Abstract:
The invention relates to a reactive oxygen species (ROS) generator ( 32 ), a washing device ( 30 ) and a washing method using such a ROS generator. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by such a generator provide excellent washing power, and degrade organic stains rapidly to environmentally acceptable products. The generator according to the invention consumes less energy for a. comparable washing effect as compared to conventional washing machines.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The invention relates to a reactive oxygen species (ROS) generator. The invention also relates to a washing device comprising such a ROS generator. The invention further relates to a washing method using such a ROS generator. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    It is desirable to lower the amount of chemical bleaching agents such as hypochlorite, oxygen fluorides, chlorine dioxide and peroxides in washing agents. Such agents are expensive to produce, are often unstable in storage and may yield environmentally undesirable waste products. An alternative organic stain removal solution is to use ozone as a bleaching agent. Ozone has the advantage that it degrades to environmentally acceptable products, in particular water and oxygen. Ozone is usually generated from air or pure oxygen by electrical discharge generators that are classified as hazardous equipment unsuitable for unskilled operators. Also, electrical discharge generators have a relatively high energy consumption. Hence, ozone washing systems are only used in professional washing equipment operated by skilled personnel. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    It is an object of the invention to provide an improved washing system. 
         [0004]    The invention provides a reactive oxygen species generator comprising at least one vessel for containing water, and at least one source of UV-light arranged to generate UV radiation at a wavelength between 170 and 175 nm, which source of UV-light is further arranged to irradiate, during operation, the water in the vessel. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by such a generator provide excellent washing power, and degrade rapidly to environmentally acceptable products, in particular water. Also, when compared with electrical discharge ozone generators, the generator according to the invention consumes less energy for a comparable washing effect. When such a reactive oxygen species generator is employed, less washing detergents and softeners are needed to achieve the same washing result, when compared to washing without using the ROS generator. The reactive oxygen species generated typically comprise hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, and ozone dissolved in water. As generated gaseous ROS are directly dissolved in water, the UV-light source is safe to operate by consumers, unlike for instance the gaseous ozone generated in electrical discharge equipment. The UV-light source is usually a lamp that is arranged within the vessel, or irradiates into the vessel through a window. Preferably, the window is made out of a material with a high transparency to UV light, such as UV graded quartz. The most effective range for the generation of ROS in water comprises UV-C and VUV at a wavelength between 170 and 175 nm. At such wavelengths, the generation of ROS in water is most effective. Preferably, UV graded quartz (synthetic quartz) is used in windows separating the UV light source and the water, as such materials have a high transparency to the most preferred UV wavelengths under 200 nm. The vessel may be the actual washing vessel, but may also be a throughput for water that is irradiated, through which the irradiated water containing ROS is delivered to the washing vessel. The ROS generator may be advantageously employed in various professional and domestic washing processes, such as the washing of textiles or dishes. 
         [0005]    Preferably, the vessel is suitable for the throughput of water. Thus, the vessel receives water through an input, irradiates the water to generate ROS dissolved in the water, and delivers the irradiated water containing ROS through an output to a washing process, for instance a washing vessel. 
         [0006]    In another preferred embodiment, the source of UV-light is further arranged to generate UV radiation at a wavelength between 190 and 195 nm. At these wavelengths, the penetration depth of radiation into the water is larger than in the range between 170 and 175 nm, although the quantum efficiency of generating ROS is lower. 
         [0007]    Preferably, the generator comprises a phosphor composition arranged to absorb at least part of the UV-light generated at a wavelength between 170 and 175 nm and to generate UV light at a wavelength between 190 and 195 nm. Thus, the generation of ROS is most energy-efficient and can be fine-tuned by varying the phosphor composition. In addition, at these wavelengths, the penetration depth of radiation into the water is considerably increased and the most efficient generation of ROS is achieved. 
         [0008]    Preferably, the phosphor composition comprises at least one component selected from the group consisting of NdPO 4 , LiNdF 4 , PrPO 4 , LiPrF 4 , BiPO 4 , LiBiF 4 . Such compositions enable the most energy-efficient generation of ROS. Mixtures of the phosphors mentioned above, as well as other phosphors, may be used to optimize the emitted spectrum for specific purposes. 
         [0009]    It is advantageous if the source of UV-light comprises at least one lamp selected from the group consisting of mercury discharge lamps and excimer lamps. Such lamps are very efficient generators of UV light. Excimer lamps are more preferred, because mercury discharge lamps comprise mercury (Hg), which is a heavy metal with undesired environmental effects. Preferably, the UV light source has an electrical capacity of at least 50 W for irradiating the water, more preferably the capacity is at least 100 W. 
         [0010]    In a preferred embodiment, the UV light source comprises a Xenon excimer lamp. Such a lamp emits UV-light mainly at 172 nm, and yields a very efficient ROS generation in water. As an additional advantage, such a lamp does not contain environmentally undesirable elements such as mercury (Hg). 
         [0011]    More preferably, the Xenon excimer lamp is provided with a phosphor composition, wherein the phosphor composition is arranged to generate UV radiation at a wavelength between 190 and 195 nm. Such a lamp provides an even more efficient generation of ROS from water. 
         [0012]    The invention also provides a washing device comprising a reactive oxygen species generator according to the invention. Such a washing device improves the washing results compared to a washing device without the ROS generator. Another advantage is that effective washing is possible at relatively low temperatures, in particular lower than 40° C., more in particular lower than 30° C. Also, less additional washing agents such as detergents and softeners are needed in order to yield a comparable washing result. As another advantage, the ROS all degrade mainly to water, yielding more environmentally acceptable waste water. The ROS generator may be used in a water supply to the washing device, supplying irradiated water to a washing part of the device, or the ROS generator may be built directly into a washing part of the device. 
         [0013]    In a preferred embodiment, the washing device is suitable for washing textiles. A washing device with a ROS generator according to the invention yields an excellent result in washing textiles such as clothes. The ROS generated in situ result in improved organic stain removal, for instance in textiles or on glass and ceramics. The ROS generated in situ improve the cleaning and also destroy micro-organisms such as bacteria, thus lessening the amount of disinfectants needed, which is in particular advantageous when washing textiles in hospitals and other medical situations. 
         [0014]    In another preferred embodiment, the washing device is suitable for washing solid objects, in particular dishes. A washing device with a ROS generator according to the invention yields an excellent result in washing dishes, either in a professional or a domestic type of dishwasher. As the generated ROS also destroy micro-organisms such as bacteria, such washing equipment is particularly useful for the hygienic cleaning in a medical setting, for instance the cleaning of medical or dental gear. 
         [0015]    The invention further provides a method of washing an object, comprising the steps of providing washing water, irradiation of the washing water with UV-light at a wavelength between 170 and 175 nm, and contacting the irradiated washing water with the object. Preferably, the washing water is further irradiated with UV-light at a wavelength between 190 and 195 nm. The washing method may further comprise additional process steps known from conventional washing methods. 
         [0016]    The invention will now be further explained by means of the following non-restricting preferred embodiments. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0017]      FIGS. 1   a,    1   b  and  1   c  schematically show radical oxygen species generators according to the invention. 
           [0018]      FIGS. 2   a  and  2   b  schematically show washing devices according to the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
       [0019]      FIG. 1   a  shows a tubular radical oxygen species (ROS) generator  1  according to the invention, comprising a UV-transparent funnel  2  around which an UV light source  3  is arranged. Preferably, the funnel  2  is made out of quartz glass. A dielectric barrier discharge lamp (DBD) is arranged around the funnel  2 , said dielectric barrier discharge lamp (DBD) containing Xenon gas in a gas discharge compartment  4 . Xenon excimers emit UV light at 172 nm, which is converted to 193 nm by a phosphor layer  5 , which may comprise NdPO 4 , LiNdF 4 , PrPO 4 , LiPrF 4 , BiPO 4 , LiBiF 4  or mixtures thereof. Details of the lamp  3  are shown in  FIG. 1   c.  Water  6  from a water supply (not shown) is led into the funnel  2  and irradiated in the irradiation zone  7 , inducing the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from the water. The irradiated water  8  comprising the ROS is led out of the generator  1  to for instance a washing device. 
         [0020]      FIG. 1   b  shows another configuration of a radical oxygen species (ROS) generator  10 , wherein a UV-light source  11  is located in a compartment  12  with a UV-transparent window  13  through which UV-light is emitted to a vessel  14  suitable for containing water. Thus, reactive oxygen species (ROS) may be generated in water in the vessel  14 . In order to improve the efficiency of ROS generation, the compartment  12  is provided with a reflector  15  directed towards the window  13 . 
         [0021]      FIG. 1   c  shows a xenon excimer lamp  20  useable in radical oxygen species generators such as those shown in  FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b.  The lamp comprises a cathode  21  and an anode  22 , deposited on a layer of a dielectric  23 , preferably made out of UV-transparent quartz. On the inside, the dielectric  23  is provided with a phosphor layer  24 , which may comprise NdPO 4 , LiNdF 4 , PrPO 4 , LiPrF 4 , BiPO 4 , LiBiF 4  or mixtures thereof. The discharge space  25  comprises xenon gas  26 , which forms charged species  27  that form xenon excimers  28 . The xenon emits upon discharge at a wavelength of 172 nm (hv 1 ), which is transformed by the phosphor layer  24  to a longer wavelength hv 2 , in this case 193 nm, which is the optimum wavelength for inducing ROS in the water irradiated by the xenon lamp  20 . 
         [0022]      FIG. 2   a  shows a washing device  30  comprising a water supply  31  that leads water to a radical oxygen species ROS generator  32  according to the invention as well as a washing agent input  33 . Water irradiated by the ROS generator  32  is transported to the washing compartment  34 . There, the water comprising the ROS is combined with the water to which detergents were added in the washing agent input  33 . With this mixture, the washing operations can be performed, such as washing of textiles or dishwashing, depending on the type of washing compartment  34 . After completing the washing operations, the processed water is removed as waste water by an exhaust  35 . The reactive oxygen species rapidly degrade the target stains by oxidation, resulting in environmentally safe waste products such as carbon dioxide, water and salts. 
         [0023]    In  FIG. 2   b,  another preferred embodiment of a washing device  40  according to the invention is shown, wherein the radical oxygen species generator  41  is placed inside the washing compartment  42 . The washing device  40  further comprises a water supply  43  provided with a washing agent input  44  as known from conventional washing devices, and a waste water exhaust  45 . As, in this configuration, the ROS generator  41  is located closer to the object to be washed inside the washing compartment  42 , the generated ROS are used very effectively in this configuration. 
         [0024]    It should be noted that the above-mentioned embodiments illustrate rather than limit the invention, and that those skilled in the art will be able to design many alternative embodiments without departing from the scope of the appended claims. In the claims, any reference signs placed between parentheses shall not be construed as limiting the claim. The use of the verb “comprise” and its conjugations does not exclude the presence of elements or steps other than those stated in a claim. The article “a” or “an” preceding an element does not exclude the presence of a plurality of such elements. The invention may be implemented by means of hardware comprising several distinct elements. In the device claim enumerating several means, several of these means may be embodied by one and the same item of hardware. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage.