Abstract:
A three-phase line synchronous generator with an exciter and generator stage. The exciter stage includes an exciter stator having n poles and an exciter rotor having n poles and disposed for rotation within the exciter stator, and the generator stage includes a generator stator having n poles and a generator rotor having n poles. The generator rotor being mechanically coupled to the exciter rotor and disposed for rotation within the generator stator, wherein the poles of the stators, or the poles of the rotors, are angularly displace by x, where:  
     x=360°/n

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of co-pending patent application Ser. No. 09/587,202, filed Jun. 5, 2000, which is continuation-in-part of patent application Ser. No. 09/338,002, filed Jun. 22, 1999, and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,072,303 on Jun. 6, 2000, which is a continuation of PCT application No. PCT/US98/02651, filed Feb. 6, 1998, the priority of each which is claimed under 35 U.S.C. §120. The PCT application No. PCT/US98/02651, as well as this application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to provisional application No. 60/037,723, filed Feb. 7, 1997. All of these applications are expressly incorporated herein by reference as though fully set forth. 
     
    
     
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    The present invention relates generally to an electrical generator, and more particularly, to an improved induction generator referenced to an AC power source.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    Recently, brought on by the shortage in fossil fuel and the ecological consequences of such use, various proposals have been devised for inserting locally generated electrical power into a public utility grid. An assortment of renewable fuel sources have been investigated. The ideal alternative energy fuel source will not have an adverse impact on the ecology and will result in a high grade fuel at a low cost. Common examples of alternative energy fuel sources are wind, hydro, hydrocarbon gas recovery, solar, geothermal and waste heat recovery. Each of these fuel sources may be teamed with electrical power generators.  
           [0004]    The difficulty in utilizing these fuel sources lies in the quality of the fuel itself. For example, variations in wind velocity severely limit the usefulness of wind power machines as a steady and constant fuel source for a conventional synchronous or induction generator. This is because conventional generators can deliver usable power only when they operate within a particular speed range. As a result, the wind power machines must employ doubly wound AC generators, or elaborate propeller pitch control and mechanical drive systems that provide appropriate generator speed. To be of practical use, however, doubly-fed systems must provide appropriate rotor excitation and maintain constant stator voltage, which is not easily accomplished. Where high speed geothermal turbines or low speed water wheels are employed, mechanical speed control, reduction, or step-up devices must be used to provide the appropriate rotational speed for AC generation. The efficiency losses which accompany these types of mechanical conversion devices compromise their economic viability and render them generally unsuitable as sources of power.  
           [0005]    The compensation provided by these mechanical conversion systems are essential, however, because the insertion of locally generated electrical power into a public utility grid requires exact phase and frequency matching. Accordingly, if a device could be self-synchronizing and tolerant of widely varying rotational speed, the use of alternative fuel sources as a means for generating electricity would be greatly enhanced. One noteworthy example of such a self-synchronizing rotating device can be found in several patents issued to Leo Nickoladze, specifically in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,701,691 and 4,229,689 which are expressly incorporated herein by reference as though fully set forth.  
           [0006]    These latter examples rely on electrical cancellation within the inductive device itself whereby all variations in input power are effectively taken out. An exemplary embodiment of such induction device is shown in FIG. 1. The induction generator of FIG. 1 includes two stages, an exciter stage  10  and a generator stage  12 . The exciter stage  10  includes an exciter stator  14  connected to an AC power source  16  and an exciter rotor  18  disposed for rotary advancement by a local power source  19 . The generator stage  12  includes a generator rotor  20 , connected for common rotation with the exciter rotor  18 , and a generator stator  22 . The windings of the exciter rotor  18  and the generator rotor  20  are connected together, but wound in opposite directions. The generator stator  22  is connected to a load  23 .  
           [0007]    In operation, the exciter rotor  18  is rotated by the local power source  19  within the rotating magnetic field developed by the exciter stator  14 . The induced signal frequency at the output of the exciter rotor  18  is equal to the summation of the angular rate of the local power source  19  plus the frequency of the AC power source  16 . As the generator rotor  20  is rotated within the generator stator  22 , the inverse connection to the exciter rotor  14  causes the angular rate produced by the local power source  19  to be subtracted out. The result being an induced voltage at the output of the generating stator  22  equal in rate to the frequency of the AC power source.  
           [0008]    While the foregoing Nickoladze solution provides a theoretical output voltage where only the line frequency of the utility grid is produced, in practice, the manufacture of these devices is often fraught with difficulty for three-phase power applications due proper phase angle alignment between the exciter and generator stages and the windings. Often, due to the physical windings of the rotor and stator elements, phase angle alignment between the exciter and generator stages could not be achieved in the past. Moreover, some devices simply failed to perform altogether because the phase sequence of the windings was improper. These problems become even more pronounced when the exciter stage and generator stage are manufactured independently of one another.  
           [0009]    Accordingly, there is a current need for a three-phase line synchronous generator that can be produced with proper phase angle alignment for three-phase power applications resulting in a constant frequency and voltage output at variable shaft speeds. It is desirable that phase angle alignment be easily achieved even for exciter and generator components wound in opposite directions or with phases that start in different slots on the core with relation to the keyway.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0010]    An embodiment of the present invention is directed to a method and apparatus that satisfies this need. There is, therefore provided, according to an embodiment of a three-phase line synchronous generator, an exciter stator having n poles, an exciter rotor having n poles and disposed for rotation within the exciter stator, a generator stator having n poles, and a generator rotor having n poles, the generator rotor being mechanically coupled to the exciter rotor and disposed for rotation within the generator stator, wherein the poles of the stators, or the poles of the rotors, are angularly displace by x, where:  
             x= 360 °/n    
           [0011]    An attractive feature of the described embodiments is that the line synchronous generator remains self-synchronizing despite variations in shaft speeds. Moreover, proper phase angle alignment can be readily achieved even for exciter and generator components independently manufactured with windings in opposite directions or with phases that start in different slots on the core with relation to the keyway. This economically viable solution to alternative power sources has a major potential for resolving the present energy shortage with minimum adverse ecological consequences.  
           [0012]    It is understood that other embodiments of the present invention will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, wherein is shown and described only embodiments of the invention by way of illustration of the best modes contemplated for carrying out the invention. As will be realized, the invention is capable of other and different embodiments and its several details are capable of modification in various other respects, all without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the drawings and detailed description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not as restrictive. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0013]    These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with regard to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings where:  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 1 is a simplified diagrammatic illustration of an induction generator described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,701,691 and 4,229,689;  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 2 is a simplified diagrammatic illustration of a three-phase stator primary line synchronous generator in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 3 is a simplified diagrammatic illustration of a three-phase rotor primary line synchronous generator in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 4 is a simplified diagrammatic illustration of a redundant line synchronous generator structure in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0018]    FIGS.  5 A- 5 C are vector diagrams illustrating the proper phase relationships between the secondary windings of the line synchronous generator in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0019]    FIGS.  6 A- 6 F are vector diagrams illustrating improper phase relationships between the secondary windings of the line synchronous generator in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 7A is a diagrammatic illustration showing the secondary windings of the line synchronous generator in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention before test;  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 7B is a diagrammatic illustration showing the secondary windings of the line synchronous generator in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention when properly connected with renumbered terminals;  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic illustration showing compensation circuitry connected between the secondary windings in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 9 is a graph illustrating the output power for various compensation circuits as a function of angular rotation of the rotors in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 10 is a graph illustrating the output power for phase angles between the exciter and generator stage as a function of angular rotation of the rotors in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention; and  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 11 is a vector diagram illustrating the proper phase relationships between the secondary windings of the line synchronous generator with a 15° phase angle error in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0026]    A preferred embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG. 2. The three-phase line synchronous generator includes two stages, an exciter stage  24  and a generator stage  26 . The exciter stage  24  includes an exciter stator  28  having three electromagnetic pole pairs. Each pole pair has a primary winding connected across a different phase of an AC power source  30 . An exciter rotor  32 , mounted for rotation within the interior of the exciter stator  28 , also includes three electromagnetic pole pairs each wound with a secondary winding. The exciter rotor  32  is disposed for rotary advancement by a local power source  33 .  
         [0027]    The generator stage  26  includes a generator rotor  34  connected for common rotation with the exciter rotor  32  inside the interior of a generator stator  38 . The generator rotor  34  also includes three electromagnetic pole pairs each wound with a secondary winding. The secondary windings of the generator rotor are inversely connected to the secondary windings of the exciter rotor  32  to effect electrical cancellation of the frequency induced by the angular rotation of the local power source. The generator stator  38  is connected to the AC power source  30 .  
         [0028]    In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the rotors of the exciter and generator stages are connected to the AC power source, and the three-phase windings of the exciter and generator stators are connected for electrical cancellation. Turning to FIG. 3, an exciter rotor  52 , disposed for rotary advancement by a local power source  53 , has three electromagnetic pole pairs each with a primary winding connected across a different phase of the AC power source  54 . The exciter stage  56  also includes an exciter stator  72  with three electromagnetic pole pairs wound with secondary windings.  
         [0029]    Similarly, the generator stage  64  includes a generator stator  74  with three electromagnetic pole pairs wound with secondary windings. The secondary windings of the exciter stator  72  are inversely connected to the secondary windings of the generator stator  74  to effect electrical cancellation of the frequency induced by the angular rotation of the local power source. The generator rotor  75 , connected for common rotation with the exciter rotor  52 , is connected to the AC power source  54 . For explanatory purposes only, the embodiments of the present invention will be described for a three-phase line synchronous generator configured as stator primary machine, i.e., stators connected to the AC power source. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to stator primary machines, and that all described embodiments and test procedures are equally applicable to rotor primary machines, i.e., rotors connected to the AC power source.  
         [0030]    As shown in FIG. 4 the line synchronous generator may be expanded to include redundant components. Specifically, a third redundant stage comprising a rotor  78  on the common shaft  80  and a stator  76  may be left unconnected. The terminals T 001 , T 002  and T 003  may then be connected in replacement for the terminals T 1 , T 2  and T 3  or T 01 , T 02  and T 03 , in the event that the exciter or generator stage fails.  
         [0031]    The operation of the generator is described with reference to FIG. 2. With stator primary machines, the exciter stator  28  is excited by the AC power source  30  which creates a revolving magnetic field at an angular rate equal to the frequency of the AC power source  30 . The exciter rotor  32  is rotated by the local power source  33  within the rotating magnetic field developed by the exciter stator  28 . The induced signal frequency at the output of the exciter rotor  32  is equal to the summation of the angular rate of the local power source  33  plus the frequency of the AC power source  30 . As the generator rotor  34  is rotated within the generator stator  38 , the inverse connection to the exciter rotor  32  causes the angular rate produced by the local power source  33  to be subtracted out. The result being an induced voltage at the output of the generating stator  38  equal in rate to the frequency of the AC power source. Thus, at any angular rate above synchronous speed for a multi-pole generator in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the voltage output will have the same frequency as the source it is connected with. Below synchronous speed, power will be consumed rather than generated.  
         [0032]    While this theoretical solution resolves the effects of shaft speed variations on the output frequency of a three-phase line synchronous generator, optimal output performance can only be achieved by the proper phasing alignment between the exciter and generator stages  24 ,  26 . This connection is achieved by initially ensuring that the primary windings of the exciter stage has the same phase sequence as the primary windings of the generator stage, and then inversely connecting the secondary windings of the exciter and generator stages.  
         [0033]    As a result of exciter and generator stages being manufactured independently of one another, it is important to determine the proper connection between the primaries to ensure the each stage of the line synchronous generator has the same phase sequence. This determination can be made in a number of ways. For example, with a stator primary machine, a small three phase motor may be driven from the stator windings with power applied to the rotor windings. The proper phasing sequence of the stator windings will occur when the motor is driven in the same direction of rotation from both the exciter stator winding and the generator stator winding. Another way to obtain the proper phase sequence is with a phase rotation meter, or with two lamps and an AC capacitor connected in wye in accordance with known test techniques in the art.  
         [0034]    Once the proper phase sequence is established, the stator windings are connected to the corresponding phases of the AC power source. The proper phase angle between the rotor windings is then established by the interconnection process. To obtain electrical cancellation of the frequency induced by the angular rate of the rotor shaft, the rotor windings must be connected such that the voltage induced by angular rotation in each excitor rotor winding has an equal but opposite polarity than the voltage induced in the generator rotor winding to which it is connected.  
         [0035]    Vector diagrams provide a useful mechanism for illustrating how the interconnections between the second windings can be ascertained. As shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, only three possible interconnections between the rotor windings results in a 180° phase shift between the each secondary winding connection as shown in FIGS.  5 A- 5 C, each exciter rotor winding is shifted 180° with respect to its corresponding generator rotor winding. For example, consider FIG. 5B. The following phase angles between the connected terminals are easily ascertained:  
         [0036]    T 03 =0° and T 3 =180°; Δ180° 
         [0037]    T 01 =120° and T 1 =300°; Δ180°; and  
         [0038]    T 02 =240° and T 2 =60°; Δ180°.  
         [0039]    The same phase relationships hold true for the secondary connections shown by the vector diagrams in FIGS. 5A and 5C.  
         [0040]    In contrast, there are six other possible interconnections which will not effect electrical cancellation of the frequency induced by the angular rotation of the rotors. These six incorrect connections are shown by the vector diagrams in FIGS.  6 A- 6 F. As shown in each of these diagrams, the voltages in each pair of connections between the exciter rotor and the generator rotor not only has the same voltage, but has the same phase. Referring to FIG. 6A, by way of example, this relationship is easily shown:  
         [0041]    T 01 =300° and T 1 =300°; Δ0° 
         [0042]    T 02 =60° and T 2 =60°; Δ0°; and  
         [0043]    T 03 =180° and T 3 =180°; Δ0°.  
         [0044]    These vector diagrams are also useful for establishing test parameters for determining the proper interconnections between the rotor windings during the manufacturing process. Common to each of vector diagram of FIGS.  5 A- 5 C, with one exciter rotor winding of the three-phase windings connected to one generator rotor winding, the voltages between the remaining open windings will consist of two pairs at two times the line voltage (2 Vm) and two pairs at {square root}3 times the line voltage ({square root}3 Vm) which is proven by the geometric relationship between the phases. For example, the voltages induced in the open windings in FIG. 5B are:  
         [0045]    T 2  to T 02 =2 Vm  
         [0046]    T 3  to T 03 =2 Vm  
         [0047]    T 2  to T 03 ={square root}3 Vm  
         [0048]    T 3  to T 02 ={square root}3 Vm  
         [0049]    Since vectors have a designated length and direction in space, these results can be verified with an ordinary ruler.  
         [0050]    The vector diagrams can be confirmed mathematically. Classic electrical theory holds that when a voltage is applied to a primary winding of an induction generator, a voltage will be induced into the open circuit secondary winding. A wye-connected three-phase winding has each phase displaced by 120°. The induced voltage at the open circuit secondary terminals will be balanced. For the phasing test, a jumper wire interconnects one terminal of each secondary winding. In FIG. 5B, this is terminal T 1  and terminal T 01 . With a voltage applied to the primary, the remaining open circuit secondary voltages are measured. For FIG. 5A, this would be  
         [0051]    T 2  to T 02   
         [0052]    T 3  to T 03   
         [0053]    T 2  to T 03   
         [0054]    T 3  to T 02   
         [0055]    As can readily be seen from FIG. 5A, the secondary voltage between T 2 -T 01  is the line voltage. Also, the voltage between T 1 -T 02  is the line voltage. Therefore, the voltage between T 2 -T 02  will be twice the line voltage. The same holds true for T 3 -T 03 .  
         [0056]    The voltage across T 2 -T 03  is the resultant of an oblique triangle defined by sides T 1 -T 03 , T 01 -T 2 , and T 2 -T 03 . When properly aligned, classic three-phase electrical theory identifies the angles as shown on FIG. 5B. The resultant voltage between T 2 -T 03  will be:  
         V     2        -        03       =       (     V     2        -        03       )            sin                 ∠B       sin                 ∠A                               
 
         [0057]    For proper alignment:  
               V     2        -        03       =                  (     V     2        -        03       )          (       sin                 120      °       sin                 30      °       )                   =                  (     V     2        -        03       )          (     0.866   0.5     )                   =                  (     V     2        -        03       )          (   1.73   )                                   
 
         [0058]    The same holds true for the voltage between T 3 -T 02 . Therefore, with proper alignment, the voltage will be one pair of terminals at two times line voltage and one pair of terminals at {square root}3 times the line voltage.  
         [0059]    With the knowledge gleaned from these vector diagrams, a methodology of interconnecting the rotor windings can be ascertained which significantly reduces the manufacturing cost while increasing product yield. Specifically, the method for determining the proper interconnections in a stator primary machine requires the connection of a pair of rotor windings and then finding two remaining pairs of substantially identical voltages between the rotor windings.  
         [0060]    Turning to FIG. 7A, the secondary windings are shown ready for test. The exciter and generator stators are connected to an AC power source. The line voltages induced should be equal if the two sets of rotor windings are alike: turns, pitch, wire size, connection, etc. In this example, the interphase voltage is 90 volts. The connection could be wye (star) as shown, or delta, or one of each. In order to obtain test readings, a terminal from each rotor winding is joined by a connecting jumper.  
         [0061]    Either the primary or secondary could be the rotor or stator, but they must be the same part. Thus, if one half of the synchronous generator is configured as a rotor primary machine, then the other half of the synchronous generator must also be configured as a rotor primary machine.  
         [0062]    As defined by the vector diagrams of FIGS. 5 and 6, two pairs of substantially identical voltages must be found. With a line voltage of 90 volts, the following values must be obtained during test:  
         [0063]    2(90)=180 volts for one voltage pair; and  
         [0064]    {square root}3( 90 )=156 volts for the other voltage pair.  
         [0065]    To perform the test, a jumper wire is placed across a terminal for each rotor winding. In this example, a jumper wire is first placed across T 1  and T 01  and the following voltages are obtained by test:  
         [0066]    T 2 −T 02 =156 volts  
         [0067]    T 2 −T 03 =90 volts  
         [0068]    T 3 −T 02 =180 volts  
         [0069]    T 3 −T 03 =156 volts.  
         [0070]    These measured voltages are consistent with FIGS.  6 A- 6 F showing the improper interconnection of rotor windings.  
         [0071]    The jumper wire is then removed and placed across another terminal pair. In this example, the jumper wire is next placed across T 2  and T 01 , and the following voltage are obtained by test:  
         [0072]    T 1 −T 02 =156 volts  
         [0073]    T 1 −T 03 =180 volts  
         [0074]    T 3 −T 02 =180 volts  
         [0075]    T 3 −T 03 =156 volts.  
         [0076]    This result is consistent with FIGS.  5 A- 5 C and confirms the proper interconnection of the rotor windings. From the vector diagrams  5 A- 5 C it can be seen that the rotor windings having a voltage of 2 Vm, or 180 volts should be connected together. The proper interconnections of the rotor windings are shown in FIG. 7B with T 1  connected to T 03  and T 3  connected to T 02 . Preferrably, the terminals should be renumbered.  
         [0077]    In rotor primary machines, the exciter and generator rotors are connected to the AC power source and the testing methodology described in connection with FIGS. 5 and 6 is performed on the exciter and generator stators to determine the proper interconnections of the stator windings.  
         [0078]    Once the proper phase angle between the secondary windings is established (whether it be the rotor or stator windings), electrical compensation may then be inserted between each pair of the three-phase secondary windings. Specifically, resistors and capacitors can be inserted between the respective secondary windings to expand the dynamic operating range of the device without the necessity of continual phase angle adjustments between the exciter and generator stages.  
         [0079]    Turning to FIG. 8, the effect of compensation resistance inserted between the secondary windings results in an expanded operating range allowing higher operating speed. In this example, compensation networks  76 ,  78  and  80  effect the winding interconnection described above. Network  76  includes a resistor  82 , in parallel with a capacitor  84 , network  78  comprises a resistor  88  in parallel connection with a capacitor  90 , and network  80  comprises a resistor  94 , in parallel connection with a capacitor  96 . It has been found that by increasing the resistance of resistors  82 ,  88 , and  94  from approximately 0 ohms to about 5.8 ohms, the dynamic range expressed in ratio of both the power factor and efficiency are substantially increased.  
         [0080]    [0080]FIG. 9 shows the expanded range of the device using utilizing resistors to achieve the desired results for tailored applications. The output curve is shown for a 15 kW, 4 pole, 60 Hz three-phase line synchronizing generator.  
         [0081]    Another important parameter for optimizing performance of the three-phase line synchronous generator is the phase angle between the generator and exciter stages. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the angular position of the exciter stator, exciter generator, generator rotor or generator stator can be advanced or retarded to optimize performance. Optimal loading is a function of the exciter phase angle and rotor rpm. As the RPM increases substantially above “synchronous speed”, the phase angle range necessary to meet maximum generator load narrows significantly. Thus, through manipulation of the phase angle of the exciter stage relative to the generator stage, complete control over loading is achieved. A responsive and accurate device must be employed to adequately provide phase angle optimization when variable speed prime movers are used.  
         [0082]    [0082]FIG. 10 illustrates the output power of a 6 pole, 25 kW, 480 volt, 60 Hz stator primary machine coupled to a 75 horsepower DC variable speed motor at different phase angles.  
         [0083]    The power output is shown at four different phase angles between the exciter and generator magnetic field.  
         [0084]    In a preferred embodiment, the generator stator field is tapped and compared with the AC source frequency by a control mechanism to provide a phase error signal to a servo motor. This servo motor positions the exciter stator to optimize generator loading, a function of the phase difference that results from changes in shaft speed. The accuracy and response of the servo motor and its control mechanism are critical to optimize generator loading. Because servo motor control technology is sufficiently advanced, accurate exciter induction compensation can be provided in virtually all electrical generation applications.  
         [0085]    Alternatively, in stator primary machines, the phase angle may be set during the interconnection process of the rotor windings. Turning to FIG. 11, a vector diagram is shown representing the phase relationships of the rotor windings with proper interconnection to effect electrical cancellation but with a 15° phase angle misalignment between the exciter and generator stages. The test represented in FIG. 10 is performed with T 1  connected to T 01 . The following test results are obtained:  
         [0086]    T 2  to T 02 =178 volts  
         [0087]    T 2  to T 03 =143 volts  
         [0088]    T 3  to T 02 =166 volts  
         [0089]    T 3  to T 03 =178 volts  
         [0090]    The voltage between terminals T 2 -T 02  and T 3 -T 03  are each 178 volts, which is close enough to 180 volts to satisfy one of the required pairs. However, the voltage between the remaining terminals are not close enough to the 156 volts to satisfy the second required pair. However, if the voltages are averaged, the result is 155 volts which is close to the desired voltage. This indicates improper phase angle between the exciter stage and the generator stage. In this case, either the exciter stator, the exciter rotor, the generator stator or the generator rotor can be physically rotated on its axis until the voltages between T 2  and T 03  and the voltages between T 3  and T 02  each read 155 volts. In this case, from the vector diagram of FIG. 8, it can be seen that a 150° electrical phase shift will result in optimal performance.  
         [0091]    Alternatively, phase angle correction can be performed by altering the windings of either the exciter rotor, exciter stator, generator rotor or the generator stator. In other words, the optimum phase angle can be achieved without physically shifting the rotors or stators, but winding them offset. If slots on the generator portion are numbered 1 to 36, for example, we start the generator group in slot 1, and the exciter&#39;s group is started in slot 2 or 3, to get the phase angle as desired.  
         [0092]    The physical angular displacement is determined by the number of poles. Specifically, the angular displacement is:  
       X   =       360      °       Phases   ×   Poles                             
 
         [0093]    For a six (6) pole three-phase system this angle is:  
       X   =         360      °         (   3   )          (   4   )         =     20      °                             
 
         [0094]    Therefore, one an angular displacement of 20° is required. This may be accomplished by displacing the winding of two fixed cores only if the slot count allows the requisite angle to be met. For example, a 36 slot core with a two slot displacement would result in 200 and is acceptable for four (4) pole three-phase system. But a 48 slot core does not result in any combination of 200, and therefore, phase angle alignment could not be obtained by core displacement.  
         [0095]    The described embodiments provide an important solution that allows the rotational speed to vary substantially over traditional machinery limits while remaining self-synchronizing. The active controls are simplified to those necessary for safety purposes. The machinery speed maximum limits may be enhanced with simple active control of passive devices. This shows the versatility of the inventor, an inherently acceptable speed range which may be extended by addition of simple passive devices. Thus, any local power source which allows for a minimum speed and exceeds the parasitic losses of the device may be effectively used to supply the utility grid. Such adaptation of local alternative power sources has a major potential for resolving the present energy shortage with minimum adverse ecological consequences.  
         [0096]    It is apparent from the foregoing that the present invention satisfies an immediate need for a three-phase line synchronous generator with proper phasing having a constant frequency and voltage output at variable shaft speeds. This three-phase line synchronous generator may be embodied in other specific forms and can be used with a variety of fuel sources, such as windmills, wind turbines, water wheels, water turbines, internal combustion engines, solar powered engines, steam turbine, without departing from the spirit or essential attributes of the present invention. It is therefore desired that the described embodiments be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, reference being made to the appended claims rather than the foregoing description to indicate the scope of the invention.