Abstract:
A method of forming a composite lesion pattern in a tissue region at or near a sphincter comprising providing a catheter having a plurality of energy delivery devices coupled to the catheter. The catheter is introduced at least partially into the sphincter. Energy is delivered from the energy delivery devices to produce the composite lesion pattern. The composite lesion pattern comprises a radial distribution of lesions about the tissue region and a longitudinal distribution of lesions along the tissue region.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/428,458, filed May 2, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,971,395, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/084,590, filed Feb. 27, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,589,238, and entitled “Sphincter Treatment Device,” which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/007,238, filed Jan. 14, 1998, now abandoned. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates generally to an apparatus and method for the treatment of sphincters, and more specifically to an apparatus and method that treat esophageal sphincters. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common gastroesophageal disorder in which the stomach contents are ejected into the lower esophagus due to a dysfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). These contents are highly acidic and potentially injurious to the esophagus resulting in a number of possible complications of varying medical severity. The reported incidence of GERD in the U.S. is as high as 10% of the population (Castell D O; Johnston B T: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Current Strategies For Patient Management. Arch Fam Med, 5(4):221-7; (1996 April)). 
     Acute symptoms of GERD include heartburn, pulmonary disorders and chest pain. On a chronic basis, GERD subjects the esophagus to ulcer formation, or esophagitis and may result in more severe complications including esophageal obstruction, significant blood loss and perforation of the esophagus. Severe esophageal ulcerations occur in 20-30% of patients over age 65. Moreover, GERD causes adenocarcinoma, or cancer of the esophagus, which is increasing in incidence faster than any other cancer (Reynolds J C: Influence Of Pathophysiology, Severity, And Cost On The Medical Management Of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Am J Health Syst Pharm, 53(22 Supp13):S5-12 (1996 Nov. 15)). 
     Current drug therapy for GERD includes histamine receptor blockers which reduce stomach acid secretion and other drugs which may completely block stomach acid. However, while pharmacologic agents may provide short term relief, they do not address the underlying cause of LES dysfunction. 
     Invasive procedures requiring percutaneous introduction of instrumentation into the abdomen exist for the surgical correction of GERD. One such procedure, Nissen fundoplication, involves constructing a new “valve” to support the LES by wrapping the gastric fundus around the lower esophagus. Although the operation has a high rate of success, it is an open abdominal procedure with the usual risks of abdominal surgery including: postoperative infection, herniation at the operative site, internal hemorrhage and perforation of the esophagus or of the cardia. In fact, a recent 10 year, 344 patient study reported the morbidity rate for this procedure to be 17% and mortality 1% (Urschel, J D: Complications Of Antireflux Surgery, Am J Surg 166(1): 68-70; (1993 July)). This rate of complication drives up both medical cost and convalescence period for the procedure and may exclude portions of certain patient populations (e.g., the elderly and immuno-compromised). 
     Efforts to perform Nissen fundoplication by less invasive techniques have resulted in the development of laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication, reported by Dallemagne et al. Surgical Laparoscopy and Endoscopy, Vol. 1, No. 3, (1991), pp. 138-43 and by Hindler et al. Surgical Laparoscopy and Endoscopy, Vol. 2, No. 3, (1992), pp. 265-272, involves essentially the same steps as Nissen fundoplication with the exception that surgical manipulation is performed through a plurality of surgical cannula introduced using trocars inserted at various positions in the abdomen. 
     Another attempt to perform fundoplication by a less invasive technique is reported in U.S. Pat. No. 5,088,979. In this procedure, an invagination device containing a plurality of needles is inserted transorally into the esophagus with the needles in a retracted position. The needles are extended to engage the esophagus and fold the attached esophagus beyond the gastroesophageal junction. A remotely operated stapling device, introduced percutaneously through an operating channel in the stomach wall, is actuated to fasten the invaginated gastroesophageal junction to the surrounding involuted stomach wall. 
     Yet another attempt to perform fundoplication by a less invasive technique is reported in U.S. Pat. No. 5,676,674. In this procedure, invagination is done by a jaw-like device and fastening of the invaginated gastroesophageal junction to the fundus of the stomach is done via a transoral approach using a remotely operated fastening device, eliminating the need for an abdominal incision. However, this procedure is still traumatic to the LES and presents the postoperative risks of gastroesophageal leaks, infection and foreign body reaction, the latter two sequela resulting when foreign materials such as surgical staples are implanted in the body. 
     While the methods reported above are less invasive than an open Nissen fundoplication, some still involve making an incision into the abdomen and hence the increased morbidity and mortality risks and convalescence period associated with abdominal surgery. Others incur the increased risk of infection associated with placing foreign materials into the body. All involve trauma to LES and the risk of leaks developing at the newly created gastroesophageal junction. 
     There is a need in the art for a less invasive GERD treatment apparatus that does not require major surgical intervention or require the introduction of foreign materials into the body. Yet another need exists for a method of treating GERD that does not involve the medical risks of leakage and infection developing at an artificially created gastroesophageal junction. Yet another need exists for an apparatus that treats GERD with minimum trauma to the LES. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, an object of the invention is to provide an apparatus and method for the treatment of GERD. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide an apparatus and method to treat GERD using minimally invasive surgical methods such as non-percutaneously. 
     Yet another object of the invention is to provide an apparatus and method to treat the esophageal sphincters using minimally invasive surgical methods. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide an apparatus and method to tighten the LES. 
     A further other object of the invention is to provide an apparatus and method to reduce the frequency of spontaneous relaxation and opening of the LES. 
     Yet another object of the invention is to provide an apparatus and methods to reduce the frequency and severity of gastroesophageal reflux events. 
     These and other objects of the invention are provided in an apparatus that includes a first expandable member that is expandable by an expansion medium. The first expandable member includes an exterior and a plurality of apertures. The expansion medium is released from the first expandable member when a sufficient pressure is applied to the expansion medium housed in an interior of the first expandable member. A second expandable member is positioned at least partially adjacent to the first expandable member. The second expandable member is configured to receive at least a portion of the expansion medium from the interior of the first expandable member. An electromagnetic energy delivery device is coupled to one of the first or second expandable members and is configured to be coupled to a power source. The first and second expandable members are sized to be expanded sufficiently to open a sphincter. 
     These and other objects of the invention are provided in a method of forming a composite lesion pattern in a tissue region at or near a sphincter. The method provides a catheter having a plurality of energy delivery devices coupled to the catheter. The catheter is introduced at least partially into the sphincter. Energy is delivered from the energy delivery devices to produce the composite lesion pattern. The composite lesion pattern comprises a radial distribution of lesions about the tissue region and a longitudinal distribution of lesions along the tissue region. According to one aspect of the invention, the method comprises the further step of introducing a cooling fluid to cool at least a portion of the tissue region. According to another aspect of the invention, the method comprises the further step of introducing a cooling fluid to cool at least a portion of at least one energy delivery device. 
     In one embodiment, the pattern is a concentric circle of lesions all at a fixed depth along the radial axis of the sphincter. 
     In another embodiment, the pattern is a wavy or folded circle of lesions at varying depths along the radial axis of the sphincter. 
     In yet another embodiment, the pattern is a random distribution of lesions at varying depths and evenly spaced in a radial direction. 
     In still another embodiment, the pattern is an eccentric pattern of lesions in one or more radial locations. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is an illustrated lateral view of the upper GI tract including the esophagus and lower esophageal sphincter and the positioning of the GERD treatment apparatus of the present invention the lower esophageal sphincter. 
         FIG. 2  is a lateral view of the present illustrating apertures in the expandable member. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a lateral view of an embodiment of the invention that includes two expandable members and an electrode coupled to a power source. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a lateral view of a proximal fitting and distal segments of an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a lateral view of the deflection mechanism of the invention. 
         FIG. 6A  illustrates a lateral view of apertures in the expandable member and conforming member of the invention. 
         FIG. 6B  illustrates a lateral view of a microporous membrane used in the fabrication of the expandable member and conforming members of the invention. 
         FIG. 7  is a lateral view illustrating the use of the deflection mechanism to deflect the expandable member of the present invention. 
         FIG. 8  is a lateral view illustrating the use of electrolytic solution to create an enhanced RF electrode. 
         FIG. 9A  is a lateral view illustrating a radial distribution of electrodes on the expandable member of the invention. 
         FIG. 9B  is a lateral view illustrating a longitudinal distribution of electrodes on the expandable member of the invention. 
         FIG. 9C  is a lateral view illustrating a spiral distribution of electrodes on the expandable member of the invention. 
         FIG. 10  is a lateral view illustrating the placement of electrodes on the distal segment of an embodiment the invention. 
         FIG. 11  is a lateral view illustrating the placement of needle electrodes on the expandable member of an embodiment the invention. 
         FIG. 12  is a lateral view illustrating the deployment of needle electrodes into the smooth muscle of the LES. 
         FIG. 13  is a lateral view illustrating the position of needle electrodes in the distal segment of the expandable member. 
         FIG. 14  is a flow chart illustrating the GERD treatment method of the current invention. 
         FIG. 15  A-C are lateral views which illustrate a technique for proper positioning of the GERD treatment apparatus in the LES. 
         FIG. 16  is a lateral view of sphincter smooth muscle tissue illustrating electromagnetic foci and pathways for the origination and conduction of aberrant electrical signals in the smooth muscle of the lower esophageal sphincter. 
         FIG. 17  is a lateral view illustrating a zone of electrodes of the current invention that comprises a flexible circuit that facilitates contact with the lower esophageal sphincter. 
         FIG. 18  is a lateral view of the esophageal wall illustrating the infiltration of tissue healing cells into a lesion in the smooth tissue of a esophageal sphincter following treatment with the GERD treatment apparatus of the present invention. 
         FIG. 19  is a view similar to that of  FIG. 18  illustrating shrinkage of the lesion site caused by cell infiltration. 
         FIG. 20  is a lateral view of the esophageal wall illustrating the preferred placement of lesions in the smooth muscle layer of a esophageal sphincter. 
         FIG. 21  is a lateral view illustrating the creation of zones of decreased porosity by sealed conforming members of an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 22  is a lateral view illustrating the ultrasound transducer, ultrasound lens and ultrasound power source of an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 23A-23D  are lateral views of the esophageal wall illustrating various patterns of lesions created by the apparatus of the present invention. 
         FIG. 24  is a lateral view of the esophageal wall illustrating the delivery of cooling fluid to the electrode-tissue interface and the creation of cooling zones. 
         FIG. 25  depicts the flow path, fluid connections and control unit employed to deliver fluid to the electrode-tissue interface and electrodes. 
         FIG. 26  is a lateral view illustrating the placement of cooling apertures adjacent to electrodes in the expandable member. 
         FIG. 27  depicts the flow path, fluid connections and control unit employed to deliver fluid to the RF electrodes. 
         FIG. 28  is an enlarged lateral view illustrating the placement of sensors on the expandable member. 
         FIG. 29  depicts a block diagram of the feed back control system that can be used with the GERD treatment apparatus as shown in  FIG. 3 . 
         FIG. 30  depicts a block diagram of an analog amplifier, analog multiplexer and microprocessor used with the feedback control system of  FIG. 29 . 
         FIG. 31  depicts a block diagram of the operations performed in the feedback control system depicted in  FIG. 29 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , one embodiment of GERD treatment apparatus  10  that is used to deliver energy to a treatment site  12  to produce lesions  14  in the LES includes a first expandable member  16  with an interior surface  18  and an exterior surface  20 . First expandable member  16 , which can also be an energy delivery device support member, is configured to receive an expansion medium  22  that inflates first expandable member  16  from a compacted, non-deployed state to a deployed state. Exterior surface  20  includes a plurality of apertures  24 . Upon the application of sufficient pressure, first expandable member  16  weeps expansion medium  22  from interior surface  18 . 
     While expandable member  16 , with a single interior surface  18 , is preferred, it will be appreciated that expandable member  16  can be made of different compositions or materials, with one or more open or closed cells or chambers. The plurality of such cells or chambers can be compressed or configured in a small diameter for insertion, and are then expanded after insertion to establish the desired electrical contact with the targeted surface of the esophagus. 
     Expansion medium  22  may be a gas, fluid or the like. In various embodiments, the expansion medium  22  can be an electrolytic solution. In other embodiments, expansion medium  22  can also be a contrast solution to facilitate imaging of the procedure by fluoroscopy or ultrasonography. Yet in other embodiments, GERD treatment apparatus  10  can include visualization capability including, but not limited to a viewing scope, ultrasound, an expanded eyepiece, fiber optics (including illumination and imaging fibers), video imaging, a light source and the like. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , a second expandable member  26  can be positioned at least partially adjacent to first expandable member  16 . Second expandable member  26  receives at least a portion of the expansion medium  22  from interior surface  18 . 
     An electromagnetic energy delivery device  28  is coupled to one of the first or second expandable members  16  and  26 , respectively, and configured to be coupled to a power source  30 . 
     First and second expandable members  16  and  26  are sized to be expanded to sufficiently dilate the esophagus such that all or a portion of the interior of the lower esophageal sphincter can be accessible to the energy delivery device  28 . Expandable members  16  or  26  can dilate the esophageal sphincter in a range of 5-40 mms. It will be appreciated that other devices capable of being in confined non-deployed states, during their introduction into the esophagus and thereafter expanded to deployed states at or near the LES, can be utilized. Such devices include, but are not limited to, basket-shaped devices made of superelastic metals such as nitinol. 
     Referring to  FIG. 4 , an extension member  32  with a distal segment  34  is configured to be coupled to first and/or second expandable members  16  and  26 . In one embodiment, extension member  32  is rod-like and can be malleable, flexible, articulated and steerable. In various embodiments, extension member  32  can contain optics, fluid and gas paths, sensor and electronic cabling. In one embodiment, extension member  32  can be a coil-reinforced multilumen catheter, as is well known to those skilled in the art. Extension member  32  has sufficient length to position the first and second expandable members in the LES and/or stomach using a trans-oral approach. Typical lengths include, but are not limited to, a range of 40-180 cms. A proximal fitting  36  of extension member  32  is maneuverable by a medical practitioner. In one embodiment, extension member  32  runs through the center of expandable member  16  and/or  26  and distal segment  34  that extends distally beyond the most distal expandable member. Extension member  32  may be attached to a movable proximal fitting  36  used to control deflection of expandable members  16  or  26 , as is more fully explained herein. 
     Referring to  FIG. 5 , expandable members  16  and  26  may be initially rolled or folded around extension member  32 . Expandable members  16  and  26  can be attached to a deflection mechanism  38 , which imparts movement of first and second expandable members  16  and  26  when positioned at the LES. In one embodiment, the deflection mechanism can be a pull wire attached to extension member  32  or first expandable member  16  and to a movable proximal fitting  36 , as is well known to those skilled in the art. 
     Formed spring wires can be included in first expandable member  16  to assist in opening it to the deployed position. Optionally positioned proximal fitting  36  contains a variety of actuators which provide a physician control of GERD treatment apparatus  10 , as more fully described hereafter. The actuators can be rocker switches, slider switches and the like, as are well known to those skilled in the art. At least portions of GERD treatment apparatus  10  may be sufficiently radiopaque in order to be visible under fluoroscopy and/or sufficiently echogenic to be visible under ultrasonography. 
     One embodiment of GERD treatment apparatus  10  is illustrated in  FIG. 6A . First expandable member  16  is made of a material that can be an insulator. For purposes of this disclosure, an insulator is a barrier to thermal or electrical energy flow. In this embodiment, expandable member  16  is substantially surrounded by a conforming member  40  which is also called a fluid conduit. Conforming member  40  receives electrolytic solution from first expandable member  16 , heated or not heated, through a plurality of apertures  24  formed in first expandable member  16 , and passes it to conforming member  40 . In another embodiment, shown in  FIG. 6B , first expandable member  16  is made of a microporous material  42  that does not include distinct apertures. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 6A and 6B , conforming member  40  is made of a material that permits controlled delivery of the electrolytic solution to the treatment site  12  through one or more apertures  24 . In another embodiment, conforming member  40  can be made of microporous material  42  that does not include distinct apertures. Extension member  32  with first and second expandable members, or alternatively with a single expandable member, is introduced into the esophagus directly, shown in  FIG. 1 , or through the use of another introducer such as an endoscope (not shown), as is more fully described hereafter with first and second expandable members  16  and  26  in non-deployed configurations. 
     Referring to  FIG. 7 , first expandable member  16  can be deflected from side to side to facilitate maneuvering through the esophagus and positioning in the LES. This movement can be imparted by deflection mechanism  38 . 
     A variety of energy sources can be coupled to the porous membrane including, (i) an RF source coupled to an RF electrode, (ii) a coherent source of light coupled to an optical fiber, (iii) an incoherent light source coupled to an optical fiber, (iv) a heated fluid coupled to a catheter with an open channel configured to receive the heated fluid, (v) a heated fluid coupled to a catheter with an open channel configured to receive the heated fluid, (vi) a cooled fluid coupled to a catheter with a closed channel configured to receive the cooled fluid, (vii) a cooled fluid coupled to a catheter with an open channel configured to receive the cooled fluid, (viii) a cryogenic fluid, (ix) a resistive heating source, (x) a microwave source providing energy from 915 MHz to 2.45 GHz and coupled to a microwave antenna, (xi) an ultrasound power source coupled to an ultrasound emitter, wherein the ultrasound power source produces energy in the range of 300 KHZ to 3 GHz or (xii) a microwave source. For ease of discussion for the remainder of this application, the energy source utilized is an RF source and electromagnetic energy delivery device  28  is a single or a plurality of RF electrodes  44 , also described as electrodes  44 . However, all of the other mentioned energy sources are equally applicable to GERD treatment apparatus  10 . 
     For the case of RF energy, RF electrode  44  may be operated in either bipolar or monopolar mode with a ground pad electrode. In a monopolar mode of delivering RF energy, a single electrode  44  is used in combination with an indifferent electrode patch that is applied to the body to form the other contact and complete an electrical circuit. Bipolar operation is possible when two or more electrodes  44  are used. Multiple electrodes  44  may be used. Also, electrolytic solution serves as an enhanced RF electrode  44 ′ when coupled with an RF electrode  44  (refer to  FIG. 8 ). 
     Also when the energy source is RF, power source  30 , which will now be referred to as a RF energy source  30 , may have multiple channels, delivering separately modulated power to each electrode  44 . This reduces preferential heating that occurs when more energy is delivered to a zone of greater conductivity and less heating occurs around electrodes  44  which are placed into less conductive tissue. If the tissue hydration or the blood infusion in the tissue is uniform, a single channel RF energy source  30  may be used to provide power for generation of lesions  14  relatively uniform in size. 
     Electric current flowing through targeted smooth muscle tissue causes heating due to resistance of the tissue resulting in injury to the tissue which can be sufficient to cause the death of affected cells, also known as necrosis. For ease of discussion for the remainder of this application, cell injury will include all cellular effects resulting from the delivery of energy from the electrode  44  up to and including cell necrosis. Cell injury can be accomplished as a relatively simple medical procedure with local anesthesia. In one embodiment, cell injury proceeds to a depth of approximately 1-4 mms from the surface of the mucosal layer. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 9A-C , electrodes  44  can cover all or a portion of expandable members  16  or  26  and/or conforming member  40 . Also, electrodes  44  may be distributed in a variety of patterns along an exterior or interior surface of either expandable member  16  or  26  or conforming member  40 , in order to produce a desired placement and pattern of lesions  14 . Typical electrode distribution patterns include, but are not limited, to a radial distribution  46  (refer to  FIG. 9A ) or a longitudinal distribution  48  (refer to  FIG. 9B ). It will be appreciated that other patterns and geometries for electrode placement, such as a spiral distribution  50  (refer to  FIG. 9C ) may also be suitable. In one embodiment, electrode  44  is positioned on. distal segment  34  of extension member  32  (refer to  FIG. 10 ). These electrodes may be cooled as described hereafter. Additionally, distal segment  34  may include apertures  24  for delivery of cooling and electrolytic solution as described hereafter. 
     Electrodes  44  can have a variety of shapes and sizes. Possible shapes include but are not limited to circular, rectangular, conical and pyramoidal. Electrode surfaces can be smooth or textured and concave or convex. Surface areas can range from 0.1 mm2 to 200 mm2. It will be appreciated that other geometries and surface areas may be equally suitable. In one embodiment, electrodes  44  can be in the shape of needles and of sufficient sharpness and length to penetrate into the smooth muscle of the esophageal wall. In this case, needle electrodes  52  are attached to expandable member  16  or  26  which is located inside conforming member  40  (refer to  FIG. 11 ). During introduction of the GERD treatment apparatus  10  into the esophagus, needle electrodes  52  remain retracted inside conforming member  40 . Once GERD treatment apparatus  10  is properly positioned at the treatment site  12 , needle electrodes  52  are deployed by expansion of expandable member  16  or  26 , resulting in protrusion of needle electrodes  52  through needle apertures  54  in conforming member  40  and into the smooth muscle tissue of the treatment site  12  (refer to  FIG. 12 ). In another embodiment, distal segment  34  may also contain needle apertures  54  for protrusion of needle electrodes  52  into the smooth muscle of the esophageal wall. In this embodiment, shown in  FIG. 13  needle electrodes  52  are coupled to an insulated guide wire  56  (known to those skilled in the art) which is advanced through a guide wire lumen  58  in extension member  32 . 
