Abstract:
An aerial vehicle adapted for vertical takeoff and landing using a set of wing tip mounted thrust producing elements for takeoff and landing. An aerial vehicle which is adapted to vertical takeoff with the wings in a horizontal flight attitude then transitions to a horizontal flight path. An aerial vehicle which uses different configurations of its wing tip mounted, VTOL enabling rotors to reduce drag in all flight modes.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to powered flight, and more specifically to a vertical take-off and landing aircraft with multi-configuration wing tip mounted rotors. 
     Description of Related Art 
     There are generally three types of vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) configurations: wing type configurations having a fuselage with rotatable wings and engines or fixed wings with vectored thrust engines for vertical and horizontal translational flight; helicopter type configuration having a fuselage with a rotor mounted above which provides lift and thrust; and ducted type configurations having a fuselage with a ducted rotor system which provides translational flight as well as vertical takeoff and landing capabilities. 
     In order to provide efficiency in both vertical take-off and forward flight modes, improvements to past systems must be made. What is called for is a vertical take-off and landing aircraft that incorporates efficiencies into all use modes. 
     SUMMARY 
     An aerial vehicle adapted for vertical takeoff and landing using a set of wing tip mounted thrust producing elements for takeoff and landing. An aerial vehicle which is adapted to vertical takeoff with the wings in a horizontal flight attitude that then transitions to a horizontal flight path. An aerial vehicle which uses different configurations of its wing tip mounted, VTOL enabling rotors to reduce drag in all flight modes. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a perspective view of an aerial vehicle in forward flight according to some embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a front view of an aerial vehicle in a forward flight configuration according to some embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a perspective view of an aerial vehicle in takeoff configuration according to some embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  is a front view of an aerial vehicle in takeoff configuration according to some embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  is a perspective view of an aerial vehicle in takeoff configuration with some cowlings removed for viewing, according to some embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 6  is a front view of the wing and wing tip of an aerial vehicle in forward flight configuration according to some embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7  is a top view of the wing and wing tip of an aerial vehicle in forward flight configuration according to some embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 8  is a top view of the wing and wing tip of an aerial vehicle in takeoff configuration according to some embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 9  is a front view of the wing and wing tip of an aerial vehicle in takeoff configuration according to some embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 10  is view of the wing tip rotor of an aerial vehicle according to some embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 11  is a view of the wing tip rotor and blade linkages of an aerial vehicle according to some embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 12  is a partial internal view of the wing tip rotor and blade linkages of an aerial vehicle according to some embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 13A-D  illustrate the deployment of the tip rotors from a stowed to a deployed position. 
         FIG. 14  illustrates an aerial vehicle with multiple wing tip rotors according to some embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 15  illustrates data relating to voracity magnitude for designs according to some embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 16A-B  illustrate data relating to pressure and pressure contours for designs according to some embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 17  illustrates pitch rotation of the wing tip rotors according to some embodiments of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Although vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft have always been desired, compromises in the realization of these aircraft have limited their usefulness and adoption to certain niches. Notably, helicopters are relatively loud, slow, short-ranged, and expensive to operate. The present invention is capitalizing on advances in electric motors, battery technology, and control systems to create revolutionary VTOL aircraft that are quiet, safe, and efficient. 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, as seen in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , an aerial vehicle  100  is seen in forward flight configuration. The aircraft body  101  supports a left wing  102  and a right wing  103 . The aircraft body  101  extends rearward is also attached to raised horizontal stabilizer  104  which may be attached to a vertical stabilizer with a rotational coupling. The horizontal stabilizer has a rear motor  105  attached thereto. 
     The right wing  103  has wing tip features  106 ,  107  adapted to provide lift and reduce drag. The left wing  102  has wing tip features  108 ,  109  also adapted to provide lift and reduce drag. In a typical forward flight operating scenario, the aerial vehicle  100  may fly as a traditional airplane, although powered by a rear mounted motor and propeller  105 . 
       FIGS. 3 and 4  illustrate a perspective view and a front view, respectively, of the aerial vehicle  100  in a takeoff (or landing) configuration. In this configuration, using the right wing  103  as an example, the wing tip features  106 ,  107  have been reconfigured relative to each other, and relative to the right wing  103 . In this reconfigured configuration, the wing tip features  106 ,  107  are able to operate as a vertically oriented propeller, powered by an electric motor  110  mounted within the right wing  103 . The raised rear elevator  104  is seen in  FIGS. 3 and 4  in a takeoff configuration where the rear elevator has rotated relative to the vertical stabilizer, and to the aircraft body  101 , to allow the rear motor  105  to provide a predominantly vertical thrust. The aircraft&#39;s center of gravity is located between the wing and the tail, so when tilted upwards, this propeller of the rear motor  105  provides adequate pitch control in both directions in vertical flight via differential RPM control of the tail propeller and the wingtip rotors. This propeller tilts forward during transition and is the sole propulsion source in horizontal flight. The horizontal tail, placed in a T-tail configuration, tilts with the propeller to reduce download on the surface and provide additional control by always locating the elevator in the propwash. Placing this propeller on the tail instead of on the nose provides the benefit of reduced scrubbing drag in horizontal flight. The vertical tail is swept such that the leading edge is vertical to maximize propeller clearance. 
     In steady vertical flight, the three rotors are nominally run at a low tip speed of 350 feet/second to significantly reduce noise during takeoff and landing. Custom electric motor designs eliminate the need for gearboxes, reducing weight and noise and improving reliability. An active control system stabilizes the aircraft in vertical and transitional flight, reducing pilot workload and simplifying control. Conventional takeoffs and landings are possible in the horizontal flight configuration. 
     Of note is the design of the wing tip features and their use in a forward flight configuration, as seen in  FIGS. 6 and 7 , and their use in a takeoff configuration, as seen in  FIGS. 8 and 9 . A two-bladed variation has been designed in which both blades pivot to become two separate tandem wingtips in horizontal flight. Employing two blades improves rotor efficiency and reduces cyclic loading. This geometry results in the airflow arriving from the leading edges of the blades in both vertical and horizontal flight, requiring fewer design compromises, and better efficiency in all flight modes. The two blades balance the propeller, precluding the need for a counterweight. 
     As seen in  FIGS. 10 and 11 , a brushless electric motor is located in each wingtip. The stator is fixed to or within the wing, and the blades are rigidly attached to the rotor, without flapping, lead/lag, or feathering hinges. In vertical flight, the blades are locked 180 degrees away from each other to form a conventional two-bladed rotor, and in horizontal flight, the blades are repositioned to act as two discrete tandem wingtips. Dihedral in the wing provides adequate clearance between the wing and the blades in vertical flight. Roll control in vertical flight is provided by differential RPM control of the two wingtip motors. 
       FIG. 12  illustrates an aspect of the multi-configuration tip rotors according to some embodiments of the present invention. An electric motor  110  embedded in wing, such as right wing  103 , would have its stator  112  embedded into, or otherwise affixed to, the wing structure. The rotor  111  of the motor  110  is adapted to rotate within the stator  112  around a motor rotation axis  120 . The wing tip features  106 ,  107  which also become blades as a propeller for the motor in the takeoff configuration, deploy from their individual first locations relative to each other, and to the rotor, to their individual second locations relative to each other, and to the rotor. Within the rotor  111 , each tip rotor may be able to rotate around its own deployment axis  121 ,  122 . As each tip rotor rotates around its deployment axis to its individual deployed position, the tip rotors seen as vortex shedding wing tip features rotate, and reconfigure, to the deployed position of a two bladed propeller. Again, the tip rotors as propeller blades use a configured position well adapted for propeller flight, and the tip rotors as wing tip features use a position well adapted for low drag and vortex shedding. In both configurations, the leading edges into the apparent wind are the designed leading edges of the tip rotors. 
     The transition of the wing tips to rotor blades may include the following sequence: 1) A solenoid releases, unlocking the blades. This solenoid holds the blades in position during cruise. 2) The rotor (B) rotates 80 degrees; during this rotation, linkages rotate the blades away from each other into diametrically-opposed positions. 3) A second solenoid releases the linkage plate inside the rotor, and the blades are now held in position fixed relative to each other by a spring. In this configuration, rotation of the rotor causes both blades to rotate in the same direction. 
       FIG. 13A-D  illustrate the transition of the tip rotors from a forward flight configuration as tandem wing tips to a takeoff position as motor driven propellers. As seen, the tip rotors are configured as tandem wing tips in the forward flight configuration of  FIG. 13A . The tip rotors transition to a takeoff configuration, until that configuration is reached, as seen in  FIG. 13D . In some embodiments, the wing tip rotors are attached to the wings with a controllable rotary mechanism such that the rotors may be adjusted in pitch while in use during takeoff and landing. In some aspects, the rotation of the wing tip rotors in the pitch axis will facilitate transition from vertical to horizontal flight modes.  FIG. 17  illustrates the tip rotors in a pitched position. 
     Design and Analysis: Initial configuration designs were performed using a purpose-written configuration analysis code. This code allowed the parametric definition of a configuration and mission; using this definition, the component masses and moments of inertia were estimated, and AVL, a vortex-lattice tool that was developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was run to estimate drag and stability of the wings and tails. Statistical methods were employed to estimate the effects on drag and static longitudinal stability of the fuselage, as well as other parasitic drag sources not properly captured by vortex-lattice analysis (interference drag and leakage and protuberance drag). The code began with a provided takeoff weight and computed the available payload mass, allowing range to be computed if a portion of this payload mass is used for fuel or batteries. Although this configuration ties the disk loading and planform geometry together in unusual and unfamiliar ways, use of this code in this way aids in the identification of important trends and tradeoffs. For example, if the wingtip blade radius is too high for a given total wing area and aspect ratio, the wing taper ratio becomes too high to be structurally efficient, resulting in a tradeoff in power requirements between cruise (through wing size and aspect ratio) and vertical flight (through disk loading). 
     Initial aerodynamic and acoustic design of the rotor blades was performed using a blade-element momentum design and analysis code suite employing the 2D viscous panel code XFOIL to estimate section aerodynamics, Goldstein&#39;s vortex theory to predict induced velocities, and the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings equation to estimate acoustics. Due to increasing dynamic pressure with radius when the blades are operated as rotor blades, rotor performance is more sensitive to the design of the outer portion of the blades; conversely, due to the larger chord near the root, performance in horizontal flight, when the blades are positioned as wingtips, is more sensitive to the root design. Therefore, twist and chord in the inboard portion of the blades were chosen to improve aerodynamics in horizontal flight by imposing constraints in the rotor design code. Airfoils were chosen by 2D viscous panel code analysis of many airfoil designs, including custom designs, at the conditions encountered in both the vertical flight configuration, when the blades act as rotor blades, and the forward flight configuration, when the blades act as wingtips. Blade thickness was conservatively chosen to preclude the possibility of adverse aeroelastic effects. 
     Extensive CFD analyses have been performed to further guide design of both the airframe configuration and wingtip blades. STAR-CCM+, a commercial CFD code, was used for both mesh generation and CFD solutions. Unstructured meshes were employed, and Navier-Stokes simulations were run using the SST k-ω turbulence model and the γ-Reθ transition model. These simulations were used to tune the spanwise lift distribution of the aircraft in forward flight for maximum efficiency, check stability predictions of lower-fidelity analyses, and estimate rotor efficiency and download caused by the wing. A CFD result for a 55-pound prototype at 43 knot cruise at standard sea level conditions is shown in  FIG. 15 , showing the complex tip vortex system that develops. Results of this configuration show a L/D in excess of 20 at this flight condition, although this is expected to be somewhat reduced in the flight vehicle due to control surface gaps, antennas, motor cooling, etc. 
       FIGS. 16A-B  shows results of CFD analyses of the blade performance of a 55-pound prototype in a 100 ft/min axial climb at standard sea level conditions. Uninstalled figure of merit (computed as the ratio of ideal climb power required from momentum theory to computed power) is 72%, and the required thrust increment due to the download on the wing is 13%. 
       FIG. 16A  illustrates uninstalled blades with isosurfaces of constant voracity magnitude and with blades contoured by Cp* (the pressure co-efficient non-dimensionalized by the local rotational velocity).  FIG. 16B  illustrates The blades and the wing, with 25% chord flaps deflected to 55 degrees, showing download effects on the wing via pressure contours. 
       FIG. 14  illustrates another embodiment of an aerial vehicle using tip rotors on both the wings and the rear elevators. 
     As evident from the above description, a wide variety of embodiments may be configured from the description given herein and additional advantages and modifications will readily occur to those skilled in the art. The invention in its broader aspects is, therefore, not limited to the specific details and illustrative examples shown and described. Accordingly, departures from such details may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the applicant&#39;s general invention.