Abstract:
A method and apparatus for rejection of an inappropriate rating plug in an electronic trip unit for a circuit breaker including: a microprocessor programmed to determine an overcurrent condition of the circuit breaker; a nonvolatile memory in operable communication with the microprocessor; the rating plug releasably engaged with the microprocessor, the rating plug includes an identification register; wherein the microprocessor reads the identification register, the identification register includes an identification number; wherein the microprocessor accesses one of a plurality of programs in the nonvolatile memory based on the identification number; and wherein the one of a plurality of programs instructs said microprocessor to perform a validation of said rating plug for operation with said microprocessor.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION  
         [0001]    Circuit breakers are widely used to protect electrical lines and equipment. The circuit breaker monitors current through an electrical conductor and trips to interrupt the current if certain criteria are met. One such criterion is the maximum continuous current permitted in the protected circuit. The maximum continuous current the circuit breaker is designed to carry is known as the frame rating. However, the breaker can be used to protect circuits in which the maximum continuous current is less than the circuit breaker frame rating, in which case the circuit breaker is configured to trip if the current exceeds the maximum continuous current established for the particular circuit in which it is used. This is known as the circuit breaker current rating. Obviously, the circuit breaker current rating can be less than but cannot exceed the frame rating.  
           [0002]    An electronic trip unit (“ETU”) is a device that is used in conjunction with an electro-mechanical circuit breaker to control the current verses time trip response. The time versus current trip characteristics are, in part, a function of the maximum continuous current permitted by the circuit breaker. This maximum continuous current is also called the current rating of the circuit breaker. As long as the current remains below this maximum continuous current rating, the breaker will remain closed. Momentary low magnitude excursions above the rated current are tolerated; however, persistent overcurrents result in tripping of the breaker. The time delay and generation of the trip signal is an inverse function of the magnitude of the current. For very large magnitude overcurrents, such as would be produced by a fault, the microcomputer is programmed to generate a trip signal instantaneously.  
           [0003]    The modification of the Current vs. Trip time response curve is a serious matter. For safety purposes, the circuit breaker must be properly configured to provide the type of protection judged by the customer or plant engineer to be appropriate. Therefore the modification to this protection must also be considered to be a very serious event and handled in a way that prohibits errors.  
           [0004]    Typically, the circuit breaker current rating is set by a rating resistor (a “burden resistor”) which is selected to generate a preset voltage when a current proportional to the maximum continuous current permitted in the protected circuit passes through the rating resistor. In order to provide for adjustment of the current rating so that the circuit breaker can be used to protect circuits with different maximum continuous currents, it is known to incorporate the rating resistor in a replaceable rating plug which may be selectively inserted into the breaker.  
           [0005]    Electronic trip circuit interrupters are designed to interrupt overcurrent conditions over a wide range of ampere ratings. The current through the protected electric power circuit is continuously sensed by means of current transformers and a voltage signal is supplied to the signal processor within the ETU circuit by means of so-called “burden resistors”, such as rating resistors in a rating plug. The size of the burden resistor accordingly sets the ampere rating of the corresponding circuit interrupter. A common electronic circuit interrupter could therefore operate over a wide range of ampere ratings by merely changing the value of the burden resistor within the electronic trip circuit. It is important to prevent an electronic circuit interrupter from being inserted within an electrical distribution circuit for which the circuit interrupter is over-rated. It is perhaps equally important not to insert a circuit interrupter within an electric power distribution circuit for which the circuit interrupter is under-rated, as so-called “nuisance-tripping” could occur. It is also important to insure that a circuit interrupter is not inserted within an electric power distribution circuit with no rating plug or burden resistor whatsoever.  
           [0006]    Field replaceable rating plugs are known. These plugs are field installable and may be mechanical for use with thermal-magnetic trip units or may use a combination of analog circuit scaling and digital techniques to change the ETU response. It is typical for these plugs to provide mechanical rejection of plugs that are not suited to certain ranges or frame sizes.  
           [0007]    A typical method to prevent incompatible ETU/rating plug combinations includes a first manufacturing process of providing interlocking pins that can be mechanically modified by a secondary manufacturing process of breaking out pieces. The secondary manufacturing process breaks out small pieces of plastic on the housing of the rating plug and complementary pieces on the housing of the ETU.  
           [0008]    A problem associated with mechanical rejection of plugs is costs associated with the secondary operation and the limitation of the number of combinations that can be rejected. In some cases the mechanical rejection method is not reliable because some operators, using great force, can insert an incorrect rating plug.  
