Abstract:
A method of transmitting telecommunication signals uses a power amplifier associated with linearization means for amplifying simultaneously a plurality of signals modulating different carriers. The composite signal consisting of the carriers is clipped on the upstream side of the amplifier. The clipping threshold depends on the sum of the powers of the various signals to be transmitted and an operating parameter of the amplifier depends on the sum of the powers in order to maintain an optimum efficiency of the amplifier and/or to minimize the power margin, i.e. the difference between the saturation power and the average operating power.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
         [0001]    This application is based on French Patent Application No. 01 14 602 filed Dec. 11, 2001, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference thereto in its entirety, and the priority of which is hereby claimed under 35 U.S.C. §119.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0003]    The invention relates to a method of transmitting telecommunication signals using a power amplifier adapted to amplify simultaneously a plurality of signals modulating different carriers. It relates more particularly to a method of the above type in which, to optimize the efficiency of the amplifier, the composite signal comprising signals modulating a plurality of carriers is clipped upstream of the amplifier.  
           [0004]    The invention also relates to the application of the above kind of method to a radio transmitter, a base station of a telecommunication system including a radio transmitter, and a mobile telephone network including radio transmitters.  
           [0005]    2. Description of the Prior Art  
           [0006]    Amplifiers are electronic components which generally exhibit non-linear behavior, meaning that the output signal is often distorted compared to the input signal. For this reason telecommunication systems include means for linearizing the amplifiers. The method most widely used consists in applying predistortion to the signals upstream of the amplifier input, the predistortion being such that a signal is obtained at the output of the amplifier which faithfully represents the input signal before the predistortion is applied. The predistortion can be digital or analog.  
           [0007]    Another prior art method of linearizing amplifiers consists in comparing the amplifier input signal to its output signal, the comparison providing an error signal which is combined, in the opposite phase, with the output signal so that the combined signal is a faithful representation of the input signal.  
           [0008]    Moreover, an amplifier used in a transmission system must have the highest possible efficiency to limit power consumption and the dimensions of the amplifier. The efficiency is the ratio between the power of the output signal and the total power consumed by the amplifier.  
           [0009]    However, high efficiency is incompatible with a high dynamic range of the input signal. This is because the output signals have a limit value or saturation value. Whatever the value of the input signal, the output signal cannot exceed this limit value. It is therefore clear that the efficiency decreases when the input signals exceed the value beyond which the amplifier is saturated. Furthermore, the amplifier has a linear behavior, with constant gain, for the weakest input signals, and a non-linear behavior when the output signals increase toward saturation, the gain decreasing as the output power increases. Thus an amplifier of the above kind is generally rated so that the saturation power corresponds to the maximum peak or output signal peak and the average output power is in the linear region of the amplifier. The ratio, which is expressed in dB, between the saturation power of the amplifier and its average operating power constitutes a power margin for the amplifier known as its “backoff”. An amplifier having a power margin in dB equal to the ratio of the peak power of the input signal to the average power of the input signal is usually chosen. This ratio is generally referred to as the peak to average ratio (PAR). The higher the PAR, the lower the efficiency of the amplifier.  
           [0010]    Increasing the efficiency of amplifiers by applying a clipping method which consists in limiting the amplitude of the signals at the input of the amplifier to a maximum value is known in the art. The limit (or threshold) value, or clipping radius, is determined as a function of the most unfavorable (“worst case scenario”) case of signals to be transmitted by the transmission system of which the amplifier is part, i.e. as a function of the greatest possible ratio between the peak power and the average power of that signal.  
           [0011]    The limit value must be chosen accurately to minimize induced interference affecting the quality of the signal at the amplifier input. This is because, like any form of non-linearity, clipping causes distortion of the signal, in addition to attenuation. What is more, the spectrum of the clipping must be controlled in order not to interfere with the spectral characteristic of the signal to be amplified. The spectral characteristic must remain better than (preferably by an order of magnitude) the characteristic obtained with the residual defects of the linearized amplifier.  
           [0012]    The distortion and attenuation defects must further conform to the quality and fidelity constraints of the transmission system, which are often defined by the corresponding radio standard. In the UMTS standard, for example, these constraints are defined by 3GPP recommendations TS 25-104 and TS 25-141.  
           [0013]    The predistortion parameters, bias, voltage and rating of the power amplifier are generally chosen to obtain a maximum efficiency for a maximum transmitted power. Thus the efficiency is not the optimum for low powers. This is because, at low power, the efficiency of the amplifier is low because its static consumption (because of the bias current) dominates over the dynamic power serving to amplify the signal.  
           [0014]    The problem of the efficiency of the transmit amplifier is an important one to solve for the future UMTS transmission standard that will use orthogonal codes to distinguish between calls transmitted simultaneously, i.e. the code division multiple access (CDMA) technique. This is because it is intended that the base stations will be adapted to transmit simultaneously a plurality of adjacent frequency bands (four bands maximum). In this case, the “natural” PAR has a high value (up to 12 dB), because it corresponds to the cumulative PAR linked to the superposition of the various users (codes) of each carrier and the PAR associated with the superposition of the various carriers.  
           [0015]    Moreover, in the context of the UMTS standard, the transmit power is required to have an accuracy of at least about 0.25 dB for the traffic information (i.e. the data), which is incompatible with the use of a method using a high and uncontrolled level of clipping, as the latter can vary the accuracy on the transmit power by up to 1 dB.  
           [0016]    The invention eliminates these drawbacks.  
           [0017]    In the method according to the invention, the clipping threshold for the composite signal corresponding to a plurality of modulated carriers transmitted by the same power amplifier depends on the sum of the powers of all the modulated carriers transmitted and operating parameters of the amplifier are adapted to the sum of the powers in order to optimize the efficiency of the amplifier.  
           [0018]    Under these conditions the characteristics of the amplifier can be adapted in real time to the characteristics of the input signal, to obtain optimum efficiency at all times.  
           [0019]    As a variant, instead of varying the clipping radius or threshold directly, there are associated, firstly, a variable gain amplifier including a component setting a fixed clipping radius, the variable gain of this amplifier depending on the sum of the powers of all the modulated carriers, and, secondly, an attenuator to restore the required transmit power at the input of the linearized amplifier.  
           [0020]    Regardless of the implementation, varying the clipping gain improves the transmit power accuracy.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0021]    The invention generally provides a method of transmitting telecommunication signals using a power amplifier associated with linearization means for amplifying simultaneously a plurality of signals modulating different carriers, in which method the composite signal consisting of the carriers is clipped on the upstream side of the amplifier, the clipping threshold depends on the sum of the powers of the various signals to be transmitted and an operating parameter of the amplifier depends on the sum of the powers in order to maintain an optimum efficiency of the amplifier and/or to minimize the power margin, i.e. the difference between the saturation power and the average operating power.  
           [0022]    For example, the amplifier operating parameter is chosen from the group comprising the supply voltage and the bias current.  
           [0023]    In one embodiment the clipping threshold is determined by a variable gain component associated with a component providing a constant clipping radius.  
           [0024]    In one embodiment the gain modification caused by modifying the clipping radius is compensated by an opposite gain modification such that the product of the two gains is substantially equal to 1.  
           [0025]    The operating parameter of the amplifier is preferably varied at a sufficiently slow rate to enable updating of linearization parameters of the amplifier.  
           [0026]    In one embodiment the operating point of the amplifier is fixed so that its maximum permitted power is slightly greater than the necessary power to enable rapid transmission of demanded additional power.  
           [0027]    For example, the additional power margin of the amplifier is of the order of 10%.  
           [0028]    For example, the signals are transmitted in CDMA mode; in this case the power for each carrier is evaluated over the duration of a symbol in each time slot.  
           [0029]    The symbol used for the estimation is preferably the longest symbol in the time slot. In one embodiment the estimation is effected at the timing rate of the coding bits.  
           [0030]    The carriers are preferably in adjacent bands.  
           [0031]    The invention also includes the application of a method as defined hereinabove to a telecommunication system base station.  
           [0032]    The invention further includes the application of a method as defined hereinabove to a telecommunication system terminal.  
           [0033]    Other features and advantages of the invention will become apparent in the course of the description with reference to the accompanying drawings of embodiments of the invention. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0034]    [0034]FIG. 1 is a diagram showing one embodiment of a method according to the invention.  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 1 a  is a diagram similar to that of FIG. 1 for a different embodiment of the invention.  
         [0036]    [0036]FIG. 2 is a diagram of a base station using a method according to the invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0037]    In the example described hereinafter, reference is made to a UMTS telecommunication system in which base stations transmit CDMA signals to terminals.  
         [0038]    The CDMA transmission principle is, briefly, as follows: the signals are transmitted in the form of symbols and each symbol comprises a number of samples (4 to 128 or 256 samples) referred to as “chips” and representing a code. A base station sends simultaneously to a plurality of terminals. All of the terminals receive all of the signals sent by the base station, but as each terminal is allocated a particular code, different from that of the other terminals, and as the codes are orthogonal, a terminal can efficiently isolate signals conforming to the particular code allocated to it.  
         [0039]    The UMTS telecommunication system uses a plurality of carriers, each having a bandwidth of 5 MHz. For reasons of economy, all of the modulated carriers of a base station are transmitted by means of a single amplifier. In the example shown in FIG. 1 there are three adjacent carrier bands f 1 , f 2 , f 3 .  
         [0040]    The powers allocated to the carriers can be significantly different. Thus, in this embodiment, the carrier f 1  has the highest power and the carrier f 2  has the lowest power. Each of these carriers corresponds to a 5 MHz wide frequency band.  
         [0041]    In the prior art, in the above kind of situation, a clipped power average statistical density is used that is constant for the three bands f 1 , f 2 , f 3 ; in other words, a filter is used which limits the amplitudes of the signals in the bands f 1 , f 2  and f 3  to the same value M.  
         [0042]    The density M being the same for the three bands, which have different amplitudes, the signal-to-noise ratios are therefore different. It can therefore be seen that the signal-to-noise ratio for the carrier f 1  is significantly higher than that for the carrier f 2 .  
         [0043]    According to a first aspect of the invention, the clipping applied to each carrier is a function of its power. Accordingly, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the clipped power average statistical density m 1  for the carrier f 1  is the highest and the corresponding density m 2  for the carrier f 2  is the lowest. In other words, for the purposes of clipping, a filter characteristic  10  is chosen that corresponds to that of the input signal f 1 , f 2 , f 3 . This minimizes the distortion for the weakest carriers and, since the clipped power average statistical density varies with the input signal, the density can be optimized at all times. It can be seen in FIG. 1 that the highest density m 1  is lower than the density M of the prior art technique. The rating of the amplifier can be less severe if the clipped power mean statistical density is optimized.  
         [0044]    In accordance with another aspect of the invention, which can be used independently of the first aspect, the average clipping radius varies with the total power of the input signal and the power margin (i.e. the difference, in dB, between the saturation power and the average operating power) of the amplifier varies with the total power of the signal.  
         [0045]    In a simplified embodiment in which the amplifier transmits three or four carrier bands, the lowest power carrier is detected and allocated a filter producing the lowest clipping power density, and the same power density is allocated to the other two (or three) carrier bands. In this case, adaptive filtering necessitates a choice between only a limited number of filters. Furthermore, the results obtained with this embodiment are substantially the same as those obtained when the clipping filter exactly reflects the input signals.  
         [0046]    This example of filtering is represented in FIG. 1 a,  in which it can be seen that the filter characteristic has two clipping power densities m′ 1  and m′ 2 , the density m′ 1  is allocated to the carriers f 1  and f 2  and the density m′ 2  is allocated to the lowest amplitude carrier f 3 .  
         [0047]    According to a further aspect of the invention, the guard bands between the carrier frequency bands f 1 , f 2  and f 3  are used to reject in these bands any residual distortion in the wanted band, which would therefore make a weak contribution to the distortion of the carriers. It can thus be seen in FIG. 1 that the filter has a lower attenuation  12  between the clipping power densities m 1  and m 2  and, likewise, the filter also has a lower attenuation  14  between the bands f 2  and f 3 .  
         [0048]    [0048]FIG. 2 shows in the form of a block diagram a base station using the method according to the invention.  
         [0049]    As in the FIG. 1 embodiment, this base station is adapted to transmit three adjacent frequency bands f 1 , f 2  and f 3 . The modulated carriers f 1 , f 2  and f 3 , i.e. the symbols to which codes are allocated, are applied to respective inputs  20   1 ,  20   2  and  20   3  of respective power estimation and transmission devices  22 ,  24  and  26 .  
         [0050]    The device  22  transmits the input signal f 1  to a first input  28   1  of a device  28  for synthesizing or composing signals on different carriers. Likewise, the output of the device  24  is connected to the second input  28   2  of the device  28  and the output of the device  26  is connected to the third input  28   3  of the device  28 .  
         [0051]    The power estimates provided by the devices  22 ,  24  and  26  are applied to an input  30   1  of a microprocessor  30 .  
         [0052]    The device  28  provides at its output  28   4  a composite signal which is applied to the input of a clipping unit  32  which applies the filter characteristic  10  shown in FIG. 1. The data for applying this filter characteristic is supplied by two outputs  30   2  and  30   3  of the microprocessor. The output  30   2  determines the clipping threshold of the composite signal from the sum of the powers P 1 , P 2  and P 3  of the respective carriers f 1 , f 2  and f 3 , i.e. from the signal applied to the input  30   1  of the microprocessor  30 .  
         [0053]    The output  30   3  supplies the filter characteristic  10 . This complies with the proportional relationship between carriers to maintain a similar distortion on each carrier; thus a tuned filter is obtained, so to speak.  
         [0054]    The output of the unit  32  is connected to the input of a digital predistortion unit  36  via a variable gain component  38 . The variable gain component  38  has a clipping gain control input  38   1  which is connected to an output  30   4  of the microprocessor  30 . The signal delivered by the output  30   4  controls the gain as a function of the clipping radius and the total power, i.e. the sum of the powers P 1 , P 2  and P 3 . This gain is such that the amplitude of the output signal of the component  38  is practically equal to the amplitude of the signal at the input of the unit  32 . This gain is a relatively simple function, which can be tabulated.  
         [0055]    The output of the digital predistortion unit  36  is connected to the input  40   1  of the power amplifier  40  to be linearized. The unit  36  has a second input  36   2  which, for learning mode adaptive digital predistortion by a measurement receiver, conventionally receives, via a measuring component  42 , data for updating the predistortion tables coming from the output of the amplifier  40 .  
         [0056]    The amplifier  40  has two power supply inputs  40   2  and  40   3 ; the first input  40   2  is connected to the output of a power supply unit  44  which supplies a voltage determined by an output  30   5  of the microprocessor  30 . The second input  40   3  receives a control signal from an output  30   6  of the microprocessor  30 , this signal determining the bias current for the gates of the transistors. The control signals applied to the inputs  40   3  and  40   2  both depend on the total power P 1 +P 2 +P 3 .  
         [0057]    In this embodiment, the predistortion coefficients are computed and updated in the unit  36  by comparing the output signal of the unit  38  and the signal from the receiver  42  at the input  36   2 . The unit  36  has an output connected to an input  30   7  of the microprocessor. The latter therefore monitors the state of convergence of the predistortion tables. This state of convergence conditions the rate of change of the operating point of the amplifier  40  by the control signals from the outputs  30   5  and  30   6  (see below).  
         [0058]    Finally, the microprocessor  30  has an output  30   8  supplying to the telecommunication system an indication of the power that the amplifier  40  can still accept. This instantaneous acceptable power is related to the difference between the current saturation point of the amplifier and the current clipping radius (see below). It corresponds totally or partially to a margin at the saturation point of the amplifier relative to the current power. Operation is as follows:  
         [0059]    The units  22 ,  24  and  26  estimate the power on each of the carriers f 1 , f 2  and f 3 . To this end, the units  22 ,  24  and  26  sum the powers of the successive samples (individual bits) over at least one symbol, preferably the longest symbol, i.e. over 256 samples, and over a time period less than a time slot. In the case of the UMTS standard, the frequency of appearance of the individual bits (i.e. the chosen sampling frequency in this embodiment) is 3.84 MHz. This estimate is therefore effected for each time slot over a horizon from 33 μs to 666 μs and is repeated at intervals of 666 μs.  
         [0060]    By selecting a symbol in each time slot, power variations on each carrier can be detected quickly.  
         [0061]    From the powers P 1 , P 2  and P 3  estimated in each time slot, the microprocessor  30  determines, firstly, the clipping radius and, secondly, the filter characteristic  10  (FIG. 1) for the three carriers concerned. The simplified method shown in FIG. 1 a can equally well be used.  
         [0062]    In one embodiment, the microprocessor  30  holds in memory a set of filters and the filters are chosen as a function of predetermined tables. These predefined tables are determined either by computation or empirically.  
         [0063]    Experience shows that with three carriers, or at the most four carriers, only a limited number of filters has to be stored in memory for a maximum contrast of 18 dB between the powers of the carriers, for example. Thus around ten filters can be sufficient for three carriers, each filter having a maximum of 32 to 256 complex coefficients in the case of finite impulse response filters.  
         [0064]    The clipping radius or threshold, which is computed in each time slot on the basis of the sum of the carrier powers P 1 , P 2  and P 3 , has a value approximately +4 dB greater than the total power when there are three UMTS carriers, for example.  
         [0065]    Control signals applied to the inputs  40   2  and  40   3  of the amplifier  40  adjust the characteristics of the amplifier so that its efficiency remains high. In this embodiment, the microprocessor  30  holds in memory tables for adjusting the value I of the current i applied to the input  40   3  and the voltage U applied to the input  40   2  so that the 1 dB compression point remains close to the clipping circle, to maintain correct predistortion efficacy and convergence, at the same time as the correct efficiency. Like any looped or adaptive system, convergence refers to the stable state in which, after a number of iterations (the convergence time), the values from the predistortion table are no longer modified (ignoring loop noise) and yield the best representation of the inverse transfer function of the amplifier, which minimizes the spectral difference between the input signal and the output signal of the linearized amplifier.  
         [0066]    It will also be remembered that the 1 dB compression point is the operating point for strong signals (in the vicinity of the clipping radius), for which the gain is 1 dB less than the gain in the linear region.  
         [0067]    The time constants of the various units of the station shown in FIG. 2 are not all the same. Accordingly, the power estimates produced in the devices  22  to  26  have time constants of the order of 1 microsecond to 100 microseconds, the time constants of the digital predistortion unit  36  are of the order of one tenth of a millisecond to a few milliseconds, and the adjustment time constants of the parameters I and U are from one millisecond to one second, or even more, i.e. one minute. This is because these parameters I and U cannot vary too quickly because they must allow adaptation of the predistortion coefficients. In other words, the rate of variation of the parameters I and U must be sufficiently low to be able to carry out the computation for updating the predistortion tables.  
         [0068]    In a preferred embodiment, the amplifier voltage is controlled with hysteresis so that the decrease in the voltage is slower than the increase in the voltage so that, in the event of a fast increase in the power of one of the carriers, the amplifier can retain a sufficient power margin with valid predistortion tables.  
         [0069]    In other words, this hysteresis behavior must be such that it is possible to absorb additional users without disruption before having to raise the operating point. Accordingly, the saturation point of the amplifier must be such that the corresponding clipping radius can adapt to a demand for additional power for a few users.  
         [0070]    For example, in the case of a power amplifier able to transmit  30  watts (i.e. three carriers of 10 watts), the margin can be of the order of 2 watts. Accordingly, before increasing the voltage U of the amplifier, the latter has the benefit of a margin of 2 watts that can be used to absorb additional demand. Accordingly, regardless of the instantaneous clipping radius, the biasing of the amplifier will still be effective 2 watts higher, i.e., in this example, when the maximum of 28 watts is reached, and never falls below 4 watts, even if no call is active (2 watts margin and approximately 2 watts for sending common channels of each carrier or cell). The average efficiency over a day is still high because the average power in slack periods can be ten times smaller than the average power at busy times.  
         [0071]    To combine convergence of the digital predistortion signals with adaptation of the characteristics of the amplifier, it is necessary to use fast digital predistortion algorithms with convergence times from 100 microseconds to a few milliseconds. Least mean square (LMS) algorithms are therefore used.  
         [0072]    Looping in the time domain (as opposed to the frequency domain) can also be used. On this subject, it will be remembered that the most recent adaptive digital predistortion methods can use two different approaches to learning and updating the tables:  
         [0073]    Either by comparing in real time, using a broadband receiver, each signal sample sent by the amplifier to each sample that it is required to send (at the output of the unit  38 ): this is looping in the time domain and is used in this example because of its speed.  
         [0074]    Or by comparing the spectrum of the output signal of the unit  38  with the spectrum sent, which is periodically analyzed for each sub-band by means of a narrowband receiver that sweeps the send band. This is looping in the frequency domain and converges more slowly but is less costly.  
         [0075]    The processing power needed for the microprocessor  30  is relatively low when using adaptation parameters that are precomputed or predetermined in the form of tables.  
         [0076]    In the case of application of the UMTS mobile telephone standard, the accuracy of power control is maintained for all of the carriers (according to the license allocation schemes, the maximum number of carriers is four), whereas the composite signal has a peak power to average power ratio of 4 dB for three carriers and the efficiency can exceed the maximum output power by 15%, although for conventional base stations this efficiency is from 5% to 8%.  
         [0077]    Furthermore, thanks to adaptive clipping filters, it is possible to tolerate a high contrast between the carriers without compromising the optimum operation of the station. Thus one carrier can be fully “loaded” and another carrier not loaded, i.e. transmit only signaling. It is equally possible to use the same amplifier for two concentric cells, i.e. a cell having a relatively wide coverage and another cell of significantly smaller radius but supporting heavy traffic.  
         [0078]    Moreover, varying the amplifier supply voltage U and varying the power margin for adapting these parameters to the specific application can reduce power consumption by a factor of about two. This also improves the reliability of the power amplifier and therefore of the base station using the amplifier.  
         [0079]    The computed power margin can be used for the transmitted power monitoring algorithms. This is because, if the CDMA technique is used (and thus in the UMTS), to obtain sufficient capacity it is essential to minimize interference induced in the cell and in other cells. To achieve this, in each time slot (666 μs), the power transmitted to and by each user (code) must be redefined in a controlled and accurate manner in order to send only the power strictly necessary, to within better than 1 dB, or even 0.5 dB, as a function of the quality of service negotiated with the mobile.  
         [0080]    Although the foregoing description relates to the use of the invention in the context of CDMA transmission, the invention is not limited to that application. It can equally well be used for TDMA transmission on a plurality of carriers.  
         [0081]    The invention applies primarily to a base station of a telecommunication system. It can nevertheless apply to a terminal having to send simultaneously on a plurality of carriers.