Abstract:
In order to reduce the number of lines of a standard bus while, at the same time, preserving the compatibility of the communications protocol, the system uses a modified bus. The modification consists in eliminating two power supply lines and in creating a line assigned to a functional signal that is complementary to one of the functional signals of the system. The supply potentials are regenerated from the functional signal and the complementary signal. The disclosed system can be applied notably to systems using I2C buses such as systems using chip-card readers.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims priority from French App&#39;n 93-07728, filed Jun. 21, 1993, which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to electronic systems formed by a plurality of units communicating with one another by means of bus-type links. 
     A standard type of bus is usually constituted by several specialized lines. Some of these lines are used to convey signals, called functional signals, such as control, address and data signals as well as clock signals in the case of synchronous systems. Other lines of the bus are assigned to the electrical power supply of the circuits that form the units of the system, and these lines are connected to a generator of power supply voltages. Thus, a bus will comprise at least two power supply lines, one of which generally defines a ground of the system, the other power supply lines being taken to potentials defined according to the needs of the technology used. 
     Thus, for example, the buses that conform to the I2C standard are constituted by four lines: 
     an “SDA” line for the two-way serial transmission of control, address and data signals, 
     an “SCL” line to transmit a clock signal, 
     a “Vss” line assigned to the ground and 
     a “Vcc” line designed to receive a positive supply potential. 
     This I2C standard bus is used, for example, to set up systems for application in large-scale consumer electronics or in the field of automobile electronics. Such systems are typically formed by a microprocessor-based central sub-system that uses the bus to control peripheral units. A possible example of a peripheral unit would be an EEPROM type electrically erasable programmable memory that would enable data to be saved when there are no permanent power supply voltages. These memories are used particularly in automobile electronics to implement decentralized functions that call for non-volatile storage of data elements. This is the case, for example, with anti-locking systems for wheels, or with the control of “air bag” type safety systems or with various electrical tuning and adjusting systems (for car radios, seat adjustment etc.). 
     Other examples of the use of I2C buses include systems using microprocessor-based chip-card (smart card) readers. 
     Of course, the choice of a bus standard for a system dictates the type of interface for the units that form the system. This also has the consequence of dictating the type of connector that can be used. This connector should have a number of terminals that is at least equal to the number of lines of the bus. Similarly, the integrated circuits that are specially designed to be compatible with the chosen standard must also be provided with the same number of terminals. Now, a substantial portion of the manufacturing cost of system arises out of the cost of the connectors used, and this cost is directly related to the number of their terminals. It is therefore preferable that this number should be as small as possible. Thus, by providing for only one series link to convey the commands, the addresses and the data elements at the same time, the I2C standard enables the number of lines of the bus to be limited to four. 
     Another advantage of having a small number of bus lines lies in the improved reliability of the system due to the fact that reducing the number of terminals of the connectors gives rise to a proportional reduction in the risks of malfunctioning in the corresponding electrical contacts. Similarly, reducing the number of lines leads to a reduction in the cost of the wiring which may be high in the case of automobile applications for example. 
     Another case in which it is worthwhile to reduce the number of lines is when it is sought to release a terminal of a connector to enable access to an additional terminal of the integrated circuit, designed to be inserted into this connector. This additional terminal will be designed, for example, to connect a test line that can be used during the finalizing stage or when the system is being installed. 
     The invention is therefore aimed at seeking solutions that can be used to reduce the number of lines of the communication buses to the maximum extent while at the same time maintaining compatibility with an imposed standard, especially in keeping the communications protocol laid down by this standard. 
     To this end, an object of the invention is a system comprising a transmitter of functional signals such as data, address, control or clock signals, a power supply circuit, a plurality of units matched with a protocol and a communications bus of a first type, the bus of the first type comprising notably two power supply lines designed to convey power supply potentials delivered by the power supply circuit and at least one functional line designed to convey one of the functional signals delivered by the transmitter of functional signals, wherein the system includes at least one communications bus of a second type, defined by a modification of the bus of the first type, according to which the power supply lines are eliminated and there is added a complementary functional line supplied with a functional signal that is complementary to the functional signal and wherein at least one of the units of the system is connected to a communications bus of the second type by means of an adaptation circuit comprising a power supply regenerator to produce regenerated power supply potentials from the functional signal and the complementary functional signal. 
     Since, as a general rule, the high and low levels of the functional signals correspond to power supply potentials, the invention can be applied to most of the existing standard buses, without there being any need to modify the levels of the functional signal normally available at one of the lines of the bus. Thus, according to another characteristic of the invention, the system includes a conversion circuit with an inverter amplifier supplied with the power supply potentials, receiving the functional signal at input and giving the complementary functional signal at output. 
     According to a particular embodiment, the power supply regenerator has a full-wave rectifier circuit receiving the functional signal and the complementary functional signal at input and giving the regenerated power supply potentials at output. 
     Should it be necessary to have an amplification of the functional signal in terms of current or voltage, then provision could be made, according to one alternative embodiment of the invention, for the conversion circuit to comprise a non-inverter amplifier supplied with the power supply potentials, receiving the functional signal at input and giving an amplified functional signal at output, this amplified functional signal replacing the initial functional signal at the input of the rectifier circuit. 
     According to yet another variant of an embodiment of the invention, the power supply regenerator is provided with means to adjust the levels of the potentials that it gives. This arrangement could prove to be useful or necessary if there should be too great a difference between the levels of the power supply potentials of the amplifiers used to give the complementary functional signal and/or the amplified functional signal and the levels of the power supply potentials and/or of the functional signal that can be used by the unit. 
     The invention can be applied in a particularly advantageous way in a system according to the I2C standards, especially when MOS or CMOS technology is used. Since the bus of the second type used according to the invention has only three lines, it will be possible to use the connectors initially designed for the discrete three-terminal components such as transistors. It is therefore possible to use conventional packaging tools that have been developed long ago for components of this type. This will lead to a saving in manufacturing costs due to the low price of the connectors and to reduced outlay on tools. 
     According to other aspects of the invention, at least one unit and the associated adaptation circuit form part of one and the same integrated circuit, and this unit may be an electrically erasable programmable memory of the EEPROM type. 
     The invention also relates to the application of the system defined here above to make systems that use microprocessor-based card readers. 
     According to a disclosed class of innovative embodiments, there is provided a system comprising: a transmitter of functional signals such as data, address, control or clock signals; a power supply circuit; a plurality of units matched with a protocol; and a communications bus of a first type, comprising two power supply lines designed to convey power supply potentials delivered by the power supply circuit and at least one functional line designed to convey one of the functional signals delivered by the transmitter of functional signals, wherein the system also includes at least one communications bus of a second type, defined by a modification of the bus of the first type, according to which the power supply lines are eliminated and there is added a complementary functional line supplied with a functional signal that is complementary to the functional signal, and wherein at least one of the units of the system is connected to a communications bus of the second type by means of an adaptation circuit comprising a power supply regenerator to produce regenerated power supply potentials from the functional signal and the complementary functional signal. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     The disclosed inventions will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, which show important sample embodiments of the invention and which are incorporated in the specification hereof by reference, wherein: 
     FIG. 1 shows a general view of a system according to the invention; 
     FIG. 2 shows an exemplary embodiment of the conversion circuit according to the invention; 
     FIG. 3 shows an alternative embodiment of the circuit of FIG. 2; 
     FIG. 4 shows an exemplary embodiment of an adaptation circuit according to the invention; 
     FIG. 5 shows an alternative embodiment of the circuit of FIG. 4; 
     FIG. 6 shows an exemplary embodiment of a full-wave rectifier according to MOS technology; 
     FIG. 7 shows timing diagrams that can be used to explain the working of the circuit of FIG.  6 . 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The numerous innovative teachings of the present application will be described with particular reference to the presently preferred embodiment (by way of example, and not of limitation), in which 
     FIG. 1 exemplifies a system according to the invention. The system is considered to be controlled by a central sub-system CSS organized around a first communications bus B 1  to which there are connected a microprocessor CPU and units M 1 , M 2  such as random-access memories, read-only memories, input-output controllers or telecommunications interfaces. According to the example shown, the system is of the synchronous type, a generator H of clock signals being connected to certain specialized lines of the bus B 1 . Finally, a power supply circuit A connected to other specialized lines of the bus B 1  gives the necessary power supply potentials to the various circuits of the system. The processor CPU and the units M 1 , M 2  communicate with one another by means of the bus B 1  according to a predetermined communications protocol. The bus B 1  conforms, for example, to the standard I2C which defines both the allocation of the lines of the bus and the communications protocol. 
     According to the invention, the system has a second communications bus B 2  of a second type with a number of lines that is smaller than the number of lines of the bus B 1 . The buses B 1  and B 2  are connected to each other by means of a conversion circuit CC. The system could also include other buses B 3  of the second type, each connected to the bus B 1  by means of associated conversion circuits CC 1 . 
     The system also has a plurality of units U, U 1 , U 2 , U 3 , U 4  whose interfaces are considered to conform to the standard defined by the bus B 1 . These units U, U 1 -U 4  are connected to the second bus B 2  by means of adaptation circuits CA, CA 1 , CA 2 . In the example shown, certain units U 2 , U 3 , U 4  are connected to a common adaptation circuit CA 2  by means of a third bus b 1  that conforms to the standard of the bus B 1 . All these units may be made in the form of integrated circuits. Advantageously, it is possible to use integrated circuits CI that are specially designed to incorporate the unit U as well as the associated adaptation circuit CA. 
     As shall be seen in greater detail here below, the conversion and adaptation circuits are designed so that the bus B 2  has a number of lines smaller than that of the bus B 1  while at the same time enabling the use of the units U, U 1 -U 4  that conform to the communications protocol of the bus B 1 . This reduction of the number of lines therefore entails a reduction of wiring and connections costs when specific integrated circuits are used. 
     FIG. 2 shows a view in greater detail of an exemplary embodiment of a conversion circuit CC. The bus B 1  shown in a schematic view at the left of the figure has a number of functional lines used, for example, to transmit control signals CT, address signals AD and data signals DT as well as clock signals such as CK 0 . In the case of a I2C bus, the lines CT, AD and DT are reduced to only one line called SDA. 
     A generator H of clock signals gives the clock signals used for the synchronization of the system such as, for example, the signal CK 0 . In the case of the I2C bus, only one clock signal SCL is provided for. 
     The bus B 1  finally has power supply lines connected to a power supply circuit A giving the power supply potentials such as E 0  and E 1  needed for the circuits of the system. In the case of an I2C bus, there are provided only two lines Vss and Vcc allocated respectively to the ground and to a potential of five volts. 
     As a non-restrictive example, the functional signal chosen to replace the power supply potentials is one of the clock signals CK 0 . Naturally, it is also possible to choose another functional signal provided, of course, that it is a one-way signal going from the bus B 1  to the bus B 2 . According to the invention, the conversion circuit CC enables the bus B 1  to be converted into a bus B 2  having a number of lines smaller than at least one unit. Thus, according to the example shown, the power supply lines assigned to the potentials E 0  and E 1  are eliminated, one of them being replaced by a line assigned to the signal CK 0 * given by an inverter amplifier  1  of the conversion circuit CC. The inverter amplifier  1  is supplied with the potentials E 0  and E 1  and receives the clock signal CK 0  at input. The signal CK 0 * therefore constitutes a signal that is complementary (the word “complementary” being understood in terms of logic functions) to the clock signal CK 0 . In the usual case where the signal CK 0  has low levels and a high level that are respectively equal to the two potentials E 0  and E 1 , the complementary clock signal CK 0 * will therefore possess the same high and low levels. As shall be explained with reference to FIG. 4, the power supply potentials E 0  and E 1 , which are absent from the bus B 2 , could be easily regenerated from the signals CK 0  and CK 0 *. 
     Should it not be possible to make direct use of the signal CK 0  to regenerate the power supply potentials, an alternative embodiment as shown in FIG. 3 could be adopted. According to this variant, the signal CK 0  is replaced by a signal CKl given by a non-inverter amplifier of the signal CK 0 . For this purpose, it is enough to make provision, in the conversion circuit CC, for a second inverter amplifier  2  that is cascade-connected with the first inverter amplifier  1 , this second inverter amplifier  2  being also supplied with the potentials E 0  and E 1 . The output signal of the inverter amplifier  2  is therefore an amplified clock signal CK 1  in phase with the clock signal CK 0 , and its low and high levels will therefore be dictated by the power supply potentials E 0  and E 1 . This arrangement will therefore make it possible to reduce the load of the generator H, which may prove to be useful if the generator is not given dimensions so that it lets through substantial current as could be the case for certain technologies or if it is planned to connect a large number of units to the bus B 2 . This arrangement CD also enables the levels of the signals CK 0 * and CK 1  to be made independent of the levels of the signal CK 0 . It will also be possible to replace the potentials E 0  and E 1  of the bus by specific potentials  2 E 0 ′ and E 1 ′ coming from the power supply circuit A as shown schematically in FIG.  1 . By providing, for example for potentials E 0 ′ and E 1 ′ that are respectively lower than E 0  and E 1 , it is possible to compensate for the voltage drops prompted by the power supply regenerator  3 . 
