Abstract:
A mobile collapsed building simulator for use in training fire fighters and emergency personnel. The simulator comprises a trailer body with an interior partitioned into two vertical levels. A plurality of partitions divide the vertical levels into a navigable path through the trailer body. A plurality of obstacles are configured within navigable path to simulate a collapsed building environment.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This patent application claims the benefit of priority from U.S. Provisional patent application No. 60/872,843, Filed Dec. 5, 2006. The contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a mobile collapsed building simulator for training fire fighters and emergency personnel. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     There continues to be a need for improved collapsed building rescue training in light of terrorist attacks such as the 9/11 tragedy, as well as natural disasters such as tornadoes, hurricanes, and earthquakes. Collapsed buildings present unique dangers to first responders, such as limited or zero visibility, unstable flooring, gas leaks, thick smoke, and live electrical wiring. Current fire fighting training facilities do not realistically reproduce the hazards and extremely confined conditions of a collapsed building. Rescue personnel who are not properly prepared, pose a risk of seriously injuring themselves, trapped victims and other first responders. 
     There continues to be a need for a simulator that is easily transportable, that can also fit within the envelope of a typical firehouse bay. This flexibility is advantageous for example, for indoor training simulations in urban settings where space is at a premium, as well as other areas where the climate is inclement a significant portion of the year. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a mobile collapsed building simulator for training fire fighters and emergency personnel. The simulator comprises a trailer body with an interior partitioned into two vertical levels. A plurality of partitions divide the vertical levels into a navigable path through the trailer body. A plurality of obstacles are configured within navigable path to simulate a collapsed building environment. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The invention is best understood from the following detailed description when read in connection with the accompanying drawing. It is emphasized that, according to common practice, the various features of the drawing are not to scale. On the contrary, the dimensions of the various features are arbitrarily expanded or reduced for clarity. Included in the drawing are the following figures: 
         FIG. 1  is a cut away driver&#39;s side view of the interior of the mobile collapsed building simulator; 
         FIG. 2  is a cut away plan view of the first vertical level of the interior of the mobile collapsed building simulator along  2 - 2 ; 
         FIG. 3  is a cut away passenger side view of the interior of the mobile collapsed building simulator along lines  3 - 3 ; 
         FIG. 4  is a cut away plan view of the second vertical level of the interior of the mobile collapsed building simulator along lines  4 - 4  shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 5  is an alternate view from the navigable path of the diagonal restriction; 
         FIG. 6  is a rear view of the mobile collapsed building simulator; 
         FIG. 7  is a cut away plan view of the first vertical level of the interior of the mobile collapsed building simulator along  2 - 2 , according to another embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 8  is a cut away plan view from the navigable path of the restrictive weighted plank along  5 - 5  shown in  FIG. 7 , according to another embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 9  is a cut away view from the navigable path of the pipe in the first vertical level of the interior of the mobile collapsed building simulator, according to another embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 10  is a cut away plan view of the second vertical level of the interior of the mobile collapsed building simulator along lines  4 - 4  shown in  FIG. 1 , according to another embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 11A  is a perspective view of the mobile collapsed building simulator for sewer line rescue, according to another embodiment of the invention; and 
         FIG. 11B  is a cut away plan view of the sewer pipe enclosure, according to another embodiment of the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Although the invention is illustrated and described herein with reference to specific embodiments, the invention is not intended to be limited to the details shown. Rather, various modifications may be made in the details within the scope and range of equivalents of the claims and without departing from the invention. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 , an exemplary embodiment of the mobile collapsed building simulator  100  is provided. The exemplary simulator  100  is constructed within the interior of a tandem axle car trailer  102  having approximate dimensions of about 24 feet in length and 8 feet in width. The trailer  102  typically includes two wheel wells  164  located on both sides of the trailer, a portion of each wheel well extending into an interior portion of the trailer  100 . Typically, there may be one or more doors located on at least one side of the trailer  100  for installation, modification, or repair purposes, as well as extraction of trainees. It is contemplated, however, that the simulator may be constructed in trailers of different dimensions. 
     The trailer  102  is designed to fit within the envelope of a typical fire station truck bay. This configuration for example, allows the trailer to be used in urban settings where space is a premium, and in cities where the weather may be unsuitable for external training exercises. The simulator can also be easily hitched and transported off site so that collapsed building rescue exercises requiring the coordination of several fire teams can be conducted. 
     In the exemplary embodiment shown in the figures, a structural framework divides the width of the trailer  100 , predominantly along the longitudinal axis of the trailer  100 . This first structural framework traverses the length of the trailer. In this example, a second structural framework bisects the height of the trailer, and also traverses the length of the trailer  100 . In concert, the two structural frameworks define a navigable path through each of two sides of the trailer on each of the two vertical levels  120  and  121  separated by a partition  110 . The crawl space height of each vertical level is approximately four feet. The majority of all internal surfaces are painted black and all external sources of light are eliminated to realistically simulate the interior of a collapsed building which typically has no electrical power or light sources. In addition, trainees may traverse the navigable path wearing a self-contained breathing apparatus (air pack), which further simulates the rescue conditions of a collapsed building. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the lower vertical level  120  is designed to acquaint trainees to the stresses of operating in a confined space. The rear of the trailer contains a loading ramp. A series of wood planks are connected to the open end of the structural framework at the rear of the trailer. The planks serve as doors that define the entry and exit points  146  of the vertical level  120 . Trainees typically enter the simulator from the ramp through the lower left door  146 . 
     Upon entering the simulator, trainees immediately encounter a hinge-mounted repositionable plank  126  that is configured perpendicular to the navigable path such that it completely blocks the navigable path. In an exemplary embodiment, the hinge-mounted repositionable plank  126  is connected to the central structural wooden framework. The hinge of the plank is located on a top or side portion of the plank, and is configured such that when sufficient force is exerted upon the plank, trainees move the plank aside, and may progress forward along the navigable path. In an exemplary embodiment the hinge-mounted repositionable plank  126  is optionally connected by cable to a 10 pound weight. The weight makes it more difficult to move the plank and helps return the plank to its original position behind the trainees once they move completely past the plank. The plank has no handles and is sized and configured such that trainees cannot easily exit the simulator through hinge-mounted repositionable plank  126 . 
     In an exemplary embodiment, trainees continue to crawl along the navigable path in region  108  and encounter the first obstacle, the simulated floor collapse. This exemplary obstacle is an approximately 80 inch by 43 inch fulcrum-mounted plank  128  that is connected to the floor of the trailer. The width of the fulcrum-mounted plank  128  is nearly the exact width of the navigable path thereby forcing trainees to traverse the plank  128  before proceeding. The edges of the fulcrum-mounted plank  128  are mitered such that the leading and trailing edges of the plank  128  may lie approximately flush when contacting the floor of the trailer. The fulcrum is positioned approximately 24 inches from the leading edges of the plank  128  which causes a majority of the fulcrum-mounted plank  128  to be elevated from the floor of the trailer. The absence of light in the simulator obscures the fact that the plank is mounted on a fulcrum. As the trainee traverses the fulcrum-mounted plank  128 , the majority of the trainee&#39;s weight crosses the fulcrum and the plank  128  shifts downward, thereby simulating a floor collapse. Positioning of the fulcrum and the size of plank are exemplary. The floor may be raised and the location of the fulcrum may be alternatively configured so that the plank “collapses” as soon as the trainee steps on it. Additionally the plank may be configured to be less than the width of the navigable path to simulate a partial floor collapse. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, trainees next pass through a series of wall studs  130  as they transition from the lower left side to the lower right side of the simulator  100 . At least a portion of these wall studs may be concealed by dry wall or mortar board  106  that must be demolished before continued traverse along the navigable path. A top plate of the wall studs  130  is mounted on the underside of the structural framework that divides the trailer vertically in half. The exemplary wall studs  130  are connected to a sole plate, and are positioned on 16 inch centers, which replicates typical mounting distances between wall studs according to most building codes. This narrow width between wall studs  130  requires the majority of trainees to remove their air packs and feed their air packs through the wall studs  130  before re-donning and proceeding along the navigable path. Optionally, the dry wall or mortar board may contain at least one light switch and an least one electrical outlet. Although the electrical socket is not live, trainees must first test the electrical socket and safely remove it before continuing traverse of the navigable path. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 2  and  FIG. 3 , in an exemplary embodiment, trainees next encounter a web of rope entanglements  154  that simulate a collapsed drop-ceiling. In office buildings for example, drop-ceilings typically rest on a framework of suspended thin metal wire. Drop-ceiling panels typically conceal large quantities of electrical wiring and loops of computer network cable. After a structural collapse, these masses of electrical wire and computer cable often hamper rescue operations as they easily snare the air-packs and other equipment of the emergency personnel. The rope entanglements located in the navigable path are configured to simulate this scenario. In the exemplary embodiment, a first loop is connected to a top plate and sole plate such that it contains several swales. A second loop of rope is similarly configured but is positioned such that the swales are perpendicular to the first loop. The ropes are typically comprised of a material having a high-tensile strength, but that can be cut without use of specialized tools or otherwise secured, to allow passage through the entanglements without impediment. In an alternate configuration, ropes are connected to the top plate only and hang down in large swales. 
     In an alternate exemplary embodiment, the web of entanglements  154  can be removed through a side door, and replaced by a mortar-based or pre-poured concrete wall  134 . The concrete or mortar-based wall  134  obstructs a majority of the navigable path and is configured such that at least a majority of the wall must be substantially breached before continued traverse. Trainees use a jackhammer or similar tool to demolish the obstruction. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, trainees next pass over a series of 2 inch by 8 inch beams  136  arranged on 16 inch centers. The beams are configured to simulate the difficulty of traversing exposed joists. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, trainees are next presented with a repositionable plank  140 . In an exemplary configuration the repositionable plank  140  is configured such that it completely blocks access to the stairs  138 . The repositionable plank  140  is be held in place by a locking means such as pin bolts for example. At the same time, partition opening  142  is fully accessible and allows passage between alternate sides of the simulator. In an exemplary training simulation mode, when trainees encounter the repositionable plank  140  configured such that access to the stairs  138  is blocked, they are then forced to traverse through the partition opening  142  and back through the lower left side of the simulator. After passing back to the lower left side of the simulator, trainees encounter hinge-mounted repositionable plank  126  in the closed position. This forces trainees to return to the right side of the trailer before exiting the simulator. As they attempt to return to the right side of the trailer, they pass through restricted partition opening  144 . The opening is restricted by a wooden beam mounted diagonally across the restricted partition opening  144 . This restriction forces most trainees to remove their breathing apparatus from their backs before proceeding toward to the exit door  148 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 2  and  FIG. 3 , in an alternate exemplary training simulation mode, trainees encounter the repositionable plank  140  configured such that access to partition opening  142  is blocked and access to the stairs  138  is permitted. Trainees proceed up four stairs to a landing located on the second level  121  of the simulator. The stairs are approximately 7¼ inches by 11 inches, a standard configuration for stair dimensions. There is a landing  168  approximately 96 inches by 38 inches, located at the top of the stairs  138 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 3  and  FIG. 4 , in an exemplary embodiment, as trainees traverse the upper left side of the trailer, trainees next encounter a first wood framework  116  that is configured to simulate a collapsed roof. The wood structure is approximately a 72 inch by 44 inch roof-like framework  116  consisting of plywood mounted on 2 inch by 6 inch joists. All of the beams of one end of the framework have been bored in order to accept a pipe that serves as a hinge for the framework. The pipe is used because traditional hinge configurations are not strong enough to support the framework. In an exemplary embodiment, the first wood framework  116  is configured such that the pipe hinge is mounted parallel to the navigable path. The pipe hinge and first wood framework  116  are mounted such that the wood framework impedes the navigable path at a steep angle. The free end of the first wood framework  116  rests on small blocks that allow limited access for insertion of cribbing material. Weights are optionally affixed to a portion of the framework to make it difficult to lift the structure without specialized tools. Trainees then elevate and stabilize the first wood framework  116  in order to continue traverse the navigable path. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 3  and  FIG. 4 , as trainees continue along the upper left side of the trailer they traverse a field of debris  118  that makes the navigable path non-negotiable. The debris consists, for example, of assorted odd-shaped pieces of wood  124 , some of which have been bolted together. The debris is substantially unpainted. Trainees then decide which pieces of debris only need to be moved out of the way, and which pieces are to be physically removed from the simulator before continued traverse of the path. Debris that is to completely removed from the simulator is transported by trainees all the way back along the navigable path to the exit of the trailer at the back on the lower right side. Although only a few pieces of debris are shown in  FIG. 4 , it is contemplated that the debris may be sufficient to substantially cover the floor or even to substantially block at least the entrance to the debris field. In another exemplary embodiment, the simulator may comprise additional debris fields. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 5 , in an exemplary embodiment, as trainees finish traversing the upper left side of the trailer they pass through a restricted opening  156 . A plurality of beams  510 ,  512  and  514  are configured such that at least a portion of each beams lies diagonally across the navigable path. In an exemplary embodiment, this restriction requires trainees to contort their bodies as they traverse the restricted opening. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, after the debris field, trainees encounter an open space that trainees typically traverse without issue. However, in an advanced exemplary training simulation mode, this open space contains an approximately 24 inch by 24 inch removable plank that serves as a hatch  152 . This hatch  152  is located in the floor of the upper right side of the trailer, and can be removed for a rescue simulation that involves the evacuation of a fellow rescuer who has fallen to the lower level  120 . Advanced trainees secure the individual to a backboard and then hoist the backboard up through this opening and then traverse the navigable path in reverse to the exit on the lower right side of the trailer. For further realism, the fallen rescuer may be positioned in, or adjacent to the rope entanglements  154 . 
     In an exemplary embodiment, advanced trainees may also be required to locate victims trapped under a second simulated collapsed roof. This second wood framework  150  is similar in design to the first wood framework simulating a roof collapse  116  with the exception that the dimensions are reduced to 60 inch by 60 inch for example. The free end of the second wood framework  150  rests on small blocks that allow limited access for insertion of cribbing material. Weights are optionally affixed to a portion of the framework to make it increasingly difficult to lift the structure. The second wood framework is stabilized in order to rescue a trapped victim. In an exemplary embodiment, the framework  150  configured such that the pipe hinge is mounted perpendicular to the navigable path. Typically, the pipe hinge mounting locations of wood frameworks  116  and  150  are transverse to each other. This presents trainees with alternate elevation and cribbing challenges. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, simulated smoke may be introduced into the simulator to impede vision and make rescue conditions more realistic. A commercially available smoke generator  132  can be located outside of the trailer in the hitch area. A 110-volt power source and liquid smoke are used to produce smoke. The hot tip of the smoke generating means is introduced through the trailer wall to the navigable path. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, compressed air may be introduced to navigable path via piping  162  to simulate a gas leak. The piping  162  conduit is configured along the structural framework that divides the length of the trailer. Once advanced trainees become aware of the sound of the compressed air they trace the piping to locate a shut-off valve  160  hidden in a concealed portion of the trailer. For example, trainees may detect a gas leak, while traversing the upper vertical level  121 . The trainees may then follow a reverse path through the simulator  100  to locate the shut-off valve  160  on the lower vertical level  120 . Alternatively, the compressed air may be shut-off by personnel external to the trailer once the trainees have located the shut-off valve  160 . 
     In an alternate exemplary embodiment, cameras  158  such as infra-red, night vision or thermal imaging may be installed in the trailer. A central command post located external to the simulator may be used to monitor the progress of the trainees. Optionally, there may be two-way radio communication between the central command post and trainees. This communication provides improved instruction as instructors can explain proper rescue techniques as well as help trainees who require assistance. The radios may also be used to enhance the realism of the simulator by providing communications typical of an emergency situation. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 6 , in an alternate exemplary embodiment, at least one set of outriggers  170  may be configured about the exterior of the trailer  102  to simulate a leaning, shifting, or otherwise unstable building. The outriggers  170  may be operated electrically, mechanically, hydraulically, or manually for example, to shift the trailer  102  before or during rescue simulation modes. 
     In an alternate exemplary embodiment, auditory signals may be triggered as trainees traverse various points along the navigable path. Examples of the auditory signals optionally include screams, sirens, explosions, and the sound of a collapsing structures. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 7  and  FIG. 10 , an alternate exemplary embodiment of the mobile collapsed building simulator  100 ′ is provided. The exemplary simulator  100 ′ is the same as simulator  100  except that simulator  100 ′ includes trailer  102 ′ that has approximate dimensions of about 30 feet in length and 8 feet in width. In addition, simulator  100 ′ additionally includes obstacles for simulating a sewer line rescue. The exemplary simulator  100 ′ includes repositionable plank  126 , fulcrum-mounted plank  128 , dry wall or mortar board  106 , wall studs  130 , web of rope entanglements  154 , concrete or mortar-based wall  134 , repositionable plank  140 , stairs  138 , partition opening  142 , restricted partition opening  144 , field of debris  118  having pieces of wood  124 , second wood framework  150  and hatch  152 , which are described above. In addition, simulator  100 ′ includes lower left door  240 , restrictive weighted plank  202 , pipe  204 , beams  206 , first wood framework  116 ′, partition  210 , vertical pipe  214 , first region  216 , second region  218 , passageway  217 , door  212 , door  213  and doors  215 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 7 , trainees typically enter the simulator  100 ′ through lower left door  240 . Lower left door  240  is configured as a door and is also configurable to accept a sewer pipe  226 , described further below with respect to  FIG. 12A . Upon entering the simulator  100 ′, trainees immediately encounter the hinge-mounted repositionable plank  126  that is configured perpendicular to the navigable path such that it completely blocks the navigable path. As described above, the hinge-mounted repositionable plank  126  is configured such that when sufficient force is exerted upon the plank, trainees move the plank aside, and may progress forward along the navigable path. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, trainees continue to crawl along the navigable path and encounter the first obstacle, the simulated floor drop. Referring to  FIG. 8 , this exemplary obstacle is an approximately 42 inch wide by 80 inch long restrictive weighted plank  202  that is connected to the bottom of the partition  110  ( FIG. 1 ) which divides the trailer into two vertical levels. The restrictive weighted plank  202  is attached by cable to the ceiling of the trailer at a steep angle. In an exemplary embodiment, the restrictive weighted plank  202  is sloped such that the height of the opening, when continuing along the navigable path, is restricted to 16 inches. In an exemplary embodiment, the restrictive weighted plank  202  is connected to a 60 pound weight. The weight makes it difficult to move the plank and the width of the restrictive weighted plank  202  is nearly the exact width of the navigable path, thereby forcing the trainees to crawl under the restrictive weighted plank  202 . The restricted opening at one end of the restrictive weighted plank  202  may be raised or lowered. Additionally plank  202  may be configured to be less than the width of the navigable floor to simulate a partial floor drop. This restricted opening forces most trainees to remove their breathing apparatus from their backs before proceeding toward to the plank  128 . 
     Referring back to  FIG. 7 , in an exemplary embodiment, trainees next encounter the fulcrum-mounted plank  128  that simulates the floor collapse. As described above, the plank  128  may be configured to be less than the width of the navigable path to simulate a partial floor collapse. The trainees next pass through the series of wall studs  130  as they transition from the lower left side to the lower right side of the simulator  100 ′. At least a portion of the wall studs may be concealed by dry wall or mortar board  106  that must be demolished before continued traverse along the navigable path. 
     Trainees next encounter the web of rope entanglements  154  that simulate a collapsed drop-ceiling. In alternate embodiments, the web of entanglements  154  may be replaced by the mortar-based or pre-poured concrete wall  134  that obstructs a majority of the navigable path such that at least a majority of the wall must be substantially breached before continued traverse. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, trainees next encounter a pipe  204  supported by beams  206 . The pipe  204  is configured to simulate a sewer line. Referring to  FIG. 9 , a cross section of the pipe  204  is shown. In an exemplary embodiment, the pipe  204  is approximately 128 inches long with a 28 inch diameter. Referring back to  FIG. 7 , the pipe  204  is configured to include a bend at approximately 66 inches along the length of the pipe. Trainees encounter the pipe  204  and are forced to crawl through the pipe  204 . The bend in the pipe forces the trainees to contort their bodies as they traverse the pipe. Although one bend approximately halfway along the pipe  204  is illustrated, it is contemplated that the pipe  204  may be configured with one or more bends at different locations along the length of the pipe. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, trainees are next presented with the repositionable plank  140  that may be configured to block access to the stairs  138 . As described above, when access to the stairs  138  is blocked by repositionable plank  140 , the trainees are forced to traverse through the partition opening  142  and back through the lower left side of the simulator. The trainees then encounter repositionable plank  126  in the closed position. The trainees are forced to return to the right side of the trailer. The trainees first pass through restricted partition opening  144  and exit the simulator by exit door  148 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 10 , in an alternate exemplary training simulation mode, trainees encounter the repositionable plank  140  configured such that access to the stairs  138  is permitted. Trainees proceed up four stairs to the landing  168  located on the second level of the simulator  100 ′. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, door  212  is configured to allow access to first region  216 , door  213  is configured to block access to second region  218  and doors  215  are configured to block access to passageway  217 . In an exemplary embodiment, door  212  is approximately 32 inches wide and doors  213  and  215  are each approximately 15 inches wide. The doors  212 ,  213  and  215  have no handles and may be weighted such that trainees cannot traverse through the second region  218  blocked by door  213  and through the passageway blocked by doors  215 . 
     In an alternative embodiment, door  212  may be configured to block access to the first region  216  and the door  213  may be configured to allow access to the second region  218 . In addition, doors  215  may be configured to allow access to the passageway  217 . The trainees pass through the second region  218  and then through the passageway  217  toward first region  216 . In an exemplary embodiment, the passageway is approximately 6 feet long. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 10 , the second region  218  is non-rectangular shaped and includes an obstacle created by vertical pipe  214  that extends from the roof to the first vertical level  120  of simulator  100 ′ (described further below with respect to  FIG. 11  and  FIG. 12 ). The vertical pipe  214  forces trainees to contort their bodies as they pass through the second region  218 . In an exemplary embodiment, the vertical pipe  214  produces a passable space in the second region  218  that is approximately 15 inches wide. The restricted opening by door  213  forces most trainees to remove their breathing apparatus from their backs before proceeding through the second region  218 . Similarly, the restricted opening by doors  215  forces most trainees to remove their breathing apparatus before traversing through passageway  217  and into the first region  216 . 
     As trainees continue to traverse the upper left side of the trailer, trainees next encounter a first wood framework  116 ′ that is configured to simulate the collapsed roof. The first wood framework  116 ′ is the same as the first wood framework  116  except that the first wood framework  116 ′ is approximately 39 inches by 60 inches. As described above, trainees elevate and stabilize the first wood framework  116 ′ in order to continue traverse of the navigable path. 
     As trainees continue along the upper left side of the trailer they traverse the field of debris  118  that makes the navigable path non-negotiable. As described above, the debris consists, for example, of assorted odd-shaped pieces of wood  124  where the debris may be sufficient to substantially cover the floor or even to substantially block at least the entrance to the debris field. 
     As trainees finish traversing the upper left side of the trailer they encounter partition  210  that substantially blocks the exit from the field of debris  118 . In an exemplary embodiment, the partition  210  is approximately 44 inches long by 44 inches high and consists of dry wall. At least a portion of the partition  210  must be demolished before continued traverse along the navigable path. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, after the partition  210 , trainees traverse a second field of debris, illustrated by piece of wood  124 . Although only one piece of debris is shown in  FIG. 10 , it is contemplated that the debris may be sufficient to substantially cover the floor. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, trainees next encounter an open space that trainees typically traverse without issue. In an advanced exemplary training simulation mode, this open space contains a removable plank that serves as the hatch  152 . As described above, the hatch  152  can be removed for a rescue simulation that involves the evacuation of a fellow rescuer who has fallen to the lower level of simulator  100 ′. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, advanced trainees may also be required to locate victims trapped under the second wood framework  150  that simulates a second collapsed roof. As described above, the trainees stabilize the second wood framework  150  in order to rescue a trapped victim. 
     After completing the navigable path on the second vertical level, the trainees may traverse a reverse path through the second floor toward the stairs  138 . The trainees crawl down the stairs  138  and continue in a reverse path through the first vertical level as described above with respect to  FIG. 7  toward exit door  148  or door  240 . 
     In an exemplary embodiment, compressed air may be introduced into the navigable path to simulate a gas leak where, in  FIG. 10 , a shut-off valve  160 ′ is located in the field of debris  118 . As described above, advanced trainees become aware of the sound of the compressed air and locate the shut-off valve  160 ′. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 11A  and  FIG. 11B , in an exemplary embodiment, simulator  100 ′ includes a rescue simulation of a victim trapped in a sewer line. In an exemplary embodiment, an end of sewer pipe  226  is attached to lower left door  240  by a ring and clamp. A person  232  representing a trapped victim is positioned within sewer pipe enclosure  230 . An end of the sewer pipe enclosure  230  is configured to be connected with opening  228  of sewer pipe  226 . Sewer pipe  226  and sewer pipe enclosure  230  may form a sewer pipe assembly. In an exemplary embodiment, the sewer pipe  226  is approximately 20 feet long and has a diameter of approximately 30 inches. 
     In this exemplary embodiment, the sewer pipe enclosure  230  includes straight sections of pipe  236 , a t-shaped section of pipe  234  and end caps  238 . One or more of the end caps  238  may be removed in order to connect the sewer pipe enclosure  230  to sewer pipe  226 . Although the sewer pipe enclosure  230  is illustrated as shown in  FIG. 12B , it is understood that the straight section of pipe  236  and t-shaped section of pipe  234  may be configured in any suitable arrangement, including more than one t-shaped section of pipe  234 . It is contemplated that the sewer pipe enclosure  230  may also include a bend section of pipe, such as pipe  204  shown in  FIG. 7 . In an exemplary embodiment, the sections  234  and  236  are each approximately 8 feet long and have a diameter of approximately 30 inches. 
     Trainees typically climb the ladder  222  to the roof of the trailer  102 ′. The roof of the trailer  102 ′ includes rails  224  that form the observation deck  242 . In an exemplary embodiment, the ladder  22  is approximately 9 feet long and 24 inches wide and the observation deck  242  is approximately 8 feet wide and 8 feet long. An opening  220  in the roof of the trailer  102 ′ includes the vertical pipe  214  that extends to the first vertical level in the vicinity of the lower left door  240 . In an exemplary embodiment, the vertical pipe  214  has a diameter of approximately 26 inches. The trainees descend vertical pipe  214  to the first vertical level in order to reach the sewer pipe  226  connected to the lower left door  240 . A plug  244  is positioned within the vertical pipe  214  between the first and second vertical levels  120  and  121  to block passageway to the first vertical level  120 . Trainees first remove the plug  244  before entering the first vertical level  120 . The exemplary simulator may include a tripod and a hoist (not shown) to lower trainees down the vertical pipe  214  and to raise trainees and a trapped individual  232  up through the vertical pipe  214 . 
     The trainees traverse through the sewer pipe  226  and then through the sewer pipe enclosure  230  to locate the individual. The trainees then secure the individual to a backboard and again traverse through the sewer pipe enclosure  230  and sewer pipe  226  to the first level of the trailer  102 ′. The trainees then hoist the backboard up through the vertical pipe  214  to the observation deck  242  of the trailer  102 ′. 
     Although the present invention has been described in terms of exemplary embodiments, it is contemplated that it may be practiced as described above with modifications within the scope of the following claims.