Abstract:
This disclosure relates generally to a system and method for noninvasive, non-destructive fluorescent measurement. More specifically, the disclosure provides a non-invasive metrology system and method to monitor levels of fluorescent chemicals in the blood. A major application for the invention is field-based non-invasive blood testing for micro-nutrient deficiency and diseases resulting from it, such as Iron deficient anemia. The invention may help reduce or eliminate the need for blood drawing, sending the sample to a blood lab and having to wait for a result.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/483,967 filed Jun. 12, 2009, and entitled “Transmission Fluorometer” which claims benefit from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No 61/061,114, filed on Jun. 13, 2008, the disclosure of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This disclosure relates generally to a system and method for performing non-invasive and non-destructive transmissive mode and/or fluorescent measurements of chemical analytes in samples that exhibit detectable transparency to both excitation light transmitted through the sample and light fluoresced by the analytes transmitted through the sample. More specifically, a system and method are disclosed to monitor levels of fluorescent chemicals in blood. For such medical applications, the system is safe, easy and sanitary to use compared to existing methods, more convenient than invasive tests, and provides immediate feedback. A major application of the system is field-based non-invasive blood testing of micro-nutrient deficiency and diseases resulting from it, such as iron deficient anemia. The system can potentially be used to initially screen patients for problems, such as micronutrient deficiencies or disease, and may help reduce or eliminate the need for blood drawing, sending the sample to a blood lab and having to wait for a result. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Generally, legacy fluorometry systems employ either “right angle” or “front face” optics. Right angle optics is where the detector is placed at right angles to the excitation source. This serves to minimize interference from the excitation source. However, these systems are subject to “inner filtering” problems where the light fluoresced by the sample is filtered out by the sample under test. Front facing optics is where the detector is placed at an angle between either 30-40 degrees or 50-60 degrees to the excitation source. Front facing optics overcomes inner filtering but is unable to relate fluorescent intensity to analyte concentration over a very broad range for analytes having a high extinction coefficient. These problems have limited the application of fluorometry techniques in the area of noninvasive analysis, particularly blood and tissue analysis. 
     Significant advances in modern technology have failed so far to provide any relief for such problems. 
     Many of these technologies are disclosed in a broad spectrum of patents and patent applications, including: 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,252,657 to Bohnenkamp discloses a reflection fluorometer using light guides to test samples placed in a capillary tube. However this approach is not suitable for non-invasive measurement. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,785,658 to Benaron discloses a tool for nondestructive interrogation of the tissue including a light source emitter and detector which may be mounted directly on a surgical tool in a tissue contacting surface for interrogation or mounted remotely and guided to the surgical field with fiber optic cables. This device is also invasive. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,933,232 to Atzler discloses a measurement station for microtitration plates. The system applies fluorometry to solutions in curvettes, which are not compatible with non-invasive use. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,013,034 to Da Cunha Vaz discloses an Ocular Fluorometer for use in taking non-invasive reflective fluorometric readings of the human eye. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,178,917 to Shapiro discloses a method and system for the non-invasive detection of zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) in erythrocytes wherein a light source is applied to the skin of the patient. However, the approach uses front facing optics so it is subject to the inherent limitations of front facing optics discussed above. 
     In summary, the prior art provides a broad range of alternatives to invasive fluorescent spectroscopy. The prior art also provides some solutions to non-invasive spectroscopy using either front facing or reflective optics. However these non-invasive solutions are subject to problems of inner filtering and/or inability to correlate fluorescent intensity to analyte concentration. As a result, existing solutions are inapplicable to a whole host of new applications (such as blood analyte measurement) which demand non-invasive testing, accuracy, broad diagnostic capability and convenient usage. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present disclosure addresses the aforementioned problems by providing a novel transmission fluorometry system that can take advantage of the transparency presented by the target material to the exciting and fluorescing wavelengths to measure the relative concentration of analytes. One or more of the following aspects may be realized by the systems and/or methods taught herein: 
     One aspect of the disclosure relates to non-destructive, non-invasive, fluorescent measurement of samples in the transmission mode. Examples include paper, glass, plastic and in-vivo living tissue such as plant and animal matter. 
     Another aspect of the disclosure relates to non-invasive blood measurement. Noninvasive Transmission Fluorometry provides a portable, quick, accurate, safe and sanitary system for in vivo, non-invasive detection of several blood ailments such as Iron Deficient anemia. 
