Abstract:
A communication network is optimized using modal antenna techniques, wherein a plurality of communication nodes are synchronized with each other along with mobile and fixed wireless communication devices which comprise the user base. With one or more of the communication nodes and wireless communication devices including at least one respective modal antenna, the network is adapted for dynamic optimization of communication links amongst the wireless users. Node to user throughput, node to node throughput, as well as interference characteristics among the nodes and wireless users are each optimized as a network system to increase communication system network capacity and reliability. The multiple radiation patterns provided by the modal antennas provide a parametric for network-level synchronization to improve communication system performance.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims benefit of priority with U.S. Provisional Ser. No. 61/955,163, filed Mar. 18, 2014, titled “MODAL ANTENNA BASED COMMUNICATION SYSTEM”; the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    This invention relates generally to the field of wireless communication; and more particularly, to communication networks and improvements afforded to these networks when beam steering techniques via modal antenna systems are used on both communication nodes and wireless subscribers to increase system capacity and mitigate interference therebetween. 
         [0004]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0005]    In the field of wireless communications, a recent technological advancement includes the advent of multi-mode active antennas, or “modal antennas”. A modal antenna is a single port antenna capable of being actively reconfigured between a plurality of antenna modes, wherein the modal antenna is characterized with a distinct radiation pattern in each of the plurality of antenna modes. By using the modal antenna capable of generating different radiation patterns, it is possible to exploit a priori knowledge of antenna nulls and lobes in the different modes for steering the beam to have nulls in dominant interference directions while keeping gain in desired directions. Examples of structures and implementations of the modal antennas are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 7,911,402, entitled “ANTENNA AND METHOD FOR STEERING ANTENNA BEAM DIRECTION,” issued on Mar. 22, 2011; the contents of the which are hereby incorporated by reference and are summarized as follows: 
         [0006]      FIG. 1  illustrates an example of a modal antenna  100 , which includes an Isolated Magnetic Dipole™ (IMD) element  104  placed on a ground plane  108 , a first parasitic element  112  coupled to an first active element  113 , and a second parasitic element  116  coupled to a second active element  117 . The active elements  113  and  117  may include switches that either electrically connect (short) or disconnect (open) the parasitic elements  112  and  116  to the ground plane  108 . This structure allows for two different modes of operation with a common frequency corresponding to a first state where the parasitic elements  112  and  116  are shorted to the ground and a second state where the parasitic elements  112  and  116  are open. 
         [0007]      FIG. 2(   a ) illustrates a radiation pattern  204  associated with the antenna  100  in the first state; and  FIG. 2(   b ) illustrates a radiation pattern  208  in the second state, which shows a ninety-degree shift in direction as compared to the radiation pattern  204 . Thus, by controlling the active elements  113  and  117  of the modal antenna  100 , the operation of two modes can be obtained at the same frequency. The control scheme can be extended for three or more multi-mode operations by incorporating, for example, tunable elements in the active elements for variable control and additional active elements for matching. Further, while a parasitic element coupled to a switch will exhibit two tuning states as the switch is (i) shorted or (ii) opened, another parasitic element being coupled to a variable control active element, such as a tunable capacitor or similar tunable element, will be capable of three or more discrete tuning states, and the resulting antenna will be capable of tuning across a plurality of corresponding antenna modes. Examples of these active elements include switches, tunable capacitors, tunable phase shifters, diodes, micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) switches, MEMS tunable capacitors, and transistors including a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), a metal semiconductor field effect transistor (MESFET), a pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (pHEMT), a heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) or of other suitable technologies. 
         [0008]    Although certain examples are provided above, it shall be recognized that the term “modal antenna” is intended to include any single-port antenna system configured to produce a plurality of distinct radiation patterns with each radiation pattern thereof corresponding to a unique mode of a plurality of possible antenna modes. Note that the modal antenna will be characterized with a first antenna radiation pattern when in the first mode, and will be further characterized with a second and distinct antenna radiation pattern when in the second mode. Also note that the modal antenna will produce only a single mode and corresponding radiation pattern at any given time, but that the modal antenna can vary the antenna mode in time to vary the antenna&#39;s radiation pattern. 
         [0009]    For purposes herein, the term “antenna radiation pattern” is defined as: the variation of the power radiated by the antenna as a function of the direction away from the antenna. 
         [0010]    Now, with the above understanding of the modal antenna, we describe the state of the art of communication networks. 
         [0011]    For purposes herein, a “communication network” includes: one or more sub-networks of communication nodes, and wireless communication devices configured to communicate with the communication nodes. A communication system may include a subpopulation of communication nodes and wireless devices within a single room, a building, a city block, or other space. 
         [0012]    The term “sub-network” is defined as: a group of interconnected communication nodes and wireless communication devices. 
         [0013]    The term “communication node” is defined as a central connecting point through which one or more wireless communication devices communicate to form a network. A communication node may include, for example, a WiFi access point (AP) or cellular base station transceiver (BST), including a miniature cellular base station transceiver (mBST) also referred to as a “small cell site” or “personal base station”. 
         [0014]    The term “wireless communication device”, is defined as any device configured to communicate with one or more other devices through a wireless network connection. A wireless communication device may include a “mobile device”, such as, for example, a cell phone, tablet, or lap top computer, which is portable. Another example of wireless communication devices includes a wireless computer tower, which is non-portable or “fixed”. The terms “mobile user device” and “mobile device” are a subset of the group of wireless communication devices including those devices which are mobile or portable. 
         [0015]    Cellular networks and wireless local area networks (WLANs) are now prevalent in society and have evolved to a level that moderate to high data rate transmissions along with voice communications are stable and reliable over large regions and throughout urban areas. Mobile user devices have progressed to the point of providing not only voice communications and low data rate text and email service, but also high data rate internet connectivity. Continued adoption of mobile devices, and introduction of new uses of cellular networks, such as machine to machine (M2M) applications, have put a strain on the cellular systems in regard to providing consistent service and improved service in terms of higher data rates and less service interruptions from one year to the next. Similar congestion can be found on WLAN networks were large number of users are putting strain on the systems. Continued improvements are sought after to improve communication system reliability as well as better command and control of communication nodes and the mobile devices utilizing these nodes. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0016]    It is therefore one aspect of the invention to provide an improved communication system, with improved management of the communication nodes that make up the communication system, and increased flexibility of synchronizing multiple mobile device users of these networks. 
         [0017]    In the instant disclosure, a communication network is optimized using modal antenna techniques, wherein a plurality of communication nodes are synchronized with each other along with mobile and fixed wireless communication devices which comprise the user base. With one or more of the communication nodes and wireless communication devices including at least one respective modal antenna, the network is adapted for dynamic optimization of communication links amongst the wireless users. Node to user throughput, node to node throughput, as well as interference characteristics among the nodes and wireless users are each optimized as a network system to increase communication system network capacity and reliability. The multiple radiation patterns provided by the modal antennas provide a parametric for network-level synchronization to improve communication system performance. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0018]      FIG. 1  shows an example of a modal antenna. 
           [0019]      FIG. 2(   a ) illustrates a radiation pattern associated with the antenna of  FIG. 1  in the first state. 
           [0020]      FIG. 2(   b ) illustrates a radiation pattern associated with the antenna of  FIG. 1  when in the second state, which shows a ninety-degree shift in direction as compared to the radiation pattern of the first state. 
           [0021]      FIG. 3  illustrates a communication network having three nodes and four communication devices; at least one of the nodes includes a modal antenna and algorithm which is used to optimize communication links with the multiple communication devices. 
           [0022]      FIG. 4  shows an example of a signal data matrix (matrix of data) wherein signal level data is populated for various nodes and devices among a plurality of modes of the modal antenna. 
           [0023]      FIG. 5  shows a method for optimizing link quality and reducing interferers among devices and nodes within a modal antenna communication network. 
           [0024]      FIG. 6  illustrates a communication network having three communication nodes and four wireless communication devices; multiple of the nodes and devices each contain a modal antenna. 
           [0025]      FIG. 7  shows multiple signal data matrices with data propagated from multiple nodes and devices. 
           [0026]      FIG. 8  shows another method for optimizing link quality and reducing interferers among devices and nodes within a modal antenna communication network. 
           [0027]      FIG. 9A  illustrates a communication node which is positioned close to a wall or obstruction; an external antenna is used to transmit and/or receive for the access point or base terminal; the antenna position in relation to the obstruction or wall will affect the performance of the antenna. 
           [0028]      FIG. 9B  is a plot of antenna gain as a function of antenna position from obstruction with respect to the communication node of  FIG. 9A . 
           [0029]      FIG. 10  illustrates a communication which contains a modal antenna capable of generating multiple radiation patterns; the four radiation patterns (modes) are shown. 
           [0030]      FIG. 11  shows a two dimensional plot of the corresponding antenna radiation patterns associated with the four modes of the modal antenna of  FIG. 10 . 
           [0031]      FIG. 12  illustrates a communication network operating in a building; wherein one node of the communication network connects to a base terminal external to the building and relays information to and from other nodes positioned in-building. 
           [0032]      FIG. 13  illustrates a communication network operating in an apartment, wherein a communication node is installed on the floor of a building and coupled with five communication devices labeled E 1  through E 5 . 
           [0033]      FIG. 14  shows an attenuation profile for the communication links shown in  FIG. 13  as a function of time. 
           [0034]      FIG. 15A  illustrates the frequency response of a signal used in a communication network that occupies a set bandwidth. 
           [0035]      FIG. 15B  shows the time domain response of this frequency domain signal of  FIG. 15A . 
           [0036]      FIG. 15C  shows a time domain plot of the propagation channel characteristics for four radiation modes. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
       [0037]    In the following description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, details and descriptions are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention in accordance with an illustrated embodiment. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced in other embodiments that depart from these details and descriptions without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. An illustrated embodiment will be described below with reference to the drawings wherein illustrative features are denoted by reference numerals. 
         [0038]    Herein described is a communication network where beam steering antenna techniques are implemented in the form of modal antenna techniques at both the communication nodes and the mobile and fixed devices. A modal antenna is generally a single port antenna system capable of generating multiple radiation modes, wherein the radiation modes are de-correlated when compared to each other. The propagation link characteristics are measured for each mobile and fixed device on the communication network, with the link characteristics per radiation mode for each device transmitted to one or several nodes in the network. The network determines the optimal radiation modes for each mobile and fixed device on the network to provide optimal data transfer between mobile and fixed devices and the nodes as well as data transfer between mobile and fixed devices with other mobile and fixed devices. Interference characteristics for devices on the network are taken into consideration and accounted for during the radiation mode selection process for the mobile and fixed devices. 
         [0039]    One embodiment includes a modal communication network comprised of a plurality of communication nodes, with a plurality of the nodes possessing modal antennas capable of generating multiple radiation modes. A plurality of mobile and fixed communication devices using this modal communication network are further configured with modal antennas capable of generating multiple radiation modes. Each node surveys communication devices in the vicinity, or within range, and determines the radiation mode for the modal antenna at the node and the modal antenna at the communication device for optimal communication link performance therebetween. Each communication device using the modal communication network that possesses a modal antenna conducts a survey of nodes and communication devices comprising and using the modal communication network. Communication link quality between communication devices and nodes and interfering signals from one communication device to other communication devices is noted and logged, and this information is transmitted as signal data from each communication device to one or multiple nodes. A modal communication control unit contains a processor with algorithm which collects and analyzes information on link quality related to radiation modes of modal antennas at the nodes and communication devices using the network. The algorithm makes decisions based on system metrics such as capacity, throughput, received signal strength indicator (RSSI), channel quality indicator (CQI), and other parameters to provide optimal system performance. Modal antenna mode selection is made by the algorithm and this information is transmitted to the nodes on the network as well as the communication devices. Each node and device then configures the respective modal antennas in a preferred mode (also called an “operating mode”). 
         [0040]    In another embodiment, one node is selected as a master node that interfaces with the modal communication control unit. The master node is used to send modal antenna mode selection to the other nodes in the communication system as well as the communication devices on the network. 
         [0041]    In another embodiment, a fixed location communication device is connected to the modal communication system and the radiation modes of the integrated modal antenna system in the fixed location device are tested to determine the optimum mode to use when communicating with a node. The use of multiple radiation modes in the fixed location device provides the capability of choosing the best mode for the propagation environment in the vicinity of the fixed location device and the nodes that it can communicate with. The best radiation mode is selected and used for communication per node. Periodic sampling of the other modes is performed to verify that the best mode is used. The periodic sampling of the other available modes provides the capability of compensating the antenna system characteristics for changes in the propagation channel. 
         [0042]    In another embodiment, a modal communication network can interface with another communication network such as a cellular network operating at  3 G or  4 G protocol. The modal communication network can be a dedicated in-building link where multiple communication devices and nodes are dispersed within the building. This dedicated in-building link can be operating on the WLAN protocol or can be operating on a private secure communication system. One or multiple nodes can operate at the frequency band and protocol that the cellular network operates at, and can provide a communication link between the cellular network and the modal communication network. The nodes that are assigned to communicate with the cellular network contain modal antennas that are dual or multi-frequency such that the node can communicate with the cellular system and relay data to communication devices on the modal communication network. A modal antenna can select the radiation mode that best interfaces with the cellular network, and then communicates to in-building devices on the modal communication network by selecting the modal communication network radiation mode that best interfaces with the in-building device. This type of communication network can provide improved transmission performance for in-building applications. 
         [0043]    In another embodiment, a communication network comprises: one or multiple communication nodes, where a node is comprised of a communication circuit capable of transmitting and receiving data; one or multiple communication devices, wherein a communication device comprising a communication circuit capable of transmitting or receiving data; and a communication control unit; wherein one or more of the nodes comprise a modal antenna, wherein the modal antenna is capable of generating a plurality of radiation modes each having a distinct radiation pattern at each mode. The communication control unit contains an algorithm which implements a radiation mode selection process to optimize the communication link between nodes and communication devices by selecting radiation modes for the nodes with modal antennas. 
         [0044]    The communication system may include one of the nodes containing a modal antenna being assigned a master control status (termed master node), wherein the master node is responsible for control of the other nodes and communication devices. The master node will monitor the communication link performance between node to node, communication device to node, and/or communication device to communication device. 
         [0045]    In certain embodiments, the master node establishes a connection with a second communication network, with this second communication network operating at a different frequency, modulation scheme, and/or protocol compared to the first communication network. The master node receives and transmits data from the second communication network and sends the data to, or receives data from, nodes and/or communication devices that are associated with the first communication network. 
         [0046]    In another embodiment, the master node receives data from a node associated with the second communication network and transmits this data using the first communication network to a communication device or node associated with the first communication network. The node or communication device that receives the data from the master node transmits the data using the first communication network to another node or communication device on the first communication network. 
         [0047]    In another embodiment, the master node contains a first modal antenna associated with the first communication network and a second modal antenna associated with the second communication network. 
         [0048]    In another embodiment, one or multiple communication devices each contain a modal antenna, wherein a modal antenna system is capable of generating a plurality of radiation modes. The modal antenna of the communication device measures communication link performance between the communication device and one or multiple nodes for the plurality of radiation modes of the modal antenna system of the communication device. The communication link performance for the radiation modes is transmitted to one or multiple nodes, which relays the information to the communication control unit. The communication control unit contains an algorithm which implements a radiation mode selection process to optimize the communication link between nodes and communication devices by proper selection of radiation modes for the modal antennas at the communication device and the nodes. 
         [0049]    In another embodiment, a communication network comprises: multiple communication nodes, and a communication control unit; wherein one or more of the nodes comprise a modal antenna, wherein the modal antenna is capable of generating a plurality of radiation modes each having a distinct radiation pattern at each mode. The communication control unit contains an algorithm which implements a radiation mode selection process to optimize the communication link between nodes and communication devices by selecting radiation modes for the nodes with modal antennas. 
         [0050]    Now turning to the drawings: 
         [0051]      FIG. 3  illustrates a communication network  100  having three access points or nodes  101   a ;  101   b ;  101   c  and four communication devices  102   a ;  102   b ;  102   c ;  102   n . One or more of the nodes each contain a modal antenna which is used to establish communication links with the multiple communication devices. Communication link quality data is measured and stored for modal antennas in both the nodes and communication devices. An algorithm  103  hosted in one of the nodes is used to compare signal level achieved between nodes and devices for determining a potential link quality improvement. If an improvement is obtainable, the algorithm will select the preferred mode prior to communicating instructions to the devices and nodes containing modal antennas for configuring the modal antennas in their preferred mode for optimizing link performance and minimizing interferers within the communication network. 
         [0052]      FIG. 4  shows an example of a signal data matrix (matrix of data) wherein signal level data is populated for various nodes and devices among a plurality of modes of the modal antenna. Here, the nodes are labeled as AP 1  to APn, and the devices are labeled as Device  1  to Device n. 
         [0053]      FIG. 5  shows a method for optimizing link quality and reducing interferers among devices and nodes within a modal antenna communication network. 
         [0054]      FIG. 6  illustrates a communication network  100  having three nodes  101   a ;  101   b ;  101   c  and four communication devices  102   a ;  102   b ;  102   c ;  102   n . The nodes contain modal antennas which are used to establish communication links with the multiple communication devices. Communication link quality data is measured and stored for modal antennas for links between communication device to communication device, as well as communication device to node, and node to node. This data is used to populate a signal data matrix, and a plurality of data matrices can be combined for the various nodes and devices as shown in  FIG. 7 . 
         [0055]      FIG. 8  shows another method for optimizing link quality and reducing interferers among devices and nodes within a modal antenna communication network. 
         [0056]      FIG. 9A  illustrates a communication node such as an access point or base terminal which is positioned close to a wall or obstruction. An external antenna is used to transmit and/or receive for the access point or base terminal. Distances between antenna and the wall or obstruction (D 1 ); the node and the wall or obstruction (D 2 ); the bent external antenna (D 3 ) are each shown. The antenna position in relation to the obstruction or wall will affect the performance of the antenna. 
         [0057]      FIG. 9B  shows a plot of antenna gain as a function of antenna position from obstruction. 
         [0058]      FIG. 10  illustrates a communication node which contains a modal antenna. The modal antenna is a single port antenna capable of generating a distinct radiation patterns for each of the multiple modes of the modal antenna. Four radiation pattern modes M 1 ; M 2 ; M 3 ; and M 4  of the modal antenna embedded in the base terminal or access point are each shown. A modal antenna where multiple radiation modes can be generated can be integrated internal to an access point or terminal and radiation modes can be selected to optimize the corresponding radiation pattern for the environment. 
         [0059]      FIG. 11  shows a two-dimensional plot of the radiation patterns corresponding to modes M 1  thru M 4  of the modal antenna of  FIG. 10 . Note that the gain maxima and nulls can be steered in a desired direction by configuring the antenna in one of the four illustrated modes. 
         [0060]      FIG. 12  illustrates a communication network operating in a building. The cellular network is capable of monitoring building communications in addition to communications with external devices such as the cell phone as shown. One node of the communication network connects to a cellular base station transceiver that is external to the building and relays information to and from other nodes positioned in-building. Node E 1  is connected to the cellular network. Because E 1  is the node gateway to the network, node E 1  is regularly synchronized with the network. E 2  could be implemented as a sub-node; optimizing links L 1  or L 3  depending on the request from E 1 . 
         [0061]      FIG. 13  illustrates an access point installed on the floor of a building (apartment) and coupled with five communication devices labeled E 1  through E 5 .  FIG. 14  shows an attenuation profile for the communication links as a function of time. 
         [0062]      FIG. 15A  illustrates the frequency response of a signal used in a communication network that occupies a set bandwidth. 
         [0063]      FIG. 15B  shows the time domain response of this frequency domain signal of  FIG. 15A . 
         [0064]      FIG. 15C  shows a time domain plot of the propagation channel characteristics for four radiation modes. 
         [0065]    While this document contains many specifics, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of an invention or of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features specific to particular embodiments of the invention. Certain features that are described in this document in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be exercised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or a variation of a subcombination.