Abstract:
In many systems, computer software is a common source of failure or instability. The proliferation of multiple interacting applications from several different software vendors leads to “emergent” problems that are difficult or impossible to predict or prevent. The problems are compounded by the use of networks, which introduce the added complexity of applications on multiple machines interacting in complex scenarios. As a result, many business and home users are hindered from using software-based systems to their fullest potential. More effective use of these systems can be aided by an application which can provide services for monitoring, diagnosing, and solving problems that occur in the operation of the machines at a customer facility. In the system described herein, a database contains entries with executable code that can make use of these services in order to monitor, diagnose, and solve specific problems. Each entry in the database addresses a specific problem. The executable code is designed to isolate and recognize the problem, and then implement a fix or workaround for that problem. The executable code is designed to completely automate the entire process of detection and resolution of the problem. Further, manual intervention may be employed to complete the diagnosis or solution.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/568,390, filed May 10, 2000 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,742,141, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/133,383, filed May 10, 1999, entitled System for Automated Detection and Resolution of Problems in Computer Networks, the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Computers, computer networks, and other software-based systems are becoming increasingly important as part of the infrastructure of everyday life. Businesses rely more and more on the use of electronic mail as a means of communication, and on Internet browsers as a means of doing research as well as marketing. Even home users are starting to depend on computers and other “intelligent appliances” for everyday household tasks. Networks are used for sharing peripherals and files, as well as for providing Internet access to the entire household. Computer software represents the single most complex component in most systems, and is the most common source of failure or instability. The proliferation of multiple interacting applications from several different software vendors leads to “emergent” problems that are difficult or impossible to predict or prevent. The problems are compounded by the use of networks, which introduce the added complexity of applications on multiple machines interacting in obscure and unforeseen ways. As a result, most business and home users find that the cost of keeping these software-based systems running prevents them from making use of all but the simplest features. 
     There are many commercial products to help diagnose and repair problems with large computer networks. These products provide facilities for recording traffic, analyzing events, and examining configuration settings. They are usually fairly expensive, and are designed for experienced users who understand the details of computer network configuration and operations. In addition, they usually provide very little help in managing the complexity of software configuration. 
     There are also inexpensive commercial products designed to help diagnose and correct common problems with computer systems and software configuration issues. Typically, these products do a very good job of addressing a relatively small set of issues that occur for many users. Most of the time, these products do not address issues that affect the interaction of multiple applications. In addition, they usually do not address the operation of computer networks. 
     Commercial anti-virus packages do a very good job of detecting and repairing a very specific type of problem, and are designed in such a way that new viruses can easily be added to the list of problems that the software can handle. These products do not attempt to handle any kind of problem outside the fairly narrow scope of computer viruses. 
     Another category of commercial software includes programs that save state information about a computer system and then have the capability to revert to a prior saved state. Such software is good for recovering from problems that are introduced by installations or inadvertent modifications, but they recover by disabling the operation that caused the problem. Also, they do not even attempt to prevent common problems with specific known workarounds. 
     Most complex electronic devices, including computer systems and network hardware, are designed with built-in diagnostics. These diagnostics are specifically designed for the system and usually detect a fairly wide range of problems. Sometimes they can also implement fixes or workarounds, or at least pinpoint a problem to speed its repair. However, they usually cannot handle problems that arise from interactions with other equipment, and they typically cannot be updated to handle new problems that start to happen after the hardware has been released. 
     The family of software called “expert systems” has proven its usefulness in situations where problems can only be solved by fairly complex reasoning involving specialized knowledge about a specific field. Diagnosing and repairing computer-related problems is one of the situations that works well for expert systems, and they have been applied to the area with relatively good results. However, the specialized knowledge (and resulting rules for the system) have focused on general troubleshooting and repair, and usually serve as a tool to allow technicians to efficiently access information in order to speed up the repair process. While this approach certainly reduces costs and time, it does little to truly automate the diagnosis and repair process. 
     Other expert systems have been applied directly to automated problem diagnosis and resolution. These systems have worked well in their scope of use, but have had limits due to the known problem of expert system rule sets becoming “brittle” as they get large, and the requirement of the inference engine to resolve more and more complex interactions between rules in the larger set. The present invention avoids these issues with a database containing entries of very specific symptoms and solutions that rarely ever overlap or otherwise interact. This eliminates the need for an inference engine to resolve or sequence any such interactions. 
     The family of software called “case-based reasoning systems” has also been used to advantage in automating customer support tasks. While these systems have been successful in their scope of use, they have typically been used in a role of improving the efficiency of a human technician who is providing support. Their main feature is the ability to generalize existing successes in resolving previous problems and apply the principles to a new problem at hand. They then learn based on the success or failure of this effort, adding this information to their knowledge base. The present invention does not utilize this learning process, and can therefore act in a fully automated way using the much more objective information in its knowledge base, which is represented as executable code. 
     Support centers are now making good use of technology to allow first-level support staff to handle many of the calls without needing assistance from more senior (and expensive) staff. This staff can search databases using keywords and other criteria to try to find descriptions that match the customer problem, and then help the customer with the solution provided in the database. Since most problems happen to many people, this sharing of information greatly reduces the cost required to handle a single customer. However, the lower limit of this cost is still determined by the minimum time for a person to finish the call, and the minimum wage of the staff with the skills needed to use the technology. 
     While each of the approaches described provides one or more ways to help make support more accessible, none of them provides a fully automated diagnosis and repair process applicable to a software based system. It would be beneficial to provide a system and method to provide an automated diagnosis, analysis, and implementation process that can effect effortless, reliable, and affordable support for software-based systems. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A system and method to provide general services for monitoring, diagnosing, and solving problems that occur in the operation of the machines at the customer&#39;s facility serves to automate the support process of a software-based system. The system as defined herein includes software that is typically installed on a plurality of machines at the customer&#39;s facility. A database contains entries with executable code that can make use of these general services in order to monitor, diagnose, and solve specific problems. Each entry in the database addresses a specific problem. The executable code is designed to isolate and recognize the problem, and then implement a fix or workaround for that problem. The executable code is designed to completely automate the entire process of detection and resolution of the problem. Further, manual intervention may be employed to complete the diagnosis or solution. The executable code in the database uses the general services of the customer site software to request assistance from the customer. 
     The database also contains executable code that can be used to extend the general services of the customer site software. This code is stored as procedures that can be called from any executable code in the database, using the same interface as calls to the general services of the customer site software. 
     The executable code in the database can be loaded and executed on an “as-needed” basis, so that it is not necessary to have the entire database in memory at one time. Database entries can also be cached so that commonly accessed entries are always available for quick use. The programming language used for creating database entries is flexible. A simple interface for loading and executing a database entry is defined, so that any language can be used for creating database entries by implementing the interface for that language. 
     The executable part of each database entry has four parts:
     Initialization: registers the database entry with the customer site software. This code is executed once in order to set up the triggers corresponding to system-level events that will be used to activate the database entry.   Immediate response: does any processing that requires low latency, for example, recording state information about a resource that does not exist for a long period of time after the conditions arise that activate the database entry. This code is cached locally in a relatively high-speed memory to make it quickly accessible.   Symptom: determines whether the database entry actually applies. This code can do a more detailed check of the state of the hardware and software than is specified by the conditions of the initialization.   Solution: resolves the issue. This code modifies the state of the system in order to implement the solution.   

     In addition, each database entry contains information used for administration functions. 
     It is important for the customer site software to cause little impact on system performance. The software must efficiently decide which database entries to apply, and in what order to apply them. The database organization facilitates this operation. When the initialization part of a database entry executes, it specifies the conditions that must be met in order for the database entry to apply. These conditions are used to configure a table-driven mechanism that responds to system-level events that change the conditions. When an event changes the conditions to a set that matches those identified by the initialization of a database entry, the immediate response code for that entry is executed. Then the symptom code for that entry is retrieved, loaded, and executed. If the symptom code indicates that the database entry applies, then the solution code for the entry is retrieved, loaded, and executed. In this way, the customer site software only runs when it is likely that it will be needed, rather than using a resource-intensive polling mechanism. 
     Some problems can only be detected and resolved with the cooperation of more than one machine. Because of this, the customer site software must be able to coordinate tests that involve multiple machines. This is done by providing a facility for the executable code in a database entry to run equally easily on any machine in the network. This allows the code to determine relevant state information across the entire network, and also to implement solutions that involve changes on multiple systems. The network capability also allows problem conditions on one machine to be very easily diagnosed, reported, and resolved on another machine. This can be very important, since some machines may not have the facilities to complete the task. For example, a machine such as a server may not have a visual display to report problems. Similarly, a machine that does not have direct access to a connected printer may not be able to resolve a configuration issue with that printer. 
     Typically, software that involves cooperation of multiple machines in this way is difficult to create and has many different potential problems (such as race conditions) that are difficult to find and fix. The present invention uses a simple symmetric model of remote execution that is conceptually very easy to understand, and can be synchronized in a way that prevents nearly all race conditions but remains efficient in execution. This design is important in that it allows adding database entries with relative ease, encouraging the use of the database for the detection and resolution of a wide variety of different problems. 
     The organization of the database into independent executable entries provides flexibility in programming the customer site software. Most database entries address specific problems with well-defined symptoms and solutions. Other entries diagnose more general problems, but are set up to be conditional upon specific configurations that are likely to cause those problems, such as those created while installing a new piece of software. Still other database entries address problems that are not errors by themselves, but represent situations where it is likely that the customer has inadvertently made a mistake in configuring the system. Other entries diagnose and repair problems based on general symptoms in much the same way a person uses general troubleshooting guidelines to diagnose and repair problems. Other entries detect situations that are not actual problems, but are likely to indicate that a real problem has gone undetected. Finally, other entries handle cases where the customer finds a problem that was not detected, and guide the customer through the process of gathering information for general diagnosis. 
     The invention also features software that runs at a central facility. This central facility software is set up to provide updates for the database that is kept locally at the customer site (called the customer knowledge base). It is also set up to process problems that cannot be solved automatically, by involving a customer support technician. The central facility software also allows customer support technicians to use the customer facilities remotely to help them diagnose problems and determine solutions for them. The central facility uses a centralized customer database, stored at the central facility, to keep track of pending and closed customer issues, and to record support information about the customer facility. The same database is used for billing functions, allowing timely and accurate billing. Using this database to support marketing functions as well allows accurate targeted marketing opportunities and helps to meet the customer needs with minimal manual effort. 
     Updates to the customer knowledge base are done by extracting a subset of database entries from a master knowledge base. The update uses the configuration of the customer facility to extract the relevant entries from the master knowledge base and create a new customer knowledge base. The new customer knowledge base is then compared to the existing customer knowledge base, and the difference is transferred to the customer site. The customer site software uses this difference information to update the customer knowledge base. 
     When the customer site software detects a problem that cannot be resolved, it initiates an automated problem escalation. The first step in this process is to initiate an update of the customer knowledge base as previously described, and then attempt to resolve the problem using the updated knowledge base. If the solution to the problem has been recently added to the master knowledge base, then this update will resolve the problem successfully. If, however, the problem remains unresolved after the update, then the customer site software continues the escalation process. It collects all relevant information about the configuration of the customer facility, as well as the information gathered while detecting the problem, electronically contacts a call center, and transfers this information to the call center. Technicians at the call center use this information to attempt to reproduce the problem on their test network, and discover a solution for it. If they are successful, they add a new entry to the master knowledge base that can diagnose and resolve the problem. The customer site software periodically checks the status of the problem escalation, and when it discovers that a resolution is available, it initiates an update of the customer knowledge base as previously described. This transfers the new database entry to the customer knowledge base, where it is used to solve the problem. 
     If technicians at the call center are unable to reproduce the problem based on the information from the customer site software, they may need to access the customer network to find a solution. To enable this access, the customer initiates a remote support session. The customer site software contacts the central facility software using a secure, encrypted protocol. The technicians can then execute code on the customer systems, using the same facility previously described for executing code on other machines. This facility gives the technicians access to, and control of, any information they need for successful diagnosis and resolution of the problem. Once they have been able to code and test a database entry to diagnose and resolve the problem, they add it to the master knowledge base and the customer knowledge base is updated as previously described. 
     The distribution of the knowledge base is tiered, much like the memory architecture of a modem computer system. The master copy is stored at the central facility, where it can be accessed by any system, but at relatively low speed. Relevant subsets are stored locally at the customer sites, to increase speed of access, and also to allow diagnosis and repair of problems if network connectivity to the central facility is compromised. Only one copy of the customer knowledge base is required at a customer site, but it can be duplicated to increase accessibility and reliability. Similarly, a smaller subset of the customer knowledge base is kept on every machine. This subset contains entries relevant to diagnosing and resolving problems with local network connectivity. That way, if a machine becomes disconnected from the network due to a problem that can be resolved automatically, the problem can still be solved. 
     The invention features a problem escalation sequence that is modeled after the process used by current call support centers. The customer site software attempts to solve the problem using the customer knowledge base, in the same way that the first-level support staff of a call center attempts to solve the customer problem using a text-based knowledge base. If this attempt is unsuccessful, the customer site software checks to see if there are any updates to the knowledge base and tries again, in the same way that the first-level support staff of a call center checks to see if there are any updates to their text-based knowledge base. If the problem is still not solved, the customer site software collects relevant state information and forwards it to technicians at an electronic call center, in the same way that the first-level support staff of a call center collects as much information about the problem as possible and passes it on to more senior personnel. Finally, if the technicians at the electronic call center cannot resolve the problem, they work with the customer to use a remote support session, in the same way that the final stage of escalation of a call center is a visit to the customer site. 
     The invention features a mechanism for keeping a record of changes in important state information of the customer systems. This mechanism serves two important functions: to drive the efficient diagnosis of problems, and to keep the customer site up and running during automated problem escalation. By comparing the current state information to previously recorded information, the customer site software can determine what important state information has recently changed. During problem diagnosis, it can then first examine knowledge base entries in which this recently changed state information is relevant. Since recent changes are usually the cause of problems, these entries are much more likely to resolve problems that have just appeared. This method therefore greatly reduces the time and resources used to diagnose problems. If a problem must be escalated to the call center, then the customer site software first checks a number of tests of basic functionality. If any major function of the customer systems is not working correctly, the customer site software goes through a step-by-step process of reverting the state of the systems to a previously recorded state, until the basic functionality is restored. In this way, the customer is left with an operational system while the call center attempts to resolve the problem. 
     Because of the fact that automated diagnosis and repair will not solve every customer problem, the call center is an integral part of the escalation chain. Since call centers are relatively expensive to build and maintain, there is a large economic incentive to make use of existing call centers. The invention features a technique for easily interfacing to existing call centers. The customer site software formats information in a way that is compatible with the electronic automatic call distributor (ACD) used by an existing call center. The existing call center handles the call tracking, escalation, diagnosis, and resolution in the normal way with its problem management system (PMS). The electronic call center then uses the PMS for access to information about the call, and proceeds with the automated escalation process as previously described. 
     In this way, the invention provides effortless, reliable, and affordable support for computers, networks, and other software-based systems. The principles of the invention can be extended in many ways and applied to many different environments, as will become apparent in the following description of the preferred embodiment. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of preferred embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram with an overview of the entire system; 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram of the customer site; 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram of the hardware configuration of a single computer at the customer site; 
         FIG. 4  is a block diagram of the software configuration of a single computer at the customer site; 
         FIG. 5  is a block diagram of the architecture of the customer site software; 
         FIG. 6  illustrates the database tables used for the customer knowledge base; 
         FIG. 7  is a block diagram of the tiered nature of the knowledge base; 
         FIGS. 8A and 8B  show a pseudocode representation of a single database entry in the knowledge base; 
         FIGS. 9A ,  9 B, and  9 C are a flowchart of the scheduler&#39;s processing of a database entry; 
         FIG. 10  is a block diagram of the operation of the customer site software; 
         FIG. 11  is a block diagram of the network implementation in the customer site software; 
         FIGS. 12A ,  12 B, and  12 C show representative screen diagrams of the user interface of the customer site software; 
         FIG. 13  is a block diagram of the central facility; 
         FIG. 14  illustrates the database tables used for the master knowledge base; 
         FIG. 15  illustrates the sources of information for data in the master knowledge base; 
         FIG. 16  is a flowchart of the process used to extract the customer knowledge base from the master knowledge base; 
         FIG. 17  is a block diagram of the customer knowledge base update; 
         FIG. 18  is a flowchart of the process used to incrementally update the customer knowledge base; 
         FIG. 19  is a flowchart of the problem escalation sequence; 
         FIG. 20  is a flowchart of the state recovery process; 
         FIG. 21  is a block diagram of the remote support process; 
         FIG. 22  is a flowchart of the remote support sequence; 
         FIG. 23  is a block diagram of an existing call center and its integration with the central facility; and 
         FIG. 24  is a graph of call volume vs. customer base size. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     A description of preferred embodiments of the invention follows. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , a system of providing automated customer support for the computer network at customer site  1  is provided. This automated support is provided using customer site software at customer site  1  and central facility software at automated support center  3 . The customer site software and central facility software communicate using network  2 . The customer site software periodically initiates an update of the customer site software from the central facility software using network  2 . If the automated support is unable to resolve a problem, the customer site software first attempts this update using network  2 . If the problem remains unresolved, the customer site software uses network  4  to escalate the problem to call center  5 , where the problem is resolved by the support staff. Once the problem is resolved at call center  5 , the support staff uses network  6  to integrate the solution into the central facility software at automated support center  3 , so that the new solution becomes part of the automated support. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , the customer site consists of a number of desktop computers  22 , server computers  24 , printers  26 , mass storage units  29  containing files  30 , modems  27 , and scanners  28 . These components are connected with a local area network  21 , which is in turn configured either for direct access to the Internet or other wide area network  25 , or access to the Internet or other wide area network  31  through a modem  27  or access to the Internet or other wide area network  32  through a gateway computer  33 . The automated support function uses two components that are stored on mass storage  29 : the customer knowledge base  20 , and the customer site software  23 . The customer site software  23  is executed on the desktop computers  22 , the server computers  24 , and the gateway computers  31 . It should be noted that  FIG. 2  is meant to be representative, and many other configurations of computers, storage, peripherals, and network connectivity could be described by one skilled in the art. For example, the customer site could consist of a single desktop computer  22 , or could consist solely of standalone devices with embedded software and built-in network connectivity. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , a single computer at the customer site contains a number of hardware components. These include the central processing unit (CPU)  41 , a random access memory (RAM)  50 , two forms of memory used by the basic input/output system (BIOS): random access memory (RAM)  46  and read only memory (ROM)  44 , a number of self-configuring (plug and play) peripherals  49 , a series of other peripherals  51 , a display unit  40 , a number of user input devices  52 , storage devices  47 , and one or more network interface adapters  43 . The hardware components are connected by a system bus  42 . It should be noted that  FIG. 3  is meant to be representative, and many other configurations of memory, peripherals, and storage could be described by one skilled in the art. For example, a single device at the customer site could be a standalone device with embedded software and built-in network connectivity. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 4 ,  5 , and  6 , a single computer at the customer site contains a number of software components as well. The operating system  67  manages the software on the system. It uses system configuration files  71  and the registry  72  to store state information controlling the operation of the system. It uses the plug and play (PnP) manager  68  to manage the configuration of the plug and play peripherals  49 , the printer driver  69  to manage the printers  26 , and the network driver  70  to manage the network interface adapters  43 . Most of this activity is transparent to the user of the computer, who is more concerned with using applications  60  that include, but are not limited to, an electronic mail application  62 , a web browsing application  63 , and other business applications  64 . The automated support function uses three components that are part of the customer site software  61 : a customer knowledge base  73 , which stores the logic that drives the diagnosis and resolution of each particular problem, an engine  65 , which drives the actual diagnosis and resolution of problems by managing the execution of code from the customer knowledge base  73 and the primitives  74 , which implement all the functionality that is accessed through a high-level interface by the entries in the customer knowledge base  73 . Both the primitives  74  and applications  60  access the operating system  67  through the programming interface described by the configuration driver  66 . It should be noted that  FIG. 4  is meant to be representative, and many other configurations of software, drivers, and applications could be described by one skilled in the art. For example, the software in a device at the customer site could be an embedded application implemented using a real-time operating system. 
     Referring to  FIG. 5 , the customer site software architecture contains several subsystems that work together to implement the automated problem diagnosis and resolution at the customer site. The customer knowledge base  81  contains entries made up of executable code. Each entry has four parts: the initialization, which contains executable code to register the database entry with the customer site software, the immediate response, which contains executable code to do any processing that requires low latency, the symptom, which contains executable code to determine whether the database entry actually applies, and the solution, which contains executable code to resolve the issue. The scheduler  80  uses the initialization executable code in the database to set up the conditions for the event handler  94  that will activate database entries. When a specified set of conditions arise, the event handler  94  indicates this to the scheduler  80 , which in turn activates the relevant database entry. In order to execute the code from the database, the scheduler  80  uses the other components of the customer site software. The software state management  85  manages the process of reading and updating the state of the system software, including that state held in the system registry  72 , the system configuration files  71 , the BIOS RAM  46 , the file system  30 , and the PnP manager  68 . The hardware state management  87  manages the process of reading and updating the state of the system hardware, including that state held in the network adapters  43 , the PnP hardware  49 , the other peripherals  51 , and the bus  42 . The results of the software state management  85  and hardware state management  87  are used by the configuration history recorder/comparator  88  in order to maintain the state history  89 . The configuration history recorder/comparator  88  can also determine state changes between previous states of the system and the current state. The configuration analyzer  82  can determine the connectivity of the network, and the traffic recorder  83  monitors and records communications on the network. The secure remote interface  84  uses an encryption scheme to securely communicate information over a public network such as the Internet. For example, the secure remote interface is important when the customer site software initiates a remote support session, because it is enabling the control of potentially damaging operations through a public network. The communications subsystem  90  manages the communication required in order to use more than one machine to diagnose or repair a problem involving the network. The communications subsystem can utilize the networking hardware  91  directly, whereas the other subsystems use the networking software  86  in order to access the networking hardware  91 . The persistent state manager  92  uses a state repository  93  in order to keep state information that entries in the customer knowledge base  81  use to control their execution. It should be noted that  FIG. 5  represents the customer site software in one embodiment, and that many other implementations of the customer site software could be described by one skilled in the art. For example, the functions illustrated in  FIG. 5  could be distributed across several systems in a network operating system. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6 , the customer knowledge base is a database made up of a number of fields. The “entry number” field  100  is an integer that uniquely identifies the database entry. These numbers are not reused even if a database entry is discontinued, so there is never any chance of confusing two entries. The “initialization executable code” field  109  is the executable code that is run in order to register the entry with the scheduler and set up the conditions that define when the database entry should be applied by the scheduler. The “immediate response executable code” field  110  is the executable code that is cached locally by the scheduler so that it can be run quickly when the conditions specified by the initialization executable code apply. The “symptom executable code” field  101  is the executable code that is run by the scheduler to test in detail whether or not the database entry applies. The “solution executable code” field  102  is the executable code that is run by the scheduler when the symptom executable code identifies that the database entry does apply. The solution executable code is the set of actions that actually resolve the problem. The “short (summary) descriptive text” field  103  is a one-line description of the database entry that is used to identify it in event logs. The “long (detailed) descriptive text” field  104  is an accurate description of the database entry that is used to explain the operation of the software to the customer when asked to provide more information. The “severity level of problem” field  105  is an integer that describes how serious the problem is. The action of the customer site software in alerting the customer of the problem can be configured to depend on thresholds based on the severity level of the problem. The “danger level of implementing solution” field  106  is an integer that describes how invasive the solution is for the customer system. The action of the customer site software in seeking permission to apply the solution can be configured to depend on thresholds based on the danger level of implementing the solution. The “entry source” field  107  indicates where the database entry originated. This field is digitally signed using public-key encryption methods so that it can be used to authenticate the source of the database entry. The customer site software can then be configured to only use database entries from “trusted” sources. The “total number of times solution has been used” field  108  is a count of the number of times the solution executable code  102  has been applied at all customer sites. It should be noted that  FIG. 6  represents the database design in one embodiment, and that many other database designs of the customer knowledge base could be described by one skilled in the art. For example, the customer knowledge base could be implemented as an object-oriented database. 
     Referring to  FIG. 7 , the knowledge base is organized in a tiered fashion, where increasingly local knowledge bases are smaller but can be accessed more reliably and rapidly. The master knowledge base  121 , which contains all the known database entries for solving problems, is kept at the central facility  120 . It can be accessed using the Internet or other wide area network  122 , but is shared by all customers and may not be available if network connectivity is not functioning. The customer knowledge base  125  is a subset of the master knowledge base  121 , and is kept on a customer machine  124  at the customer site  123 . It can be accessed using the local area network  127 , and is only shared by the machines at the customer site  123 . Each machine  126  at the customer site  123  keeps an even smaller subset  128  of the customer knowledge base  125  that contains enough information to solve connectivity problems involving the local area network  127 . This connectivity knowledge base  128  is not shared by any other machine and does not require any network in order to access it. Keeping a redundant copy  130  of the customer knowledge base  125  that is maintained by a different machine  129  can increase the accessibility (both reliability and performance) of the customer knowledge base  125 . Similarly, keeping a redundant copy  132  of the master knowledge base  121  at an alternate central facility  131  can increase the accessibility (both reliability and performance) of the master knowledge base  121 . It should be noted that  FIG. 7  is meant to be representative, and many other organizations of the knowledge base could be described by one skilled in the art. For example, the master knowledge base could be distributed as well as being replicated. 
       FIG. 8A  and  FIG. 8B  show the pseudocode for the executable code contained in a database entry. The sample database entry is designed to handle a problem in which the user attempts to send a message using Microsoft Exchange, and receives an error dialog saying “The message recipient&#39;s mailbag does not exist or is busy. Contact your administrator.” The cause of the problem is that the post office is located on a Novell 3.11 server, which does not immediately respond to the “File Open” request from Exchange (perhaps because the server is doing a backup). This causes Exchange to repeat the request, which puts the server into a state where it always responds with a “File Already Open” failure. The underlying cause of the error is a problem with the long filename support on the server, so a workaround for the problem is to disable long filename support on the client. This is done by adding a binary value with the name “supportlfn” and the value  0  to the registry key “HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\VxD\NWREDIR”, then restarting the system. In the executable code for the initialization, step  190  starts the process of registering the database entry with the scheduler. Step  191  adds a condition that the entry only applies if the Microsoft Exchange product is running. Step  192  adds a condition that the entry only applies if an error dialog has been created with the text “The message recipient&#39;s mailbag does not exist or is busy. Contact your administrator.” Step  193  finalizes the process of registering the database entry with the scheduler. In the executable code for the immediate response, information is retrieved about the error dialog that is displayed, since that information must be obtained before the user closes the dialog box. Step  194  retrieves a handle for that dialog box, and then step  195  uses that handle to retrieve a handle for the process that created the dialog box. In the executable code for the symptom, step  140  uses the result of step  195  in order to make sure that the process that created the error dialog is indeed Microsoft Exchange. Step  141  checks to make sure that the electronic mail application being used on the system is Microsoft Exchange. Step  142  determines the name of the post office file, and step  143  determines the machine where that file is physically located. Step  144  uses remote execution, where the code is actually executed on the remote machine, to check and make sure that the mail server is running Novell version 3.11. Step  145  attempts to open the post office file, and step  146  verifies that the operation failed with a “File Already Open” failure. Step  147  closes the post office file, just in case the open was successful. If any of the tests up to this point did not pass, the code returns a FALSE value, but if all the tests succeeded, then step  148  returns a TRUE value, indicating that the database entry does apply, and that the solution should be executed. In the executable code for the solution, step  149  finds the registry key that must be updated on the client. Step  150  checks to see if the registry key does not exist. If it does not, then step  151  logs an error message and step  152  returns FALSE, indicating that the solution failed. If the registry key does exist, then step  153  adds the required binary value, and step  154  restarts the machine. The customer site software is set up to continue execution of the rule after a system restart, so step  155  then returns a TRUE value, indicating that the solution was applied successfully. Note that  FIG. 8A  and  FIG. 8B  are not written using any specific programming language. Any programming language can be used to create database entries as long as an interface layer is created for it to implement the dynamic loading and execution functions required by the scheduler. Also, it should be noted that  FIG. 8A  and  FIG. 8B  are meant to be representative, and many other implementations of knowledge base programming could be described by one skilled in the art. For example, the remote execution mechanism could be implemented by adding a parameter to each primitive indicating the machine on which that primitive should be run. 
       FIG. 9A ,  FIG. 9B , and  FIG. 9C  illustrate the mechanism by which the scheduler  80  in the customer site software  61  controls the execution of entries in the customer knowledge base  81 . Referring to  FIG. 9A , the process starts while the scheduler  80  is initializing the event handler  94 , at step  173 . Step  174  checks to see if there are any more entries in the customer knowledge base  81 . If not, this stage of the process ends at step  175 . If so, step  176  loads and executes the initialization executable code for the next entry. As a result of this execution, steps  177  and  178  may be called multiple times as a subroutine. Step  177  takes the parameters for the condition that are passed to it and creates a hash code from them. Step  178  uses that hash code to index a table that corresponds to the condition, and then stores the parameters and the database entry number in a list at that position in the table. As an example, step  192  (in  FIG. 8A ) would cause step  177  to create a hash code from the parameter ERROR_DIALOG and the text string “The message recipient&#39;s mailbag does not exist or is busy. Contact your administrator.” Step  178  would then check the table corresponding to dialog creation, at the location indexed by that hash code, and retrieve the (possibly empty) list at that location. It would then add the parameters ERROR_DIALOG and the text string “The message recipient&#39;s mailbag does not exist or is busy. Contact your administrator.”, along with the database entry number, to that list. 
       FIG. 9B  shows the process of handling a system-level event. Step  500  starts the process when the event happens. Step  501  gets the parameters associated with the event. For example, if the event were caused by dialog creation, the parameters would be the title, type, and text of the dialog. Step  502  computes a hash code from those parameters, and step  503  checks to see if there is a list in the appropriate table, at the location indexed by the hash code. If not, the process ends at step  506 . If so, step  504  checks to see if the parameters associated with the event are in the list found in step  503 . If not, the process ends at step  506 . If so, the database entry number associated with the parameters that were found in the list is determined, and step  505  adds that database entry number to a list that is processed by the scheduler. 
       FIG. 9C  shows the process that the scheduler uses for processing the list that is created in step  505 . The process starts at step  160  when the list is non-empty. Step  162  sorts the list in decreasing order of frequency, using the “total number of times solution has been used” field  108  in the knowledge base. This ordering means that the more common problems will be addressed first, in the case where more than one problem happens at the same time. Step  163  then selects the next database entry from the list; if no entries are left in the list, the process finishes at step  172 . Step  164  loads and executes the immediate response executable code for the selected entry. This can be done fairly quickly since the immediate response executable code is cached in a local memory where it can be accessed rapidly. Step  165  loads and executes the symptom executable code for the entry. Step  166  checks the result of running the symptom executable code to determine whether the solution for the entry should be applied. If this entry does not apply, the process proceeds to the next entry at step  171 . Otherwise, step  167  loads and executes the solution executable code for the entry. Note that the process of loading both the symptom and solution executable code may take some time, since that code is stored in the customer knowledge base, which may be on another machine at the customer site. After executing the solution executable code, step  168  checks the return value of the executable. If it is FALSE, indicating a failure, step  169  logs the solution failure for diagnostic purposes. If the return value is TRUE, indicating a successful solution, step  170  logs the solution use, which will eventually be incorporated at the central facility into the “total number of times solution has been used” field  108  in the knowledge base. In either case, step  171  removes the current database entry from the list of entries being considered, and proceeds to step  163  to process the next entry. It should be noted that  FIG. 9A ,  FIG. 9B , and  FIG. 9C  all represent the scheduler implementation in one embodiment, and many alternative implementations to the scheduler algorithm could be described by one skilled in the art. 
       FIG. 10  shows the general method that the customer site software uses for executing the code for the symptom and solution parts of the knowledge base in order to automatically diagnose and resolve problems. The customer site software  180  contains a scheduler  181  that can load and execute the code in the symptom  182  and the solution  185 . In the process of executing the symptom  182 , the scheduler  181  utilizes  191  the primitives  190 , which interface  186  to the operating system  187  in order to obtain configuration data  188  to incorporate  183  into the test whether the symptom is TRUE. If the symptom is TRUE, this implies  184  that the solution  185  should be loaded and executed by the scheduler  181 . In the process of executing the solution  185 , the scheduler  181  utilizes  192  the primitives  190 , which interface  186  to the operating system  187  in order to update the configuration data  188 , repairing the problem. In this mode of operation, the network subsystem  189  is not utilized. It should be noted that  FIG. 10  intentionally omits the participation of the initialization code  109  and immediate response code  110  for the sake of clarity. Also,  FIG. 10  represents the customer site software architecture in one embodiment, and many alternative customer site software architectures could be described by one skilled in the art. 
       FIG. 11  shows the method that the customer site software uses for executing code that requires the use of more than one computer to solve a problem. Computer A  200  is running customer site software  203 , which uses scheduler  201  to load and execute symptom code  205  and solution code  206  from an entry in the customer knowledge base  204 . As previously described, scheduler  201  uses primitives that interface to the operating system  207  in order to read and modify the configuration data  208 . Similarly, computer B  210  is running customer site software  213 , which uses scheduler  211  to load and execute symptom code  215  and solution code  216  from an entry in the customer knowledge base  214 . As previously described, scheduler  211  uses primitives that interface to the operating system  217  in order to read and modify the configuration data  218 . If the symptom code  205  or solution code  206  on computer A  200  needs to read or modify state configuration data  218  on computer B  210 , it does so by providing remote interface  202  with the parameters for the executable code needed to implement the desired action. This in turn uses network subsystem  209  to communicate with network subsystem  219 , which uses remote interface  212  to run the executable code with the given parameters using scheduler  211 . The scheduler  211  uses remote interface  212  to return any results through network subsystem  219  and network subsystem  209  to remote interface  202 , which in turn returns the results to scheduler  201 . Similarly, if the symptom code  215  or solution code  216  on computer B  210  needs to read or modify state configuration data  208  on computer A  200 , it does so by providing remote interface  212  with the parameters for the executable code needed to implement the desired action. This in turn uses network subsystem  219  to communicate with network subsystem  209 , which uses remote interface  202  to run the executable code with the given parameters using scheduler  201 . The scheduler  201  uses remote interface  202  to return any results through network subsystem  209  and network subsystem  219  to remote interface  212 , which in turn returns the results to scheduler  211 . In this way, multiple machines can cooperate to implement solutions that require the use of resources spanning the network. It should be noted that  FIG. 11  intentionally omits the participation of the initialization code  109  and immediate response code  110  for the sake of clarity. Also,  FIG. 11  represents the remote execution implementation in one embodiment, and many alternative implementations of remote execution could be described by one skilled in the art. 
       FIG. 11  can be used to describe a specific implementation instance. For example, we describe a case where Computer A  200  must update local operating system  207  configuration data  208  to properly configure a peripheral, and the correct values for the configuration data  208  must be determined by examining both existing configuration data  208  on Computer A  200  and existing configuration data  218  on Computer B  210 . To do this, symptom code  205  in the customer knowledge base  204  is loaded and executed by the scheduler  201  within the customer site software  203  on Computer A  200 . The symptom code  205  returns the value TRUE, indicating that the solution code  206  must be executed to configure the peripheral. The scheduler  201  then loads and executes the solution code  206 . The executing solution code  206  includes instructions to query and return configuration data  218  from Computer B  210 . To do this, the solution code  206  uses the remote interface  202  to connect through network subsystem  209  and network subsystem  219  to Computer B  210 . Computer B  210  remote interface  212  receives the parameters from Computer A  200  and passes them to scheduler  211  which uses the parameters to retrieve the necessary configuration data  218 . The Computer B  210  scheduler  211  then sends the results of this operation back through the remote interface  212  to the remote interface  202  of Computer A  200  using network subsystem  219  and network subsystem  209 . The remote interface  202  then returns the results to the solution code  206 , which can now resume execution. Once the solution code  206  has determined the correct values for peripheral configuration, the necessary configuration data  208  is added. 
     Referring to  FIG. 12A , the customer site software allows the customer to initiate action by clicking on the taskbar icon  244 . After doing so, a menu appears where the customer can click on a menu item  240  to initiate a diagnosis, or the customer can click on a menu item  241  to view the log that has been created. The customer can also click on a button  243  to remove the menu with no further action, or can click on a button  242  to adjust more options. If the customer selects menu item  240  to initiate a diagnosis, the menu in  FIG. 12B  is presented, where the customer can select an item  245  to attempt the diagnosis completely automatically, or the customer can choose from a list of items  246  to assist the customer site software in finding the problem quickly and reliably. If the customer selects button  242  to adjust more options, the menu in  FIG. 12C  is presented, where the customer can use a check box  247  to enable the reporting of minor problems, and can use another check box  248  to enable the reporting of all problems. It should be noted that  FIG. 12A ,  FIG. 12B , and  FIG. 12C  are meant to be representative, and many other user interface designs could be described by one skilled in the art. For example, a web-based user interface might allow a user to interact with the customer site software on a remote machine using an HTTP interface and a web browser. 
     Referring to  FIG. 13 , the central facility contains a number of hardware components. The knowledge base engineers  263  are responsible for creating and maintaining the master knowledge base  265 . They use the testbed network  260  to find and reproduce problems, discover solutions, and test new entries for the master knowledge base  265 . The master knowledge base  265  is accessed through a database programming interface  264 . The knowledge base engineers  263  also have access to information from the call support center through the same interface  262  that the support engineers use, implemented over a link  261  to the call center. The central facility software  269  manages the server side of the process of updating the customer knowledge bases, as well as managing the server side of remote support sessions. The master problem log database  266  stores information, gathered from the customer sites during the knowledge base update process, about automated problem solutions. The billing database  267  is used to drive the customer billing process. The customer site configuration database  268  contains information about the network software and hardware configuration of all customers. This information is used to implement the customer knowledge base update process. It should be noted that  FIG. 13  is meant to be representative, and many other organizations of the central facility could be described by one skilled in the art. For example, the database functions described could be consolidated into a single enterprise database system. 
     Referring to  FIG. 14 , the master knowledge base is a database made up of a number of fields. The “entry number” field  280  is an integer that uniquely identifies the database entry. Entry numbers are not reused even if a database entry is discontinued, so there is never any chance of confusing two database entries. The “initialization executable code” field  291  is the executable code that is run in order to register the entry with the scheduler and set up the conditions that define when the database entry should be applied by the scheduler. The “immediate response executable code” field  298  is the executable code that is cached locally by the scheduler so that it can be run quickly when the conditions specified by the initialization executable code apply. The “symptom executable code” field  281  is the executable code that is run by the scheduler to test in detail whether or not the database entry applies. The “solution executable code” field  282  is the executable code that is run by the scheduler when the symptom executable code identifies that the database entry does apply. The solution executable code is the set of actions that actually resolve the problem. The “short (summary) descriptive text” field  283  is a one-line description of the database entry that is used to identify it in event logs. The “long (detailed) descriptive text” field  284  is an accurate description of the database entry that is used to explain the operation of the software to the customer when asked to provide more information. The “severity level of problem” field  285  is an integer that describes how serious the problem is. The action of the customer site software in alerting the customer of the problem can be configured to depend on thresholds based on the severity level of the problem. The “danger level of implementing solution” field  286  is an integer that describes how invasive the solution is for the customer system. The action of the customer site software in seeking permission to apply the solution can be configured to depend on thresholds based on the danger level of implementing the solution. The “total number of times solution has been used” field  287  is a count of the number of times the solution executable code  282  has been applied at all customer sites. The “date/time created” field  288  indicates when the database entry was first added to the master knowledge base. The “date/time of last modification” field  289  indicates the last time the database entry was modified. The “configurations for which entry applies” field  290  indicates the type of software and hardware that must be present at the customer site in order for the database entry to apply, and is used during the process of extracting the customer knowledge base from the master knowledge base. The “original source” field  292  indicates what party originally created the database entry, and the “last group that modified” field  293  indicates what party last made substantial changes to the meaning of the database entry. Fields  292  and  293  are digitally signed using public-key encryption methods so that they can be used to authenticate the source of the database entry. The customer site software can then be configured to only use database entries from “trusted” sources. Fields  292  and  293  can also be used to track ownership, for situations when licensing fees depend on use of the information in the database entry. The “revision history” field  294  contains information about when the database entry was modified and for what reason. The “version number of entry” field  295  contains a release version for the database entry, and the “version number of supported software” field  296  contains the version number for the earliest version of the customer site software that will be able to successfully execute the symptom and solution code. These two fields are used to manage automated version upgrades in the customer site software components. The “reference to problem management system” field  297  contains a pointer to the entry in the support center&#39;s problem management system that was used in generating the database entry. It should be noted that  FIG. 14  represents the database design in one embodiment, and that many other database designs of the master knowledge base could be described by one skilled in the art. For example, the master knowledge base could be implemented as an object-oriented database. 
     Referring to  FIG. 15 , there are several sources for the information that is stored in the master knowledge base. The data format and programming procedures for entering data in the master knowledge base are designed to make it accessible for data entry by a variety of parties. The sources of information about the actual problems and solutions being represented can be existing text-based symptom/solution information, either from hardware manufacturers  300 , software manufacturers  301 , or knowledge base resellers  302 . It can also be information from customers  303  that comes through the call center by way of the problem management system. Information can also originate from publications, both paper and electronic, including professional network management publications  304  as well as more informal publications and message boards  306 . For master knowledge base entries that originate within the company  305 , the information can be discovered using the testbed network  260 , either in the course of refining the solution for a problem, or in discovering completely new problems as a by-product of using the network. It should be noted that  FIG. 15  is merely a representative list. There are other existing sources, and will continue to be new sources, of information for the master knowledge base that may be apparent to one skilled in the art. 
       FIG. 16  shows the process used to extract the customer knowledge base from the master knowledge base. In this process, the central facility software, accessing the master knowledge base, acts as the server, and the customer site software, updating the customer knowledge base, acts as the client. Step  320  begins the process. The first part of the process is to synchronize the server and client in terms of the software and hardware configuration information they understand. This configuration information is represented as an enumerated list of items. For example, a specific version of an application would be a single item in the list, as would a specific model number of printer. Each configuration item is numbered sequentially and has executable code associated with it to determine whether that configuration item is present. The sequential numbers are never reused, so a single number will always refer to the same hardware or software configuration item. These items are stored in a configuration code database. In step  321 , the server determines how many different configuration items the client understands. In step  322 , the server determines whether the client knows about fewer configuration items. If not, it proceeds to step  325  where it retrieves all the configuration information from the client. If so, it is necessary to update the client with the new configuration items that have been added since the client was last updated. Step  323  queries that database to extract the new items that must be sent to the customer site software, and step  324  sends those items to the customer site software. Then the process proceeds to step  325  to retrieve all the configuration information from the client. Once the server has the client configuration, it is used in step  326  to query the master knowledge base, using the “configurations for which entry applies” field  290  to select the configuration-specific rules that should be in the customer knowledge base. Step  327  queries the master knowledge base to select all the non-configuration-specific rules that need to be in every customer knowledge base. Step  328  combines the results of the two queries to make a list of knowledge base entries that should be in the customer knowledge base. This list is used by the incremental knowledge base update. Step  329  ends the process. It should be noted that  FIG. 16  represents the implementation of the customer knowledge base extraction in one embodiment, and that many implementations of the customer knowledge base extraction could be described by one skilled in the art. 
     Referring to  FIG. 17 , the incremental knowledge base update takes place between the customer site  340  and the central facility  344  using a network  343  such as the Internet or other wide area network. The customer site software initiates the process by using the database enumerator  342  to generate a concise list of the entries that are currently contained in the customer knowledge base  341 . This list is transmitted to the configuration analyzer  346 , which compares it to the list generated in step  328  of the customer knowledge base extraction and uses the incremental update generator  345  to package the set of changes needed from the master knowledge base  347 . These changes are then sent to the customer site software, which uses them to update all copies of the customer knowledge base  341 . 
       FIG. 18  shows the actual process for the incremental knowledge base update. This process is used by the central facility software to access the master knowledge base and send update information to the customer site software, which acts as the client. Step  360  starts the process. Step  361  retrieves a concise list of the entries that are already in the customer knowledge base. By comparing this list to the list of entries generated in step  328  of the customer knowledge base extraction process, step  362  prepares a list of the new entries that need to be sent to the client for inclusion in the customer knowledge base. Step  363  checks to see if there are any such entries to be sent, and if there are, step  364  gets those entries from the master knowledge base, and step  365  updates the client with those entries. Step  366  then prepares a list of the superseded entries, which are database entries for which a newer version has been added to the database. These entries must be removed from the customer knowledge base, so step  367  checks to see if there are any such entries to be processed, and if so, step  368  sends a list to the client of the entries that must be deleted. Step  369  then prepares a list of database entries that have been completely removed from the master knowledge base, which must be removed from the customer knowledge base as well. Step  370  checks to see if there are any such entries, and if so, step  371  sends a list to the client of the entries that must be deleted. Step  372  ends the process. It should be noted that  FIG. 18  represents the incremental knowledge base update implementation in one embodiment, and that many other implementations of the knowledge base update could be described by one skilled in the art. 
       FIG. 19  shows the entire process by which a problem is escalated to the point where it is solved. Step  380  starts the process. In step  381 , the customer site software attempts to solve the problem using the customer knowledge base. Step  382  checks to see if this attempt actually solved the problem, and if so, the process ends at step  383 . If not, step  384  updates the customer knowledge base from the master knowledge base. Then step  385  attempts to solve the problem again using the customer knowledge base. Step  386  checks to see if this attempt actually solved the problem, and if so, the process ends at step  387 . If not, the solution for the problem is not in the master knowledge base, so the problem must be escalated to the support staff at the call center. Step  388  notifies the customer that this will be happening, so that the customer understands the problem is under consideration. Step  389  collects all state information relevant to the problem, and step  390  forwards it to the call center. After this forwarding, step  391  reverts the state of the system to the point where it works well enough for the customer to use normally. Then steps  392  and  393  wait until the call center staff has solved the problem, checking at frequent intervals. Once the problem has been solved and coded into the master knowledge base, step  394  retrieves the solution by updating the customer knowledge base from the master knowledge base. Step  395  reverses the changes done in step  391 , and then step  396  attempts to solve the problem again using the customer knowledge base. Step  397  checks to see if this attempt actually solved the problem, and if so, the process ends at step  398 . If not, step  399  informs the customer that the problem solution did not work, and that manual intervention through the remote support process will be needed. 
       FIG. 20  details the process by which step  391  reverts the state of the system to a useable state, characterized in that the system works well enough for the customer to use normally. Step  400  starts the process. Step  401  checks whether there is any previously recorded state to use for backing up. If not, step  402  informs the customer that the system functionality cannot be recovered, and the process ends at step  403 . If there is previously recorded state, step  404  identifies the differences between the recorded state and the current state. Step  405  then assigns a criterion to each state difference that is based on the significance of the change, the danger in undoing the change, the dependence of other state on the change, and the difficulty to change the state, thereby computing a priority of state changes. The state changes are sorted based on this criterion. Step  406  identifies a critical customer feature that is not working properly. Step  407  checks to see if step  406  was able to identify any disabled critical features. If not, then step  408  identifies any additional disabled features. Step  409  checks to see if step  408  was able to identify any disabled critical features. If not, the system functionality has been restored, and the process ends at step  410 . If there are additional disabled critical features, the process returns to step  406  to identify and correct those features. If step  407  does find a disabled critical feature, then step  411  checks to see if there are any more state changes in the sorted list. If not, then the process returns to step  401  to try to revert to a still earlier state. If so, step  412  reverts all of the state represented by the same level of criterion at once, and then returns to step  407  to check whether the currently disabled feature has been restored. It should be noted that  FIG. 20  represents the implementation of reverting state in one embodiment, and that many implementations of reverting state could be described by one skilled in the art. 
     Referring to  FIG. 21 , if the problem cannot be solved by a technician  430  at the call center  426 , the technician can use the customer site software  421  to attempt to solve the problem remotely at the customer site  420 . By using encryption  427  that works with decryption  423  in the customer site software, and decryption  428  that works with encryption  424  in the customer site software, the technician  430  can safely use a public network  425  to connect a remote console  429  to a remote console manager  422  in the customer site software. The remote console manager  422  uses the customer site software  421  to implement all the requests and commands initiated by the technician  430 , using the same interface as the one implemented for network operations over multiple machines (as shown in  FIG. 11 ). It should be noted that  FIG. 21  is meant to be representative, and many other configurations for remote support could be described by one skilled in the art. 
       FIG. 22  details the actual process by which this remote support is implemented. Step  440  starts the process. In step  441 , the customer initiates the entire process by establishing a secure link between the customer site and the call center. In step  442 , the technician selects an action to take. The technician can choose to initiate a database entry in step  443 , which will cause the customer site software to force the selected entry to be chosen by the scheduler. The technician can choose to examine state in step  445 , which will cause the customer site software to access the requested state information and return its value to the technician. The technician can choose to modify state in step  446 , which will cause the customer site software to modify the requested state information as specified by the technician. The technician can choose to use an engine primitive in step  447 , which will cause the customer site software to call a primitive with the parameters specified by the technician, and return the results for review by the technician. In step  448 , the customer site software implements the chosen action, and in step  449  the server software records the action and its results in a log. In step  450 , the technician can choose to add arbitrary descriptive information, and if this choice is made, step  451  adds this information to the log. In step  452 , the technician decides whether the remote session is finished. If not, the process returns to step  442  to handle the next action. If so, the session is finished in step  453  and the entire log is available for review to create a new entry in the master knowledge base to handle this problem. The process ends at step  454 . It should be noted that  FIG. 22  represents the remote session implementation for one embodiment, and many other implementations of the remote session could be described by one skilled in the art. 
     Referring to  FIG. 23 , the integration between the call center and the central facility is done in such a way that allows existing call centers to be easily integrated. The problem reports  463  continue to come into the existing call center into the automatic call distributor (ACD)  464 . The customer site software uses the same format as other types of electronic problem reports handled by the ACD. The support agents  460  handle the calls in the normal fashion, using the customer information database  465 , ordinary communication  461  with the customers, and the normal interface  462  to the existing problem management system (PMS)  466 . The main difference is that technicians at the central facility also have access to the PMS  466 , through a computer network link  467 . In the central facility, the staff use the same equipment  462  as the support agents  460  do in order to access the PMS  466 , so they have the same access to the customer information database  465 . They utilize this information while creating and modifying entries in the master knowledge base. It should be noted that  FIG. 23  is meant to be representative, and many other configurations for a call center could be described by one skilled in the art. 
     Referring to  FIG. 24 , the economic benefits of this implementation of automatic problem detection and resolution are clear. The graph shows the size of the customer base on the x-axis  480 , and the total number of calls coming into the call center on the y-axis  481 . With a traditional call center setup, the number of calls coming into the call center is linearly proportional to the number of customers using the call center, as shown by the line  482 . However, with the invention described herein, any problem that is solved once by the call center will be solved automatically by the customer site software in the future, so it will not generate further calls to the call center. Therefore, the number of calls coming into the call center will be proportional to the total number of brand new unique problems encountered by the customer base, which asymptotically approaches a constant as shown by the line  483 . Since the cost of a call center is directly related to the number of calls that come into the center, this means that the present invention allows a fixed size call center to support extremely large numbers of customers economically. Many variations can be made to the embodiment described above, including but not limited to, the following embodiments. 
     The system can be made to work without immediate access to the central facility through the Internet or other wide area network. The operations requiring this access can be delayed until the access is available. If a severe problem interferes with system operation, the state reversion mechanism can be used to effect a temporary solution. 
     The system can be used to diagnose and correct problems on devices other than computers, such as household appliances. The communication mechanism between the devices can be one other than a computer network, such as a low speed serial link. 
     The implementation of the customer site software can be done as an embedded system that is built into a device during manufacturing, or added on as a feature, rather than being software that is distributed on removable media for a general-purpose computer. 
     The method used for caching access to the knowledge base can be generalized to more than three levels, and can be extended to allow further redundancies to enhance performance and reliability. 
     A method can be implemented for automatically recording the actions of a technician in repairing a problem and adding the result to the knowledge base. This “learning” operation would mean that once anyone successfully fixed a problem, it would automatically be fixed on all systems in the future. 
     The call center implementation can be extended to allow for multiple physical call centers that are connected and maintain synchronization automatically. This allows for supporting extremely large number of customers using techniques such as balancing loads across time zones. It also allows a scalable solution as the customer base grows. 
     The system can be implemented without the entire problem escalation mechanism described. For example, the system could run entirely automatically without a call center if the automated support interaction mechanism were removed from the escalation sequence. 
     Those skilled in the art should readily appreciate that the programs defining the operations and methods defined herein are deliverable to the software-based system in many forms, including but not limited to a) information permanently stored on non-writeable storage media such as ROM devices, b) information alterable stored on writeable storage media such as floppy disks, magnetic tapes, CDs, RAM devices, and other magnetic and optical media, or c) information conveyed to a computer through communication media, for example using baseband signaling or broadband signaling techniques, as in an electronic networks such as the Internet or telephone modem lines. The operations and methods may be implemented in a software executable out of a memory by a processor. Alternatively, the operations and methods may be embodied in whole or in part using hardware components, such as Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), state machines, controllers or other hardware components or devices, or a combination of hardware and software components. While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims. Accordingly, the present invention is not intended to be limited except by the following claims.