     Another aspect of the disclosure relates to non-invasively detecting multiple blood components using only one excitation wavelength. For example, 365 nm can be used to simultaneously and non-invasively detect Zinc Protoporphyrin, Protoporphyrin IX and Fluorescent Herne Degradation Product, 395 nm can be used to non-invasively detect Zinc Protoporphyrin and Protoporphyrin IX. 
     Another aspect of the disclosure relates to non-invasively detecting multiple blood components using multiple excitation wavelengths. For example, a sensor head containing both a 425 nm LED and a 346 nm LED can be used to non-invasively detect Zinc Protoporphyrin and Retinol (Vitamin A) simultaneously. 
     Another aspect of the disclosure relates to normalizing the spectral measurements by dividing each intensity reading in the transmitted spectrum by the height of the excitation wavelength intensity, Normalization allows different readings taken independently to be compared. 
     One aspect of the disclosure relates to field usage. Most fluorometry systems cannot be used in the field because they are bulky and/or invasive. The present system can potentially be smaller than some fluorometry systems since it may employ relatively small components. As such the instrument can be taken to the subject and does not necessarily require the subject to be brought to the instrument as is the case with existing fluorometers. In addition, the system sensors can be used in vivo on live subjects, as opposed to invasive systems which generally require a sample of the subject to be inserted in a curvette. 
     Another aspect of the disclosure relates to the measurement point on the subject. Even at high power, UV does not penetrate far enough to go through traditional measurement points such as an earlobe or a finger. In addition, the usage of UV precludes testing the palebral conjunctiva due to safety considerations. However, the method described in the present disclosure, namely shining an excitation wavelength through a section of loose skin on the subject (such as webbing between finger and thumb), can produce the desired results. In an embodiment, a clamping system can be employed whereby the thickness of the sample can be intentionally reduced to a suitable thickness, such as, for example, a thickness ranging from about ⅛ th  inch or less, such as approximately 1/16 th  inch. In an embodiment, the clamping system may also result in the sample being blanched, thereby reducing the concentration of analytes. 
     Another aspect of the disclosure relates to sensor size. Most Sensor/Fluorometer systems cannot be used in the field, due to their bulkiness. In addition to permitting portable “in vivo” measurement, the sensor in the preferred embodiment is narrow enough to pinch the skin between thumb and forefinger in a child&#39;s hand. 
     Another aspect of the disclosure relates to measuring and reporting a broad spectrum of analyte ratios simultaneously. Some analyte ratios (e.g. ratio of oxygenated hemoglobin to total hemoglobin) are most easily measured using absorption spectroscopy. The system of the present disclosure can perform “mixed mode” measurements involving both fluorometry and absorption spectroscopy on the subject simultaneously, via reflectance if necessary, in order to report a broader range of analyte ratios. 
     Further aspects of this disclosure will become apparent in the Detailed Description and by reference to the attached drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a system overview and components, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a signal processing functional diagram, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 3  shows a light source driver control, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a sample holding device, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a configuration with multiple sample holding devices, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure 
         FIG. 6  is a flowchart illustrating a method performed by the fluorescent measurement system. 
         FIG. 7  is a diagram illustrating how to normalize a transmission fluorometer reading. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and which show, by way of illustration, specific embodiments or processes in which the teachings of the present disclosure may be practiced. Where possible, the same reference numbers are used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like components. In some instances, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. The teachings of the present disclosure, however, may be practiced without the specific details or with certain alternative equivalent devices and methods to those described herein. In other instances, well-known methods and devices have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily Obscure aspects of the present disclosure. 
     I. System Overview and Components 
       FIG. 1  illustrates the system overview and components of an embodiment of the transmission fluorometry system  100  of the present disclosure. In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 , the system  100  comprises a power supply  110  coupled to a light source driver control  120 . The light source driver control  120  is coupled via any suitable electrical connection  190  to a source-receiver assembly  130 , which comprises a light source  140  and receiving optics  160 . A spectrometric assembly  170  can be coupled to the receiving optics  160  via any suitable optical link  195  for providing a spectral data output of the light transmitted through and/or emitted from the sample  150 . The spectral data  170  can be fed into a computer  180  for analysis. 
     In operation, the power supply  110  powers light source driver control  120 . Any suitable power supply can be employed. Examples of suitable power supplies that can be employed include battery power, USB cable, and/or electrical outlet power. 
     The type of power supply  110  may depend on the intended use of the system  100  and can potentially enhance the convenience of employing the system  100 , For example, if the system  100  is used only to take absorption measurements versus fluorescent measurements, it can run on battery power for relatively long periods of time (e.g. several days of continuous operation, depending on the battery technology employed). The system  100  can also be powered from the USB port of a personal computer  180 . This is a convenient arrangement when the goal is, for example, to continuously upload readings from the spectrometric assembly  170  over the same USB cable, because it means that the system  100  does not require any extra external power connection. It is also convenient when the system  100  needs to be taken out in the field, because the user can then view the system  100  as a peripheral (much the same way as a USB memory stick is viewed as a peripheral) that simply attaches to the computer  180 . The power supply  110  can run off of wall current if, for example, the goal is to provide continuous monitoring over a long period of time. 
     The light source driver control  120  drives one or more excitation light sources  140 , mounted on the source-receiver assembly  130 . Any suitable light source driver can be employed. For example, the light source driver control  120  can be a manual system of switches and potentiometers or an automatic electronic system controlled from the computer  180  in a closed loop configuration. 
     In an embodiment, the computer  180  provides continuous monitoring of the sample  150  and adjusts the light source  140  brightness via the automatic electronic system based on how much light is being transmitted through the sample  150 , as well as how much fluorescence is being detected by the receiving optics  160 . In this case, a control loop  185  for controlling the light source can be driven automatically without any manual intervention whatsoever. The source-receiver assembly  130  contains a light source  140  that irradiates the Sample  150 , which in turn transmits both light from the light source  140  and fluoresced light from analytes in the sample  150 . This light is detected by the receiving optics  160  which provides input to a spectrometric assembly  170 . 
     In an embodiment, the source-receiver assembly can contain one or more LED light sources  140 . Light from the light source  140  can excite several analytes in the sample  150  and passes a single spectrum via the receiving optics  160  to the spectrometric assembly  170 . The receiving optics  160  may comprise, for example, a collimating lens that connects to the spectrometric assembly  170  via a fiber optic cable  195 . 
     In an embodiment, light source  140  can be configured as a set of LEDs clustered together on a single clip arm or a single chip substrate. The LEDs can be turned on and off in sequence, exciting a series of spectrums in the sample  150  that pass through the receiving optics  160  and are transmitted to the spectrometric assembly  170 . In this manner, it is possible to detect multiple components using multiple excitation wavelengths. For example, a sensor head containing both a 425 nm LED and a 346 nm LED can be used to non-invasively detect Zinc Protoporphyrin and Retinol (Vitamin A) simultaneously. 
     In one embodiment, the source-receiver assembly  130  can be configured as a sample holding device, illustrated in  FIG. 4 , that pinches the sample between the light source  140  and the receiving optics  160 . The decoding and analysis of the set of spectrums can then be done by the computer  180 . The source-receiver assembly can include, for example, a sample holding device  400  having an upper arm  430  and a lower arm  440 .  FIG. 4  illustrates a sample holding device  400  in an open position  410  and a closed position  420 . The source-receiver assembly  130  may include a set of sample holding devices  400 , as shown in  FIG. 5 , each with a single or multiple LED light source  140 , as described previously. This configuration can be used if, for example, the tester wants to take simultaneous measurements of different parts of the subject  150  at the same time. If the tester wants a narrowed spectrum light, the source-receiver assembly  130  can employ laser diodes as light sources  140  in place of the LEDs. If the tester wants more exact wavelength control, the source-receiver assembly  130  can employ a traditional monochromator as a Light Source  140 . 
     The spectrometric assembly  170  can be a single spectrometer, such as an OceanOptics USB2000, which connects to the computer  180  via, for example, a USB port. An alternate embodiment is a spectrometric assembly  170  with a set of photodiode/filter pairs where each pair is tuned to either the excitation wavelength or fluorescent emission peaks of analytes of interest. For high resolution applications, a high sensitivity version of the spectrometric assembly  170  can employ a single photomultiplier tube or charge coupled device (CCD) array, and the filters can be successively passed over the active area of the receiving optics in order make the device sensitive to the wavelengths of interest. In light of the disclosure herein, providing any of the above mentioned spectrometric assemblies is well within the ordinary skill of the art. 
     The spectrometric assembly  170  is linked to a computer  180 . The computer  180  can be a “personal computer” running spectrographic analysis algorithms. However, in the event the tester wants to provide continuous monitoring in a small form factor, the computer  180  can be a micro-controller, such as, for example, a member of the Texas Instruments MSP430FG43x: mixed signal microcontroller family. In this case, the computer  180  can, for example, monitor the input spectrum from the spectrometric assembly  170 , control the light source  140  through the light source driver control  120  via the control loop  185 , analyze the spectrum and convert the results to human readable form. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a signal processing functional diagram  200 , according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. A closed-loop control function  210  passes an electric-digital control representation  213  to an electric-digital to electric-analog conversion function  220 . The electric-digital to electric-analog conversion function  220  passes an electric-analog representation  223  to an electric-analog to optical conversion function  230 . The electric-analog to optical conversion function  230  generates an incident optical signal  233  which is directed to a first surface of the sample  150 . An optical signal  238  emerging from a second surface of the sample  150  is received by an optical to electric-analog conversion function  240 . The optical to electric-analog conversion function  240  passes an electric-analog representation  243  to an electric-analog to electric-digital conversion function  250 . The electric-analog to electric-digital conversion function  250  passes an electric-digital representation  253  back to the closed-loop control function  210 . A high level data collection and computing function  260  communicates with the closed-loop control function  210  through an interface function  263 . 
     In operation, an embodiment of the dosed loop control function  210  can be configured to provide control instructions for the electric-digital to electric-analog conversion function  220 , the electric-analog to optical conversion function  230 , data gathering for the optical to electric-analog conversion function  240  and the electric-analog to electric-digital conversion function  250 . 
     The closed loop control functions can be either manual or automatic. Any suitable closed-loop control function can be employed. A manual control function uses an operator to read feedback parameters such as noise and received light intensity at particular wavelengths and computed functions thereof (e.g. SpO 2  level) and to manually adjust the incident light intensity, duration and physical and temporal point of measurement in order to get a strong signal that does not swamp the receiving optics. An automatic control function is performed automatically in real-time and can be implemented using micro controllers such as, for example, Atmel&#39;s AVR or Texas Instrument&#39;s MSP430. In one embodiment, the closed loop control function  210  can be a pulse oximeter, which can take, for example, red and infrared light absorption readings every 1 ms using a standard pulse oximetry probe. These readings can be smoothed by the closed loop control function  210  and transmitted to the high level data collection and computing function  260  in order for the system to monitor and record sample data. The closed loop control function  210  may also receive commands from the high level data collection and computing function  260 , allowing it, for example, to take additional readings with other wavelengths, at desired points in time and for desired durations. 
     In an embodiment, the electric-digital to electric-analog conversion functions  220  can be used to convert a digital control representation  213  to an analog representation  223 . In one embodiment, the digital control representation  213  may be used to select a desired light source and an associated intensity with which to illuminate the sample. In this case, the electric-digital to electric-analog conversion function  220  may convert the digital control representation  213  to a set of analog signals at various voltage or current levels (including zero) to drive the electric-analog to optical conversion function  230 . The electric-digital to electric-analog conversion function  220  can be performed with a digital to analog converter (DAC). The DAC may be a standalone unit, or integrated with the closed loop control function  210  as in the case of, for example, the MSP430. 
     In an embodiment, the electric-analog to optical conversion function  230  can be used to convert the analog electrical representation  223  to the light signal that illuminates the sample. This function can be implemented for example as one or more LEDs or laser diodes mounted on a semiconductor chip, as a bundle of fibers connecting to an array of LEDs or laser diodes mounted on a board, or as a single light source with a switchable set of filters. The electric-analog to optical conversion function  230  may be for example a standalone unit, or integrated with the optical to electric-analog conversion function  240  as in the case of, for example, a Nellcor Pulse Oximeter probe. 
     In an embodiment, the optical to electric-analog conversion function  240  is used to convert the light signal that is received from the sample  150  to an electric-analog representation  243 . The optical to electric-analog conversion function  240  can be, for example, a photodiode as used in a pulse oximeter; a diffraction grating and CCD array as used in a spectrometer, such as the OceanOptics USB 2000; or a Photomultiplier tube, such as used in a Fluorimeter. The optical to electric-analog conversion function  240  may be a standalone unit, or integrated with the electric-analog to electric-digital conversion function  250 , as used, for example, in an OceanOptics Spectrometer. 
     In an embodiment, the electric-analog to electric-digital conversion function  250  can be used to convert an analog representation  243  to a digital control representation  253 . In an embodiment, this conversion can be an analog to digital converter (ADC). The electric-analog to electric-digital conversion function  250  may be, for example, a standalone unit, or integrated with the closed loop control function  210  as in, for example, the Texas Instrument&#39;s MSP430. 
     In an embodiment, the high level data collection and computing function  260  can communicate with the closed-loop control function  210  to transmit instructions and receive and store data. The high level data collection and computing function  260  can be any suitable computing device such as, for example, a personal computer, a handheld computer or a laptop computer. 
     The functions closed-loop control  210 , electric-digital to electric-analog conversion  220 , electric-analog to electric-digital conversion  250 , and high level data collection and computing  260 , could potentially be performed manually by an operator, but any such embodiments would be of little value compared to automated functions offered by modern technology. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates an embodiment of the light source driver control  120 . Current from the power supply  110  flows through power switch  310 , which controls when power is applied to the source-receiver assembly  130  to excite the sample and generate a fluorescent output characteristic of the analytes to be measured. The light source selector switch  320  provides flexibility to select any configuration of light sources  140  that may be appropriate to optimize a particular application. The intensity of each light source  140  can be independently controlled by a light source intensity controller  330 , either manually or automatically. In one embodiment, the light source intensity can be automatically set by a control algorithm running on the computer  180  to a desirable level that optimizes the dynamic range and signal to noise ratios of the detected excitation and/or the analyte spectral signals. In an embodiment, the intensity controllers  330  can be connected to light source connectors  340 , which can provide for a desired connectability to the light source  140  (e.g., LEDs). 
       FIG. 4  illustrates an embodiment of the source-receiver assembly  130  in the form of a sample holding device  400 . The sample holding device  400  is illustrated in both an open position  410  and a closed position  420 . The sample  150  to be measured can be held between one or more light sources  140  mounted on the upper arm  430  of the sample holding device  400  and the receiving optics  160  mounted on the lower arm  440  of the sample holding device  400 . Employing appropriate sample thicknesses can allow for the desired transmission of light (e.g., light from the light source  140  and/or fluoresced light) through the sample. For example, sample thicknesses can be consistent with a desired resolution of quantitative measurements of intensity of both excitation light transmitted through the sample and the fluoresced light emitted by blood analytes upon excitation by the light source. Examples of samples for which the clip mechanism is desirable include: a thin film, the webbing between a subject&#39;s index finger and thumb, the subjects ear, the subject&#39;s nose, the subject&#39;s cheek, a section of loose skin on a subject&#39;s wrist or elbow joint or any other part of the subjects body where a desired sample thickness can be identified. When applying the sample holding device  400  to a subject for blood testing, the pressure blanches the skin, resulting in a dilution effect of the blood in the sample, which minimizes inner filtering. A light source connection device  450  can provide a connection to light source driver control  120 . A receiving optics connection device  460  can provide a connection to the spectrometric assembly  170 . 
       FIG. 4  also shows a “C” clamp  470  to illustrate a mechanism to control the sample thickness by compressing the gap between the upper and lower arm of the sample holding device  400 . Also shown are an adjustment knob  475  and a side view of the “C” clamp  480 . In other embodiments, the mechanism to control the sample thickness can use a variety of modern technologies. Examples of such technologies include: a piezoelectric crystal based system attached to the arm, a hydraulic based system consisting of a pressurized liquid filled cylinder and a pneumatic based system with a pressurized air filled bag. An additional advantage of these modern technologies is the capability to provide a way to control sample thickness without completely blanching the tissue. 
     The mechanism to control the sample thickness may improve the results obtained using the system of the present application for cases where the wavelengths of interest are heavily attenuated by the sample. For example, measurements of zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) at wavelengths in the ranges of 346 to 370 nm, 390 to 400 nm and 420 to 430 nm in a sample of in vivo skin, can be more reliably obtained where the skin can be pinched to a suitable thickness. 
     In accordance with the Beer-Lambert law, the attenuation of light within the sample increases exponentially with the sample thickness and analyte concentration. The use of a sample holding device configured to provide controlled reductions of the sample thickness can have two beneficial effects. It can cause a reduction of the sample thickness while at the same time it may also reduce the concentration of analytes by a blanching process. While not intending to be limited by theory, it is believed that a significant increase in detected intensity can be achieved due to one or more of these benefits. For example, a ½″ thick sample of hemoglobin irradiated with 10 lumens of light at 940 nm will produce an output intensity of approximately 0.00263 lumens. For comparison, a comparable output intensity can be obtained with a 1/16″ inch thick sample of hemoglobin that has been diluted by a factor of 32 by blanching and is irradiated with the same 10 lumens of light at 426 nm. These considerations illustrate a potential advantage of the aforementioned sample holding device, which is that it can allow transmission fluorimetry to determine analyte concentration ratios via light absorption and fluorescence at wavelengths outside of the “medical spectral window” of 600-1100 nm. Thus, the systems of the present application can employ wavelengths of less than 600 nm, such as for example, wavelengths in the ranges of 346 to 370 nm, 390 to 400 nm and 420 to 430 nm. Wavelengths outside of these example ranges can also be employed, including wavelengths within the medical spectral window. 
     Although  FIG. 4  shows a very simple mechanism to control the sample thickness, other implementations can use more desirable systems to achieve the objectives outlined herein, such as reducing sample thickness and/or blanching the sample. In light of the disclosure herein, providing any of the above mentioned thickness control systems is well within the ordinary skill of the art. 
       FIG. 6  is a flowchart illustrating a preferred method  600  by which the transmission fluorometry system  100  can collect normalized fluorometry data from a sample. At  601 , the source-receiver assembly  130  is applied to the sample  150 . At  602 , power is applied to the light source  140 . At  603 , the output from the spectrometric assembly  170  is transmitted to the computer  180 . At  604 , a computer program is run. The computer program can compute, for example, the relative concentrations of two or more analytes present in the sample  150  based upon spectral outputs collected by the spectrometric assembly  170 . 
     In an embodiment, analyte ratios can be computed by using “absorption only” techniques such as those used by pulse oximeters. For example pulse oximeters compute heart rate and blood O 2  concentration using measurements of the relative absorption of blood and surrounding tissue at two different wavelengths over time. 
     In another embodiment, these analytes may be computed by using “fluorescence only” techniques, such as algorithms that look at the ratios of emission heights from the same excitation wavelength. The ratios of the heights of multiple emission peaks can be calculated. Exemplary ratios include the ratio of primary to secondary emission peaks of the analyte Zinc Protoporphyrin when excited at 425 nm or the ratio of the primary emission peak of Zinc Protoporphyrin to Protoporphyrin IX when both are excited at 365 nm. In yet another embodiment, a technique employing a ratio of ratios can used, which compares the ratio of one set of excitation and emission peaks to the ratio of another set of excitation and emission peaks. Calculating a ratio of ratios is generally well known in the art. 
     In yet another embodiment, analytes may be computed by using “mixed absorption and fluorescence” techniques, such as one that would look at the ratios of emission heights to absorption ratios which occur when the same tissue is irradiated by two or more light sources that are placed very near each other. An example is the ratio of Hemoglobin absorption to ZPP fluorescence relative to the ratio of their respective irradiation light intensities. These analytes may also be computed by using “time resolved methods” or “frequency resolved methods”. For example, one such method distinguishes between two analytes with similar spectral signatures by measuring their fluorescent lifetimes. Given the present disclosure, one of ordinary skill in the art would be able to employ the systems disclosed herein to detect analytes using absorption only, fluorescence only and mixed absorption and fluorescence techniques. 
     II. Normalizing Data 
     Fluorometry data taken from the sample can be normalized to allow different readings taken independently to be compared. Any suitable method of normalizing the data can be employed.  FIG. 7  illustrates an embodiment of a sample normalization algorithm  600 . A spectrometric assembly  170  organizes data in terms of a graph of relative intensity  710  versus wavelength  720 . For illustrative purposes, relative intensity  710  can be an integer that ranges from 0 to a maximum relative intensity  760  of  4095 , as depicted in  FIG. 7 . To allow intensity data from different light sources  140  examining the same subject at the same time to be compared to each other, the intensity can be normalized. This is done by first determining the “minimum relative intensity”  730 , which is the smallest intensity recorded by the spectrometric assembly  170  for the sample  150 . Next, the “excitation relative intensity”  740  is determined by looking up the intensity at the excitation wavelength  770 . Finally, a normalized intensity value is calculated at each wavelength by taking the relative intensity reading at that wavelength, subtracting the minimum relative intensity  730 , and dividing this difference by the difference between the excitation relative intensity  740  and the minimum relative intensity  730 . If done for each wavelength, this algorithm will produce a graph of normalized intensities  750  where the intensity at the excitation wavelength  770  will have a value of “1.00” with all other intensities scaled relative to it. 
     III. Conclusion 
     Although this invention has been described in terms of certain preferred embodiments, other embodiments that are apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, including embodiments that do not provide all of the features and advantages set forth herein, are also within the scope of this invention. Therefore, the scope of the present invention is defined only by reference to the appended claims and equivalents thereof.