Abstract:
A method (and structure) for developing a linguistic profile of a message to be transmitted, using a processor on a computer. The linguistic profile is compared with at least one linguistic profile of messages previously transmitted to other persons.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to using stylometry in a practical application of assisting users to avoid accidentally sending electronic messages to incorrect recipients. More specifically, using a machine learning classifier, linguistic signatures detect and alert a user when a listed recipient is different from a recipient inferred from the content of the message. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0002]    According to an embodiment of the present invention and in view of recent surge in popularity of various forms of electronic messaging, a software-implemented system provides an additional safeguard that authors of electronic messages do not mistakenly dispatch electronic messages to unintended recipients. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0003]      FIG. 1  shows an exemplary flowchart  100  of the method of the present invention; 
           [0004]      FIG. 2  depicts a cloud computing node  200  according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0005]      FIG. 3  depicts a cloud computing environment  300  according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; and 
           [0006]      FIG. 4  depicts abstraction model layers  400 - 440  according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0007]    With reference now to  FIG. 1 , a system is herein described for determining whether the listed recipient of an electronic message is a recipient actually intended to be receiving the message. The system uses linguistic signatures to detect and alert users when the listed recipient of a message is different from the recipient inferred from the content of the message. 
         [0008]    For example, when writing a text message “i love you”, if the listed recipient is someone you have not normally sent such a message to (e.g., your boss or one of your employees), the present invention system would alert you that the contents of the message do not match the contents of prior communications with that recipient. 
         [0009]    Stylometry has been defined as a form of authorship recognition that relies on the linguistic information found in a document, although the same concepts have been further extended to music and fine-art paintings. 
         [0010]    Therefore, in one sense, the present invention reverses the techniques of conventional stylometry by using differences in how one writes messages to different people, in order to validate that the listed recipient of a message is also the intended recipient. In other words, the present invention applies stylometric methods to specific communications between A→B, rather than the evaluation of all messages written by A. 
         [0011]    Thus, the present invention provides a practical application of stylometric methods by providing a system that is capable to identify which features make a message characteristic/uncharacteristic to a potential recipient. For example, the user might receive a warning message such as: “This message appears to be about patents, but you don&#39;t normally write emails to Joe about patents.” Or, some embodiments might highlight individual words/phrases/tokens/n-grams present in the message that make the message uncharacteristic to the recipient, e.g. sending “i ***love*** you” to Jack when you don&#39;t normally use the word “love” in emails to Jack. 
         [0012]    In one embodiment, the method could actually provide a display that recommends who among the listed recipients the message was actually intended for with a confidence level (e.g.: John, 70% confidence; Jane, 64% confidence; Joe, 20% confidence). Moreover, as exemplarily applied to email, the invention could be extended to the content of email attachments as well as the body of email text. 
         [0013]    The present invention uses machine learning classifier to determine if the current message M is characteristic for any one given recipient, and the invention can be extended to consider multiple listed recipients. Linguistic profiles may be represented as feature vectors that include word-level features (unigrams/bigrams/n-grams, punctuation), dictionary features (e.g. emoticon dictionaries, LIWC psycholinguistic categories, General Inquirer categories, WordNet categories), and/or topic features (e.g. features generated by LDA). Similarity( ) is a distance function between two feature vectors; e.g. cosine similarity. 
         [0014]    Possible types of electronic message areas may include, as non-limiting examples, emails, text messages, and instant messages. The invention may be embodied on mobile devices, wearables, or computers, or even as a cloud service. In some embodiments, a threshold may be user-defined. 
         [0015]    As shown in step  102  in  FIG. 1 , a training phase is necessary to construct an accurate linguistic profile P_{U,R_i}; this process consists of iterating over the set of messages M_{U,R_i} sent from U to R_i and computing the feature vector until the summed proportional changes across all features falls below some threshold, meaning that the training model keeps training until the addition of a new message does not add significant new information to the profile. This may be done using techniques from Information Theory (e.g., computing information gain across each subsequent training step, which is well known in the art. 
         [0016]    As shown in step  102 , a machine learning classifier determines if a current message M is characteristic for the given recipient and if not, can recommend who the message was actually intended for with a confidence level (e.g. John, 70% confidence; Jane, 64% confidence). In a similar manner, this could even be extended to multiple recipients by adding a component that probabilistically recommends people who might/should be added to or removed from the recipient group. 
         [0017]    Linguistic profiles may be represented as feature vectors that include word-level features (unigrams/bigrams/n-grams, punctuation), dictionary features (e.g. emoticon dictionaries, LIWC psycholinguistic categories, General Inquirer categories, WordNet categories), and/or topic features (e.g. features generated by LDA). Similarity( ) is a distance function between two feature vectors and can be calculated using any of various known methods such as cosine similarity, Pearson&#39;s correlation coefficient, Jaccard similarity, etc. 
         [0018]    Thus, as shown in step  104 , for a user U and a set of message recipients R={R_ 1 , R_ 2 , . . . , R_N}, the Profile Unit (PU) computes a linguistic profile P_{U,R_i} between U and each recipient R_i. 
         [0019]    While composing an electronic message M to a recipient R_r, in step  106 , the Similarity Unit (SU) computes the similarity of the message with the linguistic profile , S_{M,U,R_r}=Similarity(M, P_{U, R_r}). 
         [0020]    In step  108 , if S_{M,U,R_r} falls below some threshold (e.g. 0.7), the user U is alerted in step  110  that the listed recipient R_r may not be their intended recipient. 
         [0021]    A number of further variations and modifications are possible. For example, when a message M is being composed that is not identified as being addressed to anyone, the present invention can recommend to whom to address it, by comparing the features extracted from M with the profiles of past email recipients, sorting by similarity, and recommending the top-N recommended recipients. For example, the application could present a display on a user interface to the composer along the lines of “Here are recommended recipients: John (80%), Jane (74%).” 
         [0022]    As another exemplary but non-limiting modification, when composing message M that is addressed to, for example, Jacquelyn, but the similarity between M and Jacquelyn&#39;s profile is low, the present invention could
       a. Perform a phonetic match of Jacquelyn&#39;s name against the list of previous message recipients to create a shortlist of possible recipient candidates, and   b. Sort the shortlist by M&#39;s similarity-to-profile for each candidate on the shortlist, in order to recommend recipients who may have been the true intended recipient.       
 
         [0025]    For example, a message addressed to Jacquelyn might have low similarity to previous messages addressed to Jacquelyn, but high similarity to messages written in the past to Jack. Since “Jacquelyn” and “Jack” are similar phonetically, the present invention could recommend “did you mean to address this message to Jack instead of Jacquelyn?”. This modification could also help in cases where there are multiple people with the same name, e.g., a message addressed to “Mark Smith” but intended for “Mark Daniels” might show as having low similarity to Mark Smith and high similarity for Mark Daniels. The phonetic matching helps reduce the search space of names to recommend. 
         [0026]    From the above explanation and examples, it should be clear that the methods and variations of the present invention could be implemented as a module or component in any number of applications such as email and other social media, word processors, and even as a potential service available from a server or as a cloud service. Accordingly, it should be clear that many types of hardware might be used to execute a software-based tool that implements the concepts of the present invention, including mobile communication devices. Most realistic devices that implement the present invention would reasonably incorporate at least one processor and associated memory system, but it should be clear that the present invention could be implemented in a device that merely interfaces to display results from a remote computerized device that actually performs the processings described above. Thus, the following exemplary description of possible hardware implementation is directed toward the more complex hardware embodiment using a cloud service scenario, but one of ordinary skill in the art would readily realize that many other hardware implementations are possible. 
       Exemplary Hardware Aspects, Using a Cloud Computing Environment 
       [0027]    It is understood in advance that, although this section of the disclosure provides a detailed description on cloud computing, implementation of the teachings recited herein are not limited to a cloud computing environment. Rather, embodiments of the present invention are capable of being implemented in conjunction with any other types of computing environment now known or later developed. 
         [0028]    Cloud computing is a model of service delivery for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, network bandwidth, servers, processing, memory, storage, applications, virtual machines, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or interaction with a provider of the service. This cloud model may include at least five characteristics, at least three service models, and at least four deployment models. 
         [0029]    Characteristics are as follows: 
         [0030]    On-demand self-service: a cloud consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with the service&#39;s provider. 
         [0031]    Broad network access: capabilities are available over a network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs). 
         [0032]    Resource pooling: the provider&#39;s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to demand. There is a sense of location independence in that the consumer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter). 
         [0033]    Rapid elasticity: capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time. 
         [0034]    Measured service: cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service. 
         [0035]    Service Models are as follows: 
         [0036]    Software as a Service (SaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider&#39;s applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through a thin client interface such as a web browser (e.g., web-based email). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings. 
         [0037]    Platform as a Service (PaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including networks, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations. 
         [0038]    Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls). 
         [0039]    Deployment Models are as follows: 
         [0040]    Private cloud: the cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization. It may be managed by the organization or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises. 
         [0041]    Community cloud: the cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises. 
         [0042]    Public cloud: the cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud services. 
         [0043]    Hybrid cloud: the cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for load-balancing between clouds). 
         [0044]    A cloud computing environment is service oriented with a focus on statelessness, low coupling, modularity, and semantic interoperability. At the heart of cloud computing is an infrastructure comprising a network of interconnected nodes. 
         [0045]    Referring now to  FIG. 2 , a schematic  200  of an example of a cloud computing node is shown. Cloud computing node  200  is only one example of a suitable cloud computing node and is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of embodiments of the invention described herein. Regardless, cloud computing node  200  is capable of being implemented and/or performing any of the functionality set forth hereinabove. 
         [0046]    In cloud computing node  200  there is a computer system/server  212 , which is operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well-known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with computer system/server  212  include, but are not limited to, personal computer systems, server computer systems, thin clients, thick clients, handheld or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputer systems, mainframe computer systems, and distributed cloud computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like. 
         [0047]    Computer system/server  212  may be described in the general context of computer system-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer system. Generally, program modules may include routines, programs, objects, components, logic, data structures, and so on that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Computer system/server  212  may be practiced in distributed cloud computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed cloud computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer system storage media including memory storage devices. 
         [0048]    As shown in  FIG. 2 , computer system/server  212  in cloud computing node  200  is shown in the form of a general-purpose computing device. The components of computer system/server  212  may include, but are not limited to, one or more processors or processing units  216 , a system memory  228 , and a bus  218  that couples various system components including system memory  228  to processor  216 . 
         [0049]    Bus  218  represents one or more of any of several types of bus structures, including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, an accelerated graphics port, and a processor or local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, and not limitation, such architectures include Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus. 
         [0050]    Computer system/server  212  typically includes a variety of computer system readable media. Such media may be any available media that is accessible by computer system/server  212 , and it includes both volatile and non-volatile media, removable and non-removable media. 
         [0051]    System memory  228  can include computer system readable media in the form of volatile memory, such as random access memory (RAM)  230  and/or cache memory  232 . Computer system/server  212  may further include other removable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer system storage media. By way of example only, storage system  234  can be provided for reading from and writing to a non-removable, non-volatile magnetic media (not shown and typically called a “hard drive”). Although not shown, a magnetic disk drive for reading from and writing to a removable, non-volatile magnetic disk (e.g., a “floppy disk”), and an optical disk drive for reading from or writing to a removable, non-volatile optical disk such as a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM or other optical media can be provided. In such instances, each can be connected to bus  218  by one or more data media interfaces. As will be further depicted and described below, memory  228  may include at least one program product having a set (e.g., at least one) of program modules that are configured to carry out the functions of embodiments of the invention. 
         [0052]    Program/utility  240 , having a set (at least one) of program modules  242 , may be stored in memory  228  by way of example, and not limitation, as well as an operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data. Each of the operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data or some combination thereof, may include an implementation of a networking environment. Program modules  242  generally carry out the functions and/or methodologies of embodiments of the invention as described herein. 
         [0053]    Computer system/server  212  may also communicate with one or more external devices  214  such as a keyboard, a pointing device, a display  224 , etc.; one or more devices that enable a user to interact with computer system/server  212 ; and/or any devices (e.g., network card, modem, etc.) that enable computer system/server  212  to communicate with one or more other computing devices. Such communication can occur via Input/Output (I/O) interfaces  222 . Still yet, computer system/server  212  can communicate with one or more networks such as a local area network (LAN), a general wide area network (WAN), and/or a public network (e.g., the Internet) via network adapter  220 . As depicted, network adapter  220  communicates with the other components of computer system/server  212  via bus  218 . It should be understood that although not shown, other hardware and/or software components could be used in conjunction with computer system/server  212 . Examples, include, but are not limited to: microcode, device drivers, redundant processing units, external disk drive arrays, RAID systems, tape drives, and data archival storage systems, etc. 
         [0054]    Referring now to  FIG. 3 , an illustrative cloud computing environment  350  is depicted. As shown, cloud computing environment  350  comprises one or more cloud computing nodes  200  with which local computing devices used by cloud consumers, such as, for example, personal digital assistant (PDA) or cellular telephone  354 A, desktop computer  354 B, laptop computer  354 C, and/or automobile computer system  354 N may communicate. Nodes  200  may communicate with one another. They may be grouped (not shown) physically or virtually, in one or more networks, such as Private, Community, Public, or Hybrid clouds as described hereinabove, or a combination thereof. This allows cloud computing environment  350  to offer infrastructure, platforms and/or software as services for which a cloud consumer does not need to maintain resources on a local computing device. It is understood that the types of computing devices  354 A-N shown in  FIG. 3  are intended to be illustrative only and that computing nodes  200  and cloud computing environment  350  can communicate with any type of computerized device over any type of network and/or network addressable connection (e.g., using a web browser). 
         [0055]    Referring now to  FIG. 4 , a set of functional abstraction layers provided by cloud computing environment  350  ( FIG. 3 ) is shown. It should be understood in advance that the components, layers, and functions shown in  FIG. 4  are intended to be illustrative only and embodiments of the invention are not limited thereto. As depicted, the following layers and corresponding functions are provided: 
         [0056]    Hardware and software layer  400  includes hardware and software components. Examples of hardware components include mainframes, in one example IBM® zSeries® systems; RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture based servers, in one example IBM pSeries® systems; IBM xSeries® systems; IBM BladeCenter® systems; storage devices; networks and networking components. Examples of software components include network application server software, in one example IBM WebSphere® application server software; and database software, in one example IBM DB2® database software. (IBM, zSeries, pSeries, xSeries, BladeCenter, WebSphere, and DB2 are trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation registered in many jurisdictions worldwide). The tooling that implements the present invention would be located in layer  400 . 
         [0057]    Virtualization layer  420  provides an abstraction layer from which the following examples of virtual entities may be provided: virtual servers; virtual storage; virtual networks, including virtual private networks; virtual applications and operating systems; and virtual clients. The virtual machines and network appliances that are generated and instantiated by the tooling of the present invention would operate on layer  420 . 
         [0058]    In one example, management layer  430  may provide the functions described below. Resource provisioning provides dynamic procurement of computing resources and other resources that are utilized to perform tasks within the cloud computing environment. Metering and Pricing provide cost tracking as resources are utilized within the cloud computing environment, and billing or invoicing for consumption of these resources. In one example, these resources may comprise application software licenses. Security provides identity verification for cloud consumers and tasks, as well as protection for data and other resources. User portal provides access to the cloud computing environment for consumers and system administrators. Service level management provides cloud computing resource allocation and management such that required service levels are met. Service Level Agreement (SLA) planning and fulfillment module provides pre-arrangement for, and procurement of, cloud computing resources for which a future requirement is anticipated in accordance with an SLA. 
         [0059]    Workloads layer  440  provides examples of functionality for which the cloud computing environment may be utilized. Examples of workloads and functions which may be provided from this layer might include any number of functions and applications not even related to the present invention, such as mapping and navigation; software development and lifecycle management; virtual classroom education delivery; data analytics processing; transaction processing; and, more particularly relative to the present invention, the stylometric processing shown in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0060]    The descriptions of the various embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain the principles of the embodiments, the practical application or technical improvement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodiments disclosed herein.