Abstract:
An apparatus and method of delivering a functional material is provided. The apparatus includes a pressurized source of fluid in a thermodynamically stable mixture with a functional material. A discharge device having an inlet and an outlet is connected to the pressurized source at the inlet. The discharge device is shaped to produce a collimated beam of functional material, where the fluid is in a gaseous state at a location before or beyond the outlet of the discharge device. A beam control device is positioned proximate to the outlet of the discharge device such that the collimated beam of functional material is controlled after the collimated beam of functional material moves through the outlet of the discharge device.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/794,671, filed Feb. 27, 2001 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,471,327, entitled “Apparatus and Method of Delivering A Focused Beam of A Thermodynamically Stable/Metastable Mixture of A Functional Material In A Dense Fluid Onto A Receiver” in the name of Ramesh Jagannathan et al. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates generally to deposition and etching technologies and, more particularly, to a technology for delivering a collimated and/or focused beam of functional materials dispersed and/or dissolved in a compressible fluid that is in a supercritical or liquid state and becomes a gas at ambient conditions, to create a high-resolution pattern or image onto a receiver. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Several conventional high-resolution deposition and etching technologies are used in the creation of value-added multi-layer products in applications ranging from semiconductor processing to imaging media manufacture. In this sense, deposition technologies are typically defined as technologies that deposit functional materials dissolved and/or dispersed in a fluid onto a receiver (also commonly referred to as a substrate, etc.) to create a pattern. Etching technologies are typically defined as technologies that create a specific pattern on a receiver through the selective alteration of portions of the receiver by delivering materials dissolved and/or dispersed in a fluid onto the receiver to physically remove selective portions of the receiver and/or chemically modify the receiver. 
     Technologies that deposit a functional material onto a receiver using gaseous propellants are known. For example, Peeters et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 6,116,718, issued Sep. 12, 2000, disclose a print head for use in a marking apparatus in which a propellant gas is passed through a channel, the functional material is introduced controllably into the propellant stream to form a ballistic aerosol for propelling non-colloidal, solid or semi-solid particulate or a liquid, toward a receiver with sufficient kinetic energy to fuse the marking material to the receiver. There is a problem with this technology in that the functional material and propellant stream are two different entities and the propellant is used to impart kinetic energy to the functional material. When the functional material is added into the propellant stream in the channel, a non-colloidal ballistic aerosol is formed prior to exiting the print head. This non-colloidal ballistic aerosol, which is a combination of the functional material and the propellant, is not thermodynamically stable/metastable. As such, the functional material is prone to settling in the propellant stream which, in turn, can cause functional material agglomeration leading to nozzle obstruction and poor control over functional material deposition. 
     Technologies that use supercritical fluid solvents to create thin films are also known. For example, R. D. Smith in U.S. Pat. No. 4,734,227, issued Mar. 29, 1988, discloses a method of depositing solid films or creating fine powders through the dissolution of a solid material into a supercritical fluid solution and then rapidly expanding the solution to create particles of the functional material in the form of fine powders or long thin fibers which may be used to make films. There is a problem with this method in that the free-jet expansion of the supercritical fluid solution results in a non-collimated/defocused spray that can not be used to create high resolution patterns on a receiver. Further, defocusing leads to losses of the functional material. 
     As such, there is a need for a technology that permits high speed, accurate, and precise deposition of a functional material on a receiver. There is also a need for a technology that permits functional material deposition of ultra-small (nano-scale) particles. There is also a need for a technology that permits high speed, accurate, and precise etching of a receiver that permits the creation of ultra-small (nano-scale) features on a receiver. Additionally, there is a need for a self-energized, self-cleaning technology capable of controlled solute deposition in a format that is free from receiver size restrictions. There is also a need for a technology that permits high speed, accurate, and precise patterning of a receiver that can be used to create a high resolution patterns on a receiver. There is also a need for a technology that permits high speed, accurate, and precise patterning of a receiver having reduced material agglomeration characteristics. There is also a need for a technology that permits high speed, accurate, and precise patterning of a receiver wherein the functional material to be deposited on the receiver and dense fluid which is the carrier of the functional material, are in a thermodynamically stable/metastable mixture. There is also a need for a technology that permits high speed, accurate, and precise patterning of a receiver that has improved material deposition capabilities. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the present invention is to provide a technology that permits high speed, accurate, and precise deposition of a functional material on a receiver. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide a technology that permits functional material deposition of ultra-small particles. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide a technology that permits high speed, accurate, and precise patterning of a receiver that permits the creation of ultra-small features on the receiver. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide a self-energized, self-cleaning technology capable of controlled functional material deposition in a format that is free from receiver size restrictions. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide a technology that permits high speed, accurate, and precise patterning of a receiver that can be used to create high resolution patterns on the receiver. 
     Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a technology that permits high speed, accurate, and precise patterning of a receiver having reduced functional material agglomeration characteristics. 
     Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a technology that permits high speed, accurate, and precise patterning of a receiver using a mixture of functional material and dense fluid that is thermodynamically stable/metastable. 
     Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a technology that permits high speed, accurate, and precise patterning of a receiver that has improved material deposition capabilities. 
     According to a feature of the present invention, an apparatus for delivering a functional material includes a pressurized source of a thermodynamically stable mixture of a fluid and a functional material. A discharge device, having an inlet and an outlet, is connected to the pressurized source at the inlet. The discharge device is shaped to produce a collimated beam of functional material. The fluid is in a gaseous state at a location beyond the outlet of the discharge device. The fluid can be a compressed liquid having a density equal to or greater than 0.1 grams per cubic centimeter; a supercritical fluid having a density equal to or greater than 0.1 grams per cubic centimeter; or a compressed gas having a density equal to or greater than 0.1 grams per cubic centimeter. A beam control device can be positioned proximate to the outlet of the discharge device such that the collimated beam of functional material is controlled after the collimated beam of functional material moves through the outlet of the discharge device. 
     According to another feature of the invention, a method of delivering a functional material includes providing a pressurized source of a thermodynamically stable mixture of a fluid and a functional material; and causing the functional material to collimate by passing the thermodynamically stable mixture of the fluid and the functional material through a discharge device. The functional material can be focused by passing the functional material through a beam control device. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     In the detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention presented below, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
     FIG. 1A is a schematic view of a preferred embodiment made in accordance with the present invention; 
     FIGS. 1B-1G are schematic views of alternative embodiments made in accordance with the present invention; 
     FIG. 2A is a block diagram of a discharge device made in accordance with the present invention; 
     FIGS. 2B-2M are cross sectional views of a nozzle portion of the device shown in FIG. 2A; 
     FIGS. 3A-3D are diagrams schematically representing the operation of the present invention; 
     FIGS. 4A-4K are cross sectional views of a portion of the invention shown in FIG. 1A; and 
     FIGS. 5A-5D are schematic views of the present invention including a beam control device. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present description will be directed in particular to elements forming part of, or cooperating more directly with, apparatus in accordance with the present invention. It is to be understood that elements not specifically shown or described may take various forms well known to those skilled in the art. Additionally, materials identified as suitable for various facets of the invention, for example, functional materials, solvents, equipment, etc. are to be treated as exemplary, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any manner. 
     Referring to FIG. 1A, delivery system  10  has components,  11 ,  12 , and  13  that take chosen solvent and/or dispersant materials (fluids) to a compressed liquid, compressed gas and/or supercritical fluid state, make a solution and/or dispersion of an appropriate functional material or combination of functional materials in the chosen compressed liquid, compressed gas, and/or supercritical fluid, and deliver the functional materials as a collimated and/or focused beam onto a receiver  14  in a controlled manner. Functional materials can be any material that needs to be delivered to a receiver, for example electroluminescent materials, imaging dyes, ceramic nanoparticles etc., to create a pattern on the receiver by deposition, etching, coating, other processes involving the placement of a functional material on a receiver, etc. 
     In this context, the chosen materials (fluids) taken to a compressed gas, compressed liquid and/or supercritical fluid state are gases at ambient pressure and temperature. These fluids have a density that is greater than or equal to 0.1 grams per cubic centimeter. Such fluids are able to dissolve, and hold in solution, functional solute materials of interest. Additionally, these fluids are able to hold functional solute materials of interest in a dispersion. Ambient conditions are preferably defined as temperature in the range from −100 to +100° C., and pressure in the range from 1×10 −8 −100 atm for this application. 
     In FIG. 1A a schematic illustration of the delivery system  10  is shown. The delivery system  10  has a compressed liquid/compressed gas/supercritical fluid source  11 , a formulation reservoir  12 , and a discharge device  13  connected in fluid communication along a delivery path  16 . The delivery system  10  can also include a valve or valves  15  positioned along the delivery path  16  in order to control flow of the compressed liquid/compressed gas/supercritical fluid. 
     A compressed liquid/compressed gas/supercritical fluid carrier, contained in the compressed liquid/compressed gas/supercritical fluid source  11 , is any material that dissolves/solubilizes/disperses a functional material. The fluid source  11  delivers the compressed liquid/compressed gas/supercritical fluid carrier at predetermined conditions of pressure, temperature, and flow rate as a supercritical fluid, a compressed gas, or a compressed liquid. Materials in their supercritical fluid/compressed gas/compressed liquid state that exist as gases at ambient conditions find application here because of their unique ability to solubilize and/or disperse functional materials of interest in the compressed liquid, compressed gas, or supercritical state. 
     Materials that are above their critical point, defined by a critical temperature and a critical pressure, are known as supercritical fluids. The critical temperature and critical pressure typically define a thermodynamic state in which a fluid or a material becomes supercritical and exhibits gas like and liquid like properties. 
     Materials that are at sufficiently high critical temperatures and pressures below their critical point are known as compressed liquids. Materials that are at sufficiently high critical pressures and temperatures below their critical point are known as compressed gasses. 
     Fluid carriers include, but are not limited to, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, ammonia, xenon, ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, butane, isobutane, chlorotrifluoromethane, monofluoromethane, sulphur hexafluoride and mixtures thereof. Due its characteristics, e.g. low cost, wide availability, etc., carbon dioxide is generally preferred in many applications. 
     The formulation reservoir  12  is utilized to dissolve and/or disperse functional materials in compressed liquids, compressed gasses, or supercritical fluids with or without dispersants and/or surfactants, at desired formulation conditions of temperature, pressure, volume, and concentration. The combination of functional material and compressed liquid/compressed gas/supercritical fluid is typically referred to as a mixture, formulation, etc. 
     The formulation reservoir  12  can be made out of any suitable materials that can safely operate at the formulation conditions. An operating range from 0.001 atmosphere (1.013×10 2  Pa) to 1000 atmospheres (1.013×10 8  Pa) in pressure and from −25 degrees Centigrade to 1000 degrees Centigrade is generally preferred. Typically, the preferred materials include various grades of high pressure stainless steel. However, it is possible to use other materials if the specific deposition or etching application dictates less extreme conditions of temperature and/or pressure. 
     The formulation reservoir  12  should be precisely controlled with respect to the operating conditions (pressure, temperature, and volume). The solubility/dispersibility of functional materials depends upon the conditions within the formulation reservoir  12 . As such, small changes in the operating conditions within the formulation reservoir  12  can have undesired effects on functional material solubility/dispensability. 
     Additionally, any suitable surfactant and/or dispersant material that is capable of solubilizing/dispersing the functional materials in the compressed liquid/compressed gas/supercritical fluid for a specific application can be incorporated into the mixture of functional material and compressed liquid/compressed gas/supercritical fluid. Such materials include, but are not limited to, fluorinated polymers such as perfluoropolyether, siloxane compounds, etc. 
     Referring to FIGS. 1B-1D, alternative embodiments of the invention shown in FIG. 1A are described. In each of these embodiments, individual components are in fluid communication, as is appropriate, along the delivery path  16 . 
     Referring to FIGS. 1B and 1C, a pressure control mechanism  17  is positioned along the delivery path  16 . The pressure control mechanism  17  is used to create and maintain a desired pressure required for a particular application. The pressure control mechanism  17  can include a pump  18 , a valve(s)  15 , and a pressure regulator  19   a , as shown in FIG.  1 B. Alternatively, the pressure control mechanism  17  can include a pump  18 , a valve(s)  15 , and a multi-stage pressure regulator  19   b , as shown in FIG.  1 C. Additionally, the pressure control mechanism can include alternative combinations of pressure controlling devices, etc. For example, the pressure control mechanism  17  can include additional valve(s)  15 , actuators to regulate fluid/formulation flow, variable volume devices to change system operating pressure, etc., appropriately positioned along the delivery path  16 . Typically, the pump  18  is positioned along the delivery path  16  between the fluid source  11  and the formulation reservoir  12 . The pump  18  can be a high pressure pump that increases and maintains system operating pressure, etc. The pressure control mechanism  17  can also include any number of monitoring devices, gauges, etc., for monitoring the pressure of the delivery system  10 . 
     A temperature control mechanism  20  is positioned along delivery path  16  in order to create and maintain a desired temperature for a particular application. The temperature control mechanism  20  is preferably positioned at the formulation reservoir  12 . The temperature control mechanism  20  can include a heater, a heater including electrical wires, a water jacket, a refrigeration coil, a combination of temperature controlling devices, etc. The temperature control mechanism can also include any number of monitoring devices, gauges, etc., for monitoring the temperature of the delivery system  10 . 
     The discharge device  13  includes a nozzle  23  positioned to provide directed delivery of the formulation towards the receiver  14 . The discharge device  13  can also include a shutter  22  to regulate the flow of the supercritical fluid/compressed liquid/compressed gas and functional material mixture or formulation. The shutter  22  regulates flow of the formulation in a predetermined manner (i.e. on/off or partial opening operation at desired frequency, etc.). The shutter  22  can be manually, mechanically, pneumatically, electrically or electronically actuated. Alternatively, the discharge device  13  does not have to include the shutter  22  (shown in FIG.  1 C). As the mixture is under higher pressure, as compared to ambient conditions, in the delivery system  10 , the mixture will naturally move toward the region of lower pressure, the area of ambient conditions. In this sense, the delivery system is said to be self-energized. 
     The receiver  14  can be positioned on a media conveyance mechanism  50  that is used to control the movement of the receiver during the operation of the delivery system  10 . The media conveyance mechanism  50  can be a drum, an x, y, z translator, any other known media conveyance mechanism, etc. 
     Referring to FIGS. 1D and 1E, the formulation reservoir  12  can be a pressurized vessel having appropriate inlet ports  52 ,  54 ,  56  and outlet ports  58 . Inlet ports  52 ,  54 ,  56  can be used as an inlet for functional material  52  and an inlet for compressed liquid, compressed gas, or supercritical fluid  54 . Alternatively, inlet port  56  can be used to manually add functional material to the formulation reservoir  12 . Outlet port  58  can be used as an outlet for the mixture of functional material and compressed liquid/compressed gas/supercritical fluid. 
     When automated delivery of the functional material is desired, a pump  60  is positioned along a functional material delivery path  62  between a source of functional material  64  and the formulation reservoir  12 . The pump  60  pumps a desired amount of functional material through inlet port  52  into the formulation reservoir  12 . The formulation reservoir  12  can also include additional inlet/outlet ports  59  for inserting or removing small quantities of functional material or functional material and compressed liquid/compressed gas/supercritical fluid mixtures. 
     Referring to FIGS. 1D and 1E, the formulation reservoir  12  can include a mixing device  70  used to create the mixture of functional material and compressed liquid/compressed gas/supercritical fluid. Although typical, a mixing device  70  is not always necessary to make the mixture of the functional material and compressed liquid/compressed gas/supercritical fluid depending on the type of functional material and the type of compressed liquid/compressed gas/supercritical fluid. The mixing device  70  can include a mixing element  72  connected to a power/control source  74  to ensure that the functional material disperses into or forms a solution with the compressed liquid, compressed gas, or supercritical fluid. The mixing element  72  can be an acoustic, a mechanical, and/or an electromagnetic element. 
     Referring to FIGS. 1D,  1 E, and FIGS. 4A-4J, the formulation reservoir  12  can also include suitable temperature control mechanisms  20  and pressure control mechanisms  17  with adequate gauging instruments to detect and monitor the temperature and pressure conditions within the reservoir, as described above. For example, the formulation reservoir  12  can include a moveable piston device  76 , etc., to control and maintain pressure. The formulation reservoir  12  can also be equipped to provide accurate control over temperature within the reservoir. For example, the formulation reservoir  12  can include electrical heating/cooling zones  78 , using electrical wires  80 , electrical tapes, waterjackets  82 , other heating/cooling fluid jackets, refrigeration coils  84 , etc., to control and maintain temperature. The temperature control mechanisms  20  can be positioned within the formulation reservoir  12  or positioned outside the formulation reservoir. Additionally, the temperature control mechanisms  20  can be positioned over a portion of the formulation reservoir  12 , throughout the formulation reservoir  12 , or over the entire area of the formulation reservoir  12 . 
