Abstract:
A method and system for use in an information retrieval system that provides related informational items that can be automatically classified and summarized in a hierarchical manner. The system comprises the steps and means for the presentation and analysis of mined data through the application of four distinct processes, namely, feature selection, clustering, classification and summarization. The implementation of each of these techniques is a single process without regard to order. Individual informational items are analyzed, and relevant features extracted. Individual groups of informational items, otherwise known as clusters, are identified, and rules are determined to allow the assignment of informational items to the previously mentioned groups. Descriptive and meaningful titles are then identified for the groups. Various methods of presenting searched information to an end user are also provided. A method of adaptive clustering is also provided.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Ser. No. 60/314,796, filed Aug. 24, 2001, and is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 10/226,542, filed Aug. 22, 2002 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,478,103, issued Jan. 13, 2009, which are fully incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention generally relates to information search and retrieval systems. More particularly, the present invention relates to the automated clustering, classification and summarization of related informational items during an information retrieval session. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     A database is useful only if a desired item can be efficiently found and retrieved therefrom. To locate and retrieve a desired information item in an information database, a search of the database, e.g., based on a keyword or a text string, may be required. The search typically involves finding entries matching a keyword (or string) in an index. The index is created by parsing information items into searchable words and identifying the location in which the word appears in the database. For example, the Internet, or the world wide web (WWW), may be considered as a very large database of information items, in the form of web pages, distributed over a very wide network. Currently available search engines, e.g., the YAHOO™, EXCITE®, and the like, maintain an index of a large fraction of the content of the WWW parsed into searchable words and corresponding locations, e.g., the Uniform Resource Locators (URL). 
     However, as the size of a database becomes very large, e.g., the number of web pages in the WWW is currently in the hundreds of millions and growing fast, a user may have to navigate through, select and review a significant number of informational items before arriving at the one desired informational item. The navigation through the ever-increasing number of informational items often proves difficult and requires a considerable investment of time, effort and sometimes even good fortune, on the part of the user. 
     Unfortunately, in a conventional information retrieval system, even after finding the sought after information once, it is difficult or cumbersome at best to find the same information again. Unless a user remembers the location of the once located information, the user may have to follow the same navigational trail again. Thus expending yet another considerable investment of time and effort. Moreover, a subsequent user looking for the same information would have to duplicate the time and effort, i.e., must re-invent the wheel in order to find the information. The subsequent user often ends an information retrieval session in frustration without finding the desired information. This duplicated effort is wasteful and inconvenient, and thus diminishes the usefulness of the database. 
     Moreover, in a conventional help information retrieval system, the help information items are fixedly mapped, requiring a user to always follow the same help menu path to arrive at a particular help item of interest. Even if the path is ultimately proven to be inefficient, the inefficient path, nevertheless, must always be followed in order to retrieve that particular item. The efficiency of a particular path that is taken may depend on the context in which the help item is sought. Because the fixed mapping cannot account for the various contexts, it is inefficient, and thus diminishes the usefulness of the help information retrieval system. 
     Thus, what is needed is an efficient system and method for the convenient and economical retrieval of a desired informational item in an informational retrieval system such as an improved web search engine and improved method of presenting searched information. 
     What is also needed is an automated system that extracts features, clusters, classifies and categorizes information to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of the information retrieval system. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention utilizes a method and apparatus for use in an information retrieval system that provides related informational items that can be automatically classified and summarized in a hierarchical manner. This system comprises the steps and means for the presentation and analysis of mined data through the application of three distinct processes, namely clustering, classification and summarization. The implementation of these techniques occurs without regard to the order in which the processes are implemented, so long as all three techniques are applied in an information retrieval session. Individual groups of informational items are identified. Rules are determined to allow the assignment of informational items to the previously mentioned groups. Descriptive and meaningful titles are then identified for the groups. 
     In addition, in accordance with the principles of the present invention, an information retrieval system comprises a plurality of informational items and a method of presenting searched information to an end user. 
     Also, in accordance with the principles of the present invention, any combination of readily available natural language feature selection, clustering, classification and summarizing algorithms into a single process, will satisfy the objective of enhancing the process of automated classification in an information retrieval system. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
       Features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following description with reference to the drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a pictorial representation of the relationship between hierarchical clustering, classification and summarization of some informational items; 
         FIG. 2  is an exemplary memory representation of a subset of the informational items shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates the presentation of information that was sought by a query; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a graphical representation of a fully expanded representation of information as an alternative to that shown in  FIG. 3 ; 
         FIG. 5A  is a pictorial representation of a fully expanded set of data; 
         FIG. 5B  is a pictorial representation of a collapsed cluster from  FIG. 5A ; 
         FIG. 5C  is a pictorial representation of a collapsed cluster from  FIG. 5B ; and 
         FIG. 5D  is an exemplary pictorial representation of a collapsed cluster from  FIG. 5C . 
         FIG. 6  is a pictorial representation of a block diagram of an exemplary system representing one possible ordering of the feature selection, clustering, classification, and summarization steps; 
         FIG. 7  is a pictorial representation of a block diagram of an exemplary feature selection method; 
         FIG. 8A  is an exemplary pictorial representation of a small set of documents and associated attributes; 
         FIG. 8B  is an exemplary pictorial representation of a list of ranked terms; 
         FIG. 9A  is an exemplary pictorial representation of the output of a natural language part of speech tagger; 
         FIG. 9B  is an exemplary pictorial representation of the extracted features of an exemplary document; 
         FIG. 10  is a pictorial representation of an adaptive clustering algorithm. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     For illustrative purposes, the principles of the present invention are described by referring mainly to an exemplary embodiment, particularly with references to the Internet and the WWW as the exemplary databases of informational items. However, one of ordinary skill in the art would readily recognize that the same principles are equally applicable to, and can be implemented in, other informational databases, and that any such variation would not depart from the tree spirit and scope of the present invention. 
     With reference to  FIG. 1 , a hierarchical relationship that exists between the clustering, classification and summarization of informational items is illustrated. Specific groupings of data are identified by the method of the present invention through placement of data into a hierarchical cluster  100  by a process of classification. Each of these groupings or clusters are then named by a process of summarization  110 - 113 . As shown, informational items depicted by the letter A are representative of a classification  101 A- 113 A, and the informational items depicted by the letter B are representative of a summarization  101 B- 113 B. The entire structure shown in  FIG. 1  represents the hierarchical clustering of the informational items  100 . 
     Hierarchical clustering generates sub-groupings within clusters, which result in the classification roles and the summaries. Classification involves taking new information and sorting that information into a set of identified categories. In a traditional clustering algorithm, such as BIRCH, hierarchical representations are provided and information is generated that proves useful for classification and summarization. The key points that define a bin of informational items are used to calculate the distance between informational items. Informational items are stored with the bin to aid in efficiently determining the distance between new unclustered information items and those that are already clustered into bins. The method of the present invention incorporates the key points methodology into subsequent classification and summarization approaches. 
     In an embodiment of the present invention, each of the key points of informational items are augmented with a ranking score. A ranking score could be, for example, a word score that increases with each repetitive occurrence of a word in a document. The score may also be further increased if the word also appears in the title. The ranking scores can additionally be integrated with other subsequent processing of the types discussed above. For example, scoring better identifies the most important terms in a document or cluster of documents for subsequent classification or summarization. 
     In  FIG. 2 , a subset of data that has undergone the BIRCH algorithm is shown. Also shown is an exemplary illustration of how the associated data structure might be represented in memory. This particular illustration represents the hierarchical cluster shown in  FIG. 1 , cluster  106  classification, Order  106 A and summarization Primates  106 B. Referring back to  FIG. 1  and the concept of ranking scores to improve the BIRCH algorithm, additional information is available to efficiently integrate with other subsequent processing. For example, the clusters  107 - 113  would have the key points shown in Example 1 below for each level of the hierarchy. 
     By selecting the families Hominidae  107  and Pongidae  108  and all the descendant clusters  109 - 113 , the following key points would be selected to describe the cluster (clusters  107 - 108  represented by 0, clusters  109 - 110  represented by 1, and clusters  111 - 113  represented by 2): 
     Example 1 
     0: Pongidae, Homo Sapiens, Homo Erectus, Homo Habilis, Australopithicus 
     1: Homo Sapiens, Homo Erectus, Homo Habilis, Australopithicus 
     2: Homo Sapiens, Homo Erectus, Homo Habilis 
     Scores may be assigned based on the varied usage of the above key points or terms within the clustered document. For instance, assume that scores are assigned. In other words, assume that each of the terms of Example 1 appears within a document the number of times shown in brackets: 
     Example 2 
     0: Pongidae ( 1 ), Homo Sapiens ( 30 ), Homo Erectus ( 3 ), Homo Habilis ( 7 ), Australopithicus ( 15 ) 
     1: Homo Sapiens ( 30 ), Homo Erectus ( 3 ), Homo Habilis ( 7 ), Australopithicus ( 15 ) 
     2: Homo Sapiens ( 30 ), Homo Erectus ( 3 ), Homo Habilis ( 7 ) 
     Based on this artificial example, Homo Sapiens has the highest usage in the clustered documents, followed in order by Australopithicus, Homo Habilis, Homo Erectus, and finally Pongidae. Ranking scores will thus be assigned to reflect the usage of the terms within the clustered documents. 
     The process of taking new information and sorting the information into a set of identified categories is known as classification. Classification algorithms perform in many different ways, with the better ones being those that place new information into categories easily understood by humans. An existing classification algorithm of this type is RIPPER. RIPPER works by building a series of logic conditions on the available features of a data set to arrive at a set of rules. Traditionally, RIPPER rules are learned by analyzing a non-hierarchical clustered data set. 
     However, an embodiment of the present invention uses the key points at each level of a BIRCH hierarchy to generate an exclusive set of classification rules. This classification begins with the BIRCH root cluster. Subsequent sub-clusters are determined by matching the unique descriptors in the RIPPER style format, in other words, appropriate subsequent sub-clusters are repeatedly identified until the RIPPER rules generated by the BIRCH key point identifiers no longer match or distinguish sub-clusters. Each matched unique descriptor becomes the cluster for the new information. The subset of the BIRCH features from Example 1 can be used to create a hierarchical modification to the standard RIPPER approach with the following rules: 
     Example 3 
     This example shows the subsection of rules within the Order: Primates cluster (i.e.,  FIG. 1  cluster  106 ): 
     
       
         
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   If DOCUMENT contains “ Homo Sapiens ” OR “  Homo Erectus ” 
               
               
                 OR “ Homo Habilis ” OR “ Australopithicus ” then 
               
               
                   { 
               
               
                   Place DOCUMENT in: Family Hominidae 
               
               
                   If DOCUMENT contains “ Homo Sapiens ” OR “  Homo Erectus ” 
               
               
                 OR “ Homo Habilis ” then 
               
               
                   { 
               
               
                   Place DOCUMENT in: Genus  Homo   
               
               
                   } 
               
               
                   else if DOCUMENT contains “ Australopithicus ” then 
               
               
                   { 
               
               
                   Place DOCUMENT in: Genus  Australopithicus   
               
               
                   } 
               
               
                   } 
               
               
                   else if DOCUMENT contains “Pongidae” then 
               
               
                   { 
               
               
                   Place DOCUMENT in: Family Pongidae 
               
               
                   } 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     In a further embodiment of the present invention, the pruning aspect of a standard RIPPER algorithm is applied to the hierarchically modified RIPPER/BIRCH combination resulting in a succinct summary of the items matching a classification rule. As such, a modification to the rules, shown above in Example 3, is warranted, wherein the rules are shortened to contain only the necessary information to describe each cluster. These rules can be set out as follows: 
     Example 4 
     
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 If DOCUMENT contains “ Homo ” OR “ Australopithicus ” then 
               
               
                   
                 { 
               
               
                   
                 Place DOCUMENT in: Family Hominidae 
               
               
                   
                 If DOCUMENT contains “ Homo ” then 
               
               
                   
                 { 
               
               
                   
                 Place DOCUMENT in: Genus  Homo   
               
               
                   
                 } 
               
               
                   
                 else if DOCUMENT contains “ Australopithicus ” then 
               
               
                   
                 { 
               
               
                   
                 Place DOCUMENT in: Genus  Australopithicus   
               
               
                   
                 } 
               
               
                   
                 } 
               
               
                   
                 else if DOCUMENT contains “Pongidae” then 
               
               
                   
                 { 
               
               
                   
                 Place DOCUMENT in: Family Pongidae 
               
               
                   
                 } 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Those skilled in the art will recognize that some new data may not match any of the rules generated by this approach. Depending on the desired implementation, these items could fall into a “catch-all” category or be placed into any of the existing categories arbitrarily and would still be considered within the scope of this invention. 
     Another embodiment of this invention provides a subject data store in a more human readable format than the standard ordered lists that are so common with existing search engines. This embodiment of the invention presents searched results as labeled clusters. This way people can more quickly select the aspect of a result that is of the most interest, instead of forcing them to browse the entire search result set. Thus, the use of standard searching techniques paired with the clustering+classification+summarization method, described in this invention, would identify not just a set of result items at the highest level of detail. It would also provide the ability to describe and label the clusters within the data store in which these result items are organized. 
     In addition, one could conduct a search on not only the information items, but also on the cluster descriptions.  FIG. 3  shows one possible presentation of the information from Examples 1 and 3. This illustration assumes that an appropriate search query was used to find these results. The numerals ( 1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4  and  5 ) identify selectable documents in the list. The labels for the clusters and possibly the documents are generated from the summarization approach that was discussed earlier. 
     Yet another embodiment of the present invention provides a further improvement over typical textual presentation of clustered and summarized information by presenting the information in a graphical manner.  FIG. 4  shows one possible graphical presentation of a fully expanded representation of the information from Examples 1 and 3 as an alternate presentation of the information shown in  FIG. 3 . Just as in  FIG. 3 , each node contains a selectable document, and the labels are generated through the summarization approach. In the presentation of  FIG. 4 , the individual items in each cluster are plotted in multiple dimensions. The items are also grouped by proximity with other items in the same cluster. For example, the Genus Homo  109  comprises a cluster of Habilis  113 , Erectus  112  and Sapiens  111 , as such the plot representation of Genus Homo  109  encompasses all three clusters. Similarly, Primates  106  encompasses Pongidae  108  and Hominidae  107  at one level. Hominidae  107  encompasses Homo  109  and Australopithicus  110 . These clusters may or may not be expanded or collapsed to any level of detail depending on the desired implementation. 
     Another embodiment of the present invention provides a method for graphically detailing the inter-relationship between individual informational items and clusters by displaying the links between them. While the possibility exists to display all the links between information items based on relationship strength, or any other types of relationships that might be available, a better approach for complexity reduction would be to determine which links are cognitively important to the user. 
     The PATHFINDER, an algorithm which is not discussed in any detail in this document, provides a way to present related information to humans in a manner that is well adapted to how humans are prepared to process the information. The present invention adapts this algorithm to the hierarchical clustering approach through analyzing those links that connect clusters, while ignoring those links that are within clusters. The fully hierarchical structure of the present invention is thus realized by running the PATHFINDER algorithm at each level of the hierarchy.  FIGS. 5A-5D  illustrate how a graphical representation from a hierarchical PATHFINDER approach, or any of the other described approaches, might appear when applied to the data Examples 1 to 4 discussed above. More particularly,  FIG. 5A  shows a fully exploded view of the information that was contained in Level 0 of Example 1 (i.e. clusters  108 - 113  of  FIG. 1 ).  FIG. 5B  shows a subsequent view of  FIG. 5A  in which the genus HOMO cluster  109  is in a collapsed state.  FIG. 5C  shows what might appear if  FIG. 5B  had the family Hominidae  107  collapsed, and finally  FIG. 5D  shows the primate order  106  collapsed. 
     Feature Selection 
     Another embodiment of the present invention would be to augment it with a natural language feature selection pre-processing step and a feedback loop during clustering. The first improvement, natural language feature selection, enables the invention to better extract meaningful linguistic terms from the input data set. 
       FIG. 6  is an illustration of an example system consisting of one possible combination  600  of the set of natural language feature selection, clustering, classification and summarization algorithms. The first stage  602  of the example system consists of a natural language feature selection method. The inputs to this stage consist of a set of documents or data items  601 , each with a plurality of associated document attributes and a optional ranked set of pre-identified terms (see  FIG. 8A  and  FIG. 8B ). The optional ranked set of terms could be gathered either automatically by examining the access logs of an informational database or a set of predefined ranked terms supplied by an alternate external source. 
     The output of the first stage is a plurality of ranked terms for each document and is passed to the second stage  604 . The second stage  604  of the example system consists of a clustering algorithm as described previously with the addition of an output feedback loop. The output of the second stage  604  is, as previously described, a representation of the hierarchical structure of the clustering algorithm and is passed to the third stage  606  classification algorithm. The third stage  606  consists of a classification algorithm as described previously. The output of the third stage  606  is a representation of learned classification rules and is passed to the fourth stage  608  summarization. The fourth stage  608  summarization step remains as described previously. 
     Example Feature Selection Method 
       FIG. 7  is an illustration of an exemplary feature selection method. Note that this example is described with respect to an input data set consisting of human readable text in some appropriate representation.  FIG. 8A  illustrates several example members  802  and  804  of such a data set. Each example contains a number of subparts or attributes. Other feature selection methods could be applied as appropriate to the data set. 
     In element  702  of  FIG. 7 , each document in the input data set is parsed and divided into a list of ranked terms, each with a frequency of occurrence score. The list of ranked terms for each document is the output of element  702 . 
     Element  702  of  FIG. 7  represents a natural language part of speech (POS) tagging algorithm; many such algorithms are known. The input data set is passed into the POS tagger, and the output consists of an annotated representation of the original input data set. Each linguistic term of the input set is assigned a tag representing its part of speech. Refer to  FIG. 9A , for example, for output of a POS tagger. 
     It has been found that a trainable algorithm, whether “rule-based,” “probabilistic/statistical” or “lazy,” may, in many circumstances, be preferable. Nonetheless, non-trainable language specific taggers may be used with this embodiment. 
     Satisfactory “rule-based” POS taggers include Brill and uTBL. Examples of “probabilistic/statistical” POS taggers include Kupiec, Claws, QTag, TnT, TreeTagger and xrce/mltt. A suitable “lazy” POS taggers is MBT. Non-trainable language specific taggers may include Morphy (German); CMU Link Grammar Parser; EngCG; and TOSCA/LOB. 
     Typically POS tagging algorithms are specific to a particular language, but a reasonable implementation would be for the system to have a different POS tagger for each language and use the appropriate POS tagger for the current language. The choice of a POS tagger could be made with either a language attribute supplied with the input data set, or automatically using known language identification techniques. Element  706  of  FIG. 7  consists of a linguistic feature identification step. This step takes the part of speech annotated input data set and identifies important relevant linguistic features of each element of the data set. Different linguistic features can be given different strengths. An exemplary list of relevant extracted linguistic features is shown in  FIG. 9B . 
     The outputs of  FIG. 7  elements  702  and  706  are merged and input into element  708 . Element  708  consists of an optional feature reinforcement stage, where a ranked list of terms (see  FIG. 8B ) is used to reinforce the merged output of  702  and  706 . For each term in the ranked list, matching terms from the output set are given a numerical boost to the strength value associated with each term. This step allows precise terms to be given a higher weight, and thus a higher importance for later stage algorithms. Element  710  consists of an optional feature pruning step where features of low strength are eliminated from the output set. The feature pruning step can aid later stage algorithms both by reducing the size of the data set and eliminating noise from the data set. 
     Adaptive Clustering Algorithms 
       FIG. 10  illustrates a method of adaptive clustering. Each data set has particular characteristics that can be more effectively utilized with a adaptive clustering approach. A typical clustering algorithm has a plurality of parameter settings that can have a great influence on the output characteristics. Those output characteristics can be quantified with a variety of statistical measurements specific to the particular representation of the clustering algorithm output. The statistical measurements are then analyzed to determine if the algorithm parameters should be adjusted or the algorithm can terminate. 
     Element  1002  of  FIG. 10  represents the act of setting the plurality of parameters specific to a particular clustering algorithm. Element  1004  represents the main stage of the clustering algorithm. Element  1006  consists of processing the clustering algorithms output with a variety of statistical methods. An example of one such statistical measurement would be an average number of documents (or other data set elements) per group in the output. 
     A set of reasonable rules  1008  could be devised specific to the intended task to determine if the output of the clustering algorithm meets a quality goal. If so, then the adaptive clustering algorithms stops. If not, a second set of rules could be devised to alter the plurality of parameter settings for the clustering algorithm with Element  1010 . The clustering algorithm of Element  1004  is then restarted. This process continues until the clustering algorithm meets the quality rules or until an optional deadline has been reached. 
     While the invention has been described with reference to the exemplary embodiments thereof, those skilled in the art will be able to make various modifications to the described embodiments of the invention without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. The terms and descriptions used herein are set forth by way of illustration only and are not meant as limitations. In particular, although the method of the present invention has been described by examples, the steps of the method may be performed in a different order than illustrated or simultaneously. Those skilled in the art will recognize that these and other variations are possible within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims and their equivalents.