Abstract:
Thermal processing of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP), having up to approximately 8% or more moisture content, dries and preheats the material to enhance efficient recycling in a hot mix asphalt plant. A combustor and heat exchanger reheat circulating hot oil, which with hot gas, moves through a hollow auger and around the RAP counter to the flow of RAP. Moisture is forced outward from within the particles and is flashed away by the hot exhaust gas. A similar secondary heater heats the RAP to just below asphalt coking temperature before the hot dry RAP is added as an aggregate to the hot mix asphalt plant.

Description:
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/612,782, filed Sep. 27, 2004, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   This invention relates to the thermal processing and restoration of used asphalt paving materials after they have been removed from road surfaces by milling, grinding or ripping. After the bituminous paving materials have been removed from the roadbed, they are hereafter referred to as recycled asphalt pavement (“RAP”). 
   It is generally known that the majority of existing roadways, both concrete and bituminous asphalt, undergo constant repair and surface overlay with new hot mix asphalt to achieve and maintain safe and comfortable high speed riding surfaces. 
   In recent years, new equipment has been introduced to the road paving industry in the form of pavement milling or grinding machines. The science of preparing an old roadbed base for new resurfacing is now commonly referred to as milling. Both state and Federal Department of Transportation (DOT) agencies throughout the country have readily accepted the science of milling. 
   The milling of old road surfaces provides a number of advantages in preparing the old roadbed for resurfacing. Milling not only ensures a new, smooth and level base for the new hot mix overlay, but at the same time lowers the road bed height to maintain bridge deck clearances and curb and gutter depths. Grinding or milling is also beneficial in removing potholes, old cracks, joint seams, and ruts along with other surface damage that would quickly reappear in a new surface overlay if not repaired. With many of the state and Federal DOT agencies now requiring the milling of road surfaces before permitting new overlay, there is an increasing inventory of asphalt millings being generated. The piles of discarded asphalt millings are becoming problems for land use, aesthetics and the environment. Attempts at reuse have proven difficult. 
   Generally speaking, asphalt plants average 400 tons per hour to 600 tons per hour production ranges and 15% to 30% RAP can be injected into these plants. When attempting to inject cold wet RAP into hot mix plants, the existing processes rely almost entirely on super heated virgin aggregates (600° F. to 900° F.) to conductively transfer enough heat to the cold wet RAP for drying and heating all materials to a mixing temperature of 300° F. The sudden and violent steam expansion that is created when the super hot aggregate (600° F.-900° F.) encounters the cold wet RAP instantly overloads exhaust system airflow capacity. 
   If the RAP injection is being done in a “drum mixer” type asphalt plant where all injection of RAP is done inside of the aggregate dryer, the steam explosion restricts the dryer air flow and overloads the exhaust vacuum system forcing the operator to lower plant production rates to restore exhaust vacuum and air flow on the drum to maintain final mix temperature. 
   When RAP injection is attempted on “batch” type asphalt plants, the cold wet RAP is injected into the weigh hopper section of the batcher above the pug mill mixer and when the RAP instantly mixes with the hot aggregate in the weigh hopper, a violent steam explosion occurs blowing steam and dust into the air creating fugitive emissions and sometimes even damaging the hopper section from pressure surges. Injecting RAP into batch plants can also be very restrictive in tonnage output so as to avoid damaging the plant. Generally, batch plants cannot accept more than 15% to 20% RAP recycling. 
   In either methods of recycling RAP, whether in a drum mixer or in a batch plant, the pre-drying and super heating of the virgin aggregates is the only method of heat transfer to the RAP. The RAP must be dried and then heated to the mix temperature via conduction only from the aggregate. The virgin aggregate must be super heated in order to load enough heat in the material to transfer the energy to the RAP but still retain enough heat to have all material exit at 300° F. By having to elevate aggregates to 700, 800 and 900° F., the rotary dryers that heat the sand and stone must be subjected to extreme temperatures and this is causing many premature failures. Dryers are manufactured to operate with continuous skin temperatures in the 500° F. range and less. When these drum shells are exposed to the higher temperatures required running RAP mixes, they will crack and fail as well as experience extreme and premature wear. 
   Therefore, the following negative aspects of current methods for processing RAP into hot mix asphalt in plants need to be addressed: (1) Dryers must heat virgin aggregates to excessively high temperatures to dry and heat RAP and can therefore inflict heat damage, premature wear, and failure to the process, (2) Plant productive capacity drops off dramatically when running RAP due to exhaust system and dryer burner overloads from RAP steam blockages within dryers, (3) Batch Plants are limited as to RAP injection capacity due to fugitive emissions problems and potential plant damage due to violent steam explosions, and (4) RAP injection percentages are limited by aggregate temperatures for conductive heating. Heating aggregates above 600° F. can cause aggregate to fracture and allow mix gradations to drift out of specifications. 
   Needs exist for new recycling methods and apparatus for the recycling of asphalt pavement millings. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   Using the methods and apparatus of the present invention, asphalt pavement millings are recycled with economic benefit. Recycled asphalt pavement millings are a valuable source of aggregate, screenings, sand, fines and asphaltic bituminous binders (asphalt) that are reused to manufacture new hot mix asphalt pavement. 
   The liquid petroleum savings alone from recycling old pavement is significant. For every ton of millings that are recycled into new pavement, 12 gallons of liquid asphalt are saved and reused. 
   Liquid asphalt is by far the most significant cost ingredient in the mix. The new techniques of milling the old pavement produce a uniformly crushed and pre-sized material that is usually about ¾″ or less in size. 
   When the crushed and sized millings are fed into the new process system, it is slowly and gradually heated by applying a controlled amount of indirect heat, at a precise temperature level, with extended exposure time. 
   Many of the conventional hot mix asphalt plants supplying new asphalt to our roads add small percentages of recycled milling to their virgin plant mix materials. As a general rule however, those plants can only use about 20% to 30% ratios of the recycled millings in the new hot mix asphalt without creating excess air pollution emissions such as hydrocarbon smoke, dust and petroleum fumes. 
   The amount of recycled millings used in conventional asphalt plants is limited by the plants&#39; design ability to withstand higher virgin aggregate process temperatures, required to conduct sufficient heat to dry and heat the millings. Those extremely high temperatures can severely damage carbon steel dryer shells when exposed to temperatures of 600 to 900° F. for extended periods. 
   For example, recycling a 50% ratio of millings at 5% moisture content in a typical hot mix asphalt plant would require a virgin aggregate temperature of 904° F. to transfer sufficient BTU&#39;s of heat via conduction to achieve a final mix temperature 320° F. The radical and instantaneous explosion of steam generated by moisture in the recycled millings, when contacting the super heated virgin aggregate, can be quite violent and difficult to contain. 
   Recycled millings should be heated by convection and conduction only, since radiation temperatures from the burner flame envelope are generally much too high at 2,400° F. for the asphalt to absorb without burning, smoking, coking and becoming hard and brittle. It is accurate to state that recycling millings at more than 30% has not yet achieved the status of a clean, consistent and predictable science. 
   With new laws requiring the milling of road surfaces prior to paving, together with savings in natural resources of both aggregate and petroleum, it is apparent that there are immediate and on-going needs for the development and implementation of technology capable of recycling 100% of the millings. 
   It is further apparent that current technology using super heated virgin aggregate to dry and heat the millings to paving mix temperatures is limited to an aggregate temperature level of 600° F. or less and is therefore inherently limited to using millings ratios of 30% or less in new hot mix paving. 
   This new technology utilizes a unique indirect heating method with slow gradual and controlled temperature elevation to decrease moisture content and preheat RAP to a temperature level between about 70° F. and 300° F. prior to entry into a conventional drum mix or batch type hot mix asphalt plant. Using conductive and convective heat transfer methods to preheat and dry the RAP prevents high temperature thermal fracturing of the virgin aggregate and eliminates coking damage to the liquid asphalt. 
   The process is unique in that it utilizes a relatively low temperature conductive heating method (auger) to slowly pre-dry and heat the cold wet RAP to prepare it to achieve hot mix paving temperature of approximately 300° F. It also utilizes the heated exhaust gas from the primary hot fluid heat exchanger to also heat the RAP convectively and to evacuate any RAP moisture that results from the process. All of the moisture is then ducted to the plant exhaust system for evacuation to atmosphere. RAP moisture may also be stacked directly to atmosphere from a heated auger if desired. 
   It may also be desirable to process 100% virgin aggregate or any percentage thereof with the RAP material to pre-dry and pre-heat prior to dryer entry. In some cases, aggregate moisture content exceeds RAP moisture content having greater production increase potential than does the RAP. 
   The system of the present invention utilizes a hollow, fully jacketed heated auger to dry and heat the RAP by conduction. The present invention does not take the RAP and virgin aggregate to hot mix temperatures in the making of new hot mix material. The unit is specifically designed and oriented to slowly elevate the RAP and aggregate to a temperature either just below boiling point of water (212° F.) or just above the boiling point of water (212° F.) in order to dry the material and preheat it to whatever temperature is desired for injection into the final asphalt hot mix process. The pre-dried material is then fed into an existing hot mix asphalt plant that is built to receive a percentage of RAP and aggregate and utilize it as part of the hot mix asphalt production. 
   Large, hollow, slow-rotating, heated augers that utilize approximately 400° F. to 550° F. heat exchange fluid slowly transfer heat in an effective and non-violent conductive method of elevating RAP temperature. RAP and aggregate are reluctant to release internal moisture due to the existing asphalt coating on the rock surface and deep in the pores of the stone. The asphalt coating on the original hot mix material acts as an insulation preventing heat penetration into the core of the rock where the moisture must be removed before liquid asphalt can be re-applied to coat the stone. Applying quick high temperature convective heat to the surface of the RAP does not allow for sufficient dwell time at temperature to drive the heat to the center of the rock, as this is a dwell time versus particle size mass function. 
   Heating the RAP by conduction slowly and gradually greatly reduces the quick steam venting from the rock and limits “stripping activity” that can occur when the liquid asphalt is “boiled” off of the surface. The ultimate production control factor involved when injecting RAP into existing drum mixer or batch plants is the maximum temperature limitation of the virgin aggregate. As higher RAP percentages are used, the aggregate temperature must increase accordingly to heat the RAP. Therefore, there is an inherent and built in limitation on the percentage of RAP that can be injected into current asphalt plants simply due to the mechanical design the rotary dryers and the metallurgy used in most of the plants in the field today. 
   The present invention is a heating device that consists of a large hollow, jacketed heated auger or augers that gradually and slowly elevate RAP and/or aggregate to a temperature sufficient to permit drying and heating of a final mix to whatever temperature is desired to achieve plant productive capacity. The present invention used to pre-dry and pre-heat both aggregate and RAP allows the use of higher RAP percentages since aggregate does not have to be super heated allowing dryer shell temperatures to operate at normal levels. Dryer burner firing rates are also reduced and exhaust systems are generally returned to normal operating capacities, for example, at approximately 65%. Aggregates do not fracture at minus 500° F. and RAP moisture does not enter the dryer system. Asphalt “stripping” is greatly reduced since the internal moisture in the RAP has been removed prior to dryer entry. The heating auger system is a sealed, emissions free, conductive heating device with fully automatic operation that is installed at the plant in either a stationary or mobile configuration to dry and conductively pre-heat heat RAP prior to dryer entry. 
   The present invention does not require a typical asphalt plant air emissions permit as normally required for an asphalt plant or asphalt plant up-grade package. The contractor should not have to seek a permit application that requires public notice or forum. The present invention reduces exhaust system capacity by lowering burner firing rates. Particulate emissions are also reduced due to more rapid capture of dust within the dryer on pre-liquefied surfaces of the heated RAP. Fugitive emissions are eliminated on a batch plant operation when injecting RAP by removing moisture prior to injection. The unit of the present invention does require a hot oil heater/heat exchanger permit, however, the combustion system is designed to meet and exceed all NO x , SO x , CO, and particulate emissions levels. 
   There are a number of different sizes and configurations, mobile and stationary, depending upon type of plant and field layout requirements. The system of the present invention may also be installed in such a manner as to be easily converted to a 100% RAP recycling system that uses two augers and two heat exchangers, or other similar devices. 
   The milled recycled pavement and/or aggregate are fed into the invention by means of a conveyor. The heating chamber indirectly heats the RAP to approximately 200° F. This heating occurs while the material is passing through a heated jacketed hollow screw auger, and moisture is driven out of the material. After exiting the auger drying and heating unit, the RAP is conveyed into the conventional drum mix or batch type asphalt hot mix plant for final mixing with heated virgin aggregates. This drying and pre-heating of the RAP and aggregate permits reduction of virgin aggregate temperature requirements, removes moisture from the inside of the rotary dryer, and better prepares RAP for final heat transfer and mixing. 
   These and further and other objects and features of the invention are apparent in the disclosure, which includes the above and ongoing written specification, with the drawings. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  shows a mobile installation in isometric view of the present system. 
       FIG. 2  shows a stationary installation in isometric view of the present system. 
       FIG. 3  shows a side elevation of the jacketed screw conveyor used in the dryer and heater. 
       FIG. 4  shows a side elevation of present system in operation at a hot mix plant. 
       FIG. 5  is an exploded view of jacketed trough and hollow screw conveyor. 
       FIG. 6  shows an auger assembly. 
       FIG. 7  shows a side elevation cutaway view of heat exchanger. 
       FIG. 8  shows a side view of a heat exchanger dual coil. 
       FIG. 9  shows an end view of heat exchanger dual coil. 
       FIG. 10  shows an isometric view of heat exchanger dual coil. 
       FIG. 11  shows a side view of a typical hot oil heater system. 
       FIG. 12  shows an end view of a typical hot oil heater system. 
       FIG. 13  shows an isometric view of the trailer mounted screw conveyor. 
       FIG. 14  shows an opposite isometric view of the trailer mounted screw conveyor. 
       FIG. 15  shows an isometric view of the trailer mounted heat exchanger. 
       FIG. 16  shows an opposite isometric view of the trailer mounted heat exchanger. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   The invention described herein is a milled asphalt processing unit providing a thermal plant designed for the thermal processing of recycled asphalt pavement, which processes pre-sized recycled asphalt pavement materials having approximately 3% to 8% moisture content. 
   In  FIG. 1 , a gas combustion system  11  is used to gradually heat indirect heat exchange fluid circulating in heat exchanger coils and throughout a millings heating system  13  in the gas combustion system  11 . The heated fluid, for example hot oil, circulating in coils within the combustion system  11  flows in the preheater and drier unit  15  to preheat and dry the recycled asphalt pavement (RAP). The gas combustion system  11  also provides heated gas to a jacketed screw conveyor trough in the heater and drier unit  15 . 
   The gas combustion system  11  includes unique types of non-oxidizing or other types of burners  17 , utilizing #2 fuel oil, propane, natural gas or other fuels. 
   RAP millings are gradually fed through a chute  19  and down into the heating and drying unit  15 , which contains a jacketed screw conveyor turning within a heated trough. In the heating and drying unit  15  the millings from chute  19  are subjected to heat transfer from hot air pumped through an inlet  21  to the gas combustion system  11  and out to the drying unit  15 , as well as from conductive heat transfer from oil-heated jackets and from hot oil flowing through a hollow auger as the millings are moved by the jacketed screw conveyor in the heating and drying unit  15 . When the millings exit the heating and dryer  15 , they are dry and have achieved an overall temperature of about 175 to 200° F. The pre-dried and pre-heated materials then move into a hot mix asphalt plant  23  for final mixing or into an optional second heating unit for further heating. 
   A second heating unit containing a second jacketed heated screw conveyor can be used to further elevate RAP temperature to approximately 300° F. if desired. 
   The gasses from the heating and drying unit  15  and heating unit  11  exit through an exhaust pipe  25  into hot mix asphalt plant exhaust system  27 . The gasses are free of particulate or hydrocarbon emissions. 
   An overall system operates with the present invention combined with existing hot mix asphalt plant  23 . RAP is initially loaded into bins  29  with feeders  31 . A collecting conveyor  33  carries the RAP past an optional screen  35  and onto a belt conveyor  37 . The RAP millings then pass down the chute  19  and into the heater and drier unit  15 . The heater and drier unit  15  contains a jacketed screw conveyor  47  with a heated screw and a trough to heat and move the RAP from one end of the heater and drier unit  15  to the opposite end. In a mobile configuration, the heater and drier unit  15  is mounted on a trailer bed with rear wheels  39 , supports  41 , a generator  43 , overall control unit  45 , and PLC&#39;s  47 . 
   The heating unit  11  may also be mounted on a trailer bed with rear wheels and supports for mobility. The oil and air heating unit  11  includes a heat exchanger  49 , combustion chamber  51 , a burner  17 , a blower  53 , a surge tank  61 , an exhaust gas outlet  21 , and a fuel tank  57 . 
   Once the RAP is heated and dried in the heater and drier unit  15 , it is loaded onto a drag slat conveyor  55  for transporting to an existing hot mix asphalt plant  23 . A chute  59  transfers the RAP into the existing hot mix asphalt plant  23 , which includes a drier  63 , blower  65  and process chamber  67 . 
     FIG. 2  shows a non-mobile installation  69  of the present invention, in which the RAP heater and drier  15  is mounted on a fixed platform  70 . 
   In a preferred embodiment, the heating and drying unit  15  is a hot oil heated hollow screw auger  71  as shown in  FIG. 3 . It has a heated shaft  73  and heated blades  75 . The heated hollow screw auger  71  results in a larger heat transfer surface area than would a pug mill type of mixer/heater unit with paddles and arms. The hollow auger  71  has better conductive heat transfer and increased heated and dried RAP output. The hot oil flow pattern in the auger  71  and the shaft oil seals in the present invention. The hollow screw auger  71  has a hot air inlet  77  and a hot air outlet  79 . The hot air moves in a direction counter to the flow  81  of RAP materials. Hot oil enters a hollow auger through a hollow jacket  83  through a hot oil inlet  85  and exits through a hot oil outlet  87 . The hot oil in the jacket and auger trough also moves in a direction opposite the flow of RAP materials along the hollow screw auger  71 . The milled asphalt RAP enters the heater and drier unit  15  through an inlet  89  and exits through an outlet  91 . An insulation jacket  93 , for reducing heat transfer to the surroundings, surrounds the auger  71 . A hot oil inlet  95  in one end of the auger shaft  73  admits hot oil, which flows out the opposite end of the shaft through hot oil outlet  96 . 
   The heat transfer fluid, at temperatures from approximately 400° F. to 650° F., is pumped through the outer jacket  83  and the hollow screw auger  71  at pressures of about 40 to 85 psi. The heat exchanger fluid is pumped at the optimum velocity for conductive heat exchange, approximately 7.0 feet per second. 
   Horizontal bars  98  on the auger  71  stir the mixture of materials and have a pug mill effect. 
   Hot gasses, at about 500° to 850° F., contact the exposed surface area of the RAP and “flash off” the moisture from the RAP aggregate as the moisture is driven from the center of the particle (rock) to the surface by conductive heat transfer from the hot jacketed surfaces of the trough sidewalls and hollow auger blades  75 . 
   The invention can be placed at a hot mix plant to pre-heat the recycled asphalt pavement before it goes into the plant for processing. In  FIG. 4  recycled asphalt pavement  97  is fed into the recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) saver booster unit  99 , where it is dried and heated, and then the outflow  101  of heated recycled asphalt pavement through the outlet  91  is fed directly into a hot mix plant  23 . Similar numbers in the booster unit  99  describe features similar to those in the heater and drier  15 . 
     FIG. 5  shows the details of the indirect heating screw conveyor  71 . The system utilizes a heat exchanger fluid as the primary heat transfer medium. The heat exchanger fluid is pumped through a tube type heat exchanger, preferably, but not limited to a heat exchanger having a continuous 2″ serpentine pipe coil or through a helically coiled hot oil heater, as shown in  FIG. 7 . The heat exchanger hot fluid is then pumped through the screw conveyor jackets  83  and hollow auger  71 , as shown in  FIG. 5 . Heated exhaust gasses from the heat exchanger oil heater are also directed through inlet  77  over the head space area above the screw conveyor  71  to flash off moisture. The moisture laden hot gasses exit via hot gas outlet  79  and are either stacked to atmosphere or directed to the plant exhaust ducting for preheating incoming air and materials. The trough  83  is heated with hot oil or hot gasses. 
     FIG. 6  is a partially exploded view that shows an auger  71  of the present invention in a jacket  83 . A motor  84  and speed reducer  86  drive the auger. 
     FIG. 7  shows a profile of the primary oil heating element  103  in a coil section  123 . The element  103  is covered with an insulated coil shell  105  that prevents heat from escaping the system  107 . The system pressure is steady and has a minimum of about 40 to 60 psi. The recirculated hot oil may be quite warm from previous use, and warm up time may be short. The hot fluid is brought to a temperature of approximately 400° F. to 650° F. Jacketed surfaces of the heater and drier unit  15  heat very quickly and within about 15 to 30 minutes from starting the unit  15  is ready to accept recycled asphalt pavement feed. The burner  109  located at one end  111  of the exchanger heats the entire system. Hot gasses exhaust through exit  113  on an opposite end  115  and flow into the jacketed screw auger&#39;s trough as overlay sweep gas for preheating and drying the RAP and flashing moisture from the RAP. When using a second heat exchanger and second screw conveyor, hot gasses that exit the auger troughs may be re-circulated through one of the two heat exchangers at inlet  117  which allows hot gasses to enter and preheat a combustion chamber  119  and be oxidized for thermal oxidation before exiting the system through exits  121 . 
     FIGS. 8 and 9  show the heat exchanger dual serpentine coil  103  of  FIG. 7  with the insulated outer shell  105  removed. Long tubing  125  runs down the interior of the exchanger  103 , surrounding an inner coil  127 . Heat exchange fluid can enter and exit the system through tubes  129  and  131  respectively. 
     FIG. 10  shows an isometric view of the heat exchanger coil  103 . The continuous reentrant outer tube  125  is held in place by ribbed rings  133 , and rings  135  secure the inner tubing coil  127 . The exit end  137  of the exchanger has an endplate  139  with tube exit holes. 
     FIGS. 11 and 12  show a side and end view of a typical hot oil heater  141  which may be used in place of the heat exchanger system  11 . A helical heating coil section  143  is located near a burner  145 . A surge tank  147  is located above the heating coil section  143 . A circulating pump  149  and circulation system  151  move air through the system  141 , and air is exhausted through an exhaust stack  153 . 
     FIGS. 13 and 14  are isometric views of a mobile or trailer mounted auger  15  on a bed  157  showing some of the components that can be applied to the system as options: generator  43 , diesel tank  155 , and PLC&#39;s  47 , and operating controls  45 . 
     FIGS. 15 and 16  are isometric views of the mobile heat exchanger system  11  showing combustion chamber  51 , surge tank  61 , motor  159  and burner unit  17 . 
   While the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments, modifications and variations of the invention may be constructed without departing from the scope of the invention.