Abstract:
The Distributed Electric Ducted Fan Wing concept incorporates multiple electric ducted fans on lifting surfaces configured to provide integrated aerodynamics and propulsion resulting in enhanced aerodynamic characteristics and thus aircraft performance. The concept uses a plurality of electric ducted fans (EDFs) to not only provide thrust, but to also blow air across the upper surface of a substantial portion of the lifting surface area increasing lift at little loss in efficiency. Not only can the total lift on the surfaces be enhanced, but the lift distribution managed: to aid in aircraft control; ameliorate the effects of turbulence: reduce shed vortices; mitigate the effects of system failures; eliminate stalls; and compensate for crosswinds. This concept offers the potential for increasing electric airplane efficiency and performance, enhancing Short Takeoff and Landing (STOL) capabilities, improving passenger comfort, and reducing the structural stress and cost of aircraft.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This utility application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/274,202, filed on Jan. 1, 2016. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE DISCLOSED TECHNOLOGY 
       [0002]    The disclosed innovation relates to the integration of thrust and aerodynamics for electrically powered airplanes. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    To date, electric airplane design efforts have focused on replacing small internal combustion engines on motor gliders and ultra light airplanes and with a single electric motor of near equal power. However, electric propulsion offers an opportunity to redesign the aircraft itself and distribute the power about the airframe synergistically enhancing the aerodynamics. Where internal combustion engines are complex and need to be large for efficiency, electric motors are simple and many small ones can be used. The question is; how to make the best use of this distributed potential? This concept directly addresses this question and adds capabilities not possible with a single or a small number of internal combustion engines or electric motors. 
         [0004]    This concept builds on three technologies: 1) electric ducted fans, 2) upper surface flow enhancement and 3) distributed propulsion of aircraft. These are combined in a novel way to achieve benefits not foreseen by those separately; specifically, improved aerodynamics and control of span-wise lift distribution. The following is a brief description of the relevant technologies. 
         [0005]    A ducted fan is a propulsion system where a mechanical fan, which is a type of propeller, is mounted within a cylindrical shroud or duct. 
         [0006]    In recent years, electrically powered ducted fans (EDFs) have been developed for radio controlled model airplanes. They have become commonly available ranging in size from 30 mm to 120 mm, with power up to 15 hp (11 kw). The efficiency of these units has increased over time and continues to evolve with both motor and rotor improvements. 
         [0007]    In 2014 Airbus announced its development of the E-Fan, a single passenger airplane, powered by two electrically powered ducted fans mounted on the sides of the fuselage aft of the wing. According to Airbus, EDFs offer many advantages. The first is higher efficiency than an open propeller below 100-110 mph, with 80% propulsion efficiency (percent of delivered mechanical power that is converted to thrust). Another advantage is smaller size than a comparable propeller, while noise is reduced. Additionally, EDFs offer protection of ground personnel when the engine is running. 
         [0008]    Most of the lift generated by an airfoil is caused by an increase in the flow velocity over the upper surface. Willard Custer explored enhancing the lift by wrapping the wing around the lower half of the propeller arc with his “Custer Channel Wing” aircraft. He was able to show improved short take-off and landing (STOL) capabilities with his aircraft. 
         [0009]    Where Custer used the propeller to accelerate the air over the upper surface of his “channels”, another approach is to use a “blown upper surface”, a wing with air or other gas released through a slot in the upper surface generally in the direction of airflow to enhance the lift characteristics of the wing while providing thrust. There is a long history of blown upper surface technologies leading through the Bartoe/Bell-Jetwing and culminating in the 1980s with the development of the Boeing YC-14. 
         [0010]    The Bartoe/Bell-Jetwing featured a single jet engine mounted in the fuselage with its exhaust ducted to 70% of the trailing edge of the wings providing thrust and augmenting the lift by increasing the air velocity over the wing. This jet powered aircraft could fly at 350 mph and yet remained controllable to airspeeds as low as 40 mph, landing in less than 300 ft. 
         [0011]    The Boeing YC-14 featured two jet engines, one over each side of a high wing, positioned close to the fuselage blowing their exhaust over a small span of the upper surface. The Jetwing, the YC-14, and similar experimental aircraft increase air velocity over a portion of the top surface of the wing to not only improve the airfoil&#39;s lift curve slope, but raising the maximum lift coefficient. Additionally, the use of flaps on the trailing edge of the wing with the blown air flow going over them, further enhances the lift. Using these techniques, the YC-14 was able to provide exceptional STOL performance. 
         [0012]    Distributed propulsion is the integration of the airflows and forces generated by the propulsion system over a large portion of the aircraft in such a way as to improve the vehicle&#39;s aerodynamics, and propulsive and structural efficiencies. Historically, gains in aircraft performance through distributed propulsion were outweighed by complexity when using traditional power plants. 
         [0013]    The Bartoe/Bell Jetwing had distributed propulsion as did the Hunting H.126 flown in the 1960&#39;s. It diverted almost 60% of its jet engine thrust across its wing&#39;s trailing edge to achieve lift coefficients up to a theoretical 7.5 and an operational 5.5, far above that possible without the jet flap. The aircraft was an experimental platform and not a practical vehicle and was abandoned. 
         [0014]    A resurgence in interest in distributed propulsion has been fueled by the potential for many small electric motors as a replacement for a few large internal combustion or jet engines; and advances in computational and experimental tools along with new technologies in materials, structures, and aircraft controls, etc. enabling a high degree of integration of the airframe and propulsion system in aircraft design. This integration allows the potential of synergistic coupling of airframe aerodynamics and the propulsion by distributing thrust using many propulsors on the airframe to drastically reduce aircraft related fuel burn, emissions, and noise. 
         [0015]    Most recently, distributed propulsion has focused on two areas. Firstly; NASA, DARPA and many contractors have led the study of distributed propulsion on large, high speed airplanes for use as airliners and cargo transport. Secondly, NASA is leading an effort aimed at small, low speed business, passenger, and general aviation aircraft. The large passenger and transport configurations have tended toward blended-wing body configurations with the distributed propulsors arranged on the upper rear of the center section of the airplane to ingest the boundary layer. 
         [0016]    A smaller aircraft is the LEAPTech (funded by NASA), now called “Maxwell” or the X-57. It is scheduled for flight testing spring 2018. This aircraft has 14 small electric motors on the leading edge of the wing each powering a propeller. Each propeller can fold when its motor is shut down. In this way, all the motors are propelling the airplane on takeoff and some motors shut down for cruise. Using the distributed propulsion with the increased air velocity over its wing, the X-57 will have a much smaller wing than a similar airplane using a single engine. This leads to lower induced and parasite drag resulting in higher flight efficiency—increased speed and range on less energy. 
         [0017]    A limitation of the X-57 configuration is that the integration of propulsion with aerodynamics is purely in terms of increasing the speed of the air over both the top and bottom of the wing. This does not take full advantage of the blown upper surface potential. Additionally, due to propeller swirl, the angle of attack of air flowing over wing is not uniform over the wing span. In fact, the wing sees three different flow fields: 1) span not affected by a propeller, 2) span affected by the downward motion of the propeller, and 3) span affected by upward motion of the propeller. The resulting uneven angle of attack over the span of the wing means that not all sections are flying with the same efficiency in terms of the lift and drag produced. A final limitation is that a majority of the propulsors are shut down during cruise thus nullifying any potential for propulsion-aerodynamic integration during a majority of the flight envelope. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INNOVATION 
       [0018]    The present innovation combines the above-described technologies as well as others to achieve more than the sum of the combined previous technologies. The instant innovation combines multiple electric ducted fans (EDFs) with a control system to tailor the lift distribution over the upper surfaces of one or both wings and other airfoils of an aircraft. According to the instant innovation, the EDFs may not only power the airplane, but also enhance and control the aerodynamic forces on the lifting surfaces in a controllable fashion. According to the instant innovation, each electric ducted fan (EDF) accelerates air through a duct that is formed aft of each EDF to distribute the airflow as a stream of high velocity air on the upper surface of the airfoil. This high velocity flow dramatically increases the airfoil&#39;s lift allowing the airplane to fly in a lower drag configuration. The instant innovation comprises a myriad of small, distributed ducted fans providing controlled aerodynamic forces to a substantial portion of the span of the lifting surfaces. 
         [0019]    Specifically, the instant innovation allows for more precise control of the aircraft compared to the state-of-the-art. Specifically, instant innovation may provide for control in pitch, bank and yaw without the need for control surfaces. In addition, the effects of turbulence may be mitigated, due to correction of sudden accelerations due to turbulent air. Shed vortices may be reduced as well. System failures may also be mitigated, such as elimination stalling due to engine failure. The instant innovation may also provide for compensation for cross wind during takeoff and landing. Finally, the instant innovation may also allow reduced airframe weight due to reduction of stresses on lifting surfaces, and reduced initial and operating costs. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0020]      FIG. 1 . An example of an airplane having multiple innovative electric ducted fan (EDF) installations positioned on each wing and optionally on the horizontal tail. 