       FIG. 14  is a flow chart illustrating one embodiment of the operation of GERD treatment apparatus  10 . In this embodiment, GERD treatment apparatus  10  is first introduced into the esophagus under local anesthesia. GERD treatment apparatus  10  can be introduced into the esophagus by itself or through a lumen in an endoscope, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,448,990 and 5,275,608, incorporated herein by reference, or similar esophageal access device known to those skilled in the art. Expandable member  16  or  26  is expanded with the introduction of a fluid or gaseous expansion medium  22 , such as an electrolytic solution, or a combination of both. This serves to temporarily dilate the esophagus sufficiently to efface a portion of or all of the folds of the LES. In an alternative embodiment, esophageal dilation and subsequent LES fold effacement can be accomplished by insufflation of the esophagus (a known technique) using gas introduced into the esophagus through a channel in the GERD treatment device, or an endoscope or similar esophageal access device as described above. Once treatment is completed, expandable members  16  or  26  are evacuated of fluid or gas and returned to their predeployed state and GERD treatment apparatus  10  is withdrawn from the esophagus. This results in the LES returning to approximately its pretreatment state and diameter. 
     In one embodiment, electrolytic solution is introduced into expandable member  16  or  26 , causing it to become distended and be self-retained in the esophagus. Expandable member  16  or  26  can also be expanded mechanically through the use of formed spring wires (not shown) used alone or in combination with a fluid. 
     Electrolytic solution in expandable member  16  may be heated to a temperature, which can be modified and adjusted as necessary. For example, electrolytic solution can be heated and maintained at a temperature between about 6590° C. It can be initially introduced into first expandable member  16  at the higher temperature, or it can be heated to the higher temperature in first expandable member  16 . By providing a heated electrolytic solution, there is a reduction in the amount of time needed to complete a satisfactory degree of tissue injury of targeted cells. 
     It is important to have proper positioning of the expandable members  16  and  26  and conforming member  40  in the sphincter during both diagnosis and treatment phases. This can be facilitated by the following procedure: (1) carefully advancing one or both of expandable members  16  and  26  in an unexpanded state, distal to the lower esophageal sphincter, (ii) expanding the distal one of the two expandable members and (iii) carefully withdrawing GERD treatment apparatus  10  proximally until resistance is encountered. This procedure is illustrated in  FIGS. 15  A-C. 
     The diagnostic phase then begins. This is achieved through a variety of diagnostic methods, including, but not limited to, the following: (1) visualization of the interior surface of the esophagus via an endoscope or other viewing apparatus inserted into the esophagus, (ii) visualization of the interior morphology of the esophageal wall using ultrasonography to establish a baseline for the tissue to be treated, (iii) impedance measurement to determine the electrical conductivity between the esophageal mucosal layers and GERD treatment apparatus  10  and (iv) measurement and surface mapping of the electropotential of the LES during varying time periods which may include such events as depolarization, contraction and repolarization of LES smooth muscle tissue. This latter technique is done to determine specific sites in the LES to be treated which are acting as foci  60  or pathways  62  for abnormal or inappropriate polarization and relaxation of the smooth muscle of the LES (Refer to  FIG. 16 ). 
     In the treatment phase, the delivery of energy of the targeted site can be conducted under feedback control, manually or a combination of both. Feedback control enables GERD treatment apparatus  10  to be positioned and retained in the esophagus during treatment with minimal attention by the physician. When positioned at the LES, GERD treatment apparatus  10  provides a relatively even flow of heated electrolytic solution to facilitate the cell injury process. As shown in  FIG. 17 , GERD treatment apparatus  10  also may have a plurality of electrodes  44  contained in zones that effectively create a flexible circuit  64  which in turn, facilitates contact of the electrode  44  with all or a portion of the interior surface areas of the LES. Electrodes  44  can be multiplexed in order to treat the targeted site or only a portion thereof. Feedback can be included and is achieved by, (1) visualization, (ii) impedance measurement, (iii) ultrasonography, (iv) temperature measurement; and, (v) sphincter contractile force measurement via manometry. The feedback mechanism permits the selected on-off switching of different electrodes  44  of the flexible circuit  64  in a desired pattern, which can be sequential from one electrode  44  to an adjacent electrode  44 , or can jump around between non-adjacent electrodes  44 . Individual electrodes  44  are multiplexed and volumetrically controlled by a controller. 
     The area and magnitude of cell injury in the LES can vary. However, it is desirable to deliver sufficient energy to the targeted treatment site  12  to be able to achieve tissue: temperatures in the range of 55-95° C. and produce lesions  14  at depths ranging from 1-4 mm from the interior surface of the LES. Typical energies delivered to the esophageal wall include, but are not limited to, a range between 100 and 50,000 joules per electrode  44 . It is also desirable to deliver sufficient energy such that the resulting lesions  14  have a sufficient magnitude and area of cell injury to cause an infiltration of lesion  14  by fibroblasts  66 , myofibroblasts  68 , macrophages  70  and other cells involved in the tissue healing process (refer to  FIG. 18 ). As shown in  FIGS. 19A  and B, these cells cause a contraction of tissue around lesion  14 , decreasing its volume and, or altering the biomechanical properties at lesion  14  so as to result in a lightening of LES. These changes are reflected in transformed lesion  14 ′ shown in  19  B. The diameter of lesions  14  can vary between 0.1 to 4 mm. It is preferable that lesions  14  are less than 4 mm in diameter in order to reduce the risk of thermal damage to the mucosal layer. In one embodiment, a 2 mm diameter lesion  14  centered in the wall of the smooth muscle provides a 1 mm buffer zone to prevent damage to the mucosa, submucosa and adventia, while still allowing for cell infiltration and subsequent tightening on approximately 50% of the thickness of the wall of the smooth muscle (refer to  FIG. 20 ). 
     In one embodiment, GERD treatment apparatus  10  conforms tightly with the interior of the esophagus so that all, or nearly all, of the interior circumference of a desired segment of the LES is in contact with a surface of conforming member  40 . Conforming member  40  is fitted into the entire LES and expandable member  16  does not have to be moved about the esophagus to complete the treatment. Alternatively, GERD treatment apparatus  10  may not entirely fill the esophagus, and GERD treatment apparatus  10  is then moved about the esophagus in order to treat all of the esophagus, or those sections where tightening of the lower esophageal sphincter is desired. 
     Conforming member  40  is made of a material that substantially conforms to the surface of the LES and, or other sphincters. This provides better conformity than the mere use of expandable member  16 . As a result, the delivery of treatment energy to the LES is enhanced. Energy delivery may also be enhanced by use of a conducting surface  72  which may cover all, or part of, the exterior of conforming member  40 . The surface of conforming member  40  can be made conductive by a variety of means including, but not limited to chemical coating with a conductive material, implantation with conductive ions and application of a conductive film. 
     Conforming member  40  can have a thickness in the range of about 0.01 to 2.0 cm. Conforming member  40  can be made of a foam type material. Suitable materials include, but are not limited to, knitted polyester, continuous filament polyester, polyester-cellulose, rayon, polyamide, polyurethane, polyethylene, silicone, and the like. Suitable commercial foams include, (i) Opcell, available from Sentinel Products Corp., Hyannis, Mass. and (ii) UltraSorb, HT 4201 or HT 4644MD from Wilshire Contamination Control, Carlsbad, Calif. Conforming member  40  has characteristics that make it particularly moldable and formable to irregular surfaces. In one embodiment, conforming member  40  is made of an open cell foam, or alternatively it can be a thermoplastic film such as polyurethane, low density polyethylene, or it may be a silicone. Additionally, conforming member  40  can be capable of extruding conductive materials from conforming member  40  itself. 
       FIG. 21  illustrates that conforming member  40  can be created by sealing two smaller conforming members  74  and  76  together. Smaller conforming members  74  and  76  are sealed together between individual electrodes  44 . This creates a pocket or zone  78 . Zone  78  has a lower porosity for the flow of electrolytic solution than non-zone sections  80 , e.g., all other sections of conforming member  40  which do not include a zone  78  with an associated electrode  44 . The porosity of non-zone sections  80  is greater than the porosity of zones  78 . 
     From a diagnostic standpoint, it is desirable to image the interior surface  18  and wall of the LES including the size and position of created lesions  14 . It is desirable to create a map of these structures which can input to a controller and used to direct the delivery of energy to the treatment site. Referring to  FIG. 22 , this can be accomplished through the use of ultrasonography (a known procedure) which involves the use of an ultrasound power source  82  coupled to one or more ultrasound transducers  84  that are positioned in or on expandable member  16  or  26  or conforming member  40 . An output is associated with ultrasound power source  82  and RF energy source  30 . 
     Each ultrasound transducer  84  can include a piezoelectric crystal  86  mounted on a backing material  88  that is in turn attached to expandable members  16  or  26  or conforming member  40 . An ultrasound lens  90 , fabricated on an electrically insulating material  92 , is mounted over the piezoelectric crystal  86  The piezoelectric crystal  86  is connected by electrical leads  94  to ultrasound power source  82 . Each ultrasound transducer  84  transmits ultrasound energy through conforming member  40  or expandable members  16  or  26  into adjacent tissue. Ultrasound transducers  84  can be in the form of an imaging probe such as Model 21362, manufactured and sold by Hewlett Packard Company, Palo Alto, Calif. In one embodiment, two ultrasound transducers  84  are positioned on opposite sides of expandable member  16  to create an image depicting the size and position of lesion  14  in the LES. 
     It is desirable that lesions  14  are predominantly located in the smooth muscle layer of esophageal wall at the depths ranging from 1 to 4 mms from the interior surface of the sphincter. However, lesions  14  can vary both in number and position within the sphincter wall. It may be desirable to produce a pattern of multiple lesions  14  within the esophageal smooth muscle in order to obtain a selected degree of tightening of the LES. Typical lesion patterns shown in  FIGS. 23  A-D include but are not limited to, (i) a concentric circle of lesions  14  all at fixed depth in the smooth muscle layer evenly spaced along the radial axis of the LES, (ii) a wavy or folded circle of lesions  14  at varying depths in the smooth muscle layer evenly spaced along the radial axis of the LES, (iii) lesions  14  randomly distributed at varying depths in the smooth muscle, but evenly spaced in a radial direction; and, (iv) an eccentric pattern of lesions  14  in one or more radial locations in the smooth muscle wall. Accordingly, the depth of RF and thermal energy penetration in the lower esophageal sphincter is controlled and selectable. The selective application of energy to the lower esophageal sphincter may be the even penetration of RF energy to the entire targeted site, a portion of it, or applying different amounts of RF energy to different sites depending on the condition of the sphincter. If desired, the area of cell injury can be substantially the same for every treatment event. 
     Referring to  FIG. 24 , it may be desirable to cool all or a portion of the area near the electrode-tissue interface  96  before during and after the delivery of energy in order to reduce the degree and area of cell injury. Specifically the use of cooling preserves the mucosal layers and protects or otherwise reduces the degree of cell damage to cooled zone  98  in the vicinity of the lesion  14 . This can be accomplished through the use of a cooling fluid  100  that weeps out of the expandable members  16  and  26  or conforming member  40  which is in fluid communication with a continuous lumen  102  in extension member  32  that is, in turn, in fluid communication with fluid reservoir  104  and a control unit  106 , whose operation will be described hereafter that controls the delivery of the fluid (Refer to  FIG. 25 ). All or only a portion of electrode  44  may also be cooled. 
     Similarly, it may also be desirable to cool all or a portion of the electrode  44 . The rapid delivery of heat through electrode  44 , may result in the build up of charred biological matter on electrode  44  (from contact with tissue and fluids e.g. blood) that impedes the flow of both thermal and electrical energy from electrode  44  to adjacent tissue and causes an electrical impedance rise beyond a cutoff value set on RF energy source  30 . A similar situation may result from the desiccation of tissue adjacent to electrode  44 . Cooling of the electrode  44  can be accomplished by cooling fluid  100  that weeps out of expandable members  16  and/or  26  and conforming member  40  as described previously. In another embodiment, expandable member  16  may contain a plurality of cooling apertures  108  adjacent or directed toward electrode  44  to enhance the flow of cooling solution and, or cooling rate of electrode  44  and adjacent tissue (refer to  FIG. 26 ). 
     Referring now to  FIG. 27 , electrode  44  may also be cooled via a fluid channel  110  in electrode  44  that is in fluid communication with fluid reservoir  104  and control unit  106  via the continuous lumen  102  in extension member  32  as described previously. 
     As shown in  FIG. 28 . one or more sensors  112  may be positioned adjacent or on electrode  44  for sensing the temperature of esophageal tissue at treatment site  12 . More specifically, sensors  112  permit accurate determination of the surface temperature of the esophagus at electrode-tissue interface  96 . This information can be used to regulate both the delivery of energy and cooling solution to the interior surface of the esophagus. In various embodiments sensors  112  can be positioned at any position on expandable members  16  and  26  and conforming member  40 . Suitable sensors that may be used for sensor  112  include: thermocouples, fiber optics, resistive wires, thermocouple IR detectors, and the like. Suitable thermocouples for sensor  112  include: T type with copper constantene, J type, E type and K types as are well known to those skilled in the art. 
     Temperature data from sensors  112  are fed back to control unit  106  and through an algorithm which is stored within a microprocessor memory of control unit  106 . Instructions are sent to an electronically controlled micropump (not shown) to deliver fluid through the fluid lines at the appropriate flow rate and duration to provide control temperature at the electrode-tissue interface  96  (refer to  FIG. 28 ). 
     The reservoir of control unit  106  may have the ability to control the temperature of the cooling fluid  100  by either cooling the fluid or heating the fluid. Alternatively, a fluid reservoir  104  of sufficient size may be used in which the cooling fluid  100  is introduced at a temperature at or near that of the normal body temperature. Using a thermally insulated reservoir  114 , adequate control of the tissue temperature may be accomplished without need of refrigeration or heating of the cooling fluid  100 . Cooling fluid  100  flow is controlled by control unit  106  or another feedback control system (described herein) to provide temperature control at the electrode-tissue interface  96 . 
     A second diagnostic phase may be included after the treatment is completed. This provides an indication of lower esophageal tightening treatment success, and whether or not a second phase of treatment, to all or only a portion of the esophagus, now or at some later time, should be conducted. The second diagnostic phase is accomplished through, (1) visualization, (ii) measuring impedance, (iii) ultrasonography or (iv) temperature measurement, (v) measurement of LES tension and contractile: force via manometry. 
     In one embodiment, GERD treatment apparatus  10  is coupled to an open or closed loop feedback system. Referring now to  FIG. 29 , an open or closed loop feedback system couples sensor  346  to energy source  392 . In this embodiment, RF electrode  314  its one or more RF electrodes  314 . 
     The temperature of the tissue, or of RF electrode  314  is monitored, and the output power of energy source  392  adjusted accordingly. The physician can, if desired, override the closed or open loop system. A microprocessor can be included and incorporated in the closed or open loop system to switch power on and off, as well as modulate the power. The closed loop system utilizes a microprocessor  394  to serve as a controller, monitor the temperature, adjust the RF power, analyze at the result, refeed the result, and then modulate the power. 
     With the use of sensor  346  and the feedback control system a tissue adjacent to RF electrode  314  can be maintained at a desired temperature for a selected period of time without impeding out. Each RF electrode  314  is connected to resources which generate an independent output. The output maintains a selected energy at RF electrode  314  for a selected length of time. 
     Current delivered through RF electrode  314  is measured by current sensor  396 . Voltage is measured by voltage sensor  398 . Impedance and power are then calculated at power and impedance calculation device  400 . These values can then be displayed at user interface and display  402 . Signals representative of power and impedance values are received by a controller  404 . 
     A control signal is generated by controller  404  that is proportional to the difference between an actual measured value, and a desired value. The control signal is used by power circuits  406  to adjust the power output in an appropriate amount in order to maintain the desired power delivered at respective RF electrodes  314 . 
     In a similar manner, temperatures detected at sensor  346  provide feedback for maintaining a selected power. Temperature at sensor  346  is used as a safety means to interrupt the delivery of energy when maximum pre-set temperatures are exceeded. The actual temperatures are measured at temperature measurement device  408 , and the temperatures are displayed at user interface and display  402 . A control signal is generated by controller  404  that is proportional to the difference between an actual measured temperature and a desired temperature. The control signal is used by power circuits  406  to adjust the power output in an appropriate amount in order to maintain the desired temperature delivered at the sensor  346 . A multiplexer can be included to measure current, voltage and temperature, at the sensor  346 , and energy can be delivered to RF electrode  314  in monopolar or bipolar fashion. 
     Controller  404  can be a digital or analog controller, or a computer with software. When controller  404  is a computer it can include a CPU coupled through a system bus. On this system can be a keyboard, a disk drive, or other non-volatile memory systems, a display, and other peripherals, as are known in the art. Also coupled to the bus is a program memory and a data memory. 
     User interface and display  402  includes operator controls and a display. Controller  404  can be coupled to imaging systems, including but not limited to ultrasound, CT scanners, X-ray, MRI, mammographic X-ray and the like. Further, direct visualization and tactile imaging can be utilized. 
     The output of current sensor  396  and voltage sensor  398  is used by controller  404  to maintain a selected power level at RF electrode  314 . The amount of RF energy delivered controls the amount of power. A profile of power delivered can be incorporated in controller  404  and a preset amount of energy to be delivered may also be profiled. 
     Circuitry, software and feedback to controller  404  result in process control, and the maintenance of the selected power setting that is independent of changes in voltage or current, and used to change, (i) the selected power setting, (ii) the duty cycle (on-off time), (iii) bipolar or monopolar energy delivery and (iv) fluid delivery, including flow rate and pressure. These process variables are controlled and varied, while maintaining the desired delivery of power independent of changes in voltage or current, based on temperatures monitored at sensor  346 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 30 , current sensor  396  and voltage sensor  398  are connected to the input of an analog amplifier  410 . Analog amplifier  410  can be a conventional differential amplifier circuit for use with sensor  346 . The output of analog amplifier  410  is sequentially connected by an analog multiplexer  412  to the input of A/D converter  414 . The output of analog amplifier  410  is a voltage which represents the respective sensed temperatures. Digitized amplifier output voltages are supplied by A/D converter  414  to microprocessor  394 . Microprocessor  394  maybe a type 68HCII available from Motorola. However, it will be appreciated that any suitable microprocessor or general purpose digital or analog computer can be used to calculate impedance or temperature. 
     Microprocessor  394  sequentially receives and stores digital representations of impedance and temperature. Each digital value received by microprocessor  394  corresponds to different temperatures and impedances. 
     Calculated power and impedance values can be indicated on user interface and display  402 . Alternatively, or in addition to the numerical indication of power or impedance, calculated impedance and power values can be compared by microprocessor  394  with power and impedance limits. When the values exceed predetermined power or impedance values, a warning can be given on user interface and display  402 , and additionally, the delivery of RF energy can be reduced, modified or interrupted. A control signal from microprocessor  394  can modify the power level supplied by energy source  392 . 
       FIG. 31  illustrates a block diagram of a temperature/impedance feedback system that can be used to control the flow rate and duration of cooling fluid  100  through continuous lumen  102  to expandable and conforming members  16 ,  26  and  40  and/or RF electrode  314 . Energy is delivered to RF electrode  314  by energy source  392 , and applied to tissue site  424 . A monitor  416  ascertains tissue impedance, based on the energy delivered to tissue, and compares the measured impedance value to a set value. If the measured impedance exceeds the set value, a disabling signal  418  is transmitted to energy source  392 , ceasing further delivery of energy to RF electrode  314 . If measured impedance is within acceptable limits, energy continues to be applied to the tissue. During the application of energy sensor  346  measures the temperature of tissue and/or RF electrode  314 . A comparator  420  receives a signal representative of the measured temperature and compares this value to a pre-set signal representative of the desired temperature. Comparator  420  sends a signal to a flow regulator  422  connected to an electronically controlled micropump (not shown) representing a need for an increased cooling fluid  100  flow rate, if the tissue temperature is too high, or to maintain the flow rate if the temperature has not exceeded the desired temperature. 
     The foregoing description of a preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Obviously, many modifications and variations will be apparent to practitioners skilled in this art. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the following claims and their equivalents.