Abstract:
A projection display apparatus comprises a modulator, an analyzer, and projecting optical system. The modulator includes two-dimensionally arrayed pixel units and it modulates an incident light and emits the modulated light. The analyzer analyzes the emitted light from the modulator. The projection optical system projects the analyzed light from the analyzer. The analyzer includes a polarized beam splitter having a pair of prisms and an adhesive layer held between the pair of prisms. The difference in thickness between thin and thick portions of the adhesive layer is set equal to a predetermined value or less, based on a pixel pitch of the modulator.

Description:
[1]    1. This application claims the benefit of Japanese Application No. 10-066200 which is hereby incorporated by reference.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [2]    2. 1. Field of the Invention  
           [3]    3. The present invention relates to a projection display apparatus having a polarized beam splitter for receiving a light from a light valve and analyzing a modulated light. More specifically, the present invention relates to an improvement on the polarized beam splitter.  
           [4]    4. 2. Description of the Related Art  
           [5]    5. In Published Japanese Patent Registration No. 259930, disclosed is a color projection display apparatus for separating a light from a light source into respective color lights of R, G and B by a color-separation optical system, making incident each of the color lights on a polarized beam splitter to be polarized and separated, making incident one of lights obtained by polarizing and separating a color light on a reflection light valve arranged for each color light to be modulated, making incident emitted reflected lights including the modulated lights on the polarized beam splitter, analyzing the same and thereby extracting the modulated lights, composing such analyzed modulated lights with one another by a composing optical system and then projecting the composed light by a projection optical system.  
           [6]    6. In FIG. 7, shown is a structure of the projection display apparatus disclosed in the Published Japanese Patent Registration No. 2599309.  
           [7]    7. Specifically, a light emitted from a light source  71  is made incident on a dichroic mirror  72  arranged as a “color-separation optical system” on an optical axis. Then, the light is subjected to a color-separation into a B light to be transmitted and R and G lights to be reflected according to a dichroic characteristic of the mirror  72 . The transmitted B light is made incident on a polarized beam splitter  74 B for the B light as a “polarization and separation optical system”. An S polarized light of the B light reflected by a polarizing and separating section of the polarized beam splitter  74 B is made incident on a reflection light valve  75 B.  
           [8]    8. On the other hand, a mixed light of the reflected R and G lights is made incident on a dichroic mirror  73  arranged as a “color-separation optical system” on the optical axis in parallel with the dichroic mirror  72 . Then, the mixed light is subjected to a color-separation into a G light to be reflected and an R light to be transmitted according to a dichroic characteristic of the mirror  73 .  
           [9]    9. The G light obtained by the color-separation is made incident on a polarized beam splitter  74 G as a “polarization and separation optical system”. An S polarized light reflected by a polarizing and separating section of the polarized beam splitter  74 G is made incident on a light valve  75 G for the G light. Likewise, the R light is made incident on a polarized beam splitter  74 R as a “polarization and separation optical system”. Then, an S polarized light reflected by a polarizing and separating section of the polarized beam splitter  74 R is made incident on a light valve  75 R for the R light.  
           [10]    10. The S polarized lights respectively made incident on the light valves  75 B,  75 G and  75 R are modulated by signals applied to the same, reflected and emitted as lights including modulated and unmodulated lights. These lights are then made incident on the polarized beam splitters  74 B,  74 G and  74 R for the respective colors, and subjected to an analysis by the polarizing and separating sections of the polarized beam splitters  74 B,  74 G and  74 R. Only the modulated lights are extracted as P polarized lights transmitted through the polarized beam splitters  74 B,  74 G and  74 R, and the analyzed lights are color-composed by a dichroic mirror  76  and a mirror  77  arranged as a “composing optical system”. Then, a result of the color composing is projected to a projection lens  77  as a “projection optical system”.  
           [11]    11. In the projection display apparatus disclosed in the foregoing Published Patent Gazette, as described above, the dichroic mirrors  76  and  77  are used as the composing optical system. Another apparatus has also been disclosed, where a cross dichroic prism is used as “composing optical system”.  
           [12]    12. The inventors of the present invention are confronted with a problem inherent in the foregoing conventional projection display apparatus, which is constructed in a manner that the reflection light valves  75 B,  75 G and  75 R are arranged for the respective colors, modulated lights among lights reflected by the light valves  75 B,  75 G and  75 R are analyzed by the polarized beam splitters  74 B,  74 G and  74 R arranged for the respected colors and then the analyzed lights are color-composed. Specifically, for an image projected on a screen by the projection optical system (projection lens  78 ), it was impossible to make registration adjustment (pixel positioning) coincident among the colors. Consequently, pixel deviation occurred.  
           [13]    13. Usually, with reference to the pixel positioning, relative to projected images from one of the light valves  75 B,  75 G and  75 R for specified color lights, pixel deviation of specified positions of the other light valves  75 B,  75 G and  75 R for the other colors must be limited to ½ pixel or lower, preferably within ⅓ pixel on full surfaces of the projected images.  
           [14]    14. A level of pixel deviation which is not a problem at all for the conventional light valves  75 B,  75 G and  75 R, each of these having a pixel size of about 40 μm, becomes a severe problem for a light valve having a very small pixel size of about 10 μm.  
