Abstract:
The present invention provides a local area network system including a computational device or a host, a network apparatus and communication channel (e.g. router). The invention also provides a method for configuring IPv6 addresses in the host. The method includes separating a prefix assignment from generation of an interface identifier. The prefix may be stored in a DHCPv6 server. The procedure further includes requesting the prefix from the DHCPv6 server by the host, generating the interface identifier in the host, and combining the prefix and the generated interface identifier to formulate an IP address in the host, registering the IP address in the DHCPv6 server, and granting the usage of the IP address to the host by the DHCPv6 server.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a Non-Provisional application, and claims the benefit of, co-pending, commonly-assigned, Provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 61/028,461 (Attorney Docket No. 021822-009300US), entitled “USAGE OF HOST GENERATING INTERFACE IDENTIFIERS IN DHCPv6”, filed on Feb. 13, 2008, the entire application of which is herein incorporated by reference for all purposes. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to separation of a prefix assignment from generation of an interface identifier in a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) v6 server, and to generation of a dynamic IP address. The invention may be understood by reference to the documents cited by the present disclosure, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
         [0003]    A DHCPv6 server is assumed to be responsible for assignment of an integrated or combined internet protocol (IP) address that includes two portions, i.e. a prefix and an interface identifier. The operation of address assignment by a DHCPv6 server is described in [Request for Comments (RFC)3315]. A client uses a Solicit message to identify the DHCPv6 server that is configured to assign IP addresses. The DHCPv6 server sends an Advertise message in response to announce the availability of the DHCPv6 server to the client. The client then uses a Request message to request an IP address. The DHCPv6 server then returns the IP address in a Reply message. The details of the two portions of the IP address, i.e. a prefix and an interface identifier, are described in [RFC4291]. 
         [0004]    A prefix assignment may be separated from generation of interface identifier. For example, [RFC3633] describes Prefix Delegation options that provide a mechanism for automated delegation of IPv6 prefixes using the DHCPv6. This mechanism is intended for delegating a long-lived prefix from a delegating router to a requesting router. However, the practice of separating prefix assignment from interface identifier assignment is only used for routers, but not for hosts in [RFC3633]. 
         [0005]    There are situations when a separation of a prefix assignment and a generation of an interface identifier is desired. Currently, a DHCP server may not be able to generate an interface identifier for a host. Hence, there remains a need for developing a method to formulate an IP address from separated prefix and interface identifier that may be generated to meet the need of security or privacy. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0006]    Embodiments of the present invention provide a local area network system including a computational device or a host, a network apparatus and communication channel (e.g. router). Embodiments of the invention also provide a method for configuring IPv6 addresses in the host. According to the embodiments of the invention, the method comprises separating a prefix assignment from generation of an interface identifier. The prefix may be stored in a DHCPv6 server. The method further comprises requesting the prefix from the DHCPv6 server by the host, generating the interface identifier in the host, and combining the prefix and the generated interface identifier to formulate an IP address in the host, registering the IP address in the DHCPv6 server, and granting the usage of the IP address to the host by the DHCPv6 server. 
         [0007]    In a first set of embodiments, a method is provided for identifying a DHCP server by sending a soliciting message from a host, and assigning a prefix from the DHCP server to the host. A method is further provided for generating an interface identifier, combining the prefix and the generated interface identifier to formulate an IP address in the host. A method is also provided for registering the IP address in the DHCP server that grants or denies the usage of the IP address to the host. 
         [0008]    In a second set of embodiments, a computational device comprises an input device, a communications system, a storage device, a processor, and a memory coupled with the processor, the memory comprising a computer-readable medium having a computer-readable program embodied therein for directing operation of the computational device, the computer readable program including instructions for receiving prefixes with the communications system, instructions for generating interface identifiers, and instructions for combining the prefixes and the generated interface identifier. The prefixes are provided to the host by a DHCP server. 
