Abstract:
A method and apparatus for encoding video data. At least a portion of a two dimensional array of transform coefficients representing a portion of video data is re-ordered to a one dimensional array of data by diagonally scanning the portion in at least two scan lines. Each scan line directed in a single common diagonal direction. Syntax elements representing at least a portion of the one dimensional array of data are then coded and transmitted.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims benefit of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/388,512, filed Sep. 30, 2010, Ser. No. 61/390,083, filed Oct. 5, 2010, Ser. No. 61/391,907, filed Oct. 11, 2010, Ser. No. 61/430,721, filed Jan. 7, 2011, and Ser. No. 61/454,679, filed Mar. 21, 2011, which are herein incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to a method and apparatus for diagonal scan in a fixed direction and simplified context selection for parallel entropy coding of significance map of transform coefficients. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     In video coding standards, context modeling is a popular approach used in entropy coding to improve coding efficiency. Context modeling involves selecting a context which determines the probability used to encode binary symbols. The context selection is difficult to parallelize. It is particularly difficult at the decoder when there are too many factors that impact the selection, such as, values of other binary symbols affecting the context selection. However, such dependencies tend to provide better coding efficiency. Parallel processing is important for high performance, for example, for processing throughput, and for reducing power consumption, such as, reducing the frequency requirement or operational voltage. 
     Therefore, there is a need to improve parallel processing capabilities during entropy coding of transform information, while simultaneously maintaining high coding efficiency. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to one embodiment of the present invention, a method of encoding video data is provided. The method comprising: providing a two dimensional array of transform coefficients representing a portion of video data; determining a location of a last significant transform coefficient; re-ordering at least a portion of the two dimensional array of transform coefficients to a one dimensional array of data by diagonally scanning the portion in at least two scan lines, each scan line directed in a single common diagonal direction; generating a significance map comprising syntax elements indicating the location of the last significant transform coefficient and locations of additional non-zero transform coefficients in the one dimensional array; representing at least a portion of the one dimensional array of data using a series of additional syntax elements; coding the significance map syntax elements; coding the series of additional syntax elements; transmitting the coded significance map syntax elements, and the arithmetic coded series of additional syntax elements. 
     According to another embodiment of the present invention, a method of encoding video data is provided. The method comprising: providing a two dimensional array of transform coefficients representing a portion of video data; determining a location of a last significant transform coefficient based on the common diagonal scan direction; re-ordering at least a portion of the two dimensional array of transform coefficients to a one dimensional array of data by diagonally scanning the portion in at least two scan lines, each scan line directed in a single common diagonal direction; generating a significance map comprising syntax elements indicating the location of the last significant transform coefficient and locations of additional non-zero transform coefficients in the one dimensional array; coding the significance map; and transmitting the coded significance map syntax elements. 
     According to yet another embodiment of the present invention, a method of encoding video data is provided. The method comprising: providing a two dimensional array of transform coefficients representing a portion of video data; re-ordering at least a portion of the two dimensional array of transform coefficients to a one dimensional array of data by diagonally scanning the portion in at least two scan lines, each scan line directed in a single common diagonal direction; representing at least a portion of the one dimensional array of data using a series of syntax elements; coding the series of syntax elements; and transmitting the coded syntax elements. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       So that the manner in which the above recited features of the present invention can be understood in detail, a more particular description of the invention, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to embodiments, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only typical embodiments of this invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments. 
         FIG. 1  is an embodiment of prior art context selection; 
         FIG. 2  is an embodiment of prior art scan order in zig-zag, horizontal and vertical scans to map 2 dimension array of transform coefficients to 1 dimension array of transform coefficients; 
         FIG. 3  is an embodiment of scan order in diagonal scan in fixed direction to map 2 dimension array of transform coefficients to 1 dimension array of transform coefficients. Scans can be in up-right or down-left direction and either can be used to replace zig-zag scan. 
         FIG. 4  shows how diagonal scan aligned with neighboring coefficient positions, whose values affect the context selection. 
         FIG. 5  is an embodiment of examples of context dependency simplifications with no dependencies within the same scan and reducing dependencies on neighbors in different scan lines; 
         FIG. 6  is an embodiment of a context dependency simplification to reduce neighboring dependency from 11 to 4; 
         FIG. 7  is an embodiment of context dependency simplification for vertical scan to enable parallel processing by eliminating neighboring dependencies within vertical scan line that crosses X; 
         FIG. 8  is an embodiment of a context dependency simplification for horizontal scan to enable parallel processing by eliminating neighboring dependencies within horizontal scan line that crosses X; 
         FIG. 9  is a flow diagram depicting an embodiment of a method for encoding transform coefficients utilizing the diagonal scan in fixed direction along with context dependency simplification to reduce the dependencies to enable parallel context processing; 
         FIG. 10  is a flow diagram depicting an embodiment of a method for decoding bit code utilizing the diagonal scan in fixed direction along with context dependency simplification to reduce the number of dependencies to enable parallel context processing; 
         FIG. 11  is a flow diagram depicting an embodiment of a method for generating scan arrays. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     This disclosure focuses on diagonal scanning of significance map of the transform coefficients and reducing neighbor dependency during context selection. This disclosure utilizes the binary symbols that represent the significance map of the transform. The significance map indicates the location of the non-zero transform coefficients. For improved coding efficiency, the context selection can depend on the value of the coefficients in neighboring positions in the transform, typically in the left, top-left and top directions. 
     In one embodiment, the transform coefficients and its significance map, indicating the locations of the non-zero coefficients, are encoded/decoded and are provided in 2 dimensional format from the transform module. In addition, the position of non-zero coefficients maybe transmitted in terms of significance map, for example, utilizing syntax elements: significant_coeff_flag, last_significant_coeff_x, last_significant_coeff_y, etc. Furthermore, coefficients values maybe transmitted, for example, utilizing syntax elements: coeff_abs_level_greater1_flag, coeff_abs_level_greater2_flag, coeff_abs_level_minus3, coeff_sign_flag, etc. 
       FIG. 1  is an embodiment of prior art context selection for the significance map. In  FIG. 1 , the context for the significant coefficient flag for position X can depend on 11 neighboring positions (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J and K). In one embodiment, only one of the G or K will be required, depending on the direction of the scan. With such dependency, it is difficult to select the context to decode multiple bins of different positions at the same time. This is especially difficult when the traditional approach of zig-zag scan is used, as shown in  FIG. 2 . With zig-zag scan and the neighboring dependencies in  FIG. 1 , there will be dependency on the previously, most recently decoded position. 
       FIG. 2  is an embodiment of dependencies of context selection for map for coding efficiency with traditional zig-zag orders. If zig-zag scan is used, as shown in  FIG. 2 , for positions at the edge of the transform, e.g.  202 ,  204 ,  206  and  208  in  FIG. 2 , the context selection will depend on previously, most recently decoded position which makes parallel processing difficult.  FIG. 2  is an embodiment of prior art scan order to map 2 dimension array of transform coefficients to 1 dimension array of significance map of the transform coefficients; scan directions include zig-zag scan, horizontal scan and vertical scan; for zig-zag, scan the direction of the scan line changes at the edge of the 2 dimension array. 
     For zig-zag scan, the direction of the scan line changes at the edge of the 2 dimension array. If zig-zag scan is used, as shown in  FIG. 2 , for positions at the edge of the transform, e.g.  202 ,  204 ,  206  and  208  in  FIG. 2 , the context selection will depend on previously decoded position which makes parallel processing difficult.  FIG. 2  also shows the other scan directions used include vertical and horizontal scans. The solid lines ( 210  and  214  in  FIG. 2 ) show the scan line and direction; while the dotted lines ( 212  and  216  in  FIG. 2 ) shows how when the scan line reaches the edge of the 2 dimension array, the next position is the beginning of the next scan line usually at the opposite edge (for vertical scan, when the bottom edge is reached by the scan line, the next position and the next scan line begins at the top edge of the 2 dimensional array; for horizontal scan, when the right edge is reached by the scan line, the next position and the next scan line begins at the left edge of the 2 dimensional array). 
       FIG. 3  is an embodiment of dependencies of context selection for significant map for improved coding efficiency with different scanning orders. Rather than using the traditional zig-zag scan of  FIG. 2 , a diagonal scan in a fixed direction approach may be utilized. With a diagonal scan, all scan lines are processed in the same direction (either up-right or down-left) as shown in  FIG. 3 . The solid line show the scan line and direction; while the dotted line shows how when the scan line reaches the edge of the 2 dimension array, the next position is the beginning of the next scan line usually at the opposite edge (for up-right scan, when the top edge is reached by the scan line, the next position and the next scan line begins at the left edge of the 2 dimensional array; for down-left scan, when the left edge is reached by the scan line, the next position and the next scan line begins at the top edge of the 2 dimensional array). Using diagonal scan in fixed direction avoids this dependency at the edges (highlighted in  FIG. 2 ) which occur for zig-zag scan. 
     Using diagonal scan in fixed direction avoids this dependency at the edges, highlighted in  FIG. 2 , which occur for zig-zag scan. A diagonal scan in fixed direction relates to a diagonal scan where the arrow point to the same direction, i.e. from upper right to lower left, from lower left to upper right and the like. In one embodiment, all diagonal scans maybe in the same direction, all up-right or all down-left. The direction of the fixed directional scan may depend on the location of the last significant coefficient. Hence, if the position of the last significant coefficient is known, it may be used to select the scan direction. Thus, the diagonals can be processed in parallel and still satisfy the top, left, and top-left dependencies, as shown in  FIG. 1 . 
       FIG. 3  is an embodiment of scan order (diagonal scan in fixed direction) to map 2 dimension array of significance map of the transform coefficients to 1 dimension array of significance map of the transform coefficients; all scan lines are processed in the same direction (either up-right  302  or down-left  304 ); the diagonal scan in fixed direction is used to replace zig-zag scan in  FIG. 2 . 
       FIG. 4  is an embodiment of dependencies of context selection for significant map for improved coding efficiency with various types of scans. In one embodiment, if while processing position X, dependencies on G and K are removed, then this eliminates dependency on previously decoded position, which is favorable for parallel processing. Furthermore, context selection for scan line  0  can begin in parallel as the scans  1 ,  2 , and  3  are being decoded (or processed), assuming that processing of scan  1 ,  2 , and  3  are ahead of scan line  0 ; removing the dependencies on neighbors in scan lines  1 ,  2 , and  3  enables scan line  0  to be processed sooner.  FIG. 5  is an embodiment of a context dependency simplification with such that there are no dependencies within the same scan (removing G and K), and also reducing dependencies on neighbors that are located on different scan lines; 
     To avoid dependencies due to context updates, a different set of context models may be used for each scan line, such as, positions on scan  0  may have different contexts than position on scan  1  and  2 . Note that the diagonals of the proposed fixed direction scan may be processed in parallel. 
       FIG. 6  is an embodiment of a context dependency simplification to reduce neighboring dependency to less than 11 neighbors (from 11 to 4). Simplification of context selection may also be independent of scan lines. For instance, using context selection, shown in  FIG. 6 , provides a good trade-off of complexity reduction and good coding gain. 
     Parallelism may also be achieved within the diagonal by pre-fetching data and performing speculative computations. Eliminating G and K, for example by removing dependency on the other positions within the same scan line, reduces the amount of speculative computation and fetching. The same holds true for vertical and horizontal scans.  FIG. 7  is an embodiment of context dependency simplification (removal of B, F, C, G) for vertical scan to enable parallel processing within vertical scan line; while,  FIG. 8  is an embodiment of a context dependency simplification (removal of H, I, J, K) for horizontal scan to enable parallel processing within horizontal scan line.  FIG. 7  shows the reduced context dependency to enable easier parallel processing within the vertical scan line.  FIG. 8  shows the reduced context dependency for easier parallel processing within horizontal scan lines. 
     In one embodiment, the characteristics of the significance map vary with slice type or coding unit type. Coding unit type indicates whether the pixel are inter predicted via pixels from other frames and intra predicted via pixels in the same frame. The context selection dependencies can be different depending on the slice or coding unit type. For instance, P and B slices, where the residual is small, could have much simpler context selection (i.e. less dependency) than I slices which tend to have larger residuals. Thus, not only the context is being adapted, but also the context selection method based on the slice/coding unit type. In such an embodiment, some slice/coding unit type are enabled to exploit very simple context selection methods. 
     Therefore, an embodiment may contain any or all of the following: diagonal scanning in fixed direction for significance map, direction of the scan can depend on the last significant coefficient position, simplified context selection to reduced dependencies while maintaining most of the coding efficiency, using different sets of context models for adjacent (or all) scans, and/or using different context selection methods depending on the slice/coding unit type, and scan direction. As a result, parallel decoding of various binary symbols in the significance map can occur while maintaining high coding efficiency with dependencies in context selection. 
       FIG. 9  is a flow diagram depicting an embodiment of a method  900  for encoding bit code utilizing context dependency simplification to reduce the number of neighbors upon which context selection depends. The method  900  retrieves 2 dimensional array of transform coefficient, which is transformed to a 1 dimensional coefficient scanning. The one dimensional array of transform coefficients is then utilized for context selection and binarization, which are used for arithmetic coding to generate the coded bits. 
       FIG. 10  is a flow diagram depicting an embodiment of a method  1000  for decoding bit code utilizing context dependency simplification to reduce the number of neighbors upon which context selection depends. The method  1000  retrieves the encoded bits, for example, the encoded bits generated in  FIG. 9 , to perform arithmetic decoding. The arithmetic decoding generates binary symbols, which are utilized in binarization and in context selection. The context selection are routed back to the arithmetic decoding to generate binary symbols while maintaining high coding efficiency with dependencies in context selection. The binarization generates 1 dimensional array of transform coefficients or syntax elements, which utilized to transforming the 1 dimensional to a 2 dimensional coefficient scanning. Utilizing the two dimensional coefficient scanning generates a 2 dimensional transform coefficient. 
       FIG. 11  is a flow diagram depicting an embodiment of a method  1100  for reducing neighbor dependency in context selection. The method  1100  starts at step  1102  and proceeds to step  1104 . At step  1104 , the method  1100  determines the scan direction, slice type and/or coding unit type associated with the 2 dimensional transform coefficients. At step  1106 , the method  1100  selects neighbors of coefficient based on position of coefficient being coded. At step  1108 , the method  1100  reduces neighbors based on the scan direction, slice type and/or coding unit type and may not select neighbors found on the same scan line as the current position beginning processed. In one embodiment, the method  1100  may not reduce neighbors and directly proceeds to step  1110 . At step  1110 , the method  1100  checks the values of the selected neighbors. At step  1112 , the method  1100  uses the values of the selected neighbors to compute a context index for context selection. The method  1100  ends at step  1114 . The steps  1104 ,  1106 ,  1108  and/or  1110  may loop several times and maybe performed in various orders to improve efficiency. 
     Embodiments disclosed herein may be applied to entropy coders, such as those based on CABAC, CAVLC and the like. While the foregoing is directed to embodiments of the present invention, other and further embodiments of the invention may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the scope thereof is determined by the claims that follow.