Abstract:
The invention described relates to novel strains of lactic acid bacteria and their use in anti-allergy. The composition may be in the form of foodstuffs or in the form of pharmaceutical compositions.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The invention relates to novel strains of lactic acid bacteria. The composition comprising of  Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0002 , Lactobacillus gasseri  PM-A0005,  Lactobacillus salivarius  PM-A0006,  Lactobacillus johnsonii  PM-A0009 and  Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0013 and their use for treating allergy related diseases. 
     2. Background 
     The recent increase in allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis, atopic eczema, and allergic rhinitis has been, and continues to be, a serious social problem in many countries. There is a theory which implies that allergy and asthma have increased during the last 20 to 50 years because of a reduced exposure in childhood to bacterial and viral infections brought about by improvements in public health measures such as vaccination and sanitation. Allergic diseases are reported to be caused by a skew in the balance between T helper type 1 (Th1) and 2 (Th2) cells. Classical allergy is a type 2 hypersensitivity reaction mediated by the interaction of mast cells and eosinophils coated with allergen-specific IgE and a cross-lining allergen. Few lactic acid bacteria have been shown to stimulate Th1 related cytokines secretion, they have the potential to either prevent or ameliorate disease conditions or both. 
     The term probiotic is derived from the Greek and literally translates as ‘for-life’. It was first used by Lilly et al in 1965 (Lilly D M and Stillwell R H, 1965, Science, 14: 747-748). Probiotics are live microbial food supplements that can change either the composition and/or the metabolic activities of the microbiota or modulate immune system reactivity in a way that benefits health. Rarker described probiotics as “organisms and their secreted substances which contribute to an intestinal microbial balance.” A recent detailed definition of probiotics is “a preparation of or a product containing viable, defined microorganisms in sufficient numbers to alter the existing microflora (by displacement or colonization) in the intestine of the host and thereby exert beneficial health effects (Schrezenmeir J, de Vrese M, 2001, Am J Clin Nutr, 73: 361S-364S). Probiotics are now commonly available over the counter and in the chiller cabinet of every supermarket as bio-yoghurts, probiotic drinks or food supplements. Few different microorganisms have been used as probiotics, the most common being the lactic acid bacteria. Lactic acid bacteria are members of the commensal microflora of a healthy human colon. They can be found on food particles in the lumen of the gut and in the mucus overlying the epithelial cell barrier, putting them in very close proximity to the human host (Macfarlanc S, Furrie E, Cummings J H and Macfarlanc G T, 2004, Clinical Infectious Diseases, 38: 1690-1699). The possible function of probiotics are varied and include the production and secretion of antimicrobial substances, a stimulus to the host&#39;s immune responses, and displacement of pathogen colonization. They provide health benefits to the host by stimulating metabolic activities or by protecting against conditions such as intestinal infection, food allergies, and colon cancer. 
     Otherwise, the current state of evidence suggests that probiotic effects are strain specific. Strain identity is important to link a strain to a specific health effect as well as to enable accurate surveillance and epidemiological studies. So we must use in vitro tests that to screen potential probiotic strains. In vitro tests are useful to gain knowledge of strains and the mechanism of the probiotic effect. However, it was noted that the currently available tests are not fully adequate to predict the functionality of probiotic microorganisms in the human body. It was also noted that in vitro data available for particular strains are not sufficient for describing them as probiotic. Probiotics for human use will require substantiation of efficacy with human trials. Appropriate target-specific in vitro tests that correlate with in vivo results are recommended. For example, in vitro bile salts resistance was shown to correlate with gastric survival in vivo. The seven points of the main currently used in vitro tests for the study of probiotic strains are first is resistance to gastric acidity, second is bile acid resistance, third is adherence to mucus and/or human epithelial cells and cell lines, forth is antimicrobial activity against potentially pathogenic bacteria, fifth is ability to reduce pathogen adhesion to surfaces, sixth is bile salt hydrolase activity, seventh is resistance to spermicides (Guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food; Report of joint FAO/WHO working group on drafting guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food; London Ontario, Canada April 30 and May 1, 2002). 
     Allergic children in Estonia and Sweden were found to be less often colonized with lactobacilli compared with nonallergic children (Björksten B, Naaber P, Sepp E and Mikelsaar M, 1999, Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 29: 342-346). 
     Lactobacilli are thought to induce Th1 reaction and improve allergic diseases (Cross M L, Stevenson L M and Gill H S, 2001, International Immunopharmacology, 1: 891-901). 
     Furthermore, orally administered heat-treated  Lactobacillus casei  (strain Shirota) was found to inhibit IgE production induced by ovalbumin in mice serum (Matsuzaki T, Yamazaki R, Hashimoto S and Yokokura T, 1998, Journal Dairy Science, 81: 48-53). 
     Moreover, intraperitoneally injected heat-treated  Lactobacillus plantarum  L-137 was demonstrated to suppress IgE production in response to a casein allergy in mice (Murosaki S, Yamamoto Y, Ito K, Inokuchi T, Kusaka H, Ikeda H and Yoshikai Y, 1998, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol, 102: 57-64). 
     Oral administration of lysed  Enterococcus faecalis  FK-23 resulted in a decrease of peritoneal accumulation of eosinophils induced by ragweed pollen (Shimada T, Cheng L, Ide M, Fukuda S, Enomoto T, Shirakawa T, 2003, Clin Exp Allergy, 33: 684-687). 
     In humans,  Lactobacillus rhamnosus  strain GG administered in the perinatal period reduced the incidence of atopic eczema in children at risk during the first 2 years of life (Kalliomäki M, Salminen S, Arvilommi H, Kero P, Koskinen P and Isolauri E, 2001, Lancet 357: 1076-1079) and beyond infancy (Kalliomäki M, Salminen S, Poussa T, Aivilommi H and Isolauri E, 2003, Lancet 361: 1869-1871). 
       Lactobacillus rhamnosus  19070-2 and  Lactobacillus reuteri  DSM 122460 improved moderately the clinical severity of eczema in children with atopic dermatitis (Rosenfeldt V; Benfeldt E, Nielsen S D, Michaelsen K F, Jeppesen D L, Valerius N H and. Paerregaard A, 2003, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 111:389-395). 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention related to novel lactic acid bacterial strains comprising of  Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0002,  Lactobacillus gasseri  PM-A0005,  Lactobacillus salivarius  PM-A0006,  Lactobacillus johnsonii  PM-A0009,  Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0013. 
     In another aspect, the invention may be said broadly to consist of a composition of a biologically pure culture of any one of  Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0002, China Center for Type Culture Collection (CCTCC) deposit number M 207038 dated Apr. 6, 2007,  Lactobacillus gasseri  PM-A0005, CCTCC deposit number M 207039 dated Apr. 6, 2007,  Lactobacillus salivarius  PM-A0006, CCTCC deposit number M 207040 dated Apr. 6, 2007,  Lactobacillus johnsonii  PM-A0009, CCTCC deposit number M 207041 dated Apr. 6, 2007,  Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0013, CCTCC deposit number M 207042 dated Apr. 6, 2007 in an anti-allergy stimulating concentration, with a physiologically acceptable excipient or diluent. 
     In one embodiment said composition contains any one or more of said strains. 
     Preferably said physiologically acceptable excipient or diluent is a food. 
     Preferably said food is any one of cultured milk, yoghurt, cheese, milk drink, milk powder, coffee or tea. 
     Alternatively said composition is a pharmaceutical composition and said excipient or diluent is pharmacologically acceptable excipient or diluent. 
     In another aspect, the invention may be said broadly to consist of a method of enhancing IL12 or IFN-gamma which are Th1 cytokines and modifying conditions of allergy which comprise administering to a mammal any one of the above biologically pure cultures at an anti-allergy stimulating dosage rate. 
     In one embodiment said composition contains any one or more of said strains. 
     Preferably said physiologically acceptable excipient or diluent is a food. 
     Preferably said food is any one of cultured milk, yoghurt, cheese, milk drink, milk powder, coffee or tea. 
     Alternatively said composition is a pharmaceutical composition and said excipient or diluent is pharmacolohically acceptable excipient or diluent. 
     Anti-allergy, physiologically acceptable, biologically pure strains of homologues or mutants of any one of the strains: 
       Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0002 
       Lactobacillus gasseri  PM-A0005 
       Lactobacillus salivarius  PM-A0006 
       Lactobacillus johnsonii  PM-A0009 
       Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0013 
     In another embodiment the invention may be said broadly to consist of a method of anti-allergy which comprises administering to a mammal any one of the above biologically pure cultures at an immunostimulating dosage rate. 
     In another embodiment substantially biologically pure cultures of one or more of the above-defined strains are present. 
     Preferably said culture is administered in the form of a composition with a physiologically acceptable excipient or diluent. 
     Preferably said physiologically acceptable excipient or diluent is a food. 
     Preferably said food is cultured milk, yoghurt, cheese, milk drink or milk powder. 
     This invention may also be said broadly to consist in the parts, elements and features referred to or indicated in the specification of the application, individually or collectively, and any or all combinations of any one or more of said parts, elements or features, and where specific integers are mentioned herein which have known equivalents in the art to which this invention relates, such known equivalents are deemed to be incorporated herein as if individually set forth. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows the secretion of IFN-gamma in the co-culture of a  Lactobacillus  strain and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The secretions of IFN-gamma were detected with ELISA after 48-hour co-culture of the lactic acid bacterium and PBMCs, respectively. The amounts of IFN-gamma were expressed by the absorbance values (O.D. values). In the test, phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was used as positive control;  Lactobacillus casei  BCRC 12249 was used as negative control; bar 1 represents  Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0002; bar 2 represents  Lactobacillus gasseri  PM-A0005; bar 3 represents  Lactobacillus salivarius  PM-A0006; bar 4 represents  Lactobacillus johnsonii  PM-A0009; bar 5 represents  Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0013; bar 6 represents negative control; and bar 7 represents positive control. 
         FIG. 2  shows the secretion of interleukin-12 (IL-12) in the co-culture of a heat-killed lactic acid bacterial strain and human dendritic cells (DC). The secretions of IL-12 were detected with ELISA after 48-hour co-culture of the heat-killed lactic acid bacterium and DCs, respectively. The amounts of IL-12 were expressed by the absorbance values (O.D. values). In the test, phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was used as positive control;  Lactobacillus casei  BCRC 12249 was used as negative control; bar 1 represents  Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0002; bar 2 represents  Lactobacillus gasseri  PM-A0005; bar 3 represents  Lactobacillus salivarius  PM-A0006; bar 4 represents  Lactobacillus johnsonii  PM-A0009; bar 5 represents  Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0013; bar 6 represents negative control; and bar 7 represents positive control. 
         FIG. 3  shows the viability of lactobacillus cells in pH 2.5 MRS broth and 1.5% bile salt. All strains showed tolerance to pH 2.5 and 1.5% bile acid for 3 and 4 hours despite variations in the degree of viability. The patent deposit lactobacilli which had anti-allergy effect were the most acid-tolerance strains, with more than 10 8  cfu/mL after incubation for 3 hours at pH 2.5. The  Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0002,  Lactobacillus salivarius  PM-A0006,  Lactobacillus johnsonii  PM-A0009 and  Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0013 were the most bile-tolerance strains, with more than 10 5  cfu/mL after incubation for 4 hours at 1.5% bile MRS medium, the  Lactobacillus gasseri  PM-A0005 was the most bile-sensitive strains, with only 10 4  total cfu/mL after the 4 hours incubation. Although the numbers of  Lactobacillus gasseri  PM-A0005 were decreased by 1.5% bile, it still had tolerance for bile acid. These results suggest that the five lactobacilli had tolerance for acid and bile acid in the human gastrointestinal tract. 
         FIG. 4  shows the adhesion properties in gastrointestinal (GI) in the co-culture of a  Lactobacillus  strain and Caco-2 cell lines. The adhesion properties were detected with counting 15 random microscopic fields which were counted and average for each number. The amounts of adhesion properties in GI were expressed by counting lactobacillus cells number adhesion on Caco-2 cell lines. In the test, bar 1 represents  Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0002; bar 2 represents  Lactobacillus gasseri  PM-A0005; bar 3 represents  Lactobacillus salivarius  PM-A0006; bar 4 represents  Lactobacillus johnsonii  PM-A0009; and bar 5 represents  Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0013. 
         FIG. 5  shows the process of asthma animal model. Animals were actively sensitized by intra-peritoneal injection of 50 μg ovalbumin emulsified in 4 mg aluminum hydroxide in the total volume of 100 μL on Days 2, 16, 30 and 44. After actively sensitized, animals were induced airway responsiveness by intra-nasal dripping of 100 μg/10 μL ovalbumin on Days 54 and 55. Mice received lactobacillus cells 2.6×10 6 ˜2.6×10 7  CFU everyday for eight weeks. 
         FIG. 6  shows detection of mice serum on ovalbumin-specific IgE production between oral uptakes of  lactobacillus salivarius  PM-A0006 oral uptake of placebo. Oral uptake of  lactobacillus salivarius  PM-A0006 can decrease ovalbumin-specific IgE in mouse serum. 
         FIG. 7  shows the readings for breathing parameters for a period of 3 min subsequent to each nebulization with AHR values were determined. The  Lactobacillus salivarius  PM-A0006 can suppress allergen-induced AHR which compared with control group (P&lt;0.05). Airway responsiveness to aerosolized methacholine was measured in unrestrained, conscious mice. Basal values were measured, followed by measuring the response to nebulized saline and increasing concentrations of methacholine (0, 6.25, 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/mL). Readings for breathing parameters for a period of 3 min subsequent to each nebulization with Penh were determined. 
         FIG. 8  shows the number of eosinophils in the brochoalveolar lavage of ovalbumin-sensitized mice treated with PM-A0006. The number of cells in the BALF was used as a measure of the relative infiltration of cells into the airways. Significantly low numbers of eosinophils in the BALF of PM-A0006-treated mice were observed, when compared to control groups. 
         FIG. 9  shows concentration of eotaxin in the brochoalveolar lavage of ovalbumin-sensitized mice treated with PM-A0006. The chemokine of supernatant in the BALF were detected by ELISA. Significantly low concentrations of eotaxin in the BALF of PM-A0006-treated mice were observed, when compared to control groups. 
         FIG. 10  shows concentration of PGE 2  in the brochoalveolar lavage of ovalbumin-sensitized mice treated with PM-A0006. The cytokine of supernatant in the BALF were detected by ELISA. Lower concentrations of PGE 2  in the BALF of PM-A0006-treated mice were observed, when compared to control groups. 
         FIG. 11  shows the secretion of IFN-gamma from splenocytes which were control mice (placebo group) or PM-A0006-treated mice in culture following the addition of ConA was determined. ConA induced IFN-gamma production by splenocytes the co-culture of a  Lactobacillus  strain and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The secretions of IFN-gamma were detected with ELISA after 48-hour co-culture of the lactic acid bacterium and PBMCs, respectively. The amounts of IFN-.gamma were expressed by the absorbance values (O.D. values) shows the secretion of IFN-gamma from splenocytes which were control mice (placebo group) or PM-A0006-treated mice in culture following the addition of ConA was determined. ConA induced IFN-gamma production by splenocytes which was  Lactobacillus salivarius  PM-A0006-treated mice group higher than control mice group. ConA induced IFN-gamma production by splenocytes which were control mice or PM-A0006-treated mice were cultured with constant concentration (5 μg/mL) of ConA. After 48 h cultivation, the culture supernatant was collected. The IFN-gamma levels were determined by ELISA. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention may be said broadly to consist of a composition of a biologically pure culture of any one of  Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0002, CCTCC deposit number M 207038 dated Apr. 6, 2007,  Lactobacillus gasseri  PM-A0005, CCTCC deposit number M 207039 dated Apr. 6, 2007,  Lactobacillus salivarius  PM-A0006, CCTCC deposit number M 207040 dated Apr. 6, 2007,  Lactobacillus johnsonii  PM-A0009, CCTCC deposit number M 207041 dated Apr. 6, 2007,  Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0013, CCTCC deposit number M 207042 dated Apr. 6, 2007. 
     The invention comprising of five latic acid bacterial strains are deposited at China Center for Type Culture Collection. This deposited center address is Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. Zip Code is 430072. Table 1 shows the detailed deposited data. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Deposited data of the lactic acid bacteria. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Name of  Lactobacilli   
                 Deposited number 
                 Deposited date 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0002 
                 M 207038 
                 Apr. 6, 2007 
               
               
                   Lactobacillus gasseri  PM-A0005 
                 M 207039 
                 Apr. 6, 2007 
               
               
                   Lactobacillus salivarius  PM-A0006 
                 M 207040 
                 Apr. 6, 2007 
               
               
                   Lactobacillus johnsonii  PM-A0009 
                 M 207041 
                 Apr. 6, 2007 
               
               
                   Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0013 
                 M 207042 
                 Apr. 6, 2007 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     These five Lactobacilli were discovered special function which is decrease and modify condition of allergy. The allergy conditions which contain airway hyperreactivity and inflammation, atopic dermatitis, allergic conjunctivitis, rhinitis, sinusitis, hypersensitive pneumonia, extrinsic allergic alveolitis, urticaria, eczema, anaphylaxis, angioedema, allergic and migraine headache, certain gastrointestinal disorders, and asthma. 
     Materials and Methods 
     In Vitro Test 
     Preparation of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) and Determination of Cytokines. 
     PBMC were obtained from healthy donors by centrifugation with Ficoll-Hypaque, and the light-density fraction from the 42.5-50% interface was recovered. Cytokines including and IFN-gamma in the culture supernatants from PBMC and lactobacillus cells were cultured together. PBMC (1×10 6  cells/well) and lactobacillus cells were incubated at a ratio of 1:10 at 37° C. for 48 h. The culture supernatant was obtained from 48 h cultures. The content of IFN-gamma in the culture supernatants was assayed by the sandwich ELISA method. 
     Preparation of Human Dendritic Cells and Determination of Cytokines 
     Human dendritic cells were generated from PBMC. CD14 +  cells were purified by positive selection using anti-CD14 +  microbeads in conjunction with the MiniMACS system by following the manufacturer&#39;s instructions (Miltenyi Biotec., Auburn, CA). The CD14 +  cells were cultured at 1×10 6  cells per 1 mL of RPMI-1640 containing 10% fetal bovine serum in 24-well plates with human granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (hGM-CSF; 800 U/mL) and human IL-4 (500 U/mL). Fresh medium containing hGM-CSF and IL-4 was added every 2-3 days. Human monocyte-derived dendritic cells were used routinely at day 6 of culture. Cytokines including IL-12 in the culture supernatants from dendritic cells and lactobacillus cells were cultured together. Dendritic cells (1×10 6  cells/well) and lactobacillus cells were incubated at a ratio of 1:10 at 37° C. for 48 h. The culture supernatants were obtained from 48 h cultures. The content of IL-12 in the culture supernatants was assayed by the sandwich ELISA method. 
     Acid and Bile Tolerance 
     Acid and bile tolerance of the lactic acid bacteria were studied by incubating in MRS broth supplemented with pH 2.5 and 1.5% oxgall. The pH was adjusted to 2.5 with hydrochloric acid and lactic acid bacteria were incubated at 37° C. for 3 h. The 1.5% oxgall cultures were incubated at 37° C. for 4 h. Each of these five lactobacilli were subcultured at least three times before experimental use, followed by centrifugation after the final subculture, inoculation into the broth, and growth monitoring using the plate count method. Acid and bile tolerance were determined by comparing the final plate count after 24 h. 
     Adhesion to Intestinal Cells 
     Caco-2 cells in a monolayer were washed twice with PBS, 1.5 mL of MEM was added to each dish, and the dishes were incubated for 1 h before inoculation of lactic acid bacteria. Overnight cultures of lactic acid bacteria were appropriately diluted with MEM to give a lactobacillus cells concentration of approximately 10 8  cfu/mL, and 1.5 mL was used to inoculate the Caco-2 cells. After incubation for 1 h at 37° C., all of the dishes were washed four times with PBS to release unbound lactic acid bacteria. The lactic acid bacteria were then fixed with 3 mL of methanol and incubated for 5 to 10 min at room temperature. After removal of the methanol, the cells were stained with Gram&#39;s stain. Each adhesion assay was performed in triplicate with cells from three successive passages (8 to 13 cell passages). 
     In Vivo Test 
     Animals Model for Asthma and Study Protocol 
     Female BALB/c mice, aged between six and eight weeks, were obtained from the College of Medicine Laboratory Animal Center, National Taiwan University (they originating from the Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me., USA), and were divided into different groups for each experiment. There were 14 test mice in each group. Animals were actively sensitized by intra-peritoneal injection of 50 μg ovalbumin emulsified in 4 mg aluminum hydroxide in the total volume of 100 μL on Days 2, 16, 30 and 44. After actively sensitized, animals were induced airway responsiveness by intra-nasal dripping of 100 μg/10 μL ovalbumin on Days 54 and 55. The process was shown in  FIG. 5 . Mice oral uptakes target lactobacillus 2.6×10 6 ˜2.6×10 7  CFU/day for eight weeks. Twenty-four hours after such inhalational challenge, pulmonary airway resistance was measured, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum and splenocyte were collected. 
     Determination of Ovalbumin-Specific IgE 
     The level of ovalbumin-specific IgE was determined by ELISA. Protein high-binding plates were coated with 100 μL of 0.5 mg ovalbumin diluted in coating buffer (0.1 M NaHCO 3 , pH=8.2). Following overnight incubation at 4° C., plates were washed three times and blocked with 1% (wt/vol) BSA-PBS buffer for 2 h at 25° C., plates were washed three times. Sera were used for ovalbumin-specific IgE measurement. Following overnight incubation at 4° C., plates were washed four times. Biotin-conjugated monoclonal rat anti-mouse IgE was used at a 1:100 dilution and was added for incubation for 1-2 h at 25° C., plates were washed five times. Avidin-horseradish peroxidase conjugated (1:1000) was then added and incubation continued for 1 h at 25° C., plates were washed six times. The color reaction was developed with the addition of ABTS (2,2′-Azino-bis-3-Ethylbenzthiazoline-6-Sulfonic Acid) for 30 minutes at 25° C. To add 5% SDS for stopped reaction. Plates were read in a microplate autoreader at a wavelength of 450 nm. The results were expressed by ELISA unit. ELISA unit were calculated by the following equations:
 
ELISA unit=( Abs.   sample   −Abs.   blank )/( Abs.   positive control   −Abs.   blank )
 
Determination of Airway Responsiveness
 
     Using barometric whole-body plethysmography (WBP; Biosystem X A, Buxco Electronics Inc. Sharon, Conn., USA), the response to inhaled methacholine for conscious. Mice were obtained and averaged for 3 min. Aerosized saline, followed by increasing concentrations of methacholine (ranging from 0, 6.25, 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/mL), was nebulized for 3 min, following which reading were taken and averaged for 3 min, this occurring subsequent to each nebulization event. Airway responsiveness was expressed as the Penh value per dose of methacholine. 
     Assessment of Cells and Supernatant in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluids (BALF) 
     Following the measurement of lung-function parameters, mice were cannulated and lavaged with 1 mL aliquots of 2% BSA in HBSS (Hank&#39;s balanced salt solution) buffer through a polyethylene tube introduced through the tracheostomy. Lavage fluid was collected and then centrifuged (500×g for 10 min at 4° C.), and the cell pellet so obtained was resuspended in 1 mL of 2% BSA in HBSS buffer. Cells supernatant was collected and determined eotaxin and PGE 2  by ELISA. Total cell counts were conducted by adding 10 μL of the cell suspension to 90 μL of 0.4% trypan blue following which the cells were counted under a light microscope in a chamber. Differentiated cell counts were made from cytospin preparations stained by Liu&#39;s stain. Cells were identified and differentiated into the following groups: eosinophils, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages by standard morphological techniques, for which 500 cells needed to be counted under 1000-fold magnification and the percentage and absolute number of each cell type was estimated. 
     Preparation of Spleen Cells Suspension and Determination of Cytokines 
     Mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation following deep anesthesia. Their spleens were aseptically removed. Single-cell suspensions were then prepared by gently tearing each spleen against sterile glass slide and removing the red blood cells using Tris-buffered NH 4 Cl solution. The cells were washed three times in cold HBSS (Hank&#39;s balanced salt solution) buffer and then resuspended in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1% penicillin-streptomycin mixture, and 5 μg/mL ConA. Splenocytes (5×10 6  cells/well) were incubated at 37° C. for 48 h. The culture supernatant was obtained from 48 h culture. The content of IFN-gamma in the culture supernatants was assayed by the sandwich ELISA method. Briefly, microtiter plates were coated with 1 μg/mL of anti-IFN-gamma in 50 mM carbonate buffer (pH 9.6) overnight at 4° C., and then the wells were washed three times. After blocking with 1% (wt/vol) BSA-PBS buffer for 1 h at 25° C., samples were added to each well and the plates were incubated for 2 h at 37° C. The wells were then washed four times. Bound IFN-gamma was detected by biotin-conjugated anti-IFN-gamma antibody and streptoavidine-conjugated peroxidase. After the wells were washed five times, TMB (Tetramethylbenzidine) substrate was added to each well. The optical density (OD) was measured at 450 nm. 
     Statistical Analysis 
     The data were present by Means ±SDs (in vitro data) or Means ±SEMs (in vivo data). The significance of differences in the data was estimated using Student&#39;s t-test, with the significance level set at P&lt;0.05, with difference level set at P&lt;0.1. 
     EXAMPLE 
     Example 1 
     Morphology and General Property 
     These five lactobacilli species were confirmed its character by 16S rDNA sequence and API identification system result in taxonomy. The PM-A0002 which is ProMD Biotech Co., Ltd. number was identified as  Lactobacillus acidophilus . The PM-A0005 which is ProMD Biotech Co., Ltd. number was identified as  Lactobacillus gasseri . The PM-A0006 which is ProMD Biotech Co., Ltd. number was identified as  Lactobacillus salivarius . The PM-A0009 which is ProMD Biotech Co., Ltd. number was identified as  Lactobacillus johnsonii . The PM-A0013 which is ProMD Biotech Co., Ltd. number was identified as  Lactobacillus johnsonii . Table 2 shows these five lactobacilli detailed structure and general property data. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Morphology and general property of  lactobacilli   
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0002: 
               
               
                 The microorganism presents a short bar form or slightly long, the both 
               
               
                 ends is a circular, usually appear alone, become pair to or become short 
               
               
                 chain form, which grow on MRS broth. 
               
               
                 The microorganism belongs to the group of lactic bacteria: Gram positive, 
               
               
                 catalase negative, non-sporeforming, anaerobic (facultative or occasionally 
               
               
                 obligate) rods, doesn&#39;t produce air when the glucose metabolizes, which 
               
               
                 grow on MRS agar, incubate anaerobically for 24 hours at 37° C. ± 1° C. 
               
               
                   Lactobacillus gasseri  PM-A0005: 
               
               
                 The microorganism presents a short bar form or slightly long, the both 
               
               
                 ends is a circular, usually appear alone, become pair to or become short 
               
               
                 chain form, which grow on MRS broth. 
               
               
                 The microorganism belongs to the group of lactic bacteria: Gram positive, 
               
               
                 catalase negative, non-sporeforming, anaerobic (facultative or occasionally 
               
               
                 obligate) rods, doesn&#39;t produce air when the glucose metabolizes, which  
               
               
                 grow on MRS agar, incubate anaerobically for 24 hours at 37° C. ± 1° C. 
               
