Abstract:
A controllable reflecting device having an array of bi-axial mirrors that are capable of pivoting in at least four directions is described. Each micro-mirror of the micro-mirror array is supported through a torsion pivot by a yoke attached by a second coplanar orthogonal torsion pivot to the mirror array support. The mirror and yoke are electrically conductive to a common node on the mirror array support shared by all the mirror/yoke assemblies. Under each mirror/yoke assembly the mirror array support has four plate areas electrically isolated from each other and the mirror/yoke assembly. In response to electrical signals from driver switches integrated in the mirror array support, these plate areas, driven in pairs, selectively provide an electric field with respect to the common node. This electric field attracts the mirror and yoke to facilitate movement of the mirror/yoke assembly to a desired reflecting state.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The invention is related generally to a projection system, and more particularly to a color filter for a projection system including micro-displays. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Micro-display projection systems using a reflective light engine or imager, such as, for example, a digital light processor (DLP™) (Texas Instruments) imager, are increasingly utilized in color image or video projection devices (e.g., rear projection television (RPTV), home theater front projection TV and theater systems). In an existing projection system, shown in  FIG. 1 , a light source  10  is provided, in this case a UHP lamp, and generates white light (i.e., all color spectrums). Light from the light source  10  passes through a color wheel  20  which has a plurality of dichroic filtering elements, each of which allows a light band of one of the colors: blue, green or red to pass through and reflects light of the other colors. The color wheel  20  is rotated so that a temporal pattern of blue, green, and red light bands pass through the color wheel. The color wheel is typically rotated fast enough to create at least one primary color period for each primary color during each frame of a video image. 
         [0003]    An integrator  30  receives the light band from the light source  10  that is allowed to pass through the color wheel  20  and directs the light band through relay optics  40  into a total internal reflection (TIR) prism  50 . The TIR prism  50  deflects the light band onto an imager  60 , such as a DLP imager. The imager modulates the intensity of individual pixels of the light beam and reflects them back through the TIR prism  50  and into a projection lens system  70 . In DLP only the flash rate and flash width is modulated giving the impression of intensity modulation. In LCD and LCOS the intensity is modulated directly. The projection lens system  70  focuses the light pixels onto a screen (not shown) to form a viewable image. A color video image is formed by rapid successive matrices of pixels of each of the three colors (blue, green, and red) which are blended by the viewer&#39;s eye to form a full color image. 
         [0004]    Throughout this specification, and consistent with the practice of the relevant art, the term pixel is used to designate a small area or dot of an image, the corresponding portion of a light transmission, and the portion of an imager producing that light transmission. 
         [0005]    The DLP imager  60  comprises a matrix of micro-mirrors, moveable between an angle that reflects light through the TIR prism  50  and into the projection lens system  70  at an angle that deflects the light so that it is not projected by the projection lens system  70 . Each micro-mirror reflects a pixel of light of a desired intensity depending upon a succession of flashes of that particular micro-mirror which in turn are responsive to a video signal addressed to the DLP imager  60 . Thus, in the DLP imager  60 , each micro-mirror or pixel of the imager modulates the light incident on it according to a gray-scale factor input to the imager or light engine to form a matrix of discrete modulated light signals or pixels. 
         [0006]    Until recently, one micro-mirror has been used for each pixel of the projected image and the grid of the array of square mirrors has been aligned parallel to the image edges. 
         [0007]    However, using Smooth Picture™ (Texas Instruments) technology, the grid of the micro-mirror array is rotated 45 degrees with respect to the image edges and the pixels appear as diamond shapes. The image formed by such an array is then displaced by a moveable optical component (mirror or lens) so as to appear in two sequential positions displaced by one half of the square pixel diagonal. Half of the picture detail is displayed in each of the sequential images. This allows resolution to be double the micro-mirror count. Micro-mirror count can be reduced allowing a lower cost imager for low end projectors while maintaining resolution. For high-end products (digital cinema or high end television products) the mirror count can remain high and the resolution can be doubled. 
         [0008]    The use of the color wheel introduces a visual artifact called the “Rainbow Effect”. 
         [0009]    Since the color flashes sequentially, the color of the still object on the display will separate on the retina of a person&#39;s eye during rapid eye movement (eye dart) which can be up to a rate of 800 degrees per second. The brain perceives this separation as multiple primary colored images of the object with differing luminance. The luminance bandwidth of the visual system is wide but it also has a low pass characteristic. As the speed of color flashing is increased, the angular separation of the retina images decreases and the sensitivity to luminance variation decreases. Above about 300o color flashes per second, assimilation occurs and the rainbow images appear to merge. Present single imager DLP™ systems run at less than 1000 color flashes per second so the rainbow effect is seen. 
         [0010]    Color flash speed is difficult to increase because micro-mirror physical mass limits the maximum off-on-off flip time which sets the least significant unit of digital grey scale without the use of dithering. With the 8-bit grey scale range used in home television projectors the maximum flash time is 255 times larger. For Smooth Picture™ each color must light each micro-mirror at least twice per 16.6 mS image. The flashes are distributed by increasing the number of color wheel segments to increase the flash rate to 6 or 9 flashes per 8.33 mS or 720 to 1075 flashes per second. 
         [0011]    Existing DLP imagers, however, suffer from several problems. The color wheel wastes light, as the light having the colors that are reflected by the color wheel is typically lost. Also, color separation or break-up artifacts degrade the image quality of the projection system, as described above. As such, a system for reducing color separation or breakup artifacts and/or having improved resolution is needed. 
       SUMMARY  
       [0012]    The present invention is directed to a controllable reflecting device having an array of bi-axial mirrors that are capable of pivoting in at least four directions. At least three primary colored light beams are directed at each of the bi-axial mirrors in three of the four pivoting directions, one for each of the primary colored light beams and a single colored beam is reflected and directed toward a projection lens. In the fourth pivoting direction, no color beam is directed to the projection lens and black is projected. The present reflecting device is useful for systems employing light emitting diode (LED) or flood beam laser light sources rather than a color wheel because such systems include multiple light sources that can be located at convenient angles to the reflecting plane. 
         [0013]    Each micro-mirror of the micro-mirror array is supported through a torsion pivot by a yoke attached by a second coplanar orthogonal torsion pivot to the mirror array support. The mirror and yoke are electrically conductive to a common node on the mirror array support shared by all the mirror/yoke assemblies. Under each mirror/yoke assembly the mirror array support has four plate areas electrically isolated from each other and the mirror/yoke assembly. In response to electrical signals from driver switches integrated in the mirror array support, these plate areas, driven in pairs, selectively provide an electric field with respect to the common node. This electric field attracts the mirror and yoke to facilitate movement of the mirror/yoke assembly to a desired reflecting state. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0014]    The invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying figures of which: 
           [0015]      FIG. 1  shows a diagrammatic view of an existing digital light pulse (DLP) projection system; 
           [0016]      FIG. 2  shows a diagrammatic view of a projection system according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention; 
           [0017]      FIG. 3A-3D  shows an exemplary bi-axial micro-mirror in four pivoting positions; 
           [0018]      FIG. 4 . shows one embodiment of a micro-mirror of the present invention; and 
           [0019]      FIG. 5A-5D  shows the four pivot positions for the micro-mirror shown in  FIG. 4 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0020]    The present invention provides a color projection system, such as for a television display, which produces color via a single micro-mirror imager device where color is selected from a plurality of primary color beams that approach the imager from a plurality of angles. 
         [0021]      FIG. 2  is a diagrammatic view of a projection system according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention. Three light primary color light sources R, G, B are each positioned to provide red, blue and green light beams to an imager  100 . The image from imager  100  is provided via a projection lens  200  to screen  300 . 
         [0022]    The imager is a Digital Micro-Mirror Device (DMD) including an array of micro-mirrors (not shown). Each micro-mirror of the array is a bi-axial micro-mirror. A bi-axial micro-mirror  110  has a plurality of digital positions, shown in  FIGS. 3A-3D , such that light from the color sources R, G, B is output onto projection lens  300 . At least one digital position of the mirror reflects darkness.  FIGS. 3A-3D , each show an exemplary micro-mirror  110  in various digital positions and the selection of darkness or one of red, green or blue. 
         [0023]    An exemplary embodiment of a micro-mirror  110  is shown in  FIG. 4 . The micro-mirror  110  is coupled by a yoke  120  attached to the array support  150 . A mirror torsion pivot  125  couples the micro-mirror  110  to the yoke  120  and a yoke torsion pivot  135  couples the yoke  120  to array support  150 . The micro-mirror  110  pivots on the mirror torsion pivot  125  so that the micro-mirror  110  moves at an angle with respect to a line normal to the yoke  120  upper surface. In one example, the micro-mirror can move +/−12 degrees with respect to a line normal to the yoke  120  upper surface. In addition the yoke  120  can move at an angle with respect to a line normal to the support  150  surface by means of the yoke torsion pivot  135 . Here again, the yoke  120  can move at +/−12 degrees with respect to a line normal to the support  150  surface. 
         [0024]    The mirror pivot  125  and the yoke pivot  135  are perpendicular to each other and in the same plane. This allows the micro-mirror  110  to move on two axes to the four positions illustrated in  FIGS. 3A-3D . 
         [0025]    Both the mirror pivot  125  and the yoke pivot  135  are electrically conductive torsion bars. The mirror  110  and the yoke  120  are also electrically conductive and connected to a common node on support  150 . Four independent electrically conductive plate areas  300 ,  400 ,  500 ,  600  on the support  150  surface underlie the four corners of the micro mirror  110 . The plate areas  300 ,  400 ,  500 ,  600  serve as attraction capacitance plates. In one embodiment, the plate areas  300 ,  400 ,  500 ,  600  are operated in pairs. For example, two plates  300 ,  500  to operate the yoke and two plates  400 ,  600  to operate the mirror, so that one of the four edges of the mirror  110  is selectively attracted toward the support  150  surface for selecting a color or darkness, as shown in  FIGS. 3A-3D . 
         [0026]    The beams of the three primary colors red (R), green (G) and blue (B) are directed toward the mirror  110  surface from angles that are twice the mirror deflection angle. Each beam enters from a different direction as shown in  FIGS. 3A-3D . In one embodiment, the beams of each of the three primary colors may be directed toward the mirror surface at an angle of about 24 degrees, which is twice the mirror deflection angle of +/−12 degrees. 
         [0027]    Referring to  FIGS. 5A-5D , when selecting a color or darkness, two of the conductive plate areas  300 ,  400 ,  500 ,  600  are neutral (N) with respect to the common node connected mirror/yoke structure and two of the conductive plate areas  300 ,  400 ,  500 ,  600  are active (+) with respect to the potential of the mirror  110  and the yoke  120 . The active (+) plates attract the yoke  120  and the mirror  110 . The actual voltages may be either positive or negative with respect to the mirror  110  and the yoke  120 . It is the field from the voltage difference that provides the attraction. The ability to develop a large electric field between the conductive plate areas  300 ,  400 ,  500 ,  600  and the mirror  110  and yoke  120  provides for a fast mirror position switching speed. 
         [0028]    The charge difference between the mirror and yoke produces a field between them with strength proportional to the voltage between them. This field seeks to minimize the distance between the plates areas. The process of moving the dual axis mirror involves voltage differences between the mirror and pairs of the control plates that are next to one another as shown in  FIGS. 5A-5D . Because the 2 axis are diagonal under the square mirror this causes one of the four mirror edges to move as close as possible to the mounting surface. N on a control plate means no voltage difference with respect to the mirror. Voltage pulses to facilitate attraction may be applied to the control plates via drivers integrated in the silicon under the mirrors. 
         [0029]    The mirror torsion pivot  125  and the yoke torsion  135  provide a restoring force that returns the mirror  110  to a neutral state parallel to the support  150  surface when there is no drive signal. Torsion pivot restoration is not a significant factor during imager operation. 
         [0030]    During an “eye dart”, a point on a person&#39;s retina can change position at up to 800 degrees/second. If color sampling is not fast enough to provide fusion, i.e., &lt;0.27 degrees/sample, color separation multiple images will be seen colored in the three primary colors. Prevention of this rainbow effect requires that either color flashing must be very fast or that different colors coexist and be evenly distributed so that color fusion can occur spatially. The micro-mirror array described herein can select multiple colors at the pixel level and can vastly increase the color flashing speed compared to a color wheel. The micro-mirror array described herein can also present color on the display sampled spatially. 
         [0031]    In one embodiment, using for example, Smooth Picture™ technology diamond shaped pixels, the vertical time frame is divided into two halves, one for each of the smooth picture images. Each half frame time is then divided into one or more sub-frame periods. Each sub-frame period can hold a maximum number of Least Significant Flashes (LSFs). One LSF is the fastest flash within the mechanical capability of the micro-mirror. The brightness produced by mirror flashes is the linear sum of the LSFs. A person&#39;s eye requires log-based brightness increases, so the input signal is gamma corrected. 
         [0032]    Darker parts of an image require a finer step size. The color selecting micro-mirror can switch colors (i.e., black-color-black or color 1-color 2-color 1) and produce a LSF at a rate similar to the LSF of a single axis micro-mirror (black-light-black). Such an arrangement allows the flashes to be time customized to the color peaks of the light source so as to produce white of a given color temperature. In one embodiment, a given light source may produce the desired white with 61% green, 31% red and 8% blue, so a dark gray may be 8 LSF green+4 LSF red+1 LSF blue. This is a “white packet”. The micro-mirror repeats this “white packet” color switching pattern building up a brighter and brighter white. This arrangement produces a maximum color switching speed for black and white images to satisfy the luminance sensitivity of the eye. If the pixel is colored, the white producing sequence ends as the desired intensity for one primary color is reached. The other two primary colors continue in their white pattern ratio until the desired intensity for the second primary is reached. Finally, the third primary continues until the desired intensity is satisfied. 
         [0033]    A large number of mirror movements are required for this approach. The present invention addresses this problem because the “white packet” sequence can be slowed down by lengthening each color flash while maintaining the white proportion. To avoid rainbows, the color sampling rate should exceed 3000 samples per second. For example, with LSFs of 5 μS, a minimum “white packet” in the above embodiment is 65 μS, giving 15385 samples per second. Lengthening the color sample in each white packet by a factor of 5 reduces the minimum “white packet” to 3077 color samples per second with one-fifth the number of mirror moves. 
         [0034]    For still images, color fusion occurs when adjacent primary color pixels are less than 0.12 degrees separated on the retina. This is the basis for color sub-pixel displays. Rainbow elimination can be achieved spatially if adjacent pixels are not showing the same color at the same time. This arrangement allows slower color flash sampling speeds without eye dart rainbows. For example, if RGB stripes are flashed than stepped one pixel perpendicular to the stripes twice in a frame time, each pixel properly shows all three colors, such that the stripes will not be seen and the colors will fuse. 
         [0035]    The foregoing illustrates some of the possibilities for practicing the invention. Many other embodiments are possible within the scope and spirit of the invention. It is, therefore, intended that the foregoing description be regarded as illustrative rather than limiting, and that the scope of the invention is given by the appended claims together with their full range of equivalents.