Abstract:
Apparatus for controlling the operation of a biomass stove utilizes three proportional integral derivative (PID) controllers as part of a closed loop to control the fuel feed rate, the convection fan speed and the combustion fan speed. The first loop controls room temperature, the second loop controls the convection fan speed and the third loop controls the combustion fan. Appropriate temperature readings are utilized for the first and second loop. The third loop, which utilized feedback of the ratio between the heat exchanger temperature to the exhaust temperature, in addition to measuring these temperatures also references a library of look-up tables of such ratios over the entire heat range of the stove that have been correlated to combustion efficiency, as an input. This enables the operator to optimize the heat output for any operating point.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The present invention generally relates to biofuel burning heating devices, more particularly, to devices for the efficient production of thermal energy from biofuels such as pelletized, minimally processed, and/or raw biomass, and more particularly still, to process control methodologies for such devices. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    With the increasing cost of gas and fuel oil, in combination with an ever increasing social consciousness directed to conservation and recycling, further attention is being directed to alternate fuel sources such as wood and other solid/semi-solid combustibles or combustible residues. A resurgence of interest and attention is being given to biofuels, biofuel combustion processes and biofuel combustion devices. 
         [0003]    “Biofuel” is a term generally understood to embrace any fuel derived from biomass, namely, recently living organisms or their metabolic byproducts. Agricultural products specifically grown for use as biofuels include, among other things, corn, soybeans, flaxseed, rapeseed and hemp. Furthermore, biodegradable outputs from industry, agriculture, forestry, and households, e.g., straw, timber, manure, sewage and food leftovers, can also be used to produce “bioenergy.” 
         [0004]    Heaters or stoves, more generally, “heating appliances,” for burning biofuels are known to provide acceptable alternative heat sources for conventional heating units such as gas, electric and oil furnaces. Biomass pellets of a variety of compositions are well-known fuel sources, as are cereal grains such as corn and wheat, to name but a few. 
         [0005]    While many perceive pelletized fuel sources as being especially advantageous due to size uniformity and low moisture content, efficient energy producing combustion nonetheless requires attentive regulation of a variety of combustion parameters, for example, and without limitation, draft regulation, backfire prevention, thorough fuel conversion, ash management/conditioning and exhaust flu temperature. In light of, among other considerations, increasing costs for pelletized biofuels due to increasing, and in some places, unmet demands for same, it is believed especially advantageous and desirable to utilize raw biomass fuel sources such as grains, which generally are readily available, and favorably priced on a per unit of energy produced basis. 
         [0006]    Shortcomings and/or challenges associated with efficient biofuel combustion have been, and continue to be well documented. For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 7,004,084 (Anderson et al.), the contents of which are incorporated by reference, identifies a variety of challenges and, as the case may be, heretofore known approaches to those challenges, namely those of: fuel delivery (1:36 et seq.); initial fuel ignition and start-up (1:60 et seq.); clinker formation (2:34 et seq.); and, thermal operational optimization (2:45 et seq.). Although incremental improvements have arguably been made, there remains ample room for improvement (see, e.g., co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, filed Oct. 18, 2006, entitled “Apparatus for Combustion of Biofuels,” incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
         [0007]    Heretofore known combustion appliances are generally limited in their dynamic range, i.e., their ability to run at both very high and very low heat outputs, even when utilizing a single, uniform fuel source, e.g., a pelletized biomass, let alone when the biofuel may be variable from one heating event to another. Furthermore, heretofore known combustion appliances require initial set-up or setting of combustion regulating parameters, whether a factory or “on-site” setting, and commonly require periodic resetting or adjustment of the initially selected parameters. 
         [0008]    Temperature of the air streams within the appliance are an important operational consideration or parameter. In biomass burning devices or appliances, one of the most important and pervasive factors or parameters in establishing and/or maintaining combustion efficiency is the hot air exhaust temperature. 
         [0009]    As should be readily appreciated, heat can enter the room either via the heated convection air stream, through passive convection directly from heated stove surfaces, or through radiation from heated stove surfaces. Heat carried to the outside by the exhaust gas is for all practical purposes wasted. Because of this fact, lowering the temperature of exhaust gases will improve the stove efficiency. There is however a limit to this approach. 
         [0010]    As is generally well known, as exhaust gas temperatures fall below about 250° F., condensation can occur in the exhaust flue. This condensation is usually highly acidic which produces rapid deterioration of the flue. To avoid this problem, while still maintaining the best feasible efficiency, the exhaust temperature should be controlled to be as close to about 250° F. as possible. Thus, for a given burn rate, which is primarily and advantageously controlled by the fuel feed rate, two controllable parameters are available for regulation in furtherance of managing the exhaust temperature, namely, the air flow rates associated with combustion and convection/recirculation. 
         [0011]    In light of the foregoing considerations, and relative to the present state of the art and improvements or improved features in and of the new, i.e., last generation of biofuel heaters/heating appliances, there nonetheless remains great room for device and process control improvement, especially in the arena of non-industrial applications. It remains highly desirable to provide an apparatus which can, for, all practical purposes, efficiently operate with no onsite calibration, modification, alteration, upgrade, retrofit, etc., and further still, an apparatus which can readily process a variety of biomass feed stocks as fuel, i.e., either or any of pelletized biomass, semi-processed biomass, or raw biomass, separately, or in combination. Furthermore, it remains desirable and advantageous to more efficiently handle fuel distribution and management, as well and improve upon heretofore known ash conditioning or management techniques. Finally, there remains a need to eliminate ignition and start-up shortcomings; to provide and/or support a combustion process which is less dependent upon the plurality of heretofore adjustments in relation to one or more of fuel feed type, character or quality, fuel feed rate, and/or combustion air dynamic, flow and character; and, to provide one or more dynamic process/operational controls in furtherance of optimal/maximum thermal efficiency for such appliances under a variety of conditions and/or designated parameters. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0012]    In-as-much as a heating apparatus or appliance for the combustion of highly variable biofuel feed stocks is generally provided, see Applicants&#39; previously cited co-pending application, the subject invention is advantageously directed to a variety of active, closed loop feedback systems, i.e., combustion regulating, process control methods or methodologies, associated with such heating appliances or the like. Appliances or systems contemplated for control via one or more of the subsequent detailed methodologies are generally characterized by a combustion device having a burn box or equivalent structure, heat transfer means operatively linked therewith, a fuel feed system and supply, a combustible air intake/discharge system, a recirculating or convection air system, and at least a single proportional integral derivative (PID) controller or the like. 
         [0013]    Operatively, outside fresh air is conducted into the burn box, through a fresh air duct of the intake/discharge system, while fuel is likewise introduced at a rate reflecting the sought after ambient room temperature. Gaseous combustion products and the heat associated therewith is carried past heat transfer means, e.g., a shell and tube heat exchanger. Thereafter, the gaseous combustion products are exhausted into the atmosphere via an exhaust fan of the intake/discharge system. Recirculating air for environmental heating is conducted from the environment to be heated into the heat exchanger, through a recirculating air duct, and is exhausted back into the room, through a recirculating air exhaust duct, by a recirculating or convection air fan. 
         [0014]    The combustion regulating methodologies of the instant invention are generally directed to the fuel feed rate, the convection fan speed, and the combustion fan speed. Three closed loop feedback systems are contemplated for the elements to be regulated or controlled, more particularly, each control methodology or system advantageously utilizes a PID algorithm, executable by the at least one PID controller, to adjust the target output. 
         [0015]    In a first process control methodology, a target environmental ambient temperature is selected for input to a controller of a first control system; an environmental ambient temperature is detected and selectively input for comparison to the target environmental ambient temperature by the controller; and, the fuel feed system is signaled in furtherance of achieving and maintaining the target environmental ambient temperature. In a further process control methodology, an exhaust temperature is detected and selectively input for comparison to a preselect, preprogrammed exhaust temperature by a controller of a second control system; and, a convection fan is signaled in furtherance of achieving and maintaining said preselect, preprogrammed exhaust temperature. In yet a further process control methodology, a ratio of periodically detected exhaust and heat exchanger temperatures is selectively and automatically input to a controller of a third control system for comparison with a target ratio of exhaust and heat exchanger temperatures, wherein the target ratio, as a function of fuel type and fuel feed rate, correlates to combustion efficiency, the combustion fan being signaled in furtherance of achieving and maintaining the target ratio of exhaust and heat exchanger temperatures. 
         [0016]    Present stove control systems provide a limited series of steps which are invariant in a step size as the system responses to time changes. In contradistinction to heretofore known approaches, each control system of the subject process control systems utilize a PID algorithm in a control loop to adjust a target parameter, e.g., throughput/output rates (i.e., motor speeds) according to or in response to (i.e., in proportion to) the input signal. 
         [0017]    PID algorithms, which are well-known in the art and explained in a number of textbooks, require an input value which is used to calculate three output quantities. These three quantities are summed to provide the PID system output as a control. The first PID quantity applies a first gain to the input signal, the second quantity differentiates the input signal and applies a second gain to the differential, and the third quantity integrates the input signal and applies a third gain to the integral. These three outputs are summed to provide the output control signal. In a PID system, the time response can be set up to provide an essentially unlimited number of different time response curves. This permits provisions for any desired time response for the system. 
         [0018]    The first process control method uses one of two mechanisms by which a user may select a target or desired room temperature. A first mechanism permits local temperature selection, whereas a second mechanism permits remote temperature selection in furtherance of providing a forcing function for a summing point for the first PID system. The null signal for the summing point is provided by measuring the actual room temperature. The actual room temperature is impacted by the fuel feed rate which is controlled by the first PID output, i.e., the output adjusts the fuel auger speed. Essentially a large difference between these compared quantities will cause a higher feed rate, and a small difference will cause a smaller feed rate. The actual feed rate response curve will be modified by the PID differential and integral gain adjustments as discussed above. 
         [0019]    The second process control method uses the exhaust temperature to control the convection fan speed. The speed of the convection fan is determined by the difference between the real time measured exhaust temperature, and a preset exhaust temperature. Here again, the feedback from the convection fan speed to the exhaust temperature is indirect since a rise in exhaust temperature above the desired temperature will cause the convection fan to speed up and remove more heat from the exhaust. The actual speed response curve will again be modified by the PID gain adjustments as discussed above. 
         [0020]    The third process control method uses ratios of exhaust temperatures to heat exchanger temperatures to control the combustion fan. Inherent in the control methodology is an ability to discern between/among select biomass fuels, i.e., the methodology is premised upon detecting distinguishing characteristic of the biofuel being fed to the combustion device, either directly (e.g., via density sensing of the fuel being fed) or indirectly (e.g., via periodic real time fuel feed system feedback). 
         [0021]    Utilizing known empirical means or the like, for a variety of select fuel types, e.g., corn, wood, etc., or fuel designation, e.g., raw, pelletized, etc., and for selective feed rates thereof, a library of look-up tables comprising a variety of look-up tables corresponding to the select fuel types, and correlating combustion efficiency and ratios of exhaust and heat exchanger temperatures, are provided for reference in furtherance of process control. The feedback signal is provided by calculating the real time ratio of the sensed exhaust temperature to the sensed heat exchanger temperature so as to provide an equivalent null signal. The actual time response curve will again be modified by the PID differential and integral gain adjustments as discussed above. 
         [0022]    Present stove control systems provide a limited series of steps which are invariant in step size as the system responses to time changes. Since the PID system can be set up to provide an essentially unlimited number of different time response curves, this permits providing any desired time response for the system the various system outputs can be time optimized. Additional items, advantages and features of the various aspects of the present invention will become apparent from the description of its preferred embodiments, which description should be taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
     
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0023]    In the drawings, like reference characters generally refer to the same parts throughout the different views. Also, the drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead generally being placed upon illustrating the principals, elements and interrelationships therebetween of the invention. 
           [0024]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram representing a PID control loop associated with the fuel feed rate; 
           [0025]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram representing a PID control loop associated with the convection fan; and, 
           [0026]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram representing a PID control loop associated with the combustion fan. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0027]    A preferred, non-limiting combustion device and/or a heating appliance is generally depicted in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, filed Oct. 16, 2006, entitled “Apparatus for Combustion of Biofuels,” previously incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The PID control loops for regulating combustion parameters of said device(s), or such device(s) generally, are depicted in  FIGS. 1-3 , namely, the regulation of fuel feed rate in response to the selection of a target environmental ambient temperature ( FIG. 1 ); the regulation of the convection or recirculation air throughput as a function of a preselect exhaust temperature ( FIG. 2 ); and, the regulation of the combustion air throughput as a function of combustion efficiency, i.e., via a preselect target ratio of exhaust/heat exchanger temperature calibrated to said efficiency ( FIG. 3 ). 
