Abstract:
Particle detection systems configured to identify a particle in a bulk sample volume are less efficient than those configured to measure a single particle. A particle detection system according to an inventive embodiment can identify a particle in a fluid stream. The detection system may employ one or more heating stations. Each heating station may be set to a distinct temperature. The heating stations may include a light source and a light detector, such that once a particle traverses a beam provided by the light source, the light detector may measure resultant optical scattering. Based on the optical scattering with respect to temperature or temperature variation, an identification of the single particle may be obtained, thereby eliminating measurement inaccuracies associated with bulk sample volumes. The particle detection system may detect organic particles among inorganic particles in various fluid flow environments, such as for safety or quality purposes.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/150,123, filed on Feb. 5, 2009, the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     GOVERNMENT SUPPORT 
     The invention was supported, in whole or in part, by a grant FA8721-05-C-0002 from United States Air Force. The Government has certain rights in the invention. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The detection and discrimination of types of aerosols has utility in public health monitoring, occupational health monitoring, biological and chemical defense sensing, and industrial production monitoring. For many of these applications it is desirable to be able to measure and discriminate aerosols that form a minority population of an ensemble aerosol, which may include organic, inorganic, and/or biological particles, as well as other particles known in the art. In these cases it is often useful to measure individual aerosol particles for detection and classification. 
     Prior aerosol instruments typically measure very small concentrations of aerosols, such as single aerosol particles in a liter of air, in a background of a very large number of ambient aerosol particles, which may be as numerous as hundreds to thousands of particles per liter of air. Some instruments of this type simply measure the particle size through optical scattering or aerodynamic means. Other instruments use fluorescence or scattering at multiple visible wavelengths to classify particles. Many of these instruments measure individual aerosol particles one at a time in a very rapid fashion rather than measuring mixtures, or ensembles, of aerosol particles. 
     Thus, there is a need for an in-situ aerosol sensor that can detect and classify multiple types of aerosols in a rapid, inexpensive manner. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In example embodiments, a system, and corresponding method for use, may include a particle identifier for identifying a particle in a flow. The particle identifier may include a quantifying unit that may be configured to quantify an optical scattering of the particle as a function of particle temperature across multiple temperatures, each of which is above ambient temperature. The particle temperature is at or near a temperature of atmosphere surrounding the particle (i.e., the particle is at or near atmospheric temperature). The identifier may also include a characterizing unit, which may be configured to characterize a change in size or complex index of refraction of the particle as a function of the optical scattering as quantified across the multiple temperatures, and an identifying unit, which may configured to identify the particle based on characterized change in optical scattering of the particle. 
     The quantifying unit may be further configured to quantify the optical scattering in a non-binary manner. The quantifying unit may be further configured to receive optical scattering data from a single detector. 
     The identifier may be configured to analyze the particle in situ. The multiple temperatures may be provided with a series of independent heating stations arranged in order of increasing temperature. A maximum temperature of the multiple temperatures may be a temperature at which an organic particle approaches combustion or vaporization. 
     The quantifying unit, characterizing unit, and identifying unit may be configured to quantify, characterize, and identify, respectively, the particle after the particle passes through each heating station in a series of heating stations. Each heating station may include a single light sensor, light source, and heat source. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The foregoing will be apparent from the following more particular description of example embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 1  is a graphical depiction of differences in reaction of inorganic and organic particles with respect to changes in temperature; 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram of a multiple aerosol particle volatility analyzer; 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic of a single aerosol and single stage particle detection system, featuring a particle identifier, according to example embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic of the particle identifier of  FIG. 3  according to an example embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 5  is a flow diagram depicting example operations of the detection system of  FIGS. 3 and 4  according to an example embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 6  is a multiple stage, single aerosol particle detection system according to example embodiment of the present invention; and 
         FIGS. 7-9  are plots of experimental data obtained using the system of  FIGS. 3 and 4 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     A description of example embodiments of the invention follows. 
     Many methods of identifying a particle in a particle detection system exist. Typically, particle detection systems are based on particle illumination, or scattering. Particle detection systems based on a particle&#39;s thermal responses are also employed in the art for bulk samples of aerosol particles. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a difference in thermal responses of inorganic and organic particles in a bulk sample as measured with a traditional thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA). As shown, in a temperature range (x-axis) of approximately 125° C. to about 550° C., the inorganic particles, such as Kaolin and sodium chloride (NaCl), experience a little or no reduction in fractional volume (y-axis). In contrast, the organic particles, such as Bacillus Globigii (BG) and Albumin, experience a much greater fractional volume reduction within a temperature range of approximately 25° C. to about 550° C. The organic particles evaporate or reduce in volume at much lower temperatures as compared to inorganic particles. 
     As is known in the art, a traditional thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA) system performs measurements on a bulk sample. If applied to aerosol particles, the bulk sample includes a variety, or mixture, of both organic and inorganic particles. The bulk sample is placed on a scale within a temperature controlled oven. The TGA may perform a number of measurements of the weight of the bulk sample for a number of temperatures. As explained above in reference to  FIG. 1 , organic and inorganic particles vaporize or combust at different temperatures. Therefore, the resulting bulk sample includes particles that may have vaporized or experienced a reduction in size with an increase in temperature. The weight of the bulk sample may decrease with an increase in temperature. The TGA measurement will not differentiate between the case where many of the particles in the mixture slightly decreased in weight with an increase in temperature and the case where a very small number of the particles in the mixture lost most of their weight. 
       FIG. 2  provides an illustrative example of a multi-particle detection system  300  for volatility analysis of aerosol particles. Multiple aerosol particles including organic  303  and inorganic  305  particles enter a heated oven  309 . The oven may be heated to a predetermined temperature. Upon exiting the heated oven  309 , the resultant bulk particle sample  313  is measured by a particle sizer  311  (e.g., a nephelometer or a particle counter with size measurement capability). The particle sizer  311  may provide a measurement of the diameter of the different particles in the bulk sample  301  upon being heated via the oven  309 . Thus, through various cycles of different oven temperatures, an approximation of the effect of particle diameter due to temperature may be obtained. 
     However, the volatility analysis, or calculated decrease in diameter due to temperature, may be severely inaccurate for the same reason discussed for bulk TGA measurements of particle mixtures. As the organic particles decrease in size or combust, the inorganic particles may also see a reduction in size. Although the inorganic particle size reduction may be much less than that of the organic particle, the cumulative effect of the size reduction of all inorganic particles in the bulk sample may skew any calculations provided by measured data. Specifically, it may be difficult to ascertain what percentage of the difference in measured results is due to the combustion of inorganic particles or the size reduction of organic particles. Thus, an inorganic particle which has reduced in size may appear as an organic particle which has undergone little or no changes in diameter size. Therefore, in an example embodiment presented herein below, a system capable of measuring a single particle is provided. By utilizing measurements of a single particle, effects of the particle&#39;s diameter due to temperature size may be accurately obtained. 
     Together,  FIGS. 3-5  illustrate a system and method of identifying particles according to example embodiments of the present invention.  FIG. 3  shows a particle detection system  400 ,  FIG. 4  is a diagram of the particle identifier  413  shown in  FIG. 3 , and  FIG. 6  shows a flow chart  600  of example operations that may be taken by the particle identifier of  FIGS. 3 and 4 . 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a single particle detection system  400  according to an example embodiment. A single particle  401  traveling in a fluid stream  403  (e.g., air or other gas) may be configured to enter a heating station  409 . The temperature of the heating station  409  may be adjusted to a temperature between room temperature and a temperature at which a typical organic particle may combust or vaporize. The heating station  409  may also include any number of light sources  405 A-C placed at the entrance, within, or near the exit of the heat station  409 , respectively. The light sources  405 A-C may be configured to provide a propagating light beams  407 A-C, respectively. The light sources  405 A-C may be coherent or incoherent light sources. The light sources  405 A-C may be laser diodes or any other device known in the art for providing light. The heating station  409  may also include any number of light detectors  411 A-C, which may be placed so as to detect the light that scatters from the aerosol particle as the particle  401  traverses the light beams  407 A-C, respectively. The light detectors  411 A-C may be photo-detectors or any other means of light detection known in the art. 
     In operation, the light scattered from the particle may first be measured at ambient temperature via the light source  405 A and light detector  411 A situated at the entrance of the heating station  409 . As the single particle  401  enters the heating station  409 , the particle may come into equilibrium with the temperature of the heating station  409 . As the equilibrium takes place, the particle may experience physical changes due to the increased temperature. The physical changes may include reductions in particle diameter, as well as a change in the complex index of refraction of the particle. Changes in a particles diameter and/or index of refraction may alter the amount and intensity of scattered light produced by a particle. 
     Thereafter, the particle may traverse the propagating light beam  407 C provided by the light source  405 C situated at the exit of the heating station  409 , resulting in a light scattering  412 . The resultant light scattering may be measured by light detector  411 C, also situated at the exit of the heating station  409 . It should be appreciated that particle measurements may be obtained as the particle is being heated via the heater of the heating station. Based on the intensity of the measured light scattering from the first light beam  407 A in a region at ambient temperature and the measured light scattering from the second beam  407 B or  407 C in a region at an elevated temperature with the heating station, or data, changes in the particles diameter and index of refraction may be determined. The light detectors  411 A-C may be configured to send the measured data  418  to a particle identifier  413  in the form of an analog electrical signal. It should be appreciated that the temperature variation may be applied to the particle in situ. 
     The particle identifier  413  may include a quantizing unit  417 , which may receive the measured data  418  and a current atmosphere temperature  420  of the heating station  409 . The quantizing unit  417  may quantify the optical scattering, or measured data  418 , associated with the particle  401  as a function of temperature of the heating station  420 . The temperature  420  of the heating station is assumed to be approximately the temperature of the particle once the particle has reached equilibrium in the heating station ( 601  in  FIG. 5 ). The quantizing may further involve determining an estimated particle index of refraction or diameter, or an estimated decrease of index of refraction or diameter, based on the given temperature  420 . The quantization may result in quantized information  422 . 
     The quantized information  422  may thereafter be sent to a characterizing unit  419 . The characterizing unit may characterize the change in size, or index of refraction, of the particle as a function of the optical scattering, or measured data  418  ( 603  in  FIG. 5 ). The characterization may further include searching through a database of estimated particle index of refractions or diameters, or estimated decreases of index of refractions or diameters for different particles given the temperature  420 . The characterizing may provide characterization data  424 . 
     The characterization data  424  may thereafter be sent to a identifying unit  421 . The identifying unit  421  may identify the particle based on a characterized change in the size or index of refraction, or estimated values of the same, of the particle ( 605  in  FIG. 5 ). The identifying unit  421  may thereafter provide a particle identification result  265  shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     The particle identifier  413  may be configured to send the quantized information  422 , the characterized data, and/or the particle identification result  265  to a routing unit  239 . The routing unit  239  may act as an intermediary between the particle identifier  413  and various network components  246 . It should be appreciated that the routing unit  239  need not be employed, and the particle identifier  413  may instead be directly connected to the various network components  246 . 
     The routing unit  239  may be configured to send measurement instructions  245  to the particle identifier  413 . The measurement instructions  245  may include, for example, on/off instructions or calculation parameters to be utilized by the quantizing  417  or characterizing  419  units. The particle identifier  413  and the routing unit  239  may be connected via a connection link  241 . It should be appreciated that the connection link  241  may be a wired, optical, or wireless connection, or any other data transfer connection known in the art. 
     The routing unit  239  may also be connected to a database storage  247 . The routing unit  239  may send the database storage  247  a particle identification request, and/or a data storage request  251 . The particle identification request may include a retrieval request of stored data via the quantizing  417 , characterizing  419 , and/or identifying  421  units, where the retrieved data may be used for processing. The particle identification request may further include a request to compare information stored in the database storage  247  with information obtained or calculated by the particle identifier  413  for the purpose of quantizing, characterizing, and/or identifying the particle. The data storage request  251  may include may include a request to store data obtained or calculated by the particle identifier  413 . 
     The database storage  247  may send a particle identification result  253  to the routing unit  239 . The particle identification result  253  may be any form of data that may be requested by the particle identifier  413 . The routing unit  239  may, in turn, send all incoming messages or signals to the particle identifier  413 . 
     The routing unit  239  may also be coupled to a network  255 . The routing unit  239  may send a particle identification request, data storage request, and/or data sharing request  259  to the network  255 . The particle identification request and data sharing request  259  may be similar to the request  251  sent to the database storage  247 . The data sharing request  259  may be a request to share data with a user  269  that may be connected to the network  255 , or another detection system  271  that may be connected to the network  255 . The network  255 , or more specifically, a server or other network element (not shown) connected to the network  255 , may also send a message  261  in the form of particle identification results, similar to the result  253  sent by the database storage  247 , or instructions to the routing unit  239 . The instructions  261  may comprise measurement instructions similar to the instructions  245  sent to the particle identifier  413 . 
     The database storage  247  and the network  255  may also include a bidirectional data transfer connection  263 . The database storage  247  may send identification results and/or a data sharing request  265  to the network  255 . The network  255  may send an identification request  267  to the database storage  247 . It should be appreciated that the data transfer connections  249 ,  257 , and  263  between the routing unit and the data storage, the routing unit and the network, and the network and the data storage, respectively, may include or be supported by any data transmission link known in the art. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates a single-particle, multi-stage detection system  700  according to example embodiments. The particle detection system  700  may feature a number of heating stations referenced as  409 A through  409 N. It should be appreciated that while the example provided by  FIG. 6  only illustrates three heating stations, any number of heating stations may be utilized in a single particle, multi-stage, detection system. 
