Abstract:
A backlight is provided for illuminating an at least partially transmissive display. The backlight includes a light source. A light guide receives the light from an edge surface and guides the light by total internal reflection. The light is extracted from the lightguide using sub-wavelength extraction features designed on the basis of two interleaved grating structures. The emitted light, using this arrangement has a high level of polarization.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD  
       [0001]    The present invention relates to a backlight, for example for use with an at least partially transmissive spatial light modulator. The present invention also relates to a display including such a backlight. More particularly, the present invention relates to a distributed illumination panel that may be used for general illumination. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]      FIG. 1  of the accompanying drawings illustrates the stack structure of a typical liquid crystal display (LCD) module of small size, for example for a mobile phone or PDA device. The display includes a flat transmissive spatial light modulator (SLM) in the form of an LCD panel having input and output polarizers on its bottom and top sides. The rest of the structure is generally regarded as the backlight system, as follows. A light source (for example an LED or Laser) emits light, which is coupled into a lightguide and distributed across the back of the display by way of total internal reflection (TIR) in such a way that if no scattering structures were present the light would travel until it reached the end of the lightguide. Within the lightguide there are multiple scattering structures that extract the light from the lightguide to illuminate the LCD panel by disrupting the TIR conditions at the surface of the lightguide on which they are located, hence allowing the light to pass through the air-lightguide interface. These scattering features may be located on either the top or bottom major lightguide surfaces. The density of the light scattering features may increase with distance from the light source to maintain a uniform rate of extraction of the light along the length of the lightguide. As light is extracted both down and up from the lightguide, a reflecting film is placed beneath the light guide to improve the efficiency of the backlight. There are also some optical films between the lightguide and the LCD panel, placed to give better illumination uniformity over the display area and to enhance brightness within a given viewing angle range. These films typically consist of diffuser layers and prism films that enhance the central brightness of the backlight. The form of these structures is well known in the art and will not be discussed further here. 
         [0003]    The form of the features that extract light from the lightguide is the main focus of the present invention. The typical form of extraction features involves “roughening” of the surface in some manner to disrupt total internal reflection (TIR) in the lightguide. The extraction in this case produces light that is emitted at a high angle to the lightguide normal and it preserves no coherence or polarization of the light. 
         [0004]    There are many types of extraction features that can control the angle of extraction, for example U.S. Pat. No. 6,786,613 (Minebea) describes wedge shaped extraction features that extract light in a more vertical direction, but none of these types creates a polarized emission from an unpolarized source. 
         [0005]    The amount of polarization of any light source is measured by the ratio of the electric field intensity in two orthogonal directions. These directions are known as TE (transverse electric) and TM (transverse magnetic). The ratio of the electric field intensities is known as the TE/TM ratio and is a measure of the level of polarization of a beam. 
         [0006]    Conventional art related to polarized emission from a lightguide guiding unpolarized light is described below. 
         [0007]    The advantage of a polarized backlight is that there is potentially no loss in the polarizers on the display, this significantly increasing the brightness of the LC display without increasing the backlight brightness. A backlight that produces a TE/TM ratio of substantially greater than 100 would be as good as the polarizers of the display, making them unnecessary. A backlight with a lower TE/TM ratio would still improve the loss from the polarizers. 
         [0008]    Polarization sensitive interference films (“DBEF”) that reflect one polarization and transmit another are well known in the art. Commercially available versions typically produce a TE/TM ratio of approximately 3, limited by poor off-axis performance and absorption losses in the film. 
         [0009]    US 2004/0246743 (Samsung Electronics Co.) describes a conventional rectangular grating printed on the bottom surface of a lightguide. The grating exhibits some polarization sensitivity by out-coupling more of the light belonging to one of the polarization states, with the polarization ratio of the transmitted field (TE/TM) depending on the amplitude (height) of the grating. However, polarization ratio TE/TM is not as high as “DBEF” films. Also, it works for limited angles of incidence and wavelengths. 
         [0010]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,650,865 (Hughes Electronics) describes a holographic grating disposed on the top surface of a lightguide that transmits TE polarization and reflects TM. A phase retarding film deposited on the bottom lightguide surface gradually converts TM fields to TE, allowing for polarization recycling. Design is expensive and difficult to manufacture. 
         [0011]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,688,751 (Slight Optoelectronics Co.) describes a backlight with a multilayer dielectric film deposited on its bottom surface. The dielectric film reflects light of one of the polarization states while it allows through the second state. Light reflected by the film is out-coupled from the lightguide while the polarization of the transmitted light is switched as it passes through a second film so that it can be reused. The design is expensive and very sensitive to the angle of incidence. 
         [0012]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,258,871 (Eastman Kodak Company) describes a dual grating which allows for angular separation between TE and TM polarizations which are subsequently focused onto two different points. Design is aimed at projectors and not for panel LCDs. 
         [0013]    M. Xu, H. P. Urbach and D. K. G. de Boer, “Simulations of birefringent gratings as polarizing color separator in backlight for flat-panel displays,” Opt. Express 15, 5789 (2007), describes a grating made of birefringent material deposited on a lightguide which transmits TE polarization and reflects TM. The design exhibits low TE/TM ratio. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0014]    According to an aspect of the invention, a lightguide is provided for use in distributing light received from a light source. The lightguide may be part of a backlight assembly for a spatial light modular operating on a polarization basis. For example this could be a liquid crystal display (LCD). The backlight unit may include a reflecting assembly on the opposite face from the LCD and not in contact with the lightguide. The light source may be illuminating another face of the lightguide that may be much smaller in area than two major faces. A substantial part of the light is transmitted by total internal reflection across the lightguide. The lightguide includes at least one layer in substantial optical contact with adjacent layers. At least one face or interface between layers consists of a structure that, when combined, will out-couple preferentially one polarization over another. 
         [0015]    The structure may include two square gratings interlaced on the surface, where one grating is substantially twice the spatial frequency of the other and both gratings have a substantially different feature width and height, with the higher frequency grating having the smaller feature width. 
         [0016]    According to another aspect of this invention, another face of the lightguide or another interface layer that sees totally internally reflected light in the lightguide includes a quarter wave plate so that the light that passes through it has its plane of polarization rotated by 90 degrees. 
         [0017]    In a yet further aspect of this invention, the reflector has a quarter wave plate on the surface between the reflecting surface and the lightguide, so that light passing through the quarter wave plate at near normal incidence has the plane of polarization rotated by 90 degrees after reflection from the reflector. The quarter wave plate on the reflector is not in contact with the lightguide 
         [0018]    The light source could be a LED, fluorescent tube or laser, for example. 
         [0019]    In a further aspect to this invention, a lightguide is provided where one surface or interface layer contains a single grating structure (one or two dimensional, of any shape) that is constructed from layered birefringent material. External to this lightguide is also provided a lens array and patterned retarder layer so that the light leaving the top of the retarder layer is polarized. 
         [0020]    According to an aspect of the invention, a lightguide for distributing light received from a light source is provided. The lightguide includes a lightguide substrate having first and second major faces and an edge face there between into which light from the light source is injected, the lightguide substrate being configured to transfer the light between the first and second major faces by total internal reflection; and an extraction feature structure on at least one of the first and second major faces of the lightguide substrate to extract the light from the lightguide substrate, the extraction feature structure including at least a first grating interleaved with a second grating, wherein a spatial frequency of the first grating is different than that of the second grating. 
         [0021]    In accordance with another aspect, the extraction feature structure is configured to out-couple the light from the lightguide substrate preferentially one polarization over another. 
         [0022]    According to another aspect, the spatial frequency of the first grating is substantially twice that of the second grating. 
         [0023]    According to still another aspect, a feature height of the first grating is different than a feature height of the second grating. 
         [0024]    In accordance with another aspect, the feature height of the second grating alters the height of the first grating. 
         [0025]    According to another aspect, a feature width of the first grating is different than a feature width of the second grating. 
         [0026]    In accordance with another aspect, the first and second gratings are configured such that for a first polarization, light emitted from the first grating interferes destructively with light emitted from the second grating and is reflected back into the lightguide substrate. 
         [0027]    According to another aspect, for a second polarization different from the first polarization, light emitted from the first grating does not destructively interfere with light emitted from the second grating and light of the second polarization is out-coupled from the lightguide substrate. 
         [0028]    According to yet another aspect, the at least the first grating and the second grating interleaved consists only of the first grating and the second grating interleaved. 
         [0029]    In accordance with another aspect, the extraction feature structure further includes at least a third grating interleaved with the first and second gratings, wherein a spatial frequency of the third grating is an integer multiple of the spatial frequency of the first grating. 
         [0030]    According to another aspect, the lightguide structure includes first and second layers with light from the light source being injected at the edge face into the first layer, the refractive index of the second layer is less than the refractive index of the first layer, the extraction feature structure is on the second layer, and the first layer includes non-diffractive extraction features that redirect light within the first layer into the second layer. 
         [0031]    In accordance with another aspect, the lightguide structure includes greater than two layers, with at least one of the layers including the extraction feature structure and another of the layers including the non-diffractive extraction features. 
         [0032]    According to still another aspect, the first major face including the extraction feature structure and the second major face includes a first quarter wave plate layer that rotates the phase of light incident thereon from within the lightguide structure without disrupting total internal reflection. 
         [0033]    In yet another aspect, the lightguide further includes a second quarter wave plate layer adjacent to but not in optical contact with the first quarter wave plate layer for correcting polarization of light reflected back through the first quarter wave plate. 
         [0034]    In accordance with another aspect, the first and second gratings comprise symmetric interleaving of at least two parallel square gratings. 
         [0035]    According to another aspect, the first and second gratings are lenticular. 
         [0036]    According to still another aspect, the first and second gratings are refractive gratings with no opaque surface areas. 
         [0037]    According to another aspect, a lightguide for distributing light received from a light source is provided which includes a lightguide substrate having first and second major faces and an edge face therebetween into which light from the light source is injected, the lightguide substrate being configured to transfer the light between the first and second major faces by total internal reflection; an extraction feature structure on at least one of the first and second major faces of the lightguide substrate to extract the light from the lightguide substrate, the extraction feature structure including a birefringent diffractive layer which diffracts unpolarized light from the lightguide substrate at two different angles corresponding to respective first and second polarizations. 
         [0038]    In accordance with still another aspect, the birefringent diffractive layer includes a lenticular square grating. 
         [0039]    According to another aspect, the birefringent diffractive layer includes a square array of at least one of a birefringent, reactive mesogen or liquid crystal material. 
         [0040]    In yet another aspect, the lightguide further includes a lens array and a patterned retarder, whereby the lens array is configured to direct the light of the first polarization through areas of the patterned retarder different from areas of the patterned retarder through which the lens array directs the light of the second polarization to provide light having uniform polarization. 
         [0041]    According to another aspect, the lens array includes a lenticular lens, and the patterned retarder comprises lenticular strips of birefringent half wave layers that rotate a plane of polarization by ninety degrees. 
         [0042]    According to another aspect, a backlight for a display device is provided which includes a lightguide as described herein and a light source for providing the light injected into the lightguide. 
         [0043]    In accordance with another aspect, a backlight for a display device is provided which includes at least three lightguides described herein; a first-colored light source associated with a first lightguide of the three light guides; a second-colored light source associated with a second lightguide of the three light guides; and a third-colored light source associated with a third lightguide of the three light guides. 
         [0044]    According to yet another aspect, a display device is provided which includes a backlight as described herein; and a spatial light modulator illuminated configured to be illuminated by the backlight. 
         [0045]    To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the invention, then, comprises the features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative embodiments of the invention. These embodiments are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of the invention may be employed. Other objects, advantages and novel features of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
         [0046]      FIG. 1  illustrates a conventional backlight of known type; 
           [0047]      FIG. 2  illustrates an overview of a 1 st  embodiment the present invention; 
           [0048]      FIG. 3   a  illustrates the detail of the diffractive layer of the embodiment of  FIG. 2 ; 
           [0049]      FIG. 3   b  is a graph showing the variations if TE and TM extracted from the lightguide as a function of grating height for a particular pitch and incident angle of light. 
           [0050]      FIG. 3   c  is a graph showing the TE/TM ration as a function of height. 
           [0051]      FIG. 4  illustrates a 2nd embodiment with multiple layers of different refractive index; 
           [0052]      FIG. 5  illustrates a 3 rd  embodiment with a quarter wave retarder layer; 
           [0053]      FIG. 6  illustrates a 4 th  embodiment with a quarter wave layer on the reflector; 
           [0054]      FIG. 7  illustrates a 5 th  embodiment with retarder extraction features; 
           [0055]      FIG. 8  is a detailed illustration of the embodiment of  FIG. 7 ; 
           [0056]      FIG. 9  illustrates a 6 th  embodiment with three lightguides and three light sources of different color; 
           [0057]      FIG. 10  illustrates a variation of the embodiment of  FIG. 9 ; 
           [0058]      FIG. 11  illustrates a display device that includes a light guide in accordance with the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0059]    The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the drawings, in which like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout. 
         [0060]      FIG. 1  illustrates a typical small area liquid crystal display that is well known in the art. The display includes a liquid crystal display panel  1  and a backlight unit  2 . The backlight unit  2  includes a number of components that are relevant to discuss here. A white light source  3 , that can be a fluorescent tube, a LED with phosphor, RGB LED group, a laser or other light source, is positioned to inject light into the edge of a thin lightguide  4 . The lightguide  4  is designed to transfer by total internal reflection (TIR)  14  the light across the area of the display. At least one large or major face, which can be the top, bottom (illustrated) or both major faces, has features  6  that disrupt TIR  15  in the lightguide  4  so that the light  13  leaves the lightguide  4 . The light  13  that leaves the lightguide  4  generally has the wrong angular brightness characteristics for the display, so four additional layers, a strong diffuser  7 , two crossed prism sheets  8  and  9  in orthogonal directions, and a weak diffuser  10  are used to produce the correct angular distribution. In many cases the weak diffuser  10  is incorporated into the top prism layer  9 . A further layer  11  can be a polarization conversion film, which is typically an interference film that reflects one polarization and transmits the other. The reflected light is recycled through the diffusers to become unpolarized and is then reflected by a back reflector  5  to the film again. The result is that the light is polarized so that it is better transmitted by the rear polarizer  12  of the liquid crystal SLM  1 . The efficiency of this interference film is limited, however. 
         [0061]    An overview of a first embodiment of the present invention is shown in  FIG. 2 . 
         [0062]    The first embodiment of the present invention includes a backlight  20  that will be described in reference to the conventional backlight  2  of  FIG. 1  and the relevant changes only will be described here. 
         [0063]    As is shown in  FIG. 2 , the device in accordance with the invention includes a liquid crystal spatial light modulator (SLM)  1  and a backlight  20 . The backlight includes a light source  3 , a lightguide  4 , and a reflector  5 . Two sheets, a weak diffuser  21  and a polarization conversion film  11 , are individually possible but not required in this arrangement. The lightguide  4  has sub-wavelength extraction features  23  that can be positioned on one or both major faces of the lightguide  4 . In this example, the extraction features  23  are on the top surface. 
         [0064]    Light  22  in the lightguide  4  is transmitted to the extraction features by TIR  14  and extracted at the surface  24  by the extraction features  23 . The form of these extraction features  23  is shown in  FIG. 3   a.  Specifically, the extraction features  23  are formed by two or more interleaved gratings. In the present embodiment, two respective gratings are lenticular and the cross section is shown in  FIG. 3   a.  The gratings are arranged on the surface of the lightguide  4  so that the intensity of light emitted from the lightguide  4  is substantially the same over the display. This can be achieved by arranging the diffractive features into areas whose density or sizes alter with position on the lightguide. The extraction feature cross section includes the symmetrical interleaving of two parallel square gratings  30  and  31 , one grating having a spatial frequency preferably exactly twice that of the other. The height  34 ,  35  and the peak width  32 ,  33  for the gratings  30  and  31 , respectively, are different. The peak width  33  of the high spatial frequency grating  31  is less than the peak width  32  of the low spatial frequency grating  30 . 
         [0065]    This composite grating represented in  FIG. 3   a,  when incident with light from a range of angles and polarizations that are typical in a light illuminated lightguide, emits light in the main diffractive order that is strongly polarized. The strength of polarization (TE/TM ratio) and width of the peaks depends on the conditions of the light illumination, but typically this will be light within the TIR cone of the lightguide  4 . With a single lightguide  4  and a single wavelength light source  3  such as an LED, TE/TM ratios greater than  10  are readily possible. 
         [0066]    The grating  23  has no opaque areas on the surface, and is simply a refractive grating. 
         [0067]    The inventive concept of this invention primarily concerns the structure of the extraction features as shown in  FIG. 3   a.  More specifically the design takes advantage of the intrinsic phase difference that occurs between TE and TM polarizations as they reflect on the upper and bottom interfaces in a lightguide,  4 . The lenticular grating structure  23  is made from two different gratings, the second of which alters the height of the first grating. The effect of this is that the emitted field from one grating layer is in anti-phase from the field emitted from the second grating layer for one polarization. Therefore, light of the first polarization emanating from the two grating layers interferes destructively and since it cannot transmit through the grating it all reflects back to the lightguide,  25 . However, due to the intrinsic phase difference between the two polarizations, interference cannot be destructive for the second polarization which is allowed to transmit through the grating leading to a well polarized beam out-coupled from the lightguide. 
         [0068]      FIG. 3   b  shows the variation of TE,  36 , and TM,  37 , extracted from the lightguide as a function of the second grating height  35 , for a particular value of pitch  31 , and first grating height  34 , and for a particular incident angle light in the lightguide.  FIG. 3   c  shows the TE/TM ratio as a function of the height  35 . At certain values of height, maxima are seen,  38   a  and  38   b  corresponding to the destructive interference. 
         [0069]    The peaks are dependent on the refractive index of the lightguide material, the wavelength of the light in the lightguide and the range of angles in the lightguide. Which peak is used will depend on a balance on these values. 
         [0070]    An example of this arrangement with a high TE/TM ratio with a 405 nm LED is as follows. The value of the spatial pitch of the grating  31  is 155.14 nm, the pitch of the grating  30  is 310.28 nm. The peak width  33  is 77.1 nm, the peak width  32  is 155.14 nm. The height  35  is 130.6 nm and the height  34  is 163.3 nm. It should be noted that these are only examples in a particular case, and that the invention describes the general shape of multiple gratings interacting that can be applied to a range of wavelengths, lightguide shapes and layers. 
         [0071]    This invention should not be limited to simply two gratings. Multiple gratings that have a pitch that is an integer multiple of the smallest pitch can be combined to improve the performance of this system. In the extreme, multiple gratings can be combined to approximate a continuous curve cross section similar to a discrete Fourier cosine distribution. 
         [0072]    A second embodiment of the present invention is shown in  FIG. 4 . For sake of brevity, only the relevant differences between this embodiment and the embodiment of  FIG. 2  are described herein. 
         [0073]    In this aspect the lightguide  4  of the backlight  40  has a second layer  41 , in which the refractive index of this layer  41  is less than that of the lightguide  4 . The diffractive features  23  are placed on the second layer  41 . In this arrangement the range of angles in the second layer  41  is much reduced. This means the quality of the out-coupled light is significantly improved over the single-lightguide approach. 
         [0074]    Extraction of light at  42  from the main lightguide  4  into the secondary lightguide formed by the second layer  41  can be controlled by appropriate non-diffractive features on the opposite face of the lightguide  4 , for example shallow wedge shaped features  48  that redirect at  47  a small proportion of the lightguide light  45  into the second layer  41 . 
         [0075]    The number of such additional layers is not fixed, and they can be on the lower or both surfaces of the lightguide  4  and any of the faces or interfaces can have one or more extraction arrangements. 
         [0076]    In a further embodiment shown in  FIG. 5 , a modified lightguide arrangement is suggested. Only relevant differences over the embodiment of  FIG. 2  are described herein for sake of brevity. 
         [0077]    In the embodiment of  FIG. 2 , if the extraction is a significant amount of the light in the lightguide, extraction of one polarization will reduce the amount of that polarization relative to the other in the lightguide  4 . Thus the assumption of non-polarized light becomes less true as TE light is extracted, the TE/TM light ratio in the lightguide  4  reduces, thus extraction TE/TM further away from the light source  3  will reduce. 
         [0078]    To prevent this, a second layer  50  is added to the face of the lightguide  4  opposite the extraction features  23 . The layer  50  is such that its does not deflect the light (so does not disrupt TIR), but affects the phase of the incident light at angles to the normal that are typical to TIR light, such that the plane of polarization after reflection has rotated by 90 degrees (a quarter wave plate layer). 
         [0079]    Unpolarized light  52  is incident on the layer of polarized extraction features  23  that emits TE light  51  from the surface. The reflected light  53  has a relatively enhanced TM component. The light is then incident on the quarter wave plate layer  50  and totally internally reflected  54 . The reflected light is rotated to the TE direction  55  so that extraction for the polarization layer will then be more efficient and maintain the polarization out-coupled. The next pass will rotate the plane of polarization back so that the light in the lightguide  4  is on average unpolarized, and the light incident on the extraction features  23  is slightly biased towards the preferential TE mode, enhancing further the extraction efficiency and TE/TM ratio. 
         [0080]    In a further embodiment as shown in  FIG. 6  based on the embodiment of  FIG. 5 , the nature of the diffractive features is such that there may be a component of light  61 , in the preferential TE mode directed back into the lightguide  4 . Typically this light will be in a direction that will not be totally internally reflected by the lightguide  4  and will be extracted by reflection from the reflector  5 . 
         [0081]    In the case where the quarter wave plate layer  50  is at the bottom of the lightguide  4 , the light  61  would pass through as  62  in a circular polarization state, reflected as  64  in a circular polarization state and will pass through the quarter wave plate layer  50  to produce light  65  in a TM mode. This will then be extracted. This light will reduce the final TE/TM ratio of the backlight. 
         [0082]    This can be removed, as is shown in  FIG. 6 , by another quarter wave plate layer  60  positioned on the reflector  5 . This layer  60  is not in optical contact with the other layer  50 . The light passing through the first quarter wave plate layer  50  will be circularly polarized as  62  but corrected at  63  by the second quarter wave plate layer  60  to give a circularly rotated beam  64  that will become a TE beam  65  upon passing through the first quarter wave plate  50  again. This will then contribute to an improved TE/TM ratio for the system. 
         [0083]    A further embodiment is shown in  FIG. 7 . A detail on this embodiment is shown in  FIG. 8 . This is described with reference to the embodiment of  FIG. 2 , but improvements of the subsequent embodiments can be applied to this embodiment. Referring only to the relevant differences, the backlight  70  in this embodiment makes use of a birefringent diffractive layer  71  on the lightguide  4  in place of the layer of extraction features  23 . The birefringent diffractive layer  71  creates diffraction peaks at two angles for two different polarizations  86  and  87  from unpolarized light  84  incident on the area  85 . The beams are then passed through a lens layer  72  and then a patterned retarder layer  73  which converts one of the beams into the opposite polarization state to make a polarized emission, both beams  74   a  and  74   b  are in the same polarization state. 
         [0084]    This embodiment does not have an issue with the changing polarization state in the lightguide  4 . 
         [0085]    The birefringent layer  71  may include, for example, a lenticular square grating, patterned as described above, made up of a square array of birefringent, reactive mesogen or liquid crystal material  83 . In this case “lenticular” refers to line strips perpendicular to the plane of the page and have the same cross section along the length. The lens array  72  may include lenticular lenses  80 , and the retarder film  73  may include lenticular strips  81  of birefringent half wave layers that rotate the plane of polarization by 90 degrees. The retarder area can be made of the same material as that of the birefringent diffractive area. 
         [0086]    Unpolarized light  84  in the lightguide  4  meets the diffractive structure  83 . The diffractive structure may be the same structure shape as in  FIG. 3   a  or may be a square grating where the height  35  is zero. In the case of this embodiment, the features may or may not be made of the same material as the lightguide, but would be created of a birefringent material. This means that the light  84  reaching the grating is diffracted at different angles  86  and  87  according to polarization, because the diffractive nature of the grating is dependent on the refractive index. The diffraction split will be in one plane as shown in the diagram, but in a lenticular form. A lenticular lens  72  collimates the two beams, where the separation of the lens  72  and the rating plane  71  is approximately equal to the focal length in the material separating the layers (e.g. glue or air). The collimation will be spatially split in terms of polarization, so a second layer  73  above the lens consisting of lenticular stripes of birefringent material  81 , in a half-wave thickness, is aligned with the lens layer. The pitch of the stripes is the same as the lens and the width of the stripes is approximately half the pitch. One polarization is then rotated producing light emerging from the stripes,  74   a  and  74   b  with the same polarization state. 
         [0087]    All aspects of this invention will work with a white light source, but a broad wavelength spectrum of the source would not be optimum for a single design of the extraction films. 
         [0088]    One aspect whereby the polarization state can be improved by having a coloured source is by mixing different designs that are optimized for high TE/TM at different wavelengths with the source spectrum. For example, extraction features optimized for red, green and blue emission (for example, different values of 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, and 35) can be mixed together rather than using a single mean design. 
         [0089]    Another aspect is shown in  FIG. 9  and is whereby three lightguides with three red, green, blue light sources  91 ,  92  and  93 , and three designs of extraction features  94 ,  95  and  96  will produce a higher TE/TM ratio than the preferred embodiment with a single lightguide and source. 
         [0090]    Another variation that can be applied to the embodiments described above is shown in  FIG. 10 . The display  100  has multiple colour phosphor layers  101  under internal polarizer structures  102  with the liquid crystal region in the SLM. In this case only one wavelength, that will excite the phosphors, is necessary for the backlight to illuminate the panel. The colour emission is made from the amount of the emitted light  22  passing through the SLM pixels to the particular phosphor. The extraction features can then be designed for this wavelength. 
         [0091]    Another variation is shown in  FIG. 11 . A modified display  111  and backlight component  110  is described with reference to the embodiment of  FIG. 2 . This involves a choice of design of extraction features  112  in place of the extraction features  23  so that the extracted polarized light  113  is extracted normal to the lightguide surface. In this case a lens array  114  can be used to focus light through pixels  115  onto phosphor areas  116  printed on the outside of the liquid crystal cell  111 . The extraction features  112  would be of the same general design as that described in the preferred embodiment and subsequent embodiments, but may have a different set of dimensions for the same materials. The phosphors then produced the colour required  103 . The liquid crystal cell need not then have any colour filters and thus would improve the brightness of the system. In addition the polarizers  12  and  117  are standard polarizers, so that this design would be easier to manufacture. 
         [0092]    The extraction features described here can be manufactured using nano-imprint techniques that are well known in the prior art. 
         [0093]    Although the invention has been shown and described with respect to certain preferred embodiments, it is obvious that equivalents and modifications will occur to others skilled in the art upon the reading and understanding of the specification. The present invention includes all such equivalents and modifications, and is limited only by the scope of the following claims.