Abstract:
There is provided a collector for guiding light with a wavelength of ≦193 nm onto a plane. The collector includes a first mirror shell for receiving a first ring aperture section of the light and irradiating a first planar ring section of the plane with a first irradiance, and a second mirror shell for receiving a second ring aperture section of the light and irradiating a second planar ring section of the plane with a second irradiance. The first and second mirror shells are rotationally symmetrical and concentrically arranged around a common axis of rotation, the first and second ring aperture sections do not overlap with one another, the first planar ring section substantially abuts the second planar ring section, and the first irradiance is approximately equal to the second irradiance.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    The present application is claiming priority of German Patent Application No. 101 02 934.9, filed on Jan. 23, 2001; German Patent Application No. 101 27 298.7, filed on Jun. 6, 2001; and German Patent Application No. 101 38 313.4, filed on Aug. 10, 2001. 
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0003]    The invention concerns a collector for illumination systems with a wavelength of &lt;193 μm, preferably &lt;126 nm, and, particularly preferred, wavelengths in the extreme ultra-violet (EUV) range. A plurality of rotationally symmetrical mirror shells is arranged concentrically around a common axis of rotation. Light, regarded as being partitioned into a plurality of ring aperture sections, is received by the plurality of mirror shells, such that one of the ring aperture sections is assigned to each mirror shell. Each of the mirror shells, in turn, irradiates a planar ring section in a plane. Thus, there is an assignment or a correspondence between a ring aperture section, a mirror shell and a planar ring section. In addition, the invention also makes available an illumination system with such a collector, a projection exposure system with an illumination system according to the invention, as well as a method for the exposure of microstructures.  
           [0004]    2. Description of the Prior Art  
           [0005]    Nested collectors for wavelengths of &lt;193 nm, particularly wavelengths in the range of x-rays have been made known from a plurality of publications.  
           [0006]    Thus, U.S. Pat. No. 5,768,339 shows a collimator for x-rays, wherein the collimator has several nested paraboloid-shaped reflectors. The collimator according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,768,339 serves for the purpose of forming an isotropically emitted beam bundle of an x-ray light source into a parallel beam.  
           [0007]    A nested collector for x-rays has become known from U.S. Pat. No. 1,865,441, which serves for the purpose of collimating isotropic x-rays emitted by a source into a parallel beam bundle, as in the case of U.S. Pat. No. 5,768,339.  
           [0008]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,763,930 shows a nested collector for a pinch-plasma light source, which serves for the purpose of collecting the radiation emitted by the light source and bundling it in a light guide.  
           [0009]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,745,547 shows several arrangements of multichannel optics, which serve for the purpose of bundling into one point the radiation, particularly x-ray radiation, due to multiple reflections coming from a source.  
           [0010]    In order to achieve a particularly high transmission efficiency, the invention according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,745,547 proposes elliptically shaped reflectors.  
           [0011]    An arrangement has become known from DE 30 01 059 C2 for use in x-ray lithography systems, and this arrangement has nested parabolic mirrors arranged between the x-ray source and the mask. These mirrors are arranged in such a way that the divergent x-ray radiation will be formed into a parallel-running output beam bundle.  
           [0012]    The arrangement according to DE 30 01 059 in turn serves only for the purpose of obtaining a good collimation for x-ray lithography.  
           [0013]    The arrangement of nested reflectors, which has become known from WO 99/27542, in an x-ray proximity lithography system serves for the purpose of refocusing the light of a light source, so that a virtual light source is formed. The nested reflectors may have an ellipsoid form.  
           [0014]    A nested reflector for high-energy photon sources has become known from U.S. Pat. No. 6,064,072, which serves for the purpose of shaping the divergent x-ray radiation into a parallel beam bundle.  
           [0015]    WO 00/63922 shows a nested collector, which serves for the purpose of collimating the neutron beam.  
           [0016]    A nested collector for x-ray radiation has become known from WO 01/08162, which is characterized by a surface roughness of the inner reflecting surface, of the individual mirror shells, of less than 12 A rms. The collectors shown in WO 01/08162 also comprise systems with multiple reflections, particularly also Wolter systems, and are characterized by a high resolution, as is required, for example, for x-ray lithography.  
           [0017]    For illumination optics to be used in EUV lithography, such as, for example, shown in DE 199 03 807 or WO 99/57732, in addition to resolution, high requirements are also placed on regularity or uniformity and telecentry. In such systems, the light of the light source is collected by a collector for specific light sources.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0018]    The object of the present invention is to provide a collector for an illumination system for microlithography with wavelengths of &lt;193 nm, preferably &lt;126 nm, and particularly preferred, for wavelengths in the EUV range, which complies with the high requirements for uniformity and telecentry that are required for illumination optics. Especially in EUV-lithography, the illumination should be as homogeneous as possible.  
           [0019]    According to the invention, this object is solved by a collector with an object-side aperture that receives light emitted from a light source and comprises a plurality of rotationally symmetrical mirror shells that are arranged concentrically around a common axis of rotation giving a so-called nested collector. An area to be illuminated lies in a plane. The area is partitioned into a plurality of planar ring sections, also denoted as ring elements. Ring aperture sections of the light, also denoted as ring aperture elements, do not overlap and they may have spatial gaps therebetween, whereas the planar ring sections substantially abut one another. That is, given two adjacent planar ring sections, one being an inner section and the other an outer section, the outer perimeter of inner planar ring section substantially abuts the inner perimeter of outer planar ring section.  
           [0020]    For example, consider a case of two such mirror shells. A first of the mirror shells receives a first ring aperture section of the light and irradiates a first of the planar ring sections, and a second of the mirror shells receives a second ring aperture section of the light and irradiates a second of the planar ring sections. The dimensions of the mirror shells in the direction of the axis of rotation as well as the surface parameters and the positions of the mirror shells are selected so that the irradiances of the individual planar ring sections are approximately equal to one another.  
           [0021]    The inventors have recognized that a uniform illumination to a great extent can be achieved in a pregiven area of a plane by configuring a nested collector according to the invention. It is particularly preferred that the mirror shells are an aspheric annular segment, especially an ellipsoid, a paraboloid or a hyperboloid. A completely parallel beam bundle and thus a light source lying in infinity results for a paraboloid. For example, if one wishes to produce secondary light sources by means of a first optical element with first raster elements, which is arranged in the plane to be illuminated according to U.S. Pat. No. 6,198,793 B1, the disclosure content of which is fully incorporated into the present application, then in the case of mirror shells, which are shaped as ring-shaped segments of a paraboloid, the individual raster elements must have a collecting or convergent effect.  
