Abstract:
A method of prolonging the survival of pancreatic cells transplanted in a patient. The method includes the step of administering a therapeutically effective amount of a somatostatin or a somatostatin agonist to the patient.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Pancreas transplantation was developed as a treatment for Type I diabetes in 1966. Robertson, R. P., New Engl. J. Med. 327(26):1861 (1992). As a result of improved immunosuppression treatments, advances in surgical techniques, and enhanced availability of donors, the number of pancreas transplantations has Increased since the later 1970s. The graft survival rate, however, still remains quite low, e.g., a one year survival rate of 72 percent and a three year survival rate of 54 percent. Kendall, et al., Pancreas and Islet Transplantation, The Endocrinologist 5:28-35 (1995). The survival rate for islet cell transplantation is even lower wherein no patient has remained insulin-free for longer than one year. Diabetes 1993 Vital Statistics, pages 46-47 (American Diabetes Association, 1993). 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a method of prolonging the survival of transplanted pancreatic cells in a patient (e.g., a mammal such as a human). The method includes the step of administering a therapeutically effective amount of somatostatin or a somatostatin agonist to the patient. What is meant by &#34;survival&#34; is either the viability or the biological function (e.g., the insulin response to hyperglycemia) of the transplanted pancreatic cells. The somatostatin or somatostatin agonist may be administered parenterally, e.g., administered intravenously, subcutaneously, or by implantation of a sustained release formulation. The transplanted pancreatic cells may be a whole or partially intact pancreas, pancreatic islets, or isolated pancreatic cells. The cells may be autograft cells, allograft cells, or xenograft cells. In one embodiment, the patient is an insulin-dependent (e.g., Type I or late Type II diabetic). 
     Definition of &#34;somatostatin agonist&#34; will be defined below. A therapeutically effective amount depends upon the condition being treated, the route of administration chosen, and the specific activity of the compound used and ultimately will be decided by the attending physician or veterinarian. In one embodiment, the somatostatin agonist is administered to the patient during the pancreatic cell transplantation and continued until the transplanted cells have become established and fully functional in the patient. In another embodiment, the somatostatin agonist is administered for the lifetime of the cells (e.g., potentially the lifetime of the patient). 
     The somatostatin agonist may be injected parenterally, e.g., intravenously, into the bloodstream of the subject being treated. However, it will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art that the route, such as intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, enterally, transdermally, transmucously, sustained released polymer compositions (e.g., a lactide polymer or copolymer microparticle or implant), profusion, nasal, oral, etc., will vary with the condition being treated and the activity and bioavailability of the somatostatin agonist being used. 
     While it is possible for the somatostatin agonist to be administered as the pure or substantially pure compound, it may also be presented as a pharmaceutical formulation or preparation. The formulations to be used in the present invention, for both humans and animals, comprise any of the somatostatin agonists to be described below, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers thereof, and optionally other therapeutic ingredients. 
     The carrier must be &#34;acceptable&#34; in the sense of being compatible with the active ingredient(s) of the formulation (e.g., capable of stabilizing peptides) and not deleterious to the subject to be treated. Desirably, the formulation should not include oxidizing agents or other substances with which peptides are known to be incompatible. For example, somatostatin agonists in the cyclized form (e.g., internal cysteine disulfide bond) are oxidized; thus, the presence of reducing agents as excipients could lead to an opening of the cysteine disulfide bridge. On the other hand, highly oxidative conditions can lead to the formation of cysteine sulfoxide and to the oxidation of tryptophane. Consequently, it is important to carefully select the excipient. pH is another key factor, and it may be necessary to buffer the product under slightly acidic conditions (pH 5 to 6). 
     The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. All methods include the step of bringing the active ingredient(s) into association with the carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. 
     In general, the formulations for tablets or powders are prepared by uniformly and intimately blending the active ingredient with finely divided solid carriers, and then, if necessary, as in the case of tablets, forming the product into the desired shape and size. 
     Formulations suitable for parenteral (e.g., intravenous) administration, on the other hand, conveniently comprise sterile aqueous solutions of the active ingredient(s). Preferably, the solutions are isotonic with the blood of the subject to be treated. Such formulations may be conveniently prepared by dissolving solid active ingredient(s) in water to produce an aqueous solution, and rendering the solution sterile. The formulation may be presented in unit or multi-dose containers, for example, sealed ampoules or vials. 
     Formulations suitable for sustained release parenteral administrations (e.g., biodegradable polymer formulations) are also well known in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,773,919 and 4,767,628 and PCT Publication No. WO 94/15587. 
     The somatostatin or somatostatin agonist may also be administered with an immunosuppressive agent or insulin. Examples of immunosuppressive agents include cyclosporin, FK-506 glucocorticoids, and antibodies to T-cells. 
     Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments and from the claims. 
     ABBREVIATIONS 
     β-Nal=β-naphthylalanine 
     β-Pal=β-pyridylalanine 
     hArg(Bu)=N-guanidino-(butyl)-homoarginine 
     hArg(Et) 2  =N, N&#39;-guanidino-(dimethyl)-homoarginine 
     hArg(CH 2  CF 3 ) 2  =N, N&#39;-guanidino-bis-(2,2,2,-trifluoroethyl)-homoarginine 
     hArg(CH 3 , hexyl)=N, N&#39;-guanidino-(methyl, hexyl)-homoarginine 
     Lys(Me)=N.sup.ε -methyllysine 
     Lys(iPr)=N.sup.ε -isopropyllysine 
     AmPhe=aminomethylphenylalanine 
     AChxAla=aminocyclohexylalanine 
     Abu=α-aminobutyric acid 
     Tpo=4-thiaproline 
     MeLeu=N-methylleucine 
     Orn=ornithine 
     Nle=norleucine 
     Nva=norvaline 
     Trp(Br)=5-bromo-tryptophan 
     Trp(F)=5-fluoro-tryptophan 
     Trp(NO 2 )=5-nitro-tryptophan 
     Gaba=γ-aminobutyric acid 
     Bmp=β-mercaptopropionyl 
     Ac=acetyl 
     Pen=pencillamine 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     It is believed that one skilled in the art can, based on the description herein, utilize the present invention to its fullest extent. The following specific embodiments are, therefore, to be construed as merely illustrative, and not limitative of the remainder of the disclosure in any way whatsoever. 
     Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Also, all publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference. 
     Somatostatin and Its Agonists 
     Somatostatin (somatotropin release inhibiting factor, or SRIF) has both a 14 amino acid isoform (somatostatin-14) and a 28 amino acid isoform (somatostatin-28). See Wilson, J. &amp; Foster, D., Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, p. 510 (7th ed., 1985). The compound is an inhibitor of secretion of the growth hormone and was originally isolated from the hypothalamus. Brazeau et al., Science 179:77 (1973). Native somatostatin has a very short duration of effect in vivo since it is rapidly inactivated by endo- and exopeptidase. Many novel agonists have been prepared in order to enhance the duration of effect, biological activity, and selectivity (e.g., for the particular somatostatin receptor) of this hormone. What is meant by &#34;somatostatin agonists&#34; herein is a compound which (1) has a high affinity (e.g., Ki of less than 1 μM or, preferably, of less than 10 nM) for a somatostatin receptor (as determined by the receptor binding assay described below or any analogous assay), and (2) prolongs the survival of transplanted pancreatic cells (e.g., as determined by the biological assay described below or any analogous assay). 
     Various somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) have been isolated, e.g., SSTR-1, SSTR-2, SSTR-3, SSTR-4, and SSTR-5. Thus, the somatostatin agonist may be a SSTR-1 agonist, SSTR-2 agonist, SSTR-3 agonist, SSTR-4 agonist, or SSTR-5 agonist. One set of the somatostatin agonists to be used for practice the method of this invention are SSTR-5 agonists and SSTR-3 agonists. What is meant by an &#34;SSTR-5 agonist&#34; or an &#34;SSTR-3 agonist&#34; is a compound which (1) has a high affinity (e.g., Ki of less than 1 μM or, preferably, of less than 10 nM) for the SSTR-5 or SSTR-3, respectively (as defined by the receptor binding assay described below), and (2) prolongs the survival of transplanted pancreatic cells (e.g., as defined by the biological assay described below). The somatostatin agonist may also be selective for a particular somatostatin receptor, e.g., has a higher binding affinity for a particular somatostatin receptor subtype, e.g., an SSTR-5 or an SSTR-3 selective agonist. 
     Somatostatin agonists which can be used to practice the therapeutic method of the present invention include, but are not limited to, those covered by the formulae or those specifically recited in the publications set forth below, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     EP Application No. P5 164 EU (Inventor: G. Keri); 
     Van Binst, G. et al. Peptide Research 5:8 (1992); 
     Horvath, A. et al. Abstract, &#34;Conformations of Somatostatin Analogs Having Antitumor Activity&#34;, 22nd European peptide Symposium, September 13-19, 1992, Interlaken, Switzerland; 
     PCT Application WO 91/09056 (1991); 
     EP Application 0 363 589 A2 (1990); 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,904,642 (1990); 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,871,717 (1989); 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,853,371 (1989); 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,725,577 (1988); 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,684,620 (1987) 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,650,787 (1987); 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,603,120 (1986); 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,585,755 (1986); 
     EP Application 0 203 031 A2 (1986); 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,813 (1985); 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,486,415 (1984); 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,485,101 (1984); 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,435,385 (1984); 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,395,403 (1983); 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,369,179 (1983); 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,360,516 (1982); 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,358,439 (1982); 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,328,214 (1982); 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,316,890 (1982); 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,310,518 (1982); 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,291,022 (1981); 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,238,481 (1980); 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,235,886 (1980); 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,224,190 (1980); 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,211,693 (1980); 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,190,648 (1980); 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,146,612 (1979); and 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,133,782 (1979). 
     Examples of somatostatin agonists include, but are not limited to, the following somatostatin analogs which are disclosed in the above-cited references: 
     D-β-Nal-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr-NH2; 
     D-Phe-Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-β-Nal-NH2; 
     D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-β-Nal-NH2; 
     D-β-Nal-Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr-NH2; 
     D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2; 
     D-Phe-Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2; 
     D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Pen-Thr-OH; 
     D-Phe-Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Pen-Thr-OH; 
     Gly-Pen-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr-OH; 
     Phe-Pen-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr-OH; 
     Phe-Pen-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Pen-Thr-OH; 
     H-D-Phe-Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr-ol; 
     H-D-Phe-Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr-NH 2  ; 
     H-D-Trp-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-Thr-NH 2  ; 
     H-D-Trp-Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr-NH 2  ; 
     H-D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-Thr-NH 2  ; 
     H-D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-Trp-NH 2  ; 
     H-D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-Thr-NH 2  ; 
     Ac-D-Phe-Lys*-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Asp-Thr-NH 2  (an amide bridge formed between Lys* and Asp); 
     Ac-hArg(Et) 2  -Gly-Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr-NH 2  ; 
     Ac-D-hArg(Et) 2  -Gly-Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr-NH 2  ; 
     Ac-D-hArg(Bu)-Gly-Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr-NH 2  ; 
     Ac-D-hArg(Et) 2  -Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr-NH 2  ; 
     Ac-L-hArg(Et) 2  -Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr-NH 2  ; 
     Ac-D-hArg(CH 2  CF 3 ) 2  -Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr-NH 2  ; 
     Ac-D-hArg(CH 2  CF 3 ) 2  -Gly-Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr-NH 2  ; 
     Ac-D-hArg(CH 2  CF 3 ) 2  -Gly-Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Phe-NH 2  ; 
     Ac-D-hArg(CH 2  CF 3 ) 2  -Gly-Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr-NHEt; 
     Ac-L-hArg(CH 2  --CF 3 ) 2  -Gly-Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr-NH 2  ; 
     Ac-D-hArg(CH 2  CF 3 ) 2  -Gly-Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys(Me)-Thr-Cys-Thr-NH 2  ; 
     Ac-D-hArg(CH 2  CF 3 ) 2  -Gly-Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys(Me)-Thr-Cys-Thr-NHEt; 
     Ac-hArg (CH 3 , hexyl)-Gly-Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr-NH 2  ; 
     H-hArg(hexyl 2 )-Gly-Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr-NH 2  ; 
     Ac-D-hArg(Et) 2  -Gly-Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr-NHEt; 
     Ac-D-hArg(Et) 2  -Gly-Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Phe-NH 2  ; 
     Propionyl-D-hArg(Et) 2  -Gly-Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys(iPr)-Thr-Cys-Thr-NH 2  ; 
     Ac-D-β-Nal-Gly-Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Gly-hArg(Et) 2  -NH 2  ; 
     Ac-D-Lys(iPr)-Gly-Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr-NH 2  ; 
     Ac-D-hArg(CH 2  CF 3 ) 2  -D-hArg(CH 2  CF 3 ) 2  -Gly-Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr-NH 2  ; 
     Ac-D-hArg(CH 2  CF 3 ) 2  -D-hArg(CH 2  CF 3 ) 2  -Gly-Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Phe-NH 2  ; 
     Ac-D-hArg(Et) 2  -D-hArg(Et) 2  -Gly-Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr-NH 2  ; 
     Ac-Cys-Lys-Asn-4-Cl-Phe-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-D-Cys-NH 2  ; 
     Bmp-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-Thr-NH 2  ; 
     Bmp-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-Phe-NH 2  ; 
     Bmp-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-p-Cl-Phe-NH 2  ; 
     Bmp-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-β-Nal-NH 2  ; 
     H-D-β-Nal-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-Thr-NH 2  ; 
     H-D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Abu-Cys-Thr-NH 2  ; 
     H-D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Abu-Cys-β-Nal-NH 2  ; 
     H-pentafluoro-D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-Thr-NH 2  ; 
     Ac-D-β-Nal-Cys-pentafluoro-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-Thr-NH 2  ; 
     H-D-β-Nal-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-β-Nal-NH 2  ; 
     H-D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-β-Nal-NH 2  ; 
     H-D-β-Nal-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Abu-Cys-Thr-NH 2  ; 
     H-D-p-Cl-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Abu-Cys-Thr-NH 2  ; 
     Ac-D-p-Cl-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Abu-Cys-Thr-NH 2  ; 
     H-D-Phe-Cys-β-Nal-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-Thr-NH 2  ; 
     H-D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Cys-Thr-NH 2  ; 
     cyclo(Pro-Phe-D-Trp-N-Me-Lys-Thr-Phe); 
     cyclo(Pro-Phe-D-Trp-N-Me-Lys-Thr-Phe); 
     cyclo(Pro-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-N-Me-Phe); 
     cyclo(N-Me-Ala-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe); 
     cyclo(Pro-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe); 
     cyclo(Pro-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe); 
     cyclo(Pro-Phe-L-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe)(SEQ ID NO:1); 
     cyclo(Pro-Phe-D-Trp(F)-Lys-Thr-Phe); 
     cyclo(Pro-Phe-Trp(F)-Lys-Thr-Phe)(SEQ ID NO:2); 
     cyclo(Pro-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Ser-Phe); 
     cyclo(Pro-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-p-Cl-Phe); 
     cyclo(D-Ala-N-Me-D-Phe-D-Thr-D-Lys-Trp-D-Phe); 
     cyclo(D-Ala-N-Me-D-Phe-D-Val-Lys-D-Trp-D-Phe); 
     cyclo(D-Ala-N-Me-D-Phe-D-Thr-Lys-D-Trp-D-Phe); 
     cyclo(D-Abu-N-Me-D-Phe-D-Val-Lys-D-Trp-D-Tyr); 
     cyclo(Pro-Tyr-D-Trp-t-4-AchxAla-Thr-Phe); 
     cyclo(Pro-Phe-D-Trp-t-4-AchxAla-Thr-Phe); 
     cyclo(N-Me-Ala-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Phe); 
     cyclo(N-Me-Ala-Tyr-D-Trp-t-4-AchxAla-Thr-Phe); 
     cyclo(Pro-Tyr-D-Trp-4-Amphe-Thr-Phe); 
     cyclo(Pro-Phe-D-Trp-4-Amphe-Thr-Phe); 
     cyclo(N-Me-Ala-Tyr-D-Trp-4-Amphe-Thr-Phe); 
     cyclo(Asn-Phe-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Gaba); 
     cyclo(Asn-Phe-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Gaba-Gaba); 
     cyclo(Asn-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe); 
     cyclo(Asn-Phe-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-NH(CH 2 ) 4  CO); 
     cyclo(Asn-Phe-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-β-Ala); 
     cyclo(Asn-Phe-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-D-Glu)-OH; 
     cyclo(Phe-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe); 
     cyclo(Phe-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Gly); 
     cyclo(Phe-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Gaba); 
     cyclo(Asn-Phe-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Gly); 
     cyclo(Asn-Phe-Phe-D-Trp(F)-Lys-Thr-Phe-Gaba); 
     cyclo(Asn-Phe-Phe-D-Trp(NO 2 )-Lys-Thr-Phe-Gaba); 
     cyclo(Asn-Phe-Phe-Trp(Br)-Lys-Thr-Phe-Gaba)(SEQ ID NO:3); 
     cyclo(Asn-Phe-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe(I)-Gaba); 
     cyclo(Asn-Phe-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Tyr(But)-Gaba); 
     cyclo(Bmp-Lys-Asn-Phe-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Thr-Pro-Cys)-OH; 
     cyclo(Bmp-Lys-Asn-Phe-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Thr-Pro-Cys)-OH; 
     cyclo(Bmp-Lys-Asn-Phe-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Thr-Tpo-Cys)-OH; 
     cyclo(Bmp-Lys-Asn-Phe-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Thr-MeLeu-Cys)-OH; 
     cyclo(Phe-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Phe-Gaba); 
     cyclo(Phe-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-D-Phe-Gaba); 
     cyclo(Phe-Phe-D-Trp(5F)-Lys-Thr-Phe-Phe-Gaba); 
     cyclo(Asn-Phe-Phe-D-Trp-Lys(Ac)-Thr-Phe-NH-(CH 2 ) 3  -CO); 
     cyclo(Lys-Phe-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Gaba); 
     cyclo(Lys-Phe-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Gaba); 
     cyclo(Orn-Phe-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Gaba); and 
     H-Cys-Phe-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Cys-NH 2  (BIM-23268). 
     Note that for all somatostatin agonists described herein, each amino acid residue represents the structure of --NH--C(R)H--CO--, in which R is the side chain (e.g., CH 3  for Ala) except for Thr-ol which stands for --NH--CH(CH(CH 3 )OH)--CH 2  --OH and Pro which stands for --N--C(R&#39;)H--CO-- where R&#39; is --(CH 2 ) 3  -- attached to the α-nitrogen and α-carbon. Lines between amino acid residues represent peptide bonds which join the amino acids. Also, where the amino acid residue is optically active, it is the L-form configuration that is intended unless D-form is expressly designated. A disulfide bridge is formed between two Cys residues; however, it is not shown. 
     Use of linear somatostatin agonists of the following formula is also within the invention: ##STR1## wherein A 1  is a D- or L- isomer of Ala, Leu, Ile, Val, Nle, Thr, Ser, β-Nal, β-Pal, Trp, Phe, 2,4-dichloro-Phe, pentafluoro-Phe, p-X-Phe, or o-X-Phe, wherein X is CH 3 , Cl, Br, F, OH, OCH 3  or NO 2  ; 
     A 2  is Ala, Leu, Ile, Val, Nle, Phe, β-Nal, pyridyl-Ala, Trp, 2,4-dichloro-Phe, pentafluoro-Phe, o-X-Phe, or p-X-Phe, wherein X is CH 3 , Cl, Br, F, OH, OCH 3  or NO 2  ; 
     A 3  is pyridyl-Ala, Trp, Phe, β-Nal, 2,4-dichloro-Phe, pentafluoro-Phe, o-X-Phe, or p-X-Phe, wherein X is CH 3 , Cl, Br, F, OH, OCH 3  or NO 2  ; 
     A 6  is Val, Ala, Leu, Ile, Nle, Thr, Abu, or Ser; 
     A 7  is Ala, Leu, Ile, Val, Nle, Phe, β-Nal, pyridyl-Ala, Trp, 2,4-dichloro-Phe, pentafluoro-Phe, o-X-Phe, or p-X-Phe, wherein X is CH 3 , Cl, Br, F, OH, OCH 3  or NO 2  ; 
     A 8  is a D- or L-isomer of Ala, Leu, Ile, Val, Nle, Thr, Ser, Phe, β-Nal, pyridyl-Ala, Trp, 2,4-dichloro-Phe, pentafluoro-Phe, p-X-Phe, or o-X-Phe, wherein X is CH 3 , Cl, Br, F, OH, OCH 3  or NO 2  ; 
     each R 1  and R 2 , independently, is H, lower acyl or lower alkyl; and R 3  is OH or NH 2  ; provided that at least one of A 1  and A 8  and one of A 2  and A 7  must be an aromatic amino acid; and further provided that A 1 , A 2 , A 7  and A 8  cannot all be aromatic amino acids. 
     Examples of linear agonists to be used in the method of this invention include: 
     H-D-Phe-p-chloro-Phe-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Thr-NH 2  ; 
     H-D-Phe-p-NO 2  -Phe-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Phe-Thr-NH 2  ; 
     H-D-Nal-p-chloro-Phe-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Phe-Thr-NH 2  ; 
     H-D-Phe-Phe-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Thr-NH 2  (BIM-23052); 
     H-D-Phe-Phe-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Phe-Thr-NH 2  ; 
     H-D-Phe-p-chloro-Phe-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Phe-Thr-NH 2  ; 
     and 
     H-D-Phe-Ala-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Ala-β-D-Nal-NH 2 . 
     If desired, one or more chemical moieties, e.g., a sugar derivative, mono or poly-hydroxy C 2-12  alkyl, mono or poly-hydroxy C 2-12  acyl group, or a piperazine derivative, can be attached to the somatostatin agonist, e.g., to the N-terminus amino acid. See PCT Application WO 88/02756, European Application 0 329 295, and PCT Application No. WO 94/04752. An example of a somatostatin agonists which contain N-terminal chemical substitutions are: ##STR2## 
     Synthesis of Somatostatin Agonists 
     The methods for synthesizing somatostatin agonists is well documented and are within the ability of a person of ordinary skill in the art. 
     Synthesis of short amino acid sequences is well established in the peptide art. For example, synthesis of H-D-Phe-Phe-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Thr-NH 2 , described above, can be achieved by following the protocol set forth in Example I of European Patent Application 0 395 417 A1. The synthesis of somatostatin agonists with a substituted N-terminus can be achieved, for example, by following the protocol set forth in WO 88/02756, European Patent Application No. 0 329 295, and PCT Publication No. WO 94/04752. 
     Somatostatin Receptor Binding Assays 
     The human SSTR-1, SSTR-2, SSTR-3, SSTR-4, and SSTR-5 cDNA clones have been described (SSTR-1 and SSTR-2 in Yamada, Y., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 89:251-255 (1992); SSTR-3 in Yamade, et al., Mol. Endocrinol. 6:2136-2142 (1993); and SSTR-4 and SSTR-5 in Yamada, et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 195:844-852 (1993)) and are also available from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockville, Md.) (ATCC Nos. 79044 (SSTR-1), 79046 (SSTR-2), and 79048 (SSTR-3)). Based on the restriction endonuclease maps, the entire coding region of each SSTR cDNA may be excised by suitable restriction endonuclease digestion (Maniatis, T., et al., Molecular Cloning--A Laboratory Manual, CSHL, 1982). Restriction endonucleases are available from New England Biolabs (Beverly, Mass.). This cDNA fragment was inserted into the mammalian expression vector, pCMV (Russell, D., et al., J. Biol. Chem., 264:8222-8229 (1989)), using standard molecular biology techniques (see e.g., Maniatis, T., et al., Molecular Cloning--A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1982) to produce the expression plasmid, pCMV-human SSTR-1 through pCMV-human SSTR-5. Other mammalian expression vectors include pcDNA1/Amp (Invitrogen, Sandlesy, Calif.). The expression plasmids were introduced into the suitable bacterial host, E. Coli HB101 (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) and plasmid DNAs, for transfection, were prepared on Cesium Chloride gradients. 
     CHO-K1 (ovary, Chinese hamster) cells were obtained from ATCC (ATCC No. CCL 61). The cells were grown and maintained in Ham&#39;s F12 media (Gibco BRL, Grand Island, N.Y.) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum under standard tissue culture conditions. For transfection, the cells were seeded at a density 1×10 6  /60-cm plate (Baxter Scientific froducts, McGaw Park, Ill.). DNA mediated transfection was carried out using the calcium phosphate co-precipitation method (Ausubel, F. M., et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1987). The plasmid pRSV-neo (ATCC; ATCC No. 37198) was included as a selectable marker at 1/10 the concentration of the expression plasmid. CHO-K1 clonal cell lines that have stably inherited the transfected DNA were selected for growth in Ham&#39;s F12 media containing 10% fetal bovine serum and 0.5 mg/ml of G418 (Sigma). The cells were ring-cloned and expanded in the same media for analysis. 
     Expression of the human SSTR-1 through SSTR-5 receptors in the CHO-K1 cells were detected by Northern blot analysis of total RNA prepared from the cells (Sambrook, J. E., et al., Molecular Cloning--A Laboratory Manual, Ed. 2, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989) and by receptor binding using   125  I-Tyr 11  !somatostatin-14 as a ligand. Transfected cell lines expressing the human SSTR receptors were clonally expanded in culture and used in the following SSTR binding protocol. 
     Crude membranes were prepared by homogenization of the transfected cells in 20 ml of ice-cold 50 mM Tris-HCl with a POLYTRON homogenizer (setting 6, 15 sec). Buffer was added to obtain a final volume of 40 ml, and the homogenate was centrifuged in a Sorval SS-34 rotor at 39,000 g for 10 min at 0°-4° C. The resulting supernatant was decanted and discarded. The pellet was rehomogenized in ice-cold buffer, diluted, and centrifuged as before. The final pellet was resuspended in the 10 mM Tris HCl and held on ice for the receptor binding assay. 
     Aliquots of the membrane preparation were incubated for 30 min at 30° C. with 0.05 nM   125  I-Tyr 11  !somatostatin-14 (2000 Ci/mmol; Amersham Corp., Arlington Heights, Ill.) in 50 mM HEPES (pH 7.4) containing a test somatostatin agonist of various concentrations (e.g., 10 -11  to 10 -6 ), 10 mg/ml bovine serum albumin (fraction V) (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.), MgCl 2  (5 mM), Trasylol (200 KIU ml), bacitracin (0.02 mg/ml), and phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride (0.02 mg/ml). The final assay volume was 0.3 ml. The incubations were terminated by rapid filtration through GF/C filters (pre-soaked in 0.3% polyethylenimine for 30 min) using a Brandel filtration manifold. Each tube and filter were then washed three times with 5 ml aliquots of ice-cold buffer. Specific binding was defined as the total   125  I-Tyr 11  !somatostatin-14 bound minus that bound in the presence of 1000 nM. The Ki values for the tested somatostatin agonists were calculated by using the following formula: Ki=IC 5o  / 1+(LC/LEC)! where IC 50  is the concentration of test somatostatin agonist required to inhibit 50 percent of the specific binding of the radioligand   125  I-Tyr 11  !somatostatin-14, LC is the concentration of the radioligand (0.05 nM), And LEC is the equilibrium dissociation constant of the radioligand (0.16 nM). The Ki values for the tested somatostatin and somatostatin agonists are shown in Table I. 
     
                       TABLE I______________________________________hSSTR-1      hSSTR-2  hSSTR-3  hSSTR-4                                 hSSTR-5______________________________________Somato- 2.256    0.71     1.432  1.768  0.883statin-14Somato- 2.382    0.57     1.021  7.93   0.383statin-28BIM-23052   97.64    5.77     5.586  126.5  1.227BM-23268   12.27    6.84     61.55  19.96  0.376______________________________________ 
    
     Survival of Transplanted Pancreatic Cells 
     The somatostatin analogs which bind to a somatostatin receptor may be further tested for their ability to prolong the functional life of transplanted pancreatic islet cells following procedures set forth below or similar procedures. 
     (a) Syngeneic Islet Transplantation in Rats 
     Rats are made diabetic through the administration of streptozotocin or alloxan (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.), which destroys the insulin-secreting β-islet cells of the rat pancreas (Mallaise, W. J., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79:927-930 (1982); and Junod, A., et al., Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 126:201-205 (1967)). Rat pancreatic islets, previously prepared, are then implanted into the diabetic rats (e.g., under the rat&#39;s kidney capsule). The function of the transplanted islets is periodically assessed by measuring the insulin response to a glucose challenge. The ability of a somatostatin receptor-binding compound to extend the function life of the transplanted cells is determined by comparing the insulin response to hyperglycemia between groups of treated and untreated animals over a period of time, wherein the treated group is administered with the test compound subcutaneously (e.g., single daily injection or continuously via infusion pump and sustained release formulation). 
     (b) Human β-Islet Xenografts in Non-Immunocompetent Mice 
     The somatostatin agonists may also be tested directly on human pancreatic islets. Isolated human pancreatic islets are transplanted into athymic mice (e.g., under the kidney capsule), and the mice are subsequently made diabetic by the administration of alloxan. Transplanted human pancreatic islets are resistant to alloxan treatment, while the endogenous pancreatic cells of the recipient animal are destroyed (Eizirik, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91:9253-9256, (1994)). The function of the transplanted islets is periodically assessed by measuring the insulin response to a glucose challenge. The ability of a somatostatin receptor-binding compound to extend the functional life of the transplanted cells is determined by comparing the insulin response to hyperglycemia between groups of somatostatin treated and untreated animals over a period of time, wherein the treated group is administered with the test compound somatostatin subcutaneously (e.g., single daily injection or continuously via infusion pump or sustained release formulation). 
     Other Embodiments 
     The foregoing description has been limited to specific embodiments of this invention. It will be apparent, however, that variations and modifications may be made to the invention, with the attainment of some or all of the advantages of the invention. Such embodiments are also within the scope of the following claims. 
     
         __________________________________________________________________________SEQUENCE LISTING(1) GENERAL INFORMATION:(iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 3(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 6 amino acids(B) TYPE: amino acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: Not Relevant(D) TOPOLOGY: circular(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:1:ProPheTrpLysThrPhe15(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 6 amino acids(B) TYPE: amino acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: Not Relevant(D) TOPOLOGY: circular(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide(ix) FEATURE:(D) OTHER INFORMATION: wherein Xaa at position 3 is5-fluoro- tryptophan(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2:ProPheXaaLysThrPhe15(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 8 amino acids(B) TYPE: amino acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: Not Relevant(D) TOPOLOGY: circular(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide(ix) FEATURE:(D) OTHER INFORMATION: wherein Xaa at position 4 is 5-bromo-tryptophan, and Xaa at position 8 is 4-aminobutyric acid.(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:3:AsnPhePheXaaLysThrPheXaa15__________________________________________________________________________