Abstract:
Disclosed are benzamide derivatives useful in slowing the expansion of cancer cells including the killing of cancer cells and in the treatment of cancer.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States and despite new breakthroughs that have led to decreased mortality, many cancers remain refractory to treatment. Additionally, typical treatments such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery cause a broad spectrum of undesirable side effects. In addition, many cancers often develop resistance to current chemotherapies over time. Clearly the field is in significant need of novel compounds and methods of slowing the expansion of cancer cells and that are useful in the treatment of cancer. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention provides among other things a compound that is effective in slowing the growth of cancer cells. 
         [0003]    It is an object of the invention to provide a pharmaceutical composition that slows the expansion of cancer cells. 
         [0004]    It is an object of the invention to provide a pharmaceutical composition that kills cancer cells. 
         [0005]    It is an object of the invention to treat cancer. 
         [0006]    It is an object of the invention to treat cancers that are resistant to chemotherapy. 
         [0007]    It is an object of the invention to provide a pharmaceutical composition that selectively targets cisplatin-resistant tumors. 
         [0008]    The above and other objects may be achieved using devices involving a compound of formula 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0009]    The group denoted by X may be any of H, halo, —C 1 -C 6  alkyl, aryl, —C 3 -C 7  cycloalkyl or -3- to 10-membered heterocycle, any of which may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of the following: -halo, —C 1 -C 6  alkyl, —O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), —OH, —CN, —COOR′, —OC(O)R′, NHR′, N(R′) 2 , —NHC(O)R′ or —C(O)NHR′ groups wherein R′ may be —H or —C 1 -C 6  alkyl. 
         [0010]    The group denoted by Y1 and Y2 may independently be any of H, —C 1 -C 6  alkyl, —C 3 -C 7  cycloalkyl, any of which may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of the following: -halo, —C 1 -C 6  alkyl, —O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), —OH, —CN, —COOR′, —OC(O)R′, NHR′, N(R) 2 , —NHC(O)R′ or —C(O)NHR′ groups wherein R′ may be —H or —C 1 -C 6  alkyl. 
         [0011]    The group denoted by Z may be methyl, —NH2, —NHOH, or phenylene diamine group (III) 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0012]    Examples include but need not be limited to: N-hydroxy-2-(3-methyl-2-phenylbutanamido)thiazole-5-carboxamide; N-hydroxy-2-(2-phenylbutanamido)thiazole-5-carboxamide; N-hydroxy-2-(1-phenylcyclopropanecarboxamido)thiazole-5-carboxamide; N-hydroxy-2-(2-methyl-2-phenylpropanamido)thiazole-5-carboxamide; N-hydroxy-2-(2-phenylacetamido)thiazole-5-carboxamide; N-hydroxy-2-(3-phenylpropanamido)thiazole-5-carboxamide; N-hydroxy-2-(2-methoxy-2-phenylacetamido)thiazole-5-carboxamide; N-hydroxy-2-(2-(4-methoxyphenyl)butanamido)thiazole-5-carboxamide; N-hydroxy-2-(2-phenylpropanamido)thiazole-5-carboxamide; 2-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutanamido)-N-hydroxythiazole-5-carboxamide; 2-(2,2-dimethyl-3-phenylpropanamido)-N-hydroxythiazole-5-carboxamide; 2-(2-(4-bromophenyl)butanamido)-N-hydroxythiazole-5-carboxamide; N-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxy-2-phenylbutanamido)thiazole-5-carboxamide; N-hydroxy-2-(3-methoxy-2-phenylpropanamido)thiazole-5-carboxamide; and 4 2-(2-(biphenyl-4-yl)butanamido)-N-hydroxythiazole-5-carboxamide 
         [0013]    The above and other objects may be achieved through methods involving a compound of formula 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0014]    The group denoted by X may be any of H, halo, —C 1 -C 6  alkyl, aryl, —C 3 -C 7  cycloalkyl or -3- to 10-membered heterocycle, any of which may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of the following: -halo, —C 1 -C 6  alkyl, —O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), —OH, —CN, —COOR′, —OC(O)R′, NHR′, N(R′) 2 , —NHC(O)R′ or —C(O)NHR′ groups wherein R′ may be —H or —C 1 -C 6  alkyl. 
         [0015]    The group denoted by Y1 and Y2 may independently be any of H, —C 1 -C 6  alkyl, —C 3 -C 7  cycloalkyl, any of which may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of the following: -halo, —C 1 -C 6  alkyl, —O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), —OH, —CN, —COOR′, —OC(O)R′, NHR′, N(R) 2 , —NHC(O)R′ or —C(O)NHR′ groups wherein R′ may be —H or —C 1 -C 6  alkyl. 
         [0016]    The group denoted by Z may be methyl, —NH2, —NHOH, or phenylene diamine group (III) 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0017]    Examples include but need not be limited to:
   4-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutanamido)-N-hydroxybenzamide and N-hydroxy-4-(2-(4-methoxyphenyl)butanamido)benzamide.   
 
