Abstract:
A method and apparatus for substantially reducing the need for capacitive and inductive compensation for signal lines on a flip-chip semiconductor device. A flip-chip semiconductor device is disclosed having signal lines of substantially equal length. At least one ground plane is also disposed on the flip-chip device and separated from the signal lines by a dielectric layer. By using a ground plane and signal lines having substantially equal lengths, impedance caused by electromagnetic and electromagnetic coupling is significantly reduced, and impedance from signal line length is balanced such that the load on each of the signal lines, as viewed by the semiconductor die, are substantially equal.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates generally to compensation for impedance, capacitance and inductance through matching conductive line lengths on a flip-chip semiconductor device. Particularly, the invention includes at least one ground plane, and signal lines having matched lengths to simplify compensation circuitry. 
     2. State of the Art 
     Interconnection and packaging related issues are among the factors that determine not only the number of circuits that can be integrated on a chip, but also the performance of the chip. These issues have gained in importance as advances in chip design have led to reduced sizes of transistors and enlarged chip dimensions. The industry has come to realize that merely having a fast chip will not necessarily result in a fast system; the fast chip must also be supported by an equally fast and reliable connections. Essentially, the connections, in conjunction with the packaging, supply the chip with signals and power, and redistribute the tightly packed terminals of the chip to the terminals of a carrier substrate such as a printed wiring board. 
     FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate a prior art flip-chip semiconductor device  2  in conjunction with a carrier substrate  4 . Flip-chip technology, its fabrication and use are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art as it has been in use and developed for over 30 years. As shown in FIG. 1, a flip-chip semiconductor device  2  conventionally comprises an active semiconductor die  6  having an active surface  8  and active surface contacts or bond pads  10 . A dielectric layer  12 , for example of silicon dioxide or silicon nitride, is formed over the active surface  8  by techniques well known in the art. Vias  14  are defined in dielectric layer  12 , for example, using well known photolithographic techniques to mask and pattern the dielectric layer  12  and etching same, for example, with buffered HF, to expose the active surface contacts or bond pads  10  of the active surface  8 . The bond pads  10  may be connected to traces of an electrical interconnect layer  16  on the dielectric layer  12  in the form of power, ground and signal lines  17  in a well known manner, for example, by evaporating or sputtering aluminum or an alloy thereof, followed by masking and etching. The lines  17  of the electrical interconnect layer  16  enable the relatively compact array of bond pads  10  to be distributed over a broader surface area. Solder bumps  18 , or balls, are placed upon ends of the lines  17  of the electrical interconnect layer  16  to enable electrical coupling with contact pads  20  on a carrier substrate  22 , such as a printed wiring board. The flip-chip semiconductor device  2 , with the solder bumps  18 , is inverted so that its front surface  24  faces toward the top surface  26  of the substrate  22 , with each solder bump  18  on the semiconductor device  2  being positioned on the appropriate contact pad  20  of the carrier substrate  22 . The assembly of the flip-chip semiconductor device  2  and the carrier substrate  4  is then heated so as to liquify the solder bumps  18  and thus connect each bond pad  10  on the semiconductor device  2  to an associated contact pad  20  on the carrier substrate  4 . 
     Because the flip-chip arrangement does not require leads coupled to the active surface of a die and extending beyond the lateral periphery thereof, it provides a compact assembly in terms of the die&#39;s “footprint.” In other words, the area of the carrier substrate  4  occupied by the contact pads  20  is, for a given die, the same or less than that occupied by the die itself. Furthermore, the contacts on the die, in the form of solder bumps  18 , may be arranged in a so-called “area array” disposed over substantially the entire front face of the die. Flip-chip bonding, therefore, is well suited for use with dice having large numbers of I/O contacts, in contrast to wire bonding and tape-automated bonding techniques which are far more limiting in terms of the number of bond pads which may reasonably and reliably be employed. As a result, the maximum number of I/O and power/ground terminals available can be increased, and signal and power/ground interconnections can be more efficiently routed on the dice. Examples of methods of fabricating semiconductor die assemblies using flip-chip and other techniques are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,048,753 to Farnworth et al. (Apr. 11, 2000), U.S. Pat. No. 6,018,196 to Noddin (Jan. 25, 2000), U.S. Pat. No. 6,020,220 to Gilleo et al. (Feb. 1, 2000), U.S. Pat. No. 5,950,304 to Khandros et al. (Sep. 14, 1999), and U.S. Pat. No. 4,833,521 to Early (May 23, 1989). 
