Abstract:
An Ethernet auto-negotiate extension incorporates a gigabit verification procedure following the establishment of a gigabit level of serve. If auto-negotiate resolves a gigabit data rate for a particular connection, the auto-negotiate extension verifies that each of the eight required wires is functional. The verification extension sends a data pattern that can by detected only if all eight wires are functional. In this manner, the ability of each wire to transition between 1&#39;s and 0&#39;s at the highest possible data rate is verified. The gigabit verification extension will detect flag any wires that are missing, grounded from a previous 10 or 100 Mbps system or otherwise non-functional. By incorporating this functional verification extension, the invention recognizes the limited functional verification inherent in auto-negotiate. The invention leaves the core pieces of the auto-negotiate process intact thereby minimizing the impact on existing systems.

Description:
BACKGROUND  
         [0001]    1. Field of the Present Invention  
           [0002]    The present invention generally relates to the field of data processing networks and more particularly to Ethernet networks employing twisted pair cabling.  
           [0003]    2. History of Related Art  
           [0004]    In the field of data processing local area networks (LANs), the transition from 10/100 Megabits/second (Mbps) systems to 1000 Mbps (Gigabit) systems is ongoing. The installed base of 10/100 Ethernet systems was largely implemented with Category 5 (CAT 5), twisted pair cabling as specified by ANSI/EIA (American National Standards Institute/Electronic Industries Association) Standard 568. Standard 568 specifies the cable material as well as the type of connectors and junction blocks to be used in order to guarantee the data rate associated with the category. Originally, 100 Mbps Ethernet systems used 4 twisted wire pairs (8 wires) of which 4 wires were terminated to ground. More recently, 100 Mbps Ethernet implementations employ improved drivers that eliminate the need for the 4 ground wires. Gigabit Ethernet can also operate on CAT 5 systems having 4 twisted-pairs although all 8 wires are needed. Thus, at the physical layer, there is substantially no difference between Gigabit Ethernet systems employing CAT 5 cabling and many 100 Mbps systems. On the other hand, other 10 and 100 Mbps implementations that ground or simply eliminate one or more of the four “spares” cannot support gigabit operation.  
           [0005]    Ethernet uses an automated negotiation (auto-negotiate) procedure to establish the maximum sustainable data rate between any two devices when the connection is established. Regardless of the data rate, this procedure uses only four wires. The auto-negotiate procedure allows each device to send a command (Fast Link Pulse) indicating the fastest data rate supported. Both devices will configure at the fastest data rate both devices can support. Trouble can arise when auto-negotiate (using just four of the wires) negotiates a gigabit data rate over a connection that does not have eight available wires. It would be desirable to implement an extension to auto-negotiate that addresses this potential problem. It would be further desirable if the implemented solution did not mandate significant changes to existing implementation and did not significantly increase the cost of complexity of the network media.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0006]    The problems identified above are addressed according to the present invention with an auto-negotiate extension that incorporates a gigabit verification procedure. If auto-negotiate resolves a gigabit data rate for a particular connection, the auto-negotiate extension then verifies that each of the eight required wires is functional at gigabit speeds. The verification extension sends a data pattern that can by detected only if all eight wires are functional. In one embodiment, a sequence of alternating 1&#39;s and 0&#39;s are transmitted over the media as part of the gigabit verification extension. In this manner, the ability of each wire to transition between 1&#39;s and 0&#39;s at the highest possible data rate is verified. The gigabit verification extension will detect any wires that are missing, grounded from a previous 10 or 100 Mbps system or otherwise non-functional. By incorporating this functional verification extension, the invention beneficially recognizes the limited functional verification inherent in auto-negotiate. Moreover, the invention leaves the core pieces of the auto-negotiate process intact thereby minimizing the impact on existing systems.  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0007]    Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the accompanying drawings in which:  
         [0008]    [0008]FIG. 1 is a block diagram of selected elements of a network according to one embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0009]    [0009]FIG. 2 is a block diagram of selected elements of a network interface card suitable for use in the network of FIG. 1;  
         [0010]    [0010]FIG. 3 is a diagram of selected elements of a network according to one embodiment of the invention;  
         [0011]    [0011]FIG. 4 is a conceptual depiction of a table suitable for use in a NIC employing logical signal re-routing according to one embodiment of the invention;  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of a method of configuring a network media according to one embodiment of the invention; and  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of a method of verifying functionality following establishment of a gigabit level of service. 
     
    
       [0014]    While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the drawings and detailed description presented herein are not intended to limit the invention to the particular embodiment disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.  
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0015]    Generally speaking, the present invention contemplates improved automation in Ethernet LAN&#39;s by extending the auto-negotiate process to include a gigabit functional verification when the auto-negotiate process negotiates a gigabit data rate for a particular connection. If the gigabit functional verification does not pass, it is assumed that one or more of the four traditional “spare” wires in 10 and 100 Mbps implementations are non-functional. The auto-negotiate extension automatically handles this problem by resolving a lower priority data rate for the connection, where the resolved data rate only requires the four wires over which the auto-negotiate was performed.  
         [0016]    Turning now to the drawings, FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of selected components of the data processing network  100  according to one embodiment of the present invention. In the depicted embodiment, network  100  is an example of a LAN in which one or more data processing devices  102  are connected to a switch  104 . Data processing device  102  may include servers, storage devices, desktop machines, network computers, data terminals, and the like. Switch  104  may comprise a router or the like to which multiple devices  102  are connected.  
         [0017]    Network  100  employs a physical medium  103  to connect device(s)  102  to switch  104 . In the preferred embodiment of the invention, physical medium  103  includes 4-pair (8 wire) CAT 5 cabling suitable for use in 10, 100, and 1000 Mbps Ethernet systems as specified in IEEE 802.3. Such systems include 10BaseT4, 100BaseT4, and Gigabit Ethernet systems.  
         [0018]    The depicted embodiment of network  100  includes a gateway and firewall unit  106  connected to switch  104 . Unit  106  is suitable for connecting network  100  to an external network  108  such as the Internet. Although unit  106  is illustrated as a single unit, it will be appreciated that unit  106  may include two or more physically distinct devices.  
         [0019]    Device  102  and switch  104  are both depicted as including a network interface device (referred to herein as a NIC)  120 . NIC  120  may be implemented as an adapter card that connects to a processing board or motherboard. Alternatively, NIC  120  may be integrated onto the motherboard or integrated within a processor itself. NIC  120  is configured to enable a processor on the corresponding device to communicate with external devices over the physical medium  103 .  
         [0020]    Referring now to FIG. 2, selected elements of a NIC  120  are shown to emphasize features of the present invention. NIC  120  is suitable for use as the network interface for device  102  and switch  104 . Although the network interface for device  102  and switch  104  may have unique elements, the elements depicted in FIG. 2 are common to each and are sufficient to enable NIC  120  to communicate information between the host (device  102  or switch  104 ) in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. NIC  120  includes hardware, software, or a combination of the two, that enables the NIC to convert digital information to a set of signals suitable for transmission over medium  103 .  
         [0021]    In the depicted embodiment, NIC  120  includes a processor  130 , random access memory (RAM)  132 , Read-only storage (ROS)  134 , a host interface unit (HIFU)  136 , and a media interface unit (MIFU)  138 . Processor  130  is likely implemented with an embedded controller such as a Series  403  PowerPC® embedded controller from IBM Corporation. Alternatively, processor  130  could be implemented with a general purpose CISC or RISC processor or DSP processor. It is also possible that NIC  120  could be embedded within a single chip that integrates any or all of processor  130 , RAM  132 , ROS  134 , HIFU  136 , and MIFU  138 . RAM  132  is connected to processor  130  and provides a scratch memory area for the processor. ROS  134  is typically programmed or manufactured to store one or more sequences of instructions executable by processor  130 . The HIFU  136  typically includes buffers and associated logic that enables NIC  120  to communicate with its host, whether it is device  102 , switch  104 , or another host.  
         [0022]    The depicted embodiment of MIFU  138  is configured to receive digital information provided by processor  130  and to convert or format the corresponding information for transmission over the network media  103 . In an Ethernet embodiment of network  100 , the physical layer includes various sublayers that are implemented within NIC  120  and MIFU  138 . Eight bit data chunks referred to as frames are transmitted from a media access control (MAC) layer, to a physical coding sublayer (PCS) through a Gigabit Media Independent Interface (GMII). MIFU  138  converts the information received from the GMII into signals suitable for transmission over media  103 . In one implementation for Gigabit Ethernet, MIFU  138  employs four-dimensional Pulse Amplitude Modulation 5 (4D-PAM-5) encoding. The fundamental difference in the operation of 10/100 Mbps Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet is that Gigabit operation uses all four twisted pairs, transmitting and receiving simultaneously on all four pairs where 10/100 Mbps uses only two pairs, one dedicated for transmitting and one dedicated for receiving. 4D-PAM-5 encoding resolves each of the media wires into one of five voltage levels (−1.0V, −0.5V, 0V, 0.5V, and 1.0V) enabling the encoding of a large number of signals. In a Gigabit Ethernet configuration (four wire pairs), PAM 5 encoding enables the generation of 5 4  or 625 potential codes, which is more than sufficient to encode 8-bit frames.  
         [0023]    In one embodiment, processor  130  generates processor signals that are provided to the wires in media  103  through the intervening MIFU  138 . The signals produced on media  103  reflect the correspondence between the processor signals, the signals output from MIFU  138 , and physical media signal wires. If a device  102  within the system determines that its connection is non-functional, NIC  120  may logically re-route its outputs by altering the correspondence between the processor signals and physical media wires. If NIC  120  is able to find a minimum number of functional signal wires in media  103 , NIC  120  may reroute the signals it produces to the functional signal wires thereby enabling the system to continue operation, even if at a reduced data rate. This feature of NIC  120  is the subject of a U.S. patent application entitled Dynamic Cable Assignment on Gigabit Infrastructure, filed 17 DEC. 2002, which is commonly assigned with the present application.  
         [0024]    Referring now to FIG. 3 and FIG. 4, selected elements of the network  100  are shown to emphasize aspects of the invention. In the illustration, network media  103  is shown as including 8 wires configured as 4 twisted pairs identified as PR 1, PR 2, PR 3, and PR 4. These eight wires are terminated at a suitable connector such as the depicted RJ 45 connector  140 . Connector  140  receives its eight signals from the eight signals  151 - 158  produced by MIFU  138 . MIFU  138  generates signals  151 - 158  based upon the state of eight signals  141 - 148  (processor signals) produced by processor  130 .  
         [0025]    One embodiment of NIC  120  maintains a table  150  in RAM  132  that defines the correspondence between logical output pins and physical output pins of processor  130 . Table  150  may also be implemented with a special or general purpose register. Processor  130  includes the ability to produce any possible correspondence between its logical pins such that any logical pins may be assigned to any physical pin. If NIC  120  determines that one or more signal wires in media  103  is non-functional, NIC  120  may reconfigure the logical to physical pin correspondence to re-route signals to a set of functional signal wires in media  103 .  
         [0026]    Portions of the invention may be implemented as a set of computer executable instructions (software). The software may be stored on a computer readable medium, including, in this example, ROS  134  and RAM  132  of NIC  120 . ROS  134  may be implemented with a ROM, flash memory device, or any other suitable non-volatile storage device. RAM  132  is typically implemented with one or more DRAM modules.  
         [0027]    Referring now to FIG. 5, a flow diagram illustrating a method  170  of implementing a network media according to one embodiment of the invention is presented. Initially, an attempt to communicate between network devices is made by first sending some form of initialization sequence over the network media over an initial subset of wires within the media. In the depicted embodiment, the initialization sequence includes an Ethernet Auto-negotiation sequence as indicated in block  172 .  
         [0028]    Most 100 Mbps Ethernet adapters and all Ethernet Gig Adapters incorporate an Auto-negotiation feature that enables the adapter to communicate with slower (10 Mbps) adapters. Auto-negotiation is defined in Clause 28 of the 1998 edition of IEEE Standard (Std) 802.3. During an Ethernet Auto-negotiation sequence, two devices determine the highest level of service (including the data rate) at which both ends of the connection can operate. The levels of services are prioritized according to a predetermined definition. Initially, both ends of the connection configure themselves according to the lowest priority level of service (typically 10BaseT). The systems then attempt to negotiate for a mutually attainable higher level of service using the Auto-negotiation procedure.  
         [0029]    One embodiment of the present invention leverages the Auto-negotiation functionality of the large installed base of Ethernet adapters to determine if network media  103  is fully functional. If media  103  is determined to be non-functional, the invention attempts to maintain network functionality by re-routing signals to a functional set of wires. More specifically, one embodiment of the invention relies on the Fast Link Pulse (FLP) generated by Ethernet adapters at the start of the Auto-negotiation process to verify the integrity of the media.  
         [0030]    Fast Link Pulse (FLP) signals are a modified version of the Normal Link Pulse (NLP) signals used for verifying link integrity, as defined in the original 10BaseT specifications. FLP signals are generated automatically at power-up, or may be selected manually through a management interface to an Auto-negotiation device such as NIC  120 . Like the original NLP, FLP signals take place during idle times on the network link and do not interfere with normal traffic. FLP signals are conventionally used to send information about device capabilities. The Auto-negotiation protocol contains rules for device configuration based on this information that enables the NICs  120  in switch  104  and device  102  to automatically negotiate and configure themselves to use the highest level of service.  
         [0031]    Because Auto-negotiation was originally specified for 100 Mbps adapters that may have been installed on 2 pair cabling systems, the FLP signals are restricted to 2-pairs of wires even on systems (such as Gigabit systems) employing 4 pair cabling. If one of the four wires in the 2 pairs used to send the FLP signals is non-functional (open, shorted to ground, shorted to Vdd, and so forth), the Auto-negotiation will not complete successfully. To detect and respond to this condition, the depicted embodiment of the present invention monitors for a timeout condition (block  174 ) after initiating the Auto-negotiation sequence. If a time out is detected in block  174 , it is assumed that one of the four original FLP wires is non-functional.  
         [0032]    In response to a time out condition, the depicted embodiment of method  170  then sequences through the set of possible logical/physical pin permutations until a setting is detected that results in the successful transmission of the FLP signals. More specifically, upon detecting a timeout condition in block  174 , method  170  then determines (block  176 ) whether all of the possible media configurations or subsets have been exhausted. If not, NIC  120  reroutes (block  178 ) its logical-to-physical pin assignments to the next logically sequential combination and re-initiates the Auto-negotiation process (block  178 ). If a timeout occurs using the newest combination, the next logically sequential combination is attempted and so forth until all combinations have been attempted. If all combinations of logical/physical pin assignments have used without successfully resulting in the transmission of an FLP, an interrupt is issued (block  180 ) and the process terminates with a fatal error condition. If a timeout does not occur, implying that the Auto-negotiation sequence completed successfully, the network link is established at the negotiated level of service using the physical signal wires that were determined to be functional. In this manner, the invention enables any connection employing 4-pair CAT 5 wiring to continue operation at speeds of up to 100 Mbps even if 50% of the media&#39;s signal wires are non-functional. This elegant solution thus provides a significant level of fault tolerance into the network at a minimal cost.  
         [0033]    The process of using different logical/physical pin combinations as described above effectively re-routes the FLP signals onto different combinations of wires within media  103 . If any four of the wires in media  103  are functional, the FLP handshake sequence will eventually complete normally. In one embodiment, the switch  104  is configured as the receiver of the FLP signals while the device  102  is the sender. Switch  104  may be configured to read all 8 wires. In a typical implementation, the wires in media  103  are tied to a voltage source (Vss or Vdd) through a high impedance element such as a suitable resistor. In such an implementation, an open or otherwise floating wire in media  103  will be tied to a static voltage level. Since the FLP signals “wiggle” each of the corresponding signal wires, it will be apparent to switch  104  which wire(s) are bad. Upon discovering 4 functional wires, the switch can re-route the 4 active bits onto the four functional wires. All subsequent packet transfers can then occur over the 4 functioning wires.  
         [0034]    While the method  170  described above is effective in sustaining network functionality after an auto-negotiate failure, the present invention emphasizes a method of establishing and verifying network functionality when auto-negotiation passes. This process is important because auto-negotiate does not check functionality of the entire media and network errors may occur following a successful auto-negotiate. Referring now to FIG. 6, a method  190  depicted in flow diagram format illustrates a feature of the invention that extends the auto-negotiate to include a gigabit functionality verification.  
         [0035]    Gigabit functionality method  190  as depicted in FIG. 6, begins by attempting to auto-negotiate (block  192 ) over an initial subset of network media wires. If auto-negotiate times out (block  194 ), the method  170  of FIG. 5 is invoked to determine if functionality at any level of service is possible using a different subset of the network media wires. If auto-negotiate fails on any subset of wires, gigabit functionality is not possible because gigabit Ethernet requires all media wires to be functional.  
         [0036]    Assuming that auto-negotiate does not time out in block  194 , it will determine a level of service for the connection based on the capabilities of the devices on each end of the connection. The gigabit functionality method  190  follows the successful completion of an auto-negotiation session by first querying (block  200 ) whether the level of service that was established is a gigabit level of service. If the established level of service does not require eight functional wires (i.e., is not gigabit), no further action is required. If the established level of service does, however, required eight functional wires, gigabit functionality method  190  according to the present invention takes additional action. Gigabit functionality is verified (block  202 ) following an auto-negotiate session that establishes a gigabit level of service.  
         [0037]    The gigabit functionality determination, according to one embodiment, is made by sending a data stream over the connection that can only be verified if all eight wires in media  103  are functional. Although the specific data pattern that is sent is implementation specific, an alternating sequence of logical 1&#39;s and 0&#39;s (on all eight wires) is likely performed as part of the gigabit functionality determination. Alternating 1&#39;s and 0&#39;s is a useful verification data stream because it assures that all eight media signals can toggle thereby eliminating from gigabit consideration any implementations in which one or more of the signal wires is grounded, floating, cut, and so forth. Additional tests may be performed to rule out inter-signal shorting. The signal wires within each twisted-pair, for example, may transmit logically complementary versions of the alternating bit pattern.  
         [0038]    If the gigabit functionality check passes (block  204 ), the procedure completes and the link is established at a gigabit level of service. If the gigabit functionality check fails, however, the level of service parameters are reset (block  206 ) to the highest level of service operable on less than eight wires. In a likely implementation, failure of the gigabit functionality verification will cause the system to reset the connection to a full duplex, 100BaseT level of service. In this manner, the gigabit verification extension of the auto negotiation procedure provides added assurance, reliability, and automation to the Ethernet environment without in a manner that is relatively transparent to the system. The functionality verification described herein implies no hardware changes to the existing base of Ethernet installations and can be readily implemented with a modest amount of additional software.  
         [0039]    It will be apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of this disclosure that the present invention contemplates a method and system for establishing and verifying a high-speed network connection. It is understood that the form of the invention shown and described in the detailed description and the drawings are to be taken merely as presently preferred examples. It is intended that the following claims be interpreted broadly to embrace all the variations of the preferred embodiments disclosed.