Abstract:
A system for TOA positioning of a GPRS mobile station ( 20 ) in a GSM network ( 10 ) comprises a Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) ( 32 ) providing an interface to an LCS application ( 52 ) and adapted to communicate with the GPRS mobile station ( 20 ). The system further comprises a Base Station Subsystem ( 14 ) serving the GPRS mobile station ( 20 ). The BSS ( 14 ) is communicably accessible by the LCS application ( 52 ) through the GGSN ( 12 ). The system also comprises a plurality of Location Management Units predisposed about the GSM network ( 10 ) and configured to be utilized to measure the TOA of an access burst delivering positioning coordinates corresponding to an approximate position for the GPRS MS ( 20 ). A Packet Control Unit ( 16 ) is provided and adapted to communicate directly with LMUs ( 44 ) that are GPRS capable and indirectly with non-GPRS LMUS ( 44 ) through the BSS ( 14 ).

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application relates to patent application Ser. No. 09/195,347 entitled “Positioning of GPRS Mobiles Using TOA Methodology” by Shahrokh Amirijoo, Bagher R. Zadeh, Bengt Yngve Persson, and Bengt Axel Torbjorn Olsson, the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This invention relates generally to cellular communications and applications, and more particularly to a system and method of delivering Time of Arrival (TOA) positioning data for a General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) mobile in a Global System for Mobiles (GSM) communications network. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Wireless telecommunication systems continue to evolve and are currently being deployed in countries throughout the world. There are several types of wireless communication systems currently in service and being deployed including AMPS, D-AMPS, TDMA, CDMA and GSM. These wireless telecommunication systems are currently manufactured by a number of manufacturers, the operation of which are defined by standards groups delegated with the responsibility of ensuring system interoperability. While these various wireless telecommunication systems may have common features, the operability of each is unique. 
     The Global System for Mobile Communications or GSM, in particular, is one of the newer wireless telecommunication systems being developed and deployed. The GSM system is intended to be widely deployed throughout the world to facilitate reliable wireless telecommunications using one or more GSM standards. The GSM standards continue to evolve, and are currently being discussed and refined to provide for planned services, as well as services to be developed and employed in future generations. Currently, second generation GSM systems are being deployed while third generation (3G) systems are currently under development with planned implementation scheduled for around the year 2000. 
     In current GSM systems, positioning of a mobile station (MS) is currently provided in limited situations. Specifically, Time Of Arrival (TOA) based positioning has been selected as the mandatory positioning method by the T1P1.5 standards body, requiring an asynchronous intra-cell handover to the same channel during intra-cell handovers. The reason for this is to force the mobile to transmit access bursts to facilitate an intra-cell handover, whereby the time of arrival of the access bursts are measured by surrounding Location Mobile Units (LMUs). These measurements are used in a triangulation process to pinpoint the mobile&#39;s geographical position. 
     With respect to the General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) class of mobile stations in particular, the intra-cell handover procedure is not suitable as a positioning procedure to locate the geographical position of the mobile. GPRS mobiles don&#39;t have the ability to perform the same Intra-cell handover procedure required in the GSM TOA positioning, and thus a solution facilitating positioning GPRS mobiles is required. The present invention provides for the positioning of GPRS mobiles in a GSM network. 
     More specifically, according to existing GSM standards, current LMUs cannot distinguish between an access burst generated a GSM mobile versus one generated by a GPRS mobile since, at present, not all LMUs in the network can understand the entire GPRS signaling protocol and thus are not able to communication with GPRS system components. While future deployments are expected to result in LMUs that support the entire GRPS protocol, an interim solution is needed to support interoperability with existing non-GRPS LMUs. As such, a positioning scheme that is able to account for the anticipated mix of both GPRS and non-GPRS LMUs would provide numerous advantages. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a system and method of delivering TOA positioning data for GPRS mobile stations in a GSM network. With the present invention, a complete solution for TOA positioning within the Base Station Subsystem (BSS) centric of the wireless network is provided, allowing signaling between different network components and LMUs that are both GPRS and non-GPRS compatible. 
     Accordingly, disclosed in one embodiment is a system for positioning a GPRS mobile station in a GSM network by delivering Time of Arrival (TOA) positioning data to a Location Services (LCS) application. The system includes a Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) providing an interface to the LCS application and a Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) communicably coupled with the GGSN. 
     The SGSN is further adapted to communicate with the GPRS mobile station over the GSM network. The SGSN is the node within the GSM network that sends and receives data to and from a GPRS mobile station in the network. In addition, the SGSN keeps track of GPRS mobile stations within its service area. The GGSN, on the other hand, maintains connections with the other networks such as the Internet, X.25 networks or private networks, for example. A GPRS network can use multiple serving nodes, but requires only one gateway node for connecting to an external network such as the Internet. 
     The system further comprises a Base Station Substation (BSS) serving the GPRS mobile station. The BSS, which includes a Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and a Base Station Controller (BSC), is communicably accessible by the LCS application through the GGSN. A plurality of LMUs are provided and predisposed about the GSM network and configured to deliver TOA positioning coordinates corresponding to an approximate position of the GPRS mobile station. The BSC, as an integral part of the BSS, is configured to select which of the plurality of LMUs are to be used for positioning of the GPRS mobile station. The BSC can be used to determine which of the LMUs are GPRS capable and which of the LMUs are non-GPRS capable. In one embodiment, this information is part of the BSC positioning mechanism meaning that the positioning process is contained almost entirely in the BSS centric. 
     The system also comprises a Packet Control Unit (PCU) adapted to communicate with the BSS and the LMUs for responding to LCS information requests received through the SGSN. The PCU is further adapted to access the BSC and determine which of the LMUs are GPRS capable and which of the LMUs are non-GPRS capable. In this way, the PCU is able to communicate directly with LMUs which are GPRS capable and indircectly through the BSC with non-GPRS capable LMUs. 
     According to one embodiment, the PCU is configured to transmit a LOCATION INFORMATION REQUEST messages to the BSC. After receiving a message from the PCU, the BSC sets up a GSM connection to the GPRS mobile station. In the alternative, the BSC can use an existing connection to transfer data to the GPRS mobile station after receiving a POSITIONING REQUEST message from the PCU. Other aspects of the signaling protocol for positioning of the GPRS mobile are shown and illustrated. 
     During the entire TOA positioning process, the non-GPRS capable LMUs are able to recognize an access burst from the GPRS mobile station. This is accomplished by having the BSC notify the non-GPRS capable LMUs to expect an access burst from the GPRS mobile station. The non-GPRS capable LMUs are configured to manage the access burst sent by the GPRS mobile station. 
     A technical advantage of the present invention includes the provision of signaling sequences between different network nodes, including the BSS nodes and LMUs, for a complete TOA positioning solution within the BSS centric architecture of a GSM network. 
     Another technical advantage is the use of non-GPRS capable LMUs for positioning of GPRS mobile stations. 
     Still another technical advantage is the ability of positioning GPRS mobile stations using newer GPRS-capable LMUs. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The above features and advantages of the present invention will be more clearly understood from consideration of the following detailed description taken in connection with accompanying drawings in which: 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a typical GPRS logical architecture including a GPRS mobile station to be positioned by a network; 
     FIG. 2 shows the current architecture for TOA positioning system with the positioning function contained in the BSS centric of the network; 
     FIG. 3 illustrates TOA positioning of GPRS mobile stations using the BSS Centric Architecture according to the invention; 
     FIGS. 4 a  and  4   b  illustrate a process flow diagram of the signaling interfaces for a TOA positioning method according to the invention; and 
     FIG. 5 is a signaling sequence diagram illustrating signaling interface for a TOA positioning method according to the invention. 
    
    
     Corresponding numerals and symbols in the figures refer to corresponding parts in the detailed description: unless otherwise indicated. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     While the making and using of various embodiments of the present invention are discussed in detail below, it should be appreciated that the present invention provides many inventive concepts which can be embodied in a wide variety of specific telecommunications applications. The specific embodiments discussed herein are merely illustrative of specific ways to make and use the invention, and do not delimit the scope of the invention. 
     Referring first to FIG. 1 therein is shown at  10  a GPRS logical architecture of a GSM wireless communication network. A serving GPRS support node (SGSN) is generally shown at  12  and is seen to service a base switching station (BSS)  14  having combined therewith a Packet Control Unit (PCU)  16 . The BSS  14  serves a mobile station  20  via an RF link, the mobile station  20  comprising a GPRS type mobile receiver transmitter or similar GPRS-type device. A Mobile Switching Center (MSC)  22  having provided therewith a Visitors Location Register (VLR) services the BSS  14 . The MSC  22  is interconnected with the SGSN  12  and a short message service (SMS) gateway MSC (GMSC)  24 . 
     Functionally coupled to SMS-GMSC  24  is a short message service controller (SMSC)  26 . A Home Location Register (HLR)  30  forms another node of the network  10  and is interconnected with the other nodes. The HLR  30  is accessible to the SGSN  12 . A gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) is seen at  32  and interfaces the SGSN  12  with a PDN  34  for exchanging communication between the GSM network  10  and other networks. Likewise, a separate GGSN  32  may be provided to interface other Public Land Moble Networks (PLMN) to the SGSN  12 . An EIR  38  is also connected to SGSN  12 , as shown. 
     The GSM network  10  according to the present invention provides Time Of Arrival (TOA) positioning of the GPRS mobile station  20  through the use of a Serving Mobile Location Center (SMLC) which provides the positioning algorithms and, more generally, the mechanism which works in connection with multiple location measurement unit (LMUs)  44 , to facilitate positioning of the GPRS mobile station  20  within the network  10 . 
     To better understand the invention, reference is made to FIG. 2, which depicts the architecture for TOA positioning, denoted generally as  100 . The TOA positioning architecture  100  includes an external requesting agent  120  which communicates a positioning request to the GMLC  42  in the GSM network  10 . Positioning is then initiated at the GMLC  42  which then forwards the request to the network based Serving Mobile Location Center (SMLC)  122 . Essentially, the SMLC  122  provides the positioning functionality of the GSM network. The SMLC  122  decides what LMUs  44  should be involved in the TOA positioning process. 
     While the invention is described throughout in connection with an SMLC  122 , it should be understood that any positioning function or functions may be utilized according to various positioning algorithms, systems and methodologies known to those of ordinary skill in the art. As such, the terms “SMLC” and “positioning function” shall be used interchangeable throughout. 
     The LMUs  44  are used to calculate positioning coordinates for the mobile station  20 . Once a set of LMUs  44  have been selected for TOA positioning, the positioning information is routed to the MSC  22 . The MSC  22  provides all the functionality needed to handle a mobile subscriber, such as registration, authentication, location updating, handovers, and call routing to a roaming subscriber. 
     While the TOA positioning architecture  100  is useful in providing positioning coordinates for a mobile station  20 , it suffers from certain limitations when used to position the newer class of GPRS mobile stations that require special signaling in order to implement the GPRS signaling protocol. In particular, some of the LMUs  44  may not be able to support the GPRS signaling protocol, and as such, may not be able to communicate with GPRS system components or nodes in the network. The network operator is thus faced with the prospect of updating current LMU functionality within the network coverage area or installing LMUs capable of supporting GPRS signaling across the network at great expense. The present invention provides an interim solution that operates within the confines of a network architecture comprising both GPRS and non-GPRS compatible LMUs. 
     Since third generation GPRS systems dictate the use of a Packet Control Unit (PCU)  16  as the GPRS flow control component within the GPRS portion of the network, the present invention provides for positioning of GPRS mobile stations  20  within the GSM network  10  utilizing the PCU  16 . This configuration is illustrated in FIG. 3 with the PCU  16  shown interfaced with the BSC node  124  within a network scheme  155 . Here it is assumed that the LMUs  44  are comprised of both GPRS and non-GPRS compatible LMUs in a network  155  containing one or more GPRS mobile stations  20 . 
     Essentially, the positioning function (or SMLC) selects a number of LMUs  44  for the purpose of obtaining radio interface measurements to locate or help locate the GPRS mobile station  20 . The positioning function is aware of and understands the capabilities of its LMUs  44 . Thus, the positioning function knows if an LMU  44  is capable of distinguishing an access burst received from a GPRS mobile station as opposed to one received by a non-GPRS mobile station within the network. Signaling between the positioning function and LMU  44  is transferred via the MSC  22  serving the positioning LMU  44 . The measurements returned by an LMU  44  to the positioning function have a generic status in being suitable for use in more than one positioning methodology. 
     Alternatively, the positioning function and GMLC  42  may be combined in the same physical node, combined in existing physical nodes, or reside in different nodes. The positioning function or SMLC  122  and GMLC  42  are not interconnected, but communicate with one another through the MSC  22 . When the MSC  22  and GMLC  42  are in different PLMNs, they are interconnected and communicate via an air interface. 
     The network  155  is configured to provide TOA measurements computed from access bursts generated by the GPRS mobile station  20 . These bursts are generated by having the GPRS mobile station  20  perform an asynchronous intracell handover. Access bursts are received and measured by serving and neighboring base stations. A BTS  126  and a BSC  124  serving the GPRS mobile station  20  for which TOA positioning data is requested are included in the network  155 . The BSC  124  is communicably accessible by the LCS application  52  through the GMLC  42 . The LCS application  52  is the entity within the network responsible for obtaining the positioning information for the GPRS mobile station  20 . 
     The LMUs  44  are available and utilized to compute positioning coordinates for the GPRS mobile station  20 . The BSC  124  can include those portions of the SMLC  122  used to determine which of the LMUs  44  are appropriate for making TOA measurements used in positioning of the GPRS mobile station  20 . That is, once the GPRS mobile station  20  has generated an access burst, the TOA from the GPRS mobile station  20  to the appropriate BTS  126  is determined. 
     The LMUs  44  make radio measurements to support one or more positioning methods. These measurements fall into one of two categories: location measurements specific to one GPRS mobile station  20  used to compute the location of the GPRS mobile station  20 ; or assistance measurements specific to all GPRS mobile station  20  in a certain geographic area. All location and assistance measurements obtained by an LMUs  44  are supplied to the SMLC  122  associated with the selected LMUs  44 . Instructions concerning the timing, the nature and any periodicity of these measurements are provided by the SMLC  122  or are pre-administered in the LMUs  44 . 
     All signaling to the selected LMUs  44  is exclusively over the GSM air interface. There is no wired connection to any other network element. An individual LMU  44  thus has a serving BTS  126 , BSC  124 , MSC  22  and interacts with these nodes of the network  155  like a normal mobile station. In particular, an LMU  44  has its own IMSI and interface that are necessary components to the LMU  44  procedures. 
     To ensure that the LMU  44  and the SMLC  122  cooperate during the positioning process, an LMU  44  may be homed (camped) on a particular location area (or location areas) belonging to one MSC  22 . For all LMUs  44 , the MSC  22  contains a special profile indicating no supplementary services. An identifier in the MSC  22  can also distinguish LMlUs  44 , according to their capabilities such as, for example, whether or not a specific LMU is GPRS capable. All other data specific to an LMU  44  is administered in the BSC  124  through uyse of its associated SMLC  122 . 
     With reference to FIG. 4, a flow diagram of the signaling process for positioning a GPRS mobile station  20  in the GSM network  10  is shown and denoted generally as  60 . Process  60  begins where the LCS application  52  transmits an LCS service request to the GMLC  42 , or GGSN  32  (step  62 ). Routing information is then sent via a standard MAP message (step  64 ) to the HLR  30 . A routing information acknowledgment is sent from the HLR  30  (step  62 ). The routing information acknowledgement can be received by the GGSN  32  providing a mechanism for the subscriber location informaiton to be obtained and provided to the SGSN  12  (step  68 ). The SGSN, in turn, can enter a standby mode (step  70 ) and paging begins (step  72 ) from the SGSN  12  to the BSC  124 . 
     Once the BSC  124  has been paged by the SGSN  12 , a packet paging request is then sent on the Packet Changing Channel (PPCH) from the BSC  124  to the GPRS mobile station  20  (step  74 ). The GPRS mobile station  20  then sends a Packet Channel Request on the PRACH channel to the BSC  124  (step  76 ). Next, a MS packet uplink assignment is transmitted from the BSC  124  to the GPRS mobile station  20  on a PAGCH channel (step  78 ). The packet uplink assignment is followed by a packet paging response on a PPCH channel uplink from the GPRS mobile station  20  to the BSC  124  (step  80 ). 
     A paging response (step  82 ) is sent from the BSC  124  to the SGSN  12 . Once the SGSN  12  has received this paging response, ready mode is then initiated (step  84 ). 
     FIG. 5 is the continuation of the process  60  for the signaling interface of the GPRS positioning method, according to the invention. Once in ready mode (step  84 ), positioning of the GPRS;mobile station  20  is then performed (step  92 ). In particular, a location performance message is sent from the SGSN  12  to the BSC  124  which, in turn, transmits a packet downlink assignment for the PPCH channel downlink (step  94 ) to the GPRS mobile station  20 . 
     Alternatively, the BSC  124  may send a packet downlink assignment for PPCH downlink to the GPRS mobile station  20  on a PACCH for non-DRX and for packet idle mode; or the BSC  124  may send a packet downlink assignment for PPCH downlink to the GPRS mobile station  20  on a PACCH for DRX and for packet idle mode. 
     Once the proper packet downlink assignment has been sent from the BSC  124  to the GPRS mobile station  20  (step  94 ), an LCS information request is sent from the BSC  124  to the LMUs  44  (step  96 ). The LCS information request is sent in order to configure the LMUs  44  and can be transmitted on the GPRS or GSM connection, depending on whether the LMUs  44  are GPRS capable or not. In the case when the LMUs are not GPRS capable, the PCU  16  transfers the message the to BSC  20  which, in turn, sets up a connection or uses an already established connection to transfer the message. The usage an existing GPRS connection is more beneficial as it saves a radio resources of the network and, as such, the LMUs  44  can be constantly connected without consuming additional radio resources. 
     As mentioned, the existing LMUs  44  which are not GPRS capable can be used to measure the TOA of access bursts sent by the GPRS mobile station  20 . Although the packet TCH channel used in GPRS is mapped on a 52-frame structure, the idle time slots coincide with the occurrence of SACCH channel in the 26-frame structure of the TCH channel. This makes it possible to use the non-GPRS capable LMUs. However, since the content of the access burst used by the GPRS mobile station  20  differs, from the GSM mobile station, the LMUs  44  have to be adapted to recognize this type of the access burst. This can be done by a SW upgrade in the existing LMUs  44 . However, the non-GPRS capable LMUs have to be notified that the access bursts are from a GPRS mobile station  20 . Therefore, the LCS information request (step  96 ) can contain an additional element that is sent to indicate whether the access burst is from a GPRS mobile station  20  (step  98 ). 
     If the transmitted access burst is not from a GPRS mobile station  20 , then a GSM connection is established (step  100 ). If the access burst is from a GPRS mobile station  20 , then a GPRS connection is established (step  102 ). Eventually, as the network is expanded and new LMUs  44  with GPRS capability are installed, a mixed network of GPRS and non-GPRS capable LMUs can be used to position the GPRS mobile station  20 . That is, even if a GSM mobile station  20  is to be positioned, the GPRS capable LMUs can be used. In this case, the GPRS connection is used to configure the LMUs  44 . As mentioned, the use of GPRS capable LMUs saves radio resources. In a mixed configuration of GPRS and non-GPRS LMUS, the BSC  20  is responsible for handling the LMUs  44  since it contains knowledge of the type and capabilities of the LMUs  44 . 
     Once a GSM or GPRS connection has been made (step  100  or step  102 ), a Packet Pooling Request is sent (step  104 ) from the BSC  20  to the GPRS mobile station  20  on a PACCH channel. Pooling is then performed (step  106 ) from the GPRS mobile station  20  to the respective LMUs  44  on a PACCH channel. Once pooling is completed, a LCS information report is sent (step  108 ) from the LMUs  44  to the BSC  20 . The LCS INFORMATION REPORT message may be handled in the same way the LCS information request. 
     A location acknowledgment is then performed (step  110 ) from the BSC  20  to the SGSN  34 . A standard MAP or TCP/IP message may be transmitted and used to provide a subscriber location acknowledgment (step  112 ) from the SGSN  34  to the GGSN  36 . An LCS service response is then sent from the GGSN  36  to the LCS application  52  (step  114 ). 
     Having described the process in step-by-step fashion, FIG. 5 illustrates the same process  60  as a diagram  120  illustrating the signaling sequence between components in the network. Positioning of the GPRS mobile station  20  using a TOA based positioning method, according to one embodiment of the invention, is shown entirely within the BSS centric of the network as shown across the top of the diagram  120 . Upon reception of a positioning request (sequence  125 ) from a Location Services (LCS) application  52 , the GMLC  42 , equivalent to the GGSN  32 , transmits (sequence  130 ) a routing information request via a standard MAP message to the HLR  30 . A routing information acknowledgment is then sent (sequence  135 ) from the HLR  30  to the GMLC  42 . Subscriber location is then provided by the GMLC  42  (sequence  140 ) to the SGSN  12 . 
     Once a subscriber location has been provided (sequence  140 ), the SGSN  12  then pages (sequence  145 ) the BSC  124 , the PCU  16 , and the SMLC  122 . As such, the SMLC  122  is responsible for carrying out the positioning request. It should be noted that more than one SMLC  122  may be located within the coverage area sequence of the network. 
     A packet paging request is then transmitted (sequence  150 ) on a PPCH channel to the GPRS mobile station  20 . The GPRS mobile station  20  then relays a packet channel request (sequence  155 ) on a PRACH channel to the BSC  20 . The packet channel request is then followed by a packet uplink assignment (sequence  160 ) on a PAGCH channel from the BSC  124  to the GPRS mobile station  20 . The GPRS mobile station  20  then transmits a packet paging response (sequence  165 ) on a PTCH channel uplink. 
     Once paging is completed between the BSC  144  and the GPRS mobile station  20 , a paging response (sequence  170 ) is then sent from the BSC  124  to the SGSN  12 . It is the SGSN  126 . which is communicably coupled with the GGSN  32  and adapted to communicate with the GPRS mobile station  20  over the facilities of the GSM network  10 . 
     The SGSN  12 , in turn, sends a Location Performance Signal (sequence  175 ) to the BSC  124 . The BSC  124  then transmits a packet downlink assignment for PPCH downlink (sequence  180 ) on a PACCH channel for packet transfer mode. The BSC  124  may also transmit a packet downlink assignment for PPCH channel downlink (sequence  180 ) to the GPRS mobile station  20  on a PACCH for non-DRX and for packet idle mode. Alternatively, the BSC  124  may also transmit a packet downlink assignment for PPCH downlink (sequence  180 ) to the GPRS mobile station  20  on a PACCH channel for packet DRX and for packet idle mode. 
     Following receipt of the LCS information request, a packet pooling request is then sent (sequence  190 ) from the BSC  124  to the GPRS mobile station  20  on a PACCH channel. The GPRS mobile station  20  transmits the pooling request (sequence  195 ) on a PACCH channel to the LMUs  44 , both GPRS and non-GPRS capable. 
     A LCS information report (sequence  200 ) is then sent from the plurality of GPRS-LMUs  44  to the BSC  124 . The LCS INFORMATION REPORT message, like the LCS information request, is sent in order to configure the LMUs  44 . The request and report messages can be transmitted on the GPRS or GSM connection, depending on whether the LMUs  44  are GPRS capable or not. In the case when the LMUs are not GPRS capable, the PCU  56  transfers the messages to the BSC  124  which, in turn, sets up a connection (GSM) or uses an already established connection to transfer the messages. The usage of the GPRS connection is more beneficial as it saves radio resources, given that both GPRS and non-GPRS capable LMUs  44  can be utilized. 
     A location acknowledgment is then performed (sequence  205 ) from the BSC  124  to the SGSN  12 . The location acknowledgment is followed by a subscriber location acknowledgment provided (sequence  210 ) which is transmitted from the SGSN  12  to the GMLC  42 . The signal link interface is completed with a LCS service response (sequence  215 ) which is sent from the GMLC  42  to the LCS application  52 . 
     While this invention has been described with a reference to illustrative embodiments, this description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications and combinations of the illustrative embodiments as well as other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to the description. It is, therefore, intended that the appended claims encompass any such modifications or embodiments.