Abstract:
A dispatching system adjusts resources to meet real-time changes in demand. When a customer requests service, a work assignment is generated and sent to an employee. When a customer cancels the requested service, a cancellation code is sent to the employee. The cancellation code informs the employee that the work assignment has been canceled.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/299,442, filed Nov. 18, 2011 and now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,510,297, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/051,021, filed Mar. 18, 2011 and now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,082,281, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/566,708, filed Sep. 25, 2009 and now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,933,931, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/422,815, filed Apr. 25, 2003 and now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,617,248, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/468,930, filed Dec. 22, 1999 and now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,587,851, with all applications incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention is directed to a system and method for notifying and dispatching employees. The notification system and method of the present invention may also be used as an accessory or addition to existing dispatch systems. 
     2. Background of the Invention 
     Existing employee dispatch systems and methods include either a dispatcher (a person who receives and processes requests for services), or an automated dispatch system. These existing dispatch systems suffer from shortcomings and limitations that significantly detract from their usefulness and their efficient management of resources. 
     The limitations of current dispatch systems can be demonstrated by considering an example of a large public utility, such as a local telephone company that provides telephone services. Local telephone companies typically have tens of millions of customers, and those customers request new services or changes in services. These requests require the telephone company to dispatch technicians to service locations to make the requested changes in service. 
     On average, a local telephone company will make two and a half to three million service order dispatches per year. Generally, the productivity per task is about 2 hours, in other words, the requests for service generally take 2 hours to resolve. With this level of productivity, the local telephone company can only assign around four items per day per technician. Thus each truck dispatch is extremely costly to the local telephone company. It therefore becomes imperative that each dispatch is effective, i.e., each dispatch either actually resolves the problem or obtains information needed to resolve the problem. 
     Conventional automated dispatch systems very often assign tasks on a first-come, first-serve basis to the first available technician. As a technician completes or close out a job, the next job in the queue is automatically assigned to that technician. Occasionally, by happenstance, this first-come first-serve priority system would produce efficiencies where a second job would come to the technician after the first job was completed and the second job would happen to be in the same location as the first job. This would allow the technician to quickly complete a second job without having to drive to another location. Unfortunately, these efficiencies seldom occur and then only by pure chance. Oftentimes, in fact, that was not the case, and it would be very likely that a technician would leave the first location to travel to the next job site and a second technician would drive up to that first location to complete a second job there. 
     Moreover, in some cases a single problem causes multiple customers to lose service or experience poor service. For example, damage to pedestals that provide telephone service to multiple customers could cause several customers to report problems or loss of service. The pedestal often is located on the side of the road and provides a connection between a customer&#39;s location and serving centers. These pedestals are subject to damage, for example, from cars or even from state highway mowers. When damage to these pedestals occurs, the result is often that multiple outages occur in one locality. Generally, conventional reporting and dispatch systems address this problem by setting a certain tolerance threshold to indicate a probable common problem. For example, if the threshold were set at five, the system would require five or more similar complaints or reports of problems received from a common location to assume that a common problem was causing all of the problems reported by customers. If that threshold number of complaints or reports were met, then only a single technician would be dispatched to resolve the problem. 
     However, in those cases where the threshold for a system wide or regional problem is not met, as many (in the example provided above) as four technicians may be deployed to a single site causing enormous waste of resources and extreme expense to the company. 
     Also, customers often cancel appointments or request a modification in service. Sometimes these changes can occur at the last minute and existing systems have no way of informing the technician of these changes. These cancellations and modifications also waste technician resources, because technicians waste time waiting for customers or are required to return to the same location to make the modifications in service that the customer later requested. 
     Another source of ineffective use of technician resources is the lack of knowledge of customer service representatives. These representatives often lack an understanding of the costs associated with technician deployment and of the logistical complexities of managing and assigning a large number of technicians. They are generally trained to meet the customer&#39;s needs and to generate service orders. However, customer service representatives may occasionally create two different service orders for related or similar tasks. This could cause two dispatches to be generated and result in two technicians being deployed to the same location to fix what the service representative thinks are two different problems, but is instead only a single problem that could be handled by a single technician. 
     Dispatch systems that use a human dispatcher may permit real time modification of tasks and assignments. However, these dispatch systems, generally employed by taxicab companies, suffer significant drawbacks that would prevent them from being employed in large-scale environments. These dispatcher-based dispatch systems rely on a human dispatcher who is given information regarding demand (customers that need rides). The dispatcher uses this information combined with his or her knowledge of where all of the cabs are to assign the customer pick up to the nearest available cab. First, these dispatch systems are very expensive because a staff of well trained dispatchers are required to work around the clock, 24 hours a day, to match resources with demand. Second, the dispatcher-based systems are not practical for large-scale deployment because human dispatchers cannot accurately track hundreds, much less thousands, of technicians and their daily assignments. Finally, human dispatcher-based systems rely heavily dependent on the performance of the dispatcher or the dispatcher staff. Human error may produce an unacceptable level of errors. 
     Thus there is currently a need for a system that accommodates real time or near real time changes in load or demand by adjusting or reallocating resources to meet those changing needs. There is also need for such a system that is also automated, can handle a large number of technicians and requests for services, and inexpensively delivers information to the technician. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is designed to overcome the shortcomings of the prior art and to provide an effective and efficient dispatching system that can adjust resources to meet and accommodate real time changes in demand or load. The invention provides a system that notifies technicians of real time changes in their scheduled work. The system can determine if a real time intervention in a technician&#39;s schedule is necessary and can notify the technician in near real time of changes in assigned tasks. In this way, the invention adjusts the allocation of resources to meet real time changes in demand. 
     Once a technician has been dispatched to complete a task, the system monitors cancellations and changes that may be requested by the customer for that task. The system sends information to adjust the assignment of the technician to efficiently utilize the technician&#39;s time in situations where the customer has requested late or last minute cancellations or changes. 
     The system allows real time or near real time instructions to be sent to the technician. These instructions can include changes or modifications to the task assigned to the technician. The instructions can also include notices that the task has been canceled, or that the technician should complete the assigned task and then remain at that location to receive the next assignment. 
     The invention may include a system that considers the following information in determining if a real time intervention is necessary: information regarding the work history of the technician or the number of hours the technician has worked in a pay period, including the number of overtime hours, the availability of the technician, the qualifications of the technician, and the suitable locations where the technician is most beneficially dispatched. 
     An object of the present invention is to reduce or eliminate the inefficient use of technicians. 
     Another object of the present invention is to maximize the utilization of technicians. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide a system that adjusts and reallocates resources to meet real time changes in load or demand. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide real time or near real time information to a technician regarding the status of his assignments. 
     Additional features and advantages of the invention well be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practicing the invention. The objectives and other advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by the structure particularly pointed out in the written description and claims as well as the appended drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram of another preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       FIG. 1  shows a schematic representation of a preferred embodiment of the present invention. When a problem  102  arises and is reported to a notification system  104 , according to the present invention, notification system  104  reviews the qualifications of a number of technicians  106 , and selects the most suitable technician  108  to dispatch to the problem  102 . 
     Once the suitable technician  108  has been dispatched or is en route  110  to the problem, the invention allows real time or near real time instructions to be sent to the technician. These instructions can include changes or modifications to the task assigned to the technician  108 . Preferably, those instructions also include notices that the task technician  108  is currently heading towards has been canceled, or that the technician should complete the assigned task and then remain at that location to receive the next assignment. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the system  104  includes information regarding the work history of the technician or the number of hours the technician has worked in a pay period, including the number of overtime hours, the availability of the technician, the qualifications of the technician, and suitable locations to which the technician is most beneficially dispatched. In addition to considering all of these factors in deciding to send information to the technician  108 , the system  104  also monitors problem information and requests for service sent to the system by customers and customer service representatives. The system  104  analyzes requests for modifications to existing assignments and determines if a real time intervention is required. If a real time intervention is required, the system  104  sends a message to the technician  108  and informs the technician  108  of that information. 
       FIG. 2  is a preferred embodiment of the present invention in which various components have been assembled and linked together to provide a notification system  200 . The notification system  200  includes a dispatch unit  202 , a centralized call-out system (CCS)  206 , an employee scheduling program (ESP)  208  and a paging system  210 . The system  200  can communicate with various other devices, for example, an access unit  204  via access system  203  and pagers  212  via paging system  210 . 
     The dispatch unit  202  serves several functions. Dispatch unit  202 , according to this embodiment, receives information  201  about problems or requests for service from customers directly or through customer service representatives. These problems could include reports of downed lines, loss of service, poor service and other problems that affect the services rendered. Examples of requests for service include requests to modify or change the services rendered. In the specific context of a local telephone company, this could include requests to add additional telephone lines, to add DSL lines, to install additional telephone jacks, and other types of service. Preferably, the dispatch unit  202  receives information regarding problems or requests for service through customer service representatives who complete an interactive computerized form. Preferably, this information, which may include the customer&#39;s name, address, telephone number, billing information, and nature of problem, is communicated to the dispatch system  202  when a technician intervention is required. 
     Dispatch unit  202  communicates with one or more access units  204  via an access system  203 . The access system  203 , which is capable of wireless or wireline communications with access units  204 , also communicates with dispatch unit  202 . The access system  203  conveys information from the access units  204  to dispatch unit  202 . In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the Tech Plus system is used as the access system  203 . The Tech Plus system is disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/343,815, which is assigned to the same assignee as the present application, and is incorporated by reference herein. The access units  204  are preferably each associated with a technician. Preferably, each technician is assigned an access unit  204  and can use the access unit  204  to communicate with the dispatch unit  202 . For purposes of clarity, this disclosure will describe a single access unit  204 , but it should be kept in mind that many other access units  204  may be in communication with dispatch unit  202 . Dispatch unit  202  sends information regarding work assignments to the access unit  204  via access system  203 , which is capable of wireless or wireline communication with access unit  204 . In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the dispatch system  202  is an LMOS™ (Loop Maintenance Operating System) created by Lucent Technologies. 
     Dispatch system  202  sends assignment information to access unit  204  via access system  203  and technicians use access unit  204  to retrieve assignment information. Access unit  204  is preferably equipped with a display  220  and an input portion  222 . Preferably, only one assignment is sent to the access unit  204  at a time and a second assignment is only sent after the first assignment has been completed or closed by the technician. Access unit  204  may also include provisions that allow technicians to retrieve infrastructure information. For example, in the context of a local telephone company, infrastructure information could include the number of lead pairs available to a particular location, the number of switches available and other information related to infrastructure. Access unit  204  may also include provisions that allow technicians to run tests on the customer&#39;s equipment. 
     The employee scheduling program (ESP)  208  communicates with dispatch unit  202  and centralized call-out system (CCS)  206 . ESP  208  contains a database that associates each technician with an employee or technician number and a system number. Preferably, the system number is an LMOS™ system number. The use of a system number is optional, but may be helpful where systems allow only three digit employee numbers and those same employee numbers must be used over again for different employees in different regions. Adding a regional designation or a system number allows each employee to have a unique identification. ESP  208  also includes a detailed database that contains schedule information for some or all of the technicians. ESP  208  preferably stores the scheduling information for all or some of the technicians for up to one year. Maintenance personnel preferably maintain, enter, and modify the schedules of technicians using the ESP  208 . 
     ESP  208  provides information regarding the availability of technicians to dispatch unit  202 . Preferably, ESP  208  provides technician numbers, system numbers, and scheduling information to dispatch unit  202 . The dispatch unit  202  preferably stores a detailed, but shorter time span of information regarding scheduling. While the preferred ESP may store a year of scheduling information, the preferred dispatch unit  202  may store only about three to five days of scheduling information. In addition to providing information to dispatch unit  202 , ESP  208  also provides information to CCS  206 . Preferably, ESP  208  provides technician numbers, system numbers, and scheduling information to CCS  206 . 
     Once CCS  206  receives information from ESP  208 , CCS  206  constructs a table or database that includes technician numbers, system numbers, pager numbers, and pager types. The pager numbers and pager types that are carried by the technicians are stored in CCS  206 , and CCS  206  associates these pager numbers and pager types with the additional information sent to it by ESP  208 . The pager numbers are associated with pagers worn or carried by technicians. CCS  206  is in communication with both the dispatch unit  202  and a paging system  210 . 
     In order to maximize the efficient use of resources, namely, the technicians and their time, the system  200  can dynamically adjust technician deployment to accommodate real time changes in load or demand for services. Notification system  200  accomplishes this by rapidly notifying technicians of information that could affect their work schedule as soon as possible, and by diverting technicians away from inefficient situations to locations where their talents and skills will be more effectively utilized. These notices to technicians can occur in near real time and even during the critical period after the technician has been dispatched to a job site. 
     In order to accomplish this near real time adjustment in technician deployment, system  200  preferably uses a number of different components. The following example of, an adjustment demonstrates how system  200  can dynamically adjust technician deployment in near real time. 
     Initially, dispatch unit  202  is functioning in its normal routine. It receives problems or requests for service  201 , matches technicians based on the factors mentioned above, then transmits tasks and assignments to access unit  204  via access system  203 . As noted above, the dispatch unit  202  may assign tasks in any suitable manner. However, the preferred method of assignment considers several factors including commitment dates and time, severity of the outage, the revenue generated by the service order, and the availability of a close-by technician. Technicians are preferably assigned based upon geographic regions, which are areas bound by natural geographic barriers. Technicians who are geographically located closer to the task being the preferred dispatch technician. The technicians read the tasks and drive to those destinations to make the necessary repairs or changes in service. Occasionally, dispatch unit  202  will retrieve additional information from the ESP  208  and update its technician work schedules. 
     Dynamic adjustments occur when dispatch unit  202  is notified of a modification or change to a technician&#39;s schedule, or learns of a situation that could result in more efficient use of resources. Customers sometimes call their customer service representatives to notify them that they need to cancel, postpone or change a work request they had previously submitted. When this occurs, the customer service representative relays the information to dispatch unit  202 . 
     When the dispatch unit  202  receives the notification that a work request has been changed or modified, the dispatch unit  202  determines if an intervention by CCS  206  would be helpful. Any desired situation or condition that helps to prevent waste of technician resources or maximize technician utilization may be used by the dispatch unit  202  to determine if a CCS  206  intervention would be helpful. 
     Preferably, a condition where a technician has already been dispatched to a job site to an assigned task combined with a request for modification of that task is the condition used to determine a CCS  206  intervention. After dispatch unit  202  has determined that a CCS  206  intervention would be helpful, dispatch unit  202  communicates appropriate information to CCS  206  so that CCS  206  can provide real time adjustment information to the technician. Preferably, dispatch unit  202  communicates geographic information, that is, where in the service region the technician must go to respond to the request and where the technician is located or assigned; information associated with the technician, like the employee number and the technician&#39;s system number; and information related to the modification or change in schedule or task. 
     This information is used by CCS  206  to determine which technician should receive the information and what information that technician should receive. Once the identity of the technician and the adjustment information to be sent to the technician has been determined, CCS  206  communicates this information to a paging system  210 . Preferably, the information communicated to the paging system  210  includes the technician&#39;s pager number and an information code. CCS  206  can also preferably send a text message, if the technician&#39;s pager is capable of receiving text messages. 
     The paging system  210  receives the information from CCS  206  and sends a page to the technician&#39;s pager  212 . After the technician has been paged, the technician can review the information displayed on pager  212  and act accordingly. 
     Some of the preferred messages that are sent to technicians include codes that inform the technicians that a job has been canceled or modified. Another code that can be sent to the technician informs the technician that the next job will be at the same or nearby location. In essence, this code is a “remain where you are and standby for the next job” command. Obviously, if a customer wants to cancel a previously scheduled service order, the cancel code will be transmitted. Similarly, if a customer wants to change or modify a previously scheduled service order, the change or modify code will be transmitted to the technician. When the technician receives the change or modify code, the technician is preferably trained to retrieve the new job from the access system  204 . Finally, if the system  200  determines that it would be beneficial for the technician to remain at a certain location after a job has been completed, the remain code will be transmitted. In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the cancel code is 333, the modify or change code is 444 and the remain code is 555. 
     Any of the various components or sub-steps disclosed above can be used either alone, or with other existing components, or with components or features of the present invention. 
     It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the dynamic carrier selection system of the present invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. 
     The foregoing disclosure of embodiments of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not exhaustive or intended to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed herein. Many variations and modifications of the embodiments described herein will be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art in light of the above disclosure. The scope of the invention is to be defined only by the claims appended hereto, and by their equivalents.