Abstract:
A position sensor having a wavefront compensator, a detector array and a grating in a diffractive configuration, and which incorporates a second wavefront compensator and a second detector array in parallel with the first wavefront compensator and detector array, to provide a second optical channel for measurement of an additional degree of freedom (roll), the effects of which can then be removed from or utilized in the main measurement channel; and in which the relative effects of grating roll and grating displacement are different in this second channel when compared to the first sensing channel; and in one embodiment of which this differentiation is created by having different ratios of the grating period to the detector fringe period in the two channels.

Description:
PRIORITY CLAIM UNDER 35 USC §119 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/132,347 filed May 4, 1999 under 35 USC §119. 
    
    
     STATEMENT OF INVENTION 
     This invention is an improved version of the encoder(s) disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,559,600; 5,486,923 and 5,646,730 assigned to MicroE, Inc. of Natick, Mass., the assignee of the subject application. It optimizes the reflective mode operation of the disclosed encoders by reducing the previous system&#39;s sensitivity to grating roll. The invention is directly applicable to other reflective, grating based position sensing encoders, including encoders that do not use the technology disclosed in the foregoing referenced patents. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention incorporates a second wavefront compensator and a second detector array in parallel with the original wavefront compensator and detector array in a reflective diffractive encoder. No additional grating is required. This second optical channel provides for the measurement of an additional degree of freedom (roll), the effects of which can then be removed from the main measurement channel. 
     The core principle used in this invention is the creation of a second grating-movement sensing channel in which the relative effects of grating roll and grating displacement are different in this second channel when compared to the first sensing channel. As is described in this disclosure, we create this differentiation by having different ratios of the grating period to the detector fringe period in the two channels. 
     NOVEL ASPECTS OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention is novel in its ability to independently measure two degrees of freedom (roll and translation) of a single moving grating in a reflective, diffractive optical encoder. In many applications the benefit is to remove the effects of roll from the translation measurement, but in other applications it may be desirable to use this sensor for its ability to measure roll with interferometric accuracy. 
     The above and other features and advantages of the present invention will be more readily understood upon consideration of the following detailed description of various embodiments of the present invention and the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art sensor configuration. 
     FIG. 2 illustrates the erroneous movement of the fringes which is caused by the rotation of the grating of FIG. 1 about the axis parallel to the grating&#39;s lines. 
     FIG. 3 illustrates a transmissive embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 4 illustrates a transmissive version of a second embodiment of the present invention. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The current invention, being an improvement upon the existing encoder disclosed in the above-referenced patents, is best understood by reference to the prior art, shown in FIG.  1 . The above-referenced patents are incorporated herein by reference. A point source of quasi-monochromatic optical radiation ( 100 ) is located at the focal point of a lens ( 110 ) to create a collimated beam ( 200 ) of light. This beam of light passes through a wavefront compensator ( 120 ), which, in general, comprises diffractive or refractive elements and windowing elements. The wavefront compensator divides the collimated beam into two new beams of light ( 220 ,  230 ), which reflect from a beam splitter ( 125 ) as they propagate to the movable grating ( 130 ) whose position is to be sensed. The beams diffract from the grating in reflection to form two new beams ( 240 ,  250 ). The wavefront compensator has been designed to predistort and redirect beams  220  and  230  in such a fashion that, upon diffracting at grating  130 , beams  240  and  250  are both plane waves propagating at a desired angle relative to each other. When these two beams reach the interdigitated detector array ( 150 ), after passing through beam splitter ( 125 ), they interfere and form a fringe pattern ( 300 ) whose spatial frequency is determined by the spatial frequency of the grating and the beams&#39; angles of incidence on the grating, as determined by the wavefront compensator. 
     In this prior art sensor, the position displacement of the grating is calculated from the measured displacement of the fringes on the grating. As disclosed previously, there is a scale factor between the physical fringe displacement, D f , and the grating displacement, D g . That scale factor is linearly related to the ratio of the grating period to the fringe period. That is, each time the fringe moves by one of its cycles, P f  (say, 30 microns), on the detector, the sensor estimates that the grating has moved by one of its cycles, P g  (say, 5 microns) 
     [Note: for a phase-only grating, as described in the prior art, the grating actually moves by one-half cycle to produce a one cycle fringe movement]. This 6:1 ratio (P f :P g ) is fixed. In general,          D   f     =         P   f       P   g       ×     D   g                              
     so we estimate the grating displacement from the fringe displacement with the estimate            D   ^     g     =         P   g       P   f       ×     D   f                              
     When this prior art sensor is used in reflection, roll (that is, rotation of the grating about the axis parallel to the grating&#39;s lines, as shown in FIG. 2) causes an erroneous movement of the fringes. That is, the fringes on the detector array are displaced even when there is no motion of the grating. The sensor has no means of differentiating fringe motion due to grating displacement from fringe motion due to roll, so an incorrect estimate of grating motion is reported. As shown in FIG. 2, the erroneous fringe motion generated by grating roll is simply the product of the roll angle, α, times the lever arm between the grating and the detector, r. 
     
       
         
           E 
           roll 
           ≡αr 
         
       
     
     This roll induced fringe displacement is interpreted by the sensor as a grating displacement, using the above defined scaling factor. That is, the measurement error due to roll,            D   ^     roll     =         P   g       P   f       ×     E   roll                              
     The disclosed invention eliminates the roll error from diffractive position sensors of this type. In this invention, as shown in FIG. 3 as a transmissive system for visual clarity only, the prior art sensor is modified by the addition of an auxiliary wavefront compensator ( 121 ) and a second interdigitated array ( 151 ). As in the prior art, quasi-monochromatic optical radiation from a point source ( 100 ) is converted into a collimated beam ( 200 ) by lens ( 110 ). This beam of light passes through the dual wavefront compensators ( 120 ,  121 ). The only differences between the main and auxiliary wavefront compensators are their positions and the angles at which they diffract the incoming beam. The wavefront compensators divide the collimated beam into two pairs of new beams of light ( 220 ,  230  and  221 ,  231 ), which propagate to the movable grating ( 130 ) whose position is to be sensed. The beams diffract from the grating to form four new beams ( 240 ,  250  and  241 ,  251 ). The main wavefront compensator is identical to the prior art while the auxiliary wavefront compensator has been designed to redirect beams  221  and  231  in such a fashion that, upon diffracting at grating  130 , beams  241  and  251  are propagating at a different, pre-selected angle relative to each other than are beams  240  and  250 . When these auxiliary beams reach the second interdigitated detector array ( 151 ) they interfere and form a fringe pattern ( 301 ) whose spatial frequency is intentionally different from the main fringe pattern. The detector spacing on detector array  151  is matched to the auxiliary fringe pattern&#39;s spatial frequency. 
     In operation, the behavior of the two fringe patterns is identical except for the scaling factor. Since the fringe movements due to grating movements are affected by the scaling factor(s), but the fringe movements due to roll are not, the two measurements can be combined to differentiate between roll and grating movement effects. Specifically, if the grating displacement estimated from the main detector is              D   ^     gM     =         P   g       P   fM       ×     (       D   fM     +     E   roll       )         ,                          
     and the grating displacement estimated from the auxiliary detector is              D   ^     gA     =         P   g       P   fA       ×     (       D   fA     +     E   roll       )         ,                          
     then the roll corrected grating displacement estimate is:                D   ^     =       (         P   fM            D   ^     gM       -       P   fA            D   ^     gA         )         P   fM     -     P   fA                     =             P   fM     [       P   g       P   fM       ×     (       D   fM     +     E   roll       )       ]     -       P   fA          [         P   g       P   fA       ×     (       D   fA     +     E   roll       )       ]             P   fM     -     P   fA                     =         [     (         P   g          D   fM       +       P   g          E   roll         )     ]     -     [     (         P   g          D   fA       +       P   g          E   roll         )     ]           P   fM     -     P   fA                     =         P   g         P   fM     -     P   fA              (       D   fM     -     D   fA       )                   =             P   fM     -     P   fA           P   fM     -     P   fA              D   g       =     D   g                                    
     Thus, the estimate of grating displacement is independent of roll and linearly related to the actual grating displacement. 
     It is evident to one skilled in the art that the two measurements can equally well be combined to eliminate the effect of grating motions and to estimate the roll of the grating only. The roll is estimated using the combination of data.                  E   ^     roll     =           P   fA          P   fM           (       P   fA     -     P   fM       )          P   g              (         D   ^     gM     -       D   ^     gA       )                   =           P   fA            P   fM          [         P   g       P   fM       ×     (       D   fM     +     E   roll       )       ]         -     [         P   g       P   fA       ×     (       D   fA     +     E   roll       )       ]           (       P   fM     -     P   fA       )          P   g                     =           P   fA            P   fM          [     (           P   g       P   fM            D   fM       +         P   g       P   fM            E   roll         )     ]         -     [     (           P   g       P   fA            D   fA       +         P   g       P   fA            E   roll         )     ]           (       P   fM     -     P   fA       )          P   g                     =             P   fA          P   fM           (       P   fM     -     P   fA       )          P   g              (           P   g       P   fM            E   roll       -         P   g       P   fA            E   roll         )       =     E   roll                                    
     Where the identity            D   fA       P   fA       ≡       D   fM       P   fM       ≡       D   g       P   g                              
     has been used. 
     Note that the roll estimate is scaled by the stand-off distance, or lever arm, r, between the grating and the detector plane. Errors in the knowledge of this distance is the ultimate limitation to the accuracy of the roll estimate. 
     PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     The preferred embodiment of this invention is to make a dual (parallel) optical path version of our “standard” reflective encoder, using two appropriate wavefront compensators and a dual detector array. In this regard the sensor embodiment is quite similar to the Vernier Index Position Sensor, described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,856,872, also assigned to the assignee of the subject application, except that the present invention includes the extra components needed to operate in reflection, and, unlike the Vernier Index Position Sensor embodiment, the present invention uses only a single track grating illuminated by two wavefront compensators. U.S. Pat. No. 5,856,872 is hereby incorporated in reference. 
     In our preferred embodiment we use two detector arrays designed for fringe periods of 50 and 75 microns respectively. 
     Signal processing is performed using two channels of any standard encoder signal processor to estimate the phase from each array. The simple added scaling and subtraction steps needed to estimate either translation or roll are easily performed by a digital processor. 
     In a second embodiment we use two identical detector arrays designed for 75 micron fringes. In this second embodiment we introduce the concept of a negative fringe period. A negative fringe period is used to indicate that the movement of the fringes on the detector array, for a defined direction of grating motion, is reversed when compared to fringes having a positive period. As shown in transmission for clarity in FIG. 4, a negative fringe period is created when the beams ( 241  and  251 ) exiting the auxiliary wavefront compensator ( 121 ) are directed so that they would cross on the opposite side of the grating  130  than do the beams  240  and  250  that exit from the main wavefront compensator ( 120 ). These beams create fringes which move in the counter direction from the main fringes when the grating moves, because the roles of the positive and negative grating diffractive orders are reversed. 
     A third embodiment of this invention, obvious to one skilled in the art in light of the description provided herein, uses a single period wavefront compensator set, matched to a dual track grating that produces the appropriate fringe frequency on the two detector arrays. 
     As should be obvious to one skilled in the art in light of the description provided herein, any appropriate combination of wavefront compensator, grating, and detector array can be selected for the two channels, so long as the ratio of fringe period to grating period in each channel is different.