Abstract:
A method for measuring a three-dimension object ( 10, 10   a,    10   a′,    10 h), includes the stationary fixing of the object to a holder ( 12 ) rotatable about an axis of rotation (R). At least one surface ( 22, 22′, 24, 26, 26   a′,    28, 28   a ) of the object is scanned by a probe ( 20 ). The object is rotated about the axis of rotation, and the holder and the probe are moved relative to one another. The holder and the probe are moved linearly relative to one another along a translation axis (T) enclosing an acute angle, with the axis of rotation of the holder and spans a plane within which the probe can be moved.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to a method for measuring a three-dimensional object, comprising the stationary fixation of the object to a holder. The holder can be rotated around an axis of rotation. At least one surface of the object is scanned by a sensing device. The object is rotated around the axis of rotation, the holder and the sensing device are moved relative to one another, and the position of the sensing device is detected. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     EP 1 103 781 B1 discloses a method for measuring a V-groove shape of an object to be measured by fixing the object to a rotary table and using a scanning sensor to measure the position, while the object is rotated on the rotary table. With the known method, an outer surface, in particular an external thread, on the object can be measured. A control is used to scan a double flank contact in such a way that the measuring element comes into contact with two flanks to form the V-groove. 
     In the manufacture of machine elements, which are typically manufactured as turned parts and which each may have a thread, measuring geometric parameters, in particular thread parameters, of a manufactured machine element according to the selected tolerance class or manufacturing tolerance is necessary. Likewise desirable is measuring the planarity of end faces, since the axial run-out cannot be measured using conventional test methods used in multi-part manufacturing. A measurement of the axial run-out that is easy to carry out allowing determining the respective manufacturing tolerance to be implemented, even when manufacturing a plurality of machine elements, and consequently ensures a high degree of manufacturing quality. Sometimes the measurement of the axial run-out represents a competitive advantage. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the invention is to provide an improved method that can be carried out simply and that can be implemented in the manufacture of a plurality of objects, such as machine elements. This method permits determining the geometric parameters, in particular of an axial run-out, on the respective object. 
     This object is basically achieved by a method where the holder and the sensing device are moved linearly relative to one another along a translation axis. The translation axis forms an acute angle with the axis of rotation of the holder and defines a plane within which the sensing device can be moved. 
     The arrangement, according to the invention, of the axis of rotation and of the translation or movement axis, respectively, in a plane results in a projection in this plane. In other words, the coordinates that are to be measured are reduced from 3 dimensions to 2. Thus the use of a costly tool for three-dimensional detection that sometimes requires a long measurement cycle is rendered unnecessary. The reduction to two dimensions to be detected permits using simple and inexpensive tools for the detection of the position of the sensing device in the two-dimensional plane defined by the axis of rotation and the translation axis, and makes shortened measurement cycles possible. 
     The detection of the position of the sensing device is advantageously carried out in a coordinate system. The translation axis runs parallel to a coordinate axis of the coordinate system, typically of a Cartesian coordinate system having an X axis, a Y axis and a Z axis. According to the invention, a projection occurs, for example according to Z=0, in the plane defined by the X axis and Y axis. The angle φ between the axis of rotation of the holder and the X axis and the radial distance from a simple point on the axis of rotation to the origin of the coordinate system represents the respective position in cylindrical coordinates. Based on the angle φ and the velocity of rotation ω of the object around the axis of rotation, as well as the speed of the relative movement of the holder and sensing device, the full three-dimensional configuration of the object that is to be measured can be determined or calculated. 
     Especially advantageously, the angle between the translation axis and the axis of rotation is 15°. For example, the object that is to be measured, such as a lock nut or a ring nut, can be mounted on a plane table at a 15° angle. 
     In a variant of the method according to the invention, an end face of the object disposed transversely to the axis of rotation is scanned by the sensing device. With a simultaneous rotation of the lock nut and travel movement of the sensing device, the thread of the lock nut and the end face thereof are scanned by the sensing device as part of a contour measurement device. The end face refers to the circular front surface, which is or should be disposed transversely, ideally perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the lock nut. The location of a reference axis, which ideally coincides with the axis of rotation, is determined from the calculation of the geometry of the thread. The contour of the end face is subsequently determined in reference to the reference axis. In particular, the desired information as to whether the end face is disposed such that it is evenly formed and runs perpendicular to the axis of rotation or to the reference axis of the thread, can hereby be obtained. 
     In a further variant, an inner surface or an outer surface, in particular extending parallel to the axis of rotation, is scanned by the sensing device. In so doing, a thread provided on the inner surface or the outer surface can be scanned. In addition to determining the form of the respective thread or the configuration of the respective surface, the method according to the invention offers a conclusion as to the rotational symmetry thereof with respect to the axis of rotation or the determination of a corresponding reference axis or axis of rotation respectively. Accordingly, the method according to the invention is preferably used for objects, which have a shape that is rotationally symmetrical to the axis of rotation, in particular a cylindrical shape, since according to the invention, a quality control during the manufacture of corresponding objects can be carried out here. 
     The object that is to be measured is typically a machine element, such as a lock nut or a ring nut, and is preferably manufactured as a turned part. Geometric parameters of the object, such as profile shape, reference axes, total axial run-out, concentricity and total radial run-out of corresponding surfaces can be determined from the positions of the sensing device detected during a specific rotational movement of the holder and a specific translation movement between the holder and sensing device. Of particular interest to users are the profile shape tolerance of a thread, the angle of the front surface or end face to the reference axis or axis of rotation, the planarity of the end face, the perpendicularity of the end face to the reference axis, and the total axial run-out to the reference axis. 
     The invention further relates to a device for carrying out the method of the invention. The device according to the invention is characterized by a comparatively low design effort. The holder is typically part of a clamping device, by which an inclination can be set that corresponds to the desired angle, and a constant speed of 0-60 revolutions per minute can be selected. The axial and radial run-out precision is less than 0.1 μm of the diameter that is typically 150-200 mm. An additional component is typically a contour measurement device having a constant feed speed ≦0.1 mm per second, and a disk probe, which outputs X, Y coordinates in a Cartesian coordinate system at a resolution of 0.1 μm. An evaluation unit, as a third component of the device, can output the reference axes, bearing flanks, bearing and securing flanks, as well as parameters, in part and in full, after entering feed rate, speed, scatter plot and thread data. 
     In summary, according to the invention, a method is provided for the direct determination of reference axes and manufacturing tolerances, in particular of thread and of axial run-outs with regards to threads. Both cylindrical geometries according to DIN EN ISO 12180-2 and plane geometry according to DIN EN ISO 12781-2 can be detected using the method according to the invention. With the evaluation logic implemented in the device, deviations in form and position, as well as a corresponding aspect, are determined on the basis of the recorded geometry. The method according to the invention can be carried out with devices or machines respectively, which are highly precise and at the same time inexpensive due to their simple structure. The detection of complex geometries can be combined with the measurement of simple geometries, without additional retooling efforts, so that achieving a high degree of precision at a low cost is possible. 
     The above-mentioned features and the additional listed features can be implemented according to the invention, either individually or in any combination. 
     Other objects, advantages and salient features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, which, taken in conjunction with the drawings, discloses a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Referring to the drawings that form a part of this disclosure and that are schematic and not to scale: 
         FIG. 1  a side view of a device for carrying out the method according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a perspective view of an arrangement according to the invention in a coordinate system; 
         FIG. 3 a    is a perspective view of a three-dimensional object that is to be measured; 
         FIG. 3 b    is a side view in section through the object in  FIG. 3 a    having a sensing device in contact therewith for taking measurements according to the invention; 
         FIG. 4  is a graph of a position or trajectory of the sensing device measured by the arrangement shown in  FIG. 3   b;    
         FIG. 5  is a flow diagram of the method according to the invention, including the determination of geometric parameters of the measured three-dimensional object; 
         FIGS. 6 a  and 6 b    each are graphs showing a measurement data curve illustrating an evaluation step of the method according to the invention; 
         FIGS. 7 a -7 g    are side views in section each showing a three-dimensional object having an inner geometry that is to be measured according to the invention; 
         FIG. 7 h    is an end view of an object having an inner geometry to be measured according to the invention; 
         FIGS. 8 a -8 g    are side views each showing a three-dimensional object having an outer geometry that is to be measured according to the invention; 
         FIG. 8 h    is an end view in section having an outer geometry to be measured according to the invention; 
         FIGS. 9 a -9 d    are a side view and side views in section, respectively, each showing an additional embodiment of a three-dimensional object that is to be measured according to the invention; 
         FIGS. 10 a -10 c    are a side view, an end view and a side view in section, respectively, of a threaded lock nut as an object that is to be measured. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       FIG. 1  shows a side view of a device for measuring a three-dimensional object  10 , which is immovably disposed, or in other words fixed, on a spindle-shaped holder  12  of a clamping device  14 . Shown on the right hand side of  FIG. 1 , across from the clamping device  14  with the object  10  fastened to the holder  12 , is a contour measurement device  16  having a carriage  18  that can be movably guided in the X direction and a sensing device  20  displaceably disposed thereon. Sensing device  20 , in addition, can be displaced in the Y direction extending vertical to the X direction. The sensing device  20  is displaceably disposed in a movement plane B that is defined by the X axis and Y axis, and is in contact with the three-dimensional object  10  that is to be measured. 
     As clearly seen in  FIG. 1 , an axis of rotation R of the holder  12  for the object  10  is disposed in the movement plane B defined by X axis and Y axis, and forms an acute angle φ with the X axis. The holder  12  with the object  10  attached thereto is rotated around the axis of rotation R for measurement, and at the same time, the sensing device  20  moves along a translation axis T that extends parallel to the X axis. The position of the sensing device  20  in the movement plane B as a function of time is detected by the contour measurement device  16 . The desired geometric parameter, such as the profile shape, of the measured object  10  is determined from the measured trajectory b (X, Y) using an evaluation unit not shown in  FIG. 1 , taking into account the rotational movement of the holder  12  and the translational movement of the sensing device  20 . 
       FIG. 2  shows that the arrangement according to the invention of the axis of rotation R and of the translation axis T in the movement plane B defined by the X axis and the Y axis of a Cartesian coordinate system X, Y, Z corresponds to a projection in the plane corresponding to Z=0. A surface  22 ,  22 ′ that is to be measured on the object is guided through the movement plane B and measured there by the rotation of the object  10  that is to be measured (not shown in  FIG. 2 ) around the axis of rotation R having the angular velocity ω. The rotational movement of the object is indicated by circular lines.  FIG. 2  clearly shows that the complete three-dimensional information is acquired through measurement by a translational movement having the speed v along the translation axis T and a rotational movement around the rotational axis or axis of rotation R, both of which lie in the movement plane B. 
     The perspective view of the three-dimensional object  10  shown in  FIG. 3 a    is shaped as a turned part that is formed such that it is rotationally symmetrical to the axis of rotation R and has a circular end face  24 . The rotational movement r of the object  10  together with the holder  12  holding this object stationary is indicated with an arrow.  FIG. 3 b    shows a cross section through the object  10  illustrating an outer surface  26  and an inner surface  28 , which inner surface has an internal thread, as well as the end face  24 . End face  24  extends essentially perpendicular to the axis of rotation R. In the case of a predefined translational movement t of the sensing device  20  that is in contact with the object  10  along the translation axis T, the sensing device  20  performs a scanning movement, illustrated by arrow b, in the movement plane B. A positional curve or trajectory b (X, Y) of the sensing device  20  is recorded in the coordinate system X, Y. 
     The recorded trajectory b (X, Y) is shown in  FIG. 4 . In a first rising section b, of the trajectory b (X, Y), the scanned contour of the scanned internal thread can be detected on the inner surface  28 . In the second section b 2 , the trajectory b (X, Y) falls off and does not have a periodic, but rather a straight, course corresponding to the planar form of the end face  24 . The first section b 1  and the second section b 2  each form an angle α, β with the coordinate axes X, Y, respectively. In the case of a desired configuration of the measured object  10 , the axis of rotation Rand the rotational or reference axis, respectively, of the rotationally symmetrical object  10 , coincide. The first angle α then coincides with the angle of inclination φ. In the case of a desired vertical orientation of the end face  24  in relation to the axis of rotation R of the internal thread provided on the inner surface  28 , the second angle β likewise corresponds to the angle of inclination φ. In the example shown, the angle of inclination is φ=15°. 
     The flowchart in  FIG. 5  shows the evaluation steps A 0  to A 7  according to the measurement steps M 0  and M 1 . By these steps the geometric parameters E 1  to E 5  of the measured object  10  can be detected. The evaluation step A 4  for generating a third dimension is shown in  FIGS. 6 a  and 6 b   .  FIG. 6 a    shows a top view of the spiral-shaped curve that descends from the sensing device  20  to the end face  24 . Corresponding to the side view shown in  FIG. 6 b   , an oscillating trajectory is created by the translational movement t of the sensing device  20  in the X direction. Using the ratio of the velocity v of the translational movement t to the velocity of rotation ω of the rotational movement r, the measured V-coordinates can be moved in two axial directions, and thus, 3D information for the entire object  10  can be recalculated from 2D information detected in movement axis B=(X, Y, Z=0). 
       FIGS. 7 a  to 7 g    each show an object  10   a , which is rotationally symmetrical about an axis of rotation R having an outer surface  26   a  and an individually designed inner surface  28   a  (reference figures only shown in  FIG. 7 a   ). The respective inner surface  28   a  can be formed by sections such that it is planar, concave, convex, conical, tapered, stepped, provided with a thread, and/or following an arc-shaped course. In the case of the object  10   h  shown in  FIG. 7 h   , the outer surface  28   h  is formed such that it is rotationally symmetrical and the inner surface  26   h  is formed having different spacings to the axis of rotation R. The respective counterparts to the specific inner geometries shown in  FIG. 7 a -7 h    are shown in  FIG. 8 a -8 h   , or in other words the object  10   a  shown in  FIG. 7 a    and the object  10   a ′ shown in  FIG. 8 a   , having the outer surface  26   a ′, form a solid cylinder in the synopsis, corresponding to  FIGS. 7 b  and 8 b   , etc. 
       FIG. 9 a -9 d    show additional embodiments with rotationally symmetrical objects having differently designed outer and inner geometries. 
       FIG. 10 a -10 c    illustrate a threaded lock nut, which is shown as a side view in  FIG. 10 a   , as a top view in  FIG. 10 b    and as a cross sectional view in  FIG. 10 c   . The lock nut can be measured by the method according to the invention. The threaded lock nut is designed in such a way that it is rotationally symmetrical to the axis of rotation R and has an internal thread on its inner surface  28  as well as a two-stage recess along the extension thereof along the axis of rotation R, whereby an absence of play is achieved then the threaded lock nut that is shown is used. 
     While one embodiment has been chosen to illustrate the invention, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the claims.