Abstract:
Solar panels located on residential roofs can be unsightly in some cases. A swimming pool solar power generator can locate solar panels in or around the sides and/or bottoms of a swimming pool in a manner so as to create electricity from the sun without creating an eyesore. In an embodiment, a pool solar power generator includes a solar cell module disposed in a portion of a swimming pool. The solar cell module can include solar cells and be submerged under water held by the swimming pool. The solar cell module can convert sunlight incident on the solar cells to electricity and transmit the electricity for use at a location external to the swimming pool.

Description:
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present application claims priority benefit from U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/737,841, filed Dec. 17, 2012, entitled “ Pool Solar Power Generator ,” and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/778,447, filed Mar. 13, 2013, entitled “ Pool Solar Power Generator ,” both of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Solar systems come in two generic types, fixed flat-plate one-sun panels using cheaper less efficient solar cells (say 16% efficient at one sun) and tracking concentrator systems using expensive high efficiency cells (say 42% efficient at 500 suns). Fixed flat-plate systems have a lower initial cost and are often used in residential applications. Tracking systems have a much higher initial cost and are normally used in larger-scale utility-level installations. The key metric can be $/watt and therefore more costly cells may be justified in tracking system embodiments, in some cases. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0003]    Solar panels located on residential roofs can be unsightly. A swimming pool solar power generator advantageously can, in certain embodiments, locate solar panels in or around a swimming pool in a manner so as to create electricity from the sun without creating an eyesore. 
         [0004]    An initial analysis of underwater solar energy collection is warranted in view of water attenuation of solar energy. Although water can transmit visible light fairly well, it can absorb infrared light. As such, a solar cell under eight feet of water, a typical pool depth, can have about half the power output as a solar cell in air. The short-circuit current density (Jsc), a key area-normalized solar cell parameter, can be 18.1 mA/cm 2  for five feet of water and 16.7 mA/cm 2  for eight feet of water. Jsc can be 30.1 mA/cm 2  in air. Solar panel efficiencies can typically be about 16% in air and scale with the Jsc. Hence, 16.7/30.1×16%=9% can be the solar cell efficiency for eight feet of water and 18.1/30.1×16%=9.6% can be the solar cell efficiency for five feet of water. Although sub-optimal, a reasonable tradeoff can be aesthetic gain for a loss in pure efficiency. 
         [0005]    The above calculations tacitly assume the sun is overhead at its zenith. If solar energy impinging on the pool sidewalls may be considered, these calculations then depend on how the solar cells are oriented with respect to the sun. Solar cell orientation to the sun, in turn, can depend on latitude, longitude, time of year and time of day. Indeed, panels on the sides of pools may be more efficient in some instances. For example, the light path to panels near the water surface can involve less of a path in the water. However, even though panels on the pool sides may be more efficient, they may not generate as much power as panels on the pool bottom because of the reduction in incident light. For example, when the sun is directly overhead at noon, very little light may be incident on the pool sidewalls. At sunrise or sunset, only two pool sidewalls may be illuminated in some cases. 
         [0006]    For purposes of summarizing, certain aspects, advantages and novel features of the disclosure have been described herein. Of course, it is to be understood that not necessarily all such aspects, advantages or features will be embodied in any particular embodiment. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0007]    The following drawings and the associated descriptions are provided to illustrate embodiments of the present disclosure and do not limit the scope of the claims. 
           [0008]      FIG. 1  is a perspective illustration of a pool solar power generator embodiment having one or more pool bottom or side mounted solar power panels; 
           [0009]      FIG. 2  is a perspective illustration of a pool solar power generator embodiment having pool bottom or side mounted solar power modules; 
           [0010]      FIG. 3  is a perspective illustration of a pool solar power generator embodiment having a retractable pool surface cover or pool bottom cover having integrated solar power modules; 
           [0011]      FIGS. 4A-B  are top and cutaway side views of a pool solar power generator embodiment having a solar power concentrator; 
           [0012]      FIG. 5  is a mirror-face view of a first collector mirror embodiment for a solar power concentrator; 
           [0013]      FIG. 6  is a top view of a second collector mirror embodiment for a solar power concentrator; and 
           [0014]      FIG. 7  is a cutaway side view of a dense receiver array (DSR) solar cell embodiment for a solar power concentrator. 
           [0015]      FIG. 8  illustrates an example pool solar power generator system. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0016]      FIG. 1  illustrates a pool solar power generator embodiment  100  having one or more pool-bottom or pool-side mounted solar power panels  110  in a pool  10 . Each solar panel  110  has an array of solar cell modules  120 , which can comprise an array of solar cells. One or more solar panels  110  can be each located in a pool-bottom or pool-side recess  130  having a retractable cover  140 . The cover  140  can function to hide or protect the solar panel(s)  110  when the pool is actively in use. The cover  140  can be remotely or manually driven to mechanically slide open and close. The cover  140  can be a rigid plastic or metal shutter that can have remotely driven louvers that open and close. In an embodiment, the solar panel(s)  110  may be tilted up or down or repositioned to achieve an advantageous angle or position relative to the sun. Safety features can be implemented which lock a pool gate or turn on a visual or audible alarm to prevent pool use when the cover  140  is open or when the solar panel(s)  110  are tilted away from the pool bottom or sides. In various embodiments, an electrical grid can be constructed in the swimming pool for each of the solar panel(s)  110 . For example, wires or other electrical interconnects can be routed in or below the pool plaster or concrete at the time of pool construction or retrofitted into an existing pool. 
         [0017]      FIG. 2  illustrates a pool solar power generator embodiment  200  having multiple solar cell modules  210  including solar cells. Multiple modules  210  can be arrayed around a pool bottom or sides and plugged into an electrical grid as described herein. The modules  210  may be decorative so as to appear as standard pool tiles. The decorative effect may be enhanced by an electrically-switchable LCD film layer placed over the solar cells in some embodiments. The LCD layer can be transparent during an operational (solar power generation) mode and decoratively opaque during an idle mode. In an embodiment, the LCD film layer can be colored and shaped to enhance the decorative effect. In an embodiment, one or more lenses can be attached to the module surface so as to focus incident light onto the solar cells. In an embodiment, the lenses can be plano convex. 
         [0018]      FIG. 3  illustrates a pool solar power generator embodiment  300  having multiple solar cell modules  320  integrated into a rollable sheet  310  that, for instance, either can float on the water surface  20  or be weighted or tracked so as to roll-out along the pool bottom  30 . In a pool surface embodiment, the solar cell sheet  310  can be rolled-up into a storage container  330  when not in use. The storage container  330  may be above-ground proximate the pool edge or buried near the pool edge for aesthetic purposes. In a pool bottom embodiment, the storage container  330  can be installed proximate the pool bottom  30  outside the pool side-walls so that the solar cell sheet  310  can extend from and retract into the storage container  330  via a sidewall slot proximate the pool bottom. In some embodiments, electrical wiring can also be embedded in the rollable sheet  310 , helping to reduce the amount of installed wiring and connectors along the pool bottom or sides or within the plaster or concrete. 
         [0019]    In another embodiment, the rollable sheet  310  can include one or more lenses in place of the solar cell modules  320 , and the rollable sheet  310  can be a light-weight, optically-transparent or semi-transparent carrier. The lenses of the rollable sheet  310  can focus solar energy on a corresponding array of solar cells. Advantageously, the rollable sheet can transfer solar energy in the form of heat to the pool water. When not in use, the rollable sheet  310  can rolled or folded and manually placed into storage. In some embodiments, multiple rollable sheets  310  can be used to focus or collect solar energy. 
         [0020]      FIGS. 4A ,  4 B, and  5 - 7  illustrate a solar power concentrator  400  embodiment of a pool solar power generator. The sun&#39;s output can be about 1 kW/m 2  on the earth&#39;s surface. Each 1 m 2  collection area may be filled with 1 m 2  of flat-plate solar cells or, alternatively, a concentration system may be used to collect light over a plurality of 1 m 2  areas with a lens or mirror and focus the collected light onto a smaller area of cells. Either choice can fully utilize the energy of each of the 1 m 2  areas of incident sunlight, but the concentrator advantageously can utilize a smaller area of photocells. 
         [0021]    The solar power concentrator  400  can be configured in a funnel-like circular arrangement and focus light onto a solar array  700 . A pool bottom  420  can be configured with glass tiles having primary mirrors  500  of various shapes on the tile back sides so as to redirect sunlight toward the pool bottom and into the solar array  700 . Advantageously, this arrangement can keep water away from the solar cells. The redirected light from the primary mirrors  500  can impinge upon secondary mirrors  610 , which can transmit the redirected light down a plurality of channels  600  ( FIG. 6 ). The channelized light then can impinge upon the solar array  700 . In an embodiment, the solar array  700  can be a “dense receiver array” (DRA) having concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) cells on its face. The DRA can convert the concentrated sunlight to electricity. The pool water can cool the cells and, as a side benefit, the pool water can be heated. In some embodiments, the primary mirrors  500  or secondary mirrors  610  of the solar power concentrator  400  can be designed and constructed to effectively “follow” the sun&#39;s path across the sky to focus light onto the solar array  700 . In other embodiments, the solar power concentrator  400  can actively track the sun by adjusting the tilt angle or position of one or more of the primary mirrors  500  or secondary mirrors  610 . 
         [0022]    Advantageously, in some embodiments, the solar power concentrator  400  can obviate installing solar cells underwater and, hence, reduce design and production costs and increase reliability. Further, CPV cells can be tailored to specific wavelengths of light (visible through IR) so that the IR absorption of water may have less of an effect. This can result in higher CPV efficiencies. The DRA can generate both electricity and hot water, making the unit a highly energy efficient swimming pool application. The DRA can be easily removed and replaced, in some embodiments, as compared with underwater installed solar cells. In an embodiment, the DRA can be integrated with a battery and pump unit so as to be self-powering and operate without connecting the pool to a utility power grid. 
         [0023]    As shown in  FIGS. 4A and 4B , the solar pool concentrator  400  can be a swimming pool advantageously shaped, oriented, and mirrored so as to collect solar energy over a relatively large area and focus that energy onto a relatively smaller area for electrical power conversion. In an embodiment, the solar pool concentrator  400  can be generally oriented in a north-south direction so as to substantially maximize exposure to the sun as it moves from east to west. In an embodiment, the solar pool concentrator  400  can have a perimeter  410  around the swimming pool, a relatively-wide pool north end  412 , a relatively-narrow pool south end  416 , with tapered pool edges  414  that curve from the wide north end  412  to the narrow south end  416 . The solar pool concentrator  400  can have a relatively deep bottom  420  disposed at the south end  416  and a relatively shallow bottom  420  disposed at the north end  412 . A plurality of primary mirrors  500  can be installed along the pool bottom  420  and oriented to generally focus sunlight onto a plurality of channels  600 . In an embodiment, the channels  600  can be reflective tubes buried in concrete. 
         [0024]      FIG. 5  illustrates one of the primary mirrors  500  advantageously shaped to redirect sunlight to one or more corresponding secondary mirrors  610  arrayed underneath a pool bottom and into the solar receiver  700 . The individual primary mirrors  500  can be disposed on the back side of a sunlight transmissive pool tile. In an embodiment, one or more individual tiles can be flatly disposed along the pool bottom  420  ( FIG. 4B ) and even with pool bottom surface, with the individual tile primary mirror  500  inside the tile oriented at an angle to the pool bottom as shown in  FIG. 4B . The primary mirrors  500  can be configured in various shapes and orientations corresponding to the location of the corresponding tiles along the pool bottom and a corresponding secondary mirror  610  location or channel  600  location underneath the primary mirrors  500 . 
         [0025]      FIG. 6  is a top view of a collector mirror embodiment for a solar pool concentrator  400 . In various embodiments, the channels  600  can be highly reflective tubes buried in concrete beneath the pool bottom  420  ( FIG. 4B ). The channels  600  can have inlet mirrors  610  ( FIG. 4B ) disposed at an angle to the tubes. 
         [0026]      FIG. 7  is a cutaway side view of solar power generator  700  embodiment for a solar pool concentrator  400 . The generator  700  can include a solar cell array  710  that receives impinging light  5  directed to the generator  700  from the primary mirrors  500  via the channels  600 . A reflector  720  can focus the impinging light on the solar cell array  710 . A micro-channel cooler  730  can have pool water input and output ports  732  for cooling the array  710 , which may also advantageously heat the pool water. 
         [0027]      FIG. 8  illustrates an example pool solar power generator system  800 . The system  800  includes a pool solar power generator  810  associated with a swimming pool and an electrical grid  850 . As illustrated, the pool solar power generator  810  includes a controller  812 , an input/output interface  814 , sensor(s)  816 , cover(s)  818 , switchable film layer(s)  820 , solar cell module(s)  822 , an energy storage  824 , a sound/light source  826 , mirror(s)  828 , and lens(es)  830 , which can be in communication with one another. Although the pool solar power generator  810  as illustrated includes multiple different components, the pool solar power generator  810  may not include one or more of the illustrated components depending on a particular implementation. The components denoted by dotted lines, for instance, can be optional, changeable, or selectable components of the pool solar power generator  810 . In one example, the pool solar power generator embodiment  100  corresponding to the system  800  may or may not include the mirror(s)  828  or lens(es)  830  in some embodiments. As another example, the solar pool concentrator  400  corresponding to the system  800  may or may not include the cover(s)  818  in certain embodiments. 
         [0028]    In some embodiments, the cover(s)  818  can correspond to the cover  140  or the rollable sheet  310 , the switchable film layer(s)  820  can correspond to the electrically-switchable LCD film layer of the modules  210 , the solar cell module(s)  822  can correspond to the solar panel(s)  110  or the solar cell modules  320 , the mirror(s)  828  can correspond to the primary mirrors  500  or the secondary mirrors  610 , and the lens(es)  830  can correspond to the lenses of the pool solar power generator embodiments  200 ,  300 , or  400 , for example. 
         [0029]    The controller  812  can process and control operation of the components of the pool solar power generator  810 . The controller  812  may automatically control the components based on stored program instructions in a memory and/or as a result of a user command received via the input/output interface  814 , for example. The controller  812  can include a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general purpose processor can be a microprocessor, conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, state machine, and the like. A processor can also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, for instance, a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. In addition, the term “process” is a broad term meant to encompass several meanings including, for example, implementing program code, executing instructions, manipulating signals, filtering, performing arithmetic operations, and the like. 
         [0030]    The controller  812  can control the position of the cover(s)  818 . For instance, upon receipt of a user command via the input/output interface  814 , the controller  812  can provide a signal to instruct a motor of the cover(s)  818  to open or close the cover(s)  818 . In another example, a timer maintained by the controller  812  can be used to trigger the transmission of an instruction to the motor of the cover(s)  818  open or close, such as for instance to daily open the cover from 12 P.M. to 2 P.M. but close the cover from 2 P.M. to 6 P.M. Thereby, in some embodiments, the solar cell module(s)  822  can be unseen or inactive during routine use of the swimming pool. 
