Abstract:
A headphone includes an electro-acoustic transducer dividing an enclosed volume into a front volume and a rear volume, a first port in the housing coupling the front volume to an ear canal of a user, a second port in the housing coupling the front volume to space outside the ear, a third port in the housing coupling the rear volume to space outside the ear, and an ear tip configured to surround the first port and including a flap to seal the ear canal from space outside the ear. The second port has a diameter and a length that provide an acoustic mass with an acoustic impedance with a high reactive component and a low resistive component, reducing the occlusion effect that otherwise results from sealing the ear.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    This disclosure relates to pressure equalization in earphones. 
         [0002]    Audio headphones, and in particular, in-ear earphones meant to be seated at least partially in a user&#39;s ear canal or ear canal entrance, sometimes have a number of openings, or ports, coupling the volumes within the earphones to the ear canal, to each other, or to free space. As shown in  FIG. 1 , a typical earphone  10  has a housing  12  defining a front cavity  14  and a rear cavity  16 , separated within the body by a electroacoustic transducer, or driver,  18 . A main output port  20  couples the front cavity to the ear canal so that the user can hear sound generated by the driver  18 . Rear ports  22  and  24  couple the rear cavity to free space to control the acoustic properties of the back cavity and their effect on the audio output or response through the output port  20 , as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,916,888, the entire contents of which are incorporated here by reference. A front port  26  similarly controls the acoustic properties of the front cavity, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,594,351, the entire contents of which are incorporated here by reference. The front port  26  also serves as a pressure equalization (PEQ) port because it couples the front cavity to free space. A PEQ port serves to relieve pressure created in the front cavity when the earphone is inserted into the ear. An ear tip  28  serves as an ergonomic interface between the housing  12  and the ear. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0003]    In general, in one aspect, a headphone includes a housing defining an enclosed volume, an electro-acoustic transducer dividing the enclosed volume into a front volume and a rear volume, a first port in the housing arranged to couple the front volume to an ear canal of a user when the headphone is worn, a second port in the housing arranged to couple the front volume to space outside the ear of the user when the headphone is worn, a third port in the housing arranged to couple the rear volume to space outside the ear of the user when the headphone is worn, and an ear tip configured to surround the first port and including a flap to seal the ear canal from space outside the ear when the headphone is worn. The second port has a diameter and a length that provide an acoustic mass with an acoustic impedance with a high reactive component and a low resistive component. 
         [0004]    Implementations may include one or more of the following, in any combination. The second port may have a diameter and a length that provide the second port with a low acoustic impedance at low frequencies and a high acoustic impedance at high frequencies. The housing may include an extended tab for retaining the ear tip, and the second port may include an exit from the housing positioned next to the extended tab, with the extended tab between the first port and the second port exit. The ear tip may include a void positioned to surround the second port exit, the ear tip protecting the second port exit from blockage. The void may not impart additional acoustic impedance to the second port. The ear tip may be formed from materials having at least two different hardnesses, the portion of the ear tip defining the void being of a greater hardness than the portion of the ear tip forming the seal. The transducer may include a diaphragm that is generally characterized by a fist plane, is radially symmetric along a first axis perpendicular to the plane, and is bounded by an outer edge, the first port extending from an entrance into the front volume near the outer edge of the transducer, and the second port extending from an entrance into the front volume, the second port entrance being located along a line connecting the first axis to the first port entrance. The second port entrance may be located facing the diaphragm, between the first port and the first axis. 
         [0005]    The first port may have a lower characteristic acoustic impedance than the second port. The second port may have a characteristic acoustic impedance of at least 6.8×10 6  at 20 Hz and at least 3.1×10 7  at 3 kHz. The third port may have a characteristic acoustic impedance of at least 8.0×10 6  at 20 Hz and at least 3.1×10 8  at 3 kHz the second port may have a characteristic acoustic impedance of at least 6.8×10 6  at 20 Hz and at least 3.1×10 7  at 3 kHz. A fourth port in the housing may be arranged to couple the front volume to space outside the ear of a user when the headphone is worn, the fourth port having a diameter and a length that provide the fourth port with a high acoustic impedance with a large resistive component and a low reactive component. The fourth port may have a characteristic acoustic impedance of at least 8.3×10 7  kg/m 4  at 3 kHz. 
         [0006]    In general, in one aspect, a headphone includes a housing defining an enclosed volume, an electro-acoustic transducer dividing the enclosed volume into a front volume and a rear volume, a first port in the housing arranged to couple the front volume to an ear canal of a user when the headphone is worn, a second port in the housing arranged to couple the front volume to space outside the ear of the user with a characteristic acoustic impedance of at least 6.8×10 6  at 20 Hz and at least 3.1×10 7  at 3 kHz when the headphone is worn, a third port in the housing arranged to couple the rear volume to space outside the ear of the user with a characteristic acoustic impedance of at least 8.0×10 6  at 20 Hz and at least 3.1×10 8  at 3 kHz when the headphone is worn, and an ear tip configured to surround the first port and form a seal between the housing and the ear canal when the headphone is worn. 
         [0007]    In general, in one aspect, a headphone includes an ear tip configured to seal the headphone to the ear canal to form an enclosed volume including the ear canal and a front cavity of the headphone, a front reactive port coupling the otherwise-sealed front cavity to space outside the headphone, to provide a consistent response across the audible spectrum, and a rear reactive port and a rear resistive port coupling a back cavity to space outside the headphone in parallel, to provide a high level of output for a given input signal level in combination with the seal. 
         [0008]    Implementations may include one or more of the following, in any combination. The headphone may be coupled to the ear canal through a characteristic acoustic impedance of less than 6.8×10 6  at 20 Hz and less than 3.1×10 7  at 3 kHz. The front reactive port may have a characteristic acoustic impedance of at least 6.8×10 6  at 20 Hz and at least 3.1×10 7  at 3 kHz the rear reactive port may have a characteristic acoustic impedance of at least 8.0×10 6  at 20 Hz and at least 3.1×10 8  at 3 kHz. 
         [0009]    Advantages include providing a consistent response across the audible spectrum and reduction of the occlusion effect caused by sealing the ear canal. 
         [0010]    All examples and features mentioned above can be combined in any technically possible way. Other features and advantages will be apparent from the description and the claims. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0011]      FIGS. 1 ,  2 ,  8 , and  10  show cross-sectional views of earphones. 
           [0012]      FIGS. 3 ,  4 , and ii show isometric views of the earphone of  FIG. 2 . 
           [0013]      FIGS. 5 ,  6 , and  7  show graphs of earphone response. 
           [0014]      FIG. 9  shows a schematic plan view of the earphone of  FIG. 2 . 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION 
       [0015]    Headphones in general, and in-ear headphones in particular, can be broadly divided into two categories with regard to how well they seal to the ear. Isolating headphones are intended to create a sealed front cavity coupling the driver to the ear canal, preventing air flow (and sound pressure leakage) between the ear canal and the environment. Open headphones are intended to not create such a seal, so that air and therefore sound can flow between the environment and the ear canal. In many cases, the choice between isolating and open is made to balance such factors as fidelity, sensitivity, isolation, and comfort. Of course, controlling any of these factors also requires proper configuration of the headphone acoustics. Open headphones tend to be more susceptible to interference from outside noises, while isolating headphones tend to be less comfortable. 
         [0016]    One of the reasons isolating headphones tend to be less comfortable than other types, beyond the simple fact that they put more pressure on the flesh of the ear, is that they cause what is called the occlusion effect, the distortion of the user&#39;s perception of his own voice when his ears are plugged. When a user&#39;s ear is blocked, whether by earphones, earplugs, or fingers, high-frequency components of the user&#39;s voice travelling through the air from mouth to ear are attenuated. At the same time, low-frequency components of the voice travel through the head and directly into the ear canal through the side walls of the ear canal, and are amplified by the acoustic effects of the sealed ear canal relative to how loud they are when the ear is open. These sounds are not just present while the high-frequency sounds are absent, but are actually amplified as a result of begin trapped inside the ear canal. The total effect makes the user&#39;s voice sound deeper and unnatural, but only to himself. Even when not speaking, sounds such as blood flow and jaw movement are also amplified by the sealed ear canal, causing a stuffed-up sensation independent of the physical presence of whatever is plugging the ear. Earphones that seal the ear canal can also impact the user&#39;s situational awareness, that is, his perception of environmental sounds. Sometimes this is desired, but other times it is not. PEQ ports like that shown in  FIG. 1  can reduce the occlusion effect, by relieving some of the pressure in the ear canal, but they generally also reduce low frequency output and isolation, taking away some of the advantage intended to be gained by using an isolating earphone in the first place. 
