Abstract:
An apparatus for degrading and removing a paved surface is disclosed in one aspect of the invention as including a vehicle to travel across a paved surface, a pavement degradation tool coupled to the vehicle and adapted to degrade the paved surface while rotating about an axis substantially normal to the paved surface, and a vacuum device coupled to the vehicle and adapted to remove pavement fragments produced by the pavement degradation tool. The vacuum device may include several intake channels to draw in the degraded pavement fragments. In selected embodiments, these intake channels may be connected to two or more independently moveable banks.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This patent application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/070,411 filed on Mar. 1, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,223,049 and entitled Apparatus, System, and Method for Directional Degradation of a Paved Surface, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   The present invention relates to road reconstruction equipment, more particularly, to apparatus, systems, and methods for degrading and removing a paved surface. 
   2. Background 
   Since their debut in the late 1960s and early 1970s, asphalt milling machines have been considered one of the major innovations in road reconstruction. Asphalt milling machines were originally designed to remove a top layer of deteriorated asphalt so a new layer of asphalt could be overlaid on the exposed underlayer. The resulting pavement was superior to simply overlaying a new layer of asphalt directly onto the old and deteriorated asphalt. 
   One significant benefit of asphalt milling machines that has emerged modernly is the ability to break up asphalt into recyclable-sized fragments. As recycling of all types has become more popular, asphalt milling machines have similarly increased in popularity. In fact, combination milling and paving machines have been developed to mill or break up the old road surface, mix it with new binder, and lay it down to create a new or recycled road surface in one continuous process. 
   The core component of most modern asphalt milling machines is the cutting drum. Most cutting drums incorporate numerous cutting teeth, coupled to the rounded surface of the drum, to cut or tear into the road surface. The rotational axis of the drum is positioned parallel to the road surface and the drum is rotated while being driven along the road surface in a direction transverse to its axis of rotation. Conventional cutting drums mill the asphalt in an upward direction, or an “up-cut” direction. However, some cutting drums may permit “down-cutting” to control “slabbing,” facilitate pulverizing and mixing, and effectively mill pavement over a wet base. Most cutting drums range in width from 12 to 150 inches and generally have a maximum cutting depth of 4 to 16 inches. 
   Due to the abrasive nature of pavement, the cutting teeth have traditionally been prone to wear out quickly and require frequent replacement. The replacement process may create significant downtime and hinder the overall efficiency of the milling process. For example, early cutting drums had cutting teeth that were welded to the drum. Tooth replacement required cutting the old teeth from the drum and welding new teeth in their place. Consequently, considerable effort has been expended to accelerate the replacement process and to increase the durability of the cutting teeth. Many newer cutting teeth, for example, are coupled to the cutting drum using various bolt-on housings to enable faster replacement. 
   One shortcoming of current asphalt milling machines is their failure to capitalize on cutting-edge technology used in other industries, such as the downhole drilling industry. For example, numerous technological improvements in polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bits, which were introduced in the oil and gas industry in the mid 1970s, have enabled PCD bits to capture a growing share of the downhole drill bit market. Some estimates show that between 2000 and 2003, the total footage drilled with PDC bits increased from 26% in 2000 to 50% in 2003. The total revenue generated by PDC bit sales was approximately $600 million in 2003. 
   Various recent improvements in PDC bit hydraulics, PDC cutter toughness and abrasion-resistance, and PDC bit dynamic stability have resulted in continuous and significant increases in the average rate of penetration (ROP) and bit life of PDC bits, thereby extending the application of PDC bits into harder and more abrasive formations. In some cases, a single PDC bit may drill 20,000 feet or more without replacement. As a result, a PCD bit may save as much as $1 million per well in time-critical drilling applications. It would be a significant advance if drill bit improvements in the downhole drilling industry could be applied to the road reconstruction industry, where downtime and replacement costs incur significant expense. 
   Accordingly, what are needed are apparatus and methods for incorporating drill bit and other advances of the downhole drilling industry into road reconstruction equipment. More particularly, apparatus and methods are needed to incorporate PCD and other drill bit advances into asphalt milling, grinding, and cutting equipment. Further needed are novel supplemental and auxiliary systems, such as vacuum devices, to work in conjunction such apparatus and methods, to facilitate the removal, processing, and deposit of asphalt and other pavement materials. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   Consistent with the foregoing, and in accordance with the invention as embodied and broadly described herein, an apparatus for degrading and removing a paved surface is disclosed in one aspect of the present invention as including a vehicle to travel across a paved surface, a pavement degradation tool coupled to the vehicle and adapted to degrade the paved surface while rotating about an axis substantially normal to the paved surface, and a vacuum device coupled to the vehicle and adapted to remove pavement fragments produced by the pavement degradation tool. The vacuum device may include several intake channels to draw in the degraded pavement fragments. In selected embodiments, these intake channels may be connected to two or more independently moveable banks. 
   In certain embodiments, a shroud may be connected to one or more of the intake channels to improve the seal between the pavement fragments and the intake channels, thereby increasing the suction exerted on the pavement fragments. In other embodiments, the shroud may cover the pavement degradation tool to enable the pavement fragments to be drawn into the intake channels immediately upon breaking away from the pavement. In yet other embodiments, an input channel may be connected to the shroud to provide positive pressure inside the shroud, thereby urging the pavement fragments into the intake channels. 
   To improve the collection of pavement fragments, the vacuum device may optionally include a scoop element to scoop the pavement fragments into one or more of the intake channels, a roller comprising a series of vanes to rotate over the pavement fragments and direct the pavement fragments into the intake channels, or a bristled roller adapted to brush the pavement fragments into the intake channels. 
   In another aspect of the invention, a multi-vehicle system for degrading and removing a paved surface includes a first vehicle to travel across a paved surface. A pavement degradation tool is coupled to the first vehicle and is adapted to degrade the paved surface while rotating about an axis substantially normal to the paved surface. A second vehicle is provided to follow the first motorized vehicle and includes a vacuum device adapted to remove pavement fragments produced by the pavement degradation tool. 
   In yet another aspect of the invention, a method for degrading and removing a paved surface includes directing a pavement degradation tool across a paved surface, wherein the pavement degradation tool is adapted to degrade the paved surface while rotating about an axis substantially normal to the paved surface, and removing pavement fragments produced by the pavement degradation tool using a vacuum device. 
   The present invention provides novel apparatus, systems, and methods for degrading and removing a paved surface. The features and advantages of the present invention will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims, or may be learned by the practice of the invention as set forth hereinafter. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     In order to describe the manner in which the above-recited features and advantages of the present invention are obtained, a more particular description of apparatus and methods in accordance with the invention will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof, which are illustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only typical embodiments of the present invention and are not, therefore, to be considered as limiting the scope of the invention, apparatus and methods in accordance with the present invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which: 
       FIG. 1  is perspective view illustrating one embodiment of a pavement degradation and removal apparatus incorporating a vacuum device in accordance with the invention; 
       FIG. 2  is a perspective view of various internal components that may be included in a pavement degradation and removal apparatus in accordance with the invention; 
       FIG. 3  is a perspective view of one embodiment of a bank of pavement degradation tools; 
       FIG. 4  is a perspective view of one embodiment of a scoop element that may be used in combination with a vacuum device to remove pavement fragments from a road surface; 
       FIG. 5  is close-up perspective view of the scoop element of  FIG. 4 ; 
       FIG. 6  is a perspective view of one embodiment of shrouds used to surround the pavement degradation tools; 
       FIG. 7  is a perspective view of one embodiment of a roller comprising a series of vanes used to direct the pavement fragments into vacuum intake channels; 
       FIG. 8  is a perspective view of one embodiment of a bristled roller adapted to brush the pavement fragments into the vacuum intake channels; 
       FIG. 9  is a perspective view of one embodiment of various input channels to provide positive pressure inside a shroud; 
       FIG. 10  is a perspective view of one embodiment of a shroud used to cover a bristled roller and the pavement degradation tools; and 
       FIG. 11  is a perspective view of one embodiment of a multi-vehicle system for degrading and removing a paved surface. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” or similar language means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment in accordance with the present invention. Thus, use of the phrases “in one embodiment,” “in an embodiment,” and similar language throughout this specification may, but does not necessarily, all refer to the same embodiment. 
   Furthermore, the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope. 
   In the following description, numerous specific details are disclosed to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the invention. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, however, that the invention may be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components, materials, and so forth. In other instances, well-known structures, materials, or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of the invention. 
   In this application, “pavement” or a “paved surface” refers to any artificial, wear-resistant surface that facilitates vehicular, pedestrian, or other form of traffic. Pavement may include composites containing oil, tar, tarmac, macadam, tarmacadam, asphalt, asphaltum, pitch, bitumen, minerals, rocks, pebbles, gravel, sand, polyester fibers, Portland cement, petrochemical binders, or the like. Reference in this application to one of “polycrystalline diamond” and “cubic boron nitride” is reference to the other. Likewise, the term “degrade” is used in this application to mean milling, grinding, cutting, ripping apart, tearing apart, or otherwise taking or pulling apart a pavement material into smaller constituent pieces. 
   Referring to  FIG. 1 , one contemplated embodiment of an apparatus  100  for degrading and removing a paved surface is illustrated. As shown, an apparatus  100  may include a frame  102 , a shroud  104  or cover  104  enclosing various internal component of the apparatus  100 , and a translation mechanism  106 , such as tracks, wheels, or the like, to translate the apparatus  100  along a surface  107 . The translation mechanism  106  may include several sets of tracks, for example, which may be vertically adjusted with respect to the frame  102  to adjust the slant or elevation of the apparatus  100 , and to adjust for varying elevations, slopes, and contours of the underlying road surface  107 . 
   The apparatus  100  may include one or more banks  108  of degradation tools  1110 , as will be discussed in more detail in the description associated with  FIG. 3 , and one or more banks  111  of vacuum intake channels  112  to draw in by suction the pavement fragments  114  generated by the pavement degradation tools  110 . In certain embodiments, the banks  108 ,  111  may be actuated independently and may be extended or retracted in a transverse direction with respect to the frame  102  to adjust for variations in the road width, to avoid obstacles, or to traverse a greater or smaller width of the road surface  107 , as desired. In selected embodiments, the banks  108 ,  111  may be as wide as the vehicle itself. Thus, when fully extended from each side of the apparatus  100 , the banks  108 ,  111  may sweep over a road width that is approximately twice the width of the apparatus  100 . In other embodiments, each of the vacuum intake channels  112  of each bank  111  may be independently actuated, such as in an up or down direction, to avoid obstacles such as manholes, curbs, or the like, as will be described in additional detail in the description associated with  FIG. 5 . In certain embodiments, the banks  111  may be oscillated from side-to-side with respect to the apparatus  100  to more effectively pick up pavement fragments  114  located on the road surface  107 . 
   The apparatus  100  may include an outlet  116  to expel pavement fragments  114  gathered by the apparatus  100 . The outlet  116  may be positioned such that the pavement fragments  114  are deposited in a transport vehicle  118 , such as a dump truck. In selected embodiments, the position of the outlet  116  may be adjusted up or down, front-to-back, or side-to-side by a positioning mechanism  120 , as needed, to adjust for differences in height or location of a transport vehicle  118 . The apparatus  100  may also take advantage of various control systems used in modern asphalt mills, grinders, and cutters, to provide manual or automated control of the apparatus  100 , including but not limited to elevation, speed, steering, cut depth, and leveling controls. These controls may employ various feedback systems and sensors located at a variety of locations around the apparatus  100 . 
