Abstract:
A time division multiplex switch supporting multi-rate input and output serial data streams has a double-buffered data memory with buffer extensions associated respectively with each portion of the memory. The extensions store residual data for a delay period after the main portion of the double-buffered data memory has switched.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     This invention relates to the field of data switching, and in particular to double buffered TDM (Time Division Multiplexed) switches.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     The fundamental operating principle of a double buffered data memory in a TDM switch that supports multi-rate input and output with programmable fractional delay, both of which are programmable on a per-stream basis, is that an entire frame of data is stored in one buffer, while an entire frame of data is played out from the other buffer. At the frame boundary, the buffers are logically switched, using hardware multiplexers on the address, data and control signals to the memories, and then the whole cycle repeats for subsequent frames. The switch described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,507,579, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference, entitled Digital Switch with Rate Conversion works in this way. This switch is named PASIC, and will be subsequently referenced as such. A double buffered technique using a smaller memory is also described in reference U.S. Pat. No. 5,649,148 entitled Fast digital signal processor interface using data interchanging between two memory banks, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.  
         [0003]     In the most ideal case, any data received during any particular frame can be switched, and appear on the output during the following frame. However, some of the switched data does not appear on the outputs until the duration of the second following frame for two reasons: 
        1. Data arriving at the very end of a frame cannot be read from its input shift register and loaded into the input memory buffer until after the start of the following frame.     2. Data being switched into timeslots at the very start of a frame must usually be loaded into their respective output shift registers before the start of the frame. For these reasons, some of the switched data is delayed by two frames.        
 
         [0006]     A TDM switch that supports a constant delay feature will contain some kind of memory buffer used to store any data that would otherwise appear on the outputs in one frame and to delay that data by one frame. In this manner, all data received on any particular frame would then appear on the second frame following that on which it was received. Other ways of implementing a constant delay feature are possible. Examples of commercially available TDM switches that support this constant delay feature are Mitel devices MT8985 and MT8986 devices described in Mitel Semiconductor Digital Switching and Networking Components; Issue 11, 1997.  
         [0007]     In the prior art, if there are multi-rate streams together with fractional delay, and these features are controllable on a per-stream basis, then the duration of the channel times will vary depending on the data rate and fractional delay setting, and so, therefore, the point in time that the data can be presented to the data memory buffer also varies. Because the data streams can have different rates or fractional delays programmed, there is no single point in time that the memory buffers can be logically switched and be guaranteed to contain one complete frame of data.  
         [0008]     In a variable delay throughput TDM switch, it does not matter how many frames the data is delayed, so there is no problem. However, most modern TDM switches include a constant delay feature which demands that any data received during any particular frame will be available on the outputs during a frame that is a fixed number of frames later, regardless of the programmed connection path, or any other programmed features. Preferably, this number is two frames.  
         [0009]     The most significant traditional technique to overcome this problem is to use a second data memory instance. Data memory buffers are switched at a single point in time, usually but not necessarily after the D 1  data is received (See  FIG. 1 ). The next frame data is stored in the second different data memory buffer. Each memory buffer may or may not contain exactly one complete frame of data, depending on the programmed data rates per stream.  
         [0010]     A hardware unit is then used to appropriately select the data from one of the two data memory instances, depending on the connection path. The obvious disadvantage of this is the size of the extra memory instance. Also, this technique usually incurs an additional frame delay in the output.  
         [0011]     Many lower bandwidth TDM switches do not use a double buffered data memory as described, but rather, they use multiple data memory instances, usually two or three, and a hardware switching unit that has sufficient time and performance to both store the input data, and read out the desired connection data for loading into the output serial shift registers in sequence.  
         [0012]     While this technique may be advantageous from a hardware standpoint, in very large switches, for example, having 32,768 channels, this particular switching technique cannot be used because there is not enough time to execute both a data store sequence into the data memory, and a data recovery and switching sequence in the available time. The double buffered technique, as used in the PASIC significantly improves the through-put capability by logically separating the data storage portion of the switch from the data recall portion.  
         [0013]     A third technique is to provide many smaller double buffered data memory segments, one each for each input stream, and then to appropriately switch each one at the point in time when they have collected exactly one frame of data. This technique works well, but incurs the disadvantage of having many small memory elements. Most SRAM implementations are less efficient at smaller sizes.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0014]     The invention provides a small data memory extension, just large enough to hold the maximum amount of data over-run that may happen because of slower programmed input rates and input bit delays.  
