Abstract:
A wireless sensor network and management method for same are disclosed. The wireless sensor network includes a plurality of nodes transitioning between a sleeping state, probing state, and working state. The management method enables the nodes to make a state transition according to sent and received messages.

Description:
CLAIM OF PRIORITY 
     This application claims the benefit of the earlier filing date, under 35 U.S.C. §119(a), of that Korean patent application filed in the Korean Intellectual Property Office on Dec. 27, 2007 and assigned Serial No. 2007-0138456, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a wireless sensor network and, more particularly, to a wireless sensor network having an extended lifetime through balanced energy consumption and to a management method for the same. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     A wireless sensor network includes sensor nodes having sensors to collect desired information through sensing, and a sink node to send the collected information one or more devices outside the sensor network. 
     Unlike existing networks for communication, wireless sensor networks aim to collect information at a distance, and are employed in various applications having scientific, medical, military, or commercial uses. 
     In general, a node in a wireless sensor network has to employ a small-sized battery because of size limitations. The smallness of a sensor node implies some physical constraints, and the battery size is the most serious constraint. Currently, a battery having a size usable in a sensor node cannot supply sufficient energy to the sensor node. To extend the service lifetime of a sensor network, it is necessary to develop a technique that can handle the distribution and use of battery power. 
     In a sensor network, a data item and/or event sensed by a sensor node is relayed between nodes toward a sink node. Hence, the energy capacity of each node may affect the lifetime of the whole network. 
     For example, when a node on a critical path receives data from a number of other nodes and forwards the received data to the sink node, the critical path node may experience rapid energy exhaustion and the usable life of critical path node may be shortened in comparison to other nodes. In this case, the entire network may become useless regardless of energy states of other nodes. Hence, to extend the lifetime of a sensor network, it is necessary to manage the sensor network so that all the nodes can evenly consume the available energy. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a wireless sensor network and management method of the network wherein all the nodes in the wireless sensor network consume substantially the same amount of the available energy to extend the lifetime each node and, consequently, the network. 
     In accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method of managing a wireless sensor network, including: forming a network of nodes, the nodes transitioning between a sleeping state, a probing state, and a working state; and making, by the nodes, a state transition according to sent and received messages. 
     Making a state transition may include sending, by a node in the probing state, a probe message to neighbor nodes, receiving a reply message from one of the neighbor nodes as a response to the probe message, making a transition to one of the sleeping state and the working state on the basis of the received reply message and making a transition to the working state when no reply message is received for a preset time duration. 
     The reply message may contain data on a remaining battery capacity of a neighbor node having sent the reply message. In making a transition to one of the sleeping state and the working state, the node in the probing state sends, when a difference value obtained by subtracting a remaining battery capacity of the neighbor node associated with the reply message from that of the node is greater than or equal to a threshold value, a sleep message to the associated neighbor node and makes a transition to the working state. When the difference value is less than the threshold value the node in the probing state makes a transition to the sleeping state. 
     The sleep message defines a sleep time corresponding to a product of the difference value and a preset time value, and forces a neighbor node receiving the sleep message to remain in the sleeping state for the sleep time. 
     Making a state transition may include receiving, by a node in the working state, a probe message from one of the neighbor nodes, sending a reply message containing data on a remaining battery capacity of the node as a response to the probe message and making, upon reception of a sleep message in response to the reply message, a transition to the sleeping state. The sleep message defines a sleep time corresponding to a product of a difference value obtained by subtracting a remaining battery capacity of the node from that of a node sending the sleep message and a preset time value, and forces a node receiving the sleep message to remain in the sleeping state for the sleep time. 
     Making a state transition may include making, by a node in the sleeping state, a transition to the probing state after a sleep time expires. 
     The nodes may have overlapping sensing ranges and transmission ranges. 
     In accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a wireless sensor network including a plurality of nodes transitioning between a sleeping state, a probing state, and a working state, wherein the nodes make a state transition according to sent and received messages. 
     A node in the probing state may send a probe message requesting a response to neighbor nodes. 
     The node in the probing state makes, when a reply message is received from at least one of the neighbor nodes, a transition to one of the sleeping state and the working state on the basis of the received reply message. The reply message may contain data on a remaining battery capacity of a neighbor node having sent the reply message. The node in the probing state sends, when a difference value obtained by subtracting a remaining battery capacity of the neighbor node associated with the reply message from that of the node is greater than or equal to a threshold value, a sleep message to the associated neighbor node and makes a transition to the working state. The node in the probing state makes, when the difference value is less than the threshold value, a transition to the sleeping state. 
     The node in the probing state may make a transition to the working state when no reply message is received for a preset time duration. 
     The sleep message defines a sleep time corresponding to a product of the difference value and a preset time value, and forces a neighbor node receiving the sleep message to remain in the sleeping state for the sleep time. 
     A node in the working state, when a probe message is received from one of neighbor nodes, sends a reply message containing data on a remaining battery capacity of the node. 
     The node in the working state makes, upon reception of a sleep message as a response to the reply message, a transition to the sleeping state. 
     The sleep message defines a sleep time corresponding to a product of a difference value obtained by subtracting a remaining battery capacity of the node from that of a node sending the sleep message and a preset time value, and forces a node receiving the sleep message to remain in the sleeping state for the sleep time. 
     A node in the sleeping state may make a transition to the probing state after a sleep time expires. 
     The nodes may have overlapping sensing ranges and transmission ranges. 
     In a feature of the present invention, as described above, only necessary ones of the nodes having overlapping sensing ranges and transmission ranges are permitted to transition to the working state in an alternating manner. Hence, energy consumption is evenly distributed among nodes. 
     In addition, the sleep times of nodes are increased when differences between remaining battery capacities of the nodes are uneven, and the sleep times of nodes are reduced when differences between remaining battery capacities of the nodes are even. This enables energy differences between nodes to be kept substantially even resulting in the battery lifetimes of the nodes expire at almost the same time. Hence, failures in parts of the network can be prevented, and the lifetime of the network can be extended. Further, prediction of the network lifetime is made easy, facilitating network management. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The features and advantages of the present invention will be more apparent from the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a wireless sensor network according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a state transition diagram for a node; 
         FIG. 3  is a flow chart illustrating a state transition procedure for a node according to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a topology of a wireless sensor network; and 
         FIG. 5  is a sequence diagram illustrating message exchange between nodes having overlapping sensing ranges and transmission ranges for state transitions. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Exemplary embodiments of the present invention are described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The same reference symbols are used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts. Detailed descriptions of well-known functions and structures incorporated herein may be omitted to avoid obscuring the subject matter of the present invention. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a wireless sensor network according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , in the wireless sensor network, two or more wireless sensor fields are connected though a gateway to an external network. Sensor nodes send data to a nearby sink node, and the sink node forwards the aggregated data to the gateway. The gateway sends the received data to a managing host through an access network. The access network can be based on existing infrastructure such as satellite communication, wired/wireless communication or the Internet, and may be a wireless access network or wired access network. 
     In a wireless sensor network (“sensor network” for short), a sensor field includes multiple nodes. 
     Each node is an ultra-small low-power device, typically having a small size (e.g., in the order of 1 mm 3 ). Each node includes a sensor to sense a piece of data, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) to convert sensed data into a digital signal, a processor and memory to process and store data, a battery to supply power, and a wireless transceiver to send and receive data. 
     Nodes installed at a region or installed site form a network, and provide data of interest detected at the installed site to the user. These nodes can be divided by role into sink nodes and sensor nodes. 
     A sensor node senses a geographical or environmental change, such as temperature, humidity and atmospheric temperature at the installed site, and sends the sensed change to the sink node. Sensor nodes can be installed at specified sites or be randomly scattered in devices such as cars and airplanes. A sensor node is usually fixed at a preset site, and may be installed in a moving object such as a car, personal digital assistant, notebook or person and moved around. 
     A sink node manages sensor nodes in the sensor network, collects data sensed by the sensor nodes, and forwards the collected data to a gateway, which acts as a device for sending sensed data to the outside. A sensor network senses data of interest through sensor nodes installed within a particular region, collects the sensed data through a sink node, and provides the sensed data to the user through a gateway to an external network such as the Internet. 
