Abstract:
An automated system for selecting optical apparatus compares a set of user specifications with the optical characteristics of a plurality of standard optical components, and automatically chooses a combination of the components forming the closest match to the user&#39;s requirements. The method is performed using a programmed computer which may be remotely interfaced with the user via the internet. The user inputs the specification into the computer using a standardized input table. The user may optionally specify that the system be designed using a particular product line or family of standard products. If a system exactly matching the customer&#39;s specifications cannot be found, two systems are suggested that bracket the customer&#39;s stated requirements.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention broadly relates to optical systems, and deals more particularly with the automated selection of optical systems using standardized optical components. 
     2. Prior Art 
     A variety of optical systems are commonly used to perform inspection or monitoring processes in industrial applications. In some cases, human operators use the optical systems to view objects, surface features or other phenomenon of interest. In other cases, optical systems are used as part of “machine vision” systems to automatically perform inspection or recognition processes. Machine vision systems typically include a camera or similar recording device which includes an optical lens for imaging an object onto a sensor comprising either a linear or two dimensional array of pixels that electronically record an image of the object and convert it to a digitized pixel stream that is processed by a machine vision processor. The processor typically forms part of a programmed computer that operates on the digitized pixel stream to determine whether certain characteristics are present in the image, and displays the recorded image or feature of interest on a monitor. 
     Optical systems of the type mentioned above are often designed using a number of relatively standard, off-the-shelf components, such as specialized lens systems, illumination sources, focusing mechanisms and camera mounts. A variety of lenses may be employed, depending upon the application, such as micro lenses, macro lenses, zoom lenses, and other lens combinations which are well known in the art. 
     In designing optical lens systems for machine vision and other applications, a variety of well known formulas and guidelines have been developed to aid in selecting an optical system for specific industrial applications. For example, it is known that as the numerical aperture increases, the depth of field decreases and resolution increases. As magnification increases, the field of view decreases and more light may therefore be needed. Further, for example, it is well known that magnification is developed in two ways—either by using different lenses and different magnifications at the camera, or by using camera and monitor combinations that develop magnification between themselves. Similar rules and guidelines have been developed relating to depth of field, depth of focus, distortion, resolution, object-to-image distance, working distance, etc. 
     In the past, in order to specify an optical system for a specific application, such as a machine vision inspection application, an optical system engineer would manually review the requirements for the application and then select a combination of standardized optical components that function in combination to meet the application requirements. While this prior “manual” approach to specifying optical systems generally provided satisfactory results, the process could be time consuming, and required an involvement of an individual with considerable optical background (which defeats the “one stop shopping” concept of using the internet). Moreover, there could be delay in providing a customer or user with the final results of the design process. 
     Accordingly, there is a need in the art for an automated method of selecting an optical system which overcomes each of the disadvantages of the prior art discussed above. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to one aspect of the invention, automated selection of an optical system, comprises the steps of: generating a set of user requirements that include a set of data defining the user&#39;s optical imaging specification; generating a second data set defining optical characteristics of each of a plurality of standardized optical devices; generating a set of programmed instructions for comparing the first data set with the second data set; and, using a programmed computer to automatically select a combination of the optical devices that function to essentially satisfy the user&#39;s optical imaging specifications. The first data set is generated by recording data defining optical characteristics of a sensor upon which the object will be imaged, recording data defining characteristics of the object, and recording data defining the working distance between the sensor and the object. The sensor characteristics preferably include at least the length of one side of the sensor. The first data set is generated by manually inputting data using a remote user data terminal. In a preferred embodiment the user data is transmitted from the remote user terminal over the internet to a local server site which includes a program computer for analyzing the optical characteristics of a set of standard optical devices and selecting a combination of the optical devices that functionally satisfy the user&#39;s requirements. 
     According to another aspect of the invention, a method for selecting an optical imagining system is provided which employs a programmed computer. The method includes the steps of recording a first set of user data defining a user&#39;s specifications for an optical imaging system wherein the first data set includes data relating to the size of the sensor onto which an object is to be imaged, the size of pixels used in the sensor, and the largest dimension of the object to be imaged. The method further includes the steps of determining the optical magnification required by the system to image the object, generating a second set of design data defining optical characteristics of each of a plurality of optical devices, and using a computer, the first and second sets of data and the determined magnification to automatically select a combination of optical devices that function to satisfy the user&#39;s specifications within a predetermined tolerance range. 
     According to still another aspect of the invention, an automated system for selecting optical apparatus, comprises a data input table having fixed data input fields into which a user may input data defining the user&#39;s specifications for the optical system, an information storage system for storing the optical characteristics of a plurality of optical devices that may be selected to form the optical system, and a processor for analyzing the user data entered into the input table and for selecting a combination of the optical devices that function to essentially meet the user&#39;s specifications. 
     According, it is a primary object of the invention to provide a method for selecting an optical system which speeds the design process by automating various steps of the process, and eliminates the need for the optical “expert”. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide a method as mentioned above which employs a programmed computer to select optical components to meet a user&#39;s optical system requirements. 
     A further object of the invention is to provide a method for selecting an optical system which eliminates the possibility of guess work or error by using automated selection of optical components. 
     A still further object of the invention is to provide a method as described above which allows a remote user or customer to select an optical system using an automated design process, and rapidly receive the design results. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide a method of the type mentioned which essentially eliminates the need for a human designer to assess the user&#39;s requirements and manually develop an optical system meeting those requirements. 
     These, and further objects and advantages of the invention will be made clear or will become apparent during the course of the following description of a preferred embodiment of the invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       In the drawings, which form an integral part of the specification, and are to be read in conjunction therewith, and which like reference numerals are employed to designate identical components in the various views: 
         FIG. 1  is a functional block diagram of an automated system for selecting optical apparatus which forms the preferred embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a customer input form allowing a customer to input final performance specifications for the optical system: 
         FIGS. 3A and 3B , taken together, form a table showing the characteristics for each of a plurality of optical components used to select the optical system; and 
         FIG. 4  is a flow chart showing the steps of the automated method used to select the optical system. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Referring first to  FIG. 1 , the present invention broadly relates to an automated method for selecting an optical system for a user or customer that meet the user&#39;s specifications or requirements for a particular application, such as, for example, a machine vision system used to perform an inspection process. In the preferred embodiment, the user is located at a remote user site and inputs the user specifications using a terminal  10  which may comprise a computer or other appliance capable of inputting data and transferring the data through the internet  12  to a server  14  at the user&#39;s website location. The user inputs the data into a later discussed data input table ( FIG. 2 ) which has fixed data input fields into which the user input data defining the user&#39;s specifications for the optical system. 
     The server  14  routes the user specified data to a remote site data processor in the form of a computer  16  which is programmed with a set of instructions that are used to carry out the automated optical design process. The computer  16  includes a data storage system which may include one or more suitable memories  18  used to store the programmed instructions, as well as later discussed data defining the optical characteristics of a plurality of standardized optical components such as lenses, illumination sources, camera mounts, and the like. The data input table may also be stored in the memory  18 . As will be discussed later, the computer  16  analyzes the user&#39;s specifications for the desired optical system and selects a combination of standard optical elements which, in combination, function to meet or substantially meet the customer&#39;s requirements. Where the resulting optical system does not exactly meet the customer&#39;s requirements, at least two optical systems will be suggested to provide the user with a choice of two systems that essentially bracket the customer&#39;s requirements. In other words, two optical systems are suggested that each nearly meet the customers requirements, giving the customer a choice between either of these systems. 
     From the foregoing, it may be appreciated that the system shown in  FIG. 1  is entirely automated after the user inputs his application requirements or specifications. Moreover, because the process is automated, the user is provided with essentially immediate feedback of the system. Further, because the algorithms used by this automated process are preprogrammed, the method will reliably and repeatably design a specific optical system for a given set of input specifications, thus obviating subjective design decision making which may possibly accompany a manual design processes that relies on human beings to make design decisions. 
     Customer Interface 
     Generally, the selection process begins with the user or customer initially interfacing with automated system, as generally mentioned above. As the first step in this interface process, the customer inputs data into a customer input form shown in  FIG. 1  which will be discussed later in more detail. If the customer wishes to specify a specific product line, the optical designer will automatically select the equipment compatible with the customer&#39;s input parameters and display the customer&#39;s options. Alternatively, however, the customer may request the automated optical designer to search its entire product line for possible matches. Many customer applications involve imaging a specified object size onto a sensor with a specified working distance. If a zoom system is involved, an attempt is made to cover the object at low magnification and provide a maximum ability to “zoom up” to see finer detail. Usually, the resolving of the fine detail is limited by the ability of the system to overlay the fine detail onto 2 pixels of the sensor (thereby resolving it). 
     Most sensors are rectangular with varying aspect ratios, or linear arrays of pixels. To eliminate any confusion associated with orientation of object vs. orientation of sensor, the smaller dimension (usually vertical) is used as the framing dimension. If conditions are such that the imaging of the object is marginal, and the customer&#39;s sensor is rectangular, the customer is given the option of receiving a small amount of extra coverage by orienting the object horizontally. In some cases, the selected optical components will not exactly match the desired parameters of working distance and field coverage, thus the optical system designer will offer a “bracketing” pair of solutions to choose from. 
     The normal output of the automated selection system includes the suggested equipment, along with its respective field coverage, working distance, and camera resolve limit at the specified working distance. If a zoom is involved, the working magnification and maximum available magnification and the camera resolve limit at maximum magnification will also be provided. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 2  which shows a typical table used by the customer to input his specifications. The customer&#39;s input specifications are listed by line number ( 1 – 55 ) in column A, and fall into 3 categories: basic information, accessory information, and specific company product lines. Column B shows an example of data for a typical user application which has been input by the customer for each of the specification categories in column A. 
     The categories of information or data to be input by the user as shown in  FIG. 2  are self-explanatory and well understood by optical designers of ordinary skill in the art, consequently, they need not be discussed in detail herein. Broadly however, the data required to be input on lines  7 – 21  relate to the characteristics of user&#39;s camera or imaging sensor, and those of the object to be imaged by the system. Lines  29 – 43  relate to possible accessories that are required by the user to meet the requirements of a particular application, such as specific types of illumination, the requirement for polarization, aperture control, motor control or automated focus. Lines  48 – 55  relates to specific groups or families of products offered by the optical design company. Where the user is familiar with these families of products, he may specify them, in which case the automated design process selects optical components within the specified product family to design the user&#39;s optical system 
     Optics Selection Sequence 
     Reference is now also made to  FIGS. 3A and 3B  which, taken together, form a table showing the optical and equipment characteristics for each of a plurality of optical components that may be selected to “build” an optical system meeting a customer&#39;s requirements. The optical components used to build a system are given by name on lines  4  and  5 . The characteristics of each of these components are given in column A, and the specific values of the characteristics for each component are given in columns B–Q. It should be noted here that the particular components and characteristic values shown in  FIGS. 3A and 3B  are merely illustrative of one set of possible components. Many other optical components and characteristics and or values may be used. 
     The following instruction set is a sequence of operations or instructions in lay terms, for making the selection of the components shown in table of  FIGS. 3A and 3B , using the user input information shown in  FIG. 2 . These instructions may be used as an outline to develop the specific software instructions used to program the computer  16  ( FIG. 1 ) that automatically carries out the selection process. 
     As used in the following sequenced instructions, “ci” refers to customer input table ( FIG. 1 ), “oc” refers to the optical characteristics table ( FIGS. 2A and 2B ), and “os” refers to the current optical selection instructions. Brand or generic names of optical components or systems are used merely for illustration. 
     Begin—ci 7 , use vertical dimension if entered 
     If ci 7  is blank, use ci 9 , camera format entering requires lookup table for appropriate vertical dimension 
     If ci 11  is filled in, use it 
     If ci 11  is blank, go to ci 13  and divide the vertical sensor dimension (os 1 ) or (os 2 ) by the number of vertical pixels to get pixel size 
     Divide the number in ci 15  into the vertical sensor dimension to get the required magnification 
     If ci 17  is filled in, calculate the “resolution N.A.”=1/(3000*ci 17 ) 
     Check to see that os 4 *2&lt;ci 17 *os 5 . If not, report that “resolution requirement is not compatible with total field coverage and camera pixel size. The options are to reduce field coverage, decrease pixel size, or utilize a zoom system”. 
     Scan ci 48 –ci 55 . If any boxes are checked go directly to the appropriate product line column in oc and follow the appropriate instructions in os: 
     mci 48 -ocB, ci 49 -ocC, ci 50 -ocD, ci 51 -ocE, ci 52 -ocF, ci 53 -ocG, ci 54 -ocH thru ocN, ci 55 -ocO thru ocP. 
     If none of the above boxes are checked it will be necessary to scan all product line columns. 
     If ci 17  is filled in, scan oc 51  and oc 53  for matches with resolution N.A&gt;(os 6 ) 
     Scan oc 7  for matching camera formats or sensor size (os 1  or os 2 ) 
     Scan oc 9  for matching camera mounting 
     Scan oc 12  and oc 14  for matching mag range (os 5 ) 
     Scan oc 17  and oc 19  for matching wd range (ci 19 ) 
     Scan oc 22  To match ci 29   
     Scan oc 24  to match ci 31   
     Scan oc 38  to match ci 33   
     Scan oc 40  to match ci 35   
     Scan oc 42  to match ci 37   
     Scan oc 26  to match ci 39   
     Scan oc 28  to match ci 41   
     Scan oc 60  to match ci 43   
     If no columns are a match, provide error message stating mismatch requirements for each column 
     If any columns in oc completely match, proceed to search for specific the equipment that will meet (or bracket) the customer requirements, and provide the customer with information explaining the “tradeoffs” between bracketing conditions. 
     CCTV Lenses 
     If ocB is a match, run the cctv calculator to see if there is a pair of lenses that bracket the mag (os 5 ) and working distance (ci 19 ). 
     Calculate the camera resolve limit at the object=2*os 4 /os 5 . 
     Report the final equipment requirements, field coverage (ci 15 ), and bracketing wd&#39;s, for each case. 
     Report the camera resolve limit 
     Show a representative picture of the equipment (with rough dimensions) 
     Report the price of the recommended equipment. 
     Dyotar Lenses 
     If ocC is a match, run the dyotar calculator for a pair of lenses that bracket the mag (os 5 ) and working distance (ci 19 ). 
     Calculate the camera resolve limit at the object=2*os 4 /os 5 . 
     Report the final equipment requirements, field coverage, and bracketing wd&#39;s, for each case. 
     Report the resolve limit 
     Show a representative picture of the equipment (with rough dimensions) 
     Report the price of the recommended equipment. 
     PE 
     If ocD is a match, you will be scanning the PE lookup tables (standard and ultra) for matches or bracketing. There is no special table for the coax version. 
     Start with the standard lookup table. 
     Scan lens attachments for a pair that brackets wd (ci 19 ) 
     For each lens attachment, scan adapters for desired mag (os 5 ). Select the condition where the listed mag&lt;(os 5 ). 
     For each bracketing condition, calculate field coverage=os2/listed mag 
     Calculate the lens resolve limit using the NA of the lens attachment in each bracketing case=1/(3000*NA) 
     Calculate the camera resolve limit in each bracketing case=2*os 4 /listed mag. 
     Report suggested equipment, wd, field coverage, camera resolve limit, and lens resolve limit in each case. 
     Go to the ultra lookup table. 
     Repeat the above steps using objectives instead of lens attachments. 
     If both standard and ultra equipment can apply, report on both sets of equipment. 
     Show a representative picture of the equipment (with rough dimensions) 
     Report the price of the recommended equipment. 
     Zoom 6000 
     if ocE is a match, scan the 6.5 lookup tables (standard and ultra) for matches or bracketing. There will be one table for “standard” zoom, one table for “standard zoom with coax”, and one table for “ultra-zoom”. Do not scan “standard zoom” table if coax (ci 29 )=yes. 
     6.5 standard lookup table— 
     Scan the tables for lens attachments that bracket the wd (ci 19 ). 
     Scan the adapters columns for matching mag (os 5 ) range. In each case choose the adapter with the “lower mag” range&lt;os 5  and with the least difference from os 5 . Do not use the 5× adapter unless the working mag (os 5 ) is greater than half way thru the next lower adapter&#39;s mag range. 
     Calculate the zoom settings (ZS) to produce os 5  in each of the bracketing conditions=os 5 /(LA mag*ADAPT mag). 
     Calculate the working N.A. (N.A.W.) for each bracketing condition=[0.026*Ln(ZS)+0.032] [LA mag]. 
     Calculate the working lens resolve limit=1/(3000*N.A.W.) for each bracketing condition. 
     Calculate the working camera resolve limit=2*os 4 /os 5   
     Calculate the full mag value=4.5*LA* ADAPT 
     Calculate the full mag lens resolve limit=1/[3000*0.071*LA] 
     Calculate the full mag camera resolve=2*os 4 /full mag 
     Report, for both bracketing conditions, the equipment selected, wd, working field coverage (ci 15 ), working camera resolve limit, working lens resolve limit, system mag at selected zoom position (os 5 ), highs and lows of available system mag, full mag lens resolve limit and full mag camera resolve limit. 
     If any of the final equipment includes the 5× Adapter, go to the 12× column (ocF) and scan for suitable equipment. Report this equipment as an alternative with the notation that “Because of excessive empty magnification and light loss, we do not recommend usage of the 5× Adapter if a suitable alternative is available”. 
     Show a representative picture of the equipment (with rough dimensions) 
     Report the price of the recommended equipment. 
     6.5 standard lookup table w/coax—this table is similar to the plain standard table referred to above. There are fewer available lens attachments and there is a restriction on adequate illumination at lower system mags. The available mags are also a function of camera format (ci 9 ). 
     Scan the tables for lens attachments that bracket the wd (ci 19 ). 
     Scan the adapters columns and applicable camera format rows for matching mag (os 5 ) range. In each case choose the adapter with the “lower mag” range&lt;os 5  and with the least difference from os 5 . Do not use the 5× adapter unless the working mag (os 5 ) is greater than half way thru the next lower adapter&#39;s mag range. 
     Calculate the zoom settings (ZS) to produce os 5  in each of the bracketing conditions=os 5 /(LA mag*ADAPT mag). 
     Calculate the working  N.A.  ( N.A.W. ) for each bracketing condition=[0.026*Ln(ZS)+0.032] [LA mag]. 
     Calculate the working lens resolve limit=1/(3000*N.A.W.) for each bracketing condition. 
     Calculate the working camera resolve limit=2*os 4 /os 5   
     Calculate the full mag value=4.5*LA* ADAPT 
     Calculate the full mag lens resolve limit=1/[3000*0.071*LA] 
     Calculate the full mag camera resolve=2*os 4 /full mag 
     Report, for both bracketing conditions, the equipment selected, wd, working field coverage (ci 15 ), working camera resolve limit, working lens resolve limit, system mag at selected zoom position (os 5 ), highs and lows of available system mag, full mag lens resolve limit and full mag camera resolve limit. 
     If any of the final equipment includes the 5× Adapter, go to the 12× column (ocF) and scan for suitable equipment. Report this equipment as an alternative with the notation that “Because of excessive empty magnification and light loss, we do not recommend usage of the 5× Adapter if a suitable alternative is available”. 
     Show a representative picture of the equipment (with rough dimensions) 
     Report a price for the recommended equipment. 
     6.5 ultra-zoom lookup table 
     select the objectives that bracket the resolve NA (os 6 ) 
     calculate the high mag required for the smallest object dimension (ci 17 ) to cover 2 pixels=2*ci 11 /ci 17   
     in the applicable camera format (ci 9 ) row, select the lowest adapter who&#39;s upper mag limit exceeds the high mag requirement 
     If the low mag limit of the adapter selected is larger than os 5  use it as the working mag, if smaller, use os 5  as the working mag. Calculate the working zoom setting ZSW=2*working mag/(objective mag*adapter mag) 
     Calculate working NA (NAW) from the following: 
     NA (6000 ULTRA)
 
 W/ 2× mit obj=0.0251 *Ln ( ZS )+0.0317 &amp; =0.055 for  ZS&gt; 2.21
 
 W/ 5× mit obj=0.0627 *Ln ( ZS )+0.0791 &amp; =0.14 for  ZS&gt; 2.46
 
 W/ 10× mit obj=0.1205 *Ln ( ZS )+0.1564 &amp; =0.28 for  ZS&gt; 2.7
 
 W/ 20× mit obj=0.209 *Ln ( ZS )+0.3007 &amp; =0.42 for  ZS&gt; 1.72
 
 W/ 50× mit obj=0.55
 
     Calculate the working field coverage=os 2 /working mag 
     Calculate the working lens resolve limit @ NAW, =1/3000*NAW 
     Calculate the working camera resolve limit=2*os 4 /working mag 
     calculate the full system mag=(4.5)(objective mag/2) (adapt) 
     calculate the maximum lens resolve limit=1/(3000*NA) where the NA&#39;s are the extremes from the above equations 
     calculate the maximum camera resolve limit=2*os 4 /full system mag 
     Report, for both bracketing conditions, the equipment selected, wd, working field coverage, working camera resolve limit, working lens resolve limit, working system mag, highs and lows of available system mag, full mag lens resolve limit and full mag camera resolve limit. 
     Show a representative picture of the equipment (with rough dimensions) 
     Report a price for the recommended equipment. 
     12× Zoom System 
     If ocF is a match, scan the 12× lookup tables (standard and ultra) for matches or bracketing. There will be one table for “standard” zoom, one table for “standard zoom with coax”, and one table for “ultra-zoom”. Do not scan “standard zoom” table if coax ci 29 =yes. 
     Standard 12× Lookup Table 
     scan the tables for lens attachments that bracket the wd (ci 19 ). 
     In each case choose the adapter with the “lower mag” range&lt;os 5  and with the least difference from os 5 . 
     Calculate the zoom settings (ZS) to produce os 5  in each of the bracketing conditions=os 5 /(LA mag*ADAPT mag). 
     Calculate the working N.A. (N.A.W.) for each bracketing condition=[0.000328(ZS) 3 −0.005274(ZS) 2 +0.035318(ZS)+0.000965] [LA mag] 
     Calculate the working lens resolve limit=1/(3000*N.A.W.) for each bracketing condition. 
     Calculate the working camera resolve limit=2*os 4 /os 5   
     Calculate the full mag value=7.0*LA* ADAPT 
     Calculate the full mag lens resolve limit=1/[3000*0.1*LA] 
     Calculate the full mag camera resolve=2*os 4 /full mag 
     Report, for both bracketing conditions, the equipment selected, wd, working field coverage (ci 15 ), working camera resolve limit, working lens resolve limit, system mag at selected zoom position (os 5 ), highs and lows of available system mag, full mag lens resolve limit and full mag camera resolve limit. 
     Show a representative picture of the equipment (with rough dimensions) 
     Report a price for the recommended equipment. 
     12× standard lookup table w/coax—this table is similar to the plain standard table referred to above. There are fewer available lens attachments and there is a restriction on adequate illumination, at lower system mags. 
     scan the tables for lens attachments that bracket the wd (ci 19 ). 
     In each case choose the adapter with the “lower mag” range&lt;os 5  and with the least difference from os 5 . 
     Calculate the zoom settings (ZS) to produce os 5  in each of the bracketing conditions=os 5 /(LA mag*ADAPT mag). 
     Calculate the working N.A. (N.A.W.) for each bracketing condition=[0.000328(ZS) 3 −0.005274(ZS) 2 +0.035318(ZS)+0.000965][LA mag] 
     Calculate the working lens resolve limit=1/(3000*N.A.W.) for each bracketing condition 
     Calculate the working camera resolve limit=2*os 4 /os 5   
     Calculate the full mag value=7.0*LA* ADAPT 
     Calculate the full mag lens resolve limit=1/[3000*0.1*LA] 
     Calculate the full mag camera resolve=2*os 4 /full mag 
     Report, for both bracketing conditions, the equipment selected, wd, working field coverage (ci 15 ), working camera resolve limit, working lens resolve limit, system mag at selected zoom position (os 5 ), highs and lows of available system mag, full mag lens resolve limit and full mag camera resolve limit. 
     Show a representative picture of the equipment (with rough dimensions) 
     Report the price of the recommended equipment. 
     12× ultra-zoom lookup table 
     select the objective based on resolve NA (os 6 ) 
     calculate the high mag required for the smallest object dimension (ci 17 ) to cover 2 pixels=2*ci 11 /ci 17   
     In the applicable camera format (ci 9 ) row, select the lowest adapter who&#39;s upper mag limit exceeds the high mag requirement 
     If the low mag limit of the adapter selected is larger than os 5  use it as the working mag, if smaller, use os 5  as the working mag. 
     Calculate working zoom setting ZSW=[(0.95185*ZS)/2] (obj mag) (adapt) 
     Calculate working NA (NAW) from the following: 
     NA (12× ULTRA)
 
 W/ 2× mit obj=0.0271* Ln ( ZS )+0.0316 &amp; =0.055 for  ZS&gt; 2.25
 
 W/ 5× mit obj=0.0667* Ln ( ZS )+0.0786 &amp; =0.14 for  ZS&gt; 2.24
 
 W/ 10× mit obj=0.1293* Ln ( ZS )+0.1553 &amp; =0.28 for  ZS&gt; 2.25
 
 W/ 20× mit obj=0.2222* Ln ( ZS )+0.2953 &amp; =0.42 for  ZS&gt; 1.7
 
 W/ 50× mit obj=0.3543* Ln ( ZS )+0.6062 &amp;=0.55 for  ZS&gt; 0.8
 
     Calculate the working field coverage=os 2 /working mag 
     Calculate the working lens resolve limit @ NAW, =1/3000*NAW 
     Calculate the working camera resolve limit=2*os 4 /working mag 
     Calculate the full system mag=(7.0)(objective mag/2) (adapt) 
     Calculate the maximum lens resolve limit=1/(3000*NA) where the NA&#39;s are the extremes from the above equations 
     Calculate the maximum camera resolve limit=2*os 4 /full system mag 
     Report, for both bracketing conditions, the equipment selected, wd, working field coverage, working camera resolve limit, working lens resolve limit, working system mag, highs and lows of available system mag, full mag lens resolve limit and full mag camera resolve limit. 
     Show a representative picture of the equipment (with rough dimensions) 
     Report a price for the recommended equipment. 
     Zoom 7000 
     If ocG is a match, 
     Based on desired wd (ci 19 ), select micro or macro mode. 
     Calculate the low working mag (lwmag) at (ci 19 ) 
     Micro, lwmag=(48.332)*(wd −1.153 ) 
     Macro, lwmag=(53.284)*(wd −1.1362 ) 
     Calculate the high working mag (hwmag) at (ci 19 )=6*lwmag 
     Calculate the field coverage at both low and high mag=os 2 /wmag 
     Calculate the camera resolve limit at both low and high mag=2*(os 4 /wmag) 
     Calculate the low xwd (lxwd) at the desired mag (os 5 ) 
     Micro, lxwd= 1.153 √(48.332/os 5 ) 
     Macro, lxwd= 1.1362 √(53.284/os 5 ) 
     Check that lxwd falls between 1219–610, or 305–130, if not pick the closest end value in the original selected mode and use it as lxwd. 
     If the calculated lxwd was not available, recalculate the mag at the revised position 
     Micro, lxmag=(48.332)*(lxwd −1.153 ) 
     Macro, lxmag=(53.284)*(lxwd −1.362 ) 
     Calculate the high mag (hxmag)=6*lxmag 
     Calculate the field coverage at both low and high mag=os 2 /xmag 
     Calculate the camera resolve limit at both low and high mag=2*(os 4 /xmag) 
     For the desired working distance (ci 19 ), report the field coverage at both low and high mag positions (Iwmag) and (hwmag). Also report the camera resolution limits at both low and high mag. 
     For the desired mag (os 5 ), or the alternate value, report the field coverage at both low and high mag positions (lxmag) and (hxmag). Also report the camera resolution limits at both low and high mag. 
     Show a representative picture of the equipment (with rough dimensions) 
     Report the price of the recommended equipment. 
     Large Format 
     If ocH–ocO is a match, 
     ocH: 
     Determine the working mag (wmag) at the desired wd (ci 19 )
 
 wmag= 25/( wd+ 5)
 
     Calculate the field coverage at (ci 19 )=os 2 /wmag 
     Calculate the camera resolve limit at (wmag)=2*(os 4 /wmag) 
     Calculate the wd (xwd) at the desired mag (os 5 )
 
 xwd= (25/ os   5 )−5
 
     Check that xwd falls between 245–45, if not pick the closest end value and use it as nxwd. 
     Calculate the new magnification (nxmag) at nxwd=25/(nxwd+5) 
     Calculate the field coverage at nxwd=os 2 /nxmag 
     Calculate the camera resolve limit at (nxmag)=2*(os 4 /nxmag) 
     Report the field coverage at the desired working distance (ci 19 ). Report the camera resolve limit at this position. 
     Report the available wd (xwd) that will have (or come closest to having) the desired field coverage. Report the field coverage at this working distance. Report the camera resolve limit at this position. 
     Show a representative picture of the equipment (with rough dimensions) 
     Report a price for the recommended equipment. 
     ocI: 
     Determine the working mag (wmag) at the desired wd (ci 19 )
 
 wmag= 50/( wd+ 40)
 
     Calculate the field coverage at (ci 19 )=os 2 /wmag 
     Calculate the camera resolve limit at (wmag)=2*(os 4 /wmag) 
     Calculate the wd (xwd) at the desired mag (os 5 )
 
 xwd =(50/ os   5 )−40
 
     Check that xwd falls between 660–318, if not pick the closest end value and use it as nxwd. 
     Calculate the new magnification (nxmag) at nxwd=50/(nxwd+40) 
     Calculate the field coverage at nxwd=os 2 /nxmag 
     Calculate the camera resolve limit at (nxmag)=2*(os 4 /nxmag) 
     Report the field coverage at the desired working distance (ci 19 ). Report the camera resolve limit at this position. 
     Report the available wd (xwd) that will have (or come closest to having) the desired field coverage. Report the field coverage at this working distance. Report the camera resolve limit at this position. 
     Show a representative picture of the equipment (with rough dimensions) 
     Report a price for the recommended equipment. 
     ocJ: 
     Determine the working mag (wmag) at the desired wd (ci 19 )
 
 wmag =50 /wd  
 
     Calculate the field coverage at (ci 19 )=os 2 /wmag 
     Calculate the camera resolve limit at (wmag)=2*(os 4 /wmag) 
     Calculate the wd (xwd) at the desired mag (os 5 )
 
 xwd =50/os 5 
 
     Check that xwd falls between 1000–500, if not pick the closest end value and use it as nxwd. 
     Calculate the new magnification (nxmag) at nxwd=50/nxwd 
     Calculate the field coverage at nxwd=os 2 /nxmag 
     Calculate the camera resolve limit at (nxmag)=2*(os 4 /nxmag) 
     Report the field coverage at the desired working distance (ci 19 ). Report the camera resolve limit at this position. 
     Report the available wd (xwd) that will have (or come closest to having) the desired field coverage. Report the field coverage at this working distance. Report the camera resolve limit at this position. 
     Show a representative picture of the equipment (with rough dimensions) 
     Report a price for the recommended equipment. 
     ocK: 
     Determine the working mag (wmag) at the desired wd (ci 19 )
 
 wmag= 17/( wd+ 15)
 
     Calculate the field coverage at (ci 19 )=os 2 /wmag 
     Calculate the camera resolve limit at (wmag)=2*(os 4 /wmag) 
     Calculate the wd (xwd) at the desired mag (os 5 )
 
 xwd =(17/ os   5 )−15
 
     Check that xwd&gt;250, if not use 250 as nxwd. 
     Calculate the new magnification (nxmag) at nxwd=17/(nxwd+15) 
     Calculate the field coverage at nxwd=os 2 /nxmag 
     Calculate the camera resolve limit at (nxmag)=2*(os 4 /nxmag) 
     Report the field coverage at the desired working distance (ci 19 ). Report the camera resolve limit at this position. 
     Report the available wd (xwd) that will have (or come closest to having) the desired field coverage. Report the field coverage at this working distance. Report the camera resolve limit at this position. 
     Show a representative picture of the equipment (with rough dimensions) 
     Report a price for the recommended equipment. 
     ocL: 
     Determine the working mag (wmag) at the desired wd (ci 19 )
 
 wmag= 24/(wd+5)
 
     Calculate the field coverage at (ci 19 )=os 2 /wmag 
     Calculate the camera resolve limit at (wmag)=2*(os 4 /wmag) 
     Calculate the wd (xwd) at the desired mag (os 5 )
 
 xwd =(24/ os   5 )−5
 
     Check that xwd&gt;250, if not use 250 as nxwd. 
     Calculate the new magnification (nxmag) at nxwd=24/(nxwd+5) 
     Calculate the field coverage at nxwd=os 2 /nxmag 
     Calculate the camera resolve limit at (nxmag)=2*(os 4 /nxmag) 
     Report the field coverage at the desired working distance (ci 19 ). Report the camera resolve limit at this position. 
     Report the available wd (xwd) that will have (or come closest to having) the desired field coverage. Report the field coverage at this working distance. Report the camera resolve limit at this position. 
     Show a representative picture of the equipment (with rough dimensions) 
     Report a price for the recommended equipment. 
     ocM: 
     Determine the working mag (wmag) at the desired wd (ci 19 )
 
 wmag= 28/( wd+ 5)
 
     Calculate the field coverage at (ci 19 )=os 2 /wmag 
     Calculate the camera resolve limit at (wmag)=2*(os 4 /wmag) 
     Calculate the wd (xwd) at the desired mag (os 5 )
 
 xwd =(28/ os   5 )−5
 
     Check that xwd&gt;300, if not use 300 as nxwd. 
     Calculate the new magnification (nxmag) at nxwd=28/(nxwd+5) 
     Calculate the field coverage at nxwd=os 2 /nxmag 
     Calculate the camera resolve limit at (nxmag)=2*(os 4 /nxmag) 
     Report the field coverage at the desired working distance (ci 19 ). Report the camera resolve limit at this position. 
     Report the available wd (xwd) that will have (or come closest to having) the desired field coverage. Report the field coverage at this working distance. Report the camera resolve limit at this position. 
     Show a representative picture of the equipment (with rough dimensions) 
     Report a price for the recommended equipment. 
     ocN: 
     Determine the working mag (wmag) at the desired wd (ci 19 )
 
 wmag =50/ wd  
 
     Calculate the field coverage at (ci 19 )=os 2 /wmag 
     Calculate the camera resolve limit at (wmag)=2*(os 4 /wmag) 
     Calculate the wd (xwd) at the desired mag (os 5 )
 
 xwd= 50/ os   5 
 
     Check that xwd&gt;450, if not use 450 as nxwd. 
     Calculate the new magnification (nxmag) at nxwd=50/nxwd 
     Calculate the field coverage at nxwd=os 2 /nxmag 
     Calculate the camera resolve limit at (nxmag)=2*(os 4 /nxmag) 
     Report the field coverage at the desired working distance (ci 19 ). Report the camera resolve limit at this position. 
     Report the available wd (xwd) that will have (or come closest to having) the desired field coverage. Report the field coverage at this working distance. Report the camera resolve limit at this position. 
     Show a representative picture of the equipment (with rough dimensions) 
     Report a price for the recommended equipment. 
     ocO: 
     Determine the working mag (wmag) at the desired wd (ci 19 )
 
 wmag= 50/( wd+ 20)
 
