Abstract:
In accordance with at least some embodiments, a maritime well system includes a sea-surface control unit. The maritime well system also includes a sea-bed control unit coupled to the sea-surface control unit by a sub-sea cable configured to carry a direct current (DC) voltage output from the sea-surface control unit at least 30 kilometers to the sea-bed control unit. The maritime well system also includes a sub-sea tree coupled to the sea-bed control unit via a connecting line configured to carry a converted voltage output from the sea-bed control unit to the sub-sea tree. In accordance with at least some embodiments, the cross-sectional area of the sub-sea cable is designed to carry a predetermined amount of power to the sea-bed control unit as DC power and is at least 10 times smaller than a cross-sectional area needed for carrying the predetermined amount of power to the sea-bed control unit as alternating current (AC) power.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    The present application claims priority to PCT/EP01/12547 filed 30 Oct. 2001 and to German Application No. 200 18 560.8 filed 30 Oct. 2000. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The invention relates to a control and supply system for electrical devices, comprising at least one voltage supply and control device above sea level, a subsea cable connecting voltage supply and control device with the electrical devices, and a control and actuating device which is associated essentially in situ with the electrical devices. 
         [0003]    Such control and supply systems are used, for example, in the production of natural gas and oil. In this respect, the application may take place with terrestrial and maritime drilling wells. 
         [0004]    With maritime wells one part of the control and supply system is arranged on a platform above the sea surface. This part is in particular a voltage supply and control device which is connected via a subsea cable to the control and actuating device below the sea surface or also on the sea bed. The control and actuating device is connected to various electrical devices, such as motors, electrical actuators and similar equipment via appropriate connecting lines. 
         [0005]    With this type of control and supply system known from practice, AC voltage is transmitted through a subsea cable, whereby the amplitude and frequency of the AC voltage is already selected such that, for example, on the end of the cable associated with the electrical devices a suitable supply voltage for the devices is provided. For the direct control of each device a separate subsea cable can be provided for each device. The data transmission also occurs via separate subsea cables. 
         [0006]    A disadvantage with this known control and supply system is that, for example, for a supply of an electrical device with 240 VAC and with an original voltage feed of 600 VAC for the transmission of the appropriate power to the electrical devices and, for example, a length of subsea cable of 30 or 50 km, a cross-sectional area of 100 to 200 mm 2  is needed for the cable. In addition, data lines are required, so that a subsea cable with a substantial diameter arises. 
         [0007]    In the above it has been assumed that 240 VAC is sufficient for the electrical devices. However, it has now been found that higher voltages are required, for example, in order to be able to actuate servomotors as electrical devices with higher power, for example, to close valves in the production of natural gas or oil in a maximum time period of one minute. With the application of such electrical devices supplied with a higher voltage the cross-sectional area of the subsea cable with the known control and supply system would increase still further. 
         [0008]    In addition, it has been found in practice that on starting a servomotor as an electrical device and in particular for servomotors with a higher power, even with a slow starting process, a return signal occurs via the subsea cable to the voltage supply and control device indicating the starting process of the servomotor as a short circuit at the end of the cable. This leads to the switching off of a system automatically protected against short circuit. Furthermore, with the previously described control and supply system an output power efficiency for the overall system is only about 27%. 
         [0009]    With another control and supply system known from practice, transmission of AC voltage also occurs through the subsea cable. However, with this system an AC voltage, for example, at 10,000 VAC is transmitted via the subsea cable and at the control and actuating device it is reduced, for example, by a transformer to the voltage values required by the electrical devices. In addition, a number of power capacitors must be used to smooth the voltage again after the reduction. In order to be able to reduce, where required, the conductor cross-sectional areas for the subsea cable with this other known system, a power factor correction is also implemented to obtain an adequate efficiency for the overall system. Further devices, which are very complex and expensive, are needed for this correction. 
         [0010]    However, even with the complete expansion of the previously mentioned system, the efficiency normally is less than 70% and the cross-sectional areas for a conductor in the subsea cable amount to about 16 or 26 mm 2  for a length of 30, or respectively 50 km. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0011]    The object of the invention is to improve a control and supply system of the type mentioned at the beginning such that with less complexity, higher efficiency and better system usage, supply is possible over larger distances. 
         [0012]    This object is solved in relationship with the characteristics of the generic term of claim  1  such that the voltage supply and control device for the production of a DC voltage for feeding into the subsea cable comprises at least one AC/DC converter, the control and actuating device is associated with at least one DC/DC or DC/AC converter for converting the DC voltage transmitted by the subsea cable into a DC voltage or AC voltage and the voltage generated thereby can be transmitted to the electrical devices via the connecting lines. This means that according to the invention DC voltage is transmitted via the long subsea cables, whereby the conversion from AC voltage into DC voltage or vice versa from DC voltage into AC voltage only takes place at the ends of the subsea cable. With DC voltage and the corresponding DC current, only real power is transmitted via the subsea cable and not apparent power. This means that the power factor is 1. Due to the DC voltage transmission along the subsea cable, even with high voltages only slight losses are present in comparison to a transmission of AC voltage with previously known systems. 
         [0013]    Furthermore, with the transmission of DC voltage only small cross-sectional areas arise for a conductor in the subsea cable which may be only one tenth or less of the cross-sectional areas for the transmission of AC voltage. 
         [0014]    Due to the DC/DC or DC/AC converter in the area of the control and actuating device, a corresponding conversion of the DC voltage takes place into the required DC or AC voltage values, such as for example, 240 V or 300 V with the appropriate frequency, for the electrical devices such as motors, actuators and similar equipment. 
         [0015]    The system according to the invention is therefore distinguished by its simplicity and higher efficiency (at least 70%), whereby a significant cost saving can be obtained solely by the significant reduction of the cross-sectional area of the conductors in the subsea cable. 
         [0016]    A simple voltage source for the system, which can also normally be used for other applications, can be seen in that an AC voltage source is connected to the supply voltage and control device for the supply with an especially three-phase AC voltage source. 
         [0017]    With the previously known systems it is also possible to transmit data between the voltage supply and control device and the control and actuating device. Normally, a separate cable is used for this. 
         [0018]    According to the invention, another advantage arises in that the DC voltage transmission along the subsea cable is free of any high frequencies and therefore voltage frequencies can be modulated onto the DC voltage in a simple manner for data transmission. Data modulation can especially take place if the voltage supply and control device and the control and actuation device each implement at least one data modulation device. 
         [0019]    An effective type of data feed can be implemented if the data modulation device of the voltage supply and control device is arranged downstream from the DC/DC or AC/DC converter at the surface. 
         [0020]    In order to be able to receive or feed in data in a simple and analogous manner also in the area of the control and actuation device, the data modulation device of the control and actuation device can be positioned upstream from the DC/DC or DC/AC converter located subsea. 
         [0021]    In this way the data is fed in and also obtained from the DC voltage. 
         [0022]    In order to prevent the occurrence of high currents and, where applicable, of damage to the relevant electrical devices, especially on the sea bed, an overcurrent control device can be assigned to the DC/DC or DC/AC converter. 
         [0023]    With a DC/DC converter on the sea bed the high DC voltage of a number of thousands of volts fed from the surface of the sea is split up into appropriate DC voltages for the supply of the individual devices on the sea bed. 
         [0024]    In order to be certain that the electrical devices are supplied with suitable voltage values, the DC/AC converter can be inductively coupled with an AC voltage measurement device, especially with a voltage shunt regulator. Due to the voltage shunt regulator, the system can, for example, run under full voltage also before the actuation of the electrical devices, whereby the voltage shunt regulator takes over the dynamic load regulation and then can reduce the voltage to appropriately low values. 
         [0025]    Due to the inductive coupling, it is established as a further characteristic of the invention that suitable plug connections or other connections between subsea cables and electrical devices are not operated with DC voltage. It is generally known that even slight moisture is hazardous for the transmission of DC voltage and especially salt water acts as a galvanic element with DC voltage and would very quickly damage metallic contact surfaces. Accordingly, in some embodiments, DC voltage is provided subsea through a subsea cable, then AC voltage is passed through a plug connection or other connection that connects the subsea cable with the electrical devices. Since AC voltage is passed through the plug connection, known maritime electrical connectors can be used. 
         [0026]    By using the usual electrical connectors, it is also possible for all the connected parts to be recovered and to be fetched from below sea level and, for example, to service them and reuse them later. According to the invention a fixed and non-releasable connection between the subsea cable and appropriate devices is not required. 
         [0027]    For the inductive coupling a transformer can be used, which directly carries out the conversion of the DC voltage into the AC voltage values for the electrical devices. 
         [0028]    Such a transformer may comprise two separable, largely symmetrical and mutually associated coil half-cores. 
         [0029]    In order to be able to simultaneously interchange data over the air gap between the coil half-cores, a data modulation device can be assigned to each coil half-core for the transmission of data. 
         [0030]    In order to control and monitor the conversion of the DC voltage into AC voltage and to control and monitor at least the appropriate data modulation devices of the coil half-cores, a coupling control device appropriate for controlling the data modulation devices, the DC/AC converter and/or the AC voltage measurement device can be assigned to each coil half-core. A return signal to the voltage supply and control device for regulating the DC voltage can be provided from the AC voltage measurement device, whereby the return signal occurs via the appropriate coupling control devices, data modulation devices for the coil half-cores, data modulation device of the control and actuating device, subsea cable and data modulation device of the voltage supply and control device. In this way a continuous bidirectional data interchange between the voltage supply and control device and the control and actuation device is possible. 
         [0031]    With a simple embodiment without further control devices, the AC voltage measurement device can be connected to the electrical devices for their supply. In order to measure the AC voltage provided by the DC/AC converter in a simple manner and to supply the electrical devices with suitable voltage values, the AC voltage measurement device can, for example, measure an amplitude of the AC voltage. 
         [0032]    In some embodiments, it is advantageous if the AC voltage supplied by the DC/AC converter is, for example, a rectangular wave voltage. With this voltage the various electrical devices can be supplied with a stable voltage and with sufficient power. 
         [0033]    A separate voltage stabilization, for example, using a Zener diode arrangement is no longer necessary due to the AC voltage measurement device with voltage shunt regulator according to the invention, because the AC voltage provided by this circuit is already statically and dynamically stabilized. 
         [0034]    For the transmission of the DC voltage and also the electrical signals along the subsea cable, the cable can be advantageously formed from coaxial conductors. These exhibit optimum properties with regard to attenuation and immunity with regard to radiated noise and they enable a high data transmission rate of at least 100 to 600 kBaud. Furthermore, bidirectional transmission of data along the subsea cable can also be carried out simply. 
         [0035]    The transformer can be realized such that the air gap between the two coil half-cores is, for example, at the most 4 mm or especially at the most 2 mm. In addition, appropriate materials for the coil half-cores can be used which are not susceptible to attack by sea water, such as arrangements of corrosion-resistant transformer steel sheet or plastic encapsulated magnetic powder mixtures for the appropriate coil core materials. 
         [0036]    In order to be able to also pass data in the direction of the voltage supply and control device directly from the electrical devices or the AC voltage measurement device, the voltage shunt regulator can be realized bidirectionally. 
         [0037]    Because DC voltage or DC current allows for small cross-sectional areas of the conductors in the subsea cable, there is also the possibility that for each electrical device a separate connecting conductor can be provided in the subsea cable. In this relationship it must be noted that an electrical unit, for example, a single motor or a single actuator can also be a suitable tree structure or group of electrical motors, actuators or other electrical devices. 
         [0038]    A suitably simple coupling of data—also multi-channel—can be realized in that the system exhibits a multiplexer device for data transmission. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0039]    In the following an advantageous embodiment of the invention is explained in more detail based on the figures enclosed in the drawing. In the figures, like reference characters refer to the same components throughout the specification. 
           [0040]    The following are shown: 
           [0041]      FIGS. 1   a - 1   c  show a schematic diagram of various control and supply systems as a comparison, whereby  FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b  are known in practice and whereby the control and supply system according to the invention is illustrated in  FIG. 1   c ; and 
           [0042]      FIG. 2  shows a block diagram of the control and supply system according to the invention as in  FIG. 1   c.    
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0043]    With the control and supply system according to  FIG. 1   a , a voltage supply and control device  3  with an appropriate voltage source and multiplexer device  25  is arranged above the surface of the sea  4 . The voltage supply occurs via AC voltage, which is transmitted directly via a subsea cable  5  to a control and actuating device  6 . This is arranged below sea level and is connected via connecting lines  26  to appropriate electrical devices  2  or electrical units  24 . Such an electrical unit  24  may be formed by a group of electrical devices  2 , which, for example, are arranged in the form of a tree structure and are controlled and actuated on a common basis. 
         [0044]    A data cable  27  is provided for the data transmission between the multiplexer device  25  of the voltage supply and control device  3  and the control and actuating device  6 . The data cable  27  is preferably composed of coaxial conductors. 
         [0045]    Normally, an AC voltage of a maximum of 600 VAC is transmitted along the subsea cable  5 . For the supply of the appropriate electrical devices with 240 VAC and appropriate power, cross-sectional areas of at least 175 mm 2  for appropriate conductors are required in the subsea cable for, for example, a length of 50 km. 
         [0046]    The control and actuation device  6  includes at least one motor actuation device  31  and a control system  32 . The various motors as electrical devices  2  can be used here for the actuation of valves, BOPs (blow-out preventers) and similar equipment which is used for the production of mineral oil or gas on the sea bed. 
         [0047]    With the other known control and supply system according to  FIG. 1   b  transmission of AC voltage along the subsea cable  5  also occurs. In this case however a voltage of a maximum of 10,000 VAC is transmitted which is reduced before the control and actuation device  6  by a suitable transformer  33  to the voltage values required for the electrical devices. Also, with this known system a separate data conductor  27  is provided as a coaxial cable or similar conductor cable. The control and actuating device  6  according to  FIG. 1   b  requires expensive power capacitors  34  in order to smooth the reduced AC voltage appropriately. In addition, with this system, as with the system according to  FIG. 1   a , power factor correction devices are needed to lower the apparent power of the system. Such correction devices are normally quite expensive and consist of capacitors or similar. 
         [0048]    With the system according to  FIG. 1   b  and for appropriate voltage values and powers for the electrical devices on the sea bed, conductor cross-sectional areas in the subsea cable of, for example, at least 75 mm 2  arise for a length of 50 km or with power factor correction at least a cross-sectional area of 26 mm 2  for a 50 km length. 
         [0049]    According to the invention and as in  FIG. 1   c , AC voltage is not transmitted via a subsea cable  50 , but instead DC voltage is used. In  FIG. 1   c , a voltage supply and control device  300  comprises at least one AC/DC converter  7 , which converts a suitable AC voltage from an AC voltage source  9 , see  FIG. 2 , into DC voltage. In  FIG. 1   c , a control and actuation device  600  comprises at least one motor actuation device  310  and a control system  320 . The control and actuation device  600  also comprises DC/DC or DC/AC converter  8  (see  FIG. 2 ) for the conversion of the DC voltage into DC or AC voltage. Since, according to the invention, a DC voltage is transmitted through the subsea cable  50 , correspondingly no transmission of high frequency voltages occurs, so that signals for data transmission can be modulated onto the DC voltage in a simple manner. This takes place through a multiplexer device  250  and through an appropriate cable coupler  34 . Demodulation of the data occurs appropriately in the area of the control and actuation device  600  using data modulation device  12 . 
         [0050]    With the implementation of the converter  8  as DC/DC converter, a conversion of the high DC voltage transmitted through the subsea cable  50  into the DC voltages required for the supply of the appropriate device on the sea bed occurs. It must be noted that with a DC voltage supply of the device at the sea surface, a suitable data interchange with this device is simplified, because appropriate data signals can be modulated onto the DC voltage signal in a simple manner. 
         [0051]    The control and supply system  100  according to  FIG. 1   c  is described in more detail based on a block diagram in  FIG. 2 . 
         [0052]    With the embodiment of the control and supply system  100  according to the invention and as in  FIG. 2 , a voltage supply and control device  300  is arranged above the sea surface  4  and a control and actuation device  600  below the sea surface  4 . The link between these two is realized by a subsea cable  50 . 
         [0053]    The voltage supply and control device  300  comprises at least one AC/DC converter  7  and a data modulation device  10 . Furthermore, the voltage supply and control device  300  comprises a surface control device  28 , through which the control of the AC/DC converter  7  and also of the data modulation device  10  occurs, is assigned to the AC/DC converter  7  and the data modulation device  10 . 
         [0054]    The voltage supply and control device  300  is connected to an AC voltage source  9  which provides a three-phase AC voltage. Furthermore, the voltage supply and control device  300  is connected to a data transmission device  11  which can be positioned remote from the voltage supply and control device  300 , but which is still part of the control and supply system  100 . The control of the system and its monitoring can occur through the data transmission device  11 . 
         [0055]    The arrows shown between the various units in the system indicate through the arrow direction a transmission of voltage or data, whereby generally a bidirectional data transmission is possible. 
         [0056]    The control and actuation device  600  is positioned below the sea surface  4  and, could be for example, positioned on the sea bed. It comprises a data modulation device  12  for demodulation of the data transmitted through the subsea cable  50 , but also for the modulation of appropriate data onto the voltage transmitted through the subsea cable  50  when such data is transmitted in the reverse direction from the control and actuation device  600  to the voltage supply and control device  300 . 
         [0057]    Following the data modulation device  12 , the control and actuation device  600  comprises a DC/DC or DC/AC converter  8 . If a DC/AC converter is used, the DC voltage transmitted through the subsea cable  50  is converted back into an appropriate AC voltage. An overcurrent control device  13  is included with the DC/AC converter  8 . Following conversion of the DC voltage into AC voltage by the DC/AC converter  8 , an inductive transmission of the AC voltage occurs to an AC voltage measurement device  14 . The inductive transmission occurs through a transformer  16  consisting of two coil half-cores  17 ,  18 . An air gap  23  is formed between these coil half-cores. 
         [0058]    The AC voltage measurement device  14  is used for the determination of amplitude values of the AC voltage. As shown, a voltage shunt regulator  15  is included with the AC voltage measurement device  14 . The voltage shunt regulator  15  provides an appropriate static and dynamic stabilization of the AC voltage. In some embodiments, the voltage shunt regulator  15  is bidirectional and, together with the AC voltage measurement device  14 , is positioned on the output of the transformer  16 . In this manner, a stabilized AC voltage is passed to a subsea voltage source  30  to which the various electrical devices  200  or units  240  are connected via electrical connecting lines  26 . 
         [0059]    A data modulation device  19 ,  20  as well as a coupling control device  21 ,  22  is assigned to each coil half-core  17 ,  18 . The transmission of data occurs via the data modulation devices  19 ,  20 . The coupling control devices  21 ,  22  are used for the control of the data modulation devices  12 ,  19 ,  20  as well as the AC voltage measurement device  14  with voltage shunt regulator  15 . Furthermore, the coupling control devices  21 ,  22  are used for the interchange of data, with the AC voltage measurement device  14  with voltage shunt regulator  15  and, for example, with a subsea electronic module  29 . This electronic module contains the appropriate electronics for controlling the various items of equipment below sea level and in particular on the sea bed, such as valves, blow-out preventers, actuators and similar equipment. The appropriate electronics is contained redundantly in the electronic module. 
         [0060]    The functioning principle of the control and supply system  1   c  according to the invention is briefly described in  FIG. 2 . 
         [0061]    According to the invention, supply of the control and actuation device  600  occurs with DC voltage through the subsea cable  50 . Here, the DC voltage is converted to AC voltage by an appropriate DC/AC converter  8  only when it reaches the end of the long subsea cable. Above the surface of the sea a three-phase AC voltage is converted by an AC/DC converter to, for example, an output voltage from 3000 to 6000 V. The voltage value depends on the power requirements of the system. 
         [0062]    Then, the stable and filtered DC voltage is passed to coaxial conductors in the subsea cable, whereby first data signals are modulated onto the voltage via a suitable data modulation device such as a modem or similar device. 
         [0063]    Since coaxial conductors exhibit optimum properties with regard to attenuation and electrical noise, high data transmission rates of at least 100 to 600 kBaud are possible using such conductors. 
         [0064]    On the sea bed or below the surface of the sea a demodulation of the data signals occurs using a suitable data modulation device, again such as a modem. Then, the voltage is converted by a DC/AC converter into, for example, a rectangular wave voltage of 300 V with a frequency of 20 kHz. This AC voltage can be transmitted over normal connection equipment to the various electrical devices. Only slight filtering is required without large electrolytic capacitors. The transformer  16  used for the conversion of the AC voltage of the DC/AC converter to the appropriate voltage values comprises two coil half-cores  17 ,  18 , which are separated by an air gap. The coil half-cores are assigned to one another, separable from one another and are formed mutually symmetrically. This transformer provides the inductive coupling. 
         [0065]    Then follows a measurement of the amplitude of the rectangular wave voltage by the AC voltage measurement device  14 , to which furthermore a voltage shunt regulator  15  is assigned. A static and dynamic stabilization of the output voltage is largely provided by these two devices. Appropriate losses from the transformer and other devices in the control and actuation device  6  can be dissipated directly through contact with the sea water via appropriate wall construction on the device. 
         [0066]    Data transmission from the measurement device  14  via the data modulation device  20  and  19  and via the additional data modulation device  12  and back to the voltage supply and control device  300  is possible for regulation of the voltage supply. 
         [0067]    Using appropriate calculations for the required voltage values and powers, a conductor cross-sectional area of only approximately 2 mm 2  arises for, for example, a length of 50 km of subsea cable with the voltage control and supply system according to the invention. This is a substantially lower cross-sectional area than with systems known in practice, see  FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b.    
         [0068]    In addition, high data transmission rates are possible due to the simple modulation and demodulation with respect to the DC voltage and the coaxial cable used. Through the devices used in the system according to the invention a stable supply voltage and high system reliability arise.