Abstract:
A method for identifying crystallization conditions for at least one analyte, including providing a set of compositions, each composition comprising at least one analyte, and inducing or allowing each composition to adopt at least a first condition possibly influencing crystallization and detecting any crystallization in at least one composition.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of PCT International Patent Application PCT/NL01/0054, filed on Jul. 13, 2001, and published, in English, as PCT International Publication No. WO 02/06802 on Jan. 24, 2002, the contents of the entirety of which is incorporated herein by this reference. 
     
    
     
       TECHNICAL FIELD  
         [0002]    The present invention relates to methods for crystal forms (polymorphs) for analytes using, for example, a method and an apparatus for screening the phase behavior, more in particular, crystallization behavior in liquid, gel or solid phases of such analytes, such as organic molecules, for instance, pharmaceutically interesting compounds and complexes, oligomers, salts, esters and solvates thereof, organometallic molecules such as catalysts for homogeneous catalysis, etc. The invention also relates to the parallel detection of phase transitions, more specifically crystallization, of these analytes.  
           [0003]    The invention also provides methods for producing crystals of analytes on any desired scale using the conditions identified according to the invention. Further uses of the crystals and compositions comprising such crystals are also disclosed. Crystals of analytes according to the invention can also be used to collect information on the structure of analytes, more in particular in relation to the existence of crystal polymorphism. The invention provides for a method for the rapid determination of crystal polymorphism.  
         BACKGROUND  
         [0004]    Crystallization is, in general, considered as the separation or precipitation out of a liquid environment. The basic approach to crystallization is usually fairly simple. The molecule to be crystallized is dissolved or suspended and subsequently subjected to conditions that affect the solubility of the molecule in solution. This can be achieved by removal of the solvent or by the addition of other compounds that reduce the solubility, optionally in combination with variation of other factors such temperature, pressure or gravitational forces. When the conditions are right, small nuclei will form from which crystals will grow. However, the relations between the conditions and the crystallization are generally not well understood. The optimization of the crystallization conditions is largely based on trial and error. To determine the optimal crystallization conditions can therefore be a laborious and time-consuming process.  
           [0005]    Many molecules can crystallize in different crystal forms, a phenomenon known as polymorphism. The appearance of these different crystalline forms is strongly dependent on the physical and chemical environment in which the crystal nucleates, grows or is exposed to after growth. Different crystalline forms result from different conditions under which the crystallization is carried out. However, there is no significant theoretical framework that allows one to predict reliably whether specific polymorphic forms of a molecule exist or can be expected and, if so, how these can be produced. The identification of polymorphic behavior of molecules and determining the conditions under which the different polymorphic forms can be obtained therefore has to be done experimentally, a time-consuming and labor-intensive process.  
           [0006]    Once the material is in a crystalline form, valuable information can be obtained pertaining to the three-dimensional structure of the molecule. Furthermore valuable information can be obtained from different crystalline forms of molecules. For instance, different polymorphic forms may express different dissolution behavior, or even express different properties in terms of biological activity.  
           [0007]    Many pharmaceutically and/or industrially important molecules such as drug molecules or catalysts for homogeneous catalysis are solids at room temperature. More often than not, these molecules crystallize in distinct structural forms, thus exhibiting polymorphic behavior. It is therefore of interest to obtain information on the crystallization behavior of such compounds.  
           [0008]    The crystallization behavior of a compound is determined mostly by its stereochemistry. This obviously comprises its covalent bonding pattern but also its ionic structure as determined by the presence of any available counter-ions in the crystal lattice. Next to this chemical makeup, other external parameters also affect the crystallization of organic compounds such as concentration of the compound in the mother liquor, hydrophobicity/polarity of the solvents, temperature, speed of crystal formation (nucleation), pressure and many others.  
           [0009]    Due to this large number of parameters that affect crystallization, determining the optimal combination of parameters results in an overwhelming amount of possible combinations. Conventional linear optimization (testing one condition after the other) based on trial and error is hence a long and cumbersome method, if at all feasible. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide methods in which testing of many combinations is possible and can be done efficiently and rapidly and preferably in parallel, i.e., testing various combinations of parameters at the same time.  
           [0010]    Conventional linear optimization as described above is also common practice in the search for polymorphs of small organic compounds. By serially screening many different conditions separately and evaluating the results, each in standard laboratory glassware, the desired information can be collected, albeit at a very slow pace. Harvesting of the crystalline material (for instance, in the form of powders) before characterization is usually done manually, one at a time.  
         BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0011]    The invention provides improvements in determining crystallization conditions in general and, in particular, in determining polymorphic behavior. The invention further intends to overcome the above-mentioned disadvantages of the conventional techniques.  
           [0012]    The present inventors have found a method for the screening of a large number of crystallization conditions. Further, they have devised a way for the screening of a large number of crystallization conditions in parallel and for the identification of crystal polymorphs.  
           [0013]    A method and an apparatus is disclosed for generating and analyzing, preferably in parallel, multiple crystal forms (polymorphs) of chemical substance or mixtures of substances (the analyte) from which preferably at least one crystal form is known. To this end, an array of solutions, or at least one solution, is provided, for instance, in a range of solvents or solvent mixtures, or at least one solvent. The analyte may be provided in a specially designed substrate, but a conventional substrate such as a microtiter plate may suffice provided that some conditions are fulfilled which are exemplified in the various embodiments. Conditions under which the analytes are kept in the substrate are changed, for instance, by altering or modifying physical or chemical conditions such as lowering the temperature or allowing solvent to evaporate. The crystallization of the analytes may be induced by a change in these physical or chemical conditions. The insoluble material is analyzed, for instance, by X-ray diffraction techniques and preferably in transmission geometry. The analysis of the insoluble material can be performed in situ on the substrate or by transferring the insoluble fractions of the analytes to a carrier. The X-ray diffraction patterns are, preferably automatically, corrected and compared. The patterns of different analytes are compared, thereby allowing the identification of different polymorphs and the conditions under which these polymorphs form or are converted from one polymorphic form into another.  
           [0014]    The invention in one aspect relates to a method for detecting polymorphism of at least one analyte, comprising the provision of a set of compositions comprising at least one analyte and inducing or allowing each composition to adopt at least a first condition possibly influencing crystallization and detecting any crystallization in at least one composition.  
           [0015]    An analyte within the terms of the present invention is a compound of which the crystallization behavior is to be determined. An analyte in terms of the invention is a chemical substance or a mixture of different substances of which substance at least one crystal form is known or of which it is expected that at least one crystal form exists. An analyte in terms of the invention is preferably an organic or organometallic molecule or compound, such as a pharmaceutically active molecule or catalyst-ligand complex or a dimer, salt, ester or solvate thereof. In another aspect, an analyte in terms of the present invention can also be a biomolecule, i.e., nucleic acids, DNA&#39;s, RNA&#39;s, PNA&#39;s, polypeptides, peptides, glycoproteins and other proteinaceous substances, lipoproteins protein-nucleic acid complexes, carbohydrates, biomimetics, etc. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES  
       [0016]    [0016]FIG. 1: The overall layout of the microplate substrate with 96 containers.  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 2: Filter holder.  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 3: X-Y translation table on diffractometer.  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 4: X-ray diffraction patterns of different polymorphs recorded in the microarray.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 5: X-ray powder diffraction patterns of polymorphs A, B and C of F 5 O 3 NC 18 H 2 .  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 6: Pathways used to produce polymorphs B and C in bulk from polymorph A of F 5 O 3 NC 18 H 2 .  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 7: Microwell containing a polymorph of F 5 O 3 NC 18 H 2 . 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0023]    One preferred way of working the method of the present invention comprises providing a substrate comprising an array of optionally sealable containers, which containers are optionally provided with means to induce crystallization, such as substances that alter or influence crystallization behavior such as nucleation agents, depositing separate volumes of analytes in the form of solids, slurries, emulsions or solutions and whereby the composition of each container differs in at least one aspect from the composition of at least one other container, optionally sealing off the containers from the atmosphere, optionally providing the containers with an atmosphere that influences the crystallization behavior, allowing crystalline material to form, manipulating the obtained crystalline material diffraction, for instance, by removal of the solvents or providing the crystalline material on a carrier material to allow for analysis of the crystalline structure, preferably by X-ray diffraction techniques, preferably automatically determining the X-ray diffraction patterns of optionally selected analytes or compositions, optionally comparing the diffraction patterns of the analytes or compositions, optionally correcting the diffraction patterns for background fluctuations, optionally identifying polymorphs of the analyte and optionally relating the occurrence and the crystal form of the polymorphs to the composition and condition to which the analyte has been subjected.  
         [0024]    The substrate is preferably chemically inert to the substances and solvents employed and is preferably transparent to the detection technique used, e.g., X-ray transparent in case of X-ray diffraction technique. If the substrate is not transparent to X-rays, the array of samples may be measured in reflection X-ray diffraction geometry, but preferably are measured in transmission X-ray diffraction geometry after transferring the samples sequentially, but preferably in parallel, to an X-ray transparent carrier. The substrate is preferably also transparent to visual light (ca 200 nm to 1000 nm) to allow visual or optical inspection. The substrate is preferably also capable of transferring heat, thereby allowing for temperature variations. Examples of arrays are 8 by 12 up to 32 by 48, with orthogonal center-to-center distance varying from 2 to 10 mm between the containers or wells of the substrate.  
         [0025]    The determination of the polymorphic forms of the analyte is preferably achieved by electron diffraction or by X-ray diffraction technology. Different polymorphs of an analyte produce different diffraction patterns. By determining the diffraction patterns, preferably in transmission geometry, from the crystallized analytes and comparing these diffraction patterns, information is obtained relating the different crystallization conditions to different crystalline forms of the analyte.  
         [0026]    The determination of the X-ray diffraction characteristics of the crystallized analytes can conveniently be carried out in the provided array in which the crystallization method has been carried out (in-situ). In transmission diffraction geometry, the preferred implementation, this requires that the array itself is transparent to X-ray diffraction or that the background diffraction pattern from the array is determined and the obtained X-ray diffraction data from the crystal in the array are corrected for this background pattern. It is likewise possible to move all crystallites from the substrate medium onto a carrier substrate, for instance, by simultaneous filtration of all crystalline material, slurries, etc., that are present in the wells of the medium. This allows for an analysis of crystalline material with reduced background signals from solvents, etc. The advantage of using a transmission geometry over more conventional reflection geometry of the diffraction experiments is that substantially more signal is measured per mass unit of analyte. It is thus possible to use milligram, preferably nanogram or pictogram, amounts of material and still achieve an improved throughput.  
         [0027]    The determination of the existence of different polymorphs of an analyte can be used to determine and/or optimizing the conditions for the conversion of one crystal form of the analyte into another form of the analyte. An advantageous aspect of the present invention pertains to a method for optimizing the conditions of the transformation of one polymorphic form of an analyte into another polymorphic form by subjecting the one polymorphic form of the analyte to the method for detecting polymorphism of the present invention.  
         [0028]    According to the invention, preferably a plurality of different conditions is provided, each differing in at least one parameter which influences the crystallization behavior of the analyte to be crystallized. In an embodiment of the invention, the different conditions can be chemical or physical. A chemical condition in general comprises different (concentrations of) solvents, buffers, precipitants, salts, etc. A physical condition is seen in terms of temperature, pressure, etc.  
         [0029]    Although the art generally teaches that large quantities of material are required for successful crystallization, we have shown that submicrogram quantities can be used for small molecules (molecular weight in the order of less than 500 grams per mole) and even down to 1 nanogram quantities for proteins (molecular weight in the order of more than 5000 grams per mole). Because of the small volumes that can be used in the methods according to the invention, availability of analytes is less of a problem and rapid testing of numerous conditions and easy adjustment of relevant conditions are easily obtained. The method is thus advantageous when only minute quantities of the analyte are available, for instance, in an early stage of the research.  
         [0030]    Major advantages of the method according to the invention are that automated setup of the experiments is generally quicker for small volumes, the automated detection of crystals in an array of conditions is quicker as more samples can be tested simultaneously, less material is required thereby reducing wastage, more tests can be performed given the amount of material available, the chance that the conditions under which crystallization is achieved are identified significantly increases and the chances of identification of different polymorphic forms increases likewise.  
         [0031]    A preferred way of providing a set of compositions for determining crystallization conditions for analytes is a method wherein a set of compositions is provided on a solid support medium comprising a multitude of separate cells, each comprising one composition. In this manner, an array-like test format is provided allowing for easy automation of dispensing compositions and/or changing conditions per composition and detection of phase change behavior (typically crystallization of the analyte). In any format, the crystallization may be best achieved by a further change to the conditions by allowing changes in any of the parameters through diffusion, evaporation, temperature change or other techniques or processes and combinations thereof. Such further changes in physical or chemical conditions can be applied in the present invention and very conveniently so in the array format. Further changes may also be used to fine tune the crystallization conditions. The cells on the solid support are preferably further equipped with means for controlling the atmosphere in or directly above the cells. To this end, the support medium is, for instance fitted, with sealing devices or sealing substances which seal off the entire support or seal off individual cells or groups of cells. To this end, balls, plates, caps, inert liquids like paraffin oil, silicon oil, etc., can be provided.  
         [0032]    The analyte is brought in the cells of the solid support by techniques that allow for the precise and controlled delivery of minute amounts of matter. Suitable techniques are those that allow for the precise and controlled delivery of amounts of liquids or solids in the range of microliters or -grams, preferably nanoliters or -grams, more preferable picoliters or -grams. When the analyte is provided in any liquid form, preferably dispensing techniques such as piezo-electric dispensing techniques, bubble-jet dispensing techniques, electro-spray dispensing techniques, as well as other micro- and submicro-dispensing techniques can be used; preferably nano-dispensing techniques are used. By using these techniques for dispensing, it is possible to provide each cell with a predetermined amount of analyte. Hence, it is likewise possible to provide to each cell a different amount of analyte.  
         [0033]    Also non-directional dispensing of a fluid onto the substrate, for instance, by flood-filling by submerging the substrate into a fluid, pouring the fluid over the substrate, or other flood-filling techniques can be employed advantageously.  
         [0034]    When the analyte is provided by means of some carrier, for instance, in the form of a solution or emulsion, it is a preferred option to remove, at least partly, solvents and/or other carrier fluids by allowing or causing a degree of evaporation, drying, draining, lyophilization or other fluid removal technique from the cells.  
         [0035]    It is often desired to be able to influence the speed and duration of crystallization processes, as well as the size and size distribution and homogeneity and/or purity of resulting crystals. In order to do so, the invention is particularly suitable. A fast formation of nuclei can be designed, followed by slow crystallization on those nuclei, if desired. Conditions on how to influence speed and growth and how to end crystallization can all be determined. After that, a production scale of crystals, for instance, for pharmaceutical use (in pharmaceutical preparations) can be based on the conditions identified according to the invention. During crystal growth, gravity-induced convection that is caused by local concentration gradients that result from the accretion of molecules on the growing crystal can adversely affect the crystalline order of a crystal. In small volumes, this gravity-induced convection is far less severe, since next to the diffusion rate and the speed of crystal growth, convection increases with the physical size of the container in which crystallization takes place. Therefore, the present method will generally result in crystals that are better ordered than crystals grown in larger volumes that are subjected to gravity.  
         [0036]    As the method reduces gravity-induced convection during crystal growth, the crystalline order of crystals produced with the method will approach that of high quality crystals grown in space, i.e., in microgravity conditions.  
         [0037]    The invention provides for the determination of crystallization conditions that allow for the growth of different crystal forms of the analyte, thus enabling the identification of polymorphic forms from the analyte. This is valuable information, for instance, in the case of a pharmaceutical whereby polymorphs of the pharmaceutical compound of interest can each have different physical properties or different properties in terms of biological activity. Official approval such as from the United States Food and Drug Administration of a specific and well-defined drug cannot be transferred to another polymorph of the same drug, although the chemical nature of the constituting molecules is identical. It is, therefore, very important that the various polymorphs of a drug are discovered and identified in order to gain an understanding of their biological properties. Furthermore, the early discovery of these drug polymorphs is also pharmaceutically interesting as the different polymorphs may have a different biological activity, for instance, through differences in solubility.  
         [0038]    The invention also provides a method for producing a composition comprising crystals of an analyte of a narrow size distribution, comprising selecting crystallization conditions for the analyte by a method according to the invention and scaling up the conditions to a desired total volume, where crystals obtained by the method can be used as nucleation centers. The crystals obtained by such a method will be more homogeneous in size and composition than crystals obtained by methods available until now. Thus, the invention also encompasses these crystals. Such crystals can be used for pharmaceutical purposes or as seed crystals in further crystallization processes. In such an embodiment, the invention provides a method for producing crystals of an analyte, comprising providing an oversaturated composition of the analyte and providing the oversaturated composition with seed crystals according to the invention. A preferred use of the crystals produced according to the invention is in the determination of structures of analytes. Thus, the invention further provides a method for determining the structure of an analyte comprising subjecting crystals from the composition according to the invention to solid-state NMR techniques, neutron diffraction, electron diffraction and/or X-ray diffraction and determining its crystal structure.  
         [0039]    Preferably, the method is carried out in an array of separate cells, whereby each cell contains a different composition. When a change in phase behavior occurs, this is detected and can be correlated to the specific composition and conditions under which the screening is taking place. To provide for an increased reliability of the method, each combination may be provided in duplicate or triplicate on the same solid support medium.  
         [0040]    Any crystal that does not have a cubic symmetry is known to change the polarization of linearly polarized light, depending on its orientation with respect to the direction of polarization of the through-falling light. This property of crystals and crystalline biomaterial in particular is at present being used to determine and inspect the quality of individual crystals. However, this property can also be used to determine the presence or absence of a crystal of an analyte that is noncubic. By measuring the change in the polarization of the light falling through, as the direction of polarization is changed, the presence of noncubic crystalline material can be determined. Preferably, the change in phase behavior of the analyte is caused by the formation of crystalline material. This allows for the introduction of a separate step in the method for the detection of polymorphic behavior. By first determining the presence of crystalline material, the number of X-ray diffraction patterns that has to be recorded may be reduced: This allows for a further increase in the efficiency of the method according to the invention.  
         [0041]    Changes in phase behavior can be determined in various ways, but for the rapid screening of multiple samples under reproducible circumstances, preferred techniques are based on the detection or measurement of, continuously or intermittently, optical and/or diffraction characteristics of the individual cells.  
         [0042]    The determination of the optical and/or diffraction characteristics of the individual cells can be done with a system comprising:  
         [0043]    a light source, the direction of polarization of which can be varied;  
         [0044]    a holder for a substrate comprising a multitude of cells;  
         [0045]    a system for detecting a change in the polarization of the light coming from the polarizable light source;  
         [0046]    a position-sensitive detector.  
         [0047]    A change in the polarization of the light generally corresponds to a change in phase behavior. It is preferred that the change in phase behavior is mainly due to a phase change of the analyte. A change in phase behavior that is not caused by a phase change of the analyte may additionally provide useful and valuable information regarding the phase behavior of the analyte itself. For example, if any salt crystallizes, while the substance of interest remains soluble, the substance of interest cannot be precipitated at its present concentration with salt.  
         [0048]    Detecting phase changes can also be done by visual screening, for instance, with the aid of microscopy techniques. The existence of polymorphs can then be determined by the previously described technique.  
         [0049]    The invention further provides as a specific embodiment a method for screening the crystallization behavior of at least one analyte comprising the steps of:  
         [0050]    providing a solid support medium comprising a multitude of separate cells;  
         [0051]    combining the analyte in each separate cell with one or more other components preferably such that the total composition of an individual cell differs in at least one aspect from the composition of at least one other cell, where the mixing of components and analytes is either simultaneously or in sequence, in any order;  
         [0052]    optionally modifying the conditions that lead to changes in phase behavior in individual compositions;  
         [0053]    detecting changes in phase behavior, more in particular crystallization, of the compositions in the separate cells.  
         [0054]    Additionally, to speed up the identification of ideal conditions, the different cells can be compared (automatically) to each other.  
         [0055]    Of course, the change in phase behavior of the composition is preferably mainly caused by a phase change, more in particular by crystallization, of the analyte.  
         [0056]    To enhance crystallization of the analyte, an inert nucleus or inert nuclei for crystallization may be provided. In one embodiment, the invention thus provides a method wherein the surface of the support medium comprises at least one crystallization nucleus comprising an inert crystal, preferably those wherein the nucleation centers are in the form of small crystallites preferably of salts or complexes of the analyte. In another embodiment, the (crystalline) nature of the substrate itself may influence crystallization of the analyte.  
         [0057]    The crystallization initiation may further be influenced by a step in which nucleation is induced by agitation, vibration, microwave treatment, (ultra)sonic treatments or a combination thereof.  
         [0058]    The invention is further explained by the use of the following illustrative examples.  
       EXAMPLES  
       [0059]    A microbatch array designed to process organic and inorganic liquids at elevated temperature and pressure was used. Materials were chosen to be as chemically inert as possible to allow for a rapid heat transfer to and from the liquid compartments. A microplate array with outer dimensions of 127.7 mm by 85.5 mm and containing 96 wells was machined from brass and was gold plated after machining. The volume of the microwells is approximately 50 μL and the individual wells are sealed with an O-ring made of a synthetic flexible polymer. For this purpose, VITON® rings were used, but chemically more inert rings like KALREZ® or TEFLON® rings might be preferable. The wells were closed by covering the O-rings by a 4 mm thick glass plate (length 117 mm, width 75 mm). To immobilize the glass plate on the microplate, a brass bracket is mounted with 16 small screws. The format of the microplate array is based on the standard size of a 96-well microtitre plate. The brass microplate is bolted to a stainless steel adapter board that fits snugly into the heating element of a commercially available 96-well thermocycler. (VITON is a registered trademark of DuPont Dow Elastomers LLC Corporation, and TEFLON and KALREZ are registered trademarks of E. I. duPont deNemours and Company.)  
         [0060]    The wells or containers of the substrate are filled with any manual, semi-automatic or automatic pipetting or dispensing device. The analyte is introduced in solution, upon which the solvent can be evaporated. It may be important to thoroughly filter the solution of the analyte before introducing it in the containers. Subsequently, other components or solvents can be introduced by pipetting. If some or all of the analyte present in a container does not dissolve in its liquid environment, the temperature may be raised, optionally after the container has been sealed, to a temperature that is sufficiently high to achieve total dissolution.  
         [0061]    A means of changing the conditions in the array of containers, resulting in crystallization of the analyte, is optionally provided. By changing the temperature, by allowing solvent to evaporate, or by a combination of these two processes, crystallization is induced in parallel in one or more of the containers of the substrate. A means of analysis of the crystallinity and identification of polymorphs in each of the solid fractions in the array of containers is provided.  
         [0062]    Optionally, the solid materials from each of the individual containers can be transferred simultaneously to a thin carrier membrane using one of a variety of different ways. For example, Whatman Polyfiltronics has developed a system for harvesting on a single filter precipitated chemicals from a 96-well plate by filtration using a special suction system. A means of automated analysis and identification of physical properties of polymorphs on an array of containers is provided.  
         [0063]    The optional filter is mounted on an X-Z translation system, like the one manufactured by Altechna Co. Ltd., Vilnius, Latvia, that is placed on an X-ray diffractometer, like an FRG-391 generator from Nonius (Delft, NL). (Transmission powder) X-ray diffraction patterns can be recorded on an area detector, like the MAR-345 image plate detector of MAR Research GmbH (Hamburg, Germany). X-ray diffraction patterns are recorded of each of the retentates that are held on the filter. After the exposure of one retentate has finished, the X-Z translation table moves the next retentate into the exposure position. The X-ray diffraction images are analyzed and compared. Fluctuating backgrounds, due to, e.g., non-uniformity of the filter, can be removed from the diffraction images before mutually comparing the observed patterns.  
