Abstract:
Embodiments of the invention may provide for reducing interference in the front-end of a communications receiver. The cancellation circuitry may be utilized in conjunction with a preliminary rejection filter for improved rejection of out-of-band interference from other radio services or circuitry. The cancellation circuit may be placed in parallel with the preliminary rejection filter and may enhance suppression at the interference frequency by matching the gain and phase of the preliminary rejection filter prior to subtracting the matched signal from the preliminary rejection filter output. The cancellation circuit need not necessary know beforehand the characteristics of the preliminary rejection filter, the interference source, or the coupling mechanism, as it may adapt to unknown or varying interferers by adapting the matching gain and phase values based on the output of the preliminary rejection filter at tap points occurring both before and after application of the cancellation signal.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    The present application is a non-provisional application claiming priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/293,319, filed Jan. 8, 2010, and entitled “SYSTEMS, METHODS, AND APPARATUSES FOR REDUCING INTERFERENCE AT THE FRONT-END OF A COMMUNICATIONS RECEIVING DEVICE”, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety as if fully set forth herein. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Embodiments of the invention relates generally to the field of communications, and more specifically to improving the quality or fidelity of a received signal by suppressing interference. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Central to the operation of a radio communications device is receiving an electromagnetic radio frequency (RF) signal and decoding the data embedded in it. The RF signal can, however, be seriously degraded during signal transmission. For instance, the signal strength is attenuated as it travels through air, with the amount of attenuation generally increasing with the distance traveled, before consideration of multi-path effects. The effect of signal loss is exacerbated by the noise and interference introduced into the signal along the communication path. The noise and interference can be particularly problematic when introduced at the receiver where the communicated signal is weakest, thereby resulting in low signal-to-noise-and-interference ratio (SNIR) conditions and making signal decoding difficult. In severe cases with low SNIR levels, the system can be prone to making decoding errors. 
         [0004]    The problem of electromagnetic interference (EMI) is of interest because it can be considerably stronger than other noise sources and can thus be the dominant system impairment, or in other words, the active constraint limiting system performance. Such interference can arise from a variety of sources. One illustrative EMI source is other radio communications devices. As other radio devices transmit RF signals amongst themselves, their RF signals can also be received by other unintended devices. To these unintended devices, those RF signals can be nuisance interference. When such unintended signals are strong enough, they can overwhelm the desired received communications signal. 
         [0005]    A second illustrative source of EMI is the communication of data along buses or traces, e.g. the sending of electrical signals along conductive or metal paths embedded in a dielectric, plastic, or other molding material. When a signal is transmitted at a high speed or high baud rate, a conductive trace or bus can active like antenna and emit electromagnetic radiation. This radiation may then be absorbed as EMI by an antenna or another bus or trace in the receive path of a communications device. 
         [0006]    The problem of EMI has recently been garnering attention because of its root at the conflict between communications performance and prevalence of use. The use of communications devices and services is experiencing a growth explosion in services such as WiFi (IEEE 802.11), cognitive radio (IEEE 802.22), mobile phones (e.g. GSM, EDGE, CDMA, W-CDMA, WiMAX, LTE), global positioning service (GPS), Bluetooth, and mobile video (e.g. DVB, DMB, MediaFLO). The concurrent use of two or more of these services in close proximity, however, can cause one service to interfere with another. In some instances, multiple services can be supported on the same device where the physical distance between the radio antennae is very short (on the order of centimeters apart) or even share the same antenna such as in a GPS, mobile video, and WiFi enabled 3G mobile phone. On such a device, if a first service such as WiFi or WCDMA is transmitting while a second service such as GPS or DVB-H is receiving, then it can easily be the case where the transmitting first service signal is in excess of 10,000 times stronger than the receiving second service signal thus corrupting the receiving second service with overwhelming interference. A number of other illustrative interference scenarios in commercial applications, though not an exhaustive listing, can be found in the presentation “Performance Analysis and Design Considerations for Multi-Radio Platforms” by Waltho et al. delivered at the 2006 Intel Developers Forum. 
         [0007]    The technological advancement of communications devices is being impeded by increased interference not only because of the number of radios used in a confined area but also because of the denser and faster signal routing in newer communications devices. As previously noted, a high-speed signal path can emit EMI that can be absorbed by a nearby radio receiver. Thus, even on devices where the radios are carefully controlled, e.g. there is no concurrent operation of multiple radio services, the operation of other non-radio aspects of the device during radio communication may pose a problem. For example, in a camera-enabled mobile phone, a ribbon cable bus between a processor and camera module may emit enough EMI to disrupt phone reception resulting in the interruption of an ongoing call or the missing of an incoming call. 
         [0008]    EMI can impede the integration of wireless radio services and other technologies involving high-speed signal paths into a single, small form factor device. Consequently, there have been many efforts to address the problem of EMI in a communications receiver. Some of the conventional art has proposed the use of high quality filters to suppress out-of-band interferers (i.e., EMI whose frequency spectral coverage is disjoint from the spectrum utilized by the primary radio communications receiver). Such filters include surface acoustic wave (SAW), bulk acoustic wave (BAW), and film bulk acoustic wave resonator (FBAR) filters. While such filters offer very high suppression of out-of-band interferers, their use has at least two significant drawbacks. First, these high-quality filters commonly have undesirably high component costs, in terms of dollar pricing. Second, these filters often come as discrete components which are not integrated into other existing components on a communications receiver. Thus, their inclusion results in an increase in area utilization. Furthermore, the EMI problem is severe enough in many contexts that multiple filters have to be cascaded to provide adequate isolation, thus multiplying the price and area costs associated with that solution. Many consumer products, such as mobile phones, GPS receivers, and portable digital assistants, are highly sensitive to pricing and physical size and would be more marketable absent increases in these characteristics. 
         [0009]    Another major group of efforts to reduce the impact of EMI are based on the principle of interference cancellation or suppression. The general principle of interference cancellation in the prior art is illustrated in  FIG. 1  where a victim receiver  120 , as part of a first radio communications system, is operating concurrently with an aggressing transmitter  110  as part of a second system, and the signal from the aggressing transmitter  110  couples into the receive signal path via the coupled signal  150 . An active cancellation unit  130  samples the output from the aggressing transmitter  110  and applies a transformation (e.g. attenuation, delay, and/or phase shift), to mimic the transformation that occurs in the coupled signal  150 . The victim receiver  120  then subtracts the output from the active cancellation unit  130  from the corrupted received signal. The resulting signal then has the interference removed to the degree that the output of the active cancellation unit  130  models the coupled signal  150 . 
         [0010]    The prior art in interference cancellation suffers from several major shortcomings. One significant drawback is the fundamental requirement that the active cancellation unit  130  senses (or equivalently taps or splits) the output of the aggressing transmitter  110  as proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,539,204 by Marsh and Sutton, U.S. Pat. No. 6,915,112 by Sutton and Soledade, U.S. Pat. No. 6,745,018 by Zehavi et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,123,676 by Gebara et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 7,522,883 by Gebara et al. The model of the coupled interference signal  150  is generated by adjusting the amplitude, phase, and/or delay of the transmitter  110  output. Without such a sensing of the aggressing transmitter  110 , the active cancellation unit  130  will not produce a meaningful model of the coupled interference signal  150 , and consequently, will not be able to reduce the interference. However, such a sensing is highly undesirable and in many cases impossible. Indeed, it is undesirable to sense the aggressing transmitter  110  output because doing so can distort the signal transmitted from the antenna  140 . In many applications, the signal launched from the antenna  140  must adhere to strict regulatory requirements such as a spectral mask, and systems designers take great steps to do so. However, the addition of a sensor on the transmit path could significantly alter the properties of the transmitted signal causing it to fail the requirements and thus necessitate a major, sometimes impractically laborious, redesign of the communications system. Thus, the addition of the sensor near transmitter  110  can preclude the active cancellation unit  130  from being added to an existing communications device design to alleviate a previously unanticipated EMI problem. Furthermore, in many instances, the aggressing transmitter  110  is either unknown or not on the same device as the victim receiver  120  thus making sensing impossible. An example of an unknown aggressing transmitter could be a high-speed bus or signal trace that emits EMI. In modern communications systems, there are myriad such buses that can cause problematic EMI and identification of the one or more offenders is impractical. Even if the offending EMI sources could be identified, it would likely be impractical to sense them because of routing complexities from the sensing point to the victim receiver. 
         [0011]    While not requiring explicit sensing of the aggressing transmitter, some methods in the prior art still require prior coordination between the aggressing transmitter  110  and victim receiver  120 . U.S. Pat. No. 7,443,829 by Rizvi et al. for example only cancels uplink interference in a CDMA based network. Such an approach is limited because it can only cancel interference from other CDMA signals, i.e. it does not mitigate interference from non-CDMA sources. Furthermore, among CDMA interference sources, that approach only cancels those that are received at the same basestation as the victim receiver. Such a cancellation technique is very limited in the types of communications systems to which it can benefit. 
         [0012]    Another problem with methods for interference cancellation in the prior art pertains to those that require the aggressing transmitter  110  to have prior knowledge of the carrier frequency of the victim receive signal. Such an example of this is in U.S. Pat. No. 7,058,368 by Nicholls and Roussel where they cancel the interference at the source of the aggressing transmitter  110  by suppressing transmit energy over a specified bandwidth corresponding to the spectrum used by a victim receiver  120 . In order to do this however, the spectrum band used by the victim receiver  120  must be known to the aggressing transmitter  110  in order for the latter to suppress energy in the proper band. Requiring such knowledge is undesirable because in many situations aggressor-victim pairs cannot be known ahead of time and are constantly changing. In particular, a potential aggressor  110  may not be able to know what victim radios  120  it will be aggressing. In fact, the aggressor  110  may not even be an explicit radio transmitter but may instead be a high-speed signal path or processor. 
         [0013]    An additional problem with interference cancellation methods in the prior art relates to those that require modification of the aggressing transmit signal. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,539,204 by Marsh and Sutton, U.S. Pat. No. 6,745,018 by Zehavi et al.,  7 , 123 , 676  by Gebara et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 7,058,368 by Nicholls and Roussel propose the injection of a pilot or reference tone into the signal transmitted in or near the aggressing transmitter  110 . The presence of the pilot signal is then used at the victim receiver  120  to identify the coupled aggressor signal  150  and guide the control of the cancellation unit  130  to maximize the degree of cancellation. The modification of the aggressing transmit signal however has several major drawbacks. First, modifying the aggressing transmit signal after the output of an aggressing transmitter  110  is likely to disturb the signal integrity of the transmitted signal. Such degradation may come in the form of loss of valuable signal power or in terms of signal distortion. These degradations can be severe enough to cause the signal to violate required signal criteria such as those imposed by spectral masks. If, however, the modification to the aggressing transmit signal is incorporated in the aggressing transmitter itself, then such an approach requires customized transmitters where the particular interference cancellation technique, aggressing transmitter, and victim receiver are all designed in a coordinated fashion. Such high degrees of customization are not practical for large scale adoption and the variety of interference pairings that can be encountered. Another drawback of modifying the transmitted aggressor signal is that doing so requires identification of and physical access to the interference source. As previously noted, in many contexts, the aggressing source is not known or not on the same device as the victim receiver and thus not available for modification. 
         [0014]    Besides injecting a reference pilot tone into the transmitted aggressor signal prior to transmission over an antenna, a reference tone can be injected after reception by the victim receiver. Such an approach is promoted in U.S. Pat. No. 7,123,676 by Gebara et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 7,058,368 by Nicholls and Roussel. However, in order for such an approach to be effective, the victim receiver must use a pilot tone whose frequency is congruous with the frequency of the transmitted aggressor. In other words, the victim receiver must know the operating frequency of the aggressing transmitter in order to accurately set the tone of the reference pilot to provide good guidance for cancellation. Unfortunately, in many cases, the identity of the aggressing transmitter, and especially its operating frequency, is not known to the victim receiver. Furthermore, as known to those skilled in the art, the act of injecting a tone, or any other signal, into the received victim path can degrade the signal fidelity of the already weak and vulnerable received victim signal. 
         [0015]    Avoiding the use of a pilot tone, an alternate approach for optimizing the parameters in an interference cancellation unit is to have the victim receiver  120  feed a signal fidelity measure back to the cancellation unit  130  to guide the adjustment of the cancellation parameters. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,915,112 by Sutton and Soledade and U.S. Pat. No. 7,123,676 by Gebara et al. proposed the minimization of a victim receiver&#39;s Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) measure to guide the control of the cancellation unit. Use of such a signal, external to the cancellation unit, has several drawbacks. First, such an approach requires the delivery of the external fidelity measure from the receiver  120  to the cancellation unit  130 . Oftentimes, such a fidelity measure is not available externally from the receiver  120  for such use, and even in cases where it is available, making use of the signal can be burdensome due to the extra routing or processing resources needed. Second, indirect measures such as received power or RSSI are not always indicative of interference power or lack thereof. For example, the amount of residual interference (after cancellation) may increase while the received victim power degrades due to a fading communications channel. In this case, the net result can be a decrease of total received signal power or RSSI in which case the cancellation unit will be misguided into believing that the amount of interference has been reduced because the cancellation unit has no means of determining the individual contributions of the received victim signal and the interference signal to the total signal power or RSSI. 
         [0016]    Besides the inappropriateness of general fidelity measures for the control of an interference cancellation unit, many methods in the prior art propose the less than desirable optimization technique of trial-and-error coordinate descent optimization. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,915,112 by Sutton and Soledade and U.S. Pat. No. 7,123,676 by Gebara et al. propose to take a first fidelity measurement under a first set of cancellation parameters followed by a second fidelity measurement under a second set of parameters. Then, the set yielding the better fidelity measure is selected as the better set. This trial-and-error approach can be repeated until some stopping criterion is met, or it can be continued indefinitely. The drawback of trial-and-error coordinate descent minimization is that the cancellation unit is always forced to test a parameter set which will have an unknown and perhaps worse performance. It would be strongly preferred to use an optimization technique, such as a gradient descent-based technique, where from a single parameter set, one is able to determine how the parameters should be modified to improve fidelity, i.e. without the testing of a second set of parameters. It is well known to those skilled in the art of controls theory that gradient descent-like techniques outperform trial-and-error coordinate descent both in terms of resulting signal quality and the speed in which the optimum system parameters are achieved. 
         [0017]    Some approaches in the prior art proposed to cancel signal interference on the baseband signal, i.e. after the signal has been modulated from its RF carrier down to a low frequency or DC carrier and quantized by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Such an approach is proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,539,204 by Marsh and Sutton, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,745,018 by Zehavi et al. because of the sophisticated digital signal processing techniques that can be used to remove interference. However, removing interference at the baseband level has several major drawbacks. Such an approach places extreme performance requirements on the front-end circuitry components of the receiver. In particular, when a weak received victim is in the presence of a strong interferer, the down-conversion mixer in the receiver will oftentimes further distort the signal as nonlinearities are introduced due to practical limitations on circuit linearity. Furthermore, because the interference signal is so much larger than the received victim signal, most of the dynamic range of the ADC is wasted to accommodate the large interferer. Thus, either very expensive high performance front-end circuit components are required or additional signal degradation is introduced. Thus, there is a need in the art for interference cancellation techniques that cancel the interference early in the front-end of the receiver before the down-conversion modulation or analog-to-digital conversion. 
         [0018]    Accordingly, there is a need in the industry for systems, methods, and apparatuses for reducing interference at the front-end of a communications device to address one or more of the above-described deficiencies or yet other deficiencies. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0019]    Embodiments of the invention may support reducing interference in a received communications signal without any prior knowledge of, sensing of, or modification to source of the interference or its feed path to a victim receiver. An example approach may control the adjustable parameters of the interference cancellation via self-contained internal control mechanisms requiring no direction from external sources for fidelity assessment or guidance. The example approach to interference cancellation may also enable a compact, self-contained solution to interference cancellation that is widely applicable and only requires modification to the front-end of a communications receiver. 
         [0020]    According to an example embodiment of the invention, there is a method of reducing interference in a received communications signal. The method may include the example steps of: receiving a first corrupted communications signal comprising at least two signal components the first being the desired received communications signal and the other(s) being one or more interferers not in the same frequency band as the first signal component; filtering the first corrupted signal with a first filter providing an initial level of suppression of the interferer(s); tapping off a small fraction (less than one half) of power of the first received corrupted signal prior to the first filtering to yield a second corrupted signal; applying a second filtering comprising a phase shift and amplification (including attenuation by means of an amplification by less than one in magnitude) to the second corrupted signal to yield a correction signal; injecting the correction signal after the output of the first filter to yield a compensated signal; adjusting the phase shift and amplification applied in the second filtering to minimize the presence of the interference in the compensated signal. 
         [0021]    Embodiments of the invention may reduce interference at the front-end of a communications receiver, thus reducing nonlinearity problems caused by high SNIR in down-converting mixers, ADCs, and other elements further down the receiver processing chain. Furthermore, the embodiments of the invention may not require any modification of, interaction with, or prior knowledge of the transmitting interferer. 
         [0022]    In an example embodiment of the invention, the first filter can be one of a SAW, FBAR, or BAW filter. Likewise, by placing the second filter in parallel with the first filter, a low-cost solution may be achieved. In an alternative embodiment, the second filter can be embedded into a module also housing the first filter. Accordingly, such embedding or integration may reduce the component count and area occupied on a communications receiver. In another example embodiment, the second filter can otherwise be embedded into a low-noise-amplifier (LNA). Such a solution could likewise reduce the component count and area occupied on a communications receiver. 
         [0023]    In an alternative embodiment, the operation of injecting the correction signal after the output of the first rejection filtering can be done in an LNA. Such a solution could reduce the noise figure degradation from the injection and also reduce the component count and area occupied on communications receiver. 
         [0024]    According to an example embodiment of the invention, the phase shift applied in the second filter can be adjusted by a method comprising the example steps of: setting an adjustable phase shift element to a first phase shift value; tapping off the output of the phase shift element to generate a first phase reference signal; tapping off the signal path anywhere between the output of the first filter and the input to the injection point, inclusively, to generate a second phase reference signal; comparing the two phase reference signals to generate a phase correction signal indicative of the phase mismatch between the two reference signals; generating an updated phase shift value by modifying the first phase shift value in accordance with the value of the phase correction signal; replacing the first phase shift value with the updated phase shift value; and repeating the steps using the newly updated phase shift value as the first phase shift value. 
         [0025]    In an example embodiment of the invention, the phase shift correction signal may be generated from the first phase shift value and may not require testing of a second phase shift value for comparative purposes to derive the phase correction signal. This may enable embodiments of the invention to adapt quickly and precisely. 
         [0026]    According to another example embodiment of the invention, a gain applied in the second filter can be adjusted by a method comprising the steps of: setting an adjustable gain element to a first gain value; tapping off the input of the gain element to generate a first gain reference signal; tapping off the compensated signal, i.e. the signal path after the output of the injection point, to generate a second gain reference signal; comparing the two gain reference signals to generate a gain correction signal indicative of the amplitude mismatch between the two reference signals; generating an updated gain value by modifying the first gain value in accordance with the value of the gain correction signal; replacing the first gain value with the updated gain value; and repeating the steps using the newly updated gain value as the first gain value. 
         [0027]    In an example embodiment of the invention, the gain correction signal may be generated from the first gain value and may not require testing of a second gain value for comparative purposes to derive the gain correction signal. This may enable embodiments of the invention to adapt quickly and precisely. 
         [0028]    In a example embodiment of the invention, the adjustable phase shift block or element precedes the adjustable gain block or element. In such an arrangement, both of the phase reference signals may be unaffected by the adjustable gain value. Accordingly, the phase shift and gain can be adapted simultaneously without conflicting feedback loops, thereby allowing for faster convergence of the phase and gain parameters. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING(S) 
         [0029]    Having thus described the invention in general terms, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, and wherein: 
           [0030]      FIG. 1  illustrates a general context in which interference cancellation has been applied in the conventional art. 
           [0031]      FIG. 2  illustrates an example of a system that support interference cancellation in accordance with an example embodiment of the invention. 
           [0032]      FIG. 3  illustrates the frequency response of various aspects of a communications receiver, according to an example embodiment of the invention. 
           [0033]      FIG. 4  illustrates an architecture for an example interference cancellation device, according to an example embodiment of the invention. 
           [0034]      FIG. 5  illustrates functional blocks comprising a phase shift control block, according to an example embodiment of the invention. 
           [0035]      FIG. 6  illustrates functional blocks comprising a gain control block, according to an example embodiment of the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0036]    The invention now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which some, but not all embodiments of the invention are shown. Indeed, these inventions may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will satisfy applicable legal requirements. In other instances, well known methods, procedures, components, and circuits have not been described in detail. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. 
         [0037]    Operating Environment Overview.  FIG. 2  illustrates an example of a system  200  that support interference cancellation in accordance with an example embodiment of the invention. The system  200  may include a communications receiver  210  and interference source  202 . The interference source  202  may be one or more mechanisms for producing an interference signal, including, but not limited to, a communications transmitter, processor, or integrated circuit) that generates the underlying interference signal. The interference signal generated by the interference source  202  may be radiated by a radiating element  204  (e.g., an antenna, signal trace, conductive path, etc.) into a medium such as air, dielectric on a circuit board, or circuit substrate, thereby creating a coupled signal  206 . The coupled signal  206  may be undesirably picked up by a receiver antenna (or alternatively a signal trace in the receive signal path)  215  and corrupts a received victim signal (e.g., a desired signal) that is intentionally picked by the receiver antenna  215 . Both the received interference and received victim signal may be delivered to the communications receiver  210  as a single, corrupted received signal. In an alternative embodiment of the invention, radiating element  204  and antenna  215  may be implemented as a shared antenna between two or more radio services operating at different carrier frequencies. 
         [0038]    In accordance with an example embodiment of the invention, the received corrupted signal may be processed according to a main receive path. The main receive path may include a receiver (Rx) processor  260  that demodulates the received signal and performs baseband processing. However, the received corrupted signal may also be pre-processed in the main receive path with additional RF processing blocks (e.g., first rejection filter  230   a,  low-noise amplifier (LNA)  240 , second rejection filter  230   b ) shown in  FIG. 2  to improve signal fidelity. In particular, a rejection filter  230   a  may be utilized to suppress interference outside the defined frequency band of the desired received signal. In an example embodiment of the invention, the rejection filter  230   a  may be a narrowband filter or a bandpass filter. The rejection filter  230   a  may be implemented as a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, a bulk acoustic wave (BAW) filter, a film bulk acoustic wave resonator (FBAR) filter, a Micro-Electro-Mechanical systems (MEMs) filter, or a lumped element filter, according to an example embodiment of the invention. After the initial rejection filtering by the rejection filter  230 , the filtered signal may be amplified with a low-noise amplifier (LNA)  240  to improve signal strength and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) characteristics for subsequent analog processing. It will be appreciated that LNA  240  can be incorporated into the receiver processor  260  rather than being implemented as a discrete device, according to an example embodiment of the invention. In strong interference environments such as in multi-function mobile communications handsets, the communications receiver  210  may also utilize a second rejection filter  230   b  (for additional out-of-band suppression) following the LNA  240 , as the rejection provided by the first rejection filter  230   a  may not suppress enough of the interference by itself. The second rejection filter  230   b  may be one or more of a SAW, FBAR, BAW, or lumped element filter, according to an example embodiment of the invention. 
         [0039]    In an example embodiment of the invention, an interference cancellation device  270  can additionally be provided in a path parallel to the main receive path discussed above. To provide the parallel path, a signal tap  220  may be included on the main signal path prior to the input of the first rejection filtering  230   a.  The signal tap  220  may be implemented using a resister, an attenuator, splitter, capacitor, coupler, or directional coupler, according to an example embodiment of the invention. The signal tap  220  may divert a small amount or portion (e.g., less than one half or another portion) of the received corrupted signal power into an input of the interference cancellation device  270 . The interference cancellation device  270  may then modify its input signal by applying an amplification (including attenuation as a special case by using an amplification factor of less than one in magnitude) and phase shift, as described herein. This modified signal may then be output by the interference cancellation device  270  as a correction signal and injected back into the main path via the combiner or summation node  250 . The combiner or summation node  250  takes as a first input, the correction signal output by the interference cancellation device  270 , and as the second input, the main path signal at some point after the output of the first rejection filter  230   a,  to produce a compensated victim signal with a reduced interference component, as compared to the originally received corrupted receive signal. 
         [0040]    It will be appreciated that the location of the combiner or summation node  250  with respect to an optional LNA  240  may be varied without departing from example embodiments of the invention. For example, in one example embodiment of the invention, the combiner or summation node  250  may be placed after the LNA  240  such that the second input of the combiner or summation node  250  may be the amplified output of the LNA  240 . By applying LNA amplification prior to summation by combiner or summation node  250 , the noise figure of the front-end may be minimized, according to an example embodiment of the invention. 
         [0041]    In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the combiner or summation node  250  may be placed before the LNA  240  such that the second input of the summation node may be taken as the filtered output signal of the first rejection filter  230   a  and the output of the combiner or summation node  250  may be taken as the input to the LNA  240 . According to this embodiment, the LNA  240  input may have a higher signal-to-interference ratio (SIR), thereby providing an opportunity to relax the linearity requirements of the LNA  240 . 
         [0042]    In addition to splitting or tapping the received corrupted signal at a signal tap  220  prior to an input of the first rejection filter  230   a,  the interference cancellation device  270  may also split or tap the main path signal at a signal tap  221  that is after the output of the first rejection filter  230   a  and prior to the second input of the combiner or summation node  250 . Furthermore, another signal tap  222  may be taken after the output of the summation node and fed to the interference cancellation device  270 . As described herein, the signals from these taps  220 ,  221 ,  222  may be used by the interference cancellation device  270  to control the adaptation of its adjustable phase shift and amplification settings. Like signal tap  220 , signal taps  221  and  222  may divert only a small amount or portion (e.g., less than one half or another portion) of the signal power from the main path in order to minimally disturb the signal integrity of the main path signal. In an example embodiment of the invention, the signal taps  221  and  222  may be implemented using a resister, attenuator, splitter, capacitor, coupler, or directional coupler, according to an example embodiment of the invention. 
         [0043]    It will be appreciated that while the LNA  240  and second rejection filter  230   b  are illustrated as part of the communications receiver  210  in  FIG. 2 , they are optional and either or both can be omitted without departing from example embodiments of the invention. Indeed, with adequate interference cancellation, the use of the interference cancellation device  270  may obviate the otherwise necessary second rejection filter  230   b,  thus enabling a less expensive and more compact solution. Furthermore, it will be appreciated that the blocks in  FIG. 2  are listed to facilitate the operation of an embodiment of the invention and need not be implemented as individual discrete devices. In an example embodiment of the invention, an integrated circuit may comprise one or more of an LNA  240 , interference cancellation device  270 , signal tap  221 , combiner or summation node  250 , and signal tap  222 . In an alternative embodiment of the invention, a filtering module may be comprised of a rejection filter  230   a,  and interference cancellation device  270 . Indeed, one or more of the following elements may be combined into a single integrated circuit or module without departing from example embodiments of the invention: signal tap  220 , rejection filter  230   a,  LNA  240 , signal tap  221 , combiner or summation node  250 , tap point  222 , interference cancellation device  270 , and receiver processor  260 . 
         [0044]    A high level operation of the example cancellation-enabled receiver  210  of  FIG. 2  may be understood with the simplified illustration in  FIG. 3 , where the simplified system  310   a  comprises a representative first rejection filter  230   a,  signal tap  220 , interference cancellation device  270 , and combiner or summation node  250 . The first rejection filter  230   a  may be a narrow bandpass filter with passband gain “A”  320   a  for the victim signal and stopband gain “a”  330   a  at interferer frequency f 0    340  with the value of “A” being much larger than the value of “a”. The interference cancellation device  270  applies a gain of “a′”  330   b  that approximates “a”  330   a  and with the opposite phase. The composite effect of system  310   a  is then illustrated in the equivalent system  310   b  where several attributes may be observed. First because “A”  320   a  is much larger than “a”&#39;  330   b,  the difference in the composite passband “A-a′”  320   b  is approximately “A”, i.e. the passband response is largely preserved. Second, because “a”&#39;  330   b  approximates “a”  330   a,  the difference “a-a′”  330   c  is approximately zero at the interferer frequency f 0    340  (but not necessarily elsewhere because the phase may not match). In other words, the cancellation-enabled system  310  has higher suppression at the interferer frequency than the first rejection filter  230   a  alone. Furthermore, the operative frequency for cancellation can be varied by changing the gain and phase response of the interference cancellation device  270  to match those of the first rejection filter  230   a  at the operative interference frequency. 
         [0045]    Interference Cancellation Device Architecture. 
         [0046]    The ability of the cancellation-enabled receiver  210  to suppress interference may be based at least in part on the ability of the interference cancellation device  270  to match the gain and phase response of the first rejection filter  230   a  at the frequency of the interference source  202 .  FIG. 4  shows an architecture for an example interference cancellation device  270  to achieve such matching of the gain and phase response, according to an example embodiment of the invention. In order to provide flexibility (e.g., for both interferer type and variation), the interference cancellation device  270  may use a variable phase shift block  410  and a variable gain amplifier (VGA)  450  which can adapt to the interferer at hand, including the absence of an interferer. In particular, the variable phase shift block  410  may be controlled so that at the frequency of the interference signal, the output of phase shift block  410  is driven to either about 0 degrees in-phase (for in-phase synchronization) or about 180 degrees out-of-phase (for out-of-phase synchronization) with respect to the second input of the combiner or summation node  250  from the first rejection filter  230   a.  Consequently, the phase shift block  410  may be referred to as a synchronizing phase shift block. It will be appreciated that the synchronizing phase shift block  410  may perform adaptive phase adjustment using narrowband phase shifting by a phase shifter, a delay by a time-delay block, low-pass filtering by a low-pass filter, or band-pass filtering by a band-pass filter. 
         [0047]    Following phase adjustment by the synchronizing phase shift block  410 , gain adjustment may be performed by the VGA  450 . More specially, the VGA  450  may be adjusted so that its correction signal output, i.e. the first input to the combiner or summation node  250 , maximally cancels the interference signal in the second input to the combiner or summation node  250 . In particular, the VGA  450  may adjust the gain for maximum cancellation using a positive gain if phase shift block  410  produced an out-of-phase synchronization or a negative gain if the phase shift block  410  produced an in-phase synchronization (e.g., so that the correction signal output can be effectively subtracted from the filtered main path signal). 
         [0048]    The particular phase shift value used by the synchronizing phase block  410  may be adaptively controlled by the phase shift control block  420 . The phase shift control block  420  may take two phase reference signals as inputs, as illustrated in  FIG. 4 . The first phase reference signal may be taken from the output of the synchronizing phase shift block  410  via a first phase reference tap  421 . The second phase reference signal may be taken as a tap off from the second input to the combiner or summation node  250  (e.g., filtered main path signal) via a second phase reference tap  221 . The phase shift control block  420  may then adjust the synchronizing phase value (e.g., value of the phase shift) in the synchronizing phase block  410  to align the first and second phase reference signals, i.e. the signal from taps  421  and  221 , respectively. In the case where the received corrupted victim signal is impaired by a strong interferer, this interferer will dominate the characteristics of the first phase reference signal (from the output of synchronizing phase block  410 ), and hence, aligning the first and second phase reference signals will largely correspond to aligning the phase shifted interferer components in the two signals, according to an example embodiment of the invention. 
         [0049]    The operational blocks of the phase shift control block  420  of  FIG. 4  are illustrated in more detail with reference to  FIG. 5 . To synchronize the first phase reference signal from tap  421  with the second phase reference signal from tap  221 , the first phase reference signal is initially phase shifted with a calibration phase shift block  510  by a calibration phase shift value. The output of the calibration phase shift block  510  may then be mixed or multiplied by a first mixer  520   a  with the negative of the second phase reference signal from signal tap  221 . The output of the first mixer  520   a  may then be integrated or accumulated by a first integrator  540   a  (e.g., a lossy integrator). The output of the first integrator  540   a  (or equivalently a value proportional to it) may be then taken as the phase shift value (which may also be referred to as the “synchronizing phase shift” value) applied by the synchronizing phase shift block  410 . Such an example control loop may adjust the sum of the synchronizing phase shift value (for phase shift adjustment in block  410 ) and the calibrating phase shift value (for phase shift adjustment in block  510 ) to be such that the output of the calibration phase shift block  510  may be orthogonal to the second reference phase signal from the second phase reference tap point  221 . In other words, once the control loop has converged, the signal output from the calibration phase shift block  510  may either be about +90 degrees or about −90 degrees out of phase from the second phase reference signal from tap point  221 . Consequently, if the value of the calibrating phase shift in the calibrating phase shift block  510  corresponds to an odd integer multiple of  90  degrees at the interferer carrier frequency (e.g. 90°, 270°, 450°, etc.), then the first phase reference signal from tap point  421  may be an integer multiple of 180 degrees (e.g. 0°, 180°, 360°, etc.) out of phase with the second phase reference signal, as desired. In other words, the first and second phase reference signals may either be 0° in-phase or 180° out-of-phase with each other when the output of the first integrator  540   a  has converged. 
         [0050]    It will be appreciated that the negation (or 180° phase shift) applied on the second phase reference signal (from signal tap  221 ) input into the first mixer  520   a  can be applied anywhere along the processing chain without departing from example embodiments of the invention. For example, it can alternatively be applied on the input to the calibration phase shift block  510 , either input of the first mixer  520   a,  or the input or output of the first integrator  540   a.  The negation may be performed by a variety of means known in the art such as a negative gain in an amplifier, an inverter, an interchanging of lines in a differential pair, or a negation calculation in a processor. 
         [0051]    If the carrier frequency of the interferer is known and the value of the calibrating phase shift can be precisely set, then the calibrating phase shift (for block  510 ) can be fixed to a value corresponding to a 90° phase shift at the interferer frequency. However, this is not always the case. In particular, the carrier frequency of the interferer may not always be known by the system in advance and furthermore, it may difficult to precisely set the value of the calibrating phase shift when subject to realistic variations in the circuit fabrication process, supply voltage, and temperature. Thus, the calibrating phase shift block  510  may be adaptive to automatically converge to a value corresponding to a 90 degree phase shift of the interferer. 
         [0052]    An example embodiment of the phase shift control block  420  may include a second control loop in the phase shift control block  420  to adapt the value of the calibrating phase shift in the calibration phase shift block  510 . In particular, the first phase reference signal from tap  421  may be negated and mixed or multiplied by a second mixer  520  with the output of the calibration phase shift block  510 . The output of the second mixer  520   b  may be integrated or accumulated by a second integrator  540   b.  The output of the second integrator  540   b  (or equivalently a value proportional to the output) is then taken as the value of the calibrating phase shift. Such a control loop may converge to a state where the value of the calibrating phase shift corresponds to an odd integer multiple of 90 degrees. It will be appreciated that the convergence behavior of the calibrating phase shift value may be independent of any variation of (or lack thereof) the synchronizing phase shift value. Consequently, both the calibrating and synchronizing phase shift control loops can operate simultaneously, if desired. 
         [0053]    It will be appreciated that the negation applied on the first phase reference signal input into the second mixer  520   b  can be applied anywhere along the processing chain without departing from example embodiments of the invention. For example, it can alternatively be applied on the input to the calibration phase shift block  510 , either input of the second mixer  520   b,  or the input or output of the second integrator  540   b,  according to an example embodiment of the invention. The negation may be performed by a variety of means known in the art such as a negative gain in an amplifier, an inverter, an interchanging of lines in a differential pair, or a negation calculation in a processor. 
         [0054]    In an example embodiment of the invention, the bandwidth requirements of the integrators  540   a,    540   b  can be relaxed by the inclusion of preceding respective low-pass filters  530   a,    530   b  on the output of the respective mixers  520   a,    520   b  as shown in  FIG. 5 . Besides permitting a simpler design for the integrators  540   a,    540   b,  the use of the low-pass filters  530   a,    530   b  can also reduce fluctuations in the values of the synchronizing and calibrating phase shifts. 
         [0055]    Referring back to  FIG. 4 , the particular gain value used by the VGA  410  may be adaptively controlled by the gain control block  460 . The gain control block  460  may takes two reference signals as inputs, as illustrated in  FIG. 4 . A first gain reference signal may be taken as a tap from the output of the synchronizing phase shift block  410  via a first gain reference tap  422 . A second gain reference signal is taken as a tap from the output of the combiner or summation node  250  via a second gain reference tap point  222 . The gain control block  460  may then adjust the gain value in the VGA  450  to decorrelate the first and second gain reference signals, i.e. to make the first and second gain reference signals linearly independent. In other words, the VGA  450  gain may be adjusted so that the signal output from the synchronizing phase shift block  410  may maximally removed from the compensated signal at the output of the combiner or summation node  250 . 
         [0056]    The operational blocks of the gain control block  460  are described in more detail with reference to  FIG. 6 . To decorrelate the first gain reference signal off of tap  422  from the second gain reference signal off of signal tap  222 , the first gain reference signal (from tap  422 ) is negated and mixed or multiplied by a mixer  610  with the second gain reference signal (from signal tap  222 ). The output of the mixer  610  may then be integrated or accumulated by an integrator  630 . The output of the integrator  630  (or equivalently a value proportional to it) may then be taken as the gain value applied by the VGA  450 . Such a control loop will adjust the VGA gain to be such that the first and second gain reference signals are decorrelated. 
         [0057]    It will be appreciated that the negation applied on the first gain reference signal input into the mixer  610  can be applied anywhere along the processing chain without departing from example embodiments of the invention. For example, it can be applied on either input of the mixer  610 , or the input or output of the integrator  630 , according to an example embodiment of the invention. The negation may be performed by a variety of means known in the art such as a negative gain in an amplifier, an inverter, an interchanging of lines in a differential pair, or a negation calculation in a processor. 
         [0058]    In an example embodiment of the invention, the bandwidth requirements of the integrator  630  can be relaxed by the inclusion of a preceding low-pass filter  620  on the output of the mixer  610  as shown in  FIG. 6 . Besides permitting a simpler design for the integrator  610 , the use of the low-pass filter  620  may also reduce fluctuations in the value of the VGA gain. 
         [0059]    In an example embodiment of the invention, the tap  421  for the first phase reference and the tap  422  for the first gain reference may be taken after phase shift block  410  but prior to the VGA  450 , as illustrated in  FIG. 4 . However, it will be appreciated that the order in which the first phase reference tap point  421  and first gain reference tap point  422  are taken is immaterial. For example, the first phase reference tap  421  may preceded or follow the first gain reference tap  422 . Furthermore, the first phase reference tap  421  may be taken off of the first gain reference line or similarly, the first gain reference tap  422  may be taken off of the first phase reference line, according to an example embodiment of the invention. As another alternative, a single tap point may be used for tapping both the first gain reference line and the first phase reference line. 
         [0060]    In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the first phase reference tap point  421  may be taken after the output of the gain block  450 . In such a case, any phase response introduced by the gain block  450  may be included in the synchronization. However, doing so may also create the possibility of coupling of the phase shift control and gain control feedback loops and may impair parameter convergence to the optimum values. 
         [0061]    Many modifications and other embodiments of the inventions set forth herein will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which these inventions pertain having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is to be understood that the inventions are not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.