Abstract:
The present invention includes an adaptable high-performance node (RXN) with several features that enable it to provide high performance along with adaptability. A preferred embodiment of the RXN includes a run-time configurable data path and control path. The RXN supports multi-precision arithmetic including 8, 16, 24, and 32 bit codes. Data flow can be reconfigured to minimize register accesses for different operations. For example, multiply-accumulate operations can be performed with minimal, or no, register stores by reconfiguration of the data path. Predetermined kernels can be configured during a setup phase so that the RXN can efficiently execute, e.g., Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), Fast-Fourier Transform (FFT) and other operations. Other features are provided.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/800,577, filed May 3, 2007, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/626,833, filed Jul. 23, 2003, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/422,063, filed Oct. 28, 2002, each of the aforementioned applications are incorporated by reference herein. 
     This application is related to the following co-pending U.S. Patent Applications that are each incorporated by reference as if set forth in full in this application: “Input Pipeline Registers For A Node In An Adaptive Computing Engine,” Ser. No. 10/626,479, filed Jul. 23, 2003; “Cache For Instruction Set Architecture Using Indexes To Achieve Compression”, Ser. No. 11/628,083, filed Jul. 24, 2003; “Method For Ordering Operations For Scheduling By A Modulo Scheduler For Processors With A Large Number Of Function Units And Reconfigurable Data Paths”, Ser. No. 10/146,857, filed on May 15, 2002; “Uniform Interface For A Functional Node In An Adaptive Computing Engine”, Ser. No. 10/443,554, filed on May 21, 2003; “Hardware Task Manager For Adaptive Computing”, Ser. No. 10/443,501, filed on May 21, 2003; and “Adaptive Integrated Circuitry With Heterogeneous And Reconfigurable Matrices Of Diverse And Adaptive Computational Units Having Fixed, Application Specific Computational Elements”, Ser. No. 09/815,122, filed on Mar. 22, 2001. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention is related in general to digital processing architectures and more specifically to the use of an adaptable data path using register files to efficiently implement digital signal processing operations. 
     Digital Signal Processing (DSP) calculations require many iterations of fast multiply-accumulate and other operations. Typically, the actual operations are accomplished by “functional units” such as multipliers, adders, accumulators, shifters, etc. The functional units obtain values, or operands, from a fast main memory such as Random Access Memory (RAM). The DSP system can be included within a chip that resides in a device such as a consumer electronic device, computer, etc. 
     The design of a DSP chip can be targeted for specific DSP applications. For example, in a cellular telephone, a DSP chip may be optimized for Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA) processing. A Voice-Over-Internet Protocol (VOIP) application may require vocoding operations, and so on. It is desirable for a chip manufacturer to provide a single chip design that can be adapted to different DSP applications. Such a chip is often described as an adaptable, or configurable, design. 
     One aspect of an adaptable design for a DSP chip includes allowing flexible and configurable routing between the different functional units, memory and other components such as registers, input/output and other resources on the chip. A traditional approach to providing flexible routing uses a data bus. Such an approach is shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     In  FIG. 1 , memory bus  10  interfaces with a memory (not shown) to provide values from the memory to processing components such as functional unit blocks  30 ,  32  and  34 . Values from memory bus  10  are selected and routed through memory bus interface  20  to data path bus  36 . The functional unit blocks are able to obtain values from data path bus  36  by using traditional bus arbitration logic (e.g., address lines, bus busy, etc.). Within a block, such as functional unit block  30  of  FIG. 1 , there may be many different components, such as a bank of multipliers, to which the data from data path bus  36  can be transferred. In this manner, any arbitrary value from memory can be provided to any functional unit block, and to components within blocks of functional units. 
     Values can also be provided between functional unit blocks by using the data path bus. Another resource is register file  60  provided on data path bus  36  by register file interface  50 . Register file  60  includes a bank of fast registers, or fast RAM. Register file interface  50  allows values from data path bus  36  to be exchanged with the register file. Typically, any register or memory location within register file  60  can be placed on data path bus  36  within the same amount of time (e.g., a single cycle). One way to do this is to provide an address to a location in the register file, either on the data path bus, itself, or by using a separate set of address lines. This approach is very flexible in that any value in a component of a functional unit block can be transferred to any location within the register file and vice versa. 
     However, a drawback with the approach of  FIG. 1 , is that such a design is rather expensive to create, slow and does not scale well. A bus approach requires considerable overhead in control circuitry and arbitration logic. This takes up real estate on the silicon chip and increases power consumption. The use of a large, randomly addressable register file also is quite costly and requires inclusion of tens of thousands of additional transistors. The use of such complicated logic often requires bus cycle times to be slower to accommodate all of the switching activity. Finally, such an approach does not scale well since, e.g., adding more and more functional unit blocks will require additional addressing capability that may mean more lines and logic. Additional register file space may also be required. The data path bus would also need to be routed to connect to the added components. Each functional unit block also requires the bus control and arbitration circuitry. 
     Thus, it is desirable to provide an interconnection scheme for digital processor applications that improves over one or more of the above, or other, shortcomings in the prior art. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention uses dedicated groups of configurable data path lines to transfer data values from a main memory to functional units. Each group of data path lines includes a register file dedicated for storage for each group of lines. Functional units can obtain values from, and store values to, main memory and can transfer values among the registers and among other functional units by using the dedicated groups of data path lines and a data address generator (DAG). 
     DAG circuitry interfaces each group of datapath lines to a main memory bus. Each DAG is controllable to select a value of varying bit width from the memory bus, or to select a value from another group of data path lines. In a preferred embodiment, eight groups of 16 data path lines are used. Each group includes a register file of eight 16-bit words on each group of 16 data path lines. Registers can hold a value onto their associated group of data path lines so that the value is available at a later time on the lines without the need to do a later data fetch. 
     In one embodiment the invention provides a data path circuit in a digital processing device, wherein the data path circuit is coupled to a memory bus for obtaining values from a memory, the data path circuit comprising a first plurality of data lines; a first data address generator for coupling the first plurality of data lines to the memory bus so that a value from the memory transferred by the memory bus can be placed onto the first plurality of data lines; one or more functional units for performing a digital operation coupled to the plurality of data lines; and a register coupled to the first plurality of data lines, wherein the register selectively stores a value from the first plurality of data lines so that the value is selectively available on the first plurality of data lines. 
     Another aspect of the invention provides both general and direct data paths between array multipliers and accumulators. Banks of accumulators are coupled to the groups of configurable data path lines and are also provided with direct lines to the multipliers. An embodiment of the invention provides a digital processing system comprising a multiplier; an accumulator; a configurable data path coupled to the multiplier and the accumulator; and a direct data path coupled between the multiplier and the accumulator. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows a prior art approach using a data path bus; 
         FIG. 2A  comprising  FIG. 2A-1  and  FIG. 2A-2  illustrates the configurable data path arrangement of a preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     A preferred embodiment of the invention is incorporated into a node referred to as a Adaptable Node (RXN) in a adaptive computing engine (ACE) manufactured by Quicksilver, Inc., of San Jose, Calif. Details of the ACE engine and RXN node can be found in the priority and related patent applications reference above. Aspects of the invention described herein are adaptable for use with any generalized digital processing system, such as a system adapted for digital signal processing or other types of processing. 
       FIG. 2A  comprising  FIG. 2A-1  and  FIG. 2A-2  illustrates the configurable data path arrangement according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
     In  FIG. 2A , digital processing system  100  is designed for fast DSP-type processing such as in discrete cosine transformation (DCT), fast fourier transformation (FFT), etc. Digital processing system  100  includes four 32-bit data path address generators (DAG) to interface between four groups of configurable data path lines  200  and a main memory bus  110 . Main memory bus  110  is an arbitrated high-speed bus as is known in the art. Other types of main memory accessing can be used. 
     Each group of 32 lines includes two subgroups of 16 lines each. Each subgroup is connected to a register file of eight 16-bit words. For example, DAG  120  is connected to register files  180  and  182 . DAG  122  is connected to register files  184  and  186 . Similarly, DAGs  124  and  126  are connected to register files  188 ,  190  and  192 ,  194 , respectively. Naturally, other embodiments can use any number of DAGs, groups, and subgroups register files. Although specific bit widths, numbers of lines, components, etc., and specific connectivity are described, many variations are possible and are within the scope of the invention. Although the DAGs play a major role in the preferred embodiment, other embodiments can use other types of interfacing to the main memory bus. Although the DAGs provide a high degree of configurable routing options (as discussed below), other embodiments can vary in the degree of configurability, and in the specific configuration options and control methods. In some cases, simple registers, register files, multiplexers or other components might be used in place of the DAGs of the present invention. 
     The use of register files on each of the discrete subgroup lines simplifies the interconnection architecture from that of the more generalized bus and multiport register file shown in  FIG. 1  of the prior art. This approach can also provide benefits in reduced transistor count, power consumption, improved scalability, efficient data access and other advantages. Although configuring the data path of the present invention may be more complex than with generalized approaches, in practice, a compiler is able to automatically handle the configuration transparently to a human programmer. This allows creation of faster-executing code for a variety of DSP applications by using the same hardware architecture without placing any undue burden on the programmer. If desired, a programmer can customize the data path configuration in order to further optimize processing execution. 
     Groups of data path lines  200  are used to transfer data from memory bus  110  to functional units within blocks  130  and  132 , and also to transfer data among the functional units, themselves. The functional unit blocks are essentially the same so only block  130  is discussed in detail. Functional units include Programmable Array Multipliers (PAMs)  140 , accumulators (and shift registers)  150 , data cache  160  and Arithmetic/Logic Units (ALUs)  170  and  172 . Naturally, the functional units used in any specific embodiment can vary in number and type from that shown in  FIG. 2A . 
     Functional units are connected to the data path line groups via multiplexers and demultiplexers such as  210  and  220 , respectively. Inputs and Outputs (I/Os) from the functional units can, optionally, use multiplexing to more than one subgroup of data path lines; or an I/O can be connected directly to one subgroup. A preferred embodiment uses pipeline registers between I/O ports and data path lines, as shown by boxes labeled “p” in  FIG. 2A . Pipeline registers allow holding data at I/O ports, onto data lines, or for other purposes. The pipeline registers also allow obtaining a zero, 1, or other desired binary values and provide other advantages. Pipeline registers are described in more detail in the co-pending patent application “Input Pipeline Registers For A Node In An Adaptive Computing Engine” referenced above. 
     Table I, below, shows DAG operations. The configuration of the data path from cycle to cycle is set by a control word, or words obtained from the main memory bus in accordance with controller modules such as a hardware task manager, scheduler and other processes and components not shown in  FIG. 2A  but discussed in related patent applications. Part of the configuration information includes fields for DAG operations. A DAG operation can change from cycle to cycle and includes reading data of various widths from memory or from another DAG. DAG operations other than those shown in Table I can be used. Each DAG has one 5-bit ‘dag-op’ field and one 4-bit ‘address’ field. There is a single ‘pred’ field that defines non-sequencing operations. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE I 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Dag-op 
                 Mnemonic 
                 Description 
                 Cycles 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 0x00 
                 read8 
                 Read 8-bits from memory 
                 1 
               
               
                 0x01 
                 read8x 
                 Read 8-bits from memory and sign extend to 32-bits 
                 1 
               
               
                 0x02 
                 read16 
                 Read 16-bits from memory 
                 1 
               
               
                 0x03 
                 readl6x 
                 Read 16-bits from memory and sign extend to 32-bits 
                 1 
               
               
                 0x04 
                 read24 
                 Read 24-bits from memory 
                 1 
               
               
                 0x05 
                 read24x 
                 Read 24-bits from memory and sign extend to 32-bits 
                 1 
               
               
                 0x06 
                 read32 
                 Read 32-bits from memory 
                 1 
               
               
                 0x07 
                 write8 
                 Write 8-bits to memory 
                 1 
               
               
                 0x08 
                 writel6 
                 Write 16-bits to memory 
                 1 
               
               
                 0x09 
                 write24 
                 Write 24-bits to memory 
                 1 
               
               
                 0x0A 
                 write32 
                 Write 32-bits to memory 
                 1 
               
               
                 0xB 
                 writeMindp 
                 Write 32-bits (only mode supported) to MIN write queue from the data path 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 buses 
                   
               
               
                 0x0C 
                 writeMinM 
                 Write 32-bits (only mode supported) to MIN write queue from a 32-bit memory 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 read. 
                 (pipelined) 
               
               
                 0x0D 
                 readdag16 
                 Read a 16 bit value from one DAG register 
                 0 
               
               
                 0x0E 
                 readdag32 
                 Read a 32 bit value from two DAG registers 
                 0 
               
               
                 0x0F 
                 load32dp 
                 Load two 16-bit DAG registers or 32-bit write buffer using 32-bit data in 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 dp2n:dp2n + 1 connecting to DAGn 
                   
               
               
                 0x10 
                 load16dpn 
                 Load a DAG register from an even data path bus 
                 1 
               
               
                 0x11 
                 load16dpn + 1 
                 Load a DAG register from an odd data path bus 1 
                   
               
               
                 0x12 
                 modify 
                 Modify address but do not do a memory access. 
                 1 
               
               
                 0x13 
                 Dagnoop 
                 Do nothing. All DAG operations execute every clock cycle until this operation 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 is chosen 
                   
               
               
                 0x14 
                 Dagcont 
                 Continue the previous operation 
                 1 
               
               
                 0x15 
                 writePA 
                 Writes 32-bits of data from memory into ‘tfrl’ or ‘tbrl’ 
                 1 
               
               
                 0x16 
                 writeMinbuf 
                 Write 32-bits to MIN write queue from buffer 
                 1 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     For dag-op: 0x00 to 0x0A, 0x0C and 0x12 the DAG operation format of Table II applies. The address field is divided into action and context as shown. 
                                 TABLE II                                                                                  
Action
 
     The ‘action’ field describes the address modification/generation process using a set of registers (base, limit, index and delta) pointed to by the ‘context’ field. 
                                   TABLE 1                   DAG address calculation            action   Operation   Description               00   Supply an address   Address = Base + Index           and post modify   Index = Index + delta (delta is a               signed value)               If Index &gt;= limit, Index = Index − limit               If Index &lt;0, Index = limit + Index       01   Supply a pre-   Index = Index + delta (delta is a           modified address   signed value)               If Index &gt;= limit, Index = Index − limit               If Index &lt;0, Index = limit + Index               Address = Base + Index       11   Supply a bit-   Address = Base + B-Index           reversed address   B-Index = reverse carry add (Index + delta)               (delta is a signed value)               If Index &gt;= limit, Index = Index − Limit               If Index &lt;0, Index = limit + Index                    
Context
 
     The ‘context’ field is used to point at a specific DAG setting (base, limit, index and delta) on which an ‘action’ is performed or a DAG register is accessed (II) 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 context encoding 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Context 
                 Operation 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 00 
                 Use setting - basen.0, limitn.0, indexn.0, deltan.0 for DAGn 
               
               
                 01 
                 Use setting - basen.1, limitn.1, indexn.1, deltan.1 for DAGn 
               
               
                 10 
                 Use setting - basen.2, limitn.2, indexn.2, deltan.2 for DAGn 
               
               
                 11 
                 Use setting - basen.3, limitn.3, indexn.3, deltan.3 for DAGn 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     For convenience, an ACTION function is defined according to the action table—ACTION (action, context) where ‘action’ and ‘context’ refer to the DAG operation fields. This function is used in the individual DAG operation descriptions. 
     (II) For dag-op: 0x0D to 0x11 the following DAG operation format applies: 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The ‘dag-reg’ field is used to identify a specific 16-bit register (base or limit or index or delta) within a DAG ‘context’ as specified by the dag-reg table (below) 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 dag-reg encoding for dag-op 0x0D, 0x10 and 0x11 
               
             
          
           
               
                 dag-reg 
                 Register 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 00 
                 base 
               
               
                 01 
                 limit 
               
               
                 10 
                 index 
               
               
                 11 
                 delta 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     For operations 0x0E and 0x0F, the dag-reg field is used to address 2 DAG registers—base and limit or index and delta or a write buffer location. In this case, the ‘dag-reg’ table is as follows: 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 dag-reg encoding for dag-op 0x0E 
               
             
          
           
               
                 dag-reg 
                 Register 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0X 
                 Base and limit 
               
               
                 1X 
                 Index and delta 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 X - don&#39;t care 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 dag-reg encoding for dag-op 0x0F 
               
             
          
           
               
                 dag-reg 
                 Register 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 00 
                 Base and limit 
               
               
                 10 
                 Index and delta 
               
               
                 11 
                 Location ‘n’ of write buffer for DAGn 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 01 - undefined 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     (III) For dag-op: 0x0B, 0x13, 0x14, and 0x16 the following DAG operation format applies: 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The address field in this case is unused, which is represented as “0” in the RXN. 
     (IV) For dag-op: 0x15 the following DAG operation format applies: 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The ‘T-frl/brl’ field is used to choose between the translation frl and the translation brl 
     
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 T-frl/brl 
                 Operation 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 0 
                 The ‘idx’ field points to T-frl 
               
               
                 1 
                 The ‘idx’ field points to T-brl 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The T-frl and T-brl each have 5 32-bit locations. The ‘idx’ field is used to address these five locations 
                                 add   Operation                   000   Location 0       001   Location 1       010   Location 2       011   Location 3       100   Location 4       101   Location 5                    
Pred
 
     The universal ‘pred’ field along with the ‘s’ bit determines whether a DAG operation is executed or not executed. When a DAG operation is ‘not executed’ due to its predication, the last executed DAG operation executes again. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Pred field encoding 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Pred 
                 Description 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 00 
                 Never execute 
               
               
                 01 
                 Always execute (execute specified operations) 
               
               
                 10 
                 Execute if condition is true (“s” bit is set) (execute specified 
               
               
                   
                 operation) 
               
               
                   
                 If condition is false (“s” bit is not set) (do not execute the DAG 
               
               
                   
                 operation) 
               
               
                 11 
                 Execute if condition is false (“s” bit is not set) (execute specified 
               
               
                   
                 operation) 
               
               
                   
                 If condition is true (“s” bit is set) (do not execute the DAG 
               
               
                   
                 operation) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Note: All DAG operations execute every clock cycle until “dagnoop” operation is chosen. 
     Although the invention has been discussed with respect to specific embodiments thereof, these embodiments are merely illustrative, and not restrictive, of the invention. For example, although the node has been described as part of an adaptive computing machine, or environment, aspects of the filter node design, processing and functions can be used with other types of systems. In general, the number of lines and specific interconnections can vary in different embodiments. Specific components, e.g., the data address generator, can be implemented in different ways in different designs. Components may be omitted, substituted or implemented with one or more of the same or different components. For example, a data address generator can be substituted with a general register, or it can be a different component responsive to a control word. Many variations are possible. 
     Thus, the scope of the invention is to be determined solely by the claims.