Abstract:
A fungicidal composition and method of treating plant diseases using a compound of formula I  
                         
where X is flouro, chloro and trifluromethyl.

Description:
U.S. CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION  
       [0001]     The present application claims the priority of U.S. Application 60/500,062, filed Sep. 4, 2003. 
     
    
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     The present invention is directed to a method of treating various plant diseases comprising applying to the plant locus a fungicidally effective amount of a fungicide of the formula I  
                         
 
 where X is flouro, chloro and trifluromethyl. 
 
         [0004]     The term “plant locus” means the plant itself, its seed, or the soil surrounding said plant.  
         [0005]     The present invention is also directed to a fungicidal composition comprising a compound of formula I and an adjuvant.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0006]     Compositions of the present invention are comprised of a fungicidally effective amount of the compound described above and one or more adjuvants. The active ingredient may be present in such compositions at levels from 0.01 to 05 percent by weight. Other fungicides may also be included to provide a broader spectrum of fungal control. The choice of fungicides will depend on the crop and the diseases known to be a threat to that crop in the location of interest.  
         [0007]     The fungicidal compositions of this invention, including concentrates which require dilution prior to application, may contain at least one active ingredient and an adjuvant in liquid or solid form. The compositions are prepared by admixing the active ingredient with an adjuvant including diluents, extenders, carriers, and conditioning agents to provide compositions in the form of a finely-divided particulate solids, granules, pellets, solutions, dispersions or emulsions. Thus, it is believed that the active ingredient could be used with an adjuvant such as a finely-divided solid, a liquid of organic origin, water, a wetting agent, a dispersing agent, an emulsifying agent or any suitable combination of these.  
         [0008]     Suitable wetting agents are believed to include alkyl benzene and alkyl naphthalene sulfonates, sulfated fatty alcohols, amines or acid amides, long chain acid esters of sodium isothionate, esters of sodium sulfocuccinate, sulfated or sulfonated fatty acid esters, petroleum sulfonates, sulfonated vegetable oils, ditertiary acetylenic glycols, polyoxyethylene derivates of the mono-higher fatty acid esters of hexitol anhydrides (e.g., sorbitan). Preferred dispersants are methyl, cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, sodium lignin sulfonates, polymeric alkyl naphthalene sulfonates, sodium naphthalene sulfonate, and polymethylene bisnaphthalene sulfonate. Stabilizers may also be used to produce stable emulsions, such as magnesium aluminum silicate and xanthan gum.  
         [0009]     Other formulations include dust concentrates comprising from 0.1 to 60% by weight of the active ingredient on a suitable extender, optionally including other adjuvants to improve handling properties, e.g., graphite. These dusts may be diluted for application at concentrations within the range of from 0.1-10% by weight.  
         [0010]     Concentrates may also be aqueous emulsions, prepared by stirring a nonaqueous solution of a water-insoluble active ingredient and an emulsification agent with water until uniform and then homogenizing to give stable emulsion of very finely-divided particles. Or they may be aqueous suspensions, prepared by milling a mixture of a water-insoluble active ingredient and wetting agents to give a suspension, characterized by its extremely small particle size, so that when diluted, coverage is very uniform. Suitable concentrations of these formulations contain from about 0.1-60% preferably 5-50% weight of active ingredient.  
         [0011]     Concentrates may be solutions of active ingredient in suitable solvents together with a surface active ingredient. Suitable solvents for the active ingredients of this invention for use in seed treatment include propylene glycol, furfuryl alcohol, other alcohols or glycols, and other solvents which do not substantially interfere with seed germination. If the active ingredient is to be applied to the soil, then solvents such as N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, N-methylpyrrolidone, hydrocarbons, and water-immiscible ethers, esters, or ketones.  
         [0012]     The concentrate compositions herein generally contain from about 1.0 to 95 parts (preferably 5-60 parts) active ingredient, about 0.25 to 50 parts (preferably 1-25 parts) surface active agent and where required about 4 to 94 parts solvent, all parts being by weight based on the total weight of the concentrate.  
         [0013]     For application to the soil at the time of planting, a granular formulation may be used. Granules are physically stable particulate compositions comprising at least one active ingredient adhered to or distributed through a basic matrix of an inert, finely-divided particulate extender. In order to aid leaching of the active ingredient from the particulate, a surface active agent such as those listed hereinbefore, or for example, propylene glycol, can be present in the composition. Natural clays, pyrophyllites, illite, and vermiculite are examples of operable classes of particulate mineral extenders. The preferred extenders are the porous, absorptive, performed particles such as preformed and screed particulate attapulgite or heat expanded, particulate vermiculite and the finely-divided clays such as kaolin clays, hydrated attapulgite or bentonitic clays. These extenders are sprayed or blended with the active ingredient to form the fungicidal granules.  
         [0014]     The granular compositions of this invention may contain form about 0.1 to about 30 parts by weight of active ingredient per 100 parts by weight of clay and 0 to 5 parts by weight of surface active agent per 100 parts by weight of particulate clay.  
         [0015]     The method of the present invention may be carried out by mixing the composition comprising the active ingredient into the seed prior to planting at rates from 0.01 to 50 g per kg of seed, preferably from 0.1 to 5 g per kg, and more preferably from 0.2 to 2 g per kg. If application to the soil is desired, the compounds may be applied at rates from 10 to 1000 g per hectare, preferably from 50 to 500 g per hectare. The higher application rates will be needed for situations of light soils or greater rainfall or both.  
         [0016]     The compounds useful in the present invention may be prepared by methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art.  
         [0017]     The fungicide of formula1 has been evaluated by the following procedures:  
         [heading-0018]     Contact Evaluation.  
         [0019]     Compound solution: Contact evaluations were conducted to determine the anti-fungal activity of each compound against  Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Pythium aphanidermatum, Rhizoctonia solani, Cercospora arachidicola, Mycosphaerella fijiensis , and  Monilinia laxa . Five milligrams of each compound were dissolved in 0.5 milliliter of DMSO for a compound stock solution of 1.0% w/v. Compound stock solutions were serial diluted with DMSO to 20, 10, and 2 ppm final well concentration.  
         [0020]     Fungi preparation:  Botrytis cinerea  spores were taken from 6-week-old cultures grown at 22 C on full strength potato dextrous agar (PDA) plates.  Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Pythium aphanidermatum, Rhizoctonia solani , and  Monilinia laxa  mycelia were taken from 4- to 10-day-old shake flask cultures grown at room temperature on full strength potato dextrous broth (PDB).  Cercospora arachidicola  mycelia were taken from 10- to 14-day-old shake flask cultures grown at room temperature on a full strength PDB amended with peanut oil.  Mycosphaerella fijiensis  mycelia were taken from 10- to 14-day-old shake flask cultures grown at room temperature on V8 juice broth.  Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Pythium aphanidermatum, Rhizoctonia solani, Cercospora arachidicola , and  Mycosphaerella fijiensis  mycelia (0.4 g mycelia) were blended for 45 seconds in 20 mL sterile de-ionized water.  Monilinia laxa  mycelia (1 g mycelia) was blended for 45 seconds in 30 mL of sterile de-ionized water.  Botrytis cinerea  spores were diluted with quarter strength PDB to 1×10 5  spores/mL final well concentration. All mycelia were diluted in water (1:5 mycelia:water) before distributing into the wells.  
         [0021]     Microtiter plate preparation: Compound solution (10:L), quarter strength PDB (900:L) and fungi preparation (100:L) were sequentially distributed into 48-well microtiter plates (n=3 replications/compound/rate). A blank consisted of quarter strength PDB and fungi preparation. Commercial fungicide controls (100 ppm diluted with water) consisted of Scala for  Botrytis cinerea , Dithane F-45 for  Mycosphaerella fijiensis , and Benlate for  Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Pythium aphanidermatum, Rhizoctonia solani, Cercospora arachidicola , and  Monilinia laxa . Plates were shaken in a circular rotator at room temperature for 20 minutes, then incubated at 25C for 24 to 72 hours, depending on the pathogen.  
