Abstract:
A lens system for dynamically correcting refractive error is disclosed, the lens system comprising: a lens having at least one electro-active element having a refractive property that is alterable, the lens being capable of being shaped to fit a housing without hindering performance of the electro-active element, a controller in communication with each of the at least one electro-active element thereto, and an input generator adapted for generating an input signal and transmitting the input signal to the controller, the input signal being generated based at least in part on an input parameter.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/387,143 filed Mar. 12, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No 7,023,594 which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Applications Ser. Nos. 60/363,549 filed Mar. 13, 2002, and 60/401,700 filed Aug. 7, 2002, and which is a continuation-in-part of the following U.S. application Ser. Nos.: 
   U.S. application Ser. No. 10/263,707 filed Oct. 4, 2002 (now abandoned); 
   U.S. application Ser. No. 10/281,204 filed Oct. 28, 2002 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,733,130; and 
   U.S. application Ser. No. 10/046,244 filed Jan. 16, 2002 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,871,951, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Applications Ser. Nos. 60/261,805 filed Jan. 17, 2001, 60/326,991 filed Oct. 5, 2001, and 60/331,419, filed Nov. 15, 2001; and which is a continuation-in-part of the following U.S. application Ser. Nos.: 
   U.S. application Ser. No. 09/602,013 filed Jun. 23, 2000 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,619,799; 
   U.S. application Ser. No. 09/602,012 filed Jun. 23, 2000 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,517,203; 
   U.S. application Ser. No. 09/602,014 filed Jun. 23, 2000 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,491,394; and, 
   U.S. application Ser. No., and 09/603,736 filed Jun. 23, 2000 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,491,391; and each of these applications (U.S. application Ser. Nos. 09/602,013, 09/602,012, 09/602,014, and 09/603,736) claim priority to the following U.S. Provisional Applications Ser. Nos.: 60/161,363 filed Oct. 26, 1999, 60/150,564 filed Aug. 25, 1999, 60/150,545 filed Aug.25, 1999, 60/147,813 filed Aug. 10, 1999, 60/143,626 filed Jul. 14, 1999 and 60/142,053 filed Jul. 2, 1999. 
   All of the foregoing applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. 

   FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention relates to the field of optics. More particularly, the present invention relates to system and method employing an electro-active lens that contains at least some integrated components, including a range finder device. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   In accordance with some embodiments of the invention, an optical lens system is disclosed. The optical lens system comprises an electro-active lens and a controller coupled to the electro-active lens configured to adjust a focal length of at least a portion of the electro-active lens based on a signal from a range finder device, for example. 
   In accordance with some embodiments of the invention, a range finder device for use with a controller in an optical system is disclosed. The range finder device comprises a transmitter configured to produce a first beam of non-visible radiation for intersecting a perceived object, and a receiver configured to detect a second beam of non-visible radiation reflected from the perceived object, the controller configured to determine a viewing distance of the perceived object based on signals received from the transmitter and receiver. 
   In accordance with some embodiments of the invention, a method of controlling an optical lens system is disclosed. The method comprises utilizing a range finder device to determine a viewing distance of an object perceived through an electro-active lens and adjusting a focal length of a first portion of the electro-active lens based on the viewing distance. 
   In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, a lens system for dynamically correcting refractive error is disclosed, the lens system comprises a lens having at least one electro-active element having a refractive property that is alterable, the lens being capable of being shaped to fit a housing without hindering performance of the electro-active element, a controller in communication with each of the at least one electro-active element thereto, and an input generator adapted for generating an input signal and transmitting the input signal to the controller, the input signal being generated based at least in part on an input parameter. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The present invention can be more fully understood by reading the following detailed description of the presently preferred embodiments together with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference indicators are used to designate like elements, and in which: 
       FIG. 1  is a perspective view of an embodiment of an electro-active phoropter/refractor system  100 . 
       FIG. 2  is a diagrammatic view of an embodiment of another electro-active phoropter/refractor system  200 . 
       FIG. 3  is a flow diagram of a conventional dispensing practice sequence  300 . 
       FIG. 4  is a flow diagram of an embodiment of dispensing method  400 . 
       FIG. 5  is a perspective view of an embodiment of electro-active eyewear  500 . 
       FIG. 6  is a flow diagram of an embodiment of prescription method  600 . 
       FIG. 7  is a front view of an embodiment of a hybrid electro-active spectacle lens  700 . 
       FIG. 8  is a section view of an embodiment of hybrid electro-active spectacle lens  700  taken along section line A-A of  FIG. 7 . 
       FIG. 9  is a section view of an embodiment of an electro-active lens  900 , taken along section line Z-Z of  FIG. 5 . 
       FIG. 10  is a perspective view of an embodiment of an electro-active lens system  1000 . 
       FIG. 11  is a section view of an embodiment of a diffractive electro-active lens  1100  taken along section line Z-Z of  FIG. 5 . 
       FIG. 12  is a front view of an embodiment of an electro-active lens  1200 . 
       FIG. 13  is a section view of an embodiment of the electro-active lens  1200  of  FIG. 12  taken along section line Q-Q. 
       FIG. 14  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a tracking system  1400 . 
       FIG. 15  is a perspective view of an embodiment of an electro-active lens system  1500 . 
       FIG. 16  is a perspective view of an embodiment of an electro-active lens system  1600 . 
       FIG. 17  is a perspective view of an embodiment of an electro-active lens  1700 . 
       FIG. 18  is a perspective view of an embodiment of an electro-active lens  1800 . 
       FIG. 19  is a perspective view of an embodiment of an electro-active refractive matrix  1900 . 
       FIG. 20  is a perspective view of an embodiment of an electro-active lens  2000 . 
       FIG. 21  is a perspective view of an embodiment of electro-active eyewear  2100 . 
       FIG. 22  is a front view of an embodiment of an electro-active lens  2200 . 
       FIG. 23  is a front view of an embodiment of an electro-active lens  2300 . 
       FIG. 24  is a front view of an embodiment of an electro-active lens  2400 . 
       FIG. 25  is a section view of an embodiment of an electro-active lens  2500  taken along section line Z-Z of  FIG. 5 . 
       FIG. 26  is a section view of an embodiment of an electro-active lens  2600  taken along section line Z-Z; of  FIG. 5 . 
       FIG. 27  is a flow diagram of an embodiment of dispensing method  2700 . 
       FIG. 28  is a perspective view of an embodiment of an electro-active lens  2800 . 
       FIG. 29  is a perspective view of an optical lens system in accord with another alternative embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 30  is a perspective view of an optical lens system in accord with another alternative embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 31  is a perspective view of an optical lens system in accord with another alternative embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 32  is a perspective view of an optical lens system in accord with another alternative embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 33  is an exploded perspective view of an optical lens system in accord with another alternative embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 34  is an exploded perspective view of an optical lens system in accord with another alternative embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIGS. 35   a - 35   e  illustrate assembly steps that may be completed in accord with another alternative embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIGS. 36   a - 36   e  illustrate assembly steps that may be completed in accord with another alternative embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIGS. 37   a - 37   e  illustrate assembly steps that may be completed in yet another alternative embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 38  is a perspective exploded view of an integrated chip range finder and integrated controller in accord with another alternative embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 39  is an exploded perspective view of an integrated controller battery and integrated controller in accord with another alternative embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 40  is an exploded perspective view of an integrated controller range finder in accord with another alternative embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 41  is a perspective view of an optical lens system in accord with yet another alternative embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 42  is a perspective view of an optical lens system in accord with yet another alternative embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 43  is a perspective view of an optical lens system in accord with yet another alternative embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 44   a  is an exploded perspective view of an integrated power source, controller and range finder in accord with another alternative embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 44   b  is a side sectional view the integrated power source, controller and range finder of  FIG. 44   a  along Z-Z′ in accord with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 45  is a side view of the range finder transmitter of  FIG. 44   b  in accord with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 46  is a side view of the range finder receiver of  FIG. 44   b  in accord with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIGS. 47   a - 47   c  are side views of a wearer of an optical lens system in accord with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 48  is a perspective view of an electro-active optical system in accord with one embodiment of the invention. 
       FIG. 49  is a perspective view of an electro-active optical system in accord with one embodiment of the invention. 
       FIG. 50  is a perspective view of an electro-active optical system in accord with one embodiment of the invention. 
       FIG. 51  is a perspective view of an electro-active optical system in accord with one embodiment of the invention. 
       FIG. 52  is a perspective view of an electro-active optical system in accord with one embodiment of the invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   In 1998, there were approximately 92 million eye examinations performed in the United States alone. The vast majority of these examinations involved a thorough check for eye pathology both internal and external, analysis of muscle balance and binocularity, measurement of the cornea and, in many cases, the pupil, and finally a refractive examination, which was both objective and subjective. 
   Refractive examinations are performed to understand diagnose the magnitude and type of the refractive error of one&#39;s eye. The types of refractive error that are currently able to be diagnosed &amp; measured, are myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia. Current refractors (phoropters) attempt to correct one&#39;s vision to 20/20 distance and near and, in some cases, 20/5 distance vision can be achieved; however, this is by far the exception. 
   It should be pointed out that the theoretical limit to which the retina of one&#39;s eye can process and define vision is approximately 20/10. This is far better than the level of vision which is currently obtained by way of both today&#39;s refractors (phoropters) and conventional spectacle lenses. What is missing from these conventional devices is the ability to detect, quantify and correct for non-conventional refractive error, such as aberrations, irregular astigmatism, or ocular layer irregularities. These aberrations, irregular astigmatism, and/or ocular layer irregularities may be as a result of one&#39;s visual system or as a result of aberrations caused by conventional eyeglasses, or a combination of both. 
   Therefore, it would be extremely beneficial to have a means for detecting, quantifying, and correcting one&#39;s vision as close to 20/10 or better as possible. Furthermore, it would be beneficial to do this in a very efficient and user friendly manner. 
   The present invention utilizes a novel approach in detecting, quantifying and correcting one&#39;s vision. The approach involves several innovative embodiments utilizing an electro-active lens. Furthermore, the invention utilizes a novel approach towards the selection, dispensing, activating, and programming of electro-active eyewear. 
   For example, in one inventive embodiment, a novel electro-active phoropter/refractor is utilized. This electro-active phoropter/refractor utilizes far fewer lens components than today&#39;s phoropters and is a fraction of the overall size and/or weight of today&#39;s phoropters. In fact, this exemplary inventive embodiment consists of only a pair of electro-active lenses housed in a frame mounting that provides, either through its own structural design and/or by way of a network of conductive wires, electrical power needed to enable the electro-active lenses to function properly. 
   To assist with understanding certain embodiments of the invention, explanations of various terms are now provided. In some situations, these explanations are not necessarily intended to be limiting, but, should be read in light of the examples, descriptions, and claims provided herein. 
   An “electro-active zone” can include or be included in an electro-active structure, layer, and/or region. An “electro-active region” can be a portion and/or the entirety of an electro-active layer. An electro-active region can be adjacent to another electro-active region. An electro-active region can be attached to another electro-active region, either directly, or indirectly with, for example, an insulator between each electro-active region. An “electro-active refractive matrix” is both an electro-active zone and region and can be attached to another electro-active layer, either directly, or indirectly with, for example, an insulator between each electro-active layer. “Attaching” can include bonding, depositing, adhering, and other well-known attachment methods. A “controller” can include or be included in a processor, a microprocessor, an integrated circuit, an IC, a computer chip, and/or a chip. A “refractor” can include a controller. An “auto-refractor” can include a wave front analyzer. “Near distance refractive error” can include presbyopia and any other refractive error needed to be corrected for one to see clearly at near distance. “Intermediate distance refractive error” can include the degree of presbyopia needed to be corrected an intermediate distance and any other refractive error needed to be corrected for one to see clearly at intermediate distance. “Far distance refractive error” can include any refractive error needed to be corrected for one to see clearly at far distance. “Near distance” can be from about 6 inches to about 24 inches, and more preferably from about 14 inches to about 18 inches. “Intermediate distance” can be from about 24 inches to about 5 feet. “Far distance” can be any distance between about 5 feet and infinity, and more preferably, infinity. “Conventional refractive error” can include myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and/or presbyopia. “Non-conventional refractive error” can include irregular astigmatism, aberrations of the ocular system, and any other refractive error not included in conventional refractive error. “Optical refractive error” can include any aberrations associated with a lens optic. 
   In certain embodiments, a “spectacle” can include one lens. In other embodiments, a “spectacle” can include more than one lens. A “multi-focal” lens can include bifocal, trifocal, quadrafocal, and/or progressive addition lens. A “finished” lens blank can include a lens blank that has finished optical surface on both sides. A “semi-finished” lens blank can include a lens blank that has, on one side only, a finished optical surface, and on the other side, a non-optically finished surface, the lens needing further modifications, such as, for example, grinding and/or polishing, to make it into a useable lens. “Surfacing” can include grinding and/or polishing off excess material to finish a non-finished surface of a semi-finished lens blank. 
     FIG. 1  is a perspective view of an embodiment of electro-active phoropter/refractor system  100 . Frames  110  contain electro-active lens  120 , which are connected via a network of conductive wires  130  to an electro-active lens controller  140  and to an electrical power source  150 . 
   In certain embodiments, the temples (not shown in  FIG. 1 ) of frames  110  contain batteries or power sources such as, for example, a micro-fuel cell. In other inventive embodiments, the temple or temples of frame  110  possess the needed electrical components so that a power cord is plugged directly into an electrical outlet and/or the electro-active refractor&#39;s controller/programmer  160 . 
   Still in other inventive embodiments, the electro-active lenses  120  are mounted in a housing assembly which is suspended so one could simply position one&#39;s face properly in order to look through the electro-active lenses while being refracted. 
   While the first inventive embodiment utilizes only a pair of electro-active lenses, in certain other inventive embodiments, multiple electro-active lenses are used. Still in other inventive embodiments, a combination of conventional lenses and electro-active lenses are utilized. 
     FIG. 2  is a diagrammatic view of an exemplary embodiment of an electro-active refractor system  200  that includes housing assembly  210  that contains at least one electro-active lens  220  and several conventional lenses, specifically, diffractive lens  230 , prismatic lens  240 , astigmatic lens  250 , and spherical lens  260 . A network of conductive wires  270  connects the electro-active lens  220  to a power source  275  and to a controller  280 , that provides a prescription display  290 . 
   In each inventive embodiment where multiple electro-active lenses and/or a combination of conventional and electro-active lenses are utilized, the lenses can be used to test one&#39;s vision in a random and/or non-random one-at-a-time sequence. In other inventive embodiments, two or more lenses are added together giving a total corrective power in front of each eye as needed. 
   The electro-active lenses, which are utilized in both the electro-active phoropter and the electro-active eyewear, are comprised of either a hybrid and/or non-hybrid construction. In a hybrid construction, a conventional lens optic is combined with an electro-active zone. In a non-hybrid construction, no conventional lens optic is used. 
   As discussed above, the invention differs from today&#39;s conventional dispensing practice sequence  300 , which is shown as a flow diagram in  FIG. 3 . As shown at steps  310  and  320 , traditionally an eye examination involving a conventional refractor is followed by obtaining one&#39;s prescription and taking that prescription to a dispenser. Then, as shown at steps  330  and  340 , at the dispenser one&#39;s frames and lens are selected. As shown at step  350  and  360 , the lenses are fabricated, edged, and assembled into the frames. Finally, at step  370 , the new prescription eyeglasses are dispensed and received. 
   As shown in the flow diagram of  FIG. 4 , in an exemplary embodiment of one inventive dispensing method  400 , at step  410  the electro-active eyewear is selected by or for the wearer. At step  420 , the frames are fitted to the wearer. With the wearer wearing the electro-active eyewear, at step  430 , the electronics are controlled by the electro-active phoropter/refractor control system, which in most cases is operated by an eyecare professional and/or technician. However, in certain inventive embodiments, the patient or wearer can actually operate the control system and thus, control the prescription of their own electro-active lenses. In other inventive embodiments, both the patient/wearer and the eyecare professional and/or technician work with the controller together. 
   At step  440 , the control system, whether operated by the eyecare professional, technician, and/or the patient/wearer, is utilized to select both objectively or subjectively the best correcting prescription for the patient/wearer. Upon selecting the proper prescription to correct the patient/wearer&#39;s vision to its optimal correction, the eyecare professional or technician then programs the patient/wearer&#39;s electro-active eyewear. 
   In one inventive embodiment, the selected prescription is programmed into an electro-active eyewear controller, and/or one or more controller components, prior to the selected electro-active eyewear being disconnected from the electro-active phoropter/refractor&#39;s controller. In other inventive embodiments the prescription is programmed into the selected electro-active eyewear at a later time. 
   In either case the electro-active eyewear is selected, fitted, programmed, and dispensed at step  450  in a totally different sequence than conventional eyeglasses are today. This sequence allows for improved manufacturing, refracting and dispensing efficiencies. 
   Via this inventive method, the patient/wearer literally can select their eyewear, wear them while the testing of their vision is taking place, and then have them programmed for the correct prescription. In most cases, but not all, this is done before the patient/wearer leaves the examination chair, thus, ensuring the total fabrication and programming accuracy of the patient&#39;s final prescription, as well as the accuracy of the eye refraction itself. Finally, in this inventive embodiment the patient can literally wear their electro-active eyeglasses when they get up out of the examination chair and proceed out of the eyecare professional&#39;s office. 
   It should be pointed out that other inventive embodiments allow for the electro-active phoropter/refractor to simply display or print out the patient or wearer&#39;s best corrected prescription which is then filled in much the same manner as in the past. Currently the process involves taking a written prescription to a dispensing location where electro-active eyewear (frames and lenses) are sold and dispensed. 
   Still in other inventive embodiments the prescription is sent electronically, for example, via the Internet, to a dispensing location where electro-active eyewear (frames and lenses) are sold. 
   In the case where the prescription is not filled at the point where the eye refraction is performed, in certain inventive embodiments an electro-active eyewear controller, and/or one or more controller components, is either programmed and installed into the electro-active eyewear, or directly programmed while installed in the electro-active eyewear, following the refraction. In the case where nothing is added to the electro-active eyewear, the electro-active eyewear controller, and/or one or more controller components, is an intricate built-in part of the electro-active eyewear and does not need to be added at a later time. 
     FIG. 27  is a flow diagram of an embodiment of another inventive dispensing method  2700 . At step  2710 , the vision of the patient is refracted using any method. At step  2720 , the prescription for the patient is obtained. At step  2730 , the electro-active eyewear is selected. At step  2740 , the electro-active eyewear is programmed with the wearer&#39;s prescription. At step  2750 , the electro-active eyewear is dispensed. 
     FIG. 5  is a perspective view of another inventive embodiment of the electro-active eyewear  500 . In this illustrative example, frames  510  contain generic electro-active lenses  520  and  522  that are electrically coupled by connecting wires  530  to electro-active eyewear controller  540  and power source  550 . Section line Z-Z divides generic electro-active lens  520 . 
   Controller  540  acts as the “brains” of the electro-active eyewear  500 , and can contain at least one processor component, at least one memory component for storing instructions and/or data for a specific prescription, and at least one input/output component, such as a port. Controller  540  can perform computational tasks such as reading from and writing into memory, calculating voltages to be applied to individual grid elements based on desired refractive indices, and/or acting as a local interface between the patient/user&#39;s eyewear and the associated refractor/phoropter equipment. 
   In one inventive embodiment, controller  540  is pre-programmed by the eyecare specialist or technician to meet the patient&#39;s convergence and accommodative needs. In this embodiment, this pre-programming is done on controller  540  while controller  540  is outside the patient&#39;s eyewear, and controller  540  is then inserted into the eyewear after the examination. In one inventive embodiment, controller  540  is a “read-only” type, supplying the voltage to grid elements to obtain the necessary array of refractive indices to correct the vision for a specific distance. As the patient&#39;s prescription changes, a new controller  540  must be programmed and inserted into the eyewear by the specialist. This controller would be of a class of ASIC&#39;s, or application specific integrated circuits, and its memory and processing commands permanently imprinted. 
   In another inventive embodiment, the electro-active eyewear controller may be originally programmed by the eyecare specialist or technician when first dispensed, and later the same controller, or a component thereof, can be reprogrammed to provide a different correction, as the patient&#39;s needs change. This electro-active eyewear controller may be extracted from the eyewear, placed in the refractor&#39;s controller/programmer (shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 ) and reprogrammed during the examination, or reprogrammed, in situ, by the refractor without removal from the electro-active eyewear. The electro-active eyewear controller in this case could, for example, be of a class of FPGA&#39;s, or field programmable gate array architecture. In this inventive embodiment the electro-active eyewear controller may be permanently built into the eyewear and require only an interface link to the refractor which issues the reprogramming commands to the FPGA. Part of this link would include external AC power to the electro-active eyewear controller provided by an AC adapter embedded in the refractor/phoropter or in its controller/programmer unit. 
   In another inventive embodiment, the electro-active eyewear acts as the refractor, and the external equipment operated by the eyecare specialist or technician consists of merely a digital and/or analog interface to the electro-active eyewear&#39;s controller. Thus, the electro-active eyewear controller can also serve as the controller for the refractor/phoropter. In this embodiment, the necessary processing electronics are available to alter the array of grid voltages to the electro-active eyewear and reprogram the electro-active eyewear controller with this data after the optimal correction for the user is empirically determined. In this case, the patient reviews the eye charts through his/her own electro-active eyewear during the examination and may be unaware that as he/she is selecting the best corrective prescription, the controller in their electro-active eyewear is simultaneously being reprogrammed electronically. 
   Another innovative embodiment utilizes an electronic auto-refractor that can be used as a first step and/or in combination with the electro-active refractors (shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 ) such as by way of example, but not limited to Humphrey&#39;s Auto-refractor &amp; Nikon&#39;s Auto-refractor which have been developed or modified to provide feed back which is compatible and programmed for use with the invention&#39;s electro-active lenses. This innovative embodiment is used to measure one&#39;s refractive error, while the patient or wearer is wearing his or her electro-active spectacles. This feedback is fed automatically or manually into a controller and/or programmer, which then calibrates, programs or reprograms the controller of the user/wearer&#39;s electro-active spectacles. In this innovative embodiment, one&#39;s electro-active spectacles can be re-calibrated as needed without requiring full eye examination or eye refraction. 
