Abstract:
A cryosurgery system for application of medical-grade liquid nitrogen to a treatment area via a small, low pressure, open tipped catheter. The system includes a console, including a touch panel computer, a cryogen module, a suction module and an electronics module, and a disposable spray kit. Features include optional low cryogen flow setting to reduce the cryogen flow rate by 50%, improved cryogen flow consistency reducing pressure pulses and peaks, an integrated suction pump for improved consistency and self-checks, specified vent tube areas and corresponding maximum expected pressures during cryospray procedure; optional pressure sensing capability to monitor pressure during a treatment, and novel catheter designs of multilayer and flexible construction providing a variety of spray patterns.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0002]    The present invention relates generally to cryospray systems, cryogenic spray ablation and cryosurgery systems, and more particularly to an assortment of improved cryogen delivery catheters for use in cryospray and cryosurgery systems. 
         [0003]    2. Description of the Background 
         [0004]    The present invention relates to methods and devices for cryospray treatment of organic tissue. Tissue ablation refers to the removal or destruction of tissue, or of tissue functions. Traditionally, invasive and non-invasive surgical procedures are used to perform tissue ablation. These surgical procedures required the cutting and/or destruction of tissue positioned between the exterior of the body and the site where the ablation treatment is conducted, referred to as the treatment site. Cryo ablation is a new alternative in which tissue ablation is conducted by freezing diseased, damaged or otherwise unwanted tissue (collectively referred to herein as “target tissue”). Appropriate target tissue may include, for example, cancerous or precancerous lesions, tumors (malignant or benign), damaged epithelium, fibroses and any other healthy or diseased tissue for which cryo ablation is desired. 
         [0005]    Cryo ablation may be performed by using a system that sprays low pressure cryogen on the target tissue. Such systems are often referred to as cryospray systems, cryosurgery spray systems, cryosurgery systems, cryogen spray ablation systems or simply cryospray ablation systems. As used typically, cryogen refers to any fluid (e.g., gas, liquefied gas or other fluid known to one of ordinary skill in the art) that has a sufficiently low boiling point to allow for therapeutically effective cryotherapy and is otherwise suitable for cryogenic surgical procedures. For example, acceptable fluids may have a boiling point below approximately negative (−) 150° C. The cryogen may be liquefied nitrogen, as it is readily available. Other fluids such as argon and air may also be used. Additionally, liquid helium, liquid oxygen, liquid nitrous oxide and other cryogens can also be used. 
         [0006]    During operation of a cryosurgery system, a clinician, physician, surgeon, technician, or other operator (collectively referred to as “operator” herein), sprays cryogen on the target tissue via a delivery catheter. The spray of cryogen causes the target tissue to freeze or “cyrofrost.” The physician may target the cryospray visually utilizing endoscopy, bronchoscopy, pleuroscopy, or other video assisted device or scope. The temperature range can be from negative 0° C. to (−)195° C. This latter temperature in particular is the case of liquid nitrogen at low pressure. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0007]    The invention includes a catheter apparatus that allows for evenly distributed cryospray treatment of a tissue cavity within the human body. The method involves the use of an endoscope or bronchoscope (either which sometimes referred to hereinafter as “scope”) for the navigation and visualization of the target tissue, the use of a directed spray catheter with a straight or a radial spray head to treat such target tissue after positioning such catheter in a center or near center position via markers on the apparatus. The method and device of the invention targets the tissue circumferentially (in the case of a radial spray head) with a direct cryogen contacting spray onto such tissue. In use, the catheter is inserted into the working channel of a scope, which in turn is utilized to locate the target tissue. The catheter is connected to a cryospray console that houses and delivers cryogen fluid to the catheter. Since most bronchoscopes have a working channel that is offset from the center, the invention also allows for centering of the catheter as it exits an off-center working channel as it is targeting tissue. As a result, one embodiment of the invention centers the catheter in relation to the tissue cavity area for even dose delivery in the lumen. 
         [0008]    According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided an advanced cryosurgery system having improved cryogen flow and flow control, an integrated suction pump, a pressure sensor and an improved delivery catheter. 
         [0009]    Embodiments of the present invention are directed to a cryospray system having a cryogen delivery apparatus. In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, the cryospray system may further include a cryogen source configured to provide the cryogen to the cryogen delivery apparatus, a regulation apparatus fluidically coupled to the cryogen source and to the cryogen delivery apparatus, and a controller communicatively coupled to the regulation apparatus configured to control the release of cryogen into the cryogen delivery apparatus. Exemplary cryosurgery systems in which the present invention may be implemented include, but are not limited to, those systems described in commonly owned U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,255,693, 7,025,762, 6,383,181, and 6,027,499 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/956,890, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/022,013, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/411,395, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/784,596, each of which are incorporated herein in their entirety. Embodiments of the present invention are described below in connection with one embodiment of such exemplary cryosurgery system shown in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0010]    The system of the present invention is a cryosurgical tool that applies a medical-grade liquid nitrogen spray (or other cryogen) to the treatment area via a small, low pressure, open tipped catheter. 
         [0011]    The prior art includes cryospray ablation catheters with straight spray patterns that are directed at tissue in one modality. The present invention provides a cryospray physician with additional maneuverability to ensure that the proper target is sprayed. The cryospray catheter is constructed with material and design features that allow for full maneuverability during spray targeting as well as retention of function at the cryogenic temperatures. 
         [0012]    The present invention includes a catheter having a set of features that provide the flexibility and targeting to provide a clear way of targeting the tissue, without hindering scope functionality. According to further embodiments, the catheter has features that allow for tissue targeting of segments or tissue areas using straight spray and/or radial spray patterns. According to yet further embodiments, the catheters of the invention may include structures for centering the catheter as it exits a working channel of the scope, as well as structures for permitting catheter rotation during tissue targeting. Accordingly, the catheters of the invention provide targeting functionality that exceeds and extends prior art targeting that was limited by the capabilities of the scope. 
         [0013]    The invention is a catheter that contains the necessary features to provide an even contiguous treatment and depth of thermal injury of the target tissue. This is achieved via a combination of a fenestrated hole pattern for cryospray, the shape of the catheter tip to create a centering orientation with respect to the actual scope utilized to guide the cryospray catheter, and/or the additional centering apparatus that helps center the catheter with respect to the treatment tissue cavity or lumen, which can be of varied size. These features provide the optimal dose of cryospray in a set flow rate and fast delivery time to optimize its practicality. 
         [0014]    The preferred catheter construction includes materials selected to maximize heat conductivity that allows for cryo cooling of the catheter fluid path ahead of the dual phase flow. This is achieved with a balance of metal tubing and polymeric layering with metal braiding/coiling. It can also include the selection of diameters along its length to help deliver such right amount of cryogen flow rate. One embodiment has a centering feature that allows for rotation of the catheter within the scope working channel. This feature provides an additional degree of freedom during the navigation and targeting of the scope with catheter combination to help provide more accuracy in targeting the lumen center prior to treatment. 
         [0015]    The catheter may contain a thermocouple wire at the distal tip of the catheter near the radial spray head to help provide information to the console connected to the catheter. This information is related to the temperature either within or on the catheter shaft and may be used to provide information or feedback control on the dose provided by the cryospray ablation system. 
         [0016]    According to preferred embodiments of the invention, the improved catheters disclosed herein may include one or more of the following features and advantages:
       repeatable spray patterning of the treatment cavity.   centering of the catheter with respect to the scope.   centering of the catheter spray head with respect to the treatment cavity.   uniform circumferential spray of cryo media delivering a controlled contiguous hypothermic dose to the lumen.   repeatable set dose with reference to time of spray, dwell time and treatment distance.   fast time to freeze based on the combination of material construction, catheter working length proximal to distal shaft length ratio, and diameter.   absence of material contact in the direct spray area, which prevents the adhesion to tissue   temperature feedback loop to console system for spray time. The temperature reported is the temperature at the tip of the catheter outer layer which is an indication of the presence and temperature slope of the cryogen traveling to that point. In addition, the temperature of the output spray fluid may also be reported by locating the thermocouple junction within the spray path or at one of the radial spray hole outputs.       
 
         [0025]    According to one embodiment of the invention, a cryospray catheter may include: 
         [0026]    a proximal metal interface “bayonet” that can be connected to the console; 
         [0027]    an ergonomic plastic cover to interface with console along with the bayonet; 
         [0028]    an insulating sheath distributed over the proximal portion of the catheter assembly which resides outside the working channel of the scope; 
         [0029]    a large diameter proximal tube (ranging from 0.060″ to 0.120″ I.D. with preferred I.D. of 0.104″); 
         [0030]    an outer covering in the form of a polymeric layer to cover a portion or the entire length of the proximal tube to provide a fluid tight lumen; and 
         [0031]    a small diameter distal tube (0.048″ to 0.070″ I.D. with 0.061″ I.D. preferred) of polyimide and braid construction of 30 to 50 inches long, 33 inches preferred. 
         [0032]    According to an embodiment of the invention, the proximal tube may be made of metal hypotube, with the preferred embodiment constructed from stainless steel hypotube, with a length of up to 85″ working length, with varying laser cut stiffness profile, providing stiffness properties in the hypotube ranging from a stiffer proximal to a more flexible distal, preventing any abrupt transition and avoiding kinking. The hypotube may contain solid regions at each end for joining. 
         [0033]    According to an alternative embodiment, the proximal tube may be made of metal ribbon (or flat wire) formed into a coil of the desired diameter. 
         [0034]    According to alternative embodiments, the small diameter distal tube can similarly be constructed using metal hypotube, or flat or round wire formed into a coil instead of the polyimide and braid construction described above. 
         [0035]    According to one embodiment of the invention, the small distal tube may terminate in a single end hole (configured for a straight spray). According to alternative embodiments, the small distal tube may be provided with a plurality of holes in its side arranged in a radial hole pattern. Fenestrations are distributed at the distal end of the catheter in a radial configuration arranged around the circumference of the tube. The radial configuration may be varied according to different tissue treatment and/or targeting conditions. Specifically, the number of holes per cm of circumference can be varied, as can the number rows per centimeter per length of distal tip, the number of sections with holes, the diameter of each hole (fixed or variable), and the shape of the holes (i.e., circular, rectangular, triangle, pentagon, etc.), all with the purpose of treating a specific area with a specific cryogenic effect. Additionally, the quantity and pattern of holes in the hole array may vary depending on pressure pre-set on console and desired treatment dose to the tissue. 
         [0036]    According to a radial spray embodiment, further embodiments of the invention may include one or more markings or bands to signify treatment area, preferably one at each end of the radial spray pattern. These bands may be created by pad printing or laser marking or other known techniques. 
         [0037]    According to a further embodiment of the invention, the catheter may contain a temperature sensing component at the distal end next to the radial spray pattern. According to preferred embodiments of the invention, the distal portion of the small distal tube may be provided with markings to provide a visual indication of the position and orientation of the tip. 
         [0038]    According to further alternative embodiments of the invention, the catheter may include a centering feature for optimal positioning in the treatment area. In a preferred embodiment, the centering feature comprises of pre-shaped S-curve. The S-curve can be made more or less pronounced to further offset the catheter from the centerline of the scope, if desired. This offset can further enhance the extra degree of motion provided by rotating the polymeric or metallic junction of the catheter within the working channel. 
         [0039]    According to embodiments which include a centering feature, further embodiments may include an axial marking printed along the shaft to signify the orientation of such centering feature. 
         [0040]    Still yet further embodiments may include an occluded, rounded device tip, which serves to both force the spray pattern out the fenestrations while also providing an atraumatic tip to prevent tissue injury 
         [0041]    Further embodiments of the invention may include a polymeric or metallic nozzle junction to funnel flow as it transitions from a large diameter I.D. to a smaller diameter I.D. According to these embodiments, the polymeric or metallic junction may be located at the junction where the large inner diameter shaft meets the smaller inner diameter shaft. According to further embodiments, the polymeric or metallic nozzle junction may contain a width extension with a preferred geometry of wings for aiding the user to torque the distal shaft as a way to help navigate the scope and catheter to an optimal position for cryospray treatment. 
         [0042]    According to alternative embodiments of the invention, the catheter shaft may be straight or substantially straight and contain no centering feature. 
         [0043]    According to further embodiments of the invention, the catheter may be provided with a self-centering mechanism constructed of a self-expanding heat formed FEP, PTFE, spring steel or Pebax structure, a spring that travels along the inner length of the self-expanding polymeric spherical structure (FEP, PTFE or Pebax), and a round stainless steel tip that forms an atraumatic tip to the catheter, but also is the area for bonding the FEP or Pebax structure to the inner spring. This self-expanding structure can result in a spherical or oval shape with multiple extensions ranging from 1 to 10 filaments that make up the structure. The self-expansion can allow the catheter to keep the surface of the catheter away from the tissue for allowing the spray to be more uniform and/or to center the catheter spray head around the lumen to help provide maximum coverage to the targeted quadrant or quadrants. Target quadrants are defined as areas of the lumen that can be treated between a range of treatment around a circumference. The area of treatment varies between spraying an angular coverage between 0 and 30 degrees to 0 and 90 degrees, 0 and 180 degrees and 0 and 360 degrees as well as anything in between. 
         [0044]    A self-centering apparatus may comprise of a chromium cobalt/stainless steel mesh as its self-adjusting structure. 
         [0045]    According to an alternative self-centering embodiment of the invention, the self-centering mechanism is not self-expanding, but instead it may be expanded by the user upon engaging a proximal mechanism (to the user) such as a wire or spring trigger. According to this embodiment, the catheter is inserted into the scope working channel and exits the scope at the distal end. Once the user sets it over the target treatment tissue, the user engages the centering mechanism which in turn expands to the lumen size. 
         [0046]    According to yet another embodiment of the invention, a cryospray catheter may include an all-polymeric shaft construction for the catheter length, with a proximal end of a varying inner diameters for a length up to the working channel entrance, and a distal section of same or smaller diameter that can be adjusted to fit the working channel of the scope to target a specific flow and to target a specific volume of cryogen within a specific time of spray. This embodiment may be provided without or without a centering feature. 
         [0047]    According to one embodiment, the ability of the catheter to deliver cooling can be influenced by the thermal conductivity of the catheter materials and/or construction. Thermally conductive materials can be incorporated into the design to improve the rate of cooling of the catheter materials to help maintain the liquid phase of the flow through such catheter. Certain metals and/or ceramics and/or nano-particles and structures can be incorporated into the polymeric material to increase the heat capacity of the compound(s) from which the catheter is made. One example is the addition of boron nitride into the catheter material. Similarly, support structures in the catheter tube such as braid, coils, and/or longitudinal support members can be incorporated and/or maximized to improve the rate of cooling of the catheter. 
         [0048]    Additionally, the catheter may also be of various lengths. Another embodiment may have the catheter be the same diameter from proximal to distal. 
         [0049]    Other embodiments are possible for radial spray including a hollow cone spray. 
         [0050]    The catheter may also be fully constructed of metal hypotube laser cut profile for flexibility and wrapped by a polymeric outer jacket as a way to create a fluid tight seal between the ID and OD of the catheter. 
         [0051]    The catheter may change inner diameters along its length more than once to control size and/or as a way to control flow and volume delivery. 
         [0052]    According to a further embodiment, the catheter of the invention may be fitted with a cyclone tube to help funnel cryogen liquid into the lumen of a multi-lumen shaft section that is meant for cryospray. The funneling helps concentrate the cooling power of the fluid output by concentrating the liquid output to the cryogen ablation site. According to a preferred embodiment, the cyclone tube may be manufactured from quartz or pyrex. According to an alternative embodiment, the cyclone tube may be cast from a thermoset or metal. The cyclone tube may be located anywhere along the length of the catheter, but according to a preferred embodiment, it may be located at the junction between the proximal and the distal portions of the catheter. 
         [0053]    According to yet another embodiment of the invention, an egress tube may be configured to fit over the length of a bronchoscope or endoscope. The interior of the egress tube may be configured with spacing elements to create space between the interior surface of the egress tube and the exterior surface of the scope to allow for passive/active venting of gas in cryospray therapy. The egress scope preferably encapsulates the scope, providing added insulation. In addition, the egress tube serves as an aide to center the working channel of the scope. According to alternative embodiments, the egress tube may have a dedicated lumen for pressure sensing. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0054]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view of a cryosurgery system according to an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0055]      FIG. 2  is a perspective view of a cryosurgery system according to an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0056]      FIG. 3  is a perspective view of a cryosurgery system according to another embodiment of the invention; 
           [0057]      FIG. 4  is an isometric view of a radial spray catheter according to an embodiment of the invention, with an S-curve centering feature attached. 
           [0058]      FIG. 5  is a side view of the distal end of an alternate embodiment including a radial spray pattern with marking bands and self-centering mechanism in the form of a self-expanding sphere frame. 
           [0059]      FIG. 6  is a side view of the steel tube proximal construction of a catheter according to the invention with a laser cut pattern that varies to adjust tube flexibility. 
           [0060]      FIG. 7  is a side view of the S-shape curve aligned to the centerline of the scope (radial spray and atraumatic tip not shown). 
           [0061]      FIG. 8  is an illustration of a polymeric junction to funnel flow and wings for torqueing the distal shaft to help navigate the scope and catheter to an optimal position for cryospray. 
           [0062]      FIG. 9  shows an exaggerated S-curve for added directional control within the anatomy. 
           [0063]      FIG. 10  shows a bayonet connector, according to an embodiment of the invention, welded to the hypotube and such hypotube wrapped in heatshrink. 
           [0064]      FIG. 11  shows a side view of one embodiment of the junction of a large I.D. hypotube to a small I.D. polymeric shaft 
           [0065]      FIG. 12  shows the insulator and connector housing area with the bayonet, according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0066]      FIG. 13  shows an embodiment of the invention according to which a catheter radial spray pattern is supplemented by a straight spray 
           [0067]      FIG. 14  shows an embodiment of the invention in which a mesh is arranged over the radial spray area directly to help diffuse and center such radial spray. 
           [0068]      FIG. 15  shows various hole patterns of radial spray designs 
           [0069]      FIG. 16  shows an embodiment of the invention including an S-curve centering feature on the radial spray catheter containing an axial marker line that aids in visual positioning of such S-curve with respect to centering of such offset to the scope centerline 
           [0070]      FIG. 17  shows an S-curve centering feature and axial line as viewed by the scope optics during use. 
           [0071]      FIG. 18  is an illustration of the front view of a vent tube according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0072]      FIG. 19  is a perspective side view of the vent tube shown in  FIG. 18 . 
           [0073]      FIG. 20  is a perspective view of the vent tube shown in  FIGS. 18 and 19 , mated with a scope. 
           [0074]      FIG. 21  is a front view of a vent tube according to another embodiment of the invention, together with the front face of a scope with which it is mated. 
           [0075]      FIG. 22  is a perspective view of the vent tube and scope shown in  FIG. 21 . 
           [0076]      FIG. 23  is an illustration of an embodiment of the invention in which the catheter tip is fitted with a nozzle. 
           [0077]      FIG. 24  shows a cryogen recirculating catheter according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0078]      FIG. 25  is a close-up of the distal tip of the catheter shown in  FIG. 24 . 
           [0079]      FIG. 26  is a side view of a dual lumen vent tube according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0080]      FIG. 27  shows an internal cross-section of a diffuser element according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0081]      FIG. 28  shows an external side view of a diffuser element according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0082]      FIG. 29  shows a cross sectional view of an egress tube according to an embodiment of the invention, encapsulating an endoscope or bronchoscope. 
           [0083]      FIG. 30  is a side perspective view of an egress tube according to the invention. 
           [0084]      FIG. 31  shows an embodiment of the invention including a cyclone tube separator. 
           [0085]      FIG. 32  is a side perspective of a cyclone tube construction assembly with a proximal shaft entry and a distal shaft exit points. A manifold surrounds the cyclone tube for redirection of fluid flow and flow control. 
           [0086]      FIG. 33  is an isometric perspective of the cyclone tube manifold assembly at the distal shaft exit point showing the open and close valve area for effecting delivery of cryogen spray to the distal end. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0087]    A simplified perspective view of an exemplary cryosurgery system in which embodiments of the present invention may be implemented is illustrated in  FIGS. 1 ,  2  and  3 . Cryosurgery system  100  comprises a pressurized cryogen storage tank  126  to store cryogen under pressure. In the following description, the cryogen stored in tank  126  is liquid nitrogen although cryogen may be other materials as described in detail below. The pressure for the liquefied gas in the tank may range from 5 psi to 90 psi. According to a more preferred embodiment, pressuring in the tank during storage is 40 psi or less, and pressure in the tank during operation is 35 psi or less. According to a more preferred embodiment, pressure in the tank during storage is 35 psi or less and pressuring during operation is 25 psi or less. According to a most preferred embodiment, pressure during operation at normal nitrogen flow is 22±2 psi, and pressure during operation at low nitrogen flow is 14±2 psi. When the pressure in the tank during operation is set to 22 psi, the flow rate/cooling capacity of the nitrogen is 25 W. When the pressure in the tank during operation is set to 14 psi, the flow rate/cooling capacity of the nitrogen is 12.5 W. In an alternate embodiment, the cryogen pressure may be controlled all the way to 45 PSI and to deliver through smaller lumen catheters and additional feature sets. In such alternate embodiments the pressure in the tank during storage may be 55 psi or less. In the context of the output pressure of cryospray from the distal end of the catheter, the term low pressure means 2 psi to 20 psi. 
         [0088]    In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 1 , a conventional therapeutic endoscope  134  is used to deliver the nitrogen gas to target tissue within the patient. Endoscope  134  may be of any size, although a smaller diagnostic endoscope is preferably used from the standpoint of patient comfort. In certain embodiments, a specially designed endoscope having a camera integrated therein may also be used. As is known, an image received at the lens on the distal end of the camera integrated into endoscope  134  may be transferred via fiber optics to a monitoring camera which sends video signals via a cable to the a conventional monitor or microscope, where the procedure can be visualized. By virtue of this visualization, the surgeon is able to perform the cryosurgery at treatment site  154 . 
         [0089]    As the liquid nitrogen travels from tank  126  to the proximal end of cryogen delivery catheter  128 , the liquid is warmed and starts to boil, resulting in cool gas emerging from the distal end or tip of catheter  128 . The amount of boiling in catheter  128  depends on the mass and thermal capacity of catheter  128 . Since catheter  128  is of small diameter and mass, the amount of boiling is not great. (The catheter would preferably be of size seven French.) When the liquid nitrogen undergoes phase change from liquid to gaseous nitrogen, additional pressure is created throughout the length of catheter  128 . This is especially true at the solenoid/catheter junction, where the diameter of the supply tube to the lumen of catheter  128  decreases from approximately 0.25 inches to approximately 0.070 inches, respectively. But the catheter range diameter of its lumen may be between 0.030 to 0.125 inches. In an alternate embodiment the gas boiling inside the catheter may be reduced even greater by the use of insulating materials such as PTFE, FEP, Pebax and others to help reduce its temperature coefficient. The addition of PTFE is especially desirable if done in the inner lumen because its lower coefficient of friction aids in laminar flow of the fluid and thus reducing turbulence and entropy. This reduces gas expansion and allows for good fluid velocity. 
         [0090]    When the liquid nitrogen reaches the distal end of catheter  128  it is sprayed out of cryogen delivery catheter  128  onto the target tissue. It should be appreciated that certain embodiments the cryosurgery system may be able to sufficiently freeze the target tissue without actual liquid nitrogen being sprayed from catheter  128 . In particular, a spray of liquid may not be needed if cold nitrogen gas is capable of freezing the target tissue. 
         [0091]    Freezing of the target tissue is visually apparent to the physician by the acquisition of a white color, referred to as cryofrost, by the target tissue. The white color, resulting from surface frost, indicates the onset of mucosal or other tissue freezing sufficient to initiate destruction of the diseased or abnormal tissue. The operator may use the system timer to freeze for a specified duration once initial cryofrost is achieved in order to control the depth of injury. In one embodiment, the composition of catheter  128  or the degree of insulating capacity thereof will be selected so as to allow the freezing of the tissue to be slow enough to allow the physician to observe the degree of freezing and to stop the spray as soon as the surface achieves the desired whiteness of color. The operator may monitor the target tissue to determine when cryofrost has occurred via the camera integrated into endoscope  134 . The operator manipulates cryogen catheter  128  to freeze the target tissue. Once the operation is complete, cryodecompression tube  132 , catheter  128 , and endoscope  134  are withdrawn. 
         [0092]    Catheter length may be anywhere from 10 inches to 100 inches. Inside diameter of the catheter may be anywhere from 0.8 mm to 5 mm, preferably from 1 mm to 4 mm. The tank size may be anywhere from 5 L to 100 L; its diameter may range from 4 inches to 36 inches. The vent orifice of the manifold may be 0.01 inches to 0.1 inches. 
         [0093]      FIG. 2  is a perspective view of a portion of a cryosurgery system  200  having a cryogen delivery apparatus  240 . Cryosurgery system  200  comprises an endoscope  202  having lumens  210 ,  212  and  216  therein. As shown, endoscope may be positioned in the esophagus  222  of patient  250 . Lumen  212 , disposed in endoscope  202 , is configured to receive an endoscope camera  242 . Lumen  210  may be configured to receive a light  244  for illumination of the treatment site. Lumen  216  of scope  202  may be configured to receive cryogen delivery apparatus  240 . Cryogen delivery apparatus  240  comprises a retroflex-capable cryogen delivery catheter  204 , catheter tip  206 , and one or more holes  214 . After insertion of the cryogen delivery apparatus into the patient, cryogen is provided to cryogen delivery catheter  204  from a cryogen source. Tip  206  causes the cryogen to be sprayed on the target tissue via hole  214 . A dual lumen (for both passive and active venting) cryodecompression tube  208  may be provided to evacuate the treatment area of undesirable gases, particles, fluids etc. 
         [0094]    Alternatively, the controlled pressure and pulsing, coupled with careful control of catheter diameter, length and material composition, helps further deliver controlled flow of volume over time that is consistent with the cryogenic property of the fluid being delivered. Dual phase fluid flow is achieved out of the catheter distal tip and maintained constantly via the equilibrium that the system achieves after pre-cool and after the catheter achieves a cold temperature. The range of dual phase fluid cryogen delivery out of a cryogen catheter with this system can range from 5 LPM to 50 LPM (once it all expands into gas). 
         [0095]      FIG. 3  is a perspective view of a portion of a cryosurgery system  41  having a cryogen delivery apparatus  42 . Cryosurgery system  41  comprises a bronchoscope  40  and a catheter tip  42  exiting its working channel. As shown, bronchoscope  40  may be positioned in the trachea  44 , or bronchi—such as the principle bronchi  45  of patient. The catheter  48  is placed in the working channel lumen  46  of the scope  40  and exits the working channel at the distal tip of the scope. Cryogen delivery apparatus  42  comprises a radial spray cryogen delivery catheter at distal end  42 , and one or more holes  47 . After insertion of the cryogen delivery apparatus into the patient, cryogen is provided to cryogen delivery catheter  48  from a cryogen source. Catheter distal end with one or more holes  42  causes the cryogen to be sprayed on the target tissue via hole(s). A gas egress tube  43  that surrounds the scope may be utilized to provide additional means to evacuate the treatment area of the cryogenic gas out of the patient  49 . Passive lumen egress  50  is also present via the management of the airway to ensure proper venting during the procedure. 
         [0096]    Catheter 
         [0097]    The catheter is designed to transport liquid nitrogen (or other cryogen) from the console to the patient treatment site. According to one embodiment, the catheter may contain (1) a bayonet and hub for attachment to the console at its proximal end, (2) a layered polyimide and stainless steel braided shaft to minimize kinking and breaking, (3) insulation to protect the user from cold, (4) a strain relief to help prevent kinking when torqued by users and (5) an atraumatic tip at its distal end to prevent damage to tissue. The laminated construction and braided material provides additional strength and flexibility, allowing the physician to retroflex the catheter during a treatment procedure, if needed. The catheter pouch may contain an RFID tag that the user scans prior to use to prevent reuse and track disposable information. The catheter pouch may also contain an introducer that provides reinforcement for the catheter and helps prevent kinking during use and when placing the catheter into the scope. An alternative construction locates the RFID tag on the connector area adjacent to the bayonet. 
         [0098]    According to a preferred embodiment, the delivery catheter may be constructed of three layers of flexible polyimide, surrounded by a stainless steel braid, which is in turn coated with an outer layer of Pebax. It was discovered that that extrusion of Pebax over the stainless steel braid allows the Pebax to wick through the pitch of the steel braid, helping to prevent kinking, breaking, or delamination during retroflex of the catheter. The Pebax also provides a desirable balance between hardness—important for smooth sliding of the catheter and general toughness, and softness, which is important for some degree of tackiness which allows the user to feel the movement of the catheter in the scope. The pitch of the stainless steel braid is configured to be fine enough to afford the required strength, not thick enough to allow the Pebax to wick through. The distal end of the catheter is provided with an atraumatic tip comprised only of Pebax, in the shape of a bullnose. This novel construction allows for retroflex of the catheter without kinking, breaking, or delamination of the catheter. For the purposes of this invention, retroflex is used to refer to the ability of a catheter to bend or turn approximately 180° about a radius of curvature of 1 inch or less. This is useful so that when the catheter is introduced into, for example, the stomach via the esophagus, the catheter can be turned approximately 180° in order to treat the roof of the stomach. 
         [0099]      FIG. 4  shows the preferred embodiment catheter construction of the cryospray catheter  1  according to the invention. It includes a bayonet connection  2 , catheter connection housing  3 , insulation  4 , laser cut hypotube with FEP or Pebax heatshrink wrap  5 , nozzle connection of diminishing inner diameter  6  with wings for torqueing  7 , multilayer polymeric shaft  8 , radial spray pattern  9 , spray pattern indicator marking bands at tip  10 , spray pattern indicator marking band at other end of hole pattern  11 , S-curve shaped shaft area  12 . 
         [0100]    By adding very thin layers of metal to the catheter shaft or increasing the heat transfer coefficient in the shaft by adding a braided metal for example, the catheter may be constructed to provide optimal cryo delivery to the tip of the device in a very short cycle time. 
         [0101]      FIG. 5  shows a close-up of a catheter tip  13  with alternate construction utilizing a self-expanding spherical polymeric frame  14 . This frame is preferably made out of a Pebax extrusion and laser cut into multiple slits along its length. When the end shape is compressed, it forms the spherical frame shape  14  on the illustration. The frame is held in place by center shaft  15  containing a spring  16  which keeps the frame in compression until it is inserted into a small lumen which collapses the spherical frame  14  and stretch the center shaft spring  16 .  FIG. 5  also shows the radial spray pattern  9  bracketed by the markings that delineate the beginning and end of the radial spray.  FIG. 5  also shows a radial spray hole pattern that extends for 1 mm distance longitudinally and contains 8 rows of holes along the circumference to target a lumen at 360 degrees cryo spray coverage. The fenestrated hole pattern can vary with embodiments meant to target less or more longitudinal distance. The hole pattern can also be cut to target a quadrant or quadrants along a lumen ranging from 0 degrees to 360 depending on desired spray coverage. The size of the holes on the embodiment on the illustration are 0.015 inches. However, the hole sizes can vary from 0.004 inches to 0.030 inches in diameter. Additionally, the holes can be any shape, e.g., round, square, diamond, oval, rectangular, star-shaped, etc. 
         [0102]    Continuing on  FIG. 5 , the spray is blocked by the center shaft and spring assembly at  17 . This ensures that the cryogen exits the fenestrated holes  9  and not the end of the shaft. The opposite end of the sphere  14  contains a machined piece  18  that is utilized to secure the spring  16  and form an atraumatic tip area at the end of the catheter. 
         [0103]      FIG. 6  shows a typical hypotube  19  used for the construction of the proximal end of the catheter shaft  5 . It typically has a length of 50 inches but can vary from 24 to 96 inches in length. The internal diameter of the tube  19  is usually 0.104 inches but can vary between 0.045 to 0.150 inches. In the preferred embodiment, the hypotube  19  may be laser cut as a spiral, but other variable cuts can be present. The cuts provide flexibility to the metal tube. 
         [0104]      FIG. 7  shows the S-curve  12  seen on  FIG. 4  when used with the scope for centering the spray with respect to the diameter of the scope  20  and the working channel exit  21 , which is off center on the scope. According to this embodiment, the catheter can be rotated along the axis of the working channel  21 , providing a level of alignment along the lumen that allows for centering of the spray pattern by the user as the tissue is targeted for cryo spray ablation. 
         [0105]      FIG. 8  shows a catheter construction in which proximal metal tube with outer polymeric liner is constructed out of a pre wound wire coil  22 . This coil provides the cold conduction as the cryo spray is applied ahead of the dual phase flow to help establish a low temperature gradient between the materials and the cryogenic fluid in the catheter. The coil shown in  FIG. 8  is then mated to a polymeric junction  6  that serves various functions, such as strain relief, fluid transition from a large diameter to a small diameter, and it provides a torque point for the distal catheter in catheters with the S-curve as the centering feature. To aid in the torqueing, wings  7  are provided on the junction. 
         [0106]      FIG. 9  shows an S-curve feature  12  on the catheter that is pronounced or exaggerated beyond the center of the scope  20 . The pronounced or exaggerated S-curve provides improved positioning in the larger lumen and smaller lumen selection and navigation more navigation in larger lumen areas of the body. By torqueing the exaggerated curve  12 , along with the scope  20  manipulation and flexing, the navigation of the scope  20  may be enhanced. 
         [0107]      FIG. 10  shows the junction  23  of the bayonet console connector  2  to the hypotube  19  or coil  22  (not shown in  FIG. 10 ). The hypotube  19  may be welded to the bayonet  2  to create an all-around seal around the metal junction  23 . An FEP heatshrink  24  may be applied to the entire length of the hypotube  19  or coil  22 . The heatshrink  24  can also be Pebax or PET. FEP heatshrink is preferred for cryogenic applications. 
         [0108]      FIG. 11  is shows a transition  25  of a large diameter hypotube shaft  19  to a small diameter polymeric shaft  8 . The transition is so that a smaller diameter can be inserted into the working channel of a scope. In addition, the transition from large diameter to small diameter acts as a mixing point for the dual phase flow gas and liquid to interact along the catheter path and allow for the gas to once again attain the velocity of the liquid as they travel down the pipe. This transition is referred to as a “nozzling” transition. This transition can occur between two hypotubes, two polymeric shafts or between a coil and hypotube or coil and polymeric shaft. 
         [0109]      FIG. 12  shows the insulator  4  and the connector housing  3  added to the catheter assembly  1 . 
         [0110]      FIG. 13  shows a design in which the catheter radial spray pattern is supplemented by a straight end spray for such cases where lumen treatment of quadrants is desired at the same time that targeted spray is needed for lesions or specific tissue. This is accomplished by the addition pre-formed tip of a Pebax extrusion or a molded polymer or cast metal that is adhered to the tip of the catheter. Such pre-formed tip controls the size of the end spray radius. The diameter can vary from 0.010 inches to full inner diameter of the catheter shaft. The current typical diameter shaft of the preferred embodiment is 0.061 inches. In alternate embodiments the distal end of the catheter may be a preformed plastic tip (typically Pebax) with a specific geometry that allows for specific spray patterns other than those coming out of the catheter shaft end (aka. straight spray).  FIG. 13  also illustrates an optional radial spray configuration according to which catheter  271  is fitted with a spray pattern tip  272  that includes holes  273 ,  274 ,  275  of different sizes at different distance positions that allow for gradual spray across a specific distance of the catheter shaft  271 . The hole patterns  273 ,  274 ,  275  may have dimensions that are between 0.005″ to 0.050″ in diameter. In this illustration, the hole at the distal end of the catheter  276  for straight spray may or may not be there and may have a diameter that is different from the rest. The diameter of hole  276  may have a range or 0.020″ to 0.085 inches. The construction of this tip may be achieved via drilling of the different hole sizes, fusing or adhering a preformed and predrilled tip or insert molded via micromolding techniques. 
         [0111]      FIG. 14  shows an embodiment of a radial spray catheter where the self-centering mechanism is a cobalt chrome mesh basket  27  created out of a circular braid. The material can also be stainless steel wire or a polymeric molded process mesh. The main difference is that this centering basket is over the spray area  28  to create a well dispersed spray. In such case the mesh can be designed to be a visual aid for centering. The goal here is not necessarily to expand the mesh to touch all tissue, but instead to allow the basket to disperse the cryo spray more evenly in the spray treatment lumen. 
         [0112]      FIG. 15  shows a fenestrated radial spray pattern illustration of different types of sprays attainable in the spray pattern area. The patterns from top to bottom demonstrate various hole patterns consisting of varying numbers of rows, varying hole sizes, number of holes per row, number of slits instead of rows, separation between holes, spiral hole patterns around the circumference, and variable hole patterns to compensate flow along the length of shaft. Slits can either be vertical or horizontal with respect to the shaft length. Individual hole sizes can vary from Outer Diameter to Inner Diameter. The holes can also be made at an angle within the wall thickness of the tube to direct spray in various directions. 
         [0113]      FIG. 16  is an isometric view of the catheter with an S-curve centering feature built into its distal tip shape. It shows the bend  12  and the alignment line  29  that is the feature used to visually align the catheter with respect to the scope working channel offset. 
         [0114]      FIG. 17  shows the S-curve  12  as seen through the scope  20  visualization system. The method of use is to target the area to be treated by locating the catheter section  11  between the marking bands, then rotating the catheter axially until the axial line  29  is visible and horizontal in the line of vision. At this point the catheter tip is relatively centered with the scope  20  centerline. This axial line is typically created via a pad printed or laser marking process. 
         [0115]    Not shown is a thermocouple wire construction within the catheter assembly that may be integrated outside of the proximal coil or hypotube construction. In addition, the thermocouple wire may be integrated into the braiding of the polymeric distal shaft or run along the outer diameter of such shaft. The thermocouple may connect to the console via a set of contacts within the console bayonet housing. The distal tip of the catheter is located within 3 cm of the tip and is also laser welded. Multiple thermocouple wires can be run along the shaft to create redundancy or report multiple catheter length locations. The typical wires used are copper and constantan. 
         [0116]    According to a further embodiment the catheter may be fitted with a temperature sensing probe attached to the distal end of the catheter. This is achieved by laying at least two wires longitudinally or in a coil pattern prior to the outer layer of polymer laminated onto the catheter outer layer. If the wires are thermocouple wires, then they can be terminated into a thermocouple. Alternatively, a cryogenic thermistor can be attached to the distal end of the catheter. Such thermistor can then be encapsulated via conductive epoxy and a polymeric sleeve. Then the thermistor can be used to monitor both the temperature at the end of the catheter tip as well as the treatment area for both freezing and thawing temperature monitoring. 
         [0117]    According to yet a further embodiment, there is provided a dual lumen, lumen-within-lumen catheter construction, see, e.g.,  FIG. 24 . Such construction provides a cryospray catheter that can be precooled via the recirculation of fluid all the way to its distal end. The precooling is either achieved by the console control or the user&#39;s input command (like via a foot pedal). The cryospray catheter  281  contains a valve or shutter  282  that is then engaged either via the console control or the user.  FIG. 24  describes the trigger type mechanism  283  that is engaged by the user for the duration of the spray to the treatment site. The mechanism  283  can be spring loaded to allow it to retrieve to the close position after treatment time is done. The valve is mechanically connected remotely to the trigger mechanism  283  via an engagement wire  284  running along the length of the catheter shaft  285 . The wire  284  is connected to a sliding sleeve so that when the trigger is engaged the sleeve slides back and opens up the elastomeric diaphragm as shown retracted in dashed lines. A failsafe to the valve  282  opening and closing is the user can depress the console flow control that stops the recirculation along the catheter shaft  285  if the mechanical trigger fails to immediately retract due to freezing issues. The catheter shaft consists of dual lumens with an input and an output port for the path of recirculation. 
         [0118]    In  FIG. 25 , the recirculation path is shown via an inner lumen  288  that is surrounded by an outer lumen  289  which returns the dual phase fluid flow back to the console for recollection. Holes on the inner lumen  288  allow for this to occur. 
         [0119]    In yet another alternate embodiment, the control of the cryospray is achieved through a nozzle flow created by shafts of a certain length and diameter size, previously referred to as “nozzling.”  FIG. 23  demonstrates how the pressure of the console  277  may remain constant, but the combination of catheter shaft  278  and nozzle  279  are used to throttle the output flow at the distal end of the catheter  280  with a specific output flow. The nozzle  279  length can have a range of 0.050 inches to 48 inches in length and an inner diameter of 0.030 to 0.080 inches. Likewise the catheter shaft  278  of this construction can have a range of 1.5 inches to 90 inches when coupled with the nozzle construction. The catheter shaft can have an inner diameter range of 0.30 inches to 0.125 inches. More than one nozzle can be created along the catheter shaft length. 
         [0120]    Vent Tube 
         [0121]    The diameter of the area through which gas vents passively must be adequate to ensure organ or body cavity distention does not occur. Passive venting may be used with a vent tube when spraying proximal to a resistor where the lumen is patent (open), or when the treatment area is open to atmospheric pressure (e.g., dermatological or open surgery). A lumen sizing device (e.g. stent sizer) may be used to measure the lumen to aid in selection of vent tube size. The greater the vent area, the lower the pressure. The vent tube can be a separate tube used strictly for venting gas and creates a round vent area. The vent tube can also provide an annular vent area where the scope passes through the center of the tube. The distal end of the passive venting tube should be placed in an unobstructed cavity near the procedure area if area is not sufficiently open to atmospheric pressure. If used, the proximal end of the passive venting tube should be positioned outside the body where the pressure is atmospheric. In  FIGS. 21 and 22  the vent tube  260  takes the shape of sleeve  262  with a lumen  261 . Such sleeve  262  or grooved channel  262  can then be utilized to slip the scope  263  into it to allow for the scope insertion into the body cavity to be the placement mechanism. The vent tube is flexible enough that the functionality of the scope is not hindered. The tube ends with an open end  264  to vent to the atmosphere.  FIGS. 18 through 20  show another version of the vent tube  266  with the sleeve  265  rolled up upon unpackaging, and a scope location opening  267 , and a vent orifice  268 . As shown in  FIG. 20 , it is unrolled over the scope shaft  269  and ready for use.  FIG. 20  also shows the cryospray catheter  270  located out of the scope working channel. The vent hole  268  may be of dual vent lumen or single vent lumen construction which in turn supports both passive and active (suction) venting. 
         [0122]    Egress Tube 
         [0123]      FIGS. 29 and 30  show an egress tube according to an embodiment of the invention. According to a preferred embodiment, the egress tube  51  may be manufactured from a flexible polymeric material that can be easily extruded. It can have varying durometer (i.e., more flexible at distal tip for maneuvering). The exterior of the tube  51  maybe coated for lubricity for ease of insertion or made of a lubricious material such as PTFE. According to the embodiment shown in  FIG. 30 , the egress tube may be connected to a gasket  52 , preferably a large tuohy borst with a sideport, at the proximal end to lock the scope in position and to allow venting to a standard tube  53  for passive venting or active venting (connected to a suction pump). According to preferred embodiments of the invention, the exterior of the egress tube  51  may include finer measurement marks to provide guidance for placement of scope. According to further embodiments of the egress tube, it may be provided with a dedicated pressure lumen which can be constructed in a variety of ways (dual lumen extrusion, reflowing or adhesive of a separate extrusion, etc). 
         [0124]    According to the embodiment shown in  FIG. 29 , the interior surface of the egress tube  51  may be configured with ribs  54  (or, alternatively, rows of teeth or studs) for centering of the scope and creating the channels of egress. According to a preferred embodiment, the interior surface of the egress tube  51  has three ribs. 
         [0125]    According to preferred embodiments of the egress tube of the invention, the scope is additionally insulated, the following features and advantages obtain:
       completely encapsulates the scope for insulation;   affords a higher cross-sectional area for egress compared to prior art egress tube of the same size;   smallest outside diameter by utilizing ribs for preservation of egress area instead of material introduced between the scope and the egress areas;   allows for complete maneuverability of the scope by allowing for very small material wall thicknesses around the scope;   allows for treatment of tissue without the added management of a separate tube, as the egress is part of the scope assembly;   allows the scope to reach distal areas for treatment while maintaining vent egress up close;   ease of delivery into ET tube due to lubricious outer coating;   monitors pressure through a dedicated lumen.       
 
         [0134]    Cryogen Decompression Tube 
         [0135]    The cryogen decompression tube  132  on  FIG. 1  aids evacuation of nitrogen gas from the treatment site. The cryogen decompression tube connects via supplied accessory connection tubing  167  to a disposable suction canister  169  on the front of the console. The dual lumens of the cryogen decompression tube are coupled to ports that provide both active (to the suction pump) and passive (direct to ambient) vent paths. 
         [0136]    The dual lumen cryodecompression tube may be of the form on  FIG. 26 , where each lumen is independently vented to either a suction pump tube connection or a passive open air connection  291 . The passive venting may serve the function of vent during cryospray, but also the function of working channel to supplement the absence of a working channel if the catheter is inserted into the working channel of the scope. Such working channel can be used for tissue manipulation, forceps, biopsy, among other uses. 
         [0137]    End Spray Diffuser 
         [0138]    When the catheter sprays out of the catheter distal tip it is described as straight spray. In the alternate embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 28 , the liquid nitrogen may be broken down into small droplets via a diffuser  295  or filter to allow for a very even spray pattern and avoid cold spots of spray pattern. The diffuser  295  may be constructed of filter paper, a grating patterned polymer, a metal or plastic mesh basket or laser cutting methods on the shaft itself to pattern it with very small holes. In such embodiment, the catheter ends in a cap  296  that contains small longitudinal cuts  297  that provide for controlled spray to exit as it initially hits a bounce plate  298  on  FIG. 27 . The bounce plate  298  is of a conical shape and helps distribute the spray evenly all around the diffuser  295  and cap  296 . 
         [0139]    Heavy Liquid and Light Gas Diverter Tube 
         [0140]      FIG. 31  is a side perspective and  FIG. 33  is an isometric view that shows a cyclone tube separator assembly  37  as it demonstrates the flow of liquid cryogen along the outer edges of the cyclone tube  30  and the cryogen gas is concentrated on the center part of the tube  30 . The concentrated the cooling power of the liquid is directed to the distal shaft  33 , while the gas portion of the cryogen is vented along the length of the proximal shaft  32  via a return jacket to create both a cooling effect on its surrounding air as well as an insulative layer of cryogenic gas flow. The cyclone tube  30  of the preferred embodiment is a cyclo-uniliner of quartz construction. Other embodiments may utilize other types of phase separation device for the cyclone tube. The cyclone tube aids in the separation of the heavier liquid from the lighter gas as the fluid travels through the cyclone tube. Spray is thus phase separated in the cyclone tube  30 . The cyclone tube  30  of an alternate embodiment is a specialty tube that is formed via a casting, molding or machining process. The preferred embodiment utilizes a cyclone tube of quartz construction and is encased in a manifold assembly  37  that contains the gas funneling and orifices needed for fluid pathways. The gas center is redirected into an outer lumen  31  of the proximal portion of the catheter. The gas then exits near the bayonet into the cryospray console body for safety. The proximal tube  32  is constructed of a hypotube or polymeric shaft for the cryogen path into the cyclone tube, the outer lumen return jacket  31  concentric to the hypotube is an polymeric tube. The return jacket polymeric tube runs into the connector housing which then vents into the console. The outer edge of the cyclone tube exits into a nozzle that receives the distal shaft  33 . The distal shaft then has the mostly liquid output with greater cryo cooling power. The return jacket and the hypotube form a coaxial double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger  36 . 
         [0141]      FIG. 32  shows the front end detail of the phase separator as equipped with a valve plug  38  that in the closed position would redirect the entire flow into the return jacket and heat exchanger section of the catheter and prevent any flow into the distal end of a catheter. This mode of operation would allow to precool section of the catheter between the console and phase separator and when the valve  38  is open, liquid enhanced spray can be injected into the distal portion  33  of the catheter. 
         [0142]    The separator  37  may work without the cyclone to precool the proximal end  32  of the catheter. In this embodiment, only the fluid manifold portion of the separator  37  is used and the spray is partially redirected into the return jacket to prevent the spray flow inside the hypotube from excessive heat losses. The valve plug  38  can again be employed to interrupt the flow through the distal end  33  of the catheter during the precooling stage.