Abstract:
Local motion estimation is described herein. Each picture of a video is partitioned into blocks for the local motion estimation. An extended-block FFT is calculated for each block, where the extended-block denotes that a certain area around the block is also included for applying FFT. Extending the block for FFT helps to account for the motion of objects that are moving into or out of the block. Phase correlation is applied to attain a set of Motion Vector (MV) candidates for the blocks, and a cost function is evaluated for each MV. If no MV candidate produces a cost function below a pre-defined threshold, a hierarchical variable block matching search is applied and the process is repeated with blocks for finer resolution. Also, predictive MV candidates are used during the block matching search along with temporal constraints tracking to select an MV that yields the minimum cost function.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to the field of video motion estimation. More specifically, the present invention relates to video motion estimation using a motion parameter engine. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In the digital era, many personal content videos have been transferred to a digital format for storage. There is a strong need to improve picture quality in these videos. Information of temporal relations (motion information) between video frames plays a very important role for such a quality improving process. However, existing algorithms for motion information focus mainly on video compression instead of true motion between pictures. In video compression, the true motion is not a concern, the goal is to find the closest picture data to the original; essentially, which area should be selected to be compared to provide the best compression. 
     Motion compensated coding is used for moving pictures such as HDTV broadcasting systems and standardized schemes of the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG). Motion estimation methods used in motion-compensated coding include a pel-recursive algorithm and a block matching algorithm. Although a pel-recursive algorithm tends to be more precise, block matching is widely used for moving image systems in view of real-time processing and simplified circuit implementation. In using the block matching algorithm, an image is partitioned into blocks having a constant size such as 16 pixels×16 pixels and then a motion vector for each block is obtained using a minimum absolute error. 
     Another known motion estimation technique uses phase correlation. The aim of the phase correlation process is to measure the movement of objects between two scenes by measuring the correlation of the pixels in the current block against the pixels in the delayed reference block. Where there is simple movement within the block, the correlation will be good, and there will be a peak in the correlation surface. 
     Currently, the existing motion search algorithms are directly applied for video compression to improve quality which is not very effective. Other times an optical flow approach is utilized which requires too much computational power for practical use. In the optical flow approach, every pixel in the image and the motion of each pixel is used. This approach is extremely complex and requires a huge amount of computation. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Local motion estimation is described herein. Each picture of a video is partitioned into blocks for the local motion estimation. An extended-block FFT is calculated for each block, where the extended-block denotes that a certain area around the block is also included for applying FFT. Extending the block for FFT helps to account for the motion of objects that are moving into or out of the block. Phase correlation is applied to attain a set of Motion Vector (MV) candidates for the blocks, and a cost function is evaluated for each MV. If no MV candidate produces a cost function below a pre-defined threshold, a hierarchical variable block matching search is applied and the process is repeated with blocks for finer resolution. Also, predictive MV candidates are used during the block matching search along with temporal constraints tracking to select an MV that yields the minimum cost function. 
     In one aspect, a method of estimating local motion in a video comprises phase correlating a first extended block and a second extended block to determine one or more motion vector candidates, implementing a variable block search using the one or more motion vector candidates to determine a best motion vector, wherein the best motion vector has a minimal cost function and implementing a predictive motion vector search to ensure the best motion vector represents true motion. Implementing a variable block search comprises splitting a target block into a set of 8 pixel×8 pixel blocks, performing an 8 pixel×8 pixel block search, performing a 4 pixel×4 pixel block search, if the 8 pixel×8 pixel block search does not determine the best motion vector and performing a 2 pixel×2 pixel block search, if the 4 pixel×4 pixel block search does not determine the best motion vector. Estimating local motion is bi-directional. The method further comprises partitioning a picture of a video into a plurality of blocks. The first extended block corresponds to a reference block and the second extended block corresponds to a current block, further wherein the reference block and the current block are co-located. Fast Fourier Transforms are carried out on the first extended block and the second extended block. The method further comprises implementing temporal tracking to determine whether the best motion vector is in motion. 
     In another aspect, a method of estimating local motion in a video comprises determining motion in the video to be local motion, phase correlating a first extended block and a second extended block to determine one or more motion vector candidates, wherein the first extended block corresponds to a reference block from a previous frame and the second extended block corresponds to a current block from a current frame, refining the one or more motion vector candidates, implementing a variable block search using the one or more motion vector candidates to determine a best motion vector, wherein the best motion vector has a minimal cost function, implementing a predictive motion vector search to ensure the best motion represents true motion, temporally tracking to determine whether the best motion vector is in motion and refining the best motion vector. Implementing a variable block search comprises splitting a target block into a set of 8 pixel×8 pixel blocks, performing an 8 pixel×8 pixel block search, performing a 4 pixel×4 pixel block search, if the 8 pixel×8 pixel block search does not determine the best motion vector and performing a 2 pixel×2 pixel block search, if the 4 pixel×4 pixel block search does not determine the best motion vector. Local motion estimating is bi-directional. The method further comprises partitioning a picture of a video into a plurality of blocks. The first extended block corresponds to a reference block and the second extended block corresponds to a current block, and wherein the reference block and the current block are co-located. Fast Fourier Transforms are carried out on the first extended block and the second extended block. 
     In yet another aspect, a method of searching for a best motion vector with a variable block size comprises splitting a target block into a set of 8 pixel×8 pixel blocks, performing an 8 pixel×8 pixel block search, performing a 4 pixel×4 pixel block search, if the 8 pixel×8 pixel block search does not determine the best motion vector and performing a 2 pixel×2 pixel block search, if the 4 pixel×4 pixel block search does not determine the best motion vector. The method further comprises implementing a predictive motion vector search when necessary. 
     In another aspect, an apparatus for acquiring video and estimating local motion within the video, comprises an application for phase correlating a first extended block and a second extended block to determine one or more motion vector candidates, implementing a variable block search using the one or more motion vector candidates to determine a best motion vector, wherein the best motion vector has a minimal cost function and implementing a predictive motion vector search to ensure the best motion vector represents true motion, a processor for executing the application and a memory coupled to the processor for temporarily storing data for execution by the processor. Estimating local motion is bi-directional. The application is further for partitioning a picture of a video into a plurality of blocks. The first extended block corresponds to a reference block and the second extended block corresponds to a current block, further wherein the reference block and the current block are co-located. Fast Fourier Transforms are carried out on the first extended block and the second extended block. The application is further for implementing temporal tracking to determine whether the best motion vector describes true motion. 
     In yet another aspect, a method of estimating local motion in a video for each target block comprises generating an extended block for phase correlation calculation, determining motion vector candidates, splitting each target block into 8×8 blocks and finding an associated motion vector from the motion vector candidates and applying a variable block search if the associated motion vector is not found. The target block is 32 pixels by 32 pixels and the extended block is 64 pixels by 64 pixels. Implementing a variable block search comprises performing an 8 pixel×8 pixel block search, performing a 4 pixel×4 pixel block search, if the 8 pixel×8 pixel block search does not determine the best motion vector and performing a 2 pixel×2 pixel block search, if the 4 pixel×4 pixel block search does not determine the best motion vector. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a flowchart of a process for determining motion estimation. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a block diagram of local motion estimation. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a block diagram of an extended block FFT process. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a flowchart of a process for using a variable block-sized search. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a graphical representation of candidates for a predictive motion vector search. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a graphical representation of temporal tracking. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a graphical representation of bi-directional motion estimation. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates a graphical representation of a computing device implementing local motion estimation. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     When estimating video motion, there are two different kinds of motion: global motion and local motion. Global motion exists when acquiring video and the entire (global) video moves, such as when a user&#39;s hand shakes or when the user pans the video camera. Local motion on the other hand is when an object within an entire scene moves, such as a dog running in a park while the background of the grass and trees is relatively stationary. 
     The motion parameter engine determines the true local motion in a video while minimizing the complexity of doing so. By using an extended block Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) in conjunction with phase correlation, variable block searching, predictive motion vector searching and temporal tracking, the motion parameter engine is able to perform true motion estimation with minimal computation costs. The motion parameter engine focuses on objects and not pixels which also helps minimize the complexity. 
     In video standards such as MPEG, the current picture is described from a previous picture, and each picture is divided into blocks for computation. In the motion parameter engine, a slightly larger block than a regular MPEG block is used. FFTs are carried out on the blocks. Phase correlation is then used to find motion vector candidates since there are likely several objects in motion in each block. Using phase correlation, peaks signify possible candidate motion vectors. Sub-pel refinement is applied to the pool of local motion vector candidates determined from phase correlation. Then, a variable block search is applied. The variable block search hierarchically determines the best motion vector. A predictive motion vector search is used with the variable block search to ensure that a matching block is following the smooth and true motion. Temporal tracking ensures that the process does not stay within a local minimum. Additional sub-pel refinement is utilized, and motion flow is able to be determined without using optical flow. 
     Unlike conventional motion estimators, the motion parameter engine is able to provide translation, scaling and rotation whereas conventional motion estimators only provide translation. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a flowchart of a process for determining motion estimation. In the step  100 , it is determined if the motion is global motion estimation or local motion estimation. If there is no global motion estimation in the step  100 , then the process jumps to local motion estimation in the step  106 . If there is global motion estimation in the step  100 , then global motion estimation is performed in the step  102 . Thereafter, global motion compensation is handled in the step  104 . Then, any local motion estimation is performed in the step  106 . 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a block diagram of local motion estimation. 
     In general, local motion estimation for each target block (32 pixels×32 pixels) includes generating an extended block (e.g. 64 pixels×64 pixels) for phase correlation calculation. Then motion vector candidates are determined. From there, the target block is split into smaller blocks (e.g. 8 pixels×8 pixels) and the associated motion vector from the motion vector candidates is found. If there is not an adequate match, a variable block search is applied. 
     More specifically, the motion estimation algorithm includes two stages: a Phase-Plane Peak Location Collection Stage and a Candidate Motion Vector Matching Stage. The first stage includes the following steps. The frames I k  and I k−1  are divided into current large blocks LB k (i,j)  202  and reference blocks LB k−1 (i,j)  200 , each of size 32 pixels×32 pixels or 16 pixels×16 pixels. The large blocks LB k (i,j)  202  and LB k−1 (i,j)  200  are extended to extended blocks EB k (i,j)  206  and EB k−1 (i,j)  204 , each of size 64 pixels by 64 pixels. The FFT is computed of the windowed extended blocks EB k (i,j)  206  and EB k−1 (ij)  204  using the raised cosine window to get FB k (i,j) and FB k−1 (ij). The raised cosine windowing function is given by: 
                 W   ⁡     (     a   ,   k   ,   L     )       =     a   +       (     1   -   a     )     ⁢     cos   ⁡     (       (     k   -         L   -   1     2     ⁢   π       )     /     (     L   -   1     )       )             ,     k   =   0     ,   1   ,   …   ⁢           ,   L   ,         
with 0&lt;α&lt;1 to control how much to raises the window level.
 
     The normalized phase-correlation function is computed: 
             P   =         ??     -   1       ⁡     (         FB     k   -   1       ·     FB   k   *                FB     k   -   1       ·     FB   k   *              )       .           
where ℑ −1  denotes the inverse FFT, and * denotes the complex conjugate.
 
     Phase correlation  208  and sub-pel refinement  210  are used to determine motion vector candidates  212 . The phase correlation function P is compared to a threshold, and the first N largest peaks of the normalized phase correlation function, peak[k] (k=0, 1, 2, . . . , N) (in decreasing order) with location (px[k], py[k]) (k=0, 1, 2, . . . , N), respectively. 
     The sub-pel peak locations are estimated as follows: 
                                             if (peak_1*peak_r &gt;0 ){             if (peak_1*peak &gt; 0){              f = P(peak, peak_1) − P(peak, peak_r);              *px = *px − f;             }else{              *px = *px;             }            }else if (peak_1*peak &gt; 0){             f = P(peak, peak_1);             *px = *px − f;            }else if (peak_r*peak &gt; 0){             f = P(peak, peak_r);             *px = *px + f;            }else{             *px = *px;           }                        
where peak_ 1  and peak_r are phase plan values at px−1 and px+1, respectively; and P(c 1 ,c 2 ) is an interpolation polynomial. For linear interpolation, P(c 1 , c 2 )=x, where x=min (c 1 , c 2 )/max(c 1 , c 2 )+min(c 1 , c 2 ). For 5 th  polynomial interpolation, P(c 1 , c 2 )=a 0 x 5 +a 1 x 4 +a 2 x 3 +a 3 x 2 +a 4 x.
 
