Abstract:
Antagonistic synthetic peptides, obtained from TGFβ1 or from its receptors in the organism, that can be used in the manufacture, both on their own, as well as the gene sequences that encode them and the recombinant systems that express them, in the manufacture of compositions for use in the treatment of liver diseases and more concretely in cases of fibrosis. The said compositions can optionally include mimotopes of the said active peptides.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This application pertains to peptides that have antagonistic activity in preventing TGFβ1 from interacting with TGFβ1 receptors. 
     Cell growth is regulated by various proteins of the growth factor group (Schalch D S et al. (1979) Endocrinology 104:1143–1151). The most important growth factors involved in cell development, and able to act by autocrine and paracrine mechanisms, include the transforming growth factors (TGFs) (Braun L. et al. (1988) Cell Biol. 85:1539–1543; Lyons R M and Moses H L (1990) Eur. J. Biochem. 187:467–473). 
     The term TGF was first used for describing the activity produced by a cell line transformed with the murine sarcoma virus (deLarco J E and Todaro G J (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 75:4001–4005; Mizel S B et al. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 77:2205–2208). The supernatant of these cells was able to induce normal growth, in soft agar, of cells that require a solid support for growth. More specific studies demonstrated two classes of TGF, called TGFα and TGFβ, which in turn comprise families of related proteins. The TGFβ family consists of 5 isoforms (Brand T. and Schneider M D (1995) J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. 27:5–18) of dimeric structure (Schlunneger M P and Grutter M G (1992) Nature 358:430–434; Brand T. and Schneider M D (1995) J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. 27:5–18). Investigations of the mature proteins, purified from a single species, demonstrated a high degree of identity between their sequences (Table 1). 
     Table 1. Homology among different types of TGFβs. TGFβ1, TGFβ2 and TGFβ3 derived from humans, TGFβ4 derived from chicken and TGFβ5 from frog. (Roberts A B and Sporn M B, 1990). 
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 % of 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 TGFβ1 
                 TGFβ2 
                 TGFβ3 
                 TGFβ4 
                 TGFβ5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 TGFβ1 
                 100 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 TGFβ2 
                 71 
                 100 
               
               
                 TGFβ3 
                 72 
                 76 
                 100 
               
               
                 TGFβ4 
                 82 
                 64 
                 71 
                 100 
               
               
                 TGFβ5 
                 76 
                 66 
                 69 
                 72 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     TGFβ1 is synthesized as a precursor of 390 amino acids called Pre-Pro-TGFβ1. In a first hydrolysis there is release of a hydrophobic fragment of 29 amino acids, which gives rise to Pro-TGFβ1. Then the mature TGFβ1 is released by another cut in a region that precedes the terminal amino of TGFβ1 and that consists of two arginines, giving rise to a protein of 112 amino acids with a molecular weight of 12 kDa. To produce the biologically active form, two of these monomers join together by means of disulphide bridges, yielding a dimer of 25 kDa. Alterations of this structure cause loss of biological function (Barnard J A et al. (1990) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1032:79–87). 
     Various domains are known to exist within the structure of TGFβ1. One of these domains is found to be located between amino acids 40 and 82 and is involved in the binding of TGFβ1 to its cell receptors (Quian S W et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89:6290–6294; Burmester J K et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90:8628–8632). 
     Receptors of TGFβ1 and Other Binding Proteins 
     Five types of specific receptors for TGFβ1 have been characterized (Cheifetz S et al. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263:17225–17228 and López Casillas F. et al. (1991) Cell 67:785–795). These receptors have different affinities for the different types of TGFβ1. Receptors of type I, II ard III are the best understood so far (reviewed in Attisano L et al. (1994) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1222:71–80; Derynck R. (1994) Trends Biochem. Sci. 19:548–553; Yingling et al. (1995) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1242:115–136). Type IV receptors have also been described (MacKay K. and Danielpour D. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266:9907–9911) and type V (Ichijo H. et al. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266:22459–22464). It has also been reported that the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of endoglin (Cheifetz S at al. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 267:19027–19030; Bellón T. et al. (1993) Eur. J. Immunol. 23:2340–2345; Yamashita et al. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 269:1995–2001; Zhang H. et al. (1996) J. Immunol. 156:564–573)) have approximately 70% similarity with the type III receptors, both human and of the rat. 
     RIII would be the one with the task of binding TGFβ1 and presenting it to RII which in its turn would form a complex with RI (Yamashita et al. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269:20172–2017B) ox to complexes in which various molecules of RI are combined with RII (Weiss G. and MassaguéJ. (1996) EMBO J. 15:276–289). RII-RI interaction would give rise to phosphorylation of RI and subsequent activation of its serine/threonine kinase which would phosphorylate to second messengers like the MADR2 proteins (Macias-Silva M et al., (1996) Cell 87:1215–1224). 
     (1) 
     Role of TGFβ1 in Hepatic Differentiation and Regeneration 
     The effects produced are different depending on the moment of development and on the type of cell.
         Enlargement of the extracellular matrix, on acting upon the liver stellate cells (Ito cells), the principal source of matrix proteins (Mustce T A et al. (1987) Science 237:1333–1336).   Differentiation of the epithelial cells and hepatocytes (Florini J R et al. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261:16509–16513).   Inhibition of cell growth during the process of liver regeneration. This effect is of great importance in the maintenance of cell rest in vivo (Kato Y et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 85:9552–9556).   Inhibition of endocytosis of the receptor of the epithelial growth factor (EGF) as has been observed in cultures of foetal rat hepatocytes (Noda M. and Rodan G A (1987) J. Cell Physiol. 133:426–437).
 
Role of TGFβ1 in Hepatic Fibrosis
       

     TGFβ1 has been found to be associated with the processes of hepatic fibrosis (Czaja M J et al. (1989) J. Cell Biol. 108:2477–2482; Annoni G. et al. (1992) J. Hepatol. 14:259–264) causing an increase in production of proteins of the extracellular matrix, by the liver stellate cells (lipocytes or Ito cells), of their receptors and inhibiting synthesis of the proteolytic enzymes that degrade the matrix (Ignotz R A and Massagué J. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261:4337–4345). In the liver, TGFβ1 induces the synthesis of collagen and fibronectin in the liver stellate cells (Weiner F R (1990) Hepatology 11:111–117). There is also auto-regulation by increasing its own synthesis, via induction of its mRNA. 
     TGFβ1 has also been found to be involved in increased synthesis of α2-macroglobulin synthesized by the hepatocytes and the activated liver stellate cells. By binding to TGFβ1 and causing its inactivation (Bachem M G (1994) Ann NY Acad. Sci. 737:421–424), (α2-macroglobulin is said to eliminate TGFβ1 from the extracellular compartments. 
     Investigation of patients with chronic liver damage has shown that there is a correlation between expression of TGFβ1 and expression of the mRNA for the type I procollagen and the serum levels of type III peptide of procollagen (Castilla A. et al. (1991) N. Engl. J. Med. 324:933–940). 
     Patients with cirrhosis of the liver have a shorter than normal life expectancy owing to the complications that arise in the course of the disease, such as portal hypertension or hepatic failure. 
     Effect of TGFβ1 on the Extracellular Matrix 
     Interaction of TGFβ1 with the cell receptors causes:
         Activation of synthesis of procollagen, fibronectin (Ignotz R A et al. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262:6443–6446) and related proteins, including membrane proteins capable of interacting with the components of the extracellular matrix (Carter W G (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257:13805–13815).   Inhibition of the synthesis of proteolytic enzymes capable of degrading the matrix (Fukamizu H. and Grinnell F. (1990) Exp. Cell Res. 190:276–282).   Stimulation of the synthesis of inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes (Fukamizu H. and Grinnell F. (1990) Exp. Cell Res. 190:276–282).       

     These effects lead to an increase in interactions of the cell with the extracellular matrix, which combined with greater reorganization of the proteins of which it is composed, gives rise to an increase in the total quantity of extracellular matrix (Roberts C J et al. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263:4586–4592). These findings confirm that TGFβ1 is involved in cicatrization processes (Fukamizu H. and Grinnell F. (1990) Exp. Cell Res. 190:276–282; Barnard J A et al. (1990) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1032:79–87). 
     Peptides as Inhibitors of Ligand-Receptor Interaction 
     There is the possibility of using small molecules, synthetic peptides, as analogues of molecules that are present in the body, with the aim of emulating their function. Studies conducted by LeSateur et al. demonstrate the possibility of using cyclized analogues of nerve growth factor (NGF), emulating the β turn region, permitting its binding to the receptor (LeSateur L. et al. (1996) Nature Biotechnology 14:1120–1122). It is also possible to use peptides as antagonists of these molecules, preventing the native factor interacting with its receptor by blocking mediated by the peptide (Lasarte J J et al. (1994) J. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 7:129–134; LeSateur et al. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270:6564–6569). Earlier studies had demonstrated the usefulness of synthetic peptides as inhibitors of ligand-receptor interaction even when the recognition epitope is not continuous (Daniels A J et al. (1995) Mol. Pharmacol. 48:425–432). Other studies conducted with the type II receptor of TGFβ1 and with fetuin, a glycoprotein in the group of type II receptors, have demonstrated the possibility of using cyclized peptides as inhibitors of the interaction of TGFβ1 with RII (Demetriou M. et al. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271:12755–12761). With this cyclization it becomes possible to obtain peptides with a structure similar to that which could be obtained in vivo. 
     SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     Peptides that are antagonists of the binding of TGFβ1 to its receptors in the body. The peptides are characterized in that they have partial amino acid sequences that are identical or similar to those of TGFβ1 itself and/or its receptors. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1 . Inhibition of binding of TGFβ1 to the MV-1-Lu cells by peptide P144, measured by flow cytometry. A, image obtained on examining the cells incubated with biotinylated TGFβ1 and developed with avidin-FITC. B, image obtained on examining the cells incubated with avidin-FITC without prior addition of TGFβ1. C, image obtained on examining the cells incubated with TGFβ1 previously incubated with peptide P144 at a concentration of 0.42 μg/μl, and developed with avidin-FITC. The fluorescence emitted is shown on the abscissa, while the ordinate shows the number of cells for each value of fluorescence. The fields corresponding to the cells labelled with TGFβ1-biotin and avidin-FITC (M2) and to the unlabelled cells (M1) are also shown. 
         FIG. 2 . Schematic representation of the process of cirrhosis by CCl 4 . Black arrows indicate when two weekly doses of CCl 4  were administered to the rats, and black dashed arrows show when there was one weekly dose. The grey arrows indicate administration of peptide P144. A: Healthy controls; B: Healthy controls+P144, B 1 : with peptide 70 μg/day; C: Cirrhotic; C 1  with saline; C 2  with peptide 70 μg/day; D: Cirrhotic with CCl 4 +phenobarbital; D 1  plus saline; D 2  plus peptide 70 μg/day. 
         FIG. 3 . Effect of TGFβ1 on growth of MV-1-Lu cells. The cells are cultivated at a density of 5000 cells/well at the concentrations of TGFβ1 indicated, pg/ml Abscissa: TGFβ1 concentration (pg/ml); Ordinate: c.p.m. 
         FIG. 4 . Percentage inhibition of TGFβ1 (200 pg/ml) by peptides from TGFβ1. All the peptides were tested at a concentration of 200 μg/ml. Inhibition of TGFβ1 of 100% corresponds to the growth of MV-1-Lu cells that is obtained in the absence of TGFβ1. 
         FIG. 5 . Percentage inhibition of the activity of TGFβ1 (200 pg/ml) in the presence of various nominal concentrations of peptide P12, filtered (♦) and unfiltered (●). 
         FIG. 6 . Percentage inhibition of TGFβ1 (200 pg/ml) by peptides from TGFβ1. All the peptides were tested at a concentration of 200 μg/ml. Inhibition of TGFβ1 of 100% corresponds to the growth of MV-1-Lu cells that is obtained in the absence of TGFβ1. 
         FIG. 7 . Autoradiograph of an affinity labelling test of the receptors of TGFβ1. Lane C1: effect of incubation of the cells with a concentration of 0.16 μM of  125 I-TGFβ1 which corresponds to an activity of 0.3 μCi (positive control). Lane C2: effect of preincubation of the cells with a concentration of non-radioactive TGFβ110 times greater than that of  125 I-TGFβ1 (negative control). Lane C3: preincubation was effected with peptide P29 at a concentration 10 6  times greater than the molar concentration of  125 I-TGFβ1. It can be seen that there is inhibition of the binding of  125 I-TGFβ1 to the type I, II and III cell receptors both by peptide P29 and by non-radioactive TGFβ1. 
         FIG. 8 . Autoradiograph of an affinity labelling test of the receptors of TGFβ1. Lanes C1 to C6: effect of preincubation of the MV-1-Lu cells, with different concentrations of peptide P29 (10 6 , 8×10 5 , 6×10 5 , 4×10 5 , 2×10 5  and 10 5  times the molar concentration of  125 I-TGFβ1 respectively), prior to addition of  125 I-TGFβ1. Lane C7: effect of preincubation of the MV-1-Lu cells with unlabelled TGFβ1 (10 2  times the molar concentration of  125 I-TGFβ1) prior to addition of  125 I-TGFβ1 (negative control). Lane C8: effect of incubation of the MV-1-Lu cells with a concentration of 0.42 μM of  125 I-TGFβ1, corresponding to an activity of 0.4 μCi, without prior preincubation (positive control). 
         FIG. 9 . Percentage inhibition of TGFβ1 (200 pg/ml) by receptor peptides predicted as complementary to regions of TGFβ1. All the peptides were tested at a concentration of 200 μg/ml. Inhibition of TGFβ1 of 100% corresponds to the growth of MV-1-Lu cells that is obtained in the absence of TGFβ1. 
         FIG. 10 . Percentage inhibition of TGFβ1 (200 pg/ml) by overlapping peptides derived from the extracellular region of the type III receptor. All the peptides were tested at a concentration of 200 μg/ml. Inhibition of TGFβ1 of 100% corresponds to the growth of MV-1-Lu cells that is obtained in the absence of TGFβ1. 
         FIG. 11 . Percentage inhibition of TGFβ1 (200 pg/ml) by overlapping peptides derived from the extracellular region of the type III receptor. All the peptides were tested at a concentration of 200 μg/ml. Inhibition of TGFβ1 of 100% corresponds to the growth of MV-1-Lu cells that is obtained in the absence of TGFβ1. 
         FIG. 12 . Percentage inhibition of TGFβ1 (200 pg/ml) by Overlapping peptides derived from the extracellular region of the type III receptor. All the peptides were tested at a concentration of 200 μg/ml. Inhibition of TGFβ1 of 100% corresponds to the growth of MV-1-Lu cells that is obtained in the absence of TGFβ1. 
         FIG. 13 . Percentage inhibition of the activity of TGFβ1 (200 pg/ml) in the presence of different nominal concentrations of peptide P54, filtered (♦) and unfiltered (●). 
         FIG. 14 . Percentage inhibition of TGFβ1 (200 pg/ml) by receptor peptides derived from modification of peptide P54 (P139 to P143) and of the peptides derived from the human type III receptor (P144 and P145). All the peptides were tested at a concentration of 200 μg/ml. Inhibition of TGFβ1 of 100% corresponds to the growth of MV-1-Lu cells that is obtained in the absence of TGFβ1. 
         FIG. 15 . Percentage inhibition of the activity of TGFβ1 (200 pg/ml) in the presence of different nominal concentrations of peptide P144 without filtration. 
         FIG. 16 . Autoradiograph of an affinity labelling test of the receptors of TGFβ1. Lane C1: preincubation was effected with peptide P144 at a concentration 10 6  times greater than the molar concentration of  125 I-TGFβ1. Lanes C2 and C3: effect of preincubation of the cells with a concentration of non-radioactive TGFβ110 times greater than that of  125 I-TGFβ1 (negative control): Lanes C4 and C5: effect of incubation of the cells with a concentration of 0.1 μM of  125 I-TGFβ1 that corresponds to an activity of 0.2 μCi (positive control). It can be seen that there is inhibition of the binding of  25 I-TGFβ1 to the cell receptors both by peptide P144 and by the non-radioactive TGFβ1. 
         FIG. 17 . Percentage inhibition of TGFβ1 (200 pg/ml) by peptides derived from human type II receptor (P146), from fetuin (P147 to P149) and from endoglin (P150 to P154). All the peptides were tested at a concentration of 200 μg/ml. Inhibition of TGFβ1 of 100% corresponds to the growth of MV-1-Lu cells that is obtained in the absence of TGFβ1. 
         FIG. 18 . Percentage inhibition of TGFβ1 (200 pg/ml) by peptides derived from α2-macroglobulin. All the peptides were tested at a concentration of 200 μg/ml. Inhibition of TGFβ1 of 100% corresponds to the growth of MV-1-Lu cells that is obtained in the absence of TGFβ1. 
         FIG. 19 . Percentage inhibition of the binding of TGFβ1 to MV-1-Lu cells by various synthetic peptides. Inhibition was investigated by measuring the percentage of labelled cells (emit fluorescence) and unlabelled cells (do not emit fluorescence) for each peptide (Material and Methods). 
         FIG. 20 . Effect of administration of peptide P144 on collagen synthesis during experimental cirrhosis induction with CCl 4 . The ratio of collagen to total protein is shown on the ordinate. The abscissa shows the various groups of rats: Co=healthy rats; Co+P144=healthy rats treated with peptide P144; Tto 1 =rats subjected to induction of cirrhosis with CCl 4  and administered peptide P144 on alternate days during this period and Ci 1 =rats subjected to induction of cirrhosis with CCl 4  for 11 weeks and not treated with peptide P144. 
         FIG. 21 . Effect administration of peptide P144 on collagen synthesis during experimental cirrhosis induction with CCl 4 . The ordinate shows the ratio of the area of fibrosis to the total area in tissue preparations stained with Sirius Red. The abscissa shows the various groups of rats: Co=healthy rats; Co+P144=healthy rats treated with the peptide; Tto 1 =rats subjected to induction of cirrhosis with CCl 4  and administered peptide P144 on alternate days during this period and Ci 1 =rats subjected to induction of cirrhosis with CCl 4  for 11 weeks and not treated with peptide P144. 
         FIG. 22 . Effect of administration of peptide P144 on collagen synthesis once cirrhosis has been induced with CCl 4 . The ordinate shows the ratio of collagen to total protein. The abscissa shows the various groups of rats: Co=healthy rats; Co+P144=healthy rats treated with the peptide; Tto 2 =rats subjected to induction of cirrhosis with CCl 4  and administered peptide P144 on alternate days at the end of this period and Ci 2 =rats subjected to induction of cirrhosis with CCl 4  for 11 weeks and not treated with peptide P144. 
         FIG. 23 . Effect of administration of peptide P144 on collagen synthesis once cirrhosis has been induced with CCl 4 . The ordinate shows the ratio of the area of fibrosis to the total area in tissue preparations. The abscissa shows the various groups of rats: Co=healthy rats; Co+P144=healthy rats treated with the peptide; Tto 2 =rats subjected to induction of cirrhosis with CCl 4  and administered peptide P144 on alternate days at the end of this period and Ci 2 =rats subjected to induction of cirrhosis with CCl 4  for 11 weeks and not treated with peptide P144. 
         FIG. 24 . Comparison of the data on quantity of collagen and area of fibrosis, obtained by the two techniques employed. The abscissa shows the values of the ratio of the area of fibrosis to the total area, obtained by image analysis. The ordinate shows the values of the ratio of pg of collagen to mg of total protein, obtained by spectrophotometric analysis of liver sections stained with Direct Red and Fast Green. R 2  is shown. (F≦0.001). 
         FIG. 25 . Comparison of the data on quantity of collagen and area of fibrosis, obtained by the two techniques employed for examining the samples at the end of protocol 2. The abscissa shows the values of the ratio of the area of fibrosis to the total area, obtained by image analysis. The ordinate shows the values of the ratio of μg of collagen to mg of total protein, obtained by spectrophotometric analysis of liver sections stained with Direct Red and Fast Green. R 2  is shown. (F≦0.001) 
         FIG. 26 . Images that are representative of the 24 fields obtained by light microscopy (10×) from rat liver preparations stained with Sirius Red. Cirrhotic rats (Ci 1 ) at the end of induction of cirrhosis with CCl 4  and cirrhotic rats treated (Tto 1 ) with peptide P144 during induction of cirrhosis with CCl 4 . Different fields were taken from preparations obtained from each animal (R=rat and C=field) 
         FIG. 27 . Images that are representative of the 24 fields obtained by light microscopy (10×) from rat liver preparations stained with Sirius Red. Cirrhotic rats (Ci 1 ) at the end of induction of cirrhosis with CCl 4  and cirrhotic rats treated (Tto 1 ) with peptide P144 during induction of cirrhosis with CCl 4 . Different fields were taken from the preparations obtained from each animal (R=rat and C=field). Polarized light and a green filter were used in order to show up the collagen fibres. 
         FIG. 28 . Comparison between the two groups of untreated cirrhotic rats. Ci 1  are cirrhotic rats at the end of the 12 weeks of induction of cirrhosis with CCl 4 , Ci 2  are cirrhotic rats at 4 weeks from the end of the process of induction of cirrhosis. P=0.016. Ordinate: Area of fibrosis/Total area. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     For the reasons stated above, we consider that peptides derived both from TGFβ1 and from its receptors, or from proteins with capacity for binding to TGFβ1, could be inhibitors of the action of TGFβ1. We therefore decided to explore this possibility. 
     Selection of the Peptides to be Synthesized 
     The peptides for synthesis were selected in different ways depending on whether they were derived from TGFβ1 or from its receptors. 
     In the case of the sequence of TGFβ1, peptides were synthesized from 15 amino acids that include the whole sequence of TGFβ1. Each peptide had 10 amino acids in common with its two immediate neighbours. 
     In the case of the sequences of its receptors, the peptides were chosen on the basis of software designed in our laboratory. One of the computer programs compares two amino acid sequences, with the aim of predicting partially complementary regions. Other programs were also used that were able to predict the regions of the proteins that would be most exposed, on the basis of the hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity of the amino acids making up their sequence. 
     Synthesis of Peptides 
     The peptides were synthesized by the solid phase method (Merrifield (1963) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85: 2149–54), using fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) as a temporary protecting group of the alpha-amino group (Atherton et al. (1989) Journal of Chemical Society Perkins Transactions 1: 538–546). For the synthesis of small quantities of a large number of peptides, a multiple synthesizer was used, permitting the simultaneous synthesis of 96 peptides (Borrás-Cuesta et al. (1991) Biologicals 19: 187–190). The peptides were stored at −80° C. in the solid state until used. 
     Purification of the Peptides by HPLC 
     The synthesized peptides were analysed and purified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), using a Waters 600E-900 system (Millipore Corp., Bedford, USA). 
     A Waters Radial-Pak™ C 18  300 Å 15 μm, 8×100 mm column (Millipore Corp., Bedford, USA) was used for analysis of the peptides by analytical HPLC. The peptide was dissolved in a 0.1% solution of TFA in distilled water, to a maximum concentration of 1 mg/ml. The solution of peptide was injected (100 μl) into the column and was eluted in a water/acetonitrile gradient ( FIG. 15 ) (Romil Ltd., Cambridge, USA) both with 0.1% TFA at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The fractions that contained the peptide were detected by its absorbance at 220 nm and 280 nm (photodiode array detector, Waters 991, Millipore Corp., Bedford, USA). 
     A Waters Delta-Pak™ C 18  300 Å 15 μm, 25×100 mm column (Millipore Corp., Bedford, USA) was used for its purification. The peptide was dissolved and was injected (2 ml) under the same conditions as in the preceding case, employing the same gradient at a flow rate of 5 ml/min. The fraction that contained the pure peptide was collected in a flask. 
     In Vitro Tests. Investigation of the Activity of the Peptides 
     Cell Lines 
     A line derived from mink pulmonary epithelium, V-1-Lu, was used (CCL-64, American Type Cell Culture, Virginia, USA). The cells were grown in 162 cm 2  culture flasks (Costar Corporation, Cambridge, USA) in a stove at 37° C. and 5% CO 2 , until subconfluence was attained. A complete medium was used: RPMI 1640 with L-glutamine (GibcoBRL, Life Technologies Ltd., Paisley, Scotland) supplemented with 5% of foetal calf serum (FCS, Biological Industries, Kibbutz Beit Haemek, Israel), 10 mM HEPES (1M HEPES Buffer, Bio-Whittaker, Verviers, Belgium) and antibiotics (100 U/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin). 
     Test of Inhibition of the Growth of the MV-1-Lu Cell Line 
     The MV-1-Lu cells grown as indicated above were removed from the bottom of the culture flasks using 5 ml of trypsin-EDTA (Biological Industries, Kibbutz Beit Haemek, Israel), resuspended in complete medium and centrifuged at 1500 rev/min for 8 minutes. After centrifugation the cells were resuspended in complete medium to a concentration of 50,000 cells/ml. For conducting the test, 10 ml of the cell suspension were taken and dispensed in 96-well, flat-bottom culture plates (Costar Corporation, Cambridge, USA), adding 100 μl/well, and were incubated overnight at 37° C. and 5% CO 2 , which permits adhesion of the cells to the bottom of the wells. At the end of this time, the peptides to be tested were added in RPMI, to a final concentration of 200 μg/ml in the presence of a concentration of 200 pg/ml of TGFβ1 in RPMI (R&amp;D Systems Europe Ltd., Abingdon, UK). The final concentration of FCS in the well was 2.5%. After 24 hours of incubation, 1 μCi of tritiated thymidine was added per well (25 Ci/mmol [methyl- 3 H]-thymidine, Amersham Life Science, Buckinghamshire, U K) with incubation for a further 12 hours (Grubeck-Loebenstein B. et al. (1989) J. Clin. Invest. 83:764–770; Brennan F M et al. (1990) Clin. Exp. Immunol. 81:278–285). 
     At the end of the incubation periods the cells were removed from the bottom of the wells with trypsin-EDTA and were collected using a manual harvester (Titertek cell harvester, Skatron Instruments Inc., Sterling, USA) which ruptures the cells, collecting the DNA in nitrocellulose filters (Filter MAT 11731, Skatron Instruments Inc., Sterling, USA) where it is fixed. The filters were placed individually in 5 ml polypropylene tubes to which 4 ml of scintillation fluid was added (Biogreen-11, Reactivos Scharlau S. A., Barcelona, Spain). The activity of each tube was quantified for 90 seconds in a β LKB scintillation counter (Beta plate system, LKB, Uppsala, Sweden). 
     Investigation of Inhibition of Binding of TGFβ1 to the Cell Receptors 
     Selective Labelling of the Cell Receptors (Affinity Labelling) 
     The MV-1-Lu cells were removed from the culture flasks incubating them at 37° C. for 10 minutes, with 10 ml of solution 1 (128 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 25 mM 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazine ethanesulphonate at pH 7.5, 5 mM glucose and 1 mM EDTA). The cells thus removed were resuspended in solution 2 (128 Mm NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 50 mM 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazine ethanesulphonate at pH 7.5, 1.2 mM CaCl 2 , 1.2 mM MgSO 4  and 5 mg/ml BSA) and were collected by centrifugation at 1000×g for 5 minutes. After centrifugation the cells were resuspended in solution 2 at a concentration of 10 6  cells/ml. 
     From this cell suspension, 0.5 ml aliquots were made in 24-well plates (Greiner GmbH, Frickenhausen, Germany), the peptides were added, in 50 μl of a 0.8 mg/ml solution, then this was incubated for 2 hours at 4° C. with stirring. Next,  125 I-TGFβ1 (2 μCi) was added to a final concentration of 277.2 pM ( 125 I-TGFβ1 human recombinant 800–2200 Ci/mmol, Amersham Life Science, Buckinghamshire, UK) and this was incubated for a further two hours at 4° C. with stirring. 
     After incubation, the cells were transferred to a centrifuge tube and were centrifuged cold at 12,000×g for 1 minute. They were then washed twice in cold solution 2 and were resuspended in 0.5 ml of cold solution 2, 5 μl of dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO 99.5%, Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, USA) and disuccimidyl suberate (DSS, Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, USA) giving a final concentration of 0.25 mM of DSS. Reaction was stopped at 15 minutes by dilution, centrifugation and washing with a solution containing 0.25M saccharose, 10 mM Tris and 1 mM EDTA at pH 7.4. The precipitate of cells was resuspended in 0.5 ml of Triton X-100 (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, USA) 1% v/v, 10 mM Tris at pH 7.0, 1 mM EDTA, 0.1 mM phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride, 1 μg/ml pepstatin and 1 μg/ml leupeptin (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, USA) and incubated for 40 minutes at 4° C. The fraction that is insoluble in detergent is separated by centrifugation at 12,000×g for 15 minutes. The fractions that are soluble in detergent (supernatant) and insoluble (precipitate) were frozen at −20° C. (Massagué J. and Like B. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260:2636–2645). 
     Electrophoresis of Proteins in Sodium Polyacrylamide Dodecyl Sulphate Gel 
     The fractions soluble and insoluble in detergent were used for analysis by electrophoresis in acrylamide/bisacrylamide gels at 7.5% for 5–6 hours at 220 volts. 
     The proteins were stained with a solution of (comassie brillant blue® R250 (Serva Feinbiochemica GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany) in methanol (50%), acetic acid (10%) and distilled water, for 30 minutes. Subsequent washings were effected with a solution of methanol (50%), acetic acid (10%) and distilled water for 15 minutes, in the first washing, and methanol (2.5%), acetic acid (0.5%) and distilled water, in the subsequent washings, until the background colour was removed. 
     Flow Cytometry 
     Inhibition of the binding of TGFβ1, mediated by peptides, to the cell receptors was measured by the direct immunofluorescence method. An immunofluorescence kit was used for this (Fluorokine rh TGFβ1-biotin, R&amp;D Systems Europe Ltd., Abingdon, U K). This test is based on the capacity of biotinylated TGFβ1 to bind to the cell receptors, in a specific manner, and the subsequent interaction of the biotin with fluorescein-labelled avidin, so that the signal intensity will depend on the quantity of TGFβ1 bound to the cell receptors. 
     The MV-1-Lu cells grown in 162 cm 2  flasks were removed using solution 1 (described previously) and were resuspended in physiological saline for centrifugation at 500×g for 5 minutes. After centrifugation, the cells were resuspended again in physiological saline at a concentration of 4×10 6  cells/ml. 25 μl of the cell suspension was added to 12×75 mm borosilicate tubes, to which was added the peptide to be tested in 40 μl of RPMI 1640 medium, giving a final concentration of 0.42 μg/μl and 10 μl of biotinylated TGFβ1. As a control of specificity, 10 μl of a biotinylated reagent supplied with the kit was added, 10 μl of biotinylated TGFβ1 was added as a positive control and 20 μl of anti-TGFβ1 blocking antibody was added as a negative control. Physiological saline was added to all the controls until a total volume of 75 μl was reached. All the tubes were incubated for 1 hour at 4° C. in darkness. 
     At the end of the incubation period, 10 μl of fluorescein-labelled avidin was added, incubating for 30 minutes at 4° C. in darkness, after which 2 ml of a washing solution (RDF1) was added, followed by centrifugation at 500×g for 6 minutes. The cell precipitate was resuspended in 0.2 ml of cold PBS for cytometry (FACScan, Becton Dickinson Immunocytometry Systems, California, USA). This method permits measurement of the fluorescence emitted by each cell when a laser beam is incident upon it, by means of a computer program (Lisys™ II, Becton Dickinson Immunocytometry Systems, California, USA).  FIG. 16  shows a typical image from analysis by flow cytometry. 
     To obtain the data on inhibition of the binding of TGFβ1 to the receptors, the positive control of the test was used for delimiting the fields corresponding to the labelled cells, that have bound to the TGFβ1-biotin (M2) and to the unlabelled cells (M1). Once the fields had been delimited, the percentage of cells located in each of them was calculated. The same was done with the data obtained when the peptide was incubated with TGFβ1-biotin or with the cells, depending on whether they were derived from the receptors or the TGFβ1 respectively. With these data, the percentage inhibition of each peptide was calculated using the following formula: 100−((M2 Peptide-M2 Negative)×100/(M2 Positive-M2 Negative)). 
     Experiments In Vivo. Experimental Model of Fibrosis 
     Male white rats (albino Wistar strain) from simultaneous litters (5 weeks±1.5 weeks) were used, in order to obtain a group that was homogeneous in age and initial weight. Throughout the experiments, the animals were kept in conditions of constant temperature (22° C.) with a 12-hour cycle of light and darkness. They had free access to water and food. 
     Hepatic cirrhosis (HC) was induced by inhalation of carbon tetrachloride for 11 weeks, twice per week (López Novoa J M et al. (1976) Patologia IX:223–240; Camps J. et al. (1987) Gastroenterology 93:498–505). Exposure to CCl 4  was effected by bubbling compressed air, at a flow rate of 3 liters/min, through a gas wash-bottle. One minute of exposure was used initially, increasing by one minute per week until 4 minutes was reached in the fourth week. CCl 4  was not administered during the fifth week, starting again at the sixth week with an exposure of 5 minutes. This exposure time was maintained until week 11. 400 mg/l of phenobarbital (Luminal®, Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany) was added to the drinking water, from one week before starting exposure to CCl 4  and until the end of the experimental period. Before starting the treatment, one week was left, in which they were not administered CCl 4 . During treatment they were administered a weekly dose of CCl 4 , as recorded ( FIG. 2 ). 
     Distribution of the Animals 
     The animals were divided into 4 groups before beginning the process of induction of hepatic cirrhosis.
     Healthy controls (Co): Animals that were not subjected to the fibrosis process.   Treated healthy controls (Co+P144): Animals that were not subjected to the fibrosis process and that were administered the peptide P144 during the last 3 weeks (coinciding in time with the treatment of the group of rats Tto 2 ).   Cirrhotic controls 1 (Ci 1 ): Animals subjected to the process of induction of cirrhosis by inhalation of CCl 4  twice per week. These animals were separated into 2 groups on reaching the fifth week:
       Cirrhotic controls 1 (Ci 1 ): Animals that continued to be subjected to the process of induction of fibrosis up to week 11, without being administered the peptide P144. They were administered saline serum on alternate days, throughout the induction process (weeks 5 to 11).   Treated cirrhotics 1 (Tto 1 ): Animals that were administered the peptide P144 derived from the sequence of the type III receptor, on alternate days, during the process of induction of fibrosis, from week 5 to week 11.   Cirrhotic controls 2 (Ci 2 ): Animals that continued to be subjected to the process of induction of fibrosis without receiving the peptide P144 or saline serum. This group was subdivided into another two on reaching week 11.   Cirrhotic controls 2 (Ci 2 ): Cirrhotic animals that were not subjected to any type of treatment, kept as controls. These animals received injections of saline serum for 3 weeks (weeks 13 to 15).   Treated cirrhotics 2 (Tto 2 ): Cirrhotic animals that were treated with the peptide derived from the sequence of the type III receptor (P144), for 3 weeks (weeks 13 to 15).
 
Treatment of the animals
   
       Group Tto 1 : These animals underwent treatment during the fibrosis process. Treatment with the peptide started in the fifth week (before exposure to CC 4  for 5 minutes) and continued up to the end of the eleven weeks of the cirrhosis induction process.   Group Tto 2 : These animals underwent treatment after completion of the process of induction of cirrhosis (11 weeks). Treatment started one week after the last inhalation of CCl 4  and continued for 21 days.   

     Before starting the treatment and on its completion, blood was taken from all the animals that had been treated with the peptide. The peptide was administered by subcutaneous injection in the abdominal zone at a dose of 70 μg/animal in 500 μl of physiological saline. 
     Sacrifice of the Animals and Dissection of the Liver 
     On completion of treatment of the animals with the peptide, both in the model with rats and in that with mice, the animals were sacrificed by decapitation, after taking blood from them from the retro-orbital plexus with a capillary. 
     This was followed immediately by dissection of the liver and collection of samples. 
     The samples were cut and placed in formol as fixing solution, for later histologic examination. Other fragments were placed in cryotubes, which were immersed in liquid nitrogen and then stored at −80° C. 
     Anatomopathologic Evaluation of the Liver 
     Histologic examination was carried out on fragments of liver previously fixed in formol for at least 24 hours, after which they were placed in ethanol (70%). 
     After dehydrating they were embedded in paraffin blocks. Successive sections 3 μm thick were prepared from the blocks obtained, using a Leitz rotary microtome and steel blades. Prior to staining the sections were deparaffined in xylene (AnalaR, BDH, Poole, UK) for 15 minutes, after heating them at 60° C. in a stove for 15 minutes, and they were hydrated by successive passes through alcohols of decreasing concentration 100%, 96%, 80% and 70% and finally in water. The following stains were used:
     Haematoxylin-eosin.   Masson&#39;s trichromic (Locquin M. and Langeron, (1985) in Manual de Microscopia Ed. Labor S. A. Barcelona): Uses a specific dye for collagen proteins (green light).   Sirius Red: A stain specific for collagen.
 
Confirmation of Hepatic Fibrosis: Image Analysis
   

     For image analysis of the samples obtained, a light microscope was used (Olympus BH-2, Tokyo, Japan) connected to a video camera (Sony DXP-950P, Sony Co., Tokyo, Japan), with which the various fields of each preparation were photographed. Six fields were taken at random from each preparation stained with Sirius Red. The various images captured were analysed by means of a computer program (Visilog 4.1.5, Noesis, Orsay, France) which calculates the area of fibrosis and the total area of the preparation. From these data, a fibrosis index (area of fibrosis/total area) was calculated for each field. To be able to use this program it was necessary to modify image acquisition by using polarized light filters (Olympus U-POT, Tokyo, Japan) and green light filters (Olympus IF550, Tokyo, Japan) which made it possible to automate the process of sample analysis. 
     Detection of Collagen in 14 μm Sections of Paraffin-Treated Tissue 
     The 14 μm sections that were used for this technique were obtained in the same way as the 3 μm sections mentioned previously. These sections were subjected to a process of deparaffination for 12 hours in xylene. Once the paraffin had been eliminated, the samples were hydrated by passing them through different grades of alcohol 96%, 80%, 50%, completing the process in distilled water. 
     Once hydrated, they were subjected to a process of prestaining in a solution of 160 mg of Fast Green FCF (Fluka Chemika-BioChemika, Buchs, Switzerland) in 160 ml of saturated picric acid (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) for 15 minutes in darkness. The samples were washed by immersion in water until they no longer coloured the wash water. Once the surplus dye was removed, the samples were stained for 30 minutes in darkness in a solution of 160 mg of Direct Red 80 (Fluka Chemika-BioChemika Buchs, Switzerland) and 64 mg of Fast Green, both dyes in 160 ml of saturated picric acid. They were washed again until the surplus dye was removed, and then the samples were removed from the slides by scraping the sample off with a small spatula. The sections removed in this way were placed in separate tubes containing 3 ml of a solution of NaOH 0.1 N (Quimó n, Montplet&amp;Esteban S. A., Barcelona, Spain) and methanol (1:1). Aliquots were taken from the various tubes for reading in the spectrophotometer (Lambda 2 UV/VIS spectrophotometer, Perkin-Elmer, Norwalk, USA) at wavelengths of 540 nm and 630 nm using as blank an aliquot of the solution of NaOH 0.1 N and methanol (López de León A. and Rojkind (1985) Histochem. Cytochem. 33:737–743; Gaudio E. et al. (1993) Int. J. Exp. Path. 74:463–469). 
     In accordance with the works of Gaudio E. et al. (1993) Int. J. Exp. Path. 74:463–469), the following formulae were used for finding the quantities of collagen and total protein: 
                     mg   ⁢           ⁢   collagen     ⁢           =         absorbance   ⁢           ⁢   at   ⁢             ⁢             ⁢   540   ⁢           ⁢   nm     ⁢           -           ⁢     absorbance   ⁢           ⁢   at   ⁢           ⁢   630   ⁢           ⁢   nm       37                   mg   ⁢           ⁢   collagen   ⁢     /     ⁢   mg   ⁢           ⁢   total   ⁢           ⁢   protein     ⁢           =       mg   ⁢           ⁢   collagen         mg   ⁢           ⁢   collagen     ⁢           +           ⁢     mg   ⁢           ⁢   non   ⁢     -     ⁢   collagen   ⁢           ⁢   proteins                       Non   ⁢     -     ⁢   collagen   ⁢           ⁢   proteins     ⁢           =       absorbance   ⁢           ⁢   at   ⁢           ⁢   630   ⁢           ⁢   nm     3                 
Statistical Analysis of the Results
 
     The data obtained in the experiments in vivo were subjected to statistical analysis. Normality of the quantitative variables was verified by the Shapiro-Wilks test. 
     As the data had not been adjusted to a normal distribution, non-parametric statistical analysis was undertaken. Comparison between groups was effected by means of Kruskal-Wallis H followed by comparison of Mann-Whitney U. The data were presented graphically by means of boxes, with representation of the median of the data (thick line inside each box), together with the interquartile range (height of the box), whereas the “whiskers” of each box represent the highest and lowest observations within a given interquartile range. 
     The association between variables was investigated using Fisher&#39;s exact test. Logistic regression was employed for investigating the independence of association of these variables. 
     A value of P equal to or less than 0.05 was regarded as significant. 
     All the statistical analyses were accomplished using the program SPSS for Windows V 6.1.3. 
     Inhibition In Vitro of the Activity of TGFβ1 
     Test of Inhibition of Cell Growth of the MV-1-Lu Line 
     TGFβ1 is a cytokine that is able to inhibit the growth in vitro of the MV-1-Lu cell line (Grubeck-Loebenstein B. et al. (1989) J. Clin. Invest. 83:764–770; Brennan F M et al. (1990) Clin. Exp. Immunol. 81:278–285), therefore this line was used for testing the blocking effect of peptides on TGFβ1. After different combinations of media, cells and thymidine, we studied the effect of different concentrations of TGFβ1 on incorporation of [methyl- 3 H]thymidine by MV-1-Lu cells in culture, for determining the most suitable conditions for the test. These conditions are shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     Once both the optimum concentration of MV-1-Lu cells (5000 cells/well) and the lowest concentration of TGFβ1 capable of producing inhibition of about 90% (200 pg/ml,  FIG. 18 ) had been determined, the inhibitory effect of the synthetic peptides at a concentration of 200 μg/ml was tested. 
     Inhibition In Vitro of the Activity of TGFβ1 by Synthetic Peptides 
     The synthetic peptides that are potentially inhibitors of TGFβ1 activity, selected as indicated above in the section: selection of the peptides to be synthesized (both those derived from proteins that bind to TGFβ1 and TGFβ1 itself) were tested using the MV-1-Lu cell line. The peptides were dissolved in buffered RPMI medium, free from foetal calf serum, and the following procedure was used: 
     The peptides belonging to the sequence of the receptor, or complementary to the peaks of hydrophilicity of TGFβ1, were incubated for 30 minutes in the presence of this cytokine and were then combined with the cell culture. The peptides derived from the sequence of TGFβ1 were added to the cell culture prior to addition of TGFβ1, since they interact with the receptors of the cell surface. These incubations were effected in 100 μl of the same medium as was used for adding the cells. The active peptides permitted cell growth to a greater or lesser degree depending on its ability to inhibit TGFβ1. 
     Inhibition of TGFβ1 by Means of Peptides Derived from TGFβ1 
     In a first stage, overlapping peptides derived from TGFβ1 were synthesized. These peptides (Table 2) were synthesized in the hope that some of them could bind to the cell receptors, thus preventing the binding of natural TGFβ1 to these receptors. 
     Table 2. Peptides derived from TGFβ1. The number of the peptide is shown, together with its position in the complete sequence, as well as its amino acid sequence. For convenience of synthesis, all the peptides were synthesized with an alanine added at the C-terminal end which is not shown in the table. 
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Peptide 
                 Sequence 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 P1 (280–293)   
                 AlaLeuAspThrAsnTyrCysPheSerSerThrGluLysAsn 
                 SEQ ID NO: 11 
               
               
                 P2 (284–297)   
                 AsnTyrCysSerSerThrGluLysAsnCysCysValArg 
                 SEQ ID NO: 12 
               
               
                 P3 (288–301)   
                 SerSerThrGluLysAsnCysCysValArgGlnLeuTyrIle 
                 SEQ ID NO: 13 
               
               
                 P4 (294–307)   
                 CysCysValArgGlnLeuTyrIleAspPheArgLysAspLeu 
                 SEQ ID NO: 14 
               
               
                 P5 (298–311)   
                 GlnLeuTyrIleAspPheArgLysAspLeuGlyTrpLysTrp 
                 SEQ ID NO: 15 
               
               
                 P6 (302–315)   
                 AspPheArgLysAspLeuGlyTrpLysTrpIleHisGluPro 
                 SEQ ID NO: 16 
               
               
                 P7 (306–319)   
                 AspLeuGlyTrpLysTrpIleHisGluProLysGlyTyrHis 
                 SEQ ID NO: 17 
               
               
                 P8 (308–321)   
                 GlyTrpLysTrpIleHisGluProLysGlyTyrHisAlaAsn 
                 SEQ ID NO: 18 
               
               
                 P9 (312–325)   
                 IleHisGluProLysGlyTyrHisAlaAsnPheCysLeuGly 
                 SEQ ID NO: 19 
               
               
                 P10 (316–329)   
                 LysGlyTyrHisAlaAsnPheCysLeuGlyProCysProTyr 
                 SEQ ID NO: 20 
               
               
                 P11 (319–333)   
                 HisAlaAsnPheCysLeuGlyProCysProTyrIleTrpSerLeu 
                 SEQ ID NO: 1 
               
               
                 P12 (322–335)   
                 PheCysLeuGlyProCysProTyrIleTrpSerLeuAspThr 
                 SEQ ID NO: 2 
               
               
                 P13 (326–339)   
                 ProCysProTyrIleTrpSerLeuAspThrGlnTyrSerLys 
                 SEQ ID NO: 21 
               
               
                 P14 (330–343)   
                 IleTrpSerLeuAspThrGlnTyrSerLysValLeuAlaLeu 
                 SEQ ID NO: 22 
               
               
                 P15 (335–349)   
                 ThrGlnTyrSerLysValLeuAlaLeuTyrAsnGlnHisAsnPro 
                 SEQ ID NO: 23 
               
               
                 P16 (336–349)   
                 GlnTyrSerLysValLeuAlaLeuTyrAsnGlnHisAsnPro 
                 SEQ ID NO: 24 
               
               
                 P17 (340–353)   
                 ValLeuAlaLeuTyrAsnGlnHisAsnProGlyAlaSerAla 
                 SEQ ID NO: 25 
               
               
                 P18 (343–358)   
                 LeuTyrAsnGlnHisAsnProGlyAlaSerAlaAlaProCysCys 
                 SEQ ID NO: 26 
               
               
                 P19 (344–358)   
                 TyrAsnGlnHisAsnProGlyAlaSerAlaAlaProCysCys 
                 SEQ ID NO: 27 
               
               
                 P20 (348–360)   
                 AsnProGlyAlaSerAlaAlaProCysCysValProGln 
                 SEQ ID NO: 28 
               
               
                 P21 (350–363)   
                 GlyAlaSerAlaAlaProCysCysValProGlnAlaLeuGlu 
                 SEQ ID NO: 29 
               
               
                 P22 (354–367)   
                 AlaProCysCysValProGlnAlaLeuGluProLeuProIle 
                 SEQ ID NO: 30 
               
               
                 P23 (358–371)   
                 ValProGlnAlaLeuGluProLeuProIleValTyrTyrVal 
                 SEQ ID NO: 31 
               
               
                 P24 (364–377)   
                 ProLeuProIleValTyrTyrValGlyArgLysProLysVal 
                 SEQ ID NO: 32 
               
               
                 P25 (368–381)   
                 ValTyrTyrValGlyArgLysProLysValGluGlnLeuSer 
                 SEQ ID NO: 33 
               
               
                 P26 (372–385)   
                 GlyArgLysProLysValGluGlnLeuSerAsnMetIleVal 
                 SEQ ID NO: 34 
               
               
                 P27 (378–391)   
                 GluGlnLeuSerAsnMetIleValArgSerCysLysCysSer 
                 SEQ ID NO: 35 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       FIG. 4  shows the inhibitory effect of the peptides in Table 6 on the activity of TGFβ1. Since TGFβ1 inhibits growth of the MV-1-Lu cells, inhibition of this cytokine by the peptides leads to re-establishment of growth of the MV-1-Lu cells. 
     As can be seen from  FIG. 4 , the peptide P12, derived from the sequence of TGFβ1, is the one that exhibits greater inhibitory activity of TGFβ1. For more detailed investigation of the inhibitory effect of peptide P12, an investigation was conducted into the effect of the concentration of the peptide on inhibition of the cytokine, which is described below. 
     Dose-Response Test of the Inhibition of TGFβ1 by the Peptide P12 
     The effect of the concentration of peptide P12 on inhibition of the activity of TGFβ1 was investigated. As this peptide was not readily soluble in the test medium, stock solutions or suspensions were prepared with a nominal concentration of peptide (that which would have been achieved if the peptide had dissolved completely) and aliquots were taken from these, and were filtered or even were used directly for the inhibition tests. 
       FIG. 5  examines the inhibitory effect of nominal concentrations of peptide, before and after filtration. It can be seen that peptide P12, with and without filtration, has practically the same activity. 
     Once the results had been obtained with peptide P12, it was decided to lengthen the peptide, both in the N-terminal and the C-terminal direction, and to investigate the effect on its activity. In addition, changes were made to its sequence to improve its solubility and study the importance of the two cysteines in its sequence on the inhibitory activity of TGFβ1. The peptides synthesized are stated in Table 3. 
     Table 3. Peptides derived from modification of peptide P12. 
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Peptide 
                 Sequence 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 P12 (322–335)   
                 PheCysLeuGlyProCysProTyrIleTrpSerLeuAspThr 
                 SEQ ID NO: 2 
               
               
                 P28 (322–344)   
                 PheCysLeuGlyProCysProTyrIleTrpSerLeuAspThrGlnLysVal 
                 SEQ ID NO: 36 
               
               
                   
                 LeuAlaLeuTyr 
               
               
                 P29 (333–335)   
                 HisGluProLysGlyTyrHisAlaAsnPheCysLeuGlyProCysProTyr 
                 SEQ ID NO: 10 
               
               
                   
                 IleTrpSerLeuAspThr 
               
               
                 P30 
                 PheSerLeuGlyProCysProTyrIleTrpSerLeuAspThr 
                 SEQ ID NO: 37 
               
               
                 P31 
                 PheCysLeuGlyProSerProTyrIleTrpSerLeuAspThr 
                 SEQ ID NO: 38 
               
               
                 P32 
                 PheSerLeuGlyProSerProTyrIleTrpSerLeuAspThr 
                 SEQ ID NO: 39 
               
               
                 P33 
                 PheCysLeuGlyProCysProTyrIleTrpSerAspAspAsp 
                 SEQ ID NO: 40 
               
               
                 P34 
                 AspAspAspGlyProCysProTyrIleTrpSerLeuAspThr 
                 SEQ ID NO: 41 
               
               
                 P35 
                 AspAspAspGlyProCysProTyrIleTrpSerAspAspAsp 
                 SEQ ID NO: 42 
               
               
                 P36 
                 GlyProCysProTyrIleTrpSerAspAspAsp 
                 SEQ ID NO: 43 
               
               
                 P37 
                 AspAspAspGlyProCysProTyrIleTrpSer 
                 SEQ ID NO: 44 
               
               
                 P38 
                 AspGlyProCysProTyrIleTrpSerAsp 
                 SEQ ID NO: 45 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       FIG. 6  shows the results of inhibition of TGFβ1 by the peptides in Table 3. 
     It can be seen from  FIG. 6  that peptide P29 is active. This peptide includes the previously tested peptide P12 and has 9 extra amino acids towards the N-terminal end ( FIG. 4 ). Investigations conducted by Quian S W et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89:6290–6294) and by Burmester J K et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90:8628–8632) using chimeric recombinant proteins identified a region of TGFβ1 that is necessary for the activity of this cytokine (amino acids 40 to 82 in the sequence of mature TGFβ1). It was speculated that peptide P29 (amino acids 34 to 56 in the sequence of mature TGFβ1), extending over a larger region than peptide P12 (amino acids 43 to 56), might acquire a three-dimensional structure more like the structure of the TGFβ1 in circulation. For this reason, peptide P29 was used for tests of binding to the cell receptors, based on affinity labelling. 
     Tests of Inhibition of the Binding of TGFβ1 to its Receptors by Peptide P29 (Affinity Labelling) 
     Peptide P29, derived from the sequence of TGFβ1, was used in affinity labelling tests for verifying its capacity for inhibition of the binding of TGFβ1 to its cell receptors (Material and Methods). 
     Owing to the different activity of the batches of  125 I-TGFβ1 employed, the concentrations of peptide used in the tests were adjusted according to the concentration of the  125 I-TGFβ1 batch used in each case. The results of these tests are shown in  FIGS. 7 and 8 . 
     Further tests were carried out to find the minimum concentration required for blocking the binding of  125 I-TGFβ1 to the cell receptors. 
     Inhibition of TGFβ1 by Peptides Derived from the Sequence of the Type III Receptor of the Rat 
     With the aim of finding new peptides that are inhibitors of the activity of TGFβ1, peptides derived from the type III receptor of the rat were synthesized. Some peptides were chosen on the basis of regions of their sequence that were predicted as complementary to blocks of amino acids of the sequence of TGFβ1. It was hoped that these peptides would be capable of binding to free TGFβ1, sequestering it and preventing its binding to the cell receptors. 
     Other peptides were synthesized by overlapping 10 amino acids and covering part of the extracellular region of the type III receptor (amino acids 45 to 410). It has been described that a soluble type III receptor exists that corresponds to the extracellular region of the receptor, this region is cut from the membrane and acts as a sequestrator of the TGFβ1 in circulation (López Casillas F. et al. (1991) Cell 67:785–795). Later studies described two possible regions of binding to TGFβ1, one of which is located at the N-terminal end of the receptor (López-Casillas et al. (1994) J. Cell Biol. 124:557–568) and the other is located in the region closest to the membrane, towards the C-terminal end (Fukushima D. et al. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268:22710–22715; Pepin M C et al. (1995) FEBS Lett 377:368–372). For these reasons peptides of the extracellular region of this receptor were synthesized, on the supposition that these peptides might be capable of sequestering the circulating TGFβ1. 
     The peptides synthesized are shown in Table 4. 
     Table 4. Peptides derived from the type III receptor of the rat. The number of the peptide and its sequence are shown. P39 to P65 are peptides predicted as complementary to TGFβ1 and P66 to P138 are overlapping peptides covering the extracellular region of the receptor. For convenience of synthesis, all the peptides were synthesized with an alanine added at the C-terminal end which is not shown in the table. 
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Peptide 
                 Sequence 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 P39 (91–102)   
                 AsnProIleAlaSerValHisThrHisHisLysPro 
                 SEQ ID NO: 46 
               
               
                 P40 (104–115)   
                 ValPheLeuLeuAsnSerProGlnProLeuValTrp 
                 SEQ ID NO: 47 
               
               
                 P41 (109–120)   
                 SerProGlnProLeuValTrpHisLeuLysThrGlu 
                 SEQ ID NO: 48 
               
               
                 P42 (110–121)   
                 ProGlnProLeuValTrpHisLeuLysThrGluArg 
                 SEQ ID NO: 49 
               
               
                 P43 (333–344)   
                 TrpAlaLeuAspAsnGlyTyrArgProValThrSer 
                 SEQ ID NO: 50 
               
               
                 P44 (428–439)   
                 ProIleValProSerValGlnLeuLeuProAspHis 
                 SEQ ID NO: 51 
               
               
                 P45 (555–566)   
                 GlyAspGluGlyGluThrAlaProLeuSerArgAla 
                 SEQ ID NO: 52 
               
               
                 P46 (563–574)   
                 LeuSerArgAlaGlyValValValPheAsnCysSer 
                 SEQ ID NO: 53 
               
               
                 P47 (603–614)   
                 LeuPheLeuValProSerProGlyValPheSerVal 
                 SEQ ID NO: 54 
               
               
                 P48 (605–616)   
                 LeuValProSerProGlyValPheSerValAlaGlu 
                 SEQ ID NO: 55 
               
               
                 P49 (707–718)   
                 GluLeuThrLeuCysSerArgLysLysGlySerLeu 
                 SEQ ID NO: 56 
               
               
                 P50 (712–723)   
                 SerArgLysLysGlySerLeuLysLeuProArgCys 
                 SEQ ID NO: 57 
               
               
                 P51 (717–728)   
                 SerLeuLysLeuProArgCysValThrProAspAsp 
                 SEQ ID NO: 58 
               
               
                 P52 (722–733)   
                 ArgCysValThrProAspAspAlaCysThrSerLeu 
                 SEQ ID NO: 59 
               
               
                 P53 (727–738)   
                 AspAspAlaCysThrSerLeuAspAlaThrMetIle 
                 SEQ ID NO: 60 
               
               
                 P54 (731–742)   
                 ThrSerLeuAspAlaThrMetIleTrpThrMetMet 
                 SEQ ID NO: 3 
               
               
                 P55 (732–743)   
                 SerLeuAspAlaThrMetIleTrpThrMetMetGln 
                 SEQ ID NO: 61 
               
               
                 P56 (737–748)   
                 MetIleTrpThrMetMetGlnAsnLysLysThrPhe 
                 SEQ ID NO: 62 
               
               
                 P57 (742–752)   
                 MetGlnAsnLysLysThrPheThrLysProLeuAla 
                 SEQ ID NO: 63 
               
               
                 P58 (747–758)   
                 ThrPheThrLysProLeuAlaValValLeuGlnVal 
                 SEQ ID NO: 64 
               
               
                 P59 (761–775)   
                 LysGluAsnValProSerThrLysAspSerSerProIleProPro 
                 SEQ ID NO: 65 
               
               
                 P60 (766–780)   
                 SerThrLysAspSerSerProIleProProProProProGlnIle 
                 SEQ ID NO: 66 
               
               
                 P61 (771–785)   
                 SerProIleProProProProProGlnIlePheHisGlyLeuAsp 
                 SEQ ID NO: 67 
               
               
                 P62 (776–780)   
                 ProProProGlnIlePheHisGlyLeuAspThrLeuThrValMet 
                 SEQ ID NO: 68 
               
               
                 P63 (781–795)   
                 PheHisGlyLeuAspThrLeuThrValMetGlyIleAlaPheAla 
                 SEQ ID NO: 69 
               
               
                 P64 (786–800)   
                 ThrLeuThrValMetGlyIleAlaPheAlaAlaPheValIleGly 
                 SEQ ID NO: 70 
               
               
                 P65 (797–809)   
                 LeuLeuThrGlyAlaLeuTrpTyrIleTyrSerHis 
                 SEQ ID NO: 71 
               
               
                 P66 (45–59)   
                 LeuMetGluSerPheThrValLeuSerGlyCysAlaSerArgGly 
                 SEQ ID NO: 72 
               
               
                 P67 (50–64)   
                 ThrValLeuSerGlyCysAlaSerArgGlyThrThrGlyLeuPro 
                 SEQ ID NO: 73 
               
               
                 P68 (55–69)   
                 CysAlaSerArgGlyThrThrGlyLeuProArgGluValHisVal 
                 SEQ ID NO: 74 
               
               
                 P69 (60–74)   
                 ThrThrGlyLeuProArgGluValHisValLeuAsnLeuArgSer 
                 SEQ ID NO: 75 
               
               
                 P70 (65–79)   
                 ArgGluValHisValLeuAsnLeuArgSerThrAspGlnGlyPro 
                 SEQ ID NO: 76 
               
               
                 P71 (70–84)   
                 LeuAsnL uArgSerThrAspGlnGlyProGlyGlnArgGlnArg 
                 SEQ ID NO: 77 
               
               
                 P72 (75–89)   
                 ThrAspGlnGlyProGlyGlnArgGlnArgGluValThrLeuHis 
                 SEQ ID NO: 78 
               
               
                 P73 (80–94)   
                 GlyGlnArgGlnArgGluValThrLeuHisLeuAsnProIleAla 
                 SEQ ID NO: 79 
               
               
                 P74 (85–99)   
                 GluValThrLeuHisLeuAsnProIleAlaSerValHisThrHis 
                 SEQ ID NO: 80 
               
               
                 P75 (90–104)   
                 LeuAsnProIleAlaSerValHisThrHisHisLysProIleVal 
                 SEQ ID NO: 81 
               
               
                 P76 (95–109)   
                 SerValHisThrHisHisLysProIleValPheLeuLeuAsnSer 
                 SEQ ID NO: 82 
               
               
                 P77 (100–114)   
                 HisLysProIleValPheLeuLeuAsnSerProGlnProLeuVal 
                 SEQ ID NO: 83 
               
               
                 P78 (105–119)   
                 PheLeuLeuAsnSerProGlnProLeuValTrpHisLeuLysThr 
                 SEQ ID NO: 84 
               
               
                 P79 (110–124)   
                 ProGlnProLeuValTrpHisLeuLysThrGluArgLeuAlaAla 
                 SEQ ID NO: 85 
               
               
                 P80 (115–129)   
                 TrpHisLeuLysThrGluArgLeuAlaAlaGlyValProArgLeu 
                 SEQ ID NO: 86 
               
               
                 P81 (120–134)   
                 ArgLeuAlaAlaGlyValProArgLeuPheLeuValSerGluGly 
                 SEQ ID NO: 87 
               
               
                 P82 (125–139)   
                 GlyValProArgLeuPheLeuValSerGluGlySerValValGln 
                 SEQ ID NO: 88 
               
               
                 P83 (130–144)   
                 PheLeuValSerGluGlySerValValGlnPheProSerGlyAsn 
                 SEQ ID NO: 89 
               
               
                 P84 (135–149)   
                 GlySerValValGlnPheProSerGlyAsnPheSerLeuThrAla 
                 SEQ ID NO: 90 
               
               
                 P85 (140–154)   
                 PheProSerGlyAsnPheSerLeuThrAlaGluThrGluGluArg 
                 SEQ ID NO: 91 
               
               
                 P86 (145–159)   
                 PheSerLeuThrAlaGluThrGluGluArgAsnPheProGlnGlu 
                 SEQ ID NO: 92 
               
               
                 P87 (150–164)   
                 GluThrGluGluArgAsnPheProGlnGluAsnGluHisLeuVal 
                 SEQ ID NO: 93 
               
               
                 P88 (155–169)   
                 AsnPheProGlnGluAsnGluHisLeuValArgTrpAlaGlnLys 
                 SEQ ID NO: 94 
               
               
                 P89 (160–174)   
                 AsnGluHisLeuValArgTrpAlaGlnLysGluTyrGlyAlaVal 
                 SEQ ID NO: 95 
               
               
                 P90 (165–179)   
                 ArgTrpAlaGlnLysGluTyrGlyAlaValThrSerPheThrGlu 
                 SEQ ID NO: 96 
               
               
                 P91 (170–184)   
                 GluTyrGlyAlaValThrSerPheThrGluLeuLysIleAlaArg 
                 SEQ ID NO: 97 
               
               
                 P92 (175–189)   
                 ThrSerPheThrGluLeuLysIleAlaArgAsnIleTyrIleLys 
                 SEQ ID NO: 98 
               
               
                 P93 (180–194)   
                 LeuLysIleAlaArgAsnIleTyrIleLysValGlyGluAspGln 
                 SEQ ID NO: 99 
               
               
                 P94 (185–199)   
                 AsnIleTyrIleLysValGlyGluAspGlnValPheProProThr 
                 SEQ ID NO: 100 
               
               
                 P95 (190–201)   
                 ValGlyGluAspGlnValPheProProThrCysAsnIleGlyLys 
                 SEQ ID NO: 101 
               
               
                 P96 (195–209)   
                 ValPheProProThrCysAsnIleGlyLysAsnPheLeuSerLeu 
                 SEQ ID NO: 102 
               
               
                 P97 (200–214)   
                 CysAsnIleGlyLysAsnPheLeuSerLeuAsnTyrLeuAlaGlu 
                 SEQ ID NO: 103 
               
               
                 P98 (205–219)   
                 AsnPheLeuSerLeuAsnTyrLeuAlaGluTyrLeuGlnProLys 
                 SEQ ID NO: 104 
               
               
                 P99 (210–224)   
                 AsnTyrLeuAlaGluTyrLeuGlnProLysAlaAlaGluGlyCys 
                 SEQ ID NO: 105 
               
               
                 P100 (215–229)   
                 TyrLeuGlnProLysAlaAlaGluGlyCysValLeuProSerGln 
                 SEQ ID NO: 106 
               
               
                 P101 (220–234)   
                 AlaAlaGluGlyCysValLeuProSerGlnProHisGluLysGlu 
                 SEQ ID NO: 107 
               
               
                 P102 (225–239)   
                 ValLeuProSerGlnProHisGluLysGluValHisIleIleGlu 
                 SEQ ID NO: 108 
               
               
                 P103 (230–244)   
                 ProHisGluLysGluValHisIleIleGluLeuIleThrProSer 
                 SEQ ID NO: 109 
               
               
                 P104 (235–249)   
                 ValHisIleIleGluLeuIleThrProSerSerAsnProTyrSer 
                 SEQ ID NO: 110 
               
               
                 P105 (240–254)   
                 LeuIleThrProSerSerAsnProTyrSerAlaPheGlnValAsp 
                 SEQ ID NO: 111 
               
               
                 P110 (265–279)   
                 AspProGluValValLysAsnLeuValLeuIleLeuLysCysLys 
                 SEQ ID NO: 115 
               
               
                 P111 (270–284)   
                 LysAsnLeuValLeuIleLeuLysCysLysLysSerValAsnTrp 
                 SEQ ID NO: 116 
               
               
                 P112 (275–289)   
                 IleLeuLysCysLysLysSerValAsnTrpValIleLysSerPhe 
                 SEQ ID NO: 117 
               
               
                 P113 (280–294)   
                 LysSerValAsnTrpValIleLysSerPheAspValLysGlyAsn 
                 SEQ ID NO: 118 
               
               
                 P114 (285–299)   
                 ValIleLysSerPheAspValLysGlyAsnLeuLysValIleAla 
                 SEQ ID NO: 119 
               
               
                 P115 (290–304)   
                 AspValLysGlyAsnLeuLysValIleAlaProAsnSerIleGly 
                 SEQ ID NO: 120 
               
               
                 P106 (245–259)   
                 SerAsnProTyrSerAlaPheGlnValAspIleIleValAspIle 
                 SEQ ID NO: 4 
               
               
                 P107 (250–264)   
                 AlaPheGlnValAspIleIleValAspIleArgProAlaGlnGlu 
                 SEQ ID NO: 112 
               
               
                 P108 (255–269)   
                 IleIleValAspIleArgProAlaGlnGluAspProGluValVal 
                 SEQ ID NO: 113 
               
               
                 P109 (260–274)   
                 ArgProAlaGlnGluAspProGluValValLysAsnLeuValLeu 
                 SEQ ID NO: 114 
               
               
                 P116 (295–309)   
                 LeuLysValIleAlaProAsnSerIleGlyPheGlyLysGluSer 
                 SEQ ID NO: 121 
               
               
                 P117 (300–314)   
                 ProAsnSerIleGlyPheGlyLysGluSerGluArgSerMetThr 
                 SEQ ID NO: 122 
               
               
                 P118 (305–319)   
                 PheGlyLysGluSerGluArgSerMetThrMetThrLysLeuVal 
                 SEQ ID NO: 123 
               
               
                 P119 (310–324)   
                 GluArgSerMetThrMetThrLysLeuValArgAspAspIlePro 
                 SEQ ID NO: 124 
               
               
                 P120 (315–329)   
                 MetThrLysLeuValArgAspAspIleProSerThrGlnGluAsn 
                 SEQ ID NO: 125 
               
               
                 P121 (320–334)   
                 ArgAspAspIleProSerThrGlnGluAsnLeuMetLysTrpAla 
                 SEQ ID NO: 126 
               
               
                 P122 (325–339)   
                 SerThrGlnGluAsnLeuMetLysTrpAlaLeuAspAsnGlyTyr 
                 SEQ ID NO: 127 
               
               
                 P123 (330–344)   
                 LeuMetLysTrpAlaLeuAspAsnGlyTyrArgProValThrSer 
                 SEQ ID NO: 128 
               
               
                 P124 (335–349)   
                 LeuAspAsnGlyTyrArgProValThrSerTyrThrMetAlaPro 
                 SEQ ID NO: 129 
               
               
                 P125 (340–354)   
                 ArgProValThrSerTyrThrMetAlaProValAlaAsnArgPhe 
                 SEQ ID NO: 130 
               
               
                 P126 (345–339)   
                 TyrThrMetAlaProValAlaAsnArgPheHisLeuArgLeuGlu 
                 SEQ ID NO: 131 
               
               
                 P127 (350–364)   
                 ValAlaAsnArgPheHisLeuArgLeuGluAsnAsnGluGluMet 
                 SEQ ID NO: 132 
               
               
                 P128 (355–369)   
                 HisLeuArgLeuGluAsnAsnGluGluMetArgAspGluGluVal 
                 SEQ ID NO: 133 
               
               
                 P129 (360–374)   
                 AsnAsnGluGluMetArgAspGluGluValHisThrIleProPro 
                 SEQ ID NO: 134 
               
               
                 P130 (365–379)   
                 ArgAspGluGluValHisThrIleProProGluLeuArgIleLeu 
                 SEQ ID NO: 135 
               
               
                 P131 (370–384)   
                 HisThrIleProProGluLeuArgIleLeuLeuAspProAspHis 
                 SEQ ID NO: 136 
               
               
                 P132 (375–389)   
                 GluLeuArgIleLeuLeuAspProAspHisProProAlaLeuAsp 
                 SEQ ID NO: 137 
               
               
                 P133 (300–394)   
                 LeuAspProAspHisProProAlaLeuAspAsnProLeuPhePro 
                 SEQ ID NO: 138 
               
               
                 P134 (385–399)   
                 ProProAlaLeuAspAsnProLeuPheProGlyGluGlySerPro 
                 SEQ ID NO: 139 
               
               
                 P135 (390–404)   
                 AsnProLeuPheProGlyGluGlySerProAsnGlyGlyLeuPro 
                 SEQ ID NO: 140 
               
               
                 P136 (395–409)   
                 GlyGluGlySerProAsnGlyGlyLeuProPheProPheProAsp 
                 SEQ ID NO: 141 
               
               
                 P137 (400–414)   
                 AsnGlyGlyLeuProPheProPheProAspIleProArgArgGly 
                 SEQ ID NO: 142 
               
               
                 P138 (405–419)   
                 PheProPheProAspIleProArgArgGlyTrpLysGluGlyGlu 
                 SEQ ID NO: 143 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The peptides in Table 4 were tested for their capacity to block TGFβ1 in the model of inhibition of the MV-1-Lu cell line. Since TGFβ1 is able to inhibit the growth of this line, inhibition of TGFβ1 by the peptides would be able to re-establish cell growth. These tests are shown in  FIGS. 9 to 12 . 
     As can be seen in  FIGS. 9 to 12 , there are various peptides that are able to inhibit the growth of the MV-1-Lu cell line to a greater or lesser degree, but only peptide P54 is capable of inhibiting the activity of TGFβ1 almost completely. With the aim of conducting a more thorough investigation of this peptide, tests were carried out using different concentrations of peptide against a fixed concentration of TGFβ1 of 200 pg/ml. 
     Dose-Response Test of the Inhibition of TGFβ1 by Peptide P54 
     The effect of the concentration of peptide P54 on inhibition of the activity of TGFβ1 was investigated. In view of the low solubility of this peptide, stock solutions with nominal concentration of peptide were prepared, as was done in the case of peptide P12, and aliquots were taken from them, and filtered, or even used directly for the inhibition tests. 
       FIG. 13  examines the inhibitory effect of nominal concentrations of peptide, before and after filtration. It can be seen that there is no measurable inhibitory activity in the filtrate of peptide P54. 
     Having verified the capacity of peptide P54 to inhibit the activity of TGFβ1 in a manner that depends on the dose used, we proceeded to synthesize new peptides, taking as a basis the sequence of P54, with the aim of trying to improve the solubility and hence its activity at lower doses. Two peptides derived from the human type III receptor were also synthesized. One of these peptides (P144) is equivalent to peptide P54. The other peptide (P145) is similar to peptide P106 of the type III receptor of the rat, which had also demonstrated activity. These new peptides are shown in Table 5. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Peptides derived from modification of peptide P54 (peptides P139 to P143) 
               
               
                 and of the human type III receptor (peptides P144 and P145). 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Peptide 
                 Sequence 
                 Derivation 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 P54 (731–743)   
                 ThrSerLeuAspAlaThrMetIleTrpThrMetMet 
                 Rat type III 
                 SEQ ID NO: 3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 receptor 
               
               
                 P139 
                 ThrSerLeuAspAlaThrMetIleTrpAspAspAsp 
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 144 
               
               
                 P140 
                 AspAspAspAlaThrMetIleTrpThrMetMet 
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 145 
               
               
                 P141 
                 AspAlaThrMetIleTrpAsp 
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 146 
               
               
                 P142 
                 ThrSerLeuMetIleTrpThrMetMet 
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 5 
               
               
                 P143 
                 ThrSerLeuAspAlaThrThrMetMet 
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 147 
               
               
                 P144 (728–743)   
                 ThrSerLeuAspAlaSerIleIleTrpAlaMetMet 
                 Human type III 
                 SEQ ID NO: 6 
               
               
                   
                 GlnAsn 
                 receptor 
               
               
                 P145 241–254)   
                 SerAsnProTyrSerAlaPheGlnValAspIleThr 
                 Human type III 
                 SEQ ID NO: 7 
               
               
                   
                 IleAsp 
                 receptor 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The test of activity of the peptides in Table 5 is shown in  FIG. 14 . 
     Dose-Response Test of Inhibition of TGFβ1 by Peptide P144 
     A dose-response test was carried out with peptide P144 derived from the sequence of the human type III receptor, with the aim of testing whether its activity was dependent on the concentration ( FIG. 15 ). It can be seen that the activity of the peptide decreases with the decrease in the concentration of peptide used in the tests. 
     Tests of Inhibition of the Binding of TGFβ1 to its Receptors by Peptide P144 (Affinity Labelling) 
     Peptide P144 derived from the sequence of the human type III receptor was used in affinity labelling tests for verifying its ability to inhibit the binding of TGFβ1 to its cell receptors (Material and Methods). 
     Owing to the different activity of the batches of  125 I-TGFβ1 employed, the concentrations of peptide used in the tests were adjusted according to the concentration of the  125 I-TGFβ1 batch used in each case. The results of these tests are shown in  FIG. 15 . 
     After verifying inhibition of the binding of TGFβ1 to its cell receptors by peptide P144, a new test was conducted with the aim of titrating peptide P144. It was observed that the peptide lost its activity at a concentration of 2×10 5  times the molar concentration of  125 I-TGFβ1. 
     Inhibition of TGFβ1 by Peptides Derived from Other Proteins with Ability to Bind to TGFβ1 and Predicted as Complementary to TGFβ1 
     The peptides in Table 6, derived from proteins capable of binding to TGFβ1, were synthesized in this series. 
     Table 6. Peptides derived from various proteins capable of binding to TGFβ1 (type II receptor P146, fetuin P147 to P149, endoglin P150 to P154 and α2-macroglobulin P155 to P179). The number of the peptide is shown, together with its position in the complete sequence, its amino acid sequence, and its origin. For convenience of synthesis, all the peptides were synthesized with an alanine added at the C-terminal end which is not shown in the table. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Peptide 
                 Sequence 
                 Origin 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 P146 (84–101)   
                 CysValAlaValTrpArgLysAsnAspGluAsnIleThr 
                 Type II receptor 
                 SEQ ID NO: 148 
               
               
                   
                 LeuGluThrValCys 
               
               
                 P147 (114–133)   
                 CysAspPheGlnLeuLeuLysLeuAspGlyLysPheSer 
                 Fetuin 
                 SEQ ID NO: 149 
               
               
                   
                 ValValTyrAlaLysCys 
               
               
                 P148 (114–133)   
                 CysAspPheHisIleLeuLysGlnAspGlyGlnPheArg 
                 Fetuin 
                 SEQ ID NO: 150 
               
               
                   
                 ValCysHisAlaGlnCys 
               
               
                 P149 (114–133)   
                 CysAspIleHisValLeuLysGlnAspGlyPheSerVal 
                 Fetuin 
                 SEQ ID NO: 151 
               
               
                   
                 LeuPheThrLysCysAsp 
               
               
                 P150 (247–261)   
                 GluAlaValLeuIleLeuGlnGlyProProTyrValSer 
                 Endoglin 
                 SEQ ID NO: 8 
               
               
                   
                 TrpLeu 
               
               
                 P151 (289–303)   
                 ValAsnLeuProAspThrArgGlnGlyLeuLeuGluGlu 
                 Endoglin 
                 SEQ ID NO: 152 
               
               
                   
                 AlaArg 
               
               
                 P152 (445–459)   
                 LeuAspSerLeuSerPheGlnLeuGlyLeuTyrLeuSer 
                 Endoglin 
                 SEQ ID NO: 9 
               
               
                   
                 ProHis 
               
               
                 P153 (481–495)   
                 ProSerIleProGluLeuMetThrGlnLeuAspSerCys 
                 Endoglin 
                 SEQ ID NO: 153 
               
               
                   
                 GlnLeu 
               
               
                 P154 (479–493)   
                 MetSerProSerIleProGluLeuMetThrGlnLeuAsp 
                 Endoglin 
                 SEQ ID NO: 154 
               
               
                   
                 SerCys 
               
               
                 P155 (13–34)   
                 LeuLeuLeuLeuValLeuLeuProThrAspAlaSer 
                 α-2-Macroglobulin 
                 SEQ ID NO: 155 
               
               
                 P156 (30–51)   
                 ProThrAspAlaSerValSerGlyLysProGlnTyr 
                 α-2-Macroglobulin 
                 SEQ ID NO: 156 
               
               
                 P157 (44–65)   
                 ThrGluLysGlyCysValLeuLeuSerTyrLeuAsn 
                 α-2-Macroglobulin 
                 SEQ ID NO: 157 
               
               
                 P158 (166–177)   
                 TyrIleGlnAspProLysGlyAsnArgIleAlaGln 
                 α-2-Macroglobulin 
                 SEQ ID NO: 158 
               
               
                 P158 (166–177)   
                 TyrIleGlnAspProLysGlyAsnArgIleAlaGln 
                 α-2-Macroglobulin 
                 SEQ ID NO: 158 
               
               
                 P159 (193–202)   
                 PheProLeuSerSerGluProPheGlnGlySerTyr 
                 α-2-Macroglobulin 
                 SEQ ID NO: 159 
               
               
                 P160 (247–258)   
                 AsnValSerValCysGlyLeuTyrThrTyrGlyLys 
                 α-2-Macroglobulin 
                 SEQ ID NO: 160 
               
               
                 P161 (246–259)   
                 ValSerValCysGlyLeuTyrThrTyrGlyLysPro 
                 α-2-Macroglobulin 
                 SEQ ID NO: 161 
               
               
                 P162 (250–262)   
                 ValCysGlyLeuTyrThrTyrGlyLysProValPro 
                 α-2-Macroglobulin 
                 SEQ ID NO: 162 
               
               
                 P163 (267–278)   
                 SerIleCysArgLysTyrSerAspAlaSerAspCys 
                 α-2-Macroglobulin 
                 SEQ ID NO: 163 
               
               
                 P164 (469–480)   
                 ProCysGlyHisThrGlnThrValGlnAlaHisTyr 
                 α-2-Macroglobulin 
                 SEQ ID No: 164 
               
               
                 P165 (354–365)   
                 AspSerAlaLysTyrAspValGluAsnCysLeuAla 
                 α-2-Macroglobulin 
                 SEQ ID NO: 165 
               
               
                 P167 (790–801)   
                 GlnProPhePheValGluLeuThrMetProTyrSer 
                 α-2-Macroglobulin 
                 SEQ ID NQ: 167 
               
               
                 P168 (827–628)   
                 GlnLeuGluAlaSerProAlaPheLeuAlaValPro 
                 α-2-Macroglobulin 
                 SEQ ID NO: 168 
               
               
                 P169 (835–836)   
                 SerValGlnLeuGluAlaSerProAlaPheLeuAla 
                 α-2-Macroglobulin 
                 SEQ ID NO: 169 
               
               
                 P170 (876–887)   
                 AlaLeuGluSerGlnGluLeuCysGlyThrGluVal 
                 α-2-Macroglobulin 
                 SEQ ID NO: 170 
               
               
                 P171 (1001–1012)   
                 LysSerLysIleGlyTyrLeuAsnThrGlyTyr 
                 α-2-Macroglobulin 
                 SEQ ID NO: 171 
               
               
                 P172 (1013–1026)   
                 IleGlyTyrLeuAsnThrGlyTyrGlnArgGlnLeu 
                 α-2-Macrog1obulin 
                 SEQ ID NO: 172 
               
               
                 P173 (1062–1073)   
                 LysArgLysGluValLeuLysSerLeuAsnGluGlu 
                 α-2-Macroglobulin 
                 SEQ ID NO: 173 
               
               
                 P174 (1193–1204)   
                 ValGlyHisPheTyrGluProGlnAlaProSerAla 
                 α-2-Macroglobulin 
                 SEQ ID NO: 174 
               
               
                 P175 (1209–1220)   
                 ThrSerTyrValLeuLeuAlaTyrLeuThrGlnAla 
                 α-2-Macroglobulin 
                 SEQ ID NO: 175 
               
               
                 P176 (1211–1222)   
                 TyrValLeuLeuAlaTyrLeuThrAlaGlnProAla 
                 α-2-Macroglobulin 
                 SEQ ID NO: 176 
               
               
                 P177 (1234–1367)   
                 ValAlaLeuHisAlaLeuSerLysTyrGlyAlaAla 
                 α-2-Macroglobulin 
                 SEQ ID NO: 177 
               
               
                 P178 (1233–1343)   
                 TyrGlyArgAsnGlnGlyAsnThrTrpLeuThrAla 
                 α-2-Macroglobulin 
                 SEQ ID NO: 178 
               
               
                 P179 (1234–1345)   
                 ArgAsnGlnGlyAsnThrTrpLeuThrAlaPheVal 
                 α-2-Macroglobulin 
                 SEQ ID NO: 179 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       FIGS. 17 and 18  show the inhibitory activity of the peptides derived from Table 10. 
     As can be seen in  FIGS. 17 and 18 , only peptide P150 showed activity greater than 50%. However, peptides P146 and P149, which had been described as active by Demetriou M et al. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271:12755–12761, were not found to be active under the conditions employed for this test. 
     Measurement by Flow Cytometry of the Inhibitory Effect of Synthetic Peptides on the Binding of TGFβ1 to its Cell Receptors 
     Peptides derived from previous syntheses, both those that were synthesized from the sequence of TGFβ1 and those from the type III receptor, were used for measuring, by flow cytometry, their capacity to inhibit the binding of TGFβ1 to the cell receptors. In these tests the cells are incubated with the peptide before adding TGFβ1-biotin, which will be detected using avidin-FITC (Material and Methods). Then the fluorescence emitted by the avidin-FITC is measured: this will be directly proportional to the quantity of TGFβ1 bound to the cells and inversely proportional to the activity of the peptide. The results obtained with the most relevant peptides are shown in  FIG. 19  and Table 7. 
                                                             TABLE 7                   Comparison of the inhibitory activity of TGFβ1, of some peptides,       measured by bioassay of inhibition of growth of the MV-1-Lu 1  cells       (peptide concentration 200 μg/ml) with inhibition of the binding       of TGFβ1 to its cell receptors measured using flow       cytometry 2  (peptide concentration 420 μg/ml).                Bioassay   Cytometry           Peptides   (% inhibition) 1     % inhibition) 2     Sequence                    P29   77.6   92.34   HisGluProLysGlyTyrHis   SEQ ID NO: 10                   AlaAsnPheCysLeuGlyPro                   CysProTyrIleTrpSerLeu                   AspThr       P11   40   86   HisAlaAsnPheCysLeuGly   SEQ ID NO: 1                   ProCysProTyrIleTrpSer                   Leu       P12   96   77   PheCysLeuGlyProCysPro   SEQ ID NO: 2                   TyrIleTrpSerLeuAspThr       P18   18.2   6.5   LeuTyrAsnGlnHisAsnPro   SEQ ID NO: 26                   GlyAlaSerAlaAlaProCys                   Cys       P54   97   82.3   ThrSerLeuAspAlaThrMet   SEQ ID NO: 3                   IleTrpThrMetMet       P140   −1.7   69.8   AspAspAspAlaThrMetIle   SEQ ID NO: 145                   TrpThrMetMet       P142   70   72   ThrSerLeuMetIleTrpThr   SEQ ID NO: 5                   MetMet       P106   40   91   SerAsnProTyrSerAlaPhe   SEQ ID NO: 4                   GlnValAspIleIleValAsp                   Ile       P145   21   74.35   SerAsnProTyrSerAlaPhe   SEQ ID NO: 7                   GlnValAspIleThrIleAsp       P144   88   80   ThrSerLeuAspAlaSerIle   SEQ ID NO: 6                   IleTrpAlaMetMetGlnAsn       P150   64   73   GluAlaValLeuIleLeuGln   SEQ ID NO: 8                   GlyProProTyrValSerTrp                   Leu       P152   45   68.4   LeuAspSerLeuSerPheGln   SEQ ID NO: 9                   LeuGlyLeuTyrLeuSerPro                   His                    
Inhibition In Vivo of the Activity of TGFβ1
 
     Peptide P144 derived from the sequence of the human type III receptor, which had proved active in the bioassays of inhibition of growth of the MV-1-Lu cell line, was used in the tests in vivo for studying its inhibitory effect in the induction of experimental cirrhosis with CCl 4 , in a rat model. 
     Model of Experimental Cirrhosis in Wistar Rats 
     In this model, hepatic cirrhosis is induced by inhalation of carbon tetrachloride, for 11 weeks, twice per week (López Novoa J M et al. (1976) Patologia IX:223–240; Camps J. et al. (1987) Gastroenterology 93:498–505) as described in Material and Methods. 
     Peptide P144 was administered in accordance with two protocols:
     1. Protocol 1: The peptide was administered on alternate days by the intraperitoneal route during the cirrhosis induction process (11 weeks).  FIGS. 20 and 21 .   2. Protocol 2: The peptide was administered on alternate days by the intraperitoneal route for 3 weeks, once cirrhosis was established, i.e. at 12 weeks from the start of induction of cirrhosis.  FIGS. 22 and 23 .   

     The production of collagen in both protocols was measured by two techniques: 
       FIGS. 36 and 38  show total collagen production measured by staining liver sections (two per animal) with Fast Green and Direct Red, elution of the colour and reading in a spectrophotometer (Material and Methods) (López de León A. and Rojkind (1985) Histochem. Cytochem. 33:737–743; Gaudio E. et al. (1993) Int. J. Exp. Path. 74:463–469). 
       FIGS. 21 and 23  show collagen production, measured by image analysis of liver sections stained with Sirius Red, using light microscopy (Material and Methods). 
     As can be seen in  FIG. 20 , significant differences are observed (P&lt;0.05) between the group of rats treated with peptide P144 (Tto 1 ) and the control group of cirrhotic rats (Ci 1 ) on investigating the ratio of collagen to total protein. In  FIG. 37 , the differences between the group of rats treated with peptide P144 (Tto 1 ) and the control group of cirrhotic rats (Ci 1 ) are also significant (P&lt;0.001) when the area of fibrosis is investigated. 
     As can be seen in  FIGS. 22 and 23 , which show the results for the rats treated once cirrhosis was established, the differences between the groups of rats treated with peptide P144 (Tto 2 ) and the cirrhotic rats without treatment (Ci 2 ) are not significant when using either of the two techniques for measuring fibrosis. 
     The two techniques employed for measuring collagen were compared using linear regression with the aim of verifying the randomness of selection of the fields for investigation in each preparation and hence the validity of the image analysis,  FIGS. 24 and 25 . 
     As can be seen from  FIGS. 24 and 25 , there is a correlation between the two techniques with R&gt;0.85 in both cases, which is highly significant (F≦0.001). This confirms that acquisition of the images for investigation was effected entirely randomly and hence confirms the validity of the data obtained by image analysis. 
       FIGS. 26 and 27  show the images obtained by light microscopy from liver preparations stained with Sirius Red at a magnification of 10× obtained from livers of rats treated during the cirrhosis induction process (Ci 1  and Tto 1 ). 
     The images in  FIG. 26  were obtained without employing any type of filter. 
       FIG. 27  shows the images once they had been modified for investigation using special software. These modifications consist of application of two filters, one of polarized light and the other of green light, for the purpose of improving the quality of the images and facilitating automated examination of them. 
       FIGS. 26 and 27  reveal that there are differences between the images obtained from the cirrhotic rats (Ci 1 ) and those obtained from the rats treated with peptide P144 (Tto 1 ). 
     The differences in effectiveness between protocols 1 and 2 might be due to the fact that production of TGFβ1 might be much less once cirrhosis is induced (protocol 2) than during the process of induction of cirrhosis with CCl 4  (protocol 1), and might even be at normal levels, so that the effect of treatment with peptide P144 would be less pronounced in protocol 2 than in protocol 1. 
     When we compare the groups of untreated cirrhotic rats, at the end of the process of induction of cirrhosis (Ci 1 ) with the untreated cirrhotic rats at 4 weeks from the end of induction (Ci 2 ), we find that there are significant differences (P=0.016) between the two groups ( FIG. 28 ), which would indicate that there is partial regression of cirrhosis when the cirrhotizing agent is removed, an observation that has been published by various authors (Szende-B et al. (1992) In Vivo 6:355–361; Columbano A (1996) Carcinogenesis 17:395–400). 
     These differences in effectiveness between the two protocols might also be due to the protocol itself, since the animals of protocol 2 are only treated for 3 weeks on alternate days, whereas the animals of protocol 1 are treated for a longer period of time (7 weeks, also on alternate days). 
     The results obtained demonstrate that it is possible to inhibit TGFβ1 both in vitro and in vivo by means of synthetic peptides derived from different proteins. In future it would be of great interest to try to increase the biological activity of these peptides. This might be accomplished by systematically replacing each of the amino acids of their sequences by the other 19. Once the peptide with greater activity was achieved it would be necessary to prepare mimotopes (McConnell-S J (1994) Gene 151:115–118; Steward-M W (1995) J. Virol. 69:7668–7673) thereof with the aim of increasing the average life of the inhibitory agent in the organism.