The contact portions are substantially parallel and arranged in a row for electrical connection with a row of contacts of the second connector when the modular connector is mated with the second connector. The first portions are for connection with an external circuit for communication of signals between the contacts and the external circuit. Disposed with the connector are a capacitive element and an inductive element. The capacitive and inductive elements are in electrical communication with a first pair of the conductors. The capacitive element provides a capacitive compensation selected to address substantially only the capacitive component of the cross talk, and the inductive element provides an inductive coupling selected to address substantially only the inductive component of the cross talk. Apportioning the compensation in this manner can advantageously help reduce both NEXT and FEXT. 
     In yet a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a modular connector, such as a jack connector, for mating with a second modular connector of the opposite sex, such as a plug connector, for electrical connection therewith, and where the second modular connector introduces a undesirable cross talk. The modular connector of the invention includes a body and a plurality of conductors disposed with the body, where each of the conductors extends from a first portion to a second end and has a contact portion therebetween. The contact portions are substantially parallel and arranged in a row for electrical connection with a row of contacts of the second connector when the modular connector is mated with the second connector, and the first portions are for connection with an external circuit for communication of signals between the contacts and the external circuit. A capacitive element and an inductive element are both disposed with the connector. The capacitive and inductive elements are in electrical communication with a first pair of the conductors, and the inductive element is not interposed electrically between the capacitive element and the contact portions of the first pair of conductors. 
     The invention can also include methods than can be practiced in accordance with the teachings herein. For example, in yet an additional feature of the invention, there is provided a method of compensating for cross talk that occurs when a first modular connector mates with a second modular connector that includes a plurality of data pairs and that introduces cross talk between the data pairs. The method includes the following steps: 
     1) providing the first connector, where first connector includes a plurality of data pairs of conductors, each of the conductors having a contact portion for electrically contacting with a conductor of the other connector when the connectors are mated. Each of the conductors of the first connector extends from a first portion to a second end, with the contact portion being located between the first portion and the second end. The first portions are for connection with an external circuit for communication of signals between the contact portions and the external circuit, and have a predetermined electrical spacing from the contact portions; and 
     2) disposing a capacitive element with the first connector and in electrical communication with a first pair of the conductors, the pair not being a data pair, and the electrical communication being established nearer electrically to the contact portions of first pair of conductors than the first portions of the first pair of conductors are to the contact portions of the first pair of conductors. 
     In another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for compensating for cross talk using a first modular connector when the first modular conductor is mated with a second modular connector that includes a plurality if pairs of data conductors and that introduces cross talk, having a predetermined capacitive component and a predetermined inductive component, between the data pairs. The method can include the steps of: 
     1) providing a capacitive element that provides a capacitive coupling selected to address substantially only the capacitive component of the cross talk; 
     2) providing an inductive element that provides an inductive coupling selected to address substantially only the inductive component of the cross talk; and 
     3) disposing the capacitive and inductive elements with the connector such that each is in electrical communication with a first pair of the conductors, the first pair being other than one of the data pairs. 
     In yet a further additional feature of the invention, the invention provides a method of compensating for cross talk in modular connector having a plurality of data conductor pairs, where each conductor has a contact portion for contacting; a conductor of the other connector when the connectors are mated. The method can include the steps of: 
     1) providing a capacitive element; 
     2) providing an inductive element; and 
     3) disposing the capacitive and inductive elements with the first connector such that each is in electrical communication with a first pair of the conductors, and such that the inductive element is not interposed electrically between the capacitive element and the contact portions of the conductors of the first pair. 
     Other features of the invention will be apparent from the present disclosure, including the following Brief Description of The Drawings and Detailed Description Of the Preferred Embodiments. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     For a more complete understanding of the invention, reference is made to the following Detailed Description Of The Preferred Embodiments, and the accompanying drawings, in which: 
     FIG. 1A is a perspective view of plug and jack connectors known in the art; 
     FIG. 1B is a perspective view of a plug connector and a perspective, partially cut away view of a jack connector, both known in the art, and showing additional detail of the conductors disposed with the connectors; 
     FIG. 2 is an electrical schematic illustrating an electrical model of mated jack and plug connectors, and in particular of the coupling that is understood to contribute to near end cross talk, or NEXT, and far end cross talk, or FEXT; 
     FIG. 3 is an electrical schematic illustrating an electrical model of the a mated plug and jack, where the jack connector includes compensation according to the invention for reducing NEXT and FEXT; 
     FIG. 4A is a plot of NEXT versus frequency, showing the Category  6  limit and the performance of a mated jack and plug connector where a capacitive element is used to compensate for the both the inductive and capacitive components of the cross talk; 
     FIG. 4B is a plot of NEXT versus frequency, showing the Category  6  limit and the performance of a mated jack and plug connector where an inductive element is used to compensate for the both the inductive and capacitive components of the cross talk; 
     FIG. 5A is a plot of FEXT versus frequency, showing the Category  6  limit and the FEXT produced by the mated connector pair having the NEXT shown in FIG. 4A; 
     FIG. 5B is a plot of FEXT versus frequency, showing the Category  6  limit and the FEXT produced by the mated connector pair having the NEXT shown in FIG. 4B; 
     FIG. 6A is a plot of NEXT versus frequency, showing the category  6  limit as well as the performance of a mated jack and plug connectors where the jack includes compensation according to the invention; 
     FIG. 6B is a plot of FEXT versus frequency, showing the Category  6  specification and the FEXT of a mated jack and plug compensated according to the invention and having the NEXT of FIG. 6A; 
     FIG. 7A is a front perspective view of a jack connector according to the invention, showing the plurality of conductors and the printed circuit board that includes capacitive elements; 
     FIG. 7B is a rear perspective view of the jack connector of FIG. 7A; 
     FIG. 8A is a top view of the printed circuit board of the jack connector of FIGS. 7A and 7B; 
     FIG. 8B is a bottom view of the printed circuit of the jack connector of FIGS. 7A and 7B; 
     FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the inner and straddle pairs of conductors of the jack connector of FIGS. 7A and 7B; 
     FIG. 10A is a front perspective view of all eight conductors of the jack connector of FIGS. 7A and 7B; and 
     FIG. 10B is a rear perspective view of the all eight conductors of the jack connector of FIGS. 7A and 7B. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     According to the invention, the following discussion is provided in furtherance of an understanding of the creation and reduction of cross talk. 
     In FIG. 1B, each of the plurality of conductors  28  and  38  of the plug  12  and jack  14 , respectively, includes eight conductors. These conductors can be considered as being numbered from 1 to 8, as shown in FIG.  1 B. Conductors  4  and  5  can define a one data pair, known in the art as the “inner” pair, and indicated by reference numeral  58 , and the conductors either side of the inner pair  58  can define another signal pair, typically known in the art as the “straddle” pair, and indicated by reference numeral  60 . In telephony, one conductor of a given pair can be designated the “tip” conductor and the other conductor the “ring” conductor. 
     FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of an electrical model of a plug connector mated to a jack connector. The electrical model of FIG. 2 illustrates the mechanism by which near end cross talk, or NEXT, and far end cross talk, or FEXT, is thought to be generated. 
     Consider an information signal generated by the generator  62  and being transmitted by the inner pair  58  of conductors. The signal impressed on the inner pair  58  by the voltage generator  62  appears as a signal across the output load  64  of an external circuit connected to the jack  14 . Undesirable inductive coupling between the conductors of the inner pair  58  and the outer pair  60 , represented by the transformers  68 A and  68 B, introduces cross talk onto the straddle pair  60 . Similar inductive coupling can take place, as represented by transformers  68 C and  68 D, in the jack connector. In addition, due to undesirable capacitive coupling between the inner pair  58  and the outer pair  60  in the plug where such capacitive coupling is represented by capacitors  70 A and  70 B, additional cross talk is introduced to the straddle pair  60  from the inner pair  58 . Such capacitive coupling can also occur in the jack connector, as represented by capacitors  70 C and  70 D. Thus, for the signal  62  impressed upon the inner pair  60 , a NEXT signal  72  appears across the load  74  of the external circuit to which the plug is connected, and a FEXT signal  78  appears across the load  80  of the external circuit to which the jack  14  is connected. The NEXT signal  72  and the FEXT signal  80  are the undesired signals which are addressed by the present invention. 
     The transformers  68 A- 68 D model inductive coupling, which occurs when current in one conductor creates a magnetic field that induces a current in a second conductor. The induced current generates voltages across the resistors  74  and  80  at the near end and the far end of the conductor pair. Note however, that the voltage at the far end, such as the voltage across the resistor  80 , is 180 degrees out of phase with the voltage generated the near end  72 , such as the voltage across the resistor  74 . 
     The capacitors  70 A- 70 D model cross talk due to capacitive coupling. Capacitive coupling refers to a voltage on one conductor creating an electric field that couples to another conductor, inducing a voltage on the other conductor. This capacitively coupled cross talk is equal at both the near end  72  and the far end  78 . That is, the same voltage, in terms of magnitude and phase, appears across resistors  74  and  80 . 
     The total induced voltage (cross talk) at the near end  72  is the sum of the inductive and capacitive induced voltages while at the far end  78  the cross talk is the difference between the two voltages. This can be represented by the equations: 
     
       
         NEXT=XT c +XT i   
       
     
     
       
         FEXT=XT c −XT i   
       
     
     where XT c  is the cross talk voltage due to capacitive coupling and XT I  is the cross talk voltage due to inductive coupling. 
     Typically, when modular connectors are mated, and there is no compensation for cross talk, the capacitive and inductive induced voltages are of the same order of magnitude so the NEXT is quite poor (due to the summation) while the FEXT is quite good (difference between two nearly equal signals). Older communications cabling standards (up to Category  5 ) specified NEXT because of the significant impact on attenuated signals being received at the near end, and as typical protocols of the time used only one signal path in each direction, FEXT was not important. 
     Cross talk can be reduced by creating compensating cross talk to cancel the undesired cross talk. FIG. 3 is an electrical schematic illustrating an electrical model of a mated plug-jack pair, where the jack connector includes compensation according to the invention for reducing cross talk at the near and far ends of the mated pair of connectors. Capacitive elements Cl and C 2 , indicated by reference numbers  102 A and  102 B, respectively, introduce a capacitive compensation voltage. Inductive elements  104 A and  104 B introduce an inductive compensation voltage. Note that the inductive and capacitive elements are connected across the inner conductor pair  58  and the straddle pair  60  so as to induce the compensation signals to cancel the cross talk. 
     For later reference below, please note that reference numeral  106  in FIG. 3 indicates the phase plane where connection is made to an external circuit such as would physically correspond to the pins  20  of the jack connector  14  of FIG. 1B; reference numeral  108  is the phase plane of the electrical connection between the jack and plug connectors such as would correspond to the contacting portions  40  shown in FIG. 1B; reference numeral  110  indicates the phase plane where the capacitive elements  102 A and  102 B establish electrical communication with the conductors to which they are connected; and reference numeral  112  indicates the phase plane of the inductive elements  104 A and  104 B. Thus, the pins  20  are electrically spaced from the phase plane  108  such as by the electrical distance  114 ; the inductive elements are electrically separated from the phase plane  108  by the electrical distance  118 ; and the capacitive elements are electrically spaced from the phase plane  108  of the contacts by the electrical distance  116 . 
     For a simple transmission line, electrical distances are usually specified in degrees of phase, and increase linearly with frequency with a slope depending on the physical length of the transmission line that causes the electrical separation. 
     Known in the prior art are designs that employ either capacitive or inductive compensation coupling within the body of the jack, and designs which employ both capacitive and inductive compensation coupling, with the capacitive compensation on the external circuit, such as the printed circuit board of FIG.  1 A. 
     It is simplest to use inductive compensation to address both capacitive and inductive cross talk, or to use capacitive compensation to address both capacitive and inductive cross talk. This is because compensation is basically introducing a second voltage to cancel an undesired voltage, and because the capacitive cross talk acts as a parallel capacitor and inductive cross talk act as a series transformer. Prior art designs focus on this simple approach. However, prior art designs could actually make FEXT worse, and did not necessarily optimally reduce NEXT, as is shown below. 
     According to the invention, however, it is possible to improve the reduction of NEXT and to also simultaneously reduce FEXT. 
     In this approach, capacitive and inductive compensation are both preferably employed, with the capacitive compensation and amount of inductive compensation each properly selected. Various cases are discussed below. 
     Case 1: Capacitive only compensation: 
     It is possible to address NEXT with capacitive compensation only, as discussed above. The capacitive compensation can be selected to be equal to and out of phase with NEXT: 
     
       
         COMP c =−NEXT=−XT c −XT i   
       
     
     
       
         NEXT NEW =NEXT+COMP c   
       
     
     
       
         NEXT NEW =XT c +XT i −XT c −XT i =0 
       
     
     where COMP c is the capacitively coupled compensation voltage. 
     Unfortunately, the FEXT suffers: 
     
       
         FEXT NEW =FEXT+COMP c   
       
     
     
       
         FEXT NEW =XT c −XT i −XT c −XT i =− 2  XT i   
       
     
     The NEXT is theoretically zero, but the FEXT is sacrificed!Nevertheless approach is understood to be used in at least one Category  5  prior art jack design. 
     Case 2: Inductive compensation: 
     Inductive compensation can also be used to alone address NEXT, as is also discussed above. Ideally, inductive compensation is set equal to and out of phase with NEXT: 
      COMP i =−NEXT=−XT c −XT i   
     
       
         NEXT NEW =NEXT+COMP i   
       
     
     
       
         NEXT NEW =XT c +XT i −XT c −XT i =0 
       
     
     where COMP c  is the capacitively coupled compensation voltage. 
     But, since inductive signals are out of phase at opposite ends: 
     
       
         FEXT NEW =FEXT−COMP i   
       
     
     
       
         FEXT NEW =XT c −XT i +XT c +XT i =2XT c   
       
     
     Again NEXT is good but FEXT is sacrificed. Nevertheless the foregoing approach is understood to be used in at least one known Category  5  jack, which device is of course different than the device referred to in case I. 
     Case 3: Inductive AND capacitive compensation: 
     According to the invention, it is possible to reduce NEXT, while simultaneously reducing FEXT. Furthermore, NEXT performance can be improved over the prior art. Consider applying both capacitive and inductive compensation, with the inductive compensation and capacitive compensation selected as below: 
     
       
         COMP c =−XT c   
       
     
     
       
         COMP i =−XT i   
       
     
     
       
         NEXT NEW =NEXT+COMP c+COMP   i   
       
     
     
       
         NEXT NEW =XT c +XT i −XT c −XT i =0 
       
     
     and: 
     
       
         FEXT NEW =FEXT+COMP c −COMP i   
       
     
     
       
         FEXT NEW =XT c −XT i −XT c +XT i =0 
       
     
     Thus, when capacitive and inductive compensation are both used, and, furthermore, the capacitive compensation is selected to address substantially only the capacitive cross talk (that is to provide a voltage to cancel the cross talk due to capacitive coupling) and the inductive compensation selected to address substantially only the inductive cross talk (that is, to provide a voltage that cancels the cross talk voltage due to inductive coupling) both NEXT and FEXT are ideally zero. Note than one of NEXT and FEXT can be ideally zero even when, for example, the capacitive compensation is selected to compensate ⅓ of the capacitive and inductive cross talk voltages and the inductive compensation is selected to cancel the other ⅔ of the capacitive and inductive cross talk. However, the other of the NEXT and FEXT is understood to suffer and be other than zero, even ideally. 
     Modeling using the SPICE™ program using models for actual jack and plug connectors confirms the above analysis. For example, FIG. 4A is a plot of NEXT versus frequency for a capacitive compensation design, that is, for a design where a capacitive element is selected to compensate for cross talk voltages, without reference to whether the cross talk is inductive or capacitive. The vertical axis of FIG. 4A is in decibels and the horizontal axis is a log plot in MHz. The curve  120  represents the Category  6  standard for NEXT, which can extend to a frequency of 250 MHz. The curve  124  represents the cross talk when the aforementioned capacitive compensation is applied, where the capacitive compensation includes a capacitor on the external circuit to which jack connected is connected, as is known in the art. The curves  120  and  124  intersect at the point  126 , and as indicated by the vertical line  128 , the Category  6  specification is exceeded at a frequency less than 100 MHz. As indicated by reference numeral  130 , the Category  6  standard can be exceeded by approximately 10 dB at a frequency of 250 MHz. 
     FIG. 4B is a plot of NEXT versus frequency for an inductive compensation design, that is, for a design where inductive compensation is selected to compensate for cross talk voltages, again without reference to whether the cross talk is inductive or capacitive. The vertical axis of FIG. 4A is in decibels and the horizontal axis is a log plot in MHz. The curve  120  again represents the Category  6  standard for NEXT, which can extend to a frequency of 250 MHz. The curve  134  represents the cross talk when the aforementioned inductive compensation is applied in the jack connector. The curves  120  and  134  intersect at the point  136 , and as indicated by the vertical line  138 , the Category  6  specification is again exceeded at a frequency less than 100 MHz. As indicated by reference numeral  140 , the Category  6  standard can be exceeded by approximately 10 dB at a frequency of 250 MHz. 
     FIGS. 5A and 5B are plots of the FEXT for the designs of FIGS. 4A and 4B respectively. Curve  144  is the Category  6  FEXT specification for FEXT; curve  146  is the FEXT of the capacitive compensation design whose NEXT is plotted as curve  124  in FIG. 4A, and curve  148 FIG. 5B is the FEXT produced by the inductive compensation design having the NEXT plotted as curve  134  in FIG.  4 B. The FEXT for both designs exceeds the Category  6  specification throughout the frequency range plotted. 
     FIG. 6A is a plot of NEXT versus frequency, where curve  120  represents the Category  6  specification for NEXT. Curve  152  represents NEXT where the inductive compensation is provided to address the inductive cross talk and capacitive compensation is provided to address the capacitive cross talk. The inductive compensation is disposed with the jack connector, and capacitive compensation applied at the external circuit to which the jack  14  is electrically connected, which can correspond to electrically applying the capacitive compensation at the phase plane  106  in FIG.  3 . 
     Note that the NEXT is considerably improved over the NEXT of FIGS. 4A and 4B, in that the curve  152  crosses the category  6  curve  120  at nearly 100 MHz. (When comparing FIGS. 4A and 4B with FIG. 6A, remember that the MHz scale is logarithmic). Significantly, FEXT is reduced. FIG. 6A is a plot of FEXT versus frequency, where curve  170  is the Category  6  specification, and curve  172  is the FEXT corresponding to curve  152  in FIG.  6 A. The FEXT is below the Category  6  specification for all frequencies plotted, typically meeting the Category  6  specification by approximately 20 dB. Extrapolating by eye, FEXT likely remains below the Category  6  specification for frequencies well in excess of 250 MHz. 
     However, curve  152  does not meet the Category  6  specification. It is not entirely below curve  120 . Curve  152  crosses curve  120  at the point  154 , shown in FIG.  6 A. 
     Further analysis and design was performed. Such analysis is typically an iterative process that involves modification, analysis, such as with the SPICE analysis program, and further modification based on the results of the prior analysis. One hopes this iterative process converges on an acceptable overall design after a finite number of iterations. Modifications to designs are usually made based on the experience, intuition of the designer. 
     Curve  160  represents the results of such additional design work, and is a plot of the NEXT versus frequency where the Category  6  specification is met up to and including 250 MHz. Returning to FIG. 6B, which is a plot of FEXT versus frequency, curve  170  is the FEXT produced also represents the FEXT corresponding to  160  in FIG.  6 A. Thus, according to the invention, cross talk can be reduced in connectors, including reducing both FEXT and NEXT. 
     Curve  160  represents moving the capacitive element such that it is electrically nearer to the contact portions of the appropriate connectors. One approach is to dispose the capacitive element with the jack connector. Preferably, the inductive element is not interposed electrically in between the capacitive element and the contacting portions and the capacitive element. 
     It is considered that the increase in performance represented by curve  152  and  160  can be understood as due to an undesirable phase shift occurring in the conductors of the connector, which phase shift detrimentally interferes with the application of the capacitive compensation. Moving the capacitive element nearer to the contacting portions reduces the effect of such phase shift. 
     Conductors that are sufficiently proximate to one another can act as a transmission line, which transmission line can be modeled by a series inductance per unit length along the transmission line and a parallel capacitance per unit length along the transmission line, and are further characterized by a characteristic impedance and a phase constant, which can often be calculated form the capacitance and inductance per unit length. One can determine the electrical phase shift introduced by a physical length of transmission line, given the frequency and the phase constant of the transmission line. The phase shift increases with frequency. Transmission line theory usually considers infinitely long, uniform structures, such as two parallel wires spaced by a fixed distance and surrounded by a single, uniform substance (e.g., air) having a single dielectric constant. For these structures, the capacitance per unit length, inductance per unit length, impedance and phase constant. Adding bends and turns to the conductors, as well some different dielectric materials around the wires, such as air and plastic, and the analysis quickly becomes complicated. 
     More complicated structures, such as the geometrically complex conductors of a typical modular connector, which can typically have bends, and include various dielectrics at varying distances from the conductors, are not necessarily amenable to any straightforward analysis. The frequency at which such a structure may exhibit transmission line behavior, and the nature of the behavior, is not readily apparent, especially to those of ordinary skill in the art of modular connectors. According to the invention, it is now known that the conductors of a modular connector can introduce a phase shift that must be accounted for when introducing capacitive compensation for cross talk. 
     Accordingly, in one embodiment of the invention, substantially only capacitive cross talk is addressed by a capacitive compensation, and substantially only inductive cross talk is addressed by inductive compensation. In another embodiment, providing capacitive compensation includes providing a capacitive element that is electrically applied as near as possible to the contact portions of the appropriate conductors, i.e., as near as possible to the phase plane  108  in FIG.  3 . Typically, applying the capacitive compensation electrically near the contacting portions means that the capacitive element is physically located as near as possible to the contacting portion of the appropriate conductors as well. 
     Furthermore, inductive compensation, if present, is not electrically interposed between the capacitive element and the contacting portions of the conductors. Introducing selective inductive compensation can involve increasing the inductive coupling, for a selected length, between selected conductors, and/or decreasing the inductive coupling between other conductors as is described in more detail below. It is considered that inductive compensation, such as is provided by the inductive element described above, when introduced electrically between the capacitive element and the contacting portions, can also contribute phase shift that lessens the effectiveness of capacitive compensation. Accordingly, in one aspect of the invention, the capacitive compensation is applied such that the inductive compensation is not electrically located between capacitive compensation and the contacting portions of the appropriate conductors. Thus, it is preferable to avoid electrically interposing the inductive elements  104 A and  104 B between the capacitive elements  102 B and  102 A, such as would occur if the capacitive elements  102 A and  102 B were to be electrically located at the phase plane  106  in FIG.  3 . 
     Preferably, to ensure that cross talk is reduced over a selected frequency range having an upper limit frequency, the phase shift between the contacting portions of the appropriate conductor and the capacitive element is less than about five (5) degrees over the frequency range, and more particularly, is less than about five (5) degrees at the upper frequency limit; more preferably, the phase shift is less than about four (4) degrees over the frequency range, and more particularly, is less than about four (4) degrees at the upper frequency limit; most preferably, the phase shift is less than about three (3) degrees over the frequency range, and more particularly, is less than about three (3) degrees at the upper frequency limit. 
     Preferably, the capacitive element provides a capacitance in the range of about 0.3 pf to about 0.7 pf; more preferably, the capacitance is in the range of about 0.4 pf to about 0.6 pf, and most preferably, the capacitance is about 0.5 pf. 
     The term “capacitive element”, as used herein, refers to an electronic component that provides a capacitive impedance. Similarly, the term “inductive element”, as used herein, refers to an element that provides an inductive impedance. For example, a capacitive element can provide an impedance having a negative imaginary part, whereas an inductor can provide an impedance having a positive imaginary part. The sign of the imaginary part of the impedance is indicative of the phase of the relationship between the voltage across an element to the current in the element. One example of capacitive element is a discrete capacitor. Other examples include a pair of wires, such as a twisted pair of wires; planar capacitors disposed on a printed circuit board or other substrate and that use the substrate material as the dielectric between the planar conductive regions; and interdigitated capacitors disposed with a substrate, such as by depositing metal on a printed circuit board. Capacitive elements can also be formed by depositing metal on the body, such as on the lead frame, of the modular connector, or by arranging sections of the conductor such that the electric fields of one conductor can couple to another conductor to store appropriate charge thereon, hence inducing a voltage on the other conductor. A suitable length of a transmission line can also provide a capacitive impedance, and hence is another example of a capacitive element. According to the invention it is disclosed that the electrical spacing between a capacitive element and the contract portions is preferably as small as possible. The capacitive element need not necessarily be of a particular type to realize the benefits of the invention. 
     Also, as understood by one of ordinary skill, in light of the disclosure herein, “electrical communication” can be established between an electrical element and a conductor without actual physical connection; for example, the capacitive elements can be capacitively coupled to the conductors with which they electrically communicate. 
     FIGS. 7A and 7B are front and rear perspective views, respectively, of one embodiment of a jack connector in accordance with the invention. The lead frame  36  can include a rectangular base  200  defining a plurality of slots  204 A- 204 H for guiding and/or supporting the plurality of conductors  38 . The base  200  includes an upper platform  210 , and a back  214  that extends vertically from the rear of the upper platform  210  and which includes a ridge  216  including dividers  218 . The slots  204 A- 204 H can open to the platform  210 , and conductors of the plurality of conductors  38  emerge from slots and extend, a various angles to the plane of the platform  210 , to the ridge  216 . The ridge  216  supports the upper ends of the plurality of conductors  38 , with the dividers  218  separating individual conductors of the plurality of conductors  38 . 
     The lead frame  36  mounts a substrate  220 , e.g., printed circuit board, which in turn includes compensating capacitive elements (not shown) for electrical communication with selected conductors of the plurality of conductors  38 . The back  214  of the lead frame  36  can include tabs  226  and shoulders  228  for confining the printed circuit board  220  therebetween. The lead frame  36 , plurality of conductors  38 , and printed circuit board  220  thus provide a compact arrangement wherein capacitive elements can be located electrically nearer to the contact portion, indicated generally by reference numeral  40 , of the plurality of conductors  38 . 
     Those conductors of the plurality of conductors that are to electrically communicate with one of the capacitive elements of the printed circuit board can include generally u-shaped upper portions (not readily visible in FIGS.  7 A and  7 B), which wrap, at least partially, for electrical communication with the capacitive elements of the printed circuit board  220 . 
     FIGS. 8A are top and bottom views, respectively, of the printed circuit board  220  of the jack connector shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B, illustrating the capacitors C 1  and C 2  of FIG.  3 . 
     Capacitor C 1 , which corresponds to the capacitive element  102 A in FIG. 3, includes upper planar conductive area  226 A and lower planar conducive area  226 B. The capacitor C 2 , which corresponds to the capacitive element  102 B in FIG. 3, includes upper planar conductive region  228 A and lower planar conductive region  228 B. Conductive paths  230 A and  230 B extend from the conductive planar areas  226 A and  226 B, respectively, toward the upper edge of the printed circuit board  220 , for electrical connection to an appropriate u-shaped portion of one of the conductors of the plurality of conductors  38 . With reference to FIG. 8B, conductive paths  232 A and  232 B connect the conductive planar areas  226 B and  228 B, respectively, to the conductive via holes  238 A and  238 B, respectively. As shown in FIG. 8A, the conductive paths  240 A and  240 B connect with the via holes  238 A and  238 B, respectively, and lead to the edge of the printed circuit board  220  so as to make electrical connection with appropriate u-shaped portions of conductors of the plurality of conductors when the printed circuit board is received by the lead frame  36 . 
     The conductive areas and/or paths can be formed by conductive metals deposited on the printed circuit board  220 . One method of defining the conductive areas and/or paths is to deposit a suitable metal, such as by sputtering, evaporation, etc., over a surface of the printed circuit board  220  and to then use photolithographic techniques to etch away undesired metal, thereby leaving the desired conductive areas and/or paths. Alternatively or additionally, metal can be selectively deposited on the printed circuit board  220  to form conductive areas and/or paths. 
     Note that the printed circuit board  220  can optionally include other capacitors for providing compensation. Planar conductive area  260 A forms a one optional capacitor with planar conductor area  260 B. Planar conductor  260 B is electrically connected to via hole  268 A, which in turn is electrically connected to conductive path  270 A in FIG.  8 A. Conductive path  270 A extends to the edge of the printed circuit board  220  for connection with an appropriate u-shaped portion of one of the plurality of conductors  28 . Similarly, conductive area  264 A forms another optional capacitor with conductive area  264 B, which capacitor is in electrical communication with via hole  268 B, which in turn is connected to conductive path  270 B. Conductive path  270 B runs to the upper edge of the printed circuit board  220  for appropriate connection with a unshaped portion of one of the plurality of conductors  28 . Note also that the conductive planar regions  260 A and  264 A are electrically connected respectively with the conductive regions  226 A and  228 A as indicated by reference numerals  260 C and  262 C. These optional capacitors are further discussed below. 
     FIG. 9 shows the inner conductor pair  58  and straddle conductor pair  60  shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B. The inner pair  58  includes conductors  304  and  305 , and the straddle pair  60  includes conductors  303  and  306 . Each of the four conductors shown in FIG. 9 includes a contact portion, which contact portions include the sections of each conductor in between the two lines indicated by reference numeral  40 . The contact portions are arranged in a row for electrical connection with the electrical contacts of a plug connector when mated with the jack connector of the present invention. Note that in FIG. 9 the conductor  303  is next to the conductor  304 , the conductor  304  is next to the conductor  305 , and the conductor  305  is next to the conductor  306 . Thus the four conductors  303 - 306  are also arranged in a row. Each of the conductors includes a pin portion (e.g.,  303 A,  304 A,  305 A and  306 A) for connection with an external circuit, such as the circuit board  16 A shown in FIG. 9, for communication of signals between the contacts of the plug connector and the external circuit board  16 A. Solder joints  313  can connect the conductors to the external circuit board  16 A. 
     Note that the conductor  303  includes a section  303 C that is parallel to the section  305 C of the conductor  305 , and the conductor  304  includes a section  304 C that is parallel to the section  306 C of the conductor  306 , and that the sections  303 C and  305 C are not parallel to the sections  304 C and  306 C. Thus, the sections  303 C and  305 C are selectively inductively coupled, and the sections  304 C and  306 C are selectively inductive coupled. The sections  304 C and  306 C form a inductive element, such as the inductive element  104 A in FIG. 3, that is arranged to provide a selected inductive coupling between the conductors  304  and  306 . Similarly, the section  303 C and  305 C form a second inductive element, such as the inductive element  104 B in FIG. 3, that is arranged to provide second selected inductive coupling between conductors  303  and  305 . However, inductive coupling between the sections  303 C and  304 C, between the sections  304 C and  305 C, and between the sections  305 C and  306 C is reduced, as these pairs of sections are not parallel. The inductive coupling of a particular pair of section can be responsive to the length of the sections, the spacing therebetween, and the degree to which the section are co-oriented. It two sections are parallel, coupling is enhanced; if they are perpendicular, coupling is reduced. As shown in FIG. 9, sections  303 C,  304 C,  305 C and  306 C are arranged in a row. This row of conductor pairs are so shaped as to provide nonparallel or skewed conductor sections within each conductor pair. 
     Note also that conductor  303  includes another section  303 D; the conductor  304  includes another section  304 D, the conductor  305  includes another section  305 D, and the conductor  306  includes another section  306 D. Furthermore, the “D” section of each conductor forms a continuous length with the “C” section of that conductor. Note also that the sections  303 C and  303 D form a continuous straight length of the conductor  303 , and the sections  305 C and  305 D form a continues straight length of the conductor  305 . Preferably, the sections  303 D- 306 D are coplanar and the sections  303 C and  305 C lie in the plane  328  of the sections  303 D- 306 D. Furthermore, the sections  303 C and  305 C are preferably parallel and coplanar with the sections  303 D- 306 D. Typically, the contact portions  40  are all substantially parallel and lie in the plane  328 . 
     Note that the “A” sections of the conductors shown in FIG. 9, that is, sections  303 A- 306 A, are preferably also arranged, in conjunction with the “C” sections, to provide inductive coupling between the conductors  303 - 306  to help compensate for inductive cross talk. The shape of the conductors  303 - 306  can be analyzed and optimized using the SPICE™ circuit analysis program. 
