Abstract:
A magnetic data recording system that can directly measure soft underlayer spacing of a perpendicular magnetic write head during operation. The soft underlayer spacing of the magnetic write head can be determined by measuring the magnetic inductance of the write head. The inductance of the write head varies with changes in the distance between the write pole and the soft underlayer of the magnetic medium. By connecting the write head with magnetic inductance measuring circuitry, the soft underlayer spacing can be constantly monitored during operation of the magnetic data recording system. The system can also include active fly height control such as a thermal fly height control capability. By directly measuring the soft underlayer spacing in real time during use of the data recording system, the actively fly height controlling features can be operated efficiently to precisely maintain a desired spacing between the write pole and the soft underlayer of the magnetic medium.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to perpendicular magnetic recording and more particularly to a system for determining spacing between a writer and a magnetic medium. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The heart of a computer&#39;s long term memory is an assembly that is referred to as a magnetic disk drive. The magnetic disk drive includes a rotating magnetic disk, write and read heads that are suspended by a suspension arm adjacent to a surface of the rotating magnetic disk and an actuator that swings the suspension arm to place the read and write heads over selected circular tracks on the rotating disk. The read and write heads are directly located on a slider that has an air bearing surface (ABS). The suspension arm biases the slider toward the surface of the disk, and when the disk rotates, air adjacent to the disk moves along with the surface of the disk. The slider flies over the surface of the disk on a cushion of this moving air. When the slider rides on the air bearing, the write and read heads are employed for writing magnetic transitions to and reading magnetic transitions from the rotating disk. The read and write heads are connected to processing circuitry that operates according to a computer program to implement the writing and reading functions. 
         [0003]    The write head has traditionally included a coil layer embedded in first, second and third insulation layers (insulation stack), the insulation stack being sandwiched between first and second pole piece layers. A gap is formed between the first and second pole piece layers by a gap layer at an air hearing surface (ABS) of the write head and the pole piece layers are connected at a back gap. Current conducted to the coil layer induces a magnetic flux in the pole pieces which causes a magnetic field to fringe out at a write gap at the ABS for the purpose of writing the aforementioned magnetic transitions in tracks on the moving media, such as in circular tracks on the aforementioned rotating disk. 
         [0004]    In recent read head designs a spin valve sensor, also referred to as a giant magnetoresistive (GMR) sensor, has been employed for sensing magnetic fields from the rotating magnetic disk. The sensor includes a nonmagnetic conductive layer, referred to as a spacer layer, sandwiched between first and second ferromagnetic layers, referred to as a pinned layer and a free layer. First and second leads are connected to the spin valve sensor for conducting a sense current therethrough. The magnetization of the pinned layer is pinned perpendicular to the air bearing surface (ABS) and the magnetic moment of the free layer is located parallel to the ABS, but free to rotate in response to external magnetic fields. The magnetization of the pinned layer is typically pinned by exchange coupling with an antiferromagnetic layer. 
         [0005]    The thickness of the spacer layer is chosen to be less than the mean free path of conduction electrons through the sensor. With this arrangement, a portion of the conduction electrons is scattered by the interfaces of the spacer layer with each of the pinned and free layers. When the magnetizations of the pinned and free layers are parallel with respect to one another, scattering is minimal and when the magnetizations of the pinned and free layer are antiparallel, scattering is maximized. Changes in scattering alter the resistance of the spin valve sensor in proportion to cos θ, where θ is the angle between the magnetizations of the pinned and free layers. In a read mode the resistance of the spin valve sensor changes proportionally to the magnitudes of the magnetic fields from the rotating disk. When a sense current is conducted through the spin valve sensor, resistance changes cause potential changes that are detected and processed as playback signals. 
         [0006]    In order to meet the ever increasing demand for improved data rate and data capacity, researchers have recently been focusing their efforts on the development of perpendicular recording systems. A traditional longitudinal recording system, such as one that incorporates the write head described above, stores data as magnetic bits oriented longitudinally along a track in the plane of the surface of the magnetic disk. This longitudinal data bit is recorded by a fringing field that forms between the pair of magnetic poles separated by a write gap. 
         [0007]    A perpendicular recording system, by contrast, records data as magnetizations oriented perpendicular to the plane of the magnetic disk. The magnetic disk has a magnetically soft underlayer covered by a thin magnetically hard top layer. The perpendicular write head has a write pole with a very small cross section and a return pole having a much larger cross section. A strong, highly concentrated magnetic field emits from the write pole in a direction substantially perpendicular to the magnetic disk surface, magnetizing the magnetically hard top layer. The resulting magnetic flux then travels through the soft underlayer, returning to the return pole where it is sufficiently spread out and weak that it will not erase the signal recorded by the write pole when it passes back through the magnetically hard top layer on its way back to the return pole. 
         [0008]    A mentioned above, the slider Hies over the magnetic disk on a cushion of air. The distance at which the slider flies above the disk is the fly height. In a perpendicular magnetic write head, the distance between the write pole and the soft under-layer of the medium is a very important parameter to writer performance. This is because the distance between the tip of the write pole and its image in the soft underlayer of the medium defines an effective write gap. Unfortunately, even if the slider fly height remains constant, the spacing between the write pole and the soft under-layer can vary due to thermal expansion of the write head itself. 
         [0009]    Currently available methods for monitoring the fly height of the slider rely on the use of signal amplitude from the signal detected by the read sensor. Therefore, these methods monitor the fly height of the read sensor, but can not determine the height of the write head directly. Therefore, there is a strong felt need for a system or method that can be used to monitor the write head to soft under-layer spacing directly. Such a method must not compromise write head performance and would preferably not result in significant additional manufacturing cost or complexity. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0010]    The present invention provides a magnetic data recording system that can directly measure the soft underlayer spacing of a perpendicular magnetic write head during use. The data recording system includes circuitry connected with the write head for determining a magnetic inductance of the write head. Changes in magnetic inductance of the write head relate directly to the soft underlayer spacing of the write head. Therefore, by determining the magnetic inductance, or change in inductance, of the write head, the soft underlayer spacing can be directly determined. 
         [0011]    The system can be used in conjunction with an active fly height control system. For example, such an active fly height control system could include a heating element arranged relative to the write pole such that it can selectively heat the write pole causing the write pole to thermally expand and protrude. Conversely, the heater can be turned off to allow the write pole cool and retract. By directly measuring the soft underlayer spacing of the write head, such active fly height control circuitry can be effectively used to maintain a desired soft underlayer spacing at all times during use of the data recording system. 
         [0012]    These and other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent upon reading of the following detailed description of preferred embodiments taken in conjunction with the Figures in which like reference numerals indicate like elements throughout. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0013]    For a fuller understanding of the nature and advantages of this invention, as well as the preferred mode of use, reference should be made to the following detailed description read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings which are not to scale. 
           [0014]      FIG. 1  is a schematic illustration of a disk drive system in which the invention might be embodied; 
           [0015]      FIG. 2  is an ABS view of a slider, taken from line  2 - 2  of  FIG. 1 , illustrating the location of a magnetic head thereon; 
           [0016]      FIG. 3  is a cross sectional view view, taken from line  3 - 3  of  FIG. 2  and rotated 90 degrees counterclockwise, of a magnetic head according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0017]      FIG. 4  is schematic illustration of a magnetic write head and magnetic medium forming a magnetic yoke; 
           [0018]      FIG. 5  is a schematic illustration showing a relationship between magnetic impedance and head to soft underlayer spacing; 
           [0019]      FIG. 6  is a graphical illustration of a relationship between write coil current and percentage of inductance change for a given change in head to soft underlayer spacing; 
           [0020]      FIG. 7  is a schematic representation of circuitry for measuring an inductance of a write head; 
           [0021]      FIG. 8  is a flow chart illustrating a method for monitoring a write head to soft underlayer spacing in a magnetic write head. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0022]    The following description is of the best embodiments presently contemplated for carrying out this invention. This description is made for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of this invention and is not meant to limit the inventive concepts claimed herein. 
         [0023]    Referring now to  FIG. 1 , there is shown a disk drive  100  embodying this invention. As shown in  FIG. 1 , at least one rotatable magnetic disk  112  is supported on a spindle  114  and rotated by a disk drive motor  118 . The magnetic recording on each disk is in the form of annular patterns of concentric data tracks (not shown) on the magnetic disk  112 . 