     Because of size limitations, each node of the sensor network employs a small-sized battery. Hence, the node tends to undergo shortage of available energy. In the node, the wireless transceiver consumes power the most. For example, a narrow-band wireless transceiver with output power of 0 dBm at 3V consumes 15 mA in the transmission mode (TX) and 5 to 15 mA in the reception mode (RX). A spread spectrum wireless transceiver consumes more current in the reception mode than in the transmission mode. 
     This amount of current consumption is excessive for a sensor node. Hence, to save battery power, it is necessary to extend the inactive time of the wireless transceiver as much as possible. In a multi-hop wireless sensor network, nodes must cooperate together for sensor connectivity and traffic transportation. Turning off the wireless transceiver for a long time heightens the probability of packet loss or drop in a node, and may cause massive retransmission or even connection failure. 
     In a sensor network, nodes can be installed at specified sites or be randomly scattered. Nodes, installed at specified sites can be placed to have overlapping sensing ranges and transmission ranges. Similarly, nodes in cars and airplanes may move into ranges of nodes of specified sites such that an overlap of their sensing ranges and transmission ranges occurs. However, all the nodes with overlapping sensing ranges and transmission ranges do not have to sense and relay data at the same time. 
     In the present invention, for efficient use of energy, remaining energy capacities of nodes having overlapping sensing ranges and transmission ranges are compared with each other, and some of the nodes are allowed to sense and relay data and other nodes are made inactive. Thereto, each node can be in one of three states. 
     That is, a node can be in one of a probing state, a working state, and a sleeping state. 
     In the sleeping state, to save energy, power is minimally supplied in the node. The node includes a timer to manage the sleep time. The node remains in the sleep state for a preset time duration, i.e. sleep time T s , and then transitions to the probing state. 
     In the probing state, the node, which awoke from the sleep state, sends a probe message to determine whether to transition to the working state or to transition back to the sleeping state. 
     In the working state, the node consumes the most energy to handle an assigned task. That is, the node can sense data through an equipped sensor, send the sensed data to the sink node, and/or relay data from another node. 
     In the present embodiment, a node exchanges messages with its neighbor nodes to make a state transition.  FIG. 2  illustrates a state transition diagram for a node. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , a node can make a transition between three states: probing state St 1 , working state St 2 , and sleeping state St 3 . 
     In the probing state St 1 , a node checks the remaining battery capacity of a neighbor node. In the following description, it is assumed that a node A and node B are in the probing state St 1  and working state St 2 , respectively. 
     The node A in the probing state St 1  sends a probe message to neighbor nodes. Neighbor nodes in the working state St 2  receive the probe message, and send a reply message in response to the probe message. The reply message contains data on the remaining battery capacity of the node. 
     Neighbor nodes not in the working state St 2  cannot receive the probe message. Thus, when none of the neighbor nodes are in the working state St 2 , the node A cannot receive a reply message. If a reply message is not received after a preset time duration from the transmission of the probe message, the node A makes a transition to the working state St 2  (S 201 ). 
     However, upon receipt of a reply message, the node A compares its remaining battery capacity with that of the neighbor node (i.e., node B) sending the reply message. The comparison result can be represented by Equation 1 and Equation 2, where P r (A) and P r (B) denote remaining battery capacities of nodes A and B, respectively, and P diff  denotes a preset threshold value.
 
A.  P   r ( A )− P   r ( B )≧ P   diff   (1)
 
B.  P   r ( A )− P   r ( B )&lt; P   diff   (2)
 
     That is, the difference value obtained by subtracting the remaining battery capacity of the node B from that of the node A can be greater than or equal to the threshold value as illustrated by Equation 1, or be less than the threshold value as illustrated by Equation 2. 
     If the difference value is greater than or equal to the threshold value (Equation 1), the node A sends a sleep message to the node B and makes a transition to the working state St 2  (S 203 ). If the difference value is less than the threshold value (Equation 2), the node A makes a transition to the sleeping state St 3  (S 205 ). 
     When two or more neighbor nodes in the working state St 2  send a reply message, the node A computes a difference value by subtracting the remaining battery capacity of each of the neighbor nodes from that of the node A. 
