Abstract:
A method for associating contextual information with an electronic communication. The method includes a computer processor monitoring one or more activities of a user of a computing device, and determining contextual information respectively associated with the one or more monitored activities of the user, wherein contextual information includes information describing the one or more monitored activities. The method further includes identifying the user initiating an electronic communication and a time that the user of the computing device initiates the electronic communication. The method further includes determining at least one of the one or more monitored activities that occur within a window of time, relative to the time that the user of the computing device initiates the electronic communication, and storing the contextual information respectively associated with the at least one of the one or more monitored activities that occurred within the window of time in association with the electronic communication.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates generally to the field of electronic communications, and more particularly to associating contextual information with electronic communications. 
         [0002]    Developments in electronics and computing technology have resulted in a proliferation of computing devices of varying sizes and capabilities for business and personal use. Some computing devices (e.g., electronic devices) are small and highly mobile, such as smart phones and wearable devices (e.g., smart glasses). Other computing devices are multi-screen desktop systems capable of simulations and animated 3-D image renderings. Some common threads between these computing devices and the users of these computing devices include an increase in the volume of communications, multi-tasking, and multi-media information. One evolving and growing application of multi-tasking by the users of computing devices is in electronic communication, and more specifically social media. Social media is rich with contextual information. Users can post pictures, along with comments and the location of the users, at the time of taking the picture, which may be identified by geo-locating applications. Social media is not restricted to personal settings. Businesses operate in different time-zones and in different countries and employees work collaboratively across distances. Similarly, news, information, and communications are shared world-wide. 
         [0003]    Furthermore, electronic communications become more complex when a single communication may include multiple modalities, such as short message service (SMS) messaging, voice, video, text, e-mail, instant messaging (IM), social media, blogs, etc. In addition, not all electronic communications are transmitted between users. Some electronic communications may be associated with a single user as opposed to being shared or transmitted, such as calendar entries and alert messages. Given these complexities, the increase in volume of electronic communications, and the anticipated speed of response by other users, it may be important for a user to know the context associated with the creation of an electronic communication. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0004]    According to an aspect of the present invention, there is a method, computer program product, and/or system for associating contextual information with an electronic communication. The method includes one or more computer processors monitoring one or more activities of a user of a computing device. The method further includes one or more computer processors determining contextual information respectively associated with the one or more monitored activities of the user, wherein contextual information includes information describing the one or more monitored activities. The method further includes one or more computer processors identifying the user of the computing device initiating an electronic communication and a time that the user of the computing device initiates the electronic communication. The method further includes one or more computer processors determining at least one of the one or more monitored activities that occur within a window of time, relative to the time that the user of the computing device initiates the electronic communication. The method further includes one or more computer processors storing the contextual information respectively associated with the at least one of the one or more monitored activities that occurred within the window of time in association with the electronic communication. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0005]      FIG. 1  illustrates a distributed data processing environment, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0006]      FIG. 2  depicts a flowchart of the operational steps of contextual information generation program, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0007]      FIG. 3  depicts a flowchart of the operational steps of a contextual information retrieval program, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0008]      FIG. 4  is a block diagram of components of a computer, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0009]    Embodiments of the present invention recognize that relevant background information is not always documented within an electronic communication. Personal electronic communications, such as calendar entries or “to-do&#39;s” that are set for a future time may have the rationale for their creation forgotten by the human that created the calendar entries or the “to-do&#39;s.” Attaching contextual information to electronic communications permits a user to more quickly determine the relevant events and information surrounding the creation of an electronic communication. Contextual information sent with an electronic communication may inform the receiver of the electronic communication as to which resources the sender of the electronic communication may have utilized. Contextual information can be included prior to and during the creation of the electronic communication. Contextual information may identify some of the relevant events surrounding the creation of an electronic communications. Linking contextual information to or embedding contextual information within an electronic communication serves to provide a current or future reference for alert notifications, blog posts, meeting invitations, e-mails, instant messages (IMs), etc. 
         [0010]    Embodiments of the present invention provide other users a method to obtain contextual information based on user activities prior to the initiation (e.g., creation) of an electronic message. In the field of information security, user activity monitoring (UAM) is the monitoring and recording of user actions. UAM captures user actions, including the use of applications, windows opened, system commands executed, check boxes clicked, text entered/edited, URLs visited, and nearly every other on-screen event. Embodiments of the present invention permit a user of a computing device to utilize these recorded actions to add contextual references to electronic communications. In addition, data “spiders” and other utilities permit the extraction of a deeper level of contextual information from monitored user actions. For example, meta-data can be extracted from a browsed webpage, the properties of an electronic document, or social networking information from social media communications. 
         [0011]    Some embodiments of the present invention incorporate the contextual information within an electronic communication. For example, the contextual information may be self-evident in the form of a header, footer, or in-line comments/information (e.g., web links). In other examples, the contextual information may be incorporated as meta-data, comments, or part of the properties of the electronic communication. Other embodiments of the present invention place the contextual information in a separate file, which may transmit before, during, or after the electronic communication. In yet other embodiments, the contextual information may be stored in a repository that can be viewed independent of the electronic communication. 
         [0012]    Additional embodiments of the present invention provide a receiver of an electronic communication the opportunity to react to the contextual information of the electronic message when some or all of an electronic communication is not received. For example, a user of a computing device may be covering a news event, such as a natural disaster or political rally. Embodiments of the present invention permit real-time transmission of the contextual information. For example, the user of the computing device may have a geo-locating function active on the computing device while transmitting a real-time electronic communication, such as a streaming video. Should the computing device or the communication supporting the computing device go off-line (e.g., fail), a colleague receiving the electronic communication and related contextual data may respond utilizing the geo-location information within the contextual information, advise a superior of the failure of the electronic communication, and provide the geo-location information to the superior. 
         [0013]    The descriptions of the various scenarios, instances, and examples related to the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration but are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. 
         [0014]    The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the Figures.  FIG. 1  is a functional block diagram illustrating distributed data processing environment  100  in an embodiment, in accordance with the present invention. An embodiment of distributed data processing environment  100  includes server  102  and client device  120  interconnected over network  110 . Many modifications to the depicted environment may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention as recited by the claims. 
         [0015]    Server  102  and client device  120  may be laptop computers, tablet computers, netbook computers, personal computers (PC), desktop computers, personal digital assistants (PDA), smart phones, wearable devices (e.g., digital eyeglasses, smart glasses, a smart watch), or any programmable computer systems known in the art. In certain embodiments, server  102  and client device  120  represent computer systems utilizing clustered computers and components (e.g., database server computers, application server computers, etc.) that act as a single pool of seamless resources when accessed through network  110 , as is common in data centers and with cloud-computing applications. In general, server  102  and client device  120  are representative of any programmable electronic device or combination of programmable electronic devices capable of executing machine readable program instructions and communicating with client computers, such as client device  120 , via network  110 . Server  102  may include components, as depicted and described in further detail with respect to  FIG. 4 , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         [0016]    Server  102  includes file storage  104  and various programs (e.g., text editor, encryption utilities, etc.) (not shown). In some embodiments, server  102  may contain a database program that maintains and retrieves contextual information and/or electronic communications stored in databases within file storage  104 . 
         [0017]    In one embodiment, file storage  104  contains databases and log files that store the contextual information separate from the electronic communications. In one scenario, contextual information is stored separately when the contextual information cannot be embedded in an electronic communication. In another scenario, a copy of the contextual information is stored within file storage  104  permitting the user of client device  120  to trace conversation threads of electronic conversations. In another embodiment, file storage  104  is part of an application-based storage environment where both an electronic communication and the related contextual information reside. In one scenario, file storage  104  is part of an enterprise-based office environment. For example, file storage  104  includes databases that store the e-mails and calendar entries for enterprise-based e-mail clients and calendar clients. In another scenario, file storage  104  supports web-based e-mail clients, calendar clients, etc. File storage  104  is accessible by contextual information retrieval program  300  to search for contextual information relating to one or more previously received or processed electronic communications. 
         [0018]    In a different embodiment, client device  120  utilizes file storage  104  on server  102  for temporary storage of monitored user activities and contextual data. In one scenario, client device  120  may be resource constrained (e.g., lack of memory, lack of persistence storage) such that various embodiments of the present invention utilize file storage  104 . In another scenario, the programs, applications, and electronic communication program utilized by a user execute on another computing device; therefore, the contextual information is not stored on client device  120 . For example, a user may execute a virtual private network program and a remote desktop program on client device  120  to access and perform work on another computing device accessible via network  110 . 
         [0019]    In addition, file storage  104  may include various user preferences in the event that a user utilizes programs or applications external to client device  120  to create an electronic communication which generates an instance of UI  122  specific to that external program or application. Other user preferences stored within file storage  104  may include: durations (e.g., windows of time) for aggregating contextual information, criteria which bias the duration of a window of time, types of contextual information that are excluded, which types of electronic communications have embedded contextual information, and storage locations (e.g., network drive, cloud-backup, etc.) for contextual information. Still other user preferences include criteria and weighting factors utilized on ranking contextual information elements (e.g., pieces of information) and determining the number of contextual elements that are transmitted and/or stored. The user preferences stored within file storage  104  may be different from user preferences stored in file storage  124 . 
         [0020]    In one embodiment, client device  120  and server  102  communicate through network  110 . Network  110  can be, for example, a local area network (LAN), a telecommunications network, a wireless local area network (WLAN), a wide area network (WAN), such as the Internet, or any combination of the previous, and can include wired, wireless, or fiber optic connections. In general, network  110  can be any combination of connections and protocols that will support communications between client device  120  and server  102 , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In another embodiment, network  110  operates locally via wired, wireless, or optical connections and can be any combination of connections and protocols (e.g., near field communication (NFC), laser, infrared, etc.). 
         [0021]    Client device  120  includes user interface (UI)  122 , file storage  124 , contextual information generation program  200 , contextual information retrieval program  300 , and various programs (not shown). Examples of programs (not shown) that client device  120  includes are: an e-mail client, a word processor, a web browser, a multi-media player, security software (e.g., a firewall program, an anti-virus program, an encryption program, etc.), an instant messaging (IM) application (app), and a communication (e.g., phone) application. A user of client device  120  can interact with UI  122  via a singular device, such as a touch screen (e.g., display) that performs both input to a graphical user interface (GUI) and as an output device (e.g., a display) presenting a plurality of icons associated with software applications or images depicting the executing software application. Optionally, a software application (e.g., a web browser) can generate UI  122  operating within the GUI of client device  120 . UI  122  accepts input from a plurality of input/output (I/O) devices (not shown) including, but not limited to, a tactile sensor interface (e.g., a touch screen, a touchpad) or a natural user interface (e.g., voice control unit, motion capture device, etc.). An I/O device interfacing with UI  122  may be connected to client device  120  which may operate utilizing wired (e.g., USB port) or wireless network communications (e.g., infrared, NFC, etc.). For example, an I/O device may be a peripheral, such as a keyboard, a mouse, a trackball, and a click wheel that provide input from a user. 
         [0022]    In one embodiment, file storage  124  contains databases and log files which store the contextual information separate from the electronic communications. In one scenario, contextual information is stored separately when the contextual information cannot be embedded in an electronic communication. In another scenario, a copy of the contextual information is stored within file storage  124  permitting the user of client device  120  to trace conversation threads of electronic conversations. In some embodiments, file storage  124  is part of an application based storage environment where both an electronic communication and the related contextual information reside. File storage  124  is accessible by contextual information retrieval program  300  to search for contextual information relating to one or more previously received or processed electronic communications. 
         [0023]    In addition, file storage  124  includes various user preferences. One user preference may determine when contextual information generation program  200  activates (e.g., at the power on of client device  120 ). Other user preferences stored in file storage  124  may include: durations (e.g., windows of time) for aggregating contextual information, criteria which bias the duration of a window of time, types of contextual information that are excluded, which types of electronic communications have embedded contextual information, and storage locations (e.g., network drive, cloud-backup, etc.) for contextual information. Still other user preferences include criteria and weighting factors utilized on ranking contextual information elements (e.g., pieces of information) and determining the number of contextual elements that are transmitted and/or stored. 
         [0024]    Contextual information generation program  200  monitors the activity of a user to obtain contextual information associated with one or more user activities prior to the generation of an electronic message. In some embodiments, contextual information generation program  200  may be a hosted application. For example, contextual information generation program  200  may be a web-based application utilized by the user of client device  120 . In other embodiments, contextual information generation program  200  may store contextual activity in parallel paths. For example, contextual information generation program  200  may store contextual activity on client device  120 , on server  102 , and a back-up client (e.g., replication database) accessible via network  110 . In some scenarios, the contextual information may be stored in real-time as a backup in the event that client device  120  is damaged. For example, client device  120  is utilized to cover a newsworthy event (e.g., a storm, a natural disaster). The contextual information generation program  200  aggregates contextual information related to an electronic communication that includes a streaming video of the event. Contextual information generation program  200  may be configured to monitor and transmit the activities of the user of client device  120  in real time to document the event. In another example, contextual information generation program  200  determines that the user of client device  120  monitors radar and weather data via a web app and has various social media feeds active to acquire additional information. 
         [0025]    Contextual information retrieval program  300  retrieves contextual information relating to one or more electronic communications. In one embodiment, contextual information retrieval program  300  retrieves contextual information for a currently received electronic communication. In another embodiment, contextual information retrieval program  300  retrieves contextual information for previous electronic communications. In one scenario, contextual information retrieval program  300  retrieves contextual information for unprocessed electronic communications. In another scenario, contextual information retrieval program  300  retrieves contextual information for previously processed electronic communications. In some embodiments, contextual information retrieval program  300  may retrieve contextual information from file storage  124  on client device  120 . In other embodiments, contextual information retrieval program  300  may retrieve contextual information from file storage  104  on server  102 . In some embodiments, contextual information retrieval program  300  is a hosted application. For example, contextual information retrieval program  300  may be a web-based application utilized by the user of client device  120 . 
         [0026]      FIG. 2  is a flowchart depicting operational steps for contextual information generation program  200 , a program for monitoring the activity of a user to obtain contextual information, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         [0027]    In step  202 , contextual information generation program  200  monitors the activity of a user of a computing device (e.g., client device  120 ). User activity monitoring may occur via a UAM program (not shown), a data spider (not shown), or other application or utility known in the art. In one embodiment, contextual information generation program  200  initiates automatically upon the activation of client device  120 . In another embodiment, contextual information generation program  200  activates based on an action of a user of client device  120 . In one scenario, contextual information generation program  200  may activate based on a user selecting an icon within the GUI of client device  120 . In one instance, contextual information generation program  200  activates based on an icon (e.g., widget) depicted in the desktop view of the GUI of client device  120 . In another instance, contextual information generation program  200  activates based on an icon depicted within UI  122 . In another scenario, contextual information generation program  200  may activate based on one or more user preferences. For example, contextual information generation program  200  may activate when a user of client device  120  activates an e-mail client, an IM app, a suite of productivity (e.g., office) programs, etc. In some embodiments, contextual information generation program  200  may monitor (e.g., record) some or all of the programs and applications utilized by a user of client device  120 . For example, contextual information generation program  200  may monitor an e-mail client, an IM app, a calendar function, a web browser, etc. 
         [0028]    In some embodiments, contextual information generation program  200  may utilize one or more user preferences to constrain and/or filter which activities of a user that contextual information generation program  200  monitors. For example, contextual information generation program  200  may be constrained from networking activity and security software. In another example, contextual information generation program  200  excludes (e.g., filters) activities associated with or containing information (e.g., flags, keywords, meta-data, etc.), such as non-disclosure agreements (NDA) or confidential disclosure agreements (CDA). In other embodiments, contextual information generation program  200  may utilize multiple windows of time when monitoring the activity of a user. 
         [0029]    In step  204 , contextual information generation program  200  determines contextual information associated with the activity of a user of client device  120 . In one embodiment, contextual information generation program  200  obtains low-level information associated with one or more activities of a user of client device  120 . For example, low-level information may include: the uniform resource locator (URL) associated with a website, the title of a video watched by the user, subject lines of e-mails or social media posts, priority flag, etc. In another embodiment, contextual information generation program  200  may determine high-level information, such as tags, meta-data, keywords, time, an author, due date, etc. that is associated with one or more user activities. In some embodiments, contextual information generation program  200  may initially categorize and filter (e.g., does not record, discards) contextual information associated with the activities of a user. For example, prefiltered contextual information may include: URLs, subject lines, videos, wikis, meta-data, blogs, bookmarks, news articles, e-books, and names of activities (e.g., word processor, spreadsheet, etc.) including files utilized by the activities (e.g., Monthly report). Other examples of contextual information that may be filtered (e.g., excluded) are: passwords, user IDs, medical records, financial records, encrypted data, etc. Other types of contextual information that contextual information generation program  200  may filter, based on one or more user preferences, are: demographic data, tags, web-histories, global positioning system (GPS) locations, e-commerce data, and information associated with other users (e.g., performance ratings, salary bands, intranet user IDs, awards, etc.). 
         [0030]    In some embodiments, contextual information generation program  200  may limit the amount of contextual information obtained over time. For example, contextual information generation program  200  may for any activity, independent of content or context, dequeue monitoring information in 15-minute intervals, starting six hours after a monitored activity ceases. In one scenario, contextual information generation program  200  may be configured with an activity/contextual retention period for each application (e.g., web browser, e-mail client, IM client, etc.). In another scenario, contextual information generation program  200  may respond to contextual information, either directly obtained or dynamically extracted (e.g., via optical character recognition (OCR), via voice recognition, via image recognition) and adjusts the window of time (e.g., retention time) for a specific activity of a user of client device  120 . 
         [0031]    In step  206 , contextual information generation program  200  detects when a user of a computing device initiates an electronic communication. Contextual information generation program  200  utilizes the time at which an electronic communication is initiated as a reference for the window of time for the aggregation of contextual information. In an embodiment, contextual information generation program  200  responds to one or more user preferences associated with electronic communications on client device  120 . For example, contextual information generation program  200  may detect the initiation (e.g., creation) of: an e-mail, an IM, a phone call, or a calendar update. However, based on another user preference, contextual information generation program  200  may not respond to: a web-browsing query, mapping a network driver, and accessing a database. In one example, contextual information generation program  200  may not respond to utilization of social networking software by a user to obtain information about another. In another example, contextual information generation program  200  may not respond to utilization of a weather information website to obtain storm warning information. In another embodiment, contextual information generation program  200  responds to the modification of an electronic communication. For example, a user of client device  120  opens an e-mail that was saved in a draft status. Contextual information generation program  200  appends currently obtained contextual information to contextual information that was obtained at the creation of the e-mail. In some embodiments, contextual information generation program  200  may respond to the initiation (e.g., creation) of any electronic communication. 
         [0032]    In step  208 , contextual information generation program  200  determines a window of time for aggregating the contextual information that relates to an electronic message. In one embodiment, contextual information generation program  200  determines that one or more user preferences dictate a window of time (e.g., a duration, a period of time) associated with aggregating contextual information for an electronic communication. In one scenario, contextual information generation program  200  utilizes a user preference that dictates a fixed-duration (e.g., 10 minutes) window of time for aggregating the contextual information relating to an electronic communication. In another scenario, contextual information generation program  200  may determine that some electronic communications modes are assigned different windows of time. For example, contextual information generation program  200  assigns an IM a 5-minute window of time. Whereas, contextual information generation program  200  assigns a calendar update a 15-minute window of time and an e-mail a 20-minute window of time. In another embodiment, contextual information generation program  200  may utilize a base window of time and may bias the window of time utilizing other user preferences (e.g., priority, due date, importance, one or more key words in a subject line, etc.). For example, contextual information generation program  200  utilizes a base window of time of 7 minutes. Contextual information generation program  200  determines that the electronic communication is an e-mail (e.g., +3 minutes) to a client (e.g., +5 minutes) and is flagged as a high priority (e.g., +5 minutes). Therefore, contextual information generation program  200  determines that the window of time for this electronic communication is a total of 20 minutes (e.g., 7+3+5+5 minutes). 
         [0033]    Referring to step  208 , in a different embodiment, contextual information generation program  200  may determine the window of time based on information derived from one or more actions of a user of client device  120 . For example, contextual information generation program  200  may react to a user creating an e-mail from an e-mail template entitled “Client draft” by initializing an open-ended window of time to permit the user of client device  120  to research, compile, and edit the text and content associated with the e-mail. In another example, contextual information generation program  200  may determine that a user activates a recording feature associated with an embodiment of the present invention that initializes an open-ended window of time. The recording feature may be associated with UI  122  or may be a user defined hot-key combination. In some scenarios, contextual information generation program  200  may determine that there is a user preference dictating a maximum window of time (e.g., 4 hrs.). In other scenarios, contextual information generation program  200  may delay determining the duration of the window of time. 
         [0034]    In step  210 , contextual information generation program  200  ranks the elements that include the contextual information that relate to an electronic communication, and contextual information generation program  200  permits a user to edit the contextual information. Contextual information generation program  200  may utilize one or more user preferences to determine the number of contextual elements (e.g., pieces of contextual information) which appear in a ranking of the contextual information relating to an electronic communication. In some embodiments, contextual information generation program  200  may permit a user to vary the number of contextual information items that are ranked and/or displayed. In one embodiment, contextual information generation program  200  utilizes one or more known ranking algorithms. Contextual information generation program  200  may utilize one or more criteria and/or weighting factors, defined by a user, to determine the ranking of items of contextual information. For example, contextual information generation program  200  may utilize: terms (e.g., words, acronyms, etc.), priority flags, status of a second user, hierarchical level of a second user, etc. to rank contextual information elements. 
         [0035]    In some scenarios, contextual information generation program  200  may utilize an algorithm that applies weighting factors to elements of contextual information. For example, contextual information generation program  200  may assign a higher weight factor to contextual information obtained closer to the time of creation of an electronic message and a lower weight factor to contextual information obtained closer to beginning of a window of time. In other scenarios, contextual information generation program  200  may weigh contextual information (e.g., research data) aggregated during the creation of the electronic communication more than contextual information aggregated prior to the creation of the electronic communication. In further embodiments, contextual information generation program  200  permits a user (e.g., a user that created an electronic communication) to modify the ranking of or change the number of elements of contextual information relating to the electronic communication. 
         [0036]    Referring to step  210 , in some embodiments, contextual information generation program  200  delays the transmission of an electronic communication until a user reviews the ranked contextual information elements associated with the aggregated contextual information related to the electronic communication. In one scenario, contextual information generation program  200  permits the user to eliminate (e.g., delete) one or more elements (e.g., pieces of information) of contextual information. For example, a user may determine that contextual information generation program  200  recorded contextual information associated with an activity unrelated to the electronic communication. Subsequently, a user may utilize contextual information generation program  200  to delete the one or more unrelated elements (e.g., items) of contextual information prior to the transmission of the electronic communication. In another example, a user may determine that contextual information generation program  200  recorded contextual information associated with an activity that is proprietary (e.g., an account number, a name of a different client, information covered by a NDA/CDA). In yet another example, contextual information generation program  200  may determine that instances of a request-for-quote (RFQ) that are relevant to the receiver of the electronic communication are kept; whereas contextual information related to an RFQ of a competitor may be excluded (e.g., edited out). 
         [0037]    In step  212 , contextual information generation program  200  optionally stores an electronic communication and the related contextual information. In one embodiment, contextual information generation program  200  stores contextual information relating to an electronic communication on client device  120  in file storage  124 . In one scenario, contextual information generation program  200  may store the contextual information in a log file. In another scenario, contextual information generation program  200  may store the contextual information and the electronic message in a database. In some instances, contextual information generation program  200  stores the contextual information in a database related to the application (e.g., enterprise e-mail application) that generates the electronic communication. For example, contextual information generation program  200  may store the contextual information as comments embedded in a calendar entry. In other instances, contextual information generation program  200  may store the contextual information relating to an electronic communication in a separate database. In some scenarios, contextual information generation program  200  may determine that client device  120  is resource (e.g., persistent storage) constrained. Contextual information generation program  200  periodically uploads contextual information to file storage  104  on server  102  and removes the contextual information from client device  120 . For example, when contextual information generation program  200  determines that an electronic communication is finalized (e.g., transmitted, stored as a draft, set as a reminder, set as a calendar entry, etc.), contextual information generation program  200  uploads the related contextual information and deletes the contextual information from client device  120 . 
         [0038]    In another embodiment, contextual information generation program  200  may store the contextual information off-line, separate from the electronic communication. In this embodiment, contextual information generation program  200  effectively transmits contextual information asynchronously. In one scenario, contextual information generation program  200  may store the contextual information and/or the electronic communication in one or more databases or log files in file storage  104  on server  102 . In another scenario, contextual information generation program  200  stores the contextual information and electronic communication in another location (e.g., a different computing device) accessible via network  110 . For example, contextual information generation program  200  may store the contextual information on a cloud-based system. In some scenarios contextual information generation program  200  may store, in an additional location (e.g., an off-line server), the contextual information in real-time (e.g., buffers the contextual information). For example, contextual information generation program  200  may store (e.g., transmit) contextual information in real-time in the event that the initiated electronic communication is disrupted. In another example, the electronic communication occurs in real-time; therefore, contextual information generation program  200  stores the contextual information in real-time, documenting relevant activities that occur in parallel to the electronic communication. In other scenarios, contextual information generation program  200  may determine that one or more user preferences permits some electronic communications to transmit automatically. 
         [0039]    Referring to step  212 , in a further embodiment, contextual information generation program  200  encrypts the contextual information. In one scenario, contextual information generation program  200  encrypts the contextual information such that the contextual information cannot be accessed without the associated electronic communication being stored and accessible on the same computing device. In another scenario, contextual information generation program  200  encrypts the contextual information such that a user may decrypt the contextual information with: a password, an electronic signature, or an encryption key. 
         [0040]    In step  214 , contextual information generation program  200  transmits an electronic communication and the related contextual information. In one embodiment, contextual information generation program  200  embeds the contextual information relating to an electronic communication within the electronic communication. Embedding the contextual information facilitates the synchronous transmission of the contextual information with the electronic communication. In one scenario, contextual information generation program  200  may subsequently transmit the electronic communication. In another scenario, contextual information generation program  200  may subsequently release the electronic communication to the application that originated the electronic communication and that application transmits the electronic communication. In another embodiment, contextual information generation program  200  may transmit an electronic communication and the related contextual information as separate files. In some instances, contextual information generation program  200  may transmit the electronic communication and the related contextual information synchronously. In other instances, contextual information generation program  200  may transmit the electronic communication and the related contextual information asynchronously. 
         [0041]    In further embodiments, contextual information generation program  200  both transmits the contextual information relating to an electronic communication and stores the contextual location. For example, contextual information generation program  200  may store the contextual information in a central repository (e.g., e-mail replication database) as a backup when a user receives the electronic communication on a computing device that does not include contextual information retrieval program  300 . In this example, contextual information generation program  200  may transmit contextual information both synchronously and asynchronously. Additionally, contextual information generation program  200  may respectively create a log entry, cross-reference (e.g., lookup table), or list on client device  120  or server  102  that identifies which electronic communications have (e.g., embedded in, linked to, associated with, etc.) related contextual information and where the related contextual information for an electronic communication is stored. In such instances, contextual information retrieval program  300  may subsequently retrieve contextual information more quickly by eliminating searching multiple electronic devises and multiple storage locations. 
         [0042]    Referring to step  214 , in some embodiments, contextual information generation program  200  processes an electronic communication and the related contextual information but does not transmit the electronic communication and the related contextual information to another user. For example, contextual information generation program  200  responds to the creation of an electronic communication that is a calendar or “to-do” communication that is for a user of client device  120 . The calendar or “to-do” communication may be transmitted to an enterprise or web-based application for subsequent processing. 
         [0043]      FIG. 3  is a flowchart depicting operational steps for contextual information retrieval program  300 , a program for retrieving contextual information relating to one or more electronic communications, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         [0044]    In decision step  302 , contextual information retrieval program  300  determines whether a user of client device  120  accesses previously processed/created electronic communication. In one embodiment, contextual information retrieval program  300  determines that the user of client device  120  accesses one or more previously received electronic communications. In another embodiment, contextual information retrieval program  300  determines that the user of client device  120  accesses one or more previously created electronic communications. In some embodiments, contextual information retrieval program  300  determines that the user of client device  120  accesses a combination of previously received electronic communications and previously created electronic communications. In one embodiment, contextual information retrieval program  300  determines that a “hot-key” trigger, defined within a user preference, is detected that activates a portion of UI  122  that utilizes the input of reference information. In another embodiment, contextual information retrieval program  300  determines that a user accesses an electronic communication that is flagged to include related contextual information. For example, a user of client device  120  utilizes a calendar function and accesses a scheduled meeting on a different day. 
         [0045]    In a different embodiment, contextual information retrieval program  300  determines that a user of client device  120  accesses (e.g., manages) one or more unprocessed electronic communications. In one scenario, contextual information retrieval program  300  determines that a user accesses an electronic communication that is a new electronic communication. In another scenario, contextual information retrieval program  300  determines that the one or more accessed electronic communications are unprocessed electronic communications. 
         [0046]    In response to a determination that a user of client device  120  accesses one or more previously processed and/or created electronic communications (yes branch, decision step  302 ), contextual information retrieval program  300  obtains reference information from the user of client device  120  (step  303 ). 
         [0047]    In step  303 , contextual information retrieval program  300  obtains reference information and selects an electronic communication. Reference information utilized by contextual information retrieval program  300  to identify one or more electronic communications may include: a date range, a sender ID, a conversation thread (e.g., subject line text, tags, etc.), and a type of electronic communication (e.g., e-mail, IM, calendar notice, etc.). In some embodiments, contextual information retrieval program  300  obtains the reference information based on the method of accessing a previously processed/created electronic communication. For example, e-mails that include related contextual information may display a flag or emoticon in a field (e.g., subject field, attachment field, type field, etc.) within a message folder. Selecting an electronic communication with known related contextual information may automatically obtain the reference information for contextual information retrieval program  300 . 
         [0048]    In one embodiment, contextual information retrieval program  300  obtains sufficient reference information from a user of client device  120 , via UI  122 , to identify and obtain a specific electronic communication. For example, a single e-mail on a specific date has the subject of “Monthly report.” In another embodiment, contextual information retrieval program  300  obtains some reference information from a user of client device  120 , whereby contextual information retrieval program  300  retrieves a selection of electronic communications that meet the reference information. For example, a user may provide contextual information retrieval program  300  a date range, a sender ID, and the type of electronic communication (e.g., e-mail, IM, calendar notice, etc.). Subsequently, contextual information retrieval program  300  may scan one or more databases or log files to locate one or more electronic communications that match the reference information provided by a user. Contextual information retrieval program  300  receives an indication, via UI  122 , as to which one or more electronic communications are selected for subsequent retrieval of contextual information. In some instances, contextual information retrieval program  300  does not receive subsequent selection information and processes the electronic communications obtained based on the reference information. In some embodiments, contextual information retrieval program  300  may execute multiple instances of step  303  while a user searches for an electronic communication. 
         [0049]    In a different embodiment, contextual information retrieval program  300  may receive the reference information from another program (e.g., an e-mail client, a calendar function, etc.). In some scenarios, contextual information retrieval program  300  monitors client device  120  for a “hot-key” trigger. For example, a user of client device  120  may access the historical portion (e.g., folders) of an e-mail and may select a previously processed e-mail. While reviewing the previously processed e-mail, the user of client device  120  may activate a “hot-key” combination recognized by contextual information retrieval program  300 , and contextual information retrieval program  300  obtains the contextual information related to the selected e-mail. 
         [0050]    Referring to decision step  302 , in response to a determination that a user of client device  120  accesses a new electronic communication (no branch, decision step  302 ), contextual information retrieval program  300  analyzes the newly received electronic communication for contextual information (step  304 ). 
         [0051]    In step  304 , contextual information retrieval program  300  analyzes a received electronic communication for contextual information. In an embodiment, contextual information retrieval program  300  determines whether an electronic communication contains contextual information by analyzing the electronic communication for a direct indication. For example, contextual information retrieval program  300  may identify a flag, meta-data in the communication header, emoticon, etc. to identify an electronic communication with related contextual information. In another embodiment, contextual information retrieval program  300  scans an electronic communication for one or more indications of contextual information. In one scenario, contextual information retrieval program  300  may scan the text of an electronic communication for structures, delimiters, comments, etc., which may identify the contextual information. In another scenario, contextual information retrieval program  300  may parse the header and meta-data of an electronic communication to identify the existence of contextual information. 
         [0052]    In some embodiments, contextual information may be directly linked to an electronic communication. For example, the electronic communication can include contextual information as meta-data (e.g., as in-line text as the electronic communication was created, as a block of text within the electronic communication, etc.). In other embodiments, contextual information is indirectly linked to an electronic communication. For example, contextual information retrieval program  300  may determine that a meta-data flag is set within the electronic communication that indicates that related contextual information exists but is not part of the electronic communication. Contextual information retrieval program  300  may determine that the meta-data flag further includes information indicating a location (e.g., a server, a database, a replica file, etc.) that stores the related contextual information. 
         [0053]    In decision step  306 , contextual information retrieval program  300  determines whether at least one electronic communication contains related contextual information. In one embodiment, contextual information retrieval program  300  determines that related contextual information is embedded in a received electronic communication (step  304 ). In another embodiment, contextual information retrieval program  300  determines at least one electronic communication referenced and selected in step  303  contains related contextual information. In some embodiments, contextual information retrieval program  300  determines that a combination of electronic communications occur, one group of electronic communications include related contextual information, and another group of electronic communications do not include related contextual information. In one scenario, contextual information retrieval program  300  spawns a second instance of contextual information retrieval program  300  to separate the combination of electronic communications. In another scenario, contextual information retrieval program  300  utilizes a user preference to prioritize processing the groups of electronic communications. 
         [0054]    In response to a determination that at least one electronic communication includes related contextual information (yes branch, decision step  306 ), contextual information retrieval program  300  displays an electronic communication and the related contextual information (step  308 ). 
         [0055]    In response to a determination that an electronic communication does not contain contextual information (no branch, decision step  306 ), contextual information retrieval program  300  scans contextual information data sources (step  312 ). 
         [0056]    In step  312 , contextual information retrieval program  300  scans contextual information data sources and retrieves the contextual information relating to an electronic communication. In some embodiments, contextual information retrieval program  300  determines the storage location of the contextual information related to an electronic communication via information included in the electronic communication. In some scenarios, contextual information retrieval program  300  obtains the location information for the related contextual data via the analysis performed in step  304  or as part of the reference information and selection process in step  303 . For example, the location information may be included within the electronic communication as meta-data or a link (e.g., a hyperlink). In one embodiment, contextual information retrieval program  300  locates the contextual information on client device  120  in file storage  124  as part of a database or a log file. In another embodiment, contextual information retrieval program  300  may locate the contextual information on server  102  in file storage  104  as part of a database or a log file. 
         [0057]    In a further embodiment, contextual information retrieval program  300  may determine that the related contextual information is included in more than one data source (e.g., storage location) and may exist in one or more formats. For example, in a resource constrained instance of client device  120 , contextual information generation program  200  may store contextual information as a text-based log file as opposed to in a database table. In some scenarios, contextual information retrieval program  300  may locate the contextual information related to an electronic message in multiple locations/computing devices (e.g., enterprise system data storage, cloud-based communication system, a mail file for a user, a user profile file, etc.) accessible via network  110 . For example, the contextual information may reside on the system that hosts the program or application (e.g., e-mail client, calendar function) that created the electronic communication and on client device  120 . In other scenarios, contextual information retrieval program  300  determines that a user of client device  120  selected two or more electronic communications in step  303 . Subsequently, contextual information retrieval program  300  may locate and retrieve the respectively related contextual information for the two or more electronic messages from more than one data source or storage location. 
         [0058]    Referring to step  312 , in addition, contextual information retrieval program  300  retrieves the related contextual information from a contextual information data source. In one scenario, contextual information retrieval program  300  stores the contextual information related to an electronic communication in file storage  124  on client device  120 . In another scenario, contextual information retrieval program  300  may store the contextual information related to an electronic communication in file storage  104  on server  102 . In some scenarios, contextual information retrieval program  300  may temporarily store the retrieved contextual information related to an electronic communication until the electronic communication is reviewed (step  308 ) and/or processed (step  310 ). The temporary storage utilized by contextual information retrieval program  300  may be on: client device  120 , server  102 , or any computing or storage device (e.g., an enterprise productivity suite server) accessible via network  110 . 
         [0059]    In decision step  314 , if contextual information retrieval program  300  retrieves contextual information related to at least one electronic communication, in step  312  (yes branch, decision step  314 ), then contextual information retrieval program  300  displays, for review, the electronic communication and the related contextual information (step  308 ). 
         [0060]    In decision step  314 , if contextual information retrieval program  300  does not retrieve (in step  312 ) contextual information related to at least one electronic communication (no branch, decision step  314 ), then the current instance of contextual information retrieval program  300  terminates. 
         [0061]    In step  308 , contextual information retrieval program  300  displays the electronic communication and the related contextual information for review. In an embodiment, contextual information retrieval program  300  displays a currently received electronic communication and the related contextual information. In some scenarios, contextual information retrieval program  300  may permit the customization of the display of electronic communication and related contextual information. For example, contextual information retrieval program  300  may display in split-screen mode with a portion of the display area presenting the electronic communication and another portion of the display area presenting the contextual information. In other scenarios, contextual information retrieval program  300  may provide a user the capability to switch between viewing the electronic communication and the contextual information. In some embodiments, contextual information retrieval program  300  may permit a user of client device  120  that ability to choose which electronic communication to display. For example, contextual information retrieval program  300  may obtain multiple electronic communications (in step  303 ) when a user accesses the previously processed or created electronic communications. 
         [0062]    In other embodiments, contextual information retrieval program  300  may display the one or more electronic communications and the respectively related contextual information for a user to review. In one scenario, contextual information retrieval program  300  may analyze the related contextual information and may present a user an electronic communication and the related contextual information based one or more user preferences. In another scenario, contextual information retrieval program  300  may present the one or more electronic communications or the one or more groups of related contextual information to a user of client device  120 . Subsequently, contextual information retrieval program  300  may receive an indication, via UI  122 , as to which electronic communication and related contextual information to display. 
         [0063]    Referring to step  308 , in further embodiments, contextual information retrieval program  300  may provide a user one or more utilities to modify the contextual information associated with an electronic message. In one scenario, contextual information retrieval program  300  detects that a user of client device  120  archives a processed (e.g., replied to, saved, forwarded, etc.) electronic communication. However, the contextual information may be no longer relevant to the electronic communication and may be deleted by the user. In another scenario, contextual information retrieval program  300  may receive updates (e.g., modifications) via UI  122  where additional references, links, or comments are added to the contextual information or the database search criteria for an electronic communication. For example, contextual information retrieval program  300  may receive an indication that a user adds information that links the contextual information and electronic communication to a project or a user ID not originally part of the contextual information. In another example, contextual information retrieval program  300  may provide a utility for a user to copy some or all of the contextual information (e.g., elements) to another software application (e.g., electronic notebook, integrated office suite, etc.). 
         [0064]    In an additional embodiment, contextual information retrieval program  300  may provide a decryption utility for a user. In some scenarios, contextual information retrieval program  300  decrypts contextual information relating to an electronic communication, which was previously encrypted by contextual information generation program  200 , utilizing at least one of: part of the original electronic communication, a password, an electronic signature, and an encryption key. 
         [0065]    In step  310 , contextual information retrieval program  300  optionally processes an electronic communication. In one embodiment, contextual information retrieval program  300  links to a program, an application, or a utility that enables a user to process (e.g., save, reply, delete, edit, schedule, handle attachments, etc.) a received electronic communication. In another embodiment, contextual information retrieval program  300  processes the contextual information respectively related one or more previously created or received electronic communications. In some embodiments, contextual information retrieval program  300  detects that a user of client device  120  reviews (step  308 ) the related contextual information of an electronic communication without further processing of the electronic communication. 
         [0066]      FIG. 4  depicts computer system  400 , which is representative of server  102  and client device  120 . Computer system  400  is an example of a system that includes software and data  412 . Computer system  400  includes processor(s)  401 , cache  403 , memory  402 , persistent storage  405 , communications unit  407 , input/output (I/O) interface(s)  406 , and communications fabric  404 . Communications fabric  404  provides communications between cache  403 , memory  402 , persistent storage  405 , communications unit  407 , and input/output (I/O) interface(s)  406 . Communications fabric  404  can be implemented with any architecture designed for passing data and/or control information between processors (such as microprocessors, communications and network processors, etc.), system memory, peripheral devices, and any other hardware components within a system. For example, communications fabric  404  can be implemented with one or more buses or a crossbar switch. 
         [0067]    Memory  402  and persistent storage  405  are computer readable storage media. In this embodiment, memory  402  includes random access memory (RAM). In general, memory  402  can include any suitable volatile or non-volatile computer readable storage media. Cache  403  is a fast memory that enhances the performance of processor(s)  401  by holding recently accessed data, and data near recently accessed data, from memory  402 . 
         [0068]    Program instructions and data used to practice embodiments of the present invention may be stored in persistent storage  405  and in memory  402  for execution by one or more of the respective processor(s)  401  via cache  403 . In an embodiment, persistent storage  405  includes a magnetic hard disk drive. Alternatively, or in addition to a magnetic hard disk drive, persistent storage  405  can include a solid-state hard drive, a semiconductor storage device, a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), a flash memory, or any other computer readable storage media that is capable of storing program instructions or digital information. 
         [0069]    The media used by persistent storage  405  may also be removable. For example, a removable hard drive may be used for persistent storage  405 . Other examples include optical and magnetic disks, thumb drives, and smart cards that are inserted into a drive for transfer onto another computer readable storage medium that is also part of persistent storage  405 . Software and data  412  are stored in persistent storage  405  for access and/or execution by one or more of the respective processor(s)  401  via cache  403  and one or more memories of memory  402 . With respect to server  102 , software and data  412  includes file storage  104  and various programs (not shown). With respect to client device  120 , software and data  412  includes user interface (UI)  122 , file storage  124 , contextual information generation program  200 , contextual information retrieval program  300 , and various programs (not shown). 
         [0070]    Communications unit  407 , in these examples, provides for communications with other data processing systems or devices, including resources of server  102 , client device  120 . In these examples, communications unit  407  includes one or more network interface cards. 
         [0071]    Communications unit  407  may provide communications through the use of either or both physical and wireless communications links. Program instructions and data used to practice embodiments of the present invention may be downloaded to persistent storage  405  through communications unit  407 . 
         [0072]    I/O interface(s)  406  allows for input and output of data with other devices that may be connected to each computer system. For example, I/O interface(s)  406  may provide a connection to external device(s)  408 , such as a keyboard, a keypad, a touch screen, and/or some other suitable input device. External device(s)  408  can also include portable computer readable storage media, such as, for example, thumb drives, portable optical or magnetic disks, and memory cards. Software and data used to practice embodiments of the present invention can be stored on such portable computer readable storage media and can be loaded onto persistent storage  405  via I/O interface(s)  406 . I/O interface(s)  406  also connect to display  409 . 
         [0073]    Display  409  provides a mechanism to display data to a user and may be, for example, a computer monitor. Display  409  can also function as a touch screen, such as the display of a tablet computer or a smartphone. 
         [0074]    The programs described herein are identified based upon the application for which they are implemented in a specific embodiment of the invention. However, it should be appreciated that any particular program nomenclature herein is used merely for convenience, and thus the invention should not be limited to use solely in any specific application identified and/or implied by such nomenclature. 
         [0075]    The present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computer program product. The computer program product may include a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention. 
         [0076]    The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium includes the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted through a wire. 
         [0077]    Computer readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing/processing device receives computer readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer readable program instructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium within the respective computing/processing device. 
         [0078]    Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations of the present invention may be assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++ or the like, and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The computer readable program instructions may execute entirely on the user&#39;s computer, partly on the user&#39;s computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user&#39;s computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user&#39;s computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readable program instructions by utilizing information of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention. 
         [0079]    Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions. 
         [0080]    These computer readable program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
         [0081]    The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
         [0082]    The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions. 
         [0083]    The descriptions of the various embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain the principles of the embodiment, the practical application or technical improvement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodiments disclosed herein.