Abstract:
An audio customization system operates to enhance a user&#39;s audio environment. A user may wear headphones and specify what portion the ambient audio and/or source audio will be transmitted to the headphones or the personal speaker system. The audio signal may be enhanced by application of a spatialized transformation using a spatialization engine such as head-related transfer functions so that at least a portion of the audio presented to the personal speaker system will appear to originate from a particular direction. The direction may be modified in response to movement of the personal speaker system.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation-in-part of and claims priority and the benefit of the filing dates of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/561,972 filed Dec. 5, 2014, U.S. Pat. No. ______ and its continuation-in-part applications U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/827,315 (Attorney Docket Number 111003); 14/827,316 (Attorney Docket Number 111004); 14/827,317 (Attorney Docket Number 111007); 14/827,319 (Attorney Docket Number 111008); 14/827,320 (Attorney Docket Number 111009); 14/827,322 (Attorney Docket Number 111010), filed on Aug. 15, 2015, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ (Attorney Docket Number 111012); U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ (Attorney Docket Number 111013); U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ (Attorney Docket Number 111014); U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ (Attorney Docket Number 111015); U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ (Attorney Docket Number 111016); U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ (Attorney Docket Number 111017); U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ (Attorney Docket Number 111019); and U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ (Attorney Docket Number 111020), all filed on even date herewith, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    This invention relates to an audio processing system and more particularly to an audio processing system that spatializes audio for output. 
         [0004]    2. Description of the Related Technology 
         [0005]    It is known to use microphone arrays and beamforming technology in order to locate and isolate an audio source. Personal audio is typically delivered to a user by headphones. Headphones are a pair of small speakers that are designed to be held in place close to a user&#39;s ears. They may be electroacoustic transducers which convert an electrical signal to a corresponding sound in the user&#39;s ear. Headphones are designed to allow a single user to listen to an audio source privately, in contrast to a loudspeaker which emits sound into the open air, allowing anyone nearby to listen. Earbuds or earphones are in-ear versions of headphones. 
         [0006]    A sensitive transducer element of a microphone is called its element or capsule. Except in thermophone based microphones, sound is first converted to mechanical motion by means of a diaphragm, the motion of which is then converted to an electrical signal. A complete microphone also includes a housing, some means of bringing the signal from the element to other equipment, and often an electronic circuit to adapt the output of the capsule to the equipment being driven. A wireless microphone contains a radio transmitter. 
         [0007]    The condenser microphone, is also called a capacitor microphone or electrostatic microphone. Here, the diaphragm acts as one plate of a capacitor, and the vibrations produce changes in the distance between the plates. 
         [0008]    A fiber optic microphone converts acoustic waves into electrical signals by sensing changes in light intensity, instead of sensing changes in capacitance or magnetic fields as with conventional microphones. During operation, light from a laser source travels through an optical fiber to illuminate the surface of a reflective diaphragm. Sound vibrations of the diaphragm modulate the intensity of light reflecting off the diaphragm in a specific direction. The modulated light is then transmitted over a second optical fiber to a photo detector, which transforms the intensity-modulated light into analog or digital audio for transmission or recording. Fiber optic microphones possess high dynamic and frequency range, similar to the best high fidelity conventional microphones. Fiber optic microphones do not react to or influence any electrical, magnetic, electrostatic or radioactive fields (this is called EMI/RFI immunity). The fiber optic microphone design is therefore ideal for use in areas where conventional microphones are ineffective or dangerous, such as inside industrial turbines or in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) equipment environments. 
         [0009]    Fiber optic microphones are robust, resistant to environmental changes in heat and moisture, and can be produced for any directionality or impedance matching. The distance between the microphone&#39;s light source and its photo detector may be up to several kilometers without need for any preamplifier or other electrical device, making fiber optic microphones suitable for industrial and surveillance acoustic monitoring. Fiber optic microphones are suitable for use application areas such as for infrasound monitoring and noise-canceling. 
         [0010]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,462,808 B2, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein shows a small optical microphone/sensor for measuring distances to, and/or physical properties of, a reflective surface 
         [0011]    The MEMS (MicroElectrical-Mechanical System) microphone is also called a microphone chip or silicon microphone. A pressure-sensitive diaphragm is etched directly into a silicon wafer by MEMS processing techniques, and is usually accompanied with integrated preamplifier. Most MEMS microphones are variants of the condenser microphone design. Digital MEMS microphones have built in analog-to-digital converter (ADC) circuits on the same CMOS chip making the chip a digital microphone and so more readily integrated with modern digital products. Major manufacturers producing MEMS silicon microphones are Wolfson Microelectronics (WM7xxx), Analog Devices, Akustica (AKU200x), Infineon (SMM310 product), Knowles Electronics, Memstech (MSMx), NXP Semiconductors, Sonion MEMS, Vesper, AAC Acoustic Technologies, and Omron. 
         [0012]    A microphone&#39;s directionality or polar pattern indicates how sensitive it is to sounds arriving at different angles about its central axis. The polar pattern represents the locus of points that produce the same signal level output in the microphone if a given sound pressure level (SPL) is generated from that point. How the physical body of the microphone is oriented relative to the diagrams depends on the microphone design. Large-membrane microphones are often known as “side fire” or “side address” on the basis of the sideward orientation of their directionality. Small diaphragm microphones are commonly known as “end fire” or “top/end address” on the basis of the orientation of their directionality. 
         [0013]    Some microphone designs combine several principles in creating the desired polar pattern. This ranges from shielding (meaning diffraction/dissipation/absorption) by the housing itself to electronically combining dual membranes. 
         [0014]    An omni-directional (or non-directional) microphone&#39;s response is generally considered to be a perfect sphere in three dimensions. In the real world, this is not the case. As with directional microphones, the polar pattern for an “omni-directional” microphone is a function of frequency. The body of the microphone is not infinitely small and, as a consequence, it tends to get in its own way with respect to sounds arriving from the rear, causing a slight flattening of the polar response. This flattening increases as the diameter of the microphone (assuming it&#39;s cylindrical) reaches the wavelength of the frequency in question. 
         [0015]    A unidirectional microphone is sensitive to sounds from only one direction 
         [0016]    A noise-canceling microphone is a highly directional design intended for noisy environments. One such use is in aircraft cockpits where they are normally installed as boom microphones on headsets. Another use is in live event support on loud concert stages for vocalists involved with live performances. Many noise-canceling microphones combine signals received from two diaphragms that are in opposite electrical polarity or are processed electronically. In dual diaphragm designs, the main diaphragm is mounted closest to the intended source and the second is positioned farther away from the source so that it can pick up environmental sounds to be subtracted from the main diaphragm&#39;s signal. After the two signals have been combined, sounds other than the intended source are greatly reduced, substantially increasing intelligibility. Other noise-canceling designs use one diaphragm that is affected by ports open to the sides and rear of the microphone. 
         [0017]    Sensitivity indicates how well the microphone converts acoustic pressure to output voltage. A high sensitivity microphone creates more voltage and so needs less amplification at the mixer or recording device. This is a practical concern but is not directly an indication of the microphone&#39;s quality, and in fact the term sensitivity is something of a misnomer, “transduction gain” being perhaps more meaningful, (or just “output level”) because true sensitivity is generally set by the noise floor, and too much “sensitivity” in terms of output level compromises the clipping level. 
         [0018]    A microphone array is any number of microphones operating in tandem. Microphone arrays may be used in systems for extracting voice input from ambient noise (notably telephones, speech recognition systems, hearing aids), surround sound and related technologies, binaural recording, locating objects by sound: acoustic source localization, e.g., military use to locate the source(s) of artillery fire, aircraft location and tracking. 
         [0019]    Typically, an array is made up of omni-directional microphones, directional microphones, or a mix of omni-directional and directional microphones distributed about the perimeter of a space, linked to a computer that records and interprets the results into a coherent form. Arrays may also be formed using numbers of very closely spaced microphones. Given a fixed physical relationship in space between the different individual microphone transducer array elements, simultaneous DSP (digital signal processor) processing of the signals from each of the individual microphone array elements can create one or more “virtual” microphones. 
         [0020]    Beamforming or spatial filtering is a signal processing technique used in sensor arrays for directional signal transmission or reception. This is achieved by combining elements in a phased array in such a way that signals at particular angles experience constructive interference while others experience destructive interference. A phased array is an array of antennas, microphones, or other sensors in which the relative phases of respective signals are set in such a way that the effective radiation pattern is reinforced in a desired direction and suppressed in undesired directions. The phase relationship may be adjusted for beam steering. Beamforming can be used at both the transmitting and receiving ends in order to achieve spatial selectivity. The improvement compared with omni-directional reception/transmission is known as the receive/transmit gain (or loss). 
         [0021]    Adaptive beamforming is used to detect and estimate a signal-of-interest at the output of a sensor array by means of optimal (e.g., least-squares) spatial filtering and interference rejection. 
         [0022]    To change the directionality of the array when transmitting, a beamformer controls the phase and relative amplitude of the signal at each transmitter, in order to create a pattern of constructive and destructive interference in the wavefront. When receiving, information from different sensors is combined in a way where the expected pattern of radiation is preferentially observed. 
         [0023]    With narrow-band systems the time delay is equivalent to a “phase shift”, so in the case of a sensor array, each sensor output is shifted a slightly different amount. This is called a phased array. A narrow band system, typical of radars or small microphone arrays, is one where the bandwidth is only a small fraction of the center frequency. With wide band systems this approximation no longer holds, which is typical in sonars. 
         [0024]    In the receive beamformer the signal from each sensor may be amplified by a different “weight.” Different weighting patterns (e.g., Dolph-Chebyshev) can be used to achieve the desired sensitivity patterns. A main lobe is produced together with nulls and sidelobes. As well as controlling the main lobe width (the beam) and the sidelobe levels, the position of a null can be controlled. This is useful to ignore noise or jammers in one particular direction, while listening for events in other directions. A similar result can be obtained on transmission. 
         [0025]    Beamforming techniques can be broadly divided into two categories:
       a. conventional (fixed or switched beam) beamformers   b. adaptive beamformers or phased array
           i. desired signal maximization mode   ii. interference signal minimization or cancellation mode   
               
 
         [0030]    Conventional beamformers use a fixed set of weightings and time-delays (or phasings) to combine the signals from the sensors in the array, primarily using only information about the location of the sensors in space and the wave directions of interest. In contrast, adaptive beamforming techniques generally combine this information with properties of the signals actually received by the array, typically to improve rejection of unwanted signals from other directions. This process may be carried out in either the time or the frequency domain. 
         [0031]    As the name indicates, an adaptive beamformer is able to automatically adapt its response to different situations. Some criterion has to be set up to allow the adaption to proceed such as minimizing the total noise output. Because of the variation of noise with frequency, in wide band systems it may be desirable to carry out the process in the frequency domain. 
         [0032]    Beamforming can be computationally intensive. 
         [0033]    Beamforming can be used to try to extract sound sources in a room, such as multiple speakers in the cocktail party problem. This requires the locations of the speakers to be known in advance, for example by using the time of arrival from the sources to mics in the array, and inferring the locations from the distances. 
         [0034]    A Primer on Digital Beamforming by Toby Haynes, Mar. 26, 1998 http://www.spectrumsignal.com/publications/beamform_primer.pdf describes beam forming technology. 
         [0035]    According to U.S. Pat. No. 5,581,620, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein, many communication systems, such as radar systems, sonar systems and microphone arrays, use beamforming to enhance the reception of signals. In contrast to conventional communication systems that do not discriminate between signals based on the position of the signal source, beamforming systems are characterized by the capability of enhancing the reception of signals generated from sources at specific locations relative to the system. 
         [0036]    Generally, beamforming systems include an array of spatially distributed sensor elements, such as antennas, sonar phones or microphones, and a data processing system for combining signals detected by the array. The data processor combines the signals to enhance the reception of signals from sources located at select locations relative to the sensor elements. Essentially, the data processor “aims” the sensor array in the direction of the signal source. For example, a linear microphone array uses two or more microphones to pick up the voice of a talker. Because one microphone is closer to the talker than the other microphone, there is a slight time delay between the two microphones. The data processor adds a time delay to the nearest microphone to coordinate these two microphones. By compensating for this time delay, the beamforming system enhances the reception of signals from the direction of the talker, and essentially aims the microphones at the talker. 
         [0037]    A beamforming apparatus may connect to an array of sensors, e.g. microphones that can detect signals generated from a signal source, such as the voice of a talker. The sensors can be spatially distributed in a linear, a two-dimensional array or a three-dimensional array, with a uniform or non-uniform spacing between sensors. A linear array is useful for an application where the sensor array is mounted on a wall or a podium talker is then free to move about a half-plane with an edge defined by the location of the array. Each sensor detects the voice audio signals of the talker and generates electrical response signals that represent these audio signals. An adaptive beamforming apparatus provides a signal processor that can dynamically determine the relative time delay between each of the audio signals detected by the sensors. Further, a signal processor may include a phase alignment element that uses the time delays to align the frequency components of the audio signals. The signal processor has a summation element that adds together the aligned audio signals to increase the quality of the desired audio source while simultaneously attenuating sources having different delays relative to the sensor array. Because the relative time delays for a signal relate to the position of the signal source relative to the sensor array, the beamforming apparatus provides, in one aspect, a system that “aims” the sensor array at the talker to enhance the reception of signals generated at the location of the talker and to diminish the energy of signals generated at locations different from that of the desired talker&#39;s location. The practical application of a linear array is limited to situations which are either in a half plane or where knowledge of the direction to the source in not critical. The addition of a third sensor that is not co-linear with the first two sensors is sufficient to define a planar direction, also known as azimuth. Three sensors do not provide sufficient information to determine elevation of a signal source. At least a fourth sensor, not co-planar with the first three sensors is required to obtain sufficient information to determine a location in a three dimensional space. 
         [0038]    Although these systems work well if the position of the signal source is precisely known, the effectiveness of these systems drops off dramatically and computational resources required increases dramatically with slight errors in the estimated a priori information. For instance, in some systems with source-location schemes, it has been shown that the data processor must know the location of the source within a few centimeters to enhance the reception of signals. Therefore, these systems require precise knowledge of the position of the source, and precise knowledge of the position of the sensors. As a consequence, these systems require both that the sensor elements in the array have a known and static spatial distribution and that the signal source remains stationary relative to the sensor array. Furthermore, these beamforming systems require a first step for determining the talker position and a second step for aiming the sensor array based on the expected position of the talker. 
         [0039]    A change in the position and orientation of the sensor can result in the aforementioned dramatic effects even if the talker is not moving due to the change in relative position and orientation due to movement of the arrays. Knowledge of any change in the location and orientation of the array can compensate for the increase in computational resources and decrease in effectiveness of the location determination and sound isolation. An accelerometer is a device that measures acceleration of an object rigidly inked to the accelerometer. The acceleration and timing can be used to determine a change in location and orientation of an object linked to the accelerometer. 
         [0040]    U.S. Pat. No. 7,415,117 shows audio source location identification and isolation. Known systems rely on stationary microphone arrays. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0041]    An audio spatialization system is desirable for use in connection with a personal audio playback system such as headphones, earphones, and/or earbuds. The system is intended to operate so that a user can customize the audio information received through personal speakers. The system is capable of customizing the listening experience of a user including at least some portion of the ambient audio. The system is provided so that the audio spatialization applied maintains orientation with respect to a fixed frame of reference as the listener moves and tracks movement of an actual or apparent audio source provided that the speakers and sensor are maintained in the same relative position and orientation to the listener. For example, the system may operate to identify and isolate audio emanating from a source located in a particular position. The isolated audio may be provided through an audio spatialization engine to a user&#39;s personal speakers maintaining the same orientation. The system is designed so that should the user turn or move the apparent location of the audio source will remain constant. For example, if the user turns to the right, the personal speakers will turn with the user. The system will apply a modification to the spatialization so that the apparent location of the audio source will be moved relative to the user, i.e., to the user&#39;s left and the user will perceive the audio source remaining stationary even while the user is moving relative to the source. This may be accomplished by motion sensors detecting changes in position or orientation of the user and modifying the audio spatialization in order to compensate for the change in location or orientation of the user, and in particular the ear speakers being used. The system may also use audio source tracking to detect movement of the audio source and to compensate so that the user will perceive the audio source motion. 
         [0042]    An audio customization system is provided to enhance a user&#39;s audio environment. One type of enhancement would allow a user to wear headphones and specify what ambient audio and source audio will be transmitted to the headphones. An added enhancement is the display of an image representing the location of one or more audio sources. Another enhancement is the application of spatialization to the audio from the audio source and to modify the spatialization in a manner that corresponds to movement of the user and in a manner that corresponds to movement of the audio source relative to the user. 
         [0043]    The system may also generate an image of the locations of audio sources referenced to the position or location of a microphone array. It is also advantageous to generate an image referenced to a location of an audio source. To generate an image referenced to an audio source information representative of the location of the audio source relative to the microphone array is required. It is also advantageous to generate an image representative of the location(s) of audio source(s) referenced to a specified position. This requires information representative of the relative position of the microphone array to the specified position. 
         [0044]    In order to provide an enhanced audio experience to the users a source location identification unit may use beamforming in cooperation with a directionally discriminating acoustic sensor to identify the location of an audio source. The location of a source may be accomplished in a wide-scanning mode to identify the vicinity or general direction of an audio source with respect to a directionally discriminating acoustic sensor and/or in a narrow scanning mode to pinpoint an acoustic source. A source location unit may cooperate with a location table that stores a wide location of an identified source and a “pinpoint” location. Because narrow location is computationally intensive, the scope of a narrow location scan can be limited to the vicinity of sources identified in a wide location scan. The source location unit may perform the wide source location scan and the narrow source location scan on different schedules. The narrow source location scan may be performed on a more frequent schedule so that audio emanating from pinpoint locations may be processed for further use. 
         [0045]    The location table may be updated in order to reduce the processing required to accomplish the pinpoint scans. The location table may be adjusted by adding a location compensation dependent on changes in position and orientation of the directionally discriminating acoustic sensor. In order to adjust the locations for changes in position and orientation of the sensor array, a motion sensor, for example, an accelerometer, gyroscope, and/or manometer, may be rigidly linked to the directionally discriminating sensor, which may be implemented as a microphone array. Detected motion of the sensor may be used for motion compensation. In this way the narrow source location can update the relative location of sources based on motion of the sensor arrays. The location table may also be updated on the basis of trajectory. If over time an audio source presents from different locations based on motion of the audio source, the differences may be utilized to predict additional motion and the location table can be updated on the basis of predicted source location movement. The location table may track one or more audio sources. 
         [0046]    The locations stored in the location table may be utilized by a beam-steering unit to focus the sensor array on the locations and to capture isolated audio from the specified location. The location table may be utilized to control the schedule of the beam steering unit on the basis of analysis of the audio from each of the tracked sources. 
         [0047]    Audio obtained from each tracked source may undergo an identification process. An identification process is described in more detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/827,320 filed Aug. 15, 2015, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The audio may be processed through a multi-channel and/or multi-domain process in order to characterize the audio and a rule set may be applied to the characteristics in order to ascertain treatment of audio from the particular source. Multi-channel and multi-domain processing can be computationally intensive. The result of the multi-channel/multi-domain processing that most closely fits a rule will indicate the processing. If the rule indicates that the source is of interest, the pinpoint location table may be updated and the scanning schedule may be set. Certain audio may justify higher frequency scanning and capture than other audio. For example speech or music of interest may be sampled at a higher frequency than an alarm or a siren of interest. 
         [0048]    Computational resources may be conserved in some situations. Some audio information may be more easily characterized and identified than other audio information. For example, the aforementioned siren may be relatively uniform and easy to identify. A gross characterization process may be utilized in order to identify audio sources which do not require computationally intense processing of the multi-channel/multi-domain processing unit. If a gross characterization is performed a ruleset may be applied to the gross characterization in order to indicate whether audio from the source should be ignored, should be isolated based on the gross characterization alone, or should be subjected to the multi-channel/multi-domain computationally intense processing. The location table may be updated on the basis of the result of the gross characterization. 
         [0049]    In this way the computationally intensive functions may be driven by a location table and the location table settings may operate to conserve computational resources required. The wide area source location may be used to add sources to the source location table at a relatively lower frequency than needed for user consumption of the audio. Successive processing iterations may update the location table to reduce the number of sources being tracked with a pinpoint scan, to predict the location of the sources to be tracked with a pinpoint scan to reduce the number of locations that are isolated by the beam-steering unit and reduce the processing required for the multi-channel/multi-domain analysis. 
         [0050]    An audio source imaging system with an audio source location table containing a representation of the location of one or more audio sources connected to an input of an image translation unit and an output of an image of the audio source locations. 
         [0051]    The output may be referenced to a microphone array to a position at a known direction and distance from the microphone array, to a position at a known direction and distance from said microphone array, or referenced to a location of one of the audio sources. 
         [0052]    The output referenced to a microphone array may be translated to an image referenced to one of the audio source locations and/or another location referenced to the sensor array. 
         [0053]    It is an object to apply directional information to audio presented to a personal speaker such as headphones or earbuds and to modify the spatial characteristics of the audio in response to changes in position or orientation of the personal speaker system. The audio spatialization system includes a personal speaker system with an input of an electrical signal which is converted to audio. An audio spatialization engine output is connected to the personal speaker system to apply a spatial or directional component to the audio being output by the personal speaker system. An audio source signal is connected to the audio spatialization system. The motion sensor associated with the personal speaker system is connected to a listener position/orientation unit having an output connected to the audio spatialization engine representing position and orientation of the personal speaker system. The audio spatialization engine adds spatial characteristics to the output of the audio source on the basis of the output of the listen position/orientation unit and/or directional cues obtained from a directional cue reporting unit. The directional cue reporting unit may include a location processor in turn connected to a beamforming unit, a beam steering unit and directionally discriminating acoustic sensor associated with the personal speaker system. The directionally discriminating acoustic sensor may be a microphone array. The association between the directionally discriminating acoustic sensor and the personal speaker system is such that there is a fixed or a known relationship between the position or orientation of the personal speaker system and the directionally discriminating acoustic sensor. A motion sensor also is arranged in a fixed or known position and orientation with respect to the personal speaker system. The audio spatialization engine may apply head related transfer functions to the audio source. 
         [0054]    Various objects, features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments of the invention, along with the accompanying drawings in which like numerals represent like components. 
         [0055]    Moreover, the above objects and advantages of the invention are illustrative, and not exhaustive, of those that can be achieved by the invention. Thus, these and other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description herein, both as embodied herein and as modified in view of any variations which will be apparent to those skilled in the art. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0056]      FIG. 1  shows a pair of headphones with an embodiment of a microphone array. 
           [0057]      FIG. 2  shows a top view of a pair of headphones with a microphone array. 
           [0058]      FIG. 3  shows a collar-mounted microphone array. 
           [0059]      FIG. 4  illustrates a collar-mounted microphone array positioned on a user. 
           [0060]      FIG. 5  illustrates a hat-mounted microphone array. 
           [0061]      FIG. 6  shows a further embodiment of a microphone array. 
           [0062]      FIG. 7  shows a top view of a mounting substrate. 
           [0063]      FIG. 8  shows a microphone array in an audio source location and isolation system. 
           [0064]      FIG. 9  shows a front view of headphones with a multi-planar microphone array. 
           [0065]      FIG. 10  shows an embodiment of the audio source location, tracking, and isolation system. 
           [0066]      FIG. 11  shows an audio source imaging system. 
           [0067]      FIG. 12  shows an adaptive audio spatialization system. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0068]    Before the present invention is described in further detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the particular embodiments described, as such may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting, since the scope of the present invention will be limited only by the appended claims. 
         [0069]    Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that each intervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lower limit of that range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range is encompassed within the invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included in the smaller ranges is also encompassed within the invention, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included in the invention. 
         [0070]    Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can also be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, a limited number of the exemplary methods and materials are described herein. 
         [0071]    It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For the sake of clarity, D/A and ND conversions and specification of hardware or software driven processing may not be specified if it is well understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. The scope of the disclosures should be understood to include analog processing and/or digital processing and hardware and/or software driven components. 
         [0072]    All publications mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference to disclose and describe the methods and/or materials in connection with which the publications are cited. The publications discussed herein are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the present invention is not entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of prior invention. Further, the dates of publication provided may be different from the actual publication dates, which may need to be independently confirmed. 
         [0073]      FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2  show a pair of headphones with an embodiment of a microphone array.  FIG. 2  shows a top view of a pair of headphones with a microphone array. 
         [0074]    The headphones  101  may include a headband  102 . The headband  102  may form an arc which, when in use, sits over the user&#39;s head. The headphones  101  may also include ear speakers  103  and  104  connected to the headband  102 . The ear speakers  103  and  104  are colloquially referred to as “cans.” A plurality of microphones  105  may be mounted on the headband  102 . There may be three or more microphones where at least one of the microphones is not positioned co-linearly with the other two microphones in order to identify azimuth. 
         [0075]    The microphones in the microphone array may be mounted such that they are not obstructed by the structure of the headphones or the user&#39;s body. Advantageously the microphone array is configured to have a 360-degree field. An obstruction exists when a point in the space around the array is not within the field of sensitivity of at least two microphones in the array. An accelerometer  106  may be mounted in an ear speaker housing  103 . 
         [0076]      FIG. 3  and  FIG. 4  show a collar-mounted microphone array  301 . 
         [0077]      FIG. 4  illustrates the collar-mounted microphone array  301  positioned on a user. A collar-band  302  adapted to be worn by a user is shown. The collar-band  302  is a mounting substrate for a plurality of microphones  303 . The microphones  303  may be circumferentially-distributed on the collar-band  302 , and may have a geometric configuration which may permit the array to have a 360-degree range with no obstructions caused by the collar-band  302  or the user. The collar-band  302  may also include an accelerometer  304  rigidly-mounted on or in the collar band  302 . 
         [0078]      FIG. 5  illustrates a hat-mounted microphone array.  FIG. 5  illustrates a hat  401 . The hat  401  serves as the mounting substrate for a plurality of microphones  402 . The microphones  402  may be circumferentially-distributed around the hat or on the top of the hat in a fashion that avoids the hat or any body parts from being a significant obstruction to the view of the array. The hat  401  may also carry on accelerometer  404 . The accelerometer  404  may be mounted on a visor  503  of the hat  401 . The hat mounted array in  FIG. 5  is suitable for a 360-degree view (azimuth), but not necessarily elevation. 
         [0079]      FIG. 6  shows a further embodiment of a microphone array. A substrate is adapted to be mounted on a headband of a set of headphones. The substrate may include three or more microphones  502 . 
         [0080]    A substrate  203  may be adapted to be mounted on headphone headband  102 . The substrate  203  may be connected to the headband  102  by mounting legs  204  and  205 . The mounting legs  204  and  205  may be resilient in order to absorb vibration induced by the ear speakers and isolate microphones and an accelerometer in the array. 
         [0081]      FIG. 7  shows a top view of a mounting substrate  203 . Microphones  502  are mounted on the substrate  203 . Advantageously an accelerometer  501  is also mounted on the substrate  203 . The microphones alternatively may be mounted around the rim  504  of the substrate  203 . According to an embodiment, there may be three microphones  502  mounted on the substrate  203  where a first microphones is not co-linear with a second and third microphone. Line  505  runs through microphone  502 B and  502 C. As illustrated in  FIG. 7 , the location of microphone  502 A is not co-linear with the locations of microphones  502 B and  502 C as it does not fall on the line defined by the location of microphones  502 B and  502 C. Microphones  502 A,  502 B and  502 C define a plane. A microphone array of two omni-directional microphones  502 B and  502 C cannot distinguish between locations  506  and  507 . The addition of a third microphone  502 A may be utilized to differentiate between points equidistant from line  505  that fall on a line perpendicular to line  505 . 
         [0082]    According an advantageous feature, a motion detector such as Gyroscope, and/or a compass may be provided in connection with a microphone array. Because the microphone array is configured to be carried by a person, and because people move, a motion detector may be used to ascertain change in position and/or orientation of the microphone array. It is advantageous that the motion sensor, for example accelerometer, be in a fixed position relative to the microphones  502  in the array, but need not be directly mounted on a microphone array substrate. An accelerometer  304  may be mounted on the collar-band  302  as illustrated in  FIG. 4 . An accelerometer may be mounted in a fixed position on the hat  401  illustrated in  FIG. 5 , for example, on a visor  403 . The accelerometer may be mounted in any position. The position  404  of the accelerometer is not critical. 
         [0083]      FIG. 8  shows a microphone array  601  in an audio source location and isolation system. A beam-forming unit  603  is responsive to a microphone array  601 . The beamforming unit  603  may process the signals from two or more microphones in the microphone array  601  to determine the location of an audio source, preferably the location of the audio source relative to the microphone array. A location processor  604  may receive location information from the beam-forming system  603 . The location information may be provided to a beam-steering unit  605  to process the signals obtained from two or more microphones in the microphone array  601  to isolate audio emanating from the identified location. A two-dimensional array is generally suitable for identifying an azimuth direction of the source. An accelerometer  606  may be mechanically coupled to the microphone array  601 . The accelerometer  606  may provide information indicative of a change in location or orientation of the microphone array. This information may be provided to the location processor  604  and utilized to narrow a location search by eliminating change in the array position and orientation from any adjustment of beam-forming and beam-scanning direction due to change in location of the audio source. The use of an accelerometer to ascertain change in position and/or change in orientation of the microphone array  601  may reduce the computational resources required for beam forming and beam scanning. 
         [0084]      FIG. 9  shows a front view of a headphone fitted with a microphone array suitable for sensing audio information to locate an audio object in three-dimensional space. 
         [0085]    An azimuthal microphone array  203  may be mounted on headphones. An additional microphone array  106  may be mounted on ear speaker  103 . Microphone array  106  may include one or more microphones  108  and may be acoustically and/or vibrationally isolated by a damping mount from the earphone housing. According to an embodiment, there may be more than one microphone  108 . The microphones may be dispersed in the same configuration illustrated in  FIG. 7 . 
         [0086]    A microphone array  107  may be mounted on ear speaker  104 . Microphone array  107  may have the same configuration as microphone array  106 . 
         [0087]    Microphones may be embedded in the ear speaker housing and the ear speaker housing may also include noise and vibration damping insulation to isolate or insulate the microphones  108  from the acoustic transducer in the ear speakers  103  and  104 . 
         [0088]    Three non-co-linear microphones in an array may define a plane. A microphone array that defines a plane may be utilized for source detection according to azimuth, but not according to elevation. At least one additional microphone  108  may be provided in order to permit source location in three-dimensional space. The microphone  108  and two other microphones define a second plane that intersects the first plane. The spatial relationship between the microphones defining the two planes is a factor, along with sensitivity, processing accuracy, and distance between the microphones that contributes to the ability to identify an audio source in a three-dimensional space. 
         [0089]    In a physical embodiment mounted on headphones, a configuration with microphones on both ear speaker housings reduces interference with location finding caused by the structure of the headphones and the user. Accuracy may be enhanced by providing a plurality of microphones on or in connection with each ear speaker. 
         [0090]      FIG. 10  shows an audio source location tracking and isolation system. The system includes a sensor array  701 . Sensor array  701  may be stationary. According to a particularly useful embodiment the sensor array  701  may be body-mounted or adapted for mobility. The sensor array  701  may include a microphone array. The microphone array may have two or more microphones. The sensor array may have three microphones in order to be capable of a 360-degree azimuth range. The sensor array may have four or more microphones in order to have a 360-degree azimuth and an elevation range. The 360-degree azimuth requires that the three microphones be non-co-linear and the elevation-capable array must have at least three non-co-linear microphones defining a first plane and at least three non-co-linear microphones defining a second plane intersecting the first plane provided that two of the three microphones defining the second plane may be two of the three microphones also defining the first plane. 
         [0091]    In the event that the sensor array  701  is adapted to be portable or mobile, it is advantageous to also include a motion sensor rigidly-linked to the sensor array. 
         [0092]    A wide source locating unit  702  may be responsive to the sensor array. The wide source locating unit  702  is able to detect audio sources and their general vicinities. Advantageously the wide source locating unit  702  has a full range of search. The wide source locating unit may be configured to generally identify the direction and/or location of an audio source and record the general location in a location table  703 . The system is also provided with a narrow source locating unit  704  also connected to sensor array  701 . The narrow source locating unit  704  operates on the basis of locations previously stored in the location table  703 . The narrow source locating unit  704  will ascertain a pinpoint location of an audio source in the general vicinity identified by the entries in a location table  703 . The pinpoint location may be based on narrow source locations previously stored in the location table or wide source locations previously stored in the location table. The narrow source location identified by the narrow source locating unit  704  may be stored in the location table  703  and replaced the prior entry that formed a basis for the narrow source locating unit scan. The system may also be provided with a beam steering audio capture unit  705 . The beam steering audio capture unit  705  responds to the pinpoint location stored in the location table  703 . The beam steering audio capture unit  705  may be connected to the sensor array  701  and captures audio from the pinpoint locations set forth in the location table  703 . 
         [0093]    The location table may be updated on the basis of new pinpoint locations identified by the narrow source locating unit  704  and on the basis of an array displacement compensation unit  706  and/or a source movement prediction unit  707 . The array displacement compensation unit  706  may be responsive to the accelerometer rigidly attached to the sensor array  701 . The array displacement compensation unit  706  ascertains the change in position and orientation of the sensor array to identify a location compensation parameter. The location compensation parameter may be provided to the location table  703  to update the pinpoint location of the audio sources relative to the new position of the sensor array. 
         [0094]    Source movement prediction unit  707  may also be provided to calculate a location compensation for pinpoint locations stored in the location table. The source movement prediction unit  707  can track the interval changes in the pinpoint location of the audio sources identified and tracked by the narrow source locating unit  704  as stored in the location table  703 . The source movement prediction unit  707  may identify a trajectory over time and predict the source location at any given time. The source movement prediction unit  707  may operate to update the pinpoint locations in the location table  703 . 
         [0095]    The audio information captured from the pinpoint location by the beam steering audio capture unit  705  may be analyzed in accordance with an instruction stored in the location table  703 . Upon establishment of a pinpoint location stored in the location table  703 , it may be advantageous to identify the analysis level as gross characterization. The gross characterization unit  708  operates to assess the audio sample captured from the pinpoint location using a first set of analysis routines. The first set of analysis routines may be computationally non-intensive routines such as analysis for repetition and frequency band. The analysis may be voice detection, cadence, frequencies, or a beacon. The audio analysis routines will query the gross rules  709 . The gross rules may indicate that the audio satisfying the rules is known and should be included in an audio output, known and should be excluded from an audio output or unknown. If the gross rules indicate that the audio is of a known type that should be included in an audio output, the location table is updated and the instruction set to output audio coming from that pinpoint location. If the gross rules indicate that the audio is known and should not be included, the location table may be updated either by deleting the location so as to avoid further pinpoint scans or simply marking the location entry to be ignored for further pinpoint scans. 
         [0096]    If the result of the analysis by the gross characterization unit  708  and the application of rules  709  is of unknown audio type, then the location table  703  may be updated with an instruction for multi-channel characterization. Audio captured from a location where the location table  703  instruction is for multi-channel analysis, audio may be passed to the multi-channel/multi-domain characterization unit  710 . The multi-channel/multi-domain characterization unit  710  carries out a second set of audio analysis routines. It is contemplated that the second set of audio analysis routines is more computationally intensive than the first set of audio analysis routines. For this reason the second set of analysis routines is only performed for locations which the audio has not been successfully identified by the first set of audio analysis routines. The result of the second set of audio analysis routines is applied to the multi-channel/multi-domain rules  711 . The rules may indicate that the audio from that source is known and suitable for output, known and unsuitable for output or unknown. If the multi-channel/multi-domain rules indicate that the audio is known and suitable for output, the location table may be updated with an output instruction. If the multi-channel/multi-domain rules indicate that the audio is unknown or known and not suitable for output, then the corresponding entry in the location table is updated to either indicate that the pinpoint location is to be ignored in future scans and captures, or by deletion of the pinpoint location entry. 
         [0097]    When the beam steering audio capture unit  705  captures audio from a location stored in location table  703  and is with an instruction as suitable for output, the captured audio from the beam steering audio capture unit  705  is connected to an audio output  712 . 
         [0098]      FIG. 11  shows an audio source imaging system. 
         [0099]    A location table  703  as described in connection with  FIG. 10  stores, inter alia, the location of audio sources being tracked by an audio source location system in a format suitable for the audio source location and isolation system. The format of the data indicating relative location stored in location table  703  is not suitable for output directly to a display device. A display image translation unit  801  is connected to the location table  703 . The display image translation unit  801  transforms the data contained in location table  703  to a format which is suitable for output directly or indirectly to an image display. The display image translation unit  801  has an output suitable for use by an image display. The output of the display image translation unit  801  is or may be converted in a conventional manner to an image  802  referenced to sensor array position. Image  802  is particularly suitable for displaying to a user the tracked audio sources from the point of view of the sensor array. The image may be a two-dimensional, a simulated three-dimensional image, or an actually three-dimensional image display. Such images may be suitable to display on a wearable display such as a wrist-mounted display, a Google Glass-style display or any heads-up display. 
         [0100]    The images referenced to the sensor array position  802  may also be provided to an audio source station translation unit  803 . The audio source station translation unit  803  may translate the image  802  referenced to the sensor array position to an image  804  referenced to one of the audio sources tracked in location table  703 . The audio source translation station may use a vector inversion process to translate the sensor array referenced image  802  to an audio source referenced image  804 . For example, the image  802  referenced to sensor array position may express the location of each audio source contained in location table  703  as a vector with its origin at the sensor array and each source being expressed in terms of a direction and distance. If, for example, the sensor array is located at Point A and the location of an audio source B is identified by direction and distance, for example, the image  802  referenced to sensor array position may reflect that audio source B is in the northwest direction at a distance of 20 feet. Audio source translation unit  803  may transform the origin of the vector to a location referenced to the location of audio source B. For example, the sensor array would therefore be located 20 feet from audio source B in the southeast direction. This type of translation may be accomplished to translate an image  802  referenced to a sensor array position to an image  804  referenced to any audio source location contained in location table  703 . 
         [0101]    According to an alternative or additional feature, the image  802  referenced to a sensor array position can be translated to a referenced image  807  for any known position. A mapping station translation unit  805  may utilize information obtained from an array position sensor  806  and the image  802  referenced to the sensor array in order to transform the image  802  referenced to sensor array to a referenced image  807  referenced to any position correlated to a location identified by an array position sensor  806 . 
         [0102]    Array position sensor  806  may utilize transducers in order to identify the position of the sensor array in relation to a known reference point. The position sensor  806  may be co-located with the sensor array and may utilize location services or other position sensitive transducers in order to sense the position of the sensor array. The array position sensor may be responsive to a beacon located in a known position. An example of the transformation of an image  802  referenced to an array to an image  807  referenced to Point O is, the position sensor determines that the sensor array is 10 feet to the west of Point O and determines that the location of audio source B is 20 feet west of the sensor array, then the mapping station translation unit may select Point O as a reference point and determine that the location of audio source B is 30 feet west of Point O. In a similar fashion the mapping station translation unit  805  may translate the image  802  referenced to the sensor array position to an image  807  referenced to any location in a known direction and distance from the origin, Point O. 
         [0103]    The image generated by the audio source imaging system may be useful for any application where a particular reference position is desirable. For example, the image reference to the sensor array where the sensor array is mounted on the headband of headphones may be utilized for a heads-up image projection from a wearable display such as a Google Glass-type display unit or as an image for a wrist-mounted display unit. An image referenced to an audio source may be useful for any application where the audio source is the desired point of view. For example, an operative or team member may be outfitted to emit an audio signal as a beacon. The image referenced to the sensor array will include the position of the audio beacon and the audio source station translation unit  803  may output the image reference to the audio source to a heads-up display worn or carried by the operative at Location B. In this manner, the operative receives a display of the audio sources being tracked by the location table  703  but from its own point of view. 
         [0104]    Using the sensor array and known distance between a first sensor location and a second sensor location, the distance to an audio source can be ascertained by one of ordinary skill knowing (i) the angles between a line extending from a first sensor location to a second sensor location (the “base line”), and a line extending from said second sensor location to an audio source, (ii) the angle between a line extending from said first sensor location to the audio source and the base line, and (iii) the distance between the first sensor location and the second sensor location. Because of the inherent nature of sensor elements, beamforming identifies a direction in terms of a range of directions the variations within the range affects accuracy of the determinations. The distance determinations may be enhanced by increasing the distance between the sensor locations. This is done using at least a known distance between sensor locations that is large enough to overcome uncertainty in the distance caused by uncertainty in the directions. 
         [0105]      FIG. 12  shows an adaptive audio spatialization system. The system may be responsive to an audio source  901 . The audio source may be live or pre-recorded. Audio from the source may be captured with a multi-directional acoustic sensor, also referred to as a directionally discriminated acoustic sensor. An example of a multi-directional audio sensor is a microphone array. Audio from the audio source  901  is processed by the audio spatialization engine  902 . The audio spatialization engine may apply a perceived spatial component to the audio obtained from the direction of the source. The application of the perceived spatial component may use head-related transfer functions (HRTF) applied to the audio so that the user perceives the audio source as emanating from the applied direction. The audio spatialization engine  902  may be responsive to audio source directional cues  903 . The audio source directional cues may be provided on the basis of the relative position of an audio source or on an artificial position or direction. The audio spatialization engine  902  may also be responsive to a listener position/orientation unit  903 . The listener position/orientation unit  903  generates a signal representative of the listener position/orientation and is responsive to a motion sensor  905 . The motion sensor  905  may advantageously be rigidly linked to the personal audio output device and provides a signal indicative of the position or orientation of a user or changes in the position or orientation of the user. The motion sensor may be one or more of a compass, a gyroscope, and/or an accelerometer. According to one embodiment, a nine-access motion sensor may be utilized. 
         [0106]    The audio spatialization engine  902  has an output representing a spatialized audio signal. The output is connected to an audio output stage  906 . The audio output stage  906  may operate as a pre-amplifier and/or amplifier for the audio signal. In addition, the audio output stage  906  may mix other audio signals so that audio information from more than one audio source is provided to the personal speakers. The audio source directional cues  903  may be a location table as shown in  FIG. 10 . 
         [0107]    It is possible that the audio cues provided are not as specific as the location specified by the location table. The reason for this is that the beam steering functionality is optimized by having a very accurate location or direction to isolate. By contrast, in many applications, the precision of the spatialization is less important to a listener than the precision required for optimum beam steering functionality. The use of less precise directionality in the monitoring of user position and orientation and application of spatialization can conserve computational resources and may not be perceptually significant to a user. 
         [0108]    The techniques, processes and apparatus described may be utilized to control operation of any device and conserve use of resources based on conditions detected or applicable to the device. 
         [0109]    The invention is described in detail with respect to preferred embodiments, and it will now be apparent from the foregoing to those skilled in the art that changes and modifications may be made without departing from the invention in its broader aspects, and the invention, therefore, as defined in the claims, is intended to cover all such changes and modifications that fall within the true spirit of the invention. 
         [0110]    Thus, specific apparatus for and methods of audio source spatialization have been disclosed. It should be apparent, however, to those skilled in the art that many more modifications besides those already described are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein. The inventive subject matter, therefore, is not to be restricted except in the spirit of the disclosure. Moreover, in interpreting the disclosure, all terms should be interpreted in the broadest possible manner consistent with the context. In particular, the terms “comprises” and “comprising” should be interpreted as referring to elements, components, or steps in a non-exclusive manner, indicating that the referenced elements, components, or steps may be present, or utilized, or combined with other elements, components, or steps that are not expressly referenced.