Abstract:
A medical implant ( 20 ) includes first and second ring members ( 22, 24 ), each including a resilient framework ( 26 ) having a generally cylindrical form. A tubular sleeve ( 28 ) is fixed to the first and second ring members so as to hold the ring members in mutual longitudinal alignment, thereby defining a lumen ( 32 ) passing through the ring members. A constricting element ( 30 ) is fit around the sleeve at a location intermediate the first and second ring members so as to reduce a diameter of the lumen at the location.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation application of Ser. No. 14/542,311, filed Nov. 14, 2014, which is a continuation application of Ser. No. 13/250,968, filed Sep. 30, 2011, which is a continuation application of Ser. No. 10/595,926 filed Jul. 12, 2006, which is a US National State application of International Application No. PCT/IL2004/0010 filed Nov. 18, 2004 which claims priority to Israeli Application No. 158960 filed Nov. 19, 2003 incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and to which application we claim priority under 35 USC §120. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates generally to implantable therapeutic devices, and specifically to intravascular implants. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Stent implants are commonly used in treating arterial stenoses and other unwanted constrictions of body passages. Stents typically comprise a metal coil or mesh. An arterial stent, for example, is threaded through the vascular system to the point of stenosis in an artery. When the stent is in place, it is expanded to force the artery open to the desired diameter. 
         [0004]    On the other hand, there are some procedures in which stent implants are required to constrict the diameter of a blood vessel. For example, Ruiz describes an endoluminal stent having adjustable constriction in U.S. Pat. No. 6,120,534, whose disclosure is incorporated herein by reference. The stent comprises a deformable mesh having a conical portion and a constricted region, which forms a flow-limiting constriction. The stent is delivered and deployed inside a blood vessel. The constricted region of the mesh is then selectively enlarged to adjust the flow impedance in the vessel. Ruiz describes particularly the use of his, stent to reduce blood flow in the pulmonary artery, as a palliative treatment for infants having complex congenital cardiac malformations. 
         [0005]    Other types of constricting stents and applications of such stents are described by Shalev et al. in PCT Patent Publication WO 01/72239, whose disclosure is incorporated herein by reference. In particular, this publication describes the use of a flow-reducing implant in the coronary sinus, in order to promote angiogenesis in the heart tissues. The implant is inserted by catheter through a central vein, such as the jugular vein and brought into the coronary sinus. Alternatively, the implant may be installed in one or more of the coronary veins. Once the implant is in place, it is allowed to elastically expand or is plastically expanded using a balloon. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0006]    Embodiments of the present invention provide a constricting implant that is simple and inexpensive to manufacture, and can be deployed easily in the blood vessels, as well as in other body passages. The implant comprises a pair of generally-cylindrical ring members, which are fixed to a tubular sleeve so as to define a lumen passing through the ring members and the sleeve. The ring members each comprise a framework made of a resilient material, which can be compressed while the implant is inserted into the desired location in the blood vessel, and then expands either elastically or plastically to roughly the full diameter of the vessel. The sleeve comprises a flexible material, such as a fabric. The ring members are positioned longitudinally along the sleeve so that there is a longitudinal gap in between the two ring members. A constricting element is fitted around the sleeve in this gap so as to reduce the diameter of the lumen in between the two ring members to less than the diameter of the vessel. 
         [0007]    Thus, when the implant is inserted into the vessel (or other body passage), the ring members expand, along with the portion of the sleeve to which they are fixed. The part of the sleeve in the gap between the ring members, however, remains constricted due to the constricting element. This constricted area of the lumen typically reduces the flow of blood through the vessel. The implant is particularly useful for restricting blood flow in the coronary, sinus, as described in the above-mentioned PCT publication, but it may similarly be used in other veins and arteries, as well as in other medical applications. In some embodiments, the constricting element may be opened in situ within the blood vessel, so as permit the diameter of the implant to increase if and when the constriction is no longer desired. 
         [0008]    There is therefore provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a medical implant, including: 
         [0009]    first and second ring members, each including a resilient framework having a generally cylindrical form; 
         [0010]    a tubular sleeve, fixed to the first and second ring members so as to hold the ring members in mutual longitudinal alignment, thereby defining a lumen passing through, the ring members; and 
         [0011]    a constricting element, which is fit around the sleeve at a location intermediate the first and second ring members so as to reduce a diameter of the lumen at the location. 
         [0012]    The framework may include a wire, which is bent in a serpentine form. Typically, the ring members are adapted to be inserted in a radially-compressed form through a body passage to a target position within the passage, and then to expand radially at the target position so as to open the lumen therethrough. The framework may include an elastic material, which is compressible to provide the radially-compressed form of the ring members, and which expands radially when released at the target position. 
         [0013]    In one embodiment, the implant includes one or more longitudinal support members, fixed to the framework of the first and second ring members, alongside the sleeve, so as to join the first and second ring members together. 
         [0014]    In a further embodiment, the sleeve includes a fabric, which is stitched to the framework of the first and second ring members. 
         [0015]    In another embodiment, the lumen passing through the first and second ring members has first and second ends, and the framework is configured to provide elongate protrusions at one or more of the ends of the lumen. The sleeve may be cut at one or more of the first and second ends in conformance with the protrusions. For example, the sleeve may be cut at the first end in conformance with the protrusions, while the sleeve at the second end covers both the protrusions and interstices between the protrusions at the second end of the lumen. 
         [0016]    The implant may be adapted to be implanted in a coronary sinus of a patient, so that a flow of blood through the coronary sinus is inhibited by the reduced diameter of the lumen. 
         [0017]    In another aspect of the invention, the constricting element is adapted to expand under an outward radial force so as to permit the reduced diameter of the lumen to increase. In one embodiment, the constricting element includes an elastic wire, having bends that are fastened shut so as to provide the reduced diameter, and which are adapted to open under the outward radial force. 
         [0018]    There is also provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, method for producing a medical implant, including: 
         [0019]    providing first and second ring members, each including a resilient framework having a generally cylindrical form; 
         [0020]    fixing a tubular sleeve to the first and second ring members so as to hold the ring members in mutual longitudinal alignment, thereby defining a lumen passing through the ring members; and 
         [0021]    fitting a constricting element around the sleeve at a location intermediate the first and second ring members so as to reduce a diameter of the lumen at the location. 
         [0022]    There is additionally provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a method for restricting flow of a fluid through a body passage, including: 
         [0023]    providing an implant including first and second ring members, each including a resilient framework having a generally cylindrical form, with a tubular sleeve, fixed to the first and second ring members so as to hold the ring members in mutual longitudinal alignment, 
         [0024]    passing the implant, in a radially-compressed form, through the body passage to a target position within the body passage; and 
         [0025]    causing the implant to expand radially at the target position so as to open the lumen therethrough. 
         [0026]    Typically, passing the implant includes enclosing the implant within a catheter, which passes through the body passage, and causing the implant to expand includes ejecting the implant through an aperture in a distal end of the catheter. In some embodiments, the distal end of the catheter has generally conical shape, and ejecting the implant includes expanding the distal end so as to open the aperture so that the implant may pass therethrough. Alternatively, ejecting the implant includes tearing the distal end so as to open the aperture so that the implant may pass therethrough. Further alternatively, the distal end of the catheter includes an elastic plug, which closes the aperture while the catheter passes through the body passage, and ejecting the implant includes radially compressing the plug so as to open the aperture and to allow the lumen of the implant to pass over the plug. 
         [0027]    In another aspect of the invention, the method includes exerting an outward radial pressure from within the implant after the implant has expanded in the target position so as to open the constricting element, thereby permitting the reduced diameter of the lumen to increase. Typically, exerting the outward radial pressure includes inserting a balloon into the lumen, and inflating the balloon. 
         [0028]    There is further provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, apparatus for delivery of an implant to a target position in a body passage, the apparatus including: 
         [0029]    an elongate, tubular sheath, which is adapted to be passed through the body passage while containing the implant in a compressed state inside the sheath, wherein the sheath has a distal end made of an elastic material in a generally conical shape with an aperture formed therein; and 
         [0030]    an ejector, which is adapted to force the implant in a distal direction, thus stretching the elastic material so as to expand the aperture, whereby the implant passes through the aperture. 
         [0031]    There is moreover provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, apparatus for delivery of an implant to a target position in a body passage, the apparatus including: 
         [0032]    an elongate, tubular sheath, which is adapted to be passed through the body passage while containing the implant in a compressed state inside the sheath, wherein the sheath has a distal end having a generally conical shape with an aperture formed therein; and 
         [0033]    an ejector, which is adapted to force the implant in a distal direction, thus causing the distal end of the sheath to tear so as to expand the aperture, whereby the implant passes through the aperture. 
         [0034]    The distal end of the sheath may be scored with lines, along which the sheath tears. 
         [0035]    There is furthermore provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, apparatus for delivery of an implant to a target position in a body passage, the apparatus including: 
         [0036]    an elongate, tubular sheath, which is adapted to be passed through the body passage while containing the implant in a compressed state inside the sheath, wherein the sheath has a distal end with an aperture formed therein; 
         [0037]    a lumen passing longitudinally through the sheath and through the implant contained within the sheath, such that a portion of the lumen at the distal end of the sheath, is distended so as to plug the aperture while the sheath passes through the body passage, the distended portion of the lumen including a flexible material; and 
         [0038]    an ejector, which is adapted to force the implant in a distal direction, thus ejecting the implant through the aperture and compressing the distended portion of the lumen, so that the implant passes over the lumen to the target position in the body passage. 
         [0039]    There is also provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, apparatus for narrowing a body passage, the apparatus including: 
         [0040]    a narrowing implant, which includes: 
         [0041]    first and second ring members, each including a resilient framework having a generally cylindrical form; 
         [0042]    a tubular sleeve, fixed to the first and second ring members so as to hold the ring members in mutual longitudinal alignment, thereby defining a lumen passing through the ring members; and 
         [0043]    a constricting element, which is fit around the sleeve at a location intermediate the first and second ring members so as to reduce a diameter of the lumen at the location; and a catheter for delivering the implant to a target position in the body passage. 
         [0044]    There is additionally provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a stent for implantation in a lumen, including: 
         [0045]    a plurality of struts, with intervening openings therebetween; and 
         [0046]    narrow connecting pieces, bridging at least some of the openings so as to interconnect the struts, 
         [0047]    wherein exertion of a first outward radial force on the struts causes the stent to open to a first diameter by opening the intervening openings between the struts, and 
         [0048]    wherein the narrow connecting pieces are adapted to break under, exertion on the struts of a second, outward radial, force, greater than the first outward radial force, so that the stent opens to a second diameter, greater than the first diameter. 
         [0049]    There is further provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a method for narrowing a blood vessel, including: 
         [0050]    inserting a catheter into the blood vessel; 
         [0051]    deploying a clip outward from the catheter so that first and second ends of the clip engage respective first and second points on a wall of the blood vessel; and 
         [0052]    ejecting the clip from the catheter after the first and second, ends of the clip have engaged the first and second points, thus causing the ends of the clip to draw toward one another and thereby pinching together the first and second points. 
         [0053]    The present invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description of the embodiments thereof, taken together with the drawings in which: 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0054]      FIG. 1  is a schematic, pictorial view of an implantable device for restricting flow in a blood vessel, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0055]      FIG. 2  is a schematic, cross-sectional view of the device of  FIG. 1 , taken along a line II-II; 
           [0056]      FIG. 3  is a schematic side view of the device of  FIG. 1  implanted in a blood vessel 
           [0057]      FIG. 4  is a schematic side view of a device for restricting flow, implanted in a blood vessel, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0058]      FIG. 5  is a schematic, pictorial view of an implantable device for restricting flow in a blood vessel, in accordance with still another embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0059]      FIGS. 6A and 6B  are schematic side views of a catheter used to deliver an implantable device to a target location in a blood vessel, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0060]      FIGS. 7A and 7B  are schematic side views of a catheter used to deliver an implantable device to a target location in a blood vessel, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0061]      FIGS. 8A, 8B and 8C  are schematic side views of a catheter used to deliver an implantable device to a target location in a blood vessel, in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0062]      FIG. 9A  is a schematic, pictorial illustration of a constricting ring, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0063]      FIGS. 9B and 9C  are schematic side views showing details of a constricting ring, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
           [0064]      FIG. 10  is a schematic, pictorial illustration of a constricting ring that has been opened, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0065]      FIG. 11  is a schematic, detail view of a stent, in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0066]      FIG. 12  is a schematic side view of a vascular structure, in which a catheter is inserted for deployment of a constricting clip, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and 
           [0067]      FIGS. 13A-C  are schematic, sectional views of the vascular structure of  FIG. 12 , taken along a line XIII-XIII in  FIG. 12 , showing stages in the deployment of a constricting clip, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0068]    Reference is now made to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , which schematically illustrate a device  20  for implantation in a body passage, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 1  is a pictorial illustration of the device, while  FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view taken along a line  11 - 11  in  FIG. 1 . Device  20  is adapted for use particularly in restricting blood flow through the coronary sinus, as described in the above-mentioned PCT Publication WO 01/72239. Alternatively, devices in accordance with the principles of the present invention may be implanted elsewhere in the vascular system, as well as in other body passages. For the sake of simplicity and clarity, however, and not limitation, embodiments of the present invention are described hereinbelow with reference to implantation of flow-constricting devices in blood vessels, such as the coronary sinus. 
         [0069]    Device  20  comprises ring elements  22  and  24 , each of which comprises a resilient framework  26 . Each framework defines a generally-cylindrical shape, although this shape is distorted by the mechanical constraints of the device, as described below. Therefore, the cylinders tend to widen at the ends of device  20  and narrow toward the middle, as shown in  FIG. 1 . In the pictured embodiments, framework  26  comprises a wire or thin rod, which is bent into a serpentine shape. Typically, the framework comprises an elastic material, which may be compressed or otherwise bent, but then returns to its original shape, as shown in the figure. Super-elastic materials, such as Nitinol, are useful for this purpose. Alternatively, the framework may comprise a resilient, deformable material, such as a suitable metal or plastic. Further alternatively or additionally, each framework  26  may comprise a mesh or coil, as is known in the art. In any case, the term “resilient” as used herein means that once device  20  is deployed within a body passage, framework  26  has sufficient mechanical strength to withstand normal forces exerted by the wall of the passage and by fluid flow within the passage, in the manner of stents known in the art. 
         [0070]    Ring elements  22  and  24  are fixed to a flexible sleeve  28 , which has a generally tubular form. Typically, sleeve  28  comprises a biocompatible fabric, such as Gore-Tex or Dacron, which is stitched or otherwise fastened to framework  26 . Alternatively, other sleeve materials may be used, such as thin plastic or rubber materials. The sleeve is fixed to the ring elements in such a way as to form a lumen  32  ( FIG. 2 ) through device  20 . The sleeve is supported at each end of the lumen by one of the ring elements, while leaving a longitudinal gap in, the sleeve, typically several millimeters long, between the inner ends of the two ring elements. While the ring elements themselves are relatively stiff (due to the resilience of framework  26 ), device  20  can be bent and deformed freely within the gap region of the sleeve. 
         [0071]    A constricting element  30  is fitted around sleeve  28  within the gap region. As can be seen in  FIG. 2 , the effect of this constricting element is to reduce the diameter of lumen  32  to a predetermined size, less than the expanded diameter of ring elements  22  and  24 . Constricting element  30  may simply comprise a thread, which is tied around the sleeve, or it may alternatively comprise a closed ring, made of plastic or metal. A constricting ring of this latter type is shown in  FIG. 9A  and described hereinbelow with reference thereto. 
         [0072]      FIG. 3  is a schematic side view of device  20  after implantation inside a blood vessel  40 . Typically, device  20  is passed through the vascular system to the appropriate location (such as the coronary sinus), using a suitable percutaneous catheter (not shown in the figures). Suitable methods of catheterization for this purpose are known in the art. During the insertion procedure, device  20  is compressed radially, so that its outer diameter is substantially smaller than the blood vessels through which it must pass. As noted above, device  20  is able to bend freely in the area of the gap between ring elements  22  and  24 , where constricting element  30  is located. This bending capability generally makes it easier for the physician operating the catheter to pass the device through bends in the blood vessels. 
