Abstract:
A multi electrode and needle injection device for identifying and treating muscle pain using two simultaneous electrode EMG recordings to locate an active trigger point. The two electrodes are displaced so that one electrode detects EMG activity at the trigger point and the other detects EMG activity adjacent to the trigger point, within the same muscle. The combination of the electrodes with a drug delivery system allows the user to inject a medication locally at the trigger point to block the trigger point activity and reduce or eliminate muscle pain. The electrodes are on a hypodermic needle. The needle is used to both facilitate the location of the trigger points, and for treatment, by injecting a drug into the trigger points.

Description:
This application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/975,199, filed Nov. 20, 1997, which has issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,356,783. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The field of the invention is the diagnosis and treatment of muscle injuries associated with pain and stiffness. 
     It is estimated that up to 20% of the adult population in the United States suffers from chronic and recurrent muscle pain. There is currently no FDA-approved or proven effective treatment for these conditions. Treatments now used give only limited temporary relief. 
     Chronic and recurring muscle pain is a neuromuscular abnormality typically following a strain injury, and manifested by what has been termed trigger point (TrP) phenomena. As used herein, trigger point means a localized area of tenderness within a muscle associated with spontaneous electromyographic (EMG) activity. Thus, a trigger point is a location of spontaneous EMG activity within a muscle associated with pain. Trigger points may be within muscle spindles. TrPs can be objectively diagnosed by identification of spontaneous EMG activity in a trigger point while adjacent muscle fibers are electromyographically quiet. Once the trigger point EMG activity is identified, chronic and recurrent muscle pain associated with this localized EMG activity can be treated through the use of medications including sympathetic blocking agents, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,513,661, incorporated herein by reference. This patent describes a method of identifying trigger points in muscle associated with a characteristic spontaneous EMG activity. The activity is then blocked by injecting adrenergic blocking agents. The methods of diagnosis and treatment described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,513,661 involves simultaneously measuring both the trigger point activity and the EMG activity adjacent to the trigger point to determine whether the observed trigger point EMG activity is spontaneous localized, and not due to other phenomena such as voluntary contraction. To effectively block sympathetic activity at a trigger point, it is desirable to localize the trigger point as precisely as possible. For effective treatment, the blocking agent should be delivered precisely at the trigger point. Accordingly, there remains a need for a device for simultaneously locating and treating TrP EMG activity. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     To these ends, in a first aspect of the invention, an EMG device for diagnosing chronic and recurrent muscle pain preferably integrates two or more active EMG electrodes and an EMG reference electrode. 
     In a second aspect of the invention, an EMG device for treating chronic and recurrent muscle pain integrates two or more active EMG electrodes and a reference electrode and includes a drug delivery system. 
     In a third aspect of the invention, a system is provided for analyzing the level of spontaneous EMG activity in trigger points and adjacent muscle tissue. 
     Other objects and advantages will appear as well hereinafter. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     In the drawings, wherein similar reference characters denote similar elements, throughout the several views: 
     FIG. 1 is a front elevation view of an EMG needle-injection device according to a first embodiment; 
     FIG. 2 is a section view taken along line  2 — 2  of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 3 is a schematically illustrated view of an EMG needle-injection device with a holder according to a second embodiment; 
     FIG. 4 is a front elevation view of an EMG needle-injection device, according to a third embodiment; 
     FIG. 5 is a schematically illustrated view of a trigger point analyzer, as used with an EMG Needle-Injection device; 
     FIG. 6 is a schematically illustrated view of the needle shown in FIG. 1; and 
     FIG. 7 is a front elevation view of an EMG injection device, according to a fourth embodiment. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     In a first aspect of the invention, two or more active EMG electrodes and a reference electrode provide the ability to simultaneously show EMG activity at a trigger point, when adjacent muscle tissue EMG activity is relatively silent. The active electrodes are advantageously spaced apart to avoid having both electrodes sense the same EMG activity. The active electrodes, although spaced apart, are placed in the same muscle. The electrodes are used to locate a trigger point within a muscle. As described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,513,661, when a trigger point electrode shows active EMG activity, and an adjacent electrode is quiet (indicating the muscle is not contracting), a trigger point has been located. While use of electrodes and cables or wires is contemplated, a fully or partly wireless system maybe used, e.g., EMG with HP, infrared, or other wireless link between the sensors and an analyzer. Electrodes, as used here, includes those specifically shown and described, the various known conventional electrodes, as well as all other devices or systems for detecting EMG activity within a muscle. 
     Referring to FIG. 1, the device  1  has needle/electrode unit  16  including a hypodermic needle  2  with a sharp tip for insertion into a patient. The needle/electrode unit  16  is connected to a syringe  4  which contains a drug  13 . The needle/electrode unit  16  has a hub  6  for connection to the syringe  4 . The syringe  4  includes a drug containing vessel or ampoule, and a plunger  11  for containing and dispensing the drug. Various vessels or drug containers may be used in place of a conventional syringe. The needle and syringe are preferably disposable. The syringe body holds enough drug for one or preferably multiple doses. The drug may be phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine, an α agonist, an α 2  agonist, guanethidine or other sympathetic blockers, or a local anesthetic such as lidocaine, or a neuro-muscular blocking agent such as Botulinutn Toxin Type A. Other therapeutically effective drugs may of course also be used. For the treatment of muscle pain, for example back muscle pain, the preferred drug is phenoxybenzamine. 
     In the embodiment of FIG. 1, three electrodes,  3 ,  5  and  7 , are provided on the outside wall of the hypodermic needle  2 . Preferably, the electrode  3  is a trigger point electrode for identifying the trigger point EMG activity of the afflicted muscle. The electrode  5  advantageously is an adjacent electrode for identifying the muscle tissue adjacent to and in the same muscle as the trigger point. Preferably, the electrode  7  is a reference electrode, used to provide a common reference voltage for the other two electrodes  3  and  5 . While shown as round in cross section in FIG. 2, the electrodes may of course have other shapes or arrangements, or may be integral (e.g., etched into surfaces) of the needle. 
     All three electrodes are preferably made of a fine wire or other conductive material and are secured along the length of the hypodermic needle  2  outer wall as shown in FIG.  2 . The electrodes  3 ,  5  and  7  are preferably insulated along their lengths, except for a small portion at their lower ends. The uninsulated portion of each electrode is the electrode&#39;s electrical contact, which is exposed to the patient&#39;s muscle tissue. The uninsulated portion of each electrode is positioned to avoid contacting the hypodermic needle  2  to prevent short-circuiting. As only a small section of each electrode is exposed, electrical measurements can be made at specific sites within a muscle. In a preferred embodiment, electrical connections  8  on the hub  6  provide for electrical connection to Clectromyography (EMG) equipment, such as an oscilloscope or computer monitor. 
     The electrical contacts of the trigger point electrode  3  and adjacent muscle electrode  5  are displaced from one another to enable the adjacent muscle electrode  5  to electrically contact the muscle fibers, in the same muscle, away from the trigger point area, and to prevent the electrode  5  from being exposed to any spontaneous EMG activity experienced at the trigger point. Typically, the trigger point electrode and the adjacent muscle electrode are spaced apart by about 1-8 mm and preferably by about 2-4 mm. The reference electrode  7  may be located vertically in between electrodes  3  and  5 , as shown in FIG. 1, or further up the needle shaft, above electrode  5 . The reference electrode  7  may alternatively be separate from the needle  2 . The needle/electrode unit  16  may be provided separately from the drug containing vessel, as shown in FIG.  6 . The separate needle/electrode unit  16  allows different size vessels to be selected and attached to the needle, and also allows the needle/electrode unit  16  to be reused if desired, after the vessel is empty. The needle/electrode unit  16  and vessel may be joined using Luer fittings or other known techniques. 
     By monitoring the EMG activity of the adjacent muscle electrode  5  and ensuring that it remains electrically silent, the clinician can verify that any EMG activity measured at the trigger point is localized and is not due to voluntary muscle contraction or other generalized contractions (e.g. involuntary splinting or bracing). EMG activity is determined by measuring the electrical potential of the trigger point electrode  3  and adjacent muscle electrode  5 , referenced to the reference electrode  7 . In this way the adjacent muscle electrode  5  serves as a control, which ensures the specificity of the trigger point electrode EMG readings. In this preferred embodiment, the electrical contacts of the trigger point electrode  3  and adjacent muscle electrode  5  are vertically spaced apart from one another. This allows the electrodes to be attached to a single hypodermic needle, thereby increasing ease of use, disposability and patient comfort. However, the electrodes may be horizontally spaced apart in other embodiments. 
     In use, the clinician manually palpates the affected muscle to find a trigger point as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,513,661, noting local tenderness and the referral pattern of pain experienced by the patient when pressure is applied to the trigger point. The device  1  is connected to an EMG monitor, such that the trigger point electrode  3  and adjacent muscle electrode  5  are both referenced to the reference electrode  7 . The clinician or physician then inserts the needle-electrode combination over the trigger point, slowly advancing it until the localized EMG activity at the trigger point is detected by the trigger point electrode  3 , while the level of EMG activity from the adjacent electrode  5  remains relatively quiet. If both electrodes  3  and  5  detect significant EMG activity, the muscle is in a contracted condition and no diagnosis or treatment is made. In this situation, the patient is advised to relax the muscle, in an effort to obtain a better reading. If the adjacent electrode  5  shows relatively quiet EMG activity, while the trigger point electrode  3  shows active EMG activity, treatment with medication including sympathetic blocking agents is indicated. Preferably, amplitude and frequency values for the EMG activity are calculated and compared against pre-determined values. 
     The EMG device  1  may be used with an EMG analyzer  31  as shown in FIG.  5 . In this embodiment, the analyzer  31  can be positioned on a stand or cart  27 , and is joined to the device via a cable  29 . The EMG analyzer  31  is designed to receive multiple electrical signals from the EMG needle-injection device  1  and continuously compute, display and store values for those signals. The analyzer preferably displays the electrical signals on a CRT or other display  41  and also optionally prints out hard copies of those signals. 
     The EMG analyzer  31  may also provide an audible or visual indication to the clinician when sustained EMG activity is occurring at the trigger point and not at the adjacent electrode  5 . This can be done using known filtering or analogue-digital conversion and processing to determine when adjacent muscle activity is below a pre-determined level, for example, 13 microvolts (root mean square), and trigger point electrode activity is above a certain level, for example 26 microvolts (root mean square). Depending upon conditions, a difference of about 2:1 or more in EMG activity between a trigger point and the adjacent muscle, indicates a trigger point has been located and treatment by injection is appropriate. 
     Above threshold activity on the adjacent electrode could be signalled with, for example a steady high-pitched sound from a speaker  43  which would inform the clinician and the patient to relax the patient&#39;s muscles. EMG activity in the trigger point electrode could be amplified as a raw voltage signal which would inform the physician that he or she was near (for example within 1-4 mm) of the trigger point and would increase in amplitude as the electrode was further advanced into the trigger point. 
     In a second preferred embodiment, as shown in FIG. 3, the preferably disposable EMG needle-injection device is used with a reusable holder  14 . The holder  14 , vessel  9  and plunger  11  all cooperate to form a drug delivery system. The holder accommodates the disposable EMG needle-injection device  1  and holds the device in place. The holder includes a thumb press  15 , which acts on the plunger  11 , to inject a fixed dosage of drug  13  into the patient. One or more doses, e.g., 5-20 or more doses, may be given from a single disposable EMG device. Alternatively, the dosage may be delivered via an electrically, mechanically or pneumatically powered device associated with or on or in the holder. A holder-needle connector  17  provides electrical connection between the needle electrode connectors  8  and an EMG electrical connector  19  on the holder. The EMG electrical connector  19  connects to an EMG measuring instrument or physiological monitor, such as an oscilloscope via a cable  20 . 
     Preferably, the holder  14  has front and back sections joined at flex or hinge joint and a latch to hold the sections together. The interior of the holder  14  preferably has a recess shaped to receive and position the device  1 . The holder-needle connector is positioned within the holder to automatically make contact with the connectors  8  when the holder is closed and latched. The thumb press  15  also automatically aligns with the plunger when the device is seated within the holder  14 . 
     The holder  14  is a hand-held device which allows the user to deliver a fixed dosage of drug  13  to the patient while securing the electrode electrical connections, to minimize interference with the physician&#39;s examination. The injection device can be quickly removed from the holder, after use, and disposed of, and replaced with a new device. The holder therefore simplifies and expedites patient treatment. The circuitry and features of the analyzer may be miniaturized and included in the holder, eliminating the need for cables and a separate analyzer. The EMG signals may be processed by a microchip on or at the electrodes. 
     In a third embodiment  24 , on a needle/electrode/syringe unit  36 , as shown in FIG. 4, an electrically conducting needle  22  is insulated along its entire length except for an uninsulated portion  26  at the sharpened tip  28 . The needle  22  provides the electrical connection  30  between the uninsulated portion  26  and the connection point  32 , although it has no exposed conductive surfaces in between the connection point  32  on the needle hub  34  and the uninsulated portion  26 . The uninsulated portion  26  of the needle  22  serves as a trigger point electrode. The trigger point electrode is thereby connected to an analyzer  31  via a cable  20 . An adjacent muscle electrode  38  in the form of a needle, and a reference skin patch electrode  45  are separately provided and linked to the analyzer  31  by cables  20 . In use, the reference skin patch electrode  45  is applied to the skin and the respective trigger point and muscle electrodes  26  and  38  are separately placed. When trigger point EMG activity is detected, as described above, a drug is injected at the trigger point, using the syringe on the device  24 . 
     FIG. 7 shows a fourth embodiment similar to FIG. 4, but having the trigger point electrode  26  and the adjacent muscle electrode  38  on the needle  22 . Both electrodes  26  and  38  are connected via a cable  20  to an analyzer  31 . The reference electrode  42  is provided as skin patch  45  connected to the analyzer  31  by a cable  46 . 
     Thus, while several embodiments have been shown and described, various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The invention, therefore, should not be restricted, except by the following claims.