Abstract:
The present invention is a machine in which the repulsion and attraction forces of moving electromagnets are utilized to power a series of linkages that ultimately turn a crank. The motor is controlled by an external computer system which distributes an electric current among the electromagnets. In order to reverse the polarities of the electromagnets, the direction of the current will be rapidly changing. This polarity reverse causes electromagnets to repel and attract. The magnets then oscillate along two swing arms that once swung because of both polarity attraction and repulsion, activate the linkages.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) 
       [0001]    The present application derives priority from U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 62/142,782 filed 3 Apr. 2015. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    The present invention is directed to a motor utilizing electromagnetics by which it converts magnetic force into mechanical force 
         [0004]    2. Description of the Background 
         [0005]    Toroidal motors are known brushless torque motors in which coils are wound about a toroidal annular iron core to form a stator portion. In 1909 the Beck Toroidal Engine was introduced at the Paris Air Show. This engine was a four piston, gas powered motor in which two arms activated a series of linkages and finally turned a crankshaft. Unfortunately, due to a mathematical mis-conversion the engine was never scaled to the correct size to power an aircraft. An electromagnetic example appears in U.S. Pat. No. 5,175,462 to Yoshino et al. issued Dec. 29, 1992, which shows a toroidal coil motor with an annular iron core. 
         [0006]    The concept of a reciprocating armature rather than a rotor-armature is also well-known, and the prior art has used permanent magnets, electromagnets, or both in a toroidal motor to reciprocate an armature. 
         [0007]    For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,394,295 by Stanley A. Cory issued 23 Jul. 1968 shows an electromagnetic oscillating motor with electromagnets in the stator and permanent magnets in the armature. The &#39;295 patent notes the efficiency advantage allot having to pass current to the armature via brushes. 
         [0008]    U.S. Pat. No. 7,116,018 to Strobl (Johnson Electric) issued Oct. 3, 2006 shows an oscillating motor similar to Cory&#39;s with a rotor rotation of about 15 degrees. 
         [0009]    U.S. Pat. No. 4,626,717 to Hensing et al. issued Dec. 2, 1986 shows an oscillating magnetic motor with two mallet-shaped armatures mounted on the motor shaft and pivotable independently of each other. The stator is electromagnetic whilst the armature uses permanent magnets. When the stator coils are energized with an alternating current it creates an oscillatory movement of the two mallet-shaped armatures about the motor shaft. There is no linkage inasmuch as the two armatures are intended for driving two pistons of a dual-piston compressor, or two blades of a shearing or cutting device. 
         [0010]    The foregoing references use both permanent and electromagnets to oscillate an armature. The Hensing &#39;717 reference in particular uses similar mallet-shaped rocker arms with permanent magnet heads driven to oscillate by electromagnets in the stator. The polarity of the electromagnets is switched causing the rocker aims to oscillate back-and-forth. 
         [0011]    None of the foregoing patents employ any linkage. Linkages themselves are fairly well established, as shown by U.S. Pat. No. 3,703,653 to Robert Tracy issued Nov. 21, 1972. Tracy &#39;653 shows an electromagnetic motor that uses solenoids to impose/remove aluminum shields between pairs of permanent magnets. The Tracy &#39;653 patent describes a Star linkage to connect four pistons to a common camshaft. A similar Star linkage was typically used by Star or radial-type internal combustion engines employed by old airplanes with a radial array of pistons about the propeller. 
         [0012]    None of the foregoing references use electromagnets on the armatures in combination with a linkage. In contrast, the prior art teaches away from an electromagnetic armature due to the difficulty and inefficiency of commutating it with brushes. In fact, no one has realized the potential efficiency gained by a toroidal motor that uses multiple reciprocating rocker arms mounted for rotation about a common axis, each rocker arm being equipped with a combination of electromagnetic coils and permanent magnets, and in which the rocker arms are caused to reciprocate by switching the polarity of the electromagnets. The present inventors have effectively eliminate the stator by using a combination of permanent magnets and opposed armatures, linking two armatures to a common shaft using a simple three-bar linkage. Several embodiments are disclosed in which the reciprocations from the multiple rocker arms are conveyed to a single camshaft by a mechanical linkage that optimizes its leverage in accordance with switching of the electromagnetic coils. The result is a highly-efficient brushless motor that is quiet and economical. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0013]    Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a toroidal motor that incorporates magnetic power to turn a crankshaft by various combinations of permanent magnets and electromagnets which activate linkages that in turn provide power to the crankshaft. The toroidal motor may rely on the electromagnetic power along or as an assist to a combustible fuel source such as, for example, gasoline, propane, natural gas, or diesel fuel. 
         [0014]    It is another object to provide an improved brushless switched-current motor that is operated by both magnetic attraction and magnetic repulsion. 
         [0015]    It is a further object of the invention to provide a brushless switched-current reciprocating motor with permanent magnet pole pieces and switched field coils which are energized to reciprocate multiple rocker arms. 
         [0016]    It is a further object of the invention to provide a brushless switched-current motor as described above wherein reciprocations from the multiple rocker arms are conveyed to a single crankshaft by a mechanical linkage that optimizes its leverage in accordance with switching of the electromagnetic coils. 
         [0017]    These and other features and benefits are achieved with an improved multimagnetic toroidal motor comprising at least two rocker arms mounted for rotation about a common axis. Both rocker arms have mallet-shaped heads at one or both ends with N/S poles, the magnets being a combination of fixed and/or switchable. The polarity of the electromagnets of one head are switched in sequence causing the rocker arms to oscillate back-and-forth. The oscillations from both arms are conveyed to a single uni-directional crankshaft by a three-bar mechanical linkage. The invention can revolutionize home power generation, providing each home with its own self sustainable power generation unit. Many other commercial applications are possible such as electric automobiles, etc. 
         [0018]    For a more complete understanding of the invention, its objects and advantages, refer to the remaining specification and to the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0019]    Other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment and certain modifications thereof, in which: 
           [0020]      FIG. 1  is a front view of the multimagnetic toroidal motor according to the present invention mid-stroke. 
           [0021]      FIG. 2  is a front view of the multimagnetic toroidal motor of  FIG. 1  end-of-stroke. 
           [0022]      FIG. 3  is a front view of the multimagnetic toroidal motor of  FIGS. 1-2  on the return stroke. 
           [0023]      FIG. 4  illustrates another embodiment where all the heads  4  are EM heads incorporating switchable N/S electromagnets  1  mounted on opposite sides of the head. 
           [0024]      FIG. 5  illustrates another embodiment where one of the rocker arms  3  is double-sided (counterbalanced) and the other is single-sided. 
           [0025]      FIG. 6  illustrates another embodiment where both rocker arms  3  are single-sided. 
           [0026]      FIG. 7  illustrates another embodiment with a linkage system consisting of a series of binary links as in  FIG. 1 . 
           [0027]      FIG. 8  illustrates another embodiment with four linkage systems each consisting of a series of binary links. 
           [0028]      FIG. 9  illustrates another embodiment with three linkage systems each consisting of a series of binary links. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0029]    As seen in  FIG. 1 , a multimagnetic toroidal motor generally comprises at least two counter-balanced rocker arms  3  each mounted for independent rotation about a common axis A, and each having bi-radial symmetry about A. Both rocker arms  3  are provided with heads  4  at both ends, the heads  4  preferably (but not necessarily) being cylindrical shaped mallet heads as shown. The mallet-shaped heads  4  define two opposite magnetic poles, the poles on one pair of mallet-shaped heads  4  of one rocker arm  3  being fixed and the poles of the other rocker arm  3  being switchable. This way, the mallet-shaped heads  4  can be controlled to attract or repel each other as they converge. Thus, the fixed-pole heads  4  are permanent magnetic (PM) heads  4  while the switchable heads  4  are electromagnetic magnetic (EM) heads  4  as shown. 
         [0030]    Each PM head  4  further comprises opposing N/S permanent magnets  2  mounted on opposite sides of the head. The permanent magnets  2  used in the present invention are preferably rare-earth neodymium magnets with fixed poles. However, various other known types of permanent magnets ran be used in the invention as well, 
         [0031]    Each EM head  4  further comprises switchable N/S electromagnets  1  preferably formed by a reversible-current coil mounted on the head  4  as shown. The electromagnets used in the preferred embodiment comprise a copper wire wrapped around a ferrous mallet-shaped core. However, one skilled in the art will understand that electromagnets  1  may be coreless. A coreless electromagnet is an electromagnet (coil of wire) without the conventional ferrous core, e.g., simply wound around nothing. Alternatively, electromagnets  1  may be non-magnetically advantageous, e.g., a coil of wire wound around a non-ferrous/non-magnetic core such as plastic or other nonmagnetic material that does not strengthen the magnetic field. There is an advantage to the use of coreless or non-magnetic-core electromagnets  1  in that permanent magnets  2  will not attract to the cores of the electromagnets  1  when the electromagnetic poles are intended to repel, depending on the timing of the motor. 
         [0032]    Electricity flows through the copper wire in a given direction, thereby determining the polarity. Of course, most any other electromagnets or even switchable permanent magnets can be used provided they have switchable poles, in order to reduce heat generated by the electromagnets  1 , the mallet-core of the electromagnets could be made of electrical steel. The ferrous core concentrates magnetic flux along the axis of the mallet-shaped EM head  4 . 
         [0033]    The rocker arms  3  are mounted for independent rotation about axis A, but are connected by a linkage mechanism. The illustrated linkage mechanism is a series of binary links, comprising four struts  6  pivotally connected together end-to-end as shown in a T-shaped configuration. The stem of the T-shaped binary linkage is connected to a unidirectional gear drive or unidirectional bearings, which are in turn connected to an output crankshaft  9  that rotates coaxially yet independently of the rocker arms  3 . Thus, a pair of struts  6  are each pivotally connected at one end to single pivot points  5  approximately mid-height along each rocker arm  3 , and are pivotally connected together at the other end at a triple pivot point  7 . Another pair of struts  6  are each pivotally connected together at a double pivot point  8  and end-to-end from the triple pivot point  7  to the crankshaft  9 . The struts  6  may be made of steel, aluminum, plastic, composite, fiber of any kind including carbon fiber, or any other material of any kind. 
         [0034]    The pivot point where there are three ends of struts  6  connected at triple pivot point  7  is journaled into and runs along a track  13  (see  FIG. 3 ). Track  13  may be a hole or a deep groove in the interior of motor housing. This track keeps the triple pivot point  7  moving in a linear direction. 
         [0035]    The coils on the electromagnets  1  of EM heads  4  are connected to a timing controller  30 , which may be a commercially-available programmable polarity reversal relay module. Timing controller  30  is connected to and derives power from a DC or AC power supply  40 . Power supply  40  may be any suitable switched mode external power supply such as a battery, generator, or other known source As an alternative the power supply  40  may be a conventional switched-mode power supply (SMPS), e.g., an electronic power supply that incorporates a switching regulator to convert electrical power efficiently. The timing controller  30  may be a suitable switching circuit that causes the SMPS power supply  40  to reverse polarity. This way, the SNIPS power supply will continually switch between low-dissipation, full-on and full-off states, and spend very little time in the high dissipation transitions, which minimizes wasted energy. Where an SNIPS is used the timing controller  30  may be an internal or external timing circuit or programmable computer to periodically reverse polarities of the electromagnets  1 . Alternately, a mechanical timing device such as a mechanical distributor can be used for timing controller  30 . 
         [0036]    In general operation, the polarity of the electromagnets  1  on EM heads  4  are cyclically-switched by timing controller  30  causing the rocker arms  3  to oscillate back-and-forth within a fixed-angle rotation. The oscillations from both arms are conveyed to the single crankshaft  9  by the binary mechanical linkage of struts  6 . To start the motor, a sequence of events occurs and is outlined as follows:
       1) The external power supply  40  is activated;   2) Current from the external power supply  40  is directed by a timing controller  30  to specific electromagnets  1 , +/− at top and −/+ at bottom. Once the current flows through the electromagnets  1 , the electromagnets assume a S/N (top) and N/S (bottom) polar configuration as shown in  FIG. 2 .   3) The rocker arms  3  move closer, the electromagnets  1  being attracted toward the permanent magnets  2  of opposing polarity.   4) The initial starting motion causes the linkages  6  to activate and turn the crankshaft  9 .   5) Once the electromagnets  1  have moved adjacent their corresponding permanent magnets  2 , the timing controller  10  switches, reversing the direction of the current, causing the polarity of the electromagnets  1  to be reversed as well. What was originally the North Pole is now the South. This polarity reverse causes the electromagnets  1  to move away from their most proximate permanent magnet  2  and toward the opposing permanent magnet  2  as seen in  FIG. 3 .   6) The above-described process then repeats. In order to create a continuous spinning crankshaft  9 , the external timing controller  30  synchronizes the rate of the reversing polarities of the electromagnets.       
 
         [0043]      FIGS. 1 and 2  show the device mid-stroke. The leftmost PM rocker arm  3  provides S/N poles as shown, and when the electromagnets  1  of the rightmost EM rocker arm  3  are switched to provide N/S poles the mallet-shaped heads  4  repel each other forcing the rocker arms  3  rotate away from each other. 
         [0044]    As seen in  FIG. 2 , when the struts  6  pivotally connected between the rocker arms  3  become fully extended the momentum of the rocker arms  3  causes them to change rotational direction, now advancing back toward each other. However, the linkage system continues to rotate the crankshaft  9  clockwise, despite the reverse direction of the rocker arms  3 . In addition, at this point the EM rocker arms  3  are again momentarily switched to provide S/N poles such that the mallet-shaped heads  4  attract each other. The rocker arms  3  rotate toward each other. After the initial start, the switching of the electromagnets  1  on EM rocker arms  3  is timed to coincide with the reversal of rotational direction, such that the electromagnets are only powered at the reverse points and are powered off there between. Alternatively, the electromagnets can be powered in between strokes, rather than at reverse points. In either case, the rocker arms  3  continue toward each other, and move past each other to the next reversal point as seen in  FIG. 4 . Switching and motion continues in this cyclic manner. 
         [0045]    Various other embodiments as well as certain variations and modifications of the embodiments herein shown and described will obviously occur to those skilled in the art upon becoming familiar with said underlying concept. 
         [0046]    For example,  FIG. 5  illustrates another embodiment where all the heads  4  are EM heads incorporating switchable N/S electromagnets  1  mounted on opposite sides of the head. 
         [0047]      FIG. 6  illustrates another embodiment where one of the rocker arms  3  is double-sided (counterbalanced) and the other is single-sided. 
         [0048]      FIG. 7  illustrates another embodiment where both rocker arms  3  are single-sided. 
         [0049]      FIG. 8  illustrates another embodiment with four linkage systems each consisting of a series of four binary links connected together end-to-end as shown in a T-shaped configuration. 
         [0050]      FIG. 9  illustrates another embodiment with three linkage systems each consisting of a series of binary links. 
         [0051]    In addition, those skilled in the art will understand that lubrication or cooling of parts of the invention may be achieved with using conventional cooling and lubrication methods. It is to be understood, therefore, that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically set forth in the appended claims.