Abstract:
Methods of forming an electronic device may include forming a gate electrode on a semiconductor substrate, and forming first and second impurity doped regions of the semiconductor substrate on opposite sides of the gate electrode. An insulating layer may be formed on the semiconductor substrate including the first and second impurity doped regions, and first and second holes may be formed in the insulating layer, with the first and second holes respectively exposing portions of the first and second impurity doped regions. In addition, first and second epitaxial semiconductor layers may be formed in the respective first and second holes on the exposed portions of the first and second impurity doped regions of the semiconductor substrate. Related devices are also discussed.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This U.S. non-provisional patent application claims the benefit of priority as a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/020,311 filed Dec. 22, 2004, which claims the benefit of and priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to Korean Patent Application 2004-64400 filed on Aug. 16, 2004. The disclosures of the above referenced U.S. and Korean applications are hereby incorporated herein in their entirety by reference. 

   FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention relates to semiconductor devices, and more particularly to high voltage semiconductor devices and related methods. 
   BACKGROUND 
   Semiconductor devices require a suitable operation voltage according to the characteristics thereof. With continuous advancement in developing device technologies to reduce power consumption, internal voltages have been reduced. However, there may be a need for devices or logic circuits operable at relatively high voltages. Flash memory devices, for example, may need high writing and/or erasing voltages. High voltage transistors may thus be integrated into flash memory devices to supply such a high voltage to a cell array and/or to pump a low voltage up to a high voltage. 
   A junction of a high voltage transistor may be formed using an LDD (lightly doped drain) structure or a DDD (double doped drain) structure. There may be limits to manufacturing more highly integrated devices capable of resisting high voltages using such junction structures. If the depth of a low-concentration diffusion layer is reduced for the purpose of overcoming a short-channel effect, for example, a junction breakdown between a high-concentration diffusion layer and a substrate may result. If a concentration distribution of a high-concentration diffusion layer is alleviated to overcome junction breakdown, an effective area of the high-concentrated diffusion layer may increase. 
   An elevated source/drain technology has thus been developed with an epitaxial layer being formed on a substrate and impurities being implanted into the epitaxial layer. Korean Patent Publication No. 2001-109783 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,087,235 disclose methods of fabricating a transistor with an elevated source/drain structure being formed using selective epitaxial growth.  FIGS. 1 through 3  are cross-sectional views illustrating a conventional method of fabricating a transistor. 
   Referring to  FIG. 1 , in the conventional transistor, a field isolation film  121  is formed in a semiconductor substrate  102  to define an active region. A gate insulation layer  302  is formed on the active region, and a conductive gate layer  304  is formed on the gate insulation layer  302 . A capping layer  309  is formed on the gate layer  304 . A drain diffusion region  306  and a source diffusion region  308  are formed by implanting impurities into the semiconductor substrate  102  at opposite sides of the gate layer  304 . First spacers  310  are formed at sidewalls of the gate layer  304 . Elevated drain and source contact structures  314  and  316 , having a drain facet  318  and a source facet  320  respectively, are formed on the semiconductor substrate  102  beside the first spacers  310 . 
   Referring to  FIG. 2 , second spacers  330  are formed at both sides of the gate layer  304 , covering the source facet  320  and the drain facet  318 . The capping layer  309  is etched away from the gate layer  304 . Impurities are implanted into the elevated drain contact structure  314  and the elevated source contact structure  316 . Portions of the substrate  102  adjacent to the gate layer  304  may be shielded from the implanted impurities by the second spacers  330 . 
   Referring to  FIG. 3 , a drain silicide layer  340  is formed on the elevated drain contact structure  314 , a source silicide layer  342  is formed on the elevated source contact structure  316 , and a gate silicide layer  344  is formed on the elevated gate contact structure  304 . An inter-level insulation layer  354  is deposited on the resultant structure for electrical isolation of components of the transistor  300 . Next, drain and source contacts  350  and  352  are formed to provide connections to the drain and source silicide layers  340  and  342  passing through the inter-level insulation layer  354 . 
   In the conventional transistor architecture described above, the impurity implantation is performed to dope the elevated drain contact structure  314  and the elevated source contact structure  316  to form a drain region and a source region. Accordingly, the source and drain low-concentration diffusion regions may be shallowly formed on the substrate to reduce short-channel effects. Further, since the second spacers  330  cover the source and drain facets  320  and  318  and the high-concentration impurities are implanted into the elevated drain and source contact structures, an impurity layer may not be formed deeply in lower portions of the source and drain facets  320  and  318 . A silicon layer, however, may be grown with crystallization between the gate layer and the impurity layer. Thus, when a high voltage is applied to the source contact or the drain contact, an electric field may be exerted on the silicon layer between the gate layer and the impurity layer. More particularly, when a voltage of 10 to 20 volts or higher is applied to the source contact or the drain contact, the voltage may be provided through the silicon layer to cause an increase of a gate potential. An increase of the gate potential due to a source or drain voltage may thus be reduced by enlarging a thickness of the gate spacer. There may be limits, however, to extending thicknesses of gate spacers in highly integrated circuit devices. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   According to some embodiments of the present invention, methods of forming an electronic device may include forming a gate electrode on a semiconductor substrate, and forming first and second impurity doped regions of the semiconductor substrate on opposite sides of the gate electrode. An insulating layer may be formed on the semiconductor substrate including the first and second impurity doped regions, and first and second holes may be formed in the insulating layer. More particularly, the first and second holes may respectively expose portions of the first and second impurity doped regions. In addition, first and second semiconductor layers may be formed in the respective first and second holes on the exposed portions of the first and second impurity doped regions of the semiconductor substrate. 
   Forming the first and second semiconductor layers may include forming first and second epitaxial semiconductor layers, and a crystal structure of the first and second semiconductor layers may be aligned with respect to a crystal structure of the semiconductor substrate. Moreover, forming the insulating layer may include forming the insulating layer on the gate electrode such that the gate electrode is between the insulating layer and the semiconductor substrate. In addition, the first and second impurity doped regions of the semiconductor substrate may have impurity concentrations that are less than impurity concentrations of at least portions of the respective first and second semiconductor layers. 
   After forming the first and second semiconductor layers, first and second conductive plugs may be formed in the respective first and second holes on the respective first and second semiconductor layers. More particularly, each of the first and second conductive plugs may include doped polysilicon. In addition or in an alternative, each of the first and second conductive plugs may include a metal, and the first and second conductive plugs may be in ohmic contact with the respective first and second semiconductor layers. 
   Before forming the insulating layer, sidewall spacers may be formed on sidewalls of the gate electrode such that a sidewall spacer and portions of the insulating layer are between the gate electrode and each of the first and second semiconductor layers. Moreover, an impurity dopant concentration of each of the first and second semiconductor layers may increase with increasing distance from the semiconductor substrate. In addition, a gate insulating layer may be formed such that the gate insulating layer is between the gate electrode and the semiconductor substrate. 
   According to additional embodiments of the present invention, an electronic device may include a semiconductor substrate and a gate electrode on the semiconductor substrate. The first and second impurity doped regions of the semiconductor substrate may be on opposite sides of the gate electrode, and an insulating layer may be on the semiconductor substrate including the first and second impurity doped regions. More particularly, the insulating layer may have first and second holes therein respectively exposing portions of the first and second impurity doped regions. In addition, first and second semiconductor layers may be in the respective first and second holes on the exposed portions of the first and second impurity doped regions of the semiconductor substrate. 
   The first and second semiconductor layers may be first and second epitaxial semiconductor layers, and the insulating layer may be on the gate electrode such that the gate electrode is between the insulating layer and the semiconductor substrate. The first and second impurity doped regions of the semiconductor substrate may have impurity concentrations that are less than impurity concentrations of at least portions of the respective first and second semiconductor layers. 
   First and second conductive plugs may be provided in the respective first and second holes such that the first and second semiconductor layers are between the respective first and second conductive plugs and the first and second impurity doped regions of the semiconductor substrate. More particularly, each of the first and second conductive plugs may include doped polysilicon. In addition or in an alternative, each of the first and second conductive plugs may include a metal, and the first and second conductive plugs may be in ohmic contact with the respective first and second semiconductor layers. 
