Abstract:
A direct current electrical circuit having a smart wire harness that has integrated electronics which measure both voltage and current through wires of the harness to detect and protect the electrical current from parallel and serial arc faults occurring within a protection zone. The protection zone is disposed directly between two smart connectors of the wire harness which are in communication with one another via a series of signal wires of the harness to detect serial or parallel arc faults within the protection zone. To measure serial arc faults, a voltage drop of the positive wire is measured at each smart connector and a difference taken which equals the serial arc voltage. If this voltage differential increases to a preset value, a switching device which provides power to the smart wire harness is opened. To detect parallel arc faults, that is those arcs which jump between the positive wire and the ground wire of the wire harness, a current is measured at both ends of the positive wire of the wire harness via the same smart connectors. If the ending current is less than the beginning current, signaling a parallel arc fault due to the arc resistance of the arc itself, the same switching device is opened.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD  
         [0001]    The present invention relates to an electrical circuit, and more particularly to a direct current electrical circuit having a smart wire harness capable of detecting arc faults.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    An automotive industry need exists to increase the electrical power capability for future vehicles. In fact, the automotive industry plans to increase direct current systems from 14 volts to 42 volts. The driving forces contributing toward this change are the need to reduce fuel consumption and the introduction of new electrical features. New power networks must accommodate the increase energy demand of comfort and security devices as well as the electrical needs of major systems such as braking, electric power steering and suspension systems. The introduction of a system voltage higher than approximately 20 volts, defined herein as high system voltage, forces considerable component and system changes regarding reliability and electrical safety. More specifically, the impact of a forty-two volt direct current network on electrical distributions systems and components focuses primarily on the arcing phenomenon. A need exists to protect wire harnesses from unwanted arc faults, which may occur as a result of cut, pinched or chaffed wiring.  
           [0003]    In the instance of a wire being cut or broken under an electrical load, an arc may be drawn between both ends. Such an arc is unwanted and unplanned for, and its extinction is uncertain. Therefore, severe damage may occur if the arc is sustained. This type of arc fault is called a series arc fault, as the arc is in series to the load. Hot unplugs due to vibrating loose connections fall into the same series arc fault category. Series arc faults cannot typically be cleared by fuses or circuit breakers.  
           [0004]    Arc faults in parallel to the load are identified as parallel arc faults. An example of parallel arc faults can be damaged wires drawing an arc to a ground potential, such as a chassis of an automobile. The insulation jacket of such wires might be broken due to aging or shaved, chaffed or pinched cable jackets. This type of arc fault is usually created by a temporary short circuit. The arc fault current however may thermally over load and damage contacts within the circuit due to low contact force resulting in melting and evaporating contact material followed by more arcing. The arc fault current, limited by the circuit impedance and the arc voltage, can be significantly lower than the trip current of the protection device such as a fuse or circuit breaker, so that the fault is cleared late depending on the time or current characteristics or in some cases not at all.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0005]    A direct current electrical circuit having a smart wire harness has integrated electronics which measure both voltage and current through wires of the harness which are located substantially within a protection zone. The protection zone is disposed directly between two smart connectors which are wired in series via the wire harness to detect serial or parallel arc faults within the protection zone. To measure serial arc faults, a voltage is measured at each smart connector and a difference taken which equals the serial arc voltage. If this differential voltage increases to a preset value, a switching device which provides power to the smart wire harness is opened. To detect parallel arc faults, that is those arcs which jump between a positive wire and a ground wire of the wire harness, the current is measured at both ends of a positive wire of the smart wire harness via the same smart connectors. If the ending current is less than the beginning current, signaling a parallel arc due to the arc resistance to the arc itself, the same switching device is opened.  
           [0006]    Preferably, the smart wire harness requires two signal wires to transfer the values of the end voltage and end current from the smart end connector to the first or the beginning smart connector. Depending upon the number of positive wires carried by the wire harness, a multiplexer can be used in the end smart connector and a demultiplexer can be used in the beginning smart connector to reduce the number of required signal wires.  
           [0007]    Features and advantages of the present invention include a smart wire harness which can be used in a high voltage system. Another advantage of the present invention is a relatively inexpensive and robust wire harness capable of detecting both serial and parallel arc faults and capable of reacting to such faults to prevent further circuit damage. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0008]    The present invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:  
         [0009]    [0009]FIG. 1 is a schematic of a simplified electrical circuit of the present invention illustrating a parallel arc fault and a serial arc fault both located within a protection zone;  
         [0010]    [0010]FIG. 2 is a schematic of the electrical circuit further detailing two voltage signal wires for the detection of serial arc faults;  
         [0011]    [0011]FIG. 3 is a schematic of the electrical circuit further detailing a current signal wire and a current sensor for the detection of parallel arc faults;  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 4 is a schematic of a second embodiment of an electrical circuit which utilizes a multiplexer and a de-multiplexer to eliminate one of the three signal wires of the first embodiment;  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 5 is a schematic of the second embodiment further detailing a second positive wire disposed in series to the first positive wire of FIG. 4; and  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 6 is a schematic of a third embodiment of an electrical circuit. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0015]    Referring to FIG. 1, a simplified electrical circuit  20  is illustrated having a direct current power source or battery  22  which experiences an integral electrical circuit resistance while powering a load  24 . The circuit  20  has a switching device  26  such as a relay wired in series between a circuit breaker or fuse  28  and the load  24 . The fuse  28  is designed to protect the circuit  20  including the switching device  26 , the load  24  and a smart wire harness  30  located substantially within a protection zone  32  shown in phantom. A first smart unit or connector  34  of the harness  30  is disposed directly adjacent to the protection zone  32  and generally between the zone  32  and the switch  26 . A second or end smart unit or connector  36  of the harness  30  is disposed directly adjacent to the protection zone  32  and generally between the zone  32  and the load  24 . Both smart connectors  34 ,  36  internally measure voltage drops and currents at positive and negative conductors or wires  38 ,  40  of the wire harness  30 . The positive wire  38  and the negative wire  40  of the wire harness  30  are routed in parallel through the protection zone  32  from the first to the second smart connectors  34 ,  36 . The smart units  34 ,  36  of the smart wire harness  30  may take the form of any housing which supports internal electronics or can be mating connectors having integrated electronics to detect arc faults and control the relay or power switch  26  or the circuit breaker  28 .  
         [0016]    To protect the wire harness  30 , the electrical circuit  20  is capable of distinguishing between two types of arc faults via the smart connectors  34 ,  36 . The first is a serial arc fault S and the second is a parallel arc fault P. Both are illustrated within the protection zone  32  acting upon the wire harness  30 . Because the fuse or circuit breaker  28  and power switch  26  are unable to protect the wire harness  30  during most serial or parallel arc fault scenarios, the first and second smart connectors  34 ,  36  measure voltage drops across the positive and negative wires  38 ,  40  internally and act to open the circuit breaker or power switch  26  when predefined voltage differentials are reached.  
         [0017]    In regards to serial arc faults S, they act in series to the load  24  reducing current due to the additional resistance within the circuit  20 . Such serial arc faults S may be created during the mating or unmating of circuit connectors  42  under load, a wire break, or a loose connection, such as a crimp or any other terminal connection in general. When using, for example, a forty-two volt battery power source  22 , a serial arc fault S may be assumed if the difference between a first voltage drop U F  measured internally across the first smart connector  34  minus a last voltage drop U L  measured internally across the second smart connector  36  exceeds approximately a predetermined voltage differential limit preferably within a range of eight to ten volts. The voltage difference is calculated via the following first equation:  
         A ΔU=U   F   −U   L ≧10V  
         [0018]    Of course a set point or predefined voltage differential limit of eight volts is more conservative than a voltage differential limit of ten volts (which is below the minimum arc voltage of most metals) and offers greater wire harness protection. However, even at eight volts, the normal operating voltage difference across the wire harness  30  is far below the eight volt threshold. Under normal operating conditions, the normal voltage difference across the wire harness  30  will be appreciably less than eight volts and can be calculated by the following equation:  
           ΔU=U   F   −U   n   =I   F (Σ R   wire,m   +ΣR   contact, m )  
         [0019]    In such an equation, the resistance of the wires  38 ,  40  within the wire harness  30  and the resistance contributed via contacts of connectors  42 , as best shown in FIG. 2, are summed and taken into consideration. For the above equation, U n  is the voltage drop at the last connector of the smart wire harness  30 , R wire,m  is the resistance of the positive wire  38  between two connectors, R contact,m  is the contact resistance of one connection, and “n” is the number of connectors  42  located within the protection zone  32 .  
         [0020]    A serial arc outside the protection zone  32 , for instance close to the load  24  cannot be detected by the smart connectors  34 ,  36 . Such a serial arc must be dealt with by normal switching operation of the switching device  26 . Moreover, all circuit breakers, switches and relays must be located outside the protection zone  32 , otherwise, a normal switching operation will be treated as a serial arc fault S.  
         [0021]    Referring to FIG. 2, the wire harness  30  requires two smart connectors  34 ,  36  and two signal wires  44 ,  46 . The two signal wires  44 ,  46  transfer the values of the last voltage drop U L  from the last or second smart connector  36  to the first smart connector  34  wherein the signals are processed and possible triggering of the switching device  26  is initiated. Signal wire  44  is connected electrically to the positive wire  38  within the smart connector  36  and signal wire  46  is connected electrically to the ground wire  40  inside the smart connector  36 . However, the electrical circuit  20  as illustrated in FIG. 2 is not capable of detecting parallel arc faults P within the protection zone  32  without a third signal wire.  
         [0022]    Referring to FIGS. 1 and 3 and in further regards to parallel arc faults P, an arc is generated between the positive and negative conductors  38 ,  40  of the wire harness  30 , which limits the circuit current due to its resistance. In this case, the limited current created by the parallel arc fault P is lower than the maximum current required to blow the fuse  28  or open the switching device  26 . Therefore, the fuse  28  and switching device  26  will not be able to detect the parallel arc fault P and thus will not be able to cut off power from the battery or power source  22 . Such parallel arc faults P are for instance caused by wet arc tracking failures which cannot be detected. Other failures include wire breaks, loose connections, touching other voltage levels or damaged or aging chaffed electrical insulation jackets of the wire harness  30 .  
         [0023]    In order to detect parallel arc faults P, a first or total system current I F  is measured across the positive conductor internal to the first smart connector  34 , and a second or last current I L  is measured across the positive conductor  38  internal to the last smart connector  36 . In the event of a parallel arc fault P, the arc generates a current path I P  parallel to the load, so the total circuit current I F  does not equal the last or load current I L . The parallel arc current I P  is thus defined as the difference between the total circuit current I F  minus the load current I L .  
         [0024]    As previously disclosed, arc fault detection is conducted via monitoring of voltages and currents at the beginning and at the end of the wire harness  30  and directly adjacent to the protection zone  32 . Whenever the difference in voltage exceeds the predetermined threshold voltage differential limit of eight volts and/or the current path I P  travelling through the parallel arc fault P exceeds a defined scatter of about 0.01 amps (this is in accordance with minimum arc current of carbon) the switching device  26  switches off the power from the battery  22  within a very short response time, generally in the area of milliseconds.  
         [0025]    Referring to FIG. 3, a further detail of the same electrical circuit  20  illustrated in FIG. 1 is shown which is necessary to detect parallel arc faults P. This detail includes a third signal wire  48  which is routed through the protection zone  32  between the first and last smart connectors  34 ,  36  for transferring the last or load current I L  from the last smart connector  36  to the first smart connector  34 . The last smart connector  36  also has an integral current detector  52  which generates the signal or last current I L  transferred via the signal wire  48  to a first channel or amplifier of a dual comparator  54  disposed internal to the first smart connector  34 . An integral current detector  50  of the first smart connector  34  measures the first current I F  and outputs the signal to the same channel of the dual comparator  54  to determine if a parallel arc fault P exists by determining the presence of the current path I P . The current detectors  50 ,  52  can be any variety of current detectors including that of a Hall or shunt sensor. A second channel or amplifier of the dual comparator  54  processes the voltage drops U F , U L  and calculates for the voltage differential limit.  
         [0026]    Referring to FIG. 4, a second embodiment of the electrical circuit  20 ′ is illustrated which utilizes a multiplexer  56  disposed within the second smart connector  36 ′ and a de-multiplexer  57  disposed within the first smart connector  34 ′ to eliminate the third or current signal wire  48  of the first embodiment. The signal wire  44 ′ serves to sequentially transfer the load current I L  (in the form of voltage) and the last voltage drop U F  of the positive wire  38 ′ at the last smart connector  36 ′ to the de-multiplexer  57  which then transfers the separated signals to the comparator  54 ′. The signal wire  46 ′, like the first embodiment, remains as the voltage reference leg and extends through both the multiplexer  56  and the de-multiplexer  57 . Of course, because the electric circuit  20 ′ is illustrated with only one positive wire  38 ′ within the protected harness  30 ′, the cost of the multiplexer  56  and the de-multiplexer  57  may be prohibitive, and thus the third signal wire  48  of the first embodiment may be preferred. However with multiple positive wires or conductors, multiplexing can be cost beneficial.  
         [0027]    Referring to FIG. 5, a first leg  68  is identified as having the fuse or circuit breaker  28 ′, the switching device  26 ′, the positive wire  38 ′, and the load  24 ′. A substantially identical second leg  70  is wired parallel to the first leg  68  and shares the common negative wire  40 ′ to complete the circuit. The second leg  70  is orientated within the first and last smart connectors  34 ′,  36 ′ and extends through the protection zone  32 ′ similarly to the first leg  68  and is thus similarly protected from arc faults. The multiplexer  56 , de-multiplexer  57  and the comparator  54  are constructed and arranged to operate or include the second leg  70 . As illustrated, the multiplexer  56  receives an additional current signal from a current detector  72  for the second leg  70  at the last smart connector  36 ′ and the comparator  54  receives an additional current signal from another current detector  74  for the second leg integrated into the first smart connector  34 ′. Therefore, the de-multiplexer  57  has five outputs which amount to: two current signals, two voltage signals, and a voltage reference signal.  
         [0028]    Because each leg  68 ,  70  has its own switching device  26 ′, the de-multiplexer outputs the current signal to two respective current amplifiers or sub-comparators of the comparator  54 , and likewise, the two voltage signals outputted from the de-multiplexer  57  are inputted to two respective voltage amplifiers or sub-comparators. With use of the multiplexer  56  and even though the electrical circuit  20 ′ has at least one additional second leg  70 , no additional signal wires are required from the previously described signal wires  44 ′ and  46 ′, of FIG. 4.  
         [0029]    Referring to FIG. 6, a third embodiment of an electrical circuit  20 ″ is illustrated which is grounded directly to, for instance, the chassis of an automobile. The chassis grounding eliminates the negative wire  40  of the first and second embodiments. Because the negative wire  40  is eliminated, the ground reference or voltage signal wire  46  is also eliminated. Instead, the circuit is grounded directly to, for instance, the chassis of an automobile. Furthermore, the positive legs  68 ″,  70 ″ are wired in series to, and thus share a common switching device  26 ″. That is, the legs  68 ″,  70 ″ do not each have an independent switch as does the second embodiment, instead, the common switch  26 ″ is utilized to cut power to both legs when an arc fault is detected.  
         [0030]    Coiled-type current detectors  50 ″ and  52 ″ of electrical circuit  20 ″ measure the respective combined current signals I L1 , I L2 of the positive wires  38 ″ of both legs  68 ″,  70 ″. The combined current signal is transferred to a comparator  81  of the dual comparator  54 ″ via the signal wire  48 ″ for comparison to a combined current signal, I F1 , I F2  measured by the current detector  50 ″. Similarly, a multiplexer  80  located preferably within the final smart connector  36 ″ is utilized to multiplex the voltage signals from both legs  68 ″,  70 ″ at the last smart connector  36 ″. The combined voltage signal is then delivered via the voltage signal wire  44 ″. A de-multiplexer within the first smart connector  34 ″ is not required because the multiplexer  80  adds the voltage signal which need not be separated as separate signals within the first smart connector  34 ″. The added voltage signal sent through signal wire  44 ″ is inputted into a comparator  82  of the dual comparator  54 ″. If a threshold voltage is reached, the switching device  26 ″ will open, thus cutting power to both legs  68 ″,  70 ″.  
         [0031]    Although the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed, various changes and modifications can be made thereto by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. For example, the signal wires can be replaced with a standard buss such as a Controller Area Network, CAN, or a Local Area Network, LAN, bus to communicate the measured values of current and voltages. It is also understood that the terms used here and are merely descriptive rather than limiting and that various changes maybe made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.