Abstract:
A lighting apparatus for providing illumination, comprising:
       a) an array of surface-emitting light sources, wherein each surface-emitting light source directs a source illumination beam, over a beam angle θ, toward an illumination plane;   b) an array of beam spreading optical elements corresponding with the array of surface-emitting light sources, wherein refraction of the source illumination beam by each beam spreading optical element substantially satisfies a distribution function:       
 
                 dy   /   d     ⁢           ⁢   θ     =     f   ⁡     (   θ   )             
wherein y is a radial distance along the illumination plane from the optical axis of the beam-spreading optical element,
 
dy is an arbitrarily small increment of the radial distance,
 
dθ is the angular increment of the beam angle corresponding to dy, and
 
ƒ(θ) is the distribution function for the angular distribution of the light source, such that each beam spreading optical element adjusts the luminous intensity of the source illumination beam from the corresponding surface-emitting light source to provide a uniformized illumination beam directed toward the illumination plane;
 
and,
       c) an array of beam-divergence reducing lens elements, wherein each beam-divergence reducing lens element reduces the angular divergence of a corresponding uniformized illumination beam,
 
providing illumination having improved uniformity and reduced beam divergence thereby.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention generally relates to backlight illumination apparatus and more particularly relates to a backlight apparatus using an arrangement of light emitting diodes (LEDs). 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Transmissive Liquid Crystal Devices (LCDs) and other types of display devices require a backlight illumination source of some type. There are basically three illumination technologies in contention for the backlighting market: Electroluminescent Lamp (EL), Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp (CCFL), and Light Emitting Diode (LED). To date, CCFL technology has enjoyed the bulk of the laptop and portable display market, providing highly efficient and dependable light sources. CCFLs are particularly adaptable to edge-lit applications, in which these linear light sources direct light into one edge of a plate or film that spreads the light over its output surface. However, there are inherent drawbacks to CCFL technology that limit its projected growth. For example, CCFL lamps contain mercury and are somewhat fragile. CCFLs are available and are practical only in a limited range of sizes, constraining their usefulness for very small displays as well as for larger displays, such as those preferred for television viewing. Additionally, CCFLs generate unwanted heat in backlight units, potentially warping or otherwise damaging one or more of the optical film components located in the display module. 
     LED backlighting has inherent advantages over these other technologies. LEDs are mechanically robust, and require only low DC voltage sources. Suitable types of LEDs can be extremely bright, relatively efficient, and have inherently long life. Available in various colors, LEDs offer advantages of larger color gamut due to narrow spectral characteristics and allow easier manipulation of color. While LEDs can also be deployed in edge-lit apparatus, they also have advantages over other technologies for direct view illumination apparatus, in which an arrangement of light sources spaced apart over a surface provides the needed backlight source. 
     A number of direct view LED backlighting solutions have been commercialized, including the device used in the LNR460D LCD flat-screen HDTV from Samsung, for example. Patent literature describes a number of LED backlight arrangements and improvements, for example: 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,789,921 entitled “Method and Apparatus for Backlighting a Dual Mode Liquid Crystal Display” to Deloy et al. describes an LED backlighting arrangement using multiple two-dimensional LED arrays including heat sink compensation; 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,871,982 entitled “High-Density Illumination System” to Holman et al describes a backlight having an array of LEDs positioned within reflective housings and having supporting prismatic films; 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,568,822 entitled “Linear Illumination Source” to Boyd et al. describes an illumination source for improved uniformity using LEDs, each partially enveloped within the notched input surface of a lens element; 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,666,567 entitled “Methods and Apparatus for a Light Source with a Raised LED Structure” to Feldman et al. describes an LED backlight that provides added luminance by positioning LED devices above a reflective surface and providing supporting optics for spreading light from the LEDs; and, 
     European Patent Application publication No. EP 1 256 835 entitled “Backlight for a Color LCD” by Paolini et al. describes an LED backlight arrangement wherein light from side-positioned LEDs is redirected outward by structures spaced within a light guide. 
     While each of the above-listed solutions promises at least some measure of improved backlighting performance using LED sources, there are drawbacks with each of these solutions and there still remains considerable room for improvement. Achieving uniformity over an area from point light sources is a complex problem and requires the interaction of multiple optical components, both for spreading the illumination over a broader area and for directing the light toward the backlit display with suitable directivity. Some combination of optical components would be required to spread and condition the point source LED illumination suitably for a backlit display. 
     While there has been considerable attention paid to LED backlighting devices, a number of drawbacks remain. Because LEDs act substantially as point light sources, LED direct-view backlights require high-performance diffusive elements to diffuse light over a broad surface area and recycle light where necessary. This adds to the thickness and expense of an LED backlight. Heat from the LEDs themselves can also be a problem. Hot spots from these light sources can cause uniformity aberrations in the LCD. Other illumination non-uniformities result from the overall poor light distribution of many conventional systems. 
     Thus, it can be seen that there would be advantages to a direct view LED backlighting apparatus that exhibits improved uniformity and efficiency, lower cost, and thinner dimensional profile. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a lighting apparatus for providing illumination, comprising: 
     a) an array of surface-emitting light sources, wherein each surface-emitting light source directs a source illumination beam, over a beam angle θ, toward an illumination plane; 
     b) an array of beam spreading optical elements corresponding with the array of surface-emitting light sources, wherein refraction of the source illumination beam by each beam spreading optical element substantially satisfies a distribution function: 
                 ⅆ   y       ⅆ   θ       =     f   ⁡     (   θ   )             
wherein y is a radial distance along the illumination plane from the optical axis of the beam-spreading optical element,
 
dy is an arbitrarily small increment of the radial distance,
 
dθ is the angular increment of the beam angle corresponding to dy, and
 
ƒ(θ) is the distribution function for the angular distribution of the light source, such that each beam spreading optical element adjusts the luminous intensity of the source illumination beam from the corresponding surface-emitting light source to provide a uniformized illumination beam directed toward the illumination plane; and,
 
     c) an array of beam-divergence reducing lens elements, wherein each beam-divergence reducing lens element reduces the angular divergence of a corresponding uniformized illumination beam, 
     providing illumination having improved uniformity and reduced beam divergence thereby. 
     It also provides a display apparatus comprising: 
     a) an array of surface-emitting light sources, wherein each surface-emitting light source directs a source illumination beam, over a beam angle θ, toward an illumination plane; 
     b) an array of beam spreading optical elements corresponding with the array of surface-emitting light sources, wherein refraction of the source illumination beam by each beam spreading optical element substantially satisfies: 
                 ⅆ   y       ⅆ   θ       =     f   ⁡     (   θ   )             
wherein y is a radial distance along the illumination plane from the optical axis,
 
dy is an arbitrarily small increment of the radial distance,
 
dθ is the angular increment of the beam angle corresponding to dy, and
 
ƒ(θ) is a function for the angular distribution of the light source, such that each beam spreading optical element adjusts the luminous intensity of the source illumination beam from the corresponding surface-emitting light source to provide a uniformized illumination beam to the illumination plane;
 
and,
 
     c) an array of beam-divergence reducing lens elements, wherein each beam-divergence reducing lens element reduces the angular divergence of a corresponding uniformized illumination beam, 
     providing an illumination having improved uniformity and reduced beam divergence thereby; 
     d) a liquid crystal light modulator for modulating the illumination beam having reduced beam divergence to provide an image-bearing beam; and, 
     e) a viewing angle control film, spaced apart from the liquid crystal light modulator, for broadening the viewing angle of the image-bearing beam. 
     It further provides a lighting apparatus for providing illumination, comprising: 
     a) a plurality of surface-emitting light sources, wherein each surface-emitting light source provides a source illumination beam; 
     b) a plurality of beam spreading optical elements, wherein each beam spreading optical element adjusts the luminous intensity of the source illumination beam from the corresponding surface-emitting light source to provide a uniformized illumination beam; 
     c) a plurality of beam-divergence reducing lens elements, wherein each beam-divergence reducing lens element redirects the uniformized illumination beam toward a viewing direction to provide an illumination beam having reduced angular divergence; and, 
     d) a viewing angle control film, spaced apart from the beam-divergence reducing lens elements, for broadening the viewing angle of the illumination beam having reduced angular divergence. 
     It further provides a display apparatus comprising: 
     a) a plurality of surface-emitting light sources, wherein each surface-emitting light source provides a source illumination beam; 
     b) a plurality of beam spreading optical elements, wherein each beam spreading optical element adjusts the luminous intensity of the source illumination beam from the corresponding surface-emitting light source to provide a uniformized illumination beam; 
     c) a plurality of beam-divergence reducing lens elements, wherein each beam-divergence reducing lens element redirects the uniformized illumination beam toward a viewing direction to provide an illumination beam having reduced angular divergence; 
     d) a liquid crystal light modulator for modulating the illumination beam having reduced angular divergence to provide an image-bearing beam; 
     e) a viewing angle control film, spaced apart from the liquid crystal light modulator, for broadening the viewing angle of the image-bearing beam. 
     The present uses an arrangement of spaced apart LEDs or other surface-emitting light sources. It provides an LED backlight with more uniform luminance over a range of viewing angles without requiring a strong diffuser element. It also provides a backlighting apparatus that is efficient, can be made at a lower cost, and one that has a thinner dimensional profile. 
     These and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon a reading of the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the drawings wherein there is shown and described an illustrative embodiment of the invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter of the present invention, it is believed that the invention will be better understood from the following description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is a side view in cross section of a conventional direct view LED backlight; 
         FIG. 2  is a side view in cross section of an LED backlight according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram showing key geometric relationships for beam-spreading optics; 
         FIG. 4  is a side view of a beam spreading optical element according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIGS. 5A and 5B  are graphs showing the effect of illumination beam shaping on luminous intensity; 
         FIG. 6A  is a cross-sectional view showing how a display apparatus provides uniform spatial luminance according to the present invention; 
         FIG. 6B  is a side view in cross section showing light conditioning effects without a Fresnel lens according to the present invention or a comparative example; and, 
         FIG. 7  is a plan view of a possible honeycomb arrangement for LED light sources and support components in one embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present description is directed in particular to elements forming part of, or cooperating more directly with, apparatus in accordance with the invention. It is to be understood that elements not specifically shown or described may take various forms well known to those skilled in the art. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , there is shown, in simplified cross-sectional form for the sake of description, the arrangement of a portion of a conventional LCD display  10  using an LED backlight  12  to illuminate an LC device  22 . A number of LEDs  14  are arranged along a surface  16 , each providing a source illumination beam  18 . A refractive element  20 , typically a lens, spreads the source illumination beam. A diffuser  30  helps to provide further angular spread and minimize “hot spots” of higher luminance. 
     As a first approximation, LED  14  acts as a Lambertian source, or point source, broadcasting source illumination beam  18  over a broad range of angles. However, the spatial luminance distribution of LED  14  is generally non-uniform. Thus, refractive element  20  and diffuser  30  are needed in order to correct for the uneven luminance distribution. With the conventional arrangement of  FIG. 1 , diffuser  30  acts as a uniformizer. In order to compensate for the uneven luminance distribution of LED  14 , diffuser  30  must be relatively thick and must be properly designed for this function. A strong diffusing element is typically needed, having a haze value greater than about 90%. 
     One approach that has been proposed for improving luminance uniformity is to optimize the shape of refractive element  20 . For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,568,822 entitled “Linear Illumination Source” to Boyd et al. discloses a lens having compound curved surfaces, wherein the lens is notched so that it substantially envelops an LED to spread light appropriately for backlight use. This improves the uniformity of illuminance on diffuser  30 . While such a solution can help to improve illumination uniformity, it is still necessary to use a strong diffuser  30  having a high haze value in excess of 90% in order to ensure acceptable uniformity. With a haze value this high, diffuser  30  provides uniformity to the illumination by scattering light numerous times as it passes through diffuser  30  and reflects off surface  16 . Significantly, there is light loss associated with each scattering and reflection. This light scattering can direct light out of the desired path and away from the end user, thus reducing the efficiency with which the light is transmitted from the light source  14  to the end user. 
     With the goals of improved luminance uniformity and optical efficiency in mind, the apparatus and method of the present invention further condition the illumination beam, providing a measure of beam redirection and angular reduction, before it is incident to diffuser  30 . Referring to  FIG. 2 , there is shown, again in cross-section, an arrangement of a backlight  24  designed for improved luminance uniformity in a display apparatus  50 . LEDs  14  are arranged along a reflective surface  26 . Each LED  14  has a corresponding beam-spreading optical element  28  that acts as a luminance uniformizer to provide a spread illumination beam  34  over a broad range of angles. A Fresnel lens element  32 , a preferred type of beam-divergence reduction lens element advantaged for its thin profile, then provides a degree of beam-divergence reduction for spread illumination beam  34 , providing a reduced divergence illumination beam  36  thereby. A diffuser  38  is then provided in the path of reduced divergence illumination beam  36 , as a type of viewing angle control film or article, to broaden the viewing angle and thus provide a uniformized backlight illumination  40  to LC device  22  or other component. LC device  22  modulates uniformized backlight illumination  40  to form an image modulated light beam  54 . 
     As the term is used in the present application, a “reduced divergence” beam has at least some measure of reduced angular divergence introduced by Fresnel lens element  32 . For most backlighting applications, the illumination beam need not be collimated. A divergence reduction of at least about +/−5% at a minimum would be desirable. The degree of allowable angular divergence can vary over a range, depending on the size of light source and the focal length of Fresnel lens element  32 . Diffuser  38  is selected to provide a beam divergence suitable to different applications. 
     Optimization of the present invention is based on an analysis of luminance and illuminance. Illuminance is given in terms of luminous flux incident per unit area of a surface. Luminance, or brightness, is given in terms of luminous flux emitted from a surface per unit solid angle per projected unit area, as projected onto a plane that is normal to the propagation direction. If a light source is Lambertian, its luminous intensity has cos θ falloff, where θ is the beam angle offset relative to normal. Its illuminance, meanwhile, has cos 4 θ falloff. 
     With respect to  FIG. 3 , the design of beam-spreading optical element  28  is intended to make the illuminance from LEDs  14  more nearly constant over a certain 2D area on an illumination plane P i , which means satisfying the following equation, in as much as is possible: 
                       ⅆ   Φ       ⅆ   y       =   constant           (   1   )               
where Φ is a luminous flux and y is a distance from an optical axis on the illuminated area, as shown in  FIG. 3 . Line z indicates the optical axis in  FIG. 3 .
 
     The luminous intensity of a Lambertian light source is expressed as a distribution function: 
                     f   ⁡     (   θ   )       =         ⅆ   Φ       ⅆ   θ       =     cos   ⁡     (   θ   )                 (   2   )               
where θ is a measure of the angle of the beam emitted from the light source. In order to achieve uniform illuminance, it is required that beam spreading optics convert equation (2) to equation (1). Since luminous flux is conserved in any optical system, it is relatively straightforward to derive the condition that beam spreading optics should satisfy for a uniform illumination, with a Lambertian light source, as:
 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       ⅆ 
                       y 
                     
                     
                       ⅆ 
                       θ 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     cos 
                     ⁡ 
                     
                       ( 
                       θ 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   3 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Still referring to  FIG. 3 , assume a beam incident on beam spreading optics with angle θ. From the beam spreading optics, the beam is incident upon position y on the illumination plane P i . When the incidence angle varies by an incremental amount, dθ, then the corresponding variation of y, that is, dy, should be proportional to cos(θ). In other words, the flux within the area dy increases with cos(θ) as beam angle θ increases. Simply put, this condition requires optics that deliver more light into higher angles in order to compensate for cosine fall-off in illuminance. 
     One can also derive the luminous intensity of the beam after the beam spreading optics. The beam spreading optics create a uniform illuminance to satisfy the following relationship: 
                       ⅆ   Φ       ⅆ   y       =     const   .             (   4   )               
Where dl is a subtended area of dy, then,
 
                     ⅆ   y     =         ⅆ   l       cos   ⁡     (   θ   )         .             (   5   )               
The subtended solid angle corresponding to dl is, then:
 
                     ⅆ   Ω     =         ⅆ   l       r   2       =         ⅆ   l         (     z     cos   ⁡     (   θ   )         )     2       =         cos   2     ⁡     (   θ   )       ⁢       ⅆ   l       z   2                     (   6   )               
By inverting equation (6), the following is obtained:
 
                     ⅆ   l     =       z   2     ⁢         ⅆ   Ω         cos   2     ⁡     (   θ   )         .               (   7   )               
Substituting equation (7) into equation (4) and using equation (5) obtains:
 
                       ⅆ   Φ       ⅆ   y       =         ⅆ   Φ         z   2     ⁢       ⅆ   Ω         cos   3     ⁡     (   θ   )             =     const   .               (   8   )               
Therefore, using equation (6), the luminous intensity becomes:
 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       ⅆ 
                       Φ 
                     
                     
                       ⅆ 
                       Ω 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     const 
                     × 
                     
                       
                         
                           z 
                           2 
                         
                         
                           
                             cos 
                             3 
                           
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             θ 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                       
                       . 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   9 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Although this derivation assumes a Lambertian light source, the same concept can be applied more generally to other types of light source. In the general case, a light source can be considered to have the angular distribution: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       ⅆ 
                       Φ 
                     
                     
                       ⅆ 
                       θ 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     f 
                     ⁡ 
                     
                       ( 
                       θ 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   10 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Following the same derivation procedure, equation (3) can be extended to more general form as, 
                       ⅆ   y       ⅆ   θ       =       f   ⁡     (   θ   )       .             (   11   )               
Equation (11) is a generalized form of equation (3). Using this analysis, the goal for beam-shaping optics in an illumination system using LED sources is to satisfy equation (11) above, given a particular angular distribution function ƒ(θ). In the example described above, angular distribution function ƒ(θ) followed a cosine characteristic. Other possible angular distribution functions could be exponential or trigonometric functions, such as cos 2  (θ), for example. Whatever the angular distribution function ƒ(θ), the beam-shaping optics should compensate in such a way that luminous flux at the illumination plane remains essentially uniform. Overall, the illuminance uniformity provided by the beam-shaping optics should be within ˜90%.
 
       FIG. 4  shows, in cross-sectional profile, the shape of beam-spreading optical element  28  in one embodiment. Here, beam-spreading optical element  28  is a lens having both concave and convex curvature. Beam-spreading optical element  28  has a concave portion  48  in the center of the lens element, that is, relatively close to the optical axis O, and convex outer portions  52 . (In  FIG. 4 , concave portion  48  has very slightly concave curvature.) 
       FIG. 5A  shows a graph  44  of luminous intensity of the light from LED  14  before conditioning by beam-spreading optical element  28 .  FIG. 5B  shows a graph  46  of the luminous intensity, over a range of angles about normal (0 degrees) of spread illumination beam  34  ( FIG. 2 ) provided from beam-spreading optical element  28 . The improved shape of graph  46  shows luminous intensity proportional to (cos 3 θ) −1  as desired. 
       FIG. 6A  shows, in idealized form, how display apparatus  50  provides spatial luminance that is essentially uniform. Here, LED  14  provides light to beam spreading optical element  28 , which provides the beam spreading function described above. Fresnel lens element  32  then provides beam divergence reduction and directs the conditioned illumination to diffuser  38 , typically a film, for viewing angle control. This arrangement provides a uniform spatial luminance to the illumination as it reaches LC device  22 . In this system, the angular spread of light by diffuser  38  is used to broaden the view angle, rather than to provide uniformity as in conventional designs. Accordingly, the diffuser  38  is selected in a customized fashion so to meet the specific view angle requirements of the display module. In the embodiments of  FIGS. 2 and 6A , diffuser  38  is in the illumination path. In an alternate embodiment, diffuser  38  could be disposed in the path of modulated light, that is, between the light modulating element and the viewer. In one embodiment, diffuser  38  increases the viewing angle for an LC display apparatus by at least about +/−10 degrees. 
     The apparatus and method of the present invention provide each LED  14  with a corresponding beam spreading optical element  28  and Fresnel lens element  32 . Fresnel lens elements  32  for multiple LEDs  14  can be provided in an array, so that, in one embodiment, a single sheet has an array of multiple Fresnel lens elements, suitably sized and spaced apart from each other, based on the spacing of LEDs  14 . Some alignment between each individual Fresnel lens element  32  and its corresponding LED  14  would be needed; however, highly precise alignment is not necessary. Diffuser  38  can be a film or plate, and can be considerably thinner than the corresponding diffusive element needed for conventional LED backlights, such as backlight  24  shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     Without the beam-divergence reduction provided by Fresnel lens element  32 , illumination sensed by the viewer may not be uniform due to the directionality of the incident beam.  FIG. 6B  shows this condition graphically. A light ray  41  at near normal direction is readily visible to the viewer. In comparison a light ray  42  propagates at an off-axis angle and does not propagate to the eye even after conditioning by diffuser  38 . Without some beam divergence reduction, a portion of the illumination may be directed away from the desired viewing angle, resulting in significant reduction of illumination. One approach for preventing this is to use a very strong diffuser, having a haze value above 90%; however, such highly diffusive optical components exhibit high absorption and back reflection that cause low optical efficiency. In the present invention, Fresnel lens element  32  (shown in  FIGS. 2 and 6A ) eliminates the need for strong diffusers by beam divergence reduction, redirecting the incident beam to a more nearly normal direction regardless of incident angle. Only a weak diffuser, having a haze value below 90%, is needed in order to spread the illumination over a narrow range of angles before it reaches LC device  22 . 
     LEDs  14  and their supporting components can be arranged along reflective surface  26  in a rectangular pattern of rows and columns or in some other suitable pattern. For example, the plan view of  FIG. 7  shows a honeycomb pattern, in which individual cells  54  are arranged in a compact packaging pattern. Each cell  54  would contain one LED  14  with a corresponding beam spreading optical element  28  and Fresnel lens element  32 . Packaging of components in this manner, using hexagonal honeycomb cells  54 , optimizes component placement within the plane of illumination provided by LEDs  14 . 
     Fabrication 
     In one embodiment, beam-shaping and conditioning components used in display apparatus  50  ( FIGS. 2 and 6A ) are fabricated with a predetermined component spacing, so that, for example, LEDs  14  and their corresponding beam spreading optical elements  28  are uniformly spatially distributed. Fresnel lenses  32  are molded as part of a single sheet, with the individual lenses suitably spaced apart for alignment with LEDs  14 . 
     Beam spreading optical elements  28  can be formed from conventional optical materials. When aspheric shapes are used, fabrication using optical plastics is generally preferred. Because these components are part of an illumination system (rather than of an imaging system), manufacturing tolerances need not be stringent. 
     The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the scope of the invention as described above, and as noted in the appended claims, by a person of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, while LEDs  14  are used, other types of surface-emitting light sources could be used as point sources. A reflective beam spreading optical element  28  could also be used. LED  14  or other surface-emitting light source could be a polychromatic source, such as a white light source, or could be monochromatic. Fresnel lens element  32  is advantaged for its thin dimensions; some alternate type of thin collimating lens element could be substituted in order to provide the collimating functions of Fresnel lens element  32 . 
     Thus, what is provided is an apparatus and method for an LED backlighting apparatus and a display using that apparatus. 
     PARTS LIST 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 10. 
                 LCD display 
               
               
                   
                 12. 
                 Backlight 
               
               
                   
                 14. 
                 LED 
               
               
                   
                 16. 
                 Surface 
               
               
                   
                 18. 
                 Source illumination beam 
               
               
                   
                 20. 
                 Refractive element 
               
               
                   
                 22. 
                 LC device 
               
               
                   
                 24. 
                 Backlight 
               
               
                   
                 26. 
                 Reflective surface 
               
               
                   
                 28. 
                 Beam spreading optical element 
               
               
                   
                 30. 
                 Diffuser 
               
               
                   
                 32. 
                 Fresnel lens element 
               
               
                   
                 34. 
                 Spread illumination beam 
               
               
                   
                 36. 
                 Substantially collimated illumination beam 
               
               
                   
                 38. 
                 Diffuser 
               
               
                   
                 40. 
                 Uniformized backlight illumination 
               
               
                   
                 41, 42. 
                 Light ray 
               
               
                   
                 44. 
                 Graph 
               
               
                   
                 46. 
                 Graph 
               
               
                   
                 48. 
                 Concave portion 
               
               
                   
                 50. 
                 Display apparatus 
               
               
                   
                 52. 
                 Outer portion 
               
               
                   
                 54. 
                 Image modulated light beam 
               
               
                   
                 P i   
                 Illumination plane