Abstract:
A micro-optical-mechanical-electro-system (MOMES)-based non-invasive blood glucose monitor comprises a micromachined infrared spectrometer array, a micromachined infrared mechanical modulator array, at least one micromachined infrared tunable filter, and at least one infrared detector. Each spectrometer is aligned with a mechanical modulator along its optical axis direction. The spectrometer continuously divides a monochromatic infrared light in a wavelength range within 0.8 to 25 micron from an infrared light. The aligned mechanical modulator turns the monochromatic infrared light into an alternating monochromatic infrared light. The tunable filter is aligned with the infrared detector along its optical axis direction. The tunable filter selects the back-diffused alternating monochromatic infrared light emitted from a measured blood subject that is illuminated by the alternating monochromatic infrared light. The infrared detector converts the back-diffused alternating monochromatic infrared light into an alternating electronic signal. Then a photo-integrated circuit (IC) combines with the infrared detector for synchronous detection and amplification of the electronic signal generated by the synchronous detection.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    This invention is generally related to a non-invasive blood glucose monitor, and more particularly to a non-invasive blood glucose monitor based on micro-optical-mechanical-electro-system (MOMES).  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    Non-invasive measurement of blood glucose concentration offers many advantages over invasive measurements, since the intermittent tests, which are widely practiced by diabetic patients, involve pain and discomfort from frequent finger-pricking.  
           [0003]    Non-invasive measurement approaches of blood glucose concentration based on absorption measurements in the infrared region have been explored more than 20 years.  
           [0004]    An early U.S. Pat. No. 4,169,676 (October, 1979) to Kaiser shows a method for the use of attenuated total reflection glucose measurement by placing the attenuated total reflection plate directly against the skin and especially against the tongue. The procedure and device shown there uses a laser and determines the content of glucose in a specific living tissue sample by comparing the infrared absorption of the measured material against the absorption of infrared in a control solution by use of a reference prism.  
           [0005]    Another early U.S. Pat. No. 4,655,225 (April, 1987) to Dahne, et al. describes an apparatus for non-invasively measuring the level of glucose in a blood stream or tissues. The method is photometric and uses light in the near-infrared region. Dahner&#39;s device is jointly made up to two main sections, a light source and a detector section. They may be situated about a body part such as a finger. The desired near-infrared light is achieved by use of filters. The detector section is made up of a light-collecting integrating sphere or half-sphere leading to a means for detecting wavelengths in the near-infrared region.  
           [0006]    In recent years more methods and apparatus have been proposed. U.S. Pat. No. 5,974,337 (Oct. 26, 1999) describes an instrument for non-invasive glucose measurement. The described instrument irradiates the distal phalanx of a subject&#39;s finger with light in the near infrared. The transmitted or reflected radiation is detected and analyzed and an estimate of blood glucose level made. The signal is coupled with a fiber optic probe by means of a conventional arrangement of lenses and mirrors. Illumination fibers and collection fibers are provided in separate structures.  
           [0007]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,424,545 (Jun. 13, 1995) describes an instrument for non-invasive blood analyte determination that relies on calorimetric analysis to arrive at a blood analyte determination. A light beam is coupled with an illumination fiber by means of lenses and mirrors.  
           [0008]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,064,898 (May 16, 2000) describes a non-invasive blood component analyzer that provides built-in path length monitoring to allow use in subjects of varying finger size. It provides a light source either from LED&#39;s or from a lamp. The light is simply emitted in the vicinity of the sampling site and coupled through the atmosphere.  
           [0009]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,782,755 (Jul. 21, 1998) discloses a method of spatial resolved diffused reflectance for measurement of glucose in a biological system. It uses multiple spot sources, such as flash bulbs, and a single detector. The light sources are spaced different distances along a single line from a detector and are sequenced at different time intervals to derive the spatial reflectance profiles.  
           [0010]    All above-mentioned methods and apparatus are impossible to detect on the spectrum the relative heights of the waveform (peak and trough), which are finely varied by the coupling of glucose and protein, resulting in insufficiency in the accuracy and reproducibility of the blood glucose measurement.  
           [0011]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,031,233 (Feb. 29, 2000) describes an apparatus based on an infrared spectrometer. Light is emitted from a lamp and passed through an acousto-optical tuning filter for wavelength selection. The acoustic-optical tuning filter is composed of a high frequency electric power source, a high frequency vibrator, and an acousto-optic variable oscillator. The filtered light is focused through one or more lenses and directed toward the measurement site through a window. The use of the acousto-optical tuning filter for wavelength selection requires a wavelength synthesizer and an RF amplifier.  
           [0012]    This apparatus is not only complicated and expensive but also leaves several problems to be solved.  
           [0013]    Problem 1, the light absorbed by the tissue subjected to analysis constitutes, together with other losses due to scattered stray radiations and RF interference, signals inherent to the practice of the method and the apparatus components, the background response noise from which the useful signals must be separated.  
           [0014]    Problem 2, skin tissue is composed of various compositions of fat and protein, as well as veins, arteries, and bones. Such heterogeneous structure can contribute to local variation of the light absorption and scattering.  
           [0015]    Problem 3, a temporal variation in glucose concentration is associated with blood flow changes during a heartbeat process of the blood subject of measurement. Data received at individual points of the heartbeat process are not the same.  
           [0016]    Problem 4, portable and handheld non-invasive blood glucose instruments are demanded for point of care and in home use. Such instruments in which light is coupled by means of an arrangement of conventional lenses and mirrors have high space requirements and they are highly vulnerable to mechanical shock.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0017]    Accordingly, it is intended to provide a non-invasive blood glucose monitor of solving the aforementioned problems, excelling in accuracy and reproducibility.  
           [0018]    It is an object of the present invention to provide a non-invasive blood glucose monitor with main components being MOMES devices so that it is small enough to fit the palm of your hand.  
           [0019]    Furthermore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a non-invasive blood glucose monitor that enables to use a combination of modulated monochromatic infrared light and synchronous detection technology for maximizing the electronic single-to-noise ratio.  
           [0020]    It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a non-invasive blood glucose monitor that enables the use of a tunable filter to eliminate stray infrared radiation so that the optical signal to noise ratio can be maximized.  
           [0021]    It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a non-invasive blood glucose monitor that enables selecting and switching of the illumination infrared light in an infrared wavelength range so that an infrared absorbance spectrum of the blood subject of measurement can be obtained.  
           [0022]    It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a non-invasive blood glucose monitor that enables scanning over a large area of measurement so that the poor reproducibility caused by non-homogeneity of the subject of measurement can be overcome.  
           [0023]    It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a non-invasive blood glucose monitor that enables the measurement of blood glucose in a period of a heartbeat and an average can be made to eliminate the blood flow changes due to heartbeat.  
           [0024]    In order to realize the above-mentioned objects, the present invention provides a MOMES-based non-invasive blood glucose monitor consisting primarily of a micromachined infrared interferometer array, a micromachined infrared mechanical modulator array, a micromachined infrared tunable filter, and needed driver and signal processing integrated circuits.  
           [0025]    The micromachined infrared interferometer array, micromachined infrared mechanical modulator array, and micromachined infrared tunable filter are an adaptation of Fabry-Perot devices that employ the principle of optic interference. The basic unit is a Fabry-Perot cavity consisting of two parallel planar reflectors separated by an air gap. At least two flexible beams support one of the two reflectors. Applying a voltage to the two reflectors can change the length of the air gap.  
           [0026]    Infrared light passes through one of the two reflectors and is multiply reflected within the cavity. The multiply transmitted light beams interact with each other creating optical interference effects, which result in the transmission, through the other reflector, of only one particular wavelength and its harmonics.  
           [0027]    The MOMES is a device that is, in general, built using micromaching and standard integrated circuit techniques. Starting with a silicon wafer and depositing a series of films such as nitrides, polysilicon, oxides and metals, one builds a complex three-dimensional structure in much the same way one builds an integrated circuit. However, unlike integrated circuits, one then releases the device by etching away the oxides, producing a structure that can move. This subtle change in processing allows one to produce optical devices that move, including data modulators, variable attenuators, optical switches, active equalizers, add/drop multiplexers, optical cross-connects, dispersion compensators, all-optical switches, filters, tunable laser sources, active packages and adaptive optical elements.  
           [0028]    The micromachined infrared interferometer array and micromachined infrared detector are mounted on the surface of a substrate and the micromachined infrared mechanical modulator array and micromachined infrared tunable filter are mounted on the surface of another substrate. The substrates may incorporate three driver circuits and a photo-integrated circuit. The monitor further consists of at least one infrared thermal radiator, at least one collimator, a band pass infrared filter, an electronic filter, an A/D converter, a microprocessor, and a display.  
           [0029]    In operation of the monitor, an infrared light source irradiates an infrared light. The infrared light passes through a band pass filter that covers a wavelength range within 0.8 to 2.5 μm or 2.5 to 25 μm. An actuated micromachined interferometer divides a monochromatic infrared light from the filtered infrared light. An actuated mechanical modulator converts the monochromatic infrared light into an alternating monochromatic infrared light. The alternating infrared light illuminates a first portion of a blood subject of measurement. A back-diffused alternating infrared light from the first portion of the blood subject of measurement passes through the actuated micromachined tunable filter. The infrared detector converts the filtered back-diffused alternating infrared light into an alternating electronic signal. After amplification the alternating electronic signal is demodulated and converted into a digital signal. A microprocessor is used to process the digital signal for producing the data of the first portion of the blood subject. In the same way the rest of the micromachined interferometers and mechanical modulators are actuated in turn for producing the blood glucose data of the other portions of the blood subject. Again in the same way a plurality of monochromatic infrared lights each with a central wavelength are divided from the infrared light and each monochromatic infrared light is used to repeat the above-mentioned steps for collecting a corresponding blood glucose data of the blood subject.  
           [0030]    The foregoing monitor offers a number of advantages. Since the monitor is based on MOMES, it can be made small enough to fit into the palm of your hand. It allows using mature microelectronic technology for batch-production so that the production cost can be reduced substantially. It permits the infrared light being passively aligned where the optics structure of the monitor can be expected to be compact and reliable. It allows using synchronous detection so that high electronic signal to noise ratio can be obtained. Its tunable filter can eliminate stray infrared so that the optical signal to noise ratio can be maximized. In addition, it allows averaging of back-diffused infrared light over a large area of the blood subject. Such averaging reduces any non-homogeneity of the illumination structure in the tissue and thus improves reproducibility and reliability of the measurements. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0031]    [0031]FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a simplified non-invasive blood glucose monitor according to the present invention.  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an electronic configuration of a non-invasive blood glucose monitor according to the present invention.  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 3A shows a detailed circuit of the oscillator of the FIG. 2.  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 3B shows a detailed circuit of the synchronous detector of the FIG. 2.  
         [0035]    [0035]FIGS. 4A and 4B show the top view and cross-sectional view of a micromachined Fabry-Perot cavity that is defined by two parallel planar reflectors, respectively, according to the present invention.  
         [0036]    [0036]FIG. 5 shows the operation of a micromachined Fabry-Perot cavity acted as an infrared spectrometer or an infrared tunable filter, according to the present invention.  
         [0037]    [0037]FIG. 6 shows the operation of a micromachined Fabry-Perot cavity acted as an infrared mechanical modulator, according to the present invention.  
         [0038]    [0038]FIG. 7 shows a sub-assembly incorporating a micromachined infrared spectrometer array with a driver circuit and a micromachined infrared tunable filter with a driver circuit.  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 8 shows a sub-assembly incorporating a micromachined infrared mechanical-modulator array with a driver circuit and an infrared detector with a signal processing circuit.  
         [0040]    [0040]FIG. 9 shows a sub-assembly incorporating an infrared thermal radiator array, a temperature sensor array, and a signal processing circuit used for temperature sensors and a power supply circuit used for the infrared thermal radiator.  
         [0041]    [0041]FIG. 10 shows an assembly incorporating a micromachined infrared spectrometer array with a driver circuit, a micromachined infrared mechanical-modulator array with a driver circuit, a micromachined infrared tunable filter with a driver circuit, a micromachined infrared detector with a signal processing circuit, an infrared band pass filter, an infrared thermal radiator array with a temperature sensing circuit and a power supply circuit. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0042]    According to the present invention, a MOEMS-based, non-invasive blood glucose monitor as shown in FIG. 1, comprises an infrared light source  101 , a collimator  102 , an infrared narrow band filter  103 , a micromachined infrared spectrometer array  104 , a micromachined infrared mechanical-modulator array  105 , a micromachined infrared tunable filter  106 , and an infrared detector  107 .  
         [0043]    The collimator  102  makes the infrared light irradiated from the infrared source light  101  run parallel to its optical axis. The infrared narrow-band filter  103  only enables the infrared light with the wavelengths ranged in a narrow spectral band to pass through. An actuated micromachined infrared spectrometer  104  further enables a monochromatic infrared light with a predetermined single wavelength to pass through. An actuated micromachined infrared mechanical modulator  105  that is aligned with the actuated micromachined spectrometer  104  turns the monochromatic infrared light into an alternating monochromatic infrared light. Then the alternating monochromatic infrared light illuminates a portion of the surface of a blood subject of measurement  108 . The actuated micromachined infrared tunable filter  106  selects the back-diffused alternating monochromatic infrared light that is generated due to the reaction between the incident alternating monochromatic infrared light and the blood subject of measurement and enables it to pass through. The infrared detector  107  converts the back-diffused alternating monochromatic infrared light into an alternating electronic signal.  
         [0044]    The spectrometers of the micromachined infrared spectrometer array  104  are in turn actuated so that each spectrometer can divide a monochromatic infrared light. Correspondingly, the modulators of the micromachined infrared mechanical modulator array  105  are also in turn actuated so that each modulator turns an incident monochromatic infrared light into an alternating monochromatic infrared light. Because of this the alternating monochromatic infrared light can scan the surface of the blood subject of measurement. The wavelengths of the alternating monochromatic infrared light can be changed so that a desired infrared spectral response in a predetermined wavelength range can be obtained.  
         [0045]    The infrared source  101  can be a thermal radiator or a semiconductor radiator. One type of thermal radiator utilizes metal wire or metal foil sources, such as miniature lamps, radiators in TO-packages or glass bulbs. Another type of thermal radiator utilizes thin film sources or thick film sources. Since the thermal radiator&#39;s temperature, its emissivity and area determine the radiation power released, it is preferred to use the first type as a near-infrared source and the second type as a mid-infrared source.  
         [0046]    The electrical and electronic configuration of the non-invasive blood glucose monitor, according to the present invention, is shown in FIG. 2. The non-invasive blood glucose monitor is controlled by a microprocessor  212 . The microprocessor issues data to three driver circuits  202 ,  204 , and  206 , respectively. Then driver circuits  202 ,  204 , and  206  actuate a spectrometer  201 , a modulator  203 , and a tunable filter  205 , respectively. The modulator  203  is controlled by an oscillator  209 . An alternating electronic signal generated by an infrared detector  207  is amplified by a preamplifier  208 . The amplified alternating electronic signal is detected by a synchronous detector  210 . The oscillator  209  also is connected to the synchronous detector so the synchronous detection can be realized. The output of the synchronous detector  210  is further processed by an A/D converter  211 . The microprocessor  212  processes the received digital signals and produces an infrared absorbance spectrum. After analyzing the infrared absorbance spectrum by the microprocessor  212 , a fine result is displayed by a blood glucose display  213 .  
         [0047]    An oscillator is shown in FIG. 3A. It forms by a CMOS timer  301 , a CMOS quad bilateral switch  304 , three resistors  302 A,  302 B, and  302 C, and a capacitor  303 . The oscillation frequency and duty cycle of the oscillator can be accurately set by two external resistors and one capacitor. An output port  307  is connected to the micromachined infrared mechanical modulators  203  of FIG. 2, which sends out a signal for turning the monochromatic infrared light into an alternating monochromatic infrared light. Other two output ports  305  and  306  send out signals PHI and -PHI, respectively, which are 180 degrees out of phase.  
         [0048]    A synchronous detector is shown in FIG. 3B. It forms by two CMOS quad bilateral switches  309 A and  309 B, a CMOS quad low power operational amplifier  312 , two resistors  310 A and  310 B, and two capacitors  311 A and  311 B. Input port  308  receives the alternating electronic signal from the preamplifier  208  of FIG. 2. Other two input ports  305  and  306  receive signals PHI and -PHI for driving two quad bilateral switches  309 A and  309 B, respectively. The operational amplifier  312  demodulates the alternating electronic signal so that the signals that are at the same frequency as the PHI and -PHI are integrated, and others are rejected.  
         [0049]    The micromachined infrared spectrometer array  104 , micromachined infrared mechanical modulator array  105 , and micromachined infrared tunable filter  106  of FIG. 1, are based on variable air gap Fabry-Perot cavities. A typical variable air gap Fabry-Perot cavity, as shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, mainly consists of a deformable structure  406 , two parallel planar mirrors  403  and  409  that sandwich an air gap  405  there between, and an anti-reflecting layer  402 . The cavity is disposed on a substrate  401  that has two bonding pads  411  and  412 , a back infrared light blocking layer  413 , and a back infrared light window  414  thereon. The deformable structure  406  includes a central pad that is acted as the reflecting mirror  409  and four side cantilever beams  410  that are suspended over trenches  408 . The deformable structure  406  is supported by a frame  407  that surrounds the whole cavity. The air gap  405  is created by selectively etching the central portion of a separating layer  404 . The cavity further consists of two electrodes that are preferred to be the two reflecting mirrors themselves. As an alternative, the electrodes can be formed by additional layers and preferably located adjacent to the air gap  405  so that the cavity is easy to be actuated by an electrostatic force.  
         [0050]    It is preferable that the deformable structure  406 , reflecting mirrors  403  and  409  are created from a polysilicon layer, the anti-reflecting layer  402  is made of silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ), and the separating layer  404  is made of silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ). The polysilicon layer can be replaced by a Si 3 N 4  layer formed by low-pressure vapor chemical deposition (LPCVD) or an amorphous silicon carbine (SiC) layer formed by plasma enhanced vapor chemical deposition (PECVD). All these materials are transparent in the infrared spectral range.  
         [0051]    The thickness of the deformable structure  406  is preferred to be equal to an odd multiple of λ 0 /4n, where λ 0  is the infrared wavelength and n is the refractive index so that it can be considered as a construction part of a multi-layered dielectric mirror or a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR).  
         [0052]    The thickness of the separating layer  404  determines the length of the air gap  405 . The static length of the air gap  405  is preferred to be equal to an odd multiple of λ 0 /4, so that after deformation the length can reach an even multiple of λ 0 /4.  
         [0053]    Doped polysilicon can be used to create the electrodes. As an alternative, the electrodes are made of Sn-doped In 2 O 3 (ITO) that is transparent in the infrared spectral range. ITO is commonly etched with HCl solution. Since HF solution that is used to etch the SiO 2  layer does not attack ITO, for the Si 3 N 4  layer formed by PECVD, SiO 2  still can be used to form separating layer  404 . It should be noted that in this case the sidewalls of the deformable structure  406  need to be protected during the etch process of the separating layer  404 . The thickness of the electrodes is preferred to be equal to λ 0 /4n, so that the electrodes can be considered as a construction part of a multi-layered dielectric mirror.  
         [0054]    The reflecting mirrors  403  and  409  can be multi-layered dielectric mirrors or DBRs, which is a stack of alternating layers of higher refractive index and lower refractive index materials. The thickness of each layer is equal to λ 0 /4n. The stack can be Si 3 N 4 (1.94)/SiO 2 (1.47), or TiO 2 (2.34)/SiO 2 (1.47), or Si(93.45)/SiO 2 (1.47). The period number of the stack depends upon a desired reflectivity of the DBR mirrors. For Si 3 N 4 /SiO 2 , TiO 2 /SiO 2 , and Si/SiO 2 , which can be chosen in the range of 8 to 12, 4 to 6, and 1 to 2, respectively.  
         [0055]    As an alternative, hybrid mirrors each consisting of a silicon layer or a silicon nitride layer coated with a thin gold or silver layer thereon can be used to form the reflecting mirrors  403  and  409 . Gold and silver are not transparent in the infrared spectral range, so the thickness of the gold and silver layers is limited to be lower than 500 Å so that the absorption loss of the infrared rays is not too high.  
         [0056]    A fabrication process for the typical cavity starts with preparing a silicon substrate. Then the deposition of an anti-reflecting layer consisting of wet SiO 2  and PECVD Si 3 N 4  is performed. After opening a substrate contact hole through the anti-reflecting layer, a thick LPCVD polysilicon layer is deposited and structured by plasma etching. This conductive layer serves as the bottom mirror and the bottom electrode. The next step is the deposition of a LPCVD phosphorus deposed silicon dioxide (PSG) layer. The layer is structured in buffered HF solution. Then the second LPCVD polysilicon layer is deposited. Another PSG layer is deposited for doping the polysilicon layer. To release the internal stress and to drive in the dopants, an appropriate annealing step is performed at 1050° C. After removal of the doped PSG layer the top polysilicon layer is plasma structured. Then a portion of the separating layer is etched in HF solution to obtain a freestanding polysilicon structure. Finally a thick aluminum layer is evaporated and structured for contact lines and bonding pads.  
         [0057]    As an alternative, a glass plate is used as a substrate. In this case a low temperature process is carried out, in which all fabrication steps are performed at a temperature not higher than 350° C. This limitation can be kept by using low temperature thin film deposition technologies, such as a PECVD, electron beam evaporation, and sputtering and PECVD amorphous silicon, PECVD silicon nitride, PECVD amorphous silicon carbine, and sputtered ITO are used to form the cavity.  
         [0058]    When DBRs are used as the reflecting mirrors and they are made of a stack of Si 3 N 4 /SiO2 or TiO 2 /SiO 2 , the mirror pattern can be formed by a lift-off process. To this end, the pattern is first defined on the substrate using photoresist, such as an AZ3612 photoresist. A stack of Si 3 N 4 /SiO 2  or Si/SiO 2  is then blanket-deposited all over the substrate, covering the photoresist and areas in which the photoresist has been cleared. During the actual lifting-off, the photoresist under the film is removed with acetone, taking the film with it, and leaving only the film that is deposited directly on the substrate.  
