Abstract:
The invention relates to a reactor driven in an oscillatory-rotary manner about its fixed, preferably vertical, axis, for preferably biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications. By means of its process-intensifying properties for mixing, suspension, gaseous material transport, heat transfer, irradiation and particle retention, the applicability on the industrial scale is ensured. The reactor which succeeds without a shaft seal permits particularly robust production with respect to sterile technique with avoidance of cleaning and cleaning validation required when the reactor is constructed as a single-use reactor.

Description:
This is a 371 of PCT/EP2007/003521 filed 23 Apr. 2007 (international filing date), which claims foreign priority benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119 of German Patent Application No. 10 2006 018 824.1 filed Apr. 22, 2006. 
     The invention relates to a reactor which is driven in an oscillating-rotating manner about a fixed vertical axis for biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications having process-intensifying properties for mixing, suspension, oxygen transport, heat transfer, irradiation and particle retention, which can be used, without shaft sealing, preferably as a disposable reactor, and thereby ensures a maximum level of process security in terms of cleaning and sterility. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In the highly regulated production of pharmaceuticals, a large expenditure in terms of time, equipment and personnel is apportioned to the provision of cleaned and sterilized bioreactors. In order to avoid cross-contamination reliably in a product change in a multipurpose plant or between two product batches, apart from the cleaning, a very complex cleaning validation is required which may need to be repeated in the event of a process adaptation. This applies not only to upstream processing, USP, that is to say the production of biological products in fermenters, but also to downstream processing, DSP, that is to say purification of the fermentation products. In USP and DSP, use is frequently made of kettles as agitator and reaction systems. Especially in the case of fermentation, an aseptic environment is essential for successful culturing. For the sterilization of batch or fed-batch fermenters, generally the SEP technique is used. In order in the case of continuous process procedure to ensure sufficient long-term sterility, the autoclave technique is also used, which however, requires laborious transport of the reactors to the autoclave and is only usable with comparatively small reactor scales. The risk of contamination during fermentation is particularly critical during sampling and at moving stirrer shafts. The latter are generally equipped with complex sealing systems (e.g.: sliding-ring seals). Technologies which succeed without such penetration of the fermentation casing are preferred because of their greater process robustness. 
     The downtime of the reactors necessitated by the preparation procedures can be, in particular in the case of short use periods and frequent change of product, of the order of magnitude of reactor availability. The affected steps in the USP of biotechnological production are the process steps of media production and fermentation, and in the DSP, solubilization, freezing, thawing, pH adjustment, precipitation, crystallization, buffer exchange and virus inactivation. 
     For carrying out the reactions in the USP and DSP, frequently a plurality of reaction conditions must be met simultaneously. For instance, fermentation, for example, in addition to oxygen supply and CO 2  removal, requires gentle suspension of the cells, rapid mixing of the media and neutralizing agents for avoidance of overconcentration and also heating of the reaction liquid. Particle retention can also be required, e.g. for the use of perfusion strategies. 
     In the case of precipitation and crystallization, rapid addition of the precipitant, efficient temperature control and gentle holding of the particles formed in suspension are of particular importance. 
     Generally, in all process steps of biotechnological production, shallow temperature gradients are required in order not to damage the products. This condition, especially in freezing and thawing processes, leads to considerably increased process times with increasing reactor scale, since no mixing elements can be used in these steps. Heat transport into the reaction medium is limited by the thermal conductivity of the ice layer and also by free convection in the liquid. Long process times, however, can lead to considerable product losses in the presence of proteolytic activity. 
     Gentle sterilization and virus inactivation of starting materials and product solutions can be achieved by UVC irradiation at a wavelength of 254 nm. The radiation damages the DNA and RNA which lie at the absorption maximum of the viruses and microorganisms and prevents thereby their multiplication, whereas the proteins which are situated in the absorption minimum of the UVC radiation are very substantially retained. A great problem is the depth of penetration of the UVC radiation, which is frequently restricted to only a few tenths of a millimeter in biological media. This makes efficient replacement of the film in the active irradiation zone necessary in order firstly to irradiate all viruses with the required radiation dose and secondly to minimize the radiation load of the products. 
     The requirement of a constantly renewed boundary layer is also posed in the case of filtration, in order to counteract the development of covering layers which limit the transmembrane flow. 
     All process engineering steps of mass transport and heat transport, particle separation, UV irradiation and the addition or distribution of solids or additives or gases requires sufficient agitation of the reaction medium. This agitation is ensured, in the pharmaceutical industry, in the stainless steel reactors customarily used there, by means of appropriately dimensioned agitators or by sparging. 
     Membrane gas introduction is used for gentle oxygen supply of cell cultures. As membranes, gas-permeable silicone tubes are wound onto a cylindrical membrane stator which receive flow from a radially-transporting anchor agitator [WO 2005/111192 A1]. A more than doubling of the exchange area and thereby a significant increase in mass transport can be achieved by paralleling the membrane stators. 
     Other membrane gas-introduction systems [WO 85/02195 and DE 10 2004 029 709 B4 and DE3428758], in the gas introduction, set up agitators or baskets which are covered with membrane tubes and are moved in a pendulum-like manner in the fermentation solution, or membrane stacks [U.S. Pat. No. 6,708,957 B2], which are swung in the fermentation solution. These membrane gas-introduction systems, however, are distinguished in that they can only be converted to an industrially relevant scale with limitations. 
     In order to meet the demand for a rapid and flexible charging of the production plant while maintaining maximum cleanliness and sterility, designs for single-use reactors are the subject of constantly growing interest on the market. 
     Single-use technologies for filtration have long been known. Recently, a single-use technology has also become available on the market for UVC treatment [WO02/038191 WO02/0385502, EP1464342]. Designs for single-use heat exchangers are only available for small scales [EP1464342]. All technologies are operated in continuous flow, so that in addition to a reservoir vessel, the use of pumps and lines is necessary for which cleaning and sanitation plans still need to be provided as before. 
     There currently exist various commercially available mixing systems which operate on the basis of a plastic bag—single-use technology. These include systems [Hyclone Laboratories, Inc. (http://www.hyclone.com)] which are equipped with blade or magnetic stirrers or circulation pump elements. The systems are available up to a volume of 200 L. [Sartorius AG (http://www.sartorius.de)] offers a single-use system which operates up to a volume of 500 L using a free-floating single-use magnetic stirrer which has no contact with the single-use plastic bag and therefore also no material wear. Single-use mixing systems up to a volume of 10 liters are available at [ATMI, Inc (http://www.atmi-lifesciences.com)]. In this system the material to be mixed is charged into a single-use bag and mixed under rotation. For larger volumes up to 200 L [ATMI, Inc.] offers a single-use bag stirring system which is distinguished in that the stirring element is invaginated into the bag. Mixing in this case is not achieved by a rotary motion around a fixed axis but by a stirring-tilting motion. 
     In [EP 1 462 155 A1], use is made of a single-use vessel for mixing and dispersing materials by means of a magnetic stirrer which is situated within a protective cage in order to prevent damage to the plastic bag. The product-contact region of the magnetic stirrer unit in this case likewise consists of single-use components. 
     [EP 1 512 458 A1] demonstrates a solution in which inflatable plastic pillows are integrated in the external or internal region of a single-use bag system. These pillows are alternately pressurized and depressurized again. This induces liquid movements which lead to intensification of mixing and suspension in the vessel. 
     There are a multiplicity of patents for the use of single-use technology in the fermentation technique sector. In these, in most systems mixing and oxygen supply are achieved via sparging, without further mixing systems being provided [U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,015, WO 98/13469, U.S. Pat. No. 6,432,698 B1, WO 2005/049785 A1, EP 1 602 715 A2, WO 2005/080544 A2]. If a higher oxygen demand is necessary for the culture which cannot be achieved alone via sparging, the sparging can be combined with a dispersing mixing system [WO 2005/104706 A2, WO 2005/108546 A2, WO 2005/118771 A2] or can be overlapped by pumped circulation [WO 2005/067498 A2]. The maximum process volume of a sparged unit is currently up to 1000 liters. In systems having conventional agitators, but which can also be designed as single-use systems [WO 2005/104706 A2, WO 2005/108546 A2], process volumes of up to 10 000 L are achieved. 
