Abstract:
A microelectromechanical system (MEMS) resonator or filter including a first conductive layer, one or more electrodes patterned in the first conductive layer which serve the function of signal input, signal output, or DC biasing, or some combination of these functions, an evacuated cavity, a resonating member comprised of a lower conductive layer and an upper structural layer, a first air gap between the resonating member and one or more of the electrodes, an upper membrane covering the cavity, and a second air gap between the resonating member and the upper membrane.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a Divisional Application of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/316,254, filed on Dec. 10, 2002, which claims priority to Provisional Application, Ser. No. 60/339,089, filed Dec. 10, 2001, the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to microelectromechanical system (MEMS) resonators and filters, and, more particularly, to the fabrication of such devices in a manner which allows integration with other integrated circuit technologies, such as Bi-CMOS, while maintaining the desired properties of these devices such as high resonant frequency (f 0 ) and very high quality factor (Q). 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) devices have the potential for great impact on the communications industry. MEMS RF switches, oscillators (resonators), filters, varactors, and inductors are a few of the devices that could replace large and relatively expensive off-chip passive components. It is even possible that the introduction of these types of MEMS devices, particularly resonators and filters, into analog and mixed-signal integrated circuits could dramatically alter the architecture of current wireless communication devices. Key to such advancements is the ability to monolithically integrate MEMS RF components with integrated circuit technologies to realize cost, size, power, and performance benefits. 
     MEMS resonators and filters have been under development for some time. For resonators and filters aimed at RF communications applications, the key design factors are ability to reach the frequencies of interest (approx. 900 MHz-2 GHz), low voltage operation, small size, and very high quality factor (Q). Resonators and filters developed to date have demonstrated high Qs and reasonably small sizes, but have not achieved the frequency or bias voltage targets required for incorporation with analog and mixed signal circuits. Other drawbacks of current MEMS resonators and filters include incompatibility of materials, processes, and processing temperatures for integration with other IC processes, inability to scale the devices to the desired sizes because of grain size limitations of the materials used and inability to form very small gaps between electrodes, and failure to provide protection for the MEMS devices from subsequent processing steps and ambient conditions and contamination. 
     Typical designs of prior art MEMS resonators and filters are illustrated in  FIGS. 1A-1C .  FIG. 1A  shows a comb-drive type MEMS filter. Stationary combs  1  and  7  are connected via anchors  2  and  8  to input and output electrodes  3  and  9 , respectively. Moving comb  4  is connected via anchors  5  to ground plane  6 . The fingers of all three comb structures are suspended above the underlying substrate, the ground plane, and the input and output electrodes except at the anchor points. All three combs are comprised of a conductive material, typically heavily doped polysilicon. The ground plane and input and output electrodes are also conductors typically made from heavily doped polysilicon. During operation, ground plane  6  is electrically contacted to the ground potential. The potential of moving comb  4  is also at ground. An AC excitation, superimposed on a DC bias, is applied to input electrode  3  and thus, via anchor  2 , to stationary comb  1 . The same DC bias is applied to output electrode  9  and thus, via anchor  8 , to stationary comb  7 . Because of the potential difference between the fingers of stationary comb  1  and moving comb  4 , moving comb  4  is attracted laterally toward stationary comb  1 . The magnitude of this potential difference, and thus the distance which moving comb  4  travels, is modulated by the AC excitation. When the frequency of the exciting AC voltage closely matches the mechanical resonant frequency f 0  of moving comb  4 , the amplitude of vibration of moving comb  4  reaches a maximum that is dependent on the quality factor Q of the system. Simultaneously, the fingers of moving comb  4  and stationary comb  7  comprise a time-varying capacitor as the amount of overlap between the fingers of the combs changes with the movement of moving comb  4 . Thus, through the relationship I=d(CV)/dt, there will also be a time-varying current which can be sensed electrically at output electrode  9 . The magnitude of this current will also be greatest when the frequency of the exciting AC voltage at input electrode  3  closely matches the f 0 . Thus, the device provides electromechanical filtering of the input signal around f 0 . 
