Abstract:
An optical system comprising two elements suitable for use in photographic devices having cylindrical image surfaces. This system has low distortion and is particularly well suited for use in cameras which create large aspect ratio images, with the larger dimension of the image area being curved in conforming with the cylindrical image plane.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to optical systems comprising two elements suitable for use in photographic devices having cylindrical image surfaces. 
     2. Description Relative to the Prior Art 
     A two-element camera objective lens system with a curved image surface was disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 1,082,678. The lens system therein disclosed worked with &#34;a flexible film used for making the negative to conform more accurately to a focal surface of the lens, with consequent improvement in the definition of the image.&#34; According to the inventor of U.S. Pat. No. 1,082,678, the curved image surface was largely introduced to compensate for &#34;spherical aberration&#34;. The inventor did not teach how to design a lens that is best suited for imaging an object onto a curved image surface. Instead, the inventor explicitly states that the design of a well-corrected system consisting of two or more elements is a very difficult task and it is to avoid doing so that he has made his invention. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 3,006,248 by W. R. Linke (issued in 1961) discloses an objective for a camera having a cylindrical image surface and comprises two meniscus lenses. The disclosed lens system, &#34;while of the symmetrical type is not completely symmetrical&#34;. It has a rear landscape lens with a meniscus corrector lens in front. The power of the front lens is weaker than the power of the second lens. This lens system is corrected for lateral color as in a periscopic lens; is corrected for coma in a similar fashion; and has astigmatism carefully divided about the curved image surface. Because the objective in the last mentioned design has little distortion (when analyzed with a plano image plane), it does not compensate for distortion introduced by the cylindrical image surface. Because distortion is introduced by the cylindrical image surface, the overall system suffers from distortion. 
     Proposals have been made for the systems including two different asymmetrically located lenses. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 55,196 (J. Zentmayer, 1866) disclosed a doublet made of meniscus lenses of different curvatures, its exterior surfaces concentric, arranged around an aperture stop. The photographic system disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 55,196 was designed to have a wide field of view and utilized a planar (i.e., uncurved) focal plane. The draw-back of this system, according to Zentmayer is that &#34;The lenses must of necessity be thin.&#34; FIGS. 1 through 3 of U.S. Pat. No. 55,196 show lenses that look like thin shells. Such lenses are generally difficult to make with conventional equipment, thus making them very expensive. In addition this lens is not intended for use with a curved image surface. 
     In his book, Lens Design Fundamentals, Dr. R. Kingslake teaches how to design a periscopic lens. This lens system is obtained by placing two identical landscape lenses symmetrically about a central stop. The periscopic lens has little distortion, lateral color (sometimes referred to as a lateral chromatic aberration) and coma, but has spherical aberration, astigmatism and petzval field curvature. This lens is intended for use with a flat image plane because the tangential field curvature is nearly flat. Such a lens system will have very small distortion because it is symmetrical. If the film surface is curved then the resulting picture will have large distortion. An example of a periscopic lens is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,586,418 (J. K. Davis, 1952). 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the present invention is to produce an inexpensive two-element lens system suitable for use in a camera having a cylindrical image surface. 
     It is to be considered, for purposes of the present patent specification, that cylindrical image surface means an image surface which conforms to any surface that can have a spherical or a conic cross section curved toward the lens. 
     Another object of the present invention is to produce a two-element optical objective that is well corrected for distortion in order to compensate for the curvature of the cylindrical image surface. 
     To accomplish this, a different approach was taken than that of Linke. Linke uses a basically periscopic configuration and deliberately introduces astigmatism and field curvature in order to have a good definition over the cylindrically curved image surface. On the other hand, the present design works like a front landscape lens, but at a higher speed. A lens system in accordance with present invention has two optical components that are so formed as to create a very distorted image on a planar image plane; the distortion being such as to compensate for the distortion introduced by the curvature of the cylindrical image surface, whereby the image created on the image surface is essentially distortion free. The two optical components in the specific embodiments subsequently herein described are two meniscus-shaped singlet lenses; however, a cemented doublet may be substituted for either front or rear lens or for each of the two lenses individually. Because of distortion, the resultant design is not symmetrical. The design according to the invention has a flat sagital field corrected about the curved plane. The present configuration consists of a front meniscus lens that functions as a landscape lens and a second lens that functions as a meniscus corrector. The front lens has a shorter focal length than the second lens. 
     While Linke&#39;s design is corrected for the lateral color when both elements are made from the same material, the present design utilizes two different materials for the lenses when lateral color correction is desired. If the lens elements are thick and curvatures are sharp, a very good aberration correction can be obtained. However, if cost is important and lenses are injection molded from plastic, thick elements with sharply curved surfaces become undesirable. Tooling costs increase due to the sharply curved surfaces, while the time to cure increases as lens thickness increases, resulting in a more expensive lens to manufacture. In addition, elements need to have enough edge thickness to provide a big enough gate for plastic to flow through. This requirement conflicts with the need for sharp curves. If the edge thickness is made too small, the plastic in the gate solidifies, making it impossible to impart any more pressure into the cavity. 
     During the course of design it was found that an optical system consisting of an aperture stop located between two asymmetrical meniscus elements, arranged so that their concave surfaces are toward each other and toward the aperture stop, when the central thickness (CT) of the elements is given by 1&lt;CT&lt;4 mm., while the edge thickness (ET) is given by 0.6&lt;ET&lt;3.9 mm. satisfied the requirements of being inexpensive to mold while maintaining a good aberration correction. 
    
    
     cl BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Several embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
     FIG. 1 shows the outline of the lens in a first embodiment; 
     FIG. 2 shows the outline of the lens in a second embodiment; 
     FIG. 3 shows the outline of the lens in a third embodiment; and 
     FIG. 4 shows the outline of the lens in a fourth embodiment. 
    
    
     Similar features in each of the embodiments are given the same numeral but with a different suffix. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     The following embodiments of the present invention consist of an optical system imaging an object on a cylindrical image surface 16. The optical system comprises an aperture stop 15 and two different lenses 12 and 14, disposed at the front and at the rear, respectively. The front lens 12 functions as a landscape lens and the rear lens 14 functions as a meniscus corrector. The front lens 12 has a shorter focal length than the rear lens 14. In some of the embodiments the lenses 12 and 14 are disposed asymmetrically relative to the stop 15. In the first embodiment, the focal length of optical system 10 is 24 mm., the F number is 11 and the full field of view is 77.5 degrees. Since the amount of astigmatism is reduced when optical elements become thicker, the optical system 10 has an excellent performance due to relative thickness of lenses 12a and 14a. Both of lenses 12a and 14a are made from the same type of plastic; therefore, lateral color in lens system 10 is not corrected. 
     The second embodiment is very similar to the first. Optical system 20 is constructed from two relatively thick meniscus lenses 12b and 14b. However, lateral color is corrected because the lens systems is designed with two different materials for its elements. 
     In the third embodiment, the focal length of optical system 30 is 25 mm., the F number is 11 and the full field of view is 75.8 degrees. Optical system 30 has better illumination in the corner than optical system 10. It is also cheaper to manufacture due to thinner elements. Lenses in optical system 30 are made from two different plastics. 
     In the fourth embodiment, the focal length of the optical system 40 is 36 mm., the F number is 8 and the full field of view is 62.6 degrees. Lenses 12d and 13d of the system 40 are made from the same plastic. Optical system 40 is less expensive to manufacture than systems 10 and 20 due to thinner lenses 12d and 13d. 
     The following are the numerical examples of embodiments 1 through 4: 
     
         ______________________________________                       REFRAC-                       TIVE     Abbe VSURFACE  R          D       INDEX    NUMBER______________________________________EXAMPLE 1S1a      5.56538    3.920   1.492    57.4S2a      7.11637    2.519    Diaphragm  2.519S3a      -5.33878   3.352   1.492    57.4S4a      -5.14086EXAMPLE 2S1b      5.8262      3.7595 1.494    57.6S2b      7.5995     2.925    Diaphragm  2.925S3b      -5.5167    2.888   1.595    31.2S4b      -5.4769EXAMPLE 3S1c      12.0211    2.000   1.492    57.4S2c      29.4280    3.795    Diaphragm  1.495S3c      -9.44980   1.633   1.590    30.9S4c      -7.56870EXAMPLE 4S1d      14.2440    2.500   1.492    57.4S2d      31.8270    6.740    Diaphragm  3.545S3d      -12.8370   2.047   1.492    57.4S4d      -10.2400______________________________________ 
    
     Where R is the radius of curvature for a surface, and D stands for axial thickness and air separations. 
     While in the embodiments specifically described above all of the surfaces are spherical, it is to be understood that other embodiments of this invention may have nonspherical surfaces. It is also to be understood that other embodiments of the present invention may be scaled up or down. 
     Also, it should be obvious that weak spherical components which do not significantly alter third order aberration corrections or the like might also be employed, but the term &#34;element&#34; is not intended to include such components for purposes of the present application. 
     Optical systems in accordance with the present invention are particularly well suited for use in cameras which create large aspect ratio images, with the larger dimension of the image area being curved in conformity with the cylindrical image surface. 
     The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to a presently preferred embodiment, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention.