Abstract:
At least one metal wire embedded in a vulcanized elastomeric matrix obtained from a mixture comprising at least one vulcanizable elastomer and at least one vulcanization agent such as sulfur. The metal wire is galvanized steel and the vulcanizable mixture contains at least 0.2% by weight of trimercapto triazine, with respect to the weight of said elastomer, and 0.1-0.5% by weight of cobalt, with respect to the weight of said elastomer.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to an article comprising at least one metal wire embedded in a vulcanized elastomeric material. More particularly, the present invention relates to the elastomer/metal connection in an article comprising at least one metal wire coated with a vulcanized elastomeric matrix. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     It is known that structures of this type are used frequently in articles such as tires, conveyor belts, transmission belts, flexible hose, etc. 
     In such articles, the metal wires, possibly in the form of cords, must, at one and the same time, have adequate mechanical features, good resistance to corrosion and a good adhesion to the elastomeric material. 
     Steel, the material of choice with respect to mechanical features, has the disadvantage of adhering insufficiently to the vulcanized elastomeric material. In order to obtain a high level of adhesion to the vulcanized elastomeric material it is thus necessary to coat the steel with suitable materials. 
     For instance, it is known that it is possible to obtain good adhesion with steel wires coated with a layer of brass made up of about 70% of copper and 30% of zinc. In this case the connection is promoted by the formation of a thin layer of copper sulphide, by the sulfur itself or by its known derivatives present, as vulcanizing agents, in the vulcanization mixture. 
     Adhesion failure between brass coated steel and elastomer occurs in the presence of humidity and oxygen. Decay can be reduced in part by adding some cobalt in the form of a salt. In this case it is believed that cobalt reduces the electrical conductivity of the layer of copper sulphide, slowing the rate of diffusion of the Zn++ ions and, as a consequence, the interface layer ZnO/Zn(OH) 2  responsible for the destruction of the Cu x  S film is reduced. As a result, improvement in adhesion is obtained. 
     While the condition of ensuring a connection that is good and stable in time is, on the whole, satisfied, brass-coated steel is only slightly resistant to corrosion. 
     In the articles of vulcanized elastomeric material reinforced with brass-coated steel wires, possibly in the form of cords, such as tires, corrosion is induced both by humidity which permeates the elastomer and by water which manages to come into contact with the brass-coated steel reinforcing structure through holes or tears in the elastomer. 
     In the case of articles comprising metal wires embedded in a vulcanized elastomeric matrix, there still exists a great demand to satisfy two distinct requirements: (1) to ensure a good wire/vulcanized elastomeric matrix connection and (2) good corrosion resistance of the wire. 
     An apparently simple solution would be to coat the steel wires with a metal, such as, for example, zinc, which is capable of preventing corrosion. However, experiments carried out by the Applicants with mixtures which provide a good adhesion, as in the case of brass-coated steel cords, have proven to exhibit unsatisfactory results on galvanized steel cords. 
     The Applicants have therefore carried out other experiments raising the concentrations of the components capable of promoting good adhesion between the elastomer with brass-coated cords. More particularly the following have been used: 
     a high concentration of cobalt (about 0.5-1%, as metallic cobalt) by weight with respect to the weight of elastomer in the mixture; 
     high concentrations of resins that form in the mixture during vulcanization by resorcinol reaction in the presence of donors of methylene groups (resorcinol concentration in the mixture before vulcanization=about 4-10% by weight with respect to the weight of elastomer in the mixture); and/or 
     a high concentration of sulphur (at least about 6% by weight with respect to the weight of elastomer in the mixture); 
     In all cases articles have been obtained whose features are on the whole inferior to those of the brass-coated cord/conventional mixture articles. 
     In fact, the mixtures with high cobalt concentrations provide connections with limited resistance to overvulcanization and to aging at high temperatures; mixtures with high resin concentrations pose environmental problems (generation of fumes) and connections with slight resistance to aging; mixtures with high sulfur concentrations make processing difficult and have limited resistance to aging. 
     The Applicants have therefore experimented with the behavior of products known for their capacity to facilitate adhesion between elastomers and metal surfaces such as, for example, the mercaptotriazines. 
     But even these substances, on the other hand, have not given satisfactory results with conventional galvanized steel/elastomeric matrices cords or for brass-coated steel cords. 
     But it has unexpectedly been found that there is a considerable synergy of action between cobalt and trimercaptotriazine such as to promote the maintenance of good connection levels even after aging and in the presence of humidity between elastomers and galvanized steel wires. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The object of the present invention is thus to prepare an article comprising at least one metal wire embedded in a vulcanized elastomeric matrix obtained from a mixture comprising at least one vulcanizable elastomer and at least one vulcanization agent such as elemental sulfur characterized in that the metal wire is of galvanized steel and in that the vulcanizable mixture comprises at least 0.2% by weight, of 2,4,6-trimercapto-1,3,5-triazine, with respect to the weight of said elastomer and from 0.1 to 0.5% by weight of cobalt containing material, with respect to the weight of said elastomer. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 shows a chord embedded in vulcanized elastomers; 
     FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a tire produced in accordance with the invention; 
     FIG. 3 is a perspective view in section of a conveyor belt produced in accordance with the invention; 
     FIG. 4 is a perspective view in section of a transmission belt produced in accordance with the invention; 
     FIG. 5 is a perspective view in section of a flexible hose produced in accordance with the invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The vulcanized article can be composed of either natural or synthetic rubbers or mixtures thereof. 
     The thickness of the zinc coating layer of the galvanized steel wire ranges preferably from 0.15 to 0.35 microns. 
     Concentrations of trimercaptotriazine ranging from about 0.2 to 3% are generally sufficient to obtain the desired result. 
     Preferably, the cobalt containing material is added to the vulcanizable mixture in the form of a salt of bivalent cobalt. Even more preferable is a salt of the bivalent cobalt that has a high solubility in the elastomer. Typical examples of suitable cobalt salts according to the present invention are the boric salt marketed by Manchem under the name MANOBOND 680 having the following formula; ##STR1## wherein X may be the same or different and is selected form the group consisting of: ##STR2## and the neodecanoate bivalent cobalt salt of the Goldschmidt and Manchem firms having the following formula Y--Co--Y wherein Y, which may be the same or different, is selected from the group consisting of: ##STR3## 
     The preferred concentrations of bivalent metallic cobalt range from about 0.1 to 0.3% by weight, with respect to the weight of said elastomer. 
     Further objects of the present invention relate to producing tires, conveyor belts, transmission belts and flexible hose which comprise at least one reinforcing structure produced with an article of the present invention. 
     The examples and the tests given below are given purely as a non-limiting illustration. 
     In the examples and tests, the letters 74175WLL identify the form of a cord commonly used in reinforcing structures of jumbo radial tires which is represented by the structure of FIG. 1. 
     The cord is composed of 7 strands, each of the 7 strands is composed of 4 galvanized steel wires having a diameter of 0.175 mm which wires are wound with a wrapper wire having a diameter of 0.15 mm. A cord of the equal sense type (that is, the direction of the winding of the wires in each strand and the direction of the winding of the strands in the cord is always the same) is produced. Obviously, the cord used in the examples is formed of wires of galvanized steel while those commonly used in tires are of brass-coated steel. 
     Other abbreviations and terms used in the examples have the following meaning: 
     NR=natural rubber, 
     C.B.=carbon black, 
     HMMM=hexamethoxymethylmelamine, 
     Accelerator=dicyclohexylbenzothiazolsulphenamide, 
     ZF=trimercaptotriazine. 
     Lastly, the quantities of the components of the vulcanizable mixtures exemplified are expressed in parts by weight. 
     EXAMPLES 1-7 
     Samples have been prepared by embedding 74175WLL steel cords coated with a zinc layer of 0.24 (Samples 024) and 0.29 (Samples 029) microns in mixtures having the compositions indicated below and vulcanizing the mixtures at 151° C. for 40 minutes. 
     
         ______________________________________Ingre- Mixturedients K&#39;     K&#34;      K&#39;&#34;  A     B     C     D______________________________________NR     100    100     100  100   100   100   100ZnO    8      8       8    8     8     8     8CoII   =      0.24 a) =    0.24 a                            0.24 b                                  0.20 c                                        0.20 dC.B.   55     50      55   50    60    50    50SiO.sub.2  =      =       =    =     7     10    10Resor- 2      2       2    2     2     3 d   3 dcinolHMMM   2.4    2.4     2.4  2.4   2.4   2.4   2.4Accel- 1.2    1.2     1.2  1.0   1.2   1.1   1.2eratorSulphur  4      4       4    6     6     4     3ZF     =      =       1    1     1     0.5   1.5______________________________________ a) = equal to 1.2 g of MANOBOND 680C bivalent cobalt salt b = equal to 1.2 g of Neodecanoate c = equal to 1.0 g of MANOBOND 680C bivalent cobalt salt d = precondensed Resorcinol (PENACOLITE) 
    
     TESTS 
     I. Measurement of the Elastomer/Metal Adhesion 
     The determination has been made with a method which measures the force necessary to withdraw a cord from a cylinder of vulcanized rubber, described in Kautschuk und Gummi Kunstoffe vol. 5 228-232 (1969) incorporated herein by reference. The Samples 024 and 029 had been prepared by vulcanizing the mixtures from K&#39; to D as indicated in the previous Examples 1-7. 
     The withdrawal load has been measured with an electronic dynamometer. 
     The degree of coating of the cord extracted from the sample, expressed by means of a coating index, assesses the percentage of the surface of the cord which is still well coated with rubber. When the value of the coating index is high, the separation between cord and mixture has taken place due to a defect of cohesion of the mixture and not due to a defect of adhesion of the mixture/metal interface. 
     CSF indicates the value of the withdrawal load in Newtons; on a sample having an embedded length equal to 20 mm; GC, on the other hand, indicates the value of the coating index. 
     The initial values and those observed after keeping them in a climate control room at 65° C./90% relative humidity for 8 and 16 days are given below: 
     
         ______________________________________SAMPLES 024  Type of mixture  A       B         C         D    CSF    GC     CSF  GC   CSF  GC   CSF  GC______________________________________Initial  1175   4      1300 4    1350 4    1140 4After 8 days    1130   4      1050 4     970 2     860 2After 16 days     750   4       870 4     560 1     880 2______________________________________  Type of mixture  K&#39;        K&#34;          K&#34;&#39;    CSF     GC      CSF   GC    CSF   GC______________________________________Initial  105     1       111   1     1160  3After 8 days    --      --      --    --     90   1After 16 days    --      --      --    --     105  1______________________________________SAMPLES 029  Type of mixture  A       B         C         D    CSF    GC     CSF  GC   CSF  GC   CSF  GC______________________________________Initial  1230   4      1300 4    1300 4    1125 4After 8 days    1100   4      1070 4    1020 3     840 2After 16 days     865   4       920 4     695 2     720 2______________________________________  Type of mixture  K&#39;        K&#34;          K&#34;&#39;    CSF     GC      CSF     GC  CSF   GC______________________________________Initial  100     1       116     1   1176  3After 8 days    --      --      --      --   103  1After 16 days    --      --      --      --   123  1______________________________________ 
    
     II. Measurement of Resistance to Corrosion 
     The resistance of the wire to corrosion has been assessed by the measurement of the breaking load (CR) of the wire before and after aging in a climate control room at 65° C./90% relative humidity for 15, 30 and 45 days. 
     The tests have been conducted on steel wires having a diameter of 0.175 mm coated with various thicknesses of zinc (0.17, 0.24, 0.29 microns) compared with a steel wire of the same diameter, coated with 0.29 microns of brass. 
     The results obtained are indicated below: 
     
         ______________________________________      Galvanized wire                     Brassed wireCR           0.17   0.24       0.29 0.29______________________________________Initial      100    100        100  100After 15 days        95     100        94   64After 30 days        90     94         96   61After 45 days        95     99         97   60______________________________________ 
    
     FIG. 2 shows a tire produced in a known manner but employing the vulcanization mixture of the invention. The tire is mounted on rim 13, and is composed of a bead 10, bead core 12, carcass ply 14, belts 15, tread 16 and side wall 17. The belts 15 are composed of galvanized steel wire cords, and the tire is produced from vulcanizable mixture containing a trimercaptotriazine and a cobalt-containing material. 
     FIGS. 3 through 5 show a conveyer belt 20, a transmission belt 30 and a rubber hose 40, respectively, each of which is reinforced with galvanized steel wire cords 15. The articles are produced from vulcanizable mixtures containing trimercaptotriazine and a cobalt-containing material. The vulcanizable mixture of the invention synergistically provides greater adhesion between galvanized metal wires and vulcanized elastomer than conventional vulcanizable mixtures.