Abstract:
A renewable energy system maintenance method comprises network server based system for monitoring and repairing, for example, a solar power installation. Such comprises solar panels to convert sunlight to DC electricity, one or more inverters to convert the DC to AC electricity, and a metered utility connection for selling to or offsetting energy charges for AC electricity from an electric utility. A monitor with sensors and connections to the inverter provides system operation measurements and data through a wireless or wired connection the Internet. A centralized server collects measurements and data from many solar installation monitors and analyzes the inputs to provide useful information to the users and their systems integrator and third parties. In particular, such information is employed in several ways to conduct various parts of a solar energy business.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to renewable energy industry business methods, and more particularly to methods and systems for maintaining renewable energy systems. 
       DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART 
       [0002]    Resources like coal, oil, and natural gas are not renewable, the known reserves are being consumed rapidly, and burning them and transporting them is a major cause of pollution and environmental damage. So, many people in general, and governments in particular, are looking for ways to get renewable energy systems launched and into mainstream use, both for profit, and for the environment we all share. 
         [0003]    Market revenues for solar, wind, biofuels and fuel cell clean technologies were $55 billion in 2006 and are expected to grow to $226 billion by 2016, according to industry research firm Clean Edge (March 2007). The federal government, utility providers, and city, state, and local agencies are offering incentives to make renewable energy more affordable for consumers. As a result, the investment market in the United States for energy efficiency is estimated to be $200 billion, according to the American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy. 
         [0004]    Photovoltaic (PV) solar systems cleanly and silently convert sunlight into electrical energy. System integrators can install solar panel arrays at the point of consumption, e.g., on a customer&#39;s roof or in their side yard, to avoid transmission losses and costs. In addition, the electricity produced may be fed back to the utility grid at retail rates, which tend to be much higher than wholesale rates. 
         [0005]    When exposed to strong light, the semiconductor devices in the panels produce low-voltage direct current (DC) electrical power, which is then converted to normal 110/220 volt utility-type alternating current (AC) by an inverter. The amount of energy produced by a single installation can be a substantial percentage of, or exceed, that used by a typical household. But, the up-front investment costs are very high, and the pay-back period is very long. The average American cannot afford the expense, nor deal with all the technical and legal complexities involved at the start. 
         [0006]    Tax incentives can soften the up-front bite, but they are difficult to understand and take advantage of, and the government is forever toying with the terms of qualification. Many other technical and legal challenges also exist, and many local city building departments and local building trades lack the education, skill and training necessary to permit or do the construction. So, many potential owners who are leaning toward installing a renewable energy system, get discouraged and do nothing. 
         [0007]    Typical residential systems retail for roughly $9-10 per watt DC. An average home may be able to support panels capable of supporting an installation of 4-5 kilowatt (kW) DC, which gives a total system cost of $40K-50K. Commercial systems can range from 5-100 kW DC, or more. Commercial installations are typically financed by third parties, leased, or the subject of a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) or energy services contract. But, homeowners almost always pay cash for their systems, from savings or a home equity line of credit (HELOC) or other debt-like instruments. This large capital requirement further restrict how many homes actually get a solar system installed. 
         [0008]    As a rule of thumb, each installed DC kW will produce roughly 1,500 AC kilowatt-hours (kWh) per year. Such can vary by latitude, roof orientation, weather, etc. Depending on the season, time of day, and local utility tariffs, a customer can expect to pay $0.05-$0.35 per kWh. Customers with large houses in hot climates tend to have significant electricity bills due to heavy use of their air conditioning systems; summer bills can easily exceed $400 per month. 
         [0009]    Utility customers can use the solar output to reduce their use of utility power, and in many areas can sell back excess power to the utility. 
         [0010]    Federal, state, and local governments, utilities, and agencies have put in place significant financial incentives for organizations that install solar systems. Such incentives can offset the initial capital investment required to get an organization up and running on solar power. In addition, many states have created programs to encourage the switch to solar power. California, New Jersey, New York, and Arizona all have innovative programs, and other states are quickly following suit, e.g., see, Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy (DSIRE) (http://www.dsireusa.org/). 
         [0011]    For example, the California Solar Initiative (CSI) is an incentive offered to help commercial, government, non-for-profit and residential customers acquire and pay for renewable energy systems. The type of incentive awarded by the program depends upon the size of the system installed. Most government and non-profit organizations are eligible for performance-based incentives that are paid in monthly installments based on the expected or actual recorded kWh of solar power produced over a five-year period. The more solar energy produced, the higher the payment. 
         [0012]    At the federal level, tax-paying system owners are currently eligible to realize up to 30% of the system cost as a tax credit against their federal tax. Alternative minimum tax is not offset. The credit is generally not available to foreign entities, government agencies, non-profits, and non-US-taxpayers. The credit is presently capped at $2,000 for residences. 
         [0013]    Each system owner is generally also allowed to take five-year MACRS depreciation, with a tax basis of 85% of the system cost. But, homeowners in particular cannot depreciate any elements of their residence. The current federal tax credit is set to expire at the end of 2008, unless an extension is passed. 
         [0014]    The California CSI program provides for rebates to the system owner, based on the owner&#39;s tax status and the size of the system. Large systems receive a Performance Based Incentive (PBI) rebate over five years, based on actual kWh production. Smaller (&lt;50) commercial and residential systems receive the rebate as a lump sum in an Expected Performance Based Buydown (EPBB) almost immediately after the system is placed into service. 
