Abstract:
Herbicidally active thiolcarbamates are employed in combination with certain N-methylcarbamoyloxy benzaldehyde imines having the formula ##STR1## in which R 4  is selected from the group consisting of chlorophenyl, chlorophenylthiomethylphenyl, acetoxy, and ##STR2##  where R 5  is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, pyridyl, and cyanomethyl, and n is zero or one. 
     In a typical application, the imine is included in sufficient quantity to lessen the rate of soil degradation of the thiolcarbamate. As a result, the herbicidal effectiveness of the thiolcarbamate is enhanced and prolonged, rendering a single application of the herbicide effective over a longer period of time.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to herbicide extenders, herbicidal compositions, and herbicidal methods. In particular, this invention is addressed to the problem of herbidical degradation occurring in certain soils. 
     Thiolcarbamates are well known in the agricultural art as herbicides useful for weed control in crops such as corn, potatoes, beans, beets, spinach, tobacco, tomatoes, alfalfa, and rice. Thiolcarbamates are primarily used in pre-emergence application, and are particularly effective when incorporated into the soil prior to the planting of the crop. The concentration of the thiolcarbamate in the soil is greatest immediately after application of the compound. How long thereafter the initial concentration is retained depends in large part on the particular soil used. The rate at which the thiolcarbamate concentration declines following its application varies from one type of soil to the next. This is evident both in the observable extent of weed control and in the detectable presence of undegraded thiolcarbamate remaining in the soil after considerable time has elapsed. 
     It is therefore an object of this invention to increase the soil persistence of thiolcarbamate herbicides and thus improve their herbicidal effectiveness. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     It has now been discovered that the soil persistence of certain herbicidally active thiolcarbamates is significantly extended by the further addition to the soil of certain extender compounds in the form of N-methylcarbamoyloxy benzaldehyde imines, which have little or no herbicidal activity of their own and do not decrease the herbicidal activity of the thiolcarbamate. This improvement in the soil persistence of thiolcarbamates manifests itself in a variety of ways. It can be shown, for example, by soil analyses taken at regular intervals, that the rate of decrease of the thiolcarbamate content of the soil is substantially lessened. Improved soil persistence can also be shown by improvements in herbicidal efficacy, as evidenced by a higher degree of weed injury brought about when the extender compound increases the soil persistence of the thiolcarbamate, prolonging its effective life. 
     In particular, this invention relates to a novel herbicidal composition comprising 
     (a) an herbicidally effective amount of a thiolcarbamate having the formula ##STR3## in which R 1 , R 2 , and R 3  are independently C 2  -C 4  alkyl; and 
     (b) an amount of an N-methylcarbamoyloxy benzaldehyde imine sufficient to extend the soil life of said thiolcarbamate, said imine having the formula ##STR4## in which R 4  is selected from the group consisting of chlorophenyl, chlorophenylthiomethylphenyl, acetoxy, and ##STR5##  where R 5  is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, pyridyl, and cyanomethyl, and n is zero or one. 
     Within the scope of the present invention, certain embodiments are preferred, namely: 
     In the thiolcarbamate formula, R 1  is preferably ethyl, and R 2  and R 3  are each preferably propyl. 
     In the imine formula, R 4  is preferably selected from the group consisting of 3-chlorophenyl, 4-(4&#39;-chlorophenylthiomethyl)phenyl, acetoxy, pyridine-4-amino, and cyanoacetamido. 
     This invention further relates to a method of controlling undesirable vegetation comprising applying the above compositions to the locus where control is desired. 
     In addition, several of the above extender compounds are novel, namely those having the formula ##STR6## in which R is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, pyridyl, and cyanomethyl, and n is zero or one. 
     The term &#34;herbicide,&#34; as used herein, means a compound or composition which controls or modifies the growth of plants. By the term &#34;herbicidally effective amount&#34; is meant any amount of such compound or composition which causes a modifying effect upon the growth of plants. By &#34;plants&#34; is meant germinant seeds, emerging seedlings, and established vegetation, including roots and above-ground portions. Such controlling or modifying effects include all deviations from natural development, such as killing, retardation, defoliation, desiccation, regulation, stunting, tillering, stimulation, leaf burn, dwarfing and the like. 
     The phrase &#34;to extend the soil life of said thiolcarbamate&#34; as used herein means to retard the rate at which molecules of thiolcarbamate are broken down into decomposition products when in contact with soil and/or to prolong the period of time following application in which herbicidal effects can be observed. This applies both to field sites where repeated applications of thiolcarbamates result in decreasing herbicidal effectiveness, and to field sites where a decline in herbicidal activity is detected over time regardless of the prior history of herbicidal applications. An extended soil life can be demonstrated by a slower rate of decline of weed-killing activity, or an increased half-life of thiolcarbamate concentration in the soil. Other techniques of determining soil life are readily apparent to one skilled in the art. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Thiolcarbamates within the scope of the present invention can be prepared by the process described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,913,327 (Tilles et al., Nov. 17, 1959). Examples of such thiolcarbamates include S-ethyl N,N-di-n-propylthiolcarbamate, S-ethyl N,N-diisobutylthiolcarbamate, S-n-propyl N,N-di-n-proplythiolcarbamate, and S-n-propyl N-ethyl-N-n-butylthiolcarbamate. 
     Imines within the scope of this invention can be prepared by processes described in Shulgin, U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,997,498 (Aug. 22, 1961) and 3,012,068 (Dec. 5, 1961). The hydrazones included in the scope of the invention can be prepared by reacting an appropriately selected acid hydrazide with hydroxy benzaldehyde to form an acid hydroxybenzylhydrazone, which is in turn reacted with methyl isocyanate to form the desired product. The latter reaction can be catalyzed by materials such as triethylamine, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, dibutyltin diacetate, dibutyltin dilaurate, dimethyltin dichloride, and dibutylbis(dodecylthio)tin, and combinations of these. 
     The objects of the present invention are achieved by applying the extender compound to the soil at an agricultural field site in conjunction with the herbicide. The two compounds can be applied simultaneously in a single mixture or in separate formulations, or they can be applied in succession, with either one following the other. In successive application, it is preferable to add the compounds as close in time as possible. 
     The herbicide extending effect is operable over a wide range of ratios of the two compounds. It is most convenient, however, to apply the compounds at a ratio of about 1:1 to about 20:1 (herbicide: extender) on a weight basis, preferably about 1:1 to about 5:1, and most preferably about 1:1 to about 2:1. 
     The variety of crops on which the present composition is useful can be significantly broadened by the use of an antidote to protect the crops from injury and render the composition more selective against weeds. 
     For antidote descriptions and methods of use, reference is made to U.S. Pat. No. 3,959,304, issued to E. G. Teach on May 25, 1976; U.S. Pat. No. 3,989,503, issued to F. M. Pallos et al. on November 2, 1976; U.S. Pat. No. 4,021,224, issued to F. M. Pallos et al. on May 3, 1977; U.S. Pat. No. 3,131,509, issued to O. L. Hoffman on May 5, 1964; and U.S. Pat. No. 3,564,768, issued to O. L. Hoffman on Feb. 3, 1971. 
     Examples of useful antidotes include acetamides such as N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide and N,N-diallyl-2-chloroacetamide, oxazolidines such as 2,2,5-trimethyl-N-dichloroacetyl oxazolidine and 2,2-spirocyclohexyl-N-dichloroacetyl oxazolidine, and 1,8-naphthalic anhydride. For maximum effect, the antidote is present in the composition in a non-phytotoxic, antidotally effective amount. By &#34;non-phytotoxic&#34; is meant an amount which causes at most minor injury to the crop. By &#34;antidotally effective&#34; is meant an amount which substantially decreases the extent of injury caused by the herbicide to the crop. The preferred weight ratio of herbicide to antidote is about 3:1 to about 20:1. 
    
    
     The first four examples which follow are offered to illustrate the preparation of the extender compounds. The herbicide extender effect is demonstrated in Example 5. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     1-Cyanoacetyl-2-(4&#39;-N-methylcarbamyloxybenzyl)hydrazone 
     A reaction vessel was charged with 19.8 g (0.2 mole) of cyanoacethydrazide, 24.4 g (0.2 mole) of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and 150 ml of ethanol. The mixture was refluxed on a steam bath for two hours, then cooled in an ice-bath. A precipitate formed, which was filtered off, rinsed with cold ethanol, and dried at 60° C. to yield 29.8 g of a yellow solid (73% of the theoretical yield), with a melting point of 197°-200° C. The structure was confirmed by mass spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and infrared spectra as that of 1-cyanoacetyl-2-(4&#39;-hydroxphenyl) hydrazone. 
     A portion (4.1 g, 0.02 mole) of this material was placed in 25 ml of tetrahydrofuran to form a slurry, and three drops each of triethylamine and dibutyltin dilaurate were added. To this was added 2.3 g (0.04 mole) of methyl isocyanate, the temperature slowly rising from 27° C. to 32° C. The mixture was refluxed on a steam bath for two hours and a solid formed in the mixture. The mixture was then cooled in an ice-bath and 25 ml of ether was added. The solid was filtered off, washed with ether, and dried at 40° C. The solid weighed 4.64 g, corresponding to 89% of theoretical yield, with a melting point of 194°-198° C. The product was soluble in dimethylformamide and slightly soluble in acetone. Nuclear magnetic resonance confirmed the structure as that of the title compound. The formula for this compound is shown in the table below as Compound No. 1. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Isonicotinic Acid Amido-p-N-methylcarbamyloxybenzylhydrazone 
     A reaction vessel was charged with 13.7 g (0.1 mole) of isonicotinic acid hydrazide, 12.2 g (0.1 mole) of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 75 ml of benzene, and 25 ml of dimethylformamide. A Dean-Stark tube was attached and the mixture was refluxed for 2.5 hours, during which time 2.3 ml of water was collected. The mixture was then cooled to 25° C. and a solid formed, which was filtered, washed with benzene and ether, and dried at 50° C. The product was a brown-yellow solid weighing 23.1 g (corresponding to 98% of the theoretical yield), with a melting point of 295°-297° C. 
     4.8 g (0.02 mole) of this material was combined with 1.7 g (0.03 mole) of methyl isocyanate, two drops of triethylamine, one drop of dibutyltin dilaurate, 50 ml of chloroform, and 25 ml of dimethylformamide. The mixture was heated on a steam bath at reflux for 1.5 hours, then rinsed and evaporated to remove the chloroform, and poured into 150 ml of H 2  O. The solid which formed was filtered off, washed with water and ether, and dried at 50° C. The yield was 5.0 g, corresponding to 84% of the theoretical yield. The melting point of the product was 195° C., and its structure was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance as that of the title compound. The formula for this compound is shown in the table below as Compound No. 2. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     o-(Methylcarbamoyloxy)-benzylidene Benzhydrazide 
     A reaction vessel was charged with 13.6 g (0.10 mole) of benzhydrazide and 50 ml of water, and the vessel contents were agitated as 13.4 g (0.11 mole) of salicylaldehyde was added. Heat was evolved and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for an additional hour, then warmed briefly on a steam bath. The precipitate which had formed was filtered off, washed with water and ether, and dried under vacuum. It was then placed in 300 ml of ethanol for several hours and the remaining solid, crystalline in appearance, was filtered off and dried under vacuum. The filtrate was then diluted with water and cooled, forming additional precipitate which was then filtered off and dried. Both precipitates were combined to yield 19.0 g (79% of theoretical yield) of salicylidene benzhydrazide, with a melting point range of 172°-174° C. 
     A portion of this material, weighing 4.8 g (0.02 mole), was placed in 10 ml of dry benzene, and 1.3 g (0.022 mole) of methyl isocyanate was added. The mixture was stirred and refluxed for three hours. Two drops each of triethylamine and dibutyltin dilaurate were added and reflux was continued for another hour. The mixture was then cooled and filtered. The solid product was washed with hexane and recrystallized from methanol to yield 3.9 g (66% of theoretical) of the title compound, with a melting point range of 170°-173° C. The formula for this compound is shown in the table as Compound No. 5. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     3-Methoxy-4-(methylcarbamoyloxy)-benzylidene Benzhydrazide 
     A suspension consisting of 13.6 g (0.10 mole) of benzhydrazide in 50 ml of water was prepared, and three drops of sulfuric acid were added. Separately, a solution of 16.7 g (0.11 mole) of vanillin in 100-125 ml of ether was prepared, and this was added to the benzhydrazide suspension with stirring. Stirring was continued at room temperature for an hour and the resulting precipitate was filtered off. The filter cake was washed with water, then ether, and then dried. The result was 29.4 g (100% yield) of solid 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzylidene benzylhydrazide, with a melting point range of 209°-211° C. 
     A 13.5 g (0.05 mole) portion of this material was suspended in 30 ml of dry benzene together with two drops each of triethylamine and dibutyltin dilaurate. To this suspension was added 3.4 g (0.06 mole) of methyl isocyanate and the mixture was brought to reflux. Another 15 ml of benzene was then added and refluxing was continued for an additional five hours. The product was filtered, washed with hexane, and dried, to yield 11.1 g (35% theoretical yield) of the title compound, with a melting point range of 189°-192° C. The formula for this compound is shown in the table below as Compound No. 4. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     This example shows, by soil analysis, the effectiveness of the extender compounds of the present invention in extending the soil life of thiolcarbamates. The thiolcarbamate used in this test was S-ethyl N,N-di-n-propylthiolcarbamate, commonly known as EPTC. The soil was a sandy loam soil obtained from Sunol, California, containing approximately (on a weight basis) 64% sand, 29% silt, and 7% clay, determined by mechanical means. The total organic content of the soil was approximately 4% by weight and the pH was 6.8, both determined by chemical analysis. 
     The test procedure involved an initial pre-treatment of the soil to simulate field conditions where the soil had been previously treated with EPTC, followed by a soil persistence test, as described below. 
     A. Soil Pre-Treatment 
     An emulsion was prepared by diluting an emulsifiable liquid concentrate containing 6 lb/gal (0.72 kg/l) of the thiolcarbamate in 100 ml of water, such that the concentration of thiolcarbamate in the resulting emulsion was 4000 mg/l. Five ml of this emulsion was then added to 10 lb (4.54 kg) of soil and the mixture was mixed in a rotary mixer for 10-20 seconds. 
     Round plastic containers, 9 inches (22.9 cm) in diameter by 9 inches (22.9 cm) deep, were then filled with the sandy loam soil, which was tamped and leveled with a row marker to impress three rows across the width of each container. Two rows were seeded with DeKalb XL-45A corn Zea mays (L.), and one row was seeded with barnyardgrass Echinochloa crusgalli (L.). Sufficient seeds were planted to produce several seedlings per row. The containers were then placed in a greenhouse maintained at 20° C. to 30° C. and watered daily by sprinkler. 
     Five weeks after treatment, the soil was allowed to dry out and the plant foliage was removed. The soil was then passed through a 0.25 inch (0.64 cm) screen, followed by a 2-millimeter (mm) screen, to remove plant roots and clods. 
     B. Soil Persistence Test 
     A 100-gram quantity (air-dry basis) of the pre-treated soil was placed in an 8-ounce (0.25 liter) wide-mouth glass bottle. The same emulsifiable concentrate described in Part A above was appropriately diluted in water such that a 5-ml portion added to the soil would produce a herbicide concentration of 6 ppm (weight) in the soil. This is equivalent to an application rate of 6 pounds per acre (6.7 kilograms) per hectare) in a field where the herbicide is incorporated into the soil through a depth of about 2 inches (5.08 cm) soon after application. A selected extender compound in technical (nonformulated) form was then diluted in an acetone-water mixture such that a one-ml portion added to the soil would produce a concentration of 4 ppm by weight, equivalent to 4 pounds per acre (4.5 kilograms per hectare). On these bases, the herbicide and extender were added to the bottle containing the soil. The bottle was then sealed with a lid and shaken manually for approximately 15 minutes. 
     Following such treatment, the soil was moistened with 20 ml of deionized water. The bottle was then covered with a watch glass to maintain aerobic conditions and to prevent rapid soil drying, and placed in a controlled environment chamber in darkness, where the temperature was maintained constant at 25° C. 
     Four days later, the bottle was removed from the environmental chamber and 25 ml of water and 100 ml of toluene was added. The bottle was then tightly sealed with a lid containing a cellophane liner, and vigorously shaken on a variable speed, reciprocating shaker (Eberbach Corp. Model 6000) set at approximately 200 excursions per minute for one hour. After shaking, the bottle contents were allowed to settle, and a 10 ml aliquot of toluene was transferred by pipette into a glass vial and sealed with a polyseal cap. The toluene extract was analyzed for herbicidal content by gas chromatography. The chromatogram data was then converted to equivalent soil concentrations in parts per million (ppm) by weight of the herbicide. 
     The results are shown in the table below, where seven compounds were tested in six separately treated batches of soil. A control run without an extender compound was conducted for each soil batch, to show how the drop in herbicide concentration was affected by the extender compound. In each case, the quantity of herbicide remaining in the soil after four days was dramatically increased when the extender compound was added. 
     
         ______________________________________4-DAY SOIL PERSISTENCE DATAHerbicide: SEthyl N,Ndi-n-propylthiocarbamate (EPTC) at6 lb/A (6 ppm in soil)Extender: As shown at 4 lb/A (4 ppm in soil)                        EPTC Residue                        After 4 DaysEx-                          (ppm)tender                               With-Com-                         With    outpound                        Ex-     Ex-No.   Structural Formula     tender  tender______________________________________Soil Batch A:  ##STR7##              2.16    0.332  ##STR8##              1.62    0.33Soil Batch B:3  ##STR9##              3.70    0.17Soil Batch C:4  ##STR10##             1.19    0.37Soil Batch D:5  ##STR11##             2.59    0.042Soil Batch E:6  ##STR12##             2.04    0.06Soil Batch F:7  ##STR13##             1.57    0.03______________________________________ 
    
     METHODS OF APPLICATION 
     The herbicidal compositions of the present invention are useful in controlling the growth of undesirable vegetation by pre-emergence or post-emergence application to the locus where control is desired, including pre-plant and post-plant soil incorporation as well as surface application. The compositions are generally embodied in formulations suitable for convenient application, containing additional ingredients or diluent carriers to aid in the dispersal of the compositions. Examples of such ingredients or carriers are water, organic solvents, dusts, granules, surface active agents, water-oil emulsions, wetting agents, dispersing agents, and emulsifying agents. The formulated compositions generally take the form of dusts, emulsifiable concentrates, granules, or microcapsules. 
     A. DUSTS 
     Dusts are dense powder compositions which combine the active compounds with a dense, free-flowing solid carrier. They are intended for application in dry form and are designed to settle rapidly to avoid being windborne to areas where their presence is not desired. 
     The carrier may be of mineral or vegetable origin, and is preferably an organic or inorganic powder of high bulk density, low surface area, and low liquid absorptivity. Suitable carriers include micaceous talcs, pyrophyllite, dense kaolin clays, tobacco dust, and ground calcium phosphate rock. 
     The performance of a dust is sometimes aided by the inclusion of a liquid or solid wetting agent, of ionic, anionic, or nonionic character. Preferred wetting agents include alkylbenzene and alkylnaphthalene sulfonates, sulfated fatty alcohols, amines or acid amides, long chain acid esters of sodium isothionate, esters of sodium sulfosuccinate, sulfated or sulfonated fatty acid esters, petroleum sulfonates, sulfonated vegetable oils, and ditertiary acetylenic glycols. Dispersants are also useful in the some dust compositions. Typical dispersants include methyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, lignin sulfonates, polymeric alkylnaphthalene sulfonates, sodium naphthalene sulfonate, polymethylene bisnaphthalenesulfonate, and sodium-N-methyl-N-(long chain acid) taurates. 
     In addition, inert absorptive grinding aids are frequently included in dust compositions to aid in the manufacturing of the dust. Suitable grinding aids include attapulgite clay, diatomaceous silica, synthetic fine silica and synthetic calcium and magnesium silicates. 
     In typical dust compositions, carriers are usually present in concentrations of from about 30 to 90 weight percent of the total composition. The grinding aid usually constitutes about 5 to 50 weight percent, and the wetting agent up to about 1.0 weight percent. Dispersants, when present, constitute up to about 0.5 weight percent, and minor amounts of anticaking and antistatic agents may also be present. The particle size of the entire composition is usually about 30 to 50 microns. 
     B. EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATES 
     Emulsifiable concentrates are solutions in which the active materials and an emulsifying agent are dissolved in a nonwater-miscible solvent. Prior to use, the concentrate is diluted with water to form a suspended emulsion of solvent droplets. 
     Typical solvents for use in emulsifiable concentrates include weed oils, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and nonwater-miscible ethers, esters, and ketones. 
     Typical emulsifying agents are anionic or nonionic surfactants, or mixtures of the two. Examples include long-chain mercaptan polyethoxy alcohols, alkylaryl polyethoxy alcohols, sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene ethers with sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene glycol esters with fatty or rosin acids, fatty alkylol amide condensates, calcium and amine salts of fatty alcohol sulfates, oil soluble petroleum sulfonates, or preferably mixtures of these emulsifying agents. Such emulsifying agents usually comprise about 1 to 10 weight percent of the total composition. 
     Typical emulsifiable concentrates contain about 15 to 50 weight percent active material, about 40 to 82 weight percent solvent, and about 1 to 10 weight percent emulsifier. Other additives such as spreading agents and stickers can also be included. 
     C. GRANULES 
     Granules are physically stable, particulate compositions in which the active ingredients adhere to or are distributed throughout a basic matrix of a coherent, inert carrier with macroscopic dimensions. A typical particle is about 1 to 2 millimeters in diameter. Surfactants are often present to aid in the leaching of the active ingredient from the granule to the surrounding medium. 
     The carrier is preferably of mineral origin, and generally falls within one of two types. The first are porous, absorptive, preformed granules such as attapulgite or heat expanded vermiculite. A solution of the active agent is sprayed on the granule at concentrations of up to 25 weight percent of the total weight. The second are powdered materials to which the active ingredients are added prior to being formed into granules. These materials include kaolin clays, hydrated attapulgite, or bentonite clays in the form of sodium, calcium, or magnesium bentonites. Water-soluble salts may also be present to help the granules disintegrate in water. These ingredients are blended with the active components, then granulated or pelleted, followed by drying. In the resulting composition, the active component is distributed uniformly throughout the mass. Granules can be made with as much as 25 to 30 weight percent active component, but more frequently a concentration of about 10 weight percent is desired for optimum distribution. Granule compositions are most useful in a size range of 15-30 mesh. 
     The surfactant is generally a common wetting agent of anionic or nonionic character. The most suitable wetting agents depend upon the type of granule used. When preformed granules are sprayed with active material in liquid form, the most suitable wetting agents are nonionic, liquid wetters miscible with the solvent. These are compounds generally known as emulsifiers, and comprise alkylaryl polyether alcohols, alkyl polyether alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyethylene glycol esters with fatty or rosin acids, fatty alkylol amide condensates, oil solution petroleum or vegetable oil sulfonates, or mixtures of these. Such agents usually comprise up to about 5 weight percent of the total composition. 
     When the active ingredient is first mixed with a powdered carrier and subsequently granulated, liquid nonionic wetters can still be used, but it is usually preferable to incorporate at the mixing stage a solid, powdered anionic wetting agent comprising up to about 2.0 weight percent of the total composition. 
     Typical granules comprise about 5 to 30 percent by weight active material, about 0 to 5 weight percent wetting agent, and about 65 to 95 weight percent carrier. 
     D. MICROCAPSULES 
     Microcapsules are fully enclosed droplets or granules in which the active materials are enclosed in an inert porous membrane which allows the enclosed materials to escape to the surrounding medium at controlled rates. 
     Encapsulated droplets are typically about 1 to 50 microns in diameter. The enclosed liquid typically constitutes about 50 to 95% of the weight of the capsule, and may contain a small amount of solvent in addition to the active materials. 
     Encapsulated granules are characterized by porous membranes sealing the openings of the granule carrier pores, trapping the liquid containing the active components inside for controlled release. A typical granule size ranges from 1 millimeter to 1 centimeter in diameter. Granules formed by extrusion, agglomeration, or prilling are useful in the present invention as well as materials in their naturally occurring form. Examples of such carriers are vermiculite, sintered clay granules, kaolin, attapulgite clay, sawdust, and granular carbon. 
     Useful encapsulating materials include natural and synthetic rubbers, cellulosic materials, styrene-butadiene copolymers, polyacrylonitriles, polyacrylates, polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes, and starch xanthates. 
     E. IN GENERAL 
     Each of the above formulations can be prepared as a package containing both the herbicide and the extender together with the other ingredients of the formulation (diluents, emulsifiers, surfactants, etc.), or as a tank mix in which the components are formulated separately and combined at the grower site. The two formulations in the tank mix can be of either the same type or two different types--e.g., the herbicide in microcapsule form and the extender as an emulsifiable concentrate. As a further alternative, the herbicide and extender can be applied sequentially. This is less preferred, however, since simultaneous application generally produces better results. 
     In general, any conventional method of application can be used. The locus of application can be soil, seeds, seedlings, or the actual plants, as well as flooded fields. Soil application is preferred. Dusts and liquid compositions can be applied by the use of powder dusters, boom and hand sprayers, and spray dusters. The compositions can also be applied from airplanes as dusts and sprays because they are effective in very low dosages. In order to modify or control the growth of germinating seeds or emerging seedlings, as a typical example, the dust and liquid compositions are applied to the soil according to conventional methods and are distributed to a depth of at least one-half inch below the soil surface. The compositions can either be mixed with the soil particles by discing, dragging, or mixing operations, or sprayed or sprinkled over the surface of the soil. The compositions can also be added to irrigation water so that they will accompany the water as it penetrates the soil. 
     The amount of active ingredient required for herbicidal effectiveness depends upon the nature of the seeds or plants to be controlled and the prevailing conditions. Usually, herbicidal effects are obtained with an application rate of about 0.01 to about 50 pounds per acre, preferably about 0.1 to about 25. It will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art that compositions exhibiting lower herbicidal activity will require a higher dosage than more active compounds for the same degree of control.