Abstract:
A bevel gear manufacturing face cutter head ( 2 ) for face hobbing and face milling wherein the cutter head comprises positive blade seating surfaces ( 16, 18 ) and the capability to clamp the blades ( 8 ) tight to the positive seating surfaces and to adjust the cutting blades radially after they are pre-clamped and axially located.

Description:
[0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/724,531 filed Nov. 9, 2012, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention is directed gear manufacture and in particular to a bevel gear face cutter head for face hobbing and face milling 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Bevel and hypoid gears can be cut in a single or intermittent indexing process (face milling) or in a continuous indexing process (face hobbing). A basic cutting setup in the generating or cradle plane will put the center of the cutter head in a position which is away from the generating gear center (cradle axis) by the amount of the so called radial distance. The silhouette of the cutter blades represents one tooth of the generating gear while the cutter rotates. Common face cutters for bevel gear cutting have several blade groups with each group having between one and four blades. The most common cutters are alternating (completing) cutters with one outside and one inside blade per blade group. In order to achieve an equal chip load of all inside blades and all outside blades during the cutting process, the cutting edges of all outside blades preferably follow each other at the same radial position. Also all inside blades should follow each other at the same radial position. In other words, all cutting edges of one kind (inside or outside) should generate the same cone surface while the cutter is rotating. 
         [0004]    Manufacturing tolerances of the cutter head body, the blade blanks and deviations in blade profile grinding will introduce different cutting edge locations for the different blades in one cutter head. 
         [0005]    While older face cutter systems allowed an adjustment of the radial blade position, today&#39;s stick blade systems have no provisions in order to accomplish a direct radial adjustment. However, known techniques which achieve a radial change of the cutting edge location include:
   1. If a stick blade is moved in an axial position which is different from the nominal position, then the radius in the cutter reference plane increases or reduces by approximately ΔR=Δs·tan α, where Δs is a positive or negative axial movement of the stick blade and α is the blade pressure angle (for example, see U.S. Pat. No. 5,839,943).   2. If a stick blade is clamped with two clamp screws (upper and lower), then the increase of the torque of the upper or lower screw can move the blade tip slightly radially, if the stick blade is not exactly straight or if the normal slot wall is not exactly plane.   
 
         [0008]    The disadvantage of the above Method 1 is that the blade tips of all axially shifted blades will be moved out of their common tip plane. While the blade adjustment improves the radial cutting edge location, it causes a runout of the blade tips. The blade tip runout will contribute to premature tip wear of the blades. 
         [0009]    The disadvantage of the above Method 2 is that the cutter requires two clamp screws per blade and that the torque of those two clamp screws has to be chosen depending on the individual inaccuracy of blade and slot. It is also possible that due to the particular shape of blade and slot, no change in blade radius such as an increase of the blade radius or a reduction of the blade radius will occur. In such a case, an adjustment of this particular slot/blade combination might not be possible. Method 2 is based on coincidences which can only be controlled by time consuming trial and error loops. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0010]    The present invention is directed to a bevel gear manufacturing face cutter head for face hobbing and face milling wherein the cutter head comprises positive blade seating and the capability to clamp the blades tight to the positive seating surfaces and to adjust the stick blades radially after they are pre-clamped and axially located. 
         [0011]    The inventive cutter head is generally disc-shaped and rotatable about a cutter head axis. The cutter head comprises a first side and a second side, one or more cutting blade positioning slots arranged in the cutter head with each of the blade positioning slots extending between the first and second sides. The blade positioning slots each have at least one blade seating surface extending between said first and second sides with the blade seating surface having a modified shape and extending from the first side to the second side wherein the modified shape departs from the shape of a continuous straight-line shaped seating surface extending from the first side to the second side. 
         [0012]    Preferably, the modified shaped seating surface includes a first portion extending from one of the first or second side to a predetermined location between the first and second sides with the first portion having a first shape, and a second portion extending from the predetermined location to the other of the first or second side with the second portion having a shape such that the shape of the first portion and the shape of the second portion together do not describe a continuous straight line (same slope throughout) extending from the first side to the second side. The first portion is preferably straight and the second portion is preferably curved. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0013]      FIG. 1  shows a plurality of different seating surface modifications of cutter head slots for stick blades. 
           [0014]      FIG. 2(   a ) shows cross section of a cutter head with a stick blade which is connected to the cutter head with a clamp block and two clamp screws with only the upper clamp screw being under torque. 
           [0015]      FIG. 2(   b ) shows the same cross section as  FIG. 2(   a ) with the lower clamp screw having a higher torque than the upper clamp screw. 
           [0016]      FIG. 3  shows a three dimensional view of a cutting blade with a pentagon shaped cross section and positive seating in a cutter head slot. The lower sections of both blade seating surfaces are modified. 
           [0017]      FIG. 4  shows a two dimensional top view of a cutting blade with a pentagon shaped cross section in a cutter head slot. The dashed lines indicate the modification of both seating surfaces in the lower (not visible) section of the seating surfaces. 
           [0018]      FIG. 5  shows a two dimensional top view of a cutting blade with a pentagon shaped cross section in a cutter head slot. The dashed lines indicate the modification of the seating surface which is more tangentially to the cutting circle oriented in the lower (not visible) section of the seating surface. 
           [0019]      FIG. 6  shows a three dimensional view of a cutting blade with a pentagon shaped cross section and positive seating in a cutter head slot. The lower sections of the seating surface which is more tangentially to the cutting circle oriented is modified. 
           [0020]      FIG. 7  shows a three dimensional view of a cutting blade with a pentagon shaped cross section and positive seating in a cutter head slot. The lower sections of the seating surface which is more tangentially to the cutting circle oriented is modified. P is the axis and φ the direction of blade rotation for blade adjustments. V PT  is the pivot-tip-distance vector before blade adjustment and V PT * is the pivot-tip-distance vector after adjustment. 
           [0021]      FIG. 8  shows a cross sectional view of a clamp block-blade-seating surface arrangement but instead of the modified blade seating surface in  FIG. 2(   b ) it shows a pivot block which has the blade seating surface on its right side and a pivot arrangement on the left side (towards the cutter center). 
           [0022]      FIG. 9  is a top view of a section of the cutter head of  FIG. 8  showing three blade slots with cutting blades. 
           [0023]      FIG. 10  shows a cross sectional view of a clamp block and blade-seating surface arrangement but instead of the modified blade seating surface in  FIG. 2(   b ) it shows a pivot block with a compliance element instead of a mechanical pivot axis. This element uses the linear elastic property of steel in order to allow the seating surface to pivot. The blade seating surface is on its right side and a pivot arrangement on the left side (towards the cutter center). 
           [0024]      FIG. 11  is a top view of a section of the cutter head of  FIG. 10  showing three blade slots with cutting blades. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
       [0025]    The terms “invention,” “the invention,” and “the present invention” used in this specification are intended to refer broadly to all of the subject matter of this specification and any patent claims below. Statements containing these terms should not be understood to limit the subject matter described herein or to limit the meaning or scope of any patent claims below. Furthermore, this specification does not seek to describe or limit the subject matter covered by any claims in any particular part, paragraph, statement or drawing of the application. The subject matter should be understood by reference to the entire specification, all drawings and any claim below. The invention is capable of other constructions and of being practiced or being carried out in various ways. Also, it is understood that the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purposes of description and should not be regarded as limiting. 
         [0026]    The details of the invention will now be discussed with reference to the accompanying drawings which illustrate the invention by way of example only. In the drawings, similar features or components will be referred to by like reference numbers. 
         [0027]    The use of “including”, “having” and “comprising” and variations thereof herein is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items. The use of letters to identify elements of a method or process is simply for identification and is not meant to indicate that the elements should be performed in a particular order. 
         [0028]    Although references may be made below to directions such as upper, lower, upward, downward, rearward, bottom, top, front, rear, etc., in describing the drawings, there references are made relative to the drawings (as normally viewed) for convenience. These directions are not intended to be taken literally or limit the present invention in any form. In addition, terms such as “first”, “second”, “third”, etc., are used to herein for purposes of description and are not intended to indicate or imply importance or significance unless specified. 
         [0029]    The invention is directed to the development of a bevel gear cutter head with one or more cutting blades that can be adjusted radially in a determined way, without or with a minimum of side effects. Those side effects can be blade tip height variation, blade offset variation, blade rotation around all three axes (X, Y, Z) in space, and/or loss of blade seating stiffness. 
         [0030]    Blade seating surfaces can be modified from their straight (plane) initial shape with modifications including a recess, a slope in the lower (or upper) section, a barrel shape, a curved recess in the lower (or upper) section, a straight rising shape in the lower (or upper) section, a straight dropping and rising shape, a curved rising shape in the lower (or upper) section, a concave shape or a higher order modification as shown in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0031]      FIG. 1  shows examples of different modifications of seating surfaces  4  in cutting blade positioning slots in cutter heads  2  for stick or bar type cutting blades. The straight seating surface is state of the art and the invention provides seating surfaces having shapes that depart from the straight-line shape of a continuous straight seating surface between opposed sides of a cutter head (e.g. compare “Straight” and “Lower Curve” shapes of  FIG. 1 ). Lower recess, lower slope, lower curve, straight rising and curved rising are modifications which also can be made in the upper area of the seating surface which is closer to the cutting edge stick out. The initial seating is preferably provided by a straight portion, not the modified portion of a seating surface. An increase of the torque of the clamp screw which is located in the recessed area will lead to a blade inclination (and some blade bending) which will change the radial location of the blade tip. Straight dropping and rising has its low point at the dash dotted line, it can be reversed in order to have the high point at the dash dotted line. Straight dropping and rising as well as concave and higher order modifications allow radial blade tip movement if a screw is present at the dash dotted line and elastically deforms the blade. 
         [0032]      FIGS. 2(   a ) and  2 ( b ) show the inventive blade adjustment principle with reference to a cutter head  2  having a top surface  3 , a bottom or back surface  5  and being rotatable about a cutter axis, A, and having a cutter radius, R. A blade position slot having a modified seating surface is shown extending between top surface  3  and bottom surface  5 . A stick blade  8  is pressed with a clamp block  6  onto the modified seating surface (e.g. “Lower Curve” of  FIG. 1)  without torque from lower screw  12  ( FIG. 2   a ) and with torque from lower screw  12  which is higher than torque from upper screw  10  ( FIG. 2   b ). If the blade clamping force of the upper screw  10  can be held constant or nearly constant due to elasticity of the upper clamp screw, the clamping torque of the lower screw  12  can be increased in order to swing the cutting blade  8  by effectively rolling the cutting blade  8  on the modified seating surface in the clockwise direction. The elasticity in the upper clamp screw arrangement prevents a significant clamp force increase in the top section and a blade rolling rather than a blade deflection occurs. If the upper clamp screw  10  does not have sufficient elasticity, a combination of blade bending and blade rolling occurs which still will allow a radial adjustment of the cutting blade  8 . In both cases, the gap  14  between blade and seating surface is transferred from the bottom section ( FIG. 2   a ) to the top section ( FIG. 2   b ). If the shown seating surface is perpendicular to the axial direction of the clamp screws, then the result is a reduction of clamping stiffness. 
         [0033]    Depending on the number of clamp screws or pressure points (e.g. one, two or three), blade tip movement, ΔR, in the radial direction R can be achieved depending on the torque of the clamp provisions (see  FIG. 2   b ). One side effect is a change of the cutting edge pressure angle by cp. A second side effect is the gap  14  between blade and slot in the upper or lower section of the seating surface, which may reduce the blade seating stiffness. 
         [0034]    The inventive cutter head design preferably accommodates a stick blade system of the type having pentagon shaped blade cross-section.  FIG. 3  shows a three dimensional view of a cutting blade with a pentagon-shaped cross section (e.g. of the type as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,890,846 or U.S. Pat. No. 6,120,217) and positive seating in a cutter head slot of the invention. The lower section of each blade seating surface  16 ,  18  of a cutter head slot is modified with a respective curved recess  20 ,  22 . If the lower portion of the seating surfaces are modified e.g. with a certain crowning, then it is possible to use the force created by the lower clamp screw in order to rotate the blade thereby radially adjusting the position of the blade tip. The torque T 1  clamps the stick blade  8  against the flat upper portion of the seating surfaces  16 ,  18 , while the torque T 2  rolls the blade in clockwise direction, which will move the blade tip in the positive Z direction. The blade rotation moves the gap from the bottom recess to the top section, which may reduce the blade seating stiffness. 
         [0035]      FIG. 4  shows a two dimensional top view onto blade with a pentagon shaped cross section in a cutter head slot. The dashed lines indicate the modification  20 ,  22  of both seating surfaces  16 ,  18  in the lower (not visible) section of the seating surfaces. The two clamp screws  10 ,  12  in this view are on top of each other. The cutting blade  8  is tight to the seating surfaces  16 ,  18  on top because the torque on the lower clamp screw  12  has not yet been applied. 
         [0036]    The inventors have discovered that with respect to cutter heads having pentagon shaped cutting blade mounting slots with multiple seating surfaces being asymmetrically oriented as shown, for example, by surfaces  16 ,  18  in  FIGS. 4 and 5 , the seating surface that is oriented more closely to perpendicular with respect to cutter radius R is the preferred seating surface to be modified in accordance with the invention to permit effective blade movement. For example, in  FIGS. 4 and 5 , seating surface  16  is closer to being perpendicular to radius, R, than is seating surface  18 . Thus, it is preferable to modify seating surface  16 . It is shown that the lower section of seating surface  16  has been modified and the lower clamp screw  12  is torqued (F 2 ) to effect a radial adjustment in the position of the tip of cutting blade  8  as a result of clamp force component F 2a  which is directed onto the modified and “more perpendicularly oriented” seating surface  16 . The component F 2a  is moving the lower blade portion into the modified recessed area  20 , while the force component F 2b  assures constant contact between cutting blade  8  and the “less perpendicularly oriented” seating surface  18 . 
         [0037]    In the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 4 and 5 , the “less perpendicularly oriented” seating surface  18  will not be modified. The clamp screw force component F 2b  will at the same time press the blade sufficiently against the steeper seating surface. The force on the seating surface  18  will prevent surface separation of the cutting blade and cutter head. Also, the majority of the cutting force is oriented against seating surface  18  which will result in a well clamped blade  8  with good seating stiffness. 
         [0038]      FIG. 6  shows a three dimensional view of a blade with a pentagon shaped cross section and positive seating in a cutter head slot. Only the lower sections of the seating surface which is more perpendicularly oriented with respect to cutter radius, R, has been modified. The clamp forces have a component onto both seating surfaces. If the torque on the lower clamp screw  12  is increased, then the blade  8  will still stay in contact with the “less perpendicularly oriented” seating surface  18  and slide along this surface into the recessed area  20 . As a result of in increased clamping via clamp screw  12 , the gap at the bottom of the recessed seating  16  surface will reduce and a gap is developed at the top of the same seating surface (see 14 in  FIGS. 2   a  and  2   b  for example). 
         [0039]    Since the “less perpendicularly oriented” seating surface  18  cannot separate from the cutting blade  8 , the force component F 2a  ( FIG. 5 ) is moving the lower part of the cutting blade into the recess  20  of the “more perpendicularly oriented” seating surface  16  ( FIG. 6 ) and the blade will rotate around a horizontal axis “P” ( FIG. 7 ) which is normal to the less-perpendicularly-oriented seating surface  18 . This arrangement is one preferred embodiment of the inventive cutter head slot design. 
         [0040]      FIG. 7  shows a three dimensional view of a blade with a pentagon shaped cross section and positive seating (surfaces  16 ,  18 ) in a cutting blade slot of a cutter head  2 . The lower section of the seating surface  16  which is more-perpendicularly-oriented to cutter radius, R, is modified. P is the axis and φ the direction of blade rotation for blade adjustments. V PT  is the pivot-tip-distance vector before blade adjustment, V PT * is the pivot-tip-distance vector after adjustment. The adjustment moves the blade in the ΔZ direction, which is the desired radial change of the blade tip location. Due to the rotational sliding of the cutting blade  8 , an accompanying change in the X direction as well as a change in the Y direction will also occur. While both X and Y positional changes would generally be considered to be undesirable, the inventors have determined such changes are small and have negligible influence to the tooth geometry formed by the cutting process. An additional side effect of the inventive blade adjustment is an angular change of the cutting edge of generally the same magnitude as the blade rotation (or rolling) angle φ. However, radial blade adjustments in the amount of 0.010 mm change the effective cutting edge pressure angle only by about 1 angular minute. Such a variation from blade to blade is also negligible to the cutting performance and the produced tooth flank geometry. 
         [0041]    As an example, a mathematical description of the blade tip movement as result of an adjustment was made using the coordinate system shown with the cutting blade and slot in  FIG. 7 . The horizontal axis of rotation P is perpendicular to the less-perpendicularly-oriented seating surface. In order to achieve a rotation around P, the direction of P is lined up with the X-axis of the coordinate system in  FIG. 7 , which requires one rotation around the Y-axis of the amount of the angle between the P-direction and the X-axis. In pentagon shaped stick blades this angle is −γ (which is commonly −30°. Then, a rotation around the X-axis of the amount of a large but realistic rotation φ (depending on the seating surface modification magnitude) is chosen, for example, to be 0.08°. After this rotation, a back rotation into the original direction of P is conducted, which requires a rotation γ around the Y-axis of 30°. 
         [0042]    The rotation matrix about the Y-axis of −γ is: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               ( 
               
                 - 
                 GAMA 
               
               ) 
             
             = 
             
               ( 
               
                 
                   
                     
                       cos 
                        
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           - 
                           γ 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     0 
                   
                   
                     
                       sin 
                        
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           - 
                           γ 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     0 
                   
                   
                     1 
                   
                   
                     0 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       - 
                       
                         sin 
                          
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             - 
                             γ 
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     0 
                   
                   
                     
                       cos 
                        
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           - 
                           γ 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               ) 
             
           
         
       
     
         [0043]    The blade adjustment rotation about the X-axis of φ is: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               ( 
               PHI 
               ) 
             
             = 
             
               ( 
               
                 
                   
                     1 
                   
                   
                     0 
                   
                   
                     0 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     0 
                   
                   
                     
                       cos 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       ϕ 
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       
                         - 
                         sin 
                       
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       ϕ 
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     0 
                   
                   
                     
                       sin 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       ϕ 
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       cos 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       ϕ 
                     
                   
                 
               
               ) 
             
           
         
       
     
         [0044]    The back rotation matrix about the Y-axis of γ is: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               ( 
               
                 - 
                 GAMA 
               
               ) 
             
             = 
             
               ( 
               
                 
                   
                     
                       cos 
                        
                       
                         ( 
                         γ 
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     0 
                   
                   
                     
                       sin 
                        
                       
                         ( 
                         γ 
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     0 
                   
                   
                     1 
                   
                   
                     0 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       - 
                       
                         sin 
                          
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             - 
                             γ 
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     0 
                   
                   
                     
                       cos 
                        
                       
                         ( 
                         γ 
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               ) 
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where:
       γ=30°   φ=0.08°       
 
         [0047]    The initial pivot-tip-distance vector for a medium pitch blade is: 
         [0000]      {right arrow over ( V   PT )}={ V   PTX   ,V   PTY   ,V   PTZ }={3 mm,32 mm,6 mm} 
         [0048]    Multiplication of the rotation matrixes in the order of rotations from left to right delivers the matrix (ROT), which contains all three rotations: 
         [0000]      ( ROT )=(+ GAMA )×(+ PHI )×(− GAMA )
 
         [0049]    A multiplication of the pivot-tip-distance vector with the matrix (ROT) will consider the exact rotation of the pivot-tip-vector around the horizontal axis P: 
         [0000]      {right arrow over ( V   PT* )}=( ROT )×{right arrow over ( V   PT )}
 
         [0050]    The result of the vector-matrix multiplication is shown below in its general form: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 V 
                 
                   PTY 
                   * 
                 
               
               → 
             
             = 
             
               { 
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 V 
                                 PTX 
                               
                                
                               
                                 [ 
                                 
                                   
                                     cos 
                                      
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                      
                                     
                                       γcos 
                                        
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           - 
                                           γ 
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                   - 
                                   
                                     sin 
                                      
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                      
                                     γcosϕ 
                                   
                                 
                                 ] 
                               
                             
                             + 
                             
                               
                                 V 
                                 PTY 
                               
                                
                               sin 
                                
                               
                                   
                               
                                
                               γcosϕ 
                             
                             + 
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               V 
                               PTZ 
                             
                              
                             
                               [ 
                               
                                 
                                   cos 
                                    
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                    
                                   
                                     γsin 
                                      
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       
                                         - 
                                         γ 
                                       
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                                 + 
                                 
                                   sin 
                                    
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                    
                                   
                                     γcosϕcos 
                                      
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       
                                         - 
                                         γ 
                                       
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                               ] 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           V 
                           PTX 
                         
                          
                         sin 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         
                           ϕsin 
                            
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               - 
                               γ 
                             
                             ) 
                           
                         
                       
                       + 
                       
                         
                           V 
                           PTY 
                         
                          
                         cos 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         ϕ 
                       
                       - 
                       
                         
                           V 
                           PTZ 
                         
                          
                         sin 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         
                           ϕcos 
                            
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               - 
                               γ 
                             
                             ) 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           V 
                           PTX 
                         
                          
                         
                           [ 
                           
                             
                               
                                 - 
                                 sin 
                               
                                
                               
                                   
                               
                                
                               
                                 γcos 
                                  
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     - 
                                     γ 
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                             - 
                             
                               cos 
                                
                               
                                   
                               
                                
                               
                                 γcosϕsin 
                                  
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     - 
                                     γ 
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           ] 
                         
                       
                       + 
                       
                         
                           V 
                           PTY 
                         
                          
                         cos 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         γsinϕ 
                       
                       + 
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         V 
                         PTZ 
                       
                        
                       
                         [ 
                         
                           
                             sin 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             
                               γsin 
                                
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   - 
                                   γ 
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                           + 
                           
                             cos 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             
                               γcosγcos 
                                
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   - 
                                   γ 
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         ] 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               } 
             
           
         
       
     
         [0051]    If the vector components of V PT  and the angles γ and φ are substituted into the three component formulas above, then the result for the pivot-tip-distance vector after adjusting can be obtained: 
         [0000]      {right arrow over ( V   PT* )}={3.002 mm,31.991 mm,6.0387 mm} 
         [0052]    The subtraction of the pivot-tip-distance vector before adjustment from the pivot-tip-distance vector after adjustment delivers the components of blade tip position change due to the adjustment. 
         [0000]      Δ X=V   PTX   *−V   PTX =0.002 mm
 
         [0000]      Δ Y=V   PTY   *−V   PTY =−0.009 mm
 
         [0000]      Δ Z=V   PTX   *−V   PTZ =0.039 mm
 
         [0053]    The blade pressure angle change can be calculated with: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             Δα 
             = 
             
               arctan 
                
               
                 ( 
                 
                   
                     Δ 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     z 
                   
                   
                     V 
                     
                       PTY 
                       * 
                     
                   
                 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
             Δα 
             = 
             
               0.07 
                
               ° 
             
           
         
       
     
         [0054]    The Y-axis of the coordinate system in  FIG. 6  was chosen parallel to the cutter axis of rotation and the extension of the Z-axis to the left (negative direction intersects with the cutter axis of rotation. The theoretical blade front is oriented in the plane which is defined by the Y and Z axes. Although stick blades in real cutter heads are commonly inclined with their length direction versus the Y-axis and have an offset with their theoretical front face versus the Z-axis, the principle function of the adjustment will not change and the resulting blade tip position and angle changes will only differ in the single percent. 
         [0055]    It is understood that blade systems which use blades with inside and outside cutting edges on each blade require a special kind of radial blade adjustment. If the blade tip radius is increased, then both cutting edges of such a blade move to a larger radius. However, the present invention for adjustable blade radii is well suited in order to find optimal compromises for the radial location of both cutting edges of one blade and realize them. 
         [0056]    It is also understood that the preferred embodiment of the inventive method will only increase the blade tip radius but not reduce it. Cutter heads might require reduction or increase of the blade tip radius in order to adjust them to a reference blade. Since reference blades are usually chosen arbitrarily (e.g. the blade in the slot labeled “1” as reference outside blade and the blade in the slot labeled “2” as reference inside blade), it is possible to choose the outside and inside blade with the largest radius as reference blades. With this procedure, it will always be possible to improve all blades of one kind (inside or outside) by adjusting the position of the tip towards the radius of the respective reference blade. The radius variation between theoretically correct cutter radius and effective radius of an arbitrarily chosen reference blade is in most cases below 0.002 mm and has no measurable influence to the machined tooth surfaces. 
         [0057]    With respect to the modified seating surface, the magnitude of the recess or modification depth may be any amount depending upon the parameters of the cutting tool and the cutting process. However, the preferred range is between 0.010 mm and 0.050 mm. The height of the recess or modified area is preferably about 50% to about 75% of the clamping length. The inventive cutter head design applies to tool systems with or without clamp blocks. 
         [0058]    In an alternative embodiment,  FIG. 8  shows a cross sectional view of a clamp block-blade-seating surface arrangement comprising a pivot or swivel block  24  which has the blade seating surfaces on its right side and a pivot arrangement on the left side (towards the cutter center). The pivot center can be accomplished with a pivot pin  26  or just by the curved fit of the pivot surfaces  28 ,  30 . The upper clamp screw  10  is tightened to a specified torque after the blade is in the slot. The lower clamp screw is then tightened to the same torque. After radial blade position measurement, the upper screw is turned out by an amount, such as, for example, 5° (screw rotation). Then the lower screw is turned in by the same amount, e.g. 5°. Depending on the lead of the screw threads, this will move the blade tip radially out by about 0.039 mm for example. 
         [0059]      FIG. 9  shows a top view onto a section of the cutter head from  FIG. 8  with three blade slots and cutting blades  8 . The swivel blocks  24  are visible to the left of the seating surfaces. 
         [0060]    In another embodiment,  FIG. 10  shows a cross sectional view of a clamp block-blade-seating surface arrangement comprising a pivot block  32  with a compliance element instead of a mechanical pivot axis as in  FIG. 9 . This element uses the linear elastic property of the cutter head material (e.g. steel) in order to allow the seating surface to pivot. The blade seating surface is located on the right side of the pivot block  32  and a pivot arrangement on the left side (towards the cutter center). The pivot center in this drawing is accomplished by the rib  34  between upper and the lower compliance slots  36 ,  38 . The compliance slots are oriented such that they favor the “more perpendicularly oriented” seating surface (see  FIGS. 4 and 5 ). Both clamp screws  10 ,  12  are tightened to a specified torque after the blade  8  is in the slot. After radial blade position measurement, the upper screw  10  may be turned out by an amount, such as, for example, 5° (counterclockwise screw rotation). Then, lower screw  12  may be turned in by the same amount, e.g. 5° in a clockwise direction. Depending on the lead of the screw threads, this will move the blade tip radially out by about 0.039 mm for example. 
         [0061]      FIG. 11  shows a top view onto a section of the cutter head  2  of  FIG. 10  with three blade slots and cutting blades. The compliance elements are only visible by the gaps or slots  36  to the left of the seating surfaces. Version 1 (shown at  42 ) provides a good controllable compliance (by design parameters) to the “more perpendicularly oriented” seating surface. The dotted connections  40  between compliance slot and seating surface represent optional thin slots, manufactured (e.g. by wire EDM) which assure sufficient swivel rotation (rotational arrow in  FIG. 10 ) during the blade adjusting procedure. Version 2 (shown at  44 ) provides a general compliance below both seating surfaces. Version 3 (shown at  46 ) provides a good controllable compliance (by design parameters) to both seating surfaces. Preferably, the width of a compliance slot  36 ,  44 ,  46  is generally equal to the width of one or both blade seating surfaces and may be positioned parallel to one (42) or both ( 46 ) blade seating surfaces or perpendicular to the cutter radius ( 44 ). 
         [0062]    The location of the material connection rib  34  creates the pivot axis. The location of the pivot axis and the adjustment principle is similar to the principle explained with respect to  FIGS. 2 ,  3 ,  5 ,  6  and  7 . The major difference of the seating surface with a compliance modification is that no separation between the “more perpendicularly oriented” seating surface and the cutting blade occurs and that blade adjustments in both directions (to a larger radius as well as to a smaller radius) can be achieved. The arrangement shown at  42  uses a compliance slot orientation which affects the “more perpendicularly oriented” seating surface only. The amount of compliance can be controlled with the thickness of the rib and with the optional thin connections  40  between the compliance gap  36  and the two ends of the “more perpendicularly oriented” seating surface (dotted lines in  FIG. 11 ). In order to control the adjustment, the compliance slots can be oriented like the pivot block in  FIGS. 8 and 9  (to affect both seating surfaces) as shown at  44  in  FIG. 11 . Another possibility of compliance slot design is shown at  46  in  FIG. 11 . 
         [0063]    While the invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the particulars thereof. The present invention is intended to include modifications which would be apparent to those skilled in the art to which the subject matter pertains.