Abstract:
An apparatus and method for removing sulfur dioxide from a flue gas is described. The apparatus has sequentially operable scrubbing zone and regeneration zone, which communicate with one another via a molten eutectic mixture of lithium, sodium and potassium carbonates. In the scrubbing zone, an ingress flue gas interacts with the molten carbonates, resulting in chemical absorbance of the sulfur dioxide and in discharge of reaction gases. In the regeneration zone, ether a chemical or electrochemical melt regeneration takes place resulting in formation of sulfur-containing vapor which is cooled down for converting the sulfur-containing vapor into a liquid and solid phase for a further collection and utilization.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates generally to scrubber systems and methods used to remove gases from industrial exhaust streams, and in particular, to an apparatus and method for removing sulfur dioxide from flue gases. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Sulfur is one of the most widely distributed chemical elements. It occurs as a sulfide or as a sulfate in ores of metals. It is also combined with organic and inorganic elements in fossil fuels. Hence, in the extraction of metals from ores or in the combustion of fuels sulfur dioxide is often one of the products of the process and appears in the waste gases normally vented to the atmosphere. Accordingly, the pollution of the atmosphere by sulfur dioxide is one of the greatest air pollution problems facing mankind today. As oil resources dwindle and a chain of nuclear plant disasters casts doubt on their safety, burning of sulfur-containing fuel (coal, natural gas and peat) is expected to increase. 
         [0003]    Removal of gaseous SO 2  in coal-burning power plants is routinely performed by reacting the waste gas (flue gas) with limestone (principally CaCO 3 ) or hydrated lime, mainly Ca(OH) 2 , dispersed in water or utilized in solid form. These techniques are moderately efficient since about 0.05% SO 2  still remains in the gas. Moreover, such reactions require a large consumption of reagents in parallel absorption of CO 2  and are rather expensive. Furthermore, as an additional product, huge amount of solid waste (usually CaSO 4 ) is produced, which is not utilized. 
         [0004]    Methods for the removing sulfur dioxide from a flue gas by absorption in a molten salt mixture containing alkali metal carbonate-containing solution are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,438,728 and 3,438,728. These methods include the following general steps: (1) absorption of the sulfur dioxide in a molten salt mixture containing alkali metal carbonate to form alkali metal sulfite, (2) reduction of the alkali metal sulfite by treatment with hydrogen, carbon monoxide, or a mixture thereof to form alkali metal sulfide, and (3) treatment of the alkali metal sulfide with a gaseous mixture containing steam and carbon dioxide to form hydrogen sulfide and regenerate the alkali metal carbonate absorbent. In operation, the molten carbonate salt is sprayed into desulfurized flue gas which flows into a demister that serves to remove entrained salt-containing droplets from the flue gas which is then passed in an absorber tower and then through a plurality of heat exchangers from which it is discharged to the atmosphere. 
         [0005]    The molten sulfite-containing carbonate resulting from the reaction between the molten carbonate spray and the flue gas is collected in a dished-bottom heated sump of absorber. The sulfite-carbonate mixture is then pumped from sump of absorber to a heat exchanger. The mixture leaves heat exchanger by way of a conduit and passes through a heater, which is optionally utilized for further increasing the temperature of the mixture. The mixture leaves heater through a conduit where it is fed into a spray distributor in a reducer unit. 
       GENERAL DESCRIPTION 
       [0006]    It is known that a desulfurization method based on molten eutectic mixture of lithium (Li), sodium (Na), and potassium (K) carbonates can be used to scrub a flue gas. In particular, it was shown that by using a spray of molten Na, K and Li carbonate eutectic, large quantities of a flue gas can be almost completely scrubbed of SO 2  (i.e., down to 0.001%) with a relatively small amount of melt (see, for example, R. A. Mcllroy, et al., Environmental Science &amp; Technology, 7(11), 1022 (1973)). 
         [0007]    A Na—K—Li carbonate eutectic has a solidification point of 391° C. Between the solidification point and 500° C., the reaction between SO 2  (and HCl) and the carbonate melts is rapid and shifted almost completely to SO 3   2− : 
         [0000]      SO 2 (gas)+CO 3   2− (melt)→CO 2 (gas)+SO 3   2− (melt)  (1a)
 
         [0008]    Some of the SO 2  oxidizes to SO 3  and then reacts with the melt: 
         [0000]      SO 3 (gas)+CO 3   2− (melt)→CO 2 (gas)+SO 4   2− (melt)  (1b).
 
         [0009]    Most of the sulfite in the melt eventually oxidizes to sulfate: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         SO 
                         3 
                         
                           2 
                           - 
                         
                       
                        
                       
                         ( 
                         melt 
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       
                         1 
                         2 
                       
                        
                       
                         
                           O 
                           2 
                         
                          
                         
                           ( 
                           gas 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   -&gt; 
                   
                     
                       
                         SO 
                         4 
                         
                           2 
                           - 
                         
                       
                        
                       
                         ( 
                         melt 
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     . 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     1 
                      
                     c 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0010]    As a result, the carbonate melt becomes a mixture of carbonates, sulfates and sulfites. 
         [0011]    Melt regeneration process removing sulfates from the melt, necessary for continuous operation, can include two steps: 
         [0012]    (a) reduction to sulfide S 2−  by coal dust at 850° C.: 
         [0000]      disproportionation: SO 3   2− (melt)→SO 4   2− (melt)+S 2− (melt);  (2a)
 
         [0000]      reduction by coal dust to sulfide: SO 3   2− (melt)+3C→3CO 2 (gas)+2S 2− (melt)
 
         [0000]      SO 3   2− (melt)+2C→2CO 2 (gas)+S 2− (melt)  (2b)
 
         [0000]    and 
         [0013]    (b) sulfide removal as H 2 S by H 2 O+CO 2  (in practice, flue gas with steam) at 450° C.: 
         [0000]      S 2− (melt)+2CO 2 (gas)+H 2 O→CO 3   2− (melt)+H 2 S(gas).  (3)
 
         [0014]    Unreacted S 2−  (melt) can oxidize by the oxygen in the flue gas during scrubbing. 
         [0015]    It should be noted that this regeneration process has two serious deficiencies. First, at 850° C. (which is required for the reduction process), carbonate melts become very aggressive. Cr-rich stainless steel and most other alloys commonly used in containers to keep carbonates below 500° C. undergo rapid corrosion above 600° C. Accordingly, the corrosion rate of the container limits the scrubbing temperature to be below 500° C. 
         [0016]    Another deficiency is associated with impurities presented in the coal dust, which accumulate in the melt making it too viscous. Indeed, coal dust may contain at least 10% of impurities (i.e., fly ashes with particle size less than 30 micrometers) that are mostly alumina and silica. Therefore, long term stability of the process requires chemically pure carbon dust, which is rather expensive and impractical. 
         [0017]    Despite known techniques in the area of removing sulfur dioxide from flue gases, there is still a need in the art for further improvement in order to decrease SO 2  content below 0.01% and not to consume expensive materials, which can result in increased cost-saving, when compared to the known techniques. 
         [0018]    Moreover, it would be useful to have a novel apparatus and method for removing sulfur dioxide from flue gases which do not generate non-utilized waste. 
         [0019]    Likewise, it would be advantageous to have a novel apparatus and method for removing sulfur dioxide from flue gases which will be highly selective to SO 2  with respect to CO 2 . 
         [0020]    The present invention partially eliminates disadvantages of the known techniques and provides a novel apparatus and method for removing sulfur dioxide from a flue gas. The apparatus has sequentially operable scrubbing zone and regeneration zone, which communicate with one another via a molten eutectic mixture of lithium, sodium and potassium carbonates. 
         [0021]    In the scrubbing zone, an ingress flow of a flue gas interacts with the molten carbonates, resulting in chemical absorbance of the sulfur dioxide and in discharge of a scrubbed gas. In the regeneration zone, a chemical regeneration or an electrochemical regeneration of the molten mixture of carbonates, sulfites and sulfates takes place, resulting in formation of sulfur-containing vapor which is cooled down for converting the sulfur-containing vapor into a liquid and solid phase for a further collection and utilization. 
         [0022]    According to some embodiments of the present invention, the method for removing sulfur dioxide from a flue gas comprises providing a controllable ingress flow of the flue gas into a scrubbing zone. The scrubbing zone contains a molten eutectic mixture of lithium, sodium and potassium carbonates at a first predetermined temperature. For example, the first predetermined temperature can be in the range of about 400° C. to 500° C. 
         [0023]    As a result, the flue gas is scrubbed by absorbing the sulfur dioxide, and forming a molten mixture of carbonates, sulfites and sulfates along with a scrubbed gas. The method also includes discharging an egress flow of a scrubbed gas from the scrubbing zone. When desired, a turbulent flow of said flue gas can be provided within the scrubbing zone. 
         [0024]    The method also includes heating the molten mixture of carbonates, sulfites and sulfates to a second predetermined temperature in a regeneration zone, which is in hydraulic communication with the scrubbing zone. For example, the second predetermined temperature can be in the range of about 400° C. to 1000° C. 
         [0025]    After the heating, either a chemical regeneration or an electrochemical regeneration of the molten mixture of the carbonates, sulfites and sulfates is provided in the regeneration zone to produce a sulfur-containing vapor. After releasing the sulfur-containing vapor from said regeneration zone, the sulfur-containing vapor is cooled down for its conversion into liquid and solid phase materials, which are collected and stored for a further utilization. 
         [0026]    According to some embodiments, the chemical melt regeneration comprises the step of treating the molten mixture of carbonates, sulfites and sulfates with a reductant gas by passing said gaseous mixture through said molten mixture. For example, the reductant gas is a gaseous mixture comprising carbon monoxide. 
         [0027]    According to some embodiments, the electrochemical melt regeneration comprises contacting an anode electrode and a cathode electrode with the molten mixture of carbonates, sulfites and sulfates within a regeneration zone; and creating a predetermined electric field between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode (e.g. by applying a predetermined electric voltage across the anode electrode and the cathode electrode, or potential difference between the electrodes) to provide an electric current of predetermined current density between the electrodes. For example, the predetermined potential difference can be in the range of about 0.5V to 20V. For example, the predetermined electric current density can be in the range of about 0.005 A/cm 2  to 5 A/cm 2 . 
         [0028]    According to some embodiments of the present invention, the apparatus includes a housing defining (by the housing walls) a scrubbing chamber and a regeneration chamber separated from the scrubbing chamber by a separating wall. The separating wall has an open region to provide a hydraulic communication between the scrubbing chamber through a pool common for the scrubbing chamber and the regeneration chamber and comprising a molten eutectic mixture of lithium, sodium and potassium carbonates. 
