Abstract:
Described are new crystalline anhydrous forms of gabapentin formed from gabapentin monohydrate. The new crystalline forms provide advantages in the manufacture of the therapeutic agent.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims benefit of application Ser. No. 60/328,375 of Oct. 9, 2001, which application is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to new anhydrous crystalline forms of gabapentin prepared from gabapentin monohydrate. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Gabapentin is a generic name used to identify the chemical compound (1-aminomethyl)-1-cyclohexaneacetic acid                           
     It is useful in therapy of certain cerebral disorders such as certain forms of epilepsy, faintness attacks, hypokinesia, and cranial traumas. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,024,175 and 4,087,544 cover the compound and its uses. They also disclose an acid salt, i.e., gabapentin hydrochloride hydrate in a ratio of 4:4:1 and a sodium salt of gabapentin hydrate at a ratio of 2:1. U.S. Pat. No. 4,894,476 describes gabapentin monohydrate and a process for producing it. These patents are incorporated by reference. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides new crystalline forms of gabapentin, dehydrate Form A and dehydrate Form B. These new crystalline forms are prepared from gabapentin monohydrate. The gabapentin monohydrate is dehydrated in an environment in which the water activity is maintained below about 0.8 to about 0.9, or heated at a temperature from about 50-175° C. to form the crystalline gabapentin dehydrate Form A. This crystalline form is then converted on standing at ambient temperatures to a more stable crystalline form of gabapentin, dehydrate Form B. 
     The present invention provides further process improvements to provide pure crystalline forms of the therapeutic agent, gabapentin. The present process eliminates the need of using organic solvents such as methanol described earlier in methods of producing gabapentin and its monohydrate. The present process offers faster manufacturing processing, better safety, less solvent disposal and less loss of yield upon recrystallization. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 shows the 13C-ssNMR spectra for the four crystalline forms of gabapentin. 
     FIG. 2 shows the X-ray powder diffractogram for crystalline gabapentin anhydrate. 
     FIG. 3 shows the X-ray powder diffractogram for crystalline gabapentin monohydrate. 
     FIG. 4 shows the X-ray powder diffractogram for crystalline gabapentin dehydrate A. 
     FIG. 5 shows the X-ray powder diffractogram for crystalline gabapentin dehydrate B. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     The present invention provides novel crystalline forms of gabapentin, the dehydrate Form A and dehydrate Form B. The present invention also includes improvements in the preparation of gabapentin monohydrate, the precursor to the new crystalline dehydrate of the present invention. Initially, gabapentin monohydrate was reported in U.S. Pat. No. 4,894,476 as a new crystalline form for therapeutic purposes and also as a means of purifying commercial gabapentin, an anhydrous form, by reconversion of the monohydrate to gabapentin. 
     The present invention is based on a discovery that the known anhydrous form of gabapentin can only be crystallized from solvents or solvent mixtures with a water activity of less than about 0.8 to about 0.9 and gabapentin monohydrate can only be crystallized from water or solvent mixtures with a water activity of greater than about 0.8 to about 0.9. Gabapentin monohydrate can be prepared by suspending gabapentin in a solvent or solvent mixture having a water activity of at least about 0.8 to about 0.9, crystallizing the resulting monohydrate and collecting the product on a suction filter. Solvent mixtures include solvents that are miscible with water such as alcohol, preferably a lower alkanol such as methanol or ethanol. 
     Gabapentin dehydrate A can be produced from the monohydrate when the immediate environment surrounding the monohydrate has a water activity of less than approximately 0.85; i.e. less than between about 0.8 to about 0.9. (In the vapor phase this means that the relative humidity is less than 85%). This can be achieved by applying a vacuum, a desiccant, and/or applying heat. 
     For example, dehydrate A can be produced from the monohydrate at subambient temperatures provided the relative humidity is less than about 85% (water activity less than 0.85). 
     Typically, once the monohydrate is formed, drying the monohydrate at a temperature of about 50-175° C. or below the melting point of gabapentin will form dehydrate Form A. The heating process may take place until a constant weight of dehydrate Form A is obtained. Typically, heating may be carried out between about 70 and 100° C. and, for example, at about 80° C. for about three hours. 
     Gabapentin dehydrate Form A has been found to convert to a more stable crystalline form, dehydrate Form B on standing at ambient temperatures. The material may be allowed to stand, for example in an inert atmosphere or in a sealed container. The rate of conversion from dehydrate A to B is directly related to the purity of starting gabapentin dehydrate A. 
     Water content of the reported forms is less than 0.5% by weight whereas gabapentin monohydrate contains about 9% water by weight. 
     The novel crystalline forms have been characterized by their unique X-ray powder diffraction patterns and their characteristic chemical shifts in their respective solid state 13C NMR spectra. 
     Tables 1-4 below compare the two novel crystalline forms of gabapentin, dehydrate A and dehydrate B, to the known anhydrous crystalline form of gabapentin, and gabapentin monohydrate. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Gabapentin 
               
               
                 PXRD Data 
               
             
          
           
               
                  2-Theta 
                 d(Å) 
                 Intensity 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 7.9 
                 11.1 
                 100 
               
               
                 15.0 
                 5.9 
                 33 
               
               
                 16.9 
                 5.2 
                 22 
               
               
                 20.4 
                 4.4 
                 18 
               
               
                 23.6 
                 3.8 
                 15 
               
               
                 25.7 
                 3.5 
                 13 
               
               
                 27.0 
                 3.3 
                 23 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Gabapentin 
               
               
                 Monohydrate PXRD Data 
               
             
          
           
               
                 2-Theta 
                 d(Å) 
                 Intensity 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 6.1 
                 14.5 
                 100 
               
               
                 12.2 
                 7.3 
                 50 
               
               
                 18.3 
                 4.8 
                 23 
               
               
                 24.4 
                 3.6 
                 10 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Gabapentin 
               
               
                 Dehydrate A PXRD Data 
               
             
          
           
               
                 2-Theta 
                 d(Å) 
                 Intensity 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 6.2 
                 14.2 
                 100 
               
               
                 12.5 
                 7.1 
                 18 
               
               
                 16.1 
                 5.5 
                 18 
               
               
                 18.8 
                 4.7 
                 21 
               
               
                 19.2 
                 4.6 
                 22 
               
               
                 25.1 
                 3.5 
                 21 
               
               
                 26.1 
                 3.4 
                 11 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Gabapentin 
               
               
                 Dehydrate B PXRD Data 
               
             
          
           
               
                 2-Theta 
                 d(Å) 
                 Intensity 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 6.0 
                 14.8 
                 53 
               
               
                 7.7 
                 11.4 
                 27 
               
               
                 16.8 
                 5.3 
                 100 
               
               
                 18.0 
                 4.9 
                 40 
               
               
                 20.6 
                 4.3 
                 17 
               
               
                 24.3 
                 3.65 
                 13 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     X-Ray (PXRD) data were acquired with a Rigaku Ultima+ X-Ray Powder Diffractometer equipped with a copper target operating at 40 kV/40 mA producing X-rays of wavelength 1.542 Angstroms. The divergence slit and scatter slit were both set at 1°. The receiving slit was set at 0.3 mm. The diffractometer was equipped with a Rigaku ASC-6A sample changer. Specimen preparation consisted of pouring a quantity of the sample sufficient to fill a sample plate and gently scraping the surface smooth and flat without packing the sample. Under ambient conditions, samples were scanned continuously from 4° to 40° 2-theta at a rate of 5°/minute. PXRD data for the four Forms are presented in Tables 1 through 4 above. The numbers are for peaks of at least 10% the intensity of the most intense peak and have been rounded off from the raw data representing an accuracy of about ±0.2 with regards to the 2-theta and d(Å) values given routine experimental error. PXRD diffractograms for the four Forms are shown in FIGS. 2-5. 
     Tables 5-8 compare the chemical shifts in parts per million (ppm) for the various crystalline forms of gabapentin including the novel crystalline forms of the present invention, dehydrate Form A and dehydrate Form B. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Chemical Shifts(ppm) of Gabapentin 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 22.4 
               
               
                 28.2 
               
               
                 29.8 
               
               
                 34.8 
               
               
                 35.5 
               
               
                 36.3 
               
               
                 39.6 
               
               
                 40.1 
               
               
                 47.7 
               
               
                 179.6 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Chemical Shifts(ppm) of Gabapentin Monohydrate 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 22.7 
               
               
                 27.4 
               
               
                 35.7 
               
               
                 36.4 
               
               
                 44.1 
               
               
                 47.3 
               
               
                 178.5 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Chemical Shifts(ppm) of Gabapentin Dehydrate A 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 22.1 
               
               
                   
                 27.0 
               
               
                   
                 33.7 
               
               
                   
                 36.2 
               
               
                   
                 37.6 
               
               
                   
                 41.0 
               
               
                   
                 51.0 
               
               
                   
                 177.4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Chemical Shifts(ppm) of Gabapentin Dehydrate B 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 23.3 
               
               
                 28.5 
               
               
                 35.0 
               
               
                 36.2 
               
               
                 37.1 
               
               
                 42.3 
               
               
                 48.2 
               
               
                 178.3 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     All 13C-ssNMR spectra were acquired with a Varian 400 MHz NMR spectrometer utilizing high power proton decoupling and cross-polarization with magic angle spinning at approximately 6 kHz. Chemical shifts were referenced to external hexamethylbenzene (methyl signal at 17.3 ppm). Each specimen was prepared by packing a sample into a 7 mm canister-design silicon nitride rotor using a packing tool and sealing the rotor with a cap. Spectra were acquired under ambient conditions. 13C-ssNMR spectra for the four Forms are shown in FIG.  1 . 
     EXAMPLE 
     Example 1-Preparation of Gabapentin Monohydrate 
     Gabapentin anhydrate, 100 grams, was suspended in 480 mL of water and stirred for one hour with seeds of crystalline monohydrate added. Following crystallization, the gabapentin monohydrate was isolated by suction filtration. 
     Example 2-Crystalline Gabapentin Dehydrate Form A and B 
     Form A: Two batches of gabapentin monohydrate, 200 mg and 100 grams were heated at from 70-80° C. for three hours to provide gabapentin dehydrate Form A. 
     Density of the new dehydrate, Form A, was determined to be 1.156 grams/mL by hexane displacement method. Samples of the gabapentin dehydrate Form A were analyzed by Karl Fischer for water and by HPLC for gabapentin. 
     The dehydrate crystalline Forms A and B meet the water specification (≦0.5%w/w) and the assay specification (98.5%-101.5%w/w on an anhydrous basis). 
     Elemental analysis and 1H NMR confirmed the chemical composition of gabapentin dehydrate Form A. 
     Vapor sorption analysis showed that gabapentin dehydrate Form A does not pick up significant amount of moisture (&lt;0.5%) at 25° C. at relative humidity &lt;85%. 
     Form B: The two batches of dehydrate Form A obtained above were allowed to stand. Within one month, Form A was found to convert to gabapentin dehydrate Form B by 20%. Within one year, complete conversion to dehydrate Form B was found. Samples of the batches were monitored by 13C-ssNMR until conversion was complete as evidenced by the disappearance of dehydrate Form A. 
     Both crystalline forms were characterized by their respective solid state NMR spectra and X-ray powder diffractograms. 
     The above specification, examples and data provide a complete description of the manufacture and use of the composition of the invention. Since many embodiments of the invention can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, the invention resides in the claims hereinafter appended.