         [0059]    Before creating the air gap of the cavity, the sidewalls of the formed deformable structure and the top-reflecting mirror should be protected. To do this, another lift-off process can be performed so that a metallic film such as a gold film covers the sidewalls of the formed deformable structure and the top-reflecting mirror.  
         [0060]    When the Fabry-Perot cavity is operated as an infrared spectrometer or infrared tunable filter, the control and driver circuit is shown in FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B. The control and driver circuit preferably comprises the following components: a CMOS switch consisting of an n-MOS transistor  501  and a p-MOS transistor  502 , an AND gate  503 , a DC power V off    507 , a DC power V on    508 , and a cavity  509 . The AND gate receives an address signal  504 , an action signal  505 , and a sequence control signal  506 .  
         [0061]    As the output of the AND gate  503  is “0”, the n-MOS transistor  501  is “on” and the p-MOS transistor  502  is “off” so that the DC power V off  is applied to the cavity  509 . Since the two electrodes of the cavity form a capacitor, the applied voltage creates an electrostatic force that attracts the deformable structure toward the substrate surface. The attractive electrostatic force is finally balanced by the elastic force from the deformable structure. Therefore, the effective length of the air gap of the cavity is shortened with the applied voltage. The DC power V off    507  is adjusted to reach a value so that the effective length of the air gap of the cavity exactly equals to an odd multiple of λ/4. In this case the cavity is set on “off” state, or completely reflection state. As shown in FIG. 5A, an infrared light  511  with wavelengths ranging in a narrow band  512  is normally projected onto the window of the back of the cavity  509 . Since the cavity  509  is on the “off” state, an infrared beam  513  is reflected back from the cavity  509 .  
         [0062]    As the output of the AND gate  503  is “1”, the n-MOS transistor  501  is “off” and the p-MOS transistor  502  is “on” so that the DC power V on  is applied to the cavity  510 . The DC power V on    508  is adjusted to reach a value so that the effective length of the air gap of the cavity exactly equals to an odd multiple of λ 0 /4. In this case the cavity is set on “on” state, or completely transmission state. As shown in FIG. 5B, an infrared light  511  with wavelengths ranging in a narrow band  512  is normally projected onto the window of the back of the cavity  509 . Since the cavity  509  is on the “on” state, an infrared light  514  is comes out from the cavity  509 . It should be noted that the infrared light  514  has converted into a single wavelength infrared light or a monochromatic infrared light  515 .  
         [0063]    When the Fabry-Perot cavity is operated as an infrared mechanical modulator, the control and driver circuit is shown in FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B. The control and driver circuit preferably comprises the following components: a CMOS switch consisting of an n-MOS transistor  601  and a p-MOS transistor  602 , an AND gate  603 , a DC power signal V −   607 , an AC power signal V ˜   608 , and a cavity  609 . The AND gate receives an address signal  604 , an action signal  605 , and a sequence control signal  606 .  
         [0064]    As the output of the AND gate  603  is “0”, the n-MOS transistor  601  is “on” and the p-MOS transistor  602  is “off” so that the DC power V −   607  is applied to the cavity  609 . The DC power V −   507  is adjusted to reach a value so that the effective length of the air gap of the cavity exactly equals to an odd multiple of λ 0 /4. In this case the cavity is set on “off” state, or completely reflection state. As shown in FIG. 6A, a monochromatic infrared light  611  with a constant intensity  612  is normally projected onto the window of the back of the cavity  609 . Since the cavity  609  is on the “off” state, a monochromatic infrared light  613  is reflected back from the cavity  609 .  
         [0065]    As the output of the AND gate  603  is “1”, the n-MOS transistor  601  is “off” and the p-MOS transistor  602  is “on” so that both the DC power V on    608  and the AC power V ˜   608  are applied to the cavity  610 . The added AC power V ˜   608  is adjusted to reach a value so that the effective length of the air gap of the cavity can be varied from an even multiple of λ/4 to an adjacent odd multiple of λ/4. In this case the cavity is set on “modulation” state, or alternatively change state between a completely reflective state and a completely transmission state. As shown in FIG. 6B, a monochromatic infrared light  611  with a constant intensity  612  is normally projected onto the window of the back of the cavity  609 . Since the cavity  609  is on the “modulation” state, a monochromatic infrared light  614  is comes out from the cavity  610 . It should be noted that the incident monochromatic infrared light  611  has converted into a monochromatic infrared light  614  with an alternating intensity  615 .  
         [0066]    It should be noted that all the power signals V on , V off , V −1 , and V ˜  are controlled by the microprocessor of FIG. 2. The selected value of the V on , V off , V − , and V ˜  depend upon the structure of the cavity and the working infrared wavelength. Preferably, the selected value is comparable with the used CMOS circuits and used microprocessor.  
         [0067]    As shown in FIG. 7, a first sub-assembly board  700  consists of a micromachined infrared mechanical modulator array  705 , a micromachined infrared tunable filter  706 , a driver circuit  707  for the modulator array  705 , and a driver circuit  708  for the tunable filter  706 , which are mounted on the surface of a glass plate  701  by chip bonding. An electrical connection pattern is formed on the surface of the glass plate  701 , which includes bonding pads  704  and input/output ports  703 . The connection pattern is covered by a dielectric layer  702  and an infrared blocking layer  711 . The modulator array  705 , tunable filter  706 , driver circuits  707  and  708  are connected to the connection pattern through bonding pads  709  and bonding wires  710 . The control signal and power signal are delivered to the modulator array  705 , tunable filter  706 , driver circuits  707  and  708  through the input/output ports  703 .  
         [0068]    As shown in FIG. 8, a second sub-assembly board  800  consists of a micromachined infrared spectrometer array  805 , an infrared detector  806 , a driver circuit  806  for the spectrometer array  805 , and a synchronous detection circuit  808  for the infrared detector  806 , which are mounted on the surface of a glass plate  801  by chip bonding. An electrical connection pattern is formed on the surface of the glass plate  801 , which includes bonding pads  804  and input/output ports  803 . The connection pattern is covered by a dielectric layer  802  and an infrared blocking layer  811 . The spectrometer array  805 , infrared detector  806 , driver circuits  807  and synchronous detection circuit  808  are connected to the connection pattern through bonding pads  809  and bonding wires  810 . The control signal and power signal are delivered to the spectrometer array  805 , infrared detector  806 , driver circuits  807  and synchronous detection circuit  808  through the input/output ports  803 .  
         [0069]    In near infrared the infrared detector  806  can be a lead sulfide (PbS) sensor or a lead selenide (PbSe) sensor. Sensors PbS and PbSe are chemically deposited, thin film, photoconductive IR detectors that require a bias voltage to measure resistance drop when exposed to IR radiation. It is important to note that virtually all PbS/PbSe characteristics vary with temperature. Detectors also exhibit typical 1/f noise. For optimum performance, detector temperature should be stabilized and incident radiation should be chopped.  
         [0070]    In mid-infrared the infrared detector  806  is preferably a micromachined thermopile formed on a silicon nitride membrane. The hot junctions of the gold-polysilicon thermocouples are located in the central region of the membrane, while the cold junctions are located on the thick silicon rim. Efficient thermal isolation, small size, and a large number of integrated junctions can result in high sensitivity and high-speed detection of the infrared light.  
         [0071]    Thermopiles typically operate over a broad temperature range (including room temperature) and are insensitive to drifts in substrate temperature, so that it is not necessary to provide for either cooling or stabilization of temperature. Thermopiles are passive devices that generate voltage outputs, without need to supply bias voltage. Thus, in comparison with other infrared detectors in the same class, thermopiles consume less power and can be supported by simpler readout circuits. Moreover, if thermopiles are read out with high-input-impedance amplifiers, they exhibit negligible 1/frequency noise because there is negligible readout current. Moreover, thermopiles typically exhibit highly linear response over many orders of magnitude of incident infrared power.  
         [0072]    A commercial thermopile is made with n-doped polysilicon and Al using a quasi-standard CMOS process. The membrane consists of an 800-nm sandwich of low-pressure chemical-vapor-deposited SiO 2 /Si 3 N 4  on top of a 400-μm-thick silicon chip, which is anisotropically etched with KOH at 85° C. The typical time constant is about 10 ms.  
         [0073]    The micromachined thermopile can be replaced by an un-cooled micromachined bolometer. Such bolometer is formed on a suspended a dielectric membrane with a central square pad and two long supporting legs. The bolometer uses Pt or VO 2  as a resistor material. The formed resistor is covered with an absorber. A commercial bolometer uses a SiO 2  layer to form the dielectric membrane. The size of the bolometer is 1.5 mm by 1.5 mm. The resistor&#39;s measure is 50 μm by 50 μm. This bolometer can be modulated up to 100 Hz.  
         [0074]    In near infrared the infrared light source preferably utilizes a metal wire source such as a tungsten-halogen lamp. But in mid-infrared the infrared light source preferably utilizes a thin film source.  
         [0075]    According to Stefan-Boltzmann law, the total radiant flux emitted from a surface of a blackbody can be expressed in the form M bb =σT 4 , where M bb  is the exitance of the emitter surface in a vacuum, σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature in degrees Kelvin. The relationship between the emitted peak wavelength λ m  and the temperature T can be expressed by Wien law, in form λ m T=b, where b is the Wien constant.  
         [0076]    It can be seen that for a thermal radiator utilizing metal wire or metal foil would have a very low total radiant flux, because its emission temperature is very low. In order to obtain higher total radiant flux, a thermal radiator utilizing thin film sources is preferred. The films must have sufficient resistivity (&gt;150 μ-cm) for making heaters of controllable thickness. The most popular materials that are currently in use for thin film heaters include sputtered Ta—Al alloys, heavily doped silicon and sputtered HfB 2 .  
         [0077]    [0077]FIG. 9 shows a third sub-assembly board  900  consists of a silicon chip array each incorporating a thermal radiator  906  and temperature sensor  907  thereon. The silicon chip array is chip-bonded on the surface of a glass plate  901 . The glass plate  901  also incorporates two circuit chips  908  and  909  for processing the signals of the thermal radiators  906  and temperature sensors  907 , respectively. An electrical connection pattern is formed on the surface of the glass plate  901 , which include a plurality of bonding pads  904  and  905 , and input/output ports  903 . A dielectric layer  902  is used to cover the electrical connection pattern. All chips are electrically connected to each other through bonding pads  910  and bonding wires  912 .  
         [0078]    A commercial thermal radiator consists of three main blocks: mechanical support, heater and substrate. The mechanical support uses a Si 3 N 4  membrane of 1 μm thickness disposed on a silicon substrate. The size of the Si 3 N 4  membrane is 100 μm×100 μm, which is supported by six micro bridges of 150 μm length and 10 μm width. The heater is formed of a 2000 Å thick sputtered NiCr stripe. Fine wires of copper are attached to the opposing edges of the NiCr stripe. Titanium (150 Å thickness) followed by Gold (2000 Å thickness) is deposited on the NiCr stripe along the current-injecting edges to homogenize the electrical field and reduce current densities at the injection point. During operation the heater generates photons within a specific Planck Function band-pass that depends on the final temperature of the heater.  
         [0079]    A more detailed perspective view of the assembly of a non-invasive blood glucose monitor, according to the present invention, is shown in FIG. 10. As can be seen in the FIG. 10, The monitor is constructed by incorporating the first sub-assembly board  700 , a second sub-assembly board  800 , a third sub-assembly board  900 , a collimator array  500 , and a narrow band filter  600 . The board  800  faces the surface of the measured blood subject. It can be seen that the board  900  contains an infrared source chip  1001  consisting of a thermal radiator and a temperature sensor, a circuit chip  1004  for driving the thermal radiators, and an adaptor  1009  for connecting the board  900  to the microprocessor of the monitor. The board  700  contains a cavity chip  1002  consisting of an infrared spectrometer, a circuit chip  1005  for driving the infrared spectrometers, and an adaptor  1010  for connecting the board  700  to the microprocessor of the monitor. The board  800  contains a cavity chip  1003  consisting of an infrared mechanical modulator, a cavity chip  1008  consisting of an infrared tunable filter, a circuit chip  1006  for driving the infrared spectrometers, a circuit chip  1007  for driving the infrared tunable filter, and an adaptor  1011  for connecting the board  800  to the microprocessor of the monitor. All the boards are mounted together through bonding bumps  1012 ,  1013 ,  1014 , and  1015  so that each spectrometer of the spectrometer array is aligned with a thermal radiator of the thermal radiator array on the back side and a mechanical modulator of the mechanical modulator array on the front side, and the tunable filter is aligned with the infrared detector on the front side. In this configuration the path for delivering the infrared light starts from the surface of the thermal radiator, then passes through the collimator, the narrow band filter, a spectrometer, and a modulator, finally ends at the surface of the blood subject. The path for delivering back-diffused infrared light starts from the surface of the blood subject, then passes through the tunable filter, finally ends at the surface of the detector  
         [0080]    Although the invention has been described herein with reference to certain preferred embodiments, one skilled in the art will readily appreciate that other applications may be substituted without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the invention should only be limited by the claims included below.