         [0073]    Upon reaching the desired location in blood vessel  40 , device  20  is released from the catheter. If framework  26  is made of an elastic material, such as Nitinol, the device will expand by itself, due to its own elasticity, as soon as it is released. Alternatively, if framework  26  comprises a malleable material, a balloon may be inflated within each of ring elements  22  and  24 , or other means known in the art may be used, in order to expand the framework. The above-mentioned PCT publication describes special types of balloons that may be used for this purpose. As can be seen in  FIGS. 1 and 3 , the serpentine shape of framework  26  creates elongated “fingers” that protrude at the ends of device  20 . Once the ring elements have expanded, these fingers press outward against the wall of the blood vessel, thus anchoring device  20  in place. Blood in vessel  40  flows through lumen  32 , but flow is restricted by the constriction at constricting element  30 . If device  2 Q is deployed in the coronary sinus, for example, the flow restriction causes increased pressure in the coronary veins, thus promoting myocardial angiogenesis. 
         [0074]    Device  20  may be left in place indefinitely, in substantially the form shown in  FIG. 3 . Alternatively, it may be desirable in some cases to eliminate the flow restriction caused, by the device. In such cases, it is not necessary to remove device  20  from the body. Rather, a catheter with a suitable cutting tool may be inserted percutaneously to the location of the device, and the cutting tool may then be used to cut constricting element  30 . The constriction in the diameter of lumen  32  will then open up by itself. 
         [0075]      FIG. 4  is a schematic side view of an implantable device  50  after implantation inside blood vessel  40 , in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. Blood in vessel  40  is assumed to flow from left to right in the view of the figure. Device  50  is substantially identical to device  20 , as described above, except for the shape of sleeve  28 . In device  20 , sleeve  28  is trimmed so that the ends of the sleeve have the same general shape as the “fingers” of framework  26 . In device  50 , however, sleeve  28  is trimmed to a generally straight edge at the upstream (left) end of the device, covering the interstices between the fingers, as well as the fingers themselves. The straight upstream edge can be useful in reducing blood leakage around the sides of the device, thus providing more complete and reliable flow restriction. The uneven shape of the sleeve is maintained on the downstream edge, in order to anchor device  50  securely to the walls of vessel  40  against the pressure exerted by the blood flow in the vessel. Alternatively, sleeve  28  may be cut in other configurations, as mandated by medical and mechanical considerations. 
         [0076]      FIG. 5  is a schematic, pictorial view of an implantable device  60 , in accordance with still another embodiment of the present invention. Device  60  is also substantially similar to device  20 , as described above, except for the addition of longitudinal support members  62  and  65 . The support members join ring elements  22  and  24  together and thus enhance the mechanical strength and stability of device  60 . Although two longitudinal support members are shown in  FIG. 5 , greater or smaller numbers of supports members may be used in like fashion. Note, however, that in the gap between the ring elements, sleeve  28  is detached from the support members, so that the diameter of lumen  32  can still be reduced by constricting element  30 . 
         [0077]      FIGS. 6A and 6B  are schematic side views of a catheter  70 , in a cutaway view, which is used to deliver device  20  to a target position in blood vessel  40 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in  FIG. 6A , catheter  70  has a tubular outer shell  72  and a central lumen  74 . Prior to delivery, device  20  is held inside shell  70 , with lumen  74  passing through lumen  32  of device  20 . A distal end  76  of shell  72  has a roughly conical shape, and has a small exit aperture  78  surrounding lumen  32 . 
         [0078]    Typically, to implant device  20  in vessel  40 , an operator threads a guide wire  80  through a part of the patient&#39;s vascular system to the target position, as is known in the art. For example, the guide wire may be passed through the jugular vein into the coronary sinus. Once the guide wire is in place, the operator slides lumen  74  over the guide wire, and thus guides distal end  76  of catheter  70  to the target position. A contrast medium may be injected through lumen  74  or through another, parallel lumen (not shown) to aid the operator in visualizing vessel  40  during the procedure using a fluoroscope, as is known in the art. 
