Abstract:
The present invention is; (a) a process for stabilizing a cyclotetrasiloxane, such as 1,3,5,7-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane, against polymerization used in a chemical vapor deposition process for silicon oxides in electronic material fabrication comprising providing an effective amount of an antioxidant polymerization inhibitor to such cyclotetrasiloxane; and (b) a composition of a cyclotetrasiloxane, such as 1,3,5,7-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane, stabilized against polymerization used in a chemical vapor deposition process as a precursor for silicon oxides in electronic material fabrication, comprising; such cyclotetrasiloxane and an antioxidant.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/484,094, filed on Jul. 11, 2006, which, in turn, is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/602,279, filed on Jun. 23, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,101,948, which, in turn, is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/029,892, filed on Dec. 21, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,858,697, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     Silicon dioxide films have been used for some time in the fabrication of integrated circuits (IC) for semiconductor device manufacturing. There are many examples of the preparation of such thin films of SiO 2  in the open and patent literature. See, for example, the publications of the Schumacher Group, Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., e.g. User&#39;s Guide For: Glass Deposition with TEOS, and Extrema® TEOS (Tetraethyl Orthosilicate) Product Data Sheet. See also, Modeling of Low-Pressure Deposition of SiO 2  by Decomposition of TEOS, and The Deposition of Silicon Dioxide Films at Reduced Pressure. There are numerous journal articles that review various CVD techniques for the deposition of SiO 2  and the properties of thin films deposited using such techniques.  
         [0003]     Early SiO 2  films were deposited by CVD oxidation of silane (SiH 4 ). New source materials were needed in order to maintain good step coverage as sub-micron patterned electronic devices were developed. Films deposited from tetraethylorthosilcate (TEOS) show superior step coverage properties compared to SiH 4 . TEOS is considered an industry standard source for the CVD preparation of SiO 2 . TEOS is a volatile liquid, providing for efficient vapor delivery and general ease of handling. It is nonpyrophoric, and therefore, provides a significant safety advantage over silane. It produces dielectric films with excellent electrical and mechanical properties suitable for many device manufacturing applications.  
         [0004]     The chemical 1,3,5,7-Tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (such as TOMCATS® siloxane available from Schumacher of Carlsbad, Calif.) is under development as a new source material for the CVD preparation of SiO 2  glass. TOMCATS type siloxane is a high purity volatile liquid precursor chemical that is specifically designed to satisfy the critical demands of the semiconductor device manufacturing industry. Like TEOS, TOMCATS type siloxane can be used for the chemical vapor deposition of glasses and doped glasses for various dielectric film applications such as trench fill, interlevel dielectric, gate and thick oxide. It provides similar safety advantages because of its non-pyrophoric and noncorrosive nature. The normal boiling points of TOMCATS type siloxane and TEOS are 135° C. and 168° C., respectively. The higher volatility of TOMCATS type siloxane allows it to be delivered at lower temperature or with higher efficiency at comparable temperature. Its deposition rate is 10 times that of TEOS at 600° C., with a deposition efficiency 3 times that of TEOS. It is superior to silane and similar to TEOS in the conformality and step coverage of the resulting films.  
         [0005]     In general, SiO 2  films deposited from TOMCATS type siloxane exhibit excellent mechanical and electrical properties. The films are dense with low carbon content and refractive index values comparable to thermal oxide. TOMCATS type siloxane is effective for low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) and as a liquid injection source for plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). The later method utilizes plasmas rather than thermal energy to promote chemical reactions. TOMCATS type siloxane PECVD is typically run at lower temperature than LPCVD (400° C. vs. 500-600° C.).  
         [0006]     Despite these advantages, TOMCATS type siloxane has experienced limited acceptance as a CVD source for the manufacturing of semiconductor devices. One disadvantage of TOMCATS type siloxane is its instability with respect to polymerization when exposed to certain chemicals or process conditions. This results in a lower volatility liquid or gel that creates CVD process handling issues. TOMCATS type siloxane polymerization is catalyzed by acid, base or free radicals.  
         [0007]     Prolonged heating of TOMCATS type siloxane (Example 1) has also been shown experimentally in the present invention to promote polymerization. The degree of polymerization can be very minor, accounting for only several tenths of a percent. Under more severe conditions of prolonged exposure to elevated temperature or to certain acids or bases, substantial polymerization will occur, resulting in a highly viscous liquid or gel containing over 10% by weight of oligomeric or polymeric material.  
         [0008]     Several references in the prior art relate to the stabilization of siloxane. Hirabayashi et al. teach the use of a triazine or sulfide “control agent” to stabilize a mixture comprising an aliphatic unsaturated group, containing an organopolysiloxane compound, such as TOMCATS type siloxane, and a platinum group catalyst. Those inventors teach the use of the triazine or sulfide agent to give a mixture that is stable and resistant to premature gelation at room temperature and thus providing extended storage stability.  
         [0009]     Lutz et al. disclose the use of di- and trihydrocarbylphosphines which act as curing inhibitors for compositions comprising: (1) alkenyl radicals; (2) compounds containing silicon-bonded hydrogen atoms (e.g., TOMCATS type siloxane); and (3) a platinum group metal catalyst. Lutz et al. claim that the inhibitor functions by complexing with the platinum catalyst rendering it inactive for subsequent curing.  
         [0010]     In a similar patent, Chalk teaches the use of acrylonitrile type compounds that reduce the activity of the platinum catalyst deterring the copolymerization of various mixtures of polysiloxanes.  
         [0011]     Berger et al. propose the use of an ethylenically unsaturated isocyanurate which functions in a like manner to deactivate the Pt catalyst rendering a curable organopolysiloxane composition stable to premature gelation.  
         [0012]     Endo et al. teach the stabilization of cyclosiloxanes, such as TOMCATS type siloxane through the use of 1 to 20 weight % of polymethylpolysiloxanes, such as 1,1,1,3,5,5,5-heptamethyltrisiloxane.  
         [0013]     The patent references cited all teach the use of various agents that in one manner or another inhibit the polymerization or co-polymerization of polysiloxanes for various applications in the silicon rubber industry. None of them specify or suggest applications as polymerization inhibitors for CVD sources in the semiconductor device manufacturing industry.  
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0014]     In one embodiment of the invention, there is disclosed a process for stabilizing a substituted cyclotetrasiloxane against polymerization used in a chemical vapor deposition process for silicon oxides in electronic material fabrication comprising providing an effective amount of an antioxidant to a cyclotetrasiloxane having the following formula:  
                         
 
 where R 1-7  are individually selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a normal, branched or cyclic C 1-10  alkyl group, and a C 1-4  alkoxy group. 
 
         [0015]     In another embodiment, there is disclosed a composition of cyclotetrasiloxane stabilized against polymerization used in a chemical vapor deposition process as a precursor for silicon oxides in electronic material fabrication, comprising; (a) the cyclotetrasiloxane having the following formula:  
                         
 
 where R 1-7  are individually selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a normal, branched or cyclic C 1-10  alkyl group, and a C 1-4  alkoxy group, and (b) an antioxidant. 
 
         [0016]     In a further embodiment, there is disclosed a composition of cyclotetrasiloxane stabilized against polymerization and used in a chemical vapor deposition comprising; a cyclotetrasiloxane having the following formula:  
                         
 
 where R 1-7  are individually selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a normal, branched or cyclic C 1-10  alkyl group, and a C 1-4  alkoxy group, and from 10 to 10,000 ppm by weight of an antioxidant. 
 
         [0017]     In yet another embodiment, there is disclosed a process for stabilizing a cyclotetrasiloxane for extended periods of heating wherein the cyclotetrasiloxane is used as a precursor in a chemical vapor deposition process comprising the steps of: providing the cyclotetrasiloxane having the following formula:  
                         
 
 where R 1-7  are individually selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a normal, branched or cyclic C 1-10  alkyl group, and a C 1-4  alkoxy group; and adding from 10 to 10,000 ppm by weight of an antioxidant to the cyclotetrasiloxane.
 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0018]     The chemical 1,3,5,7-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (such as TOMCATS® siloxane available from Schumacher of Carlsbad, Calif.) is used as a precursor for the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of SiO 2  for semiconductor device manufacturing. TOMCATS type siloxane is currently under evaluation by semiconductor device manufacturers for use as a CVD precursor for SiO 2  because of its ability to form high quality films with excellent electronic and mechanical properties. TOMCATS type siloxane is known to polymerize when subjected to extended periods of heating or upon exposure to certain chemicals. In this invention we disclose the use of various free radical scavengers that inhibit the polymerization of TOMCATS type siloxane. The low concentration of the additive does not significantly impact the overall product purity, nor is it anticipated to have a negative impact on the critical properties of the resulting films produced by CVD.  
         [0019]     Therefore, an object of the present invention is to eliminate or inhibit the polymerization of TOMCATS type siloxane under typical CVD process conditions. These TOMCATS type siloxanes include substituted cyclotetrasiloxanes of the formula:  
                         
 
 where R 1-7  are individually selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a normal, branched or cyclic C 1-10  alkyl group, and a C 1-4  alkoxy group. 
 
         [0020]     This is done through the use of additives that inhibit the polymerization of TOMCATS type siloxane under conditions that would normally favor polymerization. The present invention demonstrates that certain additives are effective at inhibiting polymerization, such as antioxidants, e.g., free radical scavengers. TOMCATS type siloxanes are sensitive to oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen trifluoride (NF 3 ) at elevated temperatures. TOMCATS type siloxanes react with oxygen forming oligomeric and polymeric species at temperatures equal to or greater than 60° C. This is significant because oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen trifluoride are commonly used in the manufacture of semiconductor devices, such as the oxidizing gas in plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) processes for the deposition of SiO 2  films from TOMCATS type siloxane. In certain embodiments, these antioxidants or scavengers work by deterring chemical reactions that proceed by a free-radical reaction pathway. Examples of antioxidants or free radical scavengers contemplated for the composition or process disclosed herein as O 2 —, CO 2 — and/or NF 3 — stabilizers include, but are not limited to, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methyl phenol (or BHT for butylhydroxytoluene), 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO), 2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, propyl ester 3,4,5-trihydroxy-benzoic acid, 2-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,4-benzenediol, diphenylpicrylhydrazyl, 4-tert-butylcatechol, N-methylaniline, p-methoxydiphenylamine, diphenylamine, N,N′-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine, p-hydroxydiphenylamine, phenol, octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate, tetrakis (methylene (3,5-di-tert-butyl)-4-hydroxy-hydrocinnamate) methane, phenothiazines, alkylamidonoisoureas, thiodiethylene bis(3,5,-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-hydrocinnamate, 1,2,-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamoyl) hydrazine, tris (2-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-tert-butylphenyl) butane, cyclic neopentanetetrayl bis(octadecyl phosphite), 4,4′-thiobis (6-tert-butyl-m-cresol), 2,2′-methylenebis (6-tert-butyl-p-cresol), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol, methyl-2,4,6-tris(3′5′-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)benzene, oxalyl bis (benzylidenehydrazide) and naturally occurring antioxidants such as raw seed oils, wheat germ oil, tocopherols and gums. Further examples of antioxidants that may work as free radical scavengers or via other mechanisms include, but are not limited to, aromatic amines (e.g., N,N-phenyl-N′-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-p-phenyldimanine, N′,N′-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine, dihydroquinoline, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline, and 4,4′-Bis(α,α-dimethylbenzyl)diphenylamine), hindered amines (e.g., 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine), hydroxylamines, benzofuranes, divalent sulfur derivatives, trivalent phosphorous compounds, metal deactivators, (e.g., aeroxalyl bis(benzylidene)hydrazide, N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxylhydrocinnamoylhydrazine, 2,2′-oxamidobis-ethyl(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate, N,N′-(disalicylidene)-1,2-propanediamine, ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid and its salts and critic acid), and combinations thereof. Still further examples of antioxidants are found, for example, in the chapter entitled “Antioxidants” in the Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol. 3, pages 102-134. In certain embodiments, phenolic compounds, or compounds containing at least one phenyl group, such as, but not limited to, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methyl phenol, may be used.  
         [0021]     The one or more antioxidants used herein may be added alone based upon its method of inhibiting polymerization (e.g., free radical inhibitors) or alternatively in a mixture of antioxidants that inhibit polymerization using different methodologies (e.g., free radical inhibitor+hydroperoxide decomposers).  
         [0022]     In certain embodiments, it may be preferable that the antioxidant added be soluble in the cyclotetrasiloxane. In this and other embodiments, it may be preferable that the one or more antioxidants added volatilize at temperatures at or below the processing temperature of the cyclotetrasiloxane to minimize the accumulation of antioxidant and/or its transformation products in the processing equipment or the deposited film. Further, in certain embodiments it may be preferable that the amount of antioxidant and/or its transformation products be present in the as-deposited film in an amount of 1% or less.  
         [0023]     In certain embodiments, the antioxidant is provided in an amount of 10-1000 ppm (wt.); more preferably an amount of 50-500 ppm (wt.); most preferably, an amount of 50-250 ppm (wt.); optimally, an amount of 100-200 ppm (wt.).  
         [0024]     In other embodiments, such as those where the substituted cyclotetrasiloxane may be exposed, for example, to higher temperatures (e.g., 90° C. or greater or 105° C. or greater or 120° C. or greater); longer shelf life; greater exposure to O 2 —, CO 2 —, NF 3 —, and/or other atmospheric gases; or at least one or all of the foregoing, higher amounts of antioxidant may be added. In these embodiments, the antioxidant is provided in an amount ranging from 10 to 10,000 ppm (wt.) or an amount ranging from 50-5,000 ppm (wt.) or an amount ranging from 50-2,000 ppm (wt.). For example, in embodiments wherein the cyclotetrasiloxane is TOMCATS and the antioxidant is BHT, it has been observed that TOMCATS may become more resistant to oxygen-promoted polymerization as the amount of antioxidant increased. In this regard, under oxygen exposure levels consisting of a molar ratio of O 2  to TOMCATS of 1:1 for a 24 hour period, higher amounts of BHT, e.g., 150 ppm, 500 ppm, and 5,000 ppm, was needed to stabilize TOMCATS at higher temperatures, e.g., 90° C., 105° C., and 120° C. respectively.  
         [0025]     To attain the object of the present invention, to eliminate or inhibit the polymerization of TOMCATS type siloxane under typical CVD process conditions, a standard laboratory test was established with the intent of accelerating the normal polymerization process. The accelerated aging test is meant to simulate the normal course of gradual polymerization that would typically occur over a more protracted period of time. This test, which consists of exposing a sealed quartz ampoule of TOMCATS type siloxane to elevated temperature for 24 hours, is referred to in the present document as the “accelerated aging test”. These conditions are understood to be considerably more severe than TOMCATS type siloxane would be subjected to in a typical CVD process. In a typical accelerated aging test, the ampoule is loaded with approximately 1.3 to 5.0 ml of TOMCATS type siloxane and, except for “control experiments”, an antioxidant such as a free radical scavenger to inhibit polymerization. The TOMCATS type siloxane/additive mixture is cooled in a liquid nitrogen bath. Then, the atmosphere above the TOMCATS type siloxane is evacuated for 5 minutes. If this test is to be done in the absence of additional gases, the neck of the quartz ampoule is sealed using a hydrogen/oxygen torch. If this test is to be done in the presence of O 2  or CO 2 , the ampoule is isolated from vacuum and the appropriate amount of O 2  or CO 2  is added, after which the ampoule is sealed as previously described. The sealed ampoule is placed in an oven and held at one or more temperatures ranging from 90 to 120° C. for a time ranging from 1 to 5 days. The ampoule is removed and allowed to cool to room temperature. Its contents are analyzed by gas chromatograph (GC) to measure the degree of polymerization.  
         [0026]     The degree of polymerization is measured quantitatively by GC. This technique is very sensitive to detecting the onset of polymerization as evidenced by the formation of higher molecular weight species with longer retention times than the parent TOMCATS type siloxane peak. TOMCATS type siloxane samples that are determined to be of “high viscosity” by visual inspection are not routinely run on the GC. The oligomeric or polymeric siloxanes tend to irreversibly contaminate the stationary phase of the GC column due to their low solubility and low volatility. Such samples are qualitatively described in the present invention to have greater than 10 wt. % polymer, consistent with previous observations.  
         [0027]     It is believed that the polymerization of cyclical polysiloxanes may be catalyzed by free radicals. However, other mechanisms for polymerization of cyclical polysiloxanes are also within the scope of the composition and process described herein. In this regard, one or more antioxidants may be added that inhibit polymerization in a manner other than free radical inhibition. Laboratory observations suggest that the polymerization of TOMCATS type siloxane is particularly sensitive to exposure to oxygen or nitrogen trifluoride, both of which the siloxane is exposed to in use in semiconductor manufacture. The additives described in this invention form solutions with TOMCATS type siloxane at the tested concentrations. In addition, these additives are not anticipated to have a detrimental impact on the overall CVD process by virtue of their concentration and their chemical and physical characteristics.  
         [0028]     In-house experiments have established that TOMCATS type siloxane is sensitive to oxygen and/or nitrogen trifluoride at elevated temperatures. TOMCATS type siloxane reacts with oxygen and/or nitrogen trifluoride forming oligomeric and polymeric species at temperatures equal to or greater than 60° C. This is particularly important since oxygen and/or nitrogen trifluoride is commonly used as the oxidizing gas in PECVD processes for the deposition of SiO 2  films from TOMCATS type siloxane or as a cleaning gas between production runs. Data collected for the stability of TOMCATS type siloxanes in the presence of oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen trifluoride are shown in Table 1.  
         [0029]     To address this reactivity TOMCATS type siloxane was spiked with low levels of chemicals which function as free radical scavengers, i.e., antioxidants. These antioxidants or scavengers may work by deterring chemical reactions that proceed by a free-radical reaction pathway. The antioxidant or free radical scavenger investigated as O 2 —, CO 2 — and/or nitrogen trifluoride-stabilizers was 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methyl phenol (or BHT for butylhydroxytoluene). TOMCATS type siloxane was substantially more resistant toward O 2 , CO 2  and/or nitrogen trifluoride when spiked with BHT. The addition of 150 ppm by weight of BHT greatly reduced the sensitivity of TOMCATS type siloxane toward O 2 , CO 2  and/or nitrogen trifluoride at elevated temperature as shown by the series of tests run at 90° C. (Table 1). Another benefit is that BHT is free of atomic nitrogen which reportedly gives rise to undesirable basic film properties. TEMPO is also expected to be an effective O 2 , CO 2  and/or nitrogen trifluoride-stabilizer.  
         [0030]     These tests clearly established the benefit of the use of relatively low levels of antioxidants or free radical scavengers to greatly reduce or eliminate the sensitivity of TOMCATS type siloxane to O 2 , CO 2  and/or nitrogen trifluoride, thereby, reducing the likelihood of plugging problems occurring by the O 2 , CO 2  and/or nitrogen trifluoride promoted polymerization of TOMCATS type siloxane. The scavengers/antioxidants contemplated for this utility include: 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methyl phenol, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy, 2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, propyl ester 3,4,5-trihydroxy-benzoic acid, 2-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,4-benzenediol, diphenylpicrylhydrazyl, 4-tert-butylcatechol, N-methylaniline, p-methoxydiphenylamine, diphenylamine, N,N′-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine, p-hydroxydiphenylamine, phenol, octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate, tetrakis (methylene (3,5-di-tert-butyl)-4-hydroxy-hydrocinnamate) methane, phenothiazines, alkylamidonoisoureas, thiodiethylene bis(3,5,-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-hydrocinnamate, 1,2,-bis (3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamoyl) hydrazine, tris (2-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-tert-butylphenyl) butane, cyclic neopentanetetrayl bis (octadecyl phosphite), 4,4′-thiobis (6-tert-butyl-m-cresol), 2,2′-methylenebis (6-tert-butyl-p-cresol), oxalyl bis(benzylidenehydrazide) and mixtures thereof. Naturally occurring antioxidants can also be used such as raw seed oils, wheat germ oils tocopherols and gums.  
         [0031]     It is believed that the polymerization of TOMCATS type siloxanes may be catalyzed by free radicals. The composition and method described herein demonstrates that certain antioxidants or free radical scavengers are effective additives for inhibiting the polymerization of TOMCATS type siloxanes, such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methyl phenol, also known as butylhydroxytoluene (BHT). However, other mechanisms for polymerization of cyclical polysiloxanes are also within the scope of the composition and process described herein. In this regard, one or more antioxidants may be added that inhibit polymerization in a manner other than free radical inhibition. These later one or more antioxidants may be used by themselves or in combination with antioxidants that inhibit free radicals.  
         [0032]     To attain the object of the present invention, to eliminate or inhibit the polymerization of TOMCATS type siloxane under typical CVD process conditions, laboratory experiments were run with the intent of simulating conditions that TOMCATS type siloxane would be subject to in a typical CVD process. The effectiveness of these inhibitors was gauged by comparing the stability of neat TOMCATS type siloxane (i.e., no polymerization inhibitor) with that of TOMCATS type siloxane stabilized with antioxidants such as BHT. These stability tests were carried out at 90° C. in the absence of contaminants (under vacuum), and in presence of contaminants, in which TOMCATS type siloxane was intentionally exposed to controlled amounts of selected gases such as O 2 , CO 2  and nitrogen trifluoride. All three of these gases are typically used at some point in the processing or maintenance for the chemical vapor deposition of SiO 2  from TOMCATS type siloxane precursor. Oxygen and NF 3  are known sources of free radicals. TOMCATS type siloxane is often diluted with O 2  and/or CO 2  during a typical PECVD process. Nitrogen trifluoride is commonly used in the chamber-cleaning step of such processes.  
       EXAMPLE 1  
     Polymerization Under Vacuum Conditions  
     Stability of TOMCATS Type Siloxane, with and without BHT  
       [0033]     Six quartz ampoules with a nominal volume of 80-90 ml were used for this test. These ampoules will be referred to in the present example as 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E and 1F. These ampoules were prepared by rinsing twice with distilled water, twice with reagent grade acetone, then placed into a drying oven at 175° C. for 16-18 hours. The dry ampoules were removed from the oven and used while still warm. Approximately 5.0 ml of additive free TOMCATS type siloxane was loaded into ampoules 1A, 1B, 1C and 1D. A similar amount of TOMCATS type siloxane containing 150 ppm (by weight) BHT was loaded into ampoules 1E and 1F. Teflon valves were attached to the open end of the ampoules. The end of ampoule 1A was immersed in a liquid nitrogen bath to cause any vaporized TOMCATS type siloxane to condense. The air was evacuated from the headspace of the ampoule by subjecting it to vacuum for 5 minutes. The ampoule was sealed at the neck using a hydrogen/oxygen torch. The remaining 5 ampoules (1B-1F) were sealed in a similar fashion. Sealed ampoules 1C, 1D, 1E and 1F were placed in a nitrogen-purged oven, and subsequently held at a constant temperature of 90° C. for 24 hours. Ampoules 1A and 1B were kept at room temperature and served as control samples. After 24 hours the heated ampoules were removed from the oven and allowed to cool to room temperature.  
         [0034]     GC analysis showed no significant polymerization for the control samples (1A, 1B) relative to the lot material. The heated samples with no additive (1C, 1D) showed an average polymerization of 0.136%. The heated samples with 150 ppm BHT had an average polymerization of 0.079%. Results are summarized in Table 1.  
       EXAMPLE 2  
     Sensitivity to Carbon Dioxide  
     Exposure of TOMCATS Type Siloxane to 0.50 Weight % Carbon Dioxide  
       [0035]     Four quartz ampoules (2A, 2B, 2C and 2D) were cleaned and dried as described in Example 1. Approximately 5.0 g of TOMCATS type siloxane containing no additive was loaded into ampoules 2A and 2B. A similar amount of TOMCATS type siloxane spiked with 150 ppm by weight of BHT was loaded into ampoules 2C and 2D. Each of the 4 ampoules was equipped with a quartz side-arm extension, capped with a septum. Ampoule 2A was cooled to liquid nitrogen temperature and evacuated to remove the air in the headspace. The ampoule was isolated from the vacuum and 19 sccm of gaseous carbon dioxide was injected via a syringe through the septum cap on the side arm. The ampoule, still under sub-ambient pressure, was sealed using a torch as described in Example 1. The remaining 3 ampoules (2B, 2C and 2D) were prepared and sealed in the same manner. All four sealed ampoules were heated for 24 hours at 90° C. as described in Example 1. TOMCATS type siloxane without additive showed an average polymerization of 0.216%. The same chemical with 150 ppm of BHT additive showed an average polymerization of 0.028%. Results are summarized in Table 1.  
       EXAMPLE 3  
     Sensitivity to Oxygen  
     Exposure of TOMCATS Type Siloxane to 0.50 Weight % Oxygen  
       [0036]     Four quartz ampoules (3A, 3B, 3C and 3D) were cleaned and dried as described in Example 1. Approximately 5.0 g of TOMCATS type siloxane containing no additive was loaded into ampoules 3A and 3B. A similar amount of TOMCATS type siloxane spiked with 150 ppm by weight of BHT was loaded into ampoules 3C and 3D. Each of the 4 ampoules was equipped with a quartz side-arm extension, capped with a septum. Ampoule 3A was cooled to liquid nitrogen temperature and evacuated to remove the air in the headspace. The ampoule was isolated from the vacuum and 19 sccm of oxygen was injected via a syringe through the septum cap on the side arm. The ampoule, still under sub-ambient pressure, was sealed using a torch as described in Example 1. The remaining 3 ampoules (3B, 3C and 3D) were prepared and sealed in the same manner. All four sealed ampoules were heated for 24 hours at 90° C. as described in Example 1. TOMCATS type siloxane without additive showed an average polymerization of 6.462%. The same chemical with 150 ppm of BHT additive showed an average polymerization of 0.031%. Results are summarized in Table 1.  
       EXAMPLE 4  
     Sensitivity to Nitrogen Trifluoride  
     Exposure of TOMCATS Type Siloxane without BHT to Nitrogen Trifluoride  
       [0037]     Compatibility tests were carried to evaluate the effectiveness of free radical scavengers, such as BHT, to inhibit the nitrogen trifluoride promoted polymerization of TOMCATS type siloxane. Because of the potential reactivity of NF 3  and the corrosive nature of possibly byproducts, these compatibility tests were carried out in a 300 cc stainless steel Parr Reactor.  
         [0038]     49.956 g of TOMCATS type siloxane was loaded into the 300 cc reactor. This sample of TOMCATS type siloxane did not have BHT, but did have 125 ppm by weight 2,4-pentanedione. The 2,4-pentanedione was developed as an earlier additive to stabilize TOMCATS type siloxane. The gas in the reactor headspace was evacuated. NF 3  was expanded into the headspace such that its final concentration was 636 ppm by weight (0.0636 weight %). The reactor temperature was raised to 100° C. and held for 24 hours. After the specified time, the NF 3  was removed by pumping out the reactor. The reactor was opened. The TOMCATS type siloxane had completely gelled. There was no residual liquid in the reactor.  
         [0039]     Samples that are very viscous or gelled, such as the one described in the present example, are indicative of a high degree of polymerization for TOMCATS type siloxane. These samples are not amenable to analysis by GC due to their insolubility in common organic solvents. Such samples are assigned a degree of polymerization of “&gt;10 weight %” for the purpose of this document.  
       EXAMPLE 5  
     Sensitivity to Nitrogen Trifluoride  
     Exposure of TOMCATS Type Siloxane with 150 ppm BHT to Nitrogen Trifluoride  
       [0040]     49.863 g of TOMCATS type siloxane was loaded into the 300 cc reactor. This sample of TOMCATS type siloxane had been previously spiked with 150 ppm by weight of BHT. The gas in the reactor headspace was evacuated. NF 3  was expanded into the headspace such that its final concentration was 631 ppm by weight (0.0631 weight %). The reactor temperature was raised to 100° C. and held for 24 hours. After the specified time, the NF 3  was removed by pumping out the reactor. The reactor was opened and 45.631 g of clear colorless liquid was recovered. The loss in weight was probably due to pumping on the reactor at the end of the experiment to remove the NF 3 . The liquid was transferred to a polyethylene bottle. A sample was analyzed by GC, establishing that the purity of TOMCATS type siloxane stayed the same at 99.95% before and after analysis. No polymerization was detected.  
                                                                           TABLE 1                           The stability of TOMCATS type siloxane with and without BHT inhibitor       in the presence of various chemical sources of free radicals.                    % Purity of                               TOMCATS   Spiked           Average %               type   with   Time   Extent of   Polymerization               siloxanes   150   @   Polymerization   of duplicate       Example   Gas in   (before   ppm   90° C.   after testing   samples (after       No.   Headspace*   testing)   BHT?   (hrs)   (%)   testing)                    1A   None   99.962   No    0   &lt;0.005   &lt;0.005       1B   None   99.962   No    0   &lt;0.005       1C   None   99.962   No   24   0.113   0.136       1D   None   99.962   No   24   0.159       1E   None   99.962   Yes   24   0.084   0.079       1F   None   99.962   Yes   24   0.075       2A   CO 2     99.962   No   24   0.242   0.216       2B   CO 2     99.962   No   24   0.190       2C   CO 2     99.962   Yes   24   0.028   0.028       2D   CO 2     99.962   Yes   24   0.027       3A   O 2     99.962   No   24   6.482   6.462       3B   O 2     99.962   No   24   6.442       3C   O 2     99.962   Yes   24   0.006   0.031       3D   O 2     99.962   Yes   24   0.057       4   NF 3     99.93   No    24  ¥   &gt;10.0 ‡   &gt;10.0       5   NF 3     99.95   Yes    24  ¥   &lt;0.01   &lt;0.01                 *All contaminant gases were spiked at 0.50 weight percent, with the exception of NF 3  in Examples #4, and #5, that was present at 0.0636 wt. % and 0.0631 wt. %, respectively.            ¥ Testing temperature was 100° C.            ‡ No GC was run since this sample had fully gelled. This is indicative of &gt;10% polymerization.             
 
       EXAMPLE 6  
     Stability of TOMCATS Type Siloxane Containing 150 ppm of the Antioxidant BHT Subjected to an Equivalent Molar Amount of O 2  at 90°, 105° C., and 120° C. for 24 Hours  
       [0041]     Three clean 85 ml quartz ampoules were placed in a drying oven at 175° C. to remove surface moisture. The clean, dry ampoules were immediately transferred into a nitrogen dry box. Within the dry box 1.3 grams of TOMCATS containing 150 ppm of BHT was added to each of 3 ampoules using glass pipettes to minimize the amount of TOMCATS on the neck of the vessel. One of the three ampoules was fitted with a Teflon valve assembly, equipped with a side-arm and a septum cap. The main valve was closed and the ampoule assembly was removed from the dry box and connected to the glass vacuum line. The base of the ampoule was cooled in liquid nitrogen for 5 minutes while keeping its contents isolated from vacuum. The ampoule was then opened to vacuum to evacuate the nitrogen from the headspace. The evacuated ampoule was again isolated from dynamic vacuum and 130 sccm of oxygen was injected into the ampoule through the septum cap. The base of the ampoule was kept in the liquid nitrogen bath for 5 more minutes to condense the oxygen from the headspace. At this time, the neck of the ampoule was flame-sealed using a hydrogen-oxygen torch. The ampoule thus prepared was placed in a laboratory oven at 90° C. This procedure was repeated to prepare two more ampoules such that the test was done in triplicate. After 24 hours, the ampoules were removed from the oven, allowed to cool, and transferred into the dry box. The ampoules were broken open and samples of the liquid were set aside for GC analysis. The GC analysis of the liquid showed an average degradation of 0.12% relative to the initial amount of TOMCATS.  
         [0042]     The above tests were repeated in triplicate at 105° C. and 120° C. At 105° C. approximately 30% of the liquid TOMCATS had gelled indicating substantial polymerization had occurred. At 120° C. all of the TOMCATS had gelled. The results are summarized in Table 2.  
       EXAMPLE 7  
     Stability of TOMCATS Type Siloxane Containing 500 ppm of the Antioxidant BHT Subjected to an Equivalent Molar Amount of O 2  at 90°, 105° C., and 120° C. for 24 Hours  
       [0043]     Three clean 85 ml quartz ampoules were placed in a drying oven at 175° C. to remove surface moisture. The clean, dry ampoules were immediately transferred into a nitrogen dry box. Within the dry box 1.3 grams of TOMCATS containing 500 ppm of BHT was added to each of 3 ampoules using glass pipettes to minimize the amount of TOMCATS on the neck of the vessel. One of the three ampoules was fitted with a Teflon valve assembly, equipped with a side-arm and a septum cap. The main valve was closed and the ampoule assembly was removed from the dry box and connected to the glass vacuum line. The base of the ampoule was cooled in liquid nitrogen for 5 minutes while keeping its contents isolated from vacuum. The ampoule was then opened to vacuum to evacuate the nitrogen from the headspace. The evacuated ampoule was again isolated from dynamic vacuum and 130 sccm of oxygen was injected into the ampoule through the septum cap. The base of the ampoule was kept in the liquid nitrogen bath for 5 more minutes to condense the oxygen from the headspace. At this time, the neck of the ampoule was flame-sealed using a hydrogen-oxygen torch. The ampoule thus prepared was placed in a laboratory oven at 90° C. This procedure was repeated to prepare two more ampoules such that the test was done in triplicate. After 24 hours, the ampoules were removed from the oven, allowed to cool, and transferred into the dry box. The ampoules were broken open and samples of the liquid were set aside for GC analysis. The GC analysis of the liquid showed less than 0.20% degradation relative to the initial amount of TOMCATS.  
         [0044]     The above tests were repeated in triplicate at 105° C. and 120° C. At 105° C. less than 0.20% degradation was observed. At 120° C. approximately 50% TOMCATS had gelled. The results are summarized in Table 2.  
       EXAMPLE 8  
     Stability of TOMCATS Type Siloxane Containing 2,000 ppm of the Antioxidant BHT Subjected to an Equivalent Molar Amount of O 2  at 90°, 105° C., and 120° C. for 24 Hours  
       [0045]     Three clean 85 ml quartz ampoules were placed in a drying oven at 175° C. to remove surface moisture. The clean, dry ampoules were immediately transferred into a nitrogen dry box. Within the dry box 1.3 grams of TOMCATS containing 2,000 ppm of BHT was added to each of 3 ampoules using glass pipettes to minimize the amount of TOMCATS on the neck of the vessel. One of the three ampoules was fitted with a Teflon valve assembly, equipped with a side-arm and a septum cap. The main valve was closed and the ampoule assembly was removed from the dry box and connected to the glass vacuum line. The base of the ampoule was cooled in liquid nitrogen for 5 minutes while keeping its contents isolated from vacuum. The ampoule was then opened to vacuum to evacuate the nitrogen from the headspace. The evacuated ampoule was again isolated from dynamic vacuum and 130 sccm of oxygen was injected into the ampoule through the septum cap. The base of the ampoule was kept in the liquid nitrogen bath for 5 more minutes to condense the oxygen from the headspace. At this time the neck of the ampoule was flame-sealed using a hydrogen-oxygen torch. The ampoule thus prepared was placed in a laboratory oven at 90° C. This procedure was repeated to prepare two more ampoules such that the test was done in triplicate. After 24 hours, the ampoules were removed from the oven, allowed to cool, and transferred into the dry box. The ampoules were broken open and samples of the liquid were set aside for GC analysis. The GC analysis of the liquid showed less than 0.20% degradation relative to the initial amount of TOMCATS.  
         [0046]     The above tests were repeated in triplicate at 105° C. and 120° C. At 105° C. less than 0.20% degradation was observed. At 120° C. approximately 10% TOMCATS had gelled. The results are summarized in Table 2.  
       EXAMPLE 9  
     Stability of TOMCATS Type Siloxane Containing 5,000 ppm of the Antioxidant BHT Subjected to an Equivalent Molar Amount of O 2  at 90°, 105° C., and 120° C. for 24 Hours  
       [0047]     Three clean 85 ml quartz ampoules were placed in a drying oven at 175° C. to remove surface moisture. The clean, dry ampoules were immediately transferred into a nitrogen dry box. Within the dry box 1.3 grams of TOMCATS containing 5,000 ppm of BHT was added to each of 3 ampoules using glass pipettes to minimize the amount of TOMCATS on the neck of the vessel. One of the three ampoules was fitted with a Teflon valve assembly, equipped with a side-arm and a septum cap. The main valve was closed and the ampoule assembly was removed from the dry box and connected to the glass vacuum line. The base of the ampoule was cooled in liquid nitrogen for 5 minutes while keeping its contents isolated from vacuum. The ampoule was then opened to vacuum to evacuate the nitrogen from the headspace. The evacuated ampoule was again isolated from dynamic vacuum and 130 sccm of oxygen was injected into the ampoule through the septum cap. The base of the ampoule was kept in the liquid nitrogen bath for 5 more minutes to condense the oxygen from the headspace. At this time, the neck of the ampoule was flame-sealed using a hydrogen-oxygen torch. The ampoule thus prepared was placed in a laboratory oven at 90° C. This procedure was repeated to prepare two more ampoules such that the test was done in triplicate. After 24 hours, the ampoules were removed from the oven, allowed to cool, and transferred into the dry box. The ampoules were broken open and samples of the liquid were set aside for GC analysis. The GC analysis of the liquid showed an average degradation of 0.20% relative to the initial amount of TOMCATS.  
         [0048]     The above tests were repeated in triplicate at 105° C. and 120° C. At both 105° C. and at 120° C. less than 0.20% degradation was observed. The results are summarized in Table 2.  
       EXAMPLE 10  
     Stability of TOMCATS Type Siloxane Containing 10,000 ppm of the Antioxidant BHT Subjected to an Equivalent Molar Amount of O 2  at 90°, 105° C., and 120° C. for 24 Hours  
       [0049]     Three clean 85 ml quartz ampoules were placed in a drying oven at 175° C. to remove surface moisture. The clean, dry ampoules were immediately transferred into a nitrogen dry box. Within the dry box 1.3 grams of TOMCATS containing 10,000 ppm of BHT was added to each of 3 ampoules using glass pipettes to minimize the amount of TOMCATS on the neck of the vessel. One of the three ampoules was fitted with a Teflon valve assembly, equipped with a side-arm and a septum cap. The main valve was closed and the ampoule assembly was removed from the dry box and connected to the glass vacuum line. The base of the ampoule was cooled in liquid nitrogen for 5 minutes while keeping its contents isolated from vacuum. The ampoule was then opened to vacuum to evacuate the nitrogen from the headspace. The evacuated ampoule was again isolated from dynamic vacuum and 130 sccm of oxygen was injected into the ampoule through the septum cap. The base of the ampoule was kept in the liquid nitrogen bath for 5 more minutes to condense the oxygen from the headspace. At this time, the neck of the ampoule was flame-sealed using a hydrogen-oxygen torch. The ampoule thus prepared was placed in a laboratory oven at 90° C. This procedure was repeated to prepare two more ampoules such that the test was done in triplicate. After 24 hours, the ampoules were removed from the oven, allowed to cool, and transferred into the dry box. The ampoules were broken open and samples of the liquid were set aside for GC analysis. The GC analysis of the liquid showed an average degradation of 0.20% relative to the initial amount of TOMCATS.  
         [0050]     The above tests were repeated in triplicate at 105° C. and 120° C. At both 105° C. and at 120° C. less than 0.20% degradation was observed. The results are summarized in Table 2.  
                                                                             TABLE 2                           Oxygen exposure tests for TOMCATS containing variable       levels of BHT. All tests were done for 24 hours       using an O 2  to TOMCATS molar ratio of 1:1.            Temper-   BHT Concentration            ature   150   500   2,000   5,000   10,000       (° C.)   ppm   ppm   ppm   ppm   ppm                    90   stable*   stable   stable   stable   stable       105    30% polymer   stable   stable   stable   stable       120   100% polymer   50%   10%   stable   stable               polymer   polymer                 *“Stable” indicates that less than 0.20% degradation was measured after testing             
 
         [0051]     The present invention has been set forth with regard to several preferred embodiments, but the full scope of the present invention should be ascertained from the claims which follow.