Abstract:
A very high power fiber light source can be realized by using a high concentration of doping and by pumping the cladding of the doped fiber. The light that enters the cladding will then enter the core and amplified spontaneous emission will result. With this arrangement, higher power, a broader emission spectrum, and low radiation sensitivity can be achieved. These devices can also be configured as amplifiers.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/946,479, filed Oct. 7, 1997, now abandoned, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/038,197, filed Feb. 14, 1997, pending. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In certain applications, such as fiber optic gyroscopes, a broadband, high-power light source is preferred. With a high power source, the deleterious effects of shot noise are lessened. Another desirable quality of a light source is radiation hardness (or low radiation sensitivity). This is important in applications in space and hostile environments. An ultrahigh power source with a doped fiber of very short lengths, e.g., approximately 0.1 to 10 meters in length, offers higher output power, a broadband emission spectrum, and superior radiation hardness, as radiation-induced darkening of a fiber is proportional to the length of the fiber. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a fiber light source; 
     FIG. 2 is a partial perspective cross-sectional diagram of the fiber and certain components; 
     FIGS. 3-6 are schematic diagrams of alternative fiber light sources; 
     FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of an alternative arrangement for coupling light energy into a fiber; and 
     FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a fiber light source incorporating the arrangement of FIG.  7 . 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Since the cross-sectional area of a fiber core is relatively small, illumination of the core alone by a laser diode array will result in a relatively minimal transfer of optical power. By illuminating the considerably larger cladding surrounding the core with a pump source of a first wavelength, such as a laser diode array, a greater quantity of light, and hence more optical power, can be coupled into the fiber. 
     The light energy first enters the cladding, which may comprise one or more cladding layers, reflecting off the outer boundaries of the cladding as the light travels the length of the fiber, and passes repeatedly through the core by refraction at the interface of the cladding and the core. As the light passes through the core, the doped material absorbs the light energy. The pumping of light energy into the core, in the form of photons, results in amplified spontaneous emission of broadband light distributed about a second wavelength. 
     One configuration of a light source is shown in the schematic diagram of FIG.  1 . It has a laser diode array  10  of laser diode elements  12  on a substrate  14 . The wavelength of the light output of the laser diode array  10  is dependent on the particular diodes in the array  10 . In the example shown in FIG. 1, the wavelength is 980 nm, but other wavelengths could be utilized as required by the application and the other components of the light source. 
     The output is directed through a collimating lens  20 . An aspheric lens, a spherical ball lens, or any other lens that collimates a divergent beam can be employed as the collimating lens  20 . The collimated light is then directed through a dichroic reflector  30 , oriented here at a 45° angle with respect to the light path and having a pass wavelength corresponding to the wavelength of the light output of the laser diode array  10 . Here, the dichroic reflector  30  passes the component of light having a wavelength of 980 nm but reflects light of other wavelengths. 
     The light passing through the dichroic reflector  30  is directed through a first focusing lens  40 . A lens that will focus a collimated beam, for example, a double-convex lens, can be utilized for the first focusing lens  40 . The lens is chosen such that the numerical aperture of the focused beam matches the numerical aperture of the target object, which as explained below is the cladding of the optical fiber. 
     The output of the first focusing lens  40  is provided to a co-doped silica fiber  50 . To achieve high efficiency with a very short fiber, high levels of co-dopant concentrations are employed. Dopants can include combinations of rare earth elements such as erbium-ytterbium-aluminum (Er/Yb/Al) or erbium-ytterbium-phosphorous (Er/Yb/P). The concentrations of the dopants can be used in the following ranges: erbium: 700-900 ppm; ytterbium: 16,000-23,000 ppm; and aluminum or phosphorus in concentrations as large as possible. In actual usage, alumina can be used to supply the aluminum component. The ratio of ytterbium to erbium should be approximately 22:1, but can range from 18:1 to 26:1. For example, the core  60  can have co-dopant concentrations of approximately 800 ppm of erbium, approximately 18,000 ppm of ytterbium, and greater than 6 Mol % of alumina or greater than 12% of phosphorus. 
     The high concentration of ytterbium greatly increases the absorption rate of the pumped light on account of the concomitant increase in the absorption cross-section and dopant solubility of ytterbium. The ytterbium ions absorb the pumped light and the energy and then transfer it to the erbium ions by cross-relaxation between the erbium and ytterbium ions. Additional dopants including non-rare earth elements such as aluminum and phosphorus broaden the emission spectrum of the light energy output. Alternatively, erbium and ytterbium may be combined with a material other than aluminum or phosphorus that will broaden the output spectrum. In addition to erbium and ytterbium, other rare earth dopants include thulium (Tm), lanthanum (La), praseodymium (Pr), and samarium (Sm). 
     The fiber  50  is preferably very short, approximately 0.1-10 meters in length, preferably 0.25-5 meters in length, and optimally a length of 0.5-1 meter. As illustrated in the cross-sectional drawing of FIG. 2, the fiber  50  has a first end  52 , a core  60 , a first cladding layer  64 , a second cladding layer  66 , and an outer protective plastic jacketing  68 . The first cladding layer  64  can be fabricated from silica and has an index of refraction less than that of the core  60 , but greater than that of the second cladding layer  66 . The first cladding layer  64  can have a cross-sectional area approximately 100 times the cross-sectional area of the core  60 . The cladding layer  64  here has a rectangular cross-section to conform to the configuration of the laser diode array  10 , but it should be understood that a square cross-section, a circular cross-section, or any other suitable cross-section could be employed. 
     The light from the first focusing lens  40  is pumped into a first end  52  of the fiber  50 . Specifically, the 980 nm light is focused on the first cladding layer  64  of the fiber  50 . The 980 nm light is coupled into the core  60  of the fiber as a result of repeated reflection within the first cladding layer  64  along the length of the fiber  50  causing the light to pass repeatedly by refraction through the core  60 . Once in the core, the 980 nm light is absorbed by the erbium and ytterbium ions. Light at a wavelength of 1550 nm is then spontaneously emitted by the erbium ions in the core  60 . Since the erbium ions spontaneously emit light in all directions, 1550 nm-wavelength light will emerge from both the first and second ends  52  and  54  of the fiber  50 . 
     Referring again to FIG. 1, light output can be taken at the second end  54  of the fiber  50 , this time from the core  60 . The second end  54  is spliced, by a fusion splice or mechanical splice, to an in-line variable attenuator  70  through a single-mode fiber input  72 . The attenuator  70  is tuned to attenuate light having a wavelength of 980 nm, while passing light having a wavelength of 1550 nm to a single-mode fiber output  74 . Alternatively, a dichroic reflector that will pass 1550 nm wavelength light and reflect 980 nm light and oriented at a 45° angle (or some other suitable angle) with respect to the light path to discard the 980 nm light can be substituted for the attenuator  70 . An optical isolator  80  spliced (by fusion or mechanically) to the single-mode fiber output  74  passes the 1550 nm wavelength light and prevents it traveling back into the fiber  50 . 
     The fiber source of FIG. 1 can also provide an output of 1550 nm wavelength light from the first end  52  of the fiber  50 , as the 1550 nm light emitted by the fiber  50  also travels back towards the first focusing lens  40 . This component is collimated by the first focusing lens  40  and then reflected off the dichroic reflector  30 . As shown in FIG. 3, a second focusing lens  90  to focus the light into a single-mode fiber  92  spliced to an optical isolator  100  can be provided to channel the 1550 nm light. The isolator  100  prevents 1550 nm wavelength light from passing back into the fiber  50 . 
     The configurations of FIGS. 1 and 3 are bidirectional—they will produce an output at both the first and second ends  52  and  54 . As a further variation, dichroic reflectors could be inserted before or after the fiber  50  to restrict output to a single direction, either forward or backward (with respect to the initial direction of travel of the pumped 980 nm light) and increase the optical power output that exits at a single point, i.e., one end of the fiber  50  or the other. In FIG. 4, a second dichroic reflector  200  having a pass wavelength of 980 nm will reflect 1550 nm wavelength light back into the fiber  50 . Alternatively, as illustrated in FIG. 5, a dichroic filter  210  could be positioned at the second end  54  of the fiber  50 , reflecting 1550 nm wavelength light back into the fiber  50  so that it will combine with the light exiting through the first end  52 . 
     Not all of the 980 nm wavelength light from the laser diode array  10  may be absorbed in the core  60 . To further increase the output of the light source, a 980 nm dichroic filter can be employed to recycle the 980 nm light. As illustrated in FIG. 6, a dichroic filter  300  that reflects 980 nm wavelength light is placed at the second end  54  of the fiber  50 . When any 980 nm light reaches the dichroic filter  300 , it is reflected back into the fiber  50  where it can be absorbed into the core  60 . Optionally, 1550 nm light can be taken from the second end  54 , for which a 1550 nm isolator  310  is provided, or at the first end from the optional optical isolator  100  following the second focusing lens  90 , or from both ends. Alternatively, a mirror or reflector could be substituted for the dichroic filter  210 , sending both the 980 nm and 1550 nm light back into the fiber  50 . In this arrangement, the 980 nm would be reabsorbed into the fiber  50  and the 1550 nm light output would be taken from the first end  52 . 
     The sources of FIGS. 1,  3 , and  6  can be utilized as amplifiers. Instead of taking an output from the energy reflected off the dichroic filters (element  30 ), a signal input S accepts the input to be amplified and the amplified signal is then taken from the 1550 nm isolator (element  80  in FIGS. 1 and 3; element  310  in FIG.  6 ). In FIG. 1, the input signal is applied directly to the dichroic filter  30 . In the case of the source of FIG. 3, the input S is substituted for the second focusing lens  90 , the single-mode fiber  92 , and the optical isolator  100 . Similarly, in FIG. 6, the input S is substituted for the second focusing lens  90  and the optical isolator  100 . 
     In FIG. 2, the light energy from the laser diode array  10  is pumped into the cladding layer  64  from one end of the fiber  50 . The light energy may also be pumped into the cladding from the side of the fiber  50 . As shown in FIG. 7, the outer boundary  400  of the first cladding layer  64  is exposed and a prism  410  is placed adjacent the boundary  400 . (The other cladding layers and the outer protective plastic jacketing is shown schematically as a single layer  402  adjacent to the first cladding layer  64 .) It should be recognized that the prism  410  could also be placed at the outer boundary of a second, third, or other cladding layer. 
     The prism  410  is fabricated from a material having the same index of refraction as the cladding  64  so that the light energy passes from the prism  410  and into the cladding  64  without refraction. The cladding  64  in this case can have a circular, square, or rectangular cross-section, or any other suitable cross-section. The base  412  of the prism  410  in contact with the cladding  64  would have a conforming shape and a length of approximately 1 mm, but other lengths could be employed. An optical adhesive having the same index of refraction as the prism  410  and the cladding  64  could be used to provide a continuous interface between the prism  410  and the cladding  64 . To the extent there would be any significant gaps between the two surfaces, the optical adhesive may be used as a non-refractive filler and continuum. 
     Light energy from the light source would enter the prism  410  through an input face  414 . The angle α between the base  412  and the input face  414  should be sufficiently large such that the light energy passing through the core  60  will be totally internally reflected by the opposite boundary  404  of the cladding  64 . For example, an angle of 116° will insure that there will be total internal reflection, while allowing for refraction into the prism  410  and refraction as the light passes through the core  60 . 
     A fiber light source incorporating the arrangement illustrated in FIG. 7 is shown in FIG.  8 . The fiber  50  has two or more light sources  510  that pump light into the cladding from the side of the fiber  50 . Alternatively, a single source can be channelled into the fiber  50  at two points on the fiber  50 . One end of the fiber  50  can terminate in an optional reflector  520 , which will reflect all energy back into the fiber  50 . A wavelength division multiplexer  530  at the other end separates the pumped wavelength energy, e.g., 980 nm, from the emitted wavelength energy (1550 nm) into two separate paths exiting the multiplexer  530 . The 1550 nm energy can pass through an optional optical isolator  540  while the 980 nm energy not absorbed by the fiber  50 . 
     The device of FIG. 8 can also be configured as an amplifier. In lieu of the optional reflector  520 , a input signal S is fed into the core of the fiber  50 . The input signal S should have a wavelength within the emission spectrum of the fiber  50 , 1550 nm in the example discussed above. The device can be further modified to have only a single pump source  510 . The output is taken from the output of the isolator  540 . 
     The fiber  50  could have more than two cladding layers to accommodate larger laser diode arrays. In such a case, the respective refractive indices of the cladding layers would increase from the outermost layer to the core  60 . Furthermore, the indices of refraction can be optimized to permit the greatest transfer of energy from one layer to the next, and ultimately across all of the layers. The pump light source could be focused on one or more of the intermediate cladding layers, such as the one adjacent the outermost cladding layer. 
     The foregoing devices can be assembled using materials, components, and techniques well known to those skilled in the art. Specific parameters for diode array, the lenses, the dichroic reflectors, the fiber, the attenuators, the isolators, and the multiplexers are a matter of design choice and will depend on the specific application. 
     While there has been described what is believed to be the preferred embodiment of the invention, those skilled in the art will recognize that other and further modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the invention, and it is intended to claim all such embodiments that fall within the true scope of the invention.