Abstract:
New and improved applications of Raman Scattering are disclosed. These applications may be implemented with or without using an enhanced nano-structured surface that is trademarked as the RamanNanoChip™ disclosed in a pending patent. As a RamanNanoChip™ provides much higher sensitivity in SERS compared with conventional enhance surface, broader scopes of applications are now enabled and can be practically implemented as now disclosed in this application. Furthermore, a wide range of applications is achievable as new and improved Raman sensing applications. By applying the analysis of Raman scattering spectrum, applications can be carried out to identify unknown chemical compositions to perform the tasks of homeland security; food, drug and drinking materials safety; early disease diagnosis; environmental monitoring; industrial process monitoring, precious metal and gem authentications, etc.

Description:
[0001]     This application is a Continuation in Part (CIP) application of another co-pending application Ser. No. 10/852,287 filed on May 24, 2004. application Ser. No. 10/852,287 claims a Priority Date of May 27, 2003, benefited from two previously filed Provisional Applications 60/473,283 and 60/473,287 filed on May 27, 2003, and another Provisional Application 60/520,222 filed on Nov. 17, 2003 by at least one of a common Applicant of this patent application. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0003]     This invention relates generally to the methods and systems for detection of very small amount of trace chemicals by employing light scattering probes. More particularly, this invention relates to an improved light scattering probes and detection system implemented with highly sensitive Raman analyzer embodied as RamanNanoChip™ based on a novel process to fabricate a sensing chip with nano-structured noble metal surface with improved configurations to detect the trace chemicals with significantly improved detection sensitivity for wide varieties of applications.  
         [0004]     2. Description of the Prior Art  
         [0005]     Despite the fact Raman detectors have sensitivity down to a level of single molecule detection (SMD), due to several technical difficulties, conventional Raman sensors still have very limited applications. Specifically, one of the major limitations of Raman spectroscopy application is the weak Raman scattering signal for trace chemical detection. There are many efforts in attempt to resolve this problem of low scattering signals in the field of Raman sensing. However, such efforts still have very limited success and have not been able to make Raman detectos available for practical and economical applications that urgently require ultra sensitive chemical trace detections.  
         [0006]     It is well known in the art that there is a potential solution by employing roughened or the nano-structured sensing surface to generate scattering signals of higher intensity. Specifically, the nano-structured materials have found numerous applications in sensing, bioscience, materials science, semiconductor, etc. One of the promising applications of sensing technologies with nano-structured materials is Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) and Surface Enhanced Resonance Raman Spectroscopy (SERRS). It has been discovered that the Raman scattering signal can be enhanced by 10 4 ˜10 14  times when molecules are adsorbed on a nano-structured noble metal (such as Ag Au and Cu, but not limited to Ag, Au and Cu) surface compared to normal Raman scattering. Specially, Raman scattering signal gets remarkably enhanced if the surface nanoparticles are isolated. The enhancement is determined by several factors, among them, the dimensions of the nano-particles and the distance among these nanoparticles on the surface are very important. It is found that as the scale of these nanoparticles decreases, the signal enhancement of Raman scattering increases. Further, as the distance between neighboring nanoparticles islands varies, the enhancement effect of Raman scattering also varies. However, the conventional technologies, for example, VLSI lithography technology, are still encountered with technical difficulties to fabricate nano-structure surfaces with reduced dimensions of the nano-particles and reduced distance among these nano-particles on the surface to achieve scattering signal enhancement.  
         [0007]     The very limited availability of non-contaminated nano-structured noble metal surface is still a major difficulty faced by those of ordinary skill of the art in applying the technologies of SERS (Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering) and SERRS (Surface Enhanced Resonant Raman Scattering) for trace chemical detection. A non-contaminated nano-structured noble metal surface is required to conveniently deploy in the field for molecular adsorption and subsequent measurement. Due to this limit availability, even though the detection of trace chemicals can be achieved a part-per-billion (ppb) level, the techniques of applying SERS and SERRS for detecting trace of explosives and/or other chemical materials still have very limited applications.  
         [0008]     The technologies of applying SERS and SERRS for detecting trace chemicals were described in many published papers such as “Probing Single Molecules And Single Nanoparticles by Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering”, Shuming Nie and Steven R. Emory, Science, 1997, 275, 1102-1106; “Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Individual Rhodamine 6G Molecules on Large Ag Nanocrystals”, Amy M Michaels, M. Nirmal, and L. E. Brus. J. Am. Chem Soc. 1999, 121, 9932-9939; “Single Molecule Detection Using Surface-Enhanced Ramam Scattering (SERS)”, Katrin Kneipp, Yang Wang, Harald Kneipp, Lev L. Perelman, Irving Itzkan, Physical Review Letter, 78, 1997. 1667-1670; “Nanosphere Lithography: A Versatile Nanofabrication Tool for Studies of Size-Dependent Nanoparticle Optics”, Christy L. Haynes and Richard P. Van Duyne, J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, 5599-5611.  
         [0009]     However, these publications do not provide an effective method to produce and package the non-contaminated nano-structured noble metal surface to achieve field applications of SERS and SERRS for trace chemical detection. Furthermore, none of these publications provide method to fabricate nano-structured materials with well-controlled nano array that have reduced and optimized dimensions of the nano-particles and reduced and optimized distances among these nano-particles on the surface to achieve scattering signal enhancement.  
         [0010]     The Raman Nano Chip, e.g., a RamanNanoChip™ submitted by the Applicant of this invention for a Trademark Registration, disclosed in a co-pending application Ser. No. 10/852287 provides solution to form Nano structure sensing surface with high sensitivity. With such nano-structured surface now available to provide high detection sensitivity with much improved intensity of detection signals, tremendous potentials for wide varieties of applications could be practically implemented. Obviously, for those of ordinary in the art, there are ever increasing demands to take advantage of the greatly improved nano-structured surface now provided by the invention as that disclosed in the co-pending application so that Raman sensors can be practically implemented to effectively realize these applications that are urgently in demand.  
         [0011]     Therefore, a need still exists in the art to provide practical configuration for conveniently implement the Raman sensors in applications to antiterrorism, forensic, medical diagnoses, disease preventions, industrial process monitoring, environmental cleaning up and monitoring, food, and drug quality control, etc.  
       SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION  
       [0012]     It is therefore an object of the invention to provide new applications of Raman Scattering with or without using RamanNanoChip™ disclosed in the pending patent. These applications can be divided into two categories that one includes Surface Enhance Raman Scattering in which RamanNanoChip™ is use and another one includes Raman Scattering in which RamanNanoChip™ may be not required.  
         [0013]     Since RamanNanoChip™ provides much higher sensitivity in SERS compared with conventional enhance surface, some applications that were not practical before have now become practically achievable. Because the significant improvement in Raman scattering achieved by the RamanNanoChip™ broader scopes of applications are now enabled and can be practically implemented as now disclosed in this application.  
         [0014]     Furthermore, a wide range of applications that should be achievable with relative low Raman sensitivity detections implementing conventional Raman Scattering were also overlooked and neglected due to low expectation of Raman sensing capabilities. New and improved Raman sensing applications are also disclosed in this invention that do not require high detection sensitivities and do not require surface enhanced Raman sensing devices such as such RamanNanoChip™ applications. The embodiments disclosed in this invention thus expand the fields of applications for devices that implement Raman scattering sensing technologies.  
         [0015]     In applications of first category, detected trace chemicals are typically in any phase, such as gas, liquid, solid, which gas can be from solid with certain value of vapor pressure. The laser beam doesn&#39;t strike on sample under detection, and the scattering light is not collected from sample directly neither, that makes the detection to be “remote and non-invasive”. The detected molecules and background materials are adsorbed onto the surface of the RamanNanoChip™. The trapped molecules have much larger scattering cross section than that they are free in gas, liquid or solid. When laser beam strikes on trapped molecules, Raman Scattering occurs and Spectrograph and data analyzer obtains a Raman Spectrum of molecules. Since every chemical has its own special Raman spectrum, then one is able to apply this principal as Raman fingerprint to identify unknown chemicals. Such applications include, but not limited, homeland security to detect trace chemicals of explosives, biochemical weapons and illegal drug smuggling; food and drinking materials safety to detect pesticide residues; early disease diagnosis; environmental monitoring; industrial process monitoring, and so on.  
         [0016]     In applications of the second category, the laser beam will strike on sample under test; the scattering light is collected from sample directly. It is normal Raman scattering and no RamanNanoChip™ needed. Such technology is available, but is normally ignored and has not yet been implemented in applications include, but not limited to applications to detect counterfeit merchandise such as milk based powder with less protein; authentication for gem certification, content analyses of medical tablets, and detection of methanol and ethanol content in wines.  
         [0017]     These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will no doubt become obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art after having read the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment, which is illustrated in the various drawing figures. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0018]      FIGS. 1A, 1B , and  1 C: Basic configuration of Surface Enhance Raman Scattering in applications of trace molecules detection using a RamanNanoChip™ 
         [0019]      FIG. 2 : A typical design of probe head of Raman Spectroscope  
         [0020]      FIGS. 3A and 3B  show Schematic diagram of Surface Enhance Raman Scattering applications in airport safety using a RamanNanoChip™ for passenger, luggage, and cargo monitoring, respectively.  
         [0021]      FIG. 4 : Schematic diagram of Surface Enhance Raman Scattering applications in public building safety using a RamanNanoChip™.  
         [0022]      FIG. 5  is a schematic diagram of Surface Enhance Raman Scattering applications in environmental monitoring using a RamanNanoChip™.  
