Abstract:
A method and apparatus for high-order peak-to-average power ratio reduction of an OFDM signal are disclosed. The method partitions time-domain input data x[n] of length N into M disjoint subblocks in time domain, and a complete N-point transmitted signal {tilde over (x)}[n], n=0, 1, . . . , N−1, is composed after transformation, complex multiplication, and phase optimization, where M is a power of 2, M≧8 and N/M&gt;1 is an integer. Accordingly, the apparatus comprises an N-point inverse fast Fourier transform (N-IFFT), a de-multiplexer, a transformer, two sets of memories, a plurality of complex multipliers, and an adder. This invention uses only one N-IFFT, whereby it achieves significant computation reduction. As M=8, the number of complex multiplications and that of memory units required are less than or equal to (N/2)log 2 N+(3N/4) and 3N/2, respectively. The invention also preserves the inherent property as well as advantages of an OFDM system.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     The present invention generally relates to a method for solving the problem of peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal at transmission side, and more specifically to a method for high-order PAPR reduction of an OFDM signal, and an apparatus of performing the same.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     Multicarrier communication systems such as discrete multitone (DMT) and OFDM systems have attracted much attention in the applications of high-speed communication. The advantages of the multicarrier communication system lie in partitioning a high speed data stream into a plurality of parallel data streams, each transmitted by a subcarrier. As such, each data stream is transmitted at low speed, and thus has a stronger capability in anti-multipath channel effect and narrow band interference.  
         [0003]      FIG. 1  shows a block diagram of a conventional OFDM transmitter. In the OFDM transmitter, the input data X[k], k=0, 1, . . . , N−1, are transmitted in an OFDM symbol period, where N is the number of useful data in an OFDM symbol. After the serial/parallel transformation, N-point inverse fast Fourier transform (N-IFFT), and parallel/serial transformation, the input data are transformed into the following discrete time sequence:  
                   x   ⁡     [   n   ]       =       1     N       ⁢       ∑     k   =   0       N   -   1       ⁢       X   ⁡     [   k   ]       ⁢     W   N   kn             ,           ⁢     n   =   0     ,   1   ,   …   ⁢           ,     N   -   1       ⁢     
     ⁢   where           (   1   )                 W   N     ≡     ⅇ     j2π   /   N               (   2   )               
 is the twiddle factor. The discrete time sequence x[n] obtained from equation (1) undergoes the cyclic prefix insertion and digital/analog transformation to obtain an analog signal x(t). The analog signal x(t) is then transmitted to the RF front end for further processing, including an IQ modulation, an up conversion, and a power amplification. The PAPR of the analog signal x(t) is several dB higher than the PAPR of the corresponding discrete time sequence x[n], and is close to the PAPR of x[n/R]. where x[n/R] represents the sequence obtained by R times oversampling of x[n]. Therefore, the PAPR of x(t) can be approximated by using x[n/R] as follows:  
             PAPR   =         max     0   ≤   n   ≤     RN   -   1         ⁢            x   ⁡     [     n   /   R     ]            2         E   ⁢     {            x   ⁡     [     n   /   R     ]            2     }                 (   3   )               
 Where E{·} is the expectation operation. The approximation is relatively accurate when R≧4. However, one of the main disadvantages of multicarrier communication systems is the high PAPR of the modulated signal. When the modulated signal with a high PAPR passes through the RF front end, the signal is distorted due to the non-linearity of a regular RF amplifier. The non-linearity not only causes the in-band signal distortion which leads to the increase of the bit error rate (BER), but also causes the out-of-band radiation which leads to the interference of adjacent channels, a violation of the government regulation. A straightforward solution to this problem would be using an RF amplifier with a larger linear range. However, the aforementioned solution will lead to the reduction of power efficiency, higher power consumption and a higher manufacturing cost. 
 
         [0004]     There are several conventional methods for solving the aforementioned problem. Among these methods, the partial transmit sequences (PTS) is most attractive due to its relatively low realization complexity and capability in PAPR reduction. Ericsson (U.S. Pat. No. 6,125,103) disclosed a method for using PTS to solve the high PAPR of the signal at the OFDM transmission end, as shown in  FIG. 2 . The explanation is as follows.  
         [0005]     First, the input data X[k] of length N is partitioned in the frequency domain into M disjoint subblocks, represented by X 1 [k], X 2 [k], . . . , X M [k], k=0, 1, . . . , N−1. The partition can be interleaved, adjacent, or irregular, as shown in  FIG. 3  (using M=8 as an example). The M disjoint subblocks are phase-rotated and added to form the following signal:  
                   X   ~     ⁡     [   k   ]       =       ∑     m   =   1     M     ⁢       b   m     ⁢       X   m     ⁡     [   k   ]             ,           ⁢     k   =   0     ,   1   ,           ⁢   …   ⁢           ,     N   -   1             (   4   )             
 
 where b m  is the phase rotation parameter of the m-th subblock (mε{1, 2, . . . , M}) and |b m |=1. 
 
 Equation (4), after the N-IFFT, becomes:  
                   x   ~     ⁡     [   n   ]       =       ∑     m   =   1     M     ⁢       b   m     ⁢       x   m     ⁡     [   n   ]             ,           ⁢     n   =   0     ,   1   ,   …   ⁢           ,     N   -   1             (   5   )             
 
 where x m [n] is the result of the N-IFFT of the X m [k]. In the PAPR reduction, the object of the PTS method is the phase optimization, i.e., seeking for the optimal sequence {b 1 , b 2 , . . . , b M } so that the PAPR of the transmitted signal is minimum. In practice, the phase of b m  is usually restricted to one of the four possibilities {+1, −1, +j, −j} so that no multiplication operation is required in the phase rotation. 
 
         [0006]     From  FIG. 2 , it can be seen that an N-point OFDM symbol requires M times of N-IFFT operation. That is, a total of M·(N/2)log 2  N complex multiplications are required. Several methods are further devised to reduce the amount of computation required in the PTS method. Kang, Kim and Joo, in their article “A Novel Subblock Partition Scheme for Partial Transmit Sequence OFDM,” IEEE Trans. Broadcasting, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 333-338, September 1999, disclosed a method of using the characteristics of the PTS interleaved partition of the subblocks, as shown in  FIG. 4  (M=8). Each subblock has N points in the frequency domain, but only L points of them have non-zero values (L=N/M). Therefore, the N-IFTT on the N-point subblock X m [k] is equivalent to the L-IFFT on the L-point subblock (where X m [k] has non-zero values), repeating M times in the time domain to form the N-point signal, and multiplying the N-point signal with the N-point complex coefiicients: 
 
(1/M)·e j2πmn/N , m=0, 1, . . . , M−1, n=0, 1, . . . , N−1 
 
 This method takes M·(L/2)log 2  L+MN multiplications, and requires MN units of memory space. 
 
