Abstract:
This invention relates to prosthetic cardiac and venous valves and a single catheter device and minimally invasive techniques for percutaneous and transluminal valvuloplasty and prosthetic valve implantation.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This application is a continuation of U.S. utility patent application, Ser. No. 10/720,932, filed on Nov. 24, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,018,408 which is a divisional patent application of U.S. utility patent application, Ser. No. 09/854,002, filed on May 11, 2001, which has subsequently issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,652,578 and which is a divisional patent application of U.S. Ser. No. 09/477,120, filed Dec. 31, 1999, which has subsequently issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,458,153 on Oct. 1, 2002. 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention relates generally to implantable prosthetic cardiac and venous valves. More particularly, the present invention pertains to prosthetic cardiac and venous valve implants which are capable of being delivered using endovascular techniques and being implanted at an intracardiac or intravenous site without the need for anatomic valve removal. The prosthetic valves of the present invention are well-suited for cardiac delivery via a femoral or subclavian artery approach using a delivery catheter, and, depending upon the specific configuration selected, may be deployed within the heart to repair valve defects or disease or septal defects or disease. According to one embodiment of the invention, there is provided a chamber-to-vessel (CV) configuration which is particularly well-suited as an aortic valve prosthesis to facilitate blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta. In a second embodiment, there is provided a prosthetic valve in a chamber-to-chamber (CC) configuration which is particularly well-adapted for mitral valve replacement or repair of septal defects. Finally, a third embodiment is provided in a vessel-to-vessel (VV) configuration, which is well suited for venous valve exclusion and replacement. 
   Common to each of the CV, CC and VV embodiments of the present invention are a stent support member, a graft member which covers at least a portion of either or both the lumenal and ablumenal surfaces of the stent, valve flaps which are formed either by biological xenograft valves, synthetic valves formed from either the same material or a different material as the graft member, the valve flaps being coupled to the stent in a manner which biases the valve flaps so they close upon a zero pressure differential across the valve region. 
   It is important for the present invention to provide orientational definitions. For purposes of the present invention, references to positional aspects of the present invention will be defined relative to the directional flow vector of blood flow through the implantable device. Thus, the term “proximal” is intended to mean on the inflow or upstream flow side of the device, while “distal” is intended to mean on the outflow or downstream flow side of the device. With respect to the catheter delivery system described herein, the term “proximal” is intended to mean toward the operator end of the catheter, while the term “distal” is intended to mean toward the terminal end or device-carrying end of the catheter. 
   SUMMARY OF PRIOR ART 
   The prior art discloses certain common device segments inherently required by a percutaneous prosthetic valve: an expandable stent segment, an anchoring segment and a flow-regulation segment. 
   Prior art percutaneous prosthetic valve devices include the Dobben valve, U.S. Pat. No. 4,994,077, the Vince valve, U.S. Pat. No. 5,163,953, the Teitelbaum valve, U.S. Pat. No. 5,332,402, the Stevens valve, U.S. Pat. No. 5,370,685, the Pavcnik valve, U.S. Pat. No. 5,397,351, the Taheri valve, U.S. Pat. No. 5,824,064, the Anderson valves, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,411,552 &amp; 5,840,081, the Jayaraman valve, U.S. Pat. No. 5,855,597, the Besseler valve, U.S. Pat. No. 5,855,601, the Khosravi valve, U.S. Pat. No. 5,925,063, the Zadano-Azizi valve, U.S. Pat. No. 5,954,766, and the Leonhardt valve, U.S. Pat. No. 5,957,949. Each of these pre-existing stent valve designs has certain disadvantages which are resolved by the present invention. 
   The Dobben valve has a disk shaped flap threaded on a wire bent like a safety pin to engage the vessel wall and anchor the valve. A second embodiment uses a stent of a cylindrical or crown shape that is made by bending wire into a zigzag shape to anchor the device and attach the flow regulator flap. The device presents significant hemodynamic, delivery, fatigue and stability disadvantages. 
   The Vince valve has a stent comprised of a toroidal body formed of a flexible coil of wire and a flow-regulation mechanism consisting of a flap of biologic material. Numerous longitudinal extensions within the stent are provided as attachment posts to mount the flow-regulation mechanism. The device requires balloon expansion to deliver to the body orifice. The main shortcoming of this design is delivery profile. Specifically, the device and method put forth will require a 20+ French size catheter (approximately 9 French sizes to accommodate the balloon and 14+ French sizes to accommodate the compressed device) making the device clinically ineffective as a minimally invasive technique. Additionally, the device does not adequately address hemodynamic, stability and anchoring concerns. 
   The Teitelbaum valve is made of shape memory nitinol and consists of two components. The first component is stent-like and comprised of a meshwork or braiding of nitinol wire similar to that described by Wallsten, U.S. Pat. No. 4,655,771, with trumpet like distal a proximal flares. The purpose of the stent is to maintain a semi-ridged patent channel through the diseased cardiac valve after initial balloon dilation. The flared ends are intended to maintain the position of the stent component across the valve thereby anchoring the device. Embodiments for the flow-regulation mechanism include a sliding obturator and a caged ball both which are delivered secondary to the stent portion. The disadvantages of the device are the flow regulators reduce the effective valve orifice and generate sub-optimal hemodynamic characteristics; fatigue concerns arise from the separate nature of the stent and flow-regulation components; the high metal and exposed metal content raises thrombogenesis, valvular stenosis and chronic anticoagulation concerns; and the separate delivery requirements (although addressing the need for small delivery profile) in addition to any initial valvuloplasty performed increases the time, costs, risks, difficulty and trauma associated with the percutaneous procedure. 
   The Pavcnik valve is a self-expanding percutaneous device comprised of a poppet, a stent and a restraining element. The valve stent has barbed means to anchor to the internal passageway. The device includes a self-expanding stent of a zigzag configuration in conjunction with a cage mechanism comprised of a multiplicity of crisscrossed wires and a valve seat. The disadvantages of the device include large delivery profile, reduced effective valvular orifice, possible perivalvular leakage, trauma-inducing turbulent flow generated by the cage occlusive apparatus and valve seat, thrombogenesis, valvular stenosis, chronic anticoagulation, problematic physiological and procedural concerns due to the barb anchors and complex delivery procedure that includes inflation of occlusive member after initial implantation. 
   Stevens discloses a percutaneous valve replacement system for the endovascular removal of a malfunctioning valve followed by replacement with a prosthetic valve. The valve replacement system may include a prosthetic valve device comprised of a stent and cusps for flow-regulation such as a fixed porcine aortic valve, a valve introducer, an intraluminal procedure device, a procedure device capsule and a tissue cutter. The devices disclosed indicate a long and complex procedure requiring large diameter catheters. The valve device disclosed will require a large delivery catheter and does not address the key mechanisms required of a functioning valve. Additionally, the device requires intraluminal-securing means such as suturing to anchor the device at the desired location. 
   The Taheri valve describes an aortic valve replacement combined with an aortic arch graft. The devices and percutaneous methods described require puncture of the chest cavity. 
   Anderson has disclosed various balloon expandable percutaneous prosthetic valves. The latest discloses a valve prosthesis comprised of a stent made from an expandable cylindrical structure made of several spaced apices and an elastically collapsible valve mounted to the stent with the commissural points of the valve mounted to the apices. The device is placed at the desired location by balloon expanding the stent and valve. The main disadvantage to this design is the 20+ French size delivery requirement. Other problems include anchoring stability, perivalvular leakage, difficult manufacture and suspect valve performance. 
   The Jayaraman valve includes a star-shaped stent and a replacement valve and/or replacement graft for use in repairing a damaged cardiac valve. The device is comprised of a chain of interconnected star-shaped stent segments in the center of which sits a replacement valve. The flow-regulation mechanism consists of three flaps cut into a flat piece of graft material that is rolled to form a conduit in which the three flaps may be folded inwardly in an overlapping manner. An additional flow-regulation mechanism is disclosed in which a patch (or multiple patches) is sutured to the outside of a conduit which is then pulled inside out or inverted such that the patch(s) reside on the fully inverted conduit. A balloon catheter is required to assist expansion during delivery. The disadvantages of this design include lack of sufficient anchoring mechanism; problematic interference concerns with adjacent tissues and anatomical structures; fatigue concerns associated with the multiplicity of segments, connections and sutures; lack of an adequately controlled and biased flow-regulation mechanism; uncertain effective valve orifice, difficult manufacture; balloon dilation requirement; complex, difficult and inaccurate delivery and large delivery profile. 
   The Besseler valve discloses methods and devices for the endovascular removal of a defective heart valve and the replacement with a percutaneous cardiac valve. The device is comprised of a self-expanding stent member with a flexible valve disposed within. The stent member is of a self-expanding cylindrical shape made from a closed wire in formed in a zigzag configuration that can be a single piece, stamped or extruded or formed by welding the free ends together. The flow-regulation mechanism is comprised of an arcuate portion which contains a slit (or slits) to form leaflets and a cuff portion which is sutured to and encloses the stent. The preferred flow regulator is a porcine pericardium with three cusps. An additional flow regulator is described in which the graft material that comprises the leaflets (no additional mechanisms for flow-regulation) extends to form the outer cuff portion and is attached to the stent portion with sutures. The anchoring segment is provided by a plurality of barbs carried by the stent (and therefor penetrating the cuff-graft segment). Delivery requires endoluminal removal of the natural valve because the barb anchors will malfunction if they are orthotopically secured to the native leaflets instead of the more rigid tissue at the native annulus or vessel wall. Delivery involves a catheter within which the device and a pusher rod are disposed. The disadvantages of the device are lack of a well defined and biased flow-regulation mechanism, anatomic valve removal is required thereby lengthening the procedure time, increasing difficulty and reducing clinical practicality, trauma-inducing barbs as described above and the device is unstable and prone to migration if barbs are omitted. 
   The Khosravi valve discloses a percutaneous prosthetic valve comprised of a coiled sheet stent similar to that described by Derbyshire, U.S. Pat. No. 5,007,926, to which a plurality of flaps are mounted on the interior surface to form a flow-regulation mechanism that may be comprised of a biocompatible material. The disadvantages of this design include problematic interactions between the stent and flaps in the delivery state, lack of clinical data on coiled stent performance, the lack of a detailed mechanism to ensure that the flaps will create a competent one-directional valve, lack of appropriate anchoring means, and the design requirements imposed by surrounding anatomical structures are ignored. 
   The Zadno-Azizi valve discloses a device in which flow-regulation is provided by a flap disposed within a frame structure capable of taking an insertion state and an expanded state. The preferred embodiment of the flow-regulation mechanism is defined by a longitudinal valve body made of a sufficiently resilient material with a slit(s) that extends longitudinally through the valve body. Increased sub-valvular pressure is said to cause the valve body to expand thereby opening the slit and allowing fluid flow there through. The valve body extends into the into the lumen of the body passage such that increased supra-valvular pressure will prevent the slit from opening thereby effecting one-directional flow. The device includes embedding the frame within the seal or graft material through injection molding, blow molding and insertion molding. The disadvantages of the device include the flow-regulation mechanism provides a small effective valve orifice, the turbidity caused by the multiple slit mechanisms, the large delivery profile required by the disclosed embodiments and the lack of acute anchoring means. 
   Finally, the Leonhardt valve is comprised of a tubular graft having radially compressible annular spring portions and a flow regulator, which is preferably a biological valve disposed within. In addition to oversizing the spring stent by 30%, anchoring means is provided by a light-activated biocompatible tissue adhesive is located on the outside of the tubular graft and seals to the living tissue. The stent section is comprised of a single piece of superelastic wire formed into a zigzag shape and connected together by crimping tubes, adhesives or welds. A malleable thin-walled, biocompatible, flexible, expandable, woven fabric graft material is connected to the outside of the stent that is in turn connected to the biological flow regulator. Disadvantages of this device include those profile concerns associated with biological valves and unsupported graft-leaflet regulators, a large diameter complex delivery system and method which requires multiple anchoring balloons and the use of a light activated tissue adhesive in addition to any prior valvuloplasty performed, interference with surrounding anatomy and the questionable clinical utility and feasibility of the light actuated anchoring means. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   With the shortcomings of the prior art devices, there remains a need for a clinically effective endoluminally deliverable prosthetic valve that is capable of orthotopic delivery, provides a mechanically defined, biased and hemodynamically sound flow-regulation mechanism, provides sufficient force to maintain a large acute effective valvular orifice dimension which expands to a known larger effective orifice dimension, compliant with adjacent dynamic anatomical structures, does not require valve removal, does not require chronic anticoagulation treatment, meets regulatory fatigue requirements for cardiac valve prostheses, provides a low-metal high-strength stent-annulus, is surgically explantable or endoluminally removable, in addition to being able to deploy multiple valves orthotopically, provides a delivery profile which does not exceed the 12 French size suitable for peripheral vascular endoluminal delivery, combines anatomic valve exclusion and prosthetic valve delivery via a single catheter delivery system and with short duration atraumatic procedure which is easy to complete and beneficial to very sick patients. 
   It is, therefore, a primary of the present invention to provide a prosthetic endoluminally-deliverable unidirectional valve. The invention has multiple configurations to treat malfunctioning anatomical valves including heart and venous valves. Prosthetic cardiac valve configurations include the chamber-to-vessel for orthotopic placement at the valvular junction between a heart chamber and a vessel, and the chamber-to-chamber for orthotopic placement at the valvular junction between two heart chambers or for septal defect repair where a septal occluding member is substituted for the flow regulator valve flaps. Prosthetic venous valve configurations include the vessel-to-vessel for orthotopic or non-orthotopic placement at a valvular junction within a vessel. 
   The invention consists generally of a stent body member, a graft, and valve flaps. The stent body member may be fashioned by laser cutting a hypotube or by weaving wires into a tubular structure, and is preferably made from shape memory or super-elastic materials, such as nickel-titanium alloys known as NITINOL, but may be made of balloon expandable stainless steel or other plastically deformable stent materials as are known in the art, such as titanium or tantalum, or may be self-expanding such as by weaving stainless steel wire into a stressed-tubular configuration in order to impart elastic strain to the wire. The graft is preferably a biocompatible, fatigue-resistant membrane which is capable of endothelialization, and is attached to the stent body member on at least portions of either or both the lumenal and ablumenal surfaces of the stent body member by suturing to or encapsulating stent struts. The valve leaflets are preferably formed by sections of the graft material attached to the stent body member. 
   The stent body member is shaped to include the following stent sections: proximal and distal anchors, a intermediate annular stent section, and at least one valve arm or blood flow regulator struts. The proximal and distal anchor sections are present at opposing ends of the prosthesis and subtend either an acute, right or obtuse angle with a central longitudinal axis that defines the cylindrical prosthesis. In either the CV or CC configurations, the proximal anchor is configured to assume approximately a right angle radiating outward from the central longitudinal axis of the prosthesis in a manner which provides an anchoring flange. When being delivered from a delivery catheter, the proximal anchor is deployed first and engages the native tissue and anatomical structures just proximal to the anatomic valve, such as the left ventricle wall in the case of retrograde orthotopic delivery at the aortic valve. Deployment of the proximal anchor permits the intermediate annular stent section to be deployed an reside within the native valve annular space and the ablumenal surface of the intermediate annular stent section to abut and outwardly radially compress the anatomic valve leaflets against the vascular wall. The distal anchor is then deployed and radially expands to contact the vascular wall and retain the prosthesis in position, thereby excluding the anatomic valve leaflets from the bloodflow and replacing them with the prosthetic valve leaflets. 
   Flow regulation in the inventive stent valve prosthesis is provided by the combination of the prosthetic valve leaflets and the valve arms and is biased closed in a manner similar manner to that described for a surgically implanted replacement heart valve by Boretos, U.S. Pat. No. 4,222,126. The valve regulator-struts are preferably configured to be positioned to radiate inward from the stent body member toward the central longitudinal axis of the prosthesis. The graft-leaflet has the appearance of a partially-everted tube where the innermost layer, on the lumenal surface of the stent body member, forms the leaflets and the outer-most layer, on the ablumenal surface of the stent body member, forms a sealing graft which contacts and excludes the immobilized anatomical valve leaflets. The struts of the stent are encapsulated by the outer graft-membrane. The valve regulator-struts are encapsulated by the inner leaflet-membrane and serve to bias the valve to the closed position. The regulator-struts also prevent inversion or prolapse of the otherwise unsupported leaflet-membrane during increased supra-valvular pressure. The inner leaflet-membrane may also be attached to the outer graft-membrane at points equidistant from the valve strut-arms in a manner analogous to that described for a surgically implanted replacement heart valve by Cox, U.S. Pat. No. 5,824,063. The combination of the thin walled properties of the leaflet-membrane, the one-sided open lumen support of the intermediate annular stent section, the free ends of the valve leaflets, the biasing and support provided by the valve regulator-struts and the attachment points all work to provide a prosthetic valvular device capable of endoluminal delivery which simulates the hemodynamic properties of a healthy anatomical cardiac or venous valve. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES 
       FIG. 1  is a perspective view of the inventive valve stent chamber-to-vessel embodiment in its fully deployed state. 
       FIG. 2  is a perspective view of the inventive valve stent chamber-to-vessel embodiment in its fully deployed state with the outermost graft layer and stent layer partially removed to show an embodiment of the valve apparatus. 
       FIG. 3  is a top view of the inventive valve stent chamber-to-vessel embodiment in its fully deployed state. 
       FIG. 4  shows the cross-sectional taken along line  4 - 4  of  FIG. 1 . 
       FIG. 5  is a bottom view of the inventive valve stent chamber-to-vessel embodiment in its fully deployed state. 
       FIG. 6A  illustrates a cross-sectional view of a human heart during systole with the inventive valve stent chamber-to-vessel embodiment implanted in the aortic valve and illustrating a blood flow vector of an ejection fraction leaving the left ventricle and passing through the inventive valve stent. 
       FIG. 6B  illustrates a cross-sectional view of a human heart during diastole with the inventive valve stent chamber-to-vessel embodiment implanted in the aortic valve and illustrating a blood flow vector of blood passing from the left atrium, through the mitral valve and into the left ventricle during and a retrograde blood flow vector blocked by the inventive valve stent in the aorta. 
       FIG. 7  is a perspective view of the inventive valve stent chamber-to-chamber embodiment in its fully deployed state. 
       FIG. 8  is a is a perspective view of the inventive valve stent chamber-to-chamber embodiment in its fully deployed state with the outermost graft layer and stent layer partially removed to show an embodiment of the valve apparatus. 
       FIG. 9  is a top view of the inventive valve stent chamber-to-chamber embodiment in its fully deployed state. 
       FIG. 10  shows the cross sectional view taken along line  10 - 10  of  FIG. 7 . 
       FIG. 11  is a bottom view of inventive valve stent chamber-to-chamber embodiment in its fully deployed state. 
       FIG. 12A  illustrates a cross-sectional view of a human heart during atrial systole with the inventive valve stent chamber-to-chamber embodiment implanted at the site of the mitral valve and illustrating a blood flow vector of a filling fraction leaving the left atrium and entering the left ventricle. 
       FIG. 12B  illustrates a cross-sectional view of a human heart during atrial diastole with the inventive valve stent chamber-to-chamber embodiment implanted at the site of the mitral valve and illustrating a blood flow vector of an ejection fraction from the left ventricle to the aorta and the back pressure against the implanted mitral valve prosthesis. 
       FIG. 13  is a perspective view of the chamber-to-vessel configuration in the fully deployed state. 
       FIG. 14  is a perspective view of the same configuration in the fully deployed state with the outermost graft layer and stent layer partially removed to show an embodiment of the valve apparatus. 
       FIG. 15  is a top view of the same configuration. 
       FIG. 16  shows the cross sectional view of the same configuration for the deployed state. 
       FIG. 17  is a bottom view of the same configuration. 
       FIGS. 18A and 18B  show cross-sectional views of a vein and venous valve illustrating the inventive prosthetic venous valve in the open and closed state. 
       FIG. 19  is a cross-sectional diagrammatic view of a valvuloplasty and stent valve delivery catheter in accordance with the present invention 
       FIGS. 20A-20I  are diagrammatic cross-sectional views illustrating single catheter valvuloplasty, inventive stent valve delivery and stent valve operation in situ in accordance with the method of the present invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   The present invention consists generally of three preferred embodiments, each embodiment corresponding to a prosthetic stent valve configuration adapted for either heart chamber to blood vessel communication, chamber to chamber communication or vessel to vessel, or intravascular configuration. Certain elements are common to each of the preferred embodiments of the invention, specifically, each embodiment includes a stent body member which defines a central annular opening along the longitudinal axis of the stent body member, a graft member which covers at least a portion of the stent body member along either the lumenal or ablumenal surfaces of the stent body member, at least one biasing arm is provided and projects from the stent body member and into the central annular opening of the stent body member, and at least one valve flap member which is coupled to each biasing arm such that the biasing arm biases the valve flap member to occlude the central annular opening of the stent body member under conditions of a zero pressure differential across the prosthesis. The stent body member is preferably made of a shape memory material or superelastic material, such as NITINOL, but also be fabricated from either plastically deformable materials or spring-elastic materials such as is well known in the art. Additionally, the stent body member has three main operable sections, a proximal anchor section, a distal anchor section and an intermediate annular section which is intermediate the proximal and distal anchor sections. Depending upon the specific inventive embodiment, the distal and proximal anchor sections may be either a diametrically enlarged section or may be a flanged section. The intermediate annular section defines a valve exclusion region and primary blood flow channel of the inventive valve stent. The intermediate annular section defines a lumenal opening through which blood flow is established. The transverse cross-section of the lumenal opening may be circular, elliptical, ovular, triangular or quadralinear, depending upon the specific application for which the valve stent is being employed. Thus, for example, where a tricuspid valve is particularly stenosed, it may be preferable to employ a valve stent with a lumenal opening in the intermediate annular section which has a triangular transverse cross-sectional dimension. 
   Chamber-to-Vessel Configuration 
   An implantable prosthesis or prosthetic valve in accordance with certain embodiments of the chamber-to-vessel CV configuration of the present invention is illustrated generally in  FIGS. 1-5 . The chamber-to-vessel valve stent  10  consists of an expandable stent body member  12  and graft member  11 . The stent body member  12  is preferably made from a shape memory and/or superelastic NITINOL material, or thermomechanically similar materials, but may be made of plastically deformable or elastically compliant materials such as stainless steel, titanium or tantalum. The graft member  11  is preferably made of biologically-derived membranes or biocompatible synthetic materials such as DACRON or expanded polytetrafluoroethylene. The stent body member  12  is configured to have three functional sections: a proximal anchor flange  22 , an intermediate annular section  20  and a distal anchor section  16 . The stent body member  12 , as with conventional stents is formed of a plurality of stent struts  13  which define interstices  14  between adjacent stent struts  13 . The stent body member preferably also includes a transitional section  18  which interconnects the intermediate annular section  20  and the distal anchor section  16 , which together define a valve exclusion region of the inventive stent valve  10  to exclude the anatomic valve after implantation. The proximal anchor flange  22 , the intermediate annular section  20  and the distal anchor section  16  are each formed during the formation of the stent body member and are formed from the same material as the stent body member and comprise stent struts  13  and intervening interstices  14  between adjacent pairs of stent struts  13 . The anchor flange  22 , for example, consists of a plurality of stent struts and a plurality of stent interstices, which project radially outwardly away from the central longitudinal axis of the stent body member. Thus, the different sections of the stent body member  12  are defined by the positional orientation of the stent struts and interstices relative to the central longitudinal axis of the stent body member  12 . 
   With reference to  FIG. 2 , there is shown in greater detail the valve body  26  and valve arms or flow regulator struts  24  coupled to the stent body member  12 . The valve body  26  subtends the central annular opening of the stent valve  10  and is illustrated in its closed position. In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the graft member  11  consists of an outer or ablumenal graft member  11   a  and an inner or lumenal graft member  11   b . The outer graft member  11   a  encloses at least a portion of the ablumenal surface of the intermediate annular section  20  of the stent body member, while the inner graft member  11   b  is coupled, on the lumenal surface of the intermediate annular section  20  of the stent body member  12 , to the outer graft member  11   a  through the interstices  14  of the stent body member. The valve body  26  is formed by everting the inner graft member  11   b  toward the central longitudinal axis of the stent body member  12  such that free ends or valve flap portions  28  of the inner graft member  11   b  are oriented toward the distal anchor section  16  of the stent body member  12  and a pocket or envelope  27  is formed at the eversion point of the inner graft member  11   b  adjacent the junction between the intermediate annular section  20  and the proximal anchor flange  22  of the stent body member  12 . Alternatively, portions of the outer graft member  11   a  may be passed through to the lumenal surface of the stent body member  12 , thereby becoming the inner graft member  11   b  and everted to form the valve body  26 . 
   Valve arms or regulator struts  24  are coupled or formed integral with the stent body member  12  and are positioned adjacent the junction point between intermediate annular section  20  and the proximal anchor flange  22  of the stent body member  12 . The valve arms  24  are oriented radially inward toward the central longitudinal axis of the stent body member  12  when in their zero strain state. The valve arms  24  are attached or coupled to the valve flap portions  28  of the inner graft member leaflets to bias the valve flap portions  28  to the closed position when under zero pressure differential across the stent valve  10 . 
   The zero strain position of the valve arms  24  is radially inward and orthogonal to the central longitudinal axis of the stent valve  10 . Valve arms  24  have a length which is preferably longer than the radius of the lumenal diameter of the stent valve  10 , and they extent distally into the lumen of the stent valve  10  such that, in conjunction with the action of the valve leaflets  28 , the valve arms  24  are prevented from achieving their zero strain configuration thereby biasing the valve closed. As shown in  FIG. 4 , the valve arms  24  force the valve leaflets  28  to collapse into the center of the lumen of the stent valve  10 , thus biasing the valve to its closed position. 
   It is preferable to couple sections of the valve flaps  28 , along a longitudinal seam  29 , to the inner graft member  11   b  and the outer graft member  11   a  at points equidistant from the valve arms  24  in order to impart a more cusp-like structure to the valve flaps  28 . It should be appreciated, that the graft member  11  should cover at least a portion of the ablumenal surface of the stent body member  12  in order to exclude the anatomic valves, but may also cover portions or all of the stent valve member  12 , including the distal anchor section  16 , the intermediate annular section  20 , the transition section  18  and/or the proximal anchor flange  22 , on either or both of the lumenal and ablumenal surfaces of the stent body member. 
   In accordance with a particularly preferred embodiment of the CV valve stent  10 , the proximal anchor flange  22 , which consists of a plurality of stent struts and stent interstices which project radially outward away from the central longitudinal axis of the valve stent  10 , is configured to have one or more stent struts eliminated from the proximal anchor flange  22  to define an open region which is positioned in such a manner as to prevent the CV valve stent  10  from interfering with or impinging upon an adjacent anatomic structure. For example, where the CV valve stent  10  is to be an aortic valve prosthesis, it is known that the mitral valve is immediately adjacent the aortic valve, and the mitral valve flaps deflect toward the left ventricle. Thus, placing the CV valve stent  10  such that the proximal anchor flange  22  is adjacent the mitral valve might, depending upon the particular patient anatomy, interfere with normal opening of the mitral valve flaps. By eliminating one or more of the stent struts in the proximal anchor flange  22 , an opening is created which permits the mitral valve flaps to deflect ventricularly without impinging upon the proximal anchor flange  22  of the CV valve stent  10 . 
   Similarly, the stent struts of the CV valve stent  10  may be oriented in such a manner as to create interstices of greater or smaller area between adjacent struts, to accommodate a particular patient anatomy. For example, where the stent struts in the distal anchor section  16  would overly an artery branching from the aorta, such as the coronary ostreum arteries, it may be desirable to either eliminate certain stent struts, or to configure certain stent struts to define a greater interstitial area to accommodate greater blood flow into the coronary ostreum. 
   In the case of providing an oriented opening in the proximal anchor flange, or an oriented opening in the interstitial spaces of the distal anchor, it is desirable to provide radiopaque markers on the stent body member  12  to permit the CV valve stent to be oriented correctly relative to the anatomic structures. 
     FIGS. 6A and 6B  illustrate the inventive CV stent valve  10  implanted in the position of the aortic valve and excluding the anatomic aortic valve AV.  FIG. 6A  illustrates the heart during systole in which a positive pressure is applied to the prosthetic aortic valve by contraction of the left ventricle LV and the ejection fraction represented by the arrow. The systolic pressure overcomes the bias exerted by the valve arms  24  and causes the valve leaflets  26  to open and release the ejection fraction into the aorta.  FIG. 6B  illustrates that the presence of a negative pressure head across the stent valve  10 , i.e. such as that during diastole, causes the biased valve leaflets  26  which are already closed, to further close, and prevent regurgitation from the aorta into the left ventricle. 
   Chamber-to-Chamber Configuration 
     FIGS. 7-11  illustrate the inventive stent valve in the chamber-to-chamber (CC) configuration  40 . The CC valve stent  40  is constructed in a manner which is virtually identical to that of the CV valve stent  10  described above, except that the distal anchor section  16  of the CV valve stent  10  is not present in the CC valve stent  40 , but is substituted by a distal anchor flange  42  in the CC stent valve. Thus, like the CV valve stent  10 , described above, the CC valve stent  40  if formed of a stent body member  12  and a graft member  11 , with the graft member having lumenal  11   b  and ablumenal  11   a  portions which cover at least portions of the lumenal and ablumenal surfaces of the stent body member  12 , respectively. The CC valve stent  40  has both a proximal anchor flange  44  and a distal anchor flange  42  which are formed of sections of the stent body member  12  which project radially outward away from the central longitudinal axis of the CC valve stent  40  at opposing ends of the stent body member  12 . 
   Like the CV valve stent  10 , the lumenal graft portion  11   b  is everted inwardly toward the central longitudinal axis of the valve stent  40  and free ends  28  of the lumenal graft portion  11   b  to form valve flaps  26  which project distally toward distal anchor flange  42 . Flow regulation struts  24  are coupled to or integral with the proximal anchor flange  44  and intermediate annular section  20  and project radially inward toward the central longitudinal axis of the CC valve stent  40 . The valve flaps  26  are coupled to the flow regulation struts  24  and the flow regulation struts  24  bias the valve flaps  26  to a closed position under a zero strain load. 
   Like with the CV stent valve  10 , it is preferable to couple sections of the valve flaps  28 , along a longitudinal seam  29 , to the inner graft member  11   b  and the outer graft member  11   a  at points equidistant from the valve arms  24  in order to impart a more cusp-like structure to the valve flaps  28 . 
   Turning to  FIGS. 12A  and B there is illustrated the inventive CC stent valve  40  implanted in the position of the mitral valve and excluding the anatomic mitral valve MV.  FIG. 12A  illustrates the heart during atrial systole in which a positive pressure is applied to the prosthetic mitral valve by contraction of the left atrium LA and the pressure exerted by the blood flow represented by the arrow. The atrial systolic pressure overcomes the bias exerted by the valve arms  24  onto the valve leaflets  26 , and causes the valve leaflets  26  to open and release the atrial ejection fraction into the left ventricle.  FIG. 12B  illustrates that the presence of a negative pressure head across the stent valve  40 , i.e. such as that during atrial diastole, causes the biased valve leaflets  26  which are already closed, to further close, and prevent backflow from the left ventricle into the left atrium. 
   In accordance with another preferred embodiment of the invention, the CC configuration may be adapted for use in repairing septal defects. By simply substituting a membrane for the valve leaflets  26 , the lumen of the stent body member  12  is occluded. The CC stent valve  40  may be delivered endoluminally and placed into a position to subtend a septal defect and deployed to occlude the septal defect. 
   Vessel-to-Vessel Configuration 
   Turning now to  FIGS. 13-17 , there is illustrated the inventive stent valve in its vessel-to-vessel (VV) valve stent configuration  50 . The VV valve stent  50  is constructed in a manner which is virtually identical to that of the CV valve stent  10  described above, except that the proximal anchor flange  22  of the CV valve stent  10  is not present in the VV valve stent  50 , but is substituted by a proximal anchor section  52  in the VV stent valve. Thus, like the CV valve stent  10 , described above, the VV valve stent  50  is formed of a stent body member  12  and a graft member  11 , with the graft member having lumenal  11   b  and ablumenal  11   a  portions which cover at least portions of the lumenal and ablumenal surfaces of the stent body member  12 , respectively. The VV valve stent  50  has both a proximal anchor section  52  and a distal anchor section  54  which are formed of sections of the stent body member  12  which are diametrically greater than the intermediate annular section  20  of the VV valve stent  50 . Transition sections  56  and  58  taper outwardly away from the central longitudinal axis of the VV valve stent  50  and interconnect the intermediate annular section  20  to each of the distal anchor section  54  and the proximal anchor section  52 , respectively. 
   Like the CV valve stent  10 , in the VV valve stent  50 , the graft member  11 , particularly the lumenal graft portion  11   b  or the ablumenal graft portion  11   a , or both, is everted inwardly toward the central longitudinal axis of the valve stent  40  and free ends  28  of the lumenal graft portion  11   b  to form valve flaps  26  which project distally toward distal anchor flange  42 . Flow regulation struts  24  are coupled to or integral with the stent body member at the proximal transition section  58  and project radially inward toward the central longitudinal axis of the VV valve stent  50 . The valve flaps  26  are coupled to the flow regulation struts  24  and the flow regulation struts  24  bias the valve flaps  26  to a closed position under a zero strain load. Like with the CV stent valve  10  and the CC stent valve  40 , it is preferable to couple sections of the valve flaps  28 , along a longitudinal seam  29 , to the inner graft member  11   b  and the outer graft member  11   a  at points equidistant from the valve arms  24  in order to impart a more cusp-like structure to the valve flaps  28 . 
   Turning to  FIGS. 18A  and B there is illustrated the inventive VV stent valve  50  implanted in the position of a venous valve and excluding the anatomic venous valve flaps VE.  FIG. 18A  illustrates the vein under systolic blood pressure in which a positive pressure is applied to the prosthetic venous valve and the pressure exerted by the blood flow represented by the arrow. The systolic pressure overcomes the bias exerted by the valve arms  24  onto the valve leaflets  26 , and causes the valve leaflets  26  to open and permit blood flow through the prosthesis.  FIG. 18B  illustrates that the presence of a negative pressure head across the VV stent valve  50 , i.e. such as which exists at physiological diastolic pressures, causes the biased valve leaflets  26  which are already closed, to further close, and prevent backflow from the left ventricle into the left atrium. 
   The purpose of the proximal  54  and distal  52  anchor sections of the stent body member  12  is to anchor the prosthesis at the anatomic vessel-vessel junction, such as a venous valve, while causing minimal interference with adjacent tissue. The intermediate annular section  20  of the VV stent valve  50  excludes diseased anatomic leaflets and surrounding tissue from the flow field. The flare angle of the transition sections  56 ,  58  between the intermediate annular section  20  and each of the proximal and distal anchor sections  54 ,  52 , respectively, may be an acute angle, a right angle or an obtuse angle, depending upon the anatomical physiological requirements of the implantation site. Alternatively, the transition sections  56 ,  58  may be coplanar with the proximal and distal anchor section  52 ,  54 , respectively, thereby, eliminating any transition flare angle, depending upon the anatomical and physiological requirements of the delivery site. 
   Single Catheter Valvuloplasty Stent Valve Delivery System and Method of Delivery 
   In accordance with the present invention, there is also provide a single catheter valvuloplasty and valve stent delivery system  200  illustrated in  FIG. 19 . The objective of the single catheter delivery system  200  is to permit the surgeon or interventionalist to percutaneously deliver and deploy the inventive valve stent  10 ,  40  or  50  at the desired anatomical site and to perform valvuloplasty with a single catheter. In accordance with the preferred embodiment of the single catheter delivery system  200  of the present invention, there is provided a catheter body  210  having dual lumens  212 ,  216 . A first lumen  212  is provided as a guidewire lumen and is defined by a guidewire shaft  222  which traverses the length of the catheter body  210 . A second lumen is an inflation lumen  216  for communicating an inflation fluid, such as saline, from an external source, through an inflation port  240  at the operator end of the catheter  210 , to an inflatable balloon  214  located at or near the distal end of the catheter body  210 . The inflation lumen  216  is defined by an annular space between the lumenal surface of the catheter body  210  and the ablumenal surface of the guidewire shaft  222 . A capture sheath  217  is provided at the distal end  215  of the catheter body  210  and is positioned adjacent and distal the balloon  214 . The capture sheath  217  defines an annular space about the guidewire lumen  212  and the capture sheath  217  into which the stent valve  10 ,  40  or  50  is positioned and retained during delivery. An annular plug member  220  is within the inflation lumen  216  distal the balloon  214  and terminates the inflation lumen  216  in a fluid tight manner. Annular plug member  220  has a central annular opening  221  through which the guidewire shaft  222  passes. The annular plug member  220  is coupled to the guidewire shaft  222  and is moveable axially along the central longitudinal axis of the catheter  200  by moving the guidewire shaft  222 . The annular plug member  220  also serves to abut the stent valve  10 ,  40  and  50  when the stent valve  10 ,  40  and  50  is positioned within the capture sheath  217 . The guidewire shaft  222  passes through the capture sheath  217  and terminates with an atraumatic tip  218  which facilitates endoluminal delivery without injuring the native tissue encountered during delivery. With this configuration, the stent valve is exposed by proximally withdrawing the catheter body  210 , while the guidewire shaft  222  is maintained in a fixed position, such that the annular plug member  220  retains the position of the stent valve as it is uncovered by capture sheath  217  as the capture sheath  217  is being proximally withdrawn with the catheter body  210 . 
   In many cases the anatomic valve will be significantly stenosed, and the valve flaps of the anatomic valve will be significantly non-compliant. The stenosed valves may be incapable of complete closure permitting blood regurgitation across the anatomic valve. Thus, it may be desirable to configure the inflatable balloon  214  to assume an inflation profile which is modeled to maximally engage and dilatate the anatomic valves. For example, a tricuspid valve, such as the aortic valve may stenose to an opening which has a generally triangular configuration. In order to maximally dilatate this triangular opening, it may be desirable to employ a balloon profile which assumes a triangular inflation profile. Alternatively, it may be advantageous to configure the balloon such that it does not fully occlude the anatomic lumen when inflated, but permits a quantum of blood flow to pass around the balloon in its inflated state. This may be accomplished by providing channels or ridges on the ablumenal surface of the balloon. Additionally, irregular inflation profiles of the balloon may facilitate continuous blood flow about the inflated balloon. Furthermore, it may be desirable to configure the balloon to have an hour-glass inflation profile to prevent migration or slippage of the balloon in the anatomic valve during valvuloplasty. 
   In accordance with the present invention, it is preferable that the capture sheath  217  be made of a material which is sufficiently strong so as prevent the stent valve  10 ,  40 ,  50  from impinging upon and seating into the capture sheath  217  due to the expansive pressure exerted by the stent valve  10 ,  40 ,  50  against the capture sheath. Alternatively, the capture sheath  217  may be lined with a lubricious material, such as polytetrafluoroethylene, which will prevent the capture sheath  217  from exerting drag or frictional forces against the stent valve during deployment of the stent valve. 
   In accordance with the present invention, it is also contemplated that the position of the balloon  214  and the capture sheath  217  may be reversed, such that the balloon  214  is distal the capture sheath  217 . In this configuration, the anatomic valve may be radially enlarged by dilatating the balloon  214 , then the catheter moved distally to position the capture sheath  217  at the anatomic valve and deployed in the manner described above. This would also allow for post-deployment balloon expansion of the deployed stent valve without the need to traverse the prosthetic valve in a retrograde fashion. Alternatively, the catheter  200  of the present invention may be provided without a balloon  214  in those cases where valvuloplasty is not required, e.g., where a stenotic valve does not need to be opened such as with a regurgitating valve, and the catheter  200  is terminated at its distal end with only a capture sheath  217 , and deployment occurs as described above. 
   Turning now to  FIGS. 20A-20I  there is illustrated the sequence of steps in delivery of the stent valve of the present invention, valvuloplasty of the aortic valve and deployment of the stent valve at the position of the aortic valve. The single catheter delivery system  501  having a distal balloon  502  and a capture sheath  503  covering the valve stent  10  (not shown in  FIGS. 20A-B ), is delivered percutaneously either through a femoral or subclavian artery approach, and traverses the aorta and is passed through the aortic valve  510  such that the balloon  503  on the distal end of catheter  501  is adjacent the aortic valve  510  and the capture sheath  503  is within the left ventricle  504 . A valvuloplasty step  520  is performed by inflating balloon  503  to dilate the aortic valve and deform the aortic valve flaps against the aorta wall adjacent the aortic valve. After the valvuloplasty step  520 , delivery of the valve stent  505  is initiated by stabilizing the guidewire shaft (not shown) while the catheter body is withdrawn antegrade relative to the blood flow until the proximal anchor flange section of the valve stent  505  is exposed by the withdrawal of the capture sheath  503 . The distal anchor flange of the valve stent  505  is then positioned at the junction between the aortic valve and the left ventricle at step  540 , such that the distal anchor flange engages the ventricular surface of the aortic valve. The valve stent is fully deployed at step  550  by retrograde withdrawal of the catheter body  501  which continues to uncover the intermediate annular section of the valve stent and release the aortic valve stent  505  at the aortic valve site  510 . In step  560 , the valve stent  505  is completely deployed from the catheter  501  and the capture sheath  503 . The distal anchor section of the valve stent  505  expands and contacts the lumenal wall of the aorta, immediately distal the aortic valve, thereby excluding the aortic valve flaps from the lumen of the prosthetic aortic valve stent  505 . In step  570 , the atraumatic tip and guidewire are retracted by retrograde movement of the guidewire shaft of the catheter, and the catheter  501  is withdrawn from the patient.  FIGS. 20H and 20I  depict the implanted valve stent  505  during diastole and systole, respectively. During ventricular diastole  580 , the left ventricle expands to draw blood flow  506  from the left atrium into the left ventricle. A resultant negative pressure gradient is exerted across the valve stent  505 , and the valve arms and valve flaps  506  of the valve stent  505  are biased to the closed position to prevent a regurgitation flow  507  from passing through the valve stent  505  and into the left ventricle  504 . During ventricular systole  590 , the left ventricle contracts and exerts a positive pressure across the valve stent  505 , which overcomes the bias of the valve arms and valve flaps, which open  508  against the lumenal wall of the intermediate annular section of the valve stent and permit the ejection fraction  509  to be ejected from the left ventricle and into the aorta. 
   The method for delivery of the CC valve stent  40  or the VV valve stent  50  is identical to that of the CV stent  10  depicted in  FIGS. 20A-20I , except that the anatomical location where delivery and deployment of the valve stent occurs is, of course, different. 
   Thus, while the present invention, including the different embodiments of the valve stent, the delivery and deployment method and the single catheter valvuloplasty and delivery system, have been described with reference to their preferred embodiments, those of ordinary skill in the art will understand and appreciate that the present invention is limited in scope only by the claims appended hereto.