     Referring to FIG. 4K, the formulation reservoir  12  can also include any number of suitable high-pressure windows  86  for manual viewing or digital viewing using an appropriate fiber optics or camera set-up. The windows  86  are typically made of sapphire or quartz or other suitable materials that permit the passage of the appropriate frequencies of radiation for viewing/detection/analysis of reservoir contents (using visible, infrared, X-ray etc. viewing/detection/analysis techniques), etc. 
     The formulation reservoir  12  is made of appropriate materials of construction in order to withstand high pressures of the order of 10,000 psi or greater. Typically, stainless steel is the preferred material of construction although other high pressure metals, metal alloys, and/or metal composites can be used. 
     Referring to FIG. 1F, in an alternative arrangement, the thermodynamically stable/metastable mixture of functional material and compressed liquid/compressed gas/supercritical fluid can be prepared in one formulation reservoir  12  and then transported to one or more additional formulation reservoirs  12   a . For example, a single large formulation reservoir  12  can be suitably connected to one or more subsidiary high pressure vessels  12   a  that maintain the functional material and compressed liquid/compressed gas/supercritical fluid mixture at controlled temperature and pressure conditions with each subsidiary high pressure vessel  12   a  feeding one or more discharge devices  13 . Either or both reservoirs  12  and  12   a  can be equipped with the temperature control mechanism  20  and/or pressure control mechanisms  17 . The discharge devices  13  can direct the mixture towards a single receiver  14  or a plurality of receivers  14 . 
     Referring to FIG. 1G, the delivery system  10  can include ports for the injection of suitable functional material, view cells, and suitable analytical equipment such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Light Scattering, UltraViolet or Visible Spectroscopy, etc. to permit monitoring of the delivery system  13  and the components of the delivery system. Additionally, the delivery system  10  can include any number of control devices  88 , microprocessors  90 , etc., used to control the delivery system  10 . 
     Referring to FIG. 2A, the discharge device  13  is described in more detail. The discharge assembly can include an on/off valve  21  that can be manually or automatically actuated to regulate the flow of the supercritical fluid, compressed gas, or compressed liquid formulation. The discharge device  13  includes a shutter device  22  which can also be a programmable valve. The shutter device  22  is capable of being controlled to turn off the flow and/or turn on the flow so that the flow of formulation occupies all or part of the available cross-section of the discharge device  13 . Additionally, the shutter device is capable of being partially opened or closed in order to adjust or regulate the flow of formulation. The discharge assembly also includes a nozzle  23 . The nozzle  23  can be provided, as necessary, with a nozzle heating module  26  and a nozzle shield gas module  27  to assist in beam collimation. The discharge device  13  also includes a beam control device  24  to assist in beam collimation prior to the beam reaching a receiver  25 . Components  22 - 24 ,  26 , and  27  of discharge device  13  are positioned relative to delivery path  16  such that the formulation continues along delivery path  16 . 
     Alternatively, the shutter device  22  can be positioned after the nozzle heating module  26  and the nozzle shield gas module  27  or between the nozzle heating module  26  and the nozzle shield gas module  27 . Additionally, the nozzle shield gas module  27  may not be required for certain applications, as is the case with the beam control device  24 . Alternatively, discharge device  13  can include a beam control device  24  and not include the shutter device  22 . In this situation, the beam control device  24  can be moveably positioned along delivery path  16  and used to regulate the flow of formulation such that a continuous flow of formulation exits while still allowing for discontinuous deposition and/or etching. 
     The nozzle  23  can be capable of translation in x, y, and z directions to permit suitable discontinuous and/or continuous functional material deposition and/or etching on the receiver  14 . Translation of the nozzle can be achieved through manual, mechanical, pneumatic, electrical, electronic or computerized control mechanisms. Receiver  14  and/or media conveyance mechanism  50  can also be capable of translation in x, y, and z directions to permit suitable functional material deposition and/or etching on the receiver  14 . Alternatively, both the receiver  14  and the nozzle  23  can be translatable in x, y, and z directions depending on the particular application. 
     Referring to FIGS. 2B-2M, the nozzle  23  functions to direct the formulation flow towards the receiver  14 . It is also used to attenuate the final velocity with which the functional material impinges on the receiver  14 . Accordingly, nozzle geometry can vary depending on a particular application. For example, nozzle geometry can be a constant area having a predetermined shape (cylinder  28 , square  29 , triangular  30 , etc.) or variable area converging  31 , variable area diverging  38 , or variable area converging-diverging  32 , with various forms of each available through altering the angles of convergence and/or divergence. Alternatively, a combination of a constant area with a variable area, for example, a converging-diverging nozzle with a tubular extension, etc., can be used. In addition, the nozzle  23  can be coaxial, axisymmetric, asymmetric, or any combination thereof (shown generally in  33 ). The shape  28 ,  29 ,  30 ,  31 ,  32 ,  33  of the nozzle  23  can assist in regulating the flow of the formulation. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the nozzle  23  includes a converging section or module  34 , a throat section or module  35 , and a diverging section or module  36 . The throat section or module  35  of the nozzle  23  can have a straight section or module  37 . 
     The discharge device  13  serves to direct the functional material onto the receiver  14 . The discharge device  13  or a portion of the discharge device  13  can be stationary or can swivel or raster, as needed, to provide high resolution and high precision deposition of the functional material onto the receiver  14  or etching of the receiver  14  by the functional material. Alternatively, receiver  14  can move in a predetermined way while discharge device  13  remains stationary. The shutter device  22  can also be positioned after the nozzle  23 . As such, the shutter device  22  and the nozzle  23  can be separate devices so as to position the shutter  22  before or after the nozzle  23  with independent controls for maximum deposition and/or etching flexibility. Alternatively, the shutter device  22  can be integrally formed within the nozzle  23 . 
     Operation of the delivery system  10  will now be described. FIGS. 3A-3D are diagrams schematically representing the operation of delivery system  10  and should not be considered as limiting the scope of the invention in any manner. A formulation  42  of functional material  40  in a supercritical fluid/compressed liquid/compressed gas  41  is prepared in the formulation reservoir  12 . A functional material  40 , any material of interest in solid or liquid phase, can be dispersed (as shown in FIG. 3A) and/or dissolved (similar to FIG. 3A except that functional material  40  would not be visible until the functional material  40  was caused to come out of solution) in a supercritical fluid, compressed gas, or compressed liquid  41  making a mixture or formulation  42 . The functional material  40  can have various shapes and sizes depending on the type of the functional material  40  used in the formulation. 
     The supercritical fluid/compressed liquid/compressed gas  41 , forms a continuous phase and functional material  40  forms a dispersed and/or dissolved single phase. The formulation  42  (the functional material  40  and the supercritical fluid/compressed liquid/compressed gas  41 ) is maintained at a suitable temperature and a suitable pressure for the functional material  40  and the supercritical fluid/compressed liquid/compressed gas  41  used in a particular application. The shutter  22  is actuated to enable the ejection of a controlled quantity of the formulation  42 . The nozzle  23  collimates and/or focuses the formulation  42  into a beam  43 . 
     The functional material  40  is controllably introduced into the formulation reservoir  12 . The compressed liquid/supercritical fluid/compressed gas  41  is also controllably introduced into the formulation reservoir  12 . The contents of the formulation reservoir  12  are suitably mixed using mixing device  70  to ensure intimate contact between the functional material  40  and compressed liquid/compressed gas/supercritical fluid  41 . As the mixing process proceeds, functional material  40  is dissolved or dispersed within the compressed liquid/compressed gas/supercritical fluid  41 . The process of dissolution/dispersion, including the amount of functional material  40  and the rate at which the mixing proceeds, depends upon the functional material  40  itself, the particle size and particle size distribution of the functional material  40  (if the functional material  40  is a solid), the compressed liquid/compressed gas/supercritical fluid  41  used, the temperature, and the pressure within the formulation reservoir  12 . When the mixing process is complete, the mixture or formulation  42  of functional material and compressed liquid/compressed gas/supercritical fluid is thermodynamically stable/metastable in that the functional material is dissolved or dispersed within the compressed liquid/compressed gas/supercritical fluid in such a fashion as to be indefinitely contained in the same state as long as the temperature and pressure within the formulation chamber are maintained constant. This state is distinguished from other physical mixtures in that there is no settling, precipitation, and/or agglomeration of functional material particles within the formulation chamber unless the thermodynamic conditions of temperature and pressure within the reservoir are changed. As such, the functional material  40  and compressed liquid/compressed gas/supercritical fluid  41  mixtures or formulations  42  of the present invention are said to be thermodynamically stable/metastable. 
     The functional material  40  can be a solid or a liquid. Additionally, the functional material  40  can be an organic molecule, a polymer molecule, a metallo-organic molecule, an inorganic molecule, an organic nanoparticle, a polymer nanoparticle, a metallo-organic nanoparticle, an inorganic nanoparticle, an organic microparticles, a polymer micro-particle, a metallo-organic microparticle, an inorganic microparticle, and/or composites of these materials, etc. After suitable mixing with the compressed liquid/compressed gas/supercritical fluid  41  within the formulation reservoir  12 , the functional material  40  is uniformly distributed within a thermodynamically stable/metastable mixture, that can be a solution or a dispersion, with the compressed liquid/compressed gas/supercritical fluid  41 . This thermodynamically stable/metastable mixture or formulation  42  is controllably released from the formulation reservoir  12  through the discharge device  13 . 
     During the discharge process, the functional material  40  is precipitated from the compressed liquid/compressed gas/supercritical fluid  41  as the temperature and/or pressure conditions change. The precipitated functional material  44  is directed towards a receiver  14  by the discharge device  13  as a focussed and/or collimated beam. The particle size of the functional material  40  deposited on the receiver  14  is typically in the range from 1 nanometer to 1000 nanometers. The particle size distribution may be controlled to be uniform by controlling the rate of change of temperature and/or pressure in the discharge device  13 , the location of the receiver  14  relative to the discharge device  13 , and the ambient conditions outside of the discharge device  13 . 
     The delivery system  10  is also designed to appropriately change the temperature and pressure of the formulation  42  to permit a controlled precipitation and/or aggregation of the functional material  40 . As the pressure is typically stepped down in stages, the formulation  42  fluid flow is self-energized. Subsequent changes to the formulation  42  conditions (a change in pressure, a change in temperature, etc.) result in the precipitation and/or aggregation of the functional material  40  coupled with an evaporation (shown generally at  45 ) of the supercritical fluid/compressed gas/compressed liquid  41 . The resulting precipitated and/or aggregated functional material  44  deposits on the receiver  14  in a precise and accurate fashion. Evaporation  45  of the supercritical fluid/compressed gas/compressed liquid  41  can occur in a region located outside of the discharge device  13 . Alternatively, evaporation  45  of the supercritical fluid/compressed gas/compressed liquid  41  can begin within the discharge device  13  and continue in the region located outside the discharge device  13 . Alternatively, evaporation  45  can occur within the discharge device  13 . 
     A beam  43  (stream, etc.) of the functional material  40  and the supercritical fluid/compressed gas/compressed liquid  41  is formed as the formulation  42  moves through the discharge device  13 . When the size of the precipitated and/or aggregated functional material  44  is substantially equal to an exit diameter of the nozzle  23  of the discharge device  13 , the precipitated and/or aggregated functional material  44  has been collimated by the nozzle  23 . When the size of the precipitated and/or aggregated functional material  44  is less than the exit diameter of the nozzle  23  of the discharge device  13 , the precipitated and/or aggregated functional material  44  has been focused by the nozzle  23 . 
     The receiver  14  is positioned along the path  16  such that the precipitated and/or aggregated functional material  44  is deposited on the receiver  14 . Alternatively, the precipitated and/or aggregated functional material  44  can remove a portion of the receiver  14 . Whether the precipitated and/or aggregated functional material  44  is deposited on the receiver  14  or removes a portion of the receiver  14  will, typically, depend on the type of functional material  40  used in a particular application. 
     The distance of the receiver  14  from the discharge assembly is chosen such that the supercritical fluid/compressed gas/compressed liquid  41  evaporates from the liquid and/or supercritical phase to the gas phase (shown generally at  45 ) prior to reaching the receiver  14 . Hence, there is no need for subsequent receiver-drying processes. Further, subsequent to the ejection of the formulation  42  from the nozzle  23  and the precipitation of the functional material, additional focusing and/or collimation may be achieved using external devices such as electromagnetic fields, mechanical shields, magnetic lenses, electrostatic lenses etc. Alternatively, the receiver  14  can be electrically or electrostatically charged such that the position of the functional material  40  can be controlled. 
     It is also desirable to control the velocity with which individual particles  46  of the functional material  40  are ejected from the nozzle  23 . As there is a sizable pressure drop from within the delivery system  10  to the operating environment, the pressure differential converts the potential energy of the delivery system  10  into kinetic energy that propels the functional material particles  46  onto the receiver  14 . The velocity of these particles  46  can be controlled by suitable nozzle design and control over the rate of change of operating pressure and temperature within the system. 
     Referring to FIGS. 5A-5C, subsequent to the ejection of the formulation  42  from the nozzle  23  and the precipitation of the functional material  40 , additional velocity regulation, focusing, and/or directioning of the functional material  40  can be achieved using the beam control device  24 . The beam control device  24  includes devices such as catchers, stream deflectors, electromagnetic fields, mechanical shields, magnetic lenses, electrostatic lenses, aerodynamic lenses etc. The location of beam control device  24  can vary. The beam control device  24  can be part of the discharge device  13 , either integrally formed or attached thereto. Alternatively, the beam control device  24  can be spaced apart from the discharge device  13 . 
     When the beam control device  24  is an integral part of the discharge device  13 , the functional material  40  is formed as the formulation moves through the beam control device  24 . In this respect, the beam control device  24  can function as a focusing nozzle. As such, the nozzle  23  of the discharge device  13  can be replaced by the beam control device  24 , as shown in FIG.  5 A. 
     When additional focusing of the functional material is desired, the beam control device  24  can be positioned at the outlet  48  of the nozzle  23 , as shown in FIG.  5 B. When the beam control device  24  is positioned in this manner, the functional material  40  is formed as the formulation moves through the beam control device  24 . 
     Alternatively, the beam control device  24  can be spaced apart from the nozzle  23  positioned in the material delivery path  16 , as shown in FIG.  5 C. When the beam control device  24  is positioned in this manner, the beam of functional material  40  is formed and then focused by passing it through the beam control device  24 . 
     Again referring to FIGS. 5A-5C and referring to FIG. 5D, the beam control device  24  can be, for example, an aerodynamic lens  50 . Aerodynamic lens  50  includes a tubular pipe (capillary, etc.)  52  having one or more orifice plates  54 ,  56 ,  58  with diameters smaller than the tubular pipe  52  positioned along the delivery path  16  such that additional focusing of the beam of functional material  40  occurs. Additional focusing occurs as the functional material  40  passes through the aerodynamic lens  50  because the orifice plates  54 ,  56 ,  58  are sized to prevent particles  60 ,  62  of functional material  40  from passing through the aerodynamic lens  50  (as shown in FIG. 5D) while particles  64  are permitted to pass through aerodynamic lens  50 . In FIGS. 5A 5 D, particles  60  and  62  are larger in size when compared to particles  64 . The specific diameters of the orifice plates  54 ,  56 ,  58  will depend on the desired particle size of the functional material. Additional orifice plates can also be added depending on the desired particle size. 
     Alternatively, the aerodynamic lens  50  can include a first capillary tube of a given diameter in fluid communication with a second capillary tube of smaller diameter. These capillary tubes can also include one or more orifice plates with smaller diameters. 
     The nozzle  23  temperature can also be controlled. Nozzle temperature control may be controlled as required by specific applications to ensure that the nozzle opening  47  maintains the desired fluid flow characteristics. Nozzle temperature can be controlled through the nozzle heating module  26  using a water jacket, electrical heating techniques, etc. With appropriate nozzle design, the exiting stream temperature can be controlled at a desired value by enveloping the exiting stream with a co-current annular stream of a warm or cool, inert gas, as shown in FIG.  2 G. 
     The receiver  14  can be any solid including an organic, an inorganic, a metallo-organic, a metallic, an alloy, a ceramic, a synthetic and/or natural polymeric, a gel, a glass, and a composite material. The receiver  14  can be porous or non-porous. Additionally, the receiver  14  can have more than one layer. 
     The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the scope of the invention.