   In certain other inventive embodiments, one&#39;s vision correction is corrected, by way of one&#39;s electro-active lenses, to 20/20. This is obtained in most cases by correcting one&#39;s conventional refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and/or presbyopia). In certain other inventive embodiments, non-conventional refractive error such as aberrations, irregular astigmatism, and/or ocular layer irregularities of the eye are measured and corrected, as well as conventional refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism and/or presbyopia). In the inventive embodiments whereby aberrations, irregular astigmatism, and/or ocular layer irregularities of the eye are corrected in addition to conventional refractive error, one&#39;s vision can be corrected in many cases to better than 20/20, such as to 20/15, to better than 20/15, to 20/10, and/or to better than 20/10. 
   This advantageous error correction is accomplished by utilizing the electro-active lenses in the eyewear effectively as an adaptive optic. Adaptive optics have been demonstrated and in use for many years to correct for atmospheric distortion in ground-based astronomical telescopes, as well as for laser transmission through the atmosphere for communications and military applications. In these cases, segmented or “rubber” mirrors are usually employed to make small corrections to the wave front of the image or laser lightwave. These mirrors are manipulated by mechanical actuators in most cases. 
   Adaptive optics, as applied to vision, is based on active probing of the ocular system with a light beam, such as an eye-safe laser, and measures the wavefront distortion of either the retinal reflection or the image created on the retina. This form of wavefront analysis assumes a plane or spherical probe wave and measures the distortion imparted on this wavefront by the ocular system. By comparing the initial wavefront with the distorted one, a skilled examiner can determine what abnormalities exist in the ocular system and prescribe an appropriate corrective prescription. There are several competing designs for wavefront analyzers, however, the adaption of the electro-active lenses described here for use as either a transmissive or reflective spatial light modulator to perform such wavefront analysis is included within the invention. Examples of wavefront analyzers are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 5,777,719 (Williams) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,949,521 (Williams), each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
   In certain embodiments of the present invention, however, small corrections or adjustments are made to the electro-active lenses so that an image lightwave is imparted by a grid array of electrically driven pixels whose index of refraction can be altered, accelerating or slowing down the light passing though them by the alterable index. In this way, the electro-active lens becomes an adaptive optic, which can compensate for the inherent spatial imperfection in the optics of the eye itself in order to obtain a nearly aberration-free image on the retina. 
   In certain inventive embodiments, because the electro-active lens is fully two-dimensional, fixed spatial aberrations caused by the eye&#39;s optical system can be compensated for by incorporating the small index of refraction corrections on top of the gross vision correction prescription needs of the patient/user. In this way, vision can be corrected to a level of better than what could be achieved with common convergence and accommodation corrections, and, in many cases, could result in vision better than 20/20. 
   In order to achieve this better than 20/20 correction, the patient&#39;s ocular aberrations can be measured by, for example, a modified auto refractor utilizing a wavefront sensor or analyzer designed specifically for eye aberration measurements. Once the ocular aberrations and other types of non-conventional refractive error have been determined in both magnitude and spatially, the controller in the eyewear can be programmed to incorporate the 2-D spatially-dependent index of refraction changes to compensate for these aberrations and other types of non-conventional refractive error in addition to the overall myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, and/or astigmatism correction. Thus, embodiments of the electro-active lens of the present invention can electro-actively correct for aberrations of the patient&#39;s ocular system or created by the lens optic. 
   Thus, for example, a certain power correction of −3.50 diopters may be required in a certain electro-active divergent lens to correct a wearer&#39;s myopia. In this case, an array of different voltages, V 1  . . . V N , is applied to the M elements in the grid array to generate an array of different indices of refraction, N 1  . . . N M , which give the electro-active lens a power of −3.50 diopters. However, certain elements in the grid array may require up to plus or minus 0.50 units change in their index N 1  . . . N M  to correct for ocular aberrations and/or non-conventional refractive error. The small voltage deviations corresponding to these changes are applied to the appropriate grid element, in addition to the base myopia-correcting voltages. 
   In order to detect, quantify, and/or correct as much as possible for non-conventional refractive error such as irregular astigmatism, ocular refractive irregularities, such as for example, the tear layer on the front of the cornea, the front, or back of the cornea, aqueous irregularities, the front or back of the lenticular lens, vitreous irregularities, or for other aberrations caused by the ocular refractive system itself, the electro-active refractor/phoropter is used according to an embodiment of the inventive prescription method  600  of  FIG. 6 . 
   At step  610 , either a conventional refractor, an electro-active refractor having both conventional and electro-active lenses, or an electro-active refractor having only electro-active lenses, or an auto-refractor, is utilized to measure one&#39;s refractive error using conventional lens powers such as minus power (for myopes), plus power (for hyperopes), cylindrical power and axis (for astigmatism) and prism power when needed. Utilizing this approach, one will get what is known today as the patient&#39;s BVA (best visual acuity) by way of conventional corrective refractive error. However, certain embodiments of the invention allow for improving one&#39;s vision beyond what today&#39;s conventional refractor/phoropters will achieve. 
   Therefore, step  610  provides for further refinement of one&#39;s prescription in a non-conventional inventive way. In step  610 , the prescription, which accomplishes this end point, is programmed into the electro-active refractor. The patient is properly positioned to look through the electro-active lenses having a multi-grid electro-active structure into a modified and compatible autorefractor or a wavefront analyzer, which automatically measures precisely the refractive error. This refractive error measurement detects and quantifies as much non-conventional refractive errors as possible. This measurement is taken through a small, approximately 4.29 mm, targeted area of each electro-active lens, while automatically computing the necessary prescription to achieve the best focus on the fovea along the line-of-sight while the patient is looking through the targeted area of the electro-active lens. Once this measurement is made this non-conventional correction is either stored in the controller/programmer memory for future use or it is then programmed into the controller that controls the electro-active lenses. This, of course, is repeated for both eyes. 
   At step  620 , the patient or wearer now may at their option elect to use a control unit which will allow them to further refine the conventional refractive error correction, the non-conventional refractive error correction, or a combination of both, and thus the final prescription, to their liking. Alternatively, or in addition, the eyecare professional may refine it, until in some cases no further refinement is performed. At this point, an improved BVA for the patient, better than any available via conventional techniques, will be achieved. 
   At step  630 , any further refined prescription is then programmed into the controller, which controls the electro-active lenses&#39; prescription. At step  640 , the programmed electro-active spectacles are dispensed. 
   While the preceding steps  610  through  640  present an embodiment of one inventive method, depending upon the eyecare professional&#39;s judgment or approach, numerous different but similar approaches could be used to detect, quantify, and/or correct one&#39;s vision using solely electro-active refractors/phoropters or in combination with wavefront analyzers. Any method, no matter in what sequence, that utilizes an electro-active refractor/phoropter to detect, quantify, and/or correct one&#39;s vision, whether in conjunction with a wavefront analyzer or not, is considered part of the invention. For example, in certain inventive embodiments, steps  610  through  640  may be performed in either a modified way or even a different sequence. Furthermore, in embodiments of certain other inventive methods, the targeted area of the lens referred to in step  610  is within the range of about 3.0 millimeters in diameter to about 8.0 millimeters in diameter. Still in other inventive embodiments, the targeted area can be anywhere from about 2.0 millimeters in diameter up to the area of the entire lens. 
   Although this discussion has thus far concentrated on refraction using various forms of electro-active lenses alone or in combination with wavefront analyzers to perform the eye examination of the future, there is another possibility that new emerging technology may allow simply for objective measurements, thus potentially eliminating the need for a patient&#39;s communicated response or interaction. Many of the inventive embodiments described and/or claimed herein are intended to work with any type of measuring system, whether objective, subjective, or a combination of both. 
   Turning now to the electro-active lens itself, as discussed above, an embodiment of the present invention concerns an electro-active refractor/phoropter that has a novel electro-active lens, that can either be of a hybrid or of a non-hybrid construction. By hybrid construction it is meant a combination of a conventional single vision or a multifocal lens optic, with at least one electro-active zone located on the front surface, back surface, and/or in between the front and back surfaces, the zone consisting of an electro-active material having the necessary electro-active means to change focus electrically. In certain embodiments of the invention, the electro-active zone is specifically placed either inside the lens or on the back concave surface of the lens to protect it from scratches and other normal wear. In the embodiment where the electro-active zone is included as part of the front convex surface, in most cases a scratch resistant coating is applied. The combination of the conventional single vision lens or a conventional multifocal lens and the electro-active zone gives the total lens power of the hybrid lens design. By non-hybrid it is meant a lens which is electro-active whereby mostly 100% of its refractive power is generated solely by its electro-active nature. 
     FIG. 7  is a front view, and  FIG. 8  is a section view taken along line A-A, of an embodiment of an exemplary hybrid electro-active spectacle lens  700 . In this illustrative example, lens  700  includes a lens optic  710 . Attached to lens optic  710  is an electro-active refractive matrix  720 , that can have one or more electro-active regions that occupy all or a portion of electro-active refractive matrix  720 . Also attached to lens optic  710  and at least partially surrounding electro-active refractive matrix  720  is framing layer  730 . Lens optic  710  includes an astigmatic power correction region  740  having an astigmatic axis A-A rotated, in this specific example only, approximately 45 degrees clockwise from horizontal. Covering electro-active refractive matrix  720  and framing layer  730  is an optional cover layer  750 . 
   As will be discussed further, electro-active refractive matrix  720  can include a liquid crystal and/or a polymer gel. Electro-active refractive matrix  720  can also include an alignment layer, a metallic layer, a conducting layer, and/or an insulating layer. 
   In an alternative embodiment, astigmatic correction region  740  is eliminated so that lens optic  710  corrects for sphere power only. In another alternative embodiment, lens optic  710  can correct for either far distance, near distance, and/or both, and any sort of conventional refractive error, including spheric, cylindric, prismatic, and/or aspheric errors. Electro-active refractive matrix  720  can also correct for near distance, and/or for non-conventional refractive error such as aberrations. In other embodiments, electro-active refractive matrix  720  can correct any sort of conventional or non-conventional refractive error and lens optic  710  can correct for conventional refractive error. 
   It has been discovered that an electro-active lens having a hybrid construction approach has certain distinct advantages over that of a non-hybrid lens. These advantages are lower electrical power needs, smaller battery size, longer battery life expectancy, less complex electrical circuitry, fewer conductors, fewer insulators, lower manufacturing costs, increased optical transparency, and increased structural integrity. However, it must be noted that non-hybrid electro-active lenses have their own set of advantages, including reduced thickness and mass manufacturing. 
   It also has been discovered that both the non-hybrid, and in some embodiments, the full field hybrid and partial field hybrid approach, will allow for mass manufacturing of a very limited number of SKUs (Stock Keeping Units) when, for example, the electro-active structural design utilized is that of a multi-grid electro-active structure. In this case, it would only be necessary when mass manufacturing to focus primarily on a limited number of differentiated features such as curvature and size for the wearer&#39;s anatomical compatibility. 
   To understand the significance of this improvement, one must understand the number of traditional lens blanks needed to address most prescriptions. About 95% of corrective prescriptions include a sphere power correction within a range of −6.00 diopters to +6.00 diopters, in 0.25 diopter increments. Based on this range, there are about 49 commonly prescribed sphere powers. Of those prescriptions that include an astigmatism correction, about 95% fall within the range of −4.00 diopters to +4.00 diopters, in 0.25 diopter increments. Based on this range, there are about 33 commonly prescribed astigmatic (or cylinder) powers. Because astigmatism has an axis component, however, there are about 360 degrees of astigmatic axis orientations, which are typically prescribed in 1 degree increments. Thus, there are 360 different astigmatic axis prescriptions. 
   Moreover, many prescriptions include a bifocal component to correct for presbyopia. Of those prescriptions that have a presbyopic correction, about 95% fall within the range of +1.00 to =3.00 diopters, in 0.25 diopter increments, thereby resulting in about 9 commonly prescribed presbyopic powers. 
   Because some embodiments of the invention can provide for spherical, cylindrical, axis, and presbyopic corrections, one non-hybrid electro-active lens can serve the 5,239,080 (=49×33 360×9) different prescriptions. Thus, one non-hybrid electro-active lens can eliminate the need to mass manufacture and/or stock numerous lens blank SKUs, and of possibly greater importance, can eliminate the need to grind and polish each lens blank to a particular patient&#39;s prescription. 
   To account for the various lens curvatures that may be needed to accommodate anatomical issues such as face shape, eyelash length, etc., somewhat more than one non-hybrid electro-active lens SKU could be mass manufactured and/or stocked. Nevertheless, the number of SKU&#39;s could be reduced from millions to about five or less. 
   In the case of the hybrid electro-active lens, it has been discovered that by correcting for conventional refractive error with the lens optic and utilizing a mostly centered electro-active layer, it is possible to also reduce the number of SKU&#39;s needed. Referring to  FIG. 7 , lens  700  can be rotated as needed to place astigmatic axis A-A in the needed position. Thus, the number of hybrid lens blanks needed can be reduced by a factor of 360. Moreover, the electro-active zone of the hybrid lens can provide the presbyopic correction, thereby reducing by a factor of 9 the number of lens blanks needed. Thus, a hybrid electro-active lens embodiment can reduce from more than 5 million to 1619 (=49×33) the number of lens blanks needed. Because it may be reasonably possible to mass manufacture and/or stock this number of hybrid lens blank SKUs, the need for grinding and polishing may be eliminated. 
   Nevertheless, grinding and polishing semi-finished hybrid lens blanks into finished lens blanks remains a possibility.  FIG. 28  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a semi-finished lens blank  2800 . In this embodiment, semi-finished lens blank  2800  has a lens optic  2810  with a finished surface  2820 , an unfinished surface  2830 , and a partial field electro-active refractive matrix  2840 . In another embodiment, semi-finished lens blank  2800  can have a full field electro-active layer. Moreover, the electro-active structure of semi-finished lens blank  2800  can be multi-grid or single interconnect. Further, semi-finished lens blank  2800  can have refractive and/or diffractive characteristics. 
   In either the hybrid or the non-hybrid embodiment of the electro-active lens, a significant number of needed correcting prescriptions can be created and customized by the electro-active lens which can be adjusted and controlled by a controller that has been customized and/or programmed for the patient&#39;s specific prescription needs. Thus, the millions of prescriptions and numerous lens styles, single vision lens blanks, as well as the numerous multifocal semi-finished lens blanks may be no longer needed. In fact, most lens and frame manufacturing and distribution, as we know it may be revolutionized. 
   It should be noted that the invention includes both non-hybrid electro-active lenses, as well as full and partial field specific hybrid electro-active lenses that are either pre-manufactured electronic eyewear (frame and/or lenses) or customized electronic eyewear at the time of delivery to the patient or customer. In the case of the eyewear being pre-fabricated and assembled, both the frames and the lenses are pre-made with the lenses already edged and put into the eyeglass frames. Also considered to be part of the invention is the programmable and re-programmable controller as well as the mass production of frames and lenses having the necessary electric components which can be prefabricated and sent to the eyecare professional&#39;s site or some other site for either the installation of, for example, a programmed controller, and/or one or more controller components, for the patient&#39;s prescription. 
   In certain cases the controller, and/or one or more controller components, can be part of the pre-manufactured frame and electro-active lens assembly and then programmed at either the eyecare professional&#39;s site or some other site. The controller, and/or one or more controller components, can be in the form, for example, of a chip or a thin film and can be housed in the frame, on the frame, in the lens, or on the lens of the eyeglasses. The controller, and/or one or more controller components, can be re-programmable or not re-programmable based upon the business strategy to be implemented. In the case where the controller, and/or one or more controller components, is re-programmable, this will allow for the repeated updating of one&#39;s prescriptions as long as the patient or customer is happy with his or her eyeglass frames as well as the cosmetic appearance and functionality of the electro-active lenses. 
   In the case of the latter, the non-hybrid and hybrid electro-active lens embodiments just discussed, the lenses must be structurally sound enough in order to protect the eye from injury from a foreign object. In the United States, most eyewear lenses must pass a FDA required impact test. In order to meet these requirements, it is important that a support structure is built into or on the lens. In the case of the hybrid type, this is accomplished, for example, utilizing either a prescription or non-prescription single vision or multifocal lens optic as a structural base. For example, the structural base for the hybrid type can be made out of polycarbonate. In the case of the non-hybrid lens, in certain embodiments, the electro-active material selected and thickness accounts for this needed structure. In other embodiments, the non-prescription carrier base or substrate onto which the electro-active material is positioned accounts for this needed protection. 
   When utilizing electro-active zones in spectacle lenses in certain hybrid designs, it can be essential to maintain proper distance correction when a power interruption to the lenses occurs. In the case of a battery or wiring failure, in some situations it could be disastrous if the wearer was driving an automobile or piloting an airplane and their distance correction was lost. To prevent such occurrences, the inventive design of the electro-active spectacle lenses can provide for the distance correction to be maintained when the electro-active zones are in the OFF position (the inactivated or unpowered state). In an embodiment of this invention, this can be accomplished by providing the distance correction with a conventional fixed focal length optic, whether it be a refractive or a diffractive hybrid type. Any additional add power, therefore, is provided by the electro-active zone(s). Thus, a fail-safe electro-active system occurs, because the conventional lens optic will preserve the wearer&#39;s distance correction. 
     FIG. 9  is a side view of an exemplary embodiment of another electro-active lens  900  having a lens optic  910  that is index matched to an electro-active refractive matrix  920 . In this illustrative example, the diverging lens optic  910 , having an index of refraction, n 1 , provides distance correction. Attached to lens optic  910  is the electro-active refractive matrix  920 , which can have an unactivated state, and a number of activated states. When electro-active refractive matrix  920  is in its unactivated state, it has an index of refraction n 2 , which approximately matches the index of refraction, n 1 , of lens optic  910 . More accurately, when unactivated, n 2  is within 0.05 refractive units of n 1 . Surrounding electro-active refractive matrix  920  is framing layer  930 , which has an index of refraction, n 3 , that also approximately matches the index of refraction, n 1 , of lens optic  910  within 0.05 refractive units of n 1 . 
     FIG. 10  is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of another electro-active lens system  1000 . In this illustrative example, electro-active lens  1010  includes a lens optic  1040  and an electro-active refractive matrix  1050 . A rangefinder transmitter  1020  is positioned on electro-active refractive matrix  1050 . Also, a rangefinder detector/receiver  1030  is positioned on electro-active refractive matrix  1050 . In an alternative embodiment, either transmitter  1020  or receiver  1030  can be positioned in electro-active refractive matrix  1050 . In other alternative embodiments, either transmitter  1020  or receiver  1030  can be positioned in or on lens optic  1040 . In other embodiments either transmitter  1020  or receive  1030  can be positioned on outer covering layer  1060 . Further, in other embodiments,  1020  and  1030  can be positioned on any combination of the preceding. 
     FIG. 11  is a side view of an exemplary embodiment of a diffractive electro-active lens  1100 . In this illustrative example, lens optic  1110  provides distance correction. Etched on one surface of lens optic  1110  is diffractive pattern  1120 , having an index of refraction, n.sub.1. Attached to lens optic  1110  and covering diffractive pattern  1120  is electro-active refractive matrix  1130 , which has an index of refraction, n.sub.2, that approximates n.sub.1, when electro-active refractive matrix  1130  is in its unactivated state. Also attached to lens optic  1110  is framing layer  1140 , which is constructed of material mostly identical to lens optic  1110 , and which at least partially surrounds electro-active refractive matrix  1120 . A covering  1150  is attached over electro-active refractive matrix  1130  and framing layer  1140 . The framing layer  1140  can also be an extension of lens optic  1110 , in which can no actual layer is added, however, lens optic  1110  is fabricated so as to frame or circumscribe electro-active refractive matrix  1130 . 
     FIG. 12  is a front view, and  FIG. 13  a side view, of an exemplary embodiment of an electro-active lens  1200  having a multi-focal optic  1210  attached to an electro-active framing layer  1220 . In this illustrative example, multi-focal optic  1210  is of a progressive addition lens design. Moreover, in this illustrative example, multi-focal optic  1210  includes a first optical refraction focus zone  1212  and a second progressive addition optical refraction focus zone  1214 . Attached to multi-focal optic  1210  is electro-active framing layer  1220  having an electro-active region  1222  that is positioned over second optical refraction focus zone  1214 . A cover layer  1230  is attached to electro-active framing layer  1220 . It should be noted that the framing layer can be either electro-active or non-electro-active. When the framing layer is electro-active, insulating material is utilized to insulate the activated region from the non-activated region. 
   In most inventive cases, but not all, in order to program the electro-active eyewear to correct one&#39;s vision to its optimum, thus, correcting for non-conventional refractive error it is necessary to track the line-of-sight of each eye by way of tracking the eye movements of the patient or wearer. 
     FIG. 14  is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a tracking system  1400 . Frames  1410  contain electro-active lens  1420 . Attached to the backside of electro-active lens  1420  (that side closest to the wearer&#39;s eyes, also referred to as the proximal side), are a tracking signal sources  1430 , such as light emitting diodes. Also attached to the backside of electro-active lens  1420  are tracking signal receivers  1440 , such as light reflection sensors. Receivers  1440 , and possibly sources  1430 , are connected to a controller (not shown) that includes in its memory instructions to enable tracking. Utilizing this approach it is possible to locate very precisely the eye movements up, down, right, left and any variation thereof. This is needed as certain types, but not all, of non-conventional refractive error needs to be corrected and isolated within one&#39;s line-of-sight (for example, in the case of a specific corneal irregularity or bump that moves as the eye moves). 
   In various alternative embodiments, sources  1430  and/or receivers  1440  can be attached to the backside of frames  1410 , embedded in the backside of frames  1410 , and/or embedded in the backside of lenses  1420 . 
   An important portion of any spectacle lens, including the electro-active spectacle lens, is the portion used to produce the sharpest image quality within the user&#39;s field of view. While a healthy person can see approximately 90 degrees to either side, the sharpest visual acuity is located within a smaller field of view, corresponding to the portion of the retina with the best visual acuity. This region of the retina is known as the fovea, and is approximately a circular region measuring 0.40 mm in diameter on the retina. Additionally, the eye images the scene through the entire pupil diameter, so the pupil diameter will also affect the size of the most critical portion of the spectacle lens. The resulting critical region of the spectacle lens is simply the sum of the diameter of the eye&#39;s pupil diameter added to the projection of the fovea&#39;s field of view onto the spectacle lens. 
   The typical range for the eye&#39;s pupil diameter is from 3.0 to 5.5 mm, with a most common value of 4.0 mm. The average fovea diameter is approximately 0.4 mm. 
   The typical range for the size of the fovea&#39;s projected dimension onto the spectacle lens is affected by such parameters as the length of the eye, the distance from the eye to the spectacle lens, etc. 
   The tracking system of this specific inventive embodiment then locates the regions of the electro-active lens that correlate to the eye movements relative to the fovial region of the patient&#39;s retina. This is important as the invention&#39;s software is programmed to always correct for the non-conventional refractive error that is correctable as the eye moves. Thus, it is necessary in most, but not all, inventive embodiments that correct for non-conventional refractive error to electro-actively alter the area of the lens that the line-of-sight is passing through as the eyes fixate their target or gaze. In other words, in this specific inventive embodiment the vast majority of the electro-active lens corrects for conventional refractive error and as the eye moves the targeted electro-active area focus moves as well by way of the tracking system and software to correct for the non-conventional refractive error taking into account the angle in which the line-of-sight intersects different sections of the lens and factoring this into the final prescription for that specific area. 
   In most, but not all, inventive embodiments, the tracking system and enabling software is utilized to correct one&#39;s vision to its maximum, while looking or gazing at distant objects. When looking at near points the tracking system, if used, is utilized to both calculate the range of near point focus in order to correct for one&#39;s accommodative and convergence near or intermediate range focusing needs. This of course is programmed into the electro-active eyewear controller, and/or one or more controller components. as part of the patient or wearers&#39; prescription. In still other inventive embodiments a range finder and/or tracking system is incorporated either into the lenses and/or frames. 
   It should be pointed out that in other inventive embodiments such as those that correct for certain types of non-conventional refractive error, such as, for example, irregular astigmatism, in most but not all cases, the electro-active lenses do not need to track the patient or wearer&#39;s eye. In this case the overall electro-active lens is programmed to correct for this, as well as the other conventional refractive error of the patient. 
   Also, since aberrations are directly related to the viewing distance, it has been discovered that they can be corrected in relation to the viewing distance. That is, once the aberration or aberrations have been measured, it is possible to correct for these aberrations in the electro-active refractive matrix by way of segregating the electro-active regions so as to electro-actively correct for aberrations for specific distances such as distance vision, intermediate vision, and/or near vision. For example, the electro-active lens can be segregated into a far vision, intermediate vision, and near vision corrective zones, the software controlling each zone causing the zone to correct for those aberrations that impact the corresponding viewing distance. Therefore in this specific inventive embodiment, where the electro-active refractive matrix is segregated for different distances whereby each segregated region corrects for specific aberrations of a specific distance, it is possible to correct for non-refractive error without a tracking mechanism. 
   Finally, it should be pointed out that in another inventive embodiment, it is possible to accomplish the correction of the non-conventional refractive error, such as that caused by aberrations, without physically separating the electro-active regions and without tracking. In this embodiment, using the viewing distance as an input, the software adjusts the focus of a given electro-active area to account for the correction needed for an aberration that would otherwise impact the vision at the given viewing distance. 
   Furthermore, it has been discovered that either a hybrid or non-hybrid electro-active lens can be designed to have a full field or a partial field effect. By full field effect it is meant that the electro-active refractive matrix or layers cover the vast majority of the lens region within an eyeglass frame. In the case of a full field, the entire electro-active area can be adjusted to the desired power. Also, a full field electro-active lens can be adjusted to provide a partial field. However, a partial field electro-active specific lens design can not be adjusted to a full field due to the circuitry needed to make it partial field specific. In the case of a full field lens adjusted to become a partial field lens, a partial section of the electro-active lens can be adjusted to the desired power. 
     FIG. 15  is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of another electro-active lens system  1500 . Frames  1510  contain electro-active lenses  1520 , which have a partial field  1530 . 
   For purposes of comparison,  FIG. 16  is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of yet another electro-active lens system  1600 . In this illustrative example, frames  1610  contain electro-active lenses  1620 , which have a full field  1630 . 
   In certain inventive embodiments the multifocal electro-active optic is pre-manufactured and in some cases, due to the significantly reduced number of SKU&#39;S required, even inventoried at the dispensing location as a finished multifocal electro-active lens blank. This inventive embodiment allows for the dispensing site to simply fit and edge the inventoried multifocal electro-active lens blanks into the electronic enabling frames. While in most cases this invention could be of a partial field specific type electro-active lens, it should be understood this would work for full field electro-active lenses, as well. 
   In one hybrid embodiment of the invention, a conventional single vision lens optic being of aspheric design or non-aspheric design having a toric surface for correction of astigmatism and a spherical surface is utilized to provide the distance power needs. If astigmatic correction is needed the appropriate power single vision lens optic would be selected and rotated to the proper astigmatic axis location. Once this is done the single vision lens optic could be edged for the eye wire frame style and size. The electro-active refractive matrix could then be applied on the single vision lens optic or the electro-active refractive matrix can be applied prior to edging and the total lens unit can be edged later. It should be pointed out that, for edging whereby the electro-active refractive matrix is affixed to a lens optic, either a single vision or multifocal electro-active optic, prior to edging, an electro-active material such as a polymer gel may be advantageous over a liquid crystal material. 
   The electro-active refractive matrix can be applied to compatible lens optics by way of different technologies known in the art. Compatible lens optics are optics whose curves and surfaces will accept the electro-active refractive matrix properly from the stand point of bonding, aesthetics, and/or proper final lens power. For example, adhesives can be utilized applying the adhesive directly to the lens optic and then laying down the electro-active layer. Also, the electro-active refractive matrix can be manufactured so it is attached to a release film in which case it can be removed and reattached adhesively to the lens optic. Also, it can be attached to two-way film carrier of which the carrier itself is attached adhesively to the lens optic. Furthermore, it can be applied utilizing a Surface Casting technique in which case the electro-active refractive matrix is created in-sit. 
   In previously mentioned hybrid embodiment,  FIG. 12 , a combination of a static and non-static approach is used to satisfy one&#39;s mid and near point vision needs, a multifocal progressive lens  1210  having the proper needed distance correction and having, for example, approximately +1.00 diopter (or “D”) of full near add power is utilized in lieu of the single vision lens optic. In utilizing this embodiment the electro-active refractive matrix  1220  can be placed on either side of the multifocal progressive lens optic, as well as buried inside the lens optic. This electro-active refractive matrix is utilized to provide for additional add power. 
   When utilizing a lower add power in the lens optic than required by the overall multifocal lens, the final add power is the total additive power of the low multifocal add and the additional required near power generated by way of the electro-active layer. For example only; if a multifocal progressive addition lens optic had an add power of +1.00 and the electro-active refractive matrix created a near power of +1.00 the total near power for the hybrid electro-active lens would be +2.00 D. Utilizing this approach, it is possible to significantly reduce unwanted perceived distortions from multi-focal lenses, specifically progressive addition lenses. 
   In certain hybrid electro-active embodiments whereby a multifocal progressive addition lens optic is utilized, the electro-active refractive matrix is utilized to subtract out unwanted astigmatism. This is accomplished by neutralizing or substantially reducing the unwanted astigmatism through an electro-actively created neutralizing power compensation solely in the areas of the lens where the unwanted astigmatism exists. 
   In certain inventive embodiments decentration of the partial field is needed. When applying a decentered partial field electro-active refractive matrix it is necessary to align the electro-active refractive matrix in such a way to accommodate the proper astigmatic axis location of the single vision lens optic so as to allow for correcting one&#39;s astigmatism, should it exist, as well as locating the electronic variable power field in the proper location for one&#39;s eyes. Also, it is necessary with the partial field design to align the partial field location to allow for proper decentration placement with regards to the patient&#39;s pupillary needs. It has been further discovered that unlike conventional lenses where the static bifocal, multifocal or progressive regions are always placed to always be below one&#39;s distance-viewing gaze, the use of an electro-active lens allows for certain manufacturing freedom not available to conventional multifocal lenses. Therefore, some embodiments of the invention, the electro-active region is located where one would typically find the distance, intermediate, and near vision regions of a conventional non-electro-active multi-focal lens. For example, the electro-active region can be placed above the 180 meridian of the lens optic, thereby allowing the multifocal near vision zone to be occasionally provided above the 180 meridian of the lens optic. Providing the near vision zone above the 180 meridian of the lens optic can be especially useful for those spectacle wearers working at close distances to an object directly in front or overhead of the wearer, such as working with a computer monitor, or nailing picture frames overhead. 
   In the case of a non-hybrid electro-active lens or both the hybrid full field lens and for example, a 35 mm diameter hybrid partial field lens, the electro-active layer, as stated before, can be applied directly to either the single vision lens optic, or pre-manufactured with a lens optic creating electro-active finished multifocal lens blanks, or the multifocal progressive lens optic, prior to edging the lens for the shape of the frame&#39;s lens mounting. This allows for pre-assembly of electro-active lens blanks, as well as being able to inventory stock finished, but not edged electro-active lens blanks, thus allowing for just in time eyeglass fabrication at any channel of distribution, including the doctor or optician&#39;s offices. This will allow all optical dispensaries to be able to offer fast service with minimal needs for expensive fabrication equipment. This benefits manufacturers, retailers, and their patients, the consumers. 
   Considering the size of the partial field, it has been shown, for example, in one inventive embodiment that the partial field specific region could be a 35 mm diameter centered or decentered round design. It should be pointed out that the diameter size can vary depending upon the needs. In certain inventive embodiments 22 mm, 28 mm, 30 mm, and 36 mm round diameters are utilized. 
   The size of the partial field can depend on the structure of the electro-active refractive matrix and/or the electro-active field. At least two such structures are contemplated as within the scope of the present invention, namely, a single-interconnect electro-active structure and a multi-grid electro-active structure. 
     FIG. 17  is a perspective view of an embodiment of an electro-active lens  1700  having a single interconnect structure. Lens  1700  includes a lens optic  1710  and an electro-active refractive matrix  1720 . Within electro-active refractive matrix  1720 , an insulator  1730  separates an activated partial field  1740  from a framed non-activated field (or region)  1750 . A single wire or conducting strip interconnect  1760  connects the activated field to a power supply and/or controller. Note that in most, if not all, embodiments, a single-interconnect structure has a single pair of electrical conductors coupling it to a power source. 
     FIG. 18  is a perspective view of an embodiment of an electro-active lens  1800  having a multi-grid structure. Lens  1800  includes a lens optic  1810  and an electro-active refractive matrix  1820 . Within electro-active refractive matrix  1820 , an insulator  1830  separates an activated partial field  1840  from a framed non-activated field (or region)  1850 . A plurality of wire interconnects  1860  connect the activated field to a power supply and/or controller. 
   When utilizing the smaller diameters for the partial field, it has been discovered that the electro-active thickness differential from edge to center of the partial field specific region when utilizing a single interconnect electro-active structure can be minimized. This has a very positive role in minimizing the electrical power needs, as well as number of electro-active layers required, especially for the single interconnect structure. This is not always the case for the partial field specific region whereby it utilizes a multi-grid electro-active structure. When utilizing a single interconnect electro-active structure, in many inventive embodiments, but not all, multiple single interconnect electro-active structures are layered within or on the lens so as to allow for multiple electro-active layers creating for example, a total combined electro-active power of +2.50 D. In this inventive example only, five +0.50 D single interconnect layers could be placed one on top of each other separated only in most cases, by insulating layers. In this way, the proper electrical power can create the necessary refractive index change for each layer by way of minimizing the electrical needs of one thick single interconnect layer which in some cases would be impractical to energize properly. 
   It should be further pointed out in the invention, certain embodiments having multiple single interconnect electro-active layers can be energized in a preprogrammed sequence to allow one to have the ability to focus over a range of distances. For example, two +0.50 D single interconnect electro-active layers could be energized, creating a +1.00 D intermediate focus to allow for a +2.00 D presbyope to see at finger tip distance and then two additional +0.50 D single interconnect electro-active layers could be energized to give the +2.00 D presbyope the ability to read as close as 16 inches. It should be understood that the exact number of electro-active layers. as well as the power of each layer, can vary depending upon the optical design, as well as the total power needed to cover a specific range of near and intermediate vision distances for a specific presbyope. 
   Furthermore, in certain other inventive embodiments, a combination of either one or more single interconnect electro-active layers are present in the lens in combination with a multi-grid electro-active structural layer. Once again, this gives one the ability of focusing for a range of intermediate and near distances assuming the proper programming. Finally, in other inventive embodiments, only a multi-grid electro-active structure is utilized either in a hybrid or non-hybrid lens. Either way, the multi-grid electro-active structure in combination with a properly programmed electro-active eyewear controller, and/or one or more controller components, would allow for the ability to focus over a broad range of intermediate and near distances. 
   Also, semi-finished electro-active lens blanks that would allow for surfacing are also within the scope of the invention. In this case, either a decentered, centered, partial field electro-active refractive matrix incorporated with the blank, or a full field electro-active refractive matrix is incorporated with the blank and then surfaced to the correct prescription needed. 
   In certain embodiments the variable power electro-active field is located over the entire lens and adjusts as a constant spherical power change over the entire surface of the lens to accommodate one&#39;s working near vision focusing needs. In other embodiments the variable power field adjusts over the entire lens as a constant spherical power change while at the same time creating an aspherical peripheral power effect in order to reduce distortion and aberrations. In some of the embodiments mentioned above, the distance power is corrected by way of either the single vision, multifocal finished lens blanks, or the multifocal progressive lens optic. The electro-active optical layer corrects mainly for the working distance focusing needs. It should be noted this is not always the case. It is possible, in some cases, to utilize either a single vision, multifocal finished lens optic, or multifocal progressive lens optic for distance spherical power only and correct near vision working power and astigmatism through the electro-active refractive matrix or utilize either the single vision or multifocal lens optic to correct astigmatism only and correct the sphere power and near vision working power through the electro-active layer. Also, it is possible to utilize a plano, single vision, multifocal finished lens optic, or progressive multifocal lens optic and correct the distance sphere and astigmatism needs by way of the electro-active layer. 
   It should be pointed out that with the invention, the power correction needed, whether prismatic, spherical or aspheric power as well as total distance power needs, mid range power needs and near point power needs, can be accomplished by way of any number of additive power components. These include the utilization of a single vision or finished multifocal lens optic providing all the distance spherical power needs, some of the distance spherical power needs, all of the astigmatic power needs, some of the astigmatic power needs, all of the prismatic power needs, some of the prismatic power needs, or any combination of the above when combined with the electro-active layer, will provide for one&#39;s total focusing needs. 
   It has been discovered that the electro-active refractive matrix allows for the utilization of adaptive optic correction-like techniques to maximize one&#39;s vision through his or her electro-active lenses either prior or after final fabrication. This can be accomplished by way of allowing the patient or intended wearer to look through the electro-active lens or lenses and adjusting them manually, or by way of a special designed automatic refractor that almost instantly will measure conventional and/or non-conventional refractive error and will correct any remaining refractive error be it spherical, astigmatic, aberrations, etc. This technique will allow for the wearer to achieve 20/10 or better vision in many cases. 
   Furthermore, it should be pointed out that in certain embodiments a Fresnell power lens layer is utilized along with the single vision or multifocal lens blank or optic as well as the electro-active layer. For example: the Fresnell layer is utilized to provide spherical power and thereby reduce lens thickness, the single vision lens optic to correct astigmatism, and the electro-active refractive matrix to correct for mid and near distance focusing needs. 
   As discussed above, in another embodiment a diffractive optic is utilized along with the single vision lens optic and the electro-active layer. In this approach the diffractive optic, which provides for additional focusing correction, further reduces the need for the electric power, circuitry, and thickness of the electro-active layer. Once again, the combination of any two or more of the following can be utilized in an additive manner to provide the total additive power needed for one&#39;s spectacle correction power needs. These being a Fresnell layer, conventional or non-conventional single vision or multifocal lens optic, diffractive optic layer, and electro-active refractive matrix or layers. Furthermore it is possible through an etching process to impart a shape and or effect of a diffractive or Fresnell layer into the electro-active material so as to create a non-hybrid or hybrid electro-active optic having a diffractive or Fresnell component. Also, it is possible using the electro-active lens to create not only conventional lens power, but also prismatic power. 
   It has also been discovered that utilizing either an approximate 22 mm or a 35 mm diameter round centered hybrid partial field specific electro-active lens design or an adjustable decentered hybrid electro-active partial field specific design being approximately 30 mm in diameter it is possible to minimize the electrical power circuitry needs, battery life, and battery size, reducing manufacturing costs and improving optical transparency of the final electro-active spectacle lens. 
   In one inventive embodiment, the decentered partial field specific electro-active lens is located so that the optical center of this field is located approximately 5 mm below the optical center of the single vision lens, while at the same time having the near working distance electro-active partial field being decentered nasally or temporally to satisfy the patient&#39;s correct near to intermediate working range pupillary distance. It should be noted that such a design approach is not limited to a circular design but could be virtually any shape that allowed the proper electro-active visual field area needed for one&#39;s vision needs. For example, the design could be oval, rectangular, square shaped, octagonal, partially curved, etc. What is important is the proper placement of the viewing area for either the hybrid partial field specific designs or hybrid full field designs that have the ability to achieve partial fields as well as non-hybrid full field designs that also have the ability to achieve partial fields. 
   Further it has been discovered that the electro-active refractive matrix in many cases (but not all) is utilized having an uneven thickness. That is, the metallic and conductive surrounding layers are not parallel and the gel polymer thickness varies to create a convergent or divergent lens shape. It is possible to employ such a non-uniform thickness electro-active refractive matrix in a non-hybrid embodiment or in a hybrid mode with a single vision or multifocal lens optic. This presents a wide variety of adjustable lens powers through various combinations of these fixed and electrically adjustable lenses. In some inventive embodiments, the single interconnect electro-active refractive matrix utilizes non-parallel sides creating a non-uniform thickness of the electro-active structure. However, in most inventive embodiments, but not all, the multi-grid electro-active structure utilizes a parallel structure, which creates a uniform thickness of the electro-active structure. 
   To illustrate some of the possibilities, a convergent single vision lens optic may be bonded to a convergent electro-active lens to create a hybrid lens assembly. Depending upon the electro-active lens material used, the electrical voltage may either increase or reduce the refractive index. Adjusting the voltage up to reduce the index of refraction would change the final lens assembly power to give less plus power, as shown in the first row of Table 1 for different combinations of fixed and electro-active lens power. If adjusting the applied voltage up increases the index of refraction of the electro-active lens optic, the final hybrid lens assembly power changes as shown in Table 2 for different combinations of fixed and electro-active lens power. It should be noted that, in this embodiment of the invention, only a single applied voltage difference is required across the electro-active layer. 
   
     
       
             
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE 1 
             
             
                 
             
             
               S.V. or M.R. 
               Electro- 
                 
                 
                 
             
             
               Lens Optic 
               Active 
                 
               Index of 
             
             
               (Distance 
               Lens 
               Voltage 
               Refractive 
             
             
               Vision) 
               Power 
               Change 
               Change 
               Final Hybrid Lens 
             
             
                 
             
           
           
             
               + 
               + 
               − 
               − 
               Less Plus 
             
             
               + 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               More Plus 
             
             
               − 
               + 
               − 
               − 
               More Minus 
             
             
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               Less Minus 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   
     
       
             
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE 2 
             
             
                 
             
             
               S.V. or M.R. 
               Electro- 
                 
                 
                 
             
             
               Lens Optic 
               Active 
                 
               Index of 
             
             
               (Distance 
               Lens 
               Voltage 
               Refractive 
               Final Hybrid Lens 
             
             
               Vision) 
               Power 
               Change 
               Change 
               Assembly Power 
             
             
                 
             
           
           
             
               + 
               + 
               − 
               − 
               More Plus 
             
             
               + 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               Less Plus 
             
             
               − 
               + 
               − 
               − 
               Less Minus 
             
             
               − 
               − 
               − 
               − 
               More Minus 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   A possible manufacturing process for such a hybrid assembly follows. In one example, the electro-active polymer gel layer can be injection-molded, cast, stamped, machined, diamond turned, and/or polished into a net lens optic shape. The thin metallic layer is deposited onto both sides of the injection molded or cast polymer gel layer by, for example, sputtering or vacuum deposition. In another exemplary embodiment, the deposited thin metallic layer is placed on both the lens optic and the other side of the injection-molded or cast electro-active material layer. A conductive layer may not be necessary, but if it is, it may also be vacuum deposited or sputtered onto the metallic layer. 
   Unlike conventional bifocal, multifocal or progressive lenses where the near vision power segments need to be positioned differently for different multifocal designs the invention can always be placed in one common location. For unlike different static power zones utilized by the conventional approach, where the eye moves and the head tilts to utilize such zone or zones, the present invention allows one to either look straight ahead or slightly up or down, and the entire electro-active partial or full field adjusts to correct for the necessary near working distance. This reduces eye fatigue and head and eye movements. Furthermore, when one needs to look to the distance the adjustable electro-active refractive matrix adjusts to the correct power needed to clearly see the distant object. In most cases, this would cause the electro-active adjustable near working distance field to become of plano power, thus converting or adjusting the hybrid electro-active lens back to a distance vision correction lens or low power multifocal progressive lens correcting distance power. However, this is not always the case. 
   In some cases it may be advantageous to reduce the thickness of the single vision lens optic. For example, the central thickness of a plus lens, or the edge thickness of a minus lens, can be reduced by way of some appropriate distance power compensation in the electro-active adjustable layer. This would apply to a full field or mostly full field hybrid electro-active spectacle lens or in all cases of a non-hybrid electro-active spectacle lens. 
   Once again, it should be pointed out that the adjustable electro-active refractive matrix does not have to be located in a limited area but could cover the entire single vision or multifocal lens optic, whatever size area or shape is required of either one. The exact overall size, shape, and location of the electro-active refractive matrix is constrained only due to performance and aesthetics. 
   It has also been discovered and is part of the invention that by utilizing the proper front convex and back concave curves of the single vision or multifocal lens blank or optic it is possible to further reduce the complexity of electronics needed for the invention. By way of properly selecting the front convex base curves of the single vision or multifocal lens blank or optic it is possible to minimize the number of connecting electrodes needed to activate the electro-active layer. In some embodiments, only two electrodes are required as the entire electro-active field area is adjusted by a set amount of electrical power. 
   This occurs due to the change of refractive index of the electro-active material, which creates, depending upon the placement of the electro-active layer, a different power front, back, or middle electro-active layer. Thus the appropriate curvature relationship of the front and back curves of each layer influences the needed power adjustment of the electro-active hybrid or non-hybrid lens. In most, but not all, hybrid designs especially those not utilizing a diffractive or Fresnell component it is important that the electro-active refractive matrix does not have its front &amp; back curves parallel to that of the single vision or multifocal semifinished blank or single vision or multifocal finished lens blank it is attached to. One exception to this is a hybrid design utilizing a multi-grid structure. 
   It should be pointed out that one embodiment is of a hybrid electro-active lens utilizing less than a full field approach and a minimum of two electrodes. Other embodiments utilize a multi-grid electro-active refractive matrix approach to create the electro-active refractive matrix which case multiple electrodes and electrical circuitry will be required. When utilizing a multi-grid electro-active structure, it has been discovered that for the boundaries of the grids that have been electrically activated to be cosmetically acceptable (mostly invisible), it may be necessary to produce a refractive index differential between adjacent grids of zero to 0.02 units of refractive index difference. Depending upon cosmetic demands, the range of refractive index differential could be from 0.01 to 0.05 units of refractive index differential but in most inventive embodiments the difference is limited, by way of a controller to a maximum of 0.02 or 0.03 units of refractive index difference between adjacent areas. 
   It is also possible to utilize one or more electro-active layers having different electro-active structures such as a single-interconnect structure and/or a multi-grid structure, which can react as needed once energized to create the desired additive end focusing power. For example only, one could correct for distance power of a full field by way of the anterior (electro-active layer, distal with respect to the wearer&#39;s eyes) and utilize the posterior (i.e. proximal) electro-active refractive matrix to focus for near vision range utilizing a partial field specific approach generated by the posterior layer. It should become readily apparent that utilizing this multi electro-active refractive matrix approach will allow for increased flexibility while keeping the layers extremely thin and reducing the complexity of each individual layer. Furthermore, this approach allows for sequencing the individual layers in as much as one can energize them all at one time, to generate a simultaneous variable additive focusing power effect. This variable focusing effect can be produced in a time lapsed sequence, so as to correct for mid-range focusing needs and near vision range focusing needs as one looks from far to near and then create the reverse effect as one looks from near to far. 
   The multi electro-active refractive matrix approach also allows for faster electro-active focusing power response time. This happens due to a combination of factors, one being the reduced electro-active material thickness needed for each layer of multi electro-active layered lens. Also, because a multi electro-active refractive matrix allows for breaking up the complexity of a master electro-active refractive matrix into two or more less complex individual layers which are asked to do less individually than the master electro-active layer. 
   The following describes the materials and construction of the electro-active lens, its electrical wiring circuitry, the electrical power source, the electrical switching technique, software required for focal length adjustment, and object distance ranging. 
     FIG. 19  is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of an electro-active refractive matrix  1900 . Attached to both sides of an electro-active material  1910  are metallic layers  1920 . Attached to the opposite side of each metallic layer  1920  are conductive layers  1930 . 
   The electro-active refractive matrix discussed above is a multilayer construction consisting of either a polymer gel or liquid crystal as the electro-active material. However, in certain inventive cases both a polymer gel electro-active refractive matrix and a liquid crystal electro-active refractive matrix are utilized within the same lens. For example: the liquid crystal layer may be utilized to create an electronic tint or sunglass effect and the polymer gel layer may be utilized to add or subtract power. Both the polymer gel and liquid crystal has the property that its optical index of refraction can be changed by an applied electric voltage. The electro-active material is covered by two nearly transparent metallic layers on either side, and a conductive layer is deposited on each metallic layer to provide good electrical connection to these layers. When a voltage is applied across the two conductive layers, an electric field is created between them and through the electro-active material, changing the refractive index. In most cases, the liquid crystal and in some cases the gels are housed in a sealed encapsulating envelope of material selected from silicones, polymethacrylate, styrene, proline, ceramic, glass, nylon, mylar and others. 
     FIG. 20  is a perspective view of an embodiment of an electro-active lens  2000  having a multi-grid structure. Lens  2000  includes an electro-active material  2010  that can, in some embodiments, define a plurality of pixels, each of which can be separated by a material having electrical insulating properties. Thus, electro-active material  2010  can define a number of adjacent zones, each zone containing one or more pixels. 
   Attached to one side of electro-active material  2010  is a metallic layer  2020 , which has a grid array of metallic electrodes  2030  separated by a material (not shown) having electrical insulating properties. Attached to the opposite side (not shown) of electro-active material  2010  is a symmetrically identical metallic layer  2020 . Thus, each electro-active pixel is matched to a pair of electrodes  2030  to define a grid element pair. 
   Attached to metallic layer  2020  is a conductive layer  2040  having a plurality of interconnect vias  2050  each separated by a material (not shown) having electrical insulating properties. Each interconnect via  2050  electrically couples one grid element pair to a power supply and/or controller. In an alternative embodiment, some and/or all of interconnect vias  2050  can connect more than one grid element pair to a power supply and/or controller. 
   It should be noted that in some embodiments, metallic layer  2020  is eliminated. In other embodiments, metallic layer  2020  is replaced by an alignment layer. 
   In certain inventive embodiments the front (distal) surface, intermediate surface, and/or back surface can be made of a material comprising a conventional photochromatic component. This photochromatic component may or may not be utilized with an electronic produced tint feature associated as part of the electro-active lens. In the event that it is utilized it would provide an additive tint in a complimentary manner. It should be pointed out, however, in many inventive embodiments the photochromatic material is used solely with the electro-active lens without an electronic tint component. The photochromatic material can be included in an electro-active lens layer by way of the layer composition or added later to the electro-active refractive matrix or added as part of an outer layer either on the front or the back of the lens. Furthermore, the electro-active lenses of the invention can be hard-coated front, back, or both can be coated with an anti-reflection coating as desired. 
   This construction is referred to as a sub-assembly and it can be electrically controlled to create either a prismatic power, sphere power, astigmatic power correction, aspheric correction, or aberration correction of the wearer. Furthermore, the subassembly can be controlled to mimic that of a Fresnell or diffractive surface. In one embodiment, if more than one type of correction is needed, two or more sub-assemblies can be juxtaposed, separated by an electrically insulating layer. The insulating layer may be comprised of silicone oxide. In another embodiment, the same subassembly is utilized to create multiple power corrections. Either of the two sub-assembly embodiments just discussed can be made of two different structures. This first structural embodiment allows that each of the layers, the electro-active layer, conductor, and metal, are contiguous, that is, continuous layers of material, thus forming a single-interconnect structure. The second structural embodiment (as shown in  FIG. 20 ) utilizes metallic layers in the form of a grid or array, with each sub-array area electrically insulated from its neighbors. In this embodiment showing a multi-grid electro-active structure, the conductive layers are etched to provide separate electrical contacts or electrodes to each sub-array or grid element. In this manner, separate and distinct voltages may be applied across each grid element pair in the layer, creating regions of different index of refraction in the electro-active material layer. The details of design, including layer thickness, index of refraction, voltages, candidate electro-active materials, layer structure, number of layers or components, arrangement of layers or components, curvature of each layer and/or components is left for the optical designer to decide. 
   It should be noted that either the multi-grid electro-active structure or the single interconnect electro-active structures can be utilized as either a partial lens field or a full lens field. However, when a partial field specific electro-active refractive matrix is utilized, in most cases, an electro-active material having a closely matching refractive index as that of the partial field specific electro-active non-activated layer (the framing layer) is utilized laterally adjacent to and separated from the partial field specific electro-active region by an insulator. This is done to enhance the cosmetic nature of the electro-active lens by way of keeping the appearance of the entire electro-active refractive matrix appearing as one, in the unactivated state. Also, it should be pointed out that in certain embodiments, the framing layer is of a non-electro-active material. 
   The polymer material can be of a wide variety of polymers where the electro-active constituent is at least 30% by weight of the formulation. Such electro-active polymer materials are well known and commercially available. Examples of this material include liquid crystal polymers such as polyester, polyether, polyamide, (PCB) penta cyano biphenyl and others. Polymer gels may also contain a thermoset matrix material to enhance the processability of the gel, improve its adhesion to the encapsulating conductive layers, and improve the optical clarity of the gel. By way of examples only this matrix may be a cross-linked acrylate, methacrylate, polyurethane, a vinyl polymer cross-linked with a difunctional or multifunctional acrylate, methacrylate or vinyl derivative. 
   The thickness of the gel layer can be, for example, between about 3 microns to about 100 microns, but may be as thick as one millimeter, or as another example, between about 4 microns to about 20 microns. The gel layer can have a modulus of, for example, about 100 pounds per inch to about 800 pounds per inch, or as another example, 200 to 600 pounds per inch. The metallic layer can have a thickness of, for example, about 10 −4  microns to about 10 −2  microns, and as another example, from about 0.8×10 −3  microns to about 1.2×10 −3 . The conductive layer can have a thickness of, for example, on the order of 0.05 microns to about 0.2 microns, and as another example, from about 0.8 microns to about 0.12 microns, and as yet another example, about 0.1 microns. 
   The metallic layer is used to provide good contact between the conductive layer and the electro-active material. Those skilled in the art will readily recognize the appropriate metal materials that could be used. For example, one could use gold or silver. 
   In one embodiment, the refractive index of the electro-active material may vary, for example, between about 1.2 units and about 1.9 units, and as another example, between about 1.45 units and about 1.75 units, with the change in index of refraction of at least 0.02 units per volt. The rate of change in the index with voltage, the actual index of refraction of the electro-active material, and its compatibility with the matrix material will determine the percentage composition of the electro-active polymer into the matrix, but should result in a change of index of refraction of the final composition of no less than 0.02 units per volt at a base voltage of about 2.5 volts but no greater than 25 volts. 
   As previously discussed with the inventive embodiment utilizing a hybrid design, the sections of the electro-active refractive matrix assembly are attached to a conventional lens optic with an appropriate adhesive or bonding technique which is transparent to visible light. This bonding assembly can be by way of release paper or film having the electro-active refractive matrix pre-assembled and attached ready for bonding to the conventional lens optic. It could be produced and applied to the awaiting lens optic surface in-situ. Also, it could be applied pre-applied to the surface of a lens wafer, which is then adhesively bonded to the awaiting lens optic. It could be applied to a semi-finished lens blank which is later surfaced or edged for the appropriate size, shape as well as the appropriate total power needs. Finally, it could be casted onto a preformed lens optic utilizing SurfaceCasting techniques. This creates the electrically modifiable power of the invention. The electro-active refractive matrix may occupy the entire lens area or only a portion of it. 
   The index of refraction of the electro-active layers can be correctly altered only for the area needed to focus. For example, in the hybrid partial field design previously discussed, the partial field area would be activated and altered within this area. Therefore, in this embodiment the index of refraction is altered in only a specific partial region of the lens. In another embodiment, that of a hybrid full field design, the index of refraction is altered across the entire surface. Similarly, the index of refraction is altered across the entire area in the non-hybrid design. As discussed earlier, it has been discovered that in order to maintain an acceptable optical cosmetic appearance the refractive index differential between adjacent areas of an electro-active optic should be limited to a maximum of 0.02 units to 0.05 units of refractive index differential, preferably 0.02 units to 0.03 units. 
   It is envisioned within the invention that in some cases the user would utilize a partial field and then want to switch the electro-active refractive matrix to a full field. In this case, the embodiment would be designed structurally for a full field embodiment; however, the controller would be programmed to allow for switching the power needs from a full field to a partial field and back again or vice versa. 
   In order to create the electric field necessary to stimulate the electro-active lens, voltage is delivered to the optical assemblies. This is provided by bundles of small diameter wires, which are contained in the edges of the frames of the spectacles. The wires run from a power source described below into the an electro-active eyewear controller, and/or one or more controller components, and to the frame edge surrounding each spectacle lens, where state-of-the-art wire bonding techniques used in semiconductor manufacturing link the wires to each grid element in the optical assembly. In the single wire interconnect structured embodiment, meaning one wire per conductive layer, only one voltage per spectacle lens is required and only two wires would be necessary for each lens. The voltage would be applied to one conductive layer, while its partner on the opposing side of the gel layer is held at ground potential. In another embodiment, an alternating current (AC) voltage is applied across opposing conductive layers. These two connections are easily made at or near the frame edge of each spectacle lens. 
   If a grid array of voltages is used, each grid sub-area in the array is addressed with a distinct voltage, and conductors connect each wire lead in the frame to a grid element on the lens. An optically transparent conducting material such as indium oxide, tin oxide, or indium tin oxide (ITO) may be used to form the conductive layer of the electro-active assembly which is used to connect the wires in the frame edges to each grid element in the electro-active lens. This method can be used regardless of whether the electro-active area occupies the entire lens region or only a portion of it. 
   One of the techniques for achieving pixelation in the multi-grid array design is to create individual mini-volumes of electro-active material, each with their own pair of driving electrodes to establish the electric field across the mini-volume. Another technique for achieving pixelation uses patterned electrodes for the conductive or metallic layer, grown on the substrate lithographically. In this way, the electro-active material can be contained in a contiguous volume, and the regions of different electric field creating the pixelation are defined entirely by the patterned electrodes. 
   To provide electric power to the optical assemblies, a source of electricity, such as a battery, is included in the design. The voltages to create the electric field are small, hence, the temples of the frames are designed to allow for the insertion and extraction of miniature bulk batteries which provide this power. The batteries are connected to the wire bundles through a multiplexing connection also contained in the frame temples. In another embodiment, conformal thin film batteries are attached to the surface of the frame temples with an adhesive that allows them to be removed and replaced when their charge is dissipated. An alternative would be to provide an AC adapter with an attachment to the frame-mounted batteries to allow in situ charging of either the bulk or conformal thin-film batteries when not in use. 
   An alternate energy source is also possible whereby a miniature fuel cell could be included in the spectacle frames to provide greater energy storage than batteries. The fuel cell could be recharged with a small fuel canister that injects fuel into a reservoir in the spectacle frames. 
   It has been discovered that it is possible to minimize the electrical power needs by way of utilizing an inventive hybrid multi-grid structure approach which comprises in most cases but not all, a partial field specific region. It should be pointed out, while one can utilize a hybrid partial field multi-grid structure, a hybrid full field multi-grid structure can be utilized as well. 
   In another inventive approach, whereby non-conventional refractive error such as aberrations are corrected, a tracking system is built into the eyewear, such as discussed above, and the proper enabling software and programming of the electro-active eyewear controller, and/or one or more controller components, housed in the electro-active eyewear is provided. This inventive embodiment both tracks one&#39;s line of sight, by way of tracking one&#39;s eyes, and applies the necessary electrical energy to the specific area of the electro-active lens being looked through. In other words, as the eyes move a targeted electrically energized area would move across the lens corresponding to one&#39;s line of sight directed through the electro-active lens. This would be manifested in several different lens designs. For example, the user could have a fixed power lens, an electro-active lens, or a hybrid of both types to correct for conventional (sphere, cylinder, and prism) refractive error. In this example, the non-conventional refractive error would be corrected by way of the electro-active refractive matrix being of a multi-grid structure whereby, as the eye moves the corresponding activated region of the electro-active lens would move with the eye. In other words, the eye&#39;s line-of-sight corresponding to the eye&#39;s movement, as it intersects the lens would move across the lens in relationship to the eye&#39;s movements. 
