Abstract:
A method of assessing recurrence status in a breast cancer patient comprises a step of assaying a biological sample from the patient for a level of a biomarker selected from S100β or HOX-C1I, wherein positive detection of one or both of the biomarkers is indicative of a positive recurrence status. Suitably, the method is a method of prognosis of poor disease free survival in a breast cancer patient, wherein positive detection of one or both of the biomarkers is indicative of poor disease survival. The method may also be a method of diagnosis of recurrence, wherein positive detection of circulating S100β is a diagnostic variable of recurrence. The method of diagnosis is carried out on a patient who is undergoing first line therapy and/or a patient who has had surgery to remove a primary breast tumour.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The invention relates to a method of assessing the status of a breast cancer in a breast cancer patient. In particular, the invention provides a method of predicting disease free survival and recurrence of the cancer following surgery. 
       BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Breast cancer continues to affect one woman in ten in the western world and despite the phenomenal advances in recent years the mortality rate still remains at around 35%. Current endocrine therapies are based on manipulating the estrogen receptor (ER) by either directly targeting the estrogen receptor with ER modulators such as tamoxifen or faslodex or by reducing levels of circulating estrogen with aromatase inhibitors, such as anastrozole. Regardless of the age of the patient, adjuvant endocrine therapy, of which tamoxifen remains amongst first line, offers substantial potential benefit in terms of reduction in risk of tumour recurrence and death in women with ER positive tumours. However, while most patients initially respond to tamoxifen, in 30-40% of cases these tumours relapse within 5 years of treatment. This precipitates cessation of the regime and the initiation of second line therapy. 
         [0003]    The development of resistance to endocrine therapy, and consequent tumour recurrence, is due at least in part to a shift in the phenotype of the tumour cell from steroid dependence to that of steroid independence/growth factor dependence. Much attention has been given in recent years to the targeting of this growth factor pathway, in particular by focusing on the growth factor receptors. Inhibitors of these receptors include herceptin, the monoclonal antibody directed against the growth factor receptor HER2, which has revolutionized the treatment of advanced breast cancer. These therapies however are effective only in a limited (25%) patient population who over-express these receptors and as such their widespread use will ultimately be limited. Despite initial favourable reports from clinical trials regarding inhibitors of both aromatase and growth factor receptors, unanswered questions remain concerning sequencing and duration of adjuvant therapy, particularly with regard to the benefit from ‘priming’ the tumour with tamoxifen. Furthermore due to the overriding efficacy and cost effectiveness of estrogen receptor modulators, such as tamoxifen, it is probable that these will remain important adjuvant treatments for the foreseeable future. There is therefore a pressing need to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance to endocrine treatment and to identify patients in whom tumours are likely to recur. 
       STATEMENTS OF INVENTION 
       [0004]    The invention is broadly based on the detection of proteins expressed by breast cancer tumour cells, transcription factor homeobox protein HOX-C11 (hereafter HOX-C11) and its downstream activational target S100β. Expression of each protein has been found to be strongly associated with recurrence in a breast cancer patient, especially risk of disease free survival following surgery/therapy and/or early recurrence of the cancer following surgery/therapy. S100β protein is a secreted protein which circulates in the blood, and is therefore suitable for detection in a biological fluid such as saliva or blood, thereby avoiding the need for a biopsy. The protein may however also be detected in a biopsy sample. 
         [0005]    The invention relates to a method of assessing recurrence status in a breast cancer patient, the method comprising a step of assaying a biological sample from the patient for a level of a biomarker selected from S100β or HOX-C11, wherein positive detection of one or both of the biomarkers is indicative of a positive recurrence status. 
         [0006]    The term “recurrence status” should be understood to mean risk of recurrence (poor disease free survival), either locally or at a distant locus, risk of metastases (and therefore recurrence at a distant locus), and/or early diagnosis of recurrence. Either biomarker may be employed as a prognostic variable of recurrence, although only circulating S100β levels may be employed as diagnostic variables of recurrence. A method of identifying recurrence is generally carried out when the patient is undergoing a first line therapy, wherein positive detection of circulating S100β levels is indicative that the tumour has recurred, and optionally that the phenotype of the cancer has “switched” from being steroid dependant to being steroid independent (growth factor dependant). Thus, in a patient who has had a primary breast tumour removed, positive detection of circulating S100β is indicative that the cancer has recurred (this will be an early indication of recurrence), and indicative that the treatment regime of the patients needs to be changed to a second line therapy (for example, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor). Thus, the term “recurrence status” may also be taken to mean determining the phenotype of the cancer, and determining an optimal therapy for the recurred cancer based on the phenotype. 
         [0007]    The term “positive recurrence status” should be understood to mean, for example, a prognostic risk of recurrence, actual diagnosis of recurrence (for example, when the assessment is carried out after surgery and/or during first line therapy), or diagnosis of a “switch” in the cancer phenotype. 
         [0008]    In this specification, the term “circulating S100β” should be understood as meaning S100β that is present in a biological fluid from the patient, for example blood, serum, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, or synovial fluid; in other words, secreted S100β. Ideally, the term refers to the level of the protein in blood or a blood product such as serum. 
         [0009]    In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of prognosis of poor disease free survival in a breast cancer patient, which method comprises detecting HOX-C11 or S100β in a biological sample from the patient, wherein positive detection of HOX-C11 or S100β is a prognostic indicator of poor disease-free survival independently of treatment. The method of detection of HOX-C11 may be performed at any time, but it would usually be performed at the time of initial diagnosis of the cancer and would generally employ tumour cells obtained in a needle punch. Alternatively, the method may be performed on tumour tissue resected during a lumpectomy or mastectomy surgical procedure. Positive detection of S100β in the biological sample from the patient predicts poor disease-free survival independently of treatment. The method may be performed at any time, but it would usually be performed after breast cancer has been diagnosed, and prior to surgery. 
         [0010]    In another embodiment, the invention provides a method for the early detection of recurrence of a breast cancer, which method comprises detecting circulating S100β in a biological sample from the patient, wherein positive detection of S100β in the biological sample from the patient is an indicator that the cancer has recurred. Recurrence may take place locally (i.e. in breast tissue), or at a distant locus (i.e. in bone, lymph or liver). Recurrence of the cancer at a distant locus occurs when the cancer metastasizes. Thus, the method of the invention functions to detect metastasis. The predictive power of the biomarkers is sufficiently powerful to predict recurrence prior to detection using conventional methods, therefore allowing early diagnostic protocols (e.g. full body scans), early intervention and allowing informed dissensions on the commencement of second line therapies. The method of the invention may be performed at any suitable time, but it would usually be performed after the patient has undergone surgery to remove a tumour, and then periodically thereafter (i.e. every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 months). 
         [0011]    In another embodiment, the invention provides a method for monitoring a breast cancer therapy, which method comprises detecting HOX-C11 or S100β in a biological sample from the patient during or after the course of therapy, wherein positive detection of HOX-C11 or S100β in the biological sample from the patient indicates the presence/recurrence of the tumour. The method of the invention may be performed at any suitable time during or following a course of treatment, but it would usually be performed on a weekly or monthly basis during the treatment, and/or within one week or one month of completion of the course of treatment. Identification of the marker during the treatment would indicate that the treatment is not working optimally, and may also indicate the need for the patient to be observed and examined more closely and more regularly 
         [0012]    In another embodiment, the invention provides a method for establishing whether a breast cancer tumour has been successfully removed in surgery, which method comprises detecting circulating S100β in a biological sample from the patient following surgery. Positive detection of circulating S100β in the biological sample from the patient strongly indicates that the tumour has not been successfully removed. The method of the invention may be performed at any suitable time following surgery, but it would usually be performed within 3, 2 or 1 months, suitably within 4, 3, 2 or 1 week, of surgery to remove the tumour. 
         [0013]    In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of assessing the status of a breast cancer in a patient, typically a patient having an established breast cancer, comprising the steps of assessing a biological sample from the patient for S100β or HOX-C11 wherein, positive detection of S100β or HOX-C11 in the biological sample informs the metastatic potential of the tumour and predicts poor disease free survival. Ideally, the biological sample is a breast tumour specimen typically originating from surgical excision of primary neoplasm. Assessment can take place at the time of initial diagnosis, or upon recurrence. 
         [0014]    In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of identifying breast cancer patients at risk of cancer metastases, which method comprises detecting HOX-C11 or S100β in a biological sample from the patient, wherein positive detection of HOX-C11 or S100β in the biological sample from the patient predicts tumour metastases. 
         [0015]    The invention also relates to a method of treatment of breast cancer in a patient comprising an initial step of assessing the status of the breast cancer according to a method of the invention, and using the status obtained to design a therapy for treating the cancer. Thus, if the patient is about to undergo surgery to resect a breast tumour, and the status information obtained using the method of the invention indicates that the tumour is aggressive, and/or indicates a poor disease free survival, then a clinician may recommend a post-operative treatment regime for the cancer which is suitable for aggressive cancers. This may involve an aggressive chemotherapy or first line drug therapy, and/or more regular and robust check-ups. For example, a clinician may recommend that the patient is observed every month instead of every six months. Further, the clinician may recommend that the patient has an ultrasound or a mammogram every month. Additionally, the clinician may recommend that the patient is started on a second line therapy immediately. Likewise, if the assay of the status of the breast cancer in a post operative breast cancer patient (for example, by monitoring for circulating S100β) indicates that the cancer has recurred, then a clinician can recommend that a second line treatment is initiated immediately, and suitably also recommend more regular and robust check-ups. 
         [0016]    Typically, the methods of the invention are suitable for patients on endocrine therapy. 
         [0017]    In this specification, the term “biological sample” may be any sample obtained from an individual such as, for example, blood, serum, saliva, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, tissue, cells, breast cancer tumour specimen, etc. Suitably, the biological sample will be serum or breast cancer tumour specimen. 
         [0018]    The invention also relates to a kit of parts comprising diagnostic reagents suitable for detecting in a tissue sample of biomarkers selected from the estrogen receptor (ER), optionally the HER2 receptor, and capable of positive detection of S100β or HOX-C11. Thus, the kit of parts may comprise means for detecting expression of the ER in a tissue sample, optionally, means for detection of the HER2 receptor in a tissue sample, and means for positive detection of HOX-C11 in a tissue sample and/or means for positive detection of S100β in a tissue or a blood sample. Suitably, the diagnostic reagents are suitable for immunodetection of the biomarkers. Examples of suitably diagnostic reagents are described below. 
         [0019]    Detection of HOX-C11 may be performed according to any technique known in the art, for example by means of a tissue microarray, or immunohistochemical detection, the details of which will be well known to those skilled in the art. When employing immunohistochemical detection and the Allred Scoring system (Harvey at al 1999) [1], the term “positive detection” should be understood as meaning an Allred score of from 3 to 8. The term “positive detection” should be taken to mean a level of S100β that is greater than a reference value obtained from patients negative for breast cancer. When the biological sample is serum, “positive detection” typically means a serum level of S100β of greater than 200 pg/ml, typically when measured using the ELISA test described below. When the biological sample is a tissue sample, immunohistochemical detection and the Allred Scoring system (Harvey at al 1999) [1] may be employed to detect the protein, in which case the term “positive detection” should be understood as meaning an Allred score of from 3 to 8. 
         [0020]    The nucleic acid and amino acid Sequences of HOX-C11 are provided in SEQUENCE ID NO&#39;s 1 and 2 and the nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of S100β are provided in SEQUENCE ID NO&#39;s 3 and 4 respectively. Given the sequences, detection of the protein may be performed by any suitable means, the details of which will be well known to those skilled in the art. In particular, the ELISA kit available froth Diasorin Ltd (Vercelli, Italy) for measuring S100β is suitable for performing the methods of the invention. Various alternative methods of detecting protein biomarkers will be apparent to the person skilled in the art. For examples, antibodies against HOX-C11 and or S100β may be raised using conventional techniques, and may be employed as diagnostic reagents in an autoantigen assay. Antibodies against HOX-C11 and or S100β may be a monoclonal or polyclonal antibody or other specific binding partner, as long as it can recognize the protein. Antibodies can be produced by using HOX-C11 and or S100β as the antigen according to a conventional antibody or antiserum preparation process. The present invention contemplates the use of both monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies in methods of detecting the presence of HOX-C11 and or S100β. Any suitable method may be used to generate the antibodies used in the methods and kits of the present invention, including but not limited to, those disclosed herein. For example, for preparation of a monoclonal antibody, protein, as such, or together with a suitable carrier or diluent is administered to an animal under conditions that permit the production of antibodies. For enhancing the antibody production capability, complete or incomplete Freund&#39;s adjuvant may be administered. Normally, the protein is administered once every 2 weeks to 6 weeks, in total, from about 2 times to about 10 times. Animals suitable for use in such methods include, but are not limited to, primates, rabbits, dogs, guinea pigs, mice, rats, sheep, goats, etc. 
         [0021]    For preparing monoclonal antibody-producing cells, an individual animal whose antibody titer has been confirmed (e.g., a mouse) is selected, and 2 days to 5 days after the final immunization, its spleen or lymph node is harvested and antibody-producing cells contained therein are fused with myeloma cells to prepare the desired monoclonal antibody producer hybridoma. Measurement of the antibody titer in antiserum can be carried out, for example, by reacting the labeled protein, as described hereinafter and antiserum and then measuring the activity of the labeling agent bound to the antibody. The cell fusion can be carried out according to known methods [2]. As a fusion promoter, for example, polyethylene glycol (PEG) or Sendai virus (HVJ), preferably PEG is used. 
         [0022]    Polyclonal antibodies may be prepared by any known method or modifications of these methods including obtaining antibodies from patients. For example, a complex of an immunogen and a carrier protein is prepared and an animal is immunized by the complex according to the same manner as that described with respect to the above monoclonal antibody preparation. A material containing the antibody is recovered from the immunized animal and the antibody is separated and purified. 
         [0023]    The antibodies may be labelled with a detectable label such as, for example, a fluorescent, luminescent, or radioactive label. Typically, the antibodies will be immobilised to a support, before the support is reacted with a biological sample. The support will then be washed to remove any non-reacting proteins, before any proteins that have formed an immunospecific complex with the antibodies are identified using conventional techniques. Generally, this method is suitable for detecting the presence of S100β in biological fluid samples. When the S100β is non-circulating, in other words, when it is located in a tumor cell, the most appropriate method of detection is immunohistochemical detection. Methods of immunohistochemical detection of tumor antigens will be well known to those skilled in the art, and are described previously. 
         [0024]    Detection may also be carried by measuring the expression of corresponding mRNA from a tumour-derived tissue or cell sample. mRNA expression may be measured by any suitable method including, but not limited to, a Northern Blot or detection by hybridisation to a oligonucleotide probe. A variety of hybridization assays using a variety of technologies for hybridization and detection are available. For example, a TaqMan assay (PE Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.; See e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,962,233 and 5,538,848,) is utilized. The assay is performed during a PCR reaction. The TaqMan assay exploits the 5′-3′ exonuclease activity of the AMPLITAQ GOLD DNA polymerase. A probe consisting of an oligonucleotide with a 5′-reporter dye (e.g., a fluorescent dye) and a 3′-quencher dye is included in the PCR reaction. During PCR, if the probe is bound to its target, the 5′-3′ nucleolytic activity of the AMPLITAQ GOLD polymerase cleaves the probe between the reporter and the quencher dye. The separation of the reporter dye from the quencher dye results in an increase of fluorescence. 
         [0025]    In other embodiments, reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) is used to detect the expression of RNA where RNA is enzymatically converted to complementary DNA or “cDNA” using a reverse transcriptase enzyme. The cDNA is then used as a template for a PCR reaction. PCR products can be detected by any suitable method, including but not limited to, gel electrophoresis and staining with a DNA specific stain or hybridization to a labeled probe. In some embodiments, the quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR with standardized mixtures of competitive templates method described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,639,606, 5,643,765, and 5,876,978 is utilized. 
         [0026]    In-vivo imaging techniques may be employed to detect the presence of HOX-C11 and or S100β. For example, HOX-C11 and or S100β, or mRNA encoding the protein, is labeled using a labeled antibody specific for the protein. A specifically bound and labeled antibody can be detected in an individual using an in vivo imaging method, including, but not limited to, radionuclide imaging, positron emission tomography, computerized axial tomography, X-ray or magnetic resonance imaging method, fluorescence detection, and chemiluminescent detection. Methods for generating antibodies to S100β are described above. In some embodiments, reagents (e.g., antibodies) specific for a specific biomarker are fluorescently labeled. The labeled antibodies are introduced into a subject (e.g., orally or parenterally). Fluorescently labeled antibodies are detected using any suitable method (e.g., using the apparatus described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,198,107). In other embodiments, antibodies are radioactively labeled. The use of antibodies for in-vivo diagnosis is well known in the art. Sumerdon et al [3] have described an optimized antibody-chelator for the radioimmunoscintographic imaging of tumors using Indium-111 as the label. Griffin et al, [4] have described the use of this agent in detecting tumors in patients suspected of having recurrent colorectal cancer. The use of similar agents with paramagnetic ions as labels for magnetic resonance imaging is known in the art [5]. The label used will depend on the imaging modality chosen. Radioactive labels such as Indium-111, Technetium-99m, or Iodine-131 can be used for planar scans or single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Positron emitting labels such as Fluorine-19 can also be used for positron emission tomography (PET). 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0027]      FIG. 1 : Confirmation of differential interactions between SRC-1 and HOX-C11 in endocrine resistant breast cancer LY2 cells in the presence of tamoxifen (4-OHT) and faslodex (ICI) (10 −8  M) was performed by immunoprecipitation of SRC-1 and subsequent immunoblot for HOX-C11. 
           [0028]      FIG. 2 : Immunohistochemical localisation of HOX-C11 in breast cancer tissue. 
           [0029]      FIG. 3 : Tissue microarray HOX-C11. 
           [0030]    FIG.  4 A—Kaplan Meir estimates of disease-free survival in primary breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen according to HOX-C11 (N=560); 
           [0031]    FIG.  4 B—Overexpression of HOXC11 in endocrine resistant LY2 cells up-regulated protein expression of the putative target gene S100β in comparison to control. Knock down of SRC-1 inhibited the HOXC11 induced up-regulation of S100β; 
           [0032]    FIG.  4 C—Co-localisation of HOXC11 and S100β in breast cancer tissue; 
           [0033]    FIG.  5 A—Kaplan Meir estimates of disease free survival in primary breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen (N=560). Disease free survival according to S100β; and 
           [0034]    FIG.  5 B—Pre-operative S100β protein levels in breast cancer patients (n=40) and aged matched controls (n=12). 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0035]    The genomic actions of estrogen are mediated through its nuclear receptor, leading to the transcription and translation of genes relevant to tumour progression. The ER is encoded for by 2 genes, ER-α and ER-β. The magnitude of ER gene regulation is influenced, not only by the ligand, but also by the presence of specific co-regulatory proteins, present at rate limiting levels, which modulate transcription. Over the past few years a number of nuclear receptor interacting proteins have been identified including the p160 family coactivator proteins—steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1/NCoA-1), SRC-2 (TIF2/GRIP1) and SRC-3 (AIB1/pCIP/RAC3/ACTR). The SRC coactivator proteins can enhance nuclear receptor transcriptional activity by enabling access of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II core machinery to target DNA. Despite the well documented redundancy between members of the SRC family, it is clear from functional studies that individual SRCs harbour the capacity to regulate distinct biological processes. 
         [0036]    The transcriptional coactivator SRC-1 is a strong predictor of reduced disease-free survival in breast cancer patients on endocrine treatment, outperforming all standard predictors as well as a variety of other breast cancer related proteins. At a cellular level the development of endocrine resistance is associated with a shift towards a growth factor dependent phenotype. SRC-1 can utilise non-steroidal transcription factors to mediate its activity. Proteomic, molecular and translational investigations have revealed HOX-C11 as a functional transcription factor host for SRC-1. 
         [0037]    Without being bound by theory, it is postulated that SRC-1 interacts with the non-steroidal receptor transcription factor HOX-C11 to activate target genes and drive the steroid-independent phenotype of the resistant breast cancer cell. HOX proteins are members of the homeodomain transcription factors which are involved in a host of cellular functions including organogenesis, cellular differentiation, migration, cell cycle and apoptosis. Differential expression of HOX-C11 is associated with several cancers including those of the colon, cervix, prostate and breast. 
         [0038]    Increased interactions between HOX-C11 and SRC-1 were found in endocrine resistant versus endocrine sensitive breast cancer. Furthermore these interactions were enhanced in the presence of endocrine modulators, tamoxifen and faslodex ( FIG. 1 ). In primary breast cancer tissue HOX-C11 and SRC-1 were co-localised to the nucleus and perinuclear region of the tumour epithelial cells ( FIG. 2 ). A greater interaction occurred in tamoxifen-resistant LY2 cells, compared with the parent MCF-7 sensitive cell line. HOX genes play a central role in ductal formation and lobulo-aleolar development by regulating epithelial proliferation and differentiation in the developing breast and have been implicated in steroid/growth-factor pathway crosstalk. Moreover HOX-C11 was found to be a strong predictor of disease-free survival on endocrine treatment (Hazard ratio: 5.79; p&lt;0.0001) ( FIG. 4A ). HOX-C11 was confirmed to be over expressed in tamoxifen-resistant cells using immunocytochemistry and was observed to translocate to the nucleus and peri-nuclear region when cells were treated with tamoxifen and faslodex. S100β has been identified as a possible target gene of the HOX-C11 transcription factor. Several HOX responsive elements have been identified in the promoter of S100β and forced expression of HOX-C11 in neuronal cells induces expression of S100β. This family of calcium binding protein is secreted and has previously been associated with poor outcome and reduced disease-free survival in melanoma. Experimental data provides evidence for a functional interaction between SRC-1 and HOX-C11. Knockdown of SRC-1 using siRNA abrogated the HOX-C11 associated induction of S100β ( FIG. 4B ). Furthermore, using immunohistochemical techniques S100β was co-localised with HOX-C11 to the tumour epithelial cells in breast cancer tissue ( FIG. 4C ). These data establish S100β as a target gene of HOX-C11/SRC-1 interactions. 
         [0039]    HOX-C11 protein expression and that of its target gene S100-β was examined in a large cohort of breast cancer patients (n=560). Kaplan Meier estimates of disease-free survival indicate strong associations between HOX-C11/S100-β and reduced disease-free survival in patients. We conducted a χ 2  analysis of HOX-C11 and S100β expression and time to recurrence, nodal status and metastasis (local and distant) (See Table 1 below). Significant associations were noted between HOX-C11 and S100β expression and recurrence and metastasis at both local and distant sites. We applied a Cox proportional hazards model and found HOX-C11 to be a strong predictor of disease recurrence (hazard ratio: 5.79). These findings indicate that HOX-C11 is a better predictor of disease-free survival than any of the standard clinicopathological parameters currently in use. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Associations between HOXC11 and S100β expression and 
               
               
                 clinicopathological parameters in breast cancer tissue 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 HOXC11 
                 S100beta 
               
               
                   
                   
                 p-value 
                 p-value 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Cs Nodal Status 
                 0.4037 
                 0.216 
               
               
                   
                 Cs Local 
                 &lt;0.001* 
                 &lt;0.001* 
               
               
                   
                 Cs Distant 
                 &lt;0.001* 
                 &lt;0.001* 
               
               
                   
                 Cs Recurrence 
                 &lt;0.001* 
                 &lt;0.001* 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0040]    The Cox proportional hazards model also found S100β to be a strong predictor of disease recurrence (hazard ratio: 5.829625) ( FIG. 5A ). 
         [0041]    S100β levels were measured in blood samples from breast cancer patients (n=40) and aged matched controls (n=12). Pre-operative breast cancer patient serum levels of S100β were found to be 30 times that of matched normal controls ( FIG. 5B ). Furthermore elevated levels of S100beta were found to strongly associate with disease recurrence (p=0.002), (Table 2). These data indicate S100β as a robust serum marker of tumor progression in breast cancer patients. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Associations between S100β expression in breast cancer 
               
               
                 patient bloods and clinicopathological parameters 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 p-value 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Cs Nodal Status 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 Cs Local 
                 =0.224 
               
               
                   
                 Cs Distant 
                 =0.004* 
               
               
                   
                 Cs Recurrence 
                 =0.002* 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Tissue Microarray HOX-C11 
       [0042]    HOX-C11 protein can be detected within paraffin-embedded breast tumour specimens originating from surgical excision of primary neoplasm. Slides from paraffin-embedded tumour are reviewed for representative areas of tumour and tissue arrays can then be prepared. For example three 0.6 mm punches could be taken from the selected areas in each block and then be mounted in a recipient block containing 150-300 biopsies ( FIG. 3 ). Biopsies from normal breast tissue should be included as controls. 
         [0043]    Slides are then evaluated using light microscopy. They can also be assessed using the Ariol SL-50, utilising special systems for the detection and quantification of membranous, cytoplasmic and nuclear stains. 
         [0044]    A map of the cores on the tissue microarray are replicated on a computer file, which is used to identify each individual patient. 
       Immunohistochemical Assessment of HOX-C11 Expression. 
       [0045]    Immunohistochemistry is the localization of antigens in tissue sections by the use of labelled antibodies as specific reagents through antigen-antibody interactions that are visualized by a marker such as an enzyme or a fluorescent label. An unlabelled primary antibody is incubated on the tissue section, binding the antigen of interest. A biotinylated secondary antibody directed against the primary antibody is then applied. A strepavidin-biotin complex (ABC) which possesses biotin binding sites is then added, cross reacts with the biotin molecules on the secondary antibody, amplifying the signal intensity. 
         [0046]    Four micron thick tissue sections were cut from paraffin embedded breast tumour tissue blocks and mounted on SuperFrost Plus slides (BDH, Poole, UK). Sections were dewaxed by passage through xylene (×2)(BDH) for 5 minutes each and rehydrated by immersion in alcohol of decreasing Concentrations (2×100%, 70%) for 5 minutes in each container. The sections were then washed in tap water (5 minutes) and in distilled water (5 minutes). Endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked using 3% hydrogen peroxide (Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim Germany) in distilled water (20 minutes). Slides were then washed in tap water and in distilled water for 5 minutes each. Antigen retrieval was performed by immersing sections in 0.01 M sodium citrate buffer pH 6 (Sigma-Aldrich) and microwaving on high power for 7 minutes and then 15 minutes on medium/low. Sections were then left to cool to room temperature (approximately 30 minutes). A liquid-repellant pap pen (Daido, Sangyo, Tokyo Japan) was used to mark out the tissue on the slides. Sections were blocked in goat and rabbit serum (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame Calif. USA) for 60 minutes in room temperature. Sections were incubated with primary antibody; chicken anti-human HOX-C11 polyklonal IgY (1 mg/ml) (GenWay Biotech, San Diego, Calif. USA) (1:25) for 60 minutes at room temperature. Sections were then washed in PBS (5 minutes). They were subsequently incubated with the corresponding biotin-labelled secondary antibody; goat-anti-chicken IgY (GenWay Biotech) (1:500) in PBS for 60 minutes. Sections were washed in PBS (5 minutes). Peroxidase-labelled avidin-biotin complex (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame Calif. USA) were added to the biotin-labelled antibody for 30 minutes and then washed in PBS (5 minutes). Sections were developed in 3,3-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (FastDAB, Sigma-Aldrich) for 7 minutes, then washed in distilled water (5 minutes). Sections were then counterstained with Mayer&#39;s Hematoxylin Solution (Sigma-Aldrich) for 2 minutes and then washed in PBS (5 minutes). Negative controls were performed using matched IgG controls (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA USA) and omission of the primary antibody. Sections were then passed through increasing concentrations of alcohol (70%, 2×100%) and then xylene (×2). Cover slips (BDH) were applied to the sections with DPX mountant (BDH). 
         [0047]    Each entire slide was evaluated by light microscopy using the Allred System described in Harvey et al. [5]. First, a proportion score was assigned, which represented the estimated proportion of tumor cells positive for nuclear HOX-C11 (0, none; 1, &lt; 1/100; 2, 1/100 to 1/10; 3, 1/10 to ⅓; 4, ⅓ to ⅔; and 5, &gt;⅔). Next, an intensity score was assigned which represented the average intensity of nuclear HOX-C11 protein expression in positive tumor cells (0, none; 1, weak, 2, intermediate; and 3, strong). The proportion and intensity scores were then added to obtain a total score, which ranged from 0 to 8. 
       Clinical-Pathological Parameters HOX-C11 
       [0048]    Breast cancer patients are diagnosed by core biopsy or FNAC (Fine needle aspiration cytology). Patients are treated with neoadjuvant hormonal therapy and chemotherapy prior to surgery. 
         [0049]    All patients are assessed by abdominal ultrasound, chest X-ray and bone scintigraphy before surgery. HER2 status was evaluated using the DAKO HercepTest immunocytochemical assay (Glostrup, Denmark). Variables analysed include tumor size, tumor grade, tumor stage, estrogen receptor status, Her-2/neu receptor status. Histological grading is performed by a pathologist using the Eliston-modified Scarff-Bloom-Richardson system. All patients in the preliminary study underwent total or segmental mastectomy with level I, II and III axillary dissection. Time to disease progression was defined as the period from the initiation of treatment to the time of disease recurrence or death. 
       Statistical Analysis HOX-C11 
       [0050]    SAS version 8.2 statistical program (SAS Institute, Cary, N.C., USA) was used in the statistical analysis. Univariate analysis was performed using Fisher&#39;s exact test for categorical variables and Wilcoxon&#39;s test for continuous variables. Multivariate analysis was carried out using Cox&#39;s proportional hazard model. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered to be significant. Survival times between groups were compared using the Wilcoxon test adjusted for censored values. 
       Detection of Human S-100β ELISA Kit 
       [0051]    This ELISA kit Diasorin Ltd (Vercelli, Italy) is used for quantitative determination of human S-100β in plasma sample. 
       Test Principle 
       [0052]    The Sangtec® 100 ELISA is a two-site, one-step, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. In the assay calibrators, controls and unknown samples react simultaneously with 2 solid phase capture antibodies and a detector antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) during the incubation in the microtiter wells. After a washing step a TMB chromogen is added and the reaction is allowed to proceed for 15 minutes. The enzyme reaction is stopped by adding a Stop Solution and the absorbance is measured at 450 nm. 
       Kit Contents 
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             HRP—conjugate: Contains a monoclonal mouse anti-S-100B antibody conjugated with HRP, BSA and 0.5% ProClin 300 as preservative. 
             Calibrators: 2 vials of each of 6 calibrators. Reconstitute in 1.0 mL purified water. Calibrators consist of S-100 bovine antigen. Calibrator S-100 value is listed on the vial labels. 
             Controls: 2 vials of each 2 controls, Reconstitute in 1.0 mL purified water. Controls consist of S-100 bovine antigen. 
             Wash Buffer 10×: a PBS-Tween concentrate. 
             TMB Solution: Buffered substrate and chromogen, colorless, 0.05% TMB (3,3′, 5,5′ Tetramethylbenzidine). Protect from light. 
             Stop Solution: Contains 0.4N Sulfuric Acid. 
           
         
       
     
       Method 
     Preparation of Calibrators and Controls 
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             Allow unopened reagents and samples to reach room temperature (20-25° C.) before use. 
             Calibrators: Reconstitute in 1.0 mL purified water. Let stand 20 minutes. Mix carefully. 
             Controls: Reconstitute in 1.0 mL purified water. Let stand 20 minutes. Mix carefully. 
             10× Wash Buffer: Dilute 1:10 (1× Wash Buffer) with purified water. 
           
         
       
     
       Procedure 
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             Prepare all the reagents as described. Mix the samples before pipetting. 
             Pipette 50 μL of calibrators, controls and unknown samples into the wells. 
             Add 150 μL conjugate to all wells. 
             Cover the plate and incubate for 2 hours on a plate shaker (800 rpm) at room temperature (RT). 
             Wash 3 times with 300 μL of 1× Wash Buffer. 
             Add 100 μL TMB substrate to all wells. 
             Cover the plate and incubate 15±2 minutes on a plate shaker (800 rpm) at room temperature. 
             Stop the reaction by adding 100 μL Stop Solution. Add the Stop Solution in the same order and speed, which was used for the TMB substrate. 
             Read the absorbance at 450 nm using a microplate reader within 15 minutes. 
             The Cubic Spline algorithm should be used for calculation of results. 
           
         
       
     
       Performance Characteristics 
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             Reference Range: Cut-off was determined to 0.20 μg/L (the 95%-ile of 100 blood donor samples). 
             Measuring Range: The measuring range is up to 5 μg/L. Concentrations for high samples can be obtained by diluting with Sangtec® 100 ELISA Diluent and repeating the assay. 
             Precision: Serum samples at different concentration levels were evaluated running one assay per day over ten operating days. Intra-assay and Inter-Assay precision was estimated by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Within the range of concentrations from 0.18 to 4 μg/L, the within run imprecision is &lt;10% and the total imprecision is &lt;15%. 
             Sensitivity: The detection limit is 0.03 μg/L. 
           
         
       
     
       Immunohistochemical Assessment of S100β Expression. 
       [0077]    Immunohistochemistry is the localization of antigens in tissue sections by the use of labelled antibodies as specific reagents through antigen-antibody interactions that are visualized by a marker such as an enzyme or a fluorescent label. An unlabelled primary antibody is incubated on the tissue section, binding the antigen of interest. A biotinylated secondary antibody directed against the primary antibody is then applied. A strepavidin-biotin complex (ABC) which possesses biotin binding sites is then added, cross reacts with the biotin molecules on the secondary antibody, amplifying the signal intensity. 
         [0078]    A slide comprising the tissue section is evaluated by light microscopy using the Allred System described in Harvey et al. [5]. First, a proportion score was assigned, which represented the estimated proportion of tumour cells staining positive for S100β (0, none; 1, &lt; 1/100; 2, 1/100 to 1/10; 3, 1/10 to ⅓; 4, ⅓ to ⅔; and 5, &gt;⅔). Next, an intensity score was assigned which represented the average intensity of positive tumour cells (0, none; 1, weak, 2, intermediate; and 3, strong). The proportion and intensity scores were then added to obtain a total score, which ranged from 0 to 8. A score of 3 or greater represents a positive detection within the meaning of the assays of the invention. 
         [0079]    The invention is not limited to the embodiments hereinbefore described which may be varied in construction and detail without departing from the spirit of the invention. 
       REFERENCES 
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         1. Harvey et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 17, 1474[1999] 
         2. Koehler and Milstein (Nature 256:495 [1975]) 
         3. Sumerdon at al, (Nucl. Med. Biol 17:247-254 [1990] 
         5. Griffin et al, (J Clin One 9:631-640 [1991]) 
         5. Lauffer, Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 22:339-342 [1991])