Abstract:
An LED drive circuit, wherein a circuit that drives light-emitting diode with a common connected cathode has a resistor connected to the anode of the light-emitting diode, an NPN-type transistor connected to the second terminal of the resistor that approximately determines the control current for the emission of light in cooperation with the resistor, an NPN-type transistor positioned in parallel with the resistor and connected to the anode of the light-emitting diode, and a current supply, a level shifter, and a switch for selectively changing the voltage between the base-emitter of the second transistor, which are placed between the base of transistor and resistor.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     The present invention relates to a light-emitting diode (LED) constant-current drive circuit, and in particular, provides an LED drive circuit used in the application of optical communications that drives a light-emitting diode with a common cathode by current pulse.  
       DISCUSSION OF THE BACKGROUND ART  
       [0002]     Light-emitting diodes are usually used as a light-emitting element in optical communications technology using optical fibers. The emitter-grounded or collector-grounded circuits in shown FIGS.  1 ( a ) and ( b ) are referred to as the drive circuit for these types of LEDs. By means of these circuits, the light-emitting diode is controlled by voltage and therefore, the circuits do not have a structure with which the light emission is precisely controlled and thus, they are not appropriate for use in high-performance optical communications. That is, in high-performance optical communications control of the light emitted from a light-emitting diode should be precision current-controlled.  
         [0003]     On the other hand, application of optical communications in recent years has also led to a demand for increased drive speed. A structure that eliminates unnecessary inductance by common connection of one side, for instance, the cathode side, of the light-emitting diode at a constant potential, such as a ground potential, is preferred in order to satisfy this demand.  
         [0004]     An example of a circuit that has been proposed in order to control the emission of light by light-emitting diodes by controlling current with a structure wherein one side of the light-emitting diode has a common connection is shown in  FIG. 2 . By means of this circuit, light-emitting diode D 1  is controlled on or off by differential by one pair of NPN-type transistors Q 1  and Q 2 , the current that flows to the collector side of Q 4  is controlled by a current mirror circuit that uses a pair of PNP-type transistors Q 3  and Q 4 , and the light emitted by light-emitting diode D 1  is thereby controlled. However, control using a current mirror circuit cannot be applied in high-speed switching, and the use of PNP-type transistors that operate relatively slowly makes high-speed operation of the drive circuit difficult.  
         [0005]     Also,  FIG. 3  shows an example of a drive structure that has been proposed as a structure that does not have outside control and does not use a PNP-type transistor or current mirror circuit. By means of this example, resistor R 1  is connected to the anode side of a light-emitting diode whose cathode is common connected, transistor Q 6  is further connected to resistor R 1 , and this resistor and transistor approximately determine the drive current of light-emitting diode D 1 . Moreover, transistor Q 5  is positioned in parallel with resistor R 1  with the base thereof connected between resistor R 1  and transistor Q 6  and the collector side thereof connected to constant-current source I 3  and the base of transistor Q 6 . By using this type of structure, it is possible to create a pseudo-constant current from the voltage between the base emitters (VBE) of NPN-type transistor Q 5  and resistance R 1 . However, this circuit poses a problem because there are fluctuations in the current that flows through light-emitting diode D 1  with the voltage between the base emitters, it is difficult to reliably control the circuit so that a stable current can be supplied.  
         [0006]     An example of a circuit that is a modification of the circuit in  FIG. 3  is shown in  FIG. 4 . The intention of this circuit is to very precisely control current by placing differential amplifier U 1  wherein the emitter side of transistor Q 6  and the output side of constant-current source I 3  serve as inputs to this amplifier. However, by means of this type of circuit, a differential amplifier is necessary, which increases circuit size and makes it difficult to guarantee stability of the entire circuit.  
         [0007]     Therefore, the present invention provides an LED drive circuit capable of outside control with which high-speed operation of a light-emitting diode at a high frequency is possible and stable light emission by the light-emitting diode can be guaranteed.  
         [0008]     Furthermore, the present invention provides a relatively small circuit with a simple structure with which light emission from a light-emitting diode can be precisely controlled and stable operation thereof can be guaranteed.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0009]     The present invention provides a drive circuit capable of external control to drive a light-emitting diode wherein the cathode is common connected to a ground potential. The drive circuit comprises a first resistor connected to the anode of a light-emitting diode and a first transistor connected to this resistor. The drive current for light emission by the light-emitting diode passes through the first transistor and the first resistor. The drive circuit further has a second transistor. The second transistor is connected to the anode of the light-emitting diode on the emitter side. There is a switch for controlling base voltage, that is, the voltage between the base emitters, at the base of the second transistor. The switch is connected between the first transistor and the first resistor via a level shifter. The second transistor is turned on and off by selective switching of the voltage between the base emitters by operating the switch. Emission of light by the light-emitting diode is thereby turned on and off (i.e., controlled).  
         [0010]     By means of the drive circuit of the present invention, all of the transistors comprising the circuit are NPN-type transistors and therefore, relatively high-speed operation is possible. Moreover, the circuit of the present invention does not comprise elements that make the circuit large, such as differential amplifiers, etc., and the circuit can be easily integrated as an IC or designed as a module thereof.  
         [0011]     Furthermore, the control circuit of the present invention provides a negative feedback effect to changes in the control current. Consequently, stable operation and high-precision control of the light-emitting diode can be achieved.  
         [0012]     That is, the present invention provides an LED drive circuit, characterized in that a circuit that drives a light-emitting diode with a common connected cathode has a first resistor having a first terminal connected to the anode of the light-emitting diode; a first NPN-type transistor that has an emitter connected to the second terminal of the first resistor and that approximately determines the control current for emission of light in cooperation with the first resistor; a second NPN-type transistor that is positioned in parallel with the first resistor and that has an emitter connected to the anode of this light-emitting diode; and a current supply, a level shifter, and a switch with a switch for selectively changing the voltage between the base emitters of the second transistor, which are placed between the base of the second transistor and the second terminal of the first resistor.  
         [0013]     The above-mentioned level shifter preferably comprises a third NPN-type transistor.  
         [0014]     The switch preferably has a second resistor, one terminal of which is connected to the second transistor side and the other terminal of which is connected to the constant-current source side, and a pair of wires placed at both terminals of the second resistor element; with the switch being such that a voltage drop is or is not produced at the second resistor, depending on which wire of the pair of wires is selected as active.  
         [0015]     The above-mentioned switch preferably has a switch comprising NPN-type transistors for activating one wire of the above-mentioned pair of wires.  
         [0016]     Preferably, one pair of the transistors constitute the switch and they are positioned in accordance with the two terminals of the second resistor; and one pair of control input terminals control the respective transistors.  
         [0017]     The above-mentioned cathode of the above-mentioned light-emitting diode is common connected to ground potential.  
         [0018]     There is preferably a compensation means that produces a compensation current that compensates for the effect of the above-mentioned level shifter or the above-mentioned switch on the control current.  
         [0019]     An idle current is preferably produced at the light-emitting diode.  
         [0020]     By means of the drive circuit of the present invention, it is possible to produce a negative feedback circuit, without using a current mirror for the structural elements that decrease operating speed or a differential amplifier that makes the circuit larger. Furthermore, by means of the LED drive circuit of the present invention, it is possible to adjust each parameter, including the drive current, by the voltage ratio of a separate current mirror. That is, by means of the present invention, it is possible to produce a high-speed LED drive circuit that is relatively small in size, suitable for integration into an IC, and capable of external control. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0021]      FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b  are schematic diagrams showing light-emitting diode drive circuits of the prior art;  
         [0022]      FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram showing a light-emitting diode drive circuit of the prior art;  
         [0023]      FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram showing a light-emitting diode drive circuit of the prior art;  
         [0024]      FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram showing another light-emitting diode drive circuit of the prior art;  
         [0025]      FIG. 5  is a schematic diagram showing the light-emitting diode drive circuit of a preferred embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0026]      FIG. 6  is a schematic diagram illustrating the structure of the switch part of the circuit in  FIG. 5 ;  
         [0027]      FIG. 7  is a schematic diagram illustrating the structure wherein a current source for compensation has been added to  FIG. 5 ; and  
         [0028]      FIG. 8  is a schematic diagram showing an applied example with the drive circuit of the present invention.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0029]     Preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described while referring to the drawings. A schematic diagram showing an exemplary circuit structure of the LED drive circuit of the present invention is shown in  FIG. 5 .  
         [0030]      FIG. 5  can be compared with the circuit in  FIG. 3 . Attention should be focused on the fact that resistor R 3  of the LED drive circuit provides a means of external control for the circuit. A pair of wires, one at each of the two terminals of R 3 , connect to a single-pole quadruple switch S 1 . Switch S 1  functionality for determining whether or not control current I 4  is being drawn from either of the two terminals of resistor R 3  (that is, is flowing down). For instance, when the current is being drawn from the left side of resistor R 3  in the figure, a voltage drop is produced by resistor R 3 , but if current is being drawn from the right side of resistor R 3 , a voltage drop is not produced. The voltage between the base emitters of transistor Q 5  can be changed by the presence or absence of this voltage drop and light-emitting diode D 1  can thereby be controlled on or off.  
         [0031]     The current relating to on/off control usually flows and as a result, current flowing from constant-current source I B  to the transistor Q 7  side is usually constant in the present embodiment. Consequently, transistor Q 7  functions as a constant level shifter and the following relationship is established between each element. 
 
 V   BE7   +V   R1   =V   BE5   +V   R3   (1) 
 
         [0032]     V R1  and V R3  here represent the potential difference produced between the two terminals of resistors R 1  and R 3 , respectively. Moreover, each base current here is ideally assumed to be zero. When R 3 /R 1  is N (N&gt;&gt;1), the above formula (1) is re-written as follows. 
 
 V   BE7   +I   D   ×R 1 =V   BE5   +I   sig   ×R 3  (2) 
 
         [0033]     When it is assumed here that V BE7 =V BE5 , the above formula further becomes as follows 
 
 I   D =( R 3 /R 1)× I   sig   =N×I   sig   (3) 
 
         [0034]     Consequently, the current flowing to light-emitting diode D 1  is approximately determined by the ratio of the magnitudes of R 3  and R 1 . There are also cases with actual circuits where it becomes necessary to add a correction, taking into consideration the current that flows through transistor Q 7 , or I 5 , the load current of transistor Q 5 , and other factors.  
         [0035]     An exemplary basic structure of switch S 1  is shown in  FIG. 6 . Switch S 1  has a pair of NPN-type transistors Q 1  and Q 2  and control input terminals F 1  and F 2  thereof corresponding to the pair of wires extending from the two terminals of resistor R 3 . The current that flows through constant-current source I 6  acts as idle current and a bias current that is applied when light-emitting diode D 1  is off. In general, this idle current is small when compared to the signal current and determines the extinction ratio when this structure is used for optical communications.  
         [0036]     Furthermore, depending on the application, there are also cases in which idle current is not always necessary.  
         [0037]     When switch S 1  is toggled to the right here, light-emitting diode D 1  is in the off mode, but in this case, formula (1) is as follows. 
 
 V   BE7   =V   R1   =V   BE5   (4) 
 
         [0038]     If V BE7 =V BE5  here, the following is produced referring to formula (2). 
 
I D =0  (5) 
 
         [0039]     Consequently, the current flowing to light-emitting diode D 1  is understood to be approximately zero.  
         [0040]     The relationship represented by formula (3) is established when the entire circuit is stable. If I sig  (that is, the drive circuit flowing through light-emitting diode D 1 ) increases for some reason, the base voltage of transistor Q 5  will drop at the same instant. Consequently, the collector voltage of transistor Q 5  rises and I D  increases. Assuming that the impedance of light-emitting diode D 1  is low enough, the increase in I D  is replaced with an increase in the potential difference of resistor R 1 , that has the effect of raising the base potential of transistor Q 5  by transistor Q 7  and R 3  as the level shifter.  
         [0041]     On the other hand, when I sig  decreases for some reason, the base voltage of transistor Q 5  rises at the same instant. Consequently, the collector voltage of transistor Q 5  drops and I D  decreases. Assuming that the impedance of light-emitting diode D 1  is low enough, the decrease in I D  is replaced with an decrease in the potential difference of resistor R 1  and in the end this has the effect of reducing the base potential of transistor Q 5  by transistor Q 7  and R 3  as the level shifter.  
         [0042]     The circuit of the present embodiment can produce a stable constant-current drive of light-emitting diode D 1  while maintaining the relationship in formula (3) by applying the above-mentioned type of negative feedback. That is, by means of the present embodiment, it is possible to stabilize the drive current in an on state by using constant-current sources I 3  and I 4 , resistor R 3 , and transistor Q 7  as the level shifter.  
         [0043]     By means of the present embodiment, the impedance of light-emitting diode D 1  can affect the entire circuit as in-phase signals. However, the potential of the negative side of constant-current sources I 3  and I 5  (side where the current flows out) is usually similar, and therefore, the in-phase signal elimination ratio of the entire circuit can be relatively large. In addition, there is an advantage in that there can be an apparent increase in the output impedance of constant-current source □□ I 4  as a result of using the circuit structure shown in  FIG. 6  (that is, a structure wherein transistor Q 2  acts as a cascade transistor of constant-current source I 6 , and therefore, an in-phase component will have little effect.  
         [0044]     However, when studied in detail, the following components have an erroneous effect on the drive current of the LED.  
         [0045]     [1] Current I L  that flows to transistor Q 5  and current I B -I sig  that flows to transistor Q 7  are applied to the drive current of light-emitting diode D 1 .  
         [0046]     [2] The base current of each of transistors Q 5 , Q 6 , and Q 7  has an erroneous effect in the above-mentioned formulas.  
         [0047]     By means of the present embodiment, as to the former problem, it is possible to provide a compensation current to compensate for such errors, which is shown in  FIG. 7 . When the latter effect is large, a modification, such as a darlington transistor Q 6 , is also necessary.  
         [0048]     A means called “peaking” is known when a high-speed drive is preferred, due to the properties of the light-emitting diode itself. This involves digitally generating a pulse where the rise and fall portions of the control pulse are short and the apparent speed of the rise and fall portions is increased by applying, during this period, a current that is larger than the normal drive current. By means of the present embodiment, this functionality can be realized with regard to the rise of signals by parallel connection of another set of switches that turn on and off (differential pair such as Q 1  and Q 2  and the tail constant-current sources thereof) in accordance with the short pulse for peaking.  
         [0049]      FIG. 8  is a schematic diagram showing an example of a type of circuit that uses the present embodiment. The circuit of the present example is accommodated such that the LED drive circuit is basically sandwiched between two current mirrors, one an NPN-type and one a PNP-type.  
         [0050]     The current mirrors and each transistor need not be made by bipolar technology and can be by another technology, such as CMOS, and so forth. In addition, attention should also be focused on the fact that a PNP-type transistor is placed in a position where high-speed operation is not necessary.  
         [0051]     By means of this circuit, the constant current that becomes the origin is I o  at constant-current source I 8  and the emitter current ratio of each current mirror is the value shown by the respective emitter (N 1  and N 4 , M 1  and M 2 ). Capacitor C 1  inside the drive circuit is the capacity for stabilizing the negative feedback and there are also cases where it contributes to the stability of the negative feedback.  
         [0052]     Moreover, each base current here is ideally assumed to be zero. The collector currents of transistors Q 14  and Q 15  are as follows. 
 
 I   14   =N 1 ×M 1 ×I   o   (6) 
 
 I   15   =N 1 ×M 2 ×I   o   (7) 
 
         [0053]     Moreover, the signal current and the idle current are as follows. 
 
 I   sig   =N 2 ×I   o   (8) 
 
 I   idle   =N 3 ×I   o   (9) 
 
         [0054]     Similarly, compensating current I comp  is as follows. 
 
 I   comp   =N 4 ×I   o   (10) 
 
         [0055]     Current that flows to the light-emitting diode at this time, I out , is as follows. 
 
 I   out   =I   D   +I   14   +I   15 −( I   sig   +I   idle   +I   comp )  (11) 
 
         [0056]     The following formula is established because the error can be brought to a minimum by making VBE of transistors Q 5  and Q 7  (voltage between base emitters) approximately the same here. 
 
I 15 −( I   sig   +I   idle )= I   14   (12) 
 
         [0057]     When this is applied to formula (11), the following formula is obtained. 
 
 I   out =( R 3 /R 1)× I   sig +2× I   14   =I   comp =( R 3 /R 1)× I   sig +(2 ×N 1 ×M 1 −N 4)×I o   (13) 
 
         [0058]     Consequently, when the relationship 2×N1×M1=N4 is maintained, the following relation is obtained as the ideal state. 
 
 I   out =( R 3 /R 1)× I   sig   (14) 
 
         [0059]     Of course, it is necessary to establish the correlation of 2×N1×M1=N4 when a specific bias voltage is applied with the light-emitting diode off. In any case, this can be adjusted by the ratio of the current mirrors and therefore, optimization is relatively easy and high-precision control can be realized.