Abstract:
A cell management system and method for balancing energy across a plurality of cells coupled to a circuit bus. The system can include a transformer, two transformer switches, and for each cell, a first switch pair allowing transfer of energy between the transformer and the cell, and a second switch pair allowing removal or inclusion of the cell in the serial connection of cells. The system can include an energy storage device, a switch pair allowing transfer of energy between the transformer and the storage device, and for each cell, a third switch pair allowing transfer of energy between the storage device and the cell. The system can include cell, bus and storage device sensors and state estimators. The system can include a controller that controls the transformer switches, cell switches, and storage device switches based on the sensor readings and states.

Description:
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/144,596, filed Jan. 14, 2009 entitled “Cell Management System,” the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY 
     The present invention generally relates to an apparatus and methodology for allowing a single battery cell or module to be charged or discharged in parallel within a series circuit, so that the cells or modules can be balanced either during charging, discharge, or at rest (i.e. not being charged or discharged via an outside source.). 
     There is a growing need for cell balancing because there are inconsistencies in the construction and materials of every cell that while small, can have a material impact on the cell&#39;s charge and discharge characteristics. This non-uniformity tends to magnify differences in a cell&#39;s State of Charge (SOC) over time when compared to other cells similarly charged and discharged. While balancing cell SOC in a battery can extend the life of the battery, it can also reduce the chance that a cell may experience a thermal event that can range from gassing to combustion. While most battery cells (and hence the battery) display some sort of degradation in performance if over- or undercharged, the Li-ion battery has a history of causing fires if overcharged and their cost makes damaging them in a low SOC an event that is to be avoided. 
     Traditional battery and battery cell management systems remove a cell from a battery or remove a battery from a pack if and when its SOC crosses an upper or lower threshold. The problem with this strategy is that on occasion, the removal of a cell during discharge causes the other cells to work harder to discharge the required energy, increasing the chances that another cell will reach its limit, which then increases the chance that another cell will reach its limit and so on. Cascade failure occurs when the battery or battery pack sequentially fails and is removed from the system to the point that the whole system shuts down. 
     More advanced cell management systems sequentially read individual cell voltage at different points of time to determine its SOC. However, as the load (or charge) on a battery increases, the SOC can change materially and non-linearly in very small amounts of time. Individual readings even over short periods of time can lead to inaccurate measurements and thus less efficient balancing. The present system can be set to monitor and review all cells simultaneously and compute corresponding SOC simultaneously. By simultaneously monitoring cell SOC, more precise measurement can be made, and more precise cell management can be attained. 
     An additional feature of the present system is the ability to group a number of cells in series (a “module”) and to treat the module as an individual cell. This ability can speed the balancing process. 
     The present system can passively monitor cells and has the ability to latch on to a cell or module when energy movement is required. This can extend battery cell life by powering itself to cycle a cell into the balancing only as required. Other cell balancing systems sequentially latch to each cell in and out of the system to monitor their voltage. As such, the present system can be more energy efficient than existing systems. 
     For battery manufacturers, vehicle manufacturers, electric grid system manufacturers, the military, and wherever battery electrical power is used, the system disclosed herein can more efficiently manage electrical energy between battery cells, or modules, so that the batteries last longer, remain safer, and are capable of higher performance. 
     It is expected that as new battery, energy storage, and energy generation technologies evolve; various combinations of existing and future technologies can be balanced using the present system. 
     A cell management system is disclosed for balancing energy across a plurality of cells coupled to a circuit bus where each cell of the plurality of cells includes a positive terminal and a negative terminal. The cell management system includes a transformer, first and second transformer switches, and for each individual cell: a first cell switch pair and a second cell switch pair. The transformer couples the circuit bus and the plurality of cells. The transformer includes a first inductor coupled to the circuit bus and a second inductor coupled to the plurality of cells. The first transformer switch couples the first inductor and the circuit bus. The second transformer switch couples the second inductor and the plurality of cells. The first cell switch pair of each individual cell allows the transfer of energy between the transformer and the individual cell. The second cell switch pair of each individual cell allows the removal or inclusion of the individual cell in the serial connection of the plurality of cells. The cell management system also includes a connection between the circuit bus and a first cell located at one end of the serial connection of cells, and a connection between the circuit bus and a last cell located at the opposite end of the serial connection of cells. 
     The cell management system can also include a first diode connected in parallel with the first transformer switch and a second diode connected in parallel with the second transformer switch. 
     The first cell switch pair for a cell can include a first cell switch coupling the negative terminal of the cell with the second inductor; and a second cell switch coupling the positive terminal of the cell with the second transformer switch. In one embodiment, the second inductor is located between the first cell switch and the second transformer switch, and the second transformer switch is located between the second inductor and the second cell switch. 
     The second cell switch pair for a cell can include a third cell switch and a fourth cell switch. In one embodiment, if the cell is the first cell, the third cell switch couples the negative terminal of the cell with the circuit bus; otherwise the third cell switch couples the negative terminal of the cell with the positive terminal of the preceding cell in the serial connection of cells. In this embodiment, if the cell is the last cell, the fourth cell switch couples the negative terminal of the cell with the circuit bus; otherwise the fourth cell switch couples the negative terminal of the cell with the negative terminal of the next cell in the serial connection of cells. In this embodiment, the third cell switch couples the fourth cell switch and the negative terminal of the cell, and the third cell switch couples the first cell switch and the negative terminal of the cell. 
     The second cell switch pair for a cell can include a third cell switch and a fourth cell switch wherein, when the cell is not the last cell, the third cell switch couples the positive terminal of the cell with the negative terminal of the next cell in the serial connection of cells; and when the cell is the last cell, the third cell switch couples the positive terminal of the cell with the circuit bus. In this embodiment, when the cell is not the last cell, the fourth cell switch couples the negative terminal of the cell with the negative terminal of the next cell in the serial connection of cells; and when the cell is the last cell, the fourth cell switch couples the negative terminal of the cell with the circuit bus. In this embodiment, the third cell switch is located between the fourth cell switch and the positive terminal of the cell, and the third cell switch is located between the second cell switch and the positive terminal of the cell. 
     The cell management system can also include cell sensors, bus sensors, cell state estimators, system state estimators and a controller. The cell sensors can monitor parameter of the cells, for example cell voltage, cell temperature, or cell current. The bus sensor can monitor a parameter of the circuit bus. The cell state estimator can determine a state of each cell using the cell sensors. The system state estimator can determine a state of the circuit bus. The controller can control the first transformer switch, the second transformer switch, the first cell switch pair and the second cell switch pair based on the state of each of the cells and the state of the circuit bus. 
     The cell management system can include a short-term energy storage device, a storage device switch pair allowing the transfer of energy between the transformer and the short-term energy storage device, and a third cell switch pair for each cell. The third cell switch pair allows the transfer of energy between the short-term energy storage device and the cell. The third cell switch pair can include a fifth cell switch coupling the negative terminal of the cell with the short-term energy storage device, and a sixth cell switch coupling the positive terminal of the cell with the short-term energy storage device, where the short-term energy storage device is located between the fifth cell switch and the sixth cell switch. The storage device switch pair can include a first storage device switch coupling the negative terminal of the storage device with the second inductor and a second storage device switch coupling the positive terminal of the storage device with the second transformer switch, where the second inductor is located between the first storage device switch and the second transformer switch, and the second transformer switch is located between the second inductor and the second storage device switch. The cell management system can also include a storage device state estimator determining a state of the short-term energy storage device, and the controller can control the storage device switch pair based on the state of the cells, the circuit bus, and the short-term energy storage device. 
     An embodiment of a cell management system for balancing energy across a plurality of cells coupled to a circuit bus is disclosed, where each of the cells includes a positive terminal and a negative terminal. The cell management system includes a first cell switch pair, a second cell switch pair, and a fourth cell switch pair for each cell, a transformer and two transformer switches. The transformer can include a first inductor on a first side of the transformer, and a second inductor on a second side of the transformer. The first cell switch pair for each cell is on the second side of the transformer, and the fourth cell switch pair for each cell is on the first side of the transformer. The first transformer switch is located between the first inductor and the fourth cell switch pair for each cell. The second transformer switch is located between the second inductor and the first cell switch pair for each cell. This embodiment of the cell management system also includes a connection between the circuit bus and a first cell located at one end of the serial connection of cells; and a connection between the circuit bus and a last cell located at the opposite end of the serial connection of cells. The first cell switch pair of a cell allows the transfer of energy between the transformer and the cell, the second cell switch pair of a cell allows the removal or inclusion of the cell in the serial connection of cells, and the fourth cell switch pair of the cell allows the transfer of energy between the transformer and the cell. 
     The first cell switch pair for a cell can include a first cell switch coupling the negative terminal of the cell with the second inductor, and a second cell switch coupling the positive terminal of the cell with the second transformer switch; the second inductor being between the first cell switch and the second transformer switch, and the second transformer switch being between the second inductor and the second cell switch. The fourth cell switch pair for a cell can include an eighth cell switch coupling the negative terminal of the cell with the first inductor, and a seventh cell switch coupling the positive terminal of the cell with the first transformer switch; the first inductor being between the eighth cell switch and the first transformer switch, and the first transformer switch being between the first inductor and the seventh cell switch. 
     This embodiment of the cell management system can also include a short-term energy storage device, a storage device switch pair allowing the transfer of energy between the transformer and the short-term energy storage device, and a third cell switch pair for each cell that allows the transfer of energy between the short-term energy storage device and the cell. The cell management system can also include cell sensors, bus sensors, storage device sensors, cell state estimators, a system state estimator, a storage device state estimator and a controller to control the transformer switches, the cell switches, and the storage device switches based on the appropriate sensor readings. 
     A method is disclosed for controlling a plurality of cells connected to a transformer through a first set of switches to charge and discharge the transformer and connected in series through a second set of switches to provide energy to a system. The method includes determining a state of charge value for each cell; determining a minimum state of charge value for the plurality of cells; determining a minimum state of charge cell having the minimum state of charge value; determining a maximum state of charge value for the plurality of cells; determining a maximum state of charge cell having the maximum state of charge value; calculating a state of charge difference as the difference between the maximum and minimum state of charge values; when the state of charge difference exceeds a state of charge deadband, equalizing the state of charge values of the plurality of cells using the transformer; identifying whether any cells are unhealthy; and bypassing any unhealthy cells. 
     The step of equalizing the state of charge values of the plurality of cells using the transformer can include determining whether the cells are in a charge mode or a discharge mode. When the cells are in the charge mode, switching at least two switches of the first set of switches to isolate the minimum state of charge cell and to charge the minimum state of charge cell using the transformer. When the cells are in the discharge mode, switching at least two switches of the first set of switches to isolate the maximum state of charge cell and to discharge the maximum state of charge cell using the transformer. 
     The step of bypassing any unhealthy cell can include determining whether to replace the energy of the unhealthy cell. When it is determined not to replace the energy of the unhealthy cell, switching at least one switch of the second set of switches to remove the unhealthy cell from the serial connection of cells and maintain the serial connection of the remaining cells. When it is determined to replace the energy of the unhealthy cell, switching at least one switch of the second set of switches to remove the unhealthy cell from the serial connection of cells and switching at least one switch of the first set of switches to insert energy from the transformer in place of the unhealthy cell. 
     A method is disclosed for controlling a plurality of cells connected to a transformer through a first set of switches to charge and discharge the transformer and connected in series through a second set of switches to provide energy to a system. The method includes determining a state of charge value for each healthy cell; determining a minimum state of charge value across all of the healthy cells; determining a maximum state of charge value across all of the healthy cells; computing an average state of charge value for all of the healthy cells; computing a delta minimum state of charge value equal to the difference between the average state of charge value and the minimum state of charge value; computing a delta maximum state of charge value equal to the difference between the maximum state of charge value and the average state of charge value; identifying any overcharged cells; identifying any undercharged cells; determining whether to equalize the state of charge values of the healthy cells; identifying whether any cells are unhealthy; and when an unhealthy cell is identified, bypassing the unhealthy cell. 
     The step of bypassing the unhealthy cell can include determining whether to replace the energy of the unhealthy cell. When it is determined not to replace the energy of the unhealthy cell, switching at least one switch of the second set of switches to remove the unhealthy cell from the serial connection of cells and maintain the serial connection of the remaining cells. When it is determined to replace the energy of the unhealthy cell, switching at least one switch of the second set of switches to remove the unhealthy cell from the serial connection of cells and switching at least one switch of the first set of switches to insert energy from the transformer in place of the unhealthy cell. 
     When it is determined to equalize the state of charge values of the healthy cells, the method can include determining whether the delta maximum state of charge value is greater than the delta minimum state of charge value. When the delta maximum state of charge value is greater than the delta minimum state of charge value and any overcharged cells are identified, switching at least two switches of the first set of switches to isolate each of the overcharged cells and to discharge the overcharged cells using the transformer. When the delta maximum state of charge value is not greater than the delta minimum state of charge value and any undercharged cells are identified, switching at least two switches of the first set of switches to isolate each of the undercharged cells and to charge the undercharged cells using the transformer. 
     When it is determined to equalize the state of charge values of the healthy cells, the method can include the following steps. When both overcharged and undercharged cells are identified, switching at least two switches of the first set of switches to isolate each of the overcharged cells and discharge the overcharged cells using the transformer, and to isolate each of the undercharged cells and charge the undercharged cells using the transformer. When both overcharged and undercharged cells are not identified, determining whether the delta maximum state of charge value is greater than the delta minimum state of charge value; when the delta maximum state of charge value is greater than the delta minimum state of charge value and any overcharged cells are identified, switching at least two switches of the first set of switches to isolate each of the overcharged cells and to discharge the overcharged cells using the transformer; and when the delta maximum state of charge value is not greater than the delta minimum state of charge value and any undercharged cells are identified, switching at least two switches of the first set of switches to isolate each of the undercharged cells and to charge the undercharged cells using the transformer. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic illustrating an embodiment of a cell management system using six battery cells; 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic illustrating an alternative embodiment of a cell management system using four battery cells; 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic illustrating another embodiment of a cell management system using four battery cells; 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic illustrating a different embodiment of a cell management system using four battery cells; 
         FIG. 5  is an exemplary overview of a cell management system control functionality; 
         FIG. 6  is an exemplary control flow diagram for a non-synchronous control system; 
         FIG. 7  is an exemplary control flow diagram for a synchronous control system; 
         FIG. 8  is an exemplary control flow diagram for a multiple cell control system; 
         FIG. 9  is an exemplary control flow diagram for a multiple cell to single or multiple cell control system; 
         FIG. 10  is a step-by-step process showing synchronous DC-DC converter switch positions; 
         FIG. 11  is a step-by-step process showing non-Synchronous DC-DC converter switch positions; 
         FIG. 12  shows switch positions for latching to a single cell/module of the embodiment in  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 13  shows switch positions for latching to two cells/modules for the embodiment in  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 14  shows switch positions for latching to three cells/modules for the embodiment in  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 15  shows switch positions for latching to four cells/modules for the embodiment in  FIG. 2 ; and 
         FIG. 16  shows switch positions for isolating and removing an individual cell/module for the embodiment in  FIG. 2 . 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
     The exemplary embodiments of the present invention described below are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed in the following detailed description. Rather, the embodiments are chosen and described so that others skilled in the art may appreciate and understand the principles and practices of the present invention. 
     An example of the value of a cell management system would be in the design of a Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery. The manufacturing process of Li-ion battery cells leads to variations that correlate to potentially unbalanced cells if unmanaged. Without voltage balancing, the cells in a Li-ion battery will become out of balance, with one or more cells in the series above or below the average cell voltage of the battery. Without a balancing system, as the battery cells are charged and discharged in a series, the difference in voltage grows until such a time that the voltage difference becomes critical and the battery malfunctions. There are low voltage thresholds that, once met, can permanently damage the battery. There are also high thresholds that, once met, can cause the battery to react and overheat, leading to gassing and/or thermal runaway, which can result in fire. 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic illustrating an exemplary cell management system  100  capable of distributing either a load or a source current through a circuit bus. The system  100  includes a bi-directional DC-to-DC converter comprising an energy conversion transformer TX 1  and two switches Q 1  and Q 2 . The system  100  includes individual cell switch pairs  101  and  102 ,  201  and  202 , through n 01  and n 02  where n equals the number of cells connected to the system  100 .  FIG. 1  illustrates an embodiment which has 6 (six) cells connected to the system  100 . The circuit also contains switch pairs  103  and  104 ,  203  and  204 , through n 03  and n 04 . The paired switches, n 01  and n 02 , allow the system  100  to move energy from the bus to an individual cell or from the individual cell to the bus utilizing the two switches Q 1  and Q 2  as well as a pair of diodes D 1  and D 2  to move the energy. The diodes D 1  and D 2  are utilized for safety within the embodiment but are not required for running in synchronous mode. The paired switches, n 03  and n 04 , allow for the removal (or inclusion) of a cell from the series of cells. 
       FIG. 2  is a schematic illustrating an alternative embodiment of a cell management system  200  capable of distributing either a sink or source current through a bus. The same reference numerals are used for corresponding components illustrated in  FIG. 1 . The circuit  200  comprises the bi-directional DC-to-DC converter, the switch pairs n 01  and n 02  to latch to a cell or module, and the switch pairs n 03  and n 04  to remove or include a cell in the series. The locations of the switch pairs n 01  and n 02  correspond to the relative positions noted in  FIG. 1  in relation to each cell or module. For example, switch pair  101  and  102  correspond to cell or module one, and switch pair  201  and  202  correspond to cell or module two. The system  200  is capable of ‘latching on’ to individual cells or modules as well as latching on to multiple concurrent cells. For example, energy can be moved from the bus to cells/modules  2  and  3  simultaneously. Note that the switches n 03  moved to the positive side of the cell/module compared to  FIG. 1 . This positioning of the switches n 03  allows the system to determine if a cell/module becomes healthy after it has been locked out of the system and then can be reconnected to the system. 
       FIG. 3  is a schematic illustrating another embodiment  300  of a cell management system capable of distributing either a sink or source current through a bus. The same reference numerals are used for corresponding components illustrated in  FIG. 1 . The circuit  300  comprises the bi-directional DC-to-DC converter, the switch pairs n 01  and n 02  to latch to a cell or module, and the switch pairs n 03  and n 04  to remove or include a cell in the series. The circuit  300  also includes a reconfigurable short-term energy storage device. This short-term energy storage device is shown as, but is not limited to, a capacitor C 1 . In this embodiment, a pair of switches n 05  and n 06  is included for each cell along with the energy storage device, capacitor C 1 . The pair of switches n 05 /n 06  enables energy to be moved between the capacitor C 1  and any of the cells. This circuit  300  can work with multiple non-concurrent cells within the system. For example to put energy into the short term energy storage device C 1 , use the system to move energy into or out of cells/modules  1  and  2  as well as to move energy into or out of cell  4  using the short term energy storage device C 1 . 
       FIG. 4  is a schematic illustrating another embodiment  400  of a cell management system capable of distributing either a sink or source current through the bus or a multiplicity of cells within the bus. The same reference numerals are used for corresponding components illustrated in  FIG. 3 . The circuit  400  comprises the bi-directional DC-to-DC converter, the switch pairs n 01  and n 02  to latch to cell(s) or module(s), the switch pairs n 03  and n 04  to remove or include a cell in the series, the reconfigurable short-term energy storage device (illustrated by the capacitor C 1 ), and the switch pairs n 05  and n 06  to enable energy movement between the energy storage device and the cells. The switch pairs n 07  and n 08  allow for the other side of the circuit to latch to any other set of cells/modules or the entire bus. This allows the system to move energy from one cell/module to another cell/module, multiple cells/modules to a single cell/module, multiple cells/modules to multiple cells/modules, while any one of those is occurring the system can also move energy from a single cell to another single cell, the bus to a single cell, a set of multiple cells to a single cell or any configuration available using the short-term energy storage device. 
       FIG. 5  is an exemplary block diagram of control functionality which controls switch positions for the cell management system. The control functionality includes a state estimator block  1000 , a control algorithm block  1005  and a switching control block  1006 . The state estimator block  1000  has sensors that simultaneously monitor voltage, current, temperature, and any other desired inputs from each cell. Each cell, 1 through n, has its own cell state estimator represented as cell blocks  1001 ,  1002  and  1003 . The state estimator block  1000  also includes a system block  1004  which includes sensors that simultaneously monitor bus current, and other system inputs. The control algorithm block  1005  uses the inputs from the state estimator block  1000  to determine positions for the switches of the cell management system. The determined switch positions from the control algorithm block  1005  are input to the switching control block  1006  which controls the actual switching of the switches in the cell management system. Synchronization data can also be sent from the switching control block  1006  to the state estimator block  1000 . Individual cell or module switch controls labeled as Sw_ 101  to Sw_ 104  through Sw_n 01  to Sw_n 04  correspond to the switch numbering sequences for the individual cells/modules. PWM 1  and PWM 2  reference switches Q 1  and Q 2 , respectively. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates the functionality of an exemplary non-synchronous controller  3005  that can be used in the control algorithm block  1005  of  FIG. 5 . The state estimator block  1000  computes cell parameters which are passed to block  3100  of the controller  3005 . 
     At block  3100 , the controller  3005  checks if the system has determined to bypass or “lockout” an unhealthy cell of the series of cells. Note that the lockout parameter is initially set to “0” and that the lockout parameter within block  3100  is determined in blocks  3120  and  3121 , explained below. As such, on the initial pass through block  3100 , the lockout parameter will read “0” and control will pass to block  3101 . If during a later pass, the lockout parameter is set to “1”, control is passed to block  3115 . 
     At block  3101 , the controller  3005  resets the cell number to an initial value of zero (0) and resets the switch positions to “normal” series operation by closing all n 03  group switches and opening all n 01 , n 02 , and n 04  group switches. Block  3101  also resets the maximum and minimum SOC variables, and then passes control to block  3102 . 
     At block  3102 , the controller  3005  determines if the cell to be checked is within the total number of cells within the system. If the total number of cells has been exceeded, the readings are complete and the maximum and minimum SOC variables have been determined and control is passed to block  3109 . Otherwise, control is passed to block  3103 . 
     At block  3103 , the controller  3005  reviews the health designation of the cell, which is passed from the state estimator  1000 . The state estimator  1000  determines the SOC for the cell and block  3103  determines whether the cell is healthy or not. The present embodiment can manage around an unhealthy cell. A cell&#39;s SOC can be calculated by monitoring its voltage and current to compute an ampere hour (Ah) and watt hour (Wh) count. The cell&#39;s SOC can also be calculated by measuring its impedance and its kinetic charge. The state estimator for the cell can use these methods to determine the SOC of the cell but is not limited to use only the methods mentioned. An unhealthy cell can be found if, but not limited to, the cell&#39;s impedance shows a short or an open circuit. If the cell is flagged as unhealthy, control is passed to block  3117 . Otherwise, if the cell is healthy, control is passed to block  3104 . 
     At block  3104 , the controller  3005  reviews the cell to determine whether or not its SOC is less than the minimum SOC. If the cell&#39;s SOC is not less than the minimum SOC, control is passed to block  3105 . If the cell&#39;s SOC is less than the minimum SOC, control is passed to block  3107 . 
     At block  3107 , the controller  3005  stores the current cell number as the cell with the lowest SOC, records the cell&#39;s SOC as the minimum SOC, and passes control to block  3105 . 
     At block  3105 , the controller  3005  determines if the current cell&#39;s SOC is above the recorded maximum SOC. If the current cell&#39;s SOC is greater than the recorded maximum SOC, control is passed to block  3106 . If the current cell&#39;s SOC is not greater than the recorded maximum SOC, control is passed to block  3108 . 
     At block  3106 , the controller  3005  stores the current cell number as the cell with the highest SOC, records this cell&#39;s SOC as the maximum SOC, and passes control to block  3108 . 
     At block  3108 , the controller  3005  increments the cell number by one and passes control back to block  3102 . 
     At block  3109 , the controller  3005  determines whether the difference between the maximum SOC and the minimum SOC for the cells is over or under the target SOC range. If the cells are determined to be within an acceptable difference or tolerance of each other the system does nothing. If, however the cells fall outside of that difference or tolerance range, the system will operate to bring them back within the desired range. If the difference between the maximum SOC and minimum SOC for the cells is not outside the established range, control is passed to block  3116 . However, if the difference is outside the established range, control is passed to block  3110 . 
     At block  3110 , the controller  3005  calculates a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) duty cycle as a function of the maximum SOC and the minimum SOC for the cells to determine the amount of time the switches need to be operating in their appropriate positions and, control is passed to block  3111 . The duty cycle is computed to find the operating point of the switches Q 1  and Q 2  to minimize the time required to find the required set point to move energy. 
     At block  3111 , the controller  3005  determines whether the pack or module is in charge or discharge mode. If the pack or module is in discharge mode, control is passed to block  3113 . If the pack or module is in charge mode, control is passed to block  3112 . 
     At block  3112 , the controller  3005  sets the switch positions to ‘latch on’ to the cell with the maximum SOC, and prepares the system to discharge that cell. The system is prepared to discharge cell J by switching Q 2 , closing switches J 01 , J 02  and J 03  and opening switch J 04 . Control is then passed to block  3114 . 
     At block  3113 , the controller  3005  sets the switch positions to ‘latch on’ to the cell with the minimum SOC, and prepares the system to charge that cell. The system is prepared to charge cell J by switching Q 1 , closing switches J 01 , J 02  and J 03  and opening switch J 04 . Control is then passed to block  3114 . 
     At block  3116 , the controller  3005  sets the switch positions to take no action so that no energy is transferred to or from any cell within the system. Control is then passed to block  3114 . 
     At block  3117 , the controller  3005  assigns the unhealthy cell number to cell ID variable J and passes control to block  3118 . 
     At block  3118 , the controller  3005  reviews configuration parameters to see if the voltage is to be maintained or if the system is to operate without that cell&#39;s voltage. This is a user selectable input and can be included in a user-input table such as a calibration set. If the system is to operate without the unhealthy cell, control is passed to block  3121 . If the system parameters call for voltage to be maintained, control is passed to block  3119 . 
     At block  3119 , the controller  3005  determines a PWM duty cycle required to maintain the voltage of the unhealthy cell. One way this can be computed is by an equation that compares the differing voltage and, based on which direction energy is to flow, sums the voltages and divides the sum by the source voltage. The output of the equation can be used as a starting point for the duty cycle. Control is then passed to block  3120 . 
     At block  3120 , the controller  3005  sets the system to ‘latch on’ to the unhealthy cell location and remove the unhealthy cell from the system. This allows the system to provide the voltage and power requirements for the unhealthy cell, and allows the unhealthy cell to be removed from the system and replaced. At block  3120 , the controller  3005  also sets the lockout parameter to “1” to tell the system there is an unhealthy cell; it closes switches J 01  and J 02  to latch on to cell J. It also opens switches J 03  and J 04  to disconnect the unhealthy cell from the system and allow the system to add voltage at that point. Control is then passed to block  3114 . 
     At block  3121 , the controller  3005  sets the system parameters for no voltage maintenance and removes the unhealthy cell by bypassing it; opening switches J 01 , J 02  and J 03  and closing switch J 04 . At block  3121 , the controller  3005  also sets the lockout parameter to “1” to tell the system there is an unhealthy cell and it needs to be dealt with. Control is then passed to block  3114 . 
     At block  3114 , the controller  3005  sends switching data to power switching control block  1006  shown in  FIG. 5 . 
     Control is passed to block  3115  from block  3100 , if either of blocks  3120  or  3121  has flagged a cell as requiring a lockout. At block  3115 , the controller  3005  recalculates the PWM duty cycle, which can be done using the equation described with regard to block  3119 . Control is then passed to block  3114 . 
       FIG. 7  illustrates the functionality of an exemplary synchronous controller  4005  that can be used in an alternative embodiment of the control algorithm block  1005  of  FIG. 5 . 
     The primary difference between the control functionality of controller  3005  ( FIG. 6 ) and controller  4005  ( FIG. 7 ) is that controller  3005  uses both switches (Q 1  and Q 2 ) while controller  4005  only uses one switch (Q 1  or Q 2 ). The differences can be found in the following blocks:  3112 / 4112 ,  3113 / 4113 ,  3120 / 4120  and  3121 / 4121 . The functionality of the remaining blocks in  FIG. 7  is the same as the corresponding blocks in  FIG. 6 . In blocks  4112 ,  4113 ,  4120  and  4121  of  FIG. 7 , instead of calling out a particular switch (Q 1  or Q 2 ) to be switched; switching is enabled or disabled according to switch tables shown in  FIGS. 10 and 11 . In  FIG. 7 , switching enabled means the position of the switch being used (Q 1  or Q 2 ) is changed, and switching disabled means the position of the switch being used is not changed. 
     Note that the embodiments described above do not show operations while the pack sits idle. Further embodiments of the system can operate while the pack is charging, discharging or sitting in an idle state. The controller for these embodiments can be found in  FIGS. 8 and 9 , but are not limited to these embodiments. These controllers represent different embodiments of control algorithm block  1005  shown in  FIG. 5 . 
       FIG. 8  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a multiple cell control system for control algorithm block  1005  of  FIG. 5 . 
     At block  5100 , the controller checks if the system has determined to bypass or “lockout” any unhealthy cell(s). If unhealthy cell(s) have been detected, control is passed to block  5101 ; otherwise control is passed to block  5106 . 
     At block  5101 , the controller disconnects the unhealthy cell(s) and control is passed to block  5102 . At block  5102 , the controller notifies the user of the unhealthy cell condition and control is passed to block  5103 . At block  5103 , the controller checks if the user has elected to maintain pack voltage. This election can be made using a user-selectable parameter. If the user has elected to maintain pack voltage, control is passed to block  5104 ; otherwise control is passed to block  5105 . At block  5104 , the controller charges the disconnected cells and then passes control to block  5105 . At block  5105 , the cell health parameters are reset and control is passed back to block  5100 . 
     At block  5106 , the controller connects the healthy cell(s) and control is passed to block  5107 . At block  5107 , the controller computes the average SOC of the healthy cells and control is passed to block  5108 . At block  5108 , the controller finds the cell with the minimum SOC and the value of the minimum SOC and control is passed to block  5109 . At block  5109 , the controller computes the difference between the average SOC and the minimum SOC and control is passed to block  5110 . At block  5110 , the controller finds the cell with the maximum SOC and the value of the maximum SOC and control is passed to block  5111 . At block  5111 , the controller computes the difference between the maximum SOC and the average SOC and control is passed to block  5112 . At block  5112 , the controller determines any overcharged cells by looking at their voltage and SOC and control is passed to block  5113 . At block  5113 , the controller determines any undercharged cells and control is passed to block  5114 . 
     At block  5114 , the controller determines whether the difference between the maximum and average SOC is greater than the difference between the average and minimum SOC. If the difference between the maximum and average SOC is greater than the difference between the average and minimum SOC, control is passed to block  5115 ; otherwise control is passed to block  5119 . 
     At block  5115 , the controller checks if any cells are overcharged. If there are no overcharged cells, control is passed to block  5118 ; otherwise control is passed to block  5116 . At block  5116 , the controller selects the overcharged cells and control is passed to block  5117 . At block  5117 , the controller sets the power switches, moves energy from the overcharged cells, and then passes control to block  5118 . 
     At block  5119 , the controller checks if any cells are undercharged. If there are no undercharged cells, control is passed to block  5118 ; otherwise control is passed to block  5120 . At block  5120 , the controller selects the undercharged cells and control is passed to block  5117 . At block  5117 , the controller sets the power switches, moves energy to the undercharged cells, and then passes control to block  5118 . 
     At block  5118  the controller enters a sleep state. The sleep state can be for a user-selectable period of time, or until a condition is detected that triggers the controller to resume operation, or both. When the controller exits the sleep state, control is passed back to block  5100 . 
       FIG. 9  shows an alternative embodiment of control block  1005  that can deal with both overcharged and undercharged cells simultaneously. The primary difference between the control systems of  FIGS. 8 and 9 , are the additional blocks  6121 ,  6122  and  6123  of  FIG. 9 . The functionality of the remaining blocks in  FIG. 9  is the same as the corresponding blocks in  FIG. 8 . At block  6121 , the controller checks if there are both undercharged and overcharged cells. If there are not both undercharged and overcharged cells, control is passed to block  6114  which corresponds to block  5114  of  FIG. 8 . However if there are both undercharged and overcharged cells, control is passed to block  6122  where the overcharged cells are selected as discharge cells; and then to block  6123  where the undercharged cells are selected as charge cells, and then to block  6117  where energy is moved from the overcharged discharge cells to the undercharged charge cells. Block  6117  corresponds to block  5117  of  FIG. 8   
     Embodiments of the system can work with two or more unhealthy cells or modules within the system as well as determine multiple cells that fall outside of the dead-band operational SOC. These embodiments are able to latch on multiple non-concurrent cell/module locations to achieve this goal. Schematics for exemplary embodiments of these implementations are shown in  FIGS. 3 and 4 . 
     Embodiments of the system allow latching on up to n−1 cells or modules within a system comprised of n cells or modules in a contiguous manner. An example of this would be to latch to two cells, such as by using switches  101  and  202  as seen in  FIG. 2  to latch to cells/modules  1  and  2 . A schematic for an exemplary embodiment of this implementation is shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     Embodiments of the system can ‘latch on’ to multiple cells or modules in a non-contiguous manner. These embodiments use a reconfigurable short-term energy storage device to latch to cell(s)/module(s) that the system is not latched to. This allows the device to work with multiple non-contiguous cells/modules. A schematic for an exemplary embodiment of this implementation is shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     Embodiments of the system allow a single or multiple contiguous cells or modules to pass energy directly to a differing set of contiguous cells or modules within the same system. These embodiments can latch to different parts of the system on either side of the DC-to-DC converter and are not limited to one side only being able to latch to the bus. A schematic for an exemplary embodiment of this implementation is shown in  FIG. 4 . 
       FIG. 10  describes the operation of switches Q 1  and Q 2  to move energy between the bus and one or more cells/modules for the embodiment shown in  FIG. 2  for a synchronous converter that uses both switches Q 1  and Q 2 . The timing of the switches is partly a function of energy desired. In sequence  1  of  FIG. 10 , energy is moved from the bus (source) to a cell/module or set of cells/modules (destination). In sequence  2  of  FIG. 10 , energy is moved from a cell/module or set of cells/modules (source) to the bus (destination). In either case, the system works by first charging the transformer TX 1  (or an inductor L 1 ) from the energy source in step  1 , and then releasing that energy into the desired destination in steps  2 - 4 . 
     For a protected circuit with diodes D 1  and D 2  parallel to switches Q 1  and Q 2  as shown in  FIG. 2 , the following energy flow can be achieved. When switch Q 1  is closed, energy can flow through the switch Q 1  between the bus and the transformer TX 1 . When switch Q 1  is open, energy can flow from the transformer TX 1  to the bus through the diode D 1 . When switch Q 2  is closed, energy can flow through the switch Q 2  between a selected cell(s)/module(s) (using switches n 01 , n 02  for the selected cell(s)/module(s)) and the transformer TX 1 . When switch Q 2  is open, energy can flow from the transformer TX 1  to the selected cell/module through the diode D 2 . 
       FIG. 11  describes the operation of switches Q 1  and Q 2  to move energy between the bus and one or more cells/modules for the embodiment shown in  FIG. 2  for a non-synchronous converter that uses only switch Q 1  or Q 2  depending on which direction energy is flowing. The timing of the switches is partly a function of energy desired. In sequence  1  of  FIG. 11 , energy is moved from the bus (source) to a cell/module or set of cells/modules (destination) using switch Q 1 . In sequence  2  of  FIG. 11 , energy is moved from a cell/module or set of cells/modules (source) to the bus (destination) using switch Q 2 . In either sequence, the system works by first charging the transformer TX 1  (or inductor L 1 ) from the energy source in step  1 , and then releasing that energy into the desired location in step  2 . 
       FIG. 12  describes the positions of switches n 01 , n 02 , n 03  and n 04  for latching to a single cell/module in a four cell embodiment such as the one shown in  FIG. 2 . This also describes how to latch to each of the four cells/modules within the circuit. 
       FIG. 13  describes the positions of switches n 01 , n 02 , n 03  and n 04  to latch to two consecutive cells/modules in a four cell embodiment such as the one shown in  FIG. 2 . This also describes how to latch to all sets of two consecutive cells within the circuit. 
       FIG. 14  describes the positions of switches n 01 , n 02 , n 03  and n 04  to latch to three consecutive cells/modules in a four cell embodiment such as the one shown in  FIG. 2 . This also describes how to latch to all of the three consecutive cell combinations within the circuit. 
       FIG. 15  describes the positions of switches n 01 , n 02 , n 03  and n 04  to latch to all four cells/modules in a four cell embodiment such as the one shown in  FIG. 2 . This is only showing the capability of the circuit, as it may be inefficient to enable the circuit in this manner. 
       FIG. 16  describes the positions of switches n 01 , n 02 , n 03  and n 04  to isolate and remove an individual cell/module in a four cell embodiment such as the one shown in  FIG. 2 . Note that the cell/module is still able to have its voltage measured to determine if the cell/module is healthy or unhealthy. If a cell/module is determined to be healthy again after being isolated and removed, it can be switched back into the circuit to be used again. 
     It should be appreciated that the exemplary switch positions shown in  FIGS. 12-16  for a four cell/module embodiment can readily be expanded to more or less than four cell/module embodiments by one of ordinary skill in the art. 
     While exemplary embodiments incorporating the principles of the present invention have been disclosed hereinabove, the present invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. Instead, this application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention using its general principles. Further, this application is intended to cover such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice in the art to which this invention pertains.