               
                   Lactobacillus salivarius  PM-A0006: 
               
               
                 The microorganism presents a short bar form, the both ends is a circular, 
               
               
                 usually appear alone, become pair to or become short chain form, 
               
               
                 which grow on MRS broth. 
               
               
                 The microorganism belongs to the group of lactic bacteria: Gram positive, 
               
               
                 catalase negative, non-sporeforming, anaerobic (facultative or occasionally 
               
               
                 obligate) rods, doesn&#39;t produce air when the glucose metabolizes, which 
               
               
                 grow on MRS agar, incubate anaerobically for 24 hours at 37° C. ± 1° C. 
               
               
                   Lactobacillus johnsonii  PM-A0009: 
               
               
                 The microorganism presents a short bar form or slightly long, the both 
               
               
                 ends is a circular, usually appear short chain form, which grow on 
               
               
                 MRS broth. 
               
               
                 The microorganism belongs to the group of lactic bacteria: Gram 
               
               
                 positive, catalase negative, non-sporeforming, anaerobic (facultative 
               
               
                 or occasionally obligate) rods, doesn&#39;t produce air when the glucose 
               
               
                 metabolizes, which grow on MRS agar, incubate anaerobically for 
               
               
                 24 hours at 37° C. ± 1° C. 
               
               
                   Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0013: 
               
               
                 The microorganism presents a short bar form or slightly long, the both 
               
               
                 ends is a square, usually appear chain form, which grow on MRS broth. 
               
               
                 The microorganism belongs to the group of lactic bacteria: Gram 
               
               
                 positive, catalase negative, non-sporeforming, anaerobic (facultative or 
               
               
                 occasionally obligate) rods, doesn&#39;t produce air when the glucose 
               
               
                 metabolizes, which grow on MRS agar, incubate anaerobically 
               
               
                 for 24 hours at 37° C. ± 1° C. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 2 
     Human PBMC and Different  Lactobacillus  Strains were Co-Cultured and Harvested Culture Supernatant. Determination of IFN-Gamma in the Supernatant 
     Detection these five lactobacilli:  Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0002 , Lactobacillus gasseri  PM-A0005,  Lactobacillus salivarius  PM-A0006,  Lactobacillus johnsonii  PM-A0009,  Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0013 which cocultured with PBMC can increase Th1 pathway cytokine, such as IFN-gamma. This method can screen anti-allergy lactobacilli. 
     The result is shown in table 3 and  FIG. 1 . The 10 5 ˜10 7  cells human PBMC were cultured with the 10 6 ˜10 8  cfu lactobacilli:  Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0002 , Lactobacillus gasseri  PM-A0005,  Lactobacillus salivarius  PM-A0006,  Lactobacillus johnsonii  PM-A0009,  Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0013, and the contents of IFN-gamma in the culture supernatant were determined by ELISA. IFN-gamma was detected after 48 hours cocultured. The negative control is  Lactobacillus casei  BCRC 12249 which is no anti-allergy effect. The positive control is phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The result showed that human PBMC can increase IFN-gamma secretion by these different  Lactobacillus  strains stimulating. There was significance of differences in the data. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 The secretion of IFN-gamma in the co-culture of a  Lactobacillus  strain 
               
               
                 and PBMC (Mean ± SD). 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Different  Lactobacillus  strain 
                 IFN-gamma (pg/mL) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0002 
                 19833 ± 2767 
               
               
                   Lactobacillus gasseri  PM-A0005 
                 46625 ± 3624 
               
               
                   Lactobacillus salivarius  PM-A0006 
                 25850 ± 2347 
               
               
                   Lactobacillus johnsonii  PM-A0009 
                 25725 ± 2008 
               
               
                   Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0013 
                 17416 ± 2803 
               
               
                 Negative control ( L. casei  BCRC 12249) 
                   11 ± 2.3 
               
               
                 Positive control 
                 44666 ± 2488 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 3 
     Human Dendritic Cells and  Lactobacillus  Cells were Co-Cultured and Harvested Culture Supernatant. Determination of IL-12 in the Supernatant 
     Detection these five lactobacilli:  Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0002 , Lactobacillus gasseri  PM-A0005,  Lactobacillus salivarius  PM-A0006,  Lactobacillus johnsonii  PM-A0009,  Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0013 which cocultured with dendritic cell can increase Th1 pathway cytokine, such as IL-12. This method can screen anti-allergy lactobacilli. 
     The result is shown in table 4 and  FIG. 2 . The 10 5 ˜10 7  cells human dendritic cell were cultured with the heat-killed 10 6 ˜10 8  cfu lactobacilli:  Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0002,  Lactobacillus gasseri  PM-A0005,  Lactobacillus salivarius  PM-A0006,  Lactobacillus johnsonii  PM-A0009,  Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0013, and the contents of IL-12 in the culture supernatant were determined by ELISA. IL-12 was detected after 48 hours cocultured. The negative control is  Lactobacillus casei  BCRC 12249 which is no anti-allergy effect. The positive control is phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The result showed that human dendritic cell can increase IL-12 secretion by these five lactobacilli stimulating. There was significance of differences in the data. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 The secretion of IL-12 in the co-culture of a  Lactobacillus  strain and 
               
               
                 dendritic cells (Mean ± SD). 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Different  Lactobacillus  strain 
                 IL-12 (pg/mL) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0002 
                 15019 ± 569 
               
               
                   
                   Lactobacillus gasseri  PM-A0005 
                 19222 ± 212 
               
               
                   
                   Lactobacillus salivarius  PM-A0006 
                 18625 ± 365 
               
               
                   
                   Lactobacillus johnsonii  PM-A0009 
                 18291 ± 39  
               
               
                   
                   Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0013 
                 17836 ± 168 
               
               
                   
                 Negative control ( L. casei  BCRC 12249) 
                  80 ± 15 
               
               
                   
                 Positive control 
                 13786 ± 341 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 4 
     Acid and Bile Tolerances of Five Lactobacilli Cells 
     The effect of acid on the viability of lactobacilli is shown in table 5 and  FIG. 3 . All strains showed tolerance to pH 2.5 for 3 hours despite variations in the degree of viability. The patent deposit lactobacilli which had anti-allergy effect were the most acid-tolerance strains, with more than 10 8  cf/mL after incubation for 3 hours at pH 2.5. 
     The effect bile acid on the viability of lactobacilli is shown in table 6 and  FIG. 3 . All strains showed tolerance to 1.5% for 4 hours despite variations in the degree of viability. The  Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0002,  Lactobacillus salivarius  PM-A0006,  Lactobacillus johnsonii  PM-A0009 and  Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0013 were the most bile-tolerance strains, with more than 10 5  cfu/mL after incubation for 4 hours at 1.5% bile MRS medium, the  Lactobacillus gasseri  PM-A0005 was the most bile-sensitive strains, with only 10 4  total cfu/mL after the 4 hours incubation. Although the numbers of  Lactobacillus gasseri  PM-A0005 were decreased by 1.5% bile, it still had tolerance for bile acid. These results suggest that the five lactobacilli had tolerance for acid and bile acid in the human gastrointestinal tract. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Viability of  lactobacillus  cells in pH 2.5 MRS broth. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Different 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   Lactobacillus  strain 
                 0 h 
                 pH 2.5-1 h 
                 pH 2.5-2 h 
                 pH 2.5-3 h 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   Lactobacillus 
                 
                 8.20 × 10 8   
                 6.50 × 10 8   
                 2.87 × 10 8   
                 2.51 × 10 8   
               
               
                   acidophilus  PM-A0002 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Lactobacillus gasseri 
                 
                 2.65 × 10 9   
                 2.06 × 10 9   
                 1.19 × 10 9   
                 7.10 × 10 8   
               
               
                 PM-A0005 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Lactobacillus salivarius 
                 
                 2.55 × 10 9   
                 9.70 × 10 8   
                 1.42 × 10 9   
                 1.43 × 10 9   
               
               
                 PM-A0006 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Lactobacillus johnsonii 
                 
                 6.87 × 10 8   
                 4.05 × 10 8   
                 4.15 × 10 8   
                 4.35 × 10 8   
               
               
                 PM-A0009 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Lactobacillus 
                 
                 1.78 × 10 9   
                 1.83 × 10 9   
                 1.86 × 10 9   
                 1.73 × 10 9   
               
               
                   acidophilus  PM-A0013 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Viability of  lactobacillus  cells in 1.5% bile salt. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 1.5% bile - 
                 1.5% bile - 
                 1.5% bile - 
                 1.5% bile - 
               
               
                 Different  Lactobacillus  strain 
                 0 h 
                 1 h 
                 2 h 
                 3 h 
                 4 h 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0002 
                 8.20 × 10 8   
                 4.30 × 10 6   
                 1.50 × 10 6   
                 5.45 × 10 5   
                 4.40 × 10 5   
               
               
                   Lactobacillus gasseri  PM-A0005 
                 2.65 × 10 9   
                 5.80 × 10 4   
                 5.55 × 10 4   
                 2.40 × 10 4   
                 1.89 × 10 4   
               
               
                   Lactobacillus salivarius  PM-A0006 
                 2.55 × 10 9   
                 1.45 × 10 8   
                 9.20 × 10 7   
                 1.02 × 10 8   
                 8.30 × 10 7   
               
               
                   Lactobacillus johnsonii  PM-A0009 
                 6.87 × 10 8   
                 8.65 × 10 7   
                 1.13 × 10 8   
                 5.70 × 10 7   
                 8.30 × 10 6   
               
               
                   Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0013 
                 1.78 × 10 9   
                 6.72 × 10 8   
                 5.73 × 10 8   
                 8.00 × 10 6   
                 3.00 × 10 5   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 5 
     Adhesion Assay of  Lactobacillus  Cells with Caco-2 Cells 
     The adhesive results were shown in table 7 and  FIG. 4 . The adherent lactobacillus cells in 15 random microscopic fields were counted for each dish test.  Lactobacillus  strains were scored as nonadhesive when fewer then 40  lactobacillus  cells were present in 45 fields, adhesive with 41 to 100  lactobacillus  cells in 45 fields, and strongly adhesive with more than 100 lactobacillus cells in 45 fields. The  Lactobacillus  strains:  Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0002,  Lactobacillus gasseri  PM-A0005,  Lactobacillus salivarius  PM-A0006,  Lactobacillus johnsonii  PM-A0009 were strongly adhesive, and  Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0013 was adhesive, while the rest showed moderate-to-low adhesion. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Adhesion properties of five  lactobacillus  cells (Mean ± SD). 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Different  Lactobacillus  strain 
                 Means ± SD 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0002 
                 115.4 ± 4.4 
               
               
                   
                   Lactobacillus gasseri  PM-A0005 
                 100.1 ± 2.6 
               
               
                   
                   Lactobacillus salivarius  PM-A0006 
                 108.3 ± 1.4 
               
               
                   
                   Lactobacillus johnsonii  PM-A0009 
                  208.3 ± 22.1 
               
               
                   
                   Lactobacillus acidophilus  PM-A0013 
                  62.8 ± 5.0 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 6 
     The In Vivo Platform in Animal Model for Anti-Allergy Lactic Acid Bacteria Screening 
     Animals were intrapetitoneally sensitized with ovalbumin allergen and orally treated with  Lacrobacillus salivarius  PM-A0006 which had anti-allergy effect for 56 days. The moderated allergy evaluation was proceeded by the asthma animal model. 
     Region 1 
     Determination of ovalbumin-specific IgE. 
     The ovalbumin-specific IgE results were shown in table 8 and  FIG. 6 . Oral  Lactobacillus salivarius  PM-A0006 can decrease ovalbumin-specific IgE in mouse serum. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Ovalbumain-specific IgE level in serum from ovalbumin-sensitized 
               
               
                 BALB/c mice treated with  lactobacillus salivarius  PM-A0006 were 
               
               
                 determined with ELISA. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM 
               
               
                 (n = 14 per group). 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Group 
                 Control 
                 PM-A0006 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 IgE 
                 0.66 ± 0.05 
                 0.44 ± 0.03 (P = 0.06)# 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ELISA unit = (A sample  − A blank )/(A positive control  − A blank ) 
               
               
                 #P &lt; 0.1 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Region 2 
     Suppression of hyperreactivity (AHR) in vivo. 
     The AHR results were shown in table 9 and  FIG. 7 . The  Lactobacillus salivarius  PM-A0006 can suppress allergen-induced AHR which compared with control group (P&lt;0.05). 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Airway responsiveness to aerosolized methacholine was measured in 
               
               
                 unrestrained, conscious mice. Basal values were measured, followed by 
               
               
                 measuring the response to nebulized saline and increasing concentrations 
               
               
                 of methacholine (0, 6.25, 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/mL). Readings for breathing 
               
               
                 parameters for a period of 3 min subsequent to each nebulization with 
               
               
                 Penh were determined. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM 
               
               
                 (n = 14 per group). 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Group (Mch: 
                   
                   
               
               
                 mg/mL) 
                 Control (Penh) 
                 PM-A0006 (Penh) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0 
                 1.41 ± 0.05 
                 1.44 ± 0.08 (P = 0.86) 
               
               
                 6.25 
                 1.50 ± 0.11 
                 1.35 ± 0.11 (P = 0.62) 
               
               
                 12.5 
                 2.59 ± 0.24 
                 1.94 ± 0.20 (P = 0.28) 
               
               
                 25 
                 4.38 ± 0.47 
                  1.95 ± 0.12 (P = 0.08)# 
               
               
                 50 
                 5.10 ± 0.32 
                  2.63 ± 0.13 (P = 0.002)* 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Mch = Methacholne 
               
               
                 Penh = pause × PIF/PEF; 
               
               
                 Pause = (Te − Tr)/Tr, (PIF: peak inspiratory flow; PEF: peak expiratory flow; Te: expiratory time; Tr: relaxation time) 
               
               
                 *p &lt; 0.05 
               
               
                 #P &lt; 0.1 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Region 3 
     Assessment of cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF). 
     The cell number of eosinophils in BALF results was shown in table 10 and  FIG. 8 . The number of cells in the BALF was used as a measure of the relative infiltration of cells into the airways. Significantly low numbers of eosinophils in the BALF of PM-A0006-treated mice were observed, when compared to control groups. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 The result was eosinophils cell percentage in the BALF. Values are 
               
               
                 expressed as mean ± SEM. Per experimental group, 14 mice were used. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Group 
                 Control (%) 
                 PM-A0006 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Eosinophil 
                 27.5 ± 1.37 
                 17.1 ± 1.66 (P = 0.02)* 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 % = In percentage % 
               
               
                 *P &lt; 0.05 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Region 4 
     Assessment of supernatant in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF). 
     The cytokine and chemokine of supernatant in the BALF results were shown in table 11,  FIG. 9  and  FIG. 10 . The cytokine and chemokine of supernatant in the BALE were detected by ELISA. Significantly low concentrations of eotaxin in the BALE of PM-A0006-treated mice were observed, when compared to control groups. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 The results were eotaxin and PGE 2  concentration in the BALF. Values are 
               
               
                 expressed as mean ± SEM. Per experimental group, 14 mice were used. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Group 
                 Control 
                 PM-A0006 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Eotaxin (pg/mL) 
                 38.8 ± 3.00 
                 22.7 ± 1.54 (P = 0.02)* 
               
               
                   
                 PGE 2  (ng/mL) 
                  8.1 ± 1.04 
                 3.82 ± 0.41 (P = 0.08)# 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *P &lt; 0.05 
               
               
                 #P &lt; 0.1 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Region 5 
     Augmentation of IFN-gamma production from splenocytes which were PM-A0006-treated mice by the addition of ConA in vitro. 
     The IFN-gamma production results were shown in table 12 and  FIG. 11 . ConA induced IFN-gamma production by splenocytes which was  Lactobacillus salivarius  PM-A0006-treated mice group higher than control mice group. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 ConA induced IFN-gamma production by splenocytes which were control 
               
               
                 mice or PM-A0006-treated mice were cultured with constant concentration 
               
               
                 (5 μg/mL) of ConA. After 48 h cultivation, the culture supernatant was 
               
               
                 collected. The IFN-gamma levels were determined by ELISA, and the data 
               
               
                 shown are the mean ± SEM. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Group 
                 Control 
                 PM-A0006 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ConA (pg/mL) 
                 5185 ± 558 
                 9748 ± 966 (P = 0.05)* 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *P &lt; 0.05