Abstract:
The 2-channel display system with micro electromechanical systems (MEMS, e.g. DMDs from Texas Instruments) simultaneously generates a right and a left image in two discrete modulation channels, which differ by the polarization of their light beams. More specifically, the invention relates to the chirality (handedness) of MEMS and the geometric problems associated with this handedness in superposition systems. In this application we uncover a solution to superpose the images modulated by identical MEMSs which have their mirror deflection axes oriented parallel to an axis of symmetry of the image raster of the MEMSs.

Description:
This is a divisional application of patent application U.S. Ser. No. 11/017,916 published Dec. 20, 2004 as US2005/0141076 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,440,768. 
    
    
     CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     2-Channel Display System Comprising Micro Electro Mechanical Systems U.S. Ser. No. 11/017,916 
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
     Not applicable 
     REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING, A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING COMPACT DISK APPENDIX 
     Not applicable 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention uncovers a two channel stereo display, which simultaneously generates a right and left image in discrete modulation channels, which differ by the polarization of their light beams. The invention relates to display and projection systems using micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) as displays. More specifically, the invention relates to the chirality (handedness) of deflectable micro mirror devices (DMD) caused by the orientation of their mirror deflection axes and uncovers solutions for MEMSs which have their mirror deflection axes oriented parallel to a symmetry axis of the image raster of the MEMS. 
     A polarization coded 2 channel stereo display system requires two spatially separated and different linearly polarized light beams which are simultaneously modulated by at least two SLMs upstream to the superposition system (polarization combiner). When two polarized beams are combined, one light beam (“S” polarized light) is folded into the other (“P” polarized light), the direction of which remains unchanged. This is common to all polarization combiners (PBS, e.g. MacNeille beam splitters; wire grid polarizers WGP, Moxtek Inc, UT, USA). The folding corresponds to an image reflection. As the modulation task of the SLMs takes place upstream of the superposition and only one beam is reflected (mirrored), one of the two SLMs has to create the reflected image. This can easily be achieved for liquid crystal SLMs by mirror symmetrically addressing the modulators of the two channels. Light is incident on these LC modulators with an incidence angle of 0° (perpendicular to the surface of the modulator). Light paths therefore are not influenced by rotation or mirroring. 
     Obviously MEMSs can also be addressed mirror symmetrically. However MEMSs of the state of the art (e.g. DMDs by Texas Instruments) do not show any axes of symmetry considering their overall operation. Only the “On” beam is reflected perpendicular to the modulator surface. The incident beam however is directed perpendicular to the mirror deflection axis (MDA), which is rotated by 45° to the image raster. It also reaches the display under an incidence angle of twice the deflection angle of a single mirror ( FIG. 1 ). Thus, with a single DMD type as described no symmetrical light paths are possible. 
     A DMD with a 3×4 matrix is shown in  FIG. 2A  (this corresponds to the predominant width/height ratio of 4/3). Single mirrors ( 17 ) rotate around a deflection axis which is has an angle of 45° relative to the raster image. In  FIG. 2B  the single mirror deflection axes are visible after “removing” the mirrors. The center DMD corresponds to the state of the art type from Texas Instruments (U.S. Pat. No. 5,600,383). While the raster image shows internal symmetry, this is no longer the case if the orientation of the mirror deflection axis is taken into account. For overall operation no internal symmetry exists. After any mirroring (only horizontal and vertical mirroring is shown) this central “L” topology is converted into a single “R” topology. Due to their rectangular shape and to the orientation of the mirror deflection axes, which are rotated 45° to the image raster, these MEMS show stereo isomery. Stereo isomery is characterized by the existence of two different topologies which are mirror symmetric and cannot be transformed into each other by rotation. 
     In the prior art, when more than one MEMS is used (e.g. color generation in 3-chip designs) the second stereo-isomeric type is optically mimicked by using an additional reflection surface. This results either in equalizing the number of reflections downstream the MEMSs (e.g. Kavanagh et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,638,142) or having an even-numbered difference of the number of reflections downstream the MEMSs (e.g. Fielding et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,250,763). This was enforced by using the same physical layer for splitting and combining the input and ON-beams. In these arrangements, the mirror deflection axes of the single mirrors of all MEMSs are coplanar to the plane of superposition. 
     In our application U.S. Ser. No. 11/017,916 we have uncoupled split and combine systems (e.g.  FIG. 3 ), and uncovered new solutions all without the additional reflection surface needed in the prior art mentioned above: this can be realized e.g. by coupling stereo-isomeric pairs of MEMSs resulting in mirror symmetric efficient light paths (US 2005 0141076) or by coupling two identical types of a stereo isomeric MEMS at the cost of symmetric light guidance (US 2007 0159680). In this application we focus on a solution where again a single type of MEMS is used without sacrificing the symmetry of light guidance: these MEMSs have their MDAs oriented parallel to an axis of symmetry of their image raster. These MEMSs are internally symmetrical with respect to the mirror deflection axis and image raster. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       FIG. 3  shows the first embodiment of this application (stereo wings with internally symmetric MEMSs). The light paths and basic operational features of this embodiment are explained in  FIG. 4 . A single type of MEMS is used for both image modulators ( 1 , 2 ), which are internally symmetric. Light ( 11 ) is polarized (e.g. by the PBS  5 ) and the two polarized sub-beams are guided via TIRs ( 3 , 4 ) to the MEMSs in each channel ( 13 , 14 ). The superposed image ( 22 ) shows that the virtually projected mirror deflection axes ( 21 ) of the two MEMSs ( 1 , 2 ) are parallel and that a complete overlap of the two corresponding images is possible. The light paths are mirror symmetric relative to the polarization effective layers of the beam splitter ( 6 ).  FIGS. 3-6  show embodiments of our invention using minimal and effective light paths which are mirror symmetric relative to the polarization effective layers of the beam splitters ( 5 ) and ( 6 ) and which use MEMSs which are symmetric with respect to MDA and image raster. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram illustrating the operation of a MEMS (DMD). 
         FIG. 2  shows the stereo-isomeric topology of MEMS according to the state of the art. 
         FIG. 3  shows a first embodiment of the invention, an arrangement of beam splitters and TIRs with mirror-symmetric light paths, and two MEMS modulators which show internal symmetry (stereo wings with internally symmetric MEMSs). 
         FIG. 4  shows how the light is guided in the first embodiment of the invention, the stereo wings arrangement of  FIG. 3 . 
         FIG. 5  shows a second embodiment of the invention, an arrangement of beam splitters and TIRs with symmetric light paths, folded channels and internally symmetric MEMSs (folded stereo wings). 
         FIG. 6  shows a third embodiment of the invention, an arrangement of beam splitters and TIRs with symmetric light paths, folded channels, internally symmetric MEMSs and stacked beam splitter and combiner (stacked stereo wings). 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     For the sake of simplicity the figures are labeled in a way that identical numbers indicate identical components in all figures. MEMS  1  ( 1 ); MEMS  2  ( 2 ); TIR  1  ( 3 ); TIR  2  ( 4 ); PBS  1  ( 5 ); PBS  2  ( 6 ); deflection mirror or TIR ( 8 ); cleanup polarizer for “S”-light ( 9 ); cleanup polarizer for “P”-light ( 10 ); incident beam ( 11 ); superimposed “On”beam ( 12 ); channel  1  ( 13 ); channel  2  ( 14 ); dump: “Off-light” channel  1  ( 15 ); dump: “Off-light” channel  2  ( 16 ); single deflectable mirror ( 17 ); normal ( 18 ); “On”-beam ( 19 ); “Off”-beam ( 20 ); mirror deflection axis ( 21 ); superimposed image ( 22 ); polarization conversion system PCS ( 25 ). In FIGS.  5 , 6  a small circle marks positions where a light beam is deflected in a direction perpendicular to the drawing plane. 
       FIG. 4  shows the operational features of the first embodiment of the invention. Light beams emitted by a light source are directed to a first beam splitter ( 5 ) which splits the incident light ( 11 ) into two spatially separated and linearly polarized beams (“S” and “P” polarization states are indicated by stippled and dashed lines), resulting in two simultaneously modulated channels. It is appreciated that while the drawing shows a perpendicular angle between the two channels resulting from the use of a MacNeill type PBS, other angles between the channels are possible if other types of beam splitters and incidence angels are used for beam splitting and/or beam combining (e.g. wire grid polarizers WGP). Both polarized beams are then directed onto two spatial light modulators ( 1 , 2 , SLMs, e.g. DMDs) in two functionally identical modules, which are arranged mirror symmetrically, and which comprise a total internal reflection prism (TIR) each ( 3 , resp.  4 ). The said SLMs, shown are DMDs, modulate the incident beam ( 11 ) by a different mirror deflection in the “On” versus the “Off” state of a pixel. “On” pixel light is reflected in the normal of the DMD-surface. Modulated “ON” beams are recombined in a second beam splitter element ( 6 ). In both channels, light paths are arranged such that the plane of incidence (T 1   POI , resp. T 2   POI ), which is spanned by incident and reflected beam of the TIR, is parallel to the plane of incidence (P 2   POI ), which is spanned by the two incident beams of the PBS ( 6 ). A polarization “impurity” (e.g. 5% “P” polarization in the “S” beam), which results in a regular beam splitter, will be largely removed in the second beam splitter element by the impurities leaving the system in a different direction than the superimposed beam. Thus, a spatial or functional separation of polarization beam splitter and polarization beam combiner will lead to substantially improved channel separation of the two stereo channels—this reduces “ghosting” (e.g. “P” light in the “S” beam) by a factor of 20 (in the case of MacNeill type PBS), overall channel separation will increase to 400:1. It is appreciated that channel separation, in accordance with our invention, can further be improved by additional cleanup polarizers.  FIG. 4A  shows a wing-like symmetrical arrangement of the two channels, which is described by our term “stereo wings”. As is shown in  FIG. 4A , the embodiment can be used with additional dumps to absorb the “Off” beams, or, as is shown in  FIG. 4B , without dump in the modules. In  FIG. 4B  downstream of the superposition splitter, a polarization conversion system ( 25 ) is attached to the stereo wings (e.g. an achromatic quarter wave plate). In combination with adapted passive stereo goggles for circularly polarized light, the observer may rotate his/her head around the roll axis without influence on channel separation. 
       FIG. 5  shows the second embodiment of our invention which is derived by the folding of the wings in  FIG. 4  (folded stereo wings). Both TIRs are rotated by 90°, the folding is accomplished by two deflection mirrors ( 8 ), which connect the output of the polarization splitter ( 5 ) to the rotated TIRs. The light path in the two channels is directed such that T POI  is now perpendicular to P POI . The arrangement shown in  FIG. 5  may be advantageous when a back focal length (optical length between modulators and projection lens) of minimal size is required.  FIG. 5  shows this embodiment in a top view ( FIG. 5B ), three side views (FIGS.  5 A,C,D) and an isometric scheme ( FIG. 5E ). Beams in the uppermost layers of the views are shown in solid lines, while a dashed line indicates beams in lower planes. Optical axes perpendicular to the drawing plane (paper plane) are indicated by a small circle. In  FIG. 5E , the input splitter PBS ( 5 ) in the top of the arrangement, the combiner PBS ( 6 ) at the bottom of the arrangement, and both TIRs ( 3  and  4 ) are indicated as well as the two 90° deflectance mirrors ( 8 ).  FIG. 5B  shows a top view (xy-plane) in which the incident light (black filled circle) is obvious. This incident light beam is then split by the input PBS ( 5 ) into two differently polarized light beams, which are deflected by the mirrors ( 8 ) to the bottom layer.  FIG. 5E  also shows the superposition PBS ( 6 ) in the bottom layer, and superimposed beam (arrow head) leaving the module in the same direction as the input beam enters it. In a side view  FIG. 5C  shows the light path of channel  1  from the polarizing beam splitter ( 5 ) via the 90° mirror ( 8 ) in direction of MEMS ( 1 ). In another side view  FIG. 5D  shows the further light path through TIR ( 3 ) to MEMS ( 1 ) and the “ON” beam from the modulator to the superposition PBS ( 6 ).  FIG. 5A  shows, in a corresponding side view, the light path of the second channel. 
       FIG. 6  shows a third embodiment of the invention (stacked stereo wings). This drawing is to be read analogous to  FIG. 5 . In contrast to the second embodiment, the PBS for splitting ( 5 ) and recombining ( 6 ) the light are arranged in a stacked position. It is appreciated that both systems could also be realized with a single, larger PBS. Input and output beam are also arranged on top of each other.  FIG. 6D  and  FIG. 6F  are isometric drawings from different points of view.  FIG. 6B  is a top view, and FIGS.  6 A,C,E are side views. 
     A minimum projective display system in accordance to our invention may comprise at least one light source, means for sequential color generation, integrating means for homogenizing light, our 2 channel image display system core with two MEMSs, and a projection lens. Sequential color generation may be realized by a color wheel (e.g. Sequential Color Recapture SCR or color wheel, e.g. from Optical Coating Laboratory Inc, OCLI, CA, USA or a “High efficiency field sequential color wheel” after U.S. Pat. No. 5,921,650). In contrast to these mechanically color switching methods, sequential color generation could also be realized by electronically switching color systems (e.g. ColorSwitch from ColorLink, CO, USA) or similar systems. 
     Our embodiments are, however, also suitable for highest quality systems with simultaneous color generation (e.g., three MEMSs in each channel). 
     It will be appreciated that whilst this invention is described by way of detailed embodiments, these realizations serve as illustrations of the invention but not as a limitation of the invention; numerous variations in form and detail can be deduced by those skilled in the art or science to which the invention pertains without leaving the scope of the invention as defined by the following claims: