Abstract:
Means to use and combine methods of thermal engineering, plasmonics, photonics, electronics, photovoltaics, optical transfer, heat transport, light transport, catalysis and chemical reactions individually or in any combination for the enhancement or generation of solar, optical, electrical or any form of energy. The present disclosure further concerns a means to use at least a form of electromagnetic excitation or light-matter interactions in a structure or material having one or more addressable frequencies to generate the exchange of thermal, kinetic, electronic or photonic energy.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/866,627 filed Nov. 21, 2006 entitled “Method of use or combination of thermal, optical, plasmonic or photovoltaic means for energy or power generation”. 
     
    
     STATEMENT AS TO RIGHTS TO INVENTIONS MADE UNDER FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 
       [0002]    NOT APPLICABLE 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    1. Field 
         [0004]    The present disclosure concerns a means to use and combine methods of thermal engineering, plasmonics, photonics, electronics, photovoltaics, optical transfer, heat transport, light transport, catalysis and chemical reactions individually or in any combination for the enhancement or generation of solar, optical, electrical or any form of energy. The present disclosure further concerns a means to use at least a form of electromagnetic excitation or light-matter interactions in a structure or material having one or more addressable frequencies to generate the exchange of thermal, kinetic, electronic or photonic energy. In some implementations this provides a means to use electromagnetic excitation or light-matter interactions or light-matter interactions to influence, cause, control, modulate, stimulate or change the state or phase of electrical, magnetic, optical or electromagnetic charge, emission, conduction, storage or similar properties. The method could include the use of light-matter interactions to generate electromagnetic excitation and concentrate extremely localized field effects or concentrated plasmonic field effects to cause an exchange of energy states in a material or structure. Said field effects could be used for excitation of surface electrons in metallic nanostructures or any other structures causing said electrons to exchange energy states or said field effects could be used to mediate or stimulate photon emissions or modulate photonic energy to excite or stimulate emissions of electrons. Said electron or photon emissions could be used to drive photochemical, photocatalysis or photovoltaic reactions. Said exchange of energy states could be made to perform the functions of a solar cell, capacitor, battery, transistor, resistor, semiconductor, and information or signal storage, exchange, inversion or restoration. Spatial and temporal control may be obtained by restricting and directing the electromagnetic excitation or light-matter interactions to specific objects or features embedded or located in or on a host matrix material or substrate. The method of use could include control of light-matter interactions addressed at optical and other frequencies to generate controlled localized thermal conditions. A further implementation concerns a means to employ electromagnetic excitation or light-matter interactions to generate localized thermal conditions to control or cause the combination, separation, reformation or reclamation of a gas, a combination of gasses, a material or a combination of materials in the form of a gas, plasma, solid or liquid. The method of use disclosed could provide a means to control chemical reactions for the generation, use, transfer and output of controlled localized thermal heat or energy. The method of use disclosed could provide a means to realize and control local thermal conditions down to or below the length scale of a single nanometer and down to or below the timescale of a single picosecond. In some implementations surface plasmon excitations may be used to realize and control local thermal conditions down to or below the length scale of a single nanometer and down to or below the timescale of a single picosecond. 
         [0005]    2. Related Art 
         [0006]    Solar energy technology for renewable energy production may supply worldwide energy needs. Assuming that 10%-efficient solar cells are used, the area required to supply world energy demand is estimated to be 750×750 square kilometers or approximately 3% of global desert area. The widespread use of photovoltaic (PV) or thermal solar materials for the production of renewable energy is currently limited by high cost and low efficiency. To make solar the preferred renewable technology requires the means to manufacture efficient and durable solar materials at low cost. The technology must also provide for materials that are recyclable with low environmental impact and can be deployed safely over large surface areas in close proximity to those locations where energy is required, e.g. industrial facilities, cities, towns, residential areas, communities, etc. 
         [0007]    Commercially available silicon based semiconductor dielectric materials have a power conversion efficiency rate of approximately 5%. Because of their complex structure and precise engineering requirements, the wafers from which these photovoltaic solar cells are made are expensive to produce and consume significant energy in the fabrication process offsetting any economic or environmental benefits. The 50% failure rate in fabrication adds to the ecological disadvantages. Silicon materials are fragile in operation and deployment with limited lifetimes and diminishing performance. 
         [0008]    Solar cells with active regions consisting of organic materials are promising candidates for reducing the cost of energy since they can be manufactured in a roll-to-roll fashion on low-cost plastic substrates. Organic materials lend themselves to novel form factors e.g. composites, flexible thin films, fibers, coatings, tubes or tiles, which may lead to new applications and substantially reduced deployment or installation costs. These materials promise to be more robust than silicon, but need to be deployed over massive areas. Research in the US, Japan and Europe has reported improved power conversion efficiency of organic PV (OPV) materials to 5%. There is no indication that such advanced OPV materials can be manufactured in bulk or made commercially available in any form. 
         [0009]    A typical PV solar cell involves the following operation; photon absorption, exciton diffusion, charge transfer, charge separation, and carrier collection. Each step has a loss associated with it, compounding to a large overall loss that limits the efficiency of current PV solar cells to less than 6%. Major loss occurs during photon absorption. The complete solar spectrum consists of many different wavelengths. Photon absorption for electron excitation is wavelength dependent. Current PV or thermal solar cells cannot utilize the complete solar spectrum resulting in only a small number of photons that can be used. More than 70% of photons are unused in conventional PV solar cells. Increasing the spectrum utilization or the number of electrons stimulated per photon could increase the overall efficiency of solar materials. Further progress will require the development of materials with smaller energy gaps and reduced energy loss. Photovoltaic cells in which the active layer is a composite of an organic material and semiconducting nanoparticles have shown promise for achieving lower energy gaps. This invention described herein provides a means to capture and utilize the complete solar spectrum and to maximize energy efficiency. It is a feature of the invention described herein to use adjustments in the size or morphology of nanoparticles to stimulate and increase or control the absorption spectrum and increase exciton diffusion. 
         [0010]    No solar cells or materials have been developed or proposed that combine the use of photovoltaic and thermal engineering for more efficient conversion. All of the current and proposed photovoltaic and thermal solar cells/materials use toxic, inorganic or ecologically harmful materials and consume substantial fossil fuel or non-renewable energy supplies in fabrication and manufacture. The invention described herein may combine photovoltaic, plasmonic and thermal engineering devices with a variety of non-toxic, organic, recyclable and ecologically stable materials. Said invention provides improved power conversion efficiency and power generation at lower fabrication or energy costs with reduced environmental impact. Said materials or devices could be used for the production of solar, plasmonic, photovoltaic, thermal or other energy. 
         [0011]    The development of optical cavities for laser applications is well known. Photons trapped in an optical cavity repeatedly interact with emitters located inside the cavity. If the optical quality factor of the cavity is high photons are trapped for longer periods of time and the interaction between light and matter is enhanced. The repeated interaction of the photons and emitter in the cavity can result in feedback to enhance or suppress emissions. Metallic or nonmetallic micro or nano structures and nanopatterned metallic or nonmetallic structures offer a unique opportunity to substantially increase the rate of emissions through surface plasmon excitations, i.e. collective electron oscillations. It has been established that metallic antenna micro and nano structures enable strong field concentration by means of phase matching freely propagating light waves to local antenna modes. An important aspect of the invention described herein concerns the means to capture and concentrate the maximum light energy by the most efficient combination of microstructured or nanostructured metallic, organic or metalorganic materials. A feature of the invention described herein may include incorporating said materials in an antenna, receiver, collector or concentrating device for or as part of a photovoltaic, plasmonic or thermal solar cell/material structure or design. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0012]    The present invention concerns a means to use and combine methods of thermal engineering, plasmonics, photonics, electronics, photovoltaics, optical transfer, heat transport, light transport, catalysis and chemical reactions individually or in any combination for the enhancement or generation of solar, optical, electrical or any form of energy. The present invention further concerns a means to use at least a form of electromagnetic excitation or light-matter interactions in a structure or material having one or more addressable frequencies to generate the exchange of thermal, kinetic, electronic or photonic energy. In some implementations this provides a means to use electromagnetic excitation or light-matter interactions or light-matter interactions to influence, cause, control, modulate, stimulate or change the state or phase of electrical, magnetic, optical or electromagnetic charge, emission, conduction, storage or similar properties. The method could include the use of light-matter interactions to generate electromagnetic excitation and concentrate extremely localized field effects or concentrated plasmonic field effects to cause an exchange of energy states in a material or structure. Said field effects could be used for excitation of surface electrons in metallic nanostructures or any other structures causing said electrons to exchange energy states or said field effects could be used to mediate or stimulate photon emissions or modulate photonic energy to excite or stimulate emissions of electrons. Said electron or photon emissions could be used to drive photochemical, photocatalysis or photovoltaic reactions. 
