Abstract:
A method of forming a post sleeve within a post hole in the ground to include a post receiving cavity to insertably receive and support a post is provided. The method includes positioning a post sleeve core within the post hole with the aid of an elongate installation member and depositing uncured material into the post hole to at least partially surround the post sleeve core while the post sleeve core is attached to the elongate installation member. The method further includes allowing the uncured material to harden around the post sleeve core to form at least a portion of the post-receiving cavity of the post sleeve and removing the post sleeve core from the hardened material to expose the post receiving cavity to receive and support the post. Other related methods of forming post sleeves are also provided.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Technical Field 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure are related in general to the field of installation of supports for uprights of fences, traffic signs, real estate signage, etc., and in particular to post supports that can be permanently installed, and from which one post can be removed and another emplaced. 
     Description of the Related Art 
     A post is a substantially straight, elongated columnar structure that is anchored at one end so as to stand upright, and that supports thereon another structure. A post can be made of any appropriate material, including wood, metal, concrete, or plastic. Posts of various lengths and compositions are used in a wide range of applications, including supporting fences, traffic control signs, temporary structures, etc. Where a post is intended to be substantially permanent, it is often placed in a hole and anchored in a concrete footing to increase its cross section so as to be held firmly in place by the surrounding earth. One problem that is commonly encountered in such situations is that posts, especially wooden posts, are subject to breakage, warpage, and decomposition. Replacing a post that has been anchored in concrete is difficult, wasteful, and unfriendly to the environment for reasons that include excessive use of natural resources and the generation of landfill material. The concrete footing must be removed from the ground in order to make room for the new post. This requires that a much larger hole must be dug around the concrete footing. In turn, this requires a much larger volume of concrete or re-compaction of the surrounding soil, to fill the hole around the new post and create the new footing in proper contact with undisturbed or adequately compacted soil. 
     One of the most common causes of deterioration in wooden posts is water trapped around the end of the post inside the concrete. For example, when the post is damp or wet for an extended period of time, the wood absorbs water and draws it by capillary action downward into the concrete footing. Water becomes trapped between the wood and the inside wall of the concrete, so that the end of the post remains wet even while the upper portion is dry. This is especially true in cases where the end of the post is completely encapsulated in concrete, preventing water from escaping through the bottom of the footing, in which case the majority of the water escapes only through the wicking action of the end grain of the post. 
     To reduce this problem, installers often pour several inches of gravel into the bottom of a post hole and place the post directly on the gravel before they pour concrete around it. This prevents the concrete from completely sealing up the bottom of the post by flowing under it, and thus provides a channel for water to escape into the gravel. However, this is only a partial solution. Often the drainage gravel is not fully compacted and settles, causing more need for repair and replacement. Furthermore, with this common method, it takes substantial time for water, once having entered the footing, to work its way all the way through the footing and out the bottom. If the post is subjected to frequent or extended wet periods, the end of the post inside the footing may remain constantly wet even though water continues to drain out the bottom. Additionally, because of the direct contact with the ground on the end of the post, water can move upward into the footing when the ground is wet, due to the capillary or wicking effect of the end grain. This constant dampness encourages the growth of organisms that digest the wood fiber and eventually destroy the post, or in the case of steel, rusts the post away. Additionally, the bottom of the footing is substantially open to insects, which can enter unobstructed from the gravel below to attack and eat the post. 
     Another approach that is used to protect wood posts and other lumber in direct contact with the ground or with concrete is commonly referred to as pressure treating. In this process, protective chemicals are forced into an outer surface of the post under high pressure. The chemicals provide the post with protection from common funguses and other organisms that cause deterioration. Pressure treatment generally extends the useful life of a post by a factor of five to ten. However, the chemicals used in pressure treatment are often toxic to humans and non-target organisms, and can leach into the water supply. In other cases, the chemicals are highly corrosive, tending to cause corrosion in fasteners and structures that are attached thereto. An additional problem with pressure treatment is that the wood cannot generally be recycled when it is replaced, and should not be composted, because of the chemicals still present. This means that it must be deposited in a landfill which in turn is a result of the need to install a post in direct contact with the ground and or concrete. 
     A third approach to this problem is the use of prefabricated anchors or sleeves, i.e., pockets or sleeves that are placed in the ground or anchored in a concrete footing. These anchors permit a post to be removed and replaced without requiring that the sleeve itself be replaced. Some examples of such anchors and methods of installation are disclosed in the following U.S. patents and Patent Application Publications, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties: US Publication No. 2009/0320396; US Publication No. 2010/0277290; U.S. Pat. No. 5,632,464; U.S. Pat. No. 6,098,353; U.S. Pat. No. 7,325,790; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,861,434. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     According to an embodiment, a post sleeve installation assembly includes an elastomeric sleeve core shaped to form a post sleeve when positioned in an uncured concrete footing, a stiffener removably positioned inside the core with an aperture extending lengthwise therein, a locking element positioned within the sleeve core, and an assembly plate coupled to the stiffener. The assembly plate is configured to attach to a prefabricated sleeve element, with the sleeve core and stiffener positioned within a post cavity of the sleeve element. An installation stake is positioned in the aperture and prevented from sliding upwards by the locking element. A release point on the assembly plate permits an operator to release the locking element and permit removal of the stake. 
     To install a post sleeve, the operator positions the installation assembly, including a prefabricated sleeve element clamped thereto, in a post hole with the stake resting on the bottom. The hole is filled with concrete, and while wet, the operator positions the assembly as desired. The operator can manipulate the upper end of the stake to position the sleeve, or can use other positioning means. When the concrete is cured, the operator drives the stake a few inches downward to break through any concrete that may have hardened below the stake, thereby ensuring drainage of the post sleeve to below the concrete footing. The operator then releases and withdraws the stake, removes the assembly plate and stiffener, and finally removes the elastomeric sleeve core, leaving a complete post sleeve formed in part by the sleeve element and in part by the sleeve core. 
     According to an embodiment, a prefabricated sleeve element is provided, including a post cavity extending therethrough. A post sleeve sock is attached to a lower end of the post cavity, and is configured to receive the lower end of a post positioned in the cavity. To form a complete post sleeve, a post is positioned in the sleeve element with its lower end encased in the sock. The assembly is placed in a post hole which is then filled with concrete. The sock prevents the concrete from adhering to the post, and is preferably of a thickness and pliancy sufficient to permit removal of the post. The sock may be configured to deteriorate over time, so that, initially, the post is held firmly in the concrete footing. After the sock has deteriorated, removal of the post is possible. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a perspective view of a post sleeve assembly according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  is a perspective view of a sleeve cap of the assembly of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  is a perspective view of an elastomeric core according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 4  is a side elevation view of an installation assembly according to the embodiment of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 5  is a top plan view of the installation assembly of  FIG. 4 . 
         FIGS. 6 and 7  are cross-sectional views of portions of the post sleeve assembly of  FIG. 1  taken along lines  6 - 6  and  7 - 7 , respectively, of  FIG. 5 . 
         FIG. 8  is a side cut-away view of a post hole with a post sleeve assembly positioned therein. 
         FIG. 9  is a side cut-away view of the post hole of  FIG. 8  showing the permanent elements of the post sleeve. 
         FIG. 10  is a diagrammatic perspective view of an elastomeric post sleeve core according to another embodiment. 
         FIG. 11  is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of the elastomeric post sleeve core of  FIG. 10 . 
         FIGS. 12 and 13  are, respectively, a perspective view and a cross-sectional view of a post sleeve assembly  300  according to another embodiment. 
         FIG. 14  shows a portion of a sock  330  made from bubble wrap, according to an embodiment, which includes a plurality of bubbles on a web layer. 
         FIG. 15  is a diagrammatic cross section of the portion of  FIG. 14 , taken along lines  15 - 15 . 
         FIG. 16A  is a perspective view of a plurality of post sleeve assemblies, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 16B  is an enlarged view of the portion of  FIG. 16A  indicated in  FIG. 16A  at  16 B. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 1  shows a post sleeve assembly  100  according to an embodiment, that includes an elastomeric core  102 , a prefabricated sleeve cap  104 , and an installation assembly  106 . Also shown are a reference index  103  and an installation stake  109 . The reference index  103  includes a position scale  105 . 
     The installation assembly  106  includes a top plate  107  to which other components of the assembly are attached, including handles  108 , clamps  110 , a bullseye level  112 , alignment guides  116 , and cam release buttons  118 . Each of these elements will be described later in more detail. A central cavity  114  is provided in the top plate and sized to receive the reference index  103  for use during installation of a post sleeve. 
       FIG. 2  is a perspective view of the sleeve cap  104 . The sleeve cap  104  is a prefabricated component that is made, preferably, from high-strength concrete, and is configured to be fixed in a concrete footing as the upper portion of a post sleeve. The sleeve cap  104  includes various features configured to be engaged by the wet concrete of the footing during installation to provide a secure lock between the cap and the footing. These features include a plurality of cavities  140  spaced around the outer sides of the cap, and tabs  141  extending from the bottom edge of the cap. In addition to providing structure to which the concrete footing can lock, the tabs  141  also provide advantages during transport of the sleeve cap, as will be explained in detail later. The sleeve cap  104  includes an upper rim  142  that extends at an angle out from the body of the cap, and serves to drain rain water away from the post sleeve. The upper rim  142  can be provided with graphics, such as, e.g., the name or logo of the manufacturer, as shown in  FIG. 2 , or can be textured to resemble stone, or otherwise decorated. A post cavity  144  extends through the sleeve cap  104 , configured to receive a post having selected dimensions. Stand-off ribs  146  are sized to contact the surface of a post having the selected dimensions, when such a post is positioned therein. The ribs  146  define between them channels that permit water to drain to the bottom of the post cavity  144 , even with a post positioned in the cavity. 
       FIG. 3  is a perspective view of an elastomeric core  102 , according to an embodiment. The core  102  includes an upper portion  124 , a main body  126 , and a lower portion  128 . An upper rim  122  extends above the upper portion  124  and has lateral dimensions that are greater than those of the upper portion. A seal ridge  132  defines the transition between the upper portion and the main body. A stiffener cavity  120  extends through the core. The upper portion  124  of the core  102  is configured to fit inside the post cavity  144  of the sleeve cap  104 . Because the core is made from an elastomeric material and is hollow, it can be collapsed onto itself to permit insertion into, and removal from the post cavity  144  of the post sleeve cap  104 . The elastomeric material of the post sleeve core  102  can be, for example, synthetic rubber or silicone. 
     Selected features  134  of the upper portion  124  of the core  102  are provided to mate with corresponding features in the interior of the post cavity  144 , such as, for example, the stand-off ribs  146 . When the elastomeric core  102  is positioned in the post cavity  144 , the seal ridge  132  of the core lies against the bottom of the sleeve cap  104 . The seal ridge  132  acts to retain the core  102  in its proper position and to prevent wet concrete from oozing into the post cavity  144  during installation. 
     The main body  126  and lower portion  128  of the core  102  are provided with negative shapes corresponding to selected features to be formed within the post sleeve. In the embodiment of  FIG. 3 , exemplary shapes are shown that correspond, for example, to plate stops  130 , drain channels  131 , and a universal socket formed in the lower portion  128 . These and other elements are described in detail in the &#39;396 and &#39;290 publications referenced and incorporated above. An aperture  129  is provided in the lower portion  128 , through which the installation stake  109  passes. 
     Turning now to  FIGS. 4 and 5 , the installation assembly  106  is shown, according to an embodiment, in a side elevation view and top plan view, respectively. The installation assembly  106  includes a stiffener  158 , as shown in  FIG. 4 , that is coupled to the top plate  107 , positioned so as to fit within the stiffener cavity  120  of the elastomeric core  102  when the top plate and core are both properly coupled to the sleeve cap  104 . The stiffener  158  fits snuggly in the stiffener cavity  120  to prevent distortion of the shape of the core under the weight and pressure of uncured concrete during formation of a post sleeve. A lower end  160  of the stiffener fits within the lower portion  128  of the elastomeric core  102 , and includes, according to some embodiments, a replaceable tip  157  that extends through the aperture  129  of the core. According to other embodiments, the aperture  129  of the core  102  extends below the lower end  160  of the stiffener and provides a resilient seal against the stake  109 . Because rubber and the like are not compressible, and pressure exerted by wet concrete at any given depth is substantially isostatic, the core  102  will not appreciably distort, except in response to the difference in pressure at different depths, provided there are no underlying gaps or cavities into which it can be moved by the pressure of the wet concrete. Distortion caused by fluid pressure differentials can be calculated and compensated for in the dimensions of the core  102 , so that the core takes the desired final dimensions once it is submerged in the wet concrete. Thus, the elastomeric core  102  will produce a substantially accurate post sleeve shape in the concrete as it cures. On the other hand, when the stiffener  158  is absent, the core can be easily collapsed into itself for insertion and removal. 
     The stiffener  158  can be made of any material that is sufficiently strong to withstand the pressure of the uncured concrete in which the core  102  is positioned without appreciably deforming. It can be made, for example, from extruded aluminum, sheet metal, structural foam, or rigid plastic. 
     The clamps  110  of the installation assembly  106  include inwardly extending clamp flanges  156  configured to engage the rim  142  of the sleeve cap  104  as shown in  FIG. 1 , and are inwardly biased by springs  152  so that the assembly, the core  102 , and the sleeve cap remain securely locked together until released by an operator. With the clamp flanges  156  engaging the rim  142  of the sleeve cap  104 , the top plate  107  of the installation assembly  106  presses down on the rim  122  of the elastomeric core  102 . The elastomeric material of the core  102  acts as a spring to bias the top plate  107  upward, which maintains the elements of the post sleeve assembly  100  in correct relative position. The operator releases the installation assembly  106  by grasping handles  154  of the clamps  110  and puling the clamps outward against the bias of the springs  152 , as shown in  FIG. 4 . In this position, the clamps release the rim  142  of the sleeve cap. When the clamps  110  are released, the top plate  107  is pushed upward a small distance as the rim  122  of the elastomeric core  102  returns to its resting shape. This raises the clamp flanges  156  above the rim  142  of the sleeve cap  104  and prevents the clamps  110  from relocking when the operator allows them to return toward their normal positions. 
     The alignment guides  116  and bullseye level  112  are provided as means by which the operator can position the post sleeve assembly  100  during installation, so that it is plumb and properly oriented, or aligned with other post sleeves. The central cavity  114  of the installation assembly  106  is sized to receive the reference index  103 . The index  103  is placed in the central cavity  114  and rests on a seat  117  (shown in  FIG. 6 ) so as to extend from the installation assembly  106 . A method for positioning a plurality of post sleeves using reference indices is described in the &#39;434 patent previously referenced and incorporated. It will also be recognized that various embodiments of the present disclosure can be adapted for use with others of the installation structures and methods disclosed in the &#39;434 patent. 
     An aperture  115  is provided with a top end at the bottom of the central cavity  114 , coaxially with the central cavity, extending through the length of the stiffener  158 , and sized to receive the installation stake  109 . A corresponding aperture is provided at the bottom of the elastomeric core  102  to permit the installation stake to traverse the entire post sleeve assembly  100  along its longitudinal axis, so as to extend some selected distance from the bottom of the core. A locking mechanism is provided, preferably inside the stiffener to hold the installation stake at a selected position. 
       FIGS. 6 and 7  are cross-sectional views of portions of the post sleeve assembly  100  taken along lines  6 - 6  and  7 - 7 , respectively, of  FIG. 5 , and showing details of the interior of the stiffener  158 . As shown in  FIG. 6 , the cam release buttons  118  are coupled to first ends of cam release links  162  inside the top plate  107 . The cam release links  162  extend inside the stiffener from the top plate toward the bottom end of the sleeve core  102 , and are coupled at their second ends to a release pivot  161  which is in turn coupled to a pair of cams  164  of a locking mechanism  159 , as shown in  FIG. 7 . A pair of cam springs  167  bias arms  165  of the cams  164 , generally urging the cams to rotate outwardly around cam pivots  163 . Outward rotation of the cam arms  165  causes jaws at the bottom edges of the cams to rotate inwardly. When an installation stake  109  is passed down through the aperture  115  it passes between the cams  164 , causing them to rotate slightly away from the stake and permitting it to pass between them. However, if upward pressure is applied to the stake  109  while it is positioned between the cams  164 , it applies a bias that cooperates with the cam springs  167 , causing the jaws of the cams to grip the stake tightly, and preventing upward movement of the stake. When the operator presses the cam release buttons  118 , the cam release links  162  move the cam release pivot downwardly, causing the cams to rotate against the cam springs  167 , and releasing the installation stake  109 , which can thus be removed. The installation stake is of particular use when deep footings are used, and explained below. 
     When a post is anchored in ground that is subject to a seasonal freeze/thaw cycle, the post can, over the course of a few seasons, be ejected from the ground by the expansion of water as it freezes. This occurs when water trapped below the footing of the post freezes, forcing the footing upward a small amount. In the spring, the ice thaws, leaving a gap that fills with more water, so that when the temperature drops and the water refreezes, the footing is raised further. One solution to this problem is the make the footing sufficiently deep that it extends below the local frost line. In some high-latitude regions, this depth can be more than four feet. Normally, to install a post sleeve an operator provides a post hole a few inches deeper than the length of the post sleeve plus the depth of any gravel drainage required. The post sleeve is placed in the hole and wet concrete is poured around it to fill the hole to about three-quarters of its depth. The operator then manually moves the post sleeve into the desired position, and finishes filling the hole. Buoyancy of the sleeve can be adjusted by adding weight to prevent the sleeve from floating too high in the wet concrete, and final adjustments are made to plumb and align the sleeve. 
     However, if the footing must extend below a deep frost line, placing the post sleeve assembly in the hole might leave the top of the assembly two or three feet below ground level, which can complicate the installation. According to an embodiment, the installation stake  109  is provided to assist in such situations.  FIG. 8  is a side elevation view of the post sleeve assembly  100  positioned in a post hole  166  and including the installation stake  109 . In the example shown, the post hole  166  has a layer of gravel  168  for drainage, and is filled with concrete  170  to form a footing. The installation stake is preferably a steel bar, although it can be any material capable of supporting the weight of the post sleeve assembly  100 . 
     Prior to placing the post sleeve assembly  100  in the hole  166 , the stake  109  is positioned in the assembly  100  so as to extend a selected distance from the bottom of the assembly. The assembly  100  is then positioned in the post hole  166  so that the bottom end of the stake  109  rests on the bottom of the hole, supporting the post sleeve assembly at approximately the desired depth. As previously noted, the stake can easily slide downward, relative to the cams  164 , so the operator can increase the height of the post sleeve assembly above the bottom of the hole  166  by lifting upward on one of the handles  108  of the installation assembly  106  while holding the stake  109  in place, causing the stake to slide downward between the cams  164 . Once the post sleeve assembly  100  is at about the correct height, the hole  166  is filled and the final position and orientation of the sleeve assembly is adjusted, as previously described. The concrete footing  170  is allowed to cure, and the installation assembly is removed, leaving a complete post sleeve embedded in the footing  170 , as shown in  FIG. 9 . 
     The installation stake  109  is preferably coated with a release agent to facilitate its removal after the footing is sufficiently cured. When the stake is withdrawn, it leaves a channel  180  in the footing, which permits water to drain to the gravel  168  below. It is anticipated that during the process of making the final adjustments to the position of the post sleeve assembly  100 , the bottom end of the stake  109  may be lifted a few inches from the gravel bed  168 , as shown in  FIG. 8 , permitting concrete to flow underneath, which would prevent drainage of water to the gravel. To overcome this problem, the operator strikes the top of the stake  109  with a hammer or small maul before removing the stake. This causes the stake  109  to drive down through the “green” concrete, fracturing the material directly below, as shown at  184  ( FIG. 9 ), and opening a passage to the gravel  168 . This can be done without any concern for the integrity of the footing as a whole because when concrete is freshly cured, it is relatively soft, so that any damage remains local to the point of impact, and does not propagate. 
     To remove the stake  109  from the installation assembly  106 , the operator presses the cam release buttons  118  and pulls the stake from the assembly  100 . To remove the installation assembly  106 , the operator pulls outward on the handles  154  of the installation assembly, disengaging the clamps  110  from the rim  142  of the sleeve cap  104 . The operator applies upward force to the handles  108 , which lifts the installation assembly  106  from the sleeve cap  104  and pulls the stiffener  158  from the stiffener cavity  120 . The operator can leave the installation stake  109  engaged by the locking mechanism and remove the stake and installation assembly  106  as a unit, or can remove the installation assembly and stake separately. 
     With the stiffener  158  removed, the post sleeve core  102  is pliable. The operator grasps the rim  122  of the core  102  and manipulates it to cause it to collapse sufficiently to be pulled from the sleeve cap  104  and the concrete footing. If necessary, the core  102  can be coated with a release agent prior to being placed in the post hole, to facilitate its later removal. In one embodiment, a vacuum attachment can be pressed on the top surface of the core  102  to cause it to collapse for removal. The concrete footing, having cured around the sleeve core  102 , retains the features of the sleeve core, thereby forming the lower portion  176  of the post sleeve. In the embodiment of  FIG. 9 , the lower portion  176  includes plate stops  182 , and a universal socket  178 , which are described in detail in the detail in the &#39;396 and &#39;290 publications referenced and incorporated above. 
     The stiffener  158  has been described as part of the installation assembly  106 , while the elastomeric core  102  has been described as a separate element. These relationships are for convenience and ease of description, but do not limit the scope of the claims. For example, according to various embodiments, the stiffener and elastomeric core comprise elements of a post sleeve core; according to other embodiments, the stiffener is configured to be positioned within a complete prefabricated post sleeve to guide and support the installation stake, so that no sleeve form, such as the elastomeric core, is required. 
     According to other embodiments that employ an installation stake, various alternative locking mechanisms are provided. For example, according to an embodiment, dimensions of the aperture  129  of the lower portion  128  of the elastomeric core  102  are selected to grip the installation stake  109  with sufficient force to support the weight of the post sleeve assembly  100 , so that the stake will support the post sleeve assembly at the selected position during installation. According to another embodiment, a locking mechanism is provided in the tip  157  of the stiffener  158 , such as a friction or compression coupling that provides adequate resistance to movement of the stake. During removal of the installation assembly  106 , the tip  157  detaches from the stiffener  158  and remains attached to the stake  109 . 
     According to an embodiment, a length of pipe or rigid tubing is coupled to the lower end  160  of the installation assembly  102  and serves, during installation, as an installation stake. When the installation assembly is removed, the pipe remains in the concrete footing to act as a drain channel for the post sleeve. The tip  157  can be configured to couple to the length of pipe, and can also be configured to be detachable from the stiffener so as to remain with the pipe when the stiffener and core are removed. 
       FIGS. 10 and 11  are, respectively, a perspective view and a cross-sectional view of an elastomeric post sleeve core  200  according to another embodiment.  FIG. 11  also shows a stiffener  202  positioned in a stiffener cavity  204  of the core  200 . The core  200  includes main body  206 , a lower portion  208 , and an upper portion  214 . The main body  206  includes features  212  for forming, e.g., drain channels, stand-off ribs, and plate stops. Walls  216  of the stiffener  202  fit snuggly into the stiffener cavity  204  to provide the necessary support for the sleeve core  200 . As shown in  FIG. 11 , a weight  222  can be positioned inside the stiffener  202  to give the combined core  200  and stiffener near neutral buoyancy in wet concrete, which allows the operator to more easily position and orient the combination before the concrete cures. 
     An extension portion  218  of the stiffener  202  extends from an opening at the bottom of the lower portion  208  of the core  200 . The extension portion  218  is configured to be engaged by a piece of hose or tubing which remains in the footing after the stiffener  202  and core  200  are removed, to provide a drain passage to gravel or other drainage below. According to an embodiment, elastomeric ridges  220  are provided on the end of the extension portion  218 , sized and configured to engage the threads of a standard garden hose coupling. An operator can cut an old garden hose to the necessary length and slide the bib coupling onto the extension portion  218  of the stiffener  202 . The other end of the hose is buried in the gravel at the bottom of the hole before the hole is filled with wet concrete. After the footing has cured, the stiffener is pulled from the core, with the ridges  220  releasing the threads of the coupling as the stiffener is removed. The core is then also removed, as previously discussed. 
     The embodiment of  FIGS. 10 and 11  is provided for use without a prefabricated sleeve cap. Instead, the operator places the core  200  in the footing at a depth at which the top of the footing reaches somewhere on the upper portion  210 . When the core  200  is removed from the footing, post sleeve defined in the concrete by the core  200  has a corresponding upper portion that is smooth and regular in shape, and that can receive a collar that fits snuggly around a post positioned therein, to provide some protection from water and debris entering the sleeve. 
       FIGS. 12 and 13  are, respectively, a perspective view and a cross-sectional view of a post sleeve assembly  300  according to another embodiment.  FIG. 12  shows the assembly  300  with a post  310  in place, while the cross section of  FIG. 13  shows details of the assembly in an enlarged view. The post sleeve assembly  300  includes a sleeve cap  302 , an end cap  303 , and a connecting “sock”  304 , which is a sleeve in which the post  310  is placed for installation. The sock  304  can be made from any suitable material, including, for example, Tyvek®, polyethylene plastic, bubble wrap, etc. 
     The end cap  303  includes a first end cap segment  306  and a second end cap segment  308  that fit together in a friction or snap fit. The sock  304  is attached at a first end to a snap ring  312  that snaps into the lower end of the post aperture  144  of the sleeve cap  302 . The sock  304  is attached at a second end to a sock flange  314  of the first end cap segment  306 . The sock flange  314  is also configured to engage the lower end of the post aperture  144  by friction fit. While in storage and transit, the sock  304  is folded and positioned in the post aperture  144 , with the sock flange  314  of the first end cap segment  306  engaged with the lower end of the post aperture  144  directly below the snap ring  312 . 
     In addition to elements described above, the first end cap segment  306  includes standoff knobs  316 , configured to receive the bottom end of a post and provide space for water to drain into a reservoir cavity  313  provided in the second end cap segment  308 . A mating flange  315  extends downward from the first end cap segment  306 , and is configured to couple with the second end cap segment  308 . 
     A sidewall  318  of the second end cap segment  308  is configured to couple with the mating flange  315  of the first end cap segment  306  along a top edge  317  via a snap fit, and defines lateral dimensions of the reservoir  313 . Additionally, the sidewall  318  is configured to couple with the mating flange  315  at a bottom edge  319  via a friction fit (as will be discussed in more detail below with reference to  FIG. 16 ). The sidewall  318  is reinforced by ribs  320  to provide sufficient strength to support the post  310  and the sleeve cap  302  during installation. A storage flange  321  extends upward from a bottom plate  326  of the second end cap segment  308 , and is configured to engage the upper end of the post aperture  144  of the sleeve cap  302  via a friction fit. During storage and transport, the second end cap segment  308  is positioned upside-down relative to the post sleeve  302  with the storage flange  321  engaged with the upper end of the post aperture  144 . 
     A drain aperture  324  permits water to drain from the reservoir  313  to soil or gravel below the post sleeve. The drain aperture  324  can be sealed with a suitably durable adhesive sticker or degradable material to allow a stake to penetrate or water to escape after it degrades. A snap-in or twist-in aperture ring  322  is positioned in the drain aperture  324 . The aperture ring  322  of the pictured embodiment provides a connection for a drain tube for drainage, for use in post sleeves where the second end cap segment  308  does not rest directly on soil or gravel. According to various embodiments, the aperture ring  322  can be removed or replaced with other elements that can be twisted (or snapped) into place, such as, e.g., a screen to prevent debris from passing through the drain aperture and clogging a drain field, an increased-volume drain reservoir, a holder for a slow-dissolving insecticide or insect repellant, etc. 
     During preparation for installation, an operator pulls the first and second end cap segments  306 ,  308  from the post aperture  144 , snaps the top edge  317  of the second end cap segment to the bottom of the first end cap segment, and unfolds the sock  304  to its full length. The post  310  is positioned in the post sleeve assembly  300  and inside the sock  304 , with the bottom end of the post engaging the sock flange  314 . The sleeve cap  302  is positioned on the post so that the sock is fully extended, as shown in  FIG. 12 . The sleeve cap  302  can be fixed to the post during installation by any appropriate means, including, for example, by friction, jamming shims, a nail driven through a fastener aperture into the post, or by any of the fasteners described in the previously incorporated &#39;396 and &#39;290 patent application publications. The post  310  and post sleeve assembly  300  are then placed into a pre-prepared post hole, with the second segment  308  of the end cap  303  resting on the bottom of the hole. The hole is filled with wet concrete to a depth reaching a little below the rim of the sleeve cap  302 , and the sleeve assembly is positioned and made plumb by manipulation of the post  110 . Once properly positioned, the weight of the post is generally sufficient to overcome any buoyancy so as to keep the end cap firmly at the bottom of the hole, and all other forces are balanced. Thus, the post  310  and post sleeve assembly  300  will remain in position until the concrete cures. Alternatively, the post can be fixed in position until the concrete has cured, using any of a number of well known methods. 
     After the concrete has cured, the post can be left in place, or can be removed and replaced. The sock  304  prevents the concrete from adhering to the post, enabling later removal of the post without damage to the concrete footing. According to an alternative embodiment, a core having the appropriate lateral dimensions is used in place of the post, then removed after the concrete has cured. 
     One advantage of using a core is that it can be made fractionally larger than the dimensions of the selected post size, which will leave a post sleeve cavity that will permit easier removal and insertion of the post. Another advantage is that the core can be provided with features that the sock will follow when encapsulated by the concrete, permitting the formation in the post sleeve of drainage channels etc. On the other hand, if a post is used, installation of the combined post/post sleeve assembly is nearly identical to the installation of a typical fence or sign post. Thus, for example, a consumer can purchase post sleeve assemblies for the support posts of a residential fence. Once the assemblies are assembled on the respective posts, they can be fixed in concrete footings substantially as they would be if the posts were emplaced directly in the footings. After the footings have cured, the consumer or contractor can leave the posts in place and proceed to assemble the fence as normal, while still obtaining the benefit of a post sleeve with a durable and decorative opening, and from which the post can be removed and replaced without damage to the sleeve. 
     As noted above, the sock  304  can be made from any of a number of suitable materials. The selection of the material is a design consideration that may depend on a number of factors, such as the frequency with which the post is likely to be removed or replaced; the material and uniformity of the post; the climate where the post sleeve is to be installed, i.e., the amount of moisture that is likely to be introduced into the post sleeve over a given period; etc. If the post is smooth and uniform in shape, a thin sock material can be used, producing a post sleeve cavity that is very close in size to the dimensions of the post. Multiple layers of such thin material can also be used to make removal of the post easier. A thicker sock material can also simplify post removal and permit efficient drainage, and can also compensate for some irregularities in the shape of the post. 
     According to an embodiment, the sock is made from bubble wrap, which is a common and inexpensive material generally used in packaging. As is well known, bubble wrap typically comprises a first layer of polyethylene plastic in which round depressions are formed, and which is then laminated to a second layer of plastic, trapping air in the depressions. The result is a web layer with bubbles formed on one side. The thickness of the bubble wrap can be any appropriate value. For example, bubble wrap having a thickness of about ⅛ inch is commonly available. A sock made from such material will produce a sleeve cavity that is ¼ inch larger than the post, which permits simple removal and replacement of the post. 
       FIG. 14  shows a section of a sock  330  made from bubble wrap, according to an embodiment, which includes a plurality of bubbles  332  on a web layer  334 .  FIG. 15  is a diagrammatic cross section taken along lines  15 - 15  of  FIG. 14 , showing the section  330  positioned between a post  310  and wet concrete  336 , with the bubbles  332  on the side facing the post, and the web layer  334  on the side facing the wet concrete. 
     As compared to typical bubble wrap, selected ones of the plurality of bubbles  332  are absent from the exemplary pattern of  FIG. 14 , resulting in gaps at selected intervals. The pressure of the wet concrete  336  against the web layer  334  causes the web layer to sag inwards at the locations of the gaps, and touch, or nearly touch the post  310  at the centers  338  of the gaps. After the concrete cures, the bubble wrap can be removed, or left in place to deflate and disintegrate over time. In either case, the resulting post sleeve is formed with a plurality of small knobs in locations corresponding to the centers  338 . A post positioned in the sleeve will be supported by the knobs, while moisture can easily drain around them to the bottom of the sleeve. 
     While bubble wrap can be manufactured according to any desired pattern, including the pattern shown in  FIG. 14 , it may be economically advantageous to use bubble wrap that is commercially available, instead of going to the expense of producing the tooling to make a custom pattern. According to an embodiment, a pattern of pin points is provided on a roller, over which lengths of standard bubble wrap are passed. The pin points are positioned so as to perforate selected ones of the bubbles, which then deflate, producing a desired pattern, such as, e.g., the pattern shown in  FIG. 14 . 
     Turning now to  FIGS. 16A and 16B , a plurality of post sleeve assemblies  300  are shown, according to an embodiment; one post sleeve assembly  300   a  is shown in a partial cut-away view.  FIG. 16B  shows an enlarged view of the portion of  FIG. 16A  indicated at  16 B, showing additional detail. A sock is not shown in  FIGS. 16A and 16B  in the post aperture  144   a , but would normally be coupled at one end to the sock flange  314   a  and at the other end to the snap ring  312   a  and folded into the post aperture for storage and transport. The sleeve assemblies  300  are shown as they would be positioned relative to each other during storage and transport. The first end cap segment  306  of each is coupled to the lower end of the respective post aperture  144  and the second end cap segment  308  is coupled to the upper end, as previously described. The sleeve assemblies  300  are positioned top-side down on a pallet or equivalent supporting structure (not shown). Tabs  141  provided around the bottom of each sleeve cap  302  interlock with those of adjacent sleeve caps, and serve to prevent shifting of the sleeve caps relative to each other. 
     Post sleeve assembly  300   a  is shown stacked on top of post sleeve assembly  300   b . The bottom edge  319   a  of the second end cap segment  308   a  of the post sleeve assembly  300   a  engages the mating flange  315   b  of the first end cap segment  306   b  of post sleeve assembly  300   b . This maintains the post sleeve assembly  300   a  in alignment with the post sleeve assembly  300   b , and prevents shifting of one relative to the other during transport. Portions of the first end cap segment  308   a  and of the second end cap segment  308   b  are interposed between the top of the sleeve cap  302   a  and the bottom of the sleeve cap  302   b , preventing direct contact between the sleeve caps. This serves to protect from damage the upper rim  148   a  of the sleeve cap  302   a , which will be visible after installation, and which may, in some embodiments, include decorative detail. 
     It can be seen that because of the interlocking elements of the post sleeve assemblies  300 , they can be securely stacked and assembled, and will resist relative movement or shifting, thus improving safety and reducing breakage losses.  FIG. 16  shows only a small number of post sleeve assemblies  300 . In practice, the number of post sleeve assemblies per layer, and the number of layers will vary according to a number of factors, including size of the pallet, lifting capacity of handling machinery, available space for storage or transport, etc. While the post sleeve assemblies  300  are shown stacked in a top-side-down arrangement, they can also be stacked top-side-up, in which case provisions are preferably made to accommodate the mating flanges  315  of the first end cap segments  306 , so that the weight of a stack of sleeve caps does not rest entirely on the mating flange of the lower-most assembly in each stack. Such provisions can include, e.g., appropriately positioned spacers or shims, or cavities formed in the top surface of a transport pallet, sized to receive the flanges. 
     According to another embodiment, a sock is provided, that is pulled over the bottom end of a post prior to placing the post in a wet concrete footing. The sock is preferably made of a material that has sufficient thickness that the post can be easily removed from the footing after it has cured. A plastic collar is provided, which permits the top of the sock to be stapled or nailed to the post. 
     It is well known that concrete continues to cure and harden for many years after being poured. Thus, the term cure, when used with reference to poured concrete, can be relative. For the purposes of the specification and claims, cured, and related terms, are to be construed as meaning sufficiently cured. Accordingly, where a claim recites, e.g., “removing the post sleeve core from the cured concrete,” the “cured concrete” is concrete that is cured sufficiently for removal of the core without causing damage or distortion to the newly formed post sleeve. 
     In describing the embodiments illustrated in the drawings, directional references, such as upper, lower, top, bottom, etc., are used to refer to elements as they would be oriented when installed, or during installation. To the extent that such terms are used in the claims, they are to be construed accordingly. 
     Ordinal numbers, e.g., first, second, third, etc., are used according to conventional practice, i.e., for the purpose of clearly distinguishing between disclosed or claimed elements or features thereof. The use of such numbers does not suggest any other relationship, e.g., order of operation or relative position of such elements, nor does it exclude the possible combination of the listed elements into a single, multiple-function, structure or housing. Furthermore, ordinal numbers used in the claims have no necessary correspondence to those used in the specification to refer to elements of disclosed embodiments on which those claims read. 
     Where a claim limitation recites a structure as an object of the limitation, that structure itself is not an element of the limitation, but is a modifier of the subject. For example, in a hypothetical limitation that recites “a post sleeve configured to receive a post,” the post is not an element of the claim, but instead serves to define the scope of the term post sleeve. Additionally, subsequent limitations or claims that recite or characterize additional elements relative to the post do not render the post an element of the claim. 
     The term coupled, as used in the claims, includes within its scope indirect coupling, such as when two elements are coupled with one or more intervening elements even where no intervening elements are recited. 
     The abstract of the present disclosure is provided as a brief outline of some of the principles of the invention according to one embodiment, and is not intended as a complete or definitive description of any embodiment thereof, nor should it be relied upon to define terms used in the specification or claims. The abstract does not limit the scope of the claims. 
     Aspects and features of the various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. All of the U.S. patents, U.S. patent application publications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, and foreign patent applications and non-patent publications referred to in this specification and/or listed in the Application Data Sheet, including U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/196,952, filed Mar. 4, 2014, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/243,843, filed Sep. 23, 2011 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/533,702 filed Sep. 12, 2011, are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Aspects of the embodiments can be modified, if necessary to employ concepts of the various patents, applications and publications to provide yet further embodiments. 
     These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of the above-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification, but should be construed to include all possible embodiments along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limited by the disclosure.