Abstract:
A method for labeling biological molecules and synthetic molecules that contain a geminal diol, such as RNA, carbohydrates or glycoproteins, using a periodate sequestering agent is provided. Compositions and kits for use in the labeling method are also provided.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     The present Application is a national stage of International Patent Application No. PCT/US2008/082091, titled “Method, Substances and Kits for Labeling Populations of RNA and Other Substances Containing Vicinal Diols,” filed Oct. 31, 2008, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/984,308, titled “Method, Substances and Kits for Labeling Populations of RNA and Other Substances Containing Geminal Diols,” filed Oct. 31, 2007, the contents of which are incorporated in this disclosure by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Frequently it is necessary to label molecules in order to provide a means of detecting and measuring the presence or absence of molecular entities, especially for the detection of biological molecules, chemical species and even certain types of organisms or cells. One of the trends to improve efficiency of identifying and quantifying these molecular or cellular entities is to perform multiplex types of analyses where the objective is to measure many of these species in a single assay such as microarrays or flow cytometric assays. 
     Presently RNA species within a specimen are isolated and usually converted to their respective cDNAs for analysis by microarrays, quantitative real-time RT-PCR and other methods well known in the art. Many of these methods are time consuming, and suffer from sample losses during the various isolation and repeated purification steps required to be performed to obtain a result. In particular many of the labeling agents presently used are very reactive and prone to decomposition especially in aquous solutions and substantial excess of labeling agents relative to the species to be labeled are frequently required for successful labeling. This is particularly the case for N-hydroxysuccinimide esters which are well known to be labile in aquous media and have half-lives of only a few minutes. More importantly, these esters generally are used to modify primary amines, consequently if target substances lack this functionality they must me modified to provide a free amine, thus adding additional steps to the labeling process and usually requiring additional steps of purification leading to loss of some sample. Likewise maleimides also suffer the same disadvantages with respect to their reactions with sulfhydryl groups. For example, methods presently described in the art rely on sequential reaction of the RNA or geminal diol containing species such as polysaccharides or glycosylated proteins or peptides with periodate, usually neutralization of the periodate with glycerol followed by separation of the oxidized RNA or resulting geminal aldehyde species of interest from the periodate to prevent reaction of periodate with the labeling moiety by for example ethanol precipitation, exclusion chromatography and the like. The isolated oxidized RNA or geminal aldehyde reaction product is then reacted with a hydrazide containing signal moiety and a second physical separation of the labeled RNA or geminal aldehyde species is performed such as ethanol precipitation, or chromatography. Because periodate is usually employed in the periodate reaction of geminal hydroxyl groups, the scavenging of periodate with glycerol is ineffective in removing the periodate, merely diverting the reaction to another species yet introducing promiscuous dialdehydes to the reaction which can consume significant portions of the labeling agent with consequent diversion to unproductive labeling of irrelevant species, namely the geminal aldehydes arising from the oxidation of glycerol or other geminal diol containing scavengers. There is a need for rapid labeling methods without these limitations. 
     SUMMARY 
     One embodiment of the present invention is a method for labeling substance that contains geminal diols, such as as RNA, carbohydrates, glycosylated proteins and the like. According to the method, first, a geminal diol containing substance is provided. Then, a periodate salt is added to the geminal diol containing substance. The geminal diol containing substance is capable of being oxidized with periodate to produce an aldehyde containing substance. An alkaline earth metal salt is then added, as well as a signal label, where the signal label is capable of reaction with the aldehyde containing substance, to produce a signal labeled substance. The method may further comprise separating the signal labeled substance, and/or analysis of the signal labeled substance. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the alkaline earth metal salt is a barium salt, more preferably, the alkaline earth metal salt is barium acetate, separately added, or generated in situ. In other preferred embodiments, the geminal diol containing substance is one, or a combination of an RNA, a protein, a streptavidin and an avidin. 
     In another preferred embodiment of the method of the invention, the signal label is a hydrazide containing moiety comprising the nitrogen linkage —NH—NH 2 , and the hydrazide containing moiety is attached to a suitable label. More preferably, the hydrazide containing signal moiety is selected from the group consisting of hydrazides, semicarbazides, carbohydrazides, and hydroxylamine derivatives, and the label of the signal label is selected from the group consisting of enzymes, fluorescent labels, chemiluminescent labels, electroluminescent labels, and biotin. 
     Another embodiment of the present invention is a composition for use in the labeling method of the invention. According one embodiment, the composition comprises an aqueous carrier and an alkaline earth metal salt, preferably, the alkaline earth metal salt is a barium salt. The composition may also comprise a signal label capable of reaction with an aldehyde containing substance, preferably a hydrazide containing moiety as described herein. 
     In another embodiment, a kit is provided with one or more reagents for use in the labeling method of the invention. According to one embodiment, the kit comprises one or more of the following reagents selected from the group consisting of a periodate salt, an alkaline earth metal salt, and a signal label capable of reaction with an aldehyde containing substance, wherein the reagents are in their elemental form or provided in an aqueous solution. The kit may also comprise one or more aqueous buffers. According to another embodiment, the kit for use in a method for labeling a substance that contains a geminal diol comprises an alkaline earth metal salt and instructions for labeling a substance that contains a geminal diol. The kit may also comprise a periodate salt, and/or a signal label capable of reaction with an aldehyde containing substance. 
    
    
     
       FIGURES 
       These and other features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become better understood from the following description, appended claims, and accompanying figures where: 
         FIG. 1  is a graph showing the results of the labeling reaction of the RNA sequence, hsa-let-7e according to one embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a graph showing the results of the labeling reaction of a yeast RNA according to another embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  is a graph showing the labeling reaction components only, no microRNA, according to another embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 4  is a graph showing the results of the labeling reaction of the RNA sequence, hsa-let-7a according to one embodiment of the present invention; and 
         FIG. 5  is a graph showing the results of the labeling reaction of a yeast RNA sequence according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION 
     According to one embodiment, the invention comprises a method for labeling a substance that contains geminal diols. According to the method, we have found that periodate salts in conjunction with a periodate-sequestering-agent and fluorescent hydrazides and related compounds can label geminal diol containing compounds, such as RNA and glycosylated substances such as proteins, rapidly and efficiently without degradation in a very rapid process. Separation of the geminal diol containing compounds containing the hydrazide label requires only a brief centrifugal passage over a separation column. 
     The method and reagents disclosed herein are distinguished over methods presently described in the art. Such known methods rely on sequential reaction of the RNA or geminal diol containing species with periodate, usually neutralization of the periodate with glycerol, which is then followed by separation of the oxidized RNA or resulting geminal aldehyde species of interest from the periodate to prevent reaction of periodate with the labeling moiety by for example ethanol precipitation, exclusion chromatography and the like. The isolated oxidized RNA or geminal aldehyde reaction product is then reacted with a hydrazide containing signal moiety and a second physical separation of the labeled RNA or geminal aldehyde species is performed such as ethanol precipitation, or chromatography. The scavenging of periodate with glycerol is ineffective in removing the periodate, merely diverting the reaction to another species yet introducing promiscuous dialdehydes to the reaction which can consume significant portions of the labeling agent and diverting the reaction products to unproductive labeling of irrelevant species, namely the geminal aldehydes arising from the oxidation of glycerol. 
     The simplicity and superiority of the method and substances described herein over the current art will be made clear by the following description and examples. 
     Referring now to Scheme I below, one embodiment of the invention, a method for labeling a geminal diol containing substance is shown. As shown in Scheme I, first, a geminal diol containing substance (1) capable of being oxidized with periodate is provided. Then, a periodate salt (2) is added to the geminal diol containing substance (1), followed by the addition of a periodate sequestering agent (M + X −,  3), such as a barium salt. The reaction is allowed to proceed and the periodate salt (2) is allowed to cleave the geminal diol containing substance into a resulting di-aldehyde (4). Then, a signal label containing moiety, such as a signal molecule containing at least one functional group capable of reaction with aldehydes (N-label, 5) is then added to the di-aldehyde (4). The resulting labeled substance (6) may then be separated and analyzed according to known methods. 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The alkaline earth metal salt (M+X−) is added to the reaction mixture in an amount such that the concentration of metal anions and the initial concentration of periodate ions are substantially equal. To assure complete sequestering of periodate ions and iodate ions arising from the oxidation of the diols, the metal ions are in slight excess of 2%-20%, preferably on the order of 5%-10% molar excess to periodate and iodate ions. 
     In a preferred embodiment the alkaline earth metal is barium, such as in barium salts including barium chloride and barium acetate. The alkaline earth metal salt may be mixed, such as by the addition of barium chloride and sodium acetate to the reaction, a mixed alkaline earth metal solution, and combinations thereof. Alternately, one alkaline earth metal salt may be used according to the invention. Preferably, the alkaline earth metal salt is soluble, or at least partially soluble in the reaction mixture. 
     The signal label containing moiety is a molecule containing at least one functional group capable of reaction with aldehydes (N-label, 5) are known in the art, for example primary amines, a hydrazides, semihydrazides, carbohydrazides, thiocarbazides, and hydroxylamines are examples of functional groups which can react with aldehydes. The term hydrazide, as used herein, describes hydrazide containing moieties, i.e., compounds containing the nitrogen linkage —NH—NH 2 , such as hydrazides, semicarbazides and carbohydrazides, as well as hydroxylamine derivatives attached to suitable labels. Those skilled in the art will recognize that a variety of hydrazides are useful for the purposes set forth herein. 
     The signal component, or “label” of the signal molecule may be at least one of the group consisting of enzymes, fluorecent labels, chemiluminescent labels, electroluminescent labels, and other labels known in the art such as biotin. 
     According to one embodiment, the signal label is added to the alkaline earth metal treated reaction mixture without physical separation of the periodate from the oxidized nucleic acid or geminal aldehyde reaction product. For example, the signal label may be added directly to the alkaline earth metal treated reaction mixture, usually in the range of 0.5 ug-4 ug of labeling agent in a volume of 1-5 ul of suitable solvent, usually aqueous media. The labeling reaction is allowed to proceed for a period of one minute to one hour, more usually from 5 minutes to 15 minutes at ambient temperature. The reaction can be accelerated by the application of heat usually 37° C., but those skilled in the art will recognize that other temperatures or times can be utilized based on the nature and physical properties of the species being labeled and their compatibility with other times and temperatures 
     According to another embodiment, the invention is a method for labeling RNA, as shown in Scheme II. The method comprises first, providing a sample of RNA (7), total or fractionated into subpopulations. The RNA (7) is treated with a periodate salt (8) in buffered aqueous media, followed by the addition of a soluble barium salt (9). The reaction is allowed to proceed to produce the resultant aldehyde (10) The hydrazide containing label (label-hydrazide, 11) is then allowed to react with the aldehyde (10). The reaction between the label-hydrazide (11) and the aldehyde (10) is allowed to proceed, producing labeled RNAs (12). The labeled RNAs (12) may be separated from the other reaction components by a brief centrifugation of the reaction mixture over a molecular size fractionation column. The labeled RNAs (12) obtained are suitable for use in microarrays, flow analysis and fluorescent capillary electrophoresis as well as other methods well known in the art. 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The RNA sample or other sample of geminal diol containing substance used according to the invention may be obtained from a biological source such as microorganisms, plants and animals by methods well known in the art. For example, there are a number of kits designed to isolate total RNA or sub-fractions such as messenger RNAs, microRNAs and ribosomal RNAs which can be obtained from vendors such as Qiagen, Invitrogen and Ambion indicate but a few such suppliers. RNA suitable for the labeling method set forth should be in either water, deionized formamide or amine free buffers such as phosphate buffered saline, citrate, MES, MOPS, HEPES, acetate and the like usually at neutral pH or alternatively the RNA can be in a dry or lyophilized from provide that there are no free primary amines present. 
     The RNA solution may be used in a small volume such as 0.5 ul-10 ul and usually in the quantity of 0.5-10 ug of RNA. Dry RNA may be brought into solution with water or the reaction buffer described below. The RNA to be labeled is then brought into contact with a solution of a periodate salt, usually sodium or potassium salt at a concentration of between 1 mM and 100 mM such that the final periodate concentration is between 0.1 and 10 mM in the combined solutions of RNA and periodate. The periodate salt may be dissolved in water. The reaction is buffered to a pH of 4.0-8.0, preferably between pH 4.5 and 7.2. For example MES buffer pH 4.7 in the range of 0.1M-0.01M is added. Likewise acetate buffers over similar concentration and pH ranges can be utilized. The reaction is then incubated at a temperature between 20° C. and 50° C., usually for convenience at ambient temperatures near ˜25° C. The time of incubation is from 5 minutes to 1 hour usually between 15 minutes and 30 minutes, preferably protected from light. Following incubation an amount of an aqueous solution of an alkaline earth metal salt, such as barium chloride or barium acetate is added to the reaction mixture, such that the concentration of barium ions and the initial concentration of periodate ions are substantially equal. To assure complete sequestering of periodate ions and iodate ions arising from the oxidation of the diols, barium is in slight excess of 2%-20%, preferably on the order of 5%-10% molar excess to periodate and iodate ions. Preferably, the barium salt is barium acetate. 
     The label-hydrazide may be added to the reaction mixture without isolation of the aldehyde reaction product. For example, fluorescein hydrazide may be added to the barium treated reaction mixture without physical separation of the periodate from the oxidized nucleic acid or geminal aldehyde reaction product. More specifically, fluorescein carbohydrazide may be added directly to the barium treated reaction mixture, usually in the range of 0.5 ug-4 ug of labeling agent in a volume of 1-5 ul of suitable solvent, usually aqueous media. The labeling reaction is allowed to proceed for a period of one minute to one hour, more usually from 5 minutes to 15 minutes at ambient temperature, or may be accelerated by the application of heat, usually 37° C. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that other temperatures or times can be utilized based on the nature and physical properties of the species being labeled and their compatibility with other times and temperatures. 
     According to another embodiment, the invention comprises a composition for use according to the method described herein. In one embodiment the composition comprises a periodate salt and a buffered aqueous media. In another embodiment, the composition comprises an alkaline earth metal salt and a signal label. Preferably, the soluble alkaline earth metal salt is a barium salt. 
     According to another embodiment, the invention comprises a kit for use in the method described herein. The kit comprises one or more than reagent for use the in the method of the invention. Preferably the kit comprises one or more of the following reagents selected from a periodate salt, a buffered aqueous media, an alkaline earth metal salt, and a signal label. Preferably, the alkaline earth metal salt is soluble, or solubilized in the reaction mixture, and preferably, the alkaline earth metal salt is a barium salt, more preferably barium acetate. Preferably, the signal label is a hydrazide containing signal label, capable of reaction with an aldehyde. 
     The compositions, methods and systems described herein may include other materials and/or modifications as necessary as will be understood by those of skill in the art by reference to this disclosure and the invention is understood not to be limited by the foregoing examples. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     Hydrazide Labeling of RNA Using Periodiate Oxidation 
     Synthetic miRNA 
     The synthetic miRNA (syn-miRNA) were selected and designed to specifically reflect a set of human miRNAs. The syn-miRNA were obtained from Integrated DNA Technologies (Coralville, Iowa). Each syn-miRNA was resuspended a stabilization buffer containing 1 mM Sodium Citrate (Ambion; Austin, Tex.) and 30% deionized formamide (Bioventures; Murfreesboro, Tenn.) to a final concentration of 100 pmol/ul. The syn-miRNA&#39;s were then aliquoted into 10 ul working stocks in 0.5 ml tubes (Nalgene; Rochester, N.Y.). The names and sequences of the RNA sequences used in the following examples are shown below in Table 1. 
                             TABLE 1               NAME   SEQUENCE   SEQ ID NO:                   hsa-let-7a   /5Phos/rUrGrArGrGrUrArGrUrArGrGrUrUrGrUrArUrArGrUrU   SEQ ID NO: 1               hsa-let-7e   /5Phos/rUrGrArGrGrUrArGrGrArGrGrUrUrGrUrArUrArGrU   SEQ ID NO: 2               hsa-miR-106a   /5Phos/rArArArArGrUrGrCrUrUrArCrArGrUrGrCrArGrGrUrArGrC   SEQ ID NO: 3               hsa-miR-126*   /5Phos/rCrArUrUrArUrUrArCrUrUrUrUrGrGrUrArCrGrCrG   SEQ ID NO: 4               hsa-miR-135a   /5Phos/rUrArUrGrGrCrUrUrUrUrUrArUrUrCrCrUrArUrGrUrGrA   SEQ ID NO: 5               hsa-miR-138   /5Phos/rArGrCrUrGrGrUrGrUrUrGrUrGrArArUrC   SEQ ID NO: 6               hsa-miR-154   /5Phos/rUrArGrGrUrUrArUrCrCrGrUrGrUrUrGrCrCrUrUrCrG   SEQ ID NO: 7               hsa-miR-154*   /5Phos/rArArUrCrArUrArCrArCrGrGrUrUrGrArCrCrUrArUrU   SEQ ID NO: 8                    
Yeast tRNA
 
     Purified Yeast tRNA was obtained from Ambion; Austin, Tex.). 
     Periodate Oxidation and Hydrazide Labeling 
     Oxidation was carried out by adding an oxidation mix to each well of a Bio-Rad 96-well Multiplate consisting of 100 mM Sodium Periodate (Sigma Chemical Co; St. Louis, Mo.) and 100 mM MES (2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid), pH 4.7 (Sigma Chemical Co), to 20 pmol of hsa-miR-7e in well A1 of a Bio-Rad 96-well Multiplate, 2 ug of yeast tRNA in well B1 and in C1 no RNA for a final volume of 9 ul. 
     The plate was then briefly pulsed in a centrifuge to mix components and placed in the dark at room temperature for 30 minutes. After 30 minutes 0.55 ul of 100 mM Barium Chloride (Sigma Chemical Co.) was added to each well followed by adding 0.45 ul of 10 ug/ul FAM-5-thiosemicarbozide (Anaspec, Inc.; San Jose, Calif.). The plate was then briefly pulsed in a centrifuge to mix components and placed in the dark at room temperature for 15 minutes. 
     Labeling Reaction Clean-Up 
     After 15 minutes of the labeling of the RNAs, Micro Select-D, G25 TE (IBI-Shelton SCIENTIFIC; Peosta, Iowa) were used to remove the unreacted dye. The Micro Select-D columns were placed in a 2 ml collection tubes (IBI-Shelton SCIENTIFIC). The column/collection tubes were placed in a microcentrifuge, IEC MicromaxRX (Thermo Scientific; Waltham, Mass.) and spun at 1,000×g for 2 minutes to remove the hydrating fluid. The columns were then placed into a new 2 ml collection tubes and the reaction mixture was loaded onto the column being careful not to disturb the column resin. After 3 minutes the column/collection tubes were placed in the microcentrifuge (Thermo Scientific) and spun at 1,000×g for 5 minutes to collect the purified labeled RNA. 
     An additional cleanup to remove any unreacted dye was carried out by ethanol precipitation. 2 ul of 3M Sodium Acetate, 300 ul of 100% Ethanol and 1 ul of glycogen was added to each reaction tube then placed at −80° C. overnight. Tubes were spun at 12,000×g for 30 minutes at 4° C. to pellet the RNA, the ethanol was then drawn off and discarded. The pellet was washed with 200 ul of 95% ethanol, vortexed briefly then spun tubes at 12,000×g for 30 minutes at 4° C. to pellet the RNA, and the ethanol was drawn off and the ethanol wash was repeated one additional time. After drawing off the ethanol from the last wash the tubes were placed in a SpeedVac (Sorvall) at low temperature for 10 minutes to evaporate any remaining ethanol. After the samples were dried, 20 ul of sterile water was added to resuspend the recovered labeled samples (RNAs). 
     Analysis of the microRNA Labeling 
     1 ul of the cleaned labeled product was added to a 96-well Multiplate (Bio-Rad) containing 18.5 ul DI Formamide (BioVentures, Inc., Murfreesboro, Tenn.) and 0.5 ul of 20 fmol each of Hex labeled oligonucleotides (BioVentures, Inc., Murfreesboro, Tenn.) ranging in size from 15 bp, 20 bp, 25 bp, 30 bp, 35 bp, 40 bp, 45 bp, 50 bp. The plate was then briefly pulsed in a centrifuge, Allegra 31 (Beckman Coulter; Fullerton, Calif.) to mix components then placed on an ABI Prism® 3100 DNA Analyzer (Applied Biosystems; Foster City, Calif.) and were analyzed using the Genescan program, Dye Set “D,” module file “GeneScan — 030507_microshort,” with an injection voltage of 1 kvolt, injection time of 22 seconds and a run times of 1000 seconds. The raw data was analyzed using GeneScan software (Applied Biosystems). 
     Referring now to  FIG. 1 , a plot of the results of the labeling reaction of the RNA sequence, hsa-let-7e, a sequence of 24 by in length is shown. Referring now to  FIG. 2 , a plot of the results of the labeling reaction of yeast tRNA, of a sequence approximatly 80 bp in length is shown. Referring now to  FIG. 3 , a plot of the results of the labeling reaction components only, no microRNA is shown. The results of the electrophoretic analysis of the labeled reaction products, as shown in  FIGS. 1-3 , indicated that the chemical labeling was completed and the products migrated at their expected fragment size while there was no evidence of any labeling when RNA was not present. 
     Example 2 
     Hydrazide Labeling of RNA Using Periodiate Oxidation (Acetate Method) 
     Synthetic miRNA 
     The synthetic RNAs and yeast tRNAs as used in example one were utilized as follows. 
     Periodate Oxidation and Hydrazide Labeling 
     Oxidation was carried out by adding periodate buffer [(1 mM final reaction concentration Sodium Periodate (Sigma Chemical Co; St. Louis, Mo.) and 1 mM final reaction concentration Sodium Acetate, pH 5.7 (Sigma Chemical Co)], to either 20 pmol of hsa-miR-7a or 2 ug of yeast tRNA in a Bio-Rad 96-well Multiplate to a final volume of 9 ul. The plate was then briefly pulsed in a centrifuge to mix components and placed in the dark at room temperature for 30 minutes. After 30 minutes 0.55 ul of 10 mM Barium Chloride, brought into solution in 100 mM Sodium Acetate (Sigma Chemical Co.) was added to each reaction well. Following the barium addition, 0.45 ul of 1 ug/ul FAM-5-thiosemicarbozide (Anaspec, Inc.; San Jose, Calif.) brought up in Dimethylformamide (Sigma Chemical Corp., Saint Louis, Mo.) was added to each reaction well. The plate was then briefly pulsed in a centrifuge to mix components and placed in the dark at room temperature for 15 minutes. 
     Labeling Reaction Clean-Up 
     After the labeling of the RNAs, Micro spin columns (Thermo Scientific; Pittsburgh, Pa.) packed with 0.06 g Sephadex G25 and hydrated with 300 ul 1× Tris-EDTA were used to remove the uncoupled dye. The Micro spin columns were placed in a 1.5 ml collection tubes (USA/Scientific; Ocela, Fla.). The column/collection tubes were placed in a microcentrifuge, IEC MicromaxRX (Thermo Scientific; Waltham, Mass.) and spun at 1,200×g for 5 minutes to remove the hydrating fluid. The columns were then placed into new 1.5 ml collection tubes and the sample was loaded onto the column being careful not to disturb the column resin. After 3 minutes the column/collection tubes were placed in the microcentrifuge and spun at 1,200×g for 5 minutes to collect the purified labeled RNA samples. 
     Analysis of the microRNA Labeling 
     1 ul of the cleaned labeled product was added to a new 96-well Multiplate (Bio-Rad) containing 18.5 ul DI Formamide (BioVentures Inc., Murfreesboro, Tenn.) and 0.5 ul of 20 fmol each of Hex labeled oligonucleotides (BioVentures, Inc.) ranging in size from 15 bp, 20 bp, 25 bp, 30 bp, 35 bp, 40 bp, 45 bp, 50 bp. The plate was then briefly pulsed in a centrifuge, Allegra 31 (Beckman Coulter; Fullerton, Calif.) to mix components then placed on an ABI Prism® 3100 DNA Analyzer (Applied Biosystems; Foster City, Calif.) and were analyzed using the Genescan program, Dye Set “D,” module file “GeneScan — 030507_microshort,” with an injection voltage of 1 kvolt, injection time of 22 seconds and a run times of 1000 seconds. The raw data was analyzed using GeneScan software (Applied Biosystems). 
     Referring now to  FIG. 4 , a plot of the results of the labeling reaction of the RNA sequence hsa-let-7a, an RNA sequence of 24 by in length is shown. Referring now to  FIG. 5 , a plot of the results of the labeling reaction of yeast tRNA, an RNA sequence of approximately 80 bp (multiplet) in length is shown. The results of the electrophoretic analysis of the labeled reaction products, as shown in  FIGS. 4 and 5 , demonstrated that the chemical labeling was completed and the products migrated at their expected fragment size while there was no evidence of any labeling when RNA was not present. 
     Example 3 
     Hydrazide Labeling of Streptavidin/Avidin Using Periodiate Oxidation 
     Preparation of Streptavidin and Avidin 
     Streptavidin (Roche Applied Science; Indianapolis, Ind.) was brought into solution in 0.5% Sodium Azide to a final concentration of 1 mg/ml and Avidin (Sigma Chemical Co; St. Louis, Mo.) was brought into solution in 0.5% Sodium Azide for a final concentration of 1 mg/ml. 
     Periodate Oxidation and Hydrazide Labeling 
     Oxidation of Streptavidin and avidin prepared above was carried out by adding periodate buffer [(1 mM final reaction concentration Sodium Periodate (Sigma Chemical Co; St. Louis, Mo.) and 1 mM final reaction concentration Sodium Acetate, pH 5.7 (Sigma Chemical Co)], to each of 1 ul of Streptavidin, 1 ul of Avidin, or 1 ul of sterile water in a Bio-Rad 96-well Multiplate to a final volume of 9 ul. 
     The plate was then briefly pulsed in a centrifuge to mix components and placed in the dark at room temperature for 30 minutes. After 30 minutes 0.55 ul of 10 mM Barium Chloride, brought into solution in 100 mM Sodium Acetate (Sigma Chemical Co.) was added to each reaction well. Following the barium addition, 0.45 ul of 1 ug/ul FAM-5-thiosemicarbozide (Anaspec, Inc.; San Jose, Calif.) brought up in Dimethylformamide (Sigma Chemical Corp.) was added to each reaction well. The plate was then briefly pulsed in a centrifuge to mix components and placed in the dark at room temperature for 15 minutes. 
     Labeling Reaction Clean-Up 
     After the labeling of the samples, Micro spin columns (Thermo Scientific; Pittsburgh, Pa.) packed with 0.06 g Sephadex G25 and hydrated with 300 ul 1× Tris-EDTA were used to remove the uncoupled dye. The Micro spin columns were placed in a 1.5 ml collection tubes (USA/Scientific; Ocela, Fla.). The column/collection tubes were placed in a microcentrifuge, IEC MicromaxRX (Thermo Scientific; Waltham, Mass.) and spun at 1,200×g for 5 minutes to remove the hydrating fluid. The columns were then placed into new 1.5 ml collection tubes and the sample was loaded onto the column being careful not to disturb the column resin. After 3 minutes the column/collection tubes were placed in the microcentrifuge and spun at 1,200×g for 5 minutes to collect the purified labeled samples. 
     Analysis of the microRNA Labeling 
     The labeled reactions were analyzed by reading the fluorescence on a Nanodrop 3300 Fluorospectrometer (Nanodrop Technologies; Wilmington, Del.) measured using 470 nm excitation source with the emission wavelength monitored at 515 nm. The results were as follows:
         Streptavidin labeling reaction gave a reading of 413.4 RFU&#39;s equivalent to 87.2 fmols   Avidin labeling reaction gave a reading of 592.1 RFU&#39;s equivalent to 111.36 fmols   No target control labeling reaction gave a reading of 51.2 RFU&#39;s equivalent to 17.7 fmols       

     The labeled streptavidin was 5 times the amount of uncoupled dye and the avidin was 6 times the amount of uncoupled dye indicating that the proteins had been labeled by the dye. 
     Although the present invention has been discussed in considerable detail with reference to certain preferred embodiments, other embodiments are possible. Therefore, the scope of the appended claims should not be limited to the description of preferred embodiments contained herein.