         [0009]    In a third set of embodiments, a network apparatus comprises a network interface, a memory, and a processor. The network interface is connected to a router, where the network interface is adapted to receive a first request for providing prefixes from the network apparatus. The network interface is also configured to send a response to the router. The network interface is further configured to receive a second request for registering an Internet Protocol (IP) address, the IP address including separated prefixes and interface identifiers. The memory is configured to store the prefixes, the IP address and system information. Furthermore, the processor is configured to process the first and second request. The interface identifiers are generated in a computational device that is in a communication with the network apparatus through the router. The IP address is formulated by combining the prefixes and the generated interface identifiers. 
         [0010]    In a further set of embodiments, a system for generating Internet Protocol (IP) addresses comprises a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server, at least one host, a communication channel between the DHCP and the host for sending request and/or transferring data. The communication channel may be a router. The DHCP server has a memory for storing a list of prefixes of internet protocol (IP) addresses. The host comprises a processor for generating interface identifiers (IDs) and configuring the IP addresses by combining the generated IDs and the prefixes, a display screen coupled to the processor for providing a list of available features to a user, and an input device coupled to the processor for receiving request from a user. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0011]    A further understanding of the nature and advantages of the present invention may be realized by reference to the remaining portions of the specification and the drawings wherein like reference numerals are used throughout the several drawings to refer to similar components. 
           [0012]      FIG. 1  shows a simplified network system. 
           [0013]      FIG. 2  is a flow diagram to illustrate the operation of generation of an interface identifier in a host and formulating an IP address by combining a prefix assignment stored in a DHCPv6 server and the generated interface identifier in the host. 
           [0014]      FIG. 3  shows a format of the IA_PA option. 
           [0015]      FIG. 4  shows a format of the IA_PD Prefix option 
           [0016]      FIG. 5  is a diagram of a computational device. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Generation of Interface Identifier in A Host 
       [0017]      FIG. 1  shows a simplified exemplary embodiment of a network system  100 . The network system  100  may include a DHCP server  110 , and two hosts  114   a  and  114   b,  and two routers  118   a  and  118   b.  Each host  114   a  and  11   b  may be capable of accessing a world wide network (not shown), such as the internet. The network system  100  may include any number of hosts or other devices, for example, information appliances, network devices, peripherals, and the like. A feature of DHCP server  110  is that it automatically assigns an IP address to each host  114   a  and  114   b.  No user interaction is required. In accordance with the embodiment of the invention, an IP address is formulated by combining a prefix stored in the DHCP server  110  and a generated interface identifier in the host  114   a  and  114   b.  The IP address may be dynamic. 
         [0018]    A host may be used to generate an interface identifier. [RFC3972] describes a method for binding a public signature key to an IPv6 address in the Secure Neighbor Discovery (SEND) protocol [RFC3971]. The basic idea of [RFC3972] is to generate the interface identifier (i.e., the rightmost 64 bits) of the IPv6 address by computing a cryptographic hash of the public key. 
         [0019]    In order to generate an interface identifier in a host, a prefix may be used to identify the host at first. [RFC4968] provides different IPv6 link models that are suitable for 802.16 based networks and a point-to-point link model is desired. Also, 3GPP and 3GPP2 have earlier adopted the point-to-point link model based on the recommendations in [RFC3314]. In this model, only one prefix can be assigned to one interface of a host (e.g. mobile station), and different hosts (mobile stations) do not share a common prefix. For example, a first prefix may be used to identify a first host, and a second host may be used to identify a second host. 
         [0020]    In a further embodiment, the two portions of an IP address (i.e. prefix and interface identifier) need to be separated. By using a DHCPv6 server, a separation of a prefix assignment and an interface identifier generation may be achieved. A prefix of an IP address of a host may be allocated from the DHCPv6 server, while an interface identifier may be independently generated by the host. In one embodiment, the generation of the interface identifier may be dependent upon the prefix assignment. In another embodiment, the generation of the interface identifier may be independent of the prefix assignment. 
         [0021]    Many common terminologies in this disclosure are defined as described in [RFC3315]. Additional definitions of some terminologies related to the embodiment of the invention are provided as the following. 
         [0022]    A derivative prefix is derived from another prefix. For example, a /64 prefix is a derivative prefix that is derived from a /48 prefix, where the /64 prefix has the same leftmost 48 bits with the /48 prefix. 
         [0023]    As explained earlier, a prefix is assigned to a host. This prefix needs to be authorized. For each prefix, a specific router is specified to authorize the prefix for use. For each router, a specific set of subnet prefixes may be provided to advertise. Other routers may have authorizations to advertise other subnet prefixes. In a specific embodiment, a first router is specified to authorize a first prefix to a first host, and a second router is specified to authorize a second prefix to a second host. A Certification Path Advertisement message may be used to convey the authorized prefix in [RFC3971]. 
         [0024]    Router Advertisements, as described in [RFC4861], may allow routers to inform a host on how to perform Address Auto-configuration in Secure Neighbor Discovery (SEND). For example, routers may specify whether the hosts should use a DHCPv6 and/or stateless address configuration when a stateless server is used. The stateless server is a server that treats each request as an independent transaction that is unrelated to any previous request. In a Router Advertisement message, M and O bits are used for indication of a mode of Address Auto-configuration. 
         [0025]    When a host uses the mode of Address Auto-configuration, two components are desirable for the host to generate an IPv6 address. First, a prefix part may be provided by a DHCP server. In [RFC3971], Certification Path Solicitation and Certification Path Advertisement messages are designed for verifying that routers are authorized for use. Certification Path Advertisement message may also be used to verify that routers are authorized to advertise a certain set of subnet prefixes. In stateless auto-configuration mode, the prefixes in Router Advertisement message should be a subset of authorized prefixes, or derivative prefixes from authorized prefixes. On the other hand, in the stateful auto-configuration mode, a procedure for prefix allocation from a DHCPv6 server is illustrated in section 4 of [RFC3971]. Second, an interface identifier may be generated by the host by using [RFC3972]. For example, [RFC3972] may generate the interface identifier (i.e., the rightmost 64 bits) of the IPv6 address by computing a cryptographic hash of a public key of a host. 
       DHCPv6 Assignment of IP Address to A Host 
       [0026]      FIG. 2  is a flow diagram to illustrate steps of assigning an IP address from the DHCP server  110  to the host  114   a  or  114   b,  including generation of an IP address by combining a prefix assignment stored in a DHCPv6 server  110  and generated interface identifier in the host  114   a  or  114   b.    
         [0027]    The process begins at block  202 , when the host  114   a  or  114   b  uses a Solicit message to identify a DHCP server  110  that is configured to assign a prefix for the host  114   a  or  114   b.  Identity Association for Prefix Delegation Option (IA_PD) is defined in [RFC3633] for a prefix delegation between a requesting router and a delegating router. The Identity Association for Prefix Assignment Option (IA_PA) may be designed for providing a prefix assignment from a DHCPv6 server to a host. The host uses hints as a prefix assignment preference. For example, in a cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGA) scenario, the hints are authorized prefixes that are advertised by using a specific router through a Certification Path Advertisement as defined in [RFC3971]. 
         [0028]    At block  206 , based on the hints, the DHCP server assigns one or more prefixes to the host or hosts. In the CGA scenario, the assigned prefixes may be subsets of the authorized prefixes or derivative prefixes of the authorized prefixes. Identity Association for Prefix Assignment Option (IA_PA) is used for conveying the assigned prefixes. More details on IA_PA will be provided in the following section. If no authorized prefix is available, a status-code is sent from the DHCP server to the host to terminate the prefix assignment. 
         [0029]    At block  210 , the host  114   a  or  114   b  generates an interface identifier. There are many ways to generate interface identifiers. In one embodiment, [RFC3972] defines a method to generate the interface identifiers by computing a cryptographic hash of a public key of the host. In another embodiment, [RFC4941] describes a method to derive the interface identifiers from IEEE 802 addresses. In a further embodiment, interface identifiers may be generated via random number generation [RFC3041]. 
         [0030]    At block  214 , the host  114   a  or  114   b  formulates a combined IPv6 address by concatenating the assigned prefix and the generated interface identifier in the host. Once the IP address is configured in the host  114   a  or  114   b,  the host  114   a  or  114   b  sends a Request message to the DHCP server  110  to register the combined IP address at block  218 . An IP Address Validation option may be used to store the configured or combined IP address on the DHCP server  110 . The DHCP server  110  may grant the usage of the combined IP address by sending a Reply with Identification Association (IA) Address Validation option At block  222 . Alternatively, a status-code may be included in the IA Address Validation option to deny the usage of the combined IP address. 
       DHCPv6 Options 
       [0031]    In this section, two new options are defined, i.e. Identity Association for Prefix Assignment (IA_PA) option and Identification Association (IA) Address Validation Option. Furthermore, an existing option, i.e. IA_PD Prefix option, is also described. 
         [0032]    In one embodiment, the IA_PA option may be used to execute a prefix assignment identification association. The IA_PA options comprise the prefixes and the parameters associated with the IA_PD Prefix option, such as Option-length, Option_IAADDR_VAL, IPv6 address, preferred-lifetime, valid lifetime, etc. 
         [0033]    The format of the IA_PA option is as shown in  FIG. 3 . An option-code is OPTION_IA_PA. An option-length of the IA_PA-option field is 12+ length. An Identification Association Identifier (IAID) is a unique identifier for the IA_PA option. In other words, each IAID is associated with a single identifier for a first host. A different IAID is associated with another identifier for a second host. In  FIG. 3 , T 1  represents a time duration during which the host may contact a first DHCPv6 server  110  to extend lifetimes of the prefixes assigned to the IA_PA option from a current time. The prefixes in the IA_PA option may be obtained from the DHCPv6 server. T 2  represents a time duration during which the host may contact any other available DHCPv6 server to extend lifetimes of the prefixes assigned to the IA_PA from a current time. The extended lifetimes may be in the order of seconds. 
         [0034]    The format of the IA_PD Prefix option is as shown in  FIG. 4 . An option-code is OPTION_IAADDR_VAL. An option-length of IAaddr-option field is 24+ length. A preferred-lifetime for an IPv6 address in the IA_PD Prefix option is expressed in seconds. The valid-lifetime for the IPv6 address in the IA_PD Prefix option is also expressed in seconds. The IAaddr-options are associated with the IPv6 address. 
         [0035]    The IA_PD Prefix option is described in [RFC3633]. IA_PD Prefix option is originally used for conveying a prefix information between a delegating router and a requesting router. [RFC3633] involves a prefix assignment or delegation between a delegating router and a requesting router, while the embodiment of the invention involves a prefix assignment or delegation between a DHCP server and a host. Note that the devices involved are different between [RFC3633] and the embodiment of the invention. 
         [0036]    In a specific embodiment of the invention, the IA_PD Prefix option may be used to specify IPv6 address prefixes associated with the IA_PA option as set forth above. The IA_PD Prefix option may be encapsulated in the field of the IA_PA option. 
         [0037]    In another embodiment, the IA Address Validation Option may be encapsulated in the optional field of an identity association for temporary addresses (IA_TA) option. The IA_TA option is described in [RFC3315]. A host may send the IA Address Validation Option to a DHCP server for validating the usage of an IP address in the host. 
         [0038]    The status of any operations involving this IA Address Validation Option may be indicated in a status-code option in the IAAddr-option field. The details of such field are described in [RFC3315]. A status-code may be assigned by Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA). To indicate a status, a value of OPTION_IA_PA and OPTION_IAADDR_VAL may be assigned by IANA. If the status is ValdidationFailure, the DHCPv6 server  110  may not grant the usage of an address in IA Address Validation Option. 
         [0039]    Furthermore, it is important to ensure security of a prefix assignment and an IP address confirmation. Security considerations in DHCPv6 are described in [RFC3315]. To guard against attacks through a prefix assignment and an address confirmation, a host and a DHCPv6 server may use a DHCP authentication as described in a section under “Authentication of DHCP messages” of [RFC3315]. 
         [0040]    In addition, the following references are provided, and the entire contents of all the references listed below are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. 
         [0041]    [RFC2119] is described in Bradner, S., “Key Words for Use in Request for Comments (RFCs) to Indicate Requirement Levels”, BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. 
         [0042]    [RFC4861] is described in Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman, “Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)”, RFC 4861, September 2007. 
         [0043]    [RFC3971] is described in Arkko, J., Kempf, J., Zill, B., and P. Nikander, “SEcure Neighbor Discovery (SEND)”, RFC 3971, March 2005. 
         [0044]    [RFC3972] is described in Aura, T., “Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGA)”, RFC 3972, March 2005. 
         [0045]    [RFC3315] is described in Droms, R., Bound, J., Volz, B., Lemon, T., Perkins, C., and M. Carney, “Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)”, RFC 3315, July 2003. 
         [0046]    [RFC3633] is described Troan, O. and R. Droms, “IPv6 Prefix Options for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) version 6”, RFC 3633, December 2003. 
         [0047]    [RFC4291] is described Hinden, R. and S. Deering, “IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture”, RFC 4291, February 2006. 
         [0048]    [RFC4941] is described Narten, T., Draves, R., and S. Krishnan, “Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in IPv6”, RFC 4941, September 2007. 
         [0049]    [RFC2136] is described in Vixie, P., Thomson, S., Rekhter, Y., and J. Bound, “Dynamic Updates in the Domain Name System (DNS UPDATE)”, RFC 2136, April 1997. 
         [0050]    [RFC4968] is described Madanapalli, S., “Analysis of IPv6 Link Models for 802.16 Based Networks”, RFC 4968, August 2007. 
         [0051]    [RFC3314] is described in Wasserman, M., “Recommendations for IPv6 in Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Standards”, RFC 3314, September 2002. 
         [0052]    [RFC3041] is described in Narten, T. and R. Draves, “Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in IPv6”, RFC 3041, January 2001. 
         [0053]    A general structure for a computational device is provided with a schematic illustration in  FIG. 5 , in which the computational device is denoted generally by reference numeral  500 .  FIG. 5  broadly illustrates how individual system elements may be implemented in a separated or more integrated manner. The computational device  500  is shown comprised of hardware elements that are electrically coupled via bus  526 , including a processor  502 , an input device  504 , an output device  506 , a storage device  508 , a computer-readable storage media reader  510   a,  a communications system  514 , a processing acceleration unit  516  such as a DSP or special-purpose processor, and a memory  518 . The computer-readable storage media reader  510   a  is further connected to a computer-readable storage medium  510   b,  the combination  510   a  and  510   b  comprehensively representing remote, local, fixed, and/or removable storage devices plus storage media for temporarily and/or more permanently containing computer-readable information. The communications system  514  may comprise a wired, wireless, modem, and/or other type of interfacing connection and permits data to be exchanged with other nodes comprised by the network to implement embodiments as described above. 
         [0054]    The computational device  500  may also comprise fewer components than described above, at least including a processor  502 , a communications system  514 , and a memory  518 . 
         [0055]    The computational device  500  also comprises software elements, shown as being currently located within working memory  520 , including an operating system  524  and other code  522 , such as a program designed to implement methods of the invention. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that substantial variations may be made in accordance with specific requirements. For example, customized hardware might also be used and/or particular elements might be implemented in hardware, software (including portable software, such as applets), or both. Further, connection to other computing devices such as network input/output devices may be employed. 
         [0056]    In summary, after acquiring a prefix from a DHCP server  110 , a host may generate a cryptographic interface identifier as described in [RFC3972], and then sends the generated interface identifier to the DHCP server  110 . The host formulates an IP address by combining the interface identifier generated from the host and the prefix assigned to the host from the DHCP server  110 . The DHCP server  110  may grant or deny the usage of the combined address using a Reply message. 
         [0057]    The present description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable those skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art and generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.