Abstract:
Disclosed are antibodies that bind to the antigenic proteins GroES, RpIL, GroEL, SodB, UbiG, the ABC transporter, and an expressed antigenic protein of unknown function (the “BepA” protein) of  Bartonella henselae , and use of these antigenic proteins in immunoassays in order to determine whether a sample from a subject contains one or more of these antibodies. Presence of such an antibody in the subject indicates that the subject is or was infected with  Bartonella henselae , or indicates that the subject has an increased likelihood of being infected presently or in the past with  Bartonella henselae . Also disclosed are kits for performing immunoassays, wherein each kit contains one or more of these antigenic proteins and also contains the reagents necessary for conducting an immunoassay.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 12/075,036, file Mar. 7, 2008 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,727,711, which is a divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 11/418,409, filed May 3, 2006 now abandoned, which claims benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/684,707, filed May 26, 2005. The entire contents of each of the above-referenced patent applications are hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention is broadly concerned with antibodies specific to antigens of  Bartonella henselae  and use of these antigens in immunoassays. More particularly, the present invention relates to antibodies specific to the GroES protein, the RpIL protein, an expressed protein of unknown function (the “BepA” protein), the GroEL protein, the SodB protein, the UbiG protein, and the ABC transporter protein of  Bartonella henselae , and use of these antigenic proteins in immunoassays in order to determine whether a patient is or was infected with  Bartonella henselae.    
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Epidemiological, serological, and molecular studies have implicated  Bartonella henselae  as the primary causative agent of Cat Scratch Disease (CSD), a frequent self-limiting zoonotic condition which is transferred from cat scratches or bites to people (Bergmans, A. M., J. W. Groothedde, J. F. Schellekens, J. D. van Embden, J. M. Ossewaarde, and L. M. Schouls. 1995. Etiology of cat scratch disease: comparison of polymerase chain reaction detection of  Bartonella  (formerly  Rochalimaea ) and  Afipia felis  DNA with serology and skin tests. J. Infect. Dis. 171:916-23). Development of CSD is common with a reported incidence rate of 0.77 to 0.86 cases per 100,000 people. 
     In the United States, approximately 22,000 people develop CSD annually (Koehler, J. E., C. A. Glaser, and J. W. Tappero. 1994 . Rochalimaea henselae  infection. A new zoonosis with the domestic cat as reservoir. JAMA 271:531-5; Peter, J. B., M. Boyle, M. Patnaik, T. L. Hadfield, N. E. Barka, W. A. Schwartzman, and R. S. Penny. 1994. Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy and non-Hodgkin&#39;s lymphoma in AIDS: association with  Rochalimaea henselae  infection. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 1:115-6). Approximately 11% of CSD cases are atypical and symptoms can include granulomatous conjunctivitis, oculoglandular syndrome, tonsillitis, visceral granulomatous disease, encephalitis, and cerebral arteritis (Schwartzman, W. A. 1992. Infections due to  Rochalimaea : the expanding clinical spectrum. Clin. Infect. Dis. 15:893-900). 
     Cats serve as a major reservoir of  Bartonella henselae . Pathogen analyses of domesticated cats in the United States have estimated that approximately 28% are chronically infected with  Bartonella henselae  with no obvious clinical symptoms (Kordick, D. L., K. H. Wilson, D. J. Sexton, T. L. Hadfield, H. A. Berkhoff, and E. B. Breitschwerdt. 1995. Prolonged  Bartonella  bacteremia in cats associated with cat-scratch disease patients. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:3245-51). 
