Abstract:
A method is disclosed. The method includes forming a substrate with a leadframe and a molding compound. The molding compound fills internal spaces in the leadframe and forms a dam structure. An optical emitter and an optical receiver are placed on the substrate. An optically transmissive medium is formed between the optical emitter and optical receiver.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    NOT APPLICABLE 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Optical coupler packages contain at least one optical emitter device which is optically coupled to an optical receiver device through an optically transmissive medium. This arrangement permits the passage of information from one electrical circuit that contains the optical emitter device to another electrical circuit that contains the optical receiver device. A high degree of electrical isolation is maintained between the two circuits. Because information is passed optically across an insulating gap, the transfer is one way. For example, the optical receiver device cannot modify the operation of a circuit containing the optical emitter device. This feature is important because, for example, the emitter may be driven by a low voltage circuit using a microprocessor or logic gates, while the output optical receiver device may be part of a high voltage DC or AC load circuit. The optical isolation also prevents damage to the input circuit caused by the relatively hostile output circuit. 
         [0003]    A common optical coupler package format is the dual-in-line package or DIP. This package is widely used to house integrated circuits and is also used for conventional optical couplers. Various versions of optical coupler DIP packages having 4, 6, 8 or 16 pins are commonly manufactured. 
         [0004]    An improved optical coupler package is shown in  FIG. 1(   a ).  FIG. 1(   a ) shows a perspective view of an optical coupler package  900 . It includes a substrate  902  and a “glob top”  906  comprising a light transmissive material. The glob top  906  covers the above-described optical emitter device and optical receiver device to protect them from the external environment. Solder balls  904  are on the substrate  902  and surround the glob top  906 . In use, the optical coupler package  900  is flipped over and mounted to a circuit board or the like. 
         [0005]    Although the package  900  shown in  FIG. 1(   a ) is effective, as shown by the intermediate package structure  901  in  FIG. 1(   a ), one problem that can occur during manufacturing is that the glob top  906  can overflow towards the pads  905  upon which the solder balls  904  (in  FIG. 1(   b )) would be located. The glob top  906  is generally deposited in a liquid or semi-solid form onto the substrate  902  and is cured. The uncured glob top  906  can flow before it is cured and can overflow onto the pads  905 . If this occurs, then it may not be possible to place the solder balls  904  on the pads  905  and rework of the intermediate package structure  901  may be needed. 
         [0006]    It is possible to separately deposit a dam structure on the substrate  902  to confine the glob top  906  as it is being formed. However, this requires additional process steps and adds to the overall cost of the package that is eventually formed. Also, the dam would only prevent the overflow of the glob top  906  as it is being formed. It would not serve any other function. 
         [0007]    Embodiments of the invention address these and other problems, individually and collectively. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY 
       [0008]    Embodiments of the invention are directed to optical coupler packages and methods for forming the same. 
         [0009]    One embodiment of the invention is directed to a method. The method includes forming a substrate with a leadframe and a molding compound. The molding compound fills internal spaces in the leadframe and forms a dam structure. An optical emitter and an optical receiver are mounted on the substrate. An optically transmissive medium is formed between the optical emitter and optical receiver. 
         [0010]    Another embodiment of the invention is directed to an optical coupler package comprising a substrate comprising a leadframe and a molding compound. The molding compound fills gaps in the leadframe and forms a dam structure. The dam structure is integral with at least a portion of the molding compound that fills the gaps in the leadframe. An optical emitter device and an optical receiver device are on the substrate. An optically transmissive medium is disposed between the optical emitter and optical receiver. 
         [0011]    Another embodiment of the invention is directed to an optical coupler package comprising a substrate comprising a leadframe and a molding compound, wherein the molding compound fills gaps in the leadframe, and a dam structure defining a device mounting area. An optical emitter device and an optical receiver device are on the substrate. An optically transmissive medium is disposed between the optical emitter and optical receiver, and a plurality of conductive structures are on the substrate. The conductive structures contact the dam structure. 
         [0012]    These and other embodiments of the invention are described in further detail below. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0013]      FIG. 1(   a ) shows a top perspective view of an optical coupler package. 
           [0014]      FIG. 1(   b ) shows an plan view of an intermediate optical coupler package structure with an overflowing glob top. 
           [0015]      FIG. 2(   a ) shows a perspective view of an optical coupler package according to an embodiment of the invention, wherein the devices in the package are shown. 
           [0016]      FIG. 2(   b ) shows a top perspective view of the optical coupler package shown in  FIG. 2(   a ). The devices in the package are not shown. 
           [0017]      FIG. 2(   c ) shows the package shown in  FIG. 2(   b ), flipped over. 
           [0018]      FIG. 3(   a ) shows a leadframe and a molding compound. 
           [0019]      FIG. 3(   b ) shows a top side of a premolded substrate. 
           [0020]      FIG. 3(   c ) shows a bottom side of a premolded substrate. 
           [0021]      FIGS. 4(   a )- 4 ( e ) show perspective views of an optical coupler package as it is being formed. 
           [0022]      FIG. 4(   f ) shows a side-cross sectional view of the optical coupler package shown in  FIG. 4(   e ). 
           [0023]      FIG. 5(   a ) shows a top plan view of a leadframe. 
           [0024]      FIG. 5(   b ) show a top view of a premolded substrate. 
           [0025]      FIG. 5(   c ) shows a side, cross-sectional view of the premolded substrate shown in  FIG. 5(   b ). 
           [0026]      FIG. 5(   d ) shows a top view of an optical coupler package after devices are mounted and wirebonds are formed. 
           [0027]      FIG. 5(   e ) shows a top view of the optical coupler package after solder structures are placed on the premolded substrate. 
           [0028]      FIG. 5(   f ) shows a side, cross-sectional view of an optical coupler package according to an embodiment of the invention. The leadframe in the optical coupler package need not be partially etched. 
           [0029]      FIGS. 6(   a )- 6 ( e ) show side, cross-sectional views of other optical coupler package embodiments. 
           [0030]      FIG. 7(   a ) shows a bottom perspective view a premolded substrate. 
           [0031]      FIG. 7(   b ) shows a bottom perspective view of an optical coupler package with the premolded substrate shown in  FIG. 7(   a ), and mounted on a printed circuit board. 
           [0032]      FIG. 8  shows a side, cross-sectional view of another optical coupler package. 
           [0033]      FIGS. 9(   a )- 9 ( c ) show schematic illustrations of a molding process using a molding tool comprising two sets of molding dies. 
       
    
    
       [0034]    In the Figures, like numerals designate like elements, and the descriptions of some elements may not be repeated. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0035]    Embodiments of the invention are directed to optical coupler packages. Each optical coupler package can include an optical emitter device (e.g., a light emitting diode) and an optical receiver device (e.g., a photodiode). The optical emitter device and the optical receiver device can be mounted on a premolded substrate comprising a leadframe and a molding material, wirebonds are formed between the devices and the substrate, and then the optical emitter and receiver devices are covered with an optically transmissive coupling gel and an opaque, highly reflective epoxy based polymer. 
         [0036]    Logic devices such as control chips can also be on the leadframe-based substrate and may also be in the optical coupler package. Also, chips including MOSFETs (metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors) such as power MOSFETs with or without trenched gates may be on the substrate and in the package. Such chips or devices may be on the substrate and may be electrically coupled to components such as the optical emitter and optical receiver devices. 
         [0037]      FIG. 2(   a ) shows an optical coupler package  100  according to an embodiment of the invention. For ease of reference, the view of the package  100  in  FIG. 2(   a ) can be characterized as a top perspective view. The package  100  can eventually be flipped over and mounted to a circuit board (not shown) so that the illustrated portion of the package  100  may in fact be the bottom view when the package  100  is mounted to the circuit board. 
         [0038]    The package  100  comprises a premolded premolded substrate  10 . It comprises a leadframe  1  and a molding compound  2  coated on the leadframe  1 . The leadframe  1  may include a die attach area where two or more devices including optical receiver and optical emitter devices are placed. Two or more leads may extend from the die attach area and may form terminals of a leadframe. The term “leadframe” includes leadframes that may or may not have been processed (e.g., by etching). 
         [0039]    The leadframe  1  can comprise any suitable metal and may be of any suitable thickness. For example, a high mechanical strength copper alloy is preferred. The leadframe  1  can have a thickness of about 0.2 mm (8 mils) or less in the etched or non-etched areas. Etching processes are known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The leadframe  1  may also include plating layers such as Ni, Pd, Au or Ag, etc. In this example, the leadframe  1  is partially etched. 
         [0040]    The molding compound  2  of the substrate  10  forms the body of the substrate  10 . It fills in the various gaps and partially or half-etched regions of the leadframe  1 . The molding compound  2  can comprise a polymeric and/or composite material that may or may not require post mold curing. It may contain epoxy resins, hardeners, elastomers, non-phosphorus flame retardants, lubes, silica fillers, etc. It may have balanced particle sizes in it to ensure complete filling of the half-etched regions of the leadframe  1 . It may also contain a sufficient amount of carbon black pigment for better laser marking contrast. The materials making up the balance of the mold compound  2  constituent materials can be used to prevent substrate warpage. 
         [0041]    As shown in  FIGS. 2(   a )- 2 ( c ), the premolded substrate  10  may be a “two-sided overmolded” structure, since both the top side and bottom side of the leadframe  1  are covered with the molding compound  2 . 
         [0042]    An optical emitter  3  (e.g., an LED die made of AlGaAs) is mounted on the substrate  10 . The optical emitter  3  generates photons when a forward current is applied to the optocoupler, resulting to light emissions from a P-N junction in the die  3 . An LED die having a height of about 9 mils or below can be used. 
         [0043]    An optical receiver device  4  (e.g., a silicon phototransistor) is also mounted on the substrate  10  in some cases. The optical receiver device  4  detects light emitted by the optical emitter device  3  and converts it to electrons resulting in current flow at the output of the optical coupler package  100 . The optical receiver device  4  may have a height of about 8 mils or less in some embodiments 
         [0044]    A die attach material (not shown) can bond the backs of the optical emitter and optical receiver devices  3 ,  4  to their respective designated die attach pads on the substrate  10 . The die attach material can be any conductive bonding material. Examples include Ag-filled epoxies, soft solders, etc. 
         [0045]    Bonding wires  5  connect the terminals of the optical emitter and optical receiver devices  3 ,  4  to corresponding bond pads on the leadframe  1  in the substrate  10 . The bonding wires  5  can comprise any suitable ductile metal—Au, Cu, Al, or doped versions of these metals, alloys of these metals, etc. 
         [0046]    The wire bonded optical emitter and optical receiver device assemblies are coupled together using a light transmissive clear gel material  6  (e.g., silicone or a transparent epoxy). The optical transparency of the coupling gel  6  allows for the efficient transfer of the light emitted from the optical emitter  3  to the optical detector  4 . The coupling gel  6  covers the entire wire bonded die assemblies and forms a near hemispherical dome for maximum transmission of emitted light. 
         [0047]    The light transmissive hemispherical dome  6  on the wire bonded optical receiver device  3  and optical emitter device  4  may be covered with a white reflective coating  7  (e.g., a white epoxy glob top coating). The light reflective coating  7  keeps the emitted light within the confines of the dome. The coating  7  conforms to the dome shape and can totally cover the clear coupling gel  6  (or light transmissive material). It seals the dome by adhesion. The coating  7  can have a minimum thickness of about 0.2 mm in some embodiments of the invention. 
         [0048]    As shown in  FIG. 2(   a ), in the illustrated example, the optical coupler package  100  has four solder balls  8  located at the corners of the substrate  10 . The solder balls may comprise any suitable material including a Pb—Sn alloy, or a lead-free solder such as SnAgCu or InSb. Although solder balls are described in detail, other conductive structures such as copper columns (e.g., preformed or electroplated) could be used instead. The conductive structures have heights greater than the heights of the optical receiver  4  and the optical emitter  3  in the package  100  so that flip chip mounting can take place. 
         [0049]      FIGS. 2(   a ) and  2 ( b ) show the package  100  in a “dead bug” position, while  FIG. 2(   c ) shows the package in a “live bug” position as it would be mounted to a circuit board  102 . 
         [0050]      FIG. 2(   b ) shows the molding compound  2  including an exterior surface  2 ( b ) which exposes a conductive pad (not shown) and is substantially coplanar with the conductive pad. In this example, there are four such surfaces  2 ( b ) at the corners of the package  100 , and they at least partially define a dam structure  2 ( a ). The dam structure  2 ( a ) surrounds mounting pads for the optical emitter device  3  and the optical receiver device  4 , and confines the coupling gel  6  so that it does not flow to the pads upon which the solder balls  8  rest. The edges of the dam structure  2 ( a ) support the solder balls  8  so that they anchor the solder balls  8  to the substrate  10 . The molding compound  2  forming the dam structure  2 ( a ) is integral with other portions of the molding compound  2  residing between gaps in the leadframe  1 . 
         [0051]      FIG. 3(   a ) shows a perspective view of an etched leadframe  1  and a molding compound  15  before it is molded. The etched leadframe  1  comprises an etched region  1 ( b ) which defines conductive pads  1 ( a ) for solder balls. Additional conductive pads  1 ( c ) for devices and wirebonds are within the interior of the leadframe  1 . Gaps  1 ( d ) are present between distinct portions of the leadframe  1 . In one example, the leadframe  1  may be 0.25 mm thick and may be an etched copper alloy leadframe that is plated with NiPdAu. 
         [0052]      FIG. 3(   b ) shows a top perspective view of the substrate  10 . As shown, the surface  2 ( b ) of the molding compound  2  can be substantially coplanar with the surface of the conductive pad  1 ( a ). In this example, there are four pads  1 ( a ), one at each corner. The dam structure  2 ( a ) can surround a device mounting region  16  where devices such as the previously described optical emitter device  3  and the optical receiver device  4  can be mounted. The dam structure  2 ( a ) may be about 0.10 mm thick relative to the exterior surface  2 ( b ), while the thickness of the substrate  10  may be on the order of about 0.45 mm thick. In this example, the dam structure  2 ( a ) has a continuous inner edge that is circular. In other embodiments, the dam structure can be discontinuous. 
         [0053]      FIG. 3(   c ) shows the bottom side of the substrate  10 . The overmold thickness (i.e., the thickness of the molding compound on the leadframe  1  at the bottom side) on the bottom side of the substrate  10  may be about 0.10 mm or less in some embodiments. 
         [0054]    The substrate  10  may be formed using any suitable process. In preferred embodiments, a molding tool comprising two molding dies is used.  FIGS. 9(   a )- 9 ( c ) show schematic illustrations of a molding process using a molding tool comprising two sets of molding dies. A molding tool of this type may be used to form any of the premolded substrates described herein. 
         [0055]      FIG. 9(   a ) shows an illustration of a set of molding dies  55 ( a ),  55 ( b ) clamping down on portions of a leadframe  1 . A molding compound precursor  2 ′ can be formed around the leadframe  1 , and may be partially solidified. As shown in  FIG. 9(   b ), after a period of time, one molding die  55 ( b ) may be retracted, and the area where it previously clamped the leadframe  1  can be filled with molding compound  2 . As shown in  FIG. 9(   c ), after the molding compound  2  is fully cured, the other molding die  55 ( a ) can be retracted so that the substrate  10  is formed. 
         [0056]      FIGS. 4(   a )- 4 ( e ) illustrate the process for forming an optical coupler package after the substrate  10  is formed. 
         [0057]    Referring to  FIG. 4(   a ), after obtaining the substrate  10 , the optical emitter device  3  and the optical receiver device  4  can be mounted to conductive pads on the substrate  10 . Any suitable adhesive (e.g., a conductive or non-conductive epoxy or solder) could be used to mount the optical emitter device  3  and the optical receiver device  4 . If an epoxy is used, it can be cured. 
         [0058]    Referring to  FIG. 4(   b ), after the optical emitter device  3  and the optical receiver device  4  are mounted on the substrate  10 , wirebonds  5  may be formed between the optical emitter device  3  and an adjacent conductive pad, and between the optical receiver device  4  and an adjacent conductive pad. A thermosonic or ultrasonic wire bonding process, or any other suitable wire bonding process can be used. Also, as an alternative to wirebonds, a conductive clip or the like can be used. 
         [0059]    Referring to  FIG. 4(   c ), a coupling gel  6  is deposited on the substrate  10 . When it is deposited on the substrate  10 , the coupling gel  6  is able to flow, but is confined to a predetermined location of the substrate  10  by the dam  2 ( a ). After the coupling gel  6  is deposited, it can be cured. 
         [0060]    Referring to  FIG. 4(   d ), a glob top coating  7  is then formed on the coupling gel  6 . The glob top coating  7  can be formed using any suitable coating and curing process. 
         [0061]    Referring to  FIG. 4(   e ), after forming the glob top coating  7 , a fluxing, solder ball attach, and reflow process can be performed. As a result, solder balls  8  are attached to the substrate, and are in contact with the dam structure  2 ( a ). A package  100  is thereafter formed. If the package  100  is in an array of packages, then additional processes that can be performed include saw singulation, test, mark, and TNR. 
         [0062]      FIG. 4(   f ) shows a side cross-section view of the package  100  shown in  FIG. 4(   e ). For simplicity of illustration, the wirebonds  5  are not shown in  FIG. 4(   f ). 
         [0063]      FIG. 5(   a ) shows a top plan view of a leadframe  1  according to another embodiment of the invention. Like the leadframe  1  shown in  FIG. 3(   a ), there gaps  1 ( d ) between first, second, third and fourth leadframe portions  1 ( g )- 1  to  1 ( g )- 4 . Unlike the leadframe  1  in  FIG. 5(   a ), in this embodiment, the leadframe  1  is not partially etched (e.g., half-etched) or at least the conductive pads upon which solder and/or devices will be placed are not formed by partial etching. As shown, the leadframe  1  can simply be formed by stamping, with or without etching. 
         [0064]    A number of tie bars  1 ( i ) are also shown in  FIG. 5(   a ). The tie bars  1 ( i ) can be used to join the leadframe  1  to other leadframes in an array of leadframes so that many packages can be produced in parallel. 
         [0065]      FIG. 5(   b ) shows a top plan view of a premolded substrate  10  after molding. As shown, a molding compound  2  coats the leadframe  1 . A first window  2 ( f ) and a number of second windows  2 ( e ) are formed in the molding compound  2  and expose conductive surfaces which will define first and second conductive pads  1 ( g )- 1 ′,  1 ( g )- 2 ′,  1 ( g )- 3 ′,  1 ( g )- 4 ′,  1 ( h ). The first conductive pads  1 ( g )- 1 ′,  1 ( g )- 2 ′,  1 ( g )- 3 ′,  1 ( g )- 4 ′ can be used as device mounting pads or wire bonding pads. The second conductive pads  1 ( h ) can be used as pads for connecting to conductive structures such as solder balls. In this example, the portion of the molding compound  2  which forms the first window  2 ( f ) and the second windows  2 ( e ) may form a dam structure  2 ( a ) according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         [0066]      FIG. 5(   c ) shows a side, cross-sectional view of the substrate shown in  FIG. 5(   b ) along the line  5 ( b )- 5 ( b ) shown in  FIG. 5(   b ). As shown in  FIG. 5(   c ), the edges of the leadframe  1  can be coated with molding compound edge portions  2 ( h ). The edge portions  2 ( h ) provide the advantage of locking the molding compound  2  to the leadframe  1 , thereby reducing the risk of separation between the molding compound  2  and the leadframe  1 . 
         [0067]    As shown in  FIG. 5(   d ), a die attach process (as described above) can be used to attach the optical emitter device  3  and the optical receiver device  4  to conductive pads  1 ( g )- 1 ′ and  1 ( g )- 3 ′. A wirebonding process (as described above) can also be used to form wirebonds between the optical emitter device  3  and the conductive pad  1 ( g )- 4 ′, and the optical receiver device  4  and the conductive pad  1 ( g )- 2 ′. 
         [0068]    As shown in  FIGS. 5(   e )- 5 ( f ), solder balls  8  can be deposited on the conductive pads  1 ( h ) defined by the dam structure  2 ( a ). As shown in  FIG. 5(   f ), the solder balls may contact the inner edges of the dam structure  2 ( a ) forming the second windows  2 ( e ). A coupling gel and a glob top coating structure  66  (as described above) can thereafter be formed within the first window  2 ( f ). The configuration of the dam structure  2 ( a ) can prevent the coupling gel and the glob top coating in the structure  66  from reaching the solder balls  8  or the conductive pads  1 ( h ) upon which the solder balls  8  rest. 
         [0069]    Referring to  FIG. 5(   f ), the leadframe  1  can have an exemplary thickness t 3  of about 8 mils. A frontside coating thickness t 1  forming the dam structure  2 ( a ) can be about 50 microns, and a backside coating thickness t 2  can be about 50 microns. 
         [0070]      FIG. 6(   a ) shows an embodiment that is similar to the embodiment in  FIG. 5(   f ) and like numerals designate like elements. However, in  FIG. 6(   a ), the leadframe  1  includes a partially etched portion  1 ( b ) at the outer edges of the leadframe  1 . This can obviate the need for an outer dam structure support for the solder balls  8  As shown, the dam structure  2 ( a ) can be configured so that only the inner portions of the solder balls  8  contact the dam structure  2 ( a ) and there is no outer dam structure portion for the solder balls to contact. 
         [0071]      FIG. 6(   b ) shows another embodiment of the invention that is similar to the embodiment in  FIG. 6(   b ), except that another window  14  is formed at the bottom of the substrate  10 , to expose pads  1 ( i ) on the surface of the substrate  10  opposite the optical emitter device  3  and the optical receiver device  4 . The exposed pads  1 ( i ) can serve to provide electrical connections to the leadframe  1 , or the window  14  can be filled with a potting material. 
         [0072]      FIG. 6(   c ) shows another embodiment of the invention that is similar to the embodiment in  FIG. 5(   f ), except that it also includes a window  14  and exposed pads  1 ( i ). 
         [0073]      FIG. 6(   d ) shows an embodiment like the one shown in  FIG. 6(   b ), except that a potting material  15  is present in the previously described window  14 . The potting material  15  may comprise a material that is similar to the molding compound  2 . Alternatively, the potting material  15  may comprise a material that has a higher thermal conductivity than the molding material  2 , or equivalent dielectric strength as molding material  2 . 
         [0074]      FIG. 6(   e ) shows an embodiment like the one shown in  FIG. 6(   c ), except that a potting material  15  is present in the previously described window  14 . The potting material  15  may comprise a material that is similar to the molding compound  2 . Alternatively, the potting material  15  may comprise a material that has a higher thermal conductivity than the molding material  2  or equivalent dielectric strength as the molding material  2 . 
         [0075]      FIG. 7(   a ) shows a backside perspective view of a substrate with a window  14  and exposed pads  1 ( i ). A border  2 ( k ) of molding compound defines the window  14 .  FIG. 7(   b ) shows the window  14  filled with a potting material  15 . The illustrated package  100  is mounted on a circuit board  90  (circuit lines are not shown in the circuit board  90 ), and may for an electrical assembly  92 . 
         [0076]      FIG. 8  shows a side cross-section view of another embodiment of the invention. In this example, a coating material  22  coats the backside of a premolded substrate  10 . Like the previously described potting material  15 , the coating material can provide better thermal transfer properties than the previously described molding compound  2 . As in prior embodiments, a dam structure  2 ( a ) is provided on the leadframe  1 . However, in some embodiments, the dam structure  2 ( a ) is not necessary, and can be omitted from the package  100 . 
         [0077]    The above-described packages can be mounted on a substrate such as a circuit board to form an electrical assembly. Such electrical assemblies can be used in systems such as power supply systems, servers, etc. 
         [0078]    Embodiments of the invention have a number of advantages. First, as noted above, some embodiments include premolded substrates that are overmolded on both the top and bottom sides. The substrates can be produced using molding dies so that cover tape is not needed to cover the leadframe. The reduces the risk of delamination, since adhesive from the tape would not contact the leadframe. Second, embodiments of the invention use a dam structure which prevents a glob top material from flowing to solder ball attach pads. Third, solder ball adhesion is improved since the dam structure serves as an anchor for the solder balls. Fourth, the thermal stress is balanced in the premolded substrates, since both sides of a leadframe can be coated with a molding material and/or a potting material. Also, coating both sides of a leadframe can reduce the change of warpage due to thermal mismatching during a reflow process. Fifth, embodiments of the invention allow for an exposed metal backside, which can be covered with a potting material if desired. Sixth, both stamped and etched leadframes can be used. Seventh, embodiments of the invention can use package sawing methods or punch type singulation methods. 
         [0079]    It is noted that the present invention is not limited to the preferred embodiments described above, and it is apparent that variations and modifications by those skilled in the art can be performed within the spirit and scope of the present invention. Moreover, any one or more embodiment of the invention may be combined with one or more embodiments of the invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, although the packages described above have one optical emitter device, one optical receiver device, and less than 5 conductive structures (e.g., solder structures), embodiments of the invention may have more or less components than these. 
         [0080]    Any references to top, bottom, etc. are intended to refer to positions of various components shown in the Figures and may or may not refer to absolute positions of such components in actual use. 
         [0081]    Any recitation of “a”, “an”, and “the” is intended to mean “one or more” unless specifically indicated to the contrary.