         [0015]     According to the present invention there is provided a time division multiplex switch supporting multi-rate input and output serial data streams, comprising a plurality of input registers for receiving multiple serial input data streams; a plurality of output registers for outputting multiple serial output data streams; a data memory for temporarily storing data to be switched between said input and output streams, said data memory having a first and second main buffer portions for storing successive frames of data; a connection memory for storing connection paths for said switched data; a controller for switching between said first and second main buffer portions of said data memory; and first and second buffer extensions associated respectively with said first and second buffer portions for storing residual data, said controller being programmed to switch said first and second buffer extensions after a delay relative to the switching of said first and second main buffer portions.  
         [0016]     This technique allows the use of a double buffered data memory in a TDM switch that supports multi-rate input and output with programmable fractional delay, both of which are programmable on a per-stream basis, in a TDM switch which supports a constant delay throughput feature. However, the invention is also applicable to systems that offer a variable delay where consistent handling of a frame of data is required.  
         [0017]     The data memory is preferably a dual-port memory, although a single port memory can be employed. The buffer extensions are small conveniently SRAMs, for example, of 512 bytes.  
         [0018]     The invention also provides a method of controlling a time division multiplex switch supporting multi-rate input and output serial data streams, comprising the steps of receiving multiple serial input data streams; providing a data memory for temporarily storing data to be switched between said input streams and output streams, said data memory having a first and second main buffer portions for storing successive frames of data, each said first and second main buffer portions being respectively associated with first and second buffer extensions for storing residual data; switching between said first and second main buffer portions of said data memory; and switching between said first and second buffer extensions after a delay relative to the switching between said first and second main buffer portions. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0019]     The invention will now be described in more detail, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:— 
         [0020]      FIG. 1  is a timing chart showing data availability at variable bit rates;  
         [0021]      FIG. 2  is a functional block diagram of a basic TDM switch configuration;  
         [0022]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram of a data memory extension;  
         [0023]      FIG. 4  is a timing chart for the memory extension; and  
         [0024]      FIG. 5  is a chart showing the output shift register load timing. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0025]     Referring now to  FIG. 1 , the serial input data to the TDM switch is illustrated as serial input data streams D 1 , D 2 , D 3 , and D 4 . In this example, D 1  shifts at 65 MB/s, D 2  shifts at 32 MB/s, D 3  shifts at 16 MB/s, and D 4  shifts at 8 MB/s. The corresponding availability of these data is illustrated in the holding registers as shown. The illustrated serial data is in ST-BUS format, although this technique is not limited to just the ST-BUS.  
         [0026]     As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , there are four points in time, relating to the holding register contents, where the end of frame would have to occur in order for the data memory to contain exactly one frame of data. If the data memory banks are switched after D 1 , then D 2 , D 3 , &amp; D 4  are stored in the subsequent data memory bank, which is not available for output until exactly the same time on the next frame. It can be shown that if D 2 , D 3 , and D 4  are being switched to timeslot  0 , then they won&#39;t be available for output until the third frame from when they were received, and this breaks the constant delay strategy of a two frame delay.  
         [0027]     In a similar manner, if the data memory banks are switched after D 4 , then D 1 , D 2 , D 3 , and D 4  are stored in the current data memory bank; however, other 65 Mb/s data is also stored from the new frame at the same time. It can be shown that this data then becomes available for output either on the same frame or the following frame, which again breaks the constant delay strategy of a two frame delay.  
         [0028]     In accordance with the principles of the invention, the switch employs a main data memory with a small extension. The main memory stores all of the frame data as it becomes available in the holding register. The extension memory holds just the same frame data that becomes available after the main data memory buffer has switched. The data memory extension is large enough to store all the data received from the holding registers from D 2  to D 4 , inclusive.  
         [0029]     The main double buffered data memory switches on a frame boundary corresponding to the minimum settings, just after D 1  is stored, and then any data from the same frame that is subsequently received as a result of slower programmed rates or input bit delays, D 2  to D 4 , is stored in the data memory extension.  
         [0030]     The double buffered data memory extensions do not switch at the same time as the main data memory, but rather, they switch at a time after the maximum amount of time that any data could be received from the same frame because of any programmed feature. In  FIG. 1 , the data memory extension buffers would switch after the D 4  data has been stored.  
         [0031]     In the preferred embodiment, the data memory extension is a small 512 byte memory that stores just the data from D 2  to D 4 . In fact, only a 480 byte memory is actually required; however, it can be shown that the added complexity in addressing just a 480 byte memory is not worth the 32 bytes that would be saved.  
         [0032]     While the main data memory is switched exactly after the D 1  time-slot, the extension isn&#39;t switched until the end of the D 4  time-slot. All the data received from D 2  to D 4  is stored in both the main data memory and the data memory extension.  
         [0033]     When data is read from the data memories by the switching hardware, a logical decision is made, depending on the connection path, on whether to used the data from the main data memory or the data from the data memory extension, in order to guarantee the two frame delay for all possible connection paths.  
         [0034]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram showing the major components of the TDM switch. A timing block  1 , which usually contains binary counters, uses the primary Clock input and Frame Pulse input to establish a binary signal that accurately corresponds to the relative position within the current frame.  
         [0035]     A plurality of input serial to parallel shift registers  2 , each of which samples its corresponding input serial data, and convert this data into an 8 bit parallel signal. A Data Select Block  3  is essentially a large multiplexer, which takes as an input all of the parallel data from all of the serial input shift registers  2 , and a binary timing signal from the timing block  1 . This uses the signal from the timing block to sequentially select each of the 8-bit parallel signals from the input shift registers, and applies them in sequence to the Double Buffered Data Memory with Extensions  4  to be stored.  
         [0036]     The Double Buffered Data Memory performs two main functions: It stores data from the data select block into the data memory; and, it reads back selected data from the data memory as directed by the Switching State Machine  5 .  
         [0037]     The Switching State Machine  5  provides all of the necessary signals to sequentially read a connection memory  6  for a connection address, apply that connection address to the data memory block  4 , read a data byte from the data memory  4  from the connection address, and store that data byte into the parallel input of the output shift registers  7 . This operation is performed repetitively during each time-slot, for each serial output stream, until all timeslots of all outputs have been loaded with data.  
         [0038]     If a TDM switch has the constant delay feature, then the switching hardware may store the data into the frame delay memory  8 , after it has read the data that was stored there on the previous frame. It does this to delay a datum by one frame in the situation where the data would otherwise appear on the output one frame early.  
         [0039]     The switching state machine  5  reads the locations in the connection memory  6  to determine a connection address, and usually any other connection characteristics for a particular connection path. There is always a mechanism present to store data into the connection memory. This mechanism is not illustrated in  FIG. 2 . Most typically, it is a microprocessor interface port, as in the case of the commercial MT8985, &amp; MT8986 devices referred to above, although, other types of interfaces are possible. The PASIC uses an HDLC message link to load the connection memory. Persons skilled in the art will know how to construct suitable interfaces to load a connection memory.  
         [0040]     In output parallel-to-serial shift register  7 , each block takes an 8-bit parallel data supplied from the switching state machine  5 , and loads it into a serial shift register. It then sequentially shifts the loaded data onto the serial output.  
         [0041]     All data received and switched by the Switching State Machine is stored in the Frame Delay Buffer Memory  8  at locations that correspond one-to-one with specific time-slots of specific serial output streams. In this exemplary, this memory contains 32,768 bytes. Reads and write operations are timed such that read operations will recover data that was stored on the previous frame, and write operations will over-write the data that was stored on the previous frame. It can be shown that this technique can be used to delay the output data for any particular timeslot of any particular output stream by one frame.  
         [0042]     The block diagram illustrated in  FIG. 2  illustrates a generic TDM digital switch, excepting the inclusion of the Data Memory with Extensions in accordance with the principles of the invention. Persons skilled in the art can develop this type of hardware, and, with the exception of the use of the data memory extensions, it similar to the technique that is used to perform the digital switching in the PASIC.  
         [0043]     The method of providing the constant delay function, with the use of the Frame Delay Buffer Memory is not necessarily the only way to implement a constant delay feature. Devices like MT8985, &amp; MT8986 use a very similar switching technique as that illustrated in  FIG. 2 , but these devices have a different method of implementing the constant delay feature.  
         [0044]     The Data Memory Extension component is contained entirely in the Double Buffered Data Memory With Extensions block, and the corresponding data selection hardware is contained in the Switching State Machine  5 .  
         [0045]     A block diagram of the data memory extension hardware is illustrated in  FIG. 3 . The indicated memory sizes correspond to those of the preferred embodiment. Also, this diagram does not illustrate any clock signals. Most synchronous memory circuits require a clock signal, which is assumed to be present and properly connected to the memory circuits. All of the inputs and outputs are synchronous to this clock signal. It is omitted from  FIG. 3  to preserve the clarity of the illustration.  
         [0046]     In  FIG. 3 , an Address Translator  12  receives a binary signal from the device timing block  1  in  FIG. 2 , and converts it into a read address signal, read_address, a write address signal, write_address, a buffer select signal, BUF_SEL, and an Extension Buffer select, ESEL. The Main Data Memory  9  is a generic SRAM cell, with a data input, D, a data output, Q, an address input A, an active low write enable input, WE (Active low is a well understood concept meaning that the described function is activated when the corresponding active low signal is set to a logic 0), and an active low device enable, CE. In the current embodiment, this memory size is 32,768 bytes,  
         [0047]     Data Memory Extension  10  is a generic SRAM cell, with a data input, D, a data output, Q, an address input A, an active low write enable input, WE, and an active low device enable, CE. In the current embodiment, this memory size is 512 bytes, Address MUX  13  is an address multiplexer, and Data MUX  11  is a data multiplexer. Both multiplexers  11  and  13  have a function consistent with that of any generic multiplexer.  
         [0048]     This is most easily described using the verilog 2  description: Y&lt;=SEL ? B : A. See IEEE Standard 1364-1995—IEEE Standard Description Language Based on the Verilog Hardware Description Language.  
         [0049]     The memory cells  9  and  10  have functions consistent with that of generic synchronous memories.  
         [0050]     An examination of  FIG. 3  shows that if the BUF_SEL signal is low, then the write_address is applied to the upper Main Data Memory  9 , and the write enable of this memory, WE, is active low. In this state, the 8 Bit Data appearing at the data inputs D  2  will be written into this memory. At the same time, the lower Main Data Memory  9  receives the read_address, and the write enable of this memory, WE, is inactive high. In this state, the memory is read, and the data passes through the data MUX  11  and appears at the MDAT output.  
         [0051]     If the BUF_SEL signal is high, then the write_address is applied to the lower Main Data Memory  9 , and the write enable of this memory, WE, is active low. In this state, the 8 Bit Data appearing at the data inputs D will be written into this memory. At the same time, the upper Main Data Memory  9  receives the read_address, and the write enable of this memory, WE, is inactive high. In this state, the memory is read, and the data passes through the data MUX  11  and appears at the MDAT output.  
         [0052]     It can be shown that the BUF_SEL signal is used to logically switch the positions and operation of the Main Data Memories  9 . This is substantially the technique that performs the storage of data in the PASIC.  
         [0053]     In a likewise manner, an examination  FIG. 3  shows that if the ESEL signal is low, then the write address is applied to the upper Data Memory Extension  10 , and the write enable of this memory, WE, is active low. In this state, the 8 Bit Data appearing at the data inputs D will be written into this memory. At the same time, the lower Data Memory Extension  10  receives the read_address, and the write enable of this memory, WE, is inactive high. In this state, the memory is read, and the data passes through the data MUX  11 , and appears at the EDAT output.  
         [0054]     If the ESEL signal is high, then the write_address is applied to the lower Data Memory Extension  10 , and the write enable of this memory, WE, is active low. In this state, the 8 Bit Data appearing at the data inputs D, will be written into this memory. At the same time, the upper Data Memory Extension  10  receives the read_address, and the write enable of this memory, WE, is inactive high. In this state, the memory is read, and the data passes through the data MUX  11 , and appears at the EDAT output.  
         [0055]     It can be shown that the ESEL signal is used to logically switch the positions and operation of the Data Memory Extensions  10 .  
         [0056]     The address translator  12  creates the address and control signals for entire Data Memory Extension block. The clearest description of the address translator is the verilog description as follows:  
         [0057]     1. module address_translator(in, BUF_SEL, ESEL, RD_A, STA);  
         [0058]     2. input [15:0] in;  
         [0059]     3. output [14:0] ST_A, RD_A;  
         [0060]     4. output BUF_SEL, ESEL;  
         [0061]     5. wire [15:0] in;  
         [0062]     6. wire [14:0] ST_A, RD_A;  
         [0063]     7. wire BUF_SEL, ESEL;  
         [0064]     8. wire [15:0] offset;  
         [0065]     9. 9. assign BUF_SEL=in[15],  
         [0066]     10. ST_A=in[14:0],  
         [0067]     11. RDA=in[14:0]+2,  
         [0068]     12. offset=in−512,  
         [0069]     13. ESEL=offset[15];  
         [0070]     14. endmodule  
         [0071]     The most significant signal descriptions are those describing BUF_SEL and ESEL, lines  9  and  13  respectively. The timing of these signals as they occur in relation to those from  FIG. 1  is illustrated in  FIG. 4 . These signals are illustrated as they occur in the preferred embodiment. The signal ESEL, affected by the number of input and/or output serial streams being processed, by number and duration of the individual timeslots, and very often by otherwise unrelated features.  
         [0072]     Many variations of the preferred embodiment described are possible. It is possible to use two port memories, rather than the single port memories. This doubles the bandwidth through the switch without increasing the clock speed. An examination of  FIG. 3  shows that two port memories could be added in place of the single port memories, and additional address and data multiplexers  11  and  13  could be connected to the second port to effectively double the throughput without changing the substance of the invention.  
         [0073]     The Switching State Machine  5  illustrated in  FIG. 2  is very heavily pipelined, and the Addresses translator  12  shown in  FIG. 3  is a heavily pipelined synchronous circuit. In an experimental embodiment, the address translator is a combinatorial circuit as the verilog listing above implies, and some minor changes in memory addressing required changes in the verilog numerical translations. The resulting waveforms, BUF_SEL, and ESEL, as illustrated in  FIG. 4 , successfully establish the extended data memory operation.  
         [0074]     In the Switching State machine  5  as illustrated in  FIG. 2 , a hardware decision is made to decide which byte, MDAT or EDAT, (referring to the two outputs of  FIG. 3 ,) to use for storage into the output shift registers. MDAT is the data read from the Main Data Memory, and EDAT is read from the Data Memory Extension. Although the details of this transfer function can be very complex, depending on many other non-related features, the basic concept is quite simple to illustrate. For example, the Extended data memory achieves its purpose when the connection path is connecting D 2 , D 3 , or D 4  data, (see  FIG. 1 ), to the very first timeslots of a serial output data stream. The timing of this data transfer is illustrated in  FIG. 5 .  
         [0075]     The above discussion illustrates one case where the data from the extended data memory must be selected for loading into the output shift register in order to preserve the two frame constant delay requirement. This is presented in an attempt to illustrate a clear case for conceptual purposes since even for someone skilled in the art it can be difficult to fully comprehend the delay characteristics from the serial inputs to the serial outputs, of this type of TDM switch.  
         [0076]     The most general statement of the data selection rule for the selection of either the MDAT data from the main data memory, or the EDAT data from the extended data memory, is as follows: Any serial input data received during any specific frame, where, as a result of some feature, or some programmed input data rate, it arrives at the parallel output of the input shift register  2  at a point in time after the main input data memory buffer pointer, (BUF_SEL), has switched, but before the extended data memory buffer pointer, (ESEL), has switched, and also, if these specific data elements are connected through the TDM switch to a serial output time slot at or near the beginning of the frame boundary, such that, the data must be read from the data memory buffer for loading into the parallel input of the output shift register  7  at a point in time before the main input data memory buffer pointer, (BUF_SEL), has switched, then the switching hardware must choose the data from the extended data memory instead of the main data memory in order to preserve the two frame delay requirement.  
         [0077]     The details of this transfer function can be very complex, depending on many other otherwise non-related features. In the preferred embodiment, the pipe-lining was one of the most significant complications of the implementation. However, in all cases, the general rule outlined above can consistently govern the flow of these special data paths in order to meet the two frame constant delay requirement.  
         [0078]     There is a wide range of variations possible to the switching circuit illustrated in  FIG. 2  and the extended data memory configuration illustrated in  FIG. 3 . These result primarily in the implementation of other non-related features. Although, the preferred embodiment used this invention to resolve the constant delay implementation resulting from multiple input and output streams, each having separately programmable rates and bit delays, any feature that results in the presentation of data from a specific frame at an inconsistent time at the end of the frame can use a data memory extension to the main data memory to hold this data.  
         [0079]     Other variations are possible in address memory connections, multiplexer sizes address translator design and miscellaneous wiring may result from variations in the number of input streams and/or output streams, variations in the input and/or output data rates, the number of timeslots per stream, variations in features applied to each input and/or output stream, and any data transform functions that are applied to the data during switching,  
         [0080]     All of these possibilities can affect the details of the implementation of the data memory extension while still employing the concept to maintain the constant delay throughput.  
         [0081]     The data memory extension concept is not just limited to a double buffered data memory. The same technique may also be used on single buffered data memories, or multiple buffered memories. Also, the reasons for the implementation may not be confined only to a constant delay requirement. Any applications that require the consistent handling of a frame of data where the switch point cannot be consistently exercised because of variations in the input characteristics may use this type of data memory extension hardware, and are therefore within the scope of this invention.