Abstract:
Methods and systems are disclosed of enrolling a customer to perform an action. A first piece of information is received at an authentication processor from an over-the-air processor. The first piece of information was provided to the over-the-air processor by the customer from a mobile electronic device. A second piece of information is received at the authentication processor from a server different from the over-the-air processor. The second piece of information was provided to the server by the customer. The first and second pieces of information are associated by the authentication processor to enroll the customer.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is related to commonly assigned, concurrently filed U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/677,960, entitled “PAYMENT OF FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS USING DEBIT NETWORKS,” filed by Vijay Royyuru, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This application relates generally to financial transactions. More specifically, this application relates to processing of financial transactions using debit networks. 
     In a modern commercial environment, there is an array of different financial products that consumers have available to them in executing financial transactions. Some of the more prevalent forms of transactions may be characterized as credit transactions, debit transactions, and stored-value transactions. Each of these transactions differs in the manner in which access to funds is provided to the consumer. For example, credit transactions are supported by funds provided by a creditor to a customer. The principal example of such credit transactions are credit-card transactions in which the creditor issues a card to the customer that the customer may use as a presentation instrument to identify a credit account. When the transaction is executed, funds are drawn against the credit account, which usually has a pre-established credit limit, to support the transaction. 
     The other major types of financial transactions also make use of presentation instruments. A stored-value transaction is one in which funds have been specifically set aside and associated with a presentation instrument so that they may be used to support a transaction. In most cases, such stored-value instruments are anonymous in that the funds are associated only with the instrument and not with any particular person. This has the advantage that such instruments may be easily transferred and they find wide utility as gift cards. This gift aspect is frequently reinforced by imposing restrictions on the merchant with whom transactions may be executed with the set-aside funds. 
     Debit transactions may also make use of a presentation instrument and are similar to stored-value transactions in that specifically identified funds are used to support the transactions. The source of funds for a debit transaction is specifically identified with a holder of the account that holds the funds and this account is usually a demand-deposit account maintained at a financial institution. As such, the funding of the account varies over time as deposits and withdrawals are made from the account in response to receipt of wages, paying bills, etc. Debit accounts generally differ from stored-value accounts in that the account owner is provided with open-ended access, with all activity being based on the currently available funds level. Stored-value transactions might be considered to be a subset of debit transactions in which some money is set aside, but where there is no free access to funds in the account. For instance, some stored-value accounts do not allow additional deposits, permitting only withdrawals to be made from the accounts in accordance with governing restrictions of the accounts. 
     The ability to transfer funds from a demand-deposit or other type of account in such a short time period is enabled by the use of one or more electronic networks provided as part of a financial infrastructure. Communications routed over these networks permit decisions to be made in real time whether the criteria for executing a transaction—valid accounts are identified, there are sufficient funds in the supporting account, identity-verification protocols have been satisfied, etc.—are met. Such debit transactions are of particular interest to many merchants because they remove the element of trust that is required of other transactions. The time lag of check transactions runs the risk that the check will be refused, forcing the merchant to expend time and effort in recovering funds due for a previously executed transaction. And while credit transactions usually involve some authorization process, there are mechanisms that may be used after the fact to prevent the payment from being made. From the perspective of merchants, debit transactions have the advantage that funds are received substantially contemporaneously with execution of the transaction itself. If there are later disputes regarding the transaction, the merchant is in the superior position by having possession of the funds at that time. 
     There is accordingly a general need in the art for improved methods and systems of supporting debit transactions. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Embodiments of the invention provide methods and systems of enrolling a customer to perform an action. A first piece of information is received at an authentication processor from an over-the-air processor. The first piece of information was provided to the over-the-air processor by the customer from a mobile electronic device. A second piece of information is received at the authentication processor from a server different from the over-the-air processor. The second piece of information was provided to the server by the customer, such as by using a personal computer with a web browser. The first and second pieces of information are associated by the authentication processor to enroll the customer. 
     In some of these embodiments, the action comprises a financial transaction. For example, the second piece of information may comprise an account number of a financial account, with the first piece of information comprising a personal identification number associated with the financial account. Alternatively, the second piece of information may comprise an identification number extracted from a presentation instrument, with the method further comprising translating the identification number to an account number of the financial account. In such embodiments, the first piece of information may also comprise a personal identification number associated with the financial account. 
     The mobile electronic device may comprise a cellular telephone in some embodiments. The server may comprise an Internet web server in some instances. In a particular embodiment, the over-the-air processor comprises a voice response unit that initiates a communications connection with the mobile electronic device. 
     These methods of the invention may also be embodied by a computer-readable storage medium having a computer-readable program embodied therein for directing operation of an authorization processor, which may include a communications system, a processor, and a storage device. The computer-readable program includes instructions for operating the authorization processor to implement the methods as described above. 
     In another set of embodiments, a method is provided of authenticating a login for a session or financial transaction between a customer and an Internet web site. Identification information is provided by the customer to an Internet web server managed by the Internet web site. A one-time password is received by the customer. The one-time password is provided by a mobile electronic device or by a contactless presentation instrument. The one-time password is provided by the customer to the Internet web server. Identification information provided by the customer is authenticated using the one-time password, and the customer is then permitted to perform financial or other transactions on the web site. 
     In some instances, receipt of the one-time password may be preceded by the customer entering information into the mobile electronic device or contactless presentation instrument. For example, the information might comprise a personal identification number associated with a financial account used to support the financial transaction. 
     The identification information may more generally comprise an identifier of the customer used to support the transactions on the web site in some embodiments. For instance, the identifier might comprise the user identifier or login account name of the customer. Alternatively, the identifier may comprise an identification number extracted from a presentation instrument. 
     The one-time password may sometimes comprise a two-factor one-time password. Also, the one-time password may be a second one-time password provided to the customer by the mobile electronic device or contactless presentation instrument after passage of an expiry time after a first one-time password is provided to the customer by the mobile electronic device or contactless presentation instrument. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       A further understanding of the nature and advantages of the present invention may be realized by reference to the remaining portions of the specification and the drawings wherein like reference numerals are used throughout the several drawings to refer to similar components. In some instances, a sublabel is associated with a reference numeral and follows a hyphen to denote one of multiple similar components. When reference is made to a reference numeral without specification to an existing sublabel, it is intended to refer to all such multiple similar components. 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic illustration of a financial architecture within which embodiments of the invention may be executed; 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic illustration of a computational unit that may be included as parts of elements of the financial architecture of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  is a flow diagram summarizing methods of providing cards suitable for use in contactless debit transactions to customers; 
         FIG. 4  is a flow diagram summarizing methods of enabling mobile electronic devices to be used by customers in debit transactions; 
         FIG. 5  is a flow diagram summarizing enrollment methods used in some embodiments of the invention; 
         FIG. 6  is a flow diagram summarizing methods of executing debit transactions using the cards provided with the method of  FIG. 3 ; 
         FIG. 7  is a flow diagram summarizing methods of executing debit transactions using mobile electronic devices configure according to the method of  FIG. 4 ; and 
         FIG. 8  is a flow diagram summarizing use of a federated authentication web service to execute transactions in accordance with certain embodiments of the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Embodiments of the invention provide a number of different techniques for executing debit transactions. Some of these embodiments involve the use of “contactless” transactions that make use of a presentation instrument. In many instances, such a presentation instrument may take a form that is conventional in appearance, such as in the form of a credit-card-sized card, or may take a less conventional form, examples of which include key fobs or other kinds of instruments. Contactless transactions may be executed in some embodiments with a mobile electronic device. Transactions that are “contactless” are those that are executed with only wireless interaction between the presentation instrument and a merchant point-of-sale device. Conventional debit transactions involve contact between these elements because account information is conventionally stored on one or more tracks of a magnetic stripe that is affixed to the presentation instrument. These tracks are read by swiping the presentation instrument through a magnetic-stripe reader comprised by the point-of-sale device. While some forms of contactless transaction have been attempted in the past, these have involved such techniques as optically reading a bar code from a presentation instrument, often requiring that certain information conventionally stored on the magnetic-stripe tracks be stored instead in a database that forms part of the financial architecture, i.e. either locally to the point-of-sale device or at some other location in communication with the point-of-sale device. Other forms of contactless transactions have involved transmission of the same data from the presentation instrument to a the merchant point-of-sale device, as would have been transmitted for a magnetic-stripe card. There are also a number of security issues associated with such arrangements. Embodiments of the invention use a structure in which both the information-management and security issues are better addressed. 
     Other embodiments of the invention provide techniques for using mobile electronic devices in executing Internet-based transactions. Examples of mobile electronic devices that may be used in different embodiments include mobile telephones, personal digital assistants, and the like. In some instances, the description may refer by way of example to the use of mobile telephones, it being understood that such references are intended merely to be illustrative and not to be limiting. 
     These various embodiments may be implemented in a financial architecture like that shown in  FIG. 1 . In this illustration, the architecture  100  is structured generally around a debit network  120 , but it should be recognized that this is a depiction of only a portion of a larger financial infrastructure within which the architecture may be embodied. Other financial networks used in implementing credit, stored-value, or other types of transactions may be provided in communication with some of the elements shown in this drawing, even if not explicitly indicated. The debit network  120  generally comprises a private electronic communications network that implements security protocols commensurate with the sensitive nature of the financial information that is routed through the network  120 . Such security protocols and methods for their implementation are well known to those of skill in the art. 
     Interactions with the debit network  120  are provided through a variety of different kinds of processors that are interfaced with the network. For example, front-end interactions may take place through an acquiring processor  116  that is in communication with the Internet  112  and/or point-of-sale devices  108  that are used in execution of the underlying financial transactions. The back-end interactions may take place with an authentication processor  124 , the specific functionality of which is described in further detail for some embodiments below. 
     Other communications within the architecture  100  may take place through a mobile network  110  that is interfaced with an over-the-air processor. The authentication processor  124  and over-the-air processor  126  may each make use of data stored in respective databases  128  and  130 . 
     Endpoints of the architecture  100 , at least from the perspective of the kinds of transactions discussed herein, are a customer  104  who interacts with the Internet  112  and/or point-of-sale device  108  to interface with the front end and issuer systems  132  that are in communication with the authentication processor  124 . The issuer systems  132  may act as authorization processors as described in specific detailed embodiments below. In some instances, the customer  104  may have supplementary interactions with the architecture through a mobile electronic device  106  and/or may use a contactless presentation instrument  107  depending on specific implementations. These interactions proceed through the mobile network  110  that is accessible by the mobile electronic device and that is in communication with the over-the-air processor  128 . Each of the issuer systems  132  is a computational system that is operated by an issuer of the presentation instrument or that manages the account used to support the transaction. Such issuers are thus frequently financial institutions such as banks, credit unions, or the like, that maintain demand-deposit or other types of financial accounts that may be used to support debit transactions. 
       FIG. 2  provides a schematic illustration of a physical structure that may be used to implement different computational systems that may form part of the architecture  100  of  FIG. 1 . For example, the computational systems  200  shown in  FIG. 2  might correspond to a structure used for the mobile electronic device  106 , for the contactless presentation instrument  107 , for the acquiring processor  116 , for the authentication processor  124 , for the over-the-air processor  126 , and/or for any of the issuer systems  132  in different embodiments.  FIG. 2  broadly illustrates how individual system elements may be implemented in a separated or more integrated manner. The computational system  200  is shown comprised of hardware elements that are electrically coupled via bus  226 , including a processor  202 , an input device  204 , an output device  206 , one or more storage devices  208 , a computer-readable storage media reader  210   a , a communications system  214 , a processing acceleration unit  216  such as a DSP or special-purpose processor, and a memory  218 . The computer-readable storage media reader  210   a  is further connected to a computer-readable storage medium  210   b , the combination comprehensively representing remote, local, fixed, and/or removable storage devices plus storage media for temporarily and/or more permanently containing computer-readable information. The communications system  214  may comprise a wired, wireless, modem, and/or other type of interfacing connection and permits data to be exchanged within the architecture  100  to implement embodiments described herein. 
