Abstract:
A chemiluminescent protein chip, kit and method for detecting seroglycoid fucosylation index, in the field of protein detection technology. The chemiluminescent protein chip includes a substrate slide, at least one detection subarea, detection spot areas and one control spot area. The detection spots are formed by fixed aplha fetoprotein (AFP)-specific antibodies.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The invention relates to a protein detection technology, in particular to a chemiluminescent protein chip and method for detecting seroglycoid fucosylation index. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) produced by primary hepatic cancer has great difference from that generated by hepatitis, hepatic cirrhosis and other benign hepatic diseases in the carbohydrate chain. Compared with AFP generated by benign hepatic diseases, AFP generated by hepatic cancer has much higher fucosylation index. Fucose has the characteristic of binding to  lens culinaris  lectin. AFP can be categorized into AFP-L1, AFP-L2 and AFP-L3 according to their (fucose residues&#39;) different affinity for  lens culinaris  lectin, wherein AFP-L1 mainly comes from benign hepatic diseases, AFP-L2 mainly comes from pregnant women, and AFP-L3 is the fucosylation form of AFP and mainly comes from HCC. In 2005, FDA has formally approved to take AFP-L3 as one of markers of primary hepatic cancer. AFP-L3 has high specificity and sensitivity in early diagnosis, differential diagnosis, therapeutic effect evaluation and prognosis monitoring. 
         [0003]    Fucose is a methylated hexose, exists in carbohydrate chains of various glycoproteins in tissues and serums and is called as protein-bound fucose (P-bf). AFP contains fucose residues in its carbohydrate chain, which heteroplasmon is called as fucosylated AFP (FucAFP). The percentage of the FucAFP in total AFP amount is called as fucosylation index (Fuol). The Fuol has important theoretical significance and clinical application significance and can be used as one important indicator in hepatic cancer diagnosis and prognosis application. 
         [0004]    The conventional method of separating fucosylated proteins in serum comprises crossed affinity immunoelectrophoresis technique, affinity blotting, affinity chromatography, “dual-site sandwich” enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, LiBASys tester, μTASWako® i30 detection system technology and Hotgen Biotech glycosyl capture spin column pretreatment technology, wherein the phytolectin affinity immunoelectrophoresis technique and the μTASWako® i30 detection system technology require high conditions, complex operations and expensive reagents, which restricts their popularization and application; while the glycosyl capturing spin column increases the complexity of the operation because sample treatment and detection are performed separately. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0005]    The invention provides a kit and detection method for quantitatively detecting AFP and/or FucAFP in a biological sample, based on the demand and blank of the prior art in quantitative detection technology of AFP and AFP-L3 in a serum, which are not only applicable to detecting AFP antigens in a serum, but also have generality in detecting other fucosylated proteins, and have the advantages of time saving, accuracy and convenience. 
         [0006]    The invention adopts the following technical scheme: 
         [0007]    In one aspect, the invention provides a chemiluminescent protein chip for detecting seroglycoid fucosylation index, characterized in that a substrate slide of the protein chip at least includes one detection subarea, and the one detection subarea is used for detecting one serum sample; 
         [0008]    Two detection spot areas and one row control spot area are arranged in the detection subarea, wherein one of the detection spot areas contains detection spots formed from fixed alpha fetoprotein (AFP)-specific antibodies, the other detection spot area contains detection spots formed from fixed  lens culinaris  lectin, and the control spot area contains control spots formed from fixed bovine serum albumin (BSA); 
         [0009]    Substances on all detection spots in the same detection spot area have the same concentration. 
         [0010]    One detection spot area at least includes two detection spots. 
         [0011]    The AFP specific antibodies are mouse anti-human AFP antibodies. 
         [0012]    Several detection subareas are arranged on the substrate slide, each detection spot area includes 4 detection spots arranged in one row, and the control spot area includes 4 control spots arranged in one row; and the detection spots and the control spots are arranged in three parallel rows. 
         [0013]    A bulge is arranged between the detection subareas as a physical partition. 
         [0014]    In a further aspect, this invention provides a chemiluminescent kit for detecting seroglycoid fucosylation index, characterized in that it comprises any one of the chemiluminescent protein chips as mentioned above. 
         [0015]    In one aspect, it also comprises an AFP standard substance, biotin-labeled AFP polyclonal antibodies, avidin horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and a HRP chemiluminescent substrate solution; the biotin-labeled AFP polyclonal antibodies are rabbit antibodies and come from a species different from that of the AFP specific antibodies fixed on the detection spots. 
         [0016]    In one aspect, it also comprises conventional reagents Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) and PBS containing Tween® 20 (PBST) which are used for washing and diluting. 
         [0017]    In a yet further aspect, this invention provides the use of any one of the aforementioned kit in detecting AFP and/or FucAFP and/or seroglycoid fucosylation index. 
         [0018]    In still a further aspect, this invention provides a method for quantitatively detecting fucosylated protein, characterized in that it adopts any one of the chemiluminescent protein chips as mentioned above and comprises the following steps: 
       (1) Sample Detection 
       [0019]    Diluting a serum sample to be detected before drop-wise adding it on the detection subareas of the chemiluminescent protein chip, incubating, washing the detection subareas with PBST so as to remove nonspecific conjugates; 
         [0020]    Adding the biotin-labeled AFP antibodies diluted with PBS, incubating, washing the detection subareas with PBST so as to remove nonspecific conjugates; 
         [0021]    Adding the avidin HRP diluted with PBS, incubating, washing the detection subareas with PBST so as to remove nonspecific conjugates; 
         [0022]    Adding the HRP chemiluminescent substrate solution, and scanning the protein chip with a chemiluminescent scanner to respectively obtain the chemiluminescence pixel values of AFP and fucosylated protein in the diluted serum sample to be detected; 
       (2) Obtaining Standard Curve Equations of AFP and Fucosylated Protein: 
       [0023]    X-coordinate of the standard curve equation of AFP is a gradient of concentration values of the AFP standard substance; Y-coordinate of the same is a series of chemiluminescence pixel values of AFP as detected in the step (1) by using the AFP standard substances with gradient concentrations as a series of samples to be detected; 
         [0024]    X-coordinate of the standard curve equation of fucosylated protein is a gradient of concentration values of AFP-L3 in the AFP-L3 standard substance; Y-coordinate of the same is a series of chemiluminescence pixel values of fucosylated protein as detected in step (1) by using AFP-L3 standard substances with gradient concentrations as a series of samples to be detected; and the AFP-L3 standard substance is a serum containing fucosylated proteins (AFP); 
         [0025]    (3) Plugging the chemiluminescence pixel value of AFP in the serum sample to be detected in step (1) into the standard curve equation of AFP to calculate out the AFP concentration of the diluted serum, and multiplying it with the dilution ratio to obtain the AFP concentration of the serum to be detected; plugging the chemiluminescence pixel value of fucosylated protein in the serum sample to be detected in step (1) into the standard curve equation of fucosylated protein to calculate out the fucosylated protein concentration of the diluted serum, and multiplying it with the dilution ratio to obtain fucosylated protein concentration of the serum to be detected; 
         [0026]    The ratio of the fucosylated protein concentration of the serum to be detected to the AFP concentration of the serum to be detected is the fucosylation index. 
         [0027]    The term “incubating” refers to incubating for 30 min at 37° C. 
         [0028]    The invention provides a chemiluminescent protein chip for detecting seroglycoid fucosylation index. The chemiluminescent protein chip is based on the antibody-antigen-antibody sandwich reaction principle and the chemiluminiscence principle, and AFP-specific antibodies and  lens culinaris  lectin are also fixed on the chemiluminescent protein chip. The AFP-specific antibodies are used for binding all AFP (AFP-L1, AFP-L2 and AFP-L3) in a serum, and  lens culinaris  lectin is used for binding FucAFP. Control spots are also arranged. The total concentration of AFP and the concentration of FucAFP in the serum can be simultaneously detected under absolutely identical conditions, and the seroglycoid fucosylation index can be accurately obtained. The chemiluminescent protein chip provided by the invention at least includes one detection subarea which can detect one serum sample. In most embodiments, at least two detection subareas are preferably set, wherein one of the subareas is used for detecting a control serum, and the other subarea is used for detecting the serum sample to be detected. Further, in order to implement high throughput detection, multiple detection subareas are preferably set, such as three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine or ten detection subareas, so that multiple serum samples can be detected on one chip, the clinical detection efficiency can be increased, and the cost can be reduced. As shown in  FIG. 1 , in one preferable embodiment of the invention, the one detection subarea includes 4 detection spots where AFP-specific antibodies are fixed, 4 detection sports where  lens culinaris  lectin is fixed and 4 control spots; the two kinds of detection spots and the control spots are arranged into three parallel rows. 
         [0029]    The invention also provides a chemiluminescent kit for detecting seroglycoid fucosylation index, which includes the protein chip as mentioned above, conventional chemiluminescent reagents, standard curve equation data, etc. 
         [0030]    The protein chip according to this invention has the following three advantages: 
         [0031]    1. AFP and FucAFP in a serum are detected under substantially identical conditions to make sure the detected fucosylation index is more accurate and reliable. 
         [0032]    2. Multiple samples can be simultaneously detected. Multiple duplicate samples or samples taken at different time points can be detected to obtain dynamic values, or various different samples can be detected. In a word, high throughput detection can be implemented. The detection cost is reduced and the detection efficiency is improved on the whole. 
         [0033]    3. The amounts of serum samples and antibodies required for the protein chip described herein are greatly reduced: only 2.5 μl to 10 μl of original serum is needed, while 50 μl is needed for ELISA method detection; for antibody application to protein chin boards, 5 μl of antibody can be applied to at least 20 protein chips, used for detecting 200 serum samples; the antibody amount required is far lower than that of ELISA method, and the detection cost and expense are greatly reduced. 
         [0034]    Meanwhile, the invention also provides a method for quantitatively detecting FucAFP using the kit, which comprises the following steps of: firstly, making serially diluted solutions of AFP with gradient concentrations to be detected by adopting a commercial AFP antigen standard substance, determining the chemiluminescence pixel value corresponding to each gradient concentration by using the chemiluminescence detection method, establishing a standard curve with the gradient concentrations as X-coordinate and the chemiluminescence pixel values as Y-coordinate and obtaining a linear regression equation. 
         [0035]    The method for detecting seroglycoid fucosylation index provided herein comprises the steps of: on the protein chip as described above, by using the characteristics of specific binding between antibodies and antigens and specific binding between  lens culinaris  lectin and fucose, adding serum or plasma samples to incubate, then adding biotin-labeled AFP polyclonal antibodies and HRP-labeled avidin, finally adding HRP chemiluminescent substrate, and scanning and quantifying chemiluminescent signals by a chemiluminescent scanner; and plugging the acquired signal values into the pre-established linear regression equation to obtain the concentration of fucosylated proteins AFP-L3 in the sample. 
         [0036]    The detection principle of the method described herein is somewhat different from common chemiluminescence immunoreaction. A compound “antibody—antigen—horse radish peroxidase labeled second antibody” is formed in the common chemiluminescence immunoreaction namely Elisa reaction, and the HRP chemiluminescent substrate solution is finally added to acquire the chemiluminescence value. However, because horse radish peroxidase itself contains fucose residues, if the second antibody is labeled by horse radish peroxidase, the fucose residues in the horse radish peroxidase will be bound to  lens culinaris  lectin so as to seriously interfere with detection values. Some experiments made herein prove that accurate fucosylation index cannot be obtained in this way, the false positive rate is very high, and very high fucosylation index can be obtained in normal serums. Hence, the chip and the method provided herein have the following principle of: orderly fixing AFP monoclonal antibodies and  lens culinaris  lectin on the protein chip, successively adding a serum to be detected, biotin-labeled AFP polyclonal antibodies and avidin HRP to respectively form “AFP McAb—AFP—biotin-labeled AFP PcAb—avidin HRP compound” and “ lens culinaris  lectin—AFP-L3—biotin-labeled AFP antibody—avidin HRP compound”, finally adding the HRP chemiluminescent substrate solution to incubate, scanning the protein chip by a chemiluminescent scanner to obtain chemiluminescence pixel values, and plugging the pixel values into the linear regression equation corresponding to the standard curve to obtain the concentrations of AFP and AFP-L3, and acquiring the percentage of FucAFP AFP-L3 in total AFP, namely fucosylation index. 
         [0037]    Experimental results prove that the method described herein not only can be used for qualitative detection, but also can quantitatively detect AFP and FucAFP through chemiluminescence intensity. Compared with ELISA method, it has better sensitivity and specificity. In terms of time consuming, the ELISA method needs at least 3 hours, and the method disclosed herein only needs 1.5 hours. In terms of antibody usage amount, when the protein chips in the kit are used for antibody application, 5 μl of antibody can be applied to at least 20 chips to detect 200 serums, and the antibody amount required is far lower than that of the ELISA method. In terms of serum usage amount, the ELISA method needs 50 μl serum, while the kit and the detection method described herein only need 2.5 μl to 10 μl original serum to detect one serum sample. Hence, the kit and the detection method provided herein have the characteristics of high sensitivity, time saving, economy, etc., and the cost and time for serum protein detection can be greatly reduced. 
         [0038]    In conclusion, the method disclosed herein combines the chemiluminiscence detection method, the standard curve and the protein chip technology and ensures high sensitivity, accuracy, high efficiency and low cost when the kit is used for AFP-L3 quantitative detection. The detection method provided herein is a feasible, reliable, economic, simple and time-saving method. The technical solution of the invention will provide an economic and reliable kit and detection method for detection FucAFP in a serum in a large-scale high-throughput way. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0039]      FIG. 1  shows the schematic of antibody application of AFP/lens culinaris lectin on the protein chip. 
           [0040]      FIG. 2  shows the flow chart of protein chip in AFP/lens culinaris lectin antibody sandwich method. 
           [0041]      FIG. 3  shows the results of AFP antigen detected by the AFP protein microarray; 
           [0000]    AFP antibodies were applied to the slides with different concentrations, A: 1 mg/ml; B: 0.5 mg/ml; C: 0.25 mg/ml; Different concentrations of AFP antigen were used: 1. 80 ng/ml, 2. 40 ng/ml, 3. 20 ng/ml, 4. 10 ng/ml, 5. 5 ng/ml; Serum from HCC patients and serum from healthy persons: 6. HCC serum, 7. HCC serum, 8. blank control, 9. healthy serum, and 10. HCC serum. 
           [0042]      FIG. 4  shows the standard curve chart and the regression equation of AFP detected by AFP protein microarray. 
           [0043]      FIG. 5  is the scan chart of AFP antigen and serum samples detected by AFP protein microarray; 
           [0044]    AFP antigen concentration: (1-5) 80 ng/ml, 40 ng/ml, 20 ng/ml, 10 ng/ml, 5 ng/ml; HCC serum 6-10. AFP antibodies concentration coated to the slides were 0.5 mg/ml. 
           [0045]      FIG. 6  is the scan chart of AFP-L3 standard substances detected by AFP/ lens culinaris  lectin applied chips; 
           [0046]    AFP antibodies and lens culinaris lectin were applied to the slides, A: AFP antibodie, 0.5 mg/ml; B: lens culinaris lectin 4 mg/ml; Different concentrations of AFP-L3 in serum samples were used: (1-5) 100 ng/ml; 50 ng/ml; 25 ng/ml; 12.5 ng/ml; 6.2 5 ng/ml; (6-9) 100 ng/ml; 50 ng/ml; 25 ng/ml; 12.5 ng/ml. (10) blank control. 
           [0047]      FIG. 7  shows the standard curve chart and the regression equation of AFP-L3 detected by AFP/lens culinaris lectin protein microarray. 
           [0048]      FIG. 8  shows the scan chart of hepatic cancer and normal serum samples detected by AFP/lens culinaris lectin applied chips; 
       
    
    
       [0049]    8 chips are used for detecting 39 hepatic cancer serum samples, 32 normal healthy serum samples and 9 blank controls. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0050]    The following embodiments are intended to further describe the invention in detail, but do not restrict the scope of the invention. Unless otherwise specified, operations used in the following embodiments are conventional methods, and reagents adopted are commercially available. 
       Main Instrument Equipment 
       [0051]    Chemiluminiscent scanner, researched and developed by Academy of Military Medical Sciences. 
       Main Reagents and Sources Thereof 
       [0052]    Mouse monoclonal antibody for AFP (Shenzhen Feipeng Company), lens culinaris lectin (Sigma Company), aldehyde substrate chips (Shanghai Baiao Company), biotin-labeled rabbit antibodies (Abcam Company), avidin-HRP (Abcam Company), HRP chemiluminescent substrate solutions A and B, to be mixed according to the proportion of 1:1 and used immediately after preparation (Millipore Company). 
       Example 1 
     Preparation and Application of the Protein Chip 
       [0053]    Reagents and instruments used in experiments: mouse-induced monoclonal antibody AFP (Shenzhen Feipeng Company), lens culinaris lectin (Sigma Company), aldehyde substrate chips (Shanghai Baiao Company), biotin-labeled rabbit-induced antibodies (Abcam Company), avidin-HRP (Abcam Company), and chemiluminiscent scanner (researched and developed by the laboratory of professor Wang Sheng-Qi from Academy of Military Medical Sciences). 
         [0000]      NaCl 8 g, KCl 0.2 g, Na2HPO41.44 g and KH2PO4 0.24 g, pH 7.4, volume 1 L  PBS formula:
 
         [0000]      PBS, 1L+Tween-20, 1 ml  PBST formula:
 
         [0054]    Chips are aldehyde substrate chips (Shanghai Baiao Company); each chip includes 10 detection grids (detection subareas); each grid detects one serum; and 10 serums are detected at one time. 
         [0055]    In each detection grid, mouse monoclonal antibody for AFP (Shenzhen Feipeng Company) and lens culinaris lectin (Sigma Company) are successively applied to the chips for four times, wherein the monoclonal antibody for AFP is applied at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml, the lens culinaris lectin is applied at a concentration of 4 mg/ml, both of which are applied into two rows of eight detection spots; 10% bovine serum albumin (BSA) is used as negative control and is also applied for four times to form control spots. 
         [0056]    Operation Procedure of the Protein Chip: 
         [0057]    Detect tumor markers in dynamic serum samples of healthy control group and hepatic cancer experimental group by using the protein chip prepared as above. 
         [0058]    Dropwise add 10 μl serum sample (or 2.5 μl after diluting 4 times) on chips, incubate for 30 min at 37° C., so that AFP in the serum can be specifically bound to corresponding (mouse) antibodies on the chips by using specific binding between antigens and antibodies and specific binding between lens culinaris lectin and focuse to form a compound of antigen and antibody (mouse), and lens culinaris lectin is bound to focuse to form a compound of lens culinaris lectin and antigen. 
         [0059]    Wash the chips for 4 times with PBST to remove non-specific binding, add PBS-diluted biotin-labeled rabbit primary antibodies, and incubate for 30 min at 37° C. Rabbit antibodies are bound to antigens to form a compound of mouse antibody—AFP (focuse)—biotin-labeled rabbit antibody and a compound of lens culinaris lectin—(AFP) focuse—biotin-labeled rabbit antibody. 
         [0060]    Wash the chips for 4 times with PBST to remove non-specific bindings, add PBS-diluted avidin HPR, and incubate for 30 min at 37° C. Biotin is bound to avidin to form “mouse antibody—AFP (focuse)—biotin-labeled rabbit antibody—avidin HRP compound” and “lens culinaris lectin—(AFP) focuse—biotin-labeled rabbit antibody-avidin HRP compound”. 
         [0061]    Wash the chips for 4 times with PBST to remove non-specific bindings, add chemiluminiscent HRP substrate, incubate for 30 min at 37° C., and scan them with the chemiluminiscent scanner. 
         [0062]    Chemiluminiscent pixel on a solid phase carrier is positively correlated to the amount of detected antigens in a sample, and the content of antigens to be detected can be determined by determining the pixel value in the compound. Chip application antibody (mouse primary antibody) and antibody for detection (rabbit-induced primary antibody) are respectively derived from different species of animals.  FIG. 2  shows the flow chart of protein chip in the antibody sandwich method; 
       Example 2 
     Establishment of the Detection Method Described Herein 
       [0063]    (1) Standard Curve and Regression Equation a. 
         [0064]    Commerical AFP antigens (Abcam Company) are set into different concentration gradients: (1-5) 80 ng/ml, 40 ng/ml, 20 ng/ml, 10 ng/ml, 5 ng/ml, 6. hepatic cancer serum, 7. hepatic cancer serum, 8. blank control, 9. healthy serum and 10. hepatic cancer serum ( FIG. 3 , antibodies applied in chip are AFP 2 mg/ml, 1 mg/ml, 0.5 mg/ml and 0.25 mg/ml). 
         [0065]    The operation procedure and protein chips in the example 1 are used to detect each concentration gradient of the AFP standard substance, and the detection scan result is shown in  FIG. 3 . The detection results are used for drawing the standard curve chart, with the concentrations of the standard substance as X-coordinate and the pixel values as Y-coordinate, on a coordinate paper. Find out the corresponding concentration through the standard curve according to the pixel value of the sample; multiply it by the dilution ratio; or calculate out the linear regression equation of the standard curve using the concentration and OD value of the standard substance, plug the OD value of the sample into the equation to calculate out the concentration of the sample, and multiply it by the dilution ratio to obtain the actual concentration of the sample. The standard curve and the regression equation are shown in  FIG. 4 . 
         [0066]    Commercial AFP antigens (Abcam Company) are set into different concentration gradients: (1-5) 80 ng/ml, 40 ng/ml, 20 ng/ml, 10 ng/ml, 5 ng/ml, 6. hepatic cancer serum, 7. hepatic cancer serum, 8. hepatic cancer serum, 9. hepatic cancer serum and 10. hepatic cancer serum ( FIG. 5 , antibodies applied in chip are AFP 0.5 mg/ml). 
         [0067]    The operation procedure and protein chips in the example 1 are used to detect each concentration gradient of the AFP standard substance, and the detection scan result is shown in  FIG. 3 . The detection results are used for drawing the standard curve chart, with the concentration of the standard substance as X-coordinate and the pixel value as Y-coordinate, on a coordinate paper. Find out the corresponding concentration through the standard curve according to the pixel value of the sample; multiply it by the dilution ratio; or calculate out the linear regression equation of the standard curve using the concentration and OD value of the standard substance, plug the OD value of the sample into the equation to calculate out the concentration of the sample, and multiply it by the dilution ratio to obtain the actual concentration of the sample. The standard curve and the regression equation a are shown in  FIG. 4 . 
         [0068]    (2) Standard Curve and Regression Equation b. 
         [0069]    A serum with known AFP-L3 concentration is diluted in multiple proportions, and set into different concentration gradients: (1-5) 200 ng/ml, 100 ng/ml, 50 ng/ml, 25 ng/ml, 12.5 ng/ml, (6-9) 200 ng/ml, 100 ng/ml, 50 ng/ml, 25 ng/ml. 10. blank control ( FIG. 6 ). 
         [0070]    The operation procedure and protein chips in the example 1 are used to detect each concentration gradient of the serum (AFP-L3) standard substance, and the detection scan result is shown in  FIG. 6 . The detection results are used for drawing the standard curve chart, with the concentration of the standard substance as X-coordinate and the pixel value as Y-coordinate, on a coordinate paper. Find out the corresponding concentration through the standard curve according to the pixel value of the sample; multiply it by the dilution ratio; or calculate out the linear regression equation of the standard curve using the concentration and OD value of the standard substance, plug the OD value of the sample into the equation to calculate out the concentration of the sample, and multiple it by the dilution ratio to obtain the actual concentration of the sample. The standard curve and the regression equation b are shown in  FIG. 7 . 
       Example 3 
     Sample Detection for Verifying Stability, Accuracy and Reliability of the Method Described Herein 
     Serum Samples: 
       [0071]    39 hepatic cancer serums: from the specimen repository of Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University; 
         [0072]    32 normal healthy human serums; 
         [0073]    9 blank controls (blank control is 1×PBS). 
         [0074]    Detection procedure is identical to that in example 1. 
         [0075]    Plug the pixel value of the sample into the regression equation a in  FIG. 4  to calculate out the concentration of AFP in the sample, and multiply it by the dilution ratio to obtain the total concentration of AFP in the sample. Plug the pixel value of the sample into the regression equation b in  FIG. 7  to calculate out the concentration of AFP-L3 in the sample, and multiply it by the dilution ratio to obtain the total concentration of AFP-L3 in the sample. 
         [0076]    Each chip includes 10 detection subareas, including healthy serum samples, hepatic cancer serum samples and blank controls. For details, see chip numbers and detection subarea numbers in Table 1. 
         [0077]    The scan chart of detection results of the samples is shown in  FIG. 8 . 
         [0078]    Calculation formula: 
         [0000]        AFP  total concentration  X ={(scanning pixel value− Y− 39.05)/5.476}}×dilution ratio;
 
         [0000]        AFF - L 3 total concentration  X ={(scanning pixel value  Y− 24.65)/2.26}×dilution ratio;
 
         [0000]        AFP - L 3 index= AFP - L 3/ AFP.    
         [0000]    The detection result is shown in Table 1 below. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Summary of detection results of clinical samples 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Chip 
                 Grip 
                   
                 AFP 
                 AFP-L3 
                 AFP 
                 AFP-L3 
                   
               
               
                 NO. 
                 NO. 
                 Samples 
                 OD Value 
                 OD Value 
                 (ng/mL) 
                 (ng/mL) 
                 AFP-L3/AFP 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 No. 1 
                 1 
                 HCC 
                 55 
                 20 
                  11.65084 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 HCC 
                 230 
                 40 
                 139.4814 
                 27.16814 
                 0.19478  
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 HCC 
                 80 
                 30 
                  29.91234 
                  9.469027 
                 0.316559 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 HCC 
                 255 
                 90 
                 157.7429 
                 115.6637  
                 0.733242 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 HCC 
                 255 
                 100 
                 157.7429 
                 133.3628  
                 0.845444 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 C 
                 21 
                 10 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 N 
                 17 
                 10 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 HCC 
                 255 
                 65 
                 157.7429 
                 71.41593 
                 0.452736 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 N 
                 20 
                 18 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 HCC 
                 245 
                 18 
                 150.4383 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 No. 2 
                 1 
                 HCC 
                 90 
                 12 
                  37.21695 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 HCC 
                 255 
                 56 
                 157.7429 
                 55.48673 
                 0.351754 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 HCC 
                 150 
                 49 
                  81.04456 
                 43.09735 
                 0.531773 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 HCC 
                 255 
                 140 
                 157.7429 
                 204.1593  
                 1.294254 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 C 
                 10 
                 10 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 HCC 
                 160 
                 50 
                  88.34916 
                 44.86726 
                 0.50784 
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 HCC 
                 83 
                 10 
                  32.10373 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 HCC 
                 255 
                 70 
                 157.7429 
                 80.26549 
                 0.508837 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 N 
                 30 
                 14 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 HCC 
                 255 
                 60 
                 157.7429 
                 62.56637 
                 0.396635 
               
