Abstract:
A method, and associated apparatus and system, for simultaneous cell group and cyclic prefix (CP) detection, having the steps of determining primary synchronization signal (P-SyS) timing τ using the P-SyS; based on τ, determine a secondary synchronization signal (S-SyS) timing; placing a single Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) window; FFT processing the signal to obtain the frequency domain S-SyS symbols; equalizing the frequency domain S-SyS signal; phase correcting the S-SyS signal; and detecting the cell group and CP length by the correlation giving maximum energy.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/945,399, filed Jun. 21, 2007, and is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/961,603, filed Dec. 2, 2007, now abandoned, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates generally to communication systems and components and, more particularly, to wireless communication systems an components adapted to use Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation techniques. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Evolving mobile cellular standards such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) will likely require modulation techniques such as OFDM in order to deliver higher data rates. OFDM is a method for multiplexing signals which divides the available bandwidth (BW) into a series of frequencies known as sub-carriers. 
     In order to ensure a smooth migration from existing cellular systems to high capacity, high data rate systems using existing radio spectrum, new systems must be able to operate on a flexible BW. Third generation Long Term Evolution (LTE) has been proposed as a new flexible cellular system. LTE is intended as an evolution of the WCDMA standard. LTE will likely use OFDM and operate on BWs spanning from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz. Data rates of up to 100 Mb/s will be possible in the high BW LTE service. 
     Low rate services such as voice are also expected to use LTE. Because LTE is designed for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), voice over IP (VoIP) will likely be the service carrying speech. 
     One important aspect of LTE is the mobility function. As a result, synchronization symbols and cell search procedures are of major importance in order for an apparatus, such as a user equipment (UE), to detect and synchronize with other cells. 
     The proposed cell search scheme for LTE is as follows: 
     1. Detect symbol timing for new cell using the primary synchronization signal (P-SyS). Furthermore, because there are three P-SyS, the UE also detects which of the P-SyS have been transmitted from the cell. The index of each P-SyS identifies the cell ID within a group. P-SyS is transmitted every 5 milliseconds (ms). 
     2. Detect frame timing and cell group using the secondary synchronization signal (S-SyS). The frequency domain representation of P-SyS is used as phase reference and then the S-SyS detection (correlation to different S-SyS sequences) is performed in the frequency domain. 
     3. From steps (1) and (2), the cell ID is detected. 
     4. Read broadcast channel (BCH) to receive cell specific system information 
     In LTE, there will be a possibility of using a short cyclic prefic (CP) or a long CP length. The short CP length (4.7 microseconds (μsec)) will be used for small cells and the long CP length (16.7 μsec) will be used for large cells and broadcast services. The intention is that the UE should detect the cell specific CP length blindly. This is preferably performed prior to detecting the frame timing and cell group using the secondary S-SyS (step 2 of the cell search scheme described above). Blind CP detection can be made in the time domain, as seen in the block diagram  100  of  FIG. 1 . In this case, the UE performs autocorrelation of the received signal with distance T u  corresponding to the OFDM symbol length. The correlation is summed and the power (absolute value) is calculated. Peaks  101 A,  101 B will arrive with a distance of T u +T g  where T g  is the CP length. From that, the CP length can be computed at module  102 . This time-domain approach is suitable for a single frequency, synchronized, network, such as digital video broadcasting-handheld (DVB-H), where signals from all cells are transmitted with the same CP length and are synchronized. However, this will typically not be the case in LTE. In LTE the cells can be operated in a asynchronus mode and different cells might have different CP lengths. This, in turn, will result in a risk of multiple correlation peaks making the time domain CP length detection much more complicated. 
       FIG. 2  shows the synchronization signal (SyS) structure  200  in LTE, for both the long CP  201  and short CP  202  case. A slot with a length of 0.5 ms in LTE consists of 7 OFDM symbols in the short CP case and 6 OFDM symbols in the long CP case. Every 10th slot, that is every 5 ms, the SyS is transmitted. For frequency division duplex (FDD) (full duplex) in LTE, P-SyS is transmitted in the last OFDM symbol in the slot and the S-SyS in the second to last OFDM symbol. For time division duplex (TDD), the S-SyS is transmitted in the last OFDM symbol and P-SyS is transmitted in the first OFDM symbol in the next slot. 
     It would be advantageous to have a low complexity blind CP detection method and apparatus that is robust also in scenarios existing in OFDM cellular system like LTE. The present invention provides such a method and apparatus. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a block diagram for performing blind CP detection in the time domain; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates the synchronization signal (SyS) structure in LTE, for the long CP and short CP case; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates, in detail, the SyS timing relationships for the long CP and short CP, with an overlay of the S-SyS FFT timing used by the present invention; 
         FIG. 4  provides a flowchart of the method of the present invention; 
         FIG. 5  is a block diagram of an apparatus adapted to implement the method of the present invention 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a system in which the method of the present invention may be implemented. 
     
    
    
     SUMMARY 
     The present invention is a method, apparatus and system to simultaneously determine the CP length and the cell group during the cell search step of detecting the frame timing and cell group using the S-SyS in a wireless telecommunications system. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present invention is a method to simultaneously determine the CP length and the cell group during the cell search when detecting the frame timing and cell group using the S-SyS by time adjusting the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) window for the S-SyS. The present invention further includes an apparatus and system adapted to implement said method. 
     When the P-SyS 5 ms timing is detected, the timing for S-SyS can be computed for both for the long CP and short CP length case, that is, the placement of the FFT window for both cases can be determined. In the present invention, the FFT window for S-SyS is set between the estimated timing for the long CP and short CP. Then, the channel in the frequency domain is positive phase shifted for the long CP length and negative phase shifted for the short CP relative the channel determined by the P-SyS. Therefore, prior to the correlation to the S-SyS sequences, the received frequency domain transformed S-SyS signal is positive and negative phase corrected and the S-SyS sequences are correlated to both corrected signals. The SyS sequence and correction giving maximum energy is detected as the cell group and the length of CP. As noted, the CP can be detected in the frequency domain, avoiding the multiple peak problem of the conventional method, while advantageously using only one FFT processing. Hence the method of the present invention is robust and has low complexity. 
     In  FIG. 3 , the SyS timing relationships for the long CP and short CP are shown in more detail, together with an illustration of the S-SyS FFT timing  305  used in the present invention. As noted, first the apparatus correlates the P-SyS signals to the received signal in order to find the P-SyS sequence as well as P-SyS signal timing (providing 5 ms timing information). Ideally, the time instant  301  is detected, however due to, inter alia, noise, the correct timing might not be found, e.g., a chip could differ. Nevertheless, it is assumed that perfect timing is determined. The apparatus does not know if the cell has a long CP or short CP, hence either of the cases  302  or  303  is possible. The apparatus does have knowledge of the correct timing, subject to determination of there being a long CP  302  or short CP  303 . Hence, in principal, the apparatus could set an FFT window on both places, perform two FFT operations and then perform the S-SyS detection to find the best match. However, such an operation requires two FFT operations, whereas the present invention only requires one FFT operation. As noted, the present invention is adapted to have an FFT time instant in between  302  and  303 , shown in  FIG. 3  as  304 . The timing position is preferably chosen in the middle between  302  and  303  so as to introduce equal phase shift for the two cases, but the present invention is not limited to that case. A further embodiment of the present invention is to place the window based on the probabilities of short and long CP. If the probability is larger for a shorter CP the FFT-window is placed more to the right and vice versa. The benefit of this is less noise is introduced due to ISI for the most probable CP length when performing the S-SyS detection. One way to determine the probability is based on the CP length of the NB cells. 
     As is known from FFT processing of OFDM symbols, a sampling error of −n chips (relative ideal timing) gives a rotation of −2πn/N FFT  radians between consecutive sub-carriers, where N FFT  is the length of the FFT. The foregoing relationship is true as long as the sampling error is within the CP, and therefore, if n is known it can be perfectly compensated for in the detection process. As can be seen in  FIG. 3 , the FFT time instant  304  is outside the CP in both the long CP and short CP case, hence inter symbol interference (ISI) is introduced. The sampling time  304  introduces a sampling error in the order of 5-10% of the OFDM symbol length and such sampling error introduces distortion in the order of 7 to 8 dB signal to distortion ratio (SDR). However, the cell search is designed for detection in the range of a signal to noise ratio (SNR) of −6 to 0 dB, i.e., scenarios where the noise is stronger than the signal. Hence, the SDR introduced due to ISI is a magnitude smaller than the SNR for a typical cell search scenario and therefore, this ISI only contributes a negligible part of the noise power. 
     Assume sampling at time instant  304  results in a ±n chip sampling error to the ideal timing in the long CP (+) and short CP (−) case. A mathematical model of the frequency domain received S-SyS symbol at sub-carrier k (where N used  sub-carriers are used for S-SyS sequences) can now be written:
 
 Y   k   S-SyS   =e   ±j2π·n·k/N     FFT     H   k   s   k   +e   k +ε k   ISI   , k= 1 , . . . , N used  (1)
 
     where + is true if it is a long CP (positive), and − is true if it is a short CP (negative). The channel H i  is estimated using the P-SyS as a phase reference and hence can be equalized, i.e. can determine the CP length as well as the cell group of the received S-SyS. Equalization can be accomplished using a variety of techniques. For example, and without limitation, the following steps can be used to perform the equalization: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
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     Now, two de-rotated versions, each version phase corrected with the phase shift corresponding to the long CP and short CP of the received S-SyS are generated and the two phase corrected versions are correlated to all possible M S-SyS sequences and the correlation giving the highest power is used to determine the CP length as well as the cell group. Mathematically speaking, the following steps are performed: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
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     A flowchart  400  illustrating the method of the present invention is provided in  FIG. 4 . As seen therein, in step  401 , the P-SyS timing τ is determined using the P-SyS, which corresponds to  301  of  FIG. 3 . In step  402 , the S-SyS timing is determined, corresponding to  304  of  FIG. 3 . In step  403 , the FFT window is placed and the signal is FFT processed to obtain the frequency domain S-SyS symbols. In step  404 , the frequency domain S-SyS signal is equalized, for example in accordance with equation (2), and then phase corrected according to equations (3) and (4). In step  405 , the cell group and CP length detected are given by the correlation giving maximum energy according to equation (5). 
     An apparatus adapted to implement the method of the present invention is provided in  FIG. 5 .  FIG. 5  is a high-level block diagram  500  of an apparatus of the present invention, comprising an antenna  501 , front end receiver (Fe RX)  502 , analog to digital converter (ADC)  503 , P-SyS correlation module  504 , S-SyS timing module  505 , Fast Fourier Transform module  506 , Phase correction module  507 , channel estimation module  508 , detector  509  and S-SyS detector  510 . As seen therein, the apparatus, which may include a UE, is adapted to perform the following operations: 
     After signal is received at antenna  501  and demodulated at FE RX  502  it is converted into a digital signal at ADC  503 . The P-SyS timing τ is determined using the P-SyS, which corresponds to  301  of  FIG. 3 , at P-SYS correlation module  504 . 
     The S-SyS timing is derived at S-SyS timing module  505 , based on outcome from P-SyS, corresponding to  304  of  FIG. 3 . The FFT window is placed and the signal is FFT processed to obtain the frequency domain S-SyS symbols at FFT module  506 . The frequency domain S-SyS signal is equalized, for example, in accordance with equation (2) and then phase corrected according to equations (3) and (4). The cell group and CP length detected are given by the correlation giving maximum energy according to equation (5) in S-SyS detector module  510 . In channel estimation unit  508 , the channel H is estimated. For S-SyS detection, the f-domain representation of the P-SyS is used as pilots for the channel estimation used for S-SyS equalization. Furthermore the reference symbols (pilots) are used to obtain the channel estimate used for data equalization and detection in detector  509 . 
       FIG. 6  illustrates a wireless network  600  in which an apparatus according to the principles of the present invention may be used. Wireless network  600  comprises a plurality of cell sites  601 A . . .  601 N each containing a base station (BS) adapted to communicate with apparatus  602 . Apparatus  602  may be any suitable wireless devices, including a UE, cellular radiotelephones, handset devices, personal digital assistants, portable computers, or metering devices. The present invention is not limited to mobile handsets. Other types of access terminals, including fixed wireless terminals, may be used. However, for the sake of simplicity, only UES are shown and discussed herein. 
     Dotted lines  603  show the approximate boundaries of the cell sites  601 . The cell sites are shown approximately circular for the purposes of illustration and explanation only. It should be clearly understood that the cell sites often have other irregular shapes, depending on the cell configuration selected and natural and man-made obstructions. 
     As is well known in the art, cell sites  601  are comprised of a plurality of sectors (not shown), each sector being illuminated by a directional antenna coupled to the base station. The embodiment of  FIG. 6  illustrates the base station in the center of the cell. Alternate embodiments position the directional antennas in corners of the sectors. The system of the present invention is not limited to any particular cell site configuration. 
     In the wireless network  600 , apparatus  602  is located in cell sites  601 A,  601 B and is in communication with serving cell  601 B. Apparatus  602  is also located close to the edge of cell site  601 B. Apparatus  602  routinely performs cell searches to detect the base stations of a wireless network in the vicinity of the apparatus  602 . Whenever an apparatus is turned on, an initial cell search is performed in order to search for and acquire at least one of the base stations of wireless network. Thereafter, the apparatus continues to perform cell searches in order to determine the strongest base station(s) in the vicinity and to identify available base stations to which the mobile station may be transferred in case it is necessary to perform a handoff. To improve the efficiency of these cell searches, the system of the present invention includes the apparatus of  FIG. 5  in combination with wireless network. 
     There have been described and illustrated herein methods, apparatus, and systems to simultaneously determine the CP length and the cell group during the cell search by time adjusting the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) window for the S-SyS. While particular embodiments of the present invention have been described, it is not intended that the present invention be limited thereto, as it is intended that the invention be as broad in scope as the art will allow and that the specification be read likewise. For example, the method can be used where there are more than two CP length hypotheses present. In such case, the phase de-rotation is proportional to the difference between the used sampling time instant and the ideal sampling instant for each respective CP length hypothesis. Then the steps described herein can be applied. Further, while the apparatus of the invention is shown in block diagram format, it will be appreciated that the block diagram may be representative of and implemented by hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. Moreover, the functionality of certain aspects of the block diagram can be obtained by equivalent or suitable structure. For example, instead of an FFT, other Fourier transform means could be utilized. It will therefore be appreciated by those skilled in the art that yet other modifications could be made to the provided invention without deviating from its spirit and scope as claimed.