Abstract:
An apparatus and method for the creation, placement and control of an area of electrical ionization within an internal combustion engine combustion chamber. This area of electrical ionization is positioned so that all of the fuel being injected into the combustion chamber must pass next to or through the area of electrical ionization to ensure that combustion has been initiated for all of the fuel as it is injected. This area of electrical ionization can be kept on as long as it is necessary to insure that the all of the fuel that is injected into the combustion chamber can be completely combusted. An engine equipped with this electrical ionization device has its fuel economy enhanced by timely, controlled, and complete combustion of all of the fuel injected into its combustion chamber. Furthermore, the pollutant emissions of both oxides of nitrogen and unburned hydrocarbons are reduced dramatically. Further, cold starting capability of this engine is greatly enhanced by a major reduction in the time necessary for the engine to warm up and a major reduction of pollutants created by the engine during the warm-up period. Additionally, this method of combustion also allows the engine to operate at a higher speed (rpm) allowing an increase in peak power output.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for assuring combustion of fuel injected in a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Diesel engines of both the 2-cycle and 4-cycle types have enormous acceptance throughout the world and they are also the types of engines that would benefit the most from application of the present invention. When engine longevity and fuel economy are more important than the power-to-weight ratio or the ability to operate through a wide range of engine speeds, diesel fueled engines are ideal. 
     Both Sir Harry R. Ricardo in his book  The High Speed Internal Combustion Engine  and Charles Fayette Taylor in his two volume set  The Internal Combustion Engine in Theory and Practice  states that once the piston in a diesel engine goes more than about one third of the way down on its power stroke, the flame in the combustion chamber goes out. Although diesel engines have much better fuel economy than that of gasoline engines of the same power output, the diesel engines fuel economy is still constrained by the time needed for complete combustion. 
     In an engine that is dependent upon the heat of compression to initiate and maintain combustion, the relatively slow process of fuel injection, mixing of the fuel with the air, and the combustion itself must take place before the flame goes out as the piston travels past the first third of its power stroke. 
     The primary cause of diesel engine pollution is its dependence upon the heat of compression inside the combustion chamber for initiation and maintenance of the combustion process. Regardless of engine rpm, the actual time (not degrees of crank rotation) that it takes for the fuel and air to mix and burn is relatively long because diesel fuel is notoriously hard to ignite and keep burning. 
     This difficulty of ignition can be demonstrated from putting out a match by dipping it in a cup of diesel fuel. This can also be demonstrated by placing a conventional spark plug in the fuel spray pattern of a fuel injector. When diesel fuel is injected into a spark plug&#39;s gap, the spark is extinguished there and the spark then takes place outside of the combustion chamber by taking a path outside of the spark plug ceramic insulator from its high voltage terminal to its threaded base. The difficulty of igniting diesel fuel with a spark plug is demonstrated further by the absence of spark assisted diesel engines from the market. 
     For the heat of compression in a diesel engine to be sufficient for the initiation of the combustion process, the compression ratio must be relatively high. In some engines this compression ratio is as high as 18 to 1. This results in a very high combustion chamber pressure even before the fuel is injected into the combustion chamber. Since combustion starts at an already high pressure, the combustion chamber temperature and pressure quickly increase to the point where the oxygen and nitrogen that are naturally present in air combine to create oxides of nitrogen (also referred to as NOx). Pollution from these oxides of nitrogen is the primary cause of acid rain, photo-chemical smog and a host of other very serious ecological and health problems. 
     The actual time needed for complete combustion to take place in a diesel engine is the primary cause of the other main type of pollutant emissions from diesel engine operation. 
     Any fuel that is not combusted or partially combusted as the piston goes down past a third of the way down its power stroke never gets burned. This problem becomes worse if the engine is operating at full speed (as measured in revolutions per minute) and/or at full power. Any partially or not combusted fuel left in the combustion chamber when the piston travels past the first third of the power stroke then exits through the exhaust port as unburned hydrocarbons, partially combusted hydrocarbons, and particulate matter, all of which together are more commonly referred to as smoke. Making this pollution even worse is the fact that the NOx created reacts with the water naturally present in engine exhaust to make nitric acid. This nitric acid then in turn reacts with the smoke to create a carcinogenic stew of truly unhealthy and dangerous chemicals. These chemicals are so harmful that under present Federal law, they could not be accepted by a landfill in the form of solid or liquid waste. 
     Until very recently, the only “pollution control device” that was installed on diesel engines in the United States was an engine speed governor. The function of this governor was to make sure that enough time was allowed during the power stroke so that sufficient combustion took place prior to the piston traveling past the first third of its power stroke in order to prevent the creation of visible smoke by the engine. All too often truck operators disable this governor so that they could squeeze a little extra power out of their engine while going up hill or passing other vehicles. Their ecological irresponsibility is evident from the enormous black clouds belching out of their exhaust stacks and left in their wake. 
     The Environmental Protection Agency (henceforth referred to as the EPA) has allowed until recently for diesel engines to be “grand-fathered” out of earlier pollution control regulations. 