         [0028]    In-as-much as a combination of each of the process control methodologies is especially advantageous and contemplated, such combustion regulation need not be so limited, e.g., each approach alone, or each approach in combination with one other, etc. are believed to impart technical and/or functional advantage for and in relation to heretofore known commercial devices/appliances. Likewise, in-as-much as the methodologies depicted and described are intended to be digital in nature, they need not be so limited, analog signaling being well within the skill of such artisans. 
         [0029]    With continued general reference to  FIGS. 1-3 ,  FIG. 1  depicts a pair of proportional integral derivative (PID) systems  10 ,  10 A, wherein associated algorithms are executed in PID controllers  12 ,  12 A in furtherance of combustion parameter regulation. Similarly, with reference to  FIG. 2 , the algorithm for PID  10 ′ is executed in controller  12 ′; with reference to  FIG. 3 , the algorithm for PID  10 ″ is executed in controller  12 ″. 
         [0030]    As will be later discussed, the illustrated control system duality of  FIG. 1 , and also indirectly manifest in the control scheme of  FIG. 3 , supports utilization of either of two biomass fuel types of sufficiently different quality/character, e.g., wood pellet versus corn, in an appliance capable of, or adapted for use of greater than one “type” of biomass fuel for regulating, in the instant case, fuel feed rate. Furthermore, it should be readily appreciated that while the following detailed description is directed to, or otherwise premised upon, a feed characterized by one of two alternative biomass fuel types, it need not be so limited; to wit, a single fuel type, or up to “n” different fuel types are similarly contemplated, with adaptations of the subject process control or regulating methodologies generally following that aim. 
         [0031]    As should be readily apparent, the components, connection and general operation of controllers  12 / 12 A ( FIG. 1 ),  12 ′ (FIG.  2 ) and  12 ″ ( FIG. 3 ) are substantially identical. To minimize repetition, only the operation and connections of controller  12  ( FIG. 1 ) will be subsequently described in detail: controller  12 A related elements ( FIG. 1 ) are distinguished by adding an “A” after common reference numerals representing common elements or features with regard to those of controller  12  of  FIG. 1 ; likewise, controller  12 ′ related elements ( FIG. 2 ) are distinguished by adding a single prime (′) after common reference numerals representing common elements or features with regard to those of controller  12  of  FIG. 1 ; and, finally, controller  12 ″ related elements ( FIG. 3 ) are distinguished by adding a double prime (″) after common reference numerals representing common elements or features with regard to those of controller  12  of  FIG. 1 . 
         [0032]    Referring now to  FIG. 1 , more particularly, controller  12  thereof, a discussion of general proportional integral derivative system elements and functions common to  FIGS. 1-3  is provided. As illustrated, controller  12  of system  10  receives input  14  and transmits or otherwise sends or issues output  16 . Three processing or execution paths are shown between input  14  and output  16 , namely, paths  18 ,  20  and  22 . The input or origin to/of paths  18 ,  20  and  22  (i.e., input  14 ) is the output of summing point  24 , with output  16  of each of paths  18 ,  20  and  22  reflecting the summation of each such path at summing point  26 . 
         [0033]    In connection to path  18 , processing thereof proceeds via sub-processor  28 . The error of input  14  is multiplied by a preprogrammed or preselect fixed gain, e.g., gain one. In connection to path  20 , processing thereof proceeds via sub-processor  30 . The derivative of input  14  is first calculated via portion  32  of sub-processor  30 , and the result is multiplied by a preprogrammed or preselect fixed gain, e.g., gain two, via portion  34  of sub-processor  30 . Finally, in connection to path  22 , processing thereof proceeds via sub-processor  36 . The integral of input  14  is first calculated via portion  38  of sub-processor  36 , and the result is multiplied by a preprogrammed or preselect fixed gain, e.g., gain three, via portion  40  of sub-processor  36 . 
         [0034]    As previously noted, the combustion or operational parameter regulation depicted in  FIG. 1  is fuel feed rate as a function of select target environmental ambient temperature. Generally, means are provided to set the target or sought after temperature, i.e., room temperature. In relation to the preferred embodiments of the control methodologies of the subject invention, and appliances incorporating same, a single controller input is intended to be user selected, namely, the target environmental ambient temperature. 
         [0035]    Target setting means advantageously, but not necessarily, is characterized by twofold or dual mechanisms, each generally configured as a keypad, namely, and more particularly, an appliance keypad  42  (i.e., a keypad integral or “hard-wired” to/with the appliance), and a remote keypad  44  (e.g., a remote radio selection device or the like). Advantageously, but not necessarily, the integral input means is designated as the system default (i.e., upon expiration of a preselect, preprogrammed period of inactivity, auto-selector  46  will reference the integral means; contrariwise, upon user manipulation of the remote selector means, auto-selector  46  preferentially overrides any prior integral selector means signal). 
         [0036]    In furtherance of the sought after parameter regulation of  FIG. 1 , and the described user selection means, corresponding ambient monitoring/sensing means are provided, and operatively integral with the controller, namely integral  48  and remote  50  temperature sensing and signaling means. The subject temperature sensing and signaling means are indirectly linked to, on the one hand, summation point  24 , for effective consideration by PID controller  12 / 12 A via auto-selector  52  which essentially functions as auto-selector  46 , and the controller of the fuel feed system (e.g., auger gear motor  54 ) on the other hand. 
         [0037]    As alluded to earlier, the subject combustion parameter regulating methodologies provide a variety of heretofore unrealized advantages, among other things, the ability to discern and respond to the character and/or quality of the fuel, more particularly, the nature of the fuel type (e.g., cereal grains versus wood, etc.). In connection to the control or regulation scheme of  FIG. 1 , a further selector is provided (i.e., auto-selector  56 ) in furtherance of choosing between controllers  12  and  12 A, each of which correlates to/with, for example, a cereal based fuel such as corn (i.e., controller  12 ), and a pulp based fuel such as pelletized wood (i.e., controller  12 A). As should be readily appreciated, as the heating quality and capacity of the numerously heretofore known biomass fuels are highly variable, the subject functionality advantageously aids the control methodology of  FIG. 1 , and as will be later discussed, the control methodology of  FIG. 3 . 
         [0038]    Functionally, an appliance operator selects a target environmental ambient temperature via inputting same to system  10 , subsequent to selection via auto-selector  46 , and assessment at summing point  24  in relation to the measured or actual environmental ambient temperature, in furtherance of having the system respond to the user request or demand. Essentially, a large difference between these quantities will cause a proportional, i.e., higher, feed rate, and a small difference will cause a proportional, i.e., smaller, feed rate. The actual time response curve will be modified by the PID derivative and integral adjustments as discussed above. 
         [0039]    Output  16 / 16 A of controller  12 / 12 A is operatively united with fuel auger motor  54  which controls, via adjustment, the speed of the motor in direct proportion to the size (i.e., magnitude) of the value of output  16 . Dashed line  58  represents the indirect connection from the auger motor  54  to means  48 ,  50  for sensing and signaling environmental ambient temperature. As previously noted, such means is indirectly linked, via selector  52 , to a minus null input of summing point  24 . 
         [0040]    Referring now to  FIG. 2 , a mechanism to regulate appliance operation, more particularly, minimize waste heat in the appliance exhaust via regulation of a convection or recirculation fan, is illustrated. The subject methodology is advantageously independent of user input; a preselect, preprogrammed target exhaust temperature is provided as summing point input  60  for subsequent consideration by controller  12 ′. Preferably, but not necessarily, the target exhaust temperature is within the range of about 225-275° F., and commensurate with the contemplated range of biomass feed stocks, a target exhaust temperature of 250° F. is believed to be advantageous. 
         [0041]    Output  16 ′ of controller  12 ′ is operatively united with convection fan  62  which controls, via adjustment, the speed of the motor thereof in direct proportion to the size (i.e., magnitude) of the value of output  16 ′. Dashed line  64  represents the operative linkage between the convection fan  62  and means for sensing and signaling real time exhaust temperature, e.g., a thermocouple  66  or the like. The sensed and signaled real time exhaust temperature is passed to a minus null input of summing point  24 ′ in furtherance of assessment of the differential by the controller. 
         [0042]    With regard to the subject response scheme, several advantages are offered. As is well known, contamination build-up (i.e., fouling) associated with heat exchanger tubes of heat transfer means is well known, and detrimental to optimal operation; less heat is transferred from the combustion air to the convection or recirculation air (i.e., heat is unintentionally exhausted). Such condition may be offset via an increase in the amount of circulation air introduced to the heat transfer means. The subject active feedback system senses, for example, an increase in the exhaust temperature, and responds with an increased recirculation air throughput, and thereby maintains maximum efficiency considerably longer, and more easily, than heretofore known approaches. A further desirable result is that the appliance so controlled is easier to set up at time of installation, since one of the most delicate variables, i.e., convection air throughput, is automatically set or established, rather than via establishment by a technician/user. Finally, it should be readily appreciated that the subject scheme can be adapted such that a user warning can issue upon detection of a preselect condition indicative of a drop in heat transfer efficiency (i.e., conditions giving rise to a maintenance or service call). 
         [0043]    Referring now to  FIG. 3 , a mechanism to regulate appliance operation, more particularly, combustion efficiency is illustrated. Again, the subject methodology is advantageously independent of user input; a preselect ratio of exhaust to heater exchanger temperature, indicative of combustion efficiency of a select fuel type and feed rate, is provided as a summing point input for subsequent consideration by controller  12 ″ in furtherance of controlling a combustion air throughput. 
         [0044]    The instant regulation or control scheme preliminarily, and advantageously, detects the quality and/or character of relatively distinguishable biomass fuels, e.g., corn versus wood, as is likewise the case for the method of  FIG. 1 . For example, and without limitation, data relating to the fuel feed system, e.g., real time/periodic monitoring of the work of the auger gear motor, periodic density determination of the fuel occupying the feed hopper, etc., may be obtained and readily correlated to a select or designated fuel or fuel type of a variety of fuel types. In any event, and by generally known means or mechanisms, detection of fuel I (e.g., corn) or fuel II (e.g., wood) permits reference to a corresponding look-up table  68 ,  70  of a library of look up-tables  72  wherein look-up tables of the library of look-up tables correlate combustion efficiency data with ratios of exhaust and heat exchanger temperatures, and fuel I/II feed rates. As should be readily appreciated, means and/or mechanism establishing such correlations are well known, e.g., empirical means such as determining, for each fuel type, a combustion efficiency for a range of incremental temperature ratios for each fuel feed rate of a select range of fuel feed rates. 
         [0045]    Functionally, with selection of look-up table “X” corresponding to fuel “X” from the library of look-up tables  72  via auto-selector  74 , the target exhaust/heat exchanger ratio  76  is input to summing point  24 ″ of system  10 ″ for assessment relative to an input of an actual ratio  78  of same. The real time or actual ratio  78  is obtained via execution of a division operation in arithmetic operator or unit  80 , using as inputs real time sensing and signaling values of both the exhaust  82  and heat exchanger temperatures  84 . 
         [0046]    Output  16 ″ of controller  12 ″ is operatively united with combustion fan  86  which controls, via adjustment, the speed of the motor thereof in direct proportion to the size (i.e., magnitude) of the value of output  16 ″. Dashed line  88  represents the operative linkage between the combustion fan  86  and means for sensing and signaling real time exhaust  82  and heat exchanger  84  temperatures, e.g., via thermocouples or the like. The ratio  78  of the sensed and signaled real time exhaust and heat exchanger temperatures, as output from the arithmetic operator  80 , is passed to a minus null input of summing point  24 ″ in furtherance of assessment of the differential by the controller. 
         [0047]    There are other variations or variants of the described methods of the subject invention which will become obvious to those skilled in the art. It will be understood that this disclosure, in many respects, is only illustrative. Although the various aspects of the present invention have been described with respect to various preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood that the invention is entitled to protection within the full scope of the appended claims.