Abstract:
The present invention relates to HF testing equipment for testing mobile communications terminals, which is designed to emulate the D2D communications capabilities of at least two mobile communications terminals. Using this equipment, it is possible to replicate interfering radio transmissions that may occur as a result of randomly selected frequency resources and to test the effect thereof in a mobile communications terminal to be tested. For this purpose, a channel model of a transmission channel is emulated, and a distortion is impressed on the data signal to be transmitted by means of said model. For the test, one baseband data signal in the frequency domain is thus obtained for each transmission channel, and this data signal contains the effects of a particular transmission channel on an undistorted data signal. Next, the various baseband data signals then have to be linked together, e.g. by complex multiplication, and transformed into the time domain. A receipt signal for a mobile communications terminal to be tested, as is produced by taking account of a plurality of transmission channels and the accompanying channel distortion, is thus emulated.

Description:
PRIORITY CLAIM 
       [0001]    This application claims the priority benefit of European Patent Application No. EP; 15167133.6-1505, filed May 11, 2015, and European Patent Application No. 15174316.8, filed Jun. 29, 2015; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to HF testing equipment and to a method for testing D2D-enabled mobile communications terminals. 
       TECHNICAL BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    The present invention is based in the field of device-to-device (D2D) communication. D2D is a radio standard in LTE (long term evolution) that enables direct communication between various mobile communications terminals while bypassing a base station and thus a corresponding radio network. In the LTE standard, these mobile communications terminals are also referred to as user equipment (UE) and the direct communication link between mobile communications terminals is referred to as a sidelink. The D2D communication is considered to be a means for simplifying peer-to-peer (P2P) services between mobile communications terminals, for simplifying infrastructure-free communication in emergency situations, and for improving the network capacity by transferring data traffic out of the radio communications network. WO 2012/082024 A1 describes an example of D2D communication of this type. 
         [0004]    In the following, the present invention and the problem addressed thereby will be explained on the basis of D2D communication, although this does not limit the invention to this type of mobile communications terminals or to the LTE standard. 
         [0005]    Owing to the increasing functionality of modern mobile communications terminals, it is becoming ever more important to test them. If a mobile communications terminal is tested in the actual mobile communications network, the conditions are often not reproducible since limiting conditions such as cell power, timing, capacity utilisation, etc., can change constantly. Therefore, testing equipment exists that is designed specifically for testing mobile communications terminals. These mobile communications terminals to be tested are also referred to generally as “device under test” or DUT for short. While current testing equipment can emulate the functionality of base stations, future testing equipment must also be able to test the D2D communications properties of mobile communications terminals. 
         [0006]    While D2D represents communication between two mobile communications terminals, situations also occur during practical use where one mobile communications terminal is addressed by a plurality of mobile communications terminals via respective D2D communication links. In this case, the base station of the mobile communications network configures common transmission resources for all the transmitting mobile communications terminals, from which said terminals select individual transmission resources at random. In addition, the corresponding transmission resources are communicated to the receiving mobile communications terminal as a receipt resource. Since the transmission resources are selected at random by the individual mobile communications terminals in the time and frequency domains, the situation may occur where at least two transmitting mobile communications terminals each transmit the data to the receiving mobile communications terminal on the same transmission frequency and at the same time, i.e. in the same time slot. This, however, causes interferences in the transmitted data signals. In this scenario, the receiving mobile communications terminals also have to operate correctly, which has to be verified by appropriate test scenarios. It is thus necessary to also be able to properly test mobile communications terminals under test for the event that interfering radio transmissions occur. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0007]    Against this background, the present invention addresses the need of improving testing of mobile communications terminals. 
         [0008]    Accordingly, it is provided:
       A HF testing equipment for testing D2D-enabled mobile communications terminals, comprising an emulation device for emulating the D2D function of a plurality of mobile communications terminals, which is designed to emulate a number of independent transmission channels corresponding to the number of mobile communications terminals by generating, for each transmission channel, a baseband data signal specific to each transmission channel on the basis of a predefined channel model, a linking device designed to link the generated baseband data signals, a conversion device designed to generate a receipt signal for a mobile communications terminal to be tested by converting the linked baseband data signal from the frequency domain into the time domain, a communications interface by means of which the HF testing equipment can be coupled to the mobile communications terminal to be tested and by means of which the receipt signal can be sent to the mobile communications terminal to be tested.   A method for testing mobile communications terminals by means of testing equipment, in particular by means of testing equipment according to the invention, comprising the steps of: emulating a first transmission channel for a D2D communication link by generating a first baseband data signal, specific to the first transmission channel, on the basis of a first predefined channel model; emulating at least a second transmission channel, different from the first transmission channel, for a D2D communication link by generating a second baseband data signal, specific to the second transmission channel, on the basis of a second predefined channel model; linking the generated first and second baseband data signals; converting the linked baseband data signal from the frequency domain into the time domain in order to generate a receipt signal for a mobile communications terminal to be tested; sending the generated receipt signal to the mobile communications terminal to be tested.       
 
         [0011]    According to the present invention, testing equipment is provided which emulates the D2D communications capabilities of at least two mobile communications terminals. Using this equipment, it is possible to replicate interfering radio transmissions that may occur as a result of randomly selected frequency resources and to test the effect thereof in a mobile communications terminal to be tested. 
         [0012]    For the test, baseband data signals are generated in the frequency domain for each transmission channel. These baseband data signals already contain the effects of each transmission channel on an undistorted data signal. To generate the baseband data signals, a suitable channel model of a transmission channel is emulated, and said model impresses a distortion on the data signal to be transmitted according to the channel model. One baseband data signal is thus obtained for each transmission channel. Next, the various baseband data signals then have to be linked together, e.g. by complex multiplication, and transformed into the time domain. A receipt signal for a mobile communications terminal to be tested, as is produced by taking account of a plurality of transmission channels and the accompanying channel distortion, is thus emulated. 
         [0013]    The invention is based on the following consideration: 
         [0014]    In each time slot for each subcarrier, a transmission channel can be considered to be a constant complex factor that describes, according to the model, the amplitude (or damping) and phase position at which a data signal to be transmitted by the transmitting mobile communications terminal arrives at the receiver. Depending on how the two selected factors (amplitude and phase position) behave with respect to one another, the combined receipt signal that arrives at the receiving mobile communications terminal and thus at the mobile communications terminal to be tested can be decoded, or also not decoded, for one of the two interfering transmissions. 
         [0015]    Taking into account that the two complex factors (amplitude, phase position) vary over time, it may be that different transmissions of the same sequence for the mobile communications terminal to be tested can be decoded at different times. If the mobile communications terminal to be tested has already received knowledge of the content of a data signal to be transmitted, for example by means of previous transmissions, the transmitting mobile communications terminal can subtract an interference from the receipt signal at a later time and thus receive the data blocks from all the transmitting mobile communications terminals one after the other (what is known as advanced receiver/interference cancellation). 
         [0016]    By approximating the transmission channels by a complex multiplication at the end of the processing chain of the baseband data signal, it is advantageously possible in the testing equipment to dispense with both a complex fading channel simulation in the time domain and an addition of the HF data signals, which are to be transmitted, of different mobile communications terminals before reaching the mobile communications terminal to be tested. 
         [0017]    Moreover, allocations of a restricted size, as occur in particular in sidelink direct discovery, can be easily calculated one after the other on the same hardware in the time multiplex. A control device provided specifically for this purpose ensures that the complex factors of the transmission channel for the individual allocations each correspond to the configured channel model at the time of sending of the corresponding mobile communications terminal. In this way, the decoding performance of the receiving mobile communications terminal can be implemented in testing equipment in a reliable, reproducible and cost-effective manner. 
         [0018]    Advantageous embodiments and developments will become apparent from the additional dependent claims and the description with reference to the figures of the drawings. 
         [0019]    In a preferred embodiment, the emulation device comprises a signal generator and a channel simulator. The signal generator is designed to generate a different data signal for each transmission channel. Preferably, the channel simulator is designed to use a predefined different channel model for each transmission channel, in that the channel simulator impresses a predefined channel distortion, specific to a particular transmission channel, on each data signal from the particular transmission channel. Preferably, one single transmission signal generator and/or one single channel simulator can also be used for a plurality of transmission channels. 
         [0020]    In a particularly preferred embodiment, the signal generator is designed as protocol testing equipment or protocol tester for short. The protocol testing equipment encodes the data to be transmitted according to a predefined protocol stack. 
