Abstract:
A light modulator for modulating a phase distribution of incident light includes an element that provides the incident light with three or more types of phase differences, wherein the element includes three or more displaceable light reflective bands, and wherein the light modulator has plural pixels each including the element.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention relates generally to a light modulator (also referred to as a spatial light modulator), and a phase modulation type light modulator that modulates a phase distribution, and an apparatus using the same, such as an exposure apparatus and a projection display apparatus, such as a projector. This invention is suitable, for example, maskless exposure that utilizes the light modulator and dispenses with a photo-mask or reticle as an original. 
   A projection optical system has been conventionally used to expose a mask pattern onto a substrate on which a photosensitive agent is applied in manufacturing a semiconductor device and a liquid crystal panel. However, as the finer processing to the mask pattern and a larger mask size are demanded with the improved integration and increased area of the device, an increase of the mask cost becomes problematic. Accordingly, the maskless exposure that dispenses with the mask for exposure has called attentions. 
   One exemplary attractive maskless exposure is a method for projecting a pattern image onto a substrate using a phase-modulation type light modulator. The light modulator is a parallel-connected type device, and the number of pixels per unit time may possibly be increased enormously. The phase modulation needs a minute displacement of a mirror, and thus is suitable for high-speed operation. In particular, a grating light valve (“GLV”) type light modulator that uses a modulated pattern of a diffraction grating is suitable for a large amount of data transfers, and a maskless exposure apparatus that transfers enormous data amount. The maskless exposure apparatus that uses the light modulator instead of the mask to modulate the exposure light in accordance with a desired pattern, and condenses the pattern via a projection optical system, and forms the pattern on the substrate. GLV is disclosed, for example, in Optics Letters, Vol. 17, pp. 688-690 (1992). 
   Referring now to  FIGS. 12A and 12B , a description will be given of an operational principle of a conventional GLV  20 . Here,  FIG. 12A  shows a relationship between the section of the GLV  20  and phase differences given by the GLV  20  when the GLV  20  turns off.  FIG. 12B  shows a relationship between the section of the GLV  20  and phase differences given by the GLV  20  when the GLV  20  turns on. 
   Each element in the GLV  20  has a pair of catoptric bands or ribbons  21 , and each pixel  23  includes three elements  22 . The GLV  20  is a reflection-type phase modulator that has plural pixels  23  arranged in parallel. One of ribbons  21  in each element  22  is connected to a switch (not shown), and configured to vary its level, for example, when the voltage is applied to it. 
   In operation, when the switch turns off, as shown in  FIG. 12A , all the ribbons  22  have the same level. When the switch turns on, as shown in  FIG. 12B , the ribbons  21  fall alternately by a quarter of the irradiation wavelength, and the reflected light receives a phase difference of 180° between two adjacent ribbons  21 . When the switch turns off, only the 0th order diffracted light is reflected since the reflected light is reflected while its phase is not modulated. On the other hand, when the switch turns on, the reflected light is phase-modulated and the ±1st order diffracted lights are reflected. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 13 , a description will be given of control over the diffracted light using the GLV  20 . Here,  FIG. 13  is a schematic view for explaining the control over the diffraction light using the GLV  20 . A filter  32  that blocks the 0th order light is provided between a lens  31  and the GLV  20 . When the switch turns off, no light is incident upon the lens  31 . When the switch turns on, the ±1st order diffracted lights are incident upon the lens  31 . A maskless exposure apparatus that controls the exposure light is configured when it installs the GLB  20  instead of the mask and the lens  31  is regarded as the projection optical system. 
   Other prior art include Japanese Patent Applications, Publication No. 11-237602 and 2003-59804. 
   In the maskless exposure apparatus equipped with the GLV  20  shown in  FIG. 13 , the projection optical system  31  should have a wide diameter to accept the ±1st order diffracted lights, causing a big apparatus. In addition, two lights incident upon the projection optical system  31  may interfere with each other and result in an unnecessary pattern. Accordingly, a combination of the GLV  20  and an oblique incident illumination is conceivable as shown in  FIG. 14 . When the switch turns off, this configuration does not supply the light to the lens  31  since only the 0th order light occurs. In addition, when the switch turns on, the ±1st order diffracted lights occur and one of them, which is the −1st order diffracted light in  FIG. 14 , enters the lens  31  by adjusting the irradiation angle onto the GLV. 
   As a result, a small size is enough for the projection optical system  31 . In addition, only one light entering the projection optical system  31  realizes the high-quality exposure that resolves only a predetermined pattern. However, a problem of reduced exposure dose and thus lowered throughput occurs because one of the ±1st order diffracted lights is not used. 
   BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   Accordingly, it is an exemplary object of the present invention to provide a phase modulation type light modulator that efficiently extracts the diffracted light of the desired order, and an optical apparatus using the same. 
   A light modulator according to one aspect of the present invention for modulating a phase distribution of incident light includes an element that provides the incident light with three or more types of phase differences, wherein the element includes three or more displaceable light reflective bands, and wherein the light modulator has plural pixels each including the element. 
   An optical apparatus that equipped with the above light modulator, such as an exposure apparatus and a projection type image display apparatus constitutes one aspect of the present invention. A device manufacturing method according to still another aspect of the present invention includes the steps of exposing an object using the above exposure apparatus, and developing the object that has been exposed. Claims for a device manufacturing method for performing operations similar to that of the above exposure apparatus cover devices as intermediate and final products. Such devices include semiconductor chips like an LSI and VLSI, CCDs, LCDs, magnetic sensors, thin film magnetic heads, and the like. 
   Other objects and further features of the present invention will become readily apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic block diagram of an exposure apparatus according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 2A  shows a relationship between the section of a GLV according to one embodiment of the present invention and phase differences given by the GLV when the GLV turns on. 
       FIG. 2B  is a graph of a light intensity distribution of a reflected light that compares the GLV shown in  FIG. 2A  with a conventional GLV. 
       FIG. 3A  shows a relationship between the section of a GLV according to another embodiment of the present invention and phase differences given by the GLV when the GLV turns on. 
       FIG. 3B  is a graph of a light intensity distribution of a reflected light that compares the GLV shown in  FIG. 3A  with the conventional GLV. 
       FIG. 4A  shows a relationship between the section of a GLV according to still another embodiment of the present invention and phase differences given by the GLV when the GLV turns on. 
       FIG. 4B  is a graph of a light intensity distribution of a reflected light that compares the GLV shown in  FIG. 4A  with the conventional GLV. 
       FIG. 5A  shows a relationship between the section of a GLV according to still another embodiment of the present invention and phase differences given by the GLV when the GLV turns on. 
       FIG. 5B  is a graph of a light intensity distribution of a reflected light that compares the GLV shown in  FIG. 5A  with the conventional GLV. 
       FIG. 6A  shows a relationship between the section of the GLV shown in  FIG. 4A  and phase differences given by the GLV when the GLV turns on. 
       FIG. 6B  shows a relationship between the section of a GLV according to still another embodiment of the present invention and phase differences given by the GLV when the GLV turns on. 
       FIG. 7  shows a relationship between the section of a GLV according to still another embodiment of the present invention and phase differences given by the GLV when the GLV turns on. 
       FIG. 8  is a graph of the diffracted light intensity that compares the GLV shown in  FIG. 7  with the GLV shown in  FIG. 4A . 
       FIG. 9  is a flowchart for explaining a method for fabricating devices (semiconductor chips such as ICs, LSIs, and the like, LCDs, CCDs, etc.). 
       FIG. 10  is a detailed flowchart for Step  4  of wafer process shown in  FIG. 9 . 
       FIG. 11  is a schematic block diagram of a display apparatus according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 12A  shows a relationship between the section of a conventional GLV and the phase differences given by the GLV when the GLV turns off. 
       FIG. 12B  shows a relationship between the section of a conventional GLV and the phase differences given by the GLV when the GLV turns on. 
       FIG. 13  schematically show an optical system that controls an irradiation of the light utilizing the GLV shown in  FIGS. 12A and 12B . 
       FIG. 14  schematically show another optical system that controls an irradiation of the light utilizing the GLV shown in  FIGS. 12A and 12B . 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   First Embodiment 
   The following embodiment sometimes compares the diffraction efficiency between the conventional GLV and the inventive GLV. The “diffraction efficiency,” as used herein, means a diffracted light intensity distribution normalized by the 0th order diffracted light intensity when a switch turns off. In addition, the ±1st order diffracted lights appear at positions of ±0.5 in the coordinate on the Fourier transformation surface, since the pixel size of all the GLVs is set to 2. 
   With reference to  FIGS. 2A ,  2 B,  5 A and  5 B, a description will be given of GLV  120  to  120 D according to a first embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 2A  shows a relationship between the section of the GLV  120  and phase differences given by the GLV  120  when the GLV  120  turns on.  FIG. 2B  is a graph of a light intensity distribution of a reflected light that compares the GLV  120  with the conventional GLV  20 . 
   The GLV  120  has plural pixels  121 , each pixel  121  having one element  122 . Each element  122  has four ribbons  123  that provide the reflected lights with phase differences of 0°, 90°, 180° and 270° in this order. Thus, this GLV  120  is a four-phase, one-period GLV. These phase differences are implemented, for example, by applying different voltages to each ribbon  123 . The light intensity distribution of the reflected light from the GLV  120  has, as shown in  FIG. 2B , a peak at the 1st order diffracted light, and the intensity of the −1st order diffracted light is very weak. In  FIG. 2B , the ordinate axis denotes the diffraction efficiency, and the abscissa axis denotes a coordinate on the Fourier transformation surface. Therefore, the light intensity loss of the GLV  120  is smaller than that of the GLV  20 , when the GLV  120  disposes of the −1st order diffracted light and uses only the 1st order diffracted light. 
   The 1st order diffracted light spreads relatively widely, and may overlap the 0th order light in the GLV  120 . As a solution for this problem, the GLV  120 A shown in  FIGS. 3A and 3B  is preferred. Here,  FIG. 3A  shows a relationship between the section of the GLV  120 A and phase differences given by the GLV  120 A when the GLV  120 A turns on.  FIG. 3B  is a graph of a light intensity distribution of a reflected light that compares the GLV  120 A with the conventional GLV  20 . In  FIG. 3B , the ordinate axis denotes the diffraction efficiency, and the abscissa axis denotes a coordinate on the Fourier transformation surface. The OFF state of the GLV  120 A corresponds to  FIG. 12A . 
   The GLV  120 A has plural pixels  121 A, each pixel  121 A having two elements  122 A. Each element  122 A has four ribbons  123 A that provide the reflected lights with phase differences of 0°, 90°, 180° and 270° in this order. Thus, the GLV  120 A is a four-phase, two-period GLV. These phase differences are implemented, for example, by applying different voltages to each ribbon  123 A. The light intensity distribution of the reflected light from the GLV  120 A has, as shown in  FIG. 3B , a higher peak at the 1st order diffracted light, and the intensity of the −1st order diffracted light is weaker. Therefore, the light intensity loss of the GLV  120  is smaller than that of the GLV  20 , when the GLV  120  disposes of the −1st order diffracted light and uses only the 1st order diffracted light. Since the 1st order diffracted light spreads narrowly, the 1st order diffracted light is less likely to overlap the 0th order light. 
     FIG. 4A  shows a relationship between the section of a GLV  120 B and the phase differences given by the GLV  120 B when the GLV  120 B turns on.  FIG. 4B  is a graph of a light intensity distribution of a reflected light that compares the GLV  120 B with the conventional GLV  20 . The OFF state of the GLV  120 B corresponds to  FIG. 12A . 
   The GLV  120 B has plural pixels  121 B, each pixel  121 B having three elements  122 B. Each element  122 A has four ribbons  123 B that provide the reflected lights with phase differences of 0°, 90°, 180° and 270° in this order. Thus, this GLV  120 B is a four-phase, three-period GLV. These phase differences are implemented, for example, by applying different voltages to each ribbon  123 B. The light intensity distribution of the reflected light from the GLV  120 B has, as shown in  FIG. 4B , a higher peak at the 1st order diffracted light, and the intensity of the −1st order diffracted light almost extinguishes. In  FIG. 4B , the ordinate axis denotes the diffraction efficiency, and the abscissa axis denotes a coordinate on the Fourier transformation surface. Therefore, the light intensity loss of the GLV  120  is smaller than that of the GLV  20 , when the GLV  120  disposes of the −1st order diffracted light and uses only the 1st order diffracted light. Since the 1st order diffracted light spreads narrowly, the 1st order diffracted light is less likely to overlap the 0th order light. 
