Abstract:
A method for manufacturing a hermetically sealed package is provided, the method comprising the steps of: using a laser to heat a frit, disposed in a pattern between two substrates, such that the heated frit forms a hermetic seal which connects the substrates and further comprising: directing the laser to enter the frit pattern, then to trace the frit pattern, then to retrace a portion of the frit pattern, and then to exit the frit pattern; and selecting an initial laser power which, when the laser enters the frit pattern, is insufficient to heat the frit to form a hermetic seal; then increasing the laser power over a first section of the frit pattern to a target laser power at least sufficient to heat the frit to form a hermetic seal; and then decreasing the laser power over a second section of the frit pattern until the laser power is insufficient to heat the frit to form a hermetic seal before the laser exits the frit pattern.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit under 35 USC §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/748,300, filed on Dec. 6, 2005. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    The present invention relates to hermetically sealed glass packages that are suitable to protect thin film devices which are sensitive to the ambient environment. Some examples of such glass packages are organic light emitting diode (OLED) displays, sensors, photovoltaics and other optical devices. The present invention is demonstrated using an OLED display as an example. 
         [0004]    2. Description of Related Art 
         [0005]    OLEDs have been the subject of a considerable amount of research in recent years because of their use and potential use in a wide variety of electroluminescent devices. For instance, a single OLED can be used in a discrete light emitting device or an array of OLEDs can be used in lighting applications or flat-panel display applications (e.g., OLED displays). OLED displays are known to be very bright and to have a good color contrast and wide viewing angle. On the other hand, however, OLED displays, and in particular the electrodes and organic layers located therein, are susceptible to degradation resulting from interaction with oxygen and moisture leaking into the OLED display from the ambient environment. The life of an OLED display can be significantly increased if the electrodes and organic layers located therein are hermetically sealed from the ambient environment. Unfortunately, it has been very difficult to develop a sealing process to hermetically seal the OLED display. Some of the factors that have made it difficult to properly seal the OLED display are briefly mentioned below:
       The hermetic seal should provide a barrier for oxygen (10 −3  cc/m 2 /day) and water (10 −6  g/m 2 /day);   The hermetic seal should survive mechanical shocks, such as those generated when a cell phone falls to the ground, received during the use of the display;   The width of the hermetic seal should be small (e.g., &lt;2 mm) so that it does not have an adverse effect on the size of the OLED display;   The temperature generated during a sealing process should not damage the materials (e.g., electrodes and organic layers) within the OLED display. For instance, in a typical OLED display, the first pixels of OLEDs are located close to the hermetic seal and should not be heated to more than about 85-100° C. during the sealing process;   Any gases released during the sealing process should not contaminate the materials within the OLED display; and   The hermetic seal should enable electrical connections (e.g., thin-film electrodes) to enter the OLED display.       
 
         [0012]    Today, one way to seal the OLED display is to form a hermetic seal by softening a low temperature frit doped with a material that is highly energy absorbent at a specific wavelength of light to bond two substrate plates together. In particular, the frit is deposited on a substrate plate in a closed pattern, hereinafter the “frit pattern”, and a laser is used to heat up and soften the frit which forms a hermetic seal between the substrate plate or cover glass plate with the frit located thereon and a substrate plate or glass plate with OLEDs located thereon. 
