Abstract:
A truncated mutant of the 92 kDa gelatinase is disclosed which is catalytically active comparable to the full-length enzyme but, unlike the full-length enzyme, is essentially inactive against insoluble elastin. The truncated mutant preferably comprises residues 107-217 fused to residues 391-443 of the parent molecule. The truncated mutant is useful for treatment of disorders requiring the removal of excess connective tissue.

Description:
This is a division of application Ser. No. 08/357,820, filed Dec. 16, 1994. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a truncated mutant of the 92 kDa gelatinase which is catalytically active comparable to the full protein but, unlike the full protein, is essentially inactive against insoluble elastin. 
     The truncated mutant of the invention is useful for treatment of disorders requiring the removal of excess connective tissue, e.g., keloids, post-operative fibrosis, intervertebral disc injections, hypertrophic scars, wound debridement, post-surgical adhesions and various fibrotic diseases (scleroderma, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis) and the like treatments. 
     (Note: Literature references on the following background information and on conventional test methods and laboratory procedures well known to the ordinary person skilled in the art, and other such state-of-the-art techniques as used herein are indicated in parentheses, and appended at the end of the specification.) 
     Elastin is an extracellular matrix protein composed of hydrophobic tropoelastin monomers that are highly crosslinked. Elastin provides resilience to elastic fibers. The hydrophobicity of tropoelastin monomers, as well as their extensive crosslinking, result in an insoluble elastic fiber which is highly resistant to proteolysis (1). In the normal physiologic state, elastin undergoes minimal turnover (2). However, pathologic situations exist including pulmonary emphysema (3) and abdominal aortic aneurysm (4) which are characterized by proteolytic destruction of elastic fibers. 
     The matrix metalloproteinases comprise a gene family of enzymes that collectively are capable of degrading all components of extracellular matrix in physiologic and pathologic states (5). These enzymes are organized into homologous domain structures, with some differences in number of domains. All members share a zymogen domain and a zinc-binding catalytic domain. As presently recognized, this family consists of fibroblast, neutrophil, and a breast carcinoma-derived (6) collagenase, a 92 kDa gelatinase (also called gelatinase B and MMP-9), a 72 kDa gelatinase (also called gelatinase A and MMP-2), three stromelysins, macrophage metalloelastase, matrilysin (also known as PUMP and MMP-7), and a recently described 66 kDa membrane-type metallproteinase (7). Four members of this gene family have the capacity to degrade insoluble elastin. These are the 92 kDa gelatinase (8,9), the 72 kDa gelatinase (8,9), matrilysin (9), and macrophage metalloelastase (10,11). 
     The issue of substrate specificity has received considerable attention recently in matrix metalloproteinase biology. The structural determinants within these enzymes which confer the ability to degrade various substrates appear to be localized within discrete domains. For example, the ability of the collagenases to degrade triple-helical collagen requires the presence of the C-terminal hemopexin-like domain (12-14). In contrast, the stromelysins degrade a variety of substrates in a manner which is independent of the C-terminal hemopexin-like domain (13, 15-17). Unique to the 72 kDa and 92 kDa gelatinases is an additional domain composed of three fibronectin type II repeats inserted in tandem within the zinc-binding catalytic domain. This fibronectin-like domain is required for the gelatinases to bind efficiently to type I gelatin and type IV collagen (18-21). Matrilysin is the simplest member of this family of enzymes in that it contains only a zymogen domain and a catalytic zinc-binding domain. 
     A 92 kDa type IV collagenase (gelatinase) and the cDNA clone representing the full-length protein is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,992,537. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with the present invention a truncated mutant of the 92 kDa gelatinase is provided which is catalytically active but essentially inactive against elastin. The truncated mutant preferably comprises residues 107-216 fused to residues 391-443 of the parent molecule. 
     This mutant representing the catalytic domain of the 92 kDa gelatinase has enzymatic activity against the conventional thiopeptolide substrate Ac-Pro-Leu-Gly-S-Leu-Leu-OEt comparable to the full-length 92 kDa gelatinase, and binds tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) on an equimolar basis. It degrades gelatin but, surprisingly, it is inactive against insoluble elastin. The 92 kDa gelatinase, therefore, is unexpectedly unlike several other members of the matrix metalloproteinase family of enzymes such as matrilysin or macrophage metalloelastase in which the catalytic domains do account for elastolytic activity of these enzymes. 
     In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, the catalytic zinc-binding domain of the 92 kDa gelatinase (92 CD) was expressed in  E. coli.  This gelatinase mutant was constructed such that it lacked the three fibronectin type II repeats contained within the catalytic domain of the native form of the enzyme. These internal fibronectin repeats were deleted by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedures and the 92 CD was subcloned into a suitable expression vector for expression in  E. coli.  The resulting fragment coded for a protein lacking residues 217-390 of the parent molecule which encompass the three fibronectin-like repeats. A stop codon was placed after residue 443 to eliminate the collagen type V and hemopexin-like domains. The truncated mutant contained an additional Met-Gly dipeptide at the N-terminus in order to start translation at this point within the cDNA. 
     The protein sequence of the 92 CD, using the three-letter abbreviations of the constituent amino acid residues, is as follows: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 Phe Gln Thr Phe Glu Gly Asp Leu Lys Trp His His His Asn Ile 
                 [SEQ ID NO:1] 
                   
               
               
                                5                   10                  15 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Thr Tyr Trp Ile Gln Asn Tyr Ser Glu Asp Leu Pro Arg Ala Val 
               
               
                                 20                  25                  30 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ile Asp Asp Ala Phe Ala Arg Ala Phe Ala Leu Trp Ser Ala Val 
               
               
                                 35                  40                  45 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Thr Pro Leu Thr Phe Thr Arg Val Tyr Ser Arg Asp Ala Asp Ile 
               
               
                                 50                  55                  60 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Val Ile Gln Phe Gly Val Ala Glu His Gly Asp Gly Tyr Pro Phe 
               
               
                                 65                  70                  75 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Asp Gly Lys Asp Gly Leu Leu Ala His Ala Phe Pro Pro Gly Pro 
               
               
                                 80                  85                  90 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Gly Ile Gln Gly Asp Ala His Phe Asp Asp Asp Glu Leu Trp Ser 
               
               
                                 95                  100                 105 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Leu Gly Lys Gly Val Gly Tyr Ser Leu Phe Leu Val Ala Ala His 
               
               
                                 110                 115                 120 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Glu Phe Gly His Ala Leu Gly Leu Asp His Ser Ser Val Pro Glu 
               
               
                                 125                 130                 135 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ala Leu Met Tyr Pro Met Tyr Arg Phe Thr Glu Gly Pro Pro Leu 
               
               
                                 140                 145                 150 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 His Lys Asp Asp Val Asn Gly Ile Arg His Leu Tyr Gly 
               
               
                                 155                 160 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     It is known that interstitial collagenases and stromelysins have virtually no elastolytic activity, whereas matrilysin, macrophage metalloelastase, and the 92 kDa and 72 kDa gelatinases are elastolytic (8-11). Thus, the property of degrading insoluble elastin is restricted to select members of the matrix metalloproteinase family. However, the overall homology among the elastolytic metalloproteinases does not distinguish them from the non-elastolytic members of the family. In fact, the elastolytic matrix metalloproteinases are as similar to fibroblast collagenase, a non-elastolytic enzyme, as they are to each other. 
     In view of the above, regions of these enzymes, including the 92 kDa gelatinase, which may be involved in elastin binding and degradation, are not obvious by comparison to one another or to non-elastolytic matrix metalloproteinases. The finding herein that the 92 CD is essentially inactive against insoluble elastin is an unexpected and advantageous property. This permits effective activity for the excess connective tissue conditions mentioned hereinabove because in such circumstances excessive elastin accumulation is not a particular feature. Because matrilysin and macrophage metalloelastase are functional elastases consisting only of the typical catalytic zinc-binding domain in their activated forms, it was expected that the catalytic domain of the 92 kDa gelatinase likewise would be functional against elastin. 
     The 92 CD truncated mutant has the additional advantages in that it can be produced readily in large quantities in bacteria (e.g.,  E. coli ) and is easily purified. Moreover, unlike the full-length enzyme, it does not require activation in order to be enzymatically active. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter regarded as forming the present invention, it is believed that the invention will be better understood from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments of the invention taken in conjunction with the appended drawings in which: 
     FIG. 1 shows the SDS-PAGE of the matrilysin CD, 92 CD, and 72 CD expressed in  E.coli.  The catalytic domains of matrilysin, the 92 kDa gelatinase, and the 72 kDa gelatinase were expressed in  E.coli  and purified as described below in the “Materials and Methods”. The predicted molecular masses are 19,297, 18,428, and 19,154 daltons for the matrilysin CD (lane 1), 92 CD (lane 2), and 72 CD (lane 3), respectively. The minor band in lane 3 represents autoprocessing of the 72 CD. 
     FIG. 2 shows the alignment of the peptide sequences of the catalytic domains of matrilysin, the 72 kDa gelatinase, and the 92 kDa gelatinase. The peptide sequences of the matrilysin, 72 kDa gelatinase, and 92 kDa gelatinase catalytic domains were aligned using the GENE WORKS program (Intelligenetics). Residues of identity amongst the three enzymes are boxed. Gaps are indicated by dashes. The Met-Gly dipeptide (matrilysin CD and 92 CD) and the met-ala-ser tripeptide (72 CD) that were introduced to initiate translation of the catalytic domains are not shown. The fibronectin-like type II repeats located within the 92 CD and 72 CD have been deleted. 
     FIG. 3 shows the digestion of type I gelatin by the 92 CD and 72 CD. The 92 CD and 72 CD (1.3 μg/ml) were incubated with 10 μg of gelatin for 20 min (lanes 1 and 4), 40 min (lanes 2 and 5), and 60 min (lanes 3 and 6) as described below under “Materials and Methods”. Reaction aliquots were boiled in sample buffer and subject to SDS-PAGE. 
    
    
     In order to illustrate the invention in further detail, the following specific laboratory examples were carried out with the results as indicated. Although specific examples are thus illustrated, it will be understood that the invention is not limited to these specific examples or the details therein. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Materials and Methods 
     Reagents 
     Bovine ligament elastin and human leukocyte elastase (HLE) were obtained from Elastin Products, Owensville, Mo. The ligament elastin was radiolabeled with [ 3 H] sodium borohydride (DuPont-New England Nuclear) to a specific activity of ˜1000 cpm/μg (22). 
     Isopropylthio-β-D-galactopyranoside (IPTG), heparin agarose, aminophenylmercuric acetate (APMA), 5,5′-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), trypsin, and soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) were from Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, Mo. 
     Ac-Pro-Leu-Gly-S-Leu-Leu-Gly-OEt (thiopeptolide) was obtained from Bachem Bioscience, King of Prussia, Pa. 
     72 kDa gelatinase, recombinantly expressed in vaccinia virus and free of TIMP-2 (23), was kindly provided by W. Stetler-Stevenson, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md. 
     Recombinant TIMP-1 was purified from the conditioned medium of human skin fibroblast monolayer cell cultures reported previously (24). 
     Bovine dermal type I collagen (Vitrogen 100) was from CELLTRIX, Palo Alto, Calif. 
     Expression and purification of full-length 92 kDa gelatinase and matrilysin. 92 kDa gelatinase was expressed in E1A- and 92 kDa gelatinase-transfected fibroblasts and purified to homogeneity as previously described (25). In this system, the 92 kDa enzyme is obtained free of TIMP. The 92 kDa progelatinase was activated with stromelysin-1 as previously reported (26), or with 1 mM APMA. Prostromelysin was purified from cultures of IL-1-stimulated fibroblasts and was activated by sequential exposure to trypsin and SBT1 as previously described (27). 
     Matrilysin was expressed and purified using a baculovirus expression system (28). A 1.1 kb Eco RI fragment encoding the human matrilysin cDNA (kindly provided by L. Matrisian, Vanderbilt) was subcloned in the baculovirus expression vector pVL1393 (Pharmingen) and expressed in Sf9 insect cells (ATCC CRL 1711) according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions. 
     The viral titer of the transfection supernatant was amplified by two additional rounds of infection to obtain a titer of 4×10 8  pfu/ml. For large scale production of matrilysin, Sf9 cells were seeded in spinner culture at 2×10 6  cells/ml in Sf-900 II serum-free media (Gibco BRL) at a multiplicity of infection of 2 virus particles/cell. 
     Media containing ˜5 μg/ml matrilysin in the zymogen form was collected at four days post-infection for purification of the secreted enzyme. Serum-free collections of media were bound to SP-Sepharose in 25 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 5 mM CaC  1   2 , 30 mM NaC 1  and washed in the same buffer. The sample was eluted in this buffer containing 300 mM NaCl in a volume of 50 ml and concentrated to 3 ml with a Filtron concentrator (Filtron Corporation) prior to gel filtration. 
     100 μl aliquots were loaded on a Superdex-75 HR 10/30 gel filtration column (Waters 650E Advanced Protein Purification System) previously equilibrated in 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5,5 mM CaCl 2 , 200 mM NaCl, 0.02% NaN 3 . The peak corresponding to the purified enzyme, eluting at 26 minutes, was collected. 
     Expression of the matrilysin CD and the 92 kDa and 72 kDa gelatinase CDs lacking the internal fibronectin type II repeats. Matrilysin and 92 kDa gelatinase catalytic domain constructs were generated by PCR and subcloned into the pET-14b expression vector (Novagen, Madison, Wis.) for expression in  E.coli.    
     The forward matrilysin primer (5′GGATATCCATGGGTTACTCACTATTTCCAAATAG3′ [SEQ. ID NO: 2] contained an Nco I site, while 
     the reverse primer (5′GCCGAGATCTTGATCAATTCTGATTGTGCAA3′) [SEQ. ID NO: 3] contained a Bgl II site to facilitate subcloning into the expression vector. 
     For construction of the 92 CD without the fibronectin repeats, the internal fibronectin type II repeats were deleted by recombinant PCR (29). 
     The region of the catalytic domain 5′ to the fibronectin repeats was amplified with the primers (5′CTGTGCCATGGGATTCCAAACCTTTGAG3′) [SEQ. ID NO:4] and 
     (5′CGAGGAACAAACTGTATCCGACGCCCTTGCCCAGGG3′) [SEQ. ID NO:5] while 
     the region 3′ to the fibronectin repeats was amplified with the primers (5′CCCTGGGCAAGGGCGTCGGATACAGTTTGTTCCTCG3′) [SEQ. ID NO:6] and 
     (5′CAACTCTCGAGTCAACCATAGAGGTGCCG3′) [SEQ. ID NO:7]. 
     After gel purification of both PCR products, the products were annealed to each other by virtue of the complimentary design of the internal PCR primers, and amplified using the outside primers. The resulting fragment coded for a protein lacking residues 217-390 of the parent molecule which encompass the three fibronectin-like repeats. 
     A stop codon was placed after residue 443 in this construct as well, thereby eliminating the collagen type V and hemopexin-like domains. Thus, the matrilysin CD contained residues 95-267 of the parent molecule, and the 92 CD contained residues 107-216 fused to residues 391-443. Both the matrilysin and 92 kDa gelatinase constructs contained an additional Met-Gly dipeptide at the N-terminus in order to start translation at this point within the cDNA. 
     The resulting matrilysin CD and 92 CD constructs in pET-14b were transformed into the  E.coli  BL21(DE3) strain (Novagen) for expression. Colonies were grown in 10 ml LB media containing 50 μg/ml ampicillin to log phase and induced with 0.4 mM IPTG for four hours. After centrifugation, the pellets were re-suspended in 2.5 ml of 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 10 mM CaCl 2 , 30 mM NaCl and sonicated 5×15 seconds on ice. 8 M deionized urea was added to a final concentration of 6 M and the extract was rocked gently at 4° C. overnight, prior to centrifugation at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes in a Sorvall SS34 rotor. 
     The samples were dialyzed successively against 4 M, 2 M, and 1 M urea in the same buffer containing 20 μM ZnCl 2  and 0.05% Brij and finally against urea-free buffer. The matrilysin CD was purified over a 1 ml heparin-agarose column and eluted in the same buffer containing 1 M NaCl. The sample was redialyzed against the equilibration buffer containing 30 mM NaCl. The 92 CD was dialyzed stepwise as described above except that zinc was removed in the final dialysis step containing no urea. 
     This product was purified over a 1 ml Zn chelate chromatography column, and bound material was eluted in equilibration buffer containing 0.1M imidazole. Imidazole was removed by further dialysis against equilibration buffer. The 72 CD was expressed in  E. coli,  as recently described (20). Briefly, a synthetic gene coding for the 72 CD (lacking the fibronectin repeats) was generated by PCR, inserted into the vector pGEMEX-1, and used to transform the  E. coli  strain BL21(DE3)pLysS (Novagen, Madison, Wis.). The synthetic gene included restriction sites for Nhe I at the 5′ end and Hind III at the 3′ end of the gene. This construct contained an additional Met-Ala-Ser tripeptide at the amino-terminus to initiate translation of the synthetic gene, and the methionine was removed during  E. coli  expression. The resulting protein contained residues 110-213 of the parent molecule fused to residues 387-444. The authenticity of the expressed 72 CD was confirmed by N-terminal amino acid sequencing. 
     Assays 
     Elastase activity: Elastase activity was determined by quantifying the solubilization of insoluble  3 H-labeled elastin (22). Reactions were carried out at 37° C. in 50 mM Tris HCl(pH 7.5), 10 mM CaCl 2 , 150 mM NaCl, 0.02% Brij, in a final volume of 100 μl with an excess of elastin (˜70 μg). Following centrifugation, radioactivity released into the supernatant was collected and counted. Buffer blanks were subtracted to determine net values. Initial velocities were calculated in ranges which were linear over time and enzyme concentration. When assaying 92 kDa gelatinase, blanks also contained stromelysin-1 which was used to activate the gelatinase. The activity of the stromelysin was negligible in these assays. For assays of 72 CD, the buffer included 1 μM ZnCl 2  (20). 
     Hydrolysis of Ac-Pro-Leu-Gly-S-Leu-Leu-Gly-OEt (thiopeptolide): Hydrolysis of the thiopeptolide substrate was determined as previously described (30). Accordingly, 7 mg of the thiopeptolide substrate was dissolved in 50 μl methanol and brought to 1 ml by the addition of 950 μl of assay buffer (0.05 M HEPES, pH 7.0, 0.01 M CaCl 2 ). DTNB, 40 mg, was dissolved in 2 ml ethanol and brought up to 10 ml with assay buffer. Reaction mixtures contained 100 μl each of enzyme solution and DTNB and 10 μl of the thiopetiolide substrate in a total volume of 1 ml. Reactions were run at room temperature and monitored at 410 nanometers (A410) (Gilford RESPONSE) for the first five minutes after the addition of enzyme. ZnC 1   2  was added to a final concentration of 1 μM to ensure activity when assaying the 72 CD. 
     Hydrolysis of gelatin: Type I collagen was dialyzed against 400 mM NaCl and then denatured by heating at 60° C. for 15 min. To determine the gelatinolytic activity of the full-length 92 kDa and 72 kDa gelatinases and their catalytic domains, enzymes were incubated at 37° C. for periods up to 60 minutes with 10 μg of gelatin in a final volume of 60 μl containing 50 mM Tris; HCl (pH 7.5), 10 mM CaCl 2 , 400 mM NaCl, 0.001 mM ZnCl 2 . Aliquots of the reaction mixtures were mixed with sample buffer and dithiothreitol and subjected to SDS-PAGE, after which gels were stained with Coomassie Blue. 
     Binding of full-length 92 kDa and 72 kDa gelatinases, the 92 CD, and the 72 CD to insoluble elastin: To determine binding to elastin, full-length enzymes or catalytic domain mutants were mixed with 63 μg of insoluble elastin for 10 min at room temperature, after which the mixture was centrifuged for 30 sec and the supernatant removed and analyzed for activity against the thiopeptolide substrate as described above. The thiopeptolide activity was compared to control reaction mixtures in which the full-length gelatinase or CD was not exposed to insoluble elastin. Binding to elastin was expressed as the percent reduction in thiopeptolide activity produced by incubation with elastin. 
     Results 
     Expression and purification of the matrilysin CD, 92 CD, and 72 CD: The expressed matrilysin CD, 92 CD, and 72 CD are shown in FIG.  1 . Purification as described under Materials and Methods yielded a single electrophoretic band for each species of M r ˜20,000. The amino acid sequences of the matrilysin CD and the gelatinase CDs (with the fibronectin repeats deleted) are shown in FIG.  2 . While all three parent molecules are elastolytic, the catalytic domains of each share no more homology with each other (43-60%) than they do to fibroblast collagenase, a nonelastolytic matrix metalloproteinase. Consequently, regions which might be involved in elastin-degrading functions are not obvious by inspection of these sequences. 
     Catalytic activities of full-length matrilysin, 92 kDa and 72 kDa gelatinases versus their respective catalytic domains: TABLE 1 below presents the activities of full-length matrilysin, the 92 kDa and 72 kDa gelatinases and the respective catalytic domains of these molecules against both insoluble elastin and a synthetic thiopeptolide substrate. Activity against the thiopeptolide substrate was used to assess the general catalytic competence of native and mutant enzymes. 
     As seen in the Table, each catalytic domain possessed comparable specific activity to its respective full-length parent against this thiopeptolide substrate. However, this was clearly not the case when capacity to cleave insoluble elastin was measured. As would be expected, the matrilysin CD exhibited identical elastolytic activity to its APMA-activated parent, since they are indeed the same. In contrast, whereas the full-length 92 kDa and 72 kDa gelatinases exhibited substantial ability to cleave insoluble elastin, the 92 CD and 72 CD unexpectedly had little to no elastolytic activity. Even very high molar concentrations of the 92 CD and 72 CDs (in excess of 500 μg/ml) produced only barely detectable activity against elastin. However, inability of the 92 CD and 72 CD to degrade elastin did not extend to other proteins, as both domains digested gelatin (FIG.  3 ). 
     Binding of the 92 CD and 72 CD to elastin: To determine whether the relative inabilities of the 92 CD and 72 CD to degrade elastin related to their capacity to bind to this substrate, elastin binding was assayed, again in comparison to the full-length parent molecules. As shown in TABLE II below, the full-length 92 kDa and 72 kDa gelatinases demonstrated substantial binding to insoluble elastin. In sharp contrast, the 92 CD and 72 CD showed virtually no binding to elastin. It is concluded that the failure of the 92 and 72 CDs to degrade elastin is most likely a result of their failure to bind effectively to this substrate. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE I 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Comparison of Activities of Full Length Metalloproteinases to their 
               
               
                 Catalytic Domain Constructs Against Insoluble Elastin and Thiopeptolide 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   3 H-Elastin 
                 Thiopeptolide 
               
               
                   
                 (cpm released/hr) 
                 (ΔOD 410 /min) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 92 kDa gelatinase 
                 1173 
                 0.0390 
               
               
                   
                 92 CD 
                 26 
                 0.0836 
               
               
                   
                 72 kDa gelatinase 
                 1272 
                 0.0416 
               
               
                   
                 72 CD 
                 0 
                 0.0415 
               
               
                   
                 Matrilysin 
                 619 
                 0.0337 
               
               
                   
                 MAT CD 
                 531 
                 0.0458 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Results represent the mean of three or more separate assays. For assays with elastin, enzyme concentrations were 1 μg/ml (1-5×10 −8  M). The minimal to absent levels of elastolytic activity of the 92 CD and 72 CD at 10 −8  M were confirmed at domain concentrations of 10 −6  M and 10 −7  M. For thiopeptolide assays, enzymes and domains were used at 5×10 −8  M. Elastin assays were for one hour and thiopeptolide assays for five minutes. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE II 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Binding of the 92 kDa and 72 kDa Gelatinases and Their 
               
               
                 Catalytic Domains to Insoluble Elastin 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Thiopeptolide 
                 Thiopeptolide activity* 
                   
               
               
                 Enzyme 
                 activity* 
                 after elastin exposure 
                 % Bound 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 92 kDa gelatinase 
                 0.0390 
                 0.0203 
                 48% 
               
               
                 92 kDa CD 
                 0.0836 
                 0.0843 
                  0% 
               
               
                 72 kDa gelatinase 
                 0.0416 
                 0.0210 
                 50% 
               
               
                 72 kDa CD 
                 0.0415 
                 0.0377 
                  9% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *ΔOD 410 /min  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Enzymes (10 −8 M) were incubated for 10 minutes at room temperature in the presence or absence of 63 μg of insoluble elastin. After centrifugation, the supernatants were assayed for activity against the thiopeptolide substrate. The percent of enzyme bound to elastin was determined using the formula % bound=[1-(supernatant+elastin/supernatant−elastin)]×100. 
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     21) Banyai, L., Tordai, H., &amp; Patthy, L. (1994).  Biochem. J.,  298: 403-407. 
     22) Banda, M. J., Dovey, H. F., &amp; Werb, Z. (1981). Elastinolytic enzymes. In D. O. Adams, P. J. Edelson, &amp; H. Koren (Eds.),  Methods for studying mononuclear phagocytes  (pp. 603-618). New York: Academic Press. 
     23) Fridman, R., Fuerst, T. R., Bird, R. E., Hoyhtya, M., Oelkuct, M., Kraus, S., Komarek, D., Liotta, L. A., Berman. M. L., &amp; Stetler-Stevenson, W. G. (1992)  J. Biol. Chem.  267: 15398-15405. 
     24) Stricklin, G. P., &amp; Welgus, H. G. (1983).  J. Biol. Chem.,  258: 12252-12258. 
     25) Frisch, S. M., Reich, R., Collier, I. E., Genrich, L. T., Martin, G., &amp; Goldberg, G. I. (1990).  Oncogene,  5: 75-83. 
     26) Ogata, Y., Enghild, J. J., &amp; Nagase, H. (1992).  J. Biol. Chem.,  267: 3581-3584. 
     27) Wilhelm. S. M., Collier, I. E., Kroneberger, A., Eisen, A. Z., Manner, B. L., Grant G. A., Bauer, E. A., &amp; Goldberg, G. I. (1987).  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.,  84: 6725-6729. 
     28) Baragi, V. M., Fliszar, C. J., Conroy, M. C., Ye, Q.-Z., Shipley. J. M., &amp; Welgus, H. G. (1994).  J. Biol. Chem.,  269: 12692-12697. 
     29) Higuchi, R., Krummel, B., &amp; Saiki, R. K. (1988).  Nucleic Acids Res.,  16: 7351-7367. 
     30) Weingarten, H., &amp; Feder, J. (1985).  Anal. Biochem.,  147: 437-440. 
     31) Welgus, H. G., Jeffrey, J. J., &amp; Eisen, A. Z., (1981).  J. Biol. Chem.,  256: 9516-9521. 
     32) Sires, U. I., Griffin, G. L., Broekelmann, T. J., Mecham, R. P., Murphy, G., Chung, A. E., Welgus, H. G., &amp; Senior, R. M. (1993).  J. Biol. Chem.,  268: 2069-2074. 
     33) Welgus, H. G., Burgeson, R. E., Wooton, J. A. M., Minor, R. R., Fliszar, C., and Jeffrey, J. J. (1985)  J. Biol. Chem.  260: 1052-1059. 
     
       
         
           
             9 
           
           
             
               163 amino acids 
               amino acid 
                 
               linear 
             
             
               peptide 
             
             
               unknown 
             
             1
Phe Gln Thr Phe Glu Gly Asp Leu Lys Trp His His His Asn Ile Thr
1               5                   10                  15
Tyr Trp Ile Gln Asn Tyr Ser Glu Asp Leu Pro Arg Ala Val Ile Asp
            20                  25                  30
Asp Ala Phe Ala Arg Ala Phe Ala Leu Trp Ser Ala Val Thr Pro Leu
        35                  40                  45
Thr Phe Thr Arg Val Tyr Ser Arg Asp Ala Asp Ile Val Ile Gln Phe
    50                  55                  60
Gly Val Ala Glu His Gly Asp Gly Tyr Pro Phe Asp Gly Lys Asp Gly
65                  70                  75                  80
Leu Leu Ala His Ala Phe Pro Pro Gly Pro Gly Ile Gln Gly Asp Ala
                85                  90                  95
His Phe Asp Asp Asp Glu Leu Trp Ser Leu Gly Lys Gly Val Gly Tyr
            100                 105                 110
Ser Leu Phe Leu Val Ala Ala His Glu Phe Gly His Ala Leu Gly Leu
        115                 120                 125
Asp His Ser Ser Val Pro Glu Ala Leu Met Tyr Pro Met Tyr Arg Phe
    130                 135                 140
Thr Glu Gly Pro Pro Leu His Lys Asp Asp Val Asn Gly Ile Arg His
145                 150                 155                 160
Leu Tyr Gly 
           
           
             
               34 base pairs 
               nucleic acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               other nucleic acid 
               /desc = “Synthetic DNA” 
             
             
               unknown 
             
             2
GGATATCCAT GGGTTACTCA CTATTTCCAA ATAG                                 34 
           
           
             
               31 base pairs 
               nucleic acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               other nucleic acid 
               /desc = “Synthetic DNA” 
             
             
               unknown 
             
             3
GCCGAGATCT TGATCAATTC TGATTGTGCA A                                    31 
           
           
             
               28 base pairs 
               nucleic acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               other nucleic acid 
               /desc = “Synthetic DNA” 
             
             
               unknown 
             
             4
CTGTGCCATG GGATTCCAAA CCTTTGAG                                        28 
           
           
             
               36 base pairs 
               nucleic acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               other nucleic acid 
               /desc = “Synthetic DNA” 
             
             
               unknown 
             
             5
CGAGGAACAA ACTGTATCCG ACGCCCTTGC CCAGGG                               36 
           
           
             
               36 base pairs 
               nucleic acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               other nucleic acid 
               /desc = “Synthetic DNA” 
             
             
               unknown 
             
             6
CCCTGGGCAA GGGCGTCGGA TACAGTTTGT TCCTCG                               36 
           
           
             
               29 base pairs 
               nucleic acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               other nucleic acid 
               /desc = “Synthetic DNA” 
             
             
               unknown 
             
             7
CAACTCTCGA GTCAACCATA GAGGTGCCG                                       29 
           
           
             
               173 amino acids 
               amino acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               peptide 
             
             
               unknown 
             
             8
Tyr Ser Leu Phe Pro Asn Ser Pro Lys Trp Thr Ser Lys Val Val Thr
1               5                   10                  15
Tyr Arg Ile Val Ser Tyr Thr Arg Asp Leu Pro His Ile Thr Val Asp
            20                  25                  30
Arg Leu Val Ser Lys Ala Leu Asn Met Tyr Gly Lys Glu Ile Pro Leu
        35                  40                  45
His Phe Arg Lys Val Val Trp Gly Thr Ala Asp Ile Met Ile Gly Phe
    50                  55                  60
Ala Arg Gly Ala His Gly Asp Ser Tyr Pro Phe Asp Gly Pro Gly Asn
65                  70                  75                  80
Thr Leu Ala His Ala Phe Ala Pro Gly Thr Gly Leu Gly Gly Asp Ala
                85                  90                  95
His Phe Asp Glu Asp Glu Arg Trp Thr Asp Gly Ser Ser Leu Gly Ile
            100                 105                 110
Asn Phe Leu Tyr Ala Ala Thr His Glu Leu Gly His Ser Leu Gly Met
        115                 120                 125
Gly His Ser Ser Asp Pro Asn Ala Val Met Tyr Pro Thr Tyr Gly Asn
    130                 135                 140
Gly Asp Pro Gln Asn Phe Lys Leu Ser Gln Asp Asp Ile Lys Gly Ile
145                 150                 155                 160
Gln Lys Leu Tyr Gly Lys Arg Ser Asn Ser Arg Lys Lys
                165                 170 
           
           
             
               168 amino acids 
               amino acid 
               single 
               linear 
             
             
               peptide 
             
             
               unknown 
             
             9
Tyr Asn Phe Phe Pro Arg Lys Pro Lys Trp Asp Lys Asn Gln Ile Thr
1               5                   10                  15
Tyr Arg Ile Ile Gly Tyr Thr Pro Asp Leu Asp Pro Glu Thr Val Asp
            20                  25                  30
Asp Ala Phe Ala Arg Ala Phe Gln Val Trp Ser Asp Val Thr Pro Leu
        35                  40                  45
Arg Phe Ser Arg Ile His Asp Gly Glu Ala Asp Ile Met Ile Asn Phe
    50                  55                  60
Gly Arg Trp Glu His Gly Asp Gly Tyr Pro Phe Asp Gly Lys Asp Gly
65                  70                  75                  80
Leu Leu Ala His Ala Phe Ala Pro Gly Thr Gly Val Gly Gly Asp Ser
                85                  90                  95
His Phe Asp Asp Asp Glu Leu Trp Gly Phe Cys Pro Asp Gln Gly Tyr
            100                 105                 110
Ser Leu Phe Leu Val Ala Ala His Glu Phe Gly His Ala Met Gly Leu
        115                 120                 125
Glu His Ser Gln Asp Pro Gly Ala Leu Met Ala Pro Ile Tyr Thr Tyr
    130                 135                 140
Thr Lys Asn Phe Arg Leu Ser Gln Asp Asp Ile Lys Gly Ile Gln Glu
145                 150                 155                 160
Leu Tyr Gly Ala Ser Pro Asp Ile
                165 
           
         
       
     
     Various other examples will be apparent to the person skilled in the art after reading the present disclosure without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is intended that all such other examples be included within the claims appended hereto.