Abstract:
A system and method for polarimetry are disclosed in which a polarimeter may include a light source for transmitting a light beam through a sample within a container; a wavelength selector configured to specify a target wavelength at which the polarization rotation of the light beam emerging from the sample will be evaluated; a polarization rotator configured to be selectively moved into and out of a path of the light beam from the light source; and a detector for obtaining a first measurement of the light beam polarization rotation with the polarization rotator outside the path of the light beam, and a second measurement of the light beam polarization rotation with the polarization rotator within the path of the light beam, with both measurements occurring at the wavelength resulting from the configuration of the wavelength selector.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates in general to polarimeters, and more specifically to polarimeters that are used to measure optically active fluid samples. 
         [0002]    An existing multiple wavelength polarimeter is shown in  FIG. 1 . A broadband light source  1  projects a beam of substantially parallel light through fixed polarizer  2 . The light beam  21 , which after passing through polarizer  2  consists of single-plane polarized components at various wavelengths, enters Faraday cell  3 . Faraday cell  3 , typically constructed of a transparent rod of suitable material arranged axially to the beam, is wound with a coil carrying an oscillating current transmitted by signal generator  4 . The oscillating current signal causes the plane of polarization of the parallel-light beam to oscillate about the fixed direction established by polarizer  2  with an amplitude proportional to the current in the coil. The light beam  21  then passes through the optically active sample  24  contained in sample cell  5  (also referred to herein as container  5 ). The optical characteristics of the sample  24  generally impart additional rotation of the mean plane of polarization of the light beam  21  relative to the polarization of the beam established by fixed polarizer  2 . The additional rotation imparted by the beam  21  passing through the sample may be proportional to the concentration of an optically active constituent in the sample  24  being measured. The term “optically active sample” is intended to include the case of a null or blank sample with an optical activity of zero, in addition to real samples which operate to change one or more characteristics of light beam  21 . 
         [0003]    Light beam  21  may then pass through analyzer  6 . Analyzer  6  may include a polarizer mounted so as to be rotatable about the axis of the beam. The rotational position of the polarizer may be determined by controller  7  acting through the motor and encoder unit  8 . The wavelength of interest can then be isolated by wavelength selector  9 . Wavelength selector  9  may include a motorized monochromator or filter wheel. The intensity of the beam  21  arriving at the detector  10  is generally proportional to the square of the cosine of the angle between the beam polarization direction upon exit from sample cell  5  and the analyzer polarization direction. 
         [0004]    Fourier analysis of the beam intensity variation with time determines the sign of the minimum angle separating (a) the beam polarization direction upon exit from sample cell  5  from the (b) analyzer  6  polarization direction that is needed in order to null the rotation of the sample. If this minimum angle is sufficiently small relative to the amplitude of the oscillating polarization produced by the Faraday cell  3 , then the magnitude of the minimum angle can be determined as well. 
         [0005]    Together, this sign and magnitude information is used to rotate the analyzer  6  to extinguish or “null” the component of intensity that is due to the rotation of polarization plane induced by the sample to be measured. The analyzer  6  angle needed to null the system in this manner, when no sample is present in sample container  5 , becomes the zero reference. Any additional analyzer  6  angle needed to null the system when a sample  24  to be measured is present in container  5  constitutes a measurement of the optical rotation caused by the sample  24 . This additional analyzer  6  angle (i.e. the analyzer angle over and above the angle needed to null the system when no sample is present in sample cell  5 ) may be proportional to the concentration of an optically active constituent in the sample  5  being measured. 
         [0006]    In existing polarimeters of the type depicted in  FIG. 1 , one source of measurement error is the wavelength error of the wavelength selector  9 . Commercially available compact monochromators intended for use in benchtop analytical instrumentation typically have a wavelength accuracy on the order of  1  nanometer (nm) and a wavelength repeatability of plus or minus 0.2 nm. If wavelength repeatability errors of this magnitude were present during optical rotation measurements of a normal sucrose solution at a wavelength of 589 nm at 20° C. (degrees Celsius), the contribution of this error source to the optical rotation repeatability would be about 0.025 degrees of rotation. This is much larger than the 0.002 degree rotation repeatability typically achieved by fixed-wavelength polarimeters. If the wavelength selector is a wheel or turret of discrete bandpass filters or if the wavelength is selected with a manually interchangeable bandpass filters, wavelength errors can also arise due to the temperature coefficient of the filters, the inclination of the filter to the beam path, or the degradation of the filter due to environmental conditions such as humidity or mechanical shock. 
         [0007]    Accordingly, there is a need in the art to address the error that arises in polarimetry measurements. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    According to one aspect, the present invention is directed to a polarimeter that may include a light source for transmitting a light beam through a sample within a container; a wavelength selector configured to specify a target wavelength at which the polarization rotation of the light beam emerging from the sample will be evaluated; a polarization rotator configured to be selectively moved into and out of a path of the light beam from the light source; and a detector for obtaining a first measurement of the light beam polarization rotation with the polarization rotator outside the path of the light beam, and a second measurement of the light beam polarization rotation with the polarization rotator within the path of the light beam, with both measurements occurring at the wavelength resulting from the configuration of the wavelength selector. 
         [0009]    Other aspects, features, advantages, etc. will become apparent to one skilled in the art when the description of the preferred embodiments of the invention herein is taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0010]    For the purposes of illustrating the various aspects of the invention, there are shown in the drawings forms that are presently preferred, it being understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown. 
           [0011]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a polarimeter; 
           [0012]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram of a polarimeter in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and 
           [0013]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram of a computer system useable in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0014]    In the following description, for purposes of explanation, specific numbers, materials and configurations are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. It will be apparent, however, to one having ordinary skill in the art that the invention may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known features may be omitted or simplified so as not to obscure the present invention. Furthermore, reference in the specification to phrases such as “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the invention. The appearances of phrases such as “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places in the specification do not necessarily all refer to the same embodiment. 
         [0015]    The embodiments disclosed herein may be operable to provide apparatuses and methods for providing multiple wavelength polarimetry that incorporates the benefits of multiple wavelength measurement without incurring the wavelength errors that are present in existing wavelength selectors. An apparatus according to one embodiment of the present invention is shown in  FIG. 2 . In addition to the apparatus discussed in connection with  FIG. 1 , the apparatus  200  of  FIG. 2  may further include an actuator  12  and/or a temperature controlled chamber  13  which may include a polarization rotator  11 . Chamber  13  may further include temperature sensor  22  and/or heating/cooling means  23 . Heating/cooling means  23  may include a resistance heater for heating purposes and may include an active refrigeration system for cooling purposes. However, other cooling and/or heating systems may be employed, and the invention is not limited to the heating and cooling apparatuses recited above. 
         [0016]    In this embodiment, a broadband light source  1  may project a beam of substantially parallel light  21  through fixed polarizer  2 . The light beam  21 , which after passing through polarizer  2  preferably includes single-plane polarized components at various wavelengths, preferably enters Faraday cell  3 . Preferably, Faraday cell  3  causes the plane of polarization of light beam  21  to oscillate about the fixed direction established by polarizer  2 . Light beam  21  may then pass through polarization rotator  11  which may be moved into and out of the path of light beam  21  by actuator  12  in response to a signal from controller  7 . 
         [0017]    The polarization rotator  11  may be chosen such that its optical rotary dispersion, which corresponds to the variation of light-beam polarization rotation as a function of wavelength, is either (a) tabulated or (b) characterized by a known function. Polarization rotator  11  may include a planar optical crystal quartz window with the optic axis of the crystal perpendicular to the faces and parallel to the path of beam  21 . However, polarization rotator  11  is not limited to having the above-described structure. 
         [0018]    The optical rotary dispersion of such quartz rotators has been well characterized, for example by the International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis, as found in the Proceedings of the 22nd session, 1998, Page 211. Actuator  12  is preferably operable to rotate polarization rotator  11  into and out of the path of light beam  21 . Thus, actuator  12  is preferably a rotary actuator, and may be powered electrically, pneumatically, hydraulically, or any combination of two or more of the foregoing mechanisms for power transmission. Alternatively, another type of actuator could be used, such as a linear actuator for moving polarization rotator  11  into and out of the path of light beam  21 . 
         [0019]    Because polarization rotation is typically also a function of temperature, the polarization rotator  11  may be substantially enclosed by temperature-controlled chamber  13  which may include a temperature sensor  22  and a means for heating and/or cooling  23  (variations of which are discussed above). If temperature effects on the polarization rotator  11  are well known, the heating and/or cooling means may be eliminated in favor of using the temperature sensor  22  reading to calculate a correction to the polarization rotation measured at detector  10 . If the polarization rotator  11  is within the path of light beam  21 , polarization rotator  11  may impart additional rotation of the mean plane of polarization of light beam  21  relative to the direction established by fixed polarizer  2 . The light beam  21  then preferably passes through the optically active sample  24  in container  5 . The optical characteristics of sample  24  in container  5  generally impart still further rotation of the mean plane of polarization of light beam  21 . 
         [0020]    As noted elsewhere herein, the additional rotation of the mean plane of polarization of light beam  21  may be proportional to the concentration of an optically active constituent in sample  24 , in container  5 , to be measured. Light beam  21  may then be transmitted on to analyzer  6  after passing through sample  24 . Wavelength selection may then be conducted in wavelength selector  9 . Measurement of the rotation of the polarization of light beam  21  may then be conducted using detector  10 . Preferably, wavelength selection and/or measurement of the optical rotation of the polarization of light beam  21  may be conducted for (a) a situation in which polarization rotator  11  is not placed in the path of light beam  21 ; and (b) a situation in which polarization rotator  11  is placed in the path of light beam  21 . 
       Methods of Use 
       [0021]    A preferred method for using an embodiment of the above-discussed apparatus is discussed below. Two consecutive measurements of the optical rotation of sample  24  may be made at detector  10  to aid in determining any error in the wavelength setting being used for wavelength selector  9 . In a first measurement, the polarization rotator  11  may be within the path of beam  21 . In a second measurement, the polarization rotator  11  may be outside of the path of beam  21 . 
         [0022]    When the polarization rotator  11  is not within the path of light beam  21 , the measured rotation of the polarization of the beam  21  after proceeding through sample  24  is as follows: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     M 
                     1 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       S 
                        
