Abstract:
An automotive vehicle may include at least one controller configured to monitor a plurality of parameters representing a driver&#39;s dynamic control of the vehicle and to establish a reference range based on values of the monitored parameters during a first time period. The at least one controller may be further configured to detect a change in driver behavior condition when, during a second time period, a parameter derived from the monitored parameters falls outside of the reference range, and in response to detecting the change in driver behavior condition, to alter a response of the vehicle to driver inputs or to generate output representing a recommendation to alter a response of the vehicle to driver inputs.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    Different drivers may prefer different performance characteristics from the same vehicle. One driver, for example, may prefer performance characteristics that emphasize fuel economy. Another driver may prefer performance characteristics that emphasize response and handling. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0002]      FIG. 1  is an architecture diagram for an intelligent integrated driver-vehicle interface. 
           [0003]      FIG. 2  is a plot of virtual accelerator pedal position output versus accelerator pedal position driver input. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0004]    As required, detailed embodiments of the present invention are disclosed herein; however, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention that may be embodied in various and alternative forms. The figures are not necessarily to scale; some features may be exaggerated or minimized to show details of particular components. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present invention. 
       Introduction 
       [0005]    The increasing intelligence and autonomy of automotive vehicles may significantly alter the customer driving experience. The growing connectivity of vehicles via digital communications, proliferation of navigation and road information systems, and advancements in computing and inexpensive sensor technology create numerous opportunities to improve vehicle performance by incorporating the wealth of information about driving conditions. The customization of vehicle response to individual customer preferences is also of significant interest. 
         [0006]    In  FIG. 1 , we consider a driver assistance system (DAS)  10  of a vehicle  12 . The DAS  10  may be implemented, in certain embodiments, in one or more processors/controllers and include automatic speech recognition (ASR) and text-to-speech (TTS) modules  14 ,  16 , a spoken dialog system (SDS)  18 , an information filter  20 , a user profile database  22 , and a physical context database  24 . The vehicle  12  may also include vehicle systems  26 , such as an engine  28 , an adaptive transmission  30 , a powertrain control module (PCM)  32 , accelerator and brake systems (including accelerator and brake pedals respectively), sensor systems (e.g., speed sensor, accelerator pedal position sensor, brake pedal position sensor, etc.), a steering system (including a steering wheel), etc. The DAS  10  may communicate with the vehicle systems  26  via a multiplex network such as a Controller Area Network (CAN). 
         [0007]    The DAS  10  may cause the customization of vehicle powertrain response to driver preferences. These preferences may be communicated by the driver via the SDS  18 , or learned over time and proactively suggested to the driver by the vehicle  12 . The SDS  18  processes driver voice commands and other driver-supplied information. The information filter  20  may combine information from vehicle systems (e.g., information from any of the vehicle control modules or sensors on-board the vehicle), navigation and road information system, or wireless Internet to change the strategy parameters in the PCM  32 . The information filter  20  may examine the direct driver inputs (e.g., inputs indicative of the immediate driver preferences), information about the present road conditions and other information to determine the best performance mode at any given time. 
         [0008]    The DAS  10  may change powertrain performance mode, for example, between sport mode, normal mode, comfort mode, luxury mode and fuel economy mode based on driver preferences, for example, communicated or confirmed via voice commands. In the fuel economy mode, powertrain operation is configured to enhance fuel economy with some potential degradation in acceleration performance, while the sport mode enhances acceleration performance and vehicle responsiveness. The so-called normal mode is an intermediate mode, which is configured to balance vehicle fuel economy and acceleration performance attributes. The comfort or luxury mode may optimize powertrain smoothness to enhance driver comfort. The DAS  10  may also have a proactive performance mode advisory function to recommend a performance mode to the driver depending on the observations of recent driver actions as determined through data collected from a collection of vehicle and non-vehicle sources, as well as knowledge of past driver actions and preferences. 
       Spoken Dialog System 
       [0009]    The SDS  18  may use verbal interaction between the driver and the vehicle  12  to avoid the hazards of look away events, to make the DAS  10  easy to use, and to save space on the dashboard.  FIG. 1  shows the basic architecture of the SDS interface. 
         [0010]    Operating mode recommendations and the current operating mode may be computed in the vehicle systems  26  and passed to the SDS  18  on a periodic basis (e.g., about every 10 seconds). When the recommended mode differs from the current mode, the SDS  18  may initiate a verbal exchange with the driver. The information filter  20  may ensure that verbal interactions with the driver take place at appropriate times, such as when a driver response is necessary, when the driver is able to make a decision, or when the driving environment is suitable. It may also ensure that requests are not made too frequently. 
         [0011]    If the recommended performance mode differs from the actual performance mode, the information filter  20  may initiate changing the mode by suggesting the recommended mode to the driver. The decision to initiate may be based on the level of certainty that the recommended mode would be helpful, the amount of time passed since the last recommendation was made, learned driver preferences from the user profile database  22 , and/or contextual information from sensors and the Internet. 
         [0012]    The approach used to determine the recommended performance mode setting is presented in detail below, but from the perspective of the SDS  18 , the intent is to issue recommendations when it is appropriate for the driver to receive a recommendation. The information filter  20  makes sure that the driver does not receive recommendations too frequently causing distraction, frustration or dissatisfaction with the DAS  10 . 
         [0013]    To issue a recommendation, the information filter  20  sends a message to the dialog system  18  and then waits for a response. Upon receiving the message, the dialog system  18  creates a text string containing the words the driver should hear, such as “Would you like to switch to economy mode? I think you might get better fuel economy.” This string is then sent in a message to the TTS module  16 , and the dialog system  18  waits for a response from the driver. 
         [0014]    Upon receiving the text string, the TTS module  16  creates audible spoken words corresponding to the words in the string. The driver upon hearing the words formulates a response which is likely to be “yes” or “no,” but could be something more unexpected like “What is a performance mode?” or “Ask me later.” 
         [0015]    The ASR module  14  detects the driver&#39;s response and converts it into a text string which it sends to the dialog system  18  in a message. The dialog system  18  creates an appropriate response which it sends to the TTS module  16 , and then sends a message containing the meaning of the driver&#39;s response to the information filter  20 . Based on the driver&#39;s response, the information filter  20  will either send a message to the PCM  32  to change the performance mode or not. 
         [0016]    It is assumed that it is better to use an SDS that approximates conversational speech than one that uses individual utterances to move through a menu hierarchy. A conversational approach may have several advantages including that it is easier, more comfortable and more convenient to use than a hierarchical system. There are also advantages related to performance of the system such as better recognition. Either type (or a different type) of system, however, may be used. 
         [0017]    The SDS  18  is capable of acting in either a proactive or directed manner. In the directed manner, the driver recognizes the need for a change in the mode, and requests the change from the SDS  18 . This would begin with a statement from the driver such as “Please switch to economy mode.” The SDS  18  responds by saying “Ok, I will switch to economy mode.” The system then pauses for a second or so, in case a recognition error has occurred, in which case the driver would say something like “No, I said sport mode” and the SDS  18  says “Ok, I&#39;ll switch to sport mode.” After the switch is made, the SDS  18  may say “I&#39;ve switched to sport operating mode.” Each time the driver directs the SDS  18 , the change is logged and later compiled into the user profile database  22 . 
         [0018]    When the SDS  18  acts in proactive mode, it may try to make the driver aware of the possibility of changing the operating mode functionality when a good time to change operating mode occurs. It may say something like “Would you like to switch to fuel economy operating mode? I think you could save money on gas, but it might take longer to speed up.” If the driver were to say yes, the SDS  18  would respond by saying “I&#39;ve switched to economy mode.” Based on the number of times the proactive mode has been used, the SDS  18  may say “You know, you can switch driving mode yourself Would you like me to explain?” The information filter  20  learns from the responses the driver gives, and bases future decisions on those responses. 
       Proactive Vehicle Performance Advisory System 
       [0019]    A goal of the proactive vehicle performance advisory system may be to create a “driver-aware” vehicle that appeals to the driver by maximizing the driver&#39;s preferences of vehicle performance and allows the opportunity for performance personalization while leaving to the driver full responsibility and control of the vehicle  12 . The system may estimate the current preferences of the driver in terms of acceleration performance versus fuel economy. They are later used to recommend to the driver a powertrain mode that is selected from a set of available performance mode configurations, such as sport, normal and fuel economy, and possibly including such aspects as throttle response and transmission shift performance. 
         [0020]    Data captured from vehicle and non-vehicle sources can provide a significant resource to determine the characteristics and preferences of the driver. “Parameters” that may be considered include the accelerator pedal, vehicle speed, engine speed, driver commanded PRNDL or gear (select shift), actual transmission gear position, brake pedal position, brake pressure, and steering wheel angle (and derivatives of these signals) together with roadway speed limits, roadway type (multi-lane expressway, single lane county road, etc.), traffic volume, and patterns of these data may serve, in certain embodiments, as potential factors defining a driver&#39;s intent. Observation of these parameters individually or in various combinations over time may be used to characterize the driving style and determine the driver&#39;s performance preferences. 
         [0021]    One may employ computational intelligence techniques (neural, fuzzy, clustering, etc.), hidden Markov methods, Baysian networks, or any other suitable/available technique to adopt the statistical concepts of common and special variation. We wish to identify unusual variations relative to the long term behaviour observed for the driver. Special variations (or anomalies) are those things that indicate a change in behaviour relative to the typical behaviour, such as a change in the location (e.g. mean value or variation) of a parameter (e.g., accelerator pedal position, etc.) that has been observed over a recent time horizon. These anomalies, when observed over a period of time, may indicate that the preferences of the driver have changed and that the system should now consider a new operating mode more consistent with the driver&#39;s current preferences. For example, a driver in city driving conditions may prefer highly responsive performance, but after entering the highway where they wish to maintain a constant speed, may prefer that the speed control system be activated. In this way, we are effectively learning a model of the driver and their preferences, which may change over time (time of day, day of week, etc.) and change due to different driving conditions (road type, weather, etc.) 
         [0022]    Assume, for example, that the PCM  32  utilizes two driver input parameters, accelerator pedal position (available, for example, via CAN) and its derivative, and generates a covariance relative to an averaged version of these signals representing the driver&#39;s recent driving behaviour. It is then possible for the PCM  32  to generate a metric descriptive of the amount of variation in these parameters relative to the driver&#39;s typical behaviour utilizing a determinant of the resulting covariance matrix for instance. This determinant can then be compared to a set of thresholds generated based on the mean and variance of the determinant: an upper threshold equal to, for example, the mean plus three times the standard deviation of the determinant (indicative of change in driver behaviour in a more sporty or aggressive sense), and a lower threshold equal to, for example, the mean minus three times the standard deviation of the determinant (indicative of a change in driver behaviour in a more casual or cautious sense). Since there can be significant variability among individual drivers (and among driving styles of a specific driver over time), the thresholds may be allowed to change in relation to the average and variation of the metric (e.g., determinant) observed over time. 
         [0023]    When the calculated metric exceeds the upper threshold(s) or falls below the lower threshold(s) for more than a calibratable period of time, the PCM  32  may conclude that the driver&#39;s behaviour has significantly changed relative to their typical behaviour (that is, a change in driver behaviour condition has occurred). The PCM  32  may then seek to alter a response of the vehicle  12  to driver inputs as discussed herein or forward this information to the DAS  10  so that a recommendation may be generated to inform the driver that a different performance mode may be more appropriate. While the above example is directed to accelerator and accelerator rate parameters, it could be applied to any combination of parameters in a similar manner, each with their own metrics and thresholds, which can be utilized individually as already described above or combined to form a composite metric having distinct adaptive thresholds. Also, the information filter  20  (or any other controller(s)/processor(s)) may perform the algorithms described above with reference to the PCM  32 . 
         [0024]    When anomalies in driver behaviour are observed, and a decision is made that the driver preferences have indeed changed, a decision may be made to determine the most appropriate mode to implement or recommend to the driver. This decision is based on the parameters which are applied to a learned rule base, driver intention model. As an example of this approach, assuming the use of driver torque request and vehicle speed parameters, the estimated driving style may be characterized as “abrupt” or “smooth” as manifested by the variability of the torque request. Similarly, driver&#39;s performance preference may be defined as “sporty” or “relaxed” based on vehicle speed and acceleration. A decision making mechanism assigns an appropriate performance mode to different combinations of, for example, the driving style, performance preference, and the average vehicle speed. The proactive vehicle performance advisory system may then, in certain embodiments, communicate its recommendation for the appropriate performance mode through the information filter  20  to the SDS  18 . An affirmative response to the recommendation may cause, for example, the DAS  10  to instruct the PCM  32  to implement the recommended performance mode. 
         [0025]    The mode selection decision logic may be summarized in the following example meta-rules: 
         [0000]    1. If driving style is “smooth” AND average speed is “low,” recommend shifting to a “lower” performing powertrain mode.
 
Smooth torque request and low vehicle speed indicate that a lesser performing mode, if available, may be adequate. If the fuel economy mode has already been selected, the system would not generate any recommendation.
 
2. If driving style is “abrupt” AND driver&#39;s performance preference is “sporty,” recommend shifting to a “higher” performing powertrain mode.
 
High level of accelerator pedal activity is indicative of a driver looking for more performance to accomplish an intended “sporty” style of driving. By recommending a higher performing powertrain mode, it alleviates the need of the driver to overly manoeuvre the accelerator pedal, and better accommodate the driver&#39;s performance preference.
 
3. If the driving style is “smooth” AND average speed is “high,” recommend cruise control.
 
The rationale for this rule is that the driver is already at a speed great enough for the cruise control function to be applicable, and at the same time exhibiting the intention of maintaining almost constant speed by minimizing the usage of acceleration pedal or changes in the vehicle speed. A recommendation of using cruise control has the potential of fulfilling the needs of the driver and improving the fuel economy.
 
4. If driving style is “abrupt” AND driver&#39;s performance preference is “relaxed,” recommend cruise control.
 
Recommending cruise control matches the intended style of smooth vehicle speed and acceleration. Additionally, improved fuel economy is achieved because the use of cruise control generally minimizes the fluctuations of the power being requested from the powertrain.
 
         [0026]    The special variation being a change relative to the “typical” behaviour relies on threshold values determined by these typical behaviours. Since all drivers are unique, it is not likely that a set of fixed thresholds would be appropriate. Therefore, the transition thresholds may be updated continuously while the vehicle is driven to conform to the behaviours specific to each driver. Typical behaviour is then determined to be a situation in which a parameter lies within these thresholds. An anomaly is determined to be a situation in which a parameter lies outside of these thresholds for a sufficient period of time. 
       Powertrain Performance Modes 
       [0027]    With the above discussed features, the vehicle  12  is able to assist the driver in selecting/implementing the most appropriate performance configuration, or alternatively to provide an easy to use voice controlled vehicle performance mode configuration interface. Some of the implementations discussed may rely on the selection from one of three available accelerator pedal transition mappings to affect the vehicle performance through a trade-off between acceleration responsiveness and fuel economy. 
         [0028]    The sport mode setting may be configured to enhance acceleration performance feel by delivering more power for smaller accelerator pedal inputs. The driver may activate the sport mode setting when desiring all of the power of the vehicle to accelerate (e.g., when in a hurry, during passing, or in an emergency situation). The pedal translation map for the sport mode setting results in higher pedal sensitivity. (See  FIG. 2 .) 
         [0029]    The comfort or luxury mode may be configured to enhance vehicle smoothness by reducing the accelerator pedal sensitivity over the normal range of accelerator inputs. In the fuel economy mode, a pedal translation map may be created to cause the transmission to up shift earlier for the same driver foot angle input as compared to the normal or sport modes. The intent is that the fuel economy mode is activated when the driver would like to reduce vehicle fuel consumption, extend vehicle driving range without refueling, or reduce fuel costs. 
         [0030]    The normal mode is an intermediate performance mode that results from an intention to balance sportiness, fuel economy and luxury smoothness in a single mode. In the normal mode, the pedal to torque sensitivity may be less steep in certain ranges of the pedal travel. 
         [0031]    Other implementations may additionally/alternatively alter the sensitivity of the steering system to steering inputs using known techniques. The implementation of, for example, sport mode may result in increased steering response for a given steering input while the implementation of comfort mode may result in decreased steering response for a given steering input. Other scenarios are also contemplated. 
         [0032]    We described the development of a system for selecting a powertrain operating mode using, in certain embodiments, an SDS  18  and voice commands (manual input systems, however, are also contemplated). This hands-free/eyes-free capability when combined with the intelligence offered by the proactive vehicle performance advisory system is able to, for example, implement (or recommend) an accelerator pedal configuration which is tailored to the driver. Whether the driver values fuel economy or responsive acceleration, this system may address the diversity of drivers and driving styles with the objective of ultimately delivering improved customer satisfaction. 
         [0033]    The algorithms disclosed herein may be deliverable to/implemented by a processing device, such as the DAS  10 , information filter  20 , PCM  32 , etc., which may include any existing electronic control unit or dedicated electronic control unit, in many forms including, but not limited to, information permanently stored on non-writable storage media such as ROM devices and information alterably stored on writeable storage media such as floppy disks, magnetic tapes, CDs, RAM devices, and other magnetic and optical media. The algorithms may also be implemented in a software executable object. Alternatively, the algorithms may be embodied in whole or in part using suitable hardware components, such as Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), state machines, controllers or other hardware components or devices, or a combination of hardware, software and firmware components. 
         [0034]    While exemplary embodiments are described above, it is not intended that these embodiments describe all possible forms of the invention. Rather, the words used in the specification are words of description rather than limitation, and it is understood that various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Additionally, the features of various implementing embodiments may be combined to form further embodiments of the invention.