         [0021]    According to a typical development, the channel simulator is designed to replicate the properties of a transmission channel by varying the data signal, which is to be transmitted, according to the predefined channel model in order to generate the transmission channel-specific baseband data signal. The data signal is varied in terms of the amplitude thereof and/or phase. It is thus possible to emulate, for testing purposes, a transmission channel on the basis of which a mobile communications terminal under test can be tested in a specific manner. 
         [0022]    In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the channel simulator uses constant filter coefficients to generate the transmission channel-specific baseband data signal and thus to emulate the transmission channel. This is particularly advantageous in the development stage of mobile communications terminals, in which tests are initially carried out on the basic functionality of a mobile communications terminal. 
         [0023]    In a particularly preferred alternative embodiment of the invention, the channel simulator uses variable filter coefficients to generate the transmission channel-specific baseband data signal and thus to emulate the transmission channel. The use of variable filter coefficients takes account of a varying transmission channel, as occurs for example when a mobile communications terminal changes location. This alternative embodiment is preferably used after a development process for testing the functionality of a mobile communications terminal under test in real conditions. Preferably, the channel simulator is designed to use different channel coefficients to simulate a predefined channel distortion for each transmission channel. 
         [0024]    In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the emulation device calculates the transmission channel-specific baseband data signal by complex multiplication of the data signal, which is to be transmitted, by the filter coefficients of the channel model. 
         [0025]    In one embodiment, the emulation device is designed to provide data to be transmitted, to assign the data to be transmitted a plurality of carrier frequencies and encoding parameters per transmission channel, to generate a plurality of modulated carrier data signals according to the assigned carrier frequencies and encoding parameters, and to distort at least one of the modulated carrier data signals by means of a predefined frequency-selective channel model. 
         [0026]    In a particularly preferred embodiment, the emulation device is designed to replicate various test scenarios. Examples of such test scenarios may be interference, fading and/or jittering superimposed on a data signal to be transmitted. Other test scenarios would also be conceivable. 
         [0027]    In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the conversion device is designed to carry out an IFFT transformation on the linked baseband data signal in order to create the receipt signal for the mobile communications terminal to be tested. By means of the IFFT, the data signal is transformed from the frequency domain into the time domain. In this manner, a receipt signal in the time domain, as is typically received via the air interfaces during normal operation of a mobile communications terminal to be tested, is emulated for the test. 
         [0028]    According to a typical development, the communications interface is designed to establish a hard-wired communication link to the mobile communications terminal to be tested. This prevents the receipt signal that is generated by the testing equipment and supplied to the mobile communications terminal to be tested from being disrupted or being changed in another, unreproducible manner by another channel, for example formed by an air interface. 
         [0029]    Where practical, the above embodiments and developments can be combined in any manner. Other possible embodiments, developments and implementations of the invention include combinations of features described above or below in relation to the embodiments, even if said combinations are not explicitly mentioned. More particularly, a person skilled in the art would also add individual aspects to the basic form of the present invention as improvements or additions. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0030]    The present invention will now be explained in more detail below on the basis of the embodiments provided in the schematic figures of the drawings, in which: 
           [0031]      FIG. 1  shows a scenario for D2D communication; 
           [0032]      FIG. 2  shows a first, general embodiment of testing equipment according to the invention for testing the D2D communications capabilities of a mobile communications terminal; 
           [0033]      FIG. 3  shows another, preferred embodiment of testing equipment according to the invention for testing the D2D communications capabilities of a mobile communications terminal; 
           [0034]      FIG. 4  shows, by means of a flow diagram, the sequence of a method according to the invention for testing the D2D communications capabilities of a mobile communications terminal. 
       
    
    
       [0035]    The accompanying drawings are intended to provide a better understanding of the embodiments of the invention. They illustrate embodiments and, in combination with the description, explain the principles and concepts behind the invention. Other embodiments and many of the stated advantages will become apparent from the drawings. The elements in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. 
         [0036]    In the figures of the drawings, like elements and components or those having the same function or action are in each case provided with the same reference numerals, unless stated otherwise. 
       DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
       [0037]      FIG. 1  first shows an example scenario for a D2D communication of mobile communications terminals on the basis of a block diagram. The figure shows a mobile communications cell  10  formed by a base station  11  (also denoted eNodeB). In the example shown, three mobile communications terminals  12 ,  13 ,  14  (also denoted UEx) are shown within said mobile communications cell  10 . In this case. UE3 denotes the mobile communications terminal  14  to be tested. 
         [0038]    The base station  11  configures individual transmission resources (in LTE: SL-DiscTxPoolList) for the two transmitting mobile communications terminals  12 ,  13  via the connections  17 , from which resources the mobile communications terminals  12 ,  13  select resources at random in order to beam data to the sidelink in the area surrounding them. In addition, corresponding transmission resources are communicated to the receiving mobile communications terminal  14  via the connection  18  as a receipt resource (in LTE: SL-DiscRxPoolList). The individual transmission and receipt resources contain a subset of the time slots and the bandwidth in the frequency domain, which subset is allocated to the particular radio cell  10  defined by the base station  11 . Depending on the configuration and protocol of the data communication, transmission data are in turn only transmitted by the individual transmitting mobile communications terminal  12 ,  13  in a subset of the preconfigured resources. 
         [0039]    For the D2D communication, each transmitting mobile communications terminal  12 ,  13  transmits the data to be transmitted directly to the receiving mobile communications terminal  15  via a sidelink  15 ,  16 . 
         [0040]      FIG. 2  shows a first, general embodiment of HF testing equipment according to the invention for testing the D2D communications capabilities of a mobile communications terminal. In  FIG. 2 , the testing equipment according to the invention is denoted by reference numeral  20 . Said testing equipment  20  represents an HF test assembly, which can also be referred to as HF tester or mobile communications tester. 
         [0041]    The testing equipment  20  is communicatively connected to the mobile communications terminal  14  to be tested (or DUT=device under test). The communications standard used in the process is typically predefined by the mobile communications terminal  14 . In this example, the LTE standard is intended. The communication link between the testing equipment  20  and the mobile communications terminal  14  enables bi-directional signal exchange between the two components of the testing system. 
         [0042]    The HF testing equipment  20  comprises an emulation device  21 , a linking device  22 , a conversion device  23  and a communications interface  24 . 
         [0043]    The emulation device  21  is designed to emulate a plurality of mobile communications terminals (not shown here) and thus in particular to replicate the D2D function of these mobile communications terminals. For this purpose, the emulation device  21  emulates a plurality of independent transmission channels, i.e. one transmission channel for each transmitting mobile communications device. One baseband data signal  26  specific to each transmission channel is thus generated for each transmission channel. The baseband data signals  26  are each generated on the basis of a predefined channel model stored in a channel simulator of the emulation device  21 . 
         [0044]    The linking device  22  is designed to link the baseband data signals  26  generated by the emulation device  21  so as to generate a linked baseband data signal  27 . 
         [0045]    The conversion device  23  is designed to generate, from the linked baseband data signal  27 , a receipt signal  28  for the mobile communications terminal  14  to be tested by converting the linked baseband data signal  27  from the frequency domain into the time domain. 
         [0046]    The HF testing equipment  20  is coupled to the mobile communications terminal  14  to be tested via the communications interface  24 . By means of this communications interface  24 , which includes a hard-wired coaxial connection  29 , the receipt signal  28  is transmitted to and received by the mobile communications terminal  14  to be tested. 
         [0047]    For testing purposes, it would also be conceivable for there to be a wireless air interface between the testing equipment  20  and the mobile communications terminal  14  to be tested. 
         [0048]    In the manner known per se, the testing equipment  20  is thus capable of testing the D2D functionality of said mobile communications terminal  14  to be tested. 
         [0049]    The elements of the testing equipment  20 , including in particular the emulation device  21 , the linking device  22 , the conversion device  23  and the communications interface  24 , can be implemented either completely or in part in a program-controlled device, such as a microprocessor, a microcontroller and the like. 
         [0050]      FIG. 3  shows another, preferred embodiment of testing equipment according to the invention for testing the D2D communications capabilities of a mobile communications terminal. 
         [0051]    In this figure, the emulation device  21  is designed to replicate two transmission channels  30 ,  31 . For this purpose, the emulation device  21  comprises a signal generator  32 ,  33  and a channel simulator  34 ,  35 . 
         [0052]    A signal generator  32 ,  33  is designed to generate a data signal  36 ,  37  for each transmission channel  30 ,  31 . 
         [0053]    The channel simulator  34 ,  35  impresses a predefined channel distortion  38 ,  39 , specific to a particular transmission channel  30 ,  31 , on each data signal  36 ,  37  from the particular transmission channel. This typically occurs by complex multiplication of the channel distortions  38 ,  39  by the respective data signals  36 ,  37  in the multiplication devices  40 ,  41 . This produces the baseband data signals  26   a ,  26   b . From these baseband data signals  26   a ,  26   b , for example, the linked baseband data signal  27  is generated by addition in the linking device  22 . 
         [0054]    The signal generators  32 ,  33  and the channel simulators  34 ,  35  can be implemented by a program-controlled device, such as a microcontroller or a microprocessor. It would also be conceivable for just one signal generator and/or just one channel simulator to be used for a plurality or all of the transmission channels  30 ,  31 . 
         [0055]    The calculation of the baseband data signals  26   a ,  26   b  for testing purposes is described, for example, in German Patent Application Publication No. DE 10 2008 055 759 A1. This document describes how the channel distortion of a radio transmission in an LTE mobile communications system for testing purposes in the frequency domain can be modelled by means of complex multiplication before the generation of the time domain signal. The same model is used in the present invention by the emulation device  21  to emulate independent transmission channels. In terms of the emulation and modelling of the channel distortion of a radio transmission for testing purposes in the frequency domain by means of complex multiplication before the generation of the time domain signal, the entire content of German Patent Application Publication No. DE 10 2008 055 759 A1 is thus incorporated herein by reference. 
         [0056]    In the mobile communications standard LTE of the 3GPP standard, the OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) modulation method is used, in which useful information having a high bit rate is divided into a plurality of sub-data streams having a lower bit rate. Each of these sub-data streams is independently modulated by a modulation method, e.g. quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), at a low bandwidth and applied to a carrier frequency. These are referred to in the following as modulated carried signals. The modulated carrier signals of the individual sub-data streams are added to a transmission signal, the modulated carrier signals being orthogonal to one another owing to the orthogonal nature of the carrier function. Whereas OFDM is directly used in the downlink (i.e. the communication link from the base station to the mobile communications terminal), an OFDM variant is used in the uplink (i.e. the communication link from the mobile communications terminal to the base station) and sidelink (i.e. the D2D communication link between two mobile communications terminals). In this OFDM variant, the data signals are pre-encoded by an FFT operation prior to the modulation stage. The FFT-encoded sample values are digitally modulated in the standard OFDM and impressed onto the individual OFDM sub-carriers. This OFDM variant is also referred to as SC-FDMA (single carrier frequency division multiple access) and leads to a low PAPR (peak to average power ratio) in the generated radio signal, i.e. less pronounced power peaks are produced in the time domain signal. This makes it possible to implement the transmission stages in the mobile communications terminals using more cost-effective power amplifiers. 
         [0057]    For the transmission, a multiple antenna system (MIMO=multiple input multiple output) is often used, in which the signal is transmitted from e.g. two or four antennas in the base station to e.g. two or four antennas in the mobile communications terminal. In the process, various pieces of useful information or various sub-data streams can also be transmitted to transmission channels at the same frequency but via different antennas. To decode and reassemble the data stream, it has to be possible to distinguish between the individual transmission channels, which is achieved by assigning different propagation characteristics to each antenna. Owing to the different propagation paths between the various base station antennas and communications device antennas, destructive interference of a transmission signal by reflections and the like is also avoided. This makes a higher bit rate possible while having better transmission quality at the same time. Even if, in the case of D2D communication in the LTE sidelink, only one single transmission antenna is provided on the mobile communications terminal, the transmitted signal can again be received at the receiving mobile communications terminal by e.g. two or four antennas. In the case of the LTE sidelink, this results in an SIMO system (single input multiple output), which is a special case of a general MIMO system. 
         [0058]    It is assumed that the testing equipment  20  is designed to be able to also test the mobile communications properties of a mobile communications terminal  20  in addition to the D2D communication. In principle, testing equipment  20  of this type is a radio test assembly, which represents a modified small base station of a mobile communications network. Depending on the desired mobile communications standard, the testing equipment  20  can emulate a specific test network, e.g. a GSM. UMTS or LTE network, so the test can be carried out in a very realistic manner. This type of testing equipment  20  is used to test the HF properties of mobile communications terminals, such as the transmission and receiving capability, data throughput, data volume, etc. To test only the mobile communications properties of the mobile communications terminal  14 , it is necessary to couple the testing equipment  20  to the mobile communications terminal  14  to be tested via an air interface. In this test mode, the testing equipment  20  according to the invention then generates an HF test field in which the mobile communications terminal  3  is positioned and tested. 
         [0059]    In a preferred embodiment, the testing equipment  20  comprises an HF measuring/evaluation device designed to test the HF properties of the mobile communications terminal  14  coupled to the testing equipment  20  by means of the communications interface. 
         [0060]    The testing equipment  20  according to the invention can preferably support a plurality of different protocols of mobile communications standards, such as GSM, CDMA (W-CDMA, CDMA 2000, etc.), UMTS, LTE, etc. 
         [0061]      FIG. 4  uses a flow diagram to show the sequence of a test method according to the invention for testing the D2D communications capabilities of a mobile communications terminal by means of HF testing equipment according to the invention, as described for example on the basis of  FIGS. 2 and 3 . 
         [0062]    In a first step S 1 , a first transmission channel is emulated for a D2D communication link (in LTE: sidelink). In the process, a first baseband data signal specific to the first transmission channel is generated on the basis of a first predefined channel model. 
         [0063]    In at least one further step, S 2 , a second transmission channel is emulated for a D2D communication link, in which a second baseband data signal specific to the second transmission channel is generated on the basis of a second predefined channel model. 
         [0064]    In steps S 1  and S 2 , the respective transmission channel-specific baseband data signals are calculated by complex multiplication of the data signal, which is to be transmitted, by the channel coefficients of the channel model. 
         [0065]    In at least one subsequent step, S 3 , the first and second baseband data signals thus generated are linked, for example superimposed by addition. 
         [0066]    Next, in step S 4 , the baseband data signal thus linked is transformed from the frequency domain into the time domain in order to thus generate a receipt signal for the mobile communications terminal  14  to be tested. 
         [0067]    Finally, in step S 5 , the receipt signal thus generated is transmitted to the mobile communications terminal  14  to be tested. The mobile communications terminal  14  can then be tested for its D2D properties. 
         [0068]    Although the present invention has been described above on the basis of preferred embodiments, it is not restricted thereto and instead can be modified in many different ways. 
         [0069]    This description uses the expression “mobile communications terminal”, which should be taken to mean any device that has an integrated mobile communications functionality, regardless of whether additional functionalities are integrated in these devices. For example, besides conventional mobile telephones, mobile communications terminals should be taken to include smartphones, PDAs, tablets, for example also mobile computers, navigation devices, PDAs (personal digital assistants), a vehicle equipped with mobile communications, and the like. More particularly, in the context of the present invention the term mobile communications terminal should be explicitly understood for any radio-based mobile or wireless D2D communication link. 
         [0070]    In addition, the present invention should not be limited to the protocols and standards set out above; these are only intended for explanatory purposes. 
         [0071]    Lastly, the stated numbers should only be understood as being illustrative and are not intended to limit the invention. 
       LIST OF REFERENCE NUMERALS 
       [0000]    
       
           10  mobile communications cell 
           11  base station, eNodeB 
           12 ,  13 ,  14  mobile communications terminals, user equipment (UE) 
           14  mobile communications terminal to be tested, device under test (DUT) 
           15 ,  16  sidelinks for D2D communication 
           17  configuration of the transmitting mobile communications terminals 
           18  configuration of the receiving mobile communications terminal 
           20  testing equipment 
           21  emulation device 
           22  linking device 
           23  conversion device 
           24  communications interface 
           26 ,  26   a ,  26   b  baseband data signals 
           27  linked baseband data signals 
           28  receipt signal 
           29  hard-wired coaxial connection 
           30 ,  31  transmission channels 
           32 ,  33  signal generator 
           34 ,  35  channel simulator 
           36 ,  37  data signals 
           38 ,  39  channel distortion 
           40 ,  41  multiplication devices 
         S 1 -S 5  method steps