Abstract:
Computer method and apparatus manage requests to make changes to a given software system (e.g., application program or program portion). The invention method and apparatus form a change request object representing a user&#39;s request to make a change to the given software system. The invention method and apparatus form one or more hierarchies of objects and sub-objects to represent work to be performed and work performed in making the requested change. One embodiment creates a root issue object for each change request object and allows a user to partition an issue object into issue sub-objects. The embodiment (a) allows a user to create a task object to define the work needed to address an issue and allows a user to partition a task object into task sub-objects, and (b) allows a user to create an activity object to track work performed and allows a user to partition an activity object into activity sub-objects. Issue objects and issue sub-objects are relatable to task objects and task sub-objects. Task objects and task sub-objects are relatable to activity objects and activity sub-objects. State of an object is determined based on the status of each of its related objects and sub-objects.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]    Illustrated in  FIG. 1  is a typical software change management repository  100  of the prior art. In a software change management repository  100 , a set of objects  99  is maintained to capture the set of changes that have been requested by the developers and users of a software system. These change request objects  99  are known by a variety of names in different change management repositories, such as Modification-Requests, Enhancement-Requests, Work-Items, Defects, and Bugs. In this disclosure, the term “Change-Request” is used to refer to these types of objects  99 . 
         [0002]    The information about a change request is captures in a set of properties of the Change-Request object  99 . The property is represented by either an atomic value (such as a string, an integer, or a date) or a reference to another object  99  as illustrated by the ‘XX’ and dotted line arrow, respectively, of object  99   a  in  FIG. 1 . Some properties are pre-defined and present on all Change-Request objects  99 , but most properties are determined by a customer, and can vary from project to project. The current state of a change request is summarized in a pre-defined State property  102  of the Change-Request object  99 . Although the State property  102  is pre-defined, the legal values of the State property are determined by a customer. The customer defines a set of allowed transitions from one State value to another, and defines the actions that perform those transitions. 
         [0003]    Some key problems with maintaining the state of a Change-Request object  99  are as follows:
   1. Different stake-holders in the change management process have different perspectives on what the current state of a given Change-Request should be. For example, a developer might believe that the Issue is resolved, while the submitter of the Issue believes the Issue requires further work. One approach to this problem is to introduce composite states such as “open-development-pending”, “open-development-complete” and, “closed-development-complete”. This approach results in a combinatorial explosion in the number of states as the number of stake-holders in the Change-Request management process increases, which makes it difficult to introduce new stake-holders to the change management process.   2. Multiple users of a software system might report similar problems. If each of these problems is entered as a separate Change-Request object  99 , it is error-prone and expensive to update the properties of each of these Change-Request objects as the problem is being resolved. If only a single Change-Request object  99  is used to track all of these problems, such as what release of the system was demonstrating the problem, and whether the problem has been resolved on the particular platform or product variant needed by a given user.   3. A given Change-Request might need to be resolved in different ways in multiple releases of variants of a given software system. It is important to be able to independently track how work is progressing in each of these releases or variants, but if there are separate Change-Request objects  99  for each release or variant, it is error-prone and expensive to update the problem description information on each of those change requests.   4. A given set of changes might be able to contribute to the completion of multiple tasks (especially when they are tasks to fix the same problem in different releases or variants of the software system). It is error-prone and expensive to be updating the multiple Change-Request objects  99  as work on that single activity progresses.   5. Different stake-holders in the change management process might be working at different sites with different replicas of the change management repository  100 , or working disconnected with a personal replica of a subset of the change management repository  100 . When multiple replicas are in use, different stake-holders can unwittingly modify the Change-Request object  99  in incompatible ways, resulting in difficult merge scenarios that require expensive manual merging or result in Joss of information from automated merging. A standard solution to this problem is to assign one replica of the repository  100  as the master of a given Change-Request, and only users accessing that replica of the repository  100  can make any modifications to that Change-Request object  99 . But this results in serious delays and loss of information as stake-holders wait for mastership to be transferred to their replica.   
 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0009]    In the present invention, a Change-Request object is partitioned into a set of linked sub-object hierarchies: one Issue hierarchy, zero or more Task hierarchies, and zero or more Activity hierarchies. A given Task can he associated with multiple Issues (and therefore contribute to multiple Change-Requests), and a given Activity can be associated with multiple Tasks (and therefore contribute to multiple Change-Requests). Each Task, issue and Activity is represented by a respective object which serves as a sub-object to the Change Request object. Each sub-object is owned by a single stake-holder and has its own Status field that identifies the state of the Change-Request from the perspective of that individual. Each stake-holder then interacts with a single sub-object with a relatively simple set of Status values and Status transitions, while the State of the Change-Request is a composite value computed from the Status of each of the objects in the sub-object hierarchies of the Change-Request. 
         [0010]    In a preferred embodiment, a computer method and apparatus for making changes to a given software system, comprise the steps of: 
         [0011]    forming a change request object to represent a user&#39;s request to make a change to a given software system; 
         [0012]    creating a root issue object for that change request object, the root issue object enabling a hierarchy of issue objects, each issue object representing a respective issue; 
         [0013]    allowing a user or means to partition an issue object into issue sub-objects; 
         [0014]    allowing a user or means to create a task object to define work needed to address an issue; 
         [0015]    allowing a user or means to partition a task object into task sub-objects; 
         [0016]    allowing a user or means to create an activity object to track work performed; 
         [0017]    allowing a user or means to partition an activity object into activity sub-objects; 
         [0018]    allowing a user or means to relate issue objects and issue sub-objects to task objects and task sub-objects; 
         [0019]    allowing a user or means to relate task objects and task sub-objects to activity objects aid activity sub-objects; 
         [0020]    determining the state of an object based on the status of each of its related objects and sub-objects. 
         [0021]    The change request objects are stored in a repository and managed therein by a manager which computes the state of an object as a function of status of its related objects and sub-objects. 
     
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0022]    The foregoing will be apparent from the following more particular description of example embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating embodiments of the present invention. 
           [0023]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a change management repository of prior art. 
           [0024]      FIGS. 2   a  and  2   b  are schematic and block diagrams, respectively, of computer network and digital processing environment in which embodiments of the present invention are deployed. 
           [0025]      FIGS. 3 and 4  are schematic views of a change request object and corresponding object management system in embodiments of the invention. 
           [0026]      FIG. 5  is a block diagram of one embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0027]    A description of preferred embodiments of the invention follows. 
         [0028]      FIG. 2   a  illustrates a computer network or similar digital processing environment in which the present invention may be implemented. 
         [0029]    Client computer(s)  50  and server computers)  60  provide processing, storage, and input/output devices executing application programs and the like. Client computer(s)  50  can also be linked through communications network  70  to other computing devices, including other client devices/processes  50  and server computer(s)  60 . Communications network  70  can he part of a remote access network, a global network (e.g., the Internet), a worldwide collection of computers, Local area or Wide area networks, and gateways that currently use respective protocols (TCP/IP, Bluetooth, etc) to communicate with one another. Other electronic device/computer network architectures are suitable. 
         [0030]      FIG. 2   b  is a diagram of the internal structure of a computer (e.g., client processor  50  or server computers  60 ) in the computer system of  FIG. 4 . Each computer  50 ,  60  contains system bus  79 , where a bus is a set of hardware lines used for data transfer among the components of a computer or processing system. Bus  79  is essentially a shared conduit that connects different elements of a computer system (e.g., processor, disk storage, memory, input/output ports, network ports, etc.) that enables the transfer of information between the elements. Attached to system bus  79  is I/O device Interface  82  for connecting various Input and output devices (e.g., keyboard, mouse, displays, printers, speakers, etc.) to the computer  50 ,  60 . Network interface  86  allows the computer to connect to various other devices attached to a network (e.g., network  70  of  FIG. 2   a ). Memory  90  provides volatile storage for computer software instructions  92  and data  94  used to implement an embodiment of the present invention (e.g., change request objects  13 , change request object hierarchies  15 ,  17 ,  19  and change request manager code  11  detailed below). Disk storage  95  provides non-volatile storage for computer software instructions  92  and data  94  used to implement an embodiment of the present invention. Central processor unit  84  is also attached to system bus  79  and provides for the execution of computer instructions. 
         [0031]    In one embodiment, the processor routines  92  and data  94  are a computer program product (generally referenced  92 ), including a computer readable medium (e.g., a removable storage medium such as one or more DVD-ROM&#39;s, CD-ROM&#39;s, diskettes, tapes, etc.) that provides at least a portion of the software instructions for the invention system. Computer program product  92  can be installed by any suitable software installation procedure, as is well, known in the art. In another embodiment, at least a portion of the software instructions may also he downloaded over a cable, communication and/or wireless connection. In other embodiments, the invention programs are a computer program propagated signal product  107  embodied on a propagated signal on a propagation medium (e.g., a radio wave, an infrared wave, a laser wave, a sound wave, or an electrical wave propagated over a global network such as the Internet, or other network(s)). Such carrier medium or signals provide at least a portion of the software instructions for the present invention routines/program  92 . 
         [0032]    In alternate embodiments, the propagated signal is an analog carrier wave or digital signal carried on the propagated medium. For example, the propagated signal may be a digitized signal propagated over a global network (e.g., the Internet), a telecommunications network, or other network. In one embodiment, the propagated signal is a signal that is transmitted over the propagation medium over a period of time, such as the instructions for a software application sent in packets over a network over a period of milliseconds, seconds, minutes, or longer. In another embodiment, the computer readable medium of computer program product  92  is a propagation medium that the computer system  50  may receive and read, such as by receiving the propagation medium and identifying a propagated signal embodied in the propagation medium, as described above for computer program propagated signal product. 
         [0033]    Generally speaking, the term “carrier medium” or transient carrier encompasses the foregoing transient signals, propagated signals, propagated medium, storage medium and the like. 
         [0034]    Illustrated in  FIG. 3  is a change request object  13  of the present invention. The change request object  13  is initiated in response to a given change request and stored in repositories  100  using similar first steps and technology of the prior art. Unlike prior art change request objects  99 , however, the invention change request object  13  is partitioned into a set of sub objects  21 ,  23 ,  25 ,  27 ,  31 ,  33 . Each sub object is of one of the sub object hierarchies, namely an Issue hierarchy  15 , a Task hierarchy  17 , and an activity hierarchy  19 . Preferably, there is one Issue hierarchy  15 , and there may be zero or more Task hierarchies  17  and zero or more Activity hierarchies  19 . The subject hierarchies  15 ,  17 ,  19  are linked to each other such that a given. Task  27  can be associated with multiple Issues  21  (and therefore contribute to multiple Change-Requests), and a given Activity  31  can be-associated with multiple Tasks  27  (and therefore contribute to multiple Change-Requests). Each sub-object  21 ,  23 ,  25 ,  27 ,  31 ,  33  is owned by a single stake-holder (user) and has its own Status field that identifies the state of the subject Change-Request  13  from the perspective of that individual (user). Each stake-holder then interacts with a single sub-object with a relatively simple set of Status values and Status transitions, while the State of the Change-Request  13  is a composite value computed from the Status of each of the objects in the sub-object hierarchies  15 ,  17 ,  19  of the Change-Request  13 . 
         [0035]    The Issue hierarchy  15  contains information about the motivation for a Change-Request  13 . This might be a problem report (a “defect”), or a change to the requirements of the software system (an “enhancement”). Each object  21 ,  25  in the issue hierarchy  15  represents an issue. An Issue object  21 ,  25  contains properties that specify requirements on how the Issue needs to be addressed (for example, if a system is released on multiple platforms, what platforms are required). When an Issue can he logically decomposed into multiple sub-Issues, respective sub-objects  23  of the Issue object  21  are created for each of those sub-Issues. This allows the State of a sub-Issue to be independently tracked; for example, the development organization may decide to only address one of the sub-Issues of a given issue. 
         [0036]    The Task hierarchy  17  contains a description of the work that would address the Issue (at  21 ,  25  generally) that motivates the Change-Request  13 . A Task (represented by a respective Task object  27   a , . . .  27   n ) is initially created by a triage team that is investigating an Issue  21 . If the triage team decides that the Issue  21  is to be addressed, the Status of the Task  27  is set to “Active”. Alternatively, the triage team could decide not to address the Issue  21 , in which case the Status of the Task  27  is set to “No-Plan-To-Fix”. 
         [0037]    If a triage team decides that more than one Issue  21   b ,  21   e ,  25  can and should be addressed by the same Task  27   a , the same Task  27   a  is linked to all of those Issues  21  (as shown by dashed arrows  29  in  FIG. 3 ). For example, if the same defect is being reported by multiple stake-holders, the invention system  11  links the multiple stake holders versions of Change-Request  13  (as represented by respective issue objects  21 ,  25 ) for the defect to the Task  27  for fixing that defect. 
         [0038]    When there are several software releases or variants in which an Issue  21  is to be addressed, the system  11  creates a separate Task  27  for each release or variant, and links each Task  27  to the Issue  21 . 
         [0039]    The Activity hierarchy  19  contains the changes made to perform a given Task  27 . If one activity (represented by a respective object  31   a  for example) completes multiple tasks  27   a , . . .  27   n , system  11  associates the activity  31   a  with each of those tasks  27   a , . . .  27   n  (as illustrated at  35  in  FIG. 3 ). If one sub-activity  33  contributes to multiple activities  31 , system  11  makes a sub-object  33  of each of those sub-activities. 
         [0040]    With regard to state or status value of the change request object  13 , attention is turned to  FIG. 4 . In general an object that has sub-objects is called a “composite object”. The Status of a composite object is computed from the Status values of its sub-objects. A composite object may have a Private-Status property  41  which is a Status value that is independent of the Status of its sub-objects, and which contributes to the Status of the composite object as if the private status  41  were the Status value of a sub-object of the composite object. 
         [0041]    In the preferred embodiment, there are three pre-defined Status values: Active, Complete, or Cancelled. Each customer-defined Status value is classified as being Active, Complete, or Cancelled. Generally, an object, is Active if its predefined Status is Active or if its customer-defined Status value is classified as being Active. An object is Complete if its predefined Status is Complete or if its customer-defined Status value is classified as being Complete. An object is Cancelled if its predefined Status is Cancelled or if its customer-defined Status value is classified as being Cancelled. The invention system  11  sets the Status  45  of a composite object  21 ,  25 ,  27 ,  31  in  FIGS. 3 and 4  to; 
         [0042]    “Cancelled” if all of Its sub-objects are Cancelled; otherwise 
         [0043]    “Active” if any of its sub-objects are Active; otherwise 
         [0044]    “Complete”. 
         [0045]    System  11  then computes the State  42  of a Change-Request  13  from the Status of the objects  21 ,  25 ,  27 ,  31  in the Issue, Task, and Activity hierarchies  15 ,  17 ,  19  associated with the Change-Request. The State  42  is preferably one of: Open, Cancelled, Partially-Scheduled, Scheduled, Partially-Developed, Developed, Complete, No-Plan-To-Fix, or Cancelled. In particular, invention system  11  defines the State  42  of a Change-Request object  13  with a given root Issue  25  as: 
         [0046]    “Cancelled” if root Issue  25  is Cancelled; otherwise 
         [0047]    “Open” If there is no Task  27  associated with the root Issue  25 ; otherwise 
         [0048]    “Complete” if there is at least one Complete Task  27  that is associated with the root Issue  25 ; otherwise 
         [0049]    “No-Plan-To-Fix” if all Tasks  27  associated with the root Issue  25  are Cancelled; otherwise 
         [0050]    “Developed” if there is a Complete Activity  31  that is associated with an Active Task  27  that is associated with the root Issue  25 . 
         [0051]    “Partially-Developed” if there is at least one Active Activity  31  or Complete Activity  31  that is associated with a non-Cancelled Task  27  that is associated with an Issue  21  in the Issue hierarchy  15 ; otherwise 
         [0052]    “Scheduled” if there is at least one Active Task  27  associated with the root Issue  25 ; otherwise 
         [0053]    “Partially-Scheduled”. 
         [0054]    In the example illustrated in  FIG. 4 , invention system  11  sets state  42  of Change Request object  13  to “Developed” because the activity  31   a  has a status  45   a  value of “Complete”, and this activity  31   a  is associated with an active task  27   a  (status  45   f  value=“Active”) that is associated with the root issue  25 , illustrated by the dashed line arrows. Even though the activity  31   a  has a private status  41   d  value of “Cancelled”, not all of the activity sub-objects  33  are of status “Cancelled” and none are status “Active”. Thus system  11  sets status  45   n  of composite activity object  31   a  to “Complete”. 
         [0055]    Likewise, task object  27   a  has a private status  41   c  set to “Active”. This follows the above rules that if any of task object&#39;s  27   a  sub-object status  45  (including private status  41   c ) is “Active”, then system  11  sets task object  27   a  status  45   f  to “Active”, 
         [0056]    Further, root issue  25  has a private status  41   b  value of “Complete”. Issue objects  21   a  and  21   c  have respective status  45   b ,  45   c  of “Cancel” and “Active”. Issue object  21   c  is of “Active” status  45   c  because at least one of its sub-objects  23   d  . . .  23   n  has a respective status  45   d  . . .  45   e  of “Active”. Because root issue  25  is a composite object, its status  45   a  value is set to “Active” where one of its sub-objects  21   c  status  45   c  is “Active”. 
         [0057]    A sub-object  21 ,  25 ,  27 ,  31  is mastered at the replica of the stake-holder that owns it. When a stake-holder transitions to a different replica (such as when he goes off-line), all sub-objects owned by that stake-holder are automatically transferred to that replica. Since each sub-object is owned and manipulated by a single stake-holder, this avoids delays and loss of information that result when two stake-holders at different sites attempt to update a shared object. 
         [0058]    According to the foregoing, embodiments of the present invention employ a Change Request object creator  51 , partitioning means  53  and Change Request management means (manager system)  55  as shown in  FIG. 5 . In response to user request to change a subject software system (program or the like), invention, system  11  through Change Request object creator  51  initiates a Change Request object  13 . Techniques known, in the art may be employed to implement Change Request object creator  51 . Creator  51  stores initiated Change Request objects  13  in a repository  101  similar to the change management repositories  100  of prior art. 
         [0059]    Partitioning means  53  generates the issue hierarchy  15 , task hierarchy  17  and activity hierarchy  19  corresponding to a Change Request object  13  stored in repository  101 . Linked objects, tree structures and other data structures are employed. 
         [0060]    Change Request management means  55  maintains associations between activity objects  31 , task objects  27  and issue/root objects  21 ,  25 . Change Request management means  55  computes and maintains die status  45  values and private status  41  values of the objects  21 ,  25 ,  27 ,  31 ,  33  in the hierarchies  15 ,  17 ,  19  according to the above-described rules in  FIGS. 3 and 4 . Likewise, manager  55  computes and maintains the respective state  42  values and private status  41  a values of Change Request objects  13  for each stake-holder at the replica of that stake-holder. 
         [0061]    While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may he made therein, without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims. 
         [0062]    For example, the present invention may be implemented in a variety of computer architectures. The computer network of  FIGS. 2   a  and  2   b  are for purposes of illustration and not limitation of the present invention. 
         [0063]    The invention can take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment containing both hardware and software elements. In a preferred embodiment, the invention is implemented in software, which includes but is not limited to firmware, resident software, microcode, etc. 
         [0064]    Furthermore, the invention can take the form of a computer program product accessible from a computer-usable or computer-readable medium providing program code for use by or in connection with a computer or any instruction execution system. For the purposes of this description, a computer-usable or computer readable medium can be any apparatus that can contain, store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. 
         [0065]    The medium can be an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system (or apparatus or device) or a propagation medium. Examples of a computer-readable medium include a semiconductor or solid state memory, magnetic tape, a removable computer diskette, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a rigid magnetic disk and an optical, disk. Current examples of optical disks include compact disk-read only memory (CD-ROM), compact disk-read/write (CD-R/W) and DVD. 
         [0066]    A data processing system suitable for storing and/or executing program code will include at least one processor coupled directly or indirectly to memory elements through a system bus. The memory elements can include local memory employed during actual execution of the program code, bulk storage, and cache memories which provide temporary storage of at least some program code in order to reduce the number of times code must be retrieved from bulk storage during execution. 
         [0067]    Input/output or I/O devices (including but not limited to keyboards, displays, pointing devices, etc.) can be coupled to the system either directly or through intervening I/O controllers. 
         [0068]    Network adapters may also be coupled to the system to enable the data processing system to become coupled to other data processing systems or remote printers or storage devices through intervening private or public networks. Modems, cable modem and Ethernet cards are just a few of the currently available types of network adapters.