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       [0013]    NOT APPLICABLE 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0014]    Metals can be thought of as a gas of conduction electrons. Similar to sound waves in a real gas, metals exhibit plasmon phenomena, i.e. electron density waves. Electron density waves can be excited at the interface between a metal and a dielectric. There is also a strong interaction of light with a metallic nanoparticle. At the surface plasmon resonance frequency, the electric field of a light wave induces a collective electron oscillation in the particle. Due to inelastic scattering processes, the kinetic energy of the electrons is rapidly converted to heat and the temperature of the nanoparticle is raised. 
         [0015]    The time-varying electric field associated with light waves can exert a force on the gas of negatively charged electrons and drive them into a collective oscillation. There are interesting analogies of this phenomenon to driving a gas of molecules into a resonant collective oscillation by blowing on a flute. The motion of the oscillating electrons in the particles is strongly damped in collisions with other electrons and lattice vibrations (phonons) and the kinetic energy of the electrons is rapidly converted into heat on a 1-10 femtosecond timescale (one femtosecond=one quadrillionth of a second). 
         [0016]    This process can be used for the rapid, controlled heating and cooling of particles to enable new methods for micro and nano manufacturing and patterning and molecular synthesis. It is important to note that very low energy input is required to obtain a significant temperature rise in nanoscale particles. This energy can be delivered in a spatially and temporally controlled fashion by solar or light energy, a lamp, a laser or any requisite wavelength light source. When the light source is interrupted the particle cools and the thermal energy gained rapidly dissipates into a larger, cooler thermal mass on which the particle is positioned (10 ps-1 ns). This process can be used for very fast switching between low and high temperature states of the particle. 
         [0017]    The effects of local heating can be transferred to adjacent particles, materials or structures. Electromagnetic excitation or light-matter interactions of specific objects or features may be used to drive reactions in materials or structures in proximity to the heated object or feature. In the invention described herein, the heat can be used for any purpose including to drive a turbine, engine, stirling engine, generator, converter, alternator, dynamo or any other device to produce an electrical current. 
         [0018]    Resonant light-matter interaction effects may be used to attain controlled localized thermal conditions. The invention described herein could provide a means to initiate and control the generation, use, transfer and output of controlled localized thermal energy. 
         [0019]    In an embodiment the invention described herein could provide a method to use thermal engineering for more efficient solar energy. Said use may include photovoltaic and thermal engineering in any combination in a solar cell or material. Said use may further include thermal, plasmonic or photovoltaic solar cells or materials in any combination. Plasmonics is the study of the interaction between light and matter. The use of light-matter interactions may be used to control localized thermal conditions down to or below the length scale of a single nanometer and down to or below the timescale of a single picosecond. Strong light-matter interactions are found in metallic nanostructures. Metal nanostructures or nanopatterned metallic or nonmetallic structures have been shown to absorb light more precisely and efficiently than other materials. 
         [0020]    The invention described herein may be used to exploit solar or light energy more efficiently. The loss mechanism in typical solar cell conversion efficiency is between 95% and 99%. Commercially available silicon based semiconductor dielectric materials have a power conversion efficiency rate of approximately 5%. Because of their complex structure and precise engineering requirements, the wafers from which these photovoltaic solar cells are made are expensive to produce and consume significant energy in the fabrication process thereby offsetting any economic or environmental benefits. The failure rate in wafer fabrication is as high as 50%, which adds to the ecological disadvantages. Silicon materials are fragile in operation and deployment with limited lifetimes and diminishing performance. A new generation of photovoltaic solar cells has been proposed using organic polymer or plastic thin film combined with nanostructured inks or dyes. It has been claimed that these materials can be fabricated more easily and at a lower cost than silicon based devices. The demonstrated power conversion efficiency rate for this class of solar cells is only 1%. These materials, which are not yet widely available, may be more robust than silicon, but would need to be deployed over massive areas. No solar cells or materials have been developed or proposed that combine the use of photovoltaic and thermal engineering for more efficient conversion. All of the current and proposed photovoltaic and thermal solar cells/materials use toxic, inorganic or ecologically harmful materials and consume substantial fossil fuel or non-renewable energy supplies in fabrication and manufacture. The invention described herein may combine photovoltaic, plasmonic and thermal engineering with a variety of non-toxic, organic, recyclable and ecologically stable materials. Said invention may provide improved power conversion efficiency and power generation at lower fabrication or energy costs with reduced environmental impact. 
