Abstract:
A transmitting device comprising a transmitter, an antenna and a tuning means comprising a matching network connectable between the transmitter and the antenna, the matching network comprising a plurality of capacitors; characterized in that the tuning means further comprises a means of selectively individually adjusting the capacitors to increase the output power of the transmitting device.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to a transmitting device and method of tuning same. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Short range, license-free, wireless applications operating in the Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM) bands (e.g. door openers, tire pressure monitoring systems (TPMS), wireless mice and wireless local area networks (WLANs)) have become popular in recent years. Such applications typically comprise one or more transmitting devices, which transmit a radio signal to one or more receiving devices. On receipt of a signal from the transmitting device(s), the receiving device(s) take an appropriate action. 
     Transmitting device(s) are typically mobile, handheld devices, which comprise a transmitter (for generating signals), an antenna (for transmitting the signals) and a battery (as an internal energy source for such transmissions). However, the batteries are usually quite small. Thus, power consumption is a critical factor in the design of such transmitting device(s). 
     The antenna in a transmitting device is a load on the device&#39;s transmitter. Maximally efficient power transfer between a transmitter and an antenna is only achieved when the transmitter impedance is the complex conjugate of the antenna impedance. However, the sensitivity of antenna impedance to surrounding conditions is making the task of matching the impedances of antennas and transmitters quite difficult. Attempts to solve this problem have been ongoing for some time. 
     Integration Associates (Automatic Antenna Tuning RF Transmitter IC Applying High Q Antenna—White Paper Ver. 1.0 (IA ISM-WP1), Integration Associates Inc., 2004) and Micrel (MICRF103 QwikRadio (trademark) ASK Transmitter FINAL, June 2002) have proposed a solution in which a single capacitor adjusts the reactive part of antenna impedance. However, any reduction in impedance mismatch achieved by this method would be limited, as it does not take into account the resistive components of the antenna impedance and transmitter impedance. Moreover, the Integration Associates and Micrel solutions are only applicable to source current transmitters, as the measurements used to match the impedances are phase differences between the base and collector of a transistor in a switched current source configuration. 
     U.S. Patent Application US2005219132 describes a system in which two capacitors of a PI matching network are tuned. Impedance matching is achieved by measuring the voltage and the phase difference between the input and output of the matching network. However, the system described in US2005219132 requires A/D convertors and a phase comparator and would be difficult to implement at the frequency of 868 MHz typically employed in automotive applications. 
     U.S. Patent Application US2005003771 describes a circuit for automatically tuning a resonant circuit in a transceiver. The circuit adjusts a single capacitor connected between the two outputs of a differential amplifier, wherein the adjustments are made on the basis of the phase difference between the input and the output of the amplifier. However, in a similar manner to the Integration Associates and Micrel solutions, the circuit in US2005003771 only provides reactive impedance matching. Furthermore, the circuit does not work with Class C amplifiers. 
     More generally, by using only a single adjustable capacitor, prior art solutions available at frequencies of 434-868 MHz have limited ability to match the impedances of a transmitter and antenna. In particular, whilst the prior art solutions provide reactive impedance cancellation, they do not provide conjugate matching. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a transmitting device and method of tuning the transmitting device as described in the accompanying claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a transmitting device with a matching network between the antenna and transmitter; 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram of a tuning apparatus in accordance with one embodiment of the invention, given by way of example; 
         FIG. 3  is a circuit diagram of a voltage sensor in the embodiment of  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 4  is a Smith chart showing the operation of the optimisation algorithm employed in the embodiment of  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 5   a  is a Smith chart of a detuned matching network for a transmitting device operating at 433 MHz; 
         FIG. 5   b  is a Smith chart showing the different matching points possible with an adjustment of a first capacitor in a matching network controlled by the embodiment of  FIG. 2  in the transmitting device of  FIG. 5   a;    
         FIG. 5   c  is a Smith chart showing the different matching points possible with an adjustment of a second capacitor in the matching network controlled by the embodiment of  FIG. 2  in the transmitting device of  FIG. 5   a , following the adjustment of the first capacitor in  FIG. 5   b;    
         FIG. 6   a  is a Smith chart showing the operation of a conventional matching network in a transmitting device under free field conditions; 
         FIG. 6   b  is a Smith chart showing the operation of the conventional matching network of  FIG. 6   a , wherein the impedance of the antenna has been altered by the hand-effect; 
         FIG. 6   c  is a Smith chart showing the operation of a matching network controlled by the embodiment of  FIG. 2  in a transmitting device under free field conditions; and 
         FIG. 6   d  is a Smith chart showing the operation of a matching network controlled by the embodiment of  FIG. 2  in  FIG. 6   c , wherein the impedance of the antenna has been altered by the hand-effect. 
     
    
    
     Table 1 shows the power loss of a conventional matching network, prior art reactive impedance matching network and matching network controlled by the embodiment of  FIG. 2  under free field conditions and when the impedance of an antenna has been altered by the hand-effect. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , a transmitter  10  comprises a data source  12  whose data modulates an RF signal (from an RF source  14 ), which is subsequently amplified by an amplifier  16 . The signal from the transmitter  10  is forwarded through a matching network  18  to an antenna  20  for transmission to a receiver (not shown). 
     Remote key or TPMS transmitting devices typically employ high Q antennas (that have a highly reactive impedance due to their small size). Accordingly, all its components must be very accurately tuned. For example, the antenna and transmitter impedance must be well defined. However, antennas are very sensitive to detuning. For example, interaction with nearby objects (e.g. the human body [the so-called ‘hand effect’] or a car) can drastically change the impedance of an antenna. 
     As previously mentioned, for maximum efficiency, the impedance of an antenna (Z LOAD ) should be matched to the impedance of its transmitter (Z GEN ). In practise, the matching network  18  achieves this matching. The matching network  18  is in effect a transformer that changes the U/I ratio between the transmitter  10  and the antenna  20 . The matching network  18  typically comprises at least two capacitors C LOAD  and C GEN  and an inductor L. By varying the inductance (L) and capacitances C LOAD  and C GEN , the matching network  18  may be tuned to the impedance of the antenna  20 . 
     Once tuned, a matching network  18  is optimal for only one impedance. Thus, any changes in the impedance of the antenna  20  will affect the efficiency of the transmitting device. Indeed, in extreme conditions, the loss in efficiency can be as high as 10 dB with a small loop antenna. In such cases, the only way to maintain optimal matching between the impedances of the antenna  20  and transmitter  10  is by manual adjustment of the matching network  18 . 
     Some prior art solutions, automatically adjust the capacitance of the transmitter to minimize the reactance presented to the power amplifier. Another approach is to widen the characteristics of the antenna and matching network by lowering the quality factor of both. In this case, surrounding conditions have less effect on the impedance of the antenna. However, the overall efficiency of the transmitting device is reduced. 
     Alternatively, the transmitting device may be specifically designed to cope with a wide variety of environmental conditions by increasing the RF power of its transmissions. However, this wastes battery energy, thereby reducing battery life or increasing battery size and cost. This is especially problematic in automotive applications, which are particularly sensitive to cost and energy issues. 
     The present invention extends on the structure of a conventional matching network, by integrating its capacitors C LOAD  and C GEN  into a chip that automatically adjusts both of them to maximise the output power of a transmitting device. More particularly, and referring to  FIG. 2 , the present invention comprises two capacitors C LOAD  and C GEN  connected to ground, wherein the capacitors are adjustable by means of a plurality of parallel capacitor banks  30 ,  32  switched by a state machine  34 . The capacitors C LOAD  and C GEN  are typically provided in a PI arrangement. Other arrangements are also possible (e.g. T arrangement, differential arrangement, etc.) but are less convenient to implement. 
     The state machine  34  is further connected to a voltage sensor  36 . The voltage sensor  36  measures the output power of the transmitting device as a voltage on one of the capacitors C LOAD  and C GEN  (since voltage is related to the square of power at fixed impedance). Accordingly, the present invention measures the voltage directly at the input to the antenna system. This contrasts with the prior art systems that measure power, for example, at the input to the matching network. However, measurements of voltage directly at the input to the antenna provide a more reliable parameter than measurements at the input to the matching network. 
     The output power measurement provided by the voltage sensor  36  is not an absolute value. However, only relative measurements are needed to detect an increase or decrease in the output power of the transmitting device. Referring to  FIG. 3 , the voltage sensor  36  comprises a logarithmic detector  40  with a given gain (expressed in mV/dB) which converts an input RF signal to a DC voltage on capacitor C 1 . This voltage is compared by comparator U 5  with a previously sampled voltage in capacitor C 3 . The output from the comparator U 5  will be high (i.e. value=‘1’) if the RF signal and the detected DC voltage on capacitor C 1  is greater than a previously stored one. Any change of DC level greater than the offset of comparator U 5  is detected. Hence, it may be necessary to have some amplification in the logarithmic detector  40  to achieve the required sensitivity. 
     Returning to  FIG. 2 , the state machine  34  implements an algorithm that tunes the capacitors C LOAD  and C GEN  by optimising the output power of the transmitter. Accordingly, the output power measurement from the voltage sensor  36  is forwarded to the state machine  34 , which then decides, in accordance with the algorithm, which of the two capacitors C LOAD  and C GEN  should be changed to optimize the output power of the transmitting device. 
     By adjusting the two capacitors C LOAD  and C GEN  in this fashion, the impedance matching range of the present invention is considerably increased, both in the real and imaginary directions. In particular, the present invention overcomes the limitations of the prior art by acting on both the reactive and resistive parts of the impedances and thereby providing conjugate matching of the antenna to the transmitter. In higher power systems, all three elements of a matching network (i.e. the two capacitors C LOAD  and C GEN  and the induction coil) are often variable. However, this is not practical in a fully integrated system. Furthermore, the complexity of the optimization algorithm would become excessive, particularly in a “mobile” environment. 
     By using peak voltage measurements rather than phase measurements, the present invention functions regardless of the nature of the transmitter. Thus, the present invention is operable with high efficiency Class-C transmitters. Further, as the matching network (i.e. of the capacitors C LOAD  and C GEN ) usually has a high Q, the invention also compensates component tolerances in the matching network and drift (thermal, ageing, etc). 
     The present invention automatically adjusts the matching network between a transmitter and an antenna (or any load) and optimizes power transfer therebetween even if:
         the antenna impedance changes (e.g. in handheld devices);   and/or the matching network components vary (and the high Q of the matching network makes all such variations critical).       

     Since the present invention automatically adjusts the matching network in a transmitting device regardless of its surrounding conditions, the power sent to the antenna is always at a maximum. In particular, the improvements in power transfer provided by the present invention can be as high as 10 dB. As a result, the RF power to the antenna in the transmitting device can be reduced, thereby saving battery energy and enabling the size and cost of the battery to be reduced. 
     The present invention is not restricted to automotive applications and in particular is also applicable to any system employing remote sensors or peripherals (e.g. alarms, weather stations etc.). These systems may use Zigbee, Bluetooth etc. 
     The optimization algorithm optimizes each capacitor C LOAD  and C GEN  one after another, in accordance with the impedance ratio. Several optimization paths can be programmed (which may be necessary for high Q matching network). 
     The optimization of each capacitor C LOAD  and C GEN  is done by ramping up or down a register that switches the capacitor banks  30 ,  32 . The optimisation algorithm stops when the maximum output power is found or when the register reaches a limit (or a maximum or minimum value is found for one of the capacitors C LOAD  and C GEN  if the absolute optimum cannot be reached). The optimisation algorithm may employ a hill-climbing approach or any other suitable optimisation approach. 
       FIG. 4  shows a variety of impedance matching possibilities for a given transmitting device. The impedance matching possibilities are depicted as black dots and collectively represent the search space within which the optimization algorithm can search to find the optimal matching impedance. The triangle represents the impedance of the transmitter (Z GEN ) and the cross X represents the impedance of the antenna (Z LOAD ). In effect, the optimization algorithm finds the black dot closest to the cross (X). In other words, the optimization algorithm finds the matching impedance (shown by a square) that most closely matches the antenna impedance. 
     Referring to  FIG. 5   a , we see an intentional detuning of a matching network at 433 MHz, so that the output impedance of the network is no longer 50Ω. Referring to  FIG. 5   b , by changing the capacitance of capacitor C LOAD  in 16 steps of 3 pF, various matching points are joined. Referring to  FIG. 5   c , by additionally changing the capacitance of capacitor C GEN  in 16 steps of 0.5 pF, a network of matching points is drawn. The present invention is able to match all those points perfectly and the surrounding location with minimum mismatch. 
     Performance Test 
     Let an antenna have an impedance of 4+j100Ω in a free field. A conventional matching network is designed to match a 50Ω transmitter to the antenna impedance of 4+j100Ω. Let the antenna&#39;s impedance when modified by the hand-effect be 10+j70Ω. The loss in output power of the transmitting device arising from the mismatch of the transmitter impedance with the modified antenna impedance is calculated. Similar calculations are performed for a matching network controlled by the present invention. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6   a , under free field conditions, the conventional matching network achieves close matching with the antenna impedance; and the loss in the output power of the transmitting device is −0.04 dB. However, referring to  FIG. 6   b , when the antenna impedance is altered by the hand-effect, the conventional matching network is no longer capable of matching the antenna impedance; and the loss in the output power of the transmitting device is −8.82 dB. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6   c , under free field conditions, the matching network controlled by the present invention also achieves close matching with the antenna impedance; and the loss in the output power of the transmitting device is −0.05 dB. However, referring to  FIG. 6   d , when the antenna impedance is altered by the hand-effect, the matching network controlled by the present invention, in contrast with the conventional matching network (of  FIG. 5   b ), is still capable of achieving close matching with the antenna impedance; and the loss in the output power of the transmitting device is −0.63 dB. 
     A similar study was performed of the network controlled by the present invention wherein only the C GEN  capacitance was changed (i.e. to provide only reactive impedance cancellation in a similar fashion to a number of the afore-mentioned prior art systems). Table 1 compares the performance of a conventional matching network, the reactive cancellation only network and the matching network controlled by the present invention (in which both capacitors are adjusted). Referring to Table 1, it can be seen that the present invention has superior performance compared to the conventional matching network and reactive part cancellation approach. In particular, the present invention has a power loss of approximately 5 dB less than the reactive cancellation approach and 8 dB better than the conventional matching network in the present example. 
     Alterations and modifications may be made to the above without departing from the scope of the invention. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Variability of Power Loss in a Transmitting Device Under Different 
               
               
                 Operating Conditions with Different Impedance Matching Networks 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Power Loss under 
                 Power Loss with Hand 
                   
               
               
                 Type of Impedance 
                 Free Field 
                 Effect to Antenna 
                 Vari- 
               
               
                 Matching Network 
                 Z out  = 10 + j70 
                 Z out  = 4 + j100 
                 ability 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Present Invention 
                 0.05 dB 
                 0.63 dB 
                 0.58 dB 
               
               
                 Reactive Impedance 
                 0.05 dB 
                 5.81 dB 
                 5.76 dB 
               
               
                 Matching Only 
               
               
                 Conventional 
                 0.04 dB 
                 8.82 dB 
                 8.78 dB 
               
               
                 Matching Network