Abstract:
Voice conversations by way of communications devices are conducted by transmitting symbols representative of a user&#39;s voice from a transmitting communications device and recreating the user&#39;s voice at a receiving communications device. The communications devices each include a processing engine responsive to a user&#39;s voice input for generating speech sample data indicative of predetermined portions of the user&#39;s voice. A storage device is coupled to the processing engine and stores the speech sample data. The processing engine also includes a communication module that generates transmission data, indicative of the user&#39;s voice spoken during a communication session as a function of the speech sample data and causes transmission of the transmission data to a remotely located recipient of the communication session.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/165,020 filed Sep. 30, 1998 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,501,751. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This invention relates generally to the field of voice communications and more particularly to compression or reduction of data required for voice communications. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     Voice communication is typically conducted over the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), in which a virtual dedicated circuit is established for each call. In such a circuit, a real-time connection is established that allows two-way transmission of data during the telephone call. Data communication can also be performed on such virtual circuits. However, data communication is increasingly being performed on wide-area data networks, such as the Internet, which provide a widely available and low-cost shared communications medium. Voice communications over such data networks is possible and is attractive because of the potentially lower cost of communicating over data networks, and the simplicity and lower cost of performing data and voice communications over a single network. However, the real-time nature of voice communications, coupled with the bandwidth required for such communication, often makes use of data networks for voice communication impractical. The bandwidth required for conventional voice communication also limits the use of services such as video conferencing which require significant additional amounts of bandwidth. 
     Accordingly, there is a need for techniques that reduce the amount of transmitted data required for voice communications. 
     DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION 
     In a principal aspect, the present invention reduces the amount of data required to be transmitted for voice communication. In accordance with a first object of the invention, voice data is transmitted by generating, in response to voice inputs ( 110 ) from a user, speech sample data ( 112 ) indicative of a sample of the user&#39;s voice. During a communication session, voice transmission data is generated as a function of the user&#39;s voice spoken during the communication session. The voice transmission data is then transmitted to a receiving station ( 101 ) designated in the communication session. The user&#39;s spoken voice is then recreated at the receiving station as a function of the speech sample data ( 112 ). 
     Transmission of voice data in such a manner greatly reduces the bandwidth required for voice communication. Voice communications over data networks therefore becomes more feasible because the reduced bandwidth helps to alleviate the latency often encountered in data networks. A further advantage is that the decreased bandwidth required by voice communications frees bandwidth for transmission of additional data, such as video data for video-conferencing. 
     These and other features and advantages of the present invention may be better understood by considering the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the invention. In the course of this description reference will be frequently made to the attached drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       These and other more detailed and specific objects and features of the present invention are more fully disclosed in the following specification, reference being had to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of voice communication in accordance of the principles of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 2 ,  3 ,  4 ,  5  and  6  are flowcharts illustrating operation of a preferred embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     In  FIG. 1 , communications devices  101 . 1  and  101 . 2  operate in accordance with the principles of the present invention to perform two-way voice communication across network  102 . Communications devices  101 . 1  and  101 . 2  are shown in  FIG. 1  as being the same type of device and are referred to herein collectively as “communications devices  101 .” The corresponding elements of communications devices  101  are also designated by numerical suffixes of 0.1 and 0.2 to designate correspondence with the appropriate communications device  101 . 1  or  101 . 2 . 
     Network  102  can take a variety of forms. For example, network  102  can take the form of a publicly accessible wide area network, such as the Internet. Alternatively network  102  may take a form of a private data network such as is found within many organizations. Alternatively, network  102  may comprise the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). The exact form of the data network  102  is not critical; instead, the data network  102  must simply be able to support full-duplex, real-time communication, at a rate which the user would find acceptable in a PC remote-control product (e.g. 9600 baud). 
     Communications devices  101  include a processing engine  104 , a storage device  106 , an output device  108 , and respond to voice and other inputs  110 . Communications device  101  also includes the necessary hardware and software to transmit data to and receive data from network  102 . Such hardware and software can include, for example, a modem and associated device drivers. The processing engine  104  preferably takes the form of a conventional digital computer programmed to perform the functions described herein. The storage device  106  preferably takes a conventional form that provides capacity and data transfer rates to allow processing engine  104  to store and retrieve data at a rate sufficient to support real-time two-way voice communication. The output device(s)  108  can include a plurality of types of output devices including visual display screens, and audio devices such as speakers. Voice and other inputs  110  are entered by way of conventional input devices, such as microphones for voice inputs, and keyboards and pointing devices for entry of text, graphical data, and commands. 
     The communications devices  101  operate generally by accepting voice inputs  110  from a user and generating, in response thereto, a speech sample  112 , which contains symbols indicative of the user&#39;s speech. The speech sample  112  preferably contains a plurality of symbols indicative of the entire range of sounds necessary in order to generate, from the user&#39;s voice inputs during a phone conversation, a stream of symbols that can be decoded by a receiving device (such as a communication station  101 ) to generate an accurate reproduction of the users voice inputs. For example, the speech sample  112  can include all letters of the alphabet, numbers from 0 through 9, and the names of days, weeks and months of the year. In addition, speech sample  112  can include additional symbols such as certain words that may be stored with different inflections and additional words, terms, or phrases that may be particularly unique to a particular user. 
     To converse, the user speaks into an audio input device, and processing engine  104  converts the voice inputs  110  to a stream of symbols that are transmitted to another communications device across network  102 . The stream of symbols that are transmitted comprise far less data than a conventional digitized stream of a user&#39;s voice. Therefore, a two-way voice conversation can be conducted using significantly fewer network resources than required for a conventional two-way conversation conducted by transmission of digitized voice streams. Communications devices  101  operating in accordance with the principles of the present invention therefore require lower performance networks. Alternatively, in higher performance networks, communications devices  101  allow other network functions to occur concurrently. For example, other data may be transmitted on the network  102  while one or more voice conversations are being conducted. The lower bandwidth utilization of communications devices  101  also allows other data to be transmitted during the two-way conversation. For example, the decreased network utilization may allow the transmission of other data in support of the conversation, such as video data or other types of data used in certain application programs, such as spreadsheets, word processing data programs, or databases. 
     As previously noted, the processing engine  104  preferably takes the form of a conventional digital computer, such as a personal computer that executes programs stored on a computer-readable storage medium to perform the functions described. The functions described herein however need not be implemented in software. The functions described herein may also be implemented in either software, hardware, firmware, or a combination thereof. The flow charts shown in  FIGS. 2 ,  3 ,  4 ,  5  and  6  illustrate operation of a preferred embodiment of communications devices  101 . 
       FIG. 2  illustrates an initialization routine  200  performed by processing engine  104  to generate speech sample  112 . Initialization routine  200  is started by determining at step  202  if the user is a new user. If the user is not new, meaning that a speech sample  112  for that user already exists, then the routine is terminated at step  214 . If the user is new, meaning that there is no speech sample  112  for the particular user, then in step  204  the user is prompted to read sample text. For example, in step  204 , sample text may be displayed on an output device  108 . The sample text is representative of commonly spoken sounds such as letters of the alphabet, integers from zero through nine, days of the week, and months of the year. These sounds are merely illustrative and other sounds can also be entered. For example, peculiarities of a user&#39;s speech or accent can be accounted for by having the user read certain words or phrases. The user can repeat certain, or all, text in various ways, such as at fast and slow rates, to account for different speech patterns. Certain users are aware of their own speech peculiarities and can therefore enter their own sample text and read it back. However, in many cases it may be preferable to use various types of sample text that are generated by those having particular knowledge of linguistics and/or various accents and languages. For example, different speech samples can be provided for men, women, and children. Different or additional sample text can be provided for people with different accents. 
     Voice input from the user reading the sample text shown at step  204  is entered into the communication device  101  by way of a microphone and is converted to speech sample  112  at step  206 , and then is stored at step  208  to storage device  106 . At step  210 , processing engine  104  generates test speech using the stored speech sample  112  and provides the test speech by way of output device  108  in the form of an audible signal. The user is then prompted to inform the communication device  101  if the outputted speech accurately reflects the sample text. If so, then at step  212  the speech sample  112  is determined to be acceptable and the routine is terminated at step  214 . If the user indicates at step  212  that the generated speech is unacceptable then steps  204 ,  206 ,  210  and  212  are repeated until an adequate speech sample  112  is generated. The routine is then terminated at step  214 . 
     Generation of symbols indicative of the user&#39;s speech at step  206  is performed by speech recognition engine that converts a digitized signal indicative of a user&#39;s voice into text or other type of symbols such as phonemes, which are fundamental notations for sounds of speech. More specifically, phonemes are commonly described as abstract units of the phonetic system of a language that correspond to a set of similar speech sounds which are perceived to be a single distinctive sound in the language. Speech recognition engines are commercially available. For example, the ViaVoice product from IBM has a speech recognition engine that takes speech input and generates text indicative of the speech. A developers kit for this engine is also available from IBM. This kit allows the speech recognition engine of the type in the ViaVoice product to be used to generate text, phonemes or other types of output indicative of the user&#39;s speech. Such an engine also has the capability to convert speech to text or a similar representation. Such an engine can also produce realistic sounding speech by connecting synthesized or prerecorded phonemes. 
     Once the speech sample  112  has been stored, a call can be made using communication device  101  to perform voice communication in accordance with the principles of the present invention. A call is originated in accordance with the steps shown in  FIG. 3 , which shows an originate call routine  300 . At step  302 , the user identifies the party to be called by selecting a recipient of the call from a list provided by communications device  101 , or by entering data such as a telephone number or network address for the recipient. At step  304 , communications device  101 . 1  establishes communications with the recipient, such as communications device  101 . 2 , shown in  FIG. 1 . At step  304 , configuration information and user preference information are exchanged between the two communications devices  101 . An example of the configuration information or user preference information is information indicating whether or not video conferencing or other services are required. Further examples are rate of speech generation and optional display of speech as text. The communications link established between the communications devices  101  can be shared for other purposes such as video conferencing or remote control. At step  306 , a choice is provided to the user as to whether the recipient&#39;s speech is to be rendered via simulated voice generation in accordance with the principles of the present invention, or rendered using generic speech generation. If generic speech generation is selected then, at step  310 , conversation between the calling party and receiving party is performed. Otherwise, at step  308 , a test is performed to determine if communications device  101 . 1  has a current copy of the recipient&#39;s speech sample file  112 . 2 . If so, then two-way voice communications are initiated at step  310 . Otherwise, at step  312  communications device  101 . 2  transmits the speech sample file  112 . 2  to communications device  101 . 1  and conversation is performed at step  310  until the call is terminated at step  314 . 
     A similar sequence of functions is performed by receiving station  101 . 2 , in response to origination of a call by station  101 . 1 . Steps  402 ,  404 ,  406 ,  408 ,  410 ,  412  and  414  correspond to steps  302 ,  304 ,  306 ,  308 ,  310 ,  312  and  314 , respectively, of  FIG. 3 . At step  402 , communications device  101 . 2  responds to a phone ring or network connection request initiated by device  101 . 1 . At step  404 , device  101 . 2  establishes communications with the originating device  101 . 1  and exchanges configuration and preference information at step  406 . The recipient at device  101 . 2  is given an option of conducting the conversation by way of generic speech generation or in accordance with the principles of the present invention from speech samples  112 . At step  408 , determination is made if the device  101 . 2  contains a current copy of the speech sample  112 . 1  of the user of device  101 . 1 . If so then conversation is performed in step  410 . Otherwise, at step  412 , the speech sample  112 . 1  is transmitted to the communications device  101 . 2  for use in the conversation. The conversation is performed at step  410  and then is subsequently terminated at  414 . 
       FIG. 5  shows further details of steps  310  and  410  in  FIGS. 3 and 4 . At step  502 , each processing engine  104 . 1  and  104 . 2  converts the received speech from the user of the corresponding communications device into phonetically equivalent text in accordance with the appropriate speech sample  112 . Steps  502 ,  504  and  506  are repeated until the conversation is determined to be over at step  508 , at which point the step  310  or  410  is terminated at step  510 . 
     Each communications device also executes a listening routine shown in  FIG. 6  in addition to the talking routine shown in  FIG. 5 . At step  602 , the symbols transmitted by the transmitting communications device are received and converted at step  606  into simulated speech using the appropriate speech sample file  112 . Alternatively, the symbols received can be converted into text for visual display. Steps  602 ,  604 , and  606  are repeated until a determination is made at step  608  that the conversation is over. The listening routine is then terminated at step  610 . 
     It is to be understood that the specific methods, apparati, and computer readable media that have been described herein are merely illustrative of one application of the principles of the invention, and numerous modifications may be made to the subject matter disclosed without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention.