Abstract:
The invention proposes a Subpixel Scroll method, which optically shifts the position of the mirror elements to the projection axis by one subpixel size each, with an additional 45° mirror between DMD and projection optics. The 45° mirror is shifted by ¼ mirror element width by means of a controllable actuator. The size of this change of position and the time are synchronized in such a way by the position indicator signals of the scan sled that the mirror element seems to stand relative to the substrate surface element. This resetting is however not bound to the DMD-switching speed of 10 kHz. Among other advantages, the invention reduces the blur at the edge transition by the higher resolution and facilitates a higher scan velocity, whereby the scan velocity depends on the dynamics of the actuator, the effective UV-power of the UV-source and the sensitivity of the photosensitive polymer.

Description:
The present application is the U.S. National Stage of PCT Patent Application no PCT/IB2006/001095 which claims priority under the Paris Convention to prior filed U.S. Provisional Patent Application, Ser. No. 60/677,019, filed 2 May 2005, the contents of both of which are incorporated herein by reference thereto and relied upon. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is in the field of radiation imaging and devices and processes therefor. More specifically, the present invention relates to forming the likeness of an instrumented phenomenon in a receiver wherein the radiation produces a chemical reaction, and still more specifically relates to the maskless transfer of patterns onto photosensitive substrates. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In the production of microelectronic devices, photo-lithographic methods are used to transfer patterns onto photosensitive substrates to produce integrated circuits. A device suitable for maskless photo-lithographic pattern transfer is a “digital mirror device” (DMD), e.g. from Texas Instruments. A DMD comprises a micro-mirror array having about 1 million individually adjustable mirror elements. Tilting the mirror elements of the mirror array produces a pattern of radiating and not radiating mirror elements, which pattern is imaged with a projection optics or ray trap means onto the photosensitive substrate. Under computer control, various patterns can be produced and be maskless photo-lithographically transferred to the substrate. With a reproduction ratio of 1:1, a substrate surface of ˜10×14 mm is exposed. 
     The state of the art in the use of DMD&#39;s for the maskless lithographic transfer uses two principle methods in order to expose larger substrate surfaces: (1) the static step-and-repeat method, and (2) the scrolling method. The step- and repeat method (1) splits the picture information of the entire substrate into ˜10×14 mm partial fields, which are transferred consecutively with the illumination optics, with accurate edges onto the substrate. The continuous scrolling method (2) can be described as the exposure of a substrate surface element (pixel) by a mirror element. Mirror element and substrate surface element move relatively to each other with precisely controlled speed. 
     In order for the photolithographically produced substrate a surface element having the same length as the mirror element (with magnification 1:1), the relative movement may only have exactly one mirror element length. This condition is realized by the characteristic of the mirror array to be able to load new image information while the last image is still kept as pattern on the mirror elements. If due to this a pattern, set back by one mirror element, is loaded and switched through after a relative movement of a mirror element length of mirror array and substrate with respect to each other, a scrolling method develops, with which the mirror pattern appears to stand with respect to the substrate. However, a blur of pixel width develops at each edge. 
     Both methods have disadvantages. With the step-and-repeat method thousands of :-exact positionings have to be carried out, leading to more complex mechanics and to large dead times. The scrolling method accomplishes the uniform feed motion at the cost of “smeared” edge transitions and with a scan velocity limited by the mirror switching frequency, for example with a imaging ratio of 1:1˜135 mm/second. The mentioned scrolling methods additionally require a precisely controlled speed, thus inexpensive toothed belt drives are not usable. Accelerating and deceleration above the substrate during the exposure are not possible. 
     The state of the art is defined principally by U.S. Pat. No. 5,672,464, and U.S. Pub. Nos. 2005/0041229A, 2002/0012110A1, and 2005/0046819A1, the contents of which are incorporated by reference hereto and relied upon. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is a “Subpixel Scroll Method,” which uses an additional 45° mirror between DMD and projection optics to optically shift the position of the mirror elements relative to the projection axis by one subpixel size each. In a preferred embodiment, the 45° mirror is shifted by ¼ the width of a mirror element by a controllable actuator. The size of this change of position and the time point are synchronized by the position indicator signals of the scan sled in such a way that the mirror element (as with the standard scrolling method) seems to stand relative to the substrate surface element. Differently than with the standard scrolling method is the resetting, which however is not bound to the DMD switching speed of 10 kHz. Due to its higher resolution, the present invention reduces the blur at the edge transition and makes a higher scan velocity possible, whereby the scan velocity depends on the dynamics of the actuator, the effective UV-power of the UV source and the sensitivity of the photosensitive polymer. A further advantageous function of the present invention is the possibility of transferring a pattern with higher resolution than given by the mirror element size. For an increase of the resolution in X (scan direction) and Y (perpendicular to the scan direction) two mirror actuators are necessary, which work in X and Y. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows a diagram of the maskless photo-lithographic system, which implements the subpixel scroll method disclosed by the invention. 
         FIG. 2   a  shows a Spacial Light Modulator with 3 mirror elements. 
         FIG. 2   b  shows the status after the 1st step of correction. The mirror actuator  202  has shifted the bundle of UV rays  200  of the mirror element  201   a  by ½ pixel. However, the bundle of UV rays  200  has the same position relative to the substrate surface element  210  as in  FIG. 2   a.    
         FIG. 2   c  shows the condition after the 2nd step of correction. The sequence was similar to that of  FIGS. 2   a  and  2   b.    
         FIG. 2   d  shows the condition after the 3rd step of correction. The sequence was similar to that of  FIGS. 2   a ,  2   b  and  2   c.    
         FIG. 2   e  illustrates the resetting step (zero-resetting phase) of the sequence. 
         FIG. 2   f  shows a mirror element pattern. 
         FIG. 3   a  shows a substrate surface  301  and a mirror element  302 , which exposes substrate surface element  303  with the deflection mirror in zero position and substrate surface element  304  with a deflection mirror deflected in X/Y. 
         FIG. 3   b  shows a substrate surface—a program for processing of pixels produces a mirror pattern that exposes  301  as far possible with substrate surface elements  303 . 
         FIG. 3   c  shows yet another substrate surface—for the non-exposed partial surfaces of the substrate surface a mirror pattern is then produced by the program, which exposes these surfaces as far as possible with substrate surface elements  304 . 
         FIG. 3   d  shows the distribution of the exposure in the substrate surface after the exposures shown if  FIGS. 3   b  and  3   c.    
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Referring now to the drawings, the details of preferred embodiments of the present invention are graphically and schematically illustrated. Like elements in the drawings are represented by like numbers, and any similar elements are represented by like numbers with a different lower case letter suffix. 
     Referring now to of  FIG. 1 , a maskless lithographic system is shown, which implements the Subpixel Scroll method disclosed by the invention. This lithographic system contains a UV radiation source  103 , a UV condensor optic  104 , a Spatial Light Modulator (SLM)  101  (in this implementation, the SLM is a digital mirror device (DMD), see for example, the Discovery 1100™ of Texas Instruments), a UV projection lens system  105  and a 45° mirror actuator  102 . The beams reflected by the SLM  101  are optically shifted along the projection axis  208  controlled by the 45° mirror actuator  102 . Additionally,  FIG. 1  shows the control system of digital signal processor (DSP) and free programmable logic array (FPLA)  111 , that controls all functions of the lithographic system. In a computer system (PC)  114  the layout data of a pixel pattern are prepared. 
     For a preferred substrate format 600×500 mm and a preferred resolution of 12.7: per pixel, the size of the prepared data set is about 275 megabyte. This amount of data is transferred via a fast communication means  112  to the RAM  113 . The exact distance d of the projector optics  105  to the substrate  110  is measured and adjusted constantly by the distance substrate projector feature  106  of the DSP/FPLA  111 . Before beginning the exposure, each new substrate  110  is measured :-exactly and aligned to the scan direction of the scan sled  108  by the substrate alignment feature  107  of the DSP/FPLA  111 . The linear measuring system  109  supplies the trigger signals for the :-exact synchronisation of all switching processes of the SLM  101 , and the optical displacement of the reflected UV beams  200  by the mirror actuator  102 . 
     The synchronization of all switching processes with only the position indicator signals makes the :-exact lithographic transfer of the patterns independent of the speed of the projection optics relative to the substrate. At low speed about the point of reversal of the scan direction, the UV energy is controlled by variation of the on-off relationship of the mirror elements  201 . 
       FIGS. 2   a - 2   f  show the process of the present subpixel scroll method with the exposure of a substrate surface element by three mirror elements. In this example, each step of correction by the 45° mirror actuator amounts to 0.5 pixels (6.35:). In the embodiment illustrated in the figures, the 45° mirror actuator has a total correction potential of 2 pixels, i.e., after four steps of correction of 0.5 pixels each, the 45° mirror actuator must be pulled back to the zero value (reset). However, any number of correction steps may be practiced in the present invention under appropriate process control and scale of the actuator mirror  102 . The subpixel scroll method is described with the drawings  FIGS. 2   a - 2   f.    
       FIG. 2   a  shows an exemplary SLM  101  with three mirror elements  201 . The mirror element in ON-position (hatched)  201   a  reflects a bundle of UV rays  200  via the 45° mirror actuator  202  through the projection optics  205  and onto the associated substrate surface element  210 .  FIG. 2   a  shows the beginning step of the exposure process. With the 45° mirror actuator  202  at the starting position, substrate  210  and projection optics  205  are moving relative to each other. The path traveled is :-exactly measured with the linear position indicator  209 . If a part of the path of 0.5×pixel length=6.35 : is left behind, a correction signal is applied to the 45° mirror actuator  202  by the FPLA/DSP control system  111 . The movement of the 45° mirror actuator  202  compensates the shift accumulated in the cycle  2   a  between the substrate  210  and the projection optics  205 . During the relative movement of 0.5 pixels, the surface of the substrate surface element was smeared about 0.5 pixels. 
       FIG. 2   b  shows the situation after a 1st step of correction: the mirror actuator  202  has shifted the bundle of UV rays  200  of mirror element  201   a  by ½ pixel. The bundle of rays  200  impinges on the same position of the substrate  210  as in the beginning step of the process shown in  FIG. 2   a.    
       FIG. 2   c  shows the situation after the 2nd step of correction, the process was similar to that shown in  FIGS. 2   a  and  2   b , and the bundle of rays  200  impinges on the same position of the substrate  210  as in the beginning step of the process. 
       FIG. 2   d  shows the situation after the n-th step of correction, the process was similar to that shown in  FIGS. 2   a ,  2   b  and  2   c . Additional steps of correction are possible under appropriate process control and scale of the actuator mirror  102 . 
     However, in this example, the mirror actuator  202   a  only has a total correction potential of 2.0 pixels. After the carrying out a maximum of four correction step (the n-th correction step of  FIG. 2   d ), the mirror actuator must be put back to zero-position.  FIG. 2   e  describes the sequence of this zero-resetting phase. After the end of the n-th step of correction, all mirror elements  201  are switched off by the clear-function of the DMD. After switching-off the mirror elements  201   a , the mirror actuator  202  can be run down to zero without stray exposure of the substrate. At the same time, the next mirror element pattern (e.g., of  FIG. 2   f ) is prepared within the logic area of the SLM  101 . 
       FIG. 2   f . After having reached the zero position of the mirror actuator  202 , the linear measuring system  109  triggers edge-exactly after 2 pixel lengths (25.4:) the switching in of the mirror element pattern of  2   f . The sequence of exposure for substrate pixel  210  repeats itself now. 
     The Subpixel Scroll method exposes a substrate surface element  210  of the substrate  110  while exposure optics and substrate move relative to each other. The blur of the substrate surface element edge depends on the number of correction steps per substrate surface element, can thus amount to 1/10 the width of the substrate surface element ( 1/20 mil). 
     The speed of the exposure system is not limited to switching frequency×substrate surface element width, as with known scrolling methods. The maximum scan velocity and thus the exposure time for the entire substrate depends on the correction potential of the mirror actuator, the switching time for loading of a new pattern in the DMD, the resist sensitivity and the effective UV power on the substrate. 
       FIGS. 3   a - 3   d  show the method for the improvement of the resolution, a more advantageous function of the Subpixel scroll method, the increase of the resolution of the pixel pattern by using of a mirror actuator with deflection possibility in X/Y. The Subpixel Scroll method is advantageous because it increases the resolution of the pixel pattern by usage of a mirror actuator with deflection possibility in X/Y. A substrate surface  301  is to be exposed, which is larger than two substrate surface elements and has edges, which lie in the raster 0.5×width of the substrate surface element. For known maskless lithographic procedures the resolution is fixed by the size of the mirror elements, the smallest raster thus is 1×width of the substrate surface element. 
     In particular,  FIG. 3   a  shows a substrate surface  301  and a mirror element  302 , which exposes substrate surface element  303  with the deflection mirror in zero position and substrate surface element  304  with a deflection mirror deflected in X/Y. 
     In  FIG. 3   b , a program for processing of pixels generates a mirror pattern that exposes the surface substrate  301  as far as possible with substrate surface elements  303 . 
     In  FIG. 3   c , for the non-exposed partial surface of the substrate surface, then a mirror pattern is generated by the program, which exposes these surfaces as far as possible with substrate surface elements  304 . In the corners partial surface squares with an edge length of 0.5×width of a substrate surface element can remain unexposed. 
       FIG. 3   d  shows the distribution of the exposure energy in the substrate surface after the exposure illustrated in  FIGS. 3   b  and  3   c.    
     In order to avoid unnecessary scan paths, the process steps illustrated in  FIGS. 3   b  and  3   c  should alternate after having carried out a  FIG. 2  cycle during the exposure of the substrate surface. The higher resolution of this method is accomplished by doubling of the exposure time. By introduction of further partitioning steps and exposure passages the resolution potentially can be increased at will. 
     In an advantage, the present invention reduces the blur at the edge transition and makes a higher scan velocity possible, whereby the scan velocity depends on the dynamics of the actuator, the effective UV-power of the UV source and the sensitivity of the photosensitive polymer. 
     In another advantage, the present invention provides the possibility of transferring a pattern with higher resolution than given by the mirror element size. 
     Multiple variations and modifications are possible in the embodiments of the invention described here. Although certain illustrative embodiments of the invention have been shown and described here, a wide range of modifications, changes, and substitutions is contemplated in the foregoing disclosure. In some instances, some features of the present invention may be employed without a corresponding use of the other features. Accordingly, it is appropriate that the foregoing description be construed broadly and understood as being given by way of illustration and example only, the spirit and scope of the invention being limited only by the appended claims.