Abstract:
An improved charge pump based phase locked loop where the loop filter resistor noise is reduced by about an order is presented. The voltage controlled oscillator generates a clock signal, and this is input to the phase detector, which, compares the oscillator clock with the reference clock and using the Charge pump it generates a current output proportional to the phase difference. The loop filter converts this proportional current to a voltage and connects it to the oscillator input. The loop filter consists of a capacitor, resistor and the apparatus that bypasses most of the resistor noise.

Description:
PRIORITY 
       [0001]    This Application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/600,745, filed Feb. 20, 2012, entitled “A Novel Technique to Remove the Loop Filter Resistor Noise in Charge-Pump PLL”, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    This Application is directed, in general, to a phased lock loop (PLL), and more specifically, to removing loop filter resistor thermal noise in a PLL. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Turning to  FIG. 1 , illustrated is a conventional PLL  100 . A resistor Rcp  155  is used in the PLL  100  for stability purposes, such that a “zero” is created in the loop transfer function, and ensures stability around the unity gain frequency. However, the total phase noise (jitter) of the PLL can be problematic. 
         [0004]    Other approaches to solving various issues with PLL loops, such as phase noise characteristics, have been proposed, such as U.S. Pat. No. 6,420,917 B1 to Klemmer, entitled “PLL Loop Filter With Switched-Capacitor Resistor.” However, there seems 3 disadvantages with this architecture: 1.) There is a need of extra cap and it might increase the overall loop filter area by 15%, 2.) a non overlapping clock generator is needed to generate the control signals for the switched cap, 3.) two big switches are needed for the switched cap network (Q 1  &amp; Q 2  in the  FIG. 4  of Klemmer), which may add some switching noise at the ‘VCTRL’ node due to coupling through the parasitic capacitors. 
         [0005]    Therefore, there is a need in the art to address at least some of the issues associated with conventional PLL circuits. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0006]    A first aspect provides a circuit, comprising: a phase frequency detector (PFD);an up current switch coupled to an output of the comparative phase detector; a down current switch coupled to an output of the PFD; a current source coupled through the up current switch to a node, a down current sourced coupled through the down current switch to a node, the node coupled to: a) a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) wherein an output of the VCO is coupled to an input of the PFD, and b) a loop filter resistor bypass circuit, comprising: a loop filter resistor coupled to the node; a capacitor coupled in series with the loop filter resistor, the capacitor also coupled to ground; and a first bypass switch coupled to the node, and a second bypass switch coupled in series to the first bypass switch, the second bypass switch also coupled to the anode of the capacitor, wherein the first bypass switch and the second bypass switch in series are coupled in series with each other and in parallel to the loop filter resistor, wherein the loop filter resistor is employed to create a zero pole in the loop when the first and second bypass switches are not closed, and a first control line coupled from the up current switch to the first bypass resistive element through a CMOS inverter; and a second control line coupled from the up current switch to the second bypass resistive element through another CMOS inverter, wherein the first and second bypass switches are a complementary CMOS pair, wherein the loop filter resistor is employed to create the zero when the first and second bypass switches are not closed, and the noise of a loop filter resistor is bypassed when the loop filter resistor is bypassed. 
         [0007]    A second aspect provides a circuit, comprising: a PFD; an up current switch coupled to an output of the comparative phase detector; a down current switch coupled to an output of the PFD; a current source coupled through the up current switch to a node, a down current sourced coupled through the down current switch to a node, the node coupled to: a) VCO wherein an output of the VCO is coupled to an input of the PFD, and b) a loop filter resistor bypass circuit, comprising: a loop filter resistor coupled to the node; a capacitor coupled in series with the loop filter resistor, the capacitor also coupled to ground; and a first bypass switch coupled to the node, and a second bypass switch coupled in series to the first bypass switch, the second bypass switch also coupled to an anode of the capacitor, wherein the first bypass switch and the second bypass switch in series are coupled in series with each other and in parallel to the loop filter resistor. 
         [0008]    A third aspect provides a circuit, comprising: A circuit, comprising: a PFD; an up current switch coupled to an output of the comparative phase detector; a down current switch coupled to an output of the comparative phase detector; a current source coupled through the up current switch to a node, a down current sourced coupled through the down current switch to a node, the node coupled to: a) a VCO wherein an output of the VCO is coupled to an input of the PFD, and b) a loop filter resistor bypass circuit, comprising: a loop filter resistor coupled to the node; a capacitor coupled in series with the loop filter resistor, the capacitor also coupled to ground; and a first bypass switch coupled to the node, and a second bypass switch coupled in series to the first bypass switch, the second bypass switch also coupled to an anode of the capacitor, wherein the first bypass switch and the second bypass switch in series are coupled in series with each other and in parallel to the loop filter resistor, wherein the loop filter resistor is employed to create a zero in the circuit when the first and second bypass switches are not closed, and a first control line coupled from the up current switch to the first bypass resistive element; and a second control line coupled from the up current switch to the second bypass resistive element. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0009]    Reference is now made to the following descriptions: 
           [0010]      FIG. 1  illustrates a conventional PLL circuit; 
           [0011]      FIG. 2  illustrates a PLL circuit with a loop filter resistor removal circuit; 
           [0012]      FIG. 3A  is an example illustration of signals of  FIG. 2  when the PLL of  FIG. 2  is in a steady state; 
           [0013]      FIG. 3B  is an example illustration of received signals of the loop filter resistor removal circuit of  FIG. 2 ; and 
           [0014]      FIG. 4  is an example simulation plot comparing the spectral noise densities of the loop filter noise with and without the noise bypass circuit. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0015]    Turning to  FIG. 2 , illustrated is one aspect of a PLL with a loop filter resistor removal circuit  200  constructed according to the principles of the present Application. As understood by the named inventor of the present Application, in a typical charge pump PLL, a loop filter resistor is one of the contributors to a total output PLL phase noise (jitter.) By using an approach of removing the loop filter resistor during parts of a PLL cycle, loop filter resistor noise of a PLL can be reduced. 
         [0016]    Generally, a PLL contains two poles at an origin and a high DC gain, and is therefore unstable. A resistor is added in series to a capacitor as a loop filter resistor to create a zero in a feedback loop of the PLL, and it helps to stabilize the PLL. As is appreciated by the present inventor, the loop filter resistor, as understood by the present inventor, introduction of a resistor Rcp  155  of  FIG. 1  introduces further problems in PLL circuits, such as thermal noise, thereby increasing jitter, i.e., adding thermal noise to the PLL and affects the final PLL output clock phase noise. As understood by the inventor, the loop filter resistor becomes one of the main phase noise contributors in high speed, low jitter uses in conventional PLL designs. 
         [0017]    For more information on PLLs in general, please see “Design of Analog CMOS Integrated circuits” by Behzad Razavi, section 15.2.3, “Basic Charge-Pump PLL”, McGraw Hill International Edition, Publication Date 2001, pages 556-562, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, which addresses PLL loop dynamics, and more specifically, to see a discussion of the 2 poles, and it furthermore introduces a discussion of the zero requirement to make PLLs stable. 
         [0018]    In the circuit  200 , a phase frequency detector (PFD)  210  receives both a REFCLK signal and a FDBKCLK signal. The PFD  210  outputs an UP signal  211  and a down signal DN  212 , which drives an up switch  222  and a down switch  227 , respectively, off or on. The up switch  222  is coupled to a first charge pump  220 , a current source. The down switch  227  is coupled to a second charge pump  225 , also a current source. The up switch  222  and the down switch  227  are coupled together at a node  229 . 
         [0019]    Coupled to the node  229  is a loop filter resistor removal circuit  250 , which has a voltage of VCTRL at the node  229 . The removal circuit  250  includes a loop filter resistor  255  coupled to the node  229 . A first switch UPZ  260  and a second switch DNZ  265  are coupled together in series from the node  229 , and are also coupled in parallel to the loop filter resistor  255 . The RCP  255  is also coupled to a filter capacitor  270 , which is coupled to a ground. The switches  260 ,  265  can each be a complementary CMOS pair. 
         [0020]    The node  229 , having a voltage VCTRL, is coupled to an input of the voltage controlled oscillator (VCO)  280 . An output of the VCO  280  is then fed back to the PFD  210  over a feedback line  285  as a signal FDBKCLK. 
         [0021]    In the PLL circuit  200 , the UP line  222  is coupled across a control line  230  across an inverter  213 , to the UPZ switch  260 , and the down switch  227  is coupled across a control line  235  across an inverter  215  to the DNZ switch  265 . 
         [0022]    When UP  211  is logic high, UPZ switch  260  is open (logic low). When UP  211  is logic low, UPZ switch  260  is closed (logic high). When DN  212  is logic high, DNZ switch  265  is open (logic low). When DN  212  is logic low, DNZ switch  265  is closed (logic high). 
         [0023]    As is understood by the present inventor, typically, once a PLL is “settled”, the charge pumps  220 ,  225  will be active only for a small part of a total PLL cycle, for example, approximately 5% to 10%. Therefore, the loop filter Rcp  255  is only needed for loop stability during this relatively short interval of time. However, in traditional PLLs, unlike the PLL  200  of the present Application, a loop filter resistor is connected to the node  229  all the time and adds its noise, such as thermal noise, all the time throughout the PLL cycle. 
         [0024]    In the proposed approach of the principles of the present Application, a loop filter resistor, such as Rcp  255 , is employed when either the charge pump  220  or charge pump  225  are charging or discharging the capacitor  270 . Closing either switch  222  or switch  227  is then correlated to opening switch  260 ,  265 , respectively, thereby adding loop filter resistor Rcp  255  into use by the PLL  200 . However, if both UP switch  222  and DN switch  227  are open, then both UPZ switch  260  and DNZ switch  265  are closed, shorting the Rcp  255 . Please note that the combination of resistances of the switches  260  and  265 , even when both are shut and added in series, can be an order of magnitude less than that of a resistance of the Rcp  255 , thereby leading to a decrease of noise in the circuit. Also, the switches  260  &amp;  265  are complimentary CMOS switches and switching noise from the PMOS &amp; NMOS will kind of cancel each other. Hence, there would be minimal switching noise at the node  229 . 
         [0025]    In one aspect, through employment of signals generated by the PFD  210  to run the charge pumps  220  and  225 , employment of two gates  260  and  265 , noise contribution of the PLL loop filter resistor  255  has been substantially reduced. Signals used for one part of the PLL circuit  200  are used in another part of the circuit  200 . In the PLL circuit  200 , there is an omission of the element of the Rcp  255  for at least a portion of the PLL cycle, yet retention of its function when called for pole loop stability. 
         [0026]    In a further aspect, the PLL  200  can be used to generate a clock signal for a sigma delta modulator. 
         [0027]      FIG. 3A and 3B  illustrate timing diagrams of the PLL  200 . 
         [0028]    Regarding  FIG. 3A , as is illustrated, once the PLL  200  reaches steady state, both of the clocks REFCLK and FDBCLK have the same frequency and will be aligned in phase. In this state, the charge pumps will be active only for a short duration of time to avoid dead band, and this dead-band time is typically around 5%-10% of the clock period, Tclk. Steady state waveforms are illustrated in  FIG. 3A . 
         [0029]    Regarding  FIG. 3B , illustrated is an example behavior of the switches  222 ,  227 . As is illustrated, as the UP and DN switch on/logic high signals are applied on to switches  222 ,  227 , switches  260  and  265  are open, thereby adding loop filter resistor Rcp  255  into the filter circuit. However, when off signals are applied to switches  222 ,  227 , switches  260  and  265  are closed, thereby shorting out the Rcp  255  and adding less noise at node  229 .  FIG. 4  shows a plot of the noise spectral densities of a loop filter with and without the noise bypass circuit. The typical values assumed are Rcp=8 K.Ohm, Cap=200 pF and total resistance of the bypass switches is 350 Ohm and the bypass switch is switched ON for 90% of the clock period. 
         [0030]      FIG. 4  illustrates an example simulation plot comparing the spectral noise densities of the loop filter noise with and without the noise bypass circuit. From the figure, it was evident that the spectral noise density without the bypass circuit is higher than that with the bypass circuit till some cut-off frequency (Fcut). This ‘Fcut’ frequency depends on the ratio of the combined bypass switch resistance to the Rcp. The loop filter noise see&#39;s a band-pass transfer function to the final PLL output, with the upper cut-off frequency being the PLL Unity Gain Bandwidth (UGB). So ideally all the loop filter noise above the PLL UGB frequency will be killed by the PLL loop and hence is of less concern. So bypass switch impedance is carefully designed such that the total integrated noise power till the PLL UGB is lesser for the loop filter with the bypass switch. 
         [0031]    Those skilled in the art to which this application relates will appreciate that other and further additions, deletions, substitutions and modifications may be made to the described embodiments.