Abstract:
A method for determining a threat against a border from objects crossing or trying to cross said border. Said method includes at least the steps of segmenting the border into border elements of uniform terrain features infrastructure and weather conditions, collecting data of incidents occurring along a given border element, determining a threat potential for said border element, determining a protection factor for the border element, and determining a threat against the border element from the threat potential and protection factor. The method may be used for warning about an increased threat to a border, wherein the threat is compared with a threat value threshold. If the threat exceeds the threat value threshold, an alarm is issued. The method may also be used for allocating protective measures along a border.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to a system and method used in the protection of borders, and in particular the borders of a country or state, against intruders of various kinds. 
       TECHNICAL BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    In a modern society, a country must protect itself against persons passing its borders outside the official or legal points of entry. The persons in question may have various motifs for wanting to hide their entry into a country. This may be illegal immigration, smuggling, terrorism, etc. In order to protect the borders, various measures may be taken. This may be physical hindrances, such as fences, various detectors for observing the border line, such as cameras, radars, infrared line detectors, seismic detectors, or manual control by border patrols. The detectors are normally connected to a border station, which is also headquarter for border patrols. Thus, the border station will receive information as alarms from the detectors as well as observations reported by border patrols. This information should be used to devise countermeasures against possible intruders, either by sending out border patrols to apprehend offenders or by relocating resources, that is fencing and detectors, in order to make the border as tight as possible. However, the scattered information received in the border station is not easy to exploit. The information supplied by border patrols passing at regular intervals may not be representative for the real situation at the border. In addition, a detector may tell that an object has passed the border, but not how severe the intrusion is, i.e. detectors may be tripped by squirrels as well as terrorists. Thus, there is a need for a structured approach for disseminating information gathered in a border station. 
         [0003]    In many ways, the situation depicted above corresponds to the threats posed against computer networks by virus and malicious hackers. However, the technique used in firewalls and protection software does not readily lend itself for protecting physical assets or the borders of a country. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    It is an object of the invention to provide a solution to the problems mentioned above, and in particular to provide a method and system for determining the threat against a border. The invention may be used for optimal resource allocation to produce a good protection of said border, or the best protection possible with the available resources. 
         [0005]    In particular, it is an object to provide a method for determining a threat against a border from objects crossing or trying to cross said border. Said method includes at least the steps of segmenting the border into border elements of uniform terrain features, infrastructure and weather conditions, collecting data of incidents occurring along a given border element, determining a threat potential for said border element, determining a protection factor for the border element, and determining a threat against the border element from the threat potential and protection factor. 
         [0006]    The method may be used for warning about an increased threat to a border, wherein the threat is compared with a threat value threshold. If the threat exceeds the threat value threshold, an alarm is issued. 
         [0007]    The method may also be used for allocating protective measures along a border. 
         [0008]    Another object of the invention is to provide a system for determining a threat against a border from objects crossing or trying to cross said border. Said system includes at least a plurality of detectors detecting incidents occurring at the border, a border management unit with interfaces to the detectors, a statistics unit adapted to extract the number of incidents in a border element and per threat potential category, a threat calculations unit for generating overview diagrams of threat data and trends in border situation development, wherein said border management unit includes a display unit for presenting said diagrams and trends. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0009]    The invention will now be described in detail in reference to the appended drawings, in which: 
           [0010]      FIG. 1  is a schematic view of a border zone explaining the various parameters used in the present invention, 
           [0011]      FIG. 2  is a diagram showing an example of threat curves, 
           [0012]      FIG. 3  is a diagram showing a detail of  FIG. 2 , 
           [0013]      FIG. 4  is a schematic block diagram of a system according to the present invention, 
           [0014]      FIG. 5  is a flow diagram illustrating a use of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0015]    The invention is based on a method of calculating the border threat as described below: 
         [0016]    To establish a methodical approach, the border has to be broken down into Elements (lengths of border) small enough to have uniform terrain features, infrastructure and weather conditions, as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . This is necessary to be able to establish the correct threat for each part of the border. For doing the correct splitting into elements, the following tools are needed or helpful:
       Good resolution topographical/vector maps of border area   Best possible aerial pictures/satellite pictures of border area   Preferably, also local pictures and experience from site survey along the border       
 
         [0020]    The threat itself is the result of two factors: The Threat Potential (TP) and the Protection Factor (PF). The TP will always have a value higher than 0 due to such factors as differences in economy, social conditions or country location (transit to other countries). It is important to note that the threat can be low even though the TP is high, due to a high PF. 
         [0021]    The Threat Potential is a parameter expressing:
       The presence of potential border violators   The type of violators including their determination to enter (e.g. work-seeking persons, smugglers, terrorists)       
 
         [0024]    The Protection Factor is a parameter expressing the existing protection of the border:
       The difficulty of the terrain (e.g. mountains, deserts, roads, paths, woods)   Weather (time of year, temperature, precipitation)   The distance to villages, cities from the border (both sides)   The infrastructure (roads, canals)   The presence of Border Guards (deterrence)   The presence of technical systems (deterrence)   Less important factors dependent on local conditions       
 
         [0032]    The Protection Factor is a “resistance” to the Threat Potential, deciding the current of violators across the border at every point. This current must be seen as the real threat, giving: 
         [0033]    T=TP/PF, or, since the total threat is the sum of the threat within the small elements: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             T 
             = 
             
               
                 ∑ 
                 1 
                 n 
               
                
               
                 t 
                 x 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where tx is the threat within a given element and n is the number of elements that the border is split into. Each tx is calculated as tx=tpx/pfx where tpx is the threat potential in the element area and pfx is the Protection Factor for the element. 
         [0034]    In this way, the problem is reduced to finding the values of the different factors within each small border element where the conditions can be seen as constant over the length of the element. 
         [0035]    In  FIG. 1  the border is segmented in a number of border elements 1-n. Each border element is the object of a threat potential tp 1 -tp n . tp x  and tp x+1  shows the threats posed against the border elements t x  and t x+1 , respectively. Various measures are used to meet the treat potential, with the resulting protection factors p 1 -p n . The differences between the treat potentials and the protection factors form the treats t 1 -t n , which are numerical values indicating the influx of objects across the border. 
         [0036]    Each parameter, how it is defined and determined numerically, will now be described in further detail. 
       Threat Potential (TP) 
       [0037]    The TP must be calculated to be able to find the level of the potential, which in turn will give the threat T when a fixed Protection Factor is used. The TP consists of different objects such as work-seekers, organized criminals, terrorists, trespassers. Obviously, the impact of an object from one of these categories crossing the border will be very different. In the calculation of the threat T, each category must be treated separately, or for simplicity, the resulting TP level must be different. The last approach has been applied in the development of the method by using a consequence factor (c) to modify the TP value. The factor must be high for possible terrorists and correspondingly low for more innocent trespassers (people stepping over the border for a photo or for excitement). The protection measures against these threats will also have to be different, resulting in different technical solutions during the design. 
         [0038]    The value of the TP will therefore depend on a lot of factors such as:
       Type of object: Terrorist, activist, employee, work-seeker, other   Class of object: Foreign or domestic, terrorist or criminal, insider and/or outsider of the organization   Objective of each type of object: Theft, sabotage, mass destruction (maximum casualties), socio-political statement, other   Number of objects expected for each category:
           Individual suicide bomber, grouping or “cells” of operatives/terrorists, gangs, other   
           Target selected by objects: Critical infrastructure, governmental buildings, national monuments, other   Type of planning activities required to accomplish the objective: Long-term “casing,” photography, monitoring police and security patrol patterns, other   Most likely or “worst case” time an object could attack:
           When facility/location is fully staffed, at rush hour, at night, other   
           Range of object tactics: Stealth, force, deceit, combination, other   Capabilities of object: Knowledge, motivation, skills, weapons and tools       
 
         [0050]    These factors should ideally be taken into account when deciding the “consequence factor” described below. 
         [0051]    The TP for a given category can be expressed as: 
         [0000]    tp c =f·c·WF TP , and the total TP for a border element will be: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 T 
                  
                 
                     
                 
                  
                 P 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   ∑ 
                   1 
                   m 
                 
                  
                 
                   t 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   
                     p 
                     c 
                   
                 
               
             
             , 
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where m is the number of TP categories for the given element.
 
f=observed or estimated frequency of the given category in persons/day, or estimated frequency based on generally available information
 
c=consequence factor for TP category (Whole number between 1 and 100 representing “damage units”/person)
 
WFTP=Weighting Factor for TP category (Whole number between 1 and 10, local factor for compensating the TP value for effects from Border Guard work pattern or similar known influences)
 
TP=threat potential in “damage units”/day
 
       Protection Factor 
       [0052]    This factor represents the “resistance” against the TP, deciding how many border violators that are able to actually cross the border and perform their damage (e.g. to people, to society, to economy). 
         [0053]    The PF will be dependent on terrain, local infrastructure and technical protection system. A technical system may have patrols and other human elements as part of the system. In addition, the local weather may be both an increasing and a reducing factor. Bad weather may stop objects from trying to cross border in difficult areas, but it is well known that professional criminals uses bad weather to cover illegal crossings at some locations. 
         [0054]    For calculating the threat per element, PF needs to be calculated per element, taking into account the abovementioned factors. A reasonable range providing necessary resolution for the PF is 1 to 1 000 where 1 represents a fully open border in simple terrain with supporting infrastructure. 1 000 represents a practically closed border with very difficult terrain, no infrastructure and heavy technical protection systems. The factor due to terrain+infrastructure and due to technical systems is equally important for the PF, so each of these may have values up to 500. 
         [0055]    PF must be calculated by using the method of splitting the border into small elements that can be handled separately due to the need for reasonable constant conditions: 
         [0000]    pf x =pf terrain +pf tech  within a selected element with constant conditions. 
         [0056]    Table 0-1 below shows typical factors used for terrain and infrastructure that may be used as guidelines when defining elements. Improved values must be obtained through experience. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 0-1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Typical PF for different terrains 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Terrain/infrastructure 
                 Factor 
                 Comments 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 High cliff 
                 480 
                   
               
               
                   
                 High cliff + nearby roads 
                 400 
                 * 
               
               
                   
                 Mountainous terrain 
                 300 
               
               
                   
                 Mountainous + nearby 
                 250 
                 * 
               
               
                   
                 roads 
               
               
                   
                 Desert area 
                 300-350 
                 Dependent on size 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 and conditions 
               
               
                   
                 River 
                 100-350 
                 Depends on size 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 and water flow. 
               
               
                   
                 Lake 
                 150-200 
               
               
                   
                 Forest 
                 250-300 
                 Dependent on type 
               
               
                   
                 Forest + nearby roads 
                 200-250 
                 * 
               
               
                   
                 Moor/swamp 
                 150-200 
                 Dependent of type 
               
               
                   
                 Moor/swamp + nearby 
                 100-150 
               
               
                   
                 roads 
               
               
                   
                 Open fields 
                 10-50 
               
               
                   
                 Open fields + nearby 
                  1-20 
               
               
                   
                 roads 
               
               
                   
                 Rural area 
                 20-50 
                 Dependent of type 
               
               
                   
                 Urban area 
                 1-2 
                 This factor shall 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 never be less than 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 1. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 * Reduce by 50 if nearby roads at both sides 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0057]    For typical values for different types of technical protection systems, see Table 0-1 below. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 0-1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Typical values of PF for technical systems 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Technical system 
                 Factor 
                 Comments 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Massive barrier 
                 400-500 
                 High steel or 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 concrete barriers with 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 sensors and digging 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 obstructions 
               
               
                   
                 Active fences 
                 300-400 
                 Dependent on height 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 and sensors 
               
               
                   
                 GSR and cameras 
                 250-350 
                 Dependent on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 location and use of 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 towers 
               
               
                   
                 Camera chains along 
                 200-300 
                 Dependent on 
               
               
                   
                 border 
                   
                 camera distance and 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 agility 
               
               
                   
                 PIR sensor chains + 
                 170-270 
               
               
                   
                 camera chains 
               
               
                   
                 Long distance cameras 
                 150-250 
                 Dependent on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 locations, agility and 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 automation 
               
               
                   
                 PIR sensor chains + 
                  50-100 
                 Dependant on sensor 
               
               
                   
                 long distance cameras 
                   
                 type and distance. 
               
               
                   
                 Line sensors (cables 
                 150-250 
                 Dependent on types 
               
               
                   
                 and/or electronic 
                   
                 and combinations 
               
               
                   
                 barriers) 
               
               
                   
                 Heavy patrolled border 
                 100-200 
                 Dependant on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pattern, frequency 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 and terrain 
               
               
                   
                 Light patrolled border 
                  50-100 
                 Dependant on pattern 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 and terrain 
               
               
                   
                 Decoys (camera, 
                  50-100 
               
               
                   
                 radar) 
               
               
                   
                 Old fences &amp; beamed 
                  1-10 
                 Dependent on status 
               
               
                   
                 roads 
               
               
                   
                 No technical system 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0058]    Using this method for each border element will enable calculation of the threat contribution from each element and the total threat for the border by using the formulas above. 
       Presentation of Results 
       [0059]    The threat calculation may be done using a computer system adapted to automatically collect all information from detectors as well as reports from border patrols. 
         [0060]    The result may be presented graphically as an aid to an operator/analyst at the border station enabling him/her to allocate or reallocate resources in a reliable way. In addition, the output from the computer system may be used to sound an alarm when there are substantial changes in the traffic pattern at the border. 
         [0061]    Three main outputs of the method are Threat Potential curves, Protection Factor curves and Threat curves. An example showing the calculated curves is shown in  FIG. 2 . 
         [0062]    The TP contributions from the different objects are shown with hatching in each bar. In this way, different countermeasures can be taken against each object category of the TP within each element. The result of the countermeasures can be seen on the corresponding Threat curves after calculating the PFs for the elements. The Threat diagram will show the influence of the protection countermeasures on the threat, element for element. 
         [0063]    These diagrams are used in the design process of the technical system for protection of the border. The diagrams may be used to optimize the protection measures along the border. Ideally, the columns should be identical in height. The data may also be used in a dynamic process for securing the borders as explained below. One of the columns in  FIG. 2  is shown I greater detail in  FIG. 3 . The height of the columns is a measure of how well this particular element of the border is protected. The size of each individual part of the column will tell the boarder guards where the effort should be concentrated if the situation must be improved. 
         [0064]    These columns must be considered as snapshots of the situation since the threat will change as soon as changes of the protection system are done. Due to this fact, modular construction of border protection systems is required, and updates of the systems must be done frequently. 
         [0065]    For an existing Border Protection system with a management system where all incidents are treated and reported, the method can be implemented and operate as part of the daily border protection. The system will then be a tool for the Border Guards for detecting and handling problem areas along the border as soon as they appear; e.g. using BG patrols or reinforcing the technical system. 
         [0066]    A block diagram for a system that can handle the statistical data, calculate and present the resulting Threat potential, Threat, Protection Factor and eventually trend overviews (diagrams) to the operators is shown in  FIG. 4 . 
         [0067]    The system includes a border management unit  45  with interfaces to various detectors  41 - 44 . This unit also includes a user interface allowing the border guards to manually enter information gained during patrols along the border as well as a display unit  410  for presenting threat curves and alarms. The border management unit  45  is connected to a database  46  storing all incidents. A statistics unit  47  is adapted to fetch data from the database  46 . 
         [0068]    The Statistics unit  47  extracts the number of incidents per border element and per threat potential category (for each update) that shall be used by the following Threat calculations unit  48  for generating overview diagrams of threat data and trends in the border situation development. Historical data are saved to be able to select the time period of interest, in history database  49 . The results are returned to border management unit  45  for display or alarm. 
         [0069]    The frequency of updates of the situation depends on the observed activity on a given border, and may vary from once a few hours to once a day. It is not expected that more frequent updates will give any improvement since data is dependent partly on operator handled data (reports from incidents), including field activity to check and/or apprehend objects. 
         [0070]    The system will be able to give alarms when threat rises above given thresholds to warn dedicated operators (analysts) of potential problems due to change in behavior. Short term variations or season variations can be handled by the BG by redefining patrol activities or modifying the technical solution (e.g. add or move sensors/barriers). 
         [0071]      FIG. 5  is a sequence diagram illustrating the steps taken in a system for surveying and maintenance of the protection of a border. In an initial step  100 , the signals from the various sensors are received. Incidents reported by the sensors are stored and used to calculate the instant threat situation with the method described above, step  101 . The newly calculated threat situation is compared with historical data (the previous calculation) in step  102 . If this comparison indicates that the situation is stable, the process returns to step  100  for reading new signals from the sensors, step  103 . However, if significant changes have occurred in the threat situation, an alarm is triggered, step  104 . Then, various protective measures must be taken in step  105 , as explained above. The new threat situation is determined in step  106  until an optimal border protection is achieved in step  107 , i.e. the loop  105 ,  106 ,  107  will run until the border protection situation is satisfactory. At that stage, the process returns to step  100  and starts over again. 
         [0072]    While the invention has been described in the context of a border protection system covering the borders of a country, it may as well be used for the protection of any large entity of great importance and which may be threatened from outside. Examples of large entities that may be analyzed and protected are power plants, airports, dams, defence industrial sites and sites with chemical/hazardous/nuclear waste protected by “local” border systems. The threats in question may include air and land borne vehicles, or sea and underwater vessels in addition to persons or groups of persons. The invention may also be used in other settings, to protect non-physical borders, e.g. for determining the threat situation in a large computer network. Then, recorded incidents of attempted break-ins must be compared with protective measures such as firewalls and potential risk elements such as inexperienced or inexact users. The invention may also be used by e.g. insurance companies to determine a threat situation, mapping recorded incidents against risk factors and protective measures.