Abstract:
In a system having a substrate holding means for holding a substrate, wherein the substrate holding means is rotatable about an axis of rotation that is perpendicular to an X-Y coordinate system, a method for determining position of the axis of rotation in the X-Y coordinate system, comprising the steps of:
       providing a reference labeling on the substrate holding means or on the substrate;   determining a first X-Y reference position RP of a reference labeling on the substrate holding means or on the substrate by means of optical positional detecting means that is fixed relative to the X-Y coordinate system,   rotating the substrate holding means by a defined angle of rotation R around the axis of rotation,   determining by means of said fixed optical positional detecting means a second X-Y reference position RP′ of the reference labeling that is changed by the rotation, and   calculating the X-Y position of the axis of rotation in the substrate.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The invention relates to a method for determining an X-Y position in an X-Y coordinate system of an axis of rotation that is perpendicular to the X-Y coordinate system of a substrate holding means that can rotate around the axis of rotation for holding a substrate, and a method for determining a position of an axis of rotation R of the substrate in the substrate plane that is perpendicular to a substrate plane of a substrate. The invention further relates to a method for determining a position of an axis of rotation of the substrate holding means that is perpendicular to a substrate holding means plane of a substrate holding means for holding a substrate. The substrates of the present invention include semiconductors, preferably wafers, glass, quartz, ceramic and metal, and the application of a method to determine an orientation error of a large number of contact points oriented to one another and arranged on two opposite sides of a substrate. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Because of ever greater miniaturization of semiconductor components, such components will increasingly be built in stacked form in the future. Accordingly, a need exists for an optimized method for production of such stacked semiconductor products. A method to stack semiconductor components vertically consists in, i.a., outfitting a wafer on both sides with semiconductor elements, in particular dices and/or chips on both sides. On both sides of the wafer, there is therefore a large number of semiconductor components, which are connected via contact points in further process steps to corresponding wafers that are outfitted in each case on both sides with semiconductor components. Because of the ever smaller components, in particular dices and/or chips, it is of decisive importance that the corresponding contact points of the semiconductor components align with one another as precisely as possible, thus are oriented vertically to one another. In the case of an inaccurate orientation or movement of the semiconductor components, in particular the contact points of the semiconductor components on the opposite sides of the wafer, the corresponding contacts would not—or not adequately—be connected to one another. For this reason, a check of the position of the contact points on the top and bottom of each wafer takes place. 
         [0003]    Since a large number of contact points on each wafer are to be examined, and in particular, the orientation of each contact point with the respective opposite contact point is relevant, this check is time-consuming and accordingly costly. 
         [0004]    To determine the orientation errors of opposite contact points, it has proven to be effective to detect the position of each contact point on each substrate side in a first rotational position of the substrate and in a second rotational position that is rotated by 180 degrees relative to the first rotational position. The rotation by 180 degrees (that is performed in this case) has the effect that measuring inaccuracies introduced by the optical positional detection means are almost canceled out, and filtered from the measuring result. In this respect, a technical problem exists. After rotation of the substrate, first the new position with the lens to be used as a detection means has to be approached approximately (so-called pre-alignment). 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0005]    The object is therefore to develop a method with which the above-mentioned technical problems can be solved so that a faster, and accordingly more economical, determination of the righting error of the contact points to be oriented to one another in each case can be enabled. 
         [0006]    This object is achieved with the features of claim  1 ,  2  or  3 . Advantageous further developments of the invention are indicated in the subclaims. All combinations of at least two features indicated in the description, the claims and/or the figures also fall within the scope of the invention. In the case of indicated value ranges, values that are within the above-mentioned limits are also to be disclosed as boundary values and can be claimed in any combination. 
         [0007]    The present invention is based on the idea of selecting a new approach whereby, before the orientation errors of the contact points of the substrate are determined, the substrate&#39;s axis of rotation, or the axis of rotation of a substrate holding means for holding the substrate, is determined in order to be able to deduce the opposite position of the contact point for the measurement in the second rotational position in each case by means of the unchanging exact position of the axis of rotation of the substrate or the substrate holding means holding the substrate. 
         [0008]    Thus, the time-consuming pre-alignment at each contact point is eliminated according to the invention, by which a determination of the orientation error of the contact points oriented to one another in each case is accelerated many times. In this respect, it is especially advantageous that the rotation of each substrate has to take place only once if the X-Y positions of the contact positions are first detected in a first rotational position of the substrate/the substrate holding means, and then, i.e., after one-time rotation of the substrate by the substrate holding means, the corresponding X-Y positions of the contact points are detected in a second rotational position. 
         [0009]    With the previously necessary pre-alignment, first the corresponding contact point to be measured had to be brought after rotation from one side again into the detection area of the optical detection means and thereby centered before the position of the corresponding contact point of the opposite side could be determined on the opposite side of the substrate. 
         [0010]    According to the invention, the pre-alignment is replaced by a calculation of the position of the contact point after the rotation based on the known position of the axis of rotation. As reference labeling for determining the position of the axis of rotation, an optically detectable labeling especially provided for this purpose on the substrate or on the substrate holding means can be provided, or a structure that is present on the substrate, in particular a contact point, can be used. 
         [0011]    According to an advantageous embodiment of the invention, it is provided that the rotation of the substrate around the axis of rotation is carried out with a specified angle of rotation R by a substrate holding means, whereby the substrate holding means is designed to support the substrate, in particular on its periphery, preferably in the form of a ring, so that the contact points on the bottom of the substrate remain accessible from below through the ring opening. Especially advantageous, and for the most exact possible determination of the position of the axis of rotation, the reference labeling is arranged on or in the ring of the substrate holding means. This is especially desirable because the substrate is fixed to the substrate holding means during the determination of the X-Y position of the axis of rotation as well as during the determination of the orientation error of a large number of opposite contact points. Thus, the X-Y position of the reference labeling in each new substrate is already known in advance, and only the X-Y position of the axis of rotation is to be determined, without having to search for the position of the reference labeling on the substrate. 
         [0012]    According to another advantageous embodiment of the invention, there is provided a method as described above where the determination of the first and second reference positions is carried out by optical positional detecting means, in particular comprising a lens, preferably with an optical axis parallel to the axis of rotation R. In particular in the case of a digital configuration of the optical positional detection means, the detection can be carried out digitally, so that the position of the axis of rotation R is calculated in electronic form by a corresponding data processing system. 
         [0013]    If the substrate holding means can be moved relative to the optical positional detection means along the X-Y coordinate system, and the relative movement can be detected in the X-direction and Y-direction spanned into the X-Y coordinate system, the calculation of the positions of the reference labeling and corresponding to the axis of rotation, in particular when using a Cartesian coordinate system, is greatly simplified. 
         [0014]    Thus, in the further development and use of the above-described method, a method for determining an orientation error of a large number of contact points, oriented to one another and arranged on two opposite sides of a substrate, can be implemented according to the invention, the method comprising the steps of:
       applying a substrate on a substrate holding means that can move along an X-Y coordinate system and that can rotate around an axis of rotation that is perpendicular to an X-Y coordinate system,   determining the position of the axis of rotation with the above-described steps before or after applying the substrate to the substrate holding means, and   determining the orientation error of the contact points that are oriented to one another in each case.       
 
         [0018]    In accordance with the present invention, it is especially advantageous if the determination of the orientation error is carried out by the optical detection means. Thus, the optical positional detection means can be used at the same time for several tasks. In the determination of the position of the axis of rotation, a single lens is sufficient for implementing the invention. In the determination of the orientation error, at least—in particular precisely—two lenses are advantageous, namely one above the substrate for determining the X-Y positions of the contact points on the top of the substrate, and the second below the substrate for determining the X-Y positions of the contact points on the bottom of the substrate. 
         [0019]    By the determination of the orientation error being carried out in a first rotational position and a second rotational position of the substrate rotated relative to the first rotational position by an angle of rotation around the axis of rotation R, the determination of the orientation error is made possible in an especially simple and quick and thus advantageous way. 
         [0020]    Other advantages, features and details of the invention will arise from the description below of preferred embodiments and based on the drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0021]      FIG. 1   a  shows a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of a substrate with correctly oriented contact points, 
           [0022]      FIG. 1   b  shows a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of a substrate with incorrectly oriented contact points, 
           [0023]      FIG. 2   a  shows a diagrammatic top view on a substrate according to  FIG. 1   a,    
           [0024]      FIG. 2  shows a diagrammatic top view on a substrate according to  FIG. 1   b,    
           [0025]      FIG. 3   a  shows a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of parts of a device for exerting a method according to the invention for determining the position of an axis of rotation, 
           [0026]      FIG. 3   b  shows a diagrammatic detail view of a detail according to  FIG. 3   a,    
           [0027]      FIGS. 4   a - 4   e  show a diagrammatic representation of the method according to the invention for determining the position of an axis of rotation from a Y direction, 
           [0028]      FIGS. 5   a - 5   e  show a diagrammatic representation of the method according to the invention according to  FIGS. 4   a - 4   e  from an X-direction, and 
           [0029]      FIGS. 6   a - 6   d  show a diagrammatic representation of the method according to the invention for determining the orientation error in a top view. 
       
    
    
       [0030]    In the figures, the same components and components with the same function are identified with the same reference numbers. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0031]    In  FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b , in each case a cross-section of a wafer  3  is shown as a substrate, which—as can also be seen in  FIGS. 2   a  and  2   b —has a large number of semiconductor components  1  on a top side  2  of the wafer  3  and a large number of semiconductor elements  6  on a bottom side  7  of the wafer  3 . 
         [0032]    Each semiconductor component  1 ,  6 , designed here as dices  1 ,  6 , has several contact points  4 ,  5 , and the corresponding contact points  4  and  5  in each case are to be aligned exactly to one another, as shown in  FIGS. 1   a  and  FIG. 2   a . In  FIGS. 1   b  and  2   b,  the contact points  4  and  5 , and the dices  1  and  6  are not correctly oriented, so that such a wafer  3  is scrap or has to be outfitted again at least on one side. 
         [0033]    In the figures, the dices and the contact points are shown greatly enlarged, and a wafer with a 300 mm diameter has several hundred dices  1 ,  6 , that in each case have several contact points  4 ,  5 , which are shown only diagrammatically here for the sake of clarity. Each dice  1 ,  6  has functional semiconductor components, whose contact points  4 ,  5  are symbolized diagrammatically by crosses, triangles, and rectangles in the drawings. The functional assemblies of the dices  1  on the top  2  do not have to match the functional components of the dices  6  on the bottom  7 , but the contact points  4 ,  5  of the corresponding semiconductor components  1 ,  6  are identical. 
         [0034]    If an error is discovered according to  FIGS. 1   b  and  2   b,  and the deviation of the contact points  4 ,  5  is too large to achieve a sufficient vertical contact, the wafer  3  is removed from the production process and can be purified on the top  2  or the bottom  7  and treated lithographically again, after the error in the system has been determined. 
         [0035]    In  FIG. 3   a  and the detail view according to  FIG. 3   b , a substrate holding means  14  for holding the wafer  3  on a surface  9  of the substrate holding means  14  is shown. The holding means  14 , which in the shape of a ring, allows both access to the top  2  of the wafer  3  and also to its bottom  7 , as soon as the wafer  3  has been applied to the substrate holding means  14  and by its supporting the wafer  3  on its side edge. The wafer  3  can be fixed to the substrate holding means  14 , and the substrate holding means  14  can be moved in a translatory manner in the X- and Y-directions specified by the arrows X and Y in the Cartesian X-Y coordinate system shown in  FIG. 3   a , in particular driven by linear motors with a precise control of the movement in the X- and Y-directions. At the same time, the substrate holding means  14  can rotate around an axis of rotation  12 . The X-Y coordinate system is advantageously fixed relative to the lens  8 . The axis of rotation  12  is perpendicular to the X- and Y-directions, i.e., in the Z-direction. The substrate holding means  14  thus has two degrees of freedom via a translation unit in the X- and Y-directions, i.e., in a substrate plane that coincides with the X-Y coordinate system. A rotation unit with one degree of freedom in the direction of rotation is found on the translation unit. The substrate holding means  14  is firmly connected to the latter after being fixed to the translation unit and the rotation unit, so that no error caused by changing the relative position of the substrate holding means  14  during the implementation of the method according to the invention can occur. The X-Y position of the axis of rotation  12  of the substrate holding means  14  is thus constant, inherent to the system, relative to the translation and rotation unit, just like a reference labeling  10  provided on the substrate holding means  14  and a wafer  3  fixed to the substrate holding means  14 . 
         [0036]    A first lens  8 , whose optical axis  11  runs in Z-direction, i.e., parallel to the axis of rotation  12 , is fixed above the substrate holding means  14 . The lens  8  can be focused on the top  2  of the wafer  3  and/or the surface  9  of the substrate holding means  14  as well as on the top  2 , and the lens  8  is able to detect, record and—as X-Y values—forward to a data processing system, not shown, structures on the top  2  and/or the surface  9 . Since the position of the lens  8  and thus the optical axis  11  is fixed, the positions of optical labelings, in particular a reference labeling  10  of the substrate holding means  14 , can be detected by means of the lens  8 , preferably on its surface  9 , and forwarded to a data processing system for evaluation. 
         [0037]    In the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b , a reference labeling  10  is applied to the surface  9  of the substrate holding means  14 , a labeling whose position on the substrate holding means  14  is known at least approximately and that can accordingly be approached quickly by the translation unit to be detected by the lens  8 . 
         [0038]    Opposite to the lens  8 , another lens  15  for detecting optical labelings or contact points  5  is arranged on the bottom  7  of the water  3  analogously to the lens  8 , whereby an optical axis of the lens  15  is approximately aligned with the optical axis  11  of the lens  8 . The second lens  15  is used at least primarily or exclusively to detect the X-Y position of the contact points  5  corresponding to the contact points  4  in the X-Y coordinate system or in the plane of the bottom  7  parallel thereto to be able to establish the orientation errors of the contact points  5 , in particular the contact points  4 , by the data processing system, in particular by vector analysis. 
         [0039]    To determine or establish the X-Y position of the axis of rotation  12 , first one side of the substrate holding means  14 , the surface  9  below, is selected, and, according to  FIG. 4   a  and  FIG. 5   a , the substrate holding means  14  is moved by the translation unit in the X- and Y-directions until the reference labeling  10  from an X-Y starting position  13  is in the optical axis  11  of the lens  8 . The X-Y position of the reference labeling  10  at this point is stored in the data processing system as a first X-Y reference point RP. The substrate holding means  14  is then rotated by the rotation unit by an angle of rotation of 180 degrees into a second rotational position, namely by the axis of rotation  12 , so that the reference labeling  10  is now arranged in a second X-Y reference position RP′ relative to the previous first X-Y reference position RP according to  FIG. 4   c , exactly opposite the axis of rotation  12 , i.e., in a minor image to the axis of rotation  12 . The figures  FIGS. 4   d  and  5   d  then show that the distance of the axis of rotation  12  to the optical axis  11  in X- or Y-direction is half the distance between the old and new positions of the reference labeling  10  in the X- or Y-direction. Then, according to  FIGS. 4   e  and  5   e , the substrate holding means  14  can be moved by the translation unit in the X- and Y-directions so that the reference labeling  10  is again in the focus of the lens  8  and ultimately exactly in the optical axis  11 . This step is not necessarily required in the calibration since the distance is already known from  4   d  and  5   d;  the “zero point” thus can already be set in the software. By establishing the X-Y position in the rotational position rotated by 180 degrees, the X-Y position of the axis of rotation  12  that is between the first and second X-Y reference position RP, RP′ can be determined by the data processing system by means of vector analysis, for example by measuring the path in the X- and Y-directions covered by the translation unit during movement of the substrate holding means  14 . The thus calculated value for the X-Y position of the axis of rotation  12  is then used at least for the period for determining the orientation error of the large number of contact points  4 ,  5  in the respective wafer  3  attached to the substrate holding means  14  as a reference value for the calculation of the orientation error. Only when applying/fixing a new wafer  3  to the substrate holding means  14  or only when using a new substrate holding means  14  must the determination of the X-Y position of the axis of rotation  12  be performed again in terms of a new calibration of the unit on the new substrate holding means  14 . 
         [0040]    To determine or establish the orientation error of the contact point  4  to the contact point  5 , shown in  FIGS. 6   a  to  6   d , first one side of the wafer  3 , below the top side  2 , is selected, and according to  FIG. 4   a  and  FIG. 5   a , the wafer  3  is moved by the substrate holding means  14  until the contact point  4  is in the optical axis  11  of the lens  8  ( FIG. 6   b ). Simultaneously or immediately, the position of the contact point  5  on the opposite side, thus the bottom  7 , is then determined with the lower lens  15 . The substrate holding means  14  is rotated by an angle of rotation of 180 degrees, namely by the axis of rotation  12 , so that the contact points  4 ,  5  are now arranged exactly opposite the axis of rotation  12 , i.e., in a minor image to the axis of rotation  12 , in a first rotational position according to  FIG. 4   d  relative to the previous rotational position ( FIG. 6   c ). Then, the wafer  3  is moved by the substrate holding means  14  so that the previously selected contact point  4  is again in the focus of the lens  8  ( FIG. 6   d ). By the renewed establishment of the position of the opposite contact point  5  on the rotational position rotated by 180 degrees, the double orientation error can be determined by the data processing system, and after division by  2  of the corresponding orientation error between the contact points  4  and  5 . 
         [0041]    By the method according to the invention, the process for moving back the contact point  4  after the rotation of the substrate by 180 degrees in the focus of the lens  8  is greatly accelerated, since previously an exact positioning of the contact point  4  after the 180° rotation was possible only by a so-called pre-alignment because of the different configuration of the substrates and the deposition of the substrates on the substrate holding means. This means that after the rotation, the contact point  4  first had to be centered again in the image coordinate system of the lens  8  before the position of the corresponding contact point  5  could be measured on the opposite side of the top  7 . 
         [0042]    By the determination of the position of the axis of rotation  12 , shown in  FIGS. 3   a  to  5   e , in the X-Y coordinate system in the substrate plane, fixed here relative to the lens  8 , namely in the X- and Y-directions, the pre-alignment can be eliminated, since the exact X-Y position of the contact point  4  after the 180° rotation of the wafer  3  by the substrate holding means  14  is known and can be approached directly. 
         [0043]    According to a special embodiment of the invention, it is conceivable, according to the invention, first to measure all contact points  4  and  5  distributed on the top  2  and bottom  7  in the first rotational position and then, after one-time rotation by 180 degrees, to measure in succession the positions of the contact points  4  and  5  in the second rotational position, since the respective positions of the corresponding contact points  4 ,  5  in the first rotational position are stored in a storage device within the analysis unit. This makes possible another significant acceleration of the method according to the invention. 
         [0044]    An alternative means of establishing the position of the axis of rotation  12  proceeds as follows: 
         [0045]    In  FIG. 4   a , instead of reference labeling  10 , a contact point  4  arranged on the wafer  3 , i.e., on the top  2  of wafer  3 , is moved as a reference labeling from the position shown in  FIG. 4   a , i.e., outside of the axis of rotation  12  and outside of the optical axis  11  in X-direction (see  FIG. 4   b ) and in Y-direction (see  FIG. 5   b ) so far that the contact point  4  that is used as a reference labeling is exactly in the optical axis  11  of the lens  8 . 
         [0046]    The position of the contact point  4  is stored as X-Y reference position RP, namely as X-Y position in the X-Y coordinate system specified by the X- and the Y-direction. 
         [0047]    Rotation of the substrate holding means  14  and thus of the wafer  3  fixed on the substrate holding means  14  with its contact point  4  that is used as a reference labeling by  180  degrees (see  FIG. 4   c ). The rotation is carried out around the axis of rotation  12 , so that the contact point  4  according to  FIG. 4   d  and  FIG. 5   d  is on the axis of rotation  12  in a minor image to the first X-Y reference position RP in a second X-Y reference position RP′. The meaning of in a mirror image to the axis of rotation  12  is in a mirror image to the point of intersection of the axis of rotation  12  with the X-Y coordinate system or the substrate plane. 
         [0048]    The substrate holding means  14  is moved so far according to  FIGS. 4   e  and  5   e  by the translation unit or the translation drive in the X- and Y-directions until the reference labeling (contact point  4 ) is again in the optical axis  11 . The movement of the substrate holding means  14  by the translation unit is measured/detected exactly and sent on to the data processing system so that from the first X-Y reference position RP and the second X-Y reference position RP′, the exact X-Y position of the axis of rotation  12 , namely in each case the half distance in the X- and Y-directions, is established, for example by vector analysis. The X-Y position that is established in this respect corresponds to the X-Y position of the axis of rotation  12  at the point of intersection with the substrate plane or the X-Y coordinate system.