Abstract:
A magnetically shielded, efficient plasma generation configuration for a pulsed discharge extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light source comprises two opposed convex electrodes mounted with axes parallel to a static magnetic field. A limiter aperture disposed between the electrodes, in conjunction with the field lines, defines a hollow plasma cylinder connecting the electrodes. A high pulsed voltage and current compresses the plasma cylinder and its interior magnetic field onto the electrode surfaces to create a magnetic insulating layer at the same time as propelling the working gas from each side toward the space between the electrode tips. The plasma then collapses radially in a three-dimensional compression to form a dense plasma on the axis of the device with radiation of extreme ultraviolet light.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 
       [0001]    Many discharge-based extreme ultraviolet (EUV) sources require the launching of high currents (10 kA or more) off electrode surfaces [for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,504,795 “Plasma X-Ray Source”, McGeoch (1996); U.S. Pat. No. 6,541,786 “Plasma Pinch High Energy with Debris Collector”, Partlo et al., (2003)]. A principal and long-standing problem associated with this activity is a degree of electrode heating and erosion that limits the peak current, pulse duration and pulsed operating life of such devices. The default mode at very high current is “super-emission” of electrons from an extremely hot surface created by ion bombardment but this condition is still accompanied by evaporation of electrode material. In a previous US patent filing [U.S. application Ser. No. 12/854,375 “Z-Pinch Plasma Generator and Plasma Target”, McGeoch (2010)] there has been disclosed a magnetically-assisted cathode with two advantages over conventional cathodes. Firstly, azimuthal drift of electrons in the crossed electric field of the plasma-electrode sheath and the applied magnetic field spreads the current very uniformly, thereby eliminating surface hot spots. Secondly, the spiralling path of surface secondary electrons produces more efficient ionization by maintaining the electron energy close to the energy of the maximum ionization cross section, so ion impacts on the surface that produce secondaries are less energetic, and hence there is reduced sputtering and surface heating. In the applicant&#39;s laboratory, cathodes based on this principle have produced &gt;8 kA current pulses of 2 μsec duration for more than 100 million pulses with negligible surface erosion, in a Z-Pinch plasma-generating device running on a mixture of helium and lithium. 
         [0002]    The magnetically-assisted cathode has been operated in a concave cathode configuration for Z-pinch generation [U.S. application Ser. No. 12/854,375 “Z-Pinch Plasma Generator and Plasma Target”, McGeoch (2010)]. While this approach confers the above advantages of uniformity and more efficient electron amplification, it does not provide magnetic shielding of the electrode from the converging hot plasma. Also, the concave approach does not provide focusing of the compressed gas in any more than two dimensions, i.e. a cylindrical plasma shell is compressed without length change onto the axis of the device, so the line density of the pinch is limited. However, when extreme ultraviolet light (EUV) generation from lithium vapor is attempted, a high line density is needed in the pinch, and it is difficult to arrange this via two-dimensional compression alone, because of a limited available lithium vapor pressure. 
       SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
       [0003]    The present invention introduces three-dimensional compression of a working gas, which may be lithium vapor, via the use of convex, tapered magnetically-assisted electrodes. An initial cylindrical plasma shell is defined by the intersection of the magnetic field lines with a circular aperture perpendicular to the common axis of the electrodes and the field. The electrodes are arranged with convex surfaces opposed, so that when the plasma shell is compressed by the pinch effect of a high current, the interior magnetic field is compressed onto their surface, and the working gas is impelled toward the central inter-electrode gap. There is thus a three-dimensional gas compression and many times greater pinch density than from two-dimensional compression. 
         [0004]    The first function of the applied magnetic field (the magnetic assist) is to spread the initiation plasma azimuthally via ExB drift. The azimuthal symmetry is essential to the final formation of a hot plasma precisely on the device axis. Because the plasma responds to the applied voltage pulse via increased surface ionization, there is a skin depth limitation to the radial extent of dense plasma. A cylindrical shell of plasma therefore forms, guided by the applied magnetic field, and defined at its outer surface by the size of the circular aperture. The ends of the cylinder are located where the applied magnetic field intersects the electrodes. 