         [0015]    These rebates are reduced in steps as more people participate in the program. The current status can be found online at www.sgip-ca.com. Some local municipal utility companies do not participate in the state incentive program, while others promote their own unique incentive structures. 
         [0016]    In other states and utility districts, such as Oregon or North Carolina, incentives may include state tax credits, while in other locales, the incentives may be based on the RPS incentives or other methodologies. 
         [0017]    In both California and Federal programs, the system must be held by the original system owner for at least five years to claim the full tax credit. Early transfer may result in an IRS recapture of a pro-rata share of the credits the benefits. 
         [0018]    Data on recent applications to the CA state program, (see www.sgip-ca.com), indicate that system integrators, not homeowners themselves, were the largest residential installers in California in 2007 YTD, both in terms of number of deals and kW installed. The data also provide useful reference points on $/W rates across the industry; $9-10/Watt seems fairly typical. 
         [0019]    Companies like MMA Renewable Ventures and SunEdison are now providing third-party finance solutions for renewable energy projects. These companies are investing in solar, wind, biofuels, biomass, biogas, and geothermal energy generation. MMA Renewable Ventures says it is able to offer customers and energy project developers substantial, consistent, reliable investment capital to meet and help drive growing demand. 
         [0020]    Such companies enable customers to take advantage of predictably priced clean energy, and to overcome the prohibitive costs of installation and ongoing system maintenance. In a third-party proprietary financing model, a company such as MMA Renewable Ventures owns, operates, and maintains renewable energy facilities. It sells the electricity to its customers under the terms of a solar services agreement (SSA) that contracts the electricity produced at a fixed rate. Other companies partner with top-tier investors, project developers, and customers to build distributed clean energy generation plants. They then sell electricity and, optionally, renewable energy credits to a site-host under a power purchase agreement (PPA). By offering comprehensive energy efficiency project financing, customers avoid up-front costs, and projects are often cash flow positive from the start of commercial operation. [note: do we need to address the likelihood that we&#39;ll be charging a “down payment”] 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0021]    Briefly, a business model embodiment of the present invention comprises network server based maintenance system for monitoring and repairing a solar power installation. Such comprises solar panels to convert sunlight to DC electricity, one or more inverters to convert the DC to AC electricity, and a metered utility connection for selling to or offsetting energy charges for AC electricity from an electric utility. A monitor with sensors and connections to the inverter provides system operation measurements and data through a wireless or wired connection the Internet. A centralized server collects measurements and data from many solar installation monitors and analyzes the inputs to provide useful information to the users and their systems integrator and third parties. In particular, such information is employed in several ways to conduct various parts of a solar energy business. 
         [0022]    An advantage of the present invention is that a maintenance business model is provided that looks for operational anomalies that could indicate trouble or developing problems. Remedies are provided that either fix the problems using remote communications, or send repair crews to take care of the problem. 
         [0023]    Another advantage of the present invention is that a sales business model is provided that provides information that can be used to sharpen pricing formulas and product performance forecasts. 
         [0024]    An advantage of the present invention is that a performance monitoring business model is provided that is accessible by the user to see how well one&#39;s own system is doing, and to check on and control their own energy production account. 
         [0025]    Another advantage of the present invention is that a renewably energy certificate business model is provided that accumulates the small shares of qualifying energy produced by many small solar installations into the minimum unit sizes that can be certified, traded and sold. 
         [0026]    An advantage of the present invention is that a virtual utility business model is provided that allows individual solar installations to be grouped together into a cooperative or portfolio, where power production, equipment repairs and downtime, incentives, and energy contracts are managed as a single entity. 
         [0027]    Another advantage of the present invention is that a business tuning business model is provided that provides the feedback to the operation of a solar energy installation and installer that is useful in tuning for better efficiency and economy. 
         [0028]    An advantage of the present invention is that a business model is provided that salvages the tax-advantages and benefits that would otherwise be lost by solar installations that are too small or non-qualifying into groups and leaseholds that can be operated on a larger scale to attract better construction and operation capital, and qualify for various government tax incentives and clean energy programs. 
         [0029]    These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will no doubt become obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art after having read the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments which are illustrated in the drawing figure. 
     
    
     
       IN THE DRAWINGS 
         [0030]      FIG. 1  is a functional block diagram of a business model embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0031]      FIG. 2  represents an administrative services embodiment of the present invention, and comprises demonstrating financial value and coordinating rebate and tax incentives to arrange for financing; 
           [0032]      FIG. 3A  represents a community installation comprising individual PowerStations. The individual users are banded together in a community project by a system integrator; 
           [0033]      FIG. 3B  represents a variation on a community installation in which employees of an employer are provided with a discounted solar system as a perquisite, and the employer benefits from renewable energy credits (REC&#39;s); 
           [0034]      FIG. 4  represents a SolarGuard system embodiment of the present invention, many PowerStations produce renewable energy from the sun, and each has a SolarGuard monitor that reports key operating information about their particular systems; 
           [0035]      FIG. 5  represents an in-field sales method of operating a solar energy business; 
           [0036]      FIG. 6  represents an installer services business model embodiment of the present invention; and 
           [0037]      FIG. 7  is a flowchart diagram representing a maintenance business model that operates from a remote location, such as a central server, to remedy trouble. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0038]      FIG. 1  represents a PowerStation™ embodiment of the present invention, and is referred to herein by the general reference numeral  100 . PowerStation  100  is typically located at an owner&#39;s home, and comprises photovoltaic solar panels  102  that convert sunlight into low-voltage DC. The DC can be stored in batteries, or it can be further converted, e.g., into 110 VAC, 220 VAC, 480 VAC, by an inverter  104 . An electric panel, or breaker box,  106  has the fuses and circuit breakers that distribute electricity to the user&#39;s electrical loads. Any excess electrical power from the inverter  104  will push back through a utility meter  108 , and can actually run it backwards. A utility grid may be under contract or other legal obligation to accept and pay for such excess power produced. Often retail rates apply. 
         [0039]    A SolarGuard™ monitor  110  tracks the performance of the solar system and reports the data to a central location over the Internet. The monitoring makes sure the system is producing solar energy at optimum levels, and computed data is made available on a webpage. A.PowerPortal™  112  allows users to log in to a secure website to check the system performance, as reported by the SolarGuard monitor  110 . Users can find out how much power the system is generating at any time. 
         [0040]    Each PowerStation  100  can be standardized or unique, configured to the custom specifications of each user. In a business model embodiment of the present invention, a system integrator goes to the location to determine the best size, mounting arrangement and positioning for the PowerStation  100 . A detailed design and installation plan can then be engineered. 
         [0041]    PowerStations  100  work in parallel with the electric utility grid, allowing electricity to be generated during the day, and loads to draw from the grid during the night. In many areas, the system integrator sets up a net metering relationship with the local utility, enabling users to sell excess power back to the utility during peak hours when rates are high, and to buy electricity during non-peak hours when the rates are low. 
         [0042]      FIG. 2  represents an administrative services embodiment of the present invention, and is referred to herein by the general reference numeral  200 . Administrative services  200  comprises demonstrating financial value  202  and coordinating rebate and tax incentives  204  to arrange for financing  206 . Plans are submitted so building permits and inspections  208  can be obtained for construction  210  of the solar system, as in  FIG. 1 . The involved utilities are coordinated with interconnection administration  212  and the solar system is put into operation  214 . A return-on-investment (ROI) is maximized  216  and maintenance  218  service may be negotiated. At an end-of-life  220 , or end-of-lease, the full value of the installation of the solar system is realized for the user, the lender, the system integrator, and the government 
         [0043]    Demonstrating the financial value  202  includes sending experts to the site and discovering how energy is used. The financial incentives available are identified, including rebates, tax, and special programs that a user or their business may be eligible. The system integrator obtains and completes the paperwork and follow-up required to receive state rebates. The financing can include floating rebate incentives, by only billing for the post-rebate amounts. Tax documentation is provided to enable a tax advisor to file the appropriate tax returns to take advantage of the available tax credits and deductions. Building permits, inspections, and all interactions with local permit offices are coordinated by the system integrator, and representatives are present during the final site inspection to deal with any issues that come up. 
         [0044]    The system integrator further initiates the necessary agreements with the local utility company and schedules the required site inspections. A payment strategy is tailored to meet the user&#39;s needs and designed to make good financial sense well into the future. 
         [0045]    The SolarGuard monitor  110  enables continuous monitoring of the key performance variables of the system, and transmit the data through the Internet to specialized servers. If the system is underperforming, alerts are sent to call attention to the situation. The collected data is accessible online for customers or other approved entities to view. 
         [0046]    During the investigation and design phase, an expert may consult on how the user can lower their energy consumption and increase the savings. Each energy efficiency expert evaluates the insulation, ill-fitting windows and doors, old and outdated light fixtures, thermostat settings, office equipment with go power-save modes when not in use, occupancy sensors that automatically turn off lights when a room is vacated, heating and cooling systems, and which utility rate schedule will be optimal. 
         [0047]    Finance products include power purchase agreements (PPA&#39;s) and leases. Non-taxable customers are provided with solar energy power and monthly payments that are often less than their current utility bill, with little or no up-front costs and off-balance sheet solutions. The PPA&#39;s help guard a company against the destabilizing effects of rising utility prices. The organization&#39;s risk is reduced by paying only for what the system produces under the PPA or lease. 
         [0048]    Public and non-profit organizations can implicitly benefit from the tax incentives for which they would otherwise not be eligible, and rebates available through local, state, and federal governments. These incentives are significant, and can amount to more than 75% of the total system cost. 
         [0049]    Generating clean energy has a social utility and can produce goodwill that translates directly into better business. 
         [0050]    One return-on-investment (ROI) on a solar system comes from the avoided cost of utility bills that would have been paid instead of solar power. Most organizations see returns of 8-15% on their solar investments. In California, where grid electricity costs have consistently risen by more than 5% per year, the ROI can be even better. The cost of a solar installation can usually be recovered within 5-7 years, depending on where the customer&#39;s facility is located, and how much electricity they use. 
         [0051]    Utility companies will often bill customers with tiered rates or time-of-use, rather than on flat fee basis. For a tiered rate, the plan begins with a baseline allocation of power. The more “units” of electricity customers consume above that baseline, the more they pay per unit. Solar power replaces the higher-tiered power first by taking the load off the top. Customers can thus experience significant savings immediately. 
         [0052]    When users switch to solar power in certain jurisdictions, such as in investor owned utilities in California, they can be converted to a time-of-use billing system. The rates are higher during peak hours than during off-peak hours. The solar system will produce when the sun is brightest and the day is hottest, heavy air conditioner use and power demand on the grid makes these the peak times. Any power in excess of what they use is sold back to the utility grid at retail prices. At night, the solar system stops producing, but the users draw from the grid at much lower off-peak prices. During the spring and summer months, customers can accumulate credits. These can be used to offset the customer&#39;s energy use during the winter months with its shorter daylight periods. 
         [0053]    Finance leases, e.g., capital leases, conditional sales, or dollar buy out leases, may work best if the solar power user intends to keep the equipment after the end of the lease. The main advantage of this type of lease is that it gives the user the option to purchase the equipment for a nominal fee. Payment terms on finance leases tend to last close to the expected useful life of the equipment. 
         [0054]    True leases, also called tax leases, operating leases, or fair market value (FMV) leases, do not typically last as long as the full expected life of the equipment. At the end of the lease, the user can choose to have the equipment removed without incurring further obligations, or purchase it at a fair market value. Payments on true leases generally tend to be lower than those on finance leases. The lessors have the opportunity to resell the equipment when the lease ends. 
         [0055]    One of the main benefits of true leases is that lessors may be able to fully deduct their lease payments and claim incentives which accrue to the equipment owner for tax purposes; these savings can be passed on to the lessee in the form of lower rents. In contrast, the IRS considers finance leases little more than installment purchase plans. As a result, although finance leases let customers spread the customer&#39;s payments over time, they are not tax advantaged in the way true leases are, and lessees frequently cannot utilize the tax incentives available to them. 
         [0056]    A leveraged lease is a tax-advantaged, asset-based financing that typically qualifies as an operating lease for accounting purposes, and a true lease for tax purposes. It can provide 7-30 years of off-balance sheet financing priced below the lessee&#39;s alternative borrowing rate. In a leveraged lease, a trust is established with equity and non-recourse debt components. The transaction is structured such that the equity investor is considered to be the owner of the equipment, both for accounting and tax purposes. From the lessee&#39;s perspective, the lease is an off-balance sheet financing with footnote disclosures. 
         [0057]    A leveraged lease allows high-grade credit lessees to take advantage of their low cost of capital to achieve low stable rental rates over a 15-25 year term. The system integrator arranges high leverage debt financing based upon the quality of the lease and user&#39;s credit rating. This attractive debt financing usually results in a lower cost of capital to the system integrator and therefore a lower lease rate for the user. If the transaction meets minimum size requirements and includes rapidly depreciable items, tax advantaged equities can be provided to the project thereby further lowering the user&#39;s lease rate. Similar to the conventional lease, a leveraged lease is usually structured to qualify as an operating lease in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principals (GAAP). 
         [0058]    A lease which qualifies under financial accounting standards FASB 13 as an operating lease, has the following four criteria: (1) The lease term does not exceed 75% of the useful life of the equipment, (2) Title to the equipment does not automatically pass to the lessee at the end of the lease term, (3) The lease can not have a bargain purchase option, and (4) The present value of the minimum rentals must be less than 90% of the equipment cost. An operating lease may not add balance sheet asset or liability, and the rental payments are treated as an operating expense. A True Lease is not necessarily an Operating Lease. 
         [0059]    A structured operating lease can mean the lowest possible cost for a corporate client due to its use of a variable interest rate, lack of amortization, and its short term. This lease type requires the lessee to maintain complete economic control of the property as well as accept all economic risks and rewards of ownership. Unique to this structure, the lessee maintains responsibility for the residual value of the asset at the end of the lease. At the end of the initial lease term, the lessee can either renew the lease at the then prevailing rates and terms, purchase the property for the initial development or acquisition cost, or sell the property and generate either a gain or loss based upon the value at the time the option is exercised. This lease/financing alternative is structured to qualify as an operating lease in accordance GAAP. It can also be based upon a fixed rate, which results in a slightly higher lease rate. This alternative is not available for properties previously owned by the corporate client. Consequently, sale-leaseback transactions cannot be arranged using this alternative. 
         [0060]    A single investor lease (SIL) is a tax-advantaged asset-based financing which typically qualifies as an operating lease for accounting purposes and a true lease for tax purposes. Depending on the customer&#39;s position, the SIL can provide 7-25 years of off-balance-sheet financing priced below the client&#39;s alternative borrowing rate. The transaction is structured so the lessee is not considered the owner for either accounting or tax purposes. From the lessee&#39;s perspective, the lease is off-balance sheet financing with a footnote disclosure. Such product is applicable for new and used equipment, project financings and some forms of real estate. Benefits to customers can include improved earnings through lower rental payments, hedging against equipment obsolescence, attractive after-tax financing rates, and diversification of funding sources. 
         [0061]    In a business model embodiment of the present invention, a typical system integrator purchases the major components for a renewable energy system from large, established vendors. Solar panels usually have a manufacturer&#39;s warranty of 10-25 years, and the inverters are typically warranteed for 5-10 years. Such hardware presently represents about 50% of the total system cost. A user  108  could be required to cover the cost of an inverter replacement after the inverter&#39;s warranty expires. The power output of a typical solar panel degrades about 0.5% per year, and will likely provide a useful life of thirty years. 
         [0062]    The system integrator or a 3 rd  party, provides some well-defined repair and maintenance functions during the life of the installation. The operating performance of each installation is remotely monitored, e.g., to anticipate breakdowns and interruptions of revenue earning. Each project generally requires insurance against risk of theft, damage, etc. 
         [0063]    Leases are generally more complex than a standard purchase. But, leases allow customers to realize the best possible savings on going solar, and they allow the customer to avoid substantial upfront capital costs of installing a solar system. The benefit of federal incentives, which would otherwise go unclaimed, can be split between the customer, system integrator, and the investor. For tax purposes, such leases must qualify as an operating lease. For generally accepted accounting procedure (GAAP) purposes, such leases can also qualify as an operating lease, although it may be possible to obtain different treatment for GAAP than for tax accounting. 
         [0064]    System integrator leases are secured by the equipment, and may be structured to be secured by a lien on the underlying real estate. Each potential lessee/customer is screened to meet credit acceptance criteria. During the lease period, the customer makes lease payments. The payments may be flat across the life of the lease, or they may be structured to escalate over time in step with energy cost inflation or some other index. At around $200/month, depending on system size, many typical homeowners will find that they can act in an environmentally and socially responsible way while spending the same, or less, on electricity costs. 
         [0065]    Residential customers are given fair market value buyout options, which are priced so that they would not fail one of the capital lease tests. At the end of the lease, each customer can choose to extend the lease and continue making payments, purchase the system at a fair market value, or end the relationship and return the equipment. 
         [0066]    Making existing equipment more energy efficient is one way to meet growing energy demand. Energy efficiency projects can improve profits, help avoid power outages, and delay the need for new power plants. The annual market for energy efficiency in the USA has been estimated at $200 billion. Typical energy efficiency projects have payback periods of five years or less. Energy efficient equipment can also increase property values. A commercial building owner can generate $2-$3 in added asset value for every one dollar invested in energy efficiency. 
         [0067]    In a business model embodiment of the present invention, a system integrator finances, owns and/or manages non-residential energy efficiency projects. Combined energy efficiency retrofit projects for investment can include heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC), high-efficiency lighting, motor and pump replacements, high-efficiency refrigeration systems, energy management and controls systems, high efficiency cogeneration systems, boiler and furnace replacements, etc. 
         [0068]    Up to one hundred percent of the financing for the capital cost of a project can be provided so customers are not required to make any significant project capital outlays. Whenever possible, efficiency projects are integrated with solar or other renewable energy systems, to better maximize combined economic, environmental and investment benefits. 
         [0069]    A power purchase agreement (PPA) embodiment of the present invention includes a service contract between the system integrator and a customer. The system integrator agrees to finance, own and operate a solar energy system at the customer&#39;s location and sell the electricity it generates to the customer for a pre-determined period. The system integrator agrees to offload the entire process of permitting, designing, procuring, and installing the system. It owns and operates the system, including operations, maintenance, and insurance. The customer has the option to buy the system. The customer provides an installation site, and access to site for operations and maintenance, e.g., by land lease or recorded easement. Such projects can be cash flow positive from day one, as the customer only pays for power the system generates, and benefits from long-term fixed energy price for the full term of the contract. On the subject of the kinds of leases that would qualify for tax advantages, FASB 13, Accounting for Leases, establishes standards of financial accounting and reporting for leases by lessees and lessors. For lessees, a lease is a financing transaction called a capital lease if it meets any one of four specified criteria. If not, it is an operating lease. Capital leases are treated as the acquisition of assets and the incurrence of obligations by the lessee. Operating leases are treated as current operating expenses. For lessors, a financing transaction lease is classified as a sales-type, direct financing, or leveraged lease. To be a sales-type, direct financing, or leveraged lease, the lease must meet one of the same criteria used for lessees to classify a lease as a capital lease, in addition to two criteria dealing with future uncertainties. Leveraged leases also have to meet further criteria. These types of leases are recorded as investments under different specifications for each type of lease. Leases not meeting the criteria are considered operating leases and are accounted for like rental property. 
         [0070]    Operating leases are accounted for by the lessor in three ways. The leased property is included with or near property, plant, and equipment in the balance sheet. The property is depreciated according to the lessor&#39;s normal depreciation policy, and in the balance sheet the accumulated depreciation is deducted from the investment in the leased property. 
         [0071]    Or, rents are reported as income over the lease term as it becomes receivable according to the provisions of the lease. However, if the rentals vary from a straight-line basis, the income are recognized on a straight-line basis unless another systematic and rational basis is more representative of the time pattern in which use benefit from the leased property is diminished, in which case that basis are used. 
         [0072]    Lastly, initial direct costs are deferred and allocated over the lease term in proportion to the recognition of rental income. However, initial direct costs may be charged to expense as incurred if the effect is not materially different from that which would have resulted from the use of the method prescribed in the preceding sentence. 
         [0073]    Embodiments of the present invention are not limited to these specific kinds of leases, since leasing rules can change significantly in the future. 
         [0074]    The sale of property subject to an operating lease, or of property that is leased by or intended to be leased by the third-party purchaser to another party, is not treated as a sale if the seller or any party related to the seller retains substantial risks of ownership in the leased property. 
         [0075]    A seller may, by various arrangements, assure recovery of the investment by the third-party purchaser in some operating lease transactions and thus retain substantial risks in connection with the property. For example, in the case of default by the lessee or termination of the lease, the arrangements may involve a formal or informal commitment by the seller to 
         [0076]    (a) acquire the lease or the property, 
         [0077]    (b) substitute an existing lease, or 
         [0078]    (c) secure a replacement lessee or a buyer for the property under a remarketing agreement. However, a remarketing agreement by itself does not disqualify accounting for the transaction as a sale if the seller 
         [0079]    (a) will receive a reasonable fee commensurate with the effort involved at the time of securing a replacement lessee or buyer for the property and 
         [0080]    (b) is not required to give priority to the re-leasing or disposition of the property owned by the third-party purchaser over similar property owned or produced by the seller. For example, a first-in, first-out remarketing arrangement is considered to be a priority. 
         [0081]    If a sale to a third party of property subject to an operating lease or of property that is leased by or intended to be leased by the third-party purchaser to another party is not to be recorded as a sale, the transaction are accounted for as a borrowing. Transactions of these types are in effect collateralized borrowings. The proceeds from the sale are recorded as an obligation on the books of the seller. Until that obligation has been amortized under the procedure described herein, rental payments made by the lessee(s) under the operating lease or leases are recorded as revenue by the seller, even if such rentals are paid directly to the third-party purchaser. 
         [0082]    A portion of each rental may be recorded by the seller as interest expense, with the remainder to be recorded as a reduction of the obligation. The interest expense are calculated by application of a rate determined in accordance with the provisions of APB Opinion No. 21, Interest on Receivables and Payables, paragraphs 13 and 14. The leased property is accounted for, as prescribed in paragraph 19(a) for an operating lease, except that the term over which the asset is depreciated are limited to the estimated amortization period of the obligation. The sale or assignment by the lessor of lease payments due under an operating lease are accounted for as a borrowing. 
         [0083]    Solar can be an expensive, complex undertaking if each homeowner tries to calculate the return on a major investment, find a reliable installer, and learn about inverters and time-of-use metering. The shared knowledge and camaraderie of a community program makes each project much easier and more profitable. 
         [0084]      FIG. 3A  represents a community installation  300  comprising individual PowerStations  301 - 304 . The individual users of PowerStations  301 - 304  are banded together in a community project by a system integrator  306 . Various equipment suppliers  308  and  310  are contracted by the system integrator  306  to supply the necessary components for the construction of PowerStations  301 - 304  at a substantial discount. Discounts are possible because of the volume of equipment involved in a single contract, the geographical proximity of multiple accounts, and in respect of an on-going business relationship between system integrator  306  and equipment suppliers  308  and  310 . Similarly, system integrator  306  enters into power purchase agreements (PPA) with a power utility  312  in which the individual users of PowerStations  301 - 304  sell their excess energy in large contracts otherwise only possible between utilities. 
         [0085]    Community efforts go a long way toward bringing solar energy to the masses and making a bigger difference in the fight against global warming. The bulk discounts mean homeowners benefit from economies of scale, making it cheaper to convert to solar and quicker to receive a payback on the investment. Consumer awareness about solar power increases, which aids future sales efforts. 
         [0086]    By signing up clusters of homes, the system integrator  306  benefits from economies of scale in equipment purchases, engineering, installation and permitting. In a typical program, a community  300  that collectively purchases a total of 175 kilowatts of solar capacity can qualify for discounts off market prices for equipment and installation. A typical home under the program would thus pay around $8.00 a watt for a three kilowatt solar system, compared to a market price of $10 a watt for the same solar system. 
         [0087]    After factoring-in a state rebate and a federal tax credits for solar energy, and the cost of city permits, the total investment would be substantially reduced. By generating their own power and selling excess power back to the grid, homeowners can sharply lower or eliminate their electric utility bills. 
         [0088]      FIG. 3B  represents a variation on community installation  300 . An employee group  350  includes individual installation, e.g., as represented PowerStations  301 - 304 . The individual users of PowerStations  301 - 304  are employees of an employer  352  who wants to provide perquisites to its employees and benefit, e.g., from renewable energy credits (REC&#39;s). The installations are gathered together in a group project by system integrator  306 . A certifying agency  354  empowers the system integrator  306  to verify energy production, aggregate partial REC&#39;s, and certify the REC&#39;s it issues to the employer  352 . 
         [0089]      FIG. 4  represents a SolarGuard system embodiment of the present invention, and is referred to herein by the general reference numeral  400 . System  400  communicates with many PowerStations  401 - 408  that produce renewable energy from the sun. Such solar power installations are like that described in  FIG. 1 , and each can be related to the other by location, who was their system integrator, who was their financer, who was their lessor, community interests, government jurisdiction, etc. Each has a SolarGuard monitor  110  ( FIG. 1 ) that reports key operating information about their particular systems. For example, data reports can be collected periodically about current/voltage/power coming from the solar panels  102  ( FIG. 1 ), outside temperatures at their respective locations, operating temperature of the inverter  104  ( FIG. 1 ), user electrical loads supplied by electrical panel  106  ( FIG. 1 ), utility meter  108  readings, condition of the utility grid at that feedpoint, occupancy sensors, building temperature, etc. The information collected is identified by station ID and forwards through the Internet  410  to a SolarGuard server  412 . 
         [0090]    The data collected is separated and post-processed for several different information-fed business models. Such business models include maintenance  414 , monitoring  416 , business tuning  418 , renewable energy certificate programs  420 , virtual utility  422 , performance guarantees, insurance, data sales, etc. 
         [0091]    Maintenance business model  414  operates to spot trouble in the equipment, or the way it&#39;s being operated, at each PowerStation  401 - 408 . Each of the data points being monitored has a normal range, and excursions outside these normal bands can be an early signal of trouble. However, some measures normally fluctuate as dependent variables on some independent variable. For example, the time-of-day and day-of-the-year control whether there should be any sunlight at all. The solar panels  102  cannot be expected to produce an electrical output between local sunset and sunrise. But if the solar panels  102  are not producing during daylight hours, then there may be a problem that needs to be analyzed or investigated further. Solar panel power output measurements can also be compared to past measurements, local weather, other sensor measurements, averages, and what other nearby PowerStations  401 - 408  are doing at the moment. 
         [0092]    Maintenance business model  414  operates to remedy trouble. In some cases, the trouble might be fixed by downloading new software or parameters to the respective SolarGuard monitor  110 , or inverter. In other cases, an email or phone call to the user might do it. In more serious or difficult situations, a repair crew can be sent out. 
         [0093]    Maintenance business model  414  may also collect and analyze long-term trends to spot equipment supply problems, user misunderstandings, and recalls and retrofits. Conventional methods could be used in a suitable maintenance program. 
         [0094]    Monitoring business model  416  operates to monitor power output from particular installations and to help sharpen forecasts of what these systems are really capable of. The data collected can be analyzed and used in sales to tell customers what they can expect in the way of performance and up-time, and in power-purchase-agreements to confidently contract for maximum production commitments. 
         [0095]    Monitoring business model  416  further operates to load manage power at discrete installations, e.g., to balance loads amongst installations in an area during peak times, or to shift loads from peak times to off-peak times at particular locations. 
         [0096]    Business tuning business model  418  collects information to help the sales department give better pricing estimates and fit the expected energy production to the customer&#39;s needs. 
         [0097]    Renewable energy certificate business model  420  accumulates, distributes, or otherwise sells “green tags”. According to Wikipedia, renewable energy certificates (REC&#39;s), also known as green tags, renewable energy credits, or tradable renewable certificates (TRC&#39;s), are tradable environmental commodities that represent proof that one megawatt-hour (MWh) of electricity was generated from an eligible renewable energy resource. Before the present invention, it wasn&#39;t possible or practical for a small individual solar system installation to participate in REC trading markets 
         [0098]    These certificates can be sold and traded and the new owner of the REC can claim to have purchased renewable energy. While traditional carbon emissions trading programs promote low-carbon technologies by increasing the cost of emitting carbon, REC&#39;s can incentivize carbon-neutral renewable energy by providing a production subsidy to electricity generated from renewable sources. 
         [0099]    Wikipedia says, in states which have a REC program, a green energy provider is credited with one REC for every 1,000 kWh or one MWh of electricity it produces. An average residential customer consumes about 800 kWh in a month. A certifying agency gives each REC a unique identification number to make sure it doesn&#39;t get double-counted. The green energy is then fed into the electrical grid, and the accompanying REC can then be sold on the open market. 
         [0100]    According to the Green Power Network, prices of REC&#39;s can fluctuate greatly (2006: from $5-$90 per MWh, median about $20). Prices depend on many factors, such as the location of the facility producing the REC&#39;s, whether there is a tight supply/demand situation, whether the REC is used for RPS compliance, even the type of power created. While the value of REC&#39;s fluctuate, most sellers are legally obligated to “deliver” REC&#39;s to their customers within a few months of their generation date. Other organizations will sell as many REC&#39;s as possible and then use the funds to guarantee a specific fixed price per MWh generated by a future wind farm, for example, or making the building of a solar power home financially viable. 
         [0101]    The income provided by REC&#39;s, and a long-term stabilized market for tags can generate the additional incentive needed to build renewable energy systems. One of the few non-profit U.S. organizations that sell RECs, Bonneville Environmental Foundation was instrumental in starting the market for RECs with their Green Tag product. They use the profits from Green Tags to build community solar and wind projects and to fund watershed restoration. Another non-profit currently selling RECs is Conservation Services Group, which sells ClimateSAVE RECs generated from wind, solar, and hydropower. 
         [0102]    The virtual utility business model  422  allows for the organization of energy syndications, risk portfolios, and demand/load management. Some or all of the PowerStations  401 - 408  can be brought together in a collective in which they produce and demand power in a coordinated fashion. The collective can enter into energy sharing and usage contracts with the local utility, and thus be able to buy off-peak power and sell on-peak power at attractive rates that are better than any individual or single business could manage on their own. 
         [0103]    In a risk portfolio, the PowerStations  401 - 408  can all be brought together in a form of group insurance that protects each one of them from individual equipment failures and loss of production. The expense and risk of point failures is shared by all. 
         [0104]    In a demand/load management model, a virtual utility contracts with a utility to limit individual point demand or total demand from a utility. It may agree to rolling outages, etc. Controls can be installed at each site to shed loads that are optional or discretionary, on request, or automatically. 
         [0105]      FIG. 5  represents a method of operating a business, and is referred to herein by the general reference numeral  500 . A systems integrator  502  is engaged in the business of selling, installing, and operating renewable energy systems for individual users  504 . For example, a typical user  504  would be the resident of a single-family home in the suburbs. 
         [0106]    The system operator  502  prearranges investors and lenders in anticipation of sales, in a step  506 . Credit services are engaged in a step  508  that would allow the system integrator  502  to secure lending and/or investment commitments, e.g., over the phone, while in the field at a user&#39;s home. These could be supported by portable computers and wireless Internet access. The system operator  502  has an on-going program, in a step  510 , to collect operating data about the performance of its previously installed systems, e.g., as described in connection with  FIG. 4 . Such data is analyzed to produce forecast models in a step  512  for various proposed systems. Open-membership groups are created in a step  514  that would allow a new user  504  to join-in on a preexisting virtual utility, PPA, community installation, etc. 
         [0107]    In a step  516 , a new user  504  shows interest and/or investigates the purchase of a solar system, e.g., as in  FIGS. 1-3 . The system integrator  502  makes an in-field sales call  518  in which the costs/benefits are described, and pro-forma systems configurations and performance/benefit forecasts are demonstrated. For example, with the help of a portable personal computer and wireless Internet. If sold, the user  504  makes a commitment  520  and signs a contract  522 . Credit services  508  are used on-the-spot in the field to fund/close the deal, and the new user  504  joins the open-membership group to share in their collective benefits. 
         [0108]    Method  500  generates all the necessary contracts, rebate coupons, renewable energy certificates, tax credit forms and supporting documentation, in a step  524 , and distributes these and the profits to the various stakeholders. 
         [0109]    The solar system, e.g., is installed in a step  526  with project management  528  provided by the system integrator  502 . During use  530 , the system installation is monitored in a step  532  and troubleshooting is used to access any anomalies. Repairs  534  are effectuated, e.g., by service calls  536 . 
         [0110]      FIG. 6  represents an installer services business model embodiment of the present invention, and is referred to herein by the general reference numeral  600 . A first group  610  of solar installations is represented by user systems  611 - 614 . These are installed by a small installer  616 . A second group  620  of solar installations is represented by user systems  621 - 624 . These are installed by another small installer  626 . Installers  616  and  626  do not operate on a large enough scale to have a significant degree of bargaining power with suppliers, utilities, investors, financial institutions, etc. They may also lack the sophisticated tools, models, and monitoring facilities that a large system integrator  630  has. So, system integrator  630  provides or coordinates financial, legal, business, and other services that they have bargained for with financial, legal, business and other institutions  632 ,  634 ,  636 , etc. Each small installer  616  and  626  may be supplied by their own suppliers  640  and  642 , but the market power exerted by large system integrator  630  allows it to use a special relationship or agreement with supplier  642  to provide special equipment at attractive discounts. 
         [0111]      FIG. 7  represents a maintenance business model  700  that operates from a remote location, such as a central server, to remedy trouble, and is similar to model  414  in  FIG. 4 . In some cases, the trouble might be fixed by downloading new software program or parameters to a respective SolarGuard monitor. In other cases, an email or phone call to the user might do it. In more serious or difficult situations, a repair crew may be dispatch that is informed of the nature of the trouble and armed with possible solutions. 
         [0112]    In particular, maintenance business model  700  comprises a working procedure and/or computer program with a step  702  to collect system data from renewable energy system installation monitors, e.g., via the Internet. A step  704  separates the data streams by client or account, and a step  706  separates the data substreams by component. A component could be an individual solar panel, inverter, controller, etc. A step  708  compares the data received to standards, averages, histories, projections, targets, etc. A step  710  decides if the data readings indicate an out-of-bounds condition, and if not then the above is repeated in a main loop. 
         [0113]    But if there does seem to be trouble, then a step  712  tries to analyze the cause of the trouble, given the symptoms. A step  714  decides if a download for software is available that could fix this particular problem. If so, a step  716  selects and downloads the software fix. Otherwise, a step  718  decides if notifying the client user could have a positive result. If so, a step  720  provides appropriate instructions to the client user, e.g., via an email message. Otherwise, a step  722  decides if sending a repair crew is likely to fix this kind of trouble. If so, then a step  724  dispatches a repair crew. Otherwise, operator intervention is needed, and an appropriate problem information dump is output. After steps  716 ,  720 , or  724  have been tried, a step  726  asks if such repairs have resolved the trouble. If yes, then the main loop repeats with step  702 . Otherwise, operator intervention is needed, and an appropriate problem information dump is output. 
         [0114]    Although the present invention has been described in terms of the presently preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not to be interpreted as limiting. Various alterations and modifications will no doubt become apparent to those skilled in the art after having read the above disclosure. Accordingly, it is intended that the appended claims be interpreted as covering all alterations and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.