Abstract:
A capacitor in a semiconductor substrate employs a conductive through-substrate via (TSV) as an inner electrode and a columnar doped semiconductor region as an outer electrode. The capacitor provides a large decoupling capacitance in a small area, and does not impact circuit density or a Si3D structural design. Additional conductive TSV&#39;s can be provided in the semiconductor substrate to provide electrical connection for power supplies and signal transmission therethrough. The capacitor has a lower inductance than a conventional array of capacitors having comparable capacitance, thereby enabling reduction of high frequency noise in the power supply system of stacked semiconductor chips.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/614,883, filed Nov. 9, 2009 the entire content and disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     The present invention relates to the field of semiconductor structures, and particularly to a decoupling capacitor that employs a conductive through-substrate via and methods of manufacturing the same. 
     In resent years, “three dimensional silicon” (3DSi) structures have been proposed to enable joining of multiple silicon chips and/or wafers that are mounted on a package or a system board. The 3DSi structures increase the density of active circuits that are integrated in a given space. 
     As the circuit density increases unit area, the amount of switching activity per unit area also increases. This results in an increase in the noise generated on the reference supplies. As this noise increases, the performance of the internal devices as well as the performance of off-chip drivers is adversely impacted due to the reduction of noise margins available for the system design. 
     At present, this noise is controlled by embedding deep trench capacitors (DTC) within active silicon devices. To obtain sufficient degree of decoupling, a large array of DTC&#39;s are required. As the circuit density, switching activity, and power distribution structures are enhanced in a 3DSi structure, more DTC&#39;s will be required to control the noise generation. Further, as a number of DTC arrays are formed, there is an increase in the inductance between the active circuits and the arrays of DTC&#39;s, thereby requiring formation of additional DTC&#39;s to store the energy to be used to counter-balance a back electromagnetic force noise. 
     The voltage of the noise Vn is given by the following equation:
 
 Vn=L ×( dI/dt ),
 
in which L is inductance, I is current, and t is time. As the amount of inductance (L) increases, or as the speed at which the current changes (dI/dt), which is proportional to the switching speed of circuits, the noise Vn increases proportionally.
 
     The above considerations show that capacitive structures having low inductive is needed to control inductively noise generated within and transmitted into a 3DSi structure. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     According to an embodiment of the present invention, a capacitor in a semiconductor substrate employs a conductive through-substrate via (TSV) as an inner electrode and a columnar doped semiconductor region as an outer electrode. The capacitor provides a large decoupling capacitance in a small area, and does not impact circuit density or a Si3D structural design. Additional conductive TSV&#39;s can be provided in the semiconductor substrate to provide electrical connection for power supplies and signal transmission therethrough. The capacitor has a lower inductance than a conventional array of capacitors having comparable capacitance, thereby enabling reduction of high frequency noise in the power supply system of stacked semiconductor chips. 
     According to an aspect of the present invention, a semiconductor structure includes a semiconductor chip, which includes a semiconductor substrate; at least one capacitor embedded in the semiconductor substrate; and at least one laterally-insulated conductive through-substrate connection structure. Each of the at least one capacitor includes an inner electrode including a conductive through-substrate via (TSV) structure; a node dielectric laterally contacting and laterally enclosing the inner electrode; and an outer electrode laterally contacting and laterally enclosing a portion of the node dielectric. 
     According to another aspect of the present invention, a semiconductor structure includes a capacitor located in a semiconductor substrate and a contact structure located on the semiconductor substrate. The capacitor includes an inner electrode, a node dielectric, and an outer electrode. The inner electrode includes a conductive through-substrate via (TSV) structure that contiguously extends at least from an upper surface of the semiconductor substrate to a lower surface of the semiconductor substrate. The node dielectric laterally contacts and laterally encloses the inner electrode and contiguously extends from the upper surface to the lower surface. The outer electrode laterally contacts and laterally encloses a portion of the node dielectric. The contact structure is conductively connected to the outer electrode. 
     According to yet another aspect of the present invention, a method of forming a semiconductor structure is provided. The method includes forming a capacitor and a laterally-insulated conductive through-substrate connection structure in a semiconductor substrate. The laterally-insulated conductive through-substrate connection structure is formed by forming a dielectric tubular structure around a first through-substrate cavity formed in the semiconductor substrate; and filling a cavity within the dielectric tubular structure with a conductive material. The capacitor is formed by forming an outer electrode by doping a portion of the semiconductor substrate around a second through-substrate cavity; forming a node dielectric on a surface of the second through-substrate cavity; and forming an inner electrode by filling the second through-substrate cavity with the conductive material. 
