Abstract:
This disclosure provides TRT antisense oligonucleotides, methods of detecting TRT, methods of diagnosing telomerase-related conditions, methods of diagnosing and providing a prognosis for cancer, and methods of treating telomerase-related conditions, including cancer.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/953,052, filed Sep. 14, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,627,619; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/052,919, filed Mar. 31, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,444,650. This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/974,549, filed Nov. 19, 1997 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,166,178; and a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/974,584, filed Nov. 19, 1997, both of which are continuation-in-part applications of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/915,503 filed Aug. 14, 1997, now abandoned, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/912,951 filed Aug. 14, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,475,789, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/911,312, filed Aug. 14, 1997 now abandoned, all three of which are continuation-in-part applications of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/854,050, filed May 9, 1997 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,286,836, which is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/851,843, filed May 6, 1997 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,093,809, which is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/846,017, filed Apr. 25, 1997 now abandoned. This application is also a continuation-in-part of Patent Convention Treaty Patent Application Serial No.: PCT/US97/17885 and to Patent Convention Treaty Patent Application Serial No.: PCT/US97/17618, both filed on Oct. 1, 1997. The U.S. National Stage of PCT/US97/17885 is now issued as U.S. Pat No. 6,610,839. Each of the aforementioned applications, along with U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 08/844,419, filed Apr. 18, 1997; and 08/724,643, filed Oct. 1, 1996, are explicitly Incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and for all purposes. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides TRT antisense oligonucleotides, methods of detecting TRT, methods of diagnosing telomerase-related conditions, methods of diagnosing and providing a prognosis for cancer, and methods of treating telomerase-related conditions, including cancer, with TRT antisense oligonucleotides. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The following discussion is intended to introduce the field of the present invention to the reader. The citation of various references in this section should not be construed as an admission of prior invention. 
     It has long been recognized that complete replication of the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes requires specialized cell components (Watson, 1972 , Nature New Biol.,  239:197; Olovnikov, 1973 , J. Theor. Biol.,  41:181). Replication of a linear DNA strand by conventional DNA polymerases requires an RNA primer, and can proceed only 5′ to 3′. When the RNA bound at the extreme 5′ ends of eukaryotic chromosomal DNA strands is removed, a gap is introduced, leading to a progressive shortening of daughter strands with each round of replication. This shortening of telomeres, the protein-DNA structures physically located on the ends of chromosomes, is thought to account for the phenomenon of cellular senescence or aging of normal human somatic cells in vitro and in vivo. The length and integrity of telomeres is thus related to entry of a cell into a senescent stage (i.e., loss of proliferative capacity), or the ability of a cell to escape senescence, i.e., to become immortal. The maintenance of telomeres is a function of a telomere-specific DNA polymerase known as telomerase. Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) that uses a portion of its RNA moiety as a template for telomeric DNA synthesis (Morin, 1997 , Eur. J. Cancer  33:750). 
     Consistent with the relationship of telomeres and telomerase to the proliferative capacity of a cell (i.e., the ability of the cell to divide indefinitely), telomerase activity is detected in immortal cell lines and an extraordinarily diverse set of tumor tissues, but is not detected (i.e., was absent or below the assay threshold) in normal somatic cell cultures or normal tissues adjacent to a tumor (see, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,629,154; 5,489,508; 5,648,215; and 5,639,613; see also, Morin, 1989 , Cell  59: 521; Shay and Bacchetti 1997 , Eur. J. Cancer  33:787; Kim et al., 1994 , Science  266:2011; Counter et al., 1992 , EMBO J.  11:1921; Counter et al., 1994 , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.  91, 2900; Counter et al., 1994 , J. Virol.  68:3410). Moreover, a correlation between the level of telomerase activity in a tumor and the likely clinical outcome of the patient has been reported (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,639,613, supra; Langford et al., 1997 , Hum. Pathol.  28:416). Human telomerase is thus an ideal target for diagnosing and treating human diseases relating to cellular proliferation and senescence, such as cancer. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides TRT antisense polynucleotides, which are useful for detecting, diagnosing, and treating telomerase-related conditions. 
     In one aspect, the present invention provides an isolated, synthetic, substantially pure, or recombinant polynucleotide having a sequence that is at least about ten nucleotides in length to at least about 100 nucleotides in length. This polynucleotide comprises a sequence that is substantially complementary or substantially identical to a contiguous sequence of an hTRT nucleic acid that has the nucleotide sequence of  FIG. 1 . 
     In one aspect, the present invention provides an isolated, synthetic, substantially pure, or recombinant polynucleotide having a sequence that is at least about ten nucleotides in length to at least about 100 nucleotides in length. This polynucleotide comprises a sequence exactly complementary or identical to a contiguous sequence of a nucleic acid encoding the hTRT protein of  FIG. 2 . 
     In one embodiment, the hTRT polynucleotide comprises a sequence that is exactly complementary or identical to a contiguous sequence of an hTRT nucleic acid having the nucleotide sequence of  FIG. 1 . 
     In one embodiment, the polynucleotide is a DNA or an RNA. In one embodiment, the polynucleotide comprises one or more non-naturally occurring, synthetic nucleotides. 
     In one embodiment, the polynucleotide is identical to said contiguous sequence of a nucleic acid encoding the hTRT protein of  FIG. 1 . In one embodiment, the polynucleotide is exactly complementary to said contiguous sequence of a nucleic acid encoding the hTRT protein of  FIG. 1 . 
     In one embodiment, the polynucleotide is an antisense polynucleotide. In one embodiment, the polynucleotide is at least about 20 nucleotides in length to at least about 50 nucleotides in length. 
     In one embodiment, the polynucleotide inhibits telomerase activity by at least about 50% in transformed cells ex vivo, as compared to control cells that are not treated with the polynucleotide. In one embodiment, the polynucleotide inhibits telomerase expression by at least about 50% in vitro, as compared to control expression reactions that lack the polynucleotide. In one embodiment, the polynucleotide is selected from the group consisting of phosphorothioate oligonucleotide (PS-ODN) number 3, 4, 7, 8, 16, 21, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 33, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 62, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 93, 94, 96, 100, 112, 114, 130, 143, 144, 151, 152, 201, 202, 203, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 230, 237, and 241. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  presents the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA (SEQ. ID NO:1) encoding a naturally occurring human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTRT) protein. 
         FIG. 2  presents the amino acid sequence (SEQ. ID NO:2) of a naturally occurring, 1132-residue human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTRT) protein. 
         FIG. 3  shows inhibition of hTRT expression in vitro by hTRT sequence-specific antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (PS-ODN). Each bar in the graph represents the in vitro inhibitory activity of a specific oligonucleotide, numbered starting with PS-ODN #1. The PS-ODN are a series of 30-mers that span the hTRT mRNA and are offset one from the next by fifteen nucleotides. For example, ODN #1 corresponds to positions 16-35 of hTRT and is TCCCACGTGCGCAGCAGGACGCAGCGCTGC (SEQ. ID NO:3). ODN #2 corresponds to positions 31-60 and is GGCATCGCGGGGGTGGCCGGGGCCAGGGCT (SEQ. ID NO:4), and so one to the end of the RNA (see the cDNA sequence of  FIG. 1 , which represents an hTRT RNA sequence). The data are presented as a normalized percentage of the control with no added PS-ODN. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     I. Introduction 
     Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) comprising an RNA component and a catalytic protein component. The catalytic protein component of human telomerase, hereinafter referred to as telomerase reverse transcriptase (“hTRT”), has been cloned, and protein, cDNA, and genomic sequences determined. See, e.g., Nakamura et al., 1997 , Science  277:955, and copending U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 08/912,951 and 08/974,549. The sequence of a full-length native hTRT has been deposited in GenBank (Accession No. AF015950), and plasmid and phage vectors having hTRT coding sequences have been deposited with the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md. (accession numbers 209024, 209016, and 98505). The catalytic subunit protein of human telomerase has also been referred to as “hEST2” (Meyerson et al., 1997 , Cell  90:785), “hTCS1” (Kilian et al., 1997 , Hum. Mol. Genet.  6:2011), “TP2” (Harrington et al., 1997 , Genes Dev.  11:3109), and “hTERT” (e.g., Greider, 1998 , Curr. Biol.  8:R178-R181). The RNA component of human telomerase (hTR) has also been characterized (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,583,016). 
     Human TRT is of extraordinary interest and value because, inter alia, telomerase activity in human cells and other mammalian cells correlates with cell proliferative capacity, cell immortality, and the development of a neoplastic phenotype. hTRT antisense polynucleotides, including the exemplary polynucleotides described herein, hybridize to and/or amplify naturally occurring hTRT genes or RNA. Such oligonucleotides are thus useful for diagnostic or prognostic applications to telomerase related conditions, including cancer. The hTRT antisense polynucleotides of the invention are also useful as therapeutic agents, e.g., antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes, or triplex compositions, for inhibition of telomerase expression and activity (e.g., telomerase catalytic activity, infra). 
     The invention thus provides antisense oligonucleotide reagents, which can be used to detect expression of hTRT or reduce expression and activity of hTRT gene products in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo. Administration of the antisense reagents of the invention to a target cell results in reduced telomerase activity, and is particularly useful for treatment of diseases characterized by high telomerase activity (e.g., cancers). Detection and inhibition of hTRT expression can be performed in a cell or cell extracts from a human, a mammal, a vertebrate, or other eukaryote. 
     The antisense polynucleotides of the invention are characterized by their ability to specifically hybridize to naturally ocouning and synthetic hTRT nucleic acids, e.g. the hTRT gene, including any upstream, flanking, noncoding, and transcriptional control elements (SEQ. ID NO:73), hTRT pre-nRNA, mRNA, cDNA (SEQ.ID NO:1) and the like. The hTRT antisense polynucleotides of the invention are typically at least 7-10 nucleotides in length to typically more 20 nucleotides up to about 100 nucleotides in length, preferably approximately 30 nucleotides in length. Such antisense oligonucleotides are used to detect the presence of hTRT nucleic acid in a biological sample, for diagnosIs and/or prognosis of telomarase related conditions, e.g., cancers of any of a wide variety of types, including solid tumors and leukemias, diseases of cell proliferation, disease resulting from call senescence (particularly diseases of aging), immunological disorders, infertility, disease of immune dysfunction, etc. 
     The antisense polynucleotides of the invention also can be used to inhibit fete mer-ase expression in vito. to inhibit telomerase expression and activity In cells ax vivo, and can be used In vivo as therapeutic agents for the treatment of talomerase-related conditions listed above, including cancers of a wide variety of types (see, e.g., exemplary cancers isted in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/974.549; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/974,584). In one embodiment of the invention, the aritisense polynucleotides are 30 nudeotides in length, and have the ability to inhibit telomarase expression at least by 50% In vitro (see, e.g., the antisense oligonucleotides of  FIG. 3 ). In another embodiment of the invention, the antisense polynucleotides are 30 nucleotides in length, and have the abIlity to inhibit telamerase expression and activity at least 50% in transformed cells in culture (see, e.g., exemplary antisense hTRT oligenucteotides listed in Table 1). 
     II. Definitions 
     As used herein, the following terms have the meanings ascribed to them unless specified otherwise. 
     As used herein, the terms “nucleic acid” and “polynucleotide” are used interchangeably. Use of the term “polynucleotide” includes oligonucleotides (i.e., short polynucleotides). This term also refers to deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, and naturally occurring variants, and can also refer to synthetic and/or non-naturally occurring nucleic acids (i.e., comprising nucleic acid analogues or modified backbone residues or linkages), such as, for example and without limitation, phosphorothioates, phosphoramidates, methyl phosphonates, chiral-methyl phosphonates, 2-O-methyl ribonucleotides, peptide-nucleic acids (PNAs), and the like, as described herein. 
     As used herein “oligonucleotides” or “oligomers” refer to a nucleic acid sequence of approximately 7 nucleotides or greater in length, and up to as many as approximately 100 nucleotides in length, which can be used as a primer, probe or amplimer. Oligonucleotides are often between about 10 and about 50 nucleotides in length, more often between about 14 and about 35 nucleotides, very often between about 15 and about 30 nucleotides, and the terms oligonucleotides or oligomers can also refer to synthetic and/or non-naturally occurring nucleic acids (i.e., comprising nucleic acid analogues or modified backbone residues or linkages). 
     A polynucleotide “specifically hybridizes” or “specifically binds” to a target polynucleotide if the polynucleotide hybridizes to the target under stringent conditions. As used herein, “stringent hybridization conditions” or “stringency” refers to conditions in a range from about 5° C. to about 20° C. or 25° C. below the melting temperature (T m ) of the target sequence and a probe with exactly or nearly exactly complementarity to the target. As used herein, the melting temperature is the temperature at which a population of double-stranded nucleic acid molecules becomes half-dissociated into single strands. Methods for calculating the T m  of nucleic acids are well known in the art (see, e.g., Berger and Kimmel (1987)  Methods in Enzymology , Vol. 152 : Guide to Molecular Cloning Techniques , San Diego: Academic Press, Inc.; Sambrook et al. (1989)  Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual,  2nd Ed., Vols. 1-3, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory hereinafter, “Sambrook”); and  Current Protocols in Molecular Biology  (Ausubel et al., eds. through and including the 1997 supplement), incorporated herein by reference). As indicated by standard references, a simple estimate of the T m  value may be calculated by the equation: T m =81.5+0.41(% G+C), when a nucleic acid is in aqueous solution at 1 M NaCl (see e.g., Anderson and Young,  Quantitative Filter Hybridization in Nucleic Acid Hybridization  (1985)). Other references include more sophisticated computations, which take structural as well as sequence characteristics into account for the calculation of T m . The melting temperature of a hybrid (and thus the conditions for stringent hybridization) is affected by various factors such as the length and nature (DNA, RNA, base composition) of the probe and nature of the target (DNA, RNA, base composition, present in solution or immobilized, and the like), and the concentration of salts and other components (e.g., the presence or absence or formamide, dextran sulfate, polyethylene glycol). The effects of these factors are well known and are discussed in standard references in the art, e.g., Sambrook, supra and Ausubel et al. supra. Typically, stringent hybridization conditions are salt concentrations less than about 1.0 M sodium ion, typically about 0.01 to 1.0 M sodium ion at pH 7.0 to 8.3, and temperatures at least about 30° C. for short nucleic acids (e.g., 7 to 50 nucleotides) and at least about 60° C. for long nucleic acids (e.g., greater than 50 nucleotides). As noted, stringent conditions may also be achieved with the addition of destabilizing agents such as formamide, in which case lower temperatures may be employed. 
     An “identical” polynucleotide refers to a polynucleotide that has the same sequence as the reference nucleotide subsequence to which the polynucleotide is being compared. An “exactly complementary” polynucleotide refers to a polynucleotide whose complement has the same sequence as the reference nucleotide subsequence to which the polynucleotide is being compared. 
     A “substantially complementary” polynucleotide and a “substantially identical” polynucleotide have the ability to specifically hybridize to a reference gene, DNA, cDNA, or mRNA, e.g., the hTRT nucleotide sequence of  FIG. 1  and its exact complement. 
     An “antisense” polynucleotide is a polynucleotide that is substantially complementary to a target polynucleotide and has the ability to specifically hybridize to the target polynucleotide. 
     A “telomerase-related condition” refers to a diseases and disease conditions in a patient and/or a cell, characterized by under- or over-expression of telomerase or hTRT gene products. In addition to cancer, which is characterized by over-expression of telomerase, such conditions include diseases of cell proliferation, e.g., hyperplasias, disease resulting from cell senescence (particularly diseases of aging), immunological disorders, infertility, etc. As used herein, “isolated,” when referring to a molecule or composition, such as, for example, an oligonucleotide, means that the molecule or composition is separated from at least one other compound, such as other oligonucleotides or other contaminants with which it is associated in vivo or in its naturally occurring state or synthetic state. An isolated composition can also be substantially pure. 
     A “synthetic” oligonucleotide refers to a polynucleotide synthesized using in vitro chemical methods, e.g., by using a machine that synthesizes polynucleotides using the phosphodiester method, the diethylphosphoramidite method, the phosphotriester methods, the solid support method, and other methods known to those skilled in the art. 
     As used herein, “recombinant” refers to a polynucleotide synthesized or otherwise manipulated in vitro (e.g., “recombinant polynucleotide”), to methods of using recombinant polynucleotides to produce gene products in cells or other biological systems, or to a polypeptide (“recombinant protein”) encoded by a recombinant polynucleotide. 
     As used herein, the term “substantially pure,” or “substantially purified,” when referring to a composition comprising a specified reagent, such as an oligonucleotide, means that the specified reagent is at least about 75%, or at least about 90%, or at least about 95%, or at least about 99% or more of the composition (not including, e.g., solvent or buffer). Thus, for example, an antisense oligonucleotide preparation that specifically binds an hTRT gene or mRNA is substantially purified. 
     “TRT” activity refers to one or more of the activities found in naturally-occurring full-length TRT proteins. These activities include “telomerase catalytic activity” (the ability to extend a DNA primer that functions as a telomerase substrate by adding a partial, one, or more than one repeat of a sequence, e.g., TTAGGG, encoded by a template nucleic acid, e.g., hTR), “telomerase conventional reverse transcriptase activity” (see Morin, 1997, supra, and Spence et al., 1995 , Science  267:988); “nucleolytic activity” (see Morin, 1997, supra; Collins and Grieder, 1993 , Genes and Development  7:1364; Joyce and Steitz, 1987 , Trends Biochem. Sci.  12:288); “primer (telomere) binding activity” (see, Morin, 1997, supra; Collins et al., 1995 , Cell  81:677; Harrington et al., 1995 , J. Biol. Chem.  270:8893); “dNTP binding activity” (Morin, 1997, supra; Spence et al., supra); and “RNA (e.g., hTR) binding activity” (see Morin, 1997, supra; Harrington et al., 1997 , Science  275:973; Collins et al., 1995 , Cell  81:677). 
     “TRT” refers to telomerase reverse transcriptase protein, and “hTRT” refers to human telomerase reverse transcriptase protein. 
     The term “hTRT” is intended to refer to alleles, conservatively modified variants, polymorphic variants, and interspecies homologues of hTRT encoded by nucleic acids that specifically hybridize to the hTRT nucleic acid sequence provided in  FIG. 1 . 
     “Conservatively modified variants” applies to both amino acid and nucleic acid sequences. With respect to particular nucleic acid sequences, conservatively modified variants refers to those nucleic acids that encode identical or essentially identical amino acid sequences, or where the nucleic acid does not encode an amino acid sequence, to essentially identical sequences. Because of the degeneracy of the genetic code, a large number of functionally identical nucleic acids encode any given protein. For instance, the codons GCA, GCC, GCG and GCU all encode the amino acid alanine. Thus, at every position where an alanine is specified by a codon, the codon can be altered to any of the corresponding codons described without altering the encoded polypeptide. Such nucleic acid variations are “silent variations,” which are one species of conservatively modified variations. Every nucleic acid sequence herein which encodes a polypeptide also describes every possible silent variation of the nucleic acid. One of skill will recognize that each codon in a nucleic acid (except AUG, which is ordinarily the only codon for methionine) can be modified to yield a functionally identical molecule. Accordingly, each silent variation of a nucleic acid that encodes a polypeptide is implicit in each described sequence. 
     As to amino acid sequences, one of skill will recognize that individual substitutions, deletions or additions to a nucleic acid, peptide, polypeptide, or protein sequence which alters, adds or deletes a single amino acid or a small percentage of amino acids in the encoded sequence is a “conservatively modified variant” where the alteration results in the substitution of an amino acid with a chemically similar amino acid. Conservative substitution tables providing functionally similar amino acids are well known in the art (see, e.g., Creighton (1984)  Proteins , W.H. Freeman and Company. 
     III. How to Make Antisense Polynucleotides 
     As described herein, the present invention provides antisense polynucleotides, which have the ability to specifically hybridize to hTRT. Without intending to be limited to any particular mechanism, it is believed that antisense oligonucleotides bind to, and interfere with the translation of, the sense hTRT mRNA. Alternatively, the antisense molecule may render the hTRT mRNA susceptible to nuclease digestion, interfere with transcription, interfere with processing, localization or otherwise with RNA precursors (“ pre-mRNA”), repress transcription of mRNA from the hTRT gene, or act through some other mechanism. However, the particular mechanism by which the antisense molecule reduces hTRT expression is not critical. 
     Generally, to assure specific hybridization, the antisense sequence is substantially complementary to the target hTRT mRNA sequence. In certain embodiments, the antisense sequence is exactly complementary to the target sequence. The antisense polynucleotides may also include, however, nucleotide substitutions, additions, deletions, transitions, transpositions, or modifications, or other nucleic acid sequences or non-nucleic acid moieties so long as specific binding to the relevant target sequence corresponding to hTRT RNA or its gene is retained as a functional property of the polynucleotide. 
     In one embodiment, the antisense sequence is complementary to relatively accessible sequences of the hTRT mRNA (e.g., relatively devoid of secondary structure). These sequences can be determined by analyzing predicted RNA secondary structures using, for example, the MFOLD program (Genetics Computer Group, Madison Wis.) and testing in vitro or in vivo as is known in the art.  FIG. 3  and TAble 1 show examples of oligonucleotides that are useful in cells for antisense suppression of hTRT function and are capable of hybridizing to hTRT (i.e., are substantially complementary to hTRT). Another useful method for identifying effective antisense compositions uses combinatorial arrays of oligonucleotides (see, e.g., Milner et al., 1997 , Nature Biotechnology  15:537). 
     A. Triplex-Forming Antisense Polynucleotides 
     As one embodiment of the antisense molecules described herein, the present invention provides polynucleotides that bind to double-stranded or duplex hTRT nucleic acids (e.g., in a folded region of the hTRT RNA or in the hTRT gene), forming a triple helix-containing, or “triplex” nucleic acid. Triple helix formation results in inhibition of hTRT expression by, for example, preventing transcription of the hTRT gene, thus reducing or eliminating telomerase activity in a cell. Without intending to be bound by any particular mechanism, it is believed that triple helix pairing compromises the ability of the double helix to open sufficiently for the binding of polymerases, transcription factors, or regulatory molecules to occur. 
     Triplex oligo- and polynucleotides of the invention are constructed using the base-pairing rules of triple helix formation (see, e.g., Cheng et al., 1988 , J. Biol. Chem.  263: 15110; Ferrin and Camerini-Otero, 1991 , Science  354:1494; Ramdas et al., 1989 , J. Biol. Chem.  264:17395; Strobel et al., 1991 , Science  254:1639; and Rigas et al., 1986 , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.  83: 9591; each of which is incorporated herein by reference) and the hTRT mRNA and/or gene sequence. Typically, the triplex-forming oligonucleotides of the invention comprise a specific sequence of from about 10 to at least about 25 nucleotides or longer “complementary” to a specific sequence in the hTRT RNA or gene (i.e., large enough to form a stable triple helix, but small enough, depending on the mode of delivery, to administer in vivo, if desired). In this context, “complementary” means able to form a stable triple helix. In one embodiment, oligonucleotides are designed to bind specifically to the regulatory regions of the hTRT gene (e.g., the hTRT 5′-flanking sequence, promoters, and enhancers) or to the transcription initiation site, (e.g., between −10 and +10 from the transcription initiation site). For a review of recent therapeutic advances using triplex DNA, see Gee et al., in Huber and Carr, 1994 , Molecular and Immunologic Approaches , Futura Publishing Co, Mt Kisco N.Y. and Rininsland et al., 1997 , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  94:5854, which are both incorporated herein by reference. 
     B. Ribozymes 
     In another embodiment, the present invention provides ribozymes useful for inhibition of hTRT telomerase activity. The ribozymes of the invention bind and enzymatically cleave and inactivate hTRT mRNA. Useful ribozymes can comprise 5′-and 3′-terminal sequences complementary to the hTRT mRNA and can be engineered by one of skill on the basis of the hTRT mRNA sequence disclosed herein (see PCT publication WO 93/23572, supra). Ribozymes of the invention include those having characteristics of group I intron ribozymes (Cech, 1995 , Biotechnology  13:323) and others of hammerhead ribozymes (Edgington, 1992 , Biotechnology  10:256). 
     Ribozymes of the invention include those having cleavage sites such as GUA, GUU and GUC. Other optimum cleavage sites for ribozyme-mediated inhibition of telomerase activity in accordance with the present invention include those described in PCT publications WO 94/02595 and WO 93/23569, both incorporated herein by reference. Short RNA oligonucleotides between 15 and 20 ribonucleotides in length corresponding to the region of the target hTRT gene containing the cleavage site can be evaluated for secondary structural features that may render the oligonucleotide more desirable. The suitability of cleavage sites may also be evaluated by testing accessibility to hybridization with complementary oligonucleotides using ribonuclease protection assays, or by testing for in vitro ribozyme activity in accordance with standard procedures known in the art. 
     As described by Hu et al., PCT publication WO 94/03596, incorporated herein by reference, antisense and ribozyme functions can be combined in a single oligonucleotide. Moreover, ribozymes can comprise one or more modified nucleotides or modified linkages between nucleotides, as described above in conjunction with the description of illustrative antisense oligonucleotides of the invention. 
     C. Synthesis of Antisense Polynucleotides 
     The antisense nucleic acids (DNA, RNA, modified, analogues, and the like) can be made using any suitable method for producing a nucleic acid, such as the chemical synthesis and recombinant methods disclosed herein and known to one of skill in the art. In one embodiment, for example, antisense RNA molecules of the invention may be prepared by de novo chemical synthesis or by cloning. For example, an antisense RNA that hybridizes to hTRT mRNA can be made by inserting (ligating) an hTRT DNA sequence in reverse orientation operably linked to a promoter in a vector (e.g., plasmid). Provided that the promoter and, preferably termination and polyadenylation signals, are properly positioned, the strand of the inserted sequence corresponding to the noncoding strand will be transcribed and act as an antisense oligonucleotide of the invention. 
     The present invention also provides hTRT antisense polynucleotides (RNA, DNA or modified) that can be produced by direct chemical synthesis. Chemical synthesis is generally preferred for the production of oligonucleotides or for oligonucleotides and polynucleotides containing nonstandard nucleotides (e.g., probes, primers and antisense oligonucleotides). Direct chemical synthesis of nucleic acids can be accomplished by methods known in the art, such as the phosphotriester method of Narang et al., 1979 , Meth. Enzymol.  68:90; the phosphodiester method of Brown et al.,  Meth. Enymol.  68:109 (1979); the diethylphosphoramidite method of Beaucage et al.,  Tetra. Lett.,  22:1859 (1981); and the solid support method of U.S. Pat. No. 4,458,066. 
     Chemical synthesis typically produces a single stranded oligonucleotide, which may be converted into double stranded DNA by hybridization with a complementary sequence, or by polymerization with a DNA polymerase and an oligonucleotide primer using the single strand as a template. One of skill will recognize that while chemical synthesis of DNA is often limited to sequences of about 100 or 150 bases, longer sequences may be obtained by the ligation of shorter sequences or by more elaborate synthetic methods. 
     It will be appreciated that the hTRT polynucleotides and oligonucleotides of the invention can be made using nonstandard bases (e.g., other than adenine, cytidine, guanine, thymine, and uridine) or nonstandard backbone structures to provides desirable properties (e.g., increased nuclease-resistance, tighter-binding, stability or a desired T M ). Techniques for rendering oligonucleotides nuclease-resistant include those described in PCT publication WO 94/12633. A wide variety of useful modified oligonucleotides may be produced, including oligonucleotides having a peptide-nucleic acid (PNA) backbone (Nielsen et ai., 1991 , Science  254:1497) or incorporating 2′-O-methyl ribonucleotides, phosphorothioate nucleotides, methyl phosphonate nucleotides, phosphotriester nucleotides, phosphorothioate nucleotides, phosphoramidates. Still other useful oligonucleotides may contain alkyl and halogen-substituted sugar moieties comprising one of the following at the 2′ position: OH, SH, SCH 3 , F, OCN, OCH 3 OCH 3 , OCH 3 O(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , O(CH 2 ) n NH 2  or O(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , where n is from 1 to about 10; C 1  to C 10  lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, alkaryl or aralkyl; Cl; Br; CN; CF 3 ; OCF 3 ; O—, S—, or N-alkyl; O—, S—, or N-alkenyl; SOCH 3 ; SO 2 CH 3 ; ONO 2 ; NO 2 ; N 3 ; NH 2 ; heterocycloalkyl; heterocycloalkaryl; aminoalkylamino; polyalkylamino; substituted silyl; an RNA cleaving group; a cholesteryl group; a folate group; a reporter group; an intercalator; a group for improving the pharmacokinetic properties of an oligonucleotide; or a group for improving the pharmacodynamic properties of an oligonucleotide and other substituents having similar properties. Folate, cholesterol or other groups that facilitate oligonucleotide uptake, such as lipid analogs, may be conjugated directly or via a linker at the 2′ position of any nucleoside or at the 3′ or 5′ position of the 3′-terminal or 5′-terminal nucleoside, respectively. One or more such conjugates may be used. Oligonucleotides may also have sugar mimetics such as cyclobutyls in place of the pentofuranosyl group. Other embodiments may include at least one modified base form or “universal base” such as inosine, or inclusion of other nonstandard bases such as queosine and wybutosine as well as acetyl-, methyl-, thio- and similarly modified forms of adenine, cytidine, guanine, thymine, and uridine which are not as easily recognized by endogenous endonucleases. 
     The invention further provides oligonucleotides having backbone analogues such as phosphodiester, phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, methylphosphonate, phosphoramidate, alkyl phosphotriester, sulfamate, 3′-thioacetal, methylene(methylimino), 3′-N-carbamate, morpholino carbamate, chiral-methyl phosphonates, nucleotides with short chain alkyl or cycloalkyl intersugar linkages, short chain heteroatomic or heterocyclic intersugar (“backbone”) linkages, or CH 2 —NH—O—CH 2 , CH 2 —N(CH 3 )—OCH 2 , CH 2 —O—N(CH 3 )—CH 2 , CH 2 —N(CH 3 )—N(CH 3 )—CH 2  and O—N(CH 3 )—CH 2 —CH 2  backbones (where phosphodiester is O—P—O—CH 2 ), or mixtures of the same. Also useful are oligonucleotides having morpholino backbone structures (U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,506). 
     Useful references include  Oligonucleotides and Analogues, A Practical Approach , edited by F. Eckstein, IRL Press at Oxford University Press (1991);  Antisense Strategies, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , Volume 600, Eds. Baserga and Denhardt (NYAS 1992); Milligan et al., 9 Jul. 1993 , J. Med. Chem.  36(14):1923-1937 ; Antisense Research and Applications  (1993, CRC Press), in its entirety and specifically Chapter 15, by Sanghvi, entitled “Heterocyclic base modifications in nucleic acids and their applications in antisense oligonucleotides;” and  Antisense Therapeutics , ed. Sudhir Agrawal (Humana Press, Totowa, N.J., 1996). 
     D. Labeled Antisense Oligonucleotides 
     It is often useful to label the antisense polynucleotides of the invention, for example, when the hTRT polynucleotides are to be used for detection of hTRT expression, and for diagnosis and prognosis of telomerase related conditions. The labels may be incorporated by any of a number of means well known to those of skill in the art. Suitable labels are any composition detectable by spectroscopic, photochemical, biochemical, immunochemical, or chemical means. For example, useful labels include  32 P,  35 S, fluorescent dyes, electron-dense reagents, enzymes (e.g., as commonly used in an ELISA), biotin-streptavadin, digoxigenin, haptens and proteins for which antisera or monoclonal antibodies are available, or nucleic acid molecules with a sequence complementary to a target. The label often generates a measurable signal, such as radioactivity, that can be used to quantitate the amount of bound detectable moiety. 
     The label can be incorporated in or attached to a polynucleotide either covalently, or through ionic, van der Waals or hydrogen bonds, e.g., incorporation of radioactive nucleotides, or biotinylated nucleotides that are recognized by streptavadin. The detectable moiety may be directly or indirectly detectable. Indirect detection can involve the binding of a second directly or indirectly detectable moiety to the detectable moiety. For example, the detectable moiety can be the ligand of a binding partner, such as biotin, which is a binding partner for streptavadin, or a nucleotide sequence, which is the binding partner for a complementary sequence, to which it can specifically hybridize. The binding partner may itself be directly detectable, for example, an antibody may be itself labeled with a fluorescent molecule. The binding partner also may be indirectly detectable, for example, a nucleic acid having a complementary nucleotide sequence can be a part of a branched DNA molecule that is in turn detectable through hybridization with other labeled nucleic acid molecules. 
     IV. Exemplary Antisense Polynucleotides 
     A series of 30-mer antisense oligonucleotides, which span the entire hTRT sequence, are exemplary embodiments of the present invention (see  FIG. 3 ). These oligonucleotides were systematically assayed for the ability to inhibit hTRT expression in vitro. The results of the experiment are presented in  FIG. 3  (see also Example I). Any suitable series of hTRT antisense oligonucleotides can be tested in a similar fashion. For example, a series of 20-mer antisense oligonucleotides, offset one from the next by 10 nucleotides can be synthesized and tested in the same manner. A series of 25-mer, 35-mer, or 15-mer oligonucleotides can be examined in the same manner. 
     Selected oligonucleotides from the series of  FIG. 3  were then tested for their ability to inhibit hTRT expression in cultured cell lines (see Example II). The hTRT antisense oligonucleotides active for inhibiting telomerase activity in the cultured cells were then assayed for theire long term cell culture effects on hTRT expression, telomerase activity, telomere dynamics, and cell proliferation (see Example II). The oligonucleotides of Table 1 represent examplary oligonucleotides that inhibit telomerase activity in cultured cells. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE I 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 hTRT antisense 30-mers 
               
             
          
           
               
                 PS- 
                 Position 
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 ODN# 
                 (3′–5′) 
                 SEQ ID NO. 
                 5′-antisense sequence-3′ 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 3 
                 31-60 
                 SEQ ID NO: 4 
                 GGCATCGCGGGGGTGGCCGGGGCCAGGGCT 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 4 
                 46-75 
                 SEQ ID NO: 5 
                 CAGCGGGGAGCGCGCGGCATCGCGGGGGTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 7 
                  91-120 
                 SEQ ID NO: 6 
                 AGCACCTCGCGGTAGTGGCTGCGCAGCAGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 8 
                 106-135 
                 SEQ ID NO: 7 
                 AACGTGGCCAGCGGCAGCACCTCGCGGTAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 16 
                 226-255 
                 SEQ ID NO: 8 
                 GCGGGGGGCGGCCGTGCGTCCCAGGGCACG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 21 
                 301-330 
                 SEQ ID NO: 9 
                 CCGCGCTCGCACAGCCTCTGCAGCACTCGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 25 
                 361-390 
                 SEQ ID NO: 10 
                 GGGGGGCCCCCGCGGGCCCCGTCCAGCAGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 26 
                 376-405 
                 SEQ ID NO: 11 
                 GTGGTGAAGGCCTCGGGGGGGCCCCCGCGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 27 
                 391-420 
                 SEQ ID NO: 12 
                 TAGCTGCGCACGCTGGTGGTGAAGGCCTCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 28 
                 406-435 
                 SEQ ID NO: 13 
                 ACCGTGTTGGGCAGGTAGCTGCGCACGCTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 29 
                 421-450 
                 SEQ ID NO: 14 
                 CGCAGTGCGTCGGTCACCGTGTTGGGCAGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 33 
                 481-510 
                 SEQ ID NO: 15 
                 AGGTGAACCAGCACGTCGTCGCCCACGCGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 40 
                 586-615 
                 SEQ ID NO: 16 
                 GGGGGCCGGGCCTGAGTGGCAGCGCCGAGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 41 
                 601-630 
                 SEQ ID NO: 17 
                 CCACTAGCGTGTGGCGGGGGCCGGGCCTGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 43 
                 631-660 
                 SEQ ID NO: 18 
                 GCCCGTTCGCATCCCAGACGCCTTCGGGGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 44 
                 646-675 
                 SEQ ID NO: 19 
                 ACGCTATGGTTCCAGGCCCGTTCGCATCCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 45 
                 661-690 
                 SEQ ID NO: 20 
                 ACCCCGGCCTCCCTGACGCTATGGTTCCAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 46 
                 676-705 
                 SEQ ID NO: 21 
                 GGCAGGCCCAGGGGGACCCCGGCCTCCCTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 47 
                 691-720 
                 SEQ ID NO: 22 
                 CTCGCACCCGGGGCTGGCAGGCCCAGGGGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 48 
                 706-735 
                 SEQ ID NO: 23 
                 CTGCCCCCGCGCCTCCTCGCACCCGGGGCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 49 
                 721-750 
                 SEQ ID NO: 24 
                 AGACTTCGGCTGGCACTGCCCCCGCGCCTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 50 
                 736-765 
                 SEQ ID NO: 25 
                 CTCTTGGGCAACGGCAGACTTCGGCTGGCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 51 
                 751-780 
                 SEQ ID NO: 26 
                 GCGCCACGCCTGGGCCTCTTGGGCAACGGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 52 
                 766-795 
                 SEQ ID NO: 27 
                 TCCGGCTCAGGGGCAGCGCCACGCCTGGGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 53 
                 781-810 
                 SEQ ID NO: 28 
                 CCAACGGGCGTCCGCTCCGGCTCAGGGGCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 54 
                 796-825 
                 SEQ ID NO: 29 
                 GCCCAGGACCCCTGCCCAACGGGCGTCCGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 62 
                 916-945 
                 SEQ ID NO: 30 
                 GGGTGGGAGTGGCGCGTGCCAGAGAGCGCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 68 
                 1006-1035 
                 SEQ ID NO: 31 
                 TCGGCGTACCGCGGGGGACAAGGCGTGTCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 69 
                 1021-1050 
                 SEQ ID NO: 32 
                 AGGAAGTGCTTGGTCTCGGCGTACACCGGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 70 
                 1036-1065 
                 SEQ ID NO: 33 
                 TCGCCTGAGGAGTAGAGGAAGTGCTTGGTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 71 
                 1051-1080 
                 SEQ ID NO: 34 
                 CGCAGCTGCTCCTTGTCGCCTGAGGAGTAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 72 
                 1066-1095 
                 SEQ ID NO: 35 
                 AGTAGGAAGGAGGGCCGCAGCTGCTCCTTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 73 
                 1081-1110 
                 SEQ ID NO: 36 
                 GGCCTCAGAGAGCTGAGTAGGAAGGAGGGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 74 
                 1096-1125 
                 SEQ ID NO: 37 
                 GCGCCAGTCAGGCTGGGCCTCAGAGAGCTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 75 
                 1111-1140 
                 SEQ ID NO: 38 
                 TCCACGAGCCTCCGAGCGCCAGTCAGGCTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 76 
                 1126-1155 
                 SEQ ID NO: 39 
                 CCCAGAAAGATGGTCTCCACGAGCCTCCGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 77 
                 1141-1170 
                 SEQ ID NO: 40 
                 ATCCAGGGCCTGGAACCCAGAAAGATGGTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 80 
                 1186-1215 
                 SEQ ID NO: 41 
                 CAGTAGCGCTGGGGCAGGCGGGGCAACCTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 81 
                 1201-1230 
                 SEQ ID NO: 42 
                 AGGGGCCGCATTTGCCAGTAGCGCTGGGGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 82 
                 1216-1245 
                 SEQ ID NO: 43 
                 AGCAGCTCCAGAAACAGGGGCCGCATTTGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 83 
                 1231-1260 
                 SEQ ID NO: 44 
                 TGCGCGTGGTTCCCAAGCAGCTCCAGAAAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 84 
                 1246-1275 
                 SEQ ID NO: 45 
                 ACCCCGTAGGGGCACTGCGCGTGGTTCCCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 85 
                 1261-1290 
                 SEQ ID NO: 46 
                 TGCGTCTTGAGGAGCACCCCGTAGGGGCAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 86 
                 1276-1305 
                 SEQ ID NO: 47 
                 GCTCGCAGCGGGCAGTGCGTCTTGAGGAGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 87 
                 1291-1320 
                 SEQ ID NO: 48 
                 GCTGGGGTGACCGCAGCTCGCAGCGGGCAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 88 
                 1306-1335 
                 SEQ ID NO: 49 
                 GCACAGACACCGGCTGCTGGGGTGACCGCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 93 
                 1381-1410 
                 SEQ ID NO: 50 
                 AGCAGCTGCACCAGGCGACGGGGGTCTGTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 94 
                 1396-1425 
                 SEQ ID NO: 51 
                 CTGCTGTGCTGGCGGAGCAGCTGCACCAGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 96 
                 1426-1455 
                 SEQ ID NO: 52 
                 GCCCGCACGAAGCCGTACACCTGCCAGGGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 100 
                 1486-1515 
                 SEQ ID NO: 53 
                 AAGCGGCGTTCGTTGTGCCTGGAGCCCCAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 112 
                 1666-1695 
                 SEQ ID NO: 54 
                 CAGTGCAGGAACTTGGCCAGGATCTCCTCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 114 
                 1696-1725 
                 SEQ ID NO: 55 
                 AGCAGCTCGACGACGTACACACTCATCAGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 130 
                 1936-1965 
                 SEQ ID NO: 56 
                 TCCATGTTCACAATCGGCCGCAGCCCGTCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 143 
                 2131-2160 
                 SEQ ID NO: 57 
                 GGGTCCTGGGCCCGCACACGCAGCACGAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 144 
                 2146-2175 
                 SEQ ID NO: 58 
                 TACAGCTCAGGCGGCGGGTCCTGGGCCCGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 151 
                 2251-2280 
                 SEQ ID NO: 59 
                 CGCACGCAGTACGTGTTCTGGGGTTTGATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 152 
                 2266-2295 
                 SEQ ID NO: 60 
                 ACCACGGCATACCGACGCACGCAGTACGTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 201 
                 3001-3030 
                 SEQ ID NO: 61 
                 TTCACCTGCAAATCCAGAAACAGGCTGTGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 202 
                 3016-3045 
                 SEQ ID NO: 62 
                 ACCGTCTGGAGGCTGTTCACCTGCAAATCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 203 
                 3031-3060 
                 SEQ ID NO: 63 
                 TAGATGTTGGTGCACACCGTCTGGAGGCTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 208 
                 3106-3135 
                 SEQ ID NO: 64 
                 TTCCAAACTTGCTGATGAAATGGGAGCTGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 209 
                 3121-3150 
                 SEQ ID NO: 65 
                 AAAAATGTGGGGTTCTTCCAAACTTGCTGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 210 
                 3136-3165 
                 SEQ ID NO: 66 
                 GAGATGACGCGCAGAAAAATGTGGGGTTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 211 
                 3151-3180 
                 SEQ ID NO: 67 
                 AGGGAGGCCGTGTCAGAGATGACGCGCAGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 212 
                 3166-3195 
                 SEQ ID NO: 68 
                 AGGATGGAGTAGCAGAGGGAGGCCGTGTCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 213 
                 3181-3210 
                 SEQ ID NO: 69 
                 GCGTTCTTGGCTTTCAGGATGGAGTAGCAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 230 
                 3436-3465 
                 SEQ ID NO: 70 
                 GCGGGTGGCCATCAGTCCAGGATGGTCTTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 237 
                 3541-3570 
                 SEQ ID NO: 71 
                 CAGACTCCCAGCGGTGCGGGCCTGGGTGTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 241 
                 3601-3630 
                 SEQ ID NO: 72 
                 AGCCGGACACTCAGCCTTCAGCCGGACATG 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     All publications and patent applications cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication or patent application were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. 
     Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in light of the teachings of this invention that certain changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the appended claims. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The following examples are provided by way of illustration only and not by way of limitation. Those of skill will readily recognize a variety of noncritical parameters that could be changed or modified to yield essentially similar results. 
     Example I  
     Inhibition of hTRT in Cell-free Expression 
     In this example, inhibition of hTRT expression was examined using an in vitro cell-free expression system. A series of 30-mer antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (PS-ODNs), which span the entire hTRT sequence, was systematically assayed for the ability to block hTRT expression in vitro (see  FIG. 3 ). Co-expression of luciferase was used to normalize the samples and demonstrate the specificity of inhibition. 
     For inhibition of hTRT expression in vitro, an hTRT transcription/expression plasmid was prepared according to standard methodology for in vitro transcription and translation of hTRT RNA. Coupled transcription-translation reactions were performed with a reticulocyte lysate system (Promega TNT™) according to standard conditions (as performed in Example 7, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/974,549). Each coupled transcription/translation reaction included hTRT RNA transcribed from the expression plasmid, and a test antisense polynucleotide at a range of standard test concentrations, as well as the luciferase transcription/translation internal control (see, e.g., Sambrook et al., supra, Ausubel et al., supra). The translation reaction can also be performed with hTRT RNA that is synthesized in vitro in a separate reaction and then added to the translation reaction.  35 S-Met was included in the reaction to label the translation products. The negative control was performed without added PS-ODN. 
     The labeled translation products were separated by gel electrophoresis and quantitated after exposing the gel to a phosphorimager screen. The amount of hTRT protein expressed in the presence of hTRT specific PS-ODNs was normalized to the co-expressed luciferase control. The data are presented in  FIG. 3  as a percentage of the control, which is without added PS-ODN. 
     Example II  
     Inhibition of hTRT Expression in Cultured Cells 
     A. Reagents 
     Cells: ACHN cells, NCI, catalogue #503755; 293 cells, ATCC; BJ (see, e.g., Kim et al.,  Science  266: 2011-2015 (1994)); additional cells from the ATCC or NCI. 
     Media and solutions: RPMI 1640 medium, BioWhitaker; DMEM/M199 medium, BioWhitaker; EMEM, BioWhitaker; Fetal Bovine Serum, Summit (stored frozen at −20° C., stored thawed at 4° C.); Trypsin-EDTA, GIBCO (catalogue #25300-054) (stored frozen at −20° C., stored thawed 4° C.; Isoton II (stored at RT); DMSO (stored at RT); oligonucleotides (see Table 1 and  FIG. 3 , stored in solution at −20° C.); PBS (Ca ++ /Mg ++  free); TE; 10 mM Tris-HCL, pH 8.0; 1 mM EDTA.
 
To prepare oligonucleotide stocks: Dissolve oligonucleotide nucleotides (PS-ODNs) in the appropriate amount of TE to make a concentrated stock solution (1-20 mM).
 
B. Treatment of cultured cells with antisense hTRT oligonucleotides
 
     1. For plating cells prior to oligonucleotide treatment, stock cultures of cells in log-phase growth (in T75 flask) were used. ACNH, 293, and BJ cells were used in this assay. The media was removed by aspiration, and the cells were rinsed with 2-5 ml of PBS. 1 ml of trypsin-EDTA was added to the cells, swirled to distribute, and incubated for 2 minutes. The trypsin was inactivated with 9 ml of media. The cells were gently triturated with media. 200 μL of the cells were then counted with a Coulter counter and diluted to the appropriate volume and number of cells per well. 
     2. For 6-well dishes, 1.1×10 5  cells total per well, 2 ml/well were added. The cells were allowed to settle 4-6 h prior to any treatment with oligonucleotides. The amount of cells can be scaled up or down proportionally for 12-well, 100 mm, or 150 mm dishes. For example, for 12-well dishes, use 4.6×10 4  cells in 2 ml media; for 100 mm dishes use 6×10 5  cells in 10 ml media; for 150 mm dishes use 1.7×10 6  cells in 35 ml media. 
     3. Oligonucleotides were diluted in media and fed to the cells at a range of standard test concentrations. Serial, sterile dilutions of the ODNs (see, e.g., Table 1) were prepared in sterile, filtered media for feeding the cells. The cells were treated in single, duplicate, or triplicate wells. Control wells were treated with TE diluted in media. 
     4. The cells were fed daily with freshly diluted PS-ODN-media by aspirating the media and then feeding with 2 ml of freshly diluted oligonucleotide in media. 
     5. When cells were near 70-80% confluent (3-4 days), the number of cells was determined per well. The media was removed by aspiration, and the cells were rinsed twice with 2 ml PBS. 0.5 ml trypsin-EDTA was added to the cells, swirled, and incubated for 2 minutes. The cells were triturated gently with 2 ml media per well. 200 μL of cells were counted in a Coulter counter. If necessary, the cells are replated at 1.1×10 5  cells per well, 2 ml media per well, and fed with PS-ODN as described above. 
     6. Samples of the cells were also harvested for analysis of telomerase activity by TRAP activity. The cells can also be analyzed by isolating RNA and performing RT-PCR, by TRF measurement, or by telomere length measurement (see, e.g., Example section, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/974,549 for assay protocols). 
     7. The cell population doublings (PDLs) were calculated for each timepoint according to the following formula. PDLs (P): Pn=Pn−1+[((ln(Total # cells))−(In(# cells plated))/ln(2)] 
     8. Cell population doublings were compared between control untreated cells and the full dose rance for each PS-ODN 
     9. Steps 2-8 were repeated for the desired duration (usually 2-4 weeks) or until cell growth was inhibited significantly. 
     10. Table 1 shows exemplary oligonucleotides that were tested using this assay, and which inhibited telomerase expression and activity by approximately 50% or more.