         [0019]    The above and other objects may be achieved by methods involving administering an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition that includes the disclosed compound and, in some aspects of the invention, one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. 
         [0020]    The above and other objects may be achieved by methods involving administering an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition that includes the disclosed compound and, in some aspects of the invention, one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0021]    Aspects and applications of the invention presented here are described below in the drawings and detailed description of the invention. Unless specifically noted, it is intended that the words and phrases in the specification and the claims be given their plain, ordinary, and accustomed meaning to those of ordinary skill in the applicable arts. Inventors are fully aware that they can be their own lexicographers if desired 
         [0022]    Inventors are also aware of the normal precepts of English grammar. Thus, if a noun, term, or phrase is intended to be further characterized, specified, or narrowed in some way, then such noun, term, or phrase will expressly include additional adjectives, descriptive terms, or other modifiers in accordance with the normal precepts of English grammar. Absent the use of such adjectives, descriptive terms, or modifiers, it is the intent that the noun, term, or phrase is given its broadest possible meaning. 
         [0023]    Further, the inventors are fully informed of the standards and application of the special provisions of 35 U.S.C. §112, ¶ 6. Thus, the use of the words “function,” “means” or “step” in the Detailed Description or Description of the Drawings or claims is not intended to somehow indicate a desire to invoke the special provisions of 35 U.S.C. §112, ¶ 6, to define the invention. To the contrary, if the provisions of 35 U.S.C. §112, ¶ 6 are sought to be invoked to define the inventions, the claims will specifically and expressly state the exact phrases “means for” or “step for, and will also recite the word “function” (i.e., will state “means for performing the function of [insert function]”), without also reciting in such phrases any structure, material or act in support of the function. Thus, even when the claims recite a “means for performing the function of . . . ” or “step for performing the function of . . . ,” if the claims also recite any structure, material or acts in support of that means or step, or that perform the recited function, then it is the clear intention of the inventors not to invoke the provisions of 35 U.S.C. §112, ¶ 6. Moreover, even if the provisions of 35 U.S.C. §112, ¶ 6 are invoked to define the claimed inventions, it is intended that the inventions not be limited only to the specific structure, material or acts that are described in the preferred embodiments, but in addition, include any and all structures, materials or acts that perform the claimed function as described in alternative embodiments or forms of the invention, or that are well known present or later-developed, equivalent structures, material or acts for performing the claimed function. In the following description, and for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the various aspects of the invention. It will be understood, however, by those skilled in the relevant arts, that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, known structures and devices are shown or discussed more generally in order to avoid obscuring the invention. 
         [0024]    In the following description, and for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the various aspects of the invention. It will be understood, however, by those skilled in the relevant arts, that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, known structures and devices are shown or discussed more generally in order to avoid obscuring the invention. In many cases, a description of the operation is sufficient to enable one to implement the various forms of the invention. It should be noted that there are many different and alternative configurations, devices, compositions, and technologies to which the disclosed invention may be applied. The full scope of the inventions is not limited to the examples that are described below. 
         [0025]    Herein the Inventors disclose a compound has with a formula of: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    and a compound with the formula of 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0026]    The group denoted by X may be any of H, halo, —C 1 -C 6  alkyl, aryl, —C 3 -C 7  cycloalkyl or -3- to 10-membered heterocycle, any of which may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of the following: -halo, —C 1 -C 6  alkyl, —O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), —OH, —CN, —COOR′, —OC(O)R′, NHR′, N(R′) 2 , —NHC(O)R′ or —C(O)NHR′ groups wherein R′ may be —H or —C 1 -C 6  alkyl. 
         [0027]    The group denoted by Y1 and Y2 may independently be any of H, —C 1 -C 6  alkyl, —C 3 -C 7  cycloalkyl, any of which may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of the following: -halo, —C 1 -C 6  alkyl, —O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), —OH, —CN, —COOR′, —OC(O)R′, NHR′, N(R) 2 , —NHC(O)R′ or —C(O)NHR′ groups wherein R′ may be —H or —C 1 -C 6  alkyl. 
         [0028]    The group denoted by Z may be methyl, —NH2, —NHOH, or phenylene diamine group (III) 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0029]    A —C 1 -C 6  alkyl group includes any straight or branched, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon comprised of between one and six carbon atoms. Examples of —C 1 -C 6  alkyl groups include, but are not limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, neohexyl, ethylenyl, propylenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 1-hexenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, acetylenyl, pentynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 1-pentynyl, 2-pentynyl, 1-hexynyl, 2-hexynyl and 3-hexynyl groups. Substituted —C 1 -C 6  alkyl groups may include any applicable chemical moieties. Examples of groups that may be substituted onto any of the above listed —C 1 -C 6  alkyl groups include but are not limited to the following examples: halo, —C 1 -C 6  alkyl, —O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), —OH, —CN, —COOR′, —OC(O)R′, —NHR′, N(R′) 2 , —NHC(O)R′ or —C(O)NHR′ groups. The groups denoted R′ above may be —H or any —C 1 -C 6  alkyl. 
         [0030]    A —C 1 -C 6  alkyl group includes any straight or branched, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon comprised of between one and six carbon atoms. Examples of —C 1 -C 6  alkyl groups include, but are not limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, neohexyl, ethylenyl, propylenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 1-hexenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, acetylenyl, pentynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 1-pentynyl, 2-pentynyl, 1-hexynyl, 2-hexynyl and 3-hexynyl groups. Substituted —C 1 -C 6  alkyl groups may include any applicable chemical moieties. Examples of groups that may be substituted onto any of the above listed —C 1 -C 6  alkyl groups include but are not limited to the following examples: halo, —C 1 -C 6  alkyl, —O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), —OH, —CN, —COOR′, —OC(O)R′, —NHR′, N(R′) 2 , —NHC(O)R′ or —C(O)NHR′ groups. The groups denoted R′ above may be —H or any —C 1 -C 6  alkyl. 
         [0031]    An aryl group includes any unsubstituted or substituted phenyl or napthyl group. Examples of groups that may be substituted onto ay aryl group include, but are not limited to: halo, —C 1 -C 6  alkyl, —O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), —OH, —CN, —COOR′, —OC(O)R′, NHR′, N(R′)2, —NHC(O), R′, or —C(O)NEtR′. The group denoted R′ may be —H or any —C 1 -C 6  alkyl. 
         [0032]    A C 3 -C 7  cycloalkyl group includes any 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered substituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic carbocyclic ring. Examples of C 3 -C 7  cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, cycloheptanyl, 1,3-cyclohexadienyl,-1,4-cyclohexadienyl,-1,3-cycloheptadienyl, and -1,3,5-cycloheptatrienyl groups. Examples of groups that may be substituted onto C 3 -C 7  cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to: -halo, —C 1 -C 6  alkyl, —O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), —OH, —CN, —COOR′, —OC(O)R′, NHR′, N(R′) 2 , —NHC(O)R′ or —C(O)NHR′ groups. The groups denoted R′ above include an —H or any unsubstituted —C 1 -C 6  alkyl, examples of which are listed above. Halo groups include any halogen. Examples include but are not limited to —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I. 
         [0033]    A heterocycle may be any optionally substituted saturated, unsaturated or aromatic cyclic moiety wherein said cyclic moiety is interrupted by at least one heteroatom selected from oxygen (O), sulfur (S) or nitrogen (N). Heterocycles may be monocyclic or polycyclic rings. For example, suitable substituents include halogen, halogenated C1-6 alkyl, halogenated C1-6 alkoxy, amino, amidino, amido, azido, cyano, guanidino, hydroxyl, nitro, nitroso, urea, OS(O) 2 R; OS(O) 2 OR, S(O) 2 OR S(O) 0-2 R, C(O)OR wherein R may be H, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, aryl or 3 to 10 membered heterocycle) OP(O)OR 1 OR 2 , P(O)OR 1 OR 2 , SO 2 NR 1 R 2 , NR 1 SO 2 R 2  C(R 1 )NR 2  C(Ri)NOR 2 , R1 and R2 may be independently H, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, aryl or 3 to 10 membered heterocycle), NR 1 C(O)R 2 , NR 1 C(O)OR 2 , NR 3 C(O)NR 2 R 1 , C(O)NR 1 R 2 , OC(O)NR 1 R 2 . For these groups, R 1 , R 2  and R 3  are each independently selected from H, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, aryl or 3 to 10 membered heterocycle or R 1  and R 2  are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a 3 to 10 membered heterocycle. 
         [0034]    Possible substituents of heterocycle groups include halogen (Br, Cl, I or F), cyano, nitro, oxo, amino, C 1-4  alkyl (e.g., CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , isopropyl) C 1-4  alkoxy (e.g., OCH 3 , OC 2 H 5 ), halogenated C 1-4  alkyl (e.g., CF 3 , CHF 2 ), halogenated C 1-4  alkoxy (e.g., OCF 3 , OC 2 F 5 ), COOH, COO—C 1-4  alkyl, CO—C 1-4  alkyl, C 1-4  alkyl —S— (e.g., CH 3 S, C 2 H 5 S), halogenated C 1-4  alkyl —S— (e.g., CF 3 S, C 2 F 5 S), benzyloxy, and pyrazolyl. 
