Abstract:
In a variable-gain digital filter of the prior art in which X is the number of bits of data after baseband processing and Y is the number of gain bits, the number of bits of input is X+Y and the number of flip-flops required is equivalent for (X+Y)×n bits, thereby raising the problem of excessive circuit scale. In the variable-gain digital filter of the present invention, a selector and multiplier for regulating gain are arranged inside the digital filter whereby the number of bits of filter input is X, the number of flip-flops inside the filter is X×n bits, and a (Y×n bit) reduction in the number of flip-flops is enabled. The gain regulation circuit that was arranged to precede the prior-art filter is thus incorporated within the digital filter to enable a reduction in circuit scale.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0002]    The present invention relates to a digital filter, and particularly to a variable-gain digital filter, which is a crucial technology used for such purposes as restricting bandwidth in the field of digital communication widely employed in mobile communication.  
           [0003]    2. Description of the Related Art  
           [0004]    In a system in which a number of types of gain are present in the same time slot such as in an IS-95 (Interim Standard 95, a digital portable telephone system mode standard in the U.S.) system, gain regulation (switching) is conventionally carried out in a section preceding the bandwidth restricting (digital) filter. If this restricting is carried out in a succeeding section, discontinuity points occur in the output and the bandwidth restricting characteristic of the filter will no longer be satisfied.  
           [0005]    Thus, as shown in FIG. 1, gain selector  51  and multiplier  52  are arranged to precede digital filter  53 , and gain that is selected in gain selector  51  for data that have undergone baseband processing is multiplied and the result then applied to digital filter  53 . If X bits is the data that have undergone baseband processing and Y bits is the number of bits of gain in this case, the input to digital filter  53  is X+Y bits if computation is carried out without any loss of accuracy, and the construction of digital filter  53  is a circuit such as shown in FIG. 2.  
           [0006]    Digital filter  53  shown in FIG. 2 is provided with a selector that switches input data and a coefficient sequence n times (where n is the filter order) in one time slot. Digital filter  53  is a circuit that realizes FIR (Finite Impulse Response) filtering by time division processing. The operation is equivalent to the circuit shown in FIG. 4 that lacks multiplier  16  and selector  15 . As shown in the timing chart of FIG. 3, input data IN(N)-IN(N-1) undergo time division multiplexing in selector SEL 13 , and after being multiplied with time division multiplexed coefficients k1-kn by selector SEL 14 , the result is integrated. Although the time division process enables the elimination of the multiplier and adder, a number (X+Y)×n bits of flip-flops are required because the number of input bits is X+Y, and this large number of components raises the problem of circuit scale.  
           [0007]    In an IS-95 system that employs CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), symbols having different gain must be transmitted within one frame. If gain is regulated in a section following the bandwidth restricting filter in such a case, discontinuity points will occur in the output and the filter will fail to satisfy the filter bandwidth restriction characteristic as described hereinabove. Gain must therefore be regulated in a section preceding the filter.  
           [0008]    As described hereinabove using the prior art example of FIG. 1, selector  51  and multiplier  52  for regulating gain are provided in a section before the filter in the prior art, and if X is the number of bits of data input and Y is the number of bits of gain, the number of bits of input of digital filter  53  will be X+Y bits. Accordingly, a number (X+Y)×n bits of FF (flip-flops) are required in digital filter  53  in the case of the prior-art example.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0009]    The present invention was realized in view of the above-described state of the prior art, is directed toward solving the above-described problems of the prior art, and has as an object the provision of a novel variable-gain digital filter that is capable of reducing the scale of a circuit by incorporating a gain regulation circuit, which was arranged before the filter in the prior art, within the filter.  
           [0010]    According to the variable-gain digital filter for realizing the above-described object according to the present invention, in a variable-gain digital filter that includes a gain regulation circuit in a section preceding the digital filter, the gain regulation circuit being composed of a first selector for selecting gain and a first multiplier for multiplying the output of the first selector with input data, the gain regulation circuit is removed from the section preceding the filter and incorporated inside the filter.  
           [0011]    The first multiplier of the gain regulation circuit multiplies gain signals that are outputted from the first selector with a coefficient sequence that is switched and outputted from a second selector for each fixed time interval and outputs the result; a second multiplier that multiplies the output of the first multiplier with input data that are selected by a third selector that selects and outputs from each output of a shift register; and the output of the second multiplier is integrated and outputted by an integrator.  
           [0012]    The variable-gain digital filter according to the present invention is constituted by: a shift register that is composed of n (n being a positive integer) stages of flip-flops and that both shifts input data and generates delay output by each stage; a first selector for selecting gain; a second selector for selecting a coefficient sequence; a third selector for selecting each delay output of the shift register; a first multiplier for multiplying output of the first selector with output of the second selector; a second multiplier for multiplying output of the first multiplier with output of the third selector; and an integrator for integrating output of the second multiplier.  
           [0013]    Alternatively, the variable-gain digital filter according to the present invention is constituted by dividing the first, second, and third selectors and the first and second multipliers into two such that two each of the first to third selectors and the first and second multipliers are used, each of the first to third selectors switching output for time interval of (T/n)×2 (where T is the duration of one time slot, and n is the filter order). [The above and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description based on the accompanying drawings which illustrate examples of preferred embodiments of the present invention.]  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0014]    [0014]FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the portion preceding a digital filter IS-95 of the prior art.  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a digital filter of the prior art.  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 3 is a timing chart of the operation of the prior-art example shown in FIG. 2.  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing the first embodiment of a digital filter according to the present invention.  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing the downstream transmission system of the IS-95 system in which the present invention is applied.  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 6 is a timing chart of the operation of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 4.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 7 is a block diagram of the second embodiment of the present invention.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0021]    Details of the first embodiment of the variable-gain digital filter according to the present invention are next described with reference to the accompanying figures.  
         [0022]    The present invention is described hereinbelow for a case in which the invention is used in the downstream transmission section of an IS-95 system.  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing the first embodiment according to the present invention.  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 5 shows the block configuration of the downstream transmission system of an IS-95 system.  
         [0025]    After undergoing processing in baseband processor  22  such as attachment of CRC [cyclic redundancy check], convolutional encoding, block interleaving, long-code dispersion; power control bit insertion, Walsh dispersion, and short-code dispersion, transmission data  21  are applied to digital filter  23  for restricting the bandwidth. The output of digital filter  23  are converted to a radio frequency in RF unit  24  and then transmitted to the outside by an antenna.  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 4 shows the details of digital filter  23 , which is the inventive portion of the present invention. The digital filter of FIG. 4 is realized by time-division processing of a FIR filter of the order n.  
         [0027]    Referring now to FIG. 4, input data  11  (X bits) are applied to shift register  12  having n stages. In addition, coefficient sequence k1-kn (J bits) is switched for each fixed time interval by selector  14  and multiplied by multiplier  16  with a gain signal (Y bits) that is selected by selector  15 . The multiplied signal (J+Y bits) is multiplied in multiplier  17  with the output (X bits) of shift register  12  that is switched every fixed time interval by selector  13 , and the result is applied to integrator  18 . In integrator  18 , data are integrated for each fixed time interval and outputted (X+Y+J+Log2 n bits).  
         [0028]    A simplified description of the present embodiment was presented in the foregoing explanation, and a more detailed explanation of the constitution and operation of the embodiment follows hereinbelow.  
         [0029]    In FIG. 5, a transmission signal that has undergone processing in baseband processor  22  is applied to digital filter  23  as data of X bits. In digital filter  23 , the X bits of input data are applied to shift register  12  of n stages as shown in FIG. 4.  
         [0030]    Here, if IN(N) is the input data and IN(N-1) is input data that have been delayed one time slot, the output data of shift register  12  will be IN(N), IN(N-1), IN(N-2), . . . IN(N-n). Selector  13  switches and outputs IN(N), IN(N-1), IN(N-2), . . . IN(N-n) for each time interval T/n, which is the time interval T of one time slot divided by n.  
         [0031]    Selector  14  similarly switches and outputs the coefficient sequence k1, k2, . . . kn for each time interval T/n.  
         [0032]    A normal FIR filter of the prior art is not provided with selector SEL 15  or multiplier  16 , and the products k1·IN(N-1), k2·IN(N-2), . . . kn·IN(N-n) are computed for each time interval T/n by multiplier  17 , and the value shown by equation (1) is outputted for each time interval T by integrator  18 , which is reset for each time interval T (one time slot).  
           k 1· IN ( N -1)+ k 2· IN ( N -2)+ . . . + kn·IN ( N - n )= Okn·IN ( N -1)  (1)  
         [0033]    The timing chart for this case is shown in FIG. 3.  
         [0034]    Next, regarding the case of the present invention in which the selector SEL 15  and multiplier  16  are used, a power control bit portion is present in the transmission data in the downstream (from base station to terminal) traffic channel of an IS-95 system, and the transmission power (gain) of this portion and other portion must be changed.  
         [0035]    Gain1 is the gain for power control bits and Gain2 is the gain for other portions, and selector SEL 15  performs switching of them. The selected gain is multiplied with coefficient sequence kn at multiplier  16 , and the result is then multiplied with IN(N), IN(N-1), IN(N-2), . . . IN(N-n) at multiplier  17 .  
         [0036]    In more concrete terms, if IN(N-1), IN(N-2), IN(N-3) are the power control bits in a particular time slot and the other bits (IN(N-4), IN(N-5), . . . , IN(N-n)) are not the power control bits, the output of selector  15  is controlled so as to be Gain1 at only the times when the output of selector  14  is k1, k2, and k3 and to be Gain2 at all other times. The output of integrator  18  that corresponds to that time slot is therefore as shown in equation 2:  
         Gain1·(k1·IN(N-1)+k2·IN(N-2)+k3·IN(N-3)+ Gain2·(k4·IN(N-4)+ . . . +kn·IN(N-n))  (2)  
         [0037]    [0037]FIG. 6 shows the timing chart for this case.  
         [0038]    If the data of IN(N) are then power control bits in the next time slot, IN(N-1), IN(N-2), IN(N-3), and IN(N-4) become power control bits, the output of selector  15  is Gain1 when the output of selector  14  is k1, k2, k3, and k4 and Gain2 at all other times, and the output of integrator  18  that corresponds to this time slot is therefore as shown in equation 3:  
         Gain1·(k1·IN(N-1)+k2·IN(N-2)+k3·IN(N-3)+k4·IN(N-4))+Gain2·(k5·IN(N-5)+ . . . +kn·IN(N-n))  (3)  
         [0039]    If the data of IN(N) are not currently the power control bits, IN(N-2), IN(N-3), IN(N-4) become the power control bits, the output of selector  15  becomes Gain1 when the output of selector  14  is k2, k3, and k4 and becomes Gain2 at all other times, and the output of integrator  18  that corresponds to this time slot is as shown in equation (4):  
         Gain1·(k2·IN(N-2)+k3·IN(N-3)+k4·IN(N-4)+ Gain2·(k1·IN(N-1)+k5·IN(N-5)+ . . . +kn·IN(N-n))  (4)  
         [0040]    Thus, data for which gain has been regulated and bandwidth restricted in digital filter  23  are converted to a radio frequency in RF unit  24  and transmitted by an antenna.  
         [0041]    We refer to FIG. 7, in which is shown a block configuration of the second embodiment according to the present invention, and the second embodiment according to the present invention is next described with reference to the figure.  
         [0042]    [0042]FIG. 7 shows a case in which two circuits are employed for each of selectors SEL 13 ,  14 , and  15  and multipliers  16  and  17  in FIG. 4 wherein each of the selectors switches output for each time interval (T/n)×2 (where T is the duration of one time slot and n is the filter order).  
         [0043]    In other words, each of the elements of FIG. 4 is constituted by two elements, selector  13  of FIG. 4 being constituted by selectors  13   a  and  13   b , selector  14  by selectors  14   a  and  14   b , selector  15  by selectors  15   a  and  15   b , multiplier  16  by multipliers  16   a  and  16   b , and multiplier  17  by multipliers  17   a  and  17   b.    
         [0044]    The output timing of the integrator is unchanged from that of FIG. 4, but the multiplication performed to arrive at this result takes twice as much time and is performed by twice as many circuits.  
         [0045]    Although the scale of the circuit in the embodiment shown in FIG. 7 is obviously greater than the configuration of FIG. 4, the embodiment is effective when n is high and the operating speed is not sufficient. The embodiment is also effective to improve the processing speed of the digital filter.  
         [0046]    Similarly, an embodiment can be considered as yet another embodiment in which a multiplier operating speed of 1/m is realized with m times the circuit scale, and also effective for improve the processing speed of the diital filter.  
         [0047]    The present invention is constructed and operates as described hereinabove and has as its effect the reduction of circuit scale.  
         [0048]    In other words, in this invention, circuit scale is reduced by incorporating gain selector  51  and multiplier  52  in the prior-art example of FIG. 1 into the digital filter ( 15  and  16  in FIG. FIG. 4). Specifically, in a case in which X is the number of data bits after baseband processing, Y is the number of gain bits, J is the number of bits of the filter coefficient sequence, and n is the order of the filter, the necessary circuit scale in the prior-art method (FIG. 1 and FIG. 2) and in the method of this invention (the present invention) (FIG. 4) are as shown in Table 1:  
                                                 TABLE 1                                   FF (flip-                   flops)   Multiplier   Integrator                                    Prior-art   X+Y bits:   X bits × Y bits:   X+Y+J bit input       Method   n units   1 unit   X+Y+J+log2n bit               X+Y bits × J bits: 1   output               unit       Method of   X bits:   J bits × Y bits:   X+Y+J bit input       Present   n units   1 unit   X+Y+J+log2n bit       Invention       J+Y bits × X bits: 1   output               unit                  
 
         [0049]    A comparison of the circuit scale shows that the methods are equivalent regarding the integrator, but regarding the multipliers, if X+Y bits×J bits and J+Y bits×X bits are considered equivalent, the method of the present invention has smaller circuit scale when X&gt;J, and the prior art method has smaller circuit scale when J&gt;X.  
         [0050]    In either case, however, the method of the present invention has (Y×n bits) fewer flip-flops. Accordingly, the present invention affords a large reduction in circuit scale, except in a special case when J&gt;&gt;X in which the degree of improvement of flip-flops FF surpasses the degree of deterioration of multipliers.  
         [0051]    The degree of improvement of flip-flops is high and the effect of the invention is particularly great in cases in which the number of bits of gain Y or the order n of the filter is high.  
         [0052]    While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described using specific terms, such description is for illustrative purposes only, and it is to be understood that changes and variations may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the following claims.