Abstract:
A capacitive sensor is employed to measure the dielectric constant of miscible liquids, and thereby determine the relative concentration of the two liquids. Further, a feedback circuit may be provided to change the operation of the system in accordance with the relative concentration of the liquids. Further, circuit arrangements may be provided to adjust the sensitivity and offset of the electrical circuit included in the system to match the output of the sensor with the dielectric constants being measured.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to capacitive liquid sensing and analysis systems. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     When two miscible fluids are mixed it is often desirable to determine the relative amount of each fluid which is present. In the case of coolant, for example, where alcohol or ethylene glycol is mixed with water, the freezing point of the liquid depends on the relative amounts of the two liquids. The relative amounts of the two liquids may be determined by using a density measuring device or hydrometer, for example, when coolants are involved so that the freezing point of the liquids may be ascertained. 
     However, known techniques, such as the use of a hydrometer, are not always convenient or readily compatible with electrical monitoring systems. 
     The disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 5,824,389 is also noted. However, this patent does not relate to miscible liquids, but to the deterioration of a single liquid, or to the presence of an immiscible contaminant, such as water present in oil. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a simple electrical sensor for determining the relative concentration of miscible liquids, with such sensor being compatible with electronic systems such as feedback and control systems. 
     In accordance with one illustrative system, the relative concentration of two miscible liquids in a tank or other container may be determined by a capacitive sensor. With the dielectric constant of one fluid being different from the dielectric constant of the other fluid, the sensor and its associated circuitry have offset and gain control arrangements so that the electrical signal output of the sensor has a range extending linearly from a low output value when the dielectric constant of the mixture is equal to that of one of the liquids, up to a maximum when the dielectric constant of the liquid approaches that of the other of the liquids. 
     A feedback circuit may be provided to change the operation of the system in accordance with the relative concentrations of the liquids. In one illustrative example, the two liquids may be mixed in a tank, and electromagnetically actuated valves from two sources of liquids may be actuated selectively to keep the concentration in the tank at the desired proportions. 
     Feedback circuits controlling other operating parameters may also be used. For example, in the case of antifreeze, a heater may be employed to prevent temperatures from dropping below the freezing temperature of the coolant. 
     Other objects, features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from a consideration of the following detailed description and from the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system illustrating the principles of the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of a circuit providing a variable output voltage, with variations in a sensed capacitance value; 
     FIG. 3 is a plot of output voltage versus dielectric constant or the relative percentage or concentration of two miscible liquids; and 
     FIG. 4 is a capacitive sensor for providing a variable output depending on the dielectric constant of liquids which are being sensed. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring more particularly to the drawings, FIG. 1 shows a tank  12  for containing miscible liquids  14 . Sources of a liquid  16  and another liquid  18  having different dielectric constants, are indicated by the blocks  16  and  18 . A microprocessor and controller  20  is operative to control the concentration of the miscible liquids  14  in tank  12 , by the operation of electromagnetic valves  22  and  24 . A capacitive sensor  26  provides an output signal on lead  28  indicating the dielectric constant and/or the relative concentration of the miscible liquids in tank  12 . 
     Instructions as to the desired concentration of the miscible liquids is provided by the input control  30  which is applied to the microprocessor controller  20 . The input control  30  indicates the desired concentration of the miscible liquids  14  in tank  12 , and the capacitive sensor  26  provides an output signal on lead  28  indicating to the controller  20  what the actual relative concentration of the miscible liquids is at any given time. Based on these inputs to the controller  20 , the valves  22  and/or  24  are operated to control the flow of the two liquids from the sources  16  and  18  into the tank  12 . 
     Attention will now be directed to FIG. 2 of the drawings in which the circuit diagram for the sensor is shown. From an overall standpoint relative to FIG. 2, it may be noted that the power supply input to the circuit is indicated at V cc  at several points in the diagram. The variable capacitance sensing capacitor is indicated at C D , otherwise identified by reference numeral  40 . As the capacitance  40  varies over the range of dielectric values of the two miscible liquids of FIG. 1, the output at lead  42  at the right-hand side of the diagram varies from 0.5 volts to 4.5 volts. The operation of this type of circuit is disclosed in some detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,824,889, so the details of the complete mode of operation of the circuit will not be developed in detail in this specification. 
     In general it is noted that the output at lead  42  varies as shown in FIG. 3 from 0.5 volts when the dielectric constant is equal to that of the liquid designated “A” up to 4.5 volts, when the dielectric constant of the miscible liquid is equal to that of the liquid designated “B”. In order to vary the offset of the circuit so that the range of the output corresponds to the widely different liquids which may be involved, the offset control variable resistors R 5  and R 6  may be adjusted. Further, to change the sensitivity of the circuit in the desired range, the resistors R 7  and R 8  may be adjusted. In some cases, the output characteristic may be concave or convex and, in order to compensate for this non-linearity, the resistors R 2  or R 9  may be adjusted. Accordingly, with the foregoing adjustments, the circuit of FIG. 2 provides the output characteristics as shown in FIG. 3, with the full scale reading of the output from the circuit of FIG. 2 corresponding to the dielectric constant of one of the two input fluids, while the 0.5 volt reading corresponds to the dielectric constant of the other of the input liquids. 
     FIG. 3 shows the output of the circuit of FIG. 2 over various concentrations of the two input liquids A and B. This output voltage is indicated by the characteristic  52 ; and the point  54  represents a half-and-half concentration, where the dielectric constant E is equal to E A +E B ÷2. 
     FIG. 4 shows one embodiment which could be employed to implement the sensor shown at  26  in FIG.  1 . More particularly, the sensor  26  of FIG. 4 includes the outer metallic housing  62 , with threads  64  for holding the sensor into a tank such as the tank  12  of FIG.  1 . The upper housing  66  may be made of high strength plastic, and encloses the hybrid circuit  68  forming the greater part of the circuit of FIG. 2, and the feed-through capacitors on the circuit board  70 . The output terminal pins  72  bring energization power to the hybrid assembly and also couple the output from the lead  42  of FIG. 2 to an external circuit such as the feedback circuit of FIG.  1 . 
     The cylindrical surface  74  at the lower end of the housing  62  in the showing of FIG. 4 constitutes one electrode of the variable capacitance, and the central metallic electrode  76  constitutes the other electrode of the sensor. The openings  77  facilitate free flow of the miscible liquids between the spaced electrodes. Incidentally, the housing  62  and the electrode  76  are preferably made of stainless steel, but may be made of other conductive material which will not react with the liquids which are being sensed. Between the electrode  76  and the housing  64  is an insulating plastic spacer  78 . Suitable seals  82 ,  84  and  86  are provided to protect the electronics  68  and  70  from the liquids being sensed and measured. Incidentally, the outer electrode  74  is at ground potential, while the electrode  76  is coupled to the hybrid assembly  68 , and to the circuit of FIG. 2 by the lead  90 . To prevent the buildup of material on the electrodes, they may be coated with a low friction coating, such as a silicone based outer coating or layer. 
     It is noted in passing that the dielectric constants of liquids vary widely. In this regard, some commonly known fluids have the following approximate dielectric constants: (1) automotive motor oil: from about 1.6 to 3.2 depending on brand and age; (2) water—87.5; (3) diesel oil—2.0; (4) methanol—60; (5) ethylene glycol—37. Accordingly, the offset and gain arrangements mentioned hereinabove are very useful in accommodating a wide range of miscible liquids, where both the values of the dielectric constants and the differences between the dielectric constants vary over wide ranges. 
     It is to be understood that the foregoing description and the associated drawings are merely illustrative of one embodiment of the invention. By way of example and not of limitation, other types of capacitive sensors may be employed. Also, in addition to maintaining the concentration of the miscible liquids at a desired level, other feedback systems, such as a system involving optimal combustion conditions for miscible fuels, for specific example, may be controlled in accordance with the sensed composition of the miscible fluids. The capacitive sensor may be provided with parallel plates rather than concentric cylindrical electrodes, and digital output signals may be developed to numerically represent the varying composition of the liquids, instead of the analog output signals provided by the circuit of FIG. 2; and such circuitry including an analog-to-digital converter could be located within or external to the sensor of FIG.  4 . Accordingly, the present invention is not limited the specific embodiments shown and described herein.