     The sub-pel peak locations are quantized into ¼-pel by sub-pel refinement  210 , and the quantized peak locations of all large blocks are buffered. 
     The second stage, also referred to as the candidate motion vector matching stage includes the following steps. The reference frame is interpolated to generate the ¼-pel resolution reference. The ½-pixel values are generated using a 6-tap interpolation filter. The ¼-pixel values are generated using bi-linear interpolation. For each large block, candidate peak motion vectors are selected. The candidate peak motion vectors include all the peak locations of the concerned large block and of its 8 neighboring large blocks. A variable block search  216  is used with a predictive motion vector search  214  to determine the best matching motion vector. For each 8 pixel×8 pixel block inside the concerned large block, the candidate peak motion vectors are searched for the best matching motion vector by using the cost function:
 
 J   B (ƒ,ƒ r   , {right arrow over (v)},{right arrow over (v)}   p )=min  SAD   B (ƒ,ƒ r   ,{right arrow over (v)} )+α∥{right arrow over ( v )}−{right arrow over (v)} p   ∥+β∥{right arrow over (v)}∥ 
 
with α and β controlling the weightings, and β is a constant multiplied by the associated block size, where the SAD is computed using the color component, {right arrow over (v)} is the motion vector to be searched for, and {right arrow over (v)} p  is the best matched spatial-temporal predictive motion vector. In the cases of 8 pixels×8 pixels or 4 pixels×4 pixels, {right arrow over (v)} p =0. The cost function is computed for both the 8 pixel×8 pixel block and its four 4 pixel×4 pixel sub-blocks.
 
     Temporal tracking  220  prevents the process from being trapped at a local minimum. The temporal tracking motion vector is found by locating the best matched 8 pixel×8 pixel block in the previous frame, and then its 16 2 pixel×2 pixel motion vectors and their mean vector are used to compute the median vector. The temporal tracking motion vector and the best matching motion vector from the cost function are compared to get a better match. For this matched 8 pixel×8 pixel block, the flatness of the J-differcnce block is checked by comparing the relative difference between the maximal and the minimal J-difference 4 pixel×4 pixel blocks. If the cost function of the matched 8 pixel×8 pixel block is less then a threshold τ 8×8 , and the 8 pixel×8 pixel J-difference block is flat, then the motion vector is accepted as the best motion vector for this 8 pixel×8 pixel block and the motion error level for this block is assigned to 0 (e.g. reliable). Otherwise, the 8 pixel×8 pixel block is split into four 4 pixel×4 pixel blocks. The steps starting with searching among the candidate peak motion vectors for a best matching motion vector through checking the flatness of the J-difference block are repeated for each 4 pixel×4 pixel block split from the 8 pixel×8 pixel block. However, the threshold τ 4×4  is used for 4 pixel×4 pixel blocks. If the cost function of the matched 4 pixel×4 pixel block is less than the threshold τ 4×4 , and the 4 pixel×4 pixel J-difference block is flat, then the motion vector is accepted as the best motion vector for this 4 pixel×4 pixel block and the motion error level for this block is assigned to 0. Otherwise, the 4 pixel×4 pixel block is split into four 2 pixel×2 pixel blocks. For each 2 pixel×2 pixel block split from 4 pixel×4 pixel blocks, a predictive motion vector search is done to get the best matched predictive motion vector {right arrow over (v)} p . The candidate predictive motion vectors include the zero motion vector, the motion vector of the temporal collocated 2 pixel×2 pixel block of the previous frame, and the motion vectors of the spatial-temporal neighboring 2 pixel×2 pixel blocks. The cost function has the same form as above, but with α=0 and a smaller β value. After the predictive motion vector search, the peak motion vector matching is done using the candidate peak motion vectors and the best matched predictive motion vector {right arrow over (v)} p . The cost function has the same form as above, but with α≠0 and a different β value. 
     Using a refinement search  218 , or a gradient descent search, the 8 immediate neighboring pixel positions are searched. If there is no better match, then the search terminates. If there is a better match, the center position is moved to the newly matched position, and the procedure is repeated. The total search step is 4 for a ¼-pel motion vector. The search is based on SAD. 
     Then, the minimal SAD is quantized to four levels: 0, 1, 2 and 3 and saved as the motion error level for the current 2 pixel×2 pixel block. 0 is reliable, while 3 is not reliable. The four quantization intervals, which correspond to the four levels, are [0, 5), [5, 10), [10, 15) and [15, +∞). 
     Furthermore, each of the components shown in  FIG. 2  is able to correlate to a hardware implementation for carrying out processes such as phase correlation, sub-pel refinement, predictive motion vector searching, variable block searching and temporal tracking. 
     Each of the aspects of the motion parameter engine are described in further detail below. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a block diagram of an extended block FFT process. To produce an extended block FFT, data of the current picture (f)  300  is acquired. Then, a target block  302  from the current picture (f)  300  is selected. An extended covered area  304  around the target block  302  is determined. Then, the cosine of the window  306  is taken. An FFT  308  is used to produce a transformed version of the extended covered area (F)  310 . As shown in the example  320 , if a target block is 32 pixels×32 pixels, an extended area could be 64 pixels×64 pixels. However, an extended block of size 64 pixels×64 pixels is merely an example and should not limit the invention in any way. The extended block is able to be any appropriate size. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a flowchart of a process for using a variable block-sized search to determine a best motion vector. When working with a 64 pixel×64 pixel extended block, the target block is 32 pixels×32 pixels. To determine the appropriate motion, this target block is further split into 16 8 pixel×8 pixel blocks. In the step  400 , an 8 pixel×8 pixel block search is performed based on the motion vector candidates. If the best motion vector of the motion vector candidates has a cost function J 8×8  such as a distortion error smaller than a threshold (τ 8×8 ) and the differences of J 4×4  between 4 pixel×4 pixel sub-blocks are smaller than a threshold (τ J, 4×4 ) in the step  402 , then there is a good match and further searching is unneeded. If the error is larger than the threshold or the difference of J 4×4  is larger than a threshold (τ J, 4×4 ) in the step  402 , then the block is broken down into smaller blocks, so that a 4 pixel×4 pixel block search is performed based on the motion vector candidates in the step  404 . If the best motion vector there has a distortion error J 4×4  smaller than a threshold (τ 4×4 ) and the J 2×2  differences between associated 2 pixel×2 pixel sub-blocks are smaller than a threshold (τ J, 2×2 ) in the step  406 , then the match is sufficient and the process ends. If there is not a sufficient match in the step  406 , then in the step  408 , a 2 pixel×2 pixel block search is performed using the motion vector candidates and a predictive motion vector. The predictive motion vector helps ensure that the true motion is found, not simply the best match. This is done since the size of the block is so small, it is possible that the best match is not representing true motion. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates a graphical representation of candidates for a predictive motion vector search. A previous co-located block  500  includes motion vectors which are able to be used as motion vector candidates for the current block  502 . Roughly half of the motion vectors are from the previous picture and roughly half of the motion vectors are from the current picture. The predictive motion vector is then able to be determined as 
                 v   _     =     arg   ⁢           ⁢       min             ⁢     v   ⇀         ⁢   J         ,         
where J is the cost function in terms of the motion vector. This finds the predictive motion vector.
 
     The cost function J with spatiotemporal tracking is applied for the block search. This cost function is designed to balance the best SAD match with smooth temporal motion vector field flow. Not only luminance information but also chrominance information is used for SAD calculation. The block matching problem becomes: 
                 min     v   -&gt;       ⁢           ⁢   J     =     SAD   (       f   ⁡     (     x   →     )       ,         f   ref     ⁡     (       x   →     +     v   →       )       +     α   ⁢              v   →     -       v   →     pred            1       +     β   ⁢            v   →          1                   
where:
 
     SAD Sum of Absolute Difference on luma and chroma 
     ƒ data of current picture 
     ƒ ref  data of reference picture 
     {right arrow over (v)} candidate motion vector 
     {right arrow over (v)} pred  the best matched predictive motion vector 
       FIG. 6  illustrates a graphical representation of temporal tracking as used within the motion parameter engine. Since temporal constraints where not applied on 8 pixel×8 pixel block matching and 4 pixel×4 pixel block matching during the variable block size search, a temporal tracking is added. 
     When a bigger block, such as an 8 pixel×8 pixel or 4 pixel×4 pixel block already achieves a good match, it is able to be treated as an object or part of an object with the same motion. Therefore, the motion vector of this “object” is able to be traced back on the previous picture as a reference for comparison. 
     Since motion vectors are kept for each 2×2 block, there are corresponding 16 motion vectors on an 8 pixel×8 pixel block or 4 motion vectors on a 4 pixel×4 pixel block. A median filtering is applied on these motion vectors with their mean value to determine a representative motion vector (V t ) of this “object” on a previous time frame. The motion vector (V b  or V 1 ) that has the minimum cost function is the final motion vector. 
     Temporal tracking helps to avoid being trapped in a local minimum. Temporal tracking tracks a block over multiple frames to determine where the block came from to determine whether the possible motion flow. The value v b  equals the best matched motion vector between picture n and n−1. The value v t  equals the median of (v 1  through v k ,μ v ) where: 
     v k  is the motion vector associated with the covered area; 
     μ v  is the mean of v k , k=1. . . K; and 
     K is 4 for a 4×4 block and 16 for an 8×8 block. 
     Thus, the final motion vector is 
     
       
         
           
             v 
             = 
             
               arg 
               ⁢ 
               
                   
               
               ⁢ 
               
                 
                   min 
                   
                     
                       v 
                       
                         t 
                         , 
                       
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       v 
                       k 
                     
                   
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                   J 
                   . 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
       FIG. 7  illustrates a graphical representation of bi-directional motion estimation. Bi-directional motion estimation is useful for instances when something is blocked and then exposed. Bi-directional motion estimation better handles un-occluded areas and utilizes both forward and backward motion vectors. 
     The bi-directional motion estimation includes forward motion estimation and backward motion estimation. The backward motion estimation is similar to the forward motion estimation but uses the next frame as the reference frame instead of the previous frame. The bi-directional motion estimation is done large block by large block so that the block FFT for the current frame only needs to be computed once. 
     Multi-frame motion estimation is done by first estimating the bi-directional motion vector fields for the closest reference frame pair, then for the next closest reference frame pair, and so on. For each reference frame pair, the corresponding motion vector fields are stored in a motion vector frame. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates a graphical representation of a computing device implementing local motion estimation utilizing the motion parameter engine. A computing device  800  includes a number of elements: a display  802 , a memory  804 , a processor  806 , a storage  808 , an acquisition unit  810  and a bus  812  to couple the elements together. The acquisition unit  810  acquires video data which is then processed by the processor  806  and temporarily stored on the memory  804  and more permanently on the storage  808 . The display  802  displays the video data acquired either during acquisition or when utilizing a playback feature. When the local motion estimation described herein is implemented in software, an application  814  resides on the storage  808 , and the processor  806  processes the necessary data while the amount of the memory  804  used is minimized. When implemented in hardware, additional components are utilized to process the data, as described above. The computing device  800  is able to be, but is not limited to, a home server, a digital camcorder, a digital camera, a cellular phone, PDA or a computer. 
     To utilize the motion parameter engine, a user does not perform any additional functions. The motion parameter engine automatically improves the motion estimation of a video so that the user more efficiently experiences the video. The motion parameter engine is utilized by taking an extended block FFT of a current block and a co-located reference block. The extended blocks are phase correlated and then sub-pel refined to determine motion vector candidates. Using a variable block search and a predictive motion vector search when necessary, along with temporal tracking and an additional sub-pel refinement a ¼ pel motion vector is determined. Thus, the correct motion vector is identified for each moving object, and the generated motion vector field is highly correlated to the true motion. 
     In operation, the motion parameter engine is able to find true motion while balancing computational load and accuracy. Phase correlation and block matching are utilized to achieve the best results. Hierarchical block size matching is also implemented to minimize computational costs. To avoid trapping local motion, temporal constraints and object-based concepts of tracking back are utilized. By working with objects instead of pixels, a significant amount of computational power is saved, thus increasing the efficiency of the system. Bi-directional motion searches are also implemented to improve efficiency for un-occluded areas. 
     The motion parameter engine is able to be implemented in software, hardware or a combination of both. 
     An example implementation of the motion parameter engine is to take legacy videos, run them through the motion parameter engine which provides functions like video stabilization, noise reduction, resolution enhancement, Y/C separation and de-interlace, in addition to other possible features. The result is clear and stable video. 
     In order to speed-up the algorithm described herein, a motion estimation method using down-sampled frames is possible. Directly applying the previous motion estimation algorithm to the down-sampled frames only gives 4 pixel×4 pixel and ½-pel resolution motion vectors. In order to get 2 pixel×2 pixel and ¼-resolution motion vectors, a refinement search is applied to the up-sampled motion vector field. The refinement search is the same gradient descent search method described above, except that this time the search is done for every 2 pixel×2 pixel block motion vectors. 
     The present invention has been described in terms of specific embodiments incorporating details to facilitate the understanding of principles of construction and operation of the invention. Such reference herein to specific embodiments and details thereof is not intended to limit the scope of the claims appended hereto. It will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art that other various modifications may be made in the embodiment chosen for illustration without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the claims.