Abstract:
A method and system are provided. The method includes receiving, by a microphone and camera, user utterances indicative of user commands and associated user gestures for the user utterances. The method further includes parsing, by a hardware-based recognizer, sample utterances and the user utterances into verb parts and noun parts. The method also includes recognizing, by a hardware-based recognizer, the user utterances and the associated user gestures based on the sample utterances and descriptions of associated supporting gestures for the sample utterances. The recognizing step includes comparing the verb parts and the noun parts from the user utterances individually and as pairs to the verb parts and the noun parts of the sample utterances. The method additionally includes selectively performing a given one of the user commands responsive to a recognition result.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a Continuation application of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/623,233, filed on Feb. 16, 2015, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    1. Technical Field 
         [0003]    The present invention relates generally to information processing and, in particular, to the fields of speech and gesture recognition. 
         [0004]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0005]    Work involving resolving anaphora (where, as used herein, anaphora refers to pronouns) in a multimodal environment is rule-based and does not employ learning. Accordingly, such prior art is therefore static and brittle. That is, such prior art is brittle in the sense that voice transcription applied to terse assertions is generally of very poor quality and, hence, rules that depend in part on accurate or near-accurate transcription of words can be failure prone. Thus, there is a need for a more dynamic and non-ruled based approach to multimodal command recognition capable of learning and resolving anaphora. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0006]    According to an aspect of the present principles, a method is provided. The method includes receiving, by a microphone and camera, user utterances indicative of user commands and associated user gestures for the user utterances. The method further includes parsing, by a hardware-based recognizer, sample utterances and the user utterances into verb parts and noun parts. The method also includes recognizing, by a hardware-based recognizer, the user utterances and the associated user gestures based on the sample utterances and descriptions of associated supporting gestures for the sample utterances. The recognizing step includes comparing the verb parts and the noun parts from the user utterances individually and as pairs to the verb parts and the noun parts of the sample utterances. The method additionally includes selectively performing a given one of the user commands responsive to a recognition result. 
         [0007]    According to another aspect of the present principles, a system is provided. The system includes a microphone and camera for receiving user utterances indicative of user commands and associated user gestures for the user utterances. The system further includes a hardware-based recognizer for parsing sample utterances and the user utterances into verb parts and noun parts, and recognizing the user utterances and the associated user gestures based on the sample utterances and descriptions of associated supporting gestures for the sample utterance by comparing the verb parts and the noun parts from the user utterances individually and as pairs to the verb parts and the noun parts of the sample utterances. The system also includes a user command selective execution device for selectively performing a given one of the user commands responsive to a recognition result. 
         [0008]    These and other features and advantages will become apparent from the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments thereof, which is to be read in connection with the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         [0009]    The disclosure will provide details in the following description of preferred embodiments with reference to the following figures wherein: 
           [0010]      FIG. 1  shows an exemplary processing system  100  to which the present principles may be applied, in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles; 
           [0011]      FIG. 2  shows an exemplary system  200  for learning intended user actions utilizing speech and gesture recognition, in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles; 
           [0012]      FIGS. 3-4  show an exemplary method  300  for learning intended user actions utilizing speech and gesture recognition, in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles; 
           [0013]      FIG. 5  shows an exemplary cloud computing node  510 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles; 
           [0014]      FIG. 6  shows an exemplary cloud computing environment  650 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles; and 
           [0015]      FIG. 7  shows exemplary abstraction model layers, in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0016]    The present principles are directed to learning intended user actions. Embodiments of the present principles learn intended user actions utilizing speech and gesture recognition. 
         [0017]    In an embodiment, the present principles involve interactive machine learning (also known in the literature as online machine learning) of multimodal commands. In an embodiment, the present principles can be implemented as a system or method for spoken language and gestural recognition. The user can make gestures and/or issue speech commands in front of a gesture recognition device to execute a command. At the trigger of the command by a user, the system and method can provide real time feedback. Each natural language command can be broken down into a verb and noun and the system can learn to associate the action with the verb and the noun separately in combination with the gesture or together combined with the gesture. Furthermore, the system and method can learn new ways of articulating and gesticulating intent though positive (i.e., user accepted) and negative (i.e., user rejected) examples. 
         [0018]    Advantageously, the present principles can be applied to many situations not capable of being addressed in an acceptable manner, if at all, by the prior art. For example, in an embodiment, the present principles can overcome the following problem: a user intends that a desired action be carried out by a computer system and/or other processor-enabled device in response to using a combination of speech and gestural actions, but because of the very terse typical utterance and use of anaphora (pronouns), it is not easy for the computer system and/or device to accurately transcribe the spoken words and thereby understand the intended behavior of the user. Embodiments of the present principles can readily provide the computer system with the capability to process anaphora in such a situation. These and other advantages of the present principles as well as situations to which the present principles can be applied are readily determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, given the teachings of the present principles provided herein, while maintaining the spirit of the present principles. 
         [0019]    Moreover, the present principles are advantageously adept at processing deixis (deixis herein refers to words and phrases that cannot be fully understood without additional spatial and/or contextual information). As such, phrases that can be difficult to understand without additional spatial and/or contextual information can be readily processed in accordance with the present principles. 
         [0020]    Further, while one or more embodiments are directed to pointing as a gesture to which the present principles are applied, the present principles are not limited to solely pointing and, thus, other gestures (for example flicking, pushing or pulling gestures) can also be used in accordance with the teachings of the present principles, while maintaining the spirit of the present principles. 
         [0021]      FIG. 1  shows an exemplary processing system  100  to which the present principles may be applied, in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles. The processing system  100  includes at least one processor (CPU)  104  operatively coupled to other components via a system bus  102 . A cache  106 , a Read Only Memory (ROM)  108 , a Random Access Memory (RAM)  110 , an input/output (I/O) adapter  120 , a sound adapter  130 , a network adapter  140 , a user interface adapter  150 , and a display adapter  160 , are operatively coupled to the system bus  102 . 
         [0022]    A first storage device  122  and a second storage device  124  are operatively coupled to system bus  102  by the I/O adapter  120 . The storage devices  122  and  124  can be any of a disk storage device (e.g., a magnetic or optical disk storage device), a solid state magnetic device, and so forth. The storage devices  122  and  124  can be the same type of storage device or different types of storage devices. 
         [0023]    A speaker  132  is operatively coupled to system bus  102  by the sound adapter  130 . A transceiver  142  is operatively coupled to system bus  102  by network adapter  140 . A display device  162  is operatively coupled to system bus  102  by display adapter  160 . 
         [0024]    A first user input device  152 , a second user input device  154 , and a third user input device  156  are operatively coupled to system bus  102  by user interface adapter  150 . The user input devices  152 ,  154 , and  156  can be any of a keyboard, a mouse, a keypad, an image capture device, a motion sensing device, a microphone, a device incorporating the functionality of at least two of the preceding devices, and so forth. Of course, other types of input devices can also be used, while maintaining the spirit of the present principles. The user input devices  152 ,  154 , and  156  can be the same type of user input device or different types of user input devices. The user input devices  152 ,  154 , and  156  are used to input and output information to and from system  100 . 
         [0025]    Of course, the processing system  100  may also include other elements (not shown), as readily contemplated by one of skill in the art, as well as omit certain elements. For example, various other input devices and/or output devices can be included in processing system  100 , depending upon the particular implementation of the same, as readily understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, various types of wireless and/or wired input and/or output devices can be used. Moreover, additional processors, controllers, memories, and so forth, in various configurations can also be utilized as readily appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art. These and other variations of the processing system  100  are readily contemplated by one of ordinary skill in the art given the teachings of the present principles provided herein. 
         [0026]    Moreover, it is to be appreciated that system  200  described below with respect to  FIG. 2  is a system for implementing respective embodiments of the present principles. Part or all of processing system  100  may be implemented in one or more of the elements of system  200 . 
         [0027]    Further, it is to be appreciated that processing system  100  may perform at least part of the method described herein including, for example, at least part of method  300  of  FIGS. 3-4 . Similarly, part or all of system  200  may be used to perform at least part of method  300  of  FIGS. 3-4 . 
         [0028]      FIG. 2  shows an exemplary system  200  for learning intended user actions utilizing speech and gesture recognition, in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles. The system  200  includes a gesture recognition device  210 , a verb (action word) recognizer  220 , a noun and pronoun recognizer  230 , a part of speech to user gesture association device  240 , a feedback generator  250 , a confidence indication generator  260 , a user command selective execution device  270 , a memory device  280 , an utterance extender  281 , a probability of action determination device  290 , and an arbiter  295 . The gesture recognition device  210 , the verb recognizer  220 , the noun and pronoun recognizer  230 , the utterance extender  281 , the part of speech to user gesture association device  240 , and the memory device  280  form a user speech and associated gesture recognizer  298 . The user speech and associated gesture recognizer  299 , the feedback generator  250 , and the confidence indication generator  260  form a user command learning device  299 . 
         [0029]    The gesture recognition device  210  recognizes actions and/or gestures (hereinafter “gestures”) performed by a user. In an embodiment, the gesture recognition device  210  includes a motion capture device  211 , a gesture database  212 , and a user gesture to stored gesture comparison device  213 . In an embodiment, the motion capture device  211  can include a camera, a camcorder, or any other type of image capture device. While described as a motion capture device, element  211  can be any type of device capable of capturing a user gesture, including static gestures where no or minimal movement is performed by the user. In an embodiment, the gesture database  212  stores expected user gestures and can be supplemented by new (e.g., previously unstored) gestures as they are captured and used by system  200 . The user gesture to stored gesture comparison device  213  compares contemporaneously performed user gestures to gestures in the gesture database  212  in order to recognize the contemporaneously performed user gestures. In an embodiment, the user gesture to stored gesture comparison device  213  can provide an output indicative of a particular recognized gesture (e.g., an output indicative of the user pointing and where the user is pointing [akin to a mouse pointer], and so forth). 
         [0030]    The verb recognizer  220  recognizes verbs from utterances spoken by the user. 
         [0031]    The noun and pronoun recognizer  230  recognizes nouns and pronouns from utterances spoken by a user. 
         [0032]    The part of speech to user gesture association device  240  associates parts of speech (e.g., verbs, nouns, and pronouns) to user gestures. 
         [0033]    The feedback manager  250  records and/or manages feedback (also referred to herein as evidence) relating to whether a pair of {action word, noun/pronoun} together with an associated gesture indicates that a user expects a particular system response and/or relating to whether any one of the {action word or noun/pronoun} together with an associated gesture indicates that a user expects a particular system response. 
         [0034]    A confidence indication generator  260  generates confidence indications (which can take any form, including a score) relating to whether a pair of {action word, noun/pronoun} together with an associated gesture indicates that a user expects a particular system response and/or relating to whether any one of the {action word or noun/pronoun} together with an associated gesture indicates that a user expects a particular system response. In an embodiment, the confidence indication generator  260  can include an error indication generator  261  that represents a degree of error or uncertainty in the system&#39;s confidence that a pair of {action word, noun/pronoun} together with an associated gesture are indicative of a particular system response and/or a degree of error or uncertainly in the system&#39;s confidence that any of the {action word or noun/pronoun} together with an associated gesture are indicative of a particular system response. In an embodiment, one or more of the confidence indications and the error indications can be used. In an embodiment, one or both of the confidence indications and the error indications can be determined responsive to the feedback recorded and/or managed by the feedback manager  250 . In an embodiment, the confidence indications and/or the error indications can be generated responsive to a predetermined number of times that a pair of {action word, noun/pronoun} and/or any one of the {action word or noun/pronoun} are deemed to be successfully implemented (i.e., in response to the user&#39;s request to take an action, the system responds and the user does not immediately attempt to undo the action.). 
         [0035]    The user command selective execution device  270  selectively executes user requests for system response. The selectivity of execution of these system responses can depend on one or more criteria. Such criteria include, but are not limited to, evidence (e.g., supporting evidence, contrary evidence), user intent (e.g., as represented by affirmance/allowance of an action by a user or a request to undo an action by the user), and so forth. In an embodiment, the evidence can include feedback and/or confidence indications and/or error indications. 
         [0036]    The memory device  280  stores evidence for particular combinations of action words potentially spoken in combination with a noun/pronoun in the presence of a recognized user gesture. In an embodiment, the memory device  280  stores “seed expressions” that may accompany a given gesture (e.g., the gestures stored in the gesture database  212 ) that are indicative of particular, expected, system responses. These seed expressions can be used to build up an ever increasing lexicon through positive and negative examples as indicated through evidence (e.g., feedback, confidence indications, and/or error indications). In an embodiment, the memory device  280  can include a statistical knowledge repository  283  that keeps track of words and phrases used in conjunction with recognized gestures, and how often each of these lead to accepted system actions versus system actions which are rejected via an undo request. 
         [0037]    The utterance extender  281  can extend sample utterances (e.g., seed expressions) prior to or in parallel with training. Such extensions can be based on synonyms, common known mistranscriptions of either the sample utterances or their synonyms, or mistranscriptions that are witnessed by the system. Of course, other ways of extension can also be used, while maintaining the spirit of the present principles. 
         [0038]    The probability of action determination device  290  makes a determination, given a combination of words and gesture, the respective probabilities or likelihoods that particular system actions have been requested. 
         [0039]    The multiple action arbiter  295  arbitrates between the multiple system actions when two or more are deemed to be applicable at a given time for a given session with a user. The arbiter can then pick one from among several of the multiple actions and, in an embodiment, can pick two or more, but less than all or even up to all, of the actions as they are deemed applicable. The determination of applicability can be based on the feedback and/or the confidence indications and/or the error indications. 
         [0040]    In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 2 , the elements thereof are interconnected by a bus  201 . However, in other embodiments, other types of connections can also be used. Moreover, in an embodiment, at least one of the elements of system  200  is processor-based. Further, while the feedback generator  250  and confidence indication generator  260  are shown as separate elements, in other embodiments, these elements can be combined as one element. The converse is also applicable, where an element included in another element in  FIG. 2  can be implemented as a separate element in another embodiment. These and other variations of the elements of system  200  are readily determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, given the teachings of the present principles provided herein, while maintaining the spirit of the present principles. 
         [0041]      FIGS. 3-4  show a method  300  for learning intended user actions utilizing speech and gesture recognition, in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles. 
         [0042]    At step  305 , choreograph a multimodal task to be supported. 
         [0043]    At step  310 , specify (A) seed commands including the following two pairs: {action word, noun/pronoun for source} and {action word, noun, pronoun for target}, and (B) whether the source and target require pointing for disambiguation. Typically if a pronoun is used pointing is required for disambiguation of that pronoun. 
         [0044]    At step  315 , add seed commands to a statistical knowledge repository  283  as valid source pairs and valid source individuals. The statistical knowledge repository  283  will keep track of words and word pairs used in conjunction with recognized gestures, and how often each of these lead to accepted system actions versus system actions which are then rejected via an undo request. 
         [0045]    At step  320 , recognize, from the beginning of an utterance by a user, the anticipated gestural action (typically pointing) and at least one of the {action word, noun/pronoun for source}. This step is the selection phase of the command. A prototypical example is a user utterance of the form “Take this” while the user points to whatever “this” refers to. In this case, the action word is “Take”, the pronoun for the source is “this” and the anticipated gestural action is pointing. 
         [0046]    At step  325 , generate an assumption that the user intends to select a given object (that is, issue a selection command), and provide an indication of the target of the selection (e.g., by highlighting the given object on a screen). 
         [0047]    At step  330 , determine whether or not the user intends to proceed with the selection command. If so, then the method proceeds to step  335 . Otherwise, for example, if the user asks to undo the command, the method proceeds to step  332  to record the negative example in the statistical knowledge repository  283 , and returns to step  320 . 
         [0048]    At step  335 , register, in the statistical knowledge repository  383 , the fact that the pair is valid and that the individual action word and noun or pronoun are valid in conjunction with the given gesture. 
         [0049]    At step  340 , capture, from the user, a remainder of the utterance with a recognized gestural action (typically pointing) and at least one of the {action word, noun/pronoun for target}. 
         [0050]    At step  345 , generate an assumption that the user intends for the prescribed action to be implemented and implement the prescribed action. 
         [0051]    At step  350 , determine whether or not the user is continuing with the interaction (e.g., making further utterances, gesturing, interacting with others) or intends that the prescribed action be undone. If the user is continuing with the interaction, the method proceeds to step  355 . Otherwise, if the user intends that the prescribed action be undone the method continues to step  352  wherein the statistical knowledge repository registers the fact that the pair is not valid and that the individual action word and noun or pronoun are not valid in conjunction with the given gesture, and then the method returns to step  340 . 
         [0052]    At step  355 , record a positive instance of {action word, noun/pronoun for target} and positive instances of individuals {action word}, {noun/pronoun for target} in the statistical knowledge repository  383 . 
         [0053]    Our solution learns the different ways in which the desire for a given action, or system response, can be expressed, starting with one or more “seed expressions” for this action or system response, building up an ever-expanding lexicon through both positive and negative examples. In an embodiment, we exploit the following: the utterance behind any supported gestural action necessarily has two parts. For example, the expression “take this and put it there” has the two parts (1) “take this” and (2) “[and] put it there”, where one first points to whatever “this” is, and then points to whatever “that” is. At each juncture, the system gives feedback that it has understood what the user intends. Thus, if the “this” in the clause “take this” is an image on one screen, the moment “take this” is uttered with an accompanying gesture, the system highlights “this” to indicate its understanding of this and also that the user wishes to select “this” and do something with it. Following the expression “take this”, when the user points in the direction of “there” a mouse-like cursor appears on the surface to which the user is pointing to give feedback. Only when the user is sure the system understands where the user is pointing is the user expected to lock in on the expression “and move it there”, at which point the image originally in the “this” location is moved to the “there” location. In each segment of the utterance, the system looks for the user to employ an action word (verb) that the system recognizes and either a pronoun or noun that the system recognizes. If only one of the two (action word, or noun/pronoun) is present, then the system will still execute the action unless the system has accumulated evidence to the contrary, i.e., that the single action word or single noun does not generally indicate an intent to select the thing being pointed at. The user is always presented with an undo option, by saying a phrase like “no” or “no, I didn&#39;t mean that” or any word or words that convey the same concept of wanting to undo something. If the user is satisfied with the move, then the system learns a positive instance of the given new action word or noun/pronoun. If the user is unsatisfied, then a negative instance is credited to the given new action word or noun/pronoun. If a noun/pronoun or action word is successful a majority of the time, it is assumed to be valid with some confidence and error bars. The greater the error bars, the less the system will trust its conclusion, and especially in the case where an action word, noun/pronoun pair is deemed to only marginally be negatively indicative of an intent to select something. In an embodiment, addition probing will be done in an effort to narrow the error bars (in an exploration versus exploitation fashion). 
         [0054]    In an embodiment, there can be probabilistic extensions to the present principles in the case that an implementation (e.g., system, method, and so forth) of the present principles is actively listening for multiple actions. For example, the system may be listening for the possibility that the user wants to move something to a new screen or alternatively add something to a shopping basket, or to a table of some sort for further analysis. In an embodiment, different and multiple listeners can be enabled at any given time as applicable or intended. The listener behind each action will have its own probability of acting, with each trading off exploration versus exploitation in bandit-like fashion. For example, the listener listening for the possibility that the user wants to move a selected item to a secondary screen may have X % confidence that the last utterance and accompanying gesture was indicative of this action, while the listener listening for something to be added to the shopping cart may have Y % confidence that the last utterance was indicative of this action, and the listener listening for something to be added to a given table may have Z % confidence. Each listener learns something by being wrong, with the least used listeners generally standing to gain the most. Thus, with some probability, each listener will opt to act, even when their assessment of their probability of being correct in their action is less than 50%. If several listeners decide to act there will be an arbitration. Each submits a confidence in its action and the one with highest confidence will be given the chance to act (assuming the actions are mutually exclusive, e.g. a move request and a delete request). In an embodiment, multiple and different listeners can be implemented by different and multiple threads, processes and/or devices being executed or being used concurrently in order to recognize and process the multiple actions. 
         [0055]    In addition to seeding the system with sample utterances, the system may use various means of extending the sample utterances prior to or in parallel with training. 
         [0056]    Consider the utterance “Select this and move it there”. The system breaks this utterance into two pieces: (i) “Select this,” and (ii) “move it there,” the former being what we call the selection directive, and the latter the move directive. The in-between word “and” is ignored. In an embodiment, up to two filler words of this sort are allowed. Each of these directives is deemed to be completed when the user is pointing and either a deictic is heard or a verb is heard (but no deictic) and a pause in speech occurs of at least 0.25 seconds. To estimate the probability, p accept , that the user actually means to select something, under the assumption that the system believes the user to be pointing at something that is selectable, in a sample embodiment the system uses the following formula: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     p 
                     accept 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         p 
                         v 
                       
                       + 
                       
                         p 
                         p 
                       
                       + 
                       
                         
                           
                              
                             
                               v 
                               , 
                               p 
                             
                              
                           
                           2 
                         
                          
                         
                           p 
                           
                             v 
                             , 
                             p 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     
                       2 
                       + 
                       
                          
                         
                           
                             v 
                             , 
                             p 
                           
                           2 
                         
                          
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   1 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where: p v =probability of acceptance of the utterance given that the system has seen the verb; p p =probability of acceptance of the utterance given that the system has seen the pronoun; p v,p =probability of acceptance of the utterance given that the system has seen both the verb and the pronoun together; and |v, p|=number of times the system has seen both the verb and the pronoun together. 
         [0057]    For the selection directive in the utterance, “Select this and move it there”, Equation (1) becomes: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     p 
                     accept 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         p 
                         select 
                       
                       + 
                       
                         p 
                         this 
                       
                       + 
                       
                         
                           
                              
                             
                               select 
                               , 
                               this 
                             
                              
                           
                           2 
                         
                          
                         
                           p 
                           
                             select 
                             , 
                             this 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     
                       2 
                       + 
                       
                         
                            
                           
                             select 
                             , 
                             this 
                           
                            
                         
                         2 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   2 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0058]    Equation (2) is also used to estimate the probability of acceptance for the move directive, but under the assumption that there is a currently selected object and the user is pointing at a viable target. The probability of acceptance for the move directive of the utterance “Select this and move it there” has a slight subtlety but becomes: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     p 
                     accept 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         p 
                         move 
                       
                       + 
                       
                         p 
                         it 
                       
                       + 
                       
                         
                           
                              
                             
                               move 
                               , 
                               it 
                             
                              
                           
                           2 
                         
                          
                         
                           p 
                           
                             select 
                             , 
                             this 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     
                       2 
                       + 
                       
                         
                            
                           
                             move 
                             , 
                             it 
                           
                            
                         
                         2 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   3 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0059]    In the case of this directive, there are two deictic terms, but the system stops processing as soon as the first of the deictic terms are transcribed. If the word “it” were mistranscribed to a non-deictic, the term “there” would be used instead. 
         [0060]    Equation (1) is a weighted average of the three probabilities, p v , p p  and p v,p  where the weighting heavily favors p v,p  once sufficiently many instances of the associated {verb, pronoun} pair have been seen. If the system is wrong and the item is mistakenly selected, the user can do one of several things to tell the system that its reaction was incorrect. The user can say, “no, not that,” or in fact any short utterance containing either the word “no” or the word “not.” In this case the selected item is deselected. Secondly, the user can select something else. Finally, the user can do nothing with the selection and in 30 seconds the selection indicator will disappear. 
         [0061]    In any of these cases of rejection, the associated probabilities of p v , p p  and p v,p  go down, while the value of |v, p| is incremented by one. Non-rejection is assumed to be acceptance, in which case p v , p p  and p v,p  all go up, and, just like in the case of rejection, the value of |v, p| is incremented by one. The values p v , p p  and p v,p  are actually maintained as pairs of integers. For example, p v  is maintained as a running fraction of the number of times a selection directive containing the given verb has been accepted (i.e., not rejected), over the total number of times a selection directive containing the given verb has been selected (i.e., either accepted or rejected). 
         [0062]    In this embodiment the system only learns from false and true positives. The user may get irritated in the case of a false negative, in other words, the case that a user intended to select something but the system did not pick up on this fact, but in the present embodiment the system is not instrumented to pick up on such user frustration. Since the system cannot learn anything from false negatives, if p accept &gt;=0.5 the system always opts to select. On the other hand, in an embodiment, if p accept &lt;=0.5, the system adopts a modest bandit strategy, and draws a random number 0&lt;q&lt;1 and if 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     q 
                     &lt; 
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           p 
                           accept 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       
                         lg 
                          
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             2 
                             + 
                             
                               
                                  
                                 
                                   v 
                                   , 
                                   p 
                                 
                                  
                               
                               2 
                             
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   , 
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   4 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where lg( ) is the base-2 logarithm function, then the system will opt to select, thereby trading off a certain amount of current reward for learning and, hence, expected future dividends. As more instances of the particular {verb, pronoun} pair accumulate, and hence |v, p| goes up, the less eager the system is to explore. 
         [0063]    Undoing the move directive is handled similarly. Note, however, that it is quite frequently the case that the move directive does not contain a deictic, for example, “Move this there,” “Move this over there,” “put this there,” and many other such examples. For this purpose the system uses a special p v     φ   ; that gives the probability of acceptance given that no verb was heard, p v     φ     ,p , giving the probability of acceptance of the utterance given the specified pronoun with no verb, and the analogous formula: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     p 
                     accept 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         p 
                         
                           v 
                           ∅ 
                         
                       
                       + 
                       
                         
                           p 
                           p 
                         
                          
                         
                           
                              
                             
                               
                                 v 
                                 ∅ 
                               
                               , 
                               p 
                             
                              
                           
                           2 
                         
                          
                         
                           p 
                           
                             
                               v 
                                
                               
                                   
                               
                                
                               ∅ 
                             
                             , 
                             p 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     
                       2 
                       + 
                       
                         
                            
                           
                             
                               v 
                               ∅ 
                             
                             , 
                             p 
                           
                            
                         
                         2 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   5 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0064]    Although the case where only a deictic is uttered is more common, there are also cases where only a verb is uttered and also where only one of these parts of speech are uttered because of errors in the speech to text transcription. Thus, there are cases where one needs to use a term p p     φ   , analogous to p v     φ    given above. 
         [0065]    It is understood in advance that although this disclosure includes a detailed description on cloud computing, implementation of the teachings recited herein are not limited to a cloud computing environment. Rather, embodiments of the present invention are capable of being implemented in conjunction with any other type of computing environment now known or later developed. 
         [0066]    Cloud computing is a model of service delivery for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g. networks, network bandwidth, servers, processing, memory, storage, applications, virtual machines, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or interaction with a provider of the service. This cloud model may include at least five characteristics, at least three service models, and at least four deployment models. 
         [0067]    Characteristics are as follows: 
         [0068]    On-demand self-service: a cloud consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with the service&#39;s provider. 
         [0069]    Broad network access: capabilities are available over a network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs). 
         [0070]    Resource pooling: the provider&#39;s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to demand. There is a sense of location independence in that the consumer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter). 
         [0071]    Rapid elasticity: capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time. 
         [0072]    Measured service: cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service. 
         [0073]    Service Models are as follows: 
         [0074]    Software as a Service (SaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider&#39;s applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through a thin client interface such as a web browser (e.g., web-based email). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings. 
         [0075]    Platform as a Service (PaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including networks, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations. 
         [0076]    Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls). 
         [0077]    Deployment Models are as follows: 
         [0078]    Private cloud: the cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization. It may be managed by the organization or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises. 
         [0079]    Community cloud: the cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises. 
         [0080]    Public cloud: the cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud services. 
         [0081]    Hybrid cloud: the cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for load balancing between clouds). 
         [0082]    A cloud computing environment is service oriented with a focus on statelessness, low coupling, modularity, and semantic interoperability. At the heart of cloud computing is an infrastructure comprising a network of interconnected nodes. 
         [0083]    Referring now to  FIG. 5 , a schematic of an example of a cloud computing node  510  is shown. Cloud computing node  510  is only one example of a suitable cloud computing node and is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of embodiments of the invention described herein. Regardless, cloud computing node  510  is capable of being implemented and/or performing any of the functionality set forth hereinabove. 
         [0084]    In cloud computing node  510  there is a computer system/server  512 , which is operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well-known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with computer system/server  512  include, but are not limited to, personal computer systems, server computer systems, thin clients, thick clients, handheld or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputer systems, mainframe computer systems, and distributed cloud computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like. 
         [0085]    Computer system/server  512  may be described in the general context of computer system executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer system. Generally, program modules may include routines, programs, objects, components, logic, data structures, and so on that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Computer system/server  512  may be practiced in distributed cloud computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed cloud computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer system storage media including memory storage devices. 
         [0086]    As shown in  FIG. 5 , computer system/server  512  in cloud computing node  510  is shown in the form of a general-purpose computing device. The components of computer system/server  512  may include, but are not limited to, one or more processors or processing units  516 , a system memory  528 , and a bus  518  that couples various system components including system memory  528  to processor  516 . 
         [0087]    Bus  518  represents one or more of any of several types of bus structures, including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, an accelerated graphics port, and a processor or local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, and not limitation, such architectures include Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus. 
         [0088]    Computer system/server  512  typically includes a variety of computer system readable media. Such media may be any available media that is accessible by computer system/server  512 , and it includes both volatile and non-volatile media, removable and non-removable media. 
         [0089]    System memory  528  can include computer system readable media in the form of volatile memory, such as random access memory (RAM)  530  and/or cache memory  532 . Computer system/server  512  may further include other removable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer system storage media. By way of example only, storage system  534  can be provided for reading from and writing to a non-removable, non-volatile magnetic media (not shown and typically called a “hard drive”). Although not shown, a magnetic disk drive for reading from and writing to a removable, non-volatile magnetic disk (e.g., a “floppy disk”), and an optical disk drive for reading from or writing to a removable, non-volatile optical disk such as a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM or other optical media can be provided. In such instances, each can be connected to bus  518  by one or more data media interfaces. As will be further depicted and described below, memory  528  may include at least one program product having a set (e.g., at least one) of program modules that are configured to carry out the functions of embodiments of the invention. 
         [0090]    Program/utility  540 , having a set (at least one) of program modules  542 , may be stored in memory  528  by way of example, and not limitation, as well as an operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data. Each of the operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data or some combination thereof, may include an implementation of a networking environment. Program modules  542  generally carry out the functions and/or methodologies of embodiments of the invention as described herein. 
         [0091]    Computer system/server  512  may also communicate with one or more external devices  514  such as a keyboard, a pointing device, a display  524 , etc.; one or more devices that enable a user to interact with computer system/server  512 ; and/or any devices (e.g., network card, modem, etc.) that enable computer system/server  512  to communicate with one or more other computing devices. Such communication can occur via Input/Output (I/O) interfaces  522 . Still yet, computer system/server  512  can communicate with one or more networks such as a local area network (LAN), a general wide area network (WAN), and/or a public network (e.g., the Internet) via network adapter  520 . As depicted, network adapter  520  communicates with the other components of computer system/server  512  via bus  518 . It should be understood that although not shown, other hardware and/or software components could be used in conjunction with computer system/server  512 . Examples, include, but are not limited to: microcode, device drivers, redundant processing units, external disk drive arrays, RAID systems, tape drives, and data archival storage systems, etc. 
         [0092]    Referring now to  FIG. 6 , illustrative cloud computing environment  650  is depicted. As shown, cloud computing environment  650  comprises one or more cloud computing nodes  610  with which local computing devices used by cloud consumers, such as, for example, personal digital assistant (PDA) or cellular telephone  654 A, desktop computer  654 B, laptop computer  654 C, and/or automobile computer system  654 N may communicate. Nodes  610  may communicate with one another. They may be grouped (not shown) physically or virtually, in one or more networks, such as Private, Community, Public, or Hybrid clouds as described hereinabove, or a combination thereof. This allows cloud computing environment  650  to offer infrastructure, platforms and/or software as services for which a cloud consumer does not need to maintain resources on a local computing device. It is understood that the types of computing devices  654 A-N shown in  FIG. 6  are intended to be illustrative only and that computing nodes  610  and cloud computing environment  650  can communicate with any type of computerized device over any type of network and/or network addressable connection (e.g., using a web browser). 
         [0093]    Referring now to  FIG. 7 , a set of functional abstraction layers provided by cloud computing environment  650  ( FIG. 6 ) is shown. It should be understood in advance that the components, layers, and functions shown in  FIG. 7  are intended to be illustrative only and embodiments of the invention are not limited thereto. As depicted, the following layers and corresponding functions are provided: 
         [0094]    Hardware and software layer  760  includes hardware and software components. Examples of hardware components include mainframes, in one example IBM® zSeries® systems; RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture based servers, in one example IBM pSeries® systems; IBM xSeries® systems; IBM BladeCenter® systems; storage devices; networks and networking components. Examples of software components include network application server software, in one example IBM WebSphere® application server software; and database software, in one example IBM DB2® database software. (IBM, zSeries, pSeries, xSeries, BladeCenter, WebSphere, and DB2 are trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation registered in many jurisdictions worldwide). 
         [0095]    Virtualization layer  762  provides an abstraction layer from which the following examples of virtual entities may be provided: virtual servers; virtual storage; virtual networks, including virtual private networks; virtual applications and operating systems; and virtual clients. 
         [0096]    In one example, management layer  764  may provide the functions described below. Resource provisioning provides dynamic procurement of computing resources and other resources that are utilized to perform tasks within the cloud computing environment. Metering and Pricing provide cost tracking as resources are utilized within the cloud computing environment, and billing or invoicing for consumption of these resources. In one example, these resources may comprise application software licenses. Security provides identity verification for cloud consumers and tasks, as well as protection for data and other resources. User portal provides access to the cloud computing environment for consumers and system administrators. Service level management provides cloud computing resource allocation and management such that required service levels are met. Service Level Agreement (SLA) planning and fulfillment provide pre-arrangement for, and procurement of, cloud computing resources for which a future requirement is anticipated in accordance with an SLA. 
         [0097]    Workloads layer  766  provides examples of functionality for which the cloud computing environment may be utilized. Examples of workloads and functions which may be provided from this layer include: mapping and navigation; software development and lifecycle management; virtual classroom education delivery; data analytics processing; transaction processing; and enumerating and modifying cognitive interface elements in an ambient computing environment. 
         [0098]    The present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computer program product. The computer program product may include a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention. 
         [0099]    The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium includes the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted through a wire. 
         [0100]    Computer readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing/processing device receives computer readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer readable program instructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium within the respective computing/processing device. 
         [0101]    Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations of the present invention may be assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like, and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The computer readable program instructions may execute entirely on the user&#39;s computer, partly on the user&#39;s computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user&#39;s computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user&#39;s computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readable program instructions by utilizing state information of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention. 
         [0102]    Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions. 
         [0103]    These computer readable program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
         [0104]    The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
         [0105]    The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions. 
         [0106]    Reference in the specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” of the present principles, as well as other variations thereof, means that a particular feature, structure, characteristic, and so forth described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present principles. Thus, the appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment”, as well any other variations, appearing in various places throughout the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. 
         [0107]    It is to be appreciated that the use of any of the following “/”, “and/or”, and “at least one of”, for example, in the cases of “A/B”, “A and/or B” and “at least one of A and B”, is intended to encompass the selection of the first listed option (A) only, or the selection of the second listed option (B) only, or the selection of both options (A and B). As a further example, in the cases of “A, B, and/or C” and “at least one of A, B, and C”, such phrasing is intended to encompass the selection of the first listed option (A) only, or the selection of the second listed option (B) only, or the selection of the third listed option (C) only, or the selection of the first and the second listed options (A and B) only, or the selection of the first and third listed options (A and C) only, or the selection of the second and third listed options (B and C) only, or the selection of all three options (A and B and C). This may be extended, as readily apparent by one of ordinary skill in this and related arts, for as many items listed. 
         [0108]    Having described preferred embodiments of a system and method (which are intended to be illustrative and not limiting), it is noted that modifications and variations can be made by persons skilled in the art in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that changes may be made in the particular embodiments disclosed which are within the scope of the invention as outlined by the appended claims. Having thus described aspects of the invention, with the details and particularity required by the patent laws, what is claimed and desired protected by Letters Patent is set forth in the appended claims.