Abstract:
Techniques and retinoscopic apparatus for measuring or determining a patient&#39;s optical error are disclosed. The techniques include overrefraction and can be performed from a fixed position, avoiding the practitioner&#39;s need to move back and forth relative to the patient&#39;s eye. Equipment associated with the apparatus is adapted to record the location of the retinoscope slide (relative to its upper or lower position) during the examination to provide information concerning the optical error present in the patient&#39;s eye.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 07/893,245 (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,285,224), filed Jun. 3, 1992, entitled &#34;Methods and Apparatus for Determining Refractive Error,&#34; which application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 07/526,395 (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,120,124), filed May 21, 1990, entitled &#34;Devices for Determining the Crossed Cylinder Powers and Axes for Multiple Lens Sets,&#34; which application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 07/427,724 (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,104,214), filed Oct. 27, 1989, entitled &#34;Trial Frames, Adjustable Spectacles and Associated Lens Systems,&#34; which application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 07/310,334 (now U.S. Pat. No. 4,943,162), filed Feb. 13, 1989, entitled &#34;Astigmatic Self-Refractor and Method of Use,&#34; which application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 07/116,322 (now U.S. Pat. No. 4,840,479), filed Nov. 2, 1987, entitled &#34;Crossed Cylinder Lenses Refractor with Three-lens Variable Crossed Cylinder Assembly and Method of Use,&#34; which application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 07/023,980 (now U.S. Pat. No. 4,820,040), filed Mar. 16, 1987, entitled &#34;Crossed Cylinder Lenses Refractor and Method of Use,&#34; which application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 06/670,398(now abandoned), filed Nov. 9, 1984, all of which applications are incorporated herein in their entireties by this reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to apparatus and methods for measuring or determining optical errors in the eyes of humans (or animals) and more particularly to techniques for doing so using a modified streak retinoscope. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     U.S. Pat. No. 3,597,051 to Copeland, incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference, illustrates an exemplary streak retinoscope assembly. One such commercial assembly, the &#34;Optec 360&#34; retinoscope 10 of FIG. 1, includes a thumb slide 12 adapted to move relative to the retinoscope shaft. As shown in FIG. 2A, advancing slide 12 to its upper position causes the light rays emanating from the retinoscope to be approximately parallel. FIG. 2B, by contrast, illustrates the convergence of the light rays that occurs when slide 12 is moved to its lower position. 
     Current refraction techniques use the streak retinoscope for neutralizing optical errors. Such techniques are described in, for example, Videotape No. 5063 of the American Academy of Ophthalmology&#39;s Continuing Ophthalmic Video Education series, entitled &#34;Retinoscopy: Plus Cylinder Technique,&#34; and require use of a phoropter, trial frames, or additional lenses. According to these techniques, the slide of the retinoscope remains in the upper position throughout the retinoscopic process. Only if greater than one diopter of astigmatic error is present do these techniques suggest &#34;enhancing&#34; the patient&#39;s cylinder power by lowering the retinoscope slide. By contrast, &#34;enhancing&#34; the streak to estimate the sphere power does not occur. 
     After the practitioner neutralizes the patient&#39;s error by changing the phoropter or trial frame lenses, the values of those lenses are consulted to determine the patient&#39;s ocular correction. These refraction techniques essentially use the phoropter or trial frame lenses to make the parallel light rays emanating from the retinoscope conjugate to the patient&#39;s fundus. Doing so in turn causes the rays backscattered by the patient&#39;s fundus to be conjugate to the practitioner&#39;s eye, permitting neutralization of optical error at a specified working distance. 
     According to Videotape No. 5063, prior retinoscopic estimating techniques were complex and thus rarely learned or used by the average practitioner. Such &#34;two-handed&#34; techniques require the practitioner to rotate a collar or sleeve on the retinoscope while simultaneously moving the slide up and down, effectively creating &#34;spiral&#34; movement of the slide and sleeve. To perform these techniques, moreover, the practitioner must move back and forth relative to the patient, thereby alternately approaching and receding from the eye under examination. The patient&#39;s optical error is then typically estimated based on the width of the focused streak of light emanating from the retinoscope as seen by the practitioner on the patient&#39;s retina. Following &#34;straddling&#34; and other movements of the streak, the patient&#39;s cylindrical error axis can ultimately be estimated by comparing the longitudinal axis of the streak to a scale on the phoropter. Moreover, as discussed on page 21 of Dr. J. C. Copeland&#39;s manual for &#34;Steak Retinoscopy&#34; printed by Optec, Inc. (which manual is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference), these prior estimating techniques were &#34;best . . . perform[ed] . . . on the naked eye&#34; and thus did not involve overrefraction of existing prescription lenses. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides retinoscopic techniques for measuring or determining a patient&#39;s optical (sphere and cylinder) error. Unlike prior methods, the present techniques can be performed from a fixed position, avoiding the practitioner&#39;s need to move back and forth relative to the patient&#39;s eye. They also need not involve straddling and can be performed whether or not the patient is wearing existing prescription glasses. 
     During the examination, equipment connected to the modified streak retinoscope of the invention senses the position of the slide relative to some nominal location (e.g. its upper or lower position), providing information concerning the optical error present in the patient&#39;s eye. This information can be used to calculate the resulting power and cylinder axis of appropriate corrective lenses. By contrast with prior retinoscopic techniques, the present invention uses this positional displacement of the lamp filament from the fixed condensing lens within the retinoscope to permit the rays emunating from the device to be conjugate to the patient&#39;s fundus. 
     The Optec 360 retinoscope 10 of FIG. 1 contains a +20.00 D condensing lens 14 and a bi-pin lamp 16. When slide 12 is in its upper position (FIG. 2A), the filament of lamp 16 is approximately five centimeters from condensing lens 14. The rays emanating from the filament pass through lens 14 as essentially parallel, therefore, thereby focusing those rays at infinity. Displacing slide 12 from its upper position converges the emanating rays relative to condensing lens 14 according to the formula: 
     
         P=D+(d×D×d)-W 
    
     where 
     P=total vergence power of retinoscopic light rays at the patient&#39;s pupil (in diopters) 
     D=vergence power of emerging retinoscopic light rays (in diopters) 
     d=distance from the patient&#39;s pupil at which retinoscopy is performed (the &#34;working distance&#34;) (in meters) 
     W=working distance (in diopters) 
     In the slide&#39;s lower position on the Optec 360 retinoscope 10 (FIG. 2B), the lamp filament is approximately 6.6 centimeters from condensing lens 14. Accordingly, displacing slide 12 of retinoscope 10 can generate dioptric power ranges as shown below for various (exemplary) working distances: 
     
         ______________________________________Working Distance   Generated Powers(centimeters)      (diopters)______________________________________ 0.0               0.00    to +4.83 2.54              -39.40  to -33.9810.0               -10.00  to +2.8320.0               -5.00   to +4.5025.0               -4.00   to +6.6733.0               -3.00   to +9.5050.0               -2.00   to +12.5966.0               -1.50   to +18.80100.0              -1.00   to +26.00______________________________________ 
    
     By measuring the slide&#39;s displacement from, e.g., its upper position, therefore, information concerning the optical power generated using the retinoscope can be obtained at various times during the examination (including when the streak fills the pupil). Embodiments of the modified streak retinoscope of the present invention use a momentary switch and potentiometer connected to the retinoscope to convert this slide displacement quantity into an electrical resistance. This resistance can in turn be measured and used to calculate the optical power necessary to correct the patient&#39;s error. The calculation can be performed electronically by a computer adapted to receive the resistance value, for example, permitting the computer to determine the optical correction needed for an overrefracted patient merely by appropriately combining the resistance with the patient&#39;s current prescription. 
     Other embodiments of the apparatus of the present invention can incorporate lens discs or carriers permitting substitution of other power lenses for the +20.00 D condensing lens included in the Optec 360 retinoscope 10 of FIG. 1. Alternatively, the powers of these additional lenses can be combined with that of the condensing lens, or the slide displacement can be increased, to enhance the dioptric range of the device. Because the operating principles of some commercial retinoscopes are opposite those of the Optec 360 (i.e. focusing light rays at infinity when the slide is down), yet other embodiments of the invention function exactly opposite the manner described above. 
     It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide refraction techniques using a streak retinoscope. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide refraction techniques that can be performed by a practitioner from a fixed position relative to a patient. 
     It is also an object of the present invention to provide overrefraction techniques using a streak retinoscope. 
     It is a further object of the present invention to provide equipment connected to a streak retinoscope that senses the position of the retinoscope slide relative to some nominal location (e.g. its upper or lower position). 
     It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a streak retinoscope connected to a momentary switch and potentiometer for converting slide displacement into an electrical resistance. 
     It is an additional object of the present invention to provide electronic means for converting the sleeve displacement value (and patient&#39;s existing prescription if overrefraction is performed) into a resulting optical correction for the patient&#39;s eye. 
     Other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent with reference to the remainder of the text and the drawings of this application. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is an elevational, partially cut-away view of an Optec 360 retinoscope. 
     FIG. 2A-B is a schematic representation of the light rays emanating from the Optec 360 retinoscope of FIG. 1 with the slide in its upper position (FIG. 2A) and lower position (FIG. 2B). 
     FIG. 3 is an elevational, partially schematicized view of a modified retinoscope of the present invention. 
     FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the modified retinoscope taken along lines A--A of FIG. 3. 
     FIG. 5A-I are selected &#34;streak&#34; images possibly viewed using the modified streak retinoscope of FIG. 3. 
     FIG. 6A-D are additional streak images possibly viewed using the modified streak retinoscope of FIG. 3. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     1. Apparatus 
     As referenced above, FIG. 1 shows an Optec 360 retinoscope 10 having thumb slide 12, condensing lens 14, and lamp 16. Lamp 16 includes a linear filament designed to create the &#34;streak&#34; reflex or reflection seen by the practitioner from the retina of the eye of the patient being examined. Slide 12 moves approximately 1.6 cm along handle 18 so that, in its upper position, the filament of lamp 16 is approximately 5.0 cm from lens 14, which has power of +20.00 D. In its lower position, therefore, the filament of lamp 16 is approximately 6.6 cm from lens 14. 
     In use, light rays emanating from lamp 16 are reflected by mirror 19 approximately 45° into the patient&#39;s eye. The practitioner can view the rays backscattered from the patient&#39;s retina through a small opening 20 in mirror 19, effectively focusing the backscattered rays into his pupil. In essence, the phoropter or trial frame lenses subsequently placed before the patient are designed to place the patient&#39;s eye in focus with the practitioner&#39;s eye peering through opening 20. 
     FIGS. 3-4 illustrate a modified streak retinoscope 22 of the present invention. Retinoscope 22 may be a modified Optec 360 retinoscope 10 (FIG. 1) or any other suitable device having a displaceable slide 24 or some other means for moving a lamp relative to a lens. As shown in FIGS. 3-4, retinoscope 22 includes a potentiometer 28 coupled to slide 24, providing means for converting displacement of the slide 24 along handle 30 into an electrical resistance. This resistance can in turn be measured by ohmmeter 32 connected to potentiometer 28 and used by a computer 36 or other appropriate mechanism to calculate the optical power necessary to correct a patient&#39;s error. Merely by appropriately combining the resistance measured by ohmmeter 32 with the patient&#39;s current prescription using known equations, computer 36 can rapidly and easily determine the optical correction needed for an overrefracted patient. 
     FIG. 4 details the coupling between potentiometer 28 and slide 24. Wire 40 directly attaches slide 24 to the recording wire or contact arm 44 of potentiometer 28 so that, as slide 24 is displaced (upward or downward) along handle 30, contact arm 44 moves in a corresponding manner. Accordingly, potentiometer 28 tracks movement of slide 24, indicating its deviation from a nominal position. Those skilled in the art will recognize that other means may be used to sense the position of slide 24 along handle 30, including mechanisms electrically or optically coupled to slide 24 or uncoupled but otherwise capable of providing the necessary information. A momentary switch 48 or other suitable device may be included as part of computer 36 (FIG. 3), retinoscope 22, or elsewhere in the circuitry to provide means for indicating the point at which the practitioner determines that a displacement measurement needs to be recorded. 
     2. Exemplary Operations 
     To refract a patient&#39;s eye using retinoscope 22, the practitioner need merely assume a (fixed) position a known distance (e.g. 50 cm) from the patient. 
     For a patient having a solely spherical error between approximately -1.75 D and +2.75 D, for example, activating retinoscope 22 with slide 24 in its upper position initially provides to the practitioner the streak reflexive image shown in FIG. 5A. Because no astigmatic error is present in this example, neither the width nor intensity of the streak varies as collar or sleeve 50 is rotated ±90° . Lowering slide 24 widens the reflected streak (FIGS. 5B-C) until it fills the patient&#39;s pupil as illustrated in FIG. 5D. Again, because the patient has no astigmatic error in this example, rotating sleeve 50 diminishes neither the width nor intensity of the streak (FIG. 5E). At this point momentary switch may be depressed, providing computer 36 information concerning the distance slide 24 has been displaced from its upper position. 
     B. 
     For a patient having a (solely) spherical refractive error of -2.00 D, a retinoscope 22 located 50 cm from the patient&#39;s eye, and slide 24 in its upper position, the practitioner will initially view the images of FIGS. 5D-E. Accordingly, no further refractive effort is needed and the initial position of slide 24 is immediately converted into an electrical resistance and transmitted to computer 36. 
     C. 
     For a patient having a myopic (solely) spherical refractive error greater than -2.00 D, the images of FIGS. 5D-E are likely not attainable for working distances of 50 cm or greater. To accommodate these larger spherical errors, the practitioner can place a phoropter or trial frame lens of, for example, between -3.00 D and -12.00 D before the patient (or use the patient&#39;s existing prescription lens) and continue lowering slide 24 until the images of FIGS. 5D-E are obtained. Again, at that point the practitioner can simply activate computer 36 to record the displacement information obtained through potentiometer 28. In this case, however, the power of the phoropter, trial frame, or existing prescription lens must be included in the final corrective calculation (either as a separate input to computer 36 or manually after the displacement information is converted into the refractive error). Alternatively, the practitioner can move toward the patient, decreasing the distance between the retinoscope and eye under examination, until he views the images of FIGS. 5D-E. This decreased working distance must be determined and appropriately factored into the value obtained from computer 36, however. 
     D. 
     For a patient having a (solely) spherical error greater than ±12.59 D, the images of FIGS. 5D-E are similarly not likely to be obtained at a working distance of 50 cm. The practitioner in such a case can place a phoropter or trial frame lens of, for example, between +3.00 and +12.00 before the patient (or again use the patient&#39;s existing prescriptive lens). With this lens in place, the practitioner can continue lowering slide 24 until the images of FIGS. 5D-E are obtained, at which point he can activate computer 36 to record the displacement information obtained through potentiometer 28. As in connection with the prior example, the power of the phoropter, trial frame, or existing prescription lens must be included in the final corrective calculation. 
     FIGS. 5F-I and 6A-D illustrate reflections viewed for a patient having a cylindrical error in addition to the spherical errors mentioned in examples A-D. In FIG. 5F-I, the axis of the patient&#39;s spherical error is 180° , while in FIG. 6A-D the axis is 45°. For the patient having a cylindrical error principally in the 180° meridian, the practitioner determines the spherical error in the same way as discussed above. Upon rotating sleeve 50 by ±90°, however the image of FIG. 5F is obtained and the angular orientation of the streak (i.e. 180°) is noted or estimated by the practitioner. The practitioner again lowers slide 24 (FIGS. 5G-H) until the streak fills the pupil (FIG. 5I), at which point computer 36 is utilized to record the displacement of the slide 24. The noted cylinder axis can then be included with the measurements to produce a final corrective prescription. Embodiments of retinoscope 22 can also incorporate lens discs or carriers to permit lenses of other powers to be substituted for or combined with lens 14. For example, including a disc of spherical lenses in +0.50 D increments capable of being optically aligned with opening 20 would enhance the practitioner&#39;s ability to use retinoscope 22 accurately at any working distance from 0-100 cm. Incorporating a distance finder into retinoscope 22 would additionally permit electronic measurement of the working distance for input into computer 36, while electrically or otherwise coupling the lens disc to the computer would allow direct input of the added spherical power into the computer 36 for use in later calculations. 
     Other embodiments of retinoscope 22 function opposite the manner described earlier, recording, for example, the distance slide 24 is displaced from its lower position. These embodiments are designed to accommodate the operating principles utilized in some commercial retinoscopes, in which the light rays from lamp 16 are focused at infinity when slide 12 is completed lowered. Yet other embodiments of retinoscope 22 contemplate permitting slide 24 to move more than 1.6 cm, providing a greater range of dioptric powers available for refraction. 
     The foregoing is provided for purposes of illustrating, explaining, and describing embodiments of the present invention. Modifications and adaptations to these embodiments will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art and may be made without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention.