Abstract:
Spherical sound source comprising two coaxial loudspeakers and two mid-high frequency compression drivers. Low frequencies are radiated by the two low-frequency sections of the coaxial loudspeakers. Mid-frequencies 500 Hz-2000 Hz are radiated by the two mid-high frequency compression drivers. High-frequencies 2 kHz-10 kHz are radiated in the horizontal plane by the same mid-high frequency arrangement together with two compression drivers of the coaxial loudspeakers in each vertical direction. Identical drivers form three pairs. One driver from each pair is enclosed in one of two symmetrically opposite half-embodiments, spaced at predetermined distance to create a common radially expanding horn for the two mid-high frequency compression drivers. All loudspeakers share the same vertical axis of rotational symmetry. The two half-embodiments might be used as separate standalone spherically radiating sources when installed on hard surface. The invention is appropriate for sine-swept acoustic measurements and sound isolation measurements in high sound transmission class buildings.

Description:
PRIOR ART 
     Omni directional sound sources currently used for acoustic measurements are known as comprising multiple wideband loudspeakers arranged in dodecahedron, semi-dodecahedron, or another multi-hedron arrangements, to our knowledge, up to 120-hedron. Dodecahedron loudspeaker enclosure unit is patented by George W. Siolis, U.S. Pat. No. D. 226,567 in 1973. Another example of a dodecahedral speaker system is illustrates in  FIG. 1 , US Patent 2005/0025319 A1 of Iwao Kawakami. These configurations are based on the superposition principle, presuming spreading of infinite number of infinitely small and infinitely wide-band isotropic point sources over a spherical surface in order to obtain spherical radiation. Even though this presumption might be true in the above mentioned case, in reality it is neither feasible nor practical. In practice, a reasonably sized spherical surface would normally accommodate 12 or so membrane loudspeakers, and interference between them starts from mid-frequency band upwards, modifying the overall radiation pattern uniformity. Furthermore, every individual loudspeaker membrane does not radiate spherically, as its axial directivity index increases with frequency, thus further worsening the overall sound source directivity performance. 
     Measurements, performed on an on-purpose build dodecahedron sound source sample, revealed strongly irregular, multi-lobe directivity response at mid and high frequency, whereby both lobe number and magnitude deviation increased with frequency. Quantitatively, this resulted in directivity factor rising trend, with values starting from 1 at lower frequencies, rising to 2 at about 1 kHz, and abruptly thereafter. At 4 kHz, directivity factor value of about 12 (Directivity Index=10.8 dB) could be measured, whereby this figure depended on individual loudspeaker&#39;s high frequency directivity response. This dodecahedron was built for comparison, and has the typical dimensions of 38 cm between any opposite pentagonal faces. Two particular planes of polar pattern measurements were found, any of them revealing unexpectedly wide directional SPL deviation of 8 dB and 11 dB for 2 kHz and 4 kHz octave band center frequencies respectively. These figures were read by a very simple, moreover a single analog instrument polar pattern measurement, using a turntable, where lobe availability at any frequency or frequency band is clearly visible. 
     Dodecahedron sound source, unluckily, is characterized by its unsymmetrical mid-high frequency directivity pattern in whatsoever plane of measurement, and planes of maximum SPL deviation could not be intuitively found. 
     Defining acceptable deviations from omni-directionality for acoustic measurement sound sources, ISO-3382 standard states for frequency resolution an octave band limited pink noise excitation signal, and received signal averaging over “gliding” 30 deg arc in a free sound field is required. This angular resolution refer to as “gliding” (arcs, averages), is vague and actually consists in replacement of all angular variations within a 30° range by a single averaged value. Accordingly, a table has been set up to establish the acceptable deviation from the so called “omni-directionality” with the frequency, requiring ±1 dB limits for octaves centered on 125 Hz, 250 Hz and 500 Hz, and widening these limits up to ±6 dB for the octave centered on 4 kHz. 
     Such measurement procedure will definitely conceal the directivity diagram lobes in some important directions, which directions are in fact reference values for the directivity factor definition itself. 
     For precision acoustic measurement, however, concealing the actual sound source directivity performance couldn&#39;t help much. The results of measurements might turn to be misleading anyway. 
     Spherical sound source should be created not only to comply with ISO-3382 standard, but to exhibit a real spherical diagram, with the directivity factor very close to the theoretical minimum of 1 throughout the measurement spectrum. This cannot be achieved under conditions of interference, as the case is when multihedron loudspeaker arrangement is used, because just these interferences raise the directivity index value. Consequently, another hardware solution should be sought for, using completely new approach, differing from the superposition principle. Such hardware solution, using as few axial loudspeaker drivers as possible concentrated as close as possible to a single point, and having rotational and planar symmetry, is subject of this invention. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Provided is a spherical sound source with directivity factor very close to the theoretical minimum of 1 through the entire frequency band of measurements 50 Hz to 10 kHz (octave centers 63 Hz-8 kHz). 
     The geometrical base of the considerations will be a cylindrical co-ordinate system with reference Z-axis, referred to henceforth as vertical axis of rotational symmetry, and reference plane, perpendicular to this axis, with the origin of the system lying therein, referred to henceforth as horizontal symmetry plane. 
     Pursuing the object of the invention, proposed embodiments have both their acoustic and geometrical centers coinciding with the origin of said cylindrical coordinate system, have axial rotational symmetry with respect to the vertical axis, and have planar symmetry with respect to the horizontal symmetry plane. 
     To achieve rotational symmetry, all the loudspeaker components of described henceforth embodiments have been selected to have by design such symmetry, and are axially mounted, so that they have said vertical rotational symmetry axis as their own axis. 
     To achieve planar symmetry, all axially mounted drivers are grouped in three pairs, whereby each pair point of symmetry lies in the horizontal symmetry plane. Both drivers in each pair are located as close as possible each to the other and operate in monopole mode. Three adjacent drivers—one from each driver pair, have been further enclosed in an own appropriate enclosure and have yielded two identical half-embodiments, stackable symmetrically on both sides of the symmetry plane. Each of said half-embodiments, placed on a hard board (room floor, ceiling, or wall), is radiating spherically in so obtained half space, exhibiting in said half space the same radiation pattern as if there were two such half-embodiments operating together in full space. In this way, another object of the present invention is achieved—to design an embodiment made of two identical halves, with the option of stacking them together. 
     More specific object of the present invention is to divide the whole audio spectrum in 3 bands (low, mid-high, and high) and to allocate each one to one loudspeaker pair. 
     Another specific object of the present invention is to utilize high sensitivity horn-loaded compression drivers with high power capabilities for mid and high frequencies, letting direct radiating loudspeakers to be used for low frequencies only, where horn-loading is impractical. 
       FIG. 2A  shows an exploded partial cross-sectional view of the arrangement of the loudspeakers commented on heretofore. The same, but unexploded, view is shown on  FIG. 2B . 
     The closest to the symmetry plane pair, henceforth referred to as mid-high frequency compression driver pair  14 , has its drivers turned face to face and operated in push-push mode, and radiates into a throat of a common radially expanding horn. 
     Two coaxial loudspeakers  10 , turned back to back each to the other and placed possibly closest to the aforementioned pair, contain the other two pairs. One of them is the pair of low frequency membrane parts  11  of these loudspeakers, and the other one is the pair of their high frequency compression drivers  12 . The sound radiating apertures of the latter two pairs are oppositely oriented along the vertical symmetry axis. 
     The membrane loudspeakers, fixed on individual closed box enclosures  16 , radiate as if mounted on both ends of a cylinder and have subcardioid individual directivity patterns. Operated parallel in phase, they form together symmetrical spherical radiation diagram for any octave within the operational frequency band 50 Hz to about 500 Hz. 
     Both high frequency compression drivers  12  of the coaxial loudspeakers  10  radiate in substantially conical space of about 90 degrees opening angle, defined by membrane cones  11 , which is equivalent to about π/2 solid angle spherical radiation. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The invention will be better understood and other advantages of the invention will become more clearly apparent in the light of the following description and with reference to the appended drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a prior art illustration of a dodecahedron omni-directional sound source [U.S. Pat. Des. 226,567]; 
         FIG. 2A  is the exploded perspective cross-sectional schematic view of the spherical sound source intended for acoustic measurements; 
         FIG. 2B  is the perspective cross-sectional schematic view of the spherical sound source for acoustic measurements; 
         FIG. 3A  is the perspective partially cross-sectional schematic view of one half of the spherical sound source for acoustic measurements; 
         FIG. 3B  is the perspective partially cross-sectional schematic view of one half of the spherical sound source mounted on ceiling for public address sound reinforcement; 
         FIG. 3C  is the perspective partially cross-sectional schematic view of one half of the spherical sound source for public address sound reinforcement, with additional horn shaping ceiling profile; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates spherical sound source polar patterns measured in vertical symmetrical plane with 1/1 octave band filtered pink noise signal in free field, for 125 Hz, 250 Hz and 500 Hz octave center frequencies; 
         FIG. 5  illustrates spherical sound source polar patterns measured in vertical symmetrical plane with 1/1 octave band filtered pink noise signal in free field, for 1 kHz, 2 kHz and 4 kHz octave center frequencies. 
         FIG. 6A  illustrates the perspective partially cross-sectional view of a horizontal reference ellipsoid-like radiation pattern of the mid-high frequency compression drivers, and a vertical bi-conical radiation pattern of the high frequency compression drivers embedded in the coaxial loudspeakers. 
         FIG. 6B  illustrates combined polar pattern achieved by superposition of the two radiations from  FIG. 6A  in any arbitrarily vertical plane through the sound source axis, which is valid for 4 kHz frequency band. 
     
    
    
     DRAWING NUMERALS 
     
         
           10 —Coaxial loudspeaker 
           11 —Low-frequency membrane loudspeaker—part of the coaxial loudspeaker 
           12 —High frequency compression driver of the coaxial loudspeaker 
           14 —Mid-high frequency compression driver 
           16 —Enclosure 
           20 —Circular plate 
           22 —Horn shaping ceiling disc 
           24 —Floor 
           28 —Ceiling 
       
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST EMBODIMENT 
     The embodiment comprises two low-frequency/high-frequency coaxial loudspeakers  10 , two mid-high frequency compression drivers  14 , and two enclosures  16 . The loudspeakers are fixed correspondingly at the larger and the smaller openings of the enclosures  16 , together with which they make up two low frequency closed box arrangements of the embodiment. The enclosure necessary wall thickness depends strongly of its material&#39;s mechanical properties, and in case of fiber glass composite 6 mm thickness has proved to be fully adequate. 
     Enclosure side walls are generated as a surface of revolution with the curvature of the surface being defined in its initial extension by a hyperexponential formula. This initial part, starting from the output of the mid-high frequency compression driver  14 , defines together with a circular plate  20  said hyperexponential horn expansion in radial direction. The middle section, being a substantially straight line segment, defines the vertical mid-high frequency horn semi-radiating angle, which is about 45 degrees, thus making up about 90 degrees total radiating angle. The last extension section is additionally flared outwardly near the mouth of the horn to provide improved mid-range directivity control. 
     The two half embodiments are stacked together, symmetrically with respect to the circular plate  20 , at predetermined distance by a plurality of support members fixed trough said circular plate. On said plate&#39;s both sides, substantially conical frusta are centrally attached, shaping the space to the compression driver output center, as means of coherent sound summing into the horn throat. Said circular plate could be made by two identical halves, each fixed to respective half-embodiment by a plurality of support members, with means of stacking the two halves one to the other. 
     The low frequency band 50 Hz to about 500 Hz is radiated by both low frequency membranes  11  of the coaxial loudspeakers  10 , operating in monopole arrangement. With typical 100 dB,W,m sensitivity, and 1200 W electrical power, this configuration provides sound power levels above 130 dB re 1 pW with some 3 to 6 dB peak headroom. 
     Within 500 Hz-10 kHz audio spectrum band, two horn loaded mid-high frequency compression drivers  14  in push-push configuration are employed. This sound source configuration radiates spherically from 500 to 2 kHz. For higher frequencies, the radiation pattern starts resembling a reference ellipsoid. With typical sensitivity of 110 dB,W,m and typical power handling level of 250 Wrms, this configuration is capable of producing SPL above 134 dB/1 m, or more than 136 dB SWL (sound power level) re 1 pW. 
     A perfect time alignment between low frequency and mid-high frequency configurations within the interference zone is achieved by applying adjustable delay to both LF membrane driving signals, the virtual effect of which is as if they both are shifted inwards, towards the center of the sphere. If the delay corresponds to L/2 (where L=membrane to membrane distance), the LF monopole might be considered as virtual point source with reference to mid frequency drivers. 
     From frequency 2 kHz upwards, additionally to the horizontally radiating mid-high frequency compression driver pair, the two high frequency compression drivers of the coaxial loudspeakers are activated—one for each π/2 vertical partial conical space. With a typical sensitivity of 112 dB,W,m, power handling of 50 W rms , and ±45 Deg dispersion, adequate summing with mid-high frequency configuration is achieved. Spherical radiation of the high frequency band is achieved by superposition of a horizontal reference ellipsoid radiation pattern of the mid-high frequency compression drivers, and a vertical bi-conical radiation pattern of the high frequency compression drivers embedded in the coaxial loudspeakers. The two individual radiation patterns are illustrated as a 3D perspective partially cross-sectional view in  FIG. 6A , and the combined polar pattern achieved by superposition of the two in any arbitrarily vertical plane through the sound source axis is illustrated in  FIG. 6B , which is valid for 4 kHz frequency. Quite good agreement with the measurements is obvious if  FIG. 6B  illustration is compared to the 4 kHz octave measured polar pattern in FIG.  5 B—the innermost curve. 
     Precise time alignment between high frequency and mid-high frequency signals in the interference zone is obtained by applying adjustable delay to the high frequency signal. Should the delay correspond to H/2 (where H is high-frequency compression driver&#39;s membrane to membrane distance), the high-frequency monopole might again be considered as virtual point sound source with respect to the mid-high frequency compression drivers. All in all, the tree radiating pairs—low frequency monopole, mid-high frequency push-push configuration and high frequency monopole, might be thought of as having coincident acoustic centers, further coinciding with the physical sound source center. 
     The so described embodiment is intended to be used for acoustic parameter measurements in architectural acoustics, and for sound isolation measurements in building acoustics. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE SECOND EMBODIMENT 
     The second embodiment, being the half of the first embodiment, is illustrated on  FIG. 3A  as an acoustic measurement sound source, mounted on floor.  FIG. 3B  illustrates the same embodiment, used for speech and music reinforcement and sound reproduction, mounted on a ceiling. The embodiment comprises one coaxial loudspeaker  10 , mounted on enclosure  16 , behind which a mid-high frequency compression driver  14  is fixed on a small opening of the enclosure. Mid-high frequency radially expanding horn is obtained between a substantially circular plate  20  mounted on floor  24  or ceiling  28  and enclosure&#39;s outer walls in driver&#39;s vicinity. Further, the hard floor or ceiling is used as one of the horn flares. Each spherical sound source half, mounted together with the circular plane half on a hard floor, or on any flat hard surface, is operated individually as spherical sound source in so obtained half spherical space. As in the first embodiment, low frequencies from 50 Hz to about 500 are radiated spherically by the low frequency membrane  11 , mid-high frequencies are radiated by mid-high frequency compression driver  14 , spherically up to 2000 Hz and resembling a reference ellipsoid afterwards, where the high frequency compression driver  12  is additionally activated, thus completing the combined high frequency directivity diagram to a spherical one. Just like in the first embodiment, spherical radiation of the high frequency band, under the new half spherical space conditions, is achieved by superposition of a horizontal reference ellipsoid radiation pattern of the mid-high frequency compression driver, and a vertical conical radiation pattern of the high frequency compression driver embedded in the coaxial loudspeaker. 
     The easiest and most efficient way of sound reinforcement in conference halls, small size low ceiling sport arenas and other places where the public is assembled in circle, is to use a single loudspeaker cluster. Using in such places the second embodiment of this invention ensures uniform sound coverage of the circular audience area without the typical of the loudspeaker clusters interferences between adjacent loudspeakers in the cluster, and results in much better speech intelligibility. The ceiling version illustrated in  FIG. 3B  could be modified by introducing a horn shaping ceiling disc  22  shown on  FIG. 3C . This ring may vary in shape to ensure proper coverage of audience periphery, without wasting diffused field energy towards empty areas. 
     Vertical polar patterns of the spherical sound source have been measured under free field conditions using 1/1 octave filtered pink noise signal.  FIG. 4  illustrates the polar patterns for octave center frequencies 125 Hz, 250 Hz and 500 Hz and  FIG. 5  shows polar patterns measured in 1 kHz, 2 kHz and 4 kHz octave bands. Due to the rotational symmetry these polar patterns are sufficient to be used for high resolution 3-D polar pattern construction for any standard octave frequency band. 
     From measured polar patterns shown, rotational and planar symmetry of the spherical sound source are obvious. Polar patterns for 2 kHz and 4 kHz exhibit unique evenness with maximum directional SPL deviation of 2 dB and 4 dB respectively. The purposely build dodecahedron sound source revealed much wider directional SPL deviation of 8 dB and 11 dB for the same 2 kHz and 4 kHz octave band center frequencies, which figures apply to any of the two particular planes of measurement. 
     Smoother directivity of the spherical sound source would provide better radiator for all acoustic parameter measurements than widely accepted dodecahedrons, especially for those spacious parameters which are very sensitive to directivity performance of the sound source. 
     The measured sound power level (SWL) figures of the spherical sound source of more than 134 dB at all usable frequency band 50 Hz-10 kHz are far beyond the reach of any known multihedron available on the market. 
     While above description contains many specificities, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope, but rather as an exemplification of the first embodiment. Many other variations are possible. For example, switching off high-frequency vertically radiating horns during acoustic measurements, although giving less uniform octave band radiation, might have more uniform frequency response in horizontal plane, hence, more precise spacious parameters measured. It should be pointed out that even with vertical high-frequency radiation switched off, spherical sound source complies with ISO-3382 specification, so such measurements would be accepted. Some embodiments might utilize coaxial mid-high frequency compression drivers, instead of the single band ones used in radially expanding horn between the two half-embodiments. Crossover frequency between low-frequency and mid-high frequency drivers may vary from 200 Hz to 500 Hz or even wider. Vertical radiation angle of mid-high frequency radial horn, formed by the two half embodiment, might vary between 40 degree and 60 degree or wider. The vertically radiating high-frequency coaxial drivers might have even wider range of membrane cone angles than mentioned 45 degree, or even they might use their own horns in front of the membranes.