Abstract:
The apparatus described herein uses a disc wafer-type rotor featuring channels disposed around its circumference and around the interior circumference of the rotor housing specifically to induce cavitation. The channels are shaped to control the size, oscillation, composition, duration, and implosion of the cavitation bubbles. The rotor is attached to a shaft which is driven by external power means. Fluid pumped into the device is subjected to the relative motion between the rotor and the device housing, and exits the device at increased temperature. The device is thermodynamically highly efficient, despite the structural and mechanical simplicity of the apparatus. Such devices accordingly provide efficient, simple, inexpensive, and reliable sources of distilled potable water for residential, commercial, and industrial use, as well as the separation and evaporation of other liquids.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/488,061 filed May 19, 2011 under 35 U.S.C. §119(e). 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention is an apparatus for heating liquids using a rotor and housing featuring indentations therein that induce cavitation bubbles in the liquid. The heat generated when these bubbles rapidly collapse is transferred to the fluid. Thus, the apparatus permits efficient heat transfer to a fluid without a solid heat exchanger interface. 
         [0003]    There are a variety of patented devices (see table below) that use mechanical energy to increase the temperature and/or pressure of fluids. Some of these prior art devices heat the fluid through friction between the fluid and the walls of a rotor and housing. In other prior art designs, mechanical agitation of the liquid generates heat. The &#39;349 patent to Schaefer discloses an apparatus to produce steam pressure by inducing shock waves in a distended body of water. The &#39;020 patent to Greiner describes a rotor and housing assembly where fluids are heated by shearing and friction between the walls of a rotor and housing containing circumferential indentations. The Griggs patents disclose a method of heating fluids through the production of shock waves in the liquid, where shock waves are induced by pumping a liquid into an enclosed chamber and spinning a rotor containing cylindrically-shaped dead-end bores. Venturi tubes are also used to induce cavitation in liquids. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 U.S. Pat. No. 
                 Inventor 
                 Issue Date 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 1,758,207 
                 G. H. Walker 
                 May 13, 1930 
               
               
                   
                 2,316,522 
                 J. E. Loeffler 
                 Apr. 13, 1943 
               
               
                   
                 2,991,764 
                 C. D. French 
                 Jul. 11, 1961 
               
               
                   
                 3,198,191 
                 S. W. Wyszomirski 
                 Aug. 03, 1965 
               
               
                   
                 3,508,402 
                 V. H. Gray 
                 Apr. 28, 1970 
               
               
                   
                 3,690,302 
                 P. J. Rennolds 
                 Sep. 12, 1972 
               
               
                   
                 3,720,372 
                 J. W. Jacobs 
                 Mar. 13, 1973 
               
               
                   
                 3,791,349 
                 C. D. Schaefer 
                 Feb. 12, 1974 
               
               
                   
                 4,273,075 
                 D. A. Freihage 
                 Jun. 16, 1981 
               
               
                   
                 4,277,020 
                 W. J. Grenier 
                 Jul. 07, 1981 
               
               
                   
                 4,381,762 
                 A. E. Ernst 
                 May 03, 1983 
               
               
                   
                 4,779,575 
                 E. W. Perkins 
                 Oct. 25, 1988 
               
               
                   
                 4,781,151 
                 G. H. Wolpert, Jr., et. al. 
                 Nov. 01, 1988 
               
               
                   
                 5,188,090 
                 J. L. Griggs 
                 Feb. 23, 1993 
               
               
                   
                 5,385,298 
                 J. L. Griggs 
                 Jan. 31, 1995 
               
               
                   
                 5,957,122 
                 J. L. Griggs 
                 Sep. 28, 1999 
               
               
                   
                 7,089,886 
                 Thoma 
                 Aug. 15, 2006 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0004]    Mechanically-induced cavitation is a well-known phenomenon, first encountered in the late 19th century during investigations into ship propeller design. Rapid motion of propeller blades through water produces a low-pressure region near the surface of the propeller blade that results in transient bubbles being formed: a process now known as cavitation. The subsequent rapid implosion of cavitation bubbles caused by the high ambient water pressure results in the generation of enormous turbulence, heat, and pressure. The temperature generated during the collapse of a cavitation bubble can exceed 5000 degrees Celsius. 
         [0005]    Although cavitation is generally undesirable in marine propulsion applications, various devices have been employed for the last few years for the production and implosion of cavitation bubbles for research in ultrasound, acoustical cavitation for chemical processes and related fields. 
         [0006]    The apparatus described herein is intended for applications in fluid purification, distillation, and even pasteurization. Conventional technologies for purification, distillation, and pasteurization typically involve direct heating of a fluid. In direct heating, heat exchange occurs at a solid interface between a heat source and the subject fluid. In other words, as a fluid flows through a heat exchanger, heat is transferred to the fluid via direct contact between the fluid and the wall of the heat exchanger. However, direct heating has a number of disadvantages. First, direct heating results in heat exchanger scaling or coking. This necessitates relatively frequent maintenance to remove the scaling or coking. In the pasteurization context, direct heating can result in scorching and destruction of the product to be pasteurized. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0007]    The present invention solves these problems because using cavitation-induced heating eliminates the heat transfer interface; heat transfer occurs directly within the fluid. The apparatus disclosed herein purifies fluids through distillation by mechanically generating cavitation in order to heat the fluid. When the cavitation bubbles collapse, the heat generated is transferred to the fluid directly. 
         [0008]    Cavitation-induced heating has a number of advantages in heating fluids. In the petroleum industry, cavitation-induced heating allows petroleum products to be heated directly in storage tanks in the field, on pipelines, or on barges to facilitate pumping and unloading in cold weather, and heavy oil products could be heated for processing without heat exchanger scaling. In ethanol production, cavitation-induced heating eliminates the need for a steam boiler and allows up to four steps in the distillation process to be combined, which reduces production time and cost. In dairy production, cavitation-induced heating results in reduced maintenance, since pasteurization would occur without direct contact between the milk and a heat exchanger surface. This is particularly beneficial in the pasteurization of high fat dairy products. Cavitation-induced heating has also shown promising ability in generating relatively high concentrations (up to 40%) of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) from tap water. A potential medical application of the apparatus described herein destroys pathogens though cavitation-induced heating of blood or other bodily fluids. 
         [0009]    One of the most popular current applications, however, is use of cavitation-induced heating to purify polluted water through distillation. Cavitation-induced heating systems have been used in purifying glycol-tainted water used in airport de-icing operations. Another application is purifying water that has been used in hydraulic fracturing (or “fracking”) operations used in natural gas production fields. The water used to fracture natural gas bearing rock, or “frac water”, is usually contaminated with sulfur and other minerals during the process and requires treatment before its return to the environment. A block diagram of a typical system is shown in  FIG. 7 , in which a self-contained, easily movable 40-foot trailer houses the cavitation generators, motors, and other components described below. 
         [0010]    Another potential application of cavitation-induced heating is purification of seawater. Current sea water distilling technology typically uses electricity to generate heat. However, energy is lost generating steam to produce the electricity, and additional energy is lost in transmitting electricity to the desalinization plant. However, using cavitation-induced heating would be extremely efficient in converting seawater into steam. As the steam is condensed back across a low pressure-condensing generator, both potable water and electricity could be produced. 
         [0011]    The preferred embodiment of the present invention uses a shaft-driven, disc wafer type rotor (for easy modification for size and production design) rotating at relatively high speed (1600-4000 RPM) within a housing to mechanically generate cavitation bubbles in a fluid being pumped through the cavity within the housing past the spinning rotor. The shaft may be driven by electric motor, combustion engine, windmills, animal power or other motive means known to the art. Both the rotor and the housing have non-cylindrical shaped irregularities which induce cavitation. Unlike the systems described in the prior patents to Griggs which had cylindrical shaped dead-end bores in the rotor only, the embodiments described herein generate cavitation using indentations running across both the rotor and the interior surface of the housing, as shown in  FIGS. 2-6 . These indentations will be described in greater detail below; however, the general principle is that as fluid flows past indentations in the rotor, low pressure regions are generated, resulting in the formation of transient cavitation bubbles. When these transient bubbles collapse, heat is imparted directly to the fluid. Heat is therefore rapidly generated and transferred to the fluid without heat transfer having to occur between the fluid and a surface. 
         [0012]    It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a device for heating a fluid using a rotor and a stationary housing, which device is structurally simple with reduced manufacturing and maintenance costs. Maintenance costs are reduced because, in one preferred embodiment, seals are located on only one side of the generator. Mechanical seals typically are the most maintenance-intensive components of the system, requiring frequent replacement. Prior designs by Griggs included bearing and seal assemblies on both sides of the shock generator unit; however, the current design only has bearings and seals on one side. 
         [0013]    It is an additional object of the present invention to produce a mechanically elegant and thermodynamically highly efficient means for increasing pressure and/or temperature of fluids such as water (including, where desired, converting fluid from liquid to gas phase). 
         [0014]    It is an additional object of the present invention to provide a system for generating and imparting heat within a fluid for residential, commercial and industrial applications, using devices featuring a mechanically driven cavitation-inducing rotor and housing. 
         [0015]    Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent with reference to the remainder of this document. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0016]      FIG. 1  is an isometric rendering of the components of a cavitation-based distillation system. 
           [0017]      FIG. 2  shows an isometric rendering of the cavitation generator unit and motor, with a cutaway view of the cavitation generator showing the irregularities in the rotor and rotor housing. 
           [0018]      FIG. 3  shows a cross sectional cutaway view showing the cavitation generating irregularities of the rotor and rotor housing. 
           [0019]      FIG. 4  shows an embodiment of the cavitation generator having smoothly curved channels in the circumference of the rotor and the rotor housing 
           [0020]      FIG. 5  shows another embodiment of the cavitation generator having angular, square-shaped channels in the circumference of the rotor and the rotor housing. 
           [0021]      FIG. 6  shows another embodiment of the cavitation generator having open polygonal shaped channels in the circumference of the rotor and the rotor housing. 
           [0022]      FIG. 7  is a system block diagram of an application of the invention used to purify waste water byproducts from hydraulic fracturing operations used in natural gas production. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0023]      FIG. 1  shows the overall configuration of the preferred embodiment of a system  20  designed to purify contaminated water, such as frac water, in batches. The contaminated fluid is first pumped into tank  8 . From the tank, the fluid passes through tank outlet line  17  to the inlet of cavitation generator  1 . As shown in  FIG. 2  and as described above, the cavitation generator consists of two primary parts, a rotor housing  4  and a rotor  5 . The rotor  5  is driven by a shaft  3  that is coupled to a motor  2 . In the preferred embodiment, an electric motor is used. The size of the motor is dependent on the size of the unit; typically, 500 or 1000 horsepower motors would be used for applications requiring purification of up to 100,000 gallons per day. One skilled in the art will realize that any type of motive power capable of providing torque to a shaft can be substituted for an electric motor, although in these cases additional mechanical complexity may be required in the form of gears to match motor speed with the desired rotor rotational speed (typically 1600-4000 RPM). 
         [0024]    The speed of the rotor is one of several variables involved in inducing cavitation. Typically, the outer edge of the rotor indentations (i.e. the tips shown in  FIGS. 3-6 ) must have a speed of at least 90 feet per second to induce cavitation in frac water, so the smaller the rotor diameter, the larger the RPM required to generate the required tip speed, and vice versa. The RPM range given above was found to be sufficient for rotors ranging in size from 5 inches in diameter to 36 inches in diameter. 
         [0025]    As contaminated fluid passes from tank  8  into the inlet of the cavitation generator  1 , it fills a cavity between the rotor  5  and the rotor housing  4  as shown in  FIG. 3 . For applications involving frac water, the gap between the rotor and housing is 0.250 inches. This gap, however, varies with the type of fluid designed to be heated. The exterior of the rotor and the interior of the housing contain indentations that are designed to maximize cavitation in the fluid flowing through the cavitation generator. 
         [0026]    As shown in  FIG. 3 , these indentations may be inclined into or away from the direction of rotation. The angle of inclination of the indentations either into or away from the flow and the depth of the indentations themselves will depend on the nature of the fluid to be heated.  FIGS. 3 ,  5 - 6  shows indentations that are defined by the intersection of planar surfaces, while  FIG. 4  shows indentations that are curved. 
         [0027]    Cavitation bubbles are generated as the low-pressure boundary layer of the water in contact with the surface of the rapidly spinning rotor is swept over the lip of the indentations. This is similar to water flowing around a sharp bend in a pipe, where the pressure on the outside (concave wall) of the curve is higher than that on the inside (convex wall), where cavitation can occur. In the pipe the bubbles would be carried away by the movement of the fluid, but in the present invention the rotor indentations&#39; shape and depth act to fix the location of the cavitation bubbles until the bubbles implode generating heat which is immediately imparted to the fluid. Additionally as the harmonics of the device come into play the bubbles began to oscillate and continue to reform and collapse. Bubble size and collapse are the results of the specifics of the irregularities and rotor design, causing millions of cavitation bubbles to form and collapse simultaneously. The heat generated by the collapsing bubbles is imparted directly to the fluid. 
         [0028]    The depth, shape, and number of these indentations, their inclination relative to the fluid flow, the speed of the outer part of the rotor (i.e. the tip), as well as the amount of time the fluid spends inside the cavitation generator determine how effective the cavitation generator is at generating heat. These variables depend upon the nature of the fluid to be heated. The viscosity of the fluid is a major factor in optimizing the design of the rotor and housing. Higher viscosity fluids are generally more resistant to the formation of cavitation. All of the current embodiments feature indentations in both the rotor and the interior housing, which tend to increase the shear and therefore are ideally suited to counteract viscosity effects in the fluid. 
         [0029]    Contaminated fluid pumped into cavitation generator  1  flows past the rotor, which is moving at high speed relative to the fluid. Hydrodynamic flow patterns over the irregularities described above in the rotor and housing result in low pressure regions in the indentations, which causes the rapid formation and collapse of cavitation bubbles, resulting in heat which is then transferred to the fluid. The heated fluid passes out of the cavitation generator  1  and back into tank  8  through tank inlet line  9 . The temperature differential between the inlet and outlet of the cavitation generator is measured by water inlet temperature sensor  18  and water outlet temperature sensors  19  and displayed on panel  6 . The contaminated fluid is recirculated between tank  8  and cavitation generator  1  until the fluid in the tank begins to vaporize. Pressure in the system is maintained by recirculation pump  7 . In the preferred embodiment, recirculation pump is a centrifugal pump driven by a  1  horsepower electric motor controlled from control panel  10 . 
         [0030]    As fluid continuously circulates from tank  8  to the cavitation generator  1  and back, the temperature of the fluid rises until steam is produced in tank  8 . The steam produced from the contaminated fluid in the tank passes through the top of tank  8  into steam supply line  12  and then into heat exchanger  13 . In heat exchanger  13 , the steam condensed and passes through condensate outlet line  15  and is collected. The collected fluid has now been purified and can be returned to its source. Cooling water from an outside source, such contaminated frac water as shown in  FIG. 7 , is provided to the system through heat exchanger cooling water inlet  14 . Power to the recirculation pump  7  is controlled at panel  10 , system temperatures are displayed on panel  6 , and power is provided through power box  11 . 
         [0031]    The fluid purification system described above processes contaminated fluid in batches. Once the level of the contaminated fluid in the tank decreases to a certain level, additional fluid is added. At the end of the purification process, remaining liquid in tank  8  is drained through tank drain valve  16 . 
         [0032]    Prior art cavitation generators by Griggs used cylindrical dead-end bores in the rotor to generate shock waves in the fluid. However, it was discovered that cavitation effects were enhanced by modifying Griggs&#39; design in two ways. 
         [0033]    First, the Griggs patents only disclose cylindrical indentations disposed around the circumference of the rotor. However, the current invention uses linear or curvilinear channels in the inner surface of the rotor housing that are similar to, and complimentary with, similar channels on the rotor&#39;s circumference. It was discovered that the presence of channels in the inner surface of the housing as well as on the rotor increases shear in the fluid, encouraging turbulence and greatly enhancing cavitation and water hammer effect. As explained above, cavitation is desirable in this application because the rapid formation and violent collapse of cavitation bubbles generated results in significant heat being generated internally in the fluid. 
         [0034]    Second, instead of cylindrical dead-end bores disposed around the circumference of the rotor, the channels in the rotor&#39;s circumference extend across the width of the rotor, which results in increased surface area exposed to the fluid. In certain preferred embodiments shown in  FIGS. 2 ,  3 ,  5  and  6 , when viewed in cross section, the channels have one or more angular corners defined by two or more intersecting planar surfaces in the rotor where the linear intersection of these two surfaces is oriented generally parallel to the rotor&#39;s rotational axis. In other embodiments, however, the channels have smoothly curved walls ending with a discontinuity at the tip, such as those shown in  FIG. 4 . 
         [0035]    Initial test results indicate that the currently disclosed design is more efficient than prior art models. Distilling units using designs disclosed herein are approximately 30% smaller than prior art units based on Griggs&#39; earlier cylindrical dead-end bore design, for the same amount of distilling capacity. 
         [0036]    Other rotor and housing embodiments specifically adapted for heating contaminated water (“frac water”) used in hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”) operations are shown in  FIGS. 5 and 6 . One embodiment shown in  FIG. 5  has a rotor that is 8.5 inches in diameter. The rotor channels disposed circumferentially when viewed in cross section are rectangular with a depth of approximately 0.75 inch and a width of approximately 0.5 inch. The rotor housing is 10.5 inches in outside diameter and 9.0 inches in inner diameter, and the corresponding channels in the rotor housing are typically 0.5 inches in depth and 0.5 inches in width. The gap between the edge of the mouth of the channels in the rotor and the rotor housing is 0.25 inches. 
         [0037]    A second rotor-rotor housing embodiment used in frac water purification is shown in  FIG. 6 . The rotor is 6.75 inches in diameter, and the channels in the rotor are defined by open pentagonal channels disposed around the rotor&#39;s circumference as shown in  FIG. 6 . The bottom of the channels are typically square, with 0.5 inches on a side, with the channels flaring out at an angle to the outer circumference of the rotor (i.e. the tip of the tooth attached to the rotor). The outer diameter of the rotor housing is 10.5 inches and the inner diameter is 7.25 inches, leaving a gap of 0.25 inches between the tip of the pentagonal teeth of the rotor and the mouth of the channels in the rotor housing. 
         [0038]    Also, it should be noted that although the rotor herein may be cylindrical, the rotor used in the preferred embodiments is a disc-wafer type rotor i.e., a flat disc with thickness less than its diameter, as opposed to the cylinder-shaped rotor disclosed in the prior Griggs patents. In the embodiments shown in  FIGS. 5 and 6 , the width of the rotor is 1.5 inches and the outside width of the rotor housing is 1.875 inches. 
         [0039]    Yet another embodiment that is a working prototype for a full-scale system features a 9.5 inch diameter rotor that is 1 inch wide. The rotor is driven with a 25 horsepower motor to 4000 RPM. Such a prototype has purified 6.75 gallons of water per hour. A larger embodiment that is also a working prototype has a 28 inch diameter rotor which is 3 inches wide. the rotor is driven by a 125 horsepower diesel engine at 1800 RPM and distills 20 gallons of water every 2 hours and 20 minutes. 
         [0040]    Another, large-scale embodiment of the system that is used to reclaim contaminated frac water is shown in  FIG. 7 . Return water from the fracturing process is pumped through a pre-screen filter  21 , then into a mixing tank  22  where it is mixed with ozone from an ozone generator  23 . The ozone-treated water from mixing tank  22  is then pumped to a 40 foot long container  24  housing the system  20  described above and shown in  FIG. 1 . The heated water is sent through a high-pressure jet pump  25 , a sand bed filtration system  26 , and then to heat exchanger  27 . In heat exchanger  27 , the steam is condensed through heat exchange with return water from the fracturing process. The return water is thereby pre-heated before it passes through pre-screen filter  21 . The condensed water is then stored in a separation tank  28 , before being either discharged to the environment or reused in the fracking process.