Abstract:
Embodiments are directed to semiconductor packaging having reduced sized plated through hole (PTH) pads by eliminating the margin of the pad-to-PTH alignment and enabling finer traces on the core of the substrate.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     Embodiments of the present invention are directed to semiconductor packaging and, more particularly, to reduced sized plated through hole (PTH) pads by eliminating the margin of the pad-to-PTH alignment and enabling finer traces on the core of the substrate. 
     BACKGROUND INFORMATION 
     A printed circuit board (“PCB”) is a multilayer board that includes printed circuits on one or more layers of insulative (a.k.a. dielectric) material. A printed circuit is a pattern of conductors that corresponds to the wiring of an electronic circuit formed on one or more layers of insulative material. The printed circuit board includes electrical traces that are routed on the various layers of the PCB. PCBs also include vias which are solid electrical paths connecting one layer to another layer. A via can be used to connect a trace on one layer of a PCB to another trace on another layer of the PCB. 
     A PCB also includes other layers of metallization for ground planes, power planes or reference voltage planes. In many instances a signal carrying via must be routed through one or more of these planes. The signal carrying via cannot electrically connect or couple to these planes. If the signal carrying via does couple or connect to one of these planes, the integrity of the electrical circuit is compromised. As a result, anti-pads or plane clearances are required to separate signal carrying vias from ground planes, power planes, or planes having a reference voltage. An anti-pad is a plane clearance. Generally, a minimum anti-pad clearance is specified in the design after balancing factors that tend to minimize the anti-pad size and those factors that tend to maximize anti-pad size. The anti-pads would be minimized to reduce noise by closely shielding adjacent pins with reference planes, to reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI) by minimizing aperture sizes in reference planes, and to maintain a strong reference to ground for single-ended signals and ground referenced differential signals. The anti-pads would be maximized to maximize voltage breakdown spacing between the pin and the reference plane, to increase manufacturability by reducing the chance of shorting, and reduce reflection in a high speed gigabit serial system by reducing the capacitive effect of a plated through hole (used instead of a via). 
     The semiconductor industry has seen tremendous advances in technology in recent years that have permitted dramatic increases in circuit density and complexity, and equally dramatic decreases in power consumption and package sizes. Present semiconductor technology now permits single-chip microprocessors with many millions of transistors, operating at speeds of tens (or even hundreds) of MIPS (millions of instructions per second), to be packaged in relatively small, air-cooled semiconductor device packages. A by-product of such high density and high functionality in semiconductor devices is an ever increasing pressure to produce PCBs having higher density designs. With increasingly higher density designs, the risk becomes greater that the established industry reliability specification for minimum dielectric spacing between hole wall and adjacent conductive features will be violated. There is also a possibility that with increased device density, the industry will lower the minimum dielectric spacing between features. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The foregoing and a better understanding of the present invention may become apparent from the following detailed description of arrangements and example embodiments and the claims when read in connection with the accompanying drawings, all forming a part of the disclosure of this invention. While the foregoing and following written and illustrated disclosure focuses on disclosing arrangements and example embodiments of the invention, it should be clearly understood that the same is by way of illustration and example only and the invention is not limited thereto. 
         FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of a multi-layer semiconductor package according to one embodiment of the invention; 
         FIGS. 2A-2E  are cross-sectional views illustrating the process for making plated through holes (PTHs) in a core according to one embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view of a reduced pad substrate according to one embodiment of the invention; and 
         FIGS. 4A and 4B  compares current PTH pads shown from a top view of the package  1 F layer (only front side of the layer marked as  212  in  FIG. 2E ) with PTH pad, antipad, routing traces (also referred as fine line and space—FLS), and PTH pitch, according to embodiments of the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 1 , there is shown an illustrative cross-sectional view of semiconductor package  100 . The package  100  may include a multi-layer circuit board comprising a core  102  including one or more dielectric layers  104  built-up on either side of the core  102 . A plurality of conductive vias  106  may be provided to create electrically conductive paths through the dielectric layers  104 . Plated through holes (PTHs)  108  may be provided to provide vertical connections through the core  102  to conductive layers  110 . A semiconductor die  112  may be flip-chip connected to external conductive layers with solder balls  114 . 
     Example materials for the core  102  may comprise ceramic or glass dielectrics. For example, a core  102  may comprise one or more selected from a group that comprises alumina, zirconia, carbides, nitrides, fused silica, quartz, sapphire, or any other ceramic or glass dielectric materials. In one embodiment, the ceramic materials for the core  102  may have a full density or an amount of porosity. In another embodiment, the materials for the core  10  may have a Young&#39;s modulus that may be higher than 20 GPa (e.g., at a room temperature). For example, the materials for the core  102  may have a Young&#39;s modulus that may be higher than 100 GPa (e.g., at a room temperature). In another embodiment, the materials for the core  102  may have a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) that may be in proximity to that of a semiconductor die to be coupled to the core  102 . For example, the core  102  may comprise materials that may have a CTE lower than 12 ppm/° C. In one embodiment, the ceramic core  102  may integrate high-k ceramic thin film decoupling capacitors. 
     In yet another embodiment, the ceramic materials for the core  102  may comprise alumina that may be compounded with silica or other elements. In another embodiment, the ceramic materials may be compounded with, e.g., around 50% to 100% Al 2 O 3 . In another embodiment, a thickness of the core  102  may be determined by a Young&#39;s modulus and a stiffness of the core  102 . In one example, a stiffness of the core  102  may be proportional to Ed 3 , wherein E represents the Young&#39;s modulus and d represents the thickness. In one embodiment, the core  102  may have a thickness that may be from around 50 um to around 400 um; however, in some embodiments, the core  102  may have a different thickness. In another embodiment, the materials for the core  102  may have a thermal conductivity that may be from around 2 W/m·k to around 50 W/m·k. In another embodiment, the materials may have a dielectric strength from about 9 KV/mm to around 50 KV/mm. However, in some embodiments, other materials that have a different thermal conductivity and/or different dielectric strength may be utilized. 
     In one embodiment, the materials may have a dissipation factor lower than 0.01 (e.g., at 1 GHz). For example, the materials may have a dissipation factor lower than around 0.0003. In yet another embodiment, the materials may have a dielectric constant from e.g., around 5 to around 20 (e.g., at 1 GHz). In another embodiment, the material may have water absorption of around zero. However, in some embodiments, other ceramic or glass materials have a different combination of properties may be utilized. 
     In another embodiment, the core  102  may comprise inorganic materials that may have a Young&#39;s modulus higher than that of, e.g., polymer-based organic core materials. For example, the inorganic materials may have a Young&#39;s modulus that may be 2 to 14 multiples higher than that of the polymer-based organic core material; however, in some embodiments, the inorganic materials may have a different Young&#39;s modulus. In one embodiment, the core  102  may have a comparable or increased stiffness with a reduced core thickness. 
     The conductive layer  110  may be selectively patterned to provide a first set of one or more conductive elements such as traces, planes or interconnects pins on the upper and/or the lower side of the core  102 . The dielectric layers  104  may be provided over the core  102 . Example materials for the dielectric layer  104  may comprise particulate-filled such as Ajinomoto build-up film (ABF), or glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin such as prepreg materials, or other insulating or dielectric materials. In one embodiment, surface roughening methods and/or adhesion promotion methods such as silane treatment may be utilized to bond the dielectric layer  104  to the core  102 . For example, one or more green sheets for the core  102  may be roughened, e.g., prior to firing, to increase surface roughness of the core  102 . 
     A set of one or more through holes  108  may be selectively formed in the structure. In one embodiment, a laser may be used to provide the through holes  108 . The laser may have a pulse width in a magnitude of a nanosecond. In some embodiments, the laser may have a pulse width that may be shorter than a nanosecond. In one embodiment, the laser may have a spectrum in a range from infrared radiation (IR) to deep ultraviolet (DUV). Examples for the laser may comprise Q-switched or mode-locked Nd:YAG or Nd:YVO4 lasers that may have a harmonic of 1064 nm, 532 nm, 355 nm, 266 nm or any other harmonics; Q-switched or mode-locked Nd:YLF lasers that may have a harmonic of 1053 nm, 527 nm, 351 nm, 263 nm or any other harmonics; or fiber laser. In another embodiment, the laser may have a pulse repetition frequency in a level from kHz to MHz; however, in some embodiments, any other lasers or means may be used. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 2A-2E , there is shown a process flow using laser drilling to make plated through hole (PTH) vertical interconnections through a core  200 . In  FIG. 2A  there is shown a core  200  having a resin rich outer area  202 . Resin-rich here implies to the zone of the substrate core from where the glass fibers and filler materials, used to provide desirable mechanical properties (such as high stiffness or lower CTE), are preferentially pulled into the inner side of the core of the substrate, leaving top and bottom most (˜10-20 μm) approximately 90-100% organic epoxy resin. In  FIG. 2B  a through hole  208  may be laser drilled and have a diameter in a ranges from approximately 100 μm in the top and bottom side, and 60-90 μm at the center of the through hole (TH), making the effective TH look like an hour glass structure. In some embodiments, a through hole (TH)  208  may have a different size. In another embodiment, one or more redundant through holes (not shown) may be drilled in the structure. A copper (Cu) foil strip  204  may be layed down and thereafter a dry film resist (DFR) process utilized to create a pattern. 
     In  FIG. 2C , the DFR may be exposed and then stripped to form finer line and space (FLS) pattering of (&lt;20 μm wide)  210 . In  FIG. 2D  the through holes  208  may be filled using, for example, electroless and then electrolytic copper plating to fill the vertical interconnections  210 . In other embodiments, other conductive materials may be used. The copper may also fill other pattern voids to create conductive areas  212  as well. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2E , additional dielectric layers  214 , such as, Ajinomoto build-up film (ABF), to begin the build-up process. 
     Referring again to  FIGS. 2A through 2E , there is shown the cross section of the substrate panel during the sequential process steps to enable a substrate with reduced pad size via semi-additive process (SAP) on the core of the substrate.  FIG. 2A  depicts the incoming prepreg core  200  with resin rich area  202  just below the copper foil which is cladded into the incoming core material.  FIG. 2B  shows substrate panel with copper foil stripped down to approximately 1-2 μm thick by etching, and then the through hole (TH) via is drilled through laser drilling  208 , followed by electroless copper plating  206  and then one dry film resist is applied for subsequent patterning  204 . Then  FIG. 2C  depicts the cross section of the exposed, developed and then stripped of the DFR material to form the trenches  210  for the routing traces.  FIG. 2D  depicts the cross sectional view of the substrate that is filled with electrolytic copper filling. This filling fills up the TH vias  210 , traces  212  and the via pads  216  simultaneously. Then  FIG. 2E  shows the cross sectional view with DFR stripped completely, then dielectric material laminated on the front and back side of the substrate process  214 . Then subsequent BU process may be continued. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a cross sectional view of a reduced pad sized substrate according to one embodiment of the invention. The substrate may comprise a core  200  with a resin-rich outer layer  202  having one or more ABF build-up layers  214  on both side of the core  200 . A plurality of plated through holes (PTHs)  210  may provide vertical electrical paths through the core  200  and connect to vias  206  and other conductive areas such as traces  212  in the various ABF layers  214 . Solder balls  300  may also be provided on the upper side of the substrate, such as for flip chip connections to a semiconductor die as well as solder balls on the bottom side of the substrate. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 4A and 4B , according to embodiments of the invention, the laser drill size for creating the through holes in the core  200  may be approximately 100 um. This is substantially smaller than currently used drill sizes which may be upwards of 250 um. The usage of the laser drilling process may allow for pad sizes as small as 100 μm to 150 μm or even smaller ( 216  in  FIG. 2D ). Additionally, this allows for core routing (RTG) and line spacing (L/S) of 20 μm/20 μm due to the application of semi-subtractive process with copper foils in top resin rich core, or application of semi-additive process (SAP) in the core as shown through  FIG. 2A-2E . With this process, the anti-pad size may be as small as 200 μm which allows for core referencing which is not possible in prior art designs. 
     Smaller pads allow more number of lines in between the pads (as shown in  FIG. 4B ). In addition, smaller pads can drive smaller anti-pad, so that the core layer can be used as a reference layer. Both of these advantages provide a package layer count reduction. In addition to these advantages the smaller pad is enabled by smaller drill size, by laser drilling to make the cost avoidance of mechanical drill, which can be filled by Cu plating making it more robust for package inductor based power delivery. 
     Reduced PTH pad and reduced trace width allows more numbers of traces to escape between the pads, reduces antipad size and reduces the PTH pitch. All these are beneficial for substrate package design. While, more number of traces allows more routing lines in the same package real estate making the package effective for higher input/output (IO) count at the same real estate, tighter PTH pitch makes the package size (form factor) effectively smaller. 
     Comparing  FIGS. 4A and 4B ,  FIG. 4B  shows the various traces and number of routing wires that can now pass between the pads as a function of pad size according to embodiments. Increased number of traces allows more signal can be confined in the layer  1 F ( 212 —in  FIG. 2E ). If this increase in signal count is adequate it is possible to eliminate a layer pair from the BU layer. 
     The above description of illustrated embodiments of the invention, including what is described in the Abstract, is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. While specific embodiments of, and examples for, the invention are described herein for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the invention, as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize. 
     These modifications can be made to the invention in light of the above detailed description. The terms used in the following claims should not be construed to limit the invention to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims. Rather, the scope of the invention is to be determined entirely by the following claims, which are to be construed in accordance with established doctrines of claim interpretation.