         [0023]      FIG. 6  shows a Schematic diagram of Surface Enhance Raman Scattering applications in food safety using a RamanNanoChip™.  
         [0024]      FIG. 7  shows a Schematic diagram of Surface Enhance Raman Scattering applications in early disease diagnosis and biomedical detection using a RamanNanoChip™.  
         [0025]      FIG. 8  shows a schematic diagram of Surface Enhance Raman Scattering applications in quality control in production processing with or without a RamanNanoChip™.  
         [0026]      FIG. 9  is a Schematic diagram of configuration of normal Raman Scattering applications in counterfeit merchandise detection, drug screening and non-invasive in-vivo test glucose for monitoring diabetes. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0027]     Refer to  FIG. 1A  for a basic configuration of a Raman detector  100  using a RamanNanoChip™  105  attached to a probe head  110 . As shown in  FIG. 1B , a RamanNanoChip™  105  includes a plurality of nano-sticks  108  as that disclosed in the co-pending application Ser. No. 10/852,287 filed on May 24, 2004 and implemented in this patent application as an expanded Surface Enhance Raman Sensing System. The probe head  110  with a RamanNanoChip™  105  is placed in a space under monitoring. The probe assembly as shown may includes design features such as a vacuum pump to suck air flow into a probe assembly  120  enclosed in a housing structure shown with dotted lines to trap molecules of gas, liquid, and solid powder for carrying out a Raman scattering detection operation. An excitation laser is led by optical fibers  125  from frame of the Raman Spectroscope and laser source  140  shown in  FIG. 1C  that can be placed in central office far away from the monitoring field. The probe head  110  is pre-aligned to the RamanNanoChip™  105 . The scattering light is collected by probe head and propagates to mainframe  150  along collecting fiber  130 . A Raman spectrum is formed based on collected scattering light through spectrograph in a mainframe  150  that carries out data acquisition and data analyzer. The Raman spectrum is digitalized and ready to compare with database of known interested molecules. An alarm signal is generated from an alarm signal generator  160  when a threshold of certain molecules under detection is exceeded.  
         [0028]      FIG. 2  shows a typical design of the probe head  110 . The probe head  110  receives a laser projection from an input laser fiber  125  to pass through a band ejection filter  170  to pass through a lens group  175 - 1  and  175 - 2  to project onto RamanNanoChip™  105 . A scattering light is projected back to a group of mirrors  180 - 1  and  180 - 2  to pass through another bandpass filter  185  and a collimated lens to output from the collection fiber  130 .  
         [0029]      FIG. 3A  is a schematic diagram to show a configuration of the Surface Enhance Raman Scattering application in safety of transportation and other places where a passenger screening is required to monitor passengers  200 - 1 ,  200 - 2 , and  200 - 3 . For passenger screening, the probe assembly  120  with embedded RamanNanoChip™  105  is placed in the passageway  210 . The probes head  120  are connected by fibers to the mainframe Raman Spectroscope  150  in office near or far away from it. The probe head  120  is aligned to a RamanNanoChip™ surface  105  and they are packaged together. The passageway tunnel  210  can be forced ventilated and under little negative pressure and/or little higher temperature to increase evaporation of harmful materials. If a passenger, e.g., passenger  200 - 2 , carrying explosive materials, harmful chemicals, chemical weapons, bio-chemical weapons, nuclear weapons or narcotic drugs, few molecules of such materials will volatilize into air that molecules are adsorbed onto the surface of a RamanNanoChip™ through specially designed sample collection system. The Raman Spectrum will be recorded and compared with database in mainframe at office. As soon as the harmful materials are detected, early stage alarm signal will be triggered and appropriate security actions can be further processed.  
         [0030]      FIG. 3B  is a diagram to show application implemented to monitor luggage  215  for freight transportation carried by a conveyer  230  to pass through cargo screening channel  220 . The probe assembly  120  with embedded RamanNanoChip™  105  is placed around the cargo screen channel  220 . The probes head  120  are connected with fibers to the mainframe Raman Spectroscope  150  in office near or far away from it. The probe head  120  is aligned to the surface of a RamanNanoChip™  105  and they are packaged together to detect any explosives, chemical or biochemical weapon, or harmful chemicals enclosed in the luggage  215 . This configuration can be implemented in other applications such as mail stations, railway stations, custom inspection areas, traffic control zones, etc. This configuration can be easily implemented to detect gun powders or other explosives or hazardous materials.  
         [0031]      FIG. 4  is schematic diagram of Surface Enhance Raman Scattering applications using a RamanNanoChip™ in safety of public buildings  250  such as airport, railway or bus stations, ballpark buildings, Federal buildings, auditoriums, theaters, courthouses, and other public buildings. The probe assembly  100  that includes probe head  120  combined with a RamanNanoChip™  10  are distributed in the public buildings or others protected areas. The probe assemblies  100  are applied to monitor many different molecular substances to provide earlier detection of any dangerous or harmful chemicals enter into the monitor areas. Particular examples of hazardous material monitoring include, but not limited to detection of explosive materials, chemical or biochemical weapons including anthrax, drugs, and so on.  
         [0032]      FIG. 5  is schematic diagram of applying the technology of Surface Enhance Raman Scattering using a RamanNanoChip™ to monitor harmful chemicals released into the environment. The probe assemblies  100  are distributed around potential pollution source, e.g., a factory  260  or around highway where great number of automobiles  270  pass through. The probe assemblies  100  distributed around the monitored areas generate Raman scattering light that is transmitted to a mainframe spectrum analyzer  150  to determine the contents and concentration of substance released into the environment. The monitoring sample can be, but not limited, soil, water, lake, river, seashore, well, plants, etc. This application can be extended to car exhausted gas detection and monitoring by placing the probe assembly near by car exhausting output.  
         [0033]      FIG. 6  is schematic diagram of applying the technology of Surface Enhance Raman Scattering using a RamanNanoChip™ to monitor substances for inspecting quality and safety of foods. The probe assembly  100  is placed close to a food item  280 , i.e., an apple or different fruits, vegetables or other food items that could be contaminated through transportations, food processing, or even food growth process. The molecules of residue pesticide or other contaminations are drawn into the assembly  100 . A RamanNanoChip™ is used to detect any suspect harmful chemicals contained in the food.  
         [0034]      FIG. 7  is schematic diagram of applying the technology of Surface Enhance Raman Scattering with or without using a RamanNanoChip™ to monitor substances for early decease detection and diagnosis. The probe assembly  100  is placed near a patient  290 . Research result indicated that human breathed air have special chemicals contained, such as alkenes and benzene derivatives, if a person under screening is associated with disease, such as lung cancer (New Scientists, May, 2003). Raman sensing technology is able to fingerprint those chemicals in breath test the to identify some special diseases such as cancers. The probe assembly  100  is placed near the patient for carrying out a physical examination. The patient blows the outpoured breath-air to the probe assembly  100 . The RamanNanoChip™ in probe assembly receives the inlet air for generating a Raman scattering light corresponding to the molecules contained in the airflow from the patient. The scattering lights are collected by probe head and sent to mainframe of Raman Spectroscope  150  to generate Raman spectrum. Breath test with Raman sensing technology is to make early disease diagnosis which disease includes, but not limited to lung cancer, breast cancer, stomach cancer, Liver cirrhosis, failing kidney, ulcer cancer, etc. In case of testing fluids of human beings, the fluid is dropped on a RamanNanoChip™ manually, or Raman sensing device can be designed to connect to toilet for easy sample collection as smart toilet to timely monitor abnormal signals for disease and drug detection This application also includes identifying and sorting protein, DNA and RNA. All testing samples in above applications can be placed in contact with a RamanNanoChip™ to enhance the sensitivity and intensity of Raman scattering detections. The RamanSensor™ can also be applied to other areas, including but not limited to identify Alzheimer&#39;s disease, non-invasively test glucose to monitor diabetes, non-invasive test carotenoids to monitor antioxidant status for early cancer screening purpose, and so on.  
         [0035]      FIG. 8  is schematic diagram of Raman scattering application in industrial quality control with or without a RamanNanoChip™. The applications include, but are not limited to, the in-line monitoring wet chemical concentration in wet chemical process line, stand-off monitoring of sealed chemical tanks, remote trace chemical detection, semiconductor wafer defect evaluation, and monitoring of the food, fruit and vegetable storage, etc.  
         [0036]      FIG. 9  is schematic diagram of applying the technology of Surface Enhance Raman Scattering to identify and screen materials including, but not limited to detect counterfeit merchandise. The applications may include operations such as food, drug and medicine screening. In theses cases, a RamanNanoChip™ may or may not be required. The excitation laser directly strikes on samples under test. With improvement of the whole system of Raman Spectroscope, new applications that might not be available previously are now become practical. The Raman Spectrum of scattering light from the tested materials shows characteristic contents thus provide clear indications whether there are illegal additives added to the commercial merchandises. The potential counterfeit merchandise such as milk-based powder, wine, and medical tablets may be placed under the Raman detector as materials under investigation and screen. The applications can be extended to authenticated signatures and currency bills by detecting false signature and false bills by generating Raman scattering spectrum of the signature and dollar bills and compare these spectrum with measurements obtained from authenticated signature and dollar bills.  
         [0037]     Although the present invention has been described in terms of the presently preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that such disclosure is not to be interpreted as limiting. Various alternations and modifications will no doubt become apparent to those skilled in the art after reading the above disclosure. Accordingly, it is intended that the appended claims be interpreted as covering all alternations and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.