Abstract:
An optical crossbar switch includes a plurality of input integrated optical couplers connected to a star coupler at one end of an optical cable and a star coupler coupled to the other end of the optical cable connected to plurality of output integrated optical couplers. Discrete parallel optical input signals are fed to each of the input integrated optical switches and clock signals in a time division multiplexed switching sequence switch the parallel optical signals to serial form for transmission over the cable. Clock signals are connected to actuate the output integrated optical couplers in a synchronized, time division multiplexed switching sequence at GHz rates to assure the responsive transfer of a number of signals without the consequences associated with the excessive losses attendant conventional spatial light modulator interconnections.

Description:
STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTEREST 
     The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or for the Government of the United States of America for governmental purposes without the payment of any royalties thereon or therefor. 
    
    
     CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent Ser. No. 07/485,341 filed Feb. 26, 1990 now abandon. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Advanced computers and data processing applications require high-speed couplings. Although the interconnections between boards and peripherals are usually performed electronically, fiber optic processing with a variety of fiber optic interconnects now are recognized as being inherently faster and more power efficient. As a consequence, optical switching has gained acceptance for a wide variety of data transfer operations including time division multiplexing. 
     Many approaches to providing optical crossbar switches have been attempted and some have used a parallel configuration. Another contemporary system relies on a matrix-like interface that requires that all but one common spatial light modulator is turned off while only a single common spatial light modulator is actuated to transfer a signal of interest. An example of such a system is shown in the article &#34;Fiber Optic Crossbar Switch with Broadcast Capability&#34; Optical Engineering, Vol 27, No 11, pp 955-959, November 1988. There is some evidence to suggest that the switching times may be unduly long, about 20 microseconds, because of the intervals required to switch-on and switch-off the light modulators. The real drawback of the matrix-like interface, however, is the excessive noise which is created when the unused spatial light modulators are turned off. 
     Thus, there is a continuing need in the state of the art for a high speed optical switching arrangement capable of reliable time division multiplexing applications that avoids an otherwise noisy parallel architecture such as those using spatial light modulators for the time division multiplexing of the optical information signals. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to providing an 4 apparatus for a wide bandwidth, high speed optical switching of discrete data samples from one to a considerable number of inputs to one or a considerable number of outputs in specific time slots. A plurality of integrated optical couplers are connected to receive optical signals in a guided optical waveguide system including, for example, optical fibers. The integrated optical couplers are appropriately actuated by applied GHz rate clock signals from a low conduction state to a high conduction state and introduce little, if any, noise. 
     An object of the invention is to provide an optical data switching arrangement that reduces the problems associated with conventional switching approaches. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide a guided fiber optic-integrated optic switching system having a much greater bandwidth compared to an unguided system such as one which employs spatial light modulators. 
     Another object is to provide an optical switching system having a reduced cross talk by reason of time division multiplex switching of discrete inputs and outputs. 
     Another object is to provide an improved optical switching system having a reduced number of switches, fibers and associated components to improve switching rates and reduce noise. 
     Another object is to provide a time division multiplex optical switching of serial data to avoid the problems associated with cross talk in contemporary parallel switching systems. 
     These and other objects of the invention will become more readily apparent from the ensuing specification when taken in conjunction with the drawings and appended claims. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a serial optical crossbar switch arrangement. 
     FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of an integrated optical coupler or switch. 
     FIG. 3 shows an arrangement for converting optical time division multiplex data signals into representative electronic signals. 
     FIG. 4 shows an optical fiber to electronic crossbar switch employing photoconductive switches. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Referring now to FIG. 1 of the drawings, a serial crossbar switch 10 is fabricated to handle a number of inputted optical data signals X l  through X m . Each of the signals passes through a separate single mode fiber and is optically interconnected to a first set 15 of integrated optical couplers or switches that include a like number of integrated optical couplers or switches 15 l  through 15 m . 
     The optical data transmission elements referred to throughout this disclosure are most likely to be single mode 14 fibers, although multimode fibers could be selected in some data processing applications where, for example, a wide bandwidth capability may not be as critical. Optical waveguides on integrated substrates also could be used where this architecture could be advantageously employed 
     Integrated optical couplers are well-known in the art and are commercially available from a number of sources. Typically, noting appendix A herein, an integrated optical coupler could be model Y-35-5370 or Y-35-5600 IOCs of Hoechst Celanese Advanced Photonics that are manufactured by GEC Research Ltd. of England or the OGC 2×2 Switch marketed by Crystal Technology Inc. of Palo Alto, Calif. as their Models SW385P, SW313P and SW315P although other models by other manufactures could be selected as well without departing from the scope of this inventive concept. 
     The specification sheet for the cited integrated optical coupler of Hoechst Celanese states that they use a Mach Zehnder travelling wave architecture and when a signal voltage is applied to the central waveguide, opposing electric fields are created across the two waveguides. In accordance with the electro-optic effect, the localized refractive indices are changed causing the optical wave to be advanced in one waveguide and retarded in the other. This is optimized, using a travelling wave electrode structure, so that the microwave and optical wave propagate together. The light is recombined in a Y junction. Waves recombining in phase are transmitted through the output waveguide while out of phase waves are transformed into a higher order mode and are lost into the substrate. The specification sheet for the integrated optical switch of Crystal Technology which also shows a Mach Zehnder travelling wave architecture says that in the absence of an externally applied electric field, V 1 , and equal optical path lengths, light in P 1  (P 3 ) will exit the switch in P 4  (P 2 ). The switch is then in the &#34;crossed state&#34;,  . By applying V 1 , light in P 1  (P 3 ) can be made to exit the switch at P 2  (P 4 ). The switch is then in the &#34;straight through state&#34; ⊖. Or, in other words, there would be a substantially distortionless signal throughput of the input signal when the couplers are in what may be called the maximum output level signal with an applied voltage V. There would be no storage of an incoming signal when the couplers are in what may be called the minimum output level signal. other models by other manufactures could be selected as well without departing from the scope of this inventive concept. 
     Other off-the-shelf integrated optical couplers might be selected which have switching rates up to 10 GHz and state-of-the-art integrated optical couplers could be chosen that have switching rates greater than 20 GHz. The integrated optical couplers of the different manufacturers all, to one degree or another, have different characteristics. 
     The integrated optical switches which are selected for the realization of the advantages of this inventive concept have the capability to be selectably actuated to a condition of what is called a maximum output level or a minimum output level, that is they have outputs of two possible states which are designated as a condition of maximum or minimum output. These designations are not to be construed as being absolute since greater or lesser output levels may possibly be created by other means, such as increasing or decreasing the intensity of the optical signals. These levels referred to are the levels attributed to when a designated voltage is applied. The maximum output level was found to be about 6 dB down from the input level of the optical signal, and the minimum output level is about 30-35 dB down from the magnitude of the input optical signals. The exact levels and differences could vary somewhat from these levels but must be sufficiently distinguishable to be discernable by associated processing elements. 
     Referring to FIG. 2 the integrated optical coupler or switch is shown to have an applied clock pulse voltage v for actuation to a maximum output state when the voltage has an applied value of 0-10 volts, depending on the particular integrated optical coupler selected. Here the incoming signal represented by X l  through X m  is switched through at the proper time sequence when a voltage V is applied. 
     Looking to FIG. 1, the integrated optical switches of set 15 are coupled to a switching control circuit or clock 20. The clock need be no more than an electronic counter which couples repetitive, sequential actuating voltage pulses over leads 20a for particular ones or all of the integrated optical switches 15 l  through 15 m . As such, a desired controlled actuation sequence of the integrated optical couplers is initiated by clock 20 in accordance with widely known techniques practiced those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains. Let it suffice to say, however, that a sequential time division multiplexing actuation of the switches 15 l  through 15m at GHz rates can be provided as desired in accordance with well established procedures to produce a selected switching sequence. 
     All the outputs of switches 15 l  through 15m are summed together incoherently by a star coupler 30. Since the several parallel inputs X l  through X m  are time division multiplexed in a repetitive sequence by appropriate actuation of clock 20, the data leaving star coupler 25 is in serial form and is transmitted in this form over interconnecting fiber optical cable 30. 
     Another star coupler 35 receives the serial data and optically connects it to each of a plurality of single mode optical fibers that terminate in a second set 40 of integrated optical couples or switches 40 l  through 40 n . Appropriate clock signals are coupled to these integrated optical couplers over leads 20b to actuate these integrated optical couplers to a condition of maximum output at a level 6 dB down from the input and a minimum output at about 30-35 dB down from the input. 
     Since the actuation sequence for these couplers is synchronized with the actuation sequence of the integrated optical couplers of first set 15, only one switch of second set 40 of integrated optical switches 40 l  through 40 n  is actuated simultaneously with a single switch in first set 15 so that data are transferred only when the maximum output condition is actuated in the selected ones of both sets of switches. If a different actuation sequence is desired, for example, if an optical input signal through integrated optical coupler 15 2  is to be switched over to output several integrated optical couplers 40 1  to 40 3 , the appropriately synchronized actuation signals would be supplied over the proper ones of leads 20a and 20b in accordance with known techniques. 
     Since integrated optical switches are available with switching rates of up to 10 GHz, low bandwidth signals could be sampled and switched with no loss of signal information if the total number of switches 15 m  or 40 n , whichever is greater, is less than the switching rate divided by twice the signal bandwidth. 
     Clock 20 synchronizes the actuating pulses so that a desired sequence of optical data transfers occur when discrete ones of set 15 and set 40 are actuated so that a desired sequence of parallel outputs Y l  through Y n  are created. All the outputs of the first set of switches 15 may be summed together incoherently by the star coupler in serial form. The second set of switches 40 is used to determine which of the n output fibers will contain the selected signal. In other words, to send an input signal X l  to an output signal Y n , an integrated optical coupler 15 1  of set 15 and integrated optical coupler 40 n  of set 40 must be simultaneously actuated so that both couplers are set for a maximum throughput while the remainder of the switches 15 2  through 15 m  of set 15 and 40 1  through 40 3  of set 40 are set for minimum throughput. 
     Operation of the serial optical crossbar provides for distortion-free high rate transmissions at low signal to noise ratios. Signals X l  through X m  may be present in respective ones of all of the inputs and all but one of the switches of set 15 are set for minimum transmission. The transmitted signal passes through star coupler 25, cable 30 and star coupler 35 to each of the set 40 of the integrated optical switches. The voltages on all of the set 40 integrated optical switches are set so that the signal passes through the appropriate output or outputs. By changing the voltages on both sets of switches in a desired switching sequence any of the X l  through X m  signals can be directed to any or all of the output channels as signals Y l  through Y n . Only a total number of switches equal to those found in the input set and the output set are required. 
     The arrangement of FIG. 1 is a distinct advantage over contemporary parallel spatial light modulator approaches which require a multiple of the number of switches found on the input side and the output side. The parallel approaches also require many more optical fibers and splices so that the parallel approach is prohibitively lossy and becomes very expensive. In addition, when spacial light modulators are relied upon, the switching rate of the parallel systems, or serial systems for that matter, are limited, in the neighborhood of 20 microseconds for switching. 
     Since those data channels, other than the actuated inputs and actuated outputs, are off, a greater reductional cross talk is assured than with the conventional parallel approaches. The guided fiber optical signal system thusly disclosed can be implemented on a substrate with waveguides between integrated optical couplers and star couplers. This configuration allows the use of a much greater bandwidth as compared to an unguided system such as one which employs spatial light modulators. Furthermore, integrating the entire arrangement further reduces the switching times and enhances the bandwidths. 
     FIG. 3 shows a adaptation for some applications, such as communications between computer boards. The output signals could be converted from optical to electronic and transmitted in serial form. In that case, only the set 15&#39; connected to a clock (not shown) is needed and a set of output switches could be eliminated. A detector 45 could be placed to receive the serial signals and convert them into electronic signals. 
     Optionally, as shown in FIG. 4, the serial signals could be demultiplexed using photoconductive switches 50 1  through 50 n  which are suitably activated by a suitably actuated pulsed laser diode 60 that may itself be actuated by the same clock (not shown) as was the coupler set 15&#39;. This feature would be useful when signals from other computer boards are brought to a particular board by an optical fiber. Then, the signals could be converted to electronic form and sent to different regions of the board. 
     Obviously, many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in the light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described. ##SPC1##