     In the case of sparging, foaming problems can make the use, and the subsequent complex removal, of antifoams necessary in the DSP. The cell stress on bubble rise, in the bursting of the gas bubbles at the surface, and in particular in the foamed destruction, is problematic in cell culture systems, since the cells can be permanently damaged by the resultant high shear forces which are introduced. This applies all the more when sparging is combined with a dispersing agitating system, that is to say an agitating system comminuting the gas bubbles. The damaged cells release proteins, the removal of which can lead to considerable product losses during workup. To maintain acceptable cell vitalities, the oxygen input into the abovementioned bioreactors and therefore also the cell density which is achievable must be restricted. The restricted cell density ultimately reduces the space-time yield of the fermenters and the capacity of the total plant. Since a precondition for reliable upscaling in most cases is not considered technically as met, in the sparged single-use reactors, the volume enlargement must be achieved by complex paralleling of the systems. If the fermenters are operated as proposed using standard agitating systems, although the volume which can be processed increases into the range of the permanently installed plants, the risk of contamination can only be managed with comparable technical expenditure, for example by the use of damped sliding-ring seals. The great technical complexity and expenditure on personnel of such installations, however, largely emphasizes the advantages of the single-use concept. 
     Other single-use systems provide the necessary gas-introduction rate of the culture by means of membrane or surface gas introduction. In this case the necessary exchange area for gas transport is provided either via a membrane permeable to the gases to be transferred, or via an open boundary area to a gas space. Since no direct gas introduction to the cell culture media proceeds, the particle stress in these reactors may be categorized as low. 
     [U.S. Pat. No. 5,057,429] describes a system in which an inner semipermeable flat bag which is filled with cell suspension is surrounded by a further bag which is filled with nutrient solution and enriched with oxygen. Nutrient transport and oxygen transport are intensified via a tilting motion of the bags. The maximum process volume of a unit is only a few liters. The oxygen input is considerably restricted by the low oxygen solubility in the charged medium and the comparatively low surface area of the membrane. Compared with standard membrane gas-introduction devices [WO 2005/111192 A1] having specific exchange areas in the order of magnitude of 30 m 2 /m 3  in 100 L reactors, in this arrangement, only a maximum of 10% of this exchange area can be achieved. In both cases, the available exchange area, furthermore, decreases in proportion to the scale enlargement. 
     Other surface gas-introduction systems likewise operate with a flat bag which is clamped on a shaking apparatus. The bag is only partially filled so that a free surface having a gas space lying thereabove is formed. By means of a seesawing motion or an eccentric rotary motion, the culture medium is mixed, the nutrients which are fed are distributed, cell sedimentation is prevented and the surface is agitated [U.S. Pat. No. 6,190,913 B1, WO 00/66706, U.S. Pat. No. 6,544,788 B2]. In this technology the culture is supplied with oxygen via the free surface. The motion is continuously adapted in such a manner that the flow is gentle and the cells are not exposed to strong shear. The maximum process volume of a unit is currently 580 liters. Although this technology provides a gentle gas-introduction mechanism, it is restricted in conversion to an industrial scale. The height of the bag must be kept approximately constant so that an increase in volume at constant surface area to volume ratio can only be achieved in the two horizontal spatial directions. Upscaling can therefore only be achieved via technically complex paralleling. 
     The technologies available on the market make use, for freezing, of large stainless steel reactors which are supplied with cooling liquids, or small flat plastic bags which are frozen in a secondary manner via heat-conducting surfaces or by means of convective cold air. In both cases there is no possibility of agitating the product during the freezing process, which considerably lengthens the cooling and freezing processes. The metal vessels are expensive and require large storage areas in the temporary storage. Thawing is lengthy, since the liquid motion between ice block and container wall proceeds only via free convection, comparably to that in freezing. For thawing the plastic bags, these are cut open in the frozen state and subsequently charged into a stirred reactor. The procedure of cutting them open is labor-consuming and contributes to fouling of the working environment. The thawing process is time-intensive, because the ice blocks which float on the surface are hardly reached by the hydrodynamics prevailing in the reactor. Product losses in the course of the long thawing phases are therefore unavoidable. 
     In the employment of all of the reactors listed here, considerable losses must be accepted in performance and upscalability. In many cases, without sufficient scalability, apart from the lack of performance, an economic benefit cannot be guaranteed. Scaleup here can only be achieved at the cost of increasing complexity and decreasing the economic benefit, such as, for example, by paralleling a plurality of reactors or by the additional use of technically complex solutions (for example sliding-ring seals built into the plastic bags). 
     A reactor which can be scaled up to the industrial scale of 1 m 3 -10 m 3 , guarantees a very high level of sterility comparable to autoclaving by avoiding shaft seals and the problems of cleaning, permits simultaneously intense and gentle liquid motion and can be installed with low expenditure on equipment and personnel, is therefore a clear gap in the currently available range of technologies. 
     It was an object of the present invention to produce a reactor, in particular for pharmaceutical applications, which, even on large reactor scales, has very good reaction properties for carrying out biological, biochemical and/or chemical reactions with respect to mixing, distribution, suspension, solubilization, mass transport and heat transport, filtration and irradiation, or combinations thereof, and is preferably simple in handling, meets the high requirements of the pharmaceutical industry with respect to cleaning and sterility and contributes to increasing process robustness and to increasing the space-time yield. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The object was achieved by a reactor comprising a reactor vessel and a drive unit, characterized in that the reactor contents, which can be taken up by the reactor vessel, are set in oscillatory-rotary motion about the fixed, preferably vertical, axis of the reactor by the drive unit, wherein the mechanical power input into the reactor contents is enabled by a suitable shell form of the reactor and/or the reactor vessel and/or by internals installed statically in the reactor and/or in the reactor vessel. The reactor is preferably constructed as a single-use reactor. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     By means of the internals, distribution processes and/or mixing reactions can be carried out in a simple manner and with the same intensity as in a conventional stirred tank. In this design, a shaft passage can be dispensed with completely. The internals again may be supplied with material streams or energy streams via the side facing away from the product, which streams are introduced into the medium or discharged therefrom by diffusion, convection, heat conduction and/or radiation. In this manner, for the first time, in addition to mixing, numerous process engineering unit operations such as gas distribution, oxygen input by means of membrane gas introduction, heat transport, irradiation and/or particle retention can be carried out in a single-use reactor in a gentle manner and with an efficiency comparable to a stirred tank. The reactions and transport processes proceed in this case directly at the internals. Therefore, the sites of the greatest hydrodynamic energy density and greatest reactivity are identical, or in the case of reactions within the membranes, at least spatially close. No further installations (for example agitators or pumps) are required for transport of the fluids to the reaction site. Since the amount of energy introduced into the liquid is only that which is actually required for carrying out the reaction, these reactions can consequently be carried out in a particularly low-shear manner. 
     The latter is of critical importance, in particular in the case of shear-sensitive cultures having animal or plant cells which, e.g. during fermentation, must be supplied with oxygen. Because of the high shear forces, here sparging frequently cannot be used, so that generally low-shear membrane gas-introduction is employed. When the static mixing elements in the reactor according to the invention are constructed as tube modules, as described hereinafter, a very high oxygen input or CO 2  removal can be ensured using a specific tube or exchange area of more than 30 m 2 /m 3 , which is significantly enlarged compared with the prior art, in a single-use reactor without rotating sealing elements, even at large reactor scales. 
     The reactor has, in particular, a ratio of height to mean diameter of 0.2-2.0, preferably 0.6-1.2 and particularly preferably 0.8-1.0. As a result, tilting moments caused, e.g. by unbalanced masses, can be reduced and a possibility of operation from above is ensured, despite an erection space requirement which can be achieved without problem even on a large scale. In contrast to the slim reactors introduced in biotechnology, such a broad reactor design offers the possibility of dispensing with accommodating reactors in expensive high-rise buildings in favor of erection in cheaper shed-shaped facilities. 
     Preferably, internals installed in the reactor vessel are provided which provide functionalized surfaces oscillating relative to the drive unit for carrying out physical, biological, biochemical and/or chemical reactions at and/or in membranes. The functionalized surfaces can be provided, in particular, for gas introduction via semipermeable membranes, for gas distribution, for liquid distribution, for irradiation, for filtration, for absorption, for adsorption, for analysis and also for cooling and/or heating. 
