Abstract:
The present disclosure provides a patterning process for an oxide film, including: covering a barrier layer composition on a substrate to form a patterned barrier layer, wherein the barrier layer composition includes an inorganic component and an organic binder with a weight ratio of 50-98:2-50; forming an oxide film on the patterned barrier layer and the substrate, wherein a thickness ratio (D1/D2) of the barrier layer (D1) to the oxide film (D2) is about 5-2000; and lifting off the barrier layer and the oxide film thereon, while leaving portions of the oxide film on the substrate.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority of Taiwan Patent Application No. 101127561, filed on 31 Jul. 2012, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference herein. 
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The technical field relates to a patterning process, and in particular relates to a patterning process for oxide films. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Patterning of an oxide film is generally realized by photolithography and etching procedures. However, some oxides, such as tin oxide, cannot be etched easily. For example, a tin oxide film cannot be patterned by an etching process in general. Lift-off is another well-known patterning process, which can be used to pattern a tin oxide film. The lift-off process involves the step of removing the oxide film, and the time required to fully remove the oxide film is considered to be a factor determining the efficiency of the lift-off process. There remains a need in the art to improve the removal efficiency of oxide films. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     The present disclosure provides a patterning process for an oxide film, including: covering a barrier layer composition on a substrate to form a patterned barrier layer, wherein the barrier layer composition includes an inorganic component and an organic binder with a weight ratio of 50-98:2-50; forming an oxide film on the patterned barrier layer and the substrate, wherein a thickness ratio (D1/D2) of the barrier layer (D1) to the oxide film (D2) is about 5-2000; and lifting off the barrier layer and the oxide film thereon, while leaving portions of the oxide film on the substrate. 
     A detailed description is given in the following embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The present disclosure can be more fully understood by reading the subsequent detailed description and examples with references made to the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIGS. 1-3  are cross-sectional views showing a patterning process for oxide film in accordance with the exemplary embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following detailed description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the disclosed embodiments. It will be apparent, however, that one or more embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are schematically shown in order to simplify the drawing. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , a patterning process for oxide films is provided. According to the patterning process of an embodiment, a barrier layer composition is applied on a substrate  100  to form a patterned barrier layer  120 . The barrier layer composition may be, for example, printable slurry, which may be coated on the substrate  100  by screen printing or spray printing. 
     The barrier layer composition may include an inorganic component and an organic binder with a weight ratio of 50-98:2-50. In one embodiment, the barrier layer composition with an inorganic solid content of above about 50 wt % or about 50-90 wt % forms an easy-to-remove barrier layer. If the barrier layer composition contains excess organic binder (about &gt;50 wt %), the adhesion strength between the barrier layer and the substrate becomes too high. The removal of the barrier layer from the substrate would be difficult as the result of a high temperature treatment; In contrast, if the barrier layer composition contains excess inorganic solid content (about &gt;98 wt %), it would be difficult to form a film with the printable slurry. In other embodiments, the barrier layer composition may include other components, and the weight ratio of the inorganic component to organic binder is controlled, within a range of about 50-98:2-50. 
     The inorganic component of the barrier layer composition may include one or more metals (e.g. aluminum, silver, or copper), metal oxides (e.g. titanium oxide, tin oxide, phosphorus oxide, or aluminum oxide), silicon oxide, or combinations thereof. The organic binder may include, but not be limited to: ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), epoxy resin, acrylic resin, or a mixture thereof. Moreover, the organic binder may further be dissolved in a solvent (for example, terpineol). In one embodiment, the barrier layer composition includes about 50-80 wt % of titanium oxide, 18-45 wt % of silicon oxide, and the remaining balance of organic binder, such as ethyl cellulose. In another embodiment, the barrier layer composition includes a metal slurry including 60-70 wt % of metal particles, 15-20 wt % of inorganic oxides, and the remaining balance of the barrier layer composition is an organic binder, such as epoxy resin. 
     The inorganic solid content of the barrier layer composition may be adjusted in accordance with the desirable thickness of the barrier layer. In one embodiment, if the thickness of the barrier layer  120  is 3-5 um, the inorganic solid content of the barrier layer composition may be controlled to be about 80-98 wt % or about 95 wt %. Moreover, if the thickness of the barrier layer  120  is about 10-15 um, the inorganic solid content of the barrier layer composition may be controlled to be about 50-80 wt % or about 75 wt %. In another embodiment, the inorganic solid content of the barrier layer composition is about 90-98 wt %. 
     The barrier layer composition may be printed on a variety of substrates (including, but not be limited to: glass, silicon chip, ceramic, polymer, metal, and the like) through screen printing or spray printing techniques using a screen mesh or a mask. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , an oxide thin film  140  is deposited conformally over the barrier layer  120  and the substrate  100  at a temperature of about 100-550□ or about 200-400□. The thickness ratio (D1/D2) of the barrier layer  120  (D1) to the oxide film  140  (D2) may be not less than 5, for example, within the range of about 5-2000, about 5-1000, or about 10-100. If the thickness ratio (D1/D2) is less than 5, difficulties occur during the subsequent lift-off process. For example, incomplete peeling of the barrier layer, rough edges, or burring of the patterns after the removal of the barrier layer. 
     The oxide film and the inorganic component in the barrier layer composition are different materials. In one preferred embodiment, the oxide film may be metal oxides. The metal oxides may include, but not be limited to: tin oxide, zinc oxide, indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), lithium-fluorine-doped tin oxide (LFTO), indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO), or combinations thereof. In addition, a layer of oxide film  140  is shown in the figure, a multi-layer stack of oxide films (of the same or different materials) may also be formed as long as the thickness ratio of the total thickness of the multi-layer stack to the barrier layer  120  is no less than 5. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , the barrier layer  120  and the oxide film  140  on the barrier layer  120  are lifted-off to leave a patterned oxide film  140  on the substrate  100 . The lift-off procedure may utilize a lift-off solution, for example. In one embodiment, the component of the barrier layer composition, and the thickness ratio of barrier layer/oxide film are well controlled such that the barrier layer  140  may be easily removed by using an aqueous solution in the final lift-off step. Moreover, the edges of the resulting patterned oxide film  140   a  are sharp and non-burring. In one embodiment, water may be used as the lift-off solution in the lift-off procedure. In another embodiment, a lift-off solution other than water, including an acidic solution, basic solution, or organic solution, may be used in the lift-off procedure. For example, ammonia water, acetic acid solution, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethanolamine (ETA), or the like may also be applied as the lift-off solution in the disclosure. The pH value of the lift-off solution used in the disclosure is in between 2-13. Strong acids (pH&lt;2) or strong bases (pH&gt;13) may damage the substrate. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Examples 1-5 
     Barrier Layer Composition/Oxide Film: Ink/LFTO 
     The patterning process for oxide film of Examples 1-5 is described below. The process parameters of each example are shown in Table 1 with a pattern linewidth of 100 um. 
     Firstly, a ceramic substrate (an aluminum oxide plate of a thickness of 0.5 mm) was rinsed. Secondly, the ink was printed on the substrate through a screen printing process using a screen mesh to form a patterned barrier layer. The thickness of the patterned barrier layer is D1. Next, lithium-fluorine-doped tin oxide (LFTO) was deposited on the patterned barrier layer in the environment of 370° C. to form a coating. The thickness of the LFTO coating was D2. Finally, the ink material was removed by a lift-off solution to obtain the patterns of the LFTO coating. 
     The ink used in Examples 1-5 was a mixture of inorganic titanium oxide and silicon oxide. The ratio of each component of the ink was 70 wt % of titanium oxide, 25 wt % of silicon oxide, and 5 wt % of organic binder (the organic binder was made by dissolving 10 g ethyl cellulose in 70 g terpineol, ethyl cellulose and terpineol were manufactured by Aldrich). The doping amount of lithium and fluorine in the LFTO were 0.5 at % and 2 at %, respectively. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 thickness 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 thickness 
                 of barrier 
                 thickness 
                 coating 
               
               
                   
                 of LFTO 
                 layer 
                 ratio 
                 temperature 
                 lift-off 
                 lift-off 
               
               
                 Examples 
                 (um) (D2) 
                 (um) (D1) 
                 (D1/D2) 
                 (° C.) 
                 solution 
                 duration 
                 efficiency 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 0.1 
                 10 
                 100.0 
                 370 
                 water 
                 5 sec 
                 excellent 
               
               
                 2 
                 0.2 
                 10 
                 50.0 
                 370 
                 water 
                 5 sec 
                 excellent 
               
               
                 3 
                 0.3 
                 10 
                 33.3 
                 370 
                 water 
                 5 sec 
                 excellent 
               
               
                 4 
                 0.3 
                 3 
                 10.0 
                 370 
                 water 
                 10 sec  
                 excellent 
               
               
                 5 
                 0.3 
                 1 
                 3.3 
                 370 
                 water 
                  5 min 
                 poor 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Note: in the tables, the efficiency of examples rated as excellent indicates that the barrier layer could be removed by immersion in a short period (&lt;3 mins) and the edges of the patterns were sharp and non-burring. The efficiency of examples rated as poor indicates that, after a long period (&gt;3 mins) of immersion, the barrier layer could not be removed, or only a little portion of the barrier layer was removed and a great portion of the barrier layer remained on the substrate, or more than a half of the barrier layer was removed but the rest remained on the substrate and could not be removed, or the barrier layer was removed but the patterns contained burring or rough edges. 
     Examples 6-10 
     Barrier Layer Composition/Oxide Film: Metal Slurry/LFTO 
     The patterning process for oxide film of Examples 6-10 is described below. The process parameters of each example are shown in Table 2 with a pattern linewidth of 100 um. 
     Firstly, a metal substrate (a galvanized steel plate of a thickness of 0.5 mm, manufactured by China Steel Corporation) was rinsed. Secondly, the metal slurry was printed on the substrate through a screen printing process using a screen mesh to form a patterned barrier layer. The thickness of the patterned barrier layer was D1. Next, lithium-fluorine-doped tin oxide (LFTO) was deposited on the patterned barrier layer in the environment of 390° C. to form a coating. The thickness of the LFTO coating was D2. Finally, the metal slurry was removed by a lift-off solution to obtain the patterns of the LFTO coating. 
     The metal slurry used in Examples 6-10 was a mixture of inorganic oxide and metal particles. The ratio of each component of the ink was 65 wt % of nano-silver particles (average size of 20 nm), 15 wt % of silicon oxide, and 20 wt % of epoxy resin (the epoxy resin was bisphenol A epoxy resin manufactured by Aldrich, and the solvent was a 70/30 mixed solvent of xylene/isobutanol). The doping amount of lithium and fluorine in the LFTO were 0.5 at % and 2 at %, respectively. An acetic acid solution (weak acid) (concentration of about 0.01 wt %) with a pH value of about 5 was used as the lift-off solution. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 thickness 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 thickness 
                 of barrier 
                 thickness 
                 coating 
               
               
                   
                 of LFTO 
                 layer 
                 ratio 
                 temperature 
                 lift-off 
                 lift-off 
               
               
                 Examples 
                 (um) (D2) 
                 (um) (D1) 
                 (D1/D2) 
                 (° C.) 
                 solution 
                 duration 
                 efficiency 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 6 
                 0.1 
                 10 
                 100.0 
                 390 
                 acetic 
                 20 sec 
                 excellent 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 acid 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 solution 
               
               
                 7 
                 0.2 
                 10 
                 50.0 
                 390 
                 acetic 
                 20 sec 
                 excellent 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 acid 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 solution 
               
               
                 8 
                 0.3 
                 10 
                 33.3 
                 390 
                 acetic 
                 20 sec 
                 excellent 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 acid 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 solution 
               
               
                 9 
                 0.3 
                 3 
                 10.0 
                 390 
                 acetic 
                 15 sec 
                 excellent 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 acid 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 solution 
               
               
                 10 
                 0.3 
                 1 
                 3.3 
                 390 
                 acetic 
                 10 min 
                 poor 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 acid 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 solution 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Examples 11-13 
     Barrier Layer Composition/Oxide Film: Ink/ITO 
     The patterning process for oxide film of Examples 11-13 is described below. The process parameters of each example are shown in Table 3 with a pattern linewidth of 100 um. 
     Firstly, a glass substrate was rinsed. Secondly, the ink was printed on the substrate through a screen printing process using a screen mesh to form a patterned barrier layer. The thickness of the patterned barrier layer was D1. Next, an indium tin oxide (ITO) was deposited on the patterned barrier layer in the environment of 220° C. to form a coating. The thickness of the ITO coating was D2. Finally, the ink material was removed by a lift-off solution to obtain the patterns of the ITO coating. 
     The ink used in Examples 11-13 was a mixture of inorganic tin oxide and silicon oxide. The ratio of each component of the ink was 70 wt % of tin oxide, 25 wt % of silicon oxide, and 5 wt % of organic binder (the organic binder was made by dissolving 10 g of ethyl cellulose in 70 g terpineol, ethyl cellulose and terpineol were manufactured by Aldrich). Ammonia water (a weak base) (concentration of about 0.014 wt %) with a pH value of about 9 was used as the lift-off solution. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 thickness 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 thickness 
                 of barrier 
                 thickness 
                 coating 
               
               
                   
                 of ITO 
                 layer 
                 ratio 
                 temperature 
                 lift-off 
                 lift-off 
               
               
                 Examples 
                 (um) (D2) 
                 (um) (D1) 
                 (D1/D2) 
                 (° C.) 
                 solution 
                 duration 
                 efficiency 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 11 
                 0.1 
                 10 
                 100.0 
                 220 
                 ammonia 
                 20 sec 
                 excellent 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 water 
               
               
                 12 
                 0.2 
                 2 
                 10.0 
                 220 
                 ammonia 
                 60 sec 
                 excellent 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 water 
               
               
                 13 
                 0.3 
                 1 
                 3.3 
                 220 
                 ammonia 
                 &gt;3 min 
                 poor 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 water 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Examples 14-16 
     Barrier Layer Composition/Oxide Film: Metal Slurry/Silicon Oxide 
     The patterning process for oxide film of Examples 14-16 is described below. The process parameters of each example are shown in Table 4 with a pattern linewidth of 100 um. 
     Firstly, a polymer substrate was rinsed. Secondly, the metal slurry was printed on the substrate through a screen printing process using a screen mesh to form a patterned barrier layer. The thickness of the patterned barrier layer was D1. Next, a silicon oxide (SiO x ) was deposited on the patterned barrier layer in the environment of 130° C. to form a coating. The thickness of the silicon oxide coating was D2. Finally, the metal slurry was removed by a lift-off solution to obtain the patterns of the silicon oxide coating. 
     The ink used in Examples 14-16 was a mixture of inorganic oxide and metal particles. The ratio of each component of the ink was 65 wt % of nano-aluminum particles (average size of 100 nm), 15 wt % of silicon oxide, and 20 wt % of epoxy resin (the epoxy resin was bisphenol A epoxy resin manufactured by Aldrich, and the solvent was a 70/30 mixed solvent of xylene/isobutanol). 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 thickness 
                 thickness 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 of silicon 
                 of barrier 
                 thickness 
                 coating 
               
               
                   
                 oxide (um) 
                 layer 
                 ratio 
                 temperature 
                 lift-off 
                 lift-off 
               
               
                 Examples 
                 (D2) 
                 (um) (D1) 
                 (D1/D2) 
                 (° C.) 
                 solution 
                 duration 
                 efficiency 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 14 
                 0.1 
                 10 
                 100.0 
                 130 
                 water 
                  20 sec 
                 excellent 
               
               
                 15 
                 0.2 
                 2 
                 10.0 
                 130 
                 water 
                 120 sec 
                 excellent 
               
               
                 16 
                 0.3 
                 1 
                 3.3 
                 130 
                 water 
                  &gt;5 min 
                 poor 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Examples 17-19 
     Barrier Layer Composition/Oxide Film: Ink/FTO 
     The patterning process for oxide film of Examples 17-19 is described below. The process parameters of each example are shown in Table 5 with a pattern linewidth of 100 um. 
     Firstly, a glass substrate was rinsed. Secondly, the ink was printed on the substrate through a screen printing process using a screen mesh to form a patterned barrier layer. The thickness of the patterned barrier layer was D1. Next, a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) was deposited on the patterned barrier layer in the environment of 370° C. to form a film. The thickness of the FTO film was D2. Finally, the ink material was removed by a lift-off solution to obtain the patterns of the FTO coating. 
     The ink used in Examples 17-19 was a mixture of inorganic titanium oxide and silicon oxide. The ratio of each component of the ink was 70 wt % of titanium oxide, 25 wt % of silicon oxide, and 5 wt % of organic binder (the organic binder is made by dissolving 10 g of ethyl cellulose in 70 g terpineol, ethyl cellulose and terpineol were manufactured by Aldrich). The doping values of fluorine in the FTO was 2 at %. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 thickness 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 thickness 
                 of barrier 
                 thickness 
                 coating 
               
               
                   
                 of FTO 
                 layer 
                 ratio 
                 temperature 
                 lift-off 
                 lift-off 
               
               
                 Examples 
                 (um) (D2) 
                 (um) (D1) 
                 (D1/D2) 
                 (° C.) 
                 solution 
                 duration 
                 efficiency 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 17 
                 0.1 
                 10 
                 100.0 
                 370 
                 water 
                  5 sec 
                 excellent 
               
               
                 18 
                 0.3 
                 3 
                 10.0 
                 370 
                 water 
                 10 sec 
                 excellent 
               
               
                 19 
                 0.3 
                 1 
                 3.3 
                 370 
                 water 
                  5 min 
                 poor 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Examples 20-22 
     Barrier Layer Composition/Oxide Film: Metal Slurry/TO 
     The patterning process for oxide film of Examples 20-22 is described below. The process parameters of each example are shown in Table 6 with a pattern linewidth of 100 um. 
     Firstly, a glass substrate was rinsed. Secondly, the metal slurry was printed on the substrate through a screen printing process using a screen mesh to form a patterned barrier layer. The thickness of the patterned barrier layer was D1. Next, a tin oxide (TO) was deposited on the patterned barrier layer in the environment of 400° C. to form a coating. The thickness of the TO coating was D2. Finally, the metal slurry was removed by a lift-off solution to obtain the patterns of the TO coating. 
     The ink used in Examples 20-22 was a mixture of inorganic oxide and metal particles. The ratio of each component of the ink was 65 wt % of nano-silver particles (average size of 50 nm), 15 wt % of silicon oxide, and 20 wt % of epoxy resin (the epoxy resin was bisphenol A epoxy resin manufactured by Aldrich, and the solvent was a 70/30 mixed solvent of xylene/isobutanol). 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 thickness 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 thickness 
                 of barrier 
                 thickness 
                 coating 
               
               
                   
                 of TO (um) 
                 layer 
                 ratio 
                 temperature 
                 lift-off 
                 lift-off 
               
               
                 Examples 
                 (D2) 
                 (um) (D1) 
                 (D1/D2) 
                 (° C.) 
                 solution 
                 duration 
                 efficiency 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 20 
                 0.2 
                 10 
                 50.0 
                 400 
                 water 
                 20 sec 
                 excellent 
               
               
                 21 
                 0.3 
                 3 
                 10.0 
                 400 
                 water 
                  3 min 
                 excellent 
               
               
                 22 
                 0.3 
                 1 
                 3.3 
                 400 
                 water 
                 10 min 
                 poor 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Comparative Examples 1-10 
     Photoresist/LFTO 
     The patterning process for oxide film of Comparative Examples 1-10 is described below. The process parameters of each example are shown in Tables 7 and 8 with a pattern linewidth of 100 um. 
     Firstly, a glass substrate was rinsed. Secondly, the photoresist (phenol-formaldehyde based photoresist, model number: AZ 1505, manufactured by AZ Electronic Materials, Comparative Examples 1-5) or polyimide (PI, photo-sensitive polyimide, manufactured by Eternal Chemical, Comparative Examples 6-10) was applied on the substrate through a wet coating process, then a photolithography process was used to form a patterned barrier layer. The thickness of the patterned barrier layer was D1. Next, a lithium-fluorine-doped tin oxide (LFTO) was deposited on the patterned barrier layer in the environment of 360° C. to form a coating. The thickness of the LFTO coating was D2. Finally, the photoresist was removed by a dimethyl sulfoxide/ethanolamine (DMSO/MEA=30 wt %/70 wt %) solution to obtain the patterns of the LFTO coating. 
     The doping values of lithium and fluorine in the LFTO used in Comparative Examples 1-10 were 0.5 at % and 2 at %, respectively. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 thickness 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 thickness 
                 of barrier 
                 thickness 
                 coating 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 of LFTO 
                 layer 
                 ratio 
                 temperature 
                 lift-off 
                 lift-off 
               
               
                 Examples 
                 (um) (D2) 
                 (um) (D1) 
                 (D1/D2) 
                 (° C.) 
                 solution 
                 duration 
                 efficiency 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 0.1 
                 1 
                 10.0 
                 360 
                 DMSO/ 
                  10 min 
                 poor 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 MEA 
               
               
                 2 
                 0.2 
                 1 
                 5.0 
                 360 
                 DMSO/ 
                 &gt;15 min 
                 poor 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 MEA 
               
               
                 3 
                 0.3 
                 1 
                 3.3 
                 360 
                 DMSO/ 
                 &gt;30 min 
                 poor 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 MEA 
               
               
                 4 
                 0.3 
                 0.8 
                 2.7 
                 360 
                 DMSO/ 
                 not 
                 poor 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 MEA 
                 removable 
               
               
                 5 
                 0.3 
                 2 
                 6.7 
                 360 
                 DMSO/ 
                  15 min 
                 poor 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 MEA 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 thickness 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 thickness 
                 of barrier 
                 thickness 
                 coating 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 of LFTO 
                 layer 
                 ratio 
                 temperature 
                 lift-off 
                 lift-off 
               
               
                 Examples 
                 (um) (D2) 
                 (um) (D1) 
                 (D1/D2) 
                 (° C.) 
                 solution 
                 duration 
                 efficiency 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 6 
                 0.1 
                 10 
                 100.0 
                 360 
                 DMSO/ 
                  5 min 
                 poor 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 MEA 
               
               
                 7 
                 0.2 
                 10 
                 50.0 
                 360 
                 DMSO/ 
                  5 min 
                 poor 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 MEA 
               
               
                 8 
                 0.3 
                 10 
                 33.3 
                 360 
                 DMSO/ 
                 10 min 
                 poor 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 MEA 
               
               
                 9 
                 0.3 
                 5 
                 16.7 
                 360 
                 DMSO/ 
                 15 min 
                 poor 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 MEA 
               
               
                 10 
                 0.3 
                 1.2 
                 4.0 
                 360 
                 DMSO/ 
                 not 
                 poor 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 MEA 
                 removable 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Comparative Examples 11-13 
     Photoresist/ITO 
     The patterning process for oxide film of Comparative Examples 11-13 is described below. The process parameters of each example are shown in Table 9 with a pattern linewidth of 100 um. 
     Firstly, a polymer substrate was rinsed. Secondly, the photoresist (AZ 1505, manufactured by AZ Electronic Materials) was applied on the substrate through a wet coating process, then a photolithography process was used to form a patterned barrier layer. The thickness of the patterned barrier layer was D1. Next, an indium tin oxide (ITO) was deposited on the patterned barrier layer in the environment of 220° C. to form a coating. The thickness of the ITO coating was D2. Finally, the photoresist was removed by a dimethyl sulfoxide/ethanolamine (DMSO/MEA=30 wt %/70 wt %) solution to obtain the patterns of the ITO coating. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 thickness 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 thickness 
                 of barrier 
                 thickness 
                 coating 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 of ITO 
                 layer 
                 ratio 
                 temperature 
                 lift-off 
                 lift-off 
               
               
                 Examples 
                 (um) (D2) 
                 (um) (D1) 
                 (D1/D2) 
                 (° C.) 
                 solution 
                 duration 
                 efficiency 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 11 
                 0.1 
                 1 
                 10.0 
                 220 
                 DMSO/ 
                  10 min 
                 poor 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 MEA 
               
               
                 12 
                 0.2 
                 1 
                 5.0 
                 220 
                 DMSO/ 
                 &gt;15 min 
                 poor 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 MEA 
               
               
                 13 
                 0.3 
                 1 
                 3.3 
                 220 
                 DMSO/ 
                 &gt;30 min 
                 poor 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 MEA 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Comparative Examples 14-16 
     Photoresist/SiO x    
     The patterning process for oxide film of Comparative Examples 14-16 is described below. The process parameters of each example are shown in Table 10 with a pattern linewidth of 100 um. 
     Firstly, a silicon substrate was rinsed. Secondly, the photoresist (AZ 5214-E, manufactured by Clariant Ltd.) was applied on the substrate through a wet coating process, then a photolithography process was used to form a patterned barrier layer. The thickness of the patterned barrier layer was D1. Next, a silicon oxide (SiO x ) was deposited on the patterned barrier layer in the environment of 130° C. to form a film coating. The thickness of the silicon oxide film coating was D2. Finally, the photoresist was removed by a dimethyl sulfoxide/ethanolamine (DMSO/MEA=30 wt %/70 wt %) solution to obtain the patterns of the silicon oxide film. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 thickness 
                 thickness 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 of silicon 
                 of barrier 
                 thickness 
                 coating 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 oxide 
                 layer 
                 ratio 
                 temperature 
                 lift-off 
                 lift-off 
               
               
                 Examples 
                 (um) (D2) 
                 (um) (D1) 
                 (D1/D2) 
                 (° C.) 
                 solution 
                 duration 
                 efficiency 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 14 
                 0.1 
                 1 
                 10.0 
                 130 
                 DMSO/ 
                  10 min 
                 poor 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 MEA 
               
               
                 15 
                 0.2 
                 1 
                 5.0 
                 130 
                 DMSO/ 
                 &gt;15 min 
                 poor 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 MEA 
               
               
                 16 
                 0.3 
                 1 
                 3.3 
                 130 
                 DMSO/ 
                 &gt;30 min 
                 poor 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 MEA 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Comparative Examples 17-19 
     PI Photoresist/FTO 
     The patterning process for oxide film of Comparative Examples 17-19 is described below. The process parameters of each example are shown in Table 11 with a pattern linewidth of 100 um. 
     Firstly, a glass substrate was rinsed. Secondly, the polyimide photoresist (PI, photo-sensitive polyimide, manufactured by Eternal Chemical) was applied on the substrate through a wet coating process, and then a photolithography process was used to form a patterned barrier layer. The thickness of the patterned barrier layer was D1. Next, a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) was deposited on the patterned barrier layer in the environment of 370° C. to form a coating. The thickness of the FTO coating was D2. Finally, the photoresist was removed by a dimethyl sulfoxide/ethanolamine (DMSO/MEA=30 wt %/70 wt %) solution to obtain the patterns of the FTO coating. 
     The doping amount of fluorine in the FTO used in Comparative Examples 17-19 was 2 at %. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 thickness 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 thickness 
                 of barrier 
                 thickness 
                 coating 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 of FTO 
                 layer 
                 ratio 
                 temperature 
                 lift-off 
                 lift-off 
               
               
                 Examples 
                 (um) (D2) 
                 (um) (D1) 
                 (D1/D2) 
                 (° C.) 
                 solution 
                 duration 
                 efficiency 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 17 
                 0.2 
                 10 
                 50.0 
                 370 
                 DMSO/ 
                  5 min 
                 poor 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 MEA 
               
               
                 18 
                 0.3 
                 5 
                 16.7 
                 370 
                 DMSO/ 
                 20 min 
                 poor 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 MEA 
               
               
                 19 
                 0.3 
                 1.2 
                 4.0 
                 370 
                 DMSO/ 
                 not 
                 poor 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 MEA 
                 removable 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Comparative Examples 20-22 
     PI Photoresist/TO 
     The patterning process for oxide film of Comparative Examples 20-22 is described below. The process parameters of each example are shown in Table 12 with a pattern linewidth of 100 um. 
     Firstly, a glass substrate was rinsed. Secondly, the polyimide photoresist (PI, photo-sensitive polyimide, manufactured by Eternal Chemical) was applied on the substrate through a wet coating process, and then a photolithography process was used to form a patterned barrier layer. The thickness of the patterned barrier layer was D1. Next, a tin oxide (TO) was deposited on the patterned barrier layer in the environment of 400° C. to form a coating. The thickness of the TO coating was D2. Finally, the photoresist was removed by a dimethyl sulfoxide/ethanolamine (DMSO/MEA=30 wt %/70 wt %) solution to obtain the patterns of the TO coating. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 thickness 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 thickness 
                 of barrier 
                 thickness 
                 coating 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 of TO 
                 layer 
                 ratio 
                 temperature 
                 lift-off 
                 lift-off 
               
               
                 Examples 
                 (um) (D2) 
                 (um) (D1) 
                 (D1/D2) 
                 (° C.) 
                 solution 
                 duration 
                 efficiency 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 20 
                 0.1 
                 1 
                 10.0 
                 350-400 
                 DMSO/ 
                 10 min 
                 poor 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 MEA 
               
               
                 21 
                 0.3 
                 2.0 
                 6.7 
                 350-400 
                 DMSO/ 
                 15 min 
                 poor 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 MEA 
               
               
                 22 
                 0.3 
                 1 
                 3.3 
                 350-400 
                 DMSO/ 
                 &gt;30 min  
                 poor 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 MEA 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     In some exemplary embodiments, water may be used as the lift-off solution. By controlling the component of the barrier layer composition and the thickness ratio of barrier layer/oxide film, the barrier layer may be easily removed by water in the last lift-off step. Further, the edges of patterned oxide film are sharp and non-burring. 
     The exemplary embodiments simplify or reduce the steps of patterning oxide film by utilizing a barrier layer composition containing inorganic component. By controlling the thickness ratio of the barrier layer to the oxide film, the limitation in the materials and the process compatibility caused by the organic barrier layer and photolithography process have been overcome. In addition, the disclosed process may replace the conventional photolithography process so as to increase the efficiency of printing pattern processes. 
     The exemplary embodiments provide a novel patterning process for oxide film. The operation temperature may be in the range of about 100-550° C. by controlling the component of the barrier layer composition and the thickness ratio of the barrier layer to the oxide film. Therefore, the patterning process is particularly applicable to metal oxide film that requires a high deposition temperature. The patterning process is applicable to indium tin oxide (ITO) film and other non-etchable metals (for example, fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), lithium-fluorine-doped tin oxide (LFTO)). 
     Compared to conventional barrier layers formed of organic materials, the exemplary embodiments employ the barrier layer composition containing 50 wt % or more of inorganic solid content to form a barrier layer for easy lift-off. 
     It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the disclosed embodiments. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope of the disclosure being indicated by the following claims and their equivalents.