         [0007]     Samsung (US. Patent publication 2003/0,067,866) disclosed a similar method, as shown in  FIG. 5 . The Samsung method differs from the previous method in no repetition after the L-IFFT on an L-point subblock. Instead, the multiplication of the L-point complex coefficients in the time domain is performed to make the time domain subblocks orthogonal so that the receiving end can separate each subblock. As there are only L points in each time domain subblock, the PAPR is lower and, therefore, the PAPR of the transmitted signal after the phase rotation and the addition is also lower. Although this method takes M·(L/2)log 2  L+N multiplications and requires N units of memory space, this method reduces the length of the OFDM signal from N to L, which means that the capability of anti-multipath channel effect is also greatly reduced. Furthermore, the L-point complex coefficient multiplier to make the time domain subblocks orthogonal is hard to design and may not exist for most applications. This will further make the receiving end more difficult in obtaining the original transmitted data.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0008]     The present invention has been made to overcome the aforementioned drawback of the conventional PTS methods for PAPR reduction of the OFDM transmission end. The primary object of the present invention is to provide a high-order PAPR reduction method and apparatus for the OFDM signal.  
         [0009]     The high-order PAPR reduction method according to the present invention includes the following steps: (1) using the N-IFFT to transform the frequency domain signal X[k] of length N into the time domain signal x[n] of length N, where N is the number of useful data in an OFDM symbol, and k, n=0, 1, . . . , N−1; (2) partitioning the time domain signal x[n] of length N into M disjoint subblocks, each subblock having the length of N/M, M being a power of 2, M being greater or equal to 8, and N/M being an integer greater than 1; (3) transforming the M subblocks into M sub-sequences z l [n], each having the length of N/M, where l=1, 2, . . . ,M, and n=0, 1, . . . , (N/M)−1; (4) using fixed-phase rotation to rotate M sub-sequences z l [n] and obtain M sub-sequences {tilde over (z)} l [n], each having the length of N/M, where l=1, 2, . . . , M, and n=0, 1, . . . , (N/M)−1; and (5) using the phase rotation, phase optimization, and addition to obtain a complete N-point signal {tilde over (x)}[n] having the length of N.  
         [0010]     Because not all the fixed-phase rotations require multiplier, the present invention of a high-order PAPR reduction apparatus for OFDM signal includes an N-point inverse fast Fourier transform (N-IFFT), a de-multiplexer, two set of memories, a transformer, at most M complex multipliers, and an adder. The N-IFFT transforms the input frequency domain signal X[k] into the time domain signal x[n]. The de-multiplexer uses the adjacent partitioning to partition x[n] into M disjoint subblocks of identical length. The transformer transforms the M disjoint subblocks into M sub-sequences z l [n] of length N/M, where l=1, 2, . . . , M and n=0, 1, . . . (N/M)−1. Some of the sub-sequences z l [n] are complex multiplied and phase rotated, and the remaining sub-sequences z l [n] are directly phase rotated. Finally, the adder adds them to obtain a complete N-point signal {tilde over (x)}[n].  
         [0011]     For explanation, the present invention uses a preferred embodiment and a simplified embodiment of M=8.  
         [0012]     The present invention only uses one N-IFFT so that the amount of computation is greatly reduced. In the preferred embodiment, the present invention takes (N/2)log 2 N+(3N/4) complex multiplications and requires 3N/2 units of memory space. In the simplified embodiment, the present invention takes (N/2)log 2 N complex multiplications and requires N units of memory space. But more important, the present invention keeps the original capability of anti-multipath channel effect in the OFDM system.  
         [0013]     When M=8, the present invention shows different results in terms of computation amount and memory requirement, compared to the other three PTS methods. Compared to the original PTS method and the method disclosed by Kang, Kim and Joo, the simplified embodiment of the present invention and the Samsung&#39;s method use the least memory space. While the amount of multiplication is slightly higher or equal to that required by the Samsung&#39;s method, the present invention does not require shortening the length of the OFDM symbol, and therefore keeps the features and advantages of the OFDM system.  
         [0014]     The foregoing and other objects, features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become better understood from a careful reading of a detailed description provided herein below with appropriate reference to the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0015]      FIG. 1  shows a schematic view of a conventional multicarrier communication system related to OFDM transmitter.  
         [0016]      FIG. 2  shows a PTS method to solve the high PAPR problem of OFDM signal at transmission end.  
         [0017]      FIG. 3  shows the three ways of partitioning the input data X[k] into subblocks using M=8.  
         [0018]      FIG. 4  shows the embodiment of the method proposed by Kang, Kim and Joo to reduce the computation amount of PTS.  
         [0019]      FIG. 5  shows the embodiment of the method proposed by Samsung to reduce the computation amount and memory requirement of PTS.  
         [0020]      FIG. 6  shows a schematic view of a multi-stage time domain signal partitioning.  
         [0021]      FIG. 7  shows a schematic view of 3-stage time domain signal partitioning when M=8.  
         [0022]      FIG. 8  shows the high-order PAPR reduction method of OFDM signal of the present invention.  
         [0023]      FIG. 9  shows the schematic view of the apparatus of the present invention for high-order PAPR reduction of the OFDM signal.  
         [0024]      FIG. 10  shows an embodiment of the present invention in  FIG. 9  when M=8.  
         [0025]      FIG. 11  shows the transformer of  FIG. 10 .  
         [0026]      FIG. 12 ( a ) and  FIG. 12 ( b ) show the phase rotation parameter setting in  FIG. 10 .  
         [0027]      FIG. 13  shows a simplified embodiment of the present invention when M=8.  
         [0028]      FIG. 14  shows the transformer of  FIG. 13 .  
         [0029]      FIG. 15 ( a ) and  FIG. 15 ( b ) show the phase rotation parameter setting in  FIG. 13 .  
         [0030]      FIG. 16  shows the comparison of the computation amount and the memory requirement between the present invention and the other three methods.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0031]      FIG. 6  shows a schematic view of a multi-stage time domain signal partitioning having m stages. The number of time domain signals after partitioning is M=2 m . The N-IFFT is performed on the frequency domain signal X[k] of length N to obtain a time domain signal x[n]. Assume the initial value to be: 
   y   1   (0)   [n]=x[n]   (6)  
 At the first stage, the following equations can be used to partition x[n] into two disjoint signals:  
             {               y   1     (   1   )       ⁡     [   n   ]       =         y   1     (   0   )       ⁡     [   n   ]       +       y   1     (   0   )       ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   2       )     )     N     ]                         y   2     (   1   )       ⁡     [   n   ]       =         y   1     (   0   )       ⁡     [   n   ]       -       y   1     (   0   )       ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   2       )     )     N     ]                         (   7   )               
 where the notation ‘((n)) N ’ represents ‘(n modulo N)’, n=0, 1, . . . , N−1. In the same way, the two disjoint signals can be further partitioned into four disjoint signals. Repeating this step until the m-th stage, the following equations can be obtained for the M disjoint signals:  
             {                 y   1     (   m   )       ⁡     [   n   ]       =         y   1     (     m   -   1     )       ⁡     [   n   ]       +       y   1     (     m   -   1     )       ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   M       )     )     N     ]                         y       (     M   /   2     )     +   1       (   m   )       ⁡     [   n   ]       =         y   1     (     m   -   1     )       ⁡     [   n   ]       -       y   1     (     m   -   1     )       ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   M       )     )     N     ]                 ⁢     
     ⁢     {                 y   2     (   m   )       ⁡     [   n   ]       =         y   2     (     m   -   1     )       ⁡     [   n   ]       +       ⅇ     j   ⁢       2   ⁢   π     M         ·       y   2     (     m   -   1     )       ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   M       )     )     N     ]                           y       (     M   /   2     )     +   2       (   m   )       ⁡     [   n   ]       =         y   2     (     m   -   1     )       ⁡     [   n   ]       -       ⅇ     j   ⁢       2   ⁢   π     M         ·       y   2     (     m   -   1     )       ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   M       )     )     N     ]                   ⁢     
     ⁢           ⁢   ⋮   ⁢     
     ⁢     {               y     M   /   2       (   m   )       ⁡     [   n   ]       =         y     M   /   2       (     m   -   1     )       ⁡     [   n   ]       +       ⅇ     j   ⁢       2   ⁢     π   ⁡     (       M   2     -   1     )         M         ·       y     M   /   2       (     m   -   1     )       ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   M       )     )     N     ]                           y   M     (   m   )       ⁡     [   n   ]       =         y     M   /   2       (     m   -   1     )       ⁡     [   n   ]       -       ⅇ     j   ⁢       2   ⁢     π   ⁡     (       M   2     -   1     )         M         ·       y     M   /   2       (     m   -   1     )       ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   M       )     )     N     ]                                   (   8   )               
 This is the result of time domain signal partitioning required prior to the PTS phase rotation. 
 
