Abstract:
Display systems that utilize digital micro-mirror device (DMD) technology are finding wide application in the areas of projection systems for color display. The common name for such systems is digital light processing projection systems or DLP projection systems. The systems and methods described herein utilize the non-imaging light to monitor and calibrate the projected image since the high levels of illumination and extreme temperatures of the imaging light require careful attention to the manner of light collection. Light collection is accomplished in a waste gate area by a light collector, e.g., an optical fiber mat, and the collected light is communicated to an associated sensor. The technique is non-invasive and may be applied to existing designs with minimal modification.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   The present application claims the benefit of a co-pending, commonly assigned provisional patent application entitled “Apparatus And Method For Calibration Of DLP/DMD Projection Image Systems” which was filed on May 24, 2005, and assigned Ser. No. 60/685,135. The entire contents of the foregoing provisional patent application are hereby incorporated by reference. 

   BACKGROUND 
   1. Technical Field 
   The present disclosure relates generally to an apparatus and method for calibrating color display systems that use digital micro-mirror device (DMD) technology in projection image systems. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to a digital light processing (DLP) system that uses non-imaging light to monitor and calibrate the projected image, such that the apparatus and method are non-invasive and may be applied to existing DLP systems with minimal modification. 
   2. Background Art 
   Digital Light Processing™ and DLP™ technology (both trademarked by Texas Instruments, Inc.) refer to an all-digital display technology that is used in projectors and televisions. A DLP projection system is an image projection system comprising a powerful light source focused on a controlled multiple mirror element, with a lens assembly focusing on a plane defined by each mirror of the multiple mirror element and projecting the reflected light onto an image screen. The mirrors are controlled digitally to provide an on/off signal for each image pixel. This mirror assembly is referred to as the DMD, a semiconductor-based “light switch” array of thousands of individually addressable, tiltable, mirror-pixels. The DMD chip is a spatial light modulator (SLM) and brings many advantages to light-steering applications. 
   When a DMD chip is coordinated with a digital video or graphic signal, a light source, and a projection lens, mirrors of the DMD can reflect an all-digital image onto a screen or other surface. DLP systems include the DMD and surrounding electronics associated with it. 
   Each mirror of the DMD is one of thousands of tiny mirrors in an array and is attached to one or more hinges mounted on support posts permitting the mirror to tilt. Each mirror is spaced by means of an air gap over underlying addressing circuitry. The addressing circuitry provides electrostatic forces which cause each mirror to selectively tilt. 
   For display applications, the DMD is addressed with image data. In accordance with this image data, light is selectively reflected from each mirror and projected onto a viewing screen. The combination of light and dark mirrors forms an image. Modulation techniques are used to provide grayscale image “frames”. A quick succession of frames is perceived by the viewer as a full motion display. 
   There are at least two approaches to generating color displays with a DMD display system. One approach is to generate multiple images with multiple SLMs, typically one SLM each for red, green and blue. Each image has a desired intensity and the images are combined to result in a correctly colored display. A second approach is to use a single SLM and generate images for each color (red, green, and blue) sequentially. A white light source is filtered through a revolving color wheel, such that a desired color illuminates the corresponding image. The differently colored images are generated so quickly that the eye integrates them into a correctly colored frame. 
   When individual mirrors direct light through the imaging lens, the imaging surface is selectively illuminated. When the mirror reflects light away from the imaging lens, the reflected light is collected in an area referred to as a waste gate. DLP systems that use a single DMD element typically use a spinning color filter wheel to separate light (e.g., red, green, blue) into sequential color outputs. During the active time for a single color, the mirror elements are addressed to form an image pixel. The individual mirrors actively aim light thru the imaging lens for a time proportional to the intensity, which corresponds to a desired image pixel intensity. The appearance of a continuous change in intensity can be enhanced by techniques such as frame multiplexing and the addition of fixed pattern noise. 
   DLP technology made possible by the advent of DMD chips has led to the emergence of significant new projection display technology over the last decade. In addition to commercial success in high definition television (HDTV) and theater projection system areas, DLP technology finds potential in the areas of adaptive lighting, medical imaging, photo-finishing, biotechnology applications, lithography, spectroscopy, and scientific instrumentation, to name a few. 
   Most, if not all, of these applications can be improved significantly by the addition of a real-time and/or static calibration means to assure maintenance of the inherent high quality image in the presence of known factors of degradation, such as spectral and intensity changes in the light source. Furthermore, a calibration means is desirable to adjust initial settings of the system, including compensating for aging and degradation of system elements, such as the light source, for example. Such compensation would advantageously account for accumulation of dirt films on system optical elements and light losses due to physical changes in the system over time. 
   It is normal and desirable to place calibration elements within a processing system, in this case a DMD device. However, the projection technology in DLP systems requires that a significant amount of light and corresponding heat be directed onto a relatively small area of the DMD chip. The concentration of light and associated heat in this small area raises operating temperatures and becomes a hostile environment for semiconductor sensors used in such image calibration elements. The challenge then becomes one of how to effectively calibrate such devices. 
   The calibration of such products is normally done by measuring reflected light from or light incident to the projection surface. The assignee of the present disclosure has manufactured products that incorporate the use of a lens cap technique. The lens cap-based process produces good results, but requires a cap to be put in place prior to measurement. Furthermore, placement of the cap may be difficult when the projection system is mounted on a high ceiling or behind a rear-projection screen. 
   Accordingly, despite that which is known from the prior art, a need remains for an apparatus and method for calibration of DLP/DMD projection imaging systems having certain desirable features and functionalities. In particular, a need remains for an embedded calibration apparatus and method that is not negatively impacted by heat factors and that requires no interruption of the optical path. 
   These and other advantageous features, functionalities and/or capabilities are provided according to an exemplary calibration device, system and/or method for a DLP system that uses a digital micro-mirror device (DMD) for modulation of projected image intensity, as disclosed herein. 
   SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
   The disclosure herein provides advantageous calibration devices, systems and methods for a DLP system that uses a DMD device for modulation of projected image intensity. The disclosed calibration devices, systems and methods measure light that is deflected to a waste gate area as a result of system modulation. In an exemplary embodiment, light impinging on the waste gate area is collected with an optical fiber mat and passed to a calibration sensor. The light impinging on the waste gate area is used to accurately predict the light impinging on the image screen using a full scale-on-signal to full scale-off-signal to develop a contrast ratio as a basis for calibration. Dynamic and static calibration needs can then be calculated on a pixel-by-pixel basis and the information can be stored in the form of a lookup table or utilized in a calibration algorithm. 
   According to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, the calibration map generated through light measurement in a waste gate area may be applied to the drive constants for the DMD drive engine, i.e., the control system for the individual mirrors associated with a DMD system. Alternatively, the calibration map may be interfaced with data communications to effect desired calibration thereof, e.g., by interfacing with the data stream as it enters an image display buffer or the like. 
   Additional advantageous features and functionalities associated with the systems and methods of the present disclosure will be apparent from the detailed description which follows, particularly when read in conjunction with the appended figures. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Structural and functional aspects, features, and advantages of the present disclosure will be understood and the manner of making and using such structures will become more readily apparent when the following description is reviewed by persons skilled in the art in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of a conventional digital light processing system for a projector system illustrating a digital micro-mirror device reflecting light in both an image light channel and a waste light region or channel; 
       FIG. 2  is a perspective view of an exemplary optical fiber mat for use in calibrating a projector system, e.g., a projector system of the type depicted in  FIG. 1 , in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure; 
       FIG. 3  is a perspective view of an optical fiber mat for use in calibrating a projector system, e.g., a projector system of the type depicted in  FIG. 1 , in accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure; 
       FIG. 4  is a schematic plan view of a calibration sensor for operable communication with an optical fiber mat, e.g., either of the optical fiber mats of  FIGS. 2 and 3 , in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure; 
       FIG. 5  is an exploded perspective view of a woven optical fiber mat illustrating multiple layers thereof and a fiber optic cable bundle extending therefrom in communication with a light source as it is conventionally used to diffuse a backlight of a liquid crystal display (LCD); 
