Abstract:
A versatile compartmentalized cell culture device, with a selectively permeable membrane separating the compartments, provides many attributes relative to traditional devices. It can be configured for high-density cell culture, co-culture, and sample dialysis while rolling or standing still. It can also be configured for continuous movement of liquid between compartments. The wide combination of attributes not found in other membrane based cell culture and bioprocessing devices includes more cell capacity, more cell secreted product capacity, higher cell and product density, increased medium capacity, minimized use of exogenous growth factors, compatibility with standard cell culture equipment and protocols, increased scale up efficiency, capacity to function when rolling or standing still, capacity for perfusion without the need for pumps, and more efficient sample dialysis.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    The present application claims priority to U.S. application Ser. No. 10/985,339 filed Nov. 10, 2004, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/519,676 filed Nov. 10, 2003, which is hereby incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. 
     
    
     GOVERNMENT INTERESTS 
       [0002]    This invention was made in part with U.S. Government support under National Institutes of Health Small Business Innovative Research Grant 2 R44 HL065977-02 “Membrane Based Roller Bottle”. The U.S. Government may have certain rights in this invention. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0003]    This invention relates to devices and methods for growing cells, processing cells, and dialyzing samples. 
       DISCUSSION OF LIMITATIONS OF CONVENTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES DESCRIBED IN RELATED ART 
       [0004]    Devices integrating semi-permeable membranes have a variety of uses in the cell culture field. Their uses include high-density cell culture, co-culture, cell infection, and sample dialysis. However, existing devices have deficiencies that limit their efficiency and usefulness. 
         [0005]    Static membrane-based devices for high-density cell culture have been proposed and commercialized. The CELLine™ products from Integra Biosciences, related to U.S. Pat. No. 5,693,537 (Wilson et al.), are commercialized devices are in the form of a flask, separated into two compartments by way of a 10,000 molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) semi-permeable dialysis membrane. They are advantageous for small-scale production because they are easy to use. However, these devices have scale up inefficiencies because they utilize a dialysis membrane in sheet form. To increase the number of cells present, the dialysis membrane must increase in surface area. Since the membrane is in sheet form, the footprint of the device must get proportionally larger. Devices with large footprints use incubator space inefficiently. Furthermore, as dialysis membranes get larger in surface area, the probability of rupture increases. Another deficiency is the limited height at which medium resides in the devices, requiring an increase in device footprint as more medium is required to feed the increased quantity of cells residing in the devices. U.S. Pat. No. 4,748,124 (Vogler) and U.S. Pat. No. 6,468,792 (Bader) also introduce compartmentalized gas permeable devices. Vogler &#39;124 discloses a dialysis membrane for compartmentalization, while Bader &#39;792 relies upon a microporous membrane. Unfortunately, they suffer the same scale up limitations as the CELLine™ products. 
         [0006]    Attempts have been made to improve the roller bottle by compartmentalizing the device with a semi-permeable membrane. However, each attempt has deficiencies, and little commercial impact in the market has been achieved. Deficiencies include the requirement of non-standard roller mechanisms, inability to interface with pipettes, incompatibility with common materials for adherent culture, and scale up limitations due to the limited amount of medium that can reside in the devices. 
         [0007]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,449,617 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,576,211 (Falkenberg et al.) describe a gas permeable roller bottle compartmentalized by a dialysis membrane. By separating the cells and cell-secreted products from the nutrient medium by way of the dialysis membrane, it is capable of increasing cell and cell-secreted product density. The maximum medium volume that can be accommodated by the bottle is 360 ml, of which 60 ml resides in the cell compartment and 300 ml in the nutrient compartment. Its scale up potential is limited by the 360 ml medium capacity, which leads to an excessive number of devices for scale up. Also, it is not suitable for adherent culture because it makes no provision for attachment surface area. Furthermore, the dialysis membrane can only increase in surface area as the bottle diameter increases, since it is perpendicular to the bottle axis of rotation. This restricts mass transfer. 
         [0008]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,686,301 (Falkenberg et al.) describes an improved version of the devices defined in U.S. Pat. No. 5,449,617 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,576,211. A feature in the form of collapsible sheathing that prevents damage by internal pressurization is disclosed. However, no improvement in the volume of medium that can reside in the device is made. Also, the limited dialysis membrane surface area is not addressed. Furthermore, it remains unsuitable for adherent culture. 
         [0009]    Vivascience Sartorius Group sells a product called the MiniPERM that is related to the Falkenberg et al. patents. The maximum cell compartment module is 50 ml and the maximum nutrient module is 400 ml. Thus, the maximum volume of medium that can reside in the commercial device is only 450 ml. The small size of the commercial device, the need for custom rolling equipment, the inability to be used with traditional laboratory pipettes, the potential for cell shear, the inability to allow microscopic viewing of cells, and the lack of suitability for adherent culture limits its value as an alternative to the traditional bottle. 
         [0010]    The device disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,702,945 (Nagels et al.) attempts to improve the MiniPERM device by improving its capacity to culture adherent cells. One cell attachment matrix is provided in the cell culture compartment at the inner face of the gas permeable membrane. Although adherent culture is possible, it only offers a small surface for adherent cells relative to the traditional bottle. Also, microscopic assessment of cell confluence and morphology is not accommodated. 
         [0011]    Co-culture applications are typically conducted in small devices like the Transwell® device from Corning. These devices are for very small-scale culture only. U.S. Pat. No. 5,527,705 (Mussi et al.) attempts to provide a large scale co-culture alternative by use of a compartmentalized roller bottle. The bottle is compartmentalized by way of two coaxial cylindrical containers of similar length, the inner container being centered within the exterior receptacle. A microporous membrane physically separates the cell population residing within the inner container from the cell population residing in the exterior receptacle. There is no discussion or guidance for how to prevent the inner container from causing disturbances in the inoculum residing in the exterior receptacle. On the contrary, a recommended distance D between containers of 0.010 inches to about 0.040 inches dictates that the microporous membrane will move through liquid residing in the exterior receptacle. Because the recommended inoculation volume of a traditional roller bottle is 170 to 255 ml, but contact with the microporous membrane occurs at about 15 ml to 80 ml depending on the distance D, disturbance of the inoculum by the microporous membrane is virtually assured. Unfortunately, cells have a difficult time seeding normally when there are disturbances to the medium in which they reside because their specific gravity is typically nearly that of the medium. Thus, disturbance to the inoculum as the compartmentalized roller bottle rotates can prevent cells from properly gravitating to the inside surface of the exterior receptacle. Support members, preferably extending from a first end to a second end of the inner container are used to physically create the distance D, and will further disturb the inoculum. Thus, although the roller bottle for co-culture attempts to provide a good alternative to the Transwell® device, its geometry interferes with a normal inoculation process. 
         [0012]    The use of devices, compartmentalized by a microporous membrane, for increasing the frequency of contact between vectors and stationary target cells has been described by U.S. Pat. No. 5,866,400 (Palsson et al.). This approach relies on a microporous membrane of 0.1 microns to about 2.0 microns to retain cells in one compartment, while vectors move past the trapped cells and through the microporous membrane. This increases the amount of contact between vectors and cells relative to methods that rely on Brownian motion and improved infectivity rates. To further increase the rate of infectivity, vectors can be recycled back into the compartment containing cells by the use of a pump. Unfortunately, the use of pumps adds complexity to the process. 
         [0013]    Devices that rely upon dialysis membrane are commonly used to alter the molecular composition of samples residing in them. Placing the sample in a container that is comprised of a dialysis membrane, and immersing the container in a second container holding a dialysate solution allows control over the final composition of the solution. Two styles of products dominate the market. The first style consists of dialysis tubing, such as that marketed by Spectrum Labs and described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,324,428 (Flaherty) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,783,075 (Eddleman et al.). Disadvantageous membrane surface area to sample volume ratio are inherent. The second style is a cartridge format marketed by Pierce Chemical under the trade name Slide-A-Lyzer® (U.S. Pat. No. 5,503,741—Clark). It requires the use of a syringe and needle, which is not a preferred liquid handling method compared to pipettes. It is also limited in size, about a 10 ml sample volume, because it requires the membrane to be flat. Thus, it quickly outgrows typical dialysate containers. Furthermore, unsupported sheet membranes are more likely to break as they get larger and larger. 
         [0014]    In summary, a variety of devices compartmentalized by various semi-permeable membranes are used in high-density cell culture, co-culture, cell processing, and sample dialysis applications. However, these membrane-based devices have inherent deficiencies that limit their efficiency and usefulness. Membrane based devices that seek to create high-density cell culture do not provide geometry that is suitable for efficient scale up. The attempt to provide scaled up co-culture in a membrane based roller bottle fails to allow cells to gravitate in the same manner as the Transwell® device or the traditional roller bottle. The use of membrane-based flow through devices to increase the rate of infectivity is complicated by the need for pumps when vectors are recycled. For sample dialysis, dialysis tubing provides a poor surface area to sample volume ratio, and Slide-A-Lyzer® dialysis cartridges require the use of needles. Improved devices that overcome these deficiencies are needed. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0015]    It is an object of the present invention to disclose multiple formats for a device compartmentalized by a semi-permeable membrane, that are superior to previous compartmentalized cell culture, co-culture, cell processing, and laboratory sample dialysis devices. This compartmentalized device can be configured to allow high-density cell culture while rolling or standing still, to allow co-culture without disruption of inoculum, to physically move liquid from one compartment to the other, and to perform more efficient dialysis of laboratory samples. 
         [0016]    According to one embodiment of the invention, a basal medium compartment and a cell culture compartment are separated by a semi-permeable membrane to create an improved high-density cell culture device. It can be configured to improve upon prior high-density roller bottles in many ways that include holding more medium, allowing the use of pipettes, letting adherent cells attach just as they do in traditional roller bottles, allowing microscopic viewing just as is done in traditional roller bottles, and functioning on standard roller racks. The benefits of the novel compartmentalized device include the ability to increase the concentration of cells and cell-secreted products, allow a longer duration of time between feeding periods, minimize the amount of wasted space inherent to traditional roller bottles, without losing the desired features inherent to the traditional bottle such as ease of use, microscopic evaluation, pipette access, and compatibility with standard roller racks. This embodiment can also be configured to more efficiently dialyze laboratory samples than currently used laboratory dialysis tubing or cartridges. 
         [0017]    According to another embodiment of the invention, an improved large-scale co-culture device is created. It improves upon prior art by creating geometric relationships between the basal medium compartment and the cell culture compartment that retain the desired attributes of a traditional roller bottle, such as uniform cell seeding, microscopic evaluation, pipette access, and compatibility with standard roller racks. 
         [0018]    According to another embodiment of the present invention, an improved compartmentalized device is created that is capable of functioning when rolling or standing. Advantages of this novel compartmentalized cell culture device include the ability to function when rolled or unrolled. When in the unrolled position, it improves upon prior unrolled compartmentalized devices by allowing configurations that include a higher semi-permeable membrane surface area to medium volume, more medium height, and improved scale up efficiency. 
         [0019]    According to another embodiment of the present invention, liquid is continuously moved from one compartment to the other while the device rolls. A suspended compartment is fabricated in part with a semi-permeable membrane, capable of passing liquid. The suspended compartment remains stationary as a surrounding compartment rotates about it. A physical feature collects medium from the surrounding compartment, and deposits it to the suspended compartment by the rolling action of the bottle. Medium is returned to the surrounding compartment by passing through the semi-permeable membrane. 
         [0020]    According to another embodiment of the present invention, a suspended compartment resides in the device. The device is rolled and configured to impart motion to the suspended compartment to simulate the action of a shaker plate. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0021]      FIG. 1A  and  FIG. 1B  show a compartmentalized device, configured to culture cells when rolling in a manner similar to a roller bottle. 
           [0022]      FIG. 2A  and  FIG. 2B  show how medium and cell culture medium can be introduced into the compartmentalized device with pipettes. 
           [0023]      FIG. 3A ,  FIG. 3B ,  FIG. 3C  and  FIG. 3D  show examples of how the geometry of the basal medium compartment can be altered to minimize disturbances to the inoculum. 
           [0024]      FIG. 4A ,  FIG. 4B ,  FIG. 4C , and  FIG. 4D  show an example of how to move the basal medium compartment from an inoculation position to a feeding position. 
           [0025]      FIG. 5A  and  FIG. 5B  show one example of how to create a basal medium access port cover that can retain basal medium in the basal medium compartment. 
           [0026]      FIG. 6  shows one configuration for pipette collection of basal medium from the basal medium compartment when the compartmentalized device is in the horizontal position. 
           [0027]      FIG. 7A  and  FIG. 7B  show one configuration for mating a cylindrically shaped semi-permeable membrane to the basal medium compartment in a liquid tight manner.  FIG. 7C  shows one configuration for mating a semi-permeable membrane sheet to the basal medium compartment in a liquid tight manner. 
           [0028]      FIG. 8A  and  FIG. 8B  show various configurations for collecting liquid from the cell culture compartment. 
           [0029]      FIG. 9A ,  FIG. 9B , and  FIG. 9C  show a configuration that rocks the compartmentalized device in an up and down motion as the compartmentalized device rolls. 
           [0030]      FIG. 10  shows a cross sectional view of a compartmentalized device that is advantageous for dialysis of laboratory samples. 
           [0031]      FIG. 11A  shows a cutaway view of a compartmentalized device functioning without rolling.  FIG. 11B  shows a cutaway view of the compartmentalized device of  FIG. 11A  when rolling.  FIG. 11C ,  FIG. 11D , and  FIG. 11E  show cutaway views of how the unrolled compartmentalized device can be structured to alter the ratio of semi-permeable membrane surface area to cell culture medium volume and control liquid flux across the semi-permeable membrane. 
           [0032]      FIG. 12A  shows a compartmentalized device capable of physically transporting fluid from one compartment to the other.  FIG. 12B ,  FIG. 12C , and  FIG. 12D  show how the process occurs. 
           [0033]      FIG. 13A ,  FIG. 13B ,  FIG. 13C , and  FIG. 13D  show a compartmentalized device configured with a suspended compartment that can be moved to create liquid action similar to that of a shaker plate. 
           [0034]      FIG. 14  shows a cross-section of a compartmentalized device used to generate data of Example 1, Example 2, and Example 3. 
           [0035]      FIG. 15A  and  FIG. 15B  show compartmentalized devices of Example 4, configured to culture cells in the unrolled position. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0036]      FIG. 1A  shows a cutaway of compartmentalized device  10 , configured to culture cells when rolling in a manner similar to a traditional roller bottle. A basal medium compartment  15  resides within compartmentalized bottle  10 . Cell culture compartment  20  is separated from basal medium compartment  15  by semi-permeable membrane  25 . Cap  50  protects compartmentalized device  10  from contaminants.  FIG. 1B  shows cross-section A-A of  FIG. 1A . Semi-permeable membrane  25  forms a portion of basal medium compartment  15 . Basal medium  30  resides within basal medium compartment  15 , and cell culture medium  35  resides in cell culture compartment  20 . Communication between basal medium  30  and cell culture medium  35  occurs by way of semi-permeable membrane  25 . By configuring compartmentalized device  10  in this manner, it can be used to concentrate cells and cell secreted products in cell culture compartment  20  because cells and cell-secreted products can be retained in cell culture compartment  20  when medium is exchanged in basal medium compartment  15 . Compartmentalized device  10  can also be used for co-culture, when cells are cultured in culture compartment  20 , and cells are cultured in basal medium compartment  15 . 
         [0037]    The characteristics of semi-permeable membrane  25  determine what is allowed to pass between basal medium  30  and cell culture medium  35 , and what is retained in cell culture compartment  20 . Many sources of information are available that describe what characteristics of semi-permeable membrane  25  are desirable for a particular cell culture application. For example, the CELLine™ products rely upon a 10,000 MWCO regenerated cellulose acetate membrane, which has proved very effective in high-density monoclonal antibody production. In cases where co-culture is desired, the semi-permeable membrane can act to separate the cells from physical contact, but allow secreted products to travel back and forth across the semi-permeable membrane. Micorporous membranes are typically used for co-culture applications. Sources of information that can be used to provide guidance in the selection of an appropriate semi-permeable membrane include Wilson et al. &#39;537, Vogler &#39;124, Bader &#39;792, Mussi et al. &#39;705, Millipore (Billerica, Mass.), Spectrum Laboratories Inc. (Rancho Dominguez, Calif.), and Biovest International (Coon Rapids, Minn.). 
