Abstract:
A method for assessing the channel coefficients or the interference impact on a user equipment of a specific base station includes causing an interfering transmitter in the network to transmit data at substantially different power levels for each of at least two predefined frequency-resources each consisting of at least a part of a respective frequency channel, instructing the user equipment to measure and report to the serving base station at least one parameter associated with reception of the downlink signals that is indicative of channel coefficients or of an effect of the interfering signals and processing the results in order to assess the channel coefficients or the effect of the interfering signals.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/785,195, filed Mar. 5, 2013, which claims priority from Israeli patent application No. 218,527 titled “Collaborative measurements in cellular networks” filed on Mar. 7, 2012, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates generally to digital communication systems and in particular to methods, apparatus and management entities to be used in cellular networks for the assessment of the interference impact of a specific transmitter. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In some applications of the SON (self-optimizing networks) approach, knowledge of the interference effect of a specific base station (BS) on a UE (user equipment) is needed. 
     For example, modern pricing algorithms used in wireless cellular systems give significant improvements in network capacity as compared with selfish approaches, by taking into account the interference due to a specific BS. Such algorithms are described in the 3GPP DAC-UPC contributions R3-112752 and R3-120087. 
     Implementation of such algorithms or other SON applications generally requires the UE (user equipment) to measure the degradation of the usable MCS (modulation and coding scheme) caused by each strong interferer. This degradation is referred to as the “cost.” However, no such measurements are defined in some cellular standards, such as LTE. 
     SUMMARY  
     Some embodiments of the present invention provide a method for determining the influence of a specific base station on interference related radio parameters of another base station. 
     According to a first embodiment of the present invention, is defined a method for assessing interference in a wireless network, comprising: 
     causing an interfering transmitter in the network to transmit data in accordance with at least one predefined time-frequency-pattern, which specifies a first set of time-frequency resources in which the interfering transmitter is to transmit first interfering signals at a first interfering power level and a second set of time-frequency resources in which the interfering transmitter is to transmit second interfering signals at a second interfering power level, lower from the first interfering power level, while a serving transmitter transmits downlink signals to user equipment; 
     instructing the user equipment to measure and report at least one parameter associated with reception of the downlink signals that is indicative of an effect of the interfering signals on the reception while the interfering transmitter operates in accordance with the predefined time-frequency pattern; and 
     receiving and processing measurement results reported by the user equipment in order to assess the effect of the interfering signals. 
     According to another embodiment, the method comprises optimizing transmission of the downlink signals responsively to the effect of the interfering signals. 
     According to yet another embodiment, the serving transmitter belongs to a serving base station in the network. 
     According to another embodiment, the interfering transmitter belongs to one of a plurality of interfering base stations in the network. 
     According to another embodiment, the serving base stations and the interfering base stations operate in accordance with a standard of the Third-Generation Project Partnership (3GPP). 
     According to another embodiment, the predefined time-frequency pattern extends over multiple transmission frames, each frame containing multiple subframes at respective positions within the frame. 
     According to another embodiment, the multiple transmission frames comprise at least first and second frames, and wherein the subframes that are allocated to the first and second sets alternate between the first and second frames. 
     According to still another embodiment, the serving transmitter transmits the downlink signals at a constant power level within both the first and the second set of time-frequency resources. 
     According to yet another embodiment, the interfering transmitter transmits the downlink signals at a constant downlink power level within both the first and the second set of time-frequency resources. 
     According to another embodiment, processing the measurement results comprises comparing the at least one parameter reported by the user equipment with respect to the first set of the time-frequency resources to the at least one parameter reported by the user equipment with respect to the second set of the time-frequency resources. 
     According to another embodiment, the first and second sets of time-frequency resources have fixed, respective first and second positions relative to a start of frame over multiple transmission frames. 
     According to still another embodiment, the second interfering signals comprise only Almost Blank Subframes or zero-power transmission. 
     According to yet another embodiment, the serving base station is requested by a management entity to transmit the downlink signals over a specified set of time-frequency resources at specific power levels during a measurement interval. 
     According to still another embodiment, causing the interfering transmitter to transmit comprises sending a message from the serving base station to one of the interfering base stations to transmit the data in accordance with the at least one predefined time-frequency pattern. 
     According to an embodiment, the time-frequency pattern is allocated over a full frequency channel or over one or more physical resource blocks. 
     According to another embodiment the time-frequency pattern takes into account a lack of perfect synchronization between the serving transmitter and the interfering transmitter. 
     According to yet another embodiment, there is a wireless base station, comprising: 
     a radio interface, configured for communicating over a wireless network with user equipment; 
     a communication interface, configured for exchange of messages with other base stations in the wireless network; and 
     a processor, which is configured to assess the interference impact of an interfering base station in the network operating in accordance with a predefined time-frequency pattern, which specifies a first set of time-frequency resources in which the interfering base station is to transmit first interfering signals at a first interfering power level and a second set of time-frequency resources in which the interfering base station is to transmit second interfering signals at a second interfering power level, lower than the first interfering power level, while the wireless base station transmits downlink signals via the radio interface to user equipment, 
     wherein in the processor is also configured to instruct the user equipment, via the radio interface, to measure and report at least one parameter associated with reception of the downlink signals that is indicative of an effect of the interfering signals on the reception while the interfering transmitter operates in accordance with the predefined time-frequency pattern, and is configured to receive and process measurement results reported by the user equipment in order to assess the effect of the interfering signals. 
     According to another embodiment, the wireless base station is operational to transmit, via the network interface or via the radio interface, the assessment of the effect of the interfering signals, to the base station the interfering transmitter belongs to or to a wireless network management entity. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The drawings do not represent an exhaustive representation of the possible embodiments of the invention and the invention is not limited to the arrangements presented in the drawings. 
       The drawings are: 
       FIG.  1 —Represents a number of heterogeneous base stations in a snap-shot of a cellular deployment. 
       FIG.  2 —Represents a possible subframe arrangement for the measurements of CQI degradation. 
       FIG.  3 —Represents another subframe arrangement for the measurements of CQI degradation, in the case that there are two dominant interfering base stations. 
       FIG.  4 —Represents a subframe allocation in case of frame start delay. 
       FIG.  5 —Represents measurements using physical resource groups in addition to subframes. 
       FIG.  6 —Describes the steps of the measurement and interference assessment process 
       FIG.  7 —Represents the relevant blocks of a base station. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Embodiments of the invention are described hereinafter in conjunction with the figures. 
     The following description uses terminology familiar to those skilled in wireless networks and in particular in LTE technology. This should not be considered as a limitation for the applicability of the invention to other cellular technologies. 
     Overview 
     While the RSRP (reference signal received power) can determine the cumulative received signal from an eNB (base station in LTE) and the other cells using the reference signals, and RSRQ (reference signal received quality) can give an indication of the interference experienced by some cell-specific resource elements, these metrics cannot provide the needed information for pricing-based algorithms, being in fact useful only for greedy approaches of optimization. In effect, even the simple measurement of the contribution to the interference power of a specific BS cannot be evaluated by the UE with existing methods. 
     Embodiments of the present invention provide alternative approaches, still using the existing measurements which can be done by an UE, for determining physical layer parameters influenced by the interference caused by a specific transmitter, or for measuring the channel coefficients between an interfering base station and a victim UE. 
     Some embodiments provide a base station able to change the pattern of its transmissions based on requests from other base stations, so as to make possible the determination of the influence of its interference to interference-related parameters as measured by user equipment. 
     Deployment 
     The main application of pricing algorithms is in heterogeneous networks, using different transmit powers and antenna characteristics. An example of such deployment is shown in  FIG. 1 , where a macro base station MBS 1 - 101  serving the UE- 121  is interfered by two small base stations, for example a pico BS- 111  and a HBS- 112  (home base station). The small base stations  111  and  112  are interfering with the downlink (DL) transmissions of the base station  101 . It is assumed that between the macro base stations are applied inter-cell interference coordination mechanisms based on the LOAD INDICATION message defined in the 3GPP TS 36.423v10.4.0 (Release 10), to be transmitted over the X2 interface, such that the other macro base stations  102  and  103  do not interfere with the downlink transmissions of the macro base station  101 . 
     Physical Indicators 
     LTE defines reference signals which are transmitted by the eNB and may be measured by the UE, the resulting physical indicators being reported back to the eNB. There is a variety of transmission modes and measurement configurations. For example, CS-RS (cell specific reference signals) are continuously transmitted and their power or relative power can be measured by an UE and reported respectively as RSRP or RSRQ. Other reference signals are the CSI-RS (Channel state information RS), which can be transmitted with full power or with zero power. 
     However most of the interference to the data received by an UE is caused by the data transmission by other cells, transmissions which may take place with different power levels (including zero power) during different subframes and/or resource blocks. This interference is best reflected in the modulation and coding state (CMS) which could be used by the eNB when transmitting data, such to make possible the data demodulation at the UE with a given maximum error. In LTE the CMS is actually named CQI (channel quality indicator). 
     The CQI determination algorithm to be implemented by the UE is not defined in the existing LTE standards, being subject to proprietary implementations. It can be based on the SINR (signal to interference and noise ratio) of the received signal, for the target error probability of the received packets, and may or not consider the information acquired based on the CS-RS, CSI-RS and/or on the DM-RS (demodulation reference signals). 
     Note that the CQI determination is achieved by evaluating the errors in the reception of the data transmitted over PDSHC, as defined in 3GPP 36.213: “Based on an unrestricted observation interval in time and frequency, the UE shall derive for each CQI value reported in uplink subframe n the highest CQI index between 1 and 15 in Table 7.2.3-1 which satisfies the following condition, or CQI index 0 if CQI index 1 does not satisfy the condition: 
     A single PDSCH transport block with a combination of modulation scheme and transport block size corresponding to the CQI index, and occupying a group of downlink physical resource blocks termed the CSI reference resource, could be received with a transport block error probability not exceeding 0.1.” 
     Also note that 3GPP 36.213 defines a number of measurement methods, which may be applied as a function of the subframe type and MIMO usage mode. 
     Some of the UE reports are transmitted through the base station to the management entity, known as OAM (Operations, Administration, Management); for LTE the corresponding performance measurement messages are defined in 3GPP TS 36.425. In addition to the reports defined in this standard, the proprietary OAM and base station implementations may include the transmission of significantly more reports. 
     General Principles—DL 
     Based on this invention, the effects of interference created by an aggressor BS to an UE served by a victim BS can be measured by the UE in multiple ways. We exemplify with the following cases, which require collaboration between base stations: 
     DL Case 1—Two Measurements 
     The interference caused by a specific base station (aggressor BS) to a victim UE associated with a victim base station can be evaluated based on two collaborative measurements, involving the measurement coordination for at least two BSs, as described below. During these two measurements, the coordination result is that the pattern of transmissions from other interfering base stations should remain unchanged and consistent with each of the following steps: 
     Step A 
     In one measurement (the order is not important), the UE performs a first determination of an interference-related physical parameter, while the aggressor BS transmits information and/or non-colliding reference signals at relatively high power. The above configuration is named “configuration A”. The UE determines the achievable CMS or the received power level over the measurement resource, defined in time and frequency. Other relevant parameters may be the MIMO achievable rank and other parameters related to MIMO capabilities. 
     The resulting SINR in this measurement may be noted as sinr — 1. In the existing LTE standards (Release 10) the SINR is not reported by the UE to the eNB. The power level RSRP of the interfering eNB can be measured over the cell-specific reference signals (CS-RS or CRS in LTE) and will be registered as rsrp — 1. The power level over the entire channel (RSSI=received signal strength indicator) will be noted as rssi — 1. 
     The time resource for one measurement may be one or more subframes. 
     The frequency resource may cover a part of a channel (a number of resource groups or bandwidth parts or subbands in LTE), a full channel or a number of aggregated channels (if UE supports carrier aggregation). During this measurement all the interfering eNBs shall be active and transmit data using their regular power and MIMO configuration. The CQI is measured and reported by the UE to the serving BS usually per subframe. The resulting CQI index will be noted as cqi — 1. 
     Another measurement type performed in STEP A may be the measurement of the power level (for example, RSSI—receive strength signal indication) of the aggressor eNB; the aggressor BS, after activating a cell, contributes to interference and thus changes the RSSI level. The serving BS may reduce the power of its own transmission, by inserting ABS (Almost Blank Subframe) or MBSFN (multi-media single frequency network subframe) subframes with no data transmitted or blank subframes (nothing transmitted) during the allocated measurement time in STEP A or refrain from transmitting data during the allocated time and frequency resource. The Almost Blank Subframes are considered low-power transmission subframes. An aggressor BS which does not have enough information to transmit during the high-power subframes will be assessed as having lower influence on the interference-related parameters. The actual interference influence will be implicitly dependent on the load or spare capacity of the aggressor BS. For avoiding such a dependence, the aggressor BS should transmit during STEP A any data, even dummy data (not decodable by the served UEs). 
     STEP A may be programmed to be executed in a specific subframe or in multiple subframes. In case of multiple subframes, because based on existing procedures the UE reports the results per subframe, the serving BS or the management entity (OAM) should compute the average or other mathematical function of these measurements. 
     A possible set-up for measurements to be executed in the STEP A in multiple subframes is presented in  FIG. 2 , assuming synchronization between the victim and aggressor base stations. This figure presents the synchronized transmissions taking place in two consecutive DL frames, comprising the subframes  0  . . .  19  of an FDD (frequency division duplex) system. The victim BS 1  transmits to its served UEs the sequence of subframes  211 , while the aggressor BS transmits the sequence of subframes  212 . The inter-cell coordination is such that victim eNB, instead of avoiding the interference, intentionally wants to experience it. The other interfering BSs (aggressors) may work in their regular mode and transmit the sequence of subframes  213 . 
     The sequences of subframes  211  includes:
         Subframes including synchronization and control information— 203 , as subframes  0 ,  5 ,  10 ,  15 ;   Subframes in which the transmission is done at relatively high power— 201 , as in subframes  2 ,  4 ,  6 ,  9 ,  12 ,  13 ,  14 ,  16  and  19 ;   Subframes in which the power is not defined, such as subframe  1     Subframes in which no data transmission takes place, i.e. the transmission is done at zero power— 202 , such as subframes  3 ,  7 ,  8 ,  11 ,  17 ,  18 .       

     For the measurements to be made in STEP A is selected a subset of the subframes transmitted by the victim and aggressor base stations, such that the victim base station is transmitting at relatively high power and the aggressor is also transmitting at relatively high power. The selected subframes are marked with A- 221  and in this example include the subframes  2 ,  4 ,  16 ,  19 . 
       FIG. 2  illustrates the possibility of configuring measurements in different frames, for the case in which there is one dominant interferer, BS 2 . The arrangement in this figure enables a UE served by BS 1  and interfered by BS 2  to determine the average CQI, affected by the interference caused by BS 2 . The operation of other BSs is also considered. It is assumed that in normal operation the accumulated interference generated by these BSs is different in every subframe, but is stationary in the same subframe over multiple frames. In order to reduce the influence of this interference to the CQI measurement, the ABS and high-power transmission are defined in such a way that in different frames the same subframe (same position from the start of the frame) may be used alternately for ABS or for high power transmission of the aggressor BS, respectively referred to as configuration B- 222  (to be used in STEP C) or A- 221  (to be used in STEP A). So the BS 2  influence is measured as an average over the frames included in the reporting interval. 
     Step B 
     In this step the UE sends the evaluation result to the serving BS or to the management entity. If multiple measurements are done, the reports for each measurement resource may be sent together or may be processed by the UE (for example, computing the average) and the final result may be sent in a single transmission. 
     Step C 
     Perform a second determination of a physical parameter of the victim base station which may be affected by interference. During this determination the aggressor eNB should not transmit or transmit zero power data and/or zero power reference signals. 
     Taking the CQI determination as a first example, data being transmitted during an equivalent CSI reference resource of the victim eNB, the interference caused by the aggressor eNB should be partially or totally eliminated. This can be achieved by configuring the subframe including the CSI reference resource on the aggressor eNB either as MBSFN (multi-media single frequency network subframe) with no data transmitted or as ABS (Almost Blank Subframe). In ABS only the reference signals and some control signals are transmitted. These signals do not have a significant influence on the performance of data reception by UEs served by other base stations. The above described configuration is named “configuration B”. The SINR in the case of the second measurement may be registered as sinr — 2. Using LTE terminology, the obtained CQI is registered as cqi — 2. 
