Abstract:
The receiver portion of a UWB wireless device is altered by replacing analog-to-digital circuitry with a simple energy detection circuit. In embodiments, the coding methodology of a transmitter is altered to support the simplified receiver configuration. For example, instead of coding the data to be sent in the phase of the UWB signal, the data is encoded in a binary fashion in discrete frequency subbands of the UWB signal. Although this may reduce the usable bandwidth of the channel, it also decreases the complexity and power consumption of UWB devices. In one or more embodiments, a UWB device is able to select a transmission mode (BPSK or Energy Coding) based on its environment. Moreover, in one or more embodiments, receiving devices may switch between coding modes based on the capabilities of a remote transmitter and/or a peer receiver.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. application Ser. No. 11/012,815, entitled “Energy Detection Receiver for UWB” to Hassan et al., filed Dec. 15, 2004, the disclosure of which is incorporated in its entirety by reference herein. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     The digital revolution ushered in by widely available computing devices is now well under way, and a secondary wave is now occurring. The secondary wave involves enhanced interconnectivity of the various available computing devices, as users insist upon a more mobile and/or less cluttered experience. For example, a traditional desktop PC can provide a great deal of utility. However the user is tethered in place by the size of the machine as well as its various wired connections. 
     Today, many handheld and small devices provide substantial computing power to their users, and do so in a wireless manner, thus allowing freedom of movement. For example, cell phones, personal digital assistants, notebook computers and other devices can communicate wirelessly and are portable. For larger devices such as desktop computers, household appliances, and entertainment devices, when mobility is not a concern, wireless connectivity still allows freedom from wire clutter. 
     However, wireless devices, by the their nature, often lack power cables or other provisions for connecting continuously to an external power source while in use, and thus must be supported by battery power alone. While battery technology has advanced recently and higher capacity batteries are becoming available (for example, Lithium Ion and Lithium Polymer batteries), there is still a continued substantial need to conserve and properly manage energy consumption in battery-powered wireless devices. Moreover, the cost and hence popularity of devices is often directly related to the device&#39;s complexity. Accordingly, it is desirable where possible to simplify the construction and operation of wireless devices. 
     SUMMARY 
     In embodiments, the receiver portion of UWB wireless device is altered by replacing expensive a power-hungry analog-to-digital circuitry with a simple energy detection circuit. In addition, in embodiments, the coding method of a transmitter is altered to support this simplified receiver. In particular, instead of coding data to be sent in the phase of the UWB signal, the data is encoded in a binary fashion in discrete frequency subbands. Although this may reduce the usable bandwidth of the channel, it also decreases the complexity and power consumption of UWB devices. 
     In embodiments, a UWB device is able to select a transmission mode based on its environment. Moreover, in further embodiments, receiving devices may switch between coding modes based on the capabilities of a remote transmitter and/or a peer receiver. 
     Additional features of one or more embodiments will be made apparent from the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments which proceeds with reference to the accompanying figures. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       While the appended claims set forth the features of the claimed embodiments with particularity, implementations are best understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, of which: 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of a wireless desktop device cluster within which embodiments may be implemented; 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram of an ad hoc wireless consumer electronics network within which embodiments may be implemented; 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram of a wireless home entertainment network within which embodiments may be implemented; 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary generalized computer networking environment suitable for incorporating embodiments; 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a UWB device transmitter and receiver portions in accordance with one or more embodiments; 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a UWB transmitter and receiver according to one or more embodiments; 
         FIG. 7A  illustrates a simplified schematic frequency diagram illustrating a data encoding method for UWB according to one or more embodiments; 
         FIG. 7B  illustrates a simplified schematic frequency diagram illustrating a data encoding method for UWB according to one or more embodiments, wherein a “0” is encoded; 
         FIG. 7C  illustrates a simplified schematic frequency diagram illustrating a data encoding method for UWB according to one or more embodiments, wherein a “1” is encoded; 
         FIG. 7D  illustrates a simplified schematic frequency diagram illustrating a data encoding method for UWB according to one or more embodiments, wherein a “2” is encoded; 
         FIG. 7E  illustrates a simplified schematic frequency diagram illustrating a data encoding method for UWB according to one or more embodiments, wherein a “3” is encoded; 
         FIG. 7F  illustrates a simplified schematic frequency diagram illustrating a data encoding method for UWB according to one or more embodiments, wherein a “4” is encoded; 
         FIG. 7G  illustrates a simplified schematic frequency diagram illustrating a data encoding method for UWB according to one or more embodiments, wherein a “5” is encoded; 
         FIG. 7H  illustrates a simplified schematic frequency diagram illustrating a data encoding method for UWB according to one or more embodiments, wherein a “6” is encoded; 
         FIG. 8  illustrates an example architecture for a UWB transmitter portion according to one or more embodiments in an environment including a receiver according to one or more embodiments and an ordinary receiver; 
         FIG. 9  is an example of a computer configuration on which aspects of one or more embodiments may be implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments; and 
         FIG. 10  is a flowchart of a process of selecting a coding mode for a transmitting UWB device in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Embodiments will be described herein by reference to the Ultra Wideband (UWB) wireless communication technology, although it will be appreciated that the techniques described herein are useable with respect to devices implementing other communications technologies as well. UWB is sometimes alternatively referred to as impulse, baseband or zero-carrier technology. UWB is a wireless communications technology that transmits very short ultra-low power radio signals across a wide frequency spectrum. UWB receivers can translate the received burst by recognizing a particular pulse sequence sent by the transmitter. The FCC has defined UWB as including any signal that occupies more than 500 MHz or having more than 20% fractional bandwidth, in the 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz band. The bandwidth of a UWB signal may be around 25% of the center frequency. For example, a “2 GHz” UWB signal may have a bandwidth of 500 MHz. 
     The spectrum allowed for UWB is 7500 MHz. This is substantially greater than the spectrum for other technologies in the United States. For example, ISM at 2.4 GHz encompasses an 83.5 MHz spectrum, while U-NI at 5 GHZ takes up 300 MHz (to be increased to 555 MHz). The broad spectrum of UWB allows it to be useful in PC cluster and home cluster scenarios where broadband connectivity is required. For example, a PC cluster may comprise a PC and a storage device and/or an IO device, such as a docking station, and/or a printer or other peripheral, all wirelessly interconnected. In a home cluster, a computer such as a PC or laptop may be wirelessly connected to consumer electronics devices such as a digital camera, video camera, MP3 player, projector, TV, etc., allowing high-speed content transfers. Another potential home cluster environment is within an automobile or other vehicle. Bandwidth requirements for consumer electronic and entertainment applications may be as follows: HDTV, 19 Mbps; DVD player, 10 Mbps; MPEG2, 1-8 Mbps; MPEG1, 1.5 Mbps; Broadband access, 1-10 Mbps; Video Conference, 1-2 Mbps; TV terminal, 2-5 Mbps; Stereo CD player, 1.4 Mbps; Computer Network, 1-10 Mbps; and Telephone, 8-64 kbps. 
     The modulation technique used for UWB may be binary phase-shift keying (BPSK). In BPSK, each pulse is sent at zero or 180 degrees, i.e., right side up or inverted. Thus, BPSK modulation is efficient in its use of the spectrum, requiring about half the bandwidth of a comparable pulse position modulation system. 
     A number of device environments within which embodiments may be used are illustrated in  FIGS. 1-3 .  FIG. 1  shows an exemplary wireless desktop device cluster. Exemplary devices shown include a printer  101 , monitor  103 , camera  105 , game controller  107 , video camera  109 , mouse  111 , keyboard  113 , and tablet  115 . The various devices communicate wirelessly via a personal computer  117 . The wireless protocol of each device need not be the same. For example, a number of protocols are shown including IEEE 1394, USB 2.0, USB 1.0, and Bluetooth. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates an ad hoc wireless consumer electronics network. The network contains exemplary devices including a flat screen television  201 , video camera  203 , modem  205 , personal video player  207 , digital camera  209 , and printer  211 , as well as a personal computer  213 . The various devices are interconnected by a suitable wireless protocol such as IEEE 1394 and/or USB 2.0. 
     Finally,  FIG. 3  illustrates an exemplary wireless home entertainment network. The network includes a number of devices including a television  301 , speakers  303 , gaming devices  305 , and multimedia stack  307 . The multimedia stack  307  includes an HDTV receiver, cable box, Tivo box, hard drive, DVD player, and home theatre module. 
