Abstract:
The present invention is a nerve stimulation system for treating pain in a patient, the system comprising an implantable device ( 100 ) having: a housing ( 18 ) having a power source; and at least one stimulation electrode ( 17 ) arranged on the housing ( 18 ) and in electrical communication with the power source, the stimulation electrode ( 17 ) adapted to transmit an electrical signal for stimulating at least one nerve cell of the patient, and wherein the power in the power source is wirelessly generated. The fact that the device ( 100 ) at least one stimulation electrode ( 17 ) arranged on the housing ( 18 ) advantageously provides a compact and miniature device for simple, minimally invasive implantation into a patient to treat pain. The size of said device ( 100 ) allows it to work with commomly used injectors such as a standard medical syringe and a stainless steel needle. Further, the device ( 100 ) can be powered wirelessly, which allows said device ( 100 ) to be implanted for a long period of time.

Description:
FIELD OF INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to devices, systems and methods for nerve stimulation. 
       BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 
       [0002]    The following discussion of the background to the invention is intended to facilitate an understanding of the present invention. However, it should be appreciated that the discussion is not an acknowledgment or admission that any of the material referred to was published, known or part of the common general knowledge in any jurisdiction as at the priority date of the application. 
         [0003]    There are many diseases and/or disorders related to injuries of the nervous system, including injuries to the central, peripheral and autonomous nervous system, which can induce sensory disturbances, movement disorders and conscious disturbances. Patients with such diseases and/or disorders may experience varying degrees of pain. Pain, for example chronic pain which is commonly understood as pain lasting longer than three to six months, affects a person&#39;s quality of life, for example causing sleep disturbances and impairing the ability to work. 
         [0004]    Several treatments for pain are currently available. Traditionally, medication such as analgesics has been used to treat or reduce pain, where such drugs typically act in various ways on the central and peripheral nervous system. Certain medication such as anti-inflammatory drugs and steroids act directly on the nociceptive injury to alleviate pain. An example of a medication for treating pain experienced by cancer patients is disclosed in Chinese patent application number 201310537668. Although pain treatment by medication is commonly used, such methods have long pathological response time, short duration of action and may have undesirable side effects. 
         [0005]    Chinese patent no. 203564311U discloses a method of pain treatment using acupuncture. This method expands the range of pain treatments available to patients. However, this method is difficult to operate and has limited treatment ranges. Due to the nature of the procedure disclosed in this patent, the electric field for the treatment is only efficient on the skin surface. Chinese patent no. 203355134U discloses a post-operative pain treatment instrument which achieves pain treatment by working on a patient&#39;s skin. This method is simple and can be applied to a wide range of diseases. However its therapeutic effect is poor and needs improvement because its working electrode is difficult to locate and it only works on skin. Chinese patent no. 302012071S discloses an external RF (radio frequency) device for pain treatment. This device utilizes high-frequency electromagnetic waves which are capable of penetrating a patient&#39;s skin surface and is mainly used to treat nerve system pains. 
         [0006]    Besides medication and acupuncture, electrical nerve stimulation is a procedure that uses an electrical current to treat pain. Such nerve stimulation has been a well-accepted clinical treatment method for patients. U.S. Pat. No. 6,895,280 B2 discloses a spinal cord stimulator (SCS). This stimulator comprises an implantable pulse generator with attachable working electrodes that extend to the relevant spinal nerves when the generator is preferably implanted in the abdomen or just above the buttocks. While this device is effective for a variety of nervous system disorders, such as reflex nerve disorders (RSD), said device has a complicated design and structure, is difficult to implant, has high manufacture costs, and also includes an internal power supply which requires charging/replacement once the power in the device has been used up charging/replacement of the power supply requires the surgical removal of the device. 
         [0007]    Therefore the object of the present invention is to provide for an implantable nerve stimulation device for stimulating nerve tissue and/or cells in a patient for the treatment of pain. 
       SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
       [0008]    Throughout the specification, unless the context requires otherwise, the word “comprise” or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising”, are to be construed as inclusive and not exhaustive. 
         [0009]    Furthermore, throughout the specification, unless the context requires otherwise, the word “include” or variations such as “includes” or “including”, are to be construed as inclusive and not exhaustive. 
         [0010]    In a first embodiment, the present invention is a nerve stimulation system device for treating pain in a patient, the system comprising an implantable device having: a housing having a power source; and at least one stimulation electrode arranged on the housing and in electrical communication with the power source, the stimulation electrode adapted to transmit an electrical signal for stimulating at least one nerve cell of the patient, and wherein the power in the power source is wirelessly generated. The fact that the device has at least one stimulation electrode arranged on the housing advantageously provides a compact and miniature device for simple, minimally invasive implantation into a patient to treat pain. The size of said device allows it to work with commonly used injectors such as a standard medical syringe and a stainless steel needle. Further, the device can be powered wirelessly, which allows said device to be implanted for a long period of time. 
         [0011]    Preferably, the device further comprises at least one reference electrode arranged on the housing. 
         [0012]    Preferably, the housing further has a first end and a second end, and wherein the stimulation electrode is arranged at the first end and the reference electrode is arranged at the second end. 
         [0013]    It is preferred that the nerve stimulation system further comprises at least one transceiver, wherein the device is configured to be in data communication with the transceiver, and the transceiver configured to provide instructions to the device to generate and transmit the electrical signal for stimulating at least one nerve cell in the patient. Preferably, the transceiver is configured to induce electrical power in the device. 
         [0014]    Preferably, the device further includes a processor configured to communicate with the transceiver, and preferably, such communication is a wireless communication. Preferably the device is configured to wirelessly communicate with the transceiver via radio frequency (RF) and more preferably via radio frequency identification (RFID). The processor is also configured to generate the electrical signal. Preferably, the processor is an ASIC. Preferably, the processor is configured to control the impedance in the device and to optimize ground loop impedance. 
         [0015]    Preferably, the device includes a temperature transducer configured to monitor the temperature of the device or optionally the temperature of the environment surrounding the device. It is preferred that the device includes an antenna. 
         [0016]    Preferably, the device has more than one stimulation electrode. Preferably, each of the stimulation and reference electrodes has a diameter ranging from 1 μm to 200 μm in one dimension. Preferably each of the stimulation and reference electrodes has a diameter of 100 μm. 
         [0017]    Preferably, the device is configured to select the stimulation electrodes for transmission of the electrical signal and it is preferred that the distance between each stimulation electrode ranges from 1 μm to 500 μm. Preferably the distance between each stimulation electrode is 200 μm. 
         [0018]    Preferably, the housing includes a biocompatible coating, where said coating includes, but not limited to parylene or polyether ether ketone (PEEK). 
         [0019]    Preferably, the device is implantable in a patient via injection. The device is implantable up to 5 cm from the surface of the patient&#39;s skin. 
         [0020]    Preferably the transceiver is configured to provide instructions to the device for the selection of the stimulation electrodes for transmission of the electrical signal. It is preferred that the transceiver is configured to receive data from the device. 
         [0021]    In a second embodiment, the present invention provides a nerve stimulation implantable device comprising a housing having a power source; and at least one stimulation electrode arranged on the housing and in electrical communication with the power source, the stimulation electrode adapted to transmit an electrical signal for stimulating at least one nerve cell of the patient, wherein the power in the power source is wirelessly generated. 
         [0022]    Preferably, the device further comprises at least one reference electrode arranged on the housing. 
         [0023]    Preferably, the housing has a first end and a second end, and wherein the stimulation electrode is arranged at the first end and the reference electrode is arranged at the second end. 
         [0024]    Preferably the device further comprising a processor configured to generate the electrical signal. Preferably the processor is configured to control the impedance in the device and to optimize ground loop impedance. 
         [0025]    Preferably the device includes a temperature transducer configured to monitor the temperature of the device, or optionally the temperature of the environment surrounding the device. 
         [0026]    Preferably, the device has more than one stimulation electrode. 
         [0027]    Preferably, each of the stimulation and reference electrodes has a diameter ranging from 1 μm to 200 μm in one dimension. Preferably each of the stimulation and reference electrodes has a diameter of 100 μm. 
         [0028]    Preferably the device is configured to select the stimulation electrodes for transmission of the electrical signal and it is preferred that the distance between each stimulation electrode ranges between 1 μm to 500 μm. Preferably the distance between each stimulation electrode is 200 μm. 
         [0029]    In a third embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating pain in a patient, the method comprising the steps of: implanting at least one implantable device at an implantation site of the patient, the device having: a housing having a power source and at least one stimulation electrode arranged on the housing and in electrical communication with the power source, the stimulation electrode adapted to transmit an electrical signal for stimulating at least one nerve cell of the patient; bringing at least one transceiver to the implantation site, wherein the device is configured to be in data communication with the transceiver; and instructing the device via the transceiver to generate and transmit via the stimulation electrode, an electrical signal for stimulating at least one nerve cell in the patient, wherein the power in the power source is wirelessly generated. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES/DRAWINGS 
         [0030]    The present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0031]      FIG. 1  provides a schematic view of a first embodiment of an implantable nerve stimulation device according to the present invention. 
           [0032]      FIG. 2  provides a flow chart illustrating the generation and transmission of an electrical signal within an embodiment of an implantable nerve stimulation device according to  FIG. 1 . 
           [0033]      FIG. 3  provides a circuit block diagram of the interface and stimulation circuitry of a second embodiment of an implantable nerve stimulation device according to the present invention. 
           [0034]      FIG. 4  provides a representative diagram illustrating the second embodiment of an implantable nerve stimulation device according to  FIG. 3  with an external transceiver. 
       
    
    
       [0035]    Other arrangements of the invention are possible and, consequently, the accompanying drawings are not to be understood as superseding the generality of the preceding description of the invention. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION 
       [0036]    Referring now to the drawings which are for the purposes of illustrating various aspects of the invention and not for purposes of limiting the same.  FIG. 1  provides a schematic representation of an embodiment of an implantable nerve stimulation device according to the present invention. The term “implantable” is taken herein to include placing the device within the body of a patient without any exposed portions, such that when implanted, the device is substantially surrounded by the cells of the tissue in which it is intended to be placed. 
         [0037]    The term “patient” is used throughout the specification to describe an animal, preferably a human, to whom treatment is provided. For treatment of those conditions which are specific for a specific animal such as a human patient, the term patient refers to that specific animal. 
         [0038]    The term “treatment” is understood to include anything done or provided for alleviating or preventing the effects or symptoms of a disease or disorder, whether it is done or provided by way of cure or not. A reduction in any particular symptoms of the disease or disorder the present invention is intended for, resulting from practising the present invention, is considered alleviation of the symptom. 
         [0039]    “Nerve tissue” used herein refers to a composition of neurons, or nerve cells which are commonly known to receive and/or transmit impulses, and it also includes neuroglia which aids to propagate nerve impulses and provides nutrients to the nerve cells. Nerve tissue can form part of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. Nerve tissue used herein can also be taken to refer to a single nerve cell, whole or part thereof. 
         [0040]    The term “stimulate” or variations such as “stimulating” used herein in relation to cells and tissue, refers to an excitation or desensitization of that cell and/or tissue, or provision of a current which bypasses that cell and/or tissue to reach other cells and/or tissues. 
         [0041]    “Power source” used herein refers to at least one electrical component for storing and/or providing electrical energy. The power source may comprise electrical modules or elements to receive electrical energy via a remote wireless means. Such elements include (but are not limited to) capacitors. 
         [0042]    Referring to a first embodiment of the present invention as shown in  FIG. 1 , an implantable nerve stimulation device  10  includes a baseband module  11 , a processor  12 , an antenna  13 , and additional circuit components  15 . Additional circuit components  15  are components required to stabilize the circuit and include but are not limited to capacitors, resistors and inductors. Additional circuit components  15  may be in a surface mountable package. The processor  12 , antenna  13  and additional circuit components  15  are preferably arranged, mounted and/or soldered on a printed circuit board  14 . The various components  11 ,  12 ,  13 ,  14 , and  15  may be enclosed within a housing  18 . 
         [0043]    The baseband module  11  is operable to receive and modulate any signals received from the antenna  13 . Baseband module  11  may be in the form of an integrated circuit chip, and comprises analog and digital components. 
         [0044]    The device  10  also includes reference electrodes  16  and stimulation electrodes  17  which have a portion arranged on the external surface of a housing  18 . Part of the reference electrodes  16  and the stimulation electrodes  17  extends into the housing  18  to electrically connect, with the baseband module  11  and the processor  12 , various internal components and a ground electrode (not shown) of the device  10 . The electrodes  16 ,  17  are preferably needle-shaped with a cross-sectional diameter of 100 μm. It will be appreciated that the size of each electrode  16 ,  17  will depend on the type of tissue and/or cell being treated and the type of problems associated with said tissue and/or cell. Accordingly, the cross-sectional diameter of each electrode  16 ,  17  can range from a few μm to a few hundred μm, for example from 1 μm to 200 μm. It is preferable that the cross-sectional diameter of each electrode  16 ,  17  is 100 μm. It will also be appreciated that the size of each electrode  16 ,  17  can be based on dimensions other than the cross-sectional diameter of the electrode, for example the length, width or radius of the electrode, which in turn can depend on the shape of the electrode. Accordingly, the terms “dimension” or “dimensions” used throughout the specification includes but is not limited to cross-sectional diameters. 
         [0045]    While  FIG. 1  illustrates a single reference electrode  16  and an array of stimulation electrodes  17 , it would be appreciated that a single stimulation electrode  17  may be arranged on the surface of the housing  18  and it would also be appreciated that an array of reference electrodes  16  may be used instead of a single reference electrode. An array of stimulation electrodes  17  is preferred to increase surface area for a more intensive electrical signal (which can be electro-magnetic in nature in an alternating current circuit) that will induce a stronger electrical stimulation and/or magnetic field simulation of the nerve tissue. When in an array, the distance between each electrode  17  can range from 1 μm to 500 μm and is preferably 200 μm. This distance of 200 μm is preferable because at least one electrode  17  will be best positioned to provide an optimal electrical signal for nerve cell and/or tissue stimulation. However it will be appreciated that the distance between the electrodes  17  may vary depending on the application, for example, the size of the tissue and/or cell being treated and the physical size of the device  10 . The exposed portion of the stimulation electrode  17  on the housing  18  is preferably tapered, with the tapered point (i.e. the sharpest point) furthest away from the housing  18  so as to concentrate the electrical signal prior transmission and to increase the stimulation field discharging intensity. Preferably, the reference electrode  16  and the stimulation electrode  17  are arranged at each end of the housing  18 , i.e. the reference electrode  16  and stimulation electrode(s)  17  are at opposite ends of the housing  18 . This arrangement forms a symmetrical distribution of the electro-magnetic field around the two end point of the device  10  and guarantees a stable and reliable current loop. However, it is contemplated that they can also be arranged anywhere on the housing, for example along a middle portion of the housing  18 . The reference electrode  16  and stimulation electrode  17  may be made from suitable biocompatible materials which include, but are not limited to titanium and gold, or metals coated in titanium or gold, where such coating may be achieved for example by physical vapor deposition or other techniques. 
         [0046]    The housing  18  is a single unitary structure molded from plastics, preferably medical grade plastics, and is coated with a suitable biocompatible protective material which includes but is not limited to parylene or polyether ether ketone (PEEK), or nano-molecular compositions of the same. Parylene is preferred because it is used by standard 0.18 μm complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) tape-out process, and is biocompatible. Such biocompatible materials provide protection against moisture, water, acids and alkalis, which forms part of the environment when device  10  is implanted into the body of a patient. Depending on the application and fabrication techniques of device  10 , housing  18  need not be a unitary single structure and may be made from other materials such as metals. 
         [0047]    The processor  12  comprises a digital-to-analog/analog-to-digital convertor (DAC/ADC) module  19 , a pulse generation module  20  and a switch  21 . It would be appreciated that the processor  12  is or includes an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) is programmable using a hardware description language. The ASIC may include microprocessor(s), memory blocks necessary for implementing logic to selectively activate or deactivate the stimulation electrode(s)  17  via the switch  21 . The ASIC is an application specified unit, and it includes analog circuitry for the signal processing in the front end, DAC/ADC module  19  to convert the analog signal to digital signal, and to interface with baseband module  11 . The baseband module  11 , processor  12  and the stimulation electrodes  17  form the electrical signal generation circuit of the device  10 . 
         [0048]    Upon receiving or detecting an electrical signal from an external transceiver  200 , a potential difference or voltage is induced across the antenna  13  ( FIG. 4 ). Part of the induced voltage is used to drive the baseband module  11 , DAC/ADC  19 , pulse generation module  20  and switch  21  (see  FIG. 2 ). The pulse generation module  20  controls whether the electrical signal is to be transmitted in pulses and if so, controls the nature of the pulse, for example pulse length and frequency. A skilled person will be able to determine the pulse rate which can range from several hertz to several kilo hertz, and pulse pattern, depending on the location of the nerve cell and/or tissue, the type of disease treated and treatment rendered. The pulse generation module  20  further includes comparators, reference circuits, pre-drivers, level-shifter circuits and logic control modules. The switch  21  can be an analog or digital switch, such as, but not limited to a metaloxidesemiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) or other electronic transistor and it is able to select which stimulation electrodes  17  are to transmit the electrical signal. The switch  21  can also control the components of the device  10  to alter the impedance of the internal circuitry. Depending on the application, other devices which include but are not limited to varicaps, may be used to alter the impedance of the internal circuitry. By selecting an optimal impedance for the ground loop, the efficiency of the stimulation electrodes  17  can be optimized. 
         [0049]    The implantable nerve stimulation device of the present invention may also be implemented in the form of an integrated chip as shown in  FIG. 3  which provides another embodiment of the present invention. In particular,  FIG. 3  provides a circuit block diagram of the interface and stimulation circuitry of device  100  as implemented in the form of an integrated chip. Antenna  113 , which is preferably a radio frequency (RF) antenna, is operable to receive/send RF input/output (in the form of data packets) from/to an external transceiver  200 ; a rectifier module  123  operable to rectify the received RF input; a power management module  125  operable to receive the rectified RF input, a portion of the rectified RF input being used for powering module  125  . . . Upon power up, the power management module  125  is further operable to:
       a. provide a first drive voltage AVDD for driving voltage generator  126 , a temperature transducer  127 , a pulse generation module  120 , a switch  121  which selects which stimulation electrode  117  transmits the electrical signal for stimulating the nerve tissue, and stimulation electrodes  117 ;   b. provide a second drive voltage VDD_DAC for driving a multiplexer  129  and a DAC/ADC  119 ; and   c. provide a third drive voltage DVDD for driving other components such as a signal demodulator/clock extractor/power-on-reset  128 ; a load modulator  130 ; a storage unit  124  and digital baseband  133  etc.       
 
         [0053]    An RF limiter  131  may be placed in parallel with the RF antenna  113  for RF circuit protection. Likewise the rectifier may comprise a voltage limiter  132  for circuit protection. 
         [0054]    The device  100  does not contain a power supply and instead receives power wirelessly from the external transceiver  200  via electromagnetic induction, when the device  100  is in close proximity with the external transceiver  200 . The antenna  113  receives a wireless signal from the external transceiver  200 , which via induction generates an alternating current in the antenna and the alternating current is then used to provide power to the stimulation device  100 . The antenna  113  also receives data from and communicates with the external transceiver  200  via RF, preferably RFID (radio frequency identification). The external transceiver  200  can, through the transmission of such data to antenna  113 , adjust the electrical signal&#39;s output voltage, waveform and strength, and control which and how many of the stimulation electrodes  117  transmit the electrical signal. In operation, data is received in the form of data packets from the external transceiver  200  and power is induced by the external transceiver  200  via the antenna  113 , and by a coupling module  122  (for example an L-C resonant circuit), rectifier module  123 , power management module  125 , and voltage generator  126 , certain voltage is generated and transmitted as an electrical (or electro-magnetic) signal via stimulation electrodes  117  to the intended nerve tissue  301 . A storage unit  124  stores the parameters and instructions received from the external transceiver  200 , such as electrical voltage amplitude (which can range from 10 mV to 1000 mV), waveform, and pulse length of the electrical signal and stimulation electrodes index, which is information on the number of electrodes (i.e. one or more) to be used. The stimulation electrodes index is accessed by the switch  121  to determine which stimulation electrodes  117  transmit the electrical signal. The number and selection of electrodes depends on the feedback of the patient and can be determined by a skilled person or the device  100  having been provided with suitable pre-configured instructions. The digital baseband  133  works according to a pre-defined and pre-configured work flow, and the instructions from the external transceiver  200 , and samples the signal from the temperature sensor  127  by means of the DAC/ADC  119 . The temperature data is used to evaluate the working status of the device  100  and the tissue surrounding the device  100 , to ensure that the surrounding tissue is not damaged by overheating of the device  100 . If the device  100  is working normally and the temperature of device  100  is close to the temperature of the surrounding tissue, the pulse generation module  120  and the switch  121  are activated through the DAC/ADC  119  to generate an electrical signal for transmission through the stimulation electrodes  17 . It would be appreciated that the switch  121  can be an analog or digital switch. The electrical signal stimulates the intended nerve tissue  301 . The electrical signal can for example, stimulate the sympathetic ganglia, dorsal root ganglia, thalamus and cerebral cortex, through myelinated nerve fibers, non-myelinated nerve fibers, sympathetic fibers, spinal cord lateral hypothalamus. Such electrical stimulation includes but is not limited to the activation and de-activation cells and/or tissue, and the bypassing of damaged cells and/or tissue to downstream cells and/or tissue to complete signal transmission. Further, the electrical signal transmitted via the device  100 , when implanted, can replace epidural stimulation and anesthetics which act on the spinal lateral hypothalamus and opioids which act on the thalamus. The device  100  can treat various diseases caused by nervous system injuries, such as reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD), and the electrical signal generated and transmitted by the device  100  can be applied to treat somatic, visceral and neuropathic pain. Based on a feedback, either feedback from the patient or a measurable signal transmitted to the external transceiver  200 , upon activation of the electrical signal, an operator can adjust settings in the external transceiver  200  to select the optimum stimulation mode (e.g. which electrode  117  to be used, the pulse intensity, the treatment time and the pulse frequency) accordingly. 
         [0055]    It is appreciated that pain is a subjective experience for different individuals and pain can be felt vastly different on different individuals. In a normal individual, it may be easy to observe tell-tale signs of pain—such as tearing, verbal communications and grasping of pained areas. However, in the case of the elderly, the impaired, the psychologically impaired, young children or individuals in severe injury warranting no verbal communications, it is important to watch out for signs of pain, or what nurses tend to term as ‘silent pain’. These signs could include restlessness, nervousness, sleep disturbances, respiration disruptions, blood pressure fluctuations, body positions and even minute facial expressions. Accordingly, pain intensity is unfortunately not easily represented by a scale. Historically a pain scale has four options—none, mild, moderate and severe. However, as time progressed, the more commonly used scale is the 10 point pain scale. The McGill pain questionnaire is also a well-known pain assessment for individuals where there is an abridged version comprising of 62 different aspects distributed in 15 sections and further divided into three classifications—sensory, affective and evaluation/temporary. Since then, minute adjustments to the questionnaire have been conducted to suit different needs of different settings. Other common scales for pain assessment can be found in the Pain Assessment Scales by the National Initiative on Pain Control, which in incorporated herein by reference. As there is no universally standard way to assess pain, a common method is to establish a standard operating procedure (SOP) which can be used when necessary. For example, the University of Kansas Hospital uses the following SOP:
       1. Describe the pain with words   2. Intensity of the pain (numeric and word scale)   3. Location of the pain   4. Any aggravating/alleviating factors   5. Other factors contributing symptoms or side effects       
 
         [0061]    An established SOP is important for accurate assessment of pain, and it should be tailored specifically for different purposes (i.e. trauma pain, chronic pain, etc.). It will accordingly be appreciated that a skilled person will be able assess the pain experienced by an individual based on the available pain scales and/or SOPs, and determine the settings in the external transceiver  200  to select the optimum stimulation mode (e.g. which electrode  117  to be used, the pulse intensity, the treatment time and the pulse frequency) for the treatment of that individual&#39;s pain via device  100 . Alternatively, the device  100  or transceiver  200  may be suitably configured with an appropriate pain scale and/or SOP to determine the optimum stimulation mode for the treatment of an individual&#39;s pain via device  100 . Preferably the pain scale used is the 10 point pain scale, where the device  100  may be configured to generate and transmit suitable electrical (or electro-magnetic) signals to treat the different types of pain experienced according to the different points on the 10 point pain scale. For example, an individual expressing a pain of 7 on the 10 point pain scale may be treated by setting device  100  to generate and transmit an electrical (or electro-magnetic) signal with a greater amplitude and intensity compared to an electrical signal generated and transmitted to treat an individual experiencing a pain of 2 on the 10 point pain scale. 
         [0062]    The device  100  also sends data to the external transceiver  200 , which is capable of scanning for data transmitted by the device  100 . The data is multiplexed and converted to a digital data packet for feeding into the digital baseband  133 , which converts the digital data packet into a transmission data packet to be sent to the external transceiver  200 . The transmission data packet may be sent to a load modulator  130  for signal modulator before being sent to the external transceiver  200  via the antenna  113 . The data which the device  100  sends to the external transceiver  200  can include information regarding the status and working condition of the device  100 , the electrodes, pulse intensity, frequency utilised, duration of the treatment, temperature of the environment surrounding device  100  and also on the nature of the electrical signal generated and transmitted. 
         [0063]    The device  100  is implantable into a patient via parenteral and/or enteral means, which include but not limited to intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous, oral or transdermal means. The device  100  is preferably implanted via direct injection into the target tissue  300  proximate or close to a nerve tissue  301 . For example, the device  100  is implanted in the peripheral region of nociceptive injury, which is the site commonly targeted by anti-inflammation drugs and steroids. Alternatively, the device  100  may be directly implanted in the vicinity of the posterior root ganglion and sympathetic nerve, for better therapeutic effect. Depending on the application, the device  100  may be in direct contact with the nerve tissue  301 . The device  100  may be used in post-operation pain treatment by targeting suitable nerve tissue sites, thereby providing better therapeutic effects comparing to many traditional methods, such as acupuncture, laser and infrared treatment. Implantation of the device  100  may be achieved by means commonly known in the art, for example if by way of injection, the device  100  may be implanted using a specially designed injector or standard medical injectors, e.g. syringe and a stainless steel needle with an inner diameter of 2 mm. It is contemplated that the site and depth of implantation of device  100  depends on its application which can be assessed by a skilled professional based on his medical knowledge and clinical experience, for example, the device  100  may be implanted 0-5 cm from the surface of the patient&#39;s skin near a nerve tissue. In cases where implantation may be complicated due to sensitivity of surrounding tissues, for example the implantation site is proximate the hypothalamus, the implantation of the device  100  may be assisted using x-ray. Due to its inert biocompatible coating and use of a wireless power supplied by external transceiver  200 , the device  100  may be implanted in a patient from a short to a long term basis. A “short term” or “long term” basis depends on the disease and patient&#39;s condition and can be determined by a skilled person, whereby the device  100  can be implanted in the patient ranging from several days to several years. Depending on the application or the extent of the disease and/or disorder, or the treatment thereof, more than one device  100  may be implanted into a patient. Having more than one device  100  implanted in a patient, for example at a single tissue site or at multiple implantation sites, can achieve more reliable and better therapeutic effect. It is appreciated that a single external transceiver  200  may be able to communicate with more than one of the implanted devices  100 . Alternatively, only one transceiver  200  can communicate with only one device  100 , i.e. there being multiple external transceivers  200  if multiple devices  100  are implanted. 
         [0064]    Electrical signal characteristics such as amplitude and waveform can depend on the distance D as shown in  FIG. 4 , which is the distance from the stimulation electrode  117  to the nerve tissue  301 . If distance D is substantially large, the strength of the electrical signal may be increased to effect the intended stimulation of the nerve tissue  301 . That is, the longer distance D, the larger the electrical signal. Depending on distance D, a skilled person will be able to ascertain the appropriate signal strength required for optimal treatment. 
         [0065]    If treatment is completed or device  100  needs repair, device  100  may be extracted by a specially designed extractor suitable for removing said device  100 , if the implantation depth is less than 2 cm from the surface of the patient&#39;s skin. However, if device  100  is implanted deeper than 2 cm from the surface of the patient&#39;s skin, micro surgery may be used to remove device  100 . 
         [0066]    In accordance with another embodiment of the invention the external transceiver  200  may be embedded in a mobile device, such as a mobile smartphone device. The mobile device may comprise a dedicated software application installed thereon for the purpose of enabling data communication between the external transceiver  200  and the device  100 . The mobile device may further comprise the necessary user interface for activating the device  100  to generate and transmit an electrical signal to stimulate a nerve tissue in a patient. 
         [0067]    It is to be understood that the above embodiments have been provided only by way of exemplification of this invention, such as those detailed below, and that further modifications and improvements thereto, as would be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art, are deemed to fall within the broad scope and ambit of the present invention described. In particular, the following additions and/or modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention:
       The electrodes may be suitably shaped and need not be needle-shaped—for example, the electrodes may be rod-shaped or elliptically-shaped.   The housing can be globular or a polyhedron, and need not be limited to having an elliptical cross-section as shown in the figures.   The electrical components in the device may be electronically arranged in series or parallel.   The electrodes may be arranged in any particular manner on the housing so long as the therapeutic effect of the device is achieved.       
 
         [0072]    Furthermore, although individual embodiments have been discussed it is to be understood that the invention covers combinations of the embodiments that have been discussed as well. 
         [0073]    The invention described herein may include one or more range of values (e.g. temperature). A range of values will be understood to include all values within the range, including the values defining the range, and values adjacent to the range which lead to the same or substantially the same outcome as the values immediately adjacent to that value which defines the boundary to the range. 
         [0074]    Other definitions for selected terms used herein may be found within the detailed description of the invention and apply throughout. Unless otherwise defined, all other scientific and technical terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention belongs.