     In this example the victim eNB behavior is such to avoid the interference created by the aggressor eNB. A similar behavior takes place in inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC or eICIC). 
     A second example refers to the measurement of the interference power created by a specific base station. If in the STEP A the serving eNB has taken measures for reducing the power created by itself, the same approach should be used also during this measurement, because the scope of STEPs A and C is to determine only the influence of the aggressor BS on the interference-related parameters. In practice, if the difference in the received power as sensed by the UE is to be measured, ABS subframes may also be used by the serving BS during this step. 
     In STEP A the created configuration in both eNBs is different from the configuration used in eICIC (enhanced ICIC, introduced in LTE Rel.10), where the interference between BSs is reduced by inserting ABS in the aggressor BS, while the victim BS transmits with high power towards the UEs located at the cell margin. 
     In STEP C another configuration may be needed when measuring RSSI, in which ABS is inserted in both BSs in the same time. 
     The same reference resource that is used in STEP A may advantageously also be used in STEP C. For achieving this, the type of the message sent over X2 interface should be different from the existing messages, whereby each eNB only informs other eNBs about its actions of transmitting high power during some time-frequency resources. The X2 interface defined in LTE directly connects the neighbor eNBs. The messages to be transmitted over the X2 interface are defined in 3GPP TS 36.423. 
     In this case, it may be necessary that the aggressor eNB be REQUESTED by the victim BS or by the management entity to reduce its transmission during the measurement resource and the measurement time and eventually to indicate to it what type of subframe should be used. 
     STEP C may be programmed to be executed in a specific subframe or in multiple subframes. In case of multiple subframes, based on existing procedures, the UE reports the results per frame, and the serving BS or the management entity should compute the average or other mathematical function of these measurements. 
     An example of such measurement setup is shown in  FIG. 2 , assuming synchronization between victim and aggressor base stations, for the arrangement marked as B- 222 , taking place during the subframes 6, 9, 12 and 14. In this arrangement the victim BS transmits data with relatively high power, while the aggressor BS transmits zero power data or no data in ABS/MBSFN with no data/blank subframes. 
     Step D 
     In this step the UE sends the evaluation result to the serving BS or to the management system similarly to STEP B. 
     The serving BS may also forward the measurement result to other base stations, including the aggressor base station. 
     Step E 
     The serving BS or the management entity determines the influence of the aggressor BS on the physical indicator, for example the achievable CQI by the victim UE, by using the results obtained in both measurements. For example, the implemented algorithm may include subtraction of the received values, possibly in combination with other computations, depending of the used algorithm:
     Subtracting the CQI indexes cqi — 2-cqi — 1   Subtracting the SNR values sinr — 2-sinr — 1   Subtracting the RSRP values rsrp — 2-rsrp — 1   Subtracting the RSSI values rssi — 1-rssi — 2.
 
Step F
   

     The victim BS can send the evaluation results to the aggressor BS or may ask the aggressor BS to reduce the interference, for example by reducing the power of its transmissions, changing the beamforming direction or totally stopping operation. The resulting data may be also used in cost-based operational frequency selection. 
     A summary of the measurement process explained above is presented in  FIG. 6 . In STEP A- 601  and STEP C- 603 , both the serving base station and the aggressor base station transmit within the allocated time-frequency pattern, while using different power levels in each step (low and high, the order being not important). An UE served by the victim base station measures a parameter affected by interference. The time-frequency patterns may be different between these steps. In STEPs B- 602  and D- 604  the UE served by the victim base station reports the measurement results of the interference-related parameter to the serving base station or to the OAM. In STEP E- 605  the serving base station or the OAM evaluate the impact of the interference created by the aggressor eNB. In STEP F- 606  the serving base station or the OAM can either transmit the measurement result to the aggressor base station, supposed to take corrective actions, or can request the aggressor base station to take specific corrective actions, as reducing the power of its transmissions or change the operational frequency or switch off the operational frequency. 
     DL Case 2: One Measurement 
     A single measurement can serve as a replacement for the two-measurement case described above if the aggressor subframes are defined using a permutation, as for the examples defined in  FIG. 2  or  FIG. 3 . These figures define alternating high-power and ABS subframes, which occur in the same subframe but different frames, for transmission by the aggressor BS. 
     In order to assess the impact of a base station in a single measurement is needed that the other interferers will have a minor influence. In the example from  FIG. 2  the measurement of the physical indicator is done over the both arrangements A- 221  and B- 221 . If the background interference from other base stations is low, the result will show half of the interference influence of the aggressor, given the alternating subframes of high power and zero power for this aggressor. 
     In  FIG. 3 , considering the case of two predominant aggressors, are shown the suitable sequences of subframes for the victim BS 1  ( 311 ), the aggressor BS 2  ( 312 ) and the aggressor BS 3  ( 313 ). The other aggressors have a negligible influence. It is possible to obtain the influence of both aggressors from only two measurements and the suitable mathematic processing, as follows: 
     The first measurement is taken over the subframe arrangements A 2 ( 321 ) and B 2 ( 322 ); the result will depend of the influence of the aggressor BS 3  and half of the influence of the aggressor BS 2 , due to the fact that the subframes transmitted by this aggressor are alternating high power and zero power. 
     The second measurement is taken over the subframe arrangements A 3 ( 323 ) and B 3 ( 324 ); the result will depend of the influence of the aggressor BS 2  and half of the influence of the aggressor BS 3 , due to the fact that the subframes transmitted by this aggressor are alternating high power and zero power. 
     By the suitable processing of two equations with two un-known variables is possible to determine the influence of each aggressor. 
     Similarly to Case 1, the pattern and powers of transmissions from the victim and the main interfering base stations should remain unchanged during the measurement. 
     Synchronization Aspects 
     For implementing the described or similar measurements, inter-BS collaboration is needed for establishing the time-frequency resource for making the measurements. Some possible scenarios are described below. 
     Scenario A—Perfect Synchronization Implemented 
     In this scenario, the victim and aggressor base stations are synchronized. The main object of the collaboration is to establish the high power subframes and the ABS/MBSFN with no data/blank pattern to be used for measurement. Within these subframes specific physical resource blocks (in frequency domain) may or may not be used for taking the measurements. Obviously also the full frequency channel width can be used for measurement. 
     Scenario B: Imperfect Synchronization Between Base-Stations 
     The case of imperfect synchronization may appear when the synchronization is done over an IP or LAN connection. In this case, there may be a time lag of a non-integer number of subframes. 
     When the time difference is smaller than a subframe, this time difference is measured by the UE and reported to the serving eNB. The existing measurements defined in 3GPP 36.214 to be reported by the UE, using for example the messages and IE (information elements) defined in 3GPP 36.331, include the RSTD (reference signal time difference), by which the UE reports to the serving eNB (BS in LTE) the relative timing difference between the neighbor cell j and the reference cell i, between the start of one subframe from cell i that is closest in time to the subframe received from cell j. 
     In such a case, a subframe of the serving BS will be interfered with by transmissions belonging to two adjacent subframes of the aggressor BS. The subframe sequence in  FIG. 4  for the victim BS 1  is  411 , while the subframe arrangement for the aggressor BS 2  is  412 . 
     The appropriate arrangement is exemplified in  FIG. 4 , where for each one of the configurations A ( 421 ) and B ( 422 ), two adjacent subframes are configured by the aggressor BS, such that the aggressor BS will always create interference during the entire measurement subframe. 
     The principle of permutation of the subframe allocation from frame to frame is also maintained in this example. 
     A new measurement and reporting framework is needed for the case that the relative timing difference is higher than a subframe, including the number of full subframes that occur between the start of frames of the two base stations. 
     Scenario C: Total Lack of Time Synchronization 
     In this case the only possibility to assess the interference created by the aggressor BS is to use measurements over a number of physical resource blocks (PRB) in frequency domain, preferably avoiding the PRBs situated at the center of the frequency channel, where the MIB (master information block) is transmitted. The same PRBs should be used in the victim and aggressor base stations. 
     The span in time of the measurement resources may be different in the victim and the aggressor base stations, as in the last one it should cover entire frames, such to be sure that is overlapping with the measurement subframes. The physical frequency resource may be the same (preferably) or different in each subframe. An example is shown in  FIG. 5 . In this example, the subframe sequence is  511  for the victim base station and  512  for the aggressor base station. In the STEP A, the victim BS operates with high power in the subframes  0 ,  1 ,  2 ,  4 ,  5 ,  6 ,  9 . The measurement resource  521  is defined in frequency domain and it can be limited to few or more subframes. The aggressor BS transmits high power data during the PRBs  523 , the transmission being continuous over the entire measurement interval. 
     In STEP C, the victim BS operates with high power in the subframes  0 ,  1 ,  2 ,  4 ,  5 ,  6 ,  9 . The measurement resource  522  is defined in frequency domain within those subframes transmitting with high power. The aggressor BS transmits zero power data (no data) during the PRBs  524 , the transmission being continuous over the entire measurement interval. 
     In case that the two measurements are done one after the other, the frequency resource can occupy the entire frequency channel. 
     Coordination Management 
     In order to coordinate the transmissions of the aggressor base station, three approaches may be used: a centralized approach, a distributed approach and a combined approach. 
     In the centralized approach, a management entity (OAM) assigns the subframes and the physical resource groups to be used for measurements, the type of interference avoidance (ABS or MBSFN with no data or blank subframes), and eventually the transmitted power of the aggressor BS. Typically the optimization algorithm will also reside in the management entity, such that the measurement results will be conveyed to this entity. 
     In the distributed approach the configuration of the time-frequency resources to be used is established using the connectivity between base stations and an appropriate protocol, such as X2AP described in 3GPP 36.423. 
     X2AP allows the sharing of ABS pattern information, by the use of the ABS Pattern Info IE (information element). However, the operational distribution of ABS patterns, used for eICIC (interference coordination in Rel.10), may not be compliant with the target set-up for the steps or configurations A and B, as defined above. In such a case, the BS or the management entity that is to perform the aggressor interference evaluation (may be either BS), may REQUEST another BS to configure a different ABS pattern, at least for the measurement duration. If the other BS acknowledges the application of the new pattern starting from a given time, the measurement can take place. 
     The starting measurement time can be defined as absolute time or as system frame number (SFN). The measurement ending time should be also established. To use a restricted frequency resource block, a new information element has to be added, indicating either the list of resource blocks as a pattern, the indexes of the first and last resource blocks, the indexes of the frequency channels to be used, or a combination of these elements that define the measurement frequency resource. 
     Another possibility is to identify the frequency resource with the resolution of subbands or bandwidth parts. The new information elements should be added to both the X2AP and Uu (UE-eNB) interfaces. 
     The interface with the management entity in the previous approach may use the same principles. 
     In the combined approach, both the management entity and the inter-base station communication protocol are involved. For example, if the management entity knows the number of strong interferers, it can define the ABS pattern a priori. The X2AP protocol can manage the start and the end of the measurement. 
     DL Case 3: Channel Coefficient Measurement 
     The discussion below applies to measurements of channel coefficients in case that the victim and the aggressor base stations are not synchronized or the synchronization is not tight enough. 
     The measurement should be done by the UE, for each aggressor BS antenna port and UE antenna port, during time-frequency intervals established by the serving (victim) BS. This BS should send the information regarding the time-frequency resource to be used for measurements to the other interfering BSs, which may also insert either high power data or ABS/MBSFN with no data subframes or not transmit data and/or not transmit reference signals during the frequency resource and subframes used for measurement. 
     A new message should be defined, requesting steady antenna configuration by the aggressor BSs and also requesting the aggressor BS to operate such to produce high or reduced interference during the intended measurements. The message should include the center frequency of the aggressor frequency channel to be measured, the Cell-ID and the time and frequency identification of the measuring interval. Based on the UE RSTD reports mentioned above, the time identification can be relatively precise for each destination BS. The preferred approach is that the aggressor BS should respond with a message indicating the transmission power, and possibly with a resource group or resource block or bandwidth part or subband resolution, and the number of used antennas during the measurement. Another possibility that the aggressor BS will send a Load Information message, with the Relative Narrowband Tx Power (RNTP) IE, which indicates, per PRB (physical resource block), whether downlink transmission power is lower than the value indicated by the RNTP Threshold IE. 
     Measurement Overhead 
     The fact that a BS will insert MBSFN with no data or ABS or blank subframes during a measurement can be perceived as a measurement overhead. To reduce the measurement overhead, non-colliding reference signals should be defined. The new messages to be defined should include the time-frequency position of these non-colliding reference signals and the parameters used for their modulation or scrambling. Such messages should be exchanged between the involved BSs or between a management entity and the involved BSs. 
     General Principles—UL 
     In case of uplink (UL) transmissions the UE can be an aggressor. Based on the scheduling information for a specific UE transmission, transmitted in advance by a serving eNB to the potential victim eNBs, the victim eNBs can assess the amount of interference and the channel coefficients. The measurement may be protected if other BSs avoid using the same frequency resource for scheduling served UEs. So the victim BS can request the other BSs to enforce the protection of a given time-frequency resource by not scheduling UL transmissions during that time-frequency resource. 
     Intra-Frequency and Inter-Frequency 
     Intra-frequency operation of a base station takes place for the frequency channel (single carrier) or the aggregated frequency channels (multi-carrier) served by a BS. Operation outside these channels is named inter-frequency. 
     The level of interference caused by another base station in other frequencies can be relevant for operational or additional carrier selection. The measurements are done always by a UE, such that the downlink (DL) coordination procedures for creating protected resources, as explained above, are still relevant.
 
Multiple BSs
 
     The measurements of the CQI, RSSI, etc., can be done for multiple aggressor BSs, while a subframe is dedicated only for the measurement of the influence of a specific BS, and the configurations A and B are alternated in the adjacent frames. The resource definition in time and frequency domains allows the multiplexing of the measurement resources, such that they will not overlap with each other. 
     In DL Case 3, when measuring the channel coefficients, it is preferable, in order to increase the accuracy of the measurements, that inter-BS interference during the measurements be avoided by asking the strong interfering BSs to use ABS or MBSFN with no data subframes, such that only one BS will transmit during a specific time-frequency resource. 
     TDD/FDD 
     The measurement procedures exemplified in this proposal can be applied equally in TDD or FDD systems. 
     Base Station Implementation 
     The base station blocks shown in  FIG. 7  are only by way of examples; in practical implementations these blocks can be distributed on multiple circuit boards and the control functions and hardware functions can be implemented on commercial processors or tailor-made logical arrays, such as system-on-a-chip, FPGAs, ASICs. 
     The functional blocks of the base station- 701  identified as relevant to this invention are the radio interface  703 , providing the wireless communication with an UE, the network (communication) interface  704  enabling the message transmission over the network, towards another base station or to the OAM or to other entities in the Operator network. The controller  702  includes as a sub-set of its functions, some functions relevant to this invention, such as scheduling of the traffic, power control, UE control including the reporting activity and computing functions determining the interference impact of a specific base station. Additional control functions are used in the actions taken by the BS to improve its own wireless throughput as well as the wireless network throughput. The data used by the controller is stored in a memory function — 705 . 
     Technologies 
     The coordinated measurement approach can be applied for any technology using frames and scheduling. We have provided examples above using the LTE technology, which allows time/frequency partitioning (similar with IEEE 802.16), but the proposed measurement methods can be equally applied for CDMA technologies. 
     The description of the embodiments above refers to base stations, but other central or distributed wireless transmission entities, such as access points, Node B, etc., can also be operated in similar fashion. 
     As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the terminology used throughout the specification is mainly associated with the LTE standards. However, it should be understood that embodiments of the present invention encompass other cellular standards, such as 802.16, HSDPA or CDMA/EV-DO and the like and both TDD and FDD duplexing modes. Also, the examples provided show certain ways of carrying out the invention. It is to be understood that invention is not intended to be limited to the examples disclosed herein. Rather, the invention extends to all functionally equivalent structures, methods and uses, such as are within the scope of the hereinafter claims.