Abstract:
A successive approximation analog to digital converter comprising a plurality of capacitors which during a successive approximation conversion are selectively connectable to a first reference or a second reference under the command of a controller, wherein during a conversion step where the connections of a given capacitor may be varied the switches to the given capacitor are both placed in a high impedance state during a decision period of a comparator.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     The present invention relates to a successive approximation Analog to Digital Converter, and in particular to a converter where the sequence for controlling switches connecting capacitors in a capacitor array to first or second reference voltages has been modified so as to improve the speed of the analog to digital converter.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     Successive approximation converters using switched capacitor arrays are well known.  
         [0003]     An example of an idealized differential input successive approximation switched capacitor analog to digital converter is shown in  FIG. 1 . This converter receives a differential signal on its signal inputs Vinp and Vinn, and fixed inputs Vref, and GND. The Vref input and the GND input define an allowable operating range of the converter such that −(Vref-GND)≦(Vinp-Vinn)≦(Vref-GND). The converter comprises two switched capacitor arrays, designated DAC-P and DAC-N (but which may also be referred to as P array and N array herein) which connect to the positive input and negative input, respectively, of a comparator  12 . The capacitor arrays DAC-P and DAC-N are mirror images of one another and, for convenience, only the array DAC-P will be described in detail.  
         [0004]     The array DAC-P comprises a plurality of binary weighted capacitors C 1   P  to C 6   P  plus C 6   T  whose total capacitance sums to a value C. In this example capacitor C 1   P  represents the most significant bit and capacitor C 6   P  represents the least significant bit of the array. Capacitor C 1   P  has a value of C/2. Consequently C 2   P  has a value of C/4, capacitor C 3   P  has a value of C/8, capacitor C 4   P  has a value of C/16, capacitor C 5   P  has a value of C/32 and capacitor C 6   P  has a value of C/64. In order to ensure that the array sums to its correct value of C, then a further terminating capacitor C 6   T , having a value corresponding to the value of the least significant bit is included.  
         [0005]     Each of the capacitors have first and second plates which, in a commonly used nomenclature are referred to as “top” and “bottom” plates. The top plates of capacitors C 1   P  to C 6   T  are connected to a common rail designated TOP-P which is connected to the positive input of the comparator  12 . The bottom plates of capacitor C 1   P  to C 6   P  are connected to respective switches S 1   P  to S 6   P . The switches are fabricated from transistors. The switch S 1   P  is a three position switch such that the bottom plate of capacitor C 1   P  can either be connected to a positive signal input Vinp, to the positive reference voltage Vref or to a negative reference voltage, e.g. ground. Switches S 2   P  to S 6   P  are two position switches such that the bottom plate of the respective capacitor can either be switched to ground or to Vref. Capacitor C 6   T  (which is a repeat of the least significant bit capacitor) is not associated with a switch and its bottom plate is permanently connected to the negative reference voltage, e.g. the ground rail.  
         [0006]     The negative capacitor array SAR-N is identical to that in SAR-P with the exceptions that all capacitors and switches are designated with the subscript N, switch S 1   N  can now connect to a negative signal input Vinn, and that the top plates of capacitors C 1   N  to C 6   N  connect to a common rail designated TOP-N that connects to the negative input of the comparator  12 .  
         [0007]     Sample switches SS P  and SS N  are provided to connect the common node TOP-P and the common node TOP-N to a bias voltage, Vbias, during sampling. Vbias can be freely chosen by the circuit designer although in practice it is generally constrained to lie within the voltage range −Vref&lt;Vbias&lt;+Vref. A convenient choice for Vbias is ground because this avoids the need to create a voltage generator solely for the purpose of creating the Vbias voltage. Vbias acts as a reference voltage during sampling of the differential input signal by the converter.  
         [0008]     With reference to  FIG. 2 , it can be seen that each of the switches are implemented as pairs of transistors. For each capacitor its associated switch, such as switch S 2   P  comprises a first transistor  22 , which for convenience can be regarded as a high side transistor, which connects it to Vref and a second transistor  24 , which for convenience can be regarded as a low side transistor, which connects it to ground. In this example Vref represents the first reference voltage and ground represents the second reference voltage. In use, it is generally considered to be undesirable for the first and second switches, that is the high side and low side switches, to be simultaneously conducting as this provides a short circuit between the first and second reference voltages which either results in unnecessary dissipation within the device and perturbs the reference voltages thereby leading to inaccuracies in the converted result. In order to avoid the high side and low side switches being conducting at the same time, non-overlap generating circuits  25 , for example like the type shown in  FIG. 2  are provided. Thus, if we consider capacitor C 2   P  of  FIG. 1  then a first plate of that capacitor is connected to a node  20  which represents the midpoint of a series connection between the two field effect transistors  22  and  24 . The first field effect transistor  22  is the high side transistor which is operable to connect to the first plate of the capacitor C 2   P  to Vref, whereas the second field effect transistor  24  is the low side transistor which operable to connect the first plate of the capacitor C 2   P  to ground. Clearly if both transistors  22  and  24  are conducting at the same time then current will flow from Vref to ground and the voltage at node  20  is undefined.  
         [0009]     In order to overcome these problems a non-overlap generator is used. An example of a prior art non-overlap generator is shown which comprises two NOR gates  26  and  27  and an inverter  28 . These are connected together in the configuration shown in  FIG. 2 .  
         [0010]     Suppose we start with a configuration in which each of the transistors  22  and  24  can be made conducting by sending it a “high” or “1”, and can be made non-conducting in response to a zero or “0” applied to its gate.  
         [0011]     Starting at a steady state condition where an output  36  of the first NOR gate  26  is high, and output  42  of the second NOR gate is low and the input signal at node  30  is low, then this is a stable configuration as: 
        1) input  32  and  34  of NOR gate  26  are both low so output  36  remains high.     2) input  40  of NOR gate  27  is high, and the effect of the inverter  28  makes input  38  high so the output  42  remains low.        
 
         [0014]     Now consider a transition, where each gate has a propagation delay D.  
         [0015]     At switching time t=0 node  30  switches from “0” to “1”. At t=0 input  32  becomes “1” while input  34  is still zero. The output of NOR gate  26  starts to change so that it will become “0” at time t=D.  
         [0016]     Thus as t=D input  40  of NOR gate  27  goes low. Similarly the action of the inverter causes input  38  to go low at t=D. Thus this gate starts to change state and the output  42  goes high at t=2 D.  
         [0017]     This gain represents a stable state with node  30 =“1”, output  36 =“0” and output  42 =“1”.  
         [0018]     It can be seen that there was a period from t=D to t=2 D when both transistors were non-conducting.  
         [0019]     Suppose now that the signal on node  30  changes from 1 to 0 at t=0. Input  32  goes low but  34  remains high so NOR gate  26  remains with its output at “0”. Meanwhile the inverter  28  is changing state such that its output becomes high. Thus at time t=D input  40  is low but input  38  is high so the NOR gate  27  starts to transition between states such that at t=2 D its output is “0”. At this time the output of NOR gate  26  is also “0” but both inputs  32  and  34  have gone low so it starts to change state such that its output becomes high at t=3 D.  
         [0020]     Thus once again there was a period when both transistors  22  and  24  were non-conducting.  
         [0021]     It is clear however that the high side and low side transistors  22  and  24  are effectively controlled in unison with one being on whilst the other is off except during a very brief window generated by the non-overlap circuit. This mode of operation is widely held by persons skilled in the art to be the way that switches for successive approximation converters are and must be driven.  
         [0022]     For simplicity the foregoing discussion assumed that a transistor was conducting when its input was “1” and not conducting when its input was “0”. Of course this need not be the case and use of other technologies, such as CMOS, may result in the formation of the transistors who conduct when their input voltage is low. As a consequence inverters may be required to achieve the desired operation.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0023]     According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a successive approximation analog to digital converter comprising a plurality of capacitors which during a successive approximation conversion are selectively connectable to a first reference or a second reference under the command of a controller, wherein during a conversion step where the connections of a given capacitor may be varied the switches to the given capacitor are both placed in a high impedance state during a decision period of a comparator.  
         [0024]     Thus the inventors have realized that, rather than the switches being driven in anti-phase during the bit trials of a successive approximation conversion, that the transistors could beneficially be individually controlled such that capacitors which potentially could be altered as part of a present bit trial or would be altered in order to set a test in a succeeding bit trail could have both their high side and low side transistors placed into a high impedance state before a decision had been made by the comparator whether to keep or reject the bit being tested in the current bit trial.  
         [0025]     This has the advantage of allowing the overlap generator to be dispensed with and consequently the switching delay introduced by the overlap generator in the prior art following a decision by the comparator is no longer incurred. This in turn means that the throughput of the analog to digital converter can be increased.  
         [0026]     Advantageously each of the transistor switches, whether they be high side or low side switches are driven by a latch which can be latched so as to turn the transistor on or turn the transistor off. Advantageously the circuit responsible for switching a transistor into a conducting state is provided in contact with a control terminal, generally a gate, of the transistor switch such that the transistor can be switched on rapidly by that control circuit. The control circuit also has the ability to force the latch to transition to a state for holding the transistor in a conducting state. Thus, following the decision to switch a transistor on, the control signal does not incur propagation delays associated with propagating through a latch or a non-overlap generator, but instead is applied to the gate of the relevant transistor switch whilst also directly forcing the latch to transition, or alternatively causing other combinational logic to instigate a transition of the latch, to a new state. Thus not only is the switch off time for the transistors brought into the period whilst the comparator is regenerating, that is making its decision, but additionally the propagation delay between the output of the comparator and the relevant transistor switch is much reduced because the control signal does not have to propagate through a latch or through a non-overlap generator.  
         [0027]     According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a successive approximation converter comprising a plurality of capacitors, wherein the switches associated with a capacitor representing a bit weight in a bit trial can be individually controlled such that a capacitor can be connected to either a first reference voltage or to a second reference voltage by electronically controlled switches, and during a bit trial the switches can be controlled such that a capacitor that is being trialled, or that will be altered for the next bit trial, is disconnected from the reference voltages prior to the completion of the bit trial so as to reduce a switching time to change a connection status of the capacitor.  
         [0028]     According to a third aspect of the present invention there is provided a capacitive digital to analog converter wherein a controller controls switches connecting individual capacitors to either a first voltage or a second voltage and wherein the controller can prepare to change a capacitor&#39;s connection between the first and second voltage by placing the switches for the capacitor in a high impedance state until a trigger event occurs.  
         [0029]     According to a fourth aspect of the present invention there is provided a control circuit for a transistor, comprising a latch having an output connected to a control terminal of the transistor, and a switch on circuit connected to the output of the latch such that activation of the switch on circuit causes the transistor to switch on and also forces the latch to transition to an on state so as to hold the transistor on after the switch on circuit has switched off. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0030]     The present invention will further be described, by way of non-limiting example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:  
         [0031]      FIG. 1  schematically illustrates the switched capacitor successive approximation converter;  
         [0032]      FIG. 2  shows a prior art non-overlap generator for ensuring that switching transistors are not simultaneously conducting during a transition of a capacitor status;  
         [0033]      FIG. 3  schematically illustrates transistor switch control circuits in a successive approximation converter constituting an embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0034]      FIG. 4  is a circuit diagram of a transistor control and latch apparatus constituting an embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0035]      FIG. 5  is a flow diagram showing the sequence of operations performed during a bit trial in a prior art converter;  
         [0036]      FIG. 6  shows the equivalent sequence of operations in a successive approximation converter constituting an embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0037]      FIG. 7  schematically illustrates how the transistors that are selected to be placed in a high impedance state during comparator regeneration vary during the conversion;  
         [0038]      FIG. 8  shows an alternative arrangement for part of the circuit shown in  FIG. 7 ;  
         [0039]      FIG. 9  shows an alternative latch circuit. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0040]      FIG. 3  schematically illustrates a drive arrangement for one pair of high side and low side switches which are used to connect a capacitor of a capacitor array to either first or second reference voltages, Vref+ and Vref− within a successive approximation converter. For simplicity, the same capacitor and switching transistors are considered in  FIG. 3  as were illustrated in  FIG. 2 .  
         [0041]     The sequence of transistor switching performed as part of the successive approximation conversion process is controlled by a state machine  50  which selects which capacitors are to be trialled, and hence which transistors are to be selected for potential switching within any given bit trial. Each transistor has an associated transistor control circuit of which circuit  52  is arranged to control transistor  22  and the circuit  54  is arranged to control transistor  24 . The circuits  52  and  54  may receive their control signals solely from the state machine  50  or, as shown in  FIG. 4 , they may incorporate some of the memory functionality required to select a bit during the successive approximation conversion bit trials and to maintain that bit as being set if the result of the comparison decides that a bit is to be kept. However it can be seen that the circuits  52  and  54  are separate and hence each has the ability to switch its associated transistor off irrespective of whether the other control circuit has placed its transistor in a conducting or non-conducting state. Thus the control signals to the transistors are no longer inverted versions of one another, subject to the very brief and transitory modification of the signals made as a result of the operation of the non-overlap generator.  
         [0042]      FIG. 4  is a circuit diagram of a further embodiment of the present invention. The arrangement shown in  FIG. 4  has a first transistor controller, generally labelled  52  so as to maintain conformity with  FIG. 3 , driving the high side transistor  22  and a further transistor controller  54  driving a low side transistor  24 . Each controller  52  and  54  comprises a latch of which only the latch generally designated  60  within the controller  52  will be described in detail. The corresponding latch  62  in the second controller  54  is identical. The latch  60  comprises four transistors  70 ,  72 ,  74  and  76  of which transistor  70  and  74  are P type transistors and transistors  72  and  76  are N type transistors. Sources of transistors  70  and  74  are connected to the positive supply rail VDD whereas sources of the N type transistors  72  and  76  are connected to the negative supply rail VSS. A drain of transistor  70  is connected to a drain of transistor  72  and also to a first latch control node  80 . A drain of transistor  74  is connected to a drain of transistor  76  and also to a second latch control node  82 . Gates of the transistors  70  and  72  are connected to the second latch control node  82  whereas gates of the transistors  74  and  76  are connected to the first latch control node  80 . The control nodes  80  and  82  represent nodes indicative of the state of the latch and can be used as both input and output nodes. Each of the latches  60  and  62  has circuits  90  and  92  connected to their first control nodes  80 . Each of the circuits  90  and  92  comprises transistors arranged to pull the node  80  down to ground, or VSS, as appropriate. Thus the circuit  90  mainly comprises a further transistor  93  which can be switched into a conducting state during a sample period so as to pull the node  80  low. The circuit  92  comprises transistors  100  and  102  which are selected by a Johnson or ring counter within the state machine  50  so as to identify those capacitors within a given bit trial of a successive approximation conversion which could be subject to change in either this trial or which are to be set to a trial state in the succeeding trial. The transistors  100  and  102  are in parallel such that they act as an OR gate and then their output is effectively ANDed with a strobe pulse control signal by a further transistor  104 . Thus, if either transistors  100  or  102  are in a conducting state because they have been turned on by the ring counter within the state machine, then upon assertion of a strobe pulse signal the control node  80  will be taken low. In an alternative embodiment one of the transistors can be omitted.  
         [0043]     If the control node  80  is pulled down by either circuit  90  or  92  then the N type transistor  76  becomes non-conducting and the P type transistor  74  becomes conducting. As a consequence the node  82  goes high. This in turn causes the P type transistor  70  to become non-conducting and the N type transistor  72  to become conducting. This sets the latch in a stable condition where node  80  will remain low even when the circuits  90  or  92  stop pulling it low.  
         [0044]     In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 4  transistor  22  is a P type transistor such that node  82  going high causes transistor  22  to become non-conducting. The circuits  90  and  92  are repeated for each of the latches  60  and  62  and operated in unison such that nodes  80  and  80 ′ where ′ designates the second latch  62  on both latches  60  and  62  are driven low simultaneously and consequently the output nodes  82  and  82 ′ on each latch go (or remain) high simultaneously. As transistor  24  is an N type transistor an inverter  110  is provided so as to switch the transistor  24  off. Alternatively the circuits  90  and  92  associated with the second latch  62  could be arranged to pull the node  80  up rather than down. Thus activation of the sample signal or the strobe pulse signal when either transistor  100  or  102  is conducting causes the latches  60  and  62  to place their respective transistors  22  and  24  into a non-conducting state. The strobe pulse signal “strb-pulse” is also used to instruct the comparator  12  of  FIG. 1  to start making comparison. Therefore it can be seen that the transistors  22  and  24  are switched into a high impedance state immediately the comparator starts regenerating, that is entering its decision process. Prior to the start of regeneration one of the transistors would have been conducting whereas the other would not be conducting.  
         [0045]     The output node  82  is connected to two further circuits  110  and  112  which each comprise field effect transistors in series extending between the output node  82  and VSS so as to be able to pull the output node  82  down, thereby switching transistor  22  on irrespective of the state of the latch  60 . Circuit  110  comprises a transistor  120  which is driven by the ring counter in the state machine so as to enable the node  82  to be pulled low thus turning transistor  22  on so as to set the bit for trialling. Transistor  120  is in series with a further transistor  122  driven with an inverted version of the strb-pulse signal.  
         [0046]     The circuit  112  comprises a field effect transistor  130  which is also responsive to the output of the state machine so as to select the transistor  22  for potentially being changed when it is participating in the current (Nth) bit trial and a further transistor  132  in series with it which is responsive to an output of the comparator  12  and which is switched on if the comparator decides that the current bit in the bit trail should be kept. Therefore if the latch  60  is in a state where node  82  is high such that transistor  22  is non-conducting, but the capacitor associated with the transistor  22  is the capacitor which is being tested in the current bit trial then the state machine will select transistor  130  so as to be conducting. The comparator&#39;s outputs COMP and  COMP  are both held low whilst the comparator is making a decision in response to the strobe signal. However once a decision period has elapsed then one or other of the outputs can go high at the end of a decision period. Assuming that the comparator selects the current bit to be kept then the input to transistor  132  goes high such that both transistors  130  and  132  become conducting thereby enabling the voltage at the latch node  82  to be pulled down. This immediately causes transistor  22  to become conducting and also causes the latch to initiate a state transition such that it will become stable and hold node  82  low.  
         [0047]     The circuit at the output of latch  62  is similar in that a circuit  112 ′ comprising transistors  130 ′ and  132 ′ with transistor  130 ′ being switched on at the same time as transistor  130 .  
         [0048]     However transistor  132 ′ is connected to the complimentary latch output  COMP  and hence remains low after the comparator has decided to keep the current bit on trial.  
         [0049]     If, however, the comparator had decided to reject the current bit on trial then  COMP  would have gone high such that transistors  130 ′ and  132 ′ would have dragged node  82 ′ of the latch  62  low thereby switching transistor  24  on whereas transistor  132  would remain non-conducting thereby leaving node  82  of the latch  60  high.  
         [0050]     It can thus be seen that, in each bit trial, the transistors which are associated with the capacitor currently under trial or with the capacitor which will be set for the subsequent trial are both placed into a high impedance state immediately the comparator is instructed via the strobe pulse to commence regeneration. It can also be seen that immediately the comparator makes a decision the transistors are switched to an appropriate state by opening a current path via transistors  120 ,  130  and  132  as appropriate that acts to turn them on and that this path exists between an output node  82  of the latch and a ground or supply rail. Thus propagation delays associated with changing the state of the latch are avoided.  
         [0051]     The second latch  62  is also associated with a further pull down transistor  140  which is responsive to a “DACON” pulse in order to reset the capacitor array to an initial state at the start of each conversion cycle.  
         [0052]      FIGS. 5 and 6  compare the operation of a analog to digital converter operating in accordance with the prior art and an analog to digital converter operating in accordance with the present invention. In the prior art arrangement shown in  FIG. 5 , during each bit trial within a complete conversion the bit being trialled is set. After a settling time a strobe signal is sent to the comparator in order to enable the comparator to perform its test. Thus, as shown in  FIG. 5 , the signal to strobe the comparator is issued at step  200 . From then a time out period is normally allowed to elapse to allow the comparator to make its decision, thus, from step  200  control passes from step  202  where the time out period is counted. From there control passes to step  204  where the or each output of the comparator is examined in order to determine whether the bit which has just been trialled is to be kept or discarded. From step  204  the comparator output is used to set the transistor control latches at step  206  which are used to remember the decision made at each bit trail. From step  206  control is passed to step  208  where the output of the latch, which has been subject to latch propagation delay, is passed to the non-overlap circuit shown in  FIG. 2  in order to generate the control signals for the transistors  22  and  24  and then cause them to switch. It can therefore be seen that in the prior art no attempt is made to switch the transistor states of the high side and low side transistors involved in a bit trial and which could be subject to change until such time as the comparator has made its decision. The decision from the comparator is then subject to gate propagation delays in both the latch used to record the decision of the comparator and then the non-overlap generator circuit.  
         [0053]     If this is compared with the present invention, as set out in  FIG. 6 , we can see that control commences at step  199  and then moves up to step  200  where following set up of the bit trial the comparator is instructed to start its comparison. Simultaneously a strobe pulse signal is also supplied to the input node  80  and  80 ′ of the latches  60  and  62  causing each of them to switch their respective transistor  22  and  24  (being transistors associated with a capacitor whose switching state will be changed in the current bit trial or which will be set for the succeeding bit trial) into a high impedance state. Thus, effectively, the switching stage formed by transistor  22  and  24  is placed into a tri-state, i.e. high impedance, condition. Control then passes to step  222  where the result of the comparator is awaited. After the comparator decision period has finished control passes to step  224  where the result of the comparator&#39;s decision is applied to the control inputs of the high side and low side transistors  22  and  24 . Simultaneously the result of the comparator&#39;s decision is also applied to the output nodes  82  and  82 ′ of the latches  60  and  62  so as to cause them to transition, if necessary, to the state appropriate to the decision of the comparator. Crucially, the signals for controlling the high side transistor  22  and the low side transistor  24  do not become delayed by propagation delays in proceeding through the latches or through a non-overlap generating circuit. As a result the time to propagate the result of the comparator through the various gates so as to effect the desired changes at the high side and low side switches is much reduced compared to the prior art arrangement and consequently there is less digital dead time within the successive approximation conversion process. As a result the total conversion time required to complete a successive approximation conversion is reduced and hence the converter throughput is increased.  
         [0054]     It is thus possible to provide an improved analog to digital converter.  
         [0055]     It should be noted that because the switched capacitor array effectively forms a digital to analog converter within the analog to digital converter the present invention can also be used to increase the throughput of a digital to analog converter by enabling the transistors thereof to be switched into non-conducting states just prior to a transition from one digital word to the next. This again would avoid the risk of crow barring occurring as a result of both the high side and low side transistors inadvertently conducting current at the same time.  
         [0056]     As noted hereinbefore with respect to the discussion of  FIG. 4  transistors  100  and  102 , and similarly  120  and  130  are responsive to a ring counter within a state machine in order to cause the latches to place their respective transistors into a high impedance mode during bit trials in which the capacitor may be changed or where it will be set for the following bit trial. This can be considered in more detail with respect to  FIG. 7 . Consider the bits within an 8 bit converter (8 bits are chosen for simplicity but in reality the converter is likely to have 14 or 16 bits if not more). Suppose bit  1  represents the most significant bit and bit  8  represents the least significant bit. At the start of the conversion process the sample signal is asserted in order to cause the high side and low side transistors of each and every single capacitor to be placed into a high impedance state. Then a sample switch (not shown) can be opened in order to allow a charge to be sampled onto the capacitor array. The sample signal (provided to transistor  93 ) is then released, but the high side and low side transistors will remain non-conducting because of the operation of the latches  60  and  62 . Transistor  120  is then selected to be conducting for the most significant bit so as to place a “1” on the most significant bit whilst the remaining bits in the DAC array are zero.  
         [0057]     Where, as shown in  FIG. 1 , a differential analog to digital converter is used then the initial word “10000000” is placed on the P array and the complimentary word 01111111 is placed on the N array. The strobe signal is then asserted and simultaneously the state machine increments the ring counter therein so as to select the second bit. As a consequence the high side and low side transistors associated with the most significant bit and the next most significant bit, bit  2  are placed into a high impedance state whilst the comparator is regenerating. Once the comparator has reached the end of its decision, its output is provided to transistors  132  and  132 ′ whilst the signal strb-pulse is de-asserted to avoid contention across the latch so as to set the most significant bit to be either kept or discarded, as appropriate. Additionally, whilst the comparator is in its decision period the bit for the second bit is asserted. Following a wait period of sufficient duration to enable settling to occur within the capacitor array the strobe pulse is asserted causing the comparator to consider the result of the second bit trial, and also placing the high and low side transistors for the current bit trial, bit  2  and the next bit trial, bit  3  into a high impedance state. Once the comparator has made its decision the transistors  22  and  24  for the second capacitor are set depending upon the output of the comparator and substantially simultaneously the capacitor for the third bit is set in preparation for the third bit trial. The process then repeats as indicated in  FIG. 7  where the “*” represents the transistors associated with the binary weighted capacitors of the capacitor array which are based into a high impedance state pending the result of the current bit trial.  
         [0058]     Because the transistors associated with the nodes  80  and  82  of the latch  60  pull these nodes down, then VDD does not have to be at the same voltage as the supply rail used for logic gates driving the latch  60 . Thus the latch can also be used as a level shifting circuit.  
         [0059]     The arrangement shown in  FIG. 4  is suitable for all the capacitors in the converter, although the arrangement can usefully be modified for the MSB by supplying the “DAC_ON” pulse to transistor  120  and omitting transistor  140 .  
         [0060]     The stage formed by transistors  130  and  132  may be modified such that, for example, the source of transistor  130  is connected directly to the output of the comparator  12  whose outputs are inverted and transistor  132  is omitted so that the drain of transistor  130  connects to node  82 . A similar arrangement can be implemented in relation to node  82 ′ for the low side transistors, and this alternative arrangement is shown in  FIG. 8 .  
         [0061]     In the example given the transistors  120  and  130  in combination with  132  act to cause the node  82  to be pulled down. It can be seen that this functionality could also be achieved by a suitable modification of the control signal applied to transistor  76 .  
         [0062]      FIG. 9  shows an alternative embodiment of the latch  60 . Like parts have been designated with like references numerals. The latch includes cascode devices  73  and  75 . A node  82   b  is used to control transistor  22  while circuits  110  and  112  couple to the input node  82   a.  The cascode devices limit the voltage seen by the circuits  90 ,  92 ,  110  and  112  allowing lower geometry and thus faster devices to be used in these circuits. The gates of the cascode devices can be driven directly by the lower supply voltage or can be biased a little higher which has the effect of increasing the speed of the latch.  
         [0063]     In the example described, strb-pulse goes high at substantially the same time as the counter controlling the bit trials is incremented. In an alternative embodiment which requires a slightly modified arrangement of switches controlling nodes  80  and  82 , the negative edge of strb-pulse occurs at substantially the same time as the counter increments and the comparator result is fed to transistor  132  and  132 ′ just after the counter increments.