Abstract:
A fuel processor having a CO removal unit including an apparatus for warming a CO shifter, is provided. A method of using the fuel processor is also provided. The fuel processor includes a reformer that extracts hydrogen gas from a raw fuel by reacting the raw fuel with water. A burner heats up the reformer to a temperature suitable for extracting the hydrogen gas. A CO shifter removes CO produced during the extraction reaction from the hydrogen gas, and a medium path line in which a heat exchange medium disposed therein absorbs heat from the reformer and passes the heat to the CO shifter. A fuel processor having the above structure can greatly reduce the time required to increases the temperature of the CO shifter to an appropriate operating temperature at an early stage of start up, since a rapid heating of the CO shifter is possible using the heat exchange of steam.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of Korean Application No. 2006-77780, filed on Aug. 17, 2006, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    Aspects of the present invention relate to a fuel processor that reforms a fuel to be suitable for supplying to a fuel cell, and particularly, to a fuel processor having a CO removal apparatus that has an improved warming-up structure and a method of operating the fuel processor. 
         [0004]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0005]    A fuel cell is an electrical generator that changes chemical energy of a fuel into electrical energy through a chemical reaction, and can continuously generate electricity as long as the fuel is supplied.  FIG. 1  is a schematic drawing illustrating the energy transformation structure of a fuel cell, and  FIG. 2  is a block diagram showing a configuration of a conventional fuel processor that processes a fuel that is to be supplied to a fuel cell. Referring to  FIG. 1 , when air that includes oxygen is supplied to a cathode  1  and a fuel containing hydrogen is supplied to an anode  3 , electricity is generated by a reverse electrolysis reaction as water and protons move through an electrolyte membrane  2 . However, a unit cell  4  does not generally produce a useful high voltage. Therefore, electricity is generated by a stack  20  (referring to  FIG. 2 ) in which a plurality of unit cells  4  are connected in series. 
         [0006]    A hydrocarbon group containing material such as a natural gas can be used as a fuel source for supplying hydrogen to the stack  20 . Hydrogen is often extracted from a fuel source in a fuel processor  10 , as depicted in  FIG. 2 , in order to supply hydrogen to the stack  20 . 
         [0007]    The fuel processor  10  includes a desulfurizer  11 , a reformer  12 , a burner  13 , a water supply pump  16 , first and second heat exchangers  14   a  and  14   b,  and a CO removal unit  15 . The CO removal unit  15  comprises a CO shifter  15   a  and a CO remover  15   b.  The hydrogen extraction process is performed in the reformer  12 . That is, hydrogen is generated in the reformer  12 , through a chemical reaction  1  indicated below between a hydrocarbon group containing gas, that acts as the fuel source, entering from a fuel tank  17 , and steam entering from a water tank  18 , by the action of a water supply pump  16 . The reformer  12 , is heated by the burner  13 . 
         [0000]      CH 4 +2H 2 O→CO 2 +4H 2    [Chemical reaction 1] 
         [0008]    However, during the reaction, CO is generated, as well as CO 2 , as a byproduct. If a fuel containing CO of 10 ppm or more is supplied to the stack  20 , electrodes in the stack are poisoned, thereby greatly reducing the performance of the fuel cell. Therefore, the content of CO in an outlet of the reformer  12  is controlled to be 10 ppm or less by installing the CO shifter  15   a  and the CO remover  15   b.    
         [0009]    Chemical reaction 2, as indicated below, occurs in the CO shifter  15   a,  and chemical reactions 3, 4, and 5, as indicated below, occur in the CO remover  15   b.  The CO content in the fuel that has passed through the CO shifter  15   a  is 5,000 ppm or less and the CO content in the fuel that has passed through the CO remover  15   b  is reduced to 10 ppm or less. 
         [0000]      CO+H 2 O→CO 2 +H 2    [Chemical reaction 2] 
         [0000]      CO+1/2O 2 →CO 2    [Chemical reaction 3] 
         [0000]      H 2 +1/2O 2 →H 2 O   [Chemical reaction 4] 
         [0000]      CO+3H 2 →CH 4 +H 2 O   [Chemical reaction 5] 
         [0010]    The desulfurizer  11  located at an inlet of the reformer  12  removes sulfur components contained in the fuel source. The sulfur components are absorbed while passing through the desulfurizer  11  because the sulfur components are very detrimental to the electrodes. Even if a sulfur component of 10 parts per billion (ppb) or more is supplied to the stack  20 , electrodes can easily be poisoned. 
         [0011]    When the fuel processor  10  is operating, a fuel source such as a natural gas is supplied to the reformer  12 , through the desulfurizer  11 , from the fuel tank  17 . A portion of the fuel source is used as a fuel for igniting the burner  13 . Then, steam that has entered through the first and second heat exchangers  14   a  and  14   b  reacts with the desulfurized fuel source, in the reformer  12 , in order to generate hydrogen. The generated hydrogen is supplied to the stack  20  after the CO content is reduced to 10 ppm or less, while passing through the CO shifter  15   a  and the CO removal unit  15   b.    
         [0012]    When the fuel processor  10  starts after a long shutdown, the reformer  12  and the CO shifter  15   a  have cooled down to room temperature. With the reformer  12  and the CO shifter i 5   a  at room temperature the fuel processor  10  is unable to instantly go into a normal operating condition, but can only perform normally after a few hours of heating. At this point, the temperature of the CO shifter  15   a  is more problematic as compared to the reformer  12 . That is, the temperature of the reformer  12  can be increased to a desired level in a short time by directly heating it with the burner  13 , but the CO shifter  15   a  requires additional time to reach a normal operating temperature because the CO shifter  15   a  is indirectly heated by gases entering from the reformer  12 . A typical normal operating temperature of the reformer  12  is approximately 700° C., and a typical normal operating temperature of the CO shifter  15   a  is approximately 200° C. However, it takes only approximately 20 minutes for the reformer  12  to reach 700° C. after starting, but it takes approximately one hour for the CO shifter  15   a  to reach 200° C. Accordingly, although the reformer  12  has reached its normal operating temperature, the fuel processor  10  is unable to operate until the CO shifter  15   a  reaches its normal operating temperature. In other words, hydrogen gas can be produced in the reformer  12  in approximately 20 minutes after the start of the fuel processor  10 , but in order to reduce the CO component in the gas below 5,000 ppm, the fuel processor  10  must wait one hour for the CO shifter to reach its normal operating temperature. 
         [0013]    Accordingly, in order to reduce the time from starting to normal operation of the fuel processor  10 , there is a need to develop a method of preheating the CO shifter  15   a.    
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0014]    Aspects of the present invention provides a fuel processor having a CO removal unit which is improved so that an initial heating time of the CO removal unit can be reduced and a method of operating such a fuel processor. 
         [0015]    According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a fuel processor comprising: a reformer that extracts hydrogen gas from a raw fuel by an extraction reaction with water; a burner that heats up the reformer to a temperature suitable for extracting the hydrogen gas; a CO (carbon monoxide) shifter that removes CO produced during the extraction reaction in the reformer; and a medium path line in which a heat exchange medium absorbs heat from the reformer and passes the heat to the CO shifter. 
         [0016]    The heat exchange medium may be water, and the medium path line may be separated from a fuel line for moving the hydrogen gas. The medium path line can pass through an inner side of the CO shifter. 
         [0017]    Valves may be respectively installed on an outlet of the medium path line, and in an outlet of the CO shifter, and the valves may be alternately opened and closed. The fuel processor may further comprise a CO removal reactor that removes CO (carbon monoxide) together with the CO shifter 
         [0018]    According to various aspects of the present invention, there is provided a method of operating a fuel processor in which hydrogen gas to be supplied to a stack is produced by reacting a raw gas, with water, in a reformer heated by a burner. CO components produced in the extracting process of the hydrogen gas are removed in a CO shifter. In some embodiments the method comprises: providing a medium path line for moving a heat exchange medium that absorbs heat in the reformer and passes the heat to the CO shifter; supplying water to the reformer by having a valve located on an outlet side of the CO shifter that is closed and a valve located on an outlet side of the medium path line that is opened when the temperature of the reformer reaches an appropriate temperature by heating the reformer using a burner at an early stage of start up; and shifting to a normal operation mode by supplying the raw gas together with water to the reformer by opening the valve located on the outlet of the CO shifter and closing the valve located on the outlet of the medium path line, when the temperature of the CO shifter reaches an appropriate temperature by the exchange of heat through the medium path line. 
         [0019]    The appropriate temperature of the reformer and the CO shifter may be 100° C. or more. 
         [0020]    Additional aspects and/or advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. 
     
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0021]    These and/or other aspects and advantages of the invention will become apparent and more readily appreciated from the following description of the embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings of which: 
           [0022]      FIG. 1  is a schematic drawing illustrating the principle of electricity generation of a conventional fuel cell; 
           [0023]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram showing a configuration of a conventional fuel processor that processes a fuel that is to be supplied to a fuel cell; 
           [0024]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram showing a configuration of a fuel processor according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0025]      FIG. 4  is a schematic drawing illustrating a connection structure between a reformer and a CO shifter of the fuel processor of  FIG. 3 , according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0026]      FIG. 5  is a graph showing the variation of internal temperatures of a reformer and a CO shifter when the fuel process of  FIG. 3  starts up; and 
           [0027]      FIG. 6  is a graph showing the variation of CO content in an exit from a CO shifter when the fuel processor of  FIG. 3  starts up. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
       [0028]    Reference will now be made in detail to the present embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to the like elements throughout. The embodiments are described below in order to explain the present invention by referring to the figures. 
         [0029]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram showing a configuration of a fuel processor  100  according to various aspects of an embodiment of the present invention, and  FIG. 4  is a schematic drawing illustrating a connection structure between a reformer and a CO shifter of the fuel processor  100  of  FIG. 3 , according to various aspects of an embodiment of the present invention. The fuel processor  100  includes a desulfurizer  110 , a reformer  120 , a burner  130 , and a CO removal unit  150  comprising a CO shifter  151  and a CO remover  152 . The fuel processor  100  has a basic structure such that when a raw gas, for example natural gas, is supplied from a fuel tank  170 , sulfur components included in the raw gas are removed by adsorption in the desulfurizer  110 , and hydrogen that is to be supplied to a stack  20  is extracted in the reformer  120 , by reacting the raw gas with steam supplied from a water tank  180 . The steam can be supplied by a pump  160 . CO produced in the above process is reduced to an amount of about 0.5% or less while passing through the CO shifter  151 , and is further educed to about 10 ppm or less after passing through the CO remover  152 . Reference numerals  141  and  142  respectively indicate first and second heat exchangers for preheating water to be supplied to the reformer  120 . 
         [0030]    The fuel processor  100  additionally comprises a rapid heating structure for the CO shifter  151 , so as to allow the CO shifter  151  to rapidly reach a normal operating condition when the fuel processor  100  starts. 
         [0000]    Referring to  FIG. 4 , a medium path line  190  through which a heat exchange medium, for exchanging heat between the reformer  120  and the CO shifter  151 , passes is provided separately from a fuel line  191 , through which a raw gas is supplied to the reformer  120  and the CO shifter  151 . The medium path line  190  can be a conduit, tube, or any other suitable configuration for containing and transporting a fluid. At an early stage of start up, as indicated by a dotted line shown on  FIG. 4 , the heat exchange medium absorbs heat from the reformer  120 , and delivers the heat to the CO shifter  151 , by way of the medium path line  190 , thereby rapidly increasing the initial temperature of the CO shifter  151 . Here, the heat exchange medium is water supplied from the water tank  180 , and the medium path line  190  is rolled up in a coil shape to increase its contact area with the CO shifter  151 . 
         [0031]    During a normal operation, as indicated by a thread line shown on  FIG. 4 , hydrogen gas produced through a reaction between water and the raw gas in the reformer  120 , is supplied to the CO shifter  151 , and to the CO remover  152 ,by way of the fuel line  191 . After the CO is sufficiently removed, the hydrogen gas is supplied to the stack  20 . 
         [0032]    Valves  192  and  193  are respectively installed on outlets of the medium path line  190  and the CO shifter  151 . By opening and closing the two valves  192  and  193 , a start mode that performs the initial rapid heating is shifted to a normal operation mode that performs a normal operation after the start mode is complete. 
         [0033]    A method of operating the fuel processor  100  having the above configuration will now be described. 
         [0034]    The fuel processor  100  is operated with a start up mode for quickly heating up the reformer  120  and the CO shifter  151 . The reformer  120  and the CO shifter  151  can begin startup at room temperature. 
         [0035]    The temperature of an inner side of the reformer  120  is increased by igniting the burner  130 . The temperature of the reformer  120  can reach 700° C. which is a normal operating temperature, in about 20 minutes since, as described above, the reformer  120  is directly heated by the burner  130 . 
         [0036]    When the temperature of the inner side of the reformer  120  reaches approximately 100° C., prior to reaching 700° C., the valve  192  is opened and the valve  193  is closed. The valve  192  can be located on an outlet side of the medium path line  190  and the valve  193  can be located on an outlet side of the CO shifter  151 . The CO shifter  151  is connected to the fuel line  191 . Water can be used as a heat exchange medium and, as indicated by the dotted line in  FIG. 4 , is supplied to the reformer  120  by operating the pump  160 . At this time, a raw gas such as a hydrocarbon gas is not supplied, and only water is supplied to the reformer  120 . In this case, the reformer  120  is heated by the burner  130 , and the water supplied to the reformer  120  turns into steam by absorbing heat from the reformer  120 . The steam moves to the CO shifter  151  along the medium path line  190  and heat exchange takes place while the steam passes through the CO shifter  151 . Accordingly, the temperature of an inner side of the CO shifter  151  increases rapidly. That is, the steam that absorbs heat supplied by the burner  130  rapidly increases the temperature of the CO shifter  151 , by releasing the heat while passing through the CO shifter  151 . The steam that has passed heat to the CO shifter  151  is discharged out of the fuel processor  100 . 
         [0037]    According to some embodiments, when the temperature of the CO shifter  151  reaches approximately 100° C. from the heat released by the steam, the fuel processor  100  is shifted to a normal operation mode. The fuel processor  100  can be shifted to the normal operation mode when the temperature of the CO shifter  151  reaches between about 100° C. and about 200° C., with 200° C. being the normal operating temperature. However, once the temperature of the CO shifter  151  reaches about 100° C., raw gas can be supplied to the reformer  120  and the CO shifter  151  can be heated using the heat from the hydrogen gas generated from the reformer  120 . Accordingly, in order to have a prompt start, the start up mode may be shifted to the normal operation mode before the operating temperature is reached. 
         [0038]    In some instances problems arise when beginning operations with a load of 100%. Therefore, initially after shifting to the normal operation mode, the raw gas and water can be supplied at only approximately 50% of the normal load. In the normal operation mode, while the valve  192  is closed and the valve  193  is opened, the raw gas that has passed through the desulfurizer  110 , and as indicated by a thread line  204  in  FIG. 4 , is supplied to the reformer  120  together with water from the water tank  180 . Thus, hydrogen gas is produced in the reformer  120  by a reaction between the raw gas and the water, and is moved to the CO shifter  151 , along the fuel line  191 , to remove CO produced as a byproduct when producing the hydrogen gas. At this time, the CO shifter  151  is still heated by the heated hydrogen gas, and after some time reaches the target temperature of 200° C. From this point, the fuel processor  100  can be operated with a full load of the raw gas and water. That is, when the fuel processor  100  is shifted to the normal operation mode, a normal operation of the fuel cell occurs. During normal operation the hydrogen gas (and CO byproduct) produced in the reformer  120  moves to the CO shifter  151  by way of the fuel line  191 . AThe CO is sufficiently removed by the CO shifter  151  and the CO remover  152 , the hydrogen gas is supplied to the stack  20 . 
         [0039]      FIG. 5  is a graph showing the variation of internal temperatures of a reformer  120  and a CO shifter  151 , when a fuel processor  100  is started. Referring to  FIG. 5 , the temperature of the reformer  120  reaches 700° C. in 15 to 20 minutes after the ignition of the burner  130 . The temperature of the CO shifter  151  begins to increase from the point when steam is supplied after the ignition of the burner  130 , and respectively reaches 200° C. and 250° C. in 30 minutes and 35 minutes after the start up. The result indicates that the initial heating time, required to increase the temperature of the CO shifter  151  to 200° C., can be reduced to almost half of the conventional time. Accordingly, the time required to enter a normal operation after start up of the fuel processor  100  can be significantly reduced as compared to the related art. 
         [0040]      FIG. 6  is a graph showing the variation of CO content detected at an exit of the CO shifter  151  when the fuel processor  100  of  FIG. 3  starts up, as the same manner detailed in  FIG. 5 . Referring to  FIG. 6 , it is confirmed that the CO content in the hydrogen gas increases from the point at which the fuel processor  100  begins operating with a full load of the raw gas and water. Thereafter, the CO levels begin to decrease as the temperature of the CO shifter  151  is maintained at 200° C., or more. Approximately 40 minutes after the start up of the fuel processor  100 , the CO content has been reduced below 5000 ppm, a level at which the CO remover  152  can reduce the CO content to less than 10 ppm. That is, the CO content in the fuel gas that has passed through the CO shifter  151  is below 5000 ppm, and the CO content of the fuel gas that has passed through the CO removal  152  is less than 10 ppm. Therefore, the fuel gas contains a CO content that can be supplied to the stack  20 . 
         [0041]    Therefore, considering both the time for rising temperature of the CO shifter  151  and the CO content in the hydrogen gas from the CO shifter  151 , the fuel processor  100  can supply purified hydrogen gas to the stack  20 , by opening a pipeline connected to the stack  20 , approximately 40 minutes after the start up of the fuel processor  100 . Compared to the related art, in which a waiting time of one hour is required to supply clean gas to the stack  20 , the waiting time can be reduced by ⅓ or more. 
         [0042]    As described above, a fuel processor according to aspects of the present invention provides the following advantages. 
         [0043]    First, since it is possible that the CO shifter  151  can be rapidly heated at an early stage of start up, using heat exchanged from steam, the time required to reach a normal operation of the fuel processor can be greatly reduced. 
         [0044]    Second, since the stand by time at the early stage of start up is reduced, restarting is easy after a stoppage, for example, a stoppage required for maintenance reasons. 
         [0045]    Although a few embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it would be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes may be made in this embodiment without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the claims and their equivalents.