         [0064]    An example of the application of the described technology is given below:  
         [0065]    Results on F 5 O 3 NC 18 H 2  in microarray  
         [0066]    A single chemical compound (F 5 O 3 NC 18 H 2 , molecular weight: 393.36) was tested for crystallizing conditions and polymorphism, using a simple heating-cooling cycle on a screen consisting of 16 different solvent compositions. The diffraction patterns of different polymorphs were identified automatically using a cross-correlation method. The full screen consisted of 6 identical subsets. The identified polymorphs are indicated in table I.  
         [0067]    In some of the containers no polymorph could be identified. This may be due to the absence of crystallinity and/or the very low amount of crystalline material present. Out of 73 compounds classified, according to their X-ray diffraction, only two wells contained material that was not a polymorph of the original material (polymorph A). The X-ray diffraction patterns of the three polymorphs are given in FIG. 4. In conclusion, it is possible to produce and detect polymorphs in small volumes. Relating the processing condition to the formation of the desired polymorph is possible. Further information was obtained from additional screens exploring the phase diagram in more detail to find optimized processing conditions.  
         [0068]    Results on F 5 O 3 NC 18 H 2  in bulk  
         [0069]    Two polymorphs B and C were produced from the original material, polymorph A, using a variety of pathways. The formation of polymorph B was found after dissolving polymorph A in water at an elevated temperature of 120° C. and pressure. This seems to be an intermediate structure and several pathways could be used to obtain the polymorph C in bulk. The X-ray diffraction patterns of the three polymorphs are given in FIG. 5. In conclusion, both polymorphs B and C can be produced in bulk using different pathways as shown in FIG. 6. The masses of polymorphs A and C were determined by ESI mass spectrometry and both masses were in agreement with the chemical composition as documented. It can be ruled out that polymorph B or C is a degradation product, since C can be produced from pure A via intermediate B.  
                                                                                                                           TABLE I                           Identification of polymorphs on the micro-array                  1       2       3       4       5       6       7       8       9       10       11       12                            I     C   B   B   C   —   B   B   B   A   B   C   C         II     —   C   C   —   B   —   C   C   B   C   C   C         III     B   C   C   C   —   C   C   C   B   C   C   C         IV     B   —   C   C   —   C   —   C   B   —   C   C         V     C   B   —   C   C   A   B   B   B   C   C   B         VI     B   —   C   —   B   —   —   —   B   C   C   —         VII     —   C   —   B   C   C   C   C   C   C   C   C         VIII     B   C   C   —   B   —   C   C   B   —   —   —                          
 
         [0070]    [0070]                                     TABLE II                           Solvent Composition of each microwell            index   1   2   3   4               A   15 μL H 2 O    5 μL MeOH   10 μL H 2 O   10 μL H 2 O               10 μL H 2 O    5 μL BuOH    5 μL i-PrOH       B    5 μL H 2 O   15 μL MeOH   10 μL MeOH   10 μL MeOH           10 μL MeOH        5 μL BuOH    5 μL i-PrOH       C    5 μL H 2 O    5 μL MeOH   15 μL BuOH   10 μL BuOH           10 μL BuOH   10 μL BuOH        5 μL i-PrOH       D    5 μL H 2 O    5 μL MeGH    5 μL BuOH   15 μL i-PrOH           10 μL i-PrOH   10 μL i-PrOH   10 μL i-PrOH                            
         [0071]    [0071]                                                               TABLE III                       Index     1       2       3       4       5       6       7       8       9       10       11       12                       I                     A1   A2   A3   A4   A1   A2   A3   A4         II                     B1   B2   B3   B4   B1   B2   B3   B4         III                     C1   C2   C3   C4   C1   C2   C3   C4         IV                     D1   D2   D3   D4   D1   D2   D3   D4         V     A1   A2   A3   A4   A1   A2   A3   A4   A1   A2   A3   A4         VI     B1   B2   B3   B4   B1   B2   B3   B4   B1   B2   B3   B4         VII     C1   C2   C3   C4   C1   C2   C3   C4   C1   C2   C3   C4         VIII     D1   D2   D3   D4   D1   D2   D3   D4   D1   D2   D3   D4