Abstract:
A correlated double sampling pixel gain amplifier includes an operational amplifier, an input sampling capacitor, and a feedback capacitor. The input capacitor samples the input signal during a first time phase and the feedback capacitor receives the signal charge from the input capacitor. No sampling switch is located between the input capacitor and the input terminal. The feedback capacitor may include a capacitor array.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This application claims the benefit, under 35 U.S.C. §119(e), of the filing date of provisional application Ser. No. 60/138,960, filed Jun. 11, 1999. 
   This application is related to Ser. No. 09/579,748 filed May 26, 2000. 

   FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention is related to a programmable gain amplifier. 
   BACKGROUND 
   A charge-coupled device (CCD) output waveform is a sequence of pixels, where each pixel is represented as the difference between a reset level and a data level. This signal waveform is initially processed before being passed on to the automatic gain control (AGC) circuit: 
   The data level is subtracted from the reset level on a pixel-by-pixel basis to remove the reset noise component common to both signals. This operation is called correlated double-sampling (CDS). 
   One prior art CDS is shown in block diagram form in  FIG. 1 . This is a pipelined CDS circuit. It has two non-overlapping time phases of operation: In the Q1 phase of the pipelined CDS circuit, the reset level is sampled by sample-and-hold (S/H) #1. A schematic diagram of a typical S/H is shown in  FIG. 2 . In the Q2 phase, the data level is sampled by S/H #2. Simultaneously, S/H #3 samples the output of S/H #1. 
   Drawbacks of the pipelined CDS technique are: (1) there are three sampling operations, which increases the noise over techniques requiring only two sampling operations; and (2) any gain or offset mismatch between the reset path (S/H #1 and S/H #3) and the data path (S/H #2) limits the ability of the CDS to remove reset noise. 
   Another prior art CDS is shown in  FIG. 3 . This is a dual CDS circuit. 
   S/H #1 and S/H #2 form a single CDS circuit, and S/H #3 and S/H #4 form a second single CDS circuit. Each single CDS processes alternate pixels. Thus, two CDS circuits are required to process all pixels. 
   The dual CDS has four phases of operation. In the Q1A phase, the reset level of the first pixel is sampled by S/H #1. The output switch is set to B. In the Q1B phase, the data level of the first pixel is sampled by S/H #2. The output switch is set to B. In the Q2A phase, the reset level of the second pixel is sampled by S/H #3. The output switch is set to A. In the Q2B phase, the data level of the second pixel is sampled by S/H #4. The output switch is set to A. 
   Compared to the pipeline CDS of  FIG. 1 , the dual CDS has lower noise because only two sampling operations are performed for each pixel. Also, the AGC has a full period to sample each pixel. 
   Drawbacks of the dual CDS scheme include: (1) two CDS circuits are required because the previous pixel value must be held while the reset level of the next pixel is sampled; and (2) even and odd pixels use different CDS circuits, causing gain and offset errors which must be removed. 
   SUMMARY 
   Applicants herein have discovered that in both prior art techniques, it is difficult to apply a variable pixel gain within the CDS. 
   The present invention is directed to a programmable gain amplifier. In one embodiment, a gain of the amplifier is programmable on a sample-by-sample basis. 
   The pixel-gain amplifier (PxGA), according to the present invention, may be used to apply a gain, which may be programmed on a pixel-by-pixel basis. This enables a user to compensate for differences in the average signal level between pixels of different colors. 
   One embodiment of the invention is directed to a pixel gain amplifier circuit including an amplifier having an input and an output. An input capacitor, coupled to the input of the amplifier, samples an input pixel during a first of first and second time phases. A feedback capacitor, coupled between the input and the output of the amplifier, receives charge from the input capacitor during the second time phase. 
   Another embodiment of the invention is directed to a method of sampling input pixels comprising the steps of: sampling an input pixel during a first of first and second time phases; amplifying the sampled input pixel during the second time phase; and controlling a gain of the amplification for each pixel. 
   A further embodiment of the invention is a means for varying a gain of an amplifier in a circuit according to a rapid rate. The means may include using a capacitor array. The means may include corresponding the rapid rate to the rate at which pixels are input into the circuit. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     For a better understanding of the present invention, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein by reference and in which: 
       FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a pipeline CDS circuit according to the prior art; 
       FIG. 2  is a block diagram of a sample and hold circuit according to the prior art; 
       FIG. 3  is a block diagram of a dual CDS circuit according to the prior art; 
       FIG. 4  is a diagram of pixels processed in a CCD signal processing channel according to the prior art; 
       FIG. 5  is a diagram of pixels processed by a pixel gain amplifier; 
       FIG. 6  is a diagram of pixels processed in a CCD signal processing channel using a pixel gain amplifier; 
       FIG. 7  is a multiplexed gain amplifier according to the prior art; 
       FIG. 8(   a ) is a block diagram of a pixel gain amplifier circuit; 
       FIG. 8(   b ) is a block diagram of a pixel gain amplifier circuit in the first phase; 
       FIG. 8(   c ) is a block diagram of a pixel gain amplifier circuit in the second phase; 
       FIG. 9  is a block diagram of a CDS/PxGA circuit; 
       FIG. 10  is a block diagram of a CDS/PxGA circuit with offset correction; 
       FIG. 11  is a block diagram of a CDS/PxGA amplifier circuit with an expanded diagram of the feedback capacitor array. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
   In addition to the drawbacks of the prior art CDS circuits mentioned above, schemes that correct for errors in a CCD signal neglect the varying amplitudes of the individual pixels which comprise the signal. CCDs utilize color filters to obtain color information. The CCD has different sensitivities to different colors, and as a result, the output amplitude of each pixel will depend not only on the amount of light to which it was exposed, but also on its particular color filter. For example, green pixels typically have a greater amplitude than blue or red pixels. An example of this is shown in  FIG. 4 . At the output of the CDS  400  four example pixels  410  are shown. Each of these pixels has a different amplitude corresponding to their color: G represents a green pixel, R represents a red pixel, Ye represents a yellow pixel, and B represents a blue pixel. In signal processing of the prior art the pixels  410  are input into a variable gain amplifier  402  to yield amplified pixels  420 . As a result of being amplified, each pixel gains a certain amount of noise  422 . That noise  422  has the same magnitude for each pixel and is carried through the signal processing channel. Because the pixels have the same amount of noise but different amplitudes, each pixel has a different signal-to-noise ratio. Because the gain of the VGA  402  is limited by the amplitude of the brightest pixel, the pixels which are not as bright are not amplified as much as they could be to achieve the best signal-to-noise ratio. 
   After the signals are converted by the ADC  404 , they still carry with them the noise  422  that was added by the VGA  402 . A digital signal processor  406  is typically used to scale the varying amplitudes of the pixels  420  to an equivalent level  430 , but the DSP  406  is unable to reduce the noise that the pixels gained in the analog domain. Because the scaling is done to bring each pixel to the same amplitude, the pixels with lower amplitude have a much greater resultant noise  432  than those pixels which started with a greater amplitude. 
   The only way to avoid the uneven signal-to-noise ratios is to scale the varying amplitudes of the pixels before they are amplified by the VGA  402  or before they reach the ADC  404 . This will give each pixel the maximum amount of amplification without saturating the ADC. In order to do this, it must be possible to vary the gain of the amplifier from pixel-to-pixel. 
   A pixel gain amplifier (PxGA) is offered for this purpose. As shown in  FIG. 5 , the pixel gain amplifier  500  takes pixels of varying amplitude in input pixel data  510 , amplifies each of them by the separate programmable gain  520  to yield the output pixel data  530  wherein each pixel has the same amplitude. For example, for pixel n  512  a gain of g 0   522  is applied to yield the final pixel n*g 0   532 ; for pixel n+1  514  gain g 1   524  is applied to yield pixel (n+1)*g 1   534 , and so forth for the remaining pixels. 
     FIG. 6  shows a CCD signal processing channel with the PxGA. The input signal of pixels with varying amplitude  410  is input into the CDS  400 . The output of the CDS is sent to the PxGA  500  where the pixels are amplified and scaled to an equal level. The pixel signals  604 , along with a slight level of noise  602 , are sent to the variable gain amplifier  402  where they are further amplified into the amplified signal  608  plus noise  606 . By inserting the PxGA  500  into the channel, the signal-to-noise ratio has been increased for the color pixels which have inherently less sensitivity, yielding a constant signal-to-noise ratio for each pixel. The constant signal-to-noise ratio across pixels allows the ADC  404  to fully utilize its dynamic range. 
   In order to implement the channel of  FIG. 6 , the pixel gain amplifier must be able to alter its gain with sufficient speed so that each pixel is appropriately amplified. Prior art amplifiers are insufficient for this purpose. 
     FIG. 7  shows a multiplexed gain amplifier from the prior art. This example of an insufficient amplifier is a large circuit requiring multiple channels which consumes a great deal of power. Furthermore, each individual gain amplifier  701 ,  702 ,  703 , etc., creates its own individual offset; each gain amplifier offset is different than the next, which leads to a mismatch of offsets to the output of a multiplexed gain amplifier. The non-linearity and gain mismatch among the gain amplifiers of the amplifier of  FIG. 7  serve to further decrease its performance and make it unsuitable for the high speed variable gain task required by a CCD input. 
   The PxGA offered is suitable for high speed variable gain tasks such as image applications (e.g., image sensors) for pixel sampling, wherein the gain of the PxGA is programmable on a pixel-by-pixel basis. It should be appreciated that the invention is not so limited to this particular embodiment. For example, the invention need not be limited to image applications in which pixels are sampled. 
   One embodiment described herein is directed to a switched-capacitor amplifier circuit for sampling input voltages. Again, the invention need not be limited to a switched-capacitor circuit. 
     FIG. 8  shows simplified diagrams for a switched-capacitor circuit, according to one embodiment, which performs pixel gain. This circuit employs two time phases (q1 and q2) of operation. 
   In the reset (q1) phase, shown in  FIG. 8(   b ), the main amplifier  800  is placed in unity-gain feedback to provide a virtual ground at the summing node. The sampling capacitor  802  samples the input  806  and the feedback capacitor  804  samples a reference voltage  808 . 
   In the data (q2) phase, shown in  FIG. 8(   c ), the feedback capacitor  804  is placed in feedback around the main amp  800  and the voltage applied to the sampling capacitor  802  changes by input-reference 1 . Reference 1   810  is a DC bias reference voltage. This forces a charge ΔQ=Cs (input-reference 1 ) to shift from Cs  802  to Cfb  804 , resulting in an output signal of (Cs/Cfb)(input-reference 1 ). 
   By changing the capacitance values on the sampling capacitor  802  and/or the feedback capacitor  804 , Cs and/or Cfb from pixel-to-pixel, the gain can be changed at the pixel rate. The input sampling capacitor  802  and/or the feedback capacitor  804  may be variable for this purpose. The gain control input  812  provides gain information which, in combination with the instantaneous digital switching, controls the capacitor gain. 
   With a restructuring of the circuit of  FIG. 8 , a circuit which performs the function of both a PxGA and a CDS is created. The circuit of  FIG. 9  shows the combination. Since the architecture of  FIG. 9  can simultaneously implement the CDS and PxGA functions, it will be referred to as a CDS/PxGA. 
     FIG. 10  shows a scheme for implementing offset correction in this CDS/PxGA. Offset correction prevents the AGC from saturating when large gains are applied to small-amplitude input signals. The offset correction circuit  1000  samples the CDS/PxGA output and applies a correction signal to the summing node. The magnitude and sign of the correction signal is the same for all pixels, and is chosen so that during a “black pixel” interval where the input signal corresponds to black pixels, the output is zero. The preferred implementation of this offset correction circuit  1000  is with a fixed-value sampling capacitor Cs  1002 , as indicated in  FIG. 10 . 
     FIG. 11  shows one implementation for the variable feedback capacitor. There is a separate capacitor Cfb,i in the cap array for each gain setting i, 0&lt;i&lt;n, and the capacitors are used cumulatively: the i-th gain setting places Cfb,0, Cfb,1, . . . Cfb,i in feedback, and the total feedback capacitance Cfb is the sum of these capacitors. The bits ci determine the gain setting. Note that Cfb,0 is always placed in feedback in the q2 phase, so there is always at least one capacitor in the feedback capacitor array. 
   Advantages of the CDS/PxGA include: (a) the PxGA operation is performed simultaneously with the CDS operation, so no extra circuit is required; (b) a simple method can be used for offset correction, independent of pixel gain; (c) the PxGA gain curve is guaranteed monotonic; and (d) all pixels are processed through the same signal path, avoiding pixel-to-pixel offset. 
   Having thus described at least one illustrative embodiment of the invention, various alterations, modifications and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Such alterations, modifications and improvements are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, the invention need not be limited to image applications in which pixels are sampled, nor need it be limited to a switched capacitor circuit. Accordingly, the foregoing description is by way of example only and is not intended as limiting. The invention is limited only as defined in the following claims and the equivalents thereto.