Abstract:
A method of modulating grain size in a polysilicon layer and devices fabricated with the method. The method comprises forming the layer of polysilicon on a substrate; and performing an ion implantation of a polysilicon grain size modulating species into the polysilicon layer such that an average resultant grain size of the implanted polysilicon layer after performing a pre-determined anneal is higher or lower than an average resultant grain size than would be obtained after performing the same pre-determined anneal on the polysilicon layer without a polysilicon grain size modulating species ion implant.

Description:
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
   This application is a divisional of Application No. 10,147,270, filed May 15, 2002, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,682,992. 

   FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention relates to the field of semiconductor manufacturing; more specifically, it relates to semiconductor devices fabricated with controlled grain size polysilicon structures and a method of fabricating semiconductor devices having controlled grain size polysilicon structures. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   Polysilicon layers are frequently used in forming the emitter of semiconductor devices such as bipolar transistors, the gate electrode of field effect transistors (FETs) and the resistive element in thin film and damascened resistors. 
   In the case of bipolar transistors and particularly SiGe bipolar transistors having low emitter resistance, high germanium base concentration and narrow base width are highly desirable in high performance devices. However, these conditions can result in extremely high current gain (b). Conventionally, emitter resistance has been lowered and base current increased (resulting in lower b) by reducing the thickness of the emitter/base interface oxide. However, there is a limit to how thin the interface oxide can become and still effectively prevent epitaxial realignment. 
   In the case of FET and resistor devices, as polysilicon gate electrode (polysilicon lines for resistors) width and height are reduced, depletion of dopant in the gate electrode due to channeling during ion implantation as well as dopant diffusion effects with reductions in activation anneal times and temperatures, results in non-uniform doping of the polysilicon gate (or line). 
   A method other than reducing the thickness of the emitter/base interface oxide thickness to control emitter resistance and base current in bipolar transistors and to overcome depletion of dopant in the gate electrode in FETs and to improve control of thin film and damascened resistors is required if the trend to smaller feature size and improved device performance is to continue. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   A first aspect of the present invention is a method of modulating grain size in a polysilicon layer comprising: forming the layer of polysilicon on a substrate; and performing an ion implantation of a polysilicon grain size modulating species into the polysilicon layer such that an average resultant grain size of the implanted polysilicon layer after performing a pre-determined anneal is higher or lower than an average resultant grain size than would be obtained after performing the same pre-determined anneal on the polysilicon layer without a polysilicon grain size modulating species ion implant. 
   A second aspect of the present invention is a method of fabricating a bipolar transistor having a collector, a base and a polysilicon emitter comprising; implanting a dopant species and a polysilicon grain size modulating species into the polysilicon emitter; and annealing the implanted polysilicon emitter. 
   A third aspect of the present invention is a method of modulating a dopant species concentration profile in a polysilicon layer of a device comprising; implanting a dopant species and a polysilicon grain size modulating species into the polysilicon layer; and annealing the implanted polysilicon layer. 
   A fourth aspect of the present invention is a bipolar transistor comprising; a collector; a base; and a polysilicon emitter containing a dopant species and a polysilicon grain size modulating species. 
   A fifth aspect of the present invention is a device comprising; a polysilicon layer forming at least a portion of a structure of the device; and the polysilicon layer containing a dopant species and a polysilicon grain size modulating species. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
     The features of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, will be best understood by reference to the following detailed description of an illustrative embodiment when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
       FIGS. 1 through 3B  are partial cross-sectional views illustrating the method of controlling polysilicon grain size in a polysilicon layer according to the present invention; 
       FIG. 4  is a flowchart of the method steps for controlling polysilicon grain size in a polysilicon layer according to the present invention; 
       FIG. 5  is a cumulative distribution plot of polysilicon grain diameter in polysilicon layers fabricated according to the present invention; 
       FIGS. 6 through 11  are partial cross-sectional views illustrating fabrication of a bipolar transistor according to the present invention; 
       FIG. 12  is a flowchart of the method steps for fabricating a bipolar transistor according to the present invention; 
       FIG. 13  is a plot of implanted species versus depth for the polysilicon emitter of a bipolar transistor fabricated according to the present invention; 
       FIG. 14  is a plot of normalized base current versus selected combinations of implanted species and dose for a bipolar transistor fabricated according to the present invention; 
       FIG. 15  is a plot of emitter resistance versus selected combinations of implanted species and dose for a bipolar transistor of fabricated according to the present invention; 
       FIGS. 16 through 20  are partial cross-sectional views illustrating fabrication of a field effect transistor according to the present invention; 
       FIG. 21  is a partial cross-sectional view of a thin film resistor fabricated according to the present invention; 
       FIG. 22  is a partial cross-sectional view of a damascened thin film resistor fabricated according to the present invention; 
       FIG. 23  is a flowchart of the method steps for fabricating a field effect transistor according to the present invention; 
       FIG. 24  is a flowchart of the method steps for fabricating a thin film resistor according to the present invention; and 
       FIG. 25  is a flowchart of the method steps for fabricating a damascened thin film resistor according to the present invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     FIGS. 1 through 3B  are partial cross-sectional views illustrating the method of controlling polysilicon grain size in a polysilicon layer according to the present invention. In  FIG. 1 , formed on substrate  100  is a dielectric layer  105 . Substrate  100  may be a silicon substrate. Formed on dielectric layer  105  is a polysilicon layer  110 . Polysilicon layer  110  has a bottom surface  120  and a top surface  125 . Polysilicon layer  110  may be formed, for example, by any number of well known means such as low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD). Dielectric layer  105  may be a thermal or deposited oxide layer formed to prevent epitaxial silicon growth during the LPCVD process in the case of substrate  100  having a crystalline structure. Polysilicon layer  110  is formed of a multiplicity of polysilicon grains (also called micro crystals)  115  having an average as deposited grain size (or diameter) of GS 1 . Should an anneal step (as described below) be performed immediately after deposition, polysilicon grains  115  would grow to an average post anneal grain size of GS 2 . 
   In  FIG. 2 , a grain size modulating ion implant of either antimony (Sb) or carbon (C) is performed. If an Sb ion implant is performed, then after an anneal step, polysilicon layer  110  will contain a multiplicity of polysilicon grains  130  having an average post anneal grain size of GS 3  where GS 3  is greater than GS 2  as illustrated in  FIG. 3A . If a C ion implant is performed, then after an anneal step, polysilicon layer  110  will contain a multiplicity of polysilicon grains  135  having an average post anneal grain size of GS 4  where GS 4  is less than GS 2  as illustrated in  FIG. 3B . Should a doped polysilicon layer be desired, a dopant species such as arsenic (As) may be implanted before or after the Sb or C ion implant. 
   In a first example, polysilicon layer  110  is about 1000 to 2200 Å thick and average as deposited grain size GS 1  varies from about 100 to 500 Å, increasing in size from about 100 Å near bottom surface  120  to about 300 to 500 Å near top surface  125 . After an Sb ion implant of about 1E15 to 1.5E16 atm/cm 2  and at an energy of about 30 to 70 Kev followed by about a 900 to 1000° C. for about 5 to 20 second RTA, the average post anneal grain size GS 3  is about 1370 Å. (If, with no Sb ion implant, a 900 to 1000° C. for about 5 to 20 second rapid thermal anneal (RTA) were performed, the average post anneal grain size GS 2  would be about 770 Å) Should a doped polysilicon layer be desired, a dopant species may be implanted before or after the Sb ion implant. 
   In a second example, polysilicon layer  110  is about 1000 to 2200 Å thick and the average as deposited grain size GS 1  from about 100 Å near bottom surface  120  to about 300 to 500 Å near top surface  125 . After a C ion implant of about a 1E14 to 1E16 atm/cm 2  and at an energy of about 15 to 35 Kev followed by about a 900 to 1000° C. for about 5 to 20 second RTA, the average post anneal grain size GS 4  is about 600 Å. (If, with no C ion implant, a 900 to 1000° C. for about 5 to 20 second RTA were performed, the average grain size GS 2  would be about 770 Å). Should a doped polysilicon layer be desired, a dopant species may be implanted before or after the C ion implant. 
     FIG. 4  is a flowchart of the method steps for controlling polysilicon grain size in a polysilicon layer according to the present invention. In step  140 , a polysilicon layer is formed on a substrate. In step  145 , an optional dopant ion species (for example As) is implanted. In step  150 , a decision is made as to whether the polysilicon layer is to have a larger or smaller post anneal grain size than would be obtained if no grain size modulating ion implant were performed. If it is decided that a larger post anneal grain size is desired, then in step  155  an Sb ion implant is performed. If it is decided that a smaller post anneal grain size is desired, then in step  160  a C ion implant is performed. In step  165 , the polysilicon layer may be patterned using any number of well known photolithographic and reactive ion etch processes. In step  170 , an anneal step is performed which inhibits polysilicon grain size growth in the case of the C ion implant, or enhances polysilicon grain size growth in the case of the Sb ion implant. 
   In a first example, the polysilicon layer is about 1000 to 2200 Å thick and the average as deposited grain size GS 1  varies from about 100 Å near the bottom to about 300 to 500 Å near the top surface of the polysilicon layer. After an Sb ion implant at about a 1E15 to 1.5E16 atm/cm 2  and an energy of about 30 to 70 Kev followed by a 900 to 1000° C. for about 5 to 20 second RTA, the average post modulated anneal grain size is about 1370 Å. (If, with no Sb ion implant, a 900 to 1000° C. for about 5 to 20 second RTA were performed, the average post un-modulated anneal grain size GS 2  would be about 770 Å). 
   In a second example, the polysilicon layer is about 1000 to 2200 Å thick and the average as deposited grain size GS 1  varies from about 100 Å near the bottom to about 300 to 500 Å near the top surface of the polysilicon layer. After a C ion implant at about a 1E14 to 1E16 atm/cm 2  to and an energy of about 15 to 35 Kev followed by a 900 to 1000° C. for about 5 to 20 second RTA, the average post anneal modulated grain size is about 600 Å. (If, with no C ion implant, a 900 to 1000° C. for about 5 to 20 second RTA were performed, the average un-modulated grain size would be about 770 Å). 
     FIG. 5  is a cumulative distribution plot of polysilicon grain diameter in polysilicon layers fabricated according to the present invention. Three curves are plotted in  FIG. 5 . The uppermost curve plots the cumulative distribution of post anneal polysilicon grain size for a 1600 Å thick polysilicon layer implanted with As at a dose of 1.6E16 atm/cm 2  and with C at a dose of 1E15 followed by a 5 second 900° C. RTA. The 50% point of the cumulative distribution corresponds to a polysilicon grain size of 59.7 nm. The middle curve plots the cumulative distribution of post anneal polysilicon grain size for a 1600 Å thick polysilicon layer implanted with As at a dose of 1.6E16 atm/cm 2  followed by a 5 second 900° C. RTA. The 50% point of the cumulative distribution corresponds to a polysilicon grain size of 76.7 nm. The lowermost curve plots the cumulative distribution of post anneal polysilicon grain size for a 1600 Å thick polysilicon layer implanted with As at a dose of 1.6E16 atm/cm 2  and with Sb at a dose of 5E15 atm/cm 2  followed by a 5 second 900° C. RTA. The 50% point of the cumulative distribution corresponds to a polysilicon grain size of 136.8 nm. 
   From  FIG. 5  it is clear that addition of carbon inhibits polysilicon grain size growth while the addition of antimony enhances polysilicon grain size growth during post ion implant anneals. Sb and C ion implants are defined as polysilicon grain size modulation ion implants and Sb and C are defined as polysilicon grain size modulating species. 
     FIGS. 6 through 11  are partial cross-sectional views illustrating fabrication of a bipolar transistor according to the present invention. In  FIG. 6 , partially formed bipolar transistor  180  includes deep trench isolation  185  surrounding an N+ subcollector  190 . An N+ subcollector reach-through  195  contacts subcollector  190 . A collector region  200  includes an N+ deep collector  205  on top of subcollector  190  and an N+ pedestal collector  210  on top of deep collector  205 . Shallow trench isolation  215  separates collector region  200  from collector reach-through  195 . An upper portion  220  of collector region  200  extends above a top surface  225  of deep trench isolation  185  and a top surface  230  of shallow trench isolation  215 . Pedestal collector  210  extends into upper portion  220  of collector region  200 . 
   A base layer  235  overlays and contacts deep trench isolation  185 , upper portion  220  of collection region  200 , shallow trench isolation  215  and collector reach through  195 . Base layer  235  includes P+ polysilicon extrinsic base portions  240  contacting deep and shallow trench isolations  185  and  215  and N+ subcollector reach-through  195 . Base layer  235  also includes P+ single-crystal extrinsic base portions  245  contacting upper portion  220  of collector region  200 . Base layer  235  further includes a single-crystal intrinsic base portion  250 , contacting pedestal collector  210  between single P+ single-crystal extrinsic base portions  245 . 
   Intrinsic base portion  250  of base layer  235  includes a SiGe layer  255  contacting pedestal collector  210 , a boron doped SiGe layer  260  on top of SiGe layer  255  and a silicon layer  265  on top of boron doped SiGe layer  260 . 
   A first dielectric layer  270  extends on top of base layer  235 . An emitter opening  275  is formed in dielectric layer  270  over intrinsic base portion  250  of base layer  235 . An ultra-thin oxide layer of about 1 to 2 Å is formed on a top surface  280  of silicon layer  265 , where the silicon layer is exposed in emitter opening  275 . A polysilicon emitter layer  285  is formed on top of first dielectric layer  270  and top surface  280  of silicon layer  265 . In one example, polysilicon emitter layer  285  is 1000 to 2200 Å thick having an as deposited gradient of polysilicon grain size from about 100 Å near first dielectric layer  270  to about 300 to 500 Å at the top of the emitter layer. 
   In  FIG. 7 , an arsenic ion implantation into polysilicon emitter layer  285  is performed. In one example, the arsenic ion implantation is performed at a dose of about 1E15 to 2.3E16 atm/cm 2  of As+ and at an energy of about 40 to 70 Kev. 
   In  FIG. 8 , either an antimony or a carbon ion implantation into polysilicon emitter layer  285  is performed. In a first example, an antimony ion implantation is performed at a dose of about 1E15 to 2.3E16 atm/cm 2  and at an energy of about 30 to 70 Kev. In a second example, a carbon ion implantation is performed at a dose of about 1.2E14 to 2E16 atm/cm 2  of C and at an energy of about 15 to 35 Kev. 
   In  FIG. 9 , a second dielectric layer  290  is formed on polysilicon emitter layer  285 , a first anneal performed, and a third dielectric layer  295  formed on top of the second dielectric layer. In one example, first dielectric layer  290  is 100 to 140 Å of plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) silicon nitride, the first anneal is an RTA for 5 seconds at 800 to 1000° C. and second dielectric layer  295  is 1500 to 1900 Å of PECVD silicon nitride. 
   In  FIG. 10 , polysilicon emitter layer  285  (see  FIG. 9 ) is patterned to form polysilicon emitter  300 , and base layer  235  (see  FIG. 9 ) is patterned to form base  305 . A fourth dielectric layer  315  is formed on polysilicon emitter  300 . A second anneal is performed to form single-crystal emitter  310  in silicon layer  265 . In one example, the anneal is an RTA for 5 seconds at 800 to 1000° C. and fourth dielectric layer is about 100 Å of PECVD silicon nitride. 
   In  FIG. 11 , an fifth dielectric layer  320  is formed over entire device  180  (see  FIG. 10 ). An emitter contact  325  is formed in fifth dielectric layer  320  through fourth dielectric layer  315  to contact polysilicon emitter  300 . A base contact  330  is formed in fifth dielectric layer  320  through first dielectric layer  270  to contact extrinsic base portion  240  of base  305 . A collector contact  335  is formed in fifth dielectric layer  320  through to contact emitter reach through  195 . An interlevel dielectric layer  340  is formed over fifth dielectric layer  320  and first metal conductors  345  are formed in the interlevel dielectric layer contacting emitter contact  325 , base contact  330  and collector contact  335 . 
   In one example fifth dielectric layer  320  is borophosphorus-silicon glass (BPSG) formed by PECVD, interlevel dielectric layer  340  is tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) oxide formed by PECVD, contacts  325 ,  330  and  335  are formed from tungsten by well known damascene processes and first metal conductors  345  are formed from aluminum, titanium or copper by well known damascene processes. Metal silicide may be formed at the contact silicon interfaces. Fabrication of bipolar transistor  180  is essentially complete. 
     FIG. 12  is a flowchart of the method steps for fabricating a bipolar transistor according to the present invention. In step  350 , normal processing is performed in the fabrication of a bipolar transistor up to and including formation of the polysilicon emitter layer as illustrated in  FIG. 6  and described above. Note neither the polysilicon emitter layer or the base layer has been patterned and are blanket layers at this point in the fabrication process. Also, the base layer has a polysilicon portion and a single-crystal portion. In one example, the emitter layer is 1000 to 2200 Å thick having an as deposited gradient of polysilicon grain size from about 100 Å from the bottom to about 300 to 500 Å at the top of the polysilicon emitter layer. 
   In step  355 , an arsenic ion implantation of the polysilicon emitter layer is performed. In one example, the arsenic ion implantation is performed at a dose of about 1E15 to 2.3E16 atm/cm 2  of As and at an energy of about 40 to 70 Kev. 
   In step  360 , a decision is made as to whether the polysilicon emitter layer is to have a larger or smaller post anneal grain size than would be obtained if no grain size modulating ion implant were performed. If it is decided that a larger post anneal grain size is desired, then in step  365  an Sb ion implant is performed. In one example, the Sb ion implantation is performed at a dose of about 1E15 to 2.3E16 atm/cm 2  and at an energy of about 30 to 70 Kev. If it is decided that a smaller post anneal grain size is desired, then in step  370  a C ion implant is performed. In one example, the carbon ion implantation is performed at a dose of about 1.2E14 to 2E16 atm/cm 2  of C and at an energy of about 15 to 35 Kev. 
   In step  375  a first a cap layer is formed over the polysilicon emitter layer. In one example, the first cap layer is 100 to 140 Å of plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) silicon nitride. In step  380 , a first anneal performed. The purpose of the first anneal is to distribute the As throughout the polysilicon emitter layer. In one example the first anneal is an RTA for 5 seconds at 800 to 1000° C. anneal. In step  385 , a second cap layer is formed over the first cap layer. In one example, second cap layer is 1500 to 1900 Å of PECVD silicon nitride. 
   In step  390 , the polysilicon emitter layer is patterned to form the polysilicon portion of the emitter of the bipolar transistor by any one of well known photolithographic and RIE techniques. In step  395 , the base layer is patterned to form the base of the bipolar transistor by any one of well known photolithographic and RIE techniques. In step  400 , a second anneal is performed to drive the As into the single-crystal portion of the base to form the single-crystal emitter of the bipolar transistor. In one example, the second anneal is an RTA for 5 seconds at 800 to 1000° C. 
   In step  405 , the bipolar transistor is completed as illustrated in  FIG. 11  and described above. 
     FIG. 13  is a plot of implanted species versus depth for the polysilicon emitter of a bipolar transistor fabricated according to the present invention. In  FIG. 13 , the topmost curve (As Only) is for an As only implant of 1.7E16 atm/cm 2 , the middle curve (As+Sb), which shows the As profile, is for a As implant of 1.2E16 atm/cm 2  followed by an Sb ion implant of 5E15 atm/cm 2  and the bottom curve (Sb Only) is for an Sb only implant of 5E15 atm/cm 2 . A 5 second 900° C. RTA was performed after ion implantation. The measurement technique was secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). Examination of the As Only curve indicates that the As concentration declines steadily from about 13 nm to about 60. Examination of the Sb Only curve indicates that the Sb concentration remains relatively level at near 1E20 atm/cm 3  from about 10 to 55 nm with a jump to about 9E20 atm/cm 3  at about 58 nm. Examination of the As+Sb curve indicates the As concentration remains relatively constant near about 9E20 atm/cm 3  from between about 10 to 55 nm with a jump to about 4E21 atm/cm 3  at about 58 nm. The As+Sb curve pretty much mirrors the Sb Only curve, indicating the As is “following” the Sb during the anneal. Leveling and increasing the dopant concentration deeper into the emitter are desirable in advanced bipolar transistors (as well as advanced FET transistors and resistors fabricated with polysilicon). 
   Since implanting polysilicon grain size modulating species also modulates the dopant concentration profile of any dopant present in the polysilicon layer, the terms polysilicon grain size modulating ion implant or species and dopant concentration profile modulating ion implant or species are defined as equivalent terms for the purposes of the present invention and Sb and C are examples of such species. 
     FIG. 14  is a plot of normalized base current versus selected combinations of implanted species and dose for a bipolar transistor fabricated according to the present invention. The measurements where made on a bipolar transistor fabricated as illustrated in  FIGS. 6 through 12  and described above. Measurements were made on four bipolar transistors having an As implant of 1.7E16 atm/cm 2  followed by C ion implants of 1E15, 5E16, 1E15 and 5E14 atm/cm 2  respectively, on four bipolar transistors having only As implants of 1.2E16 atm/cm 2 , on two bipolar transistors having an As implant of 1.2E16 atm/cm 2  followed by Sb ion implants of 1E15 and 5E16 atm/cm 2  respectively and on two bipolar transistors having an As implant of 1.7E16 atm/cm 2  followed by Sb ion implants of 5E15 atm/cm 2 . 
     FIG. 14  shows carbon decreases the base current and antimony substantially increases the base current. Increased base current is desirable in advanced bipolar transistors. 
   Since implanting polysilicon grain size modulating species also modulates the base current of the bipolar transistor, the terms polysilicon grain size modulating ion implant or species and base current modulating ion implant or species are defined as equivalent terms for the purposes of the present invention and Sb and C are examples of such species. 
     FIG. 15  is a plot of emitter resistance versus selected combinations of implanted species and dose for a bipolar transistor of fabricated according to the present invention. The emitter resistance measurements where made on a bipolar transistor fabricated as illustrated in  FIGS. 6 through 12  and described above. Measurements were made on four bipolar transistors having an As implant of 1.7E16 atm/cm 2  followed by C ion implants of 1E15, 5E16, 1E15 and 5E14 atm/cm 2  respectively, on four bipolar transistors having only As implants of 1.7E16 atm/cm 2 , on two bipolar transistors having an As implant of 1.7E16 atm/cm 2  followed by Sb ion implants of 1E15 and 5E15 atm/cm 2  respectively and on two bipolar transistors having an As implant of 1.7E16 atm/cm 2  followed by Sb ion implants of 5E15 atm/cm 2 . 
     FIG. 15  shows carbon increases the emitter resistance and as the carbon dose is increased the emitter resistance increases and antimony substantially decreases the emitter resistance. Decreased emitter resistance is desirable in advanced bipolar transistors. 
   Since implanting polysilicon grain size modulating species also modulates the emitter resistance of the bipolar transistor, the terms polysilicon grain size modulating ion implant or species and emitter resistance modulating ion implant or species are defined as equivalent terms for the purposes of the present invention and Sb and C are examples of such species. 
   While not illustrated a C ion implant into the emitter increases the sheet resistance (Ω/□)of the emitter by about 50% while an Sb ion implant into the emitter decrease the sheet resistance of the emitter by about 50%. Decreased emitter sheet resistance is desirable in advanced bipolar transistors. 
   Since implanting polysilicon grain size modulating species also modulates the sheet resistance of the emitter of the bipolar transistor, the terms polysilicon grain size modulating ion implant or species and emitter sheet resistance modulating ion implant or species are defined as equivalent terms for the purposes of the present invention and Sb and C are examples of such species. 
   Therefore, it has been shown that C and Sb ion implants into bipolar transistors can modulate the concentration of the emitter dopant, the base current, the emitter resistance and the emitter sheet resistance and that an Sb ion implant will move these parameters in the direction most helpful in the design of advanced bipolar transistors. 
     FIGS. 16 through 20  are partial cross-sectional views illustrating fabrication of a field effect transistor according to the present invention. In  FIG. 16 , a partially fabricated NFET  410  is illustrated. NFET  410  includes STI  415  formed in formed in a P well  420 . A thin gate oxide layer  425  is formed on a top surface  430  of P well  420  and STI  415 . A polysilicon gate  435  is formed on top of gate oxide layer  425  over P well  420  and first spacers  440  are formed on sidewalls  445  of the polysilicon gate. 
   In  FIG. 17 , an halo ion implant is performed to form source/drain (S/D) extensions  450  in P well  420 , near top surface  430 . In one example the halo implant includes an As implantation at a dose of about 8E14 atm/cm 2  and an energy of about 15 Kev. 
   In  FIG. 18 , second spacers  455  are formed over first spacers  440  and an S/D ion implant is performed to form S/Ds  460 . In one In one example the S/D implant includes a As implantation at a dose of about 5E15 atm/cm 2  and an energy of about 30 to 70 Kev. 
   In  FIG. 19 , a polysilicon grain size profile modulation ion implant is performed. In one example the polysilicon grain size profile modulation ion implant is Sb implanted at a dose of about 1E15 to 1E16 atm/cm 2  and an energy of about 15 Kev. An optional masking step, covering S/Ds  460  but leaving polysilicon gate  435  exposed may be performed to stop the modulating ion implant penetrating into S/Ds  460 . 
   In  FIG. 20 , an anneal is performed to increase the concentration of As in a lower region  465  of polysilicon gate  435 . In one example, the anneal is a 5 second 900° C. RTA. Because the antimony has enhanced the diffusion of arsenic in polysilicon gate  435 , depletion of dopant in the gate electrode due to channeling during ion implantation as well as dopant diffusion effects are mitigated. 
     FIG. 21  is a partial cross-sectional view of a thin film resistor fabricated according to the present invention. Formed on top of an insulating layer  470  formed on a substrate  475  is a polysilicon thin film resistor  480 , having a upper region  485  and a lower region  490 . Upper region  485  contains Sb and As and lower region  490  contains Sb and an enhanced concentration of As. Optional spacers  495  are formed on sidewalls  500  of thin film resistor  480 . Upper and lower regions  485  and  490  of thin film resistor  480  are formed by processes similar to those illustrated in  FIGS. 18 through 20  for NFET  410  and such processes are further illustrated and described in  FIG. 24 . 
     FIG. 22  is a partial cross-sectional view of a damascened thin film resistor fabricated according to the present invention. Formed on a substrate  505  is an interlevel dielectric layer  510  or other dielectric layer. Formed in interlevel dielectric layer  510  is a damascened polysilicon resistor  515  having an upper region  520  and a lower region  525 . Damascened polysilicon resistor  515  is formed by well known damascene techniques. Upper region  520  contains Sb and As and lower region  525  contains Sb and an enhanced concentration of As. Upper and lower regions  520  and  525  of damascened thin film resistor  515  are formed by processes similar to those illustrated in  FIGS. 18 through 20  for NFET  410  and such processes are further illustrated and described in  FIG. 25 . 
     FIG. 23  is a flowchart of the method steps for fabricating a field effect transistor according to the present invention. In step  530 , normal processing is performed in the fabrication of an NFET transistor up to and including formation of the polysilicon gate as illustrated in  FIG. 16  and described above. In one example, the emitter layer is 1000 to 2200 Å thick. 
   In step  535 , a halo implantation of the P well on either side of the gate is performed. In one example, the halo implant implantation includes an As implantation at a dose of about 8E14 atm/cm 2  and an energy of about 15 Kev. 
   In step  540 , a S/D implantation is performed. In one example, the S/D implant implantation includes an As implantation at a dose of about 1E15 to 1E16 atm/cm 2  at an energy of about 40 to 70 Kev. 
   In step  545 , an optional masking step, covering the S/D regions of the NFET but leaving the polysilicon gate exposed may be performed to stop the polysilicon grain size modulation ion implant of step  550  from modulating the dopant concentration profile of the S/Ds. 
   In step  550 , a polysilicon grain size modulation ion implant is performed. In one example, the polysilicon grain size modulation ion implant is an Sb ion implantation performed at a dose of about 1E15 to 1E16 atm/cm 2  and at an energy of about 30 to 70 Kev. 
   In step  555 , an anneal is performed. The purpose of the anneal is to distribute the dopant species (for example As) and the Sb throughout the polysilicon emitter layer and especially increase the dopant concentration near the polysilicon gate/gate oxide interface. In one example, the anneal is an RTA for 5 seconds at 800 to 1000° C. anneal. 
   In step  560 , the NFET transistor is completed by forming contacts to the S/Ds and gate by processes well known in the art. 
     FIG. 24  is a flowchart of the method steps for fabricating a thin film resistor according to the present invention. In step  565 , normal processing is performed in the fabrication of a thin film resistor up to and including formation of a polysilicon line. In one example, the polysilicon line is 1000 to 2200 Å thick. 
   In step  570 , a dopant species is implanted. In one example, the dopant species is As implanted at a dose of about 1E15 to 1E16 atm/cm 2  at an energy of about 40 to 70 Kev. 
   In step  575 , a polysilicon grain size modulation ion implant is performed. In one example, the polysilicon grain size modulation ion implant is an Sb ion implantation performed at a dose of about 1E15 to 1E16 atm/cm 2  and at an energy of about 30 to 70 Kev. 
   In step  580 , an anneal is performed. The purpose of the anneal is to distribute the dopant species (for example As) and the Sb throughout the polysilicon line and especially more uniformly distribute the dopant than with otherwise occur without the dopant concentration profile modulation ion implant of step  575 . In one example, the anneal is an RTA for 5 seconds at 800 to 1000° C. anneal. 
   In step  585 , the thin film resistor is completed by forming contacts to the ends of the polysilicon line by processes well known in the art. The thin film resistor thus produced has improved resistance over conventional damascene resistors due to the improved dopant concentration profile caused by of the dopant concentration profile modulation ion implant. 
     FIG. 25  is a flowchart of the method steps for fabricating a damascened thin film resistor according to the present invention. In step  590 , a substrate having a dielectric layer formed thereon is provided. In one example, the dielectric is an interlevel dielectric of TEOS oxide. 
   In step  595 , a trench is formed in the dielectric layer by well known photolithographic and RIE techniques. In one example, the trench is 1000 to 2200 Å deep. 
   In step  600 , the trench is filled with polysilicon by depositing polysilicon on the surface of the dielectric and in the trench and performing a chemical-mechanical-polish (CMP) to excess remove polysilicon from the surface of the dielectric layer and polish the polysilicon in the trench substantially flush with the surface of the dielectric layer. 
   In step  605 , a dopant species is implanted. In one example, the dopant species is As implanted at a dose of about 1E15 to 1E16 atm/cm 2  at an energy of about 40 to 70 Kev. 
   In step  610 , a polysilicon grain size modulation ion implant is performed. In one example, the polysilicon grain size modulation ion implant is an Sb ion implantation performed at a dose of about 1E15 to 1E16 atm/cm 2  and at an energy of about 30 to 70 Kev. 
   In step  615 , an anneal is performed. The purpose of the anneal is to distribute the dopant species (for example As) and the Sb throughout the polysilicon line and especially more uniformly distribute the dopant than with otherwise occur without the dopant concentration profile modulation ion implant of step  610 . In one example, the anneal is an RTA for 5 seconds at 800 to 1000° C. anneal. 
   In step  620 , the damascene resistor is completed by forming contacts to the ends of the polysilicon line by processes well known in the art. The damascene resistor thus produced has improved resistance over conventional damascene resistors due to the improved dopant concentration profile caused by the dopant concentration profile modulation ion implant. 
   It has been shown that the present invention provides a method to control emitter resistance and base current in bipolar transistors and to overcome depletion of dopant in the gate electrode in FETs and the line of thin film and damascened resistors. 
   The description of the embodiments of the present invention is given above for the understanding of the present invention. It will be understood that the invention is not limited to the particular embodiments described herein, but is capable of various modifications, rearrangements and substitutions as will now become apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention. Therefore it is intended that the following claims cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.