Abstract:
A reflection type liquid crystal display device, having a first substrate having an array of a plurality of light reflecting pixel electrodes, a second substrate having an array of a plurality of microlenses, and liquid crystals sandwiched between the first and second substrates for modulating incident light entering between the first and second substrates and reflected by the pixel electrodes to form an optical display, wherein each of the light reflecting pixel electrodes includes a high reflectivity region formed near at a focal point upon which light incident upon a microlens is focussed, the high reflectivity region reflecting the incident light, and a low reflectivity region formed surrounding the high reflectivity region, the low reflectivity region limiting a reflection of incident light components of stray light to be caused by aberration among light passed through the microlens.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a reflection type liquid crystal display device which forms an image by modulating light reflected from a reflection type matrix substrate with liquid crystals. 
     2. Related Background Art 
     Liquid crystal display devices are presently used as thin display devices for various industrial and commercial apparatuses. Projection type display devices for projecting and magnifying light modulated with liquid crystals are widely used for large screen display devices. A reflection type liquid crystal display device which has a high efficiency of light utilization is expected as a device capable of displaying an image of high precision and brightness. 
     FIG. 14A is a cross sectional view showing a typical example of a conventional reflection type liquid crystal color display device. The display device has a pair of a transparent substrate  1  and an active matrix substrate  2  between which liquid crystals  3  are sandwiched. Incident light indicated by an arrow to modulated at each pixel with liquid crystals driven on the active matrix substrate, reflected by a reflection electrode  10 , projected and magnified to obtain a desired image. 
     The transparent substrate  1  has a glass substrate  4  on which a color filter array  5  of R (red), G (green), and B (blue) is formed. At the interface with liquid crystals, there are a transparent electrode  8  for applying a voltage and an orientation film  9  laminated with the transparent electrode  8 . A microlens array  7  is formed on the color filter array  5  in order to improve the efficiency of light utilization. Each lens has a radius of curvature which makes incident parallel light focus generally upon the reflection electrode  10 . In order to cut stray light between pixels, a black matrix  6  is formed to fill the space between adjacent color filters of the color filter array  5 . 
     The above-described conventional display device is, however, associated with the problem that light components not focussed upon the reflection electrode  10  because of aberration of the microlens array  7  and stray light components incident upon the microlens array  7  are mixed with light reflected from the reflection electrode  10  and this mixed light lowers the quality of a projected image. 
     FIG. 14B shows the details of optical paths of one pixel. Light  20  generally vertically incident upon the substrate  1  is refracted by a microlens  7 , focussed upon an approximately central area  26  of the reflection electrode  10 , reflected by the reflection electrode  10 , again becomes incident upon the microlens  7 , and is output as vertical light  21 . If the microlens provides incident light of different wavelengths with the same refraction and has a perfect parabolic shape, light of different wavelengths can be focussed upon one focal point  26 . However, in practice, the parabolic shape is imperfect and the focal length changes with wavelength (aberration). Therefore, for example, some light propagates along a path  22  and is reflected at a position shifted from the focal point so that it is output along a direction  22  shifted from the vertical direction. Further, light incident along a direction  24  is reflected at a position  28  and output along a is direction  25 . Such phenomena are superposed upon at a number of pixels. In addition, there is a variation of shapes of microlenses of respective pixels. Output unnecessary light components are mixed with a normal image so that the contrast and image quality may be lowered by these noise components. 
     If the size of the reflection electrode is made small in order to solve the above problem, a space between adjacent pixels becomes large so that an electric field in this space does not become vertical to the substrate plane and orientation of liquid crystals may be disturbed. From this reason, the contrast is lowered and defects in an image increase. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In order to solve the above problem, the invention provides a reflection type liquid crystal display device, comprising: a first substrate having an array of a plurality of light reflecting pixel electrodes; a second substrate having an array of a plurality of microlenses; and liquid crystals sandwiched between the first and second substrates for modulating incident light entering between the first and second substrates and reflected by the pixel electrodes to form an optical display, wherein each of the light reflecting pixel electrodes includes a high reflectivity region formed near at a focal point upon which light incident upon a microlens is focussed, the high reflectivity region reflecting the incident light, and a low reflectivity region formed surrounding the high reflectivity region, the low reflectivity region limiting a reflection of incident light components of stray light to be caused by aberration among light passed through the microlens. 
     According to the invention, the high reflectivity region reflects main image signal components of the incident light, and the low reflectivity region hardly reflects light components not focussed because of aberration and stray light components, because it has a low reflectivity. Accordingly, the project image has high contrast and high quality and does not contain unnecessary light components other than essential image signals. Since the size of the reflection electrode is the same as that of the conventional reflection electrode, disturbance of orientations of liquid crystals and lowered contrast can be prevented. 
     According to the present invention, most of light converged by the microlens is applied to the high reflectivity region, light components caused by lens aberration and stray light components among light converged by the microlens are applied to the low reflectivity region. 
     According to the present invention, light components having the main wavelength incident upon the microlens are focussed upon the high reflectivity region of the reflection electrode, and noise components such as lens aberration light components and stray light components are reflected slightly by the low reflectivity region. Therefore, the contrast of a projected image can be improved and the image quality can be improved. 
     According to an embodiment of the invention, the high reflectivity region is provided in a central area of each pixel electrode and two-dimensionally surrounded by the low reflectivity region. 
     According to another embodiment, light components having the main wavelength incident upon the microlens are focussed upon the high reflectivity region near in generally the central area of the reflection electrode, and aberration light components and stray light components are incident upon the nearby area of the reflection electrode which surrounds the high reflectivity region. Accordingly, without changing the size of the pixel electrode, noise components can be cut, which contributes to improve the contrast of a projected image and the image quality. 
     According to a further embodiment, the high reflective region is made of a high reflectivity conductive material and the low reflectivity region is made of a low reflectivity conductive material. 
     According to a still further embodiment, the high and low reflectivity regions are made of conductive materials having different reflectivities. A large difference between two reflectivities allows the contrast of a projected image to be improved. 
     According to a still further embodiment, the high reflectivity region is made of a conductive material and the low reflectivity region is made of a material laminated on the conductive material, the material having a reflectivity lower than the conductive material. 
     According to a still further embodiment, the low reflectivity region is made of low reflection material formed in the surface layer of the high reflectivity region. Accordingly, the size of the reflection electrode can be maintained same as the high reflectivity region, while the low reflectivity region with a lowered reflectivity is formed in the surface layer. 
     According to a still further embodiment, the high reflectivity region has a high reflectivity surface configuration and the low reflectivity region has a low reflectivity surface configuration providing a lower reflectivity than the high reflectivity region. 
     According to a still further embodiment, a projection type liquid crystal display device is provided which uses the reflection type liquid crystal display device described above. 
     According to a still further embodiment, the projection type liquid crystal display device comprises at least three liquid crystal panels for three colors wherein blue light is separated by a high reflection mirror and a blue light reflection dichroic mirror, and red and green light are separated by a red light reflection dichroic mirror and a green light/blue light reflection dichroic mirror to illuminate each liquid crystal panel. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1A is a schematic cross sectional view of a liquid crystal display device according to a first embodiment of the invention, and FIG. 1B shows the details of optical paths of one pixel of the liquid crystal display device shown in FIG.  1 A. 
     FIG. 2 is an enlarged perspective view of reflection electrodes of a liquid crystal display device of the invention. 
     FIGS. 3A,  3 B,  3 C and  3 D are cross sectional views illustrating a method of manufacturing a liquid crystal display device of the invention. 
     FIG. 4 is a schematic cross sectional view of a projection type liquid crystal display device according to a second embodiment of the invention. 
     FIGS. 5A,  5 B and  5 C are schematic diagrams illustrating the optical configuration of the projection type liquid crystal display device of the second embodiment. 
     FIGS. 6A,  6 B and  6 C show the spectrum reflection characteristics of dichroic mirrors of the second embodiment. 
     FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating the three-dimension layout of dichroic mirrors of the second embodiment. 
     FIGS. 8A,  8 B and  8 C are a plan view and cross sectional views of a liquid crystal panel of the second embodiment. 
     FIG. 9A is an enlarged plan view of the liquid crystal display panel of the second embodiment, and 
     FIG. 9B is a diagram illustrating the optical configuration of a reflection type display device of the second embodiment. 
     FIG. 10 is a schematic cross sectional view of a liquid crystal display device according to a third embodiment of the invention. 
     FIG. 11 is a schematic cross sectional view of a liquid crystal display device according to a fourth embodiment of the invention. 
     FIG. 12A is a schematic cross sectional view of a liquid crystal display device according to a fifth embodiment of the invention, and FIGS. 12B,  12 C,  12 D and  12 E are cross sectional views illustrating the method of manufacturing a liquid crystal display device of the fifth embodiment. 
     FIG. 13 is a schematic cross sectional view of a liquid crystal display device according to a sixth embodiment of the invention. 
     FIG. 14A is a schematic cross sectional view of a conventional liquid crystal display device, and FIG. 14B shows the details of optical paths of one pixel of the liquid crystal display device shown in FIG.  14 A. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Embodiments of the invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
     (First Embodiment) 
     FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram showing the structure of a reflection type liquid crystal color display device using a microlens array according to the first embodiment of the invention. A transparent substrate  101  is constituted of: a microlens array  107  for refracting incident light and reflection light; a color filter array  105  for color modulation; a black matrix  106  for cutting light incident upon a space between adjacent color filters; a glass substrate  104  of 50 to 1500 μm in thickness for supporting the transparent substrate  101 ; a transparent electrode  108  made of ITO or the like; and a transparent substrate side orientation film  109  for orientating liquid crystals. An active matrix substrate  102  is constituted of: a silicon or glass substrate  116 ; switching transistors  112  formed on the substrate  116 ; pixel reflection electrodes  110  connected to the transistors  112  via through holes  113 ; and an active matrix substrate side orientation film  111  formed on the surface of the pixel reflection electrodes  110 . Liquid crystal material  103  of 1 to 15 μm in thickness is sandwiched between the transparent substrate  101  and active matrix substrate  102 . The liquid crystal material  103  is, for example, twist nematic liquid crystals. 
     FIG. 1B is an enlarged view showing one pixel reflection electrode  110  and optical paths of incident light. The pixel reflection electrode  110  has a high reflection region  125  made of high reflectivity metal  114  such as Al and Al—Si alloy and a low reflection region  124  surrounding the high reflection region  125  and made of low reflectivity metal  115 . 
     The reflectivity of each of the high and low reflectivity regions is determined depending upon an optical reflectivity of the metal material of each region and the conditions of each region such as a surface smoothness. In the present invention, the optical reflectivity of the high reflection region is 100 to 60%, or preferably 100 to 80%, whereas the optical reflectivity of the low reflection region is 50% or smaller, or preferably 30% or smaller. 
     The material of the low reflectivity metal  115  may be Ti, TiN, Cr, Mo, W, or alloy thereof added with silicon. The surfaces of the pixel reflection electrodes  110  are subject to chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) to make the surface of the high reflectivity metal  114  very flat (e.g., surface irregularity of 50 nm or smaller) and make it have a high reflectivity (larger than 90%). An area ratio of the high reflectivity region  125  to the low reflectivity region  124  can be optimized in accordance with a spot size of a normal incident light beam which is broadened by the influences of aberration of each microlens, variation in focal depths, bonding precision between the transparent substrate  101  and active matrix substrate  102 , and the like. 
     In this embodiment, the width of the high reflectivity region  125  was set to 10 μm, and that of the low reflectivity region  124  was set to 2 μm. A normal incident light beam propagating along optical paths  120  and  121 , is focussed upon generally the center of the high reflectivity metal  114  and reflected toward the direction opposite to the incident direction. Aberration light components in unnecessary light beams are incident upon the low reflectivity region  124  at the position indicated at  122 , for example, so that a very small fraction thereof is reflected. In this embodiment, Ti was used as the low reflection metal and a surface reflectivity of 20% was obtained. Stray components indicated at  23  are also incident upon the low reflection region  124 , and only a very small fraction thereof was reflected. 
     FIG. 2 is a perspective view of pixel reflection electrodes. The high reflection metal  114  is two-dimensionally surrounded with the low reflection metal  115 . The width of a pixel separation region  126  was able to be set to a value like a conventional pixel separation region. A contrast lowered by a disturbance of orientation of liquid crystals was not observed at all. 
     FIGS. 3A to  3 D illustrate a method of forming a pixel reflection electrode on the active matrix substrate. As shown in the cross sectional view of FIG. 3A, on a silicon or glass substrate  127 , thin film transistors  128  were formed in a matrix pattern. An approximately flat interlayer insulating film  129  was deposited on the substrate  127 , covering the thin film transistors  128 . In this embodiment, although the thin film transistors were used as switching transistors, single crystal bulk transistors may be formed in a surface layer of the silicon substrate  127 . Next, as shown in FIG. 3B, pixel electrode regions  130  and through holes  131  were formed in the interlayer insulating film  129  through dry etching to leave pixel separation regions  132 . Thereafter, as shown in FIG. 3C, low reflection metal  133  was deposited through sputtering and then high reflection metal  134  was deposited through sputtering. 
     In this embodiment, both the low and high reflection metals were deposited to a thickness of 1 μm (FIG.  3 C). 
     Thereafter, as shown in FIG. 3D, the surface of the substrate was planarized through CMP to set the width of the low reflection metal to several hundred nm or more at the surface level. 
     As described above, according to the first embodiment of the reflection type liquid crystal color display device using a microlens array, since orientation of liquid crystals near the pixel separation region is not disturbed, a contrast to be lowered by aberration of microlenses and stray light can be prevented. The image quality of the reflection type display device can therefore be improved. 
     Further, the reflection type display device can be manufactured by hardly complicating the conventional manufacture processes as described above. 
     (Second Embodiment) 
     FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view showing the structure of a liquid crystal display device according to the second embodiment. This embodiment is applied to a single panel—reflection type color display device to be used as a projector. 
     A glass substrate  2001  is constituted of: a microlens array  2005  for refracting incident light and reflection light; a support glass substrate  2004  for supporting the glass substrate  2001 ; a black matrix  2010  for cutting light incident upon a space between adjacent microlenses; a low reflectivity layer  2006  for planarizing the upper surface of the lens array; a sheet glass  2007 ; a transparent electrode  2008  made of ITO or the like; and a glass substrate side orientation film  2009  for orientating liquid crystals. 
     The microlens array  2005  is formed on the surface of the support glass (alkali based glass) substrate  2004  by a so-called ion exchange method. The microlens array  2005  is two-dimensionally disposed at a pitch two times as large as that of pixel reflection electrodes  2016 . A liquid crystal layer  2003  is made of nematic liquid crystals of an ECB (Electrically Controlled Birefringence) mode such as DAP (Deformation of Aligned Phase) and HAN (Hybrid Aligned Nematic) suitable for a reflection type display device. Liquid crystals in the liquid crystal layer are maintained to have a desired orientation by using an orientation film  2009  at a glass substrate side and an orientation film  2015  at an active matrix side. The pixel reflection electrode  2016  has a high reflectivity metal region  2018  (Al) and a low reflectivity metal region  2017  (e.g., Ti) surrounding the region  2018 , and serves also as a reflection mirror. The pixel reflection electrode  2016  is subjected to CMP at the final process after the electrode is patterned, in order to improve the surface conditions and a reflectivity. 
     An active matrix substrate  2002  is constituted of: a silicon or glass substrate  2011 ; switching transistors  2012  formed on the substrate  2011 ; the pixel reflection electrodes  2016  which are driven by the transistors  2012  via through holes  2014 ; and light shielding films  2013  formed under and between adjacent pixel reflection electrodes  2016  for preventing incident light from entering the switching transistors. 
     The surface of the high reflection metal  2018  of Al, Al alloy or the like of the pixel reflection electrode  2016  is exposed in the area near the center of the electrode  2016  and the low reflection metal  2017  surrounds the high reflection metal  2018 . 
     The active matrix substrate  2002  formed on the silicon semiconductor substrate  2011  is provided with a semiconductor drive circuit for driving the pixel reflection electrodes  2016  in an active matrix way. Unrepresented gate line drivers (vertical registers and the like) and signal line drivers (horizontal registers and the like) are provided in the peripheral area of the semiconductor matrix drive circuit (the details will be later given). These peripheral drivers and the active matrix drive circuit are configured so as to write each RGB (red, green, blue light) primary color image signal into each RGB pixel. Although each pixel reflection electrode  2016  is not provided with a color filter, each RGB pixel is discriminated by the primary color image signal written by the active matrix drive circuit to thereby form a desired RGB pixel array to be later described. 
     Consider now G light illuminating to a liquid crystal panel. G light is polarized by a polarizing beam splitter and thereafter applied vertically to the liquid crystal panel. An example of G light incident upon one microlens  2010  is indicated by an arrow G (in/out). As shown, the G light is converged by the microlens and illuminates a G pixel reflection electrode  2016 G. The G light is then reflected by the G pixel reflection electrode  2016 G and output via the same microlens  2005 G to the outside of the panel. While the G light reciprocates in the liquid crystal layer  2003 , the G light is modulated by the operation of liquid crystals driven by the electric field between the pixel electrode  2016 G and transparent electrode  2008  upon application of a signal voltage to the pixel electrode  2016 G, and thereafter output to the outside of the liquid crystal panel. 
     Next, consider R light obliquely incident upon the liquid crystal panel. The R light is also polarized by the polarizing beam splitter. For example, the R light incident upon the microlens  2005 R is converged by the microlens  2005 R and illuminates the R pixel electrode  2016 R shifted to the left from the position just under the microlens  2005 R, as shown by an arrow R (in). The R light is reflected by the R pixel electrode  2016 R and output via the next microlens  2005 G to the outside of the panel, as shown by an arrow R (out). In this case, the R light is modulated by the operation of liquid crystals driven by the electric field between the pixel electrode  2016 R and transparent electrode  2008  upon application of a signal voltage to the pixel electrode  2016 R, and thereafter output to the outside of the liquid crystal panel to return to the polarizing beam splitter and be projected as a portion of image light, in quite the same manner as the above-described G light. In FIG. 4, although the G light and R light incident upon the pixel reflection electrodes  2016 G and  2016 R are shown partially superposed and interfered with each other, such an interference does not occur irrespective of the pixel size. This is because the thickness of the liquid crystal layer is shown exaggerated in FIG.  4  and the actual thickness of the liquid crystal layer is thinner than 5 μm which is very thin as compared to the thickness of 50 to 100 μm of the sheet glass  2007 . 
     Most of the G light and R light are reflected by the high reflection metal region  2018  near the center of the pixel reflection electrode  2016 . Aberration and stray light components are incident upon the surface of the low reflection metal region  2017  and are hardly reflected similar to the first embodiment. A high contrast and high quality image can therefore be obtained. 
     FIGS. 5A to  5 C show the configuration of an optical system of a reflection type liquid crystal display device of the embodiment. FIG. 5A is a top view, FIG. 5B is a front view, and FIG. 5C is a side view, respectively of the optical system. In FIGS. 5A to  5 C, reference numeral  202  represents the liquid crystal panel of the embodiment, reference numeral  203  represents a polarizing beam splitter (PBS), reference numeral  240  represents an R reflection dichroic mirror, reference numeral  241  represents a B/G reflection dichroic mirror, reference numeral  242  represents a B reflection dichroic mirror, reference numeral  243  represents a high reflection mirror for reflecting light of all colors, reference numeral  250  represents a Fresnel&#39;s lens, reference numeral  251  represents a convex lens, reference numeral  206  represents a rod type integrator, reference numeral  207  represents an ellipsoidal reflector, and reference numeral  208  represents an arc lamp such as metal halide and UHP. The R reflection dichroic mirror  240 , B/G reflection dichroic mirror  241 , and B reflection dichroic mirror  242  have the spectrum reflection characteristics shown in FIGS. 6A to  6 C, respectively. These dichroic mirrors together with the high reflection mirror  243  are three-dimensionally disposed as shown in the perspective view of FIG. 7, and separate white illumination light into RGS colors to make each primary color illuminate the liquid crystal panel  202  in three-dimensionally different directions. 
     The optical path of light will be described sequentially. First, white light output from the lamp  208  is converged by the ellipsoidal reflector  208  to an inlet of the integrator  206  placed in front of the reflector  207 . As the light propagates with repetitive reflections in the integrator  206 , the spatial intensity distribution of light fluxes is made uniform. The light fluxes output from the integrator  206  are made parallel light fluxes relative to the x-axis negative direction by the convex lens  251  and Fresnel&#39;s lens  250  and reach the B reflection dichroic mirror  242 . The B reflection dichroic mirror  242  reflects only B light which propagates along the z-axis negative direction or downward (as viewed in the front view of FIG. 5B) toward the R reflection dichroic mirror  240  at a predetermined angle relative to the z-axis. The R/G light other than the B light passes through the B reflection dichroic mirror  242  and is reflected by the high reflection mirror  243  at a right angle along the z-axis negative direction or downward toward the R reflection dichroic mirror  240 . As viewed in the front view of FIG. 5B, the B reflection dichroic mirror  242  and high reflection mirror  243  are both disposed to reflect the light fluxes (along the negative x-axis) from the integrator  206  along the z-axis negative direction (downward), and the high reflection mirror  243  has an inclination angle of 45° in the x-y plane about the rotation axis along the y-axis direction. The B reflection dichroic mirror  242  has an inclination angle smaller than 45° in the x-y plane about the rotation axis along the y-axis direction. Therefore, although the R/G light reflected by the high reflection mirror  243  is reflected at a right angle along the z-axis negative direction, the B light reflected by the B reflection dichroic mirror  242  propagates downward at the predetermined angle (tilt in the x-z plane) relative to the z-axis direction. In order to make the illumination areas on the liquid crystal panel  202  of the B light and R/G light be coincident with each other, the shift amount and tilt amount of the high reflection mirror  243  and B reflection dichroic mirror  242  are selected so as to make the principal light flux of each color light intersect above the liquid crystal panel. 
     Next, the R/G/B light fluxes propagating downward (along the negative z-axis) reach the R reflection dichroic mirror  240  and B/G reflection dichroic mirror  241  which are positioned under the B reflection dichroic mirror  242  and high reflection mirror  243 . The BIG reflection dichroic mirror  241  is disposed at an inclination angle of 45° relative to the x-z plane about the rotation axis along the x-axis direction, and the high reflection mirror  243  is disposed at an inclination angle smaller than 45° relative to the x-z plane about the rotation axis along the x-axis direction. Therefore, of the R/G/B light fluxes, the B/G light fluxes pass through the R reflection dichroic mirror  240 , are reflected by the B/G reflection dichroic mirror  241  at a right angle along the positive y-axis direction, polarized by PBS  203 , and thereafter illuminate the liquid crystal panel  202  disposed in parallel with the x-z plane. Of the B/G light fluxes, the B light propagates at the predetermined angle (tilt in the x-z plane) relative to the x-axis direction. Therefore, after the B light is reflected by the B/G reflection dichroic mirror  241 , it maintains a predetermined angle (tilt in the x-y plane) relative to the y-axis direction and illuminates the liquid crystal panel  202  at an incident angle of this predetermined angle. The G light is reflected by the B/G reflection dichroic mirror  241  at a right angle along the positive y-axis direction, polarized by PBS  203 , and illuminates the liquid crystal panel  202  at an incident angle of 0°, i.e. vertically. The R light is reflected by the R reflection dichroic mirror  240  disposed upstream of the B/G reflection dichroic mirror  241  along the positive y-axis at a predetermined angle (tilt in the y-z plane) relative to the y-axis direction as shown in FIG. 5C (side view), polarized by PBS  203 , and illuminates the liquid crystal panel  202  at an incident angle (a direction in the y-z plane) of this predetermined angle relative to the y-axis direction. Similar to the above, in order to make the illumination areas on the liquid crystal panel  202  of the R/G/B light fluxes be coincident with each other, the shift amount and tilt amount of the B/G reflection dichroic mirror  241  and R reflection dichroic mirror  240  are selected so as to make the principal light flux of each color light intersect above the liquid crystal panel. As shown in FIGS. 6A to  6 C, the cut wavelength of the B/G reflection dichroic mirror  241  is 570 nm, and that of the R reflection dichroic mirror  240  is 600 nm. Therefore, unnecessary orange color light passes through the B/G reflection dichroic mirror  241  and is discarded. 
     As will be later described, each RGB light is reflected and polarization-modulated by the liquid crystal panel  202 , and returns to PBS  203  whose PBS surface  203   a  reflects the light fluxes along the positive x-direction to form image light. This image light passes through the projector lens  201  and projected on an unrepresented screen as a magnified image. Since each RGB light illuminating the liquid crystal panel  202  has a different incident angle, the RGB light reflected from the liquid crystal panel  202  has a different output angle. In order to receive all the light fluxes of different angles, the projector lens  1  having a sufficiently large lens diameter and numerical aperture is used. However, an inclination of light fluxes of respective colors incident upon the projector lens  201  is made parallel because they pass through the microlens twice, so that a constant incident angle of the liquid crystal panel  202  can be maintained. In a transmission type liquid crystal display device, light fluxes output from the liquid crystal panel are made very broad by being enhanced by the convergence function of the microlens. Therefore, in order to receive these light fluxes, the projector lens is required to have a larger numerical aperture and becomes expensive. However, in this embodiment, the expansion of the light fluxes output from the liquid crystal panel  202  is relatively small. Therefore, even with a projector lens having a small numerical aperture, a sufficiently bright image can be projected upon the screen and a more inexpensive projector lens can be used. 
     FIGS. 8A to  8 C illustrate a principle of color separation and color synthesis according to the embodiment. FIG. 8A is a schematic top view of the liquid crystal panel  202 , and FIGS. 8B and 8C are schematic cross sectional views taken along lines  8 B— 8 B and  8 C— 8 C in FIG. 8A, respectively. FIG. 8C shows the y-z cross section and corresponds to FIG.  7 . FIG. 8C illustrates incidence and output conditions of the G light and R light incident upon each microlens  222 . As seen from FIG. 8C, each G pixel electrode is disposed just under the center of each microlens  222 , and each R pixel electrode is disposed just under the boundary between adjacent microlenses. It is therefore preferable to set the incident angle of the R light so that tan θ of the incident angle becomes equal to a ratio of the pixel pitch (between B and R pixels) to a distance between the microlens and pixel electrode. FIG. 8B shows the x-y cross section. In this x-y cross section, B and G pixel electrodes are alternately disposed as shown in FIG.  8 C. Each G pixel electrode is disposed Just under the center of each microlens, and each B pixel electrode is disposed just under the boundary between adjacent microlenses. The B light illuminating the liquid crystal panel becomes incident along an oblique direction relative to the x-y cross section after it is polarized by PBS  203 , as described earlier. Therefore, quite similar to the R light, the B light incident upon each microlens is reflected by the B pixel electrode and output from the adjacent microlens in the x-axis direction, as shown in FIG.  8 B. Modulation by liquid crystals above the B pixel electrode and projection of the B light output from the liquid crystal panel are similar to those described with the G and R light fluxes. Each B pixel electrode is disposed just under the boundary between adjacent microlenses. Similar to the R light, it is therefore preferable to set the incident angle of the B light relative to the liquid crystal panel so that tan e of the incident angle becomes equal to a ratio of the pixel pitch (between G and B pixels) to a distance between the microlens and pixel electrode. In the liquid crystal panel of this embodiment, the order of RGB pixels are RGRGRG, . . . in the z-axis direction and BGBGBG, . . . in the x-axis direction. Such a layout of RGB pixels is shown in the top view of FIG.  8 A. The vertical and horizontal sides of each pixel are about halves of those of the microlens, and the pixel pitches are also about halves of the microlens pitches in both the x- and z-axis directions. The G pixel is disposed just under the center of the microlens, the R pixel is disposed between adjacent G pixels in the z-axis direction and at the boundary between adjacent microlenses, and the B pixel is disposed between adjacent G pixels in the x-axis direction and at the boundary between adjacent microlenses. The shape of one microlens is rectangular (having sides of a twofold of those of the pixel). 
     FIG. 9A is an enlarged top view partially showing the liquid crystal panel. A broken line lattice  229  indicates a collection of RGB pixels constituting a picture unit. Specifically, when RGB pixels are driven by the active matrix way illustrated in FIG. 4, the RGB pixel unit (picture unit) indicated by the broken line lattice  229  is driven by RGB image signals corresponding to the same pixel position. Consider now one picture unit constituted of the R pixel electrode  226   r,  G pixel electrode  226   g,  and B pixel electrode  226   b.  The R pixel electrode  226   r  is illuminated with the R light obliquely incident from the microlens  222   b  as described earlier and indicated by an arrow r 1 . The reflected R light is output from the microlens  222   a  as indicated by an arrow r 2 . The B pixel electrode  226   b  is illuminated with the B light obliquely incident from the microlens  222   c  as described earlier and indicated by an arrow b 1 . The reflected B light is output from the microlens  222   a  as indicated by an arrow b 2 . The G pixel electrode  226   g  is illuminated with the G light vertically incident (toward the back of the drawing sheet) from the microlens  222   a  as described earlier and indicated by an arrow g 12 . The reflected G light is output vertically (toward the front of the drawing sheet) from the microlens  222   a.  As described above, in the liquid crystal display panel of the embodiment, although the incident position of each primary color illumination light is different in the RGB pixel unit constituting one picture unit, the reflected light is output from the same microlens (in the above example, the microlens  222   a ). This is also true for all other picture units (RGB pixel units). 
     As shown in FIG. 9B, in projecting all light fluxes output from the liquid crystal panel onto a screen  209  via PBS  203  and projector lens  201 , the positions of microlenses are optically adjusted to be focussed on the screen  209 . The projected image is constituted of picture units each containing mixed colors of light fluxes output from the RGB pixel unit constituting the picture unit in the lattice of the microlens array, i.e., the projected image is constituted of pixels on each of which three (RGB) color lights are collected. It is therefore possible to display a color image having a high image quality without RGB mosaic. 
     (Third Embodiment) 
     FIG. 10 shows the structure of reflection electrodes formed on an active matrix substrate of a liquid crystal display device according to the third embodiment. 
     In this embodiment, a low reflection region is formed by partially depositing low reflection insulating material on a high reflection electrode. Referring to FIG. 10, a matrix substrate  300  is formed with switching transistors and peripheral circuits for driving pixel reflection electrodes. On the matrix substrate  300 , high reflection conductive films  301 . used as pixel reflection electrodes and pixel separation regions  302  are formed in one layer. Black resin  303  is patterned on the high reflection conductive films, extending over the pixel separation regions at the peripheral areas of the high reflection conductive films. The black resin may be made of material commonly used as black matrix, and the thickness of the black resin is set to about 500 to 300 angstroms to provide sufficient low reflection regions. If the black resin is too thick, the rubbing process after the orientation film becomes difficult or disturbance of orientations of liquid crystals near at steps formed by the black resin is difficult to be suppressed. The thickness is therefore required to be set by taking into consideration of these process margins. 
     The advantageous effects of this embodiment are as follows: 
     (1) Since only a single layer is formed on a conventional structure of an active matrix substrate, the manufacture is easy. 
     (2) The low reflection regions can be formed freely through a patterning process. 
     (3) Resin excellent in light absorption can be used. 
     (4) Resin also functions as a light shielding material of the active matrix substrate. 
     Obviously, the embodiment is applicable to the optical system of the second embodiment. 
     (Fourth Embodiment) 
     FIG. 11 shows the structure of reflection electrodes formed on an active matrix substrate of a liquid crystal display device according to the fourth embodiment. 
