Abstract:
This invention is a dynamic orthodontic bracket system which allows brackets to be adjusted for particular angulations required for each individual tooth of a patient, while the frames are continuously attached to tooth surface. The orthodontist manually adjusts the relationship of a bracket and a frame during treatment eliminating the necessity of a full repositioning of all components. The bracket can be locked or unlocked within the frame with the use of a plate having a tapered thickness. The bracket is positioned such that it can move in various directions to achieve a proper angulation for tooth repositioning. The exterior of the frame can also be textured to provide more secure attachment to the surface of the tooth. This system leads to lower treatment cost, a more stable bracket system, and quicker adjustments of the orthodontic bracket system.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/014,328, entitled “Dynamic Bracket System” by Hessam Rahimi, filed Aug. 29, 2013, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/819,536, entitled “Dynamic Bracket System” by Hessam Rahimi, filed May 4, 2013, and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/598,931, entitled “Dynamic Bracket System” by Hessam Rahimi, filed Aug. 30, 2012. 
         [0002]    The entire teachings of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Orthodontics is a specialty in dentistry that moves teeth within the jaw bone and straightens the teeth by moving them to the proper three-dimensional location. In orthodontics, brackets are pieces of metal with a slot that accepts a flexible or rigid metallic wire. Such brackets are conventionally bonded to the teeth on a base (via a frame) and serve as vehicles allowing the orthodontist to apply force to the tooth to move it across the wire to its proper location with the proper angulation. 
         [0004]    The interaction of force, wires and brackets guides the three dimensional movement of the tooth. The force applied to the teeth, by the wire, forces the teeth to slowly alter their positions to align with the wire and therefore position them correctly in three dimensions. 
         [0005]    Conventional brackets generally have a fixed slot wherein the position of the slot relative to the tooth is fixed. Historically, brackets were the same for all teeth, regardless of patient individuality. Since every tooth has a unique three dimensional relationship with the rest of the teeth, the orthodontist was required to bend the wire that passed across the bracket slot in order to correct tooth angulation for each individual tooth. 
         [0006]    In orthodontics, the angulation of the bracket slot in each dimension is described differently. The angulation of the bracket slot in the left-right direction is called ‘tip’ and the angulation of slot in the back-forward direction is called ‘torque’. An average tip and torque has been calculated for every tooth, based on studies of normal dentitions. A modification was presented a few decades ago by which specific brackets were created for every tooth according to their average angulations so that when a straight wire was passed through the slot, the difference between the angle of the straight wire and the angle of the slot would force the tooth to track the wire and achieve the proper angulation. However, the inaccuracies occurred when a bracket was not bonded to the proper location on the tooth, which led to an improper angulation of the tooth and ultimately to a misaligned tooth. 
         [0007]    Also, the presumed angulations are merely averages, based on estimates of average sizes and shapes of teeth. Each individual is different with varying morphology for their teeth. Whenever a patient&#39;s teeth do not fall within the normal range, the straight wire technique does not produce optimum tooth angulation and location. Commonly, brackets are not always placed in the proper location on the tooth resulting in erroneous bracket positioning. In order to correct for such problems, a certain number of brackets are repositioned during the course of the treatment to address these inaccuracies and improper bracket placements. Repositioning is both time-consuming and expensive and oftentimes does not cure the improperly positioned bracket. The process of bracket repositioning involves a patient&#39;s office visit, removal of the old bracket, polishing of the tooth surface, priming of the surface and application of the new bracket to the surface. This process can take anything from 5 to 15 minutes per tooth, depending on the location of the bracket and the experience of the clinician. 
         [0008]    A need exists for a dynamic bracket system that allows the clinician to change the angulation of the bracket to achieve proper tooth alignment. A further need exists for a dynamic bracket system that allows a change in angulation in a number of different directions. Yet a further need exist to do so using a system that is efficient, easy to adjust and cost effective. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0009]    The dynamic bracket system of the present invention is designed to equip the practitioner with the ability to conveniently modify the position, tip and torque of the bracket slot component during the course of treatment, without having to remove and rebond the bracket. The dynamic bracket system of the present invention increases efficiency and quality of patient care. A dynamic bracket system of the present invention includes a frame, bracket slot component, stationary cover, and a moving cover. The frame, with its textured bottom side, can be bonded to the tooth surface with an adhesive material. The bracket slot component (also referred to as the “bracket”) includes a base, a stem (also referred to as a “neck”) and the top portion of the bracket, which includes an upper arm, a slot, and a lower arm. In some embodiments, instead of upper arm and lower arm designations, the terms arm A, arm B, arm C, and arm D are used. 
         [0010]    In an embodiment, the bracket system uses friction to secure the slot component after it is repositioned. Within the bracket system, the stem, immediately below the top portion of the bracket, can be positioned within the bracket compartment opening, between the junction of the moving cover and stationary cover. In some embodiments, instead of a moving cover and a stationary cover, there is one receiving member that is part of a single piece frame. The bracket base can be secured by vertical pressure from the joining of the moving cover and stationary cover within the frame. The base of the bracket slot component, below the stem, can rest above the textured interior of the bracket frame. In an embodiment, the textured interior surface ensures that the bracket component does not move freely within the space created between bracket frame and the covers, or between the groove created between the receiving member and the anchoring member. The diameter of the bracket stem is smaller than the opening created by the covers such that the bracket stem fits within the opening. The base of the bracket slot component can be wider than the stem yet narrower than the frame. 
         [0011]    The dynamic bracket system, in an embodiment, also includes a stationary cover and a moving cover which slide into position within the bracket frame along guiding grooves in the interior side walls of the bracket frame. The guiding groove is an indentation that runs along the top interior edge of the frame. The ends of the stationary cover and moving cover are tapered to allow sliding of the moving cover over the stationary cover in the guiding groove. The horizontal force on the covers as the covers move towards the end of the grooves, sliding friction of the covers over one another, as well as vertical pressure on the base of the bracket combine to limit the movement of the covers. 
         [0012]    Each cover, in an embodiment that has such covers, has depressions at the exterior edge of the cover, which lock onto projections along the guiding groove of the frame. In this embodiment, the stationary cover and moving cover both have irregularly shaped interior edges. When the stationary and moving covers are in position within the bracket frame, an opening to the bracket slot compartment is created at the junction of the interior edge of the two covers. During initial assembly of the bracket, first, the stationary cover is guided into position within the bracket frame, along the guiding grooves. The stationary cover is locked into place when the depression on the stationary cover connects with the projection along guiding groove. 
         [0013]    The bracket slot component is inserted into the space between the cover and the frame so that the base of the slot component lies beneath the cover and the rest of the slot component lies above it. Finally, the moving cover is guided into position within the bracket frame until the depressions connect with the projections of the guiding groove. The bracket slot component is secured between the frame and the covers by the secure connection between the stationary cover and the moving cover. The covers are locked together by a locking mechanism such as ball and socket, key and key hole or force of friction. The guiding grooves are slightly wider than the width of the covers so that when the two covers come together, the stationary cover is pushed down as the moving cover is wedged between a side of the guiding groove and the stationary cover. Without the slightly wider guiding grooves, a positive pressure or force of friction could be more difficult to create so as to secure the covers. 
         [0014]    This design allows for the bracket slot component to be adjusted within the confines defined by the stationary cover and moving cover when the moving cover is in the ‘open’ configuration and not fixed in place. The bracket slot component locks in place when the moving cover is in the ‘lock’ configuration. The slot component is able to rotate 360 degrees as well as move within the range defined by the difference in radius of the stem and the opening to the bracket compartment (also referred to as the inner borders of the covers). The frame&#39;s exterior or tooth-side surface can be textured to increase bond strength. The tooth-side surface of the bracket frame can have adaptive curves associated with the morphology of tooth surface. The base of the stem and the base-side of the frame can have micro-depressions to prevent sliding of the slot when the moving cover is in lock position. This bracket system uses friction as a means to prevent alteration of position of bracket slot relative to the frame. 
         [0015]    The two covers have a locking mechanism when they meet that prevents the moving cover from opening unless subjected to horizontal force applied through a regular orthodontic plier to its opening ledge. When the two cover extensions meet, a positive downward pressure or force of friction is applied on the base of the slot component, locking it in place. This increased positive pressure is created as the sloped surface of the moving cover extension slides above the sloped surface of the stationary cover extension. The moving cover is held in place by the guiding grooves or narrow cut outs made in the inner surface of the walls of the base frame, allowing it to move back and forth in the horizontal direction. When the stationary cover is positioned in the frame wall&#39;s guiding groove, it will lock in place when pushed to the edge of the frame and the opposing socket in the stationary cover. The moving cover is locked in place when engaged with the stationary cover. The stationary cover and the moving cover are secured when the depressions on these covers are positioned within the projections in the guiding groove, at the exterior edge of the frame. The frame wall surrounds the bracket frame except the feeding wall where it allows for the base of the bracket compartment to slide underneath the covers. The moving cover has a notch close to the edge on the feeding side of the frame that prevents it from coming loose when the moving cover is open unless subjected to sufficient force from a human hand using a dental plier or other tool. When subjected to sufficient force, practitioner can replace the moving cover in cases where breakage happens or the practitioner is required to modify the slot configuration for any reason, whether it is damaged or a different torque number is required. 
         [0016]    The designs detailed above are some of the basic embodiments described herein that make use of covers. In addition to these, certain embodiments that do not need separate covers, and that can instead use integral parts of the frame itself, are also encompassed by the present invention. 
         [0017]    In an aspect, the present invention includes a bracket system for use as part of orthodontic braces. The bracket system has a frame and a bracket, in which the frame can be manipulated so that the bracket can be inserted into it, removed from it, and locked into it. Additionally, in some embodiments, the bracket comprises a base, a neck, and one or more arms. The base of the bracket is received by the frame, in part or in full, and the one or more arms can be shaped to create a slot that can receive a wire. In some embodiments, the exterior surface of the frame is textured so that it ensures that the friction between the tooth and the frame is high enough to prevent sliding. In other embodiments, the interior surface of the frame can be textured too, in addition to the bottom surface of the base. Such texturing can ensure that the lock between the bracket and the frame is stronger that what would have been achieved by the fastener, to be explained later, alone. In alternative embodiments, the bracket has four arms. These four arms can create two slots, for example. 
         [0018]    In some embodiments, the bracket system has a frame that comprises an anchoring member to anchor the frame to a tooth, a receiving member to receive a bracket, a hinge that connects the two members mentioned, an opening in the receiving member to accept a bracket, and a fastener to lock the relative positions of the receiving and anchoring members. In certain embodiments, the bracket within the frame can rotate around 360 degrees and it can also move in any direction along the 360 degrees. 
         [0019]    In a particular embodiment, the fastener of the bracket is a clip that exists as part of the single-piece forming the frame. The clip can have a stopper to stop a potentially dislocating receiving member. The clip can also have teeth that can align with teeth on the receiving member. The bracket system, in any of the embodiments, can be decorated with markings, either orthogonal to any of the sides or oblique to any of the sides, to facilitate alignment of the bracket and the frame with respect to each other. The markings can exist on both the bracket and the frame. 
         [0020]    In another aspect, an embodiment includes one or more screws as part of the fastener. The screws can be received by one or more screw receivers on the receiving member as well as on the anchoring member. The screw receivers on the anchoring member need not allow full passage of the screws; or if they do, they can be used in conjunction with screws that are designed with a specific length. In a separate embodiment, the fastener can be manufactured in the form of a lever. The lever can have a lever handle and a lever lock. The lever lock, when the handle is moved, can ensure that the receiving member and the anchoring member are tightly locked when a bracket is in place. 
         [0021]    In various embodiments, one or more components of the bracket system can be made, in part or in whole, from materials such as nickel-titanium alloys, titanium-molybdenum alloys, and/or stainless steel. The frame, in some embodiments, can be placed onto the facial (labial or buccal) side of a tooth, whereas, in others, it can be placed onto the lingual side of a tooth. In some embodiments, the brackets are self-ligating brackets or can be adapted to be self-ligating. 
         [0022]    In alternative embodiments, methods of using a bracket system are disclosed. One method includes the steps of anchoring the frame of a bracket system onto a tooth, placing a bracket into the frame, and fastening the frame to lock the bracket in place. Alternatively, the method of the present invention can include the steps of placing a bracket into a frame that has been anchored onto a tooth, and fastening the frame to lock the bracket in place. The steps of the method include unlocking the bracket, readjusting or re-positioning the bracket and locking the bracket into place. Various embodiments of such methods of using a bracket system can be modified in accordance with the embodiments of the bracket system disclosed herein. 
         [0023]    In a different embodiment, in addition to the frame and the bracket, a plate is provided. The plate, in terms of its function, serves a purpose analogous to that of the fastener in some of the other embodiments: it fixes (and unfixes) or “locks” or “unlocks” the relative positions of the bracket within the frame. In these embodiments, the frame is manufactured with side walls (e.g., 2 or 3 side walls), and thus has its anchoring and receiving members fixed in positions relative to each other. The side walls, in one sense, can be considered to be analogous to the hinge of some of the other embodiments; however, unlike the hinge, the side walls do not allow a similar flexibility within the frame. The anchoring member, receiving member and the side walls define a cavity in which, when in use, the plate and the bracket base reside. For locking the system, the plate is inserted into the front face opening in the frame and into the cavity. The plate is placed underneath the bracket base. The plate can be inserted fully or partially depending on how much pressure is desired to keep the bracket in place. In an embodiment, the plate has a tapered thickness in which the thickness is greater at the grip end of the plate, as compared to the insertion end. As the plate is slid into place through the front frame opening, the bracket base is locked into place when the thickness of the plate is about the same as the distance between the bottom of the bracket base and the top of the inner surface of the anchor member. Put another way, the height of the opening of the cavity is about equal to or greater, to the thickness of at least one point along the length of the plate plus the height/thickness of the bracket base. 
         [0024]    In these different embodiments, there no longer is a need for a separate fastener: the plate replaces the fastener. In addition, there no longer is a need for a hinge: the side walls replace the hinge, and the anchoring and receiving members of the frame no longer move substantially with respect to each other. Various surfaces can be made to have high frictional coefficients: the inner surface of the anchoring member, the bottom surface of the plate, the upper surface of the plate, and the bottom surface of the base of the bracket. Any and all of these may be manufactured with a textured surface. 
         [0025]    In methods that employ the embodiments with the plate, a user can anchor the frame onto a tooth; place the bracket base into the opening of the receiving member of the frame; and insert the plate into the cavity and underneath the bracket base to lock the bracket into position. The method further includes, after the frame is anchored to the tooth, to unlock the bracket by removing the plate and repositioning the bracket base. The user can then re-insert the plate into the cavity and underneath the bracket base to lock the bracket into a different position. 
         [0026]    Additionally disclosed are kits that have a frame and a bracket. The kits can have as frames and brackets, any of the embodiments disclosed herein. The kits can also include wires (e.g., archwires), ligating members, or other tools to facilitate the use of the bracket systems. Some embodiments of the kits instead include a frame with two or three side walls, and a plate that can be inserted to fasten the bracket system. The plate can be manufactured from the same materials as the other parts, such as the frame. For example, the plate can be made from nickel-titanium alloys, titanium-molybdenum alloys, and/or stainless steel. 
         [0027]    The present invention has several advantages. Because the frame can be manufactured as a single piece, production costs are lower, and also the potential of a piece being lost is lower. The simplicity of a single piece also facilitates the ease of using the bracket system. The combined locking action of the fasteners and the textured surfaces ensures that the bracket and the frame do not move relative to each other unless desired. The ability to rotate the bracket 360 degrees, and also the ability to move (e.g., translate) the bracket in any direction along the mentioned 360 degrees enables a clinician to achieve any desired orientation of the bracket to bring about a needed orthodontic adjustment of a tooth. The obviated need to remove the bond between a tooth and a bracket during treatment, because of the use of a frame separate from the bracket, facilitates faster treatment times and reduces any potential of damaging the tooth due to such unbonding-rebonding cycles. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0028]    The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of preferred embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which parts are referred to by reference characters across views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed on illustrating the principles of the invention. 
           [0029]      FIG. 1  is a top view of a dynamic bracket system, where Ref.  1  is the bracket system frame, Ref.  2  is the moving cover, Ref.  3  is the stationary cover, Ref.  4  is the releasing notch, Ref.  5  is the bracket wire slot, Ref.  6  is a bracket slot component, Ref.  7  is the junction between the moving and stationary covers, and Ref.  8  is the opening to the bracket compartment 
           [0030]      FIG. 2  is a perspective view of a dynamic bracket system, where Ref.  1  is the bracket system frame, Ref.  6  is the bracket slot component, Ref.  9  is the tooth surface, Ref.  10  is the bracket base, Ref.  11  is the upper arm of the bracket slot component, Ref.  12  is the wire slot of the bracket slot component, Ref.  13  is the lower arm of the bracket slot component, Ref.  14  is the bracket stem, and Ref.  16  is the bracket slot compartment 
           [0031]      FIG. 3  is a top view of a bracket slot compartment opening created by joining of stationary and moving covers, where Ref.  1  is the bracket system frame, Ref.  2  is the moving cover, Ref.  3  is the stationary cover, Ref.  4  is the releasing notch, Ref.  7  is the junction between the moving and stationary covers, and Ref.  8  is the opening for the bracket slot compartment 
           [0032]      FIG. 4  is a top view of a bracket slot compartment without covers, where Ref.  1  is the bracket frame, Ref.  15  is the textured surface of the interior of the bracket slot compartment, Ref.  16  is the bracket compartment, and Ref.  17  is the guiding grooves within the interior of the frame 
           [0033]      FIG. 5  is a perspective view of a bracket slot compartment without covers, where Ref.  1  is the bracket frame, Ref.  15  is the textured surface of the interior of the bracket slot compartment, Ref.  16  is the bracket compartment, Ref.  17  is the guiding grooves within the interior of the frame, and Ref.  18  is a projection along the guiding groove 
           [0034]      FIG. 6  is a perspective view of a stationary cover and moving cover in an unlocked position, where Ref.  2  is the moving cover, Ref.  3  is the stationary cover, Ref.  4  is the releasing notch, Ref.  8  is the opening for the bracket slot compartment created by the joining of the moving and stationary covers, Ref.  19  is the securing depression on the moving cover, Ref.  20  is the securing depression on the stationary cover, Ref.  21  is the connecting edge of the moving cover, and Ref.  22  is the connecting edge of the stationary cover 
           [0035]      FIG. 7  is a close-up top view of covers in an unlocked position, where Ref.  2  is the moving cover, Ref.  3  is the stationary cover, Ref.  4  is the releasing notch, Ref.  8  is the opening for the bracket slot compartment created by the joining of the moving and stationary covers, Ref.  21  is the connecting edge of the moving cover, and Ref.  22  is the connecting edge of the stationary cover 
           [0036]      FIG. 8  is a perspective view of a bracket slot component, where Ref.  10  is the base of the bracket, Ref.  11  is upper arm of the bracket slot component, Ref.  12  is the slot of the bracket where the orthodontic wire is inserted, Ref.  13  is the lower arm of the bracket component, and Ref.  14  is the stem of the bracket 
           [0037]      FIG. 9  is a schematic of a perspective view of an embodiment of the bracket system. 
           [0038]      FIG. 10  is a schematic of perspective views of the embodiment of the bracket system of  FIG. 9 , showing a bracket and a frame as separated components. 
           [0039]      FIG. 11  is a schematic of a side view of the embodiment of the bracket system of  FIG. 9 . 
           [0040]      FIG. 12  is a schematic of a perspective view of an embodiment of the bracket system showing a bracket that is rotated differently relative the one shown in  FIG. 9 . 
           [0041]      FIG. 13  is a schematic of a top view of an embodiment of the bracket system showing the relative alignments of different markings on a bracket with those on a frame. 
           [0042]      FIG. 14  is a schematic of a perspective view of an embodiment of the bracket system that is different than the one shown in  FIG. 9  through  FIG. 13 . This particular bracket system is shown with its bracket and frame as separated components. The figure also shows two screws that are used to fasten the frame once it receives the bracket. 
           [0043]      FIG. 15  is a schematic of a perspective view of an embodiment of the bracket system that shows the components of the system together. These components were shown in their separated states in  FIG. 14 . 
           [0044]      FIG. 16  is a schematic of a perspective view of an embodiment of the bracket system. The figure shows the embodiment shown in  FIG. 15  from its opposite side, essentially revealing the exterior surface of its frame that can contact a tooth. 
           [0045]      FIG. 17  is a schematic of a perspective view of an embodiment of the bracket system that is different than the one shown in  FIG. 9  through  FIG. 13 , and also different from the one shown in  FIG. 14  through  FIG. 16 . This particular embodiment uses a lever, as shown, to fasten the frame. The figure only shows the frame component; the bracket component has been removed to better illustrate different parts of the lever. 
           [0046]      FIG. 18  is a schematic of a side view of an embodiment of the bracket system, part of which is also shown in  FIG. 17 . The bracket system in the figure is seen in an unlocked position due to the lever being in a raised position. 
           [0047]      FIG. 19  is a schematic of a perspective view of an embodiment of the bracket system, not shown in any of the previous figures. The bracket system is shown with its components separated from each other. The components include the frame, the bracket and the plate. 
           [0048]      FIG. 20  is a schematic of a side view of the embodiment of the bracket system shown in  FIG. 19 , depicting a bracket placed on top of a plate residing within a cavity of the frame. 
           [0049]      FIG. 21  is a schematic of a top view of the embodiment of the bracket system shown in  FIG. 19 , depicting a plate inserted into the frame with the grip end of the plate sitting outside of the frame. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0050]    A description of preferred embodiments of the invention follows. 
         [0051]      FIG. 1  is a top view of an embodiment of the dynamic bracket system. The shown dynamic bracket system is composed of a bracket system frame ( 1 ) which is connected to the tooth surface ( 9 ) (not shown in  FIG. 1  but shown in  FIG. 2 ). The interior of the shown frame has grooves or guiding lines ( 17 ) for the insertion of the stationary cover and moving cover. See  FIG. 4 . The moving cover ( 2 ) is inserted after the stationary cover ( 3 ) into the frame such that the covers connect at a junction ( 7 ). The connected covers exert a vertical pressure on the bracket base ( 10 ) that helps secure the base inside the bracket compartment ( 16 ). The moving cover ( 2 ) has a releasing notch ( 4 ) into which an orthodontic plier or tool can be inserted in order to release the moving cover from the frame ( 1 ). Once the stationary cover ( 3 ) is in place within the frame, the bracket slot component ( 6 ) is inserted followed by another bracket slot component ( 6 ). Each bracket slot component, in this embodiment, has a bracket wire slot ( 5 ) for the insertion of a guiding wire into the bracket system. The interior edges of both the stationary cover and the moving cover contain a cutout section such that an opening to the bracket compartment ( 8 ) is created where the bracket slot component ( 6 ) will be inserted within the bracket system. 
         [0052]      FIG. 2  is a perspective view of the dynamic bracket system that was shown in  FIG. 1 . The bracket system can be attached to the front surface of the user&#39;s tooth ( 9 ). The bracket slot component ( 6 ) is composed of an upper arm ( 11 ), a wire slot ( 12 ), a lower arm ( 13 ), a stem ( 14 ) and a base ( 10 ). The bracket slot component ( 6 ), in this embodiment, is inserted into the frame ( 1 ) between the stationary cover and moving cover. The bracket base ( 10 ) of the bracket slot component rests beneath the stationary and moving covers in the bracket slot compartment ( 16 ), where the bracket base is secured by vertical pressure from the covers. The interior surface of the bracket slot compartment, in this embodiment, is textured ( 15 ) to prevent movement of the bracket slot component ( 6 ). The bracket stem ( 14 ) is inside the opening ( 8 ) for the bracket slot compartment ( 16 ). The opening ( 8 ) is created, in this embodiment, by the joining of the edges of the stationary cover and moving cover. See  FIG. 3 . Each cover has an irregularly shaped interior edge, which creates an opening to the compartment ( 8 ) to allow for the insertion of the bracket stem between the joined covers. 
         [0053]      FIG. 3  is a top view of the bracket slot compartment opening created by the joining of the stationary and moving covers, corresponding to parts of the embodiment shown in  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 . The stationary and moving covers each contain an irregularly shaped interior edge that creates an opening ( 8 ) for the bracket slot compartment when the covers are aligned. The stationary cover ( 3 ) is inserted into the bracket system frame ( 1 ) along the guiding grooves ( 17 ). Then the moving cover ( 2 ) is also inserted along the guiding grooves ( 17 ) until its sloped edge meets the sloped edge of the stationary cover ( 3 ) at the junction point ( 7 ). The outer edge of the moving cover ( 4 ) has a releasing notch ( 4 ) that assists in the removal of the moving cover. Pressure applied to the releasing notch with a dental tool will release the moving cover from its position. The dental tool can be any type of the following: cutter, explorer, plier, stripper, or scaler. The opening ( 8 ) to the bracket slot component is created by the joining of the stationary and moving covers at their interior edges. 
         [0054]      FIG. 4  is a top view of the bracket slot compartment ( 16 ) without the stationary cover or moving cover. The embodiment shown in this figure, and described in this paragraph, corresponds to the ones shown in  FIG. 1 ,  FIG. 2 , and  FIG. 3 . The components of the bracket system are assembled within the bracket frame ( 1 ). The interior edges of the frame, in this embodiment, have guiding grooves ( 17 ) that the stationary and moving covers glide along as the covers are inserted into the frame. The interior surface of the bracket compartment is textured ( 15 ) to prevent movement of the bracket base ( 10 ) within the compartment ( 16 ). 
         [0055]      FIG. 5  is a perspective view of the bracket slot compartment ( 16 ) without the stationary cover or moving cover. The embodiment shown in this figure, and described in this paragraph, corresponds to the one shown in  FIG. 1  through  FIG. 4 . The components of the bracket system are assembled within the bracket frame ( 1 ). The interior edges of the frame ( 1 ) have guiding grooves ( 17 ) that the stationary and moving covers glide along as the covers are inserted into the frame ( 1 ). There are a number of projections ( 18 ), along the surface of the guiding grooves ( 17 ) that lock with the depressions ( 19 ) on the moving and stationary covers to secure the covers to the frame ( 1 ). The connection between the projections ( 18 ) and the depressions ( 19 ) also exerts vertical pressure on the bracket base ( 10 ) within the bracket compartment ( 16 ). The interior surface of the bracket compartment ( 16 ) is textured ( 15 ) to prevent movement of the bracket base within the compartment ( 16 ). 
         [0056]      FIG. 6  is a perspective view of the stationary cover and moving cover in an unlocked position. The moving cover ( 2 ) and the stationary cover ( 3 ) both have connecting edges ( 21 ,  22 ) that lock together at the junction. In addition, the moving cover ( 2 ) and the stationary cover ( 3 ) both have cutout sections on the interior edges of the covers. When the moving cover and the stationary cover are locked or joined, a closed off round opening ( 8 ) is created. The bracket component can be positioned within this opening ( 8 ) to the bracket slot compartment ( 16 ) when the bracket system is fully assembled. The moving cover has dual securing depressions ( 19 ) at its exterior edges that serve to secure the moving cover ( 2 ) and prevent the cover from falling out of the frame ( 1 ). These depressions ( 19 ) connect with projections ( 18 ) along the guiding groove ( 17 ) to secure the cover in the frame. The stationary cover also has dual securing depressions ( 20 ) at its outer edges that serve to secure the stationary cover ( 3 ) and prevent the cover from falling out of the frame. The securing depressions on the bottom side of the covers protrude and prevent the covers from sliding out of position. These depressions ( 20 ) connect with projections ( 18 ) along the guiding groove ( 17 ) to secure the cover in the frame ( 1 ). There is also a releasing notch ( 4 ) that unlocks the cover once an orthodontic plier is inserted in the latch with sufficient force from a hand or a dental tool. 
         [0057]      FIG. 7  is a close-up top view of the covers in an unlocked position. The moving cover ( 2 ) and the stationary cover ( 3 ) both have connecting edges ( 21 ,  22 ) that lock together at the junction and cutout sections on the interior edges of both covers. When the moving cover and the stationary cover are locked or joined, a closed off round opening ( 8 ) is created. The moving cover has dual depressions ( 19 ) at its outer edges that serve to secure the moving cover and prevent the cover from falling out of the frame. The stationary cover also has dual securing depressions ( 20 ) at its outer edges that serve to secure the stationary cover ( 3 ) and prevent the cover from falling out of the frame. There is also a releasing notch ( 4 ) that unlocks the cover once an orthodontic plier is inserted in the latch with sufficient force from a hand or a dental tool. 
         [0058]      FIG. 8  is a side view of a bracket component. The shown bracket slot component is made of an upper arm ( 11 ) and a lower arm ( 13 ) with a slot ( 12 ) between the arms wherein an orthodontic wire would be inserted to aid in the movement of teeth. Two bracket slot components would collectively have two upper arms, two lower arms, and a slot that would run along both of the individual slots. Beneath the slot ( 13 ), lies the stem ( 14 ) of the bracket slot component. The stem is of a smaller diameter than the distance between the outside edges of the upper and lower arms of the bracket component. Beneath the stem, lies the base of the bracket ( 10 ) which is of a length larger than that of the stem. The stem ( 14 ) of the bracket slot component is inserted through the bracket compartment opening ( 8 ) and the base ( 10 ) of the bracket slot component rests against the textured interior surface ( 15 ) of the bracket compartment in the bracket frame ( 1 ). 
         [0059]    The embodiments described herein can be used to create mesial movements (toward the central teeth), distal movements (toward the last molars), lingual movements (toward the tongue behind the teeth), facial movements (toward the lips (labial) or toward the cheeks (buccal)), apical movements (toward the root), coronal movements (toward the crown), or any combination thereof. Certain embodiments are especially suited for mesial, distal, lingual, and facial movements. Other terms for the types of movements that can be created include tipping, torqueing, translation, root uprighting, rotation, extrusion, and intrusion. Tipping refers to a type of mesiodistal movement, and torqueing is a buccolingual movement. Extrusion is a coronal, and intrusion an apical movement. Forces required for these types of movements can be in the 15 to 150 g range or higher, and are attainable with the embodiments disclosed herein. The units used herein for forces are grams, abbreviated as “g”. Even though gram, from a physical standpoint is a unit for mass, in orthodontics, it is sometimes used as a shorthand for gram-force, and is understood to stand for the amount of force the standard gravity (e.g., 9.8 m/s 2 ) would exert on an object having a certain mass. By this definition used herein, 1 g would be equivalent to a force of approximately 0.0098 N (Newton), while 1N would approximately equal 101.97 g. In some publications, it is possible to come across different definitions of some of the terms relating to the movements of teeth. For example, tipping is sometimes referred to as the simplest orthodontic movement that occurs at about the center of resistance of a tooth (sometimes described as ⅓ from root apex or 40% of root length from alveolar crest). For such a tipping, forces are high at apex and alveolar crest, for example 35-70 g, while they reduce to zero at center. Such a broad definition (not used herein) would combine the definitions of tipping (as used herein) and torqueing (as used herein) into one general term. Translation can be referred to as any bodily movement where all of periodontal ligament is uniformly loaded with forces such as 70-150 g. Rotation is sometimes believed to need a level of force that is theoretically high, and because of the ensuing compression of the periodontal ligament with forces around 35-100 g, tipping may accompany an attempted rotation. Extrusion, as a vertical movement, depends on creating tension at the fibers of periodontal ligament, of around 35-60 g. Intrusion, a similarly vertical movement, has forces of 10-25 g concentrated at root apex. Forces used to bring different tooth movements about can be applied continuously (at a light level, sometimes referred to as “ideal”) or only when wearing an appliance (sometimes referred to as “interrupted”). As a hybrid of the two types above, the force can also be applied such that it gradually reduces (e.g., to zero) between visits to a clinician (this type of force is sometimes referred to as “intermittent”). The appliances used to apply forces can be, in general, fixed or removable. Each of the embodiments of the present invention can be used to effectuate the rotation/positioning described above without having to re-bond the frame to the tooth. Once the frame is anchored to the tooth, this can be accomplished by unlocking the bracket, repositioning it, and re-locking the bracket into place. 
         [0060]    From a purely physical standpoint, orthodontic tooth movements can be described as either translations, rotations, or a combination of the two. In some texts, it is possible to come across the term “tipping” to be used in the sense of a “combination” as described above (e.g., broadly as a combination of translation and rotation). A force that does not pass though the center of resistance of a tooth can cause the combination of translation and rotation, essentially resulting in movement with some rotational element. To create pure rotation, a single force is not enough; at least a couple (e.g., two forces) are needed. 
         [0061]    Periodontal ligament (PDL) attaches a tooth to the alveolar bone and has fibroblasts, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and undifferentiated cells, among others. PDL is at the interface between the tooth and the cortical bone. Cortical bone has slow turnover, whereas trabecular bone that is adjacent but further away from the tooth, has constant turnover. When force is applied to a tooth, PDL/bone receives the force and this leads to microfractures, in addition to other changes. Ultimately, osteoblasts mediate tension and osteoclasts mediate compression; hence, deposition (secretion of new bone by osteoblasts) and resorption (breaking down, by osteoclasts) of bone is accomplished. Level and duration of force are important for properly moving the teeth. For describing movements of the teeth, it is often useful to refer to the six different surfaces of a tooth. These surfaces are: gingival, occlusal, lingual, labial, mesial, and distal surfaces. 
         [0062]    As mentioned, when a tooth moves, osteoblasts facilitate formation of new bone (e.g., bone deposition) from a location that a tooth has moved from, and osteoclasts facilitate removal (e.g., bone resorption) of bone tissue from the area that a tooth is moving into. The embodiments described herein can be used with a suitable pace of bracket adjustments so that bone formation and degradation are optimal, as determined by a clinician. In some embodiments, the used brackets can be made from translucent ceramic so that they are less visible against natural teeth. The brackets can be used with any wires, including nitinol (Nickel-Titanium alloy) wires with shape memory effects at various temperatures. Other materials for the wires include Titanium-Molybdenum alloys and stainless steel. The frames can be bonded to the teeth via bonding materials as well as via metal bands. 
         [0063]    Brackets, wires, and other orthodontic supplies can be purchased from a variety of sources such as JesOrthopental, Fort Lauderdale, Fla.; Henry Schein Dental, Waltham, Mass.; and 3M Unitek Orthodontic Products, Monrovia, Calif. 
         [0064]    One physical phenomenon on which some of the wires (e.g., archwires) used in contemporary bracket systems operate is shape memory effect, which allows application of appropriate forces to move the desired teeth. Some materials have the ability to return to a shape upon being exposed to a certain inducer, such as a change in temperature. Two common examples of such materials, sometimes called smart materials, are shape memory alloys (SMA) and shape memory polymers (SMP). SMAs can be set to a certain shape by being forged at a low temperature, and they will remember and try to return to that shape when they are placed at a higher temperature. For example, the desired shape can be set at a temperature that is much lower than the body&#39;s temperature, and the material, after being placed in or near a human body, would remember its original temperature and would try to return to it, in effect generating forces toward that original shape. These materials with shape memory can be used in the making of archwires for dental braces. The set and the post-heating states are sometimes described as the martensitic and the austenitic states, respectively. Common alloys used to make SMAs include nickel-titanium and copper-aluminum-nickel alloys. While the most common SMAs remember their shape at a low temperature and try to return to it from a high temperature state, some SMAs can remember both a low and a high temperature state. The ability to create SMAs with varying materials and compositions of such materials allows the manufacturing of alloys of a wide variety of size and shape. While SMAs have been commonly employed for dental braces, SMPs may constitute a reasonable alternative in the future as well. SMPs can be induced to undergo transitions between states by changes in temperature, light, and fields such as electrical or magnetic ones. Some SMPs are also known to be able to remember three states, instead of only two (e.g., some can switch from a first state to a second one upon being subjected to a first inducer, and from the second one to a third one upon being subjected to a second inducer). Wires based on such elastic properties can be useful especially during the initial stages of treatment. 
         [0065]    By frictional coefficient, it is referred to the ratio of a force opposing movement due to friction to a force pressing the objects toward each other. Sometimes also referred to as the coefficient of friction, the frictional coefficient is a measure of the friction, or of the force resisting the relative motion of two objects. For example, if the inner surface of the anchoring member of the frame and also the bottom surface of the bracket are made smooth, they would have a lower frictional coefficient compared to the case in which both are made with textured surfaces. The same can be said of the frictional coefficient between the external surface of the anchoring member of the frame and the surface of a tooth. By a high frictional coefficient, it is referred to a frictional coefficient that is high enough to prevent relative movements of the two objects (e.g., the bracket and the frame). By preventing the relative movements, what is meant is that the two objects would not move relative to each other more than a certain percentage of their average length during a certain period of time (e.g., 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, or 10% within 1 day, 1 month, or 1 month). In the field, with respect to archwires and brackets, it is commonly believed that stainless steel can slide relatively well on stainless steel, whereas nickel-titanium alloy wires and ceramic brackets have higher frictional coefficients. 
         [0066]    With the term single-piece, it is referred to an object (e.g., frame) that is not easily separated into components in a reversible way. Such an object may be made from substantially the same material throughout, or can be made from a mixture of materials. An object made of multiple objects welded together is also considered to be a single-piece object. 
         [0067]    In some embodiments, self-ligating brackets can be used, in addition to more traditional brackets. Arch wires can be maxillary or mandibular, and they can be made of NiTi, TMA, or stainless steel. The wires can be parabolic shaped or shaped in any other way as desired. The wires can be straight wires, as opposed to requiring to be bent by a clinician. Retainers may need to be worn after the dental braces are removed. The brackets used can be modified to make them self-ligating brackets. Additional usable components include bands, molar tubes, brackets, buccal tubes, arch wires, and auxiliaries. Auxiliaries can include elastomeric products, coil springs, lingual arches, and extra-oral appliances. 
         [0068]    The bracket system described herein can be positioned on the labial or buccal side (collectively, the facial side) of a tooth. In alternative embodiments, the bracket system can also be positioned on the lingual side. 
         [0069]    In some embodiments, the terms “bracket” instead of “bracket slot component”, “neck” instead of “stem”, “interior surface” instead of “textured surface of interior”, “arm A/B/C/D” instead of “lower/upper arm”, and “groove” instead of “bracket compartment” are used. In alternative embodiments, the term “fastener” and “plate” may be used interchangeably. In those embodiments, although strictly inaccurate, the term “hinge” may be used to point to a “side wall”. Referring to  FIG. 9 , another embodiment of the bracket system is shown. 
         [0070]    Bracket system  190 A is shown in a perspective view with two of its parts: bracket  170  and frame  180 A. Bracket  170  has arm  154 A, arm  154 B, arm  154 C, and arm  154 D. These arms are arranged in such a way that the spaces between them create one or more slots. In the figure, the space created by arms  154 A and  154 B on one side, and arms  154 C and  154 D on the other side is first slot  156 . In some embodiments, a wire (e.g., an archwire) can be placed (e.g., inserted, threaded, positioned) into this first slot. Second slot  158  is formed by the arms  154 B and  154 C on one side and the arms  154 A and  154 D on the other side. In some embodiments, this second slot can also be used to place a wire. Also shown as part of bracket  170  in this figure are the extensions. Extension  164 B is seen as a wing of arm  154 B, extension  164 C as a wing of arm  154 C, and extension  164 D as a wing of arm  154 D. Extension  164 A is the wing of arm  154 A. These extensions are overhangs that can allow placement of a ligating member (such as a ligating module, which can be a donut shaped plastic piece that ties in an archwire to the bracket). Other than the bracket, in  FIG. 9 , the frame is shown. Frame  180 A is seen to have receiving member  114 A, anchoring member  112 A, and clip  124 A. Anchoring member is the part of the frame that is closest to the tooth surface, and the receiving member is the part that is closer to the bracket arms. The clip materially is not a separate piece in this embodiment, and is seen to be an extension of the anchoring member. Because the clip constitutes the fastener, and because the fastener is integral to the frame, in this embodiment, frame  180 A and frame member  110 A are not practically distinct. In other embodiments, it will become clear that when fastener includes additional items (such as screws), the frame member is mostly comprised by anchoring and receiving members, whereas the frame is comprised by not only the anchoring and receiving members, but also by the fastener (e.g., a screw). 
         [0071]    The fastener shown in  FIG. 9  is seen to have clip teeth  124 B that lock against receiving teeth  124 C of the receiving member. Clip  124 A is also seen to have stopper  124 D and clip opening  124 E. The stopper ensures that even if the clip teeth lose their grip, the receiving member will not be substantially removed from the anchoring member. The clip opening is an optional feature, and in some embodiments can be eliminated. 
         [0072]    Also seen in  FIG. 9  are hinge  116 A and groove  130 A. The hinge connects the receiving and the anchoring members and allows relative movements of the two in order to accommodate insertion and removal of a bracket. The hinge can be manufactured from the same materials as the rest of the frame, and need not be a separate piece. In certain embodiments, the hinge can be a separate piece. Groove  130 A is the compartment between the receiving and the anchoring members within which the base of the bracket is accommodated. Even though shown as open through the entire length of the area of the receiving member, the groove can be blocked from the sides in some embodiments. For example, either the receiving member or the anchoring member, or both can have an extension on the side that when the two members are closed onto each other, essentially closes one or more sides of the groove. 
         [0073]    The term “closed” or “closing” in the context of the two members, the receiving and the anchoring members, is used to refer to the relative state of the two members when the receiving member cannot easily receive a bracket. As should be apparent, the two members need to be, at least slightly, pried open so that a bracket can be inserted without significant friction. Such a state, in which a bracket can be inserted and removed without significant friction, is referred to as the “open” state of the frame. On the other hand, the terms “lock”, “locked”, etc. are used to relate to the state of the receiving members and anchoring members when they are secured to prevent accidental or unwanted movement of the bracket. In certain embodiments in which the receiving members and anchoring members do not move, the term “locked” refers to the bracket being secured and does not move accidentally or unwantedly. In such an embodiment in which the receiving members and anchoring members are stationary, the term “unlocked” refers to the bracket&#39;s ability to move within the frame without significant friction. The terms “unlock”, “unlocked”, etc. relate to the state of bracket&#39;s ability to move relative to the frame. When the bracket is locked within the frame, a patient cannot simply pull and remove a bracket from the frame while leaving all the parts intact. 
         [0074]    In particular embodiments that have a plate, a distinction between open and closed states need not be made, since the anchoring and receiving members are relatively fixed with respect to each other. In those embodiments, the bracket system can be locked by use of a plate, and unlocked by the movement and/or removal of the plate. 
         [0075]    Now referring to  FIG. 10 , the left side shows bracket  170  and the right side shows frame  180 A. As shown in this side view, bracket  170  has base  150  and neck  152 , in addition to having the arms and extensions mentioned during the discussion of  FIG. 9 . First slot  156  is clearly visible between arm  154 B and arm  154 C. A wire can be placed into that slot and then stabilized via a variety of methods (e.g., ligating modules that make use of the extensions, or additional covers that go above the slot). Neck  152 , referred to as a stem in some other embodiments, connects the base of the bracket with the arms of the bracket. The neck can be substantially surrounded by the receiving member once the bracket is in place within a frame. Base  150 , once a bracket is placed into the groove (also called compartment in other embodiments) of a frame, rests against the inner surface of the anchoring member. In some embodiments, either one or both of the inner surface of the anchoring member and the bottom surface of the base are manufactured as a textured surface in order to increase the friction when they come together. This aids in stabilizing the relative positions of the two. 
         [0076]    On the right side of  FIG. 10 , frame  180 A is shown with opening  118 A, neck opening  120 A, interior surface  126 A, lobe  122 A, lobe  122 B, and lobe  122 C. Opening  118 A is where the bracket will be rested once in place. Within the opening, the bracket has freedom to move, provided that the frame is in an unlocked position. The neck opening is designed to allow insertion of the bracket into the frame. Upon prying apart at either the clip or the receiving member, depending on the embodiment used, a bracket can be slid through neck opening  120 A and positioned within opening  118 A. Interior surface  126 A can be textured to increase the frictional grip it has on the bracket. The lobes can be arranged in any way, and there can be fewer or more than three lobes. In an embodiment, the lobes confer an enhanced degree of movement to the bracket. For example, in the figure shown, the bracket can be positioned along any of the four directions: toward lobe  122 A, toward lobe  122 B, toward lobe  122 C, or toward neck opening  120 A. Also, the bracket can be rotated clockwise or counterclockwise within the opening. The ability to move in these various directions is useful because by placing a bracket in a different location with respect to the tooth, a different force can be exerted onto the tooth, effectively moving it in a different way. 
         [0077]    Turning our attention to  FIG. 11 , bracket system  190 A is shown from a side view. This view clearly shows the interlocking clip teeth  124 B and receiving teeth  124 C. Stopper  124 D is also shown to stop any potential movement beyond a certain level, in case the clip teeth or the receiving teeth suffer a trauma and are unable to lock the frame. Base  150  of the bracket is seen to be placed into groove  130 A of the frame. In this figure, the first slot, which can accept a wire, is seen to be in a direction parallel to that of the clip. This is not mandatory, as will become clear with inspection of the next figure. 
         [0078]      FIG. 12  shows bracket system  190 A from a perspective view, this time with bracket  170  rotated to a different degree than the one shown in  FIG. 9 . From this drawing, it should be apparent that the bracket can be rotated to any degree (e.g., 0 to 360 degrees). In any of these rotated orientations, any of the slots (first slot  156  or second slot  158 ) can be used to accommodate an archwire. In addition to rotating the bracket around a range of 360 degrees, the bracket can also be moved (translated) toward any of the 360 degrees. Even though the highest level of movement will be allowed in the directions corresponding to those of the lobes, some movement toward other directions can also be permitted in certain embodiments. A range of rotations and movements is possible with bracket being able to move within the lobes and rotate the within frame. 
         [0079]      FIG. 13  shows a top view of bracket system  190 A, which shows one embodiment having markings on the bracket and the frame to assist the dental practitioner in aligning the bracket. Any embodiment described herein can use such a bracket with the markings for alignment. In this figure, the relative alignment is achieved with the coarse orthogonal markings, fine orthogonal markings, and oblique markings of the frame with the orthogonal bracket markings and oblique bracket markings. Coarse orthogonal markings  132 A through  132 K are in a perpendicular direction to an edge of the receiving member (marks  132 I and  132 K are not visible in the figure). Fine orthogonal markings  134 A through  134 L are also in a perpendicular direction to an edge of the receiving member, but are shorter than the coarse orthogonal markings (marks  134 J and  1343 K are not visible in the figure). Such an arrangement can be used, for example by first aligning the bracket against the coarse markings and then against the fine ones to increase the precision. In addition to these orthogonal markings, the receiving member is also shown to have oblique markings  136 A through  136  D. Any of these markings can be of use during both the rotational and translational movements of the bracket with respect to the receiving member. To make it easier to register the bracket against these markings, the bracket itself can have markings. The figure shows bracket  170  to have orthogonal bracket markings  160 A through  160 D and oblique bracket markings  162 A through  162 D. A clinician can record and keep track of the relative alignments of these against each other throughout the duration of a treatment. That way, an accurate history of the progress of the forces applied on a tooth will be available, which can be used to further increase the precision of the orthodontic treatment. 
         [0080]    Referring now to  FIG. 14 , an additional embodiment of the bracket system is displayed in a perspective view, with its components shown separately. Bracket system  190 B is shown with bracket  170 , frame  180 B, first screw  124 F, and second screw  124 G. In this embodiment, instead of the clip that was used in the embodiments shown in figures  FIG. 9  through  FIG. 13 , screws and screw receivers are used. A screw receiver is a hole having a complementary thread to the helical ridge of a screw. Screws, depending on their design, can be tightened by clockwise or counterclockwise rotation, and then untightened by an opposite rotation. The combination of screw  124 F, screw  124 G, and frame member  110 B constitutes frame  180 B. Screw  124 F is initially received by first screw receiver  124 H, which can have a complementary interior surface to snugly receive first screw  124 F. Similarly, second screw  124 G is initially received by second screw receiver  124 I. To achieve the locking of the frame, each screw is ultimately received by an additional screw receiver. First screw  124 F is received by third screw receiver  124 J, and second screw  124 G is received by fourth screw receiver  124 K (shown in  FIG. 16 ). The third and fourth screw receivers do not need to extend along the full width of the anchoring member, although they can if the screws are manufactured with a limited length so that they will not protrude from the anchoring side toward the tooth. In some embodiments, only the third and fourth screw receivers have spirally accommodating grooves for the screws, and the first and second receivers are merely holes through which the screws can pass. 
         [0081]      FIG. 14  also shows parts that are analogous to those shown in prior embodiments. Examples of parts shown are lobes  122 D through  122 F, groove  130 B, anchoring member  112 B, receiving member  114 B, frame member  110 B, opening  118 B, neck opening  120 B, and bracket  170  with similar parts. Unlike the previous embodiment shown, this one has two hinges: hinge  116 B and hinge  116 C. In some embodiments, there can be fewer or more hinges. Similarly, in alternative embodiments, there can be fewer or more screws and screw receivers. Screws can be placed anywhere along the frame, as long as they stabilize, or do not prevent stabilization of a bracket. This figure intuitively illustrates how a bracket can be inserted onto a frame though the neck opening of the frame and the how the frame can be locked to stabilize the bracket. 
         [0082]    Directing our attention to  FIG. 15 , bracket system  190 B is shown with the bracket  170  and frame  180 B, as they fit together. Screw  124 G is seen to extend along groove  130 B all the way to the fourth screw receiver. First slot  156  formed between arms  154 A with  154 B on one side and  154 C with  154 D on the other side is shown to be perpendicular to the direction from one screw to the other. Similar to other embodiments, another slot can be used, as well as the first slot, to place a wire. Again similarly, the bracket can be rotated or translated, or rotated and translated in any direction that is within a plane parallel to the plane of the receiving member. 
         [0083]    Referring to  FIG. 16 , bracket system  190 B is shown in a perspective view that makes apparent the exterior surface of the frame that contacts a tooth. This view is upside-down compared to the one in  FIG. 15 . Exterior surface  128 B is shown to have a series of circular depressions. A variety of texture features can be used on the exterior surface on any of the embodiments described herein. In addition to depressions, projections, recesses, general roughness, and any regular or irregular features, pure or together with other kinds of features can be used, as long as the final exterior surface has a better frictional interaction, to any degree, with a tooth surface than an exterior surface with no features. In an embodiment of using the bracket system, a clinician leaves the frame on the tooth for the entire duration of the treatment, which can last up to years, and only adjusts the bracket during certain intervals. Because the frame only will need to be removed once, at the end of the treatment, the bonding between a tooth and the exterior surface can be strong. 
         [0084]    Now looking at  FIG. 17 , the frame part of a yet another embodiment of the bracket system is shown. In parallel with the previously discussed embodiments, the frame is stabilized by a fastener; however, in contrast to the previous embodiments, the fastener is a lever and not a screw or a clip, in the sense of the previous embodiments. Frame  180 C is shown having lever  124 L. Lever  124 L is attached to the frame at first lever support  124 P and at second lever support  124 Q. The lever, shown overall to have a shape of an irregular tube herein, is threaded in this embodiment through first lever receiver  124 R and second lever receiver  124 S. First lever receiver  124 R is a hole within first lever support  124 P, and second lever receiver  124 S is a hole within second lever support  124 Q. Lever  124 L can rotate through the two lever receivers such that it can reach near the hinge from the receiving member side as shown. The depicted embodiment is a locked position of the frame. Locking action is accomplished by lever lock  124 N, which is the part of the lever that applies pressure on the side of the receiving member that is near neck opening  120 C. As seen, lever lock is a segment of the lever that longitudinally protrudes away from the lever in such a way that when the lever is closed toward hinge  116 D, the lever lock presses onto the receiving member. Also shown in this figure are lobes  122 G though  122 I, groove  130 C, frame member  110 C, anchoring member  112 C, receiving member  114 C, and opening  118 C. The part of the handle that can be moved, manually or with a tool, is designated as lever handle  124 M. Lever handle can be the entire accessible length of the lever other than the lever lock, or it can be just the part of the lever that extends along the hinge when closed, depending on the embodiment. 
         [0085]      FIG. 18  shows bracket system  190 C with lever  124 L in a position that displays frame  180 C in an unlocked position. As seen, in contrast to  FIG. 17 , when the lever is lifted away from hinge  116 D, receiving member  112 C is free to move away from anchoring member  114 C, effectively freeing bracket  170  to move or rotate within the opening. A clinician can lift lever handle  124 M, adjust bracket  170 , and then lock the lever handle by closing it toward hinge  116 D. Even though the figure shows first slot  156  to be positioned in the direction along the hinge, as should be apparent from the ability of the bracket to translate or rotate in any direction, the first slot can be aligned in any direction. In some embodiments, the second slot can be used as well, either to thread a wire through or to stabilize a wire threaded through the first slot. Locking can be effected by motions of the lever to positions other than the one shown in the figures as well. 
         [0086]    Presenting a different embodiment,  FIG. 19  shows a bracket system in which the anchoring member and the receiving member are connected to each other via three sides (e.g., stationary sides). In alternative embodiments, the two members may also be connected through a number of sides different than three, for example they can be connected through two sides. Anchoring member  112 F is connected via sides  116 F,  116 G, and  116 H (not all shown) to receiving member  114 F. In this embodiment, the sides, the receiving member, and the anchoring member are constructed as a single piece. The anchoring member, the receiving member and the sides define a cavity in which, when in use, the bracket base and at least a portion of the plate reside. The height between the two members is relatively constant. Also shown in this figure is bracket  170 F, which can be substantially the same as the previous brackets shown (such as bracket  170 ). In contrast to the previous embodiments, in which the fastening of the system was achieved by the use of an external fastener, in this embodiment the fastener is essentially a plate. Plate  210  can be slid into the cavity and underneath the bracket, in which case it rests above the inner surface of the anchoring member of the frame and below the bottom surface of the bracket base. As such, the plate fixes the bracket system in place. In an embodiment, the plate has a sloping or tapered thickness. The plate has an insertion end and a grip end. The insertion end is the end that is inserted into the cavity and the grip end is the end that a user grips with fingers or plyers to perform the insertion. In the case of the embodiment shown in  FIG. 19 , the insertion end is the end having the spring members/wings and the grip end is the end with the two openings for receiving a plyer. For example, the thickness at the grip end is greater than that at the insertion end. As the plate is inserted, the thickness of the plate at a point along the length of the plate meets the space between the bracket base and the interior surface of the anchoring member. When the plate hits that point, the bracket is locked in position within the frame. Put another way, the plate has a plurality of thicknesses along the length of the plate that gradually tapers from the grip end to the insertion end. At a point along the length of the plate, the thickness is equal to the space between the bracket base and the anchoring member. Yet said another way, the thickness at a point along the length of the plate plus the height of the bracket base is equal to the space of the cavity. 
         [0087]    For ease of insertion and removal, the plate can have one or more grips. In the figure shown, there are two holes, grips  212 A and  212 B, which enable a dental practitioner to remove the plate from the bracket system using a dental hand tool such as players. In other embodiments, there can be another number of grips (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5). The grips need not be holes, as long as they enable displacement (e.g., removal) of the plate they are sufficient for their purpose. For example, the grips can be an indentation or groove. In addition to the grips, the plate has spring  214 . Spring  214  has to spring members that, under pressure, will compress. When not under pressure, the spring members will return to their original shape/position. The spring is not essential for the functioning of the plate; however, in some embodiments it helps secure the bracket system in place. During insertion the pressure can be applied and the spring members can collapse a bit to allow for ease of insertion. When in a locked position (e.g., when plate is inserted under the bracket base to prevent unwanted movement of the bracket), in an embodiment, the spring members apply force to the frame and the bracket base to keep them in place. For use, in one method, the bracket is inserted into the frame through neck opening  120 F, and placed so that neck  152 F passes through receiving member opening  118 F, which is between lobes  122 J,  122 K, and  122 L. After that, plate  210  is inserted to the space underneath base  150 F and above interior surface  126 F. Each of the components can be reused, and need not be a disposable single-use part. In some embodiments, the plate has a sloped surface, and has a varying thickness along its length, which in turn causes the pressure to increase while it is being inserted, so that the plate cannot go further than a certain distance and so that at some point, optimal pressure is achieved. 
         [0088]      FIG. 20  shows the same embodiment introduced in  FIG. 19 , with the three components of the bracket system shown together. In this side view, the plate has been inserted into the cavity and the bracket is firmly in place within the frame. Therefore, the bracket system in a locked position. A dentist or other dental practitioner can remove the plate by engaging plyers with the grip, thereby setting the bracket system in an unlocked position. Accordingly, the dental practitioner can adjust the position of the bracket and re-insert the plate and lock the bracket into a different position that the initial position of the bracket. The plate, the bracket, and the frame can be used repeatedly and the bracket can be re-positioned a multitude of times. 
         [0089]      FIG. 21  also depicts the embodiment of the bracket system shown in  FIG. 19 , in which the plate is inserted but the grip end remains outside the frame. Since the grip end remains outside the frame, a clinician can engage the grip end to remove the plate. The plate being “removed” or “inserted” refer to differing degrees of removal/insertion. For example, as described above, depending on to what degree the plate is in or out, that the bracket is in a locked position or is in an unlocked position. Especially for embodiments in which the plate has a varying thickness (e.g., has a sloped upper surface), the bracket system can be effectively locked with a partial insertion of the plate. The grips, which can be openings or mere indentations, allow removal of the plate. In some embodiments, there is only one grip. 
         [0090]    Overall, the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 19 ,  20 , and  21  provides increased manufacturability and stability. Because the frame is enclosed, it holds everything in place and prevents potential breakages of parts, since the frame can be manufactured as a single piece. 
         [0091]    The described embodiments can be used to move a tooth in a variety of directions, as described. Additional components can be added to the bracket system. For example, metallic ligatures, elastic ligatures, or a self-ligating system component can be used to ensure stabilization of a wire. Other related components that can be used are bands, molar tubes, elastomeric products, coil springs, lingual arches, extra-oral appliances, and retainers. In some embodiments, the bracket component of the bracket system can have a base that is so slanted to result in the slot being angled in different ways relative to the surface of the tooth, and positioned in different ways relative to the center of resistance of the tooth. Alternatively, the arms and the surface of the neck that is away from the base can be manufactured in ways that would result in a desired slanting. The neck and the arms can also be manufactured in ways that can increase or decrease the distance between the base of the bracket and the area accessible to a wire within the slot. That would effectively result in movements of the bracket toward or away from a surface of a tooth. It is also possible to use an external item to be placed between the bracket and the frame, so as to obtain alternative arrangements of the bracket system. In some embodiments, the bracket can have a single slot, whereas, in others, in can have more than two slots. The bracket, in certain embodiments, can have fewer than four or more than four arms. 
         [0092]    In alternative embodiments, the bracket system can include at least two components: a frame and a slot component/bracket. In some embodiments, the bracket system has at least three components: a frame, bracket, and a plate. On one side (e.g., the exterior side), the frame can be bonded to the tooth surface with the use of an adhesive material commonly used in orthodontics. The frame can have a shape that bends on itself and creates a compartment (e.g., groove) in which the slot component (e.g., bracket) can move. The bracket slot component can include a stem (e.g., neck), a base, and a top portion where the slot and other components of a normal bracket lie. The stem can be positioned immediately below the top portion of the bracket and can be accommodated in the opening of the frame. The base of the bracket component can be below the stem and can fit into the groove of the frame as it lies atop a textured interior (e.g., interior surface) of the bracket frame. The textured interior can ensure that the bracket component does not move freely within the space (e.g., groove, compartment) created by the bracket frame. The diameter of the bracket stem can be smaller than the opening created by the frame such that the bracket stem fits within the opening. The base of the stem can be wider than the stem, and can be narrower than the frame. When the frame is in passive form, or when the bracket system is unlocked, vertical pressure is relieved from the slot component, and less frictional force (or no substantial frictional force) is generated between the base of the component and the textured interior surface of the frame. When the frame is in active form, or when the bracket system is locked, the vertical pressure is increased either by decreasing the distance between the two members of the frame or by insertion of the plate. In this instance, the bracket base is constrained between the two members so that it cannot freely move. This can create an increased vertical pressure and can increase the frictional force between the bracket base and the frame&#39;s textured interior surface to the point that the slot becomes substantially stationary. 
         [0093]    According to this particular embodiment explained above, when the frame is unlocked, the slot component can freely rotate 360 degrees around the central longitudinal axis (e.g., the axis that extends along the direction between the center of the base and the center of the bracket slot) of the stem. The slot can also slide (as the arms slide) to any direction within the area defined by the frame boundaries, and to the limit that the slot stem comes in contact with the frame boundaries. 
         [0094]    The exterior surface of the frame that is designed to contact a tooth (e.g., the exterior surface of the anchoring member) can be serrated, meshed, or made rough in any other way to increase bond strength. The exterior surface of the frame that is designed to contact a tooth can have adaptive curves associated with the morphology of tooth surface, whereas the side of the frame that faces the bracket (e.g., the exterior surface of the frame that is closest to the slot of the bracket) need not be so morphologically processed. The bottom surface of the bracket base and the base-facing-side of the frame (e.g., the interior surface) can have micro-projections, or other friction enhancing properties, to prevent or reduce the probability of sliding of the slot when the frame is locked. In some embodiments, there also is a high frictional coefficient between the bottom part of the arms and the top external part of the receiving members. 
         [0095]    Locking the frame can be accomplished by a variety of mechanisms. For example, screws can be used. Alternatively, a plate can be used that is slid under the bracket. Tightening of the screws can create vertical pressure between the frame components that hold the slot component and this can lead to increased friction between the bracket base and frame&#39;s textured interior surface to the point at which the slot component becomes substantially stationary (e.g., does not move more than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10% of its length in any direction in a given day, week, or month). 
         [0096]    Another method of locking the frame can incorporate an undercut (e.g., a clip that extends from the part of the frame that is set to contact a tooth) as a part of the frame. Similar to the way a locking pin (e.g., a screw, as described) can work, the component of the frame that is designed to be away from a tooth can be squeezed under the undercut, which can create a desired vertical pressure necessary to increase a frictional force to prevent the slot component from substantially moving. 
         [0097]    Another feature found in some embodiments of the present invention is the presence of markings on the bracket as well as the frame. Markings can be placed anywhere on any of the components of the bracket system. These markings can allow a user to quantify the amount of movement in any direction. Borders of the frame can be marked similar to those of a ruler and the bracket can have reference points. At any given time, a user can determine the amount of movement in any direction by comparing the position of the reference points (e.g., orthogonal bracket markings, oblique bracket markings) on the bracket with the measurements (e.g., coarse orthogonal markings, fine orthogonal markings, and oblique markings) on the frame. This can also allow a user to reset the bracket tip and torque at any given time by aligning the bracket with the frame. 
         [0098]    The present invention involves methods of using bracket system described herein. The steps of the method include anchoring the frame of the bracket system onto the tooth using an adhesive (e.g., bonding material). An embodiment of the method of the present invention includes placing the bracket into the frame and securing the bracket into a position within the frame. The way the bracket is locked into position varies depending on the frame being used, but, for example, the frame can be fastened using the clip, screws or lever, as described herein. The steps of the method include positioning the bracket in the frame (e.g., within one of the lobes and/or rotating the bracket) to achieve the desired movement and positioning of the teeth. Once the bracket is in place, the teeth are allowed to move for a period of time (e.g., about 1 day to about 3 months, and preferably between about 1 and about 4 weeks) until the next adjustment of the bracket. At the next visit, the dental practitioner does not need to re-position the frame and rebond the frame to the tooth. The dental practitioner simply readjusts the bracket within the frame by unlocking the frame, re-positioning the bracket, and locking the frame. Accordingly, the method of the present invention further includes re-positioning the bracket without having to rebond the frame, which can be done repeatedly over a multitude of visits, to allow the teeth to continue to move into the desired position. 
         [0099]    The relevant teachings of all the references, patents and/or patent applications cited herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
         [0100]    While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.