Abstract:
A method for teaching stringed instrument students how to play sheet music through the use of colored fingering numbers. This method assists the user in knowing which finger to use on which string as they play instrumental music. It also indicates which position their hand should be in as they play sheet music. Numbers correspond to which finger should be used to play a particular note. Separate, distinctly identifiable colors are assigned to notes that should be played on a particular string in a particular position, and are visually displayed as colored fingering numbers that indicate which string and in which position the user should play the fingered notes on.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/102,223, entitled “Colorall Fingering,” filed Mar. 19, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,660,921 which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/277,246, entitled “Colorall Fingering,” filed Mar. 20, 2001. The specifications of these prior applications are incorporated herein in their entireties by reference. 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   This invention relates generally to music teaching systems and methods and, more particularly, to music teaching systems and methods for stringed instruments. 
   2. Description of the Related Art 
   Beginning students of stringed musical instruments such as the violin, viola, cello and string bass face the challenge of not only mastering instrumental technique, but also of learning how to play printed music. Even if a student already knows how to read music, they also must learn which finger to use on which string, and in which hand position along the fingerboard they should place their fingers in order to produce the desired notes. 
   Numerous efforts have been made to assist stringed instrument players with proper finger placement on the strings. Since stringed instruments such as the violin have no frets to help the user know where to place their fingers, many methods suggest that fingerboard markings be used. Francesco Geminiani&#39;s 1751 violin method book, “The Art of Playing on the Violin,” contains a visual depiction of the violin fingerboard with all of the tones and semitones marked, and includes a recommendation that the learner similarly mark their violin fingerboard. He also illustrates and describes the seven hand positions used in playing the violin, and includes fingering numbers placed over some musical notes to indicate when the user should shift from one hand position to another. 
   In a 1920 article entitled “Class Violin Teaching,” Albert G. Mitchell describes how he developed and printed a violin fingerboard chart to paste on the fingerboard of student violins to assist his students with finger placement and intonation. Mitchell&#39;s method book, the 1918 edition of “The Public School Class Method for the Violin,” shows an illustration and order form for a colored adhesive fingerboard chart for violin fingerboards. Mitchell&#39;s 1918 method book also contains black fingering numbers selectively placed above the printed music to assist the user in knowing which finger to use when playing music. Other fingerboard guides include Hullah Brown&#39;s colored spots which he adhered to the fingerboard of an instrument he called the violinda, a practice violin he designed for young children in England in the 1930s. 
   Many patents have been issued for devices that have been developed to assist the user with proper finger placement on the fingerboard. Representative patents showing aids of this type are U.S. Pat. No. 2002/0011142, to Mead, “Method and apparatus for teaching playing of stringed instrument,” a chromatic fingerboard map that shows the finger location of notes; U.S. Pat. No. 6,218,603, to Coonce, “Note locator for stringed instruments,” an adhesive fingerboard device with colored indicators to assist the user in correct finger placement on the strings; U.S. Pat. No. 5,920,023, to Ravagni, another adhesive fingerboard system that aids students in finger positioning, and electronic fingerboard sensor systems such as U.S. Pat. No. 6,162,981, to Newcomer, “Finger placement sensor for stringed instruments.” All of these fingerboard aids attempt to assist the user in fingering placement, and all are variations of the same concept: where to place the fingers, not how to increase the user&#39;s ability to finger and read regular sheet music. 
   Some fingerboard placement devices attempt to assist the user with fingering and note reading skills. U.S. Pat. No. 3,978,756, to Feldman, entitled “Guitar instruction system,” places colored indicia comprising the note names on the fingerboard, and uses colored noteheads on sheet music that is attached to the guitar fingerboard with a music sheet holder. The sheet music is written backwards, and requires the user to read it using a mirror. Such a system depends upon external devices that are bulky and cumbersome, and distracts the user from the concentration needed to read regular sheet music and properly play their instrument. 
   Feldman&#39;s use of color to assist with note reading skills is not new. Throughout the ages, color has been used to help students learn musical notation. During the Medieval Era, before the four-line staff was standardized, different colored ink was frequently used to draw different lines, such as red for f and yellow or green for c′. In a 1991 article entitled “Effect of Color-Coded Notation on Music Achievement of Elementary Instrumental Students,” George Rogers describes numerous research studies which found that the use of color in non-music instructional materials resulted in increased student performance. However, when Rogers conducted a study using color-coded notation with music students, his experiment did not result in higher student achievement. This is likely due to the manner in which he designed his study. Rogers assigned a different color to each of the 12 chromatic tones, an approach that utilized too many colors to effectively assist the music students in playing and learning music more rapidly than those students using standard notation. 
   A simplified form of colored notation can be found in the 1972 publication, “Rainbow Tones, Book 2” for Violin. This approach uses four colors that correspond to the four strings of the violin. Instead of musical staff lines, thick blocks of colors are used with the letter name of each note printed in black within the colored blocks to indicate what string the user should use to play the notes. This approach also recommends that the user place colored adhesive sticker dots on their fingerboard to assist in correct finger placement. The use of colored blocks, letters and other deviations of standard notation require the user to learn yet another confusing system of how to play music. 
   Another music instruction system using colored notation is described in two articles entitled “A Rainbow of Learning,” and “Upper Midwest: A Colourful Conference in Mankato.” This system, the Colourstrings method, appears to be designed for young children, and the music books use graphics such as a small bird for the E string, a mommy for the A string, the D string as a daddy, and the G string as a teddy bear. Four specified colors are used which correspond to the instruments&#39; four strings, and a progression of colored staves, noteheads and fingering is used with the first violin book using notes on a single, colored stave, in the second book, colored noteheads appear on a five line stave, and by the end of the second book, colored fingering is used with regular notation. A description of the cello book indicates that shifts are illustrated by such notation as: an orange line with a black note indicates the note is in the first position on the D string; an orange note on a black line indicates a note that is in fourth position on the same string, and this same note on a blue line would be played in first position on the A string. Although this method may be a useful and entertaining way to teach young pupils how to read music, such an overwhelming system of alternating colored lines, colored noteheads and black noteheads to indicate what fingers to use, on particular strings, in specific hand positions, could be confusing for students who already know how to read music and simply want fingering assistance in order to quickly play sheet music. Again, too many teaching tools can overload the learner and cause them to become dependent on an artificial system of musical symbols and designs rather than help the user to learn how to read and finger actual musical notation. 
   U.S. Pat. No. 6,288,315 to Bennett issued Sep. 11, 2001, entitled “Method and apparatus for musical training,” describes a template designed to identify desired combinations of musical notes. He devised a simplified form of colored notation to assist the user in playing stringed and keyboard instruments. His method not only assigns a different color to each diatonic note of the scale, but also employs a confusing assignment of combinations of colors to indicate sharps and flats. His apparatus includes different templates for chords, scales and other different sets of notes, and his effort to simplify notation for the user, instead, adds complex confusion. 
   Additional patents devised to teach musical notation include U.S. Pat. No. 5,540,132 to Hale issued May 2, 2000, entitled “Method and apparatus for teaching musical notation to young children.” This method and apparatus is designed for young children. Each note of the scale is associated with a distinctly identifiable color, which is in turn associated with an object which naturally occurs in this color. Each object is associated with a cartoon character which prominently incorporates an image of the object. Each character is endowed with a distinctly identifiable personality characteristic to enable the child to utilize the cartoon character in an educational activity. Although possibly useful for young children, such a system requires the user to learn new systems and symbols, and would not be practical for helping stringed players quickly finger and play written music. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   This invention relates to a colored fingering method for beginning string players, and in particular, to a system which eliminates dependence on knowing which finger, on which string, and in which hand position students should use when playing sheet music. 
   It is an object of the present invention to provide a system of colored fingering for sheet music that overcomes the drawbacks and limitations of the prior art. Several objects and advantages are: 
   (a) to provide a system of colored fingering for sheet music that allows the user to play directly off sheet music without requiring the assistance of a teacher to teach them which finger they should use for each note. 
   (b) to provide a system of colored fingering for sheet music that allows the user to play directly off sheet music without requiring the assistance of a teacher to teach them which string they should place their fingers on as they play each note. 
   (c) to provide a method for beginning students to know which position their hand should be in as they finger and play each note of the printed sheet music. 
   More than young, beginning violinists will benefit from this method. Many adult violin students have a desire to quickly begin playing music, without having to go through the laborious process of learning or relearning how to properly finger their music on the correct string and using the appropriate hand position. Although some adult violin students learned how to play the violin when they were children, they have forgotten the correct fingering, hand positions and the correct string to use when reading sheet music. This system will not only permit former students of the violin to quickly begin playing music, but it also will refresh their memory of the proper way to finger and play their instrument. Through this system&#39;s customizing features, users can change and add their own fingering as well as gradually eliminate fingering from selected regions of the music, thus reducing their dependence upon fingering assistance and increasing their ability to play a musical instrument on their own. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     These and other advantages of the present invention will become more readily apparent upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the drawings, in which: 
       FIG. 1  shows a partial violin fingering chart of notes in the first hand position. 
       FIGS. 2A to 2B  show a partial violin scale on the A string with fingering numbers for all seven hand positions. 
       FIG. 3  reveals a partial violin fingering chart in 3rd position. 
       FIG. 4  shows a partial G string scale with a shift from 1st to 3rd position. 
       FIG. 5  shows an excerpt of violin music with colored fingering numbers. 
       FIG. 6  shows a drop-down menu customizing toolbox. 
   

