Abstract:
A contactless force measurement sensor for measuring an applied force onto an object is provided. The contactless force measurement sensor includes a first facing orientation which facing orientation defines an orientation pointing towards a surface of the object, a first magnetic field generating unit being adapted for generating a magnetic field towards the facing orientation, a first magnetic field detector unit being adapted for detecting a first magnetic field which field being generated by the first magnetic field generating unit and being influenced by an applied force to be measured, wherein the first magnetic field detector unit is further adapted for outputting a first signal being representative for the detected magnetic field, and an evaluating unit being adapted for evaluating a signal strength of the first signal and determining the applied force based on the first signal.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a contactless force measurement sensor and to a sensing arrangement having such a contactless force measurement sensor for measuring an applied force onto an object. 
     TECHNICAL BACKGROUND 
     Force measurement is important for many industrial applications, in particular for arrangements being dynamically impacted by a force. Applied forces may be pressuring forces as well as moments like torque and bending impact. An exemplary application for torque is a shaft for a vehicle being arranged between a motor and e.g. a wheel. For determining a torque in the shaft, either a particular element may need to be mounted to the shaft, or the shaft may need to be pre-processed, e.g. magnetized. Mounting elements to a shaft may influence the movement of the shaft, pre-processing may be difficult when the shaft is not accessible or cannot be dismounted for pre-processing. 
     In industry applications and laboratory research and development applications, strain gauge sensors are used to measure bending forces. There are only a few other alternative sensor solutions available that may provide adequate bending sensor performance and are suitable for environmental conditions typical for the automotive, industrial, and consumer market. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
     It is an object of the invention to provide a contactless force measurement sensor for measuring a bending force in a longitudinal object. 
     The object is solved by the subject matter of the independent claims. Further embodiments are incorporated in the dependent claims and in the following description. 
     According to an aspect of the invention, a contactless force measurement sensor for measuring an applied force onto an object is provided, wherein the contactless force measurement sensor comprises a first facing orientation which defines an orientation pointing towards a surface of the object, a first magnetic field generating unit being adapted for generating a magnetic field towards the facing orientation, a first magnetic field detector unit being adapted for detecting a first magnetic field which field being generated by the first magnetic field generating unit and being influenced by an applied force to be measured, wherein the first magnetic field detector unit is further adapted for outputting a first signal being representative for the detected magnetic field, and an evaluating unit being adapted for evaluating a signal strength of the first signal and determining the applied force based on the first signal. 
     The contactless force measurement sensor as described above and hereinafter is about a magnetic principle mechanical force sensor design that can detect and quantify mechanical forces from ferromagnetic metallic objects, like a transmission shaft, screw driver shaft, torque wrenches, and power-tool drilling shaft, for example. 
     The contactless force measurement sensor may in particular be adapted to detect torque, pressure and tensile or pulling forces. 
     The first magnetic field generating unit may in particular be a coil applied with a signal in form of alternating current for generating a magnetic field. The contactless force measurement sensor may comprise a flux concentrator, wherein the first magnetic field generating unit may be wound around the flux concentrator, such that the flux concentrator directs the magnetic field lines of the magnetic field generated by the first magnetic field generating unit along the first facing orientation towards the surface of the object to be sensed. 
     The first magnetic field detector unit may in particular be a coil adapted for generating a current when being applied to the magnetic field lines of the magnetic field generated by the first magnetic field generating unit. The magnetic field lines induce a current to the first magnetic field detector unit. 
     The direction and strength of the magnetic field lines may vary dependent on an applied force to the object to be sensed. Thus, the current induced to the first magnetic field detector unit corresponds to the first signal which may vary dependent on the mechanical forces applied to the object to be sensed, wherein the current is a scale for the mechanical forces applied to the object to be sensed. 
     The features of the contactless force measurement sensor as described above and hereinafter may be the follows: non-contact or contactless sensing principle; using magnetic principles for force measurement; being insensitive or substantially insensitive to magnetic fields that are already present or stored in the object to be sensed; no necessity for treating the object to be sensed in whatever way; no degradation of the sensor performance over time as it is an active sensing principle; measuring in differential mode; sensitivity to a single axis bending force may be realized (no cross talk between bending forces in different directions); may works on objects to be sensed that are static or that rotate at any speed; insensitivity to light, dust, mechanical shocks, water, humidity, oil, for example; works with any object containing metallic material as long as it attracts a magnet and conducts magnetic flux lines; may tolerate an air gap or spacing between the object to be sensed and the contactless force measurement sensor; may be applied to objects with varying dimensions (shaft diameter, for example); the temperature operating range may be from −50° C. to more than 210° C. 
     Active magnetic principle mechanical force sensor means that there will be no need for a “permanent” magnetization of the object to be sensed to make the sensor work. An active mechanical force sensor can function immediately after placing the sensor hardware appropriately close to the test object or object to be sensed. 
     The contactless force measurement sensor may not need to be physically attached to the object to be sensed. There can be a gap of a few millimeters between the sensor and the object to be sensed and it will still work. Therefore this sensor works whatever the object to be sensed surface may be (coated, painted, dusty, for example), which may be ideal for measuring on construction sites, bridges, cranes, building frame works. 
     The contactless force measurement sensor works with any metallic material or object to be sensed material containing metallic material as long as the magnetic properties of the material are sufficient to attract and/or hold a permanent magnet. This may apply to only a limited degree or substantially not to sintered materials as they may be too brittle when bending forces are applied. 
     In other words, the first magnetic field generating unit generates a magnetic field whose field lines spread towards the object to be sensed. The first magnetic field detector unit detects the magnetic field lines and in particular the spread, distracted, or diverged magnetic field lines, wherein the spreading and diverging of the magnetic field lines is influenced by a force applied to the object to be sensed such that the current induced to the first magnetic field detector unit varies dependent on the spread, distracted, and diverged magnetic field lines. 
     According to an embodiment of the invention, the contactless force measurement sensor further comprises a second facing orientation pointing towards the surface of the object, a second magnetic field generating unit being adapted for generating a magnetic field towards the second facing orientation, a second magnetic field detector unit being adapted for detecting a magnetic field which field being generated by the second field generator unit and being influenced by an applied force to be measured, wherein the second magnetic field detector unit is further adapted for outputting a second signal being representative for the detected magnetic field, wherein the evaluating unit is being adapted for evaluating a signal strength of the first signal and the second signal and determining the applied force based on the first signal and the second signal. 
     The second magnetic field generating unit and the second magnetic field detector unit may be arranged similar to the first magnetic field generating unit and the first magnetic field detector unit, respectively, with respect to each other and with respect to the object to be sensed. 
     Thus, the explanations and elucidations with regard to the first magnetic field generating unit and first magnetic field detector unit (which may be referred to as a first sensing unit) apply in an analog manner to the second magnetic field generating unit and to the second magnetic field detector unit (which may be referred to as a second sensing unit). 
     The first sensing unit and the second sensing unit may be used for providing measurement redundancy and avoiding or minimizing errors in measurement. 
     In case the object to be sensed is a longitudinal object, the first sensing unit and the second sensing unit may be arranged in longitudinal direction of the object to be sensed opposite to each other, i.e. an angle between the first facing orientation and the second facing orientation is 180°. 
     In an alternative embodiment, the angle between the first facing orientation and the second facing orientation may be 90° or any angle between 0° and 180°. 
     Arranging the first sensing unit and the second sensing unit in the longitudinal direction of the object to be sensed opposite to each other means that the first sensing unit and the second sensing unit do not have a lateral offset in direction of the longitudinal direction of the object to be sensed. 
     However, in an alternative embodiment, the first sensing unit and the second sensing unit may be arranged with respect to the object to be sensed such that they have a lateral offset with respect to each other. 
     According to a further embodiment of the invention, the evaluating unit is being adapted for determining the applied force based on a difference between the first signal and the second signal. 
     The force may in particular be applied in one specific axis in relation to the object, for example perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the object. 
     The first and second contactless force measurement sensor may be arranged opposite to each other, i.e. directed towards each other, such that the object to be sensed may be arranged in between the first and second contactless force measurement sensor. 
     Thus, a bending force applied to an object to be sensed is being measured as the first contactless force measurement sensor may measure a compressive force and the second contactless force measurement sensor may measure the corresponding tensile force at the opposite side of the object to be sensed. 
     The first and second contactless force measurement sensors may be arranged such that the bending axis is perpendicular to a connecting line or orthogonal to an extension plane between the contactless force measurement sensors. Thus, a bending direction is directed away from one of the first and second contactless force measurement sensor and towards the other one of the first and second contactless force measurement sensor. 
     According to a further embodiment of the invention, at least one of the first magnetic field generating unit and the second magnetic field generating unit comprises a magnetic field generating element and a flux concentrator, wherein the flux concentrator cooperates with the magnetic field generating element so as to concentrate the generated magnetic field towards the facing orientation. 
     The magnetic field generating element may comprise one coil or a multitude of coils which are adapted to generate a magnetic field when applying an electric current to the coil or coils. 
     The flux concentrator is being adapted to concentrate the magnetic field or the magnetic field lines generated by the magnetic field generating element. 
     According to a further embodiment, the flux concentrator is of a U-shape, in particular of a horseshoe shape and having two poles, wherein both poles are oriented into the facing orientation. The flux concentrator may further be of a U-round or C-shape or of a square-shape with one opened side, the flux concentrator being of almost any dimensional ratio. 
     The flux concentrator may be of a C-shape or any other circular arc shape, wherein the first pole and the second pole are arranged at the two ends of the flux concentrator. The first pole and the second pole may be adapted and formed to correspond to a surface of the object to be sensed. Thus, a surface of the first pole and of the second pole may be inclined with respect to the flux concentrator or may be a curved, arched, or bent surface. 
     As the flux concentrator is circular arc shaped, both the first pole and the second pole are directed towards the surface of the object to be sensed and thus direct the magnetic flux lines towards and through the object to be sensed. 
     According to a further embodiment of the invention, at least one of the first magnetic field detector unit and of the second magnetic field detecting unit comprises a coil which is located between the first pole and the second pole. 
     The coil is arranged for detecting the magnetic field lines of the magnetic field generated by the first magnetic field generating unit and the second magnetic field generating unit. The magnetic conductivity of the object to be sensed may vary dependent on an applied force to the object to be sensed such that the magnetic field strength detected by the first magnetic field detector unit and the second magnetic field detector unit and in particular by the coil of the detector units varies. 
     As the coil is arranged in between the first pole and the second pole, the coil may optimally detect the changed magnetic conductivity which leads to a changed magnetic field strength between the poles, as the magnetic field may be distracted by the object to be sensed in case the object to be sensed is subjected to a mechanical force. 
     In an alternative embodiment, the coil of the first magnetic field detector unit and of the second magnetic field detector unit comprises a central axis, which central axis may coincide with a connecting line between the first pole and the second pole. 
     In another alternative embodiment, the central axis of the coil of the detector units may be arranged diagonal or inclined with respect to the connecting line between the first pole and the second pole. 
     An alternated angle between the central axis of the coil of the detector units and the connecting line of the first and second pole may influence the sensitivity of the coil to an altered magnetic field strength and thus vary the measurement range or signal range of the first signal indicating the force to be measured. 
     According to a further embodiment, the coil, and in particular a central or longitudinal axis of the coil of the detector units is oriented into a direction corresponding to a connection line between the first pole and the second pole. 
     Thus, the longitudinal axis of the coil of the detector units may be arranged parallel to the connecting line or may coincide with the connecting line. 
     According to a further embodiment of the invention, the coil is offset to a connection line between the both first pole and the second pole. 
     In other words, the longitudinal axis of the coil of the detector units and the connecting line are parallel to each other and comprise a predetermined distance with respect to each other. 
     A coil with a lateral offset to the connecting line between the two poles of the flux concentrator may support the adjustment of the measurement range and may support the consideration of magnetic properties of the material of the object to be sensed. In particular when used in connection with a rotating object to be sensed, the coil of the detector units may have a lateral offset with regard to the connecting line between the poles of the flux concentrator in a direction of the rotation of the object to be sensed along the surface of the object to be sensed. 
     According to a further embodiment, the contactless force measurement sensor further comprises at least one feedback element being connected to the evaluation unit and being adapted to provide a comparative signal, based on which the evaluation unit compensates a varying distance between the contactless force measurement sensor and the object. 
     The feedback element may in particular provide the magnetic field strength of the magnetic field conducted through the flux concentrator. This signal is substantially independent of the distance to an object to be sensed. 
     The magnetic field and the strength of the magnetic field lines conducted from the two poles through the material of the object to be sensed may vary with a varied distance of the contactless force measurement sensor and in particular of the flux concentrator from the surface of the object to be sensed, which may influence the measured value of the first signal. 
     In order to consider the distance between the flux concentrator and the surface of the object to be sensed and not measuring incorrect values of the applied mechanical force, the feedback element provides a reference value which is to be assessed in relation to the signal detected by the first magnetic field detector unit and second magnetic field detector unit. 
     According to a further embodiment of the invention, the feedback element is a coil wound around the flux concentrator. 
     According to a farther element of the invention, at least one of the first magnetic field generating unit and second magnetic field generating unit is adapted for generating a magnetic field being a combination of a permanent magnetic field and a magnetic field having an alternating frequency. 
     Thus, the effect of a magnetic field caused by external influence may be detected, which may deviate from the frequency of the magnetic field generated by the first magnetic field generating unit and the second magnetic field generating unit. 
     According to a further embodiment of the invention, at least one of the first magnetic field generating unit and second magnetic field generating unit is adapted for adopting a frequency of the generated magnetic field. 
     According to a further embodiment of the invention, the second facing orientation oppositely faces the first facing orientation, having a distance between the first magnetic field generating unit and the first magnetic field sensing unit on the one hand and the second magnetic field generating unit and the second magnetic field sensing unit on the other hand for receiving an object onto which an applied force is to be measured. 
     The distance between the first sensing unit and the second sensing unit may correspond to a width or a diameter of the object to be sensed or may be greater than the width or the diameter of the object to be sensed. In the latter case, at least one of the first sensing unit and the second sensing unit is arranged distant to the surface of the object to be sensed and there is a gap between the surface of the object to be sensed and the at least one of the first sensing unit and the second sensing unit arranged distant to the surface of the object to be sensed. 
     In an alternative embodiment, the first sensing unit and the second sensing unit may be arranged equidistant to the surface of the object to be sensed, wherein the first sensing unit and the second sensing unit each are spaced apart from the object to be sensed and in particular from the surface of the object to be sensed in different directions, i.e. along the first facing orientation and second facing orientation, respectively. 
     According to a further embodiment of the invention, the distance between the first sensing unit and the second sensing unit is adapted so as to receive an elongated object. 
     The object to be sensed may be a prismatic, cylindrical, or conical elongated object, in particular a shaft in a rotating or static state which is adapted to be subjected to a mechanical force. 
     The first pole and the second pole of the flux concentrator of each the first sensing unit and the second sensing unit may be arranged such that the distance of the first pole and the second pole to the surface of the object to be sensed is the same or different. 
     According to a further embodiment of the invention, the contactless force measurement sensor is adapted for measuring bending forces, wherein the evaluation unit is adapted for evaluating the first and second signal and to determine a bending force based on the first and second signal. 
     According to a further aspect of the invention, a sensing arrangement is provided having a contactless force measurement sensor as described above and hereinafter and an elongated object, wherein a longitudinal extension of the first magnetic field generating unit is substantially parallel with a longitudinal extension of the elongated object. 
     The longitudinal extension of the first magnetic field generating unit corresponds to the connecting line between the first pole and the second pole of the flux concentrator. 
     According to a further embodiment, the connecting line of the first magnetic field generating unit and the connecting line of the second magnetic field generating unit are arranged parallel to each other which means that a longitudinal extension of the second magnetic field generating unit is substantially parallel with the longitudinal extension of the elongated object to be sensed. 
     According to a further embodiment, the connecting line of the first magnetic field generating unit and the connecting line of the second magnetic field generating unit are arranged inclined to each other. Thus, the longitudinal extension of one of the first magnetic field generating unit and the second magnetic field generating unit extends substantially parallel to the longitudinal direction or extension of the object to be sensed and the longitudinal extension of the other one of the first magnetic field generating unit and the second magnetic field generating unit is inclined with respect to the longitudinal extension of the object to be sensed. 
     According to a further aspect, a sensing arrangement is provided having a contactless force measurement sensor as described above and hereinafter and an elongated object, wherein a longitudinal extension of the first magnetic field generating unit is substantially traverse to a longitudinal extension of the elongated object. 
     The angle between the longitudinal extension of the first magnetic field generating unit and the longitudinal extension of the object to be sensed may be between 0° and 90°, wherein in a preferred embodiment the angle is 90° or substantially 90°. 
     With regard to the object to be sensed material, as long as a permanent magnet will stuck to the object to be sensed, then the contactless force measurement sensor as described above and hereinafter may be able to perform the intended force measurement. In order to achieve the best possible measurement signal quality, it may be advisable to harden the object to be sensed material, at least at the sensing region. “Sensing Region is the location where the contactless force measurement sensor will be placed. Failing to do so may result in a relative large measurement hysteresis. 
     A generator coil is driven by either a DC or a specific AC signal, and with this produces magnetic flux beneath the surface of the test object. The mechanical forces that travel through the test object will influence the direction the magnetic flux lines will take when trying to go from one to the other poles of the flux concentrator. The change in the travel direction of the magnetic flux lines can be detected by a magnetic field sensing device that is placed on or close to the surface of the test object. The signal changes picked up by the magnetic field sensing device are proportional to the targeted mechanical forces that are applied to the test object. 
     When using an electric DC current to drive the field generator coil, then there may be the risk of beginning to permanently magnetize a small section of the test object (material dependent). This may cause a signal offset that may look like a real signal caused by mechanical forces. This problem can be circumvented by using an electric AC driver signal to run the field generator. However, only very specific frequencies may be suitable to detect and measure mechanical forces from the test object. 
     When using test object materials that have ferromagnetic properties and can be permanently magnetized then this material may not be used in a DC driven contactless force measurement sensor. The reason is that this material will slowly but steadily become a bar magnet where the sensor is placed (meaning that the location where the sensor is placed will act like a magnet by itself after some time, which may be within a few seconds or a few minutes. When this happens, the signal offset of the sensor output may drift in one direction and may not be stable. In reverse, a DC operated sensor is very sensitive to magnetic fields that are stored beneath the surface of the test object. Before usage, the material of the test object has to be degaussed first. 
     When running the sensor in AC mode (i.e. the field generator coil is driven by a symmetrically alternating current at a certain frequency), and when using standard inductors with ferromagnetic core, then the sensor design may be in most cases insensitive to magnetic fields stored in the test object. “Most Cases” means that there are possible cases where the AC driven bending sensor will be sensitive to magnetic fields that are stored beneath the test object surface. Example: Assuming there is one magnetic spot stored in the test object (at the sensing region), and further assuming that there are two sensing coils placed symmetrically around the shaft, then, at a shaft rotational speed of 300 revolution per second (equivalent to 18.000 rpm) the signal generated by this magnetic spot will interfere with the sensor system internal signal decoding function. 
     The orientation of the sensing coil (in relation to the magnetic flux lines, generated by the generator coil and the flux concentrator) decides about what mechanical force will be detected and measured, and how large the measured signal will be (signal quality). 
     Traditional bending sensing technologies may require that the sensing element is firmly attached to the test object surface to assure that the mechanical forces of interest travel through it for measurement. The cable connections required (from and to the sensor element), the environmental limitations (humidity and thermal cycles will limit the life time of the sensing element), and the costs associated with these sensing technologies may limit their usage and may be prohibitive in volume applications. 
     The sensor as described above and hereinafter helps overcome these issues and can therefore being used widely in the markets: automotive, avionics, industry, consumer, and instrumentation, like: diagnostics and preventive care on large building structures (bridges, skyscrapers); real-time measurements in car/truck suspensions for active suspension or active stability control; avionics: wing loads at bad weather situations and diagnostics on the frame structure; consumer and professional tools: building torque wrenches (through bending forces); and tool overload detection; wind power: turbine structure and propeller structure when exposed to forces; industrial processing equipment like paper mills, steel production, and tooling equipment (detecting force limits to prevent damages for tools and materials. 
     With regard to the flux concentrator material, one criteria applied to decide about which washer or clip-ring material can be used is that the material shows a strong response to a permanent magnet held near it. The material may be for example higher grade materials, like transformer steel. 
     The washer and clip rings may have a suitable design that simplified the sensor design. Washers may be perfectly symmetrically shaped and may be available in almost all desired sizes and thickness at low cost. 
     The washers and clip rings may comprise different material (hardened spring steel, non-hardened washers, for example) and optionally a coating (chrome, zinc). 
     As the bending sensor can be run in a DC mode or in an AC mode, there are different material specification requirements for each of these two operation modes as well. When the chosen material has a high remanence then it may not be suitable for DC operation as the flux concentrator may show different reaction before and after it has been permanently magnetized. A suitable material choice may be transformer steel. 
     With regard to the object to be sensed material, this may be ferromagnetic material or normal steels which include nickel, chrome, or similar material, in single form or in some combinations. However, as long as a permanent magnet will stick to a test object then the bending sensor may function. 
     According to a further aspect, a method for measuring a bending force in a longitudinal object is provided, comprising the steps: providing a first contactless force measurement sensor and a second contactless force measurement sensor as described above and hereinafter, wherein the first contactless force measurement sensor and the second contactless force measurement sensor are arranged opposite to each other with respect to the longitudinal object; measuring a mechanical force applied to the surface of the longitudinal object with each the first contactless force measurement sensor and the second contactless force measurement sensor; providing the measured force signal to a calculating unit; subtracting the force signal provided by the first contactless force measurement sensor from the force signal provided by the second contactless force measurement sensor. 
     The difference between the force signal of the first contactless force measurement sensor and the force signal of the second contactless force measurement sensor corresponds to a bending force applied to the longitudinal object. 
     Arranging the first contactless force measurement sensor and the second contactless force measurement sensor means that the longitudinal object is arranged in between them and the first and second contactless force measurement sensors are directed towards each other, i.e. they are arranged with respect to each other at an angle of 180°. 
     According to an embodiment, the first and second contactless force measurement sensor do not have any lateral offset with regard to the longitudinal axis of the longitudinal object. 
     Exemplary embodiments of the invention will be described with reference to the following drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 4  schematically illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 5  schematically illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 6A  illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 6B  illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 7  schematically illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 8A  illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 8B  illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 9A  illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 9B  illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 10A  illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 10B  illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 13  illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 14  illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 15  illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 16A  schematically illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 16B  schematically illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 16C  schematically illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 17A  schematically illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 17B  schematically illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 17C  schematically illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 18A  schematically illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 18B  schematically illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 19  schematically illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 20  schematically illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 21  schematically illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor  1  and a circular object to be sensed  2 . The contactless force measurement sensor  1  comprises a flux concentrator  15   a  with a first magnetic field generating unit  10   a  and a feedback element  30   a  attached to the flux concentrator. The flux concentrator comprises a first pole  16   a  and a second pole  17   a , wherein the first pole and the second pole are directed along the first facing orientation z 1  towards a surface of the object to be sensed. 
     The flux concentrator is shaped in form of a C-shape or U-shape, and in particular in form of an arc of a circle. The surface of the first pole and of the second pole may be adapted to the surface of the object to be sensed, i.e. the surface of the poles is also circular shaped and in particular concave. 
     The first magnetic field generating unit  10   a  is driven with an alternating current and generates a magnetic field whose magnetic field lines are concentrated and directed towards the object to be sensed. The magnetic field lines spread through the object to be sensed from one of the poles to the other one of the poles, wherein the magnetic flux depends on a mechanical force applied to the object to be sensed  2 . 
     The feedback element  30   a  is adapted to measure the magnetic field strength of the magnetic field flowing through the flux concentrator. 
     Between the first pole and the second pole, the first magnetic field detector unit  20   a  is arranged such that magnetic field lines between the first pole and the second pole lead to an induced current in the first magnetic field detector unit in form of a coil. As the magnetic field strength between the first pole and the second pole varies dependent on a mechanical force applied to the object to be sensed, the current induced into the first magnetic field detector unit varies and is a parameter for the mechanical force applied to the object to be sensed. 
     The first magnetic field detector unit is arranged such that a longitudinal axis of the first magnetic field detector unit extends parallel to a longitudinal axis of the object to be sensed and is inclined, in particular perpendicular, with respect to the connecting line between the first pole and the second pole. 
     In other words, the magnetic field lines from one of the first pole and the second pole to the other one of the first pole and the second pole pass the object to be sensed in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the object to be sensed. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a side view of the contactless force measurement sensor shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     The longitudinal direction of the first magnetic field detector unit runs along the longitudinal direction of the object to be sensed wherein the connecting line between the poles of the flux concentrator runs into or out of the plane of drawing. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a schematic overview of a contactless force measurement sensor  1 , wherein the first magnetic field generating unit  10   a  and the feedback element  30   a  as well as the first magnetic field detector unit  20   a  are connected to the evaluating unit which on the one hand generates the signal transmitted to the first magnetic field generating unit for generating the magnetic field and senses the signal transmitted by the feedback element and the first magnetic field detector unit for determining the mechanical force applied to the object to be sensed. 
     The evaluating unit  50  receives electrical power from the power supply  60  and provides the output signal which indicates the force applied to the object to be sensed at the output line  52 . 
     The Sensor consists of two main modules: the actual sensing element (built by using passive electronic components), and the sensor electronics. Both modules can be placed together in the same housing, but can also be placed separately from each other, only connected to each other by a number of wires, for example wires of a length up to a few meters, in particular between 1 m and 5 m, an in particular 2 m. 
     The contactless force measurement sensor consists of several modules: sensor hardware (flux concentrator, generator coil, feedback coil, detector coil); an electronic circuit of the evaluating unit; a six lead connection cable or line between the sensor hardware and the electronics of the evaluating unit; a power supply and a two lead connection cable or line between the electronics and the power supply. 
     A complete and single sensing element consists of all the components shown above. The feedback coil is optional and may be required only when any potential spacing changes between the object to be sensed and the contactless force measurement sensor has to be compensated automatically. The function of the feedback coil may be used only when driving the field generator coil with an AC driver signal. When using a DC current driver signal, the automatic space compensation feature may not be realized by the feedback coil. 
     The optional feedback coil is used to detect and measure the spacing or the gap between the contactless force measurement sensor and in particular the flux concentrator and the surface of the object to be sensed. The signal measured with this coil will be used to compensate for the unwanted signal amplitude modulation caused when the spacing between the object to be sensed and the contactless force measurement sensor keeps changing. In application where the spacing is not changing, the feedback coil may not be required. The feedback coil provides precise information about the sensor efficiency or when the spacing between the sensor hardware and the surface of the object to be sensed is changing. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a schematic overview of the basic electrical interconnection of the components of the contactless force measurement sensor  1  as shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     The field generator coil or primary inductor  10   a  and the feedback coil or secondary inductor  30   a  are placed on the same flux concentrator. Signals generated by the field generator coil can be detected and measured by the feedback coil. The signal transfer function may be influenced by the distance between the flux concentrator and the surface of the object to be sensed. The smaller the air gaps are between the two poles of the flux concentrator ends and the surface of the object to be sensed, the more efficient is the magnetic transfer between the primary and secondary coils. This relationship may not be strictly proportional and may have to be linearized by the sensor electronics, which will be explained in more detail below. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor with a detailed illustration of the evaluating unit  50  which comprises a signal generator  51  and a filter and power driver  53 , both for driving the first magnetic field generating unit  10   a , and a filter and gain unit  54  for receiving the signal from the feedback element  30   a.    
     The signal gain control information  55  generated out of the generating signal of the first magnetic field generating unit  10   a  and the signal detected by the feedback element  30   a  is used together with the signal provided by the first magnetic field detector unit  20   a  to generate the output signal  52  by the variable gain amplifier  56 . Thus, the variable gain amplifier  56  provides a compensated output signal  52  as the signal from the feedback element is taken into account when calculating the output signal. 
     A change in the distance between the flux concentrator and the object to be sensed will cause an amplitude change of the signal measured by the feedback coil  30   a . The signal amplitude information from the field generator coil  10   a  and the feedback coil  30   a  will allow a variable gain amplifier to correct the otherwise changing bending signal amplitude. In this example, it may be necessary to linearize the feedback coil signal first before passing it on to the variable gain amplifier. 
       FIG. 6A  illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor  1  having a first sensing unit a and a second sensing unit b, which are identical sensing elements each having a magnetic field generating unit  10   a ,  10   b  consisting of a generating coil  11   a ,  11   b , a flux concentrator  15   a ,  15   b  having two poles  16   a ,  17   a ,  16   b ,  17   b , and a magnetic field detector unit  20   a ,  20   b.    
     The first sensing unit and the second sensing unit are arranged oppositely with respect to each other having the object to be sensed  2  in between them, wherein the first sensing unit and the second sensing unit are spaced apart having the distance  100  in between them and in particular in between the poles of the flux concentrator of the first sensing unit and the second sensing unit. 
     The longitudinal extension of the first magnetic field detector unit  20   a  and of the second magnetic field detector unit  20   b  extends parallel to the longitudinal direction of the object to be sensed and parallel to the connecting line between the poles of the flux concentrator of each of the first sensing unit and the second sensing unit. This means, that the flux concentrator is arranged with respect to the object to be sensed such that the connecting line of the poles rims parallel to the longitudinal axis of the object to be sensed. 
       FIG. 6B  illustrates a side view of the diagram shown in  FIG. 6A . The connecting line of the poles of the flux concentrators, the longitudinal axis of the object to be sensed and the longitudinal axis of the first magnetic field detector unit run into or out of the plane of drawing. 
     Alternatively to the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 6A and 6B , the first magnetic field detector unit and the second magnetic field detector unit may be arranged such that the longitudinal direction of the respective detector coil runs perpendicular to the connecting line of the poles of the flux concentrator and to the longitudinal direction of the object to be sensed. 
     Having a first sensing unit and a second sensing unit enables a differential measurement mode. 
     In order to differentiate between the targeted bending force, i.e. in case the bending force applied to the object to be sensed is the force to be measured, and other mechanical forces, like torque forces, two similar or identical looking sensing units are placed symmetrically at either side of the object to be sensed. By subtracting the measured signals of the first sensing unit and the second sensing unit from each other, the potentially present torque forces will be canceled, and what remains are the bending forces intended to be measured. 
     The mathematical processing of the two signals (one from each individual sensing element) can be done in different ways: connecting the magnetic field sensing coils to each other in reversed order (connecting them in series in such way that the measured signals are subtracted from each other without any use of active electronics); feeding the individual and conditioned measurement signals to an analogue working summing circuit in order to subtract the signals from each other; using a digital processing system (like a microprocessor) to execute the mathematical signal processing, which may be the most flexible solution. 
     When choosing the first proposed solution (connecting the passive magnetic field sensing coils in series) then it may be necessary to ensure that the signal amplitudes and signal offsets from each sensing coil are matched to each other. Otherwise, the resulting signal may include cross-talk and may be distorted (in relation to the targeted output signal). 
       FIG. 7  illustrates a schematic overview of the electrical interconnection when using the differential measurement mode. The signals of both the first magnetic field detector unit  20   a  and the second magnetic field detector unit  20   b  are detected and lead to the evaluating unit  50 , wherein the signals are processed or directed to an AD converter  57  and a micro controller unit  58  in order to generate the output signal  52 . 
     In case the first magnetic field detector unit and the second magnetic field detector unit are of identical specifications with regard to inductivity and physical dimensions, the coils can be connected to each other in series, but one may be connected in reverse order which allows that the signals measured in the first magnetic field detector unit and in the second magnetic field detector unit will be subtracted from each other before the signal will be fed into the signal conditioning and signal processing module of the evaluating unit  50 . 
       FIGS. 8A and 8B  illustrate a contactless force measurement sensor similar to that shown in  FIGS. 6A and 6B , wherein in contrary to  FIGS. 6A and 6B  the flux concentrator of the first magnetic field generating unit and of the second magnetic field generating unit is rotated 90° such that the connecting line of the poles of each of the flux concentrators is perpendicular with respect to the longitudinal axis  3  of the object to be sensed  2  and the longitudinal axis  25  of the first magnetic field detector unit and of the second magnetic field detector unit. 
     The contactless force measurement sensor  1  shown in  FIGS. 6A ,  6 B,  7 ,  8 A, and  8 B is designed for differential mode measurement. 
       FIGS. 9A and 9B  illustrate a contactless force measurement sensor comparable to that one shown in  FIGS. 6A and 6B  but having just one sensing unit instead of two sensing units for differential measurement. The first magnetic field detector unit  20   a  is arranged such that its longitudinal direction extends perpendicular to the connecting line of the poles or longitudinal direction  27  of the flux concentrator  15   a  and the longitudinal direction of the object to be sensed, wherein the longitudinal direction  27  runs parallel to the longitudinal direction of the object to be sensed. 
       FIGS. 10A and 10B  illustrate a contactless force measurement sensor having one sensing unit, wherein the connecting line between the poles of the flux concentrator are perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of both the first magnetic field detector unit and the object to be sensed, which in turn are parallel to each other. 
     The first magnetic field detector unit and the second magnetic field detector unit can be either an inductor with core, hall-effect sensor, MR, GMR, or any other magnetic field device that is suitable for the desired measurement range. The orientation of the longitudinal axis of the magnetic field detector units in relation to the magnetic flux lines, i.e. the connecting line between the two poles of the flux concentrator, is important with regard to the force to be measured and will be explained in detail below. 
     Using a single sensing unit as shown in  FIGS. 9A ,  9 B,  10 A, and  10 B may reduce the cost and makes the contactless force measurement sensor smaller with regard to the physical dimensions. However, by doing so it will not be possible to differentiate between applied bending forces and the potentially available other mechanical forces, like torque or bending in another axis. Meaning, when using a single sensing cell structure or sensing unit, the sensor module may pick up several different mechanical forces acting in different directions and having more than one direction component at the same time without any possibility to differentiate between them. 
     One way for using a single cell bending sensor, i.e. having just one sensing unit, can be when the object to be sensed has been built and mounted in its application in such way, that only the mechanical forces to be measured travel through it. Meaning that there will be no interfering mechanical forces present. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor  1  and elucidates the physical dimensions of the contactless force measurement sensor. 
     The flux concentrator  15   a  has a length  105  in a direction of the connecting line between the poles  16   a ,  17   a , a height  107  in a direction orthogonally to the surface of the object to be sensed when being placed on that surface, and a material thickness  109 , i.e. a diameter or width of the material of the flux concentrator. The flux concentrator  15   a  and in particular the poles  16   a ,  17   a  of the flux concentrator have an aperture angle  111  which corresponds the angle in radial direction of the object to be sensed between the directions perpendicular to the center of the surfaces of the poles. 
     The contactless force measurement sensor  1  is arranged at a distance  113  between the poles  16   a ,  17   a  and the surface of the object to be sensed  2 . 
       FIG. 12  illustrates a side view of the contactless force measurement sensor shown in  FIG. 11 . 
     The flux concentrator  15   a  has a width  117  in a direction parallel to the longitudinal direction  3  of the object to be sensed and is inclined at the angle  115  with respect to the surface of the object to be sensed, i.e. the angle  115  is between the direction of extension of the flux concentrator on the surface of the object to be sensed and the longitudinal axis  3  of the object to be sensed. 
     The first magnetic field detector unit  20   a  is arranged space apart from the surface of the object to be sensed  2  such that the longitudinal axis  25  of the first magnetic field detector unit  20   a  and the surface  5  of the object to be sensed  2  are arranged at the distance  119  with respect to each other. 
       FIG. 13  illustrates a top view of the contactless force measurement sensor shown in  FIG. 11 , wherein the arrangement of the longitudinal axis of the first magnetic field detector unit  20   a , the longitudinal direction  3  of the object to be sensed  2  and the connecting line of the poles of the flux concentrator with respect to each other are shown. 
     The longitudinal axis  25  of the first magnetic field detector unit is inclined with respect to the longitudinal axis  3  enclosing the angle  125  and the angle  123  between the longitudinal axis  25  and the connecting line of the poles of the flux concentrator. 
     Thus, the sum of the angles  123  and  125  correspond to the angle  121  between the connecting line of the poles of the flux concentrator and the longitudinal axis  3  of the object to be sensed  2 . 
     The angles  121 ,  123 ,  125  and in particular the angle  123  decide about what mechanical force will be measured and about what the quality of the measured signal will be. This angle also decides about potential cross-talk in the measured signal will be caused by the different mechanical forces that may applied to the object to be sensed. 
     The following table gives an exemplary overview of the physical dimensions of the contactless force measurement sensor. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Specification 
                 Ref. Sign 
                 Min 
                 typical 
                 Max 
                 Unit 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Flux Concentrator Length 
                 105 
                   
                 22 
                   
                 mm 
               
               
                 Flux Concentrator Height 
                 107 
                   
                 20 
                   
                 mm 
               
               
                 Flux Concentrator Thickness 
                 117 
                   
                 4 
                   
                 mm 
               
               
                 Flux Concentrator Channel Thickness 
                 109 
                   
                 2.5 
                   
                 mm 
               
               
                 Flux Concentrator Tilting 
                 115 
                 −1 
                   
                 +1 
                 degree 
               
               
                 Flux Concentrator Pole Opening Angle 
                 111 
                   
                 60 
                   
                 degree 
               
               
                 Angle axis to Generator Field Axis 
                 123 
                   
                 88 
                   
                 degree 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Flux Concentrator Material 
                 Washer Steel 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Number of Metal Elements used in FC 
                   
                 1 
                 3 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Spacing: FC Poles and Test Object 
                 113 
                 0.1 
                   
                 1.1 
                 mm 
               
               
                 Distance Centre MFS Coil to Test Object 
                 119 
                   
                 2 
                   
                 mm 
               
               
                 Test Object Diameter 
                 4 
                   
                 15 
                   
                 mm 
               
               
                 Generator Coil Number of Turns 
                   
                   
                 100 
                   
                 Windings 
               
               
                 Coil wire thickness 
                   
                   
                 0.28 
                   
                 mm 
               
               
                 Axial Coil Length on FC 
                   
                   
                 10 
                   
                 mm 
               
               
                 Location in respect of the FC 
                   
                   
                 Centre 
               
               
                 MFS Coil Specification: Turns 
                   
                   
                 400 
                   
                 Windings 
               
               
                 MFS Coil Wire Thickness 
                   
                   
                 80 
                   
                 μm 
               
               
                 Coil Body length 
                   
                   
                 6 
                   
                 mm 
               
               
                 MFS Coil Body Diameter 
                   
                   
                 2 
                   
                 mm 
               
               
                 MFS Coil Resistivity 
                 DC Current 
                   
                 10 
                   
                 Ohm 
               
               
                 MFS Coil Manufacturer 
                   
                   
                 KUK 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       FIG. 14  illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor  1  comprising a first magnetic field generating unit  10   a  in form of a coil wound around the flux concentrator  15   a , and further comprising a first magnetic field detector unit arranged in between the poles  16   a ,  17   a  of the flux concentrator. 
       FIG. 15  illustrates a side view of the contactless force measurement sensor shown in  FIG. 14 , wherein the longitudinal axis of the first magnetic field detector unit extends parallel to the longitudinal axis of the object to be sensed and perpendicular to the connecting line between the poles of the flux concentrator  15   a.    
       FIGS. 16A ,  16 B,  16 C illustrate a contactless force measurement sensor  1  together with an object to be sensed  2  having diverging physical dimensions, i.e. diverging shaft diameter  4 . 
     The diameter  4  of the test object or drive shaft is important for the bending forces related signal gain. The larger the diameter of the shaft will be, the smaller the signal gain will become (in relation to a constant Bending force that will be applied to the shaft). 
     The bending sensor signal gain is defined by a number of specific specifications which may be used in an assignment step to assign a predetermined force to a resulting output signal, i.e. for calibrating the contactless force measurement sensor and the evaluating unit. When trying to reconfirm the sensors behavior when the test object diameter (or cross section area) will be changed, then all of the other sensor parameters have to be kept constant, like: identical shaft material; identical hardening and annealing process; identical spacing or gap between the test object and the sensor hardware; identical magnetic flux density generated by the sensor hardware; identical inductivity and driver circuit; identical sensor hardware dimensions; identical surface area of the two magnetic poles. 
     When using objects to be sensed with different diameters, the radius cut into the poles to match the shaft diameter or shaft surface may be adapted as to be concave in the same way the surface of the shaft is convex. 
       FIGS. 17A ,  17 B,  17 C illustrate a contactless force measurement sensor  1  having different aperture angles  111  of the flux concentrator dependent on the diameter  4  of the object to be sensed  2 . 
     The bending sensor signal gain may also be defined by the arch specification of the sensor hardware, i.e. the aperture angle  111  of the flux concentrator. Arch specification means here: the angle with which the sensor hardware is covering the test object. 
     The aperture angle  111  of the flux concentrator is different in all of the three examples shown in  FIGS. 17A ,  17 B, and  17 C. There are two assumptions which may exist both and to some extend compensate each other: the larger the aperture angle  111 , the larger the signal gain will be; with a larger aperture angle  111 , a larger area of the surface of the object to be sensed will be covered and will make it easier to detect the under torque forces twisting magnetic signal; the closer the two magnetic poles of the flux concentrator will come to the opposing shaft sides (i.e. the greater the aperture angle will be), the smaller the sensor signal will become. 
     In the latter case (when the poles are placed to opposing shaft sides) the magnetic field will now travel almost 100% directly through the shaft material and will not show any effects on the shaft surface (where the sensing coil is placed) and will not lead to a detectable induced current to the first magnetic field detector unit. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, the flux concentrator may comprise two elements interconnected via a hinge or a flexible part to each other such that the inclination of the two parts to each other and the aperture angle  111  may be changed or adjusted to a varying diameter of the object to be sensed. 
       FIGS. 18A and 18B  illustrate a flux concentrator of a contactless force measurement sensor having the same aperture angle  111  in connection with different diameters of the object to be sensed. 
     In these drawings, the shaft diameter is changing and the angle of the arch is being kept constant. This means that the sensor hardware design will change substantially for each shaft diameter. 
     The following table gives an overview of the physical dimensions and the requirements by means of three exemplary configurations. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Example 1 
                 Example 2 
                 Example 3 
                   
               
               
                 Specification 
                 Explanation 
                 Typical 
                 Typical 
                 Typical 
                 Unit 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Smallest usable shaft diameter 
                   
                 20 
                 12 
                 10 
                 mm 
               
               
                 Largest usable shaft diameter 
                   
                 50 
                 100 
                 unlimited 
                 mm 
               
               
                 Signal Resolution 
                 Equivalent in digital Bits 
                 8 
                 10 
                 12 
                 Bit 
               
               
                 Repeatability 
                 As a percentage of Full Scale 
                 +/−1 
                 +/−0.5 
                 +/−0.1 
                 % of FS 
               
               
                 Signal Bandwidth 
                 Analogue Hz 
                 100 
                 1,000 
                 10,000 
                 Hz 
               
               
                 Signal Hysteresis 
                 when using Ferro-Magnetic material 
                 +/−2 
                 +/−0.5 
                 +/−0.2 
                 % of FS 
               
               
                 Output Signal Range 
                 Max negative to max positive Torque 
                 1.5 
                 2 
                 4 
                 V 
               
               
                 Signal-to-Noise 
                   
                 10 
                 5 
                 &lt;2.5 
                 mV 
               
               
                 Air Gap Variation 
                 Sensor to Shaft Surface Variation 
                 none 
                 1.5 
                 4 
                 mm 
               
               
                 Sensor Hardware Height 
                 Radial Spacing required for 25 mm shaft 
                 25 
                 20 
                 &lt;15 
                 mm 
               
               
                 Electric Current Consumption 
                   
                 &lt;250 
                 &lt;125 
                 &lt;75 
                 mA 
               
               
                 Operating Temperature Range 
                 Sensor Hardware only 
                 0 to +70 
                 −20 to +85 
                 −40 to +150 
                 deg C. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       FIG. 19  illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor  1  tilted with respect to the surface of the object to be sensed  2  such that the angle  115  differs from 90°. Such a tilted flux concentrator may influence the signal gain of the first magnetic field detector unit. 
       FIG. 20  illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor  1  with alternative flux concentrator profile. 
     One profile of the flux concentrator is a circular one, wherein the other one of the profiles is a flattened one and reduces the physical dimensions of the flux concentrator, in particular the height  107 . 
     A flattened or low profile mechanical design as shown on the right side of  FIG. 20  may be preferred in most applications due to its lower proportions or physical dimensions. However, it may be necessary to ensure that there are no sharp corners left at the flux concentrator as the magnetic field and the magnetic field lines may escape or leave the flux concentrator there and generate unwanted stray fields. 
     It may also be important to ensure that the top part of the flux concentrator is not getting too close to the surface of the test object as otherwise that part of the flux concentrator will interfere with the measurement signal (i.e. will distract or deflect the magnetic signal that should be detected and captured by the first magnetic field detector unit). 
     A reduced space in radial direction of the object to be sensed for the sensor may help fitting the sensor into small spaces. However, by reducing the radial dimensions the generator coil will come closer to the sensing coil and closer to the test object surface which may start to interfere with the otherwise achievable sensor performance. 
       FIG. 21  illustrates a contactless force measurement sensor having varying material thickness  117 , which may be provided for example by placing similar flux concentrators behind each other. 
     Further,  FIG. 21  shows that the surface  23  of the poles of the flux concentrator may be geometrically adapted, for example sharpened or pointed. 
     The thickness  117  of the flux concentrator may define the precision a specific mechanical force can be selectively identified and measured. It may have an influence at the measuring accuracy that the magnetic flux lines generated will be channeled through the surface of the test object to assure sufficient signal amplitude, generated by the magnetic field sensing device. When making the flux concentrator to thin then the field generated by the field generator coil may create unwanted magnetic stray fields. 
     To get the pole surface very slim, the pole end can be sharpened. The potential benefit is that such a design will be less sensitive to the tilting of the flux concentrator, i.e. insensitive to an inclination as shown in  FIG. 19 , wherein the angle  115  is less than 90°. 
     LIST OF REFERENCE SIGNS 
     
         
           1  contactless force measurement sensor 
           2  object to be sensed 
           3  longitudinal axis of the object to be sensed 
           4  width/diameter of the object to be sensed 
           5  surface of the object to be sensed 
           10   a ,  10   b  first/second magnetic field generating unit 
           11   a ,  11   b  magnetic field generating element 
           15   a ,  15   b  flux concentrator 
           16   a ,  17   a  first/second pole 
           16   b ,  17   b  first/second pole 
           20   a ,  20   b  first/second magnetic field detector unit 
           23  surface of the first and second pole 
           25  longitudinal axis of the magnetic field detector unit 
           27  longitudinal direction of the flux concentrator 
           30   a ,  30   b  feedback element 
           50  evaluating unit 
           51  signal generator 
           52  output signal 
           53  filter and power driver 
           54  filter and gain 
           55  signal gain control information 
           56  variable gain amplifier 
           57  AD-converter 
           58  micro controller unit 
           60  power supply 
           100  distance between two oppositely arranged flux concentrators 
           105  length of the flux concentrator 
           107  height of the flux concentrator 
           109  material thickness/diameter of the flux concentrator 
           111  aperture angle of the flux concentrator 
           113  distance between flux concentrator and object to be sensed 
           115  angle between (the vertical direction of the) flux concentrator and the (longitudinal axis  3  of the) object 
           117  width of the flux concentrator in direction of the longitudinal axis  3   
           119  distance between the surface  5  and the longitudinal axis  25   
           121  angle between the longitudinal direction of the flux concentrator and the longitudinal axis of the object to be sensed 
           123  angle between the longitudinal direction of the flux concentrator and the longitudinal axis of the magnetic field detector 
           125  angle between the longitudinal axis of the magnetic field detector and the longitudinal axis of the object to be sensed 
         z 1 , z 2  first/second facing orientation