Abstract:
Asynchronous/plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) signals, such as DS1 and E1, are transported using virtual concatenation. The packetized data signals are frame encapsulated and subsequently inverse multiplexed into a plurality of PDH frames. An overhead packet is inserted in the transmitted frames to enable the receiver to determine the status of the frames and extract the differential delay experienced by various frames as they are routed through virtually concatenated channels. The extracted delays enables the receiver to realign the various frames of the PDH signal to reconstitute the originally transmitted signals that travel through different paths of the transport network linking the source and sink of the virtually concatenated channel.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application claims benefit under 35 USC 119(e) of U.S. provisional application No. 60/658,945, filed Mar. 4, 2005, entitled “Virtual Concatenation Of PDH Signals”, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The global transport network has evolved to use SONET/SDH technology. However, benefits are gained by adding new capabilities to the previous generation asynchronous/plesiochronous digital hierarchy signal (e.g., DS1 and E1) technologies. Both the North American asynchronous hierarchy and the plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) are referred to herein as PDH. These networks, however, are ubiquitously deployed and are more common than SONET/SDH signals for enterprise access applications. Among the reasons for their ongoing prevalence in the enterprise access networks is that many of the access interfaces are still delivered over copper wires. 
     At least as important as their availability is the advantage they provide due to the regulatory unbundling of services. U.S. incumbent local exchange carriers (ILECs) are required as part of unbundling to offer DS1 and DS3 access links to other carriers, such as competitive local exchange carriers (CLECs) or interexchange carriers (IECs), for lower tariff rates than equivalent SONET interfaces. The result of the tariff advantage and the effectively ubiquitous availability of DS1 and DS3 connectivity is that when IECs or service providers lack their own facilities to connect to their enterprise subscribers, they typically lease DS1 or DS3 connections through the ILECs. An example of such a network configuration is shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     The availability of PDH based networks combined with the growing interest in providing native Ethernet connectivity leads inevitably to a desire for mapping of Ethernet into PDH signals. Although a number of proprietary implementations exist, there are no standards for mapping native Ethernet into DS1 and DS3, or N×DS1 and N×DS3 signals. In order to provide Ethernet connectivity to their enterprise customers over DS1/DS3 connections, the major U.S. IECs have asked for GFP mappings into DSn and En signals. 
     GFP provides an encapsulation of native Ethernet frames in order to carry them through a transport network; see PMC white paper entitled “A tutorial on SONET/SDH”, PMC-2030895, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, and attached as Exhibit A. The resulting mappings are specified in the new ITU-T G.8040. Mapping data into multiple DSn or En signals is described in the following publicly available publications, the content of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety:
         IETF RFC 1990, The PPP Multilink Protocol (MP). K. Sklower, B. Lloyd, G. McGregor, D. Carr, T. Coradetti. August 1996   Interoperability Requirements for N×56/64 kbit/s Calls, version 1.0, from the Bandwidth ON Demand INteroperability Group (BONDING) Consortium, 1992   ATM Forum AF-PHY-0086.001 (1999)—Inverse Multiplexing for ATM (IMA) Specification       

     The GFP mapping into a single DS3 signal was defined first while mappings into DS1, E1, N×DS1, and N×E1 were studied. Carriers wanted to have the N×DS1 and N×E1 connections and use N=1 for mapping into single signals. Subsequently, interest developed for similar N×DS3 and N×E3 signals (e.g., for carrying data from 100Base Ethernet interfaces). Ideally, the N×DS1/E1/DS3/E3 should operate at Layer 1, providing transparent transport of Layer 2 protocol frames, independent of which Layer 2 protocol is being carried. The only existing non-proprietary solution is the Multilink Point-to-Point Protocol (ML-PPP defined in IETF RFC 1990), which performs inverse multiplexing at the packet level. Inverse multiplexing refers to taking the payload from a higher rate channel and transporting it by distributing it over multiple lower rate channels. The granularity used for assigning the payload data among the lower rate channels can be at the bit, byte, or packet/cell level. 
     Since ML-PPP is a Layer 2 protocol, it requires terminating the Ethernet signal in order to remap the packets into ML-PPP (i.e., change between the two different Layer 2 protocols). ATM solutions existed, including Inverse Multiplexing over ATM (IMA). The carriers requesting the new mapping did not favor an ATM solution for this application due to its overhead inefficiency and it being another layer to provision. No byte level inverse multiplexing schemes such as VCAT existed since DS1 and DS3 signals lacked sufficient overhead to support VCAT, and reserving an entire payload channel for the overhead was too much capacity to lose. 
     Another potential solution exist from the Bandwidth ON Demand Interoperability Group (BONDING) consortium. Inverse multiplexing here is performed at the byte level rather than the packet level. An initialization sequence is sent on all the constituent lower-rate channels in order to synchronize the source and sink. While this technique requires no per-packet or per-link overhead, the channel must be disrupted for a long period of re-initialization when the channel size is changed. Table 1 below shows a comparison of the different candidate technologies that were considered. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Comparison of technologies for inverse multiplexing into NxPDH signals 
               
             
          
           
               
                 OPTION 
                 ADVANTAGE 
                 DISADVANTAGE 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Layer 2 frame 
                 Proven technology exists for ML- 
                 Layer 2 technology specific - It 
               
               
                 inverse 
                 PPP and Ethernet Link 
                 either enforces a Layer 2 approach 
               
               
                 multiplexing 
                 Aggregation 
                 or requires re-mapping client data 
               
               
                   
                 No overhead required for each 
                 packets. 
               
               
                   
                 individual E1/DS1/DS3/E3 link 
                 Requires additional per-packet 
               
               
                   
                 Easy to add or remove links (trivial 
                 overhead (e.g., for packet sequence 
               
               
                   
                 control protocol) 
                 numbering) 
               
               
                   
                 NOTE - Layer 1 (i.e., GFP) packet 
                 Egress queue management more 
               
               
                   
                 interleaving was also considered, with 
                 complex due to the need to re-align 
               
               
                   
                 at least one proprietary solution 
                 the packets from the different links 
               
               
                   
                 existing. Although it provides the 
                 in the correct sequence. 
               
               
                   
                 Layer 2 transparency, it otherwise has 
                 When there is a light load, a single 
               
               
                   
                 the same advantages and disadvantages 
                 link (or subset of links) is used for 
               
               
                   
                 as Layer 2 packet interleaving. 
                 each packet rather than the entire 
               
               
                   
                   
                 set. This results in increased latency 
               
               
                   
                   
                 for lightly loaded cases. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Under any load condition, the egress 
               
               
                   
                   
                 queue management will tend to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 introduce additional latency. 
               
               
                 Byte inverse 
                 Relatively simple. 
                 Changing the number of links 
               
               
                 multiplexing 
                 Uses no additional per-link or per- 
                 (members) requires taking the 
               
               
                 with overhead 
                 packet overhead. 
                 connection down for a link re- 
               
               
                 borrowing 
                   
                 synchronization. 
               
               
                 Byte inverse 
                 Simple (trivial) egress buffer since 
                 Requires per-link overhead. 
               
               
                 multiplexing 
                 out-of-order packet arrival is not 
                 Control protocol for adding and 
               
               
                 with permanent 
                 possible. 
                 removing links is more complex 
               
               
                 overhead 
                 Can directly re-use SDH virtual 
                 (same complexity as LCAS). 
               
               
                 channel 
                 concatenation technology. 
               
               
                   
                 No additional per-packet overhead. 
               
               
                   
                 Consistency with VCAT and 
               
               
                   
                 LCAS provides operational 
               
               
                   
                 consistency and network 
               
               
                   
                 predictability for the carrier. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with the present invention, asynchronous/plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) signals, such as DS1 and E1, are virtually concatenated in order to transport data packets. To achieve this, the data packets are first encapsulated and are subsequently inverse multiplexed into a plurality of PDH signal frames. An overhead packet is inserted in the transmitted frames to enable the receiver determine the status of the frames and extract the differential delay experienced by various PDH signals as they are routed through virtually concatenated channels. The extracted delays enables the receiver to realign the various frames of the PDH signal to reconstitute the originally transmitted signal. The virtual concatenation of signals of the same type (e.g., DS1) allows the creation of a larger transport channel with a granularity equal to size of the signal type being concatenated. Virtual concatenation allows the constituent signals to take different paths through the transport network between the source and sink of the virtually concatenated channel with the sink performing the re-alignment of the signals to compensate for the differential delay in routes through the network. 
     In some embodiments, the encapsulation of packets into the PDH signals may be performed in accordance with the well know Generic Framing Procedure (GFP). Other encapsulation techniques may be used. In some embodiments, the PDH signal may be any one of DS1, E1, DS3, and E3 signals. The DS1, E1, DS3, and E3 signals as currently defined lack sufficient overhead bandwidth to carry the information required for the virtual concatenation differential delay compensation. In accordance with the present invention, the overhead bandwidth is derived in a manner that has minimum impact on the channel payload capacity while still providing sufficient refresh time for the overhead. 
     In some embodiments, the inserted overhead packet includes 16 bytes with each byte disposed in one of the frames of a multi-frame. In such embodiments, the 16-byte overhead includes both LCAS and VCAT overhead bits. In other embodiments, the inserted overhead packet includes 8 bytes with each byte disposed in one of the frames of a multi-frame. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a high-level block diagram of a transport network, as known in the prior art. 
         FIG. 2  is a high-level block diagram of a network system, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3A  shows a DS1 frame adapted to carry an overhead byte, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3B  shows an E1 frame adapted to carry an overhead byte, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3C  shows a DS3 frame adapted to carry an overhead byte, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3D  shows an E3 frame adapted to carry an overhead byte, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4A  shows the framing overhead as well overhead bits of a DS1 signal, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4B  shows the framing overhead as well overhead bits of a DS3 signal, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  shows the LCAS and VCAT overhead bits carried by a PDH signal, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 6  shows the LCAS and VCAT overhead bits carried by a PDH signal, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       FIG. 2  is a high-level block diagram of a network system  300 , in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. An incoming data signal, such as a native Ethernet signal, is received via an interface at the source  100  and is first processed at Ethernet MAC processing block  102  to ensure that it is a valid Ethernet frame. Thereafter the data is encapsulated in a frame for transmission using, for example, a Generic Framing Procedure (GFP) frame). The GFP standard is defined, in ITU-T Recommendation G.7041. Other encapsulation protocols, e.g., byte-oriented HDLC, may also be used. The encapsulated data is then inverse-multiplexed using inverse multiplexer  106  at the byte level into N PDH frames  110  (signals), namely PDH frames  110   1 ,  110   2  . . .  110   N . As shown, the associated virtual concatenation (VCAT) and Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS) overheads are added to these signals by overhead processor  120 , subsequent to which the signals are transmitted over transport network  150 . The LCAS for virtually concatenated channels is defined in the ITU-T Rec. G.7042 standard. An overhead processor is used to insert the overheads 
     Virtual concatenation is a technique for combining multiple smaller channels or signals to form a larger channel. The constituent channels/signals are time-aligned at the source, and the payload data is inverse multiplexed into the constituent channels/signals (members) in a round-robin manner. Unlike explicit concatenation, VCAT allows the constituent smaller channels/signals to take diverse paths/routes through the network. The result of the diverse routes is that constituent members are no longer time-aligned when they arrive at the receiver due to the difference in the route lengths. VCAT overhead is required in order to re-align the members so that the original data can be extracted. All of the constituent members are transmitted with an identical phase indication overhead (e.g., a multiframe number). The receiver uses this phase (multiframe) overhead information to compensate for the difference in route delays and re-align the members. The other required overhead is the original sequence number of the member within the round-robin rotation. 
     LCAS is a standard method for controlling VCAT channels. LCAS is specified in ITU-T Recommendation G.7042. The LCAS overhead includes the VCAT phase (multiframe) and sequence number indications. LCAS provides additional overhead associated with the status of each constituent member of the virtually concatenated group. This additional information is used to increase or decrease the size of a VCAT channel, signaling the member failure status for the opposite transmission direction, and a group identifier that allows the receiver to confirm that each member is truly part of that VCAT channel. 
     At the sink end  200 , as shown in  FIG. 2 , framing recovery is performed first on each PDH signal  210   1 ,  210   2  . . .  210   N  in order to extract the differential delay information from the VCAT overhead. This information is then used to control the amount of buffer delay that is applied to each signal in order to re-align them to the phase in which they were launched at the source. The LCAS overhead information for the aligned signals is then processed to determine the status of the signals. The status defines whether the frame is properly received. Overhead processor  220  performs the tasks associated with extracting the VCAT and LCAS overhead information from the received frames. The data from the active signals is then merged together through byte interleaving at multiplexer  206  to reconstruct the original GFP encapsulated signal. The GFP frames are then terminated at GFP demapping block  204  and the Ethernet signal is extracted at Ethernet MAC processing block  202 . The extracted signals are subsequently supplied from sink node  200  via an interface. 
     In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, byte-level inverse multiplexing is used, as shown in  FIG. 2 . One octet from the signal&#39;s payload area, once per multi-frame, is borrowed to carry the per-link overhead information rather than permanently reserving the entire time slot. This proposal has been adopted for the new ITU-T Recommendation G.7043. The content of this overhead octet is then defined in a manner consistent with the SONET/SDH H4 byte that is used for the virtual concatenation of SONET STS-1/Nc (SDH VC-4/4-Nc) links. 
       FIGS. 3A ,  3 B,  3 C, and  3 D respectively show the resulting multiframe formats for the DS1, E1, DS3, and E3 signals, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Referring to  FIG. 3A , the VCAT and LCAS overhead, which together form an octet (i.e., 8 bits) are disposed after the F (framing bit) bit of the first frame of the 24 frames of a DS1 multi-frame. As is known, each of 24 frames of a DS1 multi-frame has a duration of 125 μsecs. Furthermore, the VCAT overhead is a subset of LCAS overhead. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3B , the VCAT and LCAS overhead octet is disposed after the timeslot  0  (T.S. 0 ) byte of the first frame of the 16 frames of an E1 multi-frame. As is known, each of the 16 frames of an E1 multi-frame has a duration of 125 μsecs. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3C , the VCAT and LCAS overhead octet is disposed after the X1 bit of the first subframe of the DS3 multi-frame. As is known, there are 7 subframes in each DS3 multiframe, with each subframe containing 680 bits. Referring to  FIG. 3D , the VCAT and LCAS overhead octet is disposed after the second frame alignment FA 2  of the E3 multiframe. As is known, each of the frame alignments FA 1  and FA 2  include one byte. 
       FIGS. 4A and 4B  respectively show mapping of GFP frames into PDH channels. In  FIG. 4A  the octet-aligned GFP frame is shown as being mapped into a DS1 signal. In  FIG. 4B  the octet-aligned GFP frame is shown as being mapped into a DS3 signal. 
       FIG. 5  shows the combined LCAS and VCAT control packet carrying the overhead bits, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The overhead bits shown in  FIG. 5  are adapted to carry the same type of LCAS control packet as is used in the SONET/SDH H4 byte; see PMC white paper PMC-2030895, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The PDH and SONET/SDH control packet format and bit definitions are identical except for the number of bits used in the sequence number (SQ) and the specific multiplexing of the member status information into the MST bits of each control packet. As seen from  FIG. 5 , the control packet has 16 rows. the transmission order of the control packet in  FIG. 5  is left to right for the bits, and top to bottom for the octets. In other words, each row of the control packet is inserted as an overhead octet in a different one of the multi-frames of, for example, the DS1 or E1 signals. 
     In all of the fields, the MSB is the first bit to be transmitted. In the case of the SQ, SONET/SDH allows a maximum of 256 members and hence uses a two-nibble (8-bit) SQ field. The maximum number of members is 16 for DS1/E1, and is eight for DS3/E3. Hence, they require a SQ field of 4-bits and 3-bits, respectively. Since the SQ values are justified to the LSBs with the upper, unused SQ field bits set to 0, the SQ field use is consistent for SONET/SDH (H4), DS1/E1, and DS3/E3 member types. 
     For DS1/E1, DS3/E3, and SONET/SDH member types, the member status is multiplexed into the MST field based on the multiframe count in the MFI1 and MFI2 fields. In the case of the DS3/E3 signals, a maximum of eight signals can be virtually concatenated into a single group. The member status of all eight signals is carried in each LCAS control packet, with MST bits  1 - 8  containing the status for the members with SQ 0-7, respectively. Since a maximum of 16 DS1/E1 signals is allowed in VCAT group, the member status must be multiplexed into the eight MST bits. Whenever the current MFI2 LSB (i.e., the MFI2 bit  8  value from the previous control packet) is 0, MST bits  1 - 8  will contain the status of members with SQ 0-7, respectively. Whenever the current MFI2 LSB is 1, MST bits  1 - 8  will contain the status of members with SQ 8-15, respectively. 
     In order to achieve adequate differential delay compensation, a sufficiently long multiframe count is required so that the receiver can compare the relative multiframe phases of each member signal. A multiframe of 512 ms is a typical objective for worst-case networks. In the case of DS1 and E1 signals, the signal has an inherent multiframe with duration of 3 ms and 2 ms, respectively. Since the VCAT overhead byte only appears once per multiframe, the multiframe duration can be used to shorten the multiframe counter portion of the VCAT overhead. Specifically, if the counter were limited to an 8-bit counter within the control packet itself, the VCAT multiframe would be 28×3=768 ms (±384 ms) for DS1 and 28×2=512 ms (+256 ms) for E1, which meet the desired worst-case criterion. 
       FIG. 6  shows a virtual concatenation control packet format, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. In accordance with this embodiment, the entire 8-bits of the overhead byte are used for control packet instead just four bits, which decreases the time required to transmit a control packet. Cutting the control packet transmission time in half means that the member status information can be refreshed twice as fast. The virtual concatenation control packet shown in  FIG. 6  includes 8 rows. Each row is inserted as an overhead octet in a different one of the multi-frames of the DS1, E1, DS3 or E3 signals. 
     Due to their continuing nearly universal availability, PDH networks will continue to play an important role as carriers roll out new data services. This will be especially true in North America as long as DS1s and DS3s have a cost advantage due to unbundling tariffs in the access networks. The new ITU-T Rec. G.8040 provides an efficient, robust GFP-based mapping into PDH signals and the new ITU-T Rec. G.7043 provides the virtual concatenation capability with LCAS to flexibly choose and adjust the channel size in a PDH network. The combination of these two technology enhancements to PDH networks provides carriers with powerful tools to offer new, higher-rate Ethernet connectivity services while continuing to derive benefit from their existing PDH infrastructures. Providing new services and maximizing the return on existing capital investment are always highly desirable for carriers. Accordingly, the present invention provides a highly flexible technique to allow the use of DS1/DS3/E1/E3 infrastructure to provide these new services, and do so in a manner that is operationally consistent with their deployment of virtual concatenation and LCAS technology in SONET/SDH networks. 
     Asynchronous hierarchy/PDH networks based on DS1, E1, DS3, and E3 networks are still more ubiquitous than SONET/SDH networks, and are the most common client payload signal carried within SONET/SDH networks. In areas such as North America, they currently also have cost advantages over SONET/SDH channels for leased connectivity through ILECs by other carriers. With the growth of interest in higher bandwidth Ethernet WAN service, in accordance with the present invention, the DS1, E1, DS3, and E3 signals are used to provide WAN access over the existing carrier infrastructure. As such, the present invention may be used to significantly increase the number of data access interfaces, especially those leased by service providers and interexchange carriers through ILEC networks, and multiple equipment vendors. 
     The above embodiments of the present invention are illustrative and not limiting. Various alternatives and equivalents are possible. The invention is not limited by the type of encapsulation or inverse multiplexing performed. The inventions is not limited by the type of PDH, e.g., DS1, E1, signal that is transmitted using virtual concatenation. The invention is not limited to any particular arrangement of overhead bits inserted in the frames. The invention is not limited by the rate used to transfer the data. The invention is not limited by the type of integrated circuit in which the present disclosure may be disposed. Nor is the disclosure limited to any specific type of process technology, e.g., CMOS, Bipolar, or BICMOS that may be used to manufacture the present disclosure. Other additions, subtractions or modifications are obvious in view of the present disclosure and are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.