   REFERENCE NUMERALS IN DRAWINGS 
   
     
       
             
             
           
         
             
                 
             
           
           
             
               10 E string staff 
               12 A string staff 
             
             
               14 D string staff 
               16 G string staff 
             
             
               18 purple fingering numbers 
               20 green fingering numbers 
             
             
               22 gold fingering numbers 
               24 blue fingering numbers 
             
             
               26 1 st  position fingering numbers 
               28 2 nd  position fingering numbers 
             
             
               30 3 rd  position fingering numbers 
               32 4 th  position fingering numbers 
             
             
               34 5 th  position fingering numbers 
               36 6 th  position fingering numbers 
             
             
               38 7 th  position fingering numbers 
               40 3 rd  position notes on E string 
             
             
               42 3 rd  position notes on A string 
               44 3 rd  position notes on D string 
             
             
               46 3 rd  position notes on G string 
               48 light purple fingering numbers 
             
             
               50 light green fingering numbers 
               52 light gold fingering numbers 
             
             
               54 light blue fingering numbers 
               56 light blue shifting dash 
             
             
               58 musical excerpt line one 
               60 musical excerpt line two 
             
             
               62 light green shifting dash 
               64 musical excerpt line three 
             
             
               66 green shifting dash 
               68 select region to customize 
             
             
               70 edit colors 
               72 edit fingering 
             
             
               74 edit shifts 
               76 remove fingering 
             
             
               78 save changes 
               80 restore defaults 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
   While reference will be made to the violin, it will be understood that the present invention is equally useful for instruction with other instruments including but not limited to the viola, cello and stringed bass. The present invention includes several different aspects which can be utilized separately or in any desired combination. These different aspects are described as follows. 
   A preferred embodiment of a partial violin fingering chart of notes in the first hand position is illustrated in  FIG. 1 . Referring to  FIG. 1 , there is shown four staffs with musical notation and fingering numbers placed directly above each note. The top staff  10  depicts notes and fingering numbers for the E string; the second staff  12  depicts notes and fingering numbers for the A string; the third staff  14  depicts notes and fingering numbers for the D string, and the fourth staff  16  depicts notes and fingering numbers for the G string. 
   According to the present invention, each string is assigned a different note color. In the preferred embodiment, the color scheme assigned to notes in the first hand position is as shown in Table 1 below. Referring again to  FIG. 1 , the top staff  10 , displays notes on the violin E string, and each of the colored fingering numbers over these notes are colored purple  18  to indicate these notes are in 1 st  position on the E string. The second staff  12 , displays notes on the violin A string, and each of the colored fingering numbers over these notes are colored green  20  to indicate these notes are in 1 st  position on the A string. The third staff  14 , features notes on the violin D string, and each of the colored fingering numbers over these notes are colored gold  22  to indicate these notes are in 1 st  position on the D string. The fourth staff  16 , uses notes on the violin G string, and each of the colored fingering numbers over these notes are colored blue  24  to show that these notes are in 1 st  position on the G string. 
   
     
       
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
                 
               TABLE 1 
             
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               STRING 
               HAND POSITION 
               COLOR 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
               E 
               1 st   
               Purple 
             
             
                 
               A 
               1 st   
               Green 
             
             
                 
               D 
               1 st   
               Gold 
             
             
                 
               G 
               1 st   
               Blue 
             
             
                 
               C 
               1 st   
               Red 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   It should be noted that Table 1 shows that red is the fingering color for the C string, a string that the viola and cello use, not the violin. Although  FIG. 1  does not illustrate colored fingering for the C string, the same system of colored fingering applies to the cello and viola as well. As a point of reference, it should also be noted that any series of easily distinguishable colors could be used in place of or in addition to the preceding colors. 
   The present invention also utilizes standard fingering with numbers placed over notes to indicate which finger should be used to play a particular note. Table 2 below depicts what these fingering numbers represent. When the number 0 is placed over a written note, it represents an open string and no finger is used. When the number 1 is placed over a note, it indicates the user should use a first finger to play that note. When the number 2 is placed over a note, it reveals the user should use a second finger to play the note. When the number 3 is placed over a note, it reveals the user should use a third finger to play the note. When the number 4 is placed over a note, it indicates the user should use a fourth finger to play the note.  FIG. 1  thus depicts fingering numbers in a particular color to show the user on which string, with which finger, and in which hand position they should use to play the notes on. 
   
     
       
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE 2 
             
             
                 
             
             
               NUMBER 
               FINGER 
             
             
                 
             
           
           
             
               0 
               Open String 
             
             
               1 
               1 st  Finger 
             
             
               2 
               2 nd  Finger 
             
             
               3 
               3 rd  Finger 
             
             
               4 
               4 th  Finger 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
     FIG. 2A  is a view of a partial violin scale on the A string to illustrate how fingering numbers change when the user shifts their hand position. All of the notes and fingers in  FIG. 2A  require the user to remain on the A string. The first four notes of this example in staff  26  have fingering numbers that require the user to place their hand in 1 st  position. The next group of notes in staff  28  have fingering numbers that require the user to shift their hand to 2 nd  position. The next group of notes in staff  30  indicate fingering numbers in the 3 rd  position. The next group of notes in staff  32  reveal fingering numbers in the 4 th  position. 
     FIG. 2B  is continuation of a view of a partial violin scale on the A string to illustrate how fingering numbers change when the user shifts their hand position. The first four notes of staff  34  have fingering numbers that require the user to place their hand in the 5 th  position; the next group of notes in staff  36  indicate fingering numbers in the 6 th  position, and the last group of notes in staff  38  reveals fingering numbers in the 7 th  position. 
   It should be noted that the purpose of shifting the hand from one position to another, is to extend the range of the instrument. If the user&#39;s hand always remained in 1 st  position, towards the scroll of the instrument, the fingers would not be able to reach higher notes on the upper portion of the strings. As a note of reference, there are seven basic hand positions in stringed instruments: 1 st  position, 2 nd  position, 3 rd  position, 4 th  position, 5 th  position, 6 th  position and 7 th  position. A half position is sometimes used prior to 1 st  position, and the cello has one additional position after 7 th  position: the thumb position. 
     FIG. 3  reveals a preferred embodiment of a partial violin fingering chart with notes requiring the user&#39;s hand to be placed in 3 rd  position. As Table 3 below indicates, a specific, assigned variation in the brightness, saturation and/or hue of the string colors indicates the hand position no longer is in 1 st  position, but has shifted to 3 rd  position. 
   
     
       
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
                 
               TABLE 3 
             
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               STRING 
               HAND POSITION 
               COLOR 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
               E 
               3 rd   
               Light Purple 
             
             
                 
               A 
               3 rd   
               Light Green 
             
             
                 
               D 
               3 rd   
               Light Gold 
             
             
                 
               G 
               3 rd   
               Light Blue 
             
             
                 
               C 
               3 rd   
               Light Red 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   Referring again to  FIG. 3 , in the top staff  40 , each of the colored fingering numbers over notes on the violin E string with the hand position in 3 rd  position are colored light purple  48 . In the second staff  42 , each of the colored fingering numbers over notes on the violin A string with the hand position in 3 rd  position, are colored light green  50 . In the third staff  44 , each of the colored fingering numbers over notes on the violin D string with the hand position in 3 rd  position, are colored light gold  52 . In the fourth staff  46 , each of the colored fingering numbers over notes on the violin G string with the hand position in 3 rd  position, are colored light blue  54 . 
   It should be noted that although for the purpose of this illustration, the terms “light red,” “light blue,” “light gold,” “light green,” and “light purple” are used to indicate a shift to the 3 rd  position, the same result could be achieved through other assigned variations in the brightness, saturation and/or hue of related colors for each string, particularly in the labeling and display of such variations. 
   For example, if colored fingering numbers to indicate “play in the 1 st  hand position on the G string” were assigned the color blue, a possible interpretation of this color for Internet viewing could be the 216-Webmaster&#39;s Palette definition of “OO33CC-Dark Blue-Azure.” Using this same color model, colored fingering numbers to indicate a shift of hand position to “play in the 3 rd  hand position on the G string,” assigned the color light blue, a possible interpretation of this color for Internet viewing could be the 216-Webmaster&#39;s Palette definition of “3366FF Light Blue-Azure.” 
   To reproduce these same colors on a color printer, however, could require an entirely different set of color definitions. Due to the complex nature of color theory, color models, the plethora of color labeling methods, and the varied display capabilities of printers and electronic devices, an unnecessarily lengthy discussion of the endless color combinations and varied methods to label color for each of the seven hand positions will not be provided here. Any series of easily distinguishable ways to vary the assigned colors of the strings could be used in place of or in addition to the colors listed in Table 3, and specific assigned variations of easily distinguishable colors can be made for each of the hand positions used to play stringed instruments. 
     FIG. 4  reveals a partial violin scale on the G string, with the colored fingering directing the user to shift from the 1 st  position to the 3 rd  position. The first three notes of  FIG. 4  are in 1 st  position, as indicated by colored fingering numbers that are blue  24 . The second three notes of  FIG. 4  are in the 3 rd  position on the G string, as indicated by colored fingering numbers that are light blue  54 , and the colored fingering for the last note of this line is light gold  52 , indicating the finger should be in 3 rd  position on the D string. The light blue dash  56 , reveals that a shift of position is about to take place. This dash is found between the first three notes in 1 st  position and the second three notes in 3 rd  position, and the color of the dash  56 , a light blue, prepares the user to know that a shift to the 3 rd  position on the G string will come next. Colored dashes are used indicate when shifts are about to take place, and the specific variation in brightness, saturation and/or hue of the color used by the dash indicates which hand position and on which string the user should prepare to shift in order to play the next printed note. 
     FIG. 5  reveals an excerpt of violin music that shows the use of colored fingering numbers over the notes to indicate to the user which finger should be used on a particular string with the hand in a particular hand position as they play instrumental music. The first line of the music  58  begins with fingering that shows the music begins on the open G string, and the colored fingering for the first two notes of this line is blue  24  to indicate these notes are in the 1 st  position. The fingering for the next three notes is colored gold  22  to indicate these notes should be played on the D string in 1 st  position. The fingering of the next two notes is colored green  20  to indicate these notes should be played on the A string in 1 st  position. The fingering for the final note  22  of this line of music is colored gold to indicate this 3 rd  finger should be played on the D string. 
   The second line  60  of  FIG. 5  shows the fingering for the first note is colored green  20 , indicating this 1 st  finger should be played on the A string in 1 st  position. Next, a light green shifting dash  62  reveals the user should prepare to shift into the 3 rd  position on the A string for the next note. The fingering for the second and third notes of this line are colored light green  50 , showing these notes should be played on the A string in the 3 rd  position. The fingering for the last four notes of this line of music  60  are colored light purple  48 , revealing these notes should be played on the E string in 3 rd  position. 
   The third line  64  of  FIG. 5  reveals the fingering for the first three notes is colored light purple  48 , indicating these notes are to be played on the E string in 3 rd  position. A green shifting dash  66  indicates the user should prepare to shift into the 1 st  position on the A string for the next note. The fingering for the final four notes of this musical excerpt are colored green  20  indicating the user should play these notes on the A string in 1 st  position. 
     FIG. 6  is a view of a drop-down menu customizing toolbox that enables the user to: 
   (a) select the region to make changes,  68  and; 
   (b) edit the default colors and replace or alter them with colors of their own choosing,  70  and; 
   (c) edit the fingering and change or replace fingering numbers with fingering numbers of their own choosing,  72  and; 
   (d) edit the shifts and change or replace default shifting of hand positions and corresponding fingering with shifts and fingering of their own choosing,  74  and; 
   (e) eliminate the use of colored fingering in selected regions or throughout the music,  76  and; 
   (f) save changes  78  or restore default fingering and colors  80 . 
   Through these customizing features, users will be able to improve their ability to learn how to finger and play music without assistance. All variations of customizing choices will not be delineated here due to the endless variations and combinations possible.