Abstract:
Disclosed herein are power conditioning systems for providing filtered, clean and reliable power to sensitive electrical or electronic loads and further to provide battery backed power to those loads. Further dislcosed herein are such power conditioning systems for supplying clean power to security scanning equipment and to infant life support devices. Detailed information on various example embodiments of the inventions are provided in the Detailed Description below, and the inventions are defined by the appended claims.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/441,609 filed Jan. 22, 2003, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety. 
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND  
         [0002]    Ordinary utility power is subject to a number of problems. The first of these problems is outages, in which power is entirely interrupted to a customer for a period of minutes to days. Another problem is termed “brownouts”, in which power is supplied to a customer at a lower voltage than specifications would normally permit.  
           [0003]    A customer may provide an auxilliary short-term power source to mitigate these problems. A common auxilliary power source is a generator, for example powered by a diesel fuel engine, which can be stared in the event of an outage or brownout. Another auxilliary power source that has become common in recent years is the Uninterruptible Power Supply, or UPS. UPS systems, rather than having a generator, typically utilize a solid-state inverter powered from batteries, lead-acid being a common battery type. For certain applications, such as powering resistive loads and nonelectronic loads, these systems may be adequate to retain electrical equipment functionality without large inconvenience.  
           [0004]    Other problems may exist with ordinary utility power. Spikes and dips may occur, for example, through the switching of circuits and the powering of motors near the point of power consumption, or the switching of mains circuits in the power distribution network. Noise may also be introduced on the power lines by “dirty” electronics, motor brushes and modified-sine wave inverters. Variations in voltage level and frequency may also occur, particularly where power is supplied from an auxiliary generator. Power may be interrupted to important electronic equipment for periods in duration from tens of milliseconds to even seconds, which may be mitigated at the equipment level by large reserviour capacitors and other techniques. Electronic equipment may be supplied with overvoltage as well, which may lead to premature equipment failure.  
         BRIEF SUMMARY  
         [0005]    The claimed inventions relate generally to UPS systems and equipment for conditioning utility power and more particularly to a three phase power conditioner operable at 400 or 480 VAC including an AC to DC converter, two banks of batteries, an internal battery charger, a high frequency DC to AC power inverter and passive filters for filtering input and output power.  
           [0006]    Disclosed herein are power conditioning systems for providing filtered, clean and reliable power to sensitive electrical or electronic loads and further to provide battery backed power to those loads. Further dislcosed herein are such power conditioning systems for supplying clean power to security scanning equipment and to infant life support devices. Detailed information on various example embodiments of the inventions are provided in the Detailed Description below, and the inventions are defined by the appended claims. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0007]    [0007]FIG. 1 depicts an outlet box of a first exemplary Uninterruptible Power Quality (UPQ) unit.  
         [0008]    [0008]FIG. 2 depicts a charger outlet panel of the first exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0009]    [0009]FIG. 3 depicts an inverter inlet box of the first exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0010]    [0010]FIG. 4 depicts a charger adapter plate of the first exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0011]    [0011]FIGS. 5 a  and  5   b  depict two charger cover plates of the first exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 6 depicts an inverter inlet panel of the first exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 7 depicts several parts in assembly position of a second exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 8 depicts several sheet metal parts in assembly position of the second exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 9 depicts the base cabinet portion of the second exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 10 depicts the top cover of the second exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0017]    [0017]FIGS. 11 a  and  11   b  depict two filter cartridges of the second exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 12 depicts the PCB retainer block of the second exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 13 depicts an installation environment of the first exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 14 depicts one internal configuration for a UPQ unit.  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 15 depicts the rear of a third exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 16 depicts several sheet metal components of the inverter portion of a fourth exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 17 depicts the base component of the inverter portion of the fourth exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 18 depicts the top cover of the inverter portion of the fourth exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 19 depicts the bottom end panel of the inverter portion of the fourth exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 20 depicts the top end panel of the inverter portion of the fourth exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 21 depicts the display mount bracket of the inverter portion of the fourth exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 22 depicts the relay mount bracket of the inverter portion of the fourth exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 23 depicts a mount bracket of the inverter portion of the fourth exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 24 depicts the splash guard of the inverter portion of the fourth exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 25 depicts another mount bracket of the inverter portion of the fourth exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 26 depicts sheet metal components of the battery portion enclosure of the fourth exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 27 depicts sheet metal components of the battery portion mount of the fourth exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 28 depicts the base of the battery portion of the fourth exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 29 depicts the top cover of the battery portion of the fourth exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0036]    [0036]FIG. 30 depicts the top end panel of the battery portion of the fourth exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0037]    [0037]FIG. 31 depicts the bottom end panel of the battery portion of the fourth exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0038]    [0038]FIG. 32 depicts the center battery bracket of the battery portion of the fourth exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 33 depicts the relay mount bracket of the battery portion of the fourth exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0040]    [0040]FIG. 34 depicts a mounting bracket of the battery portion of the fourth exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0041]    [0041]FIG. 35 depicts a mounting strap of the battery portion of the fourth exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0042]    [0042]FIG. 36 depicts a battery module mount bracket of the battery portion of the fourth exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0043]    [0043]FIG. 37 depicts the upper right front vertical rail of the first exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0044]    [0044]FIG. 38 depicts the lower right front vertical rail of the first exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0045]    [0045]FIG. 39 depicts the emergency cutout (ECO) switch of the first exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0046]    [0046]FIGS. 40 a,    40   b  and  40   c  depict the access to the internal batteries of the first exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0047]    [0047]FIG. 41 depicts the inline battery bank connections of the first exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0048]    [0048]FIG. 42 depicts the 480 and 400 volt input transformer taps of the first exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0049]    [0049]FIGS. 43 a,    43   b  and  43   c  depict several display messages on the display of the first exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0050]    [0050]FIG. 44 depicts the mounting of the internal Net Agent and DC power source and also the location of the Holjeron SDS controller of the first exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0051]    [0051]FIG. 45 depicts configuration switches of the first exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0052]    [0052]FIGS. 46, 47 and  48  depicts the Net Agent mounting, DC power source and Holjeron SDS controller of the first exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0053]    [0053]FIG. 49 depicts the mounting of the fourth exemplary UPQ unit to an exemplary infant warmer.  
         [0054]    [0054]FIG. 50 depicts an exemplary circuit configuration for a UPQ unit.  
         [0055]    [0055]FIG. 51 depicts the exterior of the first exemplary UPQ unit. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0056]    The public need for reliable security equipment has increased after the terrorist attacks in the United States of Sep. 11, 2001. Prior to that time, it was considered acceptable to continue using aging security equipment, such as common x-ray equipment utilizing human pattern recognition. With the recent priorities on increased security, it has become highly desirable to increase the amount of scanning of passenger luggage, detecting for example weapons or explosives, without burdening the public with excessive travel delays. As part of heightened airport security, bag scanning for all bags became law for all airports in the United States in January of 2003. New equipment was therefore sought for, not only in the United States but also for many airports and other terminals around the globe, with the capability of scanning much higher volumes of luggage. One manufacturer of such scanners is InVision Technologies Inc. of Newark, Calif., in the United States.  
         [0057]    These new security devices are expensive capital equipment items. There is therefore a desire on the part of administrators to purchase as little equipment as possible to meet security needs under average conditions. It is therefore desirable to operate that equipment near capacity, and not purchase redundant systems. Under those conditions, it becomes critical to keep that equipment in operation, as a failure may lead to additional passenger delays or gaps in important security survellance.  
         [0058]    The most modern of security equipment includes computer equipment and other components that require a boot or “warm-up” period on start up, which may require a period of several to many minutes during which the equipment is not operational. Thus power interruptions may cause delays in the handling of passengers and luggage, which may be unacceptably long. Modern scanning equipment is also very sensitive, and power quality problems can lead to malfunctions and damage leading to costly downtime and delays. Auxilliary generators have not adequately solved these problems because (1) a generator cannot immediately supply power due to a start-up time, which causes a power interruption during that period and (2) auxilliary generators often produce poor-quality power.  
         [0059]    As mentioned above, UPS systems have been available which can mitigate power losses for short periods. UPS systems, however, may be unsuitable for use with security equipment for a number of reasons. First, a common UPS system may not filter the incoming power to remove spikes, dips and noise. Second, many common UPS devices generate a low-frequency modulated modified sine wave, which introduces some high frequency noise on the supplied power. Additionally, many UPS devices will tolerate large variations in voltage and frequency of incoming power, passing poor quality power to loads, as these devices are designed as backup devices to be brought in use only on complete power failure.  
         [0060]    Herein are described Uniterruptible Power Quality (UPQ™) devices, which not only provide battery-backed power, but also provide clean power to supplied equipment even under conditions of dirty or failed power. Depicted in FIG. 14 is one UPQ internal configuration. In that configuration, incoming power is first passively filtered to remove noise and spikes. That filtered AC power is then converted to DC power, in this example at no more than 170 volts. That DC power is stepped up with a DC to DC regulating inverter, in this example producing a second-stage DC voltage at plus and minus 200 volts. That power is then received by a high frequency DC to AC inverter, in this example modulated at 50 kHz. The output of that inverter may produce single phase, three phase, or polyphase output. The output of the inverter is passed through another passive filter to remove the 50 kHz components, which is then supplied to loads as desired.  
         [0061]    A UPQ system not only conditions power, as just described, but also provides a backup supply in the event of input power failure. In the example of FIG. 14, the 170 VDC is supplied to a battery charger, which charges 1 or more batteries. The battery power is supplied to a separate DC to DC regulating inverter, which supplies the second stage DC power in the event of power failure from the batteries. Provision may also be made to charge batteries from an external supply, or supply the second stage DC power to the DC to AC inverter.  
         [0062]    In addition, during an overload condition, a UPQ system may automatically transfer to “bypass” mode (if good power exists) to ensure that the critical load continues to receive power. The bypass function uses the AC supply power as its stand-by source. While in bypass mode, the connected equipment is still protected by filters, but the equipment is not isolated from the mains power and does not receive the benefit of voltage regulation or battery backup. The system automatically transfers back to the inverter when an overload condition has been cleared.  
         [0063]    A UPQ system inverter may use a high frequency insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) switched using pulse width modulation (PWM) in converting DC to AC power. This design may reduce the total number of electronic components, and make make for a lighter, smaller, more reliable and efficient system.  
         [0064]    The exemplary UPQ systems disclosed herein include galvanic isolation on the output, which isolates the AC output from the input. This isolation may solve a problem of poor input grounding. Indeed, such a UPQ system may accept a different ground between the input and output, stopping current leakage through the ground. This galvanic isolation reduces the common mode noise that may be transferred to the output from the input source.  
         [0065]    The exemplary UPQ systems also have an independent branch circuit for each output loop. In the event of a breaker trip or a short circuit on one of the output loops, the other output loops may continue to function, avoiding a total system shutdown.  
         [0066]    The exemplary UPQ systems may also be started using internal or external batteries without an AC power source connected. Current limiting circuitry is included to protect from high inrush currents associated with DC battery connections on a dry DC bus. Those systems also include a CPU-controlled battery charger. That charger boots the charge to the batteries if the battery is degraded to a minimum voltage, which may be about 2V/cell. This boost charge allows the batteries to charge at a faster rate while avoiding exposing the batteries to high charge currents. The charger may boost charge the batteries for several hours each month automatically if desired. During the boost charge cycle the tempterature may be monitored, the charger keeping the ambient temperature below a threshold, for example 35 degrees centigrade.  
         [0067]    The exemplary UPQ units may also automatically test the batteries. This test may occur after a boost charge, which might, for example, be performed if more than one month has elapsed from the last test. Following a test, the unit may notify a user of the battery condition and provide notification if batteries need to be replaced. By this procedure, an operator may ensure that the equipment will not be operated with failed batteries.  
         [0068]    Referring now to FIG. 13, a configuration including a UPQ system is shown. That system is normally supplied with power from a utility source. A generator is also provided, whereby power may be supplied to the system by the selection of a transfer switch. A UPQ unit conditions incoming power for loads. The UPQ unit may also supply backup power using connected batteries.  
         [0069]    A first exemplary Uninterruptible Power Quality (UPQ) unit will now be described having a 30 kVA capacity and being suitable for supplying continuous power to a CTX 9000 DSi™ explosive detection system available from InVision Technologies Inc. of Newark, Calif., United States. The CTX 9000 Dsi™ requires high quality power, not generally suppliable from an auxilliary generator. That UPQ unit includes power electronics in batteries in a very compact and self-contained package.  
         [0070]    The first exemplary UPQ unit includes a cabinet as depicted in FIG. 51, with several system components being depicted in FIGS. 1, 2,  3 ,  4 ,  5   a,    5   b,  and  6  briefly described above. The unit cabinet includes four vertical rails supporting the top and sides. The upper right and lower right front vertical rails are shown in FIGS. 37 and 38, respectively, wherein holes (or knockouts) are provided for cable feeds from the top, bottom or sides of the cabinet for input cables, output cables and interface cables. FIG. 39 depicts the emergency cutout (ECO) switch of the first exemplary UPQ unit. FIGS. 40 a,    40   b  and  40   c  depict the access to the internal batteries of the first exemplary UPQ unit. Those figures show batteries secured in racks, the racks pivoting near the rack bottoms to provide access to a rack behind. This arrangement permits access to any particular battery without the removal of other batteries and without disconnecting both battery banks. FIG. 41 depicts the inline battery bank connections of the first exemplary UPQ unit. FIG. 42 depicts the 480 and 400 volt input transformer taps of the first exemplary UPQ unit. FIGS. 43 a,    43   b  and  43   c  depict several display messages on the display of the first exemplary UPQ unit. FIG. 44 depicts the mounting of the internal Net Agent and DC power source and also the location of the Hoijeron SDS controller of the first exemplary UPQ unit. FIG. 45 depicts configuration switches of the first exemplary UPQ unit. FIGS. 46, 47 and  48  depicts the Net Agent mounting, DC power source and Holjeron SDS controller of the first exemplary UPQ unit.  
         [0071]    The first exemplary UPQ unit (1) protects from random or erratic power fluctuations from utility power, (2) provides pure, consistent, quality power to the equipment, (3) gives the ability to choose power backup time based on the number of battery packs used with the equipment, and (4) allows changing or servicing of batteries while the system is in operation. That unit permits several battery configuations, through which security personnel may determine the length of desired backup time by including sufficient batteries to get through that period. Even while a system is connected to either utility or generator power, that exemplary UPQ unit isolates, filters, conditions, and regulates incoming power.  
         [0072]    The first exemplary UPQ unit utilizes three phase power at the input, supporting 400 or 480 volt power over four wires at 50 or 60 Hz to support most power inputs worldwide. It includes a 12 pulse DC rectifier, thereby acheiving an input power factor of greater than 0.75 and preferably greater than 0.90. The unit is both Delta and Y configurable at the input and ouput. The unit includes independent dual internal battery banks, and multiple cable entry and exit points. Control of the unit may be provided by web based Ethernet connection, by which the unit may be monitored and shut down. In addition, the unit may be configured for SNMP. An RS232 serial port is included for control and monitoring of the unit. An array of warning and fault LEDs are provided, visible on the exterior of the unit, providing indications of several system functions, such as a low battery condition. An LCD display is included providing text warning and fault messages. The unit includes a Holjeron SDS controller for interface with the InVision equipment. An Emergency Power Off (EPO) switch is also provided for disabling the power output, and may be configured to be normally open or normally closed, and also supports remote/relay control. The unit is air-cooled, with exhaust fans located at the top and midsection of the unit to supplement air flow. To protect from dust or particulates an intake air filter is incorporated.  
         [0073]    When operating, a master CPU constantly monitors each system module in the first exemplary UPQ unit. Provision is made to perform PCB diagnostics. The unit may be configured by the user to auto-start if desired. Plug and play control boards are provided, which permit the unit to function in a limited capacity in the event of module failure or removal. The unit also provides inline battery isolation on shutdown. Each of the battery modules is removable for service, utilizing 100 amp Anderson disconnects per each battery bank. The unit includes an internal main breaker shutdown override, by which power may be passed-through the unit to supplied loads. The inverter, SCR and rectifier are mounted on removable rails.  
         [0074]    The first exemplary UPQ unit includes steel construction, powder coated, and is mounted on locking casters for mobility. A unit of that type may be secured against earthquakes through stability mounting brackets. A number of UPQ units of that type may be secured together, if desired. The unit is minimally configured to supply 10 minutes of power at full load from internal batteries, with longer times configurable through additional batteries. Included batteries are preferably a maintentance free lead-acid type. A safety circuit breaker or fuse is provided for overload protection.  
         [0075]    The first exemplary UPQ unit includes a master circuit breaker, which disconnects power from the input to the internal UPQ circuits. In that unit, a sensor senses the voltage at that breaker to discriminate a true mains power failure from a circuit breaker trip or open. If that circuit breaker is open, the connection from the batteries to the inverter is opened preventing AC output for safety.  
         [0076]    The first exemplary UPQ unit includes a remote interface using the SDS interface protocol. Status signals may thereby be provided indicating (1) when power is being supplied from batteries, (2) when less than 50% of battery life remains, (3) whether or not the batteries are being charged and (4) an electrical fault.  
         [0077]    Specifications for the first exemplary UPQ unit follow:  
                                       General:           Input current (max Amp)   23       Output power capacity (VA)   10000       Output power capacity (watts)   8000       Output current (peak Amp) 3 phase output   43       UPQ power conditioning topology   Five-stage/true on-line sine           wave       Nominal output voltage range (3 phase)   480 V       Output frequency range   50/60 Hz       Output frequency tracking   5% of the input frequency       Output power factor   &gt;.9       Output waveform   High resolution pure sine           wave       Input power factor (12 pulse rectifier)   &gt;.85       Input impedance of entire system   750 m ohm       Input to output impedance   &lt;5%       Remote power management   Yes       Outlets   Terminal block       Voltage Regulation &amp; Frequency       Input frequency   45-65 Hz for inverter phase           lock frequency range       Input range:   307 to 520 VAC       full load without using battery   ±20%       half load without using battery   ±25%       Output voltage regulation   ±1%       Isolation       Input to output isolation   Dielectric strength 5 kv,           120 db common mode           aftenuation       Common-mode noise reduction   Yes       Normal-mode noise reduction   Yes       Suppression       IEEE 587/ANSI 62.41   Yes       surge let-through (North America)   Yes       IEEE 587/ANSI 62.41   Yes       surge let-through (international)   Yes       Joules (energy absorption)   2200       TVSS MOV Joule Rating   765 Joules per phase       TVSS Low pass filter   750 Hz       Peak surge current   20000 A       Multi-stage protection   Yes       Reverse inverter impulse protection   54 Joules without batteries       IEC   62040-2       FCC   Class A       EN 60610 (leakage current)   &lt;1 mA       Conditioning   Yes       Output THD (linear Load)   &lt;2%       Output frequency regulation   50/60 Hz ± 0.1 Hz       Current THD (12 pulse rectifier)   Maximum of 9%       Input frequency range   50/60 Hz ± 7 Hz       Input power factor correction   Yes       High Frequency On-Line Inverter       Inverter design   Full Bridge       Inverter driver frequency   20 KHz       Inverter regulation   50160 Hz ± 0.1 Hz       Overload capacity   &gt;110%       Crest factor   3:1       Transfer time   Zero       Overall system efficiency   93%       Rectifier efficiency   98%       Inverter efficiency   &gt;93%       System efficiency in battery backup mode   93%       Static switch efficiency   99.5%       UPQ to bypass/bypass to UPQ   Zero cross transfer, less           than 4 mSec. (2 mSec.           Minimum)       Rectifier       12 Pulse   6.4 Khz pulse width, 80 ps           for 1.7 ms around 11           pulses       Static Switch       Voltage range   173 VAC-277 VAC (line to           neutral)       Frequency range   45-55 Hz/55-65 Hz       Transfer time - main to inverter   0 ms       Transfer time - inverter to main   0 ms       Transfer time - overload 100%   30 seconds       Transfer time - overload 300%   1 second       Battery (standard configurations)       Full load run time (58 pcs. internal battery   &lt;10 minutes       pack)       Half load run time (58 pcs. internal battery   &gt;15 minutes       pack)       Extended battery packs   Cabinet       Recharge time   5 to 8 hrs       Battery charger   Constant voltage with current           limit       Maximum recharge current (amps)   15       Boost charge   410 VDC/415 VDC       Float charge   396 VDC/410 VDC       Battery low voltage   320 VDC/305 VDC       Battery low stop voltage   295 VDC/285 VDC       Hot-swappable   Yes       Temperature to altitude       Operating Temperature   0 to 50 C.       Humidity   0%-90% Non Condensing       Altitude   Less than 2000 Meters above           sea level       De-rating temperature (c) altitude   4 deg/1000 m       Physical       Q-LS W × D × H in mm   550 × 800 × 1600       Q-LS W × D × H in inches   21.7 × 31.5 × 63       Q-LS weight in Kg. (with internal battery   659.39       pack)       Q-LS weight in lbs. (with internal battery   1453.7       pack)       Q-LS battery pack A W × D × H in mm   550 × 800 × 1600       Q-LS battery pack A W × D × H in inches   21.7 × 31.5 × 63       Q-LS battery pack A weight in Kg.   360       Q-LS battery pack A weight in lbs.   793.66       Q-LS battery pack B W × D × H in mm   550 × 800 × 1600       Q-LS battery pack B W × D × H in inches   21.7 × 31.5 × 63       Q-LS battery pack B weight in Kg.   720       Q-LS battery pack B weight in lbs.   1587.3       Q-LS battery pack C W × D × H in mm   550 × 800 × 1600       Q-LS battery pack C W × D × H in inches   21.7 × 31.5 × 63       Q-LS battery pack C weight in Kg.   961.75       Q-LS battery pack C weight in lbs.   2120.3                  
 
         [0078]    The following tables list specifications for breaker input ratings, approximate input and output cable sizes, as well as fuse ratings and approximate cable sizes for batteries. Inadequate cable size or oversized breakers will cause risk of fire or damage. These tables should be used for reference; however, final decision as to the cable sizes should be made by a qualified electrician and in accordance with local electrical codes and regulations.  
                                                                     Maximum Current   No-Fault Breaker       KVA   Input   Imax(A)   NFB(A)                                10   230/400 V 3Ø   25   25       20   230/400 V 3Ø   50   50       30   230/400 V 3Ø   73   75       40   230/400 V 3Ø   98   100       50   230/400 V 3Ø   122   125       60   230/400 V 3Ø   147   150       80   230/400 V 3Ø   172   175       100   230/400 V 3Ø   215   225       120   230/400 V 3Ø   258   300       160   230/400 V 3Ø   344   350                  
 
         [0079]    Cable Size for Output  
                                                                                                 Phase A/B/C   Phase A/B/C                           or R/S/T   or R/S/T   Neutral   Neutral       KVA   Input   In(A)   (mm2)   (AWG)   N (mm2)   N (AWG)                                10   230/400 V 3Ø   18   4   12   7   9       20   230/400 V 3Ø   36   8   9   14   6       30   230/400 V 3Ø   54   14   6   22   4       40   230/400 V 3Ø   72   22   4   30   3       50   230/400 V 3Ø   90   30   3   38   2       60   230/400 V 3Ø   108   38   2   50   1       80   230/400 V 3Ø   144   50   1   80   3/0       100   230/400 V 3Ø   180   80   3/0   100   4/0       120   230/400 V 3Ø   216   100   4/0   125   250MCM       160   230/400 V 3Ø   288   60(2)   1/0   80(2)   3/0(2)                  
 
         [0080]    Cable Size for Output  
                                                                                                 Phase A/B/C or   Phase A/B/C or   Neutral   Neutral       KVA   Input   In(A)   R/S/T (mm2)   R/S/T (AWG)   N (mm2)   N (AWG)                                10   230/400 v 3Ø   15   4   12   7   9       20   230/400 v 3Ø   29   8   9   14   6       30   230/400 v 3Ø   46   14   6   22   4       40   230/400 v 3Ø   58   22   4   30   3       50   230/400 v 3Ø   72   30   3   38   2       60   230/400 v 3Ø   91   38   2   60   1       80   230/400 v 3Ø   116   60   1   80   3/0       100   230/400 v 3Ø   144   80   3/0   100   4/0       120   230/400 v 3Ø   182   100   4/0   125   250MCM       160   230/400 v 3Ø   232   60(2)   1/0(2)   80(2)   3/0(2)       240   230/400 v 3Ø   348   100(2)   4/0(2)   125(2)   250MCM (2)       320   230/400 v 3Ø   463   125(2)   250MCM (2)   150(2)   300MCM (2)       20   230 v 1Ø   91   38   2   60   1       30   230 v 1Ø   130   60   1   80   3/0       40   230 v 1Ø   182   100   3/0   125   250MCM       50   230 v 1Ø   217   150   300MCM   60(2)   1/0(2)                  
 
         [0081]    A second exemplary UPQ is intented for use in with infant incubators and warmers. Incubators and monitors are used in hospitals to address the life support needs of premature babies. Such equipment saves infant lives. It is reported that in some areas of the world infant mortality exceeds 20 percent due to the lack of such equipment. Some incubators and other monitoring systems are placed in hospital delivery rooms, which may be used immediately after birth. Infants are then relocated to nursuries or other places in hospitals, requiring either the removal of infants from the equipment or the disconnection of the equipment from mains power during relocation. During this period the infant may not receive the benefit of the equipment, perhaps for several minutes at a time. For some newborn infants, particularly premature infants, this period may have an unhealthy effect.  
         [0082]    That equipment may also be adversely affected by interruptions in power. A power interruption may reset the equipment, requiring an attendant to verify the state of the equipment and potentially reprogram it if required. A hospital may have a number of incubators in use, which introduces a burden on the hospital staff and also the potential for mistakes to be made.  
         [0083]    Additionally, some medical environments do not have a backup source of power, for example in rural or in third-world countries. In those environments the failure of power may expose an infant to a life-threatening event.  
         [0084]    A second exemplary UPQ is intended to be incorporated into the base of infant life support equipment, such as an incubator, that UPQ being shown generally in FIGS. 7, 8,  9 ,  10 ,  11   a,    11   b  and  12 . The housing of that UPQ is narrow at the front, which defines an alignment feature for insertion into the equipment base. That UPQ provides portability for the power supply and enables the moving of vital life support equipment with the baby throughout a hospital environment. The system (1) protects from random or erratic power fluctuations from utility power, (2) provides pure, consistent, quality power to life support equipment, and (3) provides 25 to 50 minutes of (normal use) power backup time (10 to 20 minutes full load) when the life support system must be moved or in the event of power failure. That UPQ conditions the power supply of the incubator (or other equipment), which may prolong the life thereof. Dual batteries may be included; if so, one battery may be removed or replaced while the other battery supplies power for the UPQ unit with no interruption of output power. An option may be provided to communicate via a network, an IP address or dial-up connection a monitoring computer built into the UPQ unit, providing remote monitoring and optionally control functions. The internal electronics of that UPQ unit may be similar or identical to a UPQ system manufactured by Power Innovations International, Inc. of Lindon, Utah in the United States.  
         [0085]    [0085]FIG. 15 depicts the rear of a third exemplary UPQ unit, which provides connections for an AC input (from mains power), output receptacles, an optional external battery connector, an optional RS-232 interface, and an optional LAN/Internet Ethernet connection for SNMP or HTTP based communication.  
         [0086]    A fourth exemplary UPQ unit type is divided into an inverter portion and a battery portion, the inverter portion being shown generally in FIGS.  16 - 25 , and the battery portion in FIGS.  26 - 36 . That UPQ unit is intended to be retrofit to an existing incubator unit, as shown in FIG. 49. It is installable using only simple tools, ideally with only a screwdriver.  
         [0087]    While UPQ units have been described and illustrated in conjunction with a number of specific configurations and methods, those skilled in the art will appreciate that variations and modifications may be made without departing from the principles herein illustrated, described, and claimed. The present invention, as defined by the appended claims, may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The configurations described herein are to be considered in all respects as only illustrative, and not restrictive. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.