         [0031]    The controller  812  can control the opacity of the switchable film layer(s)  820 , which may cover or be part of the solar cell module(s)  822 , by sending the control signal to the switchable film layer(s)  820 . When the controller  812  determines that the solar cell module(s)  822  should be in an operational mode, a signal can be sent to the switchable film layer(s)  820  that causes the switchable film layer(s)  820  to become transparent. On the other hand, when the controller  812  determines that the solar cell array(s) should be in an idle mode, a signal can be sent to the switchable film layer(s)  820  that causes the switchable film layer(s)  820  to become opaque. As a result, in some embodiments, the solar cell module(s)  822  can be unseen or inactive during routine use of the swimming pool. 
         [0032]    The controller  812  can control the tilt or position of the solar cell module(s)  822 , the mirror(s)  828 , or the lens(es)  830 . A control signal can be transmitted by the controller  812  to one or more tilt motors or positional motors of the components to adjust the tilt about a pivot or position, for example, along a track of the solar cell module(s)  822 , the mirror(s)  828 , or the lens(es)  830 . In an embodiment, the controller  812  can utilize a detected strength of incident light from the sensor(s)  816  or a measure of energy produced by the solar cell module(s)  822  to control the tilt or position of the solar cell module(s)  822 , the mirror(s)  828 , or the lens(es)  830 . For instance, the tilt or position of the components can be adjusted to maximize the detected strength of incident light on a sensor of the sensor(s)  816  or the energy produced by the solar cell module(s)  822 . 
         [0033]    The controller  812  can control the safety features of the pool solar power generator  810 . In an embodiment, a signal can be sent to a lock mechanism of a pool entry gate to prevent entry to a swimming pool area when the solar cell module(s)  822  may be exposed or tilted. The lock mechanism of the gate can be released by another signal from the controller  812  when the solar cell module(s)  822  may not be exposed or tilted. In an embodiment, the sensor(s)  816  can include one or more of a motion sensor, heat sensor, or the like configured to detect the presence of a person, animal, or object near a swimming pool. If a person, animal, or object is detected, the controller  812  can initiate various safety features, such as removing the tilt of the solar cell module(s)  822 , closing the cover(s)  818 , triggering an audible or visual alarm via the sound/light source  826 , or inactivating the solar cell module(s)  822  so that the solar cell module(s)  822  no longer output electrical power. 
         [0034]    The controller  812  can control the flow of swimming pool water used to cool the solar cell module(s)  822 . For example, the controller  812  can send a signal to a valve or pump associated with the solar cell module(s)  822  to increase or decrease a flow rate of the swimming pool water through one or more channels used to cool the solar cells of the solar cell module(s)  822 . 
         [0035]    The pool solar power generator  810  and the electrical grid  850  can be in electrical communication with one another. For instance, the pool solar power generator  810  can transmit electrical energy collected using the solar cell module(s)  822  to the electrical grid  850 . The electrical grid  850  can be located external to the swimming pool and include a household power grid or utility power grid, in some examples. The energy storage  824  can include a local storage used by the pool solar power generator  810  to store energy collected by the solar cell module(s)  822 , and in some implementations, can be used to power one or more components of the pool solar power generator  810 . 
         [0036]    In addition to those processes described above, other processes and combination of processes will be apparent to those of skill in the art from the present disclosure. Those of skill will further appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and steps described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans can implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure. 
         [0037]    The steps of a method or algorithm described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein can be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module can reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, a DVD, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. A storage medium is coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium can be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium can reside in an ASIC. The ASIC can reside in a user terminal. In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium can reside as discrete components in a user terminal. 
         [0038]    Although the foregoing has been described in terms of certain embodiments, other embodiments will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art from the disclosure herein. Additionally, other combinations, omissions, substitutions and modifications will be apparent to the skilled artisan in view of the disclosure herein. It is contemplated that various aspects and features of the disclosure described can be practiced separately, combined together, or substituted for one another, and that a variety of combinations and sub-combinations of the features and aspects can be made and still fall within the scope of the disclosure. Furthermore, the systems described above need not include all of the modules and functions described in the preferred embodiments. Accordingly, the present disclosure is not intended to be limited by the reaction of the preferred embodiments, but is to be defined by reference to the appended claims.