       FIG. 6  is an enlarged side view of one of the optical fibers interwoven with fill thread defining a layer of the exemplary woven optical fiber mat of  FIG. 5  demonstrating light transmission thereof as it is conventionally used to diffuse a backlight of the LCD; and 
       FIG. 7  is a diagram illustrating a laptop computer connected to a reference device and the projection system of  FIG. 1  having a waste gate calibration system in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of a calibration system and method according to the present disclosure. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
   The present disclosure provides an advantageous device, system and method for calibrating digital light projection systems. The disclosed device, system and method overcomes problems associated with conventional sensor techniques and, in particular, issues associated with isolating calibration sensor(s) from the extreme heat that is projected upon an element that is being calibrated. The disclosed calibration device, system and method takes advantage of the fact that the imaging device switches on for a time slot that is proportional to an intensity requirement of each pixel and switches off for the remainder of the time, where the imaging device uses mirror per pixel means. Further, each mirror can be addressed and positioned to pass light to an image screen (through an optical system) or to reflect the light to a waste area (also referred to a waste gate for purposes of the present disclosure). It is recognized that the light impinging on the waste area plus the light impinging on the image screen equal unity, where unity can be defined more specifically by the range of intensity reaching the waste gate area from full-on to full-off for the image. 
   Given that light impingement can be characterized by a sensor monitoring the light reaching the waste gate area, exemplary embodiments of the disclosed device, system and method use an optical fiber mat which can be configured and dimensioned to capture all of the light impinging on all of the waste gate area and to direct this light to a calibration sensor remote from the extreme heat of the waste gate area. By capturing and redirecting such light impingement in the waste gate area, the disclosed device, system and method permits the use of such rejected light for calibration purposes, thereby accomplishing, via the optical fiber collecting mat, a decoupling of the calibration sensor from the heat that accompanies the impinging light on the waste gate area. Further, the disclosed device, system and method facilitate positioning of a calibration sensor outside the primary projection element, thereby overcoming issues associated with the severe space limitations within the projection element. 
   Relative calibration is accomplished according to the present disclosure by measuring a “full light” to “full dark” ratio and developing a pixel by pixel calibration map in the form of a lookup table or algorithm. Absolute calibration is accomplished by adding a means to remotely sense the intensity and spectral character of the image on the screen to provide feedback for the waste gate calibration system that will be contained within the projection system. The calibration map may be applied to the drive constants for the DMD drive engine, i.e., the control system for the individual mirrors associated with a DMD system, or interfaced with a data stream to effect desired calibration thereof, e.g., by interfacing with the data stream as it enters an image display buffer or the like. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 1 , exemplary devices, systems and methods of the present disclosure utilize an internal path inside the DLP optics that contains a combination of raw lamp/filter illumination and image dependent illumination.  FIG. 1  is an illustration of a DLP projection system  100  depicting the DMD optical switching principle in conjunction with a waste light region or channel identified generally at  102 . This channel is referred to as the “waste” channel, because all non-image related data is dumped into region  102 . As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , light from an illumination device indicated by ray  103  enters at 20 degrees from the normal relative to a reflecting surface  104  defining a pixel mirror  106 . When the pixel mirror  106  is rotated 10 degrees clockwise, as illustrated in position  108 , a reflected beam  110  passes through a projection lens  112 . Any reflected beam  110  passing through lens  112  is referred to as being reflected in an image channel. When mirror  106  is rotated 10 degrees counterclockwise, as illustrated in position  114  from a normal position to a primary projection axis or optical axis  116  corresponding to beam  110 , the light is now reflected 40 degrees from the optical axis  116  indicated with beam  118 . The light is reflected 40 degrees from the optical axis  116  because of the angular doubling of the reflection process. As mirror  106  moves into a position  120  normal to the optical axis  116  during the translation process, the light is reflected 20 degrees out of the field of the lens  112 . The region between this deflection and the 40 degree deflection is what is termed the “waste” channel  102 . 
   Channel  102  contains non-image and image dependent light. At this point in the light path, there is a very large, relatively static light component combined with the active signal. The active signal in this location is the light that has been deflected from a screen image  122 . This signal can be considered the “negative” image of the image  122  on a screen  124 . Algebraically, the illuminace at this point can be represented as:
 
 Ws ( t )∝ L ( t )*((1− s ( t ))+ K )   Equation 1.
 
where Ws(t) represents the illuminance signal in the waste channel  102 , s(t) is the image signal, L(t) is the slowly varying lamp output signal and K is the direct current (DC) component of the deflected light in the channel  102 . The (1−s(t)) term is present to indicate that the image signal is inversely proportional to the waste channel signal. In other words, when the screen  124  is dark, the waste channel signal is high and when the screen  124  is light, the waste channel signal is lower, recognizing that the light impinging on the waste area  102  plus the light impinging on the image screen  124  equal unity. Unity can be defined more specifically by the range of intensity reaching the waste gate area  102  from full-on to full-off for the image.
 
   As stated earlier, the deflected or unwanted illumination from the DMD  106  is concentrated in an area that is described herein as the “waste gate”  102 . Illumination levels and temperatures can be extreme in this area. Further, the waste gate  102  may often be of a relatively large size and/or oddly shaped. For this reason, a light collector that can be formed to be disposed in the waste gate and to thereby capture light impinging on the waste gate  102  is desirable. 
   Referring to  FIGS. 2-4 , exemplary embodiments of a device, system and method for use in calibration of a DLP/DMD projection image system are illustrated, including a light collector  200  in operable communication with a sensor  300  monitoring the light reaching the waste gate area  102 . Exemplary embodiments of the disclosed system use a large area light pipe as a light collector ( FIGS. 2 and 3 ), which can be shaped to capture all of the light impinging on all of the waste gate area  102  and to direct this light to a calibration sensor  300  ( FIG. 4 ), thus using the rejected light for calibration. 
   The exemplary light collector  200  of  FIG. 2  is a fabric material with optical fibers  204  woven into the material. An exemplary light collector  200  is also illustrated in  FIG. 3  with optical fibers  204  bonded onto an outer diffuser material. When used in a DLP projector application, the bonded and/or woven materials are preferably black in color to minimize potential extraneous flare. Accordingly, the disclosed device, system and method accomplish, via light collector  200  (e.g., an optical fiber collecting mat), a decoupling of the calibration sensor  300  from the heat that accompanies the impinging light, since the sensor  300  is remote therefrom. Further, the disclosed device, system and method provide means to position a calibration sensor  300  outside of the primary projection element, a requirement due to severe space limitations within the projection element. 
     FIG. 4  illustrates a color sensor form factor  300  for an embedded sensor application in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. Color sensor  300  includes a circuit  302  designed to utilize a single color detector with a processor to manage the sensor. In an exemplary embodiment, a sensor board  304  supporting the sensor functionality measures approximately 2.2 cm×1.5 cm and uses an edge card connector (5 pin) as the main form of attachment (generally indicated at  306 ). Exemplary color sensor  300  utilizes an inter-integrated circuit (12C) bus for communication. 
   A number of processor options are available for use in the color sensor  300 . The lowest cost solution simply manages the sensor and physically collects the data from the sensor. A higher cost solution is also available which actually performs the calibration function utilizing the I2C bus or serial port to send physical commands to the processor. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 5 , one unique example of a light collector  200  is illustrated as a woven fiber optic light emitting panel  204   a  commercially available from Lumitex, Inc. (Strongsville, Ohio). While designed as a light emitter to be used in conjunction with a liquid crystal display (LCD) panel as a backlight, it can also be used in an inverted mode to collect light over a large area and to concentrate the light to a small area. 
   With reference to  FIG. 6 , an exemplary woven fiber optic light emitting panel  204   a  is woven from plastic optical fibers  206  with fill thread  208  woven to transversely abut an apex  210  defining each macro-bend  211  in the optical fiber  206 . The thin, flat panel  204   a  is heat and electromagnetic interference (EMI) free and provides superior brightness, longer life, and significant design flexibility when compared to other lighting products. 
   As in other fiber optic technologies, light is emitted from the panel  204   a  via light entering each highly polished fiber end  212 . However, computer controlled “macro-bends”  214  cause the transmitted light to be emitted from the sides of the fibers  206  through the cladding  216 , indicated generally with rays  218 . The cladding  216  itself is not scratched, hot-stamped or etched. According to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, precisely engineered construction causes all light to be emitted uniformly along the length of the panel  204 . 
   Referring again to  FIG. 5 , layers of fiber optic weave  220  are assembled, together with double sided adhesive (not shown), into as many as eight layers (two layers shown). A Mylar reflector  222  is laminated to the back and a clear vinyl top layer  224  is added for extra durability. For some applications (such as LCD backlighting), a separate diffuser layer is placed between the top weave layer  224  and the clear vinyl. 
   With further reference to  FIGS. 2 ,  3  and  5 , the optical fibers  206  typically extend from the panel  204  in a cable form generally indicated at  225 , are bundled into a brass ferrule  226 , for example, and then the ends  212  are highly polished. The ferrule  226  is generally connected to a remote light source  228 . Light source  228  may take a variety of forms, e.g., a single LED, a low current incandescent lamp/bulb, and/or a halogen lamp with a variety of power ratings. Most light sources are direct current (DC) and have lamp lives ranging from 10,000 hours to 100,000 hours. 
   However, in the present disclosure, the light panel/light collector  200  is used in an inverted mode to collect light at panel  204   a  over a large area and to concentrate the light to a small area at ends  212  of highly polished fibers  206  surrounded by ferrule  226 . The ends  212  of the woven panel assembly are in turn in operable communication with light sensor  300 , as is shown schematically in  FIG. 4 . 
   Use of an optical fiber mat advantageously isolates the heat from the light that is being collected, enabling the use of semiconductor light sensing elements or other light sensing means without the potential for damage, and reduces thermally aggravated parameter drift. Further, use of an optical fiber light collection mat allows the calibration sensor to be positioned remotely from the DMD device, solving the inherent problem of available space. 
   Use of the optical fiber mat depicted in  FIGS. 2-6  as a calibration device will now be described. When the fiber mat/light collector  200  is combined with an optical sensor  300 , as schematically depicted in  FIG. 4  having integral red, green, blue (R, G, B) filters, it is possible to calibrate the sensor/collector combination and then use this sensor to establish and/or maintain calibration of the projector. In an exemplary embodiment, a RGB integral sensor  300 , such as the Taos TCS230, commercially available from Texas Advanced Optoelectronic Solutions, Inc. (Plano Tex.), is used as the primary sensor. This sensor has integral RGB and unfiltered sensors in a 4×4 grid. The sensor converts light intensity directly to a pulse train with a frequency proportional to the intensity of the red, green, and blue components. 
   The individual colors are addressable under digital control and the output of each sensor is a time varying wave form whose frequency is linearly proportional to the light striking the sensor. If the pulses out of the sensor are counted for a fixed period of time, the resultant value is essentially the integral of intensity X time, or the effective exposure. 
                 H   =         ∫   0   t     ⁢       E   ⁡     (   t   )       ⁢     ⅆ   t         ≅     k   *       ∑   0   t     ⁢       s   ⁡     (   t   )       .                   Equation   ⁢           ⁢   2               
where:
     H is exposure in micro-watts/m 2 -secs   E is irradiance in micro-watts/m 2      
   As described above, the light in the waste gate area is inversely proportional to the light striking the screen  124  ( FIG. 1 ). The signal in the waste gate  102  is greatest when the screen  124  is dark and the lowest when the screen  124  is light. A “bias” term is required to correlate the image on the screen  124  to the light in the waste gate  102 .
 
 E   RedScreen =Bias Red   −H   Red  
 
 E   GreenScreen =Bias Green   −H   Green  
 
 E   BlueScreen =Bias Blue   −H   blue    Equation Set 3.
 
     FIG. 7  is a diagram illustrating a calibration arrangement with a reference device  400  and a projector system  410 , both operably connected to a laptop computer  420 . The projector system  410  includes a waste gate calibration system  430  in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. The projector system  410  projects an image signal  440  on a surface of screen  124  while the reference device  400  measures a set of color patches (not shown) displayed on the screen  124  from image signal  440  indicated generally with ray  450 . 
   The system illustrated in  FIG. 7  provides a means for absolute colorimetry in a DLP system by using an external sensor or reference device  400  to measure the screen image to close the loop and to provide data to adjust the internal calibration sensor  300  of system  430 . Absolute calibration is accomplished by adding reference device  400 , which provides a means to remotely sense the intensity and spectral character of the image on the screen, and provide feedback for the waste gate calibration system  430  that is contained within the projection system  410 . 
   The goal of the calibration system  430  is to estimate the amount and absolute color of light on the screen  124  as projected by the projector system  410 ; hence, it is necessary to calibrate the system  410  using the external reference device  400  as illustrated in  FIG. 7 . The bias terms are directly proportional to the maximum luminance and minimum luminance recorded at the surface of the screen  124  and may be calculated using the following set of equations:
 
Bias Red =( Y   white   *Hblack   Red   −Y   black   *Hwhite   Red )/( Y   white   −Y   black )
 
Bias Green =( Y   white   *Hblack   Green   −Y   black   *Hwhite   Green)/(   Y   white   −Y   black )
 
Bias Blue =( Y   white   * Hblack   Blue   −Y   black   *Hwhite   Blue )/( Y   white   −Y   black )   Equation Set 4
 
   After the bias terms are computed, the calorimetric calibration can be performed as described in the following manner: 
   1. A calorimeter is used as the reference device  700  to measure a set of color patches displayed on the screen  124 . 
   2. Simultaneously, the RGB exposure data from the internal sensor  300  associated with the waste gate calibration system  430  is collected and bias corrected. 
   3. The two sets of data are entered into a matrix calculation of the following form: 
   
     
       
         
           
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   4. Then the 3×3 matrix is computed using traditional least squares fitting methods. 
   Relative calibration is accomplished using the measure of a “full light” to “full dark” ratio and developing a level-by-level calibration map in the form of a lookup table or algorithm. More specifically, sensor  300  is used to provide relative colorimetry normalizing the system by measuring the full-on and full-off intensities and developing the appropriate look-up table calibration means or calibrating algorithm parameters. The calibration map may be applied to the drive constants for the DMD drive engine, i.e., the control system for the individual mirrors associated with a DMD system, or interfaced with the data stream as it enters an image display buffer, to effect the desired system calibration. 
   In sum, all of the light in a digital light projection system impinges on the DMD accompanied by a significant amount of associated heat and the DMD device presents severe space limitations. Both of these factors complicate calibration of the DMD with normally used light sensing devices. 
   By recognizing that the wasted light reflected to a waste gate area is highly correlated with the image signal, and that variations develop in the projection system over time, as well as system to system variations, the above described calibration device, system and method are clearly desired and of advantageous utility. In collecting the correlated waste light with an optical fiber element, e.g., an optical fiber mat, in communication with a color sensor, one can develop the necessary table, calculations and algorithms to provide calibration of the primary projected image. 
   Using an optical fiber light collection mat, as described herein, isolates the sensor from the heat associated with the collected light, enabling the use of semiconductor light sensing elements or other light sensing means, and beneficially reduces thermally aggravated parameter drift. Further, use of an optical fiber light collection mat allows the calibration sensor to be positioned remotely from the DMD device, overcoming issues associated with inherent space limitations. Furthermore, the method and system described herein is non-invasive and may be applied to existing designs with minimal modification. 
   The present disclosure thus provides for devices, systems and methods for, among other things, providing: (i) a means enabling the use of semiconductor detectors to calibrate DLP and DMD systems in a hostile ambient environment; (ii) use of the light rejected from passing to the screen or the light rejected from the image (i.e. light redirected away from the primary projection axis to a waste light area) as a source for system calibration; (iii) a means for absolute colorimetry in a DLP system by using an external sensor measuring the screen image to close the loop, to provide data to adjust the internal calibration sensor of the system; (iv) a means for relative colorimetry, using an internal calibration sensor for normalizing the system by measuring the full-on and full-off intensities and developing the appropriate look-up table calibration means or calibrating algorithm parameters; (v) a means to accommodate and/or utilize as much of the odd shaped waste gate area as possible to collect the greatest amount of light entering the waste gate; (vi) a sensor and algorithm with sufficient resolution that it can operate on a “small-difference-of-two-large-numbers” signal with sufficient accuracy; (vii) use of a light intensity to frequency converter and selectable time integration windows to select resolution statically or dynamically; (viii) monitoring and use of the on-to-off light ratio to calibrate intensity range and compensate for the presence of losses and slowly changing variables, when calibrating a DMD device; (ix) a calibration means that is a function of image content, an external screen image sensor and/or environmental factors; and (x) an ability to detect and to provide feedback when any element of the system has gone out of operating range. 
   From the foregoing, it will be readily apparent to those skilled in the pertinent art that the advantageous structures associated with the exemplary calibration devices, systems and methods disclosed herein may be modified, in whole or in part, as may be desired to achieve specific design and/or operational objectives and/or requirements without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. 
   Although the present disclosure has been provided with reference to exemplary embodiments thereof, the present disclosure is not to be limited thereto. Rather, modifications, enhancements and/or variations to the disclosed devices, systems and features are contemplated, and such modifications, enhancements and/or variations will not depart from the spirit or scope of the present disclosure. Moreover, it is specifically contemplated that any one or more of the disclosed exemplary structures may be employed in a DLP, but that it is not necessary that all such structures be implemented to realize the benefits associated with each structure individually. Thus, persons of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the advantageous structures disclosed herein may be employed, in whole or in part, as may be desired to achieve specific design and/or operational objectives and/or requirements.