         [0017]    As described below, PEQ ports and rear cavity ports in an earphone that seals to the ear canal are configured in such a way that the occlusion effect is minimized and situational awareness is improved, without losing the improved sensitivity and subsequent control over response characteristics that is provided by sealing the earphone to the ear canal. The sealing ear tip also provides a consistent low-frequency acoustic response across various fits. As shown in  FIGS. 2 and 4 , such a headphone  200  has a sealing flange  230  extending from the ear tip  228 .  FIG. 3  shows the headphone  200  with the ear tip removed. The flange contacts the edge of the transition between the user&#39;s ear canal and concha, to seal the ear canal without protruding deeply into it, as described in U.S. Patent publication 2013/230204, the contents of which are incorporated here by reference. In combination with this, a PEQ port  226  coupling the front cavity  214  to space outside the ear is configured to be reactive, that is, the port is dimensioned such that the air in it behaves as an acoustic mass, providing the port with a low acoustic impedance at low frequencies, and a higher acoustic impedance at high frequencies. Rear ports  222  and  224  couple the rear cavity  216  to space outside the ear, and provide a reactive and resistive impedance, respectively, further tuning the response of the headphone. As in  FIG. 1 , the housing  212  defines the front and rear cavities, separated by the driver  218 . The nozzle  220  connects the front cavity to the ear canal. 
         [0018]      FIGS. 3 and 4  show external views of the same earphone, with the ear tip  228  removed for clarity in  FIG. 3 . The housing  212  includes an extension  202  containing the reactive port  222 . A tab  204  ( FIG. 3 ) retains the ear tip  228  ( FIG. 4 ) when it is installed. In this example, the PEQ port  226  exits the housing under the retaining tab  204 . This has the advantage of protecting the PEQ port from being blocked when the earphone is seated in the ear. 
         [0019]    As shown in  FIG. 4 , a gap  206  in the shaped of the ear tip surrounds the PEQ port and further protects the port from being blocked.  FIG. 4  also shows an optional positioning and retaining member  232  that extends from the ear tip  228  and seats in the pinna of the ear, to help position and retain the earphone, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,249,287, the contents of which are incorporated here by reference. Other options for the construction and packaging of the back cavity ports are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/606,149, the contents of which are incorporated here by reference. A wire exit  210  allows wire leads from the driver inside the housing  212  to reach either a cable, in a wired headset, or integrated electronics, in a wireless or otherwise active headset. 
         [0020]      FIG. 5  shows two potential response curves for an earphone like that shown in  FIG. 2 , and in particular, it shows the effect of a reactive back-cavity port  222  that resonates with the back cavity volume  216 . The front and back cavities each enclose a volume of air, and therefore each have an acoustic compliance. The driver  218  has a moving mass and an acoustic compliance, which is also measured in units of volume, i.e., cm 3 , representing the volume of air having an equivalent acoustic compliance. The compliance of the back cavity and the mass of the driver create a resonance in the frequency response, which can be seen in peaks  302  on curve  304  and  306  an curve  308  in  FIG. 5 . For a typical earphone with a 0.15 cm 3  back cavity and a driver with a compliance of 20 to 50 cm 3  and a moving mass of 2.5 to 20 mg, the resonance is between 1 and 3 kHz. The reactive port  222  in the back cavity also has an acoustic mass (hence it is sometimes called a mass port), and this mass resonates with the back cavity compliance to create a null in the response, seen in troughs  310  on curve  304  and  312  in curve  308 . In some examples, it is desirable that the mass port null be at least an octave below the driver peak. Doing this allows the resistance of the resistive port  224  to damp the response, i.e., lower the peaks, without lowering the response below where it retains enough sensitivity to be effectively equalized. 
         [0021]    In addition to resonances between the different components causing peaks and nulls, the acoustic impedance of the ports also affects the response.  FIG. 6  shows the range of effect that the combined impedance of the back cavity ports has on the total response of the earphone. As curve  402  shows, if the back cavity port impedance Zbc is too high, there is little to no output in lower frequencies. On the other hand, curve  404  shows that if the Zbc is too low, while low frequency response is maintained, mid-frequency response can dip too low, as shown by the trough  406  around 4 to 5 kHz. Such a low dip can prevent the earphone from having enough sensitivity at that range to be equalized to a desirable response. Curve  408  shows a more optimized response, where the impedance of the back cavity ports is balanced to give up some of the higher response between 200 Hz and 1 kHz, from the low-impedance curve  404 , and recover the response between 1.5 kHz and 5 kHz, so that the total curve remains above about 115 dBSPL from 30 Hz and up. 
         [0022]    Providing a front cavity PEQ having a low acoustic resistance can improve the occlusion effect and situational awareness, as it effectively un-seals the front cavity from the ear canal, but at the expense of output. The midband output can be preserved by maintaining a high reactance in the PEQ port, preserving its impedance while allowing the low resistance needed to avoid occlusion.  FIG. 5  shows the response for several variations in front cavity PEQ impedance Zfc. Curve  502  shows the response with a low reactance in Zfc. The overall response is high enough in the middle-low frequencies, but dips too low to be electronically compensated at both the low and high end, in particular at trough  504  at 3 to 4 kHz. Curve  506  shows the response with a high resistance in Zfc—this raises the response in the low end too high, making the occlusion effect unpleasant. Curve  508  shows the response with an optimized Zfc, where a balance of higher reactance and lower resistance provides a response that is high enough across a significant frequency range that sensitivity can be traded for fidelity through equalization. As mentioned in regard to  FIG. 2 , this optimization, a PEQ port with high reactance and low resistance, can be achieved by providing a port that has a larger cross sectional area, lowering its acoustic resistance, combined with enough length to contain a reactive acoustic mass of air. In some examples, the port is sized to provide a characteristic acoustic impedance that has a resistive value of at least 6.83×10 6  kg/m 4  at 20 Hz, and a reactive value of 3.10×10 7  at 3 kHz, when used with a back cavity mass port having a characteristic acoustic impedance of 8.00×10 6  at 20 Hz and 3.10×10 8  at 3 kHz. The impedances of the PEQ port at both frequencies could be increased by up to 3 dB without affecting occlusion significantly. Note that the resistive component of the PEQ port is not eliminated completely—the remaining acoustic resistance at low frequency preserves low-frequency output as it shifts the roll-off from second order (if there we no resistance) to first-order. Although this does preserve some occlusion effect, the human voice is not significant in this band, while music does tend to have significant energy. 
         [0023]    In addition to its impedance, the location of the PEQ port is also controlled to improve headphone performance. Positioning the PEQ port behind the retaining tab, as described above, happens to position the port entrance (the end of the port inside the front cavity) next to the entrance to the nozzle  220 , which creates a symmetric loading on the driver  218 . This avoids introducing undesirable features or resonances in the acoustic response caused by asymmetric loading. In some examples, as shown in  FIGS. 8 and 9 , the transducer diaphragm  602 , is generally planar, characterized by a plane  604 . The nozzle has an entrance  606  at the edge of the diaphragm, though it is not necessarily in the plane  604  of the diaphragm. The PEQ port has an entrance  608  to the front cavity that is positioned to align with a radial line  610  from the centerline of the transducer (line  612 ) to the entrance of the nozzle. That is, the line  612  corresponds to an axis around which the diaphragm is radially symmetric, the line  610  intersects the line  612  and passes through the entrance  606  of the nozzle, and a line  614  intersects the line  610  and passes through the entrance  608  of the PEQ port. 
         [0024]    In some examples, it is advantageous to add a second PEQ port to further shape the passive frequency response of the headphone. As shown in the modified earbud  700  in  FIGS. 10 and 11 , an additional port  702  is added to the front cavity. This port  702  is shown as a small hole, but it could also be covered by a screen like port  224 . While the reactive port  226  has an overall low impedance, an additional feature of the small PEQ port used previously, damping high-frequency peaks, is lost. Adding a low-reactance, high-impedance PEQ port in parallel to the high-reactance, low-impedance PEQ port  226  damps such peaks without impacting the low frequency response that was optimized by the large port. A characteristic impedance of 2.0×10 7  kg/m 4  or more at 3 kHz will provide such an advantage. For example, a 4 mm diameter hole covered by a mesh having an impedance of 260 Rayl will provide such an impedance. 
         [0025]    A number of implementations have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that additional modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the inventive concepts described herein, and, accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.