         [0013]    A problem which can occur in an OLED formed by the conventional laser heating of frit is the creation of residual stress, i.e., stresses remaining in the seal after the seal has cooled, in the frit seal at the location where the laser enters/exits the frit pattern during sealing, i.e., the frit pattern entry/exit point(s). This residual stress can lead either to a non-hermetic seal, resulting in an unusable product, or to premature failure of the seal, resulting in premature failure of the display. There is thus a need for a method of sealing a glass package which does not suffer from residual stress located at frit pattern entry/exit points. This need is satisfied by using one or more of the sealing techniques of the present invention. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0014]    The present invention includes a hermetically sealed OLED display and methods for manufacturing hermetically sealed OLED displays. Basically, the hermetically sealed OLED display of the present invention is manufactured by providing a first substrate plate and a second substrate plate. OLEDs are deposited onto the first substrate plate, and a frit is deposited onto the second substrate plate to form a frit pattern  108 . After positioning the first and second substrate plates so that the frit is located between them, a laser is used to heat the frit and soften it sufficiently to bond it to the first and second substrate plates and form a hermetic seal that connects the first and second substrate plates and protects the OLEDs. For the sake of clarity, the concept of “heating the frit to soften it sufficiently to bond it to the first and second substrate plates” is hereinafter simply referred to as “softening the frit”, “the frit being softened” or the like. The frit is glass that has been doped with at least one transition metal, or other inorganic energy absorbing component, and optionally a CTE lowering filler, such that the laser, when trained onto the frit, is absorbed by the frit so that the frit softens and forms bonds with the substrate plates. This causes the frit to form the hermetic seal, while avoiding thermal damage to the OLEDs, by directly heating only the frit, and not the whole OLED package. The laser path and power, or power profile, are controlled in the present invention in order to avoid the creation of residual stresses in the hermetic seal. Thus, the laser path is controlled such that the laser enters or is trained onto the frit pattern, traces the frit pattern, retraces a portion of the frit pattern, and then exits the frit pattern. The laser power is controlled such that 1) the laser enters the frit pattern with a laser power which is insufficient to cause the frit to form a hermetic seal connecting the two substrate plates; 2) the laser power is increased as the laser traces the frit pattern until a target laser power, sufficient to cause the frit to form a hermetic seal connecting the two substrate plates, is reached; and 3) the laser power is then decreased at a selected location on the frit pattern to a laser power which is insufficient to cause the frit to form a hermetic seal connecting the two substrate plates before the laser exits the frit pattern. 
         [0015]    It should be noted that in the present application phrases such as “laser power which is insufficient to cause the frit to form a hermetic seal” and the like are intended to mean that the laser power is insufficient to cause the frit to form a hermetic seal in a single pass of the laser. Two passes of a laser having a “laser power which is insufficient to cause the frit to form a hermetic seal” may impart sufficient heat to the frit to cause the frit to form a hermetic seal. In the present invention, where two passes of a laser having a “laser power which is insufficient to cause the frit to form a hermetic seal” are described, it is intended that the additive energy imparted to the frit by the two passes is sufficient to, and in fact does, cause the frit to form a hermetic seal. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0016]    A more complete understanding of the present invention may be obtained by reference to the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein: 
           [0017]      FIGS. 1 and 2  are a plan view and a cross-sectional side view illustrating the basic components of a hermetically sealed OLED display in accordance with the present invention; 
           [0018]      FIG. 3  is a plan view of a glass package used to describe a prior art method of sealing a glass package using doped frit; 
           [0019]      FIG. 4  is a plan view of a glass package used to describe a first embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0020]      FIG. 5  is a graphical illustration which shows the relationship of laser power and laser position on a portion of the frit pattern for the first embodiment of the present invention shown in  FIG. 4 ; 
           [0021]      FIG. 6  is a plan view of a glass package used to describe a second embodiment of the present invention; and 
           [0022]      FIG. 7  is a graphical illustration which shows the relationship of laser power and laser position on a portion of the frit pattern for the second embodiment of the present invention shown in  FIG. 6 . 
           [0023]      FIG. 8  is a plan view of multiple frit patterns  108  sandwiched between substrate plates  112  and  116 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0024]      FIG. 3  illustrates a method of sealing a glass package which does not incorporate the novel aspects of the present invention. In this method, the laser  132  is directed along a laser path  136  which enters and exits the frit pattern at the same location  306 . The laser power is not controlled in the sense that it is not varied; rather it is set at a power which causes the frit to soften and form a hermetic seal connecting the two substrate plates. 
         [0025]    Referring to  FIGS. 1 and 2  there is disclosed a hermetically sealed OLED display  100  made in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention. Although the sealing process of the present invention is described below with respect to the fabrication of a hermetically sealed OLED display  100 , it should be understood that the same or similar sealing process can be used in other applications where two glass plates need to be sealed to one another. Accordingly, the present invention should not be construed in a limited manner. 
         [0026]      FIGS. 1 and 2  show a plan view and a cross-sectional side view illustrating the basic components of a hermetically sealed OLED display  100 , and the laser generator  128  and laser  132  used to seal the OLED device. The OLED display  100  includes a multilayer sandwich of a first substrate plate  112 , an array of OLEDs  104 , a doped frit  120  deposited in a closed frit pattern  108  and a second substrate plate  116 . Following application of the method of the present invention, the OLED display  100  has a hermetic seal  124  formed from the frit  120  which protects the OLEDs  104  located between the first substrate plate  112  and the second substrate plate  116  (e.g., glass plates  112  and  116 ). The hermetic seal  124  is typically located around the perimeter of the OLED display  100 , and the OLEDs  104  are located within a perimeter of the hermetic seal  124 . How the hermetic seal  124  is formed from the frit  120  and the ancillary components such as the laser generator  128  are described in greater detail below. 
         [0027]    In one embodiment of the present invention, the first and second substrate plates  112  and  116  can be transparent glass plates like the ones manufactured and sold by Corning Incorporated under the brand names of Code 1737™ glass or Eagle 1120™ glass. Alternatively, the first and second substrate plates  112  and  116  can be transparent glass plates like the ones manufactured and sold by companies such as, e.g., Asahi Glass Co. (e.g., OA10 glass and OA21 glass), Nippon Electric Glass Co., NH Techno and Samsung Corning Precision Glass Co. It is highly desirable in the OLED application for the first and second glass plates to have the same CTE, coefficient of thermal expansion, or little difference in CTE. 
         [0028]    The OLEDs  104  and other circuitry are deposited onto the first substrate plate  112 . The typical OLED  104  includes an anode electrode, one or more organic layers and a cathode electrode (not shown). However, it should be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art that any known OLED  104  or future OLED  104  can be used in the OLED display  100 . Again, it should be appreciated that this step of depositing OLED and other circuitry can be skipped if an OLED display  100  is not being made but instead a non-OLED glass package is being made using the sealing process of the present invention. 
         [0029]    The frit  120  is typically deposited on the second substrate plate  116  to form a fit pattern  108 . For instance, the frit  120  can be placed approximately 1 mm away from the edges of the second substrate plate  116 . In one embodiment, the frit  120  is a low melting temperature glass frit that contains one or more laser energy absorbing species chosen from the group including, e.g., iron, copper, vanadium, and neodymium, or others. The frit  120  may also be doped with a filler, or CTE filler (e.g., an inversion filler or an additive filler), which modifies the coefficient of thermal expansion of the frit  120  so that it matches or substantially matches the coefficient of thermal expansions of the two substrate plates  112  and  116 . Matching CTE can be important to avoid cooling induced stresses in the resulting seal. The compositions of several exemplary frits  106  are provided below in TABLE 1. 
         [0030]    The present invention may be used with any frit that is currently known, or yet to be discovered, to be suitable for the laser sealing of hermetic glass packages 
         [0031]    In an optional step, the frit  120  can be pre-sintered on the second substrate plate  116 . To accomplish this, the frit  120  which has been deposited onto the second substrate plate  116  is heated so that it sinters and becomes attached to the second substrate plate  116 . 
         [0032]    Substrate plates  112  and  116  are then arranged such that the frit which has been deposited on substrate plate  116  contacts both substrate plates. The frit  120  is then heated by the laser  132  in a manner (which is described in more detail below) such that the frit  120  forms the hermetic seal  124  which connects and bonds the first substrate plate  112  to second substrate plate  116  (see  FIG. 2 ). In addition to bonding the first substrate plate  112  to the second substrate plate  116 , the hermetic seal  124  also protects the OLEDs  104  by preventing oxygen and moisture in the ambient environment from entering into the OLED display  100 . As shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the hermetic seal  124  is typically located just inside the edges of the finished OLED display  100 . 
         [0033]      FIGS. 4 and 5  illustrate additional steps which provide hermeticity and seal strength benefits of one embodiment of the present invention. 
         [0034]      FIG. 4  shows a top view of the OLED device where the first substrate  112  has been laid over the second substrate  116  such that the frit  120  which forms frit pattern  108  is sandwiched between the substrate plates  112 / 116 . This figure is used to illustrate two aspects of the current invention: laser path control and laser power control. 
         [0035]    The laser  132  which heats the frit is controlled such that the laser follows a path  136  which advantageously begins outside the frit pattern  108 , but which can begin inside the frit pattern  108 . Thus, for example, in  FIG. 4  the path of the laser  132  is denoted by the number  136 . The dashed line portions of the laser path  136  are the portions of the laser path  136  which lie off of the frit pattern  108 , while the solid line portion of the path corresponds to the portion of the laser path which coincides with the fit pattern  108 . The laser enters the frit pattern at a frit pattern entry location  140 , traces the entire frit pattern, retraces a portion of the pattern, and finally exits the frit pattern at a frit pattern exit location  144 . The portion of the frit pattern which falls between the frit pattern entry location  140  and the frit pattern exit location  144  is traced twice, and is referred to herein as “the portion of the frit pattern which is retraced”  148  or the like. Although the frit entry location  140  and the frit exit location  144  are advantageously shown in  FIG. 4  to be located such that the retrace portion of the frit pattern  148  is a straight line and encompasses one entire side of the frit pattern  108 , it should be understood that the frit pattern entry location  140  and the frit pattern exit location  144  can be located such that the retrace portion of the frit pattern  148  may encompass more or less of the fit pattern than one full side of the frit pattern  108 , and may encompass a corner or other non-straight portion of the frit pattern  148 . 
         [0036]    In addition to controlling the path of the laser  132 , the method of the present invention includes controlling the energy which is imparted to the frit from the laser  132 , or, in other words, controlling the heating of the frit. The amount of energy which is imparted to or absorbed by the frit can be controlled by changing one or more of several parameters, including, but not limited to, the translational speed of the laser spot as it traces the fit (where the laser spot is defined as the intersection between the laser  132  and the fit pattern), the wattage of the laser  132 , the size of the laser spot, the shape of the laser spot and by masking the frit. To facilitate the description of the present invention, “controlling the energy imparted to, and thereby absorbed by, the frit” is referred to herein as “controlling the laser power”, but this should not be construed as being limited to controlling the wattage of the laser, which, though advantageous, is only one means of controlling the energy imparted to, and absorbed by, the frit. 
         [0037]    Referring to  FIGS. 4 and 5 , the method of the present invention also includes controlling the laser power so that when the laser  132  enters the frit pattern  140 , the laser power is insufficient to cause the frit to form a hermetic seal connecting the two substrate plates. This insufficient laser power state includes the zero power state, where the laser generator  128  is turned off. Subsequent to entering the frit pattern  108  at frit pattern entry point  140 , and during the first trace over the retrace portion  148  of the frit pattern, the laser power is increased over a ramp up section  152 , until the laser power reaches a selected target power such that it is sufficient to cause the frit to form a hermetic seal connecting the two substrate plates in one pass. This ramp up section  152  begins at a frit pattern location where the laser power is first increased  156 , and ends at frit pattern location where target laser power is reached  160 . Advantageously, the length of ramp up section  152  is at least about 3 mm and, advantageously is at least about 10 mm. 
         [0038]    The target power can be defined as a laser power which is sufficient to soften the frit  120  in one pass sufficiently so that it wets both substrate plates  112 / 116 , but which laser power is insufficient to cause undesirable heating of the substrate glasses  112 / 116  or the OLEDs  104  attached thereto. Therefore, target power can be selected from a range of laser powers. Target power can also be defined as a laser power which is sufficient to cause the frit to form a hermetic seal and connect the two substrate plates in one pass of the laser, but which is insufficient to cause undesirable heating of the substrate glasses or the OLEDs attached thereto. Advantageously, this laser power is the minimum laser power required to consistently cause the frit to form a hermetic seal. This range can easily be determined, for example, by varying the laser power until consistent wetting is obtained without causing damage the substrate glasses or OLEDs. 
         [0039]    In this embodiment of the invention, once the target power is reached, the laser  132  continues to trace the frit pattern  108  at one or more selected target powers until it reaches the frit pattern location at which the laser power first reached target power  160 , whereupon the laser power is decreased over a ramp down section  164 , until the laser power reaches a selected power which is insufficient to cause the frit to form a hermetic seal. The ramp down section of the frit pattern  164  begins at frit pattern location  160  where the laser power first reached target power on the first trace, and where the laser power is first reduced below target power on the second trace, and ends at frit pattern location  168  where the laser power is reduced to a selected power insufficient to cause the frit to form a hermetic seal in a single pass. Advantageously, the length of the ramp down section  164 , i.e. the distance over which the laser power is decreased from the target power to a selected power insufficient to cause the frit to form a hermetic seal, is at least about 5 mm, and advantageously at least about 7 mm and more advantageously at least about 10 mm. The laser  132  then exits the frit pattern  144 . 
         [0040]    Laser power control in this embodiment of the invention is further illustrated in  FIG. 5  which plots laser power as a function of the position of the laser  132  on the frit pattern. As described above with reference to  FIG. 4 , the laser  132  enters the frit pattern  108  at frit pattern entry point  140 , traces the entire frit pattern  108 , then begins retracing the fit pattern  108  at frit entry point  140  and then finally exits the frit pattern  108  at frit pattern exit point  144 . This graph depicts laser power during the first and second traces of the laser  132  over the retrace portion of the frit pattern  148 . The solid line  180  depicts the laser power profile during the first trace, including the ramp up between frit pattern locations  156  and  160 , and the dashed line  184  depicts the laser power during the second trace, including the ramp down between frit pattern locations  160  and  168 . As the laser  132  enters the fit pattern  140  the laser power is maintained at a selected power insufficient to cause the frit to form a hermetic seal. Starting at the frit pattern location at which laser power is first increased  156 , the laser power is increased until the laser  132  reaches the frit location  160  at which the laser power reaches target power  192 . Note that laser power can be increased immediately upon entering the frit pattern, and in this case frit pattern locations  140  and  156  would coincide. After the laser  132  completes the first trace of the frit pattern  108  it begins to retrace the frit pattern  108  at the frit pattern entry  140 . Then as the laser  132  reaches the frit location  160  at which the laser power first reached target power  192 , the laser power is gradually reduced to a second selected laser power which is insufficient to cause the frit to form a hermetic seal in a single pass, at frit pattern location  168 . Note that the first and second selected laser powers ( 176  and  192 ) which are insufficient to cause the frit can be the same (as depicted in  FIGS. 5 and 7 ) or different. The laser  132  then leaves the frit pattern  108  at frit pattern exit location  144 . Note that the laser  132  can exit the frit pattern at the same point at which laser power reaches the selected laser power which is insufficient to soften the frit and in this case frit pattern locations  168  and  144  would coincide. 
         [0041]    The profile of the laser power during the first trace of the retrace portion  148  of the frit pattern  180  is advantageously depicted in  FIG. 5  as having a linear increase. 
         [0042]    The invention should not be construed as limited to a linear increase, however. Any profile can be used so long as it comprises a gradual change, i.e., the heating rate of the frit vs. distance does not exceed about 100° C./m 
         [0043]    A second embodiment of the invention, illustrated in  FIGS. 6 and 7  differs from the first embodiment illustrated in  FIGS. 4 and 5 , in the following manner: 
         [0044]    In the first embodiment, the frit pattern location at which target power is first reached and the location at which the laser power is first decreased are the same location, described as a “zero overlap” of target laser power, where the ramp up section and the ramp down section do not overlap. In the second embodiment, the ramp up section begins at frit pattern location  156  and ends at frit pattern location  160 , while the ramp down section begins at frit pattern location  172  and ends at frit pattern location  168 , resulting in an overlap of the ramp up section and the ramp down section between frit pattern locations  172  and  160 . This overlap creates a portion of the frit pattern over which the laser  132  was not at target power during either of the first or second traces. This overlap is graphically represented in  FIG. 7 . 
         [0045]    Thus, for example, in  FIG. 6  the path of the laser  132  is denoted by the number  136 . The dashed line portions of the laser path  136  are the portions of the laser path  136  which lie off of the frit pattern  108 , while the solid line portion of the path corresponds to the laser path where it coincides with the frit pattern  108 . 
         [0046]    Laser  132  enters the frit pattern  140  with a selected laser power which is insufficient to cause the frit to form a hermetic seal. The laser power is then increased beginning at frit location  156  until the laser power reaches a selected target power at frit pattern location  160 . The laser then continues to trace the frit pattern  108  at one or more selected target powers, until it passes frit location  156  and reaches frit pattern location  172  whereupon the laser power is decreased until it reaches a selected power which is insufficient to cause the frit to form a hermetic seal at frit location  168 . Advantageously, the distance between frit locations  172  and  168  over which the laser power is decreased from the target power to a selected power insufficient to cause the fit to form a hermetic seal is at least about 5 mm. 
         [0047]    The laser  132  then exits the frit  144 . The section of the frit pattern  108  which is located between frit locations  172  and  160  is the overlap section of the frit pattern  108  which is at no time traced at target power. It should be noted that while the order of the numbered frit locations is accurately depicted in  FIG. 6 , the distances between the numbered frit locations are not drawn to scale and it is within the scope of the present invention to vary the distances. 
         [0048]    Control of the laser power in this embodiment of the invention is further illustrated in  FIG. 7  which plots laser power as a function of the position of the laser  132  on the retrace section of the frit pattern  148 . The solid line  180  depicts the laser power profile during the first trace, including the ramp up section between frit pattern locations  156  and  160 , and the dashed line  188  depicts the laser power profile during the second trace, including the ramp down section located between frit pattern locations  172  and  168 . As the laser  132  enters the pattern at the frit pattern entry location  140  the laser power is at a first selected power insufficient to cause the frit to form a hermetic seal  176 . The laser power is then gradually increased beginning at frit pattern location  156  until the laser  132  reaches the selected target power  192  at frit pattern location  160 . The laser  132  continues to trace the frit pattern  108  (not shown). After the laser  132  completes the first trace of the frit pattern  108  it begins to retrace the frit pattern  108  as depicted by dashed line  188 . Then, after the laser  132  passes the frit pattern location  156 , at which the laser power was first increased, but prior to reaching frit pattern location  160 , at which the selected target power was first reached, the laser power is decreased, beginning at frit location  172 . The laser power is reduced between frit location  172  and  168  to a second selected laser power which is insufficient to soften the frit  192 . Note that the first and second selected laser powers  176  and  192  which are insufficient to soften the frit may be the same, as depicted in  FIG. 7 , or different. The laser  132  then leaves the frit pattern  108  at frit pattern exit location  144 . The profile of the laser power as it is increased between  156  and  160  is advantageously depicted in  FIG. 7  as a linear increase. The invention should not be construed as limited to a linear increase, however. Any profile can be used so long as the heating rate of change vs. distance doesn&#39;t exceed about 112° C./mm. 
         [0049]    It can be seen that the position at which the laser  132  first reaches target power  192  is located in the retrace section of the frit pattern, but after the position at which the laser power begins its decrease from target power. This is referred to as a overlap. The overlap is advantageous to avoid raising the temperature of the frit to temperatures, e.g., about 500° C., which might lead to additional residual stress. 
         [0050]    Although  FIGS. 5 and 7  both indicate linear and equal rates of laser power increase and decrease per unit distance, it should be understood that multiple linear, non-linear and unequal rates of change, i.e., unequal as between rate of increase and rate of decrease, are within the teaching of the present invention. Thus, for example, the rate of increase or decrease of laser power may have more than one discrete linear rate or may not be linear at all. In addition, distance over which the laser power is increased may be less than, equal to or greater than the distance over which the laser power is decreased. 
         [0051]    It should be noted that, although the OLED displays  100  of the present invention are shown as single OLED displays in  FIGS. 1 ,  4  and  6 , in commercial practice, several OLED displays are formed on a single substrate plate such as depicted in  FIG. 8 . The OLED displays  100  can be sealed and then cut into individual displays. 
         [0052]    In an advantageous embodiment of the present invention, frit pattern  108  entry points  140  and exit points  144  are located on the frit patterns in such a way as to minimize the “off frit pattern” movement of the laser, i.e., the movement of the laser between individual frit patterns This helps to minimize the time it takes to seal multiple OLED displays  108 . 
         [0053]    Although specific embodiments of the invention have been discussed, a variety of modifications to those embodiments which do not depart from the scope and spirit of the invention will be evident to persons of ordinary skill in the art from the disclosure herein. The following claims are intended to cover the specific embodiments set forth herein as well as such modifications, variations, and equivalents.