Abstract:
In a vapor fixing device for an electrographic printer or copier, the heated vapor housing is provided such that vapor does not condense at the interior housing walls. A directed stream containing solvent vapor is produced which is directed at a section of the support material.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention is directed to a device and to a method for fixing a toner image on a carrier material, whereby the toner image is charged with a solvent vapor. The invention is also directed to an apparatus for printing and/or copying wherein such a device is utilized. 
     In numerous electrophotographic printing or copying processes, a toner image is transferred onto a carrier material, for example paper, the toner image being initially not joined to the carrier material in smear-proof and abrasion-resistant fashion. That the toner image is firmly joined to the carrier material, i.e. fixed, is only achieved by a fixing process. A fixing process is usually employed wherein the toner is charged with heat and pressure. The toner is thereby melted with the assistance of heating fixing drums and pressed into the carrier material, so that the toner enters into a bonded union with the carrier material. When no specific pre-heating of the paper is undertaken, this heat-pressure fixing is limited to the transport velocity of the carrier material, for example to approximately 0.5 m/s through 0.7 m/s. 
     When the carrier material is simultaneously printed on both sides in the operating mode of duplex printing and both sides are to be simultaneously fixed, then fixing drums that are soft and yielding must be employed at both sides. Such fixing drums have only a short service life and, due to the slight economic feasibility, are only utilized in printers or copiers having a low printing volume. Due to the resilience of the fixing drums, further, the guidance of the carrier material is problematic, so that an endless carrier material web can only be conditionally employed given such a fixing method. 
     Contactless fixing methods have already been proposed that avoid the problems arising due to the contact between carrier material and parts of the fixing mechanism, for example the fixing drums. 
     EP-A-0 629 930 discloses an arrangement wherein toner is melted with infrared radiation and is fixed on the paper. Such an arrangement can also be employed in duplex printing, whereby toner images are simultaneously fixed on both sides of the carrier material. When switched on and off, the infrared radiators that are employed have a relatively great time constant, so that a start/stop mode cannot be realized with such an arrangement without spoilage or rejects. 
     DE-A-198 27 210 discloses an arrangement wherein infrared radiation is likewise employed for fixing. A start/stop mode without rejects can be realized by means of the design control of a blind that is inserted into and in turn withdrawn from the beam path of the infrared radiation. However, the general disadvantage of fixing with the assistance of infrared radiation remains, this being comprised such that the carrier material, generally paper, is relatively intensely dried during the fixing event, this leading to a shrinkage, to ripple and to an electrostatic charging given further-processing and post-processing of the carrier material. Such a modification of the carrier material can lead to considerable problems in the post-processing of the carrier material, for example when cutting, stacking, binding, enveloping, etc. 
     Another known contactless fixing method is photoflash fixing wherein the toner is fixed on the carrier material with high-energy light pulses. The wavelength of the radiation generally lies in the visible through ultraviolet range of the radiation spectrum. Photoflash fixing reacts sensitively to the color of the toner, i.e. the toner material absorbs the energy dependent on the existing light spectrum, which can lead to quality losses given employment of toners having different color, for example in multi-color printing. 
     Another contactless fixing method is what is referred to as cold fixing. In this cold fixing, the toner material is softened under the influence of a solvent. The softened toner thereby moistens the carrier material. Given employment of fiber material that contains fibers such as, for example, paper or textiles, the softened toner surrounds the fibers and, due to capillary forces, penetrates between the fibers and into them. After the evaporation of the solvent, the toner in turn congeals and solidifies. In this way, the toner is joined to the carrier material in a smear-proof and abrasion-resistant manner. The presence of the solvent in vapor form during the fixing process is more advantageous than the presence as an aerosol or liquid, since chemical solvent processes sequence on a molecular basis and a molecular distribution of the solvent is thus the most suitable. Given the employment of vapor, moreover, a condensation of the solvent vapor onto the toner particles occurs due to the different temperatures of carrier material and vapor, so that the vapor molecules deposit directly onto these toner particles. Moreover, the output of the evaporation enthalpy in the condensation supports the softening of the toner and increases the speed of the dissolving process. 
