Abstract:
The invention is a rotational sensor to sense an object&#39;s angle and methods to analyse the sensor output. The sensor has a first emitting source, to either emit onto, or from the object, a first receiving sensor, to receive emissions from the first emitting source, either directly or indirectly, the emissions received dependent on said angle, first receiving sensor outputting a first signal a course measurement of the angle. Also present is a second emitting source, to emit onto, or from the object and a second receiving sensor, to receive emissions from the second emitting source, either directly or indirectly the emissions received again dependent on said angle, second receiving sensor outputting a second signal, as a fine measurement of the angle. A method of use of the sensor is disclosed together with a method of combining the fine and course measurements to output a signal with zero error.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to rotational sensors. More particularly, the invention relates to a rotational sensor that may be used in, for example but not limited to, a training aid which simulates movement of a virtual endoscope in a virtual human or animal body passageway or cavity, and which preferably provides for improved realism and/or accuracy in the simulated path in the virtual space when compared to the movements of the user. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Endoscopy is a minimally invasive diagnostic medical procedure used to view interior parts of the body, such as the interior or exterior surfaces of organs, joints or cavities. It enables physicians to peer through the body&#39;s passageways. An endoscope typically uses two fibre optic lines. The first, a “light fibre”, carries light to the region of the body to be viewed. The second, an “image fibre”, carries the image of the region back to the physician&#39;s viewing lens or, where desired, to a camera so that the image may be displayed on a screen. 
         [0003]    There are also other endoscopes that rely on camera technology at the end of the scope, and are sometimes referred to as are videoendoscopes. These have small digital cameras rather than optical fibre bundles. The video bronchoscope has a built in camera which is transmitted to a viewing screen. 
         [0004]    The portion of the endoscope inserted into the body may be sheathed in a rigid or flexible tube, depending upon the medical procedure. One or more lenses may be provided at the end of the endoscope to enhance image capture and/or illumination of the body region. Ports may be provided to for administering drugs, suction, irrigation, and introducing small instruments. 
         [0005]    For applications such as bronchoscopy, the tube must be sufficiently flexible to allow it to be accommodated in body passageways without undue discomfort or injury to patients under examination, but must be rigid enough to cause it to move through passageways without bunching up. Physicians operate an endoscope by controlling how far the tube is inserted in the body cavity, the rotation of the tube and also the bending of the tube along its length. 
         [0006]    The tips of endoscopes may be selectively bendable in at least one direction so that the tip may be pointed in a desired direction. Through control of the bend of the tip and rotation of the endoscope tube, the tip of the endoscope may pass through bends in the interior passageways without the tip directly impinging on the walls. This also facilitates the desired path to be selected at a junction, e.g. where the trachea meets the left and right bronchi. 
         [0007]    A physician may practice procedures on a patient but this is not desired, at least during early stages of training as inexperienced operators may injure a patient or damage the equipment (endoscopes are fragile, complex and expensive to replace). 
         [0008]    Physical models of passageways or “airway mannequins” may be used in place of patients but these suffer from difficulty in accurately mimicking the contour and surface characteristics of the passageways. It is generally necessary to use genuine endoscopes with mannequins and so they do not prevent the endoscopes being damaged and the associated cost. Also, they remove endoscopes from clinical use and raise sterility concerns. The mannequins themselves are expensive and limited in that each mannequin is modelled on a particular type of patient (e.g. paediatric versus adult). Thus, it is necessary to obtain a variety of mannequins or for physicians to practice in an environment which differs from that of a patient to be operated on. To overcome these problems, simulators have been created which avoid the use of an actual endoscope. For example simulators of varying types are shown in GB-A-2,252,656, WO-A-96/30885, WO 2009/008750 and the simulation software High Techsplantations&#39; Telios. The physically based simulators generally rely on use of an endoscope, or a close facsimile thereof, which is slid into an aperture in a simulation box. Within the box are sensors to detect rotation and movement of the endoscope. These then feed the sensor outputs via a cable or wireless connection to a computer. The computer then translates these sensor outputs into movements on screen which the operator can then use to control the endoscope and practice. 
         [0009]    Physical models of passageways or “airway mannequins” may be used in place of patients but these suffer from difficulty in accurately mimicking the contour and surface characteristics of the passageways. It is generally necessary to use genuine endoscopes with mannequins and so they do not prevent the endoscopes being damaged and the associated cost. Also, they remove endoscopes from clinical use and raise sterility concerns. The mannequins themselves are expensive and limited in that each mannequin is modelled on a particular type of patient (e.g. paediatric versus adult). Thus, it is necessary to obtain a variety of mannequins or for physicians to practice in an environment which differs from that of a patient to be operated on. 
         [0010]    To overcome these problems, simulators have been created which avoid the use of an actual endoscope. For example simulators of varying types are shown in GB-A-2,252,656, WO-A-96/30885, WO 2009/008750 and the simulation software High Techsplantations&#39; Telios. The physically based simulators generally rely on use of an endoscope, or a close facsimile thereof, which is slid into an aperture in a simulation box. Within the box are sensors to detect rotation and movement of the endoscope. These then feed the sensor outputs via a cable or wireless connection to a computer. The computer then translates these sensor outputs into movements on screen which the operator can then use to control the endoscope and practice. 
         [0011]    In this specification where reference has been made to patent specifications, other external documents, or other sources of information, this is generally for the purpose of providing a context for discussing the features of the invention. Unless specifically stated otherwise, reference to such external documents is not to be construed as an admission that such documents, or such sources of information, in any jurisdiction, are prior art, or form part of the common general knowledge in the art. 
       OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
       [0012]    It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved rotational sensor which may be able to overcome or at least ameliorate the above problems or at least will provide the public with a useful choice. 
         [0013]    Further objects of the invention will become apparent from the following description. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0014]    It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved rotational sensor which may be able to overcome or at least ameliorate the above problems or at least will provide the public with a useful choice. 
         [0015]    Further objects of the invention will become apparent from the following description. 
         [0016]    Preferred and alternative examples of the present invention are described in detail below with reference to the following drawings: 
         [0017]    In a first aspect the present invention may be said to broadly consist in a rotational sensor to sense an angle of an object located nearby said sensor, said sensor comprising or including,
       a. At least one first emitting source, to either emit onto, or from said object,   b. At least one first receiving sensor, to receive emissions from said at least one first emitting source, either directly or indirectly, said emissions received dependent on said angle, said at least one first receiving sensor outputting a first signal, proportionate to said emissions, as a course measurement of said angle,   c. At least one second emitting source, to emit onto, or from said object,   d. At least one second receiving sensor, to receive emissions from said at least one second emitting source, either directly or indirectly, said emissions received dependent on said angle, said at least one second receiving sensor outputting a second signal, proportionate to said emissions, as a fine measurement of said angle,       
 
         [0022]    Wherein said first signal and said second signal are capable of being combined to determine said angle. 
         [0023]    Preferably said at least one first emitting source and said at least one first receiving sensor measure absolute rotation of said object. 
         [0024]    Preferably said at least one second emitting source, and said at least one second receiving sensor measure relative rotation of said object. 
         [0025]    Preferably there is a plurality of said first emitting sources. 
         [0026]    Preferably said plurality of first emitting sources is arranged in an array about said object. 
         [0027]    Preferably there is a plurality of said first receiving sensors. 
         [0028]    Preferably said plurality of first receiving sensors is arranged in an array about said object. 
         [0029]    Preferably said array is a circular array, through which said object can pass. 
         [0030]    Preferably each said first receiving sensor is tuned to its first emitting source, or vice versa. 
         [0031]    Preferably said rotational sensor has a course measurement resolution of 360 degrees divided by twice the number of said first receiving sensors. 
         [0032]    Preferably there are between two and fifteen first receiving sensors. 
         [0033]    Preferably there are seven said first emitting sources. 
         [0034]    Preferably there is a one to one matching of a said first emitting source to a said first receiving sensor. 
         [0035]    Preferably the output of said first and second light receiving sensors is analysed by the method as herein described. 
         [0036]    Preferably said object is an elongate object. 
         [0037]    Preferably said object has a substantially constant external shape. 
         [0038]    Preferably said object is circular in cross-section. 
         [0039]    Preferably said sensor can detect said object having a first emissive property over one surface arc of said object, and a second emissive property over a remainder surface arc of said object, because of said at least one first emitting source, said first and second emissive properties detectable by said at least one first receiving sensor. 
         [0040]    Preferably said first emissive property over said one surface arc runs as a stripe of said first emissive property in a longitudinal direction along said object. 
         [0041]    Preferably said stripe is continuous over said one surface arc and has substantially the same beginning and end angle along said object. 
         [0042]    Preferably said stripe of said first emissive property is over substantially a 90 degree arc of said surface. 
         [0043]    Preferably said first receiving sensor receives light from said first emitting source, either indirectly as a reflection or directly as an emission. 
         [0044]    Preferably said second receiving sensor receives light from said second emitting source, either indirectly as a reflection or directly as an emission. 
         [0045]    Preferably said first emitting source illuminates at least part of a surface of said object and said first receiving source receives said illumination as a reflection from said surface. 
         [0046]    Preferably said second emitting source illuminates at least part of a surface of said object and said second receiving source receives said illumination as a reflection from said surface. 
         [0047]    Preferably said at least one emitting source is a light emitting diode. 
         [0048]    Preferably said at least one first emitting source emits in the infra-red spectrum. 
         [0049]    Preferably said at least one first receiving sensor is a photo-transistor. 
         [0050]    Preferably said at least one first receiving sensor receives in the infra-red spectrum. 
         [0051]    Preferably said at least one second emitting source is a laser based light emitting source. 
         [0052]    Preferably said at least one second receiving sensor has a resolution in excess of 1,000 dots per inch. 
         [0053]    Preferably said at least one second receiving sensor has a resolution of 2,000 dots per inch. 
         [0054]    Preferably said object has an outward presenting or visible surface comprised primarily of two colors, one color over one arc of said surface as said stripe, and the other color over the remainder arc of said surface. 
         [0055]    Preferably said stripe is white and said other color is black. 
         [0056]    Preferably said sensor has at least one connector to transmit said signals. 
         [0057]    Preferably said connector is an electrical connector. 
         [0058]    According to a further aspect the present invention consists in a rotational sensor to sense a rotation of an object located nearby said sensor, said sensor comprising or including, 
         [0059]    At least one first light emitting source, to illuminate at least part of a surface of said object, 
         [0060]    At least one first light receiving sensor, to receive light from said at least one light emitting source, at least some of which is reflected from said object when in front of said light emitting source, wherein the output of said at least first one light receiving sensor is dependent on a change in color of said object, 
         [0061]    At least one second light emitting source, to illuminate at least part of a surface of said object, 
         [0062]    At least one second light receiving sensor to receive at least light from said at least one second light emitting source, 
         [0063]    Wherein said first light receiving sensor receives and outputs a signal proportionate to a first measurement of an angle of said object, and said second light receiving sensor receives and outputs a signal proportionate to a second measurement of an angle of said object. 
         [0064]    Preferably said first measurement is a course measure of the rotation of said object. 
         [0065]    Preferably said second measurement is a fine measure of the rotation of said object. 
         [0066]    Preferably said at least one first light emitting source and said at least one first light receiving sensor measure absolute rotation of said object. 
         [0067]    Preferably said at least one second light emitting source, and said at least one second light emitting sensor measure relative rotation of said object. 
         [0068]    Preferably said at least one light emitting source is a light emitting diode. 
         [0069]    Preferably said at least one first light emitting source emits in the infra-red spectrum. 
         [0070]    Preferably there is a plurality of said first light emitting sources. 
         [0071]    Preferably said plurality of first light emitting sources is arranged in an array about said object. 
         [0072]    Preferably said array is a circular array. 
         [0073]    Preferably said at least one first light receiving sensor is a photo-transistor. 
         [0074]    Preferably said at least one first light receiving sensor receives in the infra-red spectrum. 
         [0075]    Preferably there is a plurality of said first light receiving sensors. 
         [0076]    Preferably said plurality of first light receiving sensors is arranged in an array about said object. 
         [0077]    Preferably said array is a circular array. 
         [0078]    Preferably there is a one to one matching of a said first light emitting source to a said first light receiving sensor. 
         [0079]    Preferably each said first light receiving sensor is tuned to its first light emitting source. 
         [0080]    Preferably said rotational sensor has a course resolution of 360 degrees divided by twice the number of said first light receiving sensors. 
         [0081]    Preferably there are between two and fifteen first light receiving sensors. 
         [0082]    Preferably there are seven said first light emitting sources and seven said first light receiving sensors. 
         [0083]    Preferably said at least one second light emitting source is a laser based light emitting source. 
         [0084]    Preferably said at least one second light receiving sensor has a resolution in excess of 1,000 dots per inch. 
         [0085]    Preferably said at least one second light receiving sensor has a resolution of 2,000 dots per inch. 
         [0086]    Preferably the output of said first and second light receiving sensors is analysed by the method as herein described. 
         [0087]    Preferably said object is an elongate object. 
         [0088]    Preferably said object has a substantially constant external shape. 
         [0089]    Preferably said object is circular in cross-section. 
         [0090]    Preferably said object has an outward presenting or visible surface comprised primarily of two colors, one color over one arc of said surface, and the other color over the remainder arc of said surface. 
         [0091]    Preferably said one color as an arc runs as a stripe in a longitudinal direction on said object. 
         [0092]    Preferably said stripe is continuous over said surface and has substantially the same beginning and end angle along said object. 
         [0093]    Preferably said one color is over substantially a 90 degree arc of said surface. 
         [0094]    In another aspect the present invention consists in a method of sensing an angle of an object comprising or including the steps of,
       a. Providing at least one first emitting source, to either emit onto, or from said object,   b. Providing at least one first receiving sensor, to receive emissions from said at least one first emitting source, either directly or indirectly, said emissions received dependent on said angle, said at least one first receiving sensor outputting a first signal, proportionate to said emissions, as a course measurement of said angle,   c. Providing at least one second emitting source, to emit onto, or from said object,   d. Providing at least one second receiving sensor, to receive emissions from said at least one second emitting source, either directly or indirectly, said emissions received dependent on said angle, said at least one second receiving sensor outputting a second signal, proportionate to said emissions, as a fine measurement of said angle,       
 
         [0099]    Wherein said first signal and said second signal are capable of being combined to determine said angle. 
         [0100]    In yet another aspect the present invention consists in a method of sensing rotation using a rotational sensor having a plurality of first sensors to measure the absolute rotation of an object, and at least one second sensor to measure the relative rotation of said object, the method comprising or including the steps of,
       e. Receiving the sensor absolute angle signal from the first sensors,   f. Receiving the sensor relative angle signal from the second sensors,   g. Calculating a current absolute angle if not known, by setting this and a current derived angle to the sensor absolute angle,   h. Calculating the current absolute angle, if not equal to the sensor absolute angle by setting this to be equal to the sensor absolute angle, and calculating a current offset error equal to the current absolute angle minus the current derived angle,   i. If this error is zero then stepping to step i,   j. If this error is not zero then calculating an angle adjustment equal to the minimum of a percentage of the sensor relative angle or the current offset error,   k. Comparing the sign of the sensor relative angle and the current offset error, and
           i. If the sign is the same then calculating a new sensor relative angle equal to the sensor relative angle plus the angle adjustment, or   ii. If the sign is not the same then calculating a new sensor relative angle equal to the sensor relative angle minus the angle adjustment,   
           l. Calculating a new current offset error equal to the old current offset error minus the angle adjustment,   m. Calculating a new current derived angle equal to the old current derived angle plus the sensor relative angle,       
 
         [0112]    Wherein the new current derived angle is then used as a signal, readout, display or similar of the actual rotational angle of said object. 
         [0113]    Preferably the percentage is in a range of 10% to 90%. 
         [0114]    Preferably the percentage is 50%. 
         [0115]    Preferably said method is used in an endoscope simulator to provide a virtual readout of position and angle of an endoscope or facsimile thereof. 
         [0116]    Preferably said first sensor is a light based sensor. 
         [0117]    Preferably said second sensor is a light based sensor. 
         [0118]    In yet another aspect the present invention consists in a system including a rotational sensor as herein described, using a method as herein described with reference to any one or more of the accompanying drawings. 
         [0119]    In yet still another aspect the present invention consists in a rotational sensor as herein described with reference to any one or more of the accompanying drawings. 
         [0120]    In a further aspect the present invention consists in method as herein described with reference to any one or more of the accompanying drawings. 
         [0121]    In a further aspect still the present invention consists in a system as herein described with reference to any one or more of the accompanying drawings. 
         [0122]    Further aspects of this invention which should be considered in all its novel aspects will become apparent from the following description given by way of example of a possible embodiment thereof. 
         [0123]    Where in the foregoing description, reference has been made to specific components or integers of the invention having known equivalents then such equivalents are herein incorporated as if individually set forth. 
         [0124]    As used herein the term “and/or” means “and” or “or”, or both. 
         [0125]    As used herein “(s)” following a noun means the plural and/or singular forms of the noun. 
         [0126]    Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words “comprise”, “comprising”, and the like, are to be construed in an inclusive sense as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense, that is to say, in the sense of “including but not limited to”. 
         [0127]    It is intended that reference to a range of numbers disclosed herein (for example, 1 to 10) also incorporates reference to all rational numbers within that range (for example, 1, 1.1, 2, 3, 3.9, 4, 5, 6, 6.5, 7, 8, 9 and 10) and also any range of rational numbers within that range (for example, 2 to 8, 1.5 to 5.5 and 3.1 to 4.7). 
         [0128]    The entire disclosures of all applications, patents and publications, cited above and below, if any, are hereby incorporated by reference. 
         [0129]    To those skilled in the art to which the invention relates, many changes in construction and widely differing embodiments and application of the invention will suggest themselves without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims. The disclosures and the descriptions herein are purely illustrative and are not intended to be in any sense limiting. 
         [0130]    Other aspects of the invention may become apparent from the following description which is given by way of example only and with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0131]    Preferred forms of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which; 
           [0132]      FIG. 1 : is a schematic diagram of an example use of the present invention in an endoscope simulator, 
           [0133]      FIG. 2 : is a side view of location of the sensors in one application, for an endoscopy simulator, 
           [0134]      FIG. 3 : is a schematic showing the locations of the fine resolution sensors, 
           [0135]      FIG. 4 : is a printed circuit board containing the circular array of first light emitting sources and first light receiving sensors for course resolution sensing, 
           [0136]      FIG. 5 : shows in isometric view a length of object, in this case circular in nature, with a stripe along its longitudinal axis over 90 degrees of arc, 
           [0137]      FIG. 6A : is a close up schematic of the first light sensing array (shown with 7 sensors) showing the object in cross-section, with the stripe across an odd (3) number of sensors, and therefore the angle sensed, and 
           [0138]      FIG. 6B : is a close up schematic of the first light sensing array (shown with 7 sensors) showing the object in cross-section, with the stripe across an even (2) number of sensors, and therefore the angle sensed, and 
           [0139]      FIG. 7 : is a flow chart of the method of the present invention used to analyse the outputs from the light based sensors. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
       [0140]    Preferred embodiments will now be described with reference to  FIGS. 1 through 7B . 
         [0141]      FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of a system  10 , according to one embodiment (in this case an endoscopy simulator) that may use the present invention of a rotational sensor  18 . System  10  includes display  11 , processor  12 , memory  13 , bus  14 , handset  15 , tube (object)  16 , housing  17 , sensor  18 , control  19  (as will be appreciated, multiple controls may be provided and positioned as desired), wire  20  and circuit  21 . 
         [0142]    Display  11 , processor  12 , memory  13  and bus  14  are preferably embodied by a conventional personal computer but purpose-built devices with more specific functionality are within the scope of the invention. Any display may be used such as monitors, projectors and viewing lenses adapted to provide images therethrough and mimic those used for real endoscopic procedures. While a single display is shown, any number of displays may be used to enable others to view the user&#39;s operation. The displayed images are preferably created by processor  12  using information stored in memory  13 . Due to the virtual nature of the environment, parameters for additional/alternative environments may be obtained or generated as required, such as via the internet or any computer readable memory. Processor  12  may include or be couplable to a 3D graphics accelerator card to assist in displaying images. Bus  14  enables the transfer of data between display  11 , processor  12  and memory  13 . 
         [0143]    The display  11  may show simply numbers of the current derived angle, or may show an image from which the operator can discern the angle, for example a virtual image of the orientation of the object  16 . 
         [0144]    Handset  15  is preferably configured to feel and operate in a similar manner to a genuine handset for an endoscope. Similarly, object  16  (in this instance a tube) is preferably selected to have structural properties (e.g., flexibility/rigidity, thickness, etc.) similar to that of a genuine tube for an endoscope. According to one embodiment, tube  16  is selectively couplable or engageable to handset  15  to enable different tubes to be used for different procedures so as to better mimic the actual equipment used for a particular procedure. 
         [0145]    In operation, a user inserts the tip of object  16  into an opening in housing  17 . The opening may be provided with a funnel to guide insertion. Alternatively, the wall of the opening may be configured to imitate an opening into which an endoscope may be inserted (e.g. a mouth/throat). Sensors  18  may be provided at the opening to monitor movement of object  16 . Preferably, there is at least two sensors, course resolution sensor  18 A and fine resolution sensor  18 B (shown in  FIG. 2 ) to monitor rotational movement of object  16  as it passes through the opening. There may also be further sensors (not shown) to measure translational movement of the object. 
         [0146]    The invention relies on a fine resolution sensor  18 B having a second emitting source  28  and a second receiving sensor  29  for fine measurement, and a course resolution sensor  18 B having a first emitting source  22  and first receiving sensor  25  and analysis of the signals from these two sensors to determine the actual angle of the object  16 . The second source and sensor measure fine movements of angle, and typically are relative in their measurement. That is, they have very fine resolution, but only report, movement by this much in a direction, they do not report relative to a baseline or zero measurement. The first source and sensor measure course movement in angle and report as a variation in angle from a baseline or known zero measuring. 
         [0147]    The sensors rely on emission of light, magnetism or other property from their respective emission source. The source and sensors could be mounted separate to the object and rely on reflectivity from the object surface or other property. Alternatively one of either the sensor or source could be on the object and the other of the source or sensor could be mounted off the object. Also the first source/receivers could be of one such mounting (e.g. one on the object and one off the object) and the second source/receivers could be of the other such mounting (e.g. both off the object) or vice versa. 
         [0148]    The use of the first and second sources and their respective sensors will be described herein as the sources being light based and the sensors receiving that light by reflection off the surface  23  of the object. A person skilled in the art will understand that alternative emissions could be used as described such magnetism, other radiation sources or other near field emissions that may be detectable and the invention should not be limited as such. 
         [0149]    It is preferred the fine resolution sensor  18 B is a laser-based sensor, the invention is not limited thereto. Where a laser-based sensor is used, it is preferably capable of tracking the tube rotation and displacement at a resolution of 2000 dpi. 
         [0150]    The fine resolution sensor  18 B used in one embodiment is preferably an infrared (or laser) sensor  18 B of a type commonly used for computer mice. This second light receiving sensor  29 , receiving light reflected from the object surface  23  from the second light emitting source  28  is able to report changes in position of an object in front of it in an X and Y axis. In the preferred form the source  28  and the sensor  29  are placed alongside the guides  61  which the object  16  runs through and reports fine resolution changes in rotation (by reading movement in one axis). It can also report changes in insertion (by reading changes in the other axis). In other embodiments, through less preferred the source  28  and sensor  29  are separate. These values are reported back to the software simulation. This fine resolution sensing is also relative to the position last time a change was reported, (potentially hundreds of times per second). 
         [0151]      FIG. 3  shows a preferred arrangement for the fine resolution sensor  18 B, including guides  61  and detector  62 . Detector  62  is preferably the laser based sensor as discussed above and preferably incorporates a second light emitting source  28  and second light receiving sensor  29 . In the embodiment shown these are incorporated in the one unit, however separate emitter and receiver may be used and still perform the same function. Guides  61  hold object  16  a fixed distance from detector  62  so that detector  62  is able to detect movement of tube  16  and the extent of movement thereof. 
         [0152]    Detector  62  is preferably a fine laser as the second light emitting source  28  and is projected onto the object surface  23  upon which an optical sensor (second light receiving sensor  29 ) is focused. Consecutive images from the detector  62 , preferably captured at a rate of 7000 pictures per second, are analysed to detect changes corresponding with movement of the object  16 . Displacement values corresponding to rotational movement of the object are calculated in real time by a digital signal processor (DSP), preferably at a rate of 120 times per second and transmitted to processor  12  via USB or any other suitable interface so that the movement is reflected in the simulated display. The sensed displacement resolution is preferably at least 2000 dpi or 0.0127 mm. 
         [0153]    A problem occurs when sensing the rotation of an object, for example a tube, that relates to compounding rotation errors due to rounding or minor sensor inaccuracies. Relative rotation changes can be sensed with a very high degree of accuracy but because these rotation changes happen so frequently any minor error builds into a very obvious absolute rotation error very quickly. To the user of for example the simulator system  10 , this may present itself for example as them holding the handset  15  upright and the simulated view on the screen  11  showing the camera rotated by 90 degrees. 
         [0154]    Sensors for determining absolute rotation instead could be used, but they have a comparatively very coarse granularity and so do not produce the smooth rotational movements required by the simulator. 
         [0155]    This problem therefore is resolved by making use of both relative (fine)  18 B and absolute (course) sensors  18 A and combining the results to produce very smooth absolute rotational movement. 
         [0156]    Therefore a course resolution sensor  18 A is also used to act as a base measurement for the fine resolution sensor  18 B. The relative locations in one preferred embodiment of  18 A and  18 B are shown in  FIG. 3 . This shows selected features of a preferred arrangement of housing  17  which may use rotational sensor  18 . In this arrangement, funnel  71  is provided to aid insertion of the object  16  into housing  17  and through sensors  18 A and  18 B. Sensor  18 A and  18 B, or a separate, additional sensor, may be configured to monitor lengthwise movement of object  16 . 
         [0157]    In the preferred embodiment the fine resolution sensor  18 B is located before the course resolution sensor  18 A, as shown in  FIG. 2 . The fine resolution sensor  18 B is positioned about 1.5 cm down the guide path from the entrance or funnel  71 . The course resolution sensor  18 A is about 1 cm after that. 
         [0158]    The course resolution sensor arrangement in one preferred embodiment is described with reference to  FIGS. 4 through 6B . For the course resolution sensor  18 A, a circuit board  36  is constructed with a hole  37  in the centre for the object  16  to pass through (shown in FIG.  6 A/ 6 B). Arranged in an array about the hole  37  is at least one, and preferably a plurality, of first light emitting sources  22  and first light receiving sensors  25 . Shown in  FIGS. 6A and 6B  in a preferable embodiment there are seven sources  22  and sensors  25 . Persons skilled in the art will understand there may be more or less of these as necessary. The first light emitting source  22  in the preferred embodiment is a light emitting diode (“LED”), and emits some light at least in the infrared (“IR”) spectrum. In the preferred embodiment substantially all the light is in the IR spectrum. The first light receiving sensors  25  in the preferred embodiment are photo transistors. As shown in  FIGS. 6A and 6B  the sources  22  and sensors  25  are equally spaced around the hole  37 . The photo transistors are optimized for IR light and are thus less sensitive to any ambient light which may enter the device. Between each pair of photo transistors is an IR LED  22  which is positioned and angled so that when the object  16  is present the light from a single LED  22  will reflect off the object surface  23  into a single photo transistor  25 . 
         [0159]    The object  16  in the preferred embodiment has a first emissive property over one arc of its surface as a stripe running the length of the object. The object also has a second emissive property over a remainder arc of the object. For example the first emissive property may be confined to constant a 90 degree arc down the length of the object, and the remaining object surface has the second emissive property on the remaining 270 degrees. The course sensor  18 A second receiving sensor can pick the difference from each of these emissive properties to provide a course angle reading. The first emitting source and thus also the first and second emissive properties could also be an inherent material property of the object  16 , such as reflectivity (possibly also from natural light), radiation, magnetism or other. 
         [0160]    In one embodiment using light based emission and sensing the object presents surface  23  which is predominantly of one colour and has a stripe  38  running down the longitudinal axis, of a contrasting colour as shown in  FIG. 5 . In the preferred embodiment the surface  23  is predominantly black and the stripe  38  is white. The stripe  38  in the preferred embodiment covers the same arc over the length of the object  16  this is it that starts and finishes on the same angles all the way along the object  16 . The stripe  38  is preferably one quarter of the circumference of the object  16 . However in other embodiments the stripe and sheath may be of different colours, normally contrasting and the stripe  38  may cover a different angle, so long as this is known. The contrast is important so the sensors can pick up the change from one colour to the other. 
         [0161]    Each photo transistor  25  as stated is calibrated separately to account for the variance in sensitively between individual sensors. Due to this variance in sensitively only “primarily black” or “primarily white” are checked for, rather than attempting to detect various shades which may be present as the edge of the stripe  38  passes the sensor. 
         [0162]    When the object  16  passes through the hole  37  in the circuit board  36 , a number of adjacent sensors  25  will report they are primarily seeing the stripe  38 , as shown in  FIGS. 6A and 6B . Seen in  FIG. 6A  an odd number of sensors  25  one, two and three are seeing the stripe  38  (counted clock wise from the zero degree line). In  FIG. 6B  an even number of sensors two and three are seeing the strip  38 . 
         [0163]    Based on which sensors  25  are primarily seeing the stripe  38  along the object  16 , the firmware in the device will calculate and report the sensor absolute angle  39  ( FIG. 6A ) of the stripe  38 . If an odd number of sensors  25  (as in  FIG. 6A ) are able to see the stripe  38  then the angle  39  is reported as the angle which relates to the middle sensor which is able to see it. In this instance the middle sensor  25  is number two and for an array of seven sensors this is at approximately 50 degrees (360 degrees divided by 7 (the number of sensors)). 
         [0164]    In  FIG. 6B  there is an even number of sensors  25 , sensors two and three able to see the stripe  38 . The angle  39  therefore is reported as the angle between the middle pair of sensor able to see it, in this case 75 degrees. This gives a total of 14 possible absolute angles which can be reported, approximately 25 degrees apart, for a 7 sensor array. 
         [0165]    Because it may be possible for light to travel around the edge of the object  16  and cause a sensor  25  to falsely report that it is seeing the stripe  38 , sensors  25  along with their corresponding LED  22  may be turned on in rapid succession, either individually or in groups to avoid “false positive” results. If all of the sensors  25  report that they are able to see the strip  38  at the same time then the system it is assumes the object is not inserted and each sensor  25  is actually seeing light from other LEDs  22 . 
         [0166]    Referring to  FIG. 7  the analysis method of reducing the error between the actual angle of the object and the sensed or displayed angle will now be described. The outputs from the rotational sensor  18  (comprising fine sensor  18 B and course sensor  18 A) are passed via bus  14  or other communication link to the processor  12 . Contained in the processor  12  (there may be more than one) is software that runs the algorithm. 
         [0167]    The software retrieves the course resolution sensor  18 A (course) signal and the fine resolution sensor  18 B (relative) from the sensor  18  as the sensor absolute angle and sensor relative angle respectively as shown in  FIG. 7 . 
         [0168]    The software then uses these to determine the current derived angle as shown in  FIG. 7  and explained below. 
         [0169]    When a new sensor absolute angle is reported, that is, different to the previous sensor absolute angle reported by the sensing device  18  from sensors  18 B, the software records this as the “current absolute angle”. The current absolute angle is compared to the current derived angle and a “current offset error” is calculated, being the signed difference between the current absolute angle and the current derived angle. 
         [0170]    The software then tries to drive this error to zero by adjusting any relative movements toward the direction indicated by this error amount. Alternatively if the current offset error is zero then the software immediately calculates a new current derived angle as described shortly. 
         [0171]    Each time a relative movement is reported by the fine sensor  18 A as a new sensor relative angle, this sensor relative angle will have an angle adjustment applied as the minimum of a percentage adjusted sensor relative angle, or the current offset error (this value of percentage can be adjusted to tune how quickly errors are resolved). In the preferred embodiment this percentage may be in the range of 1% to 99%, but is preferably in the range of 10% to 90%. In the preferred embodiment this percentage is 50%. 
         [0172]    A check is made to see whether the sensor relative angle and the angle adjustment have the same sign, that is both positive, or both negative, or have a differing sign, that is negative and positive. 
         [0173]    If they are the same sign then the sensor relative angle is increased by adding the angle adjustment because it is in favour of the current offset error (that is, turning toward the current absolute angle). If they are of differing sign then the sensor relative angle is decreased by subtracting the angle adjustment percentage because it is turning away from the current absolute angle. 
         [0174]    The adjustment to the relative reported angle change will never be more than the current offset error so that the derived angle doesn&#39;t overshoot the current absolute angle. 
         [0175]    Each time an adjustment is made to derive a new or adjusted sensor relative angle relative change the current offset error is also reduced by this same amount (that is the angle adjustment), and when this error amount reaches zero then no more adjustments will be made to the relative rotational movement. 
         [0176]    The current derived angle is then updated from the old current derived angle plus the sensor relative angle and the display  11  (or other output using the angle) is updated accordingly. 
         [0177]    Whenever the current absolute angle reported by the sensing device changes a new current offset error is calculated and the process starts again, even if the previous offset error had not yet been resolved. In this way the simulated bronchoscope always rotates in the direction indicated by the user, but is always “pulled” in the direction of the current absolute angle reported by the device avoiding any compounding rotation errors due to rounding or minor sensor inaccuracies. 
         [0178]    Although this invention has been described by way of example and with reference to possible embodiments thereof, it is to be understood that modifications or improvements may be made thereto without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention as defined in the appended claims. 
         [0179]    While the preferred embodiment of the invention has been illustrated and described, as noted above, many changes can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is not limited by the disclosure of the preferred embodiment. Instead, the invention should be determined entirely by reference to the claims that follow.