     According to still another aspect of the present invention, a method of forming a semiconductor structure is provided. The method includes providing a semiconductor chip and electrically connecting the semiconductor chip to a mounting structure employing an array of solder balls. The semiconductor chip includes a semiconductor substrate; at least one capacitor embedded in the semiconductor substrate; and at least one laterally-insulated conductive through-substrate connection structure. The at least one capacitor has an inner electrode that includes a conductive through-substrate via (TSV) structure. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIGS. 1-18  are sequential vertical cross-sectional views through various processing steps of a first exemplary structure according to a first embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 19  is a vertical cross-sectional view of a second exemplary structure according to a second embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 20  is a vertical cross-sectional view of a third exemplary structure according to a third embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 21  is a graph showing results of a simulation that shows a noise reduction at high frequency provided by an exemplary structure according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     As stated above, the present invention relates to semiconductor structures, and particularly to a decoupling capacitor that employs a conductive through-substrate via and methods of manufacturing the same, which are now described in detail with accompanying figures. Throughout the drawings, the same reference numerals or letters are used to designate like or equivalent elements. The drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. 
     As used herein, a “conductive through-substrate via (TSV) structure” is a conductive structure that extends through a substrate, i.e., at least from a top surface of the substrate to a bottom surface of the substrate. 
     As used herein, a “laterally-insulated conductive through-substrate connection structure” is an assembly of a conductive TSV structure and another structure that laterally surrounds the conductive TSV structure and electrically isolates the conductive TSV structure from the substrate. 
     As used herein, a “mounting structure” is any structure to which a semiconductor chip can be mounded by making electrical connections thereto. A mounting structure can be a packaging substrate, an interposer structure, or another semiconductor chip. 
     As used herein, a first element “laterally contacts” a second element if there is a direct physical contact between the first element and the second element in a “lateral direction,” which is any direction perpendicular to a top surface or a bottom surface of a substrate. 
     As used herein, a first element “laterally encloses” a second element if an inner periphery of the first element is located on or outside an outer periphery of the second element. 
     As used herein, a first element “encapsulates” a second element if all outer surfaces of the second element are located within inner surfaces of the first element. 
     As used herein, two elements are “conductively connected” to each other if there exists a conductive path between the two elements to allow conduction of electricity. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , a first exemplary structure according to a first embodiment of the present invention includes a semiconductor substrate  10  that has a semiconductor material. The semiconductor material of the semiconductor substrate  10  can be selected from, but is not limited to, silicon, germanium, silicon-germanium alloy, silicon carbon alloy, silicon-germanium-carbon alloy, gallium arsenide, indium arsenide, indium phosphide, III-V compound semiconductor materials, II-VI compound semiconductor materials, organic semiconductor materials, and other compound semiconductor materials. Preferably, the semiconductor material of the semiconductor substrate  10  is a single crystalline material. For example, the semiconductor substrate  10  can be a single crystalline silicon layer. The semiconductor substrate  10  can be doped with dopants of a first conductivity type, which can be p-type or n-type. The dopant concentration of the semiconductor substrate  10  can be from 1.0×10 14 /cm 3  to 1.0×10 17 /cm 3 . 
     A doped well region  12  is formed in the semiconductor substrate  12  by implanting dopants of a second conductivity through a portion of the top surface of the semiconductor substrate  12 . The second conductivity type is the opposite of the first conductivity type. The second conductivity type is n-type if the first conductivity type is p-type, and vice versa. The dopant concentration of the doped well region  12  can be from 1.0×10 18 /cm 3  to 1.0×10 21 /cm 3  to increase the conductivity of the doped well region  12 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , a pad dielectric layer  16  and a first mask layer  18  are formed on the top surface of the semiconductor substrate  10 . The pad dielectric layer  16  may, or may not, be formed on the backside of the semiconductor substrate  10 . The pad dielectric layer  16  includes a dielectric material such as silicon nitride. The first mask layer  18  can be composed of a photoresist or a dielectric material such as silicon oxide or silicon nitride. 
     Referring for  FIG. 3 , the first mask layer  18  is lithographically patterned, and the pattern in the first mask layer  18  is transferred through the semiconductor substrate  10  by an anisotropic etch that employs the first mask layer  18  as an etch mask. A first through-substrate cavity  47  is formed in the semiconductor substrate  10 . The lateral dimensions, e.g., diameter, a major axis, a minor axis, a length of a side, of the first through-substrate cavity  47  can be from 1 micron to 100 microns, and typically from 3 microns to 30 microns, although lesser and greater lateral dimensions can also be employed. 
     Referring to  FIG. 4 , the first mask layer  18  can be removed selective to the semiconductor substrate  10 . A dielectric tubular structure  20  is formed around the first through-substrate cavity  47 , for example, by converting exposed portions of the semiconductor substrate  10  on the sidewalls of the first through-substrate cavity  47  into a dielectric material. For example, the exposed portion of the semiconductor substrate can be converted into a dielectric oxide by thermal oxidation. The dielectric tubular structure  20  can include an oxide of the semiconductor material of the semiconductor substrate  10 . For example, if the semiconductor substrate  10  includes silicon, the dielectric tubular structure  20  can include silicon oxide. The pad dielectric layer  16  prevents conversion of other portions of the semiconductor substrate  10  into a dielectric material. The dielectric tubular structure  20  extends from the top surface of the semiconductor substrate  10  to the bottom surface of the semiconductor substrate  10 . A horizontal cross-sectional area of the dielectric tubular structure  20  includes a hole corresponding to the first through-substrate cavity  47 . The thickness of the dielectric tubular structure  20 , as measured laterally between an inner periphery of the dielectric tubular structure  20  and an outer periphery of the dielectric tubular structure  20  can be from 100 nm to 1 micron, although lesser and greater thicknesses can also be employed. 
     Referring to  FIG. 5 , the pad dielectric layer  16  can be removed. Optionally, a dielectric liner  30  is deposed on the inner sidewalls of the dielectric tubular structure  20 . The dielectric liner  30  can include, for example, a stack of a silicon oxide layer and a silicon nitride layer. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6 , the first through-substrate cavity  47  is filled with a first disposable material to form a first disposable material layer  49 L. The first disposable material layer  49 L extends through the semiconductor substrate  10  and covers both sides of the semiconductor substrate  10 , thereby encapsulating the semiconductor substrate  10 . The first disposable material can be, for example, a polycrystalline silicon-containing material such as polysilicon or an amorphous silicon-containing material such as amorphous silicon. 
     Referring to  FIG. 7 , the first disposable material layer  49 L is removed from the front side and the backside of the semiconductor substrate  10 , for example, by an etch-back process or chemical mechanical planarization (CMP). Further, a portion of the first disposable material layer  49 L is recessed below the top surface of the semiconductor substrate  10  by a recess depth rd, which can be from 200 nm to 2,000 nm, although lesser and greater recess depths rd can also be employed. The remaining portion of the first disposable material layer  49 L constitutes a first disposable material portion  49 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 8 , a dielectric cap portion  50  is formed by filling a cavity above the first disposable material portion  49  with a dielectric material and removing excess dielectric material above a top surface of the dielectric liner  30 . Optionally, a silicon nitride cap layer (not shown) can be deposited on the top surface of the dielectric cap portion  50  and the portion of the dielectric liner  30  located on the front side of the semiconductor substrate  10 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 9 , a second mask layer  51  is formed above the top surface of the semiconductor substrate  10 . The second mask layer  51  can be composed of a photoresist or a dielectric material such as silicon oxide or silicon nitride. The second mask layer  51  is lithographically patterned to form an opening in an area that does not overlie the disposable material portion  49  or the dielectric tubular structure  20 . The opening in the second mask layer  51  is formed over or in proximity to the doped well region  12 . The pattern in the second mask layer  51  is transferred through the semiconductor substrate  10  by an anisotropic etch that employs the second mask layer  51  as an etch mask. A second through-substrate cavity  67  is formed in the semiconductor substrate  10 . The lateral dimensions, e.g., diameter, a major axis, a minor axis, a length of a side, of the second through-substrate cavity  67  can be from 1 micron to 100 microns, and typically from 3 microns to 30 microns, although lesser and greater lateral dimensions can also be employed. 
     Referring to  FIG. 10 , a doped material layer  52  is deposited on the exposed surfaces of the first exemplary structure including the sidewalls of the second through-substrate cavity  67 . The doped material layer  52  includes dopants of the second conductivity type. The doped material layer  52  can be, for example, an arsenosilicate glass (ASG) layer. The thickness of the doped material layer  52  is less than half of the smallest lateral dimension of the second through-substrate cavity  67  to prevent plugging of the second through-substrate cavity  67 . Optionally, a dielectric capping layer (not shown) may be deposited over the doped material layer  52  to prevent loss of dopants during a subsequent drive-in anneal. 
     Referring to  FIG. 11 , a drive-in anneal is performed to induce outdiffusion of dopants of the second conductivity type into a region of the semiconductor substrate  10  that surrounds the second through-substrate cavity  67 . An outer electrode is formed by doping a portion of the semiconductor substrate  10  around the second through-substrate cavity  67 . Specifically, the outer electrode  60  is formed by converting a tubular region, i.e., a region in the shape of a tube, into a doped semiconductor region having a doping of the second conductivity type. For example, a dopant-containing material layer such as an arsenosilicate glass layer can be deposited on sidewalls of the second through-substrate cavity  67  and the dopants can be driven into the semiconductor substrate  10  by a drive-in anneal. The outer electrode  60  is a doped tubular portion including a doped semiconductor material, i.e., has a shape of a tube. The lateral distance between the outer periphery of the outer electrode  60  and the inner periphery of the outer electrode, i.e., the boundary with the doped material layer  52 , can be from 150 nm to 1,000 nm, although a lesser and greater lateral distances can also be employed. The dopant concentration of the outer electrode  60  can be from 1.0×10 18 /cm 3  to 1.0×10 20 /cm 3 , although a lesser and greater dopant concentration can also be employed. The doped material layer  52  is subsequently removed. In an alternate embodiment, the outer electrode  60  can be formed by plasma doping without employing a doped material layer  52 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 12 , a node dielectric  70  is formed on all exposed surfaces of the first exemplary structure including the inner sidewalls of the outer electrode  60 , which are the surfaces of the second through-substrate cavity  67 , and exposed surfaces of the dielectric liner  30 . The node dielectric  70  is formed directly on sidewalls of the doped tubular portion while the disposable material is present in the semiconductor substrate. The thickness of the node dielectric  70  can be from 3 nm to 30 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses can also be employed. 
     Referring to  FIG. 13 , the second through-substrate cavity  67  is filled with a second disposable material to form a second disposable material layer  77 L. The second disposable material layer  77 L extends through the semiconductor substrate  10  and covers both sides of the semiconductor substrate  10 , thereby encapsulating the semiconductor substrate  10 . The second disposable material can be, for example, a polycrystalline silicon-containing material such as polysilicon or an amorphous silicon-containing material such as amorphous silicon. 
     Referring to  FIG. 14 , the second disposable material layer  77 L is removed from the front side and the backside of the semiconductor substrate  10 , for example, by an etch-back process or chemical mechanical planarization (CMP). The remaining portion of the second disposable material layer  77 L constitutes a second disposable material portion  77 . The top surface of the second disposable material portion  77  can be coplanar with a top surface of the node dielectric  70  on the front side of the semiconductor substrate  20 . 
     A hard mask layer  72  is formed on one side of the semiconductor substrate  20 , which is preferably the front side of the semiconductor substrate on which the dielectric cap portion  50  is located. The hard mask layer  72  includes a dielectric material such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, a doped silicate glass, or a combination thereof. The thickness of the hard mask layer  72  can be from 500 nm to 5,000 nm, and typically from 1,000 nm to 3,000 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses can also be employed. 
     Referring to  FIG. 15 , the hard mask layer  72  is lithographically patterned to form openings over the second disposable material portion  77  and the first disposable material portion  49 . The dielectric cap portion  50  is removed to expose an upper surface of the first disposable material portion  49 . An upper portion of the second disposable material portion  77  can be removed during the removal of the dielectric cap portion  50 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 16 , the first dielectric material of the first disposable material portion  49  and the second dielectric material of the second dielectric material portion  77  are removed by an etch that employs the hard mask layer  72  as an etch mask. Removal of the first disposable material portion  49  forms a cavity in a volume corresponding to the first through-substrate cavity  47  in prior processing steps. This cavity is herein referred to as a re-formed first through-substrate cavity  79 , i.e., a first through-substrate cavity that is formed a second time Likewise, removal of the second disposable material portion  77  forms a cavity in a volume corresponding to the second through-substrate cavity  67  in prior processing steps. This cavity is herein referred to as a re-formed second through-substrate cavity  78 , i.e., a second through-substrate cavity that is formed a second time. The re-formed first through-substrate cavity  79  is formed within the dielectric tubular structure  20 . Surfaces of the node dielectric  70  is exposed around the re-formed second through-substrate cavity  78 , and surfaces of the dielectric liner  30  can be exposed around the re-formed first through-substrate cavity  79 . If the dielectric liner  30  is not present, inner surfaces of the dielectric tubular structure  20  can be exposed in the re-formed first through-substrate cavity  79 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 17 , the re-formed first through-substrate cavity  79  and the re-formed second through-substrate cavity  78  are filled with a conductive material to form a first conductive through-substrate via (TSV) structure  80  and a second conductive TSV structure  82 , respectively. The conductive material of the first conductive TSV structure  80  and the second conductive TSV structure  82  can include a doped semiconductor material, a metallic material, or a combination thereof. The conductive material of the first conductive TSV structure  80  and the second conductive TSV structure  82  can include, but is not limited to, doped polysilicon, a doped silicon-containing alloy, Cu, W, Ta, Ti, WN, TaN, TiN, or a combination thereof. The conductive material can be deposited, for example, by electroplating, electroless plating, physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), or a combination thereof. 
     After deposition of the conductive material, excess conductive material is removed from the top side and the bottom side of the semiconductor substrate  10  by planarization employing an etch-back process, chemical mechanical planarization, or a combination thereof. Top surfaces of the first conductive TSV structure  80  and the second conductive TSV structure  82  are coplanar with a top surface of the hard mask layer  72 . Bottom surfaces of the conductive TSV structure  80  and the second conductive TSV structure  82  are coplanar with a bottom surface of remaining portions of the first exemplary structure. The bottom surface of the remaining portions of the first exemplary structure can be, for example, an exposed surface of the node dielectric  70  if a bottom portion of the node dielectric  70  remains after planarization or any other exposed surfaces at the bottom of the first exemplary structure. The first conductive TSV structure  80  and the second conductive TSV structure  82  are formed concurrently by employing the same deposition process and the same planarization process. 
     Referring to  FIG. 18 , a contact structure  90  is formed by forming a trench through the hard mask layer  72 , the node dielectric  70 , and the dielectric liner  30  and by filling the trench with a conductive material such as a doped semiconductor material or a metallic material. The contact structure  90  is conductively connected to the outer electrode  60  through the doped well region  12 . The first conductive TSV structure  80 , the node dielectric  70 , and the outer electrode  60  collective constitute a capacitor  180 , in which the first conductive TSV structure  80  is an inner electrode. The second conductive TSV structure  82 , the portion of the dielectric liner contacting the second conductive TSV structure  82 , and the dielectric tubular structure  20  collectively constitute an laterally-insulated conductive through-substrate connection structure  182 . An end surface of the first conductive TSV structure  80 , an end surface of the second conductive TSV structure  82 , and an end surface of the contact structure  90  can be coplanar with an exposed surface of the hard mask layer  72 . 
     The first exemplary structure can be incorporated in a semiconductor chip. For example, a plurality of instances of the capacitor  180  and a plurality of instances of the laterally-insulated conductive through-substrate connection structure  182  can be embedded in the same semiconductor substrate  10  of the semiconductor chip. The semiconductor chip may, or may not, include other semiconductor devices such as field effect transistors, bipolar transistors, thyristors, and diodes. 
     Each capacitor  180  can include an inner electrode, which includes a first conductive through-substrate via (TSV) structure  80 , a node dielectric  70 , and an outer electrode  60 . The inner electrode contiguously extends at least from an upper surface of the semiconductor substrate  10  to a lower surface of the semiconductor substrate  10 . The node dielectric  70  laterally contacts and laterally encloses the inner electrode. The node dielectric  70  contiguously extends from the upper surface to the lower surface. The outer electrode  60  laterally contacts and laterally encloses a portion of the node dielectric  70 . The outer electrode  60  includes a doped semiconductor material. 
     The laterally-insulated conductive through-substrate connection structure  182  includes a second conductive TSV structure  82  located in the semiconductor substrate  10  and a dielectric tubular structure  20  laterally surrounding the second conductive TSV structure  82  and embedded in the semiconductor substrate  10 . The laterally-insulated conductive through-substrate connection structure  182  can include a portion of the dielectric liner  30 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 19 , a second exemplary structure according to a second embodiment of the present invention includes a packaging substrate  200 , a plurality of first semiconductor chips  100 , a plurality of second semiconductor chips  300 , an array of first solder balls  199  electrically connecting each of the first semiconductor chips  100  to the packaging substrate  200 , and an array of second solder balls  299  electrically connecting each of the second semiconductor chips  300  to a first semiconductor chip  100 . Each of the first semiconductor chips  100  includes at least one capacitor  180  and at least one laterally-insulated conductive through-substrate connection structure  182 . The first semiconductor chips  100  may, or may not, include additional semiconductor devices such as field effect transistors, bipolar transistors, thyristors, and diodes. The second semiconductor chips  300  can include any type of semiconductor devices. 
     The capacitors  180  can function as decoupling capacitors that reduce noise in a power supply system that supplies power to the devices in the second semiconductor chips  300  and, if present, to the devices in the first semiconductor chips  100 . Each capacitor  180  can provide a capacitance on the order of 1 pF to 10 nF, which is equivalent to the capacitance of 40-400,000 typical trench capacitors. Further, the capacitor  180  provides a lower inductance than a trench capacitor array that provides a comparable total capacitance. Thus, the capacitors  180  reduce noise in the power supply system especially during high frequency operations. 
     Referring to  FIG. 20 , a third exemplary structure according to a third embodiment of the present invention includes a packaging substrate  200 , a interposer structure  400 , a plurality of first semiconductor chips  100 , and a plurality of second semiconductor chips  300 . An array of first solder balls  199  electrically connects each of the first semiconductor chips  100  to the interposer structure  400 . An array of second solder balls  299  electrically connects each of the second semiconductor chips  300  to a first semiconductor chip  100 . An array of third solder balls  399  connects the interposer structure  400  to the packaging substrate  200 . 
     The interposer structure  400  can include an interposer structure substrate layer  410 , a lower dielectric material layer  420 , and an upper dielectric material layer  430 . The interposer structure substrate layer  410  includes a plurality of through-substrate via structures that are schematically illustrated as vertical lines. The plurality of through-substrate via structures includes a plurality of capacitors  180  (See  FIG. 18 ) and laterally-insulated conductive through-substrate connection structure  182  (See  FIG. 18 ). The lower dielectric material layer  420  and the upper dielectric material layer  430  can include metal lines that provide electrical wiring within the lower dielectric material layer  420  or the upper dielectric material layer  430 . 
     In general, a semiconductor chip including at least one capacitor  180  and at least one laterally-insulated conductive through-substrate connection structure  182  can be mounted a mounting structure, which can be any structure on which the semiconductor chip can be mounted with electrical connections thereto. The mounting structure can be, but is not limited to, a packaging substrate  200 , an interposer structure  400 , an assembly of an interposer structure  400  and a packaging substrate  200 , or another semiconductor chip such as a second semiconductor chip  300 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 21 , a graph shows results of a simulation that shows a noise reduction at high frequency provided by an exemplary structure according to an embodiment of the present invention. The horizontal axis represents frequency of a noise component in a power supply system, and the vertical axis represents an equivalent impedance of a decoupling system including either a capacitor  180  (See  FIG. 18 ) according to an embodiment of the present invention or an array of trench capacitors according to prior art. The electrical noise in a power supply system is proportional to the equivalent impedance. The curve labeled “TSV w/582 pF” represents the equivalent impedance of a capacitor  180  having a capacitance of 582 pF and constructed according to an embodiment of the present invention, e.g., as shown in  FIG. 18 . The curves labeled “DTC w/582 pF,” “2 nF,” and “4 nF” represent the equivalent impedance of trench capacitor arrays having a total capacitance of 582 pF, 2 nF, and 4 nF, respectively. 
     At a frequency range below 0.1 GHz, the voltage noise in the system power supply is limited by the total capacitance of a decoupling capacitor system. Above 1 GHz, however, the voltage noise in decoupling capacitor systems employing any of the trench capacitor arrays increases to with frequency on a converging curve irrespective of the total capacitance of the decoupling capacitor system because inductance of the decoupling capacitor system dominates. The decoupling capacitor system employing a capacitor  180  of an embodiment of the present invention provides a lower voltage noise at frequencies above 1.2 GHz except for a small frequency range between 4 GHz and 4.5 GHz because the capacitor  180  has a low inductance. Thus, the decoupling capacitor system employing a capacitor  180  of an embodiment of the present invention provides a superior performance in noise reduction while consuming less device area. In the second or third exemplary structure, if the first semiconductor chips  100  do not include a semiconductor device, the capacitors  180  can be formed without requiring any area in the third semiconductor chips  300 . In the third exemplary structure, the capacitors  180  can be formed in a smaller area than an array of trench capacitors having a comparable total capacitance, thereby providing more area for other semiconductor devices that can be included in the first semiconductor chips  100 . 
     While the present invention has been particularly shown and described with respect to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing and other changes in forms and details can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. It is therefore intended that the present invention not be limited to the exact forms and details described and illustrated, but fall within the scope of the appended claims.