Abstract:
A nutrient composition comprises an essential nutrient in which at least one exchangeable H atom is  2 H and/or at least one C atom is  13 C. The nutrient is thus protected from, inter alia, active oxygen species.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a divisional application of the U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/551,450, filed Nov. 24, 2014, which is a divisional application of the U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/281,957, filed Aug. 17, 2009 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,906,405, which claims priority to the U.S. National Phase under 35 U.S.C. §371 of International Application No. PCT/GB2007/050112, filed Mar. 8, 2007, which claims priority to United Kingdom Application No. 0604647.8, Filed Mar. 8, 2006. The disclosures of the above-referenced applications are hereby expressly incorporated by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present Invention related to isotopically modified compounds and their use as food supplements. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     A currently accepted theory of ageing blames the irreversible changes in cell machinery and reduced efficiency of metabolic processes on the detrimental effects of free radicals and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) or reactive nitrogen species (RNS) which are normally present in the cell as part of the respiratory process. ROS and RNS oxidize/nitrate DNA, proteins, lipids and other cell components. Of these, protein oxidation, which converts arginine, lysine, threonine, tryptophan and proline into corresponding carbonyl compounds, cannot be repaired by proteases after a certain threshold number of amino acid residues have been oxidized. 
     The damaged protein loses its catalytic or structural activity, but proteases are unable to disintegrate heavily carbonylised strands, so that the damaged species accumulate and aggregate, clogging up cellular passages. This rust-like process gradually wears down all cellular mechanisms, slowing everything down and ultimately causing cellular death. 
     Apart from ageing, many diseases such as Alzheimer&#39;s, Parkinson&#39;s, dementia, cataract, arthritis, chronic renal failure, acute respiratory syndrome, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, psoriasis and sepsis, to give a few examples, are associated with increased protein carbonylation. Typically, physiological levels of protein carbonyls are at around 1 nmol/mg protein, whereas pathological levels go to 8 nmol/mg and above. 
     For the two molecules involved in the process of oxidative damage of proteins, i.e. an oxidizer and its substrate, the oxidizer has been the subject of many studies aiming at neutralizing or removing it by means of increasing the number of antioxidants (vitamins, glutathione, peptides or enzymes). The substrate, e.g. amino acid (AA) residues which are converted into carbonyls, has received less attention. 
     One common feature of all the AA residues (except proline) vulnerable to carbonylation is that they belong to the group of essential AAs, which cannot be synthesized by vertebrata and should be ingested, e.g. consumed with food. The group includes phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, arginine, lysine and leucine (arginine is essential for children of up to 5 years of age). 
     Oxidation of both Arg and Lys by ROS yields aminoadipic semialdehyde and proceeds through sequential replacement of ω-hydrogens with hydroxyls. Oxidation of Lys, Arg, Tip, Thr, Phe and His is shown in  FIG. 1 . Side-chains undergo the same transformations if these AAs are part of polypeptides/proteins. Other essential AAs undergoing ROS-driven oxidation include Leu (to 5-hydroxyleucine), Val (3-hydroxy valine) and Be (several products). 
     Other types of oxidative damages affecting essential AAs involve reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Examples are shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     Yet another process detrimental to proteins is a ROS-driven peptide bond cleavage, which is preceded by oxygen free radical-mediated protein oxidation. A hydrogen atom is abstracted from a C α  atom of the polypeptide chain, which then leads to formation of an alkoxyl radical. This can lead either to hydroxyl protein derivative, or to peptide bond cleavage by (1) diamide or (2) α-amidation pathway. This is illustrated is  FIG. 3 . 
     Nucleic acids are not normally considered as essential components of the diet, but are also damaged by ROS. An example particularly important for the mitochondrial functioning is the formation of 8-oxy-G, as illustrated in  FIG. 4 . This leads to mutations in the mitochondrial genome, which is not maintained and repaired as efficiently as the nuclear genome, with detrimental consequences to the efficiency of respiratory processes in the cell. Another cause of degradation is radiation. 