     This was done for three reasons: 
     1. Diesel engines get much better fuel economy than gasoline engines of the same power output; 
     2. The currently accepted theory of operation for diesel engines did not allow for major changes in design that could be applied in a cost-effective manner; and 
     3. There was not any readily available alternative type of engine design that could perform the jobs currently done by diesel engines. 
     Over the last three decades this has resulted in a slower pace of design advancement for diesel engines, especially for pollution reduction, when compared to design advancements made on gasoline engines. As a result diesel engine design has improved only incrementally over the last thirty years without major reductions in pollutant emission levels. 
     During the same period of time, an outstanding job of cleaning up gasoline engines and other industrial sources of air pollution took place. However, air pollution created by diesel engines has remained about the same for a given amount of power produced. This caused the relative percentage of air pollution produced by diesel engines to become the primary cause of air pollution in the US. 
     In response to this, the EPA started looking into ways to reduce diesel engine pollutant emissions. They mentioned several possible means to achieve this in a fact sheet issued in October 1995 (EPA 420-F-95-009a) that included “after treatment” such as catalytic converters, fuel delivery control systems, air intake strategies, and changing diesel fuel formulations. This was followed in August 1998 by a  Regulatory Announcement—New Standards for Nonroad Diesel Engines  (EPA 420-F-98-034) that phase in reduction of diesel engine emissions by 66% over a ten year period. 
     Very specific procedures to verify regulatory compliance of new engine designs were put forward by the EPA in March 1999 in their document titled  Certification Guidance for Engines Regulated Under:  40  CFR Part  86  and  40  CFR Part  89. Going through these procedures to get an engine certified are an enormous task in themselves and actually meeting these standards for EPA certification is a major accomplishment. 
     Over the years there has accumulated a large body of prior art that discloses a variety of approaches for providing assistance to the diesel engine combustion process. A variety of reasons have motivated these efforts, primarily to improve fuel economy, enhance engine power, and reduce pollutant emissions. 
     Rao et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,307,772) discloses a means to assist the diesel combustion process through the use of a catalyst. This catalyst is plated onto a structure that is placed between the pre-combustion chamber and the main combustion chamber in the cylinder head on a diesel engine. This catalyst-coated structure is positioned so that combusting gasses under high pressure and at high velocities must pass through it during each power stroke. 
     Fukano et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,224,449) and Ariga (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,913,111 and 4,686,941) disclose improvements to spark-assisted diesel engines that consist of inducing turbulence to the combusting fuel-air mixture. In all three patents secondary combustion chambers are used to create the desired turbulence to enhance the mixing of the fuel and air. In addition to aiding the mixing process, the turbulence also exposes the spark on the tip of the spark plug to more of the fuel-air mixture. Although these systems may enhance combustion to some extent, the spark plug itself is only exposed to one specific point of the fuel-air mixture at any given time. 
     McCowen et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,855,192) discloses fuel-preheating elements, combustion chamber heating elements, and a heat retention element within the combustion chamber. The application of heat to the fuel and to the combustion chamber may assist the combustion process, especially during cold starting, as shown by the use of glow plugs and fuel pre-heaters in diesel engines currently in production; but there is a drawback to the introduction of additional heat into the combustion process in that it will result in greater creation of oxides of nitrogen. Another problem with this approach is the relative inefficiency of electrical resistance heating elements in terms of the power that they require, and their relatively short life in terms of total hours of operation after which they need to be replaced. 
     Chan (U.S. Pat. No. 5,852,999) discloses another example of creating and maintaining a spark that can be used in a spark assisted diesel engine. A two-point electrode arrangement is disclosed that is provided with a high frequency electrical current to create an electrical arc inside the combustion chamber. The main point in the disclosure by Chan is the concept of having the high frequency arc initiated while the piston in the combustion chamber is at bottom dead center of the compression stroke. This is done for the purpose of reducing the voltage needed to initiate the arc. 
     Casey (U.S. Pat. No. 4,111,178) and Kindermann et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,096,841) both disclose reciprocating 4-cycle direct injected spark ignited gasoline-fueled engines. The system disclosed consists of a fuel injector and a spark plug placed in a pre-combustion chamber with the spark timing controlled by a signal that originates in the fuel injector. 
     None of these references disclose an apparatus that will allow for the initiation of combustion for all of the fuel as it is injected into the combustion chamber followed by the maintenance of the combustion process to its completion in the manner described herein. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is accordingly an object of the invention to provide an apparatus and method for assuring the combustion of the fuel injected into the combustion chamber of direct injected internal combustion engines such as diesel and gasoline engines of the reciprocating “piston in cylinder” type as well as gas turbines. 
     It is a further object of the invention to eliminate the dependence of diesel engines upon the heat of compression to initiate and maintain its combustion process. 
     It is a further object of the invention to improve the fuel economy of direct injected engines. 
     According to these objects of the present invention, an area of ionizing electrical energy (for purposes of illustration it is referred to as a “Ring-of-Fire”) is created inside the combustion chamber directly in front of or adjacent to the fuel injector nozzle which the fuel must pass through or next to as it enters the combustion chamber. Additionally this Ring-of-Fire will be kept on as long as needed so that the present invention will provide a means for the immediate, controlled, and complete combustion of all of the fuel injected into an engine combustion chamber. 
     When used in a reciprocating internal combustion engine, the engine can completely combust its fuel earlier in the power stroke, resulting in an improvement of fuel economy. There are at least four reasons for this improvement in fuel economy (the first two are discussed in greater detail later): 
     1. Assuring the complete combustion of the fuel inside the combustion chamber, when and where it does the work rather than wasting it by allowing un-combusted and partially combusted fuel to escape out through the exhaust port; 
     2. Avoiding the endothermic chemical reaction that creates oxides of nitrogen (NOx); 
     3. Reducing pumping losses when an engine equipped with the present invention is operating at less than full power. This is especially important for automotive diesels since they spend much more of their operating time cruising at partial power or idling than they do at full power. The only time that an automotive diesel engine is run at full power is when the vehicle is either going up hill or being accelerated. Since the present invention assures combustion regardless of pressure, pumping losses can be reduced by throttling the air entering the intake manifold; 
     4. Improving the effective ratio of expansion during the engine power stroke. An engine equipped with the present invention has the fuel burn completed earlier in its power stroke, thus improving the effective ratio of expansion which improves thermal efficiency. 
     It is also an object of the present invention to improve the power output available from direct injected internal combustion engines such as diesel engines. Accordingly, engines so equipped can be run at full power while still completely combusting all of the injected fuel much more rapidly within the combustion chamber allowing for higher engine speed without creating unacceptable exhaust emissions. This higher peak engine speed, as measured in revolutions per minute (rpm), translates directly into a higher peak horsepower. 
     An additional object of the present invention is to reduce the pollutant emissions created by the operation of direct injected internal combustion engines. Although most of the direct injected engines in the world today are diesels, the present invention will provide these same benefits to gasoline and alternative fueled engines as well. 
     Hydrocarbon pollutant emissions are greatly reduced by the complete and timely combustion of the fuel and air within the engine&#39;s combustion chamber. By keeping the Ring-of-Fire on as long as needed, complete combustion inside the combustion chamber is assured which will improve fuel economy in addition to reducing hydrocarbon emissions. 
     Due to this ability of the present invention to assure complete combustion of all of the fuel inside the combustion chamber, engines so equipped will produce much fewer hydrocarbon emissions during a cold start before the engine has run long enough to warm up. This will avoid the creation of what the EPA refers to as the “hydrocarbon bubble” during warm-up of the engine, which is an area of pollution control that they are especially interested in. 
     The creation of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) will also be reduced significantly, especially in diesel engines, by the use of the present invention. Engines so equipped are freed from their dependence upon the heat of compression to initiate and maintain the combustion process. As a result of this, diesel engines equipped with the present invention will dramatically reduce the creation of NOx in three ways: 
     1. The mechanically defined compression ratio can be reduced without unacceptably degrading performance; 
     2. The timing of the initiation of fuel injection can be retarded in terms of degrees of crankshaft rotation without unacceptably degrading performance; 
     3. The rate of injection can be controlled by a closed-loop feedback system such as an engine management computer responding in real-time to combustion chamber pressure and temperature. Since the present invention assures combustion of the fuel upon injection, it becomes possible to regulate the rate of injection so that the temperature and pressure inside the combustion chamber will be kept below the threshold above which NOx is formed. 
     How this is achieved can be visualized by a graph of the relationship between piston position during its power stroke and the pressure inside the combustion chamber of an un-modified diesel engine versus the graph made by the same engine after it has been equipped with the present invention. The curve produced by the un-modified engine would show the pressure rise inside as the piston approached top dead center followed by a sharp rise occurring as the fuel is being injected into the combustion chamber. Shortly after all of the fuel has been injected, the pressure will reach its peak after which it will start dropping off. It is during this period of high pressure that oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are formed. An even more precipitous drop in combustion chamber pressure will follow this once the flame goes out as the piston travels past the first third of its travel down during the power stroke. Any fuel that has not been fully combusted by this time will go out the exhaust as smoke. 
     In contrast, the same engine equipped with the present invention will have all of the fuel injected into the combustion chamber ignited as it is being injected regardless of the injection timing and rate or the combustion chamber temperature and pressure. Because of this, during the power stroke, the pressure and temperature inside the combustion chamber can be controlled so that it is maintained at a level that is just below the threshold at which NOx is formed for as long as necessary to deliver the power needed. This will create a flat pressure “curve” for much of the power stroke of an engine equipped with an engine management computer that is controlling the timing and rate of fuel injection in conjunction with the present invention assuring the timely and complete combustion of the fuel. 
     When the two piston position to pressure curves are compared, the engine equipped with the present invention will have a lower peak pressure while maintaining an equal or greater area under the curve. This area under the pressure curve, not the peak pressure, relates directly to the power produced. Any engine tuning arrangement is a compromise between power, fuel economy, and pollutant emissions control with the present invention offering the engine designer unprecedented flexibility for achieving improvements in all areas of performance. 
     Ruman et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,924,404) discloses an engine management system for use in 2-cycle direct injected spark ignited gasoline fueled engines. An arrangement of a fuel injector and a conventional spark plug inside the combustion chamber which enables a 2-cycle engine to reduce its emissions and improve its fuel economy dramatically is disclosed. This control system could be adapted into the present invention by incorporating the appropriate software. It is also possible to adapt this control system for use in a 4-cycle reciprocating internal combustion engine. 
     Another object of the present invention is to enhance engine life for reciprocating internal combustion engines. Greater engine durability is the result of lower NOx emissions and lower peak pressures inside the combustion chamber. When NOx is created during the combustion process, this NOx reacts with the water naturally created by the combustion to create nitric acid. This nitric acid accelerates engine wear, but if nitric acid production during the combustion process is greatly reduced, engine durability is enhanced. Reducing the peak pressure within the combustion chamber during the power stroke has the effect of lowering the peak loads upon the engine bearings, further enhancing durability of the engine. 
     It is a further object of the present invention to make it possible to retrofit existing reciprocating direct injected internal combustion engines with the present invention at a minimum of expense and time. The present invention can be installed on most diesel engines in current use by removal of the cylinder head, installing injector/igniter assemblies on that cylinder head, reinstalling the modified original cylinder head, and then installing the electronics that go with it. In most cases it will not be necessary to either remove the entire engine from where it has been installed or completely replace the existing cylinder head. The importance of this retrofit application of the present invention to reciprocating 2-cycle and 4-cycle diesel engines cannot be overstated. The environmental and economic benefits made possible by the present invention are expanded dramatically as a result of it being possible to retrofit existing engines. Reciprocating internal combustion engines retrofitted with the present invention should benefit from all of the advantages that are possible, with the exception of engine weight reduction. 
     It is also another object of present invention to make it possible to design diesel fueled reciprocating internal combustion engines that weigh less for a given power output. Engine weight in new diesel engines designed and produced with the present invention incorporated into them can be designed to weigh much less for a given power output. 
     This is possible as a result of the lower peak combustion chamber pressures that occur in a reciprocating direct injected internal combustion engine, such as a diesel engine, that has the present invention incorporated into it. Diesel engines currently being manufactured have to be designed to deal with very high peak pressures inside of the combustion chamber that are necessary for heat-of-compression ignition to work. These very high peak pressures are also responsible for the creation of NOx. Because lower peak pressures inside the combustion chamber will occur in a diesel engine equipped with the present invention, the engine block will be subjected to lower peak stresses making it possible to design the engine to weigh less for a given engine displacement and power output. 
     These objects of the present invention are accomplished by creating an area of electrical ionization in front of or in close proximity to the nozzles of the fuel injectors. When fuel is injected into the combustion chamber, it must pass through or next to this area of electrical ionization. By having this take place, combustion is initiated for all of the injected fuel as it enters the combustion chamber of any kind of internal combustion engine. This area of electrical ionization will be maintained as long as necessary to sustain the combustion process. In the case of gas turbines, the Ring-of-Fire will be kept on continuously until the engine has warmed up to the point that the engine has reached an operating temperature at which combustion will be maintained on its own. When used in the combustion chamber of reciprocating type engines, the Ring-of-Fire will be kept going during the power stroke until the combustion process has been completed. 
     To do this, there are a number of electrodes placed so that their tips define a polygon inside the combustion chamber that is in front of the nozzle of the fuel injector. When this polygon defined by the electrode tips is energized electrically, it creates an area of electrical ionization also called the Ring-of-Fire. This Ring-of-Fire will ionize anything inside of it or in close proximity to it. For a pintle type fuel injector, the spray pattern of the fuel being injected into the combustion chamber will for the most part, pass through the area of electrical ionization defined by the polygon between the electrode tips. For a hole type fuel injector, the spray pattern of the fuel being injected is in such close proximity to the Ring-of-Fire that the fuel entering the combustion chamber will be ignited by this Ring-of-Fire. 
     These electrodes are held in position by a ceramic sleeve that surrounds the barrel of the fuel injector and extends from the combustion chamber through the cylinder head with the electrode wires embedded inside it. The other end of the wires that are embedded in the ceramic sleeve are connected to a set of spark plug type high voltage wires that are in turn connected to a high voltage electrical discharge source. There are a wide variety of high voltage electrical discharge sources that could be used by having them integrated into the circuitry that creates the Ring-of-Fire. 
     R. S. Warner developed a system that could be easily integrated into the Ring-of-Fire high voltage electrical discharge circuitry. This system was known as the Pulse-Tronic 1000 ignition unit and R. S. Warner presented a research paper about it to the Diesel &amp; Gas Engine Power Division of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers during the ASME Diesel &amp; Gas Engine Power Conference and Exhibit held in Dallas, Tex. in April, 1970. 
     An interesting feature of this system is its output of a train of pulses used to initiate and maintain the combustion process inside the combustion chamber. The Pulse-Tronic 1000 ignition unit was shown to be capable of successfully burning fuel air mixtures that were much leaner than what could be ignited by conventional ignition systems. Lean fuel air mixtures are notoriously hard to ignite and keep burning and the fact that this unit could successfully do so indicates the general superiority of this ignition system. 
     Although applied only to gasoline engines, this system may be used as the high voltage electrical discharge source for the Ring-of-Fire circuit in the present invention. The Pulse-Tronic 1000 ignition unit is self-contained and powered by mechanical energy from the motor via a fan belt or rotating shaft without the need of a connection to a battery or other electrical power source. 
     Rich (U.S. Pat. No. 5,429,103) also discloses a means of producing a high voltage output with a waveform almost the same as the Pulse-Tronic 1000 ignition unit developed by R. S. Warner. The Rich patent high performance ignition system is able to initiate and maintain combustion of lean fuel air mixtures that are difficult to burn in engines that were equipped with it. 
     The high voltage electrical discharge circuitry that is used in the preferred embodiment as realized in the operational prototype creates a ball of plasma located directly in front of the nozzle of the fuel injector. This ball of plasma is remarkably effective at insuring complete combustion of all of the fuel injected through it. 
     None of the examples disclosed in the prior art propose a means of creating an area of thorough electrical ionization in the combustion chamber and locating it so that all of the fuel being injected into the combustion chamber must pass in close proximity or through the area of electrical ionization. 
     In the case of the present invention being applied to diesel engines, eliminating the dependency of the engine upon the heat of compression for the initiation and maintenance of the combustion process makes it is possible to achieve real-time control of the complete combustion process. This gives the engine designer unprecedented flexibility in tuning the engine to achieve what is needed for any given application, be it fuel economy, power, or low pollutant emissions. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The above and other objects and features of the present invention will be clearly understood from the following description with respect to the preferred embodiment thereof when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and diagrams, in which: 
     FIG. 1 is a cross sectional side view of the injector/igniter apparatus of the present invention installed in an engine cylinder head. 
     FIG. 2 is a cross sectional side view of the injector/igniter apparatus of the present invention installed in an engine cylinder head with fuel being injected into the combustion chamber. 
     FIG. 3A is an enlarged side view of the lower end of the injector/igniter apparatus that extends through the cylinder head. 
     FIG. 3B is an enlarged bottom view of the injector/igniter apparatus. 
     FIG. 3C is an enlarged side view of the injector/igniter apparatus rotated by 90 degrees from the view presented in FIG.  3 A. 
     FIG. 3D is an enlarged perspective view of the injector/igniter apparatus. 
     FIG. 4A is an enlarged side view of the injector/igniter apparatus with the Ring-of-Fire shown in operation. 
     FIG. 4B is an enlarged bottom view of the injector/igniter apparatus with the Ring-of-Fire shown in operation. 
     FIG. 4C is an enlarged side view of the injector/igniter apparatus rotated by 90 degrees from the view presented in FIG.  4 A. 
     FIG. 4D is an enlarged perspective view of the injector/igniter apparatus with the Ring-of-Fire shown in operation. 
     FIG. 5A is an enlarged side view of the injector/igniter apparatus with the Ring-of-Fire shown in operation and with fuel being injected by a pintle type of fuel injector. 
     FIG. 5B is an enlarged bottom view of the injector/igniter apparatus with the Ring-of-Fire shown in operation and with fuel being injected by a pintle type of fuel injector. 
     FIG. 5C is an enlarged side view of the injector/igniter apparatus rotated by 90 degrees from the view presented in FIG. 5A with the Ring-of-Fire shown in operation and with fuel being injected by a pintle type of fuel injector. 
     FIG. 5D is an enlarged perspective view of the injector/igniter apparatus with the Ring-of-Fire shown in operation and with fuel being injected by a pintle type of fuel injector. 
     FIG. 6A is an enlarged side view of the injector/igniter apparatus with the Ring-of-Fire shown in operation and with fuel being injected by a hole type of fuel injector. 
     FIG. 6B is an enlarged bottom view of the injector/igniter apparatus with the Ring-of-Fire shown in operation and with fuel being injected by a hole type of fuel injector. 
     FIG. 6C is an enlarged side view of the injector/igniter apparatus rotated by 90 degrees from the view presented in FIG. 6A with the Ring-of-Fire shown in operation and with fuel being injected by a hole type of fuel injector. 
     FIG. 6D is an enlarged perspective view of the injector/igniter apparatus with the Ring-of-Fire shown in operation and with fuel being injected by a hole type of fuel injector. 
     FIG. 7A is a cross sectional side view of the injector/igniter apparatus of the present invention. 
     FIG. 7B is a top view of the injector/igniter apparatus of the present invention. 
     FIG. 7C is a bottom view of the injector/igniter apparatus of the present invention. 
     FIG. 8A is a cross sectional side view of the ceramic sleeve portion of the injector/igniter apparatus of the present invention. 
     FIG. 8B is a top view of the ceramic sleeve portion of the injector/igniter apparatus of the present invention. 
     FIG. 8C is a bottom view drawing of the ceramic sleeve portion of the injector/igniter apparatus of the present invention. 
     FIG. 9 is a block diagram of the signal generation circuit portion of the present invention. 
     FIG. 10A is a timing signal diagram of the square-wave signal created by the square-wave generator in the signal generation circuit of the present invention. 
     FIG. 10B is a timing signal diagram of the six sequential signals created by the signal divider circuit in the signal generation circuit of the present invention. 
     FIG. 10C is a timing signal diagram of the six overlapped sequential signals created by the signal overlap circuit in the signal generation circuit of the present invention. 
     FIG. 11 is a schematic of one of the high voltage discharge circuits of the present invention. 
     FIG. 12 is a diagram depicting all six high voltage discharge circuits attached to the ceramic sleeve portion of the injector/igniter apparatus of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The invention will now be described in further detail in connection with illustrative preferred embodiments for improving combustion in a direct injected internal combustion engine enabling the engine to achieve better fuel economy, reduced pollutant emissions, and more power. Within the scope of the present invention, this system could be applied to gas turbines and to reciprocating internal combustion engines that are direct injected of either the 2-stroke or the 4-stroke type that have been designed for use with any type of combustible fuel including gasoline, diesel or jet fuel. 
     Referring to FIG. 1, the present invention is shown mounted in a cylinder head  15  of a diesel engine. An engine block  11  has placed inside it a piston  13  and mounted on top of the engine block  11  is the cylinder head  15 . A combustion chamber  17  is located inside the area surrounded by the engine block  11 , the piston  13 , and the cylinder head  15 . Passing through the cylinder head  15  is a fuel injector  21  that has its lower body surrounded by a ceramic sleeve  23 . A fuel inlet  25  attached to the upper portion of the fuel injector  21  has a fuel passageway  19  that allows fuel to travel to a fuel injection nozzle  27 . This fuel injection nozzle  27  protrudes into the inside of the combustion chamber  17 . 
     A plurality of embedded wires  29  travel from high voltage terminals  31  mounted on the ceramic sleeve  23  outside and above the cylinder head  15  through the length of the ceramic sleeve  23  including substantially parallel to the lower portion of the fuel injector  21 . These embedded wires  29  extend into the combustion chamber  17  as electrodes  33 . In this embodiment, there are six electrodes  33  arrayed around and below the fuel injector nozzle  27  inside the combustion chamber  17 . All six electrodes  33  are individually connected to high voltage terminals  31  by their own embedded wire  29 . 
     Referring to FIG. 2, pressurized fuel is shown entering the fuel injector  21  through the fuel inlet  25 , down fuel passageway  19 , and then out of the fuel injector nozzle  27  into the combustion chamber  17  producing a fuel injection spray pattern  37 . While this is happening, a high voltage discharge  35  occurs between all of the tips of the six electrodes  33  inside the combustion chamber  17 , with the fuel injection spray pattern  37  passing right next to, or through the high voltage discharge  35 . The power for the high voltage discharge  35  that occurs between the six electrodes  33  is produced by a set of six high voltage discharge circuits  51 ,  53 ,  55 ,  57 ,  59  and  61  (discussed in detail with reference to FIGS.  11  and  12 ). 
     A set of six spark plug type high voltage wires  39 ,  41 ,  43 ,  45 ,  47  and  49  connects on one end to the set of six high voltage discharge circuits  51 ,  53 ,  55 ,  57 ,  59  and  61 . The other end of the set of six spark plug type high voltage wires  39 ,  41 ,  43 ,  45 ,  47  and  49  have an externally insulated connector  32  that secures and protects the connection to the six high voltage terminals  31  mounted on the upper portion of the ceramic sleeve  23 . This set of six high voltage discharge circuits  51 ,  53 ,  55 ,  57 ,  59  and  61  is controlled by a signal generation circuit  63  which has its position in the system discussed in connection with FIG.  12  and has its operation discussed in detail in connection with FIG.  9 . 
     FIG. 3A is a side view of the lower portion of the ceramic sleeve  23  that extends through the cylinder head  15  into the combustion chamber  17 . The fuel injection nozzle  27  at the end of the fuel injector  21  and electrodes  33  are on the end of the ceramic sleeve  23  that faces into the combustion chamber  17 . 
     FIG. 3B shows the only part of the present invention that is actually exposed to the inside of the combustion chamber  17 . The six electrodes  33  are arranged in a circular manner around the fuel injection nozzle  27 . 
     FIG. 3C shows the same piece of the present invention that is illustrated by FIG. 3A with the difference being that the image was rotated by 90 degrees in order to clarify the shape and position of the electrodes  33  on the end of the ceramic sleeve  23 . 
     An oblique perspective of the lower portion of the ceramic sleeve  23  further illustrates the placement relationship of the fuel injector nozzle  27  to the electrodes  33  in FIG.  3 D. 
     FIGS. 4A,  4 B and  4 C provide the same set of views as FIGS. 3A,  3 B and  3 C the inclusion of the operation of the high voltage discharge  35 . This gives further clarification of the placement of the high voltage discharge  35  upon the electrodes  33  that are arrayed around the fuel injector nozzle  27  on the end of the ceramic sleeve  23  that faces the combustion chamber  17 . This combustion chamber  17  could, within the scope of the present invention, be installed in any of a variety of engine types to include gas turbines as well as reciprocating 2-cycle and 4-cycle diesel or gasoline direct injected internal combustion engines. 
     FIG. 4D also shows the same oblique perspective view of the lower portion of the ceramic sleeve  23  as shown in FIG. 3D with the inclusion of the high voltage discharge  35  occurring between the six electrodes  33 . Other numbers of electrodes to create the Ring-of-Fire are possible. Also, the Ring-of-Fire is schematically illustrated in these figures since it is difficult to illustrate completely. 
     FIGS. 5A,  5 B,  5 C and  5 D show the lower portion of the ceramic sleeve  23  as shown in FIGS. 4A,  4 B,  4 C and  4 D with the inclusion of fuel being injected by a fuel injector  21 . The fuel injection spray pattern  37  of a pintle type of the fuel injector nozzle  27  places a cone of injected fuel centered to the high voltage discharge  35  that occurs between the electrodes  33  inside the combustion chamber  17 . This insures complete combustion initiation of all of the fuel as it is injected. 
     FIGS. 6A,  6 B,  6 C and  6 D show the lower portion of the ceramic sleeve  23  as shown in FIGS. 5A,  5 B, SC and  5 D. The difference is that this time the fuel injector  21  has a fuel injector nozzle  27  of the hole type. The hole type fuel injector nozzle  27  produces a fuel injection spray pattern  37  that has a set of lobes. Each lobe sprays directly next to or through the high voltage discharge  35  thus insuring complete combustion initiation of all of the fuel as it is injected into the combustion chamber  17 . 
     Referring to FIG. 7A, the fuel injector  21  is installed inside the ceramic sleeve  23 . When fuel injection is taking place, a fuel injector pump (not shown) sends pressurized fuel to the fuel inlet  25  of the fuel injector  21  in a manner known in the art. The pressurized fuel travels through fuel passageway  19  to the fuel injector nozzle  27  that injects the fuel into the combustion chamber  17 . The ceramic sleeve  23  surrounds the lower portion of the fuel injector  21 . 
     The upper end of the ceramic sleeve  23  that is above the cylinder head  15  has six high voltage terminals  31  that are connected to six embedded wires  29  that extend from the top to the bottom of the ceramic sleeve  23 . The lower ends of the six embedded wires  29  extend from the bottom of the ceramic sleeve  23  into the combustion chamber  17  as six electrodes  33 . These six electrodes  33  are positioned such that their tips are arranged so that they define a hexagon inside the combustion chamber  17  around and below the fuel injector nozzle  27 . This placement is important to insure that the fuel injection spray pattern  37  from the fuel injector nozzle  27  must pass in close proximity to or through the high voltage discharge  35  that occurs between the tips of the electrodes  33 . 
     FIG. 7B shows a top view of the fuel injector  21  mounted through the ceramic sleeve  23  with the placement of the six high voltage terminals  31  clearly shown. 
     FIG. 7C is a view from the combustion chamber  17  looking up at the face of the ceramic sleeve  23  and at the tip of the fuel injector  21  with the fuel injection nozzle  27  in the center of the six electrodes  33 . 
     FIGS. 8A,  8 B and  8 C are similar views as FIGS. 7A,  7 B and  7 C without the fuel injector  21  being shown to further clarify the positions of the high voltage terminals  31 , the embedded wires  29  and the electrodes  33 . 
     FIG. 9 shows the signal generation circuit  63  in detail. The signal generation circuit  63  controls the high voltage generation circuits  51 ,  52 ,  53 ,  55 ,  57 ,  59  and  61 . The signals mentioned in this discussion are shown in detail by FIGS. 10A,  10 B and  10 C. 
     The signal generation circuit  63  has its overall output controlled by an engine timing signal source  65  that turns it on and off through an engine timing signal transmission line  67 . The engine timing signal source  65  controls the signal generation circuit  63  so that at the appropriate time, at or before fuel injection is to take place, the high voltage discharge  35  is initiated. The engine timing signal source  65  keeps the high voltage discharge  35  going for as long as necessary to ensure complete combustion of all of the fuel and air mixture inside the combustion chamber  17 . 
     The signal generation circuit  63  has within it a square-wave generator circuit  69  that sends through a square-wave signal transmission line  71 , a square-wave signal  73  to a signal divider circuit  75 . The square-wave generator circuit  63  is based on a 555 timer integrated circuit set up to operate as an astable multi-vibrator circuit producing a square-wave signal between 0 and 5 volts at a frequency between 5 and 30 kilo-hertz. 
     The signal divider circuit  75  divides the square-wave signal  73  into a set of six sequential signals  89 ,  91 ,  93 ,  95 ,  97  and  99 , as shown in FIG. 10B, that are sent through a set of six sequential signal transmission lines  77 ,  79 ,  81 ,  83 ,  85  and  87  to a signal overlap circuit  101 . The signal divider circuit  75  that divides the square-wave signal  73  into a set of six sequential signals  89 ,  91 ,  93 ,  95 ,  97  and  99  is based on the 4017 decade counter integrated circuit. 
     The signal overlap circuit  101  in turn generates a set of six overlapped sequential signals  115 ,  117 ,  119 ,  121 ,  123  and  125 , as shown in FIG. 10C, and then sends these signals through a set of six overlapped sequential signal lines  103 ,  105 ,  107 ,  109 ,  111  and  113  to a signal line driver circuit  127 . The signal overlap circuit  101  uses a bank of twelve 1N4004 diodes to generate the set of six overlapped sequential signals  115 ,  117 ,  119 ,  121 ,  123  and  125  shown in FIG.  10 C. 
     The signal line driver circuit  127  is activated only when the enable signal from the engine timing signal source  65 , brought in by the engine timing signal transmission line  67  and it allows the set of six overlapped sequential signals  115 ,  117 ,  119 ,  121 ,  123  and  125  to go through the signal line driver circuit  127 . The signal line driver circuit  127  uses a 74HCT541 integrated circuit to act as a “gate” to the set of six overlapped sequential signals  115 ,  117 ,  119 ,  121 ,  123  and  125 . 
     It is within the scope of the present invention to have this engine timing signal source  65  be as simple as a cam-shaft position sensor, such as a Hall-effect sensor, or as complicated as a highly sophisticated engine management computer responding in real time to a number of factors to include actual conditions inside of the combustion chamber  17  as they happen in real time as is known in the art. When enabled by the engine timing signal source  65 , the signal line driver circuit  127  then “cleans up” and strengthens the set of six overlapped sequential signals  115 ,  117 ,  119 ,  121 ,  123  and  125  without otherwise changing them before they are sent out through a set of six control signal output lines  129 ,  131 ,  133 ,  135 ,  137  and  139  to each of the six high voltage discharge circuits  51 ,  53 ,  55 ,  57 ,  59  and  61 . 
     FIG. 11 is an electrical schematic for each high voltage discharge circuit  51 ,  53 ,  55 ,  57 ,  59  and  61 . Each of the six high voltage discharge circuits  51 ,  53 ,  55 ,  57 ,  59  and  61  is connected to a 24 volt power source  143  and to one of the six control signal output lines  129 ,  131 ,  133 ,  135 ,  137  and  139 . When a signal is received by its intended high voltage discharge circuit  51 ,  53 ,  55 ,  57 ,  59  and  61  it turns on a power MOSFET  145  labeled Q- 1 . In one embodiment of the present invention, the power MOSFET (Metal Oxide Surface Effect Transistor)  145  labeled Q- 1  is a MTY55N20E made by Motorola and it is rated for 55 amps at 200 volts. 
     When the power MOSFET  145  labeled Q- 1  is turned on, a high voltage transformer  147  labeled T- 1  then has current flow from the 24 volt power source  143  through a primary winding power lead  149 . The current passes through a primary winding  151  of the high voltage transformer  147  labeled T- 1 , through a primary winding ground lead  153 , through the power MOSFET  145  labeled Q- 1 , through a resistor  155  labeled R- 1  that is rated at 0.2 ohms and 10 watts, and then finally to a low voltage ground connection  157 . This low voltage ground connection  157  is shared by all of the six high voltage discharge circuits  51 ,  53 ,  55 ,  57 ,  59  and  61  and it is also used by all of the components of the signal generation circuit  63 . There is a large value capacitor  159  labeled C- 1  which is rated at 1 microfarad and a small value capacitor  161  labeled C- 2  which is rated at 0.01 microfarads. Both are attached in parallel across the primary winding power lead  149  and the primary winding ground lead  153 . 
     An electrically isolated secondary winding  163  of the high voltage transformer  147  labeled T- 1  has an electrically isolated secondary winding ground lead  165  connected to an electrically isolated “floating” high voltage ground  167  that is shared in the same position of each circuit in all of the six high voltage discharge circuits  51 ,  53 ,  55 ,  57 ,  59  and  61 . The electrically isolated secondary winding  163  of the high voltage transformer  147  labeled T- 1  is connected to an electrically isolated secondary winding high voltage output lead  169 . The electrically isolated secondary winding high voltage output lead  169  is in turn connected to the appropriate one of the set of six spark plug type high voltage wires  39 ,  41 ,  43 ,  45 ,  47  and  49  which in turn are connected to one of the set of six high voltage terminals  31  on the ceramic sleeve  23 . 
     FIG. 12 shows the overall combination of elements of the electrical system according to the present invention. This includes a 5 volt power source  171  used by all of the circuitry inside the signal generation circuit  63 . Further a low voltage ground connection  157  is shown as being shared by all of the high voltage discharge circuits  51 ,  53 ,  55 ,  57 ,  59  and  61  and with the signal generation circuit  63 . 
     It should be appreciated that the other ways of creating and controlling the Ring-of-Fire high voltage discharge  35 . Although any means of creating and controlling the Ring-of-Fire must place it so that the injected fuel spray pattern  37  go next to or through it as fuel enters the combustion chamber  17 .