Abstract:
A method and structure for providing improved tactile response in fiber reinforced polymer composite materials is disclosed. The effect is achieved by jacketing the reinforcing carbon fiber with a thin coating of non-carbide forming metal, such as nickel. The resulting chemical and mechanical discontinuity at the fiber/coating interface allows for more transient energy to be retained within the fiber, while the strong chemical bond of the polymer matrix to the metal coating assures mechanical integrity of the composite. The result is a composite which retains its characteristic weight, stiffness, and strength, but exhibits increased low frequency vibrational sensitivity in composite applications, such as for fishing rods and other recreational equipment.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of and is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/007,199 entitled “Fishing Rod” that was filed on Jun. 3, 2014 which is incorporated herein by this reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    The present invention relates to systems and methods for improving performance in shafts that are used in recreational equipment. More specifically, the present invention relates to systems and methods that provide enhanced tactile response in fishing rods. 
         [0004]    2. The Relevant Technology 
         [0005]    For thousands of years, mankind has used composite rods for dynamic and structural purposes, such as fishing, hiking, and other recreational endeavors, as well as for buildings, bridges, ships masts and such. Of course, the oldest materials were simply natural cellulosic composite, or wood. A few centuries ago, tubes such as fishing rods and barrels were engineered from long, narrow and thin sections of wood. In the case of fishing rods, sections of bamboo, usually split into long, narrow and thin trapezoids and then glued together in a hexagonal fashion were used to create a long, thin, lightweight, flexible, tapered hollow tube. 
         [0006]    Such technology sufficed for centuries, until the mid-20 th  century, when fiberglass reinforced polymer matrix composites were invented. This led to the ability to create laminate sheets of “prepreg”, which were then rolled onto a tapered steel mold, or mandrel, along with the appropriate sheet of circumferentially oriented fibers to provide hoop strength to the tube as it oblated during flexure. These rolled sheets were then compressed, cured, and then removed from the mandrel to deliver a highly flexible hollow tapered tube. 
         [0007]    In the last third of the 20 th  century, the fiberglass was replaced with carbon fiber, which although being more expensive, was much lighter, stiffer and stronger than fiberglass. Through the last few decades, carbon fibers of increasing modulus and strength have led to fishing rods that are incredibly light, stiff, and strong. 
         [0008]    Fishing enthusiasts, some even compete professionally, have become more sophisticated and seek out high performance fishing rods that are more lightweight, stiffer, and stronger. Carbon fiber fishing rods (also frequently called graphite fishing rods) have become the top of the line in high performance fishing rods. However, fishing enthusiasts are consistently searching for the fishing rod that provides enhanced performance without sacrificing weight, stiffness, or strength. 
         [0009]    Similarly, recreational enthusiasts are always seeking improvements in the items of equipment they use such as golf club shafts, hiking poles, arrows, ski poles and the like. It will also be appreciated that when using presently available equipment, there is always a desire to have equipment that performs better. 
         [0010]    For illustrative purposes, the example of a fishing rod will be used to describe and demonstrate the application of the technology of the present disclosure, although the technology of the present disclosure is not limited to fishing rods, but may be extended to all composite tubular applications that benefit from its objectives, including but not limited to, other items of recreational equipment such as golf club shafts, hiking poles, arrows, ski poles and the like. 
         [0011]    The principal quantitative metrics of rod or shaft performance are weight, strength (bending, compressive and hoop), and stiffness (longitudinal and torsional). The literature and patent arts also make a qualitative reference to vibration absorption, and “feel”, but do not tie this to any other specific metric or cause. 
