Abstract:
The present invention provides an image display system implemented with a mirror device comprises a plurality of pixel elements formed on a substrate: wherein: each of said pixel elements comprises a micromirror disposed above and supported on a hinge extended from said substrate; and; a drive electrode disposed on the substrate for receiving signals to control and drive the mirror, wherein the drive electrode comprises an insulation layer, and a first electrode connected to a memory and a second electrode connected to a plate line with the insulation layer disposed between and insulating the first and the second electrode.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a Continuation in Part (CIP) Application of a Co-Pending patent application Ser. No. 12/378,658 filed on Feb. 18, 2009 and application Ser. No. 12/378,658 is a Continuation in Part Application of another Co-Pending patent application Ser. No. 11/894,248 filed on Aug. 18, 2007 by one of common Inventors of this Patent Application. The Non-provisional application Ser. No. 11/894,248 is a Continuation in Part (CIP) Application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/121,543 filed on May 4, 2005, now issued into U.S. Pat. No. 7,268,932. The application Ser. No. 11/121,543 is a Continuation in part (CIP) Application of three previously filed Applications. These three Applications are Ser. Nos. 10/698,620; 10/699,140, now issued into U.S. Pat. No. 6,862,127; and Ser. No. 10/699,143, now issued into U.S. Pat. No. 6,903,860. All three patents were filed on Nov. 1, 2003 by one of the Applicants of this Patent Application. The disclosures made in these Patent Applications are hereby incorporated by reference in this Patent Application. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    The present invention relates to an image display system implemented with a mirror device manufactured as a MEMS device to function as a spatial light modulator (SLM). More particularly this invention relates to a mirror device comprising a layered electrode. 
         [0004]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0005]    Even though in recent years, there have been significant advances made in the technologies for implementing an electromechanical mirror device as a spatial light modulator (SLM), there are still limitations and difficulties when state of the art current technologies are applied to provide a high quality image. Specifically, when the images are digitally controlled, the image quality is adversely affected due to the limitation that the images are not displayed with sufficient number of gray scales. 
         [0006]    An electromechanical mirror device is drawing a considerable interest and commonly employed as a spatial light modulator (SLM) in the image project apparatuses. The electromechanical mirror device is typically implemented with a “mirror array” comprising a large number of mirror elements. In general, the number of mirror elements may range from 60,000 to several millions of micromirror pieces are manufactured as two-dimensional array on a surface of a substrate in an electromechanical mirror device. 
         [0007]    Referring to  FIG. 1A  for an image display system  1  disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,214420 that comprises a screen  2 . The display system  1  further includes a light source  10  to project an illumination light for displaying images on the screen  2 . The illumination light  9  from the light source is further focused and directed toward a lens  12  by a mirror  11 . Lenses  12 ,  13  and  14  function together as a beam culminator to culminate light  9  into a culminated light  8 . A spatial light modulator (SLM)  15  is controlled on the basis of data input by a computer  19  via a bus  18  to selectively redirect portions of light from a path  7  toward an enlarger lens  5  and onto screen  2 . The SLM  15  is implemented with a mirror array comprising large number of mirror  33  each includes a deflectable reflective element shown as elements  17 ,  27 ,  37 , and  47  depicted in  FIG. 1B . Each mirror  33  is connected by a hinge  30  on a surface  16  of a substrate in the electromechanical mirror device as shown in  FIG. 1B . When the element  17  is in one position, a portion of the light from the path  7  is redirected along a path  6  to lens  5  where it is enlarged or spread along the path  4  to impinge on the screen  2  to display an illuminated pixel  3 . When the element  17  is in another position, the light is redirected away from screen  2  and hence the pixel  3  is displayed as a dark pixel on the display screen  2 . 
         [0008]    The mirror device comprises a plurality of mirror elements to function as spatial light modulator (SLM) wherein each mirror element comprises a mirror and electrodes. A voltage applied to the electrode(s) generates a coulomb force between the mirror and the electrode(s) to control the mirror to tilt to an inclined angle. According to a common term used in this specification, the mirror is “deflected” to an angular position for describing the operational condition of a mirror element. 
         [0009]    When a voltage applied to the electrode(s) controls the mirror to deflect to a controlled angular position, the deflected mirror also reflects an incident light to a controlled direction. The direction of the reflected light is therefore controlled in accordance with the deflection angle of the mirror and that in turn is controlled by a voltage applied to the electrode. The present specification refers to a state of the mirror as an ON state when the mirror reflects substantially the entirety of an incident light a projection path designated for image display and as an OFF state when the mirror reflects the incident light to a direction away from the designated projection path for image display. 
         [0010]    Specifically,  FIG. 1C  exemplifies a control circuit for controlling a mirror element according to the disclosure in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,285,407. The control circuit includes a memory cell  32 . Various transistors are referred to as “M*” where “*” designates a transistor number and each transistor is an insulated gate field effect transistor. Transistors M 5  and M 7  are p-channel transistors; while transistors M 6 , M 8 , and M 9  are n-channel transistors. The capacitances C 1  and C 2  represent the capacitive loads in the memory cell  32 . The memory cell  32  includes an access switch transistor M 9  and a latch  32   a,  which is based on a typical Static Random Access switch Memory (SRAM) design. The transistor M 9  connected to a Row-line receives a data signal via a Bit-line. The memory cell  32  written data is accessed when the transistor M 9  which has received the ROW signal on a Word-line is turned on. The latch  32   a  consists of two cross-coupled inverters, i.e., M 5 /M 6  and M 7 /M 8 , which permit two stable states, that is, a state  1  is Node A high and Node B low, and a state  2  is Node A low and Node B high. 
         [0011]    The control circuit, as illustrated in  FIG. 1C , controls the mirrors to switch between two states, and the control circuit drives the mirror to oscillate to either the ON or OFF deflected angle (or position), as shown in  FIG. 1A . 
         [0012]    The minimum intensity of light controllable to reflect from each mirror element for image display, i.e., the resolution of gray scale of image display for a digitally controlled image display apparatus, is determined by the least length of time that the mirror is controllable to be held in the ON position. The length of time that each mirror is controlled to be held in the ON position is in turn controlled by multiple bit words. 
         [0013]    For controlling deflectable mirror devices, the PWM applies data to be formatted into “bit- planes”, with each bit-plane corresponding to a bit weight of the intensity of light. Thus, if the brightness of each pixel is represented by an n-bit value, each frame of data has n bit-planes. Then, each bit-plane has a 0 or 1 value for each mirror element. 
         [0014]    When adjacent image pixels are displayed with a very coarse gray scale caused by great differences in the intensity of light, thus, artifacts are shown between these adjacent image pixels. That leads to the degradations of image quality. The image degradations are especially pronounced in the bright areas of image where there are “bigger gaps” between of the gray scales of adjacent image pixels. The artifacts are generated by technical limitations in that the digitally controlled image does not provide a sufficient number of the gray scale. 
         [0015]    As the mirrors are controlled to operate in a state of either ON or OFF, the intensity of light of a displayed image is determined by the length of time each mirror is in the ON position. In order to increase the number of gray scales of a display, the switching speed of the ON and OFF positions for the mirror must be increased. Therefore the digital control signals need be increased to a higher number of bits. However, when the switching speed of the mirror deflection is increased, a stronger hinge for supporting the mirror is necessary to sustain the required number of switches between the ON and OFF positions for the mirror deflection. In order to drive the mirrors with a strengthened hinge, a higher voltage is required. The higher voltage may exceed twenty volts and may even be as high as thirty volts. The mirrors produced by applying the CMOS technologies are probably not appropriate for operating the mirror at such a high range of voltages, and therefore DMOS mirror devices may be required. In order to achieve a higher degree of gray scale control, more complicated production processes and larger device areas are required to produce the DMOS mirror. Conventional mirror controls are therefore faced with a technical problem in that accuracy of gray scales and range of the operable voltage have to be sacrificed for the benefits of a smaller image display apparatus. 
         [0016]    Furthermore, a mirror device is commonly produced by applying a process typically applied to the production process of a semiconductor. An etchant such as hydrogen fluoride or a similar etchant is used in the process. In the production process of a mirror device, a desired structure is eventually obtained by using different materials for multiple structural layers by applying different etching process using the aforementioned etchant. An unnecessary region or a sacrifice layer is removed. A protective layer (i.e., an etch-stop layer) is used to protect a part manufactured as a structural layer. Therefore, in the production process of the mirror device is carried out by selecting the material of the structural layer, the material of an inter-layer insulation film for securing the insulation between individual layers the material of a sacrifice layer, and selecting an etchant for carrying out the manufacturing processes. There are however situations the etchant may migrate from an obscure gap between individual layers cause an area originally not design for exposure to the etchant inadvertently invaded by the etchant. The manufacturing processes thus cause an undesirable electrical shorting and a collapsed structural layer. 
         [0017]    In the meantime, there are reference materials related to the present invention proposal. 
         [0018]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,744,550 has disclosed a layered electrode having a step. 
         [0019]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,552,840 has disclosed an electrode having a step or a slope surface. 
         [0020]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,673,139 has disclosed a vertical silicon hinge. 
         [0021]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,128,121 has disclosed a configuration in which electrodes are respectively placed on both sides of a vertical silicon hinge. 
         [0022]    U.S. Pat. No. 7,068,417 has disclosed a configuration in which electrodes are respectively placed on both sides of a vertical silicon hinge. 
         [0023]    U.S. Pat. No. 7,022,249 has disclosed a configuration in which a drive electrode and a mirror abut on each other. 
         [0024]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,735,008 has disclosed a structure in which electrodes, each of which is constituted by an insulation layer and an electric conductor, are respectively placed on both sides of a vertical hinge. 
         [0025]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,447,600 has discloses an electrode, on which a mirror abuts, and a drive electrode. 
         [0026]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,914709 has disclosed the structure of an electrode of a mirror. 
         [0027]    U.S. Pat. No. 7,079,301 has disclosed the structure of an electrode of a mirror. 
         [0028]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,912,336 has disclosed a metal-deposited electrode. 
         [0029]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,962,419 has disclosed an electrode having different heights depending on the deflecting direction of a mirror. 
         [0030]    U.S. Pat. No. 7,206,110 has disclosed a configuration using a metallic layer for shielding light. 
         [0031]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,818,095 has disclosed a configuration using a metallic layer for shielding light. 
         [0032]    However, these disclosures have not yet provided an effective configuration and method to overcome the technical limitations encountered in the conventional image display systems. Therefore, a need still exists in the art of image display systems applying digital control of a mirror array as a spatial light modulator to provide new and improved systems such that the above-discussed difficulties can be resolved. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0033]    In consideration of the situation described above, the present invention aims at providing a technique for achieving both miniaturizing a mirror device and improving the gradation and resolution of a display image, the technique of using a layered drive electrode in the technique of the mirror device used as a spatial light modulator. 
         [0034]    A first embodiment of the present invention provides an image display system implemented with a mirror device comprises a plurality of pixel elements formed on a substrate: wherein each of said pixel elements comprises a micromirror disposed above and supported on a hinge extended from said substrate; and; a drive electrode disposed on the substrate for receiving signals to control and drive the mirror, wherein the drive electrode comprises an insulation layer, and a first electrode connected to a memory and a second electrode connected to a plate line with the insulation layer disposed between and insulating the first and the second electrode. 
         [0035]    A second embodiment of the present invention provides an image display system implemented with a mirror device comprising a plurality of pixel elements formed on a substrate wherein: each of said pixel elements comprises a micromirror disposed above said substrate supported on a deflectable hinge extended from the substrate; a first drive circuit and a second drive circuit disposed on the substrate; a drive electrode disposed on the substrate for receiving signals to control and drive the mirror, wherein the drive electrode comprises an insulation layer, and a first electrode connected to the first drive circuit and a second electrode connected to the second drive circuit with the insulation layer disposed between and insulating the first and the second electrode. 
         [0036]    A third embodiment of the present invention provides an image display system implemented with a mirror device comprising a plurality of pixel elements formed on a substrate wherein: each of said pixel elements comprises a micromirror disposed above said substrate supported on a deflectable hinge extended from the substrate; a first drive circuit and a second drive circuit disposed on the substrate; a drive electrode disposed on the substrate for receiving signals to control and drive the mirror, wherein the drive electrode comprises an insulation layer, and a first electrode and a second electrode with the insulation layer disposed between and insulating the first and the second electrode, wherein the first drive circuit changes a voltage applied to the first electrode when the second drive circuit changes a voltage applied to the second electrode. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0037]    The present invention is described in detail below with reference to the following Figures. 
           [0038]      FIG. 1A  is a conceptual diagram showing the configuration of a projection apparatus according to a conventional technique; 
           [0039]      FIG. 1B  is a conceptual diagram showing the configuration of a mirror element of a projection apparatus according to a conventional technique; 
           [0040]      FIG. 1C  is a conceptual diagram showing the configuration of the drive circuit for a mirror element of a projection apparatus according to a conventional technique; 
           [0041]      FIG. 1D  is a conceptual diagram showing the format of image data used in a projection apparatus according to a conventional technique; 
           [0042]      FIG. 2  is a diagonal view diagram showing a mirror device in which a plurality of mirror elements used for controlling the reflecting direction of incident light by deflecting mirrors is arrayed in two dimensions on a device substrate; 
           [0043]      FIG. 3A  is a top view diagram of the mirror element shown in  FIG. 2 ; 
           [0044]      FIG. 3B  is a conceptual diagram showing a cross-sectional configuration of the mirror element shown in  FIG. 2 ; 
           [0045]      FIG. 4A  is a diagram showing the situation of a mirror element when a mirror is in a state (i.e., an ON state) of reflecting an incident light to the projection optical system of a projection apparatus; 
           [0046]      FIG. 4B  shows the volume of light projected in the ON state exemplified in  FIG. 4A ; 
           [0047]      FIG. 4C  is a diagram showing the situation of a mirror element when a mirror is in a state (i.e., an OFF state) of not reflecting an incident light to the projection optical system of a projection apparatus; 
           [0048]      FIG. 4D  shows the volume of light projected in the OFF state exemplified in  FIG. 4C ; 
           [0049]      FIG. 4E  is a diagram showing the situation of a mirror element when a mirror is in the state (i.e., an oscillation state) of a free oscillation; 
           [0050]      FIG. 4F  shows the volume of light projected in the oscillation state exemplified in  FIG. 4E ; 
           [0051]      FIG. 5  is a functional block diagram showing an exemplary configuration of a control unit comprised in a projection apparatus; 
           [0052]      FIG. 6  is a conceptual diagram showing how a spatial light modulator (i.e., a mirror device) is controlled by a combination between an ON/OFF control and an oscillation control; 
           [0053]      FIG. 7A  is a cross-sectional diagram of a mirror element according to a first preferred embodiment; 
           [0054]      FIG. 7B  is a top view diagram of a mirror element according to the first embodiment; 
           [0055]      FIG. 7C  is a top view diagram of a mirror element according to the first embodiment; 
           [0056]      FIG. 7D  is a top view diagram of a mirror element according to the first embodiment; 
           [0057]      FIG. 7E  is a diagram showing the situation of a mirror element, in an ON state, according to the first embodiment; 
           [0058]      FIG. 7F  is a diagram showing the situation of a mirror element, in an OFF state, according to the first embodiment; 
           [0059]      FIG. 7G  is a conceptual diagram showing an exemplary circuit configuration of a mirror element; 
           [0060]      FIG. 7H  is a timing chart showing an exemplary operation of the circuit configuration exemplified in  FIG. 7G ; 
           [0061]      FIG. 8  is a diagram showing an exemplary configuration of the layout of a control circuit placed in a pixel array in which pixel units (i.e., mirror elements) are arrayed; 
           [0062]      FIG. 9A  is a conceptual diagram showing a cross-sectional configuration of a mirror element according to a second preferred embodiment; 
           [0063]      FIG. 9B  is a bottom view diagram of a drive electrode included in the mirror element exemplified in  FIG. 9A ; 
           [0064]      FIG. 10A  is a diagram for describing, in further detail, of the elastic hinge of a mirror element according to the second embodiment; 
           [0065]      FIG. 10B  is a diagram showing an exemplary modification of the configuration for connecting the mirror to the elastic hinge of the mirror element according to the second embodiment; 
           [0066]      FIG. 10C  is a diagram showing another exemplary modification of the configuration for connecting the mirror to the elastic hinge of the mirror element according to the second embodiment; 
           [0067]      FIG. 11  is a diagram for describing the configuration of an exemplary modification of a mirror element according to the second embodiment; 
           [0068]      FIG. 12A  is a top view diagram of a mirror element according to the second embodiment, with upper layers than a first protective layer removed; 
           [0069]      FIG. 12B  is a top view diagram of a mirror element according to the second embodiment, with upper layers than a second protective layer removed; 
           [0070]      FIG. 13  is a conceptual diagram showing an exemplary circuit configuration of a mirror element according to the second embodiment; 
           [0071]      FIG. 14A  is a timing chart showing an exemplary function of the circuit configuration of a mirror element according to the second embodiment; 
           [0072]      FIG. 14B  is a timing chart showing another exemplary function of the circuit configuration of a mirror element according to the second embodiment; 
           [0073]      FIG. 14C  is a timing chart showing yet another exemplary function of the circuit configuration of a mirror element according to the second embodiment; 
           [0074]      FIG. 14D  is a timing chart showing yet another exemplary function of the circuit configuration of a mirror element according to the second embodiment; 
           [0075]      FIG. 14E  is a timing chart showing yet another exemplary function of the circuit configuration of a mirror element according to the second embodiment; 
           [0076]      FIG. 15A  is a timing chart showing yet another exemplary function of the circuit configuration of a mirror element according to the second embodiment; 
           [0077]      FIG. 15B  is a timing chart showing yet another exemplary function of the circuit configuration of a mirror element according to the second embodiment; 
           [0078]      FIG. 15C  is a timing chart showing yet another exemplary function of the circuit configuration of a mirror element according to the second embodiment; 
           [0079]      FIG. 16A  is a conceptual diagram showing an exemplary circuit configuration of an exemplary modification of a mirror element according to the second embodiment; 
           [0080]      FIG. 16B  is a conceptual diagram showing an exemplary circuit configuration of another exemplary modification of a mirror element according to the second embodiment; 
           [0081]      FIG. 17A  is a conceptual diagram showing a cross-sectional configuration of a mirror element according to a third preferred embodiment; 
           [0082]      FIG. 17B  is a bottom view diagram of a drive electrode included in a mirror element according to the third embodiment; 
           [0083]      FIG. 18  is a conceptual diagram showing an exemplary circuit configuration of a mirror element according to the third embodiment; 
           [0084]      FIG. 19A  is a timing chart showing an exemplary function of the circuit configuration of a mirror element according to the third embodiment; 
           [0085]      FIG. 19B  is a timing chart showing another exemplary function of the circuit configuration of a mirror element according to the third embodiment; 
           [0086]      FIG. 20A  is a conceptual diagram showing an exemplary circuit configuration of an exemplary modification of a mirror element according to the third embodiment; 
           [0087]      FIG. 20B  is a conceptual diagram showing another exemplary circuit configuration of another exemplary modification of a mirror element according to the third embodiment; 
           [0088]      FIG. 21  is a conceptual diagram showing a cross-sectional configuration of a mirror element according to a fourth preferred embodiment; 
           [0089]      FIG. 22A  is a top view diagram of a mirror element according to the fourth embodiment, with upper layers than a first protective layer removed; 
           [0090]      FIG. 22B  is a top view diagram of a mirror element according to the fourth embodiment, in a state in which a hinge electrode and a lower electrode are added to the configuration of  FIG. 22A ; 
           [0091]      FIG. 22C  is a top view diagram of a mirror element according to the fourth embodiment in a state in which a second protective layer and a barrier metal layer are added onto a hinge electrode and in which an insulation layer and an upper electrode are added onto a lower electrode, starting from the configuration shown in  FIG. 22B ; 
           [0092]      FIG. 22D  is a top view diagram of a mirror element according to the fourth embodiment, in a state in which a third protective layer is added to the configuration of  FIG. 22C ; 
           [0093]      FIG. 23A  is a diagram exemplifying a state of an electric field generated by a mirror element according to the fourth embodiment; 
           [0094]      FIG. 23B  is a diagram exemplifying another state of an electric field generated by a mirror element according to the fourth embodiment; 
           [0095]      FIG. 24A  is a conceptual diagram showing a cross-sectional configuration of a mirror element according to a fifth preferred embodiment; 
           [0096]      FIG. 24B  is a top view diagram of a mirror element according to the fifth embodiment; and 
           [0097]      FIG. 25  is a conceptual diagram showing a cross-sectional configuration of a mirror element according to a sixth preferred embodiment. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0098]    The following is a description, in detail, of the preferred embodiments of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings. The first is a description of an example of a premising configuration of a mirror device according to the present embodiment followed by a description of each preferred embodiment. 
