Abstract:
An embodiment of the invention is a predistortion approach to linearize a power amplifier by using one or more analog multiplier(s) and a DSP-based processor. For the analog embodiment, the inherent nature of the analog circuitries allows digital predistortion processing structured directly at the RF band, and enables a single power amplifier to support multi-modulation schemes, multi-carriers and multi-channels. As a result, the predistortion architecture is particularly suitable for wireless transmission systems, such as base-stations, repeaters, and indoor signal coverage systems. The wireless system performance can be improved and upgraded just by using the new PA module rather than change or rebuild new subsystem in existing base station. The analog embodiment can also mix and match its analog multipliers with other analog components such as phase splitters, phase shifters, attenuators, filters, couplers, mixers, low-noise amplifiers, buffers, envelope detectors, and etc., to provide additional features.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/799,239, filed Apr. 30, 2007, entitled “High Efficiency Linearization Power Amplifier for Wireless Communication” and its related provisional U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/795,820, filed on Apr. 28, 2006, and further claims the benefit of provisional U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/969,127, filed Aug. 30, 2007, having the same title as the present application. Applicant further claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/262,079, filed Oct. 27, 2005, and its parent application, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/137,556, filed May 1, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,985,704. All of the foregoing are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The current and next-generation wireless communication systems will utilize improved PA efficiency technology for a variety of broadband and multimedia services, supported by the advanced wireless RF transmitter, in which the linear and high-efficient high power amplifier will improve the transmitted quality, system performance and cost saving. Traditional predistortion technologies and schemes used widely to linearize PA in wireless communication systems are (i) analog feed-forward linearizers implemented in RF band by means of analog hardware circuit, and (ii) digital predistortion schemes in the baseband that involve a feedback channel and driven by digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms and integrated circuits. 
         [0003]    Conventional analog predistortion schemes are mainly based on the principle of error subtraction and power-matching with dedicated hardware circuitries to realize non-linear corrections to PA. These approaches must use an auxiliary PA and complicated hardware circuitries to match exactly the transmitted power-balance, time-delay and errors generated by the main PA. After a perfect matching is obtained, the non-linear distortion errors from the main PA can then be canceled by those distortion errors from the auxiliary PA. Due to the complexities of the nonlinear predistortion circuits, which among other things involve many variables and parameters, the analog schemes require significant fine tuning and other calibration efforts. In addition, such traditional analog schemes are also vulnerable to fluctuating environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity changes, since perfect alignments of the main PA&#39;s signal and that of the auxiliary PA are vital. As a result, traditional predistortion schemes are costly to implement and are limited in their predistortion accuracy and stability in commercialized wireless system environment. 
         [0004]    Conventional DSP-based digital predistortion schemes utilize digital microprocessors to compute, calculate and correct PA&#39;s nonlinearities: they perform fast tracking and adjustments of signals in the PA system. Since the computations are performed in the digital domain, such digital schemes can also accommodate a wider fluctuations of environmental conditions, and reduce the extent of fine-tuning or calibrations during the manufacturing stage. However, traditional digital predistortion schemes necessitate coded in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) channel signals in the baseband as the required ideal or reference signals. As a result, the feedback signal from PA output must be down-converted to baseband area by the arrangement of down-converting and demodulation circuitries. Therefore, in order to deploy traditional digital predistortion schemes into base-stations, the digital predistortion engines must be embedded into the baseband architecture of base-stations. This embedment is a practical implementation challenge since it is frequently inconvenient or impossible to modify the baseband architectures of existing base-stations or base-station designs. Furthermore, since traditional digital predistortion approaches require baseband I-Q signal sources to operate, they are inapplicable to certain RF systems that do not possess any baseband I-Q signal sources, such as repeater and indoor signal coverage sub-systems. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0005]    The present disclosure teaches an approach to linearize the output of a power amplifier (PA), such as those used in wireless base stations for communications networks, using one or more analog multipliers (the “Analog Embodiment”). The disclosed approach is especially applicable to all wireless radio frequency (RF) transmitter systems and improves both the power efficiency and linearity of wireless transmission systems. Applications of the present invention are suitable for use with all wireless base-stations, access points, mobile equipment and wireless terminals, portable wireless devices, and other wireless communication systems such as microwave and satellite communications. Various alternative embodiments are disclosed. 
         [0006]    The first of the present inventions relates to a predistortion method to linearize a power amplifier (PA) by using one or more analog multipliers together with an adaptive predistortion algorithm implemented in a processor, such as a DSP-based processor or similar device, to yield a PA output with high linearity and high power efficiency. The use of analog multipliers permit the predistortion to be performed at the RF band, rather than being down-converted and then upconverted, which in turn allow a single PA to continue to support, without internal modification, the multiple modulation schemes typically managed by a modern PA. The following Detailed Description of the invention may be better understood when taken in conjunction with the appended Figures, described below. 
     
    
     
       THE FIGURES 
         [0007]      FIG. 1  illustrates in schematic diagram form a predistortion architecture with analog multiplier in accordance with the present invention. 
           [0008]      FIG. 2  illustrates in simplified schematic form the input-output relation of analog multiplier of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0009]      FIG. 3  illustrates in schematic diagram form an RF I-Q-based DPD Architecture. 
           [0010]      FIG. 4  illustrates in schematic diagram form an RF P-M based DPD Architecture. 
           [0011]      FIGS. 5A and 5B  illustrate PA phase compression and cancellation, and PA gain compression and cancellation, respectively, in an RF P-M-based DPD architecture. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0012]    On a general level, the analog approach of the present invention approach comprises one or more analog multipliers to combine RF modulated signal v RF (t) and predistortion control signal v p (t) (hereinafter as “RF Modulated Signal” and “Predistortion Control Signal” respectively). Although these devices can be implemented as multipliers in many embodiments, in general they are better thought of as amplitude adjusters. In some embodiments, they also can be referred to as gain adjusters. 
         [0013]    The Predistortion Control Signal v p (t) from the DSP control board is adaptively generated, based on the comparison of the RF Modulated Signal—the ideal input signal from the modulator—and the feedback signal v o (t) from the PA&#39;s output (sometimes referred to hereinafter as the “Feedback Signal”). This permits the predistortion architecture of the present invention to quickly track and compensate for the non-linear characteristics of PA in real-time. 
         [0014]    The Analog Embodiment can have one or multiple analog multipliers, and can also mix and match with other analog components such as phase splitters, phase shifters, attenuators, filters, couplers, mixers, low-noise amplifiers, buffers, envelope detectors, and etc., to provide additional controls, features and functionalities. 
         [0015]    In an embodiment, the Predistortion Control Signal from the DSP controller is a single analog signal without the requirement of I and Q signals. Such Predistortion Control Signal is first generated by an adaptive calculation in the DSP processor as a baseband signal and then converted to the analog version by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). All non-linear predistortion correction calculations in this architecture are completed by digital signal processing; hence, our Analog Embodiment is an implementation of digital predistortion in RF band. By using this approach, the predistortion system does not need the original I and Q digital signals, which are typically required by traditional digital predistortion architectures. The predistortion system simply processes the RF signal directly from the modulator of a base-station system—the RF Modulated Signal—and the feedback signal from the PA&#39;s output—the Feedback Signal. At first, the two RF signals feeding into the predistortion system are down-converted by analog circuits to a lower frequency for further analog-to-digital converter (ADC) processing. Then, the digitized signals are processed in the DSP processor by an adaptive algorithm, presented in U.S. Pat. No. 6,985,704, to track, calculate and correct the non-linear distortions of the PA. 
         [0016]    The embodiment of the analog approach shown in  FIG. 1  comprises four fundamental functions, as follows:
       the RF Modulated Signal from input source and the Feedback Signal from PA output are down-converted, respectively, by analog devices, such as mixers.   the analog intermediate frequency (IF) signals are digitized after the ADCs for digital predistortion correction processing;   an adaptive algorithm operates in the DSP processor and the result is a digital predistortion control signal v r (t) (hereinafter as “D-P Control Signal”). Such digital output signal is converted to an analog signal by a DAC, which becomes the Predistortion Control Signal, and such Predistortion Control Signal is then fed to at least one analog multiplier to operate;   the RF Modulated Signal and Predistortion Control Signal are mixed or multiplied in the analog multiplier(s), and the output is a predistorted analog signal v in (t) (the “Predistortion Analog Signal”) which is then fed to PA for wireless transmission.       
 
         [0021]    These general functions can be better appreciated from  FIGS. 1 and 2 , in which an RF Signal Modulator  10  provides the RF Modulated Signal v RF (t) to an analog multiplier  11 , which may comprise one or more such multipliers. The RF Modulated Signal v RF (t) is combined in the analog multiplier  11  with the Predistortion Control Signal v p (t) as described in greater detail hereinafter, and the output of the multiplier provides the input to a PA  12 . The result is that the output, v o , of the PA is linearized for transmission over antenna  13 . The RF modulator  10  is typically although not necessarily a quadrature modulator or an orthogonal modulator. It will be appreciated that multiplier  11  can be implemented as multiple multipliers, each associated with one or more quadrature signals. 