         [0022]     Fungal control ratings: Fungal growth in wells containing the compounds were compared to the positive control and fungal inhibition was rated as full, partial, or none. Final readings were the average of the three wells (Table 1).  
         [heading-0023]     Detached Bean Leaf Bioassay  
         [0024]     Compound solution: Compound solutions were prepared by diluting compound stock solutions (1.0% w/v compound in DMSO) to 200 ppm with 0.01% w/v Triton X-100.  
         [0025]     Spore solution preparation:  Botrytis cinerea  spores were taken from 6-week-old cultures grown at 22 C on full strength potato dextrous agar (PDA) plates and harvested in 1:16 frozen orange juice concentrate:water.  Botrytis cinerea  spore solutions were prepared by diluting spore cultures to 5×10 4  spores/mL with 1:16 frozen orange juice concentrate:water.  
         [0026]     Plant material: Middle trifoliate leaves of greenhouse grown  Phaseolus vulgaris  (Bush bean cv. Blue Lake 274) were excised and placed on a plastic grid above a tray containing moist towels.  
         [0027]     Treatment method: One half of the adaxial surface of the leaf was treated with the compound solution (100:L) using a 3 cm Bacti Cell Spreader. A blank consisted of 0.01% w/v Triton X-100. A commercial fungicide control (200 ppm diluted with water) consisted of Scala. After the solutions dried, the trays containing the leaves were covered and held one day in a growth chamber (22 C). The adaxial surfaces of the leaves were then inoculated with 5-60:L droplets of  Botrytis cinerea  spore solution.  
         [0028]     Fungal control rating: Three days after inoculation with  Botrytis , the percent necrotic area under the inoculation droplet was determined. Since the areas under the blank (0.01% w/v Triton X-100) were 100% infected, fungal control was expressed as 100 minus the percent necrotic area, and thus 0% infected is 100% fungal control (n=3 leaves/compound, 5 inoculation droplets/leaf, Table 2).  
         [0029]     Phytotoxicity ratings: Phytotoxicity was rated as 0=no phytotoxicity, 1=slight phytotoxicity, 2=moderate phytotoxicity, or 3=excessive phytotoxicity (Table 2).  
         [0030]     The fungicide of formula I has activity as set forth in Tables 1 and 2 below:  
                                                           TABLE 1                           Fungal control of  Rhizoctinia solani ,  Pythium aphanidermatum ,         Monilinia laxa ,  Botrytis cinerea ,  Cercospora arachidicola .         Sclerotinia sclerotionum , and  Mycosphaerella fijiensis  by       compounds in contact evaluations.       Control of fungi (full, partial, none)            Organism   Fungiciderate (ppm)   X = F   X = Cl   X = CF 3                        Rhizoctinia solani     20   Full   Full   Full           10   Full   Full   Full           2   None   Full   Partial         Pythium     20   Full   Full   Full         aphanidermatum     10   Full   Full   Full           2   Partial   Full   Full         Monilinia laxa     20   Full   Full   Full           10   Full   Full   Full           2   Partial   Full   Full         Botrytis cinerea     20   Full   Full   Full           10   Full   Full   Full           2   Partial   Full   Full         Cercospora     20   Full   Full   Full         arachidicola     10   Full   Full   Full           2   Full   Full   Full         Sclerotinia     20   Full   Full   Full         sclerotionum     10   Full   Full   Full           2   Full   Full   Full         Mycosphaerella     20   Full   Full   Full         fijiensis     10   Full   Full   Full           2   Full   Full   Full                  
 
         [0031]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Fungal control of  Botrytis cinerea  by compounds in a detached bean 
               
               
                 leaf ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) bioassay and bean leaf phytotoxicity ratings. 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 
                   Botrytis cinerea 
                 
                 31% 
                 97% 
                 100% 
               
               
                   
                 control (200 ppm) 
               
               
                   
                 Phytotoxity (200 ppm) 
                 None 
                 Moderate 
                 Moderate