Abstract:
The subject of the invention is a peptide with the enzymatic activity of a Dicer-like protein, a method for preparing short RNA molecules, and use thereof. The purpose of the solution was to develop a new method of producing short RNA molecules, using a new, MtDCL1pepA peptide of a Dicer protein activity designed by inventors.

Description:
The subject of the invention is a peptide with the enzymatic activity of a Dicer-like protein, a method for preparing short RNA molecules and use thereof. 
     Eukaryotic organisms (plants and animals including a human) have the ability to generate short RNA molecules of about 20-25 nucleotides in length involved in the regulation of gene expression. Regulation of gene expression by short RNA molecules is present in many important physiological processes (proliferation and cell differentiation, programmed cell death) as well as in pathological ones (carcinogenesis, viral infections, neurodegenerative processes). A specific enzyme is required for the formation of short RNA molecules—a protein showing similarity to RNase III. Such protein, depending on the origin may bear different names, in the case of a human it is called Dicer, in the case of plants—a Dicer-like protein (DCL). 
     Most of Dicer-like proteins (Dicer and DCL) that occur in vertebrates, insects and plants have six types of domains in their structure: DEAD cassette, C helicase, DUF283 (domain of unknown function), PAZ (Piwi/Argonaute/Zwill), RNase III and RBD (dsRNA binding domain) [Margis et al.]. In lower eukaryotes, proteins from Dicer family are deprived of one or more of these domains. For example, Dicer protein from the  Giardia intestinalis  protozoan contains only the PAZ and the RNase III domain [Macrae et al.]. This indicates the crucial role of these two domains in the catalytic activity of a Dicer-like protein. 
     Dicer-like protein action is to cut out short 20-25 nucleotide RNA duplex from a larger precursor molecule. For Dicer-like protein to properly fulfil its role it must be able to recognize a double-stranded region, from which short dsRNA is to be cut out and to cut very precisely, so that the obtained molecule meets strictly defined parameters. Not only the length of the RNA duplex is important, but also its structure. It must have two unpaired, free nucleotides at the 3′ end. It should be noted that the dsRNA molecules that do not meet these criteria will not be effectively incorporated into the RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex), which participates in the regulation of gene expression. After incorporating a short duplex into the RISC, one of the RNA strands is removed and degraded, while the other serves as a specific probe capable of recognizing a complementary RNA or DNA molecule (of a gene). 
     In recent years, short RNA molecules are becoming more widely used both in biotechnology and in medicine. Techniques utilizing short RNA molecules to regulate gene expression are used for both cognitive (e.g., to study gene function) and practical purposes (to obtain favourable features in plants and animals in terms of their utility). In addition, new therapeutic methods are developed based on preparations containing short RNA molecules. Most of these techniques require the use of Dicer or DCL protein in order to receive short dsRNAs. Currently, the commercial kits used in the study of a biological activity of short regulatory RNAs include, but are not limited to, the protein extract enriched in human Dicer or from  Giardia intestinalis.    
     With regard to existing patents on phenomena related to RNAi, most of them concern the human DICER protein—substantially different from the present invention at the level of the amino acid sequence, and the application of artificial transgenes—containing short sequences coding molecules of specific RNAi, directed to specific genes—for plant transformation and modulation of their phenotype. 
     In the patent application WO 2009/117513 (published on 2009 Sep. 24) a modified Dicer polypeptide, which exhibits enhanced catalytic activity was described. The solution provides also a method for the preparation of small regulatory RNAs from dsRNA, including contact of dsRNA with the present modified Dicer. 
     In the patent application US 20100058490 (published on 2010 Mar. 4) methods for gene silencing were described. The solution presents also the methods and means of modulating gene silencing in eukaryotes through a change in the level of functional DICER protein and DICER-like proteins. The solution presents also methods and means of modulating post-transcriptional gene silencing in eukaryotes through a change in the functional level of proteins involved in transcriptional silencing of a gene encoding the silenced RNA. 
     In spite of existing solutions using short RNA molecules to regulate the gene expression used both for studying gene function and obtaining, but not limiting to features favourable in terms of utility in plants and animals, there is a continuous need for the production of short RNA molecules of a Dicer protein activity. 
     The aim of a present solution was to develop a new method of producing short RNA molecules, using a new, MtDCL1pepA peptide of a Dicer protein activity designed by the inventors. 
     Fulfillment of such specified purpose and solving the problems described in the prior art associated with the development and delivery of a peptide of a Dicer activity, distinguishing it from occurring in the available preparations in terms of origin and optimized physiochemical and biochemical parameters, soluble in aqueous solutions, have been achieved in the present invention. 
     The above characteristics of the MtDCL1pepA peptide translate into a number of advantages of the proposed method of obtaining short regulatory RNAs. The proposed method can be considerably cheaper than other currently used as MtDCL1pepA protein can be produced both in the eukaryotic system, and, what is the unique feature of the MtDCL1pepA peptide, in a cheap and highly efficient prokaryotic system. This system also allows to obtain a preparation of extremely high purity, far exceeding the other so far described preparations. The proposed method, due to the use of plant enzyme, enables detailed studies of RNA interference phenomenon in plants—so far there is no possibility of producing short regulatory RNA using a commercial plant-based enzyme. 
     The subject of the invention is a peptide, characterized in that it comprises a MtDCL1pepA peptide determined by SEQ ID NO: 1 sequence with the enzymatic activity of a Dicer-like protein.
     Advantageously, when peptide contains a MtDCL1pepA peptide its significant fragment comprising at least a half of MtDCL1pepA sequence or sequences at the level of amino acid sequence similarity of at least 80%.
 
Advantageously, when peptide contains a MtDCL1pepA peptide containing only the selected domains necessary to preserve their own catalytic activity, and not having 1154 amino acids from the N-terminus of MtDCL1 protein, and that the MtDCL1pepA peptide contains PAZ domain, two RNase III domains and two RBD domains.
 
Advantageously, when the MtDCL1pepA peptide is provided with tags.
 
Advantageously, when the tags include glutathione S-transferase peptide (GST) at the N-terminus of MtDCL1pepA and two FLAG and hexahistidine (His) tags at the C-terminus.
 
Advantageously, when a MtDCL1pepA peptide is produced in a prokaryotic or eukaryotic system.
   

     Another example of the invention is a method for preparing short RNA molecules, characterized in that the peptide defined above is used and that the method comprises:
         a) production of cDNA encoding the MtDCL1 peptide from the  Medicago truncatula  plant;   b) reconstruction of the presumed sequence of cDNA (exons) of the gene encoding MtDCL1;   c) design of DNA oligomers, J08-10 defined by the SEQ ID NO:2 and J08-13 defined by SEQ ID NO: 3, enveloping the sequence encoding the MtDCL1 protein;   d) carrying out the synthesis of first cDNA strand using RNA originate from young leaves and young top parts of above-ground shoots of  Medicago truncatula;      e) second cDNA strand synthesis and cDNA amplification;   f) cloning of cDNA encoding MtDCL1, but the cDNA is introduced into a plasmid vector, the transformation of bacteria is carried out and a culture of those with an insert of 5500 by in length is cultivated;   g) isolation of plasmid DNA for sequencing;   h) obtaining MtDCL1 protein sequence and subjecting it to bioinformatic analysis for the content of the known functional domains, characteristic for most Dicer-like proteins: DEAD cassette, helicase C, DUF283, PAZ, RNase III and RBD;   i) designing truncated MtDCL1pepA protein containing only the selected domains necessary to preserve their own catalytic activity, and not having 1154 amino acids from the N-terminus of MtDCL1 protein, but the deleted fragment includes the DEAD cassette, helicase C domain and DUF283, and the MtDCL1pepA peptide contains PAZ domain, two RNase III domains and two RBD domains.
 
Advantageously, when the MtDCL1pepA peptide is being provided with tags.
 
Advantageously, when the tags include glutathione S-transferase peptide (GST) at the N-terminus of MtDCL1pepA and two FLAG and hexahistidine (His) tags at the C-terminus.
       

     Another subject of the invention is the use of a peptide defined above to generate a short 15-30 nucleotide RNA molecules. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The solution is shown in a drawing, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  shows amplification of cDNA encoding a MtDCL1 peptide. Lines 1, 2, 3-PCR product obtained as a result of cDNA amplification from young leaves and top parts of an above-ground shoot of  M. truncatula  using the DNA oligomers: J08-10 and J08-13. The size of the product matches the expected one for DCL1 cDNA from  M. truncatula— 5784 base pairs, estimated on the basis of bioinformatic analysis of cDNA for DCL1 from other organisms and genomic clone sequence from  M. truncatula —mth2-71o19, accession number AC150443. 
         FIG. 2  shows the structure of a clone 44-57 encoding the DCL1 peptide of  M. truncatula . Comparison of cDNA sequence—clone 44-57 with the sequence of genomic clone mth2-71o19 (accession number AC150443) reveals the borderlines between exons marked as vertical black lines; exon 1, 14 and 17 have been signed, and exons 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 are marked as rectangles, the borderlines between exons were determined according to coordinates referring to the sequence of clone 44-57. Encoding part of a clone 44-57, marked as the CDS (coding sequence) and marked in green, is located between position 79 and 5742 of clone 44-57. The location of the regions encoding a specific protein domains in MtDCL1 44-57 pep—tide encoded by the clone 44-57 and their localization in relation to the boundaries between exons were also shown. 
       The structure of sequence of clone 44-57 reveals that this clone contains the complete sequence encoding the DCL1 peptide—upstream the start of translation, position 79, are 78 nucleotides and downstream the stop codon, position 5742, is 42 nucleotide non-coding segment. The coding region (CDS) of clone 44-57—lying between positions 79 and 5742—contains all domains characteristic for DCL peptides. Lower similarity between the cDNA-sequence of clone 44-57 and genomic sequence derived from clone mth2-71o19 (accession number AC150443) is visible within exons 13 and 15. The analysis was made using the Blastn program. 
         FIG. 3  shows the phylogenetic tree of DCL peptides from  M. truncatula  and  A. thaliana . The tree was obtained by NJ method (Neighbourhood-Joining) based on the ordered sequences in ClustalW program. Genes for the four types of DCL proteins, called: DCL1, DCL2, DCL3 and DCL4 are present in the model  A. thaliana  plant. Some of these proteins are present in several splicing forms—marked in the figure as “-sf”. Four types of DCL proteins present in  A. thaliana  have a similar molecular mechanism of action but differ in function. It is believed that in other plants genes for all four types of DCL proteins, such as  A. thaliana  are also present, but sometimes there may have been a duplication of some genes, which led to origin of closely-related groups called gene families. Phylogenetic analysis of the studied peptide derived from  M. truncatula —a peptide encoded by the clone 44-57—against all DCL peptides from  A. thaliana  assigns the studied peptide to the orthologous peptide. The presented phylogenetic tree shows that the relationship between the MtDCL1 peptide encoded by clone 44-57 and the DCL1 peptide from  A. thaliana  is greater than between the DCL1 peptide from  A. thaliana  and any other DCL peptide from  A. thaliana . Thus is sought that MtDCL1 peptides from  M. truncatula  and DCL1 from  A. thaliana  are an orthologous peptides. The analysis includes a peptide obtained as a result of bioinformatic sequence analysis of genomic clone from  M. truncatula  mt2-71o19 (accession number AC150443). Phylogenetic analysis was performed with a set of programs available on the website http://align.genome.jp. In the case of peptides from  A. thaliana  names are given as DCL1, DCL2 and accession numbers of peptides, for the peptide derived from genomic clone MT2-71o19 (highlighted by a single underline) nucleotide sequence accession number are given, the peptide encoded by cDNA sequence of clone 44-57 obtained by the authors is marked as MtDCL1 peptide (highlighted by double underline). 
         FIG. 4  shows the domain structure of a Dicer-like protein from  Medicago truncatula  and  Arabidopsis thaliana , human and protozoan  Giardia intestinalis . The active fragment of DCL1 protein from  M. truncatula —MtDCL1pepA was also marked. Domain identification was made by the EIB EMBL InterProScan [x3] tool; 
         FIG. 5  shows: (A) the scheme of the structure of pGEX6P3 expression vector (GE Healthcare), (B) the scheme of the pGEXMtDCL1pepA expression vector, obtained from the pGEX6P3 vector and a coding sequence of MtDCL1pepA, used in the production of a MtDCL1pepA peptide in bacterial cells. The schemes show, but are not limited to the location of MtDCL1pepA protein coding sequences, GST, FLAG, and His tags, location of tac promoter (Ptac), selective gene and restriction sites used in the cloning procedure of MtDCL1pepA sequence; 
       (C) the PCR reaction scheme used for amplification of the DNA encoding the MtDCL1pepA protein. The structure of primers has been indicated as FWD (SEQ ID NO: 4), REV1 (SEQ ID NO: 5), and REV2 (SEQ ID NO: 6). 
         FIG. 6  shows: (A) the result of the expression of a plasmid encoding the MtDCL1pepA protein provided with a GST tag at the N-terminus and FLAG and His at the C-terminus (the mass of the entire fusion protein was 112 kDa). Separation of protein fractions isolated from the bacterial culture samples of strain transformed with an expression vector was made on the 10% PAA gel with SDS. Samples were taken immediately before induction of expression (time 0 h) and 4 hours after the addition of an inducer—IPTG. At the same time a control culture was carried out without the addition of an inducer of expression. The gel was stained with a Comassie Blue dye; (B) the obtained protein preparation enriched in a DCL1pepA protein free of GST tag at the N-terminus (weight of a protein: 86 kDa). The preparation was separated on 10% PAA gel with SDS. The purity of a preparation is illustrated by the gel stained with Comassie Blue dye, the protein was identified by Western Blot technique; (C) comparison of DCL1pepA protein activity and commercially available Dicer protein from  Giardia intestinalis . The DCL1pepA protein generates products of approximately 20-25 bp in the reaction with the precursor of human miRNA 33a (66 bp) in the presence of two different buffering solutions (B1, B2). Comparison of a recombinant Dicer protein from  Giardia intestinalis  generates, in the presence of an identical substrate, products with a greater range of length, with a predominance of 36-37 nucleotide fragments. Reactions were carried out in an optimized buffering solution attached to the Dicer protein from  Giardia intestinalis  (B1 mark) or 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5 buffer with 250 mm NaCl, 2.5 mM MgCl 2  (B2 mark). M—molecular weight marker, K—control (reaction mixture without the addition of an enzyme), HA—miRNA 33a substrate subjected to an alkaline hydrolysis, h—reaction time in hours. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The embodiments according to the invention are shown below for better understanding of the invention. 
     Example 
     There is no deposited cDNA sequence for the DCL1 protein from  M. truncatula  (MtDCL1) in the sequence databases (GenBank). There is only available a gene sequence (composed of introns and exons) and an artificial sequence of cDNA obtained as a result of bioinformatic gene sequence processing. The known cDNA sequence of MtDCL1 differs slightly from the artificial MtDCL1 cDNA sequences obtained as a result of a bioinformatic genomic sequence processing. 
     cDNA encoding a DCL1 peptide from the  Medicago truncatula  plant (hereinafter referred to as MtDCL1) was obtained using RT PCR technique and cloning using homology. In the first stage the database of  Medicago truncatula  sequences in GenBank was researched with the use of amino acid sequence of a DCL1 protein from  Arabidopsis thalian , accession number NP — 171612.1 and tblastn program. The sequence region of a mth2-71o19 clone [119169-109079] from  Medicago truncatula  with accession number AC150443 was selected for further work, for which the similarity with the DCL1 protein sequence from  Arabidopsis thalian  (accession no. NP — 171612.1) is characterized by the lowest expected value. 
     Region [119169-109079] of the mth2-71o19 clone sequence from  Medicago truncatula  with accession number AC150443 was used to reconstruct the presumed cDNA sequence containing the complete coding sequence of MtDCL1 protein. Reconstruction of the presumed cDNA sequence (exons) of gene encoding MtDCL1 was performed by comparing the sequence region of a mth2-71o19 clone [119169-109079] (accession number AC150443) with the coding sequence of DCL1 from  Arabidopsis thaliana  with the accession number NM — 099986 using Spidey program (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/spidey), and by comparing the amino acid sequence obtained by translating the sequence of mth2-71o19 clone (accession number AC150443) with the DCL1 protein sequence from  Arabidopsis thaliana . Bioinformatic sequence translation of mth2-71o19 clone (accession number AC150443) was made using programs from the Sequence Manipulation Suite (http://www.bioinformatics.org/sms2). It is assumed that the sequence region of a mth2-71019 clone [119169-109079], accession number AC150443 contains the complete sequence encoding the DCL1 protein from  M. truncatula  and part or all of the cDNA untranslated regions (UTR). Then two DNA oligomers—J08-10 and J08-13 were designed, enveloping the sequence encoding the MtDCL1 protein, whose sequence was in 100% identical to the selected portions of the sequence region of a mth2-71o19 clone [119169-109079] (accession number AC150443). DNA oligomer named J08-10 consisted of 29 nucleotides and had the SEQ ID NO: 2: TAGAATAGGCGTTGATACACAGCAATAGG, while the J08-13 oligomer having the SEQ ID NO: 3: ACAACCACTGCTTGCTTCTGATTGG consisted of 25 nucleotides (sequences given in accordance with the convention from the 5′ to 3′ end). 
     In the next stage of the works the first cDNA strand synthesis reaction was carried out using 2 micrograms of RNA from young leaves and young, top parts of above-ground shoots of  Medicago truncatula  R108 per 20 microliters of the reaction mixture and the DNA oligomer (dT)18 at a final concentration of 2.5 micromol/L, DTT at a final concentration of 10 mmol/L, dATP at a final concentration of 0.5 mmol/L, dCTP at a final concentration of 0.5 mmol/L, dGTP at a final concentration of 0.5 mmol/L, dTTP at a final concentration of 0.5 mmol/L, an RNase inhibitor—RNaseOUT (Invitrogen) at a final concentration of 2 units/microliter, and a buffer for reverse transcription from the SuperScript II Reverse Transcriptase kit (Invitrogen) and an enzyme—SuperScript II Reverse Transcriptase (Invitrogen) at a concentration of 10 units/microliter. The reaction of first cDNA strand synthesis was performed according to the SuperScript II Reverse Transcriptase kit (Invitrogen) supplier&#39;s recommendations, with the fact that incubation was carried out at 42° C. for 55 minutes. Single-stranded cDNA obtained by this reaction was then used, without purifying it from other components of the reverse transcription reaction, in the second cDNA strand synthesis and the cDNA amplification in a PCR reaction using a FastStart High Fidelity PCR System pack from Roche. The PCR reaction was performed in a buffer 2 (containing magnesium chloride at a final concentration in the reaction mixture of 1.8 mmol/L) from the FastStart High Fidelity PCR System pack (Roche) using 1 microliter of reverse transcription reaction (described above) at a final volume of the reaction mixture of 50 microliters. The reaction mixture consisted of: DMSO at a final concentration of 2%, dATP at a concentration of 0.2 mmol/L, dCTP at a concentration of 0.2 mmol/L, dGTP at a concentration of 0 2 mmol/L, dTTP at a concentration of 0.2 mmol/L, J08-10 DNA oligomer (sequence see above) at a concentration of 0.3 micromoles/L, J08-13 DNA oligomer (sequence see above) at a concentration of 0.3 micromoles/L, and a mixture of enzymes from the FastSart High Fidelity PCR System pack (Roche) at a concentration final 0.05 unit/microliter. The PCR reaction was performed using the following program: first stage—incubation at 94° C. for 2 minutes, second stage: ten times the sequence of incubation: incubation at 94° C. for 30 s, incubation at 53° C. for 30 s, incubation at 68° C. for 6 minutes, third stage: twenty-five times the sequence of incubation: incubation at 94° C. for 30 s, incubation at 55° C. for 30 s, incubation at 68° C. for 6 minutes with prolonged incubation time of 10 seconds at each successive cycle, fourth stage: one time incubation at 68° C. for 7 minutes ended with cooling the reaction to 4° C. As a result a product of approximately 5784 bp (base pairs) was obtained,  FIG. 1 . PCR reaction product was purified on 0.7% agarose gel, from which the DNA with a length of fragments of approximately 5784 bp was cut out and the DNA extraction was performed from the agarose gel with the QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit from Qiagen following the kit manufacturer&#39;s instruction. DNA preparation was obtained with a length of molecules of approximately 5784 bp and a concentration of about 15 ng/microliter, which was used for the next stage—the cloning of cDNA encoding the MtDCL1. First the introduction of the studied DNA into a pCR-XL-TOPO plasmid vector (Invitrogen) was performed. The reaction was carried out according to the instructions provided by the TOPO XL PCR Cloning Kit manufacturer—the Invitrogen company, using 0.5 microliters of the above-described preparation containing the cloned cDNA encoding the MtDCL1 and 2.5 microliters of the mixture containing the activated plasmid and an enzyme from a TOPO XL PCR Cloning Kit (Invitrogen). After the end of the reaction, in which the cDNA is incorporated into a plasmid vector giving the recombinant plasmids, the One Shot TOP 10 Electrocomp  E. coli  (Invitrogen) bacteria transformation was carried out according to manufacturer&#39;s instruction. 40 microliters of bacteria, 1 microliter of recombinant plasmid, electroporation cuvettes with electrodes distance of −1 mm and Gen-Pulser electroporator from Biolabs company were used in the transformation. 1250 V, 25 microfarads and 200 Ohms were used in order to administer an electric pulse. After the incubation of transformation mixture with 250 microliters of SOC medium at 37° C. for 75 min., 20 microliters and 200 microliters of bacteria were seeded on the petri dish containing solid LB medium with kanamycin at a concentration of 50 micrograms/ml as a selective agent and they were incubated in 37° C. for 20 hours. 19 colonies were received and studied, three of which had an insert of the expected length—approximately 5784 bp. Breeding of these clones was carried out in 20 ml of liquid medium and isolated—with the use of alkaline lysis method [Sambrook et al.]—Plasmid DNA, which was used for sequencing. Sequence analysis showed that only one clone named 41-57 contains the complete coding sequence of DCL1 peptide derived from  Medicago truncatula  (MtDCL1),  FIG. 2 . Confirmation that the peptide encoded by clone 44-57 is equivalent to  M. truncatula  DCL1 peptide from  A. thaliana  was obtained as a result of phylogenetic analysis— FIG. 3 , and table Tab. 1. 
     Table 1. Comparison of DCL1 peptides from  Medicago truncatula —i.e. MtDCL1 peptide encoded by a clone 44-57 and a peptide obtained from the bioinformatic analysis of 9 genomic clone mth2-71o1, accession number AC150443 with peptides DCL1, DCL2, DCL3 and DCL4 from  Arabidopsis thaliana . 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 The similarity between the DCL peptides from  M. truncatula  and  A. thaliana . [%] 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 MtDCL1 
                 mth2-71o19 
                 AthDCL1 
                 AthDCL2 
                 AthDCL3 
                 AthDCL4 
               
               
                   
                 clone 44-57 
                 AC150443 
                 NP171612.1 
                 NP001078101 
                 ABF19799.1 
                 AAZ80387.1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 MtDCL1 
                   100% 
                 99.57% 
                 86.54% 
                 45.73% 
                 43.13% 
                 41.39% 
               
               
                 Clone 44-57 
               
               
                 mth2-71o19 
                 99.57% 
                   100% 
                 86.98% 
                 45.88% 
                 43.27% 
                 41.53% 
               
               
                 AC150443 
               
               
                 AthDCL1 
                 86.54% 
                 86.98% 
                   100% 
                 45.88% 
                 43.70% 
                 40.96% 
               
               
                 NP171612.1 
               
               
                 AthDCL2 
                 45.73% 
                 45.88% 
                 45.88% 
                   100% 
                 40.81% 
                 40.81% 
               
               
                 NP001078101 
               
               
                 AthDCL3 
                 43.13% 
                 43.27% 
                 43.70% 
                 40.81% 
                   100% 
                 38.49% 
               
               
                 ABF19799.1 
               
               
                 AthDCL4 
                 41.39% 
                 41.53% 
                 40.96% 
                 40.81% 
                 38.49% 
                   100% 
               
               
                 AAZ80387.1 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The degree of similarity between a pair of peptides is expressed as a percentage of identical amino acids at corresponding positions of the compared peptides. The correlation of peptides assigning corresponding positions in a particular peptides was made with a ClustalW program. Before analysing the degree of similarity peptides ordered by the ClustalW program have been subjected to a purification from the position of low correlation reliability and from regions that do not have counterparts in all the compared sequences using the Gblocks program. The analysis was performed using the software package available on websites http://www.phylogeny.fr and http://www.bioinformatics.org/sms2/. 
     Peptides derived from  M. truncatula —MtDCL1 peptide encoded by clone 44-57 and the peptide obtained as a result of bioinformatic sequence analysis of genomic mth2-71o19 clone sequence (accession number AC150443) are almost two times more similar to a DCL1 peptide from  A. thaliana  than to the other DCL peptides from  A. thaliana.    
     The similarity between the peptides derived from  M. truncatula —MtDCL1 peptide encoded by the clone 44-57 and a peptide obtained as a result of bioinformatic sequence analysis of genomic mth2-71o19 clone sequence (accession number AC150443) is almost twice as high (1.89-2.10) as the similarity with other DCL peptides. This proves—similarly to the result of phylogenetic analysis, that a DCL1 peptide from  A. thaliana  is more closely related to MtDCL1 peptides and peptide obtained as a result of bioinformatic sequence analysis of genomic mth2-71o19 clone, than with other DCL peptides from  A. thaliana.    
     Obtained MtDCL1 protein sequence (the result of the translation of DNA sequence of the gene present in clone 4157) was subjected to bioinformatic analysis for the contents of known functional domains, using the EMBLEBI InterProScan tool (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/ InterProScan). Six types of domains characteristic for most Dicer-like proteins were identified in the given sequence: DEAD cassette, helicase C, DUF283, PAZ, RNase III and RBD.  FIG. 4  shows their detailed arrangement in MtDCL1 protein. Truncated protein was designed on the basis of this analysis, i.e. containing only the selected domains, necessary to maintain proper catalytic activity. Shortening of protein was a necessary manipulation in order to produce the protein in a cheap and efficient bacterial expression system. Dicer protein from protozoan  Giardia intestinalis , which having only two types of domains: PAZ and RNase III, is catalytically active served as a model, when choosing domains. Designed truncated protein, hereinafter referred to as MtDCL1pepA, has no 1154 amino acids from the N-terminus of MtDCL1 protein. The deleted fragment includes the DEAD cassette, helicase C domain and DUF283. MtDCL1pepA peptide contains PAZ domain, two RNase III domains and two RBD domains, as shown in  FIG. 4 . 
     It was decided to supply MtDCL1pepA with few markers to raise the efficiency of expression and ensure that simple and effective methods of identification and purification of protein were used. And so a large glutathione S-transferase (GST) peptide was attached at the N-terminus of MtDCL1pepA, while two short tags: FLAG and hexahistidine (His) at the C-terminus. A pGEXMtDCLpepA expression vector, a derivative of commercially available pGEX6P3 plasmid (GE Healthcare) containing GST tag sequence (see  FIG. 5 ) was prepared to receive the designed protein. AMtDCL1 gene fragment, encoding a selected fragment of protein (amino acids 1155-1887) with the FLAG and His tags was cloned into the pGEX6P3 plasmid. 
     DNA for cloning was obtained in two PCR reactions, using three different primers: primer FWD contained a cleavage site of an EcoRI enzyme and a fragment of a sequence complementary to the sequence encoding the N-terminus of a designed MtDCL1pepA protein, starter REV1 contained a fragment of a sequence complementary to the sequence encoding the C-terminus of MtDCL1pepA and a fragment of the sequence encoding the FLAG and His tags, while REV2 primer contained a fragment of a sequence encoding the FLAG and His tags, and a cleavage site of the SalI enzyme. The sequences of the REV1 and REV2 primers partially overlapped, to allow carrying out a PCR reaction using the REV2 on the matrix of PCR reaction product with REV1 primer (see  FIG. 5 ). DNA of clone 41-57 and FWD and REV1 primers were used in the first PCR reaction, while in the second—FWD and REV2 primers and product of the previous PCR reaction purified using QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (QIAGEN). The composition of each PCR reaction (final concentrations, the volume of the reaction are given: 50 μl): DNA of clone 41-57 (100 ng/50 μl), FWD primer (1 μM), REV1 or REV2 primer (1 μM), dNTP mix (200 μM), reaction buffer from a Promega Pfu DNA Polymerase kit (1×), an enzyme from a Promega Pfu DNA Polymerase kit (1.25 U/50 μl), nuclease-free water. Reaction program: stage I (temp. 95° C.-2 min.), stage II (sequence: temp. 95° C.-1 min., 60° C.-30 sec., 72° C.-4 min.) repeated 30 times, stage III (temp. 72° C.-5 min.) The reaction product was purified using QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (QIAGEN) according to manufacturer&#39;s description. So prepared insert&#39;s DNA and DNA of pGEX6P3 vector were subjected to the reaction of digestion with EcoRI (Fermentas) and SalI (Fermentas) restriction enzymes. The composition of digestion reaction is given (final concentrations, the volume of the reaction: 40 μl): Insert&#39;s or vector&#39;s DNA (1 μg/40 μl), Fermentas buffer (1×), Fermentas EcoRI enzyme (5U/40 μl), Fermentas SalI enzyme (5U/40 μl), nuclease-free water. The reaction was carried out for 4 hours at 37° C. The product of each reaction was purified using QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (QIAGEN) according to manufacturer&#39;s description. Purified digestion products were subjected to the ligation reaction using a T4 DNA Ligase enzyme (Promega). The composition of a ligation reaction (final concentrations are given, the volume of the reaction: 20 μl): Vector&#39;s DNA (100 ng/20 μl), insert&#39;s DNA (200 ng/20 μl), buffer from Promega T4 DNA Ligase kit (1×), an enzyme from Promega T4 DNA Ligase kit (2U/20 μl), nuclease-free water. The reaction was carried out for 16 hours at 4° C. Competent  E. Coli  DH5α cells were transformed with the reaction product for selection and multiplication of properly constructed pGEXMtDCL1pepA plasmids. 5 μl of ligation product were added to 50 μl of competent cells suspension, the bacteria were mixed gently, incubated at 4° C. for 45 min. Then were subjected to thermal shock by incubating the suspension at 42° C. for 45 sec. and rapid cooling at 4° C. 1 ml of liquid LB medium was added to the suspension and shaken for one hour at 37° C. at a speed of 225 rpm. The suspension was spread onto two petri dishes with a solid LB medium with ampicillin. The petri dishes were incubated for 16 h at 37° C. 24 individual colonies of bacteria grown on solid LB medium with ampicillin were chosen, transferred to 2 ml of liquid LB medium containing ampicillin and shaken for 16 h at 37° C. at a speed of 300 rpm. Each culture was centrifuged at 14000 rpm for 1 min., the solution was decanted and plasmids from the precipitate containing the bacteria were isolated by alkaline lysis method. Each plasmid was purified using QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (QIAGEN) according to manufacturer&#39;s description and sequenced. In this way, a preparation containing properly constructed, purified pGEXMtDCL1pepA plasmid was selected. 
     A ready plasmid was used to transform the competent cells of  E. coli  BL21 strain (expressive strain) in order to carry out a procedure of a protein expression 5 μl of purified pGEXMtDCL1pepA plasmid (2ng/μl) were added to 50 μl of competent cells preparation, then gently mixed and incubated at 4° C. for 30 min. Then the bacteria were subjected to thermal shock by incubating the suspension at 42° C. for 30 sec. and rapid cooling at 4° C. 250 μl SOC medium was added to the suspension and shaken for one hour at 37° C. at a speed of 225 rpm, then the suspension was spread onto two petri dishes with a solid LB medium containing ampicillin. The petri dishes were incubated for 16 h at 37° C. From among the colonies obtained on petri dishes was selected one, which was used to initiate the expressive culture. The colony was transferred to 10 ml of liquid LB medium containing ampicillin, culture was shaken for 16 h at 37° C. at 300 rpm and used to inoculate 1000 ml of fresh LB medium with ampicillin. Further incubation was performed under identical culture conditions. Culture&#39;s temperature was lowered to 18° C. and expression was induced by adding a solution of isopropyl-β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) to a final concentration of 0.05 mM once the bacterial suspension reached the optical density OD 600 ˜0.7. The expression was carried out over the next 16 hours. Bacterial suspension was then centrifuged at 5000 rpm at 4° C. for 15 min, the solution was decanted and the bacterial precipitate was used for isolation of protein. 
     Extraction of total soluble protein fraction from the bacteria was carried out to isolate the recombinant MtDCL1pepA protein. The bacterial precipitate was suspended in extraction buffer (140 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 10 mM Na 2 HPO 4 , 1.8 mM KH 2 PO, 5 mM DTT, 1×CelLytic, 0.1 mg/ml lysozyme, 25 U/ml benzonase, pH 7.3) using a ratio of 5 ml buffer per 1 g of precipitate, shaken at 23° C. for 15 min and centrifuged at 15,000 rpm. The received supernatant containing the soluble fraction of bacterial proteins was analysed on 10% denaturing polyacrylamide gel (SDS-PAGE).  FIG. 6  shows the result of the analysis. MtDCL1pepA was isolated from the supernatant by affinity chromatography of glutathione. The supernatant was applied to a column containing 1 ml of the packed Glutathione Sepharose 4 Fast Flow medium prepared according to manufacturer&#39;s description. The medium was washed successively with 10 ml of binding buffer (140 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 10 mM Na 2 HPO 4 , 1.8 mM KH 2 PO 4 , pH 7.3) and 10 ml of buffer for cutting with protease PreScission (50 mM Tris-HCl, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT, pH 7.5) and then mixed with 1 ml of buffer for cutting with protease with PreScission protease (40 U/ml) and incubated at 4° C. for 16 hours. The protein was eluted from the column with 1 ml of buffer for cutting with protease PreScission, then an exchange of buffer was made for 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5 using a Millipore Amicon Ultra filter—0.510K, according to manufacturer&#39;s description. The resulting preparation (1 ml) was analysed on the gel (SDS-PAGE) and using Western-blot technique ( FIG. 6 ). 
     A standard digestion reaction of a miRNAs precursor (hsa-miR 33a) radiolabeled at the 5′ end was carried out to determine the activity of the obtained peptide. An analogous series of digestion reactions was performed for comparison, in which instead of the MtDCL1pepA preparation a commercially available Dicer protein from  G. intestinalis  was used. Reactions were carried out in an optimized commercial buffer attached to a Dicer protein from  G. intestinalis , and in the case of the MtDCL1pepA peptide additionally in a 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5 with 250 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM MgCl2 buffer. In all cases, the reactant (10 picomoles) was first heated at 85° C. for 3 minutes and then slowly cooled (1° C./min.) to 23° C. in order to obtain the most homogeneous structure of the product. An appropriate buffer and enzyme were added to the substrate&#39;s solution (MtDCL1pepA preparation—7 μl, Dicer—according to manufacturer&#39;s description) after cooling. The reaction was carried for 16 hours at 37° C. The analysis of reaction products was performed by electrophoresis on 12% denaturing polyacrylamide gel ( FIG. 6 ). A number of products were obtained in the reaction with the MtDCL1pepA peptide, most of which are in the range of 20-25 nucleotides in length, which corresponds to the length of short regulatory RNAs. The reaction with the Dicer protein from  G. intestinalis  definitely gives a different set of products, from which two main (36 and 37 nucleotides in length) are much longer than the typical regulatory RNA (comparison, see  FIG. 6 ). 
     The above-described preliminary activity tests showed that the resulting MtDCL1pepA peptide exhibits the expected endoribonuclease activity, catalysing the reaction of cutting short RNA duplexes out of double-stranded miRNA precursor. These products have, as expected, a length of 20-25 nucleotides. This shows that the MtDCL1pepA has a catalytic activity characteristic for Dice-like proteins and can be successfully used for the production of small regulatory RNAs. 
     LITERATURE 
     
         
         Margis R, Fusaro A F, Smith N A, Curtin S J, Watson J M, Finnegan E J, Waterhouse P M (2006) The evolution and diversification of Dicers in plants. FEBS Lett 580:2442-2450 Science. 2006 Jan. 13; 311(5758):195-8. Structural basis for double-stranded RNA processing by Dicer. Macrae I J, Zhou K, Li F, Repic A, Brooks A N, Cande W Z, Adams P D, Doudna J A. 
         [x3]  The Pfam protein families database : R. D. Finn, J. Mistry, J. Tate, P. Coggill, A. Heger, J. E. Pollington, O. L. Gavin, P. Gunesekaran, G. Ceric, K. Forslund, L. Holm, E. L. Sonnhammer, S. R. Eddy, A. Bateman Nucleic Acids Research (2010) Database Issue 38:D211-22 
         Sambrook J., Fritsch E., Maniatis T., Molecular Cloning A Laboratory manual, 1989, Second Edit., Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Press, pp. 1.26-1.28. 
       
    
     
       
         
               
             
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 List of sequences 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 SEQ ID NO: 1 
               
               
                 MtDCL1pepA peptide sequence 
               
               
                 &gt;MtDCL1pepA 
               
               
                 DVVKASGLVPNRDSMETQNHINMTTKGKLMMADTCTSPDDLVGRIVTAA 
               
               
                 HSGKRFYVDSIRYEMTAENSFPRKEGYLGPLEYSSYADYYKQKYGVDLA 
               
               
                 YKQQPLIRGRGVPYCKNLLSPRFEHSEGHEDETEETHDKTYYVFLPPEL 
               
               
                 CLVPPLPGSLVRGAQRLPSIMRRVESMLLAVQLKNMINYPVQASKILEA 
               
               
                 LTAASCQETFCYERAELLGDAYLKWVVSRFLFLKHPQKHEGQLTRMRQQ 
               
               
                 MVSNMVLYRYALSKGLQSYILADRFAPSRWAAPGVLPVFDEDTKDEESS 
               
               
                 LFDQERSIFKAERMDNTDEFEDEMEDGELESDSSSYRVLSSKTLADVVE 
               
               
                 ALIGVYYVEGGKNAANHLMKWIGIHIEIDPDEMECITRPSNVPDSILRS 
               
               
                 VDFDALEGALNIKFKDKGLLIESITHASRPSSGVSCYQRLEFVGDAVLD 
               
               
                 HLITRHLFFSYTDLPPGRLTDLRAAAVNNENFARVTVKHNLHLHLRHGS 
               
               
                 SALEKQIKDFVREVQDELSKPGFNSFGLGDCKAPKVLGDILESIAGAIF 
               
               
                 LDSGRNTAVVWKVFQPLLHPMVTPETLPMHPVRELQERCQQQAEGLEYR 
               
               
                 ASRAGNLATVEVFIDGVQVGAAQNPQKKMAQKLAARNALAALKEKEESK 
               
               
                 IQEKNDEKETKSGNQTFTRQTLNDICLRRNWPMPFYRCVSEGGPAHAKK 
               
               
                 FTFAVRVNTTDKGWTDECVGEPMPSVKKAKDSAAVLLLELINKLYSS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SEQ ID NO: 2 
               
               
                 J08-10 oligomer 
               
               
                 TAGAATAGGCGTTGATACACAGCAATAGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SEQ ID NO: 3 
               
               
                 J08-13 oligomer 
               
               
                 ACAACCACTGCTTGCTTCTGATTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SEQ ID NO: 4 
               
               
                 FWD 
               
               
                 CCGAATTCCGATGTAGTGAAAGCTTCAGGATTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SEQ ID NO: 5 
               
               
                 REV1 
               
               
                 GTGAGCCTTGTCATCGTCGTCCTTGTAGTCTGACCACTATAATTTGTTT 
               
               
                 ATTAGTTCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SEQ ID NO: 6 
               
               
                 REV2 
               
               
                 GTAGTCGACTCAGTGTTTGTGACGGTGGTTGTGAGCCTTGTCATCGTCG 
               
               
                 T