         [0022]    An input down-converter circuit  20  receives an idealized reference RF Modulated Signal v RF  from modulator in base station, and is biased by a local oscillator  40 , such that it provides an output v d  to an analog-to-digital converter  21 . The ADC  21  converts the signal v d  to digital form, whereupon it is provided as one input to a Digital Predistortion Processor (DPP)  200 , which can be configured as shown in the attached exhibits and typically comprises a digital signal processor with lookup table implementing the algorithm disclosed in related application Ser. No. 11/262,079, attached. 
         [0023]    A feedback down-converter circuit  26 , also biased by a local oscillator  40 , receives a raw Feedback Signal v o (t) from the output of the PA, and provides a feedback signal V f  to an feedback ADC  25 . The digital output of the ADC  25  then provides a second input, i.e. feedback signal, to the Digital Predistortion Processor  200 . The Digital Predistortion Processor  200 , discussed in greater detail below, provides a digital output signal v r , the D-P Control Signal, to a DAC  30 , which converts the digital signal to an analog form, where it is combined with the RF Modulated in the multiplier  11 . 
         [0024]    As shown in  FIG. 1 , address data formers  32 I- 32 Q receive inputs from the ADC  21 I/Q, and are designed to generate the required signal format for a lookup table  33 I/Q. The data formers  32 I/Q address memory units within the lookup tables  33 I/Q, where the lookup table provides separate I and Q outputs to an adder  31 . It will be appreciated that the lookup table  33  can be implemented as one or more lookup tables. The address provided by the address formers  32 I- 32 Q can be considered a lookup-table key or address. 
         [0025]    The predistortion controller lookup tables  33 I- 33 Q are memory units designed to store the predistortion signal for high power amplifier linearization. The predistortion signals in the tables are based on the error generated by a comparison of the ideal signal v d  and the feedback signal v f  and the presented adaptive algorithm. The data stored in the tables  33 I-Q can be updated by adaptive iteration as described hereinafter, and form digitally indexed data reflecting the nonlinear characteristics of the power amplifier. 
         [0026]    By comparison of AM-AM and AM-PM information between the idealized RF Modulated Signal v RF (t) and the Feedback Signal v o (t), the Digital Predistortion Processor calculates the error in the amplitude and phase components of the output signal v o (t) caused by the non-linear transmission characteristics of the high power amplifier  12 . 
         [0027]    Based on the error information obtained by the foregoing comparison, the predistortion processor, based on the lookup table algorithm disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,985,704 [attached hereto at Appendix 1], calculates and generates adaptively a compensation signal that is of inverse characteristics with the transform function of the PA  12  to pre-distort the AM-AM and AM-PM distortion caused by the PA  12 . 
         [0028]    The outputs v p , the Predistortion Control Signal, of the predistortion lookup table  33 I- 33 Q are fed to multiplier  11 , after an adder  31  and a digital-to-analog converter  30 , to modify the RF Modulated Signal from modulator  10 . The output of the multiplier is the required Predistortion Analog Signal v in (k) that is of an inverse non-linearity with that of the power amplifier  12  to yield a pre-compensation to the input of high power amplifier. 
         [0029]    It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that there can be a signal difference between two signals, ideal RF Modulated Signal v RF  and Feedback Signal, v o (t), when they arrive at predistortion controller of  FIG. 1 . The time difference results from the time-delay differences between the two signals, which is caused by the different paths each travels in arriving at the processor  200 . This signal time-delay can vary randomly based on the parameters of the circuits and parts, as well as other environmental factors. The result is that it is difficult to estimate, calculate and adjust for such signal differences in the field application environment. To overcome this issue, the present invention adaptively adjusts for this time-delay through the use of an algorithm taught by the previously cited U.S. Pat. No. 6,985,704. 
         [0030]    The use of the look-up tables  33  permits a memory function to be introduced into at least some embodiments of the present invention. The lookup table of the predistortion controller  5  is based on a stored compensation principle that maps a set of input data into a digital output, and updated adaptively. Based on the stored function, each output signal of lookup table is actually related to both the current and the previously transmitted signal, and therefore has a memory function which compensate not only for the non-linearity of the PA, but also avoids the need for a special time-delay compensation circuit such as typically used in the prior art. See particularly U.S. Prov. Pat. Appn. Ser. No. 60/898,312, filed Jan. 29, 2007, entitled Power Amplifier Time-delay Invariant Predistortion Methods and Apparatus. 
         [0031]    As shown in  FIG. 2 , an analog multiplier combines and mixes two input signals, the RF Modulated Signal and the Predistortion Control Signal, to generate an output Predistortion Analog Signal that is predistorted and with the corrected components for the AM-AM and AM-PM distortion of PA. The generated Predistortion Analog Signal changes the envelope amplitude and phase characteristics of the original RF Modulated Signal, i.e. predistortion, according to PA&#39;s non-linearities but maintains all other original information in the RF Modulated Signal. The Predistortion Analog Signal with the predistorted AM-AM and AM-PM has the characteristic of being the inverse characteristics of the non-linear PA output, and therefore causes the RF transmitter system to exhibit substantially linear transmission performance for the wireless modulated signals. 
         [0032]    Referring next to  FIG. 3 , an alternative embodiment of the present invention which uses multiple analog multipliers can be better appreciated. In particular, the RF Modulated Signal  300  is provided to a phase splitter  305  which typically splits the RF signal into two phases, typically quadrature. The RF modulated signal  300  is also coupled to a multiplier  310  with a low-pass signal  315  to provide an input to ADC  320 . The resulting signal provides an input to a digital predistortion processor (DPP)  325 , such as described in the applications attached hereto as Exhibits. At the same time, the RF output  330  is also coupled through a multiplier  335  modulated with a low pass signal  340  into an ADC  345 , which provides a second input to the DPP  325 . 
         [0033]    The DPP  325  provides a correction characteristic in response to the signals from the ADC&#39;s  320  and  345  that is broken into factors appropriate to each phase, and outputs that correction characteristics appropriate for each phase to respective DAC&#39;s  350  and  355 . Each of the DAC&#39;s  350  and  355  then output their respective signal to associated amplitude adjusters  360  and  365 , where they are combined with the inputs from the phase splitter  305 . The quadrature components are then reassembled at adder  370  to yield the predistorted output signal. With such an approach, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that no baseband signals are needed. The RF signal is essentially split into phase-orthogonal components which are independently controlled by two signal processors, then summed to yield one corrected RF signal. An embodiment of such an arrangement can achieve 360° phase shift and greater than 20 dB magnitude control. These benefits enable higher precision, which in turn yields faster convergence and greater stability. 
         [0034]    Referring next to  FIG. 4 , a further alternative embodiment can be better appreciated wherein predistortion correction is provided by phase modulation. In this arrangement, the RF input signal  400  is provided to a phase shifter  405 . The RF input signal  400  is also coupled through a low pass filter  410  and ADC  415  to a Digital Predistortion Processor  420 . The output RF signal  425  is also coupled through modulator  430  and ADC  435  to DPP  420 , which provides predistortion correction information in accordance with the teachings shown in the Exhibits. The DPP  420  outputs a phase correction factor and an amplitude correction factor, with each correction factor going to associated DAC&#39;s  440  and  445 . The phase correction factor is then supplied to the phase shifter  405 , and the amplitude correction factor is supplied to the amplitude adjuster  450 , to yield the signal provided to the PA (not shown), the output of which is the RF output signal  425 .  FIGS. 5A-5B  show an example of the cancellation of phase and gain compression achieved through the use of the present invention. An embodiment according to this alternative requires no baseband signals, and the RF is serially processed with a phase shifter and a magnitude adjuster. One implementation of this alternate embodiment yields on the order of 100° phase shift and greater than 20 dB magnitude control. In addition, this approach permits phase-magnitude processing through the analog section and the DPP, which may be implemented as a DSP processor and lookup table resulting in a reduction in processing power. 
         [0035]    As mentioned earlier, the Analog Embodiment is capable of allowing a single PA to support multi-modulation schemes, multi-carriers and multi-channels. Since the RF Modulated signal can pass through the multiplier as an analog signal, a single path is sufficient to support such multi-modulation schemes. In addition, while the entries in the lookup table which forms part of the DPP  200  may be in a variety of forms, in at least some embodiments the entries will be stored in terms of polar coordinates to reduce table size and system efficiency. 
         [0036]    It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, in light of the foregoing embodiments and teachings, that numerous other alternatives and embodiments that do not depart from the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art. As a result, the invention is not intended to be limited by the foregoing description, but only by the appended claims.