         [0029]    The scrubbing chamber comprises a flue gas inlet port configured for receiving an ingress flow of said flue gas, and a scrubbed gas outlet port configured for discharging an egress flow of a scrubbed gas from the scrubbing chamber. The scrubbing chamber is configured for scrubbing the flue gas by absorbing the sulfur dioxide in the pool to form a molten mixture of carbonates, sulfites and sulfates in the pool. The regeneration chamber is configured for producing a sulfur-containing vapor; and comprises a sulfur-containing vapor outlet port configured for controllable release of the sulfur-containing vapor obtained therein. 
         [0030]    According to some embodiments of the present invention, the apparatus also includes a sulfur-containing material collector coupled to the sulfur-containing vapor outlet port via a cooling manifold configured for cooling down said sulfur-containing vapor, and thereby converting said sulfur-containing vapor into a liquid and solid phase materials. 
         [0031]    According to some embodiments, the scrubbing chamber of the apparatus of the present invention comprises a scrubbing chamber heater configured for melting the eutectic mixture of lithium, sodium and potassium carbonates, and thereby providing the molten mixture and maintaining the molten mixture at a first predetermined temperature. When desired, the scrubbing chamber can include a first temperature sensor arranged within the scrubbing zone and configured for measuring the first predetermined temperature for controlling operation of the scrubbing chamber heater. 
         [0032]    According to some embodiments, the regeneration chamber comprises a regeneration chamber heater configured to heat and maintain the molten mixture of carbonates, sulfites and sulfates at a second predetermined temperature. When desired, the scrubbing chamber can include a second temperature sensor arranged within the regeneration zone and configured for measuring the second predetermined temperature for controlling operation of the regeneration chamber heater. 
         [0033]    According to some embodiments, scrubbing chamber includes a plurality of baffles arranged within the scrubbing chamber and configured to provide a turbulent flow of said flue gas within the scrubbing zone. 
         [0034]    In some embodiments, a first baffle of the plurality of baffles extends downward from a top scrubbing chamber wall to a length in the range of 30% to 50% of a total height of the scrubbing chamber such that a distance between a bottom end of the first baffle and a level of said molten mixture of carbonates, sulfites and sulfates is in the range of about 5% to 30% of the height of the scrubbing chamber. 
         [0035]    A flue gas inlet port may be arranged in a vertical scrubbing chamber wall A distance between an inner lateral surface of the scrubbing chamber wall and the first baffle can, for example, be in the range of about 5% to 25% of a length of the scrubbing chamber. 
         [0036]    According to some embodiments, a second baffle of the plurality of baffles is arranged parallel to and downstream of the first baffle with respect to the ingress flow such that a bottom end of the second baffle is immersed in said molten mixture, whereas the top end of the second baffle is arranged at a distance from an inner top surface of the scrubbing chamber wall, which is in the range of about 5% to 30% of the total height of the scrubbing chamber. 
         [0037]    A length of the second baffle may be in the range of 30% to 50% of the height of the scrubbing chamber. 
         [0038]    A distance between the bottom end of the second baffle and an inner bottom surface of the scrubbing chamber wall may be in the range of about 80% to 99% of the pool depth of the molten mixture. 
         [0039]    A distance between the first and second baffles may be in the range of about 5% to 20% of the length of the scrubbing chamber. 
         [0040]    In some embodiments, the separating wall, that provides a hydraulic communication between the scrubbing chamber and the regeneration chamber, extends downward from a top housing wall such that a distance between a bottom end of the separating wall and an inner bottom surface of the housing wall is in the range of 30% to 50% of the pool depth of the molten mixture of carbonates, sulfites and sulfates. 
         [0041]    A length of the scrubbing chamber may be in the range of 70% to 80% of the total length of said housing. 
         [0042]    According to some embodiments, the apparatus for removing sulfur dioxide from a flue gas comprises inlet manifold coupled to the flue gas inlet port and configured for providing the ingress flow of the flue gas; and a controllable inlet valve arranged along the inlet manifold and configured for regulating an ingress flow rate of said flue gas. 
         [0043]    According to some embodiments, the apparatus for removing sulfur dioxide from a flue gas comprises an outlet manifold coupled to the scrubbed gas outlet port and configured for discharging the egress flow of the scrubbed gas; and a controllable outlet valve arranged along the inlet manifold and configured to regulate an egress flow rate of said scrubbed gas. 
         [0044]    According to some embodiments, the scrubbing chamber further includes a nozzle coupled to the flue gas inlet port inside the scrubbing chamber. The nozzle is configured to regulate direction of the ingress flow of the flue gas into the scrubbing chamber. 
         [0045]    According to some embodiments, the regeneration chamber comprises an anode electrode and a cathode electrode being in contact with the molten mixture of carbonates, sulfites and sulfates to form a regeneration zone configured to provide electrochemical regeneration of the molten mixture and to produce a sulfur-containing vapor. 
         [0046]    The inner surface of the housing walls may be made of an alloy containing at least one element selected from titanium, aluminium, zirconium, tantalum and niobium. 
         [0047]    The inner surface of the housing walls of the regeneration chamber may be made of titanium. 
         [0048]    The cathode electrode may, for example, be a titanium electrode. 
         [0049]    The cathode electrode may, for example, be made of an alloy containing at least one element selected from titanium, aluminium, zirconium, tantalum and niobium. 
         [0050]    The anode electrode may, for example, be any one electrode selected from a titanium electrode, a carbon-clad titanium electrode, and a graphite electrode. 
         [0051]    The anode electrode may, for example, be arranged at a bottom of the regeneration chamber. 
         [0052]    According to some embodiments, the cathode electrode is a potential electrode immersed into said molten mixture of carbonates, sulfites and sulfates, whereas said anode electrode is coupled to or associated with a grounded conductive surface of a bottom of the regeneration chamber. 
         [0053]    According to some embodiments, the regeneration chamber comprises a reducing gas inlet port configured for receiving reductant gas and directing it into the pool to form a regeneration zone configured to provide chemical regeneration of the molten mixture and to produce the sulfur-containing vapor. The reductant gas can, for example, be a gaseous mixture comprising carbon monoxide. 
         [0054]    According to some embodiments, the scrubbing chamber further includes a molten mixture outlet port arranged at a bottom of the scrubbing chamber within the pool, a molten mixture inlet port arranged at a top of the scrubbing chamber, and a sprinkler coupled to the molten mixture inlet port from an inner side of a top scrubbing chamber wall of the scrubbing chamber. The molten mixture outlet port is coupled to the molten mixture inlet port via a molten mixture manifold to provide circulation of the molten mixture from the pool at the bottom of the scrubbing chamber to the top of the scrubbing chamber for spraying within the scrubbing chamber through the sprinkler. 
         [0055]    According to some embodiments, the regeneration chamber includes another molten mixture outlet port arranged at a bottom of the regeneration chamber within the pool, a molten mixture inlet port arranged at a top of the scrubbing chamber, and a sprinkler coupled to the molten mixture inlet port from an inner side of a top scrubbing chamber wall of the scrubbing chamber. This another molten mixture outlet port is coupled to the molten mixture inlet port via a molten mixture manifold to provide circulation of the molten mixture from the pool at the bottom of the scrubbing chamber to the top of the scrubbing chamber for spraying within the scrubbing chamber through the sprinkler. 
         [0056]    According to some embodiments, the apparatus includes a pump associated with the molten mixture manifold and configured to provide driving force for the circulation of the molten mixture through the molten mixture manifold. 
         [0057]    According to some embodiments, the apparatus includes a molten mixture filter arranged within the molten mixture manifold and configured for filtering out moot present in the flue gas and dispersed in the pool of the molten mixture. 
         [0058]    The above described configuration of the apparatus according to the present invention provides for low manufacturing cost thereof. The apparatus of the present invention may be easily and efficiently fabricated and marketed, and have durable and reliable construction. 
         [0059]    The method of the present invention is highly economical and does not require expensive materials (precious or rare metals, ceramic liners), and could be readily integrated into the existing infrastructure. 
         [0060]    The technique of the present invention provides for decreasing sulfur-containing emission from power stations without generation of additional solid or liquid waste. 
         [0061]    There has thus been outlined, rather broadly, the more important features of the invention so that the detailed description thereof that follows hereinafter may be better understood, and the present contribution to the art may be better appreciated. Additional details and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the detailed description. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
         [0062]    In order to understand the invention and to see how it may be carried out in practice, embodiments will now be described, by way of non-limiting example only, with reference to the accompanying drawing, in which: 
           [0063]      FIGS. 1-6  illustrate schematic fragmentary longitudinal cross-sectional view of an apparatus for gas storage, according to several embodiments of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
       [0064]    The principles and operation of an apparatus for removing sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) from a flue gas according to the present invention may be better understood with reference to the drawings and the accompanying description, wherein like reference numerals have been used throughout to designate identical elements. It being understood that these drawings which are not necessarily to scale, are given for Illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Examples of constructions, materials, dimensions, and manufacturing processes are provided for selected elements. Those versed in the art should appreciate that many of the examples provided have suitable alternatives which may be utilized. 
         [0065]    Referring to  FIG. 1 , there is illustrated a schematic fragmentary longitudinal cross-sectional view of an apparatus  10  for removing sulfur dioxide from a flue gas, according to an embodiment of the present invention. It should be noted that this figure is not to scale, and is not in proportion, for purposes of clarity. It should also be noted that the blocks, as well other elements in this figure, are intended as functional entities only, such that the functional relationships between the entities are shown, rather than any physical connections and/or physical relationships. 
         [0066]    According to an embodiment of the present invention, the apparatus  10  for removing sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) from a flue gas includes a housing  11  having housing walls  12 . The housing walls  12  define a scrubbing chamber  13  and a regeneration chamber  14 . It should be understood that the housing  11  may have any desired dimension and shape, such as cylindrical, prismatic, etc. Moreover, the dimension of the cavities may have any desired size distribution. For example, when the housing  11  has a shape of a rectangular prism, a length of the scrubbing chamber can be in the range of about 70% to 80% of the total length of the housing  11 . 
         [0067]    An inner surface of the housing walls  12  may be made of an alloy containing at least one element selected from titanium, aluminium, zirconium, tantalum and niobium. 
         [0068]    The scrubbing chamber  13  includes a flue gas inlet port  131  configured for receiving an ingress flow of the flue gas and a scrubbed gas outlet port  132  configured for discharging an egress flow of a scrubbed gas from the scrubbing chamber  13 . For example, the flue gas inlet port  131  can be arranged in a vertical scrubbing chamber wall  124 . The flue gas inlet port  131  is coupled to an inlet manifold  137  configured for providing the ingress flow of the flue gas. In turn, the scrubbed gas outlet port  132  is coupled to an outlet manifold  139  configured for discharging an egress flow of a scrubbed gas from the scrubbing chamber  13 . 
         [0069]    According to an embodiment of the present invention, a controllable inlet valve  136  and a controllable outlet valve  138  are arranged along the inlet manifold  137  and the outlet manifold  139 , respectively. The inlet valve  136  is configured to regulate the ingress flow rate of the flue gas, whereas the outlet valve  138  is configured to regulate the egress flow rate of the scrubbed gas. The term “valve” as used herein has a broad meaning and relates to any electrical and/or mechanical device adapted to regulate the flow rate of gases. 
         [0070]    According to an embodiment of the present invention, the scrubbing chamber  13  includes a nozzle  1310  coupled to the flue gas inlet port  131  inside the scrubbing chamber  13 . The nozzle  1310  is configured to regulate direction of the ingress flow of the flue gas into the scrubbing chamber  13 . For this purpose, in order to provide desired turbulence of the flow of the flue gas within the scrubbing zone  13 , the nozzle  1310  can be controllable bent by a solid angle of 0 to 180 degrees (as shown by an arrow) with respect to the vertical scrubbing chamber wall  124 . 
         [0071]    For example, the ingress flow of the flue gas may include SO 2  at a concentration of about 0.01-5 volume %, O 2  at a concentration of about 0.5-5 volume %, CO 2  at a concentration of about 0-25 volume %, H 2 O at a concentration of about 0-20 volume %, N 2  and inevitable impurities as a remainder. In turn, the egress flow of the scrubbed gas differs from the ingress flow in the fact that it does not contain SO 2  at all or contains it at a substantially reduced concentration. 
         [0072]    According to an embodiment of the present invention, the scrubbing chamber  13  contains a molten eutectic mixture of lithium, sodium and potassium carbonates. The scrubbing chamber  13  forms a scrubbing zone configured for scrubbing the flue gas by absorbing the sulfur dioxide. In operation, after the absorbing of the sulfur dioxide from the ingress flow, a pool  133  with a molten mixture of carbonates, sulfites and sulfates is formed within the scrubbing chamber  13 . As shown in  FIG. 1 , the housing  11  with the walls  12  are common for the both chambers  13  and  14 . Accordingly, the pool  133  is also common for the scrubbing chamber  13  and the regeneration chamber  14 , thereby providing hydraulic communication therebetween. There are advantages of an apparatus with the common pool over the apparatus in which the scrubbing chamber  13  and the regeneration chamber  14  are two separated chambers communicating via a suitable conduit. In particular, the provision with a common pool allows reducing heat losses, because for same melt quantity the total surface of the apparatus with total molten pool is less than the total surface of the scrubbing chamber  13  and the regeneration chamber  14  connected by a conduit (i.e., a pipe). The provision of the present invention may result in a decrease of consumption of electric power (or fuel) for the chambers to be heated and maintained at the operating temperature. Moreover, the provision with a common pool allows reduction of the risk of melt solidification in the pipes and the difficulty of selection of materials for the pipes. Furthermore there is no need in the device with a common pool in pumps for transferring melts from the scrubbing chamber  13  to the regeneration chamber  14  at high temperatures (i.e., 400° C.-500° C.), which can be a separate technical problem, when the scrubbing chamber  13  and the regeneration chamber  14  are separated. 
         [0073]    The scrubbed gas (containing the components of the ingress gas mixture but without SO 2 ) is discharged through the scrubbed gas outlet port  132 . 
         [0074]    In operation, a flow of the flue gas in the scrubbing chamber  13  within the scrubbing zone is a turbulent flow. In order to provide turbulence within the scrubbing zone, the scrubbing chamber includes a plurality of baffles arranged within the scrubbing chamber. Although only four such baffles ( 125   a ,  125   b ,  125   c , and  125   d ) are shown in  FIG. 1 , generally, any suitable number of the baffles can be provided to provide desired turbulence of the flow of the flue gas within the scrubbing zone  13 . 
         [0075]    According to an embodiment of the present invention, a first baffle  125   a  of the plurality of baffles extends downward from an inner side of a top scrubbing chamber wall  121  to a length in the range of about 30% to about 50% of a total height of the scrubbing chamber  13 . In this case a distance between a bottom end  123  of the first baffle  125   a  and a level L of the pool  133  of the molten mixture of carbonates, sulfites and sulfates is in the range of about 5% to about 30% of the height of the scrubbing chamber. For example, a distance between an inner lateral surface of the scrubbing chamber wall  124  and the first baffle  125   a  can be in the range of about 5% to about 25% of a length of the scrubbing chamber. 
         [0076]    According to an embodiment of the present invention, a second baffle  125   b  of the plurality of baffles is arranged parallel to and downstream of the first baffle  125   a  with respect to said ingress flow. A distance between the first baffle  125   a  and the second  125   b  baffle can, for example, be in the range of about 5% to 20% of the length of the scrubbing chamber  13 . 
         [0077]    A length of the second baffle  125   b  can, for example, be in the range of about 30% to about 50% of the height of the scrubbing chamber  13 . A bottom end  126  of the second baffle  125   b  is immersed in the pool  133  of the molten mixture, whereas a top end  127  of the second baffle  125   b  is arranged at a predetermined distance from an inner top surface  121  of the scrubbing chamber wall  12 . This predetermined distance can, for example, be in the range of about 5% to about 30% of the total height of the scrubbing chamber. A distance between the bottom end  126  of the second baffle  125   b  and an inner bottom surface  122  of the scrubbing chamber wall  12  is in the range of about 80% to about 99% of the pool depth h of the molten mixture. 
         [0078]    The regeneration chamber  14  is separated from the scrubbing chamber  13  by a separating wall  15 . The separating wall  15  extends downward from a top housing wall  121  and is immersed in the pool  133  formed by the molten mixture of carbonates, sulfites and sulfates. According to an embodiment, the separating wall  15  has an open region  18  between the scrubbing chamber  13  and the regeneration chamber  14 . The length of the open region  18  is equal to the a distance between a bottom end  151  of the separating wall  15  and an inner bottom surface of the housing wall  12 , which is in the range of about 30% to about 50% of the depth h of the pool  133  of the molten mixture of carbonates, sulfites and sulfates. Such a provision of the separating wall  15  provides a hydraulic communication of the molten mixture between the scrubbing chamber  13  and the regeneration chamber  14  within the pool  133 . 
         [0079]    According to an embodiment, the scrubbing chamber  13  includes a scrubbing chamber heater  134  configured to melt eutectic mixture of lithium, sodium and potassium carbonates and thereby to provide the molten mixture thereof; and to maintain the molten mixture at a first predetermined temperature. For example, the first predetermined temperature can be in the range of about 400° C. to about 500° C. 
         [0080]    The scrubbing chamber  13  may include a first temperature sensor  135  arranged in the scrubbing zone within the pool  133 , and configured for measuring the first predetermined temperature for controlling operation of the scrubbing chamber heater  134 . 
         [0081]    The regeneration chamber  14  includes an anode electrode  141  and a cathode electrode  142  being in contact with the pool  133  of the molten mixture of carbonates, sulfites and sulfates. The regeneration chamber  14  forms a regeneration zone, in which an electrochemical regeneration of the molten mixture of carbonates, sulfites and sulfates takes place and a sulfur-containing vapor is produced. As shown in  FIG. 1 , the anode electrode  141  is arranged at a bottom of the regeneration chamber  14 , whereas the cathode electrode  142  is arranged vertical position. 
         [0082]    However, when desired, the both electrodes  141  and  142  can be arranged in a vertical position and separated along the gas phase by a partition (not shown). This provision can prevent oxidation of the sulfur-containing vapor with oxygen generated on the anode electrode  141 . 
         [0083]    When desired, a bottom of the regeneration chamber  14  can be electrically conductive, and the anode electrode  141  can be coupled to or associated with a grounded conductive surface of a bottom of the regeneration chamber  14 . 
         [0084]    The anode electrode  141  can be an electrode selected from a titanium electrode, a carbon-clad titanium electrode, and a graphite electrode. 
         [0085]    The cathode electrode  142  can be a titanium electrode; or may be made of an alloy containing at least one element selected from titanium, aluminium, zirconium, tantalum and niobium. 
         [0086]    The cathode electrode  142  can, for example, be a potential electrode immersed into the pool  133  of molten mixture of carbonates, sulfites and sulfates within the regeneration zone. 
         [0087]    In operation, a predetermined electric voltage is applied across the anode electrode the cathode electrodes  141  and  142  to provide an electric current having predetermined current density therebetween. The voltage applied between the anode and the cathode depends on the configuration of the apparatus. For example, the predetermined electric voltage can be in the range of about 0.5V to 20V, depending on the distance between the electrodes, area of the electrodes and operation temperature. Accordingly, the predetermined electric current density can vary in the range of about 0.005 A/cm 2  to 5 A/cm 2 . 
         [0088]    The regeneration chamber  14  can include a regeneration chamber heater  145  configured to heat and maintain the molten mixture of carbonates, sulfites and sulfates at a second predetermined temperature. For example, the second predetermined temperature can be in the range of about 400° C. to about 1000° C. In order to withstand such great temperatures, an inner surface  147  of the housing walls of the regeneration chamber  14  can, for example, be made of titanium. 
         [0089]    The regeneration chamber  14  can include a second temperature sensor  146  arranged in the regeneration zone within the pool  133  and configured for measuring the second predetermined temperature for controlling operation of the regeneration chamber heater. 
         [0090]    The regeneration chamber  14  also includes one or more sulfur-containing vapor outlet ports  144  (only one outlet port  144  is shown in  FIG. 1 ), and one or more corresponding cooling manifolds  17  (only one cooling manifold  17  is shown in  FIG. 1 ) through which a sulfur-containing vapor resulting from the electrochemical regeneration releases from the regeneration chamber  14 . The cooling manifold  17  is configured for cooling down said sulfur-containing vapor, and thereby converting the sulfur-containing vapor into a liquid and solid phase materials. The cooling manifold  17  can be a tube made of a heat conductive material which is open to the atmospheric air and placed at the room temperature. In this case, the cooling of the sulfur-containing vapor can be carried out during the passing of the material through the cooling manifold  17 . When desired, the cooling manifold  17  can be arranged within a dedicated cooling device (not shown). 
         [0091]    The apparatus  10  for removing sulfur dioxide may include a sulfur-containing material collector  16  coupled to the sulfur-containing vapor outlet port  144  via the cooling manifold  17 . Examples of the liquid and solid phase materials include, inter alia, elemental sulfur, and SO 2 , SO 3 , H 2 S. These SO 2 , SO 3 , H 2 S gas materials can, for example, be used for production of sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ). 
         [0092]    The sulfur-containing material collector  16  can be any suitable vessel such as a container, tank, chamber, cartridge, housing, frame or any other structure that can be used for collecting and storing the liquid and solid phase materials obtained during the regeneration in accordance with the teaching of the present invention. 
         [0093]    The apparatus  10  may include or be connectable to a control system (not shown) that is coupled to the controllable inlet valve  136  and to the controllable outlet valve  138 , and configured for controlling operation thereof. Likewise, the control system can be adjusted to control operation of the scrubbing chamber heater  134  and the regeneration chamber heater  145 . Specifically, the signals produced by the first temperature sensor  135  and second temperature sensor  146  can be relayed to the control system via a connecting wire (not shown) or wirelessly. In response to these signals, the control system can generate corresponding control signals to control operation of the scrubbing chamber heater  134  and the regeneration chamber heater  145 . 
         [0094]    When desired, the molten eutectic mixture can also be provided from the pool in a liquid state and sprayed within the scrubbing chamber  13 . 
         [0095]    Referring to  FIG. 2 , there is illustrated a schematic fragmentary longitudinal cross-sectional view of an apparatus  20  for removing sulfur dioxide from a flue gas, according to another embodiment of the present invention. The apparatus  20  differs from the apparatus ( 10  in  FIG. 1 ) in the act that it further includes a molten mixture outlet port  1311  arranged at a bottom of the scrubbing chamber  13  within the pool  133 , and a molten mixture inlet port  1312  arranged at a top of the scrubbing chamber  13 . 
         [0096]    The scrubbing chamber  13  also includes a sprinkler  1313  coupled to the molten mixture inlet port  1312  from the inner side of the top scrubbing chamber wall  121  of the scrubbing chamber  13 . The molten mixture outlet port  1311  is coupled to the molten mixture inlet port  1312  via a molten mixture manifold  1314  to provide circulation of the molten mixture from the pool  133  at the bottom of the scrubbing chamber  13  to the top of the scrubbing chamber  13  for spraying within the scrubbing chamber  13  through the sprinkler  1313 . 
         [0097]    When desired, a molten mixture outlet valve  1317  can be arranged along the molten mixture manifold  1314 . The molten mixture outlet valve  1317  is configured to regulate the flow rate of the molten mixture. 
         [0098]    The driving force for the circulation of the molten mixture is provided by a pump  1315  associated with the molten mixture manifold  1314 . Preferably, apparatus  20  also includes a molten mixture filter  1316  configured for filtering out moot that can be present in the flue gas, and therefore be dispersed in the pool  133  of the molten mixture. Such filters are well known, and may, for example, be available from A&amp;S Metallurgical Resources, Ltd., UK; A. CESANA S.p.A., DRACHE UMWELITECHNIK GmbH, GERMANY, etc. 
         [0099]    Referring to  FIG. 3 , there is illustrated a schematic fragmentary longitudinal cross-sectional view of an apparatus  30  for removing sulfur dioxide from a flue gas, according to a further embodiment of the present invention. The apparatus  30  differs from the apparatus ( 20  in  FIG. 2 ) in the act that another molten mixture outlet port  1411  is arranged at the bottom of the regeneration chamber  14  within the pool  133  rather than the molten mixture outlet port ( 1311  in  FIG. 2 ) that is arranged at the bottom of the scrubbing chamber  13 , as in  FIG. 2 . In this case, a molten mixture manifold  1414  is provided that is coupled to the molten mixture outlet port  1411  to provide circulation of the molten mixture from the pool  133  at the bottom of the regeneration chamber  14  to the top of the scrubbing chamber  13  for spraying within the scrubbing chamber  13  through the sprinkler  1313 . 
         [0100]    When desired, another molten mixture outlet valve  1412  can be arranged along the molten mixture manifold  1414 . The molten mixture outlet valve  1412  is configured to regulate the flow rate of the molten mixture. 
         [0101]    The driving force for the circulation of the molten mixture is provided by a pump  1315  associated in this case with the molten mixture manifold  1414 . Similar to the embodiment shown in  FIG. 2 , the apparatus  30  can also include the molten mixture filter  1316  configured for filtering out moot. 
         [0102]    Referring to  FIG. 4 , there is illustrated a schematic fragmentary longitudinal cross-sectional view of an apparatus  40  for removing sulfur dioxide from a flue gas, according to still a further embodiment of the present invention. The apparatus  40  differs from the apparatus ( 10  in  FIG. 1 ) in the fact that it provides chemical regeneration of a molten mixture of carbonates, sulfites and sulfates in regeneration zone to produce a sulfur-containing vapor. According to this embodiment, the regeneration chamber includes a reducing gas inlet port  143  associated with a reducing gas inlet manifold  148  configured for receiving reductant gas and directing it into the pool  133  to form a regeneration zone configured to provide chemical regeneration of the molten mixture and to produce said sulfur-containing vapor. For example, the reductant gas includes a gaseous mixture comprising carbon monoxide to provide the chemical regeneration, essentially in accordance with the following reaction: 
         [0000]      Me 2 SO 4 +4CO=Me 2 CO 3 +COS+2CO 2 , 
         [0000]    where Me is the symbol designating metals selected from Na, K and Li. It should be noted that the Gibbs free energy of this reaction for Na, K and Li sulfates is about −100 kJ/mol. This means that the reaction is spontaneous and process with COS production is carried out completely. 
         [0103]    When desired, a reducing gas inlet valve  149  can be arranged along the reducing gas inlet manifold  148 . The reducing gas inlet valve  149  is configured to regulate the ingress flow rate of the reductant gas. 
         [0104]    In operation, the reductant gas is passed through the pool of the molten mixture of carbonates, sulfites and sulfates in the pool. When desired, the molten mixture of carbonates, sulfites and sulfates can be heated and maintained at the pool at the second predetermined temperature. In this case, the second predetermined temperature can for example be in the range of about 400° C. to about 1000° C. 
         [0105]    When desired, the molten eutectic mixture can also be provided from the pool in a liquid state for circulation and sprayed within the scrubbing chamber  13 , similar to the embodiments shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 . 
         [0106]    Referring to  FIG. 5 , there is illustrated a schematic fragmentary longitudinal cross-sectional view of an apparatus  50  for removing sulfur dioxide from a flue gas, according to a further embodiment of the present invention. The apparatus  50  differs from the apparatus ( 40  in  FIG. 4 ) in the act that similar to the apparatus ( 20  in  FIG. 2 ) it further includes a molten mixture outlet port  1311  arranged at a bottom of the scrubbing chamber  13  within the pool  133 , and a molten mixture inlet port  1312  arranged at a top of the scrubbing chamber  13 . The scrubbing chamber  13  also includes a sprinkler  1313  coupled to molten mixture inlet port  1312  from the inner side of the top scrubbing chamber wall  121  of the scrubbing chamber  13 . The molten mixture outlet port  1311  is coupled to the molten mixture inlet port  1312  via a molten mixture manifold  1314  to provide circulation of the molten mixture from the pool  133  at the bottom of the scrubbing chamber  13  to the top of the scrubbing chamber  13  for spraying within the scrubbing chamber  13  through the sprinkler  1313 . The driving force for the circulation of the molten mixture is provided by a pump  1315  associated with molten mixture manifold  1314 . Preferably, apparatus  20  also includes the molten mixture filter  1316  configured for filtering out moot that can be present in the flue gas, and therefore be dispersed in the pool  133  of the molten mixture. When desired, the molten mixture outlet valve  1317  can be arranged along the molten mixture manifold  1314  to regulate the flow rate of the molten mixture. 
         [0107]    Referring to  FIG. 6 , there is illustrated a schematic fragmentary longitudinal cross-sectional view of an apparatus  60  for removing sulfur dioxide from a flue gas, according to yet an embodiment of the present invention. The apparatus  60  differs from the apparatus ( 50  in  FIG. 5 ) in the fact that another molten mixture outlet port  1411  is arranged at the bottom of the regeneration chamber  14  within the pool  133 , similar to the apparatus ( 30  in  FIG. 3 ). In this case, the circulation of the molten mixture from the pool  133  to the top of the scrubbing chamber  13  for spraying within the scrubbing chamber  13  through the sprinkler  1313  is carried out through the molten mixture manifold  1414  that is coupled to the molten mixture outlet port  1411 . Similar to the apparatus ( 30  in  FIG. 3 ), another molten mixture outlet valve  1412  configured to regulate the flow rate of the molten mixture may be arranged along the molten mixture manifold  1414 . The driving force for the circulation of the molten mixture is provided by a pump  1315  associated in this case with the molten mixture manifold  1414 . Preferably, the apparatus  60  also includes the molten mixture filter  1316  configured for filtering out moot. 
         [0108]    As such, those skilled in the art to which the present invention pertains, can appreciate that while the present invention has been described in terms of preferred embodiments, the conception, upon which this disclosure is based, may readily be utilized as a basis for the designing of other structures systems and processes for carrying out the several purposes of the present invention. 
         [0109]    When desired, a heat exchanger (not shown) can be mounted around the conduit for maintaining required temperatures within the conduit. In this case, walls of the scrubbing chamber and walls of the regeneration chamber can be made of either similar or different materials. 
         [0110]    Although the embodiments shown in  FIGS. 2 ,  5  and  FIGS. 3 ,  6  illustrate, correspondingly, the provisions in which the molten eutectic mixture is provided from the pool separately for circulation from the scrubbing chamber  13  and from the regeneration chamber  14 , when desired, the molten mixture manifolds  1314  and  1414  can merge together (not shown) either before or after the pump  1315  and/or the molten mixture filter  1316 . As a result, the molten mixture stream flowing from the regeneration chamber  14  through the molten mixture manifolds  1414  can confluent into the molten mixture stream flowing from the scrubbing chamber  13  through the molten mixture manifolds  1314  in a common stream passing to the top of the scrubbing chamber  13  through a merged part of the manifolds  1314  and  1414  for spraying within the scrubbing chamber  13  through the sprinkler  1313 . 
         [0111]    Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. 
         [0112]    Finally, it should be noted that the word “comprising” as used throughout the appended claims is to be interpreted to mean “including but not limited to”. 
         [0113]    It is important, therefore, that the scope of the invention is not construed as being limited by the illustrative embodiments set forth herein. Other variations are possible within the scope of the present invention as defined in the appended claims. Other combinations and sub-combinations of features, functions, elements and/or properties may be claimed through amendment of the present claims or presentation of new claims in this or a related application. Such amended or new claims, whether they are directed to different combinations or directed to the same combinations, whether different, broader, narrower or equal in scope to the original claims, are also regarded as included within the subject matter of the present description.