     There are two approaches for UWB currently proposed, namely a single band approach and a multi-band approach. The single band approach is less desirable in that it proposes to use the whole 7.5 GHz as one carrier. The multi-band approach segments the 7.5 GHz into equal channels. The basic premise is to use multiple frequency bands to efficiently utilize the UWB spectrum by transmitting multiple UWB signals at the same time. The signals do not interfere with each other because they operate at different frequencies within the UWB spectrum. Each of these signals can be transmitted simultaneously to achieve a very high data rate or can be used as a means of multiple access to allow multiple users to communicate at the same time. Several standard digital modulation techniques can be on each individual UWB signal. The output of the modulated UWB signals can be added together before transmission. 
     A multi-band UWB system design has a number of advantages including: more scalable and adaptive than single band designs; better co-existence characteristics with systems such as 802.11a; and lower risk implementations because it leverages more traditional radio design techniques. These advantages can be retained while maintaining similar complexity and power consumption levels as single band designs. 
     With respect to being scalable and adaptive, an advantage of the multi-band approach is that, for example, low bit rate systems can use few bands, high bit rate systems can use many bands. Another advantage is to be potentially adaptive to different radio regulations worldwide, in the event that they do not have the same harmonized spectrum allocations, as happened for the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands used by WiFi and Bluetooth. 
     With respect to co-existence, another advantage of the multi-band approach is to increase the level of coexistence with other services such as IEEE 802.11a. A receiver can dynamically adjust the in-band interference by removing the affected band, or a transmitter can avoid transmitting in a band already used by another service in close proximity. 
     Finally, since the multi-band technique is based on well-known wireless communications scheme, modified for use with the UWB spectrum, the technology presents lower implementation risk. This makes multi-band the best candidate for commercial applications that require standards technology and multiple vendors for high volume adoption. 
     Multi-band systems permit adaptive selection of the bands to provide good interference robustness and co-existence properties. When the system detects the presence of an 802.11a system, for example, it can avoid the use of the bands centered at 5.35 GHz or 5.85 GHz. This same feature can also be utilized to provision for different spectrum allocations outside of the United States; the bands that share the spectrum with extremely sensitive systems can be avoided. 
     A single band UWB system would need to employ notch filters to achieve the same result. Notch filters are not an ideal solution because they either increase the receiver&#39;s noise figure or require higher performance Low Noise Amplifiers. The problem with notch filters is that they are not adaptive and need to be realized with off-chip dedicated hardware. In addition, notch filters in most cases distort the receive pulse and require additional complexity to compensate for this effect. 
     The UWB MAC then consists of several components shown in  FIG. 4 . The basic component is the device or DEV  401 . One DEV  403  may assume the role of the piconet coordinator (PNC) of the piconet  400 . 
     The PNC  403  performs the following functionality: provides basic timing for the piconet  400  with the beacon; manages the quality of service (QoS) requirements; manages power save levels; and implements security and access control for the piconet  400 . Because a piconet  400  is formed with no pre-planning and for as long as the piconet  400  is needed, this type of operation is referred to as an ad hoc network. 
     The MAC allows a DEV  401  to request the formation of a subsidiary piconet. The original piconet  400  is referred to as the parent piconet. The subsidiary piconet is referred to as either a child or neighbor piconet, depending on the method the DEV  401  used to associate with the parent PNC  403 . Child and neighbor piconets are referred to collectively as dependent piconets since they rely on the parent PNC  403  to allocate channel time for the operation of the dependent piconet. An independent piconet is a piconet that does not have any dependent piconets. 
     In one or more embodiments, the UWB device architecture and operation are simplified, at the expense of increased bandwidth usage, in order to decrease device cost, complexity, and processing power consumption. A UWB device in accordance with one or more implementations is illustrated in  FIG. 5 . A sender UWB device  500  and receiver UWB device  510  are shown. The sender device  500  comprises an information source  501 , an encryption module  503 , a forward error correction/encoder module  505 , a modulator  507 , and an up converter  509  linked to an antenna  520 . Similarly, the receiving device  510  converter  513 , a decoder  515 , a decryption module  517 , and finally a user application  519 . It will be appreciated that devices in accordance with one or more embodiments are capable of both sending and receiving, and thus that a UWB device may include both of the illustrated sections  500 ,  510 . 
     Of primary interest here is the A/D converter portion  513  of the receiver  510 . This portion is responsible for a substantial amount of the complexity and power consumption of the UWB device. For example, consider that one proposal submitted to the IEEE 802.15.3a group for consideration has the following specifications: 
     
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Parameter 
                 Value 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Data rate 
                 267 Mbps 
               
               
                 Coding rate 
                 ¾ 
               
               
                 Effective bit rate 
                 200 Mbps 
               
               
                 Bit error rate 
                 1e-05 
               
               
                 Range 
                 10 m 
               
               
                 Modulation 
                 BPSK multi-band 
               
               
                 Frequency of operation 
                 3.1 GHz-7.1 GHz 
               
               
                 Number of bands 
                 8 
               
               
                 Sub band center frequency (GHz) 
                 3.35, 3.85, 4.35, 4.85, 5.35, 5.85, 
               
               
                   
                 6.35, 6.85 
               
               
                 Sub band bandwidth 
                 500 MHz 
               
               
                 Co located piconets 
                 4 
               
               
                 Interference capability 
                 Robust to IEEE 802.11a 
               
               
                 Co existence capability 
                 Adaptive interference reduction to 
               
               
                   
                 802.11a 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The proposal provides for a high data rate of 200 Mbps. Each OFDM signal is composed of 128 sub carriers that are then modulated using, for instance, BPSK, as discussed above. To demodulate the signal, the received RF signal is first down converted to IF, sampled at twice the frequency. That is, there are 500 MHz×2 or 1000 M samples/second or 1 G samples/sec. If each sample is represented by at least two bits, this results in an A/D converter that runs at a minimum of 2 Gbps. Such A/D and resulting fast baseband processing is expensive, and is a primary power drain and heat source. 
     In one or more embodiments, a lower complexity (and lower heat/lower power) implementation is achieved at the expense of bandwidth. However, bandwidth is relatively plentiful for UWB implementations, since UWB has available 7.5 GHz of bandwidth for unlicensed usage. In particular, in one or more embodiments, the receiver does not use an A/D converter but rather an energy detector to determine what bits were transmitted. The transmitter uses the tone positions themselves for information, rather than the phase of a signal. For example, if the transmitter and receiver use the 128 tones in the 500 MHz band, then each tone position represent 7 bits of information. If on the other hand 4 bands, for instance, are used for transmission, this implies 512 sub carriers and the position of each tone signifies 9 bits. In any event the transmitter performs an IFFT prior to up converting the signal for transmission. The positions can also be used with redundancy with error protection coding. In one or more embodiments, the receiver acts as a spectrum analyzer. It performs an FFT, or just tunes to energy levels in the band. The tone with highest energy band will be decoded for bits. Assume there are 128 sub carriers in an OFMD signal. There are 128 energy outputs. The demodulator selects the output with highest value and decodes the corresponding bits. 
     A schematic view of a UWB transmitter and receiver according to one or more embodiments is shown in  FIG. 6 . As in the traditional case, the transmitter  600  comprises an information source  601 , an encryption module  603 , a forward error correction/encoder module  605 , a modulator  607 , and an up converter  609  linked to an antenna  620 . However, the modulator  607  is a simple RF signal generator in accordance with one or more embodiments. The receiver  610  comprises an antenna  621  linked to a down converter  611 , an energy detector  613  (i.e. no A/D conversion is necessary), a decoder  615 , a decryption module  617 , and finally a user application  619 . As noted, using the scheme outlined above, the transmitter&#39;s modulator  613  is now a simple RF signal generator, and the receiver&#39;s demodulator and A/D converter  513  has been replaced with a simple energy detector  613 . 
     This change, and in particular the replacement of the A/D converter with a simple energy detector, serves to greatly decrease the complexity and power consumption of the UWB device, while also minimizing heat generation. The following will describe several simplified examples of the energy detection coding according to one or more embodiments for the reader&#39;s ease of understanding. 
       FIG. 7A  shows a simplified schematic frequency diagram illustrating a data encoding method for UWB according to one or more embodiments. A portion  700  of the UWB spectrum of width W is shown. The spectral portion  700  is subdivided into 4 subbands  701 ,  703 ,  705 ,  707 , each having a width of W/4. The presence or absence of energy in each subband is utilized to signify particular values in a binary manner. Each subband signifies a particular binary number. As illustrated, the first subband  701  corresponds to “00,” the second subband  703  corresponds to “01,” the third subband  705  corresponds to “10,” and the fourth subband  707  corresponds to “11.” 
       FIGS. 7G-7H  shows the manner in which values of 0 through 6 are coded respectively. Thus,  FIG. 7B  illustrates the coding of “00” (i.e. 0) by transmission of energy in the first subband  701  and no other.  FIG. 7C  illustrates the coding of “01” (i.e. 1) by transmission of energy in the second subband  703  and no other.  FIG. 7D  illustrates the coding of “10” (i.e. 2) by transmission of energy in the third subband  705  and no other.  FIG. 7E  illustrates the coding of “11” (i.e. 3) by transmission of energy in the fourth subband  707  and no other.  FIG. 7F  illustrates the coding of “11+01” (i.e. 4) by transmission of energy in the second  703  and fourth  707  subbands and no other.  FIG. 7G  illustrates the coding of “11+10” (i.e. 5) by transmission of energy in the third  705  and fourth  707  subbands and no other.  FIG. 7H  illustrates the coding of “11+01+10” (i.e. 6) by transmission of energy in the second  703 , third  705 , and fourth  707  subbands and no other. 
     It will be appreciated that the range of values to be coded will be established by setting the number of subbands as well as the value assigned to each subband. In the example above, the use of 4 subbands, each of which coded two bits, yielded the ability to encode values from 0 to 6 in the band at any given moment. Similarly, the use of 8 subbands, each encoding 3 bits, would allow the encoding in the band of values up to 28 (000+001+010+011+100+101+110+111). Note that the signal may still be an OFDM signal. Thus, the device can be adaptable to use either ordinary BPSK coding or the energy coding described herein. 
     In one or more embodiments, a UWB device selects a transmission mode, e.g., ordinary BPSK or energy coding, based on the known capabilities of the receiver. For example, if the receiver is a complex device supporting 2 Gbps analog-to-digital conversion, then the transmitter may encode the data to be sent using BPSK. On the other hand, if the device is less sophisticated, and does not support A/D (or sufficient A/D), then the transmitter may encode the data to be sent using energy encoding. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates an exemplary architecture for a UWB transmitter portion according to one or more embodiments in an environment including a receiver according to one or more embodiments and an ordinary receiver. The transmitter portion  800  comprises a data preparation pipeline  801  (e.g., including information source, encryption, etc.), an encoding module  803 , and an up converter  811  linked to an antenna  813  for transmission. The encoding module  803  utilizes either an energy coding module  805  or a BPSK coding module  807 . Which module  805 ,  807  is used is determined by a connection manager  809  based on what receiver type is being addressed. The connection manager  809  received data from the local device receiver indicating the type of the target device. This information may be contained in a beacon or management slot of an incoming UWB transmission during connection. If the target device has an energy detection receiver, or has multiple receiver types but is currently using an energy detection receiver, then the connection manager  809  instructs the encoding module  803  to use the energy coding module  805 . Otherwise, the connection manager instructs the encoding module  803  to use the BPSK coding module  807 . 
     As noted above, a device may have multiple types of receivers. In this case, the device may choose to use a particular receiver type based on the environment and/or its remaining battery capacity. For example, in the illustrated environment of  FIG. 8 , device  800  has an energy detection transmitter and device  817  is using an energy detection receiver. In this environment, although device  815  has a BPSK receiver, it may wish to increase network efficiency by using an energy detection receiver if it has one. In addition to internally switching to such a receiver, device  815  may also inform the other network nodes of its receiver type in use. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates in flow chart form a process of selecting a coding mode for a transmitting UWB device in accordance with one or more embodiments. It will be appreciated that the illustrated process is merely an example, and that there are other processes by which this and other objectives within the scope of one or more embodiments may be accomplished. At step  1001  of the flow chart  1000 , a device intending to transmit in the UWB spectrum to at least one other UWB devices connects to the at least one other device. In this process, the transmitter receives from the at least one other device its receiver mode, e.g., BPSK (phase) or Energy (energy coding in subbands as discussed above). At step  1003 , the transmitting device determines whether the one or more other devices are a plurality of devices. If the one or more other devices comprise only a single device, the transmitting device sets its coding mode to the receiver mode of that device in step  1005 . If, on the other hand, the one or more other devices comprises a plurality of devices, then at step  1007 , the transmitting device determines whether that plurality of devices uses a single receiver mode. If so, the transmitting device sets its coding mode to that mode in step  1009 . Otherwise, the transmitting device sets its coding mode to both modes in step  1011 . In this configuration, the different code types could be sent sequentially at the expense of bandwidth. 
     Although one or more embodiments may be used in conjunction with networks formed from a wide array of device types possibly but not necessarily including a traditional PC or laptop computer, a description of one type of computer in which various embodiments may be practiced is now provided. Although not required, one or more embodiments will be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer. Generally, programs include routines, objects, components, data structures and the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The term “program” as used herein may connote a single program module or multiple program modules acting in concert. The terms “computer” and “computing device” as used herein include any device that electronically executes one or more programs, such as personal computers (PCs), hand-held devices, multi-processor systems, microprocessor-based programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, tablet PCs, laptop computers, consumer appliances having a microprocessor or microcontroller, routers, gateways, hubs and the like. One or more embodiments may also be employed in distributed computing environments, where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, programs may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices. 
     Referring to  FIG. 9 , an example of a basic configuration for the computer  902  on which aspects of one or more embodiments described herein may be implemented is shown. In its most basic configuration, the computer  902  may include at least one processing unit  904  and memory  906 . The processing unit  904  executes instructions to carry out tasks in accordance with various embodiments. In carrying out such tasks, the processing unit  904  may transmit electronic signals to other parts of the computer  902  and to devices outside of the computer  902  to cause some result. Depending on the exact configuration and type of the computer  902 , the memory  906  may be volatile (such as RAM), non-volatile (such as ROM or flash memory) or some combination of the two. This most basic configuration is illustrated in  FIG. 9  by dashed line  908 . 
     The computer  902  may also have additional features/functionality. For example, computer  902  may also include additional storage (removable  910  and/or non-removable  912 ) including, but not limited to, magnetic or optical disks or tape. Computer storage media includes volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information, including computer-executable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory, CD-ROM, digital versatile disk (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by the computer  902 . Any such computer storage media may be part of computer  902 . 
     The computer  902  may also contain communications connections  914  that allow the device to communicate with other devices such as remote computer(s)  916 . A communication connection is an example of a communication medium. Communication media embody computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. By way of example, and not limitation, the term “communication media” includes wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. The term “computer-readable medium” as used herein includes both computer storage media and communication media. 
     The computer  902  may also have input devices  918  such as a keyboard/keypad, mouse, pen, voice input device, touch input device, etc. Output devices  920  such as a display, speakers, a printer, etc. may also be included. All these devices are well known in the art and need not be described at length here. 
     While the description herein has focused up to this point on UWB and its implementation, it will be appreciated that the principles of one or more embodiments are also applicable to other wideband technologies. For example, embodiments are applicable to WiMax and other similar technologies. WiMax is a wireless technology that provides broadband connections over relatively long distances. WiMax implements the IEEE 802.16 standard. It provides metropolitan area network connectivity over distances as far as 30 miles, although the transmission link may be three to five miles. 
     All references, including publications, patent applications, patents and appendices, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entirety herein. 
     The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in the context of describing one or more embodiments (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the claimed embodiments and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the discussed embodiments unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of one or more embodiments. 
     One or more embodiments are described herein, including the best mode known for carrying out the claimed embodiments. Variations of embodiments may become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. It is expected that skilled artisans will employ such variations as appropriate, and it is intended for one or more embodiments to be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. Accordingly, embodiments include all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by one or more embodiments unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.