Abstract:
Methods, systems and devices are described for new modes of ventilation in which specific lung areas are ventilated with an indwelling trans-tracheobronchial catheter for the purpose of improving ventilation and reducing hyperinflation in that specific lung area, and for redirecting inspired air to other healthier lung areas. Trans-tracheobronchial Segmental Ventilation (TTSV) is performed on either a naturally breathing or a mechanical ventilated, patient by placing a uniquely configured indwelling catheter into a bronchus of a poorly ventilated specific lung area and providing direct ventilation to that area. Typically the catheter&#39;s distal tip is anchored without occluding the bronchus. TTSV is optionally performed by insufflation only of the area, or by the application of vacuum to the area, can include elevating or reducing the pressure in the targeted area to facilitate stagnant gas removal, or can include blocking the area to divert inspired gas to better functioning areas.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/493,677, filed Jun. 29, 2009, which is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/870,849, filed Jun. 17, 2004, which claims priority to Provisional Patent Application No. 60/479,213, filed Jun. 18, 2003, all of which are incorporated herein in their entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to the field of respiratory therapy and specifically to the field of lung ventilation to treat a variety of pulmonary diseases. 
         [0003]    Lung diseases are the number one category of diseases and a leading cause of death worldwide. Some lung diseases, such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and cystic fibrosis (CF) usually require some form of ventilation assistance or delivery of therapeutic agents in order to clinically improve the patient. 
         [0004]    COPD in particular effects tens of millions of people and is one of the top five leading causes of death. COPD is a spectrum of problems, including bronchitis and emphysema, and involves airway obstruction, lung elasticity loss and trapping of stagnant CO 2 -rich air in the lung. Emphysema, the worst form of COPD, occurs when there is a breakdown in the elasticity in the lung changing clusters of individual alveoli into large air pockets, thereby significantly reducing the surface area for gas transfer. In some cases air leaks out of the compromised walls of the minute airways to the periphery of the lung causing the membranous lining to separate and forming large air vesicles called bullae. Also due to elasticity loss, small conducting airways leading to the alveoli become flaccid and have a tendency to collapse during exhalation, trapping large volumes of air in the now enlarged air pockets, thus reducing bulk air flow exchange and causing CO 2  retention in the trapped air. Mechanically, because of the large amount of trapped air at the end of exhalation, known as elevated residual volume, the intercostal and diaphragmatic inspiratory muscles are forced into a pre-loaded condition, reducing their leverage at the onset of an inspiratory effort thus increasing work-of-breathing and dyspnea. Also, areas with more advanced emphysema and more trapped air tend to comprise the majority of the chest cavity volume and tend to fill preferentially during inspiration due to their low elasticity, thus causing the healthier portions to be disproportionately compressed rather than inflating normally during inspiration and receiving their share of inspired air. In emphysema therefore more effort is expended to inspire less air and the air that is inspired contributes less to gas exchange. 
         [0005]    ARDS is a respiratory insufficiency caused by a variety of underlying problems such as lung injury, infection, edema, or atelectasis. SARS is a sudden respiratory insufficiency and appears to be caused by a viral infection. CF is a genetic condition in which airways secrete copious amounts of mucus and are inflamed. 
         [0006]    Conventionally prescribed therapies for COPD and ARDS and sometimes SARS and CF include pharmacological agents (beta-agonists, aerosolized bronchodilators, anti-inflammatories and mucolytics), supplemental long term oxygen therapy (LTOT) delivered nasally or via tracheotomy, BiLevel Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (BiPAP), which lowers work of inspiration by providing a steady stream of pressure, Tracheal Oxygen Gas Insufflation (TGI), described by Christopher,  JAMA  1986; 256: 494-7, which reduces CO 2  content in the upper airways thus allowing higher O 2  concentrations to reach the distal airways, respiratory muscle rehabilitation, pulmonary hygiene, such as lavage and percussion therapy, lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) and lung transplantation (LX). These therapies all have certain disadvantages and limitations with regard to effectiveness, targeting accuracy, risk or availability. Usually, after progressive decline in lung function despite attempts at therapy, patients become physically incapacitated or sometimes require more invasive mechanical ventilation to survive in which case weaning from ventilator dependency is often times difficult. Conventional invasive ventilation modes include Continuous Mechanical Ventilation (CMV), Synchronized Intermittent Mechanical Ventilation (SIMV), Positive End Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) therapy, and high frequency jet ventilation (HFJV). 
         [0007]    Some newer ventilatory methods have been studied in the attempt to improve treatment of COPD and ARDS. One such method described by Fink,  J. Resp Care Pract Apr  1999; 71 is ventilation of a lung with gases of low molecular weights and low viscosity, such as helium-oxygen mixtures or nitric oxide, in order to decrease gas flow resistance and lower surface tension in distal airways and alveolar surfaces, thus increasing oxygen transfer across the alveolar surface into the blood. Another new method includes liquid perfluorocarbon ventilation which can displace mucus in distal airways while still conducting oxygen thus improving gas flow. Another method never successfully commercialized is Negative End Expiratory Pressure (NEEP), which helps remove CO2-rich gas during the exhalation cycle. These invasive methods typically ventilate COPD and ARDS patients more effectively then conventional invasive ventilation modes and may improve weaning, but they are significantly limited in efficacy because they can not easily be provided as chronic treatments and are not target specific. Rather they are inherently designed to treat the whole lung from the upper airway and hence do not address the significant problem of hyperinflation and areas of trapped stagnant gas, nor the problem of maldistribution of inspiratory gas volume. 
         [0008]    Some additional devices and techniques have been invented with the aim of improving efficacy. U.S. Pat. No. 6,575,944 describes a catheter that is used for medication delivery through an endotracheal tube. That invention is good for pharmacological therapy on a mechanically ventilated patient, however the invention does not address the significant ventilation needs of the diseased lungs such as trapped gas and hyperinflated lungs. 
         [0009]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,520,183 describes a catheter used to block on lung and delivery anesthesia to the other lung. That invention and other like it can only be used for one lung ventilation, almost always for surgery. That invention can be used in the unintended use of shunting ventilation to one lung, if the other lung is too diseased, however this usage would have significant limitations in that lobar or segmental sections of lung could not be individually blocked; hence this therapy would not be selective at all. 
         [0010]    U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,227,200; 5,791,337; 5,598,840; 5,513,628; 5,460,613; 5,134,996; and 4,850,350 all describe catheters used for intermittently accessing and suctioning the trachea and main stem bronchi during through a tracheal tube during mechanical ventilation. That invention does not address the severe ventilation problems of the diseased lung, such as trapped air, hyperinflation, and poor airflow and perfusion distribution. 
         [0011]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,904,648 describes a catheter for blocking airflow to one lung in order to ventilate and deliver anesthesia to the other side while the blocked side is being operated on. Again, that invention does not address improving ventilation and gas exchange. 
         [0012]    U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,255,675 and 5,186,167 describe a catheter placed in the trachea through which the trachea is insufflated with oxygen. In clinical practice that invention and others like it have been proven to reduce the amount of CO2 in the lung and thus improve ventilation, however because the therapy described in this invention can inherently only be applied to the upper airways, it does nothing to improve the significant hyperinflation, air trapping and airflow and perfusion maldistribution of diseased lungs, and thus the therapy is severely limited. Indeed this therapy has not been well received clinically because the amount of benefit does not justify the added attention required. 
         [0013]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,193,533 describes an invention similar to U.S. Pat. No. 5,255,675 in which high frequency ventilation is administered to the trachea to improve oxygenation. That invention has been proven clinically useful during short term medical procedures because the lung can be effectively mechanically ventilated at lower pressures but it is not useful as a subacute or chronic therapy as it does not reduce the air trapping, hyperinflation, or airflow and blood perfusion maldistribution. 
         [0014]    U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,967,743; 4,838,255 and 4,825,859 describe a catheter for suctioning and lavaging the airways. That invention is limited to managing the airway integrity and pulmonary hygiene and is not suited for directly improving the underlying causes of air trapping, hyperventilation, and air flow maldistribution in the lung. 
         [0015]    U.S Patent Application 20020179090 describes an aspiration catheter for removing phlegm from a lung. This invention is only useful in airway management and is not suited for directly improving the underlying causes of air trapping, hyperventilation, and air flow maldistribution in the lung. 
         [0016]    U.S Patent Application 20010035185 describes a nasal-pharyngeal catheter for delivering breathing gases to the pharynx to supplement regular ventilation or breathing. That invention is incrementally more effective than LTOT in that the gases are delivered more effectively but unfortunately the technique can not directly improve the underlying causes of air trapping, hyperventilation, and air flow maldistribution in the lung 
         [0017]    It must be emphasized that an effective ventilation treatment should ideally target specific areas of the lung that are most diseased yet all the methods described in the prior art employ ventilation on the entire lung as a whole, rather than on targeted lung areas that are more diseased. Therefore, all known ventilation modes allow trapped CO2 to persist in the worst effected areas of the lung and allow these areas to remain hyperinflated with the CO2-rich air, thus taking up valuable space in the chest cavity and compressing other potentially contributory lung areas. Other inventions or conventional therapies are either to traumatic, too transient, not site-specific, too experimental or not effective. The present invention disclosed herein addresses these shortcomings as will become apparent in the later descriptions. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0018]    The present invention disclosed herein takes into consideration the problems and challenges not solved by the aforementioned prior art methods. In summary, this invention accomplishes (1) effective and direct cannulation of the lung area requiring treatment for a targeted site-specific treatment, (2) provides the option of sub-chronic or chronic treatment without the vigilance of a clinician, either in the hospital setting or in the home-care setting, and can be titrated accordingly, (3) is atraumatic, (4) improves hyperinflation and stagnant gas trapping in the distal spaces, (5) improves the maldistribution of airflow and blood perfusion, and (5) is cost effective. 
         [0019]    The present invention provides a method for directly ventilating an area in a lung to improve the gas exchange in that area, typically for the treatment of COPD, although other respiratory diseases, such as ARDS, SARS, CF and TB may also benefit from this approach. The method, Trans-Tracheobronchial Segmental Ventilation (TTSV), is performed by (a) catheterizing the lung area with an indwelling catheter that can be left in place for extended periods without the vigilance of a clinician, and (b) ventilating the lung area via the catheter by delivering a ventilation gas and/or therapeutic substance such as a gas, liquid, solid or plasma, during an insufflation phase and removing waste and mixed gases from the area during an exhaust phase. The scientific principles employed to accomplish TTSV are fluid dynamics, the physical laws of mass transfer, i.e., gas and tissue diffusivity, gas concentration gradients and pressure gradients, as well as the physical laws of collapsible tubes and hemoglobin biochemistry laws. 
         [0020]    In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the feeding bronchus of the targeted lung area is catheterized with an indwelling catheter anchored in the bronchus such that it can remain in place for extended periods without being attended by a person. The catheter enters the bronchial tree from the upper airway, either through an artificial airway such as a tracheal tube or through a natural airway such as the nasal passage or through a percutaneous incision such as a cricothyrotomy and is advanced to the targeted LUNG AREA through the bronchial tree with endoscopic or fluoroscopic guidance, where the tip is anchored in the airway. For ventilation and hygiene considerations, the catheter entry point into the body typically includes a self-sealing and tensioning connector that controls fluid from escaping from around the catheter shaft, but which permits the catheter to slide axially to compensate for patient movement or for elective catheter repositioning. The tensioning connector also serves to prevent inadvertent dislodging of the catheter&#39;s distal end anchor from the bronchus. In accordance with this embodiment the catheter includes at least one lumen through which the ventilation or therapeutic gas is delivered or insufflated directly into the targeted lung area and through which CO2-rich mixed gas is removed or exhausted from the targeted area. Gas removal from the area is typically enhanced by applying vacuum, as opposed to passive exhaust, however a low vacuum level is applied to avoid the collapse of airways and trapping gas behind the then collapsed airways. Optionally the segmental ventilation gas delivery/removal cycle is synchronized with the breathing pattern of the complete lung either during natural breathing or during mechanical ventilation but can also be asynchronous. The primary segmental ventilation parameters, flow, pressure and frequency, are regulated so as to create the desired volume delivery to the targeted area, or alternatively the desired pressure delivery to and in the targeted area, or still alternatively the desired gas composition in the targeted area or perfusion network thereof. The segmental ventilation parameters are measured to facilitate such regulation and to maintain safe conditions such as to prevent barotrauma. 
         [0021]    Still in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the fluid delivered to the targeted area may include standard breathing gases such as filtered air-oxygen mixtures, or may include therapeutic gases, such as helium, helium-oxygen mixtures, nitric oxide, other low molecular weight gases and gases enriched with particalized medicants, or may include liquids such as perfluorocarbons. Hereafter, the various fluids potentially used in TTSV will be referred to as simply ‘ventilation gas’. 
         [0022]    Still in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the proximal end of the catheter is kept external to the patient and is connected to a segmental ventilation gas control unit. The gas control unit comprises a supply of ventilation gas, or alternately an input connection means to a supply thereof, and comprises the requisite valves, pumps, regulators, conduits, sensors and control electronics to control the desired pressure and/or flow delivery of the gas and to control the desired pressure in the lung area. The gas control unit may comprise a replaceable or refillable modular cartridge of compressed or concentrated ventilation gas and/or may comprise a pump system that receives ventilation gas from a reservoir and ejects the ventilation gas into the catheter at the desired parameters. The gas control unit further comprises fail-safe over-pressure relief mechanisms to protect against inadvertent lung barotrauma. The gas control unit also typically comprises a negative pressure generating source and control system also connectable to a lumen in the catheter for the previously described gas removal phase, i.e., exhaust phase, of the gas control unit ventilation cycle. The gas control unit may be configured to be remove-ably or permanently attached internally or externally to a standard lung ventilator, in the case of performing gas control unit on a mechanically ventilated patient, or may be an independent unit optionally to be worn by an ambulatory patient, in the case of performing TTSV on for example a home-based naturally breathing patient. It is appreciated that the gas control unit will have the requisite control and monitoring interface to allow the user to control and monitor the relevant parameters of the TTSV, as well as the requisite power source, enclosure, electronics, etc. 
         [0023]    In an optional embodiment of the present invention, an average pressure is created in the targeted lung area which is slightly elevated compared to the average pressure in the remainder of the lung. This is achieved by measuring and regulating the lung area and TTSV parameters accordingly. The purpose of the elevated pressure is four fold: (1) it will facilitate a dilitation of the distal airways to facilitate communication of the ventilation gas with the otherwise poorly communicating lung lobules and alveoli; (2) it will facilitate CO2 displacement out of the elevated pressure area into areas of lower pressure due to simple flow and pressure gradient laws; (3) it will facilitate displacement of CO2-rich gas out of very distal areas through collateral channels at the alveolar and lobular level into neighboring lung areas; (4) it will increase the rate of ventilation gas diffusion across the alveolar surface into the blood due to higher gas partial pressures, obeying diffusivity laws and hemoglobin biochemistry laws. Conversely, the average pressure created in the targeted area can also be regulated to produce a slightly lower average pressure than the remainder of the lung, in order to facilitate volume reduction of the targeted hyperinflated area. 
         [0024]    TTSV can be performed by delivering ventilation gas to the targeted area but without applying an active exhaust phase as opposed to the previously described active exhaust phase. Or, alternatively, active insufflation and expiratory phases can simultaneously co-exist, rather than alternating between phases. Still alternately gas delivery and active gas exhaust can be continuous or semi-continuous rather than alternating with discrete phases of off and on. In any case, insufflation gas pressure and flow can be delivered continuously, variably, intermittently at low frequency, &lt;20 cycles/min., intermittently at medium frequency, 20-50 cycles/min., intermittently at high frequency, &gt;50 cycles/min., or synchronized with the patient&#39;s breathing cycle in order optimize the airflow fluid dynamics of TTSV. In the case of non-active expiration, the CO2-rich gas is simply displaced by the insufflation gas and exits the targeted lung area passively due to concentration and pressure gradients. It can be appreciated that the possible combinations of pressure amplitudes and frequency profiles of both delivered and exhausted gases are extensive, but all must comply with the following fundamental and critical principle that is unique to the present invention: The regulated parameters must produce a decrease in stagnant gas in the treated area, produce an increase in beneficial gas in the treated area, avoid excessive or unsafe pressure and volume increases in the treated area, and ideally reduce the volume in the treated area to redistribute inspired air to other healthier lung areas. 
         [0025]    In a second general embodiment of the present invention, regulation of the pressure in the ventilated segment is further facilitated by occluding the annular space between the catheter and the feeding bronchus of the ventilated segment. This embodiment further facilitates control of the pressure and gas concentration in the targeted lung area particularly in gravitationally challenging situations, for example when a non-gaseous substance is used in the ventilation fluid, or when a low molecular weight gas is used. 
         [0026]    In a third general embodiment of the present invention, TTSV of targeted lung area is performed using gas removal only, rather than both gas delivery and gas removal. In this embodiment can be accomplished by applying, via the catheter, a vacuum to the area, or can be accomplished by creating a venturi effect by establishing a high velocity gas jet of positive pressure in the proximal direction to entrain gas out of the targeted lung area. The vacuum created by these later embodiments is typically very low level to avoid bronchial collapse, which may be determined by measuring gas flow and adjusting the vacuum level accordingly. Again, this form may be continuous, intermittent or variable and can be synchronized with the breathing cycle. It is understood that either form of gas evacuation will include the appropriate modifications to the gas control unit previously described. 
         [0027]    In forth general embodiment of the present invention, a ventilation gas is delivered via the catheter into the targeted area for a desired period after which a vacuum is applied via the catheter to the bronchii feeding the targeted area also for a desired period. The vacuum amplitude is selected to collapse the bronchii thus trapping the ventilation gas in the area. Mixed gases are forced out during the ventilation gas delivery phase and also a portion of mixed gases are sucked out of the conducting airways immediately before their collapse at the beginning of the vacuum phase. The sequence is repeated successively until a predominant concentration of ventilation gas and minority of native gas occupies the area. 
         [0028]    In a fifth general embodiment of the present invention, in order to improve ventilation in the lung as a whole, a segment which is not contributing much to gas exchange is blocked with an occlusive catheter to shunt inspired gas to other areas of the lung that are less diseased. Known as Trans-Tracheobronchial Segmental Shunting (TTSS), this embodiment can be useful considering that the more diseased less elastic areas preferentially fill with inspired air which does not reach the alveoli because of the large amount of stagnant trapped gas. TTSS can be performed continuously, semi-continuously, dynamically, or intermittently, or synchronized with the patients breathing cycle. TTSS can also be performed concurrently with some level of active gas removal using vacuum, and therapeutic gas or agent delivery into the blocked targeted area through the TTSS catheter. TTSS can also be performed with intermittent removal of the shunt but without removal of the catheter. 
         [0029]    It should be noted that in some applications and embodiments of this invention, the TTSV or TTSS procedure is performed as a temporary palliative procedure with dramatic clinical benefit during the actual therapy but with a dissipating benefit after the therapy is discontinued. In other applications and embodiments, TTSV or TTSS is performed during mechanical ventilation to more effectively ventilate a patient, for example acutely to wean a patient from ventilatory support, or subchronically or chronically to improve ventilation in ventilatory-dependent patients. Still in other cases, TTSV or TTSS is performed on a naturally breathing patient as a chronic therapy either continuously or intermittently in order to provide clinical benefit lasting periods of weeks or even years. In this later embodiment, the catheter may be removed after a treatment while leaving a hygienic seal at the percutaneous access point, and a new catheter later inserted for a subsequent treatment. A guidewire might be left in place to ease subsequent re-catheterization. It should also be noted that the TTSV or TTSS procedure may be performed simultaneously on different lung areas or sequentially on the same or different lung areas. It should also be noted that TTSV or TTSS can be extremely useful for gradually reducing bulla in bullous emphysema, particularly if a stream of low molecular weight gas such as HeliOx is insufflated into the targeted lung area and mixed gases are removed with aspiration. Finally it should be noted that the TTSV or TTSS procedure can be performed on a relatively few large sections of lung, for example a lobe or a few lobar segments on patients with heterogeneous or bullous emphysema, or can be performed on many relatively small sections of lung, for example twelve sub-subsegments on patients with diffuse homogeneous emphysema. The procedure and treatment can even be performed on an entire lung by catheterizing a left or right mainstem bronchus, or both lungs by catheterizing the trachea. 
         [0030]    As previously noted no methods exist in the prior art wherein a poorly functioning lung area with trapped CO 2 -rich gas is more effectively ventilated by directly delivering ventilation gases to that area and/or removal of CO2-rich gas from that area, or of bronchial shunting of inspired air from a local lung area to other lung regions. 
         [0031]    It should be noted that while preferred and optional embodiments of the present invention are described, there are other useful embodiments not specifically stated but are implied as part of the present invention which combine various features of the described embodiment. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0032]      FIG. 1  describes the anatomy of a lung and placement of the TTSV catheter. 
           [0033]      FIG. 2  describes conventional ventilation therapies for treating compromised lungs. 
           [0034]      FIG. 3  depicts TTSV therapy on a naturally breathing patient. 
           [0035]      FIG. 4  depicts TTSV therapy during mechanically ventilation. 
           [0036]      FIG. 5  describes the effect of TTSV therapy on a naturally breathing patient. 
           [0037]      FIG. 6  describes the effect of TTSS therapy on a mechanically ventilated patient. 
           [0038]      FIG. 7  describes optional TTSV treatment parameters. 
           [0039]      FIG. 8  describes a typical TTSV catheter. 
           [0040]      FIG. 9  describes typical TTSS catheters. 
           [0041]      FIG. 10  describes optional TTSV and TTSS catheter configurations. 
           [0042]      FIG. 11  describes an over-guidewire and exchange catheter configuration. 
           [0043]      FIG. 12  describes means to allow the TTSV catheter to remain in place without irritating the bronchial walls. 
           [0044]      FIG. 13  describes the TTSV Gas Control Unit. 
           [0045]      FIG. 14  describes a TTSV Kit. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0046]    Referring to  FIG. 1  the lung anatomy is described including the left  30  and right  31  lung, trachea  32 , the left main stem bronchus  33 , the five lung lobes  36 ,  37 ,  38 ,  39 ,  40 , a lateral fissure  41  separating the left upper and lower lobe, and the diaphragm  42  which is displaced downward indicative of a hyperinflated emphysematous lung.  FIG. 1   a  shows a cut away view of the left upper lobe bronchus  43 , the apical segmental bronchus  44  of the left upper lobe, the parietal pleura  45 , the visceral pleura  46  and the pleural cavity  47 . Large bulla  48  are membranous air vesicles created on the surface of the lung between the visceral pleura  46  and lung parenchyma  51  due to leakage of air out of the damaged distal airways and through the lung parenchyma. The air in the bullae is highly stagnant and does not easily communicate with the conducting airways making it very difficult to collapse bullae. Pleural adhesions  49  are fibrous tissue between the visceral pleura  46  and the parietal pleura  45  which arise from trauma or tissue fragility. These adhesions render it difficult to acutely deflate an emphysematous hyperinflated lung compartment without causing tissue injury such as tearing, hemorrhage or pneumothorax.  FIG. 1   b  shows an exploded view of the upper lobe apical segment  52  and the anterior segment  54 .  FIG. 1   d  describes a non-emphysematous lung lobule which includes the functional units of gas exchange, the alveoli  55 , and CO2-rich exhaled gas  58  easily exiting the respiratory bronchiole  56 , Also shown are intersegmental collateral channels  57 , typically 40-200 um in diameter, which communicate between bronchopulmonary segments making it difficult for a lung compartment to collapse or remain collapsed because of re-supply of air from neighboring compartments through these collateral channels. Detail C in  FIG. 1   c  describes an emphysematous lung lobule in which the alveolar walls are destroyed from elastin breakdown resulting in large air sacks  59 . The emphysematous lobule traps air becoming further hyperinflated because the respiratory bronchiole leading to the engorged lobule collapses  60  during exhalation, thus allowing air in but limiting air flow out  61 . 
         [0047]      FIG. 1  also shows the TTSV catheter  170  anchored in the apical segment bronchus  44 . In  FIG. 1   b , the TTSV ventilation gas  71  is shown being delivered by the TTSV catheter  170 . The native gas  72  in the targeted apical segment is forced out of the apical segment  52  proximally alongside the catheter  170  and also across intersegmental collateral channels into the neighboring anterior segment  54  then proximally up the airways. The native gas may also be sucked proximally up the catheter. The TTSV parameters are regulated to produce the desired pressure, volumes and gas concentrations. 
         [0048]    In  FIG. 2  conventional therapies are shown which enhance gas exchange of a compromised lung.  FIG. 2   a  shows mechanical ventilation in conjunction with Transtracheal Gas Insuflation (TGI) using an EndoTracheal Tube  80 . Positive pressure is delivered to the lung via a mechanical ventilator and EndoTracheal Tube and the trachea  32  is insufflated with oxygen  81  via a dedicated lumen  84  in the EndoTracheal Tube to flush out retained CO2 in the trachea. This therapy does not address the stagnant gas in the hyperinflated lung areas that compromise ventilation.  FIG. 2   b  shows long term oxygen therapy (LTOT) where oxygen  81  is delivered via nasal cannula  82 . Again, while increasing O2 levels in the lung&#39;s upper airways, this therapy does not address the stagnant gas in the hyperinflated lung areas that compromise ventilation.  FIG. 2   c  shows transtracheal oxygen therapy (TTOT) wherein oxygen  81  is delivered directly into the trachea  32  via a tracheotomy  83 . While slightly more effective than LTOT, TTOT still has the same inherent shortcomings noted. 
         [0049]      FIG. 3  describes a general layout of the invention disclosed herein, wherein TTSV or TTSS is performed on an ambulatory spontaneously breathing patient, showing percutaneous access into the trachea  32 , catheterization of the targeted lung area  100 , distal end anchoring  101 , entry of the catheter  170  either nasally  102  or through a percutaneous incision  103 , connection of the proximal end of the catheter to the wearable portable Gas Control Unit  104 , in the case of TTSV therapy. Referring to  FIG. 3   b  a cross-sectional view is shown of entry of the catheter into the patient showing a percutaneous connector  105  with a through-port and hygienic seal  106  and a securing means  107  fastening the seal to the neck of the patient. The hygienic seal  106  also prevents inadvertent unwanted axial movement of the catheter but allows desired axial sliding of the catheter in response to anticipated patient movement. The seal can be left in place to temporarily seal the incision with a self-sealing membrane or by attaching a plug  108  if the catheter is removed for extended periods. 
         [0050]      FIG. 4  describes a general layout of the invention, wherein TTSV or TTSS is performed on a ventilatory dependent patient, showing entry of the catheter  170  through an endotracheal tube  120  which is in the trachea  32  of the patient, catheterization of the targeted lung area  121 , connection of the proximal end of the catheter  122  to the ventilation Gas Control Unit  123 , in the case of TTSV, as well as the ventilator  124  and breathing circuit  125 . It can be seen that the catheter distal end is anchored  126  in the targeted bronchus and the catheter shaft at the patient entry point near the elbow connector  127  is tensioned  128  to prevent inadvertent unwanted movement with a tensioning and/or sealing means. 
         [0051]      FIG. 5  graphically describes the effect of TTSV therapy performed on a naturally breathing patient. At baseline conditions the targeted lung area has an elevated gas volume  200  and the total lung has a tidal volume  201  with elevated residual volume  202 . Due to gas trapping the targeted area has a predominant concentration of CO2-rich  203  stagnant gas with very little fresh CO2 coming from the blood stream, low blood perfusion due to shunting of blood to other lung areas, known as the Euhler reflex, and low O2 uptake  204 . Work of breathing pressure-volume curves  212  of a breath indicate gas trapping and labored inspiration and exhalation. Breath air flow indicates a protracted exhalation  213  due to the poor lung elastic recoil. The lung itself has hyperinflated upper lobes  214  and diaphragm displaced downward  215 . TTSV is commenced  205  by site-specific ventilation  206  of the targeted area, typically using 100% Oxygen or HeliOx or some other therapeutic gas delivered through the indwelling TTSV catheter. After therapeutic equilibrium, the targeted area gas volume is decreased  207 , the native stagnant gas concentration in the targeted area is reduced dramatically  208  and is replaced by a high concentration of therapeutic gas  209  and fresh CO2 from the blood stream  210 . Further, total lung residual volume decreases towards normal  211 , O2 transfer increases  209  towards the normal value of 250 ml/min, work of breathing is less labored  216  and exhalation flow rate returns quickly to zero  217  due to improved recoil. The lung itself is less hyperinflated  218  and the diaphragm position returns toward normal  219 . Depending on the parameters selected and other clinical factors, the therapeutic conditions can reach equilibrium in 30 minutes to 72 hours 
         [0052]      FIG. 6  graphically describes the effect of TTSS therapy performed on a mechanically ventilated patient. At baseline conditions the tidal volume in the lung  250  shows an elevated residual volume  251  and the volume in the lower lobes is abnormally low  252 . Work of breathing shows poor or high lung compliance  259  in ml/cm H2O, and the overall gas exchange is comprised  253 . The lung itself is hyperinflated, especially the upper lobes  260  and the diaphragm is displaced downward  261 . After commencement of TTSS therapy the conditions begin to change due to the blocking of the targeted area by the blocking catheter, and optionally enhanced by applying a slight vacuum to the blocked area via the catheter. Due to absorption of the gas in the blocked area, or dissipation of the gas out of collateral channels, or by slight vacuum applied via the catheter, the volume in the targeted area decreases as does the overall lung volume  254  and lung residual volume  255 . Some inspired gas volume is now diverted to the lower lobes  256 , the lung compliance now decreases to a more healthy or elastic level  257  as shown by the pressure-volume curve of a breath, gas transfer returns to a more normal level  258 , and the lung itself is less hyperinflated  262  and the diaphragm returns to a more normal position  263 . Equilibrium can be reached between 30 minutes and 72 hours, depending on the targeted area blocked and other clinical conditions. 
         [0053]      FIG. 7  graphically describes optional TTSV ventilation parameters with the abscissa and vertical coordinates corresponding to time and TTSV catheter pressure.  FIG. 7   a  shows intermittent gas delivery with on  300  and off  301  times.  FIG. 7   b  shows intermittent gas removal  302  by suctioning.  FIG. 7   c  shows alternating gas delivery  303  and gas suctioning  304 .  FIG. 7   d  shows alternating gas delivery and suctioning synchronized with the breath cycle so that TTSV gas delivery  305  occurs during the inspiratory phase  306  and TTSV gas removal  307  occurs during the expiratory phase  308 .  FIG. 7   e  shows TTSV gas removal  309  synchronized with inspiration  306  and TTSV gas delivery  310  synchronized with exhalation  308 .  FIG. 7   f  shows changing levels and periods of TTSV gas delivery  311  and gas suctioning  312  wherein the levels are changing in order to maintain the desired conditions in the targeted area.  FIG. 7   g  shows high frequency oscillatory gas delivery  313  and gas suctioning  314 .  FIG. 7   h  shows constant or static gas delivery  315  concurrent with high frequency oscillatory gas suctioning  316 .  FIG. 7   i  shows high frequency oscillatory gas delivery  317  concurrent with constant or static gas suctioning  318 .  FIG. 7   j  shows constant gas delivery  319  without any gas suctioning.  FIG. 7   k  shows constant gas delivery  320  concurrent with intermittent gas suctioning  321 .  FIG. 71  shows concurrent constant gas delivery  322  and gas suctioning  323 .  FIG. 7   m  shows variable gas delivery periods  324  and amplitudes  325  in order to regulate the desired conditions in the targeted area.  FIG. 7   n  shows constant or static vacuum  326  applied to the targeted lung area with out any gas delivery.  FIG. 7   o  shows alternating gas delivery and gas suctioning with a short delivery phase  327  and extended vacuum phase  328 . 
         [0054]    Typical gas delivery and gas suction parameters depend on the area being treated and the clinical conditions. During mechanical ventilation, gas delivery can range from 0.1 to 1.5 lmp and 8 to 40 cmH2O at the lobar segment level and 1.0 to 10.0 lmp and 10 to 50 cmH2O at the tracheal level. Gas evacuation can range from 0.1 to 1.5 lmp and −5 to −40 cmH2O at the lobar segment level and 1.0 to 10.0 Imp and −10 to −50 cmH2O at the tracheal level. During spontaneous ventilation, flow can range from 0.05 to 1.5 lmp and 3 to 20 cmH2O at the lobar segment level and 1.0 to 10.0 lmp and 5 to 30 cmH2O at the tracheal level. Gas evacuation can range from 0.05 to 1.5 lmp and −3 to −20 cmH2O at the lobar segment level and 1.0 to 10.0 lmp and −5 to −30 cmH2O at the tracheal level. Frequencies can range from 1 to 120 cycles per hour if being used intermittently, and 2 to 120 cycles per minute in oscillatory mode, and 1 hour to indefinite durations for continuous mode. 
         [0055]      FIG. 8  describes a typical TTSV catheter  170  with a catheter shaft  180  a distal end  181 , a proximal end  182 , a proximal end connector  176  for attachment to the TTSV Gas Control Unit, connection ports for insufflation flow  175  and suction  176 , a distal end anchoring member  173 , a slide-able sleeve  177  for placement in the percutaneous incision with a self-sealing gasket  179 , a connection  178  for detachment of the proximal end of the catheter, a sleeve  174  for compressing the anchoring member  173 , a mechanism  169  for retracting the sleeve  174 , a lumen  168  for the mechanism  169 , a lumen for gas delivery  171  and a lumen for gas suctioning  172 . 
         [0056]      FIG. 9  describes typical TTSS catheter configurations.  FIG. 9   a  shows a dual TTSS catheter device, each catheter comprising a shaft  150 , a balloon  151 , for sealing at the distal tip of the catheter, a connector at the proximal end  152  of the catheter for optional connection to a suction source, a port  153  for inflation of the balloon, a through lumen  154  throughout the length of the catheter for guidewire insertion or for applying suction through the catheter, a 15 mm swivel elbow connector  155  for attachment to an endotracheal tube  156  and breathing circuit  157  and a port  158  for insertion of a bronchoscope if needed. 
         [0057]      FIG. 9   b  shows a dual TTSS catheter integrated into the construction of an endotracheal tube  160 . The TTSS catheters are slide-able within lumens  161  and  162  in the wall of the endotracheal tube. The catheters include connectors  163  for inflation of the occlusion balloons  164 . 
         [0058]      FIG. 10  describes alternate TTSV or TTSS catheter systems, devices and configurations.  FIG. 10   a  shows a catheter with a self expanding woven wire anchor  400  which expands upon retraction of an outer sleeve  401  concentric to the catheter shaft  402 . The catheter includes lumens for gas delivery  403  and gas removal  404 .  FIG. 10   b  shows a catheter with an inflatable balloon  405  which serves as an anchor and a bronchial occluder. The balloon is either electively inflatable, or is normally inflated and electively deflatable.  FIG. 10   c  describes an inflatable anchor  407  in the shape of radial spokes  408  and hence anchors the catheter tip but does not occlude the bronchus.  FIG. 10   d  describes a catheter with both an occlusive balloon  410  and a non-occlusive anchor  411 .  FIG. 10   e  shows a catheter with an inflatable balloon anchor  414  and in which the catheter includes a large port  415  communicating with a lumen  416  such that the anchor does not occlude the bronchus. Gas is free to flow between the treated area  417  and the proximal areas  418  to avoid the clinical problems of complete bronchial obstruction.  FIG. 10   f  describes a catheter anchor comprised of wire loops  420 .  FIG. 10   g  describes a catheter with multiple small lumens  422  for gas delivery and a large lumen for gas suctioning  423 .  FIG. 10   h  shows a dual lumen catheter comprised of two concentric tubes  425  and  426  forming an inner lumen  427  and annular lumen  428 , wherein the inner tube or lumen is recessed from the catheter tip. Suctioning is conducted through the annular lumen and gas delivery through the inner lumen such that the gas delivery can prevent clogging of the suctioning path by flushing out any debris  429 .  FIG. 10   i  describes a tri-lumen catheter with a lumen  432  for passage of a guidewire  433  wherein the guidewire may comprise a compressible anchoring feature  434  that can be retracted into the catheter lumen.  FIG. 10   j  shows a dual lumen catheter in which the tip has been shaped to bend one lumen  440  180° such that the end of the lumen  441  points proximally away from the targeted lung area  442 . Positive pressure is applied to the proximal end of this lumen to create a high velocity jet  443  at the distal port  441 . The jet entrains gas in the targeted area  444  to be sucked out with the jet due to the venturi effect and thus allows for suctioning of gas but without the risk of clogging the catheter with debris.  FIG. 10   k  describes another venturi system in which the tip of the catheter is configured such that positive pressure gas ports  450  are pointed proximally. High velocity gas exiting these ports  451  entrain gas in the targeted area  452  to be sucked out with the jet. These venturi configurations are especially useful in applications where gas removal is critical to the therapy and where there is a risk of catheter clogging if vacuum where to be used. 
         [0059]      FIG. 11  describes a catheter exchange system wherein the catheter is placed over a guidewire and can be disconnected. The proximal section  480  or machine end which remains external to the patient, includes a connector  481  for connection to a TTSV ventilation control unit and a connector  482  for removal of the proximal section from the distal section  483 . The distal section  483  or patient end which is predominantly inside the body, includes a receiving connector  485  for the proximal end and a slide-able sleeve  486  for placement in the percutaneous incision. The sleeve self-seals on the shaft of the catheter  487  and applies a slight amount of tension to the catheter shaft to prevent inadvertent dislodgment of the catheter from the lung. The sleeve also includes widenings  488  on both ends to anchor it in place on both sides of the incision. The distal section of the catheter also includes a stretchable section of catheter tubing  489  such that during movements of the patient&#39;s neck, the catheter length can change without transferring undesired tension to the distal end and inadvertently dislodging the catheter. Also included is a guidewire  490  that can be inserted and removed from a lumen  491  in the catheter, in order to initially place the catheter into the targeted site, or to place in the targeted site while the catheter is being removed, for example for cleaning or replacement. 
         [0060]    Typical diameters of the TTSV catheter depend on the lung area being targeted. Some exemplary dimensions follow: Lobar segment: OD=2.0-3.5 mm; Lobar subsegment: OD=1.5-2.5 mm; Lobar sub-subsegment: OD=0.5-1.0 mm. TTSV catheter gas insufflation lumen diameters are typically 0.25-1.0 mm and gas exhaust lumens, if separately present, are typically comprise an area of 0.8-4.0 mm 2 , preferably greater than 2.0 mm 2  to avoid mucous plugging. Catheter lengths are typically 120-150 cm. Anchoring forces are typically 1-10 psi and occlusion forces, if occlusion is utilized, are typically 0.2-0.5 psi. Anchors and occlusive member diameters depend on the targeted bronchial level and are up to 25 mm for main stem bronchus cannulation, 20 mm for lobar bronchus cannulation, 12 mm for segmental bronchi and 3 mm for sub-subsegmental bronchi cannulation when fully expanded. Proximal entry point tensioning forces typically produce 0.5-1.5 lbs of axial tension. The percutaneous plug is typically a soft rubber or thermoset material such as silicone. Some examples of catheter materials are; the shaft extrusion typically comprised of a thermoplastic or thermoset material such as nylon, PVC, polyethylene, PEBAX or silicone; the non-occlusive anchor typically comprised of a stainless steel or Nitinol wire; the inflatable occlusive member comprised of a highly compliant plastisol, silicone or urethane; connectors typically comprised of PVC, polysulfone, polypropylene or acrylic. 
         [0061]      FIG. 12  describes a method and apparatus to allow the indwelling TTSV or TTSS catheter to remain in place for extended periods without irritating the bronchial walls and optionally to prevent dislodgment of the catheter during movement of the neck.  FIG. 12   a  describes compressible loops  496  attached to the catheter  170  which can secure the catheter in place at various places along the tracheal-bronchial tree. The loops also center the catheter so that the catheter does not rub against the trachea  32  or airway walls.  FIGS. 12   b  and  12   c  describe a bifurcated woven sleeve  498  and cylindrical sleeve  499  to which the catheter  170  is attached to center the catheter in the trachea  32  and airways and to absorb any tension applied to the distal end of the catheter. 
         [0062]      FIG. 13  describes the TTSV Gas Control Unit comprising both positive pressure gas delivery and negative pressure gas removal capability, although the unit may also comprise one or the other function. Shown on the insufflation side is a gas inlet connector  601  for a gas source, a gas reservoir or gas pressure pump  602 , an insufflation pressure regulation valve  604 , an on-off control valve  603 , a pilot valve  605  for relaying a desired pressure reference to the pressure regulating valve with closed loop feedback control for proper pressure output, an over-pressure safety relief valve  606 , a check valve  607 , a pressure sensor  608 , a gas outlet filter  609 , and a TTSV catheter connector  610 . Shown on the suction side is a vacuum source inlet connector  611 , a vacuum reservoir or vacuum generation pump  612 , a vacuum level regulation valve  613 , an on-off control valve  614 , vacuum pressure pilot pressure valve  615 , a check valve  617 , pressure sensor  618  and CO 2  sensor  619 . A replaceable or refillable modular cartridge of ventilation gas  620  is shown as an alternative supply, typically housing 100-500 ml of compressed ventilation gas. For example a cartridge containing 250 ml of compressed gas pressurized at 10 psi would enable delivery of gas at a rate of 10 ml/hour at an average output pressure of 25 cmH 2 O for 20 days, based on ideal gas laws, and assuming 30% losses due to system leakage. Also shown is a power supply  621 , and electrical circuitry  622  containing the signal processing, command center, microprocessor and imbedded software, a communication bus for inputs and outputs to and from the valves, sensors and user interface. An optional respiration sensor  625  is shown which controls or synchronizes the TTSV parameters if so desired. An optional control module  626  for controlling inflating and deflating the occlusive member at the distal tip of the catheter, if so equipped, is also shown. In other embodiments, the patient can use their own suction power generated by their lung for gas removal from the targeted area, for example by coupling their mouth to the proximal end of the catheter. 
         [0063]      FIG. 14  describes a kit including a sterile TTSV catheter assembly  170 , a sterile guidewire  490 , a percutaneous incision and dilitation kit  630 , an access port plug  108 , a Gas Control Unit  104 , a gas cartridge  620 , a holster for the Gas Control Unit  635 , spare battery  602  and wall charger  640 , cleaning supplies  645 , instruction guide  650 .