       FIG. 1B  shows another example of a prior art MEMS filter which is aimed at achieving higher-frequency operation. Two beams  11  and  15  are connected to ground electrodes  13  via anchors  12 . Beams  11  and  15  are also connected to one another by bridge  14 . Taken alone, either beam  1  for beam  15  comprises a MEMS resonator. Coupling two or more MEMS resonators together creates the MEMS filter. Beams  11 ,  15 , and bridge  14  are suspended above the underlying substrate. Ground electrodes  13 , and input and output electrodes  16  and  17  (respectively) are also suspended above the underlying substrate except at anchor points  12 . Beams  11  and  15 , bridge  14 , and all electrodes  13 ,  16  and  17  are composed of a conductive material, typically heavily doped polysilicon. During operation, ground electrodes  13  are electrically contacted to the ground potential; thus, via anchors  12 , the potential of beams  11  and  15  and bridge  14  are also at ground. An AC excitation, superimposed on a DC bias, is applied to input electrode  16 . The same DC bias is applied to output electrode  17 . Because of the potential difference between them, beam  11  is attracted downward toward electrode  16 . The magnitude of this potential difference, and thus the distance which beam  11  travels, is modulated by the AC excitation. When the frequency of the exciting AC voltage closely matches the mechanical resonant frequency f 0  of beam  11 , the amplitude of vibration of beam  11  reaches a maximum that is dependent on the quality factor Q of the system. The mechanical energy of vibration of beam  11  is transmitted via bridge  14  to beam  15 . Beam  15  and output electrode  17  comprise a time-varying capacitor as the distance between the two structures changes with the movement of beam  15 . Thus, through the relationship I=d(CV)/dt, there will also be a time-varying current which can be sensed electrically at output electrode  17 . The magnitude of this current will also be greatest when the frequency of the exciting AC voltage at input electrode  16  closely matches the f 0 . Thus, the device provides electromechanical filtering of the input signal around f 0 . 
       FIG. 1C  shows cross section A-A′ of prior art MEMS resonator  11  as seen in  FIG. 1B . This cross section also shows the substrate  21  upon which the MEMS resonator or filter is constructed. This substrate is typically silicon (Si), although other substrates such as glass, quartz, or gallium arsenide (GaAs) have also been used. Also shown is insulating layer  22 , typically silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), used to electrically isolate the MEMS device from the substrate and other devices. Air gap  23  can be seen in the cross section, demonstrating that beam  11  is freestanding except at anchor points  12 . Not shown here is the sacrificial material that occupied gap  23  during the construction of this device, and was later removed so that beam  11  would be free to vibrate. 
     One of the drawbacks of the prior art is the deposition temperature of the materials commonly used for construction of the MEMS device. Although various conductive materials have been used to form MEMS resonators and filters, polysilicon is the most common. Polysilicon is frequently chosen because of its relatively high ratio of elastic modulus (E) to density (ρ). This ratio is one of the most important factors in determining the resonant frequency of the device, and since high frequencies are sought for RF communications applications, high ratios of E/ρ are desirable. However, polysilicon must be deposited at temperatures in excess of 600° C. Furthermore, the dopant atoms, such as phosphorus, which are added to the polysilicon to make it sufficiently conductive, frequently must be annealed at temperatures near 900° C. in order to activate them. These temperatures are well above the temperatures used in fabrication of the metal interconnect levels of integrated circuit processes. This means that prior art MEMS resonators and filters, if they were to be integrated in an IC process, would have to be fabricated at the same time as the transistor devices (which permit higher processing temperatures). This type of process integration is much more difficult to achieve and is very specific to the particular IC process. Thus, the process steps for formation of the MEMS device would likely need to be altered each time there was a change to the IC process, or whenever it was desired to integrate the MEMS device with a different IC process. A much simpler and more modular approach is to integrate the MEMS device after all circuit processing, including interconnect levels, has been completed. However, this cannot be done with prior art MEMS resonators and filters. 
     Another serious issue with prior art MEMS resonators and filters is the process by which the devices are released from the surrounding layers and substrate. The most commonly used sacrificial material (i.e., the material which temporarily occupies the gap region and is later removed to create the freestanding MEMS structure) in the prior art is SiO 2 . This material is removed by means of etching in an aqueous buffered hydrofluoric acid (buffer-HF) solution. This solution will also remove silicon nitride (SiN), although at a slower rate, and causes etching of or damage too many metals. Because SiO 2  and SiN are used as insulating layers in integrated circuits, this release method also makes it very difficult to integrate prior art MEMS resonators and filters with IC processes. Another problem with the use of aqueous buffer-HF as a release method is the occurrence of a phenomenon known as stiction. After the sacrificial SiO 2  has been removed, the buffer-HF is rinsed away. As the water is then removed during the subsequent drying step, the freestanding MEMS parts have a tendency to stick to the substrate or surrounding materials because of the high surface tension of the water. Prior art MEMS devices frequently have to be subjected to an alternative drying method such as the use of supercritical carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). This method and the associated tools are also not part of any current IC process flow. Another drawback to using aqueous buffer-HF to remove the sacrificial layer is that it restricts the aspect ratios and gap dimensions that can be achieved in MEMS devices. Very small gaps (tens-few hundred nanometers) cannot be formed because of limited transport of the etchant and etch products in and out of the gap region. Small gaps are desirable in MEMS devices because they allow the use of lower actuation voltages. Typical RF ICs use supply voltages of 3V; most prior art MEMS resonators and filters require biases of 20V and up. 
     Another concern with prior art MEMS resonators and filters is the lack of adequate encapsulation of the devices for protection during subsequent processing steps, and from ambient contamination, humidity, and pressure when fabrication is complete. Once the MEMS device has been released, additional processing steps create the risk of re-filling the gap area with deposited material and re-connecting the device to the substrate, causing failures due to stiction, or adversely affecting yield or performance via the introduction of particulates to the gap region or the device itself. Even after all fabrication is complete, MEMS resonators and filters are quite sensitive to ambient conditions. For example, a particulate adhering to the resonator beam could change the mass (and thus the resonant frequency) of a small beam by several hundred percent. A particulate lodged in the gap region would damp or completely prevent resonance. Finally, it has been established that the quality factor of MEMS resonators and filters is directly related to ambient pressure, and in order to maximize Q, MEMS resonators and filters must be operated at pressures below about 0.1 Torr. Several encapsulation schemes have been proposed in the prior art. The most common methods involve bonding a second substrate with an etched cavity over the MEMS device by various means (e.g. anodic bonding, eutectic bonding, etc.). However, to date these methods have not been adequately demonstrated at wafer scale. Each individual device must be capped. This method is not compatible with reasonable manufacturing processes. This method also causes difficulties with integrated circuit designs intended for packaging via flip-chip (solder bump) die attach. Furthermore, this method assumes that the MEMS resonator or filter is the last device fabricated (i.e., it is exposed on the top surface of the chip), and it has already been seen that prior-art MEMS resonators and filters are not compatible with fabrication after the completion of IC processing. Another encapsulation method that has been proposed in the prior art is to cover the MEMS resonator with additional SiO 2 , then to cap the entire structure with a shell of porous polysilicon. The device is then exposed again to aqueous buffer-HF, which is transported through the porous polysilicon, removes the covering SiO 2 , and diffuses back out through the porous polysilicon. This method is unsatisfactory for many reasons, several of which (deposition temperature of polysilicon and stiction) have already been discussed. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     Accordingly, it is an object of the present application to provide a MEMS resonator or MEMS filter having electrodes energized by an applied DC potential and excited by an applied AC potential, causing a moveable structure to vibrate at its mechanical resonant frequency, thereby providing a frequency reference or filtering a signal of interest around the resonant frequency. 
     It is another object to provide a method for the construction of these devices which allows them to be fabricated at temperatures low enough to be compatible with the metal interconnect levels of any analog, digital, or mixed signal integrated circuit process. 
     It is yet another object to provide a method for releasing the freestanding portions of these devices from the surrounding substrate and materials in a manner which is also compatible with the metal interconnect levels of any analog, digital, or mixed signal integrated circuit process, which eliminates stiction during processing, and which allows for the construction of ultra-small gaps between electrodes in these devices. 
     It is a further object of the invention to provide a method of encapsulation of these devices which protects them from subsequent processing steps, contamination, and ambient conditions such as humidity, pressure, and the like. 
     The present invention describes a process for the fabrication of MEMS resonators or filters at temperatures low enough to permit integration with analog, digital, or mixed-signal IC processes after or concurrently with the formation of metal interconnects in those processes. 
     According to the present invention, the performance requirements of MEMS resonators and filters, in particular high frequency operation and high Q, can be achieved through the selection of materials that are compatible both with IC processes and with these specifications. 
     The invention also includes methods for the clean removal of sacrificial material without yield loss due to stiction, without need for non-standard processing techniques, and permitting the construction of very small gaps that allow operation of the MEMS resonators and filters using actuation voltages compatible with analog IC supply voltages. 
     It is a principal object of the present invention to provide a method of vacuum encapsulation of these devices that will protect them from subsequent processing steps (such as dicing, die attach, bonding, packaging, and the like) and ambient contamination and humidity which may cause device failure, and that will provide low enough pressure for maximum device performance (high Q). This method of encapsulation is wafer-scale; that is, all MEMS devices on a wafer are protected simultaneously during processing. 
     Further and still other objects of the present invention will become more readily apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying figures. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIGS. 1A-1C  describe the prior art. 
         FIGS. 2A-2B  show cross-sectional views of sample substrates upon which the device could be fabricated. 
         FIGS. 3-11B  show cross sectional views of the device at various stages of fabrication. 
         FIG. 12  shows an alternative embodiment in which the MEMS resonator or filter has been incorporated into the interconnect layers rather than added afterward. 
         FIGS. 13A-D  show an alternative embodiment in which the MEMS resonator or filter has been fabricated on a planar surface rather than in a cavity and the encapsulation provided subsequently. 
         FIGS. 14A-C  show an alternative embodiment in which the cavity material and sacrificial encapsulating material are shared. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIGS. 3-11B  show cross-sectional views according to a preferred embodiment of the invention for a device such as the one shown in the prior art in  FIG. 1B  and in cross-section in  FIG. 1C . However, MEMS resonators and filters can be designed in a wide variety of configurations including comb-drive resonators, beams fixed at two ends, beams fixed at one end, beams with suspensions, coupled beams, tuning forks, beams with bends or turns, curved beams, disks, and so on. These drawings of  FIGS. 3-11B  are in no way intended to exclude other geometries and configurations for building a MEMS resonator or filter, and all such geometries and configurations are included herein. The process of manufacture described is the same for all such configurations, and the design shown in  FIGS. 3-11B  is chosen for convenience of description only. 
       FIG. 2A  shows a typical starting substrate  31  covered by an insulating layer  32 . Starting substrates  31  may include a variety of materials such as silicon with or without epitaxial layers, high resistivity silicon (HRS), silicon-on-insulator (SOI), glass, quartz, sapphire, GaAs, or other substrates commonly used in integrated circuit manufacturing. The insulating layer  32  could be SiO 2 , SiN, silicon oxy-nitrite (SiON), or any of a variety of organic insulators, or some combination of layers of insulating materials. If the starting substrate  31  is itself an insulator such as quartz, the insulating layer  32  may be omitted.  FIG. 2B  shows a semi-conducting substrate  31  such as silicon, SOI, or the like in which active devices  33  such as transistors, diodes, varactors, etc. have already been fabricated, along with any desired local interconnect layers  34 . An insulating layer  32  has covered the substrate and active devices. The drawings that follow assume that a substrate such as the one in  FIG. 2B  has been used, since this type of substrate offers maximum utility for the MEMS device. 
       FIG. 3  shows the device after the completion of the fabrication of the metal interconnects used to join active and passive devices in an integrated circuit. Interconnecting wires  41  may be made of Al, AlCu, Cu, W, or any conductive material or combination of such materials commonly in use in IC fabrication. Inter-level vias  43  are similarly comprised. Inter- and intra-level dielectrics (ILD)  42  may be comprised of SiO 2 , SiN, SiON, any of a variety of organic insulators, or other insulating material or combination of such materials commonly in use in IC fabrication. The number of layers of interconnecting wires  41 , inter-level vias  43 , and ILD layers  42  shown in  FIG. 3  is arbitrary. Any number of layers, including none, may be used. These layers may be deposited and patterned according to any method commonly in use in IC fabrication. 
     A final conducting layer  44  is then deposited and patterned. Conducting layer  44  will form the input and output electrodes of the electrical connection to, and the physical anchor points for the MEMS resonator or filter. Conducting layer  44  may or may not be also used as an interconnect level in the integrated circuit. Conducting layer  44  may be comprised of Al, AlCu, Cu, W, or any conductive material or combination of such materials commonly in use in IC fabrication, with the caveat that if a material such as Cu that oxidizes readily is used, conducting layer  44  should have a relatively non-reactive conductive material coating its top surface. As long as the base or coating material will develop less than a few 10s of nm of oxide in the presence of an oxygen plasma, it will be satisfactory for the operation of the MEMS resonator or filter. Otherwise, the coating material should be a noble metal such Au, Pt, Pd, Ir, Rh, or Ru. Conducting layer(s)  44  may be deposited by any means commonly used in IC fabrication, including but not limited to sputter deposition, CVD, PECVD, evaporation, or electroplating, as long as that deposition method does not exceed the maximum allowable temperature T max  which existing interconnect layers  41 , vias  43 , and ILD  42  can withstand. Similarly, the intra-level dielectric surrounding conducting layer  44  should not be etched by an oxygen plasma; if this is the case then this intra-level dielectric should be coated with another insulating material such as SiO 2 , SiN, SiON, or the like. In the preferred embodiment, the wafer surface is planar after the construction of conducting layer  44 . This planarization may be achieved through chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) or other method commonly in use for IC manufacturing. 
       FIG. 4  shows the formation of a cavity  51  in which the MEMS resonator or filter will be constructed. The cavity material  52  is first deposited by a means such as plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) or other method (e.g. sputtering, spin-on, etc.) that keeps the temperature below T max . In the preferred embodiment, the cavity material should be a layer or set of layers of an insulator which will not be etched by an oxygen plasma, such as SiO 2 , SiN, SiON, or the like. The cavity  51  is patterned by any typical method, such as reactive ion etching (RIE) or wet chemical etching. 
     In  FIG. 5 , a layer of sacrificial material  61  is deposited and patterned to expose anchor points  62 . The space occupied by sacrificial layer  61  will later form the gap between the input or output electrodes and the resonating member of the MEMS resonator or filter. As such, sacrificial layer  61  should be made the same thickness as the desired gap spacing. We propose the use of carbon-based materials that can be easily removed in an oxygen-based dry chemistry or alternatively by annealing in the presence of oxygen (O 2 ) gas at temperatures less than 400° C. (typical T max ). As carbon is readily removed with O2 plasma ashing or O 2  annealing, no aqueous solutions are necessary. Thus, concerns about stiction are alleviated. Additionally, in the O 2  ashing or annealing environment, most materials (with the exception of carbon-based materials) do not exhibit any significant etch rates. Therefore, the use of carbon-based release layers will allow for a greater flexibility of material choices for MEMS devices. The carbon-based release layer  61  can be deposited by a variety of methods, including but not limited to PECVD, evaporation, sputtering, and spin-on techniques. The choice of deposition technique generally relates to other structural requirements such as conformality, thickness control, and thermal stability of the sacrificial layer. The type of material can be any solid form of C, CH, CHO, or CHON. During the patterning of sacrificial layer  61  to form anchor points  62 , it may be necessary or desirable to use a secondary hard mask of metal, silicide, or other dielectric layers. 
     Next the materials that comprise the resonating member of the MEMS resonator or filter are deposited and patterned. In the preferred embodiment shown in  FIG. 6A , the resonating member is comprised of a thin layer of conductive material  70  followed by a thick structural layer  71 . Conductive layer  70  is used so that electrical contact to the resonating member may be made, and so that electrostatic actuation between the input or output electrode  75  and the resonator may be achieved. Because good conductors such as metals and silicides typically have very high density (ρ), and low density materials are more desirable for achieving high resonant frequencies, the conducting layer  70  is made very thin. Any material that has good conductivity may be used, with the caveat that if a material such as Cu that oxidizes readily is used, conducting layer  70  should have a relatively non-reactive conductive material coating its lower surface. As long as the base or coating material will develop less than a few 10&#39;s of nm of oxide in the presence of an oxygen plasma, it will be satisfactory for the operation of the MEMS resonator or filter. Otherwise, the coating material should be a noble metal such Au, Pt, Pd, Ir, Rh, or Ru. 
     Because many dielectric materials have an excellent E/ρ ratio for achieving high frequency operation of the MEMS resonator or filter, the bulk structural material  71  of the resonating member is comprised of dielectric in the preferred embodiment. Any material that is not etched or significantly altered by O 2  plasma may be used; however aluminum nitride (AlN), aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ), tantalum silicon nitride (TaSiN), and many piezoelectric materials make excellent choices. The material in layers  70  and  71  may be deposited by any typical means whose temperature does not exceed T max , for example PECVD, sputtering, evaporation, electroplating, etc. The resonating member is then patterned, typically by RIE. 
       FIG. 6B  shows an alternative embodiment in which the entire thickness of the resonating member is made of conductive material  70 . This may be done, for example, when creating a MEMS resonator or filter whose vibration is in the lateral direction, such as a comb filter. The drawback to this embodiment is the lower E/ρ ratio and thus the lower f 0  of the MEMS resonator or filter. 
       FIG. 6C  shows an alternative embodiment in which the resonating member is comprised of more than two layers of material, for example a lower conductor  70 , a structural layer  71 , and an upper conducting layer  72 . This may be done to offset performance effects due to the differing thermal coefficients of expansion of the different layers in the resonating member. Although only three layers are shown in  FIG. 6C , any number of layers may be used, and any materials may be used for the different layers, as long as at least one conducting layer is used, and all materials obey the processing temperature restrictions and show good resistance to etching by oxygen plasma. 
     Following the deposition and patterning of the resonating member, the remainder of cavity  51  is filled in with additional sacrificial material  80  ( FIG. 7 ). This material may be the same as or different from the sacrificial layer  61  shown in  FIG. 5 , as long as it is also a carbon-based material which is easily removed in an oxygen plasma or by annealing in an oxygen ambient. The same material and deposition method choices apply. Following deposition of additional sacrificial material  80 , the entire structure is planarized by a method such as CMP. This step may not be necessary if the material chosen for sacrificial material  80  has self-planarizing properties. 
     In  FIG. 8 , the entire structure is then capped with additional dielectric layer(s)  81 . Although a single layer is shown in  FIG. 8 , multiple layers may be employed. This layer or layers may be comprised of SiO 2 , SiN, SiON, or the like, as long as these layers are not etched by an O 2  plasma, and these layers may be deposited by any typical means such as PECVD. Subsequently ( FIG. 9 ), very small via holes  90  are etched in this cavity “ceiling” by RIE, thereby exposing sacrificial material  80 . 
     Next ( FIG. 10 ), the sacrificial material above, surrounding, and below the MEMS resonator or filter is removed via an O 2  ashing step, or by annealing in the presence of O 2  gas at temperatures less than T max . This procedure again reveals cavity  51  and creates air gap  91 . Now the resonating member of the MEMS resonator or filter is free to move except at the anchor locations. Due to the ease of removal of the sacrificial material with this process, very small gaps on the order of 100 nm can be achieved. Since no rinsing of reagents or etch by-products is required, problems with stiction are eliminated. 
     The structure is then coated with additional dielectric layer(s)  92  as shown in  FIG. 11A  in a two-step process. In the first phase, non-selective PECVD is used to partially seal off release vias  90 . The poor conformality of this process works in our favor in this case to rapidly pinch off the release vias while depositing very little material inside vias  90  or cavity  51  itself. Both the aspect ratio of release vias  90  and the parameters of the PECVD process can be optimized to minimize deposition of unwanted material within cavity  51 . In the second phase of the process, via holes  90  are finally and completely sealed in a physical vapor deposition process such as evaporation or sputtering, wherein the ambient pressure is around 10 mT or less. This is an order of magnitude lower than the pressure required for optimum performance of MEMS resonators and filters. If pressure this low is not required for device operation, the entire pinch-off procedure can be done in a single PECVD step. In the preferred embodiment, the release process and the pinch-off process are accomplished in the same manufacturing tool so that the devices do not need to be exposed to the ambient in between. If necessary, a forming gas anneal can be performed between these two steps (release and pinch-off) to reduce any metal oxides formed on the surfaces of the electrodes or resonating member of the MEMS resonator or filter. Since the material used for the pinch-off process, typically SiO 2 , SiN, SiON or some combination of these, may not provide a long-term hermetic seal for the MEMS device, the alternative embodiment shown in  FIG. 11B  demonstrates a metal “lid”  93  used to prevent diffusion, particularly of water vapor, through the cavity ceiling. In an alternative embodiment, the vacuum encapsulation process presented here could be further combined with other techniques such as eutectic bonding to another substrate, etc., to gain additional protection for the MEMS device. 
       FIGS. 3-11  showed the preferred embodiment of a MEMS resonator or filter that was fabricated after the completion of all the processing steps required for IC fabrication. An alternative method is to incorporate the fabrication of the MEMS device into the process steps used for formation of the interconnect layers. For example, in  FIG. 12 , a MEMS device is shown wherein the metal level that forms the input and output electrodes and electrical contact/anchors for the resonating member is shared with first interconnect metal  101 . The material that comprises the cavity is the same as the inter-level dielectrics that insulate interconnect metals  102  and  103 . Interconnect metals  104 ,  105 , and  106  are formed after the completion of the fabrication and encapsulation of the MEMS resonator or filter. The number of metal levels shown in the example in  FIG. 12  is arbitrary, as is the placement of the MEMS device among them. That is, fabrication of the MEMS device could have just as easily begun with interconnect metals  102  or  103 , etc. 
     In another alternative embodiment, the MEMS resonator or filter is not fabricated in a cavity  51  as shown in  FIG. 4 . Instead, the MEMS resonator or filter is first constructed on a planar surface, and then the encapsulation procedure is executed afterward. In  FIG. 13A , sacrificial layer  61  has been deposited and patterned as in  FIG. 5 , and resonating structure materials  70  and  71  have been deposited and patterned as in  FIG. 6A . The difference is that cavity  51  is missing. In  FIG. 13B , additional sacrificial material  80  has been deposited and planarized as in  FIG. 7 . Again, however, cavity  51  is not present. In  FIG. 13C , hard mask  111 , typically consisting of layers of SiO 2 , SiN, or SiON, has been deposited and patterned. The pattern has been transferred to sacrificial material  80 . In  FIG. 13D , additional dielectric material  112 , again typically consisting of SiO 2 , SiN, SiON, or some combination of these, has been deposited and the entire structure planarized by a process such as CMP. The difference between  FIG. 13D  and  FIG. 7  is that the CMP process of  FIG. 13D  planarized an inorganic dielectric, and the CMP process of  FIG. 7  planarized the carbon-based sacrificial material. Subsequent to  FIG. 13D , the rest of the process is as from  FIG. 8  onward. The choice of which embodiment to pursue will depend on factors including the lithography and CMP capabilities of the manufacturing line. 
       FIGS. 14A-C  show an alternative embodiment in which the MEMS device is constructed on a planar surface, and the sacrificial material is one and the same as the “cavity” material. Assuming that the process steps which lead up to  FIG. 13B  are followed, in  FIG. 14A  a thick dielectric membrane  120  is deposited over the entire structure. Via holes  90  are then etched through dielectric layer  120  ( FIG. 14B ). When the release process is executed, “cavity”  55  of  FIG. 14C  results due to the isotropic nature of the O 2  plasma etch or the anneal in O 2  containing ambient. The extent of lateral etch will depend on the etch rate of the carbon-based sacrificial material and the time required to free the MEMS structure. The lateral etch will not be problematic as long as appropriate design ground rules are enforced in laying out the design. 
     Although the process described herein was developed particularly for the fabrication of MEMS resonators and filters, it should be noted that the methods, particularly of release and encapsulation, could be equally well applied to other types of MEMS devices. For example, device shown in cross section in  FIG. 11A  could function as a metal-metal contact switch (MEMS switch) if the applied DC voltage between the resonating member and the input or output electrode were sufficiently high. 
     The preferred embodiment used carbon-based release layers and an O 2  plasma release process for reasons stated earlier. However, the combined release-and-encapsulation process could also be applied to other material sets, as long as compatibility requirements are met. The basic process involves forming a cavity in a material, filling the cavity with a material readily removable without significant etching of the material surrounding the cavity, capping the cavity with another material not readily removed when removing the material inside the cavity, patterning small holes in the material capping the cavity, removing the material within the cavity through the holes in the capping material, and finally sealing the cavity with a vacuum coating process. Another sacrificial material that could be used with a metal/dielectric MEMS resonator or filter is sputtered or evaporated silicon, removed with a plasma containing xenon difluoride (XeF 2 ). Other combinations are possible as well. 
     While the presented invention has been described in terms of a preferred embodiment, those skilled in the art will readily recognize that many changes and modifications are possible, all of which remain within the spirit and the scope of the present invention, as defined by the accompanying claims.