Abstract:
A High-power sum frequency generator system including a first electromagnetic source for generating a first fundamental field and a second fundamental field emitted along a propagation path, and a first nonlinear component and a second nonlinear component arranged in series along the propagation path. The first nonlinear component generates a first sum frequency field from the first fundamental field and the second fundamental field, the first sum frequency field having a first polarization. The second nonlinear component generates a second sum frequency field from the first and second fundamental fields, the second sum frequency field having a second polarization. The system has an output that includes the first sum frequency field and the second sum frequency field, and a direction of the first polarization forms a mutual angle with a direction of the second polarization such that the two polarizations are non-parallel.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to a high-power sum frequency generator system comprising at least a first electromagnetic source such as a laser for generating a first fundamental field and a second fundamental field emitted along a propagation path. Further, the present invention relates to a method for generation of sum frequency electromagnetic fields from two incident fundamental fields. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    It is well known in the art to generate a light field by sum frequency generation of two fundamental fields in a nonlinear component. The generated field will have a frequency that is the sum of the frequencies of the two fundamental fields. If the two fundamental fields have the same frequencies, the process is called second harmonic generation. A limiting effect in the process of sum frequency generation is that as the sum frequency field has reached a certain power level conversion will in general be reversed so that power is transferred from the sum frequency field to the fundamental fields. This process is called back-conversion. 
         [0003]    A system for sum-frequency generation of 589 nm light by using a periodically poled LiNbO 3  ridge wave guide is disclosed in Nishikawa et al., European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and the European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO Europe—EQEC 2009), IEEE, Piscataway/NJ, USA 14 Jun. 2009, ISBN: 978-1-4244-4079-5. In the disclosed system, light from two Nd:YAG lasers with an output wavelength of 1064 nm and 1319 nm, respectively, is combined and coupled into a periodically poled lithium niobate module for generating laser output at a wavelength of 589 nm. 
       DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    It is an object of the present invention to obtain a new high-power sum frequency generator system and/or a method for generating sum frequency electromagnetic fields, which overcome or ameliorates at least one of the disadvantages of the prior art or which provides a useful alternative. 
         [0005]    According to the invention, the object is achieved by a high-power sum frequency field generator system comprising:
       at least a first electromagnetic source such as a laser for generating a first fundamental field and a second fundamental field emitted along a propagation path, and   a first nonlinear component and a second nonlinear component arranged in series along the propagation path, wherein:   the first nonlinear component is adapted for generating a first sum frequency field from the first fundamental field and the second fundamental field, the first sum frequency field having a first polarization,   the second nonlinear component is adapted for generating a second sum frequency field from the first and second incident fundamental fields, the second sum frequency field having a second polarization,   the first and second sum frequency fields both propagating along the propagation path, and wherein   the system has an output comprising the first sum frequency field and the second sum frequency field, and wherein a direction of the first polarization forms an angle with a direction of the second polarization such that the two polarizations are non-parallel. In this way, an electromagnetic sum frequency field is generated as a superposition of two electromagnetic fields with different directions of polarization. It follows from the nonlinear process involved that the first sum frequency field and the second sum frequency field have nominally identical frequencies. This helps to minimize back-conversion from the first sum frequency field into the fundamental fields as the power level of the first sum frequency field increases, which would otherwise limit performance. Instead, ideally, maximum power is converted in the first nonlinear component before any residual parts of the fundamental fields are launched along the first sum frequency field into the second nonlinear component. In a non-ideal case, less than the maximum power obtainable is converted in the first nonlinear component before the residual parts are launched into the second nonlinear component. This non-ideal case will often be encountered, e.g. in systems designed for operating with variable output power. In the second nonlinear component, additional power is converted from the incident fundamental fields into the second sum frequency field, while the first sum frequency field merely propagates through the component. Power in the first sum frequency field will not be back-converted in the second nonlinear component, since it is not phase-matched to the fundamental fields in this component, but only in the first nonlinear component. Likewise, if the order of the two nonlinear components is reversed, power in the second sum frequency field is not back-converted in the first nonlinear component, since it is only phase-matched to the fundamental fields in the second nonlinear component.       
 
         [0012]    Definitions: Electromagnetic fields are here to be understood as radiation comprising vacuum wavelengths in the range from 10 nm to 1000 μm, e.g. covering the ultra-violet, visible, infra-red, and terahertz range. Throughout this text, the term “wavelength” is to be understood as the vacuum wavelength of radiation with a given frequency. 
         [0013]    In general, the polarization direction of the first sum frequency field may have an angle in the range 0-180 degrees with the first fundamental field, and an angle in the range 0-180 degrees with the second fundamental field. The angle between the polarization direction of the first sum frequency field and the polarization direction of the second sum frequency field may also generally be in the range 0-180 degrees. The two fundamental fields may be polarized with any mutual angle, i.e. in the range 0-180 degrees. Since all polarization direction may be seen as a linear combination of two orthogonal contributions, complete decoupling of the first sum frequency field from the second sum frequency field may only be achieved when the mutual angle is 90 degrees. However, improved performance of the sum frequency generator system may be obtained in a broader range, such as with a mutual angle between polarization directions of the first and second sum frequency field in the range 45-135 degrees, or 60-120 degrees, or even 80-100 degrees. 
         [0014]    According to an embodiment of the invention, the first nonlinear component is a nonlinear crystal for a Type III phase-matching, and the second nonlinear component is a nonlinear crystal for a Type I phase-matching. Thus, if the incident fundamental fields are linearly polarized parallel to each other, the first sum frequency field is generated linearly polarized along a direction parallel to the polarization direction of the fundamental fields. In contrast, the second sum frequency field is generated linearly polarized orthogonal to the two incident fields. From this follows, that unless the polarization direction of the incident fundamental fields is changed between the first and second nonlinear component, the two sum frequency fields will be generated with polarization directions orthogonal to each other. Generally, the order of the two nonlinear components along the propagation path may be reversed. However, for high-power systems, it has surprisingly been found that a greater break-down power threshold may be achieved by the stated order. This is due to the fact that Type I crystal typically have a higher break-down power threshold than Type III crystals, and that the break-down threshold is typically much lower at the shorter wavelengths of the sum frequency fields than at the longer wavelengths of the fundamental fields. Thus, the Type III crystal should advantageously be arranged to generate the first sum frequency field, and the Type I crystal should generate the second sum frequency field and simultaneously allow the first sum frequency field to co-propagate through. 
         [0015]    According to another embodiment of the invention, the first nonlinear component is a nonlinear crystal is chosen from the group of periodically poled PP lithium niobate PPLN, PP potassium titanyl phosphate PPKTP, PP lithium tantalate PPLTa, or any other nonlinear crystal suitable for providing Type III phase-matching. These choices of crystals are particularly advantageous for generation of sum frequency fields with high field powers and/or with high conversion efficiency. 
         [0016]    According to another embodiment of the invention, the second nonlinear component is a nonlinear crystal chosen from the group of lithium triborate LBO, beta barium borate BBO, bismuth triborate BiBO, cesium lithium borate CLBO, lithium niobate LN, or any other nonlinear crystal suitable for providing Type I phase-matching. These choices of crystals are particularly advantageous for generation of sum frequency fields with high field powers. For example, LBO is particularly advantageous for sum frequency generation between fundamental fields with wavelengths 1319 nm and 1064 nm, since this crystal allows for uncritical phase matching, i.e. no walk-off will occur between the fundamental fields and the generated field. Walk-off reduces the efficiency of critically phase-matched (bulk) crystals. 
         [0017]    In an alternative embodiment for generation of sum frequency fields from incident fundamental fields, wherein the incident fundamental fields are polarized orthogonal to each other, the first and/or second nonlinear component is a nonlinear crystal comprising lithium triborate LBO, beta barium borate BBO, bismuth triborate BiBO, cesium lithium borate CLBO or potassium titanyl phosphate KTP. 
         [0018]    According to another embodiment of the invention, the first nonlinear crystal and/or the second nonlinear crystal has a length along the propagation path of 1-50 mm, or 3-30 mm for bulk crystals, or even 1-20 mm for periodically poled PP crystals. Component length should generally be chosen to achieve maximum power of the generated sum frequency field for typical power levels of the incident fundamental fields. However, if the crystals are chosen to be too long, the sum frequency field generated in the crystal will begin to be back-converted into the fundamental fields. Indeed, if the crystal is even longer, all generated power in the sum frequency field will be converted back into the fundamental fields. 
         [0019]    According to another embodiment of the invention, the first and second nonlinear component are unitarily formed as a periodically poled PP crystal, the PP crystal having at least a first and a second section, wherein the first section is adapted for generating the first sum frequency field, and the second section is adapted for generating the second sum frequency field. In this way, a particularly compact and rugged sum frequency generator may be realized, since the two nonlinear components are provided as one unit. Thus, no alignment between the two components is needed during assembly, and no misalignment can occur in storage or under operation. 
         [0020]    In a specific embodiment according to a preceding embodiment, the PP crystal comprises multiple alternating first and second sections, i.e. so that the propagating electromagnetic fields first propagate through a first section, then a second section, then another first section, another second section, etc. 
         [0021]    According to another embodiment of the invention, the first section has a first poling period and the second section has a second poling period, wherein the first poling period provides phase-matching for generation of the first sum frequency field having a polarization orthogonal to the polarization of incident fundamental fields, and wherein the second poling period provides phase-matching for generation of the second sum frequency field having a polarization parallel to the polarization of the incident fundamental fields. In this way, the first sum frequency field is orthogonal and thus independent of the second sum frequency field. Therefore, no back-conversion occurs between radiation in the first and second sum frequency field, thereby increasing the maximum power that can be generated in the device. 
         [0022]    According to another embodiment of the invention, the periodically poled PP crystal comprises lithium tantalate LTa, with the symbol LiTaO 3 , or another material with a second-order susceptibility tensor which may support phase-matching for generation of both the first and second sum frequency fields. Use of a PPLTa crystal is advantageous for high-power applications, due to the high damage threshold of the material. 
         [0023]    This is particularly the case for generation of visible light with powers larger than 0.5 W-1.0 W, where other common choices, such as PPKTP or PPLN are not sufficiently robust. However, for lower power levels far from the damage threshold limit, PPKTP or PPLN may be advantageous due to higher nonlinear coefficients, d eff , than for PPLTa. 
         [0024]    According to another embodiment of the invention, the first and second nonlinear component are unitarily formed as an aperiodically poled AP crystal, wherein the AP crystal is adapted for generating the first and second sum frequency field by simultaneously providing phase-matching between the first and second incident fundamental fields and the first sum frequency field, and between the first and second incident fundamental fields and the second sum frequency field. In this way, a particularly compact device may be achieved, since both of the two sum frequency fields may be generated along the full length of the AP crystal. 
         [0025]    According to another embodiment of the invention, the system further comprises at least a first optical component along the propagation path and between the first nonlinear component and the second nonlinear component. In a specific embodiment, the optical component is any one of a lens, a dichroic or polarisation beam splitter, a rotator, a mirror, or any other passive or active component. The system may comprise additional optical components chosen from the same class. An optical component in form of a lens between the first and second nonlinear component may, e.g., be used to refocus the electromagnetic fields before launch of the fields into the second nonlinear component. 
         [0026]    In another specific embodiment, one or both the nonlinear components may be comprised in one or more cavities. E.g. one nonlinear component in a single cavity and the other nonlinear component outside the cavity, both nonlinear components in a single cavity, or one nonlinear component in one cavity and the other nonlinear component in another cavity. According to this embodiment, the optical components would be mirrors with high transmission for the sum frequency fields and partial or high transmission for the fundamental fields. 
         [0027]    Furthermore, according to the invention, the object is also achieved by a method for generating sum frequency electromagnetic fields from two incident fundamental fields, wherein the method comprises the steps of: 
         [0028]    a) providing a first fundamental field and a second fundamental field, 
         [0029]    b) propagating the first and second fundamental fields through a first nonlinear component, thus generating a first sum frequency field from the first and second fundamental fields, the first sum frequency field having a first polarization, and 
         [0030]    c) propagating the first and second fundamental field and the first sum frequency field through a second nonlinear component, thus generating a second sum frequency field from the first and second fundamental fields, the second sum frequency field having a second polarization, the first and second polarization being non-parallel. In this way, an efficient generation of sum frequency fields is achieved, since limitations in maximum power obtainable due to back-conversion are mitigated. Specifically, the first sum frequency field is only phase-matched to the incident fundamental fields within the first and not in the second nonlinear component. Thus conversion of power in the first sum frequency field back into the incident fundamental fields may only take place in the first nonlinear component, and not in the second nonlinear component. Likewise, conversion of the power in the second sum frequency field back into the incident fundamental fields may only take place in the second nonlinear component, and not in the first nonlinear component. 
         [0031]    According to an embodiment of the inventive method, the polarization of the first sum frequency field is substantially orthogonal to the polarization of the second sum frequency field. In this way, an overlap between the first and second sum frequency field is minimized, thus preventing back-conversion. 
         [0032]    According to another embodiment of the inventive method, the first nonlinear component is a crystal of a Type III and the second nonlinear component is a crystal of Type I. In this way, the first nonlinear component is adapted for generating a sum frequency field with a polarization parallel to the polarization of the incident fundamental fields, and the second nonlinear component is adapted for generating a sum frequency field with a polarization orthogonal to the polarization of the incident fundamental fields. Generally, the order of the two nonlinear components along the propagation path may be reversed. However, for high-power systems, it has surprisingly been found that a greater break-down power threshold may be achieved by the stated order. This is due to the fact that Type I crystal typically have a higher break-down power threshold than Type III crystals, and that the break-down threshold is typically much lower at the shorter wavelengths of the sum frequency fields than at the longer wavelengths of the fundamental fields. Thus, the Type III crystal should advantageously be arranged to generate the first sum frequency field, and the Type I crystal should generate the second sum frequency field and simultaneously allow the first sum frequency field to copropagate through. 
         [0033]    According to an embodiment of the inventive method for second harmonic generation, the first fundamental field and the second fundamental field are degenerate. Second harmonic generation is a special case of sum frequency generation, wherein the first and second fundamental fields are degenerate, i.e. identical in wavelength, propagation direction, phase, and polarization. The generated field has a frequency which is double the frequency of the fundamental fields. 
         [0034]    According to an embodiment of the inventive method for generation of a sum frequency field with a wavelength of nominally 589 nm, the first fundamental field has a wavelength of nominally 1064 nm, and the second fundamental field has a wavelength of nominally 1319 nm. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0035]    The invention will be described in detail below in reference to the drawings, in which 
           [0036]      FIG. 1  is a schematic of an embodiment of the invention, 
           [0037]      FIGS. 2   a  and  2   b  are schematics of polarization directions in two embodiments of the invention, 
           [0038]      FIGS. 2   c  and  2   d  are schematics of optimum and allowable polarization directions, respectively, 
           [0039]      FIG. 3  is an embodiment of the first and second nonlinear components, 
           [0040]      FIG. 4  is another embodiment of the first and second nonlinear components, 
           [0041]      FIG. 5  is a third embodiment of the first and second nonlinear components, 
           [0042]      FIG. 6  is calculated data corresponding to an example, 
           [0043]      FIG. 7  is calculated data corresponding to another example, and 
           [0044]      FIG. 8  is another embodiment of the inventive system. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0045]      FIG. 1  shows a schematic of a high-power electromagnetic sum frequency generator system  100  according to the invention. An electromagnetic source  101 , typically a laser, generates two fundamental fields, namely the first fundamental field  102  and the second fundamental field  103 , which are emitted along a propagation path. The fundamental fields  102 ,  103  are launched into a first nonlinear component  104 , thus generating a first sum frequency field  105 . The first sum frequency field  105  is generated with one prevailing direction of polarization, e.g. orthogonal to or parallel with the polarization direction of the fundamental fields  102 ,  103 . Subsequently, the first and second fundamental field  102 ,  103  are launched along with the first sum frequency field  105  into a second nonlinear component  106 . Here, a second sum frequency field  107  is generated from the fundamental fields  102 ,  103 , while the first sum frequency field  105  merely propagates through the second nonlinear component  106 . The second sum frequency field  107  is also generated with one prevailing polarization direction that is different from the polarization direction of the first sum frequency field  105 . In this way, the first sum frequency field  105  is prevented from taking part in the nonlinear processes within the second nonlinear component  106 , thus minimizing back-conversion. 
         [0046]      FIG. 2  shows the polarization directions of fundamental and generated fields in more detail for one embodiment of the invention. In  FIG. 2   a , the first  202   a  and second  203   a  fundamental fields are linearly polarized with polarization directions parallel to each other. Within the first nonlinear component  204   a,  the first sum frequency field  205   a  is generated with a polarization direction orthogonal to the fundamental fields  202   a,    203   a.  The remaining power in the two fundamental fields  202   a,    203   a  are then launched into the second nonlinear component  206   a,  where the second sum frequency field  207   a  is generated with a polarization direction parallel to the fundamental fields  202   a,    203   a.  Thus, the first sum frequency field  205   a  and the second sum frequency field  207   a  are polarized orthogonal to each other, preventing a phase match between the two fields  205   a,    207   a.  In the figure, a remaining part of the fundamental fields  202   a,    203   a  are shown to be emitted from the second nonlinear component  206   a,  along with the first and second sum frequency field  205   a,    207   a.  Note that the first and second sum frequency fields have the same frequency, and may thus be seen as a single depolarized field. A system  200   a  as shown in  FIG. 2   a  may be achieved by using a nonlinear crystal of a type I as the first nonlinear component  204   a,  and a nonlinear crystal of a type III as the second nonlinear component  206   a.  The sequence of the first and second nonlinear components  204   a,    206   a  may be interchanged, without deviating from the invention. 
         [0047]    In  FIG. 2   b , the first  202   b  and second  203   b  fundamental fields are also linearly polarized, but with their polarization directions orthogonal to each other. In the first nonlinear component  204   b,  the first sum frequency field  205   b  is generated with a polarization direction parallel to the first fundamental field  202   b.  In the second nonlinear component  206   b,  the second sum frequency field  20   b  is generated with a polarization direction parallel to the second fundamental field  203   b.    
         [0048]    In an example corresponding to what is shown in  FIG. 2   b , for sum-frequency conversion of a first fundamental field  202   b  having a wavelength of 1064 nm and a second fundamental field having a wavelength of 1319 nm into a sum frequency field  205   b,    207   b  having a wavelength of 589 nm. The two fundamental fields are both linearly polarised, orthogonal to each other. Two nonlinear LBO crystals are used as the first and second nonlinear components  204   b,    206   b,  and each having an ordinary axis and an extra-ordinary axis. The two crystals are aligned to have their ordinary axis aligned and extra-ordinary axis aligned, respectively. The following parameters have been calculated assuming an operating temperature of 350K. The first crystal  204   b  is cut with angles θ=33.4°, φ=90.0°. In this way, the first crystal  204   b  is adapted to provide phase matching between 1319 nm light polarized along an extra-ordinary axis and 1064 nm light polarized along an ordinary axis, with the sum field generated being polarized along the ordinary axis. The second crystal  206   b  is cut with angles θ=19.1°, φ=0.0°, and is thereby also adapted for providing phase matching between the 1319 nm light polarized along the extra-ordinary axis and the 1064 nm light polarized along the ordinary axis. However, the second crystal  206   b  is adapted for generating the sum field with a polarization along the extra-ordinary axis. Thus, the sum field  205   b  generated in the first crystal  204   b  is polarized orthogonally to the sum field  207   b  generated in the second crystal  206   b.  The order of the two crystals may be reversed. 
         [0049]    In a special case of the system shown in  FIG. 2   b , the first  202   b  and second  203   b  fundamental fields are two polarization components of a single field for second harmonic generation. In this case, a single fundamental field is launched into the first nonlinear component  204   b  at a polarization angle of approximately 45 degrees, with respect to an axis of the nonlinear component. In this way, the two polarization components will carry approximately equal powers. 
         [0050]      FIG. 2   c  shows the optimum angles between the first sum frequency field  205   c  and the second sum frequency field  207   c,  while  FIG. 2   d  shows the allowable angles. To achieve full decoupling of the two sum frequency fields  205   c,    205   d;    207   c,    207   d,  the fields must be orthogonal, as seen in  FIG. 2   c . However, the second sum frequency field  207   c,    207   d  may always be described as a combination of a polarization component orthogonal and a polarization component parallel to the first sum frequency field  205   c,    205   d,  and vice versa for the first sum frequency field. Therefore, an advantage of the inventive system is observed for all situations wherein the orthogonal polarization component is finite, i.e. for all angles between the two sum frequency fields in the range 0-180 degrees, or in the range 30-150 degrees, or even in the range 45-135 degrees. Note that all directions may be mapped in the range 0-180 degrees, since a reversal of a direction merely corresponds to a phase change. 
         [0051]      FIG. 3  shows an embodiment of the first  304  and second  306  nonlinear components, where they are unitarily formed in a single periodically poled PP nonlinear crystal  330 . The PP crystal  330  comprises at least a first section  331  and a second section  332 . The first section  331  is adapted for generating the first sum frequency field, and the second section  332  is adapted for generating the second sum frequency field. 
         [0052]      FIG. 4  shows an embodiment of a PP crystal  430  corresponding to the embodiment shown in  FIG. 3 , where like reference numerals refer to like parts. Therefore, only the differences between the two figures are described here. In this embodiment, the first section  431  is adapted for generating the first sum frequency field by periodically poling the crystal  430  with a first period A 1 , and the second section  432  is adapted for generating the second sum frequency field by poling with a second period A 2 . The two poling periods must be chosen, e.g. so that the first period ensures a phase matching for sum frequency generation of a field orthogonal to the fundamental fields, and so that the second period ensures phase matching for sum frequency generation of a field parallel to the fundamental fields. 
         [0053]      FIG. 5  shows an embodiment of a PP crystal  530  corresponding to the embodiment shown in  FIG. 4 , where like reference numerals refer to like parts. Therefore, only the differences between the two figures are described here. In this embodiment, the crystal  530  comprises multiple first sections  531 , and multiple second sections  532 , arranged sequentially. 
         [0054]      FIG. 6  shows calculated power levels as a function of propagation distance, according to an example using a single crystal for sum frequency generation. The example considers a PPLN crystal, i.e. a Type III crystal. Two pulsed lasers are used as the electromagnetic sources generating the fundamental fields. One laser emitting light with a wavelength of 1064 nm and an average power of 6 W, the other emitting light with a wavelength of 1319 nm and an average power of 5 W. Calculation of the power levels in the three optical fields have been performed, using three coupled equations as, e.g. found in “Solid-State Laser Engineering” W. Koechner, Springer Verlag, 2006. A small phase mismatch has been assumed between the two fundamental fields. The sum frequency field with a wavelength of 589 nm is seen initially to increase with propagation distance, until a maximum of approximately 3.7 W is obtained after the fields have propagated through 1.1 mm of the crystal. If the fields are allowed to propagate further, power is converted back from the sum frequency field into the fundamental fields. After a propagation distance of 2.2 mm, the sum frequency field is seen to be fully depleted, i.e. all the power is again in the two fundamental fields. 
         [0055]      FIG. 7  shows calculations relating to the example shown in  FIG. 6 . However, here, the PPLN crystal has been shortened to  1 . 1  mm, to obtain maximum conversion from that crystal. Subsequently, the two fundamental fields and the generated sum frequency field are launched into an LBO crystal, which may phase-match a Type-I process. The length scale now shows the combined length of the PPLN and LBO crystal; note the change of scale, compared to  FIG. 6 . It is seen that conversion of power into the sum frequency field continues through out the calculation domain, i.e. no back-conversion is seen. In this way, powers in excess of 7 W are seen to be generated. However, it should be noted that the sum frequency field now contains components polarized both parallel and orthogonal to the polarization direction of the fundamental fields. To common applications where high field powers are important, the mixed polarization components are of little concern. 
         [0056]      FIG. 8  shows another embodiment of the system, corresponding to the system shown in  FIG. 1 , where like numbers refer to like parts. Therefore, only the differences between the two embodiments are described here. Here, an optical component is comprised between the two nonlinear components. The optical component could, e.g., be a dichroic or polarisation beam splitter, a rotator, a mirror, or any other passive or active component. Furthermore, one or both the nonlinear components may be comprised in one or more cavities. E.g. one nonlinear component in a single cavity and the other nonlinear component outside the cavity, both nonlinear components in a single cavity, or one nonlinear component in one cavity and the other nonlinear component in another cavity. In this case, the optical components would be mirrors with high transmission for the sum frequency fields and partial or high transmission for the fundamental fields. Evidently to the person skilled in the art, additional optical components may also be comprised by the system, both between the nonlinear components, and on either side of the nonlinear components. 
         [0057]    The examples have been described according to preferred embodiments. However, the invention is not limited to these embodiments. For example, the embodiments have been shown with a single electromagnetic source for generating the two fundamental fields. However, two separate electromagnetic sources may be used for this purpose. 
         [0058]    Also, the terms first and second nonlinear components are not meant to indicate a particular order of the two components, with regards to the propagation direction. 
       REFERENCE NUMERAL LIST 
       [0059]    A 1 , A 2  poling periods 
         [0060]      100 ,  200   a,    200   b,    800  sum frequency field generator system 
         [0061]      101 ,  201   a,    201   b,    801  electromagnetic source 
         [0062]      102 ,  202   a,    202   b,    802  first fundamental field 
         [0063]      103 ,  203   a,    203   b,    803  second fundamental field 
         [0064]      104 ,  204   a,    204   b,    304 ,  804  first nonlinear component 
         [0065]      105 ,  205   a,    205   b,    205   c,    205   d,    805  first sum frequency field 
         [0066]      106 ,  206   a,    206   b,    306 ,  806  second nonlinear component 
         [0067]      107 ,  207   a,    207   b,    207   c,    207   d,    807  second sum frequency field 
         [0068]      330 ,  430 ,  530  periodically poled nonlinear crystal 
         [0069]      331 ,  431 ,  531  first section 
         [0070]      332 ,  432 ,  532  second section 
         [0071]      880  optical component