Abstract:
In order to calibrate in amplitude and phase the individual transceiver elements ( 4 ) of an active antenna array for a mobile telecommunications network, each transceiver element including a transmit and a receive path ( 8, 10 ) coupled to an antenna element ( 12 ), each transceiver element includes a comparator ( 100 ) for comparing phase and amplitude of transmitted or received signals with reference signals in order to adjust the characteristics of the antenna beam. In order to provide an accurate means of reference signal distribution, a feed arrangement distributes the reference signals and includes a waveguide ( 50 ) of a predetermined length which is terminated at one end ( 52 ) in order to set up a standing wave system along its length, and a plurality of coupling points ( 56 ) at predetermined points along the length of the waveguide, which are each coupled to a comparator of a respective transceiver element.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to antenna arrays employed in mobile telecommunications systems, and in particular to the phase and/or amplitude calibration of RF signals in active antenna arrays. 
       BACKGROUND ART 
       [0002]    In wireless mobile communications, active, or phased array, antenna systems are emerging in the market, which are used for beam steering and beam forming applications. Active antenna systems allow increase of network capacity, without increasing the number of cell sites, and are therefore of high economical interest. Such systems comprise a number of individual antenna elements, wherein each individual antenna element transmits RF energy, but adjusted in phase relative to the other elements, so as to create a beam pointing in a desired direction. It is essential for the functionality of the system to be able to measure, control and adjust the phase coherency of the signal being radiated from the various individual antenna elements of the antenna array. 
         [0003]    In  FIG. 1  a known active antenna system is depicted, formed from several individual transceiver elements  4 . A digital baseband unit  6  is coupled to each transceiver element, and each transceiver element comprises a transmit path  8  and a receive path  10 . Each path is coupled to an antenna element  12 . The transmit path  8  processes a signal from baseband unit  6  and includes a digital to analog converter DAC, a power amplifier PA, and a Diplexer/Filter  15 . The receive path  10  processes signals received from antenna element  12 , and comprises Diplexer/Filter  15 , a low noise amplifier LNA, and an analog to digital converter ADC. 
         [0004]    Each transceiver element generates an RF signal which is shifted in phase either electronically or by RF-phase shifters relative to the other transceiver elements. Each antenna element thereby forms a distinctive phase and amplitude profile  14 , so that a distinctive beam pattern  16  is formed. It is therefore necessary to align or calibrate all signal phases and amplitudes from the individual transceiver elements at the point where they are transmitted by the antenna elements. To align all transceivers, a common reference is required. The transmitted signal is then compared in phase and amplitude with the reference. 
         [0005]    To provide a phase and amplitude reference, two different methods have been used: 
         [0006]    1. The signal of one element of the array is used as reference and all other signals are adjusted so that the required coherency to the reference element is achieved. This method usually requires (depending on the size of the array and accuracy) very complex algorithms to mutually adjust the elements, because the adjustment relies on mutual coupling of the elements, which is weak for elements at larger distances. Or a factory-calibration is used, which is complicated to recalibrate if, e.g. during the operation of the array, any phase or amplitude changes in the RF-signal-generation and transmission occurs. This method also requires a dedicated receiver unit, which is able to receive the transmitted signals from the other antenna elements. If receive calibration is also required, a dedicated transmitter is needed for a test signal. The additional receiver and transmitter increase cost and the associated algorithms require extra computational resources. 
         [0007]    2. A star-distribution network, wherein a reference is generated in a central unit, which is then distributed to all transceivers, and each transceiver is aligned with the reference. This method is the preferred ones for smaller arrays (number of elements≦10) due to the simpler algorithms required. Critical for the central reference generation calibration method is that the accuracy of the reference distribution is high. Each error in terms of phase or amplitude in the reference will be carried forward to the transmitted/received signal itself. To accurately distribute the phase reference, a centrally generated reference signal is split into a set number of signal paths. Each such path is connected to the respective reference signal input of each transceiver unit of the array by respective transmission lines, the transmission lines being of nominally equal length. This method suffers from three draw backs: 
         [0008]    a) Each transmission line has to be of at least half the length of the array size. That means even if an element is located very close to the reference signal generator, it requires a long cable. This increases cost unnecessarily and the volume and weight of the network. 
         [0009]    b) The number of transceiver elements is limited to the preset number of signal paths. The network has to be designed for a specific number of elements, which leads to inflexibility. 
         [0010]    c) The mechanical accuracy of the transmission line lengths has to be great, that is the tolerances must be small, in view of the requirements for phase and amplitude accuracy of the array itself. For example, for a mobile communication base station antenna with eight to ten elements operating at a frequency of approx 2 GHz, the required phase accuracy is in the order of ±3° among elements. This corresponds to an approximate accuracy of the total line length of ±0.9 mm of a Teflon-filled 50 Ohm-coaxial cable with a total length of approx 700 mm (the array itself is approx 1400 mm long). To ensure this kind of accuracy in a mass production environment is expensive, especially if e.g. thermal expansion during the operation of the antenna and varying bending radii of the different lines within the antenna structure are also taken into account. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0011]    The present invention provides an active antenna array for a mobile telecommunications network, comprising a plurality of radio elements, each including a transmit and/or a receive path coupled to an antenna element, and each including comparison means for comparing phase and/or amplitude of transmitted or received signals with reference values in order to adjust the characteristics of the antenna beam, and including a feed arrangement for supplying reference signals of amplitude and/or phase, the feed arrangement including a waveguide of a predetermined length, which is coupled to a reference signal source, and which is terminated at one end in order to set up a standing wave system along its length, and a plurality of coupling points at predetermined points along the length of the waveguide, which are each coupled to a said comparison means of a respective said radio element. 
         [0012]    In accordance with the invention, at least in a preferred embodiment, it is possible to overcome or at least reduce the above noted problems, and to provide an accurate distribution mechanism for phase and amplitude reference signals for calibration of active antenna arrays for mobile communications. The distribution mechanism in addition in a preferred embodiment is mechanically robust and cost-effective. 
         [0013]    In the present invention, at least in a preferred embodiment, a reference source signal of phase and/or amplitude is coupled to a finite length of a transmission line, which is terminated such as to set up a standing wave within the transmission line length. As is well-known, in a length of transmission line or other waveguide terminated at one end with its characteristic impedance, radiated travelling waves will progress along the line and be absorbed in the terminating impedance. For all other terminations however, some radiation will not be absorbed, but be reflected from the end, and will set up a standing wave system, where the resultant wave amplitude changes periodically along the length of the waveguide (there will in addition be time variation of the voltage value at each point along the line as a result of wave oscillation/phase rotation). 
         [0014]    The amount reflected depends on the terminating impedance, and in the limiting cases of short circuit and open circuit, there will be a complete reflection. In other cases, there will be partial reflection and partial absorption. 
         [0015]    The standing wave signal may be sampled at predetermined tapping or coupling points along the length of the line, which all have the same amplitude and phase relationships, or at least a known relationship of phase and amplitude. As preferred, such coupling points occur at or adjacent voltage maxima/minima within the standing wave, where the change of voltage with respect to line length is very small. Hence, the requirement for mechanical accuracy in positioning of the coupling point is much reduced as compared with the star-distribution network arrangement described above. 
         [0016]    These coupling points may each be connected by a respective flexible short length of line of accurately known length to respective comparators in respective transceiver elements (more generally radio elements). Short lengths of flexible cable, all of the same length, may be formed very accurately as compared with the known star-distribution network above. 
         [0017]    In a preferred embodiment, said waveguide may be formed as a plurality of sections of waveguide of predetermined length, interconnected by releasable couplings; this permits scaling to any desired size of antenna. 
         [0018]    An application of the invention is for frequencies of the order of GHz, usually up to 5 GHz, that is microwave frequencies in the mobile phone allocated bands, where coaxial cable is generally used as a transmission line. However the invention is applicable to other frequencies, greater and smaller, and coaxial cable may be replaced by other waveguide and transmission line constructions such as hollow metallic waveguides, tracks on a printed circuit, or any other construction. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0019]    A preferred embodiment of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
           [0020]      FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of a known active antenna array comprising a number of transceiver elements; 
           [0021]      FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram of a means of distributing a reference signal to respective transceivers of an active antenna array, incorporating the known star-distribution network; 
           [0022]      FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram of progression of a travelling electromagnetic wave along a transmission line length, having its free end terminated with a matching impedance; 
           [0023]      FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram of a standing electromagnetic wave along a transmission line, which has its free end terminated with a short circuit; 
           [0024]      FIGS. 5   a ,  5   b , and  5   c  are diagrammatic views of a length of transmission line with coupling points formed by capacitive coupling ports, for use in a preferred embodiment of the invention; 
           [0025]      FIG. 6  is a schematic view of a feed arrangement of a reference signal to transceiver elements of an active antenna, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention; 
           [0026]      FIG. 7  is a schematic block diagram of a means for phase and amplitude adjustment within a transceiver element of the active array of  FIG. 6 ; and 
           [0027]      FIG. 8  is a schematic diagram of a modification of the preferred embodiment, forming a distribution arrangement for 2-D arrays. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
       [0028]    In the following description, where reference is made to the transmit path, it will be appreciated the invention can be used in the same way to provide a reference for the receive path. The invention is applicable both to transmit and receive cases. 
         [0029]    Referring to  FIG. 2 , this shows a means of distributing a reference signal of phase and amplitude to the individual transceivers of an active antenna array. A centrally generated reference signal  20  (VCO PLL) is split in an N-way-power divider  22  (1:N-splitter) and connected to the reference input of each transceiver unit  24  by respective transmission lines  26  of equal length I. Length I is nominally equal to half the length of the array I A . This forms the known star-distribution network, and any change of the line length results in a change of the phase length, giving rise to the disadvantages noted above. This is due to the travelling nature of the wave propagation on the line: the phase change Δφ is proportional to the length Δl which the wave travels along the line: Δφ=(360/λline)Δl, where λ is the wavelength of the radiation in the transmission line. If one looks at a travelling wave at a certain snap-shot in time, the phase changes with the position along the transmission line, as indicated in  FIG. 3 . In  FIG. 3 , voltage values are shown existing along the line at time intervals t 1 -t 4 . As is well known the measured voltage value is dependent on the amplitude A and phase φ of the electromagnetic wave, and in the travelling wave of  FIG. 3 , the measured voltage will vary, with time, at each point on the line between +A and −A. In  FIG. 3 , the line length is terminated with the matching impedance of the transmission line, so that all the energy of the travelling wave is absorbed. If however a line length is terminated with an impedance other than a matching impedance, then a standing wave system may be set up. 
         [0030]    A standing wave arrangement is shown in  FIG. 4 . Such a standing wave can be generated along a line  40  by feeding it with a signal  42  from one end and shorting the signal at the other end  44 . This short enforces a voltage-null at the end of the line. The same energy that travels along the line is fully reflected at the short and travels backwards towards the source. If the line is lossless (or reasonable low loss), this leads to a standing wave on the line. Thus, the voltage value at any point along the line now depends on time, but the phase of the wave does not vary along the line, rather the amplitude A of the electromagnetic wave varies cyclically along the length of the line, between maxima and minima, (positive and negative peaks), the maxima being spaced apart one wavelength λ of the wave, as shown. The first minimum occurs at a distance of λ/4 from the shorted end. At any given point along the line e.g. ×1 and ×2 the amplitude is different. The maximum voltage occurs at the same point in time as the minimum. 
         [0031]    If the voltage on the line is now sampled by couplers  46  with a low coupling coefficient in order not to interfere with the standing wave, then the maximum at each coupler output occurs at the same time (even they may differ in amplitude). If it ensured that each coupler is spaced in a distance of 1λ, where λ is the wavelength of the radiation in the transmission line, then it is also ensured, that the amplitude at each coupler output is equal. If different amplitudes are desired, not necessarily equal, other distances than A can be chosen. 
         [0032]    In accordance with the invention, this arrangement of couplers attached to a line having a standing wave, may be used to transmit an amplitude and phase reference signal to the individual antenna elements of an active array system. Each coupler is attached to a respective transceiver by a short length of cable, of accurately known length. A primary advantage of this arrangement is that it avoids the strict requirements of mechanical accuracy of the star distribution arrangement of  FIG. 2 . To minimize the amplitude difference between coupling or tapping points, it is desirable to space the couplings in a distance of d=(Nλ+λ/4) from the shorted end; this places each coupling in a voltage-peak of the standing wave. Since the voltage distribution along the line follows a sinusoidal function, and the derivative of the sinusoidal function near the maximum/minimum value is zero, the sensitivity of the amplitude of the coupled signal to the physical position of the coupling point is minimal. 
         [0033]    This arrangement overcomes shortcomings of the star-distribution arrangement, since the reduced dependence of the phase reference on the physical location of the coupling point along the line reduces the manufacturing cost and increases the accuracy of the system according to the invention as compared to a star-network. The signal may be transported from the coupling port to the reference comparator in the respective transceiver by a much shorter cable (e.g. in the order of several cm instead of several ten cms of the star network) and therefore be manufactured much more precisely. Due to the shorter cable lengths, the costs of the cables/line between the reference-line and the comparator are also reduced. The dependence of the amplitude of the coupled signal is minimized by placing the coupling ports at distances d=(Nλ+λ/4). For example, at 2 GHz and a Teflon filled line, a misplacement of the coupling point from the voltage maximum of +/−5 mm corresponds to a shift of 16.8°. With cos(16.8°)=0.95 this reduces the coupled amplitude by 20*log(0.95)=0.38 dB, which is about half of the permitted tolerance in amplitude accuracy for mobile communication antennas. Therefore the required mechanical accuracy has been reduced from a sub-mm-level tolerance to a level of several mm tolerance. It is much easier to achieve a sub-mm- or mm-accuracy on a short connection line between the standing wave line and the transceiver than on a line which is orders of magnitude longer, as in a star-network. 
         [0034]    In  FIGS. 5   a ,  5   b , and  5   c  a preferred form of coaxial line is shown, which is incorporated a distribution arrangement for amplitude and phase reference signals according to the invention. In  FIG. 5   a , a transmission line, which is a coaxial line  50  with a shorted free end  52 , is coupled to a reference source  54 . The line has a series of spaced capacitive coupled coaxial coupling or tapping ports  56 . A perspective view of a coupling port is shown in  FIG. 5   b . In  FIG. 5   c , a part-sectional view of a physical implementation of the transmission line is shown, comprising a length of air-filled coaxial line  60 , which has a length equal to one wavelength λ of the transmission signal (a 2 Ghz signal has a wavelength of the order of 15 cm in free space). One end has a male coupling connector  62 , and the other end a female coupling  64 , for coupling to identical sections of coaxial line, in order to provide a composite line of desired length. The length  60  has a capacitive coupling port  66 , having an electrode pin  68  which is adjustable in its spacing from a central conductor  70 . The coupling coefficient can be tuned to a desired value by the length of the coupling pin protruding into the standing wave line. 
         [0035]    In the illustrated case of the standing wave line filled with air, the distance between the ports  56  is λ0=c0/f with λ0 being the wavelength in free space. In antenna arrays the distance of antenna elements is usually between 0.5 λ0 and 1λ0, so that no gratings lobes occur in the array-pattern. In mobile communication antenna arrays this distance is usually in the order of ˜0.9 λ0. It is beneficial, that the distance between the coupling-ports for the reference signal matches the element distance, so the length of the wave guide that connects the coupling ports with the comparator-input is minimized. This is possible with the invention, by adapting the effective dielectric permittivity εeff used in the standing wave line such, that the physical length lc between the couplings equals approximately the element distance d between the antenna elements: 0.9 λ0=d≈λ0/(square root(εeff)). This is possible by using e.g. foam-material in the coaxial line as a dielectric and adjusting the dielectric permittivity by the density of the foam. 
         [0036]      FIG. 6  shows a preferred embodiment of a distribution arrangement for reference signals of amplitude and phase to an active antenna system. The embodiment incorporates the coaxial line of  FIGS. 5 , and similar parts to those of earlier Figures are denoted by the same reference numeral. In this embodiment the coupling or coupling ports  56  are separated by an effective distance of 0.9 λ, and each coupling port  56  is connected by a short (of the order of a few cms, and short in relation to the length of line  50 ) flexible coaxial cable  72  to a respective transceiver (radio) element  4 , which includes a comparator  100  and which is coupled to an antenna element  12 . The lengths of the cables  72  are precisely manufactured to be equal. 
         [0037]    The arrangement for processing the phase and amplitude reference signal within a transceiver (radio) element is shown in  FIG. 7 . A Digital baseband unit  80  provides signals, which include digital adjustment data, to a DAC  81 , which provides a transmission signal for up-conversion in an arrangement comprising low-pass filters  82 , VCO  84 , mixer  86 , and passband filter  88 . The up-converted signal is amplified by power amplifier  90 , filtered at  92 , and fed to antenna element  94  via an SMA connector  96 . To achieve phase calibration and adjustment, a directional coupler  98  senses the phase and amplitude A, ψ of the output signal. This is compared in a comparator  100  with phase and amplitude references A ref , ψ ref  at  102 , to provide an adjustment value  104  to base band unit  80 . Alternatively, if analog adjustment is required, a vector modulation unit  106  is provided in the transmission path. Thus, the comparator output  104  is fed back either to a digital phase shifter and adjustable gain block  80  or an analog phase shifter and gain block  106 , to adjust the phase and amplitude of the transmitted signal until its phase and amplitude matches the reference value. 
         [0038]    The arrangement of capacitive coupling points of  FIG. 5 , that is simple envelope detectors for the standing wave detection, may leave a 180° phase ambiguity. This ambiguity may be resolved by employing two similar standing wave lines, working with same frequency signals, but fed with, e.g., 90° phase difference (i.e., T/4 time difference). Then, detection can comprise using two detectors against ground, or using one detector between the two lines. 
         [0039]    An advantage of the distribution means of preferred embodiments of the present invention is that it is scalable: the line can be designed as a single mechanical entity, or as a modular system, which is composed of several similar elements, which can be connected to each other. If more coupling points are required, the line length is increased by simply adding more segments. 
         [0040]    In a modification, a distribution system for 2-dimensional arrays is provided. This is shown in  FIG. 8 , where a first line  110 , as shown in  FIGS. 5 , is coupled at each coupling point  112  to further coaxial lines  114 , each line  114  being disposed at right angles to line  110 , and each line  114  being as shown in  FIGS. 5  and having further coupling points  116 . Coupling points  116  are connected to respective transceiver elements of a two dimensional active array. 
         [0041]    In a further modification, by choosing a symmetrical implementation of the coupling points about the mid-point of the standing wave line, the accuracy can be improved further. Any error occurring in phase or amplitude is now symmetrical about the center of the array. If any phase or amplitude error occurs now along the reference coupling points (e.g. due to aging effects of the line), the symmetry of the generated beam is nevertheless ensured and no unwanted beam tilt effect occurs. Further, a temperature gradient along an active antenna array does not affect phase accuracy of the signals distributed to the respective antenna radiator modules. In practical operation, the uppermost antenna can easily experience an ambient temperature 20-30 degrees higher than the one of the lowest element. This can cause a few electrical degrees phase shift difference in a coaxial cable. 
         [0042]    Thus the mechanism of the invention, at least in its preferred embodiment, overcomes the noted shortcomings of the prior art and may provide the following advantages: 
         [0043]    Scalability (in 1D and 2D). The invention may therefore be ideal for the design of antenna arrays of varying sizes, depending on the required gain, output power and beam width of the system. 
         [0044]    The required mechanical accuracy may be reduced theoretically completely if it is used for phase reference distribution. In cases where it is used also as an amplitude reference, the required mechanical accuracy is decreased from a sub-mm-level to a level of several mm. 
         [0045]    The cost, weight and volume of the preferred form of reference distribution of the invention is reduced as compared to the prior art. 
         [0046]    The description and drawings merely illustrate the principles of the invention. It will thus be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise various arrangements that, although not explicitly described or shown herein, embody the principles of the invention and are included within its spirit and scope. Furthermore, all examples recited herein are principally intended expressly to be only for pedagogical purposes to aid the reader in understanding the principles of the invention and the concepts contributed by the inventor(s) to furthering the art, and are to be construed as being without limitation to such specifically recited examples and conditions. Moreover, all statements herein reciting principles, aspects, and embodiments of the invention, as well as specific examples thereof, are intended to encompass equivalents thereof.