     Calculate the field coverage at (ci 19 )=os 2 /wmag 
     Calculate the camera resolve limit at (wmag)=2*(os 4 /wmag) 
     Calculate the wd (xwd) at the desired mag (os 5 )
 
 xwd =(50/ os   5 )−20
 
     Check that xwd&gt;450, if not use 450 as nxwd. 
     Calculate the new magnification (nxmag) at nxwd=50/(nxwd+20) 
     Calculate the field coverage at nxwd=os 2 /nxmag 
     Calculate the camera resolve limit at (nxmag)=2*(os 4 /nxmag) 
     Report the field coverage at the desired working distance (ci 19 ). Report the camera resolve limit at this position. 
     Report the available wd (xwd) that will have (or come closest to having) the desired field coverage. Report the field coverage at this working distance. Report the camera resolve limit at this position. 
     Show a representative picture of the equipment (with rough dimensions) 
     Report a price for the recommended equipment. 
     Easy Reader 
     If ocP-Q is a match: 
     In this product line, the camera is built in. 
     Ci 7 =1.8 mm, therefore os 2 =1.8 
     Ci 11 =0.0023, therefore os 4 =0.0023 
     There are two columns, Standard and HM. The difference is in the magnification and resolution requirements. 
     Scan the Standard and HM lookup tables for compatible wd&#39;s and mag ranges. If both are suitable, choose the Standard, unless the resolution requirement ci 17  is better matched in HM. Maximum resolution is measured at high zoom position. If ci 17  is not achieved in either of the above, use the lowest power objective required to produce the resolution and offer it as an alternative. 
     Standard 
     Pick the LA&#39;s that bracket the wd requirement ci 19   
     Use os 5  as the working mag (wmag) 
     Calculate the working N.A. (NAW) for each bracketing condition=(0.0414*wmag)−(0.0095*LA) 
     Calculate the working lens resolve limit=1/(3000*NAW) for each bracketing condition. 
     Calculate the working camera resolve limit=2*os 4 /os 5   
     Look up the full mag value (fmag) for each condition 
     Calculate the full mag camera resolve=2*os 4 /fmag 
     Look up the full mag value of lens resolve limit for each condition 
     Report, for both bracketing conditions, the equipment selected, wd, working field coverage (ci 15 ), working camera resolve limit, working lens resolve limit, system mag at selected zoom position (os 5 ), highs and lows of available system mag, full mag lens resolve limit and full mag camera resolve limit. 
     Show a representative picture of the equipment (with rough dimensions) 
     Report a price for the recommended equipment. 
     HM—Lens Attachment 
     Pick the LA&#39;s that bracket the wd requirement ci 19   
     Use os 5  as the working mag (wmag) 
     Calculate the working N.A. (NAW) for each bracketing condition, based on the individual formulas (per LA) in the lookup table 
     Calculate the working lens resolve limit=1/(3000*NAW) for each bracketing condition. 
     Calculate the working camera resolve limit=2*os 4 /os 5   
     Look up the full mag value (fmag) for each condition 
     Calculate the full mag camera resolve=2*os 4 /fmag 
     Look up the full mag value of lens resolve limit for each condition 
     Report, for both bracketing conditions, the equipment selected, wd, working field coverage (ci 15 ), working camera resolve limit, working lens resolve limit, system mag at selected zoom position (os 5 ), highs and lows of available system mag, full mag lens resolve limit and full mag camera resolve limit. 
     Show a representative picture of the equipment (with rough dimensions) 
     Report a price for the recommended equipment. 
     HM—Objective 
     If ci 17  is not achieved in either of the above, use the lowest power objective required to produce the resolution and offer it as an alternative. 
     Calculate the working N.A. (NAW) based on the individual formulas (per OBJ) in the lookup table 
     Calculate the working lens resolve limit=1/(3000*NAW) 
     Calculate the working camera resolve limit=2*os 4 /os 5   
     Look up the full mag value (fmag) 
     Calculate the full mag camera resolve=2*os 4 /fmag 
     Look up the full mag value of lens resolve limit 
     Report the equipment selected, wd, working field coverage (ci 15 ), working camera resolve limit, working lens resolve limit, system mag at selected zoom position (os 5 ), highs and lows of available system mag, full mag lens resolve limit and full mag camera resolve limit. 
     Show a representative picture of the equipment (with rough dimensions) 
     Report a price for the recommended equipment. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 4 , which shows a simplified flowchart of the basic steps of the automated design method described above. The automated method starts at  20  with the customer establishing contact with the automated design system. In the case of the preferred embodiment described above, this initial contact comprises the customer making contact with the designer&#39;s website through the internet, although this communication link could instead be established through a LAN, WAN or direct wireless link. At step  22 , the customer inputs data defining the user&#39;s requirements or specifications, using the input format shown in  FIG. 2 . These specifications are converted to optical characteristics by the automated design system at step  24 , following which the design system searches a table  26  ( FIGS. 3A and 3B ) of optical characteristics to determine the closest match between an available optical component and the optical characteristic meeting the customer&#39;s specification. If a match is not found at step  28 , an error report is generated at step  30 , otherwise, the process proceeds to step  32  where a determination is made as to whether the customer has specified a standard product line or family. 
     If the customer has not specified a particular product line, the customer is provided with two optical design configurations in step  34 , which bracket each side of the customer&#39;s specifications, thus allowing the customer to choose between these two systems. With the system designs having been provided to the customer, the process ends at  36 . 
     In the event that the customer specifies a product line at step  32 , then a comparison is made at step  38 , in which the customer&#39;s specifications are compared to the optical characteristics of the customer selected product line. If an exact match is found at  40 , then the customer in step  42  is provided with full product information on the matching product line. However, if an exact match is not found, the customer is provided with bracketed product line recommendations at  44 , following which the process ends at  46 . 
     It is to be understood that the specific systems, methods and techniques which have been described above are merely illustrative of one application of the principles of the invention. Numerous modifications may be made to the system as described without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention.