Abstract:
An image sensor includes a photosensing element for receiving infrared (IR) radiation and detecting the IR radiation and generating an electrical signal indicative of the IR radiation. A redistribution layer (RDL) is disposed under the photosensing element, the RDL comprising pattern of conductors for receiving the electrical signal. An IR reflection layer, an IR absorption layer or an isolation layer is disposed between the photosensing element and the RDL. The IR reflection layer, IR absorption layer or isolation layer provides a barrier to IR radiation such that the IR radiation does not impinge upon the RDL. As a result, a ghost image of the RDL is not generated, resulting in reduced noise and improved sensitivity and performance of the image sensor.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     1. Technical Field 
     This disclosure is related to image sensors and, in particular, to image sensors in which ghost images caused by reflection of infrared (IR) radiation are substantially reduced or eliminated. 
     2. Discussion of Related Art 
     Image sensors with both visible and near infrared (NIR) capability have been used in automotive sensors in such applications as driver assistance applications and safety applications, such as pedestrian, obstruction and sign detection, rear-view or back-up camera applications, etc. Such sensors can operate in a dual mode, which allows them to function both in daylight (in the visible light spectrum application) and night vision (in the IR application). This newly incorporated IR capability is made possible by the development and implementation of a number of process-level enhancements that expand the senors&#39; spectral light sensitivity to about 1050 nm, which is well into the NIR range of 750-1400 nm. 
     One drawback of this dual-mode capability is that the new sensitivity in the NIR range has resulted in IR ghost images being created. In certain situations, IR radiation can be reflected, such as, for example, by a redistribution layer (RDL) of the image sensor, and then detected by the image sensor. This introduces noise into the image sensor and, therefore, reduces the sensitivity of the image sensor. 
     SUMMARY 
     According to a first aspect, an image sensor is provided. The image sensor includes a photosensing element for receiving infrared (IR) radiation and detecting the IR radiation and generating an electrical signal indicative of the IR radiation. A redistribution layer (RDL) is disposed under the photo sensing element, the RDL comprising a pattern of conductors for receiving the electrical signal. An IR reflection layer is disposed between the photo sensing element and the RDL, said IR reflection layer reflecting a reflected portion of the IR radiation back to the photo sensing element such that the reflected portion of the IR radiation does not impinge upon the RDL. 
     According to another aspect, an image sensor is provided. The image sensor includes a photosensing element for receiving infrared (IR) radiation and detecting the IR radiation and generating an electrical signal indicative of the IR radiation. A redistribution layer (RDL) is disposed under the photo sensing element, the RDL comprising a pattern of conductors for receiving the electrical signal. An IR absorption layer is disposed between the photo sensing element and the RDL, IR absorption layer absorbing the IR radiation such that a substantial portion of the IR radiation does not impinge upon the RDL. 
     According to another aspect, an image sensor is provided. The image sensor includes a photosensing element for receiving infrared (IR) radiation and detecting the IR radiation and generating an electrical signal indicative of the IR radiation. A redistribution layer (RDL) is disposed under the photo sensing element, the RDL comprising a pattern of conductors for receiving the electrical signal. An isolation layer is disposed between the photosensing element and the RDL, the isolation layer being adapted to absorb the IR radiation such that a substantial portion of the IR radiation does not impinge upon the RDL. 
     According to another aspect, an image sensor is provided. The image sensor includes a photosensing element for receiving infrared (IR) radiation and detecting the IR radiation and generating an electrical signal indicative of the IR radiation. A redistribution layer (RDL) is disposed under the photo sensing element, the RDL comprising a pattern of conductors for receiving the electrical signal. An IR barrier layer is disposed between the photo sensing element and the RDL, said IR barrier layer preventing the IR radiation from impinging upon the RDL. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The foregoing and other features and advantages will be apparent from the more particular description of preferred embodiments, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the preferred embodiments. In the drawings, the sizes and thicknesses of layers, regions and features may be exaggerated for clarity. 
         FIG. 1  includes a schematic cross-sectional illustration of an image sensor, illustrating reflection of IR radiation, which can result in generation of an undesirable ghost image. 
         FIG. 2A  includes a clear image, i.e., a control image, in which no ghost image has been formed. 
         FIG. 2B  includes an image in which a ghost image is formed. 
         FIG. 3  includes a schematic cross-sectional illustration of an image sensor which can generate a ghost image of the RDL of the image sensor. 
         FIG. 4  includes a schematic cross-sectional illustration of another image sensor which can generate a ghost image of the RDL of the image sensor. 
         FIG. 5  includes a schematic cross-sectional diagram of an image sensor including an IR reflection layer, according to some exemplary embodiments. 
         FIG. 6  includes a schematic cross-sectional diagram of another image sensor including an IR reflection layer, according to some exemplary embodiments. 
         FIG. 7  contains a table which provides examples related to the exemplary embodiments described herein in which multiple transparent sub-layers of dielectric materials achieve constructive reflection. 
         FIG. 8  includes a graph which illustrates a profile of reflection percentage as a function of wavelength for the multi-layer dielectric materials structure defined in the table of  FIG. 7 . 
         FIG. 9  includes a graph which illustrates a profile of reflection percentage as a function of wavelength for a single layer of aluminum having a thickness of 125.96 nm. 
         FIG. 10  includes a graph which illustrates a profile of reflection percentage as a function of wavelength for a single layer of chromium having a thickness of 64.72 nm. 
         FIG. 11  includes a schematic cross-sectional diagram of an image sensor device, including an IR absorption layers, according to some exemplary embodiments. 
         FIG. 12  includes a schematic cross-sectional diagram of another image sensor device, including an IR absorption layers, according to some exemplary embodiments. 
         FIG. 13  includes a graph which illustrates absorption (%) vs. wavelength for a metal-dielectric-metal sandwich absorption layer having a chromium-SiO 2 -chromium sandwich structure, according to some exemplary embodiments. 
         FIG. 14  includes a graph which illustrates absorption (%) vs. wavelength for a metal-dielectric-metal sandwich absorption layer having a nickel-SiO 2 -nickel sandwich structure, according to some exemplary embodiments. 
         FIG. 15  includes a graph which illustrates a profile of absorption percentage as a function of wavelength for a single layer of chromium having a thickness of 16.85 nm. 
         FIG. 16  includes a graph which illustrates a profile of absorption percentage as a function of wavelength for a single layer of nickel having a thickness of 11.85 nm. 
         FIG. 17  includes a schematic cross-sectional diagram of an image sensor having a multi-functional isolation layer, which significantly absorbs IR light, according to some exemplary embodiments. 
         FIGS. 18A-18C  are images which illustrate the results of the approaches of the exemplary embodiments used in reducing or eliminating ghost imaging, specifically, ghost imaging of the RDL of an image sensor. Specifically,  FIG. 18A  is an image produced without any IR barrier layer.  FIG. 18B  is an image illustrating the effects of adding an IR reflection barrier layer between the RDL and the sensing layer, according to some exemplary embodiments.  FIG. 18C  is an image illustrating the effects of adding an IR absorption barrier layer between the RDL and the sensing layer, according to some exemplary embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , an image sensor  10  can be formed of multiple layers, which can include a photosensitive sensing layer  12 , which can include photodetectors and which detects both visible and IR light and generates electrical signals indicative of attributes, e.g., intensity, of the detected light, and outputs the electrical signals. Light enters the sensing layer  12  through a window  26 , which is defined by a layer of pixel lenses  16  and a layer of color filters  14 , which are formed on the sensing layer  12 . Color filters  14  may include RGB (red, green and blue) filters arranged in various patters, such as the Bayer Pattern as known in the art. They may additionally include panchromatic filters, i.e., clear filters. 
     An isolation layer  18  is formed beneath sensing layer  12 . A redistribution layer (RDL)  20 , which includes a pattern of conductive traces for conducting electrical signals, e.g., the electrical signals generated by sensing layer  12 , as required, is formed under isolation layer  18 . An isolating protective passivation layer  22  can be formed beneath and within RDL  20  to protect the conductive layer traces from the external environment, such that undesirable open or short circuits in RDL  20 , which could be caused by exposure to the external environment and which could render image sensor  10  inoperable, are prevented. A pattern of conductive input/output (I/O) pads  24 , illustrated in  FIG. 1  in the form of conductive solder bumps, is formed within passivation layer  22  in electrical contact with RDL  20  as appropriate to make electrical contact between the external environment and the pattern of conductive traces in RDL  20 . RDL  20  is a patterned metal layer of wiring which enables electrical bonding from various locations internal to image sensor  10  out to external I/O pads  24 . RDL  20  is important to the electrical linking of internal components of image sensor  10  to external components. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , light  28 , which includes IR light, and, specifically, NIR light, enters sensing layer  12  of image sensor  10  through lenses  16  and filters  14  in window  26 , where it is sensed by the photodetectors in sensing layer  12 . Because IR light has relatively long wavelengths, it may travel deeper through sensing layer  12 . As a result, the IR light may reach RDL  20  and be reflected back into sensing layer  12 , as illustrated in  FIG. 1  by reflected portion  30  of IR light  28 . Reflected portion  30  of IR light  28  is then detected by sensing layer  12 , which then produces a ghost image of RDL  20 . Additionally, IR light may also enter image sensor  10  through the back side, can penetrate passivation layer  22 , RDL  20  and isolation layer  18  into sensing layer  12 , and, therefore, can contribute further to generation of a ghost image. 
       FIGS. 2A and 2B  include images illustrating the ghost image that can be formed as described above in connection with  FIG. 1 .  FIG. 2A  includes a clear image, i.e., a control image, in which no ghost image has been formed.  FIG. 2B  includes an image in which a ghost image is formed. As clearly seen in  FIG. 2B , an image of RDL  20 , showing its conductive traces and pads, is generated within the clear image of the region being viewed. That is, reflected portion  30  of IR light  28  carries the information regarding the shape of RDL  20  and adds that information to the information used in generating the image of  FIG. 2B . As noted above, this result is highly undesirable since it lowers the sensitivity of image sensor  10  and degrades the quality of images generated by image sensor  10 . It is noted that the images in  FIGS. 2A and 2B  were generated by an image sensor  10  operating at a wavelength range of λ=900˜1200 nm, as an exemplary illustration. It is noted that other wavelength ranges are possible and are within the scope of the present disclosure. 
     Possible approaches to reducing the ghost image are illustrated in  FIGS. 3 and 4 , which are schematic cross-sectional illustrations of image sensors  110  and  120 , respectively. Various elements of image sensors  110  and  120  are the same as corresponding elements of image sensor  10  described above in detail in connection with  FIG. 1 . These like elements are identified by like reference numerals. Detailed description of these like elements will not be repeated. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , image sensors  110  and  120  include a layer or coating of black photoresist (BPR)  40  and  42 , respectively, applied to their top side and/or bottom side, respectively. Specifically, image sensor  110  of  FIG. 3  includes a layer  40  of BPR applied to its top side, and image sensor  120  of  FIG. 4  includes a layer  42  of BPR applied to its bottom side. The layers  40  and  42  of BPR are opaque to IR radiation and, therefore, any IR radiation impinging on the BPR does not penetrate. However, referring to  FIG. 3 , even though the BPR  40  is applied to the top side of image sensor  110  and stops IR light  31  from penetrating down to reach RDL  20 , the window  26  which exposes the active area of the device must remain unblocked to allow the radiation/light  28  to penetrate to sensing layer  12  to be detected. As a result, IR light cannot be completely prevented from reflecting from the RDL  20  to produce the reflected portion  30  of the radiation/light, which results in generation of the ghost image. 
     Referring to  FIG. 4 , BPR layer  42  is formed on the back or bottom side of image sensor  120 . It should be noted that it is desirable that the BPR  42  not cover the solder balls or pads  24  on the back side of the device, such that electrical connection to the device is not hindered by BPR  42 . As illustrated in  FIG. 4 , the same situation regarding the reflected portion  30  of radiation/light exists, that is, portion  30  is reflected from RDL  20  back into sensing layer  12 , such that the ghost image is generated. However, BPR layer  42  on the back side of image sensor  120  prevents IR light  33  from penetrating into the device. As a result, IR light  33  does not contribute to the ghost image. 
     According to exemplary embodiments, to prevent ghost images caused by reflection of IR light from the RDL, an IR barrier layer is disposed between the sensing layer and the RDL. According to some exemplary embodiments, the IR barrier layer is an IR reflection layer, and in some exemplary embodiments, the IR barrier layer is an IR absorption layer.  FIGS. 5 and 6  include schematic cross-sectional diagrams of image sensor devices  200  and  300 , respectively, including IR reflection layers, according to some exemplary embodiments. Referring to  FIGS. 5 and 6 , various elements of image sensors  200  and  300  are the same as corresponding elements of image sensors  10 ,  110 , and  120  described above in detail in connection with  FIGS. 1 ,  3  and  4 , respectively. These like elements are identified by like reference numerals. Detailed description of these like elements will not be repeated. 
     Referring to  FIG. 5 , an image sensor  200  includes an additional IR reflection layer  250  over isolation layer  18 . IR reflection layer  250  reflects IR light  28  which penetrates through sensing layer  212  to generate a reflected portion  30  of IR light. Reflected portion  30  of the IR light passes back through sensing layer  212  where it is detected and, as a result, contributes to the image generated by image sensor  200 . However, because the IR light  28  is reflected back by IR reflection layer  250  before it reaches RDL  20 , a ghost image of RDL  20  including conductive traces, pads, etc., as illustrated in  FIG. 2B , is not generated and, therefore, does not affect the image generated by image sensor  200 . That is, even though reflected portion  30  of the IR light is added to the image generated by image sensor  200  and, therefore, does introduce some noise in the form of additional IR light detection, a ghost image of RDL  20  is not formed and does not become part of the final image generated by image sensor  200 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , image sensor  200  can also include BPR layer or film  42  applied to its back surface. BPR layer or film  42  blocks, i.e., absorbs, IR light  33  incident on the back side of image sensor  200 , thus preventing IR light  33  from introducing noise and, therefore, degrading the image generated by image sensor  200 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 6 , another image sensor  300  according to exemplary embodiments is illustrated. Image sensor  300  is the same as image sensor  200  described above in connection with  FIG. 5 , with the exception that image sensor  300  includes a BPR layer or film  240  applied to the front or top side of image sensor  300 , instead of the back or bottom side. In this embodiment, IR light  31  incident on the top or front surface of image sensor  300  in the non-active region of the device is blocked, i.e., absorbed, such that it does not enter sensing layer  212  and, therefore, does not introduce noise or degrade the image generated by image sensor  300 . 
     In image sensor  300  of  FIG. 6 , BPR layer or film  240  must remain open at window  26  such that IR light  28  can enter sensing layer  212  and be detected. Some of the IR light  28  completely penetrates sensing layer  212  and is reflected back into sensing layer  212  by IR reflection layer  250 , such that it is detected by sensing layer  212  and is, therefore, included in the image generated by image sensor  300 , thus introducing some noise and image degradation. However, once again, because the IR light  28  does not reach RDL  20 , no ghost image of RDL  20  is formed, and, therefore, substantial noise and image degradation is eliminated. 
     It will be noted that the embodiments of image sensors  200  and  300  illustrated in  FIGS. 5 and 6  include BPR layers or films formed on their back/bottom and front/top sides, respectively. It will be understood that, within the scope of this disclosure, either of image sensors  200  and  300  can include a BPR layer or film on either its back/bottom side, its front/top side, both its back/bottom side and its front/top side, or neither its back/bottom nor its front/top side. 
     According to exemplary embodiments, IR reflection layer  250  can be a single layer or can be formed of multiple layers or sub-layers. These various configurations of IR reflection layer  250  are described below in detail. In  FIGS. 5 and 6 , IR reflection layer  250  is illustrated by including dashed horizontal lines to illustrate the optional multi-sub-layer configurations. It will be understood that three layers are illustrated by the dashed lines for the sake of providing a clear and complete description and are exemplary only. Any number of sub-layers can be used within the scope of this disclosure. 
     As noted above, according to exemplary embodiments, IR reflection layer  250  can take on any of several possible configurations. For example, in some exemplary embodiments, reflection layer  250  uses constructive reflection to achieve almost total reflection using multiple transparent sub-layers. In some exemplary embodiments, a single layer of reflective metal is used for reflection layer  250 . The single reflective metal layer does not generally achieve as high a level of reflection as the configuration having multiple transparent sub-layers; however, the single reflective metal layer is generally thinner than the multiple transparent sub-layers. 
     In the embodiments having multiple transparent sub-layers of dielectric materials, constructive reflection refers to using multiple layers to achieve a high degree of reflection. There are generally two factors that contribute to an increased level of reflection. 
     First, at a simple interface between two dielectric materials, the amplitude of reflected light is a function of the ratio of the refractive indices of the two materials, the polarization of the incident light, and the angle of incidence. For example, at normal incidence, i.e., incident light is perpendicular to the interface, the relative amplitude of the reflected light, as a proportion of the incident light, is given by (1−p)/(1+p), where p=n 1 /n 2 , and intensity is the square of this expression, i.e., ((n 2 −n 1 )/(n 2 +n 1 )) 2 , wherein n 1  and n 2  are the refractive indices of the first and second dielectric materials, respectively. Thus, the greater the difference between refractive indices of the materials, the greater the reflection. For example, for an air/glass interface, n 1 =1 (air), and n 2 =1.5 (glass), so the intensity of the reflected light is 4% of the incident light. Multiple sub-layers of dielectric material will introduce multiple interfaces. As a result, the amount of reflection will increase with additional layers. 
     Second, the thicknesses of the layers may be chosen so as to reinforce reflected light through constructive interference. This is accomplished through use of a type of interference coating that strengthens reflection. Reflection interference is the opposite of the more commonly known anti-reflection interference, where the thicknesses of the layers are chosen so that the reflected light will destructively interfere and cancel each other since they are exactly out of phase. In reflection interference, the thicknesses of the layers are chosen so that the reflected light will constructively interfere and reinforce each other since they are in phase. 
       FIG. 7  contains a table which provides examples related to the exemplary embodiments described above in which multiple transparent sub-layers of dielectric materials achieve constructive reflection. Referring to the table of  FIG. 7 , two sets of parameters are manipulated to maximize IR reflection. For the first factor of utilizing multiple interfaces of dielectric materials with proper refractive indices, SiO 2  (n=1.455) and TiO 2  (n=2.37) are arranged in an alternating fashion to form an IR reflection layer with 19 sub-layers. For the second factor of choosing specific thicknesses to reinforce reflection interference, thicknesses of each layer in nanometers (nm) are included in the table of  FIG. 7 . Referring to the specific exemplary embodiment defined in the table of  FIG. 7 , as a result of the selections of materials and the quantity and thicknesses of layers, for IR light with a wavelength between 900 and 1200 nm, a total reflection of 98% is achieved with this multi-layered structure. It will be understood that different reflections can be realized by selections of different materials and quantities and thicknesses of layers. 
       FIG. 8  includes a graph which illustrates a profile of reflection percentage as a function of wavelength for the multi-layer dielectric materials structure defined in the table of  FIG. 7 . As shown in the graph of  FIG. 8 , the reflection achieved is almost 100% throughout the entire 900-1200 nm spectral range. 
     As noted above, in other exemplary embodiments, a single layer of reflective metal is used for the IR reflection layer. When a single layer of metal material is used, the IR reflection layer may be made considerably thinner than the multi-layer dielectric materials structure. However, the reflection performance is not as good as that of the multi-layer dielectric materials approach. Furthermore, increasing the thickness of the metal layer will not increase reflection beyond a certain point. 
     In some particular exemplary embodiments, when a single layer of, for example, aluminum, is used, reflection of IR (wavelength in the range of 900-1200 nm) will be capped at 89% when the thickness of the layer is 126 nm. A thickness of more than 126 nm will not increase reflection further. If the thickness of the layer is less than 126 nm, reflection will decrease.  FIG. 9  includes a graph which illustrates a profile of reflection percentage as a function of wavelength for a single layer of aluminum having a thickness of 125.96 nm. Referring to  FIG. 9 , it is readily observed that the reflection performance is not as good as that of the multi-layered dielectric materials structure, although the aluminum IR reflection layer is considerably thinner. 
     As another example, when a single layer of chromium is used, IR reflection will be capped at 60% at a thickness of 65 nm. Thickness of more than 65 nm will not increase reflection. If the thickness is less than 65 nm, the reflection will decrease.  FIG. 10  includes a graph which illustrates a profile of reflection percentage as a function of wavelength for a single layer of chromium having a thickness of 64.72 nm. Referring to  FIG. 10 , it is readily apparent that reflection performance is not as good as the multi-layered dielectric materials structure or the single layer of aluminum, although the chromium IR reflection layer is the thinnest of these three examples. 
     Other metals besides aluminum and chromium can be used in the single-metal-layer configuration. For example, other metals that can be used include, but are not limited to gold, silver, copper, etc. 
     In accordance with exemplary embodiments, a thinner IR reflection layer is generally desirable because it results in a thinner image sensor. This results in a trade-off between achieving a high level of IR reflection and the extent to which the thickness of the image sensor can be reduced. 
     As described above, according to exemplary embodiments, to prevent ghost images caused by reflection of IR light from the RDL, an IR barrier is disposed between the sensing layer and the RDL. According to some exemplary embodiments described above, the IR barrier layer is an IR reflection layer. In some exemplary embodiments, the IR barrier layer is an IR absorption layer. 
       FIGS. 11 and 12  include schematic cross-sectional diagrams of image sensor devices  400  and  500 , respectively, including IR absorption layers, according to some exemplary embodiments. Referring to  FIGS. 11 and 12 , various elements of image sensors  400  and  500  are the same as corresponding elements of image sensors  10 ,  110 ,  120 ,  200  and  300  described above in detail in connection with  FIGS. 1 ,  3 ,  4 ,  5  and  6 , respectively. These like elements are identified by like reference numerals. Detailed description of these like elements will not be repeated. 
     Referring to  FIG. 11 , an image sensor  400  includes an additional IR absorption layer  450  over isolation layer  18 . IR absorption layer  450  absorbs IR light  28  which penetrates through sensing layer  412 , such that no IR light passes back through sensing layer  412 . As a result, no ghost image is produced. 
     As shown in  FIG. 11 , image sensor  400  can also include BPR layer or film  42  applied to its back surface. BPR layer or film  42  blocks, i.e., absorbs, IR light  33  incident on the back side of image sensor  400 , thus preventing IR light  33  from introducing noise and, therefore, degrading the image generated by image sensor  400 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 12 , another image sensor  500  according to exemplary embodiments is illustrated. Image sensor  500  is the same as image sensor  400  described above in connection with  FIG. 11 , with the exception that image sensor  500  includes a BPR layer or film  540  applied to the front or top side of image sensor  500 , instead of the back or bottom side. In this embodiment, IR light  31  incident on the top or front surface of image sensor  500  in the non-active region of the device is blocked, i.e., absorbed, such that it does not enter sensing layer  412  and, therefore, does not introduce noise or degrade the image generated by image sensor  500 . In image sensor  500  of  FIG. 12 , BPR layer or film  540  must remain open at window  26  such that IR light  28  can enter sensing layer  412  and be detected. However, IR absorption layer  450  absorbs IR light  28  which penetrates through sensing layer  412 , such that no IR light passes back through sensing layer  412 . As a result, no ghost image is produced. 
     It will be noted that the embodiments of image sensors  400  and  500  illustrated in  FIGS. 11 and 12  include BPR layers or films formed on their back/bottom and front/top sides, respectively. It will be understood that, within the scope of this disclosure, either of image sensors  400  and  500  can include a BPR layer or film on either its back/bottom side, its front/top side, both its back/bottom side and its front/top side, or neither its back/bottom nor its front/top side. 
     According to exemplary embodiments, IR absorption layer  450  can be a single layer or can be formed of multiple layers or sub-layers. These various configurations of IR absorption layer  450  are described below in detail. In  FIGS. 11 and 12 , IR absorption layer  450  is illustrated by including dashed horizontal lines to illustrate the optional multi-sub-layer configurations. It will be understood that three layers are illustrated by the dashed lines for the sake of providing a clear and complete description and are exemplary only. Any number of sub-layers can be used within the scope of this disclosure. 
     As noted above, according to exemplary embodiments, IR absorption layer  450  can take on any of several possible configurations. For example, in some exemplary embodiments, the absorption layer uses resonance to achieve almost total absorption using a metal-dielectric-metal sandwich structure. In other exemplary embodiments, the absorption layer uses a single layer of metal. In these embodiments, the resulting percent of absorption is not as good as that of the metal-dielectric-metal sandwich embodiments, although the single metal absorption layer is thinner. 
     As noted above, in some exemplary embodiments, the IR absorption layer includes a composite metal-dielectric-metal sandwich type structure. The metal sub-layer facing the incident IR light can be substantially thicker than the other metal layer. IR light that reaches this composite structure resonates back and forth between the two metal layers, resulting in most of its energy being absorbed. Two sets of parameters are selected. The first set of parameters includes the types of metal and dielectric material. The second set of parameters is the thickness of each sub-layer. When proper parameters are chosen, the IR light will form a standing wave between the two metal layers, resulting in significant resonance and energy absorption. 
       FIG. 13  contains a graph which illustrates absorption (%) vs. wavelength for a metal-dielectric-metal sandwich absorption layer having a chromium-SiO 2 -chromium sandwich structure, according to some exemplary embodiments.  FIG. 14  contains a graph which illustrates absorption (%) vs. wavelength for a metal-dielectric-metal sandwich absorption layer having a nickel-SiO 2 -nickel sandwich structure, according to some exemplary embodiments. 
     Referring to  FIG. 13 , the thickness of each sub-layer is shown in the drawing. As illustrated in the drawing, this absorption layer structure may absorb more than 99% of IR light throughout the 900-1200 nm spectral range. Referring to  FIG. 14 , the thickness of each sub-layer is shown in the drawing. As illustrated in the drawing, this absorption layer structure may absorb more than 96% of IR light throughout the 900-1200 nm spectral range. 
     As noted above, in some exemplary embodiments, the IR absorption layer includes a single layer of metal. In these embodiments, the IR absorption layer can be made considerably thinner. However, the IR absorption performance is not as good as the sandwich composite structure approach described in detail above. Also, increasing the thickness of the metal layer will not increase IR absorption beyond a certain point. 
     In some particular exemplary embodiments, when a single layer of, for example, chromium, is used, absorption of IR (wavelength in the range of 900-1200 nm) will be capped at 40% when the thickness of the layer is 17 nm. A thickness of more than 17 nm will not increase absorption further. In some particular exemplary embodiments, when a single layer of, for example, nickel, is used, absorption of IR (wavelength in the range of 900-1200 nm) will be capped at 36.5-37.5% when the thickness of the layer is 12 nm. A thickness of more than 12 nm will not increase absorption further. 
       FIG. 15  includes a graph which illustrates a profile of absorption percentage as a function of wavelength for a single layer of chromium having a thickness of 16.85 nm.  FIG. 16  includes a graph which illustrates a profile of absorption percentage as a function of wavelength for a single layer of nickel having a thickness of 11.85 nm. Referring to  FIGS. 15 and 16 , it is apparent that the absorption profile of chromium is more even throughout the spectral range than that of nickel. Also, it is readily observed that the absorption performances are not as good as that of the sandwich composite structures, although the metal layers are considerably thinner. 
     In accordance with exemplary embodiments, in addition to the sandwich composite structures and the single-metal-layer structures, the IR absorption layer can also be formed to have other structures. For example, in some exemplary embodiments, some sandwich type composite IR absorption layers do not use metal-dielectric-metal arrangements. Examples of these include SiO 2 —Cr 2 O 3 —SiO 2 , SiO 2 —TaN—SiO 2 , Cr—CrO x —CrO x N y , etc. Also, according to some exemplary embodiments, there are two-sub-layer type composite IR absorption layers, instead of the three-sub-layer type composite IR absorption layers described above. Examples of these two-sub-layer type composite IR absorption layers include Si 3 N 4 —TaN, SiC—SiO 2 , etc. Also, according to some exemplary embodiments, some single-layer non-composite IR absorption layers do not use metals. Examples of these include Cr 2 O 3 , CrSiO, Ni x O y , carbon black, black inorganic materials, etc. 
     According to the exemplary embodiments described herein thus far, an IR absorption layer or an IR reflection layer is included in the structure of an image sensor. According to other exemplary embodiments, an isolation layer is disposed over the RDL as in the previously described exemplary embodiments. However, in the present exemplary embodiments, the material of which the isolation layer is formed is chosen such that it significantly absorbs IR light. Therefore, the isolation layer is multi-functional, and the need for separate isolation layers and absorption layers is eliminated. 
       FIG. 17  includes a schematic cross-sectional diagram of an image sensor  600  having a multi-functional isolation layer  650 , which significantly absorbs IR light, according to some exemplary embodiments. Referring to  FIG. 17 , various elements of image sensor  600  are the same as corresponding elements of the various image sensors described above in detail. These like elements are identified by like reference numerals. Detailed description of these like elements will not be repeated. 
     Referring to  FIG. 17 , an image sensor  600  includes an isolation layer  650  formed over an RDL  620 , which is formed over a passivation layer  622 . Isolation layer  650  is composed of a material that significantly absorbs IR. As a result, IR light passing through window or opening  26  into sensing layer  612  is detected and used in generating an image. However, any IR light that reaches isolation layer  650  is absorbed by isolation layer  650 , such that no IR light passes back through sensing layer  612 . As a result, no ghost image is produced. As an isolation layer, layer  650  provides an electric charge insulating function. As an IR absorption layer, layer  650  significantly absorbs IR to reduce or prevent ghost imaging of RDL  620 . 
     In some exemplary embodiments, image sensor  600  also includes a BPR layer or film  640  applied to the front or top side of image sensor  600 . In this embodiment, IR light  31  incident on the top or front surface of image sensor  600  in the non-active region of the device is blocked, i.e., absorbed, such that it does not enter sensing layer  612  and, therefore, does not introduce noise or degrade the image generated by image sensor  600 . In image sensor  600  of  FIG. 12 , BPR layer or film  640  must remain open at window  26  such that IR light  28  can enter sensing layer  612  and be detected. It will be understood that, within the scope of this disclosure, image sensor  600  can include a BPR layer or film on either its back/bottom side, its front/top side, both its back/bottom side and its front/top side, or neither its back/bottom nor its front/top side. 
     In some exemplary embodiments, isolation layer  650  can include an organic material, such as a NIR absorbing organic compound. This isolation layer material is generally organic instead of inorganic. The advantage of a multi-functional isolation layer is that it can have a simple one-layer structure, as contrasted with other embodiments described herein that can comprise at least two layers. Therefore, the overall sensor structure of  FIG. 17  can be simpler and is easier to manufacture. 
     In general, such NIR absorbing organic compounds are chromophores whose π electrons are effectively delocalized along a conjugated chain. Examples include polyene chromophores such as rylene and its derivatives, polymethine chromophores such as merocyanine, cyanie and hemicyanine dyes, and NIR organic compounds containing donor-acceptor (D-A) chromophores such as tetrathiafulvalene-σ-tetracyano-p-quinodimethane, a D-σ-A compound, and its derivatives. Other examples of D-A chromophores include D-π-A-π-D type, D-A-D type systems of compounds, etc. Yet other examples of NIR absorption material are compounds that are disclosed in Near-Infrared Organic Compounds and Emerging Applications, Gang Qian and Zhi Yuan Wang; Chem. Asian. J. 2000, 5, 1006-1029, as well as U.S. Pat. No. 6,775,059, which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference. 
       FIGS. 18A-18C  are images which illustrate the results of the approaches of the exemplary embodiments used in reducing or eliminating ghost imaging, specifically ghost imaging of the RDL of an image sensor. The approaches include forming an IR reflection barrier layer between the RDL and the sensing layer and forming an IR absorption barrier layer between the RDL and the sensing layer.  FIG. 18A  is an image produced without any IR barrier layer. As shown in  FIG. 18A , a ghost image of the RDL, showing its conductive traces and pads, is formed.  FIG. 18B  is an image illustrating the effects of adding an IR reflection barrier layer between the RDL and the sensing layer, such as the embodiments illustrated and described above in connection with  FIGS. 5 and 6 . As shown in  FIG. 18B , the image of the RDL is eliminated. However, this approach may cause the sensing layer to be flooded by the reflected IR.  FIG. 18C  is an image illustrating the effects of adding an IR absorption barrier layer between the RDL and the sensing layer, such as the embodiments illustrated and described above in connection with  FIGS. 11 ,  12  and  17 . As shown in  FIG. 18C , the image of the RDL is eliminated. Also, by comparison with  FIG. 18B , it is noted that the flooding of the sensing layer is eliminated when using an IR absorption barrier layer, as evidenced by the relative darkness of the image of  FIG. 18C . 
     Generally, the IR reflection layer tends to result in more IR reaching the sensing layer than the IR absorption layer. In a relatively strong lighting environment, the IR reflection layer may cause the sensors to be flooded by IR, thus possibly negatively impacting the detection of other wavelengths, such as those in the visible range. However, in an environment that has very little visible light and relies heavily on IR for detection, the IR reflection layer will have better detection sensitivity than the IR absorption layer, because more IR will reach the sensing layer. An example of this may be a night vision product that is intended for use in a pitch black environment. 
     It should be noted that in an environment where both visible and IR are important for detection, the IR absorption layer may be a better approach, because the sensor will not be flooded by IR as with the IR reflection layer. It should also be noted that, according to exemplary embodiments, both the IR reflection and the IR absorption may be implemented within the same sensor product, to better prevent IR from reaching the RDL. 
     While the present inventive concept has been particularly shown and described with reference to exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present inventive concept as defined by the following claims.