Abstract:
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) receiver embodiments of the invention provide data demodulator synchronization by finding the end of the short preamble in an IEEE-802.11a burst transmission. This method exploits the fact that there are certain symmetries in the long-preamble that can be used to determine synchronization. The long-preamble sequence is composed of a guard interval (GI) and two long-preamble symbols; the GI is the last 32 samples of the long-preamble symbol. The 32 nd  sample of the long-preamble acts as a “pilot” or “anchor” sample in that the previous N and subsequent N samples are complex conjugates, or conjugate “mirror” vectors. Due to the periodicities of the long-preamble, this property repeats every 32 samples. No other samples in the long preamble exhibit this property. Coherent combining is used in one embodiment for robustness. Once this “pilot” or “anchor” sample is located, the end of the short-preamble is declared to have occurred 32 samples earlier, thus establishing a time reference.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    1. Technical Field  
           [0002]    The invention relates to physical layer (PHY) digital signal processing for use in processors developed for wireless local area networks (LAN&#39;s), and more particularly to wireless LAN&#39;s based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) in the license-free national information structure (U-NII) radio spectrum bands in the United States and generally conforming to IEEE Specification 802.11a.  
           [0003]    2. Description of the Prior Art  
           [0004]    Local area networks (LAN&#39;s) have traditionally been interconnected by twisted-wire pairs and shielded cables. However, there are several deficiencies of traditional LAN&#39;s. The main being restricted mobility. In contrast, a whole class of untethered computing has emerged which uses complex modulation and coding to achieve high-speed data rates. The IEEE 802.11a standard, herein “802.11a”, specifies, among other things, the physical layer (PHY) entity for an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system with data payload communication capabilities of 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 54 Mb/s. The 802.11a standard specifies RF transmission in the 5.15-5.25, 5.25-5.35, and 5.725-5.825 GHZ unlicensed national information structure (U-NII) bands.  
           [0005]    Typically, the IEEE communication standards specify the transmit bit-stream in addition to performance specifications, RF emissions requirements, etc. The wireless transmission medium inherently introduces some unique impairments (not present in traditional LAN&#39;s) to the transmitted signal which must be mitigated in the remote receiver station. These impairments include signal fading, multi-path reflections, base- and remote-unit oscillator mismatch introduced frequency offset, timing misalignment, and timing synchronization. In addition, there are RF hardware limitations such as receiver IQ imbalance and phase noise that must be mitigated as well. As such, the mitigation of such effects falls under the category of baseband digital signal processing. To assist the remote unit in mitigating these effects, a known training sequence is usually embedded into the transmit bit stream; this occurs at the expense of bandwidth. Of course, the same problems occur in the upstream direction (remote station transmitting to the base station), but it suffices to discuss the downstream digital signal processing.  
           [0006]    In this disclosure, one such digital signal processing method, timing synchronization, is outlined. This processing block determines an absolute timing reference for the received burst. For the 802.11a standard, determining the boundary between the short- and long-preamble is sufficient to establish synchronization, i.e. if the start of the long-preamble is known, then data demodulation can proceed.  
           [0007]    It is assumed that some form of frequency correction has been applied to the signal prior to performing synchronization estimation. One embodiment of coarse frequency estimation is disclosed in “Coarse Frequency Offset Estimation—Patent Disclosure”, Alain Chiodini, John Reagan, nBand Communications, 2000.  
           [0008]    Conventional methods for establishing timing synchronization are correlation-based methods which correlate a portion of the known short- and long-preamble with the received data. However, there are several disadvantages of this type of approach. These are: (a) a sequence needs to be stored locally, and (b) the pre-stored sequence does not account for signal distortions (A/D, quantization effects, phase distortion, IQ imbalance, . . . ) which results in non-optimal correlation values.  
           [0009]    The transmission scheme in 802.11a is bursty. This means that the receivers must digitally process the training sequence to mitigate the undesired signal impairments each time a burst commences. This means that it is desirable for the processing blocks to be as robust and computationally efficient as possible.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0010]    Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) receiver embodiments of the invention provide data demodulator synchronization by finding the end of the short preamble in an IEEE-802.11a burst transmission. This method exploits the fact that there are certain symmetries in the long-preamble that can be used to determine synchronization. The long-preamble sequence is composed of a guard interval (GI) and two long-preamble symbols. The GI is the last 32 samples of the long-preamble symbol. The 32 nd  sample of the long-preamble acts as a “pilot” or “anchor” sample in that the previous N and subsequent N samples are complex conjugates, or conjugate “mirror” vectors. Due to the periodicities of the long-preamble, this property repeats every 32 samples. No other samples in the long preamble exhibit this property. Coherent combining is used in one embodiment for robustness. Once this “pilot” or “anchor” sample is located, the end of the short-preamble is declared to have occurred 32 samples earlier, thus establishing a time reference. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0011]    [0011]FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of an OFDM radio-transceiver embodiment of the invention;  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 2 is a diagram representing the structure of the synchronizing PLCP preamble, signal, and data fields used for the physical layer (PHY) of a wireless local area network (LAN) conforming to the IEEE-802.11a Specification; and  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 3 is a flowchart of a method embodiment of the invention for demodulator synchronization by determining the boundary-point timing between the short and long preamble, (note that for simplicity the coherent and non-coherent combining concepts are not shown). 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0014]    [0014]FIG. 1 illustrates a wireless local area network (LAN) embodiment of the invention, and is referred to herein by the general reference numeral 100. Such wireless LAN is preferably based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), and quadrature amplitude modulated (QAM) signals transmitted in the license-free 5 GHz frequency band. The wireless LAN  100  typically includes a wireless network  101  connected to the Internet, a PHY-transmitter  102 , and a PHY-receiver  103 . Such all conform to the IEEE-802.11a specification for a physical layer (PHY) interface in a wireless local area network which allows mobile clients. The transmitter  102  comprises a digital signal processor (DSP)  104  which implements a forward error correction (FEC) coder  106 , an interleaving and mapping process  108 , an inverse fast Fourier transform processor  110 , and a symbol wave shaper  112 . The DSP  104  outputs in-phase (I) and quadrature-phase (Q) signals that are input to an IQ modulator  114  driven by a local oscillator  116 . The modulated output is sent to a mixer  118  for upconversion to the 5 GHz band. A second local oscillator  120  provides the necessary carrier frequency. A high power amplifier (HPA)  122  drives a transmitter antenna  124 . A radio up-link  125  is received by the wireless network  101 . In general, the transmitter  102  can be implemented with conventional methods and components.  
         [0015]    The receiver  103  receives a radio down-link  126  that is typically transmitted in bursts. Each burst is begun with a training sequence, e.g. a short and long preamble. The receiver  103  includes a receiver antenna  128  followed by a low-noise amplifier (LNA)  130 . A local oscillator  132  and a first mixer  134  produce an intermediate frequency (IF). An automatic gain control (AGC) amplifier  136  smoothes out signal-strength variations and drives an IQ-detector  138 . A buffer is used to store I/Q samples as received for subsequent digital signal processing, e.g. to find the end of the short preamble.  
         [0016]    A second local oscillator  140  provides the carrier necessary to derive the I/Q samples, e.g. 16-bit binary at 20.0 MHz. In all embodiments of the invention, no automatic frequency control (AFC) clock recovery is needed because any frequency offset errors are corrected in later digital processing. A receiver-DSP  142  comprises a fast Fourier transform process  144 , a demapping and deinterleaving process  146 , and an FEC decoder  148 . The receiver-DSP  142  further includes the necessary digital logic needed for carrier frequency offset determination and correction.  
         [0017]    The higher levels of the mobile client are represented by a media access controller (MAC)  150  and a client agent software  152 .  
         [0018]    The long preamble begins with a guard interval (GI)  208  that is two 0.8 μS units long. Each long symbol (T1 and T2)  210  and  212  is 3.2 μS in transmission duration. The received signal is typically measured in 16-bit I/Q samples every 0.05 μS. Thus, there are thirty-two samples that span the 1.6 μS of GI  208 . The object is to find the boundary  206  between the short and long preambles  202  and  204 .  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 2 diagrams a method embodiment of the invention for determining the end of the short preamble, and is referred to herein by the general reference numeral  300 .  
         [0020]    The preferred method embodiment of the invention uses reverse index multiplication to find the boundary between the short and long preambles. It is assumed that the packet detection algorithm already has established a “rough” timing reference, i.e. sample x(0) may be not necessarily be the first sample of the packet, but that the start of the packet is known to lie somewhere between x(0) and x(16) for example. Starting at sample x(n) (somewhere “close” to the boundary), the vector comprised of [x(n) x(n−1) . . . x(n−N−1)] is conjugate multiplied with the vector comprised of [x(n) x(n+1) . . . x(n+N−1)]. For all n not equal to the 32 nd  sample into the long-preamble, the result is noise-like. When n equal the 32 nd  sample of the long preamble, the product yields a large number. Due to the symmetries, the same property (and values) hold for n offset by 64 samples. Because of this, these vectors can be coherently combined prior to taking the inner product. The vectors offset by 32 exhibit the same property (but not values) and are non-coherently combined. The magnitude squared of the result is computed and stored in a vector. The index of the maximum of the vector is the index of the start of the first long preamble symbol, and subtracting thirty-two yields the index of the start of the long-preamble sequence.  
         [0021]    This is computed as follows:  
               y        (   n   )       =                         ∑     k   =   0       N   -   1              {       x        (     n   -   k     )       +     x        (     n   -   k   +   64     )         }          {       x        (     n   +   k     )       +     x        (     n   +   k   +   64     )         }         +                                    ∑     k   =   0       N   -   1              x        (     n   +   32   -   k     )            x        (     n   +   32   +   k     )                2                               
 
         [0022]    Constraint-based Correlator  
         [0023]    An alternative embodiment of the current invention is as follows; The idea consists in including potential signal distortions (such as frequency offset, timing offset, etc), which could cause the characteristics of the received signal to differ from what was expected, into the ideal signal through the means of constraints. Basically, one wants to include as many constraints as there identifiable distortions. Please note that including a large number of constraints may result in significant performance deterioration, i.e. the magnitude of the correlation peak may significantly decrease. The original reference signal (unconstrained) R consists of the parts of the long and short preambles that surround their common boundary (we have chosen this boundary to be our timing reference point for subsequent processing stages (demodulation, etc)). The goal is to produce a peak when the received signal correlates well with the reference signal whether distortions (frequency offset, timing offset, etc) are present or not. From a mathematical standpoint, this statement translates as follows:  
             R   c          x   T       =   1     ,           R   c          (     x   +       ∂   x       ∂   f         )       7     =   1     ,           R   c          (     x   +       ∂   x       ∂   t         )       T     =   1     ,   etc                         
 
         [0024]    Where R c , x, ( ) T , f, t respectively designate the constrained reference signal, the received signal, the transpose operator, the frequency and the time. In the current implementation, R c , is calculated once for all and stored into a lookup table. R c , is computed through the utilization of Penrose&#39;s pseudo inverse (also known as generalized inverse): R c , is the first column of the following Z matrix:  
         Q   =     [         R               ∂   R       ∂   f                   ∂   R       ∂   t               etc         ]       ,     Z   =     pinv        (   Q   )                               
 
         [0025]    Please note that one or more constraints can also be added (or removed) on the fly should one need to. For example, well-known mathematical methods exist to recursively calculate the new generalized inverse when a row vector, i.e. a new constraint is added (or deleted) to Q (please see the following paper for more details: “On Recursive Calculation of the Generalized Inverse of a Matrix” by Saleem Mohideen and Vladimir Cherkassky).  
         [0026]    In the current implementation, R c  is a 32-sample-long signal.  
         [0027]    Maximum Coherent Combining  
         [0028]    The structure of the long-preamble invites another interesting alternative to the preferred embodiment. The reason that the x(n+32) terms could not be directly coherently combined with the x(n) and x(n+64) terms was that, although the previous and subsequent values around x(n+32) exhibit the complex conjugate property, the actual “values” were not the same as those at x(n) and x(n+64). However, some massaging of the samples around x(n+32) can be performed so as to achieve a “coherent” copy of the samples around x(n) and x(n+64).  
                 z   -&gt;     B     =     [     -     x        (     n   +   32     )                                flipud        (     conj        (     x        (       n   +   32   -   1     :       -   1     :     n   +   32   -   N         )       )       )       ]                   z   -&gt;     F     =     [     -     x        (     n   +   32     )                                  flipud        (     conj        (     x        (       n   +   32   +   1     :     1   :     n   +   32   +   N         )       )       )       ]                                      y        (   n   )       =                       ∑     k   =   0       N   -   1              {       x        (     n   -   k     )       +     x        (     n   -   k   +   64     )       +         z   -&gt;     B          (   k   )         }          {       x        (     n   +   k     )       +                                            x        (     n   +   k   +   64     )       +         z   -&gt;     F          (   n   )         }          2                               
 
         [0029]    By doing this, maximum coherent combining is achieved and should result in the most robust and stable peak in the objective function. All of the operations specified in (1) are well suited for execution on a vector DSP processor which supports vector conjugation, strided loads, and vector maximum operations.  
         [0030]    Non-Coherent Combining  
         [0031]    This approach is very similar to preferred embodiment with the exception that the x(n+64) terms are not used; therefore, no coherent combining. Basically, the vector inner products (complex) result) of the previous and subsequent samples starting at x(n) and x(n+32) are added and then collect the sample at x(n+64+32).  
         y        (   n   )       =                ∑     k   =   0       N   -   1              x        (     n   -   k     )            x        (     n   +   k     )           +       ∑     k   =   0       N   -   1              x        (     n   +   32   -   k     )            x        (     n   +   32   +   k     )                  2                           
 
         [0032]    Because this method does not fully exploit the correlation present, one can expect the peak of the objective function to not be as distinguishable as in the previous cases.  
         [0033]    Relative Phase Transversal  
         [0034]    There is another potential method which may be useful for the determination of the start of the long-preamble and thus enabling synchronization. This method exploits the specific structure in long-preamble. Let x(0) be the first sample of the long-preamble. In the absence of signal impairments, the sequence of points, x(16), x(32), x(48), x(64), x(80), x(96) exhibits a unique relative phase transversal. In the absence of signal impairments, the absolute phase of this sequence should be π/4, 0, −π/4, −π, π/4, 0. relative phases will be 0, −π/4, −π/2, −5π/4, 0, −π/4.  
         [0035]    In both the short- and long preambles, no other set of 6 samples separated by 16 samples exhibits this relative transversal.  
         [0036]    Although the invention is described herein with reference to the preferred embodiment, one skilled in the art will readily appreciate that other applications may be substituted for those set forth herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the invention should only be limited by the Claims included below.