         [0005]    The next function of the field is to protect the electrodes from plasma heat. When a short high current pulse is passed down the plasma shell between the electrodes, the shell begins to move inward and to compress the interior magnetic field, which can not enter the electrodes on the timescale of the current pulse. The field is sandwiched between the incoming plasma shell and the electrodes, so that it forms a high field insulating layer, preventing plasma heat from reaching the electrodes. For this to be the case, the diffusion time of the plasma shell across the applied magnetic field has to be much longer than the compression time. 
         [0006]    The inward moving plasma shell squeezes the working gas from each end toward the center, so that a beneficially high density is achieved when the shell approaches the center from all directions. As the shell converges on the axis of the device, compressional heating and ionization of the working gas occurs. The high current that is flowing by that time becomes a major source of Ohmic heating, contributing the energy that is converted through ionic excitation into EUV radiation. The current path remains on the outside surface of the magnetic layer that protects the electrodes, and does not concentrate at the electrode tips, thereby avoiding excessive local heating and sputter erosion. The much higher temperature and density near the axis provide locally a rate of magnetic field diffusion sufficient to allow the high current to penetrate as far as the axis. 
         [0007]    In accordance with embodiments of the invention, a pulsed generator of a pinch plasma is provided. The pulsed generator comprises two opposed coaxially aligned electrodes with convex profiles; a steady magnetic field applied parallel to the common axis of the electrodes; a limiter disc located between the electrodes with a hole centered on the axis, and a fill of low pressure gas, wherein: a pulsed voltage between the electrodes drives a current initially in a cylindrical sheet of diameter defined by the said hole, the current sheet being collapsed by the plasma pinch effect onto the convex surfaces of the electrodes, compressing the static magnetic field into a protective sheath over each surface, and forming a dense, high temperature plasma pinch on the axis between the electrodes. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         [0008]    For better understanding of the present invention, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein by reference and in which: 
           [0009]      FIG. 1A  is a cross-sectional view of a plasma generation configuration with cylindrical symmetry, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0010]      FIG. 1B  is a cross-sectional view showing the converging plasma shell within the configuration of  FIG. 1A ; 
           [0011]      FIG. 2A  is a cross-sectional view of the plasma initiation in one embodiment of the invention; 
           [0012]      FIG. 2B  is a cross sectional view of the electrode configuration of  FIG. 2A , along the axis thereof; 
           [0013]      FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view of a plasma generation configuration incorporating lithium enclosures within its electrodes and a plurality of limiter discs; 
           [0014]      FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view of a plasma generation configuration with an initiation pre-pulse generator; 
           [0015]      FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view of an EUV source system that incorporates an embodiment of the plasma generation configuration; and 
           [0016]      FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional view of an asymmetric plasma generation configuration, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0017]    The operation of a first embodiment of the invention is described with reference to 
         [0018]      FIGS. 1A and 1B , which show two stages of plasma evolution in an electrode configuration with cylindrical symmetry about axis of rotation  15 . Electrodes  10 ,  20  have rotational symmetry about axis  15  and are opposed, with convex surfaces facing each other. A disc  30  with a central circular hole is positioned mid-way between electrodes  10 ,  20  with its center on the symmetry axis  15 . A pulsed voltage and current generator  50  is connected via conductors  40  across electrodes  10 ,  20 . Generator  50 , in a preferred embodiment of the invention, supplies pulses of alternating polarity to the electrodes. A steady applied magnetic field B is present, with field lines  60  parallel to the axis of symmetry  15 . A working gas  70  fills the inter-electrode space. This gas may be chosen for its spectral line emissions to match the wavelength required for an application. For example, lithium vapor is chosen for the generation of 13.5 nm light useful in the patterning of semiconductors, the radiating species being the doubly-ionized Li 2+  state. 
         [0019]    In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the voltage and current pulses are applied at a sufficiently high frequency for there to be residual ionization in gas  70  at the time of the succeeding pulse. In the case of lithium vapor this frequency would have to exceed approximately 1 kHz. Rapid application of the voltage pulse initiates ionization in a cylindrical plasma shell  75 , defined by the inner diameter of annular disc  30 , and the steady applied magnetic field lines  60  that run perpendicular to the disc. The thickness of the shell is related to the plasma skin depth at the frequency components within the applied voltage pulse. The plasma shell is initiated with excellent azimuthal uniformity owing to the azimuthal drift of surface-produced secondary electrons, described below with reference to  FIGS. 2A and 2B . As the applied current pulse ramps up, plasma shell  75  is accelerated inward by the self-magnetic field of this current interacting with the electrons carrying the current—the so-called pinch effect. 
         [0020]    In  FIG. 1B  a later location  85  of the plasma shell is shown. In this snapshot the ends of the shell nearest the electrodes have compressed the interior magnetic field lines into a thin layer  65  over the electrode surfaces, and the field amplitude in this layer increases toward the electrode tips. The field can not enter the electrodes by more than the electrode skin depth, which is rather small for the MHz frequency components of interest. The working gas that had formerly been around the outer parts of the electrode has been squeezed by the converging plasma shell and propelled toward the center of the device. In the last stage of compression, a dense gas cylinder  90  has formed between the electrode tips, and because of inertial energy delivered at stagnation on axis, the gas has been heated to high temperature, possibly through several stages of ionization. The continued input of heat via dissipation of the applied current (Ohmic heating) supplies energy for the emission of short wavelength radiation. The applied current is launched at the outer ends of the electrodes and guided by the surface contours, without contact, by virtue of magnetic insulation to converge at the highest density position within cylinder  90  and deposit heat. 
         [0021]      FIGS. 2A and 2B  illustrate the development of an azimuthally uniform plasma shell. In  FIG. 2A  an initial low density plasma shell  75  has developed in response to the application of voltage from generator  50 . Where shell  75  meets electrodes  10 ,  20  there is a plasma sheath  95  across which there is a voltage drop, and an electric field oriented perpendicular to the electrode surface. Secondary electrons leaving the surface execute a crossed-field, or ExB drift, as shown in  FIG. 2B . The azimuthal motion of these electrons ensures good azimuthal symmetry, both in location and density, of plasma shell  75  prior to its inward motion under the plasma pinch effect, described above with reference to  FIGS. 1A and 1B . This high degree of symmetry ensures an accurate final location for dense plasma  90 . 
         [0022]    In a second embodiment of the invention, illustrated in  FIG. 3 , there is provision for the use of a working gas such as lithium, for which a useful density may be obtained via evaporation from a heated reservoir of liquid metal. In this case, electrodes  10 ,  20  have internal reservoirs  110  that contain an amount of the liquid metal  120 . Aperture holes  130  located on the axis of symmetry  15  communicate the metal vapor into the operating gas volume  70 . Lithium (or the metal in question) is evaporated either by spare heat from the electrodes or by installed heaters  140  within the electrodes, or by a combination of these. It is contained by a wide angle heat pipe [U.S. Pat. No. 7,479,646 “Extreme Ultraviolet Source with Wide Angle Vapor Containment and Reflux”, McGeoch (2009)] of which the conical condensation and return surface structures  30 ,  35  are shown. Three such structures, each with two surfaces having rotational symmetry around axis  15 , are shown in  FIG. 3 , but there may be a plurality of such structures. The electrode outer surfaces  150  are also part of the heat pipe. In the case of lithium gas, a helium buffer gas  160  is present in the outer parts of the heat pipe, to contain lithium as described in [U.S. Pat. No. 7,479,646 McGeoch (2009)]. In steady operation, heat from the electrical discharge driven by pulser  50 , augmented if necessary by heaters  140 , maintains a temperature in the electrode reservoirs  110  appropriate for the metal vapor density desired in the discharge region  70 . Additionally, the temperature of the inner boundary of heat pipe structures  30 , 35  is raised in steady operation via the delivery of exhaust plasma heat or via other heater means, to a similar temperature to reservoirs  110 , facilitating the re-evaporation of metal that has flowed inward after condensing on structures  30 ,  35 . All surfaces in contact with metal vapor are therefore at similar temperature, ensuring that there is not a net migration of metal onto any one cool spot in the device. Having established the desired operating density of metal vapor, the operation of the plasma generation configuration proceeds as described above with reference to  FIGS. 1A and 1B , in which the numbering coincides with  FIG. 3 . 
         [0023]    In a further embodiment of the invention, illustrated in  FIG. 4 , there is an ignition voltage pulse V 1  supplied by generator  55  to limiter disc  30  in the period prior to the main high voltage pulse V that is supplied by generator  50 . In the plasma generator, the electrodes  10 , 20  are typically connected to each other through low impedance pulse generator  50 , so that a voltage V 1  applied between one of the electrodes  10 ,  20  and the limiter disc  30  is typically also experienced between the other electrode and disc  30 . Ignition generator  55  is typically a higher impedance generator than  50 , so it does not deliver a significant current or contribute a significant pinch effect prior to the main current pulse delivered from generator  50 . However, it serves to create a base ionization from which an ionization avalanche may occur to create plasma shell  75  upon application of the main pulse. 
         [0024]    The plasma generation configuration of the present invention may be incorporated into an EUV source system, one embodiment of which is illustrated in  FIG. 5 . In that Figure an embodiment of the plasma generation configuration is located within vacuum chamber  400 , which may have rotational symmetry about axis  15 . The required static magnetic field  60  (labelled B) is provided by Helmholtz coils  300 , which may be located outside of chamber  400 . Mirror  190 , which may be of ellipsoidal section, re-focuses EUV light rays  180  from dense plasma region  90  toward position  200 , where the radiation may be used. Barrier  500  is substantially transparent to the EUV light but presents a barrier to the movement of the working gas, or the helium buffer gas, in the case of a metal vapor contained in a wide angle heat pipe. This allows isolation of the point of use  200  located in region  420  from the from the working gas or buffer gas located in region  410 . Barrier  500  may consist of narrow passages parallel to the reflected rays, presenting a high impedance to the flow of gas, but transmitting most of the EUV light. Alternately, or in conjunction with the first, barrier  500  may comprise a thin membrane that transmits most of the EUV light, mounted on a support mesh. This type of membrane is well known in the literature and has been further developed for use with EUV light by Shroff et al. [Proc SPIE 6151 paper 615104 (2006)]. Laser beam  600  can be focused onto dense plasma  90  in order to enhance EUV generation in a small interaction region, thereby increasing the brightness of the EUV source in a Laser Heated Discharge Plasma (LHDP) source [US Patent Publication No. US 2009/0212241, “Laser Heated Discharge Plasma EUV Source”, McGeoch (2009)]. Laser beam  600  enters chamber  400  through a lens or a window (not shown in  FIG. 5 ) and passes through a hole in the collection mirror  190  to reach the center of the device. Other arrangements of the same components are possible, including ones in which the symmetry axes of the chamber or the ellipsoidal mirror are not parallel to symmetry axis  15  of the plasma generation configuration. The foregoing is only one example of many different systems that may incorporate as a sub-component the present invention as defined in the claims attached hereto, and is not to be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention. 
         [0025]    A further embodiment of the invention is illustrated in  FIG. 6 . This embodiment shows an asymmetrical electrode pair  10 , 20 , both convex in accordance with the invention, but each electrode having a different convex outer profile, and only one electrode ( 20 ) having a central hole  130  with access to a liquid metal reservoir  110 . This embodiment has three limiter discs  30 , 35 , 35  that constitute a wide-angle heat pipe for capture and recirculation of metal vapor. Operation is as described with reference to  FIG. 3 . All possible asymmetrical configurations are implied in the scope of the invention. 
         [0026]    At least one embodiment of the invention has been brought to practice in the laboratory of the applicant. In one such embodiment, the diameter of the hole in the limiter disc was 25 mm, and the length of the starting plasma cylinder was 30 mm. A steady magnetic field of 0.04 T was applied parallel to the axis of the generator, and symmetrical electrodes with a 3 mm diameter central hole were employed, giving access to chambers containing lithium. In operation a helium pressure of 2.5 torr was used to contain lithium in the wide angle heat pipe. Four limiter discs were used and a pre-ignition pulse was applied to the central two of these. A pulse of duration 2 μsec and peak current 10 kA was applied in order to compress the plasma shell. The generator was pulsed at up to 2 kHz and produced several hundred watts of 13.5 nm extreme ultraviolet radiation. This is only one example out of many possible embodiments that differ widely in physical scale, and require different peak currents, pulse durations or applied magnetic field, depending upon the working gas and wavelength requirements. 
         [0027]    Further realizations of this invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Having thus described several aspects of at least one embodiment of this invention, it is to be appreciated various alterations, modifications, and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Such alterations, modifications, and improvements are intended to be part of this disclosure, and are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the foregoing description and drawings are by way of example only.