Abstract:
Intra prediction is used in state-of-the-art video coding standards such as AVC. The intra prediction modes are coded into the bitstream. Luma and chroma components could potentially have different prediction modes. For chroma components, there are 7 different modes defined in AVC: vertical, horizontal, DC, diagonal directions, and “same as luma”. Statistics show that the “same as luma” mode is frequently used, but in AVC, this mode is encoded using more bits than other modes during entropy coding, therefore the coding efficiency is decreased. Accordingly, a modified binarization/codeword assignment for chroma intra mode signaling is able to be utilized for high efficiency video coding (HEVC), the next generation video coding standard.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/038,129, filed Mar. 1, 2011 and titled, “CODEWORD SPACE REDUCTION FOR INTRA CHROMA MODE SIGNALING FOR HEVC” which is hereby incorporated by reference, and which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of the U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/432,957, filed Jan. 14, 2011 and titled, “CODEWORD SPACE REDUCTION FOR INTRA CHROMA MODE SIGNALING FOR HEVC” which is hereby incorporated by reference and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/432,970, filed Jan. 14, 2011 and titled, “CODEWORD ASSIGNMENT FOR INTRA CHROMA MODE SIGNALING FOR HEVC” which is hereby incorporated by reference. This application also claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of the U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/448,031, filed Mar. 1, 2011 and titled, “CODEWORD SPACE REDUCTION FOR INTRA CHROMA MODE SIGNALING FOR HEVC” which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to the field of image processing. More specifically, the present invention relates to a modified codeword assignment for intra chroma mode signaling for High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC). 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     A standard binarization/Variable Length Coding (VLC) codeword assignment scheme used in Advanced Video Coding (AVC) is shown in Table 1. In AVC, the prediction mode for an intra coded block is signaled in the bitstream to the decoder. Possible chroma prediction modes/directions are vertical, horizontal, DC, diagonal and “same as luma.” The modes are each assigned a codeword from 0 through 4 and are signaled using truncated unary code in the bitstream. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Intra prediction mode for chroma component. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 intra_pred_mode_chroma 
                 Binarization/VLC Codeword 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 0 (vertical) 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 1 (horizontal) 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 2 (DC) 
                 110 
               
               
                   
                 3 (diagonal down right) 
                 1110 
               
               
                   
                 4 (same as luma) 
                 1111 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     A statistical study shows that there is a high probability for the chroma components to use the sample prediction direction as the luma component of the block. However, the “same as luma” mode is assigned the longest codeword in Table 1 (4 bits), which is not efficient. On the other hand, redundancy also exists between mode 4 and mode 0˜3, when the luma prediction mode is one of vertical, horizontal, DC and diagonal down right. Therefore, a better design of the codeword table is needed. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Intra prediction is used in state-of-the-art video coding standards such as AVC. The intra prediction modes are coded into the bitstream. Luma and chroma components could potentially have different prediction modes. For chroma components, there are 7 different modes defined in AVC: vertical, horizontal, DC, diagonal directions, and “same as luma”. Statistics show that the “same as luma” mode is frequently used, but in AVC, this mode is encoded using more bits than other modes during entropy coding, therefore the coding efficiency is decreased. Accordingly, a modified binarization/codeword assignment for chroma intra mode signaling is able to be utilized for high efficiency video coding (HEVC), the next generation video coding standard. 
     In one aspect, a method programmed in a controller of a device comprises programming a codeword assignment, determining if a “same as luma” mode is equal to another mode, if the “same as luma” mode is equal to another mode, reconfiguring the codeword assignment including assigning a codeword of the mode that is equal to the “same as luma” mode to a different mode and performing intra coding using the modified codeword assignment. The different mode is an unassigned mode. The codeword assignment comprises seven modes including vertical, horizontal, DC, VER-8, VER-4, “same as luma” and an additional mode. The additional mode is selected from the group consisting of VER+8, VER+4 and HOR+8. The codeword for the “same as luma” mode includes the fewest bits of the assigned modes. The intra coding is used to decode an image. The codeword assignment is programmed in a memory of the device. The codeword assignment includes programming hardware logic. The device is selected from the group consisting of a personal computer, a laptop computer, a computer workstation, a server, a mainframe computer, a handheld computer, a personal digital assistant, a cellular/mobile telephone, a smart appliance, a gaming console, a digital camera, a digital camcorder, a camera phone, an iPod®/iPhone/iPad, a video player, a DVD writer/player, a Blu-ray® writer/player, a television and a home entertainment system. 
     In another aspect, an apparatus for implementing a codeword assignment comprises a programming module for programming a codeword assignment, a comparison module for determining if a “same as luma” mode is equal to another mode, a reconfiguring module for reconfiguring the codeword assignment, if the “same as luma” mode is equal to another mode, wherein reconfiguring includes assigning a codeword of the mode that is equal to the “same as luma” mode to a different mode and an intra coding module for selecting an unassigned mode as the intra coding mode and signaling the intra coding mode to a decoder. The codeword assignment comprises seven modes including vertical, horizontal, DC, VER-8, VER-4, VER+4, “same as luma” and an additional unassigned mode. The additional unassigned mode is selected from the group consisting of VER+8, VER+4, and HOR+8. A codeword for the “same as luma” mode includes the fewest bits of the assigned modes. The intra coding is used to decode an image. The codeword assignment is programmed in a memory of the device. The codeword assignment includes programming hardware logic. The apparatus is selected from the group consisting of a personal computer, a laptop computer, a computer workstation, a server, a mainframe computer, a handheld computer, a personal digital assistant, a cellular/mobile telephone, a smart appliance, a gaming console, a digital camera, a digital camcorder, a camera phone, an iPod®/iPhone/iPad, a video player, a DVD writer/player, a Blu-ray® writer/player, a television and a home entertainment system. 
     In another aspect, an apparatus comprises a memory for storing an application, the application for programming a codeword assignment with modes including vertical, horizontal, DC, one or more diagonal directions and “same as luma,” determining if the “same as luma” mode is the same as another mode, and if the “same as luma” mode is the same as the another mode, then reconfiguring the codeword assignment including assigning a codeword of the mode that is equal to the “same as luma” mode to a different mode and allowing an unassigned mode to be selected as an intra coding mode and signaling the intra coding mode to the decoder and a processing component coupled to the memory, the processing component configured for processing the application. The one or more diagonal directions comprise at least three of VER-8, VER-4, VER+4, VER+8 and HOR+8. The “same as luma” mode includes the fewest bits of the assigned modes. The intra coding is used to decode an image. The apparatus is selected from the group consisting of a personal computer, a laptop computer, a computer workstation, a server, a mainframe computer, a handheld computer, a personal digital assistant, a cellular/mobile telephone, a smart appliance, a gaming console, a digital camera, a digital camcorder, a camera phone, an iPod®/iPhone/iPad, a video player, a DVD writer/player, a Blu-ray® writer/player, a television and a home entertainment system. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a flowchart of a method of intra coding prediction using a modified codeword assignment according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a flowchart of a method of modifying a codeword assignment according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a block diagram of a coder/decoder (codec) according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary computing device configured to implement a modified codeword assignment according to some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Since the texture pattern of luma and chroma components are correlated, often times the mode used for the luma prediction is also good for the chroma prediction. Thus, the “same as luma” mode is likely to be the best mode. Therefore, a redefined binarization/Variable Length Coding (VLC) scheme is shown in Table 2. As shown, the “same as luma” mode has the shortest codeword (only 1 bit) in the improved scheme. Additionally, several directions have been added in Table 2. Seven fixed chroma intra prediction directions are shown. Codewords are defined for only six of the seven directions. The additional direction is selected to be VER+8 in this example. When a mode is found to be the same as luma, the additional direction/mode (e.g. direction index 6) is coded using the available codeword from the list. For example, if VER-8 is the same as luma, then 1111 is able to be used as the codeword for VER+8. Although seven modes are shown, more or fewer directions are able to be used. The shown codewords are able to be applied to different binarizations. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Extended Redefined List of Directions and Codewords. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Direction 
                 Codeword 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0 
                 Same as Luma 
                 0 
               
               
                 1 
                 VER 
                 10 
               
               
                 2 
                 HOR 
                 1110 
               
               
                 3 
                 DC 
                 1101 
               
               
                 4 
                 VER − 8 
                 1111 
               
               
                 5 
                 VER − 4 
                 1100 
               
               
                 6 
                 VER + 8 
                   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Furthermore, chroma intra modes are not mutually exclusive. For example, if the luma intra mode is vertical, then the “same as luma” is the same as vertical. Therefore, codeword space reassignment is able to be used to further improve coding efficiency, such that if the luma mode is one of vertical, horizontal, DC, VER-8, VER-4 or VER+8, the corresponding mode is removed from the chroma mode list, and accordingly, an additional mode (e.g. VER+8) is able to implement an unused codeword. Table 3 shows a list of codewords. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 List of codewords using codeword space reduction. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 VER − 
                 VER + 
                 HOR + 
                   
               
               
                   
                 VER 
                 HOR 
                 DC 
                 8 
                 8 
                 8 
                 Others 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Vertical 
                 n/a 
                 10 
                 10 
                 10 
                 10 
                 10 
                 10 
               
               
                 Horizontal 
                 10 
                 n/a 
                 1110 
                 1110 
                 1110 
                 1110 
                 1110 
               
               
                 DC 
                 1110 
                 1110 
                 n/a 
                 1101 
                 1101 
                 1101 
                 1101 
               
               
                 Diagonal 
                 1101 
                 1101 
                 1101 
                 n/a 
                 1111 
                 1111 
                 1111 
               
               
                 (VER − 8) 
               
               
                 Diagonal 
                 1111 
                 1111 
                 1111 
                 1111 
                 n/a 
                 1110 
                 1110 
               
               
                 (VER − 4) 
               
               
                 Diagonal 
                 1100 
                 1100 
                 1100 
                 1100 
                 1100 
                 n/a 
               
               
                 (VER + 8) 
               
               
                 Same as 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Luma 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Table 4 shows another example of a redefined binarization/Variable Length Coding (VLC) scheme. Seven fixed chroma intra prediction directions are shown. Codewords are defined for only six of the seven directions. When the same as luma occurs, the additional direction (e.g. direction index 6) is coded using the available codeword from the list. For example, if VER-8 is the same as luma, then 1111 is able to be used as the codeword for HOR+8. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Extended Redefined List of Directions and Codewords. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Direction 
                 Codeword 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0 
                 Same as Luma 
                 0 
               
               
                 1 
                 VER 
                 10 
               
               
                 2 
                 HOR 
                 1110 
               
               
                 3 
                 DC 
                 1101 
               
               
                 4 
                 VER − 8 
                 1111 
               
               
                 5 
                 VER + 8 
                 1100 
               
               
                 6 
                 HOR + 8 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Table 5 shows a complete list of codewords using the directions of Table 4. Codeword space reassignment is able to be used to further improve coding efficiency, such that if the luma mode is one of vertical, horizontal, DC, VER-8, VER+8 or VER+8, the corresponding mode is removed from the chroma mode list, and accordingly, an additional mode (e.g. HOR+8) is able to implement an unused codeword. Table 5 shows a list of codewords. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 List of codewords using codeword space reduction. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 VER − 
                 VER + 
                 HOR + 
                   
               
               
                   
                 VER 
                 HOR 
                 DC 
                 8 
                 8 
                 8 
                 Others 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Vertical 
                 n/a 
                 10 
                 10 
                 10 
                 10 
                 10 
                 10 
               
               
                 Horizontal 
                 10 
                 n/a 
                 1110 
                 1110 
                 1110 
                 1110 
                 1110 
               
               
                 DC 
                 1110 
                 1110 
                 n/a 
                 1101 
                 1101 
                 1101 
                 1101 
               
               
                 Diagonal 
                 1101 
                 1101 
                 1101 
                 n/a 
                 1111 
                 1111 
                 1111 
               
               
                 (VER − 8) 
               
               
                 Diagonal 
                 1111 
                 1111 
                 1111 
                 1111 
                 n/a 
                 1110 
                 1110 
               
               
                 (VER + 8) 
               
               
                 Diagonal 
                 1100 
                 1100 
                 1100 
                 1100 
                 1100 
                 n/a 
               
               
                 (HOR + 8) 
               
               
                 Same as 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Luma 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       FIG. 1  illustrates a flowchart of a method of intra coding prediction using a modified codeword assignment according to some embodiments. In the step  100 , a modified codeword assignment is programmed. In some embodiments, programming includes storing the assignment in memory. In some embodiments, programming includes designing hardware to implement the assignment. In some embodiments, another method of programming is implemented. Tables 2 and 4 (above) show examples of modified codeword assignments where the “same as luma” codeword uses the fewest bits. In the step  102 , the modified codeword assignment is utilized to perform intra coding prediction by allowing an unassigned mode to be selected as the intra prediction mode and then signaled to the decoder (e.g. determining a directional prediction mode). In some embodiments, fewer or additional steps are implemented. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a flowchart of a method of modifying a codeword assignment according to some embodiments. In the step  200 , a modified codeword assignment is programmed. In some embodiments, programming includes storing the assignment in memory. In some embodiments, programming includes designing hardware to implement the assignment. In some embodiments, another method of programming is implemented. In the step  202 , it is determined if the mode value of “same as luma” is the same as one of the mode codewords. If the mode value of “same as luma” is not the same as one of the mode codewords, then the codeword assignment is not modified further, and the process goes to the step  206 . If the mode value of “same as luma” is the same as one of the mode codewords, then in the step  204 , in some embodiments, some or all of the remaining mode codewords are reconfigured and the codeword assignment is modified. For example, the codewords are reconfigured as shown in Tables 3 or 5 above. In some embodiments, an additional mode codeword is used for an additional direction/mode (e.g. HOR+8 in Table 5). In some embodiments, the mode codeword of the mode that is the same as luma mode is used for the additional direction. In the step  206 , the modified codeword assignment is utilized to perform intra coding prediction by allowing an unassigned mode to be selected as the intra prediction mode and then signaled to the decoder (e.g. determining a directional prediction mode). The steps of modifying the codeword assignment is able to be repeated as needed. In some embodiments, fewer or additional steps are implemented. For example, in some embodiments, the step  200  is skipped or moved. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a block diagram of a coder/decoder (codec) according to some embodiments. An input video is received at the codec  300 , and the video is split into a plurality of blocks. The codec  300  includes encoder components including: a Transform/Quantization module  302  where transform coefficients are scaled and quantized, an entropy encoder  304  such as a Context Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC) performs entropy coding, an inverse Transform/Quantization module  306  applies an inverse transform/quantization, a deblocking filter  308  is implemented to control the strength of the filtering to reduce the pixelation of the image, an adaptive loop filter  310  improves coding efficiency by applying filters to the deblocking-filtered image and a predictor  312  performs prediction steps. The codec  300  also includes decoder components including: an entropy decoder  314  for implementing entropy decoding, a second inverse Transform/Quantization module  316 , a second deblocking filter  318 , a second adaptive loop filter  320  and a second predictor  322 , which perform similar operations to those described above except in a decoding implementation. In the predictor  312 , the modified codeword assignment is implemented to provide more efficient intra mode prediction. Fewer or additional components are able to be included as well. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary computing device  400  configured to implement the modified codeword assignment according to some embodiments. The computing device  400  is able to be used to acquire, store, compute, process, communicate and/or display information such as images, videos and audio. For example, a computing device  400  is able to acquire and store an image. The modified codeword assignment is able to be used during or after acquiring the image, or when displaying the image on the device  400 . In general, a hardware structure suitable for implementing the computing device  400  includes a network interface  402 , a memory  404 , a processor  406 , I/O device(s)  408 , a bus  410  and a storage device  412 . The choice of processor is not critical as long as a suitable processor with sufficient speed is chosen. The memory  404  is able to be any conventional computer memory known in the art. The storage device  412  is able to include a hard drive, CDROM, CDRW, DVD, DVDRW, flash memory card or any other storage device. The computing device  400  is able to include one or more network interfaces  402 . An example of a network interface includes a network card connected to an Ethernet or other type of LAN. The I/O device(s)  408  are able to include one or more of the following: keyboard, mouse, monitor, display, printer, modem, touchscreen, button interface and other devices. In some embodiments, the hardware structure includes multiple processors and other hardware to perform parallel processing. Modified codeword assignment application(s)  430  used to implement the modified syntax are likely to be stored in the storage device  412  and memory  404  and processed as applications are typically processed. More or fewer components shown in  FIG. 4  are able to be included in the computing device  400 . In some embodiments, modified codeword assignment hardware  420  is included. Although the computing device  400  in  FIG. 4  includes applications  430  and hardware  420  for implementing the modified codeword assignment, the modified codeword assignment is able to be implemented on a computing device in hardware, firmware, software or any combination thereof. For example, in some embodiments, the modified codeword assignment applications  430  are programmed in a memory and executed using a processor. In another example, in some embodiments, the modified codeword assignment hardware  420  is programmed hardware logic including gates specifically designed to implement the method. 
     In some embodiments, the modified codeword assignment application(s)  430  include several applications and/or modules. Modules include a programming module for programming a modified codeword assignment, an intra coding prediction module for performing the intra coding prediction using the modified codeword assignment by allowing an unassigned mode to be selected as the intra prediction mode and then signaled to the decoder, a comparison module for determining if the “same as luma” mode value is equal to one of the mode codewords and a reconfiguring module for reconfiguring the codeword assignment. In some embodiments, modules include one or more sub-modules as well. In some embodiments, fewer or additional modules are able to be included. 
     Examples of suitable computing devices include a personal computer, a laptop computer, a computer workstation, a server, a mainframe computer, a handheld computer, a personal digital assistant, a cellular/mobile telephone, a smart appliance, a gaming console, a digital camera, a digital camcorder, a camera phone, an iPod®/iPhone/iPad, a video player, a DVD writer/player, a Blu-ray® writer/player, a television, a home entertainment system or any other suitable computing device. 
     To utilize the modified codeword assignment, a user acquires a video/image such as on a digital camcorder, and while or after the video is acquired, or when displaying the video, the modified codeword assignment is utilized in the intra coding prediction aspect of encoding the video. The modified codeword assignment is able to be implemented automatically without user involvement. 
     In operation, the modified codeword assignment enables more efficient prediction. A simple modified codeword assignment is able to be used where “same as luma” has the shortest codeword, or a slightly more complex codeword assignment is able to be used where the codeword assignment changes depending on whether “same as luma” mode is the same as one of the other modes. Additionally, in some embodiments, one or more additional modes are able to be available for codeword reassignment based on which mode is the same as luma. In some embodiments, the luma prediction is checked at the encoder, the decoder or both. 
     Some Embodiments of Codeword Assignment for Intra Chroma Mode Signaling for HEVC 
     
         
         1. A method programmed in a controller of a device comprising:
       a. programming a codeword assignment;   b. determining if a “same as luma” mode is equal to another mode;   c. if the “same as luma” mode is equal to another mode, reconfiguring the codeword assignment including assigning a codeword of the mode that is equal to the “same as luma” mode to a different mode; and   d. performing intra coding using the modified codeword assignment.   
     
         2. The method of clause 1 wherein the different mode is an unassigned mode. 
         3. The method of clause 1 wherein the codeword assignment comprises seven modes including vertical, horizontal, DC, VER-8, VER-4, “same as luma” and an additional mode. 
         4. The method of clause 3 wherein the additional mode is selected from the group consisting of VER+8, VER+4 and HOR+8. 
         5. The method of clause 1 wherein the codeword for the “same as luma” mode includes the fewest bits of the assigned modes. 
         6. The method of clause 1 wherein the intra coding is used to decode an image. 
         7. The method of clause 1 wherein the codeword assignment is programmed in a memory of the device. 
         8. The method of clause 1 wherein the codeword assignment includes programming hardware logic. 
         9. The method of clause 1 wherein the device is selected from the group consisting of a personal computer, a laptop computer, a computer workstation, a server, a mainframe computer, a handheld computer, a personal digital assistant, a cellular/mobile telephone, a smart appliance, a gaming console, a digital camera, a digital camcorder, a camera phone, an iPod®/iPhone/iPad, a video player, a DVD writer/player, a Blu-ray® writer/player, a television and a home entertainment system. 
         10. An apparatus for implementing a codeword assignment comprising:
       a. a programming module for programming a codeword assignment;   b. a comparison module for determining if a “same as luma” mode is equal to another mode;   c. a reconfiguring module for reconfiguring the codeword assignment, if the “same as luma” mode is equal to another mode, wherein reconfiguring includes assigning a codeword of the mode that is equal to the “same as luma” mode to a different mode; and   d. an intra coding module for selecting an unassigned mode as the intra coding mode and signaling the intra coding mode to a decoder.   
     
         11. The apparatus of clause 10 wherein the codeword assignment comprises seven modes including vertical, horizontal, DC, VER-8, VER-4, VER+4, “same as luma” and an additional unassigned mode. 
         12. The apparatus of clause 11 wherein the additional unassigned mode is selected from the group consisting of VER+8, VER+4, and HOR+8. 
         13. The apparatus of clause 10 wherein a codeword for the “same as luma” mode includes the fewest bits of the assigned modes. 
         14. The apparatus of clause 10 wherein the intra coding is used to decode an image. 
         15. The apparatus of clause 10 wherein the codeword assignment is programmed in a memory of the device. 
         16. The apparatus of clause 10 wherein the codeword assignment includes programming hardware logic. 
         17. The apparatus of clause 10 wherein the apparatus is selected from the group consisting of a personal computer, a laptop computer, a computer workstation, a server, a mainframe computer, a handheld computer, a personal digital assistant, a cellular/mobile telephone, a smart appliance, a gaming console, a digital camera, a digital camcorder, a camera phone, an iPod®/iPhone/iPad, a video player, a DVD writer/player, a Blu-ray® writer/player, a television and a home entertainment system. 
         18. An apparatus comprising:
       a. a memory for storing an application, the application for:
           i. programming a codeword assignment with modes including vertical, horizontal, DC, one or more diagonal directions and “same as luma”;   ii. determining if the “same as luma” mode is the same as another mode, and if the “same as luma” mode is the same as the another mode, then reconfiguring the codeword assignment including assigning a codeword of the mode that is equal to the “same as luma” mode to a different mode; and   iii. allowing an unassigned mode to be selected as an intra coding mode and signaling the intra coding mode to the decoder; and   
           b. a processing component coupled to the memory, the processing component configured for processing the application.   
     
         19. The apparatus of clause 18 wherein the one or more diagonal directions comprise at least three of VER-8, VER-4, VER+4, VER+8 and HOR+8. 
         20. The apparatus of clause 18 wherein the “same as luma” mode includes the fewest bits of the assigned modes. 
         21. The apparatus of clause 18 wherein the intra coding is used to decode an image. 
         22. The apparatus of clause 18 wherein the apparatus is selected from the group consisting of a personal computer, a laptop computer, a computer workstation, a server, a mainframe computer, a handheld computer, a personal digital assistant, a cellular/mobile telephone, a smart appliance, a gaming console, a digital camera, a digital camcorder, a camera phone, an iPod®/iPhone/iPad, a video player, a DVD writer/player, a Blu-ray® writer/player, a television and a home entertainment system. 
       
    
     The present invention has been described in terms of specific embodiments incorporating details to facilitate the understanding of principles of construction and operation of the invention. Such reference herein to specific embodiments and details thereof is not intended to limit the scope of the claims appended hereto. It will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art that other various modifications may be made in the embodiment chosen for illustration without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the claims.