         [0035]    Examples of heterocycles include but are not limited to azepinyl, aziridinyl, azetyl, azetidinyl, diazepinyl, dithiadiazinyl, dioxazepinyl, dioxolanyl, dithiazolyl, furanyl, isooxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, morpholinyl, morpholino, oxetanyl, oxadiazolyl, oxiranyl, oxazinyl, oxazolyl, piperazinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, piperidyl, piperidino, pyridyl, pyranyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, thiatriazolyl, tetrazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, tetrazinyl, thiadiazinyl, triazinyl, thiazinyl, thiopyranyl furoisoxazolyl, imidazothiazolyl, thienoisothiazolyl, thienothiazolyl, imidazopyrazolyl, cyclopentapyrazolyl, pyrrolopyrrolyl, thienothienyl, thiadiazolopyrimidinyl, thiazolothiazinyl, thiazolopyrimidinyl, thiazolopyridinyl, oxazolopyrimidinyl, oxazolopyridyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, imidazopyrazinyl, purinyl, pyrazolopyrimidinyl, imidazopyridinyl, benzimidazolyl, indazolyl, benzoxathiolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzodithiolyl, indolizinyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, furopyrimidinyl, furopyridyl, benzofuranyl, isobenzofuranyl, thienopyrimidinyl, thienapyridyl, benzothienyl, cyclopentaoxazinyl, cyclopentafuranyl, benzoxazinyl, benzothiazinyl, quinazolinyl, naphthyridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzopyranyl, pyridopyridazinyl and pyridopyrimidinyl groups. 
         [0036]    The disclosed compound and its intermediates may exist in different tautomeric forms. Tautomers include any structural isomers of different energies that have a low energy barrier to interconversion. One example is proton tautomers (prototropic tautomers.) In this example, the interconversions occur via the migration of a proton. Examples of prototropic tautomers include but are not limited to keto-enol and imine-enamine isomerizations. In another example illustrated graphically below, proton migration between the 1-position and 3-position nitrogen atoms of the benzimidazole ring may occur. As a result, Formulas Ia and Ib are tautomeric forms of each other: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0037]    The invention further encompasses any other physiochemical or sterochemical form that the disclosed compound may assume. Such forms include diastereomers, racemates, isolated enantiomers, hydrated forms, solvated forms, or any other known or yet to be disclosed crystalline, polymorphic crystalline, or amorphous form. Amorphous forms lack a distinguishable crystal lattice and therefore lack an orderly arrangement of structural units. Many pharmaceutical compounds have amorphous forms. Methods of generating such chemical forms will be well known by one with skill in the art. 
         [0038]    In some aspects of the invention the disclosed compound is in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include any salt derived from an organic or inorganic acid. Examples of such salts include but are not limited to the following: salts of hydrobromic acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and sulphuric acid. Organic acid addition salts include, for example, salts of acetic acid, benzenesulphonic acid, benzoic acid, camphorsulphonic acid, citric acid, 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-methylpropionic acid, 1,2-ethanedisulphonic acid, ethanesulphonic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), fumaric acid, glucoheptonic acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, N-glycolylarsanilic acid, 4-hexylresorcinol, hippuric acid, 2-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoicacid, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoicacid, 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulphonic acid, lactobionic acid, n-dodecyl sulphuric acid, maleic acid, malic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulphonic acid, methyl sulpuric acid, mucic acid, 2-naphthalenesulphonic acid, pamoic acid, pantothenic acid, phosphanilic acid ((4-aminophenyl) phosphonic acid), picric acid, salicylic acid, stearic acid, succinic acid, tannic acid, tartaric acid, terephthalic acid, p-toluenesulphonic acid, 10-undecenoic acid or any other such acid now known or yet to be disclosed. It will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that such pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be used in the formulation of a pharmacological composition. Such salts may be prepared by reacting the disclosed compound with a suitable acid in a manner known by those skilled in the art. 
         [0039]    The invention further encompasses aspects in which a protecting group is added to the compound. One skilled in the art would recognize that during the synthesis of complex molecules, one group on the disclosed compound may happen to interfere with an intended reaction that includes a second group on the compound. Temporarily masking or protecting the first group encourages the desired reaction. Protection involves introducing a protecting group to a group to be protected, carrying out the desired reaction, and removing the protecting group Removal of the protecting group may be referred to as deprotection. Examples of compounds to be protected in some syntheses include hydroxy groups, amine groups, carbonyl groups, carboxyl groups and thiols. 
         [0040]    Many protective groups and reagents capable of introducing them into synthetic processes have been and are continuing to be developed today. A protecting group may result from any chemical synthesis that selectively attaches a group that is resistant to certain reagents to the chemical group to be protected without significant effects on any other chemical groups in the molecule, remains stable throughout the synthesis, and may be removed through conditions that do not adversely react with the protected group, nor any other chemical group in the molecule. Multiple protecting groups may be added throughout a synthesis and one skilled in the art would be able to develop a strategy for specific addition and removal of the protecting groups to and from the groups to be protected. 
         [0041]    Protecting groups, reagents that add those groups, preparations of those reagents, protection and deprotection strategies under a variety of conditions, including complex syntheses with mutually complementary protecting groups are all well known in the art. Nonlimiting examples of all of these may be found in Green et al,  Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry  2 nd  Ed., (Wiley 1991), and Harrison et al,  Compendium of Synthetic Organic Methods , Vols. 1-8 (Wiley, 1971-1996) both of which hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
         [0042]    Racemates, individual enantiomers, or diasteromers of the disclosed compound may be prepared by specific synthesis or resolution through any method now known or yet to be disclosed. For example, the disclosed compound may be resolved into it enantiomers by the formation of diasteromeric pairs through salt formation using an optically active acid. Enantiomers are fractionally crystallized and the free base regenerated. In another example, enantiomers may be separated by chromatography. Such chromatography may be any appropriate method now known or yet to be disclosed that is appropriate to separate enantiomers such as HPLC on a chiral column. 
         [0043]    The invention further encompasses pharmaceutical compositions that include the disclosed compound as an ingredient. Such pharmaceutical compositions may take any physical form necessary depending on a number of factors including the desired method of administration and the physicochemical and stereochemical form taken by the disclosed compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compound. Such physical forms include a solid, liquid, gas, sol, gel, aerosol, or any other physical form now known or yet to be disclosed. The concept of a pharmaceutical composition including the disclosed compound also encompasses the disclosed compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof without any other additive. The physical form of the invention may affect the route of administration and one skilled in the art would know to choose a route of administration that takes into consideration both the physical form of the compound and the disorder to be treated. Pharmaceutical compositions that include the disclosed compound may be prepared using methodology well known in the pharmaceutical art. A pharmaceutical composition that includes the disclosed compound may include a second effective compound of a distinct chemical formula from the disclosed compound. This second effective compound may have the same or a similar molecular target as the target or it may act upstream or downstream of the molecular target of the disclosed compound with regard to one or more biochemical pathways. 
         [0044]    Pharmaceutical compositions including the disclosed compound include materials capable of modifying the physical form of a dosage unit. In one nonlimiting example, the composition includes a material that forms a coating that holds in the compound. Materials that may be used in such a coating, include, for example, sugar, shellac, gelatin, or any other inert coating agent. 
         [0045]    Pharmaceutical compositions including the disclosed compound may be prepared as a gas or aerosol. Aerosols encompass a variety of systems including colloids and pressurized packages. Delivery of a composition in this form may include propulsion of a pharmaceutical composition including the disclosed compound through use of liquefied gas or other compressed gas or by a suitable pump system. Aerosols may be delivered in single phase, bi-phasic, or tri-phasic systems. 
         [0046]    In some aspects of the invention, the pharmaceutical composition including the disclosed compound is in the form of a solvate. Such solvates are produced by the dissolution of the disclosed compound in a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent. Pharmaceutically acceptable solvents include any mixtures of more than one solvent. Such solvents may include pyridine, chloroform, propan-1-ol, ethyl oleate, ethyl lactate, ethylene oxide, water, ethanol, and any other solvent that delivers a sufficient quantity of the disclosed compound to treat the affliction without serious complications arising from the use of the solvent in patients. 
