Abstract:
Electronically agile optical filtering modules for equalizing light propagation differences in at least two spaced optical beam pathways in the modules. The modules use optical polarization rotation devices that may include acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) devices, liquid crystal devices, and magneto-optic devices. Such devices may be subject to polarization dispersion losses (PDL) and polarization mode dispersion (PMD) that may be different for when light travel along different light paths through the device. By redirecting light beams back along a different bi-directional path through the devices which may exhibit non-uniform performance across orthogonal polarizations, PDL and PMD may be reduced.

Description:
SPECIFIC DATA RELATED TO INVENTION  
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/450,049 filed Feb. 27, 2003, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/417,413 filed Oct. 10, 2002, incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     
       FIELD OF INVENTION  
         [0002]    This application relates generally to optical signal processing, and more particularly, to polarization control devices.  
         SUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    Electronically agile optical filtering modules are used for manipulating optical and electrical signals. The modules use optical polarization rotation devices that may include acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) devices, liquid crystal devices, and magneto-optic devices. The AOTF acts as a wavelength sensitive polarization rotation element where diffracted and undiffracted beam optical wavelength, power levels, and polarization state are controlled by selection of bulk AOTF device radio frequency (RF) drive power and frequency position. Although such devices may be subject to polarization dispersion losses (PDL) and polarization mode dispersion (PMD) that may be different for when light travel along different light paths through the device, redirecting light beams back along a different bi-directional path through the device, PDL and PMD, such as may be induced in polarization control devices having non-uniform performance across orthogonal polarizations, may be reduced. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0004]    [0004]FIG. 1 shows a Prior Art pair of Self-Imaging Fiber Grin Lenses.  
         [0005]    [0005]FIG. 2A shows a top view of a filtering system wherein the optical beams from a beam displacement prism (BDP) are horizontally displaced.  
         [0006]    [0006]FIG. 2B shows a Side View of the system of FIG. 2A where the optical beams from the BDP are vertically displaced.  
         [0007]    [0007]FIG. 3A shows a top view of a filtering system wherein the optical beams from a beam displacement prism (BDP) are horizontally displaced.  
         [0008]    [0008]FIG. 3B shows a Side View of the system of FIG. 3A where the optical beams from the BDP are vertically displaced.  
         [0009]    [0009]FIG. 4A shows a Top View of Liquid Crystal (LC) Variable Optical Attenuator (VOA) using a total internal reflection prism.  
         [0010]    [0010]FIG. 4A shows a Side View of a Liquid Crystal (LC) Variable Optical Attenuator (VOA) using a lens and mirror combination.  
         [0011]    [0011]FIG. 5A shows a Polarization Independent Notch filter.  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 5A shows a Polarization Independent Drop filter.  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 6A shows a Reconfigurable Add-Drop Filter.  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 6B shows a Polarization Independent Band Pass filter. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0015]    A module for reducing PDL and PMD may include a self-aligning optical loop using optical components, such as a beam splitter, or beam displacing polarizer, a circulator, a total internal reflection prism (retro-reflective) or a lens-mirror combination, and a half-wave plate (HWP). Accordingly, for a polarization device that may perform non-uniformly for orthogonal polarizations, the overall polarization dependent loss and polarization-mode dispersion of the structure may be reduced or eliminated. Such a module may be used, for instance, in applications in WDM networks, microwave signal processing, and array radar controls wherein optical or electrical signal filtering is required. In another aspect of the invention, the retro-reflective prism or the mirror-lens combination may be replaced with a mirror and a path length compensator (PLC) to provide PLD compensation when the active device has a polarization balanced performance for both beams passing through the active device, such as an AOTF.  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 1 illustrates a pair of self-imaging fiber grin lenses  10 ,  12  characterized by a working distance  14 . FIGS. 2, 3,  5 , and  6  illustrate polarization rotation devices using a collinear geometry bulk acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) device that operates, for example, on horizontal or p-polarized input light, giving high diffraction at a given wavelength for a given RF drive frequency. For example, the input p-light is deflected and diffracted into an output s-, or vertical, light. However, when using an AOTF device, at the two different physical locations of the two beam light interaction in the AOTF, it is possible to have different polarization performance, i.e, different diffraction efficiencies for the beams. This leads to large (e.g., &gt;1 dB) PDL in the filter. The innovative loop structure described herein reduces this PDL and also reduces PMD, or relative time delay, between the two beams originally separated, for example, by the BDP at the input to the filter.  
         [0017]    FIGS.  2 - 6  show optical beam directions and polarizations for the illustrated embodiments. Important aspects of the illustrated embodiments include (a) use of circulator in loop geometry (b) Use of HWP (or Faraday rotator) with BDP, and (c) use of TIR prism or lens/mirror to cause light looping. Note that using AOTF&#39;s with multiple RF frequencies, complex optical and electrical signal processing can be performed using wavelength sensitive manipulations of the optical carrier as they pass through the proposed modules. Finally note that non-collinear AOTF devices plus other polarization control devices (rotation or diffraction based) can also be used in the proposed architectures with minor optical path modifications. The self-imaging technique shown in FIG. 1 may be used to reduce structure loss in the modules (see, for example, Martin van Buren and N. A. Riza, “Foundations for low loss fiber gradient-index lens pair coupling with the self-imaging mechanism,” Applied Optics, LP, Vo.42, No.3, Jan. 20, 2003).  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 2A shows a top view of a filtering system  16  wherein the optical beams from the BDP are horizontally displaced along respective light paths  18 ,  20 . The system  16  includes a beam displacement prism (BDP)  22  with a half wave plate (HWP)  24  placed in at least one light path between the AOTF  28  and the BDP  22 . A total internal reflection prism (TIR) reflects light back through the AOTF  28 . The filter may include blocks  30 ,  32  for blocking diffracted light. A circulator  34  may be provided with SMF connections to direct an input beam through a grin lens L to the AOTF  28  and redirect a filtered beam received from the AOTF  28 . FIG. 2B shows a side view of a filtering system of FIG. 2A wherein the optical beams from the BDP  22  are vertically displaced.  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 3A shows a top view of a filtering system  42  wherein the optical beams from the BDP  22  are horizontally displaced. The embodiment depicted in FIG. 3A employs a lens  40  and mirror  38  arrangement instead of the TIR prism  26  of FIG. 2A. The lens, S, may be positioned a focal length, f, from the mirror  38  and a focal length, f, from a diffraction point within the AOTF  28 . FIG. 3B shows a side view of the filtering system  42  of FIG. 3A wherein the optical beams from the BDP  22  are vertically displaced.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 4A shows a top view of Liquid Crystal (LC) Variable Optical Attenuator (VOA)  44 . The system includes a BDP  22  with a HWP  24  placed in at least one light path  18 ,  20  between the TIR  26  and the BDP  22 . A LC  46  may be placed in at least one light path  18 ,  20 , such as a different light path  18 ,  20  than the light path  18 ,  20  in which HWP  24  is placed, to perform a desired attenuation function. The TIR  26  reflects light back along light paths  18 ,  20  different from the light path  18 ,  20  from which light arrived at the TIR  26 . A circulator  34  may be provided with SMF connections to direct an input beam through a grin lens L and redirect an attenuated beam received from the grin lens L. FIG. 4B shows a top view of the VOA  44  of FIG. 4B wherein the TIR  26  is replaced with mirror  38  and lens  40  arrangement.  
         [0021]    [0021]FIGS. 5 and 6 show alternate embodiments of the invention when an active device, such as the AOTF, has minimal PDL, but may still require PMD compensation. The preferred embodiment using the loop geometry with a prism or the mirror plus lens combination can be used within these alternate embodiments (instead of mirror plus PLC) to eliminate PDL along with PMD if needed. FIGS. 5 and 6 show optical beam directions and polarizations for the illustrated embodiments. Important aspects of the illustrated embodiments include (a) use of circulators in retroreflective geometry off either the undiffracted (or DC beam) or the diffracted (+1 and/or −1) order beam, (b) Use of PBSs, HWPS, Spatial filters, and polarizers to route and clean beams, (c) Use of two diffractions via an AOTF to improve filter wavelength characteristics. Also note that because freespace beams are used, special spatial filters (e.g., on-axis pin hole) can be placed throughout the beam paths to eliminate spatial/wavelength noise; this is a unique feature of the proposed freespace-type bulk-AOTF module based designs.  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 5A is a polarization independent notch filter  48  including an AOTF  28  controllable by an RF signal  29 . The filter  48  includes a BDP  22  with an HWP  24  placed in at least one light path between the AOTF  28  and the BDP  22 . A mirror  38  reflects light back through the AOTF  28  and may include a path length compensator (PLC)  50  placed in at least one light path between the AOTF  28  and the BDP  22 . The filter  48  may include blocks  30 ,  32  for blocking diffracted light. A circulator  34  may be provided with SMF connections to direct an input beam to the AOTF  28  and redirect a filtered beam received from the AOTF  28 . A fiber lens (FL)  27  may be provided to direct light propagating in an SMF into freespace.  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 5B is a drop filter  56  including an AOTF  28  controllable by an RF signal  29 . The filter  56  includes a BDP  22  with a HWP  24  placed in at least one light path  18 ,  20  between the AOTF  28  and the BDP  22 . A mirror  38  reflects light back through the AOTF  28  and may include PLC  50  placed in at least one light path  18 ,  20  between the AOTF  28  and the BDP  22 . The filter  56  may include block  32  for blocking diffracted light. A circulator  34  may be provided with SMF connections to direct an input beam to the AOTF  28  and redirect a filtered beam received from the AOTF  28 . A FL  27  may be provided to direct light propagating in an SMF into freespace. In an aspect of the invention, a second BDP  52  with an HWP  54  placed in at least one diffracted light path  19 ,  21  between the AOTF  28  and the BDP  28  may be provided to drop a portion of the light beam. With the addition of a circulator  60  the drop filter  56  of FIG. 5B may be used as reconfigurable Add-Drop filter  58  as shown in FIG. 6A.  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 6B depicts a polarization independent band pass filter  62 , for example, configured by reflecting, with mirror  38 , a diffracted light portion  23  and blocking, with block  30 , a non-diffracted light portion  25  from the AOTF  28 . A PLC  50  may be placed in at least one diffracted light path  19 ,  21  between the AOTF  28  and the mirror  38 .  
         [0025]    The embodiment depicted in FIG. 5B (the drop filter  56 ) may be used as scanning optical spectrum analyzers or variable tap filters. In this case, to make a spectrum analyzer, the drop port out fiber  51  and BDP  52  can be replaced with a large area detector that measures the power in the chosen wavelength, adding the powers for the two diffracted polarizations. Since the detector measures this power for a given wavelength at a given RF drive frequency, the RF can be swept to take power readings across the entire input light wavelength band. Generally, the AOTF drive power is kept low to tap only say 5% of the light from the input main beam. This way, smooth interruption free monitoring of the optical WDM signal is maintained. In the case the structures is used as a tap filter, in this case the output fiber  51  and BDP  52  at the output drop port are retained and again the AOTF  28  is weakly driven to tap the correct wavelength or wavelengths with their correct moderate to low power levels. Finally note that non-collinear AOTF devices can also be used in the proposed architectures with minor optical path modifications.  
         [0026]    While the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes and substitutions will occur to those of skill in the art without departing from the invention herein. Accordingly, it is intended that the invention be limited only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims.