Abstract:
A terminal box for covering an exposed electrode portion of a photovoltaic element module is disclosed. A part or all of each of the side surfaces of the terminal box comprises an inclined surface.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0002]    The present invention relates to the structure of an exposed terminal portion of a solar cell module and more particularly to the technology for improvement in moldability, strength, and reliability after installation, of a terminal box attached to the solar cell module.  
           [0003]    2. Related Background Art  
           [0004]    In general, in the solar cell modules, terminal boxes are normally bonded to portions thereof intended for output extraction in the back surface of a solar cell module with such an adhesive as silicone resin or epoxy resin and the positive and negative output lines are guided out of terminal boxes. Each external output line is mechanically connected or integral with a lead wire, which is taken out from an exposed electrode portion of the solar cell, inside the terminal box.  
           [0005]    The terminal boxes normally have such configurations as a cube, a rectangular parallelepiped, or a cylinder, as shown in FIG. 12, or as combinations thereof, and all of their side surfaces comprises a surface normal to the bonded surface.  
           [0006]    The conventional terminal boxes include no terminal box whose all side surfaces comprises an inclined surface, as described above.  
           [0007]    However, the terminal boxes are provided so as to protrude from the solar cell module and tend to suffer an external force during transportation, during installation, or the like. In many cases, the terminal boxes suffer the external force when the protruding portions of modules, i.e., the terminal boxes collide with each other.  
           [0008]    Usually the bonding strength in the shearing direction of the terminal box to the solar cell module is not less than 4 kgf, which is enough to prevent the terminal box from being changed in external appearance and in performance on the occasion of ordinary contact or collision. However, it is not inconceivable that an unexpected accident or the like causes a terminal box to suffer the external force over the designed value and to be dismounted, thereby necessitating repair or replacement of the solar cell.  
           [0009]    On the other hand, designing the bonding strength in the shear direction of the terminal box to the solar cell module in expectation of such cases is normally excessive.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0010]    An object of the present invention is to provide the structure of an exposed terminal portion of a solar cell module that has high strength and enhanced reliability after installation, overcoming the above drawback.  
           [0011]    The inventor has extensively and intensively studied in order to achieve the above object and finally found that employing such a configuration that a part or all of each of the side surfaces of the terminal box comprises an inclined surface makes it possible to improve the strength and reliability after installation without a need for the design of excessive bonding strength in the shearing direction, thus accomplishing the present invention.  
           [0012]    More specifically, the terminal box of the present invention is a terminal box for covering an exposed electrode portion of a photovoltaic element module, wherein a part or all of each of the side surfaces of the terminal box comprises an inclined surface.  
           [0013]    According to the present invention, by providing an inclined surface at a part or all of each of portions that relatively tends to suffer an external force, of each of all the side surfaces of the terminal box, ascending from the bottom to the top, the effect of relieving the external force in the horizontal direction during application of the external force in the horizontal direction is enhanced.  
           [0014]    [0014]FIG. 13 is a view showing the relation between the terminal box and the external force exerted thereon and FIG. 15 is a graph showing presence or absence of an external force relief effect and coefficients of friction μ between an inclined surface of a terminal box and an external material.  
           [0015]    As shown in FIG. 13, when a coefficient of friction between a material of the inclined surface portion of the terminal box and the external material is defined as μ, the external force in the horizontal direction (referred to as “horizontal, external force” in the figure) as F, and an angle of inclination of the inclined surface as  74  , the external force in the horizontal direction can be relieved if the relation of relief force (N): Fcosθ&gt;frictional force (M): μ×Fsinθ is satisfied.  
           [0016]    Namely, as shown in FIG. 15, by setting the angle of inclination θ of the inclined surface and the coefficient of friction μ so as to be in the area of relief force (N)&gt;frictional force (M), the effect of relieving an external force in the horizontal direction when applied with the external force in the horizontal direction is enhanced.  
           [0017]    However, the external material cannot be specifically limited. Even if specifically limited, the coefficients of friction thereof to the inclined surface vary depending upon the shape of surface, pressure of surface, humidity, and so on. Therefore, the angle of inclination θ is preferably set small, and more preferably, it is desirable that the angle of inclination θ is set to be not more than 60°.  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0018]    [0018]FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a solar cell module;  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a solar cell element;  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a solar cell strip;  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 4 is a schematic view showing a state of solar cell strips connected in series;  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 5 is a schematic view showing the back surface of a solar cell module;  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 6 is a schematic view of a solar cell module;  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 7 is a schematic view (perspective diagram) of a terminal box of a first embodiment;  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 8 is a schematic view of a terminal box of a second embodiment;  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 9 is a schematic view of a terminal box of a third embodiment;  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 10 is a schematic view of a terminal box of a fourth embodiment;  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 11 is a schematic view of a terminal box of a fifth embodiment;  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 12 is schematic view of conventional terminal boxes;  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 13 is a view showing the relation between a terminal box and an external force exerted thereon;  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 14 is a graph showing coefficients of friction of general resin materials;  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 15 is a graph showing presence or absence of the external force relief effect and coefficients of friction μ between an inclined surface of a terminal box and an external material; and  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 16 is a perspective diagram showing an example of a terminal box having a terminal base.  
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0034]    [0034]FIG. 1 is a schematic, structural view of an example of the solar cell module according to the present invention. Specifically, FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of the solar cell module. This solar cell module is constituted so as to have a solar cell element  102 , a filler  103 , a weather-resistant film  104 , and terminal boxes  105  on a back surface reinforcing material  101 . Inside each terminal box  105  an external lead wire  107  is electrically connected with an internal lead wire  106  connected to an output terminal of the solar cell element  102 . Instead of using the internal lead wire  106 , the external lead wire  107  may be directly connected to the solar cell element  102 .  
         [0035]    Although the internal lead wire used in the present invention is not specifically limited, the internal lead wire needs to be selected from those having suitable heat resistance, cold resistance, oil resistance, weather resistance, and flame resistance to the environment where the solar cell modules are installed. For example, the internal lead wire is selected from insulated wires of IV, KIV, HKIV, crosslinked polyethylene, fluororubber, silicone rubber, fluororesin, or the like and cables such as VV, CV, CE, EE, or cabtyre cables.  
         [0036]    Although the external lead wire used in the present invention is not specifically limited, the external lead wire is desirably of the cable structure.  
         [0037]    As the external lead wire, there can be used those wires which satisfy the heat resistance, cold resistance, mechanical strength, electrical insulation, water resistance, oil resistance, wear resistance, acid resistance, and alkali resistance required depending upon the operating environment.  
         [0038]    Specifically, the external lead wire can be selected from JIS C3605 spec 600 V polyethylene cables (EV, EE, CV, CE), JIS C3621 spec 600 V EP rubber-insulated cables (PN·PV), JIS C3342 spec 600 V vinyl-insulated vinyl sheath (flat type) cables (VVR, VVF), JIS C3327 spec type 1, type 2, type 3, or type 4 rubber-insulated rubber cabtyre cables (1CT, 2CT, 3CT, 4CT), JIS C3327 spec type 2, type 3, or type 4 rubber-insulated chloroprene cabtyre cables (2RNCT, 3RNCT, 4RNCT), JIS C3327 spec type 2, type 3, or type 4 EP-rubber-insulated chloroprene cabtyre cables (2PNCT, 3PNCT, 4PNCT), or JIS C3312 spec vinyl-insulated vinyl cabtyre cables.  
         [0039]    As an internal lead wire to be connected with the output terminal of the solar cell element, a material having a low electrical resistance such as a copper tab or the like can also be used.  
         [0040]    [0040]FIG. 7 is a view showing a first embodiment of the present invention. In the figure, the terminal box  105  is obtained by injection molding of a resin and the bottom surface thereof has an internal-lead-wire inlet hole  208  for taking the internal lead wire  106  into the terminal box. One side surface of the terminal box has an external-lead-wire outlet hole  205  for taking the external lead wire  107  out of the inside of the terminal box  105 . The internal lead wire  106  and the external lead wire  107  are electrically connected with each other inside the terminal box  105 . Numeral  207  designates a part of a solar cell module and numeral  206  designate a terminal exposing portion of the solar cell module.  
         [0041]    At a part of each of all the side surfaces of the terminal box  105  is provided an inclined surface  108  of a flat surface in a rib shape, which ascends from the bottom surface to the top surface of the terminal box. As the shape of the rib, defining the thickness  209  of the rib to be 0.5 to 0.7 times the thickness  210  of the bottom surface prevents sink marks or the like from occurring and improves moldability, which is thus preferable. According to the present embodiment, since the inclined surfaces  108  are of the rib shape, their reinforcing effect increases the rigidity and load bearing properties and their warpage preventing effect improves the moldability.  
         [0042]    The angle of inclination θ (degrees) of the inclined surfaces  108  is preferably not more than 60° and more preferably in the range of 10° to 60°. Angles over 60° make it hard to achieve the effects of the present invention and are thus not preferred. If the inclined surface is a curved or spherical surface, the angle of inclination will be expressed by an average inclination angle.  
         [0043]    A structure such that the inclination angle θ (degrees) of the inclined surface  108  satisfies θ&lt; Tan −1  (1/μ) can easily relieve the external force in the horizontal direction and is thus preferred. On this occasion, the value of the friction coefficient μ is determined taking account of materials that would possibly contact the terminal box. It is necessary at least to take account of contact between the terminal boxes (for example, during transportation of modules).  
         [0044]    The terminal box of the present invention should be one excellent in heat resistance, water resistance, electrical insulation, and aging resistance. Further, the terminal box is preferably of a material having good adhesion to the filler.  
         [0045]    When the above factors are taken into consideration, although the material for the terminal box is not specifically limited, plastics are preferred. When fire properties are taken into account, the material for the terminal box is more preferably selected from flame-retardant plastics, substantially flame-retardant plastics, ceramics, and so on.  
         [0046]    For example, as the plastics, there may be included engineering plastics excellent in strength, impact resistance, heat resistance, hardness, and aging resistance, such as polycarbonate, polyamide, polyacetal, modified PPE, polyester, polyarylate, unsaturated polyester, phenol resin, or epoxy resin. Further, thermoplastic resins such as ABS resin, PP, PVC, or the like may be used.  
         [0047]    Moreover, in order to enhance ultraviolet resistance, it is preferable to use carbon black as a pigment or to coat the surface thereof with a resin paint that absorbs the ultraviolet light.  
         [0048]    [0048]FIG. 14 shows coefficients of friction of general resin materials, and it is preferred to use at least as the material for the inclined surface  108  a resin having the friction coefficient μ not more than 0.6. Further, using a resin having a low friction coefficient μ, such as PPS (polyphenylene sulfide), POM (polyoxymethylene or polyacetal), UF (urea-formaldehyde resin or urea resin), MF (melamine-formaldehyde resin or melamine resin), or PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) can attain such a structure that even when the average inclination angle of the inclined surface  108  is large, the external force in the horizontal direction can easily be relieved and is thus preferred.  
         [0049]    As the terminal box, there are various types of terminal boxes, including hollow or solid terminal boxes, those with or without the filler, those with or without a lid or the like, those with or without bushing or the like in the hole portions, and those with or without a terminal base. FIG. 16 shows an example of a terminal box  105  having a terminal base  110  inside. Each of an internal lead wire  106  and external lead wire  108  has a terminal  111  and the terminals  111  are fixed to a common terminal base  110  by screw  112 . This structure prevents the external force from being transmitted from the external lead wire to the internal lead wire.  
         [0050]    [0050]FIG. 8 is a view showing a second embodiment of the present invention. The terminal box  105  of the second embodiment is of a hemisphere, in which the entire side surface is formed of an inclined surface  108  of a spherical surface ascending from the bottom surface toward the top surface. According to the present embodiment, a large draft angle can be ensured sufficiently throughout the circumference of the terminal box  105 , so that the moldability is enhanced remarkably. Further, the rigidity and load bearing properties become maximized because of the hemispherical structure.  
         [0051]    [0051]FIG. 9 is a view showing a third embodiment of the present invention. The terminal box  105  of the third embodiment is of a circular cone, in which the entire side surface is formed of an inclined surface  108  of a curved surface ascending from the bottom surface toward the top surface. According to the present embodiment, a large draft angle can be ensured sufficiently throughout the circumference of the terminal box  105 , so that the moldability is enhanced remarkably.  
         [0052]    [0052]FIG. 10 is a view showing a fourth embodiment of the present invention. The terminal box  105  of the fourth embodiment is of a rectangular frustum having vertical faces  109 , in which each of all the side surfaces is formed of an inclined, flat surface  108 , ascending from the bottom surface toward the top surface. The height of the vertical faces  109  is preferably not more than 0.5 times the height of the terminal box  105 . According to the present embodiment, a large draft angle can be ensured sufficiently throughout the circumference of the terminal box  105 , so that the moldability is enhanced remarkably.  
         [0053]    [0053]FIG. 11 is a view showing a fifth embodiment of the present invention, wherein each of all the side surfaces of the terminal box  105  is provided partly with inclined surfaces  108  of the rib shape, each being a curved surface ascending from the bottom surface toward the top surface. As the shape of the rib, defining the thickness  209  of the rib to be 0.5 to 0.7 times the thickness  210  of the bottom surface prevents sink marks or the like from occurring and improves moldability, which is thus preferable. According to the present embodiment, since the inclined surfaces  108  are of the rib shape, their reinforcing effect increases the rigidity and load bearing properties and their warpage preventing effect improves the moldability.  
         [0054]    Described below is a method for manufacturing an example of a solar cell module wherein amorphous silicon solar cell elements formed on a stainless steel substrate are connected in series and are encapsulated with a weather-resistant resin with a galvanized sheet iron being provided on the back surface thereof.  
         [0055]    Procedures for producing the amorphous silicon solar cell element will be described first referring to FIG. 2 and FIG. 3.  
         [0056]    On a cleaned, elongate stainless steel substrate (conductive substrate  301 ) of 0.1 mm in thickness unwound from a roll, was deposited Al containing 1% of Si (back surface reflective layer  302 ) in the film thickness of 5000 Å by sputtering.  
         [0057]    Then, an n/i/p-type amorphous silicon semiconductor (semiconductor layer  303 ) was formed by the plasma CVD process by successively depositing the n-type semiconductor layer in the thickness of 300 Å, the i-type semiconductor layer in the thickness of 4000 Å, and the p-type semiconductor layer in the thickness of 100 Å, using gases of PH 3 , SiH 4 , and H 2  for the n-type semiconductor, gases of SiH 4  and H 2  for the i-type semiconductor, and gases of B 2 H 6 , SiH 4 , and H 2  for the p-type semiconductor.  
         [0058]    After that, ITO (transparent, conductive layer  304 ) of a film thickness of 800 Å was formed by the resistance heating evaporation to form the amorphous silicon solar cell element.  
         [0059]    Next, the elongate solar cell element produced as described above was processed so as to punch out the shape as shown in FIG. 3, by use of a press machine, thereby producing a plurality of solar cell strips  400 .  
         [0060]    On a cut face of the solar cell strip  400  cut out by the press machine, the solar cell strip  400  was crashed such that the transparent, conductive layer  304  and the conductive substrate  301  were brought into short-circuit. For repairing this short-circuit, an element isolating portion  411  was provided in the periphery of the transparent, conductive layer  304 , and the periphery of the transparent, conductive layer  304  was removed by this element isolating portion  411 . This removal was conducted specifically as follows.  
         [0061]    First, an etchant (FeCl 3  solution) having such selectivity as to dissolve the transparent, conductive layer  304  but as not to dissolve the semiconductor layer  303  was screen-printed on the periphery of the transparent, conductive layer  304  slightly inside the cut face of the solar cell strip  400  to dissolve the transparent, conductive layer  304  and then cleaning with water was carried out, thereby forming the element isolating portion  411  of the transparent, conductive layer  304 .  
         [0062]    Then a silver paste a binder of which was a polyester resin (“5007” available from DuPont Inc.) was screen-printed to form grid electrodes  412  for collection of current on the transparent, conductive layer  304 . Then a tinned copper wire  413  as a collector electrode for the grid electrodes  412  was disposed so as to be perpendicular to the grid electrodes  412 . After that, onto each of intersecting points between the wire  413  and the grid electrodes  412 , adhesive silver ink  414  (“C-220” available from Emerson &amp; Cumming Inc.) was dropped and was dried at 150° C. for 30 minutes, thereby connecting the grid electrodes  412  with the tinned copper wire  413 . On that occasion, in order to avoid contact of the tinned copper wire  413  with the end faces of the conductive substrate  301  polyimide tape  416  was stuck to the bottom of the tinned copper wire  413 .  
         [0063]    Then, a part of the transparent, conductive layer  304 /semiconductor layer  303  in the non-power-generating region of the solar cell strip  400  was removed by grinder to expose the conductive substrate  301  and thereafter copper foils  415  were welded to the exposed portions by a spot welder.  
         [0064]    Then, as shown in FIG. 4, the tinned copper wire  413  of one solar cell strip  401  was soldered to the copper foil  415  of another solar cell strip  402 , thereby connecting the strips in series. Further, by soldering the tinned copper wire  413  and the copper foil  415  of adjacent solar cell strips in the same manner, four solar cell strips  401 ,  402 ,  403 , and  404  were connected in series. Wiring to the positive and negative output terminals was performed on the back side of the conductive substrate  301  of each solar cell strip.  
         [0065]    Then, as shown in FIG. 6, a filler  602  of a sheet form of EVA, the solar cell element  102  of the solar cell strips connected in series, the filler  602 , and fluororesin film (weather-resistant film  604 ) were stacked in order on a galvanized sheet iron (back surface reinforcing material  601 ) and the fillers  602  were melted at 150° C. with degassing under pressure so as to sandwich the solar cell element  102  between the weather-resistant film  604  and the back surface reinforcing material  601 , thus forming a solar cell module  600 .  
         [0066]    Here, in the back surface reinforcing material  601 , there were preliminarily made two holes in order to expose the output terminals. Further, the bonding surface of the weather-resistant film  604  was preliminarily processed by the plasma treatment in order to enhance adhesion to the filler  602 , and the tensile elongation thereof was not less than 250%. Since the edge portions of the solar cell module  600  were bent in a subsequent step, the solar cell element  102  was made in a slightly smaller size than the back surface reinforcing material  601  and than the weather-resistant film  604 .  
         [0067]    Then, as shown in FIG. 5, through two terminal outlet holes  501  formed in the back surface reinforcing material  601  of the solar cell module, the positive and negative output terminals (portions to which internal lead wires are to be attached)  603  were exposed and then the output terminals  603  and external lead wires  108  was electrically connected via internal lead wires  106  by solder  610 . Then the terminal boxes  105  were attached to the back surface reinforcing material with an adhesive so as to cover these terminal outlet holes  501 .  
         [0068]    As described above, according to the present invention, by providing an inclined surface partly or entirely in the portion that is relatively subject to suffer an external force, of each of all the side surfaces of a terminal box, the effect of relieving the external force in the horizontal direction during application of the external force in the horizontal direction is enhanced, whereby it becomes possible to provide a structure of the terminal exposing portion of a solar cell module with high rigidity, high load bearing properties, high reliability after installation, and high moldability.