Abstract:
Memory devices and methods of making memory devices are shown. Methods and configurations as shown provide folded and vertical memory devices for increased memory density. Methods provided allow trace wiring in a memory array to be formed on or near a surface of a memory device.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    Thyristor random access memory (TRAM) provides a memory structure that does not need an exclusive storage capacitor, separate from a select transistor, to store a memory state. However device configurations to date use a considerable amount of surface area. Improvements in device configuration are needed to further improve memory density. Further, it is desirable to form devices using manufacturing methods that are reliable and efficient. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0002]      FIG. 1  shows an example memory cell according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0003]      FIG. 2  shows trigger voltage of an example memory cell at various gate voltages according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0004]      FIG. 3  shows an example method of forming a memory cell according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0005]      FIG. 4  shows an information handling system that includes an example memory cell according to an embodiment of the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0006]    In the following detailed description of the invention, reference is made to the accompanying drawings that form a part hereof and in which are shown, by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention. Other embodiments may be utilized and chemical, structural, logical, electrical changes, etc. may be made. 
         [0007]    The terms wafer and substrate used in the following description include any structure having an exposed surface with which to form a device or integrated circuit (IC) structure. The term substrate is understood to include semiconductor wafers. The term substrate is also used to refer to semiconductor structures during processing, and may include other layers, such as silicon-on-insulator (SOI), etc. that have been fabricated thereupon. Both wafer and substrate include doped and undoped semiconductors, epitaxial semiconductor layers supported by a base semiconductor or insulator, as well as other semiconductor structures well known to one skilled in the art. The term conductor is understood to include semiconductors, and the term insulator or dielectric is defined to include any material that is less electrically conductive than the materials referred to as conductors. 
         [0008]    The term “horizontal” as used in this application is defined as a plane parallel to the conventional plane or surface of a wafer or substrate, regardless of the orientation of the wafer or substrate. The term “vertical” refers to a direction perpendicular to the horizontal as defined above. Prepositions, such as “on”, “side” (as in “sidewall”), “higher”, “lower”, “over” and “under” are defined with respect to the conventional plane or surface being on the top surface of the wafer or substrate, regardless of the orientation of the wafer or substrate. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined only by the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. 
         [0009]      FIG. 1  shows a memory cell  100  according to an embodiment of the invention. The memory cell  100  includes a first type doped semiconductor base  110 . The first type doped semiconductor base  110  is shown with two upward facing ends  106  and  108 . As noted above, the term “upward” in the present specification is defined with respect to a semiconductor wafer during manufacture. A fabricated memory chip may have any of a number of possible orientations when in use. A space is included between the two upward facing ends  106  and  108 . In one embodiment, the space defines a part of a conduction path  140 , discussed in more detail below. 
         [0010]      FIG. 1  further shows a second type doped semiconductor structure  112  coupled to a first of the upward facing ends  106 , and another second type doped semiconductor structure  114  coupled to a second of the upward facing ends  108 . In one embodiment, the first type doped semiconductor is p-type, and the second type doped semiconductor is n-type although the invention is not so limited. In other embodiments, the first type doped semiconductor is n-type, and the second type doped semiconductor is p-type. 
         [0011]    Also shown is a first type doped semiconductor top structure  116  located over the second type doped semiconductor structure  112 . The configuration shown in  FIG. 1  forms a first p-n junction  122 , a second p-n junction  124 , and a third p-n junction  126 . The p-n junctions ( 122 ,  124 ,  126 ) are coupled in series along a conduction path  140  to form a thyristor device. 
         [0012]    In the configuration shown, the first type doped semiconductor base  110 , along with the upward facing ends  106  and  108  define a folded structure. A folded structure is more compact in areal footprint than horizontal structures. In one embodiment, the areal footprint includes a width  130  and a length  132  that is approximately four lithographic feature squares (4F 2 ). Lithographic feature squares define how many devices or elements of devices can fit into a given area on a substrate when manufactured by optical lithography. The actual device dimensions may depend on several factors, including lithography and etch conditions. However, the relative figure of merit “F” is independent of wavelength, and is often used in the semiconductor industry to compare device architectures to one another for spatial efficiency. 
         [0013]    The folded structure shown in  FIG. 1  results in electrical contact points  151  and  152  being at a top surface of the memory cell  100 . This allows subsequent wiring for a memory array to be formed on top of the memory cell instead of beneath the memory cell, or otherwise below a top surface  150  of the memory cell. Conductor traces or other wiring structures that are formed below a top surface  150  of a device can be more difficult to manufacture. For example, deep ion implant procedures, or deposition deep in an etched trench may be needed to form buried conductor wiring structures. In contrast, the memory cell  100 , with the contact points  151  and  152  on the top surface, allow more reliable deposition processes for conductor wiring without deep trenches or ion implants. 
         [0014]      FIG. 1  further illustrates an embodiment where the first type doped semiconductor base  110  is located on an insulator region  102 . In one example, the insulator region  102  includes an oxide as the insulator material. In embodiments with an insulator region  102 , a floating body region  160  is created at the base of the memory device  100 . Embodiments with a floating body region  160  may show less charge leakage over embodiments formed directly on semiconductor material, without an insulator region. 
         [0015]    In one example the insulator region  102  is an insulator region in a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer. When using an SOI wafer, the first type doped semiconductor base  110  may be formed from a top semiconductor region in the wafer. In one example the top semiconductor region is provided as a p-doped region in the wafer form. In one example the top semiconductor region is doped during fabrication of the memory device  100 . 
         [0016]    In another example, the insulator region  102  is formed under individual memory devices  100  using a shallow trench isolation (STI) undercut operation. In one example of an STI undercut operation, trenches are etched adjacent to the memory device  100 , and anisotropic etching is used to form an undercut region, that is subsequently filled, e.g. by deposition, with an insulator material, such as an oxide of silicon. 
         [0017]      FIG. 1  further illustrates a gate  120  formed adjacent to at least one side of the first type doped semiconductor base  110 . The example shown in  FIG. 1  illustrates the gate  120  formed adjacent to four sides of the first type doped semiconductor base  110  to substantially surround the first type doped semiconductor base  110 . In one embodiment, a gate insulator is formed at an interface  121  between the gate  120  and the first type doped semiconductor base  110 . 
         [0018]    In operation, application of a gate voltage to the gate  120  above a threshold value causes the first type doped semiconductor base  110  to invert and causes the second type doped semiconductor structure  114  to overcome the barrier of the first type doped semiconductor base  110  and connect to the second type doped semiconductor structure  112 . Because of gate inversion, an anode to cathode voltage need not be high enough to cause avalanche generation, and therefore a snap back voltage resembles a diode turn-on. In one embodiment, a gate coupled base, e.g. gate  120 , as illustrated, is used to modulate “write” voltage conditions of the memory device  100 . 
         [0019]      FIG. 2  illustrates a spectrum of gate voltages (VGs) and the effect on current versus applied voltage at the second type doped semiconductor structure  114 . As can be seen in the example of  FIG. 2 , a higher anode to cathode voltage is needed to perform a “write” operation without the assistance of a gate trigger. 
         [0020]      FIG. 3  shows an example method of making a memory cell according to an embodiment of the invention. In operation  310 , a p-type base region is formed on a semiconductor substrate. Operation  310  further describes forming a pair of upward facing ends in the p-type base region, with a folded conduction path between the pair of upward facing ends. 
         [0021]    Operation  320  recites forming a pair of n-type structures over the upward facing ends of the p-type base structure to form first and second p-n junctions along the conduction path. As discussed above, although p-type base structure and n-type structures attached to the base structure are described, alternative doping arrangements are possible. 
         [0022]    Operation  330  recites forming a p-type structure on one of the n-type structures to form a third p-n junction along the conduction path, and operation  340  recites forming a gate substantially surrounding the p-type base structure. 
         [0023]    Operation  350  recites electrically isolating the p-type base region from the rest of the semiconductor substrate. In one example, electrical isolation is provided by forming the memory device  100  on an SOI substrate. In this example, the insulator region of the SOI substrate provides the electrical isolation, and at least the base region is formed from the surface semiconductor region of the SOI substrate. This example may use a small number of process steps, because the insulator region is part of the wafer, and does not need to be created during the manufacturing process. However, SOI wafers can cost more than silicon wafers. In another example, a silicon wafer is used, and an STI undercut operation is used to electrically isolate the memory device from the semiconductor substrate. This process may use more steps in manufacture, but the wafer can be less expensive. 
         [0024]    An embodiment of an information handling system such as a computer is included in  FIG. 4  to show an embodiment of a high-level device application for the present invention.  FIG. 4  is a block diagram of an information handling system  400  incorporating at least one chip or chip assembly  404  that includes memory cells according to embodiments of the invention as described above. Information handling system  400  is merely one embodiment of an electronic system in which the present invention can be used. Other examples include, but are not limited to, netbooks, cameras, personal data assistants (PDAs), cellular telephones, MP3 players, aircraft, satellites, military vehicles, etc. 
         [0025]    In this example, information handling system  400  comprises a data processing system that includes a system bus  402  to couple the various components of the system. System bus  402  provides communications links among the various components of the information handling system  400  and may be implemented as a single bus, as a combination of busses, or in any other suitable manner. 
         [0026]    Chip assembly  404  is coupled to the system bus  402 . Chip assembly  404  may include any circuit or operably compatible combination of circuits. In one embodiment, chip assembly  404  includes a processor  406  that can be of any type. As used herein, “processor” means any type of computational circuit such as, but not limited to, a microprocessor, a microcontroller, a graphics processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), or any other type of processor or processing circuit. 
         [0027]    In one embodiment, a memory chip  407  is included in the chip assembly  404 . In one embodiment, the memory chip  407  includes a thyristor memory device as described in embodiments above. 
         [0028]    In one embodiment, additional logic chips  408  other than processor chips are included in the chip assembly  404 . An example of a logic chip  408  other than a processor includes an analog to digital converter. Other circuits on logic chips  408  such as custom circuits, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), etc. are also included in one embodiment of the invention. 
         [0029]    Information handling system  400  may also include an external memory  411 , which in turn can include one or more memory elements suitable to the particular application, such as one or more hard drives  412 , and/or one or more drives that handle removable media  413  such as floppy diskettes, compact disks (CDs), flash drives, digital video disks (DVDs), and the like. A memory constructed as described in examples above is included in the information handling system  400 . 
         [0030]    Information handling system  400  may also include a display device  409  such as a monitor, additional peripheral components  410 , such as speakers, etc. and a keyboard and/or controller  414 , which can include a mouse, trackball, game controller, voice-recognition device, or any other device that permits a system user to input information into and receive information from the information handling system  400 . 
         [0031]    While a number of embodiments of the invention are described, the above lists are not intended to be exhaustive. Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that any arrangement that is calculated to achieve the same purpose may be substituted for the specific embodiment shown. This application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the present invention. It is to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative and not restrictive. Combinations of the above embodiments, and other embodiments, will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon studying the above description.