Abstract:
The present invention relates to the use of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase to modulate plant growth. More specifically, it relates to the use of a class II trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, comprising both a synthase and a phosphatase-like part to modulate plant growth. Preferably, the activity of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase is down-regulated to obtain an increased plant biomass yield.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This is a national phase entry under 35 U.S.C. §371 of International Patent Application PCT/EP2007/00736 filed Jan. 29, 2007, and published in English as International Patent Publication WO 2007/085483 on Aug. 2, 2008, which claims priority to European Patent Application Serial Nos. EP 06100950.2 filed Jan. 27, 2006 and EP 06112770.0 filed Apr. 19, 2006, the entire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated herein by this reference. 
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to the use of a plant trehalose-6-phosphate synthase class II to modulate plant growth. More specifically, it relates to the use of a class II trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, comprising both a synthase-like and a phosphatase-like part to modulate plant growth. Preferably, the activity of the class II trehalose-6-phosphate synthase is down-regulated to obtain an increased plant biomass yield. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Trehalose is a widespread disaccharide, occurring in bacteria, fungi, insects and plants. In microbes, trehalose accumulation is generally associated with stress resistance, not at least with desiccation and osmotic stress resistance. In plants, however, except for some resurrection plants such as  Selaginella lepidophylla , the role of trehalose is less clear. 
     In most cases, trehalose synthesis is a two-step process in which trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) synthesizes trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P), followed by a dephosphorylation to trehalose by T6P phosphatase (TPP). Although in most plants trehalose is hardly detectable, multiple homologues of both TPS and TPP genes are present, e.g., in  Arabidopsis  (Vogel et al., 2001; Leyman et al., 2001; Eastmond et al., 2003). Trehalose accumulation obtained in transgenic plants, transformed with heterologous trehalose biosynthesis genes, leads to an improved abiotic stress tolerance (Garg et al., 2002; Jang et al., 2003). However, the absence of significant trehalose accumulation in most plants, in spite of the presence of multiple trehalose biosynthesis genes, argues for a regulatory role of the gene products, rather than for a role of trehalose as stress protectant. Indeed, several authors suggest a regulatory role for TPS (Avonce et al., 2004) and its gene product T6P in sugar metabolism (Eastmond et al., 2003) and starch synthesis (Kolbe et al., 2005). T6P is indispensable for carbohydrate utilization and growth (Schluepmann et al., 2003), but accumulation of T6P seems to cause growth inhibition in seedlings (Schluepmann et al., 2004). The present data are sometimes conflicting and the role of the trehalose biosynthesis genes is still far from clear. None of these publications makes a link with a possible role of plant TPS, in particular class II plant TPS, in plant growth and yield. 
     EP0901527 discloses the regulation of plant metabolism by modifying the level of T6P. More specifically, they claim an increase in the yield of plants by increasing the intracellular availability of trehalose-6-phosphate. However, rather conflicting, they also claim the stimulation of growth of a plant cell or tissue by decreasing the intracellular availability of trehalose-6-phosphate. Again, as shown in the recent literature, this is indicating that the T6P balance is very delicate and far from straightforward. The inventors realized the modulation of the T6P content by expressing heterologous TPS and TPP genes in the plant. Although the patent mentions that similar results can be obtained by up- or down-regulation of the endogenous genes, one would expect that, due to the large number of plant genes, the deletion or over-expression of one of those genes has only a limited effect on the T6P concentration, if any effect at all. This is especially true for the class II TPS genes, where both a synthase-like domain and a phosphatase-like domain are present. If both domains are active, trehalose, rather than T6P, would be the end product. Moreover, for at least two  Arabidopsis  class II TPS genes, AtTPS7 and AtTPS8, no synthase nor phosphatase activity could be detected (Vogel et al., 2001; Eastmond et al., 2003), implying that a manipulation of these genes would not affect the T6P content of the plant at all. 
     Surprisingly, we found that a plant class II TPS can be used to modulate plant growth and biomass yield. Indeed, contrary to what would be expected on the basis of the literature, inactivation of plant TPS activity leads to increased stem and root growth, and increased plant biomass. 
     DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION 
     A first aspect of the invention is the use of a plant class II TPS for the modulation of plant growth. The term “plant” as used herein encompasses whole plants, ancestors and progeny of the plants and plant parts, including seeds, shoots, stems, leaves, roots (including tubers), flowers, and tissues and organs, wherein each of the aforementioned comprise the gene/nucleic acid of interest. The term “plant” also encompasses plant cells, suspension cultures, callus tissue, embryos, meristematic regions, gametophytes, sporophytes, pollen and microspores, again wherein each of the aforementioned comprises the gene/nucleic acid of interest. Plants that are particularly useful in the methods of the invention include all plants that belong to the superfamily Viridiplantae, in particular, monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. As a non-limiting example, it may be a crop used for food or fodder, whereby the increase of roots, leaves, stem or seed biomass is increasing the crop yield. Alternatively, the crop may be used for ornamental or industrial purposes, such as starch production, or it may be used as raw material for biofuel production. Crops known for biofuel are known to the person skilled in the art and include, but are not limited to, food crops such as corn, soybean, flaxseed, rapeseed, sugar cane; industrial crops such as hemp and switchgrass; and woody biomass such as poplar and willow. 
     “TPS” as used herein refers to the structural homology of the gene and protein with other members of the trehalose-6-phosphate family, but does not imply that the protein has an effective trehalose-6-phosphate-synthesizing activity. Preferably, TPS has a domain homologous to the glycosyltransferase 20 (pfam00982.12). The term “domain” refers to a set of amino acids conserved at specific positions along an alignment of sequences of evolutionarily related proteins. While amino acids at other positions can vary between homologues, amino acids that are highly conserved at specific positions indicate amino acids that are likely essential in the structure, stability or activity of a protein. Identified by their high degree of conservation in aligned sequences of a family of protein homologues, they can be used as identifiers to determine if any polypeptide in question belongs to a previously identified polypeptide family. As a non-limiting example, due to its structure, “TPS” as used herein may have a T6P phosphatase activity or a combination of synthase and phosphatase activity. The use of TPS, as mentioned here, covers the use of the gene, the use of the protein, as well as the use of compounds increasing or decreasing the activity of the protein. As a non-limiting example, a compound decreasing the activity of the TPS may be an inactivating TPS antibody. 
     Preferably, the TPS is a class II TPS, according to the classification in  Arabidopsis thaliana . A class II TPS comprises both a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase like domain, as well as a trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase like domain (Leyman et al, 2001, Vogel et al., 2001), preferably the class II TPS comprises a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase like domain, as well as a trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase-like domain comprising a phosphatase box with the sequence LDYD (G/D) T (SEQ ID NO:16) and/or a phosphatase box with the sequence GDD(R/Q)SD (SEQ ID NO:17), more preferably the class II TPS comprises both a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase like domain, as well as a trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase like domain comprising at least one, preferably two phosphatase boxes as described by Leyman et al. (2001). Even more preferably, the TPS is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-15 (AtTPS5-11, rice orthologue, poplar orthologues), or homologues, orthologues or paralogues thereof. “Homologues” of a protein encompass peptides, oligopeptides, polypeptides, proteins and enzymes having amino acid substitutions, deletions and/or insertions relative to the unmodified protein in question and having similar biological and functional activity as the unmodified protein from which they are derived. A deletion refers to removal of one or more amino acids from a protein. An insertion refers to one or more amino acid residues being introduced into a predetermined site in a protein. Insertions may comprise N-terminal and/or C-terminal fusions as well as intra-sequence insertions of single or multiple amino acids. A substitution refers to replacement of amino acids of the protein with other amino acids having similar properties (such as similar hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, antigenicity, propensity to form or break α-helical structures or β-sheet structures). Amino acid substitutions are typically of single residues, but may be clustered depending upon functional constraints placed upon the polypeptide; insertions will usually be of the order of about 1 to 10 amino acid residues. The amino acid substitutions are preferably conservative amino acid substitutions. Conservative substitution tables are well known in the art. 
     “Orthologues” and “paralogues” encompass evolutionary concepts used to describe the ancestral relationships of genes. Paralogues are genes within the same species that have originated through duplication of an ancestral gene and orthologues are genes from different organisms that have originated through speciation. Orthologues and paralogues may easily be found by performing a so-called reciprocal blast search. Typically, this involves a first BLAST involving BLASTing SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:4 as query sequence, using BLASTP or TBLASTN (using standard default values). The BLAST results may optionally be filtered. The full-length sequences of either the filtered results or non-filtered results are then BLASTed back (second BLAST) against sequences from the organism from which the query sequence is derived (where the query sequence corresponds to AtTPS8 or AtTPS5, the second BLAST would, therefore, be against  Arabidopsis thaliana  sequences). The results of the first and second BLASTs are then compared. A paralogue is identified if a high-ranking hit from the first blast is from the same species as from which the query sequence is derived. A BLAST back, then, ideally results in the query sequence amongst the highest hit. An orthologue is identified if a high-ranking hit in the first BLAST is not from the same species as from which the query sequence is derived and, preferably, results upon BLAST back in the query sequence being among the highest hits. High-ranking hits are those having a low E-value. The lower the E-value, the more significant the score (or in other words, the lower the chance that the hit was found by chance). Computation of the E-value is well known in the art. In addition to E-values, comparisons are also scored by percentage identity. Percentage identity refers to the number of identical amino acids between the two compared polypeptide sequences over a particular length. In the case of large families, ClustalW may be used, followed by a neighbor-joining tree, to help visualize clustering of related genes and to identify orthologues and paralogues. 
     Alternatively, homologues, orthologues and paralogues may be identified by domain searches for a trehalose synthase domain, and for one of the phosphatase domains. The full-length protein sequence is then compared with SEQ ID NO:4, using bl2seq (Tatusova and Madden, 1999). Using this alignment, an orthologue or paralogue has at least 50% identities, preferably 55% identities, more preferably 60% identities. As non-limiting examples, AtTPS8 orthologues are present in  Oryza sativa  (Genpept accession numbers ABF94728, BAF06162 and BAF11342),  Brassica oleracea  (Genpept accession number ABD65165),  Medicago trunculata  (Genpept accession number ABE86430),  Cypripedium parviflorum  (Genpept accession number AAN86570) and  Ginlo biloba  (Genbank accession number AAX16015). 
     In one preferred embodiment, TPS is AtTPS8 (SEQ ID NO:4). In another preferred embodiment, TPS is AtTPS5 (SEQ ID NO: 1). 
     Preferably, the use is an inactivation of the TPS activity, and modulation is an increase in plant biomass and/or plant yield. Methods to inactivate the TPS activity are known to the person skilled in the art and include, but are not limited to, the knock out of the gene, the use of RNAi, gene silencing, knock out of the TPS promoter, inactivating mutations in the TPS promoter or in the coding region, or the synthesis by the plant of inactivating antibodies against TPS. Preferably, increase of plant biomass and/or plant yield is realized by increased root growth, increased stem thickness, increased leaf number and/or increased seed size. One preferred embodiment is the use of TPS to modulate plant growth, whereby modulation is obtained in absence of light. The term “yield,” in general, means a measurable product of economic value, typically related to a specified crop, to an area, and to a period of time. Individual plant parts directly contribute to yield based on their number, size and/or weight, or the actual yield is the yield per acre for a crop and year, which is determined by dividing total production (includes both harvested and appraised production) by planted acres. The terms “increase,” “improve” or “enhance” are interchangeable and shall mean in the sense of the application at least a 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% or 10%, preferably at least 15% or 20%, more preferably 25%, 30%, 35% or 40% more yield and/or growth in comparison to control plants as defined herein. Increased seed yield may manifest itself as one or more of the following: a) an increase in seed biomass (total seed weight), which may be on an individual seed basis and/or per plant and/or per hectare or acre; b) increased number of flowers per plant; c) increased number of (filled) seeds; d) increased seed filling rate (which is expressed as the ratio between the number of filled seeds divided by the total number of seeds); e) increased harvest index, which is expressed as a ratio of the yield of harvestable parts, such as seeds, divided by the total biomass; and f) increased thousand kernel weight (TKW), which is extrapolated from the number of filled seeds counted and their total weight. An increased TKW may result from an increased seed size and/or seed weight, and may also result from an increase in embryo and/or endosperm size. 
     Another aspect of the invention is the use of a plant class II TPS, as defined above, for the modulation of starch synthesis. Preferably, the use is the inactivation of TPS activity, and modulation is an increase in starch synthesis. Preferably, TPS is a class II TPS, according to the classification in  Arabidopsis thaliana . A class II TPS comprises both a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase-like domain, as well as a trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase-like domain (Leyman et al., 2001; Vogel et al., 2001). Even more preferably, TPS is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:1-15 (TPS5-11, rice orthologue, poplar orthologue). In one preferred embodiment, TPS is AtTPS8 (SEQ ID NO:4). In another preferred embodiment, TPS is AtTPS5 (SEQ ID NO:1). 
     Still another aspect of the invention is a method for improving various yield-related traits in plants relative to control plants, comprising modulating expression and/or translation in a plant of a Class II TPS nucleic acid and/or a Class II TPS polypeptide, wherein modulated expression consists of a reduction or substantial elimination of expression and/or translation of an endogenous Class II TPS gene in a plant. As a non-limiting example, reduction or substantial elimination may be obtained by RNA-mediated silencing of gene expression, by co-expression, by the use of antisense class II TPS nucleic acid sequences or by the use of inverted repeats of class II TPS nucleic acids, preferably inverted repeats forming a hairpin structure. 
     Still another aspect of the invention is the method for the production of a transgenic plant having increased yield relative to control plants, which method comprises:
         (i) introducing and expressing in a plant a genetic construct comprising one or more control sequences for reducing expression and/or translation in a plant of an endogenous Class II TPS gene; and   (ii) cultivating the plant, plant part or plant cell under conditions promoting plant growth and development.       

     “Control sequences,” as used herein, are sequences that influence the expression and/or translation of the class II TPS gene, are known to the person skilled in the art, and include, but are not limited to, sequences causing co-expression, sequences encoding antisense RNA, and RNAi. 
     Still another aspect of the invention is a plant, obtainable according to the method of the invention, whereby the plant has reduced expression of an endogenous Class II TPS gene due introduction into a plant of a Class II TPS control nucleic acid sequence. “Reduced expression,” as used herein, is an expression that is substantially decreased when the expression is compared with a non-transformed control plant, grown under the same conditions. Methods to measure expression are known to the person skilled in the art; a substantial reduction is a reduction with preferably 10%, more preferably 20%, even more preferably 30%. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1 : Root length of AtTPS8 KO on MS medium, with and without sucrose, in light and in the dark. GT2, GT4 and GT6 are different KO lines of AtTPS8. 
         FIG. 2 : Expression levels of AtCYCD3 and ApL3 in the AtTPS8 KO background. 
         FIG. 3 : Phenotypic characterization of the adult AtTPS8 KO compared to WT plants. 
         FIG. 4 : SALK — 144791 AtTPS5 expression data. 
         FIG. 5 : root length measurements of SALK — 144791 line. 
         FIG. 6 : Phenotype of the SALK — 144791 AtTPS5 KO line, in comparison with WT (Columbia), on 1×MS, 1% sucrose medium. 
         FIG. 7 : Phenotype of the SALK — 144791 AtTPS5 KO line, in comparison with WT (Columbia), on 1×MS, 1% sucrose medium: test on agravitrophic effect. 
         FIG. 8 : GT12622 AtTPS5 expression data. 
         FIG. 9 : Phenotype of Genetrap GT12622 AtTPS5 KO line, in comparison with WT (Landsberg erecta), on 1×MS, 1% sucrose medium. 
         FIG. 10 : Phenotype of Genetrap GT12622 AtTPS5 KO line, in comparison with WT (Landsberg erecta), on 1×MS, 1% sucrose medium: test on agravitrophic effect. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Examples 
     Materials and Methods to the Examples 
     Plant Material for AtTPS8 
     Wild-type  Arabidopsis  plants (Columbia) were transformed with silencing and over-expression constructs (see further). In addition, a Gene Trap line (GT13138, Landsberg erecta) was obtained through Martienssen&#39;s lab at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. To study the phenotype of these plants, homozygous lines were obtained. Seeds were surface sterilized and germinated in vertically oriented Petri dishes on 1× Murashige and Skoog medium (Duchefa) solidified with purified agar (Duchefa), with 1% sucrose or without sucrose (as indicated in the figures), in a daily cycle of 12 hours at 22° C. and 12 hours of darkness at 18° C. Ten days after germination, root length of plants was measured. Plants grown in dark conditions were kept in dark over the whole period of time. 
     Constructs 
     For the silencing of AtTPS8 (At1g70290) in  Arabidopsis , the Gateway vectors, pDONR207 and pK7GWIWG2 (Karimi et al., 2002) were used. 149 bp of an AtTPS8-specific sequence was amplified with two primers containing the recombination sites AttB1 and AttB2. Forward primer, GGGGACAAGTTTGTACAAAAAAGCAGGC-TCCGAAGTAACTTCTACCTCC (SEQ ID NO: 18); Reverse primer, GGGGACCACTTTGTACAAGAAAGCTGGGTCCCATCTCTAAGTTGTAACTG (SEQ ID NO:19). The construct was transformed in competent  Agrobacterium  cells (strain C58C1), and transformed in WT  Arabidopsis  plants using the flower dip method (Clough, 2005). T0 seeds were selected on kanamycin and transferred to soil to set seeds. These T1 seeds were again selected on kanamycin and screened for homozygous T2 lines. 
     The over-expression construct of AtTPS8 was made using a PCB302 plant vector. Full-length AtTPS8 was amplified from protoplast cDNA with the following primers: forward primer, CGGGATCCATGGTGTCAAGATCTTGTGCTAA (SEQ ID NO:20); reverse primer, AAGGCCTAACGATGCTTTCAAATGCAACTT (SEQ ID NO:21). The construct was transformed in  Agrobacterium  and plants as described above. 
     Gene Trap Line 
     The gene trap line (GT13138, Landsberg erecta) was obtained from Martienssen&#39;s lab at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. A pWS32 vector containing a Ds-transposable element with the β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene as a reporter and the Neomycin phosphotransferase (NPTII) gene as a selectable marker, was transformed in  Arabidopsis , where it randomly inserted into the genome. Glucuronidase assays revealed insertions into exons of different genes. Insertion sites were then amplified by TAIL PCR (Liu et al., 1995) and sequenced. These sequences were validated and annotated according to the sequence of the  Arabidopsis  genome. 
     Plant Material for AtTPS5 
     SALK line “SALK — 144791” ( Arabidopsis thaliana , ecotype Colombia) was available from the Alonso/Crosby/Ecker  Agrobacterium  T-DNA transformed plant collection and was ordered at NASC/ABRC. The T-DNA flanking DNA sequence was recovered and sequenced by the Salk Institute Genomic Analysis Laboratory (SIGnAL), USA, and was predicted to be in the first exon of the AtTPS5 gene (At4 g17770). The ordered sequence-indexed lines were segregating T3 lines. With the NTPII marker (kanamycin resistance) and PCR, homozygous plants were selected, hereinafter referred to as “line 070(2)” (forward primer: 5′TCCTGCTTATATCCCACCTGAGC3′ (SEQ ID NO:22); and reverse primer: 5′GCGCCGCTTAAAGAAGGAGAA3′ (SEQ ID NO:23)). Sequences were obtained with the left border T-DNA primer (Lba1: 5′TGGTTCACGTAGTGGGCCATCG3′ (SEQ ID NO:24)), and the T-DNA was found at position 923 relative to the START codon in the cDNA of AtTPS5. 
     Genetrap line GT12622 ( Arabidopsis thaliana , ecotype Landsberg erecta) was ordered from the collection of transposon insertion lines produced at the Martienssen lab of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, USA (Sundaresan et al., 1995; Martienssen, 1998). The line was generated using the Dissociation transposons (Ds) from maize, engineered to carry a uidA (β-glucuronidase (GUS)) reporter gene and an NPTII (neomycin phophotransferase) kanamycin resistance gene. Gene trap reporter genes have no promoter, so that GUS expression can occur only when the reporter inserts within a transcribed chromosomal gene, creating a transcriptional fusion. These elements simultaneously monitor gene expression and disrupt endogenous gene function. The gene trap construct has a multiple splice acceptor fused to the GUS gene. Based on the flanking sequences of the insertion site obtained by TAIL-PCR, line GT12622 was predicted by CSHL to carry a unique insertion of a genetrap-transposable DS element somewhere at the end of the first exon of the AtTPS5 gene (At4 g17770). The delivered sequence-indexed lines were F3 seeds. With the kanamycin marker and PCR, homozygous AtTPS5 knock-out lines (F5) were obtained, hereinafter referred to as “lines GT4.1 and GT6.2.” Gene-specific primers (forward primer: 5′TTGGGCGCGTAGCTTTATAC3′ (SEQ ID NO:25) and reverse primer: 5′CAAGAAGATATGAAAACAGCCTCA3′ (SEQ ID NO:26)) were designed, together with primers at the borders of the gene trap construct, to amplify specific flanking sequences of the insertion site. The accurate insertion place is at position 1930 (in the first exon) in the cDNA sequence of AtTPS5. 
     Example 1 
     TPS8 Knock-Out Lines Show Enhanced Growth Under Different Growth Conditions 
     In the yeast  Saccharomyces cerevisiae , trehalose is synthesized in two reactions from UDP-glucose and glucose-6-phosphate by trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (encoded by TPS1) and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (encoded by TPS2). In the  Arabidopsis thaliana  genome, 11 TPS-like genes have been detected. Those genes can be grouped in two subfamilies, displaying most similarity either to yeast TPS1 (encoding TPS in yeast; class I) or TPS2 (encoding TPP in yeast; class II) (Leyman et al., 2001). Almost nothing is known about the TPP-like class II genes in  Arabidopsis . To study the effect of these genes, knock-out lines (KO), RNAi lines and over-expression lines were constructed and studied as described in materials and methods. 
     The lines were tested on 1× Murashige and Skoog medium (Duchefa) solidified with purified agar (Duchefa) (MS), with or without addition of sucrose. Representative knock-out lines were analyzed after ten days of germination. The results for the AtTPS8 KO are summarized in  FIG. 1 . Independent of the growth conditions, the KO line always showed a significant increase in root length, although the effect is slightly more pronounced when sucrose was present in the medium. 
     Example 2 
     TPS8 Inactivation Promotes CYCD3 and ApL3 Expression 
     To analyze the underlying mechanism of the increase in growth, the effect of the AtTPS8 KO on the expression of the cell cycle gene AtCYCD3 and on the starch biosynthesis gene ApL3 was studied by real time PCR. Compared to wild-type (wt), the expression of both ApL3 and AtCYCD3 was significantly higher. The results are shown in  FIG. 2 . The ApL3 result is especially unexpected, as Kolbe et al. (2005) have recently shown that T6P is inducing starch synthesis, whereas one would rather expect that the concentration of T6P is lower in the AtTPS8 KO. 
     Example 3 
     TPS8 Inactivation Results in Higher Biomass and Bigger Plants 
     Wild-type and AtTPS8 KO seedlings were put in soil, and were grown for 30 days, to compare the phenotypes of the adult plants. Adult AtTPS8 KO seedlings grow faster in soil, they have more but smaller rosette leaves and the inflorescence stem is twice as thick than the one in wild-type. The KO has approximately two times as much siliques as wt. The cauline leaves of the KO are much larger and look more like rosette leaves ( FIG. 3 ). This leads to a higher seed yield and a higher overall biomass yield of the plant. 
     Example 4 
     TPS5 Inactivation Promotes Root Growth 
     To test the expression of AtTPS5 in the homozygous SALK — 144791 line, RNA was isolated from 50 seedlings of line 070(2). RT-PCR experiments (Forward primer: 5′GCACTCCTCAACGCTGATTT3′ (SEQ ID NO:29) and Reverse primer: 5′AAGCCCTATGGTTCCACGTT3′ (SEQ ID NO:30)) on cDNA demonstrated dramatic down-regulation of AtTPS5 expression ( FIG. 4 ). For the phenotypic characterization, seeds of line 070(2) were damp-sterilized (100 ml bleach+3 ml HCL 37%) for four to six hours and imbibed/stratified for two days in constant light at 4° C. After two days, seeds were put on sterile plant medium plates (1×MS medium pH 5.7 (KOH), 1% sucrose) and incubated vertically in a growth chamber with 12 hours-12 hours light-dark cycle, 70 microE, 22° C. day, 18° C. night. After seven days of germination, root lengths of 18 seedlings were measured. The SALK lines showed a significant increase in root length ( FIG. 5 ). This result was confirmed in a second experiment; pictures of the seedlings were taken after 13 days of germination (see  FIG. 6 ). The seedlings appeared to have somewhat longer roots. However, this needs to be confirmed. Some plates were turned 90° C. to check possible gravitrophic effects. After four days, no agravitrophic effect was detected ( FIG. 7 ). 
     Example 5 
     Genetrap TPS5 Inactivation Promotes Root and Hypocotyl Growth 
     To test the expression of AtTPS5 in the homozygous TPS5 Genetrap lines, RNA was isolated from 50 seedlings of two GT knock-out lines. RT-PCR (Forward primer: 5′GCACTCCTCAACGCTGATTT3′ (SEQ ID NO:29) and Reverse primer: 5′AAGCCCTATGGTTCCACGTT3′ (SEQ ID NO:30)) demonstrated dramatic down-regulation of AtTPS5 expression ( FIG. 8 ). Seeds were damp-sterilized (100 ml bleach+3 ml HCL 37%) for four to six hours and imbibed/stratified for two days in constant light at 4° C. After two days, seeds were put on sterile plant medium plates (1×MS medium pH 5.7 (KOH), 1% sucrose) and incubated vertically in a growth chamber with 12 hours-12 hours light-dark cycle, 70 microE, 22° C. day, 18° C. night. Ten days after germination, pictures were taken of seedlings ( FIG. 9 ). The seedlings appeared to have significantly longer roots and longer hypocotyls. Several days after turning the plates 90° C., and contrary to what was seen in Columbia, seedlings showed agravitrophic effects ( FIG. 10 ). 
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