Abstract:
The present invention discloses a battery lease and exchange system for a vehicle owner to make a stop at a battery refueling station where the battery on the car that has already had a low capacity is quickly removed and another battery that is fully charged is installed such that the battery “refueling” process may be executed quickly without being limited by the speed of recharging the batteries. Instead of owning the batteries, the owner or operator of the car may just lease the batteries required to drive the car for certain distance

Description:
[0001]    This Non-Provisional Application is based on and claims the Priority of a co-pending Provisional Application 61/587,466 filed previously by the Applicant of this Application on Jan. 17, 2012. The disclosures made in Applications 61/587,466 are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to systems, apparatuses and methods for supplying energy to electrically powered vehicles (EPV) More particularly, the invention relates to the systems and methods to manage a process for quickly exchanging batteries and meanwhile implementing cloud-computing network connected battery health monitoring devices to transmit signals whereby continuously monitoring the health state of all the batteries in order to effectively and safely supply energy to the electrically powered vehicles. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    As there are more electrically powered vehicles including the hybrid types of vehicles that draw power partially from the batteries installed on a vehicle, the most challenging technical limitations are related the speed of recharging the batteries and the monitoring and maintenance of the health state and safe operations of the batteries. A driver of the electrically powered vehicle usually do not have time to wait for the prolong periods usually required to charge the batteries. Additionally, the health states of the batteries are critically important not only because the operation of the vehicle depends on the batteries but also the malfunctions of the batteries can cause hazards that may threaten the safety of the drivers and may further lead to public safety concerns. 
         [0004]    Even that the gas-electrical hybrid powered vehicles have less concerns for charging the batteries within a short period because the batteries are charged when the engine is powered by burning the&#39;gasoline fuel, however, the limited lifetime of the batteries and the health condition of the batteries would still be the important cost and safety factors to take into consideration in owning and operating the gas-electrical hybrid cars. Periodically monitoring the conditions of the battery and proper maintenance of the batteries are still important and good operational routines a vehicle owner should practice for economically and safely operating the vehicle. 
         [0005]    Additionally, limited energy storage in the battery is still limiting the total miles; an electrical car is able to travel before the total stored battery power is exhausted. Furthermore, even with improved charge techniques now explored and disclosed, the speed of charging up a battery for an electricity to continue the journey would still be too limiting compared to the time required a stop at a gas station to fill up the tank. 
         [0006]    Therefore, a need still exists in the field of vehicle battery and energy supply to provide a new and improved systems and methods to resolved all the above discussed difficulties and limitations. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0007]    In one aspect, the present invention provides a battery exchange and/or lease system for a vehicle owner to make a stop at a battery refueling station when the battery on the car has already had a low capacity which can be quickly removed, and another battery that is fully charged is installed such that the battery “refueling” process may be executed quickly without being limited by the speed of recharging the batteries. Instead of owning the batteries, the owner or operator of the car may just lease the batteries or use the energy stored in the batteries under different energy purchase agreements required to drive the car for certain distance. 
         [0008]    It is another aspect of this invention that each of the battery chargers or each of the batteries further includes a battery health state monitoring system. In a preferred embodiment, the system is implemented as an integrated circuit (IC) chip implemented with processes and functions for controlling certain sensing/measuring devices and also for receiving signals from these devices for continuously or periodically detecting designated operational or charging parameters of a battery as indicators for monitoring the conditions and providing diagnoses of any potential problems of the batteries. 
         [0009]    It is another aspect of this invention that the IC chip is implemented as a controlling-and-monitoring system on chip that includes detecting and monitoring functions on a battery charging device for measuring and monitoring the conditions of the battery in every battery charge operation. In a preferred embodiment, the controlling-and-monitoring system on chip further includes a transmitter for transmitting signals to specific signal receivers through local area network (LAN) WiFi/Wide area network (WAN) WiMAX, and/or wired Internet such that the measured parameters as indicators of the conditions of the battery can be monitored and applied for safe operation optimally charging and maintaining the batteries in a safe and healthy condition 
         [0010]    In one preferred embodiment, this invention discloses a method to supply electrical energy to a vehicle. The method includes a step of setting up battery refueling stations on a roadside. The method further includes a step of a driver driving a vehicle to the refuel station for the refuel station to carry out a process of removing charge-depleted batteries from the vehicle and installing full charged battery for supplying power to the vehicle onto the vehicle such that a vehicle driver does not have to wait for a prolong battery recharge period. It may also be charged overnight at home with designated intelligent charger. 
         [0011]    In another embodiment, the present invention discloses a battery for providing energy to drive an engine of a vehicle. The battery further includes a controlling-and-monitoring system on chip implemented on an integrated circuit (IC) chip comprising sensing elements for detecting battery parameters indicating important conditions of the battery. In another embodiment, the controlling-and-monitoring system on chip that implemented on the IC chip further includes a transmitter for transmitting signals based on the battery parameters detected by the sensing elements (i.e., sensors). In another embodiment, this invention further includes a network for signal transmission for transmitting signals based on the battery parameters to a signal receiver for receiving, processing and monitoring the conditions of the battery. 
         [0012]    While the novel features of the invention are set forth with particularly in the appended claims, the invention, both as to organization and content, will be better understood and appreciated, along with other objects and features thereof, from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0013]      FIG. 1  is a functional diagram for showing a system and method for removing depleted car batteries from a car and installing the freshly charged batteries to the vehicle of this invention. 
           [0014]      FIG. 2  is diagram to show a battery implemented as a controlling-and-monitoring system on chip integrates as an IC chip with certain sensing capability and other sensing device such as thermal sensor for detecting battery parameters for monitoring and maintain health operation of the battery. 
           [0015]      FIG. 2B  is diagram to show a battery pack with battery management system (BMS) which may be integrated with auto maker. It may also be a separated BMS specifically for safety and life monitoring system incorporated by battery leasing company.  FIG. 2C  shows an intelligent charger incorporating a battery health check-up system. 
           [0016]      FIG. 3  is a diagram for showing a signal transmission system implemented with cloud computing technologies for transmitting the detected parameters of the batteries from the battery BMS or intelligent charging system to a receiver in order to monitor and properly maintain the health operation of the batteries. 
           [0017]      FIG. 4  is a diagram for showing a system configuration diagram transmission system implemented with cloud computing technologies via management information system (MIS) for transmitting the detected parameters of the batteries to a receiver in order to monitor and properly maintain the health operation of the batteries. 
           [0018]      FIG. 5  is a functional block diagram for showing a system configuration diagram of the functional relationships, data paths and flow of diagnoses and analyses results. 
           [0019]    FIG.  5 . 1 - 1  is a diagram for showing the differentiation of the two batteries by stratify the collected discharging current (Ad) data. 
           [0020]    FIG.  5 . 2 - 1  is a diagram to show the relationships between order by subgroup (subgroup size: 5 samples) and the discharging current (Ad). 
           [0021]    FIG.  5 - 3 . 1  is a diagram showing the two kinds of battery distribution of measurements in the Histogram. 
           [0022]    FIG.  5 - 3 . 2  is a diagram to show the shape of the normal distribution. 
           [0023]    FIG.  5 - 3 . 3  is a diagram showing the edge peak distribution similar to the normal distribution except that it has a large peak at one tail. Some battery data are mixing from the other production lot. 
           [0024]    FIG.  5 - 3 . 4  is a diagram showing the bimodal distribution looks like the back of a two-humped camel which can be two-shift or two-equipment battery data in the same production lot. 
           [0025]    FIG.  5 - 3 . 5  is a diagram to show the Cog-toothed (or Combed) shape; rounded-off battery data are errors and/or an incorrectly constructed in a combed distribution. 
           [0026]    FIG.  5 - 3 . 6  is a diagram showing the truncated (or heart-cut) shape; the truncated distribution looks like a normal distribution with the tails cut off. Incompletely reported battery data or measured after inspection has rejected items outside specification limits as represented. 
           [0027]    FIG.  5 - 3 . 7  is a diagram to show the battery specifications, and the battery process capability of quality characteristics will be assessed based on normal-distribution battery data. 
           [0028]    FIG.  5 - 4 . 1  is a diagram to show the difference of two charts from run chart to control chart. The battery data from measurements of variations at key control points on the process-mapping is monitored using control charts. 
           [0029]    FIG.  5 - 5 . 1  is a flow chart for showing different stages how to develop a robust statistical quality control in a cloud-computing mechanism, and promptly and effectively monitor the dominated quality characteristics of Lithium batteries. 
           [0030]    FIG.  5 - 5 . 2  is a contrastive box plot with different categories of Lithium battery. 
           [0031]    FIG.  5 - 5 . 3  is a contrastive individual value plot with different categories of Lithium battery. 
           [0032]    FIG.  5 - 5 . 4  is a contrastive multi-vari chart with different categories of Lithium battery. 
           [0033]    FIG.  5 - 5 . 5  is a contrastive time series plot with different categories of Lithium battery. FIGS.  5 - 5 . 2  to  5 - 5 . 5  are useful to isolate the critical issues of the problem among many different potential issues thus simplify the process of identifying a solution to a seemingly complex problem. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0034]      FIG. 1  is a diagram for showing a system and method for supplying energy town electrically powered vehicle  110  The system includes a plurality of “battery refueling stations”  120 - 1 ,  120 - 2  and  120 - 3 . Each of these battery refueling stations have freshly charged batteries ready to be installed onto the vehicle  110 . The vehicle  110  as an electrically powered vehicle has depleted batteries after driving a certain distance finds out there is a battery refueling station  120 - 2  on the roadside. The driver drives the car  110  into the refueling station  120 - 2 . The service persons in the battery refueling station  120 - 2  remove the depleted batteries from the vehicle  110  and install freshly charged batteries onto the car  110 . In this system the vehicle owners may lease the batteries from a leasing company that either owned or alliance with the refueling station. The battery refueling stations charge the vehicle owners for the services and the vehicle owners do not have to wait for the battery to be charged in the refueling stations. The batteries of the vehicle are implemented with batteries that comply with certain standard sizes, configurations and connections which satisfy the auto maker specification. The removal and installation of the batteries can be conveniently carried out. 
         [0035]      FIG. 2  is a diagram for showing a battery  180  of this invention. The battery  180  includes a  190 -BMS system compose of IC chip  190  and an RFID for identifying the battery. This IC chip  190  may be implemented as a monitoring system on chip as part of automobile Battery Management System (BMS) to record the actual usage behavior and environmental conditions It may, as an option, include sensing elements for detecting and measuring important parameters of battery conditions As will be further shown in an alternate embodiment, the battery health sensing IC chip  195  in  FIG. 3  are implemented in a battery charge device operated in the refueling station  120 . The sensing system implemented on the IC chip  190  carries out the tasks of sensing and detecting the measurements of these parameters for the purpose of monitoring and maintaining the battery  180  in good and healthy conditions. It is to be noted that the sensing and refueling management functions performed by a monitoring and controlling system on chip  195  when implemented in a charging device is very different from a BMS IC chip  190  installed on an automobile. In order to effectively carry out the “battery refueling” process by exchanging a depleted battery with a fully charged battery at the refueling station  120 - 1 ,  120 - 2 ,  120 - 3 , etc., it is required that the batteries  180  are made with standard size and configuration such that the batteries can be conveniently exchanged. Furthermore, in order to assure safely operation and reliable performance to power the vehicle, it is also preferred that the batteries are certified either by an automobile manufacturer, or creditable battery manufactured, or other independent institutes qualified to certify the batteries. 
         [0036]      FIG. 2B  is a diagram for showing a battery pack safety and life monitoring system as an alternate embodiment of this invention. The battery pack safety and life monitoring system includes a battery charger that incorporates a battery health checkup system. The battery pack safety and life monitoring system also includes a battery monitoring system (BMS). The car makers often install a BMS system on a vehicle to monitor and to reliably estimate the remaining capacity in the battery. Unless an agreement is achieved between the Car maker and the Battery maker, this safety BMS  190  may act independently without interference the BMS which auto maker installed. Both intelligent battery charger ( FIG. 2C ) and Battery pack with MBS  190  ( FIG. 2B ) have internet link to transmit signals including measured data for indicating the heath states of the battery through Internet as that further described below. 
         [0037]      FIG. 2C  shows a BMS-IC chip  195  of the battery pack safety and life monitoring system implemented in a charging station. The intelligent charger with the health checkup capability as discussed before is provide to monitor and control different sets of battery parameters than the BMS installed on a vehicle by an auto maker. The intelligent charger may be designed and implemented to read the identification (ID) of each battery pack wherein the battery cells may be linked preferably in parallel. The ID may be embedded in a RFID chip installed on each battery. The BMS system may further be implemented to read and store the charging station ID. The battery pack safety and life monitoring system may be implemented to measure the DC impedance and AC impedance of each battery pack. The measurements are carried out during a constant current charging operation before reaching a set battery voltage of the battery under charge. The measurement data includes a voltage versus time variation and the total accumulated charge. Further measurement includes the temperature variations during charge and other parameters for diagnosing the health state and any potential problems of the batteries under charge in each charging operation. The measurement data are transmitted through the Internet link to a data collection and analysis center for monitoring and analyzing the operational conditions of each of the batteries charged in each of the battery refueling stations. The Internet link may be established through wired personal computer, wireless transmission routers or Wi-Fi/WiMAX connections. 
         [0038]      FIG. 3  is a functional block diagram for showing a system and method to continuously monitor the condition of the battery  180  of this invention. The IC chip  1951  implemented on intelligent battery charger  310 - 1  in the refuel station  120 - 1  and IC chip  190  implemented on the battery  180 . The data on both Battery  180  IC chip  190  and IC chip  195 - 1  on intelligent charger  310 - 1  at refueling station  120 - 1 , IC chip  195 - 2  on intelligent charger  310 - 2  at refueling station  120 - 2 , etc. further transmit by means of internet link to the data center  200 . The data transmitted from the IC chip  190  on battery  180 , may be done at refueling station where the internet network is available. The signals are transmitted as wireless signals through local area network (LAN) or a Wi-Fi/WiMAX system by applying the cloud computing technology for transmitting through an Internet system  210  to a signal receiver  200 . The signal receiver may be a receiver disposed on a battery monitoring and controlling center that may be implemented as a data collection center as shown in  FIG. 4  blow. The receiver  200  may also be disposed in one of the refueling stations  120 . The signals are received and processed and applied to monitor and maintain the batteries such that the batteries implemented to power the vehicle may be well kept and well operated. 
         [0039]      FIG. 4  is a functional block diagram for illustrating the overall data flow and control signals of a battery charging, monitoring, data collection, analysis and control system. On the rightmost side, the data collection processes are carried out during the charge operations at refuel station. The data collected includes the Lithium battery (LiB) operation data and charging data. These data may be collected and provided in the charging stations and the BMS installed on the battery pack by the automaker, battery rental, or a battery operation company The data collected are transmitted through the Internet links to a database in a data collection center that can be operated as a battery cloud data corporation. The cloud data corporation takes care of the data transmission and distribution processes according to mutually agreed data sharing privileges. The data collected is further analyzed by a data analysis and application entity that develops, maintains and operates data analysis software programs These data analysis programs are shown as Application Programs APP 1 , APP 2 , and APP 3 , etc. The analyzed data is anther transmitted to a control center shown on the leftmost side of the diagram that control the total battery recharge processes according to the data analyzed by the data analysis and application software. The data collected and the analyzed when applied by the control center to control the entire operational processes may also be provided to the insurance companies, the battery pack makers or automakers according to the needs of these data in each of these operational entities. 
         [0040]    The data analyses performed in the data analysis and application system shown in  FIG. 4  are carried out for every battery pack with the past history of battery operation by applying a statistical process control (SPC). during each charge operation. When there is any abnormity detected, a warning message is sent to the charge station or a vehicle driver such that the battery can be removed from the fully-charged battery storage rack in the charge station. Upon detecting the abnormality of a battery pack, a message can also be sent to a battery pack supplier with the necessary data such that the problems and technical issues that cause the abnormal battery conditions can be resolved soon after such problems are detected. Therefore, a system may be setup to exchange the collected and analyzed data with some stored in the database through a system of value chains. The value chains of data and information exchanges may include every parties involved in the manufacturing, repairing, operation, charging, and insure the safe and reliable operation of the vehicles powered by the batteries. These parties of value exchanges including monetary or other types of commercial exchanges can and limited to battery pack manufacturer, automakers, charge stations, auto insurance companies, highway safety agencies, and other related parties. The data as collected and analyzed may also be applied to certify batteries and classify batteries into different grades depending on applications and situations of these batteries in providing the power to different types of vehicles. 
         [0041]    For the purpose of establishing a standard for monitoring, managing and controlling the working environment and a safe operation of the batteries and also to make, sure that data collections and analyses are properly carried out, this invention implements a special battery monitoring statistical analysis process. The battery monitoring statistical analysis process is implemented to detect deviations or abnormal battery conditions during the lifetime of the batteries to assure all the batteries are managed and maintained to operate in safe and reliable conditions. The battery monitoring statistical analyses processes collect and apply all data that may potentially influence the operations and accuracies of the entire monitoring processes. The data may include but not limited to data pertaining to the working environment such as temperature and humidity of the charging stations, members of each of the working teams such as name and working experience of the persons who operate the charging device, the details of the battery charging processes, the type and model numbers of the charging devices, the details of the measuring devices applied for measuring the data, etc. 
         [0042]    The charge stations have charging process monitoring systems that automatically collect all the data as described above. Statistical analyses are then performed on these data as will be further described below to continuously monitor the health conditions of the batteries. Examples of data collection by the battery monitoring systems include the identification number of battery (battery ID No.), vehicle ID number that operates with a battery at certain time periods, the charging voltage Vc, e.g., 110V or 220V, 50˜60 Hz, battery discharging voltage Vd, e.g., 24V˜48V, battery charging current Ac, e.g., 10 A˜20 A, battery discharging current Ad, e.g., 10 A, battery capacity Wb, e.g., 22 KWH, battery charge time Tc, e.g., 10 Hours, battery discharge time Td, e.g., 45.8 Hours, percentage of battery charged, e.g., 50% when the battery is charged only 5 hours instead of 10 hours to fully charge the battery. 
         [0043]      FIG. 5  is a functional block diagram to illustrate the processing and transmission paths of the life and health battery data. The functional block diagram also clearly illustrates some of the benefits generated by implementing the battery charging and monitoring system of this invention. Specifically, a vehicle battery health and life management company (V-BHLMC) is established that operates with cloud company capabilities to collect all the life and health data of all the batteries recharged by the charging and monitoring systems of this invention as that shown in  FIGS. 1 to 4  above. The life and health data are collected according to a data purchase (DP) agreement DP 1  and also a business alliance (BA), i.e., BA 1 , between the VBHLMC and the refueling stations and also the battery leasing company. The vehicle battery health and life management company (V-BHLMC) also applies the statistical quality control (SQC) analyses described above to track and detect if any potential health problems of all the batteries. Some of the data collected and results of battery health analysis results, especially an alarm of abnormal battery health for certain batteries are provided to the battery refueling stations and battery leasing companies as part of a diagnosis service (DS), i.e., DS 1  between the V-BHLMC and the refueling station and the battery leasing company. Under a separate data purchase (DP) agreement DP 2 , the auto insurance company may also purchase part of the battery life and health data or the SQC analysis results from the V-BHLMC. With additional data and information made avail to the auto insurance company, a benefit of reducing the auto insurance premium may be realized because the risks of events caused by battery abnormal operations are reduced.  FIG. 5  further illustrates that there are data purchase DP agreements, business alliance BA agreements, and diagnosis service DS agreements between many different business entities including the V-BHLMC, the battery refueling station and the battery leasing company, the auto maker, and the battery maker. 
         [0044]    A technique of structural differentiation method is applied to collect the data according to different data categories. When the data are collected and organized into different categories, the characteristic differences of an abnormal data can be quickly differentiated. A complex technical problem when organized according to different categories, the data presented with these different categories can be very useful to isolate the critical issues of the problem among many different potential issues thus simplify the process of identifying a solution to a seemingly complex problem For example, once the battery discharging current (Ad) is collected from charge station of electrically powered vehicles, it will compare with Ad of the same production lot immediately. The production batteries in the same lot can be identified by the battery barcode records of electrically powered vehicles. In addition, the differentiation of the two batteries can be figured out (see the FIG.  5 . 1 - 1 ) by stratify the collected discharging current (Ad) data through the suitable statistical tool, and can further proceed the data analysis and conduct a valuable decision-making. 
         [0045]    Run chart: Run charts are analyzed to discover anomalies in data which suggest shifts in a process over time scale (eg, days, weeks, months, quarters) or special factors on the horizontal axis that may be influencing the variability of a process. The vertical axis represents the quality indicator such as discharging current (Ad), discharging voltage (Vd), charge time (Tc), discharge time (Td), etc. Normally, the median is calculated and employed as the chart&#39;s centerline because it provides the point where half the observations are expected to be above and below the centerline and will not be influenced by extreme values in the data. Besides, target lines and annotations of significant changes and other events can also be put into the run chart. FIG.  5 . 2 - 1  describes the relationships between order by subgroup (subgroup size: 5 samples) and the discharging current (Ad) for battery B 0001 . As a result, the, run chart can, evaluate the status and trend for each of batteries, and further make a trouble-shooting diagnosis and processing. 
         [0046]    Histogram: The Histogram represents the frequency distribution across a set of measurements as a set of physical bars, and the width of each bar is constant and delicates a fixed range of measurements (say sets). The height of each bar is proportional to the number of above range of measurements. Overall shape shows the distribution of measurements can be seen far more clearly in the Histogram as shown in FIG.  5 - 3 . 1 . All the collected measurement data, whose minimum data numbers need to greater than or equal to 50 and the best is greater than 100, can be altered in terms of time periods, production lots, operational workers, and so forth. The normal way to determine the Histogram sets conform to the range of data numbers as represented in Table 1. The main causes on data-measured differentiation are errors for accuracy (e.g., bias, linearity and stability) and precision of measurement system. The judgments of precision can be denoted below:
   Repeatability: The variance of equipment occurs on the same measurement instrument, same measurement operator, and same measurement sample.   Reproducibility: The variance of appraiser results from the same measurement instrument, same measurement sample, and different measurement appraisers.   Parts variance: occurs on the same measurement instrument, same measurement operator, and different measurement samples.   
 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Collected data number 
                 sets 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                  50~100 
                 6~10 
               