           [0022]    The convergent effect may also be transferred to the collector. Such a collector according to the invention would comprise shells, which are segments cut out from ellipsoids, so that a convergent beam bundle is formed. By transferring the convergent effect to a collector, which comprises shells that are segments cut out from ellipsoids, the first raster elements of the first optical element can be formed, for example, as planar facets.  
           [0023]    Collectors with shells, which are segments cut out from hyperboloids, lead to a divergent beam bundle and are then particularly of interest, if the collector is to be dimensioned as small as possible.  
           [0024]    In contrast to the nested collectors according to the prior art, the collector according to the invention is characterized in that the dimensions of the reflectors of the different shells are different in the direction of the axis of rotation. Thus, an extensively homogeneous illumination can be produced in an annular region in the plane to be illuminated. If the dimensions and distances of the reflectors are substantially the same as in the prior art cited in the introductory part of this document, then, for example, a collimated beam or a focused beam can be achieved, while a homogeneous illumination in an annular region, in contrast, cannot be provided. In addition, the reflection losses that are dependent on angle of incidence can be compensated for by a suitable design of the collector, so that a homogeneous illumination is provided in a pregiven plane.  
           [0025]    In a preferred embodiment of the collector according to the invention, the position of an outer mirror shell has a longer distance to the plane to be illuminated than the position of an inner mirror shell. In this application the mean value of the initial point and the end point of a shell referred to the axis of rotation of the collector is understood as the position of a mirror shell. Inner mirror shells are understood in this application as those mirror shells that have the shorter distance to the axis of rotation with regard to two mirror shells, an inner mirror shell and an outer mirror shell. Since homogenization is also achieved with the nested collectors only in a discrete approximation, it is of advantage if the collector comprises as many shells as possible. Preferably, the collector according to the invention has more than four, particularly preferred, more than seven, and most particularly preferred, more than ten reflectors in a nested arrangement.  
           [0026]    In case of an isotropically emitting light source, the collector according to the invention assures that the same angular segments are imaged on the same surfaces. In addition, the reflection losses that are dependent on angle of incidence can be compensated for by a suitable design of the collector, so that a homogeneous illumination is provided in the plane to be illuminated.  
           [0027]    In a case of a non-isotropic source, the irradiation characteristic can be converted by the collector into a homogeneous illumination.  
           [0028]    In a preferred embodiment, the radial dimensions of at least two planar ring sections are of equal size, while the dimension in the direction of the axis of rotation of the mirror shell of the collector that is assigned to the inner planar ring section is larger than the dimension in the direction of the axis of rotation of the mirror shell of the collector assigned to the outer planar ring section. The inner planar ring section is understood as the planar ring section that has the shorter distance to the axis of rotation of two planar ring sections, an inner and an outer planar ring section.  
           [0029]    Advantageously, the collector according to the invention is configured such that the quotient of a first ratio of the radial dimension of a first planar ring section to the angular extent of the assigned ring aperture section and a second ratio of the radial dimension of a second planar ring section to the angular extent of the assigned ring aperture section is of the same magnitude as the quotient of a first radiant intensity, which flows into the first ring aperture section, and of a second radiant intensity, which flows into the second ring aperture section, i.e., the following equation applies:  
                  A   1              Ω   1         ÷            A   2              Ω   2           =       I        (     α   1     )       ÷     I        (     α   2     )                               
 
           [0030]    In an alternative embodiment of the invention, provision is made to form the nested mirror shells in such a way that multiple reflections occur at one mirror shell.  
           [0031]    The reflection angles can be kept small by multiple reflections at one shell.  
           [0032]    The reflectivity behaves nearly linearly with the angle of incidence relative to the surface tangent in the case of reflection under grazing incidence with small angles of incidence of less than 20° relative to the surface tangent in materials such as molybdenum, niobium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium or gold. This means that the reflection losses for a reflection, for example, at 16° or for two reflections at 8° are approximately the same. For the maximally achievable aperture of the collector, however, it is advantageous to use more than one reflection.  
           [0033]    Particularly preferred are systems with two reflections. Collectors with two reflections can be formed, for example, as nested Wolter systems with first mirror shells, which are annular segments cut out from hyperboloids, and second mirror shells, which are annular segments cut out from ellipsoids.  
           [0034]    Wolter systems are known from the literature, for example, from Wolter, Annalen der Physik 10, 94-114, 1952. In the case of Wolter systems with a real intermediate image of the source, which is formed by the combination of a hyperboloid surface with an ellipsoid surface, reference is made to J. Optics, vol. 15, 270-280, 1984.  
           [0035]    A particular advantage of Wolter systems is that a maximum collection aperture of up to NA max  of approximately 0.985 corresponding to an aperture angle of 80° can be selected in the case of a Wolter system with two reflections with incidence angles smaller than 20° relative to the surface tangent. In such a case one is still in the high-reflecting region of the reflection under grazing incidence with a reflectivity &gt;70%.  
           [0036]    In a first embodiment of the invention, the first ring-shaped segment and the second ring-shaped segment of a shell are not continuously fit together, but an unused region of the mirror shell, a so-called gap, lies between the first and the second ring-shaped segments.  
           [0037]    In addition to the collector, the invention also makes available an illumination system with such a collector. The illumination system is preferably a double faceted illumination system with a first optical element with first raster elements and a second optical element with second raster elements, as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,198,793 B1, the disclosure content of which is fully incorporated by reference into the present document.  
           [0038]    The first and/or second raster elements can be planar facets or facets with convergent or divergent effect.  
           [0039]    In one embodiment of the invention, only a ring-shaped area is illuminated on the first optical element with first raster elements. The first raster elements are then preferably arranged inside the ring-shaped area.  
           [0040]    The illumination system comprising the collector according to the invention preferably is used in a projection exposure system for microlithography, wherein such a projection exposure system is shown for example in PCT/EP 00/07258, the disclosure content of which is fully incorporated in the present application. Projection exposure systems comprise a projection objective arranged in the light path after the illumination device, for example, a 4-mirror projection objective as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,244,717 BI, the disclosure content of which is fully incorporated in the present application. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0041]    The invention will be described by example on the basis of the drawings, without any restriction. Here:  
         [0042]    [0042]FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a collector;  
         [0043]    [0043]FIG. 2 shows a diagram of a ring aperture section around a light source;  
         [0044]    [0044]FIG. 3 shows a diagram of planar ring sections in a plane to be illuminated;  
         [0045]    [0045]FIG. 4 shows a nested collector comprising ellipsoid segments;  
         [0046]    [0046]FIG. 5 shows a nested collector comprising ellipsoid segments with a different number of shells than in FIG. 4;  
         [0047]    [0047]FIG. 6 shows a refractive nested collector;  
         [0048]    [0048]FIG. 7 shows the i th  ellipse segment of a nested collector;  
         [0049]    [0049]FIG. 8 shows the family of ellipses of a nested collector according to the embodiment in Table 1;  
         [0050]    [0050]FIG. 9 shows the reduction ratio β of the embodiment according to Table 1 as a function of the image-side aperture angle;  
         [0051]    [0051]FIG. 10 shows the reduction ratio β of the embodiment according to Table 1 as a function of the radius r in plane 7 in the x-direction;  
         [0052]    [0052]FIG. 11 shows a projection exposure system with a nested collector according to the invention;  
         [0053]    [0053]FIG. 12 shows an illumination distribution or irradiance of the planar ring sections in the plane of the first raster elements of the projection exposure system according to FIG. 11 as a function of the radial distance to the axis of rotation z of the system;  
         [0054]    [0054]FIG. 13 shows a projection exposure system with an intermediate image with a nested collector;  
         [0055]    [0055]FIG. 14 shows the reduction ratio P of an 8-shell nested Wolter system according to FIG. 17;  
         [0056]    [0056]FIG. 15 shows three shells of a nested Wolter system;  
         [0057]    [0057]FIG. 16 shows two shells of a nested Wolter system;  
         [0058]    [0058]FIG. 17 shows an 8-shell nested Wolter system;  
         [0059]    [0059]FIG. 18 shows a diagram with the coordinates of a collector shell, designed as a Wolter system with two reflections;  
         [0060]    [0060]FIG. 19 shows the illumination distribution or irradiance of the planar ring sections in the plane of the first raster elements of a system according to FIG. 20 with a collector according to FIG. 17;  
         [0061]    [0061]FIG. 20 shows an EUV projection exposure system with a nested collector according to FIG. 17;  
         [0062]    [0062]FIG. 21 shows coordinate systems of all mirrors of the EUV projection exposure system according to FIG. 20 with the nested collector according to FIG. 17;  
         [0063]    [0063]FIG. 22 shows a first optical element of an illumination system according to FIG. 20 with first raster elements; and  
         [0064]    [0064]FIG. 23 shows a second optical element of an illumination system according to FIG. 20 with second raster elements. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0065]    In the present document, the terms of radiometry, which are listed in the following Table 1, are used according to Naumann/Schröder, “Bauelemente der Optik” (Components of Optics), Hauser Publishers 1992, pp. 28-28.  
                             TABLE 1                           Terms of radiometry            Physical quantity   Formula   Unit                               Radiant Flux Φ e (Radiant Flux)             Φ   e     =       ∂   Q       ∂   t                                 Watt [W]               Irradiance E e (Irradiance or flux density)             E   e     =            Φ   e              A   0                                   Watts/cm 2                 Radiant Intensity I e (Radiant Intensity)             I   e     =            Φ   e            Ω                                 Watts/cm 2 /steradians               Radiance L e (Radiance)             L   e     =            Φ   e                A   s          cos                   α   ·   d                   Ω                                 Watts/cm 2 /steradians                  
 
         [0066]    A schematic diagram of a system with light source  1 , collector  3 , source image  5  and intermediate plane  7  is shown in FIG. 1. Light source  1  irradiates at a specified radiant intensity. The latter generally depends on angles (p and+(angles around the z-axis, not depicted): 1 (φ ). In FIG. 1, only is depicted, because of the following equation for axially symmetrical light sources.  
         [0067]    The following applies to axially symmetrical light sources:  
         1(φ )=1(φ).  
         [0068]    The collector  3  collects the irradiated light and bundles it. The collector  3  forms an image of light source  1 , whereby light source image  5  can either be real, as shown in FIG. 1, or virtual. Also, light source  1  may itself involve an image of a physical light source. In plane  7  behind collector  3 , in both cases, a specific illumination  9  is obtained, which corresponds to the projection of the radiant intensity of the radiation cone  11 , which is the solid angle element at angle φ′ in the image space of the collector. If the illumination is homogenized in plane  7 , then it is also automatically homogenized in any other plane behind the collector, as long as it lies sufficiently far away from the image plane, in which the image  5  of light source  1  lies. A radiation cone  13  that belongs to the object space corresponds to a radiation cone  11  in the image space and is filled with radiant intensity  1 (φ) irradiated into the solid angle element at angle φ.  
         [0069]    According to the invention, any light source 1 is imaged into an image of the source. The source image can be real (i.e., in the direction of light to the right of collector  3 ) or virtual (i.e., in the direction of light to the left of collector  3 ) or can lie in infinity.  
         [0070]    In addition, the irradiation characteristic of any light source  1  is transformed by the invention so that an extensively homogeneous illumination is produced in a plane in front of or behind the intermediate image.  
         [0071]    According to the invention, the following should apply:  
             E   =       Φ        A       =           R        (   α   )          I   *     (   α   )             Ω            A       =     const   .                 (   2.1   )                               
 
         [0072]    E: irradiance in plane  7   
         [0073]    Φ: radiant flux  
         [0074]    dA: surface element in plane  7   
         [0075]    dΩ: angular element in the object-side aperture  
         [0076]    I*(α): Radiant intensity of the source at angle α 
         [0077]    R(α): attenuation or screening factor proportional to the light losses due to the finite angle-dependent reflectivity of the collector (in the following I(α)=R(α)·I*(α) is also used).  
         [0078]    The following thus must apply to two planar ring sections with the same irradiance:  
             E   =         Φ   1            A   1         =           I        (     α   1     )                 Ω   1                A   1         =         Φ   2            A   2         =         I        (     α   2     )                 Ω   2                A   2                       (   2.2   )                               
 
         [0079]    from which follows the relation:  
                        Ω   2              A   2         ÷            Ω   1              A   1           =       I        (     α   1     )       ÷     I        (     α   2     )                 (   2.3   )                               
 
         [0080]    In the case of anisotropic sources or large differences in the reflection losses R(α), ring aperture sections and/or planar ring sections in plane  7  must be selected according to Eq. (2.3).  
         [0081]    In general, the task of producing an intermediate image and at the same time fitting an irradiation characteristic cannot be fulfilled with simple optical elements, such as, e.g., a mirror or a lens. In the case of rotationally symmetrical irradiation characteristics around the z-axis, which is presently identical to the optical axis of the system, an equal illumination can be achieved by means of a special type of Fresnel optics, at least for discrete regions.  
         [0082]    This is explained below in the example of a real intermediate image of source  1 . Similar constructions result, and would be apparent to a person of average skill in the art, for virtual intermediate images or a source image in infinity.  
         [0083]    For example, three angular segments or ring aperture sections  20 ,  22 ,  24 , as shown in FIG. 2, are selected around light source  1 , and these are arranged in such a way that an equivalent power is irradiated in the respective angular segments or ring aperture sections in the radial direction from light source  1 . In the case of an isotropically irradiating light source  1 , such as, for example, a dense plasma focus source, then identical angular increments da are selected, while in the case of anisotropically irradiating sources, the angular distance is adapted correspondingly, so that the following applies:  
             Φ   =         ∫     α   i       α     i   +   1                I        (   α   )               α         =       Φ   i     =     const   .                 (   2.4   )                               
 
         [0084]    wherein  
                                                   Φ i : radiant flux           I(α): radiant intensity of the source at angle α           α i : inner angle of the i th  angular segment,           α i+1 : external angle of the i th  segment with α i+1  = α i  + dα i             dα i : width of the i th  angular segment                      
 
         [0085]    The generally different angular increments dα i  are determined by means of Equation (2.4).  
         [0086]    [0086]FIG. 2 shows a cross-section of an aperture having three ring aperture sections  20 ,  22 ,  24 , where a light source is a point source. There is a central shading. Ring aperture sections  20 ,  22 ,  24  lie between NA min  and NA max . Ring aperture sections  22  and  24  are continuously fit together; there is no gap or discontinuity between ring aperture sections  22  and  24 . That is, the outer perimeter of ring aperture section  22  abuts the inner perimeter of ring aperture section  24 . However, there is a small gap or discontinuity between the outer perimeter of ring aperture section  20  and the inner perimeter of ring aperture section  22 . Note that this configuration of the ring aperture sections is merely exemplary.  
         [0087]    Referring to FIG. 3, planar ring sections  30 ,  32 ,  34  are assigned to the individual ring aperture segments or ring aperture sections  20 ,  22 ,  24 . The planar ring sections  30 ,  32 ,  34  are selected so that distances dr of the same magnitude are achieved between the edge or rim rays of the planar ring sections  30 ,  32 ,  34 . The radial dimensions of at least two planar ring sections, e.g., planar ring sections  30  and  32 , are of equal size, i.e., dr. Thus, the following applies:  
           r   i   =r   1   +i·dr   (2.5)  
         [0088]    wherein  
         [0089]    r i : distance of the i th  planar ring section in plane  7  to be illuminated from the axis of rotation RA  
         [0090]    dr: height increment=radial dimension  
         [0091]    r 1 : any starting height (evident center-to-center shadowing in the case of the nested collector).  
         [0092]    [0092]FIG. 3 shows the illumination in plane  7  with planar ring sections  30 ,  32 ,  34 . In plane  7 , there is no discontinuity between planar ring sections  30 ,  32  and  34 . For example, the outer perimeter of planar ring section  32  coincides with the inner perimeter of planar ring section  34 .  
         [0093]    The respective elliptic shells of collector  3  are then determined by means of the points of intersection of selected rays. In the case of a virtual intermediate image, these shells are shaped like a hyperbola, and in the case of a source image in infinity these shells are parabola-shaped. To determine the respective shells a representative ray is selected for each ring aperture section  20 ,  22 ,  24 .  
         [0094]    For an ellipsoid-shaped or hyperbola-shaped or parabola-shaped shell, the indication of object point and image point, here source  1  and source image  5 , and only one other point are thus sufficient to determine the shells. However, presently two points are present, namely an initial point and an end point of the collector shell, i.e., the problem is over-defined. However, since the imaging quality for the source can usually almost be disregarded for illumination purposes, one can add, for example, a conical component in the form of a wedge or a section of a cone to the ellipses or hyperbolas or parabolas, which corresponds to a slight defocusing, which does not matter. Alternatively, one can accept a slight shadowing, since the gaps that occur can be selected to be very small. The size of the gaps can be minimized by means of the layout and particularly the number of shells. The gaps are selected, for example, so that they occur in front of the collector, i.e., in the power taken up from the source, and not behind the collector, in the surface to be illuminated.  
         [0095]    It is also possible to construct the collector only from sections of cones, particularly if the collector comprises many shells. This is advantageous in terms of manufacture.  
         [0096]    Disregarding the reflection losses and shadowing, it is then assured that the radiant flux Φ is almost the same in the angular segments or ring aperture sections  20  to  24  as well as in surface segments or planar ring sections  30  to  34 .  
         [0097]    In principle, however, it is also possible to compensate for losses of reflection that are dependent on angle and thus on segment by suitable correction in the angular increments α i , whereby, since one would like to illuminate plane  7  in an extensively homogeneous manner according to the invention, the ring aperture sections, which are assigned to planar ring sections with the same increments, are not of the same size.  
         [0098]    [0098]FIG. 4 shows a nested collector  3 , comprising ellipsoid segments, which are arranged in rotationally symmetrical manner around the z-axis, which assures an extensively equally distributed illumination of plane  7 . Only one half of collector  3  is represented in section, based on the rotational symmetry around the z-axis.  
         [0099]    According to FIG. 4, a family or set of shells  40 ,  42 ,  44 ,  46  results, which are arranged so that the distances between adjacent shells is approximately equal. The distances are taken with respect to the maximum shell diameter, which is approximately proportional to the number of shells i. As is apparent from FIG. 4, the dimensions of mirror shells  40 ,  42 ,  44  and  46  in the direction of the z-axis, i.e., the lengths of the mirror shells, are different from one another. More specifically, for example, mirror shell  46  is shorter than mirror shell  40 . FIG. 4 also shows light source  1 , plane  7  to be illuminated as well as source image  5 . Three ring aperture sections  20 ,  22 ,  24  correspond to those in the previous figures, and in FIG. 4 a fourth ring aperture section  26  is also shown.  
         [0100]    Alternatively, an arrangement is possible, in which the length of the shells is reduced, as shown in FIG. 5. For example, the innermost angular segment or ring aperture section  20  can be divided into two angular segments or ring aperture sections  20 . 1  and  20 . 2 . Correspondingly, in plane  7 , the assigned innermost planar ring section (not shown in FIG. 5) is also correspondingly divided into two planar ring sections (not shown in FIG. 5). Then two shells  40 . 1 ,  40 . 2  result for the two innermost segments, which are shorter than one shell  40 , as can be clearly seen from FIG. 5. The same components as in the preceding figures are given the same reference numbers.  
         [0101]    A similar arrangement can also be presented for refractive systems. In refractive systems, the nested mirror shells  40 ,  42 ,  44 ,  46  are replaced by ring-shaped off-axis segments of lenses  50 ,  52 ,  54 ,  56 , as shown in FIG. 6. FIG. 6 also shows a fifth lens  58  for a fifth ring aperture section.  
         [0102]    [0102]FIG. 6 shows schematically an arrangement of ring-shaped off-axis segments of lenses  50 ,  52 ,  54 ,  56  and  58 , which produces an equally distributed illumination in plane  7  for a specific irradiation characteristic of source  1 . Only one-half of the system, which is rotationally symmetrical around the z-axis, is shown schematically in section. Angular elements of different sizes are deflected on height segments of equal sizes and thus a homogeneous illumination is also achieved in the case of an anisotropic source irradiation.  
         [0103]    Nested, reflective collectors necessarily have a central shadowing, i.e., below a specific aperture angle NA min  the radiation of the source cannot be collected. This radiation must thus be blocked with a diaphragm, so that it does not reach the illumination system behind the collector. The diaphragm can be introduced, e.g., in the region of the collector.  
         [0104]    The invention will be described below in more detail on the basis of a further embodiment.  
         [0105]    The starting point is a point-to-point imaging with real source image in the case of an isotropic source with a family or set of ellipses corresponding to the invention, whereby the shell diameters are selected that the distance between adjacent shells is approximately equal.  
         [0106]    An ellipse is defined according to the equation:  
                   z   2       α   2       +       x   2       b   2         =   1           (   3.1   )                               
 
         [0107]    wherein  
           e={square root}{square root over (a 2 b 2 )}   (3.2)  
         [0108]    [0108]FIG. 7 shows as an example the i th  ellipse segment. Since the latter is rotationally symmetrical around the z-axis, only one-half is shown in section. Quantities used for a mirror shell for the calculation according to Table 1 are shown in FIG. 7. The same reference numbers are used for the same segments as in the preceding figures. The denotation is as follows:  
         [0109]    v(i) the i th  initial point of the i th  mirror shell;  
         [0110]    x(v(i)) the x-coordinate of the i th  initial point;  
         [0111]    z(v(i)) the z-coordinate of the i th  initial point, i.e., the initial point with respect to the axis of rotation RA;  
         [0112]    h(i) the i th  end point of the i th  mirror shell;  
         [0113]    x(h(i)) the x-coordinate of the i th  end point;  
         [0114]    z(h(i)) the z-coordinate of the i th  end point, i.e., the end point with reference to the axis of rotation RA;  
         [0115]    m(i) the mean value of the initial and end points of the i th  shell;  
         [0116]    x(m(i)) the x-coordinate of the mean value;  
         [0117]    z(m(i)) the z-coordinate of the mean value, i.e., the mean value of the initial start and end points of the i th  shell with respect to the axis of rotation RA;  
         [0118]    a, b parameters of the ellipse;  
         [0119]    r(i) distance of the i th  planar ring section of the i th  shell in the plane  7  to be illuminated from the axis of rotation RA; and  
         [0120]    NA(i) sine of the angle of aperture of the inner edge ray of the i th  ring aperture section of the i th  shell.  
         [0121]    The mean value of the initial point and the end point of a mirror shell with regard to the axis of rotation, indicates the position of the mirror shell. The position of an outer mirror shell is further distant from plane  7  than is the position of an inner mirror shell.  
         [0122]    [0122]FIG. 8 shows the resulting family or set of ellipses of the shells  60 ,  62 ,  64 ,  66 ,  68 ,  70 ,  72 ,  74 ,  76 ,  80 , for the embodiment calculated with the above-defined parameters. The data are indicated in Table 2. All lengths in Table 2 are given in mm. All angles of incidence relative to the surface tangents are at 19°. The angle of incidence relative to the surface tangent of the maximum ray in the example of embodiment according to FIG. 8 amounts to 18.54 degrees.  
         [0123]    The following were selected as starting values:  
         [0124]    Distance between plane  7  and source image  5 :  
         [0125]    z=900 mm  
         [0126]    One-half the focal point distance:  
         [0127]    e=1000 mm  
         [0128]    Height increment on surface  7 ;  
         [0129]    dr=7.5 mm  
         [0130]    central obscuration in surface  7 :  
         [0131]    r min ˜22.5 mm (NA′ min  ˜0.025)  
         [0132]    Minimum aperture NA min  for source  1 :  
         [0133]    NA min =0.12  
         [0134]    Maximum collected aperture, NA max :  
         [0135]    NA max &lt;0.55 corresponding to 33° 
         [0136]    Angular increment at source 1:  
         [0137]    dα i =2.4°=const. (i.e., isotropic irradiation characteristic of the source).  
                                                     TABLE 2                           Parameters of the family of ellipses            i   r(i)   NA(i)   a   B   x(h(i))   z(h(i))   x(v(i))   z(v(i))               60   22,507   0,120   1002,009    63,422    52,266   −567,601    43,117   −734,837       62   30,007   0,161   1003,391    82,423    66,429   −593,993    57,195   −722,489       64   37,507   0,203   1005,130   101,423    80,551   −610,765    71,258   −715,251       66   45,007   0,243   1007,231   120,475    94,679   −622,848    85,334   −710,997       68   52,507   0,284   1009,699   139,612   108,838   −632,382    99,443   −708,705       70   60,007   0,324   1012,540   158,863   123,046   −640,449   113,597   −707,824       72   67,507   0,363   1015,762   178,250   137,317   −647,655   127,810   −708,034       74   75,007   0,402   1019,374   197,798   151,664   −654,371   142,092   −709,139       76   82,507   0,440   1023,386   217,529   166,097   −660,836   156,455   −711,012       78   90,007   0,477   1027,808   237,466   180,628   −667,215   170,909   −713,571       80   97,507   0,513   1032,654   257,632   195,269   −673,626   185,464   −716,763                  
 
         [0138]    The innermost ring aperture section of collector  3  has a central aperture obscuration and the numerical aperture NA min  of the aperture obscuration amounts to a maximum of 0.30, preferably a maximum of 0.20, particularly preferred, a maximum of 0.15, and most particularly preferred, a maximum of 0.1. The object-side aperture has a numerical aperture NA max  of at least 0.4, preferably at least 0.5 and, particularly preferred, at least 0.7.  
         [0139]    The reduction ratio β of the embodiment according to FIG. 8 and Table 2 is plotted in FIG. 9 as the measure for the homogeneity of the illumination as a function of the image-side aperture angle. The reduction ratio β must not be constant over the angle, but a specific reduction ratio must be adjusted via the maximum radius r max  in plane  7 .  
         [0140]    The ideal reduction ratio β-ideal and the real reduction ratio β by discrete solution of the collimation task are shown in FIG. 10 as a function of the radius r in plane  7 . The deviation from the ideal reduction ratio can be reduced by increasing the number of shells, for example, by a splitting of the inner shell, e.g., into two shells each time, as shown in FIG. 5. Therefore, a still better homogenization of the illumination can be achieved in plane  7 .  
         [0141]    [0141]FIG. 11 shows a schematic diagram of a projection exposure system, for the production, for example, of microelectronic components, in which the invention can be used. Such a projection exposure system is suitable for use with, but not limited to, light or radiation with EUV wavelengths. The projection exposure system comprises a light source or an intermediate image of a light source  1 . The light emitted from light source  1 , of which only four representative rays are depicted, is collected by a nested collector  3  according to the invention and is deflected onto a mirror  102  with a plurality of first raster elements, so-called field honeycombs. In the present case, the first raster elements are planar. Mirror  102  is also denoted as a field honeycomb mirror. The illumination in a plane  103  of a plate comprising the plurality of field raster elements is almost homogeneous in a pregiven annular region, as shown in FIG. 12. Plane  103  does not stand precisely perpendicular to the optical axis of the collector and thus does not exactly correspond to plane  7 , which is to be homogeneously illuminated, of FIG. 1. Small angles of inclination, however, change nothing relative to the derivation and only lead to slight distortions of the illumination and thus to a negligible deviation from homogeneity, as would be present in a plane perpendicular to the optical axis of the collector.  
         [0142]    The illumination system of the projection exposure system includes a double-faceted illumination system as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,198,793 B1, the content of which is fully incorporated into the present application. The illumination system thus contains a second optical element with raster elements  104 , which are also denoted as pupil honeycombs or pupil raster elements. The illumination system also contains optical elements  106 ,  108  and  110 , which essentially serve for the purpose of forming the field in an object plane  114 . A reticle in object plane  114  is a reflection mask. The reticle can move in the depicted directions  116  in the projection system designed as a scanning system. An exit pupil of the illumination system is illuminated homogeneously for the most part. The exit pupil coincides with an entrance pupil of a projection objective. The entrance pupil of the projection objective is not shown. The entrance pupil of the projection objective is defined as the point of intersection of the chief ray reflected from the reticle with the optical axis of the projection objective.  
         [0143]    A projection objective  126 , for example, with six mirrors  128 . 1 ,  128 . 2 ,  128 . 3 ,  128 . 4 ,  128 . 5 ,  128 . 6  according to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/503,640, images the reticle on a light-sensitive object  124  to be exposed.  
         [0144]    [0144]FIG. 12 shows the distribution of illumination in the plane of the first optical element with first raster elements and the mean value of the illumination. The irradiance E(r) is shown as a function of the radial distance r from the plane of rotation z of the nested collector. The discrete filling of the homogenized illumination can be clearly seen.  
         [0145]    [0145]FIG. 13 shows a schematic diagram of an EUV projection exposure system, which differs from the system shown in FIG. 11 only by the fact that light source  1  is imaged in an intermediate image Z. In addition, the first raster elements now have a collecting or convergent effect. The intermediate image Z of light source  1  is formed between collector  3  and the first faceted mirror  102 . All of the other components are identical to the components according to FIG. 11 and thus bear the same reference numbers.  
         [0146]    Nested collectors according to the invention, which are designed as Wolter systems, are described in the following FIGS.  14  to  21 .  
         [0147]    A Wolter system, preferably comprising a combination of a hyperboloid and an ellipsoid for the real imaging of light source  1  in an intermediate image Z of the source, but also the hyperboloid-paraboloid combination for imaging to infinity, is characterized by almost fulfilling the sine condition, i.e., the enlargement or the reduction ratio of a combination of hyperboloid and ellipsoid is constant for the most part over a large aperture range. As FIG. 9 shows, the reduction ratio β within a shell varies very greatly when only simple ellipsoid shells are used for a collector for homogenized illumination. In a Wolter system, the reduction ratio β, in contrast, is almost constant within the shell. This is shown in FIG. 14 for an 8-shell nested system according to FIG. 17, in which each individual shell of the nested mirror shells is a Wolter system, with a first ring-shaped segment with a first optical surface, which is a segment cut out of a hyperboloid and a second ring-shaped segment with a second optical surface, which is a segment cut out of an ellipsoid.  
         [0148]    As shown in FIG. 14, a shell of a Wolter system has a nearly constant reduction ratio β. In order to achieve an ideally homogenized illumination of a plane, it is necessary that gaps, e.g., gaps  26  as shown in FIG. 2, occur in the object-side aperture. This applies particularly also since, while under grazing incidence on the shells that have the greatest distance to the axis of rotation, the reflectivity is smaller than at shells that have the shortest distance to the axis of rotation. Molybdenum, niobium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium or gold are preferably chosen as mirror materials. The different reflectivities of the different shells are compensated for by an increasing reduction ratio. For homogeneous illumination, the reduction ratio must thus be changed from one shell to another. If a gap-free filling of the aperture after the collector or a gap-free illumination of plane  7  behind the nested collector is desired, then gaps should be present in the object-side aperture. This is not the case in a collector with, for example, ellipsoid-shaped shells, as described in FIGS.  1  to  13 , since in that case the reduction ratio varies over the shells and thus, in addition to the homogenized, gap-free illumination of a plane  7 , a gap-free object-side aperture can also be achieved.  
         [0149]    Three shells are shown, for example, of a nested collector according to the invention in FIG. 15, wherein each mirror shell  200 ,  202  and  204  has a Wolter system with a first ring-shaped segment  200 . 1 ,  202 . 1 ,  204 . 1  with a first optical surface  200 . 2 ,  202 . 2 ,  204 . 2  and a second ring-shaped segment  200 . 3 ,  202 . 3 ,  204 . 3  with a second optical surface  200 . 4 ,  202 . 4 ,  204 . 4 . Note that first optical surfaces  200 . 2 ,  202 . 2 ,  204 . 2  and second optical surfaces  200 . 4 ,  202 . 4 ,  204 . 4  are all oriented to face the axis of rotation, e.g., the z-axis in FIG. 15. The individual shells  200 ,  202 ,  204  are arranged in a rotationally symmetrical manner around the z-axis. The reduction ratio β of the innermost shell  204  amounts to 6.7, that of the second shell  202  to 7.0 and that of the outermost shell  200  to 7.5.  
         [0150]    As can be seen from FIG. 15, ring aperture sections  210 ,  212 ,  214 , which are assigned to the respective mirror shells  200 ,  202  and  204 , do not bound one another. Ring aperture sections  210  and  212  are separated from one another by a gap  220 , and ring aperture sections  212  and  214  are separated by a gap  222 . Planar ring sections  230 ,  232 ,  234 , which are in plane  7 , are assigned to mirror shells,  200 ,  202 ,  204 , respectively, and for the most part continuously fit together, that is abut one another without discontinuity, in order to achieve a homogeneous illumination of a region of plane  7 .  
         [0151]    In the embodiment shown in FIG. 15, the first optical surfaces  200 . 2 ,  202 . 2 ,  204 . 2  and the second optical surfaces  200 . 4 ,  202 . 4  and  204 . 4  are continuously fit together.  
         [0152]    [0152]FIG. 16 shows another embodiment of the invention, wherein, for example, only two mirror shells  200 ,  202 , which are designed as a Wolter system, are shown. The same components as in FIG. 15 are given the same reference numbers. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 16, the first optical surfaces of the first segment  200 . 2 ,  202 . 2 , and the second optical surfaces of the second segment  200 . 4 ,  202 . 4 , are not continuously fit together. Each of shells  200  and  202  have a gap or an unused region  240 ,  242  between the optical surfaces. In the present example, the mirror segments, however, are continued up to the points of intersection S 1 , S 2  of the first and second segments  200 . 1 ,  202 . 1 ,  200 . 3 ,  202 . 3  of the respective mirror shell, in the unused region.  
         [0153]    A design with gaps or unused regions, as shown in FIG. 16, is advantageous in the case of extended light sources.  
         [0154]    In the design of the collector, a compromise must always be made between collection efficiency and homogeneity of the illumination. If one wishes to achieve only a homogeneity of +15% in plane  7  to be illuminated, then an 8-shell collector can be utilized for this purpose, as shown in FIG. 17. Here, the respective mirror shells, each with two mirror elements, are denoted  200 ,  202 ,  204 ,  205 ,  206 ,  207 ,  208 , and  209 , wherein each shell represents a Wolter system.  
         [0155]    The collector of FIG. 17 has a distance of 1500 mm between source  1  and intermediate image of the source Z, an object-side aperture of approximately 0.72 and an image-side aperture of approximately 0.115. All angles of incidence relative to the surface tangent are &lt;13°. The angle of incidence relative to the surface tangent of the maximum ray amounts to 11.9° in the embodiment according to FIG. 17.  
         [0156]    In addition, a diaphragm  180  arranged inside the innermost mirror shell is shown in FIG. 17. Due to the finite size of the mirror shells, the nested, reflective collectors necessarily have a central obscuration, i.e., the radiation of the source cannot be collected below a specific aperture angle NA min . Diaphragm  180  prevents the light that comes directly through the central shell as stray light from reaching the illumination system situated in the light path behind the nested collector according to the invention.  
         [0157]    Diaphragm  180  is arranged, for example, 78 mm behind the source and has a diameter of 30.3 mm corresponding to an aperture obscuration of NA obs  of approximately 0.19. The image-side aperture obscuration correspondingly amounts to NA′ obs , of approximately 0.0277.  
         [0158]    For example, for the mirror shells  200 ,  202 ,  204 ,  205 ,  206 ,  207 ,  208 ,  209  of the collector according to FIG. 17, the characteristic coordinates of a Wolter system comprising two segments, for example, a first segment  200 . 1  and a second segment  200 . 3  of the first mirror shell  200  are shown in FIG. 18. ZS denotes the z-position of the surface vertex ZS referred to the position of light source  1 , ZV and ZH denote the initial and final positions of the first segment  200 . 1 , which is a hyperboloid, referred to the position of the surface vertex ZS. The references ZS, ZH and ZV are used in an analogous way for the second segment  200 . 3  of the mirror shell, which is an ellipsoid.  
         [0159]    Using the radii of curvature R and the conical constant K of the respective mirror segment as well as the given definitions, the design data of the collector according to FIG. 17 result from the following Table 3. Ruthenium was selected as a coating material for the mirror shells.  
                                                                                                         TABLE 3                           Design data of the collector according to FIG. 17            Shell   R [mm]   K   ZS [mm]   ZV [mm]   ZH [mm]                    Hyperboloid            1   1.5866   −1.0201   −0.79   108.99   185.86       2   2.3481   −1.0286   −1.17   107.92   183.90       3   3.5076   −1.0399   −1.74   107.56   182.35       4   5.0414   −1.0571   −2.49   105.05   179.53       5   7.2534   −1.0814   −3.56   102.83   177.68       6   10.4354   −1.1182   −5.07   99.95   175.90       7   15.0523   −1.1755   −7.22   94.87   173.09       8   22.3247   −1.2660   −10.50   88.88   169.39            Ellipsoid            1   2.3724   −0.9971   −160.94   349.66   433.46       2   3.3366   −0.9960   −168.17   353.68   440.17       3   4.6059   −0.9945   −181.56   363.50   454.10       4   6.4739   −0.9923   −184.74   364.03   457.33       5   9.0813   −0.9893   −189.80   366.19   463.15       6   12.8589   −0.9849   −193.20   365.14   466.03       7   18.4682   −0.9783   −195.28   362.33   470.02       8   26.8093   −0.9688   −202.36   362.94   480.72                  
 
         [0160]    The embodiment of the Wolter system according to FIG. 17 with eight shells is selected, such that the ends of all of the shells end up approximately in the same plane  181 . Although not shown in FIG. 17, a mounting structure for mounting the individual shells can be situated in plane  181 . Preferably, diaphragm  180  is arranged in this plane or in its vicinity.  
         [0161]    [0161]FIG. 19 shows the distribution of the illumination in plane  7  of the illumination system according to FIG. 20. The illumination system according to FIG. 20 comprises an 8-shell nested collector according to FIG. 17, which is situated directly behind the light source. The calculation of the irradiance according to FIG. 19 was based on a ruthenium coating of the mirror shells with their reflectivity being dependent from the angle of incidence. The design of the collector can be adapted accordingly for other coatings.  
         [0162]    The central obscuration by diaphragm  180  can be clearly recognized in FIG. 19. The central obscuration is given the reference number  182 . The intensity distribution in plane  7  is denoted as  184 . Two intensity peaks  184 . 1  and  184 . 2 , which are symmetrical relative to the axis of rotation RA of the collector and which lead to an annular illumination in plane  7 , can be clearly seen. The dashed curve  186  gives the region in which first raster elements are arranged on the first optical element  102  of the illumination system according to FIG. 20.  
         [0163]    The optical components and the beam path of several light rays of a projection exposure system with a nested collector according to FIG. 17 are shown in FIG. 20. The same components as in the projection exposure system according to FIG. 11 are given the same reference numbers.  
         [0164]    In contrast to the projection exposure system according to FIG. 11, the illumination system is not folded like an “X”, but is optimized to be compact. In order to reduce the system length, the image-side aperture of the nested collector  3 , which has a structure as in FIG. 17, is also increased to NA=0.115, for which the design as a Wolter system is particularly advantageous. The object-side aperture amounts to NA˜0.71. In addition, a planar mirror  300  is inserted following collector  3  in order to fold the system. This makes available free space for mechanical and electronic components in the object plane  114 , in which a wafer stage is arranged. The entire optical system is less than 3 m long and less than 1.75 m high.  
         [0165]    The planar mirror  300  in this embodiment has been designed as a diffractive spectral filter. The diffractive spatial filter comprises a grating element. Together with a diaphragm  302  in the vicinity of an intermediate image Z of the source, undesired radiation, for example with wavelengths essentially greater than the desired wavelength of 13.5 nm in the present case, can be kept from entering into the illumination system lying behind diaphragm  302 .  
         [0166]    Diaphragm  302  can also serve for the purpose of spatially separating a space  304  comprising light source  1 , nested collector  3 , as well as the planar mirror  300  designed as a diffractive spectral filter from the other part of an illumination system  306 . If both spaces are separated, e.g., by a valve in the vicinity of the intermediate focus Z, then a pressure-type separation is also possible. Due to the spatial or pressure-type separation, contaminations that result from the light source can be prevented from entering into the illumination system behind diaphragm  302 .  
         [0167]    The illumination system shown in FIG. 20 comprises a nested collector  3  with 8 shells according to FIG. 17 and Table 3. The planar mirror  300  of the design according to FIG. 20 is configured as a spectral filter with a diffraction angle of 2° between the zero order and the utilized diffraction order. The first optical element, i.e., mirror  102  comprises  122  first raster elements, each with dimensions of 54 mm×2.75 mm. The second optical element  104  has 122 second raster elements assigned to the first raster elements, each of which has a diameter of 10 mm. All of the positional data of the optical components in Table 4 are referred to the reference coordinate system in object plane  114 . The relation by angle a around the local x-axis of the local coordinate systems assigned to the respective optical components results after a translation displacement of the reference coordination system at the site of the local coordinate system. The parameters of the optical components of the illumination system according to FIG. 20 are given in Table 4. The positions of the vertex points of the individual optical elements referred to object plane  114  are given in Table 4 as well as the angle of rotation a of the coordinate systems around the x-axis. In addition, the coordinate systems are right-handed and based on rotation in clockwise direction. In addition to the local coordinate systems of the optical components, the local coordinate systems of intermediate focus Z and entrance pupil E are indicated. The field-forming mirror, i.e., optical element  110  comprises an eccentric segment of a rotation hyperboloid. The coordinate systems for all optical elements of the illumination system according to FIG. 20, which are described in Table 4, except for nested collector  3 , are shown in FIG. 21. All of the optical elements are given the same reference numbers as in FIG. 20.  
         [0168]    The system is designed for a field radius of 130 mm with a illumination aperture of NA=0.03125 in object plane  114 , i.e., at the reticle, corresponding to a filling degree of σ=0.5 in the entrance pupil E of a 4:1 projection objective with an aperture NA=0.25 in the plane of the object  124  to be exposed.  
                                                                                                               TABLE 4                           Design data of the system according to FIG. 20                            Vertex                           radius of   Conical       Position   Y   Z   α   curvature   constant                    light source   2148.137   −1562.205   70.862   - no mirror surface -       planar mirror   1184.513   −1227.797   147.434   Planar       or spectral       filter 200       intermediate   883.404   −893.382   42.000   - no mirror surface -       focus Z            first facetted   302.599   −248.333   36.000   −898.54   Spherical       optical       element 102       second   773.599   −1064.129   214.250   −1090.15   Spherical       facetted       optical       element 104       mirror 106   126.184   −250.216   31.500   288.1   Spherical       mirror 108   372.926   −791.643   209.600   −855.8   Spherical       mirror vertex   −227.147   118.541   −4.965   −80.5   −1.1485701       of mirror       110            object plane   0.000   0.000   0.000   Planar       114       entrance   −130.000   −1236.867   0.000   -no mirror surface -       pupil E                  
 
         [0169]    As in the case of the nested collector shown in FIGS.  1  to  13 , the shells of the Wolter system can also be simply produced by replication techniques.  
         [0170]    [0170]FIG. 22 shows the first optical element, i.e., mirror  102 , situated in a plane  7  homogeneously illuminated by the nested collector  3  of the illumination system according to FIG. 20 with the local x-y coordinate system. The arrangement of  122  first raster elements  150  can be clearly seen.  
         [0171]    The first raster elements  150  are arranged in ten blocks  152 . 1 ,  152 . 2 ,  152 . 3 ,  152 . 4 ,  152 . 5 ,  152 . 6 ,  152 . 7 ,  152 . 8 ,  152 . 9 , and  152 . 10 , which are distanced from one another. First raster elements  150  are not arranged in the region of plane  7  that is not illuminated due to the central shadowing  154  of collector  3 . The maximum deviation of the irradiance between individual first grid elements  150  is smaller than ±15% with the use of a nested collector according to FIG. 17.  
         [0172]    [0172]FIG. 23 shows the arrangement of the second raster elements  156  on the second optical element  104 . The images of the second raster elements  156  fill the exit pupil of the illumination system continuously up to a given filling degree of σ=0.5. With respect to the definition of filling degree in the exit pupil, reference is made to WO 01/09684, the disclosure content of which is fully incorporated in the present application.  
         [0173]    The invention indicates for the first time a collector, which images an arbitrary light source into an image of the source. The source image can be real, virtual or lie in infinity. The irradiation characteristic of the arbitrary light source will be retransformed so that an almost homogeneous illumination results in a plane in front of or behind the intermediate image.  
         [0174]    It should be understood that various alternatives and modifications of the present invention could be devised by those skilled in the art. The present invention is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variances that fall within the scope of the appended claims.