Abstract:
A high-efficiency thermoelectric unicouple is used for power generation. The unicouple is formed with a plurality of legs, each leg formed of a plurality of segments. The legs are formed in a way that equalized certain aspects of the different segments. Different materials are also described.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO REALTED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    This application claims priority from provisional application No. 60/176,980, filed Jan. 19, 2000. 
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND  
         [0002]    Thermoelectric generator devices can be used to create electrical energy based on temperature differentials. Many different thermoelectric materials and forms are known. It is often desirable to operate a thermoelectric generator over a large temperature gradient to increase higher thermal to electrical efficiency. For example, thermoelectric generators may be used in applications such as deep space missions, where other generators might have difficulties in operation.  
           [0003]    No single thermoelectric material has been suitable for use over a very wide range of temperatures, e.g. such as between 300 and 1000 degrees Kelvin. Prior art techniques have used different thermoelectric materials and have been limited to relatively narrow temperature ranges. Each material is used in the range wherein possesses the optimum performance.  
           [0004]    Generators are known which include a multistage thermoelectric generator where each state operates over a fixed temperature difference and is electrically insulated but thermally in contact with the other stages. An alternative approach uses segmented unicouples/generators, having p and n type materials, formed of different material segments but joined in series.  
         SUMMARY  
         [0005]    The present system describes a generator or unicouple formed of segmented thermoelectric parts. The unicouple may be formed of special thermoelectric materials including skutterudites, Zn 4 Sb 3  materials and BiTe based materials. Specific materials may include Zn 4 Sb 3  materials, CeFe 4 Sb 12  based alloys, both of which are p type materials. N type materials may also be used including CoSb 3  based alloys. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0006]    These and other aspects will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:  
         [0007]    [0007]FIG. 1 shows a segmented unicouple;  
         [0008]    [0008]FIG. 2 shows a segmented multileg device; and  
         [0009]    [0009]FIG. 3 shows a flowchart of operation.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0010]    Thermoelectric generators may have many different applications. As described above, thermoelectric generation can be used in radioisotope thermoelectric generators for deep space missions. It can be used for recovering energy waste heat from heat generation processes such as industrial processes or vehicle exhaust.  
         [0011]    It is often desirable to operate such a generator over a large temperature difference to achieve high thermal to electrical efficiency values.  
         [0012]    The present application teaches improving efficiency by forming a segmented unicouple device. The device has n type and p type legs which are segmented into segments made of different materials. The materials are selected to increase the average thermoelectric figure of merit of the legs. This allows operating the unicouple over relatively large temperature gradients.  
         [0013]    The specific segmented unicouple uses alternating P and N type legs. The specific materials include P type materials which can include p-type Bi 2 Te 3  based alloys and/or Zn 4 Sb 3  or CeFe 4 Sb 12  based alloys, and n type materials which can include n type Bi 2 Te 3  based alloys, and/or CoSb 3  based alloys. These specific materials are described in further detail in the literature.  
         [0014]    An embodiment is shown in FIG. 1. The FIG. 1 embodiment shows a segmented unicouple formed of the materials described above with a 973 degrees K hot side and a 300 degrees K cold side. Each segment preferably has the same current and/or heat flow as other segments in the same leg, or currents and/or heat flows within 10% of others in the same leg. A profile is defined which keeps interface temperatures at their desired level. In order to do this, the geometry of the legs is optimized. Each of the two legs  110 ,  120  may have a number of segments, at least one, more preferably two segments. For example, the leg  110  include segments  112  and  114 . The segment  112  is formed of the N type material CoSb 3 . The segment  114  is formed of the N type material Bi 2 Te 2.7 Se 0.3 . The length of segment  112  is different than the length of segment  114 . Correspondingly, the leg  120  which is formed of P type materials includes a first segment  122  of P type Ce filled skutterudite, a second section  124  of Zn 4 Sb 3  and a third section  126  of Bi 0.25 Sb 0.75 Te 3 . The ratio between the different sections is approximately 0.6:0.5:2.74 the P type legs  122 ,  124 ,  126 , and 0.5:3.3 for the N type legs  112 ,  114  for a 975K hot side and a 300K cold side temprature of operation. The top thermoelectric materials segments can also be bonded to a top metallic segment with a thickness between 100 microns and 2 mm shown as M in FIG. 1) and can be made out of a metal such as Ti or Nb for example.  
         [0015]    A cold side of the material includes the two BiTe based materials, specifically Bi 2 Te 2.7 Se 0.3  and Bi 0.25 Sb 0.75 Te 3 . The cold side is located on the bottom of FIG. 1. The cold side is coupled to a cold shoe  140 , which includes two different electrically insulated portions  142  and  144 . A heat sink, shown generically as  146 , may be coupled to the cold end to dissipate heat. The electrical connection to the leg power is a load shown as  150 .  
         [0016]    The hot side interconnect, at the top of FIG. 1, is connected to conducting part  130  which may electrically connect the P and N legs. This may be connected to a heater  135 , as shown, or placed in the location of waste or exhaust to recover the electricity from the waste heat.  
         [0017]    In addition, the ratio of the cross-sectional area between the N type leg  110  and P type leg  120  is optimized to account for differences in electrical and thermal conductivity between the two legs. In all of these calculations, the thermoelectric properties may be averaged for the temperature range in which the materials of the segment are used.  
         [0018]    The relative lengths of the segments may be adjusted to ensure the energy balance at the interface and optimize the geometry of the segments for different hot side temperatures of operation. If it is assumed that there is no contact resistance between segments, then the device efficiency is not affected by the overall length of the device. Only the relative lengths of the segments then need to be optimized. The total resistance and power output, however, may depend on the overall length and cross-sectional area of the device.  
         [0019]    In the real world, contact resistance between the segments may reduce the efficiency. In a preferred mode, the contact resistance may be less than 20 u-ohm-cm 2  in order to keep the efficiency from being degraded by this contact resistance.  
         [0020]    For the bonding that is used herein, contact resistance should be within the above-discussed range, produces a bond which is mechanically stable in operation, and also acts as a diffusion barrier to prevent potential diffusion between the different materials, and has as similar coefficient of temperature expansion or intermediate coefficient of thermal expansion between the materials that it is bonding. The bonding is conducted by compacting by hot pressing, for example, fine powder of two materials with a thin metal interface layer of 10 to 100 μm in the form of a foil or powder between these materials.  
         [0021]    Pressing is conducted, for example in a graphite die using graphite punches in argon atmosphere. For example, Pd may be used as an interface material between Zn 4 ,Sb 3  and Bi 0.25 Sb 0.75 Te 34 , between CoSb 3  and Bi 2 Te 2.7 Se 0.3  and also between Zn 4 Sb 3  and Ce filled skutterudite compounds. Brazing the thermoelectric legs to the top metallic interconnect can be conducted using a brazing alloy such as CuAgZnSn.  
         [0022]    Fabrication is carried out by fabricating the legs formed of the various thermoelectric materials which can also be topped by a metallic statement. The process is described with reference to the flowchart of FIG. 3.  
         [0023]    At  400 , each leg is hot pressed to form a complete individual leg in one operation using fine powder of each material. Foils including a noble metal such as Pd or Ti are introduced between the segments. In one embodiment, a Pd foil may be preferred. Hot pressing is done in a graphite die using an argon atmosphere and a temperature of 500° C.  
         [0024]    At  410 , each of the completed legs of N and P type are connected to a cold shoe. The cold shoe is used for the transfer to the heat sink.  
         [0025]    The cold shoe may be a plate such as  140  in FIG. 1, and may be formed of any material which has good heat conducting but insulating properties. The plate for example may be made of Cu-plated alumina. The alumina plate may be 1.5 mm thick, plated with a 100 micron thick Cu layer on both sides. A small Cu strip is etched somewhere on the plate, e.g. in the center of the plate, to electrically insulate the legs at  420 . A diffusion barrier material, such as nickel may then be electroplated on both the Cu and the lower segments of the legs at  430 . This diffusion barrier may prevent the copper from diffusing into the materials, especially when the materials are based on Bi 2 Te 3 .  
         [0026]    At  440 , the legs are soldered to the Cu using a special kind of solder such as one formed of BiSn.  
         [0027]    A heater may be connected to the top surfaces of the legs forming the hot junction. The heater may be connected using a Cu-Ag-Zn-Sn brazing alloy. The heater may be a special heater, formed of Nb and Ta and a heating element that are electrically insulated from the Nb material.  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 2 shows an alternative system using segmented legs in a multicouple segmented thermoelectric converter. Each leg such as leg  200 , is formed of multiple segments shown as  202  and  204 . Other legs, such as to 10 may be formed having other numbers of segments, and of different materials.  
         [0029]    Although only a few embodiments have been disclosed in detail above, other modifications are possible. All such modifications are intended to be encompassed within the following claims, in which: