Abstract:
A coated multi-particulate pharmaceutical dosage form such as an orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) presentation for delivering atomoxetine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor indicated for the treatment of ADHD, into the body to maintain a therapeutically effective amount of atomoxetine in the plasm. The dosage form may comprise one or more populations of coated atomoxetine-containing particles (beads, pellets, granules etc.) providing a pre-designed rapid release profile after a predesigned lag-time of about 0 to 6 hours following oral administration.

Description:
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/609,312, filed Sep. 13, 2004, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition preferably as an orally disintegrating tablet (ODT), comprising coated beads (taste-masked and/or pulsatile-release beads) of atomoxetine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, suitable for oral administration for the treatment of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which includes inattention, hyperactivity and impulsiveness. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     According to the American Psychiatric Association, about three to seven percent of children have ADHD. It is estimated that about four percent of adults have ADHD. Although the disorder is not well defined in adults, symptoms in adults include a lack of organization, daydreaming, irritability, and lack of motivation. Atomoxetine, the first new drug to be developed for ADHD in three decades, has a different mechanism of action from the stimulant-like drugs, such as methylphenidate, currently used to treat ADHD. Unlike stimulant-like drugs, atomoxetine does not appear to have a potential for abuse, and hence, is not classified as a controlled substance. Strattera®, Eli Lilly&#39;s product containing atomoxetine has been studied in children, adolescents and adults, and has been found safe and effective. Atomoxetine is rapidly absorbed after oral administration with an absolute bioavailability of 63% in EMs (extensive metabolizers) and 94% in PMs (poor metabolizers). Maximal plasma concentrations are reached approximately 1 to 2 hours after dosing with an estimated elimination half-life of about 5 hours. In these trials (including open-label and long-term studies), 5% EM patients and 7% of PM patients discontinued for adverse events. Typical adverse events included abdominal pain, constipation, dyspepsia, nausea, and vomiting. A standard high-fat meal typically decreases the rate of absorption without affecting the extent of absorption, resulting in a 10-37% lower C max  and delayed T max  by 3 hours. 
     Strattera is available in 10, 18, 25, 40, and 60 mg strengths as an immediate-release capsule dosage form. Administration of Strattera is initiated at a total daily dose of approximately 0.5 mg/kg and increased after a 3-day period to a target daily dose of approximately 1.2 mg/kg administered either as a single daily dose in the morning or as evenly divided doses in the morning and late afternoon/early evening. It is estimated that 50% of the population have problems of swallowing tablets or capsules (see Seager in Journal of Phramacol. and Pharm. 50, pages 375-382, 1998); especially it is hard to medicate children who have difficulty or are unwilling to swallow capsules. This leads to poor compliance, even non-compliance, with the treatment and thus has a negative impact on the efficacy of the treatment. ADHD patients are frequently advised to take Strattera with food to minimize the occurrence of adverse events such as nausea. Atomoxetine in Strattera has an extremely caustic and bitter taste. The bitter taste of atomoxetine precludes the medication from being easily sprinkled onto foods such as applesauce, a commonly used method of administering medications to children. Hence, administration of Strattera in pediatric patients is especially challenging for several reasons. Capsule dosage forms become sticky when wetted by saliva, and if the patient experiences difficulty swallowing the capsule on the first attempt, then the capsule must often be discarded. Furthermore, if a capsule partially dissolves in the child&#39;s mouth, as can result from unsuccessful swallowing or the capsule getting stuck in an orthodontic appliance, the resulting very unpleasant taste can make it difficult to persuade the child to take another dose. Since the product is expensive, this has both compliance and economic drawbacks. In addition, since the medicine is typically administered in the morning before the child begins his or her school day, incidences of nausea can be particularly debilitating. As such, there is a significant need for developing a modified-release dosage form, the administration of which would minimize the occurrence of adverse events and improve patient compliance, thus encouraging patient&#39;s adherence to the prescribed dosing regimen. An ideal dosage form would limit gastric upset and be easy to administer to children. Such a dosage form should have delayed or modified-release properties, to avoid significant dissolution in the stomach and/or to avoid high plasma peaks associated with administration of immediate release dosage forms, and have an easy-to-swallow, good tasting, orally disintegrating presentation to achieve higher patient compliance. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Atomoxetine is a selective norepinehrine reuptake inhibitor. It is the R(−) isomer and chemically (−)-N-Methyl-3-(o-tolyloxy)-propylamine hydrochloride. Strattera™, Eli Lilly&#39;s product containing atomoxetine, is indicated for the treatment of children, adolescents and adults with ADHD symptoms. Atomoxetine is rapidly absorbed after oral administration and has a half-life of about 5 hours. The administration of the current product, Strattera, as a single high dose in the morning can produce adverse events in patients and other issues associated with the administration of capsules containing extremely caustic, bitter-tasting atomoxetine, resulting in discontinuation of medication in some cases. The present invention provides a modified-release dosage form, preferably an ODT (orally disintegrating tablet) comprising coated atomoxetine having modified-release properties produced using one or more coacervation, granulation, extrusion-spheronization and fluid-bed coating processes. In conjunction with certain embodiments of the invention lower incidence of non-compliance and adverse events including abdominal pain, constipation, dyspepsia, nausea and vomiting which are generally associated with high C max  and/or irritation to gastric mucosa in the patient upon administration of high doses of immediate release dosage forms required to achieve therapeutic efficacy may be achieved. 
     One embodiment is an ODT (orally disintegrating tablet) comprising coated atomoxetine particles (crystals, granules, drug-layered or extruded-spheronized beads) by coating atomoxetine with an enteric polymer, a water-insoluble polymer or a mixture thereof to take advantage of the predictable transit time of small, membrane-coated inert particles in the gastrointestinal tract, independent of gastric motility. However, a conventional chewable or modified-release matrix tablet formulation comprising coated multiparticulates (taste-masked, delayed-release or modified-release beads) containing atomoxetine suitable for once-daily dosing is also within the scope of this invention. 
     The multiparticulate pharmaceutical composition comprising coated microparticles (crystals, granules, pellets or beads) may be produced by applying a polymer membrane on atomoxetine particles (e.g., particles having a coating of atomoxetine and a binder) for imparting taste-masking and/or TPR properties. In one embodiment, these coated TPR particles alone or in combination with taste-masked IR particles will be blended with rapidly-dispersing microgranules and other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and compressed into an ODT. The ODT thus produced will disintegrate on contact with the saliva in the oral cavity forming a smooth, easy-to-swallow dispersion containing coated microparticles. These coated microparticles will provide a single or bimodal (two pulses separated by 2 to 6 hours) plasma profile over several hours as they transit down the gastrointestinal tract. The granules or beads suitable for membrane-coating by coacervation or fluid-bed coating may be produced using a granulation, extrusion-spheronization, or drug-layering process. 
     One embodiment of the present invention provides a unit dosage form of modified-release atomoxetine as an ODT that would release the drug into an aqueous environment in one pulse or in two pulses separated by about 2-6 hours under in vitro conditions. In one embodiment, the TPR beads may be produced by a fluid-bed coating process following the procedures disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,627,223, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Another embodiment of the present invention provides modified-release atomoxetine beads in the unit dosage form of an ODT (orally disintegrating tablet) which would rapidly disintegrate on contact with the saliva in the buccal cavity forming an easy-to-swallow suspension. The term “rapidly disintegrate” as used herein means that the ODT disintegrates in less than about 60 seconds. The directions for preparing rapidly-dispersing microgranules, blending these microgranules, modified-release (MR) atomoxetine beads (TPR beads alone or a mixture of taste-masked beads and TPR beads at a desired ratio) and other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and compressing into tablets using a rotary tablet press are disclosed in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/827,106 filed Apr. 19, 2004, which is herein incorporated by reference. In a preferred embodiment, the microgranules additionally contain a disintegrant and still more preferably a so called super-disintegrant such as crospovidone, croscarmellose sodium, low substituted hydroxypropylcellulose and sodium starch glycolate in amounts of about 0.1 to 10% of the tablet. These and other embodiments, advantages and features of the present invention will become more clear when detailed description and examples are provided in subsequent sections. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a cross-section of a taste-masked bead in accordance with one aspect of the invention; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a cross-section of a TPR bead in accordance with one aspect of the invention; 
         FIG. 3  is a theoretical drug-release profile for taste-masked beads and TPR beads in accordance with particular embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 4  shows a theoretical drug-release profile for MR Atomoxetine HCl ODT, 60 mg of Example 5; and 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a theoretical drug-release profile for 60 mg Atomoxetine HCl ODT containing 20% taste-masked beads and 80% TPR beads of Example 6. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     All documents cited are, in relevant part, incorporated herein by reference; the citation of any document is not to be construed as an admission that it is prior art with respect to the present invention. 
     As used herein, the term “atomoxetine” includes the base, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, polymorphs, stereoisomers and mixtures thereof. 
     As used herein, the term “immediate release” refers to release of greater than or equal to about 50%, preferably greater than about 75%, more preferably greater than about 90%, and in accordance with certain embodiments greater than about 95% of the active within about 2 hours, more particularly within about one hour following administration of the dosage form. The term can also refer to the release of active after a lag time of little or no release that occurs with a timed, pulsatile release dosage form characterized by an immediate release pulse after the designed lag time. 
     The term “immediate release (IR) bead” refers to an active-containing core particle. Components of the dosage forms described herein, such as TPR beads and taste-masked beads, may be prepared by coating IR beads to modify the release properties or other properties of the IR beads. Accordingly, dosage forms containing beads prepared from IR beads may or may not include any unmodified IR beads in the finished formulation. 
     In one embodiment, the active core of the dosage form of the present invention may be comprised of an inert particle coated with a drug-containing film-forming formulation. The amount of drug in the core will depend on the drug, the dose, and the capsule size. Those skilled in the art will be able to select an appropriate amount of drug for coating onto the core to achieve the desired dosage. In one embodiment, the inert particle may be a sugar sphere, a cellulose sphere, a silicon dioxide sphere or the like. Alternatively, the atomoxetine-containing core may be produced by granulation and/or by extrusion-spheronization of a composition containing atomoxetine or its salt, a binder and one or more hydrophilic fillers/diluents. 
     In one embodiment, the drug-containing particle may be coated with a combination of a water-insoluble polymer and an enteric polymer to produce TPR beads with a lag-time (release with a delayed-onset) of approximately 1 to 6 hours upon oral administration. The water-insoluble polymer and enteric polymer may be present at a weight ratio of from about 10/1 to about 1/1, preferably at a weight ratio of from about 2/1 to 1/1. The membrane coating typically comprises from about 10% to about 60%, preferably from about 10% to about 30% by weight of the coated beads. Alternately, the drug core may simply be coated with an enteric polymer in the aforementioned amounts. 
     The unit dosage form according to the present invention may comprise TPR beads alone or in combination with taste-masked immediate release (IR) beads. Taste-masked IR beads will provide effective taste-masking in the buccal cavity and release atomoxetine in the gastrointestinal tract within approximately 2 hours, preferably within one hour following oral administration. The TPR beads will release atomoxetine over a period of up to approximately 1-4 hours in the gastrointestinal tract after a lag time of about 1-6 hours following oral administration. 
     One embodiment of the invention also provides a method of making an ODT (orally disintegrating tablet) dosage form comprising TPR beads alone or a mixture of taste-masked IR beads and TPR beads at a ratio of from about 30/70 to about 0/100, more particularly from about 20/80 to about 10/90 (IR beads/TPR beads). In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the method may include the steps of:
         a. coating an inert particle (a sugar sphere, a cellulose sphere, a silicon dioxide sphere) with atomoxetine and a binder to form an active drug particle (IR bead);   b. coating IR bead with a solution of an enteric polymer such as HPMCP (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate) or a mixture of a water-insoluble polymer such as EC (ethylcellulose) and an enteric polymer at a ratio of about 10:1 to 1:1 to form a timed pulsatile-release drug particle (TPR bead);   c. when present, taste-masking IR beads by encapsulation with a water-insoluble polymer, such as ethylcellulose, by solvent coacervation or fluid-bed coating;   d. granulating a powder mixture of a sugar alcohol such as mannitol or a saccharide such as lactose and crospovidone, for example, using the disclosure in the co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/827,106 filed Apr. 19, 2004 to produce rapidly-dispersing microgranules;   e. blending TPR beads from step (b) alone or in combination with taste-masked IR beads from step (c) at a ratio of from about 70/30 to about 100/0, more particularly from about 80/20 to about 90/10 to provide a desired plasma profile, rapidly-dispersing microgranules from step (d) and other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients; and   f. compressing the blend from step (e) into orally disintegrating tablets comprising required dose of atomoxetine, which would rapidly disintegrate on contact with the saliva in the buccal cavity forming a smooth, easy-to-swallow suspension and exhibiting a plasma profile suitable for the treatment of ADHD with reduced incidence of adverse events including non-compliance by once-daily dosing in the morning.       

     When tested in accordance with the United States Pharmacopoeia dissolution procedure (USP Apparatus 1, Baskets@ 100 rpm, Drug Release Test 1 using 700 mL of pH 1.2 buffer for 2 hours followed by additional testing in 900 mL of pH 6.8), the ODT would exhibit the following:
         a release of not more than about 25% of the total atomoxetine at 2 hours;   a release of not less than about 75%, preferably not less than about 85%, of the total atomoxetine after 8 hours.       

     In one embodiment, an aqueous or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent medium may be used for preparing drug containing core particles. The type of film forming binder that is used to bind the water-soluble drug to the inert sugar sphere is not critical but usually water-soluble, alcohol-soluble or acetone/water soluble binders may be used. Examples of suitable binders include, but are not limited to, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyethylene oxide, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) at concentrations of about 0.5 to 10 weight % based on the drug-layered bead. The drug substance may be present in this coating formulation in solution form or may be suspended at a solid content up to about 35 weight % depending on the viscosity of the coating formulation. 
     The active containing cores (beads, pellets or granules) thus obtained may be coated with one or more gastrosoluble, water-insoluble and enteric polymers to obtain coated (taste-masked) beads with a desired sustained-release, enteric-release or timed, pulsatile-release profile. 
     The taste-masking of atomoxetine particles may be achieved by coating IR beads with a taste-masking coating. In accordance with certain aspects of the invention, the taste-masking coating comprises a water-insoluble polymer such as ethylcellulose for a weight gain of about 5% to about 40%, preferably from about 10% to about 30% based on the coated particle. Examples of other water-insoluble polymers that can be used include, without limitation, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, polyvinyl acetate, and ammonio methacrylate copolymers sold under the trademarks Eudragit® RL and Eudragit® RS. No plasticizer is needed for forming membranes on the IR beads for effective taste-masking. One method for imparting effective taste-masking characteristics is coacervation by phase separation of ethylcellulose in cyclohexane. Examples of such a coacervation process are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,139,865, which is incorporated in its entirety by reference. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a taste-masked bead  10  comprising an inert particle core  12  coated with a layer  14  containing the active in a binder. The inert particle core  12  and coating layer  14  make up the IR bead. The taste-masking coating  16  surrounds the IR bead and provides taste-masking without significantly changing the immediate release properties for the bead. 
     The TPR membrane coating, which would largely control the onset of drug release, typically comprises a water-insoluble polymer in combination with an enteric polymer. The water insoluble polymer may be selected from the group, which includes ethylcellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, polyvinyl acetate, and ammonio methacrylate copolymers sold under the trademarks Eudragit® RL and Eudragit® RS. The enteric polymer may be selected from the group consisting of cellulose acetate phthalate, cellulose acetate succinate, polyvinyl acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (hypromellose) phthalate (HPMCP), hypromellose succinate (HPMCS), and methacrylic acid copolymers sold under the trademarks Eudragit® L and Eudragit® S. The ratio of water-insoluble polymer to enteric polymer for producing TPR beads may typically vary from about 10/1 to about 1/1, preferably from about 2/1 to 1/1, at a thickness of from about 10% to about 60%, preferably from about 10% to about 30% by weight of the coated bead. 
     A typical TPR bead  18  is illustrated in  FIG. 2 . The TPR bead  18  as shown includes an inert particle core  12 , a layer of active agent and binder  14 , a seal coat layer  20  and an external lag-time coating  22 . 
     The membranes and coatings described herein may also include one or more plasticizers. Representative examples of plasticizers that may be used to plasticize the membranes include triacetin, tributyl citrate, triethyl citrate, acetyl tri-n-butyl citrate, diethyl phthalate, castor oil, dibutyl sebacate, acetylated monoglycerides and the like or mixtures thereof. The plasticizer may comprise typically about 10-30% or about 5-15% based on the weight of dry polymer, depending on the use of polymer dispersions or solutions. 
     In general, it is desirable to prime the surface of the active containing particle before applying the pulsatile-release membrane coating by applying a thin hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) film. A particularly useful plasticized HPMC seal coat is Opadry® Clear available from Colorcon. While HPMC is typically used, other primer or seal coats such as hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) can also be used. 
     Rapidly-dispersing microgranules useful herein can be prepared in accordance with the following procedure. One or more sugar alcohols and/or saccharides with an average particle size of not more than 30 μm and a disintegrant are granulated with approximately 20-25% water in a high shear granulator, wet milled, dried in a fluid bed equipment to produce rapidly dispersible microgranules of desired particle size (average particle size of not more than about 300 μm in accordance with methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. Application No. 200100114340 published on Aug. 16, 2001). The sugar alcohol may be selected from the group consisting of mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, maltitol and the like while the saccharide may be selected from the group consisting of lactose, sucrose, maltose or as a mixture of two or more, each of which is characterized by an average particle size of not more than about 30 μm. In one embodiment the sugar alcohol and/or saccharide is present in the tablet in an amount of about 30 to 70% by weight. 
     A disintegrant may be selected from the group consisting of crospovidone (crosslinked PVP), sodium starch glycolate, crosslinked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, calcium silicate, low substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose and mixtures thereof. The disintegrant is typically present in the tablet in an amount of about 1 to 10% by weight. The disintegrant has a particle size less than about 30 microns in one embodiment. 
     The present invention relates to multi-dose forms, i.e., drug products in the form of multi-particulate dosage forms (pellets, beads, granules or mini-tablets) or in other forms suitable for oral administration. 
     The following non-limiting theoretical examples illustrate the coated beads and ODT dosage forms comprising these coated beads manufactured in accordance with the invention would exhibit desired in vitro and in vivo drug release profiles and significantly reduce adverse events, resulting in improved patient adherence to dosing regimen and patient compliance. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     IR Beads (drug load: approximately 20% as atomoxetine): Atomoxetine hydrochloride (960 g) would be slowly added to an aqueous solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone (160 g Povidone K-30) and mixed well. 25-30 mesh sugar spheres (2.8 kg) would be coated with the drug-layering formulation (1120 g) in a Glatt fluid bed granulator. The drug containing pellets would be dried, and a seal coat of Opadry Clear (80 g) would be applied. 
     SR Beads (drug load: approximately 17% as atomoxetine): Duplicate batches of SR beads would be produced by providing IR beads with a membrane coating of ethylcellulose (Ethocel Premium Standard 10 from Dow Chemical Company) plasticized with triethyl citrate for a weight gain of 7.5% (batch size: 4 kg) to demonstrate robustness of the manufacturing process. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     IR beads of atomoxetine with a drug load of 20% (as atomoxetine) would be produced following Example 1. 
     Enteric Beads (drug load: approximately 18% as atomoxetine): Duplicate batches of TPR beads would be produced by providing IR beads with a membrane coating of hypromellose phthalate (HP-55 from Shin Etsu Chemical Company) plasticized with triethyl citrate at 10% based on the coating weight for a weight gain of 10% (batch size: 4 kg). 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     IR beads of atomoxetine with a drug load of 20% (as atomoxetine) would be produced following Example 1. 
     TPR Beads (drug load: approximately 18% as atomoxetine): The lag-time coating would be applied on IR beads (3600 g) by spraying a 98/2 acetone/water solution containing Ethocel (182 g) and HPMCP (160 g) and diethyl phthalate (58 g) to produce 4 kg of TPR beads with 10% lag-time coating. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     IR beads of atomoxetine with a drug load of 20% (as atomoxetine) would be produced following Example 1. 
     Taste-masked beads (drug load: approximately 16% as atomoxetine): IR beads (3200 g) would be coated in a fluid-bed equipment with a plasticized ethylcellulose for a membrane weight gain of 20%. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     IR Beads (drug load: approximately 25% as atomoxetine): Atomoxetine hydrochloride (1200 g) would be slowly added to an aqueous solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone (200 g Povidone K-30) and mixed well. 60-80 mesh sugar spheres (2520 g) would be coated with the drug-layering formulation (1400 g) in a Glatt fluid bed granulator. The drug containing pellets would be dried, and a seal coat of Opadry Clear (80 g) would be applied. 
     TPR Beads (drug load: approximately 21.25% as atomoxetine): The lag-time coating would be applied on IR beads (3400 g) by spraying a 98/2 acetone/water solution containing Ethocel (273 g) and HPMCP (240 g) and diethyl phthalate (87 g) to produce 4 kg of TPR beads with 15% lag-time coating. 
     Rapidly-dispersible microgranules: The rapidly-dispersible microgranules comprising a sugar alcohol such as mannitol and a disintegrant such as crospovidone would be prepared following the procedure disclosed in the co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/827,106 filed Apr. 19, 2004. Currently, D-mannitol (152 kg) with an average particle size of approximately 20 μm or less (Pearlitol 25 from Roquette, France) is blended with 8 kg of cross-linked povidone (Crospovidone XL-10 from ISP) in a high shear granulator (GMX 600 from Vector) and granulated with purified water (approximately 32 kg) and wet-milled using Comil from Quadro and dried in Glatt GPCG 200. The rapidly-dispersible microgranules thus obtained would have an average particle size in the range of approximately 125-200 μm. 
     Atomoxetine Hydrochloride Orally Disintegrating Tablets: Rapidly-dispersible microgranules (16.17 kg) would be blended with TPR beads (3.0 kg) and other pharmaceutical acceptable ingredients (0.83 kg), such as flavor, sweetener, colorant, and additional disintegrant in sufficient quantity to provide a therapeutically effective unit dose, in a twin shell V-blender for a sufficient time to get homogeneously distributed blending for compression. Tablets weighing approximately 400 mg would be compressed using a production scale tablet press equipped with an external lubrication system at a mean hardness of about 7 kP. Atomoxetine Hydrochloride ODT, 10, 20 and 40 mg (as atomoxetine) would also be produced by blending appropriate amounts of the coated beads (weight proportional to dose strength) with rapidly-dispersing microgranules at a ratio of coated beads to microgranules of from about 1:8 to about 1:2 and compressing the blends thus obtained. 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     Taste-masked and TPR Beads: IR beads containing atomoxetine HCl at 25% (as atomoxetine) drug-load would be prepared following Example 5. Taste-masked IR Beads (drug load: approximately 20% as atomoxetine) would be prepared following Example 4. Also, TPR beads containing atomoxetine HCl at 21.25% (as atomoxetine) drug-load would be prepared following Example 5. The rapidly-dispersible microgranules comprising a sugar alcohol such as mannitol and a disintegrant such as crospovidone would be prepared following Example 5. 
     Atomoxetine Hydrochloride Orally Disintegrating Tablets: Rapidly-dispersible microgranules (16.13 kg) would be blended with taste-masked beads (785 g) and TPR beads (2.22 kg) and other pharmaceutical acceptable ingredients (865 g), such as flavor, sweetener, colorant, and additional disintegrant in sufficient quantity to provide a therapeutically effective unit dose, in a twin shell V-blender for a sufficient time to get homogeneously distributed blending for compression. 60 mg tablets weighing approximately 400 mg would be compressed using a production scale rotary tablet press equipped with an external lubrication system at a mean hardness of about 7 kP. 
     Drug Release Testing: The drug release profiles would be generated by dissolution testing per US Pharmacopoeia dissolution procedure (USP Apparatus 1, Baskets@ 100 rpm using 700 mL of pH 1.2 buffer for 2 hours followed by additional testing in 900 mL of pH 6.8). 
     Based on the analytical data, minor changes to the drug-loading and/or coating levels may be easily implemented. Using the already established manufacturing process for rapidly-dispersing microgranules, orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) will be produced and analytically tested to confirm the taste-masking and rapidly-releasing properties. Clinical studies will be conducted to confirm the beneficial effects that these new dosage forms bring to patients, especially to pediatric patients, thereby resulting in significant improvement in patient compliance and efficacy. 
     Changes may be made by persons skilled in the art in the compositions of various components of the finished dosage form (ODT) and/or in the steps or the sequence of steps of the method of manufacture described therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.