Abstract:
An inventory system including a plurality of mobile inventory trays with a positioning system that enables the mobile inventory trays to determine their three-dimensional coordinates within a facility and thereby navigate a factory floor. The mobile inventory trays are also equipped with a communication system in order to determine optimum mobile inventory trays to fill order requests for items of inventory. The mobile inventory trays interface with a material handling system to receive order requests and deliver inventory items to pack stations located on the factory floor. The resulting system is a real-time parallel-processing order fulfillment and inventory management system. It is emphasized that this abstract is provided to comply with the rules requiring an abstract that will allow a searcher or other reader to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention relates generally to the field of material handling, more particularly, to systems and methods of material handling using mobile inventory trays. 
   BACKGROUND 
   The order fulfillment step in the distribution system process is often one of the largest cost components in moving inventory from production to end consumer. This is due to the fact that final order assembly is typically labor intensive and time consuming as operators move among inventory locations and manually handle items. The order fulfillment step involves selecting multiple individual inventory items from among a large assortment of possible items. In contrast, the steps prior to the order fulfillment step in the distribution system process are generally more efficient since they handle inventory in bulk operations such as moving a truckload at a time, a full pallet of one product, or even whole cases. 
   Due to its large labor costs, order fulfillment operations have long been the focus of innovations designed to reduce labor. These developments have taken the form of pick-to-light technology, wireless barcode readers, conveyor systems that move orders to operators and even automated storage and retrieval systems (“ASRS”) that bring the inventory to the worker. Common ASRS solutions are sometimes called carousels or stockers. A typical carousel may have several thousand storage bins installed in a rotating structure that operates similar to the spinning clothes rack at a dry cleaning facility. Another type of solution known as a tilt-tray sorter can combine an ASRS with an automated, revolving tray mechanism that helps sort items coming from inventory into their target order bins. Yet another solution is to provide fixed racking aisles served by a gantry robot that moves in and out of the aisles to bring inventory to the front of the storage system. 
   These solutions have been embraced by the distribution industry for their ability to streamline operations and cut operating costs. Yet fulfillment costs remain high and distribution system managers are under continuous pressure to trim operating costs. 
   One major shortcoming of the current set of order fulfillment solutions is complexity. These automated systems often involve complex control software, lengthy installation integration and bring-up time, and fail to perform robustly over long periods. Current solutions must be monitored, tuned, and managed by experts with sophisticated knowledge of the system&#39;s workings. In addition, these systems are often inflexible to new processes that may be required as an organization&#39;s needs change. 
   What is needed is an order fulfillment system that is simple to install, operate, and maintain, and that would further reduce operating costs. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The present invention will be understood more fully from the detailed description that follows and from the accompanying drawings, which however, should not be taken to limit the invention to the specific embodiments shown, but are for explanation and understanding only. 
       FIG. 1  is a top perspective view of a mobile inventory tray according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 2A  is a bottom perspective view of a mobile inventory tray according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 2B  is a front side view of the mobile inventory tray of FIG.  2 A. 
       FIG. 3  is a high-level system block diagram of tray subsystems according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 4A  is a block diagram of a system interface to a warehouse management system according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 4B  is a flow chart showing the steps of an order fulfillment process using mobile inventory trays. 
       FIG. 5  is a top view of mobile inventory trays located on a factory floor according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 6  is a perspective view of mobile inventory trays located on a factory floor according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 7  is a perspective view of mobile inventory trays populating multiple vertical floor levels within a factory space according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 8  is a perspective view of mobile inventory trays on a factory floor showing openings in the floor enclosure according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
   A material handling system and method using mobile autonomous inventory trays and peer-to-peer communications is disclosed. In the following description numerous specific details are set forth, such as the particular configuration of mobile inventory trays, the use of mobile inventory trays on a factory floor, and details regarding communication technologies, etc., in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, persons having ordinary skill in the material handling arts will appreciate that these specific details may not be needed to practice the present invention. 
   According to an embodiment of the present invention, autonomous mobile inventory trays, which are robotic devices, are used to extend the concept of bringing a storage location to an operator (e.g., a person, a robot, etc.) in a novel way. Inventory is stored in mobile trays that can move in any direction under their own power within an established storage area of an organization (e.g., a factory floor). There are no predetermined storage locations for the mobile inventory trays other than that they exist somewhere within a designated space (e.g., an enclosed factory floor). The mobile inventory trays are free to move in any direction necessary including up and down ramps to other inventory floor levels. In this manner, the mobile inventory trays can respond to pick requests and move to pack station locations as part of the pick-and-pack order filling process. The mobile inventory trays may communicate with each other via radio frequency (“RF”) technology (e.g., the Bluetooth wireless protocol link) or other types of peer-to-peer communication. The mobile inventory trays may use a pseudolite indoor global positioning system (“GPS”) to provide themselves with an accurate position of their location within the predefined inventory storage area. The mobile inventory trays may then use this GPS information to calculate routes to a pack station, and their peer-to-peer communications ability to coordinate clear paths on the factory floor, or to queue with other trays at control nodes. 
   The mobile inventory trays of the present invention are thus automatic unguided vehicles (an “AUV”) rather than automatic guided vehicle (an “AGV”). They are able to navigate the factory floor autonomously using information obtained from the on-board GPS and RF communication systems without any guidance assistance from a remote central computer. This system of mobile inventory trays is therefore self-tuning and self-optimizing. Frequently requested trays migrate closer to the pack stations, while trays containing slower moving inventory items drift back and to the sides and may even move to upper levels. In this sense, the material handling system and method of the present invention is a complex adaptive system and demonstrates emergent system behavior. 
   As with all material handling systems, the autonomous storage and retrieval system and method of the present invention may integrate with existing warehouse management software (“WMS”) systems. For example, order requests may be made from a WMS to the material handling system (“MHS”) and relayed to the appropriate pack station computers which then direct the order fulfillment from inventory brought to the pack stations utilizing the mobile inventory trays. Orders may be processed in parallel, i.e., multiple orders may be filled simultaneously at a given pack station and multiple pack stations can operate concurrently. Parallel processing of orders allows for real-time fulfillment of orders, in that multiple orders may be filled in minutes rather than in hours. Operators pick the inventory items from the arriving trays, place the items in the order container and, when the order is complete, the pack station computer relays this information to the MHS which in turn notifies the WMS. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 1  there is shown a perspective view of a mobile inventory tray  101  according to one embodiment of the present invention. Mobile inventory tray  101  is designed so that it may move autonomously on a surface, such as a factory floor (not shown in this view). Although mobile inventory tray  101  may be specifically discussed in reference to its movement on a factory floor, it should be noted that mobile inventory tray  101  may be used in a variety of capacities including those typified by pick-and-pack operations, order fulfillment operations, or assembly line operations where a few items are drawn from a large population of possible items. An example of such an operation is where a single item is drawn from a large population of books, movies, food supplies, subsystem parts, etc. 
   Mobile inventory tray  101  comprises an enclosure  102  to contain various inventory items (not show in this view). In the embodiment illustrated by  FIG. 1 , the enclosure is a circular, one-piece assembly container having a base or bottom wall  103  and a side wall  104  extending upwardly from the bottom wall  103  to create a compartment  105  for the inventory items. It should be noted that the mobile inventory tray does not necessarily need to be circular, as is shown in FIG.  1 . The design of the mobile inventory tray  101  may vary in size and shape based on the type of inventory items the factory stores. Mobile inventory tray  101  also contains a housing  106  for its drive system and control electronics which will be described in more detail later. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 2A  there is shown a bottom perspective view of a mobile inventory tray  101 . Two driving wheels  111  and  112  and three small freely-rotating casters  113 - 115  are shown mounted to the base  103  of the mobile inventory tray  101 . The driving wheels  111  and  112  are operated by motors (not shown in this view) located in the housing  106  of mobile inventory tray  101 . The drive wheels  111  and  112  always remain in contact with the factory floor. Casters  113 - 115  function to support the load and maintain mobile inventory tray  101  in rolling contact with the floor despite imbalances in the items contained in enclosure  102 . The motors may be attached to the driving wheels  111  and  112  in a conventional manner. 
     FIG. 2B  is a front side view of the mobile inventory tray of FIG.  2 A. Casters  113 - 115  roll freely and balance the mobile inventory tray  101  as it moves along a surface (not shown in this view) by using the driving wheels  111  and  112 . It should be noted that the mobile inventory tray  101  may use other locomotion means as well, including motor driven tracks, propellers, ball-wheels or a combination of locomotion devices. 
     FIG. 3  is a high-level block diagram of the subsystems of a mobile inventory tray according to one embodiment of the present invention. The mobile inventory tray subsystem may be implemented as a computer-based (i.e., microprocessor-based) device. For instance, all of the elements shown in  FIG. 3  may be contained within housing  106  (see  FIG. 1 ) secured to the mobile inventory tray. 
   A motor controller  122  controls the movement of the mobile inventory tray in response to drive movement commands received from microprocessor  121 . Motor controller  122  is coupled to provide pulse signals to a left motor  123  and a right motor  124 . The motors  123  and  124  are coupled to the drives wheels (see  FIG. 1 ) which propel the mobile inventory tray forward and backward in response to the signals provided by controller  122 . A control battery  125  and a drive battery  126  provide the electrical power for operating the electrical systems  122  and drive motors  123  and  124 . The mobile inventory tray may move to and couple with charging stations (not shown) as needed to replenish the battery power. 
   Microprocessor  121  of the mobile inventory tray subsystem  119  provides the intelligence for the mobile inventory tray. A random-access (“RAM”)  129  memory may be included to provide memory storage and as a source of data. A global positioning system (“GPS) receiver  127 , radio frequency (“RF”) communication transceiver  128 , and sensors  120  provide signals to microprocessor  121 . For example, GPS receiver  127  outputs position coordinates (x, y, z), while transceiver  128  provides command and other messages, and sensors  120  provide signals to microprocessor  121 . Sensors may include infrared, optical, acoustic, contact, laser, sonar, magnetic, etc. common to mobile robotic vehicles for the purpose of identifying obstacles, avoiding collisions, finding edge limits etc. Microprocessor  121  may also send information (e.g., location, status, diagnostics, etc.) to a remote receiver utilizing transceiver  128 . 
   As the mobile inventory tray moves about the factory floor it may provide itself with an accurate position of its location at all times using the GPS receiver  127 . The GPS receiver  127  or equivalent system receives signals for determination of its position coordinates. This position information may include geographic longitude and latitude, as well as the height above normal zero or Cartesian coordinates in a manner that is commonly known. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that other guidance methods and systems including radar-based inertial navigation using gyroscopes, laser triangulation, cell-based locator logic (e.g., such as the emergency 911 positioning technology), and visual referencing may also be used by the mobile inventory tray to determine its position coordinates. The mobile inventory tray utilizes the position coordinates obtained from the GPS receiver  127  to calculate routes on the factory floor. It may also utilize position information when navigating to clear paths or queue with other mobile inventory trays, as will be described in detail shortly. 
   The mobile inventory tray may communicate its position and other data (e.g., the content of its inventory, its destination pack station, etc.) in a peer-to-peer fashion to other mobile inventory trays using RF communication as provided through receiver  128 . In the embodiment illustrated by  FIG. 3 , a short-range communications medium such as a Bluetooth wireless protocol link or an ordinary infrared communication link may be used to provide a direct wireless link between mobile inventory trays. It should be understood that various wireless and terrestrial communications technologies may be employed. For example, the mobile inventory tray may be equipped with a device for communicating using the Global System for Mobile Communications (“GSM”) protocol, the General Packet Radio Service (“GPRS”) protocol, the 802.11b Wi-Fi networking protocol, and/or any other communication protocol/standard capable of communicating data. In a two-way mode of operation, transceiver  128  is equipped with an interface for both receiving and transmitting data over the direct wireless link. The wireless link may also communicate with the material handling system (“MHS”) (not shown in this view) which interfaces with the individual mobile inventory trays. In this manner, the mobile inventory trays may be directed to various check-in stations and/or pack stations to process orders requested by the MHS. The mobile inventory tray may use the RF communication system provided by transceiver  128  and the GPS receiver  127  to navigate to appropriate check-in stations and/or pack stations. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 4A  there is shown a block diagram of a system interface to a WMS  130  according to one embodiment of the present invention. The WMS  130  comprises a host computer that communicates data such as a production order (i.e., a request for an item(s) of inventory) to a Materials Handling System (“MHS”)  131 . The WMS  130  may be implemented as any one of a number of well known systems used to manage inventory in a factory or warehouse. WMS  130  transmits orders for shipments, tracks receipts, monitors factory inventory, etc. The WMS  130  transmits the request for the item(s) of inventory to the MHS  131  through a network connection, such as an intranet network  132 . It should be noted that a variety of wireless and/or terrestrial communications technologies may also be used to transmit this request, including a wide area network (“WAN”), a local area network (“LAN”), or any other system of interconnections enabling two or more computers to exchange information. The MHS  131  then transmits the data using the above network connection methods to one or more pack station controllers  133 ,  134 , etc. In turn, the pack station controller  133 ,  134 , etc., wirelessly transmits the data request for the item(s) of inventory to one or more of the mobile inventory trays  135 ,  136  via a communication device in the pack station controller  133 ,  134 , etc., using an RF link  137 . 
   There may be multiple mobile inventory trays  135 ,  136 , etc., moving about on a factory floor, with each mobile inventory tray  135 ,  136 , etc., carrying a particular item(s) of inventory. Note, that in certain implementations, it is also possible for a single mobile inventory tray to carry multiple different types of inventory items in order to reduce the overall number of trays needed in the system. When the request for an item(s) of inventory is received by one or more mobile inventory trays  135 ,  136 , etc., the mobile inventory trays transmit the request to peer mobile inventory trays  135 ,  136 , etc. using the RF link  137 . In a matter of seconds (or in a smaller increment of time), every mobile inventory tray  135 ,  136 , etc., has received the request. Mobile inventory trays  135 ,  136 , etc., containing the requested items(s) of inventory are instructed by their microprocessor  121  (see  FIG. 3 ) to move to the pack station controller  133 ,  134 , etc., all the while locating themselves on the factory floor with their GPS (not shown in this view). During movement, the mobile inventory trays  135 ,  136 , etc. may also communicate with other control nodes  138  such as charging stations, obstacle markers, ramp markers, etc. using the RF link  137 . When mobile inventory trays  135 ,  136 , etc., arrive at the pack station controller  133 ,  134 , etc., an operator (e.g., a human, a robot, etc.) removes the requested inventory item(s) from the mobile inventory trays  135 ,  136 , etc. Pack station controller  133 ,  134 , etc., tracks inventory item(s) requests as they are satisfied. This tracking function may be performed by scanning a barcode affixed to the inventory item(s). Pack station controller  133 ,  134 , etc., communicates with the microprocessor  121  on mobile inventory trays  135 ,  136 , etc., so that once an order is satisfied (e.g., requested item(s) is removed from the mobile inventory trays  135 ,  136 , etc., and scanned by the barcode scanner) the mobile inventory trays  135 ,  136 , etc., are released so that they may again move about the factory floor to fill other orders. The pack station controller  133 ,  134 , etc., may also communication with the MHS  131  via the intranet network  132  or via some other wireless and/or terrestrial link, which in turn communicates with the WMS so that it may also track when order requests have been satisfied. 
   It should be noted that each mobile inventory tray  135 ,  136 , etc., receives a supply of a particular item(s) of inventory at one or more check-in station(s)  139 ,  140 , etc., where pallets may arrive from vendors on a regular basis. An operator at the check-in station  139 ,  140  etc. removes items of inventory from the pallets and places the items in the mobile inventory tray  135 ,  136 , etc. For example, mobile inventory tray  135  may carry tubes of toothpaste while mobile inventory tray  136  may carry cartons of milk. Mobile inventory trays  135 ,  136 , etc. know to move themselves to a check-in station  139 ,  140 , etc. to replenish their inventory item(s) as they are depleted. When depleted, the empty mobile inventory tray may take on any new inventory item as determined by the operator at the check-in station. Mobile inventory trays  135 ,  136 , etc., may also receive requests from the MHS  131  to move to check-in station  139 ,  140 , etc. as more pallets arrive. 
   Another embodiment of the present invention provides for giving inventory certain intelligence. According to this embodiment, as depicted by  FIG. 4B , not only can the pack station controller  143  communicate with the inventory, the inventory can also essentially communicate with other inventory via mobile inventory trays.  FIG. 4B  is a flow chart showing the steps of an order fulfillment process using mobile inventory trays interfacing with each other and with the material handling system of FIG.  4 A. In one embodiment, an order (e.g., for bread and milk) is transmitted from the WMS  141  to the MHS. The MHS  142  then relays this order to a pack station controller. The pack station controller  143  transmits the order to mobile inventory trays using an RF link. The mobile inventory trays then communicate among themselves to locate the trays that contain the requested inventory items  144 . When a tray does not contain a requested item it relays the request to peer trays. (e.g., “I do not have bread, but does anyone else have bread?”). The system relays the request all the way across the factory floor in this fashion. In a matter of seconds, every mobile inventory tray that contains requested items begins moving toward the pack station controller  145 . As mobile inventory trays containing requested items move toward the pack station, other mobile inventory trays which are not part of this order coordinate to move aside. If two mobile inventory trays attempting to fill the same item request come within a short range of each other (e.g., 30 feet), they may communicate to determine who should fill the order  146 . One mobile inventory tray may state that it has two loaves of bread, and another mobile inventory tray may state that it has five loaves. Then according to embedded tray selection algorithms, one tray moves aside and the other tray continues to move toward the pack station, because it is the optimum mobile inventory tray to fill the order. In this manner, the system is not only self-regulating but also self-optimizing in that item(s) of inventory that are requested more often drift closer to the pack station for more rapid response on subsequent order requests. As mobile inventory trays arrive at pack station, they communicate with each other to form an orderly queue  147  so that an operator can remove the requested items. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 5  there is shown a top view of multiple mobile inventory trays located on a factory floor according to one embodiment of the present invention. According to the embodiment illustrated by  FIG. 5 , check-in stations  150 ,  151 ,  152 , etc., and pack stations  161 ,  162 ,  163 , etc., are located on opposite sides of a factory floor  170 . It should be noted that the configuration of the factory floor  170  and the location of the check-in stations  150 ,  151 ,  152 , etc., and the pack stations  161 ,  162 ,  163 , etc., in relation to the factory floor  170  may change depending on a variety of considerations (e.g., size and quantity of the inventory item(s) processed, types of inventory item(s), size of the factory floor, etc.). Mobile inventory trays  171 ,  172 ,  173 , etc., are free to move about the factory floor  170  in any direction using the propulsion means disclosed above (see FIGS.  1  and  2 ). The mobile inventory trays  171 ,  172 ,  173 , etc., may be directed to various check-in stations  150 ,  151 ,  152 , etc., and/or pack stations  161 ,  162 ,  163 , etc., to fill order requests by the MHS (not shown in this view). The mobile inventory trays  171 ,  172 ,  173 , etc., form orderly queues as they enter the input areas  181 ,  182  of the check-in stations  150 ,  151 ,  152 , etc., and/or pack stations  161 ,  162 ,  163 , etc. Operators (not shown in this view) move inventory item(s) (not shown in this view) into and out of the mobile inventory trays  171 ,  172 ,  173 , etc., as the mobile inventory trays move through the check-in  150 ,  151 ,  152 , etc. and pack stations  161 ,  162 ,  163 , etc. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 6  there is shown a perspective view of multiple mobile inventory trays located on a factory floor according to one embodiment of the present invention. The mobile inventory trays  190 ,  191 ,  192 , etc., may be of varying sizes and shapes. As shown in  FIG. 6 , the mobile inventory trays  190 ,  191 ,  192 , etc., are circular and vary in size and shape. Mobile inventory trays  190 ,  191 ,  192 , etc., may also be customized to transport specialty items (e.g., items that require special care). There are no predetermined storage locations for the mobile inventory trays  190 ,  191 ,  192 , etc., other than that they exist somewhere within the designated inventory storage area on a factory floor  195 . This is due to the fact that the mobile inventory trays  190 ,  191 ,  192 , etc., are “smart” trays. They direct themselves wherever they need to be on the factory floor  195 . As described herein, the location of the mobile inventory trays  190 ,  191 ,  192 , etc., is not tracked, assigned, or controlled, until they are directed to a pack station or a check-in station (not shown in this view). In this sense, the material handling system and method of the present invention provides for a location-less inventory storage and retrieval system. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 7  there is shown is a perspective view of mobile inventory trays populating multiple vertical floor levels within a factory space according to one embodiment of the present invention. Mobile inventory trays  201 ,  202 ,  203 , etc., are located and free to move about on all vertical floor levels  210 ,  211 ,  212 , etc., within the factory space of a multi-floor inventory storage area  220 . Floor enclosure openings  215  and ramp access  216 ,  217 ,  218 , etc., is provided on every vertical floor level  210 ,  211 ,  212 , so that the mobile inventory trays  201 ,  202 ,  203 , etc. may move freely from floor to floor. Check-in stations and pack stations (not shown in this view) may be located on one floor level  210  or every floor level  211 ,  212 , etc., depending on the configuration of the facility. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 8  there is shown a perspective view of mobile inventory trays on a factory floor showing openings in the floor enclosure according to one embodiment of the present invention. In the embodiment illustrated by  FIG. 8 , mobile inventory trays  221 ,  222 , etc., move through floor enclosure openings  230 ,  231 ,  232 , etc. to gain access to pack stations, check-in stations etc. Ramps may be provided (see  FIG. 7 ) for the mobile inventory trays  221 ,  222 , etc., to move in any direction necessary including up and down the ramps to other inventory floor levels. In this way, mobile inventory trays  221 ,  222 , etc., can respond to pick requests and move to pack station locations (not shown in this view) to fill orders. The mobile inventory trays may also move to other inventory floor levels using other types of mechanisms as well (e.g., elevators). 
   In the foregoing, a material handling system and method using mobile autonomous inventory trays and peer-to-peer communications has been disclosed. Although the present invention has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments, it should be understood that numerous changes in the disclosed embodiments can be made in accordance with the disclosure herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The preceding description, therefore, is not meant to limit the scope of the invention. Rather, the scope of the invention is to be determined only by the appended claims and their equivalent.