     Similarly to the heat station of  FIG. 3 , each heating station  409 A- 409 N of  FIG. 6  may include a light source  425 A- 425 N that may be configured to provide a propagating light beam  429 A- 429 N, respectively. Each heating station  409 A- 409 N may also include a light detector  427 A- 427 N that may be configured to detect scattered light resulting from the particle traversing the propagating light beam  429 A- 429 N, respectively. Each light detector  427 A- 427 N may also be in connection with the particle identifier  413  via connections  415 A- 415 N, respectively. It should be appreciated that the multi-stage detection system  700  may also be connected to various network components  246  via a connection  241 , as described above in reference to  FIG. 3 . It should further be appreciated that although the heating stations of  FIG. 6  illustrate a single light source and light detector pair, each heating station may include any number of light source and light detector pairs, for example as shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     Utilizing the various heating stations of  FIG. 6 , the gradual impact of temperature change may be measured for a single particle as it traverses through the various heating stages. In a multi-stage system, the quantizing  417 , characterizing  419 , and identifying  421  units of the particle identifier  413  may provide calculations as a function of the various temperatures the particle will be exposed to via the respective heating stations. Thus, in contrast to prior art particle detection systems, the single particle multi-stage detection system  700  may provide information on a single particle as that same particle experiences a variety of temperature increases. Unlike the prior art, bulk sample volumes, detection system of  FIG. 2 , the single-particle, multi-stage, detection system  700  according to an example embodiment eliminates the unreliability presented by bulk sample volumes. 
       FIGS. 7-9  illustrate examples of cumulative data and analysis that may be obtained via the single particle detection systems described in  FIGS. 3-6 .  FIG. 7  provides an example of an effect of optical scattering (x-axis) with respect to aerodynamic particle size (y-axis). In  FIG. 7 , optical scattering and aerodynamic particle size data (shown as contoured lines) for three polystyrene particles, including diameters of 1 μm, 2 μm, and 3 μm, is illustrated. As shown, as the particle size increases, the amount of optical scattering provided by the particle also increases as does the particle&#39;s aerodynamic diameter. By evaluating the behavior of a particle due to temperature change, the identity of the particle may be determined. It should be appreciated that polystyrene particles were used in the present example for their ability of providing non-absorbing light scattering, thereby greatly highlighting the differences in optical scattering versus particle diameter size. Systems according to various example embodiments are not limited to polystyrene particles or their general class of particle or materials producing the particles. 
     Similar to  FIG. 7 ,  FIG. 8  illustrates an effect of optical scattering and aerodynamic diameter due to particle size of the three polystyrene particles including diameters of 1 μm, 2 μm, and, 3 μm shown as contoured lines.  FIG. 8  also illustrates the optical scattering properties of a 3 μm organic particle (Bacillus Globigii, or BG) which is shown via a frequency plot. Note that the results provided in  FIG. 8  are obtained without the use of an elevated temperature. Therefore, as one may expect, the inorganic and organic particles including the same diameter (3 μm) provide similar optical scattering results and similar aerodynamic scattering results. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates the optical scattering and aerodynamic diameter properties of the Bacillus Globigii, or BG particles described above in reference to  FIG. 8  upon undergoing a temperature variation. The optical scattering and aerodynamic diameter data of the three sizes of polystyrene particles (polystyrene particles with diameters of 1 μm, 2 μm, and 3 μm) are repeated from  FIG. 8  for reference. The optical scattering property of the organic particle (3 μm BG particle) has reduced in size and, therefore, provides a reduced amount of optical scattering. It should further be appreciated that the reduction in the produced optical scattering may also be caused by a darkening of the inorganic particle due to the temperature variation. As a particle combusts, or is near combustion, the particle may appear as or exhibit properties of black soot, thereby lessening the amount of optical scattering. It should also be appreciated that the 3 μm combusted organic particles provide aerodynamic diameter values which are similar to 2 μm polystyrene sphere particles but optical scattering values more similar to 1 μm polystyrene sphere particles. 
     It should be appreciated that the example embodiments presented herein may be used to discriminate any type of aerosol. An aerosol may be an organic, inorganic, or biological particle, or any particle known in the art. It should further be appreciated that example embodiments may be utilized to discriminate between particles of a same type (e.g., distinguishing between two organic particles) and/or between particles of a different type (e.g., distinguishing between an organic and inorganic particle). 
     It should be understood that certain processes, in part or in their entireties, such as the particle detection or identification process, disclosed herein, may be implemented in hardware, firmware, or software. If implemented in software, the software may be stored on any form of computer readable medium, such as random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), compact disk read only memory (CD-ROM), and so forth. In operation, a general purpose or application specific processor loads and executes the software in a manner well understood in the art. 
     While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to example embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.