     The computational system  200  also comprises software elements, shown as being currently located within working memory  220 , including an operating system  224  and other code  222 , such as a program designed to implement methods of the invention. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that substantial variations may be made in accordance with specific requirements. For example, customized hardware might also be used and/or particular elements might be implemented in hardware (perhaps including tamper-resistant storage media for secure storage of cryptographic keys), software (including portable software, such as applets), or both. Further, connection to other computing devices such as network input/output devices may be employed. 
     To participate in financial transaction methods of the invention, a customer  104  may first be enrolled. Such enrollment establishes sets of data that may be used and manipulated in implementing embodiments of the invention. Such data may be stored in the databases  128  and/or  130  as well as on the presentation instrument and/or mobile electronic device  106 . A general overview of how enrollment may be accomplished in embodiments that use physical presentation instruments is provided with the flow diagram of  FIG. 3 , while a corresponding overview of how enrollment may be accomplished in embodiments that make use of mobile electronic devices is illustrated with the flow diagram of  FIG. 4 . 
     When contactless-card presentation instruments are issued by financial institutions, they are typically prepared using batch processes. Block  304  of  FIG. 3  accordingly indicates that a production file is prepared by an issuer processor. Such a production file typically includes information defining the nature of the individual presentation instruments. For instance, when the presentation instruments comprise cards, the production file may include numbers to be embossed on the cards. It may also include information identifying the individuals to be associated with each instrument, as well as identifying the financial account that will be used to support transactions executed with the instruments. A manufacturer of presentation instruments may also produce blank versions of the instruments at block  308 . For example, when the presentation instruments comprise cards, blank versions of the cards may be prepared by a card manufacturer that include a debit application that will be executed when performing debit transaction. Irrespective of their specific form, each of these instruments is equipped with structure that enables them to be used in contactless communications. For example, the instrument may have an embedded electromagnetic chip that receives and transmits electromagnetic signals at radio or other frequencies. Once created, these instruments are delivered by the card manufacturer to the card producer at block  312 . 
     Having received the production file and the blank cards, the card producer may engage in personalization processes at block  316  by writing information to the blank instruments in accordance with the specifications in the production file. This initial personalization may include both direct physical alterations to the instrument, such as when cards are embossed with card numbers, and may additionally include writing data to storage maintained on the instrument itself. For instance, card numbers, cryptographic keys, account or identification numbers, and/or merchant loyalty identification numbers, in addition to other data, may additionally be stored as data on the card so that this information may be accessed and transmitted as appropriate in implementing embodiments of the invention. 
     In addition to this personalization information, the card producer may implement certain encryption protocols that will be used in enhancing the security of transactions executed with the instruments. In one implementation, public-key-private-key encryption is used within a public-key infrastructure (“PKI”). Consistent with such an infrastructure, at block  320  the card producer generates a PKI key pair for each card, referred to herein as the “card encryption key pair.” The public key of the pair is transmitted by the card producer, together with an indication of the card number that it refers to, to the authentication processor  124  at block  324  and the private key of the pair is retained on the card. Having been so prepared, the instrument is ready for transmission to the customer at block  328 . 
     In addition to this use of the production file by the card producer in preparing the instruments, the production file may by provided to the authentication processor  124  at block  132 . The combination of the production file and the key information received from the card producer provides the authentication processor  124  with sufficient information to authenticate transactions as they are performed with the instruments. Both of these forms of information may be stored in database  128 . The individual instruments may be activated after receipt by customers at block  336  using a process defined by the issuer producer. In some instances, this activation is performed by interactions between the customer  104  and the authentication processor  124 , such as may be achieved over the Internet, through the use of a voice-response unit, or the like. One purpose of this activation step is to reduce the risk of fraud by confirming receipt of the instrument by the correct customer  104 . A comparison can accordingly be made between information provided by the customer  104  during this activation with information extracted from the production file by the authentication processor  124 . 
     In some instances, the presentation instruments may be created with certain redundancies of information. This is especially suitable, for example, in embodiments where a card is to be equipped for both contactless and conventional transactions. Such multifunction cards may include an electromagnetic chip such as a radio-frequency identification chip to perform contactless transactions as well as a magnetic stripe or other mechanism that stores information that can be read by a device in contact with the card. 
     Some aspects of the enrollment shown in  FIG. 4  for enrolling a mobile electronic device  106  are similar to parts of the enrollment described in connection with  FIG. 3 . The method may begin, for example, with the customer visiting an Internet web site managed by the over-the-air processor  126  at block  404 . This web site acts as a provisioning web site that may be used by the over-the-air processor  126  in effecting enrollment functions. The customer provides enrollment information at block  408 . Such enrollment information may comprise, for example, an identification number that generally corresponds to the card number of a debit card in more conventional debit transactions, in addition to the access number for the mobile device  106  to be enrolled. 
     This information is used by the over-the-air processor  126  at block  412  to enroll the identification number with the authentication processor  124  at block  412 . An exchange of verification information acts to confirm that the correct mobile device  106  is enrolled. One example of such an exchange shown in  FIG. 4  involves the transmission of a short-message-service (“SMS”) message to the mobile device  106  identified by the access number provided at block  408 . In one instance, the SMS message includes a provisioning URL that is used by the customer to confirm the verification information. 
     At block  424 , the over-the-air processor  126  downloads a software debit application to the mobile device  106 . The debit application resident on the mobile electronic device  106  generates a cryptographic key at block  428 . This cryptographic key is a direct analogue of the key discussed in connection with  FIG. 3  for the generation of presentation instruments. As indicated at block  432 , the debit application transmits the cryptographic key using the mobile device to the over-the-air process  126 . The over-the-air processor  126  then transmits it to the application processor  124  at block  436 , resulting in the authentication processor  124  now having all the requisite information to process a transaction in the manner described below. 
       FIG. 5  is a flow diagram that summarizes a provisioning using the over-the-air processor  126  that may be used in some embodiments. Such provisioning permits enrollment to be accomplished by the customer using a combination of information provided over an Internet connection to a web site and information provided over a mobile network  110  from a mobile electronic device  106 . The method begins at block  504  with the customer visiting the enrollment web site. Once connected to this site, the customer enters the identification number at block  508 . Similar to the description of the processes of  FIG. 4 , such an identification number may correspond to a more conventional card number of a debit card. 
     In addition to this information, the customer enters the PIN on the mobile electronic device  106  using an interface for doing generated for display on the mobile electronic device. This information is transmitted from the mobile electronic device  106  over the mobile network  110  to the over-the-air processor  126  at block  516 . The combination of information is provided to the authentication processor  124 , with the over-the-air processor  126  transmitting the PIN to the authentication process  124  at block  520  and the enrollment web site transmitting the identification number to the authentication processor  124  at block  524 . This combination of information is then used by the authentication processor  124  at block  528  to complete the enrollment of the mobile electronic device  106 , permitting it subsequently to be used as a presentation instrument. 
       FIGS. 6 and 7  are flow diagrams that illustrate methods that may be implemented to support debit transactions using the contactless presentation instruments or mobile electronic devices enrolled in accordance with  FIGS. 3 and 4 .  FIG. 6  provides an illustration of methods for executing and supporting debit transactions made using a contactless card. Such transactions generally take place at a physical merchant location, with the drawing accordingly indicating that the method begins at block  604  with a customer selecting goods and/or services for purchase at the merchant location. If the transaction is not to be completed as a contactless transaction, the instrument may be swiped at block  648  to read information from a magnetic stripe or otherwise read with a device in contact with the instrument to proceed with a conventional form of transaction. 
     If the transaction is to be executed as a contactless transaction, the instrument is activated with a contactless mechanism at block  612 . It is anticipated that such activation will normally be accomplished using an electromagnetic mechanism, although any contactless mechanism that may be implemented may be used in alternative embodiments. 
     The flow diagram also accounts for the fact that different kinds of transactions may be supported as contactless transactions. One distinction that may be made among transactions is the need to supply a personal identification number (“PIN”) as evidence of authorization to use the presentation instrument. The PIN is a number that is preferably kept secret by the account owner so that that person is the only one authorized to use the instrument, but in practice PIN&#39;s are sometimes shared with family members or friends who are authorized by the account holder to execute transactions with the instrument. While the PIN offers a higher level of security for transactions, there are embodiments in which transactions will be permitted without verification of a PIN. These transactions are typically smaller transactions, so that a particular embodiment might permit transactions to be executed without a PIN when they are less than $25 but require a PIN when the transaction size exceeds $25. If the transaction is to be a PIN transaction as checked at block  616 , the customer enters the PIN information with the point-of-sale device  108  at block  652 . 
     To execute any transaction, whether it requires a PIN or not, account information is retrieved contactlessly from the presentation instrument by the point-of-sale device  108 . The content of this information may vary in different embodiments, with it including or not including PIN information in accordance with the type of transaction being executed. The account information is signed digitally with the card key that is resident on the presentation instrument at block  620 . This signed account information is transmitted at block  624  in a contactless way from the presentation instrument to the point-of-sale device  108 . Merchant point-of-sale devices  108  may deliver transaction data elements to the contactless presentation instrument during the contactless transaction session and such data elements may be included in derivation of the transaction digital signature. 
     With this information, the merchant point-of-sale device  108  has sufficient information to generate a transaction request at block  628  by combining the signed account information with transaction information. The transaction information usually specifies at least a total amount for the transaction and an account under the control of the merchant to which the transaction amount is to be transferred. In certain circumstances, the transaction information may include other information, such as the location at which the transaction is to be executed, the specific items comprised by the transaction, and the like. The resulting transaction request is transmitted by the merchant point-of-sale device  108  to the authentication processor  124 , which is then equipped to parse the transaction request to extract the information needed to make an authentication decision. The customer-account information comprised by the transaction request may be resolved with the card public key at block  632 , permitting the authentication processor  124  to identify the issuer and specific account to be used in supporting the transaction. 
     With such a resolution, the decision-making process implemented by the authentication processor  124  may be relatively simple. A check is made by the at block  636  to validate the cryptogram included in the encrypted authorization request transaction. If this authentication check fails, a transaction denial code is returned to the merchant point-of-sale device  108  at block  656  so that the merchant can refuse the transaction or request some other financial support for it from the customer  104 . 
     Upon successful completion of the authentication check at the authentication processor, the authorization request transaction is forwarded to an authorization processor  132  to determine whether there are sufficient funds in the identified account to cover the transaction amount. If there are sufficient funds in the identified account, as checked at block  641 , a transaction authorization code is returned by the authentication processor  124  at block to the merchant point-of-sale device  108 , indicating to the merchant that the transaction may be completed at block  644 . Funds are debited in real time from the customer account and transferred to the control of the merchant by depositing them into the merchant account identified with the transaction request. If there are insufficient funds, a transaction denial code may be returned by the authentication processor  124  to the merchant point-of-sale device  108  at block  642 . 
     In other embodiments, the authorization decision may be more complex than simply considering whether the total transaction amount exceeds the funds available in the customer account. For example, some implementations include item-level restrictions that the funds may be applied to so that the customer is restricted in use of those funds to purchasing only certain approved items. Alternatively, the customer account might be restricted so that its funds can only be applied to transactions executed at certain approved merchants. In each of these and in other circumstances, the decision-making processes applied by the authentication processor  124  may consider the data received as part of the transaction request on this more detailed level to determine whether to authorize the transaction. 
     A number of aspects of transactions executed using a mobile electronic device as summarized with the flow diagram of  FIG. 7  are similar to execution of a contactless transaction. Block  704  indicates that the customer  104  selects goods and/or services to purchase from a merchant at block  704 . These goods and services may be purchased at a merchant location or may be purchased remotely such as over the Internet  112 , the different transaction types resulting in different processing described below. 
     A check is accordingly made of the transaction mode at block  708 . If the transaction occurs at a merchant location, a check may be made whether to execute the transaction as a PIN or non-PIN transaction. This is indicated at block  712 . Often such a decision hinges some characteristic of the transaction like its total size. If the transaction is to be a PIN transaction, the customer may enter the PIN using a keypad comprised by the mobile electronic device  106 . This may be included as part of the account information that is digitally signed and transmitted from the mobile device  106  to the merchant point-of-sale device  108  at block  720 . This digital signing is similar to the signing performed with contactless cards in  FIG. 6  by performing an encryption using the cryptographic key, but is performed by the mobile electronic device  106 . 
     The signed account information is used by the merchant point-of-sale device  108  in generating a transaction request that is then transmitted to the authentication processor at block  724 . In addition to the signed account information, the transaction request may include details of the transaction, usually including at least a transaction amount but perhaps sometimes additionally including such information as item-level identifications of the specific goods and services that form part of the transaction. 
     When an Internet-based transaction is to be performed, the customer may enter the PIN using the keypad on the mobile device at block  730  and the mobile device  106  may load a one-time password at block  728 . In some embodiments, the one-time password comprises a two-factor one-time password. Conventionally, a number of different factors may be used to provide security for authentication. For instance, such factors may include something that the customer has, something that the customer knows, and something that the customer is. A two-factor one-time password is based on two such factors. In a particular implementation, the two factors are something that the customer has, such as possession of the presentation instrument, and something that the customer knows, such as the PIN. The customer enters the identification number for his account at block  732  with the password read from the mobile device. This provides sufficient information for the merchant operating the web site to generate an authorization request at block  736 . The authorization request is transmitted by the merchant web server to the authentication processor  124  at block  740 , permitting the authentication processor  124  to use the one-time password to validate the authorization request at block  744 . 
     Subsequent processing of the transaction is similar to conventional processing, irrespective of whether the authorization request is received from a point-of-sale device  106  or from a merchant web server. The authentication processor resolves the account information from the authorization request at block  748  by applying decryption techniques. If the digital signature fails to pass validation as checked at block  752 , then a transaction denial code is returned by the authentication processor  124  at block  754 . If the digital signature passes validation, the transaction request is forwarded to the authorization processor  132  at block  756 , permitting a check to be made at block  758  whether there are sufficient funds in the identified account. If not, a transaction denial code is returned by the authorization processor  132  is returned at block  760 . If both the digital signature pass and there are sufficient funds in the account, the transaction is completed at block  762 . 
       FIG. 8  is a flow diagram that summarizes methods of executing certain Internet-based transactions. These methods may be implemented using merchants, financial institutions, or other entities that provide web sites that participate in the program, sometimes referred to herein as implementing “federated authentication.” When a customer enters one of these participating web sites, as indicated at block  804 , he or she may enter conventional identification information to log into the web site at block  808 . Such conventional identification information will frequently take the form of a userid, but may use other forms of identification known in the art. To complete the customer&#39;s authentication, the customer enters the PIN for the presentation instrument on the mobile electronic device at block  812 , with the device responding to correct entry of the PIN by displaying a one-time password at block  816 . As in other embodiments of the invention, the one-time password sometimes comprises a two-factor one-time password. This password is used by the customer to complete the log in to the participating web site at block  820 , permitting the customer to enter into and complete a transaction at block  824 . 
     In some embodiments, the security information that is used in the methods described in connection with either  FIG. 7  or  FIG. 8  may vary over time. That is, when a two-factor one-time password is generated, it may have a limited time of validity. In such embodiments, the customer  104  must generally provide the password within the limited time to validate the transaction. After the time period has expired, a new one-time password is generated that must be received in order to validate the transaction within a separate time period. Such a feature further enhances the overall security of the transaction methods. 
     Thus, having described several embodiments, it will be recognized by those of skill in the art that various modifications, alternative constructions, and equivalents may be used without departing from the spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the above description should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention, which is defined in the following claims.