Abstract:
A baseband-derived RF predistortion system using a lookup table having coefficients extracted at baseband and then applied at RF by means of a vector modulator. The architecture combines the narrowband advantage of envelope predistortion with the accuracy of baseband predistortion, and including compensation for memory effects. A polynomial-based alternative is also described.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/012,416, filed Dec. 7, 2007, which is incorporated in full herein by reference, including attachments, for all purposes. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to power amplifiers for wireless communications systems, and more particularly relates to predistortion methods for linearizing the output of such power amplifiers. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Reliable mobile, or wireless, communication systems rely on clean and consistent transmission from base-stations under widely and rapidly changing conditions. Therefore, the radio frequency (RF) power amplifiers (PA) found in the base stations of such wireless communication systems have typically been the most critical and costly component. This is derived from the stringent requirements on spectrum and power efficiency of these transmitters, even though they are driven by wideband and highly varying signals. To meet the demanding specifications for these amplifiers, a number of linearization techniques have been implemented. One such linearization technique, called digital baseband predistortion, has been successfully implemented using digital signal processors. However, digital baseband predistortion has a disadvantage in that it requires the entire transmit path to be several times wider than the signal bandwidth due to the predistorted input. Therefore, this wideband transmit path demands a fast digital-to-analog converter (DAC) and wideband filters. Moreover, as the bandwidth of the input signal gets wider, the bandwidth requirement of the baseband predistortion system gets much wider. In contrast, the main advantage of RF envelope digital predistortion is that the transmit path doesn&#39;t need to be wideband. But RF envelope digital predistortion has the disadvantage that it requires additional components, such as an envelope detector and large RF delay lines, that create inaccuracy and loss, as well as increased cost and complexity. There has therefore been a need for a predistortion system that provides the desired precision without unnecessary cost and complexity. 
    
    
     
       THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1  illustrates in block diagram form an embodiment of the predistortion system of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates in block diagram form a test bench for establishing and verifying the operation of the system of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates in graphical form the measured spectra for the delay dependence of the system wherein 
       (a) represents the output of a power amplifier without predistortion 
       (b) represents the output of a power amplifier with one sample advanced 
       (c) represents the output of a power amplifier with one sample delayed 
       (d) represents the output of a power amplifier with coarse delay match. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates an alternative embodiment to the lookup table shown in  FIG. 1 , using a polynomial calculation. 
     
    
    
     SUMMARY 
     The present invention comprises a new architecture for a predistortion system that substantially removes the wideband requirements and potential distortions caused by the additional components typically required in the prior art. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed architecture achieves a reduction of adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) comparable to conventional baseband predistortion. The proposed architecture is suitable for the applications which require wide bandwidth (i.e., &gt;100 MHz). 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     A block diagram of an embodiment of the proposed system is shown in  FIG. 1 . A predistortion function, F, is derived at baseband as shown in the block  100  labeled Digital Baseband Processing, but applied to the output at RF. A vector modulator  105 , also indicated as VM, is employed to generate the predistorted signal based on the predistortion function. A magnitude calculation block  110  indexes an input signal in order to determine the proper correction coefficients at each instant either from a lookup table or a polynomial calculation. A digital delay component is able to compensate for the delay difference, τ d , between the predistorting path and the main transmit path, including memory effects. This delay mismatch between two paths should be compensated using delay calibration. 
     More particularly, an input signal is converted into I and Q components  120  and  125  in a conventional manner (and therefore not shown). The I and Q components are provided to a digital delay  130 , and also provided to the magnitude calculation block  110  as well as an adaptation algorithm block  135 . 
     In an embodiment as shown in  FIG. 1 , the magnitude calculation block and the adaptation algorithm block both provide inputs to a look-up table  140 , which has stored therein a database of correction coefficients appropriate to the range of operation of the system. As noted above, the LUT  140  supplies the correction factor appropriate to each value of the input to a pair of DAC&#39;s  145 A-B. The outputs of the DAC&#39;s  145 A-B are filtered in a pair of low pass filters  150 A-B, the outputs of which are provided to the vector modulator  105 . 
     In at least some embodiments, the LUT values are initially obtained via a calibration routine, whereby the output signal from the power amplifier is measured and the LUT coefficients are estimated so as to compensate for any nonlinear distortion created by the power amplifier. In such an embodiment, the LUT coefficients can be stored in the memory of either an FPGA or a DSP, and can be populated with a microprocessor or digital signal processor. In addition, the LUT coefficients can be updated by, as just one example, feeding the output of the power amplifier back to the baseband signal processor, where it is compared with the input signal, in response to which the lookup table value is updated. The feedback block shown in  FIG. 1  can also be implemented by, for example, down-converting the output of the power amplifier to baseband. The baseband signal can then be compared with the input signal and the resulting error will be used to update the LUT coefficients. As just one alternative, the output signal from the power amplifier can be spectrally monitored, and the the feedback signal will monitor the out-of-band distortion using a downconverter, bandpass filter and power detector. The output of the power detector can then be used to adjust the LUT values or, if a polynomial approach is used, to adjust the polynomial coefficients. 
     Referring to  FIG. 4 , an implementation of the invention using a polynomial approach can be better appreciated. Instead of using a lookup table as in  FIG. 1 , the output of the magnitude calculation block  110  is provided to a series of polynomials F 1I , F 1R , F 2I , F 2R , F NI , F NR  (each calculated in either the DSP or FPGA performing other processing), and then summed as shown. The result of the summation is then provided to the DAC&#39;s  145 A-B, just as with the output of the lookup table in  FIG. 1 . The remainder of the design is the same, and is therefore not repeated in  FIG. 4 . The polynomials can be expressed as
 
 F   1   {z}=α   11 +α 12   z+α   13   z   2 + . . . +α 1N   z   N−1  
 
and
 
 F   2   {z}=α   11 +α 12   z+α   13   z   2 + . . . +α 1N   z   N−1  
 
     As noted above, the polynomial coefficients are updated in the same manner as the updates to the lookup table described in connection with  FIG. 1 . It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the present invention, whether implemented using a polynomial approach, or the lookup table approach of  FIG. 1 , is able to compensate for memory effects in the power amplifier, thus providing substantially improved linearization over the prior art. 
     Referring still to  FIG. 1 , the output of the digital delay  130  is supplied to a quadrature modulator  155 , the output of which is supplied to a DAC  160 . The output of the DAC  160 , which takes the form shown in the graph  160 A, is provided to a low pass filter  165 , where it is modulated in mixer  170  with the signal f Io  as indicated at  175 , and then passed through bandpass filter  180 . The result is provided to the vector modulator  105 , which also receives the correction signals, including delay compensation, from the LPF&#39;s  150 A-B. The vector modulator output forms the envelope indicated in the graph  105 A, and is provided to the power amplifier  185 , the output of which is represented by the graph  185 A. The output is also sampled at  190 , and the sample is fed back along feedback path  195  as another input to the adaptation algorithm logic  135 , to permit the output signal to be monitored to ensure, among other things, that the values in the look-up table are updated if appropriate. 
     In some embodiments, the DAC  160  will preferably have at least twice bandwidth of the signal to be converted. 
     Delay mismatch: To see delay mismatch effects with respect to performance of the system, suppose the RF input, x(t), consists of two tones with a tone spacing (ω 2 −ω 1 ). The predistortion function, F, with delay mismatch, τ d , can be described as
 
 F ( t−τ   d )= a   1   +a   3   |x   e ( t−τ   d )| 2   =a   1 +½ a   3 +½ a   3  cos[(ω 2 −ω 1 ) t+ω   1 τ d ]  (1)
 
     where x e (t) is the envelope of the input signal, a&#39;s are the complex coefficients of the polynomials, and τ d  is the delay mismatch. It can be seen from (1) that the predistortion function requires the same bandwidth of the frequency spacing in order to compensate up to third order inter-modulation distortions (IMD). The predistorted input RF signal, x PD (t), then can be expressed as
 
 x   PD ( t )= x ( t ) F ( t−τ   d )  (2)
 
     After substituting (1) into (2), expending, and arranging it, it can be simply formulated as
 
 x   PD ( t )= b   1   S+b   3   S   u     —     IMD3 ∠−(ω 2 −ω 1 )τ d   +b   3   S   L     —     IMD3 ∠(ω 2 −ω 1 )τ d   (3)
 
     where b&#39;s are complex coefficients and S, S U     —     IMD3 , and S L     —     IMD3  denotes two tone RF input signals, third order upper IMD, and lower IMD components, respectively. From (3), depending on τ d , the phase of the upper IMD components is decreased by (ω 2 −ω 1 ) τ d  and the phase of the lower IMD parts increases by the same amount. 
     Experimental Results: A single carrier wideband code division multiplexing access (WCDMA) signal with 10 dB peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is used in the test bench shown in  FIG. 2  for the proposed structure of the predistortion system. The test bench consists of two electronic signal generators (Agilent E4433B and E4438C), a vector modulator (Analog Devices AD8341), a Doherty power amplifier with 300 WATTS peak envelope power (PEP) and 61 dB gain, a vector signal analyzer (Agilent VSA89641A), and a personal computer with MATLAB and advanced design system (ADS). The baseband in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) outputs on the rear panel of E4438C are connected into AD8341. The first source (E4433B) is considered as a master and its 10 MHz reference output is used by the slave source (E4438C) as a clock reference (10 MHz input). The RF input signal x(t) and the baseband derived signal or function F are synchronized based on the following procedures. A marker is placed at the beginning of the input signal file x(t) in the master source, so that a pulse is sent on the EVENT1 output every time that this marker is met. The EVENT1 output is connected to the pattern trigger input of the slave. In order to estimate delay difference, coarse delay calibration was performed based on delay measurements between the main path for the RF input signal and the baseband path for the predistortion function. The predistortion algorithm applied here is based on memoryless fifth order polynomial using indirect learning. 
       FIG. 3  shows the measurements results for the digital predistortion system of the present invention. The system reduces the distortions around 15 dB as seen from curves (a) and (d) in  FIG. 3 , and the performances with respect to delay dependence are represented in (b) and (c). With one sample (26 nsec) advanced and one sample delayed intentionally to investigate effects on delay, the system performances are degraded by around 4 dB to 10 dB. This verifies that delay mismatch is detrimental to the proposed system performance like RF envelope digital predistortion. However, using the system of the present invention, the delay can be substantially perfectly matched using digital delay, unlike RF envelope digital predistortion which utilizes analog RF delay lines. 
     Having fully described an embodiment of the invention and various alternatives, those skilled in the art will recognize, given the teachings herein, that numerous alternatives and equivalents exist which do not depart from the invention. It is therefore intended that the invention not be limited by the foregoing description, but only by the appended claims