   Referring to  FIG. 2 , under the shroud  104 , the apparatus  100  may include a variety of components to perform various features and functions. For example, in certain embodiments, the apparatus  100  may include an engine  200 , such as a diesel or gasoline engine, to power the apparatus  100 . The engine  200  may receive fuel from a fuel tank  202 . In certain embodiments, the engine  200  may be used to drive one or more hydraulic pumps  204  which may drive hydraulic motors (not shown) for powering the translation mechanism  106 . The hydraulic pumps  204  may also be used to drive one or more hydraulic cylinders  203 , connected to the translation mechanism  106 , for adjusting the level, slant, or elevation of the apparatus  100 . The hydraulic pumps  204  may also be used to extend and retract the banks  108 ,  111  of degradation tools  110  using hydraulic cylinders or other hydraulic actuating mechanisms, and drive hydraulic motors used to rotate the individual pavement degradation tools  110 . 
   Another engine  206  (here shown in an enclosed housing  206 ), and corresponding fuel tank  207 , may be used to power a vacuum system to draw in the pavement fragments  114  generated by the pavement degradation tools  110 . In selected embodiments, the vacuum system may include a filter  208 , a silencer  210  or muffler  210 , and a separator  212  such as a cyclone separator. In operation, the vacuum device may create a powerful air flow through the vacuum intake channels  112  to suck pavement fragments  114  into a cyclone separator  212  through one or more channels  211 . When the incoming air stream and pavement fragments enter the cyclone separator  212 , they spiral around the cylinder  212 . The centrifugal force generated by this spiral propels the pavement fragments  114  outward and out of the air stream, thereby causing the pavement fragments  114  to fall downward through the separator  212  and the outlet  116 . The airflow, and any remaining dust or particles mixed with the airflow, may be sucked through a channel  214  and into a filter  208  to filter out the remaining dust or particles. A silencer  210  or muffler  210  may be included to reduce the noise generated by the vacuum system. 
   In selected embodiments, the apparatus  100  may include an air compressor  218  to provide various function, including but not limited to providing positive air pressure to selected embodiments of a vacuum device (as will be described with additional specificity in the description associated with  FIG. 9 ), powering pneumatic devices, providing pressurized air to clear debris from the area proximate the pavement degradation tools  110 , or the like. Similarly, the apparatus  100  may include one or more tanks  220  to store hydraulic fluid and additional hydraulic pumps  222  to extend or retract the banks  108 ,  111 , power the pavement degradation tools  110 , or the like. In other embodiments, the apparatus  100  may include a computer or other electronic equipment  224  to control the apparatus  100 , and to communicate with various remote sources, including but not limited to radio, satellite, cellular, Internet, web pages, caches, or other sources. In selected embodiments, the computer and electronic equipment  224  may communicate wirelessly with these remote sources by way of one or more antennas  226 . Such a system may permit the apparatus  100  to be controlled or monitored remotely, or allow data to be uploaded or downloaded to the apparatus  100  as needed. Further updates for the software or executable code used in the computer or other electronic equipment  224  may also be remotely downloaded. 
   Referring to  FIG. 3 , a bank  108  may include one or more degradation tools  110 . The pavement degradation tools  110  may be grouped together in banks  108  to allow the tools  110  to degrade a wider area than would be possible using any tool  110  individually, and to allow the tools  110  to share a common power source. The pavement degradation tools  110  may be mechanically linked together with gears (not shown) such that rotation of one causes the rotation of the other. These gears, if uniform in size, may allow the tools  110  to rotate at a uniform speed. In selected embodiments, the banks  108  may employ various hydraulic cylinders  300  to extend and retract the banks  108  with respect to the apparatus  100 . 
   For a detailed description of the pavement degradation tools  110 , the reader is referred to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/070,411 and entitled “Apparatus, System, and Method for Directional Degradation of a Paved Surface,” having common inventors with the present invention. In general, each of the pavement degradation tools  110  may include a helically grooved tool body which may be constructed of various materials such as high-strength steel, hardened alloys, metal carbides, cemented metal carbide, or other suitable material known to those in the art. In certain embodiments, the tool body may also include a surface coating such as ceramic, steel, ceramic-steel composite, steel alloy, bronze alloy, tungsten carbide, polycrystalline diamond, cubic boron nitride, or other heat-tolerant, wear-resistant surface coating known to those in the art. The tool body may also, in certain embodiments, receive an anti-balling treatment for degrading sticky or tacky pavement materials. 
   Degradation inserts may be coupled to the tool body to make contact with and degrade pavement. In certain embodiments, various degradation inserts near the bottom of the tool  110  may be tilted downward to allow the tool  110  to vertically plunge into the pavement. The tool  110  may then be in position to degrade the pavement in a direction normal to the tool&#39;s axis of rotation using degradation inserts along the outer circumference of the tool  110 . 
   The degradation inserts may include a cutting material, to directly contact the pavement, bonded to an underlying substrate. The substrate and cutting material may be arranged in two or more layers. The substrate may be manufactured from a material such as tungsten carbide, high-strength steel, or other suitable material known to those skilled in the art. The cutting material may include natural diamond, synthetic diamond, polycrystalline diamond, cubic boron nitride, a composite material, or other suitable material known to those in the art. The cutting material may be composed of smaller crystals or pieces that may vary in size to promote wear resistance, impact resistance, or both. In certain embodiments, to manage heat that may be present while degrading pavement, the cutting material may comprise thermally stable polycrystalline diamond or partially thermally stable polycrystalline diamond. 
   Referring to  FIGS. 4 and 5 , in selected embodiments, the apparatus  100  may include one or more scoop elements  400  to assist the vacuum device in removing pavement fragments  114  from the road surface. As the apparatus  100  moves forward, the scoop elements  400  may follow the pavement degradation tools  110  and scoop pavement fragments  114  into one or more vacuum intake channels  112 . In selected embodiments, each of the scoop elements  400  may be independently raised or lowered by hydraulic or other means to avoid obstacles in the road, such as manholes, curbs, or the like. To accommodate the vertical movement of the scoop elements  400 , the intake channels  112  may be constructed of a compliant material to flex in response to movement of the scoop elements  400 . 
   In selected embodiments, the vertical movement of the scoop elements  400  may be controlled manually or automatically in response to feedback from sensors located on the apparatus  100 . For example, various sensors located around the apparatus  100  may be configured to sense the presence of manholes, culverts, grates, or other obstacles. In response, selected scoop elements  400  could be raised to avoid these obstacles. The scoop elements  400  may be connected to one or more banks  111 , actuated by hydraulic cylinders  402  or other means, to extend the scoop elements  400  in a transverse direction with respect to the apparatus  100 . 
   Referring to  FIG. 6 , in another embodiment, one or more shrouds  600  may be used to encompass the pavement degradation tools  110 . The shrouds  600  may be constructed of a flexible sheet-like material to conform to the surface of the road. One or more vacuum intake channels  112  may be connected to the shrouds  600 . The shrouds  600  may be used to improve the vacuum seal between the pavement fragments  114  and the intake channels  112 , thereby increasing the amount of suction exerted on the pavement fragments  114 . 
   The use of shrouds  600  may provide several other advantages as well. For example, by placing the shrouds  600  around the pavement degradation tools  110 , pavement fragments  114  may be removed from the road surface almost immediately upon creation. This may reduce the amount of dust and particles generated by the pavement degradation tools  110  and may actually aid in the degradation process by allowing the pavement degradation tools  110  to cut into virgin pavement, rather than into previously dislodged pavement fragments  114 . Furthermore, the air flow generated by the vacuum may aid in cooling the pavement degradation tools  110 . Finally, combining the vacuum intake channels  112  and the pavement degradation tools  110  into a single bank eliminates the need for separate banks  108 ,  111  of vacuum intake channels  112  and pavement degradation tools  110 , as illustrated in  FIGS. 1 and 2 . 
   Referring to  FIG. 7 , in another embodiment, a vacuum device may employ one or more banks  111  of rollers  700 . Vanes, paddles, or the like may be incorporated into the rollers  700  and may be used to scoop or direct pavement fragments  114  from the road surface into the vacuum intake channels  112 . The rollers  700  may be encased in a shroud  702  or cover  702  having an opening to exert suction on the pavement fragments  114  and to aid in directing the pavement fragments  114  into the intake channels  112 . The shroud  702  may also provide a structural framework to support the ends of the rollers  700 , thereby providing an axis of rotation. In selected embodiments, the rollers  700  may be powered by hydraulic or other motors. 
   Referring to  FIG. 8 , in another embodiment, a vacuum device may employ one or more banks  111  of bristled rollers  700 . As the apparatus  100  moves forward, the bristled rollers  700  may be configured to rotate over the pavement fragments  114  and direct them into the vacuum intake channels  112 . A bristled roller  700  may also be effective at avoiding or simply rolling over and conforming to obstacles in the roadway. Like the previous example, the bristled rollers  700  may be encased in a shroud  702  to channel the air flow over the pavement fragments  114  and to aid in directing the pavement fragments  114  into the intake channels  112 . Similarly, the bristled rollers  700  may be powered by hydraulic or other suitable types of motors. 
   Referring to  FIG. 9 , in selected embodiments, one or more input channels  900  may be used provide positive pressure inside the shrouds  702 . An air compressor, a fan, an output of the vacuum device, or other source may be used to direct air flow through the input channels  900  where it may enter ports in the shrouds  702 . The positive air flow may be used to clear the pavement fragments from the rollers  700  and direct them into the vacuum intake channels  112 . The strength of the air flow traveling between these channels  900 ,  112  may be sufficient to carry the pavement fragments  114  through the vacuum system. 
   Referring to  FIG. 10 , in yet another embodiment, a single shroud  1000  may be used to cover both a roller  700  and pavement degradation tools  110 . In selected embodiments, the shroud  1000  may include a flexible sheet-like material  1002  (shown cutaway) that extends over the pavement degradation tools  110  and conforms to the surface of the road. As previously explained, the shroud  1000  may improve the vacuum seal between the pavement fragments  114  and the intake channel  112 , thereby increasing the section exerted on the pavement fragments  114 . Furthermore, the shroud  1000  may reduce the amount of dust generated by the degradation tools  110  and aid in cooling the pavement degradation tools  110 . This embodiment may also eliminate the need for separate banks  108 ,  111  of rollers  700  and pavement degradation tools  110 , as illustrated in  FIG. 9 . In selected embodiments, positive air flow may be introduced inside the shroud  1000  through one or more input channels  900 . This positive air flow may aid in clearing pavement fragments  114  from the roller  700  and directing them into the vacuum intake channel  112 . 
   Referring to  FIG. 11 , in selected embodiments, the pavement degradation tools  110  and the vacuum devices illustrated with respect to  FIG. 1 through 10  may be located on separate vehicles. For example, one or more banks  108  of degradation tools  110  may be placed on a first vehicle  100   a . Similarly, one or more banks  111  of vacuum intake channels  112  may be placed on a second vehicle  100   b , following the first vehicle  100   a . The use of separate vehicles may provide additional versatility. For example, the vehicle  100   a  may be more useful in applications where the pavement fragments  114  are not removed from the road surface, such as in applications where the pavements fragments  114  are recycled in situ. Similarly, the vehicle  100   b  may be used in a wide variety of vacuuming applications, rather than solely for removing pavement fragments  114  generated by the pavement degradation tools  110 . 
   The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its essence or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative, and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims, rather than by the foregoing description. All changes within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.