Abstract:
A high Q resonator device is disclosed. The device includes a substrate, a resonator tethered to the substrate by a tether, and an acoustic reflector etched into the substrate and positioned proximate the tether so as to reflect a substantial portion of planar acoustic energy received from the tether back into the tether.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/118,207, entitled “Q ENHANCEMENT IN MICROMACHINED LATERAL-EXTENSIONAL RESONATORS,” filed Nov. 26, 2008, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    This disclosure relates to micromachined devices in general and, more particularly, to micromachined resonators. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Newer mobile devices demand longer battery life, increased functionality, and smaller footprints. As one component utilized to achieve these goals, high-Q micromachined resonators provide an avenue to bring low power multi-modal filters, oscillators, and sensors on-chip. To further increase frequency selectivity (for filters), improve stability, and reduce power consumption in oscillators, the energy loss must be minimized to reach higher Q in resonators. Different sources of loss, including air damping, energy losses through the support, thermo-elastic damping, and internal friction losses must be considered. 
         [0004]    Capacitive single crystalline resonators have repeatedly shown to yield very high Q (tens of thousands) as a result of low internal loss of silicon. However, these devices rarely show low motional impedances at high frequencies. In contrast, piezoelectric resonators, tend to show very small motional impedance and not as high of a quality factor. 
         [0005]    Solidly mounted thickness-mode thin-film resonators may utilize acoustic reflectors to enhance their Q. For these devices, a Bragg reflector containing alternating high and low acoustic velocity materials is deposited in λ/4 (e.g., quarter wavelength) thicknesses under the resonant structure. These alternating layers create an acoustic mirror to reflect energy back to the resonate structure. However, due to the nature of the acoustic waves in a lateral extensional mode resonator, this approach is not applicable. 
         [0006]    What is needed is a device for addressing the above, and related, issues. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0007]    The invention of the present disclosure disclosed and claimed, in one aspect thereof comprises a high Q resonator device. The device includes a substrate, a resonator tethered to the substrate by a tether, and an acoustic reflector etched into the substrate and positioned proximate the tether so as to reflect a substantial portion of planar acoustic energy received from the tether back into the tether. 
         [0008]    In some embodiments, the acoustic reflector is a trench in the substrate substantially shaped as a segment of a circle. The acoustic reflector may further comprise a plurality of etched trenches having a shape substantially of a segment of a circle and having concave sides facing the tether. The trenches may be backfilled with a material having an acoustic impedance substantially different than the silicon substrate. A distance from the reflector to the tether may be about an integer multiple of a half wavelength of a predetermined acoustic energy. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0009]      FIG. 1  is a schematic view of a lateral resonator with reflectors according to aspects of the present disclosure. 
           [0010]      FIG. 2  shows the acoustic equivalent of a support loss mechanism. 
           [0011]      FIGS. 3A-3D  illustrate one example of a process flow for producing resonators according to aspects of the present disclosure. 
           [0012]      FIG. 4  is an SEM of a fabricated ALN-on-Silicon resonator with acoustic wave reflectors. 
           [0013]      FIG. 5  is a simulation of acoustic waves outside a resonator showing circular propagation from support tethers. 
           [0014]      FIG. 6  is a graph showing that the highest Q and support tether length are greatly correlated for resonators fabricated on 20 μm SOI. 
           [0015]      FIG. 7  is a plot showing the maximum measured Q for devices with and without acoustic reflectors fabricated on 3 different SOI wafers. 
           [0016]      FIG. 8  is a graph showing maximum measured Q from resonators without (support length λ/8) and with reflectors (support length λ/4) on 20 μm SOI substrate. 
           [0017]      FIG. 9  is a graph of the highest measured Q for a resonator with reflectors on 20 um SOI under vacuum. 
           [0018]      FIG. 10  shows a SEM of resonator with acoustic wave reflectors. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0019]    This disclosure describes the addition of acoustic wave reflectors to an extensional-mode resonator in order to reduce energy loss. In an extensional-mode resonator one method for loss is through its supports. As the resonator vibrates, it creates acoustic waves that travel down its tethers and out of the device. It will be appreciated that the present disclosure discusses structures and methods to redirect some normally lost acoustic energy back into the device. The air/device or vacuum/device interface in the presently disclosed reflectors acoustically isolates the resonant structure from the rest of the substrate. In one embodiment, the resonator is fabricated using microfabrication technology. The resulting resonators can be used as one-port or two-port devices in signal filters or in oscillator circuits. In such designs it may be beneficial to have a high quality factor (Q) resonator. The acoustic wave reflectors increase Q by returning normally lost energy back into the resonator. 
         [0020]    Referring now to  FIG. 1 , a lateral mode resonator is shown. A portion of a silicon substrate  100  is provided, upon which micro-electrical devices, micro-electro-mechanical devices, and/or other devices may also be formed. It is understood that the silicon substrate  100  is only exemplary and that the methods and structures of the present disclosure may be utilized with other substrates such as quartz, silicon carbide, nano-crystalline diamond, and other substances. An extensional mode resonator  102  with support tethers  104  is provided on the substrate  102 . Acoustic reflectors  106  are provided proximate the supports  104 . The length of the supports is denoted ‘A’, while the device length is shown as ‘B’, and the distance to the reflector  106  from the resonator  102  is denoted ‘C’. 
         [0021]    The location and the shape of the reflectors  106  must be considered in order to have the maximum effect. The acoustic wave reflector  106  may be constructed by etching properly shaped trenches around the tethers  104  that support the resonator  102 . The trench creates a large abrupt contrast in acoustic velocity. At this transition, an impinging wave will be reflected back to the device. The result of this is a resonator with a higher quality factor (Q) than a resonator without the reflector. While not necessarily to scale,  FIGS. 2 and 10  show different embodiments of a circular reflector design on a lateral extensional-mode resonator. It can be seen that the two embodiments are similar, but  FIG. 10  shows multiple trenches acting as a reflector. 
         [0022]    In some embodiments, rather than open trenches, the trenches may be filled with a material having a substantially different acoustic impedance than the substrate  100  in order to tune the performance of the reflectors. The performance of the reflectors may also be tuned by adjusting the shape of the trenches. Semi-circular trenches are shown as examples in the present disclosure, but other shapes, including complex shapes, are also contemplated. The resonators of the present disclosure may also be actuated by a number of different means. These include, but are not limited to, mechanical devices, piezoelectric devices, thermal devices, and capacitive electrodes. 
         [0023]    Utilizing the methods of the present disclosure, unloaded Q values in the range of 14 to 15 thousand are measured in air from third-order A1N-on-silicon resonators at ˜115 MHz. This represents a 50% improvement over the highest Q measured from the same devices without a reflector. Thin-film piezoelectric-on-substrate (TPoS) resonators promise low motional impedances with relatively high Q since they can be made on a thick low-loss substrate material. In lateral-mode TPoS resonators photolithographic parameters determine the operating frequency and, therefore, many frequencies can be realized on one substrate. 
         [0024]    In lateral-mode resonators such as TPoS resonators, waves propagate in the substrate plane, and the small tethers  104  suspend the resonator  102 . Through narrowing the width of the tethers  104  and strategically positioning them on nodal points of the resonance mode, the acoustic energy radiation can be minimized. However, as the resonance frequency increases, the ratio between the tether width and the frequency-defining dimension (e.g. device width in width-extensional resonators) increases quickly. This occurs because the lithographic resolution imposes a lower bound on the tether width. Also, excessively narrowed tethers  104  manipulate the resonator&#39;s electrical characteristic in cases where the signal lines run through the tethers. Therefore, the acoustic energy radiation through the tethers (support loss) can dominate at higher frequencies requiring focus on this loss. 
         [0025]    As stated, this disclosure describes the implementation of reflectors  106  which acoustically isolate the lateral-mode resonator  102  from the rest of the substrate and minimize the support loss. To obtain isolation, the etched reflector trenches  106  create an air/silicon interface that is seen as near zero acoustic impedance from the resonator edge. The results measured from fabricated resonators prove the effectiveness of these acoustic reflectors. 
         [0026]    The support-loss in an acoustic resonator can be modeled by an equivalent transmission-line circuit with the support tethers represented as an acoustic transmission line and the substrate as an acoustic load impedance. In this scenario, a minimum amount of energy should be dissipated in the load, and the transmitted energy should return to the source in phase.  FIG. 2  illustrates this concept. 
         [0027]    In general, the acoustic impedance is defined as the pressure (ρ) divided by the multiplication of particle velocity (ν) and surface area. 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             Z 
             = 
             
               ρ 
               
                 v 
                  
                 
                     
                 
                  
                 S 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0028]    When addressing acoustic impedance, the two extremes, zero acoustic impedance and infinite acoustic impedance, should be observed. For the impedance to be near zero, the acoustic wave-front would hit a boundary of low density material. For the acoustic impedance to be infinite there must be an extremely dense mass that prevents the acoustic wave to travel with any substantial acoustic velocity. This case can be seen as a fixed boundary. For an acoustic wave traveling in silicon, a boundary with vacuum or even air can be seen as zero or near zero impedance. On the other hand near infinite impedance cannot be directly realized. It will be appreciated that, in one embodiment, the present disclosure describes etching a trench into the substrate to create a near-zero acoustic impedance at a fixed distance away from the device. The trench reflects acoustic energy back towards the device. 
         [0029]    In order to minimize energy dissipation in the substrate, the support length (acoustic transmission line) can be theoretically optimized to generate an equivalent zero impedance on the edge of the resonator. However, to fulfill this goal, the acoustic load impedance must be known. Previous studies have attempted to use quarter wavelength supports with the assumption that the load impedance is infinite (fixed boundary). This technique has shown little success to yield high Q for the obvious reason of false boundary assumption. In reality, the load impedance is not infinite and the geometrical and physical properties of the substrate can greatly affect it. For example, process variability, such as unpredictable size of the release cavity under the resonator, can alter the characteristics of the support-to-substrate connection causing the acoustic load impedance to change and hindering the ability to match the acoustic transmission line (e.g. support) to the substrate&#39;s acoustic impedance. 
         [0030]    Assuming that the release cavity is extended to the outer edge of the reflector trench, the acoustic impedance of the load can be regarded the same as the characteristic acoustic impedance of the substrate (Z 0 ). The acoustic impedance seen by the device can then be described as: 
         [0000]        Z   tn   =jZ   0  tan(β l ) 
         [0031]    where β is the wave number, 2π divided by acoustic wavelength, λ, and l is the combined length of the support and the distance of the reflector to support edge (see  FIG. 2 ). Therefore, to minimize acoustic impedance seen by the device, and reduce the amount of energy dissipated to the substrate, a distance, l of λ/2 should be used. 
         [0032]    Referring now to  FIGS. 3A-3D , one example of a process flow for producing resonators as described in the present disclosure is shown. ALN-on-silicon resonators serve as a platform to study the effect of the device geometry and the acoustic reflectors on their Q. Third-order block resonators at ˜115 MHz were fabricated on three different SOI wafer thicknesses (5, 10, and 20 μm) with a stack of molybdenum (Mo)  302 , aluminum nitride (ALN)  304  (a piezoelectric), and Mo  306  sputtered on top ( FIG. 3A ). The top Mo  302  is dry etched to form the top electrodes and traces. The ALN  304  is wet etched to clear access to the bottom electrode ( FIG. 3B ). The resonator body  320  (e.g., resonator  102  of  FIG. 1 ) is defined ( FIG. 3C ) with a dry etch of the ALN  304  followed by a deep silicon trench etch through the device layer silicon  308 . Following this, the backside handle layer silicon  312  is etched with another deep silicon trench etch. This step creates the cavity below the resonator. The final step ( FIG. 3D ) is a wet etch to remove the buried oxide layer  310  and release the structure  320 . 
         [0033]    Acoustic reflectors are etched during the same etching step in which the resonator structure is defined, and therefore, the process flow is unchanged. A SEM of a final device is seen in  FIG. 4 . The top electrodes in these devices are patterned in a two-port inter-digitated configuration to enable excitation of the third-order resonance mode. 
         [0034]    Acoustic wave propagation simulation using a two dimensional representation of the structure provided insight into the shape of the wavefront leaving the support is shown in  FIG. 5 . The simulation was created using acoustic module of COMSOL finite element analysis package. The structure is excited with an acoustic wave at the two ends of the resonator. The frequency of the wave matches the lateral third-harmonic mode of the resonant structure and the silicon properties are use for this simulation. As seen, circular wavefront is formed at the supports and radiates to the absorptive boundary surrounding the structure. The shape of the reflector in this example was matched to this shape to create a uniform reflection of the energy back towards the resonant structure. 
         [0035]    The third-order device shown in  FIG. 4  was the embodiment of a resonator designed and tested for measurement. The dimensions of the resonator, 108 μm wide by 54 μm long and the width of the support tether are kept constant throughout the study and the only parameters changed are the length of the support tether and the distance of the reflector from the support edge. 
         [0036]    Our test setup included an Agilent network analyzer and a SUSS high frequency probe station with GSG probes. The vacuum measurements were carried in a Janis cryogenic probe station using high frequency probes. 
         [0037]    Our measurements on devices without reflectors show that the highest Q is recorded for support tether lengths of λ/8 while λ/4 lengths exhibit lower values. In an ideal case where the acoustic impedance of the substrate is assumed infinite, λ/4 is expected to be the highest. However, as explained in previous sections this assumption is not valid and the maximum may no longer occurs at λ/4.  FIG. 6  is a graph showing that the highest Q and support tether length are greatly correlated for resonators fabricated on 20 μm SOI. 
         [0038]    Across the three thicknesses (5, 10, and 20 μm) a clear distinction can be made. As illustrated in  FIG. 7 , Q increases as the silicon device layer becomes thicker, allowing the silicon device layer physical parameters to dominate over the ALN. 
         [0039]    Our results showed that the maximum quality factor measured from the devices with reflectors is consistently higher than those measured for devices without reflectors. Devices with reflectors measure highest Q when the distance from the device tether  104  to the reflector  106  is near a multiple of λ/2 (see Table 1), an approximately an integer multiple of about half a wavelength. Alternatively, the lowest Q for devices with reflectors is at distances λ/4+nλ/2. These statements follow equation (2) closely. The impedance the device sees is closest to zero at λ/2 and infinite at 3λ/4. 
         [0040]    As illustrated in  FIG. 8 , on the 20 μm SOI, the highest measured unloaded Q (in air) for devices without reflectors is 10100@113.9 MHz. As illustrated in  FIG. 9 , a device with acoustic reflectors positioned at λ/2 exhibits the highest unloaded Q of 14400 in air and 18000 in vacuum ( FIG. 9 ). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Reflector Distance 
                 Max Measured Q 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                  λ/2 
                 14400 
               
               
                   
                 3λ/4 
                 9300 
               
               
                   
                 λ 
                 11200 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0041]    In conclusion, acoustic reflectors were implemented in lateral-mode thin-film piezoelectric-on-substrate resonators to reduce the amount of energy lost through the supports. By combining the effect of the support tether and the acoustic reflectors, a near zero acoustic impedance was created on the edge of the resonator minimizing the support loss. Measured results proved the effectiveness of this technique in improving the quality factor of the resonators. The highest recorded Q of 18,000 in vacuum was measured from a device with reflector at ˜115 MHz upwards of 45% improvement over the highest Q measured from devices without reflector. 
         [0042]    Thus, the present invention is well adapted to carry out the objectives and attain the ends and advantages mentioned above as well as those inherent therein. While presently preferred embodiments have been described for purposes of this disclosure, numerous changes and modifications will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Such changes and modifications are encompassed within the spirit of this invention as defined by the claims.