Abstract:
In a method for configuring a wireless network, a radio access network establishes a first color code for a femto subnet and a second color code for a macro subnet. The femto subnet includes a plurality of femto cells, and the macro subnet includes at least one macro cell. The macro subnet borders the femto subnet. The radio access network identifies the plurality of femto cells bordering the macro subnet, and assigns the established first and second color codes to the identified border femto cells, while assigning only the first color code to non-bordering femto cells.

Description:
PRIORITY STATEMENT 
       [0001]    This non-provisional patent application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/960,768, filed on Oct. 12, 2007, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    A femto base station is basically a low cost and low power base station (BS) transceiver which is installed indoors (e.g., in a home or office) and connected to the Internet via cable, DSL, on-premise fiber optic link, or a similar IP backhaul technology. This connection is used to integrate the femto base station with the wireless operator&#39;s core network. 
         [0003]    A femto base station serves a geographic area known as a femto cell over a single carrier or channel. A femto cell typically covers a smaller geographic area or subscriber constituency than a conventional macro cell. For example, a femto base station typically provides radio coverage in a geographical area such as a building or home, whereas a conventional macro base station provides radio coverage in a larger area such as an entire city or town. The function of a femto cell is similar to that of a Wireless LAN (Local Area Network), and provides operators a low cost solution for extending coverage areas and off-loading users from the cellular network. 
         [0004]    In a wireless network including femto cells, upon entering a cell, a mobile station in an idle state (hereinafter an idle mobile station) receives broadcast overhead messages such as a sector-parameters message on the well-known broadcast control channel. In the current 3GPP2 CDMA2000 EVDO standards (e.g., 3GPP2 CDMA2000 EVDO standard “cdma2000 High Rate Packet Data Air Interface Specification,” 3GPP2 C.S0024-B, Ver. 2.0 (March 2007)), a sector-parameters message includes one or more color codes. Such color codes, which are periodically broadcast as a sequence of bits, are used to identify a particular subnet of a communications network. 
         [0005]    While in the idle mode, the mobile station periodically monitors (“wakes up” and receives) the broadcast control channel for changes in the received sector-parameters such as color codes. Conventionally, base stations located at a border area of a particular subnet transmit both primary and secondary color codes. The primary color code is the color code associated with the subnet in which the base station or cell resides, whereas the secondary color code identifies the bordering subnet. The broadcasting of the primary and secondary color codes indicates to mobile stations that they are in a border area of a particular subnet. 
         [0006]    Broadcasting of primary and secondary color codes by base stations located in each bordering subnet provides spatial hysteresis and suppresses ping-pong effects. In the current EVDO standard, the secondary color code mechanism provides spatial hysteresis preventing any mobile from conducting idle handoff when the mobile is in a border area covered by the secondary color code. In this case, if the secondary color code is applied at the bordering macro cell, relatively slow moving mobiles conduct handoff only after moving out of the bordering macro cell. Because these mobiles move relatively slowly, the period of time required for a mobile to move out of the bordering macro cell may be relatively long. During this period of time (which may be relatively long), the mobiles are not be served by either the femto cells or the macro cell, which may cause unacceptable service interruption. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0007]    Exemplary embodiments relate to methods for configuring a wireless network. 
         [0008]    In at least one illustrative embodiment, a radio access network establishes a first color code for a femto subnet and a second color code for a macro subnet. The femto subnet includes a plurality of femto cells and the macro subnet includes at least one macro cell. The macro subnet borders the femto subnet. The radio access network identifies which of the plurality of femto cells border the macro subnet, and assigns the established color codes to femto cells in the femto subnet. 
         [0009]    Within the bordering femto cells in the femto subnet, the radio access network broadcasts, via base stations within the femto cells, the first established color code as a primary color code and the second established color code as a secondary color code. The radio access network broadcasts only the second established color code as a primary color code within the macro cell. In response to a registration message from a mobile station in the femto subnet, the radio access network triggers idle hand-off of the mobile station from the macro subnet to the femto subnet. 
         [0010]    Alternatively, in response to a registration message from the mobile station, the radio access network may trigger idle hand-off of the mobile station from the femto subnet to the macro subnet 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0011]    The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description given herein below and the accompanying drawings, wherein like elements are represented by like reference numerals, which are given by way of illustration only and thus are not limiting of the present invention and wherein: 
           [0012]      FIG. 1  illustrates a portion of a telecommunications system in which illustrative embodiments may be implemented; and 
           [0013]      FIG. 2  is a flowchart illustrating a method for assigning color codes to femto cells within a femto coverage environment according to an example embodiment. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
       [0014]    In the following description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth such as particular architectures, interfaces, techniques, etc., in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced in other illustrative embodiments that depart from these specific details. In some instances, detailed descriptions of well-known devices, circuits, and methods are omitted so as not to obscure the description of the present invention with unnecessary detail. All principles, aspects, and embodiments of the present invention, as well as specific examples thereof, are intended to encompass both structural and functional equivalents thereof. Additionally, it is intended that such equivalents include both currently known equivalents as well as equivalents developed in the future. 
         [0015]    Exemplary embodiments are discussed herein as being implemented in a suitable computing environment. Although not required, exemplary embodiments will be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules or functional processes, being executed by one or more computer processors or CPUs. Generally, program modules or functional processes include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The program modules and functional processes discussed herein may be implemented using existing hardware in existing communication networks. For example, program modules and functional processes discussed herein may be implemented using existing hardware at existing radio network control nodes such as a femto management system (FMS). 
         [0016]    In the following description, illustrative embodiments will be described with reference to acts and symbolic representations of operations (e.g., in the form of flowcharts) that are performed by one or more processors, unless indicated otherwise. As such, it will be understood that such acts and operations, which are at times referred to as being computer-executed, include the manipulation by the processor of electrical signals representing data in a structured form. This manipulation transforms the data or maintains it at locations in the memory system of the computer, which reconfigures or otherwise alters the operation of the computer in a manner well understood by those skilled in the art. 
         [0017]    As discussed herein, the term “user” may be considered synonymous to, and used interchangeably with, the term “mobile station.” 
         [0018]      FIG. 1  illustrates a portion of a telecommunications system in which illustrative embodiments may be implemented. The telecommunications system  10  includes a radio access network (RAN). The RAN includes a macro subnet M and a femto subnet F. A femto subnet refers to a group of adjacent femto cells in a relatively small geographical area. For example, a femto subnet may be a group of femto cells within a building or group of buildings, such as, an apartment, an office complex, etc. 
         [0019]    The RAN shown in  FIG. 1  is, by way of non-limiting example, a code division multiple access radio access network (CDMA RAN). In a CDMA RAN, radio access is based upon CDMA with individual radio channels allocated using CDMA spreading codes. Of course, other access methods may be employed. 
         [0020]    The macro subnet M includes a RAN control node  100 R and macro base station  102 M. The RAN control node  100 R may be, for example, a radio network controller (RNC) in a hierarchical network architecture or a session reference network controller (SRNC) in a flat network. The RAN control node  100 R is linked with the macro base station  102 M via one or more packet and/or circuit switched networks (e.g., one or more Internet Protocol (IP) networks or the like). 
         [0021]    The macro base station  102 M provides radio coverage in macro cell  100 M, and is identified by a unique identity, which is broadcast within the macro cell  100 M. As shown in  FIG. 1 , the RAN control node  100 R maintains a link with macro base station  102 M. 
         [0022]    The femto subnet F includes a femto management system (FMS)  100 F and a plurality of femto cells FC. Each of the femto cells FC has a femto base station FBS located therein. For the sake of clarity, however, only a single femto base station FBS is shown in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0023]    Within the femto subnet F, the FMS  100 F is analogous to and has the same functionality as the above-described RAN control node in the macro subnet M. Because such functionality is well-known, a detailed discussion will be omitted. The FMS  100 F is linked with each femto base station FBS via one or more packet and/or circuit switched networks (e.g., one or more Internet Protocol (IP) networks or the like). 
         [0024]    Each femto cell FC is identified by a unique identity, which is broadcast within the cell. As used herein, the phrase “femto base station” may be synonymous with “pico base station,” or “micro base station.” In  FIG. 1 , femto cells FC are interior or non-bordering femto cells, whereas the femto cells FC 1 , FC 2  and FC 3  are border femto cells directly bordering macro subnet M. Macro cell  100 M is a macro cell within the bordering macro subnet M. 
         [0025]    The nodes  100 R,  100 F, and FBS are termed a RAN control node, FMS, and femto base stations, respectively, in keeping with the CDMA RAN example. However, it should be understood that the term “radio network controller,” and “base station,” also encompasses nodes having similar functionality for other types of radio access networks. 
         [0026]    Other types of telecommunications systems encompassing other types of radio access networks include, for example: Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Advance Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) system, the Narrowband AMPS system (NAMPS), the Total Access Communications System (TACS), the Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) system, the United States Digital Cellular (USDC) system, the code division multiple access (CDMA) system described in EIA/TIA IS-95, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), ultra mobile broadband (UMB), and long term evolution (LTE), etc. 
         [0027]      FIG. 1  shows only a single RAN control node  100 R, FMS  100 F, femto base station FBS, and macro base station  102 M. It will be understood, however, that RANs may include any number of RAN control nodes, FMSs and base stations (femto and/or macro), which serve any number of mobile stations. 
         [0028]    As is well-known, mobile stations communicate with femto base stations and/or macro base station  102 M over an air interface. As described herein, a mobile station refers to, for example, a mobile telephone (“cellular” telephone), a portable computer, a pocket computer, a hand-held computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a car-mounted mobile device, or the like which communicates voice and/or data with the RAN. 
         [0029]    Because coverage sizes of macro-cells and femto cells are significantly different, when the macro and femto coverage overlaps, applying the secondary color code at the overlapped macro cell causes unacceptable service interruption. 
         [0030]    More specifically, as discussed above, in the current EVDO standard, the secondary color code mechanism provides spatial hysteresis preventing any mobile from conducting idle handoff when the mobile is in a border area covered by the secondary color code. In this case, if the secondary color code is applied at the bordering macro cell, relatively slow moving mobiles conduct handoff only after moving out of the bordering macro cell. Because these mobiles move relatively slowly, the period of time required for a mobile to move out of the bordering macro cell may be relatively long. During this period of time (which may be relatively long), the mobiles are not be served by either the femto cells or the macro cell, which may cause unacceptable service interruption. 
         [0031]    Illustrative embodiments described herein suppress such service interruptions by reducing unnecessary transmission of secondary color codes at the overlapped macro cells. The secondary color codes are transmitted only at the border cells of the femto coverage zones. 
         [0032]      FIG. 2  is a flowchart illustrating a method for assigning color codes to femto cells within a femto subnet according to an illustrative embodiment. The steps shown in the method of  FIG. 2  may be performed by the RAN, for example, by a radio network control node such as FMS  100 F of  FIG. 1 . For exemplary purposes, the illustrative embodiment shown in  FIG. 2  will be described as being performed at FMS  100 F. 
         [0033]    Referring to  FIG. 2 , at step S 202  the FMS  100 F defines a group of femto cells constituting a femto subnet based on the geographic location of the femto cells in a three dimensional femto coverage space. The grouping of femto cells into a femto subnet may depend on the location and the number of femto cells in a given area. The location and number of femto cells within a given coverage area may be known at the FMS  100 F. 
         [0034]    At step S 204 , the FMS  100 F may identify border femto cells within the femto subnet to identify the border of femto coverage provided by the femto subset. The border of the femto coverage may be adjacent to a macro subnet with generally overlapping radio-frequency (RF) coverage. A bordering femto cell is a femto cell located at an outer portion of the femto subnet. In other words, a bordering femto cell is a femto cell located adjacent to or partially overlapping a Macro-subnet. 
         [0035]    Referring to  FIG. 1 , at step S 204 , the FMS  100 F may identify femto cells FC 1 , FC 2  and FC 3  as bordering femto cells. The FMS  100 F determines that femto cells FC 1 , FC 2  and FC 3  are bordering femto cells based on knowledge of the geographical femto subnet coverage edge (or border) and the macro subnet coverage edge (or border), each of which is known at the FMS  100 F. In one example, this geographical information may be obtained in the field when the femto and/or macro cells are deployed. 
         [0036]    Referring still to  FIG. 2 , at step S 206  the FMS  100 F assigns the same single primary color code to each non-bordering femto cell FC in subnet F. Also, at step S 206 , the RNC assigns a primary color code to the macro cell  100 M in subnet M. The primary color code assigned to the macro cell  100 M is different from the primary color code assigned to the interior femto cells FC. The primary color codes may be assigned in any well-known manner. 
         [0037]    At step S 208 , the FMS  100 F assigns a primary and secondary color code to each of the bordering femto cells FC 1 -FC 3 . The primary and secondary color codes may also be assigned in any well-known manner. 
         [0038]    According to at least this exemplary embodiment, the primary color code assigned to the bordering femto cells FC 1 -FC 3  is the same as the primary color code assigned to the interior femto cells FC. The secondary color code assigned to the bordering femto cells FC 1 -FC 3  is the same as the primary color code assigned to the macro cell  100 M in macro subnet M. Once assigned, each interior femto cell FC, bordering femto cells FC 1 -FC 3  and macro cell  100 M begins broadcasting their assigned color codes. 
         [0039]    As discussed above, when in an idle mode, the mobile station periodically monitors the broadcast control channel for changes to sector-parameters such as color codes. One example in which sector-parameters change is when a mobile station moves between subnets. In this example, referring back to  FIG. 1 , when the idle mobile station moves from macro subnet M to femto subnet F, the mobile station receives a broadcast message including new color codes. The new primary color code (hereinafter referred to as updated or current color codes) is different from the previously received primary color code (hereinafter referred to as previous color codes), but the new secondary color code is the same as the previous primary color code. At this point, registration and idle handoff is not yet triggered because the new secondary color code is the same as the previous primary color code. 
         [0040]    As the mobile station moves further and further into the femto subnet F, eventually the secondary color code is no longer transmitted. For example, when the mobile station moves from femto cell FC 2  to interior femto cell FC, the mobile station no longer receives the secondary color code. At this point, the mobile station receives only an updated primary color code, which is different from the previous primary color code received from the macro cell MC. As a result, the mobile station triggers registration and idle handoff. That is, namely, the idle mobile station sends a registration message to the RAN, and a session transfer is conducted between the RAN control node  100 R of the macro subnet M and the FMS  100 F of the femto subnet F to handoff the mobile station from macro subnet M to femto subnet F. 
         [0041]    In an alternative embodiment, the mobile station may trigger idle registration and handoff in response to receiving an updated primary and secondary color code, each of which are different from the previous primary color code. For example, if the mobile station crosses into a bordering femto cell, which borders a macro subnet different from the macro subnet in which the mobile station was previously located, the mobile station may trigger idle registration and handoff. 
         [0042]    For the purposes of the discussion set forth herein, the mobile station may consider receiving no secondary color code at all as a different color code assuming the mobile station was previously receiving a secondary color code. 
         [0043]    A similar idle handoff process may also occur when the idle mobile station moves from the femto subnet F to the macro subnet M. However, the idle handoff is triggered differently. As described above, when an idle mobile station moves from the macro subnet M into a femto subnet F, idle handoff is triggered when the mobile station receives only an updated primary color code that is different from the previous primary color code, and no longer receives a secondary color code. This may also be characterized as receiving a primary and secondary color code, each of which are different from the color code assigned to the macro subnet M. 
         [0044]    By contrast, when a mobile station moves from the femto subnet F to the macro subnet M, a registration message and idle handoff are triggered in response to receiving an updated primary color code that is different from the previous primary color code, regardless of whether the mobile is currently receiving a secondary color code. That is, for example, as soon as the mobile station enters the macro subnet and begins receiving an updated, different primary color code, registration and idle handoff are triggered. 
         [0045]    According to exemplary embodiments, changes in color code rules and/or usage of the color codes are transparent to mobile stations entering and/or leaving a particular cellular coverage area. In other words, changes need not be made at the mobile station to implement the method of the invention. 
         [0046]    According to illustrative embodiments discussed herein, groups of the color codes are defined and dedicated to macro coverage subnets and femto coverage subnets. Mobile stations are also configured with a primary and a secondary color code during the initial session configuration. When a mobile station “wakes up” and reads the broadcast message, the mobile stations recognizes that the primary color code has changed from a macro cell color code to a femto cell color code, and the previous primary macro cell color code has now become the secondary color code. Based on the recognized change in color codes, the mobile station determines it is entering the border of a femto subnet from the macro coverage. 
         [0047]    Similarly, if the mobile station sees a change in the primary color code from a femto color code to a macro color code, the mobile station determines it is moving out of the femto subnet into the macro subnet. In this case, a new rule of ignoring secondary color codes may be applied to suppress undesired service interruptions while still assigning a primary and secondary color code to macro cells in the macro subnet. 
         [0048]    In one embodiment, the primary color code of a neighboring femto subnet may be assigned as the secondary color code of the macro subnet, but the mobile station ignores the secondary color code at the macro border sector when deciding whether to trigger handoff to the macro cell. 
         [0049]    In the above-described illustrative embodiments a secondary color code is assigned to only one of two bordering subnets (e.g., at the femto subnet side due to the significant difference between the size of the macro cell and femto cells). The secondary code at the femto side requests a mobile station move further into the femto coverage before issuing a registration and handoff to the femto subnet thereby providing spatial hysteresis and suppressing ping-pong. 
         [0050]    When a mobile station moves from femto subnet to macro subnet the handoff is triggered immediately because the secondary color code is ignored if it is dedicated to the femto subnet. Thus, the mobile station is not required to move the relatively long distance into the macro coverage area before handoff to the macro subnet is triggered. 
         [0051]    In another illustrative embodiment, the color code dedicated to the femto subnets may be used as the secondary color code broadcast by a border sector of the macro subnet to alert the mobile station that it is nearing the outer edges of the macro subnet and femto coverage is nearby. That is, the secondary color code broadcast by the macro subnet may indicate to the mobile station that the mobile station is nearing a femto subnet. 
         [0052]    In response to receiving the secondary color code from the macro subnet, the mobile station may prepare to trigger handoff from the macro subnet to the femto subnet. For example, in response to receiving the secondary color code, the mobile station may begin searching nearby pilots of femto cells using the secondary color code of the macro subnet in a manner commensurate with the femto cell as opposed to the macro cell. The mobile station may also make power adjustments for accessing the femto cell as opposed to macro cells. 
         [0053]    The invention being thus described, it will be obvious that the same may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the invention, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the invention.