     A general advantage of fixing with the assistance of a solvent is the slight thermal stressing of the carrier material. Accordingly, carrier materials can be employed that withstand only a slight thermal or mechanical load such as, for example, labels or films. Moreover, the moisture content of the carrier material is not changed, so that a ripple, a bagging or a curling arising due to changes in moisture are avoided. Moreover, cold fixing is largely independent of the thickness of the carrier material, so that, for example, papers having different paper thicknesses can be employed without a great modification of the fixing process. In this way, a change in the type of paper can also occur with little expense. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,311,723 discloses an arrangement wherein a paper web is conducted through a fixing chamber with solvent vapor. The solvent vapor is situated in a container. Due to the force of gravity as well as cooling tubes in the upper region of the container, the concentration of the solvent vapor increases toward the floor of the container, so that a region with a high solvent concentration arises in the proximity of the container floor. The carrier material, which enters in the upper region of the container with the as yet unfixed toner images, is deflected downward at a first deflection device and is conducted in the region of the high solvent concentration in the proximity of the container floor. The carrier material with partially fixed toner images is deflected again thereat at a second deflection device and is ultimately conducted upward out of the container via a third deflection device. Of necessity, a touching of the carrier material occurs at the deflection devices, as a result whereof the toner situated thereon can smear or peel off or print locations are left behind. It is therefore not possible with this arrangement to fix carrier material charged with toner images on both sides. Moreover, the arrangement exhibits a relatively slow start/stop behavior since—for stopping the fixing—the deflection device must be moved out of the region of high solvent concentration upward into a region having a low solvent concentration with which a fixing no longer occurs, a certain time being required for this. 
     The employment of solvent can be problematical in view of the creation of ozone. One speaks of the ozone potential of a solvent in this context. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,311,723, an azeotropic mixture of tri-chlorofluorethane (C 2 Cl 2 F 3 , CFC1130 and acetone (C 6 H 6 O) is employed. The primary solvent is the acetone, whereas the CFC113 serves as a flame retardant. The use of CFC113 was outlawed in the earlier 1990 s  due to the high ozone potential. Partially halogenated hydrocarbons, what are referred to as HCFC, were then proposed as a replacement for the CFC113, for example HCFC123 and HCFC141b, since these have a significantly lower ozone potential. These partially halogenated hydrocarbons HCFC henceforth assumed the function of the flame retardant in mixtures of air and combustible solvents such as acetone, propyl alcohols, etc. In particular, the use of pure HCFC141b without addition of a solvent such as, for example, acetone proved advantageous given employment of polystyrol-based toners since HCFC141b has an adequate fixing action for these toners and is simple to recover as a single-phase material since no mixing or de-mixing problems occur. 
     Due to its ozone potential and the environmental pollution produced as a result thereof, however, HCFC141b will only be available for a limited time. New fixative mixtures on the basis of chlorine-free, fully halogenated hydrocarbons HFC were therefore proposed, for example in EP-A-0 784 238 (Solvay) and EP-A0 941 503 (Allied Signal). Given the polyester based toners that are usually employed now, however, these mixtures have proven problematic to employ in practice. 
     EP-A-0 613 572 discloses a method and a solvent for fixing a toner constructed on the basis of polystyrol. A partially halogenated fluorohydrocarbon having a temperature of ebullition below 35° C. is employed as sole a solvent. 
     DE-A-2 720 247 discloses a printing process wherein toner is transferred from an intermediate carrier, for example a photoconductor drum onto a recording medium at a transfer printing station. The toner on the photoconductor drum is charged with a solvent vapor such that it becomes sticky. The recording medium, for example the paper, is likewise exposed to the solvent vapor. The sticky toner adheres on the paper, which is likewise provided with solvent, as a result whereof the transfer printing event and the fixing of the toner occur in a single process. 
     DE-A-2 613 066 discloses a fixing process for fixing toner images on paper. Hot gas with a predetermined proportion of water steam is employed for the non-contacting fixing. 
     DE-A-2 613 066 also discloses a fixing device wherein the toner material of the toner image on the recording medium is charged with a hot gas, particularly air. The temperature of this gas is such that the toner melts and penetrates into the recording medium, for example paper. 
     The following documents are cited in the International Search Report: CH,A,457 144; U.S. Pat. No. 3,680,795; “Cut-Sheet Vapor Fuser”, IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, IBM Corp. New York 32 (3A), 1989, 258-259, XP000049471; DE,A,29 27 453; DE,A,36 36 324, with CH, A, 457144 being relevant. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the invention is to specify a device and a method that enables a fixing of toner images with high efficiency given low environmental pollution. This object is achieved by providing a method and apparatus wherein a vapor fixing is provided such that vapor does not condense at interior housing walls. 
     Exemplary preferred embodiments of the invention are explained below on the basis of the drawing, whereby known fixing mechanisms are also referenced. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows a known fixing device with solvent vapor that is largely at rest; 
         FIG. 2  shows the structure of an inert air layer between the paper web and the solvent vapor; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates the effect of a solvent depletion; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates the principle of blowing the carrier material with a directed stream in a preferred exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG. 5  illustrates the schematic structure of a fixing device in a preferred exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG. 6  is a preferred exemplary embodiment wherein the carrier material is blown from above and below; 
         FIG. 7  is an exemplary embodiment wherein the counter-current principle is realized; 
         FIG. 8  shows the generation of the directed stream by expansion of the evaporating solvent; 
         FIG. 9  is a simplified version according to  FIG. 8 ; 
         FIG. 10  is an example with evaporator chambers that are arranged outside the fixing chamber; 
         FIG. 11  is an exemplary embodiment wherein the carrier material is charged with a directed stream from only one side; 
         FIG. 12  is the example according to  FIG. 11  but with the counter-current principle realized therein; 
         FIG. 13  shows two series-connected fixing chambers; 
         FIG. 14  is the example according to  FIG. 13 , whereby the co-current flow principle is realized in one chamber and the counter-current principle is realized in the other chamber; 
         FIG. 15  shows two series-connected circulations with solvent vapor in a single chamber; 
         FIG. 16  is an embodiment wherein the carrier material is vertically conducted through the fixing chamber; 
         FIG. 17  is an exemplary embodiment wherein the carrier material is conducted through the fixing chamber at an angle of 45°; 
         FIG. 18  shows the exemplary embodiment according to  FIG. 6 , whereby the control flaps are pivoted into the deflection position; and 
         FIG. 19  is an exemplary embodiment with further control elements. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the preferred embodiment illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended, such alterations and further modifications in the illustrated device, and/or method, and such further applications of the principles of the invention as illustrated therein being contemplated as would normally occur now or in the future to one skilled in the art to which the invention relates. 
       FIG. 1  shows the structure of a traditional fixing device similar to that according to the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 4,311,723. In order to understand the exemplary preferred: embodiments of the invention better, this known fixing device shall be discussed first. A solvent vapor  12  is generated in a container  10 . Cooling tubes  16  that cool the solvent vapor are arranged inside the container  10 . Accordingly, the solvent concentration in the upper region  18  is lower than in a middle region  20  and is in turn lower in the middle region  20  than in the floor region  14 . The highest solvent concentration is thus encountered on the portion  22   a  of the web  22  in this floor region  14 . The carrier material  22 , generally a paper web, with as yet unfixed toner images, enters horizontally into the container  10  and is deflected vertically downward at a first deflection device  24  and is guided into the region of high solvent concentration in the floor region  14 . The toner images are partially fixed over this path of the paper web  22 . The paper web  22  is deflected again at a second deflection device  26  and is ultimately conducted out of the container  10  via a third deflection device  28 . 
     Of necessity, contact between the paper web  22  and the deflection elements occur at the deflection devices  24 ,  26  and  28 . Due to this contact, particularly at the elements  24  and  26 , the toner can smear or come off and/or print locations can remain behind on the paper web  22 . A double-sided, simultaneous fixing of toner images on both sides of the paper web  22 , as would be necessary given the operating mode of duplex printing, is not possible since the toner on the back side would already be smeared at the first deflection device  24 . Moreover, the still soft toner could in turn be partially stripped off at the third deflection device  28 . 
     The device shown in  FIG. 1  also exhibits a relatively slow start/stop behavior when the paper web  22  is arrested during forward transport or resumes its transport velocity. For stopping the fixing process, the deflection device  26  is moved from the region with high solvent concentration, the floor region  14 , upward into the upper region  18  with low solvent concentration at which the fixing process is greatly reduced. The travel motion consumes a relatively long time and thus defines the dynamic behavior of the overall fixing device. 
       FIG. 2  schematically shows an effect that arises due to the motion of the carrier material  22 . It must be generally mentioned that paper is preferably employed as carrier material  22 ; however, other materials such as, for example, films, labels or plastics can also be employed. Given a movement of the paper web  22  in the direction of the arrow P 1 , air  30  is entrained from outside the fixing device. This air  30  is located as an inert layer between the paper web  22  and the solvent vapor  12 , as a result whereof the fixing process is retarded since the solvent vapor  12  must first penetrate the air layer  30 . This effect is dependent on the transport velocity of the paper web  22  and on the spatial geometry of the fixing device. This effect is especially pronounced when the solvent vapor  12  is at rest. 
       FIG. 3  shows a further effect that particularly occurs when the solvent vapor  12  is at rest. The temperature of the paper web  22  generally lies below the temperature of ebullition of the solvent, so that the solvent vapor  12  condenses at the surface of the paper web  22 . A solvent depletion occurs in a zone  32  close to the surface of the paper web  22 , so that the surface of the paper web is separated from the highly concentrated solvent vapor  12  and the toner cannot be dissolved any further. 
       FIG. 4  shows the principle employed in the preferred embodiment. The surface of the carrier material, for example the paper web  22 , is blown by a directed stream that contains solvent vapor  12 . The stream  34  emerges from a nozzle  36 . The stream  34  of solvent vapor  12  penetrates the inert air layer  30  and proceeds into a region  38  of the paper surface in order to dissolve the toner thereat. 
     The strong convection produced by the flow increases the probability that solvent molecules encounter toner particles during the transit time of the paper web  22  through the fixing device and dissolve the toner. The stream  34  is comprised of a mixture of air and solvent vapor. The zone  32  with solvent depletion shown in  FIG. 3  cannot form due to the convection, since new solvent vapor  12  is continuously replenished. A high solvent concentration is thus always maintained at the location that is blown against. The effect of this blowing principle is that an adequate dissolving effect is achieved even given a slight chemical dissolving force and the required influencing time is shortened. By shortening this influencing time, the structural size of the fixing device can be diminished with a given paper velocity, or the paper velocity can be increased with a given structural size. 
       FIG. 5  schematically shows the structure of a fixing device [of the invention] for a simultaneous double-sided fixing of toner images on the carrier material  22 . The fixing device comprises a fixing chamber  40  that has an essentially closed structure in order to prevent the active solvent vapor from being diluted with ambient air. The carrier material  22 , generally a paper web, traverses the fixing chamber  40  straight and horizontally, whereby it passes through a first, narrow admission gap  42  and a narrow discharge gap  44  lying opposite the former. The admission gap  42  is designed such that no contact occurs between it and the carrier material  22  even when the web of material flutters or sags in order to avoid smearing the toner image situated on both sides of the carrier material  22 . When the operating mode of “simplex printing” having only single-sided toner images on the carrier material  22  is applied, contact can occur at that side of the carrier material  22  lying opposite the toner images, and corresponding guide elements can be provided. 
     Due to the friction between ambient air and carrier material  22 , air is entrained in the region of a boundary layer as a consequence of the transport motion of the carrier material  22 . Upon entry of the carrier material  22  into the fixing chamber  40 , ambient air is therefore also transported into the fixing chamber  40  through the admission gap  42 . As a consequence of the movement of the carrier material  22 , solvent vapor is entrained from the inside of the fixing chamber  40  at the discharge side toward the outside through the discharge gap  44 . As a result of these effects, the solvent concentration in the inside of the fixing chamber is steadily reduced if this effect is not countered. In order to diminish this effect, first, the admission gap  42  and the discharge gap  44  are implemented optimally narrow; second, fresh solvent vapor is continuously resupplied into the fixing chamber  40  from an evaporator during the fixing process. 
       FIG. 6  shows a preferred exemplary embodiment [of the invention] wherein toner images can be fixed on both sides of the carrier material  22 , the fixing chamber comprising a solvent charging system which charges the toner image with a solvent vapor. The fixing chamber is symmetrically constructed relative to the carrier material web  22 . Components are explained below that are required for the fixing of the toner images present on the upper side of the carrier material web  22 . An evaporator  46  to which liquid solvent is supplied via a delivery tube  48  is arranged inside the fixing chamber  40 . The solvent drips onto a heated plate  50  as a healing system whose temperature lies above the boiling point of the solvent, for example 30° C. above the boiling point. In order to improve the evaporation process, the plate  50  can be chemically or mechanically roughened or can be provided with channels. The generated vapor stream  52  escapes via an opening  54 . This opening  54  can be designed as a slot or as a nozzle. In a preferred exemplary embodiment, the opening  54  is designed as a valve, and preferably as a solenoid valve. The escape of the vapor stream  52  can be controlled by design, with a clocked opening and closing of the valve. 
     Alternatively, the delivery of the solvent can also ensue with a nozzle. This nozzle (not shown) generates a finely atomized jet of solvent that is sprayed onto the heated plate  50 . 
     The vapor stream  52  escaping from the evaporator  46  is supplied to the suction side of a cross current ventilator  56  as an acceleration device that is designed as a radial ventilator. The speed of the cross current ventilator  56  can be regulated in order to set the flow velocity of the stream  34  composed of a mixture of air and solvent vapor. With the assistance of the gap nozzle  36 , the stream  34  is directed onto the carrier material  22  obliquely in the transport direction P 1  of the carrier material  22 . The directed stream  34  is then guided along a channel  58  along the carrier material  22  and is extracted by the cross current ventilator  56  at the end of the channel  58  in order to be compressed to form a directed stream  34  mixed anew with the fresh vapor stream  52 . The flow velocity of the stream  34  generally amounts to a multiple of the transport velocity of the carrier material  22 . In this way, the same part of the stream  34  with the solvent vapor can repeatedly act on the toner images on the carrier material  22  within an influencing time that is defined by the length of the channel  58  and by the transport velocity. 
     The solvent vapor responsible for the dissolving of the toner material is supplied to the toner material in the toner images in a circulation upon continuous circulation of the solvent vapor. The continuous circulation of the solvent produces a homogenization of the solvent concentration within this circulation and, thus, a homogenization of the fixing of the toner images on the carrier material  22 . Blowing a directed stream  34  against the carrier material  22  accelerates the fixing event, so that a lower solvent concentration suffices for the fixing, or solvents having reduced dissolving power can be employed. 
     According to the exemplary embodiment according to  FIG. 6 , the gap nozzle  36  generates a stream  34  that obliquely impinges the carrier material  22 . Due to the oblique positioning of the gap nozzle  36 , an under-pressure or, respectively, a constant pressure is produced in the region of the admission gap  42 . The entry of air due to the transport motion of the carrier material  22  can thus be minimized by means of a skillful selection of the angle of incidence of the gap nozzle  36 . 
     In the example of  FIG. 6 , components of the directed stream  34  and of the transport direction P 1  are isodirectional. Such an arrangement is referred to as a co-current flow principle. The arrangement can also be designed such that components of the stream  34  and of the transport direction P 1  are opposite one another. This arrangement is referred to as a counter-current principle. 
     When the carrier material  26  carries toner images on only one side, for example the upper side, then the component parts for fixing toner images of the lower side can be foregone, i.e. the component parts such as the evaporator, the cross current ventilator, etc., that are arranged under the carrier material in FIG.  6 . 
     The arrangement according to  FIG. 6  can be designed such that combustible solvents that require device-oriented safety measures in the framework of explosion protection can be utilized. An explosion flap  60  that opens given increased pressure is thus arranged in the region of the discharge gap  44 . The carrier material  22  is electrostatically discharged by means of ionized air with the assistance of a discharge device  62 . All ignition sources within the fixing chamber  40  are avoided. All parts of the apparatus are grounded in order to avoid static charging. A respective extraction device  64 ,  66  that extracts the solvent vapor escaping from the fixing chamber  40  in slight amounts is arranged in the proximity of the admission gap  42  and of the discharge gap  44 . Accordingly, no concentrations of solvent vapors that are explosive or harmful to health can occur outside of the fixing chamber, even given longer operation. 
     The arrangement according to  FIG. 6  is also designed for a fast start/stop behavior. Two control flaps  70 ,  72  are provided for this purpose, these being shown in the enable position in FIG.  6 . In this position, the stream  34  can flow freely. Both control flaps  70 ,  72  can be swiveled into a deflection position according to the swiveling directions P 2 , P 4 , so that the carrier material  22  no longer has solvent vapor blown against it. For immediate interruption of the fixing process, the control flaps  70 ,  72  are moved into the deflection position. At the same time, the delivery of solvent via the delivery pipe  48  is stopped for the evaporation process, and the extraction device  66  is turned off. The other extraction device  64  then suctions fresh air into the fixing chamber  40  and the channel  58 , and thus the region around the carrier material  22  is flooded with fresh air. The fixing process is suddenly interrupted by means of these measures. 
     Upon resumption of the printing operations and the further transport of the carrier material  22 , the fixing process is restarted by swiveling the control flaps  70 ,  72  opposite the directions P 2 , P 4 . At the same time, the extraction device  66  is re-activated and the admission of solvent for the evaporator  46  is started. 
     In certain printing processes, the carrier material  22  is retracted in the direction of the printing unit opposite the direction P 1  before the resumption of the printing operations. In this case, the control flaps  70 ,  72  are not returned into the enable position until unfixed toner images are again situated in the blowing location in the channel  58 . What is thus achieved is that toner images that have already been fixed need not undergo the fixing process again. 
     A sensor that measures the solvent concentration is connected into the circulation with solvent vapor. As shall be explained in greater detail later, the solvent concentration is regulated to a constant value with the assistance of this sensor  74 . 
     In the delivery of solvent into the circulation for solvent vapor and in the guidance of the solvent vapor in the circulation, care must be exercised to see that no larger drops of solvent that could fall onto the carrier material  22  form anywhere due to condensation. For this reason, all walls in the fixing chamber that come into contact with the solvent vapor are heated. The temperature of these walls is set such that it at least has the temperature of ebullition of the solvent or lies above this. 
       FIG. 7  shows an example of a fixing mechanism similar to FIG.  6 . However, the counter-current principle is realized here, i.e. the stream  34  with solvent vapor is directed opposite the transport direction P 1  of the carrier material  22 . 
       FIG. 8  shows another version of the invention. In this version, the expansion of the evaporating solvent is utilized in order to generate a directed stream  34  that contains solvent vapor. Liquid solvent is supplied to the evaporator  46  via the delivery pipe  48 . The nozzle  36  generates the directed stream  34  that blows against the carrier material  22 . The flow velocity and the volume stream are dependent on the quantity of solvent evaporated. A gap nozzle is also preferably employed here as nozzle  36 . However, it is also possible—and this is also true of the other example—to have the solvent vapor flow out from a plurality of small round nozzles that are attached over the width of the carrier material  22 . In the example of  FIG. 8 , the carrier material  22  does not have a vapor stream circulation blowing multiply against it. 
       FIG. 9  shows a further version of a fixing device of the invention wherein a directed stream  34  is generated on the basis of the expansion during the evaporation of the solvent. This stream  34  is directed onto the carrier material  22  only once. The version according to  FIG. 9  is suited for low transport speeds of the carrier material  22 . 
       FIG. 10  shows a further version wherein the evaporator  46  is arranged outside the fixing chamber  40 . The opening  52  is gap-shaped and is located in the proximity of the cross current ventilator  56  at the suction side thereof. The opening  54 , however, can also have other embodiments. Expressed in general terms, the introduction point for the fresh vapor into the circulation can be situated at an arbitrary point of the circulation. 
       FIG. 11  shows an exemplary embodiment for simplex printing. The fixing process with the directed stream  34  only takes effect on one side of the carrier material  34 . The co-current flow principle is applied in the example according to  FIG. 11 , whereby the stream  34  proceeds in the direction P 1  of the transport of the carrier material  22 . 
       FIG. 12  shows the example of  FIG. 11  with a counter-current principle, whereby the stream  34  proceeds opposite the transport direction P 1 . 
       FIG. 13  shows an example wherein two circulations with streams  34   a  and  34   b  are successively generated. Both stream  34   a ,  34   b  act on the same side of the carrier material  22 . The streams  34   a  and  34   b  are generated in two series-connected fixing chambers  40   a ,  40   b . The synchronous principle is applied in both chambers chamber  40   a ,  40   b.    
       FIG. 14  shows an example similar to FIG.  13 . The co-current flow principle is applied in the chamber  40   a  and the counter-current principle is applied in the chamber  40   b.    
       FIG. 15  shows another example similar to that of  FIG. 14 , whereby, however, the streams  34   a  and  34   b  are generated in a single fixing chamber  40 . The combined co-current/counter-current principle according to the example of  FIG. 14  is retained. 
       FIG. 16  shows an embodiment wherein the carrier material  22  is vertically conducted through the fixing chamber  40 . As a consequence of the forced flow, the fixing process—expressed in general terms—is independent of the transport direction of the carrier material. Greater degrees of freedom thus derive in the design and the incorporation of the fixing device in a printer or copier. 
       FIG. 17  shows an example wherein the carrier material  22  is conducted through the fixing chamber  40  at an angle of approximately 400. 
       FIG. 18  shows the exemplary embodiment according to  FIG. 6 , whereby the control flaps  70  and  72  are swiveled into the deflection position. The stream  34  is deflected with the assistance of these control flaps  70 ,  72  such that it no longer blows against the carrier material  22 . At the same time, the delivery of solvent into the evaporator  46  is stopped and the extraction device  66  is turned off. The extraction device  64  that continues to operate then suctions fresh air into the fixing chamber  40 , as a result whereof the carrier material  22  is flooded with fresh air. The fixing process is instantly interrupted by means of these measures. For resuming the fixing operations, the control flaps  40 ,  72  are swiveled back into a position as entered in FIG.  6 . At the same time, the extraction device  66  is activated and the solvent delivery into the evaporator  46  is started. 
       FIG. 19  shows the fixing device according to  FIG. 6  with further control elements. As a result of the steady dragging of air into the fixing chamber  40  that cannot be completely prevented due to the movement of the carrier material  22 , solvent must be constantly replenished during the fixing operations in order to maintain the solvent concentration. The sensors  74   a  and  74   b  serve for detecting the solvent concentration, these sensors acquiring the concentration above the carrier material  22  on the one hand and under the carrier material  22  on the other hand. The signals of the sensors  74   a ,  74   b  proceed to regulators  80   a ,  80   b  that act on solenoid valves  76   a ,  76   b  that are connected into the admission lines  82   a ,  82   b  for the solvent. In the open condition of the solenoid valves  76   a ,  76   b , solvent proceeds from a reservoir  78  to the evaporator chamber  46   a ,  46   b . The regulators  80   a ,  80   b  set the opening times of the solenoid valves  76   a ,  76   b  such that the solvent concentration in the stream  34   a  or  34   b  has a constant value. 
     The advantages of the fixing device of the invention shall be summarized again on the basis of the described exemplary embodiments. The illustrated fixing devices make it possible to fix toner images on the carrier material contact-free. The toner image as well as the carrier, for example sensitive paper, are not damaged and no pressure points and no stripping or crushing of the toner arise. Further, wear parts as required, for example, in the form of the fixing drums given heat-pressure fixing, are eliminated. 
     The fixing device enables an intermittent operation since a fast start/stop mode can be realized. The structural size of the fixing device is relatively small compared to traditional fixing devices and comparable transport speeds, for example transport speeds above 1 m/s. Due to the circulation of the solvent vapor and of the directed stream, a very homogeneous fixing image is achieved. 
     The fixing process is improved by blowing the carrier material with solvent vapor and, in particular, due to the circulation principle, so that less solvent given reduced consumption is required. An environmentally safe solvent with reduced dissolving power can likewise be employed, whereby the transport speed can be high, i.e. above 1 n/s. The degree of softening of the toner material can be influenced by the solvent concentration in the fixing chamber. The degree of penetration of the toner into the paper can thus be controlled. For specific demands, for instance increased document security, the fixing device of the invention makes it possible to achieve such a great penetration of the toner into the carrier material that this toner can only be removed from the carrier material with great expense or cannot be removed therefrom at all. 
     Given the recited fixing process, the fixing is largely independent of the thickness of the carrier material; for example, thin and thick papers can be processed. Due to the low temperature prevailing in cold fixing, a low thermal stress derives, so that heat-sensitive carrier materials such as, for example, films and labels can be employed. 
     During fixing in the fixing chamber, the carrier material is only slightly heated, so that it is not dehumidified or hardly dehumidified. Changes in moisture are thereby avoided and disadvantageous effects such as ripple, bagging or curling of the carrier material do not occur. Toners having different colors can be simultaneously fixed with the assistance of the described fixing devices. 
     The fixing device allows halogen-free solvents to be preferably employed such as, for example, ethyl acetate, acetone, isopropanol, n-propanol. The solvent can be single-phase, as a result of which the condensation and processing of the solvent vapors that emerge from and are extracted from the fixing chamber are very simple in the framework of a recovery. As a result of this recovery and re-employment of the solvent, the overall solvent consumption can be reduced further. 
     Toner having an arbitrary polymer basis such as, for example, on the basis of polystyrol, polyester and others can be utilized. There is generally a suitable solvent for each of these polymers. 
     While a preferred embodiment has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, the same is to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive in character, it being understood that only the preferred embodiment has been shown and described and that all changes and modifications that come within the spirit of the invention both now or in the future are desired to be protected.