Abstract:
A high-temperature drive component for a double-ended tuning fork (DETF). The drive component attaches to a surface of at least one of the tines. The drive component includes at least one piezoelectric trace sandwiched at least partially between two electrical traces. At least one of the tines includes a doped silicon base with drive component located thereon. One of the electrical traces is electrically connected to the doped silicon base and the other is electrically isolated from the doped silicon base.

Description:
GOVERNMENT INTEREST 
     The invention described herein was made in the performance of work under U.S. Government Contract No. DE-EE0002754, awarded by Department of Energy. The Government may have rights to portions of this invention. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Accelerometers are used in down-hole drilling operations, e.g., oil, gas and geothermal, to navigate the drill in off-vertical directions. Because of the depths involved, the operating temperature for these accelerometers is very high and can exceed 200° C. for oil and gas drilling and can reach 300° C. for geothermal drilling. Developing drive mechanisms for accelerometers that can operate between 200° C. and 300° C. with the required performance is difficult. Microelectro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) vibrating-beam devices offer the accuracy and stability at high temperature that are needed but, because of the damping requirement, operation of these devices using electro-static means requires high-voltage electrostatic comb drives. Typically, the voltage necessary can reach 200V. The electronics needed to achieve this high voltage are not reliable within this high-temperature environment. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides high-temperature drive and sense mechanisms for double-ended tuning fork (DETF). The DETF includes first and second tines attached at their ends and a drive component attached to at least one surface of at least one of the tines. The drive component includes at least one piezoelectric trace and at least one electrical trace. The tines include a doped silicon base with the at least one piezoelectric trace located between a pair of electrical traces. One of the pair of electrical traces is electrically connected to or includes the doped silicon base and the other electrical trace is electrically isolated from the doped silicon base. 
     The DETF may be utilized in various devices such as a vibrating-beam accelerometer (VBA), a pressure sensor, or other devices where driven resonant tines are desired. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Preferred and alternative embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below with reference to the following drawings: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a perspective view of an example of one of the double-ended tuning forks used in the accelerometer of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a perspective cross-sectional view of an exemplary pair of tines of a double-ended tuning fork formed in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a side cross-sectional view of an exemplary tine used in the double-ended tuning fork of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary pattern of materials on a tine formed in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a perspective view of a portion of an exemplary tine formed in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and 
         FIG. 6  illustrates at top view of an exemplary trace pattern formed in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary DETF  32  that includes first and second base sections  46 ,  48  and a pair of silicon-based tines  40 ,  42  attached between the two bases  46 ,  48 . In this embodiment, the first tine  42  includes a drive component having a piezoelectric material and electrodes (i.e., electrical traces) that electrically connect to electrical pads  52 - 1  and  52 - 2  located on the first base section  46 . The second tine  40  includes a sense component that includes a piezoelectric material and electrodes. The electrodes on the second tine  40  are connected to sense electrode pads  50 - 1  and  50 - 2  located on the base section  46 . 
     A voltage is applied across drive component electrical traces to generate a drive force on the tine  42 . The piezoelectric material of the drive component is thin-film deposited and bonded directly to the tine  42  in a specific pattern on the surface of the tine  42 . The sense component is similarly constructed. Electrical traces adjacent to the piezoelectric material apply a drive voltage on the order of ±10V or less. This lower voltage is an advantage for the design of high-temperature electronics (e.g., an oscillator circuit implemented with silicon-on-oxide (SOI) components). The drive voltage changes the shape of the piezoelectric material, which, in turn, causes a strain-induced load on the tine  42  causing vibration. By proper patterning of the piezoelectric material on the silicon beam (i.e., the tine  42 ) and application of drive voltage, a resonance vibration of the beam is established. 
     Control electronics (not shown) sense the resonant strain of the vibrating silicon beam by way of a change of voltage across the piezoelectric material of the sense component. Based on the sensed change of voltage across the piezoelectric sense component via the associated electrodes, the control electronics provide a drive signal to the patterned piezoelectric thin-film material of the drive component in order to maintain beam vibration at the resonant frequency. 
     Forces applied to one of the bases  46 ,  48  influence the resonant frequency of the vibrating silicon beam (the tines  40 ,  42 ), either increasing or decreasing the frequency of oscillation. The control electronics track this change in resonant frequency, thus providing a direct measure of the strain induced into the silicon beam by the applied force. 
     The drive voltage applied across the piezoelectric trace(s) via the electrical traces is a periodic time function that causes the beam (i.e., the tines  40 ,  42 ) to vibrate at its fundamental mode. In one embodiment, the sense piezoelectric trace(s) provide a sense voltage via the electrical leads that is a sinusoidal time function representing the vibrating frequency of the beam. This sense voltage is used by the control electronics to generate the drive voltage with the appropriate gain and phase to maintain the fundamental vibration mode of the beam. Axial loads experienced by the DETFs cause the fundamental frequency to increase for one DETF and to decrease for the other DETF. 
     Control electronics generate drive voltage time function(s) for the drive piezoelectric traces. This voltage function varies periodically between two voltages that are above and below the ground or mid-voltage of the beam or the electrical leads that are connected to the beam (tine). This creates a differential voltage relative to this ground or mid-voltage that has plus (+) or minus (−) peaks of the same magnitude. The piezoelectric trace then expands and contracts normal to the surface of the beam and inversely the trace contracts and expands parallel to the surface of the beam based on the piezoelectric effect and the differential voltage applied via the electrical leads. This parallel expansion and contraction of the piezoelectric trace causes axial strain on the beam. When the trace is offset laterally from the longitudinal bending neutral axis of the beam this axial strain causes the beam to bend. Varying the voltage applied to the piezoelectric trace in a periodic manner causes the beam to vibrate. The beam vibration also causes strain on the sense piezoelectric trace(s) parallel to the surface of the beam and again through the piezoelectric effects they provide a sense voltage via the electrical leads. The sense voltage is a sinusoidal time function representing the vibrating frequency of the beam and is used by the control electronics to generate the drive voltage with the appropriate gain and phase to maintain the fundamental vibration mode of the beam. 
       FIGS. 2-4  illustrate various views of an exemplary pattern of electrical traces and piezoelectric material on tines  40 - 1 ,  42 - 1  of a DETF  32 - 1 . The first tine  40 - 1  includes a doped silicon base  120  that is covered on most or all of a top surface (having a normal perpendicular to direction of oscillation) with an insulation layer  144  (e.g., Si silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), aluminum trioxide (Al2O 3 ), tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O 5 ), silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 )). On top of a portion of the insulation layer  144  is a lower electrode layer  126  (e.g., Molybdenum (Mo), Chromium (Cr)+Mo, Cr+platinum (Pt)). Other electrode materials may be used. 
     Two piezoelectric traces  130 - 1 ,  130 - 2  are applied side-by-side over the lower electrode layer  126 . An example material used for the two piezoelectric traces  130 - 1 ,  130 - 2  is Aluminum Nitride (AlN). Top electrode layers  136 ,  134  are applied over the piezoelectric traces  130 - 1 ,  130 - 2 . The top electrode layers  136 ,  134  are similar to the lower electrode layer  126 . The second tine  42 - 1  includes an insulation layer  144 - 1 , lower and upper electrode layers  126 - 1 ,  136 - 1 ,  134 - 1 , and piezoelectric traces  130 - 3 ,  130 - 4  as that on the first tine  40 - 1 . 
     The insulation layers, the electrode layers and the piezoelectric traces are applied and bonded using compatible MicroElectro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) deposition processes, such as sputter or vapor deposition. Some or all of the layers are etched also according to compatible MEMS processes. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , the lower electrode layer  126  ( 126 - 1 ) is electrically connected to the doped silicon base  120  by way of a metalized via  146  that passed through the insulation layers. The upper electrode layers attach to traces  140 ,  142  as shown in  FIG. 4  that are bonded to the insulation layer  144  and are isolated from the lower electrode layers  126 ,  126 - 1  by the piezoelectric traces  130 - 1 ,  130 - 2 . Pads located at a base section of the DETF are similarly constructed. A first pad (not shown) connects to a lead or trace directly connected to the top electrode layer  136 . The first pad is electrically isolated from the doped silicon base  120  at the base section of the DETF. A second pad is electrically isolated from the first pad and is electrically connected to the doped silicon base  120  most likely by way of a via through the insulation layer  144 . 
     In one embodiment, first and second piezoelectric traces (one being a drive trace, the other a sense trace) are placed on one tine surface of the DETF, as shown in  FIG. 2  or on only one tine. 
     In another embodiment, the piezoelectric traces are mounted on the side of the silicon beam(s) instead of the top surface. 
     In another embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 5 , a tine  202  for a DETF  200  includes two piezoelectric-electrode sandwich traces  206 ,  208  that are deposited on the top surface and two piezoelectric-electrode sandwich traces  212 ,  214  that are deposited on the bottom surface of the tine  202 . The four sandwich traces  206 ,  208 ,  212 ,  214  can be used as sense or drive components in any number of different ways. For example, the traces  206 ,  212  function as the drive components and the traces  208 ,  214  function as the sense components. 
     In another embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 6 , the drive component (piezoelectric material and electrical traces) includes a first sandwich of piezoelectric material within two electrodes that is located at one side of a middle section of a tine  300  of a DETF. Second and third sandwiches  304 ,  306  of piezoelectric material within electrodes are located on the opposite side of the tine  300  near the ends of the tine  300 . The electrodes of the sandwiches are connected via leads on the tine  300 . A configuration such as this provides tension forces in the tine  300  so that the tine  300  will deflect laterally in plane. A second drive similar to the one shown may be included on the tine  300  but in opposing locations on the surface of the tine  300  or on the opposing tine (not shown) of the DETF. 
     In another embodiment, the sense component may be devices other than a piezoelectric device. For example, the sense component may include piezoresistive devices, comb capacitor devices, or simple capacitor devices or other devices that can sense motion of the DETF tines. 
     While the preferred embodiment of the invention has been illustrated and described, as noted above, many changes can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is not limited by the disclosure of the preferred embodiment. Instead, the invention should be determined entirely by reference to the claims that follow.