Abstract:
The method of providing cleats on a boot sole to provide traction in all directions, that includes the steps providing the cleats to have profiles with short and long axes, locating the cleats to extend on the sole in criss-cross diagonal row configuration, the cleats oriented to have their long axes extending at positive and negative angles relative to the direction of the sole.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates generally to cleats applied to the soles of foot wear; and more particularly to improvements in cleats applied to shoe or boot soles to maximize traction. 
     There is continual need, as in workplaces, for foot wear providing a high degree of traction, preventing slippage. This need is particularly important where floor, ground or work surfaces contacted by the foot wear are slippery, for safety purposes. The prevention of slips, trips, and loss of balance by those who work at heights is important to eliminate falls that can lead to serious injury, or death. Reliable foot wear traction increases confidence of workers, enhancing working efficiency. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is a major object of the invention to provide improvements in cleats as applied to foot wear, and in cleat configurations on soles of boots or boots, to meet the above needs. Basically, cleats are configured to provide traction in all directions, such as parallel to the foot wear sole, and the invention includes: 
     a) cleats provided to have generally elliptical profiles, with short and long axes, 
     b) the cleats located to extend on the sole in criss-cross diagonal configurations. Certain cleats may be located in rows, and oriented to have their long axes extending generally in the direction of the rows. 
     Another object is to distribute and space the cleats over the entire sole, to enhance safety where the surface engaged by the cleats is narrow, such as a narrow beam. For this purpose, the cleats are typically distributed over the arch region of the sole, in criss-cross relation, as well as over the sole, forward and rearward of the arch region. 
     An additional object is to provide the cleats in clusters, the cleats of each cluster having their long axes extending in parallel relation, and the long axes of cleats in adjacent clusters extending in different directions. 
     A further object is to locate certain cleats to be interrupted by edge extent of the sole; and typically large cleats are interrupted at the boot heel edge, and a still larger cleat profile is interrupted at the boot toe edge. 
     An additional object is to provide a protective peripheral band at the shoe sole edge to intersect certain cleats, and to shield cleat edges from catching on other surfaces. 
     These and other objects and advantages of the invention, as well as the details of an illustrative embodiment, will be more fully understood from the following specification and drawings, in which: 
    
    
     DRAWING DESCRIPTION 
     FIG. 1 plan view of a boot or shoe sole, with cleats distributed, as in clusters, over the shoe or boot sole area; 
     FIG. 2 is an enlarged view taken on lines  2 — 2  of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 3 is an enlarged view taken on lines  3 — 3  of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 4 as a view like FIG. 1, but showing a peripheral band intersecting certain cleats, and also bounding all cleats; 
     FIG. 5 is an enlarged view like FIG. 2, showing a modified cleat; 
     FIG. 6 is an enlarged view like FIG. 3, showing the modified cleat; and 
     FIG. 7 is an enlarged section taken on lines  7 — 7  of FIG.  4 . 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In FIG. 1, a shoe or boot sole  10  has forward, intermediate and rear regions  10   a ,  10   b , is and  10   c . Such regions correspond to the ball region of the wearer&#39;s foot, the arch region of the foot, and the heel region of the foot, respectively. 
     Multiple cleats  11  and  12  are distributed over the sole, in spaced apart relation, the cleats being elongated (as for example generally elliptical) in plan view outline, as shown. Cleats  11  have major axes  11   a  that extend at angle α relative to the sole forward direction (see arrow  13 ); and cleats  12  have major axes  12   a  that extend at angle β relative to the shoe sole forward direction. Typically, angles α are positive, and angles β are negative. Also, typically, α=−β. FIG. 2 is a side view of a cleat  11 , taken normal to its major axis  11   a ; and FIG. 3 is a side view of the same cleat, taken normal to its minor axis  11   b . Cleats  12  also have minor axes  12   b . Major axis  11   a  length substantially exceeds the length of minor axis  11   b ; and the length of major axis  12   a  substantially exceeds the length of minor axis  12   b.    
     As shown, most of the cleats have the same size, whereby the degree of traction development capability is about same, for balance, in all directions parallel to the sole, i.e. the plane of FIG.  1 . 
     The sectioned cleats  15  in a group at the heel are substantially larger in area than the cleats  11  and  12 ; they too have curved profiles, but they intersect the curved rear edge  16  of the shoe sole, as shown, resulting in fore-shortening of the cleats  15 . Also, a section of a single cleat  18  at the shoe toe is substantially larger in area than the cleats  11  and  12 , and it intersects the curved forward edge  17  of the shoe sole, as shown. Shoe edge  16  extends generally parallel to the minor axes defined by cleats  15 ; and shoe edge  17  extends generally parallel to the major axis defined by cleat  18 . Note also that the cleats at the left and right sides of the sole are intersected by those sides, whereby desired spacing of cleats is maintained. These geometrical features contribute further to the desired traction enhancement provided. Cleat edges  15   a  and  18   a  add further to such enhancement. 
     Note in FIGS. 2 and 3 that the side walls  19  of cleats  11 , (and also of cleats  12 ) are substantially normal to the plane  20  of the shoe sole  10 . 
     It will further be noted that certain cleats are in clusters or groups, as for example group  30  of four cleats  12 ; group  31  of five cleats  11 ; and group  32  of four cleats  11 ; etc. 
     Also, in a preferred embodiment, clusters or rows of cleats, as for example at 30 and 31, curve along their lengths, and successive cleats have their long axes extending in parallel relation and generally at angles to the direction of the row. Further, gaps are defined between successive generally elliptical cleats in the curved rows, such gaps being everywhere spaced away from all other nearest cleats. 
     Referring now to FIG. 4, it shows the same arrangement of cleats  11  and  12  as in FIG.  1 . In addition, a border band  35  is attached to the periphery of the sole  10 ; it extends about the sole edge; and it may intersect cleats as indicated in FIG.  7 . See cleat  12  intersected or interrupted at the sole edge location  38 , by band  35 . The band shields the tread, sidewardly, and may consist of elastomeric material. The cleats may consist of soft polymer, and may be bonded to the shoe sole. 
     FIGS. 5 and 6 show an elliptical form cleat  39  with outwardly concave walls  39   a - 39   d , for shedding dirt. 
     Important characteristics of the described cleats are as follows: 
     1. Flat cleats  11  and  12 , about ⅜ inch to about 1 inch in minor and major axis dimension, are separated by about ⅜ inch; 
     2. The cleats are distributed in the sole arch area as well as in heel and toe areas, of sole; 
     3. Where cleats are elliptical, major axes of ellipses are oriented in at least two directions, as at  11   a  and  14   a , and symmetrically, so that traction doesn&#39;t favor any particular direction. 
     4. No three adjacent cleat edges are in a straight line. 
     5. Wedge soling (no proud heel). 
     6. Cleats consist of slip-resistant material, such as rubber or plastic; 
     7. Toe spring (toe curves upward from floor) to prevent tripping. 
     Other characteristics include: 
     8. Elliptical cleats are preferred; but more circular cleats are an alternative, as are polyhedron shaped cleated. 
     9. Cleats may consist of soft material ( 30 - 80  on IRHD scale). 
     10. Border band  35  around sole and cleats protectively shields the tread, as seen from side. 
     11. Cleats can be tapered, slightly, away from base (wider) to floor level (narrower), for mud-shedding. 
     12. Cleats can have curvature at base i.e. side of wall of cleat, for mud-shedding. 
     13. Rounded heel (curving upward from the floor) so that initial heel contact is not on a squared-off edge. 
     14. Cleat major axes can be in various directions as long as such directions are distributed symmetrically. 
     15. Cleats may have polyhedral outline shape. 
     Advantages of the cleat configuration include: 
     Slip Resistance 
     1. The traction is omnidirectional; no direction is favored. This is an advantage to workers who must move, and exert leg or foot force, in any direction 
     2. Locating tread over the entire sole helps wearers who work on narrow surfaces, such as 4-inch beams. 
     3. Small dimensions of individual cleats maximize total periphery of squared-edge length. The squared-off cleat edges as at 30 cut through water, mud and grease to make intimate contact with the floor. 
     4. Larger plan-form dimensions of the cleats at toe and trailing edge of heel improve wear while retaining squared cleats edges, and drainage channels between the cleats. 
     5. Curvature up from floor at trailing edge of heel provides more tread contact area at heel touchdown, to prevent slipping. 
     6. Slip-resistant material of the cleats, in addition to tread configuration, aids in traction. 
     Mud-Shedding 
     7. Mud-shedding is facilitated by tapered cleats, by curvature at the base of the cleat, and by the large distance (about ⅜ inch at the floor), separating the cleats. 
     Trip Prevention 
     8. Wedge sole (no proud heel) eliminates catching of heel on edges of beams, etc., which could cause the wearer to trip or lose balance. 
     9. A rim or band  35  around the cleats helps prevents catching of cleats on edges of beams, etc. 
     10. Having no three successive cleats in a straight line helps prevent large forces resulting from catching on edges. 
     11. Toe spring (curvature of toe away from floor) helps prevent trips. 
     12. Cleat long axes are preferably arrayed to extend at angles α between 30° and 60° relative to the sole length direction. 
     Important Results: 
     13. Preventing slips, trips, and loss of balance by those who work at height prevents falls that lead to serious injury or death. 
     14. Better traction and resulting greater confidence of workers increases working efficiency.