Abstract:
An apparatus and method of determining remaining capacity in a battery, including the following steps: detecting the presence of a battery within one of a plurality of specified terminals; automatically initiating a timed pulse load test on the battery upon detection in a terminal; continuously passing current from the battery through a specified resistive load for the terminal; measuring a voltage of the battery while under the resistive load; comparing the measured voltage to a discharge voltage profile of the battery; and, computing the measured voltage as a percent of remaining battery capacity.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     The present application is a Continuation-In-Part application to a parent application entitled “Multi-Battery Tester,” filed Apr. 13, 1999 now abandoned and having Ser. No. 09/290,748. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to determining the remaining capacity of batteries or electrochemical cells of various chemistries and, more particularly, to determining the remaining capacity of batteries by measuring the voltage of different battery types and sizes under precise resistive pulse loads. 
     In the past, conventional battery testers were devices that would indicate the voltage of a battery subjected to a relatively small resistive load. The size or value of that resistive load might be varied depending on the type or size of the battery being tested. More complex testers may compare a battery&#39;s voltage under load to fixed voltages along a resistance ladder, where those voltage values correspond to specific levels of remaining charge. 
     One deficiency of conventional battery testers is that accurate test results are often limited to a specific battery type or chemistry. This occurs because newer battery types or chemistries have significantly different discharge voltage profiles than earlier types. For example, the newer various lithium chemistries often have a relatively flat discharge profile wherein their open circuit voltage (OCV) remains nearly constant from 100% capacity to 20% remaining capacity. Alternately, the discharge profile for alkaline chemistries is a linear slope wherein their OCV decreases proportionately to remaining capacity. Generally, equally discharged batteries of identical voltage ratings, but different chemistries, will produce different results when compared to voltages along a fixed resistance ladder. 
     Another source of test result error with conventional battery testers is the amount of resistive load applied during the test. Many battery applications today are in electronic devices requiring relatively high power or having high momentary power demands. Examples include cameras with flash, digital cameras, and communication devices. These devices often have battery monitor circuits which will inhibit operation below a specific supply voltage. For accuracy, a battery tester must apply a load that is similar in magnitude and duration to that of typical applications for the battery. 
     Accordingly, it would be desirable for an electronic circuit to be developed which can accurately determine the remaining capacity of batteries of various chemistries and sizes by measuring their voltage under precise current loads. These current loads are similar to those experienced by the batteries under their normal operating conditions. 
     It would also be desirable for an electronic circuit to be developed that can be programmed with software algorithms which can be altered to suit a variety of battery testing applications, such as consumer, medical, military, communication or photographic. It is understood that such software could be written for batteries of different sizes and chemistries, as well as for primary and secondary cells. 
     It is also desirable that the electronic circuit automatically perform a precise pulse load test which will not harm the battery under test. The duration and repetition of this load test cycle may vary depending on the battery type being tested. By precisely timing the duration of the resistive load, overheating and damage to the battery under test is prevented and accurate, reproducible results are ensured from test to test. 
     Another desirable feature for the electronic circuit is that it can be easily used by untrained operators, whereby it easily computes and displays test results as a percentage of remaining battery capacity. 
     It is desirable for a battery tester circuit to have a power source independent from the battery under test. This enables accurate testing and precise voltage measurement of a wide range of batteries regardless of the state of charge of the battery under test. Nevertheless, it is desirable for the battery tester circuit to maintain testing accuracy regardless of the circuit&#39;s power supply voltage. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In a first exemplary embodiment of the invention, a method of determining remaining capacity in a battery is disclosed as including the following steps: detecting the presence of a battery within one of a plurality of specified terminals; automatically initiating a timed pulse load test on the battery upon detection in a terminal; continuously passing current from the battery through a specified resistive load for the terminal; measuring a voltage of the battery while under the resistive load; comparing the measured voltage to a discharge voltage profile of the battery; and, computing the measured voltage as a percent of remaining battery capacity. 
     In a second exemplary embodiment of the invention, an apparatus for determining remaining capacity in a battery is disclosed as including: a microcontroller having stored therein a plurality of battery discharge profiles; a plurality of terminals connected to the microcontroller, wherein each of the terminals is identified as being applicable for a specified battery; a resistive load associated with each terminal; and, a power supply for providing a supply voltage to operate the microcontroller. A timed pulse load test is automatically initiated by the microcontroller upon detection of a battery on any of the terminals so that current from the battery is passed through the associated resistive load. A voltage for the battery is then measured, with the measured voltage being compared to a battery discharge profile for the battery so that a remaining battery capacity is computed therefrom. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a timing diagram for a test cycle performed by the apparatus of the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a top perspective view of the apparatus of the present invention; 
     FIG. 3 is a portion of a circuit diagram for the apparatus of the present invention; 
     FIG. 3A is a portion of a circuit diagram for the apparatus of the present invention; and, 
     FIG. 4 is a flow chart of the functional steps undertaken by the apparatus of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     According to the present invention, with reference to FIG. 2, FIG.  3  and FIG. 3A, the battery test circuit is based around a microcontroller U 2 , a single chip device which combines RAM, ROM, I/O, A/D convertor, and CPU. Like all other microprocessor based circuits, it requires certain basic support components such as an oscillator Y 1  for a time base, capacitors C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , and resistors R 20 , R 21 . The circuit also includes a multiplexer U 1 , a relay K 1 , a voltage reference Z 1 , load resistors R 1 , R 3 , R 5 , R 7 , R 9 , R 11 , R 13 , R 16 , and six LEDs CR 1 , CR 2 , CR 3 , CR 4 , CR 5 , CR 6  as the display  3 . The colors of the LEDs in the present invention are red, yellow, and green. There are two of each color. 
     All terminals  1 A,  1 B,  1 C,  1 D,  1 E,  1 F,  1 G,  1 H on the present invention are for battery positive (+) and a test probe  2  connected to a wire  2 A is used for battery negative (−) when necessary on cylindrical batteries. The terminals are made of brass with nickel plating, although other conductive metals such as plated copper may be used. Eighteen gauge or larger wire is used for the negative wire probe to minimize voltage variation under high current. 
     In the present invention, there are eight test locations for testing different battery types. These include alkaline 1.5 v, lithium 1.5 v, lithium 3 v, lithium 6 v, silver oxide 1.55 v, silver oxide 6 v, and NiMH/NlCd 1.2 v rechargeable, which together represent over 25 different individual batteries. It will be understood, however, that batteries of other chemistries and voltage size may tested at a given location. 
     The battery tester&#39;s circuit in the present invention preferably operates from four 1.5 volt AA size batteries BT 1 - 4 . It is understood that other power sources at higher or lower voltage may be used, and may be other than batteries, for example, an AC power adapter. There is no ON/OFF switch for or associated with the tester, instead the software algorithm instructs the microcontroller U 2  to remain in a low power consumption mode while each contact terminal  1 A-H is scanned in sequence through multiplexer U 1 , detecting for battery presence or voltage. The microcontroller U 2  automatically initiates a precisely timed pulse load test when battery presence is detected on any of the tester&#39;s terminals. After each battery test, the tester&#39;s circuit preferably returns to low power consumption mode. 
     During the test cycle, current from the battery BAT 1 , BAT 2 , BAT 3 , BAT 4 , BAT 5 , BAT 6 , BAT 7 , or BAT 8  passes through a corresponding precision load resistor R 1 , R 3 , R 5 , R 7 , R 9 , R 11 , R 13 , or R 16  and then to ground through a normally closed relay K 1 . The value of the precision load resistors connected to each terminal depends upon the battery type. The following TABLE 1 shows the actual resistive loads used in the present invention for each aforementioned battery type, along with the corresponding reference location on FIG.  2  and FIG.  3 . 
     It should be understood that the resistive loads used on the present invention may be altered to suit the type, size, or application of the batteries being tested. It should also be understood that both the tester&#39;s operating software and the resistive load may be altered to suit a particular testing application. It should also be understood that the pulse load tests may be single or multiple. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Battery Type 
                 FIG. 3 
                 Resistor Load (Ohm) 
                 FIG. 2 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1.2 v NiMH, NiCd 
                 BAT1 
                 3.6 
                 1A 
               
               
                 1.5 v AgO 
                 BAT2 
                 19.1 
                 1B 
               
               
                   3 v lithium coin 
                 BAT3 
                 220 
                 1C 
               
               
                   6 v AgO 
                 BAT4 
                 75 
                 1D 
               
               
                   3 v photo lithium 
                 BAT5 
                 3.6 
                 1E 
               
               
                 1.5 v alkaline 
                 BAT6 
                 9.1 
                 1F 
               
               
                   6 v photo lithium 
                 BAT7 
                 6.2 
                 1G 
               
               
                   9 v alkaline 
                 BAT8 
                 220 
                 1H 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     A test in progress is indicated to the user by all six LEDs CR 1 , CR 2 , CR 3 , CR 4 , CR 5 , CR 6  flashing together. The LEDs operate from the circuit&#39;s supply voltage V s  through a resistor network RN 1  to ground GND. 
     During the test, battery voltage under load V B  is continuously passed through a current limiting resistor R 2 , R 4 , R 6 , R 8 , R 10 , R 12 , R 14 , R 17  to the multiplexer U 1  and from there to an in/out port of the microcontroller U 2 . Depending on its magnitude, battery voltage under load V B  may also pass through a voltage dividing resistor R 15 , R 18 , R 22  to ground GND, then to the multiplexer U 1  and onto the microcontroller U 2 . Thus, by recognizing which terminal is being used, the correct software discharge profile for that battery is used. 
     In order to minimize power consumption by the battery tester&#39;s circuit and greatly extend battery life, the microcontroller U 2  operates directly from the supply batteries&#39; BT 1 - 4  voltage, which is referred to herein as V s . Alternatively, if the tester&#39;s circuit operated from a regulated voltage, for example, an in-circuit voltage regulator, the tester&#39;s internal batteries BT 1 - 4  would have a much shorter useful life. Operating the circuit directly from the power supply batteries BT 1 - 4  means that the A/D convertor&#39;s reference voltage necessarily changes as the supply batteries discharge with age and use, and therefore could cause erroneous test results as the supply batteries&#39; voltage decreases over time. To maintain testing accuracy, the microcontroller U 2  first measures and stores the voltage of the battery under load V B  and then enables a high tolerance ±1% voltage reference and stores its voltage output V REF . In the present invention, this reference voltage V REF  is 2.50 volts, but that can range from 1.80 volts to 5.00 volts. At the end of each test, voltage of the battery under load V B  is then scaled by using the ratio of what the A/D reference would read if it were operating on +5.00 volts V s , divided by the measured precision reference value V REF . We refer to the result as V Bscaled . This scaling process is a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is shown mathematically in the equation below: 
     
       
           V   Bscaled =[128× V   B   ]÷V   REF   
       
     
     Where: 
     V B =the binary equivalent of the measured voltage of the battery under test load 
     V REF =the binary equivalent of the measured precision reference voltage 
     128=the number of bits for a 2.5 volt reference, assuming as in the present invention a 5 volts source V S  and 8-bit A/D. 
     The battery voltage scaling algorithm is executed approximately 50 milliseconds before the end of each pulse load test. Then, the microcontroller compares V Bscaled  to the battery&#39;s discharge voltage profile, which is stored in the program memory. These batter discharge profiles are determined for each battery type or size by extensive testing, and are programmed into the tester&#39;s operating software. This voltage discharge data is accurate to ±10 millivolts in this device. This level of accuracy is necessary to distinguish small voltage changes associated with the relatively flat voltage discharge profiles of certain battery chemistries. 
     To end each test cycle, the microcontroller U 2  signals a MOSFET Q 1  which drives the coil of relay K 1 , causing the relay contacts to open. This disconnects the resistive load to prevent excessive drain of the battery being tested. 
     Each test result is computed as a percent of remaining battery capacity, and is displayed by illuminating one of six multi-colored LEDs. That LED will remain lighted until the user removes the battery from the test terminal. 
     The following TABLE 2 contains voltage profiles of three different batteries at various states of discharge. Notice the difference between open circuit voltage OCV and voltage under load V B  during the test cycle. Open circuit voltage OCV is what would be measured by using a voltmeter or multimeter across the battery&#39;s terminals. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Battery 
                 C RB   
                 OCV 
                 V B   
                 Display 3 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   6 v photo 
                 100%  
                 6.31 
                 &gt;5.28 
                 Green LED CR1 
               
               
                 lithium 
                 80% 
                 6.20 
                 &gt;5.10 
                 Green LED CR2 
               
               
                 1300 mAH 
                 60% 
                 6.12 
                 &gt;4.82 
                 Yellow LED CR3 
               
               
                 capacity 
                 40% 
                 6.05 
                 &gt;4.42 
                 Yellow LED CR4 
               
               
                   
                 20% 
                 5.98 
                 &gt;4.15 
                 Red LED CR5 
               
               
                   
                 10% 
                 5.93 
                 &gt;3.90 
                 Red LED CR6 
               
               
                   3 v photo 
                 100%  
                 3.16 
                 &gt;2.64 
                 Green LED CR1 
               
               
                 lithium 
                 80% 
                 3.10 
                 &gt;2.55 
                 Green LED CR2 
               
               
                 1300 mAH 
                 60% 
                 3.05 
                 &gt;2.41 
                 Yellow LED CR3 
               
               
                 capacity 
                 40% 
                 2.97 
                 &gt;2.21 
                 Yellow LED CR4 
               
               
                   
                 20% 
                 2.89 
                 &gt;2.08 
                 Red LED CR5 
               
               
                   
                 10% 
                 2.82 
                 &gt;1.95 
                 Red LED CR6 
               
               
                     1.5 v alkaline 
                 100%  
                 1.56 
                 &gt;1.44 
                 Green LED CR1 
               
               
                 2600 mAH 
                 80% 
                 1.41 
                 &gt;1.37 
                 Green LED CR2 
               
               
                 capacity 
                 60% 
                 1.35 
                 &gt;1.27 
                 Yellow LED CR3 
               
               
                   
                 40% 
                 1.32 
                 &gt;1.17 
                 Yellow LED CR4 
               
               
                   
                 20% 
                 1.28 
                 &gt;1.08 
                 Red LED CR5 
               
               
                   
                 10% 
                 1.24 
                 &gt;0.93 
                 Red LED CR6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C RB  = Remaining Battery Capacity  
               
               
                 OCV = Battery Open Circuit Voltage (no load)  
               
               
                 V B  = voltage of battery under load  
               
               
                 Display 3 = test result as indicated by the tester&#39;s LED display  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     This shows the importance of using a load similar to those experienced by the battery during normal operating conditions. This not only establishes voltage magnitudes typical during operating conditions, but also amplifies the changes in voltage for more precise measurement. In most cases the delta, or slope of voltage change, is greater under load than is the delta for open circuit voltage. It should be noted that remaining battery capacity may be determined from the voltage delta during one or more pulse load tests as well as absolute voltage values. 
     In order to better appreciate the operation of the tester described herein, FIG. 4 depicts a flow chart of the functional steps undertaken. As seen therein, a first box  100  indicates that supply batteries BT 1 - 4  are installed in order to provide supply voltage V S  for powering the tester. The tester is then reset (box  102 ) so that the tester is placed in a low power mode (box  104 ). Thereafter, multiplexer U 1  scans terminals  1 A- 1 H in sequence to determine whether a battery or voltage is detected (box  106 ). If no battery is detected (box  108 ), then a feedback loop  110  returns to low power mode in box  104  and begins again. On the other hand, if a user places a battery on one of test terminals  1 A- 1 H (box  112 ), the battery is detected (box  114 ) and a test cycle is initiated by microcontroller U 2  (box  116 ). 
     The tester then undertakes a self test of batteries BT 1 - 4  (box  118 ), whereupon a low battery warning is provided (box  120 ) if the test fails (box  122 ). Provided the test passes (box  124 ), a signal in the form of LEDs CR 1 -CR 6  then blink during the load test (box  126 ). During the pulse load test, voltage of the battery under load V B  is read and stored (box  128 ). The voltage reference Z 1  is then enabled and the reference voltage V REF  is also read and stored (box  130 ). 
     Once the reference voltage V REF  has been stored, relay K 1  is turned on and the load is switched off (box  132 ). In this way, voltage reference Z 1  is disabled. The voltage scaling routing described herein is then run (box  134 ) and the remaining capacity of the battery C RB  being tested is computed by utilizing the discharge profile stored in microcontroller U 2  (box  136 ). The remaining battery capacity C RB  is then preferably displayed utilizing the LEDs CR 1 -CR 6  (box  138 ). After the user removes the battery from the test terminal (box  140 ), a feedback loop  142  returns the tester to the low power mode (box  104 ). 
     It is understood that modifications of the invention may be made by persons skilled in the field. Therefore, the embodiments shown in the preceding detailed description and drawings are for illustration purposes only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.