Abstract:
The invention relates to a system and method for the hydrothermal oxidation of water-insoluble organic residues. The plant comprises two independent liquid phase feed lines, namely an aqueous phase ( 1 ) and a non-water-soluble phase ( 9 ). The supercritical conditions in the entrance to the first reactor ( 10 ) enable a homogeneous phase to be obtained, in which there are no solubilization problems, thereby enabling the treatment of industrial residues that cannot be treated with standard systems. The inventive system comprises two reactor sections ( 14  and  18 ) such that it is possible to inject streams of hydrogen peroxide ( 11  and  15 ) in the connections between sections ( 13  and  17 ), in order to potentiate the oxidation reaction. The plant is equipped with a heat exchange system ( 5 ) in order to make use of the energy generated during the oxidation process, such that the plant operates in autothermal conditions.

Description:
FIELD OF THE ART 
       [0001]    The present invention is comprised within the technical sector of waste water treatment methods, more specifically in the sector relating to the treatment by hydrothermal oxidation of water-insoluble residues, such as oily residues. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The supercritical water oxidation process is an innovative technology for the treatment of residues, in which the organic matter present in the aqueous phase is completely oxidized. When water in conditions of pressure and temperature that are greater than its critical point (221 bar and 374° C.) are used, it is possible to obtain a single homogeneous reaction phase in which the organic compounds and oxygen are in close contact, therefore the oxidation process takes place without interfacial mass transfer limitations, which considerably increases the effective reaction rate. Oxidation reactions thus take place in reaction times of the order of seconds, mainly CO 2  and H 2 O being obtained as products, without the formation of NO x , CO or other incomplete oxidation products. 
         [0003]    The process has been tested with different residues such as industrial or urban sludge, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,113,446; U.S. Pat. No. 4,338,119; U.S. Pat. No. 4,543,190; PCT/US92/02490; PCT/US92/02489; using oxygen or air as oxidizing materials. 
         [0004]    One of the main drawbacks of these processes is that inorganic compounds are not very soluble in supercritical conditions, their precipitation occurring, which may cause the clogging of the reactor, the decrease in heat transfer and other operating problems. To solve this drawback, U.S. Pat. No. 4,822,497 describes a commercial method for carrying out supercritical oxidation in a tank reactor, in which an aqueous stream containing the chemical residue is treated. This stream is pressurized and introduced in the upper area of the reactor together with oxygen or air. The reactor operates under supercritical conditions in the upper area and under subcritical conditions in the lower area in which the elimination of the insoluble solids in supercritical conditions is allowed since the water is in subcritical conditions. 
         [0005]    From the technical point of view the severe operating conditions can cause severe corrosion problems. The scientific community is therefore carrying out a great research effort to solve said problems, using different reactor configurations or materials with a high corrosion resistance, as can be seen in U.S. Pat. No. 5,358,645; U.S. Pat. No. 5,461,648; U.S. Pat. No. 5,552,039; EP 689 868; U.S. Pat. No. 5,545,337. Spanish patent ES 2,108,627 proposes a refrigerated wall shell system providing lower cost reactors as it is not necessary for its pressurized shell to withstand the oxidizing environment and because said shell is at a lower temperature than that of the oxidation process. 
         [0006]    There is a series of patents focused on different techniques for injecting the feed and the oxidant for the purpose of optimizing the addition and the contact of the streams entering the reaction system. WO 97/29050 proposes an injection system with a concentric arrangement. A stream of combustible material is injected in the central part, the stream of residue surrounding such stream and acting as a shield against the oxidant to be treated, and the oxidant is injected in the outer circle. It is thus intended that high point temperatures are not reached, which would cause damages in the reactor, precipitations and other damages. U.S. Pat. No. 5,670,040 is focused on protecting the hydrothermal reactor walls to prevent precipitations and corrosion. Other patents describing modifications in the injection system are: U.S. Pat. No. 5,106,513, WO 97/05069, U.S. Pat. No. 4,338,199, U.S. Pat. No. 2,944,396. US 2003189012 proposes adding oxygen at several points of the reactor, such that a better oxidant distribution is achieved. A better temperature distribution is thus obtained throughout the reactor, starting below 250° C. at the entrance thereof and progressively increasing as the exothermic reaction takes place with successive oxygen additions, until reaching temperatures that are not greater than 530° C. 
       DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0007]    The present invention proposes a system for hydrothermal oxidation with the capacity to treat aqueous organic residues (water-soluble or water-emulsifiable) and water-insoluble organic residues. To that end, it comprises two independent liquid phase feed lines, the first of which is provided for an aqueous phase (water-soluble or water-emulsifiable residue), and the second feed line allows supplying the reactor with a liquid stream of non-water-soluble residue (oily residue or water-insoluble organic compounds). 
         [0008]    Standard hydrothermal oxidation processes allow the effective treatment of mainly organic industrial residues which are present in aqueous phase, in which the contaminants are dissolved in an emulsified form or in the form of sludges. However, the possibility of directly injecting a water-insoluble residue, such as oil or oil-type residues, in the reactor is not contemplated. The injection of oily residue by means of an independent feed line eliminates the problems associated to pumping a two-phase mixture and allows a better control of the addition of combustible material and therefore of the stability of the oxidation process. 
         [0009]    Only the first line would be used if the residue is water-soluble and has sufficient calorific value so that the heat generated in the reaction allows operating in autothermal conditions. The aqueous residue is passed through a pump raising the pressure to the supercritical reaction conditions, and it later passes through a concentric-tube heat exchanger in which the hot reaction effluent will be preheated. Once preheated, it is introduced in the first reactor in which it is mixed with the stream of pressurized and preheated air, such that the oxidation reaction begins. Since this reaction is very exothermic, depending on the calorific value of the residue and on its concentration, the heat produced is used to preheat the liquid and air supplies. In the event that the calorific value of the aqueous residue were insufficient, another organic residue could be injected through the second line, which residue will act as a fuel and will implement the calorific value of the mixture until reaching the thermal self-maintenance value. 
         [0010]    The second liquid feed line is also used if the residue is not water-soluble (for example oily type residues). Water or preferably an aqueous residue with insufficient calorific value pressurized an preheated until the operating conditions circulates through the first line, whereas the water-insoluble residue is pumped through the other line at the same pressure (at a flow rate comprised between 1 and 10% of the flow rate of the aqueous stream), being directly introduced without undergoing preheating in a mixing device in which it is contacted with the stream of water in supercritical conditions, therefore a supercritical phase in which the second stream (with an oily nature) is completely soluble is obtained. The oxidant (the pressurized and preheated stream of air) is then introduced and the reaction begins. It is thus possible to carry out the oxidation of water-insoluble industrial residues for which standard hydrothermal oxidation techniques cannot be applied. Furthermore, since it is possible to pump the residual stream in the absence of water, it reduces the power of the high-pressure pump of said feed line, and it is possible to better control the organic load supplied to the reactor. On the other hand, in the event of overpressure and excess temperature in the system, the stopping of said feed by the control system, while the introduction of the aqueous stream is maintained, favors the re-establishment of safe conditions without needing to completely stop the plant. 
         [0011]    The system consists of three tubular-type reactors connected in series, the length/inner diameter ratio being greater than 200 so as to ensure a piston-type flow regime. The reactors are made of corrosion-resistant steel alloy and are heat-insulated to operate in adiabatic conditions. They have several thermocouples which allow recording the temperature, following and controlling the reaction. Mixing devices are arranged in the connections between the reactors, which devices allow injecting aqueous streams of hydrogen peroxide, although other additives can be added if it is considered to be necessary according to the development of the reaction. A non-preheated stream of hydrogen peroxide can thus be injected in the entrance of the second and third reactors, which stream acts as a free radical generator potentiating the oxidation reaction in the event that the residue contains material resistant to oxidation, in addition to forming an additional source of oxygen. The addition of a non-preheated aqueous stream through these connections further favors the thermal control of the system, preventing an abrupt temperature rise at the addition points. 
         [0012]    In order to make use of the energy generated during the oxidation process, the hydrothermal oxidation plant is equipped with concentric-tube heat exchangers which allow preheating the aqueous feed stream and the stream of air with the final effluent of the oxidation reactor. In these exchangers, the final hot effluent circulates through the inner tube and the fluids to be heated; the feed stream and the oxidizing air circulate through the annular space between the inner tube and the outer tube. The heat exchangers are heat-insulated in their outer surface for the purpose of preventing the heat losses to the outside. In order to evacuate the possible excess heat from the final stream and allow the discharge thereof, it is passed through a plate heat exchanger that is refrigerated by the water feed network. Once the stream is cold, it is depressurized through a pressure control valve and is led to a gas-liquid separating tank. From this tank, the liquid phase leaves through the lower part by gravity and the gaseous phase, the remaining air together with the gases produced in the oxidation, escape through the upper part. Both outlets have sample-taking devices to allow their analysis and monitor the extent of the oxidative treatment. 
         [0013]    To start the reaction, the plant has electric resistances wound on to a section of the pipe through which the aqueous phase circulates with a flow rate between 10 and 20% of the design flow rate, prior to its entrance in the reactor. This device allows heating it to a temperature of about 400° C. The hot aqueous stream is mixed with the sufficient air flow rate to oxidize all the organic matter present, such that the reaction begins. As the reaction takes place and heat is released, it is possible to progressively increase the flow rates of the liquid and gaseous streams, until it is finally possible to work at full load and disconnect the electric heating. 
         [0014]    The plant is equipped with temperature, pressure, liquid flow rate and air flow rate sensors and different level sensors for the water and residue tanks. The main equipment further allows the control by means of an automaton: feed pump and additive pump, air compressor and electrically-operated valves. The method can be registered, monitored and controlled by means of developed control software, such that the efficiency of the oxidation is maximum and at the same time the operation is in high safety conditions. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0015]      FIG. 1  shows a scheme of a system for the hydrothermal oxidation of water-insoluble organic residues according to the present invention. Each of the elements forming the system is listed below:
         1 . Residue (aqueous stream).     2 . Air.     3 . High-pressure pump.     4 . Compressor.     5 . Heat exchanger.     6 . Electric resistances.     7 . Mixer.     8 . High-pressure pump.     9 . Water-insoluble residue     10 . First reactor.     11 . Aqueous stream of hydrogen peroxide.     12 . High-pressure pump.     13 . Connection between reactor sections     14 . Second reactor.     15 . Aqueous stream of hydrogen peroxide.     16 . High-pressure pump.     17 . Connection between reactor sections     18 . Third reactor.     19 . Oxidized effluent.     20 . Depressurizing and cooling device.     21 . Gas-liquid separator.     22 . Gaseous stream.     23 . Purified residue.         
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF AN EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION 
       [0039]    Two operation examples of the invention are described below, with reference to the numbers adopted in the FIGURE. 
       Example 1 
       [0040]    Water-soluble or water-emulsifiable residue. The stream formed by said residue ( 1 ) is pressurized at 250 bar by means of a high-pressure pump ( 3 ) at the flow rate previously set according to the organic load of the residue. Said pressurized stream is passed through a heat exchanger ( 5 ) in counterstream with the reaction effluent ( 19 ) circulating at a temperature between 500 and 550° C., such that the feed reaches 400° C. If it is the start of the reaction, the preheating would be carried out through electric resistances ( 6 ) which would only be disconnected once the exothermic reaction generates the necessary heat for the system to be energetically self-maintained. In the event that the calorific value of the stream ( 1 ) were insufficient to self-maintain the reaction, there is the possibility of introducing another stream ( 9 ) of an easily oxidizable material which would act as an additional fuel by means of a high-pressure pump ( 8 ). Before entering the first reactor ( 10 ), the feed lines ( 1  and  9 ) are introduced in a mixer ( 7 ) to form a homogenous phase. Air ( 2 ) pressurized at 250 bar by means of a compressor ( 4 ) and preheated in the heat exchanger ( 5 ) would then be injected. The oxidation reaction would take place in three reactor sections ( 10 ,  14  and  18 ). If necessary, two aqueous streams of hydrogen peroxide ( 11  and  15 ) (or other oxidation-promoting additives) can be added by means of high-pressure pumps ( 12  and  16 ) in the connections between reactor sections ( 13  and  17 ). Once it has been cooled in the exchanger ( 5 ), the oxidized effluent ( 19 ) is depressurized and cooled to room temperature by means of a device ( 20 ) including a plate exchanger and a pressure control valve. The stream finally passes through a gas-liquid separator ( 21 ), from which there leaves a liquid stream consisting of the purified residue ( 23 ) and a gaseous stream ( 22 ) formed by the remaining air and the oxidation gases (mainly CO 2 ). 
       Example 2 
       [0041]    Non-water-soluble and non-water-emulsifiable residue. The stream formed by pure water or by a little concentrated soluble residue ( 1 ) is pressurized at 250 bar by means of a pump ( 3 ) at the design flow rate. The pressurized stream is passed through a heat exchanger ( 5 ) in counterstream with the reaction effluent ( 19 ) circulating at high temperature, such that 400° C. is reached. If it is the start of the reaction, the preheating would be carried out through electric resistances ( 6 ) which would be disconnected once the exothermic oxidation reaction takes place. The water-insoluble residue ( 9 ) is pressurized at 250 bar and pumped through a high-pressure pump ( 8 ). Since they are in supercritical conditions, the feed streams ( 1  and  9 ) are perfectly mixed in a single phase and air ( 2 ) pressurized by the compressor ( 4 ) and preheated in a heat exchanger ( 5 ) is then injected. The reaming steps are similar to those described in Example 1. 
         [0042]    A pilot plant has been constructed with a design that is equivalent to that of  FIG. 1  for oxidation in supercritical conditions of oily residues. The plant operates at 250 bar of pressure and in a temperature range from 400 to 550° C., allowing the operation with a flow rate of up to 20 kg/h of liquid stream. The method has been satisfactorily tested with soluble residues (phenolic water and vinasse) and oily residues (cutting oil and fuel oil).