Abstract:
A method and an apparatus for detecting signals in an electromagnetically noisy environment by detecting electromagnetic signals comprising a noise signal and a known signal, and compressing the electromagnetic signal to thereby generate a compressed signal. The compressed signal is filtered to generate a filtered signal comprising substantially the known signal, and the filtered signal is expanded.

Description:
BACKGROUND  
         [0001]    Devices used to trace and detect audio signals on metallic conductors are commonly referred to as tone detectors, inductive amplifiers, or tone probes. These devices are used by telecommunications personnel, Local Area Network (LAN) personnel, Wide Area Network (WAN) personnel, cable television personnel, or by any persons wishing to locate and identify a particular conductor. Tone probes couple to a conductor electromagnetically, amplify the signal, and output the audio signal to a speaker or headset so the user can hear the signal on the conductor.  
           [0002]    Tone probes are often used in conjunction with a tone generator or tone sender. The tone generator transmits a known or characteristic electrical signal at one or several audio frequencies. The tone generator is attached to a conductor at a known location and transmits over the conductor to a location where the conductor is to be identified using the tone probe. The distance between the transmitter and identification location may be from several feet to many miles. If the distance from the tone generator is many miles, the locating signal will be attenuated. Additionally, the conductor that is to be identified may be in a cable with many other metal conductors or wires. Often other wires and conductors are carrying other signals that induce noise onto the pair that is carrying the locating signal. Thus, the undesired noise signals may be at a higher level than the locating signal and the locating signal will be undetectable by a user using most common tone probes.  
           [0003]    Conventional tone probes may be either unfiltered or filtered. An unfiltered tone probe converts all electrical signals that it receives in an audio frequency range to an audio signal. A tone signal sent by the tone generator can be easily detected if the environment in which the signal is being received is noiseless. The user must discriminate between noise and signal if noise is present where the conductor is being identified. The signal may not be identified at all if noise signals are so strong that the user cannot discriminate the tone.  
           [0004]    Filtered probes assist the user by attempting to reduce the unwanted noise signals, thereby making the signal of interest more distinctive and easier to discriminate and locate. Filtration available today consists of low pass, high pass, band pass, and comb filtration.  
           [0005]    Low pass and high pass filtration filters electrical signals above and below a certain frequency, as implied by the name. Tone probes designed with these types of filters have a cutoff frequency that is selected to reduce most of the noise, while passing the signal of interest. The filter also passes audio frequencies below or above the cutoff. These filters are often inadequate because noise can still dominate in those portions of the audio spectrum.  
           [0006]    Some probes use band pass filtration that passes frequencies only related to the signal of interest and attenuates all other signals to a certain percentage. Band pass filters attenuate the noise signals better, but are often insufficient if the signal of interest is low in amplitude and the noise signals are high. Noise often still dominates the output of the tone probe in this case.  
           [0007]    Much of the predominant noise on cables installed by various utilities is caused by power influence, or 60 Hz AC induction. Noise in these situations exists at 60 Hz and its harmonics. That is, energy in the electromagnetic spectrum will exist at multiples of 60 Hz (e.g., at 60, 120, 180, 240, 360, and continuing up the frequency spectrum at multiples of 60 Hz). Comb filters in tone probes are designed to notch out or attenuate the 60 Hz harmonics and pass all other frequencies of interest. If other noise is present, or the power influence is not precisely at 60 Hz, this method may become inadequate as well.  
           [0008]    Accordingly, a continuing search has been directed to the development of methods and apparatuses that can filter out noise while amplifying a desired signal, so that tones may be readily detected in relatively noisy environments.  
         SUMMARY  
         [0009]    The present invention provides a method and system that can readily detect tones in relatively noisy environments. According to the present invention electromagnetic signals comprising a noise signal and a tone signal are detected and compressed to thereby generate a compressed signal. The compressed signal is filtered to generate a filtered signal comprising substantially the tone signal, and the filtered signal is expanded. Alternatively, the signal is either compressed or expanded, before or after filtration. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0010]    For a more complete understanding of the present invention, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:  
         [0011]    [0011]FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an assembled probe housing circuitry of the present invention;  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 2 is a exploded perspective view of a circuit board and antenna contained within the housing of FIG. 1;  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 3 is a top view of a probe antenna receiver taken along the line  3 - 3  of FIG. 2, and extending from the circuit board of FIG. 2;  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 4 is a bottom view of a noise canceling antenna taken along the line  4 - 4  of FIG. 2, and extending from the circuit board of FIG. 2;  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating circuitry implemented on the circuit board of FIG. 2;  
         [0016]    [0016]FIGS. 6, 7A, and  7 B are schematic diagrams illustrating alternate embodiments for implementing the circuitry of FIG. 5;  
         [0017]    FIGS.  8 - 10  are schematic diagrams illustrating alternate embodiments for implementing the circuitry of FIG. 5 using digital signal processing.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0018]    In the following discussion, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without such specific details. In other instances, well-known elements have been illustrated in schematic or block diagram form in order not to obscure the present invention in unnecessary detail. Additionally, for the most part, details concerning electronic signal compressors and expanders and the like have been omitted inasmuch as such details are not considered necessary to obtain a complete understanding of the present invention, and are considered to be within the skills of persons of ordinary skill in the relevant art.  
         [0019]    Referring to FIG. 1 of the drawings, the reference numeral  100  generally designates a preferred tone probe configured for housing filtration circuitry embodying features of the present invention. The assembly includes a probe antenna  102  extending from a circuit board  104 , shown in phantom and discussed further below with respect to FIGS.  2 - 10 , a speaker  106  and light emitting diode (LED)  107 , discussed further below with respect to FIGS.  5 - 10 , and a switch  108 , such as a thumb switch, connected to the circuit board  104  contained within the housing of the probe  100 , and discussed below with respect to FIGS.  5 - 10 . As shown in FIG. 1, the tone probe  100  is positioned so that the probe antenna  102  is proximate to a conductor  110 , such as a telephone wire, for determining whether a tone signal, or any other know signal, is being passed through it, as described further below with respect to FIGS.  5 - 10 .  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 2 depicts an exploded view of the circuit board assembly  200  contained within the probe assembly  100  of FIG. 1. The assembly  200  includes the circuit board  104  having an antenna portion  204  onto which the probe antenna  102  is positioned, and from which the antenna  102  extends. The antenna  102  is preferably fabricated from conductive plastic having a volume resistivity of about 10 3  to 10 6  ohm-cm. A noise canceling antenna  206 , discussed below with respect to FIG. 4, is formed on a bottom side (as viewed in FIG. 2) of the circuit board  104  opposing the portion  204 , and is preferably removed by about 1 to 2 inches from the tip of the probe antenna  102 . While not shown in FIG. 2, the circuit board  104  also includes certain electrical circuit components, many of which are discussed further below with respect to FIGS.  5 - 10 .  
         [0021]    [0021]FIGS. 3 and 4 depict antenna portion  204  and antenna  206 , respectively, of the circuit assembly  104 . The antennas portion  204  and antenna  206  preferably comprise substantially identical traces bonded to opposing sides of the circuit board  104  in a conventional manner. The portion  204  is further configured in combination with the housing of the probe  100  to receive and secure the antenna  102  in place.  
         [0022]    Referring to FIG. 5 of the drawings, the reference numeral  500  generally designates analog filtration circuitry preferably mounted onto the circuit board  104  and embodying features of the present invention. The filtration system  500  includes the probe antenna  102  mounted on the antenna portion  204  connected to a positive input terminal  504  of a differential amplifier  506 , and the noise canceling antenna  206  connected to a negative input terminal  510  of the amplifier  506 . Because the antenna portion  204  and antenna  206  are positioned on opposing sides of the circuit board  104 , there is formed a capacitive connection  502  between them. The probe antenna  102  is preferably configured for sensing electromagnetic fields proximate to the conductor  110  that has a tone signal, and passing the signal through antenna portion  204  to the input terminal  504  of the amplifier  506 . The noise canceling antenna  206  is configured for sensing ambient electromagnetic fields, or noise signals, that substantially do not contain the desired tone, and for passing the noise signal to the negative terminal  510  of the amplifier  506 . The amplifier  506  preferably has a minimum gain bandwidth of 1.7 MHz, a minimum slew rate of 3.6 volts per microsecond, a high input impedance of 10 12  ohms, and is operable from a single supply voltage at 5 volts. Furthermore, the amplifier  506  is configured for inverting the noise signal received on the input line  510  from the noise canceling antenna  206 , and for then adding (i.e., summing) the inverted noise signal to the probe signal received from the probe antenna  102 . The resulting summed signal is then amplified, and transmitted onto an output line  512  to an electronic compressor  514 .  
         [0023]    The electronic compressor  514  is configured for “compressing” the amplitudes of the signal received from the amplifier  506 . More specifically, the compressor  514  compresses signals to effectively “normalize” them so that relatively small amplitude signals are amplified, and relatively large amplitude signals are attenuated. Such small and large signals thus become closer together in amplitude and, thus, easier to process. The compressor  514  is connected for transmitting a compressed signal to a gain controller  516 , which permits a user to adjust the signal strength for ease in locating a conductor, and may optionally be omitted.  
         [0024]    The gain controller  516  is connected to a switch  518 . The switch  518  is connected for transferring the signal to either a relatively wide band bandpass filter  520 , or a serially connected relatively narrow band bandpass filter  522  and electronic signal expandor  524 . The wide band bandpass filter  520  and expandor  524  are also connected to a second switch  526  configured for transferring a signal output to the LED  107  and to an audio amplifier  528  and speaker  106 . A control circuit  532  is connected to the switches  518  and  526  for controlling the switches so that the switches operate synchronously to control the path of signals. A “tick” signal generator  534  is optionally connected to the input of the amplifier  528  to generate a periodic tick signal which is made audible through the speaker  106  to indicate to a user that the probe  100  is in a mode of using the bandpass filter  522  and the expandor  524 , and that the unit is powered on and working properly. The tick generator  534  preferably also causes the LED  107  to flash. The period of the tick signal is preferably every one to two seconds, though any desirable period may be used.  
         [0025]    The switches  518  and  526  are preferably analog semiconductor switches, and the control circuit  532  may be any circuitry effective for controlling the switches  518  and  526 . The control circuit  532  also includes the physical switch  108  positioned on the housing of the tone probe  100  for permitting a user to control the control circuit  532 .  
         [0026]    The wide band bandpass filter  520  is preferably an active analog filter, but may also be a passive analog filter, and is effective for substantially passing signals in a frequency defined within the bandwidth of a 3 dB passband, such as from about 707 Hz to about 3200 Hz. The narrow band bandpass filter  522  is preferably a biquad active analog filter, but may be either an active or passive filter effective for substantially passing signals having a frequency within a defined 3 dB passband bandwidth, such as, when the desired signal is 577 Hz, preferably from about 573 Hz to about 589 Hz. The expandor  524  is effective for amplifying relatively large amplitude signals, while attenuating relatively small amplitude signals, so that the desired signal passed by the filter  522  is amplified, and the noise signal filtered by the filter  522  is attenuated. The compressor  514 , with the gain preferably limited by the circuit to 6 dB, and expandor  524  are preferably an analog compandor configured as a standard compressor/expandor, such as the Philips Compandor SA571, which may be obtained from Philips Semiconductors. The amplifier  528  is preferably a differential output audio amplifier operable from a single supply voltage of from about 3 to about 9 volts, having a minimum gain bandwidth of about 1.5 MHz, and a gain range in the audible range of from zero to about 46 dB. The amplifier  528  and speaker  106  may alternatively be replaced or used in conjunction with any suitable means for indicating the identification of a desired signal, such as light emitting diodes (LEDs), wherein the strength of a signal is indicated by the visible intensity of LEDs or by the number of which LEDs are illuminated. Additionally, an LCD or numeric LED indicator may be used to indicate signal strength.  
         [0027]    In operation, a user (not shown) powers on the probe  100  and the tick generator  534  begins to generate a periodic tick signal which is made audible through the speaker  106  to indicate mode of operation (either conventional or in accordance with present invention) to the user and that the probe  100  is powered on. The user then indicates via the switch  108  whether the probe  100  should be used for detecting tone signals in a conventional manner, or in accordance with the present invention, as discussed below. The probe antenna  102  is then positioned adjacent to the conductor  110  for sensing any electromagnetic field, or tone signal, emitted from the conductor. Such tone signal detected by the probe antenna  102  is passed through antenna portion  204  to the positive input terminal  504  of the amplifier  506 . Simultaneously, the noise canceling antenna  206 , in proximity to the conductor  110 , detects electromagnetic noise surrounding the conductor  110 , and passes a noise signal to the negative input terminal  510  of the amplifier  506 . The amplifier  506  then inverts the noise signal received from the noise canceling antenna  206  and adds (i.e., sums) the inverted noise canceling signal to the signal received from the probe antenna  102 , to thereby reduce the noise in the signal, and send the resulting signal via the output line  512  to the compressor  514 .  
         [0028]    The compressor  514  compresses the signal received on the line  512  such that signals (e.g., noise) with relatively high amplitudes are attenuated, and signals with relatively low amplitudes (e.g., the tone signal) are amplified, with the result that differential between the amplitudes of the noise and tone signal are reduced. The resulting compressed signal is sent to the gain controller  516 , wherein a user may adjust the signal strength for ease in locating a conductor  110 . The LED  107  may be used in conjunction with the speaker  106  to indicate signal strength and thereby facilitate adjustment of the gain controller  516 . Accordingly, while adjusting the gain controller  516 , the LED  107  is effective as a threshold indicator to, thereby, make it easier for a user to identify a signal location at issue.  
         [0029]    The signal from the gain controller  516  is sent to the switch  518  which is set by the control circuitry  532  to direct the signal to either the bandpass filter  520  or the bandpass filter  522 . If the signal is directed via the control circuit  532  to the wide band bandpass filter  520 , a signal is produced that is similar to a conventional signal produced by the prior art. The signal is then passed to the switch  526 , and then to the LED  107  and amplifier  528  which amplifies the signal. The amplified signal is sent to the speaker  106  which then makes an audible sound indicative of the signal detected on the line  110 .  
         [0030]    If the signal is directed to the narrow band bandpass filter  522 , a narrow bandwidth of frequencies, including the desired tone signal frequency, is passed. Some of the noise outside the frequency range of the filter passes through the filter  522 , but at a significantly lower amplitude than the noise and tone signal within the band. The filtered signal is passed to the expandor  524 , which amplifies the relatively high amplitude frequencies, substantially including the desired tone signal, within the pass band of the filter  522 , and which may include a relatively small amount of noise within the range of the pass band. The small amount of noise outside the pass band frequency range that bleeds through the filter  522  is attenuated. The signal is then passed from the expandor  524  through the switch  526  to the amplifier  528  and speaker  106  as discussed above with respect to the signal directed to the bandpass filter  520 .  
         [0031]    By the use of the present tone probe described above, unwanted noise is filtered out while a desired signal is amplified. Thus tones may be readily detected in relatively noisy environments that may not be detected using conventional techniques.  
         [0032]    It is understood that the present invention may take many forms and embodiments. Accordingly, several variations may be made in the foregoing without departing from the spirit or the scope of the invention. For example, as shown in FIG. 6, the expandor  524  may optionally be omitted, or as shown in FIG. 7, the compressor  514  may optionally be omitted. As shown in FIG. 7A, the bandpass filter  520 , the control circuitry  532 , and the switches  108 ,  518 , and  526  and may optionally be omitted from the tone probe if it is not necessary to sense signals as done in the prior art. As shown in FIG. 7B, the noise canceling antenna  206  may optionally also be omitted with some loss of noise canceling. The bandpass filters  520  and  522  may, alternatively, be replaced by any of a number of different filters, such as a digital filter (discussed below), a comb filter, a notch filter, multiple bandpass section filters.  
         [0033]    The present invention may be used more generally in a number of different digital signal processing (DSP) applications where filtration of one or more frequencies and attenuation of other frequencies is desired. The present invention may, in part or in whole, be implemented using DSP. More specifically, any one or more of the compressor  514 , gain control  516 , switches  518  and  526 , bandpass filters  520  and  522 , expandor  524 , and/or control circuit  532 , may be implemented using DSP. By way of example, as shown in FIG. 8, the compressor  514 , gain control  516 , switches  518  and  526 , bandpass filters  520  and  522 , expandor  524 , and control circuit  532  are shown in dashed outline representing a single DSP chip  800  onto which such components of the filtration system  500  are integrated. An analog-to-digital (A/D) converter  802  and a digital-to-analog (D/A) converter  804  are suitably positioned for interfacing the DSP chip  800  with the rest of the probe  100  in the embodiment of FIG. 8. The embodiment of FIG. 8 may also be modified, as shown in FIG. 9, to omit the gain control  516 . As shown in FIG. 10, the compressor  514 , bandpass filter  522 , the expander  524 , the bandpass filter  520  may individually be formed on a single respective DSP chips  1002 ,  1004 ,  1006 , and  1008 . DSP chips are well known in the art, and it is considered that, upon a reading of the present description of the invention, a person having ordinary skill in the art could engineer DSP chips, including the required power supply, external memory, crystals, and the like, required to implement DSP. Therefore, the details of implementing the foregoing aspects of the invention using DSP will not be described in further detail herein.  
         [0034]    Having thus described the present invention by reference to certain of its preferred embodiments, it is noted that the embodiments disclosed are illustrative rather than limiting in nature and that a wide range of variations, modifications, changes, and substitutions are contemplated in the foregoing disclosure and, in some instances, some features of the present invention may be employed without a corresponding use of the other features. Many such variations and modifications may be considered obvious and desirable by those skilled in the art based upon a review of the foregoing description of preferred embodiments. Accordingly, it is appropriate that the appended claims be construed broadly and in a manner consistent with the scope of the invention.