   In the above inventive example it should be pointed out that the multi-grid electro-active structure, which is incorporated into or on the hybrid electro-active lens can be of a partial field or a full field design. 
   It should be pointed out utilizing this inventive embodiment one can minimize the electrical needs by way of only electrically energizing the limited area being directly viewed through. Therefore, the smaller area being energized the less electrical power consumed for a given prescription at any one time. The non directly viewed area would, in most cases but not all, not be energized or activated and therefore, would correct for conventional refractive error that would get one to 20/20 vision correcting for example, myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia. The targeted and tracked area in this inventive embodiment would correct for as much non-conventional refractive error as possible, that being irregular astigmatism, aberrations, and ocular surface or layer irregularities. In other inventive embodiments the targeted and tracked area could correct for also some conventional error, as well. In several of the previous mentioned embodiments, this targeted and tracked area can be automatically located with the assistance of the controller, and/or one or more controller components, by way of either a range finder located in the eyewear tracking the eye movements, with a eye tracking system located in the eyewear or both a tracking system and a range finder system. 
   Although only a partial electro-active region is utilized in certain designs, the entire surface is covered with the electro-active material to avoid a circular line visible to the user in the lens in the nonactivated state. In some inventive embodiments, a transparent insulator is utilized to keep the electrical activation limited to the central area being activated and the unactivated peripheral electro-active material is utilized to keep the edge of the active region invisible. 
   In another embodiment, thin film solar cell arrays can be attached to the surface of the frames, and voltage is supplied to the wires and the optical grid by photoelectric effect using sunlight or ambient room lighting. In one inventive embodiment, solar arrays are used for primary power, with the miniature batteries discussed earlier included as back up power. When electrical power is not needed the batteries can be charged from the solar cells during these times in this embodiment. An alternative allows for an AC adapter and attachment to batteries with this design. 
   In order to provide a variable focal length to the user, the electro-active lenses are switchable. At least two switch positions are provided, however, more are provided if needed. In the simplest embodiment, the electro-active lenses are either on or off. In the off position, no current flows through the wires, no voltage is applied to the grid assemblies, and only the fixed lens power is utilized. This would be the case in a user requiring a far field distance correction, for example, assuming of course, the hybrid electro-active lens utilizes either a single vision or multifocal lens blank or optic which corrects for distance vision as part of its construction. To provide near vision correction for reading, the switch would be on, providing a predetermined voltage or array of voltages to the lenses, creating a positive add power in the electro-active assemblies. If a mid-field correction is desired, a third switch position can be included. The switch could be microprocessor controlled, or manually user controlled. In fact, there could be several additional positions included. In another embodiment, the switch is analog not digital, and provides continuous variance of the focal length of the lens by adjusting a knob or lever much like a volume control on a radio. 
   It may be the case that no fixed lens power is part of the design, and all vision correction is accomplished via the electro-active lens. In this embodiment, a voltage or array of voltages is supplied to the lens at all times if both a distance and near vision correction is needed by the user. If only a distance correction or reading accommodation is needed by the user, the electro-active lens would be on when correction is needed and off when no correction is needed. However, this is not always the case. In certain embodiments depending upon the lens design, turning off or down the voltage will automatically increase the power of the distance and or near vision zones. 
   In one exemplary embodiment, the switch itself is located on the spectacle lens frames and is connected to a controller, for example, an Application Specific Integrated Circuit, contained in the spectacle frames. This controller responds to different positions of the switch by regulating the voltages supplied from the power source. As such, this controller makes up the multiplexer discussed above, which distributes various voltages to the connecting wires. The controller may also be of an advanced design in the form of a thin film and be mounted like the battery or solar cells conformably along the surface of the frames. 
   In one exemplary embodiment, this controller, and/or one or more controller components, is fabricated and/or programmed with knowledge of the user&#39;s vision correction requirements, and allows the user to easily switch between different arrays of pre-determined voltages tailored for his or her individual vision requirements. This electro-active eyewear controller, and/or one or more controller components, is easily removable and/or programmable by the vision care specialist or technician and replaced and/or reprogrammed with a new “prescription” controller when the user&#39;s vision correction requirements change. 
   One aspect of the controller-based switch is that it can change the voltage applied to an electro-active lens in less than a microsecond. If the electro-active refractive matrix is manufactured from a fast-switching material, it is possible that the rapid change in focal length of the lenses may be disruptive to the wearer&#39;s vision. A gentler transition from one focal length to another may be desirable. As an additional feature of this invention, a “lag time” can be programmed into the controller that would slow the transition. Conversely, a “lead time” could be programmed into the controller that would speed the transition. Similarly, the transition could be anticipated by a predictive algorithm. 
   In any event, the time constant of the transition can be set so that it is proportional and/or responsive to the refractive change needed to accommodate the wearer&#39;s vision. For example, small changes in focusing power could be switched rapidly; while a large change in focusing power, such as a wearer quickly moving his gaze from a distant object to read printed material, could be set to occur over a longer time period, say 10-100 milliseconds. This time constant could be adjustable, according to the comfort of the wearer. 
   In any event, it is not necessary for the switch to be on the spectacles themselves. In another exemplary embodiment, the switch is in a separate module, possibly in a pocket in the user&#39;s clothing, and is activated manually. This switch could be connected to the spectacles with a thin wire or optical fiber. Another version of the switch contains a small microwave or radio-frequency short-range transmitter which sends a signal regarding switch position to a tiny receiver antenna mounted conformably on the spectacle frames. In both of these switch configurations, the user has direct but discreet control over the focal length variation of his or her spectacles. 
   In various exemplary embodiment, the switch is automatically controlled by a view detector, such as a range finding device located, for example, in the frame, on the frame, in the lens, and/or on the lens of the spectacles, and pointing forward toward the object to be perceived. 
     FIG. 21  is a perspective view of another inventive embodiment of electro-active eyewear  2100 . In this illustrative example, frames  2110  contain electro-active lenses  2120  that are connected by connecting wires  2130  to controller  2140  (integrated circuit) and power source  2150 . A range finder transmitter  2160  is attached to an electro-active lens  2120  and a range finder receiver  2170  is attached to the other electro-active lens  2120 . In various alternative embodiments, transmitter  2160  and/or receiver  2170  can be attached to any electro-active lens  2120 , attached to frame  2110 , embedded in lens  2120 , and/or embedded in frame  2110 . Further, range finder transmitter  2160  and/or receiver  2170  can be controlled by controller  2140  and/or a separate controller (not shown). Similarly, signals received by receiver  2170  can be processed by controller  2140  and/or a separate controller (not shown). 
   In any event, this range finder is an active seeker and can utilize various sources such as: lasers, light emitting diodes, radio-frequency waves, microwaves, or ultrasonic impulses to locate the object and determine its distance. In one embodiment, a vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is used as the light transmitter. The small size and flat profile of these devices make them attractive for this application. In another embodiment, an organic light emitting diode, or OLED, is used as the light source for the rangefinder. The advantage of this device is that OLEDs can often be fabricated in a way that they are mostly transparent. Thus, an OLED might be a preferable rangefinder design if cosmetics is a concern, since it could be incorporated into the lens or frames without being noticeable. 
   An appropriate sensor to receive the reflected signal off the object is placed in one or more positions on the front of the lens frames and connected to a tiny controller to compute the range. In another embodiment, a single device can be fabricated to act in dual mode as both emitter and detector, and connected to the range computer. This range is sent via a wire or optical fiber to the switching controller located in the lens frames or a wireless remote carried on oneself and analyzed to determine the correct switch setting for that object distance. In some cases, the ranging controller and switching controller may be integrated together. 
   It should be appreciated that in certain situations, the range finder device may have difficulty switching the focal length of the electro-active lens when the wearer desires to moves from one item of focus to another. For example, the range finder transmitter and range finder receiver may require extra head movement by the wearer of the lenses before the lenses switch one vision correction to another. Alternatively, “false switching” may occur when the lenses switch from the vision correction actually needed by the wearer to a vision correction that is not appropriate. For example, when the lenses switch the vision correction from distance correction to intermediate or near correction, instead of switching to the distance correction which was what the wearer actually required. 
   Accordingly, in another exemplary embodiment, the range finder transmitter and range finder receiver may selectively be covered with additional lenses for controlling the transmitted beam width produced by the transmitter, and the acceptance cone accepted by the receiver. 
     FIG. 44   a  is an exploded perspective view of an integrated power source, controller and range finder in accord with another alternative embodiment of the present invention. As shown in  FIG. 44   a , system  4400  includes range finder device  4420 , which is coupled to controller  4440 , which is in turn coupled to power source  4460 .  FIG. 44   b  is a side sectional view of system  4400  of  FIG. 44   a  along Z-Z′ in accord with one embodiment of the present invention. As shown in  FIG. 44   b , range finder device  4420  is comprised of range finder transmitter  4424  and range finder receiver  4428 . In this exemplary embodiment, range finder transmitter  4424  and range finder receiver  4428  are transmitter and receiver diodes, respectively, which may take the form of IR laser diodes, LEDs or other non-visible radiation sources, for example. In this illustrative embodiment, transmitter  4424  has been selectively covered with transmission lens  4426  to control the transmitted beam width produced by transmitter  4424 . Similarly, receiver  4428  may be selectively covered with receiving lens  4430  to control the acceptance cone accepted by receiver  4428 . It should be appreciated that the acceptance region, or cone, of receiver  4428  includes the solid angle over which light rays approaching the range finder device will be able to reach receiver  4428  once they pass through either a receiving lens, an aperture, or other device covering receiver  4428 . A protective window may shield the internal components of range finder device  4420 , and more specifically, the transmitter and receiver, from the user&#39;s environment, while not affecting the function of the internal components. 
     FIG. 45  is a side view of the range finder transmitter  4424  of  FIG. 44   b  in accord with one embodiment of the present invention. As shown in  FIG. 45 , transmission lens  4426  has a selected divergent power to diverge the beam B produced by transmitter  4424  to a given pattern width D for a given working distance L. Accordingly, the width of the beam produced by transmitter  4424  is optimized for given working distances for reading and intermediate vision, which minimizes the need for extra head movement, while avoiding false switching by not making the beam excessively large. 
     FIG. 46  is a side view of the range finder receiver  4428  of  FIG. 44   b  in accord with one embodiment of the present invention. As shown in  FIG. 46 , receiver  4428  is selectively covered with receiving lens  4430 , which has slit aperture  4432  formed within it. The use of receiving lens  4430  with slit aperture  4432  decreases the received pattern to a substantially rectangular field, rather than the full view that would be detected if receiving lens  4430  was not fitted over receiver  4428 . In this embodiment, receiving lens  4430  is constructed of a material, such as an opaque material, that would prevent receiver  4428  from receiving any reflected beam, with the exception of those traveling through slit aperture  4432 . 
   It should be appreciated that the above embodiments with transmission lens  4426  covering transmitter  4424  and receiving lens  4430  covering receiver  4428  are merely illustrative, and that other embodiments that manipulate the transmission beam of transmitter  4424  or the acceptance cone of the receiver  4428  may be employed to further reduce false switching, or improve the performance of optical system  4400 . For example, other methods of restricting the acceptance cone or the received pattern of the receiver include employing other geometrically shaped apertures, variable shutters, lenses, or devices restricting the passage of light rays onto receiver  4428 . It should be also appreciated that placing lenses over the transmitter and receiver is optional, and any combination of the above lens may be provided in accordance with the invention. For example, in at least one further embodiment, the receiving lens  4430  used to selectively cover receiver  4428  is optional. Similarly, in at least one further embodiment, the transmission lens  4426  used to selectively cover transmitter  4424  is optional. In the exemplary embodiments described above, the need for additional head movement, and the occurrence of false switching, are both minimized by increasing the width of the transmitted beam produced by the range finder transmitter, and optionally, manipulating how the reflected beam is presented to the range finder receiver. 
   In another exemplary embodiment, the switch can be controlled by a small but rapid movement of the user&#39;s head. This would be accomplished by including another view detector, such as a tiny micro-gyroscope or micro-accelerometer in the temple on the lens frames. A small, rapid shake or twist of the head would trigger the micro-gyro or micro-accelerometer and cause the switch to rotate through its allowed position settings, changing the focus of the electro-active lens to the desired correction. For example, upon detection of movement by either the micro-gyroscope or micro-accelerometer, the controller may be programmed to provide power to the range finder device so that the observed field may be interrogated by the range finder device to determine if a change in vision correction is required. Similarly, following a predetermined interval, or period of time in which no head movement is detected, the range finder device may be turned off. Furthermore, in at least one embodiment, following the detection of movement and use of the range finder device, the range finder device may be turned on. 
   In another exemplary embodiment, another view detector, such as a tilt switch, may be employed to determine whether the user&#39;s head is tilted down, or up, at a given angle above or below a posture that would be indicative of someone looking straight ahead in the distance. For example, an illustrative tilt switch may include a mercury switch mounted in the controller that closes a circuit that provides power to the rangefinder, and/or the controller, only when the patient is looking up or down a predetermined angle away from a horizontal. As lenses may be designed for distance vision correction in the non-powered state, in at least one embodiment, the range finder device may be configured to operate and switch the electro-active lens from distance correction to another state (such as near or intermediate correction) when the user&#39;s head is tilted downward or upward at the predetermined angle away from horizontal. Additionally, the lenses may employ an additional requirement that an object be sensed in the near or intermediate distance for some predetermined period of time before switching occurred. The tilt switch could also be used to set a logic level high that is then AND gated (in positive logic) with a logical level set by the rangefinder that indicates whether an object is in the near or intermediate distance. 
     FIGS. 47   a - 47   c  are side views of a wearer of an optical lens system in accord with one embodiment of the present invention. As shown in  FIG. 47   a , the wearer of an optical lens system may adjust his head from horizontal to an upward head tilt angle (θ up ), and from horizontal to a downward head tilt angle (θ down ).  FIG. 47   b  illustrates the wearer with his head tilted down at the downward head tilt angle (θ down ).  FIG. 47   c  illustrates the wearer with his head tilted up at the upward head tilt angle (θ up ). In one exemplary embodiment, the tilt switch may close (and provide power to the range finder device, or the controller, or both) when the wearer&#39;s head moves up or down from the horizontal by about 5 to 15 degrees from the horizontal position, and preferably, about 10 degrees from the horizontal position. In one further embodiment, the tilt switch may close when the wearer&#39;s head moves up or down from the horizontal by about 15 to 30 degrees from the horizontal position, and preferably, about 20 degrees from the horizontal position. 
   It should be appreciated that the above-described embodiments employing tilt switches may be optimized based on the needs or desires of the wearer. For example, the wearer may choose to have the angle of deviation from the horizontal position required to close the switch differ in the upward or downward directions. Thus, the angle for the upward tilt to close the switch may be equal to angle for downward tilt, or they could differ from each other by several degrees. Additionally, the tilt switch may also be optimized by providing that it would only activate the rangefinder (or provide power to the range finder device, or the controller, or both) when the wearer tilts his head in the downward direction, or alternatively, only when the wearer tilts his head in the upward direction. This latter case is unlikely, since everyone typically tilts their head down slightly to read. 
   In another exemplary embodiment, the system utilizes a tilt switch to determine the angle of tilt of the wearer&#39;s head. The angle of tilt, either downward or upward, may be sent to the controller which determines whether the tilt is greater than a predetermined angle. Thus, the controller could selectively power the range finder device upon the tilt crossing the tilt threshold associated with the tilt switch. Similarly, in further embodiments, a micro-gyroscope or micro-accelerometer could be employed in a similar fashion. For example, a micro-gyroscope or micro-accelerometer may produce an output that the controller could use to determine the position of the wearer&#39;s head, and adjust power to the range finder device accordingly. 
   Yet another exemplary embodiment uses a combination of microgyroscope with a manual switch. In this embodiment, the microgyroscope is utilized for mostly reading and visual functions below the 180 so as to react to one&#39;s head tilt. Thus, when one&#39;s head tilts, the microgyroscope sends a signal to the controller indicating the degree of head tilt, which is then converted into increased focusing power, depending on the severity of the tilt. The manual switch, which can be remote, is used for overriding the microgyroscope for certain visual functions at or above the 180, such as working on a computer. 
   In still another exemplary embodiment, a combination of a rangefinder and a microgyroscope is utilized. The microgyroscope is utilized for near vision, and other vision functions below the 180, and the rangefinder is used for viewing distances which are above the 180 and are of a viewing distance of, for example, four feet or less. In further embodiments, a range finder device may be used in combination with a tilt switch, micro-gyroscope or micro-accelerometer to determine whether the electro-active lens should be switched. In these embodiments, the controller may use a logic level for each of the integrated components, such as the tilt switch, gyroscope or accelerometer, with the additional requirement that the range finder device must obtain a new viewing distance before switching would occur, for example. 
   As an alternative to the manual switch or range finder design to adjust the focusing power of the electro-active assembly, another exemplary embodiment utilizes an eye-tracker to measure inter-pupillary distance and detect the viewing distance. As the eyes focus on distant or near objects, this distance changes as the pupils converge or diverge. At least two light-emitting diodes and at least two adjacent photo-sensors to detect reflected light from the diodes off the eye are placed on the inside frame near the nose bridge. This system can sense the position of the edge of the pupil of each eye and convert the position to inter-pupillary distance to calculate the distance of the object from the user&#39;s eye plane. In certain embodiments three or even four light emitting diodes and photo sensors are used to track eye movements. 
   It should be appreciated that, in further embodiments, any combination of the various mechanisms described herein, which minimize false switching and excessive wearer movements to initiate switching, may be combined in any fashion as desired to meet the needs of the skilled artisan and the wearer of the optical lens system. Thus, any of the logical levels or switching mechanisms may be customized to fit the particular needs of a given user. 
   In addition to vision correction, the electro-active refractive matrix can also be used to give a spectacle lens an electro-chromic tint. By applying an appropriate voltage to an appropriate gel polymer or liquid crystal layer, a tint or sunglass effect can be imparted to the lens, which alternates the light transmission somewhat through the lens. This reduced light intensity gives a “sunglass” effect to the lens for the comfort of the user in bright, outdoor environment. Liquid crystal compositions and gel polymers with high polarizability in response to an applied electric field are most attractive for this application. 
   In some inventive embodiments, this invention may be used in locations where temperature variations may be sizeable enough to affect the index of refraction of the electro-active layer. Then, a correction factor to all of the supplied voltages to the grid assemblies would have to be applied to compensate for this effect. A miniature thermistor, thermocouple, or other temperature sensor mounted in or on the lens and/or frame and connected to the power source senses changes in temperature. The controller converts these readings into voltage changes needed to compensate for the change in refractive index of the electro-active material. 
   However, in certain embodiments electronic circuitry is actually built into or on the lens surface for the purpose of increasing the temperature of the electro-active refractive matrix or layers. This is done to further reduce the refractive index of the electro-active layers thus maximizing lens power changes. Increased temperature can be utilized either with or without voltage increases thus giving additional flexibility in being able to control and change the lens power by way of refractive index changes. When temperature is utilized it is desirable to be able to measure, get feed back and control the temperature which has been deliberately applied. 
   In the case of either a partial or full field grid array of individually addressed electro-active regions, many conductors may be necessary to multiplex specific voltages from the controller to each grid element. For ease of engineering these interconnects, the invention locates the controller in the front section of the spectacle frames, for example, in the nose bridge area. Thus, the power source, which is located in the temples, will be connected to the controller by only two conductors through the temple-front frame hinge. The conductors linking the controller to the lenses can be totally contained within the front section of the frame. 
   In some embodiments of the invention, the spectacles may have one or both spectacle frame temples, parts of which are easily removable. Each temple will consist of two parts: a short one which remains connected to the hinge and front frame section and a longer one which plugs into this piece. The unpluggable part of the temples each contain an electrical power source (battery, fuel cell, etc.) and can be simply removed and reconnected to the fixed portion of the temples. These removable temples are rechargeable, for example, by placing in a portable A.C. charging unit which charges by direct current flow, by magnetic induction, or by any other common recharging method. In this manner, fully charged replacement temples may be connected to the spectacles to provide continuous, long-term activation of the lenses and ranging system. In fact, several replacement temples may be carried by the user in pocket or purse for this purpose. 
   In many cases, the wearer will require spherical correction for distance, near, and/or intermediate vision. This allows a variation of the fully interconnected grid array lens, which takes advantage of the spherical symmetry of the required corrective optic. In this case, a special geometrically shaped grid consisting of concentric rings of electro-active regions may comprise either the partial region or full field lens. The rings may be circular or non-circular such as, for example, elliptical. This configuration serves to reduce substantially the number of required electro-active regions that must be separately addressed by conductor connections with different voltages, greatly simplifying the interconnect circuitry. This design allows for the correction of astigmatism by employing a hybrid lens design. In this case, the conventional optic may provide cylindrical and/or astigmatic correction, and the concentric ring electro-active refractive matrix may provide the spherical distance and/or near vision correction. 
   This concentric ring, or toroidal zone, embodiment allows for great flexibility in adapting the electro-active focusing to the wearer&#39;s needs. Because of the circular zone symmetry, many more thinner zones can be fabricated without increasing the wiring and interconnect complexity. For example, an electro-active lens made from an array of 4000 square pixels will require wiring to address all 4000 zones; a need to cover a circular partial region area of 35 millimeters diameter will yield a pixel pitch of about 0.5 millimeters. On the other hand, an adaptive optic made from a pattern of concentric rings of the same 0.5 millimeter pitch (or ring thickness) will require only 35 toroidal zones, greatly reducing the wiring complexity. Conversely, the pixel pitch (and resolution) can be decreased to only 0.1 millimeters and only increase the number of zones (and interconnects) to 175. The greater resolution of the zones may translate into greater comfort for the wearer, since the radial change in refractive index from zone to zone is smoother and more gradual. Of course, this design restricts one to only vision corrections which are spherical in nature. 
   It has been further discovered that the concentric ring design can tailor the thickness of the toroidal rings so as to place the greatest resolution at the radius where it is needed. For example, if the design calls for phase-wrapping, i.e., taking advantage of the periodicity of light waves to achieve greater focusing power with materials of limited refractive index variation, one can design an array with narrower rings at the periphery and wider rings at the center of the circular partial region of the electro-active area. This judicious use of each toroidal pixel yields the greatest focusing power obtainable for the number of zones utilized while minimizing the aliasing effect present in low-resolution systems that employ phase-wrapping. 
   In another embodiment of this invention, it may be desired to smooth the sharp transition from the far-field focus region to the near vision focus region in hybrid lenses employing a partial electro-active area. This occurs, of course, at the circular boundary of the electro-active region. In order to accomplish this, the invention would be programmed to have regions of-less power for near vision in the periphery of the electro-active region. For example, consider a hybrid concentric ring design with a 35 mm diameter electro-active region, where the fixed focal length lens provides a distance correction, and the electro-active region provides a +2.50 add power presbyopic correction. Instead of maintaining this power all the way out to the periphery of the electro-active region, several toroidal regions or “bands”, each containing several addressable electro-active concentric ring zones, would be programmed to have decreasing power at larger diameters. For example, during activation one embodiment might have a central 26 mm diameter circle of +2.50 add power, with a toroidal band extending from 26 to 29 mm diameter with +2.00 add power, another toroidal band extending from 29 to 32 mm diameter with +1.5 add power, surrounded by a toroidal band extending from 32 to 35 mm diameter with +1.0 add power. This design may be useful in providing some users with a more pleasant wearing experience. 
   When utilizing an ophthalmic spectacle lens one generally utilizes the top approximately one-half of the lens for far distance viewing. Approximately 2 to 3 mm above the mid-line and 6 to 7 mm below the mid-line for intermediate distance viewing and from 7-10 mm below the mid-line for near distance viewing. 
   Aberrations created in the eye appear different for distances from the eye and need to be corrected differently. An object&#39;s distance that is being viewed is directly related to the specific aberration correction needed. Therefore, an aberration created from the eye&#39;s optical system will need approximately the same correction for all far distances, approximately the same correction for all intermediate distances, and approximately the same correction for all near point distances. Therefore, the invention allows for the electro-active adjustment of the lens to correct certain aberrations of the eye, in three or four sections of the lens (distance section, intermediate section and near section), as opposed to trying to adjust the electro-active lens grid-by-grid as the eye and the eye&#39;s line of sight moves across the lens. 
     FIG. 22  is a front view of an embodiment of an electro-active lens  2200 . Within lens  2200  are defined various regions proving different refractive corrections. Below mid-line B-B, several near distance corrective regions  2210  and  2220  each having a different corrective power, are surrounded by a single intermediate distance corrective region  2230 . Although only two near distance corrective regions  2210  and  2220  are shown, any number of near distance corrective regions can be provided. Similarly, any number of intermediate distance corrective regions can be provided. Above mid-line B-B, a far distance corrective of near distance corrective regions can be provided. Similarly, any number of intermediate distance corrective regions can be provided. Above mid-line B-B, a far distance corrective region  2240  are provided. Regions  2210 ,  2220 , and  2230  can be activated in a programmed sequence manner, to save power for example, or in a static on-off manner similar to a conventional tri-focal. When looking from far to near, or from near to far, lens  2200  can help the wearer&#39;s eye focus, by smoothing the transition between the various focal lengths of the various regions. Thereby, the phenomenon of “image jump” is relieved or greatly reduced. This improvement is also provided in the embodiments shown in  FIGS. 23 and 24 , below. 
     FIG. 23  is a front view of an embodiment of another electro-active lens  2300 . Within lens  2300  are defined various regions proving different refractive corrections. Below mid-line C-C, a single near distance corrective region  2310  is surrounded by a single intermediate distance corrective region  2320 . Above mid-line C-C, is located a single far distance corrective region  2330 . 
     FIG. 24  is a front view of an embodiment of an embodiment of another electro-active lens  2400 . Within lens  2400  are defined various regions providing different refractive corrections. A single near distance corrective region  2410  is surrounded by a single intermediate distance corrective region  2420 , which is surrounded by a single far distance corrective region  2430 . 
     FIG. 25  is a side view of an embodiment of another electro-active lens  2500 . Lens  2500  includes a conventional lens optic  2510  to which several full field electro-active regions  2520 ,  2530 ,  2540 , and  2550  are attached, each separated from the adjacent regions by insulating layers  2525 ,  2535 , and  2545 . 
     FIG. 26  is a side view of an embodiment of another electro-active lens  2600 . Lens  2600  includes a conventional lens optic  2610  to which several partial field electro-active regions  2620 ,  2630 ,  2640 , and  2650  are attached, each separated from the adjacent regions by insulating layers  2625 ,  2635 , and  2645 . Framing region  2660  surrounds electro-active regions  2620 ,  2630 ,  2640 , and  2650 . 
   Returning to the discussion of diffractive electro-active lenses, an electro-active lens for correcting refractive error can be fabricated using an electro-active refractive matrix adjacent to a glass, polymer, or plastic substrate lens which is imprinted or etched with a diffractive pattern. The surface of the substrate lens which has the diffractive imprint is directly in contact with the electro-active material. Thus, one surface of the electro-active refractive matrix is also a diffractive pattern which is the mirror image of that on the lens substrate surface. 
   The assembly acts as a hybrid lens, such that the substrate lens always provides a fixed corrective power, typically for distance correction. The index of refraction of the electro-active refractive matrix in its unactivated state is nearly identical to that of the substrate lens; this difference should be 0.05 index units or less. Thus, when the electro-active lens is unactivated, the substrate lens and electro-active refractive matrix have the same index, and the diffractive pattern is powerless, and provides no correction (0.00 diopter). In this state, the power of the substrate lens is the only corrective power. 
   When the electro-active refractive matrix is activated, its index changes, and the refractive power of the diffraction pattern becomes additive to the substrate lens. For example, if the substrate lens has a power of −3.50 diopter, and the electro-active diffractive layer has a power when activated of +2.00 diopter, the total power of the electro-active lens assembly is −1.50 diopter. In this way, the electro-active lens allows for near vision or reading. In other embodiments, the electro-active refractive matrix in the activated state may be index matched to the lens optic. 
   Electro-active layers that use liquid crystals are birefringent. That is, they display two different focal lengths in their unactivated state when exposed to unpolarized light. This birefringence gives rise to double or fuzzy images on the retina. There are two approaches to solving this problem. The first requires at least two electro-active layers to be used. One is fabricated with the electro-active molecules aligned longitudinally in the layer, while the other is fabricated with latitudinally oriented molecules in its layer; thus, the molecular alignment in the two layers is orthogonal to each other. In this manner, both polarizations of light are focused equally by both of the layers, and all light is focused at the same focal length. 
   This can be accomplished by simply stacking the two orthogonally-aligned electro-active layers or by an alternative design in which the center layer of the lens is a double-sided plate, i.e., with identical diffraction patterns etched on both sides. Electro-active material is then placed in a layer on both sides of the center plate, assuring that their alignments are orthogonal. Then a cover superstrate is placed over each electro-active refractive matrix to contain it. This provides a simpler design than superimposing two distinct electro-active/diffractive layers on top of each other. 
   A different alternative requires one to add a cholesteric liquid crystal to the electro-active material to give it a large chiral component. It has been found that a certain level of chiral concentration eliminates the in-plane polarization sensitivity, and obviates the need for two electro-active layers of purely nematic liquid crystal as a component in the electro-active material. 
   Turning now to the materials used for the electro-active layer, examples of material classes and specific electro-active materials that can be used for the electro-active refractive matrix and lens of the present invention are listed below. Other than the liquid crystal materials listed below in class I, we generally refer to each of these classes of materials as polymer gels. 
   Liquid Crystals 
   This class includes any liquid crystal film that forms nematic, smectic, or cholesteric phases that possess a long-range orientational order that can be controlled with an electric field. Examples of nematic liquid crystals are: pentylcyanobiphenyl (5 CB), (n-octyloxy)-4-cyanobiphenyl (80 CB). Other examples of liquid crystals are the n=3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, of the compound 4-cyano-4-n-alkylbiphenyls, 4-n-pentyloxy-biphenyl, 4-cyano-4″-n-alkyl-p-terphenyl and commercial mixtures such as E7, E36, E46, and the ZLI-series made by BDH (British Drug House)-Merck. 
   Electro-Optic Polymers 
   This class includes any transparent optical polymeric material such as those disclosed in “Physical Properties of Polymers Handbook” by J. E. Mark, American Institute of Physics, Woodburry, N.Y., 1996, containing molecules having unsymmetrical polarized conjugated p electrons between a donor and an acceptor group (referred to as a chromophore) such as those disclosed in “Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials” by Ch. Bosshard et al., Gordon and Breach Publishers, Amsterdam, 1995. Examples of polymers are as follows: polystyrene, polycarbonate, polymethylmethacrylate, polyvinylcarbazole, polyimide, polysilane. Examples of chromophores are: paranitroaniline (PNA), disperse red 1 (DR I), 3-methyl-4-methoxy-4′-nitrostilbene, diethylaminonitrostilbene (DANS), diethyl-thio-barbituric acid. 
   Electro-optic polymers can be produced by: a) following a guest/host approach, b) by covalent incorporation of the chromophore into the polymer (pendant and main-chain), and/or c) by lattice hardening approaches such as cross-linking. 
   Polymer Liquid Crystals 
   This class includes polymer liquid crystals (PLCs), which are also sometimes referred to as liquid crystalline polymers, low molecular mass liquid crystals, self-reinforcing polymers, in situ-composites, and/or molecular composites. PLCs are copolymers that contain simultaneously relatively rigid and flexible sequences such as those disclosed in “Liquid Crystalline Polymers: From Structures to Applications” by W. Brostow, edited by A. A. Collyer, Elsevier, New-York-London, 1992, Chapter 1. Examples of PLCs are: polymethacrylate comprising 4-cyanophenyl benzoate side group and other similar compounds. 
   Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals 
   This class includes polymer dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs), which consist of dispersions of liquid crystal droplets in a polymer matrix. These materials can be made in several ways: (i) by nematic curvilinear aligned phases (NCAP), by thermally induced phase separation (TIPS), solvent-induced phase separation (SIPS), and polymerization-induced phase separation (PIPS). Examples of PDLCs are: mixtures of liquid crystal E7 (BDH-Merck) and NOA65 (Norland products, Inc. NJ); mixtures of E44 (BDH-Merck) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA); mixtures of E49 (BDH-Merck) and PMMA; mixture of the monomer dipentaerythrol hydroxy penta acrylate, liquid crystal E7, N-vinylpyrrolidone, N-phenylglycine, and the dye Rose Bengal. 
   Polymer Stabilized Liquid Crystals 
   This class includes polymer-stabilized liquid crystals (PSLCs), which are materials that consist of a liquid crystal in a polymer network in which the polymer constitutes less than 10% by weight of the liquid crystal. A photopolymerizable monomer is mixed together with a liquid crystal and an UV polymerization initiator. After the liquid crystal is aligned, the polymerization of the monomer is initiated typically by UV exposure and the resulting polymer creates a network that stabilizes the liquid crystal. For examples of PSLCs, see, for instance: C. M. Hudson et al. Optical Studies of Anisotropic Networks in Polymer-Stabilized Liquid Crystals, Journal of the Society for Information Display, vol. 5/3, 1-5, (1997), G. P. Wiederrecht et al, Photorefractivity in Polymer-Stabilized Nematic Liquid Crystals, J. of Am. Chem. SOC., 120, 3231-3236 (1998). 
   Self-assembled Nonlinear Supramolecular Structures 
   This class includes electro-optic asymmetric organic films, which can be fabricated using the following approaches: Langmuir-Blodgett films, alternating polyelectrolyte deposition (polyaniodpolycation) from aqueous solutions, molecular beam epitaxy methods, sequential synthesis by covalent coupling reactions (for example: organotrichlorosilane-based self-assembled multilayer deposition). These techniques usually lead to thin films having a thickness of less than about 1 mm. 
     FIG. 29  a perspective view of an optical lens system in accord with another alternative embodiment of the present invention. The optical lens system in  FIG. 29  is shown as containing an optical lens  2900  having an outer perimeter  2910 , a lens surface  2920 , a power source  2930 , a battery bus  2940 , a transparent conductor bus  2950 , a controller  2960 , a light emitting diode  2970 , a radiation or light detector  2980 , and an electro-active refractive matrix or region  2990 . In this embodiment, the electro-active refractive matrix  2990  is contained in a cavity or recess  2999  of the optical lens  2900 . 
   As can be seen, this optical lens system is self-contained and may be placed in a wide variety of supports including eyeglass frames and phoroptors. In use, the electro-active refractive matrix  2990  of the lens  2900  may be focused and controlled by the controller  2960  to improve the vision of a user. This controller  2960  may receive power from the power source  2930  via the transparent conductor bus  2950  and may receive data signals via the transparent conductor bus  2950  from the radiation detector  2980 . The controller  2950  may control these components as well others via these buses. 
   When functioning properly, the electro-active refractive matrix  2990  may refract light passing through it so that a wearer—of the lens  2900  may be able to see focused images through the electro-active refractive matrix  2990 . Because the optical lens system of  FIG. 29  is self-contained, the optical lens  2900  may be placed into various frames and other supports, even though these frames and other supports may not contain specific supporting components for the lens system. 
   As noted, the light emitting diode  2970 , radiation detector  2980 , controller  2960 , and power source  2930  are each coupled to one another, and to the electro-active refractive matrix  2990  via various conductor buses. As can be seen, the power source  2930  is directly coupled to the controller  2960  through a transparent conductor bus  2950 . This transparent conductor bus is primarily used to transport power to the controller, which may then be selectively fed to both the light emitting diode  2970 , the radiation detector  2980 , and the electro-active refractive matrix  2990  as necessary. While the transparent conductor bus  2950  in this embodiment is preferably transparent, it may also be translucent or opaque in alternative embodiments. 
   In order to assist in focusing the electro-active refractive matrix  2990 , a light emitting diode  2970  and radiation detector  2980  may work in conjunction with one another as a range finder to help focus the electro-active refractive matrix  2990 . For instance, visible and invisible light may be emitted from the light emitting diode  2970 . The reflection of this emitted light may then be detected by the radiation detector  2980  and may generate a signal identifying that it has sensed the reflected light beam. Upon receiving this signal, the controller  2960 , controlling both of these activities, may determine the distance for a specific object. Aware of this distance, the controller  2960 , previously programmed with the proper optical compensation of the user, may then generate signals that activate the electro-active refractive matrix  2990  to allow a user looking through the optical lens  2900  to view the object or image more clearly. 
   In this embodiment the electro-active refractive matrix  2990  is shown as a circle with a 35 mm diameter, and the optical lens  2900  is also shown as a circle, this time with a 70 mm diameter and a center lens thickness of approximately 2 mm. In alternative embodiments, however, the optical lens  2900  and the electro-active refractive matrix  2990  may also be configured in other standard and non-standard shapes and sizes. In each of these alternative sizes and orientations it is nevertheless preferable that the position and size of the electro-active refractive matrix  2990  be such that a user of the system can readily view images and objects through the electro-active refractive matrix  2990  portion of the lens. 
   The other components in the optical lens  2900  may be positioned in other locations of the optical lens  2900 . It is preferable, however, that any location chosen for these individual components be as unobtrusive to the user as possible. In other words, it is preferred that these other components be located away from the main viewing path of the user. Moreover, it is also preferred that these components be as small and transparent as possible to further reduce the risk of obstruction to a user&#39;s line of sight. 
   In a preferred embodiment, the surface of the electro-active refractive matrix  2990  may be flush or substantially flush with the surface of the optical lens  2920 . Moreover, the buses may be positioned in the lens along a radius of the lens projecting out from a center point. By positioning the buses in this fashion, the lenses may be rotated in their supports to align the buses in their least obtrusive orientation. However, as can be seen in  FIG. 29 , this preferred bus design need not always be followed. In  FIG. 29 , rather than having all of the components along a single bus positioned along a radius of the lens  2900 , the radiation detector  2980  and the light emitting diode  2970  have been positioned on non-radial buses  2950 . Nevertheless, it is preferred to set as many, if not all, of the various components, along a radius of the lens to minimize their obstructiveness. Moreover, it is also preferred that the bus or other conductive material be accessible from the outer periphery of the lens so that the individual components of the lens may be accessed, controlled or programmed as necessary from the edge of the lens even if the lens has been etched or edged to fit a particular frame. This accessibility may include a direct exposure to the outside of the lens as well as being positioned near the surface of the perimeter and then reachable via a penetration into the lens. 
     FIG. 30  is a perspective view of a lens system in accord with another alternative embodiment of the present invention. Like, the embodiment of  FIG. 29 , this embodiment also shows a lens system that may be used to correct or improve the refractive error of a user. The lens system of  FIG. 30  includes a frame  3010 , a transparent conductor bus  3050 , a light emitting diode/range finder  3070 , a nose pad  3080 , a power source  3030 , a translucent controller  3060 , an electro-active refractive matrix  3090 , and an optical lens  3000 . As can be seen in  FIG. 30 , the controller  3060  is positioned along the transparent conductor bus  3050  between the electro-active refractive matrix  3090  and the power source  3030 . As can also be seen the range finder  3070  is coupled to the controller  3060  along a different conductor bus. 
   In this embodiment the optical lens  3000  is mounted and supported by the frame  3010 . Furthermore, rather than having the power source  3030  mounted on or in the optical lens  3000 , the power source  3030  is mounted on the nose pad  3080 , which is in turn connected to the controller  3060  through the nose pad connector  3020 . An advantage of this configuration is that the power source  3030  may be readily replaced or recharged as required. 
     FIG. 31  is a perspective view of an alternative lens system in accord with another embodiment of the present invention. In  FIG. 31  the controller  3160 , strap  3170 , frame  3110 , conductive bus  3150 , electro-active refractive matrix  3190 , optical lens  3100 , frame stem or hollow lumen  3130 , and signal conductors  3180  are labeled. Rather than mounting the controller  3160  on or within the optical lens  3100 , as shown in earlier embodiments, the controller  3160  has been mounted onto strap  3170 . This controller  3160  is coupled to the electro-active refractive matrix  3190  through signal conductors  3180  that are positioned within the hollow lumen frame stem  3130  of the frame  3110  and travel to the controller  3160  via the strap  3170 . By placing the controller  3160  on a strap  3170 , a user&#39;s prescription can be carried with them from lens system to lens system by simply uncoupling the strap  3170  and placing it onto an alternative frame to be worn by the user. 
     FIG. 32  is a perspective view of a lens system in accord with another alternative embodiment of the present invention. The frame  3210 , as well as the electro-active refractive matrix  3290 , the optical lens  3200 , and the internal frame signal conductors  3280 , can all be seen in  FIG. 32 . In this embodiment, the frame  3210  contains internal frames signal conductors  3280  that may be accessed from any point along their length such that information and power may be readily provided to the components of the optical lens  3200  regardless of its orientation in the frame  3210 . In other words, regardless of the position of the radial bus of the optical lens  3200 , the radial bus may be able to contact the internal frame signal conductors  3280  and provide both power and information to control the electro-active refractive matrices  3290 . Section A-A of  FIG. 32  clearly shows these internal frame signal conductors  3280 . In an another alternative embodiment, rather than having two internal frame signal conductors  3280 , only one may be provided within the frame leaving the frame itself to be used as a conductor to facilitate the transport of power and other information to the components. Still further, more than two internal frame conductors may also be used in an alternative embodiment of the present invention. 
   Moreover, in another alternative embodiment, rather than having a single radial bus connecting the refractive matrix to the frame signal conductors a conductive layer may, instead, be used. In this alternative embodiment, this conductive layer may cover all of the lens or only a portion of the lens. In a preferred embodiment it will be transparent and cover the entire lens to minimize distortion associated with a boundary of the layer. When this layer is used, the number of access points along the exterior perimeter of the lens may be increased by extending the layer to the outer periphery in more than one location. Moreover, this layer may also be compartmentalized into individual sub-regions to provide a plurality of pathways between the edge of the lens and the components within it. 
     FIG. 33  is a perspective exploded view of an optical lens system in accord with another alternative embodiment of the present invention. In  FIG. 33 , an optical lens  3330  can be seen with an electro-active refractive matrix  3390  and an optical toroid  3320 . In this embodiment the refractive matrix  3390  has been positioned within the optical toroid  3320  and then secured to the back of the optical lens  3330 . In so doing, the optical toroid  3320  forms a recess of cavity in the back of the optical lens  3330  to support, hold and contain the electro-active refractive matrix  3390 . Once this optical lens system has been assembled, the front of the optical lens  3330  may then be molded, surface cast, laminated or treated to further configure the optical lens system to a user&#39;s specific refractive and optical needs. Consistent with the above embodiments, the electro-active refractive matrix  3390  may then be activated and controlled to improve the vision of a user. 
     FIG. 34  is another exploded view of an alternative embodiment of the present invention. In  FIG. 34  an optical lens  3400 , an electro-active refractive matrix  3490  and a carrier  3480  can all be seen. Rather than using the toroid as in the previous embodiment to help orient the electro-active refractive on the optical lens, the electro-active refractive matrix  3490  in this embodiment is coupled to the optical lens  3400  via the carrier  3480 . Likewise, the other components  3470  needed to support the electro-active refractive matrix  3490  may also coupled to the carrier  3480 . In so doing, these components  3470  and the electro-active refractive matrix  3490  may be readily secured to various optical lenses. Furthermore, this carrier  3480 , its components  3470 , and the electro-active refractive matrix  3490  may each be covered with another material or substance to protect them from damage either before or after they are coupled to the lens. 
   The carrier  3480  may be made with a number of possible materials including a membrane of polymer mesh, a pliable plastic, a ceramic, a glass, and a composite of any of these materials. Consequently, this carrier  3480  may be flexible and rigid depending upon its material composition. In each case, it is preferred that the carrier  3480  be transparent, although it may be tinted or translucent in alternative embodiments and may provide other desired properties to the lens  3400  as well. Depending upon the type of material that the carrier  3480  is comprised of, various manufacturing processes may be employed including micro-machining and wet and dry etching of the lens to form the recess or cavity in which the carrier may be mounted. These techniques may also be used to manufacture the carrier itself including etching one or both sides of the carrier to create a diffractive pattern to correct for any optical aberrations created by the carrier. 
     FIGS. 35   a - 35   e  show an assembly sequence that may be employed in accord with an alternative embodiment of the present invention. In  FIG. 35   a , the frame  3500   72  and the eye  3570  of a wearer can be clearly seen. In  FIG. 35   b , the electro-active refractive matrix  3580  of optical lens  3505 , the radial bus  3540  and various rotation and position arrows  3510 ,  3520 , and  3530  can also be seen.  FIG. 35   c  shows the optical lens system with its radial bus  3540  at the 9 o&#39;clock position.  FIG. 35   d  shows the same optical lens system of  FIG. 35   c  after it has been edged and a portion of the outer perimeter or region has been removed in preparation for mounting into the frame  3500 .  FIG. 35   e  shows a completed lens system having the electro-active refractive matrix centered over the eye of the user in a first region and the radial bus  3540  and power source  3590  being positioned between the eye of the user and the temple of the frame  3500  in the perimeter region of the lens. The combined perimeter region and first region comprise the entire lens blank in this embodiment. However, in other embodiments, they may only comprise a portion of the total lens blank. 
   A technician assembling this lens system in accord with one embodiment of the present invention may proceed as follows. In a first step depicted in  FIG. 35   a , the frame  3500  to be fitted with the electro-active lens may be placed in front of a user to locate the center of a user&#39;s eye  3570  with respect to the frame. After locating the center of the user&#39;s eye with respect to the frame, the electro-active lens may then be rotated, positioned, edged, and cut such that the center of the electro-active refractive matrix  3580  is centered over the user&#39;s eye  3570  when the user wears the frame. This rotation and cutting is shown in  FIGS. 35   b ,  35   c  and  35   d . After the lens has been edged and cut to properly position the electro-active matrix  3580  over the user&#39;s eye, the power source or other components may then be snapped onto the bus  3540  of the lens and the lens may be secured into the frame as shown in  FIG. 35   e . This snapping process may include pushing leads from each of the components through the surface of the lens and into the bus to secure the component to the lens as well as to provide for their connection to each other and to the other components. 
   While, the electro-active lens system and the electro-active matrix are described as being centered in front of or over a user&#39;s eye, both the lens and the electro-active matrix may also be placed in other orientations in the user&#39;s field of vision including being off-set from center of the user&#39;s eye. Moreover, due to the innumerable shapes and sizes of available eyewear frames, because the lens may be edged, thereby allowing its dimensions to be changed, the lens may be ultimately assembled by a technician to fit a wide variety of frames and individual users. 
   In addition to simply using the electro-active refractive matrix to correct a user&#39;s vision, one or both surfaces of the lens may also be surface-cast or ground to further compensate for the user&#39;s refractive error. Likewise, the lens surface may also be laminated to compensate for the user&#39;s optical aberrations. 
   In this embodiment as well as in others, the technician may use standard lens blanks to assemble the system. These lens blanks may range from 30 mm-80 mm with the most common sizes being 60 mm, 65 mm, 70 mm, 72 mm, and 75 mm. These lens blanks may be coupled with an electro-active matrix mounted on a carrier before or sometime during the assembly process. 
     FIGS. 36   a - 36   e  illustrate an alternative embodiment of the present invention depicting another assembly sequence wherein, rather than having the range finder and power source positioned on the lens, these components are actually coupled to the frame itself. Illustrated in  FIGS. 36   a - 36   e  are a frame  3600 , a user&#39;s eye  3670 , orientation and rotation arrows  3610 ,  3620  and  3630 , electro-active refractive matrix  3680  of optical lens  3605  and a transparent component bus  3640 . As in the above embodiment, the user&#39;s eye may first be positioned within the frame. The lens may then be rotated with respect to the user&#39;s eye such that the electro-active refractive matrix  3680  is properly positioned in front of the user&#39;s eye. The lens may then be shaped and ground as necessary and inserted into the frame. Concurrent with this insertion the range finder, battery and other components  3690  may also be coupled to the lens. 
     FIGS. 37   a - 37   f  provide yet another alternative embodiment of the present invention. The transparent bus  3740 , electro-active refractive matrix  3780 , user&#39;s eye  3770 , rotation arrows  3710 , range finder or controller and power source  3730  and multi-conductor wire  3720  are depicted throughout these figures. In this alternative embodiment, in addition to completing the steps described in the other two assembly embodiments, another step depicted in  FIG. 37   e  may be completed. This step, depicted in  FIG. 37   e , entails wrapping the outer circumference of the lens with a multi-conductor washer or wire system  3720 . This wire system  3720  may be used to transport signals and power to and from the electro-active refractive matrix  3780  as well as the other components. The actual signal wires in the multi-conductor washer  3720  may include ITO [indium tin oxide] materials as well as gold, silver, copper or any other suitable conductor. 
     FIG. 38  is an exploded isometric view of an integrated controller and range finder that may be employed in the present invention. Rather than having the controller and the range finder connected to each other via a bus as shown in other embodiments, in this embodiment the range finder, which consists of a radiation detector  3810  and an infrared light emitting diode  3820 , is directly coupled to the controller  3830 . This entire unit may then be coupled to the frame or the lens as described in the above embodiments. While the dimensions of 1.5 mm and 5 mm are shown in  FIG. 38 , other dimensions and configurations may also be employed. 
     FIG. 39  is an exploded perspective view of an integrated controller and power source in accordance with yet another alternative embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment the controller  3930  is directly coupled to the power source  3940 . 
     FIG. 40  is an exploded perspective view of an integrated power source  4040 , controller  4030  and range finder in accordance with another alternative embodiment of the present invention. As can be seen in  FIG. 40 , the radiation detector  4010  and light emitting diode  4020  (the range-finder) are coupled to the controller  4030 , which is in turn coupled to the power source  4040 . As with the above embodiments, the dimensions shown in this case (3.5 mm and 6.5 mm), are exemplary and alternative dimensions may also be employed. 
     FIGS. 41-43  are each perspective views of a lens system in accord with various alternative embodiments of the present invention.  FIG. 41  is a lens system that employs a controller and range finder combination  4130  that is in turn coupled to the electro-active refractive matrix  4140  and the power source  4110  through power conductor buses  4120 . Comparatively,  FIG. 42  shows a combined controller and power source  4240  that is coupled to a light emitting diode  4220  and radiation detector  4210  (range finder) and the electro-active refractive matrix  4230  through transparent conductor buses  4250 .  FIG. 43  illustrates the positioning of the combined power source, controller and range finder  4320 , positioned along the radial transparent conductor bus  4330 , which is in turn coupled to the electro-active refractive region  4310 . In each of these three figures various dimensions and diameters are shown. It should be understood that these dimensions and diameters are merely illustrative and that various other dimensions and diameters may be employed. 
   It should also be appreciated that various embodiments of the invention have a wide variety of uses in the field of photonics and telecommunications. For example, the electro-active systems described herein may be utilized to steer and/or focus a beam of light, or laser light, that may have uses in optical communications and optical computing, such as optical switching and data storage. Additionally, the electro-active systems described herein may be utilized by complex imaging systems to locate an optical image in three-dimensional space. 
     FIG. 48  is a perspective view of an electro-active optical system in accord with one embodiment of the invention. As shown in  FIG. 48 , electro-active optical system  4800  includes a first electro-active element  4820 , a second electro-active element  4830 , a third electro-active element  4840 , and range finder device  4850 . Also shown in  FIG. 48 , an image  4810  is represented by an arrow at a first point in three-dimensional space. The image may be, for example, a beam of light, a laser beam, or a real or virtual optical image. Accordingly, the electro-active optical system  4800  may be utilized to focus the image  4810  to a predetermined point in three dimensional space. The first electro-active element  4820  may be used to move, or shift, the image  4810  along the x-axis. This may be accomplished by applying the appropriate array of signals to the first electro-active element  4820  to produce horizontal prism in the first electro-active element  4820 . The second electro-active element  4830  may be used, in a similar manner as the first electro-active element  4820 , to produce vertical prism and shift the image  4810  along the y-axis. The third electro-active element  4840  may be used to focus the image  4810  along the z-axis by adjusting the optical power of the system  4800  to a more positive or more negative optical power, depending on the desired location of the resulting image. Additionally, range finder device  4850  may be utilized to detect the location of a target, for example, a detector, in the image field where the user desires to focus the resulting image. Range finder device  4850  may then determine the degree of focus required in the third electro-active element  4840  to achieve the resulting image  4860  desired by the user at the predetermined point in three-dimensional space. It should be appreciated that range finder device  4850  may be in the form of the above-described range finder embodiments, including an integrated power source, controller and range finder system. 
     FIG. 49  is a perspective view of an electro-active optical system in accord with one embodiment of the invention. As shown in  FIG. 49 , electro-active optical system  4900  includes a first electro-active element  4920 , a second electro-active element  4930 , and range finder device  4950 . Also shown in  FIG. 49 , an image  4910  is represented by an arrow at a first point in three-dimensional space. The image may be, for example, a beam of light, a laser beam, or a real or virtual optical image. Accordingly, the electro-active optical system  4900  may be utilized to focus the image  4910  to a predetermined point in three dimensional space. The first electro-active element  4920  may be used to move, or shift, the image  4910  along both the x-axis and the y-axis. This may be accomplished by applying the appropriate array of signals to the first electro-active element  4920  to produce horizontal and vertical prism in the first electro-active element  4920 . In this embodiment, the prism may be produced with both a horizontal and a vertical component, as opposed to solely horizontal or solely vertical. The second electro-active element  4930  may be used to focus the image  4910  along the z-axis by adjusting the optical power of the system  4900  to a more positive or more negative optical power, depending on the desired location of the resulting image. Additionally, range finder device  4950  may be utilized to detect the location of a target, for example, a detector, in the image field where the user desires to focus the resulting image. Range finder device  4950  may then determine the degree of focus required in the second electro-active element  4930  to achieve the resulting image  4960  desired by the user at the predetermined point in three-dimensional space. It should be appreciated that range finder device  4950  may be in the form of the above-described range finder embodiments, including an integrated power source, controller and range finder system. 
     FIG. 50  is a perspective view of an electro-active optical system in accord with one embodiment of the invention. As shown in  FIG. 50 , electro-active optical system  5000  includes a first electro-active element  5020  and range finder device  5050 . Also shown in  FIG. 50 , an image  5010  is represented by an arrow at a first point in three-dimensional space. The image may be, for example, a beam of light, a laser beam, or a real or virtual optical image. Accordingly, the electro-active optical system  5000  may be utilized to focus the image  5010  to a predetermined point in three dimensional space. The first electro-active element  5020  may be used to move, or shift, the image  5010  along both the x-axis and the y-axis. This may be accomplished by applying the appropriate array of signals to the first electro-active element  5020  to produce horizontal and vertical prism in the first electro-active element  5020 . In this embodiment, the prism may be produced with both a horizontal and a vertical component, as opposed to solely horizontal or solely vertical. Additionally, the first electro-active element  5020  may be used to focus the image  5010  along the z-axis by adjusting the optical power of the system  5000  to a more positive or more negative optical power, depending on the desired location of the resulting image. Range finder device  5050  may be utilized to detect the location of a target, for example, a detector, in the image field where the user desires to focus the resulting image. Range finder device  5050  may then determine the degree of focus required in the first electro-active element  5020  to achieve the resulting image  5060  desired by the user at the predetermined point in three-dimensional space. Accordingly, the optical system  5000  would produce an array with optical properties the same as an optical lens with prism at a fixed angle and possessing a desired spherical power. It should be appreciated that range finder device  5050  may be in the form of the above-described range finder embodiments, including an integrated power source, controller and range finder system. 
     FIG. 51  is a perspective view of an electro-active optical system in accord with one embodiment of the invention. As shown in  FIG. 51 , electro-active optical system  5100  includes a first element  5120 , a second electro-active element  5130 , and range finder device  5150 . Also shown in  FIG. 51 , an image  5110  is represented by an arrow at a first point in three-dimensional space. The image may be, for example, a beam of light, a laser beam, or a real or virtual optical image. Accordingly, the electro-active optical system  5100  may be utilized to focus the image  5110  to a predetermined point in three dimensional space. The first element  5120  may be used to select a specific wavelength of light from the image or beam  5110 . This may be accomplished using a static monochromatic filter, or a mechanically or electrically switching chromatic filter. The second electro-active element  5130  may be used to move, or shift, the image  5110  along both the x-axis and the y-axis. This may be accomplished by applying the appropriate array of signals to the second electro-active element  5130  to produce horizontal and vertical prism in the second electro-active element  5130 . In this embodiment, the prism may be produced with both a horizontal and a vertical component, as opposed to solely horizontal or solely vertical. The second electro-active element  5130  may also be used to focus the image  5110  along the z-axis by adjusting the optical power of the system  5100  to a more positive or more negative optical power, depending on the desired location of the resulting image. Additionally, range finder device  5150  may be utilized to detect the location of a target, for example, a detector, in the image field where the user desires to focus the resulting image. Range finder device  5150  may then determine the degree of focus required in the second electro-active element  5130  to achieve the resulting image  5160  desired by the user at the predetermined point in three-dimensional space. Accordingly, the optical system  5100  would produce an array with optical properties the same as an optical lens with prism at a fixed angle and possessing a desired spherical power. It should be appreciated that range finder device  5150  may be in the form of the above-described range finder embodiments, including an integrated power source, controller and range finder system. 
     FIG. 52  is a perspective view of an electro-active optical system in accord with one embodiment of the invention. As shown in  FIG. 52 , electro-active optical system  5200  includes a first element  5220 , a second electro-active element  5230 , and range finder device  5250 . Also shown in  FIG. 52 , an image  5210  is represented by an arrow at a first point in three-dimensional space. The image may be, for example, a beam of light, a laser beam, or a real or virtual optical image. Accordingly, the electro-active optical system  5200  may be utilized to focus the image  5210  to a predetermined point in three dimensional space. The first element  5220  may be a fixed lens used to provide a large, or gross, adjustment to position of the resulting image along the z-axis. The second electro-active element  5230  may be used to move, or shift, the image  5210  along both the x-axis and the y-axis. This may be accomplished by applying the appropriate array of signals to the second electro-active element  5230  to produce horizontal and vertical prism in the second electro-active element  5230 . In this embodiment, the prism may be produced with both a horizontal and a vertical component, as opposed to solely horizontal or solely vertical. The second electro-active element  5230  may also be used to focus the image  5210  along the z-axis by adjusting the optical power of the system  5200  to a more positive or more negative optical power, in combination with the first element  5220 , depending on the desired location of the resulting image. Additionally, range finder device  5250  may be utilized to detect the location of a target, for example, a detector, in the image field where the user desires to focus the resulting image. Range finder device  5250  may then determine the degree of focus required in the second electro-active element  5230 , in combination with the first element  5220 , to achieve the resulting image  5260  desired by the user at the predetermined point in three-dimensional space. Accordingly, the optical system  5200  would produce an array with optical properties the same as an optical lens with prism at a fixed angle and possessing a desired spherical power. It should be appreciated that range finder device  5250  may be in the form of the above-described range finder embodiments, including an integrated power source, controller and range finder system. It should be further appreciated that although a fixed lens has only been described above with reference to  FIG. 52  for use in adjusting the focal length of the resulting image, a fixed lens may be employed with any of the above-described electro-active optical systems for steering or focusing an optical image in three-dimensional space. For example, the various embodiments described above could be used in any imaging system designed for recording an optical image, such as digital or conventional cameras, video recorders, and other devices for recording an optical image. 
   While various embodiments of the present invention have been discussed above, other embodiments also within the spirit and scope of the present invention are also plausible. For example, in addition to each of the components described above, an eye tracker may also be added to the lens to track the eye movements of the user both in focusing the electro-active refractive matrix, as well as performing various other functions and services for the user. Furthermore, while a combined LED and radiation detector have been described as a rangefinder other components may also be used to complete this function.