         [0032]     Based on the multi-stage signal partitioning of  FIG. 6 ,  FIG. 7  shows a schematic view of M=8. According to the previous procedure, the 3-stage partitioning for M=8 requires (N/2)log 2 (N)+2N multiplications, and 8N units of memory. Based on the same concept, the following description of a high-order PAPR reduction method for OFDM signals uses the symmetric characteristics of the M disjoint signals to lower the amount of multiplication and memory requirement.  
         [0033]     Substituting equation (6) and the first stage equation (i.e., (7)) up to (m−1)th stage equation into equation (8), the M time domain input subblocks {x[n], n=0˜(N/M)−1}, {x[n], n=2N/M˜(2N/M)−1}, . . . , {x[n], n=(M−1)N/M˜N−1} can be obtained to represent M disjoint time domain signals. Using the symmetric characteristics to process the above subblocks, the method of high-order PAPR reduction for OFDM signals can be obtained, as shown in  FIG. 8 . First, the N-IFFT  801  is performed on the frequency domain signal X[k] of length N to obtain the time domain signal x[n] of length N. The adjacent partitioning is performed on x[n] to obtain M disjoint subblocks having the length N/M, where M is a power of 2, great or equal to 8, and N/M is an integer greater than 1, as in step  803 . In step  805 , a transformer is used to transform the M disjoint subblocks into M sub-sequences z l [n], each having the length N/M, l=1, 2, . . . , M and n=0, 1, . . . , (N/M)−1. In step  807 , the fixed-phase rotation is used to rotate the M sub-sequences z l [n] to obtain M sub-seuqneces {tilde over (z)} l [n], each having the length of N/M, =1,2, . . . ,M and n=0,1, . . . ,(N/M)−1. Finally, in step  809 , the M sub-sequences {tilde over (z)} l [n], after phase rotation and phase optimization, are added to form a complete N-point transmitted signal {tilde over (x)}[n], where n=0, 1, . . . , N−1.  
         [0034]     In step  807 , not all of the fixed-phase rotations require a complex multiplier, therefore,  FIG. 9  shows a schematic view of a preferred embodiment of a high-order PAPR reduction apparatus of the present invention. The apparatus includes an N-IFFT  801 , a de-multiplexer  903 , two sets of memories  905 ,  909 , a transformer  907 , at most M complex multipliers (for fixed-phase rotations), and an adder  911 . N-IFFT  801  transforms the input frequency domain signal X[k] into the time domain signal x[n]. De-multiplexer  903  partitions x[n] into M adjacent, yet disjoint, subblocks {x[n], n=0˜(N/M)−1}{grave over ( )}{x[n], n=N/M˜(2N/M)−1}, . . . , {x[n], n=(M−1)N/M˜N−1} of the identical length N/M, stored in memory  905 . The M subblocks are transformed by transformer  907  into M sub-sequences z l [n], each having length N/M, l=1, 2, . . . , M and n=0, 1, . . . , (N/M)−1, also stored in memory  905 . Some of the M sub-sequences z l [n] are passed through complex multiplier e jθl  to form another sub-sequences {tilde over (z)} l [n], stored in memory  909 , where l is between 1 and M, n=0, 1, . . . , (N/M)−1. The next step is to select sub-sequence z[n] or {tilde over (z)} l [n] for phase rotation according to different time period. Finally, adder  911  adds them to form a complete N-point signal {tilde over (x)}[n], where n=0, 1, . . . , N−1.  
         [0035]     Using M=8 as an example,  FIG. 10  shows a schematic view. The input signal X[k] is transformed into x[n] by N-IFFT  801 . De-multiplezer  1003  takes x[n], n=0, 1, . . . , N−1 and partitions into eight subblocks {x[n], n=0˜(N/8)−1}, {x[n], n=N/8˜(2N/8)−1}, . . . , {x[n], n=7N/8˜N−1}, each having length N/8, stored in memory  1005 . Transformer  1007  transforms the eight subblocks into eight sub-sequences z 1 [n], z 2 [n], . . . , z 8 [n]. According equations (6), (7), and (8), the following equations can be obtained:  
                 z   1     ⁡     [   n   ]       =       x   ⁡     [   n   ]       +     x   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   /   2       )     )     N     ]       +     x   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   /   4       )     )     N     ]       +     x   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     3   ⁢     N   /   4         )     )     N     ]       +     x   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   /   8       )     )     N     ]       +     x   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     5   ⁢     N   /   8         )     )     N     ]       +     x   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     3   ⁢     N   /   8         )     )     N     ]       +     x   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     7   ⁢     N   /   8         )     )     N     ]                 (     9   ⁢   a     )                   z   5     ⁡     [   n   ]       =       x   ⁡     [   n   ]       +     x   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   /   2       )     )     N     ]       +     x   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   /   4       )     )     N     ]       +     x   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     3   ⁢     N   /   4         )     )     N     ]       -     x   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   /   8       )     )     N     ]       -     x   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     5   ⁢     N   /   8         )     )     N     ]       -     x   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     3   ⁢     N   /   8         )     )     N     ]       -     x   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     7   ⁢     N   /   8         )     )     N     ]                 (     9   ⁢   b     )                   z   3     ⁡     [   n   ]       =       x   ⁡     [   n   ]       +     x   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   /   2       )     )     N     ]       -     x   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   /   4       )     )     N     ]       -     x   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     3   ⁢     N   /   4         )     )     N     ]       +     jx   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   /   8       )     )     N     ]       +     jx   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     5   ⁢     N   /   8         )     )     N     ]       -     jx   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     3   ⁢     N   /   8         )     )     N     ]       -     jx   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     7   ⁢     N   /   8         )     )     N     ]                 (     9   ⁢   c     )                   z   7     ⁡     [   n   ]       =       x   ⁡     [   n   ]       +     x   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   /   2       )     )     N     ]       -     x   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   /   4       )     )     N     ]       +     x   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     3   ⁢     N   /   4         )     )     N     ]       -     jx   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   /   8       )     )     N     ]       -     jx   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     5   ⁢     N   /   8         )     )     N     ]       +     jx   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     3   ⁢     N   /   8         )     )     N     ]       +     jx   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     7   ⁢     N   /   8         )     )     N     ]                 (     9   ⁢   d     )                   z   2     ⁡     [   n   ]       =       x   ⁡     [   n   ]       -     x   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   /   2       )     )     N     ]       +     jx   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   /   4       )     )     N     ]       -     jx   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     3   ⁢     N   /   4         )     )     N     ]       +       ⅇ     j   ⁢     π   4         ⁢     {       x   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   /   8       )     )     N     ]       -     x   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     5   ⁢     N   /   8         )     )     N     ]       +     jx   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     3   ⁢     N   /   8         )     )     N     ]       -     jx   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     7   ⁢     N   /   8         )     )     N     ]         }                 (     9   ⁢   e     )                   z   6     ⁡     [   n   ]       =       x   ⁡     [   n   ]       -     x   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   /   2       )     )     N     ]       +     jx   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   /   4       )     )     N     ]       -     jx   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     3   ⁢     N   /   4         )     )     N     ]       +       ⅇ     j   ⁢     π   4         ⁢     {       -     x   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   /   8       )     )     N     ]         +     x   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     5   ⁢     N   /   8         )     )     N     ]       -     jx   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     3   ⁢     N   /   8         )     )     N     ]       +     jx   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     7   ⁢     N   /   8         )     )     N     ]         }                 (     9   ⁢   f     )                   z   4     ⁡     [   n   ]       =       x   ⁡     [   n   ]       -     x   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   /   2       )     )     N     ]       -     jx   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   /   4       )     )     N     ]       +     jx   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     3   ⁢     N   /   4         )     )     N     ]       +           ⁢       ⅇ     j   ⁢     π   4         ⁢     {       jx   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   /   8       )     )     N     ]       -     jx   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     5   ⁢     N   /   8         )     )     N     ]       +     x   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     3   ⁢     N   /   8         )     )     N     ]       -     x   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     7   ⁢     N   /   8         )     )     N     ]         }                 (     9   ⁢   g     )                   z   8     ⁡     [   n   ]       =       x   ⁡     [   n   ]       -     x   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   /   2       )     )     N     ]       -     jx   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   /   4       )     )     N     ]       +     jx   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     3   ⁢     N   /   4         )     )     N     ]       +           ⁢       ⅇ     j   ⁢     π   4         ⁢     {       -     jx   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   /   8       )     )     N     ]         +     jx   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     5   ⁢     N   /   8         )     )     N     ]       -     x   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     3   ⁢     N   /   8         )     )     N     ]       +     x   ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     7   ⁢     N   /   8         )     )     N     ]         }                 (     9   ⁢   h     )             
 
