Abstract:
Methods and apparatus are provided for forming an array of devices. The invention includes forming a stack of material layers, forming a first hardmask over the plurality of material layers, exposing the first hardmask to ozone mixed with a halogenated additive, forming a protective layer over the first hardmask, forming a second mask on the protective layer shifted relative to the first mask, exposing the second hardmask to ozone mixed with the halogenated additive, and etching the plurality of material layers to remove material not covered by the hardmasks. Numerous other aspects are disclosed.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present application is related to the following patent application, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety for all purposes: 
         [0002]    U.S. patent application Ser. No. 6,952,030, issued to Herner et al., filed May 26, 2004, and entitled “High-density three-dimensional memory cell.” 
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    The present invention relates to semiconductor manufacturing techniques and more particularly to cost-effectively increasing feature density using a mask shrinking process with double patterning. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    Integrated circuits continue to follow Moore&#39;s Law in that the density of devices that may be formed on a chip continues to double every two years. Present manufacturing facilities routinely produce circuits with 130 nm, 90 nm, and even 65 nm feature sizes, and future facilities are expected to produce devices with even smaller feature sizes. 
         [0005]    The continued reduction in device geometries has generated a demand for methods of forming nanometer sized features that are separated by nanometer sized distances. As the limits of optical resolution are being approached in current lithography processes, one method that has been developed to reduce the distance between features or devices on a substrate includes a double patterning of a hardmask layer that is used to transfer a pattern into the substrate. In the double patterning method, a hardmask layer is deposited on a substrate layer that is to be etched. The hardmask layer is patterned by photoresist deposited on the hardmask layer. The photoresist is then removed, and a second pattern is introduced into the hardmask layer with a second photoresist that is deposited on the hardmask layer. 
         [0006]    However, as feature size and pitch is further reduced, the limits of optical resolution are exceeded even using the double patterning technique described above. Thus, while prior art double patterning methods can be used to reduce the size of, and distance between, features on a substrate using 130 nm process technology, light reflection and refraction limits the maximum resolution of such lithography techniques used with smaller process technology. Thus, what is needed are new methods that allow feature density to be increased without requiring optical resolution limits to be exceeded. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0007]    In some aspects of the invention, a method is provided that includes forming a first hardmask at a maximum feature density of a process technology; shrinking the first hardmask; forming a second hardmask at the maximum feature density laterally shifted relative to the first hardmask; shrinking the second hardmask; and forming at least a portion of a memory array using the first and second hardmasks. 
         [0008]    In some aspects of the invention, a method is provided that includes forming a first mask over device layers; shrinking the first mask; forming a protective layer over the first mask; forming a second mask shifted relative to the first mask; and shrinking the second mask. 
         [0009]    In some aspects of the invention, a method is provided that includes forming a first hardmask over a plurality of device layers; exposing the first hardmask to ozone mixed with a halogenated additive; forming a protective layer over the first hardmask; forming a second hardmask on the protective layer shifted relative to the first hardmask; and exposing the second hardmask to ozone mixed with the halogenated additive. 
         [0010]    In some aspects of the invention, a method is provided for forming an array of devices. The method includes forming a stack of a plurality of material layers; forming a first hardmask over the plurality of material layers; exposing the first hardmask to ozone mixed with a halogenated additive; forming a protective layer over the first hardmask; forming a second mask on the protective layer shifted relative to the first mask; exposing the second hardmask to ozone mixed with the halogenated additive; and etching the plurality of material layers to remove material not covered by either hardmask. 
         [0011]    In some aspects of the invention, memory arrays formed using the above methods are provided. Other features and aspects of the present invention will become more fully apparent from the following detailed description, the appended claims and the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0012]      FIGS. 1A to 1L  are a sequence of cross-sectional views of a substrate with various process layers, the sequence representing steps for forming a memory element in accordance with the present invention. 
           [0013]      FIGS. 2A to 2L  are a sequence of cross-sectional views of a substrate with various process layers, the sequence representing steps for forming a conductor in accordance with the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0014]    The present invention provides a cost-effect means of reducing the minimum feature size and pitch that a given process technology may achieve. For example, the present invention may be used to create approximately 45 nm features using 90 nm process technology or approximately 32 nm features using 65 nm process technology. 
         [0015]    According to the present invention, a first mask layer is patterned; a novel process to thin or “shrink” the dimensions of individual elements or features of the first mask is applied (e.g., the pitch or space between lines of the mask is increased by narrowing the width of the lines themselves); a protective layer is applied over the shrunken first mask; a second mask is patterned on the protective layer but shifted relative to the first mask; the second mask is shrunk using the novel process; and then the unmasked areas are etched away to form the reduced size features. 
         [0016]    By controllably reducing or shrinking the width of lines of a mask, the present invention effectively enables additional mask lines to be inserted between the original lines to create a mask with lines having widths and pitches that are approximately half the minimum nominal widths and pitches of the process technology (e.g., 32 nm, 65 nm, 80 nm, 90 nm process) being employed. Likewise, by controllably reducing the size of individual two-dimensional areas or features of a mask, the present invention effectively enables additional two-dimensional mask areas (e.g., features) to be inserted between the original areas to create a mask with mask areas having dimensions and pitches that are approximately half the minimum nominal widths and pitches of the process technology being used. Therefore, embodiments of the present invention effectively enables approximately doubling feature density. Note that, as used herein and unless otherwise specified, the term “shrinking” is intended to refer to reducing the dimensions of individual mask features and not necessarily to reducing the overall size of a mask. 
         [0017]    In some embodiments, the present invention may be used to further controllably shrink hardmask material so that features of even smaller sizes may be created and multiple additional features inserted between the reduced size features. In other words, for example, instead of only shrinking hardmask features by approximately 50%, the methods of the present invention may be used to shrink features of a hardmask to 20% of their original size. Thus, instead of having room for only a single additional feature between the elements of the first pattern, two or more additional features may be formed between each of the shrunken hardmask elements. In some embodiments, triple or multiple patterning may be employed to implement inserting multiple hardmask elements between the initial shrunken hardmask elements. Therefore, the present invention may effectively enable approximately tripling, quadrupling, quintupling, etc. feature density. Likewise, the more the pattern features of a hardmask are shrunk, the more room will be available for additional hardmask pattern features to be inserted. 
         [0018]    In some embodiments, the present invention may be employed to pattern approximately 45 nm wide diode pillars approximately 45 nm apart using 80 nm process technology. In other embodiments, the present invention may be employed to pattern approximately 45 nm wide conductor lines with an approximately 45 nm pitch using 80 nm process technology. In some embodiments, the controlled shrinking of the masks may be achieved by exposing the masks to ozone mixed with a halogenated additive solution (e.g., a dilute mixture of hydrofluoric acid (HF) in water). Thus, for example, fluorozone may be used to shrink a polysilicon hardmask that was initially formed with approximately 80 nm wide elements that are approximately 80 nm apart to a mask with approximately 45 nm wide elements that are approximately 160 nm apart, creating room for inserting an additional hardmask element. Thus, in some embodiments, the feature size of the hardmasks may be reduced to approximately 35% to approximately 65% of the original size and the feature pitch may be increased by approximately 70% to approximately 130%. 
         [0019]    As indicated above, the mask shrinking may be performed in a two step process using double patterning to accurately locate the second mask between the shrunken elements of the first mask. Note that prior art techniques that use double patterning either require features in the photoresist to have a width that is the same size as the width of the final features of the devices on the substrate, rely on methods of shrinking photoresist instead of a hardmask, or require the use of relatively costly immersion lithography technology. 
       Diode Array Forming Process 
       [0020]    Turning now to  FIGS. 1A through 1L , an example process for creating an array of diode pillars (e.g., for use in a three dimensional memory array) with an increased feature density is illustrated. Note that the drawings represent only a partial cross-sectional side view of only a small portion of a substrate with material layers that may be used to form one level of a three-dimensional memory array. In other words, even though formation of only one row of three diode pillars are depicted, the present invention may be applied to forming any number of rows of any number of diode pillars. Also note that while the process is illustrated as being performed on a substrate, the same process may be performed on top of one or more memory array levels so that additional levels of the memory array may be created by the process of the present invention. 
         [0021]    With reference to  FIG. 1A , a substrate  100  may be coated with multiple layers of films (e.g., polysilicon  102 , an antifuse material  104 , tantalum nitride (TiN)  106 , tungsten (W)  108 , etc.) that may ultimately be employed to form diode pillars. Previously incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 6,952,030 describes various methods of forming such layers. Although only one level or series of layers is depicted, the present invention may be applied to multiple levels of layers used to form a monolithic three dimensional memory array. A monolithic three dimensional memory array is one in which multiple memory levels are formed above a single substrate, such as a wafer, with no intervening substrates. The layers forming one memory level are deposited or grown directly over the layers of an existing level or levels. In contrast, stacked memories have been constructed by forming memory levels on separate substrates and adhering the memory levels atop each other, as in U.S. Pat. No. 5,915,167, issued to Leedy, and entitled “Three dimensional structure memory,” which is incorporated herein by reference. The substrates may be thinned or removed from the memory levels before bonding, but as the memory levels are initially formed over separate substrates, such memories are not true monolithic three dimensional memory arrays. 
         [0022]    Thus, in addition to layers that include materials to form diode pillars, layers that are used to form conductors (not shown) and insulators (not shown) may also be present on or between the levels of layers. Further the layers may be inverted as compared to the layers depicted in  FIG. 1A . Finally, it should be understood that many additional and alternative layers of different materials and thicknesses may be used to form the levels. 
         [0023]    A layer of tetraethyl orthosilicate  110  or Si(OC 2 H 5 ) 4  (hereinafter “TEOS”) may be formed on the diode films. The TEOS layer  110  may have a thickness in the range of approximately 500 angstroms to approximately 4000 angstroms depending on the thickness of the stack of the diode films. Other materials such as SOG (spin on glass) and amorphous carbon may be used in place of TEOS. 
         [0024]    On the TEOS layer  110 , a layer of hardmask material  112  may be deposited. In some embodiments, a polycrystalline semiconductor material may be used as a hardmask  112  such as polysilicon, a polycrystalline silicon-germanium alloy, polygermanium or any other suitable material. In other embodiments, a material such as tungsten (W) may be used. The hardmask material layer  112  thickness may be of varying thickness, depending on the shrinking process parameters described below. In other words, in some embodiments, the hardmask material layer  112  may have an initial thickness in the range of approximately 500 angstroms to approximately 3000 angstroms depending on, for example, the concentrations of the components of the fluorozone process to be used. 
         [0025]    To pattern the hardmask layer  112 , photolithography layers such as Bottom Anti-Reflection Coating (BARC)  114  and patterned photoresist  116  may be deposited on the hardmask layer  112 . The depths of the BARC  114  and photoresist  116  layers may be in the range of approximately 100 angstroms to approximately 2000 angstroms depending on the lithography process. Other resist or photolithography layers practicable and suitable for patterning the selected hardmask material  112  may be used. 
         [0026]    According to the present invention, the photoresist  116  may be patterned using the highest feature density achievable with the process technology being used. Thus, if for example, 80 nm technology is used, the width of the elements of the photoresist pattern for forming features (e.g., diode pillars) may be 80 nm and the pitch, or spacing between the elements of the photoresist pattern, may also be 80 nm. Likewise, if 65 nm technology is used, the width of the elements of the photoresist pattern for forming features may be 65 nm and the pitch may also be 65 nm. Note that this is in contrast to convention double patterning methods where elements of the first photoresist pattern are required to be spaced apart further than the maximum density (e.g., minimum pitch) of the process technology being used. 
         [0027]    Turning to  FIG. 1B , a BARC/hardmask etch process applied to the structure in  FIG. 1A  results in the transfer of the photoresist pattern  116  to the hardmask  112 . Any suitable BARC/hardmask etch process may be used. Many such processes are known in the art and thus, these processes are not described here. 
         [0028]    Turning to  FIG. 1C , the controlled shrinking of the hardmask  112  is achieved by exposing the patterned hardmask  112  to ozone mixed with a halogenated additive solution (e.g., a dilute mixture of hydrofluoric acid (HF) in water). Thus, for example, fluorozone may be used to shrink a polysilicon hardmask  112  that was initially formed with approximately 80 nm wide elements that are approximately 80 nm apart to a mask with approximately 45 nm wide elements that are approximately 160 nm apart, leaving room for inserting additional hardmask elements. 
         [0029]    In some embodiments, fluorozone suitable for controllably shrinking hardmask materials may be formed using dilute hydrofluoric acid having a concentration in the range of approximately 0.03 Wt. % to approximately 0.2 Wt %. The ozone flow rate may be in the range of approximately 1 LPM to approximately 5 LPM with an O 3  concentration in the range of approximately 100 ppm to approximately 300 ppm. In some embodiments the dilute hydrofluoric acid may be heated to a temperature in the range of approximately 18° C. to approximately 35° C. The fluorozone process may be performed, for example, in a Raider® spray acid chamber manufactured by SemiTool Inc. of Kalispell, Mont. operating within a range of approximately 300 rpm to approximately 600 rpm. As indicated above, the initial hardmask  112  thickness may be of varying thickness, depending on the fluorozone process parameters. Also as indicated above, the controlled shrinking of the hardmask may be performed to reduce the hardmask&#39;s feature size by approximately 50%. This may be achieved by exposing the hardmask to the fluorozone process for a time in the range of approximately 5 seconds to approximately 0.25 hours. Further, in some embodiments, additional shrinkage may be achieved through longer exposure to the fluorozone process. In some embodiments, any native oxide on the surface of the hardmask may been removed prior to or during the exposure of the hardmask material to fluorozone. 
         [0030]    Turning to  FIG. 1D , an encapsulating or protective layer  118  may be deposited on the shrunken hardmask  112  to create a planarized surface upon which additional hardmask features may be formed. The protective layer  118  may include tantalum nitride, tungsten nitride, high-density plasma (HDP) oxide, TEOS, and/or spin-on-glass (SOG). The depth of the protective layer  118  may be in the range of approximately 200 angstroms to approximately 10,000 angstroms depending on the dimensions of layer  112 . 
         [0031]    Turning now to  FIG. 1E , an additional layer of hardmask material  120  is deposited on the protective layer  118 . This additional layer of hardmask material  120  will be used to form the additional feature (and, in some embodiments, multiple features) between the two original hardmask features. As with the first hardmask layer  112 , a polycrystalline semiconductor material such as polysilicon, a polycrystalline silicon-germanium alloy, polygermanium or any other suitable material may be used as the hardmask  120 . In other embodiments, a material such as tungsten (W) may be used. The hardmask material layer  120  thickness may be of varying thickness, depending on the subsequent shrinking process parameters. In other words, in some embodiments, the hardmask material layer  120  may be deposited with an initial thickness in the range of approximately 500 angstroms to approximately 3000 angstroms depending on, for example, the concentrations of the components of the fluorozone process to be used. 
         [0032]    Turning now to  FIG. 1F , to pattern the hardmask layer  120 , photolithography layers such as BARC  122  and patterned photoresist  124  may be deposited on the hardmask layer  120 . The depths of the BARC  122  and photoresist  124  layers may be in the range of approximately 100 angstroms to approximately 2000 angstroms depending on the lithography process. Other resist or photolithography layers practicable and suitable for patterning the selected hardmask material  120  may be used. Note that the patterned photoresist  124  may be patterned using the original lithography mask used to pattern the prior layer of photoresist  116 . In some embodiments, the original lithography mask may simply be laterally shifted an amount approximately equal to the nominal size of the process technology being used. Thus, if an 80 nm process is being employed, the lithography mask may be shifted by approximately 80 nm to properly locate the additional hardmask features between the original hardmask features. 
         [0033]    Turning to  FIG. 1G , a BARC/hardmask etch process applied to the structure in  FIG. 1F  results in the transfer of the photoresist pattern  124  to the hardmask  120 . As above, any suitable BARC/hardmask etch process may be used. Many such processes are known in the art and thus, these processes are not described here. 
         [0034]    Turning to  FIG. 1H , the controlled shrinking of the hardmask  120  may be achieved in the same manner as described above. By exposing the patterned hardmask  120  to ozone mixed with a halogenated additive solution (e.g., a dilute mixture of hydrofluoric acid (HF) in water) the hardmask  120  features may be shrunk. Fluorozone may be used to shrink a polysilicon or tungsten hardmask  120  that was initially formed with approximately 80 nm wide elements that are approximately 80 nm apart to a mask with approximately 45 nm wide elements that are approximately 160 nm apart. 
         [0035]    As above, in some embodiments, fluorozone suitable for controllably shrinking hardmask materials may be formed using dilute hydrofluoric acid having a concentration in the range of approximately 0.03 Wt. % to approximately 0.2 Wt %. The ozone flow rate may be in the range of approximately 1 LPM to approximately 5 LPM with an O 3  concentration in the range of approximately 100 ppm to approximately 300 ppm. In some embodiments the dilute hydrofluoric acid may be heated to a temperature in the range of approximately 18° C. to approximately 35° C. The fluorozone process may be performed, for example, in a Raider® spray acid chamber manufactured by SemiTool Inc. of Kalispell, Mont. operating within a range of approximately 300 rpm to approximately 600 rpm. As indicated above, the initial hardmask  120  thickness may be of varying thickness, depending on the fluorozone process parameters. Also as indicated above, the controlled shrinking of the hardmask may be performed to reduce the hardmask&#39;s feature size by approximately 50%. This may be achieved by exposing the hardmask to the fluorozone process for a time in the range of approximately 5 seconds to approximately 0.25 hours. Further, in some embodiments, additional shrinkage may be achieved through longer exposure to the fluorozone process. In some embodiments, any native oxide on the surface of the hardmask may been removed prior to or during the exposure of the hardmask material to fluorozone. 
         [0036]    Going from  FIG. 1H  to  FIG. 1I , the protective layer  118  is etched out between the hardmask  112 ,  120  features down to the TEOS  110  layer in an oxide etch process. Going from  FIG. 1I  to  FIG. 1J , the TEOS  110  layer is etched out between the hardmask  112 ,  120  features down to the top of diode layers (e.g., tungsten  108 ). Going from  FIG. 1J  to  FIG. 1K , the tungsten  108 , tantalum nitride  106 , and antifuse  104  layers (or in other embodiments, alternative diode, memory cell, or circuit component materials) are etched out between the hardmask  112 ,  120  features. Going from  FIG. 1K  to  FIG. 1L , the polysilicon layer  102  is etched out between the hardmask  112 ,  120  features and the hardmask  112 ,  120  is also etched away along with the remaining protective layer  118 . The resulting structure is an array of diode pillars suitable for use in a memory array. 
         [0037]    Although not shown, in some embodiments, after the diode pillar array has been formed, a dielectric layer may be deposited over the substrate  100  so as to fill the voids between the diode pillars. For example, approximately 200 to approximately 7000 angstroms of silicon dioxide may be deposited on the substrate  100  and planarized using chemical mechanical polishing or an etchback process to form a planar surface. Other dielectric materials such as silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, low K dielectrics, etc., and/or other dielectric layer thicknesses may be used. Exemplary low K dielectrics include carbon doped oxides, silicon carbon layers, or the like. 
       Conductor Array Forming Process 
       [0038]    Turning now to  FIGS. 2A through 2L , an example process for creating an array of conductors (e.g., word lines and/or bit lines for use in a three dimensional memory array) with an increased feature density is illustrated. Note that the drawings represent only a partial cross-sectional end view of only a small portion of a substrate with material layers that may be used to form one layer of conductors for a level of a three-dimensional memory array. In other words, even though formation of only three conductors is depicted, the present invention may be applied to forming any number of conductors in any orientation. Also note that while the process is illustrated as being performed on a substrate, the same process may be performed on top of one or more memory array levels so that conductor layers for additional levels of the memory array may be created by the process of the present invention. 
         [0039]    With reference to  FIG. 2A , a substrate  200  may be coated with multiple layers of films (e.g., tungsten (W)  202 , tantalum nitride (TiN)  204 , etc.) that may ultimately be employed to form conductors (e.g., word lines and/or bit lines). As indicated above, previously incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 6,952,030 describes various methods of forming such layers. Although only one level or series of layers is depicted, the present invention may be applied to multiple levels of layers used to form a monolithic three dimensional memory array. Thus, in addition to layers that include materials to form conductors, layers that are used to form memory elements (not shown) and insulators (not shown) may also be present on or between the levels of layers. Further the layers may be inverted as compared to the layers depicted in  FIG. 2A . Finally, it should be understood that many additional and alternative layers of different materials and thicknesses may be used to form the levels. 
         [0040]    A layer of TEOS  208  may be formed on the conductor films. The TEOS layer  208  may have a thickness in the range of approximately 500 angstroms to approximately 4000 angstroms depending on the thickness of the wire material (films  202  &amp;  204 ). Other materials such as SOG (spin on glass) and amorphous carbon may be used in place of TEOS. 
         [0041]    On the TEOS layer  208 , a layer of hardmask material  210  may be deposited. In some embodiments, a polycrystalline semiconductor material may be used as a hardmask  210  such as polysilicon, a polycrystalline silicon-germanium alloy, polygermanium or any other suitable material. In other embodiments, a material such as tungsten (W) may be used. The hardmask material layer  210  thickness may be of varying thickness, depending on the shrinking process parameters described below. In other words, in some embodiments, the hardmask material layer  210  may have an initial thickness in the range of approximately 500 angstroms to approximately 3000 angstroms depending on, for example, the concentrations of the components of the fluorozone process to be used. 
         [0042]    To pattern the hardmask layer  210 , photolithography layers such as Bottom Anti-Reflection Coating (BARC)  212  and patterned photoresist  214  may be deposited on the hardmask layer  210 . The depths of the BARC  212  and photoresist  214  layers may be in the range of approximately 100 angstroms to approximately 2000 angstroms depending on the lithography process. Other resist or photolithography layers practicable and suitable for patterning the selected hardmask material  210  may be used. 
         [0043]    According to the present invention, the photoresist  214  may be patterned using the highest feature density achievable with the process technology being used. Thus, if for example, 80 nm technology is used, the width of the elements of the photoresist pattern for forming features (e.g., diode pillars) may be 80 nm and the pitch, or spacing between the elements of the photoresist pattern, may also be 80 nm. Likewise, if 65 nm technology is used, the width of the elements of the photoresist pattern for forming features may be 65 nm and the pitch may also be 65 nm. Note that this is in contrast to convention double patterning methods where elements of the first photoresist pattern are required to be spaced apart further than the maximum density (e.g., minimum pitch) of the process technology being used. 
         [0044]    Turning to  FIG. 2B , a BARC/hardmask etch process applied to the structure in  FIG. 2A  results in the transfer of the photoresist pattern  214  to the hardmask  210 . Any suitable BARC/hardmask etch process may be used. Many such processes are known in the art and thus, these processes are not described here. 
         [0045]    Turning to  FIG. 2C , the controlled shrinking of the hardmask  210  is achieved by exposing the patterned hardmask  210  to ozone mixed with a halogenated additive solution (e.g., a dilute mixture of hydrofluoric acid (HF) in water). Thus, for example, fluorozone may be used to shrink a polysilicon hardmask  210  that was initially formed with approximately 80 nm wide elements that are approximately 80 nm apart to a mask with approximately 45 nm wide elements that are approximately 160 nm apart, leaving room for inserting additional hardmask elements. 
         [0046]    In some embodiments, fluorozone suitable for controllably shrinking hardmask materials may be formed using dilute hydrofluoric acid having a concentration in the range of approximately 0.03 Wt. % to approximately 0.2 Wt %. The ozone flow rate may be in the range of approximately 1 LPM to approximately 5 LPM with an O 3  concentration in the range of approximately 100 ppm to approximately 300 ppm. In some embodiments the dilute hydrofluoric acid may be heated to a temperature in the range of approximately 18° C. to approximately 35° C. The fluorozone process may be performed, for example, in a Raider® spray acid chamber manufactured by SemiTool Inc. of Kalispell, Mont. operating within a range of approximately 300 rpm to approximately 600 rpm. As indicated above, the initial hardmask  210  thickness may be of varying thickness, depending on the fluorozone process parameters. Also as indicated above, the controlled shrinking of the hardmask may be performed to reduce the hardmask&#39;s feature size by approximately 50%. This may be achieved by exposing the hardmask to the fluorozone process for a time in the range of approximately 5 seconds to approximately 0.25 hours. Further, in some embodiments, additional shrinkage may be achieved through longer exposure to the fluorozone process. In some embodiments, any native oxide on the surface of the hardmask may been removed prior to or during the exposure of the hardmask material to fluorozone. 
         [0047]    Turning to  FIG. 2D , an encapsulating or protective layer  216  may be deposited on the shrunken hardmask  210  to create a planarized surface upon which additional hardmask features may be formed. The protective layer  216  may include tantalum nitride, tungsten nitride, high-density plasma (HDP) oxide, TEOS, and/or spin-on-glass (SOG). The depth of the protective layer  216  may be in the range of approximately 200 angstroms to approximately 10,000 angstroms depending on the dimensions of layer  210 . 
         [0048]    Still with reference to  FIG. 2D , an additional layer of hardmask material  218  is deposited on the protective layer  216 . This additional layer of hardmask material  218  will be used to form the additional feature (and, in some embodiments, multiple features) between the two original hardmask features. As with the first hardmask layer  210 , a polycrystalline semiconductor material such as polysilicon, a polycrystalline silicon-germanium alloy, polygermanium or any other suitable material may be used as the hardmask  218 . In other embodiments, a material such as tungsten (W) may be used. The hardmask material layer  218  thickness may be of varying thickness, depending on the subsequent shrinking process parameters. In other words, in some embodiments, the hardmask material layer  218  may be deposited with an initial thickness in the range of approximately 500 angstroms to approximately 3000 angstroms depending on, for example, the concentrations of the components of the fluorozone process to be used. 
         [0049]    Turning now to  FIG. 2E , to pattern the hardmask layer  120 , photolithography layers such as BARC  220  and patterned photoresist  224  may be deposited on the hardmask layer  218 . The depths of the BARC  220  and photoresist  224  layers may be in the range of approximately 100 angstroms to approximately 2000 angstroms depending on the lithography process. Other resist or photolithography layers practicable and suitable for patterning the selected hardmask material  218  may be used. Note that the patterned photoresist  224  may be patterned using the original lithography mask used to pattern the prior layer of photoresist  214 . In some embodiments, the original lithography mask may simply be laterally shifted an amount approximately equal to the nominal size of the process technology being used. Thus, if an 80 nm process is being employed, the lithography mask may be shifted by approximately 80 nm to properly locate the additional hardmask features  218  ( FIG. 2F ) between the original hardmask features  210 . 
         [0050]    Turning to  FIG. 2F , a BARC/hardmask etch process applied to the structure in  FIG. 2E  results in the transfer of the photoresist pattern  224  to the hardmask  218 . As above, any suitable BARC/hardmask etch process may be used. Many such processes are known in the art and thus, these processes are not described here. 
         [0051]    Turning to  FIG. 2G , the controlled shrinking of the hardmask  218  may be achieved in the same manner as described above. By exposing the patterned hardmask  218  to ozone mixed with a halogenated additive solution (e.g., a dilute mixture of hydrofluoric acid (HF) in water) the hardmask  218  features may be shrunk. For example, fluorozone may be used to shrink a polysilicon or tungsten hardmask  218  that was initially formed with approximately 80 nm wide elements that are approximately 80 nm apart to a mask with approximately 45 nm wide elements that are approximately 160 nm apart. 
         [0052]    As above, in some embodiments, fluorozone suitable for controllably shrinking hardmask materials may be formed using dilute hydrofluoric acid having a concentration in the range of approximately 0.03 Wt. % to approximately 0.2 Wt %. The ozone flow rate may be in the range of approximately 1 LPM to approximately 5 LPM with an O 3  concentration in the range of approximately 100 ppm to approximately 300 ppm. In some embodiments the dilute hydrofluoric acid may be heated to a temperature in the range of approximately 18° C. to approximately 35° C. The fluorozone process may be performed, for example, in a Raider® spray acid chamber manufactured by SemiTool Inc. of Kalispell, Mont. operating within a range of approximately 300 rpm to approximately 600 rpm. Other similar tools maybe used. As indicated above, the initial hardmask  218  thickness may be of varying thickness, depending on the fluorozone process parameters. Also as indicated above, the controlled shrinking of the hardmask may be performed to reduce the hardmask&#39;s feature size by approximately 50%. This may be achieved by exposing the hardmask to the fluorozone process for a time in the range of approximately 5 seconds to approximately 0.25 hours. Further, in some embodiments, additional shrinkage may be achieved through longer exposure to the fluorozone process. In some embodiments, any native oxide on the surface of the hardmask may been removed prior to or during the exposure of the hardmask material to fluorozone. 
         [0053]    Going from  FIG. 2G  to  FIG. 2H , the protective layer  216  is etched out between the hardmask  210 ,  218  features down to the TEOS  208  layer in an oxide etch process. Going from  FIG. 2H  to  FIG. 2I , the TEOS  208  layer is etched out between the hardmask  210 ,  218  features down to the top of conductor layers (e.g., tantalum nitride  204 ). Going from  FIG. 2I  to  FIG. 2J , the tantalum nitride  204  layer is etched out between the hardmask  210 ,  218  features. Going from  FIG. 2J  to  FIG. 2K , the tungsten layer  202  is etched out between the hardmask  210 ,  218  features and the hardmask  210 ,  218  is also etched away along with the remaining protective layer  216 . The resulting structure is an array of conductors suitable for use in a memory array. 
         [0054]    Although not shown, in some embodiments, after the conductor array has been formed, a dielectric layer may be deposited over the substrate  200  so as to fill the voids between the conductors. For example, approximately 200 to approximately 7000 angstroms of silicon dioxide may be deposited on the substrate  200  and planarized using chemical mechanical polishing or an etchback process to form a planar surface. Other dielectric materials such as silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, low K dielectrics, etc., and/or other dielectric layer thicknesses may be used. Exemplary low K dielectrics include carbon doped oxides, silicon carbon layers, or the like. 
         [0055]    The foregoing description discloses only exemplary embodiments of the invention. Modifications of the above disclosed apparatus and methods which fall within the scope of the invention will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. For instance, although the present invention has been described primarily with regard to using FluorOzone to shrink the hardmask, other additives may be mixed with ozone to chemically shrink the mask. 
         [0056]    Accordingly, while the present invention has been disclosed in connection with exemplary embodiments thereof, it should be understood that other embodiments may fall within the spirit and scope of the invention, as defined by the following claims.