Abstract:
Low temperature coefficient input offset voltage trim with digital control for bipolar differential transistor amplifiers. The differential input pair of transistors are biased with a current proportional to absolute temperature. Trim current components are generated which also are proportional to absolute temperature and selectively coupled to at least one of the resistive loads to compensate for the original input offset. Control of the coupling of the trim current components preferably is by way of a control word written to and held in a control register. Use of an R-2R ladder using equal trim currents controllably coupled to the nodes of the ladder provide a binary progression in available trim currents. Other embodiments are also disclosed.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   The present invention relates to the field of bipolar differential amplifiers. 
   2. Prior Art 
   Input offset voltage trimming, both at wafer sort and final test, has been used in various guises for decades. 
   It has long been known that the best noise and offset performance is obtained from an input stage comprised of a resistively loaded long tailed pair followed by subsequent gain stages. Such a configuration is shown in outline in  FIG. 1 . There are many ways to trim the input referred offset voltage but the preferred method is by modifying the current in R 1  and R 2 . This can be accomplished, as shown, by changing the value of one of the load resistors, adding a compensating voltage or adding a compensating current. The correction circuitry needs to be implemented for both resistor loads as the error distribution is bipolar. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a diagram of a bipolar differential amplifier illustrating various ways of adjusting the input offset of the amplifier. 
       FIG. 2  is a circuit diagram for a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 3  is a circuit diagram for an alternate embodiment. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   The present invention provides a means of trimming the input offset voltage of an amplifier to approximately zero in a manner resulting in a low temperature coefficient of that offset voltage. The trim mechanism does not degrade inherent noise or offset parameters compared to an untrimmed amplifier. In addition, the trim can be performed under logic signal control, permitting post-package trimming or future recalibration after aging. 
   Justification for the preferred method of the present invention is given in the following analysis of factors that contribute to the input referred offset voltage. Note that the mismatch in Vbe between a matched pair of BJTs (bipolar junction transistors) is given by: 
         Δ   ⁢           ⁢   Vbe     =       v   T     *     ln   ⁡     (       Ic1   Ic2     *     Area2   Area1       )             
 
where:
         V T  is the thermal voltage (KT/q)   Ic1 and Ic2 are the collector currents of transistors Q 1  and Q 2     Area1 and Area2 are the areas of transistors Q 1  and Q 2     Alternatively, Ic1/Area1 and Ic2/Area2 are the current densities in the transistors Q 1  and Q 2         

   The gain of a resistively loaded long tailed BJT pair is: 
       G   =       gm   *   Rc       1   +     gm   *       Rb   ′     β       +     gm   *     RE   ⁡     (       1   +   β     β     )                 
 
where:
         gm is the transconductance of each transistor   Rc is the collector load resistance   Rb′ is the extrinsic base resistance   β is the current gain of each transistor   RE is the extrinsic emitter resistance       

   This gain is temperature independent if the tail bias current is set to ensure that: 
       Ic   =       G   *     V   T         Rc   -       G   *     Rb   ′       β     -       G   *     (     β   +   1     )     *   RE     β             
 
   That is to say, a PTAT (proportional to absolute temperature) characteristic for transistors with large β and low extrinsic resistances. 
   Transistors Q 1  and Q 2   
   ΔVbe—the compensating current will restore the collector current densities to equality. The logarithmic term then becomes zero, and remains zero for all temperatures. This is valid whether I 1  is PTAT or constant, if I ADJ  is a fixed proportion of I 1 . 
   Resistors R 1  and R 2   
   ΔR—this is equivalent to an area mismatch in transistors Q 1  and Q 2  in that it causes a current density mismatch, and hence a ΔVbe in transistors Q 1  and Q 2 , so the reasoning for ΔVbe is valid here also. 
   Transistors Q 3  and Q 4   
   ΔVbe—if the ratio of their collector currents (current densities) remains constant over temperature, then this error will be PTAT. Here again, this will be true, whether the tail current I 2  is PTAT or not. If the compensation current I ADJ  is also PTAT, then this error voltage can be directly compensated over temperature. While the ΔVbe of transistors Q 1  and Q 2  may be compensated whether the tail current I 1  is PTAT or not, simultaneous compensation of the ΔVbe of transistors Q 3  and Q 4  mandates that I 1  also have a PTAT characteristic if the compensation of both transistor pairs is to be accomplished by injection of an appropriate fraction of I 1  as a compensating current into the collector circuit of one of transistors Q 1  and Q 2 . 
   Δβ—beta increases with temperature such that if the transistor is biased with a PTAT current, the resulting base current that is roughly constant over temperature would produce a corresponding offset voltage into resistors R 1  and R 2 . If this voltage is compensated at room temperature by a PTAT I ADJ , then over temperature the resultant PTAT error, divided by the first stage gain, will appear at the input. 
   If transistors Q 3  and Q 4  are biased with a constant current, then the resultant offset voltage into resistors R 1  and R 2  can be compensated roughly over temperature by a PTAT IADJ. Any resultant error is divided by the first stage gain before appearing as an input referred input offset voltage. 
   Transistors Q 5  and Q 6   
   ΔVbe—the mismatch voltage, when applied to resistors R 3  and R 4 , produces a fixed PTAT current error on top of the intended bias current I 2 /2. In order for the ratio of the collector currents to be temperature invariant, as required by transistors Q 3  and Q 4 , current source I 2  must be PTAT. In this case, the ΔVbe is correctly compensated by I ADJ . 
   Resistors R 3  and R 4   
   ΔR—this is equivalent to an area mismatch and hence a ΔVbe in Q 5  and Q 6 , so that same reasoning as for ΔVbe is valid. 
   The circuit in  FIG. 1  is intended to help show the requirements for a circuit that exhibits low input offset voltage temperature drift after offset nulling, namely:
         1. A symmetrical resistively loaded long tailed pair that is PTAT biased.       

   2. A symmetrical high gain second stage that is biased with a constant current if base current mismatch in transistors Q 3  and Q 4  dominates second stage input referred offset voltage contributions, else it is biased by a PTAT current. 
   This particular configuration does not allow the input common mode range to reach down to ground. However, it is relatively simple to reconfigure the second stage to enable a common mode range that includes ground without contravening the requirements or significantly degrading the efficacy of the solution. Similarly, other configurations using standard circuit techniques and optimized for alternative performance parameters can be devised without contravening the requirements. 
   There is a trend towards lower power circuitry, particularly as the level of integration increases. The value of I ADJ  is normally only a few percent of I 1 . The trim range is normally split into 2 N  steps, where N is the number of digital control lines, to enable accurate input offset voltage nulling. Normally the generation of a small current in much smaller accurate increments requires very large device geometries and hence consumes an undesirable area of silicon. The present invention, as shown in  FIG. 2 , provides an economical solution for low power circuits. 
   The circuit in  FIG. 2  is substituted for the collector loads R 1  and R 2  in  FIG. 1 . The circuit comprises an R-2R ladder, represented by R H  and R V , fed by N-1 identical switched current sources that are proportional replicas of I 1  in  FIG. 1 . This forms a binarily scaled current divider that feeds the resultant current into load resistors R T . The current can be shown to be equivalent to a compensation current, as shown in  FIG. 1 , of: 
         I   ADJ     =     k   *     I   1     *     (       R   V         R   V     +     R   T         )     *     (       R   T         R   T     +     R   C         )     *       ∑     n   =   0       n   =     N   -   2         ⁢         b   n     *     2   n         2     N   -   2                 
 
where:
         b N =0 or 1, depending on the respective switch setting       

   Referring again to  FIG. 2 , adding the compensation current I ADJ  to one of the trim resistors R T  does not change the effective load resistance of that leg, as the current sources kI 1  are high impedance sources. Instead, it is equivalent to adding an input offset adjustment voltage in that leg of V ADJ =I ADJ *R T . It is also equivalent to increasing the value of the respective resistor R T  so that the same current through the respective transistor will cause a higher voltage drop across the resistors making up its load. 
   For the binary scaling, it is necessary that R V =2*R H , but there is no ratiometric constraint on R T  with respect to R H . The crossover switch is controlled by the MSB and switches I ADJ  from one side to the other which enables compensation of bipolar distributions with only one network. The current source I 2  preferably is a constant current if base current mismatch in transistors Q 3  and Q 4  dominates second stage input referred offset voltage contributions, or alternatively is preferably biased by a PTAT current, typically proportional to I 1 . 
   In  FIG. 2 , typically the trim resistors R T  are a small percent of the primary load resistors R C . Since the resistance looking into the R-2R ladder is R V , a parallel resistance R V  is shown in the opposite leg to nominally balance the load resistance. Obviously, this resistance may be combined with the resistance of the associated trim resistor R T  as a single resistor. The crossover switch is a two pole, double throw transistor switch, allowing either leg of the trim resistor network to be coupled to either leg of the transistor pair Q 1  and Q 2 —load resistors R C , depending on the polarity of the initial input offset voltage. 
   As an alternative, the resistance R V  shown in parallel in the left leg of  FIG. 2  could instead have a higher resistance, or its resistance may be omitted. Since the effective resistance of the R-2R ladder is R V , and the effect of the adjustment current is equivalent to increasing the value of the resistor R T , the differential input stage will now nominally be biased for an input offset voltage of a fixed polarity, preferably slightly more than the maximum input offset expected. By proper selection of resistor ratios and other parameters, the range of input offset adjustment available may be set at twice the nominally biased input offset. Now the full expected range of input offset may be compensated by the adjustment current I ADJ  without requiring the crossover switch to control the polarity of the input offset as seen by the trim resistors R T . One more bit in the R-2R ladder would be needed to obtain the same minimum increment in adjustability, though no more bits overall would be needed for the adjustment because of the elimination of the crossover switch and its control. Since both a ΔVbe in transistors Q 1  and Q 2  and a load resistor imbalance are compensated for by a PTAT I ADJ , this compensation of the offset of the differential input stage is also good with temperature variations. 
   Referring again to  FIG. 2 , it may be seen that any one or more kI 2  current sources may be switched into a respective node of the R-2R ladder, or coupled to ground. The either/or coupling is preferred over an open circuit, as it provides a fixed load on the current sources, independent of their switch settings. As a further alternative, however, the R V  resistance in the left leg of  FIG. 2  may be eliminated, and in its place and as a replacement for the “or coupled to ground” connections, a second R-2R ladder could be provided (see  FIG. 3 ). Now any I ADJ  current source component may be coupled into either leg, allowing input offset voltage adjustment of either polarity and again eliminating the need for the crossover switch. Again, the crossover switch control bit may be used instead as an additional control bit for one bit longer R-2R ladders. Also now, each current source has twice the effect, though the additional (lower order) bit in the R-2R ladders makes up for this difference. 
   In all of the foregoing embodiments, the control of the crossover switch and/or the switches controlling the binary increments of the compensation current I ADJ  may be the same. Preferably a simple serial interface is used to set a nonvolatile register (see  FIG. 2 ) for storing one control bit for each switch. In this way, amplifier input offset compensation may be done after packaging to also compensate for packaging stresses, and/or may be done after aging, or as often in use as the user desires, typically but not necessarily under software control. The serial interface minimizes pin count, as the present invention amplifiers are normally realized in integrated circuit form as one or more such amplifiers on a single integrated circuit, alone or with other circuitry. Other interfaces, or permanent compensation setting by blowing fuses, etc. could be used, though are not preferred. 
   While certain preferred embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed herein, such disclosure is only for purposes of understanding the exemplary embodiments and not by way of limitation of the invention. It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made in the invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set out in the full scope of the following claims.