           [0021]      FIG. 2 a   . Cross sectional view of an embodiment of a cross section of one innovative EDF installation with the EDF mounted below the wing center line. 
           [0022]      FIG. 2 b   . Cross sectional view of an embodiment of a cross section of one innovative EDF installation with the EDF mounted near the center line of the wing. 
           [0023]      FIG. 2 c   . Cross sectional view of an embodiment of a cross section of one innovative EDF installation with the EDF mounted above the wing center line. 
           [0024]      FIG. 2 d   . Cross sectional view of an embodiment of a cross section of one innovative EDF installation with the EDF mounted above the wing center line and separate from the wing structure. 
           [0025]      FIG. 3 . Block diagram of an embodiment of the operational control system. 
           [0026]      FIG. 4 . Block diagram of an embodiment details of the master control unit. 
           [0027]      FIG. 5 . Perspective view of a wing embodiment having a trough for directing the innovative EDF exhaust from the nozzle aft and may optionally distribute the exhaust spanwise over the upper surface by widening as is progresses aft. 
           [0028]      FIG. 6 . Side view of wing embodiment having a reconfigurable trailing edge surface aft of an innovative EDF. 
           [0029]      FIG. 7 . Perspective view of a wing section showing the geometry of the channel and nozzle shaping the airflow emanating from the nozzle of an EDF and entraining additional flow. 
           [0030]      FIG. 8 . Lift curves for a section of a wing. These plots show the lift coefficient versus the angle of attack emphasizing how the innovation affects the lift curve. 
           [0031]      FIG. 9 . Curves showing how the master controller system can alter the lift distribution across entire aerodynamic surface span. 
           [0032]      FIG. 10 . Curve representing lift distribution across entire wing span, showing differential management of lift distribution, aiding in functions such as banking. 
           [0033]      FIG. 11 . Curves representing the spanwise distribution of lift for demonstrating how innovative EDF deployment alters lift on one or both wings for situations such as an engine failure. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0034]    In  FIG. 1 , airplane  101  has multiple electric ducted fan (EDF) installations  102  positioned on each aerodynamic surface such as the wing, as shown, and optionally on the horizontal tail. The wing and other horizontal surfaces may be mounted high, shoulder or low and may be of traditional wing-forward-tail-aft, canard or tandem configuration. In this shown embodiment, the airplane has a high wing, a horizontal tail aft, and multiple EDF installations mounted on the wing. 
         [0035]    Four representative embodiments of a cross section of one EDF installation are shown in  FIGS. 2 a - d   , each of which shows a particular embodiment of a single ducted fan  202  integrated into the airfoil shape  201 . Ducted fan  202  may be disposed below the wing center line ( FIG. 2 a   ), on the center line ( FIG. 2 b   ), over it ( FIG. 2 c   ) and/or disjoint from it ( FIG. 2 d   ). The earlier use of jet turbines restricted the mounting position to above the wings due to the velocity, volume and temperature of the exhaust. Using EDFs, the ducted fan exhaust is at near ambient temperature, at a subsonic velocity, and is at a volume that can be easily ducted to make the airfoil more efficient. The ducted fan accelerates the air into a channel  203  to be then guided by a nozzle  204  across the upper aerodynamic surface  205 , providing upper surface blowing (USB). Here the channel is the fixed portion of the duct and the nozzle is any moving portion that is controlled to change the air direction and flow characteristics. The use of a controlled nozzle is optional and may be required for some embodiments. The duct comprising a channel, and optionally a nozzle, are positioned and aimed for maximum enhancement. They may be imbedded into the wing such that its upper surface is at or below the airfoil&#39;s upper surface as shown in  FIGS. 2 a  and 2 b   , may protrude above the upper surface as shown in  FIG. 2 c    or even be disjoint as shown in  FIG. 2 d   . In some embodiments, the nozzle  204  directs air to a trough cut into the upper surface of the lifting surface  205  (also see  FIG. 4 ). 
         [0036]    In  FIG. 3 , an embodiment of an operational control system represented as a block diagram. Control is managed by master control unit  301 . In one embodiment, control comprises a single master control unit  301  as shown in  FIG. 3 . Other embodiments have one or more redundant backup master controller unit  310 , each backup unit comprising a duplicate master controller unit, as indicated by the dashed box  310  in  FIG. 3 . 
         [0037]    Referring to  FIG. 3 , Master control unit  301  comprises one or more inputs and one or more outputs. In some embodiments, one or more inputs to master controller unit  301  communicate with a human-machine interface  302 , which, by way of example, may be a control panel manually operated by a human pilot of the aircraft. A number of digital and analog signals may be generated by the human-machine interface. In some embodiments, one or more inputs to master controller unit  301  communicate with autopilot system  303 . In some embodiments, autopilot system  303  may comprise a conventional autopilot found onboard many aircraft and known to persons skilled in the art. Conventional autopilot systems comprise functions that command aircraft to hold altitude and heading, or similar flight desires. In other embodiments, autopilot system  303  comprises more functions than found in a conventional autopilot system, providing enhanced capabilities over and above conventional autopilots for controlling flight parameters that affect ride quality, vortex dissipation and other features described below. 
         [0038]    In some embodiments, one or more inputs to master controller  301  communicate with at least one Air Data/Attitude/Heading Reference System (ADAHRS) unit  304 . As known in the art, an ADAHRS unit, such as that indicated by  304 , comprises a plurality of micromachined electromechanical systems (MEMS) sensors, including accelerometers, gyroscopes and magnetometers on all three axes that measure aircraft and system data such as yaw, pitch and roll, as well as speed, attitude, and acceleration rates. ADAHRS unit  304  may comprise a microprocessor that communicates with the plurality of MEMS sensors, collects and processes signals from the individual sensors, may store the digitized data, then send the data to master controller unit  301 .  FIG. 3  shows one embodiment having a single ADAHRS unit  304 . Other embodiments may comprise redundant backup ADAHRS units  311 , each backup unit comprising a single ADAHRS unit. This is indicated in  FIG. 3  by dashed box. 
         [0039]    In typical embodiments, master controller unit  301  manages a plurality of EDF installations  305 . Referring again to  FIG. 3 , master controller unit  301  comprises one or more outputs that communicate with one or more EDF installation interfaces  305 . Each EDF interface  305  comprises an electronic speed controller (ESC)  306  and a plurality of actuator controllers  309 . Firstly, master controller unit  301  commands at least one electronic speed controller (ESC)  306 , controlling the speed of each EDF fan  307 . In some embodiments, ESC  306  modulates energy supplied by power source  308  as commanded by master controller  301 . Power source  308  may comprise batteries, a fuel cell, an engine/generator or other electrical energy source. Further, power source  308  may have one or more backups  312  as shown indicated by dashed box in the block diagram of  FIG. 3 . In some embodiments, the backup may simply be a reconfiguration of the power sources in  308  to supply the required power. 
         [0040]    In typical embodiments, each ESC  306  comprises sensors that measure the state of the EDF  307  under its control, such as its rpm, power utilized or air flow rate, and sends the information back to master controller unit  301 . In this way, master controller unit  301  also receives information on the state of each EDF  307  from each ESC  306 , and combines this information with that from the ADAHRs  304  to respond to commands from human pilot  302  or autopilot  303 . 
         [0041]    In some embodiments, master controller unit  301  may also command one or more actuators controllers  309  that communicate with actuators control the geometry of each said EDF nozzle or trailing edge surface to modify the airflow from the EDF over the upper aerodynamic surface. The combination of the EDF setting with the nozzle and trailing edge surfaces allow the lift and thrust distribution on the wing to be tailored to suit flight requirements. 
         [0042]    Referring to  FIG. 4 , the master control unit  301  is detailed. In this embodiment it has five major subsystems. Inputs from the pilot  302  and autopilot  303  are combined in the Desired State Module  401  to define the preferred aircraft situation in terms of altitude, heading, speed, landing and take-off desires and other desired state measures. In some cases this desired state is solely from the pilot and the autopilot is turned off. In other cases the pilot is inactive and is relying solely on the autopilot for control of the aircraft and is not providing input. At times both the pilot and autopilot are providing input and the logic in the Desired State Module combines them to develop a single desired state. 
         [0043]    The Aircraft State Module  402  accepts input from the ADAHRS  304  and, based on this input, computes information for comparison to the desired state developed in the Desired State Module  401  where this comparison occurs in the Command Logic Module  403 . It may also compute, from the ADAHRS  304  input information needed by the Autonomous Logic Module  404 . 
         [0044]    The Command Logic Module  403  compares the desired state from the Desired State Module  401  with the actual state form the aircraft state module  402  to determine the needed change in the aircraft control to have the two states match. The aircraft control is provided by changes to the power to the ESC  307  and actuators&#39;  309  settings. 
         [0045]    The actual state of the aircraft is also provided by the Aircraft State Module  402  to the Autonomous Logic Module  404 . The information provided is used to determine EDF  305  and actuator  309  changes needed to maintain desired autonomous states. In this embodiment five autonomous functions are itemized: engine out compensation, stall prevention, turbulence damping, cross-wind compensation and shed vortex minimization. Other autonomous functions may be integrated into the Autonomous Logic Module  404 . 
         [0046]    The Command Logic Module  403  and the Autonomous Logic Module  404  both supply their control desires to the Amalgamator  405  that uses its internal logic to control the ECSs  306  and Actuators  309  to best achieve the desired state and the autonomous functions. 
         [0047]    In some embodiments, as exemplified in  FIG. 5 , trough  501  directs the EDF exhaust from nozzle  204  aft and may optionally distribute the exhaust spanwise over the upper surface of the wing or airfoil by widening as is progresses aft. Spanwise distribution enables the flow of each ducted fan to be dispersed through trough  501  to enhance an airfoil section that is wider than the fan diameter or nozzle  204  itself so that each EDF can influence the flow over a greater portion of the lifting surface or even the entire span. If used, trough  501  may have sharp edges  502  as drawn or may be blended into the upper aerodynamic surface. The angle that trough  501  makes with the chord line of the airfoil can be designed for best performance. Trough  501  need not be straight sided as shown, but may take other shapes to enhance performance. 
         [0048]    In the embodiments represented in  FIG. 6 , aft of each EDF there may optionally be, at the rear of the lifting surface, trailing edge surface  601  that may be a flap that can be deflected downwards or an aileron that can be deflected both upwards and downwards. Deflection of this surface downward redirects the flow downward through the Coanda effect, greatly enhancing the surface&#39;s effectiveness. Each trailing edge surface may have a stowed position for the cruise mode and multiple rearward and downward or upward positions. Each trailing edge surface  601  may be moved from its stowed position, through intermediate positions to its fully deployed position in a manner that the upper aerodynamic surface of each forms an extension of the fixed rear portion of the upper aerodynamic surface. Each trailing edge surface  601  may be controlled by an actuator in response to a command from the master controller. 
         [0049]    As demonstrated above, the geometry of channel  203  and nozzle  204  shapes the airflow emanating from the nozzle and creating low pressure on the upper aerodynamic surface. As shown in  FIG. 7 , airflow  701  also entrains air from the front section of the airfoil upstream  702 , increasing its velocity and thus the lift created by it. Airflow  701  also may entrain air to either side  703  depending on the shape of the, nozzle  204  and trough  704  (optional), and angle  705  of trough, increasing its velocity and subsequent lift. These two entrainments retard flow separation at high angles of attack delaying stall and spread the effect of the EDF over a span of the lifting surface. Although not shown, the above pertains even if the channel and nozzle are above the upper aerodynamic surface as shown in  FIG. 2 c    or separate from it as in  FIG. 2   d.    
         [0050]      FIG. 8  shows lift curves for a section of a wing. These plots show the lift coefficient versus the angle of attack. A wing section without distributed electric ducted fans has a lift curve  801  that is characterized by C L0 , the lift coefficient when the angle of attack is zero, the lift curve slope and the maximum lift coefficient, C Lmax . A wing section with EDFs present exhibits a lift curve  802  having different values of C L0 , slope and C Lmax  compared to a wing section lacking EDFs ( 801 ). Specifically, the C L0  value  803 , lift curve slope  804  and maximum lift  805  are all increased relative to like parameters of lift curve  801 . The exact shape of the enhanced curve is a function of how the exhaust from the EDF is molded by the channel  203 , the nozzle  204 , the optional trough  704 , the air entrainment, and the trailing edge surfaces as it flows over the upper aerodynamic surface. 
         [0051]    In  FIG. 9 , the spanwise distribution of lift, as characterized by lift curve  901  greatly affects the performance and control of an aircraft. Generally this lift characteristic is formed by the shape of the lifting surface and modifications to it with leading edge and trailing edge surfaces. For this innovation, it can also be tailored by the EDF installations to optimize for different flight conditions. This reshaping can be in real time response to pilot or autopilot controls, gusts sensed or the need to manage the shed vortex. For example, if an updraft is sensed, the lift distribution can be reduced, as demonstrated by lift curve  902 , to compensate for the effect of the updraft on the airfoil, resulting in a smoother ride for passengers. This may be accomplished by master controller  301  altering the power to EDFs  307 , or by the configuration of the nozzle or trailing edge surfaces through commands to actuators  309 . Additionally, by oscillating between the states such as shown by lift curves  901  and  902  at the proper frequency, the trailing vortex can be excited and dissipated. 
         [0052]    As depicted in  FIG. 10 , functions such as banking can be managed by changing the spanwise lift distribution on one wing  1001  relative to the other wing  1002 . By way of example, an EDF installation on one wing  1001  has been changed by a command from the pilot  302  or autopilot  303  to master controller  301 , which in turn has commanded an increase in lift on one wing and a decrease the lift on the other, resulting in a banking of the aircraft. These changes can be accomplished by changing the power supplied to a specific fan, or to multiple EDFs  307  by the ESCs  306 , or altering the nozzles or trailing edge surfaces. 
         [0053]    The graph of  FIG. 11  shows how situations like an engine failure, as shown by dip  1101  in the solid lift curve  1100  can be compensated by altering the lift distribution on one wing, represented by dashed lift curve  1102 . Although not shown, it is understood by persons skilled in the art that the lift distribution may be similarly altered on both wings. The need for alterations of the lift distribution may be sensed by the ADAHRS  304 , autopilot  303  or pilot  302 , and automatically compensated by master controller  301 , changing the power supplied to other EDFs, or altering the nozzles or trailing edge surfaces. 
       Method of Use 
       [0054]    The synergistic integration of multiple distributed electric ducted fans (EDFs) into the aircraft structure to supply upper surface blowing over a substantial portion of the lifting surface in the manner suggested in the drawings, combined with a control system to manage the individual EDFs, has many advantages for general aviation and other aircraft. The control system senses the state of each EDF, trailing edge surface and nozzle; the aircraft attitude; and the surrounding air conditions. Based on these and signals from a human pilot, an autopilot or internal logic, it manages the electric power provided to each EDF and configuration of trailing edge surfaces, and each EDF&#39;s and nozzles. This integration of the master controller unit with the distributed EDFs allows for the novel and improved aerodynamics, reaction to pilot or autonomous commands, virtual elimination of stalls and reduction of the effect of turbulence. Additionally, the instant innovation may improve propulsion efficiency and enhance short take-off and landing (STOL) performance. 
         [0055]    Upper surface blowing over a substantial portion of the lifting surface using electric ducted fans has the potential to greatly improve the lift coefficient on a substantial portion of the lifting surface. Where previous upper surface blowing has affected a small portion of the lifting surface area, this concept encompasses a substantial portion of the lifting surface. With flaps stowed (or no flaps at all), in the cruise configuration, a substantial portion of the thrust from the EDFs provide thrust for the aircraft. At the same time and with minimal loss of thrust efficiency, the thrust provides an increased lift coefficient over the wing. This allows for the use of a smaller area for the needed lift force and thus, improved efficiency. 
         [0056]    The increased lift coefficient of the airfoil throughout the substantial portion of the lifting surface area allows for a smaller wing area reducing the induced drag and thus effectively increasing the lift/drag ratio of the lifting surface using the same energy as is being used for propulsion. 
         [0057]    For landing, takeoff, or other situations needing high lift at low speed, flaps can be deployed (see  FIG. 6 ) on a portion of the trailing edge of the lifting surface. Upper surface blowing over a substantial portion of the lifting surface increases the lift dramatically when compared to traditional flap systems, allowing for improved STOL performance. Since the lift coefficient can be greatly increased with the combination of blowing and flaps across a substantial portion of the lifting surface, there is no need for high angles of attack for short take-off and landing. 
         [0058]    This concept offers the benefit of control of pitch, roll and yaw. By varying the electrical power to the individual motors or controlling the nozzles or upper surface, the lift distribution and thrust can be real-time tailored to control the airplane much as an aileron or wing warping (see  FIG. 10 ). This aspect of the instant innovation may allow banking control without the need for ailerons. Similarly, by controlling the thrust along with the nozzles, the lift distribution may be symmetrically maintained while the asymmetric trust may cause the airplane to yaw. Finally, if distributed electric ducted fans are integrated into multiple surfaces of the airplane, for example, the wing and horizontal tail or two tandem wings; then pitch may be controlled by the allocation of power the EDFs or the modification of the flow emanating from them on each surface. 
         [0059]    The system also allows real-time lift redistribution to improve ride qualities through active gust alleviation. Here, accelerations to the airframe and relative wind angles can be sensed by the ADAHRS and the lift distribution changed to accommodate gusts offering improved ride qualities. Studies have shown that altering the lift distribution using actively controlled flaps and ailerons reduced accelerations by 15-50% on a Cessna 402B. The current innovation can even have a greater effect on the lift distribution than discrete trailing edge devices (i.e. flaps and ailerons) and thus may give even a greater reducing in accelerations and thus better ride qualities. Gust alleviation can also improve aircraft structure life by reducing the loads on the airframe. 
         [0060]    A limitation on the spacing of aircraft when landing is effect of the wake turbulence one airplane has on another aircraft that is trailing it. Wake turbulence is caused by the wing tip vortex shed in creating lift and producing induced drag. Aircraft spacing at airports, and thus the traffic density at them, is determined by safe wake clearance. It has been shown that the sensitivity of wakes to merge and dissipate is sensitive to small changes in the spanwise load distribution. According to the instant innovation, the control system may affect the lift distribution during approach and landing causing a wakes to dissipate more rapidly. This may allow airplanes to land closer together increasing the density of air traffic near airports. 
         [0061]    A dreaded situation in single engine aircraft is for the engine to quit and a limitation of twin engine aircraft is ability for safe flight on a single engine. This concept allows for a decreased effect of an engine-out situation (see  FIG. 10 ). If there are a high number of EDFs on each wing, according to the instant innovation, the loss of single or even multiple motors can be compensated through the redistribution of power to the remaining EDFs. This aspect of the instant innovation greatly adds to the safety of an electric airplane. 
         [0062]    Further, as shown in  FIG. 3 , this instant innovation greatly lends itself to redundancy not only through the multiplicity of motors, but also easily allows redundancy of controllers  310  and power source  312  configurations. In this aspect, the dreaded engine out situation that can occur with traditional engines would be virtually impossible with a distributed EDF system according to the instant innovation. 
         [0063]    By its very nature, the instant innovation helps the flow remain attached to the airfoil and thus makes stalls unlikely. By way of example, if the ADAHRS senses incipient stall at any location on a lifting surface, it can alter the power to the EDF or the configuration of the nozzles to compensate for it the incipient stall by entraining airflow. By managing the lift distribution on a lifting surface in cross winds can be compensated for greatly easing landing and taking off when the wind is not directly aligned with the runway. 
         [0064]    There is the potential for great weight savings. On a typical four place general aviation aircraft the engine weighs more than 400 lbs. For a distributed EDF system of, for example, 16 EDFs, the motors, controllers and wiring together will weigh in the range of 50 lbs. This weight is distributed along the span of the lifting surface reducing the weight of the structure. It may be that controllers can be consolidated further lowering this weight. Currently batteries weigh much more than aviation fuel, and the comparison of relative weights of these two power storage mediums is poor. However, battery energy technology is improving rapidly being fueled by the internet of things and automotive markets. It is expected that, in the foreseeable future battery energy density will improve to the point that the total system weight will be competitive. Alternatively, hybrid systems are under development that can supply electricity to the motor using a small internal combustion engine that is much lighter, more fuel efficient and less costly than current engines. 
         [0065]    This concept offers a potential great decrease in the initial operating costs of propulsion. For example a General Aviation aircraft can be powered by 16 ducted fans developed for model airplanes. In the power ranges needed, these generally are available at this time for &lt;$200 each with controllers for each in the same range. This results in a power plant total cost of $6,400 as compared to $25,000 plus for a comparable internal combustion engine. As this concept evolves, controllers will be combined to reduce the cost to &lt;$5000. This does not include the cost of batteries or charging electricity needed to power this concept. Further, the cost of fuel greatly limits the use of general aviation aircraft. 
         [0066]    It is to be understood that the foregoing embodiments are exemplary, and that the innovative technology is by no means limited to only the embodiments disclosed herein. Equivalent variations not hitherto disclosed are to be understood as remaining within the scope and the spirit of the instant innovation, as claimed in the claims below.