Abstract:
An intraocular lens comprising a lens optic coupled to at least one haptic and at least one deformable connecting bar positioned between the lens optic and the at least one haptic. The lens is designed to provide uncorrected vision for distance, intermediate and near vision.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/741,230, filed on Jun. 16, 2015, currently pending, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/035,821, filed on Sep. 24, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,295,545, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/910,076, filed on Jun. 4, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,295,544, and also claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/689,394, filed on Jun. 5, 2012, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    The present disclosure is related to a single focus intraocular lens, various embodiments of which provide seamless vision from distance to near automatically. 
       DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART 
       [0003]    An intraocular lens (IOL) is a lens implanted into the eye, usually replacing a normal human lens that has been clouded over by a cataract, or can replace a normal human lens as a form of refractive surgery to change the eye&#39;s optical power. 
         [0004]    Premium intraocular lenses (IOLs) implanted during cataract surgery are categorized three ways: accommodating, multifocal, and toric intraocular lenses. 
         [0005]    The best visual acuity is achieved with the single focus accommodating lenses. The optic of these lenses moves forward and backward upon constriction and relaxation of the ciliary muscle. However, for reading in dim lighting conditions, or for small print, weak reading glasses are often necessary. 
         [0006]    The multifocal lenses focus light on the retina at either two or three focal lengths. Thus, there is more than one image on the retina simultaneously. This creates problems since the amount of light in focus is divided between the multiple focal points, and contrast sensitivity is thereby reduced, making vision at all distances difficult in dim lighting. In addition, there are severe problems when driving at night when the pupil is dilated. Many patients experience severe glare and halos and many have had to have the multifocal lenses explanted and replaced with a single vision standard lens, because of this problem. However, the near vision with the multifocal lenses is superior to that of the current accommodating lens. 
         [0007]    The toric lenses correct the eyes that have significant astigmatism. 
         [0008]    The currently marketed plate accommodating intraocular lenses provide excellent distance and intermediate vision but sometimes can require weak, +1.00, reading glasses for prolonged reading, for seeing small print, or reading in dim lighting conditions. 
         [0009]    Furthermore, it is important for intraocular lenses to have a consistent location along the axis of the eye to provide good uncorrected distance vision and to center in the middle of the vertical meridian of the eye. Without excellent uncorrected distance vision there is no point in implanting lenses designed to give seamless vision from far to near. 
         [0010]    The original intraocular lens consisted of a single optic. These lenses frequently de-centered and dislocated and it was discovered that there was a need to center and fixate the lens optic in the vertical meridian of the eye. 
         [0011]    Attachments to the optic that center and fixate the lens within the capsular bag are called haptics. Traditionally, haptics comprised multiple flexible loops of various designs, J loops, C loops, closed loops, and flexible radial arms. Recently, traditional haptics have been replaced in some lens designs with oblong, flat flexible plates, called plate haptics. These plate haptics usually made from silicone, are solid, flat, flexible and between 3.0 and 6.0 mm in width, 0.20 to 0.75 mm thick, and may have tapered, rounded or parallel sides. Plate haptics often have flexible loops or fingers that help center and fixate the lens within the capsular bag. These flexible fingers extend beyond the distal or outer end of the plate haptics and slightly beyond the diameter of the capsular bag and are designed to flex centrally to center and fixate the lens and its optic within the capsular bag. 
         [0012]    IOLs are known to include opposing haptics positioned on either side of a lens optic. Once a patient&#39;s cataract is removed, e.g. by phacoemulsification, the IOL is placed into the empty capsular bag. The haptics help to center the IOL and fixate it within the capsular bag by fibrosis. Such IOLs are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,674,282, U.S. Pat. No. 5,476,514, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,496,366, to Cumming, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
         [0013]    Moreover, although current IOLs provide patients with significantly restored distance and intermediate vision, adequate near vision is commonly lacking—often requiring that patients use weak reading glasses to enhance near vision. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0014]    An intraocular lens according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is described that overcomes the deficiencies of present designs noted above. 
         [0015]    In various embodiments, an intraocular lens comprises a lens optic coupled to at least one haptic and a torsion bar positioned between the lens optic and the at least one haptic. 
         [0016]    The connecting portion unlike a flat hinge flexing mechanism or a flat thin stretching hinge may have a cross section that can be round, oval, square or any variation of these. The connecting portion can have a length of between about 0.1 to 1.5 mm, in various embodiments between about 0.5 and 1.0 mm, or between about 0.1 mm to 1.0 mm. The connecting portion can connect tangentially to the optic in a transverse direction across the lens body, or connect in a radial or perpendicular manner, to function by stretching, thinning, rotating, or any combination of these. 
         [0017]    Certain aspects of this disclosure are directed toward an intraocular lens. The intraocular lens can include a lens optic having a diameter, at least one haptic coupled to the lens optic, and at least one connecting bar connecting the lens optic and the at least one haptic. The connecting bar can have a width and thickness less than 30% the diameter of the optic. 
         [0018]    Certain aspects of this disclosure are directed toward an intraocular lens having a lens optic coupled to at least one haptic. The at least one haptic can be primarily disposed on opposite first and second sides of the lens optic. The first side, the lens optic, and the second side can be arranged along a longitudinal axis of the intraocular lens. The at least one connecting bar can connect the lens optic and the at least one haptic. The at least one connecting bar can have a length disposed substantially orthogonal to said longitudinal axis of said accommodating intraocular lens. 
         [0019]    Certain aspects of this disclosure are directed toward an intraocular lens having a lens optic coupled to at least one haptic. The at least one haptic can be primarily disposed on opposite first and second sides of the lens optic. The first side, the lens optic, and the second side can be arranged along a longitudinal axis of the intraocular lens. The at least one connecting bar can connect the lens optic and the at least one haptic. The at least one connecting bar can have a length disposed substantially parallel to said longitudinal axis of said intraocular lens. 
         [0020]    Certain aspects of this disclosure are directed toward an intraocular lens having a lens optic coupled to at least one haptic. The at least one haptic can be primarily disposed on opposite first and second sides of the lens optic. The first side, the lens optic, and the second side can be arranged along a longitudinal axis of the intraocular lens. The at least one connecting bar can connect the lens optic and the at least one haptic. The at least one connecting bar can have a length disposed at an angle within about 30 degrees (e.g., within about 10 degrees, about 15 degrees, within about 20 degrees, or about 25 degrees) from said longitudinal axis of said intraocular lens. 
         [0021]    Certain aspects of this disclosure are directed toward an intraocular lens having a lens optic coupled to at least one haptic. The at least one haptic can be primarily disposed on opposite first and second sides of the lens optic. The first side, the lens optic, and the second side can be arranged along a longitudinal axis of the intraocular lens. The at least one connecting bar can connect the lens optic and the at least one haptic. The at least one connecting bar can have a length disposed at an angle within about 30 degrees (e.g., at least about 10 degrees, about 15 degrees, about 20 degrees, or about 25 degrees) from an axis orthogonal to said longitudinal axis of said intraocular lens (i.e., a transverse axis of said intraocular lens). 
         [0022]    In any of the above mentioned aspects, the intraocular lens may further include an optic appendage attached to said lens optic. The connecting bar can connect the optic appendage and the at least one haptic. In other aspects, the connecting bar directly connects the optic to the at least one haptic. 
         [0023]    In any of the above mentioned aspects, the connecting bar can have a length between about 0.1 and 2.0 mm. 
         [0024]    In any of the above mentioned aspects, the connecting bar can have a circular cross-section orthogonal to the length of the bar. In other aspects, the connecting bar can have an ovular cross section orthogonal to the length of the bar. In yet other aspects, the connecting bar can have a square cross-section orthogonal to the length of the bar. 
         [0025]    In any of the above mentioned aspects, the connecting bar can be configured to elongate. In certain aspects, the connecting bar can be configured to thin. In certain aspects, the connecting bar can be configured to rotate. 
         [0026]    In any of the above mentioned aspects, the connecting bar can include the same material as the haptic. In other aspects, the connecting bar includes a different material than the haptic. 
         [0027]    In any of the above mentioned aspects, the intraocular lens can include an elongate slot partially traversing the haptic in the transverse direction of said intraocular lens. In certain aspects, the slot can be between 0.1 to 0.5 mm in height and 2 to 5 mm in length. 
         [0028]    In any of the above mentioned aspects, the intraocular lens may not include a hinging feature between the lens optic and the haptic. 
         [0029]    Other features and advantages of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following more detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the presently described apparatus and method of its use. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0030]      FIG. 1  illustrates a top plan view of an IOL according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure with torsion bars connecting the optic to the haptics. 
           [0031]      FIG. 2  illustrates a portion of an IOL according to another embodiment of the present disclosure with generally longitudinally directed connector bars connecting the optic to the haptics. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0032]    The above-described drawing figures illustrate the described disclosure in at least one of its preferred embodiments, which is further defined in detail in the following description. Those having ordinary skill in the art may be able to make alterations and modifications to what is described herein without departing from its spirit and scope. Therefore, it should be understood that what is illustrated is set forth only for the purposes of example and should not be taken as a limitation on the scope of the present disclosure. 
         [0033]      FIG. 1  illustrates intraocular lens (IOL)  100  comprising an optic  200  a short appendage  362  attached to the optic and coupled to at least one haptic  300  as well as connection bars  364  connecting the optic to the at least one haptic via the appendage  362 . 
         [0034]    The IOL  100  is placed into the capsular bag of a patient&#39;s eye during cataract surgery involving known techniques such as, for example, phacoemulsification. The lens is centered so that the optical axis of the lens coincides with that of the patient&#39;s eye. The haptics  300  contact the capsular bag and the natural fibrosis of the tissue secures the haptics  300 , and consequently the IOL  100 , in place. 
         [0035]    The optic  200  is preferably a single focus optic that gathers the incoming light and focuses it on the retina of the patient to affect vision. The optic  200  may be biconvex, refractive, diffractive, plano-convex, Fresnel, spheric, aspheric, toric, or of any other type that is preferably substantially single focus. In order to permit the optic  200  to be inserted into the eye through a small incision, the optic  200  is preferably made of a flexible optical material, such as, for example, silicone, acrylic, hydrogel, or other flexible optical material now known or hereafter developed. 
         [0036]    The at least one haptic  300  comprises a first end  320  opposite a second end  340 . The first end  320  of the haptic  300  can be proximal the optic  200  while the second end is distal to the optic. The first end  320  is flexibly coupled to a periphery of the optic  200  or short appendage  362 . In at least one embodiment, the IOL  100  comprises opposing haptics positioned linearly along a longitudinal axis A of the IOL  100  (e.g., parallel to the y-axis). 
         [0037]    The haptic body may be substantially rigid in the longitudinal direction (e.g., parallel to the y-axis). While the plate haptic is substantially rigid, the flexibility of the connecting bar may promote vaulting. In various embodiments, the haptic  300  is constructed of the same or similar flexible material as the optic, including, but not limited to: silicone, hydrogel, acrylic, or similar material. 
         [0038]    The plate haptic  300  may comprise opposing lateral paddles  310 . The paddles  310  and projecting fingers  350  operable to engage, fixate, and center the AIOL in the capsular bag to locate the optic posteriorly along the axis of the eye. In certain aspects, the paddles  310  can include a different, more rigid material than the plate haptics  300 . For example, the paddles  310  can be made of polyimide, prolene, or titanium. The paddles also help stabilize the lens to prevent the IOL from tilting. The paddles can also prevent anterior dislocation of one of the two plate haptics. Such exemplary haptics  300  and paddles  310  are discussed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2011-0313519 A1, published Dec. 22, 2011 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/017,189); U.S. Patent Publication No. 2011-0313524 A1, published Dec. 22, 2011 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/092,359); U.S. Patent Publication No. 2011-0313525 A1, published Dec. 22, 2011 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/111,599); and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2011-0313526 A1, published Dec. 22, 2011 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/155,327), incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
         [0039]    The paddles  310  and/or the plate haptics  300  together can surround at least a portion of the optic or surround a majority of the optic. The paddles  310  and/or the plate haptics  300  together can surround between about 100 to 350 degrees of the optic, for example, between about 100 and 200 degrees, between about 150 degrees and 250 degrees, between about 200 degrees and about 300 degrees, or between about 250 degrees and 350 degrees. The paddles  310  together extend along the sides of the optic and more particularly about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or more of the length of the optic. In various embodiments, the paddles  310  extend along the optic  200  in the lateral direction (parallel to the x-axis) at least about 10% the diameter of the optic. In certain aspects, the paddles can include curved edges, for example, as shown in the figures, the paddles can curve inward to at least partially conform to the shape of the optic. In certain aspects, a length of the paddle can be at least two times, at least three times, or at least four times longer than a width of the paddle. In certain aspects, an end of the paddle closest to the optic can be tapered. 
         [0040]    A frame  330  may be embedded within the haptic  300 . The frame  330  may be formed of polyimide, prolene, polymethylmethanylate (PMMA), titanium, or similar material. The frame  330  may be a meshwork or lattice, designed and shaped in a manner to make the plate haptics rigid longitudinally. Such exemplary frames  330  are discussed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2011-0313519 A1, published Dec. 22, 2011 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/017,189); U.S. Patent Publication No. 2011-0313524 A1, published Dec. 22, 2011 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/092,359); U.S. Patent Publication No. 2011-0313525 A1, published Dec. 22, 2011 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/111,599); and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2011-0313526 A1, published Dec. 22, 2011 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/155,327), incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
         [0041]    The haptic  300  may further comprise projections  350 , or fingers, extending from the second end (distal to the optic  200 ) to engage the capsular bag and secure and center the IOL thereto. The projections  350  may be homogeneous with the frame and may be made of either polyimide, PMMA, acrylic or any other inert material. Such exemplary projections  350  are discussed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2011-0313519 A1, published Dec. 22, 2011 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/017,189); U.S. Patent Publication No. 2011-0313524 A1, published Dec. 22, 2011 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/092,359); U.S. Patent Publication No. 2011-0313525 A1, published Dec. 22, 2011 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/111,599); and U.S. Patent Publication 2011-0313526 A1, published Dec. 22, 2011 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/155,327), incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
         [0042]    The first end  320  of the haptic  300  (e.g., proximal to the optic  200 ) may be coupled to the optic or short appendage of the optic  362  via one or more connecting portions. The connecting portions, bars, or members,  364  shown in  FIG. 1  are capable of stretching, bending, and/or potentially rotating. Depending on the configuration of the connecting portions  364 , the connecting portions  364  may stretch along the length thereof, which may be at least in part along a direction substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the IOL and/or may be at least partly along an axis that is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the IOL or along the transverse direction (e.g., parallel to x-axis and/or z-axis). Further, the connecting portions  364  may twist or rotate about an axis along the length of the connecting portion, which may be about an axis that is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the IOL (e.g. about an axis parallel to z-axis and/or x-axis) and/or may be about an axis that is substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the IOL (e.g. about an axis parallel to y-axis) in some cases. In some embodiments, each of the connecting portions  364  can be positioned adjacent the optic periphery and flexibly coupled thereto. The connecting portions  364  can be oriented such that their length extends along an axis substantially parallel to a transverse axis of the IOL  100  (e.g. along an axis parallel to the x-axis) as shown in  FIG. 1  or substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the IOL  100  as shown in  FIG. 2 . 
         [0043]    With continued reference to  FIG. 1 , as disclosed above, one or more connecting portions  364  can be oriented along an axis substantially parallel to a transverse axis of the IOL  100  (e.g. parallel to the x-axis). The IOL  100  can include two connecting portions  364  for securing each haptic  300  to the short appendage  362  and optic  200 . The connecting portions  364  can connect the haptic  300  to the short appendage  362  such that an elongate slot  366  is formed between the short appendage  362  and the haptic  300 . An elongate axis of the elongate slot  366  can be substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the IOL through line A-A (e.g. perpendicular to the y-axis) in some embodiments. Although not shown, the connecting portions  364  may be oriented along an axis that is less than or equal to about 5°, 10°, 15° 20°, 25°, 30°, 35°, 40°, or 45° from the transverse axis of the IOL (e.g., axis parallel to x-axis). 
         [0044]    The elongate slot  366  is an aperture formed in the haptic  300  that extends laterally and parallel to the transverse direction (e.g. parallel to the x-axis). Preferably, the slot  366  comprises an oval shape, but all shapes are specifically contemplated. As mentioned above, the slot  366  is adjacent the connecting portions distal to the optic  200 . Preferably, the slot dimensions ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 mm in height and 2.0 to 5.0 mm in length. 
         [0045]    As shown in  FIG. 2 , one or more connecting portions or connecting bar  364  can be oriented or extend along an axis that is substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the AIOL  100  (e.g. along an axis parallel to the y-axis). In some embodiments, the AIOL  100  can include two connecting portions or bars  364  for securing each haptic  300  to the optic  200  although more or less are possible. For example, although not shown, each haptic  300  can be connected to the optic  200  by a single connecting portion  364 . Although not shown, the connecting portions  364  may be oriented along an axis that is less than or equal to about 5°, 10°, 15° 20°, 25°, 30°, 35°, 40°, or 45° from the longitudinal axis of the IOL (e.g., axis parallel to y-axis). 
         [0046]    The connecting portions  364  can connect the haptic  300  to the optic  200  such that an elongate slot is formed between the optic  200  and the haptic  300 . An elongate axis of the elongate slot can be substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the IOL through line A-A (e.g. parallel to the x-axis). 
         [0047]    The connecting portions  364  couples the optic  200  to the haptic  300  and is preferably of the same material as the optic. Likewise, in various embodiments, the connecting portions  364  may not include a hinge feature, for example, between the optic  200  or appendage  362  and the haptic  300  about which portions of the connecting portion bend like a hinge. Example hinges or straps with hinge features are described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2011-0313519 A1, published Dec. 22, 2011 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/017,189); U.S. Patent Publication No. 2011-0313524 A1, published Dec. 22, 2011 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/092,359); U.S. Patent Publication No. 2011-0313525 A1, published Dec. 22, 2011 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/111,599); and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2011-0313526 A1, published Dec. 22, 2011 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/155,327), incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
         [0048]    The connecting portions or bars  364  can extend lengthwise laterally (as in  FIG. 1 ) or longitudinally (as in  FIG. 2 ) between opposing paddles of the haptic along an axis either substantially parallel or substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the IOL through line A-A. Moreover, the connecting portions are in various embodiments integral to the haptic  300  at each of the lateral ends (as shown in  FIG. 1 ) or at each of the end distal to the optic  200  (as shown in  FIG. 2 ), and are preferably of the same flexible material as the haptic. However, the connecting portions  364  may also be of a different material than the haptic  300 , for example, such that the connecting portions are substantially more flexible than the haptic. In at least one embodiment, the connecting portions  364  may be from 0.1 to 1.5 mm in length. Preferably, the connecting portion  364  has a square or circular cross-section, but other cross-sectional solid shapes are specifically contemplated. Accordingly, in various embodiments, the cross-section has a width and height that are substantially equal and may be smaller than the length of the connecting portion or bar  364 . For example, the width of the cross-section perpendicular to the length of the connecting portion or bar  364  may be less than 1.5, 1.4, 1.3, 1.2, or 1.0 times the height of the cross-section or may be smaller and possible larger in some embodiments. Similarly, the width of the cross-section perpendicular to the length of the connecting portion or bar  364  may be less than 2.0, 1.5, 1.2, or 1.0 times the length of connecting portion or bar or may be smaller and possible larger in some embodiments. 
         [0049]    On insertion into the eye, the optic  200  and haptics  300  may be vaulted posteriorly. This effect is facilitated by the stretching, and potentially thinning, bending, and/or rotation of the connecting portions in response to the increase in pressure exerted by the capsular bag on the distal ends of the haptics. 
         [0050]    In at least one embodiment, the longitudinal length of the IOL (e.g., from distal end to distal end, wherein the distal end is distal with respect to the optic  200 ) may be between approximately 9.0-11.0 mm, with the diameter as measured from the tips of the lateral finger projections with respect to the optic being between approximately 11.5-12.0 mm. The haptics  300  are in various embodiments between 3.0-6.0 mm wide and 0.20-0.75 mm thick, while the optic  200  may be approximately 5.0 mm in diameter and 1.0 mm thick at its center. 
         [0051]    In various embodiments the connecting portions or connecting bars  364  are thin and experience more thinning when stretched. Without stretching, for example, the connecting portions or connecting bars  364  may be thin with respect to the optic  200  and the lens  100 . In certain embodiments, for example as shown in  FIG. 2 , the connecting portion or connecting bar  364  may have a width in the transverse direction (e.g., parallel to the x-axis) less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5% or less of the width or diameter of the optic  20 . Similarly, the connecting portions or connecting bars  364  may have a thickness orthogonal to the transverse and longitudinal directions (e.g., parallel to the z-axis) that is less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5% or less of the diameter of the width or diameter of the optic  20 . The width and thicknesses may be greater than 0.5% or 1% of width or diameter of the optic  20  in some embodiments. 
         [0052]    The dimensions described above allow for adequate stretching. Additionally, such widths may reduce the incidence of tearing when inserting the IOL into the small opening made in the sclera or cornea of the eye. The IOL is rolled to facilitate insertion and the resultant twisting can introduce shear forces on wider connections, which may cause tearing. Having narrow widths reduces the shear force and permits twisting without tearing. 
         [0053]    The connecting portions or bars  364  such as shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2  being thin permit stretching. In various embodiments, the connecting portions or bars  364  stretch and thereby increase their length by at least 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 times of their length or more. 
         [0054]    Conditional language, such as “can,” “could,” “might,” or “may,” unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain embodiments include, while other embodiments do not include, certain features, elements, and/or steps. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements, and/or steps are in any way required for one or more embodiments or that one or more embodiments necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without user input or prompting, whether these features, elements, and/or steps are included or are to be performed in any particular embodiment. 
         [0055]    The terms “approximately,” “about,” and “substantially” as used herein represent an amount close to the stated amount that still performs a desired function or achieves a desired result. For example, the terms “approximately”, “about”, and “substantially” may refer to an amount that is within less than 10% of, within less than 5% of, within less than 1% of, within less than 0.1% of, and within less than 0.01% of the stated amount. 
         [0056]    Some embodiments have been described in connection with the accompanying drawings. However, it should be understood that the figures are not drawn to scale. Distances, angles, etc. are merely illustrative and do not necessarily bear an exact relationship to actual dimensions and layout of the devices illustrated. Components can be added, removed, and/or rearranged. Further, the disclosure herein of any particular feature, aspect, method, property, characteristic, quality, attribute, element, or the like in connection with various embodiments can be used in all other embodiments set forth herein. Additionally, it will be recognized that any methods described herein may be practiced using any device suitable for performing the recited steps. 
         [0057]    The embodiments described in detail above are considered novel over the prior art of record and are considered critical to the operation of at least one aspect of the invention and to the achievement of the above-described objectives. The words used in this specification to describe the instant embodiments are to be understood not only in the sense of their commonly defined meanings, but to include by special definition in this specification: structure, material, or acts beyond the scope of the commonly defined meanings. Thus if an element can be understood in the context of this specification as including more than one meaning, then its use must be understood as being generic to all possible meanings supported by the specification and by the word or words describing the element. 
         [0058]    The definitions of the words or drawing elements described herein are meant to include not only the combination of elements which are literally set forth, but all equivalent structure, material or acts for performing substantially the same function in substantially the same way to obtain substantially the same result. In this sense, it is therefore contemplated that an equivalent substitution of two or more elements may be made for any one of the elements described and its various embodiments or that a single element may be substituted for two or more elements in a claim. 
         [0059]    Changes from the claimed subject matter as viewed by a person with ordinary skill in the art, now known or later devised, are expressly contemplated as being equivalents within the scope intended and its various embodiments. Therefore, obvious substitutions now or later known to one with ordinary skill in the art are defined to be within the scope of the defined elements. This disclosure is thus meant to be understood to include what is specifically illustrated and described above, what is conceptually equivalent, what can be obviously substituted, and what incorporates the essential ideas. 
         [0060]    The scope of this description is to be interpreted only in conjunction with the appended claims and it is made clear, here, that the named inventor believes that the claimed subject matter is what is intended to be patented.