Abstract:
Provided is a reflection-type bandpass filter for ultra-wideband wireless data communication. The filter includes a substrate including a dielectric layer and a conducting layer layered on the top and bottom surfaces thereof, and a center conductor provided within the dielectric layer and serving as a strip line. A width distribution of the center conductor is non-uniform in a length direction of the center conductor.

Description:
[0001]     This application claims priority from Japanese P#atent Application No. 2006-274324, filed on Oct. 5, 2006, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0003]     Apparatuses consistent with the present invention relate to a reflection-type bandpass filter for use in ultra-wideband (UWB) wireless data communication.  
         [0004]     2. Description of the Related Art  
         [0005]     As technology of the art related to embodiments of this invention, for example, the technology disclosed in the following references 1 through 12 is known.  
         [0006]     Reference 1: Specification of U.S. P#at. No. 2,411,555  
         [0007]     Reference 2: Japanese Unexamined P#atent Application No. 56-64501  
         [0008]     Reference 3: Japanese Unexamined P#atent Application No. 9-172318  
         [0009]     Reference 4: Japanese Unexamined P#atent Application No. 9-232820  
         [0010]     Reference 5: Japanese Unexamined P#atent Application No. 10-65402  
         [0011]     Reference 6: Japanese Unexamined P#atent Application No. 10-242746  
         [0012]     Reference 7: Japanese Unexamined P#atent Application No. 2000-4108  
         [0013]     Reference 8: Japanese Unexamined P#atent Application No. 2000-101301  
         [0014]     Reference 9: Japanese Unexamined P#atent Application No. 2002-43810  
         [0015]     Reference 10: A. V. Oppenheim and R. W. Schafer, “Discrete-time signal processing,” pp. 465-478, Prentice Hall, 1998.  
         [0016]     Reference 11: G-B. Xiao, K. Yashiro, N. Guan, and S. Ohokawa, “An effective method for designing nonuniformly coupled transmission-line filters,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 49, pp. 1027-1031, June 2001.  
         [0017]     Reference 12: Y. Konishi, “Microwave integrated circuits”, pp. 9-11, Marcel Dekker, 1991  
         [0018]     However, the bandpass filters proposed in the related art may not satisfy the FCC specifications, due to manufacturing tolerances and other reasons.  
         [0019]     Further, bandpass filters having an open construction with the microstrip line exposed are easily affected by external influences.  
         [0020]     This invention was devised in light of the above circumstances, and has as an exemplary object the provision of a high-performance UWB reflection-type bandpass filter which is not easily affected by external influences, and which satisfies FCC specifications.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0021]     Exemplary embodiments of this invention provide a reflection-type bandpass filter for ultra-wideband wireless data communication, having a substrate comprising a dielectric layer and a conducting layer layered on the top and bottom surfaces thereof, and a center conductor provided within the dielectric layer and serving as the strip line, and in which the center conductor width distribution is non-uniform in the length direction thereof.  
         [0022]     By using exemplary embodiments of a UWB reflection-type bandpass filter of this invention, U.S. Federal Communications Commission requirements for spectrum masks can be satisfied.  
         [0023]     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of an exemplary embodiment of this invention, there may be a difference of 10 dB or higher between a reflectance in a range of frequencies f for which f&lt;3.1 GHz and f&gt;10.6 GHz, and a reflectance in a range of frequencies 3.7 GHz≦f≦10.0 GHz, and in a range 3.7 GHz≦f≦10.0 GHz a group delay variation may be within ±0.05 ns.  
         [0024]     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of another exemplary embodiment of this invention, there may be a difference of 10 dB or greater between a reflectance in a range of frequencies f for which f&lt;3.1 GHz and f&gt;10.6 GHz, and a reflectance in a range of frequencies 3.9 GHz≦f≦9.8 GHz, and in a range 3.9 GHz≦f≦9.8 GHz the group delay variation may be within ±0.07 ns.  
         [0025]     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of another exemplary embodiment of this invention, there may be a difference of 10 dB or greater between a reflectance in a range of frequencies f for which f&lt;3.1 GHz and f&gt;10.6 GHz, and a reflectance in a range of frequencies 4.4 GHz≦f≦9.2 GHz, and in a range 4.4 GHz≦f≦9.2 GHz a group delay variation may be within ±0.05 ns.  
         [0026]     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of another exemplary embodiment of this invention, there may be a difference of 10 dB or greater between a reflectance in a range of frequencies f for which f&lt;3.1 GHz and f&gt;10.6 GHz, and a reflectance in a range of frequencies 3.8 GHz≦f≦9.8 GHz, and in a range 3.8 GHz≦f≦9.8 GHz a group delay variation may be within ±0.2 ns.  
         [0027]     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of another exemplary embodiment of this invention, there may be a difference of 10 dB or greater between a reflectance in a range of frequencies f for which f&lt;3.1 GHz and f&gt;10.6 GHz, and a reflectance in a range of frequencies 3.7 GHz≦f≦10.0 GHz, and in a range 3.7 GHz≦f≦10.0 GHz a group delay variation may be within ±0.1 ns.  
         [0028]     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of an exemplary embodiment of this invention, a characteristic impedance Zc of an input terminal of the filter may be in a range 10Ω≦Zc≦300Ω.  
         [0029]     Further, a resistance having the same impedance as the characteristic impedance value, or a non-reflecting terminator, may be provided on the terminating side of the filter.  
         [0030]     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of an exemplary embodiment of this invention, the center conductor and the conducting layers of the substrate may comprise metal plates of thickness equal to or greater than a skin depth at f=1 GHz.  
         [0031]     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of an exemplary embodiment of this invention, the dielectric layer may have a thickness h in a range 0.1 mm≦h≦10 mm, a relative permittivity ∈ r  in a range 1≦∈ r ≦100, a width W in a range 2 mm≦W≦100 mm, and a length L be in a range 2 mm≦L≦500 mm.  
         [0032]     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of an exemplary embodiment of this invention, a length-direction distribution of the center conductor width may satisfy a design method based on the inverse problem of deriving a potential from spectral data in the Zakharov-Shabat equation.  
         [0033]     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of an exemplary embodiment of this invention, a length-direction distribution of the center conductor width may satisfy a window function method.  
         [0034]     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of an exemplary embodiment of this invention, a length-direction distribution of the center conductor width may satisfy a Kaiser window function method.  
         [0035]     According to exemplary embodiments, by applying a window function technique to design a reflection-type bandpass filter comprising a non-uniform microstrip line, the pass band can be made extremely broad compared with bandpass filters of the prior art, and variations in the group delay within the pass band can be made extremely small, so that a UWB reflection-type bandpass filter which satisfies FCC specifications can be realized.  
         [0036]     Further, in an exemplary configuration in which the center conductor is provided in the interior of dielectric layers with conductor layers on both faces, the filter is not easily affected by external influences, and stable filter characteristics can be obtained. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0037]     The above and other aspects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent by describing in detail exemplary embodiments thereof with reference to the attached drawings in which:  
         [0038]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view showing one aspect of a reflection-type bandpass filter of an exemplary embodiment of the invention;  
         [0039]      FIG. 2  is a graph showing the center conductor width dependence of the characteristic impedance in a reflection-type bandpass filter of an exemplary embodiment of this invention;  
         [0040]      FIG. 3  is a graph showing the distribution of the characteristic impedance of the reflection-type bandpass filter manufactured in Embodiment 1;  
         [0041]      FIG. 4  is a graph showing the center conductor width distribution in the reflection-type bandpass filter manufactured in Embodiment 1;  
         [0042]      FIG. 5  is a graph showing the shape of the center conductor in the reflection-type bandpass filter manufactured in Embodiment 1;  
         [0043]      FIG. 6  is a graph showing the reflected-wave amplitude characteristic in the reflection-type bandpass filter manufactured in Embodiment 1;  
         [0044]      FIG. 7  is a graph showing the reflected-wave group delay characteristic in the reflection-type bandpass filter manufactured in Embodiment 1;  
         [0045]      FIG. 8  is a graph showing the characteristic impedance distribution of the reflection-type bandpass filter manufactured in Embodiment 2;  
         [0046]      FIG. 9  is a graph showing the center conductor width distribution in the reflection-type bandpass filter manufactured in Embodiment 2;  
         [0047]      FIG. 10  is a graph showing the shape of the center conductor in the reflection-type bandpass filter manufactured in Embodiment 2;  
         [0048]      FIG. 11  is a graph showing the reflected-wave amplitude characteristic in the reflection-type bandpass filter manufactured in Embodiment 2;  
         [0049]      FIG. 12  is a graph showing the reflected-wave group delay characteristic in the reflection-type bandpass filter manufactured in Embodiment 2;  
         [0050]      FIG. 13  is a graph showing the characteristic impedance distribution of the reflection-type bandpass filter manufactured in Embodiment 3;  
         [0051]      FIG. 14  is a graph showing the center conductor width distribution in the reflection-type bandpass filter manufactured in Embodiment 3;  
         [0052]      FIG. 15  is a graph showing the shape of the center conductor in the reflection-type bandpass filter manufactured in Embodiment 3;  
         [0053]      FIG. 16  is a graph showing the reflected-wave amplitude characteristic in the reflection-type bandpass filter manufactured in Embodiment 3;  
         [0054]      FIG. 17  is a graph showing the reflected-wave group delay characteristic in the reflection-type bandpass filter manufactured in Embodiment 3;  
         [0055]      FIG. 18  is a graph showing the characteristic impedance distribution of the reflection-type bandpass filter manufactured in Embodiment 4;  
         [0056]      FIG. 19  is a graph showing the center conductor width distribution in the reflection-type bandpass filter manufactured in Embodiment 4;  
         [0057]      FIG. 20  is a graph showing the shape of the center conductor in the reflection-type bandpass filter manufactured in Embodiment 4;  
         [0058]      FIG. 21  is a graph showing the reflected-wave amplitude characteristic in the reflection-type bandpass filter manufactured in Embodiment 4;  
         [0059]      FIG. 22  is a graph showing the reflected-wave group delay characteristic in the reflection-type bandpass filter manufactured in Embodiment 4;  
         [0060]      FIG. 23  is a graph showing the characteristic impedance distribution of the reflection-type bandpass filter manufactured in Embodiment 5;  
         [0061]      FIG. 24  is a graph showing the center conductor width distribution in the reflection-type bandpass filter manufactured in Embodiment 5;  
         [0062]      FIG. 25  is a graph showing the shape of the center conductor in the reflection-type bandpass filter manufactured in Embodiment 5;  
         [0063]      FIG. 26  is a graph showing the reflected-wave amplitude characteristic in the reflection-type bandpass filter manufactured in Embodiment 5;  
         [0064]      FIG. 27  is a graph showing the reflected-wave group delay characteristic in the reflection-type bandpass filter manufactured in Embodiment 5; and,  
         [0065]      FIG. 28  is an equivalent circuit of a non-uniform transmission line. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0066]     Below, exemplary aspects of the invention are explained referring to the drawings.  
         [0067]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view showing in summary the configuration of a reflection-type bandpass filter of an exemplary embodiment of this invention. In the figure, the symbol  1  is the reflection-type bandpass filter,  2  is a substrate,  3  is a dielectric layer,  4  and  5  are conductive layers, and  6  is a center conductor.  
         [0068]     The reflection-type bandpass filter  1  of this aspect has a substrate  2 , which in turn has a dielectric layer  3  and conducting layers  4  and  5  layered on the top and bottom surfaces thereof, and a center conductor  6  which serves as a strip line, provided within the dielectric layer  3 ; the center conductor  6  has a width which is distributed non-uniformly in the length direction.  
         [0069]     As shown in  FIG. 1 , the z axis is taken along the length direction of the center conductor  6 , the y axis is orthogonal to the z axis and in the direction parallel to the surface of the substrate  2 , and the x axis is taken in the direction orthogonal to the y axis and z axis. Also, the length of the filter extending in the z-axis direction from the input-side face is taken to be z.  
         [0070]     This reflection-type bandpass filter  1  has a structure in which the center conductor  6  is shielded by the conducting layers  4 ,  5 , so that compared with bandpass filters in which the microstrip line is exposed to the outside, the reflection-type bandpass filter  1  is not easily affected by external influences.  
         [0071]     A reflection-type bandpass filter of an exemplary embodiment of this invention adopts a configuration in which stop band rejection (the difference between the reflectance in the pass band, and the reflectance in the stop band) is increased, by using a window function method (see Reference 10) employed in digital filter design. By this means, instead of expansion of the transition frequency region (the region between the pass band boundary and the stop band boundary), the stop band rejection can be increased. As a result, manufacturing tolerances can be increased. Also, variation in the group delay within the pass band is decreased.  
         [0072]     The transmission line of a reflection-type bandpass filter  1  of an exemplary embodiment of this invention can be represented by a non-uniformly distributed constant circuit such as in  FIG. 28 .  
         [0073]     From  FIG. 28 , the following equation (1) can be obtained for the line voltage v(z,t) and the line current i(z,t).  
             {               -       ∂     v   ⁡     (     z   ,   t     )           ∂   z         =       L   ⁡     (   z   )       ⁢       ∂     i   ⁡     (     z   ,   t     )           ∂   t           ,                 -       ∂     i   ⁡     (     z   ,   t     )           ∂   z         =       C   ⁡     (   z   )       ⁢         ∂     v   ⁡     (     z   ,   t     )           ∂   t       .                       (     equation   ⁢           ⁢   1     )             
 
         [0074]     Here L(z) and C(z) are the inductance and capacitance respectively per unit length in the transmission line. Here, the function of equation (2) is introduced.  
             {                 ∂       ϕ   1     ⁡     (     z   ,   t     )           ∂   z       =         -     1     c   ⁡     (   z   )           ⁢       ∂       ϕ   1     ⁡     (     z   ,   t     )           ∂   t         -       1   2     ⁢       d   ⁢           ⁢   ln   ⁢           ⁢     Z   ⁡     (   z   )         dz     ⁢       ϕ   2     ⁡     (     z   ,   t     )             ,                   ∂       ϕ   2     ⁡     (     z   ,   t     )           ∂   z       =         1     c   ⁡     (   z   )         ⁢       ∂       ϕ   2     ⁡     (     z   ,   t     )           ∂   t         -       1   2     ⁢       d   ⁢           ⁢   ln   ⁢           ⁢     Z   ⁡     (   z   )         dz     ⁢         ϕ   1     ⁡     (     z   ,   t     )       .                         (     equation   ⁢           ⁢   2     )             
 
         [0075]     Here Z(z)=√{square root over ( )}{L(z)/C(z)} is the local characteristic impedance, and φ 1 , φ 2  are the power wave amplitudes propagating in the +z and −z directions respectively.  
         [0076]     Substitution into equation (1) yields equation (3).  
             {                 ∂       ϕ   1     ⁡     (     z   ,   t     )           ∂   z       =         -     1     c   ⁡     (   z   )           ⁢       ∂       ϕ   1     ⁡     (     z   ,   t     )           ∂   t         -       1   2     ⁢       d   ⁢           ⁢   ln   ⁢           ⁢     Z   ⁡     (   z   )         dz     ⁢       ϕ   2     ⁡     (     z   ,   t     )             ,                   ∂       ϕ   2     ⁡     (     z   ,   t     )           ∂   z       =         1     c   ⁡     (   z   )         ⁢       ∂       ϕ   2     ⁡     (     z   ,   t     )           ∂   t         -       1   2     ⁢       d   ⁢           ⁢   ln   ⁢           ⁢     Z   ⁡     (   z   )         dz     ⁢         ϕ   1     ⁡     (     z   ,   t     )       .                         (     equation   ⁢           ⁢   3     )             
 
         [0077]     Here c(z)=1/√{L(z)/C(z)}. If the time factor is set to exp(jωt), and a variable transformation is performed as in equation (4) below, then the Zakharov-Shabat equation of equation (5) is obtained.  
               x   ⁡     (   z   )       =       ∫   0   z     ⁢     ds     c   ⁡     (   s   )                   (     equation   ⁢           ⁢   4     )               {                   ∂       ϕ   1     ⁡     (   x   )           ∂   x       +     j   ⁢           ⁢       ωϕ   1     ⁡     (   x   )           =       -     q   ⁡     (   x   )         ⁢       ϕ   2     ⁡     (   x   )           ,                     ∂       ϕ   2     ⁡     (   x   )           ∂   x       -     j   ⁢           ⁢       ωϕ   2     ⁡     (   x   )           =       -     q   ⁡     (   x   )         ⁢         ϕ   1     ⁡     (   x   )       .                       (     equation   ⁢           ⁢   5     )             
 
         [0078]     Here q(x) is as given by equation (6) below.  
               q   ⁡     (   x   )       =       1   2     .         ⅆ   ln     ⁢           ⁢     Z   ⁡     (   x   )           ⅆ   x                 (     equation   ⁢           ⁢   6     )             
 
         [0079]     The Zakharov-Shabat inverse problem involves synthesizing the potential q(x) from spectral data which is a solution satisfying the above equations (see Reference 11). If the potential q(x) is found, the local characteristic impedance Z(x) is determined as in equation (7) below.  
               Z   ⁡     (   x   )       =       Z   ⁡     (   0   )       ⁢           ⁢       exp   ⁢           [     2   ⁢       ∫   0   x     ⁢       q   ⁡     (   s   )       ⁢           ⁢     ⅆ   s           ]     .               (     equation   ⁢           ⁢   7     )             
 
         [0080]     Here, according to related art, in a process to determine the potential q(x), the reflectance coefficient r(x) in x space is calculated from the spectra data reflectance coefficient R(ω) using the following equation (8), and q(x) are obtained from r(x).  
               r   ⁡     (   x   )       =       1     2   ⁢   π       ⁢       ∫     -   ∞     ∞     ⁢       R   ⁡     (   ω   )       ⁢     ⅇ       -   j     ⁢           ⁢   ω   ⁢           ⁢   x       ⁢           ⁢     ⅆ   ω                   (     equation   ⁢           ⁢   8     )             
 
         [0081]     In exemplary embodiments of this invention, in place of obtaining r(x) from the R(ω) for ideal spectral data, a window function is applied as in equation (9) to determine r′(x). 
 
 r ′( x )= w ( x ) r ( x )  (equation 9) 
 
         [0082]     Here ω(x) is the window function. If the window function is selected appropriately, the stop band rejection level can be appropriately controlled. Here, a Kaiser window is used as an example. The Kaiser window is defined as in equation (10) below (see Reference 10).  
               ω   ⁡     [   n   ]       =     {                 I   0     ⁡     [       β   ⁡     (     1   -       [       (     n   -   α     )     /   α     ]     2       )         1   /   2       ]           I   0     ⁡     (   β   )         ,             0   ≤   n   ≤   M     ,               0   ,         otherwise                   (     equation   ⁢           ⁢   10     )             
 
         [0083]     Here α=M/s, and β is determined empirically as in equation (11) below.  
             β   =     {             0.1102   ⁢     (     A   -   8.7     )       ,             A   &gt;   50     ,                   0.5842   ⁢       (     A   -   21     )     0.4       +     0.07886   ⁢     (     A   -   21     )         ,             21   ≤   A   ≤   50     ,               0   ,           A   &lt;   21                     (     equation   ⁢           ⁢   11     )             
 
         [0084]     Here A=−20 log 10 δ. where δ is the peak approximation error in the pass band and in the stop band.  
         [0085]     In this way q(x) is determined, and from equation (7) the local characteristic impedance Z(x) is determined.  
         [0086]     Here, when the width w of the center conductor  6  (hereafter the “center conductor width w”) is changed in the strip line of an exemplary embodiment of this invention, the local characteristic impedance can be changed.  FIG. 2  shows the dependence of the local characteristic impedance of the strip line on the center conductor width w when the thickness h of the dielectric layer  3  is 2 mm and the relative permittivity ∈ r  of the dielectric layer  3  is 1.  
         [0087]     In exemplary embodiments of this invention, the center conductor width w was calculated based on the local characteristic impedance obtained from equation (7), and bandpass filters  1  were fabricated so as to satisfy the calculated center conductor width w. By this means, reflection-type bandpass filter  1  having the desired pass band was obtained.  
         [0088]     Below, exemplary embodiments of the invention are explained in further detail. Each of the embodiments described below is merely an illustration of the invention, and the invention is in no way limited to these embodiment descriptions.  
       Embodiment 1  
       [0089]     A Kaiser window was used for which the reflectance is 1 at frequencies f in the range 3.4 GHz≦f≦10.3 GHz, and is 0 elsewhere, and for which A=30. Design was performed using one wavelength of signals at frequency f=1 GHz propagating in the microstrip as the waveguide length, and setting the system characteristic impedance to 50Ω.  FIG. 3  shows the distribution in the z-axis direction of the local characteristic impedance obtained in the inverse problem. The horizontal axis is z divided by one wavelength at f=1 GHz; similar axes are used in  FIG. 8 ,  FIG. 13 ,  FIG. 18 , and  FIG. 23  below. “z” is the length extending in the z-axis direction from the end face on the input end. The horizontal axis indicates the value which is obtained by dividing z by one wavelength at f=1 GHz.  
         [0090]      FIG. 4  shows the distribution in the z-axis of the center conductor width w, when using a dielectric layer  3  of thickness h=2 mm and with relative permittivity ∈ r =4.2. Tables 1 through 3 list the center conductor widths w.  
                                                                                                                                                                                                     TABLE 1                           Center conductor widths (1/3)                z[mm]                0.00   0.15   0.29   0.44   0.59   0.73   0.88   1.02   1.17   1.32   1.46   1.61                w[mm]                0.96   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.96                         #2   1.76   1.00   2.05   2.20   2.34   2.49   2.68   2.78   2.99   3.07   3.22   3.37       —   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.96        #3   3.51   3.66   3.81   3.95   4.10   4.25   4.39   4.54   4.68   4.83   4.98   5.12       —   0.95   0.95   0.95   0.95   0.95   0.95   0.94   0.94   0.94   0.94   0.94   0.94        #4   5.37   5.43   5.56   5.71   5.95   6.00   6.15   6.29   6.44   6.59   6.73   6.88       —   0.93   0.93   0.93   0.93   0.93   0.93   0.93   0.93   0.93   0.93   0.93   0.93        #5   7.00   7.17   7.32   7.47   7.61   7.76   7.90   8.05   8.20   8.34   8.49   8.54       —   0.93   0.93   0.93   0.93   0.94   0.94   0.94   0.94   0.94   0.94   0.95   0.95        #6   8.78   8.93   9.08   9.22   9.37   9.52   9.66   9.81   9.95   10.10   10.25   10.39       —   0.95   0.95   0.95   0.95   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.96        #7   10.54   10.69   10.83   10.98   11.13   11.27   11.42   11.56   11.71   11.86   12.00   12.15       —   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.96        #8   12.30   12.44   12.59   12.74   12.88   13.00   13.17   13.32   13.47   13.51   13.76   13.91       —   0.96   0.97   0.97   0.97   0.97   0.97   0.97   0.97   0.97   0.97   0.98   0.98        #9   14.05   14.20   14.35   14.49   14.64   14.78   14.95   15.08   15.22   15.37   15.52   15.66       —   0.98   0.98   0.99   0.99   0.99   0.99   1.00   1.00   1.00   1.01   1.01   1.01       #10   15.81   15.96   16.10   16.25   16.40   16.54   16.69   16.83   16.98   17.13   17.27   17.42       —   1.01   1.02   1.02   1.02   1.02   1.02   1.02   1.02   1.02   1.03   1.02   1.02       #11   17.57   17.71   17.80   18.01   18.13   18.30   18.44   18.59   18.74   18.88   19.03   19.18       —   1.02   1.02   1.02   1.02   1.02   1.02   1.01   1.01   1.01   1.01   1.00   1.00       #12   19.33   19.47   19.62   19.76   19.91   20.06   20.20   20.35   20.49   20.64   20.79   20.93       —   1.00   1.00   0.99   0.99   0.99   0.99   0.99   0.98   0.98   0.98   0.98   0.98       #13   21.08   21.23   21.37   21.52   21.65   21.81   21.96   22.10   22.25   22.40   22.54   22.69       —   0.98   0.98   0.98   0.98   0.98   0.98   0.98   0.98   0.98   0.98   0.98   0.98       #14   22.84   22.98   23.12   23.28   23.42   23.57   23.71   23.85   24.01   24.15   24.30   24.45       —   0.98   0.98   0.98   0.98   0.97   0.97   0.97   0.97   0.97   0.96   0.96   0.96       #15   24.59   24.74   24.89   25.03   25.18   25.32   25.47   25.62   25.76   25.01   26.06   26.20       —   0.96   0.96   0.95   0.94   0.94   0.93   0.93   0.93   0.92   0.92   0.91   0.91       #16   26.35   26.50   26.64   26.70   26.98   27.08   27.23   27.37   27.52   27.67   27.81   27.96       —   0.91   0.90   0.90   0.90   0.89   0.89   0.89   0.89   0.89   0.89   0.89   0.89       #17   28.11   28.25   28.40   28.55   28.69   28.84   28.98   29.13   29.28   29.42   29.57   29.72       —   0.89   0.89   0.89   0.89   0.89   0.90   0.90   0.90   0.90   0.91   0.91   0.91       #18   29.86   30.01   30.16   30.30   30.45   30.59   30.74   30.89   31.03   31.18   31.33   31.47       —   0.92   0.92   0.92   0.93   0.93   0.93   0.93   0.93   0.94   0.94   0.94   0.94       #19   31.62   31.77   31.91   32.06   32.20   32.35   32.50   32.64   32.79   32.94   33.08   33.23       —   0.94   0.94   0.94   0.94   0.94   0.94   0.94   0.94   0.94   0.94   0.94   0.94       #20   33.36   33.52   33.67   33.81   33.96   34.11   34.26   34.40   34.55   34.69   34.84   34.99       —   0.94   0.94   0.94   0.94   0.94   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.97       #21   35.10   35.28   35.43   35.57   35.72   35.86   36.01   36.16   36.30   36.46   36.60   36.74       —   0.97   0.98   0.98   0.99   1.00   1.00   1.01   1.02   1.03   1.03   1.04   1.05       #22   36.88   37.04   37.15   37.33   37.47   37.62   37.77   37.91   38.06   38.21   38.35   38.50       —   1.00   1.06   1.06   1.07   1.08   1.08   1.08   1.09   1.09   1.09   1.00   1.00       #23   38.65   38.79   38.94   39.00   39.23   39.38   39.53   39.67   39.82   39.96   40.11   40.26       —   1.09   1.09   1.09   1.09   1.08   1.08   1.08   1.07   1.07   1.06   1.06   1.05       #24   40.40   40.55   40.70   40.84   40.99   41.13   41.28   41.43   41.57   41.72   41.87   42.01       —   1.05   1.05   1.04   1.04   1.03   1.03   1.03   1.02   1.02   1.02   1.02   1.02       #25   42.16   42.31   42.45   42.60   42.74   42.89   43.04   43.18   43.33   43.48   43.52   43.77       —   1.02   1.02   1.02   1.02   1.02   1.02   1.02   1.02   1.03   1.03   1.03   1.03       #26   43.92   44.06   44.21   44.35   44.56   44.65   44.79   44.94   45.09   45.23   45.38   45.53       —   1.02   1.02   1.02   1.02   1.02   1.02   1.01   1.01   1.00   1.00   0.99   0.98       #27   45.67   45.82   45.98   46.11   46.25   46.48   46.55   46.70   46.84   46.99   47.14   47.28       —   0.98   0.97   0.96   0.95   0.94   0.93   0.92   0.91   0.90   0.88   0.87   0.86       #28   47.43   47.58   47.72   47.87   48.01   48.16   48.31   48.45   48.60   48.75   45.89   49.04       —   0.86   0.85   0.84   0.83   0.82   0.82   0.81   0.81   0.80   0.80   0.80   0.80       #29   49.19   49.33   49.49   49.62   49.77   49.92   50.06   50.21   50.36   50.50   50.65   50.80       —   0.80   0.80   0.80   0.80   0.80   0.81   0.81   0.81   0.82   0.82   0.83   0.83       #30   50.94   51.00   51.23   51.36   51.44   51.67   51.82   51.97   52.11   52.26   52.41   52.66       —   0.84   0.84   0.85   0.85   0.86   0.86   0.87   0.87   0.87   0.87   0.87   0.87                    
         [0091]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Center conductor widths (2/3) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 #31 
                 52.78 
                 52.84 
                 52.99 
                 53.14 
                 53.28 
                 53.43 
                 53.58 
                 53.72 
                 53.87 
                 54.02 
                 54.16 
                 54.31 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.87 
                 0.87 
                 0.87 
                 0.87 
                 0.87 
                 0.87 
                 0.86 
                 0.86 
                 0.86 
                 0.86 
                 0.85 
                 0.85 
               
               
                 #32 
                 54.46 
                 54.60 
                 54.76 
                 54.89 
                 55.04 
                 55.19 
                 55.33 
                 55.48 
                 55.63 
                 55.77 
                 55.92 
                 56.07 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.85 
                 0.85 
                 0.86 
                 0.86 
                 0.86 
                 0.86 
                 0.87 
                 0.88 
                 0.88 
                 0.89 
                 0.90 
                 0.92 
               
               
                 #33 
                 56.21 
                 56.36 
                 56.50 
                 56.65 
                 56.80 
                 56.94 
                 57.09 
                 57.24 
                 57.38 
                 57.53 
                 57.68 
                 57.82 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.93 
                 0.94 
                 0.96 
                 0.98 
                 1.00 
                 1.02 
                 1.04 
                 1.06 
                 1.08 
                 1.10 
                 1.12 
                 1.14 
               
               
                 #34 
                 57.97 
                 58.11 
                 58.20 
                 58.41 
                 58.55 
                 58.70 
                 58.85 
                 58.99 
                 59.14 
                 59.29 
                 59.43 
                 59.58 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.17 
                 1.19 
                 1.21 
                 1.23 
                 1.25 
                 1.26 
                 1.28 
                 1.29 
                 1.30 
                 1.31 
                 1.32 
                 1.32 
               
               
                 #35 
                 59.73 
                 59.87 
                 60.02 
                 60.16 
                 60.31 
                 60.46 
                 60.60 
                 60.75 
                 60.90 
                 61.04 
                 61.19 
                 61.34 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.33 
                 1.33 
                 1.33 
                 1.32 
                 1.32 
                 1.31 
                 1.30 
                 1.29 
                 1.28 
                 1.27 
                 1.25 
                 1.25 
               
               
                 #36 
                 61.48 
                 61.63 
                 61.77 
                 61.92 
                 62.07 
                 62.21 
                 62.36 
                 62.51 
                 62.65 
                 62.80 
                 62.95 
                 63.09 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.24 
                 1.23 
                 1.22 
                 1.21 
                 1.20 
                 1.19 
                 1.18 
                 1.18 
                 1.18 
                 1.17 
                 1.17 
                 1.18 
               
               
                 #37 
                 63.24 
                 63.38 
                 63.63 
                 63.68 
                 63.82 
                 63.97 
                 64.12 
                 64.26 
                 64.41 
                 64.56 
                 64.70 
                 64.85 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.18 
                 1.18 
                 1.19 
                 1.20 
                 1.20 
                 1.21 
                 1.22 
                 1.23 
                 1.24 
                 1.25 
                 1.26 
                 1.26 
               
               
                 #38 
                 64.99 
                 65.14 
                 65.29 
                 65.43 
                 65.58 
                 65.73 
                 65.87 
                 65.02 
                 66.17 
                 66.31 
                 66.46 
                 66.61 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.27 
                 1.27 
                 1.27 
                 1.26 
                 1.26 
                 1.25 
                 1.23 
                 1.21 
                 1.10 
                 1.10 
                 1.10 
                 1.10 
               
               
                 #39 
                 66.75 
                 66.90 
                 67.04 
                 67.13 
                 67.34 
                 67.48 
                 67.63 
                 67.78 
                 67.92 
                 68.07 
                 68.22 
                 68.36 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.06 
                 1.01 
                 0.97 
                 0.92 
                 0.87 
                 0.82 
                 0.77 
                 0.72 
                 0.66 
                 0.61 
                 0.56 
                 0.52 
               
               
                 #40 
                 68.51 
                 68.65 
                 68.80 
                 68.95 
                 69.09 
                 69.24 
                 69.39 
                 69.53 
                 69.68 
                 69.83 
                 69.97 
                 70.12 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.47 
                 0.43 
                 0.39 
                 0.35 
                 0.32 
                 0.29 
                 0.27 
                 0.24 
                 0.22 
                 0.21 
                 0.20 
                 0.19 
               
               
                 #41 
                 70.26 
                 70.41 
                 70.56 
                 70.70 
                 70.85 
                 71.00 
                 71.14 
                 71.29 
                 71.44 
                 71.58 
                 71.73 
                 71.88 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.18 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.18 
                 0.18 
                 0.19 
                 0.21 
                 0.22 
                 0.24 
                 0.27 
                 0.30 
               
               
                 #42 
                 72.02 
                 72.17 
                 72.31 
                 72.46 
                 72.61 
                 72.75 
                 72.90 
                 73.05 
                 73.19 
                 73.34 
                 73.49 
                 73.63 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.34 
                 0.30 
                 0.45 
                 0.51 
                 0.58 
                 0.66 
                 0.76 
                 0.86 
                 0.97 
                 1.10 
                 1.23 
                 1.38 
               
               
                 #43 
                 73.78 
                 73.92 
                 74.07 
                 74.22 
                 74.36 
                 74.51 
                 74.66 
                 74.80 
                 74.95 
                 75.10 
                 75.24 
                 75.39 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.64 
                 1.70 
                 1.88 
                 2.05 
                 2.24 
                 2.43 
                 2.52 
                 2.81 
                 2.99 
                 3.17 
                 3.33 
                 3.48 
               
               
                 #44 
                 75.53 
                 75.68 
                 75.83 
                 75.97 
                 76.13 
                 76.27 
                 76.41 
                 76.56 
                 76.71 
                 76.35 
                 77.00 
                 77.14 
               
               
                 — 
                 3.61 
                 3.71 
                 3.79 
                 3.85 
                 3.87 
                 3.86 
                 3.83 
                 3.76 
                 3.67 
                 3.55 
                 3.41 
                 3.25 
               
               
                 #45 
                 77.29 
                 77.44 
                 77.58 
                 77.78 
                 77.83 
                 78.02 
                 78.17 
                 78.32 
                 78.46 
                 78.61 
                 78.76 
                 78.90 
               
               
                 — 
                 3.07 
                 2.59 
                 2.59 
                 2.49 
                 2.29 
                 2.09 
                 1.90 
                 1.71 
                 1.53 
                 1.36 
                 1.20 
                 1.05 
               
               
                 #46 
                 79.05 
                 79.10 
                 79.34 
                 79.40 
                 79.63 
                 79.78 
                 79.93 
                 80.07 
                 80.22 
                 80.37 
                 80.51 
                 80.66 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.91 
                 0.79 
                 0.68 
                 0.58 
                 0.49 
                 0.41 
                 0.34 
                 0.29 
                 0.24 
                 0.20 
                 0.17 
                 0.14 
               
               
                 #47 
                 80.80 
                 80.95 
                 81.10 
                 81.24 
                 81.39 
                 81.54 
                 81.68 
                 81.83 
                 81.98 
                 82.12 
                 82.27 
                 82.41 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.12 
                 0.11 
                 0.09 
                 0.05 
                 0.08 
                 0.07 
                 0.07 
                 0.07 
                 0.07 
                 0.08 
                 0.08 
                 0.09 
               
               
                 #48 
                 82.56 
                 82.71 
                 82.85 
                 83.00 
                 83.15 
                 83.29 
                 83.44 
                 83.59 
                 83.73 
                 83.89 
                 84.02 
                 84.17 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.10 
                 0.11 
                 0.13 
                 0.15 
                 0.18 
                 0.21 
                 0.25 
                 0.30 
                 0.35 
                 0.41 
                 0.43 
                 0.55 
               
               
                 #49 
                 84.32 
                 84.46 
                 84.61 
                 84.76 
                 84.90 
                 85.05 
                 85.20 
                 85.34 
                 85.49 
                 85.64 
                 85.78 
                 85.93 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.64 
                 0.73 
                 0.83 
                 0.93 
                 1.04 
                 1.15 
                 1.27 
                 1.39 
                 1.51 
                 1.62 
                 1.74 
                 1.85 
               
               
                 #50 
                 86.07 
                 86.22 
                 86.37 
                 86.51 
                 86.66 
                 86.81 
                 86.95 
                 87.10 
                 87.25 
                 87.39 
                 87.54 
                 87.68 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.95 
                 2.04 
                 2.13 
                 2.20 
                 2.27 
                 2.32 
                 2.35 
                 2.38 
                 2.39 
                 2.38 
                 2.37 
                 2.34 
               
               
                 #51 
                 87.83 
                 87.95 
                 88.12 
                 88.27 
                 88.42 
                 88.56 
                 88.71 
                 88.86 
                 89.00 
                 89.15 
                 89.29 
                 89.44 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.30 
                 2.25 
                 2.20 
                 2.15 
                 2.07 
                 2.00 
                 1.93 
                 1.85 
                 1.78 
                 1.71 
                 1.64 
                 1.57 
               
               
                 #52 
                 89.59 
                 89.73 
                 89.88 
                 90.03 
                 90.17 
                 90.32 
                 90.47 
                 90.61 
                 90.76 
                 90.91 
                 91.05 
                 91.20 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.50 
                 1.44 
                 1.39 
                 1.33 
                 1.23 
                 1.24 
                 1.20 
                 1.17 
                 1.14 
                 1.11 
                 1.09 
                 1.07 
               
               
                 #53 
                 91.34 
                 91.49 
                 91.64 
                 91.78 
                 91.93 
                 92.08 
                 92.22 
                 92.37 
                 92.52 
                 92.65 
                 92.81 
                 92.95 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.00 
                 1.04 
                 1.04 
                 1.03 
                 1.03 
                 1.03 
                 1.03 
                 1.03 
                 1.03 
                 1.03 
                 1.04 
                 1.04 
               
               
                 #54 
                 93.10 
                 93.25 
                 93.39 
                 93.54 
                 93.69 
                 93.83 
                 93.98 
                 94.13 
                 94.27 
                 94.42 
                 94.56 
                 94.71 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.04 
                 1.04 
                 1.04 
                 1.04 
                 1.03 
                 1.03 
                 1.02 
                 1.01 
                 0.99 
                 0.98 
                 0.96 
                 0.94 
               
               
                 #55 
                 94.86 
                 95.00 
                 95.15 
                 95.30 
                 95.44 
                 95.59 
                 95.74 
                 95.88 
                 96.03 
                 96.17 
                 96.32 
                 96.47 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.91 
                 0.89 
                 0.86 
                 0.83 
                 0.80 
                 0.78 
                 0.75 
                 0.72 
                 0.69 
                 0.66 
                 0.64 
                 0.61 
               
               
                 #56 
                 96.61 
                 96.76 
                 96.91 
                 97.05 
                 97.20 
                 97.35 
                 97.49 
                 97.64 
                 97.79 
                 97.93 
                 98.06 
                 98.22 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.59 
                 0.57 
                 0.55 
                 0.53 
                 0.51 
                 0.50 
                 0.49 
                 0.48 
                 0.47 
                 0.47 
                 0.47 
                 0.47 
               
               
                 #57 
                 98.37 
                 98.52 
                 98.66 
                 98.81 
                 98.96 
                 99.10 
                 99.25 
                 99.40 
                 99.54 
                 99.69 
                 99.83 
                 99.98 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.47 
                 0.48 
                 0.49 
                 0.50 
                 0.51 
                 0.53 
                 0.55 
                 0.57 
                 0.59 
                 0.61 
                 0.64 
                 0.67 
               
               
                 #58 
                 100.13 
                 100.27 
                 100.42 
                 100.57 
                 100.71 
                 100.88 
                 101.01 
                 101.15 
                 101.30 
                 101.44 
                 101.59 
                 101.74 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.70 
                 0.73 
                 0.75 
                 0.79 
                 0.83 
                 0.86 
                 0.89 
                 0.92 
                 0.95 
                 0.98 
                 1.01 
                 1.04 
               
               
                 #59 
                 101.88 
                 102.03 
                 102.18 
                 102.32 
                 102.47 
                 102.62 
                 102.76 
                 102.91 
                 103.06 
                 103.20 
                 103.35 
                 103.49 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.06 
                 1.08 
                 1.10 
                 1.12 
                 1.13 
                 1.14 
                 1.15 
                 1.15 
                 1.16 
                 1.16 
                 1.16 
                 1.16 
               
               
                 #60 
                 103.64 
                 103.70 
                 103.95 
                 104.08 
                 104.23 
                 104.37 
                 104.52 
                 104.67 
                 104.81 
                 104.95 
                 105.10 
                 105.25 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.15 
                 1.15 
                 1.14 
                 1.14 
                 1.13 
                 1.13 
                 1.12 
                 1.11 
                 1.11 
                 1.11 
                 1.10 
                 1.10 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0092]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Center conductor widths (3/3) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 #61 
                 105.40 
                 105.54 
                 105.63 
                 105.84 
                 105.98 
                 106.13 
                 106.28 
                 106.42 
                 106.57 
                 106.71 
                 106.86 
                 107.01 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.10 
                 1.11 
                 1.11 
                 1.12 
                 1.12 
                 1.13 
                 1.14 
                 1.15 
                 1.16 
                 1.18 
                 1.18 
                 1.21 
               
               
                 #62 
                 107.15 
                 107.30 
                 107.45 
                 107.59 
                 107.74 
                 107.89 
                 108.03 
                 108.18 
                 108.32 
                 108.47 
                 108.62 
                 108.76 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.22 
                 1.24 
                 1.26 
                 1.27 
                 1.29 
                 1.30 
                 1.31 
                 1.33 
                 1.34 
                 1.34 
                 1.35 
                 1.35 
               
               
                 #63 
                 108.93 
                 109.09 
                 109.29 
                 109.35 
                 109.50 
                 109.64 
                 109.79 
                 109.94 
                 110.08 
                 110.23 
                 110.37 
                 110.52 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.35 
                 1.35 
                 1.35 
                 1.34 
                 1.33 
                 1.31 
                 1.30 
                 1.26 
                 1.26 
                 1.24 
                 1.21 
                 1.19 
               
               
                 #64 
                 110.67 
                 110.81 
                 110.96 
                 111.11 
                 111.25 
                 111.40 
                 111.55 
                 111.60 
                 111.84 
                 111.98 
                 112.13 
                 112.28 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.16 
                 1.13 
                 1.10 
                 1.08 
                 1.05 
                 1.02 
                 0.99 
                 0.96 
                 0.94 
                 0.91 
                 0.89 
                 0.87 
               
               
                 #65 
                 112.42 
                 112.57 
                 112.72 
                 112.86 
                 113.01 
                 113.16 
                 113.30 
                 113.46 
                 113.59 
                 113.74 
                 113.89 
                 114.03 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.83 
                 0.83 
                 0.81 
                 0.80 
                 0.79 
                 0.77 
                 0.76 
                 0.76 
                 0.75 
                 0.75 
                 0.75 
                 0.74 
               
               
                 #66 
                 114.18 
                 114.33 
                 114.47 
                 114.62 
                 114.77 
                 114.91 
                 115.06 
                 115.21 
                 115.36 
                 115.50 
                 115.64 
                 115.79 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.75 
                 0.75 
                 0.75 
                 0.75 
                 0.76 
                 0.77 
                 0.77 
                 0.78 
                 0.79 
                 0.80 
                 0.80 
                 0.81 
               
               
                 #67 
                 115.84 
                 116.08 
                 116.23 
                 116.35 
                 116.52 
                 116.67 
                 116.82 
                 116.96 
                 117.11 
                 117.35 
                 117.40 
                 117.55 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.82 
                 0.82 
                 0.83 
                 0.83 
                 0.84 
                 0.84 
                 0.85 
                 0.85 
                 0.85 
                 0.85 
                 0.85 
                 0.85 
               
               
                 #68 
                 117.69 
                 117.84 
                 117.99 
                 118.13 
                 118.23 
                 118.43 
                 118.57 
                 118.72 
                 118.86 
                 119.01 
                 119.16 
                 119.30 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.84 
                 0.84 
                 0.83 
                 0.82 
                 0.82 
                 0.82 
                 0.81 
                 0.81 
                 0.80 
                 0.80 
                 0.80 
                 0.79 
               
               
                 #69 
                 119.45 
                 119.60 
                 119.74 
                 119.89 
                 120.04 
                 120.18 
                 120.33 
                 120.47 
                 120.62 
                 120.77 
                 120.91 
                 121.06 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.79 
                 0.79 
                 0.79 
                 0.79 
                 0.79 
                 0.80 
                 0.80 
                 0.81 
                 0.82 
                 0.82 
                 0.84 
                 0.85 
               
               
                 #70 
                 121.21 
                 121.35 
                 121.50 
                 121.65 
                 121.79 
                 121.94 
                 122.09 
                 122.23 
                 122.38 
                 122.52 
                 122.67 
                 122.82 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.86 
                 0.87 
                 0.89 
                 0.91 
                 0.92 
                 0.94 
                 0.96 
                 0.98 
                 1.00 
                 1.02 
                 1.04 
                 1.06 
               
               
                 #71 
                 122.98 
                 123.11 
                 123.28 
                 123.40 
                 123.56 
                 123.70 
                 123.84 
                 123.99 
                 124.13 
                 124.28 
                 124.43 
                 124.57 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.08 
                 1.10 
                 1.12 
                 1.13 
                 1.15 
                 1.16 
                 1.18 
                 1.19 
                 1.20 
                 1.20 
                 1.21 
                 1.21 
               
               
                 #72 
                 124.72 
                 124.87 
                 125.01 
                 125.16 
                 125.31 
                 125.46 
                 125.60 
                 125.74 
                 125.80 
                 126.04 
                 126.18 
                 126.33 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.21 
                 1.21 
                 1.21 
                 1.21 
                 1.20 
                 1.20 
                 1.18 
                 1.18 
                 1.17 
                 1.16 
                 1.15 
                 1.14 
               
               
                 #73 
                 126.48 
                 126.62 
                 126.77 
                 126.92 
                 127.06 
                 127.21 
                 127.38 
                 127.50 
                 127.65 
                 127.79 
                 127.94 
                 128.09 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.13 
                 1.12 
                 1.11 
                 1.10 
                 1.00 
                 1.08 
                 1.07 
                 1.06 
                 1.05 
                 1.05 
                 1.04 
                 1.03 
               
               
                 #74 
                 128.23 
                 128.38 
                 128.53 
                 128.67 
                 128.82 
                 128.97 
                 129.11 
                 129.26 
                 129.40 
                 129.55 
                 129.70 
                 129.84 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.03 
                 1.03 
                 1.03 
                 1.03 
                 1.03 
                 1.03 
                 1.03 
                 1.03 
                 1.03 
                 1.03 
                 1.04 
                 1.04 
               
               
                 #75 
                 129.99 
                 130.14 
                 130.28 
                 130.43 
                 130.58 
                 130.72 
                 130.87 
                 131.01 
                 131.16 
                 131.31 
                 131.45 
                 131.60 
               
               
                   
                 1.04 
                 1.04 
                 1.04 
                 1.04 
                 1.04 
                 1.04 
                 1.04 
                 1.04 
                 1.04 
                 1.03 
                 1.03 
                 1.02 
               
               
                 #76 
                 131.75 
                 131.89 
                 132.04 
                 132.19 
                 132.33 
                 132.48 
                 132.52 
                 132.77 
                 132.92 
                 133.06 
                 133.21 
                 133.36 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.02 
                 1.01 
                 1.00 
                 0.99 
                 0.98 
                 0.97 
                 0.95 
                 0.94 
                 0.93 
                 0.92 
                 0.90 
                 0.89 
               
               
                 #77 
                 133.50 
                 133.65 
                 133.80 
                 133.94 
                 134.09 
                 134.24 
                 134.38 
                 134.53 
                 134.67 
                 134.82 
                 134.87 
                 135.11 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.88 
                 0.86 
                 0.85 
                 0.84 
                 0.83 
                 0.82 
                 0.81 
                 0.80 
                 0.79 
                 0.79 
                 0.78 
                 0.78 
               
               
                 #78 
                 135.26 
                 135.41 
                 135.55 
                 135.76 
                 135.85 
                 135.99 
                 136.14 
                 136.28 
                 136.43 
                 136.58 
                 136.72 
                 136.87 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.77 
                 0.77 
                 0.77 
                 0.77 
                 0.78 
                 0.78 
                 0.78 
                 0.79 
                 0.79 
                 0.80 
                 0.81 
                 0.81 
               
               
                 #79 
                 137.02 
                 137.16 
                 137.31 
                 137.46 
                 137.66 
                 137.75 
                 137.89 
                 138.04 
                 138.19 
                 138.33 
                 138.48 
                 138.63 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.82 
                 0.83 
                 0.84 
                 0.85 
                 0.86 
                 0.87 
                 0.88 
                 0.89 
                 0.90 
                 0.91 
                 0.92 
                 0.93 
               
               
                 #80 
                 138.77 
                 138.92 
                 139.07 
                 139.21 
                 139.36 
                 139.50 
                 139.65 
                 139.80 
                 139.94 
                 140.09 
                 140.24 
                 140.38 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.93 
                 0.94 
                 0.94 
                 0.95 
                 0.95 
                 0.96 
                 0.96 
                 0.96 
                 0.96 
                 0.96 
                 0.96 
                 0.96 
               
               
                 #81 
                 140.53 
                 140.68 
                 140.82 
                 140.97 
                 141.12 
                 141.26 
                 141.41 
                 141.55 
                 141.70 
                 141.85 
                 141.90 
                 142.14 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.96 
                 0.96 
                 0.96 
                 0.96 
                 0.95 
                 0.95 
                 0.95 
                 0.95 
                 0.95 
                 0.95 
                 0.95 
                 0.95 
               
               
                 #82 
                 142.20 
                 142.43 
                 142.58 
                 142.73 
                 142.87 
                 143.02 
                 143.16 
                 143.31 
                 143.46 
                 143.60 
                 143.75 
                 143.90 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.95 
                 0.96 
                 0.96 
                 0.96 
                 0.97 
                 0.98 
                 0.98 
                 0.99 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.01 
                 1.02 
               
               
                 #83 
                 144.04 
                 144.19 
                 144.34 
                 144.48 
                 144.63 
                 144.77 
                 144.92 
                 145.07 
                 145.21 
                 145.36 
                 145.51 
                 145.65 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.03 
                 1.04 
                 1.05 
                 1.06 
                 1.07 
                 1.08 
                 1.08 
                 1.09 
                 1.10 
                 1.11 
                 1.11 
                 1.12 
               
               
                 #84 
                 145.80 
                 145.95 
                 146.09 
                 146.24 
                 146.39 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.12 
                 1.13 
                 1.13 
                 1.13 
                 1.13 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0093]      FIG. 5  shows the shape of the center conductor  6  in the reflection-type bandpass filter  1  of Embodiment 1. In the figure, the dark portion represents the center conductor  6 . A non-reflecting terminator, or an R=50Ω resistance, is provided on the terminating side (the face at z=146.39 mm) of this reflection-type bandpass filter  1 . The non-reflecting terminator or resistance may be connected directly to the terminating end of the reflection-type bandpass filter  1 . The thicknesses of the metal films of the conducting layers  4 ,  5  and of the center conductor  6  may be thick compared with the skin depth at f=1 GHz, δs=√{2/(Ωμ 0 σ)}. Here Ω, μ 0 , and σ are respectively the angular frequency, permittivity in vacuum, and the conductivity of the metal. For example, when using copper, the thickness of the conducting layers  4 ,  5  and of the center conductor  6  may be 2.1 μm or greater. This bandpass filter is used in a system with a characteristic impedance of 50Ω.  
         [0094]      FIG. 6  and  FIG. 7  show the amplitude characteristic and group delay characteristic respectively of reflected waves (S 11 ) in the bandpass filter  1  of Embodiment 1. As shown in the figures, in the range of frequencies f for which 3.7 GHz≦f≦10.0 GHz, the reflectance is −1 dB or greater, and the group delay variation is within ±0.05 ns. In the region f&lt;3.1 GHz or f&gt;10.6 GHz, the reflectance is −17 dB or lower.  
       Embodiment 2  
       [0095]     A Kaiser window was used for which the reflectance is 1 at frequencies f in the range 3.4 GHz≦f≦10.3 GHz, and is 0 elsewhere, and for which A=30. Design was performed using one-half the wavelength of signals at frequency f=1 GHz propagating in the microstrip as the waveguide length, and setting the system characteristic impedance to 50Ω.  FIG. 8  shows the distribution in the z-axis direction of the local characteristic impedance obtained in the inverse problem.  
         [0096]      FIG. 9  shows the z-axis distribution of the center conductor width w, when using a dielectric layer  3  of thickness h=3 mm and with relative permittivity ∈ r =2. Tables 4 through 6 list the center conductor widths w.  
                                                                                                                                                                                                     TABLE 4                           Center conductor widths (1/3)                z[mm]                0.00   0.11   0.21   0.32   0.42   0.83   0.64   0.74   0.85   0.95   1.06   1.17                w[mm]                2.68   2.68   2.68   2.68   2.69   2.69   2.69   2.70   2.70   2.70   2.71   2.71                         #2   1.27   1.58   1.48   1.50   1.70   1.80   1.91   2.02   2.12   2.23   2.33   2.44       —   2.71   2.71   2.71   2.72   2.72   2.72   2.72   2.72   2.72   2.72   2.72   2.73        #3   2.55   2.65   2.70   2.80   2.97   3.08   3.18   3.29   3.39   3.50   3.61   3.71       —   2.73   2.73   2.73   2.73   2.73   2.73   2.72   2.72   2.72   2.73   2.72   2.72        #4   3.82   3.92   4.03   4.14   4.24   4.35   4.45   4.56   4.67   4.77   4.88   4.99       —   2.72   2.72   2.72   2.71   2.71   2.71   2.71   2.71   2.71   2.70   2.70   2.70        #5   5.09   5.20   5.30   5.41   5.52   5.62   5.73   5.83   5.64   6.06   6.15   6.26       —   2.70   2.70   2.70   2.69   2.69   2.69   2.69   2.69   2.69   2.69   2.69   2.68        #6   6.36   6.47   6.68   6.68   6.79   6.89   7.00   7.11   7.21   7.32   7.42   7.53       —   2.68   2.68   2.68   2.68   2.68   2.68   2.68   2.68   2.68   2.68   2.68   2.68        #7   7.64   7.74   7.86   7.55   8.66   8.17   8.27   8.38   8.40   8.50   8.70   8.80       —   2.68   2.69   2.69   2.69   2.69   2.69   2.69   2.69   2.69   2.70   2.70   2.70        #8   8.91   9.02   9.12   9.23   9.33   9.44   9.55   9.65   9.76   9.80   9.97   10.08       —   2.70   2.70   2.70   2.71   2.71   2.71   2.71   2.71   2.71   2.71   2.71   2.71        #9   10.18   10.29   10.30   10.30   10.61   10.71   10.82   10.92   11.03   11.14   11.24   11.36       —   2.72   2.72   2.72   2.72   2.72   2.72   2.71   2.71   2.71   2.71   2.71   2.71       #10   11.46   11.56   11.67   11.77   11.88   11.98   12.00   12.20   12.30   12.41   12.52   12.62       —   2.71   2.70   2.70   2.70   2.69   2.69   2.69   2.68   2.68   2.67   2.67   2.66       #11   12.73   12.83   12.94   13.06   13.16   13.26   13.36   13.47   13.68   13.68   13.79   13.80       —   2.65   2.65   2.64   2.63   2.63   2.62   2.61   2.61   2.60   2.59   2.58   2.57       #12   14.00   14.31   14.21   14.32   14.42   14.53   14.64   14.74   14.85   14.90   15.00   15.17       —   2.57   2.55   2.55   2.54   2.53   2.52   2.51   2.50   2.50   2.40   2.48   2.47       #13   15.27   15.28   15.49   15.50   15.70   15.50   15.91   16.02   16.12   16.23   16.33   16.44       —   2.46   2.45   2.45   2.44   2.43   2.42   2.42   2.41   2.40   2.40   2.39   2.38       #14   16.55   16.65   16.76   16.86   16.97   17.06   17.18   17.29   17.39   17.50   17.61   17.71       —   2.38   2.37   2.37   2.36   2.36   2.36   2.35   2.35   2.35   2.34   2.34   2.34       #15   17.82   17.93   18.03   18.14   18.24   18.35   18.46   18.56   18.67   18.77   18.88   18.90       —   2.34   2.34   2.34   2.34   2.34   2.34   2.34   2.34   2.34   2.34   2.34   2.34       #16   19.00   19.20   19.30   19.41   19.52   19.62   19.73   19.83   19.94   20.05   20.15   20.26       —   2.35   2.35   2.35   2.35   2.36   2.36   2.36   2.37   2.37   2.37   2.38   2.38       #17   20.36   20.47   20.58   20.68   20.79   20.80   21.00   21.11   21.21   21.32   21.43   21.53       —   2.38   2.39   2.39   2.39   2.40   2.40   2.40   2.40   2.41   2.41   2.41   2.41       #18   21.64   21.74   21.85   21.96   22.06   22.17   22.27   22.38   22.49   22.59   22.70   22.80       —   2.42   2.42   2.42   2.42   2.42   2.42   2.42   2.42   2.42   2.42   2.42   2.42       #19   22.81   23.02   23.12   23.23   23.33   23.44   23.55   23.65   23.76   23.86   23.97   24.08       —   2.42   2.41   2.41   2.41   2.41   2.41   2.40   2.40   2.40   2.39   2.39   2.39       #20   24.18   24.29   24.40   24.50   24.61   24.71   24.82   24.93   25.03   25.14   25.24   25.35       —   2.38   2.38   2.38   2.37   2.37   2.37   2.36   2.36   2.36   2.36   2.35   2.35       #21   25.46   25.56   25.67   25.77   25.88   25.99   26.09   26.20   26.30   26.41   26.52   26.62       —   2.35   2.35   2.35   2.35   2.35   2.35   2.35   2.35   2.35   2.35   2.35   2.36       #22   26.73   26.83   26.94   27.05   27.15   27.26   27.37   27.47   27.58   27.68   27.79   27.90       —   2.36   2.36   2.37   2.37   2.38   2.39   2.39   2.40   2.41   2.42   2.43   2.44       #23   28.00   28.11   28.21   28.32   28.43   28.53   28.64   28.74   28.85   28.98   29.00   29.17       —   2.45   2.46   2.48   2.49   2.50   2.52   2.53   2.55   2.58   2.58   2.60   2.62       #24   29.27   29.38   29.49   29.59   29.70   29.80   29.91   30.02   30.12   30.23   30.33   30.44       —   2.63   2.65   2.67   2.69   2.71   2.73   2.75   2.77   2.79   2.82   2.84   2.86       #25   30.55   30.55   30.76   30.87   30.97   31.08   31.18   31.29   31.40   31.50   31.61   31.71       —   2.88   2.90   2.92   2.94   2.96   2.98   3.00   3.02   3.04   3.06   3.07   3.09       #26   31.62   31.96   32.03   32.14   32.24   32.35   32.40   32.50   32.67   32.77   32.88   32.99       —   3.11   3.12   3.14   3.15   3.16   3.18   3.19   3.20   3.21   3.22   3.23   3.23       #27   33.09   33.20   33.30   33.41   33.52   33.62   33.73   33.84   33.94   34.05   34.15   34.26       —   3.24   3.24   3.25   3.25   3.25   3.25   3.25   3.25   3.25   3.25   3.25   3.24       #28   34.37   34.47   34.58   34.68   34.79   34.90   35.00   35.11   35.21   35.32   35.43   35.53       —   3.24   3.23   3.23   3.22   3.21   3.20   3.20   3.19   3.18   3.17   3.16   3.15       #29   35.64   35.74   35.85   35.96   36.08   36.17   36.27   36.38   36.49   36.50   36.70   36.80       —   3.14   3.13   3.12   3.12   3.11   3.10   3.09   3.08   3.07   3.07   3.06   3.05       #30   36.91   37.02   37.12   37.23   37.34   37.44   37.59   37.66   37.76   37.87   37.97   38.08       —   3.05   3.04   3.04   3.04   3.03   3.03   3.03   3.03   3.03   3.03   3.03   3.04                    
         [0097]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Center conductor widths (2/3) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 #31 
                 38.18 
                 38.29 
                 38.40 
                 38.50 
                 38.61 
                 38.71 
                 38.82 
                 38.93 
                 39.03 
                 39.14 
                 39.24 
                 39.35 
               
               
                 — 
                 3.04 
                 3.04 
                 3.05 
                 3.05 
                 3.06 
                 3.07 
                 3.08 
                 3.08 
                 3.09 
                 3.10 
                 3.11 
                 3.12 
               
               
                 #32 
                 39.46 
                 39.56 
                 39.67 
                 39.77 
                 39.88 
                 39.90 
                 40.09 
                 40.20 
                 40.31 
                 40.41 
                 40.52 
                 40.62 
               
               
                 — 
                 3.13 
                 3.14 
                 3.15 
                 3.17 
                 3.18 
                 3.19 
                 3.20 
                 3.21 
                 3.22 
                 3.23 
                 3.24 
                 3.25 
               
               
                 #33 
                 40.73 
                 40.84 
                 40.94 
                 41.05 
                 41.15 
                 41.20 
                 41.37 
                 41.47 
                 41.58 
                 41.68 
                 41.79 
                 41.90 
               
               
                 — 
                 3.26 
                 3.27 
                 3.27 
                 3.28 
                 3.28 
                 3.29 
                 3.29 
                 3.29 
                 3.29 
                 3.28 
                 3.28 
                 3.27 
               
               
                 #34 
                 42.00 
                 42.11 
                 42.21 
                 42.32 
                 42.43 
                 42.53 
                 42.64 
                 42.74 
                 42.85 
                 42.96 
                 43.06 
                 43.17 
               
               
                 — 
                 3.20 
                 3.25 
                 3.24 
                 3.22 
                 3.21 
                 3.19 
                 3.17 
                 3.14 
                 3.12 
                 3.09 
                 3.06 
                 3.02 
               
               
                 #35 
                 43.27 
                 43.38 
                 43.49 
                 43.59 
                 43.70 
                 43.81 
                 43.91 
                 44.02 
                 44.12 
                 44.23 
                 44.34 
                 44.44 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.99 
                 2.95 
                 2.91 
                 2.87 
                 2.83 
                 2.78 
                 2.73 
                 2.69 
                 2.64 
                 2.58 
                 2.53 
                 2.48 
               
               
                 #36 
                 44.55 
                 44.65 
                 44.76 
                 44.87 
                 44.97 
                 45.08 
                 45.18 
                 45.29 
                 45.40 
                 45.50 
                 45.61 
                 45.71 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.42 
                 2.37 
                 2.31 
                 2.25 
                 2.19 
                 2.14 
                 2.08 
                 2.02 
                 1.96 
                 1.90 
                 1.85 
                 1.79 
               
               
                 #37 
                 45.82 
                 45.93 
                 46.03 
                 46.14 
                 46.24 
                 46.35 
                 46.46 
                 46.56 
                 46.67 
                 46.78 
                 46.88 
                 46.90 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.73 
                 1.68 
                 1.63 
                 1.57 
                 1.52 
                 1.47 
                 1.42 
                 1.37 
                 1.33 
                 1.28 
                 1.24 
                 1.20 
               
               
                 #38 
                 47.09 
                 47.20 
                 47.31 
                 47.41 
                 47.52 
                 47.62 
                 47.73 
                 47.84 
                 47.94 
                 48.05 
                 48.15 
                 48.26 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.16 
                 1.12 
                 1.08 
                 1.05 
                 1.01 
                 0.98 
                 0.95 
                 0.93 
                 0.90 
                 0.88 
                 0.86 
                 0.84 
               
               
                 #39 
                 48.37 
                 48.47 
                 48.58 
                 48.68 
                 48.79 
                 48.90 
                 49.00 
                 49.11 
                 49.21 
                 49.32 
                 49.43 
                 49.53 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.82 
                 0.80 
                 0.79 
                 0.78 
                 0.77 
                 0.76 
                 0.76 
                 0.75 
                 0.75 
                 0.75 
                 0.75 
                 0.76 
               
               
                 #40 
                 49.64 
                 49.74 
                 49.65 
                 49.96 
                 50.06 
                 50.17 
                 50.28 
                 50.38 
                 50.49 
                 50.59 
                 50.70 
                 50.81 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.76 
                 0.77 
                 0.78 
                 0.80 
                 0.81 
                 0.83 
                 0.85 
                 0.87 
                 0.90 
                 0.93 
                 0.96 
                 1.00 
               
               
                 #41 
                 50.01 
                 51.02 
                 51.12 
                 51.23 
                 51.34 
                 51.44 
                 51.55 
                 51.65 
                 51.76 
                 51.87 
                 51.97 
                 52.08 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.03 
                 1.07 
                 1.12 
                 1.17 
                 1.22 
                 1.27 
                 1.33 
                 1.40 
                 1.47 
                 1.54 
                 1.61 
                 1.69 
               
               
                 #42 
                 52.18 
                 52.29 
                 52.40 
                 52.50 
                 52.61 
                 52.71 
                 52.82 
                 52.93 
                 53.03 
                 53.14 
                 53.25 
                 53.35 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.78 
                 1.87 
                 1.96 
                 2.06 
                 2.17 
                 2.28 
                 2.30 
                 2.51 
                 2.63 
                 2.76 
                 2.90 
                 3.04 
               
               
                 #43 
                 53.46 
                 53.56 
                 53.67 
                 53.78 
                 53.88 
                 53.99 
                 54.09 
                 54.20 
                 54.31 
                 54.41 
                 54.52 
                 54.62 
               
               
                 — 
                 3.18 
                 3.33 
                 3.49 
                 3.65 
                 3.81 
                 3.98 
                 4.15 
                 4.33 
                 4.51 
                 4.69 
                 4.88 
                 5.07 
               
               
                 #44 
                 54.73 
                 54.84 
                 54.94 
                 55.05 
                 55.15 
                 55.26 
                 55.37 
                 55.47 
                 55.58 
                 55.68 
                 55.79 
                 55.80 
               
               
                 — 
                 5.26 
                 5.45 
                 5.64 
                 5.83 
                 6.03 
                 6.22 
                 6.41 
                 6.59 
                 6.77 
                 6.95 
                 7.12 
                 7.29 
               
               
                 #45 
                 56.00 
                 56.11 
                 56.21 
                 56.32 
                 56.43 
                 56.53 
                 56.64 
                 56.75 
                 56.85 
                 56.96 
                 57.06 
                 57.17 
               
               
                 — 
                 7.45 
                 7.60 
                 7.74 
                 7.87 
                 7.99 
                 8.10 
                 8.20 
                 8.28 
                 8.35 
                 8.41 
                 8.45 
                 8.48 
               
               
                 #46 
                 57.28 
                 57.38 
                 57.49 
                 57.59 
                 57.70 
                 57.81 
                 57.91 
                 58.02 
                 58.12 
                 58.23 
                 58.34 
                 58.44 
               
               
                 — 
                 8.49 
                 8.48 
                 8.47 
                 8.43 
                 8.38 
                 8.32 
                 8.24 
                 8.15 
                 8.05 
                 7.93 
                 7.80 
                 7.66 
               
               
                 #47 
                 58.55 
                 58.65 
                 58.76 
                 58.87 
                 58.97 
                 59.08 
                 59.18 
                 59.29 
                 59.40 
                 59.50 
                 59.61 
                 59.72 
               
               
                 — 
                 7.51 
                 7.35 
                 7.18 
                 7.01 
                 6.82 
                 6.64 
                 6.44 
                 6.29 
                 6.05 
                 5.84 
                 5.64 
                 5.44 
               
               
                 #48 
                 59.82 
                 59.93 
                 60.03 
                 60.14 
                 60.25 
                 60.35 
                 60.46 
                 60.50 
                 60.67 
                 60.78 
                 60.88 
                 60.99 
               
               
                 — 
                 5.23 
                 5.03 
                 4.83 
                 4.63 
                 4.43 
                 4.24 
                 4.05 
                 3.87 
                 3.68 
                 3.51 
                 3.33 
                 3.17 
               
               
                 #49 
                 61.09 
                 61.20 
                 61.31 
                 61.41 
                 61.52 
                 61.62 
                 61.73 
                 61.84 
                 61.94 
                 62.05 
                 62.15 
                 62.25 
               
               
                 — 
                 3.00 
                 2.85 
                 2.70 
                 2.55 
                 2.41 
                 2.27 
                 2.15 
                 2.02 
                 1.90 
                 1.79 
                 1.68 
                 1.58 
               
               
                 #50 
                 62.37 
                 62.47 
                 62.58 
                 62.69 
                 62.79 
                 62.90 
                 63.00 
                 63.11 
                 63.22 
                 63.32 
                 63.43 
                 63.53 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.48 
                 1.39 
                 1.30 
                 1.22 
                 1.15 
                 1.07 
                 1.01 
                 0.94 
                 0.88 
                 0.83 
                 0.78 
                 0.73 
               
               
                 #51 
                 63.64 
                 63.76 
                 63.85 
                 63.96 
                 64.06 
                 64.17 
                 64.28 
                 64.38 
                 64.49 
                 64.59 
                 64.70 
                 64.81 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.69 
                 0.65 
                 0.61 
                 0.58 
                 0.55 
                 0.52 
                 0.50 
                 0.48 
                 0.46 
                 0.44 
                 0.43 
                 0.41 
               
               
                 #52 
                 64.91 
                 65.02 
                 65.12 
                 65.23 
                 65.34 
                 65.44 
                 65.55 
                 65.65 
                 65.76 
                 65.87 
                 65.97 
                 66.08 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.40 
                 0.39 
                 0.39 
                 0.38 
                 0.38 
                 0.38 
                 0.38 
                 0.38 
                 0.39 
                 0.39 
                 0.40 
                 0.41 
               
               
                 #53 
                 66.19 
                 66.29 
                 66.40 
                 66.50 
                 66.61 
                 66.72 
                 66.82 
                 66.93 
                 67.03 
                 67.14 
                 67.25 
                 67.35 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.42 
                 0.44 
                 0.46 
                 0.47 
                 0.50 
                 0.52 
                 0.55 
                 0.57 
                 0.61 
                 0.64 
                 0.68 
                 0.72 
               
               
                 #54 
                 67.46 
                 67.56 
                 67.67 
                 67.78 
                 67.88 
                 67.99 
                 68.09 
                 68.20 
                 68.31 
                 68.41 
                 68.52 
                 68.62 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.76 
                 0.81 
                 0.86 
                 0.92 
                 0.96 
                 1.04 
                 1.11 
                 1.18 
                 1.26 
                 1.33 
                 1.42 
                 1.51 
               
               
                 #55 
                 68.73 
                 68.84 
                 68.94 
                 69.05 
                 69.16 
                 69.25 
                 69.37 
                 69.47 
                 69.58 
                 69.69 
                 69.79 
                 69.90 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.60 
                 1.70 
                 1.80 
                 1.90 
                 2.01 
                 2.13 
                 2.24 
                 2.37 
                 2.49 
                 2.52 
                 2.76 
                 2.89 
               
               
                 #56 
                 70.00 
                 70.11 
                 70.22 
                 70.32 
                 70.43 
                 70.53 
                 70.64 
                 70.75 
                 70.86 
                 70.96 
                 71.00 
                 71.17 
               
               
                 — 
                 3.03 
                 3.18 
                 3.32 
                 3.47 
                 3.62 
                 3.77 
                 3.93 
                 4.08 
                 4.24 
                 4.40 
                 4.55 
                 4.71 
               
               
                 #57 
                 71.28 
                 71.38 
                 71.49 
                 71.59 
                 71.70 
                 71.81 
                 71.91 
                 72.02 
                 72.12 
                 72.23 
                 72.34 
                 72.44 
               
               
                 — 
                 4.86 
                 5.01 
                 5.16 
                 5.31 
                 5.45 
                 5.59 
                 5.72 
                 5.85 
                 5.97 
                 6.08 
                 6.19 
                 6.28 
               
               
                 #58 
                 72.55 
                 72.66 
                 72.76 
                 72.87 
                 72.97 
                 73.08 
                 73.19 
                 73.29 
                 73.40 
                 73.50 
                 73.61 
                 73.72 
               
               
                 — 
                 6.38 
                 6.46 
                 6.54 
                 6.60 
                 6.65 
                 6.70 
                 6.73 
                 6.76 
                 6.77 
                 6.77 
                 6.77 
                 6.75 
               
               
                 #59 
                 73.82 
                 73.93 
                 74.03 
                 74.14 
                 74.25 
                 74.35 
                 74.46 
                 74.56 
                 74.67 
                 74.78 
                 74.88 
                 74.90 
               
               
                 — 
                 6.72 
                 6.69 
                 6.64 
                 6.59 
                 6.52 
                 6.45 
                 6.37 
                 6.29 
                 6.19 
                 6.09 
                 5.99 
                 5.88 
               
               
                 #60 
                 75.09 
                 75.20 
                 75.31 
                 75.41 
                 75.52 
                 75.63 
                 75.73 
                 75.84 
                 75.94 
                 76.05 
                 76.16 
                 76.25 
               
               
                 — 
                 5.77 
                 5.65 
                 5.53 
                 5.41 
                 5.28 
                 5.15 
                 5.02 
                 4.90 
                 4.77 
                 4.64 
                 4.51 
                 4.38 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0098]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Center conductor widths (3/3) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 #61 
                 76.37 
                 76.47 
                 76.58 
                 76.69 
                 76.79 
                 76.90 
                 77.00 
                 77.11 
                 77.22 
                 77.32 
                 77.43 
                 77.53 
               
               
                 — 
                 4.25 
                 4.13 
                 4.01 
                 3.83 
                 3.77 
                 3.65 
                 3.53 
                 3.42 
                 3.32 
                 3.21 
                 3.11 
                 3.01 
               
               
                 #62 
                 77.64 
                 77.75 
                 77.85 
                 77.96 
                 78.06 
                 78.17 
                 78.28 
                 78.38 
                 78.49 
                 78.59 
                 78.70 
                 78.81 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.92 
                 2.82 
                 2.74 
                 2.65 
                 2.57 
                 2.49 
                 2.41 
                 2.34 
                 2.28 
                 2.21 
                 2.15 
                 2.09 
               
               
                 #63 
                 78.91 
                 79.02 
                 79.13 
                 79.23 
                 79.34 
                 79.44 
                 79.55 
                 79.66 
                 79.76 
                 79.87 
                 79.97 
                 80.08 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.03 
                 1.98 
                 1.93 
                 1.89 
                 1.84 
                 1.80 
                 1.77 
                 1.73 
                 1.70 
                 1.67 
                 1.64 
                 1.62 
               
               
                 #64 
                 80.19 
                 80.29 
                 80.40 
                 80.50 
                 80.61 
                 80.72 
                 80.82 
                 80.93 
                 81.03 
                 81.14 
                 81.25 
                 81.35 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.59 
                 1.57 
                 1.56 
                 1.54 
                 1.53 
                 1.52 
                 1.51 
                 1.50 
                 1.50 
                 1.49 
                 1.40 
                 1.40 
               
               
                 #65 
                 81.46 
                 51.50 
                 81.67 
                 81.78 
                 81.83 
                 51.99 
                 82.10 
                 82.20 
                 82.31 
                 82.41 
                 82.52 
                 82.03 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.49 
                 1.50 
                 1.50 
                 1.51 
                 1.52 
                 1.53 
                 1.54 
                 1.55 
                 1.56 
                 1.58 
                 1.59 
                 1.61 
               
               
                 #66 
                 82.73 
                 82.84 
                 82.94 
                 83.05 
                 83.16 
                 83.26 
                 83.37 
                 83.47 
                 83.58 
                 83.59 
                 83.79 
                 83.90 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.63 
                 1.65 
                 1.67 
                 1.69 
                 1.71 
                 1.73 
                 1.75 
                 1.77 
                 1.80 
                 1.82 
                 1.84 
                 1.86 
               
               
                 #67 
                 84.00 
                 84.11 
                 84.22 
                 84.32 
                 84.43 
                 84.53 
                 84.84 
                 84.75 
                 84.85 
                 84.96 
                 85.06 
                 85.17 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.89 
                 1.91 
                 1.93 
                 1.96 
                 1.98 
                 2.00 
                 2.02 
                 2.04 
                 2.07 
                 2.09 
                 2.10 
                 2.12 
               
               
                 #68 
                 85.28 
                 85.35 
                 85.49 
                 85.60 
                 85.70 
                 85.81 
                 85.91 
                 86.02 
                 86.13 
                 86.23 
                 86.34 
                 86.44 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.14 
                 2.16 
                 2.17 
                 2.19 
                 2.20 
                 2.22 
                 2.23 
                 2.24 
                 2.25 
                 2.26 
                 2.27 
                 2.28 
               
               
                 #69 
                 86.55 
                 85.66 
                 86.76 
                 86.87 
                 86.97 
                 87.86 
                 87.19 
                 87.29 
                 87.40 
                 87.59 
                 87.61 
                 87.72 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.28 
                 2.29 
                 2.29 
                 2.20 
                 2.30 
                 2.30 
                 2.30 
                 2.30 
                 2.30 
                 2.30 
                 2.30 
                 2.29 
               
               
                 #70 
                 87.82 
                 87.93 
                 88.03 
                 88.14 
                 88.25 
                 88.35 
                 88.46 
                 88.57 
                 88.67 
                 88.78 
                 88.88 
                 88.99 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.29 
                 2.29 
                 2.29 
                 2.28 
                 2.28 
                 2.27 
                 2.27 
                 2.27 
                 2.26 
                 2.26 
                 2.26 
                 2.25 
               
               
                 #71 
                 99.10 
                 89.20 
                 89.31 
                 89.41 
                 89.52 
                 89.63 
                 89.73 
                 89.84 
                 89.94 
                 90.05 
                 90.16 
                 90.26 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.25 
                 2.25 
                 2.25 
                 2.25 
                 2.24 
                 2.24 
                 2.25 
                 2.25 
                 2.25 
                 2.25 
                 2.26 
                 2.26 
               
               
                 #72 
                 90.37 
                 90.47 
                 90.58 
                 90.69 
                 90.79 
                 90.90 
                 91.00 
                 91.11 
                 91.22 
                 91.32 
                 91.43 
                 91.53 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.27 
                 2.27 
                 2.28 
                 2.29 
                 2.30 
                 2.31 
                 2.33 
                 2.34 
                 2.35 
                 2.37 
                 2.39 
                 2.41 
               
               
                 #73 
                 91.64 
                 91.75 
                 91.85 
                 91.06 
                 92.07 
                 92.17 
                 92.28 
                 92.39 
                 92.49 
                 92.60 
                 92.70 
                 92.81 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.43 
                 2.45 
                 2.47 
                 2.49 
                 2.52 
                 2.54 
                 2.57 
                 2.60 
                 2.63 
                 2.66 
                 2.69 
                 2.72 
               
               
                 #74 
                 92.91 
                 93.02 
                 93.13 
                 93.23 
                 93.34 
                 93.44 
                 93.55 
                 93.65 
                 93.75 
                 93.87 
                 93.97 
                 94.08 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.75 
                 2.78 
                 2.82 
                 2.85 
                 2.90 
                 2.93 
                 2.96 
                 3.00 
                 3.04 
                 3.08 
                 3.11 
                 3.15 
               
               
                 #75 
                 94.19 
                 94.29 
                 94.40 
                 94.50 
                 94.61 
                 94.72 
                 94.82 
                 94.93 
                 95.04 
                 95.14 
                 95.25 
                 95.35 
               
               
                 — 
                 3.19 
                 3.23 
                 3.27 
                 3.30 
                 3.34 
                 3.38 
                 3.41 
                 3.45 
                 3.48 
                 3.52 
                 3.55 
                 3.58 
               
               
                 #76 
                 95.46 
                 95.57 
                 95.67 
                 95.73 
                 95.83 
                 95.99 
                 96.10 
                 96.20 
                 96.31 
                 96.41 
                 96.53 
                 96.63 
               
               
                 — 
                 3.61 
                 3.64 
                 3.66 
                 3.69 
                 3.71 
                 3.73 
                 3.75 
                 3.77 
                 3.78 
                 3.79 
                 3.81 
                 3.81 
               
               
                 #77 
                 98.73 
                 96.84 
                 96.94 
                 97.05 
                 97.16 
                 97.25 
                 97.37 
                 97.47 
                 97.58 
                 97.69 
                 97.79 
                 97.90 
               
               
                 — 
                 3.82 
                 3.82 
                 3.83 
                 3.82 
                 3.82 
                 3.82 
                 3.81 
                 3.80 
                 3.79 
                 3.77 
                 3.76 
                 3.74 
               
               
                 #78 
                 98.00 
                 98.11 
                 98.22 
                 98.32 
                 98.43 
                 98.54 
                 98.64 
                 98.75 
                 98.85 
                 98.96 
                 99.07 
                 99.17 
               
               
                 — 
                 3.72 
                 3.08 
                 3.67 
                 3.64 
                 3.62 
                 3.59 
                 3.56 
                 3.52 
                 3.49 
                 3.46 
                 3.42 
                 3.38 
               
               
                 #79 
                 99.28 
                 99.38 
                 99.49 
                 99.60 
                 99.70 
                 99.81 
                 99.91 
                 100.02 
                 100.13 
                 100.23 
                 100.34 
                 100.44 
               
               
                 — 
                 3.35 
                 3.31 
                 3.27 
                 3.23 
                 3.19 
                 3.15 
                 3.12 
                 3.08 
                 3.04 
                 3.00 
                 2.96 
                 2.92 
               
               
                 #80 
                 100.55 
                 100.66 
                 100.76 
                 100.67 
                 100.97 
                 101.06 
                 101.19 
                 101.29 
                 101.40 
                 101.51 
                 101.61 
                 101.72 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.86 
                 2.85 
                 2.81 
                 2.77 
                 2.74 
                 2.70 
                 2.67 
                 2.64 
                 2.60 
                 2.57 
                 2.54 
                 2.51 
               
               
                 #81 
                 101.82 
                 101.93 
                 102.04 
                 102.14 
                 102.25 
                 102.35 
                 102.46 
                 102.57 
                 102.67 
                 102.78 
                 102.88 
                 102.99 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.49 
                 2.46 
                 2.43 
                 2.41 
                 2.39 
                 2.36 
                 2.34 
                 2.32 
                 2.31 
                 2.29 
                 2.27 
                 2.27 
               
               
                 #82 
                 103.10 
                 103.20 
                 103.31 
                 103.41 
                 103.52 
                 103.63 
                 103.73 
                 103.84 
                 103.94 
                 104.05 
                 104.16 
                 104.26 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.24 
                 2.23 
                 2.22 
                 2.21 
                 2.20 
                 2.19 
                 2.19 
                 2.18 
                 2.18 
                 2.17 
                 2.17 
                 2.17 
               
               
                 #83 
                 104.37 
                 104.48 
                 104.58 
                 104.69 
                 104.79 
                 104.90 
                 105.01 
                 105.11 
                 105.22 
                 105.32 
                 105.43 
                 105.54 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.17 
                 2.16 
                 2.17 
                 2.17 
                 2.17 
                 2.17 
                 2.17 
                 2.18 
                 2.18 
                 2.19 
                 2.19 
                 2.20 
               
               
                 #84 
                 105.64 
                 105.75 
                 105.85 
                 105.96 
                 106.87 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.20 
                 2.21 
                 2.21 
                 2.22 
                 2.22 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0099]      FIG. 10  shows the shape of the center conductor  6  in the reflection-type bandpass filter  1  of Embodiment 2. In the figure, the dark portion represents the center conductor  6 . A non-reflecting terminator, or an R=50Ω resistance, is provided on the terminating side (the face at z=106.07 mm) of this reflection-type bandpass filter  1 . The thicknesses of the conducting layers  4 ,  5  and of the center conductor  6  may be thick compared with the skin depth at f=1 GHz. For example, when using copper, the thickness of the conducting layers  4 ,  5  and of the center conductor  6  may be 2.1 μm or greater. This bandpass filter is used in a system with a characteristic impedance of 50Ω.  
         [0100]      FIG. 11  and  FIG. 12  show the amplitude characteristic and group delay characteristic respectively of reflected waves (S 11 ) in the bandpass filter of Embodiment 2. As shown in the figures, in the range of frequencies f for which 3.9 GHz≦f≦9.8 GHz, the reflectance is −1 dB or greater, and the group delay variation is within ±0.07 ns. In the region f&lt;3.1 GHz or f&gt;10.6 GHz, the reflectance is −15 dB or lower.  
       Embodiment 3  
       [0101]     A Kaiser window was used for which the reflectance is 0.9 at frequencies f in the range 4.0 GHz≦f≦9.6 GHz, and is 0 elsewhere, and for which A=30. Design was performed using the wavelength of signals at frequency f=0.3 GHz propagating in the microstrip as the waveguide length, and setting the system characteristic impedance to 50Ω.  FIG. 13  shows the distribution in the z-axis direction of the local characteristic impedance obtained in the inverse problem.  
         [0102]      FIG. 14  shows the z-axis distribution of the center conductor width w, when using a dielectric layer  3  of thickness h=2 mm and with relative permittivity ∈ r =4.2. Tables 7 and 8 list the center conductor widths.  
                                                                                                                                                                                                     TABLE 7                           Center conductor widths (1/2)                s[mm]                0.00   0.07   0.15   0.22   0.29   0.37   0.44   0.51   0.59   0.66   0.73   0.81                w[mm]                0.96   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.95   0.95   0.95   0.95   0.94   0.94   0.94                         #2   0.88   0.95   1.02   1.10   1.17   1.24   1.32   1.39   1.46   1.54   1.61   1.68       —   0.93   0.93   0.93   0.93   0.92   0.92   0.92   0.92   0.91   0.91   0.91   0.90        #3   1.76   1.83   1.90   1.98   2.05   2.12   2.20   2.27   2.34   2.42   2.49   2.56       —   0.90   0.90   0.90   0.90   0.89   0.89   0.89   0.89   0.89   0.88   0.88   0.88        #4   2.63   2.71   2.78   2.86   2.93   3.00   3.07   3.15   3.22   3.29   3.37   3.44       —   0.88   0.88   0.88   0.88   0.88   0.88   0.88   0.88   0.88   0.88   0.88   0.88        #5   3.51   3.59   3.68   3.73   3.81   3.88   3.95   4.03   4.10   4.17   4.25   1.32       —   0.88   0.88   0.88   0.88   0.89   0.89   0.89   0.89   0.89   0.89   0.90   0.90        #6   4.39   4.46   4.54   4.61   4.68   4.76   4.83   4.90   4.98   5.05   5.12   5.20       —   0.90   0.91   0.91   0.91   0.91   0.92   0.92   0.93   0.93   0.93   0.94   0.94        #7   5.27   5.34   5.42   5.49   5.56   5.64   5.71   5.78   5.86   5.03   6.00   6.07       —   0.94   0.95   0.95   0.96   0.96   0.96   0.97   0.97   0.98   0.98   0.98   0.99        #8   6.15   6.22   6.29   6.37   6.44   6.51   6.59   6.66   6.73   6.81   6.88   6.95       —   0.99   1.00   1.00   1.00   1.01   1.01   1.01   1.02   1.02   1.02   1.03   1.03        #9   7.03   7.10   7.17   7.25   7.32   7.39   7.47   7.54   7.61   7.69   7.76   7.83       —   1.03   1.03   1.04   1.04   1.04   1.04   1.04   1.04   1.04   1.05   1.05   1.05       #10   7.90   7.98   8.05   8.12   8.20   8.27   8.34   8.42   8.49   8.56   8.64   8.71       —   1.05   1.05   1.05   1.05   1.05   1.05   1.05   1.05   1.05   1.05   1.05   1.05       #11   8.78   8.86   8.93   9.00   9.06   9.15   9.22   9.30   9.37   9.44   9.52   9.59       —   1.05   1.05   1.05   1.05   1.05   1.05   1.05   1.05   1.05   1.05   1.05   1.05       #12   9.66   9.73   9.81   9.88   9.95   10.03   10.10   10.17   10.25   10.32   10.33   10.47       —   1.06   1.06   1.06   1.06   1.06   1.06   1.07   1.07   1.07   1.07   1.08   1.08       #13   10.54   10.61   10.69   10.76   10.83   10.91   10.98   11.05   11.13   11.20   11.27   11.34       —   1.09   1.09   1.09   1.10   1.10   1.11   1.12   1.12   1.13   1.13   1.14   1.15       #14   11.42   11.40   11.56   11.64   11.71   11.78   11.86   11.93   12.00   12.05   12.15   12.22       —   1.16   1.16   1.17   1.18   1.19   1.20   1.21   1.21   1.22   1.23   1.24   1.25       #15   12.30   12.37   12.44   12.52   12.59   12.66   12.74   12.81   12.88   12.96   13.03   13.10       —   1.26   1.27   1.28   1.29   1.30   1.31   1.31   1.32   1.33   1.34   1.35   1.35       #16   13.17   13.25   13.32   13.39   13.47   13.54   13.61   13.69   13.76   13.83   13.91   13.98       —   1.36   1.37   1.37   1.36   1.38   1.39   1.39   1.39   1.39   1.40   1.40   1.40       #17   14.05   14.13   14.20   14.27   14.35   14.42   14.49   14.57   14.64   14.71   17.78   14.86       —   1.39   1.39   1.39   1.38   1.38   1.37   1.37   1.36   1.35   1.34   1.33   1.31       #18   14.93   15.00   15.08   15.15   15.22   15.30   15.37   15.44   15.52   15.59   15.66   15.74       —   1.30   1.29   1.27   1.26   1.24   1.22   1.20   1.18   1.17   1.14   1.12   1.10       #19   15.81   15.88   15.96   16.03   16.10   16.18   16.25   16.32   16.40   16.47   16.54   16.61       —   1.08   1.06   1.03   1.01   0.99   0.96   0.94   0.92   0.89   0.87   0.84   0.82       #20   16.69   16.76   16.83   16.91   16.98   17.05   17.13   17.20   17.27   17.35   17.42   17.49       —   0.80   0.77   0.75   0.73   0.71   0.68   0.66   0.64   0.62   0.60   0.58   0.56       #21   17.57   17.64   17.71   17.79   17.86   17.93   18.01   18.08   18.15   18.22   18.30   18.37       —   0.55   0.53   0.51   0.50   0.48   0.47   0.45   0.44   0.43   0.42   0.40   0.39       #22   18.44   18.52   18.59   18.66   18.74   18.81   18.88   18.96   19.03   19.10   19.18   19.25       —   0.39   0.38   0.37   0.36   0.36   0.35   0.35   0.34   0.34   0.34   0.33   0.33       #23   19.32   19.40   19.47   19.54   19.52   19.69   19.75   19.84   19.91   19.98   20.05   20.13       —   0.33   0.33   0.33   0.34   0.34   0.34   0.35   0.35   0.36   0.37   0.37   0.38       #24   20.20   20.27   20.35   20.42   20.49   20.57   20.64   20.71   20.79   20.86   20.93   21.01       —   0.39   0.40   0.42   0.43   0.44   0.46   0.48   0.49   0.51   0.53   0.55   0.58       #25   21.08   21.15   21.23   21.30   21.37   21.45   21.52   21.59   21.66   21.74   21.81   21.88       —   0.60   0.63   0.65   0.68   0.71   0.74   0.78   0.81   0.84   0.88   0.92   0.96       #26   21.90   22.03   22.10   22.18   22.25   22.32   32.40   22.47   22.54   22.02   22.69   22.70       —   1.00   1.04   1.08   1.13   1.17   1.22   1.27   1.31   1.36   1.41   1.46   1.51       #27   22.84   22.91   22.98   23.06   23.13   23.20   23.28   23.35   23.42   23.40   23.57   23.64       —   1.56   1.61   1.66   1.71   1.76   1.81   1.86   1.91   1.96   2.01   2.05   2.09       #28   23.71   23.79   23.86   23.93   24.01   24.08   24.15   24.23   24.30   24.37   24.45   24.52       —   2.14   2.18   2.22   2.25   2.29   2.32   2.35   2.37   2.39   2.41   2.43   2.45       #29   24.59   24.67   24.74   24.81   24.89   24.96   25.03   25.11   25.18   25.25   25.32   25.40       —   2.46   2.46   2.47   2.47   2.47   2.46   2.45   2.44   2.42   2.40   2.38   2.36       #30   25.47   25.54   25.62   25.69   25.76   25.84   25.91   25.98   26.06   26.13   26.20   26.28       —   2.33   2.30   2.27   2.23   2.19   2.15   2.11   2.07   2.03   1.98   1.93   1.88                    
         [0103]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Center conductor widths (2/2) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 #31 
                 25.35 
                 26.42 
                 26.59 
                 26.57 
                 26.64 
                 26.72 
                 26.79 
                 26.86 
                 26.93 
                 27.01 
                 27.08 
                 27.15 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.84 
                 1.79 
                 1.74 
                 1.69 
                 1.64 
                 1.59 
                 1.54 
                 1.40 
                 1.44 
                 1.39 
                 1.34 
                 1.29 
               
               
                 #32 
                 27.23 
                 27.30 
                 27.37 
                 27.45 
                 27.52 
                 27.59 
                 27.67 
                 27.74 
                 27.81 
                 27.80 
                 27.96 
                 28.03 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.24 
                 1.20 
                 1.15 
                 1.11 
                 1.07 
                 1.02 
                 0.98 
                 0.94 
                 0.91 
                 0.87 
                 0.83 
                 0.80 
               
               
                 #33 
                 28.11 
                 28.18 
                 28.26 
                 28.33 
                 28.40 
                 28.47 
                 28.55 
                 28.62 
                 28.69 
                 28.76 
                 28.84 
                 28.91 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.77 
                 0.73 
                 0.70 
                 0.68 
                 0.66 
                 0.62 
                 0.60 
                 0.58 
                 0.55 
                 0.53 
                 0.51 
                 0.40 
               
               
                 #34 
                 28.99 
                 29.06 
                 29.13 
                 29.20 
                 29.28 
                 29.35 
                 29.42 
                 29.50 
                 29.57 
                 29.64 
                 29.72 
                 29.79 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.48 
                 0.46 
                 0.45 
                 0.43 
                 0.42 
                 0.41 
                 0.40 
                 0.39 
                 0.38 
                 0.37 
                 0.37 
                 0.36 
               
               
                 #35 
                 29.86 
                 29.94 
                 30.01 
                 30.08 
                 30.16 
                 30.23 
                 30.30 
                 30.37 
                 30.45 
                 30.52 
                 30.59 
                 30.67 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.36 
                 0.35 
                 0.95 
                 0.35 
                 0.35 
                 0.34 
                 0.34 
                 0.35 
                 0.35 
                 0.35 
                 0.35 
                 0.30 
               
               
                 #36 
                 30.74 
                 30.81 
                 30.89 
                 30.96 
                 31.03 
                 31.11 
                 31.16 
                 31.25 
                 31.33 
                 31.40 
                 31.47 
                 31.56 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.36 
                 0.37 
                 0.37 
                 0.38 
                 0.39 
                 0.40 
                 0.40 
                 0.41 
                 0.43 
                 0.44 
                 0.45 
                 0.46 
               
               
                 #37 
                 31.62 
                 31.69 
                 31.77 
                 31.84 
                 31.91 
                 31.99 
                 32.06 
                 32.13 
                 32.20 
                 32.28 
                 32.35 
                 32.42 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.48 
                 0.49 
                 0.51 
                 0.52 
                 0.54 
                 0.56 
                 0.57 
                 0.59 
                 0.61 
                 0.63 
                 0.65 
                 0.68 
               
               
                 #38 
                 32.50 
                 32.57 
                 32.64 
                 32.72 
                 32.79 
                 32.86 
                 32.94 
                 33.01 
                 33.08 
                 33.16 
                 33.23 
                 33.30 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.70 
                 0.72 
                 0.74 
                 0.77 
                 0.79 
                 0.82 
                 0.84 
                 0.87 
                 0.89 
                 0.92 
                 0.94 
                 0.97 
               
               
                 #39 
                 33.38 
                 33.45 
                 33.52 
                 33.60 
                 33.67 
                 33.74 
                 33.81 
                 33.89 
                 33.96 
                 34.03 
                 34.11 
                 34.18 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.00 
                 1.02 
                 1.05 
                 1.07 
                 1.10 
                 1.12 
                 1.15 
                 1.17 
                 1.19 
                 1.22 
                 1.24 
                 1.26 
               
               
                 #40 
                 34.25 
                 34.33 
                 34.40 
                 34.47 
                 34.55 
                 34.62 
                 34.69 
                 34.77 
                 34.84 
                 34.91 
                 34.99 
                 35.06 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.28 
                 1.30 
                 1.32 
                 1.34 
                 1.36 
                 1.37 
                 1.39 
                 1.40 
                 1.42 
                 1.43 
                 1.44 
                 1.45 
               
               
                 #41 
                 35.13 
                 35.21 
                 35.28 
                 35.35 
                 35.43 
                 35.50 
                 35.57 
                 35.64 
                 35.72 
                 35.79 
                 35.86 
                 35.94 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.46 
                 1.47 
                 1.47 
                 1.48 
                 1.48 
                 1.49 
                 1.49 
                 1.49 
                 1.49 
                 1.49 
                 1.49 
                 1.49 
               
               
                 #42 
                 36.01 
                 36.08 
                 36.16 
                 36.23 
                 36.30 
                 36.38 
                 36.45 
                 36.52 
                 36.60 
                 36.67 
                 36.74 
                 36.82 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.48 
                 1.48 
                 1.47 
                 1.46 
                 1.46 
                 1.46 
                 1.44 
                 1.43 
                 1.42 
                 1.41 
                 1.40 
                 1.39 
               
               
                 #43 
                 36.89 
                 36.96 
                 37.04 
                 37.11 
                 37.15 
                 37.25 
                 37.33 
                 37.40 
                 37.47 
                 37.55 
                 37.62 
                 37.69 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.37 
                 1.36 
                 1.35 
                 1.34 
                 1.32 
                 1.31 
                 1.30 
                 1.28 
                 1.27 
                 1.25 
                 1.24 
                 1.22 
               
               
                 #44 
                 37.77 
                 37.84 
                 37.91 
                 37.99 
                 38.08 
                 38.13 
                 38.21 
                 38.28 
                 38.35 
                 38.43 
                 38.50 
                 38.57 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.21 
                 1.20 
                 1.18 
                 1.17 
                 1.16 
                 1.14 
                 1.13 
                 1.12 
                 1.10 
                 1.00 
                 1.08 
                 1.07 
               
               
                 #45 
                 38.65 
                 38.72 
                 38.79 
                 38.87 
                 38.94 
                 39.01 
                 39.08 
                 39.16 
                 39.23 
                 39.30 
                 39.38 
                 39.45 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.06 
                 1.04 
                 1.03 
                 1.02 
                 1.01 
                 1.00 
                 0.99 
                 0.99 
                 0.98 
                 0.97 
                 0.96 
                 0.95 
               
               
                 #46 
                 39.52 
                 39.60 
                 39.67 
                 39.74 
                 39.82 
                 39.89 
                 39.96 
                 40.04 
                 40.11 
                 40.18 
                 40.26 
                 40.33 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.95 
                 0.94 
                 0.93 
                 0.93 
                 0.92 
                 0.92 
                 0.91 
                 0.91 
                 0.90 
                 0.90 
                 0.90 
                 0.80 
               
               
                 #47 
                 40.40 
                 40.48 
                 40.55 
                 40.62 
                 40.70 
                 40.77 
                 40.84 
                 40.91 
                 40.99 
                 41.06 
                 41.13 
                 41.21 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.89 
                 0.89 
                 0.88 
                 0.88 
                 0.88 
                 0.88 
                 0.88 
                 0.88 
                 0.88 
                 0.88 
                 0.88 
                 0.88 
               
               
                 #48 
                 41.28 
                 41.35 
                 41.43 
                 41.50 
                 41.57 
                 41.65 
                 41.72 
                 41.79 
                 41.87 
                 41.94 
                 42.01 
                 42.09 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.88 
                 0.88 
                 0.88 
                 0.88 
                 0.88 
                 0.88 
                 0.88 
                 0.88 
                 0.89 
                 0.89 
                 0.89 
                 0.89 
               
               
                 #49 
                 42.16 
                 42.23 
                 42.31 
                 42.38 
                 42.45 
                 42.52 
                 42.60 
                 42.67 
                 42.74 
                 42.82 
                 42.89 
                 42.96 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.89 
                 0.90 
                 0.90 
                 0.90 
                 0.90 
                 0.90 
                 0.91 
                 0.91 
                 0.91 
                 0.91 
                 0.92 
                 0.92 
               
               
                 #50 
                 43.04 
                 43.11 
                 43.18 
                 43.26 
                 43.33 
                 43.40 
                 43.48 
                 43.55 
                 43.62 
                 43.70 
                 43.77 
                 43.84 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.92 
                 0.92 
                 0.93 
                 0.93 
                 0.93 
                 0.93 
                 0.93 
                 0.94 
                 0.94 
                 0.94 
                 0.94 
                 0.94 
               
               
                 #51 
                 43.92 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.95 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0104]      FIG. 15  shows the shape of the center conductor  6  in the reflection-type bandpass filter  1  of Embodiment 3. In the figure, the dark portion represents the center conductor  6 . A non-reflecting terminator, or an R=50Ω resistance, is provided on the terminating side (the face at z=43.92 mm) of this reflection-type bandpass filter  1 . The thicknesses of the conducting layers  4 ,  5  and of the center conductor  6  may be thick compared with the skin depth at f=1 GHz. For example, when using copper, the thickness of the conducting layers  4 ,  5  and of the center conductor  6  may be 2.1 μm or greater. This bandpass filter is used in a system with a characteristic impedance of 50Ω.  
         [0105]      FIG. 16  and  FIG. 17  show the amplitude characteristic and group delay characteristic respectively of reflected waves (S 11 ) in the bandpass filter of Embodiment 3. As shown in the figures, in the range of frequencies f for which 4.4 GHz≦f≦9.2 GHz, the reflectance is −5 dB or greater, and the group delay variation is within ±0.05 ns. In the region f&lt;3.1 GHz or f&gt;10.6 GHz, the reflectance is −20 dB or lower.  
       Embodiment 4  
       [0106]     A Kaiser window was used for which the reflectance is 1 at frequencies f in the range 3.6 GHz≦f≦10.0 GHz, and is 0 elsewhere, and for which A=35. Design was performed using 0.8 times the wavelength of signals at frequency f=1 GHz propagating in the microstrip as the waveguide length, and setting the system characteristic impedance to 25Ω.  FIG. 18  shows the distribution in the z-axis direction of the local characteristic impedance obtained in the inverse problem.  
         [0107]      FIG. 19  shows the z-axis distribution of the center conductor width w, when using a dielectric layer  3  of thickness h=2 mm and with relative permittivity ∈ r =6.35. Tables 9 through 11 list the center conductor widths w.  
                                                                                                                                                                                                     TABLE 9                           Center conductor widths (1/3)                r[mm]                0.00   0.10   0.19   0.29   0.38   0.48   0.57   0.67   0.76   0.86   0.95   1.05                w[mm]                2.11   2.11   2.11   2.11   2.11   2.11   2.11   2.11   2.11   2.11   2.11   2.11                         #2   1.14   1.24   1.33   1.43   1.52   1.62   1.71   1.81   1.90   2.00   2.10   2.19       —   2.11   2.11   2.11   2.11   2.11   2.11   2.11   2.11   2.11   2.11   2.11   2.11        #3   2.29   2.38   2.48   2.57   2.67   2.76   2.86   2.95   3.05   3.14   3.24   3.33       —   2.11   2.11   2.11   2.12   2.12   2.12   2.12   2.12   2.12   2.12   2.12   2.12        #4   3.43   3.52   3.62   3.71   3.81   3.90   4.00   4.10   4.19   4.29   4.38   4.48       —   2.13   2.13   2.13   2.13   2.13   2.14   2.14   2.14   2.14   2.15   2.15   2.15        #5   4.57   4.67   4.76   4.86   4.95   5.05   5.14   5.24   5.33   5.43   5.52   5.62       —   2.15   2.15   2.16   2.16   2.16   2.16   2.16   2.17   2.17   2.17   2.17   2.17        #6   5.71   5.81   5.90   6.00   6.10   6.19   6.29   6.38   6.48   6.57   6.67   6.76       —   2.17   2.17   2.17   2.17   2.17   2.17   2.17   2.17   2.17   2.17   2.17   2.17        #7   6.86   6.96   7.05   7.14   7.24   7.33   7.48   7.52   7.62   7.71   7.81   7.91       —   2.16   2.16   2.16   2.16   2.16   2.15   2.15   2.15   2.15   2.14   2.14   2.14        #8   8.00   8.10   8.19   8.23   8.38   8.48   8.57   8.67   8.76   8.80   8.95   9.05       —   2.13   2.13   2.13   2.13   2.12   2.12   2.12   2.12   2.12   2.11   2.11   2.11        #9   9.14   9.24   9.33   9.43   9.52   9.62   9.71   9.81   9.91   10.00   10.10   10.19       —   2.11   2.11   2.11   2.11   2.10   2.10   2.10   2.10   2.10   2.10   2.10   2.10       #10   10.29   10.38   10.48   10.57   10.67   10.76   10.85   10.95   11.05   11.14   11.24   11.33       —   2.10   2.10   2.10   2.10   2.10   2.10   2.10   2.10   2.10   2.10   2.10   2.10       #11   11.43   11.52   11.62   11.71   11.81   11.91   12.00   12.10   12.19   12.20   12.38   12.48       —   2.10   2.10   2.10   2.09   2.09   2.09   2.09   2.09   2.08   2.08   2.08   2.07       #12   12.57   12.67   12.76   12.85   12.95   13.05   13.14   13.24   13.33   13.43   13.52   13.62       —   2.07   2.07   2.06   2.06   2.06   2.05   2.05   2.04   2.04   2.04   2.03   2.03       #13   13.71   13.81   13.91   14.00   14.10   14.19   14.29   14.38   14.48   14.57   14.67   14.76       —   2.02   2.02   2.02   2.02   2.01   2.01   2.01   2.01   2.00   2.00   2.00   2.00       #14   14.86   14.95   15.05   15.14   15.24   15.33   15.43   15.53   15.62   15.71   15.81   15.91       —   2.00   2.00   2.00   2.01   2.01   2.01   2.01   2.02   2.02   2.02   2.03   2.03       #15   16.00   16.10   16.19   16.29   16.38   16.48   16.57   16.67   16.76   16.86   16.95   17.05       —   2.04   2.04   2.05   2.05   2.06   2.06   2.07   2.07   2.08   2.09   2.09   2.09       #16   17.14   17.24   17.33   17.43   17.52   17.62   17.71   17.81   17.91   18.00   18.10   18.19       —   2.10   2.11   2.11   2.12   2.12   2.13   2.13   2.14   2.14   2.14   2.15   2.15       #17   18.29   18.38   18.48   18.57   18.67   18.76   18.86   18.95   19.05   19.14   19.24   19.33       —   2.15   2.15   2.15   2.16   2.16   2.16   2.16   2.16   2.16   2.16   2.16   2.16       #18   19.43   19.52   19.62   19.71   19.81   19.91   20.00   20.10   20.19   20.29   20.33   20.48       —   2.16   2.16   2.16   2.16   2.16   2.16   2.16   2.16   2.16   2.16   2.16   2.17       #19   20.57   20.67   20.76   20.85   20.95   21.05   21.14   21.24   21.33   21.43   21.52   21.62       —   2.17   2.17   2.17   2.18   2.18   2.18   2.19   2.19   2.20   2.20   2.21   2.21       #20   21.71   21.81   21.91   22.00   22.10   22.19   22.29   22.38   22.48   22.57   22.67   22.76       —   2.22   2.23   2.23   2.24   2.35   2.25   2.26   2.27   2.27   2.28   2.28   2.29       #21   22.86   22.95   23.03   23.14   23.24   23.33   23.43   23.52   23.62   23.72   23.81   23.91       —   2.29   2.30   2.30   2.30   2.31   2.31   2.31   2.31   2.31   2.31   2.31   2.31       #22   24.00   24.10   24.19   24.29   24.38   24.48   24.57   24.67   24.78   24.86   24.96   25.05       —   2.30   2.30   2.29   2.29   2.28   2.27   2.26   2.25   2.24   2.23   2.22   2.21       #23   25.14   25.24   25.38   25.43   25.52   25.62   25.72   25.81   25.91   26.00   26.10   26.19       —   2.20   2.19   2.18   2.17   2.16   2.14   2.13   2.12   2.11   2.10   2.09   2.08       #24   26.29   26.38   26.48   26.57   26.67   26.76   26.85   26.95   27.05   27.14   27.24   27.33       —   2.07   2.06   2.05   2.04   2.03   2.02   2.02   2.01   2.01   2.00   2.00   1.99       #25   27.43   27.52   27.62   27.72   27.81   27.91   28.00   28.10   28.19   28.29   28.38   28.48       —   1.99   1.99   1.99   1.99   1.99   1.99   1.99   1.99   1.99   1.99   1.99   1.99       #26   28.57   28.67   28.76   28.86   28.95   29.05   29.14   29.24   29.33   29.43   29.52   29.62       —   1.99   1.99   1.99   1.99   1.99   1.99   1.99   1.99   1.99   1.99   1.99   1.98       #27   29.72   29.81   29.91   30.00   30.10   30.19   30.29   30.38   30.49   30.57   30.67   30.76       —   1.98   1.98   1.97   1.97   1.96   1.96   1.95   1.94   1.93   1.93   1.92   1.91       #28   30.86   30.95   31.05   31.14   31.24   31.33   31.45   31.52   31.62   31.72   31.81   31.91       —   1.90   1.89   1.88   1.87   1.87   1.86   1.85   1.84   1.84   1.83   1.82   1.82       #29   32.00   32.10   32.19   32.29   32.38   32.48   32.57   32.67   32.76   32.86   32.95   38.05       —   1.82   1.81   1.81   1.81   1.81   1.81   1.82   1.82   1.83   1.83   1.84   1.85       #30   33.14   33.24   33.33   33.43   33.52   33.62   33.72   33.81   33.91   34.00   34.10   34.10       —   1.86   1.87   1.89   1.90   1.92   1.94   1.95   1.97   1.98   2.02   2.04   2.06                    
         [0108]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Center conductor widths (2/3) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 #31 
                 34.29 
                 34.35 
                 34.45 
                 34.57 
                 34.67 
                 34.76 
                 34.86 
                 34.95 
                 35.05 
                 35.14 
                 35.24 
                 35.33 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.09 
                 2.11 
                 2.14 
                 2.16 
                 2.18 
                 2.21 
                 2.23 
                 2.26 
                 2.28 
                 2.30 
                 2.33 
                 2.35 
               
               
                 #32 
                 35.43 
                 35.52 
                 35.62 
                 35.72 
                 35.81 
                 35.01 
                 36.00 
                 36.10 
                 36.19 
                 36.29 
                 36.38 
                 36.48 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.37 
                 2.39 
                 2.40 
                 2.42 
                 2.44 
                 2.45 
                 2.46 
                 2.47 
                 2.48 
                 2.49 
                 2.49 
                 2.49 
               
               
                 #33 
                 36.57 
                 36.67 
                 36.76 
                 36.86 
                 36.95 
                 37.05 
                 37.14 
                 37.24 
                 37.33 
                 37.43 
                 37.52 
                 37.92 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.50 
                 2.50 
                 2.50 
                 2.50 
                 2.49 
                 2.49 
                 2.49 
                 2.48 
                 2.47 
                 2.47 
                 2.46 
                 2.46 
               
               
                 #34 
                 37.72 
                 37.81 
                 37.91 
                 38.00 
                 38.10 
                 38.19 
                 38.29 
                 38.38 
                 38.48 
                 38.57 
                 38.67 
                 38.70 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.45 
                 2.45 
                 2.44 
                 2.44 
                 2.43 
                 2.43 
                 2.43 
                 2.43 
                 2.43 
                 2.44 
                 2.44 
                 2.45 
               
               
                 #35 
                 38.86 
                 38.95 
                 39.05 
                 39.14 
                 39.24 
                 39.33 
                 39.43 
                 39.53 
                 39.62 
                 39.72 
                 39.91 
                 39.91 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.45 
                 2.45 
                 2.47 
                 2.48 
                 2.50 
                 2.51 
                 2.53 
                 2.55 
                 2.56 
                 2.58 
                 2.60 
                 2.62 
               
               
                 #36 
                 40.00 
                 40.10 
                 40.19 
                 40.29 
                 40.38 
                 40.48 
                 40.57 
                 40.67 
                 40.76 
                 40.86 
                 40.95 
                 41.05 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.64 
                 2.68 
                 2.68 
                 2.70 
                 2.72 
                 2.74 
                 2.75 
                 2.77 
                 2.78 
                 2.79 
                 2.79 
                 2.79 
               
               
                 #37 
                 41.14 
                 41.24 
                 41.33 
                 41.43 
                 41.53 
                 41.62 
                 41.72 
                 41.81 
                 41.91 
                 42.00 
                 42.10 
                 42.10 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.79 
                 2.79 
                 2.78 
                 2.76 
                 2.74 
                 2.72 
                 2.69 
                 2.66 
                 2.62 
                 2.58 
                 2.53 
                 2.48 
               
               
                 #38 
                 42.29 
                 42.38 
                 42.48 
                 42.57 
                 42.67 
                 42.76 
                 42.86 
                 42.95 
                 43.05 
                 43.14 
                 43.24 
                 43.33 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.43 
                 2.37 
                 2.31 
                 2.21 
                 2.18 
                 2.11 
                 2.04 
                 1.96 
                 1.89 
                 1.82 
                 1.74 
                 1.67 
               
               
                 #39 
                 43.43 
                 43.53 
                 43.62 
                 43.72 
                 43.81 
                 43.91 
                 44.00 
                 44.10 
                 44.19 
                 44.29 
                 44.38 
                 44.48 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.60 
                 1.53 
                 1.40 
                 1.39 
                 1.33 
                 1.36 
                 1.21 
                 1.16 
                 1.10 
                 1.05 
                 1.00 
                 0.96 
               
               
                 #40 
                 44.57 
                 44.67 
                 44.76 
                 44.86 
                 44.95 
                 45.05 
                 45.14 
                 45.24 
                 45.33 
                 45.43 
                 45.53 
                 45.62 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.92 
                 0.88 
                 0.85 
                 0.82 
                 0.80 
                 0.78 
                 0.76 
                 0.75 
                 0.74 
                 0.74 
                 0.74 
                 0.74 
               
               
                 #41 
                 45.72 
                 45.81 
                 45.91 
                 46.00 
                 46.10 
                 46.19 
                 46.20 
                 46.38 
                 46.48 
                 46.57 
                 46.67 
                 46.76 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.75 
                 0.75 
                 0.78 
                 0.80 
                 0.83 
                 0.86 
                 0.89 
                 0.94 
                 0.99 
                 1.04 
                 1.10 
                 1.17 
               
               
                 #42 
                 46.86 
                 46.95 
                 47.05 
                 47.14 
                 47.24 
                 47.33 
                 47.43 
                 47.53 
                 47.62 
                 47.72 
                 47.81 
                 47.91 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.26 
                 1.33 
                 1.42 
                 1.52 
                 1.62 
                 1.74 
                 1.86 
                 1.99 
                 2.13 
                 2.28 
                 2.43 
                 2.60 
               
               
                 #43 
                 48.00 
                 48.10 
                 48.19 
                 48.29 
                 48.36 
                 48.48 
                 48.57 
                 48.67 
                 48.76 
                 48.86 
                 48.95 
                 49.05 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.77 
                 2.95 
                 3.14 
                 3.33 
                 3.53 
                 3.73 
                 3.94 
                 4.41 
                 4.35 
                 4.55 
                 4.75 
                 4.94 
               
               
                 #44 
                 49.14 
                 49.24 
                 49.33 
                 49.43 
                 49.53 
                 49.62 
                 49.72 
                 49.81 
                 49.91 
                 50.00 
                 50.10 
                 50.19 
               
               
                 — 
                 5.13 
                 5.30 
                 5.46 
                 5.61 
                 5.74 
                 5.84 
                 5.93 
                 6.00 
                 6.01 
                 6.05 
                 6.04 
                 6.01 
               
               
                 #45 
                 50.29 
                 50.38 
                 50.48 
                 50.57 
                 50.67 
                 50.76 
                 50.86 
                 50.95 
                 51.01 
                 51.14 
                 51.24 
                 51.33 
               
               
                 — 
                 5.95 
                 5.87 
                 5.76 
                 5.64 
                 5.49 
                 5.33 
                 5.15 
                 4.95 
                 4.76 
                 4.55 
                 4.34 
                 4.12 
               
               
                 #46 
                 51.43 
                 51.53 
                 51.62 
                 51.72 
                 51.81 
                 51.91 
                 52.00 
                 52.10 
                 52.10 
                 52.20 
                 52.38 
                 52.48 
               
               
                 — 
                 3.90 
                 3.69 
                 3.47 
                 3.26 
                 3.05 
                 2.85 
                 2.66 
                 2.47 
                 2.29 
                 2.13 
                 1.97 
                 1.81 
               
               
                 #47 
                 52.57 
                 52.67 
                 52.75 
                 52.86 
                 52.95 
                 53.05 
                 53.14 
                 53.24 
                 53.34 
                 53.43 
                 53.53 
                 53.62 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.67 
                 1.54 
                 1.42 
                 1.30 
                 1.20 
                 1.10 
                 1.01 
                 0.93 
                 0.85 
                 0.79 
                 0.73 
                 0.63 
               
               
                 #48 
                 53.72 
                 53.81 
                 53.91 
                 54.00 
                 54.10 
                 54.19 
                 54.29 
                 54.38 
                 54.48 
                 54.57 
                 54.67 
                 54.76 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.63 
                 0.59 
                 0.55 
                 0.52 
                 0.50 
                 0.48 
                 0.46 
                 0.45 
                 0.45 
                 0.44 
                 0.45 
                 0.45 
               
               
                 #49 
                 54.86 
                 54.95 
                 55.05 
                 55.14 
                 55.24 
                 55.34 
                 55.43 
                 55.53 
                 55.62 
                 55.72 
                 55.83 
                 55.91 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.46 
                 0.48 
                 0.49 
                 0.52 
                 0.54 
                 0.58 
                 0.62 
                 0.66 
                 0.71 
                 0.76 
                 0.83 
                 0.89 
               
               
                 #50 
                 56.00 
                 56.10 
                 56.19 
                 56.29 
                 56.38 
                 56.48 
                 56.57 
                 56.67 
                 56.76 
                 56.86 
                 56.95 
                 57.05 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.97 
                 1.05 
                 1.14 
                 1.24 
                 1.34 
                 1.45 
                 1.57 
                 1.69 
                 1.83 
                 1.96 
                 2.11 
                 2.26 
               
               
                 #51 
                 57.14 
                 57.24 
                 57.34 
                 57.43 
                 57.53 
                 57.62 
                 57.73 
                 57.81 
                 57.91 
                 58.00 
                 58.10 
                 58.10 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.42 
                 2.58 
                 2.75 
                 2.92 
                 3.00 
                 3.26 
                 3.43 
                 3.60 
                 3.77 
                 3.93 
                 4.09 
                 4.24 
               
               
                 #52 
                 58.29 
                 58.38 
                 58.48 
                 58.57 
                 58.67 
                 58.76 
                 58.86 
                 58.95 
                 59.05 
                 59.14 
                 59.24 
                 59.34 
               
               
                 — 
                 4.38 
                 4.51 
                 4.62 
                 4.73 
                 4.81 
                 4.89 
                 4.94 
                 4.98 
                 5.00 
                 5.00 
                 4.98 
                 4.95 
               
               
                 #53 
                 59.43 
                 59.53 
                 59.62 
                 59.72 
                 59.81 
                 59.91 
                 60.00 
                 60.10 
                 60.19 
                 60.29 
                 60.38 
                 60.48 
               
               
                 — 
                 4.90 
                 4.84 
                 4.76 
                 4.67 
                 4.57 
                 4.46 
                 4.34 
                 4.21 
                 4.08 
                 3.95 
                 3.81 
                 3.07 
               
               
                 #54 
                 60.57 
                 60.67 
                 60.76 
                 60.86 
                 60.95 
                 61.05 
                 61.14 
                 61.24 
                 61.34 
                 61.43 
                 61.53 
                 61.62 
               
               
                 — 
                 3.52 
                 3.38 
                 3.25 
                 3.11 
                 2.98 
                 2.85 
                 2.72 
                 2.60 
                 2.49 
                 2.38 
                 2.28 
                 2.18 
               
               
                 #55 
                 61.72 
                 61.81 
                 61.91 
                 62.00 
                 62.10 
                 62.15 
                 62.20 
                 62.38 
                 62.48 
                 62.57 
                 62.67 
                 62.76 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.00 
                 2.01 
                 1.93 
                 1.85 
                 1.76 
                 1.72 
                 1.66 
                 1.61 
                 1.57 
                 1.53 
                 1.49 
                 1.46 
               
               
                 #56 
                 62.86 
                 62.95 
                 63.05 
                 63.14 
                 63.24 
                 63.34 
                 63.43 
                 63.53 
                 63.62 
                 63.72 
                 63.81 
                 63.91 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.43 
                 1.41 
                 1.39 
                 1.37 
                 1.36 
                 1.35 
                 1.35 
                 1.35 
                 1.35 
                 1.36 
                 1.36 
                 1.37 
               
               
                 #57 
                 64.00 
                 64.10 
                 64.19 
                 64.29 
                 64.38 
                 64.48 
                 64.57 
                 64.67 
                 64.76 
                 64.86 
                 64.95 
                 65.05 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.39 
                 1.40 
                 1.42 
                 1.44 
                 1.46 
                 1.48 
                 1.50 
                 1.52 
                 1.55 
                 1.57 
                 1.59 
                 1.62 
               
               
                 #58 
                 65.14 
                 65.24 
                 65.34 
                 65.43 
                 65.53 
                 65.62 
                 65.72 
                 65.81 
                 65.91 
                 66.00 
                 66.10 
                 66.19 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.64 
                 1.67 
                 1.69 
                 1.71 
                 1.73 
                 1.75 
                 1.76 
                 1.78 
                 1.79 
                 1.81 
                 1.82 
                 1.83 
               
               
                 #59 
                 66.20 
                 66.38 
                 66.48 
                 66.57 
                 66.67 
                 66.76 
                 66.86 
                 66.96 
                 67.05 
                 67.14 
                 67.24 
                 67.34 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.83 
                 1.84 
                 1.84 
                 1.84 
                 1.85 
                 1.84 
                 1.84 
                 1.84 
                 1.84 
                 1.83 
                 1.83 
                 1.82 
               
               
                 #60 
                 67.43 
                 67.53 
                 67.62 
                 67.72 
                 67.81 
                 67.91 
                 68.00 
                 68.10 
                 68.19 
                 68.29 
                 68.38 
                 68.48 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.81 
                 1.81 
                 1.80 
                 1.80 
                 1.79 
                 1.79 
                 1.79 
                 1.79 
                 1.79 
                 1.79 
                 1.79 
                 1.80 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0109]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Center conductor widths (3/3) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 #61 
                 68.57 
                 68.67 
                 68.76 
                 68.86 
                 68.95 
                 69.05 
                 69.15 
                 69.24 
                 69.34 
                 69.43 
                 69.53 
                 69.62 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.80 
                 1.81 
                 1.82 
                 1.84 
                 1.85 
                 1.87 
                 1.89 
                 1.91 
                 1.93 
                 1.96 
                 1.99 
                 2.02 
               
               
                 #62 
                 69.72 
                 69.81 
                 69.91 
                 70.00 
                 70.10 
                 70.18 
                 70.29 
                 70.38 
                 70.48 
                 70.57 
                 70.67 
                 70.76 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.05 
                 2.09 
                 2.12 
                 2.16 
                 2.20 
                 2.24 
                 2.28 
                 2.33 
                 2.37 
                 2.41 
                 2.46 
                 2.50 
               
               
                 #63 
                 70.86 
                 70.95 
                 71.05 
                 71.15 
                 71.24 
                 71.34 
                 71.43 
                 71.53 
                 71.62 
                 71.72 
                 71.81 
                 71.91 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.55 
                 2.59 
                 2.64 
                 2.68 
                 2.72 
                 2.76 
                 2.79 
                 2.83 
                 2.86 
                 2.89 
                 2.91 
                 2.93 
               
               
                 #64 
                 72.00 
                 72.10 
                 72.19 
                 72.29 
                 72.38 
                 72.48 
                 72.57 
                 72.67 
                 72.76 
                 72.86 
                 72.95 
                 73.05 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.95 
                 2.96 
                 2.97 
                 2.98 
                 2.98 
                 2.97 
                 2.97 
                 2.96 
                 2.94 
                 2.92 
                 2.90 
                 2.88 
               
               
                 #65 
                 73.15 
                 73.24 
                 73.34 
                 73.43 
                 73.53 
                 73.62 
                 73.72 
                 73.81 
                 73.91 
                 74.00 
                 74.10 
                 74.19 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.85 
                 2.81 
                 2.78 
                 2.74 
                 2.71 
                 2.67 
                 2.62 
                 2.58 
                 2.54 
                 2.49 
                 2.45 
                 2.41 
               
               
                 #66 
                 74.29 
                 74.38 
                 74.48 
                 74.57 
                 74.67 
                 74.76 
                 74.86 
                 74.96 
                 75.05 
                 75.15 
                 75.24 
                 75.34 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.36 
                 2.32 
                 2.28 
                 2.24 
                 2.20 
                 2.16 
                 2.12 
                 2.09 
                 2.06 
                 2.03 
                 2.00 
                 1.97 
               
               
                 #67 
                 75.43 
                 75.53 
                 75.62 
                 75.72 
                 75.81 
                 75.91 
                 76.00 
                 76.10 
                 76.19 
                 76.29 
                 76.38 
                 76.48 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.94 
                 1.92 
                 1.90 
                 1.88 
                 1.86 
                 1.85 
                 1.84 
                 1.82 
                 1.82 
                 1.81 
                 1.80 
                 1.80 
               
               
                 #68 
                 76.57 
                 76.67 
                 76.76 
                 76.86 
                 76.95 
                 77.05 
                 77.15 
                 77.24 
                 77.84 
                 77.43 
                 77.53 
                 77.62 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.80 
                 1.80 
                 1.80 
                 1.80 
                 1.80 
                 1.81 
                 1.82 
                 1.82 
                 1.83 
                 1.84 
                 1.85 
                 1.86 
               
               
                 #69 
                 77.72 
                 77.81 
                 77.81 
                 78.00 
                 78.10 
                 78.19 
                 78.29 
                 78.38 
                 78.48 
                 78.57 
                 78.67 
                 78.76 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.86 
                 1.87 
                 1.88 
                 1.89 
                 1.90 
                 1.91 
                 1.92 
                 1.92 
                 1.93 
                 1.93 
                 1.94 
                 1.94 
               
               
                 #70 
                 78.86 
                 78.95 
                 79.05 
                 79.15 
                 79.24 
                 79.34 
                 79.43 
                 79.53 
                 79.62 
                 79.72 
                 79.81 
                 79.91 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.95 
                 1.95 
                 1.95 
                 1.95 
                 1.95 
                 1.95 
                 1.95 
                 1.94 
                 1.94 
                 1.93 
                 1.93 
                 1.92 
               
               
                 #71 
                 80.00 
                 80.10 
                 80.19 
                 80.29 
                 80.38 
                 80.48 
                 80.57 
                 80.67 
                 80.76 
                 80.86 
                 80.95 
                 81.05 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.92 
                 1.91 
                 1.90 
                 1.90 
                 1.89 
                 1.89 
                 1.88 
                 1.87 
                 1.87 
                 1.86 
                 1.86 
                 1.86 
               
               
                 #72 
                 81.15 
                 81.24 
                 81.34 
                 81.43 
                 81.53 
                 81.62 
                 81.72 
                 81.81 
                 81.91 
                 82.00 
                 82.10 
                 82.19 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.86 
                 1.85 
                 1.85 
                 1.86 
                 1.86 
                 1.86 
                 1.87 
                 1.87 
                 1.88 
                 1.89 
                 1.90 
                 1.91 
               
               
                 #73 
                 82.29 
                 82.38 
                 82.48 
                 82.57 
                 82.67 
                 82.76 
                 82.86 
                 82.95 
                 83.05 
                 83.15 
                 83.24 
                 83.34 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.93 
                 1.94 
                 1.96 
                 1.98 
                 1.99 
                 2.01 
                 2.04 
                 2.06 
                 2.08 
                 2.11 
                 2.13 
                 2.16 
               
               
                 #74 
                 83.43 
                 83.53 
                 83.62 
                 83.72 
                 83.81 
                 83.91 
                 84.00 
                 84.10 
                 84.19 
                 84.29 
                 84.38 
                 84.48 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.18 
                 2.21 
                 2.24 
                 2.26 
                 2.29 
                 2.32 
                 2.34 
                 2.37 
                 2.39 
                 2.42 
                 2.44 
                 2.46 
               
               
                 #75 
                 84.57 
                 84.67 
                 84.76 
                 84.86 
                 84.96 
                 85.05 
                 85.15 
                 85.24 
                 85.34 
                 85.43 
                 85.53 
                 85.62 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.48 
                 2.50 
                 2.52 
                 2.52 
                 2.53 
                 2.56 
                 2.57 
                 2.58 
                 2.58 
                 2.58 
                 2.59 
                 2.58 
               
               
                 #76 
                 89.72 
                 85.81 
                 85.91 
                 86.00 
                 86.10 
                 86.19 
                 86.29 
                 86.38 
                 86.48 
                 86.57 
                 86.67 
                 86.76 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.58 
                 2.57 
                 2.57 
                 2.56 
                 2.55 
                 2.53 
                 2.52 
                 2.50 
                 2.49 
                 2.47 
                 2.45 
                 2.43 
               
               
                 #77 
                 86.86 
                 86.96 
                 87.05 
                 87.15 
                 87.24 
                 87.34 
                 87.43 
                 87.53 
                 87.62 
                 87.72 
                 87.81 
                 87.91 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.41 
                 2.38 
                 2.36 
                 2.34 
                 2.32 
                 2.30 
                 2.27 
                 2.25 
                 2.23 
                 2.21 
                 2.19 
                 2.17 
               
               
                 #78 
                 88.00 
                 88.10 
                 88.19 
                 88.29 
                 88.38 
                 88.48 
                 88.57 
                 88.67 
                 88.76 
                 88.86 
                 88.96 
                 89.05 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.15 
                 2.13 
                 2.12 
                 2.10 
                 2.09 
                 2.07 
                 2.06 
                 2.05 
                 2.04 
                 2.03 
                 2.02 
                 2.02 
               
               
                 #79 
                 89.15 
                 89.24 
                 89.34 
                 89.43 
                 89.53 
                 89.62 
                 89.72 
                 89.81 
                 89.91 
                 90.00 
                 90.10 
                 90.19 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.01 
                 2.01 
                 2.00 
                 2.00 
                 2.00 
                 2.00 
                 2.00 
                 2.00 
                 2.00 
                 2.00 
                 2.01 
                 2.01 
               
               
                 #80 
                 90.29 
                 90.38 
                 90.48 
                 90.57 
                 90.67 
                 90.76 
                 90.86 
                 90.96 
                 91.05 
                 91.15 
                 91.24 
                 91.34 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.01 
                 2.01 
                 2.02 
                 2.02 
                 2.02 
                 2.03 
                 2.03 
                 2.03 
                 2.03 
                 2.03 
                 2.04 
                 2.04 
               
               
                 #81 
                 91.43 
                 91.53 
                 91.62 
                 91.72 
                 91.81 
                 91.91 
                 92.00 
                 92.10 
                 92.19 
                 92.29 
                 92.38 
                 92.48 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.04 
                 2.03 
                 2.03 
                 2.03 
                 2.03 
                 2.03 
                 2.02 
                 2.02 
                 2.01 
                 2.01 
                 2.00 
                 1.99 
               
               
                 #82 
                 92.57 
                 92.67 
                 92.76 
                 92.86 
                 92.96 
                 93.05 
                 93.15 
                 93.24 
                 93.34 
                 93.43 
                 93.53 
                 99.62 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.99 
                 1.98 
                 1.97 
                 1.96 
                 1.95 
                 1.95 
                 1.94 
                 1.93 
                 1.92 
                 1.92 
                 1.91 
                 1.90 
               
               
                 #83 
                 93.72 
                 93.81 
                 93.91 
                 94.00 
                 94.10 
                 94.19 
                 94.29 
                 94.38 
                 94.48 
                 94.57 
                 94.67 
                 94.76 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.90 
                 1.89 
                 1.89 
                 1.88 
                 1.88 
                 1.88 
                 1.87 
                 1.87 
                 1.87 
                 1.88 
                 1.88 
                 1.88 
               
               
                 #84 
                 94.86 
                 94.96 
                 95.05 
                 95.15 
                 95.24 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.89 
                 1.89 
                 1.90 
                 1.91 
                 1.91 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0110]      FIG. 20  shows the shape of the center conductor  6  in the reflection-type bandpass filter  1  of Embodiment 4. In the figure, the dark portion represents the center conductor  6 . A non-reflecting terminator, or an R=25Ω resistance, is provided on the terminating side (the face at z=95.24 mm) of this reflection-type bandpass filter  1 . The thicknesses of the conducting layers  4 ,  5  and of the center conductor  6  may be thick compared with the skin depth at f=1 GHz. For example, when using copper, the thickness of the conducting layers  4 ,  5  and of the center conductor  6  may be 2.1 μm or greater. This bandpass filter is used in a system with a characteristic impedance of 50Ω.  
         [0111]      FIG. 21  and  FIG. 22  show the amplitude characteristic and group delay characteristic respectively of reflected waves (S 11 ) in the bandpass filter of Embodiment 4. As shown in the figures, in the range of frequencies f for which 3.8 GHz≦f≦9.8 GHz, the reflectance is −3 dB or greater, and the group delay variation is within ±0.2 ns. In the region f&lt;3.1 GHz or f&gt;10.6 GHz, the reflectance is −17 dB or lower.  
       Embodiment 5  
       [0112]     A Kaiser window was used for which the reflectance is 1 at frequencies f in the range 3.4 GHz≦f≦10.3 GHz, and is 0 elsewhere, and for which A=30. Design was performed using 0.7 times the wavelength of signals at frequency f=1 GHz propagating in the microstrip as the waveguide length, and setting the system characteristic impedance to 75Ω.  FIG. 23  shows the distribution in the z-axis direction of the local characteristic impedance obtained in the inverse problem.  
         [0113]      FIG. 24  shows the z-axis distribution of the center conductor width w, when using a dielectric layer  3  of thickness h=3 mm and with relative permittivity ∈ r =1. Tables 12 through 14 list the center conductor widths w.  
                                                                                                                                                                                                     TABLE 12                           Center conductor widths (1/3)                z[mm]                0.00   0.21   0.42   0.63   0.84   1.05   1.26   1.47   1.68   1.89   2.10   2.31                w[mm]                2.45   2.45   2.45   2.45   2.45   2.45   2.45   2.45   2.45   2.45   2.45   2.45                         #2   2.52   2.73   2.94   3.15   3.36   3.57   3.78   3.09   4.20   4.41   4.62   4.83       —   2.44   2.44   2.44   2.44   2.44   2.43   2.43   2.43   2.43   2.42   2.42   2.42        #3   5.04   5.25   5.46   5.67   5.88   6.09   6.30   6.61   6.72   6.93   7.14   7.35       —   2.41   2.41   2.40   2.40   2.40   2.39   2.29   2.38   2.38   2.37   2.37   2.36        #4   7.56   7.77   7.98   8.19   8.40   8.61   8.82   9.03   9.24   9.45   9.66   9.87       —   2.36   2.33   2.35   2.35   2.34   2.34   2.33   2.33   2.33   2.32   2.32   2.32        #5   10.08   10.29   10.50   10.71   10.92   11.13   11.34   11.55   11.76   11.97   12.18   12.39       —   2.32   2.31   2.31   2.31   2.31   2.31   2.31   2.31   2.31   2.31   2.31   2.31        #6   12.60   12.81   13.02   13.23   13.44   13.65   13.86   14.07   14.28   14.49   14.70   14.91       —   2.31   2.31   2.31   2.31   2.31   2.31   2.31   2.32   2.32   2.32   2.32   2.32        #7   15.12   15.33   15.54   15.75   15.96   16.17   16.38   16.59   16.80   17.01   17.22   17.43       —   2.32   2.33   2.33   2.33   2.33   2.33   2.33   2.34   2.34   2.34   2.34   2.34        #8   17.64   17.85   18.06   18.27   18.48   18.69   18.90   19.11   19.32   19.53   19.74   19.95       —   2.34   2.34   2.34   2.34   2.34   2.34   2.34   2.34   2.34   2.34   2.34   2.33        #9   20.16   20.37   20.58   20.79   21.00   21.21   21.42   21.63   21.84   22.05   22.26   22.47       —   2.33   2.33   2.33   2.33   2.33   2.33   2.32   2.32   2.32   2.32   2.32   2.32       #10   22.68   22.89   23.10   23.31   21.52   23.73   23.94   24.15   24.86   24.57   24.78   24.99       —   2.32   2.32   2.32   2.32   2.32   2.32   2.32   2.32   2.33   2.33   2.33   2.33       #11   25.20   25.41   25.62   25.83   26.04   26.25   26.46   26.67   26.88   27.09   27.30   27.51       —   2.34   2.34   2.35   2.35   2.36   2.36   2.37   2.38   2.38   2.39   2.40   2.41       #12   27.72   27.93   28.14   28.35   28.56   28.77   28.98   29.19   29.40   29.61   29.82   30.03       —   2.41   2.42   2.43   2.44   2.45   2.45   2.46   2.47   2.48   2.49   2.50   2.50       #13   30.24   30.45   30.86   30.87   31.08   31.29   31.50   31.71   31.92   32.13   32.34   32.55       —   2.51   2.52   2.53   2.53   2.54   2.55   2.55   2.56   2.56   2.57   2.57   2.57       #14   32.76   32.97   33.18   33.39   33.80   33.81   34.02   34.23   34.44   34.65   34.86   35.07       —   2.58   2.58   2.58   2.58   2.58   2.58   2.58   2.58   2.58   2.58   2.58   2.58       #15   35.28   35.49   35.70   35.91   36.12   36.33   36.54   36.75   36.96   37.17   37.38   37.59       —   2.57   2.57   2.57   2.57   2.56   2.56   2.56   2.55   2.55   2.55   2.54   2.54       #16   37.80   38.01   38.22   38.43   38.64   38.85   39.06   39.27   39.48   39.69   39.90   40.11       —   2.54   2.53   2.53   2.53   2.53   2.52   2.52   2.52   2.52   2.52   2.52   2.52       #17   40.32   40.53   40.74   40.95   41.16   41.37   41.58   41.79   42.00   42.21   42.42   42.63       —   2.52   2.52   2.52   2.53   2.53   2.53   2.53   2.53   2.54   2.54   2.54   2.55       #18   42.84   43.05   43.26   43.47   43.68   43.89   44.10   44.31   44.52   44.73   44.94   45.15       —   2.55   2.55   2.55   2.56   2.56   2.56   2.56   2.56   2.57   2.57   2.57   2.56       #19   45.36   45.57   45.78   45.99   46.20   46.41   46.62   46.83   47.04   47.25   47.46   47.67       —   2.56   2.56   2.56   2.56   2.55   2.55   2.54   2.54   2.53   2.52   2.51   2.50       #20   47.88   48.09   48.30   48.51   48.72   48.93   49.14   49.35   49.56   49.77   49.98   50.19       —   2.49   2.48   2.47   2.46   2.45   2.44   2.42   2.41   2.40   2.38   2.37   2.35       #21   50.40   50.61   50.82   51.03   51.24   51.45   51.66   51.87   52.08   52.29   52.50   52.71       —   2.34   2.33   2.33   2.30   2.38   2.27   2.26   2.24   2.23   2.22   2.21   2.19       #22   52.92   53.13   53.34   53.55   53.76   53.97   54.18   54.39   54.60   54.81   55.02   55.23       —   2.18   2.17   2.17   2.16   2.15   2.14   2.14   2.13   2.13   2.12   2.12   2.12       #23   55.44   55.65   55.86   56.07   56.28   56.49   56.70   56.91   57.12   57.33   57.54   57.75       —   2.12   2.12   2.12   2.12   2.12   2.12   2.12   2.12   2.13   2.13   2.14   2.14       #24   57.96   58.17   58.38   58.59   58.80   59.01   59.22   59.43   59.64   59.85   60.06   60.27       —   2.15   2.15   2.16   2.16   2.17   2.17   2.18   2.18   2.19   2.19   2.19   2.20       #25   60.48   60.69   60.90   61.11   61.32   61.53   61.74   61.95   62.16   62.37   62.58   62.79       —   2.20   2.20   2.20   2.21   2.21   2.21   2.21   2.21   2.20   2.20   2.20   2.20       #26   63.00   63.21   63.42   63.63   63.84   64.05   64.26   64.47   64.68   64.89   65.10   65.31       —   2.19   2.19   2.19   2.18   2.18   2.17   2.17   2.16   2.16   2.15   2.15   2.14       #27   65.52   65.73   65.94   66.15   66.36   66.57   66.78   66.99   67.20   67.41   67.62   67.83       —   2.14   2.14   2.13   2.13   2.13   2.13   2.13   2.13   2.13   2.13   2.14   2.14       #28   68.04   68.25   68.46   68.67   68.88   69.69   69.30   69.51   69.72   69.93   70.14   70.35       —   2.15   2.18   2.16   2.17   2.19   2.20   2.21   2.23   2.25   2.26   2.28   2.30       #29   70.86   70.77   70.98   71.19   71.40   71.61   71.82   72.03   72.24   72.45   72.66   72.87       —   2.33   2.33   2.37   2.40   2.42   2.45   2.48   2.51   2.54   2.57   2.60   2.63       #30   73.08   73.29   73.50   73.71   73.92   74.13   74.34   74.55   74.76   74.97   75.18   75.39       —   2.68   2.69   2.72   2.75   2.77   2.80   2.83   2.86   2.88   2.90   2.93   2.95                    
         [0114]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Center conductor widths (2/3) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 #31 
                 75.60 
                 75.81 
                 76.02 
                 76.23 
                 76.44 
                 76.65 
                 76.56 
                 77.07 
                 77.28 
                 77.49 
                 77.70 
                 77.91 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.97 
                 2.98 
                 3.00 
                 3.01 
                 3.03 
                 3.04 
                 3.04 
                 3.05 
                 3.06 
                 3.06 
                 3.00 
                 3.00 
               
               
                 #32 
                 78.32 
                 78.33 
                 78.54 
                 78.75 
                 78.95 
                 79.17 
                 70.38 
                 79.58 
                 79.80 
                 80.01 
                 80.22 
                 80.43 
               
               
                 — 
                 3.05 
                 3.05 
                 3.04 
                 3.03 
                 3.03 
                 3.02 
                 3.01 
                 2.99 
                 2.98 
                 2.97 
                 2.99 
                 2.94 
               
               
                 #33 
                 80.04 
                 80.05 
                 81.06 
                 81.27 
                 81.48 
                 81.69 
                 81.90 
                 82.11 
                 82.32 
                 82.53 
                 82.74 
                 82.85 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.93 
                 2.92 
                 2.91 
                 2.90 
                 2.88 
                 2.87 
                 2.86 
                 2.86 
                 2.85 
                 2.84 
                 2.84 
                 2.84 
               
               
                 #34 
                 83.10 
                 83.37 
                 83.88 
                 83.79 
                 84.00 
                 84.21 
                 84.42 
                 84.63 
                 84.84 
                 85.05 
                 85.26 
                 85.47 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.83 
                 2.83 
                 2.84 
                 2.84 
                 2.84 
                 2.85 
                 2.86 
                 2.86 
                 2.87 
                 2.89 
                 2.90 
                 2.91 
               
               
                 #35 
                 85.08 
                 85.09 
                 86.10 
                 86.31 
                 86.52 
                 86.73 
                 86.94 
                 87.15 
                 87.36 
                 87.57 
                 87.78 
                 87.09 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.93 
                 2.94 
                 2.96 
                 2.97 
                 2.98 
                 3.00 
                 3.02 
                 3.03 
                 3.05 
                 3.06 
                 3.07 
                 3.08 
               
               
                 #36 
                 88.20 
                 88.41 
                 88.62 
                 88.83 
                 89.04 
                 89.25 
                 89.46 
                 89.67 
                 89.88 
                 90.09 
                 90.39 
                 90.51 
               
               
                 — 
                 3.08 
                 3.08 
                 3.08 
                 3.08 
                 3.08 
                 3.07 
                 3.06 
                 3.04 
                 3.02 
                 3.00 
                 2.97 
                 2.94 
               
               
                 #37 
                 90.72 
                 90.83 
                 91.14 
                 91.36 
                 91.56 
                 91.77 
                 91.85 
                 92.10 
                 92.40 
                 92.61 
                 92.83 
                 93.03 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.90 
                 2.88 
                 2.81 
                 2.76 
                 2.71 
                 2.65 
                 2.59 
                 2.52 
                 2.45 
                 2.38 
                 2.31 
                 2.24 
               
               
                 #38 
                 93.24 
                 93.45 
                 93.66 
                 93.87 
                 94.05 
                 94.29 
                 94.50 
                 94.71 
                 94.92 
                 95.13 
                 95.34 
                 95.55 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.16 
                 2.08 
                 2.01 
                 1.92 
                 1.85 
                 1.77 
                 1.70 
                 1.62 
                 1.55 
                 1.47 
                 1.40 
                 1.33 
               
               
                 #39 
                 95.76 
                 95.97 
                 96.18 
                 96.39 
                 96.60 
                 96.81 
                 97.02 
                 97.33 
                 97.44 
                 97.65 
                 97.85 
                 98.07 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.27 
                 1.21 
                 1.15 
                 1.09 
                 1.04 
                 0.99 
                 0.94 
                 0.90 
                 0.86 
                 0.82 
                 0.79 
                 0.76 
               
               
                 #40 
                 98.28 
                 98.49 
                 98.70 
                 98.91 
                 99.12 
                 99.33 
                 99.54 
                 99.75 
                 99.96 
                 100.17 
                 100.38 
                 100.59 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.73 
                 0.71 
                 0.69 
                 0.68 
                 0.67 
                 0.66 
                 0.66 
                 0.66 
                 0.65 
                 0.67 
                 0.68 
                 0.69 
               
               
                 #41 
                 100.80 
                 101.01 
                 101.22 
                 101.43 
                 101.64 
                 101.85 
                 102.06 
                 102.27 
                 102.48 
                 102.69 
                 102.90 
                 103.11 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.71 
                 0.74 
                 0.76 
                 0.80 
                 0.84 
                 0.88 
                 0.93 
                 0.99 
                 1.05 
                 1.12 
                 1.20 
                 1.28 
               
               
                 #42 
                 103.32 
                 103.53 
                 103.74 
                 103.95 
                 104.16 
                 104.37 
                 104.58 
                 104.79 
                 105.00 
                 105.21 
                 105.42 
                 105.63 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.38 
                 1.48 
                 1.58 
                 1.70 
                 1.83 
                 1.96 
                 2.11 
                 2.26 
                 2.43 
                 2.60 
                 2.79 
                 2.98 
               
               
                 #43 
                 105.84 
                 106.06 
                 106.26 
                 106.47 
                 106.66 
                 106.89 
                 107.10 
                 107.31 
                 107.52 
                 107.73 
                 107.84 
                 108.15 
               
               
                 — 
                 3.18 
                 3.39 
                 3.61 
                 3.84 
                 4.07 
                 4.32 
                 4.50 
                 4.83 
                 5.07 
                 5.33 
                 5.58 
                 5.84 
               
               
                 #44 
                 108.36 
                 108.57 
                 108.78 
                 108.99 
                 109.20 
                 109.41 
                 109.62 
                 109.83 
                 110.04 
                 110.25 
                 110.46 
                 110.67 
               
               
                 — 
                 6.09 
                 6.34 
                 6.57 
                 6.80 
                 7.02 
                 7.32 
                 7.40 
                 7.56 
                 7.70 
                 7.82 
                 7.91 
                 7.97 
               
               
                 #45 
                 110.88 
                 111.00 
                 111.80 
                 111.51 
                 111.72 
                 111.93 
                 112.14 
                 112.35 
                 112.56 
                 112.77 
                 112.88 
                 113.19 
               
               
                 — 
                 8.01 
                 8.02 
                 8.00 
                 7.95 
                 7.88 
                 7.77 
                 7.65 
                 7.49 
                 7.32 
                 7.12 
                 8.91 
                 8.68 
               
               
                 #46 
                 113.40 
                 113.61 
                 113.82 
                 114.03 
                 114.24 
                 114.45 
                 114.66 
                 114.87 
                 115.08 
                 115.20 
                 115.50 
                 116.71 
               
               
                 — 
                 8.44 
                 6.19 
                 5.93 
                 5.65 
                 5.39 
                 5.12 
                 4.85 
                 4.58 
                 4.31 
                 4.05 
                 3.80 
                 3.55 
               
               
                 #47 
                 115.02 
                 116.13 
                 116.24 
                 116.55 
                 116.76 
                 116.97 
                 117.18 
                 117.39 
                 117.60 
                 117.81 
                 118.02 
                 118.23 
               
               
                 — 
                 3.31 
                 3.08 
                 2.86 
                 2.65 
                 2.45 
                 2.26 
                 2.08 
                 1.91 
                 1.75 
                 1.60 
                 1.46 
                 1.33 
               
               
                 #48 
                 118.44 
                 118.65 
                 118.85 
                 119.07 
                 119.28 
                 119.49 
                 119.70 
                 119.91 
                 120.12 
                 120.33 
                 120.54 
                 120.75 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.21 
                 1.10 
                 1.00 
                 0.91 
                 0.83 
                 0.75 
                 0.69 
                 0.63 
                 0.57 
                 0.53 
                 0.49 
                 0.46 
               
               
                 #49 
                 120.96 
                 121.17 
                 121.38 
                 121.59 
                 121.80 
                 122.01 
                 122.22 
                 122.43 
                 122.64 
                 122.85 
                 123.06 
                 123.27 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.42 
                 0.40 
                 0.37 
                 0.35 
                 0.34 
                 0.33 
                 0.33 
                 0.32 
                 0.32 
                 0.32 
                 0.33 
                 0.34 
               
               
                 #50 
                 123.48 
                 123.69 
                 123.90 
                 124.11 
                 124.32 
                 124.53 
                 124.74 
                 124.95 
                 125.16 
                 125.37 
                 125.58 
                 125.79 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.35 
                 0.37 
                 0.39 
                 0.41 
                 0.44 
                 0.47 
                 0.51 
                 0.55 
                 0.60 
                 0.66 
                 0.72 
                 0.79 
               
               
                 #51 
                 126.00 
                 126.21 
                 126.42 
                 126.63 
                 126.84 
                 127.05 
                 127.26 
                 127.47 
                 127.68 
                 127.89 
                 128.10 
                 128.31 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.86 
                 0.94 
                 1.03 
                 1.13 
                 1.24 
                 1.35 
                 1.47 
                 1.60 
                 1.73 
                 1.88 
                 2.03 
                 2.10 
               
               
                 #52 
                 128.52 
                 125.73 
                 126.94 
                 129.15 
                 129.36 
                 129.57 
                 129.78 
                 129.99 
                 130.20 
                 130.41 
                 130.02 
                 130.83 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.35 
                 2.52 
                 2.70 
                 2.88 
                 3.07 
                 3.26 
                 3.45 
                 3.65 
                 3.84 
                 4.04 
                 4.23 
                 4.42 
               
               
                 #53 
                 131.04 
                 131.25 
                 131.45 
                 131.67 
                 131.88 
                 132.09 
                 132.30 
                 132.51 
                 132.72 
                 132.93 
                 133.14 
                 133.35 
               
               
                 — 
                 4.61 
                 4.79 
                 4.97 
                 5.13 
                 5.29 
                 5.43 
                 5.56 
                 5.68 
                 5.78 
                 5.87 
                 5.94 
                 5.99 
               
               
                 #54 
                 133.56 
                 133.77 
                 133.95 
                 134.13 
                 134.40 
                 134.61 
                 134.82 
                 135.03 
                 135.24 
                 135.45 
                 135.65 
                 135.87 
               
               
                 — 
                 6.03 
                 6.05 
                 6.05 
                 6.04 
                 6.01 
                 5.96 
                 5.90 
                 5.82 
                 5.73 
                 5.63 
                 5.52 
                 5.40 
               
               
                 #55 
                 136.08 
                 136.29 
                 136.50 
                 136.71 
                 136.92 
                 137.13 
                 137.34 
                 137.55 
                 137.76 
                 137.97 
                 138.18 
                 138.39 
               
               
                 — 
                 6.27 
                 5.13 
                 4.99 
                 4.85 
                 4.70 
                 4.55 
                 4.40 
                 4.25 
                 4.11 
                 3.96 
                 3.82 
                 3.68 
               
               
                 #56 
                 138.60 
                 138.81 
                 139.02 
                 139.23 
                 139.44 
                 139.65 
                 139.86 
                 140.07 
                 140.28 
                 140.49 
                 140.70 
                 140.91 
               
               
                 — 
                 3.54 
                 3.41 
                 3.28 
                 3.16 
                 3.04 
                 2.03 
                 2.82 
                 2.72 
                 2.63 
                 2.54 
                 2.45 
                 2.38 
               
               
                 #57 
                 141.32 
                 141.33 
                 141.54 
                 141.75 
                 141.96 
                 142.17 
                 142.38 
                 142.59 
                 142.80 
                 143.01 
                 143.22 
                 143.43 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.30 
                 2.24 
                 2.18 
                 2.12 
                 2.07 
                 2.02 
                 1.98 
                 1.94 
                 1.91 
                 1.88 
                 1.86 
                 1.83 
               
               
                 #58 
                 143.64 
                 143.65 
                 144.05 
                 144.27 
                 144.45 
                 144.69 
                 144.90 
                 145.11 
                 145.32 
                 145.53 
                 145.74 
                 145.95 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.82 
                 1.80 
                 1.79 
                 1.79 
                 1.78 
                 1.78 
                 1.78 
                 1.78 
                 1.79 
                 1.80 
                 1.80 
                 1.81 
               
               
                 #59 
                 146.16 
                 146.37 
                 146.58 
                 146.79 
                 147.00 
                 147.21 
                 147.42 
                 147.63 
                 147.84 
                 148.05 
                 148.25 
                 148.47 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.83 
                 1.84 
                 1.85 
                 1.86 
                 1.88 
                 1.89 
                 1.90 
                 1.92 
                 1.93 
                 1.94 
                 1.95 
                 1.96 
               
               
                 #60 
                 146.68 
                 148.80 
                 149.10 
                 149.31 
                 149.52 
                 149.73 
                 149.94 
                 150.15 
                 150.36 
                 150.57 
                 150.78 
                 150.89 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.97 
                 1.98 
                 1.98 
                 1.98 
                 1.98 
                 1.98 
                 1.98 
                 1.98 
                 1.97 
                 1.97 
                 1.96 
                 1.95 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0115]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 14 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Center conductor widths (3/3) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 #61 
                 151.20 
                 151.41 
                 151.62 
                 151.83 
                 152.04 
                 152.25 
                 152.46 
                 152.57 
                 152.88 
                 153.09 
                 153.30 
                 153.51 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.94 
                 1.92 
                 1.91 
                 1.89 
                 1.87 
                 1.86 
                 1.84 
                 1.82 
                 1.80 
                 1.78 
                 1.76 
                 1.74 
               
               
                 #62 
                 153.72 
                 153.93 
                 154.14 
                 154.35 
                 154.50 
                 154.77 
                 154.98 
                 155.19 
                 155.40 
                 155.61 
                 155.82 
                 156.03 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.72 
                 1.71 
                 1.69 
                 1.67 
                 1.68 
                 1.65 
                 1.63 
                 1.62 
                 1.61 
                 1.61 
                 1.60 
                 1.60 
               
               
                 #63 
                 156.24 
                 156.45 
                 156.66 
                 156.87 
                 157.08 
                 157.29 
                 157.50 
                 157.71 
                 157.92 
                 158.18 
                 158.34 
                 158.55 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.60 
                 1.60 
                 1.60 
                 1.61 
                 1.62 
                 1.63 
                 1.64 
                 1.66 
                 1.68 
                 1.70 
                 1.73 
                 1.75 
               
               
                 #64 
                 158.76 
                 158.97 
                 159.18 
                 159.39 
                 159.60 
                 159.81 
                 160.02 
                 160.23 
                 160.44 
                 160.65 
                 160.85 
                 161.07 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.78 
                 1.81 
                 1.85 
                 1.89 
                 1.93 
                 1.97 
                 2.01 
                 2.06 
                 2.11 
                 2.16 
                 2.21 
                 2.27 
               
               
                 #65 
                 161.28 
                 161.49 
                 161.70 
                 161.91 
                 162.22 
                 162.33 
                 162.54 
                 162.75 
                 162.96 
                 163.17 
                 163.38 
                 163.59 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.32 
                 2.38 
                 2.44 
                 2.50 
                 2.56 
                 2.62 
                 2.68 
                 2.74 
                 2.80 
                 2.85 
                 2.91 
                 2.97 
               
               
                 #66 
                 163.80 
                 164.01 
                 164.22 
                 164.43 
                 164.64 
                 164.83 
                 165.06 
                 165.27 
                 165.48 
                 165.69 
                 165.90 
                 166.11 
               
               
                 — 
                 3.02 
                 3.07 
                 3.12 
                 3.17 
                 3.21 
                 3.25 
                 3.29 
                 3.33 
                 3.36 
                 3.38 
                 3.40 
                 3.42 
               
               
                 #67 
                 166.$$ 
                 166.53 
                 166.74 
                 166.95 
                 167.16 
                 167.37 
                 167.58 
                 167.79 
                 168.00 
                 168.21 
                 168.42 
                 168.63 
               
               
                 — 
                 3.44 
                 3.45 
                 3.45 
                 3.45 
                 3.45 
                 3.44 
                 3.43 
                 3.42 
                 3.40 
                 3.38 
                 3.36 
                 3.34 
               
               
                 #68 
                 168.84 
                 169.05 
                 169.26 
                 169.47 
                 169.68 
                 169.89 
                 170.10 
                 170.31 
                 170.52 
                 170.73 
                 170.04 
                 171.15 
               
               
                 — 
                 3.31 
                 3.28 
                 3.25 
                 3.21 
                 3.18 
                 3.14 
                 3.11 
                 3.07 
                 3.03 
                 3.00 
                 2.96 
                 2.92 
               
               
                 #69 
                 171.36 
                 171.57 
                 171.78 
                 171.99 
                 172.20 
                 172.41 
                 172.62 
                 172.83 
                 173.04 
                 173.25 
                 173.46 
                 173.67 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.89 
                 2.85 
                 2.82 
                 2.79 
                 2.76 
                 2.72 
                 2.70 
                 2.67 
                 2.64 
                 2.62 
                 2.60 
                 2.58 
               
               
                 #70 
                 173.88 
                 174.08 
                 174.30 
                 174.51 
                 174.72 
                 174.93 
                 175.14 
                 175.35 
                 175.55 
                 175.77 
                 175.98 
                 176.19 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.56 
                 2.54 
                 2.53 
                 2.51 
                 2.50 
                 2.49 
                 2.48 
                 2.48 
                 2.47 
                 2.47 
                 2.47 
                 2.46 
               
               
                 #71 
                 176.40 
                 176.61 
                 176.82 
                 177.03 
                 177.24 
                 177.45 
                 177.56 
                 177.87 
                 178.08 
                 178.28 
                 178.50 
                 178.71 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.46 
                 2.46 
                 2.46 
                 2.47 
                 2.47 
                 2.47 
                 2.47 
                 2.48 
                 2.48 
                 2.48 
                 2.49 
                 2.49 
               
               
                 #72 
                 178.92 
                 179.13 
                 179.34 
                 179.56 
                 179.76 
                 179.97 
                 180.18 
                 180.39 
                 180.60 
                 180.81 
                 181.02 
                 181.28 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.49 
                 2.49 
                 2.49 
                 2.49 
                 2.49 
                 2.49 
                 2.48 
                 2.48 
                 2.47 
                 2.46 
                 2.45 
                 2.44 
               
               
                 #73 
                 181.44 
                 181.65 
                 181.86 
                 182.07 
                 182.28 
                 182.49 
                 182.70 
                 182.91 
                 183.12 
                 183.33 
                 183.54 
                 183.75 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.43 
                 2.41 
                 2.40 
                 2.38 
                 2.37 
                 2.35 
                 2.33 
                 2.31 
                 2.28 
                 2.26 
                 2.24 
                 2.21 
               
               
                 #74 
                 183.96 
                 184.17 
                 184.38 
                 184.50 
                 184.80 
                 185.01 
                 185.22 
                 185.43 
                 185.64 
                 185.85 
                 186.06 
                 186.27 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.19 
                 2.16 
                 2.14 
                 2.11 
                 2.09 
                 2.07 
                 2.04 
                 2.02 
                 1.99 
                 1.97 
                 1.95 
                 1.93 
               
               
                 #75 
                 185.48 
                 185.59 
                 186.90 
                 187.11 
                 187.32 
                 187.53 
                 187.74 
                 187.95 
                 188.16 
                 188.37 
                 188.58 
                 188.79 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.91 
                 1.89 
                 1.87 
                 1.86 
                 1.84 
                 1.83 
                 1.82 
                 1.81 
                 1.80 
                 1.79 
                 1.79 
                 1.79 
               
               
                 #76 
                 189.00 
                 189.21 
                 189.42 
                 189.60 
                 189.84 
                 190.05 
                 190.26 
                 190.47 
                 190.68 
                 190.89 
                 191.10 
                 191.31 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.79 
                 1.79 
                 1.79 
                 1.79 
                 1.80 
                 1.81 
                 1.82 
                 1.83 
                 1.84 
                 1.86 
                 1.87 
                 1.89 
               
               
                 #77 
                 191.52 
                 191.73 
                 191.94 
                 192.15 
                 192.36 
                 192.57 
                 192.78 
                 192.99 
                 193.20 
                 193.41 
                 193.62 
                 193.83 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.91 
                 1.93 
                 1.95 
                 1.98 
                 2.00 
                 3.03 
                 2.06 
                 2.08 
                 2.11 
                 2.14 
                 2.17 
                 2.20 
               
               
                 #78 
                 194.04 
                 194.25 
                 194.46 
                 194.67 
                 194.88 
                 195.09 
                 195.30 
                 195.51 
                 195.72 
                 195.93 
                 196.14 
                 196.35 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.23 
                 2.27 
                 2.30 
                 2.33 
                 2.36 
                 2.39 
                 2.42 
                 2.45 
                 2.47 
                 2.50 
                 2.53 
                 2.55 
               
               
                 #79 
                 196.56 
                 196.77 
                 196.99 
                 197.19 
                 197.40 
                 197.61 
                 197.82 
                 198.03 
                 198.24 
                 198.45 
                 198.66 
                 198.87 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.57 
                 2.60 
                 2.62 
                 2.64 
                 2.65 
                 2.67 
                 2.68 
                 2.69 
                 2.71 
                 2.71 
                 2.72 
                 2.73 
               
               
                 #80 
                 199.05 
                 199.29 
                 199.50 
                 199.71 
                 199.92 
                 200.13 
                 200.34 
                 200.55 
                 200.76 
                 200.97 
                 201.18 
                 201.39 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.73 
                 2.73 
                 2.74 
                 2.74 
                 2.73 
                 2.73 
                 2.73 
                 2.72 
                 2.72 
                 2.71 
                 2.70 
                 2.70 
               
               
                 #81 
                 201.80 
                 201.81 
                 202.02 
                 202.23 
                 202.44 
                 202.65 
                 202.86 
                 203.07 
                 203.28 
                 203.49 
                 203.70 
                 203.91 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.69 
                 2.68 
                 2.67 
                 2.67 
                 2.66 
                 2.65 
                 2.64 
                 2.64 
                 2.63 
                 2.62 
                 2.62 
                 2.61 
               
               
                 #82 
                 204.12 
                 204.33 
                 204.54 
                 204.75 
                 204.96 
                 205.17 
                 205.38 
                 205.59 
                 205.80 
                 206.01 
                 206.22 
                 206.43 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.61 
                 2.61 
                 2.60 
                 2.60 
                 2.60 
                 2.60 
                 2.60 
                 2.61 
                 2.61 
                 2.61 
                 2.62 
                 2.62 
               
               
                 #83 
                 206.04 
                 206.85 
                 207.06 
                 207.27 
                 207.48 
                 207.60 
                 207.90 
                 208.11 
                 208.32 
                 208.53 
                 208.74 
                 208.95 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.63 
                 2.64 
                 2.64 
                 2.65 
                 2.66 
                 2.67 
                 2.68 
                 2.69 
                 2.70 
                 2.71 
                 2.71 
                 2.72 
               
               
                 #84 
                 209.18 
                 209.17 
                 209.55 
                 209.79 
                 210.00 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.73 
                 2.74 
                 2.75 
                 2.75 
                 2.76 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0116]      FIG. 25  shows the shape of the center conductor  6  in the reflection-type bandpass filter  1  of Embodiment 5. In the figure, the dark portion represents the center conductor  6 . A non-reflecting terminator, or an R=75Ω resistance, is provided on the terminating side (the face at z=210 mm) of this reflection-type bandpass filter  1 . The thicknesses of the conducting layers  4 ,  5  and of the center conductor  6  may be thick compared with the skin depth at f=1 GHz. For example, when using copper, the thickness of the conducting layers  4 ,  5  and of the center conductor  6  may be 2.1 μm or greater. This bandpass filter is used in a system with a characteristic impedance of 75Ω.  
         [0117]      FIG. 26  and  FIG. 27  show the amplitude characteristic and group delay characteristic respectively of reflected waves (S 11 ) in the bandpass filter of Embodiment 5. As shown in the figures, in the range of frequencies f for which 3.7 GHz≦f≦10.0 GHz, the reflectance is −2 dB or greater, and the group delay variation is within ±0.1 ns. In the region f&lt;3.1 GHz or f&gt;10.6 GHz, the reflectance is −15 dB or lower.  
         [0118]     In the above, exemplary embodiments of the invention have been explained; but the invention is not limited to these embodiments. Various additions, omissions, substitutions, and other modifications to the configuration can be made, without deviating from the gist of the invention. The invention is not limited by the above explanation, but is limited only by the scope of the attached claims.