Abstract:
An apparatus and method for performing tests on laser chips that are not labor intensive and will not result in wasted parts should the laser chip fail the test is disclosed. A “bare” laser chip is subjected to a test in accordance with one embodiment by placing the laser chip on an insulating material with an embedded conducting contact through which the current to power the laser chip is passed. A cover plate provides a channel around the laser chip through which a jet of high pressure inert gas is passed to dissipate the self-heating of the laser chip that occurs during the test process. The laser chip is kept in place by physical pressure. In accordance with another embodiment, the temperature of the laser chip is measured and a thermoelectric cooler is used to cool the laser chip. The test on the “bare” laser chip eliminates the need to solder bond the laser chip to a carrier and attach wire bonds to the laser chip, thus reducing associated labor and parts costs.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates generally to semiconductor laser chips, and more particularly to a method and apparatus for testing bare laser chips that do not require a submount, carrier or wire bonding of the laser chips. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     A large number of applications utilize solid state lasers and amplifiers to generate or amplify light at specific wavelengths. Increasingly, laser diodes are employed for communications and are integral to optical disc recording and storage systems. 
     During production and fabrication of semiconductor laser chips, reliability tests are typically performed by the manufacturer on the semiconductor laser chips to screen out potential reliability hazards. Such testing typically requires the temperature of the laser chip be maintained at a predetermined temperature during the test. For example, present reliability testing of semiconductor lasers includes a test known as a purge of the laser chips. A laser chip has a threshold current I th  at which it will lase, i.e., emit coherent light. To maintain reliability over the life of the laser chip, it is desirable for the threshold current I th  to remain stable. A laser chip may have an initial threshold current of approximately 10 mA, for example. After the laser chip has been subjected to a purge, the threshold current I th  at which a laser chip will lase may change. A change in the threshold current I th  after the purge has been completed has been statistically shown to have a direct correlation to the long-term age rate, and hence reliability, of a laser chip. If the threshold current changes by more than some predetermined amount after the, purge, the expected life span of a laser chip can be statistically determined, and those laser chips which do not have a determined expected life span within a predetermined range will be discarded as unreliable. Thus, an upper limit for the change in threshold current I th  after a purge is determined at which a laser chip will be considered unreliable. 
     A purge is typically performed by passing 150 mA through the laser chip, while maintaining the temperature of the laser chip at 85° C., for a period of 12 or 24 hours. After the purge is performed, the threshold current I th  of the laser chip is measured and compared to the threshold current I th  for the laser chip before the purge. If the threshold current I th  has changed by more than the upper limit, the laser chip will be considered unreliable and be discarded. For example, the upper limit for a change in the threshold current I th  may be 3 mA. Thus, if the laser chip with an initial threshold current of 10 mA has for example a threshold current of 13 mA or more after the purge, it will be considered unreliable and discarded. 
     FIG. 1 illustrates in block diagram form a typical mounting assembly necessary for performing a purge on a laser chip  10 . Laser chip  10  is solder bonded to a submount  12 , such as for example a silicon substrate. Submount  12  is soldered to a carrier  14 , such as a copper carrier, which facilitates good heat sinking of the laser chip  10 . Wire bonds  16  must be attached from the laser chip  10  to the submount  12 . The laser chip  10  is then subjected to a purge as described above. 
     There are problems, however, with the conventional mounting of a laser chip  10  to perform tests such as a purge. Every laser chip that is tested must be mounted as described with respect to FIG. 1 above, i.e., soldered to a submount  12  (which is in turn soldered to a carrier  14 ), and attached by wire bonds  16 . If the laser chip  10  passes the purge, the laser chip  10 /submount  12  assembly must be de-mounted from the carrier  14  and re-mounted to a final package. If the laser chip  10  does not pass the purge, the laser chip  10 /submount  12  assembly must still be de-mounted from the carrier  14  (and discarded) so that the carrier  14  can be reused. In either case the process of de-mounting is labor intensive, thus adding to manufacturing costs. Additionally, if the laser chip  10  fails the purge, the submount  12  is discarded with the laser chip  10 , thus increasing manufacturing costs for wasted parts. 
     The purge assembly process as described above has been streamlined by eliminating the need for the carrier  14  by providing heat sinking from the test device, or alternatively pulsing the purge current to the laser chip, thus allowing the purge to be performed with the laser chip  10  mounted on just the submount  12 . While this eliminates one process and handling step (mounting the chip/submount to the carrier), it does not address the issue of the labor required for the wire bonding and the wasted surmounts for laser chips that do not pass the purge. 
     Thus, there exists a need for an apparatus and method for performing tests on laser chips that are not labor intensive and will not result in wasted parts should the laser chip fail the test. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention overcomes the problems associated with the prior art and provides an apparatus and method for performing tests on laser chips that are not labor intensive and will not result in wasted parts should the laser chip fail the test. 
     In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, a “bare” laser chip is subjected to a test by placing the laser chip on an insulating material with an embedded conducting contact through which the current to power the laser chip is passed. The temperature of the laser chip is determined by measuring its operating wavelength. A cover plate provides a channel around the laser chip through which a jet of high pressure inert gas is passed to dissipate the self-heating of the laser chip that occurs during the test process. The laser chip is kept in place as the gas passes over it by physical pressure. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, the temperature of the laser chip is determined by measuring its operating wavelength and a thermo-electric cooler (TEC) is used to cool the laser chip to dissipate the self-heating that occurs during the test process. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, the temperature of the laser chip is measured by a thermistor and a thermo-electric cooler is used to cool the laser chip to dissipate the self-heating that occurs during the test process. 
     The test on the “bare” laser chip eliminates the need to solder bond the laser chip to a carrier and attach wire bonds to the laser chip, thus reducing associated labor and parts costs. These and other advantages and features of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention which is provided in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which like items are referred to by like numerals. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art mounting of a laser chip for performing a purge on the laser chip; 
     FIG. 2 illustrates an assembly for performing a purge on a laser chip having electrical contacts on the top and bottom of the laser chip in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 3 illustrates an assembly for performing a purge on a laser chip having coplanar contacts in accordance with the first embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 4 illustrates an assembly for performing a purge on a laser chip having electrical contacts on the top and bottom of the laser chip in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 5 illustrates an assembly for performing a purge on a laser chip having coplanar contacts in accordance with the second embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 6 illustrates an assembly for performing a purge on a laser chip having electrical contacts on the top and bottom of the laser chip in accordance with a third embodiment of the present invention; and 
     FIG. 7 illustrates an assembly for performing a purge on a laser chip having coplanar contacts in accordance with the third embodiment of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The present invention will be described as set forth in the preferred embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 2-7. Other embodiments may be utilized and structural or logical changes may be made and equivalents substituted without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. 
     In accordance with the present invention, a test can be performed on a bare laser chips that is not labor intensive and will not result in wasted parts should the laser chip fail the test. 
     FIG. 2 illustrates an assembly for performing a test, such as a purge, on a laser chip  10  in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, FIG. 2 illustrates an assembly for performing a purge on a laser chip  10  that has electrical contacts on the top and bottom of the chip. A laser chip  10  is placed on an insulating material  22  embedded in a mounting block  20 . Insulating material  22  can be any type of dielectric material that will not conduct electricity, such as for example a polymer, an epoxy, or the like, that provides a fairly hard and smooth surface. Mounting block  20  is formed of any type of machinable material, such as for example brass, or other soft material into which the desired features, such as the opening for insulating material  22  and a channel  21  can be machined. 
     Within insulating material  22  is a conducting contact  24  which extends through the length of insulating material  22  and is connected to current source  28 . Conducting contact  24  provides the electrical contact via pressure for the bottom side of laser chip  10  through which the purge current is passed. Laser chip  10  is maintained in position on insulating material  22  by physical pressure exerted on it by a device, such as probe  27 . It should be noted that physical pressure can be exerted on laser chip  10  in any manner as is known in the art. A conductive contact  26  in probe  27  provides the electrical contact via pressure for the top side of laser chip  10  and completes the circuit to current source  28 . Conducting contacts  24 ,  26  can be formed of any conductive material such as for example gold or copper. Current source  28  provides the purge current, such as for example 150 mA, to laser chip  10 . 
     A cover plate  30  is placed on mounting block  20  to form a channel  32  connected to channel  21  in mounting block  20 . Channels  21  and  32  provide a continuous channel from a flow controller  46  through mounting block  20  to the laser chip  10 . A gas source  48  is connected to flow controller  48 . 
     The operation of the assembly of FIG. 2 is as follows. As previously indicated, a purge is typically performed at a bias current of 150 mA while maintaining the temperature of the laser chip at 85° C. for a period of 12 or 24 hours. Prior to purging, laser chip  10  is tested for a number of performance characteristics. One measurement is the wavelength of the laser light at 85° C. As is known in the art, the wavelength output by a laser chip is directly related to its operating temperature. Thus, the wavelength of the laser being output by laser chip  10  can be used to indicate the temperature of the laser chip  10 . When current source  28  outputs the purge current, such as for example 150 mA, to laser chip  10  through contacts  24 ,  26 , laser chip  10  outputs a beam of light  50 . Light beam  50  is aligned with an optical fiber  40  which is coupled to a spectrum analyzer  42 . Spectrum analyzer  42  measures the wavelength of beam  50 , and thereby determines the temperature of laser chip  10 . 
     When laser chip  10  is biased to the 150 mA purge bias condition, laser chip  10  will self-heat causing the wavelength to shift, thus indicating a change in temperature. The temperature of laser chip as determined by spectrum analyzer  42  is input to controller  44 . Controller  44  may include a programmable logic device, one example being a microprocessor. If a microprocessor is used, it may be any conventional general purpose single- or multi-chip microprocessor, or may be any conventional special purpose microprocessor such as a digital signal processor. When the temperature of the laser chip  10  rises above 85° C., controller  44  will turn on flow controller  46 . Flow controller  46  will cause a high pressure jet of gas from gas source  48  to flow through channels  21 ,  32  in the direction of arrow  49 . The jet of gas will flow over laser chip  10 , thereby providing cooling of the laser chip  10  to maintain the temperature of laser chip  10  at 85° C. The gas from gas source  48  is preferably a pre-filtered gas that does not contain a lot of particulate matter that could accumulate on laser chip  10 , such as for example filtered air, nitrogen (N 2 ), argon (Ar) or any other inert gas. By continuously monitoring the beam of light  50  via spectrum analyzer  42  in a feed back loop through controller  44 , the flow of gas from flow controller  46  can be set to maintain a wavelength corresponding to a laser chip  10  temperature of 85° C. 
     Thus, in accordance with the present invention, a purge test can be performed on a laser chip  10  without having to solder bond laser chip  10  to a submount or a carrier, thus reducing the processing and handling steps. Furthermore, if laser chip  10  fails the purge, it can be discarded without having first having to remove it from a carrier and without a submount attached, thus further reducing handling steps and reducing the amount of wasted parts, i.e., the submount. 
     FIG. 3 illustrates an assembly for performing a purge on a laser chip  30  in accordance with a modified first embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, FIG. 3 illustrates an assembly for performing a purge on a laser chip  30  that has coplanar electrical contacts, i.e., contacts on the same side of the chip. The operation of the assembly of FIG. 3 is identical to that as described with respect to FIG. 2 except conducting contacts  24 ,  26  are both within insulating material  22  to provide the electrical contacts via pressure for the contacts on the bottom side of laser chip  30  through which the purge current is passed. A device, such as probe  27  without any electrical conductors, is provided on top of laser chip  30  to provide physical pressure to laser chip  30  to maintain it in position on insulating material  22 . 
     FIG. 4 illustrates an assembly for performing a test, such as a purge, on a laser chip  10  in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, FIG. 4 illustrates an assembly for performing a purge on a laser chip  10  that has electrical contacts on the top and bottom of the chip. A laser chip  10  is placed on a temperature device, such as a thermo-electric cooler (TEC)  60 . The temperature of TEC  60  is varied based on an input signal to TEC Driver  64  from controller  44  through a digital to analog (D/A) converter  66 . 
     A conducting contact  24  extends through TEC  60  and is connected to current source  28 . Conducting contact  24  provides the electrical contact via pressure for the bottom side of laser chip  10  through which the purge current is passed. Laser chip  10  is maintained in position on insulating material  22  by physical pressure exerted on it by a device, such as probe  27 . It should be noted that physical pressure can be exerted on laser chip  10  in any manner as is known in the art. A conductive contact  26  in probe  27  provides the electrical contact via pressure for the top side of laser chip  10  and completes the circuit to current source  28 . Conducting contacts  24 ,  26  can be formed of any conductive material such as for example gold or copper. Current source  28  provides the purge current, such as for example 150 mA, to laser chip  10 . 
     The operation of the assembly of FIG. 4 is similar to that as described with respect to FIG. 2, except that when the temperature of the laser chip  10  rises-above 85° C., controller  44  will send a signal to TEC Driver  64  to adjust the temperature of TEC  60  to cool laser chip  10 . By continuously monitoring the output wavelength to determine the temperature of laser chip  10  and adjust the temperature of TEC  60  accordingly, the temperature of the laser chip  10  can be maintained at a desired level, such as for example 85° C. 
     FIG. 5 illustrates an assembly for performing a purge on a laser chip  30  in accordance with a modified second embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, FIG. 5 illustrates an assembly for performing a purge on a laser chip  30  that has coplanar electrical contacts. The operation of the assembly of FIG. 5 is identical to that as described with respect to FIG. 4 except conducting contacts  24 ,  26  are both within TEC  60  to provide the electrical contacts via pressure for the contacts on the bottom side of laser chip  30  through which the purge current is passed. A device, such as probe  27  without any electrical conductors, is provided on top of laser chip  30  to provide physical pressure to laser chip  30  to maintain it in position on TEC  60 . 
     FIG. 6 illustrates an assembly for performing a test, such as a purge, on a laser chip  10  in accordance with a third embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, FIG. 6 illustrates an assembly for performing a purge on a laser chip  10  that has electrical contacts on the top and bottom of the chip. The assembly of FIG. 6 is similar to that as described with respect to FIG. 4 except that a thermistor  62  is provided to directly measure the temperature of laser chip  10 . The temperature as measured by thermistor  62  is input to controller  44 . 
     The operation of the assembly of FIG. 6 is similar to that as described with respect to FIG. 2, except that when the temperature of the laser chip  10  as measured by thermistor  62  rises above 85° C., controller  44  will send a signal to TEC Driver  64  to adjust the temperature of TEC  60  to cool laser chip  10 . By continuously monitoring the temperature of laser chip  10  and adjusting the temperature of TEC  60  accordingly, the temperature of the laser chip  10  can be maintained at a desired level, such as for example 85° C. 
     FIG. 7 illustrates an assembly for performing a purge on a laser chip  30  in accordance with a modified third embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, FIG. 7 illustrates an assembly for performing a purge on a laser chip  30  that has coplanar electrical contacts. The operation of the assembly of FIG. 7 is identical to that as described with respect to FIG. 6 except conducting contacts  24 ,  26  are both within TEC  60  to provide the electrical contacts via pressure for the contacts on the bottom side of laser chip  30  through which the purge current is passed. A device, such as probe  27  without any electrical conductors, is provided on top of laser chip  30  to provide physical pressure to laser chip  30  to maintain it in position on TEC  60 . 
     Thus, in accordance with the present invention, tests that require the temperature of a laser chip to be maintained at a predetermined level can be performed without intensive labor for set up and will not result in wasted parts should the laser chip fail the test. It should be noted that while the invention has been described with respect to performing a purge test on a bare laser chip, the invention is not so limited and may be used to perform any type of test on a laser chip. 
     Reference has been made to preferred embodiments in describing the invention. However, additions, deletions, substitutions, or other modifications which would fall within the scope of the invention defined in the claims may be implemented by those skilled in the art and familiar with the disclosure of the invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not to be considered as limited by the foregoing description, but is only limited by the scope of the appended claims.