Abstract:
A compact multiple VSWR element filter in which one or more of the VSWR filter elements is a waveguide bend or a waveguide media transition. Methods are also disclosed.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention relates to a waveguide filter and method. More specifically, the present invention relates to a filter utilizing common waveguide elements, i.e. bends and media transitions, as the filter elements. 
   Waveguides are elongated hollow structures used for directing a high-frequency electromagnetic signal. Generally, it is desirable that the band of frequencies exiting the waveguide be the same as the band of frequencies entering the waveguide and great pains are often taken to insure that any impedance caused by a change in the direction of the waveguide and/or a transition in the medium are minimized. However, filtering to remove superfluous frequencies is desirable in many instances, e.g., where the equipment generating the electromagnetic energy may not be capable of generating a band of only the desired frequencies, or where the electromagnetic energy is the output of a mixer. 
   Filters for waveguides are well known. Typically, a filter comprises a number of voltage standing wave ratio (“VSWR”) elements having high reflection coefficients. When the elements are positioned approximately a half wavelength apart, a pair of elements creates a resonator that passes certain frequencies while rejecting others. A waveguide filter may require multiple resonators as a function of the amount of filtering being performed, i.e., the frequency response of each resonator is limited. In a typical millimeter wave filter, there are between five and nine, often seven, VSWR elements creating six resonators. Placing these in series along the axis of the waveguide typically results in a filter of approximately three inches in length, at about 38 GHz for example. 
   Where the electromagnetic energy is millimeter wave, size becomes very important. For example, it becomes problematic to enclose the transmitter and receiver in the same housing. 
   Other problems are encountered where the energy is being conveyed in a stripline on a printed circuit board and a media transition must be effected to mount the filter to the circuit board. Generally, compensation is provided for the impedance mismatch caused by the media transition requiring increasing the effective size of the filter. 
   Still other problems result from the presence of bends in the waveguide as may be required by the architecture of the system. Compensation for any bends in the waveguide increases the effective length thereof, making the size of the filter even more critical. 
   In one aspect, the filter of the present invention avoids the problems of the prior art filters through the utilization of common waveguide elements, i.e. bends and media transitions, as filter elements. The length of the filter may be reduced and the versatility of the filter increased by taking advantage of the characteristics of waveguide bends and media transitions and replacing the usual VSWR filter elements therewith. Additional size advantages are achieved by combining transitions and bends where the filter is attached to a printed circuit board and the use of bends, the existence of which is architecturally dictated, as filter elements. 
   It is accordingly an object of the present invention to obviate many of the above problems in the prior art and to provide a novel compact waveguide filter and method. 
   It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide a novel waveguide filter and method that utilizes common waveguide elements as filter elements. 
   It is another object of the present invention to provide a waveguide filter and method for use with printed circuit boards. 
   It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a novel waveguide filter and method which facilitates the packaging of both transmitter and receiver into a common housing. 
   These and many other objects and advantages of the present invention will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art to which the invention pertains from a perusal of the claims, the appended drawings, and the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic of a VSWR waveguide element filter of the prior art. 
       FIG. 2  is a schematic of a VSWR waveguide element filter, according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 3  is a schematic of a VSWR waveguide element filter, according to another embodiment of the present invention. 
   

   DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   Referring to  FIG. 1  where a stripline transmission line  10  is formed on the substrate  12  of a printed circuit board, a waveguide filter  14  is formed using seven known VSWR filter elements  16 , the filter being connected to the stripline by conventional transitions  18 . In the typical six resonator 38 GHz filter, the distance between the ends of the stripline transmission lines  10  may be approximately three inches. 
   One embodiment of the compact waveguide filter of the present invention is illustrated in  FIG. 2  where a stripline transmission line  10  is formed on the substrate  12  of a printed circuit board and the waveguide filter  20  is connected thereto. In the illustrated embodiment, the seven VSWRs of the filter of  FIG. 1  and the two transitions are replaced by four elements and the total separation between the ends of the stripline transmission line  10  is reduced to less than one inch, for the same example. 
   As shown in  FIG. 2 , the filter  20  takes advantage of the impedance of the transitions  13  by using them as filter elements. The filter  20  also substitutes waveguide bends  15  for two of the VSWR elements in the filter of  FIG. 1 . 
   It should be recognized that the substitution of both bends  15  and transitions  13  for conventional VSWR elements can be done on a one for one basis in any combination. Thus a bend  15  dictated by the architecture may be made part of the filter, as may a media transition  13 . The use of bends  15  is particularly advantageous in that surface area on the printed circuit board is conserved. 
     FIG. 3  is a schematic of a VSWR waveguide element filter, according to another embodiment of the present invention. 
   When the desirable frequencies of electromagnetic energy are known, filter characteristics and the number of resonators required may be determined. A filter of the present invention may thus be custom designed to fit a system&#39;s electrical and architectural requirements. 
   While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described, it is to be understood that the embodiments described are illustrative only and that the scope of the invention is to be defined solely by the appended claims when accorded a full range of equivalence, many variations and modifications naturally occurring to those of skill in the art from a perusal thereof.