               
                 No. 3 
                 1 
                 HCC 
                 130 
                 10 
                  66.43535 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 HCC 
                 80 
                 10 
                  29.91234 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 HCC 
                 250 
                 63 
                 154.0906 
                 67.87611 
                 0.440495 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 HCC 
                 25 
                 10 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 C 
                 10 
                 10 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 HCC 
                 160 
                 10 
                  88.34916 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 HCC 
                 255 
                 34 
                 157.7429 
                 16.54867 
                 0.104909 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 HCC 
                 255 
                 60 
                 157.7429 
                 62.56637 
                 0.396635 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 HCC 
                 70 
                 10 
                  22.60774 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 HCC 
                 50 
                 10 
                   7.998539 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 No. 4 
                 1 
                 HCC 
                 255 
                 230 
                 157.7429 
                 363.4513  
                 2.304074 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 HCC 
                 64 
                 20 
                  18.22498 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 N 
                 20 
                 20 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 N 
                 20 
                 10 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 C 
                 10 
                 10 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 HCC 
                 255 
                 70 
                 157.7429 
                 80.26549 
                 0.508837 
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 HCC 
                 90 
                 40 
                  37.21695 
                 27.16814 
                 0.729994 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 N 
                 20 
                 20 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 HCC 
                 255 
                 70 
                 157.7429 
                 80.26549 
                 0.508837 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 HCC 
                 230 
                 12 
                 139.4814 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 No. 5 
                 1 
                 HCC 
                 255 
                 55 
                 157.7429 
                 53.71681 
                 0.340534 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 HCC 
                 255 
                 197 
                 157.7429 
                 305.0442  
                 1.933807 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 HCC 
                 255 
                 180 
                 157.7429 
                 274.9558  
                 1.743063 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 N 
                 40 
                 20 
                   0.693937 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 C 
                 10 
                 10 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 HCC 
                 76 
                 30 
                  26.9905 
                  9.469027 
                 0.350828 
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 N 
                 20 
                 13 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 N 
                 30 
                 10 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 N 
                 20 
                 20 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 C 
                 10 
                 10 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 No. 6 
                 1 
                 HCC 
                 255 
                 30 
                 157.7429 
                  9.469027 
                 0.060028 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 HCC 
                 255 
                 27 
                 157.7429 
                  4.159292 
                 0.026368 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 HCC 
                 255 
                 27 
                 157.7429 
                  4.159292 
                 0.026368 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 HCC 
                 255 
                 30 
                 157.7429 
                  9.469027 
                 0.060028 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 HCC 
                 255 
                 20 
                 157.7429 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 C 
                 10 
                 10 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 N 
                 10 
                 10 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 N 
                 10 
                 10 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 N 
                 10 
                 10 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 N 
                 10 
                 10 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 No. 7 
                 1 
                 N 
                 10 
                 10 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 N 
                 10 
                 10 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 N 
                 10 
                 10 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 N 
                 10 
                 10 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 C 
                 10 
                 10 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 N 
                 10 
                 10 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 N 
                 10 
                 10 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 N 
                 10 
                 10 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 N 
                 10 
                 10 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 N 
                 10 
                 10 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 No. 8 
                 1 
                 N 
                 10 
                 10 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 N 
                 10 
                 10 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 N 
                 10 
                 10 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 N 
                 10 
                 10 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 C 
                 10 
                 10 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 N 
                 10 
                 10 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 N 
                 10 
                 10 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 N 
                 10 
                 10 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 N 
                 10 
                 10 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 N 
                 10 
                 10 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 HCC: HCC serum; N: normal, healthy human serum; C: blank. 
               
               
                 —: no signal 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 AFP-L3/AFP of 80 serum samples 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 AFP-L3/ 
                 AFP-L3/ 
               
               
                   
                 AFP 
                 AFP 
                   
                 AFP 
                 AFP 
               
               
                   
                 ≧20 ng/ml 
                 &lt;20 ng/ml 
                 AFP-L3 
                 ≧10% 
                 &lt;10% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 HCC (39) 
                 35 
                 2 
                 26 
                 22 
                 4 
               
               
                 Healthy 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 (32) 
               
               
                 Blank 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 controls 
               
               
                 (9) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0079]    Currently, the AFP detection level adopts 20 ng/ml as the boundary, and the AFP level of normal people is lower than 20 ng/ml. AFP-L3(%)&gt;10-15% is the positive judgment indicator. 
         [0080]    Detection results of this chip: 
         [0081]    No AFP or AFP-L3 is detected in 9 blank controls, which indicates the chip adopted in this experiment is effective. 
         [0082]    No AFP or AFP-L3 is detected in 32 healthy serums, which indicates the false positive rate detected by the chip and the method disclosed herein is 0. 
         [0083]    AFP was detected in 37 of 39 HCC samples (94.87%). AFP level greater than 20 ng/ml was found in 35 of 39 HCC samples (89.74%). Both AFP and AFP-L3 were detected in 26 of 39 HCC samples. AFP and AFP-L3 were both undetected in 2 of 39 HCC samples. AFP-L3/AFP ratio greater than 10% was found in 22 of 26 HCC samples (84.61%), while AFP-L3/AFP ratio smaller than 10% was found in 4 of 26 samples. Thus, the protein microarray assay showed a sensitivity of 89.74% and a specificity of 100% for detecting AFP. It has reliable clinical application value. 
         [0084]    The above data demonstrates that the chip and the method described herein have favorable stability, accuracy and reliability. 
         [0085]    The AFP-L3/AFP ratios of 4 samples in detection are greater than 1, because the AFP concentrations of the samples are too high and far more than 169 ng/ml, much higher than the upper limit of the pixel analysis of this chip, 255. In actual detection, a serum with high AFP concentration can be diluted in multiple proportions, so that the actual AFP concentration of this serum can be detected.