Abstract:
A channel diode structure having a drift region and method of forming. A charge balanced channel diode structure having an electrode shield and method of forming.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The following co-pending patent applications are related and hereby incorporated by reference: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/______ (Texas Instruments docket number TI-67812, filed simultaneously with this application), and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/139,984 filed Jun. 16, 2008 Publication No. 20080246086. With its mention in this section, this patent application is not admitted to be prior art with respect to the present invention. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    This invention relates to the field of integrated circuits. More particularly, this invention relates to improved channel diode structures and methods of making the same. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    The function of a channel diode also called a pseudo-Schottky diode (reference U.S. Pat. No. 6,476,442) is described in  FIG. 1 . The forward biased current versus voltage curve of a conventional PN diode such as show in  FIG. 2  is given by curve  1004  in  FIG. 1 . A diode offset voltage of about 0.7 volts must be overcome before current begins to flow in the forward biased direction. The current in a PN diode consists of both majority and minority carriers. After the PN diode has carried a forward current, the voltage supporting region contains a mixture of minority and majority carriers and cannot support a reverse voltage until sufficient time has passed for the excess minority carriers to recombine so that a depletion region may reform. This results in the PN junction having a long recovery time when compared to a majority carrier only device. 
         [0004]    Current versus voltage curve,  1002 , is of a channel diode such as is illustrated in  FIG. 3 . The channel diode  3000  consists of an NMOS transistor,  3000 , with gate shorted to source and body in parallel with source to body PN diode  2000 . When the body potential of transistor  3000  begins to rise the source to body offset voltage is reduced and the turn on voltage of transistor  3000  is lowered due to the body effect. The rising source voltage also raises the voltage of the gate causing transistor  3000  to turn on at about 0.4 volts as shown by curve,  1002 , in  FIG. 1 . The lower turn on voltage of the channel diode results in less power loss than the conventional PN diode. In addition, since conduction through the channel of transistor,  3002 , in channel diode,  3000 , is majority carrier only, recovery time to begin supporting reverse voltages is virtually instantaneous and significantly faster than a PN diode. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0005]    The following presents a simplified summary in order to provide a basic understanding of one or more aspects of the invention. This summary is not an extensive overview of the invention, and is neither intended to identify key or critical elements of the invention, nor to delineate the scope thereof. Rather, the primary purpose of the summary is to present some concepts of the invention in a simplified form as a prelude to a more detailed description that is presented later. 
         [0006]    The invention is a channel diode structure and method of forming the same. The channel diode structure has a drift region that enables high voltage applications. In one embodiment the channel diode structure is a charge balanced channel diode structure. 
     
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE VIEWS OF THE DRAWING 
         [0007]      FIG. 1  is a graph of current versus voltage curves for a conventional diode and a channel diode. 
           [0008]      FIG. 2  (Prior art) is a schematic diagram of a conventional diode 
           [0009]      FIG. 3  (Prior art) is a schematic diagram of a channel diode. 
           [0010]      FIG. 4  (Prior art) is a graph of the electric field profile and a cross-sectional diagram of a conventional channel diode. 
           [0011]      FIG. 5  is a graph of the electric field profile and a cross-sectional diagram of a channel diode with a drift region formed according to principles of the invention. 
           [0012]      FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional diagram of a channel diode with a drift region and an electrode shield formed according to principles of the invention. 
           [0013]      FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional diagram of a channel diode with a drift region, an electrode shield, and a topside anode formed according to principles of the invention. 
           [0014]      FIG. 8  is a cross-sectional diagram of a channel diode with a drift region, an electrode shield, and a bottom side anode formed according to principles of the invention. 
           [0015]      FIG. 9A through 9J  are illustrations of steps in the fabrication of integrated circuits formed according to embodiments. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0016]    The present invention is described with reference to the attached figures, wherein like reference numerals are used throughout the figures to designate similar or equivalent elements. The figures are not drawn to scale and they are provided merely to illustrate the invention. Several aspects of the invention are described below with reference to example applications for illustration. It should be understood that numerous specific details, relationships, and methods are set forth to provide an understanding of the invention. One skilled in the relevant art, however, will readily recognize that the invention can be practiced without one or more of the specific details or with other methods. In other instances, well-known structures or operations are not shown in detail to avoid obscuring the invention. The present invention is not limited by the illustrated ordering of acts or events, as some acts may occur in different orders and/or concurrently with other acts or events. Furthermore, not all illustrated acts or events are required to implement a methodology in accordance with the present invention. 
         [0017]    A cross-sectional view of an NMOS channel diode is shown in  FIG. 4 . The conventional channel diode may be formed by shorting the gate  4008  to the source  4004  and the body  4002  using a shorting strap,  4010 . 
         [0018]    The graph below the cross-sectional view in  FIG. 4  shows the electric field distribution across the drain  4016 , transistor body  4002  diode junction  4012 . The vertical dashed line indicates the location of the PN junction. The area under the electric field curve  4020  is the maximum voltage that this junction can support (ie. the breakdown voltage.) 
         [0019]    An embodiment high voltage channel diode (HVCD) which may support a higher voltage is shown in  FIG. 5 . A lightly doped drift region  5014  has been formed between the gate  5008  and the heavily doped drain region  5016 . When a high voltage is applied to the drain  5016 , the drift region  5014  fully depletes. The drift region may be designed to drop sufficient voltage across the depleted drift region,  5014  to prevent damage to a low voltage gate oxide under the gate  5008 . The electric field distribution across the HVCD is shown in the graph below the cross-sectional view. The area under 
         [0020]    A second embodiment channel diode which may support a higher voltage is shown in  FIG. 6 . The strap that shorts the gate  6008  to the source  6004  and body  6002  is extended to form an electrode shield  6018  over a portion of the drift region  6014  forming a charge balanced channel diode (CBCD). The electric field distribution across CBCD is shown in the graph below the cross-sectional view of the embodiment CBCD. The electrode shield  6018  balances the charge in the drift region  6014  causing the electric field to remain approximately constant across the drift region  6014  underlying the electrode shield  6018 . This increases the area under the electric field curve  6020 . Since the area under the electric field curve  6020  is the maximum voltage that this region can support this increased area allows the charge balanced channel diode to support a higher voltage that the HVCD in  FIG. 5 . Alternatively a CBCD that supports a high voltage equivalent to the channel diode in  FIG. 5  may be built in a smaller area reducing cost. 
         [0021]    A channel diode similar to the CBCD in  FIG. 6  but including topside terminals is shown in  FIG. 7 . The CBCD is constructed in a p-epi layer  7006  which is grown on a p-substrate  7026 . The source  7004  and drift region  7014  are self aligned to the gate  7008 . The electrode shield  7018  shorts the gate  7008 , source  7004  and body  7002  together and overlies a portion of the drift region  7014 . When a high voltage is applied to the cathode terminal  7012  the lightly doped drift region  7014  fully depletes dropping sufficient voltage to protect the dielectric under the gate  7008 . When the voltage on the anode terminal  7030  starts to rise causing the source  7004 /body  7002  junction to start to forward bias, the body  7002  potential also starts to rise since it is shorted to the anode  7030 . This rise in body potential lowers the turn on voltage of the channel under the gate  7008 . In addition, since the gate  7008  is shorted to the anode,  7030 , the gate potential also starts to rise. The rise in gate  7008  voltage plus the lowering of the channel turn on voltage results in formation of a channel under the gate  9008  which begins to conduct before the source  7004 /body  7002  junction becomes forward biased. The conduction of the channel diode occurs at a lower voltage than the forward biased PN junction resulting in reduced operating power. In addition, since conduction through the CBCD is majority carrier only, recovery time to begin supporting reverse voltages is virtually instantaneous and significantly faster than a PN diode. This is especially advantageous for high frequency, high voltage power circuits. 
         [0022]    The series resistance of the interface between the topside anode contact  7028  and the transistor source  7004  may limit channel diode performance especially at high frequency and may also consume power. An embodiment channel diode with lower source series resistance is shown in  FIG. 8 . In this embodiment a low resistance p-sinker  8006  forms a low resistance path from the source  8004  to the substrate  8026 . The series resistance of this CBCD with a backside anode terminal  8030  may be significantly lower than the source resistance of the CBCD shown in  FIG. 7 . The performance of a CBCD with a backside anode,  8030 , may be significantly improved over the performance of a CBCD with a topside anode,  7030 , especially at high frequencies. In addition, the power consumed by a CBCD with a low resistance backside anode  8030  may be significantly less than the power consumed by a CBCD with a higher resistance topside anode,  7030 . 
         [0023]    The major steps in a process flow that may be used to form the CBCD in  FIG. 8  are illustrated in the cross sections in  FIGS. 9A through 9J . 
         [0024]    A cross section of a partially processed integrated circuit is shown in  FIG. 9A . A p-type layer,  9004  may be epitaxially grown on an p-type substrate  9000  that has been processed through shallow trench isolation (STI), and transistor turn on voltage (vt) implants. If core logic transistors (not shown) are also formed, the partially processed integrated circuit may also be processed through pwell and nwell implantation and anneal. A gate dielectric,  9006  is then grown or deposited followed by deposition of gate material,  9008 . A gate pattern,  9005 , is formed on the gate material. In an example embodiment, the p-type substrate is doped with boron with a dopant concentration greater than 1E19/cm 3 . The p-epi layer  9004  is grown to a thickness of 2 to 5 mm with a boron concentration of 1E14 to 5E16/cm 3 . The gate dielectric is a thermally grown silicon dioxide between 10 to 50 nm depending upon voltage requirements. The gate material is polysilicon or a polysilicon, tungsten silicide stack. 
         [0025]    The gate stack is etched to form transistor gate,  9008  in  FIG. 9B . 
         [0026]    In  FIG. 9C , the p-sinker photoresist pattern,  9014 , is formed and the sinker diffusion,  9006  is implanted,  9016 , and annealed. The sinker may be formed by a series of boron implants at several energies. A low energy implant may be used to dope the sinker near the surface, a medium energy implant to dope the sinker below the surface, and a higher energy implant near the p-substrate,  9000 , forming a low resistance connection between the surface of the integrated circuit and the p-substrate,  9000 . In an example embodiment, boron is implanted with doses in the range of 5E13 to 1E15/cm 2  and energies in the range of 15 to 150 key. The integrated circuit is then annealed between 750 C and 900 C for 20 to 90 minutes to diffuse and activate the sinker dopant. 
         [0027]    Although the p-sinker is shown to be formed using implants in this example embodiment, other means of forming the sinker may also be used. For example, a trench may first be etched down to the p-substrate,  9000 , and then filled with a conductive material such as doped polysilicon or a deep contact down to the p-substrate may be formed and filled with CVD-W. 
         [0028]    As shown in  FIG. 9D , a p-body photoresist pattern  9020  is formed and boron  9022  is implanted to form p-body,  9002 . In an example embodiment two implants are used to achieve a uniform p-body doping. In an example embodiment a first implant with a boron dose in the range of 1E13 to 8E13/cm 2  is implanted at 40 key and a second implant with a boron  11  dose in the range of 1E13 to 9E13/cm 2  is implanted with an energy of 100 key. 
         [0029]    In  FIG. 9E , offset sidewalls,  9035 , may be formed by conformally depositing a dielectric such as silicon dioxide or silicon nitride and performing an anisotropic etch. A blanket n-extension implant  9028  may be used to form the source extension,  9003  and the drift region  9014  self aligned to the gate  9008 . The n-extension implant  9028  may be a patterned implant in core CMOS logic areas to block the n-extension implant  9028  from pmos transistor areas. In an example embodiment, 8 nm to 15 nm SiO2 is deposited and anisotropically etched to form offset sidewall spacers,  9035 . The n-extension implant  9028  is a phosphorus implant with a dose in the range of 1E12 to 1E13/cm 2  and an energy in the range between 60 and 160 key. 
         [0030]    Sidewalls  9045 , may be formed by conformally depositing a dielectric such as silicon dioxide or silicon nitride and performing an anisotropic etch as shown in  FIG. 9F . An NSD photoresist pattern,  9038 , is then formed and n-type dopants are implanted,  9040 , to form the source diffusion,  9004  and the drain diffusion  9016 . In an example embodiment, SiO2 with a thickness of 40 to 150 nm is deposited and anisotropically etched to form sidewalls  9045 . NSD implant  9040  is an arsenic implant with a dose in the range of 3E14 to 1E16/cm 2  and an energy in the range of 20 to 100 key. 
         [0031]    In  FIG. 9G  a dielectric layer  9050  is deposited over the integrated circuit. A electrode shield contact photoresist pattern,  9052  is formed with openings over the electrode shield contact region,  9054 . In an example embodiment SiO2 with a thickness in the range of 100 nm to 300 nm is deposited. 
         [0032]    After dielectric layer  9050  is etched a substrate contact photoresist pattern  9057  is formed. The silicon is etched through the N+ source,  9004  to lower the resistance of the substrate contact,  9060 . A p-type dopant, such as boron is implanted,  9058  to form substrate contact,  9060  to p-body region,  9002 . An anneal is then performed to activate the dopant. In an example embodiment, the silicon is etched to a depth of approximately 250 nm and boron with a dose in the range of 2E15 and 5E15/cm 2  and energy in the range of 20 to 50 key is implanted to form substrate contact diffusion,  9060 . The anneal may be a rapid thermal anneal with a temperature in the range of 950 to 1050 C. 
         [0033]    The electrode shield material  9064  is deposited and patterned with electrode shield photoresist pattern,  9066 , as shown in  FIG. 91 . In an example embodiment the electrode shield is formed by depositing approximately 50 nm titanium plus approximately 60 nm titanium nitride and annealing using RTA at approximately 650 C. The titanium reacts with exposed silicon in the substrate  9060  and on the gate  9008  in the electrode shield contact region,  9054  to form titanium silicide which significantly lowers contact resistance. 
         [0034]    In  FIG. 9J  the electrode shield material  9064  is etched to form electrode shield  9068 . The electrode shield partially overlies drift region,  9014 , providing a charge balanced condition in the drift region  9014  which enables the extension to support a higher voltage over a shorter length drift region. This saves cost by reducing area and also improves performance by reducing series resistance. 
         [0035]    Premetal dielectric  9072 ; contact,  9074 , and first layer of interconnect,  9080  are formed using well known techniques. In an example embodiment, PMD is a multilayer dielectric deposition composed of a silicon nitride etch stop layer approximately 300 nm to 500 nm thick plus a phosphorus silicate glass layer (or boron-phosphorus silicate glass) with a thickness of between 1000 and 2500 nm. The surface is planarized using CMP. In the example embodiment contact,  9074 , is lined with about 60 nm titanium plus 40 nm TiN and filled with a CVD-W plug. The interconnect layer in an example embodiment is a stack composed of approximately 60 nm Ti, 40 nm TiN, 3000 nm Al (0.5% Cu), and 35 nm TiN. 
         [0036]    The embodiment CBCD shown in  FIG. 9J  has a topside cathode,  9080  and a backside anode,  9030 . This configuration offers higher performance and lower power operation especially at high frequencies. 
         [0037]    As mentioned before various channel diode and charge balanced channel diode designs are possible. In addition, channel diode and charge balanced channel diode designs with a p+ source and lightly doped p-type drift regions are also possible. 
         [0038]    While various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only and not limitation. Numerous changes to the disclosed embodiments can be made in accordance with the disclosure herein without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above described embodiments. Rather, the scope of the invention should be defined in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.