     Infection with  Bartonella henselae  in significant cases can result in bacillary angiomatitis or endocarditis. Children and immunocompromised individuals are especially vulnerable to this bacterium. In immunocompromised patients, including those who have been infected with HIV-1 and have developed AIDS, infection with  Bartonella henselae  can result in bacillary angiomatosis or peliosis hepatis and may also include visceral involvement (Fournier, P. E., and D. Raoult. 1998. Cat scratch disease and an overview of other  Bartonella henselae  related infections, p. 32-62. In A. Schmidt (ed.),  Bartonella  and  Afipia  species emphasizing  Bartonella henselae . Karger, Basel, Switzerland.). The U.S. Public Health Service and the Infectious Diseases Society of America have recognized the risk of contracting Bartonellosis, especially in immunocompromised HIV-1 infected individuals, and have published suggested guidelines for cat ownership as feline-to-human transmission of  Bartonella henselae  is the most commonly recognized route (Kaplan, J. E., H. Masur, and K. K. Holmes. 2002. Guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections among HIV-infected persons—2002. Recommendations of the U.S. Public Health Service and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm. Rep. 51:1-52.). 
       Bartonella  spp. also have been found in 39% of deer ticks (species:  Ixodes scapularis ) (Adelson, M. E., R. S. Rao, R. C. Tilton, K. Cabets, E. Eskow, L. Fein, J. C. Occi, and E. Mordechai. 2004. Prevalence of  Borrelia burgdorferi, Bartonella  spp.,  Babesia microti , and  Anaplasma phagocytophila  in  Ixodes scapularis  ticks collected in Northern New Jersey. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42:2799-801). This information, in conjunction with a clinical case study in which patients were co-infected with  Borrelia burgdorferi , the causative agent of Lyme Disease, and  Bartonella henselae , suggests that tick bites may serve as an additional method of  Bartonella henselae  transmission (Eskow, E., R. V. Rao, and E. Mordechai. 2001. Concurrent infection of the central nervous system by  Borrelia burgdorferi  and  Bartonella henselae : evidence for a novel tick-borne disease complex. Arch. Neurol. 58:1357-63). 
     Current clinical diagnostics rely on culturing, immunofluorescence assay (“IFA”), and polymerase chain reaction (“PCR”) technologies. The culturing of  Bartonella  from blood samples is technically challenging and is a low-yield procedure. Recommended growth conditions include lengthy incubation periods of at least twenty-one days on Columbia blood agar plates (Raoult, D., and R. Tilton. 1999. Dictionary of Infectious Diseases. Elsevier Publishing, New York; Spach, D. H., and J. E. Koehler. 1998.  Bartonella -associated infections. Infect. Dis. Clin. North. Am. 12:137-55). Culturing of  Bartonella  is therefore not considered an effective and reproducible diagnostic procedure to detect  Bartonella  spp. infections. 
       Bartonella henselae  IFAs have high sensitivity and specificity. However, cross-reactivity with other human pathogens, including  Coxiella burnetii, Chlamydia  spp.,  Rickettsia rickettsii, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Treponema pallidum, Francisella tularensis , and  Mycoplasma pneumoniae  has been reported (Cooper, M. D., M. R. Hollingdale, J. W. Vinson, and J. Costa. 1976. A passive hemagglutination test for diagnosis of trench fever due to  Rochalimaea quintana . J. Infect. Dis. 134:605-9.; Drancourt, M., J. L. Mainardi, P. Brouqui, F. Vandenesch, A. Carta, F. Lehnert, J. Etienne, F. Goldstein, J. Acar, and D. Raoult. 1995.  Bartonella  ( Rochalimaea )  quintana  endocarditis in three homeless men.  N. Engl. J. Med.  332:41923.; McGill, S. L., R. L. Regnery, and K. L. Karem. 1998. Characterization of human immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype and IgG subclass response to  Bartonella henselae  infection. Infect. Immun. 66:5915-20.). In addition, IFAs rely heavily on technicians for the determination of test results which introduces subjectivity into the interpretation of these test results, are time-consuming to score, and require expensive fluorescent microscopes. 
       Bartonella  PCR amplifies the 16S rRNA gene which permits the simultaneous detection of DNA from  Bartonella henselae, Bartonella quintana, Bartonella bacilliformis, Bartonella elizabethae , and  Bartonella clarridgeiae  (Bergmans, A. M., J. W. Groothedde, 3. F. Schellekens, J. D. van Embden, J. M. Ossewaarde, and L. M. Schouls. 1995. Etiology of cat scratch disease: comparison of polymerase chain reaction detection of  Bartonella  (formerly  Rochalimaea ) and  Afipia felis  DNA with serology and skin tests. J. Infect. Dis. 171:916-23). While allowing for species-specific identification, PCR requires the presence of  Bartonella  organisms or DNA in the tested sample. 
     The antibody response to  Bartonella henselae  has been studied in several different types of mammals; however, in order to develop sensitive and accurate serological assays, for example, the human antibody response to  Bartonella henselae  needs to be elucidated in detail. Identification of antigenic proteins, particularly, is of paramount importance to the creation of improved clinical diagnostics. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides the antigenic proteins noted in the preceding paragraph, wherein these proteins are useful, for example, in immunoassays capable of detecting antibodies specific to  Bartonella henselae.    
     More specifically, the present invention is directed to an isolated antibody capable of binding to an antigen, wherein the antigen consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, or SEQ ID NO:18. In an embodiment, the antibody is human. In another embodiment, the antibody is polyclonal. 
     The present invention also is drawn to a kit containing (a) an isolated antigen comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, or SEQ ID NO:18 and (b) the reagents necessary for conducting an immunoassay, wherein the immunoassay is capable of detecting the presence of an antibody in a sample, wherein the antibody is capable of binding to an antigen consisting of the amino, acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17 or SEQ ID NO:18. In an embodiment, the immunoassay is an IFA. In another embodiment, the immunoassay is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (“ELISA”). In yet another embodiment, the isolated antigen in (a) consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17 or SEQ ID NO:18. 
     The present invention also relates to a method for determining whether a subject contains an antibody capable of binding to an antigen consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, or SEQ ID NO:18 comprising (a) conducting an immunoassay on a sample from the subject, and (b) determining that the subject contains the antibody if the results of the immunoassay indicate that the antibody is present in the sample, or determining that the subject does not contain the antibody if the results of the immunoassay indicate that the antibody is not present in the sample. In an embodiment, the subject is human. In another embodiment, the immunoassay is an IFA. In yet another embodiment, the immunoassay is an ELISA. 
     The present invention also pertains to a method for determining whether a subject has an increased likelihood of being infected presently or in the past with  Bartonella henselae  comprising (a) conducting an immunoassay on a sample from the subject, and (b) determining that the subject has an increased likelihood of being infected presently or in the past with  Bartonella henselae  if the results of the immunoassay indicate that an antibody is present in the sample, or determining that the subject does not have an increased likelihood of being infected presently or in the past with  Bartonella henselae  if the results of the immunoassay indicate that the antibody is not present in the sample, wherein the antibody is capable of binding to an antigen consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17 or SEQ ID NO:18. In an embodiment, the subject is human. In another embodiment, the immunoassay is an IFA. In yet another embodiment, the immunoassay is an ELISA. 
     The present invention also is drawn to a method for determining whether a subject has a present infection with  Bartonella henselae  or had a past infection with  Bartonella henselae  comprising (a) conducting an immunoassay on a sample from the subject, and (b) determining that the subject has a present infection with  Bartonella henselae  or had a past infection with  Bartonella henselae  if the results of the immunoassay indicate that an antibody is present in the sample, or determining that the subject does not have a present infection with  Bartonella henselae  or did not have a past infection with  Bartonella henselae  if the results of the immunoassay indicate that the antibody is not present in the sample, wherein the antibody is capable of binding to an antigen consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, or SEQ ID NO:18. In an embodiment, the subject is human. In another embodiment, the immunoassay is an IFA. In yet another embodiment, the immunoassay is an ELISA. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a two-dimensional analysis of proteins of  Bartonella henselae . Soluble (A), less soluble (B), and insoluble (C) proteins derived from  Bartonella henselae  were separated based on isoelectric point (pI 5-8) and molecular weight. Gels were stained with Coomassie Blue. The soluble fractions were also separated using a larger pI range (3-10) (D) to visualize the majority of proteins found in  Bartonella henselae.    
         FIG. 2  illustrates the reactivity of patient serum (A) and normal serum (B) to the soluble fraction of  Bartonella henselae . Western blots shown are representative blots of fourteen patient sera and seven normal sera. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates the localization of  Bartonella henselae  proteins selected for further analysis. Coomassie-Blue stained two-dimensional SDS-PAGE gel with spots yielding greater than 63% reactivity to patient sera are circled and given an arbitrary letter designation for future reference. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a Coomassie-Blue stained gel of purified recombinant proteins. One μg of each of recombinant GroEL, recombinant GroES, recombinant BepA, recombinant RpIL, and recombinant SodB were run on a 15% SDS-PAGE gel and stained with Coomassie Blue to demonstrate purity of these recombinant proteins. In the figure, the symbol “r” stands for the word “recombinant.” 
         FIG. 5  illustrates serum IgG reactivity to recombinant GroEL, recombinant SodB, recombinant BepA, recombinant RpIL, and recombinant GroES. These proteins were mixed in equal concentrations, and loaded into each lane of a 15% SDS-PAGE gel. After transfer, membranes were exposed to either patient sera (P) or normal sera (N). Bound antibodies were detected with anti-human IgG-horse-radish peroxidase (“HRP”). Blots shown are representative. In the figure, the symbol “r” stands for the word “recombinant.” 
         FIG. 6  illustrates human serum IgG reactivity to recombinant GroEL, recombinant RpIL, and recombinant 17 kDa antigen. Recombinant GroEL, recombinant RpIL, and recombinant 17 kDa antigen were mixed in equal concentrations, and loaded into each lane of a 15% SDS-PAGE gel. After transfer, membranes were exposed to either patient sera (P) or normal sera (N). Bound antibodies were detected with antihuman IgG-HRP. Blots shown are representative. In the figure, the symbol “r” stands for the word “recombinant.” 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a reactive epitope of RpIL. Recombinant RpIL was digested overnight with endoproteinase Arg-C. rRpIL that had not undergone digestion (−) and rRpIL that had (+) were loaded in equal amounts onto a 16.5% Tris-Tricine gel (A). After transfer, membranes were exposed to either patient sera (P) or normal sera (N). Bound antibodies were detected with anti-human IgG-HRP (B). Blots shown are representative. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following examples illustrate the discovery that the GroES protein, the RpIL protein, the BepA protein, the GroEL protein, the SodB protein, the UbiG protein, and the ABC transporter protein produced by  Bartonella henselae  are each antigenic. Each of these antigens can be used in an immunoassay to determine whether a subject possesses an antibody that binds to it. These examples are set forth by way of illustration only, and nothing therein shall be taken as a limitation upon the overall scope of the invention. 
     Techniques applicable to the present invention are described in Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, 5 th  edition, Volumes 1 and 2, 2002, Edited by Frederick M. Ausubel et al., John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc., Hoboken, N.J., the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference; Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, 3 rd  edition, 1997, Edited by Frederick M. Ausubel et al., John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference; Short Protocols in Immunology, 2005, Edited by John E. Coligan et al., John Wiley &amp; Sons, Hoboken, N.J., the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference; and The Immunoassay Handbook, 3 rd  Edition, 2005, Edited by David Wild, Elsevier, Amsterdam, San Diego, Calif., Oxford, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     Example 1 
       Bartonella henselae  Proteome 
       Bartonella henselae  proteins were isolated from cultures of  Bartonella henselae  Houston-1 . Bartonella henselae  was grown to an optical density of 0.3 in 200 ml of BBH-H media at 37° C., shaking at 180 rpm, for five days (Chenoweth, M. R., G. A. Somerville, D. C. Krause, K. L. O&#39;Reilly, and F. C. Gherardini. 2004. Growth characteristics of  Bartonella henselae  in a novel liquid medium: primary isolation, growth phase-dependent phage induction, and metabolic studies. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:656-63). The presence of  Bartonella henselae  in the culture was verified by an in-house PCR developed against the  Bartonella henselae  16S rRNA. Culture pellets obtained by centrifugation were resuspended in PBS and sonicated. The soluble fraction was desalted using a desalting kit (BioRad, Hercules, Calif.) and resuspended in 8 M urea, 2% CHAPS, 40 mM DTT, 0.2% Bio-Lyte 3/10 ampholyte. The protein concentration was determined by a reducing agent-compatible detergent-compatible (“RC DC”) assay (BioRad, Hercules, Calif.). 
     Three different protein fractions were obtained based on protein solubilities. Fraction 1 contained proteins with the highest solubility and 2-3 times the amount of protein isolated in fraction 2, which contained proteins of intermediate solubility. Fraction 3 contained proteins less soluble than those in fraction 2 and yielded 2-3 times less protein than that isolated in fraction 2. 
     Proteins from each fraction were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. 180 μg of protein were loaded onto pH 3-10 immobilized pH gradient (“IPG”) strips (BioRad, Hercules, Calif.) during overnight passive gel rehydration. Isoelectric Focusing (“IEF”) was performed under standard conditions. Focused IEF strips were equilibrated for 15 minutes in 6 M urea, 2% SDS, 0.05 M Tris/HCI, 20% glycerol, 2% DTT and then 15 minutes in 6 M urea, 2% SDS, 0.05 M Tris/HCI, 20% glycerol, 2.5% iodoacetamide and then overlayed onto a 8-15% gradient SDS-PAGE gel (BioRad, Hercules, Calif.). The gels were run for 65 minutes at 200V. 
     Separations utilized a narrow pH range (5-8) and demonstrated a decrease in the number of proteins concomitant with a decrease in solubility. Computer analysis using PDQuest™ (BioRad, Hercules, Calif.) identified over 900 protein spots in fraction 1, 358 spots in fraction 2, and 138 spots in fraction 3 ( FIG. 1A-C ). Fraction 1 required minimal processing and smaller amounts of  Bartonella henselae  culture to prepare and still yielded a significant number of spots. Hence, fraction 1 was pursued further in these studies. Use of IPG strips with a pH 3-10 resulted in an increase in the number of proteins observed in fraction 1 to more than 1000 spots ( FIG. 1D ). 
     Spots of interest were excised from Coomassie-Blue stained gels and sent for Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry “MALDI-MS” peptide fingerprinting. This resulted in identification of proteins of interest. The genes encoding these proteins were subsequently amplified from  Bartonella henselae  DNA and ligated into a pET30 Ek/LIC expression vector (EMD Biosciences, San Diego, Calif.) (Table 1). Protein expression by transformed DH5α cells was induced using the Overnight Express™ AutoInduction System (EMD Biosciences, San Diego, Calif.). Proteins were purified by two passages over a nickelnitrilotriacetic acid (“Ni-NTA”) resin column (EMD Biosciences, San Diego, Calif.). After completion of buffer exchange into PBS, the proteins were concentrated. Final protein concentrations were determined by bicinchoninic acid (“BCA”) assay. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Primers used for cloning of  Bartonella   henselae   
               
               
                 genetic material into the pET3OEK/LIC vector. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Protein 
                 Forward Primer 
                 Reverse Primer 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GroEL 
                 5′-GACGACGACAAGATGGCT 
                 5′-GAGGAGAAGCCCGGTTT 
               
               
                   
                 GCTAAAGAAGTGAAGTTTGG 
                 AGAAGTCCATGCCGCCCA-3′ 
               
               
                   
                 C-3′ 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 2) 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GroES 
                 5′-GACGACGACAAGATGGCT 
                 5′-GAGGAGAAGCCCGGTTA 
               
               
                   
                 AACATACAAT-3′ 
                 ACCCAAAATCCCCATAA-3′ 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 3) 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 4) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BepA 
                 5′-GACGACGACAAGATGAT 
                 5′-GAGGAGAAGCCCGGTT 
               
               
                   
                 AAGAAAAACAGTTCCCAA-3′ 
                 TAGCCTTTTAGGGTTT-3′ 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 5) 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 6) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 RpIL 
                 5′-GACGACGACAAGATGGCT 
                 5′-GAGGAGAAGCCCGGTTT 
               
               
                   
                 GATCTAGCGAAGA-3′ 
                 ATTTAAGTTCAACTTTAGC 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 7) 
                 A-3′ 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 8) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SodB 
                 5′-GACGACGACAAGATGGCT 
                 5′-GAGGAGAAGCCCGGTTT 
               
               
                   
                 TTTGAACTAGCACCTT-3′ 
                 AAAGTCCGCAATCTTCAT 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 9) 
                 A-3′ 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 10) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 2 
     Reactivity of Patient Sera to  Bartonella henselae  Soluble Proteins 
     In order to determine which  Bartonella henselae  proteins can bind to antibodies, Western blots were performed using a two-dimensional map of fraction 1 using patient and normal human sera.  Bartonella henselae  IFA positive and negative human serum samples were purchased from Dr. D. Raoult (Universite de la Mediterranee, France) and from Focus Diagnostics (Cypress, Calif.). Serum samples with  Bartonella henselae  WA titers 1:64 were considered positive sera, samples with IFA titers &lt;1:64 were considered negative sera. All serum samples were verified in-house by IFA (Focus Diagnostics, Cypress, Calif.) prior to use. 
     Western blotting was performed using a standard protocol. Briefly, proteins were electrophoretically transferred from SDS-PAGE gels onto polyvinyldine difluoride (“PVDF”) membranes. Transfer was performed at 100V for 60 minutes. After transfer, the membranes were stained with RedAlert™ (EMD Biosciences, San Diego, Calif.). The membranes were washed in PBS-Tween 20 and exposed to a 1:500 dilution of either normal or patient sera diluted in 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA)-PBS-Tween 20 for one hour. After washing of the membrane, anti-human IgG-HRP (KPL, Gaithersburg, Md.) was added at a dilution of 1:2000 in 1% BSA-PBS-Tween 20. 0.5 mg/ml 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB; Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) was then added. After exposure to substrate, the blots were imaged and analyzed by the software package PDQuest™. 
     Analysis of fourteen patient ( Bartonella henselae  IFA-positive) sera revealed reactivity to many  Bartonella henselae  proteins ( FIG. 2A ). In contrast, the seven normal ( Bartonella henselae  IFA-negative) sera tested demonstrated minimal reactivity to  Bartonella henselae  spots ( FIG. 2B ). Surprisingly, comparison of spot reactivities by PDQuest™ between all patient sera tested demonstrated no common protein reactivity between all samples. However, at least seven spots demonstrated reactivity to greater than 64% of the patient sera tested ( FIG. 3  and Table 2). These spots reacted to 0-14% of the normal sera tested (Table 2). 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Reactivity of patient ( Bartonella henselae  IFA positive) and 
               
               
                 normal ( Bartonella henselae  IFA negative) sera to noted spots. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Spot 
                 Patient Sera 
                 Normal Sera 
               
               
                 Designation 
                 (% reactivity) 
                 (% reactivity) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 A 
                 10/14 (71%)  
                 1/7 (14%) 
               
               
                 B 
                 12/14 (86%)  
                 1/7 (14%) 
               
               
                 E 
                 9/14 (64%) 
                 0/7 (0%)  
               
               
                 F 
                 9/14 (64%) 
                 0/7 (0%)  
               
               
                 G 
                 9/14 (64%) 
                 0/7 (0%)  
               
               
                 H 
                 10/14 (71%)  
                 1/7 (14%) 
               
               
                 J 
                 9/14 (64%) 
                 1/7 (14%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 3 
     Identification of Reactive Spots 
     Protein spots were excised from a Coomassie-Blue stained gel, and subjected to trypsin digestion and identification by MALDI-MS. Comparison of the molecular weights of the resultant trypsin fragments to the expected molecular weights of the digestion products from the  Bartonella henselae  genome sequence revealed the identities of these proteins (Table 3). Spot A was identified as GroES, a chaperonin. Spot B was identified as RpIL, the L7/L12 segment of the 50S ribosome subunit. Spots E and F were identified as BepA, which has an unknown function. Spot G was identified as GroEL, a heat shock protein. Spot H was identified as SodB, a superoxide dismutase, and also was identified as UbiG, a chaperonin and a heat shock protein. Spot J was identified as the ABC transporter. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Properties of identified proteins. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Spot 
                   
                 Accession 
                 MW 
                   
                 Gene Size 
                 Putative 
                 SEQ ID 
               
               
                 Designation 
                 Protein 
                 No. 
                 (kDa) 
                 pI 
                 (bp) 
                 Function 
                 NO: 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 A 
                 GroES 
                 49476035 
                 10.7 
                 5.23 
                 297 
                 chaperonin 
                 11 
               
               
                 B 
                 RpIL 
                 49475397 
                 12.7 
                 4.61 
                 369 
                 50S ribosomal 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 protein L7/L12 
               
               
                 E, F 
                 BepA 
                 49476039 
                 19.7 
                 6.15 
                 525 
                 unknown 
                 13 
               
               
                 G 
                 GroEL 
                 6226790 
                 57.6 
                 4.91 
                 1644 
                 chaperonin, heat 
                 14 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 shock protein 
               
               
                 H 
                 SodB 
                 49475260 
                 23.1 
                 5.75 
                 600 
                 superoxide 
                 15 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 dismutase 
               
               
                 H 
                 UbiG 
                 49475201 
                 28 
                 7.35 
                 741 
                 3-dimethyl 
                 16 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 ubiquinone-93- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 methyltrans- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 ferase 
               
               
                 J 
                 ABC 
                 49475425 
                 28.2 
                 5.41 
                 750 
                 periplasmic 
                 17 
               
               
                   
                 Trans- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 amino acid- 
               
               
                   
                 porter 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 binding protein 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The amino acid sequence of each of the GroES, RpIL, BepA, GroEL, SodB, UbiG, and the ABC transporter proteins was previously published (see Table 3 for the respective accession numbers). The gene encoding each of the GroEL, GroES, BepA, RpIL, and SodB proteins was cloned and expressed with an N-terminal histidine tag that allowed for purification over an Ni 2+  column. After purification, protein fractions were run on an SDS-PAGE gel which revealed an estimated purity of greater than 90% for each protein isolated ( FIG. 4 ). 
     Example 4 
     Western Analysis of Patient Sera to Select  Bartonella henselae  Proteins 
     Western analysis of two-dimensional gels revealed the overall reactivity of patient sera to  Bartonella henselae  suggesting five proteins for further study (GroES, GroEL, SodB, RpIL, and BepA). In order to determine the reactivity of sera to these proteins, recombinant GroES, recombinant GroEL, recombinant SodB, recombinant RpIL, and recombinant BepA were simultaneously separated by one-dimensional SDS-PAGE gels and subsequently electrophoretically transferred to PVDF membranes. Individual lanes containing all of the chosen proteins were screened with either patient or normal sera ( FIG. 5 ). Patient sera demonstrated reactivity to all proteins in various combinations. However, normal serum demonstrated recognition of recombinant SodB and recombinant BepA. Recombinant SodB and recombinant BepA were not analyzed further due to this reactivity. 
     A subsequent Western blot was produced that combined recombinant GroEL, recombinant RpIL, and the recombinant 17 kDa protein. The 17 kDa protein has been previously used in an ELISA to determine if patients have an antibody response to  Bartonella henselae ; although normal sera did not demonstrate greater than background reactivity to the 17 kDa protein, not all patient sera contain antibodies to this protein (Loa, C. C., E. Mordechai, R. C. Tilton, and M. E. 2006. Adelson. Production of recombinant  Bartonella henselae  17 kDa protein for antibody-capture ELISA. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. In Press). Utilization of recombinant GroEL, recombinant RpIL and recombinant 17 kDa protein in combination resulted in recognition of at least one band by twenty-four of twenty-eight patient sera and seven of twenty-one normal sera ( FIG. 6 ). Thus, this Western blot has a sensitivity of 85.7% and a specificity of 66.7%. 
     Example 5 
     Proteolytic and Chemical Digestion of RpIL 
     In an effort to localize the immunodominant and cross-reactive regions of RpIL and impart increased specificity to the Western blot assay, digestions of recombinant RpIL were performed. Recombinant RpIL (18 μg) was digested with 29 μg 3-bromo-2-(2-nitrophenylsulfenyl)skatol (“BNPS-skatol”) (MP Biomedicals, Irvine, Calif.) in 100% acetic acid overnight at 47° C. The reaction was stopped by the addition of 24 μl of ddH2O. Recombinant RpIL (55 μg) was incubated with 1 μg endoproteinase Arg-C (Calbiochem, San Diego, Calif.), activation solution (5 mM DTT, 0.5 mM EDTA) and incubation solution (0.1 M Tris HCI, 0.01 M CaCl 2 ). The reaction was incubated overnight at 37° C. 
     Based on sequence analysis, chemical digestion with BNPS-skatol cleaves recombinant RpIL at one site (after the amino acid residue at position 73) resulting in fragments of approximately 8200 and 9400 Da in size. Proteolytic digestion with endoproteinase Arg-C results in cleavage at three sites (after the amino acid residues at positions 14, 28, and 119) resulting in fragments of approximately 1700, 1500, 9500, and 4900 Da in size. Recombinant RpIL was digested using these two methods, which resulted in fragments of the appropriate size (data not shown). Subsequent Western analysis was performed utilizing patient and normal human sera ( FIG. 7 ). Cleavage with BNPS-skatol did not provide any additional evidence for the localization of epitopes. However, patient sera appeared to bind most frequently to an approximately 10 kDa fragment that resulted from endoproteinase Arg-C digestion of rRpIL (see SEQ ID NO:18 for the amino acid sequence of this 10 kDa fragment). Ten of eleven patient sera bound to a 10 kDa digestion product, while three of twelve normal sera bound. 
     Example 6 
     ELISA Analysis 
     In order to provide a semi-quantitative result, ELISAs using recombinant proteins as the solid phase were developed. Purified proteins diluted in coating buffer (0.015 M Na 2 CO 3 , 0.035 M NaHCO 3  (pH 9.6)) were used to coat 96-well Immulon 2 high-binding plates (DYNEX Technologies, Chantilly, Va.). Recombinant GroES, recombinant GroEL, recombinant RpIL, and recombinant BepA were used at 0.25, 0.25, 0.01, and 2 μg/ml, respectively, to coat plates. After overnight incubation at 4° C., the plates were washed with PBS-Tween 20, blocked with 1% BSA for one hour at 37° C., and washed again. Dilutions of serum in 1% bovine serum albumin were added and then incubated for one hour at 37° C. Antigen-specific antibodies were detected by goat anti-human IgG-HRP (KPL, Gaithersburg, Md.) and developed with 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (“TMB”) (Moss, Pasadena, Md.) for fifteen minutes. The reaction was stopped with 1N HCI and the absorbance at 450 nm was recorded after a standardized period of ten minutes. 
     An ELISA using recombinant RpIL as the coating antigen demonstrated reactivity to fourteen of eighteen patient sera and seven of seventeen normal sera. This ELISA exhibited a sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 59% (Table 4). Sixteen of twenty patient sera and fourteen of twenty normal sera demonstrated reactivity by recombinant GroEL ELISA. Recombinant GroES ELISA demonstrated reactivity with sixteen of twenty patient sera and seventeen of twenty normal sera. An ELISA using recombinant BepA as the coating antigen demonstrated reactivity to twelve of fourteen patient sera and five of nine normal sera. Sensitivities and specificities of ELISAs based on these proteins were determined (Table 4). 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Sensitivities and specificities of ELISAs using 
               
               
                 various recombinant proteins as coating antigens. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Recombinant Protein 
                 Sensitivity (%) 
                 Specificity (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 recombinant GroES 
                 80 
                 15 
               
               
                   
                 recombinant RpIL 
                 78 
                 59 
               
               
                   
                 recombinant BepA 
                 86 
                 44 
               
               
                   
                 recombinant GroEL 
                 80 
                 30