     The kinetic isotope effect is widely used when elucidating mechanisms and rate-determining stages of chemical and biochemical reactions. The rate of reaction involving C— 1 H bond cleavage is typically 5 to 10 times faster than the corresponding C— 2 H ( 2 H−D=deuterium) bond cleavage, due to the two-fold difference in the masses of H and D isotopes. The difference in reaction rates is even higher for tritium ( 3 H or T) as it is 3 times heavier than hydrogen, but that isotope is unstable. The second component of the C—H bond, the carbon atom, can also be substituted for a heavier  13 C isotope, but the bond cleavage rate decrease will be much smaller, since  13 C is only a fraction heavier than  12 C. See Park et al, JACS (2006) 128: 1868-72. 
     Oxidation reactions are a good example of the isotope effect, as the hydrogen subtraction by an oxidizer is usually a rate-limiting step of the process. Damgaard, Biochemistry (1981) 20: 5662-69, illustrates this: the kinetic isotope effect upon VZK for (1-R)[1- 2 H 2 ]— and (1-R)[I— 3 H 2 ]— ethanol oxidation by liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) to acetaldehyde, measured at pH 6, was 3 (D(V/K)) and 6.5 (T(V/K)), decreasing to 1.5 and 2.5 respectively at pH 9. Lower than expected rates confirm the discrete role of the non-ADH systems as alternative pathways. In vivo experiments in perfused rat liver, as reported in Lundquist et al, Pharm, &amp; Tox. (1989) 65: 55-62, gave the mean value of D(V/K) of 2.89. Therefore, in all cases the oxidation of deuterated ethanol was substantially slowed down. 
     Isotopically labelled material has been administered to animals, and also to humans, for diagnostic purposes. Gregg et al, Life Sciences (1973) 13: 755-82, discloses the administration to weanling mice of a diet in which the digestible carbon fraction contained 80 atom %  13 C. The additive was  13 C-labelled acetic acid. Tissue examination revealed no abnormalities clearly attributable to the high isotopic enrichment. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is based on the realisation that isotopic substitution can be used to synthesize a class of compounds that, when ingested, result in the formation of bodily constituents (e.g. proteins, nucleic acids, fats, carbohydrates, etc) that are functionally equivalent to normal bodily constituents but which have a greater resistance to degradative/detrimental processes, e.g. those mediated by ROS and RNS or radiation. Therefore, according to this invention, a nutrient composition comprises a nutrient composition comprising an essential nutrient in which at least one exchangeable H atom is  2 H and/or at least one C atom is  33 C. 
     Compounds for use in the invention are identical to normal nutrients or constituents of food except that they contain stable isotopes which, when Incorporated into bodily constituents make such bodily constituents more resistant to degradative processes than they would be otherwise. They provide a method for protecting the preferred functionality of natural biomolecules; the method comprises supply of a compound in such a way that it becomes incorporated into biomolecules and in so doing confers properties on the biomolecule that protect against damaging or unwanted chemical changes. 
     Compounds for use in the invention may be chemically synthesized and, when ingested by an organism, are metabolized in a way that results in the incorporation of the compound into a functional biomolecule; the incorporation of the compound resulting in the biomolecule having a higher degree of resistance to damaging molecular changes than would be the case for the equivalent biomolecule that did not comprise the compound. Such compounds may act as mimics of naturally occurring precursor elements of biomolecules. They may mimic an essential amino acid. The organism is typically a plant, microbe, animal or human. 
     A compound for use in the invention is typically not degraded by enzymes of the P450 pathway. It can therefore accumulate in a subject for which it is essential. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIGS. 1 to 4  each show reactions that degrade essential nutrients. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     The present invention relates to the fact that essential supplements may undergo irreversible chemical transformations such as oxidation, nitration, etc, leading to the onset of senescence or diseases. Essential food components cannot be synthesised de novo by an organism, e.g. mammal, primate or human, and therefore need to be supplied with the diet. For the purposes of this specification, a nucleic acid is essential, although it may be more properly be described as conditionally essential. Conditionally essential nutrients need to be supplied with the diet under certain circumstances. 
     For humans, 10 amino acids are essential, i.e. Phe, Val, Trp, Thr, He, Met, His, Leu, Lys and Arg (up to the age of five). Purine and pyrimidine nucleosides are conditionally essential. Essential fatty acids are ω-3 and ω-6, while monounsaturated oleic acid is generally non-essential. 
     According to this invention, the proposed undesired effects such as ageing/diseases can be slowed down. The compounds consumed should be modified to slow down the undesired reactions, while still retaining their chemical identity. This can be achieved in one embodiment by substituting hydrogen atoms subjected to abstraction during oxidation/oxidative substitution at the most reactive carbon sites, or the sites known to undergo the ROS/RNS inflicted damage as illustrated on  FIGS. 1-4 , with deuteriums, which due to the isotope effect slow down the rate of reactions. Substituting carbons instead of or in addition to H atom substitution may require a greater degree of substitution since one does not add so much to the reaction rate decrease (D is twice the weight of H, and  13 C is less than 10% heavier than  12 C). 
     Depending in part of the method of preparation, a compound for use in the invention may comprise partial or total isotopic substitution. For example, deuterium substitution may be only at the one or two hydrogen atoms that are considered chemically exchangable, e.g. at OH or CH 2  adjacent to a functional group. Total rather than partial  13 C substitution may often be achieved more effectively. 
     In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the (or only the) oxidation-sensitive hydrogens should be substituted with deuteriums, to minimize the risk of other metabolic processes slowing down when fragments of these AAs are used to build up other structures. In special cases, to further increase the resistance to oxidation, both  1 H and  12 C of a H—C bond can be substituted by  2 H and  13 C. To minimize any possible negative effect of isotopes, such as unwanted slowing down of biochemical reactions that utilise fragments of AAs protected with isotopes, preferably only the most sensitive parts of the AAs should be derivatised, for example, ω-atoms of Lys and Arg. Preferred compounds of this type are 
                                
If the oxidative stress is so severe that benefits from protecting the vulnerable sites overweigh potential damaging effects from slowing down other metabolic pathways (as is the case with some diseases), then AAs more heavily protected with isotopes can be employed, as shown in the following, illustrative formulae
 
                                
Such derivatives confer protection from the detrimental effects illustrated in  FIGS. 1-4 .
 
     As all vertebrata have lost the ability to synthesise the essential AAs and require the outside supply of essential AAs or fatty acids, non-painful ways of delivering the deuterated/deuterated and  13 C-modified AAs into human food sources are possible. For AAs, one example of process is to create essential AAs-deficient yeast/algae/bacteria/etc, growing them on appropriate isotopically ‘protected’ media/substrates and then feeding the obtained biomass to fish or livestock. The fish or livestock can then be introduced into the food chain in the normal manner. Another example is by a direct pill/supplement-based delivery. 
     Non-essential components of food are the compounds that can be produced by an organism, such as nucleic acid bases. But when these are consumed as food, some of the non-essential components are digested/used as precursors for other compounds, but a certain fraction is utilized directly in metabolic processes, e.g. nucleic acid (NA) bases, incorporated into DNA. Therefore, as an example, some of the NA bases supplied with food may be isotopically protected, as shown in the following, illustrative formulae 
                                
Such species are less vulnerable to oxidation upon incorporation into DNA. In other words, the oxidation rate of DNA, including mitochondrial DNA, can be reduced.
 
     Both essential and non-essential components may be administered through a digestive system to achieve a desired effect of slowing down detrimental changes associated with ageing process and various diseases. Nevertheless, ways other than through the digestive tract, for instance intravenous delivery, can be envisaged. The important aspect of any delivery system is to get the isotopically engineered compounds incorporated into bodily/biochemical constituents. 
     A composition of the invention can be provided like any food supplement. It typically comprises one or more nutrients in addition to the isotopically labelled essential component. It may comprise plant material, microbial material or animal material. The composition may be a normal foodstuff, a tablet or other solid medicament, or an injectable or other liquid. 
     The composition may comprise unmodified compounds in addition to those that have been labelled. The labelled compound is typically present in a larger amount, and certainly greater than that which may be present naturally. 
     Compounds for use in the invention may be prepared by procedures that are known or that can be modified as appropriate by one of ordinary skill in the art, For example, the deuterated analogue of Lys, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid-6,6-D 2 , may be synthesized from a precursor nitrile by hydrogenolysis in D 2  according to standard procedures. 
                                
The deuterated analogue of Arg, 2-amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid-5,5-Z)2, may be synthesized from a corresponding nitrile.
 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Omithine-D 2 , obtained by hydrogenolysis in a way similar to that described above for Lys, was dissolved in water and mixed with an equal volume of 0.5M O-methylisourea, pH 10.5, adjusted with NaOH. After 4-5 h, 1% TFA was added to stop the reaction. The compound was purified by a RP HPLC (Buffers were A: 0.1% TFA/H 2 O; B: 0.1% TFA/(80% MeCN/20% H 2 O)), 0-65% B over 40 mm. See Kimmel, Methods Enzymol, (1967), 11: 584-589, and Bonetto et al, Anal. Chem. (1997), 69: 13154319. 
     Cyano-aminoacids are precursors to amino acids. Synthesis of cyano-aminoacids can be carried out by several routes, starting from a variety of precursors. Alcohols (Davis &amp; Untch, J. Org. Chem. (1981); 46: 2985-2987), amines (Mihailovic et al, Tet. Lett. (1965) 461-464), amides (Yamato &amp; Sugasawa, Tet Lett. (1970) 4383-4384) and glycine (Belokon et al, JACS (1985)107: 4252-4259) can all serve as starting materials in such syntheses. Some methods can yield both  13 C and  2 H-substituted compounds, while others are only compatible with deuteration. 
     Deuteration can be carried out using deuterium gas (for example, as described in White et al, JACS (1994) 116: 1831-1838) or different deuterides, for example NaBD 4  (Satoh et al, Tet. Let. (1969) 4555-4558): the choice between these methods should be made based on the availability and price of the corresponding deuterium derivatives. Some of the strategies tested are described in detail below. 
     The sites to be protected within essential fatty acids for the purpose of the present invention are the methylene groups of the 1,4-diene systems (‘bis-allyl’ positions). They are the most reactive, and can easily be derivatised using a variety of methods. Bromination of this position followed by reduction with  2 H 2  results in the substitution of one hydrogen at a time. To substitute both, the procedure should be repeated twice. A more attractive method may be a direct one-step substitution in heavy water. An example of such exchange is given below (Example 6) for 8-deuteration of deoxyguanosine. 
     An alternative approach to the synthesis of deuterated unsaturated fatty acids is based on strong base treatment of 1,4-dienes followed by quenching with heavy water. This is illustrated in Example 7. 
     There are literature examples for substitutions at any position for all major nucleotide bases, with all major types of isotopes ( 2 H 2 —  3 H 2 ,  13 C,  14 C,  15 N,  18 O etc). Described below are just two procedures, based on the previously published work, for selective deuteration of purines (Esaki et al, Heterocycles (2005) 66: 361-369, and Chiriac et al, Labelled Compd. Radiopharm. (1999) 42: 377-385). Numerous other protocols are suitable as well. It is often possible to exchange hydrogens for deuteriums on an existing nucleic acid base/nucleoside, while to incorporate  13 C, the bases should be assembled (for example, see Folesi, et al, Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids (2000). 
     Syntheses of some isotopically ‘reinforced’ essential dietary components suitable for use in the present invention are known; see for instance, 6,6- 2 H 2 , 1,1- 13 C 2 -L-Lys:: Lichtenstein et al, J. Lipid Res. (1990) 31: 1693-1701 and 8-deutero-deoxy-guanosine: Toyama et al, J. Raman Spectrosc. (2002) 33: 699-708). 
     The invention is not limited by the synthetic organic chemistry methods described above, as there exists a large arsenal of different methods that can also be used to prepare the above mentioned and other isotopically protected components suitable for use in the present invention. For instance, in addition to the methods disclosed in the Examples, other methods suitable for convention of a primary amino group function into a CN function (with the aim of subsequent deuteration of the alpha-(relative to N) carbon atom) can be employed, such as:
         a direct oxidation by oxygen catalysed by cuprous chloride-dioxygen-pyridine system (Nicolaou et al, Synthesis (1986) 453-461: Capdevielle et al, Tet. Lett, (1990) 31: 3305-3308)   a direct conversion using bromosuccinimide (Gottardi Monatsh. Chem. (1973) 104: 1690-1695)   a direct iodosobenzene oxidation (Moriarty et al, Tet. Lett. (1988) 29: 6913-6916)   a two-step conversion via a di-tosyl derivative and an iodo derivative (DeChristopher et al, JACS (1969) 91: 2384-2385).       

     The following Examples 1 to 9 illustrate the preparation of materials suitable for use in the invention. 
     (MA)LDI-TOF mass spectra were obtained using a Voyager Elite Biospectrometry Research Station (PerSeptive Biosystems, Vestec Mass Spectrometry Products) in a positive ion mode; FAB spectra were acquired using a Varian instrument. Analytical thin-layer chromatography was performed on the Kieselgel 60 F 254  precoated aluminium plates (Merck) or aluminium oxide 60 F 254  precoated aluminium plates (Merck), spots were visualized under UV or as specified. Column chromatography was performed on silica gel (Merck Kieselgel 60 0.040-0.063 mm) or aluminium oxide (Aidrich aluminium oxide, activated, neutral, Brockmann I, 150 mesh, 58 Å). 
     Reagents for biological experiments, unless otherwise specified, were from Sigma-Aidrich.  13 C-glucose was from Sigma and Reakhim (Russia). 
     Reagents obtained from commercial suppliers were used as received. All solvents were from Aidrich; trifluoroacetic acid was from Pierce; HPLC grade solvents were from Chimmed (Russia), and were used without further purification. (S)-2-Amino-5-cyanopentanoic acid was from Genolex (Russia). Deuterium gas was generated by electrolysis by a GC Hydrogen Supply Module (output 6 atm; Himelectronika, Moscow, Russia), using heavy water as a source. Heavy water ( 2 H 2 O, D 2 O), NaBD 4  and Na 13 CN were from Reakhim (Russia) and Gas-Oil JSC (Russia). DMF was freshly distilled under reduced pressure and stored over 4 Å molecular sieves under nitrogen. DCM was always used freshly distilled over CaH 2 . THF was distilled over LiAlH 4 . 
     Example 1 
     (S)-2-Amino-4-cyano( 13 C)-butyric acid (a precursor for  13 C-Arg and  13 C,  2 H 2 -Arg) 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     2.19 g (10 mmol) of N-Boc-homo-Serine (Bachern; desiccated overnight over P 2 O 5 ) was dissolved in 10 ml of a mixture of acetonitrile/dimethylformamide (1:1). Dry Na 13 CN (Gas-Oil JSC, Russia; 1 g, 2 eqv) and NaI (10 mg, cat) were added, and the mixture was degassed. Me 3 SiCl (2.55 ml, 2 eqv) was then added with a syringe at RT under argon. The reaction mixture was stirred under argon at 60° C. for 6 h, with monitoring by TLC (chloroform/methanol 2:1, visualization in iodine vapor). Upon completion, the reaction mixture was cooled to RT, diluted with water (100 ml) and extracted with diethyl ether (2×50 ml). The organic phase was washed with water (4×50 ml) and brine (50 ml), dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), decanted and concentrated in vacuo to yield (2.07 g, 91%) of colorless oil. The structure of the Boc-nitrile was confirmed by MALDI-TOF (Voyager Elite, PerSeptive Biosystems), with HPA as a matrix. Found: 229.115 (MI), 230.114 (MI+H + ), 252.104 (MI+Na + ). No peaks related to the starting material were detected. 
     The removal of the Boc protecting group and the work-up were carried out using a standard peptide synthesis protocol (50% TFA in DCM, 30 min, RT). The structure of the nitrile was confirmed by MALDI-TOF (Voyager Elite, PerSeptive Biosystems), with with as a matrix. Found: 129.062 (MI), 130.070 (MI+H + ). No signal related to the starting material was detected. 
     Example 2 
     S-2-Amino-4-cyano-butyric acid (a precursor for  2 H 2 -Arg) 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     4.93 g (20 mrnol) of N-Boc-L-Glutamine (Sigma) was dissolved in 30 ml of anhydrous THF and added with stirring to &amp; mixture of triphenylphosphine (10.49 g, 40 mmoi, Aldrich) and 40 ml of anhydrous tetrachloromethane. The reaction mixture was stirred with gentle heating for 3 h (control by TLC, chloroform/methanol 2:1, visualization in iodine vapour), cooled and the precipitate of triphenylphosphine oxide filtered off. The oil obtained upon evaporation and re-evaporation with an additional 15 ml of THF was diluted with 30 ml of water. The aqueous fraction was saturated with brine, washed with diethyl ether (2×20 mi), and acidified to pH 3.5 with sulphuric acid. The product was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×20 ml). Combined organic fractions were dried (brine, Na 2 SO 4 ) decanted and evaporated to give 3.46 g (76%) of colorless oil. The structure of the Boc-nitrile was confirmed by MALDI-TOF (Voyager Elite, PerSeptive Biosystems), with HPA as a matrix. Found: 228.114 (MI), 229.114 (MI+H + ), 251.103 (MI+Na + ). No peaks related to the starting material were detected. 
     The removal of the Boc protecting group and the work-up were carried out using a standard peptide synthesis protocol (50% TFA in DCM, 30 min, RT). The structure of the nitrile was confirmed by MALDI-TOF (Voyager Elite, PerSeptive Biosystems), with HPA as a matrix. Found: 128.069 (MI), 129.075 (MI+H + ). No signal related to the starting material was detected. 
     Example 3 
     Lys- 2 H 2   
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     (S)-2-amino-5-cyanopentanoic acid (Genolex, Russia; 14.21 g, 100 mmol) was dissolved in 100 ml of methanol. To this, Raney nickel, prepared from 4 g of alloy (30% Ni) according to (Adkins H, et al, Org, Syntheses. Coll. Vol. III, 1955, p. 180) was added, and the reaction mixture was shaken under deuterium (100 atm) at 90° C. for 24 h. (TLC: n-butanol-pyridine-acetic acid-water: 15-10-3-12: visualization by iodine vapor and fluorescamine). The reaction mixture was filtered and evaporated in vacuo. The product was redisolved in water-ethanol (3:1; 20 ml) followed by evaporation in vacuo (×4) and then crystallized from ethylacetate to give 11.55 g (78%) of the deuterated product. The structure of deuterated lysine was confirmed by MALDI-TOF (Voyager Elite, PerSeptive Biosystems), with HPA as a matrix. Found: 148.088 (MI), 149.089 (MI+H + ). 
     Example 4 
     (5- 13 C, 5,5- 2 H 2 )-Arginine 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The (S)-2-Amino-4-cyano( 13 C)-butyric acid (182 mg, 1.41 mmol) and CoCl 2 ×6H 2 O (Aldrich, 670 mg, 2.82 mmol) were dissolved in water (6 ml) and NaBD 4  (ReakMm, Russia; 540 mg. 14.1 mmol) was added in two portions over 20 min. The nitrile was reduced in 30 min (control by TLC: n-butanol-pyridine-acetic acid-water: 15-10-3-12; fluorescamine/UV detection for Boc-protected amino acids, iodine vapor visualisation for unprotected amino acids). 
     The reaction mixture was quenched by acidification (IM HCl) followed by acetone, and purified by ion exchange (Amberlite IR120P (H + ), Aldrich). The column was washed with water till neutral pH. The product was then recovered by washing the column with NH 4 GH (0.3 M) followed by evaporation. The resulting ornitine- 13 C,  2 H 2  (yield: 158 mg, 83%; MALDI-TOF (Voyager Elite. PerSeptive Biosystems), with HPA matrix. Found: 135.071 (MI), 136.068 (MI+H + ) was dissolved in water and mixed with an equal volume of 0.5M O-methylisourea (Kimmel, supra), pH 10.5, adjusted with NaOH. After 4-5 h 1% TFA was added to stop the reaction (Bonetto et al. supra). The compound was purified by a RP HPLC (Buffers were A: 0.1% TFA/H 2 O; B: 0.1% TFA/(80% MeCN/20% H 2 O)), 0-65% B over 40 min to give 140 mg (68%); MALDI-TOF (Voyager Elite, PerSeptive Biosystems), with HPA matrix; found: 177.402 (MI), 178.655 (MI+H + ). 
     Example 5 
     (5,5- 2 H 2 )-Arginine 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The title compound was synthesized using the above protocol, starting from (S)-2-amino-4-cyano-butyric acid (Technomm, Russia). MALDI-TOF (Voyager Elite, PerSeptive Biosystems), with HPA matrix; found: 176.377 (MI), 177.453 (MI+H + ). 
     Example 6 
     11,11-di-deutero-linoleic acid (18:2) 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Linoleic acid (7 g, 25 mmol, Aldrich) was dissolved in 25 ml of carbon tetrachloride dried over P 2 O 5 . N-bromosuccinimide (4,425 g, 25 mmol, desiccated overnight over P 2 O 5 ) and 0.05 g AIBN were added, and the reaction mixture in a flask with a reversed condenser was stirred with gentle heating till the reaction was initiated as manifested by an intense boiling (if the reflux is too intense the heating should be decreased). When succinimide stopped accumulating on the surface, the heating was continued for another 15 mill (about 1 h in total). The reaction mixture was cooled to RT and the precipitate filtered off and washed with CCl 4  (2×5 ml). The combined organic fractions were evaporated and the 11-Bromolinoleic acid obtained was gradually added to a solution of NaBD 4  (390 mg, 10 mmol) in 30 ml of isopropanol. After an overnight stirring, a diluted solution of HCl was slowly added till there was no more deuterium gas produced. Upon a standard workup, the mono-deuterated acid was brominated and reduced again to yield a target di-deutero derivative (bp 230-231° C./15 mm, 4.4 g, 63%). MALDI-TOF MS: mono-bromo derivative, found: 358.202, 360.191 (doublet, approx 1:1, MI); di-deutero derivative, found: 282.251 (MI). 
     Example 7 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     11,11-D 2 -Linoleic acid (18:2) was synthesized by treating linoleic acid with an eqv of a BuLi-tBuK (Sigma-Aidrich) mix in hexane followed by quenching with D 2 O. To improve yields this procedure needs to be repeated 3-4 times. It was found that this procedure also generates a detectable amount of alpha-deuterated product (FAB MS, Xe ions, thioglycerine: found: 283.34 (72; MI+I) + , 284.33 (11; alpha-monodeuteroderivative, MI+1) ÷ , 285.34 (10; alpha-dideuteroderivative, MI+1) + ; the nature of ‘284’ and ‘285’ peaks was established using MS/MS. The substitution at alpha-position can be prevented by utilizing transient ortho-ester protection (Corey &amp; Raju Tetrahedron Lett. (1983) 24: 5571), but this step makes the preparation more expensive. 
     Example 8 
     8-D-Deoxyguanosine from Deoxyguanosine 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Deoxyguanosine (268 mg, 1 mmol, Aldrich) was dissolved in 4 ml of D 2 O. 10% Pd/C (27 mg, 10 wt % of the substrate, Aldrich) was added, and the mixture was stirred at 160° C. in a sealed tube under B 2  atmosphere for 24 h. After cooling to RT, the reaction mixture was filtered using a membrane filter (Millipore Millex®-LG). The filtered catalyst was washed with boiling water (150 ml), and the combined aqueous fractions were evaporated in vacuo to give deoxyguanoside-J as a white solid (246 mg, 92%). The structure of the nucleoside was confirmed by MALDI-TOF (Voyager Elite, PerSeptive Biosystems), with HPA as a matrix. Found: 268.112 (MI). 
     Example 9 
     8-D-Deoxyguanosine from 8-bromodeoxyguanosine 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     7% Pd/C catalyst, prepared from PdCl 2  as described in Chiriac et al (1999) 42: 377-385, was added to a solution of 8-bromodeoxyguanosine (Sigma) and NaOH in water. The mixture was stirred in D 2  (2 atm) at 30° C. The catalyst was filtered off and the reaction mixture was neutralized with 2N HCL The procedure provides approx. 85-90% yield of the product. Other reducing agents can be employed, such as NaBD 4  (see the synthesis of D,D-linoleic acid). 
     The following Examples 10 to 12 illustrate the utility of the invention. In order to establish a range of a potential heavy isotope substitutions for the invention (from 100% light isotope to 100% heavy isotope, as well as the localized site protection such as that shown in  FIGS. 1-4 , using compounds as shown above), and to test for a possible toxicity of large amounts of heavy isotopes on an organism, the influence of heavy carbon ( 13 C) and specifically “protected” building blocks of biopolymers (nucleic acid components (nucleosides), lipids and amino acids) on the life span was tested on a nematode  Caenorhabditis elegans.    
     Previous studies of the model organism  C. elegans  have almost exclusively employed cultivation on a bacterial diet. Such cultivation introduces bacterial metabolism as a secondary concern in drug and environmental toxicology studies (specific metabolite-deficient bacterial strains can be employed to evaluate the influence of particular essential nutrients on the nematode longevity). Axenic cultivation of  C. elegans  can avoid these problems, yet some earlier work suggests that axenic growth is unhealthy for  C. elegans . (Szewczyk et al, Journal of Experimental Biology 209, 4129-4139 (2006)). For the present invention, both NGM aad axenic diets were employed in combination with isotopically enriched nutraceutical components. 
     Example 10 
       13 C 6 -glucose (99% enrichment; Sigma) was used as a carbon food source for culturing of  Escherichia coli ; the control was identical except for the  12 C 6 -glucose.  C. elegans  (N2, wild type) were grown on a standard (peptone, salts and cholesterol) media seeded with  Escherichia coli  prepared as described above. The only carbon-containing component apart from  E. coli  was  12 C-cholesterol (Sigma; a hormone precursor that is essential for  C. elegans ), since the corresponding  13 C-derivative was unavailable. Nematodes were thus grown on a ‘heavy’ and ‘light’ (control) diet in the temperature range of 15-25° C., in pools of 50-100 worms each. The animals on both diets developed normally with all major characteristics being very similar. 
     The longevity data was analyzed using Prism software package (GraphPad software, USA), according to published procedures (Larsen et al, Genetics 139: 1567 (1995)). It was found that animals on the ‘heavy’ diet have an increase of a lifespan of around 10% (in a typical experiment, 14 days for  12 C animals versus about 15.5 days for the  13 C-fed worms, for 25° C.). 
     Example 11 
     Basic composition of the axenic media used was adapted from (Lu &amp; Goetsch Nematologica (1993) 39: 303-311). Water-soluble and TEA-soluble components (vitamins and growth factors), salts, non-essential amino acids, nucleic acid substituents, other growth factors and the energy source were prepared as described (0.5 L of 2×). To this, a mix of essential amino acids was added, containing (for 0.5 L as 2×): 0.98 g L-(D 2 )-Arg (see above); 0.283 g L-Hys; 1.05 g L-(D 2 )-Lys (see below); 0.184 g L-Trp; 0.389 g L-Met; 0.717 g L-Thr; 1.439 g L-Leu; 0.861 g L-Ile; 1.02 g L-Val, and 0.623 g L-Phe. Prior to adding to the remaining components, this mixture was stirred at 55° C. for 4 hours until a clear solution was formed, and then cooled to room temperature. 
       C. elegans  (N2, wild type) were cultivated on this medium. For the control experiment, nematodes were grown on a medium prepared as above but containing standard L-Arg and L-Lys instead of the deuterated analogues, in the temperature range of 15-25° C., in pools of 50-100 worms each. The longevity data was analyzed using Prism software, as described in Example 10. 
     Example 12 
     A  12 C-NGM diet was enriched with 5,5-di-deutero-arginine and 6,6-di-deutero-lysine, 11,11-di-deutero-linoleic acid (18:2), and 8-D-deoxyguanosine.  C. elegans  were grown on a standard (peptone, salts and cholesterol) medium seeded with  Escherichia coli  prepared as described above, to which deuterium-‘reinforced’ derivatives (see above) were added, to a total concentration of 1 g/L of each deuterated compound. Nematodes were thus grown on a ‘heavy’ and ‘light’ (control—whereby nori-deuterated L-Arginine, L-Lysine, linoleic acid (18:2), and deoxyguanosine were used instead of deuterated analogues in 1 g/L concentrations) diet in the temperature range of 15-25° C., in pools of 50-100 worms each. The longevity data was analyzed using Prism software package, as described in Example 10.