Abstract:
Disclosed herein is method of performing speech recognition using audio and visual information, where the visual information provides data related to a person&#39;s face. Image preprocessing identifies regions of interest, which is then combined with the audio data before being processed by a speech recognition engine.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119 of Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/389,061, filed Feb. 16, 2016, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH 
       [0002]    Not applicable. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    The invention relates generally speech recognition. More specifically, the invention relates to a method of performing speech recognition at a distance using audio and visual information. 
         [0004]    Microphone array processing is a common approach applied in distance speech recognition. When the signals from individual microphones in an array are suitably combined, the array functions as a spatial filter capable of suppressing noise, reverberation, and competing speech. Such beam-forming techniques have received a great deal of attention in recent research. Although current approaches for microphone array processing have been shown to improve the signal-to-noise ratio for speech signal, there is no guarantee that the single output from the microphone array is optimized for speech recognition accuracy. 
         [0005]    There has also been significant work on audio-visual speech recognition in the past two decades. Prior approaches differ in the front-end visual processing applied, the audio-visual integration strategy, and the speech recognition method used. The majority of systems outperformed audio-only speech recognition over a wide range of conditions. However, improvements were typically demonstrated on databases of small duration, and, in most cases, limited to a very small number of speakers and to small vocabulary tasks. 
         [0006]    It would therefore be advantageous to develop of method of distance speech recognition that is capable of using audio and visual information to improve accuracy. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY 
       [0007]    According to embodiments of the present invention is method of performing speech recognition at a distance using audio and visual information. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0008]      FIG. 1  is flowchart depicted feature detection. 
           [0009]      FIG. 2  is an example of visual speech processing. 
           [0010]      FIG. 3  is a diagram depicting two different processes for combining audio and visual information. 
           [0011]      FIG. 4  shows the network structure for a recurrent neural network, combining audio and visual features. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0012]    According to embodiments of the present invention is a method of performing speech recognition at a distance. In one embodiment, the method provides for robust distance speech recognition that leverages multiple microphones as well as visual information from an image sensor. The method utilizes a joint model for audio-visual speech recognition based on Deep-Neural-Networks (DNN), in which the visual information informs both the beam-forming process and the speech recognition model to realize accurate and robust speech recognition even at distance. 
         [0013]    DNN&#39;s have been shown to obtain state-of-the-art performance across many image and speech processing tasks. However, there has been little exploration on how best to: (1) effectively model temporal changes within these models; and (2) combine information from these different modalities, such as audio and visual information within a single DNN structure. 
         [0014]    According to embodiments of the present invention, two main steps of the method comprise image preprocessing and audio-visual feature combination for speech recognition. In the first step, image preprocessing is performed to provide context about the information provided in the image. For example, in an image of containing a person&#39;s face, image preprocessing can: (1) determine the relative location of the person (and the person&#39;s mouth) to the image capture/microphone system, and (2) extract the most relevant features from the image to help inform the speech recognition process. Often, image preprocessing is typically performed using hand-crafted filters. However, the method of the present invention uses DNN&#39;s for image processing, learning the most relevant image features for the speech recognition tasks directly from data collected. 
         [0015]    As such, image preprocessing is based on recurrent DNN filters. An overview of this approach is shown in  FIG. 1 . In this approach, each pixel in the captured image data (i.e. the input image) is classified as belonging to one or more classes of interest, for example, head, eye, or mouth of the person. A single DNN classifier (approx. 64×64 in size) is applied to each pixel in the input image and the output of the classifier is used to generate a probability distribution of classes for each pixel in the image. A region-of-interest (ROI) for a specific class label can then be defined, maximizing the probability of that class being within the ROI. 
         [0016]    To improve the consistency across neighboring frames in an image stream, rather than just using knowledge from the current frame for pixel-level classification, in one embodiment a recurrent DNN model is utilized, where information from the previous frame (ti i−1 ) is used when classifying the same pixel location in frame (t i ). By introducing the recurrent model, the robustness of the system improves significantly due to the image tracking capabilities that is introduced. 
         [0017]    The approach is able to locate if a person is present in the image data and to provide the relative position of the person to the image capture device. Further, the method extracts a region of interest around the person&#39;s mouth that can subsequently be used for audio-visual speech recognition. As a person having skill in the art will appreciate, the effectiveness of this approach depends in part on image resolution and DNN model structures, which can vary depending on the application. 
         [0018]    Once a ROI around the mouth of the person is detected, the region is scaled to an appropriate size and combined with similar mouth ROI in neighboring frames. For example,  FIG. 2  shows a window of 5 frames (t i−2 , t i−1 , t i , t i+1 , t i+2 ) with the ROI isolated. By performing alignment with the acoustic data, a DNN classifier for the image stream can be trained to classify individual frames into context-dependent phonetic states as used by the acoustic model. 
         [0019]    Once the image preprocessing process is complete, the method can utilize one of several methods to combine audio and visual information within a single DNN classifier. Given acoustic features from one or more microphones and visual features (YUV pixel values) for the ROI of the mouth over a specific time window, the classifier will be trained to generate the observation probabilities for the speech recognition engine. During training, acoustic frames will be automatically aligned and labeled with a specific context-dependent phonetic state. During the speech recognition process audio and image frames will be captured, feature extraction will be performed, and then a joint audio-visual observation model will be applied to generate the observation probabilities for the context-dependent phonetic states (i.e. HMM state likelihoods) used within the acoustic model. A search is then conducted as in a standard audio-only speech recognition engine. Examples of combining the audio and visual information can include early combination and late combination. Further, independent or joint training can be utilized. 
         [0020]    An example of two different network structures is shown in  FIG. 3 . In the first model (Late Combination), information from the audio and visual streams is not shared until the output layer of the model. This structure differs significantly from the Early Combination model, in which information across the audio and visual streams are shared in the second hidden layer of the DNN. Performance of the speech recognition will be impacted by the manner in which the information is combined. In addition to the model structures shown in  FIG. 3 , alternative embodiments use recurrent neural networks as shown in  FIG. 4 . Other factors that affect performance of the system include the number and size of hidden layers used within the model, the size of any audio or image specific sub-networks within the model, and the number of recurrent connections. 
         [0021]    Leveraging DNN methods for both the image preprocessing and audio-visual speech recognition components enables use of a consistent architecture throughout the system and integration into a WFST-based speech recognition engine. 
         [0022]    While the disclosure has been described in detail and with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modification can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the embodiments. Thus, it is intended that the present disclosure cover the modifications and variations of this disclosure provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.