         [0038]    Device housing  40  can be any biocompatible material. In the preferred embodiment, it is rigid and optically clear. Polystyrene is a common material used for flasks and roller bottles. If the device housing is made of polystyrene, it can exhibit the same attachment characteristics of traditional devices. This can be helpful when scientists are scaling a culture out of traditional flasks and roller bottles into the compartmentalized device. In the preferred embodiment, the device housing is cylindrical to facilitate rolling. However, other shapes are possible. For example, the shape described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,866,419 (Meder) can easily be integrated into the design. Those skilled in the art will recognize that shapes for the device housing that are not cylindrical can be adapted for a roller rack by attaching a cylindrical housing to the non cylindrical device housing. Preferably, basal medium compartment conforms to the shape of the device housing so that the distance from the semi-permeable membrane to the device housing is uniform about its perimeter. 
         [0039]    Although those skilled in the art will recognize there are many ways to structure the compartmentalized device as a closed system by way of septums, sterile tubing connections, and the like. However, accommodating the use of a pipette is advantageous when a there is a desire to retain the simplicity of traditional devices.  FIG. 2A  and  FIG. 2B  show how medium and cell culture medium can be introduced into the compartmentalized device with pipettes. In  FIG. 2A , pipette  65  is used to dispense basal medium  30  into basal medium compartment  15  by way of basal medium compartment access port  45 . In  FIG. 2B , pipette  65  is used to dispense cells and cell culture medium  35  into cell culture compartment  20  by way of cell culture compartment access port  60 . 
         [0040]    The basal medium compartment has the role of holding enough basal medium to provide an appropriate source of substrates and an appropriate sink for waste products. Thus, a primary design consideration is the amount of medium required for a given cell culture application. Increasing the volume of the basal medium can reduce feeding frequency relative to traditional devices. For example, if 300 ml of basal medium residing in a traditional roller bottle supports 300×10 6  cells and needs to be exchanged every day, putting 600 ml of basal medium in the basal medium compartment can reduce the feeding schedule to every two days. Placing the cells and a small volume of cell culture medium in the cell culture compartment, and placing a relatively large volume of medium in the basal medium compartment can increase cell density. For example, if 300×10 6  cells typically reside in 300 ml of medium in a traditional roller bottle, placing cells and 10 ml of cell culture medium in the cell culture compartment, and 300 ml of basal medium in the basal medium compartment will increase cell density by about 30-fold without a change in the feeding schedule. 
         [0041]    One design consideration for the basal medium compartment is related to hydrostatic pressure differential across the semi-permeable membrane. When the height of basal medium exceeds the height of cell culture medium, as shown for example in  FIG. 1B , hydrostatic pressure differential across the membrane will be created. Thus, liquid from the basal medium compartment will tend to move into the cell culture compartment. Care should be taken to ensure that liquid moving into the cell culture compartment does not dilute important substances that may reside in the cell culture medium, such as serum. This effect can be controlled by proper selection of the semi-permeable membrane. Factors to consider include MWCO, material, surface area, and membrane thickness. Typically, microporous semi-permeable membranes will allow liquid to move through them much more quickly than ultrafiltrative semi-permeable membranes at a given hydrostatic pressure differential. Liquid flux is also proportional to surface area. The liquid flux characteristic should be evaluated on a case by case basis when properly designing the compartmentalized device. For example, we have determined that 10,000 MWCO regenerated cellulose membranes from AKZO Nobel, with a 3 cm 2  surface area, allowed almost no liquid to move across it over a 5-day period when the basal medium resided at a height of 2.0 inches above the semi-permeable membrane. On the other hand, we have also determined that 0.4 micron microporous membranes from Nucleopore®, with a 3 cm 2  surface area, allowed a 1.75 inch drop in liquid height over a 5-day period when the basal medium initially resided at a height of 2.0 inches above the semi-permeable membrane. 
         [0042]    The height of basal medium can be controlled by the geometry of the basal medium compartment. For a given volume of medium, simply structuring the basal medium compartment to increase in length will reduce the height of the medium. Thus, hydrostatic pressure differential can be reduced by the geometry of the basal medium compartment. 
         [0043]    Movement of liquid across the semi-permeable membrane can also occur when the protein concentration of the cell culture medium is increased relative to the basal medium, as may be the case when cells and cell-secreted products reside at high-density. High osmolarity of the cell culture medium will then draw liquid from the basal medium across the semi-permeable membrane. This is not uncommon with commercial devices that are compartmentalized by way of a dialysis membrane. Protocols can be adjusted to minimize any detrimental effect on the culture. For example, in applications where serum resides in the cell culture medium, but not in the basal medium, the CELLine™ product literature suggests increasing the concentration of serum by about 5% over that used in traditional devices. In this manner, the dilution of serum by liquid transfer across the dialysis membrane will not bring the concentration below that which the cells experienced as they were scaled up from cryopreservation. 
         [0044]    Preferably, the basal medium compartment is structured in a manner that makes the most effective use of the semi-permeable membrane. That can be achieved by configuring the basal medium compartment to rotate as the compartmentalized device rotates. Doing so allows the semi-permeable membrane to become wetted across its entire surface area, and can increase mass transfer between the basal medium and the cell culture medium. In the case of co-culture, where cells may be attached to the semi-permeable membrane, doing so increases the surface area for cells to reside upon and allows attached cells to experience gas exchange in a similar manner as the traditional roller bottle. 
         [0045]    Many design approaches are possible to ensure the basal medium compartment rotates as the compartmentalized device rotates, as those skilled in the art will recognize. The basal medium compartment can rotate in the same direction of the device housing, or in the opposite direction. For example, physically connecting the basal medium compartment to the device housing allows it to rotate in the same direction. The physical connecting points should be selected, and configured, to prevent interference with the withdrawal of liquid from the cell culture compartment. Allowing the basal medium compartment to rotate in the opposite direction of the device housing can be achieved by a variety of methods, as those skilled in the art will recognize. In this case, a cylindrically shaped basal medium compartment and device housing are preferred. Whether or not the basal medium compartment is physically attached to the device housing, opposite rotation can be attained just from the frictional force between the basal medium compartment and the device housing. Modifying the surface finish at the contact points between the basal medium compartment and the device housing can alter friction. A geared interface between the basal medium compartment and the device housing is another way of achieving opposing rotation. Care should be taken that the interface does not prevent cell culture medium from moving freely about the length of the cell culture compartment. If opposing rotation is desired with the basal medium compartment physically connected to the bottle housing, any linkage that allows the basal medium compartment to rotate in the opposite direction of the device housing will suffice. For example, a frictionless rotary union is one option. 
         [0046]    Another design consideration for the basal medium compartment is related to its physical contact with the cell culture medium in the cell culture compartment. Physical contact can cause perturbations in the cell culture medium and affect the manner in which adherent cells deposit onto the device housing, and can cause cell shear in suspension cell culture applications. Examples of alternative geometries, and the contact each makes with inoculum and cell culture medium, are shown in  FIG. 3A ,  FIG. 3B , and  FIG. 3C . In  FIG. 3A , basal medium compartment  15 A extends throughout cell culture compartment  20 A. In  FIG. 3B , basal medium compartment  15 B extends throughout cell culture compartment  20 B, but its profile is designed to allow basal medium compartment  15 B to avoid contact with cell culture medium  35  in areas other than where semi-permeable membrane  25  exists. In  FIG. 3C , basal medium compartment  15 C extends throughout cell culture compartment  20 C, and is elevated a greater distance beyond the lower portion of device housing  40  than the configuration of  FIG. 3A . 
         [0047]    Inoculum makes contact with the basal medium compartment of each configuration in a different manner. In  FIG. 3A , contact is made with cell culture medium  35  along the length of basal medium compartment  15 A. In  FIG. 3B , contact is made with cell culture medium  35  along a small portion of the length of basal medium compartment  15 B, which is preferably comprised mainly of semi-permeable membrane  25 . In  FIG. 3C , no contact is made with cell culture medium  35  because basal medium compartment  15 C remains elevated as bottle housing  40  rolls. When using the configuration of  FIG. 3C , after cells have seeded from cell culture medium  35 , there are two options to place cell culture medium in communication with basal medium by way of semi-permeable membrane  25 . The first option is by increasing the volume of cell culture medium  35  in cell culture compartment  20 C until it makes contact with semi-permeable membrane  25 . The second option is to lower basal medium compartment  15 C post inoculation, as shown in  FIG. 3D , to so that semi-permeable membrane  25  makes contact with cell culture medium  35 . This second option allows a much smaller volume of cell culture medium to reside in cell culture compartment  20 C than the first option.  FIG. 3D  shows basal medium compartment  15 C repositioned to allow a small volume of cell culture medium  35  to reside in cell culture compartment  20 C and to make contact with semi-permeable membrane  25 . 
         [0048]    Moving basal medium compartment  15 C into the lowered position can be achieved in any number of ways, as those skilled in the art of cell culture device design and mechanical engineering will recognized. A wide variety of mechanisms are possible. One technique is to use the weight of the basal medium to drive the basal medium compartment into the lowered position, as shown in  FIG. 4A  through  FIG. 4D . The technique described allows the basal medium compartment to automatically move into a feeding position when medium is added to the basal medium compartment.  FIG. 4A  and  FIG. 4D  show perspective views from the rear of compartmentalized device  300 , which is configured with one way to achieve this objective.  FIG. 4B  shows a rear view of compartmentalized device  300  of  FIG. 4A .  FIG. 4C  shows a rear view of compartmentalized device  300  of  FIG. 4D . Basal medium compartment  15 C is held in frictionless slot  311 . Frictionless slot  311  is integral to connection rod  310 , which mates to positioning ring  305 . As best shown in  FIG. 4B , basal medium compartment  15 C is elevated so that it does not disturb inoculum or cell culture medium. Positioning ring  305  makes frictionless contact with device housing  40 . Counter weight  320  is attached to positioning ring  305 , and connected rod  310  is mounted to positioning ring  305  directly opposite counter weight  320 . Counter weight  320  exceeds the weight of basal medium compartment  15 C. Therefore counter weight  320  forces positioning ring  305  to rotate until counter weight  320  is at the lowest point, forcing connecting rod  310  and basal medium compartment  15 C to reside directly above it. Gravity causes basal medium compartment  15 C to fall to the lowest point allowed by slot  311 . The dimensions of slot  311  can be altered to place basal medium compartment  15 C at various desired heights relative to device housing  40 . When cells need to be fed, adding basal medium to basal medium compartment  15 C automatically places basal medium compartment  15 C in contact with cell culture medium. When the weight of basal medium compartment  15 C increased beyond that of counter weight  320 , due to the added weight of the basal medium, any motion that moves basal medium compartment  15 C off center will allow gravity to place it in the lowered position. That motion can come by moving basal medium compartment  15 C slightly with a pipette, just from the simple act of carrying compartmentalized device  300  from the laminar flow hood to the incubator, or from the action of the roller mechanisms on device housing  40 . Once basal medium compartment  15 C gets off center, a lever arm is created and its weight overcomes counter weight  320 , and frictionless positioning ring  305  rotates until basal medium compartment  15 C comes to reside at the lowest point possible. Feet  315  make contact with device housing  40 . By creating the appropriate amount of friction between feet  315  and device housing  40 , basal medium compartment  15 C can be made to roll in the opposite direction of device housing  40 . 
         [0049]    Structuring the basal medium compartment so that basal medium can reside within it can be achieved in a number of ways. If the height of basal medium resides below the height of the basal medium compartment access port, the medium compartment access port can merely be an open port. However, if it is desirable for basal medium to reside at a height that is greater than the basal medium compartment access port, a seal is needed to prevent basal medium from spilling into the cell culture compartment.  FIG. 5A  and  FIG. 5B  show one example of how to configure a basal medium access port cover that can act to retain basal medium in the basal medium compartment. The ability to use pipettes for liquid handling can be advantageous when it is desired to retain the simplicity of traditional devices such as flasks and roller bottles. The configuration shown in  FIG. 5A  and  FIG. 5B  is adapted to allow pipette access. In  FIG. 5A , basal medium compartment access port cover  80  is driven open by pipette  65 , coil spring  85  is forced from its original position, and basal medium  30  is introduced into basal medium compartment  15 D. When the pipette  65  is removed, coil spring  85  drives basal medium pipette access port cover  80  back into the sealing position. This allows the basal medium compartment to be entirely filled with medium, and to retain medium  30  when compartmentalized device  10 A is laid on its side as shown in  FIG. 5B . 
         [0050]    When the basal medium compartment is configured with a basal medium access port cover, pressure can build up in the basal medium compartment during shipping or during use. In shipping, gas expands due to temperature changes and elevation changes commonly experienced in ground or air transport. In use, medium can off gas due to temperature changes, and the increased gas volume can pressurize the basal medium compartment. If the type of semi-permeable membrane that is integrated into the basal medium compartment does not have enough compliance, a pressure increase can damage the basal medium compartment integrity. Those skilled in the art will recognize that there are many ways of venting the basal medium compartment as pressure rises. For example, an umbrella check valve or poppet valve can be integrated into the basal medium compartment. 
         [0051]    When a pipette is used to remove medium from the basal medium compartment, orienting the compartmentalized device at an angle that is closer to horizontal than vertical will make it more convenient to handle in a flow hood. One method of accessing the low point of the basal medium compartment, when the compartmentalized device is oriented at an angle that is closer to horizontal than vertical, is to create a conduit within the basal medium compartment.  FIG. 6  shows a cross-section of an embodiment that achieves this objective. Pipette  65  is engaged into pipette interface  66 , which creates a fluid flow path from the lower portion of basal medium compartment  15 E to pipette  65 . Pipette interface  66  should be constructed such that it creates a seal with pipette  65 , but preferably releases pipette  65  easily so that pipette  65  does not detach from its vacuum pump. Co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 10/460,850 and co-pending U.S. Application No. 60/517,288 incorporated herein in their entirety, are sources of information that provides guidance regarding this feature. 
         [0052]    The semi-permeable membrane should be secured to the basal medium compartment in a liquid tight manner.  FIG. 7A  and  FIG. 7B  show one configuration of attaching semi-permeable membrane  25 A to basal medium compartment  15 F when semi-permeable membrane  25 A is extruded.  FIG. 7B  is a magnified view of detail A of  FIG. 7A . Gaskets  90  mate to the housing of basal medium compartment  15 F, and semi-permeable membrane  25 A is placed over gaskets  90 , and secured in a liquid tight manner to gaskets  90  by retaining wire  100 .  FIG. 7C  shows a sheet semi-permeable membrane  25 B secured to basal medium compartment  15 G by adhesive  110 . Those skilled in the art will recognize that many methods of securing the semi-permeable membrane to the basal medium compartment are possible, including mechanical squeeze, adhesives, potting compounds, sonic welds, and the like. 
         [0053]    Collecting liquid from the cell culture compartment can be achieved in a variety of ways.  FIG. 8A  shows a very simple method in which pipette  65  is positioned in a manner such that the tip makes contact with groove  67  running the length of device housing  40 A. Groove  67  provides a location for cell culture medium to collect in, and the tip of pipette  65  to be positioned in. Rims  69  ensure that the bottle is capable of rolling smoothly.  FIG. 8B  shows another method of collecting cell culture medium  35 . Compartmentalized device  10 B is oriented vertically. The tip of pipette  65  is docked into conduit  120 , which travels through basal medium compartment  15 H and into cell culture compartment  20 D. Conduit  120  passes through basal medium compartment  15 H in a liquid tight manner to prevent loss of basal medium  30 . Basal medium compartment  15 H is located a predetermined distance from device housing wall  41  so that cell culture medium  35  can collect at the distal end of conduit  120 . In this manner, a vacuum applied to pipette  65  draws cell culture medium  35  through conduit  120  and into pipette  65 . The tip of conduit  120  should seal against pipette  65 , but not exert more force than would cause pipette  65  to get stuck in conduit  120  when attempting to withdraw pipette  65 . Co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 10/460,850 and co-pending U.S. Application No. 60/517,288 are sources of information that provides guidance regarding this feature. 
         [0054]    In the case where the compartmentalized device is not a closed system, access port(s) into the basal medium compartment and/or the cell culture compartment can be covered by a cap that has the same function as that of a traditional roller bottle. In the loosened position, it allows gas exchange and prevents contamination. In the closed position, it can trap gas, such as is the case when 5% CO 2  environment resides within the cell culture compartment, but the compartmentalized device is operated in a warm room. If the compartmentalized device is structured as a closed system, it can either be periodically sparged with gas to provide oxygen and pH control, or at least a portion of device housing can be gas permeable so that gas exchange is adequate to maintain the culture. Co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 10/961,814 provides a good reference for gas permeable device housings. 
         [0055]    For adherent cell culture, the surface area within the compartmentalized device for cells to attach to can be increased by any methods known to those skilled in the art. Sources for guidance include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,941,661, 4,317,886, 4,824,787, 4,829,004, 4,912,058, or 6,130,080. 
         [0056]    In the event that additional mixing of the cell culture medium is desired, such as may be the case when the volume of cell culture medium is very small, the location of the semi-permeable membrane is distant from portions of the cell culture medium, and/or for any other reason, that can be achieved.  FIG. 9A  shows a configuration that rocks the compartmentalized bottle in an up and down motion as the compartmentalized bottle rolls.  FIG. 9B  and  FIG. 9C  show cross-sectional views of  FIG. 9A  at different time points. Eccentric  140  is positioned in proximity of one end of device housing  40 B. As shown in  FIG. 9B  and  FIG. 9C , when compartmentalized bottle  10 C rotates, eccentric  140  acts to lift and lower the end of device housing  40 B. In this manner, cell culture medium  35  is repeatedly rocked back and forth, thereby breaking up any concentration gradients that may form. If desired, a second eccentric can be attached to the opposing end of the device housing to provide more vigorous rocking action. Other shapes beside eccentric can be utilized, such as a simple projection emanating at a point location. The device housing will be elevated as the projection passes the rollers of the roller rack. More than one projection, and/or projections on each end of the bottle, can be used to make the rocking action more vigorous. 
         [0057]    The compartmentalized device can also be used to provide a more efficient device for dialysis of laboratory samples.  FIG. 10  shows one embodiment of compartmentalized device  10 D configured to achieve this objective. A dialysate compartment  415  is formed in any of the manners previously described for forming a basal medium compartment. A sample compartment  420  is formed in any of the manners previously described for forming a cell culture compartment. In the preferred embodiment, the MWCO of semi-permeable membrane  25 C will be less than 100,000 Daltons, and often from 3,000 Daltons to 30,000, dialysate compartment  415  will have a dialysate compartment access port cover  480  configured as previously described for that of the basal medium access port cover, compartmentalized device  10 D will be configured to roll in a roller rack, and cap  450  will be present to prevent accidental spilling or contamination of sample  435 . In use, dialysate  430  is placed into dialysate compartment  415 , and sample  435  is placed into sample compartment  420 . Compartmentalized device  10 D is rolled in a roller rack at any speed desired. Additional mixing can be attained using the techniques described previously in  FIG. 9A  through  FIG. 9C . Periodically, dialysate can be removed and replaced. The advantage of this embodiment compared to alternative methods and devices for dialysis of laboratory samples are numerous, and are best understood after reviewing the prior art of U.S. Pat. No. 5,324,428, U.S. Pat. No. 5,783,075, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,503,741. Larger sample volumes can be processed with a high ratio of membrane surface area to sample volume, a stir bar is not needed, there is no need to properly orient the device in a dialysate container, needles are not needed, liquid can easily be handled with standard laboratory tools like pipettes and aspirators, the mess associated with liquid dripping from the dialysis membranes as they are removed from dialysate containers is avoided, sterility of the sample is easily maintained, and even the dialysate can easily be kept sterile. 
         [0058]    The compartmentalized device can be configured to function without rolling. For example, this may be advantageous when it is desired to reduce cell shear, or when rolling equipment is not available.  FIG. 11A  shows a cross-sectional view of compartmentalized device  10 E configured in a manner that does not require rolling. Gas permeable bottom  150  allows gas exchange through the bottom of compartmentalized device  10 E. The gas permeable material can be any material known to those skilled in the art of cell culture device design. Co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 10/961,814, is among the many sources of information that can provide guidance. Basal medium compartment  15 I resides a predetermined distance from gas permeable bottom  150 . Cell culture compartment  20 E contains cell culture medium  35  and basal medium compartment  15 I contains basal medium  30 .  FIG. 11B  shows how compartmentalized device  10 E can function in the rolled position. Access to either compartment can be achieved as previously described. 
         [0059]    When functioning in the unrolled position, cells come to reside in proximity of gas permeable bottom  150 . Cell culture medium  35  is in communication with basal medium  30  by way of semi-permeable membrane  25 D. Controlling the volume of cell culture medium  35  can be achieved by the distance that basal medium compartment  15 I resides from gas permeable bottom  150  and from device housing  40 . As the distance becomes smaller, for any given height of cell culture medium, the volume is reduced thereby increasing concentration. The ability to gain advantage by placing medium at heights beyond conventional wisdom is described in Co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 10/961,814. 
         [0060]    Another advantage of this configuration is the ability to balance hydrostatic pressure across the semi-permeable membrane. It is easy to construct a configuration with a high ratio of the volume of basal medium to the volume of cell culture medium, yet a small differential in height between the basal medium and the cell culture medium. Thus, the concentration advantages and feeding frequency advantages remain present, while the hydrostatic driving force across the semi-permeable membrane is reduced. As shown in  FIG. 11A , the height of cell culture medium  35  and basal medium  30  are equal, balancing the hydrostatic pressure across semi-permeable membrane  25 D. The difference in volume can be readily understood by calculating one of many possible geometric relationships. For example, basal medium volume would be 1100 ml and the volume of cell culture medium would be 295 ml if the compartmentalized device is cylindrical, basal medium compartment  15 I resides 10 mm from device housing  40 C per side, 10 mm from the gas permeable bottom  150 , cell culture medium is place at a height of 15 mm, and the device housing has a diameter of 11 cm. Thus, the ratio of basal medium to cell culture medium would be about 3.7, showing that cells and cell secreted protein could be increased, perhaps by more than about 3.7 times depending on the feeding schedule. Co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 10/961,814, incorporated herein in its entirety, gives guidance regarding medium height and the effect upon cell growth and secreted products. 
         [0061]      FIG. 11C ,  FIG. 11D , and  FIG. 11E  show how the ratio of semi-permeable membrane area to basal medium volume can be changed to alter mass transfer or hydrostatically driven liquid flux. In  FIG. 11C , the bottom of basal medium compartment  15 J is comprised of semi-permeable membrane  25 E, exposing basal medium  30  to mass transfer at the lower portion of basal medium  30 . In  FIG. 11D , the bottom and sides of basal medium compartment  15 K are comprised of semi-permeable membrane  25 F, exposing basal medium  30  to mass transfer at its bottom and sides, thereby increasing the surface area available for mass transfer. In  FIG. 11E , the sides of medium compartment  15 L are comprised of semi-permeable membrane  25 G, exposing basal medium  30  to mass transfer at its sides. 
         [0062]    Depending on the type of material used for the semi-permeable membrane and whether or not the compartmentalized device is rolled, structural support about the exterior of the semi-permeable membrane may be desired. For example, if the semi-permeable membrane bulges and firmly presses against the device housing, cell culture medium may be physically blocked or impeded from moving to about the perimeter of the semi-permeable membrane. Keeping the semi-permeable membrane from making detrimental physical contact with the device housing can be achieved in any number of ways including the use of an open weave mesh. If structural support is provided about the exterior of the semi-permeable membrane, the mesh or other physical structure should allow as much cell culture medium contact with the semi-permeable membrane as possible while allowing movement of the cell culture medium about the surface of the semi-permeable membrane. Prior to the use of structural support, mass transfer evaluation should be conducted to determine the effect of any given support configuration relative to no support. The rate of glucose transfer from the basal medium compartment into the cell culture compartment is one way of measuring the effect of the structural support upon mass transfer. In the case of hydrophilic membranes such as regenerated cellulose, transfer may be adequate without structural support. 
         [0063]      FIG. 12A ,  FIG. 12B ,  FIG. 12C , and  FIG. 12D  show views of a compartmentalized device, configured to roll like a roller bottle, capable of physically transporting fluid from one compartment to the other. Compartmentalized device  200  contains suspended compartment  210 , the bottom of which is comprised of semi-permeable membrane  230 . Surrounding compartment  220  is bounded by device housing  235 . Suspended compartment  210  mates to device housing  235  in a manner that allows it to remain in position as device housing rotates about it. Any number of mechanical attachment methods known to those skilled in the art are possible to allow that to occur, including the use of bearings, frictionless singe point attachment, rotary slip joints, and the like. When the cap is removed, access port  225  allows pipette access to each compartment. In operation, scoop  240  collects liquid from surrounding compartment  220  and delivers it to suspended compartment  210  as compartmentalized device  200  is rolled.  FIG. 12B ,  FIG. 12C  and  FIG. 12D , viewed from the perspective of section A-A of  FIG. 12A , show the sequence of events that occur for liquid transport between surrounding compartment  220  and suspended compartment  210 . In  FIG. 12B , medium  250  resides in surrounding compartment  220  and suspended compartment  210 . Scoop  240  is immersed in medium  250  residing in surrounding compartment  220 . In  FIG. 12C , compartmentalized device  200  has rotated in the counterclockwise direction as shown by rotation arrow  260 . Scoop  240  has risen out of medium  250  and is filled with medium  250 . In  FIG. 12D , compartmentalized device  200  has rotated further in the counterclockwise direction as shown by rotation arrow  260 . Scoop  240  is located above suspended compartment  210  and is oriented in a manner that allows medium  250  to exit by gravitational force. Medium  250  falls out of scoop  240  and enters suspended compartment  210 . Medium  250  is also makes its way through semi-permeable membrane  230 , and enters surrounding compartment  220 . By balancing the volume of medium delivered by the scoop into the suspended compartment, with the amount of medium exiting the suspended compartment via semi-permeable membrane, a constant volume of medium is retained in each compartment while medium constantly moves from one compartment to the next. Altering the number of scoops used, the liquid capacity of the scoop, the rate of rotation, the permeability of the semi-permeable membrane, and the surface area of the semi-permeable membrane can strike that balance. In the preferred embodiment, device housing  235  is cylindrical so that smooth movement occurs during rotation and optically clear so that the fluid flow can be monitored. 
         [0064]    This configuration can be very helpful for a variety of applications. A main attribute is the ability to move liquid from one compartment to the next on a continuous basis without the need for pumps. For example, if hematopoietic cells are to be transduced, moving vectors continuously past them creates a higher incidence of contact than simple Brownian motion. Hematopoietic cells can be placed in the suspended compartment, and the characteristics of the semi-permeable can be selected to retain the cells in the suspended compartment, but let medium and vectors pass. When vectors are introduced into the suspended compartment by the scoop, they make their way toward the surrounding compartment by gravity, contacting the hematopoietic cells. Vectors that do not transduce a hematopoietic cell, and pass to the surrounding compartment are then returned to the suspended compartment by the scoop and have another chance to transduce the cell. In this case it is important that the medium residing in the suspended compartment does not drain completely, which would cause the cells to die. 
         [0065]    Other examples for which this configuration could be useful include the desire to perfuse each compartment with cell-secreted product, or any exogenous factors, or for co-culture. In this case, cells can be located in the suspended compartment and the surrounding compartment. Liquid surrounding the cells is constantly moved from the surrounding compartment to the suspended compartment, and back again. 
         [0066]    In many applications with traditional culture devices, they are placed upon shaker plates. When a compartmentalized device is configured with a suspended compartment that remains in position as the device housing rotates about it, it can create a similar action as a shaker plate.  FIG. 13A ,  FIG. 13B ,  FIG. 13C , and  FIG. 13D  show a cross-sectional view of such a compartmentalized device.  FIG. 13A  through  FIG. 13D  depict the motion that the suspended compartment and cell culture medium go through as the compartmentalized device rotates. Preferably, the compartmentalized device is configured to roll on a standard roller rack. Compartmentalized device  10 F integrates suspended compartment  210 A.  FIG. 13A  shows suspended compartment  210 A at rest. As device housing  235 A rotates about suspended compartment  210 A, as shown by rotation direction arrow  236 , device housing projection  275  makes contact with suspended compartment projection  280  and drives suspended compartment from its resting position, as best shown in  FIG. 13B . The contact forces suspended compartment  210 A to rotate about its pivot point contact with device housing  235 A until device housing projection  275  loses contact with suspended compartment projection  280 , at which point suspended compartment  210 A swings back past its original position, as best shown in  FIG. 13C . As gravity exerts is force on suspended compartment  210 A, it comes to rest as best shown in  FIG. 13D . The amount of agitation to cell culture medium  35  can be varied by the rate of rotation, the duration of contact between the device housing projection and suspended compartment projection, and the number of device housing projections. 
         [0067]    In the case where culture of cells upon a gas permeable membrane is desired, the configuration shown in  FIG. 13A  through  FIG. 13D  can useful for periodically mixing cells. In that case, the selection of material for semi-permeable membrane  230 A is based on the capacity to provide gas transfer to cells residing above it. U.S. Pat. No. 5,693,537 is among the many sources of information that provides guidance for the material selection of the gas permeable membrane. Co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 10/961,814 describes the how to structure gas permeable devices for the culture of cells and provides guidance of specific design attributes that can be applied to the design of suspended compartment  210 A to optimize culture performance. 
       EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     Evaluation of the Compartmentalized Device with Adherent Cells for Increased Cell Density and Reduction of Serum Use 
       [0068]    Compartmentalized device test fixtures  500  were configured as shown in  FIG. 14 . The device housing was created by modifying a Corning® 850 cm 2  roller bottle. The bottom of the bottle was removed to form device housing  540 . Basal medium compartment  515  was placed in the distal end of device housing  540  as shown. Device bottom  541  was attached in a liquid tight manner, thereby completing the assembly procedure and creating a liquid tight cell culture compartment  520 . Semi-permeable membrane  525  consisted of a 14,000 MWCO cellulose membrane 1.0 inch long and 4.4 inches in diameter, creating a semi-permeable membrane surface area of 89 cm 2 . Semi-permeable membrane  525  was constrained from expanding by mesh  530 , comprised of 0.020 inch diameter polypropylene strands at 16 strands per inch. The inside surface area of device housing  540  available for cell attachment was the surface that resided between basal medium compartment  515  and access port  535 , which was approximately 490 cm 2 . 
         [0069]    Growth of an adherent CHO cell line, CHO-ACE005, was evaluated in six compartmentalized device test fixtures  500  relative to a traditional roller bottle. The capability to support the growth of cells at high density, and to reduce the use of serum was assessed. To assess growth of cells at high density in the compartmentalized devices, the medium volume to growth surface area ratio was reduced well below that of the traditional Corning® 490 cm 2  roller bottle controls. The traditional Corning® 490 cm 2  roller bottle controls contained 115 ml of medium, while each compartmentalized device test fixture  500  contained only 30 ml in cell culture compartment  520 . Additional medium support, 85 ml, was provided by basal medium compartment  515 . Thus, all test devices had 115 ml of total medium, but only 30 ml was in direct contact with cells in the compartmentalized device test fixtures  500  versus 115 ml in the traditional bottle. 
         [0070]    Further benefits can be derived if the compartmentalized devices are capable of reducing the use of serum. To evaluate this potential benefit, all six compartmentalized device test fixtures  500  had 10% serum in cell culture compartment  520 . Three compartmentalized device test fixtures  500  had 10% serum in basal medium compartment  515 , and three compartmentalized device test fixtures  500  had no serum in the basal medium. 
         [0071]    DMEM medium was used for all devices, supplemented with serum as described. All devices were rotated at 1 RPM at 37 C, 95% RH, and 5% CO 2 . 
         [0072]    Adherent cells were rinsed with PBS and collected by two rounds of trypsinization (0.25% Trypsin, 1 mM EDTA.4Na). Cells were stained with trypan blue to determine viability and enumerated using a hemocytometer. Cell density, identified as “cells per ml” in Table E1, was calculated per ml of cell culture medium. Thus, the total quantity of cells recovered from each compartmentalized device test fixture was divided by 30 ml, while the total quantity of cells recovered from each roller bottle control was divided by 115 ml. All values were averaged and Table E1 summarizes the findings. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE E1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Serum 
                   
                 Viable Cells 
                   
               
               
                 Device 
                 used 
                 Viability 
                 Recovered 
                 Cells per ml 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Roller bottle control 
                 34.5 ml 
                 95% 
                 59.78 × 10 6   
                 0.52 × 10 6   
               
               
                 Compartmentalized 
                 25.5 ml 
                 90% 
                 58.45 × 10 6   
                 1.95 × 10 6   
               
               
                 device with serum 
               
               
                 Compartmentalized 
                   3 ml 
                 90% 
                 60.35 × 10 6   
                 2.01 × 10 6   
               
               
                 device w/o serum 
               
               
                 in basal medium 
               
               
                 compartment 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0073]    Table E1 clearly shows the capacity of the compartmentalized device to make cell culture more efficient. Despite over a 10-fold reduction in serum use, the number of viable cells cultured was not impeded. Furthermore, the concentration of cells in the medium was increased nearly 4-fold. 
       Example 2 
     Evaluation of the Compartmentalized Device with Suspension Cells for Increased Antibody Density and Reduction of Serum Use 
       [0074]    Four gamma-irradiated compartmentalized device test fixtures  500  were constructed as previously described in Example 1, and shown in  FIG. 14 . Tests were conducted to evaluate the ability of the compartmentalized device test fixtures to increase the density of secreted antibody, the amount of secreted antibody, and reduce serum relative to traditional roller bottles. 
         [0075]    22×10 6  murine hybridoma cells secreting IgG monoclonal antibody were suspended in 25 ml of medium and were inoculated into each cell culture compartment  520 , and 75 ml of medium was placed into each basal medium compartment  515 . 22×10 6  murine hybridoma cells secreting IgG monoclonal antibody were suspended in 100 ml of medium and were inoculated into traditional Corning® 490 cm 2  roller bottle controls. Glucose consumption was monitored daily. FBS serum concentration was 10% for the traditional Corning® 490 cm 2  roller bottle controls and for all medium in two compartmentalized device test fixtures  500 . However, two compartmentalized device test fixtures  500  contained FBS serum at 10% concentration in cell culture compartment  520 , with no FBS serum in basal medium compartment  515 . All devices were rotated at 1 RPM in ambient conditions of 37 C, 95% RH, and 5% CO 2 . Samples were collected from each cell culture compartment  520 , and from the roller bottle controls every 5 days. ELISA was performed to determine antibody production. Results are shown in Tables E2.1 and E2.2. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE E2.1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Monoclonal antibody concentration in compartmentalized device test fixtures compared to the roller bottle control. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 FBS Serum 
                 IgG concentration (μg/mL, mean +/− sd) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Device (n = 2) 
                 Concentration 
                 Day 5 
                 Day 10 
                 Day 15 
                 Day 20 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Compartmentalized 
                 10% in both compartments 
                 202 +/− 23 
                 320 +/− 42 
                 1,695 +/− 192 
                 1,301 +/− 464 
               
               
                 device 
               
               
                 Compartmentalized 
                 10% in basal medium compartment 
                 197 +/− 87 
                 282 +/− 4  
                 1,593 +/− 533 
                 1,187 +/− 578 
               
               
                 device 
                 0% in cell culture compartment 
               
               
                 Roller Bottle 
                 10% 
                 35 +/− 6 
                 36 +/− 5 
                  71 +/− 2 
                  71 +/− 2 
               
               
                 Control 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0076]    Table E2.1 demonstrates that each compartmentalized device test fixture  500  generated at least a 16-fold increase IgG monoclonal antibody concentration relative to the traditional roller bottle controls. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE E2.2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Monoclonal antibody produced 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Total IgG produced 
                 FBS added 
                 Medium added 
                 Glucose consumed 
               
               
                   
                 μg/ml 
                 ml 
                 ml 
                 per mg IgG 
               
               
                 Device, n = 2 
                 (mean +/− sd) 
                 (mean +/− sd) 
                 (mean +/− sd) 
                 (mean +/− sd) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Compartmentalized 
                 51,933 +/− 641 
                  6 +/− 1 
                 806 +/− 50 
                 0.0282 +/− 0.0015 
               
               
                 Device 
               
               
                 Compartmentalized 
                   58,565 +/− 8,202 
                 82 +/− 6 
                 731 +/− 45 
                 0.0272 +/− 0.0032 
               
               
                 Device 
               
               
                 Traditional 
                 34,098 +/− 268 
                 78 +/− 1 
                 703 +/− 1  
                 0.0387 +/− 0.0019 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0077]    Table E2.2 demonstrates that total amount of antibody produced in compartmentalized device test fixtures  500  (n=4) increased at least 52% compared to the traditional roller bottle controls (n=2, p&lt;0.001 by unpaired t-test analysis). Also of importance, a 13-fold reduction in FBS serum use had no effect on the total amount of IgG produced (p&lt;0.05). Furthermore, there quantity of glucose used per mg of antibody produced was reduced by at least 28%, suggesting a more efficient use of medium. In summary, the ability of the compartmentalized device to increase production, concentrate product can lead to substantial cost reductions in downstream processing. Furthermore, reduced use of expensive serum can cost reduce the culture process. Thus, the compartmentalized device is far superior to the traditional roller bottle. 
       Example 3 
     Evaluation of the Compartmentalized Device with Suspension Cells for Increased Cell Density 
       [0078]    Compartmentalized test devices were configured as shown in  FIG. 14  with the exception that mesh  530  was not present. Semi-permeable membrane  525 , was unconstrained, and in operation expanded from swelling to make contact with device housing  540 . Device housing  540  extended approximately seven inches between basal medium compartment  515  and access port  535 , generating a device housing surface area suitable for cell culture of approximately 600 cm 2 . 
         [0079]    Two compartmentalized test devices and a T-175 control flask were compared on the basis of cell density. Medium consisted of Hyclone media (cat#SH30382.02) supplemented with 10% Hyclone Fetal Bovine Serum and 1% Gibco Penicillin Streptomycin. Culture conditions were 37 C, 95% R.H., and 5% CO 2 . All devices were rolled at 1 RPM. Each cell culture compartment  520  was inoculated with 25×10 6  murine hybridoma cells in 25 mls of medium. Each basal medium compartment  515  received 170 ml of medium. A T-175 control flask was inoculated with 25×10 6 /ml murine hybridoma cells in 25 ml of the same medium. 
         [0080]    All test devices were fed as needed to keep the cells viable. Table E3 shows maximum viable cells density, and maximum viable cells attained in each device. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE E3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Max cell density 
                 Max total cells 
               
               
                   
                 TEST DEVICE 
                 (×10 6 /ml) 
                 (×10 6 ) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 1 st  Compartmentalized 
                 22 
                 548 
               
               
                   
                 Test Device 
               
               
                   
                 2 nd  Compartmentalized 
                 21 
                 520 
               
               
                   
                 Test Device 
               
               
                   
                 T-175 Flask 
                 3.6 
                 90 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0081]    The power of the compartmentalized device to increase cell density relative to the commonly used tissue culture flask was demonstrated. Cell density increased at least approximately 600%. 
       Example 4 
     Evaluation of Unrolled Compartmentalized Devices with Suspension Cells for Increased Cell and Cell Secreted Protein Density 
       [0082]    Tests were conducted to evaluate the capacity of the compartmentalized device to function in the unrolled state. Three configurations of unrolled compartmentalized devices were created, each with a different semi-permeable membrane surface area. These configurations were evaluated relative to the traditional T-175 flask. In a murine hybridoma application to obtain monoclonal antibody, a comparison was made with respect to cell density. 
         [0083]    Two styles of compartmentalized test devices were configured in a similar manner as that described in  FIG. 11E  and  FIG. 11D , further defined as shown in  FIG. 15A  and  FIG. 15B  respectively. The compartmentalized test devices are hereinafter identified as Test Device  600 A and Test Device  600 B respectively. Test Device  600 A and Test Device  600 B differed in the amount of semi-permeable surface area in contact with cell culture medium. For each test device, the device housing was created by modifying a Corning® 850 cm 2  roller bottle. The bottom of the bottle was removed to form device housing  640 . Basal medium compartment  615  was placed in the location shown. Gas permeable device bottom  650 , comprised of 0.004 inch thick di-methyl silicone of 98 cm 2 , was attached to device housing  640  in a liquid tight manner, thereby creating a liquid tight cell culture compartment  620 . Semi-permeable membrane  625  in each device consisted of 14,000 MWCO cellulose membrane. Test Device  600 A, as shown in  FIG. 15A , had semi-permeable membrane  625  comprising the perimeter of cylindrical basal medium compartment  615 , extending a height of 1.0 inch from the bottom of basal medium compartment  615 . Test Device  15 B, as shown in  FIG. 15B , had semi-permeable membrane  625  comprising the perimeter of cylindrical basal medium compartment  615 , extending a height of 1.0 inch from the bottom of basal medium compartment  615 , and comprising the bottom of basal medium compartment  615 . Table E4 summarizes the two styles of compartmentalized test devices and the control T-175 flask. 
         [0084]    Murine hybridoma cells were cultured in Hyclone medium. Cell counts and viability were monitored made using standard hemocytometer and trypan blue exclusion methods. Each compartmentalized device was inoculated on “Day  0 ” with murine hybridoma cells. Table E4.1 shows the results. 
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                 TABLE E.4.1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Semi-permeable membrane 
                 Day 0 inoculation 
                 Maximum live 
               
               
                 Test 
                 surface area in contact with 
                 density 
                 cell density 
               
               
                 Device 
                 cell culture medium (cm 2 ) 
                 (×10 6 ) 
                 (×10 6 ) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 15A 
                 81 
                 3.74 
                 9.12 
               
               
                 15B 
                 152 
                 3.74 
                 14.28 
               
               
                 T-175 
                 NA 
                 1.0 
                 3.92 
               
               
                 standard 
               
               
                 control 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0085]    These results clearly indicate the ability of the unrolled compartmentalized device to culture cells a much higher density than traditional culture devices such as the tissue culture flask. Importantly, increasing semi-permeable membrane surface area can yield additional culture capacity without increasing the footprint of the device. This allows more efficient use of space. 
         [0086]    Those skilled in the art will recognize that numerous modifications can be made thereof without departing from the spirit. Therefore, it is not intended to limit the breadth of the invention to the embodiments illustrated and described. Rather, the scope of the invention is to be interpreted by the appended claims and their equivalents. Each publication, patent, patent application, and reference cited herein is hereby incorporated herein by reference.