Abstract:
Improvements in a combustion engine performance and reduced temperature of the combustion engine therefore resulting in an increase in the brake thermal efficiency where the pistons move linearly within the combustion cylinder. A pair of one-way clutches is used to convert the reciprocating linear motion into rotary motion without a crank shaft and without friction or power loss in the engine. High pressure oil is used to intercool the piston and the cylinder walls and is used for lubricating the piston ring. This configuration will improve the engine efficiency and reduce emission and result in a low cost engine.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation-in-part of applicant&#39;s co-pending application Ser. No. 13/444,139 filed Apr. 11, 2012, and PCT application PCT/US12/038088 filed on May 16, 2012 the entire contents of which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein. 
     
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
       [0002]    Not Applicable 
       THE NAMES OF THE PARTIES TO A JOINT RESEARCH AGREEMENT 
       [0003]    Not Applicable 
       INCORPORATION-BY-REFERENCE OF MATERIAL SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISC 
       [0004]    Not Applicable 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0005]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0006]    This invention relates to improvements in an internal combustion engine. More particularly, the engine uses light weight pistons and where the piston moves linearly in the combustion cylinder that eliminates friction and side forces of the piston and eliminates the crankshaft. 
         [0007]    2. Description of Related Art Including Information Disclosed Under 37 CFR 1.97 and 1.98 
         [0008]    A number of patents and or publications have been made to address these issues. Exemplary examples of patents and or publication that try to address this/these problem(s) are identified and discussed below. 
         [0009]    When the internal combustion engine is used as a four cycle engine with four cylinders where it uses four combustion units, each unit has a compressing combustion cylinder and a hydraulic cylinder where each piston of the two cylinders moves linearly and uses a gear and a pair of one-way clutches to extract the majority of the power to the output shaft, furthermore, a small crank shaft is used and the size of the crank shaft as much one quarter of the mass of an average crank shaft that would be used in a conventional combustion engine of similar displacement. This crankshaft operates the camshaft for exhaust and intake valves and for starting of the engine. The high pressure oil is used for intercooling the piston and the cylinder. 
         [0010]    U.S. Pat. No. 3,584,610 issued Jun. 15, 1971 to Kilburn I. Porter discloses a radial internal combustion engine with pairs of diametrically opposed cylinders. While the piston arms exist in a fixed orientation to the pistons the volume under the pistons is not used to pump air into the intake stroke of the engine. 
         [0011]    U.S. Pat. No. 4,459,945 issued Jul. 17, 1984 to Glen F. Chatfield discloses a cam controlled reciprocating piston device. One or opposing two or four pistons operates from special cams or yokes that replace the crankpins and connecting rods. While this patent discloses piston arms that are fixed to the pistons there also is no disclosure for using the area under each piston to move air into the intake stroke of the piston. 
         [0012]    U.S. Pat. No. 4,480,599 issued Nov. 6, 1984 to Egidio Allais discloses a free-piston engine with operatively independent cam. The pistons work on opposite sides of the cam to balance the motion of the pistons. Followers on the cam move the pistons in the cylinders. The reciprocating motion of the pistons and connecting rod moves a ferric mass through a coil to generate electricity as opposed to rotary motion. The movement of air under the pistons also is not used to push air into the cylinders in the intake stroke. 
         [0013]    U.S. Pat. No. 8,104,436 issued Jan. 31, 2012 to Gray Jr. Charles L. discloses a free-piston engine with the combustion engine that is couples to a hydraulic piston to produce hydraulic power that is used outside of the engine. High pressure oil is used in the hydraulic motor to extract the power that is created by the engine. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0014]    It is an object of the engine to eliminate the side forces of the piston engine on the cylinder wall thereby reducing the friction of the engine. 
         [0015]    It is an object of the engine to use a pair of one-way clutched and gears to convert the reciprocating linear motion of the pistons into rotary motion without side forces in the piston engine and crankshaft friction. The power in the piston will be nearly completely transferred to an output shaft, as compared to a conventional crankshaft where the power transfer is less than 65% of the power and compared to a free piston engine the power will transfer less than 70%. 
         [0016]    It is an object of the engine to eliminate the complicated crankshaft and for this design to be less expensive. 
         [0017]    It is an object of the engine to use a hydraulic piston in a hydraulic cylinder where the piston maintains linear movement of the combustion piston. The high pressure oil is used to intercooling the combustion piston and the intercooling of the combustion engine through the combustion walls and the lubrication of the piston rings; part of the high pressure oil is used in the radiator for cooling the oil. Where the high pressure oil that is not used to extract the engine power as most of the free piston engine. 
         [0018]    Where the free piston is needed the motor to convert the hydraulic linear motion to rotational motion and makes more energy loss when compared to this engine design. 
         [0019]    It is an object of the engine when it is used as a split cycle engine, two-combustion units and two compressor units. The combustion units are compressing, a combustion cylinder and a hydraulic cylinder and automatic exhaust valves that are controlled by the combustion piston and differential pressure of the hydraulic cylinder and no outside control and where the compressor units are compressing a compressor cylinder and it can be a larger size than the combustion cylinder for self-supercharging the combustion cylinder and where the air inlet valve is controlled by differential pressure of the hydraulic cylinder. 
         [0020]    It is another object of the engine for when the internal combustion engine is used as a split cycle engine with a dual chamber cylinder engine for the engine to work as two cylinder units—four cycle engine where the cylinder unit compressing the upper cylinders are for a dual chamber cylinder and where the lower cylinder is used for a hydraulic cylinder and where the dual chamber use the upper chamber for as a combustion chamber and the lower chamber as for a compressor chamber. The engine comprises at least two cylinder units and where each unit is connected to each other with a gear shaft or a pair of one-way clutches by a piston gear rod. A small crank shaft is used for starting the engine and as an output shaft and where the exhaust valves and intake valves are operated by high pressure oil by using the hydraulic piston valve. This engine is automatically controlled by pressurized oil in the hydraulic cylinder in the engine and therefore does not need any adjustment or computer control, and where automatic mechanical fuel injector is used. 
         [0021]    It is still another object of the engine to be the smallest and the most efficient and less expensive engine ever built. 
         [0022]    It is still another object of the engine to reduce the heat temperature of the combustion cylinder by reducing the friction of the piston on the cylinder wall by using high pressure oil and this can lead the engine working at a lower temperature for combustion (LTC) and this is helpful for reducing engine output of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, thereby reducing the need to consume additional fuel for exhaust after treatment and the crankshaft will reduce fuel consumption and reduce emissions. Reference: Report on the transportation combustion engine efficiency colloquium held at UScar, Mar. 3-4 2010 by Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Department of Energy. 
         [0023]    It is another object of the engine for the engine to be use high pressure oil to intercool the piston and the cylinder walls. This can eliminate the need for exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and eliminate the need for a water pump, and for an oil pump. 
         [0024]    Various objects, features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments of the invention, along with the accompanying drawings in which like numerals represent like components. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING(S) 
         [0025]      FIG. 1  shows the dynamic of the crank mechanism. 
           [0026]      FIG. 2  shows the dynamic of a gear shaft or a pair of one-way clutches in the piston gear rod. 
           [0027]      FIG. 3  shows the friction of the engine using the crankshaft. 
           [0028]      FIG. 4  shows a conventional four stroke engine using a crankshaft. 
           [0029]      FIG. 5  shows the new proposed engine using a gear shaft. 
           [0030]      FIG. 6  shows a four cylinder engine with a pair of one-way clutches and one gear. 
           [0031]      FIG. 7   a  shows a cross-sectional view cut through  7   a - 7   a  of  FIG. 6  for a one-way clutches. 
           [0032]      FIG. 7   b  shows a cross sectional view cut through  7   b - 7   b  of  FIG. 6 . 
           [0033]      FIG. 7   c  shows a cross sectional view cut through  7   c - 7   c  of  FIG. 6 . 
           [0034]      FIG. 8  shows a combustion cylinder where the combustion piston moves linearly with the hydraulic piston. 
           [0035]      FIG. 9  shows the hydraulic piston with a one-way valve. 
           [0036]      FIG. 10   a  shows a detail for the oil being pushed through the body of the combustion piston. 
           [0037]      FIG. 10   b  shows a detail for the oil being pushed through the body of the dual chamber piston. 
           [0038]      FIG. 11  shows a four cylinder engine where the engine comprises of four combustion units using a pair of one-way clutches. 
           [0039]      FIG. 12  shows a cross sectional view cut through  12 - 12  of  FIG. 11 . 
           [0040]      FIG. 13  shows a cross sectional view cut through  13 - 13  of  FIGS. 11 ,  16 ,  18 ,  20  and  22 . 
           [0041]      FIG. 14  shows a cross sectional view cut through  14 - 14  of  FIGS. 11 ,  16 ,  18 ,  20  and  22 . 
           [0042]      FIG. 15  shows a detail view of the rail and bearings for the crankshaft. 
           [0043]      FIG. 16  shows a four cylinder engine with a two gear shaft and a crankshaft. 
           [0044]      FIG. 17  shows a cross sectional view cut through  17 - 17  of  FIG. 16 . 
           [0045]      FIG. 18  shows eight combustion cylinders without using a hydraulic cylinder and using a pair of one-way clutches. 
           [0046]      FIG. 19  shows a cross-sectional view cut through  19 - 19  of  FIG. 18 . 
           [0047]      FIG. 20  shows an eight combustion cylinder without using a hydraulic cylinder and using one gear shaft and one crankshaft. 
           [0048]      FIG. 21  shows a cross-sectional view cut through  21 - 21  of  FIG. 20 . 
           [0049]      FIG. 22  shows a four cylinder engine as a two combustion engine on one side using a one gear shaft. 
           [0050]      FIG. 23  shows a cross sectional view cut through  23 - 23  of  FIG. 22 . 
           [0051]      FIG. 24  shows a cross sectional view cut through  24 - 24  of  FIG. 22 . 
           [0052]      FIG. 25  shows a split cycle engine with two combustion cylinders and two compressor cylinders. 
           [0053]      FIG. 26  shows a cross sectional view cut through  26 - 26  of  FIG. 25 . 
           [0054]      FIG. 27  shows a cross sectional view cut through  27 - 27  of  FIG. 25 . 
           [0055]      FIG. 28  shows a cross sectional view cut through  28 - 28  of  FIG. 25 . 
           [0056]      FIG. 29   a  through  FIG. 29   d  shows operation of the combustion cylinder with an exhaust valve, high pressure air and a fuel injector. 
           [0057]      FIG. 30   a  shows a dual chamber cylinder upper chamber. 
           [0058]      FIG. 30   b  shows a dual chamber cylinder lower chamber. 
           [0059]      FIG. 30   c  shows a pair of one-way clutches for a dual chamber combustion engine. 
           [0060]      FIG. 31  shows a cross sectional view cut through  31 - 31  of  FIGS. 30   b  and  31   c.    
           [0061]      FIG. 32  shows a cross sectional view cut through  32 - 32  of  FIG. 30   c,  pair of one-way clutches. 
           [0062]      FIG. 33  shows a cross sectional view cut through  33 - 33  of  FIG. 30   a,  exhaust valve. 
           [0063]      FIG. 34  shows a cross sectional view cut through  34 - 34  of  FIG. 30   b,  air intake valve. 
           [0064]      FIG. 35  shows a cross sectional view cut through  35 - 35  of  FIG. 30   a,  high pressure air inlet. 
           [0065]      FIG. 36  shows a cross section of a high pressure inlet valve with a fuel injector. 
           [0066]      FIG. 36   a  shows a cross section of a fuel injector in a closed position. 
           [0067]      FIG. 36   b  shows a cross section of a fuel injector in an open position. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0068]      FIG. 1  shows the dynamic of the crank mechanism. Knowing the kinematics, a dynamical analysis of the piston/crank mechanism can be made. This figure shows the force acting on various components, as a result of an applied force on the piston. The resulting force on the piston can be divided into wall force, F wall  creating friction force and rod force or crankshaft force and that can be divided into a radial Fe,r and a tangential force Fe,t. Only the tangential part will result in a crankshaft torque and useful force. 
         [0069]      FIG. 2  shows the dynamic of gear shaft or a pair of one-way clutches in the piston gear rod. Knowing the kinematics, a dynamic analysis of the piston gear rod and output shaft can be made. The figure shows the force applied on the piston can be transfer nearly 100% to the output shaft with no friction Fn or any radial part force Fe,r. 
         [0070]      FIG. 3  shows the engine using the crankshaft. The friction power loss is different at different engine speeds and where most of the power lost occurs in piston ring, connecting rod and crankshaft functions where this can be eliminated in the proposed disclosure. 
         [0071]      FIG. 4  shows a conventional four stroke engine using a crankshaft where side walls create friction between the piston and the cylinder walls. 
         [0072]      FIG. 5  shows the proposed engine using a gear shaft between the piston gear rod where nearly 100% of the piston power is transferred to the output shaft. 
         [0073]    A pair of one-way clutches is shown in  FIGS. 6 ,  7   a,    7   b  and  7   c.  The first one-way clutch  92  is connected to four piston gear rods  110 . The second one-way clutch  102  is connected directly to the first one-way clutch  92 . When the first clutch  92  moves to the left side then the clutch will move free and not be locked to the gear shaft  104  but the clutch  102  will move to the right side and will lock to gear shaft  105  and then to gear shaft  103 . When the first clutch  92  moves to the right side then the clutch will lock to the output shaft  104  and the gear shaft  103 . Flywheel  40  will smooth variations in rotational acceleration(s). The one-way clutch  102  will move to the left side and will be free and not lock. The one-way clutch  102  is driven in the reverse direction of the first one-way clutch  92   
         [0074]      FIG. 8  shows combustion cylinder  108  where the combustion piston  109  moves linearly inside of the combustion cylinder  108 . The hydraulic cylinder  112  where the hydraulic piston  113  moves linearly inside of the hydraulic cylinder. The hydraulic piston has a one-way valve  114  (shown in  FIG. 9 ) to allow the high pressure oil to plunge from hydraulic cylinder to combustion piston  109  through a channel  111  on the piston gear rod  110 . The hydraulic cylinder has a spring  115  for soft landing on the pistons  113  and for absorbing some power and reusing the power from return spring  115 . The hydraulic cylinder  112  includes one outlet valve with a one-way valve to plunge high pressure oil to the radiator to intercool the oil and further includes one inlet valve with a check valve  116  to allow the low pressure oil to feed the hydraulic cylinder  112 . The high pressure oil after cooling is sent to the other hydraulic cylinders at low pressure  112 . 
         [0075]      FIG. 10   a  shows a detail view of a four cycle engine cylinder and split cycle engine cylinder  121  where the high pressure oil pushes through the body of the piston  120  and discharges out of the piston  120 . 
         [0076]      FIG. 10   b  shows a detail for the dual chamber cylinder  121  where the high pressure oil  111  pushes through the body of the piston  120  and discharges through outlet channel  119  to out of the piston through a piston gear  110 . 
         [0077]      FIG. 11  shows a four cylinder engine where the engine comprises of four combustion units. Each combustion unit compressing one combustion cylinder  108  and one hydraulic cylinder  132 . The four combustion cylinders are connected to each other with one-way clutches  92  through four piston gear rods  110 . The one-way clutch  92  is connected other with one-way clutches  102 . The pair of one-way clutches is connected to output shafts  103  through an output gear  104  and output gear  105 . Flywheel  40  will smooth variations in rotational acceleration(s). The  FIGS. 11 ,  12 ,  13 ,  14  and  15  show a small wing gear crankshaft  130  where the crankshaft gear rod  138  moves up and down through hydraulic cylinder  132  and is connected with one-way clutch  102 . The gear rod  138  maintains up and down movement through rail  134  through a wing gear shaft  130  and the wing gear shaft has two bearings  135 . The connecting rod  133  that is connected to main gear  136 . The crankshaft is used for the operation of the camshaft (not shown) and operates to start the engine. The crankshaft gear  138  has an oil channel  111  from hydraulic piston  113  to lubricate the crankshaft bearing  135  and other engine bearings. 
         [0078]      FIGS. 16 and 17  shows an embodiment of a four cylinder engine similar to the engine described in  FIGS. 11 ,  12 ,  13 ,  14  and  15  except they do not use a pair of one-way clutches. In this embodiment the use only a gear shaft between the piston gear rod  110  and the crankshaft  136  and is used as a main shaft for the engine. The crankshaft is small and is less than one-quarter of the average mass of a crankshaft used in a conventional four-stroke engine of a similar displacement. 
         [0079]      FIGS. 18 and 19  shows an eight cylinder engine with two combustion units where each unit has two opposed combustion cylinder. In this embodiment there are no hydraulic cylinders in the engine except for the crankshaft rod  138  that is operated by a pair of one-way clutches  92 ,  102  and one gear shaft  103  as previously described using the crankshaft for operation of a camshaft. 
         [0080]      FIGS. 20 and 21  show a similar embodiment as shown in  FIGS. 18 and 19  except this embodiment uses two gear shafts and crankshafts instead of a pair of one-way clutches as a main output shaft. 
         [0081]    This embodiment uses only a gear shaft as shown in  FIGS. 22 ,  23  and  24  that shows a four cylinder engine with two combustion units where each unit has two opposed combustion cylinders. In this embodiment there are no hydraulic cylinders in the engine except for crankshaft rod  138 . The engine has only one gear shaft  131  connected to all piston rods  110  with crankshaft rod  138 . The crankshaft is small and less than one-quarter of the mass of an average crankshaft used in a conventional four stroke engine if a similar displacement. 
         [0082]    Split Cycle Engine 
         [0083]      FIGS. 25 ,  26 ,  27  and  28  shows a split cycle combustion engine with two combustion units and two compressor units. The combustion unit has a combustion cylinder  51  and  52  and a hydraulic cylinder  55  and  56 . The compressor unit has compressor cylinders  53  and  54  and hydraulic cylinder  55  and  56 . In  FIG. 26  the combustion cylinder has exhaust valve  60 . The two exhaust cylinder valves are connected to each other with a swing arm  64 . The valve is operated by oil pressure  80  and  82  from hydraulic cylinders  55  and  56 . The valve will be closed in a first step by combustion piston pressure on valve stem  64  and a second step by pressure differential on the piston valve  83  and by swing arm  64 . 
         [0084]      FIG. 27  shows the compressor unit where each unit has one compressor cylinder  53  and  54  and one hydraulic cylinder  55  and  56 . The compressor cylinder has an air intake valve  84 . The valve opens and closes by differential pressure on the piston valve  83  and by oil pressure  80 ,  81  from the hydraulic cylinders  55  and  56 . 
         [0085]      FIG. 28  shows the high pressure air valve  66  that has cylinder  67  where the cylinder has an opening in the middle for fuel injector  69  and to allow pressure air balance on piston  67 . The valve will be closed all the time by spring  68  and will be open by pressing the combustion piston on the stem cylinder valve  70  and closed again by spring  68 . The fuel injector opens by pressing the combustion piston  65  on the stem of the fuel injector  76  to allow the fuel to be mixed with high pressure air at the same time as shown in the detail view of the fuel injector in  FIGS. 36 and 37 . The high pressure air will pass through a pipe  71  and ball check valve  72  to air valve  66 . 
         [0086]    The two compressor units and two combustion units are connected to each other by gear shaft  50  or one-way clutch  57  and operate opposed to each other where one compression piston moves up while the other compression piston moves down and vice versa. The power output for the engine is using a pair of one-way clutched  57  and or a small crankshaft as previously shown and described in the four cycle engine. As a second embodiment the power output for the engine is using a gear shaft between a piston gear rod  50  and with a small crankshaft as previously disclosed in the four cycle engine. 
         [0087]      FIG. 29  shows the combustion cylinder  51  and  52  and the compression cylinder  53  and  54  in operation. The piston of the compression piston will be larger in height than the combustion piston and by Vc different, the Vc space between the highest combustion piston position can reach the top combustion cylinder. 
         [0088]      FIG. 29   a  shows the combination piston  65  moves up with the exhaust valve  62  open thereby allowing the exhaust gas to escape to outside of the cylinder. The compression piston  86  will compress air in the compression cylinder in the same time the valve  72 , the valve  66  and the valve  82  will be closed. 
         [0089]    In  FIG. 29   b  the combustion piston  65  and the compressor piston  86  will move up by Vc then the exhaust valve  62  will be closed by pressing the combustion piston  65  on the stem of the exhaust valve  63 . The second combustion cylinder of the exhaust valve will stay closed. The ball valve in the compressor cylinder starts to open but the high pressure air valve  66  will be closed. 
         [0090]    In  FIG. 29   c  the combustion piston  65  moves up by second Vc and the compressor piston  86  moves and reaches top dead center TDC. The exhaust valve  62  will be closed but the exhaust valve  62  in the second combustion cylinder will be open. The high pressure air valve will be opened by pressing the piston  65  on the stem of piston valve  70 . This allows the high pressure air to enter the combustion cylinder Vc space and will stay open until the combustion piston moves down by Vc. The fuel injector will be open by pressing on the stem of the fuel injector  76 . 
         [0091]      FIG. 29   d  shows the combustion piston  65  moves down by Vc and compressor piston  86  moves down by Vc then the high pressure air valve will be closed. The ball valve  72  will be closed and the fuel injector will be closed and the spark plug will fire and start the combustion cycle. The exhaust valve  62  will be closed in the compressor cylinder. The air inlet valve  82  will then open to allow the air into the compressor cylinder. 
         [0092]      FIGS. 30   a,    30   b,    30   c  and  31  shows a dual chamber cylinder combustion engine where the upper cylinder is used as a combustion chamber and the lower chamber cylinder is used as a compressor chamber. The two chambers work as a split cycle engine as previously disclosed.  FIG. 30   a  shows an upper chamber  51 ,  52  with high pressure air valve  66  and exhaust valve  60 . In  FIG. 30   b  the lower chamber has an intake air valve  84  and piston gear rod  110 .  FIG. 30   c  shows a two piston gear rod  110  connected to a pair of one-way clutches  92  or to a gear shaft  131 . 
         [0093]      FIG. 31  shows a cross sectional view cut through a-a of  FIGS. 30   b,  and  30   c.  The piston gear rod  193  is divided into two sections where the upper section is round and the lower section is a gear type. The upper section of the gear rod  191  transfers power to the connecting rod  190  and to the crankshaft  192 . The piston gear rod  193  has two oil channels, where one channel supplies high pressure oil  111  to the piston body  120  and the other channel is for return of the oil  119 , as shown and described with  FIG. 10   b.    
         [0094]      FIGS. 32 ,  7   a  and  7   c  show a cross-sectional view cut for a pair of one-way clutches  92 ,  102  or by a gear shaft  131  and then to a small crank shaft  192 . The lower cylinder is used as a hydraulic cylinder to provide high pressure oil that is used in the upper cylinder  120  for intercooling the piston and intercooling the combustion walls and for lubricating the piston ring(s). Part of the oil is also used for lubrication of the crankshaft, bearings and other engine bearings. 
         [0095]      FIG. 33  shows an exhaust valve  60  with a swing arm  64  as previously shown and described in the split cycle engine in  FIG. 26 . 
         [0096]      FIG. 34  shows a cross section view for the lower chamber and for intake air valve  84 . The valve opens and closes by differential pressure of hydraulic oil  80  and  81  on the piston valve  83  and hydraulic pressure provided by hydraulic cylinders  55  and  56 . The air valve is shown as a second contemplated embodiment and could be a one-way check valve. 
         [0097]      FIG. 35  shows a cross sectional view of the high pressure air supply to the upper chamber  66  with fuel injector  69 . The lower chamber shows a ball check valve  72  that allows the air to flow in a direction from the lower chamber to the upper chamber. Operation of the high pressure air valve  66  and the injector  69  has been previously shown and described in the split cycle engine in  FIGS. 27 ,  29   a,    29   b,    29   c  and  29   d.    
         [0098]      FIG. 36  shows a cross sectional view of a high pressure inlet valve  66  with a fuel injector  69 . The valve has a piston stopper  67  that maintains the valve in a closed orientation all of the time by spring  68  and is only opened when the combustion piston pushes against the stem of valve  70 . The piston has a hole that allows fuel injection  69  in between. 
         [0099]      FIGS. 36   a  and  36   b  shows a cross-sectional view of a mechanical fuel injector  69 . High pressure fuel enters through pipe  75  and unused fuel is returned to the fuel tank through pipe  74 . The fuel injector comprises of a piston valve  78  that is held closed by spring  77  and the oil returns through pipe  74 . The injector opens when the combustion cylinder piston presses on the stem  76  and one piston valve  79  to allow the fuel injection into the combustion chamber. 
         [0100]      FIG. 36   a  shows the injector closed and high pressure fuel being returned to the fuel tank through outlet opening  90 ,  91  and  74 .  FIG. 36   b  shows the injector in an open condition allowing fuel injection into the combustion chamber. The outlet opening  90  is close and no fuel is returned to the fuel tank. 
         [0101]    Thus, specific embodiments of a combustion engine with a pair of one-way clutches used as a rotary shaft have been disclosed. It should be apparent, however, to those skilled in the art that many more modifications besides those described are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein. The inventive subject matter, therefore, is not to be restricted except in the spirit of the appended claims.