         [0012]    In recent decades, nickel-coated carbon fibers have been made commercially available. Nickel-coated carbon fibers have been used mainly to increase electrical conductivity of composites; however, nickel-coated carbon fibers have also been used in tubular structures for non-electrical properties. 
         [0013]    In one instance, a rod-like product body, mainly including a metallic material, having a metallic plating layer and a resin layer has been disclosed. The metallic plating layer had a metallic luster on its surface and covered an exterior surface of the product body. The resin layer included a thermosetting resin and an adhesive component and was adhered to the surface of the metallic plating layer, permitting the metallic plating layer to be seen through the resin layer. 
         [0014]    In another instance, hollow rods were formed with at least one inner ply of graphite fibers in a first thermoset resin matrix and at least one outer ply of nickel-coated graphite fibers in a second thermoset resin. An outermost protective ply was added to protect the integrity of the nickel-coated graphite fibers through finish grinding steps. The nickel-coated graphite fibers were implemented to impart increased impact strength to the final structure and serve to protect the inner graphite fiber layers by preventing crack propagation that would lead to failure of the composite. It was noted that the rods could be formed into suitable shapes for fishing rods, golf shafts, and arrow shafts. 
         [0015]    Additionally, a golf club shaft with controllable feel and balance has been disclosed that uses a combination of fiber reinforced plastics and metal-coated fiber-reinforced plastics to obtain optimal characteristics for a particular player. A sheet-rolled or filament wound core was covered by a filament wound outer layer having at least one ply including metal-coated fibers. The fibers could be metal-coated with metals such as: nickel, titanium, platinum, zinc, copper, brass, tungsten, cobalt, gold or silver. The use of metal-coated fibers allowed the use of combinations of fiber reinforced plastic and metal-coated fibers in producing golf club shafts with optimum performance properties. For example, the use of metal-coated fibers allowed the addition of weight to the shaft without significantly influencing its longitudinal or torsional rigidity. Also, specific placement of the metal-coated fibers added weight to predetermined points in the shaft to shift the flex and balance points without varying the shaft&#39;s torsional properties and while providing the optimum flex for a given golf club design. 
         [0016]    Heretofore, the issue of the quantitative sensitivity of a rod has not been broached in the art. With fishing (or other) rods in general, the issue of sensitivity is only qualitatively discussed; but methods to measure sensitivity, or improve upon sensitivity are only discussed in the industry in relative terms. 
         [0017]    Accordingly, a need exists for a new system and method that measurably enhances performance of tubular composites used in recreational equipment. Such a system and methods are disclosed herein. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0018]    The exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure have been developed in response to the present state of the art, and in particular, in response to the deficiencies of existing tubular composite structures and needs in the art that have not yet been fully solved by currently available carbon fiber composites. 
         [0019]    As a definition for purposes of this disclosure, the term “sensitivity” will be addressed herein as the quantitative response of the handle end of the rod when the tip is subjected to a variety of low frequency vibrations of variable amplitude. The vibrations are generally sub-acoustic, or near sub-acoustic, i.e., below 100 Hz. The vibrations are meant to simulate the action of the rod tip as it experiences different conditions, such as current, bottom or the nibble of a fish. The desired effect is a measurable improvement of the amount of vibrational energy which reaches the handle end of the rod. It should be understood that for rods or shafts used in other items of recreational equipment (such as golf club shafts) that have the energy applied to the handle end, “sensitivity” is the quantitative response of the tip to the application of energy at the handle end. 
         [0020]    The exemplary embodiments of this disclosure are directed to a fiber-reinforced polymer composite having an elongate structure such as a tube or rod. The fiber-reinforced polymer composite comprises a plurality of metal-coated carbon fibers within a polymeric resin matrix. Each of the metal-coated carbon fibers comprises a carbon fiber and a metal coating. The metal coating has an interior surface and an exterior surface and is non-carbide forming, meaning that the interior surface of the metal coating will not bond with the carbon fiber, but rather jackets the carbon fiber to insulate the carbon fiber from the polymeric resin used in the polymeric resin matrix. However, the exterior surface of the metal coating does bond with the polymeric resin. Hence, a non-bonding fiber/coating interface (where an outer surface of the carbon fiber abuts with the interior surface of the metal coating) is created between the metal coating and the carbon fiber. This non-bonding fiber/coating interface allows the carbon fiber to move slightly within the coating. This slight movement or slippage enables a conservation of energy as energy travels up or down the elongate structure. 
         [0021]    In a normal carbon fiber composite, the carbon fiber is well bound to the epoxy matrix. Thus, when vibrational waves travel either up or down the length of the composite, there is a loss of energy as the vibration moves from the high modulus fiber to the low modulus resin, and back and forth as it continues up or down the length of the elongate structure. However, in the case of the nickel-coated carbon fiber, the interior surface of the nickel coating does not adhere in any fashion to the outer surface of the underlying carbon (nickel is a non-carbide former), but the epoxy adheres extremely well to the oxide rich nickel coating exterior surface. This adhesion lends mechanical integrity of the composite, while at the fiber/coating interface, the lack of a bond conserves the mechanical energy to more fully remain in the core fiber as it travels up or down the composite. 
         [0022]    The resulting chemical and mechanical discontinuity at the fiber/coating interface allows for more transient energy to be retained within the carbon fiber (i.e., a conservation of energy), while the strong chemical bond of the polymeric matrix to the metal coating assures mechanical integrity of the composite. The result is a composite which retains its characteristic weight, stiffness, and strength, but exhibits increased low frequency vibrational sensitivity down the elongate structure in composite applications. 
         [0023]    Similarly, if energy is applied to the proximal end of the elongate structure (e.g., the handle end of a fishing rod) the same conservation of energy will deliver energy to the distal end (e.g., the tip end of a fishing rod). Using the fishing rod as an example, this sensitivity results in longer casts. 
         [0024]    The metal coating may comprise any of a number of metals or metal alloys that are non-carbide forming but will chemically bond with the polymeric matrix. Nickel is particularly suitable because minimal amounts of nickel may be used without sacrificing weight, stiffness or strength and such small amounts of nickel are not cost prohibitive. For instance, the use of carbon fibers with 40% (30% to 50% by weight) nickel on the carbon fiber will result in a composite that is about 20% heavier, but is also considerably stiffer. This added weight is usually unacceptable for items of recreational equipment and the amount of nickel also adds to cost of the composite. But the use of a carbon fiber with minimal nickel (15% to 30% by weight, but nominally around 20%), will result in a rod that is only about 8% to 10% heavier and stiffer. For some recreational uses, this added weight may be acceptable. However, if the pattern of carbon fiber is cut narrower or reduced by the 10%, the resulting composite member when minimal nickel is used will be substantially the same approximate weight, and surprisingly, nearly the same approximate strength and stiffness. 
         [0025]    Hence, essentially identical weight, stiffness, and strength exhibited in carbon fiber composites may be achieved in fishing rods or the like fabricated using nickel-coated carbon fibers in the composite. However, the sensitivity (as defined and measured herein) of the counterpart rods is markedly different. 
         [0026]    The steps for an exemplary method for fabricating a fiber-reinforced polymer composite tubular structure that exhibits improved sensitivity include coating a reduced amount of carbon fibers with a metal coating on each carbon fiber to form a plurality of metal-coated carbon fibers. The reduced amount of carbon fibers being an amount by weight that offsets the weight of a metal coating to be applied to the carbon fibers so that the fiber-reinforced polymer composite tubular structure being fabricated will have substantially the same weight, stiffness, and strength as the comparable carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composite elongate structure. The metal coating for each carbon fiber of the plurality of carbon fibers comprises non-carbide forming metal so that no chemical occurs between the metal coating and each carbon fiber of the plurality of carbon fibers. This forms a non-bonding fiber/coating interface between the outer surface of each carbon fiber and the interior surface of the metal coating. A polymeric resin may be added to the plurality of metal-coated carbon fibers to form a polymeric resin matrix sheet wherein the metal coating bonds with the polymeric resin. One or more polymeric resin matrix sheets may be rolled onto a mandrel. On one exemplary embodiment, each and every polymeric resin matrix sheet rolled onto a mandrel has a plurality of metal-coated carbon fibers. The polymeric resin matrix sheet(s) that have been rolled onto the mandrel are cured to form the fiber-reinforced polymer composite tubular structure. Once cured the fiber-reinforced polymer composite tubular structure may be removed from the mandrel and delivered for further processing; for example, adding a handle and line hoops in the case of a fishing rod. 
         [0027]    These and other features of the present disclosure will become more fully apparent from the following description, or may be learned by the practice of the method disclosed as set forth herein. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0028]    In order that the manner in which the above-recited and other features and advantages of the disclosed exemplary embodiments are obtained will be readily understood, a more particular description of the exemplary embodiments briefly described above will be rendered by reference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings and graphs. Understanding that these drawings and graphs depict only typical exemplary embodiments and are not therefore to be considered to be limiting of its scope, the exemplary embodiments of the invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings graphs in which: 
           [0029]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a fishing rod having a tapered tubular structure with metal-coated carbon fibers serving as a portion of the fishing rod; 
           [0030]      FIG. 2  is a schematic elevation view of a tapered tubular structure with metal-coated carbon fibers such as would be used in the exemplary fishing rod of  FIG. 1 , set up for sensitivity testing; 
           [0031]      FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional perspective view of the exemplary tapered tubular structure with metal-coated carbon fibers along line  3 - 3  of  FIG. 2 ; 
           [0032]      FIG. 4  is a perspective view of an area around a single metal-coated carbon fiber disposed within the polymeric resin, with the polymeric resin stripped away from a portion of the metal-coated carbon fiber to expose the exterior surface of the metal-coated carbon fiber; 
           [0033]      FIG. 5  is a graph entitled “Graph 1-Force vs. Displacement for rod tips comparing nickel coated vs. uncoated carbon fiber for tips of approximate equal weight” showing the relative similarity in the compared rods; 
           [0034]      FIG. 6  is a graph entitled “Graph 2-Low power frequency sweep” showing the generally enhanced sensitivity for the nickel-coated rod over a range of low frequencies; and 
           [0035]      FIG. 7  is a graph entitled “Graph 3-High power frequency sweep” showing the generally enhanced sensitivity for the nickel-coated rod over a range of low frequencies. 
           [0000]    
         
           
                 
               
                 
                 
                 
               
             
                 
                     
                 
                 
                   REFERENCE NUMBERS 
                 
                 
                     
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
            
             
                 
                     
                   fishing rod 10 
                   tapered tubular structure 12 
                 
                 
                     
                   handle 14 
                   proximal end 16 
                 
                 
                     
                   tip 18 
                   distal end 20 
                 
                 
                     
                   fishing reel 22 
                   fishing line 24 
                 
                 
                     
                   line hoops 26 
                   tapered tubular structure blank 28 
                 
                 
                     
                   vibrometer 30 
                   vibration-imparting device 32 
                 
                 
                     
                   fiber-reinforced polymer 
                   hollow interior 36 
                 
                 
                     
                   composite 34 
                 
                 
                     
                   interior wall 38 
                   exterior wall 40 
                 
                 
                     
                   wall thickness 42 
                   metal-coated carbon fiber 44 
                 
                 
                     
                   polymeric resin 46 
                   overcoating 48 
                 
                 
                     
                   core 50 
                   outer surface 52 
                 
                 
                     
                   metal coating 54 
                   interior surface 56 
                 
                 
                     
                   exterior surface 58 
                   fiber/coating interface 60 
                 
                 
                     
                     
                 
               
            
           
         
       
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0036]    The exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure will be best understood by reference to the drawings graphs, wherein like parts are designated by like numerals throughout. It will be readily understood that the components of the exemplary embodiments, as generally described and illustrated in the figures herein, could be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations. Thus, the following more detailed description of the exemplary embodiments, as represented in the figures, is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, as claimed, but is merely representative of exemplary embodiments of the invention. 
         [0037]    The word “exemplary” is used exclusively herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any embodiment described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments. While the various aspects of the embodiments are presented in drawings, the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale unless specifically indicated. 
         [0038]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a fishing rod  10  having a tapered tubular structure  12  with metal-coated carbon fibers serving as a portion of the fishing rod  10 . As shown, there is no appreciable difference in the visual appearance of the fishing rod  10  and a carbon fiber fishing rod of substantially identical weight, stiffness, and strength. Fishing rod  10 , as shown in  FIG. 1 , has a tapered tubular structure  12  with a handle  14  attached at the proximal end  16  and a tip  18  disposed at the distal end  20 . Fishing rod  10  also has a fishing reel  22  attached to the handle  14  with fishing line  24  threaded through line hoops  26  and extending from the tip  18 . Although the fishing line  24  is truncated, in  FIG. 1 , as it extends downward from the tip  18 , a two-way arrow A shows the general direction that a nibble would impart to the fishing line  24  to displace the tip  18  causing a vibrational energy to travel down the tapered tubular structure  12  to handle  14 . 
         [0039]    As is known with fishing rods, when a force is exerted on the end of the fishing line  24  the tapered tubular structure  12  portion of the fishing rod  10  will bend causing the tapered tubular structure  12  to oblate along its length in response to the force. Also, that force will impart a vibration to the tip  18  of the fishing rod  10  that travels travel down the tapered tubular structure  12  to handle  14 . Depending on the feel of a fisherman and the sensitivity of the fishing rod  10 , the fisherman may detect vibration in the fishing rod  10  and an experienced fisherman may be able to determine whether the vibration is caused by current, bottom, or the nibble of a fish. 
         [0040]    To test for sensitivity and to compare the sensitivity between carbon fiber fishing rods and metal-coated carbon fiber fishing rods such as fishing rod  10 , a testing protocol was devised and is depicted in  FIG. 2 . Multiple tapered tubular structure blanks  28  (i.e., tapered tubular structures  12  as would be used in fishing rods  10 ) made of uncoated carbon fiber and metal-coated carbon fiber, each in a polymeric matrix made of the same polymer, were made to have substantially identical weight, stiffness, and strength. The proximal end  16  was placed on a vibrometer  30  (a type of accelerometer) and the tip  18  at the distal end  20  was connected to vibration-imparting device  32  that imparts vibrations of various frequency and amplitude to the tip  18 . The results of various testing will be described in more detail hereafter with reference to  FIGS. 5-7 . 
         [0041]    Turning now to  FIG. 3 , a cross-section of the tapered tubular structure blank  28  along line  3 - 3  is shown. The tapered tubular structure blank  28  of  FIG. 3  is a fiber-reinforced polymer composite  34  having an elongate structure with a hollow interior  36 , an interior wall  38 , an exterior wall  40 , and a wall thickness  42  of fiber-reinforced polymer composite  34 . The fiber-reinforced polymer composite  34  depicted comprises metal-coated carbon fibers  44  within a polymeric resin  46  as is depicted in  FIG. 4 . 
         [0042]    In one exemplary embodiment of the fiber-reinforced polymer composite  34 , the metal used in metal coating for the metal-coated carbon fibers  44  is nickel. Nickel is particularly suitable because nickel is non-carbide forming, it bonds well with the polymeric resin  46 , and nickel-coated fiber demonstrates s higher modulus of elasticity that is anticipated by the rule of mixtures. 
         [0043]    Additionally, nickel-coated fiber causes the fiber-reinforced polymer composite  34  to become metallic and reflective in color. This property enables the fiber-reinforced polymer composite  34  to be overcoated with a tinted clear coat of urethane, epoxy, or other coating. An epoxy overcoating  48  chemically bonds and is quite hard, imparting a very shiny and very durable scratch-resistant coating to the otherwise damage-sensitive composite  34 . When properly applied, overcoating  48  is less than three microns thick and adds less than 0.5% weight to the tapered tubular structure blank  28 . 
         [0044]      FIG. 4  depicts an area around a single metal-coated carbon fiber  44  disposed within the polymeric resin  46  with the polymeric resin  46  stripped away from a portion of the metal-coated carbon fiber  44  to expose the exterior surface of the metal-coated carbon fiber  44 . The metal-coated carbon fiber  44  has a core  50  of carbon fiber with an outer surface  52 , a metal coating  54  with and interior surface  56  and an exterior surface  58 . In  FIG. 4 , the metal coating  54  comprises nickel and because nickel is non-carbide forming, the interior surface  56  of the nickel will not bond to the outer surface of the carbon fiber core  50  at a fiber/coating interface  60 . However, the exterior surface  58  of the nickel bonds with the polymeric resin  46  to give the fiber-reinforced polymer composite  34  mechanical integrity. Because of the non-bonding at the fiber/coating interface  60 , the carbon fiber core  50  may move slightly enabling the core  50  to more fully retain vibrational energy imparted to the composite  34 . As the vibrational energy travels down the tapered tubular structure blank  28 , less vibrational energy is lost by passing back and forth from the high modulus carbon fiber core  50  to the low modulus polymeric resin  46 . 
         [0045]    Now referring generally to  FIGS. 1-4  wherein the tapered tubular structure blank  28  of  FIG. 2  is a tapered tubular structure  12  of  FIG. 1 , the substructures depicted in  FIGS. 3 and 4  are representative of the tapered tubular structure  12  of  FIG. 1 . With respect to the tips  18  of the various tapered tubular structure blanks  28 , whether made of plain carbon fiber or metal-coated carbon fiber  44 , the tapered tubular structure blanks  28  of substantially identical weight, stiffness, and strength can be fabricated, if fibers with minimal amount of nickel coating are used. For instance, the use of carbon fibers with about 40% (30% to 50% by weight) nickel on the carbon fiber will result in a composite that is about 20% heavier, but is also considerably stiffer. By using carbon fiber with a minimal nickel coating (15% to 30%, but nominally around 20%), a tapered tubular structure blank  28  that is about 8% to 10% heavier and stiffer. However, if the pattern of carbon fiber is cut narrower by the 10% (i.e., about 10% less carbon fiber is used), the resulting composite will be substantially the same approximate weight, and surprisingly, nearly the same approximate strength and stiffness. In mechanical testing, though counter-intuitive, the nature of the carbon/nickel/epoxy resin interfaces as compared to the plain carbon/epoxy resin interface it has been shown that there is an enhancing of the mechanical properties over the plain carbon composite. 
         [0046]    The work to establish measurable improvement initiated when the applicant fabricated a few nickel-coated carbon fiber fishing rods  10  for recreational “show and tell” purposes under confidentiality arrangements. Those who fished with these rods  10  reported that they could feel the vibration of a fish nibbling sooner and lighter than they could with a normal graphite rod. 
         [0047]    Hence, applicant set out to demonstrate that a fishing rod  10  (or other applicable structure), having essentially identical characteristics of weight, stiffness, and strength to the plain carbon fiber counterpart, may be fabricated with nickel-coated carbon fibers. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the low frequency vibrational response can be quantitatively measured, and using rods having essentially identical characteristics of weight, stiffness, and strength, the rod  10  fabricated with the nickel-coated carbon fibers significantly and statistically demonstrated enhanced tactile response. As demonstrated, the amount of vibrational energy detected at the handle  14  end of a plain graphite rod, when the tip  18  is identically vibrated, is increased by about 50% in the nickel-coated carbon fiber rods  10 . In other words, the nickel-coated fiber rods  10  conserved about 50% more vibrational energy down the rod  10  than the plain graphite rod. 
         [0048]    This quantitative measurement of vibrational conservation was conducted by a number of methods, being:
       1. ASTM E756, Standard Test Method for Measuring Vibration-Damping Properties of Materials, where in the zeta factor, or amount of energy reaching (or not lost) to the other end of a length is measured and compared on a frequency domain basis.   2. A method by which a frequency domain vibration is induced into the tip of a rod blank, and the amplitude of the vibration resulting at the other end is measured.   3. A method by which a single frequency vibration is induced into the tip and the amplitude of the vibration resulting at the other end is measured.       
 
         [0052]    Further, human subject studies were also conducted to test the results of enhanced sensitivity against human trials that will be discussed in greater detail below. 
         [0053]    Two sets of tapered tubular structure blanks  28  rod tips were fabricated, one from nickel-coated carbon fiber (an exemplary embodiment of metal-coated carbon fiber  44 ) and one from uncoated carbon fiber. Identical base carbon fibers and polymeric resin  46  were used. The nickel-coated fiber count was reduced to offset the increased nickel weight. The weights of each population were measured. These two populations were subjected to a tip  18  bend test in an Instron tensile tester (a type of vibration-imparting device  32 ), as shown in  FIG. 2 . The force verses displacement was plotted in Graph 1, as shown in  FIG. 5 . With respect to the populations of tapered tubular structure blanks  28  by weight, force and displacement were found to be within 6% of each other, which for sensitivity purposes are essentially identical. Due to the complex nature of bending a tube of continually variable diameter and wall thickness, no attempt was made to convert the force and displacement to stress, strain and modulus. 
         [0054]    ASTM E 756 Standard Test Method for Measuring Vibration-Damping Properties of Materials. For this test, flat bars 12″ long×1″ wide×0.030″ thick were fabricated using the same weight of fibers for each. The bars were then subjected to frequency domain vibrational analysis, per ASTM E756, Standard Test Method for Measuring Vibration-Damping Properties of Materials. In this test, one end of the bar is vibrated, where in the zeta factor, or amount of energy reaching (or not lost) to the other end of a length is measured and compared on a frequency domain basis. The larger the zeta factor, the greater the energy loss. The lower he zeta number, the more energy is conserved down the length of the bar. 
         [0055]    The zeta factor for the uncoated carbon fiber composite was 0.0052, and the zeta factor for the nickel-coated carbon fiber composite was 0.0029. In simple terms, this may be interpreted that while the carbon fiber composite lost 0.5% of its energy, the nickel-coated carbon fiber bars lost only 0.29% of its energy. 
         [0056]    Frequency Sweep testing. A test was devised wherein the tip  18  of each blank  28  was placed into a close fitting slot in a vibrating bar. The proximal end  16  of the blank  28  was then placed securely in a V block and secured with a 50 gram weight. An accelerometer (vibrometer  30 ) was placed in on the blank  28  about 1″ from the proximal end  16 . The tip  18  was then subjected to a swept frequency at a constant low power to the vibrating tip  18 . Six samples from the uncoated population and six from the metal-coated population were tested. The test was then repeated, but at a constant high power to the tip  18 . 
         [0057]    The frequency sweep was from 10 Hz to 80 Hz. Within this range, two resonant peaks were observed, one at 15 Hz and one at 55 Hz. The results of the averages of the low power sweep and the high power sweep are shown in  FIGS. 6 and 7 , respectively. The amplitude of vibration at the proximal end  16  is reported in dB. For each three dB of increase, there is a doubling of the measured energy. 
         [0058]      FIG. 6  depicts Graph 2 and shows that at low power, the nickel-coated blanks  28  exhibit a higher power at nearly all frequencies. Of note, the 5 dB difference at both the valley at about 30 Hz and the peak at about 55 Hz is significant. The 5 dB difference represents that about to 150% more energy transferred. The absence of a vibrational resonance for the uncoated blanks 28 at 55 Hz was also a significant observation. 
         [0059]      FIG. 7  depicts Graph 3 and shows that as power increases, the pattern of the uncoated blanks  28  starts to look more like that of the nickel-coated blanks  28 . In particular, observe the development of the 55 Hz peak in the uncoated samples. But still, the uncoated blank  28  samples exhibit markedly less amplitude at both about 30 and about 55 Hz. 
         [0060]    The comparison of Graphs 2 and 3 not only indicates that the nickel-coated fiber blanks  28  transfer considerably more energy to the proximal end  16  of the blank  28 , but just as important, nickel-coated fiber blanks  28  initiate that transfer at a lower power rate. To a fisherman using a fishing rod  10  having metal-coated carbon fiber  44  (e.g. nickel-coated carbon fiber), this would result in not only a more sensitive fishing rod  10  (i.e., a fishing rod  10  with enhanced tactile response) in any given waters, but the nickel-coated fishing rods  10  may be sensitive in waters where the uncoated rods are not. 
         [0061]    Human subject sensitivity testing. In order to determine what this measurable sensitivity means to a fisherman, a double blind study of the effect of how people feel the fishing rod was conducted. Two populations of ten rods each (one population of nickel-coated fiber fishing rods  10  and another population of plain carbon fiber fishing rods) were separated into two piles and each person was directed to randomly pick one rod from each population. A unique ID of each fishing rod was recorded to maintain the integrity of the test. After a nickel-coated fiber fishing rod  10  and a plain carbon fiber fishing rod were randomly chosen from the populations of each, the person was asked to lightly drag the tip  18  of each fishing rod (as lightly as possible) across a section of commercial carpet, with eyes closed, and report which tip  18  could be felt more or sooner. (This is a fairly common in-store method by which a fisherman buying a rod might judge the sensitivity of the rod.) Sixty blind human hand tests were conducted. 
         [0062]    Of the 60 tests, 47 subjects chose the nickel-coated fishing rod  10 . In almost every case, the choice was made very quickly, usually after one or two strokes. Of the 13 others, seven were undecided and six chose the plain carbon fiber fishing rod. With the six that chose plain carbon fiber fishing rods, it took those individuals several strokes to decide, none were quick. 
         [0063]    Thus, this human study generally establishes that vibrations induced in the tip  18  of a the fishing rod  10  fabricated from the nickel-coated carbon fiber  44  can be detected and measured and felt to a significantly greater magnitude than the uncoated, plain carbon fiber counterparts. This human test assumes that the ability for a person to distinguish vibrations is constant from person to person, which, of course, it is not. 
         [0064]    In another human study, the conservation of energy exhibited with the nickel-coated carbon fiber composite fishing rods  10  was to determine if more energy was delivered when casting. Again, in this study fishing rods of substantially identical weight, stiffness, and strength were used. Five fishing rods of each type (plain carbon fiber fishing rods and nickel-coated carbon fiber fishing rods  10 ) were cast with identical weight-forward line and under identical conditions. The distance for each of twenty casts with each fishing rod, by the same caster, were averaged. The average cast using the nickel-coated carbon fiber fishing rods  10  was 75 feet, while the average cast for the plain carbon fiber fishing rods was 70 feet. Although this test assumes that the caster has ability to make identical casts each time, the averaging over one hundred casts for each type of rod would still suggest that the conservation of energy in the nickel-coated carbon fiber composite fishing rods  10  results in enhanced distance in casting. Further, a similar increased distance may be expected in golf clubs using the nickel-coated carbon fiber composite. 
         [0065]    While the examples in data above refer to a fishing rod, this is only exemplary. The technology, resulting in a conservation of energy up or down the composite, may be applied to any composite system that may employs nickel-coated carbon fiber. As a result, portions of recreational equipment, such as fishing rods, golf clubs, ski poles, hiking poles, and the like, may enjoy enhanced performance. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the present exemplary embodiments are not intended to be limiting, but are exemplary of other embodiments and may suggest to those skilled in the art embodiments not specifically described herein. 
         [0066]    The present exemplary embodiments may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its structures, methods, or other essential characteristics as broadly described herein and claimed hereinafter. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative, and not restrictive. The scope of this disclosure is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims, rather than by the foregoing description. All changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.