Abstract:
An ultrasonic imaging system incorporates an imaging device utilizing confocal acoustic focusing of ultrasonic transducers together with apparatus for moving points of focus of the transducers to scan a volume to be imaged and gather data as to the acoustic reflectivity of matter within the volume, the gathered data being used to construct an image of the volume. In a preferred arrangement the point of focus of each transducer is moved in three dimensions. Use of confocal techniques can permit enhanced resolution to be obtained compared with conventional ultrasonic imaging techniques. In a preferred arrangement, the confocal focusing system associated with each transducer includes a pinhole which is bridged by an acoustically transparent but optically reflective diaphragm, and acoustic reflectivity data is recovered by interrogating each diaphragm by means of an optical interferometer. Optical signals from the interferometer may be scanned over an array of optical sensors such as a charge coupled device array to segment and temporarily store the optical data.

Description:
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This Application is a Continuation of Internation Patent Application PCT/CA96/00432 Filed Jun. 26, 1996. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to ultrasonic imaging systems, particularly systems for three-dimensional imaging of soft tissue such as breast, muscle and joint tissue. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Existing ultrasonic imaging systems have limitations upon resolution that restrict their usefulness in identifying fine detail. These limitations arise both from limited axial resolution on the Z(depth) axis due to focusing limitations, and lateral resolution on the X and Y axes due to limitations upon the number of elements it is feasible to include in an array of imaging transducers, or the rate at which such transducers can be scanned. Axial resolution limitations can to some extent be bypassed by temporal filtering based on transit time, but lateral resolution restrictions have proved more intractable. 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide an ultrasonic imaging system which addresses these problems. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to the invention in its broadest aspect an ultrasonic imaging device comprises at least one acoustic transducer associated with a confocal acoustic focusing system and means to move the point of focus of each such focusing system progressively to different coordinates within an acoustically transmissive volume to be imaged to gather data as to the acoustic reflectivity of matter within said volume at said different coordinates, and means to construct an image or images of the volume from said data. Preferably multiple transducers and associated contocal focusing systems are disposed in an array. 
     By a confocal acoustic scanning focusing system is meant a device analogous to the optical system of an optical confocal microscope but utilizing acoustic rather than optical energy. 
     Preferably multiple transducers and their focusing systems are arranged in a two dimensional array, and are movable in two dimensions in the plane of that array so as to scan their points of focus in a plane within said volume parallel to the array, and their points of focus are also movable orthogonally to the array, to scan parallel planes within said volume. In a first embodiment, the transducers act sequentially both to transmit and receive acoustic energy through their associated focusing systems, but in a presently preferred embodiment, alternative means are used to detect reflected acoustic energy, preferably a laser interferometer monitoring vibration of a diaphragm located at a pin-hole of the confocal focusing system. 
     Further features of the invention will become apparent from the appended claims and following description with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     IN THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 shows diagrammatically a single confocal acoustic scanning device in accordance with a first embodiment of the invention; 
     FIG. 2 shows diagrammatically an imaging device including an array of such scanning devices; 
     FIGS. 3 and 4 show diagrammatically how the imaging device according to claim  2  may be utilized tomographic imaging; 
     FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a single confocal acoustic scanning device in accordance with a second embodiment of the invention; 
     FIG. 6 illustrates a first technique for providing an array of devices as shown in FIG. 5; 
     FIG. 7 illustrates a second technique for providing an array of devices as shown in FIG. 5; and 
     FIG. 8 illustrates a modification of the embodiment shown in FIG.  5 . 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Referring first to FIG. 1, an acoustic transducer  2  acts alternately as both an acoustic transmitter, transducing into acoustic energy pulses of high frequency electrical energy from a driver  4  under control of a control unit  6 , and an acoustic receiver, receiving reflected acoustic energy at the same frequency and transducing it to electrical energy, which is preamplified in a preamplifier  8  and passed via an analog signal preprocessor  10  to a signal processing computer  12 . The transducer is associated with a first acoustic lens  14 , which may be integral with the transducer if the latter has an appropriately formed radiating surface, which lens focuses energy from the transducer on a small aperture or pin-hole  16  in an aperture plate  18 . Acoustic energy emerging from the pin-hole is focused by a second lens  20  to form an image of the pinhole at a focal point  26  in a focal plane within an acoustically transmissive body  22 , typically soft tissue as mentioned above. The body  22  may be matched acoustically to a medium such as water or other liquid or gaseous medium within which the remainder of the acoustic system is located, by a coupling layer or membrane  24 . Assuming that the lens  20  has a large aperture, that the pin-hole is very small, that the performance of the lens is good, and that the frequency of the acoustic energy is high enough that its wavelength is very small relative to the optical dimensions of the components of the system, acoustic energy from the transducer will have a sharp intensity peak at the focal point with good lateral and depth resolution, and equally, energy reflected from that point will be focused by the lens  20  on the pin-hole  16 , with a high degree of rejection of acoustic energy reflected from elsewhere within the body  22 . Reflected acoustic energy passing through the pin-hole, and in this embodiment passing through the lens  14  to be received by the transducer, is therefore proportional to the reflectivity of the body  22  at the location of the focal point, and the intensity of echo signals from the preamplifier  8  resulting from a series of pulses applied by the driver  4  will vary according with the acoustic reflectivity of the body  22  as the focal point  26  is moved relative to the body, for example by moving the scanning device as a whole. 
     The device shown in FIG. 2 consists of a planar array  30  of confocal systems as described with reference to FIG. 1, mounted within a housing  31  for motion in three-dimensions within the housing under control of actuators  33 ,  35  and  37  powered by electrical driver circuits  39 . The acoustic transmission medium within the housing is acoustically coupled to the body  22 , for example human tissue to be imaged, through the coupling layer  24  in the form of a flexible membrane. The scanning array comprises a set of systems comprising acoustic transducers  2  and confocal focusing systems having lenses  14  and  20 , and pin-holes  16 , the components being arranged in planar lattices. The focusing systems in the array  30  have focal points  26  in an image plane  32  which is a precise distance from the array  30 . The scanning device elements in the planar array are identical and define an image plane within the body  22 . 
     The use of ultrasonic acoustic energy in such a contocal system can allow a substantial improvement of both the lateral and axial resolution of an ultrasonic imaging instrument. By overcoming the resolution limits of conventional ultrasonic systems the confocal arrangement is capable of lateral precision comparable to standard X-ray techniques and improves upon their axial resolution, but does not make use of ionizing radiation. Moreover, the complete instrument does not require the large magnetic fields associated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) nor the shielding safeguards of X-ray examinations, and so offers advantages in both cost and convenience for clinical tomographic imaging. Furthermore, the arrangement is well adapted to exploit modern piezoelectric plastics along with surface mount and photolithographic fabrication techniques to provide a compact and economically manufactured instrument. 
     An image of body tissue  22  or other acoustically transmissive material is generated in stages using the apparatus of FIG.  2 . First, in a translational stage, the scanning array  30  is moved in small steps (a fraction of the spacing of the axes of the focusing systems in the arrays) in its own plane between each pulse. At each step the acoustic transducers  2  individually generate a brief coherent pulse of ultrasonic energy at a predetermined frequency which is focused by the lens system to a point within the body  22 . The translational motion, over an area shown in FIG. 1 at  32 , is preferably in a “dither” pattern  25  designed so that the systems in the array will together completely map the tissue in the image plane at a desired lateral resolution, with each system mapping an area  27  determined by the pitch of the array. In the next stage, the scanning array is advanced incrementally in a direction perpendicular to the acoustic axes of the focusing systems, and a further translational stage follows in order to map an adjacent parallel image plane of the tissue. In this manner successive layers of the tissue, each with an area equal to that of the scanning array, are imaged at lateral and axial resolutions corresponding to the dither increment and the perpendicular advance increment. The signals received by the individual acoustic transducers of the scanning array are discriminated from each other by the confocal nature of the ultrasonic transducer lens system which has the effect of increasing lateral and axial resolution while limiting out-of-focus noise. In addition, by time-of-flight techniques involving only accepting received signals during a temporal window commensurate with the expected arrival time of a return signal, extraneous signals and cross-talk between the acoustic elements of the array can be further reduced. By monitoring frequency shifts of the received signals, provision can be made for the use of doppler techniques to study fluid flow within tissue, and different ultrasonic frequencies may be utilized to obtain optimal discrimination of tissue types. Through computer processing the data developed during dithering of individual devices within the array can be rearranged and displayed utilizing a conventional raster-type scan, allowing tomographic images to be regenerated using existing imaging software. These and other known computational procedures may be utilized to enhance and assemble the images into a three-dimensional volume for clinical viewing. 
     The total time for a complete tissue scan is significantly reduced by the scanning array system. If, for example the array  30  consists of 8×10 devices with centres 1 cm apart, there are 25 steps in the dither pattern, and there are 50 translational increments perpendicular to the acoustic axes of the scanning array of 0.2 cm, then an image of a tissue volume of 8 cm ×10 cm ×10 cm at a volume resolution of 0.008 cm 3  is produced. If the time for an acoustic pulse to be sent and received and for the translational actuators to move the scanning array through one dither increment is approximately 1 ms, the entire volume can be imaged in about 1.25 seconds. This rapid processing rate makes it feasible to utilize images generated by the system to guide the insertion of surgical instruments such as biopsy needles. 
     FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate two ways in which the scanning array described above can be applied. In FIG. 3, the array  30  is mounted on a spring-loaded extensible strut  40  in turn movable around a quadrant  42  itself mounted at one end to a circular track  44 . By including suitable actuators and displacement transducers in the various mountings, the housing  31  of the array  30  can be accurately positioned within a hemispherical volume under control of the control unit  6 . Thus a pressure-sensitive sensor incorporated in a continuous or discrete feedback system controls the extension of the strut  40  to maintain a fixed position on the surface of the tissue to be imaged. The entire device is then stepped over the surface of the tissue to be imaged in a hemispherical envelope with the step size equal to the width of the scanning array  30 , which performs a scan at each step. The transducers provide data to locate the position of the array and its orientation precisely so that a three-dimensional image of the tissue can be built up without distortion by combining images formed at each step. 
     In FIG. 4, the scanning array  30  is shown mounted to a hand-held support  50 . An operator uses the support to bring the coupling membrane  24  to the surface of the tissue being imaged and holds it there while the scanning array completes its tomographic scan. Springs  52  and  54  act to press the array, universally mounted by a ball and socket joint  56  on a rod  58  journalled within the support  50 , and a sensor  60  coacting with the rod determines when appropriate pressure has been applied to the array by the operator so as to enable scanning. 
     Although the resolution of conventional ultrasonic imaging systems is related to the frequency utilized, and pulse width, the essentially echographic nature of such systems typically limits their lateral resolution to about 5 millimetres, whereas using the confocal principles of the present invention, lateral resolutions condensed by about an order of magnitude should be obtainable, thus enabling recognition of much smaller features, and rendering ultrasonic techniques suitable for mammography. Transducers may be fabricated from machinable piezo-ceramics, but preferably piezoelectric plastics are utilized since these are particularly well adapted to the fabrication of arrays. Similarly, the acoustic lens and pin-hole arrays utilized are readily fabricated as plastic mouldings which are of relatively low mass and thus permit the array to be stepped rapidly within its casing by voice-coil or other suitable actuators capable of rapid stepping rates. An exemplary transducer element within the array may have a diameter of about 10 mm, and operate at a frequency of 20 MHz, and a power density of more than about 50 mW/cm 2 , so as to avoid any risk of excessive power dissipation in tissue being examined. 
     Although the embodiment described uses the same transducers to both transmit and receive acoustic energy, a separate transmitter or transmitters could be utilized to insonify the tissue to be scanned, but there would be significant loss of the advantages of the confocal arrangement since the transmitted energy would not be concentrated at the focal points of the confocal focusing systems, thus reducing the intensity of the reflected signals and increasing background noise. The dithering motion of the array during scanning could be continuous, since displacement of the points of focus during actual reflection of a pulse will not usually be significant. It would also be possible to displace only parts of the focusing system during dithering, or to cause relative displacement of the parts, in order to provide a desired shift in the point of focus. For example, it may bepossible in some cases to move only the second stage lenses or the aperture plate provided that a uniform level of insonification of the points of focus can be maintained. 
     Referring to FIGS. 5-8, FIG. 5 illustrates the operating principles of a second embodiment of the invention, in which an alternative technique is employed to sense acoustic signals passing through the pin-hole of a confocal acoustic focusing system generally as described above with reference to FIG.  1 . Thus the system comprises an acoustic transducer element  2 , a lens  14 , a pin-hole  16  formed in an aperture plate  18  and an acoustic lens  20 . The pin-hole  16  is however covered by a membrane  100  formed of a film which is acoustically transparent but optically reflective, at least on one surface. A thin metallized synthetic plastic membrane will provide the cleared properties and vibrate in sympathy with acoustic waves traversing the pin-hole. If a light beam is reflected off a reflective surface of the diaphragm  100 , then the path of the light beam will be modified as the membrane vibrates, providing a means to monitor the passage of acoustic energy through the pin-hole  16 . While numerous techniques are known for monitoring deflection of light beams by moving reflective surfaces and could be employed, a presently preferred technique for monitoring vibration of the diaphragm  100  is to monitor changes in the length of the reflected light path by means of optical interferometry. While the technique to be described is based on the well known Michelson interferometer, other suitable types of optical interferometer could be utilized. Optical interferometers require a source of coherent light, conveniently provided by a laser  102 . A light beam from the laser is split by a beam splitter  104 , conveniently a half-silvered mirror, which splits the beam into two portions  106  and  108 , the first of which is impingent on a reflective surface of the diaphragm  100 , and the second on a mirror  110 , the reflected beams being recombined by a beam combiner  112 , conveniently again a half-silvered mirror into a single beam impingent on an optical sensor  114 . Conveniently both the laser  102  and sensor  114  are semiconductor devices similar to those widely used in compact disk players and the like. When an acoustic pulse passes through the diaphragm  100 , the latter reproduces the movements of the acoustic medium to either side of the diaphragm such that it is acoustically transparent, but the resulting movements of the diaphragm produce charges in the path length of the beam portion  106  which do not occur in the beam portion  108 . These changes in path length result in interference between the recombined beams. 
     The electronic design of the system can be simplified since it is merely necessary to detect fluctuations in the intensity of coherent light impingent upon the sensor  114 , which in turn result in amplitude changes in the output of the sensor which reproduce the acoustic signals passing through the diaphragm  100 . The sensitivity of the system is governed by the angle of incidence of the interrogatory beam  106  on the diaphragm  100  and the wavelength of the radiation from the laser. 
     The single channel system of FIG. 5 may be converted into a multiple channel system simply by multiplying or enlarging the area of the components as shown in FIG. 6, where multiplied components have the same reference numbers as in FIG. 5 but with an A or B suffix according to the channel to which they belong. While only two channels are shown in FIG. 6 for clarity in illustration, the number of channels can be increased, and the multiple components disposed in two dimensional arrays. The highly directional nature of laser beams, and the lack of coherence between the individual lasers can render such a system possible without excessive cross-talk between channels. 
     Economy of components and greater ease of alignment may be achieved as shown in FIG. 7 by utilizing only a single laser  102 , in conjunection with holographic beam splitters  116  and  118 . The beam splitter  116  produces a plurality of parallel beams  106 A,  106 B which are incident on the diaphragms  100 A and  100 B, while the reference beam  108  is split by an identical splitter  118  prior to recombination. This produces a system which can be more compact and easier to align since it uses only a single laser and a number of components which does not increase number of channels. 
     Referring now to FIG. 8, the system of FIG. 5 is modified by the addition of a rotating or oscillating mirror  120  driven so as to sweep the recombined beam across an array  122  of light sensors such as a CCD (charge coupled device) array. Such an optically swept system permits improved frequency response of the system without requiring very fast components in the sensor circuits. The CCD array acts as a fast memory for high frequency fluctuations in the optical beam amplitude, which may be subsequently accessed and evaluated utilizing much slower electronic circuits. Multiple channel versions of this embodiment may be provided using techniques similar to those described in FIGS. 6 and 7. 
     The embodiments of FIGS. 5-8 provide several advantages over the embodiment of FIGS. 1-4. The interferometric system provides a much greater sensitivity to acoustic vibrations for reasons discussed above, while acoustic losses occurring between the pin-hole and the acoustic transducer are eliminated. The system has greater noise immunity since it is immune to ambient acoustic noise present in the transducer or generated in preamplifiers coupled to a reciprocal acoustic transducer, and noise fluctuations in the optical detectors cannot generate acoustic noise at the pin-hole. 
     The interferometric sensing system allows a much faster response since the relatively massive acoustic transducer is replaced as a sensor by a diaphragm at or adjacent the pin-hole which can be very light in weight. Furthermore, it is not necessary to blank or disable the receiver electronics during ringing of the acoustic transducer after it generates an acoustic pulse, which provides greater freedom in transducer design and allows higher amplitude acoustical pulses to be used for imaging. The optically swept embodiment of FIG. 8 in particular provides an improved frequency response. 
     There is no need for the transducer to be connected to both transmitter and receiver circuits, with associated switching and/or blanking circuits, and the necessity to handle vastly different signal levels during transmission and reception. 
     It will be appreciated that in the embodiments of FIGS. 5-8, the signals from the light sensors are passed to a preamplifier  8 , preprocessor  10  and a computer  12  as shown in FIG.  1  and the remainder of the system may be generally as described for example with reference to FIG. 3 or  4 . The commencement of a pulse may either be signalled by a control unit  6 , or detected by the light sensors which can of course sense the passage of both outward and reflected pulses. 
     The interferometric interrogation system described above may also be utilized to advantage in other pulse-echo acoustic systems in which a target is insonified by pulses of acoustic energy and the acoustic energy reflected from the target is monitored to provide data. By placing an acoustically transparent but optically reflective diaphragm between an acoustic transducer used to generate the pulses and the target, the reflected acoustic energy may be monitored without needing to utilize the acoustic transducer for this purpose, with many of the advantages set forth above.