     FIG. 4 shows an adaptation circuit CA matched with the conversion circuit CC according to FIG.  2 . The adaptation circuit CA is to a large extent constituted by simple interconnections to place the lines of the bus B 2  in a state of communication with the corresponding inputs of the associated unit U. In particular, the clock signal CK 0  is directly transmitted to the corresponding clock input of the unit U. The circuit CA has a power supply regenerator  3  which, in the example described, is limited to a simple rectifier circuit  4  receiving the clock signal CK 0  and the complementary clock signal CK 0 * as inputs, the outputs of the rectifier  4  giving the regenerated power supply potentials E 2  and E 3  which are then applied to the corresponding power supply inputs of the unit U. 
     One alternative embodiment of the circuit A is shown in FIG.  5 . This alternative embodiment is adapted to the conversion circuit of FIG.  3 . In this case, the power supply regenerator  3  also has a rectifier circuit  4  that receives the complementary clock signal CK 0 * and the amplified clock signal CK 1  at input. The clock input of the unit U designed to receive the clock signal CK 0  is connected to the amplified clock signal CK 1 , possibly by means of an element  5  for adjusting the levels. The element  5  is, for example, a resistor or a diode assembly designed to limit the amplitude of the signal CK 1  if the potentials E 0  and E 1  should be far too different from the high and low levels that are acceptable for the clock input of the unit U. 
     For the same reason, it is also possible to provide for means such as resistors or diodes  6 ,  7  to attenuate the potentials E 2 , E 3  given by the rectifier  4 , especially when the above-mentioned auxiliary potentials E 0 ′ and E 1 ′ are used. 
     FIG. 6 shows an exemplary embodiment, in MOS technology, of the rectifier circuit  4 . It is formed by two n channel MOS transistors N 1 , N 2 , each having its drain connected to its gate. Their sources are connected together as also are their substrates. The gates of the transistors N 1  and N 2  respectively receive the clock signal CK 0  and the clock signal CK 0 *. The sources of the transistors N 1  and N 2  constitute the positive terminal of the rectifier while their substrates constitute the negative terminal. As a variant, the signal CK 0  may be replaced by the amplified signal CK 1 . 
     The working of the circuit of FIG. 6 may be explained with reference to the timing diagrams of FIG.  7 . The timing diagram (a) represents the signal CK 0  with the shape of square-wave pulses whose low and high levels are respectively V 0  and V 1 . The timing diagram (b) represents the complementary clock signal CK 0 *, in the exemplary embodiment of FIG.  3 . The signal CK 0 * then varies between the potentials E 0  and E 1  which are considered to be different respectively from the levels V 0  and V 1 . Of course, it is also possible to have E 0 =V 0  and V 1 =E 1 . 
     The timing diagram (c) shows the potentials E 2  and E 3  given by the rectifier. As can be seen in the figure, the potential E 2  is equal to the lowest potentials of the signals CK 0  and CK 0 * to which there are added the voltage drop vd of the p-n junction between the substrate and the channel of the transistors. The potential E 3  is equal to the highest potential of the signals CK 0  and CK 0 * from which is subtracted the voltage drop Vds due to the resistor of the channel of the transistors. As compared with a full-wave rectifier bridge using diodes, the assembly proposed therefore has the advantage wherein a single p-n junction prompting a voltage threshold of the order of 0.6 volts is in series with the load. 
     The variations of the signals E 2  and E 3  at each half-wave of the clock signal CK 0  are essentially due to the fact that the potentials E 0  and E 1  are respectively different from V 0  and V 1 . This phenomenon obviously does not exist if these potentials are respectively equal. In practice, these fluctuations are but of little importance in view of the filtering effect due to the structural capacitance C of the integrated circuits in MOS technology. 
     The timing diagram (C) shows why is worthwhile to use the auxiliary potentials E 0 ′ and E 1 ′ if it is sought to obtain easy compensation for the voltage drops Vds and vd. 
     The invention is not limited solely to the exemplary embodiments described herein. On the contrary, it may be suited to other types of buses, especially those comprising several power supply lines that can be used to further reduce the number of lines of the bus of the second type.