         [0099]      FIG. 2  is a diagonal view diagram showing a mirror device in which a plurality of mirror elements used for controlling the reflecting direction of incident light by deflecting mirrors is arrayed in two dimensions on a device substrate. Specifically, the mirror device is a kind of a micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) device. 
         [0100]    The mirror device  100  shown in  FIG. 2  is utilized as, for example, a spatial light modulator for a projection apparatus. The mirror device  100  is configured to place a plurality of mirror element each comprising an address electrode (not shown in a drawing herein), an elastic hinge (not shown in a drawing herein) and a mirror  201  supported by the elastic hinge crosswise on a device substrate  202 . 
         [0101]    In the configuration shown in  FIG. 2 , the mirror elements  200  each comprising a square mirror  201  are arranged crosswise at constant intervals (simply noted as “arrayed” hereinafter) on the device substrate  202 . The mirror  201  can be controlled by applying a voltage to an address electrode placed on the device substrate  202 . 
         [0102]    Referring to  FIG. 2 , a deflection axis  203  around which the mirror  201  is deflected is depicted in a dotted line. To the mirror  201 , a light emitted from a variable light source  110  is incident so as to be perpendicular to the deflection axis  203  or form an inclined angle. 
         [0103]      FIG. 3A  is a top view diagram of the mirror element  200  shown in  FIG. 2 .  FIG. 3B  is a conceptual diagram showing a cross-sectional configuration, on a plane indicated by III-III, of the mirror element  200  shown in  FIG. 2 . 
         [0104]    The mirror element  200  includes the aforementioned mirror  201 , an elastic hinge  204  for supporting the mirror  201 , a hinge electrode  205  connected to the elastic hinge  204 , two address electrodes  206   a  and  206   b  placed so as to be opposite to the mirror  201 , and a first and second memory cells M 1  and M 2  corresponding to the respective address electrodes  206   a  and  206   b.    
         [0105]    Each memory cell has a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) structure respectively including gate transistors ( 207   a  or  207   b ) and capacitors ( 207   c  or  207   d ) and is commonly equipped inside of the device substrate  202 . An insulation layer  208  is equipped on the substrate. Therefore, the memory cell and the address electrode on the insulation layer  208  are connected together by way of a Via  209  equipped in the insulation layer  208 . Likewise, the hinge electrode  205  on the insulation layer  208  is connected to the ground (GND) by way of the Via  209  equipped in the insulation layer  208 . 
         [0106]    The mirror element  200  configured as described above is controlled for the deflecting direction of the mirror  201  by controlling each memory cell in accordance with image data signal. The mirror element  200  can modulate and reflect incident light. 
         [0107]    Next is a description of the basic control for the mirror  201  of the mirror element  200 . Specifically, “Va (1, 0)” means that a predetermined voltage Va is applied to the address electrode  206   b  and that no voltage is applied to the address electrode  206   a  in the following description. “Va (0, 1)” means that no voltage is applied to the address electrode  206   b  and that a voltage Va is applied to the address electrode  206   a.  “Va (0, 0)” means a voltage Va is applied to neither the address electrode  206   a  nor the address electrode  206   b.  “Va (1, 1)” means a voltage Va is applied to both the address electrode  206   a  and address electrode  206   b.    
         [0108]      FIG. 4A  is a diagram showing the situation of a mirror element  200  when a mirror  201  is in a state (i.e., an ON state) of reflecting an incident light to the projection optical system of a projection apparatus. In the state of  FIG. 4A , a predetermined voltage Va is applied to only the address electrode  206   a  (i.e., Va (0, 1) by way of the memory cell M 1 . This operation causes the mirror  201  to be tilted from a neutral state to become an ON state by being attracted to the address electrode  206   a.  In the ON state of the mirror  201 , the reflection light by way of the mirror  201  is captured by the projection optical system and is projected as a projection light.  FIG. 4B  shows the volume of light (also noted as “light volume” hereinafter) projected in the ON state. 
         [0109]      FIG. 4C  is a diagram showing the situation of a mirror element  200  when a mirror  201  is in a state (i.e., an OFF state) of not reflecting an incident light to the projection optical system of a projection apparatus. In the state of  FIG. 4C , a predetermined voltage Va is applied to only the address electrode  206   b  (i.e., Va (1, 0) by way of the memory cell M 2 . This operation causes the mirror  201  to be tilted from a neutral state to become an OFF state by being attracted to the address electrode  206   b.  In the OFF state of the mirror  201 , the reflection light is shifted from the projection optical system and therefore does not constitute a projection light.  FIG. 4D  shows the volume of light projected in the OFF state. 
         [0110]      FIG. 4E  is a diagram showing the situation of a mirror element  200  when a mirror  201  is in a state (i.e., an oscillation state) of a free oscillation. In the state of  FIG. 4E , the voltage that was applied to the address electrode  206   a  or  206   b  is removed (i.e., Va (0, 0). This operation causes the mirror  201  to freely oscillate between a tilt position (i.e., a Full ON), in which the mirror  201  abuts on the address electrode  206   a,  and a tilt position (i.e., a Full OFF), in which the mirror  201  abuts on the address electrode  206   b,  by the maximum amplitude A0. When the mirror  201  is in the oscillation state, the light volume of an incident light reflected to an ON direction and a portion of the light volume of the incident light reflected to a direction between the ON direction and OFF direction are incident to the projection optical system and are projected as the brightness of an image (i.e., a projection light).  FIG. 4F  shows the light volume projected in the oscillation state. 
         [0111]    That is, in the ON state of the mirror  201  shown in  FIG. 4A , approximately all of the flux of light (noted as “light flux” hereinafter) of the reflection light proceeds to the ON direction to be captured by the projection optical system and is projected as the projection light. In the OFF state of the mirror  201  shown in  FIG. 4C , the reflection light proceeds to the OFF direction shifted from the projection optical system and therefore a light to be projected as a projection light does not exist. In the oscillation state of the mirror  201  as shown in  FIG. 4E , a portion of the light flux of the reflection light, a diffraction light and/or diffuse reflection light are captured by the projection optical system and are projected as projection light. 
         [0112]    Specifically, the above described  FIGS. 4A ,  4 B,  4 C,  4 D,  4 E and  4 F exemplify the case of applying a voltage Va, which is expressed by a binary value, i.e., 0 or 1, to the two address electrodes  206   a  and  206   b,  respectively; the value of the voltage Va may be controlled under multiple values. This configuration increases the steps magnitude of Coulomb force generated between the mirror  201  and each respective address electrode, thereby enabling more minute control for the mirror  201 . 
         [0113]    Furthermore, the above described  FIGS. 4A ,  4 B,  4 C,  4 D,  4 E and  4 F exemplify the case of setting the mirror  201  (i.e., the hinge electrode  205 ) at the ground potential; alternatively, an offset voltage may be applied to the mirror  201 . This configuration enables more minute control for the mirror  201 . 
         [0114]    Specifically, the Coulomb force generated between the mirror  201  and address electrode  206   a  (or  206   b ) is represented by the following expression:            
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                   1 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0115]    where “S” is the area size of the address electrode  206   a  or  206   b,  “h” is the distance between the mirror  201  and address electrode  206   a  or  206   b,  “e” is the permittivity between the mirror  201  and address electrode  206   a  or  206   b,  “V” is a voltage applied to the address electrode  206   a  or  206   b  and “k” is a correction factor. 
         [0116]    A mirror device as described above can be produced by a process similar to the production process of a semiconductor. The production process mainly includes chemical vapor deposition (CVD), photolithography, etching, doping and chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). 
         [0117]    Specifically, the present specification document specifically denotes an electrode connected to memory described above as an address electrode, and an electrode not connected to memory described later as a plate electrode. Furthermore, when a drive electrode is not distinguished from a hinge electrode, both of them are collectively denoted as a stationary electrode. 
         [0118]    Next is a description of a projection apparatus utilizing a mirror device as a spatial light modulator. 
         [0119]      FIG. 5  is a functional block diagram showing an exemplary configuration of a control unit comprised in a projection apparatus. The control unit  310  of the projection apparatus  300  includes frame memory  130 , an SLM controller  140 , a sequencer  160 , a light source control unit  170  and a light source drive circuit  180 . Specifically, the projection apparatus  300  utilizes the above described mirror device  100  as a spatial light modulator  150 . 
         [0120]    The following is a brief description of the role of each functional block of the projection apparatus  300 . The sequencer  160 , being constituted by a microprocessor, et cetera, controls the operation timing, and the like, of the entirety of the control unit  310  and spatial light modulator  150 . The frame memory  130  retains input digital video data  311  (e.g., a binary video signal  400 ), for the amount of, for example, one frame, the data which is received from an external device (not shown in a drawing herein) that is connected to a video signal input unit  120 . The input digital video data  311  is updated moment by moment at every time the display of one frame is completed. The SLM controller  140  divides input digital video data  311  that is read from the frame memory  130  into a plurality of subfields and outputs the divided subfields to the spatial light modulator  150  as control data for attaining the ON/OFF control (i.e., the PWM control) and oscillation control (i.e., the OSC control) for the mirror  201  of the spatial light modulator  150 . The sequencer  160  outputs a timing signal to the spatial light modulator  150  in synchronous with the SLM controller  140  generating data. 
         [0121]    A video image analysis unit  190  outputs a video image analysis signal  312  used for generating various light source pulse patterns on the basis of the input digital video data  311  input from the video signal input unit  120 . The light source control unit  170  controls the operation of emitting an illumination light performed at a light source  110  on the basis of the video image analysis signal  312  obtained from the video image analysis unit  190  by way of the sequencer  160 . The light source drive circuit  180  performs the operation of driving the red laser light source  111 , green laser light source  112  and blue laser light source  113  of the variable light source  110  so as to emit light, respectively, on the basis of an instruction from the light source control unit  170 . 
         [0122]    In the projection apparatus configured as described above, the mirror device is controlled with a combination of the ON/OFF control and oscillation control. Specifically, the ON/OFF control means a control in which a mirror is controlled under an ON state or OFF state, and the oscillation control (i.e., the OSC control) means a control in which the mirror is controlled under an oscillation state or OFF state. 
         [0123]      FIG. 6  is a conceptual diagram showing how the spatial light modulator  150  (i.e., the mirror device  100 ) is controlled by a combination between the ON/OFF control and an oscillation control.  FIG. 6  exemplifies the case of allocating a 10-bit binary video signal  400  as an input signal  313  corresponding to one sub-field. A signal split unit  321  (i.e., Signal splitter) splits the inputted binary video signal  400  into upper 8 bits and lower 2 bits and outputs them to a first state control unit  322  (i.e., a 1st state controller) and a second state control unit  323  (i.e., 2nd state controller), respectively. The signal split unit  321  further outputs a timing signal (i.e., Sync) to a timing control unit  324  (i.e., a Timing controller). 
         [0124]    The first state control unit  322  controls the mirror device  100  under the ON/OFF control (i.e., the PWM control) on the basis of a signal that is inputted. Meanwhile, the second state control unit  323  controls the mirror device  100  under the oscillation control (i.e., the OSC control) on the basis of a signal that is inputted. The timing control unit  324  controls a selection unit  325  (i.e., Selector) on the basis of a timing signal that is input. For the mirror device  100 , a state in which it is controlled by the first state control unit  322  and a state in which it is controlled by the second state control unit  323  are changed over by the selection unit  325 . 
         [0125]    As described above, the mirror device is controlled, within the projection apparatus, with a combination of the ON/OFF control and oscillation control. 
         [0126]    Next is a description of each preferred embodiment of the present invention with the above described premising configuration in mind. 
       First Embodiment 
       [0127]      FIG. 7A  is a cross-sectional diagram of a mirror element according to the present embodiment. In contrast to the mirror element  200  exemplified in  FIGS. 3A and 3B , the mirror element  700  exemplified in  FIG. 7A  is configured to further include two drive electrodes (i.e., surface electrodes  721 ). The following is a further detail description of the mirror element  700 . 
         [0128]    The wirings  702   a,    702   b,    702   c,    702   d  and  702   e  of a drive circuit for driving and controlling the mirror  718 , and first Vias  705   a,    705   b,    705   c,    705   d  and  705   e,  which are connected to the aforementioned wirings and a first insulation layer  719  are formed on the substrate  701  of the mirror element  700 . 
         [0129]    Here, on the wirings  702   a,    702   b,    702   c,    702   d  and  702   e,  the first Vias  705   a,    705   b,    705   c,    705   d  and  705   e  are respectively equipped in the first insulation layer  719 . 
         [0130]    As described above, the first insulation layer  719  is equipped with five Vias. Specifically, the number of the Vias may be different for individual wirings. Furthermore, the number of Vias may be larger or smaller than five. 
         [0131]    Furthermore, second Vias  720   a,    720   b,    720   c  and surface electrodes  721   a  and  721   b  are respectively equipped on the first Vias  705   a,    705   b,    705   c,    705   d  and  705   e.  Then a protective layer  703  is deposited on the first insulation layer  719 . 
         [0132]    Specifically, the semiconductor wafer substrate  701  is preferred to be a silicon substrate. The wirings  702   a,    702   b,    702   c,    702   d  and  702   e  of the drive circuit are preferred to be aluminum wirings. The first Vias  705   a,    705   b,    705   c,    705   d  and  705   e  and second Vias  720   a,    720   b  and  720   c  are desired to be made of a metallic material containing tungsten or copper. 
         [0133]    The surface electrodes  721   a  and  721   b  may use, for example, a material (e.g., tungsten) that is the same as, or similar to, the material of the first Vias  705   a,    705   b,    705   c,    705   d  and  705   e  and second Vias  720   a,    720   b  and  720   c,  or a material with high electric conductivity, such as aluminum. Furthermore, the forms of the surface electrodes  721   a  and  721   b  may be appropriately determined. Furthermore, although the surface electrodes  721   a  and  721   b  are formed on the first Vias  705   d  and  705   e,  they may be formed directly on the wirings  702   d  and  702   e.    
         [0134]    The first insulation layer  719  and protective layer  703  are preferred to be made of a material containing silicon, such as silicon carbide (SiC), amorphous silicon and silicon dioxide (SiO2). If aluminum is used for the surface electrodes  721   a  and  721   b  and if amorphous silicon directly contacts with aluminum, the aluminum-made surface electrodes  721   a  and  721   b  will be corroded. Therefore, a silicon carbide (SiC) layer is preferred to be provided between the amorphous silicon and the aluminum-made surface electrodes  721   a  and  721   b.  It is also possible to form an electrode by mixing aluminum with an impurity such as silicon, or to form a barrier layer using tantrum (Ta) or titanium (Ti) on the top or bottom of an electrode. Such barrier layer may conceivably be structured in two or more layers. 
         [0135]    Specifically, a stiction phenomenon generated by the mirror  718  contacting with the electrode  722  or  722   b  can be prevented by equipping a stopper on the substrate  701  so as to not allow the mirror  718  to abut on the electrode  722   a  or  722   b.    
         [0136]    The mirror element  700  is equipped with the hinge electrode  704  and electrodes  722   a  and  722   b  so as to secure electric conduction with the second Vias Via  720   a,    720   b  and  720   c.  The hinge electrode  704  and electrodes  722   a  and  722   b  may preferably use a material with high electrical conductivity, such as aluminum. Specifically, the hinge electrode  704  is connected to the ground (GND). 
         [0137]    The hinge electrode  704  is an electrode equipped for an elastic hinge  711  and is configured to be the same height as that of the electrodes  722   a  and  722   b  on the left and right sides. The forming of the individual electrodes so that the height of the center, left and right is the same makes it possible to form the hinge electrode  704  and electrodes  722   a  and  722   b  in the same production process. 
         [0138]    Furthermore, adjusting the height of the hinge electrode  704  at production makes it possible to determine the height of the center part on which the elastic hinge  711  is placed. The elastic hinge  711  is made of, for example, amorphous silicon. The thickness of the elastic hinge  711  is preferred to be a certain size between approximately 150- and 400 angstroms. 
         [0139]    Meanwhile, a plurality of elastic hinges may be provided for one mirror  718 , with the width of each elastic hinge reduced. For example, two elastic hinges with a smaller width than that of the elastic hinge used for the case of providing one mirror  718  with a single elastic hinge may be respectively placed on both sides of the mirror. 
         [0140]    Furthermore, if the elastic hinge  711  is made of a silicon (Si) material, the elastic hinge  711  is preferred to have electrical conductivity through application of an In-situ doping with boron, arsenic, phosphorus or the like, or diffusing an ion-implanted material or metallic silicide such as nickel silicide (NiSi) and titanium silicide (TiSi). If the elastic hinge  711  is made of silicon (Si) that is the group IV of a semiconductor material, an additive may be appropriately selected from among the materials belonging to the group III or V. 
         [0141]    Moreover, in the mirror element  23700 , a second insulation layer (i.e., a protective film)  723  is deposited on the surface of the structural part of the substrate  701 . The second insulation layer  723  is preferred to be a layer containing silicon such as silicon carbide (SiC) and amorphous silicon. This layer is formed in order to prevent the hinge electrode  704 , surface electrodes  721   a  and  721   b,  and electrodes  722   a  and  722   b  from being corroded by hydrogen fluoride (HF), if they are made of aluminum. 
         [0142]    Furthermore, the top surface of the elastic hinge  711  may be provided with a coupled layer. A layer made of the same material as that of the elastic hinge  711  may be equipped as the coupled layer by forming the same area size and form as those of the mirror  718 . Configuring the coupled layer as the minimum possible area size makes it possible to prevent a deformation and/or warping of the mirror  718  due to the difference in the coefficients of linear expansion between the mirror  718  and coupled layer. 
         [0143]    Furthermore, a joinder layer  716  is deposited on the coupled layer of the elastic hinge  711  for obtaining an electric connection between the elastic hinge  711  and mirror  718  while eliminating a variation in the height among the individual mirror elements. 
         [0144]    The joinder layer  716  is preferred to be made of, for example, single crystal silicon (Si), amorphous silicon or poly-silicon, to any of which an In-Situ doping with boron, arsenic or phosphorous is applied, or ion-implanted; or made of an annealed semiconductor material. Alternatively, the joinder layer  716  is preferred to possess electrical conductivity through application of diffusing a metallic silicide such as nickel silicide (NiSi) and titanium silicide (TiSi). If the joinder layer  716  is made of silicon (Si), which is found in the group IV among semiconductor materials, an additive may be appropriately selected from among the materials belonging to the group III or group V. The resistance of the joinder layer  716  is approximately the same as that of the elastic hinge  711  or mirror  718 , and is lower than the resistance of the protective layer  703 . 
         [0145]    If the mirror  718  is made of aluminum and if the elastic hinge  711  is constituted by a silicon material, a barrier layer (not shown in a drawing herein) may be deposited on the top and bottom of the joinder layer  716  so that the mirror  718  does not come to contact with the elastic hinge  711 . Such a barrier layer may be constituted by two or more layers. 
         [0146]    Then, the mirror  718  is formed on the joinder layer  716  of the elastic hinge  711  to complete the mirror element  700 . 
         [0147]    The mirror  718  is preferred to be made of a member, e.g., aluminum, which possesses a high reflectance of light (i.e., electromagnetic waves, especially visible light). Furthermore, the aluminum used for it may be an alloy containing titanium (Ti) and/or silicon (Si). For example, silicon (Si) may preferably be added to aluminum by about 5%. Meanwhile, the top surface of the mirror  718  may be provided with an aluminum oxide layer. Furthermore, a material with a low refractive index and a material with a high refractive index may alternately be deposited onto the top surface of the mirror  718  to improve the reflectivity thereof. 
         [0148]    Furthermore, the mirror  718  is preferred to be a square or a diamond shaped, with each side being a size between about 4- and 11 μm. Further, the gap between individual mirrors  718  is preferred to be any gap between about 0.15- and 0.55 μm. Further, a preferred design is such that the aperture ratio of an individual mirror element is no less than 85%, or further preferably, no less than 90%. Specifically, the configuration is also such that the reflection region preferably occupies about 85% of the region in which the mirrors  718  are placed even when a torsion hinge is used. 
         [0149]    As the surface part of the substrate  701  is a perspective view of the device shown in  FIG. 7B , the mirror  718 , the electrodes  722   a  and  722   b  and the hinge electrode  704  are enclosed by the dotted lines. Meanwhile, the deflection axis  718   a  of the mirror  718  is indicated by a single-dot chain line. 
         [0150]    As exemplified in  FIG. 7B , the surface electrodes  721   a  and  721   b  represent the appearance of a rectangle in the plain view, and are placed under the opposite corners of the mirror  718 . Further, the surface electrodes  721   a  and  721   b  are respectively placed so as to form point symmetry about the center of the mirror  718 . Specifically, the surface electrode  721  may be provided by arraying a plurality of miniature electrodes as indicated by the electrodes  721   c  and  721   d  which are shown in  FIG. 7C . The individual miniature electrodes are respectively connected to the same Via so as to be maintained at the same electric potential (simply noted as “potential” hereinafter). The individual miniature electrodes can be formed by the same production process as that for forming a Via, which connects between metallic layers, in the semiconductor production process, and thus the production of the miniature electrode is eased. 
         [0151]    The electrodes  722   a  and  722   b  are placed at the positions under the mirror  718  excluding positions where the surface electrodes  721   a  and  721   b  and hinge electrode  704  are placed. Alternatively, the electrodes  722   a  and  722   b  may be placed by overlapping with the entirety, or a part, of the surface electrodes constituted by the electrodes  721   c  and  721   d  as exemplified in  FIG. 7C . If the voltages applied to the surface electrodes  721  and electrodes  722  are applied at the same time or with the same potential, the surface electrodes  721  and electrodes  722  may be electrically continuous to each other. In contrast, if the voltages are applied to the surface electrodes  721  and electrodes  722  in different timings or with different potentials, then different drive circuits may be connected to the respective electrodes  721  and electrodes  722  by placing them electrically separately. 
         [0152]    Furthermore, the electrodes  722   a  and  722   b  are also placed so as to form point symmetry about the center of the mirror  718  likewise the case of the surface electrodes  721   a  and  721   b.    
         [0153]      FIG. 7D  is a plain view diagram of the mirror element  700  excluding the mirror  718 . In  FIG. 7D , the mirror  718  is depicted by a dotted line box. 
         [0154]    As exemplified in  FIGS. 7A and 7D , the electrodes  722   a  and  722   b  are formed to be projecting from the substrate  701 . Further, the electrodes  722   a  and  722   b  are formed so that the mirror  718  contacts with the electrodes  722   a  and  722   b,  respectively, when the mirror  718  deflects, and thereby the upper limit of the deflecting angle of the mirror  718  is determined. 
         [0155]    A preferred design is such that the electrodes  722   a  and  722   b  are formed in such a manner so as to make the deflection angle of the mirror  718  anywhere between 12- and 14 degrees. Such a deflection angle of the mirror  718  is preferably designed in compliance with the designs of the light source and optical system of a projection apparatus. A preferable design also includes the height of the elastic hinge  711  of each mirror element  700  to be no larger than 2 μm and the mirror  718  of each mirror element  700  to be a square with each side being no larger than 10 μm. 
         [0156]      FIG. 7E  is a diagram showing the situation of the mirror element  700  when the mirror  718  is in a state (i.e., an ON state) in which an incident light is reflected to the projection optical system of a projection apparatus. In the state of  FIG. 7E , a predetermined voltage Va is applied to the electrode  722   b  and surface electrode  721   a,  while other electrodes are grounded by connecting them to the GND. With this operation, the mirror  718  is tilted by being attracted from the neutral state to the electrode  722   b  and surface electrode  721   a  so that the mirror  718  is controlled under the ON state. 
         [0157]      FIG. 7F  is a diagram showing the situation of the mirror element  700  when the mirror  718  is in a state (i.e., an OFF state) in which the incident light is not reflected to the projection optical system. In the state of  FIG. 7F , a predetermined voltage Va is applied to the electrode  722   a  and surface electrode  721   b , while other electrodes are grounded by being connected to the GND. With this operation, the mirror  718  is tilted by being attracted from the neutral state to the electrode  722   a  and surface electrode  721   b  so that the mirror  718  is controlled under the OFF state. 
         [0158]    In addition to the above described control, the mirror can also be controlled under an oscillation state as exemplified in  FIG. 4C  in the mirror element  700 , as in the case of the above described mirror element  200 . 
         [0159]    Specifically, the case of applying the same voltage to the electrode  721  and surface electrode  722  is shown here; it is also possible to apply different voltage to the electrode  721  and surface electrode  722 , respectively. It is further possible to carry out a control in which multi-step voltages are applied to the surface electrodes  721   a  and  721   b , and electrodes  722   a  and  722   b,  of the mirror element  700 . 
         [0160]    Furthermore, if the forms of the mirror  718  and elastic hinge  711  are respectively changed, or if the elastic hinge  711  is made to possess different restoring force, or if the deflection control for the mirror  718  is changed, between the left side (i.e., the OFF side) and right side (i.e., the ON side) of the mirror element  700 , a voltage is applied by changing the area size, height and/or placement (i.e., the layout) of the respective surface electrodes  721   a  and  721   b  or respective electrodes,  722   a,    722   b  or hinge electrode  704 , between the right and left sides of the mirror element  700 , and thereby the deflection of the mirror  718  is controlled. 
         [0161]    Furthermore, at least either surface electrode  721  of the surface electrode  721   a  and surface electrode  721   b  of the mirror element  700  may be protruded from the substrate. 
         [0162]    Next is a description of the circuit configuration of the mirror element  700  with reference to  FIG. 7G   
         [0163]      FIG. 7G  is a conceptual diagram showing an exemplary circuit configuration of the mirror element  700 . In the mirror element array of a mirror device, the mirror elements  700  are arrayed in a grid-like fashion at each of the positions where bit lines  220  (e.g., bit lines  221  and  222 ) vertically extended from the bit line driver (not shown in a drawing herein) and word lines  210  horizontally extended from the word line driver (not shown in a drawing herein) cross each other. Furthermore, a plurality of plate lines (e.g., a first plate line  231  and a second plate line  232 ) is equipped correspondingly to each word line. 
         [0164]    An ON capacitor  207   c  is connected to the electrode  722   b  on the ON side, and the ON capacitor  207   c  is connected to the bit line  221  by way of a gate transistor  207   a  that is constituted by a field effect transistor (FET) or the like. 
         [0165]    An OFF capacitor  207   d  is connected to the electrode  722   a  on the OFF side, and the OFF capacitor  207   d  is connected to the second bit line  222  ( 220 ) by way of a gate transistor  207   b  that is constituted by an FET or the like. 
         [0166]    That is, the ON capacitor  207   c  and gate transistor  207   a  of the ON-side electrode  722   b  constitute a memory cell in so-called DRAM structure. Likewise, the memory cell M 2  has a DRAM structure and includes an OFF capacitor  207   d  and gate transistor  207   b  of the OFF-side electrode  722   a.    
         [0167]    Furthermore, the surface electrode  721   b  on the OFF side is configured to be connected to the first plate line  231  and to be controlled separately from the memory cell M 2 . Likewise, the surface electrode  721   a  on the ON side is configured to be connected to the second plate line  232  and to be controlled separately from the memory cell M 1 . 
         [0168]    The elastic hinge  711  supporting the mirror  718  is depicted as a circuit element possessing a hinge resistor R711. If the stray capacitance of the elastic hinge  711  is large, it is possible to constitute a circuit also including a capacitor (not shown in a drawing herein). One end of the elastic hinge  711  is connected to the ground (GND). 
         [0169]    In this case, both the gap between the mirror  718  and ON-side electrodes (i.e., the electrode  722   b  and surface electrode  721   a ) and the gap between the mirror  718  and OFF-side electrodes (i.e., electrode  722   a  and surface electrode  721   b ) can be regarded as variable-capacitance capacitors, and the deflecting operation of the mirror  718  is controlled by the difference in potentials of the variable-capacitance capacitors. That is, the individual electrodes (i.e., the electrodes  722   a  and  722   b,  and the surface electrodes  721   a  and  721   b ) are drive electrodes used for driving the mirror  718 . 
         [0170]    The application of a voltage to the OFF-side electrode  722   a  and ON-side electrode  722   b  is controlled in accordance with the presence and absence of data written to the respective memory cells M 2  and M 1 , that is, charging to, and discharging from, the corresponding respective capacitors. In other words, both the electrodes  722   a  and  722   b  are address electrodes. 
         [0171]    More specifically, an arbitrary word line  210  is selected by the word line driver, and the opening and closing of the gate transistors  207   a  and gate transistors  207   b  of the mirror elements  700  horizontally lined up with the selected word line  210  are controlled. Associated with this operation, the charging and discharging of the charge to and from the ON capacitor  207   c  and OFF capacitor  207   d,  respectively, are controlled by the bit line driver through the bit lines  221  and  222 . 
         [0172]    Meanwhile, the application of a voltage to the ON-side surface electrode  721   a  and OFF-side surface electrode  721   b  is controlled through the respective plate lines  230  (i.e., the first plate line  231  and second plate line  232 ) in lieu of causing a memory cell to intervene. That is, both the surface electrodes  721   a  and  721   b  are plate electrodes. 
         [0173]    In other word, the potential of the address electrode is changed synchronously with the selection timing of the word line, with which the electric charge is charged to, or discharged from, the memory. Therefore, the potential of the address electrode is controlled in a predetermined interval (noted as “one time-slot” hereinafter), in which an individual word line is selected, as a unit of control (i.e., a minimum control interval), which is the enabled minimum control interval. In contrast, the potential of a plate electrode can be controlled in a shorter interval than one time-slot because there is no intervention of memory. 
         [0174]    As such, the deflecting operation of the mirror  718  is controlled by applying a voltage to the electrode  722   a  and surface electrode  721   b  on the OFF side and the electrode  722   b  and surface electrode  721   a  on the ON side. 
         [0175]    Here, if the electrical resistance of the elastic hinge  711  (i.e., the hinge resistor R711) is small when a voltage is applied to the electrodes (i.e., the surface electrode  721   b  and electrode  722   a,  or the surface electrode  721   a  and electrode  722   b ), the electric charge generated in the mirror  718  flows instantly to the ground (GND). If the resistance of the elastic hinge is large, the electric charge generated in the mirror  718  flows slowly to the ground (GND). This generates a transient characteristic in the tilting operation of the mirror  718 , causing a delay in the deflecting operation of the mirror  718 . 
         [0176]    In contrast, if the resistance of the elastic hinge  711  is large and if there is a photoelectric effect caused by an illumination light in the state of the mirror  718  being retained to the OFF-side electrodes (i.e., the electrode  722   a  and surface electrode  721   b ) or ON-side electrodes (i.e., the electrode  722   b  and surface electrode  721   a ), the potential of the mirror  718  cannot be retained at constant and therefore the mirror  718  cannot be retained on the OFF side or ON side as a result of the difference in potentials decreasing in a passage of certain time. 
         [0177]    Furthermore, if the resistance of the elastic hinge  711  is large and if a voltage applied to the OFF-side or ON-side electrode is steep, the alternate current (AC) component is actually applied to the mirror  718  by flowing through the variable-capacitance capacitors between the mirror  718  and individual electrodes. If the potential of the electrode is reduced from 5 volts to zero volts when the mirror  718  abuts on the electrode on the OFF side or ON side, a voltage between −4 volts and −5 volts is applied to the mirror  718 . This causes the mirror  718  to be kept retained onto the electrode for a while by the applied voltage even if the mirror  718  is tried to be released from the electrode. In order to prevent such a state, a stopper for determining the deflecting angle of the mirror  718  is separately provided and the stopper is connected to the ground (GND), and thereby the operation of the mirror element  700  can be controlled in high speed or high reliability. 
         [0178]      FIG. 7H  is a timing chart showing an exemplary operation of the circuit configuration exemplified in  FIG. 7G .  FIG. 7H  exemplifies the case of applying a voltage V 1  alternately to the 
         [0179]    OFF-side electrode  722   a  and ON-side electrode  722   b  for each time slot (in the pulse width t 10 ). Specifically, when a high definition image (i.e., a full high definition television) is expressed in 10 bits, it is necessary to perform within 40 microseconds (μsec) to drive the entirety of ROW lines. Therefore, the pulse width t 10  is, for example, 40 [μsec]. 
         [0180]    If a voltage is not applied to the plate line  230  and if an ON-side electrode potential VM 1 , which is applied to the ON-side electrode  722   b  in the state of the mirror  718  tilting onto the ON side, is changed from a voltage V 1  (e.g., 10 volts) to zero volts, the potential of the mirror  718  (i.e., the mirror potential V 718 ) nears a voltage close to −V 1  (i.e., a peak potential V 718   a ), followed by gradually dropping to zero volts because the hinge resistance R711 of the elastic hinge  711  is large. Specifically, the peak potential V 718   a  is a voltage exceeding a mirror-hold potential Vh (i.e., a voltage necessary to retain the mirror). 
         [0181]    Consequently, strong Coulomb force is generated between the ON-side electrode  722   b  and mirror  718  even when the ON-side electrode potential VM 1  of the ON-side electrode  722   b  is changed to L (i.e., zero volts) as exemplified in the front half period  241  of a mirror displacement rofile  240 . As a result, the mirror  718  is kept retained onto the ON side (for the period a) even if the OFF-side electrode potential VM 2  of the OFF-side electrode  722   a  is already at the voltage V 1 . Then, the mirror  718  deflects so as to transition to the OFF side as the potential of the mirror  718  decreases. 
         [0182]    In contrast, the peak potential V 718   b  of the mirror potential V 718  can be suppressed to a voltage lower than the mirror-hold potential Vh by giving a pulse potential VP 2  (or a pulse potential VP 1 ) with a pulse width t 11  (e.g., 10 [μsec]) to the second plate line  232  (or the first plate line  231 ) at a timing of the mirror  718  starting to tilt from the ON state (or OFF state). As a result, the deflecting operation of the mirror  718  can be so controlled as to be responsive to a change in the OFF-side electrode potential VM 2  and ON-side electrode potential VM 1  without delay as seen in the latter half period  242  of the mirror displacement profile  240 . In this case, the width of the ON period is in synchronous with the change in potentials of the electrodes  722   a  and  722   b,  and therefore is the same as the pulse width t 10 . 
         [0183]    Furthermore, if a pulse potential VP 1  is applied to only the first plate line  231  at a timing of the mirror  718  shifting from the OFF state to ON state, the mirror displacement profile  240  becomes a waveform that extends the ON period for a period “a” (i.e., a mirror ON period t 12  (e.g., 45 μsec)). In contrast, if a pulse potential VP 2  is applied to only the second plate line  232  at a timing of the mirror  718  shifting from the ON state to OFF state, the mirror displacement profile  240  becomes a waveform that narrows the ON period (e.g., 35 μsec) for a period “a”. 
         [0184]    As such, the application of voltage to the surface electrode  721   a  and surface electrode  721   b  using the first plate line  231  and second plate line  232  enables the mirror  718  to respond quickly to a change in potentials of the electrodes (i.e., the electrodes  722   a  and  722   b ). Also, generating a voltage only in one side, i.e., the first plate line  231  or second plate line  232 , also makes it possible to change the ON periods of the mirror  718 . 
         [0185]    That is, controlling the potentials of the first plate line  231  and second plate line  232  makes it possible to change the ON/OFF operations of the mirror  718  variously in a shorter interval than one time-slot, thereby attaining a high level of gradation. 
         [0186]      FIG. 8  shows an exemplary configuration of the layout of a control circuit placed in a pixel array in which pixel units (i.e., mirror elements  700 ) are arrayed. As exemplified in  FIG. 8 , a bit line driver unit  101 , a word line driver unit  102  and a plate line driver unit  103  are placed on the circumference of the pixel array. 
         [0187]    The word line driver unit  102  comprises a word line address decoder  102   a  and a word line driver  102   b,  which are used for selecting a word line  210  (WL). Furthermore, the plate line driver unit  103  comprises a plate line driver  103   b  and a plate line address decoder  103   a,  which are used for selecting a plate line  230  (PL). 
         [0188]    Each pixel unit is connected to the bit line  221  and bit line  222  of the bit line driver unit  101  (Bitline driver). Data from the bit lines  220  (i.e., bit lines  221  and  222 ) is written to the pixel units belonging to a ROW line selected through the word line  210  (WL). 
         [0189]    The word line  210  (WL) is selected when external serial data of WL_ADDR is converted into parallel data at the word line address decoder  102   a  (WL Address Decoder) and the parallelized data is converted into a necessary voltage at the word line driver  102   b.    
         [0190]    Furthermore, the plate electrodes (i.e., the surface electrodes  721   a  and  721   b ) are controlled separately from the word line  210  (WL) through the plate line  230  (PL). The plate line  230  (PL) is selected when external serial data of PL_ADDR is converted into parallel data at the plate line address decoder  103   a  (PL Address Decoder) and the parallelized data is converted into a necessary voltage at the plate line driver  103   b  (PL Driver). 
         [0191]    Here, the number of ROW lines comprising a plurality of pixel units lined up in horizontal one row can be configured to be, for example, 720 lines at the minimum. In this case, a data signal inputted to the memory cells M 1  and M 2  from each of the bit lines  221  and  222  is transmitted to one line of memory at the speed of no higher than 23 nanoseconds (“nsec”). 
         [0192]    That is, in order to process  720  ROW lines, with 256 gray scale steps for each color, by dividing a display period into four parts allocated to four colors, i.e., red (R), green (G), blue (B) and white (W), at the rate of 60 frames per second, the speed is: 
         [0000]      1/60 [sec]/4 [division]/256 [steps of gray scale]/720 [lines]=22.6 [nsec] 
         [0193]    Furthermore, in order to process 1080 ROW lines, with 256 gray scale steps for each color, by dividing a display period into three parts allocated to three colors, i.e., red (R), green (G) and blue (B), at the rate of 60 frames per second, the speed is: 
         [0000]      1/60/3/256/1080=20 [nsec] 
       Second Embodiment 
       [0194]    The following is a description of a mirror element according to the present embodiment.  FIG. 9A  is a conceptual diagram showing a cross-sectional configuration of a mirror element according to the present embodiment.  FIG. 9B  is a bottom view diagram of a drive electrode included in the mirror element exemplified in  FIG. 9A . 
         [0195]    Incidentally, the mirror element  700  according to the first embodiment exemplified in  FIG. 7A  comprises a plate electrode (i.e., an electrode not connected to memory), in addition to comprising an address electrode (i.e., an electrode connected to memory), thereby making it possible to variously change the ON/OFF operation of the mirror and attain a high level of gradation as a result. 
         [0196]    The mirror element  800  according to the present embodiment exemplified in  FIGS. 9A and 9B  is similar to the mirror element  700  shown in  FIG. 7A  in terms of comprising the address electrode and plate electrode, whereas the mirror element  800  is different from the mirror element  700  where the former is configured to place the address electrode and plate electrode in layer, with an insulation layer (i.e., a dielectric body layer) intervening between them. 
         [0197]    The layering of the address electrode and plate electrode makes it possible to increase the size of them, enabling an effective use of the region under a mirror. Associated with the increased size of the electrodes, the Coulomb force generated between the electrode and mirror also increases, enabling a reduction in the drive voltage and a utilization of a hinge with larger restoration force. Furthermore, high efficient generation of Coulomb force relative to the mirror size is enabled and therefore the configuration is effective to a miniaturization of the mirror element, leading to attaining a miniaturization of the mirror device. 
         [0198]    The following is a description of the mirror element  800 , in detail, with reference to  FIGS. 9A and 9B . The first is a description of the configuration of the mirror element  800 . 
         [0199]    The mirror element  800  is configured to include a substrate  801 , a mirror  802  (i.e., a movable electrode) placed oppositely to the substrate  801 , an elastic hinge  803  for supporting the mirror  802  so as to be deflectable, a hinge electrode  804  (i.e., a stationary electrode) electrically connected to the mirror  802  and a drive electrode  808  (i.e., a stationary electrode) for driving the mirror  802 . 
         [0200]    The drive electrode  808  is configured to comprise a plurality of regions (i.e., parts) and to layer a lower electrode  805  (i.e., a first electrode) (i.e., a substrate-side electrode unit) and an upper electrode  806  (i.e., a second electrode) (i.e., a mirror-side electrode) together, with an insulation layer  807  (Insulator) (i.e., a dielectric body layer) intervening between the aforementioned two electrode layers. In specific, the lower electrode  805  is formed on a part of the bottom surface of the drive electrode  808 , and the upper electrode  806  is so placed as to cover the lower electrode  805 , with the insulation layer  807  intervening between them, as exemplified in  FIGS. 9A and 9B . 
         [0201]    In a drive electrode including a plurality of electrodes layered as described above, a mirror is controlled by means of an electric field generated by an interaction of individual electrodes. That is, a lower electrode (i.e., a first electrode) actually causes Coulomb force to act on the mirror by way of an upper electrode (i.e., a second electrode). 
         [0202]    Specifically,  FIGS. 9A and 9B  exemplify the configuration of only one side of the elastic hinge  803  of the configuration of the mirror element  800  in which a single drive electrode exemplified in  FIG. 3B  is included on the other side of the elastic hinge  803 . Specifically, the other side may also be configured to include the layered drive electrode that is exemplified in  FIGS. 9A and 9B . Meanwhile, the gap between the hinge electrode  804  and drive electrode  808  is desired to be no more than 0.2 μm. 
         [0203]    The substrate  801  is equipped with a drive circuit including, for example, word lines  210 , bit lines  220 , plate lines  230 , a ground (GND), memory and wirings, for driving the mirror  802 . The substrate  801  is desired to be a silicon substrate. 
         [0204]    A first protective layer  809  is formed on the substrate  801 , and the respective electrodes (i.e., the hinge electrode  804 , lower electrode  805  and upper electrode  806 ) are placed on the first protective layer  809 . Furthermore, a second protective layer  810  is formed on the surfaces of the hinge electrode  804  and drive electrode  808 . The material of the first protective layer  809  and second protective layer  810  is desired to be silicon or silicon carbide (SiC). 
         [0205]    The drive circuit and each electrode is electrically connected by way of a Via equipped in the first protective layer  809 . In specific, the hinge electrode  804  is connected to the wiring  804   b  of the drive circuit by way of the Via  804   a.  Meanwhile, the lower electrode  805  and upper electrode  806  are respectively connected to the wiring  805   b  and wiring  806   b  by way of Via  805   a  and Via  806   a,  respectively. That is, the individual electrodes are connected to respectively different drive circuits. Specifically, each electrode and Via are desired to use a material with high electric conductivity, for example, aluminum, tungsten, titanium, copper, or a silicon (Si) material possessing electrical conductivity. Furthermore, the individual electrodes and Vias may be made of respectively different materials. 
         [0206]    The individual electrodes are respectively different wirings. The wiring  804   b  is connected to the GND of the drive circuit. Therefore, the potential of the hinge electrode  804  is maintained at the GND potential. The wiring  805   b  is connected to memory M 1  constituted by gate transistor  207   a  and capacitor  207   c.  That is, the lower electrode  805  is an address electrode connected to the drive circuit including the memory, and the potential of the lower electrode  805  is controlled in accordance with the presence and absence of data written to the memory M 1  through the word line  210  and bit line  220  (i.e., the first bit line  221 ), that is, controlled by charging and discharging of electric charge to and from the capacitor  207   c.  Meanwhile, the wiring  806   b  is connected to the plate line  230 . That is, the upper electrode  806  is a plate electrode so that the potential of the upper electrode  806  is controlled independently of the memory M 1 . 
         [0207]    Note that although the case of forming the lower electrode  805  on the first protective layer  809  is exemplified here, the lower electrode  805  may alternatively be formed in the first protective layer  809 . That is, the Via  805  is eliminated, and the lower electrode  805  is formed in the first protective layer  809  (i.e., the Via layer) so as to connect the lower electrode  805  directly to the wiring  805   b  (i.e., the wiring layer). In such a configuration, the lower electrode  805  can be formed in the same production process as the Via, and the production process is simplified, if the lower electrode  805  and each Via are made of the same material (e.g., tungsten, aluminum). 
         [0208]    The elastic hinge  803  is placed on the hinge electrode  804 , and the mirror  802  is placed on the elastic hinge  803 . The mirror  802  is electrically connected to the hinge electrode  804  by way of the elastic hinge  803 , and therefore the potential of the mirror  802  is maintained at the same potential as that of the hinge electrode  804 , that is, at the GND potential. As a result, the mirror  802  is controlled for the deflecting direction in accordance with the difference in potentials between the mirror  802  and the drive electrode  808  to which a voltage is applied. The mirror  802  is made of aluminum or a material obtained by adding about 5% of silicon (Si) to aluminum. 
         [0209]    Incidentally, in order to attain a high speed deflecting operation of the mirror  802 , the mirror  802  needs to be securely connected to the GND and also the electric resistance of the elastic hinge needs to be substantially low. That is, the elastic hinge is configured to secure a sufficient level of electric conductivity between the mirror  802  and hinge electrode  804  so as to attain a high speed operation of the mirror  802  and support it so as to be deflectable. 
         [0210]    Such elastic hinge  803  is formed by depositing amorphous silicon by means of, for example, a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. Furthermore, for securing electrical conductivity, it is desirable to use, when a material such as amorphous silicon is deposited, an annealed material by applying an In-Situ doping with the group III atom and group V atom, such as boron, arsenic, phosphorus, et cetera, or a material in which a metallic silicide, such as nickel silicide (NiSi) and titanium silicide (TiSi), is diffused. Specifically, the electric conductivity is further improved if a doping process is applied with two kinds of materials, that is, boron and phosphorus. Likewise, in order to secure electric conductivity, the elastic hinge  803  is formed in the region where a part of the second protective layer  810  is removed by applying etching. 
         [0211]    The electrical resistance of the elastic hinge  803  is desired to be no higher than 1 giga-ohms, whereas the resistance value will be higher by two to three digits if the material of the elastic hinge  803  is amorphous silicon and the above described doping process is not applied. Such a high resistance causes the mirror  802  to be electrically floated so that even if a high voltage is applied to the drive electrode  808 , the difference in potentials between the mirror  802  and drive electrode  808  will not be generated. Even if a higher voltage is applied to the electrode to generate a certain level of difference in potentials, a long period of time is needed until a desired difference in potentials is generated, making it impossible to attain a high speed operation. Furthermore, if an illumination light is irradiated on the elastic hinge  803 , an influence of photo-electric effect causes a current to flow in the mirror  802  through the elastic hinge  803 . Consequently, in the state of the mirror  802  deflecting in the direction of the drive electrode  808  and being retained there, the difference in potentials gradually decreases, thus unable to retain the mirror  802 . If the elastic hinge is made of aluminum or the like, the electrical resistance is very small. However, such an elastic hinge  803  is faced with deterioration due to metallic fatigue and the like, making it inferior in durability. Therefore, the use of a material with good mechanical strength such as silicon (Si) by lowering the electrical resistance gives substantial superiority to a display device in need of a high speed operation over an extended time period. 
         [0212]    The configuration as described above secures the electrical conductivity between the mirror  802  and hinge electrode  804  by way of the elastic hinge  803 . Incidentally, if the elastic hinge  803  is made of electrically conductive silicon and if the mirror  802  and hinge electrode  804  are made of aluminum, there is a known problem called migration occurring when silicon and aluminum directly contact with each other to allow a current to flow. The phenomenon of the migration is a problem degrading the reliability of an electric connection and thus needing to be avoided. Accordingly the present embodiment is configured to form a barrier metal layer  811  between the elastic hinge  803  and hinge electrode  804 , and form a barrier metal layer  812  between the elastic hinge  803  and mirror  802 , thereby preventing a migration phenomenon. Specifically, the barrier metal layers  811  and  812  use, for example, titanium or the like. 
         [0213]      FIG. 10A  is a diagram for describing, in further detail, of the elastic hinge  803  of the mirror element  800  according to the present embodiment. As exemplified in  FIG. 10A , the elastic hinge  803  is approximately perpendicularly placed on the barrier metal layer  811  that is provided between the elastic hinge  803  per se and hinge electrode  804 . More specifically, a side surface  803   a  of the elastic hinge  803  is formed in an angle less than 90 degrees relative to the barrier metal layer  811 . That is, the width (i.e., the left/right direction of  FIG. 10A ) of the elastic hinge  803  is the maximum width “h” at the part contacting with the mirror  802 , with the width gradually decreasing toward the hinge electrode  804 . This is a form attributable to the production method, that is, such a form is due to forming the elastic hinge  803  by means of an etching process. 
         [0214]    Furthermore, the elastic hinge  803  and mirror  802  are connected together by the structure of the tip of the elastic hinge  803  piercing into the mirror  802 . The structure of the connecting part is formed by depositing the barrier metal layer  812  and mirror  802  on the elastic hinge  803 , making the production easy. Specifically, the length “d” of the part of the elastic hinge  803  piercing into the mirror  802  is configured to be less than half of the thickness t (i.e., &lt;t/2) of the mirror  802 . This configuration makes it possible to suppress, to the minimum, an influence of the aforementioned structure on the flatness of the reflecting surface of the mirror  802 . 
         [0215]    Specifically, the barrier metal layer  811  is formed only on the hinge electrode  804  in  FIG. 10A , the barrier metal layer  811 , however, may be formed by extending to the top surface of the second protective layer  810  as exemplified in  FIG. 9A . Further in  FIG. 10A , a barrier metal layer  813  is formed also between the hinge electrode  804  and Via  804   a.  The barrier metal layer  813  is provided for preventing a migration phenomenon occurring between the hinge electrode  804  and first protective layer  809 . As such, a migration phenomenon tends to occur on the border between silicon and aluminum, the border existing nearby a Via that is the path of an electric current flowing toward the GND, and therefore a barrier metal layer may be formed for protection. 
         [0216]    Specifically, a migration phenomenon occurring between the first protective layer  809  and hinge electrode  804 , and between the second protective layer  810  and hinge electrode  804 , may be prevented by using silicon carbide (SiC) for the first protective layer  809  and second protective layer  810 , or by forming the hinge electrode  804  using a material obtained by mixing aluminum with silicon (Si). 
         [0217]      FIGS. 10B and 10C  is a diagram showing the exemplary modifications of the configuration for connecting the mirror  802  to the elastic hinge  803 .  FIG. 10B  shows an exemplary configuration of connecting them by piercing the mirror  802  with only a barrier metal layer  812  that is formed on the elastic hinge  803 . Meanwhile,  FIG. 10C  shows an exemplary configuration of piercing the mirror  802  directly with the elastic hinge  803  in lieu of going through a barrier metal layer  812 . The configuration exemplified in  FIG. 10C  can be used if the combination of the materials between the mirror  802  and elastic hinge  803  makes it difficult to allow a migration phenomenon to occur, or if the mirror  802  is made of a material produced by mixing aluminum with silicon (Si). 
         [0218]    As such, the forming of a barrier metal layer makes it possible to prevent a migration phenomenon occurring between silicon and aluminum while securely connecting the mirror  802  to the GND. 
         [0219]    In the meantime, a sacrifice layer between the mirror  802  and each electrode is made of, for example, silicon dioxide (SiO2), and hydrogen fluoride and the like is used as etchant to remove a sacrifice layer, in the production of the mirror element  800 . 
         [0220]    The first protective layer  809  and second protective layer  810  protect the electrode and drive circuit, which are formed with aluminum or the like, from the etchant, in addition to functioning as insulation layer for preventing a shorting. The respective parts of the first protective layer  809  and second protective layer  810  are removed by etching and electric conductive members (e.g., Vias and barrier metals) are embedded in the aforementioned layers in order to secure electric connection straddling the layers. 
         [0221]    In such a structure, a border surface straddling protective layers is actually formed between the protective layers (i.e., first protective layer  809  and second protective layer  810 ) and electric conductive members. Consequently, there is a possibility of failure occurring in the electrode and drive circuit resulting from etchant invading into the inside from the border surface. 
         [0222]    Accordingly, the following is a description of a method for securing sufficient electrical conductivity in a part of the protective layer without needing to form a border surface straddling protective layers by means of etching, et cetera. 
         [0223]      FIG. 11  is a diagram for describing the configuration of an exemplary modification of a mirror element according to the present embodiment. The mirror element  820  according to the present exemplary modification is configured to apply a doping process to a part of a protective layer (i.e., a semiconductor material layer) with an electric conductive impurity, thereby causing a part of the protective layer to possess electrical conductivity. 
         [0224]    The following is a description of the configuration of the mirror element  820  according to the present exemplary modification with reference to  FIG. 11 . The mirror element  820  exemplified in  FIG. 11  differs from the mirror element  800  exemplified in  FIG. 10A  in the following two aspects. 
         [0225]    The first aspect is the structure of the part connecting the elastic hinge  803  (i.e., the first conductive layer) to the hinge electrode  804  (i.e., the second conductive layer). In the mirror element  800  of  FIG. 10A , a part of the second protective layer  810  (i.e., the semiconductor material layer) on the hinge electrode  804  is etched. Then, the elastic hinge  803  and hinge electrode  804  are connected together by way of the barrier metal layer  811  that is formed in the etched region. In contrast, the second protective layer  810  (i.e., the semiconductor material layer) on the hinge electrode  804  is not etched for the mirror element  820  exemplified in  FIG. 11 . Instead, the entirety of the top surface of the hinge electrode  804  is formed as a doping region  815  by means of a later described method, and the elastic hinge  803  and hinge electrode  804  are electrically connected together by way of the doping region  815 . 
         [0226]    The second aspect is the structure of the part connecting the hinge electrode  804  (i.e., the first conductive layer) and Via  804   a  (i.e., the second conductive layer). In the mirror element  800  shown in  FIG. 10A , a part of the first protective layer  809  (i.e., the semiconductor material layer) is etched. Then, the hinge electrode  804  and Via  804   a  are connected together by way of the barrier metal layer  811  that is formed in the etched region. In contrast, in the mirror element  820  exemplified in  FIG. 11 , the first protective layer  809  (i.e., the semiconductor material layer) is not etched. Instead, the entirety of the part between the hinge electrode  804  (i.e., the first conductive layer) and Via  804   a  (i.e., the second conductive layer), of the first protective layer  809 , is formed as a doping region  814 , and the hinge electrode  804  and Via  804   a  are electrically connected together by way of the doping region  814 . 
         [0227]    The other configurations are common between the mirror element  800  and mirror element  820 . Therefore, a description of the mirror element  820  for the part common with the mirror element  800  is not provided here. Note that  FIG. 11  exemplifies only the vicinity of the hinge electrode  804 , of the mirror element  820 . 
         [0228]    Such doping regions (i.e., the doping region  814  and doping region  815 ) having electrical conductivity are formed in the following process. 
         [0229]    First, a semiconductor material layer constituted by silicon (Si) or silicon carbide (SiC) is forms as a protective layer by means of a method similar to the case of  FIG. 10A  (process of forming protective layer). 
         [0230]    Next, the electric conductive impurity are ion-injected, with energy of tens [keV] to hundreds [keV], to a region of the semiconductor material layer requiring conductivity. In this event, the doping region (that is the region to which the electric conductive impurity are ion-injected) is determined to be the same size as, or larger than, a region where the first conductive layer contacts with the doping region and also the same size as, or larger than, a region where the second conductive layer contacts with the doping region as exemplified in  FIG. 11 . The reason is there is a possibility that an electrical characteristic may be unstable at the border between the doping region and not-doped region of the semiconductor material layer (i.e., the protective layer). The forming of a doping region rather widely makes it possible to secure a stable electrical connection between the first conductive layer and second conductive layer. Furthermore, if a wider doping region is taken, a mask which is used for ion-injecting the electric conductive impurity into a desired region can be made easily. Note that the electric conductive impurity for doping may use either a P-type group III atom (e.g., boron and aluminum) or an N-type group V atom (e.g., arsenic, phosphorus and antimony) (doping process). 
         [0231]    Then, the electric conductive impurity are activated by applying an annealing process at a temperature (e.g., in the range of 400 and 450 degrees C.) that does not melt aluminum that is used for electrodes and wirings (annealing process). Specifically, it is desirable to form, using a material containing aluminum, at least either of conductive layers that are adjacent to the semiconductor material layer, and apply the annealing process under the gaseous environment containing hydrogen. This process alloys silicon in the semiconductor material layer with aluminum in the conductive layer, thereby obtaining a good ohmic property. Further, the process terminates the unattached hands between Si and SiO2 with H2, thereby stabilizing the interfacial property. 
         [0232]    The above described processes form a doping region having electrical conductivity with the resistance value no larger than ones giga-ohms on the semiconductor material layer (i.e., the protective layer). As described already, the resistance value between the mirror  802  (i.e., the movable body) and drive circuit (i.e., the wiring  804   b ) is desired to be no higher than 1 giga-ohms in order to attain a high speed operation of the mirror  802 . Therefore, the resistance value of the doping region is also desired to be no higher than 1 giga-ohms. 
         [0233]    The distribution of impurity atoms within a doping region is determined by conditions such as the mass of injected ion, the injection energy and the temperature of heat treatment. Therefore, the density of the electric conductive impurity in the doping region is set at no lower than 10 16 /cm 3 , and thereby the resistance value can be decreased to no higher than 1 giga-ohms. Meanwhile, if the resistance value cannot be reduced to a sufficient level due to a temperature limitation of a heat treatment, a plurality of doping regions is provided and connected together, and thereby the combined resistance value is reduced to no higher than 1 giga-ohms. Further, if the resistance value between the mirror  802  and wiring  804   a  cannot be reduced to a sufficient level due to a limitation in the size of a Via  804   a  adjacent to the doping region, a combined resistance value may be reduced by providing a plurality of doping regions. 
         [0234]      FIGS. 12A and 12B  are top view diagram of a mirror element  820  according to the present exemplary modification.  FIG. 12A  shows the state with upper layers than the first protective layer  809  removed.  FIG. 12B  shows the state with upper layers than the second protective layer  810  removed. Note that  FIG. 12A  indicates the forms of the mirror  802  and individual electrodes with dotted lines.  FIG. 12B  indicates the form of the mirror  802  with dotted lines. 
         [0235]    The utilization of the method for securing an electric connection between the electric conductive layers adjacent to the above described semiconductor material layer by applying a doping process to a part of the semiconductor material layer with the electric conductive impurity is not limited to utilizing for the protective layers between the elastic hinge  803 , hinge electrode  804  and Via  804   a.  The method can also be similarly utilized for the protective layer (i.e., the semiconductor material layer) between the drive electrodes (i.e., the drive electrode  808  and drive electrode  816 ) and Via. In the meantime, although the elastic hinge  803  and mirror  802  (i.e., the movable body) are connected together with the barrier metal layer  812  intervening between them, the barrier metal layer  812  may be eliminated by applying the above described method. 
         [0236]    That is, between the mirror  802  and elastic hinge  803 , between the elastic hinge  803  and hinge electrode  804 , between the hinge electrode  804  and the drive circuit, and between the drive electrode and the drive circuit, can respectively be electrically interconnected with a semiconductor material layer intervening there-in-between, without forming a border surface straddling the semiconductor material layer. 
         [0237]      FIG. 12A  exemplifies the cases of forming: one spot of a circular doping region  814   a  in the region of the first protective layer  809 , where the hinge electrode  804  is adjacent to; three spots of circular doping regions  814   b  in the region of the first protective layer  809 , where the drive electrode  808  is adjacent to; and one spot of a rectangular doping region  814   c  in the region of the first protective layer  809 , where the drive electrode  816  is adjacent to. If a plurality of electrodes is layered, such as the drive electrode  808 , an alternative configuration may be such that one doping region  814   b,  of a plurality of doping regions, is connected to the lower electrode  805 , with the remaining doping regions connected to the upper electrode  806 . As another option, the number of doping regions to be formed may be different between the drive electrodes on the left and right sides (i.e., the drive electrodes  808  and  816 ). Incidentally, Vias (not shown in a drawing herein) are formed under the respective doping regions  814 .  FIG. 12B  exemplifies the case of forming a doping region  815  in the region of the second protective layer  810 , where the hinge electrode  804  is adjacent to. 
         [0238]    Specifically, in  FIGS. 12A and 12B , the rectangular hinge electrode  804  is so placed as to align the diagonal line of the hinge electrode  804  with the deflection axis of the mirror  802 . That is, the hinge electrode  804  shown in  FIGS. 12A and 12B  is placed with 45 degrees rotated relatively to the hinge electrode  804  exemplified in  FIGS. 7B through 7D . The placing of the hinge electrode  804  as described above makes it possible to form a larger size of the drive electrodes (i.e., the drive electrodes  808  and  816 ). 
         [0239]    As described above, the applying of the doping to a part of the semiconductor material layer that is formed between two electric conductive layers (i.e., the first conductive layer and second conductive layer) with the electric conductive impurity makes it possible to electrically connect two conductive layers together without a need to form a border surface straddling the semiconductor material layer. That is, the first conductive layer and second conductive layer of a structural body constituted by the first conductive layer, second conductive layer and semiconductor material layer are electrically connected together by the doping region, and thereby the structural body comes to possess electrical conductivity as a whole. As a result, the first conductive layer and second conductive layer are controlled under the same electric potential. 
         [0240]    As such, maintaining the semiconductor material layer as a seamless structure, while securing the electric conductivity, makes it possible to prevent an invasion of etchant by way of the above described border surface and prevent a failure associated with the invasion. 
         [0241]    Next is a description of the circuit configuration of the mirror element  800  according to the present embodiment. Note that the circuit configuration described below can also be used as that of the mirror element  820  that is an exemplary modification of the mirror element  800 . 
         [0242]      FIG. 13  is a conceptual diagram showing an exemplary circuit configuration of a mirror element  800  according to the present embodiment. 
         [0243]    The mirror element  800  according to the present embodiment has an electrode structure that only the ON-side drive electrode  808  is layered. 
         [0244]    Of the ON-side drive electrode  808 , an ON capacitor  207   c  is connected to the lower electrode  805  (i.e., a first electrode), and the ON capacitor  207   c  is connected to a bit line  221  by way of a gate transistor  207   a  constituted by a field effect transistor (FET) and the like. That is, the ON-side lower electrode  805  is configured as an address electrode connected to a memory cell M 1  (i.e., a first drive circuit) that is constituted by the ON capacitor  207   c  and gate transistor  207   a.  Meanwhile, of the ON-side drive electrode  808 , an upper electrode  806  (i.e., a second electrode) is configured to be connected to the plate line  230  (i.e., a second drive circuit) and controlled independently of the memory cell M 1 . That is, the ON-side upper electrode  806  is configured as a plate electrode. 
         [0245]    An OFF capacitor  207   d  is connected to the OFF-side drive electrode  816 , and the OFF capacitor  207   d  is connected to a second bit line  222  ( 220 ) by way of a gate transistor  207   b  constituted by an FET and the like. That is, the OFF-side drive electrode  816  is configured as an address electrode connected to a memory cell M 2  that is constituted by the OFF capacitor  207   d  and gate transistor  207   b.    
         [0246]    Note that, in a plurality of mirror elements  800 , the lower electrodes  805  are connected to individually different memory cells M 1  and memory cells M 2 . In contrast, the upper electrode  806  is connected to a plate line  230  that is commonly provided for a plurality of mirror elements  800  lined up with the same ROW lines. 
         [0247]    The following is a description of the operation of the circuit configuration exemplified in  FIG. 13 . As described for the first embodiment, a use of a plate electrode in addition to using the address electrode makes it possible to attain an ON/OFF control and an oscillation control in a shorter interval than one time-slot (i.e., the minimum interval in which the potentials of an address electrode change). The control performed in a shorter interval than one time-slot using the plate electrode can also be implemented for a mirror element  800  including a drive electrode in which an address electrode and a plate electrode are layered as exemplified in  FIG. 13 . 
         [0248]    Incidentally, the potential at which each electrode can be positioned (that is, voltages that can be applied; noted as “possible potential” hereinafter) are as follows. The possible potential for the address electrodes (i.e., the lower electrode  805  and drive electrode  816 ) is either of the potentials (i.e., a predetermined potential) of H level and L level. The possible potential for the plate electrode (i.e., the upper electrode  806 ) is, in addition to the potential of H level or L level (i.e., a predetermined potential), high impedance Hiz (i.e., floating). “L level” means a potential not generating coulomb force between the electrode and mirror  802 , creating a state of, for example, the same potential as that of the mirror (e.g., 0 volts and GND potential). “High impedance Hiz (i.e., floating)” is a third state of potential, neither H level nor L level, that is, a state of an electrode electrically floating. 
         [0249]    In the mirror element  800  in which the upper electrode  806  is a plate electrode, an address electrode that is the lower electrode  805  (i.e., the first electrode) causes the mirror  802 , by way of the plate electrode (i.e., the upper electrode  806 ) (i.e., the second electrode), to function with coulomb force. Therefore, controlling the potential of the plate electrode (i.e., the upper electrode  806 ) makes it possible to change over between a state in which a electric field generated in the address electrode (i.e., the lower electrode  805 ) is shut off by the plate electrode (i.e., the upper electrode  806 ) and a state in which the aforementioned electric field is transmitted to the mirror  802 . In specific, setting the potential of the upper electrode  806  at L level shuts off the electric field generated at the lower electrode  805 . That is, a change defined as shutting off an electric field occurs. Setting the potential of the upper electrode  806  at the high impedance Hiz (i.e., floating) transmits the electric field generated in the lower electrode  805 . That is, a change defined as releasing the shut-off electric field occurs. Incidentally, in this event, the electric field generated in the lower electrode  805  is transmitted to the upper electrode  806  so that the field acts on the mirror from the entirety of the surface of the upper electrode  806 . Therefore, the electric field generated in the lower electrode  805  can be efficiently functioned to the mirror without being affected by the size of the lower electrode  805 . Furthermore, setting the potential of the upper electrode  806  at H level makes it possible to transmit the electric field generated in the lower electrode  805  by amplifying the field. 
         [0250]    That is, the changing of the potentials of the plate electrode (i.e., the upper electrode  806 ) (i.e., the second electrode) through the plate line  230  (i.e., the second drive circuit) makes it possible to change the field formed by the address electrode (i.e., the lower electrode  805 ) (i.e., the first electrode) controlled by the memory M 1  (i.e., the first drive circuit), thereby enabling the control of the mirror. 
         [0251]    As described above, the action of the address electrode (i.e., the lower electrode  805 ) to the mirror  802  is controlled through the plate electrode (i.e., the upper electrode  806 ), and thereby the control of the mirror can be attained in a shorter interval than one time-slot (i.e., the minimum interval in which the potentials of the first electrode are changed), in the mirror element  800 . 
         [0252]    The following are specific descriptions with reference to  FIGS. 14A ,  14 B,  14 C,  14 D and  14 E,  FIGS. 15A ,  15 B and  15 C. 
         [0253]      FIGS. 14A through 14E  are timing charts showing an exemplary function of the circuit configuration exemplified in  FIG. 13 .  FIGS. 14A through 14E  exemplify the case of adjusting a period (that is, adjusting the volume of light), in which the mirror  802  is in the ON state, in a shorter interval than one time-slot using a plate electrode, thereby attaining a high grade of gradation. 
         [0254]    Note that  FIGS. 14A through 14E  exemplify the case of constituting one frame (i.e., one screen) of each color by a plurality of subfields  250  (i.e., a first subfield  251 , a second subfield  252  and a third subfield  253 ). 
         [0255]      FIG. 14A  shows that, even when an OFF-side address electrode potential V 816  and an ON-side address electrode potential V 805  (i.e., the potential of the first electrode) are changed from (L, H) to (H, L) in the mirror element  800  that is in the ON state, the ON state (+MAX) of the mirror  802  is maintained for a predetermined period by setting a plate electrode potential V 230  at H level. 
         [0256]    Incidentally, the plate electrode potential V 230  is always set at the high impedance (Hiz) when the potential is not at H level so that the operation of the mirror is controlled by the potential of the address electrode. 
         [0257]    Furthermore, the cross-hatched part of the ON-side address electrode potential V 805  shows the influence of the plate electrode potential V 230 . The ON-side address electrode (i.e., the lower electrode  805 ) and plate electrode (i.e., the upper electrode  806 ) are layered together, with the insulation layer  807  intervening between them, and therefore the two electrodes constitute a capacitor. This state can be regarded as a state in which an inter-electrode capacitor, which is constituted by the intervention of the insulation layer  807 , and the capacitor  207   c  of the address electrode are serially connected together. Therefore, a change in the plate electrode potential V 230  affects also the ON-side address electrode potential V 805 . That is, the ON-side address electrode potential V 805  indicates a potential of the drive electrode  808  as a whole. In specific, when a voltage V 1  is applied to the address electrode (i.e., the lower electrode  805 ) and a voltage V 2  is applied to the plate electrode (i.e., the upper electrode  806 ), a potential of a voltage V 3 , which is determined by the ratio of the inter-electrode capacitor to the capacitor  207   c  and which is different from the voltages V 1  and V 2 , is generated. Specifically, the capacitance of the inter-electrode capacitor constituted by the address electrode (i.e., the lower electrode  805 ) (i.e., the first electrode) and by the plate electrode (i.e., the upper electrode  806 ) (i.e., the second electrode) is smaller than the capacitance of the capacitor  207   c  constituting the memory M 1  that is connected to the address electrode. 
         [0258]    The light volume obtained during the maintaining period using the plate electrode ((i.e., the upper electrode  806 ) is controlled to be smaller than the light volume obtained by an oscillation control (OSC control) in one time-slot, and also to be respectively different for the first subfield  251  and second subfield  252 , and thereby a larger number of steps of gray scale can be attained. 
         [0259]    In the respective of the first subfield  251  and second subfield  252 , the periods of the plate electrode potential V 230  being controlled to be H level (i.e., a predetermined potential) (that is, the maintaining period through the plate electrode) are a period t 21  and a period t 22 , respectively, (where the period t 21 &lt;period t 22 &lt;time slot t 20 ). That is, the period in which the plate electrode potential V 230  is controlled to be H level (i.e., a predetermined potential) is shorter than one time-slot. 
         [0260]    The period t 21  of the first subfield  251  is set at a period in which a light volume is a quarter (¼) of the light volume obtained in one time-slot of an oscillation control (OSC control) (noted as “¼ OSC” hereinafter). Further, the period t 22  of the second subfield  252  is set at a period for obtaining a ½ OSC. That is, in the first subfield  251 , the light volume is increased by a ¼ OSC compared to the case of only ON/OFF-controlling the address electrode (refer to ( 1 ) indicated in  FIG. 14A ). In the second subfield  252 , the light volume is increased by a ½ OSC compared to the case of only ON/OFF-controlling the address electrode (refer to ( 2 ) indicated in  FIG. 14A ). Incidentally, the light volume obtained in one time-slot of an ON/OFF control (i.e., a PWM control) is noted as “1 PWM”. 
         [0261]    A period for setting the plate electrode potential V 230  at H level is designated every other time slot during the ON/OFF control period. This configuration makes it possible to selectively utilize a control of changing over a mirror instantly to the OFF state (−MAX) without maintaining it in the ON state (+MAX) using the plate electrode and a control of maintaining the mirror in the ON state (+MAX) using the plate electrode. Specifically, in the last third subfield  253 , a period for setting the plate electrode potential V 230  at H level is not provided. As described later, adjusting the number of time slots for maintaining the ON period in the third subfield  253  makes it possible to correct the difference from a desired light volume (i.e., the level of gradation), the difference attributable to providing the above described period in every other time slot. As such, the plate electrode potential V 230  is repeatedly changed in a certain pattern. 
         [0262]      FIG. 14B  exemplifies the case of reducing the number of gray scale levels by the light volume equivalent to ¼ OSC starting from the example of  FIG. 14A . 
         [0263]    If the OFF-side address electrode potential V 816  and an ON-side address electrode potential V 805  are changed over from (L, H) to (H, L) earlier by one time-slot during the ON/OFF control period of the first subfield  251  shown in  FIG. 14A , the light volume is reduced in the amount of 1 PWM+¼ OSC in the first subfield  251  (refer to ( 3 ) indicated in  FIG. 14B ). 
         [0264]    Accordingly, the ON period in the third subfield  253  is extended by the equivalence of one time-slot, and the light volume is increased by the equivalence of 1 PWM (refer to ( 4 ) indicated in  FIG. 14B ). This operation makes it possible to attain a reduced light volume by ¼ OSC in the entirety of one frame. 
         [0265]      FIG. 14C  exemplifies the case of reducing the number of gray scale levels by the light volume equivalent to ½ OSC starting from the example of  FIG. 14A . 
         [0266]    If the OFF-side address electrode potential V 816  and an ON-side address electrode potential V 805  are changed over from (L, H) to (H, L) earlier by one time-slot during the ON/OFF control period of the second subfield  252  shown in  FIG. 14A , the light volume is reduced in the amount of 1 PWM+½ OSC in the second subfield  252  (refer to ( 5 ) indicated in  FIG. 14C ). 
         [0267]    Accordingly, the ON period in the third subfield  253  is extended by the equivalence of one time-slot, and the light volume is increased by the equivalence of 1 PWM (refer to ( 6 ) indicated in  FIG. 14C ). This operation makes it possible to attain a reduced light volume by ½ OSC in the entirety of one frame. 
         [0268]      FIG. 14D  exemplifies the case of reducing the number of gray scale levels by the light volume equivalent to ¾ OSC starting from the example of  FIG. 14A . 
         [0269]    If the OFF-side address electrode potential V 816  and an ON-side address electrode potential V 805  are changed over from (L, H) to (H, L) earlier by one time-slot during the ON/OFF control period of the first subfield  251  and second subfield  252  shown in  FIG. 14A , the light volume is reduced in the amount of 1 PWM+¼ OSC in the first subfield  251  (refer to ( 7 ) indicated in  FIG. 14D ) and 1 PWM+½ OSC in the second subfield  252  (refer to ( 8 ) indicated in  FIG. 14D ). That is, the light volume is reduced by a total of 2 PWM+¾ OSC. 
         [0270]    Accordingly, the ON period in the third subfield  253  is extended by the equivalence of two time-slots, and the light volume is increased by the equivalence of 2 PWM (refer to ( 9 ) indicated in  FIG. 14D ). This operation makes it possible to attain a reduced light volume by ¾ OSC in the entirety of one frame. 
         [0271]      FIG. 14E  exemplifies the case of reducing the number of gray scale levels by the light volume equivalent to 1 OSC starting from the example of  FIG. 14A . 
         [0272]    The OFF-side address electrode potential V 816  and an ON-side address electrode potential V 805  are changed over from (H, L) to (L, L) later by one time-slot during the oscillation control period of the first subfield  251  shown in  FIG. 14A . With this operation, an oscillation start is delayed by one time-slot and the light volume is reduced in the amount of 1 OSC in the first subfield  251  (refer to ( 10 ) indicated in  FIG. 14E ). 
         [0273]    As such, the combination of light volume controls in the first subfield  251  through third subfield  253  makes it possible to designate the minimum unit (i.e., the least significant bit (LSB)) of a light volume control as ¼ OSC. That is,  FIGS. 14B ,  14 C,  14 D and  14 E show the control of adjusting the light volumes by 1 LSB, 2 LSB, 3 LSB and 4 LSB, respectively, as compared to the light volume of  FIG. 14A . 
         [0274]    This control makes it possible to attain a gray scale representation four times the gray scale control by means of the ON/OFF control and oscillation control in units of time slot t 20 . 
         [0275]      FIGS. 15A through 15C  are timing charts showing an exemplary function of the circuit configuration exemplified in  FIG. 13 . 
         [0276]      FIG. 15A  exemplifies the case of providing a period for setting the plate electrode potential V 230  at H level every other time-slot during the ON/OFF control period, thereby adjusting the ON period of a mirror as in the case of  FIGS. 14A through 14E . Incidentally, a plate line connected to a plate electrode is controlled in units of ROW lines. Therefore, a control using a plate electrode actually influences other mirror elements lined up on the same ROW line.  FIG. 15A  depicts the states of two mirror elements, i.e., pixel 1-1 and pixel 1-2, placed on the same ROW line, side by side. 
         [0277]    As exemplified in  FIG. 15A , if the ON periods of the mirror elements, i.e., the pixels 1-1 and 1-2, are shifted from each other by one time-slot, that is, if the OFF-side address electrode potential V 816   a  and ON-side address electrode potential V 805   a  (i.e., the potential of the first electrode) of the pixel 1-1 are changed over from (L, H) to (H, L) earlier than the OFF-side address electrode potential V 816   b  and ON-side address electrode potential V 805   b  of the pixel 1-2 are changed from (L, H) to (H, L) by one time-slot, the adjustment of the ON period using the plate electrode is carried out only for one mirror element. In  FIG. 15A , the adjustment of the ON period using the plate electrode is carried out only for the mirror element shown as the pixel 1-1 with which the changeover from (L, H) to (H, L) and the timing of the plate electrode potential V 230  (i.e., the potential of the second electrode) turning to H level are coincident. In the other mirror element shown as the pixel 1-2, a change in the plate electrode potential V 230  affects the potential of the address electrode constituting a capacitor together with the plate electrode, the operation of the mirror, however, is not affected because the mirror is already maintained in the ON state. 
         [0278]    As such, it is possible to carry out a selective adjustment using a plate electrode for individual mirror elements even for those which are lined up on the same ROW line. 
         [0279]      FIG. 15B  exemplifies the case of adjusting a period of the mirror  802  being in the oscillation state using a plate electrode in a shorter period than one time-slot. 
         [0280]    In  FIG. 15B , the plate electrode potential V 230  is set at L level while the OFF-side address electrode potential and ON-side address electrode potential are maintained at (L, H) in a mirror element  800  in the ON state, and thereby the mirror  802  is shifted to the oscillation state. Note that the plate electrode potential V 230  is always set at high impedance (Hiz) unless it is at L level. 
         [0281]    Even though the ON-side address electrode potential is at H level, the setting of the plate electrode potential V 230  at L level shuts off the electric field generated in the ON-side address electrode. Therefore, setting the plate electrode potential V 230  at L level when the mirror is in the 
         [0282]    ON state, that is, when the potentials of the ON-side and OFF-side address electrodes are at (L, H), causes the mirror to be shifted to the oscillation state as a result of not affected by the ON side or OFF side. The use of the plate electrode as described above makes it possible to cause the mirror to be shifted to the oscillation state without a need to change the potentials of an address electrode. 
         [0283]    That is, designating a period for setting the plate line  230  at L level to be less than one time-slot makes it possible to generate a light volume at less than 1 PWM and more than 1 OSC within one time-slot, thereby increasing the number of gray scale steps. Further, as shown in  FIG. 15B , a plurality of time slots with different periods for setting the plate line  230  at L level is provided within one sub-frame, and thereby the number of gray scale steps can be further increased. 
         [0284]    In the individual time slots (A), (B), (C), (D) and (E), the period in which the plate electrode potential V 230  is controlled at L level are respectively, “0”, period t 23 , period t 24 , period t 25  and time slot t 20  (where period t 23 &lt;period t 24 &lt;period t 25 &lt;time slot t 20 ). 
         [0285]    Assuming the light volume of the time slot (A) is 1 PWM, the individual periods in which the plate electrode potential V 230  is controlled at L level are respectively designated so that the light volumes of the other time slots (B), (C), (D) and (E) are respectively 0.8 PWM, 0.4 PWM, 0.2 PWM and 0.1 PWM. Incidentally, the light volume of 0.1 PWM is equal to that of 1 OSC in this case. 
         [0286]    As exemplified in  FIG. 15B , three steps of light volumes can be provided between 1 PWM and 1 OSC as the controllable light volumes within one time-slot, by controlling the timing for changing the plate electrode potential V 230  from Hiz to L level. As a result, the combination of these enables the representation of a 10-time the steps of gray scale, which is translated as an increase of 4 bits in terms of the number of gray scale steps. Further, increasing the number of timings for changing the plate electrode potential V 230  from Hiz to L level enables a further increase in the number of gray scale steps. 
         [0287]    Alternatively, the number of the above described timings may be increased or decreased within sub-frames in line with the numbers of gray scale steps for respective colors. For example, in the case of blue with which the relative spectral sensitivity of human eye is low, only the time slots (A) and (B) may be used, and not the time slots (C), (D) and (E). 
         [0288]    Note that the time slots of which the timing for changing the plate electrode potential V 230  from Hiz to L level are different are provided within one sub-frame in  FIG. 15B ; alternatively, these time slots may be provided separately in different sub-frames. 
         [0289]    Meanwhile, when the mirror is in the OFF state, that is, the potential of the address electrode is (H, L), even if the plate electrode potential V 230  is changed to L level, the OFF state is continuously maintained because the electric field generated by the OFF-side address electrode (i.e., the drive electrode  816 ) is not affected. 
         [0290]      FIG. 15C  exemplifies the case of adjusting the amplitude of the mirror  802  in the oscillation state using the plate electrode, thereby attaining a higher number of gray scale steps. 
         [0291]    The operation shown in  FIG. 15C  sets the plate electrode potential V 230  (i.e., the potential of the second electrode) at H level for the period t 26  after the elapse of a certain period of time when the mirror  802  is shifted to an oscillation state by changing the OFF-side address electrode potential and ON-side address electrode potential (i.e., the potential of the first electrode) from (L, H) to (L, L), thereby making it possible to decrease the amplitude of the mirror  802  in the oscillation state. Specifically, the plate electrode potential V 230  is always set at high impedance (Hiz) unless it is at H level. 
         [0292]    The reason is that an acceleration is generated in a direction opposite to the proceeding direction of the mirror  802  by setting the plate electrode potential V 230  at H level when the mirror  802  is oscillating toward the OFF side from ON side. With this, the mirror  802  is decelerated and is shifted to an intermediate oscillation state with smaller amplitude. This operation makes it possible to generate a light volume different from that of the oscillation state with the maximum amplitude and attain a higher number of gray scale steps. 
         [0293]      FIGS. 16A and 16B  are conceptual diagrams showing exemplary circuit configurations of exemplary modifications of a mirror element according to the present embodiment. 
         [0294]    The mirror elements exemplified in  FIGS. 16A and 16B  are different from the mirror element  800  exemplified in  FIG. 13  where both of the former have the structure of electrode produced by layering also the OFF-side drive electrodes. 
         [0295]    The mirror element  830  exemplified in  FIG. 16A  is configured such that, of the OFF-side drive electrode  816 , a lower electrode  817  is connected to an OFF capacitor  207   d  which is also connected to a bit line  222  by way of a gate transistor  207   b  that is constituted by an FET or the like. That is, the OFF-side lower electrode  817  is configured as an address electrode connected to a memory cell M 2  that is constituted by the OFF capacitor  207   d  and gate transistor  207   b.  Meanwhile, of the OFF-side drive electrode  816 , an upper electrode  818  is connected to the plate line  230  and is controlled independently from the memory cell M 2 . That is, the upper electrode  818  is configured as a plate electrode. As such, the ON-side upper electrode  806  and OFF-side upper electrode  818  share the plate line  230  in the mirror element  830 . 
         [0296]    A mirror element  840  exemplified in  FIG. 16B  is the same as the above described mirror  830  where the lower electrode  817  of a drive electrode  816  is configured as an address electrode and the upper electrode  818  is configured as a plate electrode. However, the mirror element  840  is different from the mirror element  830  where the former is configured such that the upper electrode  818  of the OFF-side drive electrode  816  is connected to a plate line that is different from the plate line to which the upper electrode  806  of the ON-side drive electrode  808  is connected. That is, the mirror element  840  shown in  FIG. 16  is configured to connect the upper electrode  806  to the plate line  231  and, in contrast, connect the upper electrode  818  to the plate line  232 , and therefore the individual upper electrodes are independently controllable. The mirror elements exemplified in  FIGS. 16A and 16B  are also configured to use the plate electrode, as in the case of the above described mirror element  800 , thereby making it possible to control the mirror in shorter period than one time-slot, and increasing the number of gray scale steps as a result. 
         [0297]    As described above, the use of the drive electrode structured by layering the address electrode and plate electrode with the insulation layer intervening between them enables each electrode to freely utilize the area under the mirror. That is, a usable area is not limited in relation with other electrodes. This configuration makes it possible to increase a relative size of an individual electrode relative to the size of the mirror element and secure a sufficient magnitude of Coulomb force at each respective electrode when the mirror element is further miniaturized. The configuration further makes it possible to attain a complex control using a plurality of electrodes (e.g., a control of an electric field generated at an address electrode by means of a plate electrode) without a need to change an access cycle to memory. In other words, the configuration enables a miniaturization of the apparatus while enhancing the definition of image and improving the gray scale representation thereof. 
         [0298]    Specifically, the present embodiment exemplifies the case of layering the address electrode and plate electrode together; alternatively, two address electrodes may be layered together. In such a case, the two address electrodes may be connected to separate pieces of memory (i.e., first memory and second memory) and thereby multistep magnitude of Coulomb force can be generated between the electrode and mirror. Such a configuration makes it possible to attain various controls of the operation of a mirror. This configuration also enables a miniaturization of the apparatus while enhancing the definition of image and improving the gray scale representation thereof. 
       Third Embodiment 
       [0299]    Let it describe a mirror element according to the present preferred embodiment.  FIG. 17A  is a conceptual diagram showing a cross-sectional configuration of a mirror element according to the present embodiment.  FIG. 17B  is a bottom view diagram of a drive electrode included in the mirror element exemplified in  FIG. 17A .  FIG. 18  is a conceptual diagram showing an exemplary circuit configuration of a mirror element  850  according to the present embodiment. 
         [0300]    The following is a description of the mirror element  850  with reference to  FIGS. 17A ,  17 B and  18 . The mirror element  850  is configured to include a substrate  801 , a mirror  802  placed oppositely to the substrate  801 , an elastic hinge  803  for supporting the mirror  802  so as to be deflectable, a hinge electrode  804  electrically connected to the mirror  802  and drive electrodes (i.e., a drive electrode  851  and a drive electrode  816 ) for driving the mirror  802  to the ON side and OFF side, respectively. 
         [0301]    In contrast to the OFF-side drive electrode  816  having the structure of a single layer electrode, the ON-side drive electrode  851  is constituted by a plurality of regions (i.e., parts), in which a lower electrode  805  (i.e., a first electrode) and an upper electrode  806  (i.e., a second electrode) are layered together, with an insulation layer  807  (Insulator) intervening between the two electrodes. 
         [0302]    The difference from the mirror element  800  exemplified in  FIGS. 9A ,  9 B and  13  are that the present mirror element  850  comprises a plate electrode in which the lower electrode  805  of the ON-side drive electrode (i.e., the drive electrode  851 ) is connected to the plate line  230  and that the upper electrode  806  is an address electrode connected to the memory cell M 1 . Other configurations are similar to that of the above described mirror element  800 . The following mainly describes the difference from the mirror element  800 . 
         [0303]    Specifically, the mirror element  850  may be configured to apply a doping process to a part of a protective layer (i.e., a semiconductor material layer) so that the part of the protective layer possesses electric conductivity. 
         [0304]    Also the case of layering the address electrode and plate electrode upside down as described above enables a miniaturization of the apparatus while enhancing the definition of image and improving the gradation thereof. 
         [0305]    The following is a description of the operation of the circuit configuration exemplified in  FIG. 18 . Likewise the cases of the first and second embodiments, the present embodiment is also configured to use a plate electrode in addition to the address electrode, thereby making it possible to attain an ON/OFF control and oscillation control in a shorter interval than one time-slot. 
         [0306]    Even if a plate electrode is under an address electrode, the plate electrode and address electrode constitute a capacitor, and therefore the potential of the address electrode increases or decreases with the potential of the plate electrode. 
         [0307]    With this, a mirror can be controlled with a strong electric field only when the mirror is in transition, while the mirror can be retained with a low field after the transition. A fast transition enables a short cycle time, that is, compatibility to an increased number of gray scale steps, while the retention of the mirror with a low field is effective to a countermeasure to stiction. In addition, the configuration also enables a conventional intermediate oscillation and a high gradation algorithm (i.e., a short-time retention of a mirror). 
         [0308]    The following is a description of an exemplary operation of the circuit configuration exemplified in  FIG. 18  with reference to  FIGS. 19A and 19B . 
         [0309]      FIG. 19A  is a timing chart showing an exemplary function of the circuit configuration exemplified in  FIG. 18 .  FIG. 19A  exemplifies the case of providing a period for setting a plate electrode potential V 230  at H level in every other time slot during the period of ON/OFF control, thereby adjusting the ON period of a mirror. 
         [0310]    As exemplified in  FIG. 19A , if the ON period of pixel 1-1 is shifted from that of pixel 1-2 by one time-slot, that is, if the OFF-side address electrode potential V 816   a  and ON-side address electrode potential V 806   a  (i.e., the potential of the first electrode) of the pixel 1-1 are changed over from (L, H) to (H, L) earlier than the OFF-side address electrode potential V 816   b  and ON-side address electrode potential V 806   b  of the pixel 1-2 are changed from (L, H) to (H, L) by one time-slot, the adjustment of the ON period using the plate electrode (i.e., the lower electrode  805 ) is carried out only for one mirror element. In  FIG. 19A , the adjustment of the ON period using the plate electrode (i.e., the lower electrode  805 ) is carried out only for the mirror element shown as the pixel 1-1 with which the changeover from (L, H) to (H, L) and the timing of the plate electrode potential V 230  (i.e., the potential of the second electrode) turning to H level are coincident. 
         [0311]    As such, it is possible to carry out a selective adjustment of the ON period using the plate electrode (i.e., the lower electrode  805 ) for individual mirror elements that are lined up on the same ROW line. This configuration makes it possible to express a desired gray scale in high grade for each mirror element. 
         [0312]    Specifically, in  FIG. 19A , the plate electrode potential V 230  is controlled to be L level unless it is in H level. The reason is that the plate electrode is the lower electrode  805  and therefore the electric field of the address electrode is not shut off even if the potential is not set at high impedance (Hiz). 
         [0313]      FIG. 19B  is a timing chart showing an exemplary function of the circuit configuration exemplified in  FIG. 18 .  FIG. 19B  exemplifies the case of providing a period for setting the plate electrode potential V 230  at H level for a certain period when each time-slot of an ON/OFF control period is started, thereby assisting the transition of a mirror.  FIG. 19B  also exemplifies the case of generating an intermediate oscillation by utilizing a plate electrode potential V 230 . 
         [0314]    The plate electrode (i.e., the lower electrode  805 ) and the address electrode (i.e., upper electrode  806 ) are layered together with the insulation layer  807  intervening between them, and therefore a capacitor is constituted by them. Therefore, a change in the plate electrode potential V 230  affects the address electrode. 
         [0315]    In  FIG. 19B , the plate electrode potential V 230  is controlled at H level (by means of Pulse-A) for a certain period when each time-slot of the ON/OFF control period is started. When the mirror  802  is in the OFF state, however, it is sufficiently attracted to the OFF-side address electrode (i.e., the drive electrode  816 ), and therefore a change (at Timing-A) in the ON-side address electrode potential V 806   a  caused by the change in the plate electrode potential V 230  does not influence the state of the mirror  802 . Also, when the mirror is maintained in the ON state, it is sufficiently attracted to the ON-side address electrode (i.e., the upper electrode  806 ), and therefore a change (at Timing-C) in the ON-side address electrode potential V 806   a  caused by the change in the plate electrode potential V 230  does not influence the state of the mirror  802 . 
         [0316]    In contrast, when the mirror  802  is changed from the OFF state to ON state, that is, when the OFF-side address electrode potential V 816   a  and ON-side address electrode potential V 806   a  (i.e., the potential of the first electrode) of the pixel 1-1 are changed from (H, L) to (L, H), a change (at Timing-B) in the ON-side address electrode potential V 806   a  caused by the change in the plate electrode potential V 230  (i.e., the potential of the second electrode) assists the mirror  802  shifting from the OFF state to ON state. As a result, a high speed shifting of the states of the mirror  802  is attained. 
         [0317]    That is, the control for setting the plate electrode potential V 230  at H level when each time slot of the ON/OFF control period is started effectively functions only when the mirror is changed from the OFF state to ON state, and therefore the control never ushers in an extraneous ill influence at any other timing. 
         [0318]    In the meantime, maintaining the potential of an electrode at unnecessarily high potential in order to shift the mirror  802  to the ON state will cause a larger change in the potential when the mirror is shifted from the ON state to another state. This will contribute to stiction as already described for the first embodiment, ill affecting a high speed transition of the mirror. 
         [0319]    In the case of the above described control, a high potential is set for the electrode in order to attract the mirror at the timing (i.e., Timing-B) of the mirror changing from the OFF state to ON state; the potential of the electrode can be decreased to a lowest necessary potential for maintaining the mirror at the timing (i.e., Timing-D) of the mirror shifting from the ON state to another state. Therefore, the above described control is effective also to a countermeasure to the stiction. Further, a voltage applied to the address electrode can be lowered, and therefore it is effective to reduce the power consumption. 
         [0320]    Furthermore, in  FIG. 19B , when the mirror  802  is shifted to an oscillation state by changing the OFF-side address electrode potential and ON-side address electrode potential (i.e., the potential of the first electrode) from (L, H) to (L, L), the plate electrode potential V 230  (i.e., the potential of the second electrode) is temporarily set at H level (by means of Pulse-B) after the elapse of a certain period of time. This operation causes a change (at Timing-E) in the ON-side address electrode potential V 806   a  due to the change in the plate electrode potential V 230 , reducing the amplitude of the mirror  802  in the oscillation state. This principle is the same as that described for  FIG. 15C  showing the second embodiment. This operation makes it possible to generate a light volume different from that generated in the oscillation state in the maximum amplitude, thereby increasing the number of gray scale steps. 
         [0321]      FIGS. 20A and 20B  are conceptual diagrams showing exemplary circuit configurations of exemplary modifications of a mirror element according to the present embodiment. The mirror elements exemplified in  FIGS. 20A and 20B  are different from the mirror element  850  exemplified in  FIG. 18  where each of them comprises an electrode structure produced by layering also the OFF-side drive electrode. 
         [0322]    The mirror element  860  exemplified in  FIG. 20A  is configured such that, of the OFF-side drive electrode  816 , the upper electrode  862  is connected to an OFF capacitor  207   d  that is connected to a bit line  222  by way of a gate transistor  207   b  constituted by a field effect transistor (FET) or the like. That is, the OFF-side upper electrode  862  is configured as an address electrode connected to a memory cell M 2  that is constituted by OFF capacitor  207   d  and gate transistor  207   b.  Meanwhile, of the OFF-side drive electrode  816 , the lower electrode  861  is connected to a plate line  230 , and is configured to be controlled independently of the memory cell M 2 . That is, the lower electrode  861  is configured as a plate electrode. As such, the ON-side lower electrode  805  and OFF-side lower electrode  861  share the plate line  230  in the mirror element  860 . 
         [0323]    The mirror element  870  exemplified in  FIG. 20B  is the same as the mirror element  860  where the upper electrode  862  of the drive electrode  816  is configured as an address electrode and the lower electrode  861  is configured as a plate electrode. The mirror element  870 , however, is different from the mirror element  860  where the former is configured such that the lower electrode  861  of the OFF-side drive electrode  816  is connected to a plate line that is different from the plate line to which the lower electrode  805  of the ON-side drive electrode  808  is connected. That is, the mirror element  870  shown in  FIG. 20B  is configured such that the lower electrode  805  is connected to the plate line  231 , while the lower electrode  861  is connected to the plate line  232 , and thereby the respective lower electrodes can be independently controlled. 
         [0324]    Likewise the case of the mirror element  850 , each of the mirror elements exemplified in  FIGS. 20A and 20B  uses the plate electrode, thereby making it possible to control the mirror in a shorter period than one time-slot and attain an increased number of gray scale steps as a result. 
         [0325]    Further, the equipping of the plate electrode as described above makes it possible to control a period of an oscillation state in shorter period than one time-slot even if the plate electrode is configured as a lower electrode. That is, although it is not possible to attain an oscillation control by shutting off the electric field generated by the address electrode of the above described mirror element  800  exemplified in  FIG. 15B , yet it is possible to control a mirror, which is in the oscillation state, by controlling the OFF-side plate electrode so as to change from Hiz to H level. Therefore, a control approximately similar to the control shown in  FIG. 15B  can be attained, although there is the difference between the state transition from the ON state to oscillation state and the state transition from the oscillation state to OFF state (according to the present embodiment). 
         [0326]    As described above, the present embodiment configured to change the layout of the plate electrode and address electrode also makes it possible to minimize the apparatus while enhancing the definition of an image and increasing the number of gray scale steps thereof. 
       Fourth Embodiment 
       [0327]    Let it describe a mirror element according to the present embodiment.  FIG. 21  is a conceptual diagram showing a cross-sectional configuration of a mirror element according to the present embodiment.  FIGS. 22A ,  22 B,  22 C and  22 D are top view diagram of a mirror element according to the present embodiment. 
         [0328]    The mirror element  900  according to the present embodiment and exemplified in  FIG. 21  is similar to the mirror element  800  shown in  FIG. 9A  where the ON-side drive electrode is constituted by an upper electrode and by a lower electrode which are layered together with an insulation layer intervening between them, whereas the mirror element  900  is different from the mirror element  800  where a part of the lower electrode is not covered by the upper electrode in the mirror element  900 . The following is a description, in detail, of the mirror element  900  with reference to  FIG. 21  and  FIGS. 22A through 22D . 
         [0329]    The mirror element  900  is configured to include a substrate  901 , a mirror  902  placed oppositely to the substrate  901 , an elastic hinge  903  for supporting the mirror  902  so as to be deflectable, a hinge electrode  904  electrically connected to the mirror  902  and a drive electrode  908  for driving the mirror  902 . 
         [0330]    The drive electrode  908  is constituted by a plurality of regions (i.e., parts) and is configured to layer together a lower electrode  905  (i.e., a first electrode) and an upper electrode  906  (i.e., a second electrode) with an insulation layer  907  (Insulator) intervening between the two electrodes. In more specific, the upper electrode  906  is layered so that a part of the top surface of the insulation layer  907  covering the lower electrode  905  is exposed. That is, the upper electrode  906  has an opening part (i.e., a second opening part). 
         [0331]    Specifically,  FIG. 21  exemplifies only the structure on one side of the configuration of the mirror element  900  relative to the elastic hinge  903 . Although not shown in the drawing, the mirror element  900  likewise includes, on the opposite side relative to the elastic hinge  903 , a drive electrode  918  produced by layering together a lower electrode  915  and an upper electrode  916  with an insulation layer  917  intervening between them. 
         [0332]    Incidentally, the mirror  902  abuts on the upper electrode (i.e., the second electrode) of a drive electrode ( 908  or  918 ) when the mirror  902  is driven by the drive electrode and is shifted to the ON state or OFF state. That is, the upper electrode (i.e., the second electrode) constitutes a stopper. 
         [0333]    Individual electrodes are connected to respectively different drive circuits so as to enable application of respectively different voltages. For example, the hinge electrode  904  is connected to the GND and the potential is maintained at the GND potential. The lower electrodes  905  and  915  are connected to the plate line  230  and the potential is controlled at any of 0 volts, 5 volts and high impedance (i.e., a floating). The upper electrodes  906  and  916  are connected to memory and the potential is controlled at 0 volts or 5 volts. 
         [0334]    The substrate  901  is equipped with a drive circuit for driving the mirror  902 , the drive circuit including, for example, word line  210 , bit line  220 , plate line  230 , GND, memory, wiring, et cetera. A first protective layer  909  is formed on the substrate  901  and the individual electrodes (i.e., the hinge electrode  904 , lower electrode  905 , and upper electrode  906 ) are placed on the first protective layer  909 . The drive circuit and individual electrode are electrically connected together by way of a Via equipped in the first protective layer  909 . 
         [0335]      FIG. 22A  is a top view diagram of a mirror element, with upper layers than a first protective layer  909  removed.  FIG. 22B  is a top view diagram of a mirror element in a state in which a hinge electrode and a lower electrode are added to the configuration of  FIG. 22A . Incidentally,  FIG. 22A  indicates the mirror  902 , hinge electrode  904 , lower electrode  905  on the ON side and lower electrode  915  on the OFF side with dotted lines.  FIG. 22B  indicates the mirror  902  with dotted lines. 
         [0336]    As exemplified in  FIGS. 22A and 22B , the hinge electrode  904 , lower electrodes  905  and  915  are respectively connected to Vias  904   a,    905   a  and  915   a  on the bottom faces of the respective electrodes. 
         [0337]    Furthermore, the first protective layer  909  is equipped with Via  906   a  and Via  916   a  at asymmetrical positions (in terms of mirror symmetry). 
         [0338]      FIG. 22C  is a top view diagram of a mirror element in a state in which a second protective layer  910  and a barrier metal layer  911  are added onto a hinge electrode  904  and in which an insulation layer  907  (and  917 ) and an upper electrode  906  (and  916 ) are added onto a lower electrode  905  (and  915 ), starting from the configuration shown in  FIG. 22B . Note that the upper electrode  906  (and  916 ) may be formed with a protrusion equipped in the part abutting on the mirror  902  as exemplified in  FIG. 12A  and others. 
         [0339]    As exemplified in  FIG. 22C , the upper electrodes (i.e., the upper electrode  906  and upper electrode  916 ) are layered together so that a part of each of the lower electrodes  905  and  915  (or the insulation layers  907  and  917  on the lower electrodes) is exposed. Further, the forms and drive voltages (V 2  and V 3 ) of the upper electrodes  906  and  916  may be configured to be different for the drive electrodes on the ON side and OFF side. 
         [0340]      FIG. 22D  is a top view diagram of a mirror element in a state in which a third protective layer  913  (i.e., an insulation layer) is added to the configuration of  FIG. 22C . 
         [0341]    As exemplified in  FIG. 22D , the third protective layer  913  (i.e., the insulation layer) is deposited so as to expose a part of the lower electrode in the same way as the upper electrode or so as to expose the barrier metal layer  911  on the hinge electrode  904 . That is, the third protective layer  913  has an opening part (i.e., a first opening part). Meanwhile, the third protective layer  913  possesses a higher resistance value than the elastic hinge  903  does. 
         [0342]    Incidentally, the materials of the individual constituent components are similar to those of the second embodiment. Further, the electrodes are electrically connected to the wiring (i.e., drive circuits) by way of Vias; alternatively, they may be electrically connected by configuring such that a part of the protective layer possesses electrical conductivity as exemplified in  FIG. 11 . 
         [0343]    Furthermore, an anti-stiction layer may be formed on the surface of the mirror  902  and that of the upper electrode (i.e., the second electrode) (i.e., the stopper), although not shown in a drawing here). 
         [0344]      FIGS. 23A and 23B  are diagrams each exemplifying a state of an electric field generated by the mirror element exemplified in  FIG. 21 . Note that  FIGS. 23A and 23B  depict the configuration of the mirror element  900  by simplifying it, and, further, omit the electric field in the vicinity of the mirror  902 , of the electric field generated between the mirror  902  and electrode. 
         [0345]      FIG. 23A  exemplifies the state (and the region) of an electric field E 1  generated when the potentials of the lower electrode  905 , upper electrode  906  and hinge electrode  904  are 5 volts, 0 volts and GND potential, respectively. In this case, the electric field generated by the lower electrode  905  caused by the difference in potentials between itself and mirror cannot pass through the upper electrode  906  that is controlled at 0-volt potential. Therefore, the electric field generated by the lower electrode  905  acts on the mirror  902  only through the opening part equipped in a part of the upper electrode  906 . Consequently, the electric field E 1  acted on the mirror is actually a field with the range of the field generated by the lower electrode  905  narrowed down, resulting in generating weak Coulomb force. 
         [0346]      FIG. 23B  exemplifies the state (and the region) of an electric field E 2  generated when the potentials of the lower electrode  905 , upper electrode  906  and hinge electrode  904  are 5 volts, 5 volts or floating, and GND potential, respectively. 
         [0347]    First, when the potential of the upper electrode  906  is controlled at 5 volts, the lower electrode  905  and upper electrode  906  integrally form an electric field acting on the mirror  902  since the two electrodes constitute a capacitor, with the insulation layer intervening between them. This causes an electric field E 2  to be generated from the entire surface of the drive electrode  908  (i.e., the lower electrode  905  and upper electrode  906 ) as exemplified in  FIG. 23B  and thereby stronger coulomb force is generated than in the configuration of  FIG. 23A . 
         [0348]    In contrast, when the potential of the upper electrode  906  is controlled at a floating, the upper electrode  906  does not shut off the electric field generated by the lower electrode  905 . Therefore, the field generated by the lower electrode  905  is not materially weakened so that the field is generated from the entirety of the drive electrode  908 . For this reason, the coulomb force of a magnitude that is larger than the case of the potential of the upper electrode  906  being controlled at 0 volts, and the magnitude that is smaller than the case of the potential of the upper electrode  906  being controlled at 5 volts, is acted on the mirror. 
         [0349]    Furthermore, controlling only the upper electrode  906  at 5 volts makes it possible to generate a electric field with various levels of magnitude, although not shown in a drawing herein. 
         [0350]    As described above, in the configuration obtained by layering the upper electrode  906  so as to expose a part of the lower electrode  905 , that is, in the configuration obtained by layering the upper electrode  906  on a part of the lower electrode  905 , the changeover of the potentials of each individual electrode makes it possible to change over the range (i.e., the regions) of the electric field generated between each respective electrode and mirror. 
         [0351]    Therefore, this configuration makes it possible to control the Coulomb force generated in the mirror in multiple levels of magnitude without a need to control the values of applied voltages in multiple steps, thereby attaining various controls for controlling the mirror. 
         [0352]    The present embodiment also enables the miniaturization of the apparatus while enhancing the definition of an image and increasing the number of gray scale steps thereof. 
       Fifth Embodiment 
       [0353]    Let it describe a mirror element according to the present embodiment.  FIG. 24A  is a conceptual diagram showing a cross-sectional configuration of a mirror element according to the present embodiment.  FIG. 24B  is a top view diagram of the mirror element exemplified in  FIG. 24A . 
         [0354]    Incidentally, the mirror element  930  exemplified in  FIG. 24A  and according to the present fifth embodiment is similar to the mirror element  900  exemplified in  FIG. 21  where the former is configured such that a drive electrode is constituted by a lower electrode (i.e., a first electrode) and an upper electrode (i.e., a second electrode) that are layered together with an insulation layer (i.e., a dielectric body layer) intervening between them and such that the upper electrode is layered so as to expose a part of the top surface of the insulation layer covering the lower electrode. However, the mirror element  930  is configured to electrically connect the upper electrode to the hinge electrode and is maintained at the GND potential, which is different from the mirror element  900 . Note that the upper electrode may be formed as equipping a protrusion in the part abutting on the mirror  902  as exemplified in  FIG. 12A  and other figures. 
         [0355]    The following is a description of the mirror element  930  with reference to  FIGS. 24A and 24B . 
         [0356]    The mirror element  930  is configured to include a substrate  901 , a mirror  902  placed oppositely to the substrate  901 , an elastic hinge  903  for supporting the mirror  902  so as to be deflectable, a hinge electrode  904  electrically connected to the mirror  902  and a drive electrode  934  for driving the mirror  902 . 
         [0357]    The drive electrode  934  is constituted by a plurality of regions (i.e., parts) and is configured to layer together a lower electrode  931  (i.e., a first electrode) and an upper electrode  932  (i.e., a second electrode) with an insulation layer  933  (Insulator) intervening between the two electrodes. In more specific, the upper electrode  932  is layered so that a part of the top surface of the insulation layer  933  covering the lower electrode  931  is exposed. 
         [0358]    Specifically,  FIG. 24A  exemplifies the configuration of the mirror element  930  only for one side relative to the elastic hinge  903 . The mirror element  930  is also configured similarly for the other side of the elastic hinge  903 . Incidentally, the upper electrode  932  may be shared by the drive electrode on the left and right side thereof as exemplified in  FIG. 24B . In the meantime, a photo-optical effect generated when an illumination light is incident to the substrate and the like can be prevented by layering (i.e., depositing) the upper electrode on the entirety of top surface of the substrate except for a part of top surface of the lower electrode  931  (and insulation layer  933 ) as exemplified in  FIG. 24B . 
         [0359]    The lower electrode  931  is an address electrode and is connected to memory by way of the Via  931   a  and wiring  931   b.  Further, the hinge electrode  904  is connected to the GND by way of the Via  904   a  and wiring  904   b.  With this, the potential of the hinge electrode  904  is maintained at the GND potential. Specifically, the mirror  902  abuts on the upper electrode (i.e., the second electrode) of a drive electrode when the mirror  902  is driven by the drive electrode and shifted to the ON state or OFF state. That is, the upper electrode (i.e., the second electrode) also constitutes a stopper. 
         [0360]    The upper electrode  932  is connected to the lower electrode  931  by way of the insulation layer  933 , and, in contrast, is directly connected to the hinge electrode  904 . That is, the upper electrode  932  is connected to the GND (i.e., a drive circuit) by way of the hinge electrode  932 , Via  904   a  and wiring  904   b.  This causes the potential of the upper electrode  932  to be maintained at the GND potential that is the same as the potential of the hinge electrode  904 . Note that the hinge electrode  904  and upper electrode  932  may be made of respectively different materials or those containing different additives. 
         [0361]    As described above, the mirror element  930  according to the present embodiment is configured to layer (i.e., deposit) the upper electrode  932  on a part of the lower electrode  931  and also to electrically connect the upper electrode  932  to the hinge electrode  904 . Such a configuration causes the electric field generated by the lower electrode  931  to act on the mirror  902  from the opening part, in which the upper electrode  932  is not layered, while maintaining the upper electrode  932 , on which the mirror  902  abuts, at the GND potential, thereby controlling the mirror  902 . 
         [0362]    Because the potential of the upper electrode  932  on which the mirror  902  abuts is maintained at constant, the potential of the abutted-on electrode (e.g., the upper electrode  932 ) does not change while the mirror is shifting from the ON state or OFF state. Therefore, a stiction phenomenon caused by a steep change of the potentials of an abutted-on electrode can be prevented, and a highly responsive, high speed operation of the mirror can be attained. 
         [0363]    Although not shown in a drawing herein, an anti-stiction layer may further be formed on a surface of the mirror element and a surface of the upper electrode  932  (i.e., the second electrode) (i.e., the stopper). More specifically, an insulation layer may be formed between the mirror  902  and upper electrode  932  (i.e., the second electrode). The insulation layer possesses a higher resistance value than at least the resistance of the elastic hinge  903  does. 
         [0364]    Note that it is certainly possible to obtain a similar effect by not connecting the upper electrode, which is maintained at the GND potential, to the hinge electrode. In such a case, however, a Via and a wiring need to be provided separately from the hinge electrode. 
         [0365]    Meanwhile, the lower electrode  931  may be constituted by layering together an address electrode and a plate electrode with an insulation layer intervening between them. That is, the drive electrode  934  may be structured by layering three electrodes together. This configuration makes it possible to control the mirror in various manners using the address electrode and plate electrode while preventing stiction and maintaining a highly responsive, high speed operation of the mirror. 
         [0366]    As described above, also the present embodiment enables the miniaturization of the apparatus while enhancing the definition of an image and increasing the number of gray scale steps thereof. 
       Sixth Embodiment 
       [0367]    Let it describe a mirror element according to the present sixth embodiment.  FIG. 25  is a conceptual diagram showing a cross-sectional configuration of a mirror element according to the present embodiment. The following is a description of the mirror element  940 , in detail, with reference to  FIG. 25 . 
         [0368]    The mirror element  940  is configured to include a substrate  901 , a mirror  902  placed oppositely to the substrate  901 , an elastic hinge  903  for supporting the mirror  902  so as to be deflectable, a hinge electrode  904  electrically connected to the mirror  902  and a drive electrode  941  for driving the mirror  902 . 
         [0369]    A first protective layer  909  is formed on the substrate  901  and individual electrodes (i.e., the hinge electrode  904  and drive electrode  941 ) are placed on the first protective layer  909 . Further, a second protective layer  942  is formed on the surfaces of the hinge electrode  904  and drive electrode  941 . The material of the first protective layer  909  and second protective layer  942  is desired to be a material such as silicon and silicon carbide (SiC). 
         [0370]    The drive circuit and each electrode are electrically connected together by way of a doping region equipped in the first protective layer  909 . In specific, the hinge electrode  904  is electrically connected to a wiring  904   b  by way of a doping region  944 . More specifically, the drive electrode  941  is electrically connected to a wiring  941   b  by way of a doping region. 
         [0371]    Furthermore, the wiring  904   b  is connected to the GND of the drive circuit. Therefore, the potential of the hinge electrode  904  is maintained at the GND potential. On the other hand, the wiring  941   b  is connected to memory M 1  constituted by a gate transistor  207   a  and by a capacitor  207   c.  Therefore, the drive electrode  941  is an address electrode, and is controlled in accordance with the presence or absence of data written to the memory M 1  through a word line  210  and a bit line  220  (i.e., a first bit line  221 ), that is, controlled by the charging or discharging of electric charge to and from the capacitor  207   c.    
         [0372]    Further, the hinge electrode  904  and elastic hinge  903  are electrically connected together by means of a doping region  943  equipped in the second protective layer  942 . With this configuration, the mirror  902  is maintained at the same potential as that of the hinge electrode  904  and doping region  943 . 
         [0373]    Incidentally, the doping regions  943 ,  944  and  945  are formed in the method described above for the second embodiment. 
         [0374]    Furthermore, the hinge electrode  904  is formed higher than the drive electrode  941  as exemplified in  FIG. 25 . This configuration causes the mirror  902  to abut on the second protective layer  942  formed on the hinge electrode  904  when the mirror  902  is driven by a drive electrode and shifted to the ON state or OFF state. The doping region  943  equipped in the second protective layer  942  is formed on the entire top surface of the hinge electrode  904  and therefore, strictly noting, the mirror  902  actually abuts on the doping region  943  of the second protective layer  942 . 
         [0375]    Although not shown in a drawing here, an anti-stiction layer may further be formed on the respective surfaces of the mirror  902  and hinge electrode  904 . Further, an insulation layer may be formed between the mirror  902  and hinge electrode  904 . The insulation layer possesses a higher resistance value than at least the elastic hinge  903  does. This configuration causes the mirror  902  to abut on the hinge electrode  904  with the insulation layer intervening between them. 
         [0376]    As described above, in the mirror element according to the present embodiment, the hinge electrode  904  and second protective layer  942  function as stoppers. The doping region  943  of the second protective layer  942  on which the mirror  902  abuts is electrically connected to the hinge electrode  904  and thereby the potential is maintained at constant. Therefore, the potential of the abutted-on region (i.e., the doping region  943 ) is not changed while the mirror  902  is shifting from the ON state or OFF state. As a result, a stiction phenomenon can be prevented as in the case of the fifth embodiment and a highly responsive, high speed operation of the mirror is attained. 
         [0377]    Further, the hinge electrode  904  is positioned closer to the deflecting center of the mirror  902  than the drive electrode is. Therefore, even if a force functioning as retaining the mirror is generated, contradicting the control, due to stiction, yet its moment is small, and therefore the influence of the stiction can be suppressed to relative small. 
         [0378]    Specifically, here, the drive electrode  941  is configured as a single electrode; alternatively, a layered drive electrode may be used as in the case of other embodiments. This configuration makes it possible to attain various controls of a mirror using the plate electrode and address electrode under an environment with a small influence of stiction. 
         [0379]    Furthermore, a similar effect can be obtained by configuring the doping region  943  using a barrier metal. 
         [0380]    As described above, also the present embodiment enables the miniaturization of the apparatus while enhancing the definition of an image and increasing the number of gray scale steps thereof. 
         [0381]    Note that the present invention comprehends the following contents of disclosure.