Abstract:
A phase metrology pattern for attenuating phase masks. The phase error of this pattern can be determined to high accuracy by aerial image measurements. This pattern can be used to create an optical phase standard for calibrating phase metrology equipment for attenuated phase masks, or as a witness pattern on a product mask to verify the phase accuracy of that mask. The pattern includes an effective line to space ratio and can be tested using a microscope or stepper system or can be measured directly using a detector for the 0 order diffraction measurement.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0002]    The present invention relates to the development and manufacture of masks for semiconductor fabrication and more specifically to a test structure, method and apparatus for measuring the effective phase of attenuating phase shift masks. 
         [0003]    2. Background of the Invention 
         [0004]    As metrology tolerances for photomasks become increasingly tight, the issues of measurement methods and calibration standards become more important. This is as true for optical phase metrology as it is for dimensional metrology. 
         [0005]    An optical phase standard can be defined using an alternating phase shift mask as shown in  FIG. 1 .  FIG. 1  shows an example of an alternating phase shift mask  100  used for an optical phase standard. Mask  100  is created by etching a step or a trench  120  into a transparent medium substrate  110 , for example, fused silica, with a well-characterized index of refraction (as shown in  FIG. 2   a ). The normal-incidence phase shift of such a structure can be calculated from the trench depth and the index of refraction. The measurement accuracy is mainly limited by the ability to measure the physical depth of the trench. The aerial image of such a structure is shown in  FIG. 2   b.    
         [0006]    Other methods exist for measuring optical phase shifts in alternating aperture masks. For example a Levenson grating exhibits symmetrical behavior through focus only if the phase difference between the phase shifted and unshifted openings is exactly 180°. 
         [0007]    A measured asymmetry, through focus, between the phase shifted and unshifted clear features in such a grating can be used to quantitatively measure the deviation from 180° optical phase. This approach can use measurements taken on an aerial image metrology system with the numerical aperture and illumination conditions used by the wafer stepper that will eventually project the mask, or actual exposures of wafers on a stepper. However, calibration of optical phase in attenuating phase masks is more difficult and current alternating phase shift calibration methods are inadequate and inaccurate for measuring phase shift in masks with very small structures. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    This invention describes a new phase measurement method and structure, which allows the lithographic measurement of the effective phase of an attenuated phase test structure at similar sensitivity to the lithographic methods used for phase measurement of alternating aperture phase masks. The invention described herein is a method and test structure capable of testing for an effective 180° phase differential in small-pitch attenuated phase-shift gratings. The aerial image of this grating structure has two peaks for every clear space on the mask (a real peak and a ghost peak). The observance of perfect symmetry between the true peaks and the ghost peaks through a range of defocus indicates an effective phase of 180° and thus, a calibrated attenuated phase shifted mask. This perfect symmetry occurs when the zero diffraction order from the test structure is most exactly eliminated by destructive interference between the 0° and 180° phase regions of the mask. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0009]      FIG. 1  shows an alternating phase shift mask. 
           [0010]      FIG. 2   a  shows an alternating phase shift mask. 
           [0011]      FIG. 2   b  shows an aerial image formed by the ±1 st  diffraction orders. 
           [0012]      FIG. 3  is an example of an attenuated phase-shift test structure. 
           [0013]      FIG. 4   a  shows an attenuated phase shift test structure and the zero and ±1 st  diffractive orders. 
           [0014]      FIG. 4   b  shows an aerial image of an attenuated phase grating. 
           [0015]      FIG. 5   a  illustrates an example of attenuating phase shift structure and the corresponding aerial image is shown in  FIG. 5   b.    
           [0016]      FIG. 6  illustrates an example of an asymmetry parameter for measuring phase differential. 
           [0017]      FIG. 7  is a plot of an asymmetry parameter vs. focus. 
           [0018]      FIG. 8   a  is an aerial image at negative defocus. 
           [0019]      FIG. 8   b  shows the aerial image at best focus. 
           [0020]      FIG. 8   c  shows an aerial image at positive defocus. 
           [0021]      FIG. 9  is a method of measuring asymmetry using measured space widths in photoresist. 
           [0022]      FIG. 10   a  is a method of measuring asymmetry using amplitude differentials in an aerial image. 
           [0023]      FIG. 10   b  is a method of measuring asymmetry using width differentials in an aerial image. 
           [0024]      FIG. 11  is an apparatus for performing attenuating phase shift calibration using a microscope. 
           [0025]      FIG. 12  is an apparatus for performing attenuating phase shift calibration using a lithographic stepper. 
           [0026]      FIG. 13  shows an apparatus for taking a direct measurement for calibrating an attenuating phase shift mask. 
           [0027]      FIG. 14  is an exemplary graph showing asymmetry parameter vs. defocus for 6 space:line ratios at 350 nm pitch. 
           [0028]      FIG. 15  is an exemplary graph showing several asymmetry/defocus slopes for gratings with different values of phase as measured on an MPM193 phase measurement system. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0029]      FIG. 3  shows an attenuated phase shift test structure  300  of the present invention. Test structure  300  has at least two regions which have substantially equal transmission amplitude and a phase difference of about 180 degrees, where transmission amplitude is defined as the product of the area of a region and the square root of the intensity transmission for that region. 
         [0030]    An attenuated phase grating of test structure  300  can be made with a vanishing zero diffraction order, as shown in  FIG. 3 . It is necessary to make the ratio of clear space width to attenuated line width equal to the amplitude transmission of the attenuating absorber film. For example a phase-shifting attenuator with an intensity transmission of 6.4% will have an amplitude transmission of √0.064=25.3%. For a grating of any given pitch, the space to line width ratio can be made equal to 0.253:1. A grating with a pitch of one micron would be made with a clear space width of 0.202 μm and an attenuator line width of 0.798 μm. The projected aerial image of this grating is shown in  FIG. 4   b . It has nearly perfect sinusoidal intensity, just as the alternating aperture grating shown in  FIG. 2   b , but the pitch will be 0.5 μm, exactly half of the designed pitch. It will appear as though a set of ghost images, shown in  FIG. 5   b  as “G” peaks, has been formed between every pair of clear spaces in the grating as shown in  FIG. 5   a . These ghost images have the same intensity and width as the real images shown in  FIG. 5   b  as “R” peaks; the grating is projected with a doubled spatial frequency. 
         [0031]    Computer modeling of test structure  300  shows that it has the same sensitivity to phase error as the alternating aperture grating. If the attenuator film  320  has an effective phase that is slightly off from its 180° target, the real images and ghost images in  FIG. 5   b  will no longer have the same peak intensity. The normalized peak intensity difference is defined as the asymmetry parameter, or simply the asymmetry. The asymmetry is defined as the peak difference (b) divided by the average amplitude (a) shown in  FIG. 6  and equation 1. 
         [0000]      Asymmetry= b/a   (eq. 1) 
         [0032]    The asymmetry between the two types of images, real and ghost, will increase linearly with the amount of defocus.  FIG. 7  is a plot of asymmetry vs. focus and specifically identifies 3 examples of asymmetry vs. focus as circles  8   a ,  8   b , and  8   c .  FIG. 8   a  represents the aerial image of a negative defocus image and  FIG. 8   c  shows an aerial image of a positive defocus image.  FIG. 8   b  represents a calibrated attenuation phase shift mask, which is at 0 defocus or best focus. Measurement of this through-focus asymmetry can be used as a sensitive measurement of the effective phase of attenuating phase masks, measured at the lithographic pitch of interest, with the correct wavelength, numerical aperture, and illumination coherence. 
         [0033]      FIG. 9  shows another method of determining asymmetry. In this method, a printed image is measured for a dimension of real image and a dimension of ghost image. The asymmetry parameter is calculated by subtracting the ghost image&#39;s dimension from the real image&#39;s dimension and normalizing to the sum of the two dimensions as shown in the following equation 2: 
         [0000]      Asymmetry=( X   ghost   −X   real )/( X   ghost   +X   real )  (eq. 2) 
         [0034]      FIGS. 10   a  and  10   b  show yet another method of determining asymmetry.  FIG. 10   a  shows the asymmetry measurement calculation as the differential between a first and second peak amplitude.  FIG. 10   b  shows an asymmetry measurement calculation as a differential between a first and second peak width (taken from a common amplitude level). 
         [0035]      FIG. 11  shows preferred embodiment apparatus and method for calibrating phase shift in an attenuated phase shift mask using a microscope system  400  for accurately measuring phase calibration using the test structure of the present invention. Microscope system  400  includes an illuminator  410  which illuminates test structure  300 . Test structure  300  further produces diffracted orders, some of which pass through lens  420  and finally converge on 2-D detector array  430 . An example of microscope system  400  is an aerial image measurement system (AIMS) available from Carl Zeiss, Inc. 
         [0036]    In operation, microscope system  400  captures the diffracted image using lens  420  and displays the aerial image graphically on a monitor (not shown) viewable by a technician. 
         [0037]      FIG. 12  shows a second embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 12  illustrates a stepper system  500  for accurately measuring phase shift of attenuated masks. Stepper system  500  includes illuminator  410 , test structure  300 , which produces diffracted orders, some of which are captured by optics  510 . Optics  510  converges some of the diffracted orders onto a wafer  520 , which is supported by a wafer stage  530 . The photoresist image printed on wafer  520  is measured according to the method described in  FIG. 9  where the real and ghost image dimensions are used to calculate the phase. 
         [0038]      FIG. 13  shows a third embodiment of the present invention using a direct measurement of the 0-order diffraction using a detector system  600 . Detector system  600  includes illuminator  410 , test structure  300 , multiple diffracted orders and a detector  610  which collects and measures the zero-order diffraction to determine phase. In operation, if detector  610  does not detect any zero-order diffraction then test structure  300  is properly calibrated. If detector  610  does detect zero-order diffraction then test structure  300  exhibits either a lack of amplitude transmission balance between the 0° and 180° phase regions or a phase which does not exactly equal 180°. 
         [0039]    In accordance with the present invention, an example attenuated phase shifting test structure  300  was built containing a number of test structures to evaluate the above mentioned methods of measuring phase. In this example, wafer-scale dimensions are used. The actual mask dimensions are greater by a factor of 4. 
         [0040]    The test structures were a series of line/space gratings designed at (wafer-scale) pitches of 350, 375, 400, and 425 nm. At each pitch, a space to line ratio of approximately 0.25:1.00 was used. Additional gratings were built, varying the space to line ratio in several 5 nm increments on both sides of the calculated nominal value. The gratings were approximately 6 μm by 6 μm square. 
         [0041]    Aerial images of the gratings were recorded using a 193 nm AIMS microscope with 0.72 NA and 0.305 sigma. This combination of settings was used to ensure that most of the ±1 st  order diffracted light was captured within the lens aperture for all of the grating pitches being used. In this example, only the results of the 350 nm pitch gratings will be discussed. Images were captured with 7 focus steps of 125 nm at wafer scale. At each focal step, the difference between the peak intensities of the true images and the ghost images was measured, normalized to the mean peak-to-valley amplitude, and the asymmetry was calculated. 
         [0042]    When the asymmetry was plotted against focus, the data yielded a straight line for a space:line ratio of 75:275 (pitch=350 nm). The non-zero slope of this line was caused by an error in the effective phase. The other space:line ratios give parabolic fits to the data as shown in  FIG. 14 .  FIG. 14  shows a graph of the asymmetry parameter vs. defocus for 6 space:line ratios at 350 nm pitch. From top to bottom the space:line ratios are 65:285, 70:280, 75:275, 80:270, 85:265, and 90:260. 
         [0043]    If the cancellation of the zero diffraction order fails because of a phase error, then the aerial image asymmetry will vary linearly with defocus, and at best focus the asymmetry is zero. However, if the zero order cancellation fails because of an amplitude mismatch between the 0° and 180° transmitted light, the asymmetry will vary quadratically with defocus and the maximum asymmetry will occur at best focus. A combination of phase error and amplitude mismatch gives a quadratic curve that is not centered about best focus. 
         [0044]    The results are shown in  FIG. 15 .  FIG. 15  shows the asymmetry/defocus slope for gratings with several different values of phase as measured on a Lasertec MPM193 phase measurement system. There is a clear linear relationship between the asymmetry/defocus slope and the MPM193-measured phase, with a fitted linear coefficient of 0.29 μm-1 deg-1. 
         [0045]    The above description and drawings are only to be considered illustrative of exemplary embodiments, which achieve the features and advantages of the invention. It should be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that modification and substitutions to specific process conditions, systems, methods of testing, and structures can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not to be considered as being limited by the foregoing description and drawings.