Abstract:
The present invention relates to an enantioselective enzymatic process for the preparation of an optically active 3-hydroxypiperidinecarboxylic acid derivative.

Description:
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to an enantioselective enzymatic process for the preparation of an optically active 3-hydroxypiperidinecarboxylic acid derivative. 
       TECHNICAL BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Some optically active 3-hydroxypiperidinecarboxylate esters are useful intermediates in the synthesis of interesting pharmaceutical agents. 
         [0003]    In general, optically active hydroxyl compounds may be obtained by resolution of the corresponding racemate by known chemical or enzymatic methods. These resolutions have many drawbacks such as, for instance, the yield of the desired enantiomer which of course cannot be more that 50% of the starting racemate compound. 
       OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    It is one object of the present invention to provide a process for the preparation of an optically active 3-hydroxypiperidinecarboxylate derivative which is simple, safe and cost-effective. 
         [0005]    Another object of the invention is to provide a process for the preparation of an optically active 3-hydroxypiperidinecarboxylate derivative by enzymatic reduction of the corresponding oxo-derivatives. 
         [0006]    Another object of the invention is to provide enantiomerically pure optically active 3-hydroxypiperidinecarboxylic acid and its esters. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0007]    So, according to one of its aspects, the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I) 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0008]    wherein the chiral carbon is in the (R) or in the (S) configuration; 
         [0009]    R is selected from hydrogen and COR 1 ; 
         [0010]    R 1  is selected from hydrogen, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl and OR 2 ; 
         [0011]    R 2  is selected from C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, benzyl, said benzyl being optionally substituted by one or more C 1 -C 6 -alkyl groups; 
         [0012]    which comprises reducing a compound of formula (II) 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0013]    wherein R is defined as above, with an oxidoreductase enzyme, in the presence of a cofactor and of a cosubstrate regenerating said cofactor. 
         [0014]    The compounds of formula (II), herein also “substrate”, are known in the art. 
         [0015]    According to the present invention, the term “alkyl” means a linear or branched, saturated or non-saturated alkyl group. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl is tert-butyl. 
         [0016]    According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, R is COR 1 . 
         [0017]    According to another preferred embodiment of the invention, R 1  is OR 2 . 
         [0018]    According to another preferred embodiment of the invention R is COOtBu or COObenzyl. 
         [0019]    According to another preferred embodiment of the invention the compound of formula (I) is in the (S) configuration. 
         [0020]    The oxidoreductase enzyme which is used in the process of the invention is preferably a polypeptide of yeast or bacterial origin. 
         [0021]    According to an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the cofactor is selected from nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) and nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). 
         [0022]    According to an advantageous embodiment of the invention the cosubstrate is a secondary alcohol, preferably a secondary alcohol selected from C 1 -C 10 —OH, such as 2-propanol, 2-butanol, 2-pentanol, 4-methyl-2-pentanol, 2-heptanol and 2-octanol, preferably 2-propanol or 4-methyl-2-pentanol, most preferably 2-propanol. 
         [0023]    According to a most preferred embodiment of the invention, the oxidoreductase is selected from SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID NO:9. 
         [0024]    The use of an oxidoreductase enzyme selected from SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO:9 and derivatives thereof, such as an amino acid sequence having at least 60% identity with any one of said sequences, for the preparation of compound of formula (I) from compound of formula (II) constitutes another aspect of the present invention. 
         [0025]    SEQ ID NO: 1 is a preferred oxidoreductase enzyme for the process of the invention. 
         [0026]    According to a preferred aspect, the invention relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I′) 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0027]    wherein the chiral carbon is in the (S)-configuration, and R′ is selected from H, COOtBu or COObenzyl, which comprises reducing a compound of formula (II′) 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0028]    wherein R′ is defined as above, with an oxidoreductase of SEQ ID NO: 1, in the presence of a cofactor and of a cosubstrate regenerating said cofactor. 
         [0029]    The cofactor and the cosubstrate are preferably those indicated as preferred above. 
         [0030]    So, according to a most preferred aspect, the invention relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I′) by reduction of compound of formula (II′) with an oxidoreductase of SEQ ID NO: 1, in the presence of NADH or NADPH as a cofactor and of a secondary alcohol, especially 2-propanol or 4-methyl-2-pentanol, most preferably 2-propanol, as a cosubstrate regenerating said cofactor. 
         [0031]    According to a preferred embodiment, R′ is COOtBu. 
         [0032]    According to another of its aspects, the invention relates to a compound of formula (I′) as defined above, containing less than 0.1% of the (R) isomer, preferably to a compound of formula (I′) wherein R′ is COOtBu. 
         [0033]    The organism producing the oxidoreductase enzymes useful in the enantioselective enzymatic reduction may be a wild strain or a variant and is preferably selected from Yeast or bacteria, for instance, yeast of the  Candida  or  Pichia  genus. 
         [0034]    The oxidoreductases of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 9 are known in the art. 
         [0035]    A polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO:1 may be encoded by a DNA sequence which is obtainable, for example, from the organism  Pichia capsulata  or by a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes therewith, disclosed in EP 1 633 779. 
         [0036]    A polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO:2 may be encoded by a DNA sequence which is obtainable, for example, from the organism  Rhodococcus erythropolis , or by a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes therewith, disclosed in EP 1499716. 
         [0037]    A polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO:3 may be encoded by a DNA sequence which is obtainable, for example, from the organism  Metschnikowia zobellii , or by a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes therewith, disclosed in EP 1685248. 
         [0038]    A polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO:4 may be encoded by a DNA sequence which is obtainable, for example, from the organism  Candida parapsilosis  or by a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes therewith, disclosed in Enzyme Microb Technol. 1993 November; 15 (11):950-8. 
         [0039]    A polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO:5 may be encoded by a DNA sequence which is obtainable, for example, from the organism  Thermoanerobium brockii  or by a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes therewith, disclosed in J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, pages 162- 
         [0040]    A polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO:6 may be encoded by a DNA sequence which is obtainable, for example, from the organism  Microbacterium  sp or by a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes therewith, disclosed in WO2007/012428 
         [0041]    A polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO:7 may be encoded by a DNA sequence which is obtainable, for example, from the organism  Rhodococcus ruber  or by a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes therewith, disclosed in Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2002 march 15; 41 (6):1014. 
         [0042]    A polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO:8 may be encoded by a DNA sequence which is obtainable, for example, from the organism  Pichia stipidis  or by a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes therewith, disclosed in WO2007/012428. 
         [0043]    A polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO:9 may be encoded by a DNA sequence which is obtainable, for example, from the organism  Gordonia rubripertincta  or by a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes therewith, disclosed in WO2007/012428. 
         [0044]    The DNA sequences may be any DNA coding for polypeptides (SEQ ID No:1, SEQ ID No:2, SEQ ID No:3, SEQ ID No:4, SEQ ID No:5, SEQ ID No:6, SEQ ID No:7, SEQ ID No:8, SEQ ID No:9). It may be a DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown under SEQ ID No:10, SEQ ID No:11, SEQ ID No:12, SEQ ID No:13, SEQ ID No:14, SEQ ID No:15, SEQ ID No:16, SEQ ID No:17, SEQ ID No:18 in the attached sequence listing, or the DNA coding for a polypeptides having enzyme activity in the asymmetric reduction of the invention, and hybridizing with the DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown under SEQ ID No:10, SEQ ID No:11, SEQ ID No:12, SEQ ID No:13, SEQ ID No:14, SEQ ID No:15, SEQ ID No:16, SEQ ID No:17, SEQ ID No:18 in the sequence listing under stringent conditions. 
         [0045]    The term “DNA hybridizing with the DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown under SEQ ID No:10, SEQ ID No:11, SEQ ID No:12, SEQ ID No:13, SEQ ID No:14, SEQ ID No:15, SEQ ID No:16, SEQ ID No:17, SEQ ID No:18 in the sequence listing under stringent conditions” means a DNA obtainable by the technique of colony hybridization, plaque hybridization or southern hybridization, using the DNA having the nucleotide sequence shown under SEQ ID No:10, SEQ ID No:11, SEQ ID No:12, SEQ ID No:13, SEQ ID No:14, SEQ ID No:15, SEQ ID No:16, SEQ ID No:17, SEQ ID No:18 or part of these of the sequence listing as a probe. More specifically, there mentioned DNAs can be identified by carrying out the hybridization using filter with the colony or plaque-derived DNA immobilized thereon, at 65° C. in the presence of 0.7-1.0 M NaCl, and the washing the filter with 0.1 to 2×SSC at 65° C. (1-fold concentrated SSC solution comprising 150 mM NaCl and 15 mM sodium citrate). The hybridization can be carried out to the method described in Molecular cloning, A laboratory manual, second edition (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989) or elsewhere. 
         [0046]    In practice, the enantioselective enzymatic reduction may be performed using an oxidoreductase enzyme in suspension in the reaction mixture, or immobilized in a conventional manner. The enzyme may be utilized in a completely purified state, in a partially purified state, or in microbial cells where it was expressed. The cells themselves may be in a native state, a permeabilized state or a lysed state. It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that use of the enzyme in the cells is preferred for the practice of the process of the invention since it represents a significant savings in cost. Most preferably, the enzyme is expressed in  E. coli  and used as a suspension of native cells. 
         [0047]    The process of enzymatic reduction of compounds of formula (II) or (II′) can be performed in a reaction mixture comprising said compound of formula (II) or (II′), an oxidoreductase, NADH or NADPH as a cofactor, a cosubstrate, such as a secondary alcohol and a suitable buffer. 
         [0048]    The enantiomeric excess of the compound of formula (I) or (I′) formed in the enantioselective enzymatic is at least about 90%, preferably at least about 95% and most preferably at least about 99%. 
         [0049]    Derivatives of the oxidoreductase enzymes are those polypeptides having at least 60 (sixty) percent identity with the SEQ IDs given above and possessing oxidoreductase activity. Those skilled in the art are aware that there are systems and technology available to accurately determine sequence identity. 
         [0050]    To determine the percent identity of two polypeptides, the sequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in the sequence of a first amino acid sequence for optimal alignment with a second amino acid sequence). The amino acid residues at corresponding amino acid positions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same amino acid residue as the corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position. The percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences (i.e., % identity=# of identical positions/total # of positions (e.g., overlapping positions×100). 
         [0051]    Based on the above general principles, the “percent identity” of two amino acid sequences is determined using the algorithm of Karlin and Altschul (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:2264-2268, 1990), modified as in Karlin and Altschul (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:5873-5877, 1993). Such an algorithm is incorporated into the BLAST program of Altschul et al. (J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410, 1990). When utilizing BLAST and Gapped BLAST programs, the default parameters of the respective programs are used. 
         [0052]    The reduction reaction may be carried out in a single phase system having the cells containing the enzyme suspended therein. Alternatively, the reaction may be performed in a two-phase aqueous/organic solvent system as described in US 2009/0017510 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,371,903. The reaction may be carried out as a conventional batch reaction, or as a continuous process. It will be appreciated that one of the significant advantages of the enantioselective enzymatic reduction for commercial applications is that it is amenable to continuous operation. 
         [0053]    The reaction mixture preferably contains from about 35 g to 500 g of cells per kg of raw product produced by the reduction. The suspension is the aqueous portion of the reaction mixture which also contains a buffer, for example a TEA (triethanolamine), phosphate, Tris/HCl or glycine buffer. The buffer may additionally comprise ions for the stabilization of the enzyme, for example, a source of magnesium ions. Additional additives that may be present in the buffer for stabilizing the enzymes may include a polyol, such as glycerol, sorbitols and the like, sulfur compounds, such as 1,4-DL-dithiothreitol, glutathione, cysteine or the like, amino acids and peptides, or detergents, such as DMSO. A preferred stabilizer for the enzyme is a polyol, particularly glycerol, which may be present in from about 10 to 80 percent, preferably about 50% by weight based on the weight of the cell suspension. 
         [0054]    The enantioselective enzymatic reduction process is carried out using a coupled substrate principle wherein the reaction mixture utilizes a cosubstrate for the regeneration of the cofactor, or coenzyme, which functions to provide hydrogen for the reduction of the substrate of formula (II) or (II′). 
         [0055]    The cofactor preferably is utilized in the reduced state, i.e. NADPH or NADH, respectively. The cofactor is present in the reaction mixture in a concentration of from about 0.01 mM to 5 mM, preferably 0.05 mM to 0.5 mM. 
         [0056]    In the reaction, the cosubstrate functions by being oxidized in the regeneration of the NADPH or NADH cofactor. The cosubstrate is present in the reaction mixture in from about 10% to 80% by volume, preferably from about 10% to 50% by volume, most preferably about 15-25% by volume. 
         [0057]    The oxidized cofactor formed during the reduction of the compound of formula (II) or (II′) is regenerated by oxidation of the cosubstate, which also can be catalyzed by the oxidoreductase enzyme. Thus, a particular economic advantage of the present process is that the oxidoreductase enzyme affects both reduction of the compound of formula (II) or (II′) and oxidation of the cosubstrate, therefore no further enzyme has to be used for cofactor regeneration. 
         [0058]    However, it is also within the scope of the present invention to add another enzyme to the reaction mixture for cofactor regeneration in order to enhance the rate of reduction of the substrate of formula (II) or (II′). 
         [0059]    In a further embodiment, an organic solvent that is not involved in the regeneration of the cofactor may be added to the reaction mixture and the reduction process performed in aqueous organic 2-phase system. Examples of such solvents include, without intended limitation, diethyl ether, tertiary butyl methyl ether, diisopropyl ether, dibutyl ether, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, heptane, hexane or cyclohexane. Such a solvent may be present in from about 1% to 50% by volume based on the volume of the reaction mixture. 
         [0060]    The amount of the substrate of formula (II) or (II′) in the reaction mixture is preferably greater than about 0.1% by weight and may be increased to about 50% by weight, with a preferred concentration being from about 5 to 30% by weight. 
         [0061]    The amount of said substrate will vary depending on the purity thereof since the process may be carried out with the substrate in a purified state or as raw product containing varying amounts and types of impurities. 
         [0062]    The pH of the reaction mixture after the addition of all components will be in the range of 5 to 10, preferably from 7 to 9, and optimally about pH 7.5. 
         [0063]    The enzymatic reduction according to the present invention is carried out at a temperature of from about 10-45° C., preferably from about 20-40° C., most preferably from about 25-35° C. 
         [0064]    The enantioselective reduction process is cost-effective and environment-friendly in addition to providing the compounds of formula (I) or (I′) in high yield and very high enantioselectivity. Thus, a compound of formula (I) or (I′) of high optical purity can be obtained in the presence of the enzyme under the above-mentioned reaction conditions within from about 2 to 96 hours, preferably from about 4 to 24 hours. 
         [0065]    During the incubation, the pH of the mixture is maintained within the ranges given above by periodic testing and the addition of a conventional acidic or basic reagent, for example sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide, respectively. 
       EXPERIMENTAL SECTION 
     Example 1 
     Preparation of Enzyme Solution 
       [0066]    Competent  Escherichia coli  StarBL21 (De3) cells (Invitrogen) or RB791 cells ( E. coli  genetic stock, Yale, USA), respectively, were transformed with the expression constructs pET21-MIX coding for the different oxidoreductases. The  Escherichia coli  colonies transformed with the expression constructs were then cultivated in 200 ml of LB medium (1% tryptone, 0.5% yeast extract and, 1% NaCl) with 50 μg/ml of ampicillin or 40 μg/ml of kanamycine, respectively, until an optical density of 0.5, measured at 550 nm, was reached. The expression of recombinant protein was induced by adding isopropylthiogalactoside (IPTG) with a concentration of 0.1 mM. After 16 hours of induction at 25° C. and 220 rpm, the cells were harvested and frozen at −20° C. 
         [0067]    For preparation of the enzyme solutions, 30 g of cells were resuspended in 150 ml of triethanolamine buffer (100 mM, pH 7, 2 mM MgCl2, 10% glycerol) and homogenized using high pressure homogenizer. Subsequently, the enzyme solution was mixed with 150 ml glycerol and stored at −20° C. 
       Example 2 
     Preparation of the Reaction Mixture 
       [0068]    Reaction mixtures were carried out using reduced cofactors (A) and using oxidized cofactor in combination with suitable cosubstrate for regeneration of reduced cofactor (B). 
         [0069]    Depending on specific requirements of the individual enzyme either potassium phosphate 100 mM pH=7.5 or triethanolamine buffer 100 mM pH=7.5 were used. In addition the buffer can contain 1 mM MgCl 2  or 10% (v/V) for stabilization. 
         [0070]    Reaction A
       160 μl buffer   100 μl NADH/NADPH (40 mg/ml)   20 μl 2-Propanol   50 μl enzyme solution according to Example 1   2 mg Tert-butyl 3-oxopiperidinecarboxylate       
 
         [0076]    Reaction B (with 2-Propanol)
       450 μl buffer   0.05 mg NAD/NADP   50 μl enzyme solution according to Example 1   10 mg Tert-butyl 3-oxopiperidinecarboxylate   50 μl 2-Propanol   50 μl enzyme for regeneration if required       
 
         [0083]    Reaction B (with 4-Methyl-2-Pentanol)
       250 μl buffer   0.05 mg NAD/NADP   50 μl enzyme solution according to Example 1   10 mg Tert-butyl 3-oxopiperidinecarboxylate   250 μl 4-methyl-2-pentanol   50 μl enzyme for regeneration if required       
 
         [0090]    After 24 h incubation samples A and B were extracted with Dichloromethane and analyzed using GC. The samples were analyzed for enantiomeric excess and conversion. 
       Example 3 
     Preparation of tert-butyl (3S)-3-hydroxypiperidinecarboxylate Using Oxidoreductase SEQ ID NO1 
       [0091]    75 μl of an enzyme suspension according to Example 1 of SEQ ID NO1 were added to a mixture of 450 μl of a buffer (100 mM potassium phosphate, pH 7.5, 1 mM ZnCl 2 ), 50 mg Tert-butyl 3-oxopiperidinecarboxylate, 0.05 mg NAD and 50 μl 2-propanol. The reaction mixture was incubated at room temperature under constant thorough mixing. After 24 h the substrate was completely converted to the corresponding tert-butyl (3S)-3-hydroxypiperidinecarboxylate showing an enantiomeric excess of &gt;99.8%. 
       Example 4 
     Preparation of tert-butyl (3S)-3-hydroxypiperidinecarboxylate Using Oxidoreductase SEQ ID NO2 
       [0092]    43 μl of an enzyme suspension according to Example 1 of SEQ ID NO2 were added to a mixture of 400 μl of a buffer (100 mM triethanolamine, pH 7.5, 1 mM MgCl 2 ), 50 mg Tert-butyl 3-oxopiperidinecarboxylate, 0.05 mg NAD and 100 μl 2-butanol. The reaction mixture was incubated at room temperature under constant thorough mixing. After 24 h about 98% of the substrate were converted to the corresponding tert-butyl (3S)-3-hydroxypiperidinecarboxylate showing an enantiomeric excess of &gt;99.8% 
       Example 5 
     Preparation of tert-butyl (3S)-3-hydroxypiperidinecarboxylate Using Oxidoreductase SEQ ID NO5 
       [0093]    43 μl of an enzyme suspension according to Example 1 of SEQ ID NO5 were added to a mixture of 400 μl of a buffer (100 mM triethanolamine, pH 7.5, 1 mM MgCl 2 ), 50 mg Tert-butyl 3-oxopiperidinecarboxylate, 0.05 mg NAD and 100 μl 2-propanol. The reaction mixture was incubated at room temperature under constant thorough mixing. After 24 h about 98% of the substrate were converted to the corresponding tert-butyl (3S)-3-hydroxypiperidinecarboxylate showing an enantiomeric excess of &gt;99.8% 
       Example 6 
     Preparation of tert-butyl (3S)-3-hydroxypiperidinecarboxylate Using Oxidoreductase SEQ ID NO8 
       [0094]    100 μl of an enzyme suspension according to Example 1 of SEQ ID NO8 were added to a mixture of 250 μl of a buffer (100 mM potassium phosphate, pH 7.5, 1 mM ZnCl 2 ), 50 mg Tert-butyl 3-oxopiperidinecarboxylate, 0.05 mg NAD and 250 μl 4-methyl-2-pentanol. The reaction mixture was incubated at room temperature under constant thorough mixing. After 24 h about 98% of the substrate were converted to the corresponding tert-butyl (3S)-3-hydroxypiperidinecarboxylate showing an enantiomeric excess of &gt;99.8% 
       Example 7 
     Preparation of tert-butyl (3S)-3-hydroxypiperidinecarboxylate Using Oxidoreductase SEQ ID NO9 
       [0095]    30 μl of an enzyme suspension according to Example 1 of SEQ ID NO8 were added to a mixture of 400 μl of a buffer (100 mM potassium phosphate, pH 7.5, 1 mM MgCl 2 ), 100 mg Tert-butyl 3-oxopiperidinecarboxylate, 0.05 mg NAD and 100 μl 2-propanol. The reaction mixture was incubated at room temperature under constant thorough mixing. After 24 h about 95% of the substrate were converted to the corresponding tert-butyl (3S)-3-hydroxypiperidinecarboxylate showing an enantiomeric excess of &gt;99.8%. 
       Example 8 
     Preparation of tert-butyl (3S)-3-hydroxypiperidinecarboxylate Using Oxidoreductase SEQ ID NO9 
       [0096]    10 g of the substrate Tert-butyl 3-oxopiperidinecarboxylate were suspended in 20 ml 2-propanol. In a separate vessel 10 mg NAD were solved in 80 ml buffer (100 mM potassium phosphate, pH 7.5, 1 mM MgCl 2 ) and 5.7 ml enzyme solution SEQ ID NO9 as in Example 1. The 2-propanol/substrate mixture was added to buffer/enzyme mixture. The reaction mixture was incubated at 30° C. under constant thorough mixing. After 24 h about 95% of the substrate were converted to the corresponding tert-butyl (3S)-3-hydroxypiperidinecarboxylate showing an enantiomeric excess of &gt;99.8%. 
         [0097]    Results are reported in Table 1 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Conversion 
                 tert-butyl (3S)-3- 
                 tert-butyl (3R)-3- 
                   
               
               
                 SEQ ID 
                 in reaction 
                 hydroxy piperi- 
                 hydroxy piperi- 
               
               
                 NOs. 
                 A 
                 dinecarboxylate 
                 dinecarboxylate 
                 Cofactor 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SEQ ID 
                 &gt;99 
                 99.8 
                 0.2 
                 NADH 
               
               
                 NO: 1 
               
               
                 SEQ ID 
                 &gt;99 
                 &gt;99.9 
                 n.d 
                 NADH 
               
               
                 NO: 2 
               
               
                 SEQ ID 
                 &gt;99 
                 99.5 
                 0.5 
                 NADPH 
               
               
                 NO: 3 
               
               
                 SEQ ID 
                 &gt;99 
                 &gt;99.9 
                 n.d 
                 NADH 
               
               
                 NO: 4 
               
               
                 SEQ ID 
                 &gt;99 
                 &gt;99.9 
                 n.d 
                 NADPH 
               
               
                 NO: 5 
               
               
                 SEQ ID 
                 &gt;99 
                 &gt;99.9 
                 n.d 
                 NADH 
               
               
                 NO: 6 
               
               
                 SEQ ID 
                 &gt;99 
                 &gt;99.9 
                 n.d 
                 NADH 
               
               
                 NO: 7 
               
               
                 SEQ ID 
                 &gt;99 
                 &gt;99.9 
                 n.d 
                 NADH 
               
               
                 NO: 8 
               
               
                 SEQ ID 
                 &gt;99 
                 &gt;99.9 
                 n.d 
                 NADH 
               
               
                 NO: 9 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Conversion 
                 tert-butyl (3S)-3- 
                 tert-butyl (3R)-3- 
                   
                 Coenzyme 
               
               
                 SEQ ID 
                 in reaction 
                 hydroxy piperi- 
                 hydroxy piperi- 
                   
                 Regeneration 
               
               
                 NOs 
                 B 
                 dinecarboxylate 
                 dinecarboxylate 
                 Cofactor 
                 applied 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SEQ ID 
                 &gt;99 
                 99.8 
                 0.2 
                 NAD 
                 Substrate 
               
               
                 NO: 1 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupled, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2-propanol 
               
               
                 SEQ ID 
                 &gt;99 
                 &gt;99.9 
                 n.d 
                 NAD 
                 Substrate 
               
               
                 NO: 2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupled, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2-propanol 
               
               
                 SEQ ID 
                 &gt;99 
                 &gt;99.9 
                 n.d 
                 NAD 
                 Substrate 
               
               
                 NO: 4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupled, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2-propanol 
               
               
                 SEQ ID 
                 &gt;97 
                 &gt;99.9 
                 n.d 
                 NAD 
                 Enzyme 
               
               
                 NO: 6 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupled, 2- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Methyl-4- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 pentanol 
               
               
                 SEQ ID 
                 &gt;99 
                 &gt;99.9 
                 n.d 
                 NAD 
                 Substrate 
               
               
                 NO: 7 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupled, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2-propanol 
               
               
                 SEQ ID 
                 &gt;97 
                 &gt;99.9 
                 n.d 
                 NAD 
                 Enzyme 
               
               
                 NO: 8 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupled, 2- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Methyl-4- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 pentanol 
               
               
                 SEQ ID 
                 &gt;98 
                 &gt;99.9 
                 n.d 
                 NAD 
                 Substrate 
               
               
                 NO: 9 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 coupled, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2-propanol