     If any of the difference values is greater than or equal to the threshold value (Equation 1), the node A sends a sleep message to the neighbor node associated with the difference value greater than or equal to the threshold value, forcing the neighbor node receiving the sleep message to transition to the sleeping state St 3 . However, if any of the difference values is less than the threshold value (Equation 2), the node A makes a transition to the sleeping state St 3  (S 205 ). 
     In the working state St 2 , a node senses data of interest through a sensor and sends the sensed data. The node in the working state St 2  can make a transition to the sleeping state St 3 . That is, upon reception of a sleep message from a neighbor node during the working state St 2 , the node can make a transition to the sleeping state St 3  (S 207 ). 
     As described above, two or more nodes send and receive a probe message and provide reply message so that their remaining battery capacities may be compared to the nodes sending the probe message. If the remaining battery capacity of a node sending a probe message is greater than that of a node sending a reply message (Equation 1), the node sending the probe message sends a sleep message to the node sending the reply message. 
     In the sleeping state St 3 , to save energy, power is minimally supplied in the node. When a node in the working state St 2  receives a sleep message, the node makes a transition to the sleeping state St 3  (S 207 ). The sleep message indicates a sleep time, and the node remains in the sleeping state St 3  for the sleep time. When the sleep time expires, the node makes a transition to the probing state St 1  (S 209 ). The sleep time can be set using Equation 3.
 
A.  Ts =( P   r ( A )− P   r ( B ))α  (3)
 
     In Equation 3, “P r (A)−P r (B)” denotes the difference between the remaining battery capacities of two nodes A and B, and α is a preset time value in seconds or milliseconds. According to Equation 3, a large difference between remaining battery capacities lengthens the sleep time, and a small difference shortens the sleep time. This is to prevent an increase in overhead due to too frequent transmission of probe messages. Accordingly, the present invention can contribute to balanced energy consumption between nodes. 
     When the sleep time T s  expires, the node in the sleeping state St 3  makes a transition to the probing state St 1  (S 209 ). The node, now in the probing state St 1 , sends a probe message to neighbor nodes. As described above, nodes make a transition between three states according to their remaining battery capacities, and energy consumption is evenly distributed between the nodes, thereby extending the lifetime of the sensor network. 
       FIG. 3  is a flow chart illustrating a state transition procedure for a node. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , a node is initially in the sleeping state (S 301 ). The node in the sleeping state may have been previously the working state and received a sleep message indicating a sleep time T s . The node remains in the sleeping state for the sleep time T s . When the sleep time T s  expires (S 303 ), the node transitions to the probing state (S 305 ). The node, now in the probing state, sends a probe message to neighbor nodes (S 307 ). 
     If a neighbor node is in the working state, it will send a reply message in response to the probe message. If no neighbor node is in the working state, a reply message will not be received. After sending a probe message, the node waits for a preset time duration for a reply message. (S 309 ) If a reply message is not received for the present time duration, it is assumed that no neighbor node is in the working state and the node makes a transition to the working state (S 315 ). 
     However, if a reply message is received, the node calculates a difference value by subtracting the remaining battery capacity of the neighbor node associated with the reply message from that of the node sending the probe message, and determines whether the difference value is greater than or equal to a threshold value (S 311 ). 
     If the difference value is greater than or equal to the threshold value, the node sends a sleep message to the neighbor node associated with the reply message (S 313 ), and makes a transition to the working state (S 315 ). If the difference value is less than the threshold value, the node makes a transition to the sleeping state (S 301 ). 
     During the working state, the node checks whether a probe message is received (S 317 ). If a probe message is received, the node sends a corresponding reply message (S 319 ). 
     After sending a reply message, the node checks whether a sleep message is received (S 321 ). If a sleep message is received, the node makes a transition to the sleeping state (S 301 ). If a sleep message is not received, the node remains in the working state. The node continues to make a transition between the states until the energy or battery is exhausted. 
     Next, a description is given of state transitions of plural nodes having overlapping sensing ranges and transmission ranges.  FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary topology of a wireless sensor network.  FIG. 5  is a sequence diagram illustrating message exchange between nodes having overlapping sensing ranges and transmission ranges. 
     In  FIG. 4 , reference numeral  10  denotes a sink node, and reference numerals  20  to  60  denote sensor nodes. For the sake of simplicity, all the nodes have transmission ranges of the same radius. However, it would be understood that this simplification is merely to describe the inventive concept, which is applicable to nodes having different transmission and/or sensing ranges. The nodes  20  to  50  are in the transmission ranges of the sink node  10  and node  60 . The sink node  10  is not in the transmission range of the node  60  and vice versa. Hence, in order for the node  60  to send sensed data to the sink node  10 , it is necessary for one of the nodes  20  to  50  to relay the sensed data. However, not all the nodes  20  to  50  need relay the sensed data. In the present embodiment, energy consumption is evenly distributed between the nodes  20  to  50  to extend the lifetime. This approach is described in connection with  FIG. 5 . 
     In  FIG. 5 , it is assumed that the node  20  is in the probing state, the node  30  and node  40  are in the working state, and the node  50  is in the sleeping state. That is, a network is composed of plural nodes in the sleeping, probing, or working state. 
     The node  20  in the probing state sends a probe message to the nodes  30 ,  40  and  50 . Preferably, the probe message is sent through a broadcast message. When multicasting is supported by the MAC and physical layers, the probe message can be sent to the nodes  30 ,  40  and  50  through multicasting. 
     The nodes  30  and  40  in the working state respond to the probe message, and the node  50  in the sleeping state does not respond to the probe message. Thus, the node  30  sends a reply message to the node  20  (S 503 ), and the node  40  sends a reply message to the node  20  (S 505 ). 
     For each received reply message, the node  20  calculates a difference value by subtracting the remaining battery capacity contained in the reply messages from that of the node  20 . 
     That is, the node  20  calculates a difference value by subtracting the remaining battery capacity of a node having sent a reply message from the remaining battery capacity of the node  20 . If the difference value is greater than or equal to the threshold value, the node  20  sends a sleep message to the node associated with the reply message. If the difference value is less than the threshold value, the node  20  makes a transition to the sleeping state. The sleep message includes a sleep time determined based on the difference in remaining battery capacity and a predetermined time. If the difference value is less than the threshold value, the node  20  makes a transition to the sleeping state and remains in the sleeping state for a time period (sleep time) based on the absolute difference in remaining battery capacity and a predetermined time. 
     Assuming for the sake of describing the principles of the invention that the difference value between the node  20  and node  30  is greater than or equal to the threshold value (Equation 1), and the difference value between the node  20  and node  40  is less than the threshold value (Equation 2), then node  20  sends a sleep message to the node  30  (S 507 ), and then makes a transition to the sleeping state. Hence, node  40  remains in the active state. On the other hand, if the difference value between the node  20  and node  30  is greater than or equal to the threshold value and the difference value between the node  20  and node  40  is also greater than or equal to the threshold value, then sleep messages are sent to each of node  30  and  40 , and node  20  transitions to a working state. 
     As described above, only a necessary one of those nodes having overlapping sensing ranges and transmission makes a transition to the working state. Transitions to the working state are made by multiple nodes in an alternating manner. 
     In particular, the sleep time is increased when the difference between remaining battery capacities is large, and is decreased when the difference is small. This contributes to balanced energy consumption between nodes during the lifetime of the network. In other words, the battery lifetimes of the nodes expire at almost the same time. 
     Hence, failures in parts of the network caused by the excessive use of one sensor can be prevented. Further, prediction of the network lifetime is made easy, facilitating network management. 
     The above-described methods according to the present invention can be realized in hardware or as software or computer code that can be stored in a recording medium such as a CD ROM, an RAM, a floppy disk, a hard disk, or a magneto-optical disk or downloaded over a network, so that the methods described herein can be rendered in such software using a general purpose computer, or a special processor or in programmable or dedicated hardware, such as an ASIC or FPGA. As would be understood in the art, the computer, the processor or the programmable hardware include memory components, e.g., RAM, ROM, Flash, etc. that may store or receive software or computer code that when accessed and executed by the computer, processor or hardware implement the processing methods described herein. 
     Although exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail hereinabove, it should be understood that many variations and modifications of the basic inventive concept herein described, which may appear to those skilled in the art, will still fall within the spirit and scope of the exemplary embodiments of the present invention as defined in the appended claims.