Abstract:
A circuit for generating a temperature-stabilized reference voltage uses the current-mode technique, in which two partial currents are superimposed on each other and converted into the reference voltage. One partial current is generated by an asymmetric differential amplifier with two lateral bipolar transistors of different area. In order to generate the other partial current, an electrical resistor is disposed between the common node of the differential amplifier and ground.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to a circuit for generating a temperature-stabilized reference voltage on a semiconductor chip. 
     Circuits of this type are known in semiconductor circuit engineering as bandgap reference (BGR) circuits. BGR circuits are used to a great extent as voltage references for operating voltages in analog, digital and mixed analog-digital circuits. 
     Conventional BGR circuits operate on the principle of the addition of two partial voltages with opposite temperature responses. While one partial voltage rises proportionately with the absolute temperature (PTAT partial voltage, also referred to as “proportional to absolute temperature”), the other partial voltage falls as the temperature rises. By a suitably adjusted voltage divider, the two partial voltages are scaled in such a way that their temperature dependencies or temperature coefficients add when they are added to form the total voltage. This condition (temperature compensation) defines the level of the two partial voltages and has the effect that, by using this method (addition of two partial voltages), no reference voltages (that is to say operating voltage) below 1.2 V can be formed. 
     In recent times, CMOS fabrication processes have been discussed, with which circuits can be implemented which need operating voltages in the range of 1.1 V or below. 
     Reference voltages below 1.2 V can at present be implemented only by the “current-mode” technique. In this technique, two partial currents are added and converted into the reference voltage to be generated. 
     In the article titled “A CMOS Bandgap Reference Circuit with Sub-1-V Operation”, by H. Banba et al., IEEE JSSC, Vol. 34, pp. 670-674 (1999), a description is given of a BGR circuit which makes it possible to generate reference voltages as low as 0.9 V. In order to generate the two partial currents, use is made of a balanced circuit, the result of the special resistance wiring of the current branches of the balanced circuit achieving the situation where only one control loop is needed to generate the two partial currents. The control loop is implemented by a CMOS operational amplifier, whose inputs are connected to voltage taps on the two branches of the balanced circuit and whose output controls the gate terminals of both transistors in the balanced circuit. The disadvantages of this circuit are that, because of the offset of the CMOS operational amplifier, a low accuracy is achieved, and that the additional resistance wiring of the branches of the balanced circuit produces a relatively high required area. 
     In the article titled “A 1.1 V Current-Mode and Piecewise-Linear Curvature-Corrected Bandgap Reference”, by G. A. Rincon-Mora et al., IEEE JSSC, Vol. 33, pp. 1551-1554,(1998), a BGR circuit is described which, in order to achieve a reference voltage of 1.1 V, likewise uses the current-mode technique. Because of a curve correction to the output reference voltage, the circuit has a good accuracy and temperature stability. However, the drawback is the high expenditure on circuitry in the BGR circuit, and also the use of bipolar transistors, which cannot be produced with a cost-effect standard CMOS fabrication process. 
     In the article titled “CMOS Voltage References Using Lateral Bipolar Transistors”, by M. G. R. Degrauwe et al., IEEE JSSC, Vol. 20, pp. 1151-1157 (1985), a BGR circuit is described in which CMOS-compatible lateral bipolar transistors are used in a reference amplifier to generate the reference voltage, see in particular FIG.  10 . The drawback with this circuit is that, on account of the base-current compensation used and the fact that no current-mode technique is used, only operating voltages of 1.6 V and above are possible. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is accordingly an object of the invention to provide a circuit for generating a reference voltage on a semiconductor chip which overcomes the above-mentioned disadvantages of the prior art devices of this general type, which is simple to construct and is suitable for generating a reference voltage below 1.2 V. In addition, the intention is also to achieve a high accuracy of the temperature compensation. 
     With the foregoing and other objects in view there is provided, in accordance with the invention, a circuit for generating a temperature-stabilized reference voltage on a semiconductor chip, in which two partial currents with opposite temperature dependence are generated, superimposed on each other and converted into the reference voltage. The circuit contains a first circuit section formed as a differential amplifier having a common node and two lateral bipolar transistors for generating a first partial current. The two lateral bipolar transistors include a first lateral bipolar transistor and a second lateral bipolar transistor having a greater active area than the first lateral bipolar transistor, each of the two lateral bipolar transistors have an emitter terminal, a base terminal and a collector terminal. 
     A second circuit section for generating a second partial current is connected to the common node, and a component with an electrical resistance is disposed between the common node and the emitter terminal of the second lateral bipolar transistor with the greater area. 
     The circuit according to the invention operates on the current-mode technique, that is to say two partial currents with opposite temperature dependence are generated, superimposed on each other and converted into the reference voltage. One of the two partial currents, namely the PTAT partial current, is generated in a first circuit section of the circuit, which is formed in the form of a differential amplifier with two lateral bipolar transistors. The special feature of the differential amplifier is that one lateral bipolar transistor has a greater active area than the other lateral bipolar transistor, and that a component with an electrical resistance is disposed between the common node of the differential amplifier and the emitter terminal of the bipolar transistor with the greater area. These two measures (lateral bipolar transistors of different area and asymmetrical emitter wiring of the differential amplifier) have the effect of generating the PTAT partial current in a novel way, the partial current being composed of the two currents flowing through the lateral bipolar transistors. 
     The base terminals of both bipolar transistors are preferably connected to a common fixed potential, in particular ground. As a result (differing from the circuit described in the article by M. G. R. Degrauwe, in which the base terminals of the two lateral bipolar transistors are used as the input to the differential amplifier) an influence of unknown base currents is ruled out, which permits high accuracy of the temperature compensation and a low operating voltage. 
     A further preferred measure of the invention is distinguished by the fact that the second circuit section contains a first resistor, which is located between the common node of the differential amplifier and the fixed potential. By use of the first resistor, the second partial current is implicitly superimposed on the first partial current, the magnitude of the second partial current being proportional to the (controlled) potential at the common node of the asymmetric differential amplifier. This leads to a very simple and compact circuit, since a temperature-compensated reference current is generated with only one control loop and a minimum number of resistors (specifically only the first resistor). 
     In accordance with an added feature of the invention, a balanced circuit is connected to the differential amplifier and has a first branch through which a collector current of the first lateral bipolar transistor flows, and a second branch through which a collector current of the second lateral bipolar transistor flows. 
     In accordance with an additional feature of the invention, a further resistor is connected to the common fixed potential terminal. A further balanced circuit is provided and has a first branch feeding the common node and a second branch containing the further resistor disposed therein and across the further resistor the reference voltage is tapped off. 
     In accordance with another feature of the invention, the further balanced circuit performs 1:1 current balancing. 
     In accordance with a further feature of the invention, the further balanced circuit has a common control input. The further balanced circuit has two transistors each with a control terminal, one of the transistors is disposed in each of the first branch and the second branch. The control terminal of each of the transistors is connected to the common control input of the further balanced circuit. A control transistor having a control terminal is connected to the collector terminal of the second lateral bipolar transistor with the greater area. The control transistor is further connected to the common control input of the further balanced circuit. 
     In accordance with a concomitant feature of the invention, the base terminal of both of the two lateral polar transistors are connected to the common fixed potential terminal. 
     Other features which are considered as characteristic for the invention are set forth in the appended claims. 
     Although the invention is illustrated and described herein as embodied in a circuit for generating a reference voltage on a semiconductor chip, it is nevertheless not intended to be limited to the details shown, since various modifications and structural changes may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention and within the scope and range of equivalents of the claims. 
     The construction and method of operation of the invention, however, together with additional objects and advantages thereof will be best understood from the following description of specific embodiments when read in connection with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The single FIGURE of the drawing is a circuit diagram of a BGR circuit according to the invention. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring now to the single FIGURE of the drawing, there is shown a circuit according to the invention. The circuit has a circuit junction referred to as a common node CN, which forms an input to an asymmetric differential amplifier. The asymmetric differential amplifier contains a first lateral bipolar transistor BJT 1 , a second lateral bipolar transistor BJT 2  and a first resistor R 1 . An emitter of the first lateral bipolar transistor BJT 1  is connected directly to the common node CN, while an emitter of the second lateral bipolar transistor BJT 2  is connected to the common node CN via the first resistor R 1 . The two base terminals of the two lateral bipolar transistors BJT 1 , BJT 2  are at the same potential, here, for example, ground. Points A 1  and A 2  represent two (imaginary) outputs from the differential amplifier circuit, which are each connected to collectors of the two lateral bipolar transistors BJT 1  and BJT 2 . 
     CMOS-compatible lateral bipolar transistors are known in art. They substantially contain a metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistor that is operated in a (lateral) bipolar mode. The particular advantage of such lateral bipolar transistors is that these transistors can be implemented within the context of CMOS technology. The fabrication process additionally necessitates an additional vertical bipolar component, the vertical collector of course being represented by the substrate (“bulk”). 
     In addition to the usual bipolar transistor terminals (base, emitter, collector), lateral bipolar transistors have two further terminals, namely a gate and a bulk, for this reason. The bulk terminals B of the two lateral bipolar transistors BJT 1 , BJT 2  are connected to ground, the two gates G are preferably connected to the highest possible potential and, here, are connected to the common node CN. 
     The second lateral bipolar transistor BJT 2  has a greater active area than the first bipolar transistor BJT 1 . The greater area of the second lateral bipolar transistor BJT 2  can be achieved, for example, by the second lateral bipolar transistor BJT 2  being implemented from a number of parallel-connected individual transistors. The area ratio between the second and first lateral bipolar transistors BJT 2  and BJT 1  is designated below by N. 
     In the present example, N is selected to be 8, that is to say the second lateral bipolar transistor BJT 2  is composed of eight individual transistors in a parallel circuit. 
     The asymmetric (since provided with the first resistor R 1 ) differential amplifier is supplied with current via an NMOS field effect transistor (FET) P 0 . The FET P 0  is part of a first balanced circuit, which has a further NMOS FET P 2  and, at its input, the NMOS FET P 1 . The source terminals of all the FETs of the first balanced circuit are connected to a positive operating voltage Vdd. The gate terminals of all the FETs of the first balanced circuit are connected to one another. The drain terminal of the FET P 1  implements the input to the balanced circuit and, as is common in the case of a “simple balanced circuit”, is connected to the gate terminals of all the FETs P 1 , P 0 , P 2  of the first balanced circuit. 
     A drain terminal of the FET P 2  is connected to ground via a second resistor R 2 . The temperature-compensated reference voltage Vbgp is tapped off with respect to ground across the second resistor R 2 . 
     As explained in more detail below, the first balanced circuit has the function of ensuring that a current flows through the second resistor R 2  at the same level as through the common node CN. Due to the second resistor R 2 , the current is then converted into the desired reference voltage. 
     It becomes clear from the FIGURE that the common node CN is further connected via a resistor R 0  to ground, in the general case to the common potential of the base terminals of the two lateral bipolar transistors BJT 1 , BJT 2 . 
     The circuit contains a second balanced circuit, which is implemented by the NMOS FET N 1  and N 2 . A drain terminal of the FET N 1  is connected to the first output A 1  of the asymmetric differential amplifier, and the drain terminal of the FET N 2  is connected to the second output A 2  of the differential amplifier. The source terminals of N 1  and N 2  are connected to ground. The gate terminals of N 1  and N 2  are connected to each other and are also connected to the first output A 1  of the differential amplifier. This circuit construction implements a simple balanced circuit, as it is known. 
     Connected to the second output A 2  of the differential amplifier is a control line SL, which is routed to a gate terminal of a control FET N 3 . The drain terminal of the control transistor N 3  is connected to the input (gate terminal of the FETs P 1 , P 0 , P 2 ) of the first balanced circuit and therefore controls the latter as a function of the potential Vx at the second output A 2  of the asymmetric differential amplifier. 
     The functioning of the BGR circuit illustrated in the FIGURE will now be explained below. 
     In the circuit diagram, the following currents occur: 
     I 0 : Control-loop current through P 0   
     I 1 : Source current of the FET P 1   
     I 2 : Source current of the FET P 2  (output current) 
     Iptat 1 : Emitter current of BJT 1   
     Iptat 2 : Emitter current of BJT 2   
     Ictat: Current through R 0   
     Since the control-loop current I 0  is composed of the currents through the two branches of the asymmetric differential amplifier and of the current through the resistor R 0 , it is true that: 
     
       
           Iptat   1 + Iptat   2 + Ictat=I   0   (1) 
       
     
     The control function of the circuit is substantially achieved by the differential amplifier (BJT 1 , BJT 2 , R 1 ) and the second balanced circuit (N 1 , N 2 ). For the purpose of improved understanding, in the following consideration the resistor R 0  will initially be ignored. The control-loop current I 0  is then divided into the two partial currents Iptat 1  and Iptat 2 . By the second balanced circuit, the collector currents of BJT 1  and BJT 2  are then compared with each other. As a result of this comparison, the voltage Vx appears at the output A 2  of the first amplifier stage. The voltage, as already explained, is amplified in the FET N 3  (which to this extent implements a second amplifier stage), and, via the FET P 1 , is used to control the first balanced circuit. Here, the FET P 1  acts both as a load element for the second amplifier stage (FET N 3 ) and as an input to the first balanced circuit. Since the FETs N 1  and N 2  of the second balanced circuit are identical, the closed control loop sets a control-loop current I 0  which has the effect that the collector current of BJT 1  is identical to the collector current of BJT 2 . 
     Given identical collector currents of the two lateral bipolar transistors BJT 1  and BJT 2 , their emitter currents Iptat 1  and Iptat 2  are also the same. This is ensured despite the vertical bipolar component of the two lateral bipolar transistors BJT 1  and BJT 2 , to be specific because the percentage “current loss” in the two bipolar transistors is equally high (the current loss is composed of the current losses through the vertical collector and the base terminal of a lateral bipolar transistor and, at a given forward current, is independent of the area of the lateral bipolar transistor). 
     This therefore results in the control-loop condition: 
     
       
           Iptat   1 = Iptat   2 =  (2) 
       
     
     Iptat designating the value of the two identical emitter currents Iptat 1  and Iptat 2 . 
     The first resistor R 1  now brings about an additional voltage drop between the common node CN and the emitter of BJT 2 . This leads to “asymmetric emitter degeneration” in the differential amplifier and has the effect of negative feedback in the control loop. 
     Vbel designates the emitter voltage on BJT 1 , and Vbe 2  designates the emitter voltage on BJT 2 . Vbe designates the voltage at the common node CN. Because of the voltage divider implemented by the second lateral bipolar transistor BJT 2  and the resistor R 1 , the following relationship results: 
     
       
           Vbe=Vbe   1 = Iptat*R   1 + Vbe   2   (3) 
       
     
     The voltage dependence of the currents Iptat 1  and Iptat 2  can be expressed by the known diode equation: 
     
       
           Iptatx=Isx ×(exp( q*Vbex/k*T )−1) where x=1, 2  (4) 
       
     
     Here, Is 1 , Is 2  designate the reverse currents through the transistors BJT 1  and BJT 2 , q is the electron charge (1.6*10 −19  C), k is the Boltzmann constant (1.38*10 −23  J/K) and T is the absolute temperature expressed in Kelvin. 
     From the diode equation, the following relationship results for Vbex&gt;&gt;k*T/q: 
     
       
           Vbex=VT*ln ( Iptatx/Isx )  (5) 
       
     
     Here, VT=k*T/q designates the thermal voltage increasing proportionally with the absolute temperature T. 
     From the equations (2), (3) and (5) it follows that: 
     
       
           VT*ln ( Iptat/Is   1 )= VT*ln ( Iptat/Is   2 )+ Iptat*R   1   (6) 
       
     
     This results in the following relationship:                    Iptat   =       (     VT   /   R1     )     *     ln        (     Is2   /   Is1     )                     =       (     VT   /   R1     )     *     ln        (   N   )                       (   7   )                                
     Equation (7) makes it clear that, by use of the control loop, a defined current with the desired positive, linear temperature dependence (on account of VT) is generated, which can be scaled by the value of the first resistor R 1  and the area ratio N. This current is the PTAT current. 
     By the previously ignored resistor R 0 , an additional current Ictat is added to the PTAT current, its amplitude being determined by the voltage Vbe but the additional current does not influence the partial currents Iptat. Since the FET P 0  has to supply this current in addition to the two partial currents 2*Iptat, the voltage Vx at the second output A 2  of the asymmetric differential amplifier circuit is “automatically” set to a correspondingly higher value during control operation. 
     Adequate sensitivity in the control-loop operation is ensured in this case by the control transistor N 3 , which implements current amplification in the feedback loop. The control transistor N 3  generates from the voltage Vx the current I 1 , from which the current I 0 =k 1 *I 1  for the common node CN is then derived (k 1  designates the current gain or the balancing ratio of the balanced circuit P 1 , P 0 ). 
     For the closed control loop it is therefore true that: 
     
       
           I   0 =2 *Iptat+Ictat   
       
     
     
       
           Ictat=Vbe/R   0   (8) 
       
     
     The current Ictat added by the resistor R 0  in this case has a negative temperature dependence, since it is proportional to Vbe. For the total current I 0 , the relationship: 
     
       
           I   0 =(2 *VT/R   1 )* ln ( N )+ Vbe/R   0   (9) 
       
     
     is therefore true. 
     As already mentioned, the output current I 2  flowing through the second resistor R 2  is derived from the total current I 0  via the first balanced circuit (FETs P 0  and P 2 ), and generates the reference voltage Vbgp in accordance with the following equation: 
     
       
           Vbgp =(2 *VT*R   2 / R   1 )* ln ( N )+ Vbe*R   2 / R   0   (10) 
       
     
     By a suitable choice of the resistance ratio of R 1 /R 0 , the two partial currents Iptat and Ictat can be weighted in such a way that their temperature coefficients cancel. It can be seen from equation (10) that, via the second resistor R 2 , any desired scaling of the output voltage Vbgp within the operating voltage Vdd is possible. It is assumed here that the three resistors R 0 , R 1 , R 2  have substantially identical temperature coefficients. 
     The three resistors R 0 , R 1 , R 2  can have, for example, the values R 0 =50.5 kΩ, R 1 =10.8 kΩ and R 2 =57.0 kΩ. 
     In summary, the way in which the circuit according to the invention functions is based on the fact that the two lateral bipolar transistors BJT 1  and BJT 2  operate in an asymmetric differential amplifier, but are not driven via their base terminals. For this purpose, the resistor R 1  is used instead for single-sided emitter degeneration such that in the closed control loop the desired PTAT current 2*Iptat is generated. In this case, the differential amplifier is driven via the common node CN. Furthermore, a partial current Ictat needed for compensation is generated by the resistor R 0  at the common node CN of the differential amplifier. 
     The circuit according to the invention permits the implementation of low temperature-compensated output voltages Vbgp below 1.0 V. A significant advantage is that this is achieved by a simple, rugged and space-saving circuit implementation that manages with only few components. Further significant advantages of the invention consist in that, as a result of the use of (low-offset) lateral bipolar transistors, higher inaccuracies resulting from offset at the amplifier input stage are avoided. Furthermore, the circuit is insensitive with respect to the (predominantly unknown) electrical characteristics of the lateral bipolar transistors, since the latter are not driven via their base.