     In this embodiment, a low reflection region is formed by partially depositing low reflection conductive material on a high reflection electrode. Referring to FIG. 11, a matrix substrate  300  is formed with switching transistors and peripheral circuits for driving pixel reflection electrodes. On the matrix substrate  300 , high reflection conductive films  301  used as pixel reflection electrodes and pixel separation regions  302  are formed in one layer. A low reflection conductive film  304  is patterned on the high reflection conductive films, in the peripheral areas of the high reflection conductive films. The material of the low reflection conductive film  304  may be Ti, TiN, Cr, Mo, W, Si compound thereof, and Si alloy thereof, similar to the first embodiment. 
     The thickness of the low reflection conductive film is determined depending upon a light shielding capability of metal. If Ti is used, the thickness of 200 to 1000 angstroms provides a low reflection of 30% or smaller. The influence of steps of the low reflection conductive film pattern is required to be taken into consideration, similar to the third embodiment. A light shielding film  302  for the active matrix substrate is formed in the substrate under the reflection electrodes, similar to conventional technologies. 
     The advantageous effects of this embodiment are as follows: 
     (1) The structure is simple. 
     (2) A low reflection region can be freely determined through a patterning process. 
     (3) A very thin low reflection film can be used. 
     Obviously, the embodiment is applicable to the optical system of the second embodiment. 
     (Fifth Embodiment) 
     FIG. 12A shows the structure of reflection electrodes formed on an active matrix substrate of a liquid crystal display device according to the fifth embodiment. 
     In the structure of this embodiment, partial regions in the surface layer of reflection electrodes are replaced by low reflection conductive materials. The surface of the reflection electrode can be made generally flush. Referring to FIG. 12A, a matrix substrate  300  is formed with switching transistors and peripheral circuits for driving pixel reflection electrodes. The surface layer of high reflection conductive films  301  are partially etched to embed low reflection conductive materials  304 . A pixel separation region  302  is generally flush with the surfaces of the low and high reflection electrodes. 
     Similar to the fourth embodiment, a light shielding film  305  for the matrix substrate is formed under the reflection electrode. 
     A manufacture method of the structure shown in FIG. 12A will be described. 
     FIG. 12B shows a planarized surface of a high reflection metal layer. 
     As shown in FIG. 12C, after a plasma nitride film  306  is deposited on the surface of the reflection metal layer, it is patterned to expose regions where low reflection regions are formed. 
     As shown in FIG. 12D, the high reflection metal layer  301  made of, for example, Al, is selectively etched through anisotropically. 
     As shown in FIG. 12E, after the high reflection metal layer  301  is etched to a thickness of several hundred angstroms, the regions where Al was etched are filled with low reflection metal  304  through selective metal growth. 
     The material of the low reflection metal  304  is preferably W whose deposition process is technically mature. However, any other low reflection metals may be used. Lastly, the remaining plasma nitride film is removed to complete a desired structure. 
     The advantageous effects of this embodiment are as follows: 
     (1) Since the surface is generally flush, the rubbing process for liquid crystals can be performed uniformly over the whole surface of the liquid crystal panel. Therefore, the control of orientations or liquid crystals is easy. 
     (2) If W is used, in addition to a low reflectivity of W, the formed rough surface can further lower the reflectivity. 
     (Sixth Embodiment) 
     FIG. 13 shows the structure of an active matrix substrate according to the sixth embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, a high reflection metal region  301  having a rough surface is used as the low reflection region. 
     Referring to FIG. 13, on a matrix substrate  300 , high reflection electrodes  301  and pixel separation regions  302  generally flush with the electrodes are formed. Partial surfaces  307  of the high reflection electrodes  301  are made rough so that scattering becomes strong and mirror reflection components become less. 
     In order to make the surface of the high reflection electrode  301  rough, after the surface of the high reflection electrode  301  is planarized, a resist pattern is formed on the high reflection electrode  301  to expose the partial surfaces  307  which are made irregular, and the substrate is exposed to Ar plasma at a power of 300 W to 1 kW. With this method, the surface reflectivity was made 30% or lower. 
     The advantageous effects of this embodiment are as follows: 
     (1) Since the surface is generally flush, the rubbing process can be performed uniformly so that crystal orientation control is easy. 
     (2) Manufacture processes are easy. 
     As described so far, according to the present invention, it is possible to prevent a contrast to be lowered by variations of aberrations and shapes of microlenses and to provide a high image quality display device. Further, it is possible to provide a high image quality display device capable of preventing stray light in an optical system from being mixed with a displayed image. Still further, it is possible to provide a display device of low cost and improved image quality.