           [15]    15. Further, as a projected image is increased in size to be displayed on a large screen, the foregoing problem of pixel deviation will become severer.  
           [16]    16. The inventors found as a result of earnest studies that the problem of pixel deviation is not a problem to be created after execution of a vibration test or an environmental test such as a temperature cycle for the projection display apparatus. Rather, this is a basic problem which was created at the time of assembling the constituting members of the projection display apparatus already. The inventors found a characteristic of the problem is that although an original shape of the display section of the light valve is rectangular, the display section is deformed to be a parallelogram, and consequently, pixel deviation occurs in a projected light from the light valve for a specified color light.  
           [17]    17. Furthermore, the inventors investigated projected images by replacing, among the constituting members of the projection display apparatus, the members for the respective light colors. When an experiment was made by replacing the polarized beam splitter with another for the other color light and arranging the same, a projected image of another color light was also projected in a parallelogram of the same size. Therefore, it was discovered that the projection of the image in the parallelogram rather than in the original rectangular shape can be attributed to the polarized beam splitter.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [18]    18. It is an object of the present invention to provide a projection display apparatus capable of reducing distortion of a projected light.  
           [19]    19. It is another object of the invention to provide a projection display apparatus for enabling registration of pixels of a plurality of light valves.  
           [20]    20. The present invention provides a projection display apparatus which comprises: a modulator including two-dimensionally arrayed pixel units for modulating an incident light and emitting the modulated light; a analyzer for analyzing the emitted light from the modulator; and a projection optical system for projecting the analyzed light from the analyzer. The analyzer includes a polarized beam splitter having a pair of prisms and an adhesive layer held between the pair of prisms. A difference in thickness between thin and thick portions of the adhesive layer is set equal to a predetermined value or lower based on a pixel pitch of the modulator.  
           [21]    21. According to the projection apparatus constructed in the foregoing manner, since a difference in thickness between the thin and thick portions of the adhesive layer is set equal to a specified value or lower based on the pixel pitch of the modulator, an occurrence of pixel deviation after passing through the polarized beam splitter can be prevented corresponding to an accuracy of the pixel pitch, and thus distortion of a projected image can be easily eliminated. Moreover, in the case of the projection display apparatus using the plurality of light valves, accurate pixel registration can be made for each light valve.  
           [22]    22. In accordance with a preferred aspect of the present invention, if a refractive index of the pair of prisms is n 1 , a refractive index of the adhesive layer is n 2 , a difference in thickness between the thin and thick portions of the adhesive layer is D and a pixel pitch is P, a value of ΔX being determined by the following expression  
         Δ                 X     =     D                   (         n   1       2   ·         n   2   2     -     0.5   ·     n   1   2               -     1     2         )                             
 
           [23]    23. and satisfies a following relationship: 
           ΔX&lt;(½)P 
           [24]    24. With the projection display apparatus constructed in the foregoing manner, an occurrence of pixel deviation after passing through the polarized beam splitter can be prevented more effectively.  
           [25]    25. In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, provided is a projection display apparatus which comprises: a light valve for modulating an incident light and emitting the modulated light; a polarized beam splitter for receiving a light emitted from the light valve and analyzing a modulated light as a light to be transmitted; and a projection optical system for projecting an analyzed light which has been transmitted through and emitted from the polarized beam splitter, wherein the polarized beam splitter has a structure where an adhesive layer exhibiting a refractive index n 2  is held between two glass prisms, each of which exhibits a refractive index n 1 , and if a difference in thickness between thin and thick portions of the adhesive layer is D and a pixel pitch of the light valve is P, a value of ΔX satisfies a relationship of ΔX&lt;(½)P, the value of ΔX being determined by the following expression:  
         Δ                 X     =     D                   (         n   1       2   ·         n   2   2     -     0.5   ·     n   1   2               -     1     2         )                             
 
           [26]    26. In accordance with a second aspect of the present invention, provided is a projection display apparatus which comprises: a light source; a color-separation optical system for color-separating a light emitted from the light source into R, G and B lights; polarization and separation optical systems arranged for respective color lights obtained by the color-separation of the color-separation optical system, each polarization and separation optical system performing a polarization and separation for each color light; light valves for the respective color lights, each of which makes incident one of polarized lights obtained by the polarization and separation of the polarization and separation optical systems thereonto, modulates each color light, reflects and emits the modulated light; analyzing optical systems for the respective color lights, each of which makes incident each color light emitted from the light valve and analyzes the modulated light; a composing optical system for color-composing lights analyzed by the analyzing optical systems; and a projection optical system for projecting a light obtained by composing of the composing optical system, wherein the polarization and separation optical systems and the analyzing optical systems are polarized beam splitters arranged for the respective color lights, a polarized light reflected by each of the polarized beam splitters is made incident on the light valve, and among lights emitted from the light valves, a polarized light to be transmitted is used, and wherein each of the polarized beam splitters has a structure where an adhesive layer exhibiting a refractive index n 2  is held between two glass prisms, each of which has a refractive index n 1 , and if a difference in thickness between thin and thick portions of the adhesive layer is D and a pixel pitch of the light valve is P, a value of ΔX satisfies a relationship of ΔX&lt;(½)P, the value of ΔX being determined by the following expression:  
         Δ                 X     =     D                   (         n   1       2   ·         n   2   2     -     0.5   ·     n   1   2               -     1     2         )                             
 
           [27]    27. In accordance with a third aspect of the present invention, provided is a projection display apparatus which comprises: a light source; a polarization and separation optical system for polarizing and separating a light emitted from the light source; a color-separation optical system for color-separating one polarized light obtained by polarization and separation of the polarization and separation optical system in the foregoing polarization and separation optical system into R, G and B lights; light valves arranged for respective color lights, each of which makes incident each color light obtained by separation of the color-separation optical system, modulates the same based on a color signal and then emits the modulated light; a composing optical system for color-composing color lights emitted from the light valves; an analyzing optical system for extracting only a modulated light from a composed light obtained by the composing optical system; and a projection lens for projecting a light analyzed by the analyzing optical system, wherein the polarization and separation optical system and the analyzing optical system are polarized beam splitters arranged for respective color lights, a polarized light reflected by each of the polarized beam splitters is made incident on the light valve, and among lights emitted from the light valve, a polarized light to be transmitted is used as a analyzed light, and wherein each of the polarized beam splitters has a structure where an adhesive layer having a refractive index n 2  is held between two glass prisms, each of which has a refractive index n 1 , and if a difference in thickness between thin and thick portions of the adhesive layer is D and a pixel pitch of the light valve is P, a value of ΔX satisfies a relationship of ΔX&lt;(½)P, the value of ΔX being determined by the following expression:  
         Δ                 X     =     D                   (         n   1       2   ·         n   2   2     -     0.5   ·     n   1   2               -     1     2         )                             
 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [28]    28. For a more complete understanding of the present invention and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.  
         [29]    29.FIG. 1 is a view illustrating a structure of a projection display apparatus of a first embodiment of the present invention.  
         [30]    30.FIG. 2 is a view illustrating an occurrence of distortion when an image from a light valve is transmitted through a polarized beam splitter of the present invention.  
         [31]    31.FIG. 3 is a view illustrating a state of a light beam passed through an adhesive layer of the polarized beam splitter.  
         [32]    32.FIG. 4 is a view illustrating a structure of a projection display apparatus of a second embodiment.  
         [33]    33.FIG. 5 is a view illustrating a structure of a projection display apparatus of a third embodiment.  
         [34]    34.FIG. 6 is a view illustrating a projection display apparatus of a fourth embodiment.  
         [35]    35.FIG. 7 is a view showing a projection display apparatus of a conventional example.  
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
     First Embodiment  
       [36]    36.FIG. 1 is a view for explaining a structure of a projection display apparatus of a first embodiment. In this projection display apparatus, lights emitted from a light source  3  are roughly parallel light beams and random-polarized, passed through a polarization converter  2  and then converted into S polarized lights.  
         [37]    37. The parallel light beams made incident on the polarization converter  2  are first made incident on a first lens plate  22  having a plurality of lens elements  22   a  arrayed in a matrix form (e.g., 4×5), and then each of the parallel light beams is divided into a number corresponding to the number of lens elements  22   a  based on apertures decided by an outer shape of each of the lens elements  22   a.  The outer shapes of the lens elements  22   a  of the first lens plate  22  are identical to one another, and similar to shapes of light valves  41 R,  41 G and  41 B (described later) which are objects to be illuminated.  
         [38]    38. In a focal position of each lens element  22   a  of the first lens plate  22 , arranged is a second lens plate  23  which includes lens elements  23   a  arrayed in positions corresponding to those of the lens elements  22   a.  Because of the foregoing arrangements of the first and second lens plates  22  and  23 , the parallel light beams made incident on the respective lens elements  22   a  of the first lens plate  22  are converged on a center part of the lens elements  23   a  of the second lens plate  23 . Then, a luminescent point is formed on the lens elements  23   a.    
         [39]    39. A light emitted from the luminescent point of the lens element  23   a  of the second lens plate  23  is made incident on a polarized beam splitter prism array  24  which is arranged in the vicinity of a light exit surface of the second lens plate  23 . This polarized beam splitter prism array  24  includes polarized beam splitters  24   a  and  24   b,  each of which has a width equal to ½of a width of the lens element  23   a  of the second lens plate  23 . In this embodiment, one polarized beam splitter  24   a  is arranged in a place facing a center side of each of the lens elements  23   a,  and the other polarized beam splitter  24   b  is arranged in a place facing a boundary side of each of the lens elements  23   a.  Accordingly, the light emitted from the luminescent point on the lens element  23   a  is polarized and separated into P and S polarized lights: the P polarized light being made incident on the polarized beam splitter  24   a  and passed through a polarizing and separating section of the same; and the S polarized light being reflected on the polarizing and separating section, made incident on the adjacent polarized beam splitter  24   b,  reflected on a polarizing and separating section of the same and then emitted. The P polarized light passed through the polarized beam splitter  24   a  is then converted into an S polarized light by a ½ wavelength phase plate  25  arranged in a light exit surface of the polarized beam splitter  24   a.  As a result, all the lights from the light source  3  are converted into S polarized lights by being passed through the polarization converter  2 .  
         [40]    40. Each light from the light source converted into an S polarized light by the polarization converter  2  is then made incident on a cross dichroic mirror  94  which includes a dichroic mirror  94   a  having a B light reflection characteristic and a dichroic mirror  94   b  having R and G light reflection characteristics, Lhe dichroic mirrors  94   a  and  94   b  being arranged in X-shape. Here, the light is color-separated into a B light component which advances in a direction perpendicular to an incident optical axis, and a mixed light between G and R light components which advance in a direction opposite the direction of the B light.  
         [41]    41. The B light obtained as a result of the foregoing color-separation by the cross dichroic mirror  94  advances to enter a bending mirror  95 , further advances after changing an optical axis by right angle and then enters a polarized beam splitter  1 B for the B light. The mixed light of the G and R lights obtained by the color-separation advances after changing an optical axis by right angle by a bending mirror  96 , and then enters a G light reflection dichroic mirror  98  arranged on the optical axis. The mixed light is then color-separated into an R light component which is directly transmitted, and a G light component which is reflected and advances after changing an optical axis by right angle. The R and G lights obtained as a result of the color-separation by the dichroic mirror  98  are respectively made incident on polarized beam splitters  1 R and  1 G.  
         [42]    42. The cross dichroic mirror  94 , the bending mirrors  95  and  96  and the G light reflection dichroic mirror  98  constitute a color-separation optical system.  
         [43]    43. Polarizing and separating sections of the polarized beam splitters  1 B,  1 G and  1 R are arranged to reflect incident S polarized lights of respective colors. Accordingly, incident B, G and R lights are respectively reflected by the polarizing and separating sections  1 B a,    1 G a  and  1 R a  of the polarized beam splitters  1 B,  1 G and  1 R, and then emitted from the polarized beam splitters  1 B,  1 G and  1 R. In the vicinity of the light exit surfaces thereof, arranged are reflection light valves  45 B,  45 G and  45 R for respective color lights. The S polarized lights of respective colors made incident on the light valves  45 B,  45 G and  45 R are reflected and emitted as mixed lights of modulated light (P polarized light) and unmodulated light (S polarized light).  
         [44]    44. The modulated and unmodulated lights from the light valves  45 B,  45 G and  45 R are respectively made incident on the polarized beam splitters  1 B,  1 G and  1 R again. The polarized beam splitters  1 B,  1 G and  1 R analyze lights transmitted through the polarizing and separating sections  1 B a,    1 G a  and  1 R a  as modulated lights (P polarized lights). The analyzed lights of respective colors are made incident from different incident surfaces on a cross dichroic prism  99  of a color composing optical system. Then, the colors composition is completed by a B light reflection dichroic layer  99 B and an R light reflection dichroic layer  99 R which are arranged in an X-shape inside the cross dichroic prism  99 . As a result, a composed light of the B, G and R lights is emitted from a light exit surface of the cross dichroic prism  99 . The composed light emitted from the cross dichroic prism  99  is then made incident on a projection lens  6 , and then projected as a full-color image on a not-shown screen.  
         [45]    45. Referring to FIG. 2, a method to prevent a projected image from being a parallelogram in the projection display apparatus of FIG. 1 will be described.  
         [46]    46. In the projection display apparatus shown in FIG. 1, the polarized beam splitters  1 B,  1 G and  1 R are respectively arranged for B, G and R lights. In FIG. 2, however, the polarized beam splitter  1 B is described as a representative of the polarized beam splitters. For easy description of directions, X, Y and Z axes orthogonal to one another are defined as shown. Further, since the projection lens  6  of the projection display apparatus is set telecentric with respect to the light valve  45 B side, principal rays  1   3  to  1   6  are parallel between the light valve and the polarized beam splitter  1 B.  
         [47]    47. Deformation of the projected image to be a parallelogram can be understood when the polarized beam splitter  1 B is constituted as follows. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 2, a polarized beam splitter  1  is manufactured in such manner that right-angled isosceles triangle optical prisms  1   a  and  1   b  having refractive indexes n 1  are prepared, and a polarizing and separating film  1   d  (or  1   e ) is formed on a bottom surface facing one right angle (apex angle) thereof, followed by adhering or cementing the optical prisms  1   a  and  1   b  to each other using adhesive. In this case, it is difficult to set a thickness of an adhesive layer  1   c  to be uniform on the full surface. Thus, the adhesive layer  1   c  is, as shown in the drawing, formed to be wedge-shaped having more thickness toward a Y-direction. The polarizing and separating surface is a plane parallel to a ( 101 ) plane if defined by using the foregoing coordinate.  
         [48]    48. Next, five light rays  1   1  to  1   5  (referred to as  1   1 ,  1   2 ,  1   3 ,  1   4  and  1   5 , hereinafter) reflected and emitted from four corners and an approximately central part of a display surface of the reflection light valve  45 B will be defined. The light rays  1   1  to  1   5  are vertically incident onto an upper plane lf (parallel to XY plane) of the polarized beam splitter  1 B and respectively transmitting through the upper plane if, the light rays  1   1  to  1   5  are directly moved ahead, then emitted from the prism  1   a  and made incident on the adhesive layer  1   c  having a refractive index n 2  in accordance with Snell&#39;s law (law of refraction). The light rays  1   1  and  1   2  are passed through thin places of the adhesive layer  1   c.  Thus, these light rays  1   1  and  1   2  advance with little deviation and become light rays and  1   1 ′ and  1   2 ′. The light rays  1   3  and  1   4  are likewise made incident vertically to the upper plane  1   f  of the polarized beam splitter  1  and directly moved ahead. The light rays  1   3  and  1   4  advance through the prism  1   a  to enter the adhesive layer  1   c.  But this light incident portion of the adhesive layer  1   c  has a largest thickness and thus causes a positional shift of ΔX in an X-direction. Specified shifting occurs with the light rays  1   3  and  1   4 , and light rays  1   3 ′ and  1   4 ′ parallel to the light rays  1   3  and  1   4  are emitted. The light ray  1   5  emitted from the approximately central part of the light valve  45 B is likewise made incident from the upper plane  1   f  of the polarized beam splitter  1 , and moved ahead through the prism  1   a.  As an incident portion of the adhesive layer  1   c  for the light ray  1   5  has a thickness of ½ of that of the incident portion for the light rays  1   3  and  1   4 , the light ray  1   5  is shifted in the X-direction by an amount of (ΔX·½) to enter the prism  1   b.  A shifted light ray advances in parallel with the light ray  1   5 , and then exists as a light ray  1   5 ′.  
         [49]    49.FIG. 2 is a qualitative view illustrating deviation and emission of a light ray emitted from a display section of the light valve  45 B in parallel with a -Z direction when the light ray is transmitted through the polarized beam splitter  1 B. In FIG. 2, a dotted line indicates a position corresponding to the display section of the light valve  45 B (position of a light ray when the ray is not passing through the polarized beam splitter  1 B). A solid line indicates a position of the light ray after having passed through the polarized beam splitter  1 B. Accordingly, it can be understood qualitatively that no changes occur in a length in the Y-direction, but the light ray having passed through the thickest portion of the adhesive layer  1   c  is deformed to be a parallelogram, which is a result of ΔX deviation made in the X-direction in proportion to the thickness of the adhesive layer  1   c.    
         [50]    50. Therefore, it can be understood that since the adhesive layer  1   c  is formed to be wedge-shaped without having uniform thickness as shown in FIG. 2, a projected image is distorted to be a parallelogram.  
         [51]    51. Referring to FIG. 3, illustrated is a state of a light ray made incident on the prisms  1   a  and  1   b  and the adhesive layer  1   c  of the polarized beam splitter  1 B when viewed from the Y-direction of FIG. 2.  
         [52]    52. It is now assumed that a light ray has been made incident from an object (prism  1   a ) having a refractive index n 1  on a position A of an object (adhesive layer  1   c ) having a thickness d 1  and a refractive index n 2  (usually n 1 &gt;n 2 ) by an incident angle θ 1 .  
         [53]    53. In accordance with Snell&#39;s law, the following relationship is established with a refractive angle θ 2 : 
           n   1 ×sin(θ 1 )= n   2 ×sin(θ 2 ) . . .   (1) 
         [54]    54. The light ray having advanced through the adhesive layer  1   c  with the refractive angle θ 2  is emitted from the adhesive layer  1   c  in a position B, refracted with the angle θ 1 , and then emitted into the prism  1   b.    
         [55]    55. A length AB from the position A to the position B is expressed as follows: 
           AB=d   1 /cos(θ 2 ) . . .   (2) 
         [56]    56. An amount of deviation ΔX 1  of the light ray is expressed as follows: 
           ΔX 1= AB ×sin(θ 2 −θ 1 ) . . .   (3) 
         [57]    57. For the light rays  1   1  to  1   5  of FIG. 2, the foregoing θ 1  may be set to 45°.  
         [58]    58. By setting θ 1  to 45° in the foregoing expressions (1) to (3), the amount of deviation ΔX 1  can be changed as follows:  
               Δ                 X1     =       d   1                     (         n   1       2   ·         n   2   2     -     0.5   ·     n   1   2               -     1     2         )               (   4   )                               
 
         [59]    59. For the light rays  1   3  and  1   4  of the polarized beam splitter  1 B shown in FIG. 2, if a thickest portion of the wedge shape of the adhesive layer  1   c  is D, a maximum deviation amount ΔX in this case is expressed as follows:  
               Δ                 X     =     D                   (         n   1       2   ·         n   2   2     -     0.5   ·     n   1   2               -     1     2         )               (   5   )                               
 
         [60]    60. If a pixel pitch of the light valve  45 B is p in the X-direction, the foregoing deviation amount ΔX should be set to be (½)×p or less, preferably to be (⅓)×p or less. With these values of the deviation amount, no problems will occur in a projected image.  
         [61]    61. In the projection display apparatus of the embodiment, the polarized beam splitter  1 B is manufactured with a precision for satisfying the expression (5). In this case, although a projected image is slightly distorted to be a parallelogram, the distortion is about ½ pixel at the maximum. Accordingly, a precision necessary for image processing can be nearly achieved.  
         [62]    62. The embodiment has been described by using the adhesive layer  1   c  which is changed in thickness in the Y-direction. But the present invention is not limited to this For example, the invention can be applied to an adhesive layer which is changed in thickness in the X-direction.  
         [63]    63. It was described above with reference to FIG. 2 that almost no wedge or gap exist in the adhesive layer lc for the light rays  1   1  and  1   2 . In most actual cases, however, a portion of the adhesive layer  1   c  to be adhered has a limited thickness, and portions of the adhesive layer  1   c  for the light rays  1   3  and  1   4  are thicker.  
         [64]    64. In such a case, it is only necessary to argue a difference in thickness between the thickest and thinnest portions of the adhesive layer  1   c.  This is because the light rays  1   1  to  1   5  take shapes where all the solid lines indicating the amounts of deviation in FIG. 2 have been moved in parallel by amounts equal to the foregoing minimum thickness in the X-direction, and the parallel movements can be adjusted by registration adjustment of the light valve  45 B.  
         [65]    65. Only the polarized beam splitter  1 B has been described. The same thing can be said for the other polarized beam splitters  1 G and  1 R. In other words, if each of these splitters is manufactured with a precision for satisfying the foregoing expression (5), distortion of a projected image will be only ½ pixel at the maximum, and thus an image which nearly satisfies a precision for image processing will be obtained.  
         [66]    66. The projected display apparatus has a structure where a light from the light source is color-separated into B, G and R lights by the color-separation optical system, and the polarized beam splitters  1 B,  1 G and  1 R are arranged for the respective color lights. Polarization and separation are performed by the polarized beam splitters  1 B,  1 G and  1 R, and lights emitted from the respective color light valves  45 B,  45 G and  45 R are also analyzed by the splitters  1 B,  1 G and  1 R. Especially, the lights made incident from the light valves  45 B,  45 G and  45 R on the polarized beam splitters  1 B,  1 G and  1 R are analyzed as polarized lights to be transmitted. The analyzed lights of respective colors are color-composed, and then projected by the projection lens  6 .  
         [67]    67. In this case, as described above, since the lights emitted from the light valves  45 B,  45 G and  45 R for the respective color lights are analyzed as polarized lights to be transmitted by the polarized beam splitters  1 B,  1 G and  1 R for the respective color lights, registration can be enabled among the light valves  45 B,  45 G and  45 R for the respective color lights, and also distortion of a projected image can be reduced.  
         [68]    68. Next, the specific embodiments of the present invention will be described.  
       FIRST EXAMPLE  
       [69]    69. If a refractive index n 1  of each of the prisms  1   a  and  1   b  as the constituting elements of the polarized beam splitters  1 B,  1 G and  1 R is 1.84 and a refractive index n 2  of the adhesive layer  1   c  is 1.42, then the following is established: 
         ΔX=0.91D  
         [70]    70. Accordingly, (½)P&gt;ΔX(=0.91D) should be set. More preferably, (⅓)p&gt;ΔX(=0.91D) should be set.  
         [71]    71. If a pixel pitch p of each of the light valves  45 B,  45 G and  45 R is 40 μm, a difference between a maximum thickness and a minimum thickness of the wedge shape of the adhesive layer  1   c  should be limited to about 22 μm or lower (preferably, 15 μm).  
         [72]    72. If a pixel pitch p of each of the light valves  45 B,  45 G and  45 R is a small pixel pitch of 10 μm, then ¼ of the foregoing value is necessary for the thickness difference of the wedge shape of the adhesive layer  1   c.  Accordingly, the difference should be set equal to 5.5 μm or lower (preferably, 4 μ m or lower).  
       SECOND EXAMPLE  
       [73]    73. If a refractive index n 1  of each of the prisms  1   a  and  1   b  as the constituting elements of the polarized beam splitters  1 B,  1 G and  1 R is 1.84 as in the case of the foregoing embodiment and a refractive index n 2  of the adhesive layer  1   c  is 1.57 larger than that of the foregoing embodiments, then the following is established: 
         ΔX=0.34D 
         [74]    74. Accordingly, (½)p&gt;ΔX(=0.34D) is set. More preferably, (⅓)P&gt;ΔX(=0.34D) is set.  
         [75]    75. If a pitch of each of the light valves  45 B,  45 G and  45 R is 40 μm, then a difference between a maximum thickness and a minimum thickness of the wedge shape of the adhesive layer  1   c  must be limited to about 59 μm or lower (preferably, 39 μm or lower).  
         [76]    76. If a pixel p of each of the light valves  45 B,  45 G and  45 R is a small pixel pitch of 10 μm, then ¼ of the foregoing value is necessary for the thickness difference of the wedge shape of the adhesive layer  1   c.  Accordingly, the difference must be set equal to 15 μm or lower (preferably, 10 μm or lower). But this value is larger compared with that in the first embodiment.  
       Second Embodiment  
       [77]    77. A projection display apparatus of a second embodiment functions as follows:  
         [78]    78. First, lights from a light source are polarized and separated by a polarized beam splitter; one polarized light is made incident on, for example Phillips color-separation prism to be color-separated into R, G and B lights; these R, G and B lights are made incident on reflection light valves arranged for the respective color lights to be modulated; the lights thereby emitted are made incident on the light exit surface of the prism again for color composing; the lights are made incident on the polarized beam splitter; only the modulated lights are analyzed; and then the analyzed lights are projected by a projection lens. In the system for using the analyzed lights in the polarized beam splitter as lights to be transmitted, the number of polarized beam splitters to be used is one. Accordingly, image deviation of each light valve never occurs in the polarized beam splitter, and a problem of a distorted projected image can be solved.  
         [79]    79. Referring to FIG. 4, illustrated is a structure of the projection display apparatus of the second embodiment. Lights emitted from a light source  3  are roughly parallel light beams and randomly polarized. These lights are passed through the same polarization converter  2  as that of the first embodiment so as to be converted into S polarized lights.  
         [80]    80. The lights converted into S polarized lights by the polarization converter  2  are first made incident on a polarized beam splitter  101 . A polarizing and separating section  101 P of the polarized beam splitter  101  is arranged in an S direction for reflecting the S polarized lights. Thus, the S polarized lights made incident on the polarized beam splitter  101  are reflected by the polarizing and separating section  101 P and then emitted. The lights are then made incident on Phillips prism  7  which constitutes a color-separation composing optical system.  
         [81]    81. Phillips prism  7  is composed of first, second and third prisms  71 ,  72  and  73 . A gap is provided between the first and second prisms  71  and  72 . A B light reflection dichroic film  70 B is formed on a surface constituting the first prism  71 , and an R light reflection dichroic film  70 R is formed on a joint surface between the second and third prisms  72  and  73 .  
         [82]    82. A B light component included among white S polarized lights made incident on the first prism  71  of Phillips prism  7  is reflected by the dichroic film  70 B to advance through the first prism  71 . The B light is subjected to a total reflection by an incident surface thereof while advancing through the first prism  71 , and advances to exit from the first prism  71 . Then, a light valve  41 B for B light arranged in the vicinity of a light exit surface of the first prism  71  is illuminated by the S polarized light. A mixed light component of an R light and a G light which advance after being transmitted through the first prism  71  is made incident on the second prism  72  to advance. Then, the mixed light is divided into an R light component and a G light component: the R light being reflected by the R light reflection dichroic film  70 R provided in the joint surface between the second and third prisms  72  and  73  to advance, and the G light being directly transmitted to advance into the third prism  73 . The former R light advances through the second prism  72 , further advances after being totally reflected by a surface which forms the gap with the first prism  71  and exits. Then, an light valve  41 R for R light is illuminated. The latter G light directly advances through the third prism  73  to exit from the same. Then, a light valve  41 G for G light is illuminated.  
         [83]    83. The lights of respective colors made incident on the light valves  41 R,  41 G and  41 B for the respective colors are subjected to modulation by color signals inputted thereto. These lights are then reflected/emitted as mixed lights of modulated P polarized lights and unmodualted S polarized lights.  
         [84]    84. The lights emitted from the light valves  41 R,  41 G and  41 B for the respective lights are moved ahead in opposite directions on the same optical axis as an incident optical axis to enter Phillips prism  7  again. Then, a composed light is emitted from the incident surface of the first prism  71 .  
         [85]    85. The color-composed light emitted from Phillips prism  7  is made incident on the polarized beam splitter  101 . Only the modulated light included in this composed light is analyzed as a light to be transmitted by a polarizing and separating section  101 P of the polarized beam splitter  101 . The unmodulated light is discarded as a reflected light. The analyzed light is made incident on the projection lens  6 . Then, a full-color image is projected on a not-shown screen.  
         [86]    86. The polarized beam splitter  101  now in use serves both as a polarization and separation optical system and a light analyzing optical system. This splitter  101  is manufactured with a precision for satisfying the expression (5) of the first embodiment. As a result, although a projected image is slightly distorted to be a parallelogram, its distortion is only about ½of one pixel at the maximum, and thus the image can nearly satisfy a precision necessary for image processing.  
       Third Embodiment  
       [87]    87.FIG. 5 is a view for explaining a structure of a projection display apparatus of a third embodiment. In the apparatus of the third embodiment, rather than analyzing a modulated light from a composed light by using one polarized beam splitter, polarized beam splitters for light analyzing are provided for respective color lights.  
         [88]    88. Lights emitted from a light source  3  are roughly parallel light beams and random polarized. These lights are passed through the same polarization converter  2  as that of the second embodiment so as to be converted into S polarized lights.  
         [89]    89. The lights converted into S polarized lights by the polarization converter  2  are made incident on a dichroic mirror  81  arranged on an optical axis for transmitting a B light and reflecting G and R lights, and then color-separated into a transmitted B light and a composed light of reflected G and R lights. The latter composed light of the G and R lights advances in a direction orthogonal to the B light to enter a dichroic mirror  82  having a G light reflection property, which is arranged on the optical axis in parallel with the dichroic mirror  81 . Then, the composed light is reflected and color-separated into a G light which advances in an orthogonal direction and an R light which is transmitted to advance straight. As can be understood from the foregoing descriptions, the dichroic mirrors  81  and  82  constitute a color-separation optical system for color-separating a light from the light source into R, G and B lights.  
         [90]    90. The B, G and R lights obtained by color-separation are made incident on polarized beam splitters  201 B,  201 G and  201 R arranged for the respective color lights. Polarizing and separating sections of the polarized beam splitters  201 B,  201 G and  201 R are arranged in an S direction so as to reflect incident S polarized lights. Incident S polarized lights of the respective colors are respectively reflected by the polarizing and separating sections and then emitted from the polarized beam splitters  201 B,  201 G and  201 R.  
         [91]    91. The S polarized lights of the respective colors emitted from the polarized beam splitters  201 B,  201 G and  201 R are then made incident on reflection light valves  45 B,  45 G and  45 R arranged in the vicinity of light exit surfaces. The S polarized lights made incident on the light valves  45 B,  45 G and  45 R are subjected to modulation by color signals inputted thereto. Modulated lights by the light valves  45 B,  45 G and  45 R become P polarized lights. These P polarized lights are reflected and emitted together with S polarized light as unmodulated lights, and then made incident from the light exit surfaces in opposite directions on the polarized beam splitters  201 B,  201 G and  201 R again. The modulated P lights included in the lights made incident on the polarized beam splitters  201 B,  201 G and  201 R are transmitted through the respective polarizing and separating sections and analyzed, and then transmitted through the polarized beam splitters and emitted. The B light included in the modulated P polarized lights emitted from the polarized beam splitters  201 B,  201 G and  201 R is made incident on a B light reflection dichroic mirror  86  arranged on an optical axis, reflected by the same and then moved ahead after changing the optical axis to be vertical. The G light is made incident on a G light reflection dichroic mirror  87  arranged on an optical axis in parallel with the dichroic mirror  86 , reflected by the same and then moved ahead by changing the optical axis to be vertical. The G light is then made incident on the dichroic mirror  86 , transmitted and then composed with the B light. The R light is made incident on the dichroic mirrors  87  and  86 , transmitted through these elements to advance, and then color-composed with the G and B lights. As can be understood from the foregoing, the dichroic mirrors  86  and  87  constitute a color composing optical system.  
         [92]    92. A composed light formed by the color composing optical system which includes the dichroic mirrors  86  and  87  is made incident on a projection lens  6 , and a full-color image is projected on a not-shown screen.  
         [93]    93. Each of the polarized beam splitters  201 B,  201 G and  201 R serves both as a polarization and separation optical system and a light analyzing optical system, and is manufactured with a precision for satisfying the expression (5) described above with reference to the first embodiment. Therefore, although a projected image is slightly distorted to be a parallelogram, the distortion is only about ½ of one pixel at the maximum, and thus the image can nearly satisfy a precision necessary for image processing.  
       Fourth Embodiment  
       [94]    94.FIG. 6 is a view for explaining a structure of a projection display apparatus of a fourth embodiment. This projection display apparatus comprises: a light source  3  composed of a lamp and a concave mirror; a polarization converter  2  for converting a light from the light source  3  into an S polarized light, which is the same as that of the first embodiment; a polarized beam splitter  301  having a polarizing and separating section  301 P; a light valve  40  as a reflection type light modulator arranged on an optical axis in the vicinity of a light exit surface of the polarized beam splitter  301 ; and a projection lens  6  for projecting a modulated light transmitted through the polarized beam splitter  301  and analyzed on a screen (not shown).  
         [95]    95. In the projection display apparatus, lights emitted from the light source  3  are parallel light beams and random polarized, and passed through the same polarization converter  2  as that of the second embodiment so as to be converted into S polarized lights.  
         [96]    96. The S polarized lights formed by the polarization converter  2  are made incident on the polarized beam splitter  301 . But since the polarizing and separating section  301 P of the polarized beam splitter  301  is arranged so as to reflect an S-polarized lights and transmit a P-polarized lights, the S polarized lights are reflected by the polarizing and separating section  301 P, moved ahead after changing an advancing direction to be vertical, and then emitted from the polarized beam splitter  301 . The S polarized lights emitted from the polarized beam splitter  301  and made incident on the light valve  40  are, in a specified region selected by a color signal to the light valve  40 , subjected to modulation, and then converted into P polarized lights where a vibrating direction has been changed by 90°. In an unselected region, i.e., in a region not selected by the color signal, the incident S polarized lights are directly reflected/emitted. Specifically, a light emitted from the light valve  40  is a mixed light of a modulated P polarized light and an unmodulated S polarized light. This emitted light is made incident on the polarized beam splitter  301  again, and then polarized and separated by the polarizing and separating section  301 P into a modulated P polarized light to be transmitted and an unmodulated S polarized light to be reflected and discarded, in other words analyzed as such. The modulated P polarized light transmitted through the polarized beam splitter  301  and analyzed is made incident on the projection lens  6 , and then projected on the screen.  
         [97]    97. The polarized beam splitter  301  used in the fourth embodiment serves both as a polarization and separation optical system and a light analyzing optical system. This splitter  301  is manufactured with a precision for satisfying the expression (5) described above with reference to the first embodiment. Therefore, although a projected image is slightly distorted to be a parallelogram, the distortion is only about ½of one pixel at the maximum, and thus the image can nearly satisfy a precision necessary for image processing.  
         [98]    98. Although the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alternations can be made therein without departing from spirit and scope of the inventions as defined by the appended claims.