 Accordingly, a schematic view of transformer  1007  of  FIG. 10  can be shown in  FIG. 11 . As shown in  FIG. 11 , transformer  1007  uses 24 adders, 3 imagery j multipliers, and 2 complex multipliers to implement equations (9a)-(9h). It has a similar structure as 8-IFFT. It can be proven that the sub-sequences z 1 [n], z 2 [n], . . . , z 8 [n] in equations (9a)-(9h) are identical to the time sequences x 1 [n], x 2 [n], . . . , x 8 [n] obtained from the original PTS method shown in  FIG. 2 . Therefore, equation (5) can be rewritten as:  
                   x   ~     ⁡     [   n   ]       =       ∑     l   =   1     8     ⁢       b   l     ⁢       z   l     ⁡     [   n   ]             ,           ⁢     n   =   0     ,   1   ,   …   ⁢           ,     N   -   1             (   10   )             
 
 Assuming equations (11a)-(11d) as follows:  
                   z   ~     2     ⁡     [   n   ]       =       ⅇ     j   ⁢     π   4         ·       z   2     ⁡     [   n   ]                 (     11   ⁢   a     )                     z   ~     4     ⁡     [   n   ]       =       ⅇ     j   ⁢     π   4         ·       z   4     ⁡     [   n   ]                 (     11   ⁢   b     )                     z   ~     6     ⁡     [   n   ]       =       ⅇ     j   ⁢     π   4         ·       z   6     ⁡     [   n   ]                 (     11   ⁢   c     )                     z   ~     8     ⁡     [   n   ]       =       ⅇ     j   ⁢     π   4         ·       z   8     ⁡     [   n   ]                 (     11   ⁢   d     )             
 
 and using equations (9a)-(9h) and equations (11a)-(11d), the following symmetry can be obtained, that is the relationship between the sub-sequences {z 1 [((n+pN/8)) N ], z 2 [((n+pN/8)) N ], . . . , z 8 [((n+pN/8)) N ]} having different time shift and the sub-sequences {z 1 [n], z 2 [n], . . . , z 8 [n]}.  
                 p   =   1     ,     n   =       pN   /     8   ~     [       (     p   +   1     )     ⁢     N   /   8       ]         -     1   ⁢     :             ⁢     
     ⁢     {               z   1     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +     N   8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   1     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       7   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =       z   1     ⁡     [   n   ]                         z   2     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +     N   8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   2     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       7   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         ⅇ     j   ⁢     π   4         ⁢       z   2     ⁡     [   n   ]         =         z   ~     2     ⁡     [   n   ]                           z   3     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +     N   8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   3     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       7   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =       jz   3     ⁡     [   n   ]                         z   4     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +     N   8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   4     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       7   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         jⅇ     j   ⁢     π   4         ⁢       z   4     ⁡     [   n   ]         =     j   ⁢         z   ~     4     ⁡     [   n   ]                             z   5     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +     N   8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   5     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       7   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =     -       z   5     ⁡     [   n   ]                           z   6     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +     N   8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   6     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       7   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         -     ⅇ     j   ⁢     π   4           ⁢       z   6     ⁡     [   n   ]         =     -         z   ~     6     ⁡     [   n   ]                             z   7     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +     N   8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   7     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       7   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =     -       jz   7     ⁡     [   n   ]                           z   8     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +     N   8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   8     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       7   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         -     jⅇ     j   ⁢     π   4           ⁢       z   8     ⁡     [   n   ]         =       -   j     ⁢         z   ~     8     ⁡     [   n   ]                               (   12   )                   p   =   2     ,     n   =       pN   /     8   ~     [       (     p   +   1     )     ⁢     N   /   8       ]         -     1   ⁢     :             ⁢     
     ⁢     {               z   1     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       2   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   1     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       6   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =       z   1     ⁡     [   n   ]                         z   2     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       2   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   2     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       6   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =       jz   2     ⁡     [   n   ]                         z   3     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       2   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   3     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       6   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =     -       z   3     ⁡     [   n   ]                           z   4     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       2   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   4     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       6   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =     -       jz   4     ⁡     [   n   ]                           z   5     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       2   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   5     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       6   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =       z   5     ⁡     [   n   ]                         z   6     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       2   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   6     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       6   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =       jz   6     ⁡     [   n   ]                         z   7     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       2   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   7     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       6   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =     -       z   7     ⁡     [   n   ]                           z   8     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       2   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   8     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       6   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =     -       jz   8     ⁡     [   n   ]                             (   13   )                   p   =   3     ,     n   =       pN   /     8   ~     [       (     p   +   1     )     ⁢     N   /   8       ]         -     1   ⁢     :             ⁢     
     ⁢     {               z   1     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       3   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   1     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       5   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =       z   1     ⁡     [   n   ]                         z   2     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       3   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   2     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       5   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         jⅇ     j   ⁢     π   4         ⁢       z   2     ⁡     [   n   ]         =         jz   ~     2     ⁡     [   n   ]                           z   3     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       3   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   3     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       5   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =     -       jz   3     ⁡     [   n   ]                           z   4     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       3   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   4     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       5   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         ⅇ     j   ⁢     π   4         ⁢       z   4     ⁡     [   n   ]         =         z   ~     4     ⁡     [   n   ]                           z   5     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       3   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   5     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       5   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =     -       z   5     ⁡     [   n   ]                           z   6     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       3   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   6     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       5   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         -     jⅇ     j   ⁢     π   4           ⁢       z   6     ⁡     [   n   ]         =       -   j     ⁢         z   ~     6     ⁡     [   n   ]                             z   7     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       3   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   7     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       5   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =       jz   7     ⁡     [   n   ]                         z   8     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       3   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   8     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       5   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         -     ⅇ     j   ⁢     π   4           ⁢       z   8     ⁡     [   n   ]         =     -         z   ~     8     ⁡     [   n   ]                               (   14   )                   p   =   4     ,     n   =       pN   /     8   ~     [       (     p   +   1     )     ⁢     N   /   8       ]         -     1   ⁢     :             ⁢     
     ⁢     {               z   1     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       4   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   1     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       4   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =       z   1     ⁡     [   n   ]                         z   2     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       4   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   2     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       4   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =     -       z   2     ⁡     [   n   ]                           z   3     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       4   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   3     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       4   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =       z   3     ⁡     [   n   ]                         z   4     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       4   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   4     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       4   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =     -       z   4     ⁡     [   n   ]                           z   5     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       4   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   5     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       4   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =       z   5     ⁡     [   n   ]                         z   6     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       4   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   6     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       4   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =     -       z   6     ⁡     [   n   ]                           z   7     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       4   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   7     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       4   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =       z   7     ⁡     [   n   ]                         z   8     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       4   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   8     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       4   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =     -       z   8     ⁡     [   n   ]                             (   15   )                   p   =   5     ,     n   =       pN   /     8   ~     [       (     p   +   1     )     ⁢     N   /   8       ]         -     1   ⁢     :             ⁢     
     ⁢     {               z   1     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       5   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   1     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       3   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =       z   1     ⁡     [   n   ]                         z   2     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       5   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   2     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       3   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         -     ⅇ     j   ⁢     π   4           ⁢       z   2     ⁡     [   n   ]         =     -         z   ~     2     ⁡     [   n   ]                             z   3     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       5   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   3     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       3   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =       jz   3     ⁡     [   n   ]                         z   4     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       5   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   4     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       3   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         -     jⅇ     j   ⁢     π   4           ⁢       z   4     ⁡     [   n   ]         =       -   j     ⁢         z   ~     4     ⁡     [   n   ]                             z   5     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       5   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   5     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       3   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =     -       z   5     ⁡     [   n   ]                           z   6     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       5   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   6     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       3   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         ⅇ     j   ⁢     π   4         ⁢       z   6     ⁡     [   n   ]         =         z   ~     6     ⁡     [   n   ]                           z   7     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       5   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   7     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       3   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =     -       jz   7     ⁡     [   n   ]                           z   8     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       5   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   8     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       3   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         jⅇ     j   ⁢     π   4         ⁢       z   8     ⁡     [   n   ]         =     j   ⁢         z   ~     8     ⁡     [   n   ]                               (   16   )                   p   =   6     ,     n   =       pN   /     8   ~     [       (     p   +   1     )     ⁢     N   /   8       ]         -     1   ⁢     :             ⁢     
     ⁢     {               z   1     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       6   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   1     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       2   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =       z   1     ⁡     [   n   ]                         z   2     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       6   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   2     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       2   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =     -       jz   2     ⁡     [   n   ]                           z   3     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       6   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   3     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       2   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =     -       z   3     ⁡     [   n   ]                           z   4     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       6   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   4     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       2   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =       jz   4     ⁡     [   n   ]                         z   5     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       6   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   5     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       2   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =       z   5     ⁡     [   n   ]                         z   6     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       6   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   6     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       2   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =     -       jz   6     ⁡     [   n   ]                           z   7     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       6   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   7     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       2   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =     -       z   7     ⁡     [   n   ]                           z   8     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       6   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   8     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       2   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =       jz   8     ⁡     [   n   ]                           (   17   )                   p   =   7     ,     n   =       pN   /     8   ~     [       (     p   +   1     )     ⁢     N   /   8       ]         -     1   ⁢     :             ⁢     
     ⁢     {               z   1     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       7   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   1     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   8       )     )     N     ]       =       z   1     ⁡     [   n   ]                         z   2     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       7   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   2     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   8       )     )     N     ]       =         -     jⅇ     j   ⁢     π   4           ⁢       z   2     ⁡     [   n   ]         =       -   j     ⁢         z   ~     2     ⁡     [   n   ]                             z   3     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       7   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   3     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   8       )     )     N     ]       =     -       jz   3     ⁡     [   n   ]                           z   4     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       7   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   4     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   8       )     )     N     ]       =         -     ⅇ     j   ⁢     π   4           ⁢       z   4     ⁡     [   n   ]         =     -         z   ~     4     ⁡     [   n   ]                             z   5     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       7   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   5     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   8       )     )     N     ]       =     -       z   5     ⁡     [   n   ]                           z   6     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       7   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   6     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   8       )     )     N     ]       =         jⅇ     j   ⁢     π   4         ⁢       z   6     ⁡     [   n   ]         =     j   ⁢         z   ~     6     ⁡     [   n   ]                             z   7     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       7   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   7     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   8       )     )     N     ]       =       jz   7     ⁡     [   n   ]                         z   8     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       7   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         z   8     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   8       )     )     N     ]       =         ⅇ     j   ⁢     π   4         ⁢       z   8     ⁡     [   n   ]         =         z   ~     8     ⁡     [   n   ]                             (   18   )             
 
 It can be seen from equations (12)-(18) that transformer  1007  only needs to form N/8-length sub-sequences z 1 [n], z 2 [n], z 3 [n], z 4 [n], z 5 [n], z 6 [n], z 7 [n], z 8 [n] and obtain {tilde over (z)} 2 [n], {tilde over (z)} 4 [n], {tilde over (z)} 6 [n], {tilde over (z)} 8 [n], n=0, . . . (N/8)−1. As the eight subblocks {x[n], n=0, . . . , (N/8)−1}, {x[n], n=N/8, . . . , 2N/8}−1}, . . . , {x[n], n=7N/8, . . . , N−1} are no longer needed, the eight memory blocks having N/8 units each in memory  1005  can be released to store z 1 [n], z 2 [n], . . . , z 8 [n]′n=0, . . . , (N/8)−1. In other words, the required memory is 8×(N/8)+4×(N/8)=3N/2 units. Finally substituting equations (12)-(18) into equation (10), the following two results can be obtained: 
 
 Result 1: p=0, 2, 4, 6, n=0, . . . , (N/8)−1 
                 x   ~     ⁡     [     n   +     pN   8       ]       =       ∑     l   =   1     8     ⁢         b   ~     l     ·     z   l                 (19a)             
        where the phase rotation parameter {tilde over (b)} l  is shown in  FIG. 12 ( a ). 
 
 Result 2: p=1, 3, 5, 7, n=0, . . . , (N/8)−1 
                 x   ~     ⁡     [     n   +     pN   8       ]       =         ∑     l   =   1     4     ⁢         b   ~         2   ⁢   l     -   1       ·     z       2   ⁢   l     -   1           +       ∑     l   =   1     4     ⁢         b   ~       2   ⁢   l       ·       z   ~       2   ⁢   l                     (19b)             
    where the phase rotation parameter {tilde over (b)} l  is shown in  FIG. 12 ( b ). 
 
 Refer to  FIG. 10 , after the phase rotation of the eight sub-sequences {z 1 [n], z 2 [n], . . . , z 8 [n]}, n=0, . . . , (N/8)−1, adder  1011  adds them to form the N/8-length transmitted signal {{tilde over (x)}[0], {tilde over (x)}[1], . . . , [(N/8)−1]}. By using different phase rotation parameter {tilde over (b)} l , the eight sub-sequences {z 1 [n], z 3 [n], z 5 [n], z 7 [n]} and {{tilde over (z)} 2 [n], {tilde over (z)} 4 [n], {tilde over (z)} 6 [n], {tilde over (z)} 8 [n]} can be used to obtain the next transmitted signal {{tilde over (x)}[N/8], {tilde over (x)}[(N/8)+1], . . . , x[(2N/8)−1]}. By the same way, the entire N-point transmitted signal {tilde over (x)}[n] can be obtained. 
       
 
         [0038]     As shown in  FIG. 10  and  FIG. 11 , when {tilde over (b)} l  is +1, −1, +j, or −j, the multiplications that present invention requires come from N-IFFT  801 , transformer  1007  (including two complex multipliers), and four complex multipliers (for fixed-phase rotations). Therefore, the total amount of complex multiplications is (N/2)log 2 N+2×(N/8)+4×(N/8)=(N/2)log 2 N+(3N/4), and the memory requirement is 3N/2 units.  
         [0039]     The following description uses M=8 as an example to explain the simplified embodiment of the high-order PAPR reduction apparatus of the present invention. By losing a slight capability for PAPR reduction, a smaller amount of multiplications and memory requirement can be achieved.  FIG. 13  shows a schematic view of the simplified embodiment. The frequency domain sequence X[k] is transformed by N-IFFT  801  into time domain signal sequence x[n]. De-multiplexer  1003  partitions x[n], n=0, 1, . . . , N−1 into 8 subblocks {x[n], n=0, . . . , (N/8)−1}, {x[n], n=N/8, . . . , (2N/8)−1}, . . . , {x[n], n=7N/8, . . . , N−1}, each having the length N/8, and stores them into 8 N/8-length blocks in memory  1005 . Substituting equations (9a)-(9h) into equation (10), the following equation can be obtained:  
                 x   ~     ⁡     [   n   ]       =         x   ⁡     [   n   ]       ·     (       b   1     +     b   5     +     b   3     +     b   7     +     b   2     +     b   6     +     b   4     +     b   8       )       +       x   ⁡     [       (     (     N   -     N   2       )     )     N     ]       ·     (       b   1     +     b   5     +     b   3     +     b   7     -     b   2     -     b   6     -     b   4     -     b   8       )       +       x   ⁡     [       (     (     N   -     N   4       )     )     N     ]       ·     (       b   1     +     b   5     -     b   3     -     b   7     +     jb   2     +     jb   6     -     jb   4     -     jb   8       )       +       x   ⁡     [       (     (     N   -       3   ⁢   N     4       )     )     N     ]       ·     (       b   1     +     b   5     -     b   3     -     b   7     -     jb   2     -     jb   6     +     jb   4     +     jb   8       )       +       x   ⁡     [       (     (     N   -     N   8       )     )     N     ]       ·     {       b   1     -     b   5     +     jb   3     -     jb   7     +       ⅇ     j   ⁢     π   4         ⁡     (       b   2     -     b   6       )       +       jⅇ     j   ⁢     π   4         ⁡     (       b   4     -     b   8       )         }       +       x   ⁡     [       (     (     N   -     N   8       )     )     N     ]       ·     {       b   1     -     b   5     +     jb   3     -     jb   7     -       ⅇ     j   ⁢     π   4         ⁡     (       b   2     -     b   6       )       -       jⅇ     j   ⁢     π   4         ⁡     (       b   4     -     b   8       )         }       +       x   ⁡     [       (     (     N   -       3   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       ·     {       b   1     -     b   5     -     jb   3     +     jb   7     +       jⅇ     j   ⁢     π   4         ⁡     (       b   2     -     b   6       )       +       ⅇ     j   ⁢     π   4         ⁡     (       b   4     -   8     )         }       +       x   ⁡     [       (     (     N   -       7   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       ·     {       b   1     -     b   5     +     jb   3     +     jb   7     -       jⅇ     j   ⁢     π   4         ⁡     (       b   2     -     b   6       )       -       ⅇ     j   ⁢     π   4         ⁡     (       b   4     -     b   8       )         }                 (   20   )             
 
         [0040]     Equation (20) shows that when b 2 =b 6  and b 4 =b 8 , it does not require complex multiplication to compute equation (20). Under such circumstances, using equations (9a)-(9h) to express equation (20) as following:  
                 x   ~     ⁢           [   n   ]     =         b   1     ⁢       z   1     ⁡     [   n   ]         +       b   5     ⁢       z   5     ⁡     [   n   ]         +       b   3     ⁢       z   3     ⁡     [   n   ]         +       b   7     ⁢       z   7     ⁡     [   n   ]         +       b   2     ·     {         w   2     ⁡     [   n   ]       +     j   ⁢           ⁢       w   4     ⁡     [   n   ]           }       +       b   4     ·     {         w   2     ⁡     [   n   ]       -     j   ⁢           ⁢       w   4     ⁡     [   n   ]           }                 (   21   )             where                             w   2     ⁡     [   n   ]       =     2   ·     {       x   ⁢           [   n   ]     -     x   ⁢           [       (     (     n   -     N   2       )     )     N     ]       }               (22a)                   w   4     ⁡     [   n   ]       =     2   ·     {       x   ⁢           [       (     (     n   -     N   4       )     )     N     ]     -     x   ⁢           [       (     (     n   -       3   ⁢   N     4       )     )     N     ]       }               (22b)             
 
 Based on equations (21) and (12), the following is obtained:  
                 x   ~     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +     N   8       )     )     N     ]       =         b   1     ⁢       z   1     ⁡     [   n   ]         -       b   5     ⁢       z   5     ⁡     [   n   ]         +       jb   3     ⁢       z   3     ⁡     [   n   ]         -       jb   7     ⁢       z   7     ⁡     [   n   ]         +       b   2     ·     {         w   2     ⁢     {       (     (     n   +     N   8       )     )     N     ]       +       jw   4     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +     N   8       )     )     N     ]         }       +       b   4     ·     {         w   2     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +     N   8       )     )     N     ]       -       jw   4     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +     n   8       )     )     N     ]         }                 (   23   )             
 
 Furthermore, the symmetric relationship can be obtained from equations (22a) and (22b):  
             {               w   2     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       2   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         w   2     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       6   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =     -       w   4     ⁡     [   n   ]                           w   4     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       2   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         w   4     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       6   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =       w   2     ⁡     [   n   ]                         (24a)               {               w   2     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       3   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         w   2     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       5   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =     -       w   4     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +     N   8       )     )     N     ]                           w   4     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       3   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         w   4     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       5   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =       w   2     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +     N   8       )     )     N     ]                         (24b)               {               w   2     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       4   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         w   2     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       4   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =     -       w   2     ⁡     [   n   ]                           w   4     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       4   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         w   4     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       4   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =     -       w   4     ⁡     [   n   ]                           (24c)               {               w   2     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       5   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         w   2     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       3   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =     -       w   2     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +     N   8       )     )     N     ]                           w   4     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       5   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         w   4     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       3   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =     -       w   4     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +     N   8       )     )     N     ]                           (24d)               {               w   2     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       6   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         w   2     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       2   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =       w   4     ⁡     [   n   ]                         w   4     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       6   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         w   4     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -       2   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =     -       w   2     ⁡     [   n   ]                           (24e)               {               w   2     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       7   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         w   2     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   8       )     )     N     ]       =       w   4     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +     N   8       )     )     N     ]                         w   4     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +       7   ⁢   N     8       )     )     N     ]       =         w   4     ⁡     [       (     (     n   -     N   8       )     )     N     ]       =     -       w   2     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +     N   8       )     )     N     ]                           (     24   ⁢   f     )             
 
         [0041]     Based on equations (21), (23), and (24a)-(24f), the transmitted signal {tilde over (x)}[n] is composed of sub-sequences {z 1 [n], z 3 [n], z 5 [n], z 7 [n]} and {w 2 [n], w 4 [n], w 2 [((n+N/8)) N ], w 4 [((n+N/8)) N ]}. Therefore, transformer  1307  is to transform the eight N/8-length subblocks {x[n], n=0, . . . , (N/8)−1}, {x[n], n=N/8, . . . , (2N/8)−1}, . . . , {x[n], n=7N/8, . . . , N−1} into eight sub-sequences {z 1 [n], z 3 [n], z 5 [n], z 7 [n]} and {w 2 [n], w 4 [n], w 2 [((n+N/8)) N ], w 4 [((n+N/8)) N ]}. According to equations (9a)-(9d), (22a) and (22b), a schematic view of transformer  1307  of  FIG. 13  can be shown in  FIG. 14 . As shown in  FIG. 14 , transformer  1307  uses 16 adders, a imagery j multiplier and four real multipliers to implement equations (9a)-(9d), (22a) and (22d). The structure is different from an 8-IFFT. The four real multipliers are for the multiplication of real number 2, which can be simply implemented as a shift operation. As a result, transformer  1307  does not require any multipliers.  
         [0042]     It can be seen from equations (12)-(18) and (24a)-(24f) that transformer  1307  only needs to form N/8-length sub-sequences {z 1 [n], z 3 [n], z 5 [n], z 7 [n]}and {w 2 [n], w 4 [n], w 2 [((n+N/8))N], w 4 [((n+N/8)) N ]}, n=0, . . . , (N/8)−1. As the eight subblocks {x[n], n=0, . . . , (N/8)−1}, {x[n], n=N/8, . . . , (2N/8)−1}, . . . , {x[n], n=7N/ 8 , . . . , N−1} are no longer needed, the eight memory blocks having N/8 units each in memory  1005  can be released to store {z 1 [n], z 3 [n], z 5 [n], z 7 [n]}and {w 2 [n], w 4 [n], w 2 [((n+N/8)) N ], w 4 [((n+N/8))N]}, n=0, . . . , (N/8)−1. In other words, the required memory is 8×(N/8)=N units. Finally substituting equations (12)-(18) and (24a)-(24f) into equations (21) and (23), the following two results can be obtained: 
 
 Result 1: p=0, 2, 4, 6, n=0, . . . , (N/8)−1 
                         x   ~     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +     pN   8       )     )     N     ]       =       ⁢           b   ~     1     ⁢       z   1     ⁡     [   n   ]         +         b   ~     5     ⁢       z   5     ⁡     [   n   ]         +         b   ~     3     ⁢       z   3     ⁡     [   n   ]         +         b   ~     7     ⁢       z   7     ⁡     [   n   ]         +                     ⁢           b   ~     2     ⁢       w   2     ⁡     [   n   ]         +         b   ~     4     ⁢       w   2     ⁡     [   n   ]         +         b   ~     6     ⁢       w   4     ⁡     [   n   ]         +         b   ~     8     ⁢       w   4     ⁡     [   n   ]                               (25a)             
        where the phase rotation parameter {tilde over (b)} l  is shown in  FIG. 15 ( a ). 
 
 Result 2: p=1, 3, 5, 7, n=0, . . . , (N/8)−1 
                         x   ~     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +     pN   8       )     )     N     ]       =       ⁢           b   ~     1     ⁢       z   1     ⁡     [   n   ]         +         b   ~     5     ⁢       z   5     ⁡     [   n   ]         +         b   ~     3     ⁢       z   3     ⁡     [   n   ]         +         b   ~     7     ⁢       z   7     ⁡     [   n   ]         +                     ⁢           b   ~     2     ⁢       w   2     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +     N   8       )     )     N     ]         +         b   ~     4     ⁢       w   2     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +     N   8       )     )     N     ]         +                     ⁢           b   ~     6     ⁢       w   4     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +     N   8       )     )     N     ]         +         b   ~     8     ⁢       w   4     ⁡     [       (     (     n   +     N   8       )     )     N     ]                               (25b)             
    where the phase rotation parameter {tilde over (b)} l  is shown in  FIG. 15 ( b ). 
 
 Refer to  FIG. 13 , after the phase rotation of the six sub-sequences {z 1 [n], z 3 [n], z 5 [n], z 7 [n]} and {w 2 [n], w 4 [n]}, n=0, . . . , (N/8)−1, adder  1011  adds to form an N/8-length transmitted signal {{tilde over (x)}[0], {tilde over (x)}[1], . . . , x[(N/8)−1]}. By using different phase rotation parameter {tilde over (b)} l , the six sub-sequences {z 1 [n], z 3 [n], z 5 [n], z 7 [n]} and {w 2 [((n+N/8)) N ], w 4 [((n+N/8)) N ]}, n=0, . . . , (N/8)−1, can be used to obtain the next transmitted signal {{tilde over (x)}[N/8], {tilde over (x)}[(N/8)+1], . . . , {tilde over (x)}[(2N/8)−1]}. By the same way, the entire N-point transmitted signal {tilde over (x)}[n] can be obtained. 
       
 
         [0045]     As shown in  FIG. 13  and  FIG. 14 , when {tilde over (b)} l  is +1, −1, +j, or −j, the multiplications that the simplified embodiment of the present invention requires only come from N-IFFT  801 . Therefore, the total amount of complex multiplications is (N/2)log 2 N, and the memory requirement is N units.  
         [0046]      FIG. 16  shows the comparison of the amount of computation and the memory requirement of the preferred ( FIG. 10 ) and simplified ( FIG. 13 ) embodiments of the present invention and the other three PTS methods, for M=8 and N=64, 256, 1024, and 2048. As can be seen in  FIG. 16 , the amount of computation and the memory requirement increases rapidly as N increases for the original PTS method and the method disclosed by Kang, Kim and Joo. In comparison, the simplified embodiment of the present invention and the Samsung&#39;s method take the minimum number of multiplications (160, 896, 4608, 10240 multiplications, respectively) and require the minimum memory space (64, 256, 1024, 2048 units of memory, respectively). However, the PTS method of the present invention does not shorten the length of the OFDM signal, and therefore still keeps the features and the advantages of the original OFDM system.  
         [0047]     In summary, the present invention uses the interleaved partitioning of the subblocks of the PTS method, and uses only an N-IFFT to provide a method and an apparatus for high-order PAPR reduction for OFDM signal. The simplified embodiment of the present invention only takes (N/2)log 2 N multiplications and requires only N units of memory space. Furthermore, the present invention keeps the features and the advantages of the original OFDM system.  
         [0048]     Although the present invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiments, it will be understood that the invention is not limited to the details described thereof. Various substitutions and modifications have been suggested in the foregoing description, and others will occur to those of ordinary skill in the art. Therefore, all such substitutions and modifications are intended to be embraced within the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.