   Sidewall spacers may be provided on sidewalls of the gate electrode such that a sidewall spacer and portions of the insulating layer are between the gate electrode and each of the first and second semiconductor layers. Moreover, an impurity dopant concentration of each of the first and second semiconductor layers may increase with increasing distance from the semiconductor substrate. In addition, a gate insulating layer may be provided between the gate electrode and the semiconductor substrate. 
   According to some embodiments of the present invention, transistor structures and methods may be provided which reduce short-channel effects and elevate junction breakdown voltages without increasing an area of a high-concentration diffusion region. Transistor structures and methods may also be provided which regulate a potential change of a gate electrode due to a high voltage applied to a high-concentration diffusion region. 
   According to some embodiments of the present invention, a transistor may be provided having a partially elevated source/drain structure. The transistor may include a gate electrode formed on a semiconductor substrate and a low-concentration diffusion region formed in the semiconductor substrate around both sides of the gate electrode. An inter-level insulation film may be formed on an entire surface of the semiconductor substrate on which the gate electrode and the low-concentrated diffusion region are formed. The inter-level insulation film may have contact holes penetrating the low-concentration diffusion region to reach the semiconductor substrate. An epitaxial layer may be formed on a part of the semiconductor in the contact holes. A high-concentration diffusion region may be formed in the epitaxial layer. A contact pattern may fill the contact holes on the epitaxial layer. 
   The transistor may further include sidewall spacers formed at sidewalls of the gate electrode. Accordingly, the inter-level insulation film may be sandwiched between the sidewall spacers and the epitaxial layer. The high-concentration diffusion region may extend to the semiconductor substrate with a predetermined depth, and its concentration may become gradually higher away from the low-concentrated diffusion region. The contact pattern may be formed of a doped polysilicon or metal pattern. When the contact pattern is formed by metal, the contact pattern and the epitaxial layer may be in ohmic contact with each other. 
   According to more embodiments of the present invention, methods of fabricating a transistor having a partially elevated source/drain structure may be provided. The method may include forming a gate layer on a semiconductor substrate and implanting low-concentration impurities into the semiconductor substrate around both sides of the gate layer to form a low-concentration diffusion region. An inter-level insulation film may be formed on an entire surface of the semiconductor substrate on which the low-concentration diffusion region is formed. The inter-level insulation film may be patterned to form contact holes exposing the semiconductor substrate on which the low-concentration diffusion region is formed. An epitaxial layer may be grown on portions of the semiconductor substrate exposed by the contact holes. High-concentration impurities may be implanted into the epitaxial layer to form a high-concentration diffusion region. A contact pattern filling the contact holes may be formed. During growth of the epitaxial layer, impurities may be implanted with a gradually increasing concentration. The high-concentration diffusion region may extend a predetermined depth into the semiconductor substrate. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the invention, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate examples of embodiments of the present invention and, together with the description, serve to explain principles of the present invention. 
       FIGS. 1 through 3  are cross-sectional views illustrating a conventional method of fabricating a transistor. 
       FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view illustrating transistors according to some embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIGS. 5 through 9  are cross-sectional views illustrating steps of fabricating transistors according to some embodiments of the present invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
   The present invention now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. 
   In the drawings, the thickness of layers and regions are exaggerated for clarity. It will also be understood that when an element such as a layer, region or substrate is referred to as being on another element, it can be directly on the other element or intervening elements may also be present. In contrast, if an element such as a layer, region or substrate is referred to as being directly on another element, then no other intervening elements are present. As used herein, the term and/or includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. 
   Furthermore, relative terms, such as beneath, upper, and/or lower may be used herein to describe one element&#39;s relationship to another element as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in one of the figures is turned over, elements described as below other elements would then be oriented above the other elements. The exemplary term below, can therefore, encompass both an orientation of above and below. 
   It will be understood that although the terms first and second are used herein to describe various regions, layers and/or sections, these regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one region, layer or section from another region, layer or section. Thus, a first region, layer or section discussed below could be termed a second region, layer or section, and similarly, a second region, layer or section could be termed a first region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of the present invention. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. 
   The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
   Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. 
     FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view illustrating a transistor according to some embodiments of the present invention. Referring to  FIG. 4 , a field isolation film  52  may be formed on a semiconductor substrate  50  to define an active region  54 . A transistor may be formed at the active region  54 , and a gate electrode  56  may be formed on the active region  54 . 
   Shallow low-concentration impurity doped regions  58  of a depth t 1  may be formed in the active region  54  around both sides of the gate electrode  56 . Sidewall spacers  60  may be formed at sidewalls of the gate electrode  56 . An epitaxial layer  66  may be selectively grown on a part of each shallow impurity doped region  58 . High-concentration impurity doped regions  68  may be formed at the epitaxial layer  66 . The high-concentration impurity doped regions  68  may extend to a predetermined depth t 2  of the semiconductor substrate  50 . The epitaxial layer  66  may be formed in contact holes  64  penetrating inter-level insulation film  62  covering the semiconductor substrate  50 . Accordingly, portions of the inter-level insulation film  62  separate the epitaxial layer  66  and the gate electrode  56 . When a sidewall spacer  60  is formed at sidewalls of the gate electrode  56 , the inter-level insulation film  62  may separate the sidewall spacer  60  and the epitaxial layer  66 . 
   Upper portions of the epitaxial layers  66  in the contact holes  64  may be filled with contact patterns  70 . Each of the contact patterns  70  may be formed using doped polysilicon and/or a metal. Since the epitaxial layer  66  is doped to a higher concentration, the epitaxial layer  66  and a material used as the contact pattern  70  may be in ohmic contact with one another. 
   As shown in  FIG. 4 , parasitic capacitors C 1  and C 2  are formed between the epitaxial layer  66  and the gate electrode  56 . The parasitic capacitors C 1  and C 2  may be modeled as serially connected capacitors using an inter-level insulation film and a sidewall spacer as dielectric films. According to embodiments of the present invention, since an inter-level insulation film is provided between a doped epitaxial layer and a sidewall spacer, elevation of the gate voltage may be reduced because of a voltage drop in the inter-level insulation film. A thickness of the sidewall spacer may thus be reduced and/or a separate sidewall spacer may be eliminated to lessen an effective area of the transistor. 
   The high-concentration impurity doped region  68  may have a concentration distribution that is higher away from a boundary with the low-concentrated impurity doped region  58 . This distribution pattern may be achieved by forming an epitaxial layer having an impurity concentration that gradually increases from a lower portion to an upper portion. In other words, since the epitaxial layer  66  may have a concentration distribution that increases gradually from a lower portion to an upper portion, a concentration of the high-concentration impurity doped region  68  formed at the epitaxial layer  66  may gradually increase from a lower portion to an upper portion. As the high-concentration impurity doped region  68  extending to the semiconductor substrate  50  comes nearer to the boundary with the low-concentrated impurity doped region  58 , the concentration thereof may gradually reduce. 
     FIGS. 5 through 9  are cross-sectional views illustrating steps of fabricating a transistor according to embodiments of the present invention. 
   Referring to  FIG. 5 , field isolation film(s)  52  are formed in a semiconductor substrate  50  to define an active region  54 . A gate insulation layer  51  is formed on the active region  54 , and a gate electrode  56  is formed on the gate insulation layer  51 . Low-concentration impurities are implanted into the semiconductor substrate  50  at both sides of the gate electrode  56  to form low-concentration impurity doped regions  58 . In addition or in an alternative, impurity doped regions  58  may be formed using diffusion. To reduce extension of the low-concentration impurity doped regions  58  to a lower portion of the gate electrode  56 , the low-concentration impurities may be shallowly implanted. Additionally, sidewall spacers  60  can be formed at sidewalls of the gate electrode  56 . 
   Referring to  FIG. 6 , an inter-level insulation film  62  may be formed on an entire surface of the semiconductor substrate  50 . The inter-level insulation film  62  may be patterned to form contact holes  64  exposing portions of the impurity doped regions  58  of a lower concentration. Epitaxial layers  66  may be formed on portions of the semiconductor substrate  50  exposed through contact holes  64 . The epitaxial layers  66  can be grown using selective epitaxial growth. During growth of the epitaxial layers  66 , the epitaxial layers  66  may be doped in situ using an impurity source during deposition. In addition or in an alternative, the epitaxial layer may be doped using ion implantation and/or diffusion. During growth of the epitaxial layer  66 , the epitaxial layer  66  may have an impurity concentration distribution that gradually increases from the lower portion to the higher portion. By doing this, a high-concentration impurity doped region to be formed later may provide a coupling with the low-concentration impurity doped region  58  without an abrupt variation of an electric field. Since the epitaxial layers  66  may be partially formed in the contact hole  64 , a partially elevated source/drain structure can be formed on the active region  54 . 
   Referring to  FIG. 7 , by implanting a high-concentration of impurities into a resulting structure in which the epitaxial layers  66  have been formed, an impurity doped layer  68  having a relatively high concentration may be provided at the epitaxial layers  66 . Since the epitaxial layers  66  may provide a predetermined depth, boundaries may be defined in the low-concentration impurity doped regions  58  into which the high-concentration impurities may extend. Prior to forming the high-concentration impurity doped regions  68 , the epitaxial layers  66  may be formed with a concentration profile that decreases from upper portions to the lower portions. Thus, the high-concentration impurity doped regions  68  may also have concentration profiles that decrease gradually from the upper portion of the epitaxial layer  66  to the lower portion thereof. Even when there has not been any prior doping step for the epitaxial layer(s), the high-concentration impurity doped region(s)  68  formed by an impurity implant and/or diffusion may have a concentration profile that is lower near the low-concentration diffusion region(s)  58 . 
   The high-concentration impurity doped region  68  may extend into the semiconductor substrate  50  a predetermined depth. In this case, the nearer the high-concentration impurity doped regions  68  to the low-concentration impurity depend region  58 , the lower the concentration thereof. Accordingly, the high-concentration impurity doped regions  68  may have a concentration distribution profiles that are higher away from the boundary of the low-concentration impurity doped region  58 . 
   Referring to  FIG. 8 , the contact holes  64  are filled with a conductive film to form contact patterns  70  connected to the epitaxial layers  66 . The contact patterns  70  may be polysilicon plugs. At this time, the polysilicon plugs may be in-situ doped or doped by ion implantation. In an alternative, the contact patterns  70  can be formed of metal. 
   Referring to  FIG. 9 , contact holes  64  may be filled with metal to form the contact patterns  70 . The contact patterns  70  may include metal barrier layers  70   a  and metal core layers  70   b . The metal barrier layers  70   a  may conformally cover inner walls of the contact holes  64  and upper surfaces of the epitaxial layers  66 . The metal barrier layer(s)  70   a  may be a titanium/titanium nitride film(s). The contact holes  64  in which the metal barrier layers  70   a  are formed may be filled with the metal layer(s)  70   b . The metal layers  70   b  may include tungsten, tungsten nitride aluminum, and/or copper. 
   In this case, the contact patterns  70  and the epitaxial layers  66  may be in ohmic contact with each other. The epitaxial layers  66  may be doped at a higher concentration and a metal silicide may be formed at the boundary between the epitaxial layers  66  and the metal barrier layers  70   a  allowing the contact patterns  70  and the epitaxial layers  66  to be in ohmic contact with each other. 
   As discussed above, an epitaxial layer is not formed on portions of the semiconductor substrate exposed at opposite sides of a gate electrode before forming an inter-level insulation film. Contact holes exposing a part of the semiconductor substrate may be formed on opposite sides of the gate electrode, and the epitaxial layers may be formed on exposed portions of the substrate. Accordingly, the epitaxial layers may be formed at portions of impurity doped regions having a lower concentration but the epitaxial layers may be spaced apart from portions of the substrate in the vicinity of a gate electrode and/or a sidewall spacer. 
   Such a structure according to embodiments of the present invention may provide a potential barrier by an inter-level insulation film separating the epitaxial layer(s) and the gate electrode. Accordingly, although a high voltage may be applied to the epitaxial layer(s), a voltage drop due to an inter-level insulation film separating the epitaxial layer(s) and the gate electrode may reduce voltage increases at the gate electrode. 
   In addition, since there may be a parasitic capacitor of relatively low capacitance between the gate electrode and the epitaxial layer, fluctuations of a gate potential due to electrical signals from the source and/or drain regions may be reduced. 
   While the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.