         [0024]    At least one slider  113  is positioned near the magnetic disk  112 , each slider  113  supporting one or more magnetic head assemblies  121 . As the magnetic disk rotates, slider  113  moves radially in and out over the disk surface  122  so that the magnetic head assembly  121  may access different tracks of the magnetic disk where desired data are written. Each slider  113  is attached to an actuator arm  119  by way of a suspension  115 . The suspension  115  provides a slight spring force which biases slider  113  against the disk surface  122 . Each actuator arm  119  is attached to an actuator means  127 . The actuator means  127  as shown in  FIG. 1  may be a voice coil motor (VCM). The VCM comprises a coil movable within a fixed magnetic field, the direction and speed of the coil movements being controlled by the motor current signals supplied by controller  129 . 
         [0025]    During operation of the disk storage system, the rotation of the magnetic disk  112  generates an air bearing between the slider  113  and the disk surface  122  which exerts an upward force or lift on the slider. The air bearing thus counter-balances the slight spring force of suspension  115  and supports slider  113  off and slightly above the disk surface by a small, substantially constant spacing during normal operation. 
         [0026]    The various components of the disk storage system are controlled in operation by control signals generated by control unit  129 , such as access control signals and internal clock signals. Typically, the control unit  129  comprises logic control circuits, storage means and a microprocessor. The control unit  129  generates control signals to control various system operations such as drive motor control signals on line  123  and head position and seek control signals on line  128 . The control signals on line  128  provide the desired current profiles to optimally move and position slider  113  to the desired data track on disk  112 . Write and read signals are communicated to and from write and read heads  121  by way of recording channel  125 . 
         [0027]    With reference to  FIG. 2 , the orientation of the magnetic head  121  in a slider  113  can be seen in more detail.  FIG. 2  is an ABS view of the slider  113 , and as can be seen the magnetic head including an inductive write head and a read sensor, is located at a trailing edge of the slider. The above description of a typical magnetic disk, storage system, and the accompanying illustration of  FIG. 1  are for representation purposes only. It should be apparent that disk storage systems may contain a large number of disks and actuators, and each actuator may support a number of sliders. 
         [0028]    With reference now to  FIG. 3 , the magnetic head  121  for use in a perpendicular magnetic recording system is described. The head  121  includes a write element  302  and a read element  304 . The read element includes a magnetoresistive sensor  305 , such as a current in plane giant magnetoresistive (CIP GMR) sensor. However, the sensor  305  could be another type of sensor such as a current perpendicular to plane (CPP) GMR sensor or, a tunnel junction sensor (TMR) or some other type of sensor. The sensor  305  is located between and insulated from first and second magnetic shields  306 ,  308  and embedded in a dielectric material  307 . The magnetic shields  306 ,  308 , which can be constructed offer example CoFe or NiFe, absorb magnetic fields such as those from up-track or down track data signals, ensuring that the read sensor  304  only detects the desired data track located between the shields  306 ,  308 . A non-magnetic, electrically insulating gap layer  309  may be provided between the shield  308  and the write head  302   
         [0029]    With continued reference to  FIG. 3 , the write element  302  includes a write pole  310  that is magnetically connected with a magnetic shaping layer  312 , and is embedded within an insulation material  311 . The write pole  310  has a small cross section at the air bearing surface (as seen in  FIG. 4 ) and is constructed of a material having a high saturation moment, such as NiFe or CoFe. More preferably, the write pole  310  is constructed as a lamination of layers of magnetic material separated by thin layers of non-magnetic material. The write element  302  also has a return pole  314  that preferably has a surface exposed at the ABS and has a cross section parallel with the ABS surface that is much larger than that of the write pole  310 . The return pole  314  is magnetically connected with the shaping layer  312  by a magnetic back gap portion  316 . The shaping layer  312 , return pole  314  and back gap  316  can be constructed of for example, NiFe, CoFe or some other magnetic material. 
         [0030]    An electrically conductive write coil  317 , shown in cross section in  FIG. 3 , passes through the write element  302  between the shaping layer  312 , and the return pole  314 . The write coil  317  is surrounded by an electrically insulating material  320  that electrically insulates the turns of the coil  317  from one another and electrically isolates the coil  317  from the surrounding magnetic structures  310 ,  312 ,  316 ,  314 . The insulation layers  320  can be constructed of a material such as alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) or can be constructed as various layers of the same or different electrically insulating, non-magnetic materials. 
         [0031]    When a current passes through the coil  317 , the resulting magnetic field causes a magnetic flux to flow through the return pole  314 , back gap  316 , shaping layer  312  and write pole  310 . This magnetic flux causes a magnetic write field  324  to be emitted toward an adjacent magnetic, medium  326 . The magnetic medium  326  includes a thin, magnetically hard top layer  328  and a magnetically soft under-layer  330 . The write field  324  locally magnetizes the magnetically hard top layer  328  and then travels through the magnetically soft under layer to return to the return pole  314 , thereby completing a magnetic circuit. 
         [0032]    The tip of the write pole  310  is separated from the soft under-layer  330  by a distance that can be called a Soft Underlayer Spacing (SUS). This distance is an important parameter to write head performance. However, because of thermal expansion of the write head  302  during use, the SUS can change, even if the fly height of the head  221  as a whole does not change. In order to take advantage of this thermal expansion to tightly control SUS, a heater element  332  can be provided in the write head  302 . This heating element can be turned on to heat the write pole  310 , causing it to expand as desired to extend toward the medium  326  and can be turned off to allow the write pole  310  to contract. Although write designers have previously attempted to use such heating elements to control the fly height, such attempts have met with limited success. This is because, in order to most effectively use such a heater element  332  the SUS must be continuously determined. However, even in a head that does not incorporate such a heater element  332 , careful monitoring of the SUS is still important to maintain maximum writer performance. 
         [0033]    The above description of a write head  302  describes a simple pole head having a write pole  310  with not extra magnetic shields such as a trailing shield or side shield. This is, however, in order to illustrate an embodiment of the invention in the clearest possible manner. It should be understood that the invention could just as easily be embodied in a write head having a trailing magnetic shield and/or side magnetic shields (not shown). The invention can also be embodied in a write head having a trailing return pole that connects a trailing and/or side shields (not shown) with the back gap  316 . Other embodiments of the write head could also be constructed that would also fall within the scope of the invention. 
         [0034]    With reference now to  FIG. 4 , a simplified schematic illustration of a write head  402  and adjacent magnetic medium  404  is shown. The write head Includes a magnetic structure  406  that includes a write pole  408 , a return pole  410  and a back gap  412  that connects the write pole  408  with the back gap  412 . An electrically conductive write coil  414  induces a magnetic flux  415  through the magnetic structure  406 , which causes a write field  412  to be emitted across the magnetically hard top layer  416  of the magnetic medium  404 . 
         [0035]    As mentioned above, the magnetic flux  415  travels through the soft magnetic underlayer  418  of the magnetic medium to return to the magnetic structure  406  at the return pole  410 . Therefore, as can be seen in  FIG. 4 , the magnetic medium  404  effectively becomes a part of the magnetic write head  402 . Conceptually, the soft underlayer  418  of the magnetic medium  404  can be considered to form a minor image (magnetically)  420  of the magnetic structure  406  of the write head  402 . Therefore, the magnetic structure  406  together with mirror image  420  form a magnetic yoke  422  having an effective write gap  424 . The size of the effective write gap  424 , then, is the distance between the soft underlayer  418  and the tip of the write pole  408 , as shown in  FIG. 4 . This is the reason that the soft underlayer spacing (SUS) becomes so important to writer performance. It is this soft underlayer spacing (distance between the tip of the write pole  408  and the soft underlayer  418  that defines the effective write gap  424  of the write head. 
         [0036]    As mentioned above, the size of this effective write gap  424  (ie. soft underlayer spacing) can vary during use due to factors such as thermal expansion of the write head  402 . Furthermore, direct measurement of this effective write gap  424  or soft underlayer spacing has not previously been available. It has been found, however, that this spacing  424  can be directly measured by monitoring the magnetic inductance of the write head  402 . 
         [0037]    The soft underlayer spacing  424  can be related to the inductance of the write head  402  due to reluctance changes related to the spacing  424 . This is based on the principle that the inductance of a perpendicular magnetic recording write head is a function of its spacing to the media&#39;s soft, underlayer. As the effective write gap changes, the reluctance of the path the flux  415  must take through the air from the head magnetic structure  406  to its image  418  in the soft underlayer changes. This change in reluctance causes a change in the total flux, and also a change in the inductance (which is the change in flux for a small change in current through the write coil  414 . Finite element modeling predicts a 0.1% reduction in inductance from 1.97 nH for a 5 nm increase in spacing  424  with a 1 m A current in a coil  414  having 5 turns. This inductance change is detectable with the proper circuitry as will be described herein below. Therefore, the inductance of the write head  402  can he monitored by connecting impedance meter circuitry  426  with the magnetic structure  406  of the write head  402 . 
         [0038]    With reference now to  FIG. 5 , a write head  502  and soft underlayer  418  can be modeled as a closed circuit  506 . A magnetomotive force such as from the write coil  414  ( FIG. 4 ) can be modeled as a voltage potential  508  applied to the circuit  506 . The reluctance of the write pole  408  (R WP ) can be modeled as a resistor  510 . Similarly, the reluctance of the return pole  410  (R RP ) can be modeled as a resistor  512 . The reluctance of the soft underlayer  418  (R SUL ) can be modeled as a resistor  514 . The reluctance of the gap between the return pole  410  and the soft underlayer  418  (head to soft underlayer spacing at the return pole (R HUS-RP )) can be modeled as a resistor  516 . Similarly, the reluctance of the gap between the write pole  408  and soft underlayer  418  (head to soft underlayer spacing at the write pole (R HUS-WP )) can De modeled as a resistor  518 . A change in head to soft underlayer spacing results in a change in reluctance that can be modeled as a change in resistance of the resistors  516 ,  518 . As discussed above, a change in head to soft underlayer spacing results in a change in reluctance which results in a change in flux flow through the write head  502 . Therefore, this resulting change in current can be modeled as a change in current through the circuit as a result of the change resistance of the resistors  516 ,  518 . The change in inductance can be measured with an impedance meter. 
         [0039]    With reference now to  FIG. 6 , the relationship between write coil current and a change in inductance is graphically illustrated. The write coil current is shown as the base to peak current through the write coil. As can be seen, this relationship between write coil current and inductance change is for a particular change in head to soft underlayer spacing. A different change in head to soft, underlayer spacing will have a different relationship between write coil current and percentage of inductance change (and a different slope). This difference in relationship can be used to determine the head to soft layer spacing. 
         [0040]    With reference to  FIG. 7  a system for monitoring head to soft underlayer spacing is shown schematically. A circuit used to measure the inductance of the write head can be similar to a circuit used in a network analyzer. Data recording channel circuitry  702  generates sinusoidal write current through the writer amplifier electronics (AE Writer)  704  and also sends a reference signal to a mixer/phase detector  706 . The excitation current from arm electronics circuitry  704  passes to the head through and then to a directional coupler  708 , and the voltage reflected from the head  710  is deflected through directional coupler to a mixer/phase detector  706 . The amplitude of the reflected voltage from the head is proportional to the change of the inductance. 
         [0041]    Therefore, as described above, it can be seen that the present invention provides a method for directly measuring write head to soft underlayer spacing in a perpendicular magnetic data recording system. Furthermore, this measurement of write head to soft underlayer spacing can be performed with very little additional manufacturing complexity or cost. The measurement of write head to soft underlayer spacing can be used to control an active fly height control system such as a thermal fly height control system such as that described above that controls write pole protrusion by using a heating element near or adjacent to the write pole. 
         [0042]    With reference to  FIG. 8 , a method for maintaining a desired soft underlayer spacing is described. First, in a step  702 , a magnetic data recording system is provided such as that described above. Then, in a step  704 , the magnetic data recording system is operated such that the write head flies over the magnetic medium, being separated from the soft underlayer by a first soft underlayer spacing. Then, in a step  706  the magnetic inductance of the write head is measured, and in a step  708 , the first soft underlayer spacing is determined based on the inductance of the write head. Then, in a step  710 , a fly height control mechanism such as thermal fly height control circuitry, which may include a heating element is used to adjust the write pole protrusion to maintain a second, desired, soft underlayer spacing. 
         [0043]    While various embodiments have been described, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Other embodiments falling within the scope of the invention may also become apparent to those skilled in the art. Thus, the breadth and scope of the invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.