         [0047]    Pharmaceutical compositions that include the disclosed compound may also include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Carriers include any substance that may be administered with the disclosed compound with the intended purpose of facilitating, assisting, or helping the administration or other delivery of the compound. Carriers include any liquid, solid, semisolid, gel, aerosol or anything else that may be combined with the disclosed compound to aid in its administration. Examples include diluents, adjuvants, excipients, water, oils (including petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic oils,) Such carriers include particulates such as a tablet or powder, liquids such as an oral syrup or injectable liquid, and inhalable aerosols. Further examples include saline, gum acacia, gelatin, starch paste, talc, keratin, colloidal silica, and urea. Such carriers may further include binders such as ethyl cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, or gelatin; excipients such as starch, lactose or dextrins; disintegrating agents such as alginic acid, sodium alginate, Primogel, and corn starch; lubricants such as magnesium stearate or Sterotex; glidants such as colloidal silicon dioxide; sweetening agents such as sucrose or saccharin, a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate or orange flavoring, or coloring agents. Further examples of carriers include polyethylene glycol, cyclodextrin, oils, or any other similar liquid carrier that may be formulated into a capsule. Still further examples of carriers include sterile diluents such as water for injection, saline solution, physiological saline, Ringer&#39;s solution, isotonic sodium chloride, fixed oils such as synthetic mono or digylcerides, polyethylene glycols, glycerin, cyclodextrin, propylene glycol or other solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl paraben; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose, thickening agents, lubricating agents, and coloring agents. 
         [0048]    The pharmaceutical composition including the disclosed compound may take any of a number of formulations depending on the physicochemical form of the composition and the type of administration. Such forms include solutions, suspensions, emulsions, tablets, pills, pellets, capsules, capsules including liquids, powders, sustained-release formulations, directed release formulations, lyophylates, suppositories, emulsions, aerosols, sprays, granules, powders, syrups, elixirs, or any other formulation now known or yet to be disclosed. Additional examples of suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in “Remington&#39;s Pharmaceutical Sciences” by E. W. Martin, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
         [0049]    Methods of administration include, but are not limited to, oral administration and parenteral administration. Parenteral administration includes, but is not limited to intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, epidural, sublingual, intramsal, intracerebral, iratraventricular, intrathecal, intravaginal, transdermal, rectal, by inhalation, or topically to the ears, nose, eyes, or skin. Other methods of administration include but are not limited to infusion techniques including infusion or bolus injection, by absorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings such as oral mucosa, rectal and intestinal mucosa. Compositions for parenteral administration may be enclosed in ampoule, a disposable syringe or a multiple-dose vial made of glass, plastic or other material. 
         [0050]    Administration may be systemic or local. Local administration is administration of the disclosed compound to the area in need of treatment. Examples include local infusion during surgery; topical application, by local injection; by a catheter; by a suppository; or by an implant. Administration may be by direct injection at the site (or former site) of a cancer, tumor, or precancerous tissue or into the central nervous system by any suitable route, including intraventricular and intrathecal injection. Intraventricular injection may be facilitated by an intraventricular catheter, for example, attached to a reservoir, such as an Ommaya reservoir. Pulmonary administration may be achieved by any of a number of methods known in the art. Examples include use of an inhaler or nebulizer, formulation with an aerosolizing agent, or via perfusion in a fluorocarbon or synthetic pulmonary surfactant. The disclosed compound may be delivered in the context of a vesicle such as a liposome or any other natural or synthetic vesicle. 
         [0051]    A pharmaceutical composition formulated so as to be administered by injection may be prepared by dissolving the disclosed compound with water so as to form a solution. In addition, a surfactant may be added to facilitate the formation of a homogeneous solution or suspension. Surfactants include any complex capable of non-covalent interaction with the disclosed compound so as to facilitate dissolution or homogeneous suspension of the compound. 
         [0052]    Pharmaceutical compositions including the disclosed compound may be prepared in a form that facilitates topical or transdermal administration. Such preparations may be in the form of a solution, emulsion, ointment, gel base, transdermal patch or iontophoresis device. Examples of bases used in such compositions include opetrolatum, lanolin, polyethylene glycols, beeswax, mineral oil, diluents such as water and alcohol, and emulsifiers and stabilizers, thickening agents, or any other suitable base now known or yet to be disclosed. 
         [0053]    Cancer cells include any cells derived from a tumor, neoplasm, cancer, precancer, cell line, or any other source of cells that are ultimately capable of potentially unlimited expansion and growth. Cancer cells may be derived from naturally occurring sources or may be artificially created. Cancer cells may also be capable of invasion into other tissues and metastasis when placed into an animal host. Cancer cells further encompass any malignant cells that have invaded other tissues and/or metastasized. One or more cancer cells in the context of an organism may also be called a cancer, tumor, neoplasm, growth, malignancy, or any other term used in the art to describe cells in a cancerous state. 
         [0054]    Expansion of a cancer cell includes any process that results in an increase in the number of individual cells derived from a cancer cell. Expansion of a cancer cell may result from mitotic division, proliferation, or any other form of expansion of a cancer cell, whether in vitro or in vivo. Expansion of a cancer cell further encompasses invasion and metastasis. A cancer cell may be in physical proximity to cancer cells from the same clone or from different clones that may or may not be genetically identical to it. Such aggregations may take the form of a colony, tumor or metastasis, any of which may occur in vivo or in vitro. Slowing the expansion of the cancer cell may be brought about either by inhibiting cellular processes that promote expansion or by bringing about cellular processes that inhibit expansion. Processes that inhibit expansion include processes that slow mitotic division and processes that promote cell senescence or cell death. Examples of specific processes that inhibit expansion include caspase dependent and independent pathways, autophagy, necrosis, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dependent and independent processes and further include any such processes yet to be disclosed. Slowing the expansion of a cancer cell may also involve inhibition of processes that promote vascularization, migration or metastasis or in the promotion of processes that inhibit vascularization, migration or metastasis. Slowing the expansion of a cancer cell may further involve the promotion of processes that make a cancer cell more visible to the immune system or any other process by which progression of cancer may be retarded, halted, or reversed. 
         [0055]    Addition of a pharmaceutical composition to cancer cells includes all actions by which an effect of the pharmaceutical composition on the cancer cell is realized. The type of addition chosen will depend upon whether the cancer cells are in vivo, ex vivo, or in vitro, the physical or chemical properties of the pharmaceutical composition, and the effect the composition is to have on the cancer cell. Nonlimiting examples of addition include addition of a solution including the pharmaceutical composition to tissue culture media in which in vitro cancer cells are growing; any method by which a pharmaceutical composition may be administered to an animal including intravenous, per os, parenteral, or any other of the methods of administration; or the activation or inhibition of cells that in turn have effects on the cancer cells such as immune cells (e.g. macophages and CD8+ T cells) or endothelial cells that may differentiate into blood vessel structures in the process of angiogenesis or vasculogenesis. 
         [0056]    Determination of an effective amount of the disclosed compound is within the capability of those skilled in the art, especially in light of the detailed disclosure provided herein. The effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition used to effect a particular purpose as well as its toxicity, excretion, and overall tolerance may be determined in cell cultures or experimental animals by pharmaceutical and toxicological procedures either known now by those skilled in the art or by any similar method yet to be disclosed. One example is the determination of the IC 50  (half maximal inhibitory concentration) of the pharmaceutical composition in vitro in cell lines or using target molecules. Another example is the determination of the LD 50  (lethal dose causing death in 50% of the tested animals) of the pharmaceutical composition in experimental animals. The exact techniques used in determining an effective amount will depend on factors such as the type and physical/chemical properties of the pharmaceutical composition, the property being tested, and whether the test is to be performed in vitro or in vivo. The determination of an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition will be well known to one of skill in the art who will use data obtained from any tests in making that determination. Determination of an effective amount of disclosed compound for addition to a cancer cell also includes the determination of an effective therapeutic amount, including the formulation of an effective dose range for use in vivo, including in humans. 
         [0057]    Treatment is contemplated in living entities including but not limited to mammals (particularly humans) as well as other mammals of economic or social importance, including those of an endangered status. Further examples include livestock or other animals generally bred for human consumption and domesticated companion animals. 
         [0058]    The effective amount of the disclosed compound that results in a slowing of expansion of the cancer cells would be a concentration at or near the target tissue that is effective in slowing cellular expansion in neoplastic cells, with a lesser effect (up to and including no effect) on non-neoplastic cells, including non-neoplastic cells previously or concurrently exposed to radiation or chemotherapeutic chemical agents. Concentrations that produce these effects can be determined using, for example, apoptosis markers such as the apoptotic index and/or caspase activities either in vitro or in vivo. 
         [0059]    Treatment of a condition is the practice of any method, process, or procedure with the intent of halting, inhibiting, slowing or reversing the progression of a disease, disorder or condition, substantially ameliorating clinical symptoms of a disease disorder or condition, or substantially preventing the appearance of clinical symptoms of a disease, disorder or condition, up to and including returning the diseased entity to its condition prior to the development of the disease. 
         [0060]    The addition of a therapeutically effective amount of the disclosed compound encompasses any method of dosing of a compound. Dosing of the disclosed compound may include single or multiple administrations of any of a number of pharmaceutical compositions that include the disclosed compound as an active ingredient. Examples include a single administration of a slow release composition, a course of treatment involving several treatments on a regular or irregular basis, multiple administrations for a period of time until a diminution of the disease state is achieved, preventative treatments applied prior to the instigation of symptoms, or any other dosing regimen known in the art or yet to be disclosed that one skilled in the art would recognize as a potentially effective regimen. A final dosing regimen including the regularity of and mode of administration will be dependent on any of a number of factors including but not limited to the subject being treated; the severity of the affliction; the manner of administration, the stage of disease development, the presence of one or more other conditions such as pregnancy, infancy, or the presence of one or more additional diseases; or any other factor now known or yet to be disclosed that affects the choice of the mode of administration, the dose to be administered and the time period over which the dose is administered. 
         [0061]    Pharmaceutical compositions that include the disclosed compound may be administered prior to, concurrently with, or after administration of a second pharmaceutical composition that may or may not include the compound. If the compositions are administered concurrently, they are administered within one minute of each other. If not administered concurrently, the second pharmaceutical composition may be administered a period of one or more minutes, hours, days, weeks, or months before or after the pharmaceutical composition that includes the compound Alternatively, a combination of pharmaceutical compositions may be cyclically administered. Cycling therapy involves the administration of one or more pharmaceutical compositions for a period of time, followed by the administration of one or more different pharmaceutical compositions for a period of time and repeating this sequential administration, in order to reduce the development of resistance to one or more of the compositions, to avoid or reduce the side effects of one or more of the compositions, and/or to improve the efficacy of the treatment. 
         [0062]    The invention further encompasses kits that facilitate the administration of the disclosed compound to a diseased entity. An example of such a kit includes one or more unit dosages of the compound. The unit dosage would be enclosed in a preferably sterile container and would be comprised of the disclosed compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In another aspect, the unit dosage would comprise one or more lyophilates of the compound. In this aspect of the invention, the kit may include another preferably sterile container enclosing a solution capable of dissolving the lyophilate. However, such a solution need not be included in the kit and may be obtained separately from the lyophilate. In another aspect, the kit may include one or more devices used in administrating the unit dosages or a pharmaceutical composition to be used in combination with the compound. Examples of such devices include, but are not limited to, a syringe, a drip bag, a patch or an enema. In some aspects of the invention, the device comprises the container that encloses the unit dosage. 
         [0063]    Pharmaceutical compositions including the disclosed compound may be used in methods of treating cancer. Such methods involve the administration of a therapeutic amount of a pharmaceutical composition that includes the disclosed compound and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a mammal, preferably a mammal in which a cancer has been diagnosed. 
         [0064]    A therapeutic amount further includes an amount of that results in the prevention of progression of the cancer to a neoplastic, malignant or metastatic state. Such preventative use is indicated in conditions known or suspected of preceding progression to neoplasia or cancer, in particular, where non-neoplastic cell expansion consisting of hyperplasia, metaplasia, or dysplasia has occurred (for review of such abnormal expansion conditions, see Robbins and Angell, 1976,  Basic Pathology,  2d Ed., W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, pp. 68-79). Hyperplasia is a form of controlled cell proliferation involving an increase in cell number in a tissue or organ, without significant alteration in structure or activity. For example, endometrial hyperplasia often precedes endometrial cancer and precancerous colon polyps often transform into cancerous lesions. Metaplasia is a form of controlled cell expansion in which one type of adult or fully differentiated cell substitutes for another type of adult cell. Metaplasia can occur in epithelial or connective tissue cells. A typical metaplasia involves a somewhat disorderly metaplastic epithelium. Dysplasia is frequently a forerunner of cancer, and is found mainly in the epithelia; it is the most disorderly form of non-neoplastic cell expansion, involving a loss in individual cell uniformity and in the architectural orientation of cells. Dysplastic cells often have abnormally large, deeply stained nuclei, and exhibit pleomorphism. Dysplasia characteristically occurs where there exists chronic irritation or inflammation, and is often found in the cervix, respiratory passages, oral cavity, and gall bladder. 
         [0065]    Alternatively or in addition to the presence of abnormal cell expansion characterized as hyperplasia, metaplasia, or dysplasia, the presence of one or more characteristics of a transformed phenotype or of a malignant phenotype, displayed in vivo or displayed in vitro by a cell sample derived from a patient can indicate the desirability of prophylactic/therapeutic administration of the pharmaceutical composition that includes the compound. Such characteristics of a transformed phenotype include morphology changes, looser substratum attachment, loss of contact inhibition, loss of anchorage dependence, protease release, increased sugar transport, decreased serum requirement, expression of fetal antigens, disappearance of the 250,000 dalton cell surface protein, etc. (see also id., at pp. 84-90 for characteristics associated with a transformed or malignant phenotype). Further examples include leukoplakia, in which a benign-appearing hyperplastic or dysplastic lesion of the epithelium, or Bowen&#39;s disease, a carcinoma in situ, are pre-neoplastic lesions indicative of the desirability of prophylactic intervention. In another example, fibrocystic disease including cystic hyperplasia, mammary dysplasia, adenosis, or benign epithelial hyperplasia is indicates desirability of prophylactic intervention. 
         [0066]    In some aspects of the invention, use of the disclosed compound may be determined by one or more physical factors such as tumor size and grade or one or more molecular markers and/or expression signatures that indicate prognosis and the likely response to treatment with the compound. For example, determination of estrogen (FR) and progesterone (PR) steroid hormone receptor status has become a routine procedure in assessment of breast cancer patients. See, for example, Fitzgibbons et al, Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 124:966-78, 2000. Tumors that are hormone receptor positive are more likely to respond to hormone therapy and also typically grow less aggressively thereby resulting in a better prognosis for patients with ER+/PR+ tumors. In a further example, overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2/neu), a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor protein, has been correlated with poor breast cancer prognosis (see, e.g., Ross et al, The Oncologist 8:307-25, 2003), and Her-2 expression levels in breast tumors are used to predict response to the anti-Her-2 monoclonal antibody therapeutic trastuzumab (Herceptin®, Genentech, South San Francisco, Calif.). 
         [0067]    In another aspect of the invention, the diseased entity exhibits one or more predisposing factors for malignancy that may be treated by administration of a pharmaceutical composition including the compound. Such predisposing factors include but are not limited to chromosomal translocations associated with a malignancy such as the Philadelphia chromosome for chronic myelogenous leukemia and t (14; 18) for follicular lymphoma; an incidence of polyposis or Gardner&#39;s syndrome that are indicative of colon cancer; benign monoclonal gammopathy which is indicative of multiple myeloma, kinship with persons who have had or currently have a cancer or precancerous disease, exposure to carcinogens, or any other predisposing factor that indicates in increased incidence of cancer now known or yet to be disclosed. 
         [0068]    The invention further encompasses methods of treating cancer that comprise combination therapies that comprise the administration of a pharmaceutical composition including the disclosed compound and another treatment modality. Such treatment modalities include but are not limited to, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, surgery, immunotherapy, cancer vaccines, radioimmunotherapy, treatment with pharmaceutical compositions other than those which include the disclosed compound, or any other method that effectively treats cancer in combination with the disclosed compound now known or yet to be disclosed. Combination therapies may act synergistically. That is, the combination of the two therapies is more effective than either therapy administered alone. This results in a situation in which lower dosages of both treatment modality may be used effectively. This in turn reduces the toxicity and side effects, if any, associated with the administration either modality without a reduction in efficacy. 
         [0069]    In another aspect of the invention, the pharmaceutical composition including the disclosed compound is administered in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of radiotherapy. The radiotherapy may be administered concurrently with, prior to, or following the administration of the pharmaceutical composition including the compound. The radiotherapy may act additively or synergistically with the pharmaceutical composition including the compound. This particular aspect of the invention would be most effective in cancers known to be responsive to radiotherapy. Cancers known to be responsive to radiotherapy include, but are not limited to, Non-Hodgkin&#39;s lymphoma, Hodgkin&#39;s disease, Ewing&#39;s sarcoma, testicular cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, larynx cancer, cervical cancer, nasopharynx cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, head and neck cancer, esophogeal cancer, rectal cancer, small-cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, brain tumors, other CNS neoplasms, or any other such tumor now known or yet to be disclosed. 
         [0070]    Examples of pharmaceutical compositions that may be used in combination with the disclosed compound may include nucleic acid binding compositions such as cis-diamminedichloro platinum (II) (cisplatin), doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, taxol, and topoisomerase inhibitors such as etoposide, teniposide, irinotecan and topotecan. Still other pharmaceutical compositions include antiemetic compositions such as metoclopromide, domperidone, prochlorperazine, promethazine, chlorpromazine, trimethobenzamide, ondansetron, granisetron, hydroxyzine, acethylleucine monoethanolamine, alizapride, azasetron, benzquinamide, bietanautine, bromopride, buclizine, clebopride, cyclizine, dimenhydrinate, diphenidol, dolasetron, meclizine, methallatal, metopimazine, nabilone, oxyperndyl, pipamazine, scopolamine, sulpiride, tetrahydrocannabinols, thiethylperazine, thioproperazine and tropisetron. 
         [0071]    Still other examples of pharmaceutical compositions that may be used in combination with the pharmaceutical composition including the disclosed compound are hematopoietic colony stimulating factors. Examples of hematopoietic colony stimulating factors include, but are not limited to, filgrastim, sargramostim, molgramostim and epoietin alfa. Alternatively, the pharmaceutical composition including the disclosed compound may be used in combination with an anxiolytic agent. Examples of anxiolytic agents include, but are not limited to, buspirone, and benzodiazepines such as diazepam, lorazepam, oxazapam, chlorazepate, clonazepam, chlordiazepoxide and alprazolam. 
         [0072]    Pharmaceutical compositions that may be used in combination with pharmaceutical compositions that include the disclosed compound may include analgesic agents. Such agents may be opioid or non-opioid analgesic. Non-limiting examples of opioid analgesics inlcude morphine, heroin, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, oxymorphone, oxycodone, metopon, apomorphine, normorphine, etorphine, buprenorphine, meperidine, lopermide, anileridine, ethoheptazine, piminidine, betaprodine, diphenoxylate, fentanil, sufentanil, alfentanil, remifentanil, levorphanol, dextromethorphan, phenazocine, pentazocine, cyclazocine, methadone, isomethadone and propoxyphene. Suitable non-opioid analgesic agents include, but are not limited to, aspirin, celecoxib, rofecoxib, diclofinac, diflusinal, etodolac, fenoprofen, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, indomethacin, ketorolac, meclofenamate, mefanamic acid, nabumetone, naproxen, piroxicam, sulindac or any other analgesic now known or yet to be disclosed. 
         [0073]    In other aspects of the invention, pharmaceutical compositions including the disclosed compound may be used in combination with a method that involves treatment of cancer ex vivo. One example of such a treatment is an autologous stem cell transplant. In this method, a diseased entity&#39;s autologous hematopoietic stem cells are harvested and purged of all cancer cells. A therapeutic amount of a pharmaceutical composition including the disclosed compoundmay then be administered to the patient prior to restoring the entity&#39;s bone marrow by addition of either the patient&#39;s own or donor stem cells. 
         [0074]    Cancers that may be treated by pharmaceutical compositions including the disclosed compound either alone or in combination with another treatment modality include solid tumors such as fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma, Ewing&#39;s tumor, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, kidney cancer, pancreatic cancer, bone cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, oral cancer, nasal cancer, throat cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinomas, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, bile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, Wilms&#39;tumor, cervical cancer, uterine cancer, testicular cancer, small cell lung carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, lung cancer, epithelial carcinoma, glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, pinealoma, hemangioblastoma, acoustic neuroma, oligodendroglioma, meningioma, skin cancer, melanoma, neuroblastoma, and retinoblastoma. 
         [0075]    Additional cancers that may be treated by pharmaceutical compositions including the disclosed compound include blood borne cancers such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (“ALL,”), acute lymphoblastic B-cell leukemia, acute lymphoblastic T-cell leukemia, acute myeloblastic leukemia (“AML”), acute promyelocytic leukemia (“APL”), acute monoblastic leukemia, acute erythroleukemic leukemia, acute megakaryoblastic leukemia, acute myelomonocytic leukemia, acute nonlymphocyctic leukemia, acute undifferentiated leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia (“CML”), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (“CLL”), hairy cell leukemia, multiple myeloma, lymphoblastic leukemia, myelogenous leukemia, lymphocytic leukemia, myelocytic leukemia, Hodgkin&#39;s disease, non-Hodgkin&#39;s Lymphoma, Waldenstrom&#39;s macroglobulinemia, Heavy chain disease, and Polycythemia vera. 
         [0076]    Examples that represent different aspects of the invention follow. Such examples should not be construed as limiting the scope of the disclosure. Alternative mechanistic pathways and analogous structures within the scope of the invention would be apparent to those skilled in the art. 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0077]    Elements and acts in the example are intended to illustrate the invention for the sake of simplicity and have not necessarily been rendered according to any particular sequence or embodiment. The example is also intended to establish possession of the invention by the Inventors. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0078]    The synthesis of the target compounds starts with an amide formation reaction between carboxylic acid of formula 1 and aniline of formula 2 or amino thiazole of formula 3 mediated by N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethyl-O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)uronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU) and diisopropylethylamine (DIEA) in N,N-dimethylformaldehyde (DMF). The coupling product of formula 4 or 5 is treated with hydroxylamine and sodium hydroxide in tetrahydrofuran and methyl alcohol solution yields the corresponding hydroxamic acid of formula 6 or 7. 
       Example 1 
     N-hydroxy-2-(2-(4-methoxyphenyl)butanamido)thiazole-5-carboxamide. (Compound ID #8) 
       [0079]    Step 1. To a solution of 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)butanoic acid (135 mg, 0.70 mmol) and ethyl 2-aminothiazole-5-carboxylate (100 mg, 0.58 mmol) in DMF were added DIEA (112 mg, 0.87 mmol) and HATU (264 mg, 0.70 mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 4 hrs and partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The organic layer was dried and concentrated. The residue was purified by biotage column chromatography to afford ethyl 2-(2-(4-methoxyphenyl)butanamido)thiazole-5-carboxylate (163 mg). 
         [0080]    Step 2. To a solution of methyl 2-(2-(4-methoxyphenyl)butanamido)thiazole-5-carboxylate (112 mg, 0.322 mmol) in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran/methanol (4:1) was added 2.8 mL of hydroxylamine (50% in water) followed by sodium hydroxide solution (1 N, 1.0 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and concentrated. The residue was acidified with 1 N HCl and purified by C18 biotage column chromatography to afford compound #8 (71 mg). MS (calculated for M+1: 349. found 349) 
       Example 2 
     N-hydroxy-2-(3-methyl-2-phenylbutanamido)thiazole-5-carboxamide. (Compound ID #1) 
       [0081]    The compound was prepared using 3-methyl-2-phenylbutanoic acid and otherwise by following the synthesis method of Example 1. MS (calculated for M+1: 320. found 320) 
       Example 3 
     N-hydroxy-2-(2-phenylbutanamido)thiazole-5-carboxamide. (Compound ID #2) 
       [0082]    The compound was prepared using 2-phenylbutanoic acid and otherwise by following the synthesis method of Example 1. MS (calculated for M+1: 306. found 306) 
       Example 4 
     N-hydroxy-2-(1-phenylcyclopropanecarboxamido)thiazole-5-carboxamide. (Compound ID #3) 
       [0083]    The compound was prepared using 1-phenylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and otherwise by following the synthesis method of Example 1. MS (calculated for M+1: 304. found 304) 
       Example 5 
     N-hydroxy-2-(2-methyl-2-phenylpropanamido)thiazole-5-carboxamide. (Compound ID #4) 
       [0084]    The compound was prepared using 2-methyl-2-phenylpropanoic acid and otherwise by following the synthesis method of Example 1. MS (calculated for M+1: 306. found 306) 
       Example 6 
     N-hydroxy-2-(2-phenylacetamido)thiazole-5-carboxamide. (Compound ID #5) 
       [0085]    The compound was prepared using 2-phenylacetic acid and otherwise by following the synthesis method of Example 1. MS (calculated for M+1: 278. found 278) 
       Example 7 
     N-hydroxy-2-(3-phenylpropanamido)thiazole-5-carboxamide. (Compound ID #6) 
       [0086]    The compound was prepared using 3-phenylpropanoic acid and otherwise by following the synthesis method of Example 1. MS (calculated for M+1: 292. found 292) 
       Example 8 
     N-hydroxy-2-(2-methoxy-2-phenylacetamido)thiazole-5-carboxamide. (Compound ID #7) 
       [0087]    The compound was prepared using 2-methoxy-2-phenylacetic acid and otherwise by following the synthesis method of Example 1. MS (calculated for M+1: 308. found 308) 
       Example 9 
     N-hydroxy-2-(2-phenylpropanamido)thiazole-5-carboxamide. (Compound ID #9) 
       [0088]    The compound was prepared using 2-phenylpropanoic acid and otherwise by following the synthesis method of Example 1. MS (calculated for M+1: 292. found 292) 
       Example 10 
     2-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutanamido)-N-hydroxythiazole-5-carboxamide. (Compound ID #10) 
       [0089]    The compound was prepared using 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutanoic acid and otherwise by following the synthesis method of Example 1. MS (calculated for M+1: 354. found 354) 
       Example 11 
     2-(2,2-dimethyl-3-phenylpropanamido)-N-hydroxythiazole-5-carboxamide. (Compound ID #11) 
       [0090]    The compound was prepared using 2,2-dimethyl-3-phenylpropanoic acid and otherwise by following the synthesis method of Example 1. MS (calculated for M+1: 320. found 320) 
       Example 12 
     4-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutanamido)-N-hydroxybenzamide. (Compound ID #12) 
       [0091]    The compound was prepared using 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutanoic acid and ethyl 4-aminobenzoate and otherwise by following the synthesis method of Example 1. MS (calculated for M+1: 347. found 347) 
       Example 13 
     2-(2-(4-bromophenyl)butanamido)-N-hydroxythiazole-5-carboxamide. (Compound ID #13) 
       [0092]    The compound was prepared using 2-(4-bromophenyl)butanoic acid and otherwise by following the synthesis method of Example 1. MS (calculated for M+1: 385. found 385) 
       Example 14 
     N-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxy-2-phenylbutanamido)thiazole-5-carboxamide. (Compound ID #14) 
       [0093]    The compound was prepared using 4-methoxy-2-phenylbutanoic acid and otherwise by following the synthesis method of Example 1. MS (calculated for M+1: 336. found 336) 
       Example 15 
     N-hydroxy-4-(2-(4-methoxyphenyl)butanamido)benzamide. (Compound ID #15) 
       [0094]    The compound was prepared using 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)butanoic acid and ethyl 4-aminobenzoate and otherwise by following the synthesis method of Example 1. MS (calculated for M+1: 329. found 329) 
       Example 16 
     N-hydroxy-2-(3-methoxy-2-phenylpropanamido)thiazole-5-carboxamide. (Compound ID #16) 
       [0095]    The compound was prepared using 3-methoxy-2-phenylpropanoic acid and otherwise by following the synthesis method of Example 1. MS (calculated for M+1: 322. found 322) 
       Example 17 
     2-(2-(biphenyl-4-yl)butanamido)-N-hydroxythiazole-5-carboxamide. (Compound ID #17) 
       [0096]    The compound was prepared using 2-(biphenyl-4-yl)butanoic acid and otherwise by following the synthesis method of Example 1. MS (calculated for M+1: 382. found 382) 
       Example 18 
     N-hydroxy-2-(2-(4-(pyrimidin-5-yl)phenyl)butanamido)thiazole-5-carboxamide. (Compound ID #18) 
       [0097]    The compound was prepared using 2-(4-(pyrimidin-5-yl)phenyl)butanoic acid and otherwise by following the synthesis method of Example 1. MS (calculated for M+1: 384. found 384) 
       Example 19 
     2-(2-(4-fluorophenyl)butanamido)-N-hydroxythiazole-5-carboxamide. (Compound ID #19) 
       [0098]    The compound was prepared using 2-(4-fluorophenyl)butanoic acid and otherwise by following the synthesis method of Example 1. MS (calculated for M+1: 324. found 324) 
       Example 20 
     2-(2-(3-fluorophenyl)butanamido)-N-hydroxythiazole-5-carboxamide. (Compound ID #20) 
       [0099]    The compound was prepared using 2-(3-fluorophenyl)butanoic acid and otherwise by following the synthesis method of Example 1. MS (calculated for M+1: 324. found 324) 
       Example 21 
     N-hydroxy-2-(2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methylbutanamido)thiazole-5-carboxamide. (Compound ID #21) 
       [0100]    The compound was prepared using 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methylbutanoic acid and otherwise by following the synthesis method of Example 1. MS (calculated for M+1: 336. found 336) 
       Example 22 
     N-hydroxy-2-(2-(3-methoxyphenyl)butanamido)thiazole-5-carboxamide. (Compound ID #22) 
       [0101]    The compound was prepared using 2-(3-methoxyphenyl)butanoic acid and otherwise by following the synthesis method of Example 1. MS (calculated for M+1: 336. found 336) 
       Example 23 
     N-hydroxy-2-(2-(2-methoxyphenyl)butanamido)thiazole-5-carboxamide. (Compound ID #23) 
       [0102]    The compound was prepared using 2-(2-methoxyphenyl)butanoic acid and otherwise by following the synthesis method of Example 1. MS (calculated for M+1: 336. found 336) 
       Example 24 
     2-(2-(biphenyl-4-yl)-4-methoxybutanamido)-N-hydroxythiazole-5-carboxamide. (Compound ID #24) 
       [0103]    The compound was prepared using 2-(biphenyl-4-yl)-4-methoxybutanoic acid and otherwise by following the synthesis method of Example 1. MS (calculated for M+1: 412. found 412) 
       Example 25 
     4-(2-(4-bromophenyl)butanamido)-N-hydroxybenzamide. (Compound ID #25) 
       [0104]    The compound was prepared using 2-(4-bromophenyl)butanoic acid and ethyl 4-aminobenzoate and otherwise by following the synthesis method of Example 1. MS (calculated for M+1: 378. found 378) 
       Example 26 
     4-(2-(biphenyl-4-yl)butanamido)-N-hydroxybenzamide. (Compound ID #26) 
       [0105]    The compound was prepared using 2-(biphenyl-4-yl)butanoic acid and ethyl 4-aminobenzoate and otherwise by following the synthesis method of Example 1. MS (calculated for M+1: 375. found 375) 
       Example 27 
     N-hydroxy-4-(4-methoxy-2-phenylbutanamido)benzamide. (Compound ID #27) 
       [0106]    The compound was prepared using 3-methoxy-2-phenylpropanoic acid and ethyl 4-aminobenzoate and otherwise by following the synthesis method of Example 1. MS (calculated for M+1: 315. found 315) 
         [0107]    Cell viability in the presence of varying concentrations of the above listed compounds at different time points was used to assess cytotoxicity and the effect of the compounds on cell proliferation. IC 50  (or percent activity) data for the disclosed compounds in the SKOV3 and A2780 cell lines are summarized in Table 1. The SKOV3 cell line was originally isolated in 1973 from the ascitic fluid of a patient with an ovarian cancer. SKOV3 is a hypodiploid human cell line. SKOV3 cells are resistant to tumor necrosis factor and to several cytotoxic drugs including diphtheria toxin, cis-platinum and adriamycin. The A2780 cell line is a human ovarian adenocarcinoma cell line originally derived from a biopsy from an untreated patient. The A2780/CP cell line is a line derived from the A2780 cell line selected for resistance to cis-platinum. 
         [0108]    Cell Viability Assay— 
         [0109]    Cell viability was measured by the CellTiter-Blue® cell viability assay Promega (Madison, Wis.). This procedure measures the conversion of the indicator dye (resazurin) to resorufin, an indicator of cell viability. Following treatment, growth media was removed and cells were incubated with 20 μl of CellTiter-Blue® Reagent and growth media for 1-4 hours at 37° C. Fluorescence values were measured at 535/590 nm using a Beckman-Coulter DTX-880 microplate reader. 
         [0110]    Experimental Design 
         [0111]    Single Agent Studies— 
         [0112]    Cells were grown to 70% confluency, trypsinized, counted, and seeded in 96 well flat-bottom plates at a final concentration of 2.5×10 3 -5×10 3  cells/well (Day 0). Cells were allowed to incubate in growth media for 24 hours to allow for maximum adhesion. Treatment with the test agents or standard agents began on Day 1 and continued for 72 hours. At the 72 hour timepoint, treatment containing media was removed. Viable cell numbers are quantified by the CellTiter-Blue® cell viability assay as described above. Experiments were repeated at least twice with the same concentrations to determine growth inhibitory activity. Results from these studies were used to calculate an IC 50  value (concentration of drug that inhibits cell growth by 50 percent of control) for each compound. 
         [0113]    Data Collection— 
         [0114]    For single agent and combination studies, data from each experiment was collected and expressed as % Cell Expansion using the following calculation: 
         [0000]      % Cell Expansion=( f   test   /f   vehicle )×100
 
         [0115]    Where f test  is the fluorescence of the tested sample, and f vehicle  is the fluorescence of the vehicle in which the drug is dissolved. Dose response graphs and IC 50  values were generated using Prism 4 software (GraphPad) using the following equation: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             Y 
             = 
             
               
                 ( 
                 
                   Top 
                    
                   
                     - 
                   
                    
                   Bottom 
                 
                 ) 
               
               
                 ( 
                 
                   1 
                   + 
                   
                     10 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             
                               logIC 
                                
                               
                                   
                               
                                
                               50 
                             
                             - 
                             X 
                           
                           ) 
                         
                         - 
                         HillSlope 
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0116]    Where X is the logarithm of concentration and Y is the response. Y starts at the Bottom and goes to Top with a sigmoid shape. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 IC 50 s of indicated cell lines with aspects 
               
               
                 of the compound shown in the examples. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Compound 
                 IC50 SKOV3 
                 IC50 A2780 
                 IC50 A2780/CP 
               
               
                 ID 
                 (nM) 
                 (nM) 
                 (nM) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 40 
                 ND 
                 ND 
               
               
                 2 
                 46 
                 0.5 
                 4 
               
               
                 3 
                 4100 
                 1200 
                 7500 
               
               
                 4 
                 1300 
                 900 
                 7500 
               
               
                 5 
                 2100 
                 300 
                 1600 
               
               
                 6 
                 500 
                 300 
                 3200 
               
               
                 7 
                 70 
                 40 
                 20 
               
               
                 8 
                 &lt;0.1 
                 &lt;0.1 
                 &lt;0.1 
               
               
                 9 
                 30 
                 30 
                 4.8 
               
               
                 10 
                 4 
                 1.7 
                 6.2 
               
               
                 11 
                 7500 
                 3800 
                 3800 
               
               
                 12 
                 40 
                 30 
                 3 
               
               
                 13 
                 2.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.08 
               
               
                 14 
                 80 
                 2.4 
                 8.7 
               
               
                 15 
                 20 
                 0.04 
                 0.3 
               
               
                 17 
                 0.2 
                 &lt;0.1 
                 0.9 
               
               
                 18 
                 100 
                 440 
                 140 
               
               
                 19 
                 8.9 
                 &lt;0.1 
                 3 
               
               
                 20 
                 4.3 
                 2.4 
                 100 
               
               
                 21 
                 20 
                 60 
                 40 
               
               
                 22 
                 30 
                 600 
                 300 
               
               
                 23 
                 2300 
                 100 
                 500 
               
               
                 24 
                 30 
                 20 
                 17 
               
               
                 25 
                 100 
                 1.1 
                 20 
               
               
                 26 
                 1.1 
                 0.3 
                 1.7 
               
               
                 27 
                 900 
                 16 
                 70