Abstract:
The product of the present invention comprises flexible tray cables and metal-clad cables designed for use with adjustable speed drives, and terminations coupled therewith. The cables comprise, generally, three phase conductors, three ground conductors and fillers, and are wrapped with copper tape and other elements. The terminations comprise a plurality of connectors and a plurality of flexible, tinned-copper braids acting as the shield termination for the copper tape. More detailed and other embodiments of the present invention are disclosed in the specification hereof.

Description:
GENERAL BACKGROUND  
       [0001]     The product of the present invention is a cable and termination system designed for Adjustable Speed Drives (ASDs, also called Variable Frequency Drives), which system supplies power from a power junction box to an ASD motor control center, as well as providing a low-impedance ground path for common mode (stray) currents generated by ASDs. Due to their high-carrier frequency and smaller pulse rise times, ASDs generate unwanted stray currents that can damage the drive, its motor bearings and insulation, or nearby equipment if those stray currents are not returned properly to the source. The traditional grounding conductor included in ordinary cable is not able to offer a low impedance path for stray currents at high frequencies. Furthermore, asymmetrical phase conduction inherent in ASD designs also requires multiple, geometrically placed grounding conductors (one per phase) for conducting low frequency noise. Internal vibrations of the drive and motor assembly also impact the long-term connection viability of the cable and termination.  
         [0002]     The product of the present invention includes cable designs (as detailed below) with alternative termination means. The insulation of the phase conductors within the cable core of the present invention is designed to withstand two to three per-unit transient voltage stress imposed on the cable due to reflected waves of low pulse rise time ASDs. The termination of the present invention is designed for simple, yet effective field installation of the cable to each of the motor control center of the ASD and to the junction box, providing long-term reliability in normal operating conditions.  
         [0003]     As hereinafter described, Flexible Tray Cables (TC) constructed and terminated in accordance with the present invention are suitable for existing installations where conduit pre-exists; Metal-Clad Cables (MC) constructed and terminated in accordance with the present invention achieve more consistent lower impedance over a broad spectrum of currents, and are preferred for new installations. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES  
       [0004]      FIG. 1  is a cross section of an embodiment of the MC Cable of the present invention.  
         [0005]      FIG. 2  is a cross section of an embodiment of the TC Cable of the present invention.  
         [0006]      FIG. 3  shows an embodiment of the shield/armor termination of the MC Cable of the present invention, showing components separated but in assembly order, with the top half of some components showing the interior structure thereof.  
         [0007]      FIG. 4  shows the embodiment of  FIG. 3 , showing the components assembled, with the top half of some components showing the interior structure thereof.  
         [0008]      FIG. 5  is an exterior view of the embodiment in  FIG. 4 .  
         [0009]      FIG. 6  shows another embodiment of the shield/armor termination of the MC Cable of the present invention, showing the components separated but in assembly order.  
         [0010]      FIG. 7  shows the embodiment of  FIG. 6 , showing the components assembled.  
         [0011]      FIG. 8  shows the braids of the shield termination of the MC Cable, as affixed to the cable in an embodiment of the MC Cable of the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0000]     MC Cable (Depicted in  FIG. 1 ):  
         [0012]     As shown in  FIG. 1 , the cable core of the MC cable of the present invention is comprised of three phase conductors  1 , three ground conductors  2 , and filler  3 . Each ground conductor  2  corresponds with one of the phase conductors  1 , respectively, and is in intimate contact with that conductor and a second conductor. Each phase conductor  1  is a soft-drawn tinned or bare copper conductor, preferably Class B stranded, satisfying the standards identified by ASTM International as ASTM B3-01 and B8-04, with a cross-linked polyethylene type XHHW-2 insulation  1 A suitable for use in 600 Volt applications as 90° C. Wet and Dry rated, and having a gauge size ranging from about #16 AWG to 1,000 Kcmil. Collectively, the ground conductors  2  have a total cross-section of at least one-half of the cross-section of a phase conductor  1 , and are each a soft drawn, tinned or bare copper conductor, preferably Class B stranded, satisfying the standards identified by ASTM International as ASTM B3-01 and B8-04. In addition, suitable fillers  3  (e.g. flame retardant paper and poly) are interspersed within the cable core design to force the ground conductors  2  into symmetrical, geometric location with their corresponding phase conductor  1  and a second phase conductor, within the grooves  1 B between the phase conductors  1 , as shown in  FIG. 1 .  
         [0013]     The MC cable further comprises (a) a layer of binder tape  10  of suitable material (such as Mylar), tightly applied over the cable core to maintain the geometry thereof; (b) a layer of smooth copper tape  11 , preferably having a thickness between 3 and 5 mil, applied helically over the layer of binder tape with an overlap of fifty percent, which serves to provide a primary (low-impedance, low-resistance) shield for the cable; and (c) an interlocking strip of galvanized steel armor  12 , applied in continuous contact with, and complete coverage over, the copper tape shield  11 , with suitable tightness to prevent core slippage. The overlap of the copper tape  11  ensures at least double tape thickness at all points in the cable, and facilitates shield effectiveness even if the cable is flexed or bent (which may otherwise lead to shield separation). The galvanized steel armor  12  acts as a suitable secondary (low-impedance) path for high frequency noise conduction for the cable. Finally, the MC cable comprises an overall jacket  13  of suitable material (such as polyvinylchloride or, more preferably for its low smoke qualities, polyolefin) for the application in question, as would be known by a person skilled in the relevant art of cable construction and design. Optionally, an inner jacket (not shown) of material similar to that of the outer jacket  13  may be applied between the binder tape  10  and the copper shield  11  if improved moisture resistance is desirable.  
         [0000]     MC Cable Shield/Armor Termination (Depicted in FIGS.  3 - 5 ):  
         [0014]     As depicted in  FIGS. 3-5 , a preferred embodiment of the shield/armor termination for each end of the MC cable of the present invention described above comprises a first connector  20  suitable for use with MC cables, comprising a standard connector  20 A and a rubber grounding seal  20 B with stainless steel fingers or tines  20 C. Preferably, a compression washer  20 D is coupled within the connector  20  to allow a tighter coupling of the termination means.  
         [0015]     The termination further comprises a second, reverse-threaded, multi-part connector or throat  21 , preferably comprising an exterior metal body  21 A with set-screws  21 D and an anti-friction washer  21 E; the multi-part connector or throat  21  further comprising a male metal body  21 C having an angled throat  21   c , and being coupled with a collet sleeve  21 B.  
         [0016]     Finally, the shield termination for the MC cable of the present invention described above comprises a plurality of flexible, tinned-copper braids  23  (preferably two), having equal widths that collectively will cover at least one-quarter of the circumference of the cable core, positioned equidistantly about the circumference of the cable core. As shown in  FIG. 8 , one end of each of the braids  23  is secured to the copper shield  11  between the end of the cable and the beginning of the second conductor  21 ; the opposing end of the braids  23  is grounded by securing the same to the motor control center case or the motor junction box case, as applicable. Adhesive backed copper tape  24  may be wrapped around the core, over said braids  23 , to hold the same in place, over which a stainless steel spring tension clamp or similar clamping means  25  is secured, followed preferably by a second layer of adhesive copper tape. The braid length should be kept as short as possible, free of kinks or breaks.  
         [0017]     In use, an end of the cable is slid into the knockout (or entry of the case) of the motor control center or motor junction box, as applicable, and at this end the jacket  13  of the cable is stripped back from the connection point of the ASD or power supply, as applicable, to the point of entry at the knockout. Once the jacket  13  has been stripped, the armor  12  is unlocked to near the beginning of the stripped-back jacket  13 . The conductors to be connected to the ASD/power supply or the grounding lug, as applicable, extend independent of the filler and wrap beyond the cable core a sufficient distance to allow connection of the same. Electrical tape  26  is preferably applied to the end of the cable core to ensure that the copper tape shield  11  is secured and will not unravel; this also will serve to reduce cross-talk with other cables within the same enclosure. Next, the interior of the first connector  20  and the exterior metal body  21 A of the second connector  21  are preferably measured with set screws to ensure that, when connected as hereinafter described, the rubber portion of the grounding seal  20 B of the first connector will be positioned to cover the jacket  13  of the cable core, while the tines  20 A grasp the exposed interlocked armor  12 . The first connector  20  is then slid onto the cable outside of the motor control center or motor junction box, and the cable is inserted into the knockout. The exterior metal body  21 A and the male metal body  21 C with collet sleeve  21 B of the second connector  21 , are slid onto the cable from inside of the knockout. The exterior metal body  21 A is then threaded onto the first connector  20 , which when positioned correctly as hereinbefore described will force the tines  20 A to grasp the interlocked armor  12  of the cable. Next, the male metal body/collet  21 B, C is threaded onto the exterior metal body  21 A, so that the collet  21 B compresses on the copper tape shield  11 , but not on the armor  12 . Then the set screws  21 D on the exterior metal body  21 A are tightened, which will lock to the threads of the exterior metal body  21 A so that the connector  21  will not slip under vibration. In some embodiments of the present invention, a wave washer or snap ring  21 F is snapped onto the end of the male metal body  21 C to secure the collet sleeve  21 B within the second connector  21 . In some embodiments, an O-ring  21 G and a locknut with plastic or metallic bushing may be threaded to the exposed end of the male metal body  21 B. Once the termination is in place on the cable, the phase conductors  1  are coupled with the drive or motor, and the ground conductors  2  are coupled with the grounding lug of the drive/motor, as applicable.  
         [0000]     MC Cable Shield/Armor Termination Alternate (Depicted in  FIG. 6 - 7 ):  
         [0018]     As shown in  FIGS. 6-7 , A second preferred embodiment of the shield/armor termination for the MC cable of the present invention is similar to the first described above; however, incorporated at a first end of the male metal body  21 C of the second conductor  21  is a spring  26  in lieu of the collet sleeve  21 B, located in a “neck-down” position. The braids  23  are affixed to a metal ring  21 H which is configured to be incorporated within the male metal body  21 C. Further, an additional washer  21 I is configured to be incorporated within the exterior metal body  21 A. The shield  11  is terminated by tightening the male metal body  21 C to the exterior metal body  21 A, which causes the washers  21 G and  21 I to compress against the spring  26  and the ring  21 H, forcing the spring  26  into intimate contact with the copper shield  11  (and the ring  21 H into intimate contact with the spring  26 ). The braids  23  exit the second end of the male metal body  21 C, preferably without kinks or folds, with equidistant spacing about the cable core, and are grounded by securing the same to the motor control center case or the junction box case, as applicable.  
         [0000]     Tray Cable (Depicted in  FIG. 2 ):  
         [0019]     As shown in  FIG. 2 , like the MC cable of the present invention, the cable core of the tray cable is comprised of three insulated phase conductors  1 , three ground conductors  2 , and filler  3 ; helically wrapped around the tray cable core is copper tape  11  (with an overlap of fifty percent) and a jacket  13 . However, the filler  3  in the core of the tray cable is used to force the ground conductors  2  into continuous contact with the copper tape  11 , equidistantly spaced at the exterior of the cable core, rather than in the grooves between the phase conductors. Furthermore, unlike the MC cable of the present invention, the tray cable does not include layers of binder tape or galvanized steel armor, as this design is intended for installation into pre-existing galvanized conduit.  
         [0000]     Tray Cable Shield Termination:  
         [0020]     Embodiments of the shield termination of the TC cable of the present invention may be substantially similar to the shield/armor termination of the MC Cable, and generally comprises a first connector  20 , suitable for use with TC cables, comprising a standard connector and rubber grounding seal  20 B without stainless steel fingers or tines. The termination further includes a second, reverse-threaded connector  21 , comprising a male metal body  21 C coupled with a collet sleeve  21 B or spring  21 H (as hereinbefore described), and may comprise an exterior metal body  21 A. As with the MC Cable shield termination, the shield termination for the TC cable of the present invention comprises a plurality of flexible, tinned-copper braids  23 , having equal widths so that collectively will cover at least one-quarter of the circumference of the cable core, and positioned equidistantly about the cable core. These braids may be secured to the copper shield by means of adhesive backed copper tape  24  and a spring tension clamp  25 , or by means of the metal ring/spring design as hereinbefore described.  
         [0000]     Overall Design:  
         [0021]     Using standard cable design techniques, the cable phase conductors  1  of the present invention may be sized for specific drive applications based on NEC standards (ampacity, voltage drop, etc.). The sizing of the cable phase conductors  1  pre-selects the grounds  2  size, as hereinabove described. In addition, economic issues may dictate the choice between bare and tinned conductors and grounds, as tinned conductor grounds are easier to solder, but bare conductors/grounds are less expensive. Finally, shield termination spring-tension clamps, termination/armor connector size, and braid width are selected based on the overall diameter of the cable core.  
         [0022]     In testing, your inventors found that the use of a plurality of braids (with the shortest length possible), in conjunction with a termination kit, reduced attenuation; the testing was performed by a simplified insertion loss measurement using a 50 ohm termination impedance. The testing found that with 12 inches of #6 AWG flat tinned copper braid leads, attenuation was 2.33 dB at 30 MHz; with 24 inches of #8 AWG braid, through 18 inches of cable, attenuation was 4.7 dB at 30 MHz; with 12 inches of #8 AWG braid, through 18 inches of cable, attenuation was 2.07 dB at 30 MHz; and with the addition of one additional #8 AWG braid, 12 inches, through 18 inches of cable, the attenuation was reduced to 1.6 dB at 30 MHz.  
         [0023]     Furthermore, the use of multiple layers of tape in conjunction with a spring tension clamp, as hereinbefore described as a preferred embodiment for the MC cable termination, performed better than the clamp alone, or with a single layer of adhesive copper tape, as shown in the following table, with test (1) having current injected across shield ground braid held in place with a clamp; test (2) having current injected across shield ground braid held in place with a clamp plus one 3 mil thick wrap; test (3) having current injected across shield ground braid held in place with a clamp over a single 3 mil thick wrap holding the braid in place; and test (4) having current injected across shield ground braid held in place with the clamp plus two 3 mil thick tape wraps. In all cases amperes were applied from a 12 volt battery.  
                                               Amperes                       applied   (1)   (2)   (3)   (4)                   10 A   16.25 mV   12.25 mV   11.45 mV   11.4 mV        3 A    4.82 mV    3.68 mV    3.47 mV   3.43 mV                  
 
         [0024]     In an embodiment, the cable design of the present invention is manufactured in a uniform color, to distinguish it from other cables. Your inventors prefer the color purple.  
         [0025]     Having described the invention in detail and by reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent that modifications and variations are possible without departing from the scope of the invention defined in the appended claims. More specifically, although some aspects of the present invention are identified herein as preferred or particularly advantageous, it is contemplated that the present invention is not necessarily limited to these preferred aspects of the invention.