Abstract:
A thin film product having a nanostructured surface, a laminate product including the thin film and a temporary substrate opposite the nanostructured surface, a laminate product including the thin film and a final substrate attached to the nanostructured surface and a method of producing the thin film products. The thin film is particularly useful in the electronics industry for the production of integrated circuits, printed circuit boards and EMF shielding. The nanostructured surface includes surface features that are mostly smaller than one micron, while the dense portion of the thin film is between 10-1000 nm. The thin film is produced by coating a temporary substrate (such as aluminum foil) with a coating material (such as copper) using any process. One such method is concentrated heat deposition or a combustion, chemical vapor deposition process. The resulting thin film provides a high level of adhesion to a final substrate, by embedding the nanostructures with the material of the final substrate (such as an epoxy resin). The surface of the thin film adjacent the temporary substrate substantially conforms to the substrate surface and has a relatively low peel strength. In this manner, the temporary substrate is easily removed from the thin film after attaching the opposite nanostructured side of the thin film to the final substrate with a resulting, higher peel strength.

Description:
The present invention involves a nanostructure, coating surface for improved adhesion to materials. More specifically, the invention is a laminate product produced by applying a coating having a roughened surface onto a substrate, and the method of producing this product. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In the thin film industry, it is often desirable to have a thin film attached or coated onto a thicker, substrate of the same or different material. To increase adhesion to the substrate, the surface of the thin film contacting the substrate may be roughened by etching or other processes. These processes are difficult to control and can reduce the integrity of the thin film itself, unless the film is relatively thick. In addition, the etching processes involved use environmentally unsafe, waste materials that must be cleaned, recycled and/or disposed of. One such application of thin films involves producing a copper thin film by deposition copper onto a first temporary substrate, and then transferring the thin film onto a final substrate for the production of integrated circuits, printed circuit boards and other electronic applications. In order to apply the thin film to the final product, the thin film must be capable of being easily peeled away from the temporary substrate, and at the same time must adhere to the temporary substrate well enough to remain in place during handling. The temporary substrate (often aluminum or copper) is then peeled off of the copper thin film, leaving the thin film of copper on the final substrate. While there are prior art methods of forming these thin films on temporary substrates, some of these methods require a vacuum environment, which prohibits the use of some materials and makes cooling of the substrate difficult. The present invention overcomes these disadvantages and others by using combustion chemical vapor deposition CCVD or concentrated heat deposition CHD to directly coat the thin film onto the temporary substrate. This results in a thin film that is firmly supported by a substrate for handling purposes, yet easily peeled from this substrate for use. In addition, the product produced using the disclosed methods produces a roughened exposed surface having nanostructure features that interact with the final substrate, thereby producing a stronger adhesion between the thin film and the final permanent substrate and product, while providing a desired thin continuous layer. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 3,969,199, issued on Jul. 13, 1976 to Berdan et al., discloses a method of coating aluminum with a strippable copper deposit. This method involves pre-treating the aluminum carrier with an alkaline, aqueous, alkali metal zincate solution containing a minor amount of water-soluble salt. The salt is selected from iron, cobalt and nickel. This temporary coating is then removed using acid. By pre-treating the aluminum carrier in this manner, the initial copper electroplated to the aluminum consists of a very high density of small copper nuclei. This results in peel strengths not greater than 2 lbs. per inch width. While the pretreating methods disclosed in this patent may be useful with the present invention, there is no discussion concerning the roughening of the exposed copper surface. 
     Metal-clad laminates are the subject of U.S. Pat. No. 3,984,598, issued on Oct. 5, 1976 to Sarazin et al. These laminates comprise a metal coating about 1 to 20 microns thick that is deposited on a substrate, after treating the substrate with a release agent. One example given is coating stainless steel with a copper coating after treating the stainless steel with a silane release agent. The upper side of the copper is treated by passing a high currant density and oxidizing the surface using heat. The oxidized surface is treated with a silane bonding agent and is then bonded to a glass epoxy resin laminate. The stainless steel is then removed. While a high degree of adhesion between the copper coating and the glass epoxy resin laminate is achieved using this method, a number of steps are involved, resulting in a costly process. In contradistinction, the present invention roughens the exposed copper (or other material) surface during the coating operation, thus reducing costs as well as the effect on the environment. Furthermore, the larger features associated with the oxidized surface of the copper reduces the overall conductivity per unit weight of the copper, as opposed to the product of the present invention that simply roughens a pure copper surface with smaller features, enabling thinner films, thereby requiring less copper and thus faster etching times 
     In U.S. Pat. No. 4,357,395, issued on Nov. 2, 1982., U.S. Pat. No. 4,383,003, issued on May 10, 1983 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,431,710, issued on Feb. 14, 1984, all to Lifshin et al., a number of transfer lamination methods and products are disclosed. The most pertinent of these methods and products is illustrated in FIG. 6 of the &#39;395 Patent. An aluminum carrier sheet is first treated with a release agent (such as silicone dioxide, silicon oxide or soda-lime window glass). A copper coating is then applied by sputtering or other coating technique resulting in a thin film (up to 25 microns) copper layer having a relatively small grain size. The exposed surface of the copper coating is then treated electrolytically or by other methods to alter the morphology of the copper surface. This increases the mechanical interlocking of the copper when bonded to another surface. One such method involves treating the copper surface in a baths of progressively weaker concentrations of copper sulfate. The details (grain or relief sizes) of the roughened copper surface are not disclosed, however, peel strengths on the order of 8 pounds per inch are achieved. As with other known methods, the methods discussed in these patents involve many steps to produce the final product. In addition, while the final product does include a roughened copper surface, the features of the surface are non-uniform and larger when compared to the nanostructure surface of the present invention. This can result in areas having greater adhesion than other areas, as well as areas with varying current carrying capabilities. By providing a surface with nanostructure features, the present invention provides uniform adhesion across the entire surface using a minimum of additional copper or other coating material. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,057,372, issued on Oct. 15, 1991 to Imfeld et al., is directed to a multi-layer film and laminate for use in producing printed circuit boards. The multi-layer film acts as a protective carrier sheet for a metal foil such as copper. An adhesive layer is provided on the surface of the carrier sheet. The adhesive layer is heated or softened to create a releasable bond between the copper foil and the carrier sheet. After the film/foil laminate is placed in a heated press for lamination or molding to the prepreg, the carrier sheet is easily removed. Peel test between the film and foil are between 0.4 pounds/in-width and 0.005 pounds/in-width and preferably between 0.1 pounds/in-width and 0.01 pounds/in-width. This patent is directed mainly to the interface between the film and the foil, and therefore, details concerning the exposed copper surface, or the copper foil production method used, are not disclosed. 
     An easily peelable or chemically strippable laminate is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,332,975, issued on Jun. 21, 1994 to Nagy et al. The laminate includes an aluminum layer with an aluminum oxide layer. A thin layer of copper foil is then electroplated on the aluminum oxide, and a thin layer of brass is electroplated on the copper. This results in a copper deposit, which exhibits a low porosity, while the brass layer provides a thermal barrier between the polymeric substrate and the copper foil. The aluminum oxide layer acts as a release agent for the aluminum carrier. The peel strength between the copper and aluminum layers is dependent on the thickness of the aluminum oxide layer and preferably ranges between 0.1 and 0.5 lb./in. While the brass layer is cited as minimizing peel strength degradation between the copper layer and the polymeric substrate, there is no discussion of surface roughening of the copper surface. 
     None of the above references and patents, taken either singly or in combination, is seen to describes the instant invention as claimed. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to a thin film conductive product having enhanced adhesive properties, as well as a laminate product with this thin film product embedded therein or thereon. As described above, one use of these thin films is in the circuit board industry wherein the product is a thin film of conductive material such as copper that is first deposited onto a temporary substrate of aluminum (or alternatively, copper). In a further embodiment, the product of the present invention is the thin film is overlain with prepreg or other dielectric circuit board material, with the temporary substrate removed. This dielectric material can have the thin film conductor on one side or both sides for use by circuit board or other manufacturers. In yet a further embodiment, the product of the present invention is a laminate product that includes the thin film attached to dielectric circuit board material with an additional conductive material coated on the thin film. Etching or any known, circuit making method can then be used to create discrete conductor lines or areas to produce a final product as described below. It should be As noted that the present invention is useful with a large number of different materials and applications. The examples described below involve coating a thin film of copper onto a temporary aluminum substrate, as is often used in circuit board production, however, these are simply examples and are not intended to be limiting. The basic objective is to produce a high level of adhesion (greater than 4 lbs./in-width and preferably greater than 6 lbs./in-width) between the conductor and the dielectric insulator (normally epoxy based), while producing a relatively low peel strength (less than 2 lbs./in-width) between the copper foil and the temporary aluminum substrate. Of course, the peel strength between the thin film conductor and aluminum should be high enough (greater than 0.05 lbs./in-width), such that the two do not separate during handling. 
     To achieve the above objectives, the examples of the present invention use a concentrated heat deposition CHD technique that produces a copper thin film with very low porosity and smooth surface adjacent the aluminum substrate. At the same time, this technique produces an inherent roughening and high porosity of the exposed surface of the copper. This roughened surface is not the typical surface produced in prior art methods such as oxidation or etching, which result in substantially thicker and thinner areas of the foil with numerous features greater than one micron across. In contradistinction, the deposition method used to produce the thin film of the instant invention results in a surface containing a somewhat uniform distribution of mostly nanostructures. The term “nanostructures” is intended to refer to surface features with diameters or heights in the sub-micron range. These nanostructures produce a uniform adhesion, while reducing the amount of material used to assist in the adhesion between the foil and the final substrate. In addition, once removed from the temporary substrate, the resulting thin film has a very smooth upper surface that closely conforms to the surface of the temporary substrate on which it was deposited. When chemically roughening the surface, a thicker copper film is needed to help minimize pinholes being formed by over-treatment. With the present invention, continuous base coatings as thin as 10-1000 nm can be grown with surface structures several times larger attached thereto. Chemical processing yields surface structures nearly the same or less in height then the dense layer base. 
     Many other deposition techniques may be used to produce the thin film of the present invention, depending on the materials involved. One such technique is combustion chemical vapor deposition CCVD, as described in applicant&#39;s own U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,652,021, 5,858,465 and 5,863,604, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Some materials (copper in particular), however, are more difficult to deposit using CCVD, as a low oxygen environment is required. For the deposition of these materials, a non-combustion energy source can be provided. These heat sources can be hot gasses, heated tubes, radiant energy, microwave and energized photons (such as infrared or laser) to name a few. Further details of a suitable deposition technique are disclosed in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/067,975 entitled “APPARATUS AND PROCESS FOR CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION”, and hereby incorporated by reference. The examples provided below in the detailed description section were produced using hot gasses as the energy source. A precursor solution containing copper is atomized, by passing the solution through a small diameter tube. This atomization technique is more fully described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/691,853, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,997,956, entitled “CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION AND POWDER FORMATION USING THERMAL SPRAY WITH NEAR SUPERCRITICAL AND SUPERCRITICAL FLUID SOLUTIONS” and hereby incorporated by reference. A second tube surrounds the small tube and hot gasses are fed into the larger tube to provide the energy required for the atomization. The larger tube truncates in an extended collar that conforms to and is essentially parallel with the substrate to be coated. As the hot gasses exit the large tube they are traveling at a high rate of speed (50-100 feet/minute and greater). The collar routes the hot gasses in a radial direction thereby forming a barrier zone that prevents contamination (such as oxidation) by blocking atmospheric gasses from entering the deposition zone. 
     Accordingly, it is a first object of the invention to produce a thin film having a structured surface for increased adhesion to a substrate. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide a laminate including a thin film on a temporary substrate wherein the thin film has an exposed, structured surface providing greater adhesion to a final substrate than the adhesion between the thin film and the temporary substrate. 
     It is still another object of the invention to produce a thin film on a substrate in an open atmosphere environment, without degradation of the thin film by atmospheric gasses. 
     It is yet a further object of the invention to produce a thin film having a dense thickness less than 200 nm that also exhibits a high degree of adhesion to a final substrate. 
     It is still another object of the invention to provide a copper thin film on an aluminum or copper substrate for protection during handling, wherein the thin film can be easily transferred to an insulating substrate for use in producing printed circuit boards, integrated circuits and other electronic products. 
     These and other objects of the present invention will become readily apparent upon further review of the following specification and drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of a top portion of a substrate having a thin film with a nanostructured surface deposited thereon, in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional diagrammatic view of a laminate product of the present invention including a thin film deposited on a final substrate. 
     FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic view of one type of apparatus that can be used to produce the laminate product of FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 4 is a photomicrograph of a cross section of a sample of copper thin film peeled off of an aluminum substrate which it was originally deposited on, showing the smooth bottom surface of the thin film. 
     FIG. 5 is a photomicrograph of another sample of copper thin film deposited on an aluminum substrate, and partially peeled off of the substrate. 
     FIG. 6 is a photomicrograph of a cross section of the sample of copper thin film peeled from the aluminum substrate shown in FIG.  5 . 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The present invention may be understood more readily by reference to the following 
     It is to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. It must be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. 
     The publications, patents and patent applications referenced in this application are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties into this application, in order to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains. 
     In FIG. 1, a cross-sectional diagrammatic view of the laminate product  10  of the present invention is illustrated. A temporary substrate  11  has a thin film coating  12  deposited thereon. While the thickness of the substrate  11  can vary over a wide range depending on the material used, to allow flexibility the thickness is usually between 0.5-5 mil. By providing a flexible product, handling is considerably easier, as the product can be rolled up for transport. As with the substrate, the thickness of the thin film  12  can also be produced in a range of thicknesses, although typical values are between 10 nm and one micron for the dense portion. More preferably, the dense base has a thickness less than 500 nm, specifically between 20 to 400 nm, while the thin film has a thickness between 200 nm and several microns. As the main thrust of the present invention involves details of the exposed surface  13  of the thin film  12 , the actual materials that make up the substrate  11  and the thin film  12 , can be chosen depending on the application. The thin film material should enable plating, and preferably electroplating, in which case it should be conductive. As previously discussed, the laminate is particularly suited for use in the circuit board industry, and therefore likely materials include copper for the thin film  12 , and aluminum, nickel or copper an organic material for the substrate  11 . Other materials suitable for deposition by the disclosed process include metals such as nickel, zinc, tin, tungsten, platinum, gold, silver and alloys thereof, as well as conductive oxides such as ITO, LSC and BiRuO 3 . The thin film  12  is deposited on the substrate  11  such that the peel strength between the two is between 0.05 and 2.0 lbs./in-width and preferably between 0.1 and 1.5 lbs./in-width. In order to facilitate this peelability, an intermediate layer may be provided at the interface  14 . This intermediate layer may be an oxide (such as aluminum oxide when substrate  11  is aluminum) or a silica or other oxide deposition may be made prior to the thin film deposition. Many known methods of creating this peelable interface may be used, or alternatively, the thin film may be directly deposited. Whichever method is used, the critical issue is that the peel strength between the thin film  12  and the substrate  11  must be less than the peel strength between the thin film and the final substrate (attached to exposed surface  13 ). This is described in greater detail below. 
     As can be also be seen in FIG. 1, surface  13  includes a plurality of nanostructures  20  having a height  21  above the continuous surface  13  of between 50 nm and 5 microns the structured surface  13  being away from the carrier substrate  11 . In the preferred embodiment, most of these nanostructures  20  have a diameter of less than one micron. In an embodiment a significant amount of the surface structure heights  21  are greater than the thickness of the continuous base layer, and preferably more than twice the base thickness. The size of these nanostructures is very significant as they provide a roughened surface on extremely thin films that has not been known prior to the inception of the present invention. While the thickness of thin film  12  is shown schematically as similar to the nanostructures  20 , this is oftentimes not the case. In fact, in some cases the continuous portion of the thin film  12  may only be 200 nm thick, while the nanostructures  20  may rise 1000 nm (or one micron) above the exposed surface  13  of thin film  12 . Such conditions are shown in the examples below. When the thin film  12  is to be transferred to another substrate (such as prepreg or fiberboard in the production of circuit boards), the material of the final substrate fills the spaces around the nanostructures  20 . This results in a stronger bond between the thin film  12  and the final substrate (not shown) then exists between the thin film  12  and the temporary substrate  11 . The stronger bond created by the nanostructures  20  allows the temporary substrate  11  (and any intermediate layer at the interface  14 ) to be peeled off of the thin film  12 , leaving an exposed smooth thin film surface firmly bonded to one side of the final substrate. 
     FIG. 2 illustrates a laminate product of the present invention that includes the thin film  12  of FIG. 1, after having been removed from the temporary substrate  11 . The thin film  12  has been attached to a final insulating substrate  22  (usually an epoxy resin). This intermediate product could be processed in a separate facility and delivered to others. The attachment is enhanced by embedding the nanostructures on surface  13 , thus the insulated material  22  has the structured surface  13  of the conductive material integrated on a surface, as previously described. An additional conductive material  23  (such as another layer of copper) has been coated on thin film  12  using electroplating or other suitable techniques, and may be pattern plated up, only in desired areas or lines, thus forming distinct conductive traces in the conductive material layer. By adding additional conductive material to the dense base layer, the original thickness of less than 500 nm can be increased to the desired thickness. The undesired portions of the conductive layers  12  and  23  have been removed using a rapid etching technique to remove unplated thin conductor. The etching leaves a much rougher surface  24 , having features larger than one micron. Surface  26  is the reverse of the nanostructure surface that is formed be embedding the nanostructures with the insulating layer  22  and then removing that portion of the thin film  12  using the etchant. A second insulating layer  25  is then placed over the top of this assembly to complete the encapsulation, as is known in electronic fabrication technology. Surface  26  may provide additional strength between the insulating layers  22  and  25  where they are in contact, in the same manner as the nanostructures on thin film  12 . These laminates can be stacked to create a product with nanostructured surface conductor line circuits made of several, electrically interconnected layers  27 , as is well known in the art. 
     FIG. 3 depicts one type of apparatus  30  that can be used to coat a substrate  11  with the thin film and nanostructures of the present invention. The precursor solution containing the constituents is fed (using a suitable pump as is known in the art), into a supply tube  37 . The opposite end of supply tube  37  is attached to a small diameter tube or needle  34 . Tube  34  is mounted within a ceramic sleeve  36  that provides strength and support to the small diameter tube  34 . A larger diameter tube  32  surrounds the small diameter tube  34  and the ceramic sleeve  36 . Hot gasses (as high as 500° C.) are fed into tube  32 , thereby heating the sleeve  36 , tube  34  and the portion of the substrate  11  in deposition zone  33 . As the precursor solution exits the distal end  35  of tube  34 , it experiences a sudden drop in pressure and atomizes. As previously stated, some features of this atomization process are also described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/691,853. The atomized precursor then contacts the substrate  11  in the deposition zone  33  and forms the coating of the present invention. The apparatus  30  is moved over the surface of the substrate until the entire area to be coated has been covered. This can be done in several different patterns. In addition, depending on the desired thickness of the coating, several passes may be made. A cooling jet of gas or liquid (not shown) can be directed to the rear surface of the substrate  11  to provide cooling of the substrate  11  when necessary. This cooling jet is moved over the surface at a point directly opposite apparatus  30 , or alternatively it may proceed or follow the position of apparatus  30  for optimal effect. 
     When it is desired to form coatings of certain materials (copper being the most prevalent), the presence of oxygen in the deposition zone  33  causes oxidation and degradation of the thin film. To avoid this condition, a collar  31  is attached to the end of the tube  32  that is close to substrate  11 . Collar  31  closely conforms to and is parallel to substrate  11 . While substrate  11  is shown as planar, it could just be curved, grooved, etc., and collar  31  would be constructed to conform to the surface of substrate  11 . The hot gasses exiting tube  32  must escape between the substrate  11  and the collar  31  and therefore travel in a radial direction (as shown by arrows  38 ) upon leaving deposition zone  33 . The flowing hot gases thereby form a barrier zone that prevents the entry of oxygen and other detrimental gasses into the deposition zone  33  from the surrounding atmosphere. The hot gasses used in the following examples include a mixture of hydrogen (as a reducing gas) and nitrogen, although other gasses such as argon can be used depending on the materials of the substrate and thin film. Near the bottom of collar  31 , three ports  39  are provided to supply purging gases from supply line  40 . Materials that can benefit from this oxygen free, deposition environment include, but are not limited to nitrides, carbides and borides. Other elements susceptible to oxidation include aluminum, silicon, titanium, tin and zinc. 
     In addition to the deposition process and apparatus described above, other types of processes and apparatus may be used depending on the optimal conditions for certain materials. For example, while combustion chemical vapor deposition CCVD may not be appropriate for deposition of titanium (as the flame provides an oxygen source), it may be useful when depositing other materials such as platinum, gold and silver. Furthermore, to avoid the presence of oxygen when necessary heat sources other than combustion can be employed such as: electrical resistance heating; induction heating; microwave heating; RF heating; hot surface heating; laser heating; infrared heating and others. The above referenced U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/067,975 provides greater detail concerning the different materials and the appropriate deposition techniques therefor. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     A first sample was made of copper thin film deposited on a 6″×6″ aluminum foil (1-3 mil) substrate using the apparatus of FIG.  3 . The precursor solution used contained 0.90 g of Cu (2EH) 2  dissolved in 100 mL of reagent alcohol. The solution was fed into tube  34  at a rate of 2.0 ml/min. A mixture of heated hydrogen (as a reducing gas) and nitrogen gasses was fed into tube  32  at flow rates of at 1.5 liters/min. and 94 liters/min., respectively. Additional nitrogen purging gasses were supplied to ports  39  at a flow rate of 117 liters/min. The temperature as measured at the end  35  of tube  34  was recorded at 500° C. Cooling air was directed at the back of the substrate  11  at a rate of 25 liters/min. The motion program controlling the movement of the apparatus  30  across the front of the substrate (as well as the motion of the cooling air across the back of the substrate), involved scanning across the X dimension of the substrate, and then offsetting by {fraction (1/16)}″ in the Y dimension. This was continued from the bottom of the substrate to the top and then back to the bottom, for a total of 8 passes. The process took a total of 120 minutes with an average scan rate of 38.4″/min. The resulting coating included nanostructures ranging in height from approximately 200 nm to almost two microns. Electrical resistance of the copper thin film was measured at 1.6 Ω/square. Conductivity as low as one MΩ/square was shown to enable electroplating, but less than 100 Ω/square is preferred. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     FIG. 4 is a microphotograph of a second sample of copper thin film deposited on a 6″×6″ aluminum foil (1-3 mil) substrate using the apparatus of FIG.  3 . The precursor solution used contained 0.90 g of Cu (2EH) 2  dissolved in 100 mL of reagent alcohol. The solution was fed into tube  34  at a rate of 2.0 ml/min. A mixture of heated hydrogen (as a reducing gas) and nitrogen gasses was fed into tube  32  at flow rates of 1.5 liters/min and 94 liters/min, respectively. Additional nitrogen purging gasses were supplied to ports  39  at a flow rate of 117 liters/min. The temperature as measured at the end  35  of tube  34  was recorded at 500° C. Cooling air was directed at the back of the substrate  11  at a rate of 25 liters/min. The motion program controlling the movement of the apparatus  30  across the front of the substrate (as well as the motion of the cooling air across the back of the substrate), involved scanning across the X dimension of the substrate, and then offsetting by {fraction (1/16)}″ in the Y dimension. This was continued from the bottom of the substrate to the top and then back to the bottom, for a total of 8 passes. The process took a total of 90 minutes with an average scan rate of 51.2″/min. As can be seen in FIG. 4, the resulting coating included nanostructures ranging in height from approximately 200 nm to about one micron. Electrical resistance of the copper thin film was measured at approximately 15 Ω/square. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     FIGS. 5 and 6 are microphotographs of a third sample of copper thin film deposited on a 3″×3″ aluminum foil (1-3 mil) substrate using the apparatus of FIG.  3 . The precursor solution used contained 0.45 g of Cu (2EH) 2  dissolved in 100 mL of reagent alcohol. The solution was fed into tube  34  at a rate of 2.0 ml/min. A mixture of heated hydrogen (as a reducing gas) and nitrogen gasses was fed into tube  32  at flow rates of 1.5 liters/min and 44.3 liters/min, respectively. Additional nitrogen purging gasses were supplied to ports  39  at a flow rate of 44.3 liters/min. The temperature as measure at the end  35  of tube  34  was recorded at 500° C. Cooling air was directed at the back of the substrate  11  at a rate of 35 liters/min. The motion program controlling the movement of the apparatus  30  across the front of the substrate (as well as the motion of the cooling air across the back of the substrate), involved scanning back and forth across the X dimension of the substrate, and then offsetting by {fraction (1/16)}″ in the Y dimension. This was continued from the bottom of the substrate to the top, for a single pass (two passes for each Y position). The process was repeated at twice the scan rate as a reducing pass. The process took a total of 31 minutes with an average scan rate of 4.65″/min. on the first pass and an average scan rate of 9.29″/min. on the reducing pass. In FIG. 6 it is apparent that the resulting coating had a continuous thickness of approximately 200 nm and included nanostructures not exceeding a height of about one micron. In FIG. 5 it can be seen that the copper thin film closely mimicked the surface of the aluminum foil. 
     The above examples are indicative that thin films having nanostructures less than one micron in height can be produced using the methods disclosed herein. In combination with the detailed description, the examples are intended to enable those skilled in the art to make the nanostructure coatings and use the methods disclosed herein. The invention is not intended to be limited by the above description, other than as set forth in the following claims.