     As with any conductive line carrying a signal, signal lines for integrated circuits generate electromagnetic and electrostatic fields. These electromagnetic and electrostatic fields may affect the signals carried in adjacent signal lines unless some form of compensation is used. It is known to use a ground plane to couple the cross-talk from a signal line on a flip-chip package. An example of a flip-chip semiconductor device using a ground plane is shown and described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,020,637 to Karnezos (Feb. 1, 2000), the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
     Electromagnetic and electrostatic coupling between signal lines, or “cross-talk”, is undesirable because it increases the impedance of the signal lines and may create impedance mismatching and signal delays. The primary factors affecting cross-talk include the surface area of the signal line directed to an adjacent signal line, which includes signal line length, the distance between the signal lines and the dielectric constant (∈ r ) of the material between the signal lines. For flip-chip devices, where a large number of contacts with attached signal lines are used to carry signals to various locations for convenient access, impedance can be a significant factor affecting the speed of the system. 
     One further aspect of flip-chip packaging which adds to the complexity of matching the impedances of the lines is varied line lengths externally between bond pads or other contacts on a die and the solder bumps. To achieve a faster system in a semiconductor environment, conventional wisdom encourages the shortest signal line possible because the shorter the distance the signal needs to travel, the faster it arrives. As a result, when a signal line path is designed for placement on a semiconductor die, or other carrier substrate, it is typically designed with each signal line having an optimal path such that it travels on as short a path as possible, given the overall layout of all the signal line paths. In other words, the signal lines travel in as direct a path as possible from their origins to their destinations, with some variance to accommodate for the paths of other signal lines, and positions of various components. For a given die architecture matched to a given I/O array architecture for a specific application, existing signal line lengths are, therefore, varied. Because the impedance of the signal line is, in part, dependent upon the length of the signal line, the impedances of the signal lines of varied length will, therefore, also be varied. Furthermore, due to varied impedance and signal line lengths, signals traveling on those signal lines of different lengths have varied travel times and associated delays. 
     When the impedance loads on multiple signal lines fed by a common die are equal, the signal strength of the overall system is strongest and signal transfer is most reliable. Impedance mismatches between the signal lines may cause undesirable signal reflections and delays. It is most desirable to have equal impedance loads on each signal line associated with a die, as viewed from the die. To accomplish this, a method used with flip-chip and other type packaging is to add inductors and capacitors to balance the load on each signal line as seen by the semiconductor die. Adding inductors and capacitors, however, while helpful in balancing mismatched impedance, is a difficult way to match impedance precisely to a given system in all environments, is relatively more expensive than without such capacitors and inductors, and undesirably increases the power consumed and heat produced by the system. 
     Therefore, it is desirable to have a flip-chip packaged semiconductor device having matched impedance on its respective signal lines, as viewed by the semiconductor die, without the heat producing and power consuming capacitors and inductors used previously. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a relatively inexpensive alternative to the inductors and capacitors conventionally used to match impedance for flip-chip signal lines. According to the present invention, each signal line on a flip-chip semiconductor device has substantially a common length, regardless of the signal line&#39;s origin and destination on the device. By adding bends and direction changes into the conventional paths of signal lines on a flip-chip device, the overall length of each of the signal lines may be made substantially equal. Additionally, a ground plane may be placed above or below a signal line layer, or both above and below it, separated from the signal line layer by a dielectric layer. By placing a ground plane near the signal line layer, the signal lines are isolated from the active surface of the die or the signal lines on a circuit board, or both, and a reference is created for matching impedance. The ground plane further allows signals on the various signal lines to have a return path to the power source. By the signal lines each having a common electrical length, they also have a common impedance, common time required for signal propagation, and other common characteristics and thus do not require compensation using inductors and capacitors. 
     In a first embodiment, an array of bond pads is disposed on a carrier substrate and coupled to an array of discrete conductive elements also disposed on the carrier substrate, through a plurality of signal lines, each of substantially a common length. As will be clear to one of ordinary skill in the art, the discrete conductive elements may include, by example only, solder bumps, conductive or conductor-allied epoxy pillars or bumps, polymer contacts containing conductive particles, other metallic elements other than solder, or other discrete conductive elements known in the art. In a second embodiment, the array of bond pads is disposed in a single row of bond pads along the center of a semiconductor die surface. In a third embodiment, the array of bond pads comprises two rows of bond pads along the center of a semiconductor die surface. In a fourth embodiment, the signal lines extend from the conductive elements to locations near one or more rows of bond pads. The signal lines are then wire bonded to the bond pads. 
     A method of manufacturing flip-chip semiconductor devices is disclosed wherein a first dielectric passivation layer is deposited on a surface of a semiconductor die having bond pads, and portions of the first passivation layer are removed to expose the bond pads. A conductive layer is deposited over the first dielectric passivation layer, and portions of the conductive layer are removed to define ground, power or signal lines, or traces, extending in substantially common lengths to locations for conductive elements. A second dielectric passivation layer is deposited over the conductive signal lines, and portions of the second passivation layer are removed to allow access to the conductive signal lines at the conductive element locations. A ground plane is deposited over portions of the second passivation layer, leaving the conductive element locations exposed and surrounded by a border of dielectric material. A dielectric layer is deposited over portions of the ground plane to insulate the ground plane from the conductive elements which are coupled to the conductive signal lines at the conductive element locations. Alternatively or additionally, a ground plane may be deposited before the conductive signal line layer and separated from it by an additional dielectric passivation layer and borders of dielectric material through which conductive elements may extend from the semiconductor die surface to the conductive element locations. 
     An electronic system is disclosed comprising a processor, a memory device, an input, an output and a storage device, at least one of which includes a flip-chip semiconductor device having signal lines each of substantially a common length. A semiconductor wafer is disclosed having at least one flip-chip semiconductor device having signal lines each of substantially a common length. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The nature of the present invention as well as other embodiments of the present invention may be more clearly understood by reference to the following detailed description of the invention, to the appended claims, and to several drawings herein, wherein: 
     FIG. 1 is a front surface view of a prior art flip-chip semiconductor device; 
     FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a prior art flip-chip semiconductor device and carrier substrate; 
     FIG. 3 is a front surface view of a flip-chip semiconductor device according to a first embodiment of a first aspect of the present invention; 
     FIG. 4 is a front surface view of a flip-chip semiconductor device according to a second embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention; 
     FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the flip-chip semiconductor device of FIG. 4 sectioned along line  5 A— 5 A; 
     FIG. 6 is a front surface view of a flip-chip semiconductor device according to a third embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention; 
     FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of a flip-chip semiconductor device according to a fourth embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention; 
     FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of a flip-chip semiconductor device according to a first embodiment of a second aspect of the present invention; 
     FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of a flip-chip semiconductor device according to a second embodiment of the second aspect of the present invention; 
     FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of a flip-chip semiconductor device according to a third embodiment of the second aspect of the present invention; and 
     FIG. 11 is a block diagram of an electrical system comprising a flip-chip semiconductor device according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 12 is a diagram of semiconductor wafer comprising a flip-chip semiconductor device according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     To ensure that each of the signal lines of a flip-chip semiconductor device have matched impedance as seen by the semiconductor die, the present invention includes a ground plane, and signal lines each having substantially equal signal line length. By creating a device having signal lines of substantially equal length, there is no need to additionally compensate for the varied impedance of the signal lines using inductors and capacitors. A system without compensating inductors and capacitors produces less heat and reduces the overall power consumption of the system. 
     FIG. 3 is a view of a surface of a portion of a flip-chip semiconductor device  30  having signal lines  32 ,  34 ,  36 ,  37 ,  38 ,  40 ,  42 ,  44  and  46  of substantially equal length. According to a first embodiment of a first aspect of the present invention, the signal lines  32 ,  34 ,  36 ,  37 ,  38 ,  40 ,  42  and  46  which would conventionally be shorter due to their positions in relation to respective bond pads  47  on the active surface of the semiconductor die  48  each have additional direction changes  50  and line lengths  52  added to extend their overall line length to be substantially equal to that of the longest signal line  44 . In this way, and because each of the signal lines  32 ,  34 ,  36 ,  37 ,  38 ,  40 ,  42 ,  44  and  46  is conventionally formed of the same conductive material having the same properties and the same width and height, the electrical signals carried by the signal lines  32 ,  34 ,  36 ,  37 ,  38 ,  40 ,  42 ,  44  and  46  must each travel the same distance through the same conductive medium between the bond pads  47  and the conductive elements  54 . Thus, the impedance “seen” by the semiconductor die  48  on each signal line  32 ,  34 ,  36 ,  37 ,  38 ,  40 ,  42 ,  44  and  46  is substantially the same. Additionally, signal delays and clock skew caused by varied signal line lengths is avoided. 
     Because signal lines are conventionally formed by selectively removing conductive material from a conductive layer using well known photolithographic techniques and etching, adding additional bends  50  and lengths  52  to the signal lines  32 ,  34 ,  36 ,  37 ,  38 ,  40 ,  42 ,  44  and  46  will not add additional expense or steps to the semiconductor fabrication process, as the mask pattern used to define the signal lines in a layer of conductive material deposited over the active surface of the die may easily be configured to provide the substantially equal signal line lengths. 
     FIG. 4 illustrates a second embodiment of the first aspect of the invention. FIG. 4 shows a first array of connections to the surface  90  of a semiconductor die  92  in the form of bond pads  94  in a single row. A second array of connections, in the form of conductive elements  96 , is distributed over the surface  90  of the semiconductor die  92 . Most preferably, the conductive elements  96  are distributed substantially uniformly over the surface  90  of the semiconductor die  92  to maximize the pitch of, or spacing between, the conductive elements  96 . However, any arrangement of conductive elements  96  is acceptable for use with the present invention. Each bond pad  94  is coupled to a conductive element  96  through a signal line  98  comprising a substantially equal length. To achieve substantially equal lengths for all signal lines, as with the first embodiment shown in FIG. 3, additional line lengths  100  and direction changes  102  are added to a portion of the plurality of signal lines  98 . For simplicity, signal lines  98  have been shown schematically in FIG. 4 as mere lines, rather than as wider conductive traces as depicted with respect to the signal lines of FIG.  3 . Those of ordinary skill in the art will, however, understand and appreciate that formation of signal lines on semiconductor devices is a well known technology and that selecting a suitable width for same is conventional. 
     FIG. 5 shows a cross-sectional view of the semiconductor die  92  of FIG. 4 along line  5 A— 5 A. FIG. 5 also shows a ground plane  104  and a dielectric passivation layer  106  disposed between the surface  90  of the semiconductor die  92  and the signal lines  98 . 
     FIG. 6 illustrates a third embodiment of the first aspect of the invention. Though the lengths of signal lines  110  are all substantially equal between the bond pads  112  and the conductive elements  114 , as with previous embodiments, the bond pads  112  are in two rows rather than one. For simplicity, signal lines  110  have been shown schematically in FIG. 6 as mere lines, rather than as wider conductive traces as depicted with respect to the signal lines of FIG.  3 . Those of ordinary skill in the art will, however, understand and appreciate that formation of signal lines on semiconductor devices is a well known technology and that selecting a suitable width for same is conventional. 
     FIG. 7 shows a fourth embodiment of the first aspect of the invention. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 7, the signal line lengths include a portion of bond wire  120  as a connection between traces  122  placed on the semiconductor die  124  and bond pads  126  coupled to the active surface  128  of the die  124 . The bond wires  120  may be bonded directly to the traces  122 , or additional bond pads may be placed at the ends  130  of the traces  122  to facilitate bonding. Furthermore, the traces  122  and solder balls  125  may alternatively be formed on a carrier substrate separate from the semiconductor die  124  and the carrier substrate be placed over the semiconductor die surface  128  and adhered thereto. By configuring each of the traces  122  to have substantially equal lengths between the solder balls  132  and the trace ends  130 , the advantages of the invention may be realized. Additionally, each of the bond wires  120  are most preferably of substantially equal lengths. The embodiment shown in FIG. 7 is particularly useful for adapting leads over chip (LOC) die architectures for use with ball grid arrays (BGAs). 
     FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of a flip-chip semiconductor device  56 , such as that shown in FIG. 3, having at least one ground plane  76  according to a first embodiment of a second aspect of the present invention. The ground plane  58  is included among the flip-chip semiconductor device layers  60  to provide a reference basis for matching impedance, and isolate each of the signal lines  62 ,  64  and  66  from the electromagnetic and electrostatic fields emanating from adjacent signal lines and circuitry. A semiconductor die  68  having an active surface  70  and active surface contacts in the form of bond pads  72  is provided. A first dielectric layer  73  is formed over the active surface  70  and patterned to expose the bond pads  72  through openings or vias  74 . A ground plane  76  is then formed on the dielectric layer  73  in a well known manner, such as by sputtering or evaporation of aluminum or aluminum alloy, and coupled to the bond pads  72  through the vias  74 . Selected portions of the ground plane  76  are then defined, for example, using well known photolithographic techniques and etched to form vias  78 . This etching is performed, for example, using a solution consisting of nitric and phosphoric acids. 
     A second dielectric layer  80  is then formed, for example, by low pressure chemical vapor deposition or spin-on polymer passivation, as well known to those of ordinary skill in the semiconductor art. It is important to note that the dielectric layer  80  is formed not only on the upper surface of the ground plane  76 , but also on the surface of the ground plane  76  located within the vias  78 , thus preventing electrical connection between the ground plane  76  and the to-be-formed electrical interconnect layer  82 . Vias  84  are then defined using methods well known in the art, such as well known photolithographic techniques and etching, to expose selected bond pads  72  which are to be connected to the electrical interconnect layer  82 . The electrical interconnect layer  82  is then formed having signal lines  62 ,  64 , and  66  of substantially equal length in a well known manner, for example, by evaporating or sputtering aluminum or an aluminum alloy. Conductive elements  92  are placed upon portions of the electrical interconnect layer  82 . The signal lines  62 ,  64 , and  66  each have substantially equal length by adding bends and lengths to make each of the signal lines  62 ,  64 , and  66  substantially as long as the longest signal line. 
     By placing a ground plane  76  between the active surface  70  of the semiconductor die  68  and the electrical interconnect layer  82 , the signal lines  62 ,  64 , and  66  are isolated from the circuitry on the active surface  70 . By placing the ground plane  76  sufficiently close to the electrical interconnect layer  82 , the signal lines  62 ,  64 , and  66  are isolated from each other. How close the ground plane  76  must be to the signal lines  62 ,  64 , and  66  to sufficiently couple the electromagnetic and electrostatic fields from the signal lines  62 ,  64 , and  66  to prevent cross-talk is dependent upon a number of factors including, for example, the height of the signal lines, the distance between the signal lines, material from which the signal lines are formed and the material between the signal lines. It is believed that one of ordinary skill in the art may readily determine the spacing required between the ground plane  76  and the electrical interconnect layer  82  to adequately couple the electromagnetic and electrostatic fields from the signal lines  62 ,  64 , and  66  for a given application and architecture. 
     FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a flip-chip semiconductor device  300  having at least one ground plane  302  according to a second embodiment of the second aspect of the present invention. The at least one ground plane  302  of the flip-chip semiconductor device  300  of the second embodiment, rather than being placed between the semiconductor die  304  and the electrical interconnect layer  306 , is placed above the electrical interconnect layer  306 , separated therefrom by a dielectric layer  308 . By placing the ground plane  302  above the electrical interconnect layer  306 , the ground plane  302  isolates the signal lines  309 ,  310  and  312 , each of substantially equal length, from circuitry on a substrate such as a printed wiring board to be coupled to the flip-chip semiconductor device  300 . The fabrication techniques and methods for placing a ground plane  302  above the electrical interconnect layer  306  are similar to the techniques and methods for placing the ground plane  302  below the electrical interconnect layer  306  and are known to one of ordinary skill in the semiconductor art. It will also be clear to one of ordinary skill in the art that a dielectric or passivation material  314  must also be placed between the ground plane  302  and the conductive elements  316  to electrically isolate the conductive signals traveling through the conductive elements  316  to the electrical interconnect layer  306  from the ground plane  302 . 
     FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a flip-chip semiconductor device  112  having at least two ground planes  116  and  118  according to a third embodiment of the second aspect of the present invention. This third embodiment combines the first and second embodiments in that there are two ground planes  116  and  118 . By placing a ground plane  116  between the active surface  114  of the semiconductor device  112  and the electrical interconnect layer  120 , and a ground plane  118  between the electrical interconnect layer  120  and the outer surface  115  of the semiconductor device  112 , the electrical interconnect layer  120  and corresponding signal lines  122 ,  124  and  126 , each of substantially equal length, are isolated from both the active circuitry on the semiconductor die  128  and from any circuitry on a substrate such as a printed wiring board to be coupled to the flip-chip semiconductor device  112 . One of ordinary skill in the art will understand how to combine the first and second embodiments to fabricate the present embodiment. 
     With any of these embodiments, it may also be desirable to place a dielectric or passivation layer on the upper surface of the flip-chip semiconductor device, leaving the conductive elements exposed, to protect the upper conductive layer from coming in contact with other conductive signal lines, grounding to another component, or contacting solder overflow from the flip-chip bonding process. It is also contemplated and will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that while only a single electrical interconnect layer has been shown and described with respect to each of the embodiments herein, two or more electrical interconnect layers may be formed, each separated from other conductive layers by a dielectric layer or two dielectric layers and a ground plane using similar methods well known in the art. 
     It is contemplated, and will be clear to one of ordinary skill in the art, that the principles of the present invention are applicable to semiconductor architectures and fabrication techniques relating to other flip-chip forms, and those other than flip-chip semiconductor architectures and fabrication techniques. For example, the present invention may also reduce signal skew and eliminate the need for capacitive and inductive compensation for controlled collapse chip connections (C4s), chip scale packaging (CSP), lead frame bonded architectures and tape automated bonding (TAB) architectures. It will also be clear to one of ordinary skill in the art that, though the embodiments shown are directed to particular shapes and dimensions of chip packaging, the principles of the present invention may be readily adapted for use with any size or shaped semiconductor package, including, without limitation, square and rectangular shaped semiconductor dies, and any configuration of bond pads or conductive elements whether distributed uniformly across the die, gathered in selected regions of the die, arranged around the periphery of the die or along the center of the die. It is believed that one of ordinary skill in the art may readily adapt the principles taught herein to other existing semiconductor architectures. 
     FIG. 11 is a block diagram of an electronic system  200  which includes components having one or more flip-chip semiconductor devices  206  having signal lines of substantially equal length and configured according to one or more embodiments of the present invention. The electronic system  200  includes a processor  204  for performing various computing functions, such as executing specific software to perform specific calculations or tasks. Additionally, the electronic system  200  includes one or more input devices  108 , such as a keyboard or a mouse, coupled to the processor  204  to allow an operator to interface with the electronic system  200 . The electronic system  200  also includes one or more output devices  210  coupled to the processor  204 , such output devices including such outputs as a printer, a video terminal or a network connection. One or more data storage devices  212  are also conventionally coupled to the processor  204  to store or retrieve data from external storage media (not shown). Conventional storage devices  212  include, but are not limited to, hard and floppy disks, tape cassettes, and compact disks. The processor  204  is also conventionally coupled to a cache memory  214 , which is usually static random access memory (“SRAM”), and to DRAM  202 . It will be understood, however, that the flip-chip semiconductor device  206  configured according to one or more of the embodiments of the present invention may be incorporated into any one of the cache, DRAM, input, output, storage and processor devices  214 ,  202 ,  208 ,  210 ,  212 , and  204 . 
     As shown in FIG. 12, flip-chip semiconductor devices  218  may be fabricated on the surface of a semiconductor wafer  216  of silicon, gallium arsenide, or indium phosphide in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention. One of ordinary skill in the art will understand how to adapt such designs for a specific die architecture or semiconductor fabrication process. Of course, it should be understood that the circuit traces  118  may be fabricated on semiconductor substrates other than a wafer, such as a Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) substrate, a Silicon-on-Glass (SOG) substrate, a Silicon-on-Sapphire (SOS) substrate, or other semiconductor material layers on supporting substrates. 
     Although the present invention has been shown and described with reference to particular preferred embodiments, various additions, deletions and modifications that are obvious to a person skilled in the art to which the invention pertains, even if not shown or specifically described herein, are deemed to lie within the scope of the invention as encompassed by the following claims.