Abstract:
A current canceling CMOS variable gain amplifier includes a first leg and a second leg. The first leg has a first input line, a first output line, a first ON transistor, a first control transistor and a first subtracting transistor. The second leg has a second input line, a second output line, a second ON transistor, a second control transistor and a second subtracting transistor. The second input line can provide a second input current. The second output line can provide a second output current. The first input line is arranged to provide a first input current to each of the first ON transistor, the first control transistor and the first subtracting transistor. The second input line is arranged to provide a second input current to each of the second ON transistor, the second control transistor and the second subtracting transistor. The first output line is in electrical connection with each of the first ON transistor, the first control transistor and the second subtracting transistor. The second output line is in electrical connection with each of the second ON transistor, the second control transistor and the first subtracting transistor.

Description:
[0001]    The present application claims benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119 (e) to U.S. provisional patent application 61/095,854, filed Sep. 10, 2008, and U.S. provisional patent application 61/095,869, filed Sep. 10, 2008, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    In the middle of the twentieth century, comic strip detective Dick Tracy was famous for his two-way wrist radio. Comic strip readers probably considered that radio a fanciful invention of science fiction. Today, cellular telephones, wireless Internet connections, keyless automobile control, wireless game controllers, and many other everyday wireless devices have features that Dick Tracy would not have imagined. Today&#39;s wireless devices require small, low-cost integrated circuit transmitters, and they often use sophisticated methods of controlling the power output of the transmitter, for extending battery life and for transmitting data. They also need to work across different wireless standards and multiple frequency bands. 
         [0003]    Modulation is the process of combining analog or digital data with a carrier signal for transmission.  FIG. 1  illustrates a conceptual view of a modulator  100 . 
         [0004]    In operation, modulator  100  combines an information signal  102  with a carrier signal  104  to create a modulated carrier signal  106 . Carrier signal  104  is often a radio frequency (RF) signal, but other carrier signals are possible. For example, the carrier signal could be coherent light from a laser. 
         [0005]      FIG. 2  illustrates a conventional transmitter  200  with quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). QAM is a method of sending two information signals on one carrier. 
         [0006]    As illustrated in  FIG. 2 , transmitter  200  comprises a digital-to-analog converter (DAC)  204 , a low pass filter  206 , a local oscillator  208 , a multiplier  210 , a DAC  214 , a low pass filter  216 , a local oscillator  218 , a multiplier  220 , an adder  222 , a variable gain amplifier (VGA)  224 , a VGA  226 , an impedance matching device  228  and a load  230 . Load  230  could, for example, be an antenna or a power amplifier. 
         [0007]    DAC  204  is arranged to receive I-Data  202  and to output a signal  232 . Low pass filter  206  is arranged to receive signal  232  and output a signal  234 . Local oscillator  208  is arranged to provide a carrier signal  236 . Multiplier  210  is arranged to receive single  234  and carrier signal  236  and to output a signal  238 . 
         [0008]    DAC  214  is arranged to receive I-Data  212  and to output a signal  213 . Low pass filter  216  is arranged to receive signal  213  and output a signal  247 . Local oscillator  218  is arranged to provide a carrier signal  245 . Multiplier  220  is arranged to receive signal  247  and carrier signal  245  and to output a signal  248 . 
         [0009]    Adder  222  is arranged to receive signal  238  and signal  248  and to output a signal  240 . VGA  224  is arranged to receive signal  240  and to output a signal  242 . VGA  226  is arranged to receive signal  242  and output a signal  244 . Impedance matching device  228  is arranged to receive signal  244  and output a signal  246 . Load  230  is arranged to receive signal  246  and is connected to ground. 
         [0010]    In operation, local oscillators  208  and  218  both operate at the same carrier frequency at which transmitter  200  will be operating. Carrier signal  236  provided by local oscillator  208  is in quadrature with carrier signal  245  provided by local oscillator  218 , meaning that carrier signals  236  and  245  have the same frequency but differ in phase by 90°. DAC  204 , low pass filter  206  and multiplier  210  make up an in-phase leg of transmitter  200 . DAC  214 , low pass filter  216 , oscillator  218  and multiplier  220  make up a quadrature leg of transmitter  200 . 
         [0011]    DAC  204  converts I-Data  202  data from digital to analog. Low pass filter  206  removes high frequency quantization noise from signal  232 . Multiplier  210  multiplies signal  234  with carrier signal  236  to create signal  238 , which is carrier signal  236  modulated by signal  234 . 
         [0012]    DAC  214  converts Q-Data  212  data from digital to analog. Low pass filter  216  removes high frequency quantization noise from signal  213 . Multiplier  220  multiplies signal  247  with carrier signal  245  to create signal  248 , which is carrier signal  245  modulated by signal  247 . 
         [0013]    Adder  222  creates signal  240  by adding signals  238  and  248 . Signal  240  is amplified by VGA  224 . Signal  242  is amplified by VGA  226 . Both VGA  224  and VGA  226  provide gain control in the form of amplification or attenuation. 
         [0014]    Transmitter  200  has several problems. If, for example, transmitter  200  is implemented as a conventional CMOS integrated circuit, many current-to-voltage and voltage-to-current conversions are required as signals move from the output of one functional block to the input of the next functional block. For example, a current-to-voltage conversion would be required at DAC  204  output, while low pass filter  206  needs to convert signal  234  from an input voltage to an input current. The input current needs to be converted to a voltage at the output of low pass filter  206  as signal  234 . Current-to-voltage and voltage-to-current conversions introduce undesirable nonlinearities. These conversions also cause undesirable increases in power consumption and in noise, and these conversions have the undesirable side effect of increasing the number of devices needed in the integrated circuit. 
         [0015]    If transmitter  200  is implemented in a technology other than bipolar transistors, problems arise in adjusting the gain of VGA  224  and VGA  226 . 
         [0016]      FIG. 3  illustrates a conventional system  300  used to control the gain of a VGA in a conventional transmitter. 
         [0017]    System  300  includes a linear to exponential converter  302  and a bipolar VGA  304 . Converter  302  is arranged to receive a linear control voltage  306  and to output an exponential signal  308 . Bipolar VGA  304  is arranged to receive an input signal  310  and output an amplified or attenuated signal  312 . 
         [0018]    In operation, converter  302  performs the mathematical function of taking the exponential value of linear control voltage  306 . Exponential signal  308  is exponentially related to linear control voltage  306 . Exponential signal  308  is used to control the gain of VGA  304 . 
         [0019]    Because the collector current of a bipolar transistor is exponentially related to the base-to-emitter voltage, converter  302  can be easily implemented with a bipolar transistor. In other technologies, however, a linear to exponential converter similar to  302  cannot be easily implemented. 
         [0020]    The gain control of system  300  will now be described with reference to  FIG. 4 . 
         [0021]      FIG. 4  is a graph, wherein the x-axis corresponds to linear control voltage  306 , and the y-axis is the output power of VGA  304 . Arbitrary x-axis values are shown going from 0 to 1023 because it is assumed, for purposes of example, that linear control voltage  306  is provided by a 10-bit digital-to-analog converter. The y-axis units are dBm. The dBm scale is a logarithmic scale in which 1 milliwatt is taken as zero. A power P, in milliwatts, can be expressed as 10 log (P) dBm. 
         [0022]    A line  402  in  FIG. 4  is a straight line because the dBm scale is a logarithmic scale and because the output power from VGA  304  is proportional to the exponential of linear control voltage  306 . This linear relationship between linear control voltage  306  and output power from VGA  304 , expressed in dBm, is the desired relationship for transmitter  200 . 
         [0023]      FIG. 5  illustrates an example of a CMOS VGA circuit  500  using a conventional method for controlling power output. 
         [0024]    As illustrated in  FIG. 5 , CMOS VGA circuit  500  includes NMOS FETs  502 ,  504 ,  506 ,  508 ,  510  and  512 . CMOS VGA circuit  500  is connected to a center-tapped load  514 . 
         [0025]    The gates of FETs  502  and  512  are connected to a control voltage V ON    516 . The gates of FETs  504  and  510  are connected to a control voltage V 1    528 . The gates of FETs  506  and  508  are connected to a control voltage V 2    530 . FETs  502  and  512  are each a single FET. Although FETs  504 ,  506 ,  508  and  510  are each illustrated as a single FET, each of FETs  504 ,  506 ,  508  and  510  is an arrangement of multiple (100 in this example) FETs. The number of FETs depend on the total desired gain control range. 
         [0026]    Control voltage V ON    516  is at its maximum value whenever CMOS VGA circuit  500  is operational. When control voltage V 1    528  is at its maximum value and control voltage V 2    530  is at zero volts, no current flows through FET  506 . In this case, a current I 0   +   524  is equal to a current I RF   +   526 . Similarly, when control voltage V 1    528  is at its maximum value and control voltage V 2    530  is at zero volts, no current flows through FET  508 . In this case, a current I 0   −   532  is equal to a current I RF   −   534 . 
         [0027]    Further, when control voltage V 1    528  is at its maximum value and control voltage V 2    530  is zero, CMOS VGA circuit  500  provides maximum power to load  514 . FET  504 , which is controlled by control voltage V 1    528 , is an arrangement of 100 FETs and FET  506 , which is controlled by control voltage V ON    516 , is a single FET. So when control voltage V 1    528  is at its maximum value and control voltage V 2    530  is at zero volts, 101 FETs are providing gain. If FET  502  and each device within FET  504  have a transconductance of G m , the total transconductance is 101 G m . 
         [0028]    To begin decreasing the power delivered to load  514 , control voltage V 2    530  is increased. When control voltage V 2    530  reaches its maximum value, current I RF   +   526  splits up among FETs  502 ,  504  and  506 . Because FETs  504  and  506  are, in actuality, each 100 FETs, the current division is such that 100/201 of current I RF   +   526  flows in a path  520  through FET  504 , another 100/201 of the current flows in a path  522  through FET  506  and 1/201 of the current flows in a path  518  through FET  502 . 
         [0029]    Because of the symmetry of CMOS VGA circuit  500 , similar current division occurs for I RF   −   534 . This means that 101/201 of the current now flows through load  514 . The other 100/201 of the current now flows in path  522  through FET  506  and in path  536  through FET  508 . This means that when control voltage V 2    530  reaches its maximum value, the current delivered to load  514  is about ½ of the maximum possible current. This change in current corresponds to a change in power of about 6 dB because the power is proportional to the square of the current. 
         [0030]    As shown in  FIG. 4 , output changes of much more than 6 dB are needed, but changing control voltage V 2    530  from zero to its maximum value causes a change of only about 6 dB. Further changes in power output require changing control voltage V 1    528 . 
         [0031]    For CMOS VGA circuit  500 , changing control voltage V 2    530  from zero to its maximum value results in a decrease in output power of only 6 dB. Further decreases in output power require a decrease in control voltage V 1    528 . To decrease power by much more than 6 dB, most of the decrease in output power will have to come from decreasing control voltage V 1    528 . 
         [0032]    If all of the FETs in CMOS VGA circuit  500  were turned OFF, I 0   +   524 , I RF   +   526 , I 0   −   532  and I RF   −   534  would, in theory, all be zero. Because the FETs in CMOS VGA circuit  500  are not ideal, their leakage will cause this minimum value to be nonzero and not well-controlled. Because this current is not well-controlled, V ON    516  is always kept at its maximum value. The minimum value of I 0   +   524  then occurs when FET  504  is turned OFF and FET  506  is fully ON. Similarly, the minimum value of I 0   −   532  occurs when FET  510  is turned OFF and FET  508  is fully ON. Since FETs  502  and  512  are single FETs but FETs  506  and  508  are, in fact, each an arrangement of 100 FETs, the minimum possible current through load  514  is 1/101 of the maximum possible current. The minimum possible current of about 1/100 of the maximum possible current corresponds to a power difference, from a maximum to a minimum power, of about 40 dB. 
         [0033]    In CMOS VGA circuit  500 , varying control voltage V 2    530  through its entire range results in a power change of 6 dB. As discussed above, the total power range of the circuit is about 40 dB. Of this 40 dB, about 34 dB comes from varying control voltage V 1    528 . This means that a linear relationship, like one shown in  FIG. 4 , cannot be obtained with CMOS VGA circuit  500 . 
         [0034]      FIG. 2  shows a conventional transmitter and  FIG. 5  shows a conventional method of controlling the gain when an amplifier in the conventional transmitter is not implemented with bipolar transistors and is, for example, implemented in CMOS. As explained above, voltage-to-current and current-to-voltage conversions in transmitter  200  cause many undesirable results. Also as explained above, the conventional gain control method of  FIG. 5  does not give the desired gain curve shown in  FIG. 4 . 
         [0035]    What is needed is a transmitter that eliminates the undesirable results caused by voltage-to-current and current-to-voltage conversions and that also provides a gain curve similar to the one shown in  FIG. 4 . 
       BRIEF SUMMARY 
       [0036]    It is an object of the present invention to provide a transmitter that eliminates the undesirable results caused by voltage-to-current and current-to-voltage conversions and that also provides a gain curve similar to the one shown in  FIG. 4 . 
         [0037]    In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, a current canceling CMOS variable gain amplifier includes a first leg and a second leg. The first leg has a first input line, a first output line, a first ON transistor, a first control transistor and a first subtracting transistor. The second leg has a second input line, a second output line, a second ON transistor, a second control transistor and a second subtracting transistor. The second input line can provide a second input current. The second output line can provide a second output current. The first input line is arranged to provide a first input current to each of the first ON transistor, the first control transistor and the first subtracting transistor. The second input line is arranged to provide a second input current to each of the second ON transistor, the second control transistor and the second subtracting transistor. The first output line is in electrical connection with each of the first ON transistor, the first control transistor and the second subtracting transistor. The second output line is in electrical connection with each of said second ON transistor, said second control transistor and said first subtracting transistor. 
         [0038]    Additional objects, advantages and novel features of the invention are set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0039]    The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and form a part of the specification, illustrate an exemplary embodiment of the present invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. In the drawings: 
           [0040]      FIG. 1  illustrates a conceptual view of a modulator; 
           [0041]      FIG. 2  illustrates a conventional integrated circuit transmitter with QAM: 
           [0042]      FIG. 3  illustrates a conventional system  300  used to control the gain of a VGA in a conventional transmitter; 
           [0043]      FIG. 4  is a graph, wherein the x-axis corresponds to linear control voltage and the y-axis is the gain of the VGA of  FIG. 3 ; 
           [0044]      FIG. 5  illustrates an example of a CMOS VGA circuit using a conventional method for controlling power output; 
           [0045]      FIG. 6  illustrates an example quadrature modulation transmitter in accordance with an aspect of the present invention; 
           [0046]      FIG. 7  illustrates an example embodiment of a CMOS transmitter in accordance with an aspect of the present invention; 
           [0047]      FIG. 8  illustrates an example current canceling VGA  800  in accordance with an aspect of the present invention; 
           [0048]      FIG. 9  a graph, wherein the x-axis corresponds to linear control voltage and the y-axis is the output power of VGA  800 ; and 
           [0049]      FIG. 10  illustrates an example system for controlling a current canceling VGA, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention, to make to make the output power in dBm linearly proportional to a control code. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0050]    In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, an example CMOS transmitter eliminates the problems caused by voltage-to-current and current-to-voltage conversions. The example CMOS transmitter also solves the problem of providing a linear relationship between power output in dBm and control voltage when bipolar transistors are not used to provide linear to exponential conversion of the control voltage. 
         [0051]    The example CMOS transmitter avoids the problems caused by voltage-to-current and current-to-voltage conversion because the example CMOS transmitter has no such conversions. In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, all of the circuit portions within the modulator as well as the first amplifier in an example CMOS transmitter accept current as input and provide current as output. Accordingly, in an example CMOS transmitter in accordance with an aspect of the present invention, no voltage-to-current conversions and no current-to-voltage conversions are required between functional blocks. 
         [0052]    The problem of providing a linear relationship between output power in dBm and control voltage is solved by using a current canceling amplifier that provides a curve similar to the one shown in  FIG. 4 . Because the curve is similar, but not identical, to the shape shown in  FIG. 4 , a lookup table may be used to provide the needed corrections. 
         [0053]    Aspects of the present invention will now be further described with reference to  FIGS. 6-10 . 
         [0054]      FIG. 6  illustrates an example quadrature modulation transmitter  600  in accordance with an aspect of the present invention. 
         [0055]    Transmitter  600  includes a first amplification stage  602 , a transformer  625 , a transconductance amplifier  626 , a VGA  628 , an impedance matching device  660  and a load  662 . First amplification stage  602  includes a DAC  606 , a DAC  616 , a low pass filter  608 , a low pass filter  618 , a mixer  610 , a mixer  620  and a VGA  624 . 
         [0056]    First amplification stage  602  is arranged to receive data  607 , data  609 , a local oscillator signal  611  and a local oscillator signal  621 . First amplification stage  602  is additionally arranged to output a current  637 . Transformer  625  is arranged to receive current  637  and output a voltage  638 . Transformer  625  provides impedance matching between VGA  624  and transconductance amplifier  626 . Transconductance amplifier  626  is arranged to receive voltage  638  and to output a current  640 . VGA  628  is arranged to receive current  640  and to output a current  642 . Impedance matching device  660  is arranged to receive current  642  and to output a voltage  644 . Load  662  is arranged to receive voltage  644 . 
         [0057]    Within first amplification stage  602 , DAC  606  is arranged to receive data  607  from an external source and to output a current  630 . Low pass filter  608  is arranged to receive current  630  from DAC  606  and to output a current  632 . Mixer  610  is arranged to receive current  632  from low pass filter  608 . Mixer  610  is also arranged to receive local oscillator signal  611  from an external source and to output a current  634 . 
         [0058]    Within first amplification stage  602 , DAC  616  is arranged to receive data  609  from an external source and to output a current  631 . Low pass filter  618  is arranged to receive current  631  from DAC  616  and to output a current  633 . Mixer  620  is arranged to receive current  633  from low pass filter  618 . Mixer  620  is also arranged to receive local oscillator signal  621  from an external source and to output a current  636 . 
         [0059]    VGA  624  is arranged to receive a current  622  as a combination of current  634  and current  636  and to output current  638 . 
         [0060]    The operation of transmitter  600  will now be explained with additional reference to  FIG. 2 . 
         [0061]    In operation, local oscillator signal  611  and local oscillator signal  621  are both at a carrier frequency at which transmitter  600  will be operating. Local oscillator signal  611  is in quadrature with local oscillator signal  621 , meaning that local oscillator signals  611  and  621  have the same frequency but differ in phase by 90° . DAC  606 , low pass filter  608  and mixer  610  make up an in-phase leg of transmitter  600 . DAC  616 , low pass filter  618  and mixer  620  make up a quadrature leg of transmitter  600 . A current path  604  exists through the in-phase leg of transmitter  600 , and a current path  614  exists through the quadrature leg of transmitter  600 . 
         [0062]    DAC  606  converts data  607  from digital to analog data as current  630 . Low pass filter  608  removes high frequency noise from current  630 . Mixer  610  combines the filtered current  632  with local oscillator signal  611  to create current  634 , which is local oscillator signal  611  modulated by data  607 . 
         [0063]    DAC  616  converts data  609  data from digital to analog data as current  631 . Low pass filter  618  removes high frequency noise from current  631 . Mixer  620  combines current  633  with local oscillator signal  621  to create current  636 , which is local oscillator signal  611  modulated by data  609 . 
         [0064]    Current  634  and current  636  combine to create current  622 . VGA  624  amplifies/attenuates current  622  and outputs current  638 . Transformer  625  matches the output impedance of VGA  624  to the input impedance of transconductance amplifier  626 . Transconductance amplifier  626  accepts voltage  638  and outputs current  640 . VGA  628  amplifies/attenuates current  640  and outputs current  642 . Impedance matching device  660  matches the output impedance of VGA  628  to the impedance of load  662 . Impedance matching device  660  also matches the balanced output of VGA  628  to the unbalanced load  662 . 
         [0065]    If the output of VGA  624  is sufficient, transconductance amplifier  626  and VGA  628  can be eliminated, in which case current  638  from VGA  624  would be connected directly to impedance matching device  660 . 
         [0066]    Impedance matching device  660  and load  662  are of conventional design, and they serve the same function as impedance matching device  228  and load  230 , respectively, of transmitter  200 . 
         [0067]    DACs  606  and  616  provide a current output with no internal voltage-to-current conversions and no internal current-to-voltage conversions. Low pass filter  608  and low pass filter  618  are designed to accept current inputs. There are no voltage-to-current conversions and no current-to-voltage conversions between DAC  606  and low pass filter  608 . Similarly, there are no voltage-to-current conversions and no current-to-voltage conversions between DAC  616  and low pass filter  618 . Further, low pass filter  608  and low pass filter  618  are designed to provide a current output with no internal voltage-to-current conversions and no internal current-to-voltage conversions. Mixers  610  and  620  are designed to accept current as input and provide current as output with no internal voltage-to-current conversions and no internal current-to-voltage conversions. 
         [0068]    In  FIG. 6 , current path  604  shows the path of current flowing with no voltage-to-current conversions and no current-to-voltage conversions in the in-phase leg of transmitter  600 . Current path  614  shows the path of current flowing with no voltage-to-current conversions and no current-to-voltage conversions in the quadrature leg of transmitter  600 . There are no voltage-to-current conversions and no current-to-voltage conversions along either of these paths. There are no voltage-to-current conversions and no current-to-voltage conversions within DACs  606  and  616 , low pass filters  608  and  618 , mixers  610  and  620  and VGA  624 . 
         [0069]    Because there are no voltage-to-current conversions and no current-to-voltage conversions within DACs  606  and  616 , low pass filters  608  and  618 , mixers  610  and  620  and VGA  624 , the problems associated with transmitter  200  caused by such conversions do not occur in transmitter  600 . 
         [0070]    VGA  624  and VGA  628  may be, in an example embodiment, implemented as current canceling VGAs. Such an implementation addresses the mentioned gain control problems of CMOS VGA circuit  500  of  FIG. 5 . Current canceling VGAs are another aspect of the present invention as will be discussed below. 
         [0071]      FIG. 7  illustrates an example embodiment of a CMOS transmitter  700  in accordance with an aspect of the present invention. CMOS transmitter  700  is an example implementation of transmitter  600  of  FIG. 6 . 
         [0072]    As illustrated in  FIG. 7 , CMOS transmitter  700  includes a DAC  702 , a low pass filter  704 , a mixer  706 , a VGA  708 , a DAC  712 , a low pass filter  714 , a mixer  716 , a current junction  735 , a current junction  739 , a transformer  710 , a transconductance amplifier  718 , a VGA  720 , a transformer  722  and a load  724 . 
         [0073]    DAC  702  includes an FET  762 , an FET  764 , an FET  766  and an FET  768 . Low pass filter  704  includes a capacitor  770 , a capacitor  772  and a capacitor  774 . Mixer  706  includes an FET  775 , an FET  776 , an FET  777  and an FET  778 . 
         [0074]    DAC  712  includes an FET  782 , an FET  784 , an FET  786  and an FET  788 . Low pass filter  714  includes a capacitor  790 , a capacitor  792  and a capacitor  794 . Mixer  716  includes an FET  795 , an FET  796 , an FET  797  and an FET  798 . 
         [0075]    VGA  708  includes an FET  741 , an FET  743 , an FET  745  and an FET  747 . Transconductance amplifier  718  includes an FET  751  and an FET  753 . VGA  720  includes an FET  719 , an FET  721 , an FET  723  and an FET  725 . 
         [0076]    Within DAC  702 , FET  762  and FET  764  are arranged as a current source that provides a current at the drain of FET  764 . FET  766  is arranged to receive current from the drain of FET  764  at its source and to receive a stream of digital data  730  at its gate. FET  768  is arranged to receive current from the drain of FET  764  at its source and to receive a stream of digital data  731  at its gate. Because this is a balanced system, digital data  731  has an opposite polarity of digital data  730 . FET  766  is arranged to supply an analog current at its drain, and FET  768  is arranged to supply an analog current at its drain. 
         [0077]    Within low pass filter  704 , capacitor  770 , capacitor  772  and capacitor  774  are arranged to receive current from FET  766  and FET  768  and to supply current to the sources of FETs  775 ,  776 ,  778  and  779 . 
         [0078]    Within mixer  706 , FETs  775  and  776  are arranged to receive at their sources a current  703  from low pass filter  704 . FETs  777  and  778  are arranged to receive at their sources a current  705  from low pass filter  704 . FET  775  is arranged to receive a local oscillator signal  707  at its gate, and FET  778  is arranged to receive local oscillator signal  707  at its gate. Local oscillator signal  707  is a balanced signal, and the gates of FETs  776  and  777  are arranged to receive a signal  709 , which is 180° out of phase from local oscillator signal  707 . The drains of FETs  775  and  777  are arranged to provide a current  732 . The drains of FETs  776  and  778  are arranged to provide a current  738 . 
         [0079]    Within DAC  712 , FET  782  and FET  784  are arranged as a current source that provides a current at the drain of FET  784 . FET  788  is arranged to receive current from the drain of FET  784  at its source and to receive a stream of digital data  740  at its gate. FET  786  is arranged to receive current from the drain of FET  784  at its source and to receive a stream of digital data  791  at its gate. Because this is a balanced system, digital data  791  has an opposite polarity of digital data  740 . FET  788  is arranged to supply an analog current at its drain, and FET  786  is arranged to supply an analog current at its drain. 
         [0080]    Within low pass filter  714 , capacitor  790 , capacitor  792  and capacitor  794  are arranged to receive current from FET  788  and FET  786  and to supply current to the sources of FETs  798 ,  797 ,  796  and  795 . 
         [0081]    Within mixer  716 , FETs  795  and  796  are arranged to receive at their sources a current  713  from low pass filter  714 . FETs  797  and  798  are arranged to receive at their sources a current  715  from low pass filter  714 . FET  795  is arranged to receive a local oscillator signal  717  at its gate, and FET  798  is arranged to receive a local oscillator signal  717  at its gate. Local oscillator signal  717  is a balanced signal, and the gates of FETs  796  and  797  are arranged to receive a signal  711 , which is a 180° out of phase version of local oscillator signal  717 . The drains of FETs  795  and  797  are arranged to together provide a current  734 . The drains of FETs  796  and  798  are arranged to together provide a current  742 . Local oscillator signals  707  and  717  are 90° out of phase. Local oscillator signals  709  and  711  are 90° out of phase. 
         [0082]    Current junction  735  is arranged to receive current  732  and current  734  and to output a current  736 . Current junction  739  is arranged to receive current  738  and current  742  and to output a current  744 . 
         [0083]    Within VGA  708 , FETs  741  and  743  are arranged to receive current  744 . FETs  745  and  747  are arranged to receive current  736 . FETs  741  and  745  are arranged to together output a current  746 . FETs  743  and  747  are arranged to together output a current  748 . With this arrangement, VGA  708  is a current canceling VGA. Current canceling VGAs are an aspect of the present invention and will be discussed in more detail later. 
         [0084]    Transformer  710  is arranged to receive at its primary currents  746  and  748 , which are balanced with respect to a ground node  749 . Transformer  710  is also arranged, by correctly configuring its&#39; turns ratio, to output at its secondary winding, a voltage  750  and a voltage  752 , which voltages are measured with respect to ground node  749 . Transformer  710  turns ratio provides impedance matching between VGA  708  and transconductance amplifier  718 . 
         [0085]    Within transconductance amplifier  718 , FET  751  is arranged to receive voltage  750  and to output a current  754 . FET  753  is arranged to receive voltage  752  and to output a current  756 . 
         [0086]    Within VGA  720 , FETs  719  and  721  are arranged to receive current  754 . FETs  723  and  725  are arranged to receive current  756 . FETs  719  and  723  are arranged to together output a current  758 . FETs  721  and  725  are arranged to together output a current  760 . With this arrangement, VGA  720  is another current canceling VGA, which will be discussed in more detail later. 
         [0087]    Transformer  722  is arranged, by properly configuring its&#39; turns ratio, to provide impedance matching between VGA  720  and load  724 . Transformer  722  also provides balanced to unbalanced signal conversion for the single ended load  724 . 
         [0088]    Operation of CMOS transmitter  700  will now be described in greater detail. 
         [0089]    DAC  702  converts digital data  730  from digital to analog, and DAC  712  converts digital data  740  from digital to analog. DACs  702  and  712  are designed to convert a digital input directly to a differential output current. Low pass filter  704  removes high frequency noise from the output of DAC  702 . Low pass filter  714  performs a similar function for DAC  712 . Low pass filters  704  and  714  operate in the current domain and perform no voltage-to-current conversions and no current-to-voltage conversions. 
         [0090]    Mixer  706  will now be explained with additional reference to  FIGS. 1 and 2 . Mixer  706  combines data, in the form of currents at  703  and  705 , with local oscillator signal  707 . Currents  703  and  705  together correspond to information signal  102  of modulator  100  of  FIG. 1  and to signal  234  of transmitter  200  of  FIG. 2 . Local oscillator signal  707  corresponds to carrier signal  104  in modulator  100  of  FIG. 1  and to carrier signal  236  of transmitter  200  of  FIG. 2 . Currents at  732  and  738  together correspond to modulated carrier signal  106  of modulator  100  of  FIG. 1  and to signal  238  of transmitter  200  of  FIG. 2 . 
         [0091]    As previously explained, local oscillator signal  707  is a balanced signal, and signal  717  is the quadrature version of local oscillator signal  707 . When local oscillator signal  707  is positive with respect ground node  749 , signal  709  is negative with respect to ground node  749 , and vice versa. When local oscillator signal  707  is positive with respect to ground node  749 , FETs  775  and  778  are OFF, and FETs  776  and  777  are ON. In this case, current  732  is the same as current  705 , and current  738  is the same as current  703 . When local oscillator signal  707  is negative with respect to ground node  749 , FETs  776  and  777  are OFF, and FETs  775  and  778  are ON. In this case, current  732  is the same as current  703 , and current  738  is the same as current  705 . 
         [0092]    When local oscillator signal  707  is positive with respect to ground node  749 , the differential current flowing out of mixer  706  is the differential input current multiplied by one (1). When local oscillator signal  707  is negative with respect to ground node  749 , the differential current flowing out of mixer  706  is the differential input current multiplied by negative one (−1). For a square wave local oscillator signal  707 , these multiplications are equivalent to multiplying the input of mixer  706  by local oscillator signal  707  times a constant. 
         [0093]    Mixer  706  is known as a Gilbert cell mixer. Mixer  706  corresponds to multiplier  210  of transmitter  200  of  FIG. 2 . Other embodiments may include other known mixers, non-limiting examples of which include a current commutating mixer and an I/Q rejection mixer. 
         [0094]    Mixer  716  performs the same function as mixer  706  except that its data is in the form of currents  713  and  715  and its oscillator signal is  717 . 
         [0095]    Current junctions  735  and  739  together correspond to adder  222  in  FIG. 2 . 
         [0096]    Currents  746  and  748  are the output of VGA  708 . Currents  746  and  748  flow into ground node  749 , completing current flow from the V DD  node  727  to ground node  749 . In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, current flows from V DD  node  727  to ground node  749  with no intervening current-to-voltage conversions and with no intervening voltage-to-current conversions. 
         [0097]    Transformer  722  converts the output of VGA  720  from balanced to unbalanced with respect to ground and matches the impedance of load  724 . 
         [0098]    If the output power of VGA  708  is sufficient for a particular application, transformer  710  could be used to match the output of VGA  708  to a load. In that case, transconductance  718 , VGA  720  and transformer  722  would not be needed. 
         [0099]    In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 7 , DAC  702 , DAC  712 , mixer  706  and mixer  716  are all implemented in PMOS, whereas VGA  708  is implemented in NMOS. In another example embodiment, DAC  702 , DAC  712 , mixer  706  and mixer  716  may all be implemented in NMOS, whereas VGA  708  would be implemented in PMOS. In such an embodiment, ground node  749  in  FIG. 7  would be changed to a V DD  node, and V DD  node  727  would be changed to a ground node. Other combinations of NMOS and PMOS devices can also be utilized to implement DAC  702  and DAC  712 , LPF  704  and  714 , mixer  706  and  716  and VGA  708 . 
         [0100]      FIG. 7  is an example embodiment or a CMOS transmitter in accordance with an aspect of the present invention. Other example embodiments of a transmitter in accordance with the present invention may comprise other semiconducting devices, non-limiting examples of which include bipolar devices and gallium arsenide devices. 
         [0101]    A portion of the example embodiment shown in  FIG. 7  will be described with additional reference to  FIG. 6 . 
         [0102]    DACs  702  and  712  correspond to DACs  606  and  616  respectively. Low pass filters  704  and  714  correspond to low pass filters  608  and  618 , respectively. Mixers  706  and  716  correspond to mixers  610  and  620  respectively. VGA  708  corresponds to VGA  624 . DACs  702  and  712 , low pass filters  704  and  714 , mixers  706  and  716  and VGA  708  together correspond to first amplification stage  602 . There are no current-to-voltage conversions and no voltage-to-current conversions in the circuits that correspond to first amplification stage  602 . 
         [0103]    Data  607  and data  609  correspond to digital data  730  and digital data  740 , respectively. Local oscillator signal  611  and local oscillator signal  621  correspond to local oscillator signal  707  and local oscillator signal  717 , respectively. 
         [0104]    Current flowing along current path  604  in  FIG. 6  corresponds to current flowing from FET source  701  to current junction  735  and current junction  739 . Current flowing along current path  614  in  FIG. 6  corresponds to current flowing from FET source  703  to current junction  735  and current junction  739 . 
         [0105]    In CMOS transmitter  700 , VGA  708  and VGA  720  are implemented as current canceling VGAs. Current canceling VGAs provide better gain control linearity than conventional VGAs such as CMOS VGA circuit  500  of  FIG. 5 . 
         [0106]      FIG. 8  illustrates an example current canceling VGA  800  in accordance with an aspect of the present invention. 
         [0107]    As illustrated in  FIG. 8 , current canceling VGA  800  includes an FET  802 , an FET  804 , an FET  806 , an FET  808 , an FET  810  and an FET  812 .  FIG. 8  also shows a center-tapped load  814 . Load  814  is not pan of current canceling VGA  800 . 
         [0108]    FET  802  is arranged to receive a control voltage V ON    816  at its gate and to output a current  818  at its drain. FET  804  is arranged to receive a control voltage V 1    828  at its gate and to output a current  820  at its drain. FET  806  is arranged to receive a control voltage V 2    830  at its gate and to output a current  822  at its drain. The sources of FETs  802 ,  804  and  806  are arranged to receive current from a current I RF   +   826 . 
         [0109]    FET  808  is arranged to receive a control voltage V 2    830  at its gate and to output a current  823  at its drain. FET  810  is arranged to receive a control voltage V 1    828  at its gate and to output a current  821  at its drain. FET  812  is arranged to receive a control voltage V ON    816  at its gate and to output a current  819  at its drain. The sources of FETs  808 ,  810  and  812  are arranged to receive current from a current I RF   −   834 . 
         [0110]    Load  814  is arranged to receive a current I 0   +   824  and a current I 0   −   832 . Current I 0   +   824  and current I 0   −   832  both flow into the V DD  node  836 . 
         [0111]    Control voltage V ON    816  is connected to the gates of FETs  802  and  812 . Control voltage V 1    828  is connected to the gates of FETs  804  and  810 , and control voltage V 2    830  is connected to the gates of FETs  806  and  808 . Although FETs  802 ,  804 ,  806 ,  808 ,  810  and  812  are each illustrated as a single FET, FETs  804 ,  806 ,  808  and  810  are, in fact, each an arrangement of 50 FETs, whereas each of FETs  802  and  812  are, in fact, an arrangement of 51 FETs. The actual number of FETs depend on the desired total gain control range, however the difference of number of FETs between  802  and  804 , and between  802  and  806  is 1. The difference of number of FETs between  812  and  810 , and between  812  and  808  is 1. 
         [0112]    When voltage V 1    828  is at its maximum value and voltage V 2    830  is at zero volts, no current flows through FETs  806  and  808 , and current I 0   +   824  is equal to current I RF   +   826 . Similarly, when voltage V 1    828  is at its maximum value and voltage V 2    830  is at zero volts, current I 0   −   832  is equal to current I RF   −   834 . When voltage V 1    828  is maximum and voltage V 2    830  is zero, as just described, current canceling VGA  800  provides maximum power to load  814 . 
         [0113]    To begin decreasing the power delivered to load  814 , voltage V 2    830  is increased. As voltage V 2    830  is increased from zero, current I 0   +   824  originates from FETs  802 ,  804  and  808 . Current I 0   −   832  originates in a similar way from FETs  806 ,  810  and  812 . Because FET  808  provides cross coupling between current I 0   +   824  and current I RF   −   834 , a negative current is added to current I 0   +   824 . Because FET  802  is actually 51 FETs and because FETs  804 ,  806  and  808  are actually 50 FETs, the current division and redirection is such that when V 2    830  reaches its maximum value, which is equal to the maximum value of voltage V 1    828 , current I 0   +   824  is 51/151 of current I RF   +   826 . Similarly, current I 0   −   832  is 51/151 of current I RF   −   834 . This means that when voltage V 1    828  and voltage V 2    830  are equal and are at their maximum values, the change in current I 0   +   824  and current I 0   −   832  corresponds to change in power of 10(log(51/151)) dB, which is a change of approximately 9.5 dB because power is proportional to the square of the current. 
         [0114]    One of the advantages of current canceling VGA  800  will now be described with additional reference to  FIGS. 4 and 5 . 
         [0115]    CMOS VGA circuit  500  of  FIG. 5  provides a change of power output of 6 dB when control voltage V 1    528  is at its maximum value and control voltage V 2    530  is changed from zero to its maximum, wherein further changes in power output require changing control voltage V 1    528 . This means that a linear relationship, like the one shown in  FIG. 4 , between control voltage and output power in dBm cannot be obtained with CMOS VGA circuit  500 . 
         [0116]    On the other hand, current canceling VGA  800  provides a change of power output of 9.5 dB when voltage V 1    828  is at its maximum and voltage V 2    830  is changed from zero to its maximum, wherein further changes in power output require changing voltage V 1    828 . Although current canceling VGA  800  does not provide a perfectly linear curve like the one shown in  FIG. 4 , it provides an improved curve when compared to CMOS VGA circuit  500  of  FIG. 5 . As will be described later, the output power versus control voltage curve for current canceling VGA  800  can be further improved, in accordance with another aspect of the present invention. 
         [0117]    Another advantage of current canceling VGA  800  will now be described with reference to CMOS VGA circuit  500  of  FIG. 5 . 
         [0118]    In CMOS VGA circuit  500 , FETs  502 ,  504  and  506  include a total of 201 FETs and provide a maximum transconductance of 101 G m . For current canceling VGA  800 , FETs  802 ,  804  and  806  include a total of only 151 FETs and provide a maximum transconductance of (51+50)G m , which equals 101 G m . Current canceling VGA  800  uses fewer devices than CMOS VGA circuit  500 , but provides the same maximum transconductance. The decreased number of devices decreases capacitance, power dissipation and physical size of the circuit. 
         [0119]    In both VGA  800  and VGA  500 , the minimum current that flows through loads  814  and  514  is 1/101 on input current I RF   +  or I RF   − . The total gain control range (dynamic range) is 40 dB. 
         [0120]      FIG. 9  will now be described with additional reference to current canceling VGA  800 . 
         [0121]      FIG. 9  is a graph, wherein the x-axis corresponds to control voltages V 1    830  and V 1    828  and the y-axis corresponds to the power output of current canceling VGA  800  in units of dBm. The right half  902  of the x-axis shows control codes when an 8-bit DAC is used to control V 2    830 . The left half  904  of the x-axis shows control codes when an 8-bit DAC is used to control V 1    828 . The control codes on right half  902  increase from right to left, whereas the control codes on left half  904  increase from left to right. 
         [0122]      FIG. 9  shows that the shape of the curve of output power in dBm as a function of control codes for VGA  800  is similar, but not identical, to the desired curve shape shown in  FIG. 4 . A system for controlling VGA  800  to make  FIG. 9  linear like  FIG. 4  is an aspect of the present invention and will now be discussed. 
         [0123]      FIG. 10  illustrates an example system  1000  for controlling a current canceling VGA  800  in accordance with an aspect of the present invention, to make the output power in dBm linearly proportional to a control code. 
         [0124]    As illustrated in  FIG. 10 , system  1000  includes a lookup table (LUT)  1002 , a DAC  1004  and a VGA  1006 . 
         [0125]    Lookup table  1002  is arranged to receive a VGA control word  1008  and to output a control code  1010 . DAC  1004  is arranged to receive control code  1010  and to output a control voltage  1012 . Current canceling VGA  1006  is arranged to receive control voltage  1012  and a signal  1014  and to output a signal  1016 . 
         [0126]    In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, because voltage V 1    828  is adjusted only when voltage V 2    830  is at its minimum, only one DAC is required for the control of these two signals. DAC  1004  is switched between voltage V 2    830  and voltage V 1    828  depending on which one is being adjusted. 
         [0127]    The operation of system  1000  will now be explained with additional reference to  FIGS. 4 ,  8  and  9 . 
         [0128]      FIG. 9  shows output power in dBm as a function of control voltage for current canceling VGA  800 . The right half  902  of  FIG. 9  shows, going from right to left, the decrease in output power as V 2    830  is increased from zero to its maximum value while V 1    828  is at its maximum. The left half  904  of  FIG. 9  shows, going from right to left, the decrease in output power as V 1    828  is decreased from its maximum value to zero while V 2    830  is zero. Look up table  1002  converts input control word  1008  into control code  1010  to create a linear output power in dBm as a function of control code curve similar to  FIG. 4 . If, for example, DAC  1004  is an 8-bit DAC, lookup table  1002  would have 512 entries, 256 for use when DAC  1004  is controlling V 2    830  and 256 others for use when DAC  1004  is controlling V 1    828 . In this example, input control word  1008  would include nine (9) bits, one bit to select between V 2    830  and V 1    828  and eight (8) bits for the control code for the selected control voltage. 
         [0129]    A CMOS transmitter in accordance with the present invention eliminates several problems in prior art implementations. 
         [0130]    In prior art implementations, inherent current-to-voltage conversions and voltage-to-current conversions introduce undesirable nonlinearities. These conversions also cause undesirable increases in power consumption and in noise, and these conversions have the undesirable side effect of increasing the number of devices needed in an integrated circuit. A CMOS transmitter in accordance with the present invention eliminates these problems by operating in the current mode and thereby eliminating all current-to-voltage and all voltage-to-current conversions. 
         [0131]    Furthermore, prior art VGAs that did not use bipolar junction transistors could not provide a linear power output per in dBm as a function of control code curve for controlling power output. A current cancelling VGA in accordance with the present invention solves this problem. 
         [0132]    The foregoing description of various preferred embodiments of the invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The exemplary embodiments, as described above, were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto.