Abstract:
A system and method ( FIG. 1 ) for automated handling and identification of parcels sorted by an automated high-speed mail sorting apparatus that identifies parcels that contain hoax or biological threat material comprising an opener ( 120 ) and a particle sampler ( 170 ) wherein said sampler analyzes air flow created as the parcels are compressed by pinch rollers ( 140 ).

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This application claims the benefit of Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/373,003 entitled “DETECTION OF GENUINE AND HOAX BIOLOGICAL AND NON-BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS ON VARIOUS MEDIA”, filed on Apr. 16, 2002, and to Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/421,301 entitled “SYSTEM FOR DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF BIOLOGICAL OR CHEMICAL THREATS IN AUTOMATED MAIL SORTING APPLICATIONS” filed on Oct. 25, 2002, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENTAL INTEREST  
       [0002]     This invention was made with Government support under Contract No. N00024-98-D-8124 awarded by the Department of the Navy. The Government has certain rights in this invention. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0003]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0004]     The invention generally relates to systems for high-speed automated handling and screening of parcels to detect contamination, and applications thereof.  
         [0005]     2. Description of the Related Art  
         [0006]     Numerous types of high-speed parcel handling systems have been developed and are in use. The United States Postal Service (USPS) and other entities utilize such systems to handle the enormous quantity of parcels that the are received, sorted and delivered each day. A notable feature, and an inherent disadvantage, of the such systems is that the sender of a parcel can remain anonymous.  
         [0007]     Following the terrorist attacks of Sep. 11, 2001, the U.S. mail was utilized to propagate bioterrorist attacks upon high level governmental representatives and important members of the media. A number of similar hoax attacks have followed and continue to this day. The ability of the sender of a parcel to remain anonymous has thwarted law enforcement efforts to apprehend the bioterrorist(s).  
         [0008]     The need for an apparatus and method for sanitizing parcels that may contain contaminant particles, i.e. anthrax, non-biological contaminant or other particulate matter or hoax contaminant powders, that have the ability to become airborne, has become apparent. The overwhelming volume of parcels handled each day, however, has made it impossible to sanitize every parcel that is delivered. Nonetheless, following the bioterrorist attacks, the USPS began a campaign of irradiating parcels sent to persons and organizations that are likely terrorist targets.  
         [0009]     Irradiation, however, is recognized as being an inadequate long-term defense. Aside from entailing an unduly long time to irradiate parcels, the double-digit kilogray doses that are needed to kill anthrax spores makes paper contained within the parcels brittle and smelly, and is fatal to film, magnetic media, electronic devices and prescription drugs that are in the parcels that pass through the irradiating machines. The irradiation has also led to reports of sickness of the workers at the mail processing facilities.  
         [0010]     A further shortcoming is that irradiation simply kills the contaminant, and does nothing to identify contaminated parcels. Identification of contaminated parcels is an essential threshold requirement for law enforcement to identify and apprehend the terrorists.  
         [0011]     Other techniques that can be used to sanitize suspect parcels include the use of penetrative gamma rays or chemical sterilization, such as by use of chlorine dioxide gas. Each technique has its drawbacks. Use of penetrative gamma rays raises concerns of housing radioactive gamma sources such as cobalt-60, and chlorine dioxide gas requires lengthy exposure time for adequate penetration of the parcels.  
         [0012]     The techniques and apparatus known in the art either require individual treatment of the parcels or require prolonged exposure to the sterilization method. Further, known techniques and apparatus fail to identify parcels containing hoax threat materials. Further still, the known techniques and apparatus fail to identify suspect parcels, as necessary to advance the efforts of authorities to apprehend the terrorists and hoax perpetrators.  
         [0013]     While known techniques can sanitize parcels, the known techniques fail to screen suspect parcels and cause an unacceptable processing delay of such parcels. Such processing delays are compounded by the use of automated high speed mail handling machines to keep abreast of the enormous quantity of parcels that the USPS and other entities handle each day. High speed mail handling machines typically utilize pinch rollers to move or guide the parcels. The pinch rollers function in a manner that exerts a squeezing force upon each parcel as the pinch rollers propel or guide the parcel to a desired location.  
         [0014]     Therefore, if a parcel that contains contaminant particles is processed by a high speed mail sorting machine that includes pinch rollers, it is likely that the squeezing force of the pinch rollers will eject the contaminant particle. Accordingly, high speed mail handling machines have been identified as a source of aerosol generation, which possibly could aid in the disbursement of threat agents, such as biological or non-biological contaminants, possibly resulting in exposure of USPS personnel and cross-contamination of other parcels that are subsequently processed by the high speed mail handling machine.  
         [0015]     A need exists for a conventional high speed mail handling machine that will reduce the likelihood of exposing personnel to contaminants contained within the handled parcels.  
         [0016]     A need also exists for a conventional high speed mail handling machine that will detect and identify parcels likely to contain contaminants, allowing the suspect parcel to be further tested.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0017]     The present invention provides an advantage of protecting personnel from contaminated aerosol expelled by the pinch rollers of conventional high speed mail handling machines.  
         [0018]     The present invention provides a further advantage of reducing the propagation of such contaminated aerosol beyond the sensing devices of the apparatus of the present invention, thereby reducing potential risk to personnel and potential cross contamination of other parcels.  
         [0019]     The present invention provides yet a further advantage of providing real-time screening of parcels sorted by the high speed mail handler to detect possible threat agents, including biological or non-biological contaminants, whether genuine or hoax, which are collectively referred to herein as “contaminants”. The screening can be performed either prior to or following irradiation or other parcel sterilization processes.  
         [0020]     The screening apparatus of the present invention provides a still further advantage of creating an opening in one or more predetermined positions in each parcel so as to direct the release of any contaminants that may be contained with sealed parcels in a predetermined direction.  
         [0021]     The present apparatus provides a further advantage of providing a modified pinch roller assembly that can be integrated with the pinch roller assembly of a conventional high speed mail sorter to create a row of holes along each parcel, which allows for uniform ejection of contaminants in the predetermined direction as the pinch roller compresses the parcel. The predetermined direction is provided by the parcel opener creating the openings in the parcel in one or more predetermined positions.  
         [0022]     The present invention provides a still further advantage of providing a puff detector that records and compares a series of digital images taken in the predetermined direction in which the contaminant particles are ejected.  
         [0023]     The present invention preferably provides a dwell chamber for reducing the velocity of the air flow extracted from over the compressed, opened parcels, thereby allowing for more accurate sampling by a particulate sampler from a less turbulent environment.  
         [0024]     The present invention can be utilized to winnow the number of parcels that must be subjected to irradiation or other sterilization means, thereby accelerating the processing of the parcels.  
         [0025]     Further, the present invention allows for timely screening of previously irradiated parcels, wherein such additional screening is useful in detecting parcels containing contaminant residue and hoax threat agents.  
         [0026]     The present invention provides a high-speed mail sorting apparatus for automated screening of parcels to identify parcels likely to contain biological or non-biological contaminants, comprising a parcel opener for creating an opening in each parcel, a pinch roller for compressing the opened parcel, an air duct for channeling an air flow over the opened parcel as the opened parcel is compressed, and a particulate sampler for analyzing the air flow to detect whether the opened parcel is likely to contain contaminants.  
         [0027]     Another embodiment of the present invention is a high-speed mail sorting apparatus for automated screening of parcels to identify parcels likely to contain biological or non-biological contaminants, comprising a parcel opener for creating an opening in each parcel, a pinch roller for compressing each of a series of opened parcels, an air duct for channeling an air flow over pinch roller as the pinch roller compresses each of the series of opened parcels, and a particulate concentrator for filtering the air flow that is analyzed at periodic intervals to detect whether the series of opened parcel is likely to contain contaminants.  
         [0028]     Yet another embodiment of the present invention is a high-speed mail sorting apparatus for automated screening of parcels to identify parcels likely to contain biological or non-biological contaminants, comprising a parcel opener for creating an opening on each parcel in a predetermined position, a pinch roller for compressing each opened parcel and ejecting contaminants from the opened parcel in a predetermined direction, and a puff detector for recording a series of digital images as each opened parcel is compressed, wherein each of the series of digital images is taken in the predetermined direction, and for comparing the series of digital images to determine whether the opened parcel is likely to contain contaminants.  
         [0029]     Method for automated screening of parcels sorted by a high speed mail sorting apparatus to identify parcels likely to contain contaminants are also disclosed. One method of the present invention comprises the steps of opening each parcel, utilizing a pinch roller to compress each opened parcel, creating an air flow over the pinch roller, and analyzing the air flow to detect whether the opened parcel is likely to contain contaminants.  
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0030]     The following detailed description provides a better understanding of the invention as well as other objects and further features thereof, in which reference is made to the accompanying drawings, wherein:  
         [0031]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram showing a preferred embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0032]      FIG. 2  is a flowchart of a process for performing a total particulate count threshold detection;  
         [0033]      FIG. 3  is a flowchart for performing detection utilizing a Multivariate Gaussian classifier;  
         [0034]      FIG. 4  is a perspective view of a disassembled pinch roller that is integral with a rotary puncher;  
         [0035]      FIG. 5   a  is a perspective view of a pinch roller assembly of an embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0036]      FIG. 5   b  is a perspective view of the underside of the pinch roller assembly of  FIG. 5   a ; and  
         [0037]      FIG. 6  is a perspective view of showing the parcel in the pinch roller assembly. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0038]     The following detailed description of the invention is made in reference to the accompanying drawings. In describing the invention, explanation of related functions and constructions that known in the art are omitted for the sake of clearness in understanding the concept of the invention, and to avoid obscuring the invention with unnecessary detail.  
         [0039]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a preferred embodiment of the present invention showing the various components of the apparatus  100 . The parcels  110 , a/k/a media, that can be screened by the apparatus and method of the present invention typically includes, but is not limited to letters, envelopes, magazines, boxes and similar media having an enclosed portion. It is contemplated that media that lack an enclosed portion, e.g. postcards, can also be screened by the apparatus of the present invention. The parcels are, in a preferred embodiment, separated by a separator (not shown) and individually fed into a parcel opener  120 .  
         [0040]     After parcel opener  120  creates an opening in the parcel  110 , parcel  110  is fed into pinch roller  140  of the high speed mail sorting apparatus of the present invention. Pinch roller  140  exerts a squeezing force that compresses each opened parcel  110 , causing particles of contaminant contained within the parcel  110  to be substantially ejected through the opening.  
         [0041]     An air duct  165  is located near pinch roller  140  for collecting and evacuating particles that are ejected by pinch roller  140 . The air duct  165  diverts an airflow  160  collected from over the parcel  110  in the area of the pinch roller  140 . In one embodiment, the air duct  165  diverts the airflow  160  toward a particulate sampler  170 . Diversion of the air flow  160  from over the compressed parcel  110  reduces the potential that the ejected particles will travel outside of the high speed mail sorting apparatus, possibly reaching USPS personnel. Diversion of the air flow  160 , coupled with real-time analysis of the air flow, as explained below, also prevents cross-contamination of other parcels that are subsequently processed by the high speed mail handling machine.  
         [0042]     The particulate sampler  170  can utilize one or a combination of detection methods to provide essentially real-time analysis of the air flow  160 . The detection methods include, for example, absolute particle count detection, particle size discriminatory detection, particle fluorescence detection and/or particle fluorescence coupled with size detection.  
         [0043]     The particulate sampler  170  preferably utilizes a particle counter, such as, for example, that manufactured by Climet Instruments Company and sold under the CLIMET® trademark, to perform the detection of suspect parcels  118 . Initial testing revealed that certain parcel types produce high background particle counts. High background and other obscurant aerosols can produce unacceptable false alarms or mask the finding of a contaminated parcel.  
         [0044]     Predetermined characteristic signatures of contaminants and hoax particles can also be utilized by the particulate sampler  170 , which continuously acquires sensor data from either a single sensor or multiple complementary sensors and correlates the sensor data using a multi-variate analysis scheme.  
         [0045]     A flowchart of a process for performing threshold detection by comparing (in step  220 ) a total particle count (TPC) computed from the CLiMET data (step  210 ) with an acceptable threshold (T) is generally described in  FIG. 2 . Alternatively, or additionally, as generally shown in the flowchart of  FIG. 3 , an MVG (Multivariate Gaussian) classifier can analyze the CLIMET data. In step  310  the size of the particles in air flow  160  is computed and the features of the particles are extracted (step  320 ). A Mahalanobis Distance (DT) is then computed (step  330 ). In step  340 , the computed DT is compared to a previously computed Mahalanobis Distance (D) for clean, non-suspect parcels  119 . A determination of whether the parcel  110  is a suspect parcel  118  or a non-suspect parcel  119  can then be made.  
         [0046]     The air flow  160  ( FIG. 1 ) is preferably created by a particulate concentrator  190 , which is located downstream from the particulate sampler  170 , drawing a vacuum on air duct  165 , and placing the parcel opener  120  and pinch roller under a negative atmospheric pressure.  
         [0047]     A dwell chamber (not shown) is preferably provided along the air duct  165 , in a location before the particulate concentrator  190 , to slow the velocity of the air flow  160 . The dwell chamber, which is located away from pinch roller  140 , allows heavier particulates to settle out of the air flow, thereby reducing the number of obscurant aerosol particles, which have been found to typically not be either genuine contaminant or hoax contaminant particles. The dwell chamber allows suspect particles to more evenly distribute in the air flow from which the particulate sampler  170  obtains a sample from the air flow  160  for analysis.  
         [0048]     The particulate sampler  170  analyzes the air flow  160  to provide an essentially real-time notification to the operator of the apparatus  100 , via an indicator alarm  172 , in the event that the air flow  160  is determined to contain either a high concentration of particles or particles having suspect characteristics. Based on the results of its analysis, the particulate sampler  170  provides an output to an alarm indicator  172 .  
         [0049]     The output to the indicator alarm  172  indicates whether the compressed parcels  110  are non-suspect parcels  119  or suspect parcels  118 . For suspect parcels  118 , the apparatus is stopped and the suspect parcel  118  is segregated for more detailed confirmatory analysis. Confirmatory analysis includes, but is not limited to, PCR (polymerase chain reaction) analysis. This confirmatory analysis can be performed separately and will not cause delay of the inline, preferably real-time screening process and method of the present invention.  
         [0050]     The concentrator  190  preferably can include a screen (not shown) similar to that utilized in a dry-type high efficiency particulate air filter. In this manner, the concentrator  190  captures aerosolized particles ejected by the pinch roller  140 . It will be recognized by those of skill in the art that the function of the screens can be performed by other types of confirmatory analysis systems, such as, for example, a liquid or solid sampler unit which collect aerosolized particles, as well as by concentrator units. Also, in certain embodiments known in the art, particulate collectors units can also serve to act as concentrators. Accordingly, the expression “particulate concentrator” as used herein shall be understood to mean concentrators, collectors and units that acts as both concentrators and collectors.  
         [0051]     The concentrator  190  is arranged to capture respirable particles, which present research indicates are generally those particles between about 0.3 and about 10 microns in size.  
         [0052]     The screens of concentrator  190 , which are preferably individually labeled, are analyzed at predetermined periodic intervals to provide a second-check of the accuracy of the analysis performed by the particulate sampler  170 . To facilitate the capability of the particulate sampler  170 , parcels  110  found to be non-suspect parcels  119  are quarantined in groups corresponding screens which was in place at the time the formerly non-suspect parcels  119  were screened. If the periodic analysis detects contaminants during a time frame when none of the parcels  110  were identified as being suspect parcels  118 , the entire quarantined group can either be re-screened or submitted for further testing.  
         [0053]     An embedded tracking routine can be included in an alternate embodiment of the present invention to avoid the need for quarantining entire groups or series of parcels. The embedded tracking routine can store image data, such as, for example, data obtained by automated optical character reading procedures. The stored image data can then be correlated to the screens in place when each parcel was processed, and can be utilized to retrieve the now-suspect parcels  118  in the event the analysis detects contaminants not detected by the particulate sampler  170 .  
         [0054]     The particulate concentrator  190  can be utilized in lieu of the particulate sampler  170  to provide an alternative embodiment of the present invention that will allow evaluation of a series, or batch, of parcels  110 . Such embodiment will not, however, provide real-time feedback to the operator as to whether a parcel  110  is either a suspect parcel  118  or a non-suspect parcel  119 .  
         [0055]     It was observed that the particles ejected by the pinch rollers  140  often form a visible cloud or puff. Therefore, in yet another embodiment, the apparatus of the present invention is arranged to direct the puff in a predetermined direction. Accordingly, a puff detector  180  (not shown), which preferably includes at least a digital camera, is provided to record and compare a series of digital images taken in the predetermined direction of the puff, i.e. the direction in which the contaminant particles are ejected.  
         [0056]     The puff detector provides a further mechanism to perform real-time screening, which can be implemented in addition to, or instead of, the particulate sampler  170 . The puff detector provides a digital discrete flag upon detection of a particulate cloud that is likely to contain threat material. The puff detector can provide a faster response because, unlike the particulate sampler  170 , the puff detector need not have capture an air sample from the air flow  160 . Rather, the puff detector compares digital images from the series of digital images taken in the predetermined direction as the parcel  110  is compressed by the pinch roller  140 .  
         [0057]     The predetermined direction in which the camera of the puff detector is aimed is a predetermined direction that can dynamically vary based on facts that include the thickness of the parcel, the velocity of the parcel, the squeezing force applied by the pinch rollers upon the parcel, than angle of incidence at which the pinch roller is set, the position of the opening that the parcel opener creates in the parcel, whether one or more than one opening or row of openings is created in each parcel, and other factors that may arise in conjunction with the particular high speed sorting apparatus that is utilized with the present invention.  
         [0058]     Further, the digital comparison performed by the puff detector can readily be adjust to account for fluctuations in the mail room environment. The digital comparison performed by the puff detector preferably includes the velocity of the air flow  160 , the time that it takes to evacuate the air in the vicinity of the pinch roller  140 , and the throughput settings of the high speed mail sorting apparatus. Additional characteristics such as, for example, mechanical pressure and angle of incidence at which the pinch roller is set in a specific high speed mail sorting apparatus, can also be input and considered by the puff detector in performing its analysis.  
         [0059]     The parcel opener  120  can perform its opening function either before or at the pinch roller  140 . The parcel opener  120  can be configured as a laser (not shown) or a rotary puncher  130  ( FIGS. 4-6 ). However, other means for opening parcel  100  can be used herein as envisioned by one skilled in the art.  
         [0060]     When the parcel opener  120  is configured as a laser, the opening is made in each parcel  110  before the parcel  110  reaches the pinch roller  140 . The laser preferably provides at least 48 Joules per square centimeter to drill an opening in the parcel. High speed mail handling machines typically operate at fast, medium or slow speeds, which process ten, five and two or one-half envelopes per second, respectively. With the parcel  110  moving at a processing speed of about two meters per second, a 400 Hz repetition rate can be configured to provide a row of holes in each parcel spaced 0.5 centimeters apart.  
         [0061]      FIG. 4-6  provide an example of the parcel opener  120  configured as a rotary puncher  130 .  FIG. 4  is a perspective view of a disassembled pinch roller  140  that is integrally formed with cutting disks  144  of a rotary puncher  130 . In this embodiment, the separate cutting disks  144  are sandwiched between conventional pinch rollers  142 , and all are fixed to a shaft  145  ( FIG. 5   a ) to ensure that the pinch rollers  142  and cutting disks  144  rotate at the same rate of speed. The cutting disks  144  shown include a row of spikes that protrude beyond an outer circumference of the pinch rollers  142 .  
         [0062]      FIG. 5   a  is an assembled perspective view of the cutting disks  144  integrated with the pinch roller  142  and  FIG. 5   b  is a perspective view of the underside of the pinch roller assembly of  FIG. 5   a . The shaft  145  extends through a mounting plate  152  for connecting to a belt  148  for driving the integrated pinch roller assembly via a motor  146 . An opposing pinch roller  143 , which rotates in an opposite direction of the rotary puncher  130  is also preferably provided.  
         [0063]     The rotary puncher  130  and the opposing pinch roller  143  can move apart to create a passage therebetween for the parcel  110 . A squeezing force resists any separation of the rotary puncher  130  and the opposing pinch roller  143 . Mechanisms for creating the squeezing force are well known in the art, and can include springs, pneumatic pressure and elastic tension. A connecting belt  149  is shown in  FIG. 5   b . The connecting belt  149  has an inherent elasticity, which is utilized to create the elastic tension force for the squeezing force in this embodiment. The embodiment of  FIG. 5   b  utilizes drums that are not affixed and can rotate freely about their respective shafts, thereby utilizing the connecting belt  149  solely to create the elastic force. It will be appreciated that the connecting belt  149  can be utilized, in another embodiment, to drive the rotation of the opposing pinch roller  143 .  
         [0064]     To protect from inadvertent injury or damage to other components, the spikes of the cutting disks  144  are covered by a guard  150 , as generally shown in  FIGS. 5   b  and  6 . The guard  150  preferably has a semi-cylindrical shape that is open on the side facing the opposing pinch roller  143 . The open portion of the guard  150  exposes the spikes to the parcel  110  when the parcel is inserted between the rotary pincher  130  and the opposing pinch roller  143 , as shown in  FIG. 6 .  
         [0065]      FIG. 6  is a perspective view of the pinch roller  140  which also shows the parcel  110  being compressed by the squeezing force and opened by the cutting disks  144 . In this embodiment, each of the rotary punchers  144  creates its own row of perforations  112 , i.e. a plurality of openings, which are arranged in a row along the parcel  110 .  
         [0066]     The preferred embodiments that are discussed in detail above each include a parcel opener  120  for creating an opening in each parcel  110 . One of skill in the art will recognize that the present invention can be configured in alternative embodiments to screen parcels without the parcel opener  120 .  
         [0067]     Although the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed for illustrative purposes, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications, additions and substitutions are possible, without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as disclosed in the accompanying claims.