Abstract:
In a method to control a development process and an electrographic process, at least one developer station inks a latent image on a carrier with a toner. The toner is extracted from a mixture of toner and toner particles and wherein first toner is supplied to the mixture. A characteristic value is determined for a status of the mixture from a model calculation in which a toner exchange rate and an operating aging rate are linked. The development process is at least one of monitored, controlled, or regulated depending on the characteristic value. Also in a related method for controlling a development process, a characteristic value is determined for a status of the mixture from a model calculation in which a change of a toner consumption rate for the toner within a time interval during operation of the developer station and a time constant are taken into account. At least one of monitoring, controlling, or regulating the development process depends on the characteristic value.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    The preferred embodiment concerns methods to control a development process in an electrographic printer or copier in which at least one developer station inks a latent image on an intermediate carrier with toner of a predetermined color, wherein the toner draws a mixture of toner and carrier particles and fresh toner from a reservoir supplied to the mixture. 
         [0002]    In printing of recording media with single color or multicolor toner images, latent images on an intermediate carrier are inked by a respective developer station per toner color used. In operation, the size of the inked area on the recording media can fluctuate significantly, which is expressed by the degree of areal coverage. Given operation with low areal coverage, the toner consumption is also correspondingly low, which can affect the print quality. Operating phases with low or extremely low areal coverage are typically designated as low take-out operation (LTO operation) or, respectively, no take-out operation (NTO operation). Given a multicolor printing, the areal coverage per color component is to be taken into account. It can hereby occur that an LTO operation exists for one specific toner color while the areal coverage as a whole is high. For example, given what is known as highlight color operation in which only single image elements are highlighted in color on a black-and-white image, the toner consumption for this color can be very low in relation to black toner. Given full color applications, the toner consumption per color is generally greater. Fluctuations in the inking of individual colors due to different toner consumption here are distinctly perceived as color shift, however. The degraded print quality in LTO or NTO operation has multiple causes, wherein a certain toner waste is hereby significant. On the one hand, the triboelectric properties, and therefore the adhesion properties of the toner particles to the intermediate carrier, change as a consequence of the agitation of the mixture of toner particles and carrier particles (in general ferromagnetic carrier particles). On the other hand, the mixture can change in terms of its mechanical properties due to the interaction between carrier particles and toner particles, in particular in the agitation of the mixture. Both effects can lead to a measurement error in the registration of the toner concentration with the aid of a sensor, with the consequence that overall the toner concentration in the mixture drops in a toner concentration regulation system. The connection between low triboelectric adhesion and low toner concentration leads to a reduced inking on the intermediate carrier and/or to degraded conditions for the transfer of the toner particles from intermediate carrier to the recording media (paper, for example). The print quality can suffer as a whole under this. A precise measurement of the properties of the mixture made up of toner and carrier particles is technically impossible due to the complex mechanical and electrical behavior of the mixture; sensors for this are also not present. It therefore appears reasonable to develop characteristic values using which the status and the behavior of the mixture can be estimated. 
         [0003]    Document U.S. Pat. No. 6,173,133 describes a toner concentration regulation in which compensation algorithms are used. In addition to the temperature compensation of a sensor measuring the toner concentration, parameters for compensation of the break-in (break-in compensation) of the developer mixture and a toner aging compensation (toner age compensation) are also implemented. 
         [0004]    Additional documents of the prior art are U.S. Pat. No. 6,047,142, U.S. Pat. No. 6,871,029, U.S. Pat. No. 7,079,794 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,085,506. 
         [0005]    A method and a device to adjust the toner concentration in the developer station of an electrophotographic printer or copier is also known from WO 2004/012015 A1. 
         [0006]    Document U.S. Pat. No. 4,614,165 describes a method and a developer device, in which method or in which developer device the entire mixture comprising toner and carrier particles is exchanged when toner and carrier have reached a predetermined age. An aging rate is determined that depends on the number of generated copies. Toner and carrier are then exchanged depending on this aging rate. 
         [0007]    A method to calculate the toner age and the carrier age for printer diagnosis is known from document EP 1 951 841 A. A maximum toner age is stored in a memory. The current toner concentration in the developer mixture is measured, and the consumption rate for the developer and the toner is calculated from this. The toner age is determined on the basis of the toner concentration and the consumption of developer. A print job is interrupted if the maximum toner age is reached. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0008]    It is an object of the invention to specify methods to control a developer process which ensure a high print quality given changing operating states, in particular in LTO operation. 
         [0009]    In a method to control a development process and an electrographic process, at least one developer station inks a latent image on a carrier with a toner. The toner is extracted from a mixture of toner and toner particles and wherein first toner is supplied to the mixture. A characteristic value is determined for a status of the mixture from a model calculation in which a toner exchange rate and an operating aging rate are linked. The development process is at least one of monitored, controlled, or regulated depending on the characteristic value. Also in a related method for controlling a development process, a characteristic value is determined for a status of the mixture from a model calculation in which a change of a toner consumption rate for the toner within a time interval during operation of the developer station and a time constant are taken into account. At least one of monitoring, controlling, or regulating the development process depends on the characteristic value. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0010]      FIG. 1  is a simple model of a Markov chain to determine the characteristic value D; 
           [0011]      FIG. 2  shows a workflow diagram to determine the characteristic value D; 
           [0012]      FIG. 3  illustrates a workflow diagram to determine the characteristic value E; 
           [0013]      FIG. 4  shows a diagram which schematically reflects the correlation of areal coverage, time and characteristic value D or, respectively, E; 
           [0014]      FIG. 5  is an example of the curve of the characteristic values D, E over the time given different operating phases; 
           [0015]      FIG. 6  shows the compensation of the desired value for a toner concentration regulation; 
           [0016]      FIG. 7  illustrates a regulatory loop for inking regulation with a correction of the desired value for the inking regulator; and 
           [0017]      FIG. 8  shows a block diagram for the determination of the correction value. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0018]    For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the preferred embodiments/best mode illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended, and such alterations and further modifications in the illustrated device and method, and such further applications of the principles of the invention as illustrated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention relates are included. 
         [0019]    According to the preferred embodiment, a characteristic value D is determined by use of which the status of the mixture made up of toner and carrier particles can be estimated. For this, a model calculation is used that in particular takes the LTO operation into account. The preferred embodiment proceeds from the consideration that the toner particles are subject to a constant wear in a running developer station, which wear damages the mixture (in particular negatively affects the triboelectric properties of the toner particles and their adhesion properties) in the course of the operation period. Given operation with average or high toner consumption, the running feed of fresh toner from the toner reservoir leads to a certain regeneration of the mixture. In contrast to this, barely any toner is consumed in printing in LTO operation, such that consequently only a little fresh toner is supplied to the developer station. As a result of the agitation of the mixture that is necessary for the mechanical properties of the toner mixture (in order to avoid a clump formation of toner particles, for example), the damage to the toner increases more and more. A significant influencing factor for the damage is thus the exchange rate with which fresh toner is supplied per time unit of the developer station. This exchange rate is accordingly taken into account in the model calculation given the determination of the characteristic value D for the status of the mixture. Furthermore, the operating aging rate, which refers to the actual time of the operation of the developer station in which the mixture is agitated, is taken into account in the determination of the characteristic value D. This operating aging rate refers to the proportion of old toner present in the developer station given operation of the developer station per time unit. Downtimes of the developer station are not taken into account. 
         [0020]    In practice it has been shown that a characteristic value D that takes into account the cited variables of exchange rate and operating aging rate well reflects the status of the mixture given changing operation with high, medium and low (LTO operation) toner consumption. The status of the mixture can be estimated and described well using such a characteristic value D, such that quality losses in printing can be avoided given a control or regulation of the developer process depending on this characteristic value D. 
         [0021]    It is advantageous when the model calculation to determine the characteristic value D is based on a stochastic process in which the Markov chains (known from stochastics) are used. For this the possible states of individual toner particles are considered, wherein every toner particle should have only two states in a simple model. In a first state the toner particle in the developer station is undamaged; in a second state it is defective. The transitions from the first state to the second state occurs with established transition probabilities or transition rates. In an observation time period each toner particle which is agitated in the developer station in the operation of the developer station changes from the first state (undamaged) to the second state (defective) with a certain probability, namely the operating aging rate. This operating aging rate is the proportion of toner per time unit that is damaged by the agitation of the mixture in the developer station. In reverse, a defective toner particle is replaced by a new toner particle depending on the exchange rate with which toner is supplied to the running developer station, and therefore changes from the second state (defective) to the first state (undamaged). The operating aging rate is assumed to be constant given a running developer station and is thus a device constant. The exchange rate is dependent on toner throughput and is therefore a function of the toner consumption, which is in turn dependent on the areal coverage, the number of pixels per printed page, the degree of inking etc. 
         [0022]    An occupation probability can be calculated for each state for the entire mixture, assuming that a sufficiently large number of toner particles is provided. The occupation probability has a value range from 0 to 1. For the case that no toner particles are damaged or defective, the occupation probability is 0. The sum of the occupation probabilities is equal to 1 in the Markov chain used here, since both states can only be assumed in alternating fashion and thus are complementary. This occupation probability is well suited as a characteristic state value for different operating states of the mixture. This occupation probability derived from stochastics is therefore used as a characteristic value D and is iteratively calculated in operation as follows: 
         [0023]    P i =a i −(a i +b i )·D i    
         [0024]    D i+1 =D i +P i ·ΔT 
         [0000]    wherein D i  is the characteristic value D at the actual time increment i and D i+1  is the characteristic value D at the next time increment i+1, 
         [0025]    i is a running variable for the time increments, 
         [0026]    P i  is an auxiliary variable, 
         [0027]    a is the operating aging rate in 1/s, 
         [0028]    b is the exchange rate in 1/s and 
         [0029]    ΔT is the time increment size in s, 
         [0000]    wherein the value range of the characteristic value D is between 0 and 1. 
         [0030]    The characteristic value D i , D i+1  indicates the occupation probability of the “defective” state at the time increment i (i.e. at the current time increment) or, respectively, at the time increment i+1 (i.e. at the next time increment). The value P i  is the change of the occupation probability at the time increment i and corresponds to the change of the value D per time unit. According to the second line of the equation system, the occupation probability D i  is numerically integrated after every time increment. For this the current change P i  is multiplied with the time increment size ΔT and is added to the value D i . The value D i  is periodically calculated in a time interval ΔT and is used as the cited characteristic value D. This characteristic value D describes the state of the entire mixture in the form of a single value at the time increment i and also comprises information about the prior history of this mixture. The value range of the characteristic value D is independent of additional influencing variables between 0 and 1. A high value of D indicates that the number of defective toner particles is large. A lower value indicates that the number of defective toner particles is low. The characteristic value D is therefore also descriptive in practical application, and its curve over the operating time of the developer station has a practical meaning. 
         [0031]    According to an additional aspect of the preferred embodiment, a characteristic value E can be determined from a model calculation that well describes the state of the mixture even given changing operating phases, similar in manner to the characteristic value E. Here as well only the time in which the developer station is in operation (i.e. in which the mixture is agitated) is taken into account. Times in which the developer station is at rest are not considered, although the toner particles also age then. In this model calculation the change of the toner consumption rate is determined. Apart from the down time with which the supply of fresh toner occurs with a delay, this is proportional (or equal except for a scaling factor) to the exchange rate for fresh toner that was cited further above. A change of this toner consumption rate within a time interval ΔT is divided by a time constant T, and the result is taken into account in the formation of the characteristic value E. It has been shown that the characteristic value E over the operating time of the developer station also shows a similar behavior as the curve of the characteristic value D mentioned further above, even in different operating phases, in particular in LTO operation. This characteristic value E therefore likewise describes the current state of the mixture and takes its prior history into account. 
         [0032]    It is advantageous when the characteristic value D and/or E is stored in a non-volatile memory and is associated with the associated developer station. As mentioned, the aging of the toner when the developer station is not in operation is not taken into account in the determination of both the characteristic value D and the characteristic value E. When the developer station is placed in operation again after an operating pause, the last value of the characteristic value D or R is retrieved from the memory and the further curve of the characteristic value D or R is determined starting from this value. 
         [0033]    The characteristic values D or R are determined per developer station. Given multicolor printing with different toner colors, the characteristic values D and E are calculated for each mixture that contains the respective toner color. 
         [0034]    The development process can be monitored on the basis of the determined characteristic values D and/or E. If D and/or E approaches a critical value, intervention in the development process can take place manually or automatically. 
         [0035]    For a better understanding of the present preferred embodiment, reference is made in the following to the preferred exemplary embodiments presented in the drawings, which preferred exemplary embodiments are described using specific terminology. However, it is noted that the protective scope of the invention should not thereby be limited since such variations and further modifications to the shown devices and/or the methods, as well as such further applications of the invention as they are displayed therein, are viewed as typical present or future expert knowledge of a competent man skilled in the art. 
         [0036]    As is mentioned further above, a stochastic process in which Markov chains are used is adopted to determine the characteristic value D in the model calculation for the behavior of the mixture.  FIG. 1  shows the possible states of a single toner particle. In an undamaged state, the toner particle has the state U from which it can transition to a defective state D. The transitions from state U to state D occur according to an established transition probability, the operating aging rate a. Relative to all toner particles in the developer station, this operating aging rate a is the proportion of the toner per time unit that becomes damaged by the agitation and movement of the mixture in the developer station given operation of the developer station. In reverse, a defective toner particle with state D is replaced by a new toner particle depending on the exchange rate b with which fresh toner is supplied, and therefore the state D changes to the state U. The operating aging rate a is constant in a running developer station and can be empirically determined. Typical values lie in a range from 0.0001 1/s to 0.01 1/s, with a typical standard value of 0.0009 1/s. 
         [0037]    The exchange rate b with which fresh toner is supplied from a reservoir to the mixture results from fresh toner in g/s relative to the toner contained in the agitated mixture (for example 50 to 250 g, depending on the structural size of the developer station) in g. It is a function of the toner consumption, which is in turn dependent on the areal coverage, the number of pixels per printed side, the degree of inking etc. The value range of b spans from 0 to 0.1 1/s and typically lies in a range from 0 to 0.0255 1/s. 
         [0038]    The characteristic value D is iteratively calculated according to the following relationship: 
         [0039]    P i =a i −(a i +b i )·D i    
         [0040]    D i+1 =D i +P i ·ΔT 
         [0000]    wherein D i  is the characteristic value D at the actual time increment i and D i+1  is the characteristic value D at the next time increment i+1, 
         [0041]    i is a running variable for the time increments, 
         [0042]    P i  is an auxiliary variable, 
         [0043]    a is the operating aging rate in 1/s, 
         [0044]    b is the exchange rate in 1/s and 
         [0045]    ΔT is the time increment size in s, 
         [0000]    wherein the value range of the characteristic value D is between 0 and 1. 
         [0046]      FIG. 2  shows a workflow diagram for iterative calculation of the characteristic value D i . The workflow is realized by a computer software which is associated with the corresponding developer station. After the initialization in Step  10 , the last stored characteristic value D is read from a memory (Step  12 ). Furthermore, the system time is read, meaning an absolute point in time or a relative point in time (derived from a system time counter, for example) in order to later be able to form the time difference ΔT from this. 
         [0047]    In the next step, the current toner consumption is read (Step  16 ) and the current exchange rate is calculated from this (Step  18 ). The interrogation of the operating mode follows this (Step  20 ). In the event that the operating mode is not ONE (query block  22 ), the operating aging rate a is set to a value of 0 (Step  24 ). If the developer station is switched on and the mixture made up of toner particles and carrier particles is agitated, in Step  26  the operating aging rate a belonging to this developer station is loaded. This operating aging rate a is a device constant that is empirically determined. 
         [0048]    In a next Step  28  the current value for the auxiliary variable P i  is calculated according to the specified relation. In the following Step  30  the time difference ΔT that has passed since the last calculation is determined and the characteristic value D for the next time increment i+1 is determined from the sum of the previous value D i  and the product of the auxiliary variable P i  and ΔT. The determined value D i+1  is subsequently stored and the method branches back to Step  16 . Given a new pass of the loop, the previously calculated value D i+1  is used as a value D i . 
         [0049]    The value range of the characteristic value D i  is between 0 and 1 and has the practical meaning that it indicates the probability with which the toner is damaged in the developer station. The current value D i  can be displayed in order to inform operators of the printer about the status of the mixture. 
         [0050]    As was mentioned further above, a characteristic value R (which likewise informs about the status of the mixture) can be determined, wherein at least one time constant is taken into account in addition to a toner consumption rate that, apart from a down time and a scaling factor, approximately corresponds to the cited exchange rate b. 
         [0051]    The characteristic value E is iteratively calculated according to the following relation: 
         [0052]    d=m i −V i    
         [0053]    Vi+1=Vi+d* ΔT/τ 
         [0054]    E i+1 =1−V i+1 /V max    
         [0000]    wherein E i  is the characteristic value E for the current time increment i and E i+1  is the characteristic value for the next time increment i+1, 
         [0055]    i is a running variable for the time increments, 
         [0056]    m i  is the current toner consumption in g/s, 
         [0057]    d is an auxiliary variable that indicates the change of the tone consumption per time segment, 
         [0058]    V i , V i+1  is an auxiliary variable that corresponds to a filtered consumption rate, 
         [0059]    V max  is the maximum consumption rate in g/s for this developer station, 
         [0060]    τ is a time constant in s and 
         [0061]    ΔT is the time increment size in s, 
         [0000]    wherein the value range of the characteristic value E i  is limited to the range between 0 and 1. 
         [0062]    The characteristic value E or, respectively, E i  is normalized, whereby its value range is limited. The normalization can also be foregone. V (or as a characteristic value E i =V i ) or the difference from V max −V (or as a characteristic value E i+1 =V max −V i+1 ) can then be used as a characteristic value E. 
         [0063]      FIG. 3  shows an example of iterative determination of the characteristic value E using a computer program. After the initialization (Step  36 ), the last determined value of E and the auxiliary variable V i  are read (Step  38 ). The current system time is read in the subsequent Step  40 . 
         [0064]    The current toner consumption rate m i  is subsequently read in Step  42 . The auxiliary variable difference d (Step  44 ) as well as the time increment size ΔT (Step  46 ) are subsequently determined. 
         [0065]    Depending on whether the difference d has a positive or negative value, the method branches in Step  48 . Given a positive difference (which means that the toner consumption increases and consequently an increased amount of fresh toner is also supplied), a first time constant τ 1  is used in the model calculation in Step  50 . If the difference is negative, meaning that the toner consumption decreases and the developer station approaches the LTO operation, a second time constant τ 2  is used in the model calculation in Step  52 . The difference d weighted with the quotients from t 1  and ΔT or τ 2  and ΔT are subsequently added (starting from the previous auxiliary variable V i ) and the auxiliary variable V i+1  at the following time increment i+1 is determined (Steps  50 ,  52 ). The value of V i+1  determined in Steps  50 ,  52  is subsequently stored in Step  54  as a value for V i  for the next loop pass. The characteristic value E is calculated in the next Step  56 , wherein the auxiliary variable V is normalized using the maximum occurring toner consumption rate V max  in g/s in this developer station. In Step  58  the value E is displayed, by use of which an operator can estimate the current status of the mixture. The values E i  and V i  are subsequently stored in Step  60  and the method branches back to Step  42 . 
         [0066]    As mentioned, different time constants τ 1  or τ 2  are used in the formation of the characteristic value E depending on the algebraic sign of the difference f. Given a positive difference d (which means that the toner consumption increases and therefore an increased amount of fresh toner is supplied to the developer station), the time constant τ 1  can be smaller and typically lies at a value of 120 s. A range from 50 to 150 s, in particular a range from 100 to 130 s, is preferred. Given a negative value of the difference d, the time constant τ 2  is greater; and it is typically 600 s. The span from 300 to 1200 s, in particular 500 to 700 s, can be specified as a range of τ 2 . The different time constants are established in that the regeneration of the mixture is accelerated given an operating phase with increased infeed of fresh toner. In contrast to this, given a decreasing toner consumption, the toner particles remain in the developer station longer and thus are exposed to a longer damage duration, which is expressed by the longer time constant τ 2 . The use of different time constants increases the precision of the mapping of the real process in the characteristic value E. 
         [0067]      FIG. 4  shows characteristic lines of the characteristic value D or E in a value range from 0 to 1 over the time t in s with the parameter of areal coverage FLD in percent. The value FLD indicates how large the tonered surface of a recording media is in relation to the total printed surface. If is apparent that the characteristic value D or E is near 0 given a high FLD value. In relation to the characteristic value D this means that the probability of damaged toner particles is low. This is understandable because, given a high FLD value, a high toner consumption results, and therefore also a high infeed of fresh toner so that the residence duration of the toner within the developer station given operation of the same is low, and therefore the danger of the damage to toner particles is likewise reduced. The curve of the characteristic values D, E starts at the point in time t=0 given a value of 0 and ends at a different level depending on the areal coverage. If the areal coverage is low (for example 0%), the respective characteristic value D, E rises relatively significantly over time t. In relation to the characteristic value D this means that the probability of damaged toner particles rises since the toner exchange is reduced. Given an areal coverage smaller than 5%, the characteristic values D, E rise disproportionately as seen over time t. The arrow  62  indicates that the characteristic values D, E travel in the direction of 0 given increasing toner exchange rate and increasing areal coverage FLD. 
         [0068]      FIG. 5  shows the curve of the characteristic values D, E over time t in s. The exchange rate b or the toner consumption rate m is proportional to the areal coverage FLD indicated in percent to the right in the diagram. Given an FLD value of 0, NTO operation (No Take-Out operation) is present. An LTO operation exists in a range up to approximately 4% FLD. It is initially assumed that an LTO operation with an FLD value smaller than 3% exists in a time range from 0 to 3500 s. It is apparent that the characteristic values D, E rise exponentially and reach a high value of nearly 0.8. In a time period A from 3500 s up to approximately 5200 s, a normal operation with an FLD value of 12% is present. Due to the now increased infeed of fresh toner, the mixture regenerates and the characteristic values D, E drop exponentially to a value of approximately 0.1. If an LTO operation or an NTO operation thereupon occurs again as of the point in time 5200 s, the characteristic values D, E exponentially increase again. This behavior, which was determined with the aid of the model computer in  FIG. 5 , is also to be ascertained in reality. The characteristic line thus reflects the actual behavior of the mixture in good approximation to reality. 
         [0069]    The iteratively calculated values D and E alone can already be used to reflect and to monitor the status of the mixture made up of toner particles and carrier particles. It is then advantageous to display the current value of D and E as a quality parameter for operators of the printer. If the value of D and E increases starting from a low value in the direction of the maximum value 1, this means that LTO operation is present and a critical state for the developer station can be reached. If the characteristic value D, E exceeds a fixed threshold, regeneration techniques for the mixture can be introduced. For example, additional toner surfaces to increase the toner consumption can be printed in normal printing operation, for example as this is described in the documents U.S. Pat. No. 7,079,794 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,085,506 cited further above. Another possibility is to interrupt the normal printing operation and to replace or feed in a certain quantity of toner by developing and cleaning the toner on the intermediate carrier. An additional possibility is the implementation of a mixture exchange upon exceeding a threshold. 
         [0070]    In practice it has been shown that, in LTO operation, the toner concentration TC measured by a toner concentration sensor in the developer station no longer exactly applies due to the damage to the toner particles. In a regulatory loop to regulate the toner concentration (the toner concentration TC results from the ratio of toner in g to mass g of the entire mixture) this error has the effect that the toner concentration TC drops so that a too-low toner inking occurs on the intermediate carrier. The characteristic values D and E can be used to compensate the TC value in LTO operation. 
         [0071]    In this regard,  FIG. 6  shows an example of a compensation chain in which a real value of a toner concentration TC 1  is corrected to a real value TC 2 . Depending on the toner consumption, the characteristic value D or E is determined in a model calculation with incorporation of characteristic device parameters (which are designated as parameters in  FIG. 6 ). Compensation values K are calculated with the aid of a computational compensation model (for example a characteristic line equation with incorporation of additional device parameters), which compensation values K are subtracted from a real value of the measured toner concentration value TC 1  at a summation term S so that the toner compensation value TC 2  that represents an input variable for the toner concentration regulation in the developer station is generated as a real value. The drop of the toner concentration can be counteracted in this way for various operating phases (in particular an LTO operating phase). 
         [0072]    In the simplest case, the compensation value K is calculated via multiplication of the characteristic value D with an empirical constant factor k 1  to be determined: 
         [0073]    K=k 1 ·D 
         [0074]    TC 2 =TC 1 +K 
         [0075]    Reasonable values for k 1  lie in the range from 0 to 1.5 (typically at +0.65) relative to the TC 1 . 
         [0076]    The characteristic value E can likewise be used for compensation. Further correction terms can additionally be included in the compensation model, for example using a parameterizable polynomial which describes a specific characteristic line. The compensation model could also contain separate input value ranges that respectively calculate a different part of a characteristic output line. For this, for example, it is possible to take into account a correction only as of a threshold of the characteristic values D, E. 
         [0077]    The toner consumption can be estimated by counting the pixels to be printed. For example, a pixel counter counts the pixels of the pixels [sic] generated by a character generator. The toner consumption per time unit can be determined using known parameters such as page length of the page to be printed, print speed and ink level. The determination of the toner consumption using a pixel counter is described in the aforementioned document WO 2004/012015 A1. 
         [0078]    An inking regulation is subsequently described as an additional example of the application of the characteristic values D and E. It has been shown that the inking on the recording media is reduced given a change from normal operation to an LTO operation. This variation can be reproduced with the aid of a model calculation with incorporation of the characteristic values D, E. In relation to the characteristic value E it is advantageous to differentiate between a rising and a falling print utilization and to use different time constants for this in the determination of this characteristic value E. The time constants τ 1  and τ 2  (see the workflow diagram according to  FIG. 3  for this) hereby increase the precision of the model simulation. 
         [0079]      FIG. 7  shows the basic principle of an inking regulation with a correction in an LTO operation. An inking regulator  70  determines a regulator signal  74  from a desired-real value comparison at the summation point  72 , which regulator signal  74  activates a control element  76  of the developer station. For example, this control element outputs a voltage  78  as an output value, the value of which voltage  78  determines the layer thickness of the toner on an intermediate carrier  80  (for example a photoconductor drum or a photoconductor belt). A toner mark sensor  82  measures the layer thickness of a toner mark  84 , and therefore the degree of thinking. The real value  86  of the toner mark sensor  82  is supplied to the summation term  72  to form the desired-real value deviation. A desired value  88  (which can be varied in stages in order to adjust the desired greyscale value, for example) is supplied to the inking regulation loop to adjust the inking. In order to compensate the fluctuations of the inking depending on the operation of the developer station (in particular in an LTO operation), an additional summation element  90  is interposed and this is charged with a correction signal  92 . 
         [0080]      FIG. 8  shows the generation of this correction signal  92  using the characteristic value E as it is determined according to the workflow diagram according to  FIG. 3 . A degree of areal coverage is determined from the signals  94  of a character generator with the aid of a pixel counter  96 . A controller  98  determines the toner consumption rate m from a signal  100  for the set inking level under consideration of additional device parameters. With the aid of a computer program, a controller  102  calculates the characteristic value E with incorporation of the time constants τ 1  and τ 2 . The correlation between the characteristic value E and the correction value  92  is non-linear. Given a normal operation, the correction value  92  should have the value 0 so that the desired value  88  is supplied to the summation element  72  without alteration. Given an LTO operation, the correction value  92  should rise in order to generate a higher desired value for the inking regulation which compensates for the inking degradation in the LTO operation. In a control segment  104 , the correction value  92  from the characteristic value E is determined with the aid of a characteristic line that represents a second-order polynomial. The coefficients for this polynomial are empirically determined. 
         [0081]    Alternatively, the characteristic value D can also be used instead of the characteristic value E in the example of the inking regulation according to  FIGS. 7 and 8 , for which the characteristic line is to be adapted to this characteristic value D in the control segment  104 . 
         [0082]    According to the preferred embodiment, characteristic values D and E are provided that well describe the real status of the mixture made up of toner and carrier particles as state parameters. 
         [0083]    Because an LTO operation cannot be directly determined by a sensor, this operating state can be indirectly detected from observation of the continually determined characteristic values D and E. The model calculation for the characteristic values D and E require only a few constants to be determined empirically. The time response of the occurring technical effects is well reflected by the characteristic values D, E in different operating states. Given use in a toner concentration regulation, the too-low toner concentration value occurring in the LTO operation can be raised and therefore adjusted. 
         [0084]    Measures for regeneration of the toner mixture with high precision can be implemented using the characteristic values D and E. Unnecessary regeneration cycles, and therefore an unnecessarily high toner consumption, are avoided due to the simulation of the mixture state in the characteristic values D and E. The otherwise typical regeneration cycles for the mixture are accordingly conducted neither too early (which would lead to an increased toner consumption) nor too late (which would reduce the print quality). 
         [0085]    Although preferred exemplary embodiments have been shown and described in detail in the drawings and in the preceding specification, these should be viewed as purely exemplary and not as limiting the invention. It is noted that only the preferred exemplary embodiments are shown and described, and all variations and modifications that presently and in the future lie within the protective scope of the invention should be protected.