Abstract:
The present invention is directed to novel thiazoline derivatives of the general formula (I)  
                         
wherein all variables are as herein defined, pharmaceutical compositions containing them and their use in the treatment of disorders and conditions modulated by the androgen receptor.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     The present invention is directed to novel thiazoline derivatives, pharmaceutical compositions containing them and their use in the treatment of disorders and conditions modulated by the androgen receptor. More particularly, the compounds of the present invention are useful in the treatment of prostate carcinoma, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), hirsitutism, alopecia, anorexia nervosa, breast cancer, acne, AIDS, cachexia, as a male contraceptive, and as a male performance enhancer.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     Androgens are the anabolic steroid hormones of animals, controlling muscle and skeletal mass, the maturation of the reproductive system, the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the maintenance of fertility in the male. In women, testosterone is converted to estrogen in most target tissues, but androgens themselves may play a role in normal female physiology, for example, in the brain. The chief androgen found in serum is testosterone, and this is the effective compound in tissues such as the testes and pituitary. In prostate and skin, testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the action of 5α-reductase. DHT is a more potent androgen than testosterone because it binds more strongly to the androgen receptor.  
         [0003]     Like all steroid hormones, androgens bind to a specific receptor inside the cells of target tissues, in this case the androgen receptor. This is a member of the nuclear receptor transcription factor family. Binding of androgen to the receptor activates it and causes it to bind to DNA binding sites adjacent to target genes. From there it interacts with coactivator proteins and basic transcription factors to regulate the expression of the gene. Thus, via its receptor, androgens cause changes in gene expression in cells. These changes ultimately have consequences on the metabolic output, differentiation or proliferation of the cell that are visible in the physiology of the target tissue.  
         [0004]     Although modulators of androgen receptor function have been employed clinically for some time, both the steroidal (Basaria, S., Wahlstrom, J. T., Dobs, A. S.,  J. Clin Endocrinol Metab  (2001), 86, pp5108-5117; Shahidi, N. T.,  Clin Therapeutics , (2001), 23, pp1355-1390), and non-steroidal (Newling, D. W.,  Br. J. Urol ., 1996, 77 (6), pp 776-784) compounds have significant liabilities related to their pharmacological parameters, including gynecomastia, breast tenderness and hepatoxicity. In addition, drug-drug interactions have been observed in patients receiving anticoagulation therapy using coumarins. Finally, patients with aniline sensitivities could be compromised by the metabolites of non-steroidal antiandrogens.  
         [0005]     Non-steroidal agonists and antagonists of the androgen receptor are useful in the treatment of a variety of disorders and diseases. More particularly, agonists of the androgen receptor could be employed in the treatment of prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia, hirsutism in women, alopecia, anorexia nervosa, breast cancer and acne. Antagonists of the androgen receptor could be employed in male contraception, male performance enhancement, as well as in the treatment of cancer, AIDS, cachexia, and other disorders.  
         [0006]     Nonetheless, there exists a need for small molecule, non-steroidal antagonists of the androgen receptor. We now describe a novel series of thiazoline derivatives as androgen receptor modulators.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0007]     The present invention is directed to a compound of formula (I)  
                         
        wherein     R 1  is selected from the group consisting of aryl and heteroaryl; wherein the heteroaryl group is bound through a carbon atom;     wherein the aryl or heteroaryl group is optionally substituted with one to four substituent independently selected from halogen, alkyl, halogen substituted alkyl, lower alkyl ester, cyano, N(R A ) 2 C(O)—, lower alkyl-C(O)—NR A —, lower alkyl-S(O) 0-2 —, phenyl-S(O) 0-2 , lower alkyl-S(O) 0-2 —NR A —, phenyl-S(O) 0-2 —NR A — and trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl;     wherein the phenyl is optionally substituted with one or more substitutents independently selected from halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, carboxy, cyano, nitro, amino, lower alkylamino or di(lower alkyl)amino;     R A  is independently selected from hydrogen or lower alkyl;     R 2  and R 2a  are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl and halogen substituted lower alkyl;     R 3  is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl;     R 4  is selected from the group consisting of aryl and heteroaryl; wherein the heteroaryl group is bound through a carbon atom;     wherein the aryl or heteroaryl group is optionally substituted with one to four substituent independently selected from halogen, alkyl, halogen substituted alkyl, lower alkyl ester, cyano, N(R A ) 2 C(O)—, lower alkyl-C(O)—NR A —, lower alkyl-S(O) 0-2 —, phenyl-S(O) 0-2 , lower alkyl-S(O) 0-2 —NR A , phenyl-S(O) 0-2 —NR A — and trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl;     wherein the phenyl is optionally substituted with one or more substitutents independently selected from halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, carboxy, cyano, nitro, amino, lower alkylamino or di(lower alkyl)amino;     R 5  is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl and halogen substituted lower alkyl;     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.        
 
         [0020]     Illustrative of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any of the compounds described above. An illustration of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition made by mixing any of the compounds described above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Illustrating the invention is a process for making a pharmaceutical composition comprising mixing any of the compounds described above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.  
         [0021]     Exemplifying the invention are methods of treating disorders and conditions modulated by the androgen receptor in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds or pharmaceutical compositions described above.  
         [0022]     An example of the invention is a method for treating an androgen receptor modulated disorder selected from the group consisting of prostate carcinoma, benign prostatic hyperplasia, hirsutism, or for male contraception, in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of any of the compounds or pharmaceutical compositions described above.  
         [0023]     Another example of the invention is the use of any of the compounds described herein in the preparation of a medicament for treating: (a) prostate carcinoma, (b) benign prostatic hyperplasia, (c) hirsutism, (d) alopecia, (e) anorexia nervosa, (f) breast cancer, (g) acne, (h) AIDS, (i) cachexia, for (j) male contraception, or for (k) male performance enhancement, in a subject in need thereof.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0024]     The present invention is directed to compounds of formula (I)  
                         
        wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 2a , R 3 , R 4  and R are as herein defined, useful as selective androgen receptor modulators for the treatment of prostate carcinoma, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), hirsitutism, alopecia, anorexia nervosa, breast cancer, acne, AIDS, cachexia, as a male contraceptive, and as a male performance enhancer.        
 
         [0026]     In an embodiment of the present invention R 1  is aryl, wherein the aryl group is optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from halogen, lower alkyl, halogen substituted lower alkyl, lower alkyl ester, cyano, N(R A ) 2 C(O)—, lower alkyl-C(O)—NR , lower alkyl-S(O) 0-2 —, phenyl-S(O) 0-2 , lower alkyl-S(O) 0-2 —NR A —, phenyl-S(O) 0-2 —NR A — and trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl-; and wherein the phenyl is optionally substituted with one or more substitutents independently selected from halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, carboxy, cyano, nitro, amino, lower alkylamino or di(lower alkyl)amino.  
         [0027]     In another embodiment of the present invention, R 1  is heteroaryl, wherein the heteroaryl group is optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from halogen, lower alkyl, halogen substituted lower alkyl, lower alkyl ester, cyano, N(R A ) 2 C(O)—, lower alkyl-C(O)—NR A —, lower alkyl-S(O) 0-2 —, phenyl-S(O) 0-2 , lower alkyl-S(O) 0-2 —NR A —, phenyl-S(O) 0-2 —NR A — and trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl-; and wherein the phenyl is optionally substituted with one or more substitutents independently selected from halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, carboxy, cyano, nitro, amino, lower alkylamino or di(lower alkyl)amino.  
         [0028]     In another embodiment of the present invention, R 1  is aryl, wherein the aryl group is optionally substituted with a halogen. Preferably, R 1  is selected from the group consisting of 4-fluorophenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl and 3-chlorophenyl. More preferably, R 1  is selected from the group consisting of 4-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl and 4-chlorophenyl. More preferably still, R 1  is selected from the group consisting of 4-fluorophenyl and 4-chlorophenyl.  
         [0029]     In an embodiment of the present invention R A  is hydrogen or methyl.  
         [0030]     In an embodiment of the present invention, R 2  is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl and trifluoromethyl. Preferably R 2  is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl and trifluoromethyl. More preferably, R 2  is hydrogen or methyl. More preferably still, R 2  is hydrogen.  
         [0031]     In an embodiment of the present invention, R 2a  is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl and trifluoromethyl. Preferably R 2a  is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl and trifluoromethyl. More preferably, R 2a  is hydrogen or methyl. More preferably still, R 2a  is hydrogen.  
         [0032]     In an embodiment of the present invention, R 3  is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl, preferably R 3  is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and methyl; more preferably R 3  is hydrogen.  
         [0033]     In an embodiment of the present invention R 4  is aryl, wherein the aryl group is optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from halogen, lower alkyl, halogen substituted lower alkyl, lower alkyl ester, cyano, N(R A ) 2 C(O)—, lower alkyl-C(O)—NR A —, lower alkyl-S(O) 0-2 —, phenyl-S(O) 0-2 , lower alkyl-S(O) 0-2 —NR A —, phenyl-S(O) 0-2 —NR A — and trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl-; and wherein the phenyl is optionally substituted with one or more substitutents independently selected from halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, carboxy, cyano, nitro, amino, lower alkylamino or di(lower alkyl)amino.  
         [0034]     In another embodiment of the present invention, R 4  is heteroaryl, wherein the heteroaryl group is optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from halogen, lower alkyl, halogen substituted lower alkyl, lower alkyl ester, cyano, N(R A ) 2 C(O)—, lower alkyl-C(O)—NR A —, lower alkyl-S(O) 0-2 —, phenyl-S(O) 0-2 , lower alkyl-S(O) 0-2 —NR A —, phenyl-S(O) 0-2 —NR A — and trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl-; and wherein the phenyl is optionally substituted with one or more substitutents independently selected from halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, carboxy, cyano, nitro, amino, lower alkylamino or di(lower alkyl)amino.  
         [0035]     In another embodiment of the present invention, R 4  is aryl, wherein the aryl group is substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from halogen, cyano, nitro, lower alkyl, halogen substituted lower alkyl and trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl. Preferably, R 4  is selected from the group consisting of 4-chlorophenyl, 4-cyanophenyl, 3-trifluoromethyl-4-cyano-phenyl, 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitro-phenyl, 3-trifluoromethyl-4-chloro-phenyl, 3-trifluoromethyl-4-fluoro-phenyl, 2, 5-difuoro-4-cyano-phenyl, 2-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl and 4-trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl-phenyl. More preferably, R 4  is selected from the group consisting of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-cyano-phenyl, 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitro-phenyl, 3-trifluoromethyl-4-chloro-phenyl and 4-trifluoromethylsulfonyl-phenyl. More preferably still, R 4  is selected from the group consisting of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitro-phenyl and 3-trifluoromethyl-4-chloro-phenyl.  
         [0036]     In an embodiment of the present invention, R 5  is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl and trifluoromethyl. Preferably R 5  is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl and trifluoromethyl. More preferably, R 5  is hydrogen or methyl. More preferably still, R 5  is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and methyl.  
         [0037]     Representative compounds of the instant invention were prepared from L-amino acids according to the processes described herein and are as listed in Table 1 below. Stereoconfiguration of the final product was not determined.  
                                                                   TABLE 1                                                                                  Cmpd #   R 1     R 2     R 2a     R 5     R 4                      1   4-flu-   H   H   H   3-trifluoro-methyl-4-cya-           oro-phenyl               no-phenyl       2   4-flu-   H   H   H   4-cyano-phenyl           oro-phenyl       3   3-flu-   H   H   H   3-trifluoro-methyl-4-cya-           oro-phenyl               no-phenyl       4   4-flu-   H   H   H   3-trifluoro-methyl-4-ni-           oro-phenyl               tro-phenyl       5   4-flu-   H   H   H   3-trifluoro-meth-           oro-phenyl               yl-4-chloro-phenyl       7   4-flu-   H   H   H   3-trifluoro-meth-           oro-phenyl               yl-4-fluoro-phenyl       9   4-chlo-   H   H   H   3-trifluoro-meth-           ro-phenyl               yl-4-cyano-phenyl       10   4-chlo-   H   H   H   3-trifluoro-methyl-4-ni-           ro-phenyl               tro-phenyl       11   4-chlo-   H   H   H   3-trifluoro-meth-           ro-phenyl               yl-4-chloro-phenyl       12   4-flu-   H   H   meth-   3-trifluoro-meth-           oro-phenyl           yl   yl-4-chloro-phenyl       13   4-flu-   H   H   meth-   3-trifluoro-methyl-4-ni-           oro-phenyl           yl   tro-phenyl       14   4-chlo-   H   H   H   3-trifluoro-meth-           ro-phenyl               yl-4-fluoro-phenyl       15   4-chlo-   H   H   H   3-trifluoro-meth-           ro-phenyl               yl-4-fluoro-phenyl       16   4-chlo-   H   H   H   4-chloro-phenyl           ro-phenyl       17   3-flu-   H   H   H   3-trifluoro-meth-           oro-phenyl               yl-4-chloro-phenyl       18   3-flu-   H   H   H   3-trifluoro-meth-           oro-phenyl               yl-4-fluoro-phenyl       19   4-flu-   meth-   meth-   H   3-trifluoro-meth-           oro-phenyl   yl   yl       yl-4-cyano-phenyl       20   4-flu-   meth-   meth-   H   3-trifluoro-methyl-4-ni-           oro-phenyl   yl   yl       tro-phenyl       21   4-flu-   meth-   meth-   H   3-trifluoro-meth-           oro-phenyl   yl   yl       yl-4-chloro-phenyl       22   4-chlo-   meth-   meth-   H   3-trifluoro-meth-           ro-phenyl   yl   yl       yl-4-chloro-phenyl       23   4-chlo-   meth-   meth-   H   2,5-difluoro-4-cyano-phenyl           ro-phenyl   yl   yl       24   4-chlo-   H   H   H   2-fluoro-3-tri-           ro-phenyl               fluoro-methyl-phenyl       25   4-flu-   H   H   H   2-fluoro-3-tri-           oro-phenyl               fluoro-methyl-phenyl       26   3-chlo-   H   H   H   3-trifluoro-meth-           ro-phenyl               yl-4-chloro-phenyl       27   3-chlo-   H   H   H   3-trifluoro-methyl-4-cya-           ro-phenyl               no-phenyl       28   4-flu-   H   H   H   4-trifluoro-meth-           oro-phenyl               yl-sulfonyl-phenyl       29   4-chlo-   H   H   H   4-trifluoro-meth-           ro-phenyl               yl-sulfonyl-phenyl       30   3-chlo-   H   H   H   3-trifluoro-methyl-4-ni-           ro-phenyl               tro-phenyl       31   3-chlo-   H   H   H   4-trifluoro-meth-           ro-phenyl               yl-sulfonyl-phenyl       32   3-chlo-   H   H    H   2-fluoro-3-tri-           ro-phenyl               fluoro-methyl-phenyl       33   4-flu-   H   H   meth-   3-trifluoro-meth-           oro-phenyl           yl   yl-4-cyano-phenyl                  
 
         [0038]     As used herein, “halogen” shall mean chlorine, bromine, fluorine and iodine.  
         [0039]     As used herein, the term “alkyl” whether used alone or as part of a substituent group, include straight and branched chains. For example, alkyl radicals include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl and the like. Unless otherwise noted, “lower” when used with alkyl means a carbon chain composition of 1-4 carbon atoms.  
         [0040]     As used herein, unless otherwise noted, the term “halogen substituted lower alkyl” shall mean a lower alkyl group as defined above wherein one or more of the hydrogen atoms is replaced with halogen atoms. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to trifluoromethyl, 1,1,1-trifluoro-ethyl, chloromethyl, fluoromethyl and the like.  
         [0041]     As used herein, unless otherwise noted, “alkoxy” shall denote an oxygen ether radical of the above described straight or branched chain alkyl groups. For example, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, sec-butoxy, t-butoxy, n-hexyloxy and the like.  
         [0042]     As used herein, unless otherwise noted, “aryl” shall refer to unsubstituted carbocylic aromatic groups such as phenyl, naphthyl, and the like.  
         [0043]     As used herein, unless otherwise noted, “heteroaryl” shall denote any five or six membered monocyclic aromatic ring structure containing at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, optionally containing one to three additional heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, N and S; or a nine or ten membered bicyclic aromatic ring structure containing at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, optionally containing one to four additional heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, N and S. Examples of suitable heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrrolyl, furyl, thienyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, purazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyranyl, furazanyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isoindolinyl, indazolyl, benzofuryl, benzothienyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, purinyl, quinolizinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, and the like.  
         [0044]     As used herein, the notation “*” shall denote the presence of a stereogenic center.  
         [0045]     When a particular group is “substituted” (e.g., Phe, aryl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl), that group may have one or more substituents, preferably from one to five substituents, more preferably from one to three substituents, most preferably from one to two substituents, independently selected from the list of substituents.  
         [0046]     With reference to substituents, the term “independently” means that when more than one of such substituents is possible, such substituents may be the same or different from each other.  
         [0047]     Under standard nomenclature used throughout this disclosure, the terminal portion of the designated side chain is described first, followed by the adjacent functionality toward the point of attachment. Thus, for example, a 
        “phenylC 1 -C 6 alkylaminocarbonylC 1 -C 6 alkyl” substituent refers to a group of the formula  
                         
       
 
         [0049]     Under the standard nomenclature used throughout this disclosure substituents on the core thiazoline group will be designated as bound at the following positions of attachment:  
                         
 
         [0050]     Abbreviations used in the specification, particularly the Schemes and Examples, are as follows:  
                                                       DCE =   Dichloroethane           DIPEA or DIEA or   Diisopropylethylamine           iPr 2 NEt =           DMAP =   4-N,N-Dimethylaminopyridine           DMF =   N,N-Dimethylformamide           DMPU =   1,3-Dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)-               pyrimidine           Et =   Ethyl           Et 3 N =   Triethylamine           EtOAc =   Ethyl Acetate           iPr =   Isopropyl           PyBrOP =   Bromo-tris-pyrrolidino-phosphonium               hexafluorophosphate           TEA =   Triethylamine           THF =   Tetrahydrofuran                      
 
         [0051]     The term “subject” as used herein, refers to an animal, preferably a mammal, most preferably a human, who has been the object of treatment, observation or experiment.  
         [0052]     The term “therapeutically effective amount” as used herein, means that amount of active compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological or medicinal response in a tissue system, animal or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician, which includes alleviation of the symptoms of the disease or disorder being treated.  
         [0053]     As used herein, the term “composition” is intended to encompass a product comprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combinations of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts.  
         [0054]     Where the compounds according to this invention have at least one chiral center, they may accordingly exist as enantiomers. Where the compounds possess two or more chiral centers, they may additionally exist as diastereomers. It is to be understood that all such isomers and mixtures thereof are encompassed within the scope of the present invention. Furthermore, some of the crystalline forms for the compounds may exist as polymorphs and as such are intended to be included in the present invention. In addition, some of the compounds may form solvates with water (i.e., hydrates) or common organic solvents, and such solvates are also intended to be encompassed within the scope of this invention.  
         [0055]     Where the processes for the preparation of the compounds according to the invention give rise to mixture of stereoisomers, these isomers may be separated by conventional techniques such as preparative chromatography. The compounds may be prepared in racemic form, or individual enantiomers may be prepared either by enantiospecific synthesis or by resolution. The compounds may, for example, be resolved into their component enantiomers by standard techniques, such as the formation of diastereomeric pairs by salt formation with an optically active acid, such as (−)-di-p-toluoyl-D-tartaric acid and/or (+)-di-p-toluoyl-L-tartaric acid followed by fractional crystallization and regeneration of the free base. The compounds may also be resolved by formation of diastereomeric esters or amides, followed by chromatographic separation and removal of the chiral auxiliary. Alternatively, the compounds may be resolved using a chiral HPLC column.  
         [0056]     During any of the processes for preparation of the compounds of the present invention, it may be necessary and/or desirable to protect sensitive or reactive groups on any of the molecules concerned. This may be achieved by means of conventional protecting groups, such as those described in  Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry , ed. J. F. W. McOmie, Plenum Press, 1973; and T. W. Greene &amp; P. G. M. Wuts,  Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis , John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1991. The protecting groups may be removed at a convenient subsequent stage using methods known from the art.  
         [0057]     The present invention includes within its scope prodrugs of the compounds of this invention. In general, such prodrugs will be functional derivatives of the compounds which are readily convertible in vivo into the required compound. Thus, in the methods of treatment of the present invention, the term “administering” shall encompass the treatment of the various disorders described with the compound specifically disclosed or with a compound which may not be specifically disclosed, but which converts to the specified compound in vivo after administration to the patient. Conventional procedures for the selection and preparation of suitable prodrug derivatives are described, for example, in “Design of Prodrugs”, ed. H. Bundgaard, Elsevier, 1985.  
         [0058]     Compounds of formula (I) wherein R 5  is hydrogen may be prepared according to the process outlined in Scheme 1.  
                         
 
         [0059]     Accordingly, a suitably substituted compound of formula (II), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, is reacted with a compound of formula (III), wherein A 1  is a lower alkyl, a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of an acid such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and the like, optionally in an organic solvent such as diethyl ether, and the like, to promote solubility, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (IV)  
         [0060]     The compound of formula (IV) is reacted with a suitably substituted compound of formula (V), wherein A 2  is a lower alkyl, a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of a base such as TEA, DIPEA, pyridine, and the like, in an organic solvent such as DCE, methylene chloride, THF, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VI).  
         [0061]     The compound of formula (VI) is reacted with a base such as KOH, NaOH, LiOH, and the like, in an organic solvent such as THF, dioxane, water, and the like, in the presence of water, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VII).  
         [0062]     The compound of formula (VII) is reacted with a suitably substituted compound of formula (VIII), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of a catalyst or catalyst pair such as PyBrOP and DMAP, DCC and DMAP, EDCI and HOBT, and the like, in the presence of a base such as DIPEA, TEA, pyridine, and the like, in an aprotic solvent such as DMF, DCE, DCM, and the like, preferably in an anhydrous aprotic solvent, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Ia).  
         [0063]     Compounds of formula (I) wherein R 5  is other than hydrogen may be prepared according to the process outlined in Scheme 2.  
                         
 
         [0064]     Accordingly, a compound of formula (IX), wherein a known compound or compound prepared by known methods (for example, according to the process disclosed by Pattende, G., et al.,  Tetrahedron , (1993), 49(10), pp2131-2138) is reacted with thionyl chloride, wherein A 3  is a lower alkyl, in an alcoholic solvent, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (X).  
         [0065]     The compound of formula (X) is reacted with a suitably substituted compound of formula (VIII), wherein A 1  is a lower alkyl, a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of a base such as TEA, DIPEA, pyridine, and the like, in an organic solvent such as DCE, methylene chloride, THF, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XI).  
         [0066]     The compound of formula (XI) is reacted with a suitably substituted compound of formula (VIII), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of a catalyst or catalyst pair such as PyBrOP and DMAP, DCC and DMAP, ECCI and HOBT, and the like, in the presence of a base such as DIPEA, TEA, pyridine, and the like, in an aprotic solvent such as DMF, DCE, DCM, and the like, preferably in an anhydrous aprotic solvent, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Ia).  
         [0067]     One skilled in the art will recognize that compound of formula (I) wherein R 2  and/or R 2a  are other than hydrogen, may b similarly prepared according to the process outlined in Scheme 2 above, with substitution of a suitably substituted compound of formula (XII)  
                         
        a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, for the compound of formula (IX).        
 
         [0069]     The following Examples are set forth to aid in the understanding of the invention, and are not intended and should not be construed to limit in any way the invention set forth in the claims which follow thereafter.  
       EXAMPLE 1  
     (Cmpd #9) 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (4-cyano-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide  
       [0070]                                
 Step A: 4-chloro-benzimidic Acid Ethyl Ester Hydrochloride 
 
         [0072]     To a solution of 4-chlorobenzonitrile (11.36 g, 85.6 mmol) in ethanol (60 mL) was bubbled in dry HCl (200 mL 36% HCl was added dropwise into 500 mL of conc. H 2 SO 4 ) at 5° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for an additional 0.5 hour at 0° C. and then diluted with anhydrous diethyl ether (500 mL). After the mixture was stirred at 5° C. for 2 hours, filtered, washed with diethyl ether, dried under vacuum to yield 4-chloro-benzimidic acid ethyl ester hydrochloride. The product was carried on to the next step without further purification.  
         [heading-0073]     Step B: 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic Acid Methyl Ester  
         [0074]     Triethylamine (2.44 g, 24.16 mmol) was added dropwise into a solution of 4-chloro-benzimidic acid ethyl ester hydrochloride (5 g, 22.71 mmol) and L-cysteine methyl ester hydrochloride (4.29 g, 24.98 mmol) in dichloromethane (85 mL) at 0° C. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 days. Water and dichloromethane were added, and the water layer was extracted with dichloromethane, dried over Na 2 SO 4 , and concentrated in vacuum to yield the crude product. Purification by column chromatography (silica gel, 15% EtOAc/hexane) yielded 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester.  
         [heading-0075]     Step C: 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxvlic Acid  
         [0076]     To a solution of 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (5.23 g, 0.02 mole) in THF (200 mL) and H 2 O (200 mL) was added KOH (11.4 g, 0.2 mole). The reaction mixture was vigorously stirred at room temperature for 17 hours, then diluted with water, extracted with diethyl ether and the diethyl ether layer washed with water. The combined water layers were acidified with 1N HCl to pH 1, extracted with diethyl ether and dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . The dessicant was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yield 2-(4-chlor-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid.  
         [0077]      1 H NMR (400 MHz, d 6 -DMSO): δ 13.03 (br s, 1H), 7.81 (d, 2H, J=8.5 Hz), 7.57 (d, 2H, J=8.5 Hz), 5.31 (dd, 1H, J=8.3, 9.4 Hz), 3.62-3.77 (m, 2H).  
         [heading-0078]     Step D: 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic Acid (4-cyano-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide  
         [0079]     To a solution of 2-(4-chlorphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole4-carboxylic acid (186 mg, 0.770 mmol) and 5-amino-2-cyanobenzotrifluoride (158 mg, 0.847 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were added DMAP (94 mg, 0.770 mmol)), iPr 2 NEt (0.25 mL), and PyBroP (1.08 g, 2.311 mmol) sequentially. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Water and EtOAc were added. The EtOAc layer was washed with 1N HCl and brine, then dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . The dessicant was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yield crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (4-cyano-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide.  
         [0080]      1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ 9.06 (br s, 1H), 8.04 (d, 1H, J=1.9 Hz), 7.98 (dd, 1H, J=2.0, 8.5 Hz), 7.84 (d, 2H, J=8.5 Hz), 7.45-7.85 (m, 1H), 7.46 (d, 2H, J=8.5 Hz), 5.34 (t, 1H, J=10 Hz), 3.73-3.88 (m, 2H)  
         [0081]     MS m/z (M-H)=408.  
       Example 2  
     (Cpmd #3) 2-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic Acid (4-cyano-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide  
       [0082]                                
 Step A: 3-fluoro-benzimidic Acid Ethyl Ester Hydrochloride 
 
         [0084]     To a solution of 3-fluorobenzonitrile (10 g, 82.6 mmol) in ethanol (20 mL) was bubbled in dry HCl (200 mL of 36% HCl was added dropwise into 500 mL of conc. H 2 SO 4 ) at 5° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for an additional 0.5 hour at 0° C. and then diluted with anhydrous ether (500 mL). The reaction mixture was then stirred at 5° C. for 2 hours, filtered, washed with diethyl ether and dried under vacuum to yield 3-fluoro-benzimidic acid ethyl ester hydrochloride. The product was carried on to the next step without further purification.  
         [heading-0085]     Step B: 2-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic Acid Methyl Ester  
         [0086]     Triethylamine (1.1 ml) was added dropwise into a solution of 3-fluoro-benzimidic acid ethyl ester hydrochloride (1.5 g, 7.366 mmol) and L-cysteine methyl ester hydrochloride (1.39 g, 8.102 mmol) in dichloromethane (25 mL) at 0° C. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 days. Water and dichloromethane were added, and the water layer was extracted with dichloromethane, dried over Na 2 SO 4 , and concentrated in vacuum to yield crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 15% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester.  
         [heading-0087]     Step C: 2-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic Acid (4-cyano-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide  
         [0088]     To a solution of 2-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (274 mg, 1.145 mmol) and 5-amino-2-cyano-benzonitrile (426 mg, 2.287 mmol) in THF (5 mL) at 0° C. was added 2M isopropyl magnesium chloride (1.14 mL in THF). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with 1N HCl and brine, then dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . The dessicant was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yield crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (4-cyano-3-trifluoromethyl phenyl)-amide.  
         [0089]      1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ 9.05 (br s, 1H), 8.07 (d, 1H, J=2.0 Hz), 7.98 (dd, 1H, J=2.0, 8.5 Hz), 7.81 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz), 7.62-7.67 (m, 2H), 7.43-7.50 (m, 1H), 7.23-7.30 (m, 1H), 5.35 (t, 1H, J=10 Hz), 3.73-3.90 (m, 2H)  
         [0090]     MS m/z (M-H)=391  
       EXAMPLE 3  
     (Cmpd #17) 2-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole4-carboxylic Acid (4-chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide  
       [0091]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0092]     To a solution of 2-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (178 mg, 0.79 mmol) and 5-amino-2-chloro-benzonitrile (155 mg, 0.79 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were added DMAP (97 mg, 0.79 mmol), iPr 2 NEt (0.28 mL), and PyBroP (553 mg, 1.185 mmol) sequentially. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The organic extracts were washed with 1N HCl and brine, then dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . The dessicant was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yield crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole4-carboxylic acid (4-chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide.  
         [0093]      1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ): d 8.83 (br s, 1H), 7.93 (d, 1H, J=2.6 Hz), 7.80 (dd, 1H, J=2.6, 8.9 Hz), 7.62-7.67 (m, 2H), 7.41-7.49 (m, 3H), 7.25-7.28 (m, 1H), 5.33 (t, 1H, J=9.9 Hz), 3.73-3.89 (m, 2H).  
       EXAMPLE 4  
     (Cmpd #18) 2-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic Acid (4-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide  
       [0094]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0095]     To a solution of 2-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (187 mg, 0.83 mmol) and 5-amino-2-fluoro-benzonitrile (149 mg, 0.83 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were added DMAP (104 mg, 0.83 mmol), iPr 2 NEt (0.29 mL), and PyBroP (581 mg, 1.24 mmol) sequentially. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The organic extracts were washed with 1N HCl and brine, then dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . The dessicant was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yield crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (4-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide.  
         [0096]      1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ): d 8.77 (br s, 1H), 7.15-8.01 (m, 7H), 5.33 (t, 1H, J=10 Hz), 3.73-3.89 (m, 2H).  
       EXAMPLE 5  
     (Cmpd #9) 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (4-cyano-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide  
       [0097]                                
 Step A: 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid 
 
         [0099]     To a solution of 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (5.23 g, 0.02 mole) in THF (200 mL) and H 2 O (200 mL) was added KOH (11.4 g, 0.2 mole). The reaction mixture was vigorously stirred at room temperature for 17 hours. The reaction mixture was then diluted with water, extracted with diethyl ether and the diethyl ether layer was washed with water. The combined water layers were acidified with 1N HCl to pH 1, then extracted with diethyl ether and dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . The dessicant was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yield 2-(4-chlor-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid.  
         [0100]      1 H NMR (400 MHz, d 6 -DMSO): δ 13.03 (br s,1H), 7.81 (d, 2H, J=8.5 Hz), 7.57 (d, 2H, J=8.5 Hz), 5.31 (dd, 1H, J=8.3, 9.4 Hz), 3.62-3.77 (m, 2H).  
         [heading-0101]     Step B: 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic Acid (4-cyano-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide  
         [0102]     To a solution of 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (186 mg, 0.770 mmol) and 5-amino-2-cyanobenzotrifluoride (158 mg, 0.847 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were added DMAP (94 mg, 0.770 mmol)), iPr 2 NEt (0.25 mL), and PyBroP (1.08 g 2.311 mmol) sequentially. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Water and EtOAc was added. EtOAc layer was washed with 1N HCl and brine, then dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . The dessicant was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yield crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole4-carboxylic acid (4-cyano-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide.  
         [0103]      1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ 9.06 (br s,1H), 8.04 (d, 1H, J=1.9 Hz), 7.98 (dd, 1H, J=2.0, 8.5 Hz), 7.84 (d, 2H, J=8.5 Hz), 7.45-7.85 (m, 1H), 7.46 (d, 2H, J=8.5 Hz), 5.34 (t, 1H, J=10 Hz), 3.73-3.88 (m, 2H) MS m/z (M-H)=408.  
       EXAMPLE 6  
     (Cmpd #11)  
     2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (4-chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide  
       [0104]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0105]     To a solution of 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole4-carboxylic acid (214 mg, 0.8854 mmol) and 5-amino-2-chlorobenzotrifluoride (191 mg, 0.9740 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were added DMAP (108 mg, 0.8854 mmol), iPr 2 NEt (0.25 mL), and PyBroP (1.24 g, 2.6562 mmol) sequentially. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The organic extracts were washed with 1N HCl and brine, then dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . The dessicant was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yield crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (4-chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide.  
         [0106]      1 H NMR (300 MHz) d 8.79 (br s, 1H), 7.89-7.96 (m, 3H), 7.42-7.49 (m, 4H), 5.31 (t, 1H, J=10 Hz), 3.71-3.89 (m, 2H)  
         [0107]     MS m/z (M-H)=418.  
       EXAMPLE 7  
     (Cmpd #10) 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (4-nitro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide  
       [0108]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0109]     To a solution of 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (188 mg, 0.7795 mmol) and 5-amino-2-nitrobenzotrifluoride (206 mg, 0.8575 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were added DMAP (95 mg, 0.7795 mmol), iPr 2 NEt (0.25 mL), and PyBroP (1.09 g, 2.3385 mmol) sequentially. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The organic extracts were washed with 1N HCl and brine, then dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . The dessicant was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yield crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-(4-nitro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (4-nitro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide.  
         [0110]      1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 9.09 (br s, 1H), 7.98-8.07 (m, 3H), 7.85 (d, 2H, J=8.6 Hz), 7.46 (d, 2H, J=8.6 Hz), 5.34 (t, 1H, J=10 Hz), 3.73-3.89 (m, 2H)  
         [0111]     MS m/z (M-H) 428.  
       EXAMPLE 8  
     (Cmpd #14) 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (4-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide  
       [0112]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0113]     To a solution of 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (131 mg, 0.5420 mmol) and 5-amino-2-fluorobenzotrifluoride (107 mg, 0.5962 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were added DMAP (66 mg, 0.5420 mmol), iPr 2 NEt (0.25 mL), and PyBroP (1.76 g, 1.626 mmol) sequentially. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The organic extracts were washed with 1N HCl and brine, then dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . The dessicant was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yield crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (4-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide.  
         [0114]     MS m/z (M-H) 401.  
       EXAMPLE 9  
     (Cmpd #16) 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic Acid (4-chloro-phenyl)-amide  
       [0115]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0116]     To a solution of 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (151 mg, 0.6260 mmol) and 4-chloroaniline (76.5 mg, 0.6886 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were added DMAP (76.5 mg, 0.626 mmol), iPr 2 NEt (0.25 mL), and PyBroP (1.18 g, 2.521 mmol) sequentially. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The organic extracts were washed with 1N HCl and brine, then dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . The dessicant was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yield crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (4-chloro-phenyl)-amide.  
         [0117]      1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ 8.63 (br s, 1H), 7.84 (d, 2H, J=8.5 Hz), 7.53-7.57 (m, 2H), 7.44 (d, 2H, J=8.5 Hz), 7.01-7.07 (m, 1H), 5.31 (t, 1H, J=9.9 Hz), 3.74-3.87 (m, 2H)  
         [0118]     MS m/z (M-H)=333.  
       EXAMPLE 10  
     (Cmpd #24) 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic Acid (2-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide  
       [0119]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0120]     To a solution of 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (112 mg, 0.463 mmol) and 3-amino-2-fluorobenzotrifluoride (91 mg, 0.509 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were added DMAP (56.5 mg, 0.463 mmol), iPr 2 NEt (0.25 mL), and PyBroP (863 mg, 1.86 mmol) sequentially. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The organic extracts were washed with 1N HCl and brine, then dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . The dessicant was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yield crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (2-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide.  
         [0121]      1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ 9.15 (br s,1H), 8.64 (dt, 1H, J=1.3, 7.0 Hz), 7.84 (d, 2H, J=8.6 Hz), 7.79-7.89 (m, 1H), 7.45 (d, 2H, J=8.6 Hz), 7.28-7.45 (m, 2H), 5.38 (t, 1H, 9.7 Hz), 3.73-3.89 (m, 2H)  
         [0122]     MS m/z (M+H)=403.  
       EXAMPLE 11  
     (Cmpd #14) 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic Acid (4-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide  
       [0123]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0124]     To a solution of 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (112 mg, 0.4634 mmol) and 5-amino-2-fluorobenzotrifluoride (91.5 mg, 0.5107 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were added DMAP (56.7mg, 0.4642 mmol), iPr 2 NEt (0.25 mL), and PyBroP (866 mg, 1.86 mmol) sequentially. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The organic extracts were washed with 1N HCl and brine, then dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . The dessicant was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yield crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (4-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide.  
         [0125]      1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ 8.76 (br s, 1H), 7.84 (d, 2H, J=8.6 Hz), 7.78-7.83 (m, 2H), 7.45 (d, 2H, J=8.6 Hz), 7.18 (t, 1H, J=9.5 Hz), 5.32 (t, 1H, J=9.9 Hz), 3.71-3.88 (m, 2H)  
         [0126]     MS m/z (M-H)=401.  
       EXAMPLE 12  
     (Cmpd #25) 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic Acid (2-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide  
       [0127]                                
 Step A: Fluoro-benzimidic Acid Ethyl Ester Hydrochloride 
 
         [0129]     To a solution of 4-fluorobenzonitrile (7.89 g, 65.2 mmol) in ethanol (20 mL) was bubbled in dry HCl (generated by adding 200 mL of 36% HCl dropwise into 500 mL of conc. H 2 SO 4 ) at 5° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for an additional 0.5 hour at 0° C. and then diluted with anhydrous diethyl ether (500 mL). After the mixture was stirred at 5° C. for 2 hours, the solids were filtered, washed with diethyl ether, and dried under vacuum to yield fluoro-benzimidic acid ethyl ester hydrochloride. The product was carried on to the next step without further purification.  
         [heading-0130]     Step B: 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic Acid Methyl Ester  
         [0131]     Triethylamine (2.86 g, 28.21 mmol) was added dropwise into a solution of fluoro-benzimidic acid ethyl ester hydrochloride (5.42 g, 26.62 mmol) and L-cysteine methyl ester hydrochloride (5.03 g, 29.28 mmol) in dichloromethane (100 mL) at 0° C. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 days. Water and dichloromethane were added, the layers were separated, the aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane, dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , and concentrated under vacuum to give the crude product which was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 15% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester.  
         [0132]      1 H NMR (300 MHz,  
         [heading-0133]     Step C: 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole4-carboxylic acid  
         [0134]     To a solution of 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (5.82 g, 0.024 mole) in THF (200 mL) and H 2 O (200 mL) was added KOH (13.65 g, 0.24 mole). The reaction mixture was vigorously stirred at room temperature for 17 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with water, extracted with diethyl ether, and the diethyl ether layer was washed with water. The combined aqueous layers were acidified with 1N HCl to pH 1, extracted with diethyl ether, and dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . The dessicant was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yield 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole4-carboxylic acid.  
         [0135]      1 H NMR (300 MHz, d 6 -DMSO): δ 12.92 (brs, 1H), 7.83-7.88 (m, 2H), 731-7.37 (m, 2H), 5.30 (dd, 1H, J==1.0, 8.4 Hz), 3.60-3.77 (m, 2H)  
         [heading-0136]     Step D: 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic Acid (2-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide  
         [0137]     To a solution of 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (151 mg, 0.671 mmol) and 3-amino-2-fluorobenzotrifluoride (132 mg, 0.738 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were added DMAP (82 mg, 0.671 mmol)), iPr 2 NEt (0.25 mL), and PyBroP (940 mg 2.01 mmol) sequentially. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with 1N HCl and brine, then dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . The dessicant was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yield crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (2-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide.  
         [0138]      1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ 9.17 (br s, 1H), 8.64 (dt, 1H, J=1.4, 6.9 Hz), 7.87-7.94 (m, 3H), 7.07-7.36 (m, 4H), 5.37 (t, 1H, J=9.6 Hz), 3.74-3.88 (m, 2H)  
         [0139]     MS m/z (M-H)=385.  
       EXAMPLE 13  
     (Cmpd #1) 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic Acid (3-trifluoromethyl-4-cyano-phenyl)-amide  
       [0140]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0141]     To a solution of 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (201 mg, 0.840 mmol) and 5-amino2-cyanobenzotrifluoride (313 mg, 1.68 mmol) in THF (8 mL) at 0° C. was added 2M isopropyl magnesium chloride (0.84 mL in THF). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with 1N HCl and brine, then dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . The dessicant was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yield crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (4-cyano-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide.  
         [0142]      1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ 9.06 (br s, 1H), 7.78-8.13 (m, 5H), 7.25-7.28 (m, 2H), 5.32 (t, 1H, J=9.6 Hz), 3.71-3.88 (m, 2H)  
         [0143]     MS m/z (M-H)=392.  
       EXAMPLE 14  
     (Cmpd #7) 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic Acid (4-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide  
       [0144]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0145]     To a solution of 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole4-carboxylic acid (201 mg, 0.892 mmol) and 5-amino-2-fluorobenzotrifluoride (160 mg, 0.892 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were added DMAP (109 mg, 0.892 mmol)), iPr 2 NEt (0.25 mL), and PyBroP (832 mg 1.785 mmol) sequentially. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with 1N HCl and brine, then dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . The dessicant was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to give the crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (4-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide.  
         [0146]     MS m/z (M-H)=385.  
       EXAMPLE 15  
     (Cmpd #6) 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic Acid (4-chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide  
       [0147]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0148]     To a solution of 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (200 mg, 0.887 mmol) and 5-amino-2-chlorobenzotrifluoride (173 mg, 0.887 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were added DMAP (108 mg, 0.887 mmol)), iPr 2 NEt (0.25 mL), and PyBroP (827 mg 1.773 mmol) sequentially. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with 1N HCl and brine, then dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . The dessicant was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yield crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (4-chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide.  
         [0149]      1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ 8.78 (br s, 1H), 7.79-8.03 (m, 4H), 7.13-7.21 (m, 3H), 5.31 (t, 1H, J=9.8 Hz), 3.71-3.88 (m, 2H)  
         [0150]     MS m/z (M-H)=401.  
       EXAMPLE 16  
     (Cmpd #4) 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic Acid (4-nitro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide  
       [0151]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0152]     To a solution of 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (202 mg, 0.897 mmol) and 5-amino-2-nitrobenzotrifluoride (185 mg, 0.897 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were added DMAP (110 mg, 0.897 mmol)), iPr 2 NEt (0.25 mL), and PyBroP (836 mg 1.794 mmol) sequentially. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with 1N HCl and brine, then dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . The dessicant was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yield crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (4-nitro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide.  
         [0153]      1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ 9.12 (br s, 1H), 7.79-8.08 (m, 5H), 7.15-7.20 (m, 2H), 5.34 (t, 1H, J=10 Hz), 3.71-3.90 (m, 2H).  
         [0154]     MS m/z (M-H)=412.  
       EXAMPLE 17  
     (Cmpd #2) 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic Acid (4-cyano-phenyl)-amide  
       [0155]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0156]     To a solution of 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (250 mg, 1.045 mmol) and 4-aminobenzonitrile (247 mg, 2.089 mmol) in THF (10 mL) at 0° C. was added 2M isopropyl magnesium chloride (1.04 mL in THF). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with 1N HCl and brine, then dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . The dessicant was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yield crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (4-cyano-phenyl)-amide.  
         [0157]      1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ 9.21 (br s, 1H), 7.63-7.52 (m, 4H), 7.08-7.19 (m, 4H), 5.32 (t, 1H, J=9.6 Hz), 3.75-3.87 (m, 2H).  
         [0158]     MS m/z (M-H)=324.  
       EXAMPLE 18  
     (Cmpd #26) 2-(3-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic Acid (4-chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide  
       [0159]                                
 Step A: 3-chloro-benzimidic Acid Ethyl Ester Hydrochloride 
 
         [0161]     To a solution of 3-chlorobenzonitrile (11.36 g, 85.6 mmol) in ethanol (30 mL) was bubbled in dry HCl (generated by adding 200 mL of 36% HCl dropwise into 500 mL of conc. H 2 SO 4 ) at 5° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for an additional 0.5 hour at 5° C. and then diluted with anhydrous diethyl ether (500 mL). After the mixture was allowed to sit at 5° C. for 12 hours, the solids were filtered, washed with diethyl ether, and dried under vacuum to yield 3-chloro-benzimidic acid ethyl ester hydrochloride. The product was carried on to the next step without further purification.  
         [heading-0162]     Step B: 2-(3-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic Acid Methyl Ester  
         [0163]     Triethylamine (2.44 g, 24.16 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of 3-chloro-benzimidic acid ethyl ester hydrochloride (5 g, 22.71 mmol) and L-cysteine methyl ester hydrochloride (4.29 g, 24.98 mmol) in dichloromethane (85 mL) at 0° C. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 days. Water and dichloromethane were added, and the aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane, dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , and concentrated in vacuum to yield crude product which was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 15% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-(3-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester.  
         [heading-0164]     Step C: 2-(3-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole4-carboxylic Acid  
         [0165]     To a solution of 2-(3-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (5 g, 0.0196 mole) in THF (200 mL) and H 2 O (200 mL) was added KOH (10.97 g, 0.196 mole). The reaction mixture was vigorously stirred at room temperature 17 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with water, washed with diethyl ether and the organic layer was extracted with water. The combined aqueous layers were acidified with 1N HCl to pH 1, extracted with diethyl ether, and dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . The dessicant was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yield 2-(3-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole4-carboxylic acid.  
         [0166]      1 H NMR (300MHz, d 6 -DMSO): δ 13.07 (br s, 1H), 7.80 (t, 1H, J=1.7 Hz), 7.73 (d, 1H, J=7.7 Hz), 7.65 (t, 1H, J=1.0 Hz), 7.55 (t, 1H, J=7.8), 5.33 (dd, 1H, J=8.3, 9.3 Hz), 3.64-3.78 (m, 2H).  
         [heading-0167]     Step D: 2-(3-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic Acid (4-chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide  
         [0168]     To a solution of 2-(3-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (147 mg, 0.606 mmol) and 5-amino-2-chlorobenzotrifluoride (130 mg, 0.667 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were added DMAP (74 mg, 0.606 mmol)), iPr 2 NEt (0.25 mL), and PyBroP (848 mg 1.82 mmol) sequentially. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with 1N HCl and brine, then dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . The dessicant was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yield crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-(3-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (4-chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl )-amide.  
         [0169]      1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ 8.82 (br s, 1H), 7.90-7.95 (m, 2H), 7.72-7.80 (m, 2H), 7.37-7.52 (m, 3H), 5.32 (t, 1H, J=10 Hz), 3.71-3.88 (m, 2H)  
         [0170]     MS m/z (M-H)=418.  
       EXAMPLE 19  
     (Cmpd #27) 2-(3-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic Acid (4-cyano-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide  
       [0171]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0172]     To a solution of 2-(3-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (162 mg, 0.6703 mmol) and 5-amino-2-cyanobenzotrifluoride (137 mg, 0.7373 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were added DMAP (82 mg, 0.6703 mmol)), iPr 2 NEt (0.25 mL), and PyBroP (938 mg 2.01 mmol) sequentially. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. To the reaction mixture was added water and EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with 1N HCl and brine. The organic extracts were dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yield crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-(3-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (4-cyano-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide.  
         [0173]      1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ 9.05 (br s,1H), 8.08 (d, 1H, J=1.9 Hz), 7.98 (dd, 1H, J=2.1, 8.5 Hz), 7.92-7.93 ((m, 1H), 7.82 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz), 7.75 (dt, 1H, J=1.3, 7.8 Hz), 7.52 (dd, 1H, J=1.1, 2.0 Hz), 7.43 (t, 1H, J=7.9 Hz), 5.35 (t, 1H, J=10 Hz), 3.72-3.90 (m, 2H)  
         [0174]     MS m/z (M-H)=408.  
       EXAMPLE 20  
     (Cmpd #28) 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic Acid (4-trifluoromethanesulfonyl-phenyl)-amide  
       [0175]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0176]     To a solution of 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (153 mg, 0.677 mmol) and 4-aminophenyl trifluoromethylsulfone (168 mg, 0.745 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were added DMAP (83 mg, 0.6775 mmol)), iPr 2 NEt (0.25 mL), and PyBroP (948 mg 2.033 mmol) sequentially. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. To the reaction mixture was added water and EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with 1N HCl and brine. The organic extracts were dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yield crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (4-trifluoromethanesulfonyl-phenyl)-amide.  
         [0177]      1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ 9.13 (br s, 1H), 7.88-8.01 (m, 6H), 7.12-7.20 (m, 2H), 5.35 (t, 1H, J=10 Hz), 3.73-3.89 (m, 2H)  
         [0178]     MS m/z (M-H)=431.  
       EXAMPLE 21  
     (Cmpd #29) 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic Acid (4-trifluoromethanesulfonyl-phenyl)-amide  
       [0179]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0180]     To a solution of 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole4-carboxylic acid (172 mg, 0.711 mmol) and 4-aminophenyl trifluoromethylsulfone (176 mg, 0.7819 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were added DMAP (87 mg, 0.7108 mmol)), iPr 2 NEt (0.25 mL), and PyBroP (994 mg 2.1324 mmol) sequentially. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. To the reaction mixture was added water and EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with 1N HCl and brine. The organic extracts were dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yeild crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (4-trifluoromethanesulfonyl-phenyl)-amide.  
         [0181]      1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ 9.08 (br s, 1H), 7.62-8.02 (m, 4H), 7.16-7.52 (m, 3H), 5.35 (t, 1H, J=10 Hz), 3.74-3.86 (m, 2H)  
       EXAMPLE 22  
     (Cmpd #31) 2-(3-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic Acid (4-trifluoromethanesulfonyl-phenyl)-amide  
       [0182]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0183]     To a solution of 2-(3-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (170 mg, 0.701 mmol) and 4-aminophenyl trifluoromethylsulfone (174 mg, 0.771 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were added DMAP (86 mg, 0.701 mmol)), iPr 2 NEt (0.25 mL), and PyBroP (981 mg 2.104 mmol) sequentially. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. To the reaction mixture was added water and EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with 1N HCl and brine. The organic extracts were dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yield crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-(3-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole4-carboxylic acid (4-trifluoromethanesulfonyl-phenyl)-amide.  
         [0184]      1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ 9.09 (br s, 1H), 7.30-8.20 (m, 7H), 5.36 (t, 1H, J=9.9 Hz), 3.73-3.86 (m, 2H)  
         [0185]     MS m/z(M-H)=447.  
       EXAMPLE 23  
     (Cmpd #30) 2-(3-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic Acid (4-nitro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide  
       [0186]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0187]     To a solution of 2-(3-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole4-carboxylic acid (169 mg, 0.701 mmol) and 5-amino-2-nitrobenzotrifluoride (159 mg, 0.771 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were added DMAP (86 mg, 0.701 mmol)), iPr 2 NEt (0.25 mL), and PyBroP (980 mg 2.102 mmol) sequentially. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. To the reaction mixture was added water and EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with 1N HCl and brine. The organic extracts were dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yield crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-(3-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (4-nitro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide.  
         [0188]     MS m/z (M-H)=428.  
       EXAMPLE 24  
     (Cmpd #32) 2-(3-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole4-carboxylic Acid (2-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide  
       [0189]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0190]     To a solution of 2-(3-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole4-carboxylic acid (167 mg, 0.691 mmol) and 3-amino-2-fluorobenzotrifluoride (136 mg, 0.760 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were added DMAP (84 mg, 0.691 mmol)), iPr 2 NEt (0.25 mL), and PyBroP (966 mg 2.073 mmol) sequentially. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. To the reaction mixture was added water and EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with 1N HCl and brine. The organic extracts were dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yeild crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-(3-chloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (2-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide.  
         [0191]      1 H NMR (300 MHz) □δ 9.13 (br s, 1H), 8.61 (dt, 1H, J=1.3, 6.9), 7.77-7.88 (m, 2H), 7.27-7.53 (m, 4H), 5.39 (t, 1H, J=9.7 Hz), 3.75-3.89 (m, 2H).  
       EXAMPLE 25  
     (Cmpd #33) 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-methyl-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic Acid (4cyano-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide  
       [0192]                                
 Step A: 2-tert-butyl-3-formyl-4-methyl-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic Acid Ethyl Ester 
 
         [0194]     n-Butyllithium (2.5M in hexane 18 mL 0.0450 mole) was added dropwise to diisopropylamine (6.49g, 0.064 mole) in THF (225 mL) at −78° C. 1,3-dimethyl-tetrahydropyrimidin-2-one (32 mL) was then added add to the reaction mixture in one portion. The mixture reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 1 hr. A solution of 2-tert-butyl-3-4-methyl-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (10.5 g, 0.0428 mole) in THF (20 mL) was added dropwise at −90° C. The solution was stirred at −90° C. for 45 min. and then iodomethane (7.29 g, 0.0514 mole) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred at −90° C. for 2 hours and then warmed to room temperature. The volatiles were removed under vacuum and the oily residue was partitioned between brine and diethyl ether. The aqueous layer was extracted with diethyl ether 3 times. The combined ethereal layer was dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . The dessicant was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yield give crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-tert-butyl-3-formyl-4-methyl-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester.  
         [0195]     MS m/z (M+H) 282  
         [heading-0196]     Step B: 2-amino-3-mercapto-2-methyl-propionic Acid Hydrochloride  
         [0197]     2-tert-butyl-3-formyl4-methyl-thiazolidine4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (1.34 g, 5.17 mmol) and 5N HCl were heated at 100° C. for 15 hours. The mixture was then washed with EtOAc 3 times. The aqueous layer was evaporated to dryness to yield 2-amino-3-mercapto-2-methyl-propionic acid hydrochloride.  
         [0198]     MS m/z (M+H) 136; (M-H) 134.  
         [heading-0199]     Step C: 2-amino-3-mercapto-2-methyl-propionic Acid Methyl Ester Hydrochloride  
         [0200]     Thionyl chloride (1.58 g, 13.27 mmol) was added into a solution of 2-amino-3-mercapto-2-methyl-propionic acid hydrochloride (759 mg, 4.422 mmol) in CH 3 OH (16 mL). The resulting mixture was heated at 65° C. overnight. The volatiles were removed under vacuum to yield a foamy residue, which was dissolved in a small amount of CH 3 OH and triturated with diethyl ether. A gummy compound precipitated out, and it was dried under vacuum to yield 2-amino-3-mercapto-2-methyl-propionic acid methyl ester hydrochloride. The crude compound was carried on to the next step without further purification.  
         [heading-0201]     Step D: 2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-methyl-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic Acid Methyl Ester  
         [0202]     To a mixture of 4-fluorobenzimidic acid ethyl ester hydrochloride (5.42 g, 0.794g, 0.0039 mole) and 2-amino-3-mercapto-2-methyl-propionic acid methyl ester hydrochloide (0.788 g, 0.004 mol) in dichloromethane (15 mL) at 0° C. was added triethylamine (0.42 g, 0.004 mole) and subsequently stirred at room temperature for 2 days. Water and dichloromethane were added to the reaction mixture. The aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with brine and dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . The dessicant was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yield crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-methyl-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester as an oil.  
         [heading-0203]     Step E: 2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-methyl4, 5-dihydro-thiazole4-carboxylic Acid  
         [0204]     To a solution of 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)4-methyl-4, 5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (5.82 g, 0.024 mole) in THF (200 mL) and water (200 mL) at room temperature was added KOH (13.65 g, 0.243 mole). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 17 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with diethyl ether. The aqueous layer was acidified with 50% HCl (aq) to pH 1, then extracted with diethyl ether. The diethyl ether layer was washed with brine and dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yield crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-methyl-4, 5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid as an oil.  
         [heading-0205]     Step F: 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-methyl-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic Acid (4-cyano-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide  
         [0206]     To a solution of 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-methyl-4, 5-dihydro-thiazole4-carboxylic acid (11 mg, 0.046 mmol) and 5-amino-2-cyanobenzotrifluoride (9.4 mg, 0.051 mmol) in DMF (1 mL) were added DMAP (5.6 mg, 0.046 mmol), iPr 2 NEt (0.25 mL), and PyBroP (64 mg, 0.138 mmol) sequentially. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Water and EtOAc were added to the reaction mixture. The organic layer was washed with 1N HCl and brine, then dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . The dessicant was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yield crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-methyl-4, 5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (4-cyano-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide.  
         [0207]     MS m/z (M-H) 406.  
         [0208]     Compound #12 was similarly prepared according to the procedure described in Example 25 above, substituting 4-chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenylamine for 5-amino-2-cyanobenzotrifluoride.  
         [0209]     Compound #13 was similarly prepared according to the procedure described in Example 25 above, substituting 4-nitro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenylamine for 5-amino-2-cyanobenzotrifluoride.  
       EXAMPLE 26  
     (Cmpd #21) 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic Acid (4-chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide  
       [0210]                                
 Step A: 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic Acid Methyl Ester 
 
         [0212]     Triethylamine (0.95 mls, 6.836 mmol) was added dropwise into a solution of 4-fluoro-benzimidic acid ethyl ester hydrochloride (1.33 g, 6.511 mmol) and penicillamine methyl ester hydrochloride (1.43 g, 7.163 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 mL) at 0° C. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 days. Water and dichloromethane were added, and the water layer was extracted with dichloromethane, dried over Na 2 SO 4 , and concentrated in vacuum to yield crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-(4-fluoro-5,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester.  
         [heading-0213]     Step B: 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-thiazole4-carboxylic Acid  
         [0214]     To a solution of 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-thiazole4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (610 mg, 2.282 mmole) in THF (15 mL) and H 2 O (5 mL) was added KOH (640 mg, 11.409 mmole). The mixture was vigorously stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with water, washed with diethyl ether and the diethyl ether layer was extracted with water. The combined aqueous layers were acidified with 1N HCl to pH 1, then extracted with diethyl ether and dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . The dessicant was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yield 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid.  
         [0215]      1 H NMR (400 MHz, d 6 -DMSO): δ 12.89 (br s, 1H), 7.78-7.83 (m, 2H), 7.28-7.34 (m, 2H), 4.85 (s, 1H), 1.71 (s, 3H), 1.43 (s, 3H).  
         [heading-0216]     Step C: 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-thiazole4-carboxylic Acid (4-chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide  
         [0217]     To a solution of 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-thiazole4-carboxylic acid (162 mg, 0.638 mmol) and 5-amino-2-chlorobenzotrifluoride (137 mg, 0.701 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were added DMAP (78 mg, 0.638 mmol)), iPr 2 NEt (0.25 mL), and PyBroP (892 mg 1.913 mmol) sequentially. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with 1N HCl and brine, then dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . The dessicant was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yield crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-5,5-dimethyl4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (4-chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide.  
         [0218]      1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ 9.30 (br s, 1H), 7.95 (d, 1H, J=2.5 Hz), 7.87-7.91 (m, 2H), 7.83 (dd, 1H, J=2.5, 8.7 Hz), 7.45 (d, 1H, J=8.7 Hz), 7.13-7.17 (m, 2H), 4.73 (s, 1H), 1.96 (s, 3H), 1.47 (s, 3H)  
         [0219]     MS m/z (M-H)=429.  
       EXAMPLE 27  
     (Cmpd #19) 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic Acid (4-cyano-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide  
       [0220]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0221]     To a solution of 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-5,5-dimethyl4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (180 mg, 0.709 mmol) and 5-amino-2-cyanobenzotrifluoride (145 mg, 0.779 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were added DMAP (87 mg, 0.709 mmol)), iPr 2 NEt (0.25 mL), and PyBroP (991 mg, 2.126 mmol) sequentially. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with 1N HCl and brine, then dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . The dessicant was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yield crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (4-cyano-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide.  
         [0222]      1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ 9.57 (br s, 1H), 8.09 (d, 1H, J=2.0 Hz), 8.01 (dd, 1H, J=2.1, 8.5 Hz), 7.87-7.92 (m, 2H), 7.81 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz), 7.13-7.20 (m, 2H), 4.75 (s, 1H), 1.96 (s, 3H), 1.47 (s, 3H).  
         [0223]     MS m/z (M-H)=420.  
       EXAMPLE 28  
     (Cmpd #20) 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic Acid (4-nitro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide  
       [0224]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0225]     To a solution of 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-thiazole4-carboxylic acid (181 mg, 0.714 mmol) and 5-amino-2-nitrobenzotrifluoride (162 mg, 0.785 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were added DMAP (87 mg, 0.709 mmol)), iPr 2 NEt (0.25 mL), and PyBroP (998 mg, 2.141 mmol) sequentially. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with 1N HCl and brine, then dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . The dessicant was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yield crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (4-nitro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide.  
         [0226]      1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ 9.60 (br s, 1H), 8.06-8.10 (m, 2H), 7.98-8.01 (m, 1H), 7.88-7.92 (m, 2H), 7.14-7.20 (m, 2H), 4.77 (s, 1H), 1.97 (s, 3H), 1.47 (s, 3H)  
         [0227]     MS m/z (M-H)=440.  
       EXAMPLE 29  
     (Cmpd #22) 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic Acid (4-chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide  
       [0228]                                
 Step A: 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic Acid Methyl Ester 
 
         [0230]     Triethylamine (2 mls, 14.31 mmol) was added dropwise into a solution of 4-chloro-benzimidic acid ethyl ester hydrochloride (3.0 g, 13.630 mmol) and penicillamine methyl ester hydrochloride (3.0 g, 14.990 mmol) in dichloromethane (50 mL) at 0° C. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 days. Water and dichloromethane was added, and the water layer was extracted with dichloromethane, dried over Na 2 SO 4 , and concentrated in vacuum to yield crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 15% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-(4-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester.  
         [heading-0231]     Step B: 2-(4-chloro-phenyl )-5,5-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic Acid  
         [0232]     To a solution of 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (1.4 g, 4.930 mmole) in THF (30 mL) and H 2 O (10 mL) was added KOH (1.38 g, 24.660 mmole). The mixture was vigorously stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with water, washed with diethyl ether and the diethyl ether layer was extracted with water. The combined aqueous layers were acidified with 1N HCl to pH 1, then extracted with diethyl ether and dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . The dessicant was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yield 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-thiazole4-carboxylic acid.  
         [0233]      1 H NMR (400 MHz, d 6 -DMSO): δ 12.85 (br s, 1H), 7.76 (d, 2H, J=8.6 Hz), 7.56 (d, 2H, J=8.6 Hz), 4.87 (s, 1H), 1.71 (s, 3H), 1.43 (s, 3H).  
         [heading-0234]     Step C: 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-thiazole4-carboxylic Acid (4-chloro -3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide  
         [0235]     To a solution of 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (162 mg, 0.601 mmol) and 5-amino-2-chlorobenzotrifluoride (129 mg, 0.661 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were added DMAP (73 mg, 0.601 mmol)), iPr 2 NEt (0.25 mL), and PyBroP (841 mg, 1.803 mmol) sequentially. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with 1N HCl and brine, then dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . The dessicant was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yield crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (4-chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide.  
         [0236]      1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ 9.28 (br s, 1H), 7.95 (d, 1H, J=2.5 Hz), 7.80-7.85 (m, 3H), 7.42-7.49 (m, 3H), 4.73 (s, 1H), 1.96 (s, 3H), 1.47(s, 3H).  
       EXAMPLE 30  
     (Cmpd #23) 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic Acid (4-cyano-2,5-difluoro-phenyl)-amide  
       [0237]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0238]     To a solution of 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-5,5-dimethyl4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (162 mg, 0.601 mmol) and 4-amino-2,5-difluorobenzonitrile (131 mg, 0.662 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were added DMAP (74 mg, 0.602 mmol)), iPr 2 NEt (0.25 mL), and PyBroP (842 mg, 1.806 mmol) sequentially. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with 1N HCl and brine, then dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . The dessicant was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yield crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 17% EtOAc/hexane) to yield 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (4-cyano-2,5-difluoro-phenyl)-amide.  
         [0239]      1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ 9.28 (br s, 1H), 7.95 (d, 1H, J=2.5 Hz), 7.80-7.85 (m, 3H), 7.42-7.49 (m, 3H), 4.73 (s, 1H), 1.96 (s, 3H), 1.47 (s, 3H).  
       EXAMPLE 31  
       [0240]     In Vitro Assay—Androgen Receptor Filtration Binding Assay  
         [0241]     The assay was run on a 96 well plate with each well filled with total reaction volume 150 μL, of a solution containing 5 pmol androgen receptor LBD (Panvera) or 30 μL of freshly prepared rat cytosol, 0.5 nM [ 3 H] R1881 tracer (NEN), 1.5 μL (10 μM) test compound or vehicle (diluted in 30% DMSO, final concentration of DMSO 0.75%) and 150 μL of TED buffer. (TED buffer contains 10 mM Tris.HCl pH 7.4, 1 mM sodium molybdate (60 mg/250 mL), 1.5 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT and 10% (v/v) glycerol.)  
         [0242]     On day one, the solution containing receptor, tracer and TED buffer was distributed onto a 96 well plate. Diluted test compound or control vehicle was then added to individual wells and the plate incubated at 4° C. overnight.  
         [0243]     On day two, to each well was then added 20 μL human γ-globulin (ICN 823102), prepared at 25 mg/ml in TE pH 8.0, and 55 μL 40% polyethylene glycol 8000 (J T Baker U222-08), prepared in TE pH 8.0. The plate was incubated at 4° C. for 60 minutes. During incubation, the harvester was rinsed with 10% PEG 8000, prepared in TE pH 8.0 and the GF/C Unifilter-96 prewet with 10% PEG. The binding reaction was filtered, the retentate was washed three times with 10% PEG and dried under vacuum for about four minutes, then dried at 50° C. for 5 min and then bottom sealed. 25 μL of Microscint-20 (Packard) was added to the filter wells and top sealed. The plate wells were then counted on a TopCount (Packard).  
         [0244]     Selected compounds of the present invention were tested for binding to the androgen receptor according to the procedure described above with results as listed in Table 2. Negative number(s) indicate that there is no antagonist activity for the test compound. The compound may however have agonist activity, which was not tested for.  
                                 TABLE 2                           Androgen Receptor Binding Results                Cmpd #   % Inhibition   IC 50                          1    50.0 @ 10 μM                    28.5 @ 1 μM            2    −26.0 @ 1 μM            3     8.1 @ μM            4 (†)    50.0 @ 1 μM                −24.0 @ 1 μM            5    12.3 @ 1 μM,               (average of 2)            7   −24.25 @ 1 μM               (average of 2)            9    41.5 @ 1 μM           10    60.5 @ 1 μM           11    30.5 @ 1 μM     3500 nM           12    52.0 @ 1 μM   &gt;10,000 nM           13    29.0 @ 1 μM   &gt;10,000 nM           14     1.5 @ 1 μM           16    12.0 @ 1 μM           17    −34.0 @ 1 μM           18    −19.0 @ 1 μM           19    −1.0 @ 1 μM           20    29.0 @ 1 μM           21    29.0 @ 1 μM           22      0 @ 1 μM           23    −5.0 @ 1 μM           24    0.74 @ 1 μM           25    −8.0 @ 1 μM           26    15.0 @ 1 μM           27    34.0 @ 1 μM           28    −6.3 @ 1 μM           29    25.0 @ 1 μM           30     7.0 @ 1 μM           31    10.0 @ 1 μM           32     8.5 @ 1 μM           33    27.0 @ 1 μM                         †Results for cmpd. #4 are based on two separate synthesis batches. A confirmatory third batch was not as of the time of filing.                *Negative values indicate no antagonist activity. Compounds with no measured antagonist activity may possess agonist activity.             
 
         [0245]     While the foregoing specification teaches the principles of the present invention, with examples provided for the purpose of illustration, it will be understood that the practice of the invention encompasses all of the usual variations, adaptions and/or modifications as come within the scope of the following claims and their equivalents.