Abstract:
The present invention relates to improved ophthalmic solutions that employ select B vitamins; pyridoxine and its salts; and thiamine and its salts in order to more effectively preserve solutions and to reduce the degree to which cationic preservatives will deposit on contact lenses. Ophthalmic solutions are here understood to include contact lens treatment solutions, such as cleaners, soaking solutions, conditioning solutions and lens storage solutions, as well as wetting solutions and in-eye solutions for treatment of eye conditions.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/679,605 (filed Nov. 16, 2012) which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/620,318 (filed Jan. 5, 2007) which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/544,150 (filed Aug. 1, 2005), which is a national stage entry of PCT/US01/46841 (filed Nov. 8, 2001) which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Applications 60/246,689 (filed Nov. 8, 2000) 60/246,707 (filed Nov. 8, 2000) 60/246,708 (filed Nov. 8, 2000) and 60/246,709 (filed Nov. 8, 2000). The contents of the aforementioned applications are hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to the field of ophthalmic solutions and their uses. In particular the invention relates to contact lens cleaning solutions, contact lens rinsing and storing solutions, solution to deliver active pharmaceutical agents to the eye, solutions for disinfecting ophthalmic devices and the like. 
     The present invention relates to the field of ophthalmic solutions and especially to the aspects of preservative efficacy and comfort after prolonged use. These ophthalmic solutions have been used for some period of time and are available as over the counter products. Solutions that are used in direct contact with corneal tissue such as the delivery of active pharmaceutical agent to the eye, or indirectly, such as the cleaning, conditioning or storage of devices that will come in contact with corneal tissue, such as contact lenses, there is a need to insure that these solution do not introduce sources of bacterial or other microbial infection. Thus preservatives are included to reduce the viability of microbes in the solution and to lessen the chance of contamination of the solution by the user since many of the solutions are bought, opened, used, sealed and then reused. 
     State of the art preservative agents include polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB), POLYQUAD™, chlorhexidine, and benzalkonium chloride, and the like, all of which at some concentration irritate corneal tissue and lead to user discomfort. Therefore, a solution that employs a given amount of a preservative agent, but which is made more effective by addition of an agent that is not a preservative agent would be desired. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to improved ophthalmic solutions that employ select B vitamins; pyridoxine and its salts; and thiamine and its salts in order to more effectively preserve solutions and to reduce the degree to which cationic preservatives will deposit on contact lenses. Ophthalmic solutions are here understood to include contact lens treatment solutions, such as cleaners, soaking solutions, conditioning solutions and lens storage solutions, as well as wetting solutions and in-eye solutions for treatment of eye conditions. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The solutions specifically described herein have 0.001 to about 10.0 weight percent of select B vitamins; pyridoxine and its salts; and thiamine and its salts in combination with other active ingredients useful in ophthalmic solutions such as tonicity agent, buffers, preservatives, surfactants, and antimicrobial agents. 
     The B family of vitamins includes thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), dexpanthenol, panthenol, pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxine (B6), and cobalamin (B12). While each form of B vitamin is chemically distinct, they are often found in the same nutritional sources and hence deficiency in one is often related to deficiency in the other forms. Metabolically, they work with one another to bolster metabolism, enhance immune and nervous system function, maintain healthy skin and muscle tone, and promote cell growth and division. They may also relieve stress, depression, and cardiovascular disease. A deficiency in one B vitamin often means that intake of all B vitamins is low which is why B vitamins as a nutritional source are often provided in multivitamin or B-complex formulae. 
     Niacin contributes to a great number of bodily processes. Among other things niacin helps convert food into energy, build red blood cells, synthesize hormones, fatty-acids and steroids. The body uses niacin in the process of releasing energy from carbohydrates. Niacin is also needed to form fat from carbohydrates and to process alcohol. Niacin also helps regulate cholesterol. 
     Pyridoxine is needed to make serotonin, melatonin, and dopamine. Vitamin B-6 is an essential nutrient in the regulation of mental processes and possibly assists in mood and many other health concerns Cobalamin is needed for normal nerve cell activity. Vitamin B-12 is also needed for DNA replication, and production of the mood-affecting substance called SAMe (S-adenosyl-L-methionine). Vitamin B-12 works with folic acid to control homocysteine levels. An excess of homocysteine, which is an amino acid (protein building block), may increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and perhaps osteoporosis and Alzheimer&#39;s disease. 
     Other compounds such as folic acid or folate are active in combination with the B vitamins and are needed to synthesize DNA. DNA allows cells to replicate normally. Folic acid is especially important for the cells of a fetus when a woman is pregnant. Folic Acid is also needed to make SAMe and keep homocysteine levels in the blood from rising. Folic Acid (pteroylglutamic acid) is not active as such in the mammalian organism, but rather is enzymatically reduced to tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA), the coenzyme form. An interrelationship exists with vitamin B12 and folate metabolism that further involves vitamin B6: folate coenzymes participate in a large number of metabolic reactions in which there is a transfer of a one-carbon unit. 
     Pantothenic Acid, also sometimes referred to as coenzyme A, is the physiologically active form of pantothenic acid, and serves a vital role in metabolism as a coenzyme for a variety of enzyme-catalyzed reactions involving transfer of acetyl (two-carbon) groups. Surprisingly, pantothenic acid is essential for the growth of various microorganisms, including many strains of pathogenic bacteria. 
     In the form of contact lens rinsing solutions and/or pharmaceutical agent delivery system the solutions will contain, in addition to the lens or the pharmaceutical agent 0.00001 to about 10.0 weight percent of one of the vitamin B forms or a vitamin B co-metabolite chosen from the group including, but not limited to, thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), dexpanthenol, panthenol, pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxine (B6), and cobalamin (B12); and at least 0.00001 weight percent of a preservative. 
     The preservatives that are specifically useful are cationic preservatives such as polyhexamethylene biguanide (phmb), POLYQUAD™, chlorhexidine, and benzalkonium chloride, as well as other cationic preservatives that may prove useful in the present invention as well. The cationic preservatives are used at effective amounts as preservatives, and in the instance of PHMB from 0.0001 percent by weight to higher levels of about 0.01 weight percent. 
     The formulations may also include buffers such as phosphates, bicarbonate, citrate, borate, ACES, BES, BICINE, BIS-Tris Propane, HEPES, HEPPS, imidazole, MES, MOPS, PIPES, TAPS, TES, TRIS and Tricine. 
     Surfactants that might be employed include polysorbate surfactants, polyoxyethylene surfactants, phosphonates, saponins and polyethoxylated castor oils, but preferably the polyethoxylated castor oils. These surfactants are commercially available. The polyethoxylated castor oils are sold by BASF under the trademark Cremophor. 
     The solutions of the present invention may contain other additives including but not limited to buffers, tonicity agents, demulcents, wetting agents, preservatives, sequestering agents (chelating agents), surface active agents, and enzymes. In one embodiment between about 0.01% and 5.0% of a simple saccharide is present. Examples of simple saccharides include mannitol; sorbitol; sucrose; dextrose and glycerin. 
     Other aspects include adding to the solution from 0.001 to 1 weight percent chelating agent (preferably disodium EDTA) and/or additional microbicide, (preferably 0.00001 to 0.1) weight percent polyhexamethylene biquanide (PHMB), N-alkyl-2-pyrrolidone, chlorhexidine, polyquaternium-1, hexetidine, bronopol, alexidine, low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, and ophthalmologically acceptable salts thereof. 
     Ophthalmologically acceptable chelating agents useful in the present invention include amino carboxylic acid compounds or water-soluble salts thereof, including ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid, diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid, hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetic acid, 1,2-diaminocyclohexanetetraacetic acid, ethylene glycol bis (beta-aminoethyl ether) in N,N,N′,N′ tetraacetic acid (EGTA), iminodiacetic acid and hydroxyethylamino diacetic acid. These acids can be used in the form of their water soluble salts, particularly their alkali metal salts. Especially preferred chelating agents are the di-, tri- and tetra-sodium salts of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), most preferably disodium EDTA (Disodium Edetate). 
     Other chelating agents such as citrates and polyphosphates can also be used in the present invention. The citrates which can be used in the present invention include citric acid and its mono-, di-, and tri-alkaline metal salts. The polyphosphates which can be used include pyrophosphates, triphosphates, tetraphosphates, trimetaphosphates, tetrametaphosphates, as well as more highly condensed phosphates in the form of the neutral or acidic alkali metal salts such as the sodium and potassium salts as well as the ammonium salt. 
     The pH of the solutions should be adjusted to be compatible with the eye and the contact lens, such as between 6.0 to 8.0, preferably between 6.8 to 7.8 or between 7.0 to 7.6. Significant deviations from neutral (pH 7.3) will cause changes in the physical parameters (i.e. diameter) in some contact lenses. Low pH (pH less than 5.5) can cause burning and stinging of the eyes, while very low or very high pH (less than 3.0 or greater than 10) can cause ocular damage. 
     The additional preservatives employed in the present invention are known, such as polyhexamethylene biguanide, N-alkyl-2-pyrrolidone, chlorhexidine, polyhexamethylenebiguanide, alexidine, polyquaternium-1, hexetidine, bronopol and a very low concentration of hydrogen peroxide, e.g., 30 to 200 ppm. 
     The solutions of the invention are compatible with both rigid gas permeable and hydrophilic contact lenses during storage, cleaning, wetting, soaking, rinsing and disinfection. 
     A typical aqueous solution of the present invention may contain additional ingredients which would not affect the basic and novel characteristics of the active ingredients described earlier, such as tonicity agents, surfactants and viscosity inducing agents, which may aid in either the lens cleaning or in providing lubrication to the eye. Suitable tonicity agents include sodium chloride, potassium chloride, glycerol or mixtures thereof the tonicity of the solution is typically adjusted to approximately 240-310 milliosmoles per kilogram solution (mOsm/kg) to render the solution compatible with ocular tissue and with hydrophilic contact lenses. In one embodiment, the solution contains 0.01 to 0.2 weight percent sodium chloride. The important factor is to keep the concentrations of such additives to a degree no greater than that would supply a chloride concentration of no greater than about 0.2 mole percent. 
     Suitable viscosity inducing agents can include lecithin or the cellulose derivatives such as hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and methylcellulose in amounts similar to those for surfactants, above. 
     Example 1 
     Formulations containing Pyridoxine HCl (Spectrum) and Thiamine HCl (Fisher) were prepared in a 0.2% phosphate buffer. The solutions were made isotonic with sodium chloride and preserved with polyhexamethylene biguanide at 0.0001%. The pH was adjusted to 7.2 with either 1 N sodium hydroxide or 1 N hydrochloric acid. The in vitro microbicidal activity of the solutions was determined by exposing  C. albicans  to 10 ml of each solution at room temperature for 4 hours. Subsequently, an aliquot of each solution was serial diluted onto agar plates and incubated for 48 hours at elevated temperatures. At the conclusion of the incubation period the plates are examined for the development of colonies. The log reduction was determined based on a comparison to the inoculum control. The following table provides the results of the in vitro studies. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Additive 
                 4 Hour Log Reduction 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Pyridoxine HCl (0.5%) 
                 2.0 
               
               
                   
                 Thiamine HCl (0.5%) 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 Buffer Control 
                 0.8 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The solution containing pyridoxine HCl and thiamine HCl showed an improvement in the activity against  C. albicans  as compared to the buffer control. 
     Example 2 
     Formulations containing dexpanthenol were prepared in a 0.25% Bis-Tris Propane buffer. The solutions were made isotonic with sodium chloride and preserved with polyhexamethylene biquanide at 0.00005%. The pH was adjusted to 7.2 with either 1 N sodium hydroxide or 1 N hydrochloric acid. The in vitro microbicidal activity of the solutions was determined by exposing  C. albicans  to 10 ml of each solution at room temperature for 4 hours. Subsequently, an aliquot of each solution was serial diluted onto agar plates and incubated for 48 hours at elevated temperatures. At the conclusion of the incubation period the plates are examined for the development of colonies. The log reduction was determined based on a comparison to the inoculum control. The following table provides the results of the in vitro studies. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Log  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Reduction 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Calibicans  
               
               
                 Buffer 
                 Additive 
                 Preservative 
                 Dexpanthenol 
                 4 hour 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Bis-Tris 
                 Cremophor 0.20%  
                 PHMB  
                 None 
                 3.8 
               
               
                 Propane  
                 Inositol 3.0% 
                 0.5 ppm 
                   
                   
               
               
                 0.25% 
                 Allantoin 0.1% 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Bis-Tris 
                 Cremophor 0.20% 
                 PHMB  
                 Dexpanthenol  
                 4.9 
               
               
                 Propane  
                 Inositol 3.0% 
                 0.5 ppm 
                 0.1% 
                   
               
               
                 0.25% 
                 Allantoin 0.1% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     This data shows that the dexpanthenol has improved preservative efficacy over a solution with a preservative alone. 
     Example 3 
     Formulations containing Dexpanthanol (Spectrum), Pyridoxine HCl (Spectrum) Thiamine HCl (Spectrum), and no Vitamin B control were prepared in a 0.5% Tris buffer containing 0.6% sodium chloride. The pH was adjusted with 1 N HCl to a final pH of 7.2. Polyhexamethylene biquanide (PHMB) at 0.0001% was added to each formulation. The in vitro anti-microbial activity of the solutions was determined by exposing  E. coli  to 10 ml of each solution at room temperature for 1 hours. Subsequently, an aliquot of each solution was serial diluted onto agar plates and incubated for 48 hours at elevated temperatures. At the conclusion of the incubation period the plates are examined for the development of colonies. The log reduction was determined based on a comparison to the inoculum control. The following table provides the results of the in vitro studies. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Log  
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Reduction 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Solution 
                 at 1 hr 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 0.5% Dexpanthenol 
                 0.5% Tris 
                 1 ppm PHMB 
                 4.82 
               
               
                   
                 0.5% Pyridoxine HCl 
                 0.5% Tris 
                 1 ppm PHMB 
                 4.34 
               
               
                   
                 0.5% Thiamine HCl 
                 0.5% Tris 
                 1 ppm PHMB 
                 5.12 
               
               
                   
                 None 
                 0.5% Tris 
                 1 ppm PHMB 
                 0.42 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The results showed an enhancement of the preservative in the presence of the Dexpanthanol, Pyridoxine, and Thiamine. 
     Example 4 
     Formulations containing Dexpanthanol (Spectrum), Pyridoxine HCl (Spectrum) Thiamine HCl (Spectrum), and no Vitamin B control were prepared in a 0.5% Tris buffer containing 0.6% sodium chloride. The pH was adjusted with 1 N HCl to a final pH of 7.2. Benzalkonium Chloride (BAK) at 0.0025% was added to each formulation. The in vitro anti-microbial activity of the solutions was determined by exposing  E. coli  to 10 ml of each solution at room temperature for 1 hour. Subsequently, an aliquot of each solution was serial diluted onto agar plates and incubated for 48 hours at elevated temperatures. At the conclusion of the incubation period the plates are examined for the development of colonies. The log reduction was determined based on a comparison to the inoculum control. The following table provides the results of the in vitro studies. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Log  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Reduction  
               
             
          
           
               
                 Solution 
                 at 1 hr 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0.5% Dexpanthenol 
                 0.5% Tris 
                 25 PPM BAK 
                 &gt;5.12 
               
               
                 0.5% Pyridoxine HCl 
                 0.5% Tris 
                 25 PPM BAK 
                 &gt;5.12 
               
               
                 0.5% Thiamine HCl 
                 0.5% Tris 
                 25 PPM BAK 
                 3.30 
               
               
                 None 
                 0.5% Tris 
                  1 ppm PHMB 
                 0.42 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The results showed an enhancement of the preservative in the presence of the Dexpanthanol and Pyridoxine.