Abstract:
A method for producing a numerical representation of perceived overall image quality of a digital test image, including creating a digital reference image series of a reference scene which differ from each other in at least one perceptual attribute, wherein each digital reference image has a corresponding numerical representation of its overall image quality; iteratively displaying one of the digital reference images and comparing that digital reference image with the displayed digital test image and continuing the process until the numerical representation of the digital test image may be satisfactorily inferred; and recording the numerical representation corresponding to the digital test image.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     Reference is made to commonly-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/434,140 filed Nov. 4, 1999, entitled “Apparatus for Assessing Overall Quality of Hardcopy Images” by Cookingham et al, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE PRESENT INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to the visual assessment of a displayed digital image to yield a numerical representation of the perceived overall image quality. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE PRESENT INVENTION 
     Most perceptual experiments in the past have reported results in terms of ratings scales that are indefinite or unstable, e.g. in terms of adjective descriptors such as “good” or “fair”. This limits the value of these experiments to their immediate conclusions, and prevents subsequent application of the results to new problems. In addition, standard psychophysical test methods such as paired comparison, category sort, etc. are subject to one or more of the following problems (see Part II of C. J. Bartleson and F. Grum, “Optical Radiation Measurements”, Vol. 5, Academic Press, New York, 1984). Examples of problems found in standard methods include: low precision, stimuli-induced range effects, limited quality range characterized, and difficulty of inference of perceptually relevant differences. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,400,667, teaches that a reference image series varying in one perceptual attribute and calibrated in terms of a corresponding objective measurement may be used to perform a visual assessment of the objective measurement value associated with a test sample by identifying which member of the reference image series is most similar in the appearance of the varying perceptual attribute. For example, a reference image series varying in resolution in a known fashion can be used to perform a visual assessment of the resolution of a test image. A small number of adjective descriptors (e.g. “good” or “fair”) are associated with the measurement scale to provide a crude perceptual characterization. For example, a resolving power of 1 cycle/mm might be considered “poor” and 5 cycles/mm “good”. While the method of U.S. Pat. No. 5,400,667 can reduce the magnitude of the examples of problems mentioned above, it is still deficient in a number of respects, as set forth below 
     (1) It provides a measure of only a single perceptual attribute, namely, the perceptual attribute that varies within the reference image series. Practical imaging systems produce images with many combinations of perceptual attributes, so that customer satisfaction will be only partially correlated with any single perceptual attribute. What is of much greater relevance is the overall image quality. The term “overall image quality” means a subjective determination by a user of an image reflecting the relative acceptability of such image to the user. For example, if a test image had “good” resolution but “poor” color quality, matching the appearance to a reference image series varying in resolution according to the method of U.S. Pat. No. 5,400,667 would yield an estimate of the objective measurement value of resolving power (approximately 5 cycles/mm) and an associated adjective descriptor of “good”. However, the overall image quality of the test image would be lower than this due to the poor color quality. 
     (2) The adjective descriptors provide only a very coarse classification and are not quantitative in nature. The same adjective descriptors are interpreted to mean different things by different people, and the application of adjective descriptors changes over time. The differences in quality between adjacent adjective descriptors is not uniform and is larger than the differences that need to be characterized in product design. 
     (3) The method also does not include a provision for individual calibration of reference image series depending on their scene content. It is well known that scene content significantly affects the impact of different attributes on overall image quality. For example, the overall image quality of complex scenes with considerable fine detail is relatively less affected by the presence of a given amount of noise, as determined by objective measurement values, than is that of simpler scenes with large areas of slowly changing color (e.g. blue sky; see D. M. Zwick and D. L. Brothers, “RMS Granularity: Determination of Just-Noticeable-Differences”, SMPTE 86, pp. 427-430, 1977). 
     (4) U.S. Pat. No. 5,400,667 discloses reference image series spanning the range from “very poor” to “very good”, which may not be a good match to the range of test images to be evaluated in a particular application. 
     (5) The method does not identify a preferred relationship among the increments of change between the adjacent members of the reference image series, yet this affects the speed and precision of the visual assessments. 
     (6) U.S. Pat. No. 5,400,667 does not discuss requirements for the viewing environment in which the visual assessment is made; however, this must be carefully controlled to obtain accurate and reproducible results. 
     (7) The method does not include a provision for evaluation and correction of user bias due to, for example, a tendency in the visual assessment to avoid approaching end numbers in the reference image series. 
     SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide a method of measuring perceived overall image quality of a digital test image in terms of a numerical scale representing overall image quality. 
     This object is achieved by a method for producing a numerical representation of the perceived overall image quality of a digital test image, comprising the steps of: 
     (a) creating a digital reference image series of a reference scene that differ from each other in at least one perceptual attribute, wherein each digital reference image has a corresponding numerical representation of its overall image quality; 
     (b) iteratively displaying one of the digital reference images and comparing that digital reference image with the displayed digital test image, continuing the process until the numerical representation of the digital test image may be satisfactorily inferred; and 
     (c) recording the numerical representation corresponding to the digital test image. 
     The present invention incorporates a digital reference image series that is calibrated against a standard numerical scale of overall image quality and is presented in a fashion that facilitates direct comparison of any of the digital reference images with the digital test image under matched viewing conditions. The present invention permits visual assessment of the overall image quality of the digital test image compared to the most similar digital reference images from the digital reference image series. The present invention also permits untrained personnel to perform calibrated visual assessments of overall image quality with accuracy and precision comparable to that of highly trained professionals using standards of limited availability. 
     Additional advantages of the present invention include: 
     (1) The present invention provides a measure of overall image quality rather than a single perceptual attribute, the former being more strongly correlated with customer satisfaction. 
     (2) The present invention produces a numerical representation of overall image quality that may be calibrated to an established scale with desirable properties such as associated physical standards, known increments of perceptual relevance, and general acceptance. 
     (3) The present invention provides for individual calibration of digital reference image series based on different reference scenes. This improves the accuracy of the method by accounting for the well-known variation of the effect of a perceptual attribute on overall image quality due to scene content (see D. M. Zwick and D. L. Brothers, “RMS Granularity: Determination of Just-Noticeable-Differences”, SMPTE 86, pp. 427-430, 1977). 
     (4) The present invention permits optimization of the number of members in the digital reference image series and the increments of change between them, taking into account the range of overall image quality of the digital test images and the required precision. Proper choice of these properties minimizes the time spent by the user to produce numerical representations of a given required precision. 
     (5) The present invention creates a viewing environment in which important viewing factors such as viewing distance, viewing angle, illumination level, user adaptation level and flare light can be precisely matched between the displayed digital test image and the displayed digital reference image. This improves the accuracy of visual assessments by eliminating sources of bias. The present invention further permits such viewing factors to be fixed at specific prescribed values, which is important when these factors affect the appearance of perceptual attributes of either the digital test images or the digital reference images. 
     (6) The present invention permits correction for user and experimental biases by including within the digital test images one or more images that are identical to members of the digital reference image series either in terms of appearance or objective characteristics. 
     The performance of the present invention has been tested in several ways that demonstrate its effectiveness. First, the uncertainty in a single assessment has been measured and found to be two to four times smaller than standard psychophysical methods such as magnitude estimation and category sort problems (see Part II of C. J. Bartleson and F. Grum, “Optical Radiation Measurements”, Vol. 5, Academic Press, New York, 1984). This uncertainty is comparable to that achieved by highly trained professionals using cumbersome standards. Second, the accuracy and precision of results obtained when the digital test image depicts a different scene than that of the digital reference series have been found to be just as good as in the case where the scenes are matched, a surprising result. This permits digital test images depicting arbitrary scenes to be evaluated without loss of performance. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a pictorial representation of the viewing environment used in performing visual assessments using the methods of the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional schematic showing the spatial relationship of the viewing environment with the data entry keypad shown in more detail and in an exploded fashion; 
     FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing one way of creating a reference image series the members of which vary from each other by at least one perceptual attribute and wherein each reference image has a corresponding numerical representation of overall image quality; and 
     FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing how the perceived overall image quality of a displayed digital test image is visually assessed and a numerical representation assigned and stored. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The present invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
     The present invention improves upon existing methods by incorporating a digital reference image series that is calibrated against a standard numerical scale of overall image quality and is presented in a fashion that facilitates direct comparison of any of the digital reference images with the digital test image under matched viewing conditions, permitting visual assessment of the overall image quality of the digital test image compared to the most similar digital reference images from the digital reference image series. 
     The method of producing a numerical representation of overall image quality of a digital test image in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention can be implemented using the viewing environment shown in FIG.  1 . The viewing environment includes two high-resolution video monitors  10  for viewing images. The digital video monitors  10  are calibrated as closely as the manufacturers and video industry specifications will permit to the same video color and tonescale positions. This identical calibration is necessary to minimize the random differences between a displayed digital test image  12  and a displayed reference image  13 . These digital video monitors are supported on a video monitor table  18 . The displayed digital test image  12  and the displayed digital reference image  13  are viewed by a user  28  at a fixed viewing distance constrained by the user  28  keeping their forehead against a viewing distance restraint  14 . The viewing distance restraint  14  is mounted on a support for viewing distance restraint  16 . To maintain normal light surround viewing conditions, the illuminated neutral wall  22  behind video monitor table  18  is maintained at a luminance of 25% of the white luminance of the digital video monitor  10 . Two variable intensity light sources, dual vertical light sources  24  and a horizontal light source  26 , are independently controlled to provide a uniform illuminated neutral wall  22  within the user&#39;s  28  field of view. This placement of the dual vertical light sources  24  and horizontal light source  26  provides for normal visual light adaptation conditions without producing flare light on the displayed digital test image  12  or the displayed digital reference image  13 . By varying the level of luminance of the illuminated neutral wall  22 , visual adaptation conditions ranging from normal light surround viewing environments to dark surround viewing environments for high quality video monitor viewing are produced. The user  28  enters all image pair assessments using a data entry keypad  30 , and a standard computer keyboard  32  is used to enter documentation information. Both the data entry keypad  30  and the computer keyboard  32  are maintained at a convenient operational height on a data entry keypad table  20 . A computer  34  controls the display of all images and record all of the user&#39;s  28  visual assessments. The digital test images  12  and the digital reference images  13  are stored on a digital image storage disk  36  until retrieved by the computer  34  for display. 
     Referring to FIG. 2, this cross-sectional schematic shows the spatial relationship of the digital video monitors  10 , the dual vertical light sources  24 , the user  28 , the viewing distance restraint  14 , the computer keyboard  32 , and the data entry keypad  30 . The user  28  is seated in a manner that both digital video monitors  10  are viewed normal to the face plate of the digital video monitor  10 . The viewing distance  40  is maintained at a fixed distance such that both images are viewed comfortably and no image structure artifacts normally associated with video display are visible. Fluorescent D5000 tubes  42  are used in both the vertical light sources  24  and the horizontal light source  26  to illuminate the illuminated neutral wall  22 . An exploded view detailing the layout of the data entry keypad  30  is shown in FIG.  2 . 
     When employing the method of the present invention to produce a numerical representation of the overall image quality by the visual assessment of a displayed digital test image  12 , the user  28  is instructed to indicate whether a displayed digital test image  12  or a displayed digital reference image  13  is of higher overall image quality. The user&#39;s  28  image pair assessment is recorded by using the RIGHT key  52  or LEFT key  54  on the data entry keypad  30 . All image pair assessments of displayed digital test images  12 , and displayed digital reference images  13  are recorded in this fashion. Other control keys shown in FIG. 2 include the following control options. 
     The EXIT key  58  permits the user  28  to exit the control program at any time. To insure the program is not exited prematurely, the user  28  is asked to confirm the request to exit the control program and indicates their response with the YES key  48  or the NO key  56 . 
     If the user  28  needs to alter the current sequence of image pair assessments for the currently displayed digital test image  12 , the REDO key  44  is employed. Using the REDO key  44  function reinitiates the control program for the currently displayed digital test image  12 . 
     If the user  28  needs to alter a previous visual assessment of a displayed digital test image  12 , the PREV  46  key is used to index back to the previously displayed digital test image  12  desired. The control program will then permit the user  28  to perform another visual assessment of the selected displayed digital test image  12 . The new visual assessment will replace the previously determined visual assessment in the experimental data file  112 . 
     When the user  28  desires to return the next digital test image  12  to continue visual assessment, the NEXT key  50  is used to index forward. The control program then allows the user  28  to index to the next digital test image  12 . With the use of the PREV key  46  and NEXT key  50 , a user  28  can assess and review any and all previous visual assessments. 
     The digital reference image series are most conveniently produced through the use of digital image simulation using techniques well known in the art. However, the simulation of the necessary digital reference image series requires a precise application of standard digital image simulation techniques according to the method taught in FIG.  3 . The first step in producing a digital reference image series is to select the numerical representation increment and range  70 . The increments selected for the numerical representation should be perceptually uniform or slowly varying. In the preferred embodiment it was found particularly advantageous to have the increments of the numerical representation approximately equal to one (1) just noticeable difference of overall quality. This facilitates the best combination of speed and precision for the user. The range of the digital reference image series should slightly exceed the expected range of overall image quality exhibited by the digital test images to be assessed using the method of the present invention. 
     Given the selected numerical representation increment and range  70 , the physical properties required to vary the perceptual attribute under consideration in the digital reference image series are calculated in block  72 . In the preferred embodiment, where the perceptual attribute varied is image sharpness, the modulation transfer function of the displayed digital reference image necessary to produce images with the desired numerical representation increment and range selected  70  would be calculated. An image simulation pathway is then designed  74  to produce the digital reference image series. In the preferred embodiment disclosed in the present invention, the modulation transfer function of the digital reference images is changed through the use of digital filters introduced in the image simulation pathway in a manner well known in the art. 
     The next step in block  76  is to select the reference scenes to be used in each of the digital reference image series. The reference scenes of block  76  do not need to be the same scenes as the depicted in the digital test images. A comparison was made between the accuracy and precision in situations where the scenes depicted in the digital test images are and are not the same as those in the digital references image series. The precision and accuracy of the numerical representation of the overall image quality was found to be identical. If the numerical representation of a wide variety of displayed digital test images  12  of many different scenes is going to be determined using this method, it is best to prepare a number of digital reference image series for use in making the visual assessments. Users are generally more comfortable and confident making visual assessments when the displayed digital test image  12  and the displayed digital reference image  13  are of the same general type, i.e. indoor flash, outdoor scenic, outdoor group, indoor public building, or any other general categories. 
     Given the selection of the digital reference scenes in block  76 , a digital image simulation pathway in block  74  is used to simulate a digital reference image series  78  for each increment over the range of the numerical representation determined in  70 . This is done for each reference scene selected  74 . The term digital image simulation pathway means a series of digital processing steps performed to yield images with desired properties. These steps are well known and will suggest themselves to those skilled in the art. 
     At this point, the numerical representations associated with each of digital reference images  13  in the digital reference image series  78  are those corresponding to an average scene having the specified physical properties  72 . To further extend this method to permit scene specific calibration of each digital reference image series  78 , each unknown scene is individually calibrated to accommodate scene content effects  80 . This is done by cross-comparison of the selected digital reference scenes to standard scenes containing the same perceptual attribute. The standard scenes are calibrated by trained expert judges using special standards under standard viewing conditions. Preferably, a high sharpness and a low sharpness digital reference image of a number of scenes of known modulation transfer function and known numerical representation produced using the image simulation pathway  74  are cross compared to digital reference images produced using the same simulation pathway  74  for each of the digital reference scenes selected in  76 . Once an unknown scene that suffers the same change in overall image quality as a scene with a known relationship between the acutance and the numerical representation, the numerical representation associated with the known scene is assigned to the unknown scene. This process is repeated to calibrate all unknown scenes. Following the calibration of each series of digital reference images, the digital reference images and the corresponding numerical representation are transferred  82  to the digital image storage disk  36 . 
     FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing how the perceived overall image quality of a displayed digital test image  12  is visually assessed and a numerical representation assigned and stored. With further reference to FIG. 1, to begin the visual assessment, the control program resident in the computer  34  randomly selects a digital test image shown as block  90  in FIG.  4 . Many different digital test images may be prepared in advance and stored on the digital image storage disk  36  prior to selection. Next, the control program randomly selects which of the two digital video monitors  10  shall display the digital test image  12 . In FIG. 1, the displayed digital test image  12  is shown schematically as being displayed on the left digital video monitor; however, in the preferred embodiment the monitor is randomly selected to randomize any small differences between the two digital video monitors  10 . Consequently the digital reference image  13  may also be displayed on either of the digital video monitors  10  once the selection has been made for the displayed digital test image  12 . The initial displayed digital reference image is randomly selected as shown in block  96  from the digital reference image series  78  stored on the digital image storage disk  36 . Although this step could be omitted and each visual assessment started with the same digital reference image  13 , in the preferred embodiment, the use of randomly selected initial digital reference image  13  has been shown to generate less biased and more precise visual assessments. 
     Both the displayed digital test image  12  and the displayed digital reference image  13  are displayed in blocks  94  and  98  on their respective randomly selected digital video monitors  10  for viewing by the user  28 . The user  28  then performs an image pair assessment  100  between the displayed digital test image  12  and the displayed digital reference image  13 . The image pair assessment  100  is made on the basis of which image is of higher overall image quality and is the image the user would want to have if they could only have one of the two images and the image one of great significance to the user. The image pair assessment  100  is entered by the user on the data entry keypad  30  using either the RIGHT key  52  or LEFT key  54  corresponding to the digital video monitor on which the image with higher overall image quality is displayed. 
     The control program then uses a binary search algorithm to calculate a new aim numerical representation of the digital reference image  102 . The search algorithm selects the new aim numerical representation to be halfway between the closest numerical representations producing different image pair assessments (left or right). If one of the two possible image pair assessments has not yet been made, a numerical representation just outside the range of the digital reference image series is used instead. In the preferred embodiment, the control computer keeps track of all possible numerical representations in an ordered table and can quickly determine which digital reference image to display next. 
     If the user&#39;s sequence of image pair assessments leads to a new aim numerical representation  102  outside the range of available numerical representations  70 , the logic associated with decision step  104  requests that the user to enter an extrapolated numerical representation  106  on the computer keyboard  32 . If the new aim numerical representation  102  is within the range of available numerical representations  70 , the control program determines if the numerical representation adjustment is smaller than the required precision  108 , and if so, and the assessment loop is exited. At this point an adjustment is made to the numerical representation to account for any bias exhibited by the user in making image pair assessments  110 . In the preferred embodiment, any user bias is detected and quantified by presenting displayed digital test images  12  to the user that are identical to one or more digital reference images and assigning any consistent deviations to bias by that user. The numerical representation and documentation are written to an experimental data file as shown in block  112 . 
     The numerical representation along with the documentation identifying the nature of the displayed digital test image  12  is then stored and maintained by the control computer for subsequent analysis. 
     The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 PARTS LIST 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 10 
                 digital video monitor 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 displayed digital test image 
               
               
                   
                 13 
                 displayed digital reference image 
               
               
                   
                 14 
                 viewing distance restraint 
               
               
                   
                 16 
                 support for viewing distance restraint 
               
               
                   
                 18 
                 video monitor table 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 data entry keypad table 
               
               
                   
                 22 
                 illuminated neutral wall 
               
               
                   
                 24 
                 vertical light source 
               
               
                   
                 26 
                 horizontal light source 
               
               
                   
                 28 
                 user 
               
               
                   
                 30 
                 data entry keypad 
               
               
                   
                 32 
                 computer keyboard 
               
               
                   
                 34 
                 computer 
               
               
                   
                 36 
                 digital image storage disk 
               
               
                   
                 40 
                 viewing distance 
               
               
                   
                 42 
                 fluorescent light source 
               
               
                   
                 44 
                 REDO key 
               
               
                   
                 46 
                 PREV key 
               
               
                   
                 48 
                 YES key 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 NEXT key 
               
               
                   
                 52 
                 RIGHT key 
               
               
                   
                 54 
                 LEFT key 
               
               
                   
                 56 
                 NO key 
               
               
                   
                 58 
                 EXIT key 
               
               
                   
                 70 
                 mean numerical representation increment and range 
               
               
                   
                 72 
                 calculate physical properties 
               
               
                   
                 74 
                 design image simulation pathway 
               
               
                   
                 76 
                 select reference scenes 
               
               
                   
                 78 
                 simulate reference image series 
               
               
                   
                 80 
                 determine corresponding numerical representation 
               
               
                   
                 82 
                 transfer each reference image series 
               
               
                   
                 90 
                 randomly select digital test image 
               
               
                   
                 92 
                 randomly select digital video monitor 
               
               
                   
                 94 
                 display digital test image 
               
               
                   
                 96 
                 randomly select digital reference image 
               
               
                   
                 98 
                 display digital reference image 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 user indicates with data entry keypad 
               
               
                   
                 102 
                 calculate new aim numerical representation 
               
               
                   
                 104 
                 does necessary digital reference image exist 
               
               
                   
                 106 
                 request user enter extrapolated numerical representation 
               
               
                   
                 108 
                 calculated numerical representation adjustment 
               
               
                   
                 110 
                 adjust user numerical representation for user bias 
               
               
                   
                 112 
                 write numerical representation and documentation