Abstract:
A wireless power transmission system is disclosed. In one aspect, the system includes a transmitting antenna configured to transmit power, via a magnetic field, to a receiving antenna to power a load. The system also includes a tuning loop electrically isolated from the transmitting antenna and being movable relative to the transmitting antenna to adjust a coupling between the transmitting antenna and the tuning loop.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/211,750 entitled “High Efficiency and Power Transfer in Wireless Power Magnetic Resonators” filed Sep. 16, 2008, which claims benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/973,166 filed on Sep. 17, 2007. The disclosure of all of the priority applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     It is desirable to transfer electrical energy from a source to a destination without the use of wires to guide the electromagnetic fields. A difficulty of previous attempts has been low efficiency together with an inadequate amount of delivered power. 
     Our previous applications and provisional applications, including, but not limited to, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/018,069, filed Jan. 22, 2008, entitled “Wireless Apparatus and Methods”, the entire contents of the disclosure of which is herewith incorporated by reference, describe wireless transfer of power. 
     The system can use transmit and receiving antennas that are preferably resonant antennas, which are substantially resonant, e.g., within 5-10% of resonance, 15% of resonance, or 20% of resonance. The antenna(s) are preferably of a small size to allow it to fit into a mobile, handheld device where the available space for the antenna may be limited. An efficient power transfer may be carried out between two antennas by storing energy in the near field of the transmitting antenna, rather than sending the energy into free space in the form of a travelling electromagnetic wave. Antennas with high quality factors can be used. Two high-Q antennas are placed such that they react similarly to a loosely coupled transformer, with one antenna inducing power into the other. The antennas preferably have Qs that are greater than 1000. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present application describes transfer of energy from a power source to a power destination via electromagnetic field coupling with high efficiency and/or high power. Embodiments describe operations and actual efficiencies. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       These and other aspects will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  shows a block diagram of a magnetic wave based wireless power transmission system. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a transmitter block diagram including amplifier coupling loop and antennas. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a receiver block diagram including coupling loop, receiver and trends at tuning element. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates the received power over distance. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates the maximum transferable power over distance. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates the transfer efficiency over distance. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates the efficiency normalized to antenna diameter. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates an antenna measurement setup. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     A basic embodiment is shown in  FIG. 1 . A power transmitter assembly  100  receives power from a source, for example, an AC plug  101 . A frequency generator  104  is used to couple the energy to an antenna  110 , here a resonant antenna. The antenna  110  includes an inductive loop  111 , which is inductively coupled to a high Q resonant antenna part  112 . The resonant antenna includes a number N of coil loops  113  each loop having a radius R A . A capacitor  114 , here shown as a variable capacitor, is in series with the coil  113 , forming a resonant loop. In the embodiment, the capacitor is a totally separate structure from the coil, but in certain embodiments, the self capacitance of the wire forming the coil can form the capacitance  114 . 
     The frequency generator  104  can be preferably tuned to the antenna  110 , and also selected for FCC compliance. 
     This embodiment uses a multidirectional antenna.  115  shows the energy as output in all directions. The antenna  100  is non-radiative, in the sense that much of the output of the antenna is not electromagnetic radiating energy, but is rather a magnetic field which is more stationary. Of course, part of the output from the antenna will in fact radiate. 
     Another embodiment may use a radiative antenna. 
     A receiver  150  includes a receiving antenna  155  placed a distance D away from the transmitting antenna  110 . The receiving antenna is similarly a high Q resonant coil antenna  151  having a coil part and capacitor, coupled to an inductive coupling loop  152 . The output of the coupling loop  152  is rectified in a rectifier  160 , and applied to a load. That load can be any type of load, for example a resistive load such as a light bulb, or an electronic device load such as an electrical appliance, a computer, a rechargeable battery, a music player or an automobile. 
     The energy can be transferred through either electrical field coupling or magnetic field coupling, although magnetic field coupling is predominantly described herein as an embodiment. 
     Electrical field coupling provides an inductively loaded electrical dipole that is an open capacitor or dielectric disk. Extraneous objects may provide a relatively strong influence on electric field coupling. Magnetic field coupling may be preferred, since extraneous objects in a magnetic field have the same magnetic properties as “empty” space. 
     The embodiment describes a magnetic field coupling using a capacitively loaded magnetic dipole. Such a dipole is formed of a wire loop forming at least one loop or turn of a coil, in series with a capacitor that electrically loads the antenna into a resonant state. 
     Our previous applications have described the advantages of single turn loops being used as the resonators. The present application describes how two different single turn loops can be used to produce significantly increased range in a wireless power transmission system. 
     In the embodiment, a test was carried out using the test setup shown in  FIG. 8 . The transmitter  801  is a 45 cm diameter, 6 mm wire loop. The receiver is formed of a 40 cm×30 mm copper loop. It is noted that usually the receiver antenna should be smaller for purposes of packaging. As explained further herein, the test results are wholly reciprocal, thereby obviating any difference in received power. 
     The antenna  802  has a resonance frequency about 20 kHz lower than the antenna  801 . A tuning loop  803  is used to shift the antenna of the tuning loop  802  to match the resonance of the transmitting receiver antenna  801 . The signal is coupled to coupling loop  804  and to load  805 . 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a transmitter block diagram including amplifier coupling loop and antennas. In operation, an RF generator is used to create a 13.56 MHz continuous wave signal. An amplifier  205  provides a 50 dB amplification to produce the maximum power output of 25 W at  206 . For purposes of the test, an analog power meter is used. The power is provided to a coupling loop  220  which is adjacent to and wirelessly coupled to the antenna  801  which is formed of a loop  250 ; and a capacitor  252  that brings the loop to resonance at 13.56 MHz. 
       FIG. 3  shows the receiver, including the receive loop  102  formed of an inductive loop  350  and capacitor  352 , the tuning loop  803 , and the coupling loop  320  which receives the power. A digital power meter  330  tests the amount of power that is received after attenuation by a 20 dB attenuator. 
     The receive side resonator loop combined with tuning loop acts like a 1:1 transformer with a low but adjustable coupling factor. The coupling factor is the distance between the main loop and tuning loop. A tuning loop may be considered as a secondary that produces a short circuit. The short circuit reduces the overall inductance of the resonator by a small fraction depending on the coupling factor thus increasing its resonance frequency without substantially decreasing the quality factor. The receive loop  102  and the tuning loop  803  may be connected to a carriage  333 , which can move the two loops relative to one another. If a resonator which has a low inductance to capacitance ratio is used, it can be extremely effective. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates the received power over specified distances. According to this test, the distance was varied from 1.6 m to 4 m. Distances closer than 1.6 m were not measured, since the closer distances can cause detuning of the system. Hence, these values are interpolated, to avoid the detuning effects. Transition from near field into the far field occurs at about 3½ m at 13.56 MHz. This distance changes the preferred orientation from coaxial to coplanar, thereby affecting significantly the amount of power that can be received.  FIG. 4  shows that at 3.5 m, the received power approaches 0 W because of this orientation variance. 
     At distances greater than 1.7 m, the calculated distance is closely related to the computed distance. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates the maximum transferable power. These antennas are highly linear, meaning that if the transmitter power is doubled, the receive power will also be doubled. The transmit loop is limited only by the voltage and current ratings of the capacitors; provided that there is sufficient cooling. The 30 mm copper loop uses a 200 pF capacitor with a limit of 9 kV peak and 100 amps carrying. That provides a transmit power of about 300 W. 
     Because the system is linear,  FIG. 5  shows data point scale to a transmit power of 300 W. This shows that the existing system can transfer 67 W at a distance of 1.6 m. The maximum radiation exposure limits recommended by ICNIRP would be exceeded by these levels. The transfer efficiency, however, is shown in  FIG. 6 , illustrating that the transfer efficiency is −15 dB for all distances less than 2½ m.  FIG. 7  normalizes this distance to the antenna diameter. The tests performed by MIT are also shown in  FIG. 7 . 
     Conclusions are as follows. Except for the region closest to the near field border and at close distances, the antennas are highly linear, and power can simply be doubled to double the received power. 
     The system can operate with a transmit power of 25 W and a transfer efficiency of 25% over a distance of 1.5 m. The system is extremely stable with respect to resonance frequency and Q factor. The system can also power up to 70 W at a distance of 1.5 m. Extrapolation to smaller distances can also be possible. 
     Although only a few embodiments have been disclosed in detail above, other embodiments are possible and the inventors intend these to be encompassed within this specification. The specification describes specific examples to accomplish˜more general goal that may be accomplished in another way. This disclosure is intended to be exemplary, and the claims are intended to cover any modification or alternative which might be predictable to a person having ordinary skill in the art. For example, other sizes, materials and connections can be used. Although the coupling part of the antenna is shown as a single loop of wire, it should be understood that this coupling part can have multiple wire loops. Other embodiments may use similar principles of the embodiments and are equally applicable to primarily electrostatic and/or electrodynamic field coupling as well. In general, an electric field can be used in place of the magnetic field, as the primary coupling mechanism. 
     Also, the inventors intend that only those claims which use the-words “means for” are intended to be interpreted under 35 USC 112, sixth paragraph. Moreover, no limitations from the specification are intended to be read into any claims, unless those limitations are expressly included in the claims. 
     Where a specific numerical value is mentioned herein, it should be considered that the value may be increased or decreased by 20%, while still staying within the teachings of the present application, unless some different range is specifically mentioned. Where a specified logical sense is used, the opposite logical sense is also intended to be encompassed.