   Optically speaking, as the number of phases increases, a peak of the light intensity concentrates on one of the ±1st order diffracted lights. Three or more periods are preferable in terms of the width of the width of the diffracted light. 
     FIGS. 5A and 5B  show a GLV  120 C that satisfies this condition.  FIG. 5A  shows a relationship between the section of the GLV  120 C and phase differences given by the GLV  120 C when the GLV  120 C turns on.  FIG. 5B  is a graph of a light intensity distribution of a reflected light that compares the GLV  120 C with the conventional GLV  20 . In  FIG. 5B , the ordinate axis denotes the diffraction efficiency, and the abscissa axis denotes a coordinate on the Fourier transformation surface. The OFF state of the GLV  120 C corresponds to  FIG. 12A . 
   The GLV  120 C has plural pixels  121 C, each pixel  121 C having three elements  122 C. Each element  122 A has three ribbons  123 C that provide the reflected lights with phase differences of 0°, 120° and 240° in this order. Thus, this GLV  120 B is a three-phase, three-period GLV. These phase differences are implemented, for example, by applying different voltages to each ribbon  123 C. The light intensity distribution of the reflected light from the GLV  120 C has, as shown in  FIG. 5B , a higher and narrower peak at the 1st order diffracted light, and the intensity of the −1st order diffracted light is sufficiently small. 
   Thus, the GLV  120  weakens one of the ±1st order diffracted lights and strengthens the other one, while the reference numeral  120  generalizes  120 A, etc. The light intensity loss of the GLV  120  is smaller than that of the GLV  20  when the GLV  120  uses only one of the first order diffracted lights. In order to strengthen the ±1st order diffracted light while weaken the 1st order diffracted light, the phase differences of the ribbons may be inversely arranged in each element, like 270°, 180°, 90° and 0° in this order. 
   The phase PD 1  given to the reflected light by an m-th period, l-th ribbon  123  in the pixel  121  in an n-phase type GLV  120  is expressed as follows, where the reference numeral  121  generalizes  121 A etc.:
 
 PD 1=(360° /n )×1+ a   Equation 1
 
   When PD 1  is greater than 360°, PD 1 -360 is redefined as PD 1 . 
   Two adjacent ribbons  123  have a phase difference of (360°/n), where 0° and 360° are equivalently treated. While this embodiment sets “a” to −90, “a” does not have to be −90 as described in detail below. 
   Second Embodiment 
   The resolving power is as an index to indicate how fine pattern can be exposed and is one determinant of the performance of the semiconductor exposure apparatus.  FIGS. 6A and 6B  show sections of the GLVs  120 B and  120 D. The GLVs  120 B and  120 D have plural pixels  121 B and  121 D. The pixel  121 B has the structure shown in  FIGS. 4A and 6A . The pixel  121 D has, as shown in  FIG. 6B , ribbons  123 D whose phase differences are different by 180° from the ribbons  123 B in the pixel  121 B. In other words, a phase difference of 180° occurs between two adjacent pixels  121 B and  121 D. More specifically, the ribbons  123 D are arranged as shown in  FIG. 6B  so that they have phase differences of 180°, 270°, 0° and 90° corresponding to the phase differences of 0°, 90°, 180° and 270° of the ribbons  123 B in  FIG. 6A . When the diffracted lights whose phase differences shift by 180° interfere with each other, the lights from the adjacent pixels  121   b  and  121 D cancel out each other. Therefore, the light intensity becomes 0 in the middle of the light spot formed from both pixels  121   b  and  121 D, increasing the contrast. This arrangement of the GLVs  120 B and  120 D, the resolving power improves about twice as strong as that of the conventional GLV  20  in principle. 
   A difference of the phase difference between adjacent GLVs does not have to be 180°, and the difference other than 180° is feasible depending upon pattern transferring. For example, assume a difference of 90° of the phase difference is set between adjacent GLVs. The difference of 90° of the phase difference cannot be set between adjacent GLVs in the conventional two-stage GLV that provides modulating phase differences of merely 0° and 180° to adjacent pixels but cannot set other phase differences. However, this is feasible in the multiphase GLV. 
   Control over the phase difference of the reflected light (phase modulation) could thus improve the resolving power. 
   In such an n-phase GLV, a phase PD 2  provided by m-th period, l-th ribbon in one pixel to the reflected light is given as follows:
 
 PD 2=(360 °/n )×1+ a   EQUATION 2
 
   When PD 2  is greater than 360°, PD 2 -360 is redefined as PD 2 . 
   A phase PD 3  provided by m-th period, l-th ribbon in adjacent pixels to the reflected light is given as follows. (a−b) is a difference to be given to adjacent pixels:
 
 PD 2=(360° /n )×1+ b   EQUATION 3
 
   When PD 3  is greater than 360°, PD 3 -360 is redefined as PD 3 . 
   Third Embodiment 
   The GLV  120  of this embodiment could control the amplitude of the reflected, diffracted light. For example, assume an optical system that uses only the 1st order diffracted light from the four-phase, three-period GLV  120 B shown in  FIG. 4A . This optical system can be implemented by a blocking filter for the −1st order diffracted light shown in  FIG. 13  or an oblique incident optical system shown in  FIG. 14 . 
   In transferring a pattern in the semiconductor exposure apparatus, a mask often utilizes an auxiliary pattern that is too small to resolve so as to enhance the resolution of a desired pattern. However, in the maskless exposure apparatus that utilizes the GLV  120 , each pixel  121  has the same size in the GLV  120 , and setting of the auxiliary pattern is difficult. Since the auxiliary pattern generates the optically weak light, control over the light intensity of the diffracted light generated by the GLV  120  provides a substitute of the auxiliary pattern. 
   In order to control the intensity of the diffracted light, this embodiment replaces a structure of the GLV  120 B with a GLV  120 E shown in  FIG. 7 . The GLV  120 E changes phases of the GLV  120 B by 180°. The GLV  120 E has plural pixels  121 E, each pixel  121 E having three elements  122 E. Each element  122 E has four ribbons  123 E that provide the reflected lights with phase differences of 0°, 180°, 180°, and 270° in this order. Therefore, this GLV  120 E is a four-phase, three-period GLV. These phase differences are implemented, for example, by applying different voltages to each ribbon  123 E.  FIG. 8  shows the light intensity distribution of the diffracted light that compares the GLV  120 E with the GLV  120 B. It is understood that the light intensity of the 1st order diffracted light emitted from the GLV  120 E is weaker than that emitted from the GLV  120 B. 
   According to this embodiment, the multiphase GLV varies the intensity of the diffracted light (which is referred to as an amplitude modulation) and produces the auxiliary pattern. Characteristically, the n-stage GLV of this embodiment is configured to provide a phase difference other than (360/n) degrees between two adjacent ribbons in the pixel  121  where 0° is equivalent with 360°. 
   A combination between the amplitude modulation and the phase modulation can realize a half-tone mask, i.e., a mask that maintains a constant light intensity in the background and a constant phase in the background. 
   Fourth Embodiment 
   A description will be given of the exposure apparatus  100  that utilizes the inventive GLV. Here,  FIG. 1  is a schematic block diagram of the illustrative exposure apparatus  100  according to the present invention. The exposure apparatus  100  includes an illumination apparatus  110  that illuminates the above GLV  120 , a projection apparatus  130  that projects onto a plate  140  the diffracted light generated from the illuminated GLV  120 , and a stage  145  that supports the plate  140 . 
   The exposure apparatus  100  is suitable for a submicron or quarter-micron lithography process, and this embodiment discusses a step-and-scan exposure apparatus (also referred to as a “scanner”). The “step-and-scan manner”, as used herein, is an exposure method that exposes a pattern onto a wafer by continuously scanning the wafer relative to the GLV  120 , and by moving, after a shot of exposure, the wafer stepwise to the next exposure area to be shot. The “step-and-scan manner” is another mode of exposure method that moves a wafer stepwise to the next exposure area after exposure to one shot ends. 
   The illumination apparatus  110  includes a light source section  112  and an illumination optical system  114 , and illuminates the GLV  120  that is controlled in accordance with a circuit pattern to be transferred. 
   The light source section  112  uses, for example, a light source such as an ArF excimer laser with a wavelength of approximately 193 nm, a KrF excimer laser with a wavelength of approximately 248 nm, and an an F 2  laser having a wavelength of about 157 nm. However, the type of the light source is not limited or the number of light sources is not limited. When using a laser, the light source section  112  preferably uses a light shaping optical system that turns the collimated light from the laser light source into a desired beam shape, and an incoherently turning optical system that turns a coherent laser beam into an incoherent one. 
   The illumination optical system  114  is an optical system that illuminates the GVL  120 , and includes a lens, a mirror, an optical integrator, a stop and the like, for example, a condenser lens, a fly-eye lens, an aperture stop, a condenser lens, a slit, and an imaging optical system in this order. The illumination optical system  114  can use any light regardless of whether it is axial or non-axial light. The light integrator may include a fly-eye lens or an integrator formed by stacking two sets of cylindrical lens array plates (or lenticular lenses), and can be replaced with an optical rod or a diffractive optics. A method for illuminating the GLV may be a perpendicular irradiation as in the prior art, or an oblique irradiation. The illumination optical system  114  may utilize the optical system shown in  FIG. 13  for the perpendicular irradiation, and the optical system shown in  FIG. 13  for the oblique irradiation. 
   The GLV  120  whose switch is electrically turned on and off from the outside controls the diffracted light, and is supported and driven by a GLV stage (not shown). The diffracted light is projected onto the plate  140  through the projection optical system  130 . The GLV  120  and the plate  140  have an optically conjugate relationship. Since the exposure apparatus  100  of this embodiment is a scanner, the GLV  120  repeats turning on and off while the exposure apparatus scans the plate  140  at a speed ratio corresponding to a reduction ratio, transferring the pattern of the GLV  120  onto the plate  140 . 
   The projection optical system  130  may use a dioptric optical system that includes only plural lens elements, a catadioptric optical system comprised of a plurality of lens elements with at least one concave mirror, and a catoptric optical system including only mirrors, and so on. Any necessary correction of a chromatic aberration in the projection optical system  130  can use a plurality of lens elements made from glass materials having different dispersion or Abbe values, or arrange a diffraction optical element such that it disperses in a direction opposite to that of the lens element. 
   The plate  140  is an exemplary object to be exposed, such as a wafer and a LCD, and photoresist is applied to the plate  230 . A photoresist application step includes a pretreatment, an adhesion accelerator application treatment, a photoresist application treatment, and a pre-bake treatment. The pretreatment includes cleaning, drying, etc. The adhesion accelerator application treatment is a surface reforming process so as to enhance the adhesion between the photoresist and a base (i.e., a process to increase the hydrophobicity by applying a surface active agent), through a coat or vaporous process using an organic film such as HMDS (Hexamethyl-disilazane). The pre-bake treatment is a baking (or burning) step, softer than that after development, which removes the solvent. 
   The stage  145  supports the plate  140 . The stage  145  may use any structure known in the art, and a detailed description of its structure and operations will be omitted. For example, the stage  145  uses a linear motor to move the plate  140  in the XY directions orthogonal to the optical axis. The GLV  120  and plate  140  are, for example, scanned synchronously, and positions of the GLV stage (not shown) and stage  145  are monitored, for example, by a laser interferometer and the like. The GLV  120  is turned on and off in accordance with driving of the stage  145 . The stage  145  is installed on a stage stool supported on the floor and the like, for example, via a damper. The GLV stage and the projection optical system  130  are provided, for example, on a barrel stool (not shown) that is supported on a base frame placed on the floor, for example, via a damper. 
   In exposure, the light emitted from the light source section  112 , for example, Koehler-illuminates the GLV  120  through the illumination optical system  114 . The light that has been reflected by the GLV  120  and reflects the pattern forms an image on the plate  140  through the projection optical system  130 . The GLV  120  in the exposure apparatus  100  does not restricts the NA or loses the light intensity. Therefore, the exposure apparatus  100  can provide high-quality devices (such as semiconductor devices, LCD devices, image pick-up devices (such as CCDs), and thin film magnetic heads) with excellent work efficiency. 
   While this embodiment introduces the step-and-scan manner, another manner is applicable. For example, rather than the wafer is stepped after exposure to one shot ends, the other manner 1) exposes only first part within the one shot and steps the wafer, 2) similarly exposes only the first part in the next shot and repeats this procedure for all the shots, and 3) returns to the initial shot, and repeats the similar action for second part different from the first part. 
   Referring now to  FIGS. 9 and 10 , a description will now be given of an embodiment of a device manufacturing method using the above exposure apparatus  100 .  FIG. 9  is a flowchart for explaining a fabrication of devices (i.e., semiconductor chips such as IC and LSI, LCDs, CCDs, etc.). Here, a description will be given of a fabrication of a semiconductor chip as an example. Step  1  (circuit design) designs a semiconductor device circuit. Step  2  (mask fabrication) sets the GLV operation during exposure or an input signal to the GLV in order to form a designed circuit pattern. Step  3  (wafer preparation) manufactures a wafer using materials such as silicon. Step  4  (wafer process), which is referred to as a pretreatment, forms actual circuitry on the wafer through photolithography using the GLV and wafer. Step  5  (assembly), which is also referred to as a posttreatment, forms into a semiconductor chip the wafer formed in Step  4  and includes an assembly step (e.g., dicing, bonding), a packaging step (chip sealing), and the like. Step  6  (inspection) performs various tests for the semiconductor device made in Step  5 , such as a validity test and a durability test. Through these steps, a semiconductor device is finished and shipped (Step  7 ). 
     FIG. 10  is a detailed flowchart of the wafer process in step  4 . Step  11  (oxidation) oxidizes the wafer&#39;s surface. Step  12  (CVD) forms an insulating film on the wafer&#39;s surface. Step  13  (electrode formation) forms electrodes on the wafer by vapor disposition and the like. Step  14  (ion implantation) implants ions into the wafer. Step  15  (resist process) applies a photosensitive agent onto the wafer. Step  16  (exposure) uses the exposure apparatus  100  to expose a circuit pattern formed by the GLV onto the wafer. Step  17  (development) develops the exposed wafer. Step  18  (etching) etches parts other than a developed resist image. Step  19  (resist stripping) removes disused resist after etching. These steps are repeated, and multilayer circuit patterns are formed on the wafer. This device manufacturing method can manufacture higher-quality devices than the conventional method without a mask. 
   Fifth Embodiment 
   Referring now to  FIG. 11 , a description will be given of the image display apparatus  100 A according to the present invention.  FIG. 11  is a schematic block diagram of the illustrative image display apparatus  100 A according to the present invention. The image display apparatus  100 A includes an illumination apparatus  110 A, a projection optical system  130 A, and a control mirror that controls the light that transmits through the projection optical system  130 A. A screen  140 A is used to display a projected image. The illumination apparatus  110 A includes a light source section  112 A and an illumination optical system  114 A, and illuminates the GLV  120 . The illumination optical system  114 A is an optical system for illuminating the GLV  120 . While a method for illuminating the GLV  120  may be the perpendicular or oblique irradiation, the oblique incidence illumination is effective to the inventive GLV  120 . The illumination optical system  114 A may utilize the optical system shown in  FIG. 13  for the perpendicular irradiation, and the optical system shown in  FIG. 13  for the oblique irradiation. 
   The GLV  120  whose switch is electrically turned on and off from the outside controls the diffracted light, and is supported and driven by a GLV stage (not shown). The diffracted light is irradiated onto the control mirror  125 A through the projection optical system  130 A. The light controlled by the control mirror  125 A is projected onto the screen  140 A. 
   The projection optical system  130 A may use a dioptric optical system that includes only plural lens elements, a catadioptric optical system comprised of a plurality of lens elements with at least one concave mirror, and a catoptric optical system including only mirrors, and so on. Any necessary correction of a chromatic aberration in the projection optical system  130  can use a plurality of lens elements made from glass materials having different dispersion or Abbe values, or arrange a diffraction optical element such that it disperses in a direction opposite to that of the lens element. 
   The image display apparatus that utilizes the GLV  120  can be thus configured. 
   Furthermore, the present invention is not limited to these preferred embodiments and various variations and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. 
   The present invention thus reduces the inefficiently restricted NA and the light intensity losses in the maskless exposure apparatus that does not use a mask as an original, thereby promoting a development of an exposure apparatus that reconciles both the cost reduction and throughput of the device. In addition, the present invention provides high resolving power through control over a phase and/or amplitude of the diffracted light. 
   This application claims a foreign priority benefit based on Japanese Patent Applications No. 2004-278224, filed on Sep. 24, 2004, and 2005-232946, filed on Aug. 11, 2005, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety as if fully set forth herein.