Abstract:
An immiscible lipophilic or hydrophilic liquid phase separated respectively from a continuous hydrophilic phase or a lipophilic phase liquid. Fibers having hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties are mixed, layered, etc., and formed into a filter. The separation mechanism involves capture of small droplets of the immiscible phase, coalescence of the small droplets into larger droplets as the immiscible liquid flows through the fiber filter, and release of the large immiscible droplets from the filter. With respect to separation of a hydrophilic immiscible fluid such as water in a lipophilic continuous fluid such as oil, the hydrophobic fibers will cause small water droplets to migrate towards the hydrophilic fibers whereby large droplets are formed on hydrophilic surface. The large droplets stay on hydrophilic fiber surface for extended periods of time and continue to coalescence until they are so large that they can no longer be maintained by the hydrophilic fibers and are released and drained off of the filter. In designing such filter, wettability of the filter media is an important parameter. The filter media can be designed by mixing hydrophilic and hydrophobic fibers in various proportions to achieve an optimum wettability range for separation of the immiscible liquid from the continuous phase liquid. The wettability of filter media can be characterized by a modified Washburn Equation.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE 
     This patent application claims the benefit and priority of U.S. provisional application 61/144,226, filed Jan. 13, 2009 for CONTROL OF MEDIA WETTABILITY BY MIXING FIBERS, which is hereby fully incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to the wettability of an immiscible liquid (e.g. emulsion) such as water in a continuous phase liquid such as oil utilizing a filter that has significant influence on the water removal efficiency. Wettability is an important parameter in designing such filter media. The wettability of the filter media is mainly governed by surface properties of fiber material and porosity of filter. The surface properties of filter can be expressed in terms of hydrophilic or hydrophobic nature of the filter. The wettability of the filter can be characterized using the concept of Lipophilic to Hydrophilic ratio (L/H) by using a modified Washburn equation that is based on capillary rise phenomena. Oil and water are used as reference liquids in the wettability characterization. In liquid-liquid coalescence filtration, separation efficiency depends on various factors including face velocity, fiber structures, fiber geometry, fiber orientations, etc., and also wettability of filter especially when interfacial tension between liquid phases is low. The hydrophilic and hydrophobic fibers used in the filter capture the immiscible liquid and form drops on the hydrophilic material that stay on the fiber surface for extended periods of time. Fibers having varying hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties can be mixed into filter media, so that the hydrophobic fibers will aid in drop migration towards the hydrophilic fibers and the formation of large drops on the hydrophilic surface. Large drops are desired for coalescence and drainage. 
     The hydrophilic/hydrophobic filters can be utilized in the petrochemical industry as well as for fuels for vehicles including automobiles, planes, trains, and ships. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In recent years, separation of water-in-oil emulsions has become industrially important. Water present in liquid fuels can combine with chemicals in fuels, such as sulfur, to form corrosive compounds which can damage sensitive engine parts. Corrosion is a major cause of reduction of engine life and efficiency. In addition, surfactants present in liquid fuels lower the interfacial tension between water and fuel and the problem of separation becomes more insidious. This can also cause a product to be off-specification due to haze and color [1, 2]. The water is present in fuels as primary emulsions with drop sizes greater than 100 um and as secondary emulsions with drop sizes less than 100 um. The separation of primary emulsions is often accomplished by gravity settling or mechanical means. However, coalescence filtration using fibrous filters is an efficient and economical way to separate secondary dispersions. 
     The coalescence process occurs in three main steps. First, the fibrous bed captures water droplets. Second, the collected water phase migrates through the bed and coalesces. Third, the enlarged droplets are released from the fiber surfaces [3]. Coalescer performance is generally characterized by separation efficiency and pressure drop. The separation efficiency is highly dependent on the characteristic properties of the dispersions (e.g. composition, density, viscosity drop size) and the fiber bed (material, diameter, surface structure, porosity) [4]. Flow rate is an important factor in water-in-oil dispersion flow, as it controls the capture mechanism and capture probability of droplets and the distribution of the dispersed phase. [3]. 
     Shin [3] shows that wettability of the surface has effect on drop attachment on silane coated glass rods. It is known that critical surface tension of a solid to the liquid surface tension determines the character of solid wettability [5]. Wettability of filter medium can be represented by its hydrophobic or hydrophilic behavior. Moorthy [6] performed the coalescence experiments with surface functionalized filter media and showed that intermediate wettability gives better performance. 
     Research results and common experience in industry show that coalescing filters work best with an intermediate wettability. If the medium is too wetting it tends to load up with liquid drops which restricts the air flow and results in an undesired high pressure drop. If the medium is too non-wetting the droplets captured on the fibers quickly move along the fibers or leave the fibers before they have a chance to coalesce and hence the separation is not efficient. 
     Common practice to control the wettability is by selecting a material from which the fibers are made that has an intermediate wettability, or by applying a coating, such as silanes, that gives the surface of the fiber structures the intermediate wettability. The difficulty here is finding the right material or coating that has the best wettability for a given application. This approach does not allow for incremental changes in wettability. 
     The above-noted references as well as others are as follows:
     1. Lloyd A. Spielman et al., “A review of progress in the coalescence of liquid-liquid suspension and a new theoretical framework for Coalescence by porous media are presented”  Industrial and Engineering Chemistry , Vol. 62, No. 10, 10-24 Oct. 1970.   2. Improve suspended water removal from fuels: A better understanding of molecular forces enhances free water separator selection R. L. Brown, Jr., et al.,  Pall Corp., East Hills, N.Y. from Hydrocarbon Processing®, December  1993.   3. C. Shin and G. G. Chase “The effect of wettability on drop attachment to glass rods”,  Journal of Fluid Particle Separation , Vol. 16, No. 1, 1-7, 2004.   4. Hauke Speth., et al., “Coalescence of secondary dispersions in fiber beds”,  Separation and Purzjication Technology, Vol.  29, 113-119, 2002.   5. Secerov Sokolovic, et al., “Effect of the Nature of Different Polymeric Fibers on Steady-State Bed Coalescence of an Oil-in-Water Emulsion”,  Industrial  &amp;  Engineering Chemistry Research  Vol. 43 (20), 6490-6495, 2004.   6. K. Moorthy, et. al., “Effect of Wettability on liquid-liquid coalescence”,  AFS Conference  Ann Harbor, September 2005.   7. Erbil H. Y., et al., “Transformation of simple surface into super-hydrophobic surface”,  Science , Vol. 299, 1377-1380, 2003.   8. Washburn E. W, “The dynamics of capillary flow”,  The American Physical Society , VOX˜V II, No. 3, 374-375.   9. Murata Toshiaki et al., “A modified penetration rate for measuring the wettability of Coal Powders”,  Journal of Japan Oil and Chemists Society , Vol. 32 (9), 498-502, 1983.   10. Kondo, Hiroshi, et al., “Lipid compounds in the sediment cores of Lake Kawahara Oike, pagasaki Prefecture, Japan], documenting its change from brackish water to fresh water”,  Daigaku Kyoikugakubu Shizen Kagaku Kenkyu Hokoku , Vol. 49 13-25, (1993).   11. Voyutskii et al., (1953 Voyutskii, S. S, Akl&#39;yanova, K. A., Panich, R., Fodiman, N., “Mechanism of separation of disperse phase of emulsions during filtration”, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 91 (1953), 1155   12. Hazlett (1969) Hazlett, R. N., “Fibrous Bed coalescence of water”, I &amp; EC Fundamentals, 8 (1969), 625   13. Clayfield et al, (1984) Clayfield, E. J, Dixon, A. G, Foulds, A. W and Miller, R. J. L, “Coalescence of secondaryemulsions”, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 104 (1985), 498   14. Moses and Fg (1985) Moses, S. F. and Ng, K. M. (1985) A visual study of the breakdown of emulsions in porous coalescers. Chem. Eng. Sci., 40 (12): 2339-2350.   15. Basu (1993) Basu, S, “A Study on effect of wetting on mechanism of coalescence in a model coalescer”, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 159 (1993), 68   16. Bin Ding, et al., Conversion of an electro-sound nanofibrous cellulose acetate mat from a super-hydrophilic to super-hydrophobic surface. Nanotechnology 17 (2006) 4332-4339   17. Mane R. S, et al., A simple and low temperature process for super-hydrophilic Rutile TiO2 thin films growth, Applied Surface Science, 253 (2006) 581-585   18. Ren D, et al., Study on the Superhydrophilicity of the SiO2-TiO2 thin films prepared by sol-gel method at room temperature, J. of Sol-gel Science and Technology, 29 (2004) 13 1-136   19. Guo Z, et al., Stable bio-mimetic Super-hydrophobic engineering materials, JACS Communications 127 (2005) 15670-15671   20. Ma Y., et al., Fabrication of super-hydrophobic film from PMMA with intrinsic contact angle below 90′. Polymer 48 (2007) 7455-7460   21. Van der wal P., et al., Super-hydrophobic surfaces made from Teflon, Soft Matter 3 (2007) 426-429   22. Feng X, et al., Reversible superhydrophobicity to super-hydrophlicity transition of aligned ZnO nano-rod films, JACS Communication 126 (2004) 62-63   23. Ma M., et al., Electrospun Poly (Styrene-block-dimethylsiloxane) block copolymer fibers exhibiting superhydophobicity, Langmuir, 21 (2005) 5549-5554   24. Onda T, et al., Super-water-repellent fractal surfaces, Langmuir, Vol. 12 Number 9 (1996) 2125-2127   25. Mohammadi R., et al., Effect of surfactants on wetting of super-hydrophobic surfaces., Langmuir, 20 (2004) 9657-9662   26. Zhang X., et al., A transparent and photo-patternable super-hydrophobic film., Chem. Commun (2007) 4949-4951   27. Tadanaga K., Morinaga J., Minami T., Formation of superhydrophobicsuperhydrophilic pattern on flowerlike Alumina thin film by Sol-gel method., J. of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 19 (2000) 21 1-214   28. U.S. Pat. No. 5,102,745, granted Apr. 7, 1992 to Tatarchuk et al.   

     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Coalescing filters are used to remove small liquid droplets from immiscible liquids and also gases. The droplets are carried into the filter by the flow of the continuous phase where the droplets collide with fine fibers. The droplets are captured on the fibers, coalesce to form larger drops, and the larger drops migrate to the exit surface of the medium. The larger drops are subsequently separated from the gas as by gravity settling. 
     An aspect of the present invention is to develop filters that can vary with respect to the wettability values thereof by using the different micron sized fibers with hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. Wettability of a liquid on a flat surface can be related to contact angle and surface tension (or surface energy). Liquids on a high surface energy material have low contact angles (approaching zero) and tend to spread across the surface. Low surface energy materials have high contact angles in the range of from about 90 to about 180 degrees. Polypropylene fibers were selected as hydrophobic fibers (contact angle with water ˜104°) [7] and micro glass fibers are the hydrophilic fibers (contact angle with water ˜0°) [6]. The filter media has been prepared with different compositions of micro glass and short cut polypropylene fibers. The filter media has been also characterized for their permeability and porosity and effect on wettability. 
     Measurements of wettability of porous materials such as filter media are not trivial. The size and shape of the pores tend to deform droplets and hence the method of measuring contact angles does not work. Washburn describes a capillary rise method for liquid uptake in a porous medium that is a function of the wettability (surface energy) (Washburn E. W, “The dynamics of capillary flow”, The American Physical Society, Vol. XVII, No. 3, 374-375, 1921). 
     Washburn&#39;s approach results in a measure of wettability through the Lipophilic/Hydrophilic Ratio (L/H). Small values of L/H indicate the surface prefers water to oil and visa versa for large L/H values. 
     Mixtures of glass fibers and polypropylene fibers show that we can control the L/H value by controlling the mixture composition of glass and polypropylene fibers when constructing a filter medium.  FIG. 1  shows a plot of glass percentage versus L/H values. 
     The concept of mixing fibers of different surface properties to obtain a specific L/H value to control the coalescence properties of the filter medium is an important aspect of this invention. 
     An embodiment of the present invention relates to a process for removing an immiscible lipophilic or a hydrophilic liquid respectively from a continuous hydrophilic or a lipophilic liquid phase, comprising the steps of: 1) forming a filter comprising a specific weight ratio of hydrophobic fibers to hydrophilic fibers; 2) determining an initial slope of a weight gain take-up versus time plot of the immiscible liquid by said filter; 3) determining an initial slope of weight gain take-up versus time plot of said continuous liquid by said filter; 4) calculating an L/H ratio from said initial slope of the plot of said immiscible liquid and of said initial slope of the plot of said continuous liquid and obtaining a wettability value for each; 5) forming a plurality of filters comprising different weight ratios of said hydrophobic fibers to said hydrophilic fibers from a range of from about 90% by weight of said hydrophobic fibers to about 10% by weight, or any portion thereof, of hydrophobic fibers with the remaining weight percent being said hydrophilic fibers; repeating steps 2), 3), and 4) with respect to each weight ratio of said lipophobic fibers to said hydrophilic fibers in step 5); plotting a wettability range from said L/H wettability values obtained from said plurality of said different weight ratios of said hydrophobic fibers to said hydrophilic fibers; and utilizing a filter having a wetness value within a weight range of from about 20% to about 80% of hydrophobic fibers to hydrophilic fibers to coalesce said immiscible liquid phase within said continuous liquid phase. 
     Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a process for removing an immiscible lipophilic or a hydrophilic liquid respectively from a continuous hydrophilic or a lipophilic liquid phase, comprising the steps of: forming a filter containing hydrophobic fibers and hydrophilic fibers; flowing said immiscible lipophilic liquid or hydrophilic liquid respectively in said continuous liquid phase hydrophilic liquid or lipophilic liquid through said filter and capturing said immiscible liquid; coalescing said captured immiscible liquid; and removing said coalesced immiscible liquid from said filter. 
     Yet another embodiment of the present invention relates to a filter for removing an immiscible lipophilic liquid or a hydrophilic liquid respectively from a continuous hydrophilic liquid phase or a continuous lipophilic liquid phase, comprising: a plurality of hydrophobic fibers and a plurality of hydrophilic fibers, said hydrophilic fibers having a wetting value and said hydrophobic fibers having a different wetting value within a liquid system comprising the immiscible lipophilic liquid or the immiscible hydrophilic liquid and respectively the continuous hydrophilic liquid phase or the continuous lipophilic continuous liquid phase; the weight ratio amount of said hydrophobic fibers to said hydrophilic fibers being within a range of from about 80% to about 20% by weight with the remaining weight percent being said hydrophilic fibers and said fiber weight ratio amount being an effective amount to coalesce an immiscible liquid within a continuous liquid phase; and the filter being capable of removing an immiscible liquid from a continuous liquid phase. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a diagram of an L/H value as a function of concentration (percentage) of glass fibers. The data show that changing the composition changes the L/H value giving a method to control the L/H value; 
         FIG. 2  is a diagram of a mixed fiber filter medium wherein one fiber type is represented by solid lines and the other by dashed lines. The fibers are generally randomly distributed; 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram of an alternating layers of wetting and non-wetting fibers that are sandwiched together to form the filter wherein (a) the layers lie in a plane parallel to the large surface area of the filter, (b) the layers are perpendicular to the large surface of the filter, (c) the alternating layers are in a circular pattern. The layers may also be at some intermediate angle between parallel and perpendicular to the large surface (not shown in the drawing); 
         FIG. 4  is a diagram of a weight scale set up to determine the amount of take-up of the immiscible-continuous phase solution of the present invention; 
         FIG. 5  is a graph showing the wetting kinetics for different glass and PP fiber ratios of a filter with water as the reference liquid; 
         FIG. 6  is a graph showing wetting kinetics for different glass and PP fiber ratios of a filter with Viscor oil 1487 as a reference liquid; 
         FIG. 7  is a graph showing initial wetting kinetics for different glass and PP fiber ratios of a filter with water as a reference liquid; 
         FIG. 8  is a graph showing initial wetting kinetics for different glass and PP fiber ratios of a filter with Viscor oil 1487 as a reference liquid; 
         FIG. 9  is a graph showing filter permeability vs L/H values for different glass and PP fiber ratios of a filter; 
         FIG. 10  is a graph showing L/H values vs filter porosity values for different glass and PP fiber ratios of a filter; 
         FIG. 11  is a graph showing droplet penetration and pressure drop with respect to wettability and L/H values; 
         FIG. 12  are images showing the wettability of water on silane coated glass rods; 
         FIG. 13  is an illustration showing different water contact angles; 
         FIG. 14  is a flow diagram illustrating collecting immiscible water according to the present invention; and 
         FIG. 15  is a flow diagram for preparing a filter. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The filters of the present invention can exist in many sizes, shapes and forms. The one or more hydrophobic fibers and the one or more hydrophilic fibers can generally either be mixed, or exist in separate layers. When mixed, the hydrophilic fibers and the hydrophobic-fiber types are blended so that within a small sample volume of the filter both types of fibers are present such as indicated in  FIG. 2 . In one embodiment a slurry of the fibers can be vacuum molded to form the filter. Non-woven filters typically have binders (glues) to hold the fiber structure together. Binders tend to stick to one type of fiber or the other. Being of similar chemical materials, the binders often have surface properties similar to the fibers that they stick to which aids in the construction of the filter and its wetting properties. The amounts of binders blended with the fibers are generally in proportion to the amount of each fiber type. Because the fibers are well blended, when the binders glue the fibers together the two types of binders generally become interlocked, forming a continuous filter medium structure. If one type of fiber is significantly more concentrated than the other then only the binder for the most concentrated fiber may be needed. The Washburn measurement as described herein below is conducted on the constructed filter and thus takes into account the presence of the binders. 
     An alternative method to make the filter with control over the L/H ratio is by utilizing thin layers of fibers of different types. This is shown in  FIG. 3 . As seen in  FIG. 3   a , a filter is made that has alternating layers of a hydrophobic fiber layer and a hydrophilic fiber layer.  FIG. 3   b  relates to a filter wherein the layers exist perpendicular to a large surface area of the filter. In  FIG. 3   c , the filter has alternating layers are in a circular pattern. While not shown, an embodiment very similar to  FIG. 3  can exist in that a spiral layers of an alternating hydrophobic layer and a hydrophilic layer can exist that commence at a center point and spiral radially outward and around the center point. The flow of the immiscible liquid contain in with the continuous phase liquid can either flow from top to bottom of  FIG. 3   a  through the filter, or from end to end generally parallel form the various layers. While the flow can be the same with respect to the filter of  FIG. 3   b , the flow is generally perpendicular to the large surface of the filter, i.e. from top to bottom or vise-a-versa. The same is generally true with respect to the filter of  FIG. 3   c  as well as the spiral filter arrangement. 
     Numerous types of hydrophobic fibers can be utilized so long as they are inert to the solution or gas they are treating. Hydrophobic fibers generally include polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, nomex, polyester such as polyethylene terephthalate, halogen-containing polymers such as Teflon and poly (vinyl chloride), various rubbers including natural rubber, polyisoprene, and polymers derived from butadiene, polyurethanes, polycarbonates, silicone polymers. 
     Hydrophobic fibers also include various minerals such as zinc oxide, for example zinc oxide nano-rods that are superhydrophobic, and the like. Still additional hydrophobic fibers include various fibers that contain coatings thereon such as various silanes such as (3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane) APTS, (2-carboxymethylthio)ethyltrimethylsilane) CES, and (heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,3-tetra-hydrodecyl)trichlorosilane FTS. 
     Examples of hydrophilic fibers include various types of glasses including sodium glass, boron glass, phosphate glass, B-glass and the like, various minerals such as alumina, titania, and silica, various metals such as aluminum and alloys thereof, various polymers such as cellulose acetate, poly(methylmethacrylate), polyethylene oxide, nylon, and the like. In general, polymers that absorb or swell with water are examples of hydrophilic polymers. 
     The hydrophobic fibers are generally distinguished from the hydrophilic fibers generally with regard to their wettability, that is, their ability to hold water. Various tests or methods can be utilized such as the contact angle of water located on a flat surface of the fiber composition. Contact angles less than about 90 degrees or less and generally 20 degrees or less are generally considered to be hydrophilic, whereas contact angles greater than about 90 degrees and generally at least about 120 degrees or greater are considered to be hydrophobic. 
     The one or more hydrophobic and the one or more hydrophilic fibers, of the present invention, independently, can have various thicknesses such as diameters as from about 0.1 to about 500 microns, desirably from about 0.5 to about 50 microns, and preferably from about 1 to about 10 microns. For this application the fiber diameters are generally about the same so that the pore sizes are about the same throughout the medium. Depending upon the type of fiber, they can generally have smooth surfaces or contain some pores. In general the internal pore structure affects the fiber wettability and is characterized by its contact angle and its performance is characterized by the L/H ratio. Because we are generally characterizing the L/H ratio the characterization of the internal pore structure of the fibers is not essential. It is an important aspect of the present invention that at least one hydrophobic fiber be utilized and that at least one hydrophilic fiber be utilized. That is, the present invention is free of any filters that essentially contain only one type of fiber such as only one hydrophobic-type fiber and no hydrophilic fiber or only one hydrophilic-type of fiber and no hydrophilic fiber. Thus, filters that essentially contain only one type of fiber are excluded from the present invention such as filters that contain small amounts of a second fiber, for exampled less than 5% by weight of a second philic fiber, for example a hydrophilic fiber, or less than about 3% by weight, or less than about 2% by weight, or no amount of a second different type of philic fiber. The reasoning is as set forth hereinabove as well as herein below that the utilization of at least one type of hydrophilic fiber and at least one type of hydrophobic fiber has been found to yield improved and efficient results with regard to removing an immiscible phase from a continuous phase liquid solution. 
     An important aspect of the present invention is the determination of the wettability value of the filter per se so that proper amounts of hydrophobic and hydrophilic fibers can be utilized that will result in efficient removal of the immiscible liquid or gas from the continuous liquid phase with low pressure drops since high pressure drops can result in expensive pumping cost. That is, high amounts of the immiscible fluids such as water in oil can result in high water saturation on the hydrophilic fibers that reduces porosity and permeability of the filter with the subsequent low porosity leading to excessive pressure drops. An additional disadvantage of high pressure is that high shearing forces within the filter can cause droplet breakup and re-entrainment. Also, high pressure drops result in large forces acting on the filter (pressure drop times filter area) and can cause the filter to collapse, deform, or loose integrity and hence render the filter useless. On the other hand, if the filter overall is too hydrophobic, there will be little or no coalescence of the immiscible fluid; the filter may capture solid particles but it would be ineffective for coalescing drops. 
     It has been found that traditional contact angles are not suitable for use in the present invention because liquid drops will simultaneously be in contact with multiple fibers, fiber types, and the binder (if present), all of which affect the contact angle. If the fibers are too small in diameter, the capillary action on the immiscible liquid will be affected and not yield a true contact angle. Instead, a liquid penetration approach is used to measure the contact angles of filter media treating the pores of the media as a bundle of uniform capillaries. This method of the liquid penetration is based on the equilibrium capillary pressure and Washburn&#39;s equation. Washburn&#39;s equation is based on the capillary driving force of a liquid that penetrates a compact vertical bed of particles with small pores and the viscous drag. However, a modified Washburn equation has been found to be suitable. The modified Washburn equation is: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     L 
                     H 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         S 
                         o 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         n 
                         o 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         c 
                         w 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         ρ 
                         w 
                         2 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         Y 
                         w 
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         S 
                         w 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         n 
                         w 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         c 
                         o 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         ρ 
                         o 
                         2 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         Y 
                         o 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Equation 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   1 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Wherein S o  is the initial weight gain take-up slope of the penetrated lipophilic fluid or liquid such as oil, S w  is the initial weight gain take-up slope of the penetrated hydrophilic liquid, n o  is the viscosity of the lipophilic liquid whereas n w  is the viscosity of the hydrophilic fluid. c o  and c w  are the same for a filter medium where c is a geometric constant that accounts for the effective pore diameter and the porosity. When experiments are conducted on the same medium with the organic and water liquids then c w  equals c o  and cancel out of the equation whereas ρ w  is the density of the hydrophilic liquid such as water, and ρ o  is the density of the lipophilic liquid such as the oil. Y w  is the surface tension of the hydrophilic liquid whereas the Y o  is the surface tension of the lipophilic liquid. In order to find the L/H ratio, the slope and hence the amount of take-up of the lipophilic liquid and the hydrophobic liquid must be determined. One method is as follows: 
     Materials and Filter Media Preparation 
     The filter samples were made of glass fibers supplied by Hollingsworth and Vose and polypropylene fibers supplied by Minifibers Inc. The slurry of fibers with desired composition was vacuum filtered onto a fine mesh screen in a mold with a hole of inside diameter 2.54 cm. The filter samples were dried and heated in oven for 2 hrs at 100° C. The filter samples were prepared with varying compositions of glass to polypropylene (PP) fibers, i.e. glass: PP of 80:20, 60:40, 50:50, and 40:60. The reference fluids used were Viscor oil 1487 (Rock Valley Oil &amp; Chemical Company) and water. The Viscor oil 1487 is a calibration fluid and has similar properties to that of diesel fuel. Physical properties of water and Viscor oil 1487 are presented in Table 1. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Physical properties of reference fluids 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Surface 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Tension 
                 Density 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Reference Liquid 
                 (N/m) 
                 (Kg/m 3 ) 
                 Viscosity 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Viscor Oil 1487 
                 0.0285 
                 832 
                 0.00207 (Ns/m 2 ) 
               
               
                   
                 Water 
                 0.072 
                 998 
                  0.001 (Ns/m 2 ) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Wettability Technique and Approach 
     The setup for this work is illustrated in  FIG. 4 . Filters samples were characterized prior to wettability studies for their porosity and permeability. The porosity of the filter samples was measured using a special made pychnometer. The permeability was measured using a Frazier air permeability tester. The dimensions of filter sample were measured using calipers. 
     In  FIG. 4 , glass tube  1  was suspended from a wooden plank that is attached to scissors stand  6  which could be raised and lowered using adjustment screw  7 . This tube had a tapered diameter which was the same as that of filter  2 . Glass beaker  3  with reference liquid  4 , with temperature maintained around 23°-25° was placed on the plate of electronic balance  5 . A stop watch was placed in front of the electronic balance along with a video camera facing both balance and stop watch. 
     The tube was descended slowly with a low speed of 1.0 mm/sec. It was carefully done with several manual practices in order to get reproducible results. It was done with the extremity of the tube just touching the reference liquids. The video camera and stop watch were turned on when the filter medium touched the reference liquid to record the change in weight with time. The decline of the glass tube was ended and the liquid rose (penetrated) through the filter until it reached the top of the medium, causing an increase in weight of the cylinder. The video recording was stopped when liquid reached top of the filter medium. 
     The decrease in weight of the reference liquid on the balance is equal to the liquid taken by the filter media. The rate of decrease in weight of reference liquids on balance was measured until the liquid reached top of the filter. The experimental data was obtained from the recorded video. The weight of liquid raised in the filter media can be obtained for any instant of time until the liquid reaches the top of the filter. 
     Once the weight gain take-up of the filter has been determined with regard to the lipophilic fluid or liquid, such as an oil, and once it also has been obtained with regard to the hydrophilic liquid such as water, charts of the weight take-up versus time are plotted as shown in  FIGS. 5 and 6 . In order to obtain L/H ratio that represents a wettability value for a specific weight percent of the hydrophobic fiber and the remaining hydrophilic fiber, a plot is made of the initial take-up slope with regard to time, that is, within the first few seconds of take-up before the take-up curve flattens out. Thus, an initial slope S o  is obtained with regard to the oil liquid and a slope S w  is obtained with regard to the hydrophilic liquid such as water as set forth in  FIGS. 7 and 8 . These slope values are then inserted into equation 1 along with the other known values and a specific L/H value is obtained that is referred to as a wettability value with regard to specific amount of hydrophobic fiber and hydrophilic fiber in the filter. Subsequently, the same determination is made with regard to other amounts of hydrophobic fiber to hydrophilic fiber generally across a spectrum of possible weight combinations. For example, hydrophobic fibers to hydrophilic fibers of weight ratios of about 90% to about 10%, about 80% to about 20%, about 70% to about 30%, about 60% to about 40%, about 50% to about 50%, about 40% to about 60%, about 30% to about 70%, and about 20% to about 80%, or about 10% to about 90%; or any portion thereof can be utilized. Once the weight gain take-up has been obtained with regard to the additional weight ratios of hydrophilic fiber/hydrophobic fibers, and plotted against time, the initial weight gain slope is obtained and inserted into formula 1. These L/H values are inversely related to wettability values as shown in  FIG. 11 . The L/H values are then plotted against droplet penetration values where penetration is defined as the concentration of uncoalesced droplets carried out of the filter divided by the concentration of the incoming droplets. Hence, a high penetration means that most of the incoming droplets are unaffected (do not coalesce) and the low penetration means that most of the incoming droplets do coalesce. Measurement of droplet penetration is not standardized but there are methods to make the measurements that are common. For example, a particle counter (AccuSizer 780; PSS-NIComp Particle Sizing Systems, Santa Barbara, Calif.) was utilized to monitor particle sizes and concentrations in and out of the filter. However, because drops can coalesce and change size in the filter, the overall separation performance was utilized to determine the Quality Factor. This means the quality factor characterizes the performance of both the filter and the downstream separator (settling tank, hydrocyclone, etc.). The amount of the dispersed phase (water) entering the filter was controlled using a syringe pump. The amount of water separated from by the downstream separator was measured by decanting and weighing the amount of water that was separated. The outlet stream can further be sent to another downstream separator such as a settling tank and the amount of water not separated can be measured. The two outlet masses of water should sum to the inlet. The ratio of the mass-out/mass-in is equal to the ratio of the concentrations (by dividing by the same volume of continuous phase fluid) hence the penetration is calculated and plotted in  FIG. 11  with respect to L/H values and generally relate to a slope that curves downwardly, (i.e. a negative slope) as the weight ratio of hydrophilic fibers to hydrophobic fibers increases. 
     Also plotted in  FIG. 11  is the pressure drop of the immiscible liquid-continuous phase liquid system through the filter with different weight ratios of hydrophobic fiber to hydrophilic fiber. A curve is obtained that increases with increasing hydrophilic fiber ratios to hydrophobic fiber ratios inasmuch as the pressure drop increases with wettability. The combination of these two curves is given by the negative log of the penetration divided by the pressure drop and yields an inverse “U” curve or “quality factor” curve. This quality curve yields a good indication of a range of suitable hydrophobic to hydrophilic fiber weight ratios that can be utilized to obtain good extraction of the immiscible fluid a liquid from the immiscible liquid-continuous liquid phase solution and yet not obtain blocking of the filter or excessive pressure drop due to the build up of the immiscible fluid on the immiscible fluid loving type of fibers. Conversely, high ratios of hydrophobic fibers to hydrophilic fibers yield low pressure drops since there is no build up of water on the hydrophobic fibers. Permeability is determined by passing gas or liquid at a known flow rate and the pressure drop is measured. The permeability is then calculated from Darcy&#39;s Law. Accordingly, the filters of the present invention generally have a wettability range or a quality factor that lies within a hydrophobic fiber to hydrophilic fiber weight ratios from 20 percent to about 80 percent, desirably from about 30 percent to about 70 percent and preferably from about 35 percent to about 65 percent. 
     The above scenario will now be discussed with regard to a specific immiscible liquid, i.e. water and a continuous phase oil, as well as specific amounts of hydrophilic fibers such as glass and hydrophobic fibers such as polypropylene. 
       FIGS. 5 and 6  summarize some of the wetting kinetics results based on capillary rise respectively of water and Viscor oil 1487 for the filter media comprising varying compositions of micro glass and polypropylene fibers.  FIGS. 7 and 8  show the initial wetting kinetics results for water and Viscor oil 1487. From these figures, the values of slopes So and S w , are obtained and incorporated into equation 1 to calculate specific L/H wettability values. Smaller values of L/H indicate that filter media is preferentially water wetting and larger values of L/H indicate preferentially oil wetting filter media. It is noted that, as the amount of polypropylene fibers in filter media increases, the L/H value increases and that L/H values decrease with increasing amounts of glass fibers. The glass fiber only filter has the lowest L/H value. The effect of filter permeability and porosity on wettability of the filter is analyzed in  FIGS. 9 and 10  respectively wherein permeability and porosity increase with additional polypropylene fibers in the filter as does the L/H values. Porosity can be determined using an air/water displacement experiment or by using a pycnometer. Suitable L/H ratios range from about 1 to about 3,000, generally from about 2 to about 2,000, desirably from about 2 to about 200, and preferably from about 2 or about 5 to about 150. 
     Once a specific lipophobic-hydrophilic system has been analyzed with regard to removal of an immiscible component thereof, other weight ratios of hydrophobic fibers to hydrophilic fiber systems can be analyzed in the same manner as set forth above to determine what types of hydrophobic fiber hydrophilic fiber system are the most efficient. That is, the above steps as for example set forth in  FIGS. 4 through 8  can be repeated and the most efficient fiber ratio used for the filter. Filters can thus be designed that have different wetting properties due to different amounts of hydrophobic and hydrophilic fibers in filter. These filter media can be characterized by using the Modified Washburn equation and wettability can be represented in terms of a Lilophilic to Hydrophilic ratio. Thus, the results obtained from the above noted procedures are used to design a filter with optimum wettability range of wetting properties for the separation immiscible fluids from continuous phase liquids. 
     For example, Table 2 sets for L/H values obtained for layers of hydrophobic/hydrophilic fiber media such as those set forth above utilizing water and Viscor Oil 1487. That is, the various hydrophobic/hydrophilic fiber systems were made containing the fiber ratios as set forth in Table 2 and the L/H values calculated. For the above-noted immiscible water-continuous oil system, a ratio of 80% by weight of glass fibers to 20% by weight of propylene fibers yielded a value of 7.021. When tested, as set forth in Table 3, this ratio gave a good efficiency of water coalescence of 0.91 and a low pressure drop of 18.34 resulting in a quality factor or 0.132 that was very good. Table 4 relates to L/H values for glass fiber filters containing a binder thereon whereas Table 5 relates to L/H values for mixed (i.e. non layered) hydrophilic/hydrophobic fiber filters. Thus, utilizing the above procedures, different immiscible liquid-continuous liquid phase systems can be tested and filters designed to yield high amount of take up of the immiscible liquid with a fairly low amount of a pressure drop. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 L/H values for layered hydrophilic/hydrophobic fiber media 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Composition 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (Glass:PP) 
                 L/H 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 G (100) 
                 1.830 
               
               
                   
                 G:PP (80:20) 
                 7.021 
               
               
                   
                 G:PP (60:40) 
                 8.652 
               
               
                   
                 G:PP (50:50) 
                 17.438 
               
               
                   
                 G:PP (40:60) 
                 22.879 
               
               
                   
                 G:PP (20:80 
                 36.981 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Liquid-liquid coalescence results 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Steady state 
                   
               
               
                 Composition 
                   
                   
                 Pressure Drop 
                 Quality Factor 
               
               
                 (Glass:PP) 
                 L/H 
                 Efficiency 
                 (kPa) 
                 (kPa −1 ) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 100% Glass 
                 1.83 
                 0.84 (±0.02) 
                 20.39 (±3.02) 
                 0.106 
               
               
                 (with binder) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 G:PP (80:20) 
                 7.02 
                 0.91 (±0.02) 
                 18.34 (±3.3)  
                 0.132 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 L/H values for glass fiber filters showing effect of binder 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Composition 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (Glass:PP) 
                 L/H 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 With Binder 
                 1.83 
               
               
                   
                 Binder on outside edge 
                 1.26 
               
               
                   
                 Without binder 
                 1.49 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 L/H values of mixed hydrophilic/hydrophobic fiber filters 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Composition 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (Glass:PP) 
                 L/H 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Glass 
                 1.296 
               
               
                   
                 G:PP (80:20) 
                 1.984 
               
               
                   
                 G:PP (60:40) 
                 2.744 
               
               
                   
                 G:PP (50:50) 
                 89.787 
               
               
                   
                 G:PP (40:60) 
                 148.742 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     In summary, the above procedures of the present invention relate to the extraction of an immiscible liquid from a different continuous phase liquid in a filter essentially by three steps; that of capture, coalescence, and removal. As the liquid system moves through the filter, small droplets of an immiscible fluid such as water, attach and adhere to a hydrophilic fiber such as glass. Continued flow of the liquid system results in additional water build up on the hydrophilic fibers. That is, immiscible water is coalesced into larger droplets. Finally, a droplet size is reached such that it no longer adheres to the hydrophilic fiber due to the flow of the liquid system but detaches itself. The size of the large droplet will naturally vary with regard to the immiscible fluid be it a hydrophilic liquid such as water or hydrophobic liquid such as oil, and the wettability of the droplet on the hydrophilic fiber or hydrophobic fiber as the case may be. Generally such droplet sizes can range from about 5 to about 500 microns, and desirably within a range of from about 20 to about 100 microns. Removal of the large water droplets can be achieved by a number of methods, generally non-mechanical, such as collection of the large droplets in a gravity separator. Other collection methods include hydrocyclones, membrane separators, and absorbers. Thus, the present invention preferably is free of or does not utilize mechanism collection methods such as centrifuge, etc. Putting a coalescing filter upstream of these other devices can help the other devices to be more efficient, smaller in size, and less expensive to operate. 
     With regard to the coalescence filters of the present invention, other preparation factors include fluid velocity, fiber structure, fiber geometry, surface properties, fluid properties, and bed length (determines the filter efficiency). Liquid-liquid coalescence wettability of the fibers is also known to have effect on filter performance, especially when interfacial tension between phases is low. Wettability of fibers can be defined as ability of filter fibers to hold water. Wettability also depends on surface properties of fibers and porosity of the filter. 
     An optional aspect of the present invention is to utilize coating agents on the fibers such as silanes for making hydrophobic surfaces.  FIG. 12  shows the effects of various different silanes coated on glass rods with regard to water wetting. The top row shows that untreated glass rods have high wetting. The second row from the top shows that moderate wetting is obtained whereas the third row from the top shows that only fair wetting is obtained whereas the bottom row shows that drops do not readily attach to the treated fiber and are quickly removed before a coalescence can occur. 
     As above noted,  FIG. 11  relates to a chart that can be utilized to select ratios of hydrophobic and hydrophilic fibers to be utilized in making the coalescing filters of the present invention according to the above-noted procedures. The chart shows that at high hydrophilic fiber content the pressure drop is generally large and that at the large hydrophobic fiber content the L/H ratio is high. Thus, in order to obtain good removal of the immiscible liquid a water wetting content in the center portion of the wettability range is usually desired. 
       FIG. 13  is a diagram showing different contact angles with respect to high wetting, intermediate wetting, and low wetting as well as the coalescence of small droplets on the fiber. The top row relates to high wetting wherein the water contact angle is about 0°, the middle row relates to intermediate wetting wherein the water contact angel is less than about 90° and the bottom row relates to a low wetting wherein the water contact angle is high, i.e. above 120° C. 
       FIG. 14  relates to a hypothetical filter media design showing the droplets of immiscible fluid entering a filter, being captured on various fibers, coalescing, and then essentially dropping out a solution and being separated in a gravity settling tank. 
     Immiscible liquids include oil and water, produced water, fuels (diesel, gasoline, jet fuel) and water, Complete immiscibility is rare (some water is found in the oil phase and some oil in the water) but for the purposes of this patent it is sufficient that two or more distinctive liquid phases form. Perry&#39;s handbook (R. H Perry, D. W. Green, J. O. Maloney, Perry&#39;s Chemical Engineer&#39;s Handbook, 6 th  ed, McGraw-Hill, NY 1984, pages 15-9 thru 15-13) a table of solvents used in liquid-liquid extraction gives an extensive list of two liquid phase systems (solvent A and solvent S). These tables are hereby fully incorporated by reference. However, they are also reproduced as Table 6. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Selected List of Ternary Systems 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Component B 
                 Component S 
                 Temp., ° C. 
                 K 1   
                 Ref. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 A = cetane 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Benzene 
                 Aniline 
                 25 
                 1.290 
                 47 
               
               
                 n-Heptane 
                 Aniline 
                 25 
                 0.0784 
                 47 
               
               
                 A = cottonseed oil 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Oleic acid 
                 Propane 
                 85 
                 0.150 
                 46 
               
               
                 A = cyclohexane 
                   
                 98.5 
                 0.1272 
                 46 
               
               
                 Benzene 
                 Furfural 
                 25 
                 0.680 
                 44 
               
               
                 Benzene 
                 Nitromethane 
                 25 
                 0.397 
                 127 
               
               
                 A = docosane 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 1,6-Diphenylhexane 
                 Furfural 
                 45 
                 0.980 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                   
                 80 
                 1.100 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                   
                 115 
                 1.062 
                 11 
               
               
                 A = dodecane 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methylnaphthalene 
                 β,β′-Iminodipropionitrile 
                 ca. 25 
                 0.625 
                 92 
               
               
                 Methylnaphthalene 
                 β,β′-Oxydipropionitrile 
                 ca. 25 
                 0.377 
                 92 
               
               
                 A = ethylbenzene 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Styrene 
                 Ethylene glycol 
                 25 
                 0.190 
                 10 
               
               
                 A = ethylene glycol 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Acetone 
                 Amyl acetate 
                 31 
                 1.838 
                 86 
               
               
                 Acetone 
                 n-Butyl acetate 
                 31 
                 1.940 
                 86 
               
               
                 Acetone 
                 Cyclohexane 
                 27 
                 0.508 
                 86 
               
               
                 Acetone 
                 Ethyl acetate 
                 31 
                 1.850 
                 86 
               
               
                 Acetone 
                 Ethyl butyrate 
                 31 
                 1.903 
                 86 
               
               
                 Acetone 
                 Ethyl propionate 
                 31 
                 2.32 
                 86 
               
               
                 A = furfural 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Trilinolein 
                 n-Heptane 
                 30 
                 47.5 
                 15 
               
               
                   
                   
                 50 
                 21.4 
                 15 
               
               
                   
                   
                 70 
                 19.5 
                 15 
               
               
                 Triolein 
                 n-Heptane 
                 30 
                 95 
                 15 
               
               
                   
                   
                 50 
                 108 
                 15 
               
               
                   
                   
                 70 
                 41.5 
                 15 
               
               
                 A = glycerol 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ethanol 
                 Benzene 
                 25 
                 0.159 
                 62 
               
               
                 Ethanol 
                 Carbon tetrachloride 
                 25 
                 0.0667 
                 63 
               
               
                 A = n-heptane 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Benzene 
                 Ethylene glycol 
                 25 
                 0.300 
                 50 
               
               
                   
                   
                 125 
                 0.316 
                 50 
               
               
                 Benzene 
                 β,β′-thiodipropionitrile 
                 25 
                 0.350 
                 92 
               
               
                 Benzene 
                 Triethylene glycol 
                 25 
                 0.351 
                 89 
               
               
                 Cyclohexane 
                 Aniline 
                 25 
                 0.0815 
                 47 
               
               
                 Cyclohexane 
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                 0 
                 0.107 
                 29 
               
               
                   
                   
                 15 
                 0.267 
                 29 
               
               
                 Cyclohexane 
                 Dimethylformamide 
                 20 
                 0.1320 
                 28 
               
               
                 Cyclohexane 
                 Furfural 
                 30 
                 0.0635 
                 78 
               
               
                 Ethylbenzene 
                 Dipropylene glycol 
                 25 
                 0.329 
                 90 
               
               
                 Ethylbenzene 
                 β,β′-Oxydipropionitrile 
                 25 
                 0.180 
                 101 
               
               
                 Ethylbenzene 
                 β,β′-Thiodipropionitrile 
                 25 
                 0.100 
                 101 
               
               
                 Ethylbenzene 
                 Triethylene glycol 
                 25 
                 0.140 
                 89 
               
               
                 Methylcyclohexane 
                 Aniline 
                 25 
                 0.087 
                 116 
               
               
                 Toluene 
                 Aniline 
                 0 
                 0.577 
                 27 
               
               
                   
                   
                 13 
                 0.477 
                 27 
               
               
                   
                   
                 20 
                 0.457 
                 27 
               
               
                   
                   
                 40 
                 0.425 
                 27 
               
               
                 Toluene 
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                 0 
                 0.694 
                 29 
               
               
                 Toluene 
                 Dimethylformamide 
                 0 
                 0.667 
                 28 
               
               
                   
                   
                 20 
                 0.514 
                 28 
               
               
                 Toluene 
                 Dipropylene glycol 
                 25 
                 0.331 
                 90 
               
               
                 Toluene 
                 Ethylene glycol 
                 25 
                 0.150 
                 101 
               
               
                 Toluene 
                 Propylene carbonate 
                 20 
                 0.732 
                 39 
               
               
                 Toluene 
                 β,β′-Thiodipropionitrile 
                 25 
                 0.150 
                 101 
               
               
                 Toluene 
                 Triethylene glycol 
                 25 
                 0.289 
                 89 
               
               
                 m-Xylene 
                 β,β′-Thiodipropionitrile 
                 25 
                 0.050 
                 101 
               
               
                 o-Xylene 
                 β,β′-Thiodipropionitrile 
                 25 
                 0.150 
                 101 
               
               
                 p-Xylene 
                 β,β′-Thiodipropionitrile 
                 25 
                 0.080 
                 101 
               
               
                 A = n-hexane 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Benzene 
                 Ethylenediamine 
                 20 
                 4.14 
                 23 
               
               
                 A = neo-hexane 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Cyclopentane 
                 Aniline 
                 15 
                 0.1259 
                 96 
               
               
                   
                   
                 25 
                 0.311 
                 96 
               
               
                 A = methylcyclohexane 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Toluene 
                 Methylperfluorooctanoate 
                 10 
                 0.1297 
                 58 
               
               
                   
                   
                 25 
                 0.200 
                 58 
               
               
                 A = iso-octane 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Benzene 
                 Furfural 
                 25 
                 0.833 
                 44 
               
               
                 Cyclohexane 
                 Furfural 
                 25 
                 0.1076 
                 44 
               
               
                 n-Hexane 
                 Furfural 
                 30 
                 0.083 
                 78 
               
               
                 A = perfluoroheptane 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Perfluorocyclic oxide 
                 Carbon tetrachloride 
                 30 
                 0.1370 
                 58 
               
               
                 Perfluorocyclic oxide 
                 n-Heptane 
                 30 
                 0.329 
                 58 
               
               
                 A = perfluoro-n-hexane 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 n-Hexane 
                 Benzene 
                 30 
                 6.22 
                 80 
               
               
                 n-Hexane 
                 Carbon disulfide 
                 25 
                 6.50 
                 80 
               
               
                 A = perfluorotri-n-butylamine 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Iso-octane 
                 Nitroethane 
                 25 
                 3.59 
                 119 
               
               
                   
                   
                 31.5 
                 2.36 
                 119 
               
               
                   
                   
                 33.7 
                 4.56 
                 119 
               
               
                 A = toluene 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Acetone 
                 Ethylene glycol 
                 0 
                 0.286 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                   
                 24 
                 0.326 
                 100 
               
               
                 A = triethylene glycol 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 α-Picoline 
                 Methylcyclohexane 
                 20 
                 3.87 
                 14 
               
               
                 α-Picoline 
                 Diisobutylene 
                 20 
                 0.445 
                 14 
               
               
                 α-Picoline 
                 Mixed heptanes 
                 20 
                 0.317 
                 14 
               
               
                 A = triolein 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Oleic acid 
                 Propane 
                 85 
                 0.138 
                 46 
               
               
                 A = water 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Acetaldehyde 
                 n-Amyl alcohol 
                 18 
                 1.43 
                 74 
               
               
                 Acetaldehyde 
                 Benzene 
                 18 
                 1.119 
                 74 
               
               
                 Acetaldehyde 
                 Furfural 
                 16 
                 0.967 
                 74 
               
               
                 Acetaldehyde 
                 Toluene 
                 17 
                 0.478 
                 74 
               
               
                 Acetaldehyde 
                 Vinyl acetate 
                 20 
                 0.560 
                 81 
               
               
                 Acetic acid 
                 Benzene 
                 25 
                 0.0328 
                 43 
               
               
                   
                   
                 30 
                 0.0984 
                 38 
               
               
                   
                   
                 40 
                 0.1022 
                 38 
               
               
                   
                   
                 50 
                 0.0558 
                 38 
               
               
                   
                   
                 60 
                 0.0637 
                 38 
               
               
                 Acetic acid 
                 1-Butanol 
                 26.7 
                 1.613 
                 102 
               
               
                 Acetic acid 
                 Butyl acetate 
                 30 
                 0.705 
                 45 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 0.391 
                 67 
               
               
                 Acetic acid 
                 Caproic acid 
                 25 
                 0.349 
                 73 
               
               
                 Acetic acid 
                 Carbon tetrachloride 
                 27 
                 0.1920 
                 91 
               
               
                   
                   
                 27.5 
                 0.0549 
                 54 
               
               
                 Acetic acid 
                 Chloroform 
                 ca. 25 
                 0.178 
                 70 
               
               
                   
                   
                 25 
                 0.0865 
                 72 
               
               
                   
                   
                 56.8 
                 0.1573 
                 17 
               
               
                 Acetic acid 
                 Creosote oil 
                 34 
                 0.706 
                 91 
               
               
                 Acetic acid 
                 Cyclohexanol 
                 26.7 
                 1.325 
                 102 
               
               
                 Acetic acid 
                 Diisobutyl ketone 
                 25-26 
                 0.284 
                 75 
               
               
                 Acetic acid 
                 Di-n-butyl ketone 
                 25-26 
                 0.379 
                 75 
               
               
                 Acetic acid 
                 Diisopropyl carbinol 
                 25-26 
                 0.800 
                 75 
               
               
                 Acetic acid 
                 Ethyl acetate 
                 30 
                 0.907 
                 30 
               
               
                 Acetic acid 
                 2-Ethylbutyric acid 
                 25 
                 0.323 
                 73 
               
               
                 Acetic acid 
                 2-Ethylhexoic acid 
                 25 
                 0.286 
                 73 
               
               
                 Acetic acid 
                 Ethylidene diacetate 
                 25 
                 0.85 
                 104 
               
               
                 Acetic acid 
                 Ethyl propionate 
                 28 
                 0.510 
                 87 
               
               
                 Acetic acid 
                 Fenchone 
                 25-26 
                 0.310 
                 75 
               
               
                 Acetic acid 
                 Furfural 
                 26.7 
                 0.787 
                 102 
               
               
                 Acetic acid 
                 Heptadecanol 
                 25 
                 0.312 
                 114 
               
               
                   
                   
                 50 
                 0.1623 
                 114 
               
               
                 Acetic acid 
                 3-Heptanol 
                 25 
                 0.828 
                 76 
               
               
                 Acetic acid 
                 Hexalin acetate 
                 25-26 
                 0.520 
                 75 
               
               
                 Acetic acid 
                 Hexane 
                 31 
                 0.0167 
                 85 
               
               
                 Acetic acid 
                 Isoamyl acetate 
                 25-26 
                 0.343 
                 75 
               
               
                 Acetic acid 
                 Isophorone 
                 25-26 
                 0.858 
                 75 
               
               
                 Acetic acid 
                 Isopropyl ether 
                 20 
                 0.248 
                 31 
               
               
                   
                   
                 25-26 
                 0.429 
                 75 
               
               
                 Acetic acid 
                 Methyl acetate 
                 — 
                 1.273 
                 67 
               
               
                 Acetic acid 
                 Methyl butyrate 
                 30 
                 0.690 
                 66 
               
               
                 Acetic acid 
                 Methyl cyclohexanone 
                 25-26 
                 0.930 
                 75 
               
               
                 Acetic acid 
                 Methylisobutyl carbinol 
                 30 
                 1.058 
                 83 
               
               
                 Acetic acid 
                 Methylisobutyl ketone 
                 25 
                 0.657 
                 97 
               
               
                   
                   
                 25-26 
                 0.755 
                 75 
               
               
                 Acetic acid 
                 Monochlorobenzene 
                 25 
                 0.0435 
                 77 
               
               
                 Acetic acid 
                 Octyl acetate 
                 25-26 
                 0.1805 
                 75 
               
               
                 Acetic acid 
                 n-Propyl acetate 
                 — 
                 0.638 
                 67 
               
               
                 Acetic acid 
                 Toluene 
                 25 
                 0.0644 
                 131 
               
               
                 Acetic acid 
                 Trichloroethylene 
                 27 
                 0.140 
                 91 
               
               
                   
                   
                 30 
                 0.0549 
                 54 
               
               
                 Acetic acid 
                 Vinyl acetate 
                 28 
                 0.294 
                 103 
               
               
                 Acetone 
                 Amyl acetate 
                 30 
                 1.228 
                 117 
               
               
                 Acetone 
                 Benzene 
                 15 
                 0.940 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                   
                 30 
                 0.862 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                   
                 45 
                 0.725 
                 11 
               
               
                 Acetone 
                 n-Butyl acetate 
                 — 
                 1.127 
                 67 
               
               
                 Acetone 
                 Carbon tetrachloride 
                 30 
                 0.238 
                 12 
               
               
                 Acetone 
                 Chloroform 
                 25 
                 1.830 
                 43 
               
               
                   
                   
                 25 
                 1.720 
                 3 
               
               
                 Acetone 
                 Dibutyl ether 
                 25-26 
                 1.941 
                 75 
               
               
                 Acetone 
                 Diethyl ether 
                 30 
                 1.00 
                 54 
               
               
                 Acetone 
                 Ethyl acetate 
                 30 
                 1.500 
                 117 
               
               
                 Acetone 
                 Ethyl butyrate 
                 30 
                 1.278 
                 117 
               
               
                 Acetone 
                 Ethyl propionate 
                 30 
                 1.385 
                 117 
               
               
                 Acetone 
                 n-Heptane 
                 25 
                 0.274 
                 112 
               
               
                 Acetone 
                 n-Hexane 
                 25 
                 0.343 
                 114 
               
               
                 Acetone 
                 Methyl acetate 
                 30 
                 1.153 
                 117 
               
               
                 Acetone 
                 Methylisobutyl ketone 
                 25-26 
                 1.910 
                 75 
               
               
                 Acetone 
                 Monochlorobenzene 
                 25-26 
                 1.000 
                 75 
               
               
                 Acetone 
                 Propyl acetate 
                 30 
                 0.243 
                 117 
               
               
                 Acetone 
                 Tetrachloroethane 
                 25-26 
                 2.37 
                 57 
               
               
                 Acetone 
                 Tetrachloroethylene 
                 30 
                 0.237 
                 88 
               
               
                 Acetone 
                 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 
                 25 
                 1.467 
                 113 
               
               
                 Acetone 
                 Toluene 
                 25-26 
                 0.835 
                 75 
               
               
                 Acetone 
                 Vinyl acetate 
                 20 
                 1.237 
                 81 
               
               
                   
                   
                 25 
                 3.63 
                 104 
               
               
                 Acetone 
                 Xylene 
                 25-26 
                 0.659 
                 75 
               
               
                 Allyl alcohol 
                 Diallyl ether 
                 22 
                 0.572 
                 32 
               
               
                 Aniline 
                 Benzene 
                 25 
                 14.40 
                 40 
               
               
                   
                   
                 50 
                 15.50 
                 40 
               
               
                 Aniline 
                 n-Heptane 
                 25 
                 1.425 
                 40 
               
               
                   
                   
                 50 
                 2.20 
                 40 
               
               
                 Aniline 
                 Methylcyclohexane 
                 25 
                 2.05 
                 40 
               
               
                   
                   
                 50 
                 3.41 
                 40 
               
               
                 Aniline 
                 Nitrobenzene 
                 25 
                 18.89 
                 108 
               
               
                 Aniline 
                 Toluene 
                 25 
                 12.91 
                 107 
               
               
                 Aniline hydrochloride 
                 Aniline 
                 25 
                 0.0540 
                 98 
               
               
                 Benzoic acid 
                 Methylisobutyl ketone 
                 26.7 
                 76.9* 
                 49 
               
               
                 iso-Butanol 
                 Benzene 
                 25 
                 0.989 
                 1 
               
               
                 iso-Butanol 
                 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 
                 25 
                 1.80 
                 36 
               
               
                 iso-Butanol 
                 Tetrachloroethylene 
                 25 
                 0.0460 
                 7 
               
               
                 n-Butanol 
                 Benzene 
                 25 
                 1.263 
                 126 
               
               
                   
                   
                 35 
                 2.12 
                 126 
               
               
                 n-Butanol 
                 Toluene 
                 30 
                 1.176 
                 37 
               
               
                 tert-Butanol 
                 Benzene 
                 25 
                 0.401 
                 99 
               
               
                 tert-Butanol 
                 tert-Butyl hypochlorite 
                 0 
                 0.1393 
                 130 
               
               
                   
                   
                 20 
                 0.1487 
                 130 
               
               
                   
                   
                 40 
                 0.200 
                 129 
               
               
                   
                   
                 60 
                 0.539 
                 129 
               
               
                 tert-Butanol 
                 Ethyl acetate 
                 20 
                 1.74 
                 5 
               
               
                 2-Butoxyethanol 
                 Methylethyl ketone 
                 25 
                 3.05 
                 68 
               
               
                 2,3-Butylene glycol 
                 n-Butanol 
                 26 
                 0.597 
                 71 
               
               
                   
                   
                 50 
                 0.893 
                 71 
               
               
                 2,3-Butylene glycol 
                 Butyl acetate 
                 26 
                 0.0222 
                 71 
               
               
                   
                   
                 50 
                 0.0326 
                 71 
               
               
                 2,3-Butylene glycol 
                 Butylene glycol diacetate 
                 26 
                 0.1328 
                 71 
               
               
                   
                   
                 75 
                 0.565 
                 71 
               
               
                 2,3-Butylene glycol 
                 Methylvinyl carbinol acetate 
                 26 
                 0.237 
                 71 
               
               
                   
                   
                 50 
                 0.351 
                 71 
               
               
                   
                   
                 75 
                 0.247 
                 71 
               
               
                 n-Butylamine 
                 Monochlorobenzene 
                 25 
                 1.391 
                 77 
               
               
                 1-Butyraldehyde 
                 Ethyl acetate 
                 37.8 
                 41.3 
                 52 
               
               
                 Butyric acid 
                 Methyl butyrate 
                 30 
                 6.75 
                 66 
               
               
                 Butyric acid 
                 Methylisobutyl carbinol 
                 30 
                 12.12 
                 83 
               
               
                 Cobaltous chloride 
                 Dioxane 
                 25 
                 0.0052 
                 93 
               
               
                 Cupric sulfate 
                 n-Butanol 
                 30 
                 0.000501 
                 9 
               
               
                 Cupric sulfate 
                 sec-Butanol 
                 30 
                 0.00702 
                 9 
               
               
                 Cupric sulfate 
                 Mixed pentanols 
                 30 
                 0.000225 
                 9 
               
               
                 p-Cresol 
                 Methylnaphthalene 
                 35 
                 9.89 
                 82 
               
               
                 Diacetone alcohol 
                 Ethylbenzene 
                 25 
                 0.335 
                 22 
               
               
                 Diacetone alcohol 
                 Styrene 
                 25 
                 0.445 
                 22 
               
               
                 Dichloroacetic acid 
                 Monochlorobenzene 
                 25 
                 0.0690 
                 77 
               
               
                 1,4-Dioxane 
                 Benzene 
                 25 
                 1.020 
                 8 
               
               
                 Ethanol 
                 n-Amyl alcohol 
                 25-26 
                 0.598 
                 75 
               
               
                 Ethanol 
                 Benzene 
                 25 
                 0.1191 
                 13 
               
               
                   
                   
                 25 
                 0.0536 
                 115 
               
               
                 Ethanol 
                 n-Butanol 
                 20 
                 3.00 
                 26 
               
               
                 Ethanol 
                 Cyclohexane 
                 25 
                 0.0157 
                 118 
               
               
                 Ethanol 
                 Cyclohexene 
                 25 
                 0.0244 
                 124 
               
               
                 Ethanol 
                 Dibutyl ether 
                 25-26 
                 0.1458 
                 75 
               
               
                 Ethanol 
                 Di-n-propyl ketone 
                 25-26 
                 0.592 
                 75 
               
               
                 Ethanol 
                 Ethyl acetate 
                 0 
                 0.0263 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 20 
                 0.500 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 70 
                 0.455 
                 41 
               
               
                 Ethanol 
                 Ethyl isovalerate 
                 25 
                 0.392 
                 13 
               
               
                 Ethanol 
                 Heptadecanol 
                 25 
                 0.270 
                 114 
               
               
                 Ethanol 
                 n-Heptane 
                 30 
                 0.274 
                 94 
               
               
                 Ethanol 
                 3-Heptanol 
                 25 
                 0.783 
                 76 
               
               
                 Ethanol 
                 n-Hexane 
                 25 
                 0.00212 
                 111 
               
               
                 Ethanol 
                 n-Hexanol 
                 28 
                 1.00 
                 56 
               
               
                 Ethanol 
                 sec-Octanol 
                 28 
                 0.825 
                 56 
               
               
                 Ethanol 
                 Toluene 
                 25 
                 0.01816 
                 122 
               
               
                 Ethanol 
                 Trichloroethylene 
                 25 
                 0.0682 
                 16 
               
               
                 Ethylene glycol 
                 n-Amyl alcohol 
                 20 
                 0.1159 
                 59 
               
               
                 Ethylene glycol 
                 n-Butanol 
                 27 
                 0.412 
                 85 
               
               
                 Ethylene glycol 
                 Furfural 
                 25 
                 0.315 
                 18 
               
               
                 Ethylene glycol 
                 n-Hexanol 
                 20 
                 0.275 
                 59 
               
               
                 Ethylene glycol 
                 Methylethyl ketone 
                 30 
                 0.0527 
                 85 
               
               
                 Formic acid 
                 Chloroform 
                 25 
                 0.00445 
                 72 
               
               
                   
                   
                 56.9 
                 0.0192 
                 17 
               
               
                 Formic acid 
                 Methylisobutyl carbinol 
                 30 
                 1.218 
                 83 
               
               
                 Furfural 
                 n-Butane 
                 51.5 
                 0.712 
                 42 
               
               
                   
                   
                 79.5 
                 0.930 
                 42 
               
               
                 Furfural 
                 Methylisobutyl ketone 
                 25 
                 7.10 
                 19 
               
               
                 Furfural 
                 Toluene 
                 25 
                 5.64 
                 53 
               
               
                 Hydrogen chloride 
                 iso-Amyl alcohol 
                 25 
                 0.170 
                 21 
               
               
                 Hydrogen chloride 
                 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanol 
                 25 
                 0.266 
                 21 
               
               
                 Hydrogen chloride 
                 2-Ethyl-1-butanol 
                 25 
                 0.534 
                 21 
               
               
                 Hydrogen chloride 
                 Ethylbutyl ketone 
                 25 
                 0.01515 
                 79 
               
               
                 Hydrogen chloride 
                 3-Heptanol 
                 25 
                 0.0250 
                 21 
               
               
                 Hydrogen chloride 
                 1-Hexanol 
                 25 
                 0.345 
                 21 
               
               
                 Hydrogen chloride 
                 2-Methyl-1-butanol 
                 25 
                 0.470 
                 21 
               
               
                 Hydrogen chloride 
                 Methylisobutyl ketone 
                 25 
                 0.0273 
                 79 
               
               
                 Hydrogen chloride 
                 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 
                 25 
                 0.502 
                 21 
               
               
                 Hydrogen chloride 
                 2-Methyl-2-pentanol 
                 25 
                 0.411 
                 21 
               
               
                 Hydrogen chloride 
                 Methylisopropyl ketone 
                 25 
                 0.0814 
                 79 
               
               
                 Hydrogen chloride 
                 1-Octanol 
                 25 
                 0.424 
                 21 
               
               
                 Hydrogen chloride 
                 2-Octanol 
                 25 
                 0.380 
                 21 
               
               
                 Hydrogen chloride 
                 1-Pentanol 
                 25 
                 0.257 
                 21 
               
               
                 Hydrogen chloride 
                 Pentanols (mixed) 
                 25 
                 0.271 
                 21 
               
               
                 Hydrogen fluoride 
                 Methylisobutyl ketone 
                 25 
                 0.370 
                 79 
               
               
                 Lactic acid 
                 iso-Amyl alcohol 
                 25 
                 0.352 
                 128 
               
               
                 Methanol 
                 Benzene 
                 25 
                 0.01022 
                 4 
               
               
                 Methanol 
                 n-Butanol 
                 0 
                 0.600 
                 65 
               
               
                   
                   
                 15 
                 0.479 
                 65 
               
               
                   
                   
                 30 
                 0.510 
                 65 
               
               
                   
                   
                 45 
                 1.260 
                 65 
               
               
                   
                   
                 60 
                 0.682 
                 65 
               
               
                 Methanol 
                 p-Cresol 
                 35 
                 0.313 
                 82 
               
               
                 Methanol 
                 Cyclohexane 
                 25 
                 0.0156 
                 125 
               
               
                 Methanol 
                 Cyclohexene 
                 25 
                 0.01043 
                 124 
               
               
                 Methanol 
                 Ethyl acetate 
                 0 
                 0.0589 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 20 
                 0.238 
                 5 
               
               
                 Methanol 
                 n-Hexanol 
                 28 
                 0.565 
                 55 
               
               
                 Methanol 
                 Methylnaphthalene 
                 25 
                 0.025 
                 82 
               
               
                   
                   
                 35 
                 0.0223 
                 82 
               
               
                 Methanol 
                 sec-Octanol 
                 28 
                 0.584 
                 55 
               
               
                 Methanol 
                 Phenol 
                 25 
                 1.333 
                 82 
               
               
                 Methanol 
                 Toluene 
                 25 
                 0.0099 
                 60 
               
               
                 Methanol 
                 Trichloroethylene 
                 27.5 
                 0.0167 
                 54 
               
               
                 Methyl-n-butyl ketone 
                 n-Butanol 
                 37.8 
                 53.4 
                 52 
               
               
                 Methylethyl ketone 
                 Cyclohexane 
                 25 
                 1.775 
                 48 
               
               
                   
                   
                 30 
                 3.60 
                 85 
               
               
                 Methylethyl ketone 
                 Gasoline 
                 25 
                 1.686 
                 64 
               
               
                 Methylethyl ketone 
                 n-Heptane 
                 25 
                 1.548 
                 112 
               
               
                 Methylethyl ketone 
                 n-Hexane 
                 25 
                 1.775 
                 112 
               
               
                   
                   
                 37.8 
                 2.22 
                 52 
               
               
                 Methylethyl ketone 
                 2-Methyl furan 
                 25 
                 84.0 
                 109 
               
               
                 Methylethyl ketone 
                 Monochlorobenzene 
                 25 
                 2.36 
                 68 
               
               
                 Methylethyl ketone 
                 Naphtha 
                 26.7 
                 0.885† 
                 6 
               
               
                 Methylethyl ketone 
                 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 
                 25 
                 3.44 
                 68 
               
               
                 Methylethyl ketone 
                 Trichloroethylene 
                 25 
                 3.27 
                 68 
               
               
                 Methylethyl ketone 
                 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 
                 25 
                 1.572 
                 64 
               
               
                 Nickelous chloride 
                 Dioxane 
                 25 
                 0.0017 
                 93 
               
               
                 Nicotine 
                 Carbon tetrachloride 
                 25 
                 9.50 
                 34 
               
               
                 Phenol 
                 Methylnaphthalene 
                 25 
                 7.06 
                 82 
               
               
                 α-Picoline 
                 Benzene 
                 20 
                 8.75 
                 14 
               
               
                 α-Picoline 
                 Diisobutylene 
                 20 
                 1.360 
                 14 
               
               
                 α-Picoline 
                 Heptanes (mixed) 
                 20 
                 1.378 
                 14 
               
               
                 α-Picoline 
                 Methylcyclohexane 
                 20 
                 1.00 
                 14 
               
               
                 iso-Propanol 
                 Benzene 
                 25 
                 0.276 
                 69 
               
               
                 iso-Propanol 
                 Carbon tetrachloride 
                 20 
                 1.405 
                 25 
               
               
                 iso-Propanol 
                 Cyclohexane 
                 25 
                 0.0282 
                 123 
               
               
                 iso-Propanol 
                 Cyclohexene 
                 15 
                 0.0583 
                 124 
               
               
                   
                   
                 25 
                 0.0682 
                 124 
               
               
                   
                   
                 35 
                 0.1875 
                 124 
               
               
                 iso-Propanol 
                 Diisopropyl ether 
                 25 
                 0.406 
                 35 
               
               
                 iso-Propanol 
                 Ethyl acetate 
                 0 
                 0.200 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 20 
                 1.205 
                 5 
               
               
                 iso-Propanol 
                 Tetrachloroethylene 
                 25 
                 0.388 
                 7 
               
               
                 iso-Propanol 
                 Toluene 
                 25 
                 0.1296 
                 121 
               
               
                 n-Propanol 
                 iso-Amyl alcohol 
                 25 
                 3.34 
                 20 
               
               
                 n-Propanol 
                 Benzene 
                 37.8 
                 0.650 
                 61 
               
               
                 n-Propanol 
                 n-Butanol 
                 37.8 
                 3.61 
                 61 
               
               
                 n-Propanol 
                 Cyclohexane 
                 25 
                 0.1553 
                 123 
               
               
                   
                   
                 35 
                 0.1775 
                 123 
               
               
                 n-Propanol 
                 Ethyl acetate 
                 0 
                 1.419 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 20 
                 1.542 
                 5 
               
               
                 n-Propanol 
                 n-Heptane 
                 37.8 
                 0.540 
                 61 
               
               
                 n-Propanol 
                 n-Hexane 
                 37.8 
                 0.326 
                 61 
               
               
                 n-Propanol 
                 n-Propyl acetate 
                 20 
                 1.55 
                 106 
               
               
                   
                   
                 35 
                 2.14 
                 106 
               
               
                 n-Propanol 
                 Toluene 
                 25 
                 0.299 
                 2 
               
               
                 Propionic acid 
                 Benzene 
                 30 
                 0.598 
                 57 
               
               
                 Propionic acid 
                 Cyclohexane 
                 31 
                 0.1955 
                 84 
               
               
                 Propionic acid 
                 Cyclohexene 
                 31 
                 0.303 
                 84 
               
               
                 Propionic acid 
                 Ethyl acetate 
                 30 
                 2.77 
                 87 
               
               
                 Propionic acid 
                 Ethyl butyrate 
                 26 
                 1.470 
                 87 
               
               
                 Propionic acid 
                 Ethyl propionate 
                 28 
                 0.510 
                 87 
               
               
                 Propionic acid 
                 Hexanes (mixed) 
                 31 
                 0.186 
                 84 
               
               
                 Propionic acid 
                 Methyl butyrate 
                 30 
                 2.15 
                 66 
               
               
                 Propionic acid 
                 Methylisobutyl carbinol 
                 30 
                 3.52 
                 83 
               
               
                 Propionic acid 
                 Methylisobutyl ketone 
                 26.7 
                 1.949* 
                 49 
               
               
                 Propionic acid 
                 Monochlorobenzene 
                 30 
                 0.513 
                 57 
               
               
                 Propionic acid 
                 Tetrachloroethylene 
                 31 
                 0.167 
                 84 
               
               
                 Propionic acid 
                 Toluene 
                 31 
                 0.515 
                 84 
               
               
                 Propionic acid 
                 Trichloroethylene 
                 30 
                 0.496 
                 57 
               
               
                 Pyridine 
                 Benzene 
                 15 
                 2.19 
                 110 
               
               
                   
                   
                 25 
                 3.00 
                 105 
               
               
                   
                   
                 25 
                 2.73 
                 120 
               
               
                   
                   
                 45 
                 2.49 
                 110 
               
               
                   
                   
                 60 
                 2.10 
                 110 
               
               
                 Pyridine 
                 Monochlorobenzene 
                 25 
                 2.10 
                 77 
               
               
                 Pyridine 
                 Toluene 
                 25 
                 1.900 
                 120 
               
               
                 Pyridine 
                 Xylene 
                 25 
                 1.260 
                 120 
               
               
                 Sodium chloride 
                 iso-Butanol 
                 25 
                 0.0182 
                 36 
               
               
                 Sodium chloride 
                 n-Ethyl-sec-butyl amine 
                 32 
                 0.0563 
                 24 
               
               
                 Sodium chloride 
                 n-Ethyl-tert-butyl amine 
                 40 
                 0.1792 
                 24 
               
               
                 Sodium chloride 
                 2-Ethylhexyl amine 
                 30 
                 0.187 
                 24 
               
               
                 Sodium chloride 
                 1-Methyldiethyl amine 
                 39.1 
                 0.0597 
                 24 
               
               
                 Sodium chloride 
                 1-Methyldodecyl amine 
                 30 
                 0.693 
                 24 
               
               
                 Sodium chloride 
                 n-Methyl-1,3-dimethylbutyl amine 
                 30 
                 0.0537 
                 24 
               
               
                 Sodium chloride 
                 1-Methyloctyl amine 
                 30 
                 0.589 
                 24 
               
               
                 Sodium chloride 
                 tert-Nonyl amine 
                 30 
                 0.0318 
                 24 
               
               
                 Sodium chloride 
                 1,1,3,3-Tetramethyl butyl amine 
                 30 
                 0.072 
                 24 
               
               
                 Sodium hydroxide 
                 iso-Butanol 
                 25 
                 0.00857 
                 36 
               
               
                 Sodium nitrate 
                 Dioxane 
                 25 
                 0.0246 
                 95 
               
               
                 Succinic acid 
                 Ethyl ether 
                 15 
                 0.220 
                 33 
               
               
                   
                   
                 20 
                 0.198 
                 33 
               
               
                   
                   
                 25 
                 0.1805 
                 33 
               
               
                 Trimethyl amine 
                 Benzene 
                 25 
                 0.857 
                 51 
               
               
                   
                   
                 70 
                 2.36 
                 51 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Component A = feed solvent, component B = solute, and component S = extraction solvent. K 1  is the distribution coefficient in weight-fraction solute y/x for the tie line of lowest solute concentration reported. Ordinarily, K will approach unity as the solute concentration is increased. 
               
               
                 *Concentrations in lb.-moles/cu. ft. 
               
               
                 †Concentrations in volume fraction. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     While in accordance with the patent statutes the best mode and preferred embodiment have been set forth, the scope of the invention is not intended to be limited thereto, but only by the scope of the attached claims.