         [0021]    In an exemplary embodiment the invention described herein could enable solar or light energy to fabricate or supply power for the fabrication of materials or devices. Said fabrication could be accomplished by any method or mean including those identified herein. Said materials or devices could be used for the production of solar, photovoltaic, plasmonic, thermal or other energy in any fashion or in the manner described in this invention. Solar or light energy may be used in the manner described in this invention to manufacture and produce materials or devices in an energy efficient manner. 
         [0022]    The development of optical cavities for laser applications is well known. Photons trapped in an optical cavity repeatedly interact with emitters located inside the cavity. If the optical quality factor of the cavity is high photons are trapped for longer periods of time and the interaction between light and matter is enhanced. The repeated interaction of the photons and emitter in the cavity can result in feedback to enhance or suppress emissions. Metallic nanostructures or nanopatterned metallic or nonmetallic structures offer a unique opportunity to substantially increase the rate of emissions through surface plasmon excitations, i.e. collective electron oscillations. It has been established that metallic antenna or receiver nanostructures or nanopatterned metallic or nonmetallic structures enable strong field concentration by means of phase matching freely propagating light waves to local antenna modes. An important aspect of the invention described herein concerns the means to capture and concentrate the maximum light energy by the most efficient combination of nanostructured or nanopatterned metallic, organic or metalorganic materials. A feature of the invention described herein may include incorporating said materials in an antenna, receiver, collector, waveguide or other focusing or concentrating device for or as part of a photovoltaic, plasmonic or thermal solar cell/material structure or design. 
         [0023]    In a further embodiment, the invention described herein may be used for the generation of energy through the use of light-matter interactions driven by a laser, lamp, light or solar energy by use of some or all of the following steps:
       1) Deploy metallic, organic or metal organic nanostructures, micro structures or nanopatterned structures as antennas or receivers for the capture of light energy from solar or other sources.   2) Separate the light energy into discrete wavelengths.   3) Use transparent nanopatterned metallic structures or films as dielectric waveguide materials to separate the light energy.   4) Enhance and concentrate field intensity using metallic nanostructures or micro structures or nanopatterned structures by surface plasmon excitations.   5) Enhance localized field effects to stimulate photon emission rates.   6) Control and focus enhanced photon emissions through a combination of metallic or nonmetallic nanoparticle absorption, morphology, size, positioning, composition or similar factors.   7) Combine transparent nanopatterned metallic or nonmetallic structures or thin-films as contacts or electrodes to create organic photovoltaic subcells or multijunction stacks.   8) Spectrally or optically tune the organic photovoltaic subcells or multijunction stacks.   9) Enhance absorption properties through the conductivity of transparent metal contacts.   10) Use metallic or nonmetallic nanoparticles, micro structures, or nanopatterned structures to act as strong absorbers of light energy with a high thermal index realization.   11) Use selective absorption of ultraviolet light to act as a coating or filter in any organic material.   12) Select or combine metallic or nonmetallic nanoparticles, micro structures, or nanopatterned structures which have a plasmon resonance that matches the frequency of ultraviolet light to act as an absorption coating or filter in any organic material.   13) Use the absorption properties of selected metallic or nonmetallic nanoparticles, micro structures, or nanopatterned structures to efficiently absorb ultraviolet light from solar or other sources and prevent degradation of organic materials.   14) Convert the ultraviolet light absorbed from solar or other light sources to heat by means of said absorption. Use, transport or store the heat so acquired for any purpose.   15) Acquire light energy across any portion of or the entire spectrum.   16) Convert acquired light energy into heat by absorption or reflection.   17) Use the plasmon resonant frequency of metallic or nonmetallic nanostructured materials to separate the acquired light energy spectrum into discrete wavelengths.   18) Use the plasmon frequency for excitation of surface plasmons to enhance transmission of light energy to a desired area.   19) Use metallic or nonmetallic nanoparticles, micro structures, or nanopatterned structures for plasmon enhanced catalysis to convert light energy into heat or to start catalytic or chemical reactions.   20) Transfer generated heat to a gas, liquid, solid, plasma or any other material.   21) Combine gas, liquid, solid, plasma or any other material with or in proximity to heated nanoparticle surfaces, micro structures, or nanopatterned structures.   22) Transfer heat to a reactor or chamber to drive a turbine, engine, stirling engine, alternator, converter, generator, dynamo or any other device for the creation of electrical current or for any purpose.   23) Use heat derived from light energy to excite the molecular or kinetic properties of a gas, liquid, solid, plasma or any other material for any purpose or to drive a turbine, engine, stirling engine, alternator, converter, generator, dynamo or any other device for the creation of electrical current or for any purpose.   24) Combine or incorporate any or all of the aforementioned materials into a coating, compound, composite, thin film or any other form factor.   25) Incorporate or integrate any or all of the coating, compound, composite, thin film or any other form factor materials containing any or all of the features described herein as an internal or external aspect or means to use light energy or heat to drive a turbine, engine, stirling engine, alternator, converter, generator, dynamo or any other device or for any purpose.       
 
         [0049]    This embodiment may use any or all of the aforementioned steps in combination with each other or alone. The steps may be used in this order or in any other order with omission or addition of any other steps. 
         [0050]    In an exemplary embodiment, some of the steps listed in the previous embodiments could be used for a thermal solar application. Metallic or nonmetallic nanostructures, micro structures, or nanopatterned structures could be incorporated into thermal solar cells or materials to collect, separate or absorb light and act as waveguides. The acquired light energy can be converted into heat by absorption or reflection. The heat can be transferred to a gas, liquid, solid or plasma and used for any purpose. The heat can be used with or in a reactor or chamber to drive a turbine, engine, stirling engine, alternator, converter, generator, dynamo or any other device for the creation of electrical current or for any purpose. Alternatively, the light energy or heat can be used to excite the molecular or kinetic properties of a gas or liquid to drive a turbine, engine, stirling engine, alternator, converter, generator, dynamo or any other device for the creation of electrical current or for any purpose. 
         [0051]    In an alternative exemplary embodiment, some of the steps listed in the previous embodiments could be used in conjunction with existing photovoltaic solar cells to create thermal photovoltaic solar cells. To enhance the existing photovoltaic solar cells, metallic or nonmetallic nanostructures, micro structures, or nanopatterned structures can be used as antennas or receivers to capture light energy from solar or other sources. The light can be separated into discrete wavelengths using transparent nanopatterned metallic structures or films. The localized field effects can be enhanced to stimulate photon emission rates. These photon emissions can be controlled and focused through metallic or nonmetallic nanoparticle, micro structures, or nanopatterned structures absorption, morphology, size, positioning, composition or similar factors. The transparent nanopatterned metallic structures or thin-films can be combined as contacts or electrodes to create organic photovoltaic subcells or multifunction stacks. These subcells or multijunction stacks can be spectrally or optically tuned. Absorption properties may be enhanced through the conductivity of transparent metal contacts. 
         [0052]    In a further embodiment some of the steps listed in the previous embodiments could be used to combine thermal solar materials with photovoltaic solar cells. In an example of such an application metallic or nonmetallic nanostructures, micro structures, or nanopatterned structures can also be used to convert light energy into heat by absorption or reflection. The heat can then be transferred to a gas, liquid or plasma. The heat can be used for any purpose or to drive a turbine, engine, stirling engine, alternator, converter, generator, dynamo or any other device for the creation of electrical current. The heat can also be used to excite the molecular or kinetic properties of a gas, liquid, solid, plasma or any other material for any purpose or to drive a turbine, engine, stirling engine, alternator, converter, generator, dynamo or any other device for the creation of electrical current. 
         [0053]    In an alternative embodiment, some of the steps listed in the previous embodiments could be used for the creation of thermal plasmonic solar cells or materials. Metallic or nonmetallic nanostructures, micro structures, or nanopatterned structures can be used to collect light. The plasmon resonant frequency of metallic or nonmetallic nanostructured or nanopatterned materials can be used to separate the acquired light energy spectrum into discrete wavelengths. The plasmon frequency can be used for excitation of surface plasmons to enhance transmission of light energy to a desired area. The metallic or nonmetallic nanoparticles, micro structures, or nanopatterned structures can be used for plasmon enhanced catalysis to convert light energy into heat or to start catalytic or chemical reactions. The metallic nanostructures can also be used to generate heat through absorption or reflection without using the plasmon resonance effect. Heat generated through absorption or reflection and heat generated through plasmon enhanced catalysis can be transferred to a gas, liquid, solid or plasma. The gas, liquid, solid or plasma can be combined with or placed in proximity to heated nanoparticle surfaces to generate heat for any purpose. Heat can be used in or transferred to a reactor or chamber for any purpose or to drive a turbine, engine, stirling engine, alternator, converter, generator, dynamo or any other device for the creation of electrical current. The heat derived from light energy can be used to excite the molecular or kinetic properties of a gas or liquid for any purpose or to drive a turbine, engine, stirling engine, alternator, converter, generator, dynamo or any other device for the creation of electrical current. 
         [0054]    In a further exemplary embodiment, some of the steps in the previous embodiments can be used to create a plasmonic photovoltaic solar cell or material. For the photovoltaic application, metallic or nonmetallic nanostructures, micro structures, or nanopatterned structures can be used as antennas or receivers to capture light energy from solar or other sources. The light can be separated into discrete wavelengths using transparent nanopatterned metallic structures or films. The localized field effects can be enhanced to stimulate photon emission rates. These photon emissions can be controlled and focused through metallic or nonmetallic nanoparticle, micro structures, or nanopatterned structures, absorption, morphology, size, positioning, composition or similar factors. The transparent nanopatterned metallic structures or thin-films can be combined as contacts or electrodes to create organic photovoltaic subcells or multijunction stacks. These subcells or multijunction stacks can be spectrally or optically tuned. Absorption properties may be enhanced through the conductivity of transparent metal contacts. 
         [0055]    In an alternative embodiment of the invention described herein the efficiency of plasmonic composite solar cells/materials may be improved by means of increasing the photon/electron emissions. The standard emission ratio in a photovoltaic solar cell device is one electron per one photon. By manipulating the size, shape or geometry of the nanomaterials or nanostructures through which light passes an increase in emissions may be achieved. Particles at a size of or below 100 nm contain a larger number of high energy surface electrons clustered in close proximity to one another. Since such high energy surface electrons are already in motion they can be more easily stimulated by the arriving photons. This may allow for a change in the ratio of photon electron emissions to permit up to seven surface electrons to be dislodged for each arriving photon. Stimulation of electron emissions would increase the generation of electrical power in a significant manner. 
         [0056]    It is well known that optical fibers made of glass, plastic, polymer or other materials can be used to transmit light. Fiber optic materials enable light to be transmitted with minimal degradation over very significant distances, i.e. hundreds or thousands of kilometers. Light may also be transmitted in a free space medium such as air. This technology known as free space optics may use targeted guided light or laser beams without containment. The same technology may be deployed in microstructured optical fibers or in any other form or fashion including the use of a hollow or a partially hollow contained medium filled with air, gas or a vacuum. 
         [0057]    In a further embodiment, the invention described herein may include the transfer of light collected in a specific location to one or many other or distant locations. By use of some or all of the following steps:
       1) A device may capture light in a specific location or locations and transmit the light via fiber or free space optics or by any other means to one or many alternative locations   2) The transmitted light may then be used at any of such secondary locations with a plasmonic reactor device or in any other fashion to complete any or all of the steps of the previous embodiments.   3) Electricity may be generated at such locations by photovoltaic or any other means.   4) Light may be used at such locations to generate heat by any means including plasmon enhanced catalysis or chemical reactions.   5) Heat so generated at any location can be used for any purpose or to drive a turbine, engine, generator or other device for electrical current generation.       
 
         [0063]    This embodiment demonstrates the unique ability to use solar or light energy in a distant, dark or subterranean environment to generate heat and electricity. This embodiment may use any or all of the aforementioned steps or any of the steps identified in any other embodiment in combination with each other or alone. The steps may be used in this order or in any other order with omission or addition of any other steps. 
         [0064]    In an exemplary embodiment, the invention described herein could use any methods or materials to collect light by use of some or all of the following steps:
       1) Said methods may include any light sensitive materials, glass, optical fiber, glass fiber or any light transmitting material in any form   2) Optical fibers may be used as the most efficient materials to collect and focus light   3) Open-ended or open-faced optical fibers or any other material embedded in or coated with a transparent thin film material could be used to capture and focus light   4) Fibers or any other material could be arranged in convex, concave, or any other formation or design to maximize light absorption   5) Software for multidimensional computer assisted simulations and modeling may be used to design such materials and formations to maximize capture of the most incident or critical angles of light   6) Such software could also be used to design the optimum forms, shapes, surfaces, structures and materials to maximize exposure to and collection of light   7) Software simulation and modeling may be used to analyze light scattering, reflection, diffraction and absorption properties and to maximize all of those elements in the design of materials, surfaces and structures   8) Bundles, clusters or other arrangements of optical fibers, single fibers or any other materials could be tuned to the entire spectrum of light       
 
         [0073]    This embodiment may use any or all of the aforementioned steps in combination with each other or alone. This embodiment may use any or all of the aforementioned steps or any of the steps identified in any other embodiment in combination with each other or alone. The steps may be used in this order or in any other order with omission or addition of any other steps. 
         [0074]    The various features, methods, means or structures of the invention described herein could be expressed in any combination in any or all of the following or any other architectures, form factors, materials or combination of materials including: 
         [0075]    A metallic 
         [0076]    A nonmetallic 
         [0077]    An organic 
         [0078]    An inorganic 
         [0079]    A metal organic 
         [0080]    A silicon 
         [0081]    A silica 
         [0082]    A silicate 
         [0083]    A ceramic 
         [0084]    A composite 
         [0085]    A polymer 
         [0086]    An organic composite thin film 
         [0087]    An organic composite coating 
         [0088]    An inorganic composite thin film 
         [0089]    An inorganic composite coating 
         [0090]    An organic and inorganic composite thin film 
         [0091]    An organic and inorganic composite coating 
         [0092]    A thin film crystal lattice nanostructure 
         [0093]    An active photonic matrix 
         [0094]    A flexible multi-dimensional film, screen or membrane 
         [0095]    A microprocessor 
         [0096]    A MEMS or NEMS device 
         [0097]    A microfluidic or nanofluidic chip 
         [0098]    A single nanowire, nanotube or nanofiber 
         [0099]    A bundle of nanowires, nanotubes or nanofibers 
         [0100]    A cluster, array or lattice of nanowires, nanotubes or nanofibers 
         [0101]    A single optical fiber 
         [0102]    A bundle of optical fibers 
         [0103]    A cluster, array or lattice of optical fibers 
         [0104]    A cluster, array or lattice of nanoparticles 
         [0105]    Designed or shaped single nanoparticles at varying length scales 
         [0106]    Nanomolecular structures 
         [0107]    Nanowires, dots, rods, particles, tubes, sphere, films or like materials in any combination 
         [0108]    Nanoparticles suspended in various liquids or solutions 
         [0109]    Nanoparticles in powder form 
         [0110]    Combinations of nanoparticles or nanostructures in any of the forms described or any other form 
         [0111]    Nanopatterned materials 
         [0112]    Nanopatterned nanomaterials 
         [0113]    Nanopatterned micro materials 
         [0114]    Micropatterned metallic materials 
         [0115]    Microstructured metallic materials 
         [0116]    Metallic micro cavity structures 
         [0117]    Metal dielectric materials 
         [0118]    Metal dielectric metal materials 
         [0119]    Combination of dielectric metal materials or metal dielectric metal materials 
         [0120]    A paint, coating, powder or film in any form containing any of the materials identified herein or any other materials in any combination 
         [0121]    All or any of the materials or forms described herein may be designed, used or deployed on or in flexible, elastic, conformable structures. Said structures or surface areas may be expanded or enlarged by the use of advanced non-planar, non-linear geometric and spatial configurations. 
         [0122]    The technology described herein may support low power, low cost, solar or other forms of photosynthesis or photocatalysis for controlled localized production of methane and hydrogen. In the near term existing hydrocarbon materials could be used. Ultimately decomposition or conversion of organic materials could serve as a clean renewable energy resource. This offers the potential for a prolonged and broadly based development of alternative hydrocarbon and fossil fuels. 
         [0123]    In a further exemplary embodiment, the invention described herein could be used to transfer heat generated in a specific location to one or many other locations. Heat may be generated by some or any of the steps listed in the previous embodiments. Heat may be transferred without significant loss using materials with a low conductive index such as a plastic or polymer. Heat may also be transferred by metal encased in a low conductive index material. Heat can be transferred to a gas, liquid, solid, plasma or any other material and used for any purpose including to excite the molecular or kinetic properties of a gas or liquid for any purpose or to drive a turbine, engine, stirling engine, generator, converter, alternator, dynamo or any other device for the creation of electrical current. 
         [0124]    In an alternative exemplary embodiment, some or all of the features contained in the invention described herein may be used in the construction and operation of a turbine, engine, stirling engine, generator, converter, alternator, dynamo or any other device for the creation of electrical current or for any purpose by using some or all of the following steps:
       1) A structure made of any material and in any shape, including a sphere, cylinder, or tube may contain or support a magnetic or conductive energy field   2) Movement of conductive materials or a magnetic field in proximity to one another may be converted into an electrical current by driving, rotating, spinning or moving the material or field   3) Heat may be converted into an electrical current by the use of thermoelectric nanostructures, structures materials or devices   4) The interior of said structure or material may be coated with metallic or nonmetallic nanoparticles, micro structures, or nanopatterned structures.   5) Said structure or material may be filled with a gas or liquid   6) A moving object may be introduced into said structure or material   7) Said moving object may incorporate metal or conductive windings, coils or other structures   8) Solar, laser or other light energy sources may be used to heat the metallic or nonmetallic nanoparticles, micro structures, or nanopatterned structures.   9) Said heat may cause said thermoelectric materials to generate an electrical current sufficient to activate a magnetic field   10) Said magnetic field may cause said moving object to be suspended within an enclosed raceway, groove, track or similar structure   11) Said heat may cause the gas or liquid to expand   12) Said expansion may cause the movement of said object within said structure   13) Said movement may cause the generation of an electrical current       
 
         [0138]    This embodiment may use any or all of the aforementioned steps in combination with each other or alone. This embodiment may use any or all of the aforementioned steps or any of the steps identified in any other embodiment in combination with each other or alone. The steps may be used in this order or in any other order with omission or addition of any other steps. 
         [0139]    An electrical current generated from or by a plasmonic reactor device/composite solar cell or material may be conducted by a conduit. Whenever an alternating current is generated, it may be conducted to or for use at an electrical utility, electrical provider, an electrical grid or for any purpose or converted to a dielectric current and stored or used for any purpose. Whenever a dielectric current is generated, it may be stored, or converted to an alternating current and conducted to or for use at an electrical utility, electrical provider, an electrical grid or for any purpose. 
         [0140]    In any embodiment or description contained herein the method of enabling the various functions, tasks or features contained in this invention includes performing the operation of some or all of the steps outlined in conjunction with the preferred processes or devices. This description of the operation and steps performed is not intended to be exhaustive or complete or to exclude the performance or operation of any additional steps or the performance or operation of any such steps or the steps in any different sequence or order. 
         [0141]    The foregoing means and methods are described as exemplary embodiments of the invention. Those examples are intended to demonstrate that any of the aforementioned steps, processes or devices may be used alone or in conjunction with any other in the sequence described or in any other sequence. 
         [0142]    The following are some examples of industries or applications in which the invention described herein might enable significant scaling improvements, energy savings, cost efficiencies or disruptive technologies: 
         [0143]    Energy and Transportation 
         [0144]    Semiconductors 
         [0145]    Photonics 
         [0146]    Electronics 
         [0147]    Fuel Cells 
         [0148]    Waste Treatment 
         [0149]    Desalinization 
         [0150]    Catalysis 
         [0151]    Pharmaceuticals 
         [0152]    Diamond Material Production 
         [0153]    Composite Materials 
         [0154]    Photolithography 
         [0155]    Photovoltaics (solar cells) 
         [0156]    Photocatalysis 
         [0157]    Fertilizer &amp; Food Production 
         [0158]    Chemicals 
         [0159]    Coal Gasification and Liquefaction 
         [0160]    Methane and Hydrogen Production 
         [0161]    Biotech 
         [0162]    Carbon Reclamation 
         [0163]    Cosmetics 
         [0164]    Medical 
         [0165]    Memory &amp; Storage 
         [0166]    Coating &amp; Finishing 
         [0167]    Plastics &amp; Polymers 
         [0168]    Gas to Liquid Conversion 
         [0169]    Direct Methane Conversion 
         [0170]    Microfluidics 
         [0171]    Gas Synthesis 
         [0172]    Water Treatment 
         [0173]    Food Production 
         [0174]    Light Emitting Diodes 
         [0175]    Thermal Energy Conversion 
         [0176]    Power Generation 
         [0177]    It will be apparent to any of those persons who are knowledgeable and skilled in the art that the aforementioned descriptions are merely examples of possible methods of enabling the inventions described. These descriptions are not intended in any way to limit or exclude alternative embodiments or uses of the inventions. All and any forms or embodiments or uses of the inventions are considered to be addressed and taught by the methods and descriptions illustrated and contained herein. 
         [0178]    It is understood that the terms and descriptions used in connection with the devices, examples or implementations described herein are for illustrative purposes only and any variation, modifications or changes therein are intended to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and scope of the appended claims and combinations thereof. 
         [0179]    It is also understood that the examples and implementations described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and scope of the appended claims and combinations thereof.