Abstract:
The present invention is applicable to satellite ground station antennas having a wide field of view in comparison to the satellites with which the antenna connects. One embodiment includes a parabolic reflector having a size that corresponds to a beam with an angular half-width larger than the spacing between neighboring interfering satellites. It also has a feed coupled to the parabolic reflector configured to have a high sensitivity for a target satellite within the angular half-width of the reflector beam and a low sensitivity for neighboring interfering satellites within the angular half-width of the reflector beam. Another embodiment includes projecting a first radiation pattern, such as a digital communications link, between a ground station antenna and a target satellite and projecting a second radiation pattern to a target interferer.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     1. Field 
     The present description relates to ground station antennas for satellite communications and, in particular, to an antenna in which the angular field of view is wider than the spacing between a target satellite and neighboring interfering satellites. 
     2. Background 
     The deployment of satellite dish antennas is limited by the size of the dish. C-band communications traditionally require about a six foot (200 cm) diameter dish. The size of the dish has significantly limited C-band ground station antennas to commercial and rural locations. C-band antennas are used, for example, by local television broadcasters to receive national programming and have been used by bars and hotels to receive special programming. With the advent of Ku-band satellites, ground station antennas with about a three or four foot (100-120 cm) dish were introduced. These antennas are commonly used by gas stations, retailers, and businesses for credit card transactions and internal business communications. Even the three foot dish is difficult for one person to install and difficult to conceal in smaller structures, such as restaurants and homes. With the advent of 18 inch (45 cm) dishes, satellite antennas have become acceptable and have found widespread use in homes and in businesses of all sizes. These antennas are promoted by DBS (Direct Broadcast Satellite) television broadcasters such as DIRECTV and Echostar (The Dish Network). 
     Three important factors that determine the size of the dish for a satellite antenna are the frequency of the communications signals, the power of the communication signals and the distance between satellites using the same frequency. Higher frequencies, such as Ku and Ka-band signals may be sent and received using smaller dishes than lower frequencies, such as C-band signals. Lower power signals require a larger dish to collect more energy from the transmitted signals. Finally, if the satellites are spaced close together in the sky, then a larger dish is required in order to distinguish the signals from one satellite from those of its neighbors. In DBS systems, several satellites are used very close together but the satellites use different frequencies so that the antenna can easily distinguish the signals. 
     In order to use fixed dish antennas, the satellite with which the antenna communicates must also be fixed relative to the position of the antenna. Most communication satellites accordingly are placed in an equatorial geosynchronous (geostationary) orbit. At the altitude corresponding to geosynchronous orbit (22,282 miles, 36,000 km), the satellites complete each orbit around the equator in one day, at the same speed that the earth rotates. From the earth, the satellite appears to stay in a fixed position over the equator. 
     Each position over the equator is assigned by an international agency such as the ITU (International Telecommunications Union) in cooperation with the appropriate ministries or commissions of the countries that may wish to use the positions, such as the U.S. FCC (Federal Communications Commissions). The positions have been divided into orbital slots and they are spaced apart by specified numbers of degrees. The degrees refer to the angle between the satellites as viewed from the earth. There are 360 degrees available around the globe for orbital slots, however, many of these are over the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Note that a particular equatorial slot over the central United States may be useful also for Canada and much of Central and South America and that satellites separated by as little as two degrees will be over 1000 miles (1600 km) apart in orbit. 
     As mentioned above, two widely used frequency bands are C-band and Ku-band. Ka-band, at a higher frequency than Ku-band, is just entering into commercial use. The C-band was widely used before Ku-band became feasible, but its low frequency required large ground station antenna dishes or reflectors (over six feet, 200 cm). Ku-band is used in the U.S. for DBS television, using BSS (Broadcast Satellite Service) frequency and geosynchronous orbital slot assignments. International telephone, business-to-business networks, VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) satellite networks, and, in Europe, DBS television services use FSS (Fixed Satellite Service) Ku-band frequency and geosynchronous orbital slot assignments. 
     BSS services are designed to be received by small dish antennas, with a diameter of 18-24 inches (45-60 cm). To support such a small dish, the satellites are in orbital slots spaced  9  degrees apart. FSS services are designed to be received by larger dish antennas, typically 36-48 inches (100-120 cm) in diameter. This larger diameter produces a narrower antenna pattern, which accommodates the 2 degree orbital spacing used for FSS. The larger orbital spacing for BSS limits the total number of slots available to accommodate BSS satellites. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present invention is applicable to satellite ground station antennas having a wide field of view in comparison to the satellites with which the antenna connects. One embodiment includes a parabolic reflector having a size that corresponds to a beam with an angular half-width larger than the spacing between neighboring interfering satellites. It also has a feed coupled to the parabolic reflector configured to have a high sensitivity for a target satellite within the angular half-width of the reflector beam and a low sensitivity for neighboring interfering satellites within the angular half-width of the reflector beam. Another embodiment includes projecting a first radiation pattern, such as a digital communications link, between a ground station antenna and a target satellite and projecting a second radiation pattern to a target interferer. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Embodiments of the present invention will be understood more fully from the detailed description given below and from the accompanying drawings of various embodiments of the invention. The drawings, however, should not be taken to be limiting, but are for explanation and understanding only. 
         FIG. 1  is a diagram of a satellite communications system of a type that may be used with an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a diagram of a satellite ground station antenna with a parabolic reflector and a LNBF that may be used with an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram of a LNBF that my be used for the satellite ground station antenna of  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 4  is a graph of a reception or transmission pattern for a conventional satellite ground station antenna using a parabolic reflector and a feed horn; 
         FIG. 5  is a graph of the reception or transmission pattern of  FIG. 4  with additional reception or transmission patterns added at plus and minus two degrees according to an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 6  is a graph of the sum of the curves of  FIG. 5  showing resultant reception or transmission patterns according to an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 7  is a diagram of a satellite ground station antenna with additional feed horns to generate nulls according to an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 8  is a block diagram of a combined LNB for the three feed horns of  FIG. 7 ; and 
         FIG. 9  is a diagram of a satellite ground station antenna LNBF including a lens to generate nulls according to an embodiment of the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 1  is a simplified diagram showing a geosynchronous satellite communications network. In  FIG. 1 , a geosynchronous satellite  3  orbits the earth  5  in an orbit  7  about the equator. The orbit is at about 22,282 miles from the earth. Ground station antennas  9 - 1 ,  9 - 2 ,  9 - 3  on the earth transmit and receive communication signals  11 - 1 ,  11 - 2 ,  11 - 3  with antennas  13 - 1 ,  13 - 2  on the satellite. The satellite may also have solar panels  15  to provide power to the satellite and a body  17  that contains electronics, thrusters and other components. The signals received from the ground stations are received at the satellite antennas and transmitted back to the ground stations. In many systems, the received signals are amplified and frequency shifted by the satellite before being transmitted (bent pipe model). The satellite may work on a bent pipe model or employ any of a variety of different switching, processing, modulation, and spot beam technologies. 
     In a BSS system, a few uplink centers will transmit signals to the satellite. These signals are normally DBS television programming, although BSS services may be used for other types of signals. The satellite will frequency shift the uplink signals and broadcast them to millions of subscriber antennas on the earth. In a typical DBS system, the subscriber antennas do not transmit. These are sometimes referred to as TVRO (Television Receive Only) antennas. However, two-way DBS antennas may also be used. TVRO antennas may also be built for FSS and for C-band services. In a two-way FSS system, hundreds or thousands of ground station antennas transmit signals to and receive signals from each other through the satellite. The signals may be directed to a single receiver, multi-cast to specific receivers or broadcast to hundreds, thousands or millions of receivers. Two-way communication is also possible with BSS systems. 
     The characteristics of typical BSS and FSS systems are described here to aid in understanding the invention. The specific nature of BSS and FSS services are determined by market demand and regulation and may be changed over time as different markets and technologies develop. While the present invention is described in the context of BSS and FSS services, for which it is well-suited, it may be applied to many other types of services. The present invention requires no particular type of licensing regulations and no particular frequency allocation. 
       FIG. 2  is a diagram of a satellite ground station antenna that may be used as at least some of the ground stations  9  of  FIG. 1 . The antenna has a parabolic dish reflector  21  mounted on a support stand  23 . The dish reflector may be round, elliptical, or any of a variety of other shapes. The size of the dish will depend upon the application. The support stand also carries a support arm  25  that carries an LNBF (Low Noise Block down-converter and Feed)  27 , also referred to as an LNB (Low Noise Block down-converter). The arm may carry one or more LNBF&#39;s depending on the application. The reflector or dish collects signals received from a satellite and focuses the energy into the feed of the LNBF. The system also may operate in reverse so that signals from the LNBF are directed at the dish, which reflects them toward the satellite antenna. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , the LNBF is offset from the center of the reflector dish. This keeps the LNBF out from between the dish and the satellite. Center feed systems may also be used. In a center feed system, the LNBF or a reflector to the LNBF is mounted at the center of the dish, but displaced outwards toward the satellite. In both cases, the feed horn is placed at the focal point of the reflector. The low noise block down converter of the LNBF filters, down converts, and amplifies the signals and sends them into a cable  29 , such as a coaxial cable to be conducted to a receiver  31 . The receiver demodulates the signals and performs any other processing necessary for the signals to be used. 
     In a DBS system, the receiver may decrypt and decompress the signals and modulate them for playback on a television. The receiver may also select from multiple channels and decode text or image data for display on a screen. For a business VSAT system, the receiver may demodulate received signals and modulate and amplify signals for transmission. The receiver may sit as a node on a local area network or be coupled to a node on a local area network and act as a wide area network gateway for the other nodes of the local area network. The receiver may also provide power to the LNBF to drive oscillators and amplifiers. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , the LNBF  27  receives signals through a feed. The feed is shown as a conical feed horn, however, many other types of feeds may be used. The received signals excite pins or wires (not shown) that are coupled to a low noise amplifier  35 . The low noise amplifier amplifies the signals by as much as 60 dB or more and couples the signals to a down converter mixer  37 . The mixer receives the amplified satellite signal as radio frequency (RF) energy and combines it with a local oscillator signal  39  to produce an intermediate frequency (IF) signal. The IF signal is amplified in a further amplifier  41 , filtered in a band pass filter  43 , and fed to a signal cable  29  to a remote receiver  31 . 
     The particular design of  FIG. 3  is provided as an example, and many other variations and modifications are possible to adapt to different applications. In addition, while the LNBF is described in the context of receiving, the same or a similar design may also be adapted for transmitting. 
       FIG. 4  is a graphical representation of signal strength on the vertical axis versus angular direction on the horizontal axis. The graph is based on a transmission pattern for a conventional 60 cm diameter parabolic reflector and LNBF type satellite ground station antenna. The ground station may be similar to that shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 , however, a similar result may be obtained for many other types of antennas. Due to reciprocity, this diagram of transmission also applies to receiving a signal from a single satellite positioned at the center of the field of view of the reflector and feed combination. The zero point on the horizontal axis represents the very center of the field of view of the feed and reflector combination. Amplitudes to the left and right represent signals received at distances to the left and right of the center of the antenna&#39;s field of view. The horizontal axis is marked in degrees to correspond to satellite angular positions. The vertical scale is marked in decibels and normalized to zero so that amplitude is shown as the difference from the maximum amplitude on a logarithmic scale. 
     As shown in  FIG. 4 , the signal shows a Gaussian shape. The amplitude or sensitivity is the highest at the center of the antenna&#39;s field of view (zero degrees) and tapers off quickly on either side of the center. In other words, the antenna is the most sensitive to signals aligned with the center of the antenna&#39;s field of view. If the antenna is pointed directly at the intended satellite, then the antenna&#39;s sensitivity will be at a maximum for signals from that satellite. On the other hand, the diagram of  FIG. 4  shows that a source 10 degrees away from the center of the antenna&#39;s field of view will be received with very much less gain. 
     The diagram of  FIG. 4  may also be used to characterize the antenna&#39;s sensitivity to off-center satellites or satellites in nearby orbital positions. For BSS, the orbital slots are separated by nine degrees. The diagram shows that at nine degrees from the center, the antenna&#39;s sensitivity is off the chart. With 100 dB attenuation, the signal from the neighboring satellite will be well below the level of other noise sources. With FSS and BSS systems, the received signals are typically only about 20 dB above the noise floor. Accordingly, any signal beyond about 3.8 degrees will fade into the noise. 
     For FSS, however, the satellites are spaced only two degrees apart. At two degrees offset, the amplitude is −5.5 dB or reduced to 50% of the maximum. Such a signal is still received and can interfere significantly with a signal from the satellite at zero degrees offset. At four degrees offset the amplitude is attenuated 22 dB or a mere 8% of the maximum sensitivity. The four degree offset signals are accordingly unlikely to create much interference with the central signal. Accordingly, if three satellites with two degrees spacing are transmitting to the 60 cm antenna with equal power, the carrier to interference (C/I) ratio would be 2.5 dB in the center of the received pattern. 
     The diagram of  FIG. 4  has been generated based on a perfectly shaped parabolic reflector that is aimed perfectly at a satellite at zero degrees. The calculations of attenuation for satellites at two and four degrees are also assumed to be in exactly the correct positions and all the satellites are assumed to be aligned directly over the earth&#39;s equator. If the satellites are drifting north, south, east or west in their orbits and if the reflector is not pointed perfectly or is in some way bent or imperfectly manufactured, then the shape of the curve will change. In addition, it should be noted that both the satellite and the ground station typically transmit signals with a shape similar to that of  FIG. 4  with a central maximum intensity that falls off with distance from the center. So, for example, some portion of the signal from the satellite with the two degree offset overlaps the zero degree and maximum sensitivity portion of the ground station antenna. 
     As can be seen from  FIG. 4 , the 60 cm dish is a good choice for receiving signals from a satellite at zero degrees and rejecting signals from satellites with nine degree orbital slot spacing from the center. It is less effective for satellites with a two degree or four degree spacing. The relation that smaller antennas have wider beams is a fundamental geometric property of a parabolic reflector. The approximate angular half-width for an antenna is given by θ=λ(2 d), where θ is the angular half-width of the transmitted or received beam in radians, λ is the wavelength of the signals incident on the parabolic reflector, and d is the diameter of the reflector. Signals from neighboring satellites may easily be eliminated by increasing the diameter of the dish. The 120 cm dish commonly used in FSS systems has a narrower signal beam and does not suffer from interference from satellites two degrees away. 
     While a larger dish allows interference from neighboring satellites to be reduced, smaller dishes are less expensive to build, ship and install and greatly preferred for aesthetic reasons. The wide distribution of the received or transmitted signal of a smaller dish may be compensated by generating nulls in the antenna pattern at the positions of any interfering adjacent satellites. Nulls may be generated in a variety of different ways. In the example of  FIGS. 7 and 8 , additional feed horns are added. In the example of  FIG. 9 , a lens is added to the feed horn. Alternatively, the feed can be redesigned to couple energy into some additional waveguide modes. As a further alternative digital signal processing may by applied to baseband signals. The particular choice may depend upon the application, including signal frequency, the types of nulls desired, cost and form factor restrictions. 
     For the example of  FIG. 3 , nulls may be generated at the two degree and even the four degree positions on either side of the center of the reception maximum. The nulls eliminate much of the signal received from satellites in those positions. This may avoid any requirement that the antenna beam be narrow enough to avoid receiving signals from the adjacent satellites. As a result, a smaller antenna reflector or dish may be used than might otherwise be required. Antennas are described herein in the context of FSS communications with 120 cm dishes and two degrees between orbital slots and BSS communications with 60 cm dishes and nine degrees between orbital slots. However, embodiments of the present invention may be applied to many different communications systems and many different antenna sizes and orbital slot requirements. 
     When nulls are introduced at the positions of the first adjacent satellites, for example at two degrees, the main beam may be broadened. The antenna pattern may become broad enough that interference from the second adjacent satellites, for example at four degrees, may become a problem. However, additional nulls may be added at the second-adjacent positions. Additional nulls may be added at any position as desired to achieve any target C/I ratio. 
       FIG. 5  shows the waveform of  FIG. 4  together with two additional, identical waveforms displaced two degrees on either side of the main central waveform of  FIG. 4 . These waveforms can be generated in many different ways and can be used to generate nulls. For example, the two additional waveforms may be generated each by an additional LNBF displaced from the central LNBF. The two additional waveforms have maximum sensitivity at two degrees from the center, which, in the example of FSS communications corresponds to the signals from the two closest interfering satellites. As shown, the waveforms are identical in magnitude and shape to the central waveform, however, other shapes may also be generated using a variety of different techniques. 
     In  FIG. 6 , the waveforms of the three feeds in  FIG. 5  are combined. The two side signals are scaled down or attenuated and then subtracted from the signal from the center feed. This yields a transmission and reception pattern with deep nulls at two degrees. These deep nulls are aligned with the neighboring FSS satellite beams. There are also corresponding peaks near four degrees corresponding to the next nearest FSS satellites. However, these are much weaker and may normally be ignored. In addition, for some systems, there may not be any satellites using the same frequencies at the four degree offset positions. 
     The graphs of the figures of the present invention show only two dimensions, while the reception and transmission patterns are three dimensional. Two dimensions are shown to simplify the drawings. For a geosynchronous satellite application, all of the satellites are aligned roughly with the equator and so the interfering satellites are all aligned along the same dimension. In other words, when pointing a ground station antenna, there may be interfering satellites to the east and west of the intended satellite, but there will not be any interfering geosynchronous satellites to the north or south. As a result, interference from neighboring satellites can be mitigated by adding nulls only in the east/west dimension. This has an additional benefit in that there need not be any reduction in the signal in the other direction, orthogonal to the neighboring satellites. This direction is not shown in the Figures. 
     One way to add nulls to a reception or transmission pattern is to add feed horns.  FIG. 7  shows a parabolic reflector  69  similar to the reflector  21  of  FIG. 2  with three feed horns  71 . 1 ,  71 - 2 ,  71 - 3 . The view of  FIG. 7  is a top view as compared to the side view of  FIG. 2 . The side view for the apparatus of  FIG. 7  would be very similar to  FIG. 2 . The center feed horn  71 - 1  is positioned in substantially the same position as the feed horn of  FIG. 2  and illuminates the entire dish evenly from the dish&#39;s focal point. The two additional feed horns are displaced laterally from the dish&#39;s focal point. The lateral displacement corresponds to a distance of two degrees to the east and two degrees to the west. They each are directed at the center of the dish as shown by the centerlines emanating from the front of each feed horn. However, due to their displacement, while they illuminate the entire dish, the beams reflected from the dish are angularly offset from that of the central feed horn. The amount of offset can be adjusted to accommodate the position of any interfering satellite by adjusting the distance between the feed horns. Additional feed horns may be added at positions corresponding to four egrees or any other position. 
     By adding feeds to the left and right of center, two additional reception and transmission patterns are created. If the feeds are identical to the center feed then two very similar reception or transmission patterns will be added to the first one. An idealized representation of this group of three patterns is shown in  FIG. 5 . Each pattern shows the same maximum amplitude on the vertical axis and the same width across the horizontal axis. While two identical feeds of equal size to the original feed is shown, smaller or larger feeds may also be used. 
     An example treatment of the signals from the three feed horns of  FIG. 7  is shown in  FIG. 8 . As shown in  FIG. 8 , the three feed horns  71 - 1 ,  71 - 2 ,  71 - 3  are each coupled to a LNA (Low Noise Amplifier)  73 - 1 ,  73 - 2 ,  73 - 3  and then each to a mixer  75 - 1 ,  75 - 2 ,  75 - 3  to down convert the signal from its received radio frequency to an intermediate frequency band that can be conveyed through conventional coaxial cable or some other transmission medium. The mixers are coupled to a common local oscillator  77  so that the relative phase relationship between the signals is maintained. 
     The outer two signals are next fed each to an attenuator  79 - 2 ,  79 - 3  and then each to a 180 degrees phase shifter  81 - 2 ,  81 - 3  before the signals are combined. This allows the nulls to be reduced and the phase to be inverted before all three signals are mixed in a combiner  83 . By adjusting the amount of attenuation, the position of the nulls can be adjusted. As shown in  FIG. 6 , the nulls may also attenuate the maximum for the central feed horn, reducing the gain for the target satellite. By adjusting the nulls, the amount of attenuation of the central feed signal may also be adjusted. The amount of attenuation will vary depending on the application. The phase shifters allow the side signals to be shifted 180 degrees out of phase with the main feed so that when combined, these signals will subtract from the main signal. 
     The amount of attenuation and phase shift may be provided by fixed passive components or by adjustable gain stages and adjustable phase shifters. Adjustable components may allow for calibration of the gain and phase to compensate for differences in the feed horn positions, the feed horn geometry, the LNA&#39;s and the mixers. Alternatively, the phase shifting and attenuation may be performed using feed horn design or hybrid waveguide principles instead of the electrical IF configuration shown. The particular design of the circuit of  FIG. 8  may also be modified to suit a particular application. For example, the phase shifters and attenuators may be placed before the down converters or the amplifiers. The phase shifters may be combined with the mixers. For higher frequencies, such as Ku-band or Ka-band down conversion may be used to lower the cost of the electronic components but for lower frequency satellite signals, down conversion may not be necessary or desired. Alternatively, with other components, the operations of  FIG. 8  may be applied to the radio frequency signals directly. 
     In  FIG. 9 , nulls are added for undesired signals using a lens  93  with an engineered shape. The lens may be introduced at any position between the reflector dish and the feed horn. In the example of  FIG. 9 , the lens is placed at the outer opening of the feed horn  91 . However it may be placed outside of the feed horn or deep into the feed horn&#39;s throat. This lens may be fabricated out of any of a variety of different low-loss microwave dielectric materials, for example polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, or fused silica. The choice of materials will depend upon the frequencies of the signals, as well as cost and environmental conditions. The particular shape of the lens may be adapted to attenuate signals from different interferers in different positions and two or more interferers may be compensated. 
     The RF energy received by the feed horn  91  is optimized by the lens and feed horn combination for the particular pattern of satellites from which signals are received. The lens modifies the modes from the feed horn to correspond to the modes of the three separate feed horns described with respect to  FIGS. 5 and 6 .  FIG. 9  shows the feed horn and lens in cross section and in one embodiment, both elements have rotational symmetry so that the cross section appears the same no matter where it is taken. In another embodiment, the lens generates nulls only in the horizontal direction, corresponding to east and west, but not in a vertical direction corresponding to north and south. Accordingly,  FIG. 9  corresponds to a vertical cross section and not to a horizontal cross section. 
     As further shown in  FIG. 9 , from a pickup in the feed horn, the received signal is then amplified in a low noise amplifier  95 . The amplified signal is down converted to an IF band in a mixer  97  using a signal from a local oscillator  99 . The IF signal is then amplified further in a further LNA  101 , filtered in a band pass filter  103  and transmitted in a guide or cable  105  to a receiver  107 . 
     As another alternative, the feed horn may be modified to excite modes that correspond to the three separate feed horns described with respect to  FIGS. 5 and 6 . These modes may be generated and combined within the feed horn or separate apparatus may be provided to extract and combine the modes outside the feed horn. 
     A lesser or more equipped satellite antenna, LNBF and signal processing system than the examples described above may be preferred for certain implementations. Therefore, the configurations may vary from implementation to implementation depending upon numerous factors, such as price constraints, performance requirements, technological improvements, or other circumstances. Embodiments of the invention may also be applied to other types of communication systems to use small antennas for multiple nearby transmitters and receivers. 
     In the description above, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that embodiments of the present invention may be practiced without some of these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form. 
     Embodiments of the present invention may include various operations. The operations of embodiments of the present invention may be performed by hardware components, such as those shown in the Figures, or may be embodied in machine-executable instructions, which may be used to cause general-purpose or special-purpose processor, microcontroller, or logic circuits programmed with the instructions to perform the operations. Alternatively, the operations may be performed by a combination of hardware and software. 
     Many of the methods and apparatus are described in their most basic form but operations may be added to or deleted from any of the methods and components may be added or subtracted from any of the described apparatus without departing from the basic scope of the present claims. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many further modifications and adaptations may be made. The particular embodiments are not provided as limitations but as illustrations. The scope of the claims is not to be determined by the specific examples provided above but only by the claims below.