     The invention further relates to a gas-introduction module suitable for such a reactor, in particular a gas distributor or a membrane module which are, in particular, a part of the reactor according to the invention and are described hereinafter by way of example in the installed state. The membrane module which is preferably designed as a tube module has, in particular, essentially vertically arranged permeable, in particular tubular, membranes, through which gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, but no liquid, can pass, in such a manner that oxygen and/or other gases can be introduced into the reactor in a low-shear manner. The membranes can be arranged to be fixed or movable in the reactor and are particularly preferably constructed in such a manner that they can be moved relative to the inert fluid, so that not only gas introduction, gas distribution but additionally also a mixed flow can be induced. In particular, a plurality of groups of membranes or membrane tubes arranged adjacent to one another are provided which provide an exchange surface area required for membrane gas-introduction. For example, the membrane module which is constructed as a tube module and the flat membranes are constructed to be essentially immovable at least relative to the reactor, and only the reactor is driven by the drive unit, in such a manner that the gas-treatment module can be provided as required without expense on construction, in particular as an additional unit which can be connected as desired. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the membranes are constructed so as to be microporous and permit uniform low-shear distribution of gas bubbles, in particular microbubbles, over the reactor cross section or in the reactor volume without the aid of additional agitator elements. Preferably, the microporous membranes are constructed having core widths of 0.05-500 μm which can be provided via invaginations in the base of the reactors. In this simple manner, bubble coalescence can be successfully prevented. Membranes below 0.5 μm are particularly preferred because particularly fine gas bubbles are generated and an additionally sterile barrier can possibly be dispensed with. 
     In a preferred embodiment of the gas-introduction module, a first holding profile and a second holding profile are provided between which an elongated, in particular tubular, membrane can be arranged so as to be lead to and fro. The membrane in this case can be arranged in a zigzag shape or a meander shape. As a result, using a single membrane, a particularly large surface area can be provided for gas introduction to the reactor contents. 
     Preferably, the membrane of the gas-introduction module has a membrane film which is comparatively thin with respect to the total thickness of the membrane. The membrane film is preferably connected in a two-dimensional manner to an open-pore material, such as, for example, foam. In particular, the open-pore material is at least for the most part encased by the at least one membrane film. The open-pore material makes possible uniform convective gas transport through the membrane, in such a manner that essentially the entire membrane film can be charged with gas. Since the membrane film is connected to the open-pore material, the membrane film is simultaneously prevented from being able to inflate at elevated pressures. As a result, a gas-introduction module membrane which is further developed in this manner can be operated without problems even at high pressures, so that with comparatively low material usage, a high volumetric flow rate can be provided for gas introduction to the reactor contents. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the gas-introduction module is at least in part a part of the reactor vessel of the reactor according to the invention. For this the reactor vessel can have at least two, in particular exactly two, subpieces, while the gas-introduction module has a frame, using which the membranes can be fastened. The subpieces can be connected to the frame, for example by adhesion, in order, together with the frame of the gas-introduction module, to be able to form the reactor vessel of the reactor. For example, two shell-shaped subpieces are provided which, at two end sides facing away from one another of a frame which is shaped essentially rectangularly, can be stuck to the frame. The sides of the frame facing the reactor contents form a part of the shell surface of the reactor vessel. Via the sides of the frame facing away from the reactor contents the membranes of the gas-introduction module can be supplied with gas, for example oxygen, without throughlines needing to be provided therefor, which throughlines would have to be passed through the subpieces. 
     Preferably, the reactor vessel is lined on an inside at least in part with a permeable membrane for gas introduction to the reactor, in order to improve the gas introduction and avoid dead water zones or laminar boundary layers of the flow. For this, it is, in particular, sufficient merely to form the side of the membrane facing the reactor contents by a membrane film. 
     Further fields of application for low-shear reactors are precipitation or crystallization of proteins. These operating steps sometimes arise in combination with heat exchange, for example in the plasma fractionation of animal and human blood plasma, and protein purification. In both processes, a particle size distribution which is narrow and shifted to the largest possible particle diameters is required in order to avoid blockage problems and product losses in subsequent particle separation. If the internals are used in whole or in part as distributor layers for the more uniform distribution of the precipitants in the reactor space, over-concentrations may be substantially avoided which contribute to seed formation and thereby to generating very small particles. In addition, the axially transporting, eccentrically arranged, agitating elements in the precipitation reactors which are generally preferred for the macromixing may be avoided, which elements have a particularly intense shearing action on the particles. The reactors, on the product-contact side, are fabricated from materials which are known to those skilled in the art and are stable to solvents and dissolved substances. 
     Stability to dissolved substances is likewise an important requirement in protein solubilization. The chemicals used therefor in part have the disadvantage of attacking the stainless steel surfaces of standard reactors. The novel reactor concept according to the invention offers the alternative of a broad range of inert materials which is known to those skilled in the art. 
     A further reaction which can be carried out in the novel mixing reactors is irradiation of the reactor contents for the purpose of sterilization and virus inactivation. Irradiation proceeds within the single-use reactor, e.g. by means of UV irradiators which are positioned in the vessel wall and/or in the built-in elements. Support walls and bags are fabricated from transparent, UV-radiation-transmitting materials which are known to those skilled in the art, the support walls preferably of quartz glass, PMMA or Makrolon, and the bags can be fabricated, depending on the application, e.g., of fluoroelastomers, PMMA or Makrolon. A problem in the UV irradiation of biological media is the frequently extremely limited depth of penetration of the UV rays which, depending on the turbidity, can penetrate only a few tenths of a millimeter of the medium. The good mixing motion and the permanent intensive replacement of the media-side boundary layers means that also the reactor zones far from the boundary layer can be intercepted by the radiation, without the products being impermissibly damaged in the case of too long a residence time in the reactive zones. In this manner, sterilization and inactivation can be carried out for the first time even in single-use large reactors under sterile conditions with large degrees of microbial depletion and small product losses. 
     Further reactions which can be carried out in this reactor are physical, biological, biochemical and chemical reactions which proceed at least on, and in part in the interior of, functionalized membranes, for instance, for example but not as a restriction, enzymatic reactions, membrane adsorption processes or reactive extractions. 
     A further reaction which can be carried out by the mixing reactor is freezing and thawing which is required at various points of a biopharmaceutical process, in order to avoid, e.g., a product loss caused by time-dependent decomposition, in the expectation of a release analysis. Using the novel mixing reactor, entire product batches can be frozen, stored in a space-saving manner and thawed out in the same reactor. Freezing and thawing processes proceed in the agitated stage and therefore permit, for intensification and shortening the time of the processes, the use of higher temperature differences between the heating or cooling medium and product solution. Portioning over a plurality of bags and also manual removal of the bags by cutting them open and the fouling of the working environment caused thereby no longer occur. 
     By means of the process-intensifying internals, the application limits of existing single-use technologies are considerably expanded, in such a manner that the novel reactors can also be employed in scales which are considerably greater than those available hitherto. 
     The reactor is constructed, in particular, as a single-use reactor which can be discarded after it has been used. For this, the reactor vessel can be produced from a stable, preferably multilayer, polymer material or a polymer material which has been applied to stabilizing grid structures and supporting the intended process engineering unit operations. Preferably, the reactor vessel is connected to a housing which is at least in part adapted to the shell form of the reactor. For this, the reactor vessel which is preferably flexible and/or constructed so as to yield can be inserted and/or suspended into the vessel as a positive fit and/or friction fit. Preferably, the reactor vessel is additionally or alternatively detachably attached to the housing, in particular by reduced pressure. For example, a trough adjacent to the reactor vessel can be provided, to which trough a reduced pressure can be applied in order to fasten the reactor vessel. 
     Particularly preferably, the vessel and the reactor have at least in part an angular cross section, preferably biangular to octagonal, particularly preferably triangular to quadrangular cross section, and have flat ( 45 ), pyramidal ( 41 ) or tetrahedral bases. 
     In this case, the cross sectional shape can also alter in an axial direction over the height of the housing. For instance, the housing can, for example, be constructed in the upper region in a cylindrical or square shape and in a lower region rectangular, square, pyramidal, tetrahedral etc. By a rotary motion of the reactor vessel ( 46 ) thus designed, liquid flows ( 50 ) can be generated. In addition, the vessel can form internals within an outer wall of the vessel, by which internals the reactor can be accommodated in a non-slip manner, and which simultaneously act in a flow-baffling manner in order to improve the mixing of the reactor contents. The housing can be set in oscillatory-rotary motion about the fixed, preferably vertical, axis of the reactor by the drive unit, in such a manner that direct coupling of the drive unit to the reactor vessel itself is not required. As a result, most components can be reused, so that only the, if appropriate, specially shaped single-use reactor need be disposed of, which in principle does not require any additional mixing elements in order to achieve a low-shear mixing. Preferably, the housing is rotatably mounted, in particular suspended, so as to be movable in an essentially vertical direction. The housing, as a result, can, for example, be inserted simply into a holder or an axial bearing from the top using a crane or from the bottom by means of a lifting platform, in such a manner that for various housing or reactor vessel types the same drive unit and/or the same measurement technique can be employed. 
     Preferably, the reactor is positively coupled to the drive unit in such a manner that the acceleration and braking of the reactor rotation proceeds with an essentially constant angular acceleration or deceleration. As a result, the speed of rotation of the reactor changes linearly with time in each movement phase of the rotary oscillation. Control modules connected intermediately are not required in this simple reactor movement so that, for example, according to a preferred embodiment for implementation of the oscillatory reactor motion, a pendulum drive can be used. As a result, e.g. the release of electromagnetic rays which can cause, e.g., faults of sensors, can be drastically reduced. In particular, as a result of the constant angular acceleration in each phase of the oscillatory-rotary reactor motion, instantaneous peak values of the hydrodynamic shear forces on suspended particles (e.g. animal cells) are kept comparatively smaller than in other forms of motion of the reactor. 
     It has been discovered, surprisingly, that a comparatively small angular amplitude is sufficient for the oscillatory-rotary motion of the reactor in order to achieve good mixing and/or sufficient intensification of transport processes. In particular, it is hardly necessary to implement 3600° rotations, that corresponds to 10 rotations, of the reactor, so that structurally complex solutions for connecting the oscillatory-rotary reactor to the static surrounds (e.g. for the feed and removal of media and gases, of electrical energy and electric signals) are hardly required. The reactor can carry out an oscillatory-rotary motion in which the angular amplitude α is in the range 2°≦|α|≦3600°, preferably 20°≦|α|≦180°, particularly preferably 45°≦|α|≦90°. In particular, approximately |α|=45° or |α|=90°, wherein deviations of ±5° can be present. In total, therefore, the oscillatory motion sweeps an angle of 2 |α| 
     Experiments have found that when the power input is increased, states of motion can be established in this reactor in which gas bubbles are introduced into the reactor. For the cells which are not damaged by sparging, a very simple gas distribution can be achieved in this manner in a preferred polygonal, particularly preferably 2-4-angular embodiment of the reactor according to the invention without cost-intensive internals. Surprisingly, it has been found that unwanted foam development first, as expected, increases with increasing reactor agitation, in order, however, then after exceeding a maximum foam height to decrease again to easily manageable foam heights of a few centimeters. The cause of this highly astonishing phenomenon of this foam destruction is that in these states of motion of the liquid, not only the gas which is situated in the headspace, but also the foam itself is drawn in by the surface. The foam, by being sucked back below the liquid surface, is redissolved gently without application of shear forces, that is to say with strict avoidance of bursting of gas bubbles. In particular, a wave flow can be established by which a part of the reactor contents which are situated on the surface are transported into the interior of the reactor contents. In this preferred reactor type, therefore foam formation can be substantially suppressed and simultaneously particularly gentle and effective surface gas-introduction can be achieved. The use of the oscillating foam destroyer, however, is in no way restricted to reactors with surface gas-introduction, but, according to a particularly preferred embodiment, may advantageously be used generally in sparged reactors. Therefore, preferably, in the reactor according to the invention, in particular the intensity of the oscillatory-rotary motion can be set in such a manner that, at the surface of the reactor contents, a wave flow can be generated which transports a part of the reactor contents which are situated at the surface into the interior of the reactor contents. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the reactor vessel has an elongate fluorescence sensor running essentially in the peripheral direction to the axis of the reactor, using which, in particular a pH and/or an oxygen concentration of the reactor contents can be detected. For contact-free detection, an optical detection apparatus at a distance from the reactor vessel is provided, which gives off, for example, a light flash, in order to be able to determine, from the reaction of the fluorescence sensor to the light flash, the desired measured value. In particular, the detection rates and the oscillatory-rotary motion are selected in such a manner that the fluorescence sensor is optically detected at various part-surfaces. It is therefore possible to irradiate the fluorescence sensor at different points, so that bleaching of the fluorescence sensor by “photo bleaching” is prevented and the service life is significantly increased. 
     The invention further relates to a sparged reactor having a reactor vessel which has a polygonal cross section at least in the region of a liquid surface of reactor contents taken up by the reactor vessel, which reactor contents are charged with gas bubbles via the surface or porous membranes and, for the purpose of foam destruction, are set into an oscillatory-rotary motion such that foam on the surface of the reactor contents is transported into the interior of the reactor contents. The sparged reactor can, in particular, be formed and further developed as described above. The sparged reactor, therefore, is constructed in such a manner that, additionally, or alternatively, it can be a foam destroyer. 
     Preferably, a process is provided in which a reactor or sparged reactor is used which can be formed and further developed as described above. The reactor is particularly preferably used for suspending bioreactive substances. Therefore biological materials such as, for example, animal and/or plant cells and/or microorganisms, can be provided which are intended to be suspended in a liquid substrate in order, in particular with continuous addition of oxygen, to chemically react substances present in the substrate. The oscillatory-rotary motion of the reactor and the power input can, in particular, be set in such a manner that foam formation on the surface of the reactor contents is minimized. It is already sufficient for this for the oscillatory-rotary motion of the reactor to be at a comparatively small angular amplitude |α| of ≦3600°, clockwise and anticlockwise. The reactor or the sparged reactor is used, in particular, for the preferably low-shear destruction of foam which can form on mixing and/or gas introduction. The destruction of the foam proceeds, in particular, by solubilizing the foam, which can be drawn into the interior of the reactor contents by the flow induced in the reactor vessel. That is to say the foam which is drawn in can collapse in a low-shear manner in the interior of the reactor contents. 
     The invention will be described in more detail hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings referring to preferred examples, to which the invention is not restricted. 
    
    
     
       The drawings show the following: 
         FIG. 1   a : a schematic simplified side view of an installed reactor, 
         FIG. 1   b : a schematic perspective view of the reactor of  FIG. 1   a,    
         FIG. 2   a : a schematic diagram having rotary oscillation suitable for the reactor, 
         FIG. 2   b : a schematic diagram for comparison of the O 2  introduction in various gas-introduction methods, 
         FIG. 3   a : a schematic side view of the reactor of  FIG. 1   a,    
         FIG. 3   b : a schematic plan view of the reactor of  FIG. 3   a,    
         FIG. 3   c : a schematic sectional detail view of the reactor of  FIG. 3   a,    
         FIG. 4   a : a schematic simplified side view of the installed reactor in a further embodiment, 
         FIG. 4   b : a schematic perspective view of the reactor of  FIG. 4   a,    
         FIG. 5   a : a schematic perspective view of the reactor in a further embodiment, 
         FIG. 5   b : a schematic perspective view of the reactor in a further embodiment, 
         FIG. 5   c : a schematic perspective plan view of the reactor of  FIG. 5   a  or  FIG. 5   b,    
         FIG. 5   d : a schematic sectional detail view of the reactor of  FIG. 5   a  at high velocities, 
         FIG. 5   e : a schematic plan view of the reactor of  FIG. 5   a  at high velocities, 
         FIG. 5   f : a schematic sectional view of the reactor of  FIG. 5   a  in a further embodiment, 
         FIG. 5   g : a schematic plan view of the reactor of  FIG. 5   f,    
         FIG. 6   a : a schematic sectional view of the reactor in the installed state in a further embodiment, 
         FIG. 6   b : a schematic plan view of the reactor of  FIG. 6   a,    
         FIG. 7   a : a schematic sectional view of the reactor in the installed state in a further embodiment, 
         FIG. 7   b : a schematic sectional view of a silicone tube suitable for the reactor, 
         FIG. 7   c : a schematic sectional view of a module having the silicone tube of  FIG. 7   b,    
         FIG. 7   d : a schematic sectional view of the reactor of  FIG. 7   a  in a further embodiment, 
         FIG. 8   a : a schematic sectional view of the reactor in the installed state in a further embodiment, 
         FIG. 8   b : a schematic sectional view of the reactor of  FIG. 8   a,    
         FIG. 8   c : a schematic plan view of the reactor of  FIG. 8   b,    
         FIG. 9   a : a schematic sectional view of the reactor in the installed state in a further embodiment, 
         FIG. 9   b : a schematic sectional view of the reactor of  FIG. 9   a,    
         FIG. 9   c : a schematic plan view of the reactor of  FIG. 9   b,    
         FIG. 10 : a schematic sectional view of the reactor in the installed state in a further embodiment, 
         FIG. 11   a : a schematic sectional view of the reactor in the installed state in a further embodiment in a first state, 
         FIG. 11   b : a schematic sectional view of the reactor of  FIG. 11   a  in a second state, 
         FIG. 11   c : a schematic sectional view of the reactor of  FIG. 11   a  in a third state, 
         FIG. 11   d : a schematic sectional view of the reactor of  FIG. 11   a  in a fourth state, 
         FIG. 11   e : a schematic sectional view of the reactor of  FIG. 11   a  in a fifth state, 
         FIG. 11   f : a schematic sectional view of the reactor of  FIG. 11   a  in a sixth state, 
         FIG. 12   a : a schematic sectional view of the reactor in the installed state in a further embodiment, 
         FIG. 12   b : a schematic sectional detail view of the reactor of  FIG. 12   a  in a first state, 
         FIG. 12   c : a schematic sectional detail view of the reactor of  FIG. 12   a  in a second state, 
         FIG. 13   a : a schematic sectional view and a schematic plan view of the reactor in the installed state in a further embodiment, 
         FIG. 13   b : a schematic sectional view and a schematic plan view of the reactor in the installed state in a further embodiment. 
         FIG. 14   a : a schematic perspective exploded view of the reactor in a further embodiment, 
         FIG. 14   b : a schematic sectional view of the reactor of  FIG. 14   a,    
         FIG. 14   c : a schematic plan view of the reactor of  FIG. 14   a,    
         FIG. 15   a : a schematic perspective exploded view of the reactor of  FIG. 14   a  in a further embodiment, 
         FIG. 15   b : a schematic sectional view of the reactor of  FIG. 15   a,    
         FIG. 15   c : a schematic plan view of the reactor of  FIG. 15   a,    
         FIG. 15   d : a schematic perspective view of the reactor of  FIG. 15   a  before installation, 
         FIG. 15   e : a schematic perspective view of the reactor of  FIG. 15   a  after installation, 
         FIG. 16   a : a schematic sectional view of a membrane suitable for the gas-introduction module, 
         FIG. 16   b : a schematic sectional view of a membrane suitable for the gas-introduction module, in a further embodiment, 
         FIG. 16   c : a schematic sectional detail view of the membrane of  FIG. 16   a,    
         FIG. 16   d : a schematic sectional view of a membrane suitable for the gas-introduction module, in a further embodiment, 
         FIG. 16   e : a schematic sectional plan view of the membrane of  FIG. 16   d,    
         FIG. 17   a : a schematic sectional view of the reactor in a further embodiment, 
         FIG. 17   b : a schematic plan view of the reactor of  FIG. 17   a,    
         FIG. 17   c : a schematic perspective view of a part of the gas-introduction module for the reactor of  FIG. 17   a,    
         FIG. 18 : a schematic sectional view of the reactor in a further embodiment, 
         FIG. 19 : a schematic plan view of the reactor in a further embodiment and 
         FIG. 20  a schematically represented qualitative experimental result on foam generation following gas bubble introduction through the liquid surface with simultaneous foam destruction following suction of the foam into the liquid. 
     
    
    
     INDEX 
     
         
           1  Potential 
           2  O 2  transport in the case of tubular stators+anchor agitators 
           3  O 2  transport in the case of membrane modules 
           4  Reactor contents 
           5  Reactor 
           6  Moving housing 
           7  Door 
           8  Bearing 
           9  Frame 
           10  Drive table 
           11  Oscillating liquid motion 
           12  Drive shaft of moving housing 
           14  Drive 
           15  Rotary oscillation 
           16  Angle of the oscillating motion 
           17  Reactor width 
           18  Heat exchanger 
           20  Base 
           21  Domed base 
           24  Off-center connection port 
           25  Welded-in axial passage 
           26  Central connection port 
           27  Axial passage 
           28  Connection port with extension 
           30  Inlet and outlet of the heating/cooling medium 
           32  Heat exchanger reception 
           34  Base recess 
           36  Horizontal opening in the base 
           38  Central tube connection (bag) 
           40  Domed base (bag) 
           41  Pyramidal base (bag) 
           42  Outlet tube (bag) 
           43  Rectangular reactor 
           44  Harvesting valve (bag) 
           45  Gas bubbles 
           46  Accelerated motion 
           47  Flow vortex 
           48  Relative motion of the liquid 
           49  Foam 
           50  Radial secondary vortex 
           52  Agitator blade, film element 
           54  Top clamping element 
           56  Bottom clamping element 
           58  Base support 
           59  Pin for transmitting the torque to  58   
           60  Distributor bottom 
           62  Distributor top 
           64  Tie rod 
           65  Connection element 
           66  Suction cup 
           68  Tightening device tie rod 
           69  Lock nut tie rod 
           70  Holding device 
           72  Tube module 
           74  Silicone tube 
           76  Module holding and supply device 
           78  Casting compound 
           79  Base body 
           80  Module holder 
           82  Attachment line gas feed 
           84  Attachment line gas takeoff 
           86  Distributor space gas feed 
           88  Distributor space gas takeoff 
           90  Tie rod and supply line gas feed 
           92  Tie rod and supply line gas takeoff 
           94  Gas stream feed 
           96  Gas stream outlet 
           97  Width of the side pocket 
           98  Depth of the side pocket 
           99  Side supporting element 
           100  Invagination in the top or bottom 
           102  Cylindrical supporting element 
           103  Side pocket 
           104  Support element angle of incidence to the horizontal 
           105  Angle of the side pocket 
           106  Conical invagination 
           107  Tapering angle of the support element 
           108  Conical support element 
           110  Pyramidal invagination 
           112  Pyramidal support element 
           114  Radiation-transmissive conical support element 
           116  Radiation source 
           117  Irradiation shell 
           118  Radiation-transmissive conical invagination 
           120  Heating/cooling medium feed 
           122  Feed line heating/cooling medium 
           124  Distributor channel 
           126  Takeoff tube 
           127  Heatable/coolable support element 
           128  Heating/cooling shell 
           129  Reversing device 
           130  Collection channel 
           132  Outlet line heating/cooling medium 
           134  Heating/cooling medium outlet 
           136  Carrying ring with eyes 
           138  Frozen fluid 
           140  Carry cable 
           142  Intermediate base 
           144  Passage 
           146  Lengthened support element 
           147  Transport 
           148  Liquid-distributing support element 
           149  O-ring 
           150  Filtering layer 
           151  Cylindrical attachment element 
           152  Time axis 
           154  Velocity in leftward direction 
           155  Velocity in rightward direction 
           156  Sinusoidal velocity profile 
           157  Linear velocity profile 
           158  Stepped velocity profile 
           160  Time interval per motion cycle 
           162  Amplitude 
           170  Expected foam development in the system with surface gas introduction without foam destruction 
           175  Foam development following surface gas introduction with simultaneous foam destruction 
           180  First inflection point 
           185  Second inflection point 
           190  Maximum 
           200  Bag half 
           201  Frame 
           202  Groove in moving housing 
           203  Peripheral connection edge of the bag half 
           204  Frame-supported bag 
           205  Distance between frame and blade element 
           250  Lid 
           300  Membrane film 
           301  Porous layer 
           302  Membrane tube extruded in parallel strips 
           303  Distributor space 
           304  Collection space 
           305  Connection bridges between membrane tubes 
           320  Flow-passing element of flat membranes 
           321  Bottom holder 
           322  Top holder 
           330  Flow-passing element of tube membranes 
           340  Membrane stack 
           342  Boundary element 
           343  Distancing element 
           350  Meander-shaped clamped membrane element 
           360  Membrane element integrated into the bag wall 
           401  Sensor layer  1   
           402  Sensor layer  2   
           420  Holder for light conductor 
           411  Light conductor for sensor layer  1   
           412  Light conductor for sensor layer  2   
       
    
       FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b  show a reactor vessel, designated reactor  5 , of the reactor according to the invention having a drive unit without process-intensifying internals. The medium  4 , a substrate or buffer solution, a fermentation solution or a product solution, is contained in the reactor  5  which, in the case of the particularly preferred use as single-use reactor for improving stability, is produced from stable, preferably multilayer, plastic films which are known to those skilled in the art. The mass of the filled reactor  5  which, for strength reasons, can only be burdened with limited tensile and shearing forces, is taken up in the vertical direction from the base  20  of a surrounding vessel and in the side direction via the shell  6  thereof. For simple installation of the reactor  5 , the shell  6  can be opened via a door  7 . During the process the base  20  which is rotatably mounted on the bearing  8  is set in oscillating rotation  15  via the drive table  10 . The position of the drive axle is preferably fixed in order to avoid transverse forces caused by eccentricity on the reactor  5 , or the system consisting of shell  6 , base  20  and drive table  10 . Transverse forces pose considerable problems on upscaling. The angle of the drive axle can be chosen, in principle, as desired between 0 and 90° to the horizontal. Angles around 90° to the horizontal are among the particularly preferred embodiments, because as a result a comparatively simple bearing mounting of the reactor and the drive unit is possible. In this type of bearing, the head region of the reactor  5  remains substantially unloaded and permits a simple access to the reactor interior by connection lines and sensors. By means of a simply achieved size adaptation of shell  6  and reactor  5 , smaller reactors can also be operated on the same base  20 , which increases the flexibility of production, in particular in the case of frequent product changes. 
       FIG. 2   a  shows suitable rotary oscillations  15 , e.g. having a rectangular  158 , linear  157  or sinusoidal  156  course of angular velocity with time. The period  160  and amplitude  162  of the rotary oscillation  15  depend on the geometry and size of the reactor  5  and internals thereof and the desired mechanical power input which is required to carry out the process step. A low-shear motion can be induced when losses due to flow around the internal elements and thereby relative velocity between the internal elements and the fluid can be kept as constant as possible. In order to achieve this, the fluid is expediently first accelerated into the one direction with a sinusoidal velocity impulse  156  of the internal element and later decelerated in order, on passing through zero of the rotary velocity, ultimately to be accelerated and decelerated in the opposite direction. If the torque of the drive used permits high angular accelerations of the reactor, rectangular impulses  158  may be implemented to an approximation. However, these lead to a considerably greater range of velocity distribution in the reactor and thereby, with comparable mechanical power input, to an increase of the shear stress of suspended particles. This drive mode will generally be avoided on the culture of shear-sensitive animal cells. In the suspension of sedimented particles or on mixing in additives, these additional mixing effects, in contrast, are absolutely desired. 
     In the case of membrane gas introduction, high specific exchange areas of significantly more than 30 m 2 /m 3  can be ensured in a single-use reactor without rotating sealing elements and, what is more, in very large reactor scales.  FIG. 2   b  shows the gentle use of the membrane gas introduction  3  according to the invention using tube modules  72  in comparison with a prior art flow-fed membrane stator system  2  fed by an agitator element. To generate this diagram, the volumetric mass transport coefficient ka for oxygen was measured by the dynamic method and plotted as ordinate. On the abscissa what is termed the reference flock diameter is plotted, determined by the method described by von Henzler and Biedermann (Henzler, H.-J., Biedermann, A., Beanspruchung von Partikeln in Rührreaktoren [Stressing of Particles in Stirred Reactors], Chemie-Ingenieur-Technik 68 (1996) 1546 ff.). The reference flock diameter is a measure of the hydrodynamic shearing of small suspended particles, wherein small reference flock diameters indicate large shearing forces and vice versa. According to this investigation, the potential  1  of the power increase of the ka value is, for the same particle stressing, more than 10-fold, if, for sensitive cell cultures in the turbulent flow range, reference flock diameters of 150 micrometers are used as a basis. This enormous potential  1  makes possible a degree of play in the scaleup and in the design of inexpensive gas-introduction membranes. As an alternative to tube modules  72  with which very large specific exchange areas may be achieved in bioreactors, e.g. also cheaper flow-passing elements made of flat membranes  320  or parallel extruded tube membranes  330  having slightly reduced specific exchange areas of the order of magnitude of approximately 10 m 2 /m 3  can also be used. 
     In the case of generation of coarse or fine gas bubbles via membranes, use can be made of, for example, the oscillating motion of microporous invaginations  150 , in order to distribute gas bubbles in the liquid  11  uniformly over the reactor cross section. 
       FIG. 3   a  shows by way of example, but not restricting the invention, in what manner the base  20  rotatably mounted on the bearing  8  can be driven via a gear wheel  12  using an electric drive  14  which is installed in the drive table  10 . Alternative drive possibilities to electric drives  14  could be provided via magnetic forces, induction forces, pneumatics or hydraulics. For heating/cooling the medium  4 , the base  20  can be equipped with a cavity  32  in which an electric (for example a heating mat) or a heat exchanger  18  through which a heating/cooling medium flows can be accommodated. To improve the heat transfer it is advisable to fill the cavity  32  with a readily heat-conducting heat transfer medium, e.g. water or oil. The heat exchanger is supplied via a central line  30  which is connected via tubes or cables to the energy supply, i.e. to a heating/cooling circuit or to electricity. Addition or withdrawal to or from the reactor  5  can be performed via central  27  or offcenter  24 ,  28 , passages through the head of the reactor  5 . Using the lance  28 , addition also into the depth in the reactor  5  can proceed. In the case of offcenter addition, the lance  28  acts as a flow resistance to the surrounding medium  4 , so that at the introduction site, corresponding to the chosen intensity of the rotary oscillation  15 , a liquid flow favoring mixing can be produced. The passageways  24 ,  26  and  28  are likewise suitable for bringing commercially available sampling systems and sensors for measuring temperature, gas content, ion concentration, optical properties, particle concentration and cell vitality into contact with the medium  4  or the gas space for the purpose of process control. The introduction of thermally or chemically presterilized and calibrated systems can proceed at the start of the process under a safety cabinet. The sensors are customarily fastened to the port using a screw connection and sealed to the inner flanks of the passageways by means of an O-ring. Preference is further given to sensors based on fluorescent reactive dyes which are simply applied to the reactor wall in order to interact with the medium. Excitation and measurement of the layers can proceed non-invasively from the outside, which eliminates the risk to sterility of sensor introduction. The load-bearing capacity of reactors fabricated with plastic can be increased in the region of the passageways by means of welded or glued reinforcements  25  (see also  FIG. 3   c ). It is expedient to restrict the angle  16  (see  FIG. 3   b ) between the two reversal points of the rotary oscillation  15 . In this manner, excess torsional strain of the flexible supply lines such as, for example, tubes or electric cables, which are attached to the reactor  5  is prevented. Although angle  16  up to 3600° is not manageable technically, it has surprisingly been shown that the reactors are comparatively low shear even at significantly smaller angles  16  that and may be operated with good hydrodynamic surface flow of the internal elements provided for process intensification. Conversion of scale can, depending on the task, proceed by keeping constant the mechanical power input P/V or the particle stresses or the path lengths taken by the flow internals. It follows therefrom that, depending on the criterion used, the angular velocity and/or the angle  16  decrease with increasing reactor size  17  on scaleup. 
     An expedient embodiment of the single-use reactor which does not restrict the invention is shown in  FIGS. 4   a  and  b . These single-use reactors have a domed base  40  and a central outlet  38 . This means that, after a valve  44  is opened, complete withdrawal of the medium is possible via a tube line  42 . The tube line  42  is laid toward the outside from the conical recess  34  via a base gap  36  of the domed base  21 . 
     A particularly simple, and nevertheless effective, method for transmitting the rotary oscillation  15  from the reactor walls to the medium  4  can proceed without flow internals, just by the choice of a suitable reactor geometry. If, as is shown in  FIGS. 5   a - c , instead of a reactor having a cylindrical cross section  5 , a rectangular reactor  43  having a flat (see  FIG. 5   a ) or pyramidal  41  (see  FIG. 5   b ) base is used, this gives the secondary flows  50  shown in  FIG. 5   c . These are a reaction to the relative motion  48  which counteracts the accelerated rotary motion  46  of the rectangular reactor  43  and is caused by the mass inertia of the medium  4 . Using these secondary flows  50 , mixing operations can be initiated. As a result of the motion of the liquid surface, the reactor is also suitable for oxygen input by surface gas-introduction. Since the reactor height would have to be kept constant on scaleup, this gas-introduction method, depending on the desired cell count, is only suitable for small reactor volumes because of the considerable space requirement for erection. An improvement of oxygen input is achieved, provided this is tolerated by the cells, by sparging, which in the case of this reactor proceeds above certain states of motion dependent on the reactor scale by drawing gas bubbles below the liquid surface. Depending on selection of the fermentation medium, the introduction of the gas bubbles can cause a greater or lesser foam problem. It is absolutely necessary in this case to prevent the foam from being conducted through exhaust gas lines to attached sterile filters and wetting these and thereby causing a contamination risk or a blockage problem. By means of a suitably adjusted wave motion, the foam  49  which is formed on the surface can be drawn into the interior of the medium  4  via flow vortexes  47 ,  50 , in such a manner that, in this case, bursting of the gas bubbles  45  is substantially avoided ( FIG. 5   d ). The foam  49  can thereby be drawn in to an extent in a low-shear manner, in such a manner that the foam thickness is very small or even at least in part the surface is foam-free ( FIG. 5   e ). This is shown by way of example in  FIG. 20  in which the foam height h which is formed in the reactor vessel  5  in relation to the mean diameter D is plotted in the region of the surface of the reactor contents  4 , wherein the mean diameter results from a round comparison cross section having the same area as the actual cross section of the reactor vessel  5  in the region of the surface of the reactor contents  4 . The foam height h relative to the mean diameter D is sketched as a function of the mechanical power input P relative to the volume V of the reactor contents  4 . It is shown diagrammatically how the foam height relative to the reactor diameter h/D in the reactor according to the invention (curve  175 ) at first increases greatly following the gas bubble introduction with an increasing liquid motion caused by the increase of the mechanical power input P/V, in order, however, with a further increase in power input to fall again. Compared with a surface gas introduction reactor without foam-destroying properties (curve  170 ) in which a continued increase of foam heights with increasing power input can be assumed, a considerably expanded usage spectrum results thereby. In the reactor according to the invention, flow movements having a foam-destroying effect take place, in such a manner that the foam development  175 , after passing through a maximum  190  arranged between a first point of inflection  180  and a second point of inflection  185 , decreases again. The reactor  5  with at least surface gas introduction can therefore preferably be operated with a specific mechanical power input P/V which, based on the second point of inflection  185 , is selected to be greater, so that good mixing performance is possible at a surprisingly low foam development. 
     In the illustrative example shown in  FIG. 5   f  of the reactor, the housing  6  is suspended so as to be able to rotate via a bearing  8  which is driven by drive  14 . The rectangular single-use reactor  43  which is provided with a large lid  250  has a pyramidal base  41 , at the bottommest point of which an outlet  42  is provided. In addition to the outflow  42 , fluorescence sensors  401 ,  402  which run in the peripheral direction are provided, which can measure the pH and/or the O 2  concentration. For each sensor  401 ,  402 , a light conductor  411 ,  412  is provided in order to flash the sensors  401 ,  402  with light for a measurement. Since in the illustrative example shown, the sensors  401 ,  402  are arranged at the base in the vicinity of the outlet  42 , there is the opportunity to construct the sensors  401 ,  402  as half-ring-shaped sensor layers ( FIG. 5   g ). 
     A considerable reinforcement of the mixing motion is possible using internals.  FIG. 6   a  and  FIG. 6   b  show by way of example a cylindrical reactor  5  having an installed blade agitator. The blade agitator can be formed by agitator blade film elements  52  which, at the time point of reactor use, are clamped between the two clamping elements  54  and  56 . Between 1 and 50, preferably 1-8, particularly preferably 1-4, agitator blade film elements  52  which are distributed uniformly on the periphery, similarly to conventional stirred tanks, are anchored in the central internals  60  and  62 . The base bearing  60  is firmly attached by welding or adhesion to the base of the reactor  5  via the support ring  58 . Using the drive spindle  59  let into the rotatable base  20 , which spindle, depending on the drive moment can be designed, e.g., as a gear wheel or simple key bow, the drive forces are transmitted to the base bearing without transmitting torsion forces to the wall of the reactor  5  which is sensitive in the case of single-use reactors. The clamping of the agitator blade film elements  52  proceeds in single-use reactors in the state of the reactor  5  which is filled with medium  4  by clamping the tie anchor  64  which is connected to the head bearing  62  into the holding device  70 , e.g. using a lock nut screw connection  66  and  68  so as to be tight to twisting. The turning moments are transmitted via the holding device  70  to the shell  6  of the supporting container. In this case, a force transmission to the walls of the reactor  5  is avoided. Filling the reactor  5 , when it is used as a single-use reactor, is a precondition for clamping the agitator blade film elements  52 , when, for the sake of simplicity, additional fastening between the base bearing  60  and the drive spindle  59  is to be omitted. 
       FIGS. 7   a  to  c  show by way of example of the cylindrical reactor  5 , which is not restricting to the invention, that, for improving the oxygen introduction, tube modules  72  can relatively simply be accommodated in a reactor  5  as in the mixing appliance shown in  FIGS. 6   a  to  c . The module  72  consists, as shown in  FIG. 7   b , of silicone tubes  74  which are glued in a base body  79  using an FDA-permitted silicone casting composition  78 . The base body  79  can be connected gas-tightly to the module holder  80 , e.g. using screw connections or, as shown, snap-on connections, wherein the silicone casting compound  78  simultaneously acts as sealing surface. The two channels of the module holder  80  supply the silicone tubes  74  which are laid in two parallel strips, preferably multilayered, with oxygen-containing gas  94 , or take care of the removal of the exhausted gas stream  96 . Both channels of the module holder  80  are connected via connection elements  82  and  84  to the distribution element  76  which, for the supply of a plurality of modules, provides a distributor space  82  for the gas feed and a distributor space  88  for the exhaust gas. The two distributor spaces  82  and  88  are supported by the coaxial line  90  for gas feed and  92  for gas discharge. The anchoring of the silicone tubes  74 , which are laid in a loop-like manner, on the reactor base proceeds using a clamping element  56  laid in the interior of the loop. The silicone tubes are clamped as in the mixing reactor in  FIG. 6  in the vessel filled with medium  4 . Otherwise, a static connection between base bearing  60  and drive spindle  59  must be supplied. The gas-introduction module  72  can be attached firmly, in particular pneumatically, by an applied reduced pressure, via a base support  58  on the base  20 , as a result of which sufficient stability may be achieved to ensure relative motion of the silicone tubes  74  to the medium  4 . For this, the base support  58  can lie adjacent to a suction cup  66 , wherein the suction cup  66  can be designed as a recess of the housing  6 , which recess can be connected to a source of reduced pressure. 
       FIGS. 8   a  to  8   c  show an alternative reactor design which is particularly advantageous compared with the mixing reactor in  FIGS. 6   a  to  c , by way of example of a cylindrical reactor  5  which does not restrict the invention to this reactor. The transfer of the rotary oscillation  15  to the medium  4  in this case no longer proceeds via agitator blade film elements  52  which are to be clamped tightly, but by means of pocket-like, welded-in or glued-in invaginations  100  which, as shown, can be used preferably in the base, but also in the head (not shown in the figure) or in the sides (see  FIG. 13 ) of the reactor  5 . The static support elements  102  which are mounted on the base  20  can be introduced into the invaginations  100 . Mixing elements can proceed in this manner even in empty reactors  5  by simple raising. Reactor and reactor frame consisting of shell  6  and base  20  can thereby be considerably simplified in construction, since with a sufficient number of invaginations, force can be transmitted directly to the reactor  5  without strength problems. Anchoring of the base bearing is omitted. A holding device  70  similar to  FIG. 6   a  is only necessary when invaginations  100  and support element  102  are intended to be used in the head of the bag. For improving the axial mixing, the angle  104  of the support elements may be altered. Better axial mixing is achieved with angles of attack  104  &lt;90°, preferably 30° to 70°, particularly preferably 45° to 60° to the horizontal. If in the case of angles of attack &lt;90° the distance from the reactor wall is to be kept constant, a curved profile for the support element  102  is selected. 
     In  FIG. 9 , the conical embodiment of the support elements which is particularly to be preferred for simplified assembly is shown. In this case the shape of the support elements can be pyramidal  110  or conical  108 . Since the conical support elements  108  and invaginations  106  are simpler to fabricate, this is considered a preferred solution. Angles  107  between 0° and 45° lead to technically logical solutions, wherein the range between 2 and 15° is to be considered as a particularly preferred embodiment. 
     Using the arrangement in  FIG. 10 , by way of the example of a cylindrical reactor  5 , but not being restricted to this reactor, the invention shows how by means of UVC irradiation, sterilization or virus inactivation of a medium  4  can be carried out in a reactor  5 . In this case not only the reactor  5  and the invaginations  106 , but also the support elements  117  and the irradiation shell  114  are fabricated from materials which are transmissive to UVC rays. Materials which come into consideration for the bags are films which are transmissive to UVC rays which are known to those skilled in the art. A certain absorption by the plastic material can be compensated for without problems by the very large irradiation surface which can be achieved in this reactor. The transparent supporting element  117  and the transparent double-wall irradiation shell  114  which is radiation-isolated from the outside, which are fabricated from stable UV-radiation-transmissive materials which are known to those skilled in the art, preferably of quartz glass, Makrolon or PMMA, can be equipped from the interior with UVC radiation sources  116  which are supplied with electrical energy, for example via the base  20 . 
     In  FIGS. 11   a  to  e  by way of the example of a rectangular reactor  43 , but not restricting the invention to this reactor, preferred embodiments and processes of a novel single-use freezing and thawing concept are presented. The drive and energy supply part of the novel reactor is shown in  FIG. 11   a . The heating/cooling medium  120  is fed via the flexible connection  122  close to the center into a distributor channel  124  of the moving base  20  and subsequently into the flow-passing support elements  127  and the vessel shell  128 . The cylindrical reversing device  129  which is installed in the vessel shell  128  ensures targeted upwards-directed overflow of the surface of the heating/cooling shell  128  which is available for heat exchange. The heating/cooling medium flowing downwards in counterflow from the heating/cooling shell  128  is removed on the outside of the heating/cooling shell  128 . This is connected to the collection channel  130  via which the heating/cooling medium streams taken off from the support elements  127  via the takeoff tubes  126  are also removed. The collection channel  130  is connected close to the center to the flexible outlet line  132  via the heating/cooling medium  134  which is being changed calorically and recirculated, e.g., into a heat circuit. 
     In  FIG. 10   b , the rectangular reactor  43  is shown having invaginations  106  for receiving the support elements  127 . The reactor  43 , in the head region, has a glued-on or welded-on stable carrier ring  136  to which a plurality of eyes for receiving pulling devices  140  (see  FIG. 11   c ) are attached. Using the carrier ring  136  and the pulling appliance  140 , the rectangular reactor  43  together with the frozen product can be withdrawn for intermediate storage or returned again to the reactor for thawing. In order to prevent damage to the internal flanks of the invaginations  106  during introduction of the frozen products into relatively large vessels, the use of a carrier construction shown in  FIG. 11   d  is advisable. This consists of a thin-walled intermediate base  142  produced from readily heat-conducting materials and conical intermediate elements  148  which are readily heat conducting and as thin-walled as possible, which are placed between the invaginations  106  and the heated/cooled support elements  127 . In the center of the base plate there is located an elongated support element  146  having a carrying eye, using which the reactor can be removed by means of a pulling device, e.g. after the freezing process (see  FIG. 11   e ). For use of the carrier construction, it is necessary to construct the reactor  43  in the center having a passage  144  instead of an invagination  106 . The rectangular shape of the reactor  43  favors space-saving storage and therefore is a particularly preferred embodiment. The carrier construction, furthermore, makes possible damage-free transport (see  FIG. 11   d ) of the reactors  43  on a transport base  147  e.g. to a storage space, and simple and hazard-free stacking of the reactors  43  on shelves. 
     In  FIGS. 12   a  to  c , a preferred embodiment of the mixing reactor which is not restrictive to the invention, having process-intensifying properties for particle retention is presented. The invaginations  150  fabricated, for example, from woven cloth, nonwovens, perforated films, porous layers and/or filter membranes are pulled onto liquid-distributing support elements  148 , e.g. gap screens, or perforated sheets. The invagination can be sealed by means of an O-ring  149  in the region of the cylindrical attachment elements  151  fabricated from impermeable materials. The filtrate can be withdrawn via the base  20 . The device, in a similar embodiment, is also suitable for liquid distribution, sparging and carrying out reactive process steps at and/or in permeable, semipermeable or non-permeable membranes  150 . 
     In  FIGS. 13   a  and  b , preferred reactors  5  which are not restricting the invention are shown having side pockets  103  integrated into the reactor wall. In this form, the reactor, preferably supported by the side support elements  99  in the outer wall  6 , can transmit the rotary motion to the reactor contents in a similar manner to the conventional agitator systems. Support elements  99  and pockets  103  can be used as in the preceding examples, likewise for process intensification. The number, breadth  97  and depth  98 , and also the desired material properties (radiation-transmissive, filtering, gas- or heat-permeable) and thereby the material of the side pockets  103  and the side support elements  99  are established by the required boundary conditions, e.g. at the required exchange area. In pure mixing tasks, in a similar manner to agitator systems which are close to the wall, 1 to 8 pockets appear to be sufficient, wherein 2 pockets because of the comparatively low installation expenditure are considered a preferred number. The depth  98  of the pockets  103 , in a similar manner to agitator systems, is preferably between 0.02-0.4, preferably 0.05-0.2, particularly preferably 0.1-0.15 times the reactor diameter. The preferred shape of the pockets extends from parallelepipedal via truncated cone to rooflike. The preferred opening angles  97  of the pockets  103  to the support element  99  can in this case vary between 0° and 45°, wherein the opening angles between 2° and 200 are counted as among the preferred angles. The intensity of the axial mixing can be influenced by the angle of incidence  105  of the pockets  103  to the vertical. Expedient angles of incidence are between 0° and 75° and particularly preferably between 0° and 45°. 
     In the illustrative example of the reactor shown in  FIG. 14   a , the reactor vessel  5  which is constructed as a single-use bag has two bag halves  200  which can be stuck to a frame  201  which is arranged between the bag halves  200 . Since the bag halves  200  are constructed so as to be flexible and the frame  201  is constructed so as to be rigid, it is advisable that the housing  6  has grooves  202  into which the projecting part of the frame  201  between the bag halves  200  can be inserted ( FIG. 14   c ). Motion of the housing  6  can be directly transmitted to the reactor vessel  5  without a significant friction-burdened relative motion being able to occur. In addition, between an upper holding profile and a lower holding profile of the frame  201 , at least one, in particular film-like, or more stable blade agitator  52 , if appropriate fabricated from the material of the frame  201 , can be provided ( FIG. 14   b ). The distance  205  between the blade agitator  52  and the vertical parts of the frame  201  is, in particular, selected in such a manner that slots result which additionally increase vortexing of the medium  4 . The distance  205  preferably extends from 0 to 30% of the reactor diameter. 
     In the illustrative example of the reactor shown in  FIG. 15   a  compared with the illustrative example shown in  FIG. 14   a , instead of the blade agitator  52 , a gas-introduction module constructed as tube module  72  is provided, wherein the frame  201  can be part of the tube module  72 , for example in order to clamp the membrane constructed as permeable silicone tubes  74 . The gas stream feed  94  and/or the gas stream outlet  96  can be sealed in a sterile manner before installation of the reactor vessel  5  ( FIG. 15   d ) and, after installation ( FIG. 15   e ) a gas supply can readily be attached. The supply lines of the gas stream feed  94  and/or of the gas stream outlet  96  can each be arranged completely within a bag half  200  assigned to them, in order not to impair the connection of the bag halves  200  to the frame  201  ( FIG. 15   c ). As a result, it is possible to restrict the number of connections passing out of the single-use reactor to the outside and to position them in the vicinity of the vertical axis for gentle handling of the connection lines. 
     In the alternative embodiment of the membrane  74  shown in  FIG. 16   a , a membrane case  300  is provided which is connected in a two-dimensional manner to a porous layer  301 , wherein the porous layer can have an open-pore material, such as, for example, foam material. In order to charge the membrane  74  with a gas pressure, the gas stream feed  94  and/or the gas stream outlet  96  extend from the end side of the membrane  72  ( FIG. 16   a ) and/or from the longitudinal side of the membrane  72  ( FIG. 16   b ) through the membrane film  300  into the porous layer  301 . The membrane  72  has, in particular, two membrane cases  300 , which overlap the porous layer  301 , in such a manner that the membrane cases  300  can be connected to one another at the overlapping regions and the porous layer can be completely encased ( FIG. 16   c ). As a result, a flat membrane  72  can be provided which does not inflate under pressure and, as a flat membrane element  320 , can be part of a membrane stack  340 , wherein, preferably, all flat membrane elements  320  of the membrane stack  340  are connected to exactly one gas stream feed  94  and/or exactly one gas stream outlet line  96  ( FIG. 17   c ). The flat membrane element  320  can be spaced from one another via distancing elements  343  and, as part of the membrane stack  340 , be part of the gas-introduction module  72  ( FIG. 17   a ). By limiting elements  342 , the membrane stack  340  can be fixed in a variable manner on an upper holder  321  and/or a lower holder  322 . 
     In the embodiment of the reactor shown in  FIG. 18 , the flat membrane  72  is constructed so as to be particularly long and conducted to and fro in a meander-like manner between the lower holder  321  and the upper holder  322 , so that a membrane element  350  clamped in a meander-like manner results. 
     The reactor shown in  FIG. 19  has a reactor vessel  5  constructed as a single-use bag which conforms to an inner wall of a moving housing  6 . A membrane element  360  is integrated into the bag wall of the reactor vessel  5  in such a manner that the inside of the reactor vessel  5  is lined at least in part with the membrane element  360  in order to be able to introduce gas into the medium  4  from the outside radially also. The gas stream feed  94  and/or the gas stream outlet  96  for the membrane elements  360  can be conducted via the frame  201 , in such a manner that further membranes  72  for gas introduction into the medium  4  can be connected without problems to the frame  201 . 
     By means of the process-intensifying internals and thereby the physical, biological, biochemical and chemical reactions which can be carried out in and on membranes, e.g. for gas introduction, gas distribution, liquid distribution, particle retention, irradiation and/or heat feed and removal, the application limits of existing single-use technologies are considerably extended, so that the novel reactors can also be employed on considerably greater scales than those previously available.