               
                   
                 100~250 
                 7~12 
               
               
                   
                 250            
                 10~20  
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0050]    A exemplar for evaluating the Histogram sets can be developed, and the collected 100 data of discharging current (Ad) in the same production lot can be seen in Table 2. 
         [0000]                                                        TABLE 2                   9.94   9.93   10.00   9.98   9.94   10.00   9.97   10.01   10.07   9.89       9.99   10.02   9.98   9.91   9.98   9.94   9.96   9.92   9.96   9.97       9.92   10.03   10.09   9.95   10.00   9.94   9.97   9.98   9.93   9.94       10.07   9.98   9.97   9.95   10.05   9.92   9.95   9.97   9.93   10.00       9.98   9.96   9.95   9.98   9.99   10.03   10.02   10.00   9.98   9.90       9.88   10.05   9.97   9.97   9.96   10.01   9.91   10.01   9.97   9.93       9.99   9.96   9.95   9.99   9.97   9.96   10.00   9.96   10.03   10.05       9.98   9.96   10.03   10.02   9.97   10.03   9.99   9.96   10.01   9.95       9.96   9.95   9.99   9.98   9.93   9.97   10.00   9.96   10.02   9.97       9.97   10.00   10.01   10.00   9.99   10.05   10.00   9.90   10.05   9.97                    
According to the Table 2, the collected data numbers are N=100, and the number of sets (Ns) is selected by 10. Moreover, the maximum value a=10.09 and the minimum value is 9.8, and the range R=10.09−9.88=0.21, C=R/Ns=0.21/10=0.021; furthermore, C=0.02 is set by the measurement unit equals to 0.01, and boundary value is set to 0.005 (i.e., 0.01 divided by 2). The distributed frequency can be represented in Table 3.
 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Set 
                   
                   
                   
                 Frequency 
                 Fre- 
               
               
                 no. 
                 Lower limit 
                 Center 
                 Upper limit 
                 distributed 
                 quency 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 9.88-0.005 = 
                 9.885 
                 9.875 + 0.02 = 9.895 
                 II 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 9.875 
               
               
                 2 
                 9.895 
                 9.905 
                 9.895 + 0.02 = 9.915 
                 IIII 
                 4 
               
               
                 3 
                 9.915 
                 9.925 
                 9.915 + 0.02 = 9.935 
                 III 
                 8 
               
               
                 4 
                 9.935 
                 9.945 
                 9.935 + 0.02 = 9.955 
                 II 
                 12 
               
               
                 5 
                 9.955 
                 9.965 
                 9.955 + 0.02 = 9.975 
                   
                 25 
               
               
                 6 
                 9.975 
                 9.985 
                 9.975 + 0.02 = 9.995 
                 II 
                 17 
               
               
                 7 
                 9.995 
                 10.005 
                 9.995 + 0.02 = 
                   
                 15 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 10.015 
               
               
                 8 
                 10.015 
                 10.025 
                 10.015 + 0.02 = 
                 II 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 10.035 
               
               
                 9 
                 10.035 
                 10.045 
                 10.035 + 0.02 = 
                   
                 5 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 10.055 
               
               
                 10 
                 10.055 
                 10.065 
                 10.055 + 0.02 = 
                 II 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 10.075 
               
               
                 11 
                 10.075 
                 10.085 
                 10.075 + 0.02 = 
                 I 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 10.095 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0051]    Common Histogram shapes are normal distribution: divided by its symmetry axis shown in FIG.  5 - 3 . 2 . Problems may be indicated by the distribution being naturally non-bell-shaped or by problems with the measurement. When a distribution differs from the expected normal (bell-shaped) shape such as Isolated-peaked (Edge-peak), dual-peaked (bimodal), Cog-toothed (or Combed), Truncated (or heart-cut), etc., the underlying process should be reviewed to come across real causes of this.
   Isolated-peaked (Edge-peak) shape: The edge peak distribution is similar to the normal distribution except that it has a large peak at one tail (FIG.  5 - 3 . 3 ). Normally, this is caused by faulty construction of the histogram; for example, some battery data mixing from the other production lot.   Double-peaked or bimodal shape: The bimodal distribution looks like the back of a two-humped camel. The outcomes of two processes with different distributions are combined in one set of data. For instance, a distribution of two-shift or two-equipment battery data in the same production lot might be bimodal as shown in FIG.  5 - 3 . 4 .   Cog-toothed (or Combed) shape: In a combed distribution, the bars are alternately tall and short, which can be seen in FIG.  5 - 3 . 5 . This distribution often results from data-processing problems: rounded-off battery data errors and/or an incorrectly constructed histogram.   Truncated (or heart-cut) shape: The truncated distribution looks like a normal distribution with the tails cut off. The battery supplier might be producing a normal distribution of material and then relying on inspection to separate what is within specification limits from what is out of spec. Incompletely reported battery data or measured after inspection has rejected items outside specification limits as represented in FIG.  5 - 3 . 6 .   
 
         [0056]    Comparing with the battery specifications, the battery process capability of quality characteristics will be assessed based on normal-distribution battery data as shown in FIG.  5 - 3 . 7 . 
         [0057]    Control chart: An advantage of SPC over quality control, such as “inspection”, which emphasizes early detection and prevention of problems to eliminate the on-site abnormal causes of characteristics, rather than the correction of problems after they have occurred. The battery data from measurements of variations at key control points on the process-mapping is monitored using control charts. FIG.  5 - 4 . 1  illustrates the difference of two charts from run chart to control chart. 
         [0058]    Control charts can be categorized into two groups: one group is for counting value (i.e., discrete attributes such as defect numbers, flaws, accidences, etc.), and the other is for variable value (i.e., continuous variables such as length, weight, time period, etc.). Moreover, control charts usually have two types as described below, and their definition, computing formula and identification methodologies of abnormal points can be in reference to contexts of the statistical quality control (SQC) materials∘ 
         [0000]      variable value:  x −R chart,  x −S chart,  x −R m  chart, etc.
 
         [0000]      counting value: np chart, p chart, u chart, c chart. 
         [0059]    To assure that the product can satisfy the customer requirements and effectively monitor and promptly improve the quality of products, the working environmental control and on-site data monitoring system of electrically powered vehicles will be completely established. As a result, the SPC system will play a critical role to manage and monitor car-battery for safely and effectively supply energy to electrically powered vehicles. Moreover, the cost benefit will be highly raised, and the proposed methodologies will make a great progress via PDCA cycles. 
         [0060]    A special business alliance BA 5  agreement is established between the V-BHLMC and a battery diagnosis laboratory such that a large amount of data collected by the V-BHLMC are further analyzed and selected abnormal batteries are further tested in the diagnosis laboratory. As the V-BLHMC conducts the SQC analyses to large number of batteries, the purpose is to differentiate and identify particular batteries that are abnormal for sending alarm signals to replace or repair these batteries. However, the V-BLHMC is not provided with technical expertise to identify the fundamental or real technical problems of the abnormal batteries. The battery diagnosis laboratory performs tests and analyses to determine and confirm the problems and also find out solutions to resolve the technical issues behind these abnormal operation conditions. Therefore, Li+ Battery data collection &amp; analysis executed by battery diagnosis lab., and data flow control &amp; distribution implemented by gas station also battery leasing Co. under a flow chart for a robust SQC control; all the databases integrated by V-BHLMC cloud computing Co. 
         [0061]    FIG.  5 - 5 . 1  showing a SQC flow chart which falls into three stages can be shown below: Stage 1. Arrange some of the sensors-collected sampling data and detailed descriptions thereof. Stage 2 Analyze the above sampling data through quality control seven tools—histogram, box plot, individual value plot, multi-vari chart and time series plot, and coefficient of variation (CV), coordinate with project team to diagnosis the root causes of the defect deviations or abnormal symptoms, and further determine the required control parameters and monitoring quality characteristics. Stage 3. Setup SPC and cloud-computing mechanism to promptly and effectively monitor the dominated quality characteristics. 
         [0062]    A technique of structural differentiation method using multi-dimensional scaling (usually in two dimensions) is applied to collect and analyze the data according to different data categories. The data presented graphs with these different categories such as box plot, individual value plot, multi-vari chart and time series plot (see FIGS.  5 - 5 . 2  to  5 - 5 . 5 ) can be very useful to isolate the critical issues of the problem among many different potential issues thus simplify the process of identifying a solution to a seemingly complex problem. 
         [0063]    Coefficient of variation (CV): A coefficient of variation delicates the measure of relative variability, which equals to the standard deviation divided by the mean, and normally expressed as a percentage. Because it is a dimensionless number, It is useful in comparing the dispersion of populations with significantly different means. 
         [0064]    While specific embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described herein, it is realized that other modifications and changes will occur to those skilled in the art. It is therefore to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.