     Typically, the center-to-center spacing indicated by reference numeral  315  is approximately 0.080″, and the center to center spacing of adjacent conductors is approximately 0.040″. 
     Note the plane  328  includes a front  332 , which is toward, or faces, the plug connector when mated with the jack connector that includes the lead frame  36  of FIGS. 7A and 7B, such that the plug connector will lie substantially on the front side of the plane  328 . The contact portions  40  also include front faces, of which the front face  334  is representative. 
     Reference numeral  340  indicates a plane parallel to the plane of the circuit board  220  when disposed with the lead frame  36 . Note that the circuit board  220  lies behind the plane  328 , and that the plane  340  of the circuit board defines an acute angle  344  with the plane of the circuit board  220 . Thus the circuit board tucks behind the back  214  of the lead frame  36  for providing a compact jack connector that provides for electrical communication between compensation capacitors and the conductors, where electrical communication can be established electrically nearer to the contact portions than when the capacitors are connected at the “A” sections of the conductors. 
     FIG. 10 shows a preferred embodiment of the conductors of the jack when more than four conductors are present in the jack. Note that the geometric arrangement shown in FIG. 9 is not simply repeated. In arriving at the design of FIG. 10, the configuration of appropriate sections of the inner pair  58  of conductors and of appropriate sections of the straddle pair  60  was selected to provide a desired inductive coupling for canceling NEXT and FEXT. However, analysis then revealed undesirable cross talk between the straddle pair and the first outer pair of conductors ( 301  and  302 ) and between the straddle pair and the second pair of outer conductors ( 307  and  308 ). Design changes were made to appropriate sections of the outer pair, and analysis performed, in an iterative process, until this cross talk was sufficiently reduced. However, further analysis then revealed undesirable cross talk between the one or both of the outer pairs of connectors and the inner pair  58 . Accordingly, the outer pairs were modified, and analysis performed, and eventually the structure shown in FIG. 10 was found to be satisfactory, in that cross talk between the pairs of conductors was reduced. 
     With reference to FIGS. 10A and 10B, note that the section  307 C is oriented in a selected direction, which direction is not parallel to the “C” sections of the adjacent conductors  308  and  306  or to the next conductor  305 . As can be observed from FIGS. 10A and 10B, preferably section  307 C is not parallel to any of the other “C” sections of the conductors  301  to  308 . In a preferred embodiment, section  307 C is anti-parallel to section  305 C and section  303 C. That is, the section  307 C is oriented transversely to a plane defined by sections  303 C and  305 C. 
     As can also be seen from FIGS. 10A and 10B, section  301 C is parallel and coplanar with sections  302 C and  305 C, and section  302 C is parallel to sections  304 C and section  306 C. However, the geometric pattern of the “C” sections of conductors  303 ,  304 ,  305 , and  306  is not exactly repeated as section  302 C is physically longer than sections  304 C and  306 C. Based on the iterative analysis above using the SPICE™ program, the above-described geometry symmetries were found to reduce the aforementioned problems of cross talk between the conductors  301  to  308 . 
     Referring back to FIGS. 8A and 8B which includes optional capacitors disposed with the printed circuit board  222 , a first capacitor is formed by planar conductive region  260 A and planar conductive region  260 B, and a second optional capacitor is formed by planar conductive region  264 A and planar conductive region  264 B. Viewing FIGS. 8A and 8B in conjunction with FIGS. 10A and 10B, the first optional capacitor is in electrical communication with conductor  306  and conductor  308  and the second optional capacitor is in electrical communication with conductor  301  and conductor  303 . Thus, the capacitors C 1  and C 2  are defined by conductive traces  226 A,  226 B and  228 A,  228 B that are electrically provided between or interdigitated relative to the paired conductors in the circuit board or substrate. Capacitive elements disposed as described above have been found to be useful in further reducing unwanted noise generated between data pairs of the plurality of conductors  28 . The use of the optional capacitive elements with the conductor structure shown in FIG. 9 is exemplary, and is discussed in part to indicate the conductors with which the optional capacitors can electrically communicate. 
     It will thus be seen that the invention efficiently obtains the objects set forth above, among those made apparent from the foregoing description. Because certain changes in the above constructions can be made without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description and accompanying drawings be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. For example, preferably a connector in accordance with the invention includes both capacitive and inductive elements for compensating for capacitive and inductive cross talk. However, the methods and apparatus disclosed herein can be useful in a connector that uses substantially inductive compensation or substantially capacitive compensation to address cross talk. 
     It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended to cover generic and specific features of the invention described herein and all statements of the scope of the invention which as a matter of language might be said to fall therebetween.