Abstract:
Molecularly imprinted conducting polymer (MICP) films were electro-polymerized on glassy carbon electrode having specific recognition sites for amino acid viz. L-tyrosine and/or L-cysteine. The amino acid templates in various imprinted films were ejected out by over-oxidation followed by washing and stabilization. Again, the template leached MICP films were modified with metal oxides [oxides of Cu 2+ , Hg 2+ , Pd 2+ , Au 3+ , Pt 4+  etc]. The resultant leached MICP and metal oxide modified template leached MICP film based GCE will now selectively sense L-tyrosine and/or L-cysteine in aqueous media by direct and catalytic means respectively employing differential pulse voltammetric waveform. The sensitivity and selectivity of the sensors prepared by the invention are high and the stability is good, which will be widely used in clinical diagnostics, chemical industry, environment protection and other related fields.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a national phase application under 35 U.S.C. §371 of International Application No. PCT/IN2012/000072 filed 31 Jan. 2012, which claims priority to Indian Application No. 264/DEL/20011 filed 4 Feb. 2011. The entire text of each of the above-referenced disclosures is specifically incorporated herein by reference without disclaimer. 
     FIELD OF INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to the process of making “Molecularly imprinted conducting polymer film based aqueous amino acid sensors”. The present invention further relates to the process involving coating of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with molecularly imprinted conducting polymer (more specifically polypyrrole) and metal oxide modified molecularly imprinted conducting polymer films. The present invention particularly relates to a processes involved in modification of GCE with molecularly imprinted polypyrrole and metal oxide modified molecularly imprinted polypyrrole films for selective sensing of particular amino acid(s) (more specifically L-tyrosine and/or L-cysteine) in presence of other amino acids. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Zhau et al [Electroanal. 18 (2006)830] have simultaneously determined tyrosine and tryptophan at unmodified boron—doped diamond electrode. Reference is made to several chemically modified electrodes viz. multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) modified GCE [Microchim. Acta 151 (2005) 47], L-Serine polymer film modified GCE [Colloids &amp; Surfaces B. Biointerfaces 50 (2006)147], and MWCNT-4-aminobenzene sulphonic acid modified GCE [Colloids &amp; surfaces B. Biointerfaces 61 (2008) 176] which are described for tyrosine sensing. Tang et al [Talanta 80 (2010)2182] have reported construction of electrospun carbon nanofibre modified carbon paste electrode for simultaneous voltammetric sensing of L-tyrosine, L-tryptophan and L-cysteine. Reference may be made to Overoxidized polypyrrole modified carbon paste electrode for sensing of tryptophan [Anal. Sci. 18 (2002) 417]. 
     In 2008 Liu et al reported an improved voltammetric response of L-tyrosine employing MWCNT-ionic liquid composite coated GCE in presence of cupric ion [Electroanal. 20 (2008)2148]. Again, two other reports on adsorptive voltammetric determination of tyrosine [Fresnius J. Anal. Chem 351 (1995)689] and enrofloxacin using hanging mercury drop electrode are also described employing copper(II) during voltammetric sensing. 
     Yet another reference may be made to multifunctional and multispectral biosensor device for polynucleotides, polypeptides &amp; peptides [Vo-Dinh U.S. Pat. No. 6,743,581; 2004], selector molecule adsorbed or immobilized poysiloxane coated biosensor [Levon et. al Inter. Pat. No. WO 059507; 2005], chemical sensor featuring dual sensing (surface plasmon resonance &amp; fluorescence detection) motif for sensing pinacolyl methyl phosphonate [Booksh et al, U.S. Pat. No. 0,031,292; 2007]. References may be made to a method for a conducting polymer coated sensing electrode for detecting polar toxic species [Venkatasetty, U.S. Pat. No. 4,662,996; 1987], protein adsorbed shapable electroconductive polymer film[Wolfgang et al, Euro. Pat. No. 0658906; 1994], sensor comprising a substrate containing nanoparticles of a conducting polymer, polyaniline[Morrin et al, Int. Pub. No. WO2007/119229; 2007], a method of determining analyte concentrations by utilizing analyte sensors that employ conducting organic polymers covalently functionalized with an enzyme, antigen or an ion specific binding site and employed in a diagnostic device to selectively assay a liquid medium [Albarella et al, Euro. Pub. No. 0314009; 1988]. The drawbacks of the above mentioned matrices for sensing amino acids are the lack of selectivity, poor stability, need to incorporate selective recognition moieties in the conducting polymer or other matrices like MWCNT, L-serine etc. Another reference may be made to a few molecularly imprinted electrosynthesized polymer modified electrodes viz. copolymerization of o-phenylenediamine and resorcinol for sensing of dopamine [J. Solid state chem. 14 (2010)1909], polypyrrole for ascorbic acid sensing [Sensors 8 (2008)5792], overoxidised polypyrrole for sulphamethaxozole sensing [Sensors 8 (2008)8463] and molecularly imprinted poly (3,4-ethylene dioxy-thiophene-co-thiophene acetic acid] employing platinum electrode for atrazine sensing [Anal. Chim Acta 649 (2009)236]. 
     Yet another reference may be made to imprinted polymer based quartz crystal microbalance sensors using polymerizable chiral derivatives of cysteine and homocysteine for peptide templates like Oxytocin, Vasopressin, Angiotensin II, Bradykinin and 15-mer peptide [Tai et al U.S. Pat. No. 0,226,503; 2008], dual MIP/QCM sensor for polychloroaromatic contaminants [Penelle, U.S. Pat. No. 0,166,581; 2004], analysis kit for sensing dopamine &amp; ochratoxin A [Perollier et al U.S. Pat. No. 0,105,076; 2010], affinity electrode modified with synthetic polymers for the detection of phenols, morphines and phenoxy acid herbicides [Kroger &amp; Mosbach GB Pat. No. 2337332; 1999], process for fabrication of ISFET based potentiometric sensor coated with molecular imprint of cholesterol [Vanaja et al, U.S. Pat. No. 0,147,683; 2010], molecularly imprinted sensor device for detecting drugs like gamma hydroxy butyrate (GHB), ketamine and cortisol [Murray et al U.S. Pat. No. 0,197,297; 2009], bionic nanosensing film of electrochemical transducer [Zhou et al Chinese Pat. No. CN 101196486; 2008], method for producing macromolecule identifying polymer [Minoura et al, U.S. Pat. No. 7,741,421; 2010], peptide imprinted polymers with integrated emission sites (PIPIES) [Bright, U.S. Pat. No. 7,598,087; 2009], method of combining surface molecular imprinting (SMI) with the production of self-assembled monolayers (SAM) on gold coated chip surfaces for the detection of cancer biomarkers [Levon et al U.S. Pat. No. 0,318,788; 2009] and a method of molecular imprinting for recognition in aqueous media [Naraghi et al U.S. Pat. No. 0,099,301; 2009]. MIPs are formulated as an adhesive in an in-vitro diagnostic device to release template molecules to capture target molecules [Meathrel et al U.S. Pat. No. 0,068,820; 2010]. 
     The above mentioned references pertaining to molecular imprinted substrates are superior to other sensing platforms due to excellent predetermined selectivity, ruggedness, can afford absence of specific reagents for selective molecular recognition as the cavities inside the polymer matrices itself are tailor made for the analyte under consideration rendering a label free sensing. However, the present embodiment holds an extra advantage which synchronizes the high selectivity of imprinted polymers with the excellent conducting properties of conducting polymers viz. polypyrrole which improves the signal transduction considerably. Also, the enhanced catalytic properties rendered by metal oxide makes the present embodiment an excellent sensing platform with good sensitivities and remarkable selectivity. 
     OBJECTIVES OF THE INVENTION 
     The main object of the present invention is to provide “Molecularly imprinted conducting polymer film based aqueous amino acid sensors” which obviates the drawbacks mentioned above. 
     Another object of the present invention is to prepare molecularly imprinted conducting polymer (MICP) film on GCE surface. 
     Yet another object of the present invention is to form metal oxide modified MICP film in presence of Cu 2+ , Hg 2+ , Pd 2+ , Au 3+  &amp; Pt 4+  onto GCE surface. 
     Still another object of the present invention is to construct L-tyrosine and/or L-cysteine sensor for their monitoring in aqueous media in presence of other amino acids. 
     Still yet another object of present invention is reusability and regenerability of MICP and metal oxide modified MICP film coated GCE surface. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, the present invention relates to an amino acid sensor comprising a substrate coated with a polymer selected from molecularly imprinted conducting polymer (MICP) or metal oxide modified molecularly imprinted conducting polymer (MOMICP). 
     In one embodiment of the invention, the substrate is a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface. 
     In another embodiment of the invention, amino acid used for imprinting the polymer is selected from the group consisting of L-tyrosine, L-cysteine and a combination thereof. 
     In yet another embodiment of the invention, said sensor selectively senses amino acids in aqueous solutions. 
     Yet another embodiment of the invention provides a process of preparing amino acid sensor comprising a substrate coated with a polymer selected from molecularly imprinted conducting polymer (MICP) or metal oxide modified molecularly imprinted conducting polymer (MOMICP), comprising the steps of:
         (a) electropolymerizing pyrrole monomer in the presence of template of amino acid selected from the group consisting of L-tyrosine, L-cysteine and a combination thereof to be imprinted in acetonitrile containing tetrabutyl ammonium perchlorate and trifluoacetic acid onto a substrate to obtain molecularly imprinted conducting polymer film based electrode;   (b) leaching out the template from the electrode as obtained in step (a) by electrochemical over-oxidation followed by washing by cycling in phosphate buffer of pH 2 and subsequently stabilizing in phosphate buffer of pH 5.5 to obtain the template leached MICP, or dual template leached MICP film coated electrode;   (c) depositing metal selected from a group consisting of Cu 2+ , Hg 2+ , Pd 2+ , Au 3+ , Pt 4+  on to the template leached and stabilized MICP or dual template leached MICP electrode as obtained in step (b) followed by anodically scanning to obtain respective metal oxide modified molecularly imprinted conducting polymer film coated electrode to be used as amino acid sensor.       

     In yet another embodiment of the invention, the ratio of pyrrole and the template used in the process as claimed in claim  5  is maintained between 400:1 to 2:1 within the concentration ranges of 2×10 −3  to 4×10 −3  M of pyrrole and 10 −5  to 10 −3  M of the template. In yet another embodiment of the invention, in step (a) volume of the acetonitrile is 20 ml, volume of the trifluoacetic acid is in the range of 0.5 to 35 μl and concentration of the tetrabutyl ammonium perchlorate is in the range of 0.01 to 0.1M. 
     In yet another embodiment of the invention, in step (a) electropolymerization is done at a deposition potential ranging from 0.8 to 0.9V vs Ag/AgCl for a period in the range of 55 to 65 s. 
     In yet another embodiment of the invention, in step (a) the substrate is a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface. 
     In yet another embodiment of the invention, in step (b) the electrochemical over-oxidation is done in the presence of 0.08-0.1M NaOH at a potential ranging between 0.8 to 1.2V vs Ag/AgCl for a minimum of 100 times at a scan rate of 40-70 mV/s. 
     In yet another embodiment of the invention, in step (b) washing is done by cycling in phosphate buffer for a minimum of 75 times in the potential ranging between 0 to 0.9V vs Ag/AgCl at a scan rate in the range of 75 to 125 mV/s. 
     In yet another embodiment of the invention, in step (b) stabilizing is done at a potential ranging between 0-0.9 V for a minimum of 20 times at a scan rate in the range of 50 to 70 mV/s. 
     In yet another embodiment of the invention, in step (c) the deposition of metals on the electrode obtained in step (b) is done by holding the electrode potentiostatically in the range of −0.28 to −0.32V for a period ranging between 4.5 to 5 seconds. 
     In yet another embodiment of the invention, in step (c) anodic scanning is done at a potential in the range of 0 to 0.9V. 
     In yet another embodiment of the invention, the coated electrode of step (b) or (c) is reusable for 25 to 35 times by bringing back to starting potential in the range of −0.15 to 0.075 V and stirring in pH 5.5 phosphate buffer. 
     In yet another embodiment of the invention, the coated electrodes of step (b) or (c) can be regenerated after use by holding the electrodes at a potential in the range of −0.15 to 0.075V for a period in the range of 7 to 10 seconds for metal oxide removal, in case of metal oxide modified MICP, followed by stirring in pH 5.5 phosphate buffer for all modified electrodes for a period in the range of 1 to 5 min to remove oxidized tyrosine. 
     In yet another embodiment of the invention, said process further comprises a step of calibration of the amino acid sensor by dipping the coated electrode obtained in steps (b) or (c) of claim  5  as working electrode, platinum foil counter electrode and Ag/AgCl reference electrode in an electrochemical cell containing known amount of amino acid in 0.075 to 0.15 M phosphate buffer solution followed by recording of differential pulse voltammograms by scanning in a potential ranging between 0 to 0.9V at modulation amplitude in the range of 50 to 300 mV to prepare a calibration graph by plotting current flowing between working and counter electrodes against amino acid concentration. 
     Still another embodiment of the invention provides a method of selectively sensing amino acids by using amino acid sensor, comprising the steps of: 
     i) installing the coated electrode as obtained in steps (b) or (c) of claim  5  as amino acid sensor in an electrochemical cell which contains sample to be analyzed at a pH ranging between 5.5 to 7.0 followed by recording of differential pulse voltammograms by scanning in the potential ranging between 0 to 0.9V at modulation amplitude in the range of 50 to 300 mV;
 
(ii) determining unknown concentration of amino acids by referring to a calibration graph.
 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ACCOMPANYING DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  Process for preparation of molecularly imprinted conducting polymer (MICP) &amp; non-imprinted CP (NICP) films on to GCE. 
         FIG. 2  Schematic diagram of metal oxide modified MICP based amino acid sensor. 
         FIG. 3  Effect of pH on L-tyrosine response with metal oxide (specifically copper oxide) modified MICP (specifically MI polypyrrole) film based sensor. 
         FIG. 4  Voltammetric sensing signals for molecularly imprinted (A) and corresponding non imprinted (B) metal oxide (specifically copper oxide) modified polypyrrole films with various amino acids. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides “molecularly imprinted conducting polymer film based aqueous amino acid sensors” which comprises
         a process of construction of modified electrodes for sensing of amino acids employing molecular imprinted conducting polymer (MICP) on suitable substrate preferably glassy carbon disc or electrode;   over-oxidation, washing and stabilization of MICP;   modification of template leached MICP with metal oxide [by electrodeposition of metal from Cu 2+ , Hg 2+ , Pd 2+ , Au 3+ , Pt 4+  etc. solutions] and anodic oxidation;   selective sensing of L-tyrosine and/or L-cysteine in presence of other amino acids.       

     The present invention offers a process for making amino acid sensing films having specific, accessible and homogenous imprinted sites. The above mentioned amino acid sensing films when coated on indicator electrode in form of disc selectively senses targeted amino acid in aqueous media after ejecting out the template amino acid by over-oxidation, washing and stabilization steps. NICPs prepared in the absence of template(s) exhibit sensing due to the surface adsorption of the analytes unlike MICPs, where the analyte rebinding into the imprinted cavities trigger the sensing. However, NICPs lack selectivity due to non specific binding of analytes. The salient features of the invention include the following
         A process of making MICP and metal oxide modified MICP film coated GCE are described. The electrocatalytic effect of the metal oxides generates an amplified analytical signal in the case of MOMICP over and above the selectivity provided by MICPs.   Pretreatment (overoxidation, washing and stabilization) of the film is carried out in case of MICP (to eject the template molecule)   Selective sensing of targeted amino acid in aqueous media is described.
 
Process of Making Tailored Amino Acid Sensing Films
       

     The preparation of tailored molecularly imprinted conducting polymer (MICP) films on glassy carbon electrode involves: 
     i) electropolymerisation of pyrrole monomer in acetonitrile medium containing 0.01 M tetrabutyl ammonium perchlorate in presence of template: L-tyrosine and/or L-cysteine (in presence of tri-fluoro acetic acid to aid dissolution of template).  FIGS. 1 &amp; 2  depicts flow chart and schematic diagram of the process of making of MICP film based L-tyrosine and/or L-cysteine sensor. Non-imprinted conducting polymer (NICP) films were analogously prepared by following the above mentioned procedure but omitting the template molecule. 
     Metal oxide modified MICP films were prepared by subjecting amino acid template leached MICP films in pH 5.5 phosphate buffer media for 5 s at −0.30V in presence of respective metal ions Cu 2+ , Hg 2+ , Pd 2+ , Au 3+ , Pt 4+  etc. and scanning anodically (See  FIG. 2 ). Incorporation of metal ions can enhance the analytical signal in view of the electrocatalytic properties exhibited by certain metal ion/oxides. The electrocatalysis of metal oxide islands as well as the metal-amino acid complex formation is responsible for enhanced oxidation of L-tyrosine at the electrode—solution interface as shown in  FIG. 2  resulting in an amplified anodic peak current. 
     ii) Pretreatment of the Film 
       FIG. 1  highlights the detailed steps involved in pretreatment of MICP and NICP films in form of flow chart. MICP and NICP films were subjected to potentiodynamic electrochemical overoxidation at 0.8-1.2V for 100 cycles in 0.1M NaOH solution to eject the template(s). Then the films were washed in weakly acidic phosphate buffer by repeated cycling in the potential range 0 to 0.9V for 75 cycles and then stabilized in pH 5.5 phosphate medium by repeated cycling in the potential range 0 to 0.9V for 20 cycles to obtain leached films. 
     iii) Selective Sensing 
     The process of making amino acid (L-tyrosine and/or L-cysteine) sensor is shown schematically in  FIGS. 1 &amp; 2 . The resulting sensor distinguishes analyte amino acid, from other amino acids. The effect of pH on sensing signal of amino acid (more specifically L-tyrosine) sensor is shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     Determination of L-Tyrosine and/or L-Cysteine 
     Appropriate amounts of L-tyrosine and/or L-cysteine (1×10 −8  to 8×10 −6 M) in 0.1M phosphate buffer solution (pH 5.5) were taken in 20 ml electrochemical cell, and then 3 electrode system was installed on it where in the working electrodes are NICP, MICP and MOMICP film coated electrodes. Differential pulse voltammograms were recorded by scanning in the potential window 0 to 0.9V at modulation amplitude of 100 mV. The unknown concentrations of L-tyrosine and/or L-cysteine were determined by referring to the calibration graph. 
     Selectivity Studies Using Copper Oxide Modified MICP and NICP Films 
     Detailed selectivity studies were undertaken with copper oxide modified MICP and corresponding NICP coated GCE for L-tyrosine and other amino acids. The results obtained are shown in  FIGS. 4A &amp; 4B  respectively. The selectivity factors for L-tyrosine in admixtures show about 50-60 fold selectivities for L-tyrosine over serine, cysteine, valine, phenylalanine and leucine, 1.2 fold over D-Tyrosine and 1.5 fold for tryptophan respectively. Molecular imprinting resulted in better selectivity factors with both individual and in admixtures (mainly undertaken to simulate real sample solution) showing significant imprinting effect. 
     Analysis of Synthetic Samples 
     Table 1 shows the results obtained on analysis of synthetic human urine samples. The simulated synthetic urine sample was prepared by mixing 8×10 −7 M Serine, 8×10 −7  M Alanine, 4×10 −7 M Valine, 4×10 −7 M Phenylalanine and 4×10 −7 M Leucine respectively in the proportion corresponding to human urine sample. Appropriate amounts of L-tyrosine (1×10 −7  to 4×10 −6 M) in 0.1M phosphate buffer solution (pH 5.5) containing the above synthetic sample were taken in 20 ml electrochemical cell, and then 3 electrode system consisting of MOMICP as working electrode and platinum foil &amp; Ag/AgCl as counter and reference electrodes respectively was installed on it. Differential pulse voltammograms were recorded by scanning in the potential window 0 to 0.9V at modulation amplitude of 100 mV. The unknown concentration of L-tyrosine was determined by referring to the calibration graph drawn between current passed between working and platinum foil counter electrode at peak potential of L-tyrosine. Quantitative recoveries of spiked samples were obtained as shown in Table 1. 
                                                                 TABLE 1                   Analysis of Synthetic human urine samples*                Sl.   L-tyrosine   L-tyrosine   Recovery           No.   Added(M)   found(M)*   (%)                        1   1 × 10 −7     1.06 × 10 −7     106.0           2   2 × 10 −6     1.95 × 10 −6     97.5           3   3 × 10 −6     3.09 × 10 −6     103.0           4   4 × 10 −6     3.96 × 10 −6     97.5               *8 × 10 −7  M Serine + 8 × 10 −7  M Alanine + 4 × 10 −7  M Valine + 4 × 10 −7  M Phenylalanine + 4 × 10 −7  M Leucine            
Analysis of Urine Samples
 
     The applicability of the developed sensing strategy for analyzing L-tyrosine in human urine sample was carried out. Appropriate amounts of L-tyrosine (1×10 −6  and 2×10 −6 M) in 0.1M phosphate buffer solution (pH 5.5) in presence of urine samples were taken in 20 ml electrochemical cell, and then 3 electrode system consisting of MOMICP as working electrode and platinum foil &amp; Ag/AgCl as counter and reference electrodes respectively was installed on it. Differential pulse voltammograms were recorded by scanning in the potential window 0 to 0.9V at modulation amplitude of 100 mV. The unknown concentrations of L-tyrosine were determined by referring to the calibration graph drawn between current passed between working and platinum foil counter electrodes at peak potential of L-tyrosine (See Table 2). Table 2 also shows quantitative recoveries upon spiking known amounts of tyrosine to human urine samples. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Analysis of Human urine samples 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Sl. 
                   
                 L-tyrosine 
                 L-tyrosine 
                 Recovery 
               
               
                 no. 
                 Sample 
                 Added (M) 
                 found (M)* 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 Human urine 
                 — 
                 3.3 × 10 −7   
                 — 
               
               
                 2 
                 Human urine 
                 1 × 10 −6   
                     1 × 10 −6   
                 103.0 ± 6    
               
               
                 3 
                 Human urine 
                 2 × 10 −6   
                 2.1 × 10 −6   
                      99.6 ± 3.1% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *average of three determinations 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Having described the invention, the following examples are given to illustrate the process of making of molecularly imprinted conducting polymer (MICP), non imprinted conducting polymer (NICP) and metal oxide modified MICP films. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The following examples are given by way of illustrations and should not be construed so as to limit the scope of the invention. 
     Method of Preparation of MICP Film for Sensing L-Tyrosine 
     Example 1 
     The MICP film was prepared by electropolymerising 0.002M (0.134 μg/ml) of pyrrole in 20 ml of acetonitrile as supporting electrolyte containing 0.01M of tetrabutyl ammonium perchlorate and 35 μl trifluoroacetic acid at a deposition potential of 0.9V vs Ag/AgCl for a duration of 60 s in presence of 10 −3 M of L-tyrosine template onto glassy carbon electrode. The electrode was then taken out and template is then ejected out by electrochemical overoxidation in sodium hydroxide (&gt;0.1M) by repeated cycling in the potential window of 0.8 to 1.2V vs Ag/AgCl for a minimum of 100 times at scan rate of 50 mV/s. The template leached MICP film electrode is then washed by cycling a minimum of 75 times in the potential window of 0 to 0.9V vs Ag/AgCl at scan rate of 100 mV/s. Subsequently, the above film electrode is stabilized in pH 5.5 phosphate buffer by cycling in the potential window of 0 to 0.9V for minimum of 20 times at 50 mV/s to obtain MICP film based electrode for L-tyrosine sensing. 
     Example 2 
     The MICP film was prepared by electropolymerising 0.003M (0.201 μg/ml) of pyrrole in 20 ml of acetonitrile as supporting electrolyte containing 0.01M of tetrabutyl ammonium perchlorate and 35 μl of trifluoroacetic acid at a deposition potential 0.9 V vs Ag/AgCl for a duration of 60 s in presence of 10 −3 M of L-tyrosine or L-cysteine or combination of L-tyrosine and L-cysteine template(s) onto glassy carbon electrode. The electrode was then taken out and template is then ejected out by electrochemical over oxidation in sodium hydroxide (&gt;0.1M) by repeated cycling in the potential window of 0.8 to 1.2V vs Ag/AgCl for a minimum of 100 times at scan rate of 50 mV/s. The template leached MICP film electrode is then washed by cycling a minimum of 75 times in the potential window of 0 to 0.9V vs Ag/AgCl at scan rate of 100 mV/s. Subsequently, the above film electrode is stabilized in pH 5.5 phosphate buffer by cycling in the potential window of 0 to 0.9V for minimum of 20 times at 50 mV/s to obtain MICP film based electrode for L-tyrosine, L-cysteine and combination of L-tyrosine &amp; L-cysteine sensing. 
     Example 3 
     The MICP film was prepared by electropolymerising 0.004M (0.268 μg/ml) of pyrrole in 20 ml of acetonitrile as supporting electrolyte containing 0.01M of tetrabutyl ammonium perchlorate and 35 μl of trifluoroacetic acid at a deposition potential 0.9V vs Ag/AgCl for a duration of 60 s in presence of 10 −3 M of L-tyrosine template onto glassy carbon electrode. The electrode was then taken out and template is then ejected out by electrochemical overoxidation in sodium hydroxide (&gt;0.1M) by repeated cycling in the potential window of 0.8 to 1.2V vs Ag/AgCl for a minimum of 100 times at scan rate of 50 mV/s. The template leached MICP film electrode is then washed by cycling a minimum of 75 times in the potential window of 0 to 0.9V vs Ag/AgCl at scan rate of 100 mV/s. Subsequently, the above film electrode is stabilized in pH 5.5 phosphate buffer by cycling in the potential window of 0 to 0.9V for minimum of 20 times at 50 mV/s to obtain MICP film based electrode for L-tyrosine sensing. 
     Example 4 
     The MICP films were prepared by electropolymerisation as in examples 1, 2 and 3 using 0.1 M tetrabutyl ammonium perchlorate in 20 ml acetonitrile 
     Example 5 
     The MICP films were prepared as in examples 1, 2, 3 and 4 with 0.8V as deposition potential during electropolymerisation. 
     Example 6 
     The MICP films were prepared as in examples 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 using 65 seconds as the duration time for electropolymerisation. 
     Example 7 
     The MICP films were prepared as in example 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 using 55 seconds as the duration time for electropolymerisation. 
     Example 8 
     The MICP films were prepared as in examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 using 0.5 μl of trifluoroacetic acid and 10 −5 M L-tyrosine as the template. 
     Method of Preparation of Non Imprinted Conducting Polymer (NICP) Film 
     Example 9 
     The NICP film was prepared by electropolymerizing 0.002M (0.134 μg/ml) of pyrrole in 20 ml of acetonitrile as supporting electrolyte containing 0.01M of tetrabutyl ammonium perchlorate and 35 μl of trifluoroacetic acid at a deposition potential of 0.9 V vs Ag/AgCl for a duration of 60 s. The electrode was then subjected to electrochemical overoxidation in 0.1M sodium hydroxide by repeated cycling in the potential window 0.8 to 1.2V vs Ag/AgCl for a minimum of 100 times at a scan rate of 50 mV/s. The NICP film electrode is then washed by cycling a minimum of 75 times in the potential window of 0 to 0.9V vs Ag/AgCl at a scan rate of 100 mV/s. Subsequently, the above film electrode was then stabilized in pH 5.5 phosphate buffer by cycling in the potential window of 0 to 0.9V for a minimum of 20 times at 50 mV/s to obtain NICP film based electrode for L-tyrosine and/or L-cysteine sensing. 
     Method of Preparation of Metal Oxide Modified MICP (MOMICP) Film for L-Tyrosine Sensing 
     Example 10 
     Metal oxide modified MICP film was prepared by potentiostatic deposition of metals on to template leached MICP film from 3×10 −5 M of Cu 2+  or Hg 2+  or Pd 2+  or Au 2+  or Pt 4+  etc solutions for 5 s at −0.3V and then anodically scanning in the potential window of 0 to 0.9V to form corresponding metal oxide coatings for selective sensing of L-tyrosine. 
     Example 11 
     Metal oxide modified MICP film was prepared by potentiostatic deposition of metals on to template leached MICP film from 1×10 −4 M of Cu 2+  or Hg 2+  or Pd 2+  or Au 3+  or Pt 4+  etc solutions for 5 s at −0.3V and then anodically scanning in the potential window of 0 to 0.9V to form corresponding metal oxide coatings for selective sensing of L-tyrosine. 
     Example 12 
     Metal oxide modified MICP film was prepared by potentiostatic deposition as in example 10 and 11 for duration of 5 s at −0.28V. 
     Example 13 
     Metal oxide modified MICP film was prepared by potentiostatic deposition as in example 10 and 11 for duration of 5 s at −0.32V. 
     Example 14 
     Metal oxide modified MICP film was prepared by potentiostatic deposition as in example 10 and 11 for duration of 4 s at −0.3V. 
     Example 15 
     Metal oxide modified MICP film was prepared by potentiostatic deposition as in example 10 and 11 for duration of 4 s at −0.28V. 
     Example 16 
     Metal oxide modified MICP film was prepared by potentiostatic deposition as in example 10 and 11 for duration of 4 s at −0.32V. 
     Method of Preparation of Metal Oxide Modified MICP (MOMICP) Film for L-Cysteine Sensing 
     Example 17  
     Metal oxide modified MICP film was prepared by potentiostatic deposition of 3×10 −5 M of Cu 2+  solution on to template leached MICP film for 5 s at −0.3V and then anodically scanning in the potential window of 0 to 0.9V to form corresponding metal oxide coatings for selective sensing of L-cysteine. 
     Example 18 
     Metal oxide modified MICP film was prepared by potentiostatic deposition from 1×10 −4 M of Cu 2+  solution on to template leached MICP film for 5 s at −0.3V and then anodically scanning in the potential window of 0 to 0.9V to form corresponding metal oxide coatings for selective sensing of L-cysteine. 
     Example 19 
     Metal oxide modified MICP film was prepared by potentiostatic deposition as in example 17 and 18 for duration of 5 s at −0.28V. 
     Example 20 
     Metal oxide modified MICP film was prepared by potentiostatic deposition as in example 17 and 18 for duration of 5 s at −0.32V. 
     Example 21 
     Metal oxide modified MICP film was prepared by potentiostatic deposition as in example 17 and 18 for duration of 4 s at −0.3V. 
     Example 22 
     Metal oxide modified MICP film was prepared by potentiostatic deposition as in example 17 and 18 for duration of 4 s at −0.28V. 
     Example 23 
     Metal oxide modified MICP film was prepared by potentiostatic deposition as in example 17 and 18 for duration of 4 s at −0.32V. 
     Method of Preparation of Metal Oxide Modified MICP (MOMICP) Film for L-Tyrosine and L-Cysteine Sensing 
     Example 24 
     Metal oxide modified MICP film was prepared by potentiostatic deposition from 3×10 −5 M of Cu 2+  solution on to template leached MICP film for 5 s at −0.3V and then anodically scanning in the potential window of 0 to 0.9V to form corresponding metal oxide coatings for selective sensing of L-tyrosine and L-cysteine. 
     Example 25 
     Metal oxide modified MICP film was prepared by potentiostatic deposition from 1×10 −4 M of Cu 2+  solution on to template leached MICP film for 5 s at −0.3V and then anodically scanning in the potential window of 0 to 0.9V to form corresponding metal oxide coatings for selective sensing of L-tyrosine and L-cysteine. 
     Example 26 
     Metal oxide modified MICP film was prepared by potentiostatic deposition as in example 24 and 25 for duration of 5 s at −0.28V. 
     Example 27 
     Metal oxide modified MICP film was prepared by potentiostatic deposition as in example 24 and 25 for duration of 5 s at −0.32V. 
     Example 28 
     Metal oxide modified MICP film was prepared by potentiostatic deposition as in example 24 and 25 for duration of 4 s at −0.3V. 
     Example 29 
     Metal oxide modified MICP film was prepared by potentiostatic deposition as in example 24 and 25 for duration of 4 s at −0.28V. 
     Example 30 
     Metal oxide modified MICP film was prepared by potentiostatic deposition as in example 24 and 25 for duration of 4 s at −0.32V. 
     Experimental Procedure for the Determination of L-Tyrosine Using MOMICP Modified Electrode. 
     Example 31 
     Appropriate amounts of L-tyrosine (1×10 −8  to 8×10 −6 M) in 0.1M phosphate buffer solution (pH 5.5) were taken in 20 ml electrochemical cell, and then 3 electrode system was installed on it where in the working electrode is copper oxide modified MICP film coated glassy carbon electrodes and Platinum(Pt) foil and Ag/AgCl are counter and reference electrodes respectively. Differential pulse voltammograms were recorded by scanning in the potential window of 0 to 0.9V at modulation amplitude of 100 mV. The unknown concentrations of L-tyrosine was determined by referring to the calibration graph. 
                                                 TABLE 3                   Calibration Graph for determining concentration of L-Tyrosine            Sl   Tyrosine           no.   Concentration(M)   Ip(μA)                    1   10 −8     0.11       2   5 × 10 −8     0.23       3   10 −7     0.31       4   5 × 10 −7     0.49       5   10 −6     0.59       6   2 × 10 −6     0.79       7   3 × 10 −6     0.97       8   4 × 10 −6     1.09       9   5 × 10 −6     1.26       10   6 × 10 −6     1.4       11   7 × 10 −6     1.62       12   8 × 10 −6     1.81                    
Experimental Procedure for the Determination of L-Cysteine Using MOMICP Modified Electrode.
 
     Example 32 
     Appropriate amounts of L-cysteine (1×10 −8  to 8×10 −6 M) in 0.1M phosphate buffer solution (pH 5.5) were taken in 20 ml electrochemical cell, and then 3 electrode system was installed on it where in the working electrode is copper oxide modified MICP film coated glassy carbon electrode and Pt foil and Ag/AgCl are counter and reference electrodes respectively. Differential pulse voltammograms were recorded by scanning in the potential window of 0 to 0.9V at modulation amplitude of 100 mV. The unknown concentrations of L-cysteine was determined by referring to the calibration graph. 
                                                 TABLE 4                   Calibration Graph for determining concentration of L-cysteine            Sl   Cysteine           no.   Concentration(M)   Ip(μA)                    1   10 −8     0.17       2   5 × 10 −8     0.38       3   10 −7     0.59       4   5 × 10 −7     0.87       5   10 −6     1.09       6   2 × 10 −6     1.39       7   3 × 10 −6     1.61       8   4 × 10 −6     1.78       9   5 × 10 −6     1.99       10   6 × 10 −6     2.11       11   7 × 10 −6     2.31       12   8 × 10 −6     2.44                    
Experimental Procedure for the Determination of Dual Template (L-Tyrosine and L-Cysteine) Using MOMICP Modified Electrode
 
     Example 33 
     Appropriate amounts of L-tyrosine and L-cysteine (1×10 −8  to 8×10 −6 M) in 0.1M phosphate buffer solution (pH 5.5) were taken in 20 ml electrochemical cell, and then 3 electrode system was installed on it where in the working electrode is copper oxide modified MICP film coated glassy carbon electrode and Pt foil and Ag/AgCl are counter and reference electrodes respectively. Differential pulse voltammograms were recorded by scanning in the potential window of 0 to 0.9V at modulation amplitude of 100 mV. The unknown concentrations of L-tyrosine and L-cysteine were determined by referring to the calibration graph. 
                                                                                                     TABLE 5                   Calibration Graph for determining concentrations       of L-tyrosine and L-cysteine                L-Cysteine&amp;                    Sl.   L-Tyrosine   Ip(μA)                    no   Concentration(M)   L-Cysteine   L-Tyrosine                        1   10 −8     0.15   0.10           2   5 × 10 −8     0.35   0.20           3   10 −7     0.55   0.31           4   5 × 10 −7     0.83   0.46           5   10 −6     1.06   0.57           6   2 × 10 −6     1.33   0.75           7   3 × 10 −6     1.57   0.95           8   4 × 10 −6     1.75   1.02           9   5 × 10 −6     1.95   1.21           10   6 × 10 −6     2.08   1.38           11   7 × 10 −6     2.28   1.61           12   8 × 10 −6     2.4   1.78                    
Selective Sensing of L-Tyrosine and/or L-Cysteine
 
     Example 34 
     Metal oxide modified MICP film based sensor gave selective response to L-tyrosine or L-cysteine in presence of equal amounts of other amino acids L-serine, L-valine, L-leucine and L-Phenylalanine and admixtures of L-tyrosine and L-cysteine in aqueous media using the determination procedures described in examples 31, 32 and 33 respectively. [ FIG. 4 ] 
     Regeneration &amp; Reusability of MICP Based Sensing Films 
     Example 35 
     The MICP film was prepared by electropolymerising 0.002, 0.003 and 0.004M of pyrrole in 20 ml of acetonitrile as supporting electrolyte containing 0.01M of tetrabutyl ammonium perchlorate and 35 μl of trifluoroacetic acid at a deposition potential 0.9V vs Ag/AgCl for a duration of 60 s in presence of 10 −3 M of L-tyrosine template onto glassy carbon electrode. The electrode was then taken out and template is then ejected out by electrochemical overoxidation in sodium hydroxide (&gt;0.1M) by repeated cycling in the potential window of 0.8 to 1.2V vs Ag/AgCl for a minimum of 100 times at scan rate of 50 mV/s. The template leached MICP film electrode is then washed by cycling a minimum of 75 times in the potential window of 0 to 0.9V vs Ag/AgCl at scan rate of 100 mV/s. Subsequently, the above film electrode is stabilized in pH 5.5 phosphate buffer by cycling in the potential window of 0 to 0.9V for minimum of 20 times at 50 mV/s to obtain MICP film based electrode for L-tyrosine sensing. The sensing of L-tyrosine using the MICP modified GC electrode can be done by differential pulse voltammetric scanning in the potential window of 0 to 0.9V. The sensing surface is regenerated by stirring in pH 5.5 phosphate buffer over a period in the range of 1 to 5 min. for removal of oxidized tyrosine and can be reused for 25 to 35 times before coating a fresh MICP film. 
     Example 36 
     The L-cysteine and L-tyrosine &amp; L-cysteine sensing MICP films prepared by processes described in examples 1 to 8 can be regenerated by stirring in pH 5.5 phosphate buffer for removal of oxidized tyrosine and/or cysteine and can be reused 30 times before coating a fresh MICP film. 
     Regeneration &amp; Reusability of Metal Oxide Modified MICP Sensing Films 
     Example 37 
     The MICP film was prepared (as mentioned in Example 2) by electropolymerising 0.003M of pyrrole in 20 ml of acetonitrile as supporting electrolyte containing 0.01M of tetrabutyl ammonium perchlorate and 35 μl of trifluoroacetic acid at a deposition potential of 0.9V vs Ag/AgCl for a duration of 60 s in presence of 10 −3  M of L-tyrosine and/or L-cysteine template onto glassy carbon electrode. The electrode was then taken out and template is then ejected out by electrochemical overoxidation in sodium hydroxide (&gt;0.1M) by repeated cycling in the potential window of 0.8 to 1.2V vs Ag/AgCl for a minimum of 100 times at scan rate of 50 mV/s. The template leached MICP film electrode is then washed by cycling a minimum of 75 times in the potential window of 0 to 0.9V vs Ag/AgCl at scan rate of 100 mV/s. Subsequently, the above film electrode is stabilized in pH 5.5 phosphate buffer by cycling in the potential window of 0 to 0.9V for minimum of 20 times at 50 mV/s to obtain MICP film based electrode for L-tyrosine and/or L-cysteine sensing. Metal oxide modified MICP film was prepared by potentiostatic deposition of metals from 3×10 −5 M of Cu 2+  or Hg 2+  or Pd 2+  or Au 3+  or Pt 4+  etc solutions for 5 s at −0.3V and then anodically scanning in the potential window of 0 to 0.9V to form corresponding metal oxide coatings for selective sensing of L-tyrosine and/or L-cysteine. Metal oxide islands formed on the electrode is removed and the molecularly imprinted polypyrrole surface is replenished for next cycle of quantification by holding the electrode over a potential in the range −0.15 to 0.075 V for a period in the range 7 to 10 seconds (in case of metal oxide modified MICP) followed by stirring in pH 5.5 phosphate buffer for a period of 1 to 5 min. (for all modified electrodes) for removal of oxidized amino acid. This process can be repeated at least 25 to 35 times without renewing the sensing substrate. 
     Example 38 
     The metal oxide modified MICP films prepared by the combination of processes explained in examples 10 to 30 can be regenerated and reused as described in example 37. Metal oxide islands formed on the electrode is removed and the molecularly imprinted polypyrrole surface is replenished for next cycle of quantification by holding the electrode at 0V˜10 seconds (in case of metal oxide modified MICP) followed by stirring in pH 5.5 phosphate buffer (for all modified electrodes) for removal of oxidized amino acid. This process can be repeated at least 30 times without renewing the sensing substrate. 
     Method of Utilization of the Sensors 
     Example 39 
     All the modified electrodes can be used by the combination of the steps involving 
     i) process of preparation of MICPs as described in examples 1 to 8 
     ii) over-oxidation of MICP film as described in examples 1 to 8 
     iii) conditioning and stabilizing as described in examples 1 to 8 
     iv) process of preparing metal oxide coated MICP films (MOMICPs) as described in examples 10 to 30 
     v) anodic scanning in the differential pulse mode in the potential window of 0-0.9V as described in examples 10 to 30 
     vi) determination of amino acids (L-tyrosine and/or L-cysteine as described in examples 31 to 33 
     vii) regeneration and reuse of sensing films based on the steps as elucidated in examples 35 to 38. The selectivity of the sensor in presence of various amino acids like serine, valine, phenylalanine, cysteine, leucine shows that the sensor exhibits more than 40 fold selectivity for tyrosine over the respective amino acids. The comparison of the present sensor with that of the existing electrodes mentioned in the background of the invention shows better selectivity. 
     ADVANTAGES OF THE PRESENT INVENTION 
     The major advantage of the present invention is significant selectivity for L-tyrosine and/or L-cysteine in presence of several other structurally similar amino acids compared to existing chemically/electrochemically modified sensors. 
     Another advantage accrued on modification with metal oxide (oxides of Cu 2+ , Hg 2+ , Pd 2+ , Au 3+ , Pt 4+  etc) is significant enhancement in sensitivity and lowering of the limit of detection during voltammetric sensing. 
     The all film coated sensors are compatible with aqueous media which is one of the major bottlenecks in biomolecule sensing using molecularly imprinted polymers. 
     There is ease of regeneration of MICP and metal oxide modified MICP films by holding the electrode at 0.0 V for 10 s and stirring in pH 5.5 phosphate buffer. 
     Various film coated GC electrodes are reusable for sequential or simultaneous differential pulse voltammetric sensing of L-tyrosine and/or L-cysteine.