                       
                         ( 
                         λ 
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       
                         
                           δ 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           S 
                         
                         
                           δ 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           λ 
                         
                       
                        
                       Δ 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       
                         λ 
                         . 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     Eq 
                     . 
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     1 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0023]    In Equation (1), the first term on the right-hand side is the rotation of the sample at the desired wavelength, λ (which is also referred to herein as the target wavelength). The second term on the right-hand side of equation (1) is the local slope of the optical rotary dispersion of sample  24  multiplied by the unknown wavelength error, Δλ. 
         [0024]    When the polarization rotator  11  is moved into the beam path the measured optical rotation of the polarization of beam  21  increases to: 
         [0000]        M   2   =M   1   +R (λ+Δλ)   (Eq. 2).
 
         [0025]    In equation (2), M 2  is the measured polarization rotation of light beam  21  with polarization rotator  11  placed within the path of light beam  21 . The expression λ+Δλ is the wavelength at which the measurement M 2  is taken, which is also referred to herein as the true wavelength and the correct wavelength. The true wavelength may differ from the target wavelength desired when configuring wavelength selector  9  by the extent of the wavelength error present in wavelength selector  9 . 
         [0026]    The term R(λ+Δλ) corresponds to the contribution of polarization rotator  11  (while in the path of light beam  21 ) to the total measured polarization rotation value M 2  as measured at detector  10 . The term “R” in equation (2) is the optical rotary dispersion of polarization rotator  11  which denotes the variation of polarization rotation as a function of wavelength. As mentioned previously herein, the optical rotary dispersion may be either tabulated or characterized by a mathematical function. 
         [0027]    With reference to the mathematical function referred to above, one exemplary dispersion equation for quartz polarization rotators is shown in equation (3). We note that the present invention is not limited to using the equation shown to relate polarization rotation to wavelength. The specific optical rotation, [α], in degrees of rotation per mm of quartz at 20° C. with wavelength, λ, in microns is: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     [ 
                     α 
                     ] 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       - 
                       0.1963657 
                     
                     + 
                     
                       7.262667 
                       
                         λ 
                         2 
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       0.1171867 
                       
                         λ 
                         4 
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       0.0019554 
                       
                         λ 
                         6 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     Eq 
                     . 
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     3 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0028]    We now proceed to solve for the true wavelength, as follows: 
         [0000]      λ+Δλ= R   −1 ( M   2   −M   1 )   (Eq. 4).
 
         [0029]    where R −1  is now the inverse of the function which defines the rotation of the polarization rotator as a function of wavelength. Consistent with the above discussion of the meaning of “R”, the function R −1  may be applied to the quantity M 2 -M 1  by conducting a lookup of tabulated data correlating polarization rotation to wavelength. Alternatively, a mathematical function corresponding to the inverse of the function denoted by “R” may be applied to the quantity M 2 −M 1  to yield the true wavelength. Once the correct wavelength is determined using equation (4), we may now work to correct the value of the rotation of the polarization of light beam  21 , denoted by the symbol M 1 . Various options may be available for determining the true light beam  21  polarization rotation, which are discussed below. 
       Methods of Correcting Measurements Due to Wavelength Error 
       [0030]    Using a first approach, the measured light beam polarization rotation may be treated as having occurred at the true wavelength, λ+Δλ, rather than at the desired wavelength (also known as the target wavelength), λ. 
         [0031]    Using a second approach, if the optical rotary dispersion of the sample  24  is known or can be approximated, then the measured light beam polarization rotation may be corrected using the wavelength error. 
         [0032]    Using a third approach, if the adjustment resolution of the wavelength selector  9  is sufficiently fine, the wavelength selection setting can be adjusted to cancel the wavelength error calculated in equation (4), and the rotation of the polarization of the light beam  21  may be measured again using the corrected wavelength, as set by wavelength selector  9 , using the apparatus and methods discussed above. Once a correction has been determined at a particular wavelength, it can be also applied to subsequent light beam polarization rotation measurements, so long as the wavelength selector  9  remains at that wavelength. 
         [0033]    Embodiments of the present invention preferably reduce or eliminate errors in measurements of light beam polarization rotation that are caused by wavelength errors that occur in existing wavelength selectors. Moreover, any error source may be corrected where there is a known relationship between the effect on the optically active sample and the effect on the polarization rotator. For example, for a fixed wavelength measurement, a known change in the quantity (M 2 −M 1 ) could be used as to correct the optical rotation measurement for any error that occurs in proportion to the value of the wavelength. 
         [0034]    Reference herein to the use of a Faraday-modulated nulling polarimeter as the polarimeter of choice is for illustrative purposes only. The novel features disclosed herein may be applied to systems using other types of polarimeters such as but not limited to: non-modulated polarimeters; polarimeters with continuously rotating elements; photoelastic elements; and various other configurations. 
         [0035]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram of a computing system  300  adaptable for use with one or more embodiments of the present invention. For instance, variations of computing system  300  may be included within devices in apparatus  200  such as but not limited to controller  7 , signal generator  4 , and/or detector  10 . Additionally or alternatively, a computer system  300  (which may also be referred to as a processor) may be deployed in addition to the devices shown in  FIG. 2 , and may be used to conduct the computations associated with equation (1) through equation (4), which are shown earlier in this document. Such a separate computing device  300  is preferably placed in communication with detector  10  and/or other components of apparatus  200 . 
         [0036]    Central processing unit (CPU)  302  may be coupled to bus  304 . In addition, bus  304  may be coupled to random access memory (RAM)  306 , read only memory (ROM)  308 , input/output (I/O) adapter  310 , communications adapter  322 , user interface adapter  306 , and display adapter  318 . 
         [0037]    In an embodiment, RAM  306  and/or ROM  308  may hold user data, system data, and/or programs. I/O adapter  310  may connect storage devices, such as hard drive  312 , a CD-ROM (not shown), or other mass storage device to computing system  300 . Communications adapter  322  may couple computing system  300  to a local, wide-area, or global network  324 . User interface adapter  316  may couple user input devices, such as keyboard  326 , scanner  328  and/or pointing device  314 , to computing system  300 . Moreover, display adapter  318  may be driven by CPU  302  to control the display on display device  320 . CPU  302  may be any general purpose CPU. 
         [0038]    It is noted that the methods and apparatus described thus far and/or described later in this document may be achieved utilizing any of the known technologies, such as standard digital circuitry, analog circuitry, any of the known processors that are operable to execute software and/or firmware programs, programmable digital devices or systems, programmable array logic devices, or any combination of the above. One or more embodiments of the invention may also be embodied in a software program for storage in a suitable storage medium and execution by a processing unit. 
         [0039]    Although the invention herein has been described with reference to particular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the present invention. It is therefore to be understood that numerous modifications may be made to the illustrative embodiments and that other arrangements may be devised without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.