         [0079]    When distal end  76  has reached the target position, the operator uses an ejector  82  to push device  20  out through aperture  78  in the distal end of the catheter. Distal end  76  in this embodiment is made of a material that is sufficiently elastic so that the aperture opens freely to the diameter of device  20 . Once the device is ejected, it expands to the diameter of vessel  40 , as shown in  FIG. 3 , and anchors itself in place. The operator then withdraws catheter  70 , and distal end  76  contracts back roughly to its original form. 
         [0080]      FIGS. 7A and 7B  are schematic side views of another catheter  90 , which is used to deliver device  20 , in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 7A  shows the catheter before delivery of device  20 , while  FIG. 7B  shows the catheter, after, the delivery. In this embodiment, distal end  76  comprises a thin sheath, which tears open as ejector  82  pushes the device out of the catheter. Optionally, as shown in  FIG. 7A , the distal end is scored along lines  92 , so that as device  20  is ejected, the distal end tears cleanly, in a predictable fashion. Once device  20  has been ejected, the distal end may remain open where it has torn, but the open distal does not interfere with withdrawal of catheter  90  along wire  80 . 
         [0081]      FIGS. 8A, 8B and 8C  are schematic side views of a catheter  100  for delivering device  20 , in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, distal end  76  has an aperture  102  that is large enough to accommodate the (compressed) diameter of device  20  when the device is ejected from the catheter. Until the catheter reaches the target position, however, the aperture is closed by a distended portion  104  of a lumen  106  that passes through the catheter, as shown in  FIG. 8A . The lumen is typically used to accommodate a guide wire and/or to inject contrast medium, as described above. Distended portion  104  is made of a flexible material, which may be either elastic or malleable, and is shaped so as to plug aperture  102 . 
         [0082]    When distal end  76  reaches the target position, lumen  106  is advanced (and/or catheter  100  is withdrawn) so as to open aperture  102 , as shown in  FIG. 8B . Ejector  82  then pushes device  20  out through the aperture. As shown in  FIG. 8C , portion  104  is sufficiently flexible so that as the narrow, gap region of lumen  32  through device  20  passes over it, portion  104  closes down so that lumen  32  can slide over it. Once device  20  has been implanted at the target position, portion  104  resumes its previous shape, and lumen  106  may be pulled back in the proximal direction in order to close aperture  102 . Catheter  100  is then withdrawn from the body. 
         [0083]      FIG. 9A  is a schematic, pictorial illustration of a constricting ring  120 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. This ring may be used as a constricting element in device  20 , taking the place of element  30  shown in the preceding figures. Ring  120  comprises a flexible, elastic wire  122 . For example, wire  122  may comprise a super-elastic material, such as Nitinol. Wire  122  is formed with multiple bends, typically in a serpentine pattern, as shown in  FIG. 9A . Some of the bends are closed bends  124 , at which the wire segments on opposing sides of the bend are fixed together, thus narrowing the overall circumference of ring  120 . When ring  120  is installed in place of element  30  on device  20 , the narrowed circumference of the ring constricts the diameter of lumen  32 , as shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 . 
         [0084]      FIGS. 9B and 9C  are schematic, detail views of one of closed bends  124  in ring  120 , in accordance with two exemplary embodiments of the present invention. In the embodiment of  FIG. 9B , the opposing segments of wire  122  are pulled together and then fastened by welding, glue or other means, at a fastening point  126 . Laser micro-welding, as is known in the art, may be used for this purpose. In  FIG. 9C , a connecting element  128 , such as a miniature ring, is welded or otherwise fastened in place between the segments of wire on either side of the bend. In either case, bends  124  are typically closed weakly enough so that the fastening points or connecting elements will break open under outward radial pressure. 
         [0085]      FIG. 10  is a schematic, pictorial illustration of ring  120  following opening of closed bends  124 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The closed bends may be opened in situ, after device  20  has been implanted in a blood vessel. For this purpose, for example, a balloon catheter may be inserted into lumen  32  of device  20 , and the balloon may be inflated with sufficient pressure to break open the fastening points of at least some of bends  124 . Due to the elasticity of wire  122 , ring  120  will then expand to the larger diameter shown in  FIG. 10 , and lumen  32  will open up accordingly. This sort of procedure may be used, for example, to permit free flow of blood through vessel  40  when the constriction due to device  20  is no longer needed or desired. 
         [0086]      FIG. 11  is a schematic, detail view of a part of a stent  130 , in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. This embodiment also uses the principle of radial expansion of an intravascular implant that was described above. Stent  130  comprises a structure of struts  132  with intervening openings  134 . Some of the openings are bridged by narrow connecting pieces  136 . Stent  130  is initially collapsed and crimped over a balloon for insertion into the target blood vessel. Inflation of the balloon to a first, intermediate pressure causes the stent to expand radially outward, so that openings  134  between struts  132  open to the configuration shown in  FIG. 11 . The balloon is then withdrawn. The stent may be used in this configuration, for example, to open a blocked artery or other body lumen. 
         [0087]    It often occurs after implantation of a stent that the body lumen in question once again becomes constricted, due to accretion of material inside the stent, for example. In this case, a balloon may once more be inserted inside stent  130  and inflated to a second, higher pressure. The balloon thus exerts an outward radial force on stent  130 , causing one or more of connecting pieces  136  to break open. Thus, the diameter of stent  130  (and of the lumen it is supporting) is increased simply and safely. 
         [0088]    Although in the embodiments described above, framework  26  and sleeve  28  are shown to have certain particular shapes, alternative shapes and forms of these elements, which will, be apparent to those skilled in the art, are considered to be within the scope of the present invention. Similarly, catheters of the general types described above may be used to deliver not only device  20 , but also other implantable devices as described hereinabove and as are otherwise known in the art. On the other hand, although the catheters shown here provide convenient means for delivering implants in accordance with the present invention, such implants may also be delivered by other means, both minimally invasive (typically percutaneous) and invasive (i.e., surgical). 
         [0089]    Methods for reducing the diameter or circumference of a vascular structure by surgical means are also known in the art. Methods of this sort are described, for example, in, U.S. Pat. No. 5,593,424 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,561,969, whose disclosure are incorporated herein by reference. These methods generally require suturing of the vascular tissue, which can be difficult and time-consuming to carry out. 
         [0090]    In contrast to these methods and to the preceding embodiments,  FIG. 12  schematically illustrates a method for constricting the diameter of a vascular structure without the use of sutures or a stent, in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention. The embodiment is illustrated here with reference to reducing the diameter of a coronary sinus  140  of a patient, although this method is also applicable to other vascular structures. A catheter  142  is inserted through a right atrium  144  of the patient into coronary sinus  140 . The catheter is bent at its distal end, as shown in the figure, to permit convenient deployment of a constricting clip  146 , as described below. 
         [0091]      FIGS. 13A-C  are schematic, sectional views of coronary sinus  140 , taken along a line XIII-XIII in  FIG. 12 , showing stages in the deployment of clip  146 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Clip  146  typically comprises a super-elastic material, which is formed so that in its relaxed state, it has an approximately closed form, as shown in  FIG. 13C , for example. During insertion of catheter  142  into the coronary sinus, however, clip  146  is compressed within the distal end of catheter  142 , as shown in  FIG. 13A . 
         [0092]    Once catheter  142  has been advanced into coronary sinus  140 , a deployment mechanism, such as a pusher (not shown) inside the catheter, is actuated in order to advance clip  146  out of the distal end of the catheter. As a result, the clip opens up into the configuration shown in  FIG. 13B . Ends  148  of the clip catch the tissue of coronary sinus  140  at two points that are spaced apart on the wall of the coronary sinus. The elasticity of clip  146  causes the ends of the clip to draw together as the clip is advanced further out of the catheter, as illustrated by arrows  150 . Finally, when the clip has advanced completely out of the end of the catheter, ends  148  close in toward one another and pinch together the portion of the vascular tissue that is located between the clip ends. The result, as seen in  FIG. 13C , is that the effective diameter of coronary sinus  140  is reduced. 
         [0093]    It will thus be appreciated that the embodiments described above are cited by way of example, and that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather, the scope of the present invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of the various features described hereinabove, as well as variations and modifications thereof which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description and which are not disclosed in the prior art.