         SUMMARY OF INVENTION  
         [0009]    The above discussed and other drawbacks and deficiencies are overcome or alleviated by a method and apparatus for rejection of an inappropriate rating plug in an electronic trip unit for a circuit breaker including; a microprocessor programmed to determine an overcurrent condition of the circuit breaker; a nonvolatile memory in operable communication with the microprocessor; the rating plug releasably engaged with the microprocessor, the rating plug includes an identification register; wherein the microprocessor reads the identification register, the identification register includes an identification number; wherein the microprocessor accesses one of a plurality of programs in the nonvolatile memory based on the identification number; and wherein the one of a plurality of programs instructs said microprocessor to perform a validation of said rating plug for operation with said microprocessor.  
           [0010]    The above discussed and other features and advantages of the present disclosure will be appreciated and understood by those skilled in the art from the following detailed description and drawings. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS  
       [0011]    Referring to the FIGURES wherein like elements are numbered alike in the several FIGURES:  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 1 is a top perspective view of an electronic circuit breaker according to the prior art;  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 2 is a schematic circuit diagram of one embodiment of a digital rating plug usable in the circuit breaker of FIG. 1;  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic representation of a system in the present method employing the digital rating plug and ETU;  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 4 is a schematic circuit diagram of another embodiment usable in the circuit breaker of FIG. 1; and  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 5 is a flow chart providing an operation of the digital rating plug and the electronic trip unit of FIG. 2. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0017]    The circuit breaker  10  shown in FIG. 1 contains an electronic trip unit  27 . The circuit breaker consists of an electrically insulated case or frame  11  to which a cover  12  of similar isolative material is attached. An external handle  14  allows the circuit breaker to be turned ON and OFF independent of the electronic trip unit (ETU)  27  contained within the cover. Electrical connection with the interior current-carrying components is made by load terminal straps  15  extending from one side of the case  11  and then through the line terminal straps  13  (not shown) extending from the opposite side thereof. A pair of accessory doors  16 ,  18  allow for the provision of field installable accessories. A rating plug  7  extends within the rating plug receptacle  8  within the circuit breaker accessory cover  20  and connects with the circuit breaker trip unit  27  to set the circuit breaker ampere rating. Although a three-phase molded case circuit breaker is shown, it should be appreciated that this disclosure is applicable to other types of circuit breakers, including those with more or less phases.  
         [0018]    As shown in FIG. 2, the circuit breaker  10  includes line terminals  13  for connection to a three-phase (phases A, B, and C) source of ac power (not shown) and corresponding load terminals  15 . The circuit breaker  10  also includes a set of contacts  17  for each phase A, B, and C connected to the line terminals by leads  19  and connected to the load terminals by conductors  21 . The contacts  17  are operated by a trip bar  23  of an operating mechanism (not shown) which in turn is operated by a trip mechanism  25 . The trip mechanism is controlled by a microcomputer based trip unit  27 . The microcomputer based trip unit  27  monitors the phase currents through current transformers or current monitors  29 , and is programmed to implement predetermined time versus current tripping characteristics which result in actuation of the trip mechanism  25  to actuate the operating mechanism, generally shown at  24 , which opens the contacts  17 . A micro-switch  49 , having an actuation arm  51  which is operated by a cam  53  on the trip bar  23  of the circuit breaker  10 , may send signals to the microcomputer based trip unit  27  for counting the number of mechanical operations of the operating mechanism, which is proportional to the wear exerted on the circuit breaker  10 .  
         [0019]    Still referring to FIG. 2, rating plug  7  may have pins which connect the rating plug  7  with microcomputer based trip unit  27 . The pin  61  may be a common ground. Pin  62  may connect a removable jumper  31  which if present may indicate that the circuit breaker is connected in a 60 Hz installation, for example, and if absent, identifies a 50 Hz installation, for example. The removable rating plug  7  may also be provided with a battery  33  protected with a blocking diode  35  which is connected with the microcomputer based trip unit  27  through pin  63 . This battery  33  may provide power to LED indicators (not shown) controlled by the microcomputer based trip unit  27  when the circuit breaker  10  is tripped. This battery  33  may further be necessary in an installation where the circuit breaker  10  is powered by the protected circuit, and thus, where power is lost when the circuit breaker  10  is tripped. An LED  37  in the rating plug  7  may provide an indication of the condition of the battery  33  when the test button  39  is depressed. A resistor  41  limits the current through the LED  37 . Pins  62  and  63  and their associated elements are optionally provided.  
         [0020]    The rating plug  7  may also include three precision resistors  43 ,  45 ,  47 , which are connected to the common ground and through pins  64 ,  65 ,  66 , respectively, to the microcomputer based trip unit  27 . The resistor  43  provides a reference for the microcomputer for the frame rating of the circuit breaker. The resistor  45  establishes the current rating of the circuit breaker by providing a reference to the microcomputer for the maximum continuous current. The value of this resistor is selectable to set the desired current rating. The resistor  47  is a calibration resistor for the microcomputer based trip unit  27 .  
         [0021]    A non-volatile memory  55 , such as an erasable electrically programmable read only memory (EEPROM), is provided in the rating plug  7 . The EEPROM  55  is powered through the input V DD  and is connected to the common ground through input V SS . The EEPROM  55  may also have a chip select input CS, a serial clock input SK, a data in terminal DI through which the EEPROM receives data from the microcomputer, and a data output terminal, DO through which data in the EEPROM is read by the microcomputer. The CS, SK, DI, and DO terminals are connected to the microcomputer through pins  67 ,  68 ,  69 , and  70 , respectively, of the rating plug  7 .  
         [0022]    Further transmitted to the EEPROM  55  is information regarding the resistors  43  and  45  through leads  100  and  102 . That is, the frame rating of the circuit breaker and current rating of the circuit breaker is made available to the EEPROM  55  for reasons which will be further described below. Alternatively, as further described with respect to FIG. 4, pins  64 ,  65  could connect the microcomputer  27  directly to EEPROM  55 , with current rating and frame rating information stored in the EEPROM  55  at the time of delivery to the customer. This embodiment eliminates the need for resistors within the rating plug  7 . Although separate pins have been described for transferring current rating and frame rating information from the EEPROM  55 , it should be understood that such transference could also occur through pins  69 ,  70 , for example, thus reducing the number of pins extending from the rating plug  7  and therefore reducing the chance for breakage.  
         [0023]    The World Wide Web (“WWW”), as exemplified generally at  110 , may be used to modify rating plug  7  on microcomputer based trip unit or ETU  27 . The WWW  110  can be used in an exemplary embodiment to communicate information to the customer&#39;s ETU  27  and that information will properly modify the response curve of the ETU  27  according to the customer&#39;s wishes. The method provides a technique that detects errors and upon the detection of these errors causes the ETU  27  to revert to a safe mode of operation as described below.  
         [0024]    Rating plug  7  allows the circuit interruption rating to be set by replacing rating plug  7  with a different rating plug. For instance, rating plug  7  may be used to set circuit breaker at 800 amperes maximum current. Rating plug  7  may be subsequently changed to set the maximum rating to 1200 amperes.  
         [0025]    Like the mechanical rejection in the current design of prior art rating plugs, an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure employs a digital or firmware rejection scheme that will not allow an improper rating plug  7  to be installed on an ETU  27 . For example, with the stored current rating and frame rating of the circuit breaker in the EEPROM  55 , it can be determined by the ETU  27  through comparison whether the current rating selected exceeds the frame rating of the circuit breaker, in which case the ETU  27  may reject the attempted rating plug change and shall preferably revert to a safe mode of operation.  
         [0026]    The safe mode of operation includes tripping the circuit breaker  10  is the ETU detects an improper installation combination of rating plug, ETU and breaker frame. Alternatively, when an improper combination is detected, LEDs that are normally used for other status indications may blink, for example, LED  37 . An improper combination may also cause the ETU to revert to a very sensitive setting, such that very small amounts of current cause the circuit breaker to trip. If the ETU is attached to a LAN or WWW, the ETU may send an error code to a host controller or remote computer indicating an improper combination.  
         [0027]    The ETU  27  shall preferably further have a method of indicating its new and/or old rating to the customer. This could be a display  112  that is either dedicated to the display of rating information or that is used for another purpose but can enter into a mode that allows it to display rating information.  
         [0028]    Turning now to FIG. 3, the ETU  27  of the present invention may be designed to either connect directly to the WWW  110  or it may be connected to another network  114  that is then connected to the WWW  110 . The ETU firmware may have a session with a vendor system  109  to communicate new rating plug information. During this communication there is preferably an interchange of data that will cause the ETU  27  to reject improper rating plug installations.  
         [0029]    Referring to FIG. 4, ETU  27  of an exemplary embodiment includes circuitry that provides the rating plug information to be stored in some type of non-volatile memory  115 , similar to and communicable with the EEPROM  55  within the rating plug  7 . Because this information is used in the operation of the ETU  27 , the integrity of this data at power up and during the operation of the ETU is preferably ensured. Electronic trip unit  27  includes microprocessor  113 , a random access memory (RAM)  112 , a read only memory (ROM)  114 , and the nonvolatile memory  115 . RAM  112  is coupled with microprocessor  113  via a bus  117  and is used for the temporary storage of current and voltage data and as a scratch pad memory. ROM  115  is coupled with microprocessor  13  via bus  117  and contains boot code data. Nonvolatile memory  115  is also coupled with microprocessor  113  via bus  117  and stores a control program  116  that instructs microprocessor  112  to perform certain functions such as overcurrent protection, metering, protective relaying and communications. Nonvolatile memory  115  also stores a plurality of programs  120  that implement rating plug  7  functions and a look-up table  121  that maps each program  120  with a corresponding rating plug identification number. Microprocessor  113  controls RAM  112 , ROM  114 , nonvolatile memory  115 , and bus  117 . Stored in identification register  118  is a binary representation of the rating plug identification number unique to the type of rating plug  7 .  
         [0030]    A completely digital methodology for rejecting a rating plug installed in a circuit breaker is further provided in the present disclosure. Still referring to FIG. 4, a plug-in device  125 , such as a rating plug  7 , that has identification and optioning data programmed into a non-volatile memory  126  is used. The ETU  27  preferably uses microprocessor  113  for control. Microprocessor  113  reads the digital data from the plug-in memory  126  and uses the identification and option data to compare the rating plug identification number with allowable combinations of rating plug, ETU and circuit breaker frame combinations in a look-up table  121 . If the rating plug installed is improperly installed because it is not one of a number of allowable combinations listed in look-up table  121 , the ETU generates a signal to actuate a safe mode, including tripping the circuit breaker to prevent current flow.  
         [0031]    By using a completely digital method to reject an improper rating plug installed with an ETU  27  used in circuit breakers by field technicians, errors that were commonplace with mechanical rejection methods are eliminated and the number of possible rating plug, ETU, and circuit breaker variations that must be dealt with in the factory are minimized by replacing many different ratings plugs with a single rating plug configuration having memory that may be reprogrammed. Such a single configuration reduces manufacturing costs, while maximizing possible variations of rating plug, ETU, and breaker combinations using digital methodology to check for proper rating plug installation in a particular combination.  
         [0032]    As shown with reference to FIG. 5, preferably, the all-digital rating plug  125  is a small circuit in a plastic shell  127  that requires only a programmable non-volatile memory  126 , a connector  129  (shown with phantom lines), which may hold the pins  61 - 70  for installation in the ETU  27 , and a label  131 . Preferably, the rating plug memory  126  is programmed at the factory where it is assembled and then identified with a label  131  containing indicia such as a bar code  133  and/or other alphanumeric identifying indicia. The rating plug  125  is preferably field installable. Upon power up, the microprocessor in the ETU  27  will read the identification and option information from the non-volatile programmable memory  126  and use this data to compare with possible combinations of rating plugs, ETUs, and breakers that can be used together in a lookup table in the embedded microprocessor of the ETU. The all digital rating plug  125  can be used in the system for changing rating plug information of a circuit breaker and a method of remotely altering rating plug information as described in connection with FIG. 3.  
         [0033]    Referring to FIGS. 4 and 5, a digital rating plug  125  and electronic trip unit  27  functions as follows. Control program  116  instructs microprocessor  113  to perform a process  200 , which is started when microprocessor  113  is first booted up (block  202 ). A digital rating plug  125  is plugged into a pin connector (not shown), which couples rating plug  125  with microprocessor  113 . Control program  116  instructs microprocessor  113  to periodically read identification register  118  located at rating plug  125  (block  204 ). Control program  116  compares identification number with allowable combinations via a look-up table  121 . Look-up table  121  lists the possible combinations of rating plugs, ETUs and breakers that can be used together (block  206 ). If the identification number is not listed, control program  116  instructs microprocessor  113  to put the circuit in safe mode, for example by tripping the circuit breaker (block  208 ). As aforementioned, microprocessor  113  may also generate other signals in response of an illegal combination to put an operator on notice of an improper rating plug installation. If the identification number is listed in look-up table  121 , then control program  116  instructs microprocessor  113  to compare the identification number read from identification register  118  with the identification numbers listed in look-up table  121  and determine the program  120  associated with the identification number (block  210 ). Control program  116  then instructs microprocessor to retrieve and execute the associated program  120  and check the rating plug at regular intervals (block  212 ) and do general ETU tasks (blocks  214 ) via a microprocessor timer (block  216 ).  
         [0034]    Rating plug  7  and electronic trip unit  27  provide the operator with a more flexible electronic trip unit. The operator will be able to upgrade the electronic trip unit after purchasing the electronic trip unit. The operator will also be able to change the ETU response of the electronic trip unit easily by changing the rating plug in the electronic trip unit. Thus, the digital rejection of an improper rating plug offers more proper combinations with a single configuration for a rating plug, while allowing rejection of an improper use of an illegal rating plug/ETU combination by electrically rejecting its use rather than by mechanical rejection when attempting to install a rating plug. In this way, the electronic rejection cannot be easily bypassed as in mechanical rejection by forcing an improper rating plug to be improperly installed.  
         [0035]    While the invention has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.