Abstract:
In an example embodiment, a supervised machine learning algorithm is used to train a communication reply score model based on an extracted first set of features and second set of features from social networking service member profiles and activity and usage information. When a plurality of member search results is to be displayed, for the member identified in each of the plurality of member search results, the member profile corresponding to the member is parsed to extract a third set of one or more features from the member profile, activity and usage information pertaining to actions taken by the members on the social networking service is parsed to extract a fourth set of one or more features, and the extracted third set of features and fourth set of features is inputted into the communication reply score model to generate a communication reply score, which is displayed visually to a searcher.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The present disclosure generally relates to computer technology for solving technical challenges in electronic communications. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to the calculation of a communication reply score for members of an online network. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    The Internet has given rise to two disparate phenomena: the increase in the presence of social networks, with their corresponding member profiles visible to large numbers of people, and the increase in online business transactions. These online business transactions include not just consumer purchases (business to consumer), but also purchases by businesses (business-to-business). With regard to business-to-business transactions, performing accurate predictions of events involving those companies can be challenging. These problems are known as company-level prediction problems. For example, a first business may be a repeat customer of a second business, but it can be difficult to predict if the first business may elect to stop purchasing from the second business (known as “chum”). This is despite the fact that these company-level prediction problems are often binary in nature (i.e., the result of the prediction is either a yes or a no). 
         [0003]    Traditionally company-level prediction problems are solved using machine-learning techniques. Traditional classifiers may be applied to a decision tree using company-level features. The problem with this approach is that the result is hugely dependent on the quantities of the training data. If a prediction is attempted for a million businesses, training on data of only a thousand businesses we know have churned (and can be labeled as “churners”) leads to inaccurate predictions. Thus, the machine learning techniques are not scalable, at least insofar as the training data also is not scalable. Additionally, the features used in such techniques are independent to the company being examined. This ignores relationships to other companies and relationships between employees. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0004]    Some embodiments of the technology are illustrated, by way of example and not limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings. 
           [0005]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating a client-server system, in accordance with an example embodiment. 
           [0006]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram showing the functional components of a social networking service, including a data processing module referred to herein as a search engine, for use in generating and providing search results for a search query, consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
           [0007]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram illustrating an application server module of  FIG. 2  in more detail. 
           [0008]      FIG. 4  is a flow diagram illustrating a method of constructing a heterogeneous graph using social network information in order to solve a prediction problem, in accordance with an example embodiment. 
           [0009]      FIG. 5  is a diagram illustrating an example heterogeneous network created for a given problem, in accordance with an example embodiment. 
           [0010]      FIG. 6  is a flow diagram illustrating a label propagation algorithm in accordance with an example embodiment. 
           [0011]      FIG. 7  is an example entity-only graph in accordance with an example embodiment. 
           [0012]      FIG. 8  is a block diagram illustrating a representative software architecture, which may be used in conjunction with various hardware architectures herein described. 
           [0013]      FIG. 9  is a block diagram illustrating components of a machine, according to some example embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readable medium (e.g., a machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Overview 
       [0014]    The present disclosure describes, among other things, methods, systems, and computer program products that individually provide functionality for speeding data access. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the various aspects of different embodiments of the present disclosure. It will be evident, however, to one skilled in the art, that the present disclosure may be practiced without all of the specific details. 
         [0015]    In an example embodiment, a prediction for an entity is calculated by first modeling connections between entities as a heterogeneous network of nodes. A heterogeneous network of nodes is one in which there are a plurality of different node types and a plurality of different connection types. Then, meta-paths are defined to connect related entities. The weights of the meta-paths are calculated. Then the weights of different meta-paths are combined to generate an entity-only graph. A label propagation algorithm is then run on the entity-only graph to obtain prediction results. 
         [0016]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating a client-server system  100 , in accordance with an example embodiment. A networked system  102  provides server-side functionality via a network  104  (e.g., the Internet or a wide area network (WAN)) to one or more clients.  FIG. 1  illustrates, for example, a web client  106  (e.g., a browser) and a programmatic client  108  executing on respective client machines  110  and  112 . 
         [0017]    An application program interface (API) server  114  and a web server  116  are coupled to, and provide programmatic and web interfaces respectively to, one or more application servers  118 . The application server(s)  118  host one or more applications  120 . The application server(s)  118  are, in turn, shown to be coupled to one or more database servers  124  that facilitate access to one or more databases  126 . While the application(s)  120  are shown in  FIG. 1  to form part of the networked system  102 , it will be appreciated that, in alternative embodiments, the application(s)  120  may form part of a service that is separate and distinct from the networked system  102 . 
         [0018]    Further, while the client-server system  100  shown in  FIG. 1  employs a client-server architecture, the present disclosure is, of course, not limited to such an architecture, and could equally well find application in a distributed, or peer-to-peer, architecture system, for example. The various applications  120  could also be implemented as standalone software programs, which do not necessarily have networking capabilities. 
         [0019]    The web client  106  accesses the various applications  120  via the web interface supported by the web server  116 . Similarly, the programmatic client  108  accesses the various services and functions provided by the application(s)  120  via the programmatic interface provided by the API server  114 . 
         [0020]      FIG. 1  also illustrates a third party application  128 , executing on a third party server  130 , as having programmatic access to the networked system  102  via the programmatic interface provided by the API server  114 . For example, the third party application  128  may, utilizing information retrieved from the networked system  102 , support one or more features or functions on a website hosted by a third party. The third party website may, for example, provide one or more functions that are supported by the relevant application(s)  120  of the networked system  102 . 
         [0021]    In some embodiments, any website referred to herein may comprise online content that may be rendered on a variety of devices including, but not limited to, a desktop personal computer (PC), a laptop, and a mobile device (e.g., a tablet computer, smartphone, etc.). In this respect, any of these devices may be employed by a user to use the features of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, a user can use a mobile app on a mobile device (any of the machines  110 ,  112  and the third party server  130  may be a mobile device) to access and browse online content, such as any of the online content disclosed herein. A mobile server (e.g., API server  114 ) may communicate with the mobile app and the application server(s)  118  in order to make the features of the present disclosure available on the mobile device. 
         [0022]    In some embodiments, the networked system  102  may comprise functional components of a social networking service.  FIG. 2  is a block diagram showing the functional components of a social networking service, including a data processing module referred to herein as a search engine  216 , for use in generating and providing search results for a search query, consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the search engine  216  may reside on the application server(s)  118  in  FIG. 1 . However, it is contemplated that other configurations are also within the scope of the present disclosure. 
         [0023]    As shown in  FIG. 2 , a front end may comprise a user interface module (e.g., a web server  116 )  212 , which receives requests from various client computing devices, and communicates appropriate responses to the requesting client devices. For example, the user interface module(s)  212  may receive requests in the form of Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) requests or other web-based API requests. In addition, a member interaction detection module  213  may be provided to detect various interactions that members have with different applications  120 , services, and content presented. As shown in  FIG. 2 , upon detecting a particular interaction, the member interaction detection module  213  logs the interaction, including the type of interaction and any metadata relating to the interaction, in a member activity and behavior database  222 . 
         [0024]    An application logic layer may include one or more various application server modules  214 , which, in conjunction with the user interface module(s)  212 , generate various user interfaces (e.g., web pages) with data retrieved from various data sources in a data layer. In some embodiments, individual application server modules  214  are used to implement the functionality associated with various applications  120  and/or services provided by the social networking service. 
         [0025]    As shown in  FIG. 2 , the data layer may include several databases, such as a profile database  218  for storing profile data, including both member profile data and profile data for various organizations (e.g., companies, schools, etc.). Consistent with some embodiments, when a person initially registers to become a member of the social networking service, the person will be prompted to provide some personal information, such as his or her name, age (e.g., birthdate), gender, interests, contact information, home town, address, spouse&#39;s and/or family members&#39; names, educational background (e.g., schools, majors, matriculation and/or graduation dates, etc.), employment history, skills, professional organizations, and so on. This information is stored, for example, in the profile database  218 . Once registered, a member may invite other members, or be invited by other members, to connect via the social networking service. A “connection” may constitute a bilateral agreement by the members, such that both members acknowledge the establishment of the connection. Similarly, in some embodiments, a member may elect to “follow” another member. In contrast to establishing a connection, the concept of “following” another member typically is a unilateral operation and, at least in some embodiments, does not require acknowledgement or approval by the member that is being followed. When one member follows another, the member who is following may receive status updates (e.g., in an activity or content stream) or other messages published by the member being followed, or relating to various activities undertaken by the member being followed. Similarly, when a member follows an organization, the member becomes eligible to receive messages or status updates published on behalf of the organization. For instance, messages or status updates published on behalf of an organization that a member is following will appear in the member&#39;s personalized data feed, commonly referred to as an activity stream or content stream. In any case, the various associations and relationships that the members establish with other members, or with other entities and objects, are stored and maintained within a social graph in a social graph database  220 . 
         [0026]    As members interact with the various applications  120 , services, and content made available via the social networking service, the members&#39; interactions and behavior (e.g., content viewed, links or buttons selected, messages responded to, etc.) may be tracked, and information concerning the members&#39; activities and behavior may be logged or stored, for example, as indicated in  FIG. 2 , by the member activity and behavior database  222 . This logged activity information may then be used by the search engine  216  to determine search results for a search query. 
         [0027]    In some embodiments, the databases  218 ,  220 , and  222  may be incorporated into the database(s)  126  in  FIG. 1 . However, other configurations are also within the scope of the present disclosure. 
         [0028]    Although not shown, in some embodiments, the social networking service system  210  provides an API module via which applications  120  and services can access various data and services provided or maintained by the social networking service. For example, using an API, an application may be able to request and/or receive one or more navigation recommendations. Such applications  120  may be browser-based applications  120 , or may be operating system-specific. In particular, some applications  120  may reside and execute (at least partially) on one or more mobile devices (e.g., phone or tablet computing devices) with a mobile operating system. Furthermore, while in many cases the applications  120  or services that leverage the API may be applications  120  and services that are developed and maintained by the entity operating the social networking service, nothing other than data privacy concerns prevents the API from being provided to the public or to certain third parties under special arrangements, thereby making the navigation recommendations available to third party applications  128  and services. 
         [0029]    Although the search engine  216  is referred to herein as being used in the context of a social networking service, it is contemplated that it may also be employed in the context of any website or online services. Additionally, although features of the present disclosure are referred to herein as being used or presented in the context of a web page, it is contemplated that any user interface view (e.g., a user interface on a mobile device or on desktop software) is within the scope of the present disclosure. 
         [0030]    In an example embodiment, when member profiles are indexed, forward search indexes are created and stored. The search engine  216  facilitates the indexing and searching for content within the social networking service, such as the indexing and searching for data or information contained in the data layer, such as profile data (stored, e.g., in the profile database  218 ), social graph data (stored, e.g., in the social graph database  220 ), and member activity and behavior data (stored, e.g., in the member activity and behavior database  222 ). The search engine  216  may collect, parse, and/or store data in an index or other similar structure to facilitate the identification and retrieval of information in response to received queries for information. This may include, but is not limited to, forward search indexes, inverted indexes, N-gram indexes, and so on. 
         [0031]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram illustrating the application server module  214  of  FIG. 2  in more detail. While in many embodiments the application server module  214  will contain many subcomponents used to perform various different actions within the social networking system, in  FIG. 3  only those components that are relevant to the present disclosure are depicted. Here, an ingestion platform  300  obtains information from the profile database  218 , the social graph database  220 , and the member activity and behavior database  222  relevant to a prediction problem identified by a user interface server component  302 . The user interface server component  302  communicates with a user interface client component  304  located on a client device  306  to obtain information about the prediction problem. This information is then provided to the ingestion platform  300 , which uses this information to obtain relevant information from the databases  218 ,  220 ,  222 . This database information is then passed to a prediction generator  308 . The user interface server component  302  also passes the prediction problem information to the prediction generator  308 . Thus, the prediction generator  308  has data available to it from the databases  218 ,  220 ,  222  and prediction problem information to perform various operations related to constructing and using a heterogeneous graph framework to solve the prediction problem. 
         [0032]      FIG. 4  is a flow diagram illustrating a method  400  of constructing a heterogeneous graph using social network information in order to solve a prediction problem, in accordance with an example embodiment. At operation  402 , a heterogeneous network of nodes is created from social network information from the databases  218 ,  220 ,  222 . The heterogeneous network of nodes includes nodes of multiple different types and edges of multiple different types, thus creating potentially multiple different types of paths between nodes of the same type. 
         [0033]      FIG. 5  is a diagram illustrating an example heterogeneous network  500  created for a given problem, in accordance with an example embodiment. The heterogeneous network  500  includes company nodes, including companies  502 A,  502 B,  502 C; user nodes, including users  504 A,  504 B,  504 C; title nodes, including Software Engineer  506 A and Product Manager  506 B; seniority nodes, including Junior  508 A and Senior  508 B; and industry nodes, including Internet Service  510 A and Finance  510 C. Connections (sometimes known as edges) between nodes represent some sort of relationship between the nodes. The connections in this figure are depicted using different styles to represent different types of connections. For example, connection  512 A indicates that user  504 A has the job title of Software Engineer  506 A and may be called a title connection. Connection  512 B indicates that user  504 B also has the job title of Software Engineer  506 A, and connection  512 C indicates that user  504 C has a job title of Product Manager  506 B. Connection  514 A indicates that user  504 A is an employee of company  502 A and may be called an employment edge. Connection  514 B indicates that user  504 B is an employee of company  502 B and connection  514 C indicates that user  504 C is an employee of company  502 C. Connection  516 A indicates that user  504 A has a social networking relationship with user  504 B and thus may be called a social connection edge. Connection  516 B indicates that user  504 C has a social networking relationship with user  504 B. Connection  518 A may indicate that user  504 B has seniority of “Senior”  508 B and thus may be called a seniority edge. Connection  518 B may indicate that user  504 C has a seniority of “Senior”  508 B and connection  518 C may indicate that user  504 A has a seniority of “Junior”  508 A. Connection  520 A may indicate that user  504 C is in the industry of “Finance”  510 C, and thus may be called an industry edge. Connections  520 B and  520 C may indicate that users  504 A and  504 B, respectively, are in the industry of Internet Service  510 A. Thus, this figure depicts a graph having five different types of connections between nodes, each type of connection meaning a different thing. 
         [0034]    The result is that heterogeneous network  500  depicts a relationship between company  502 A and company  502 B through other nodes and through other types of connections, despite there being no direct company-to-company link between company  502 A and  502 B. Indeed, there are multiple possible paths between company  502 A and company  502 B. 
         [0035]    It should be noted that this type of graph can be used to represent multiple different types of entities in different ways. In that manner, there may be many different types of nodes (not just the five depicted here), as well as many different connection types (not just the five depicted here). The concepts of the present disclosure will work with any heterogeneous network of nodes. 
         [0036]    After the construction of this heterogeneous network  500  of nodes, meta-path types to connect related entities are defined. Referring back to  FIG. 4 , at operation  404 , a plurality of different meta-path types to connect related entities are defined. Related entities include any entities that the prediction problem wishes to examine. For example, if the prediction problem wants to determine the likelihood that various companies will purchase items from a first company, the meta-paths defined can be a plurality of different meta-paths between the first company and each of those various companies. In an example embodiment, the related entities are all nodes of the same type, as defined in the heterogeneous network of nodes. For example, the nodes may all be businesses, or all be users, or all be job titles, etc. 
         [0037]    A meta-path in a heterogeneous network of nodes refers to a sequence of node and edge types defined based on a network schema. Each of the meta-path types include combinations of different edge types. For the example in  FIG. 5 , for instance, five different meta-path types for connection between company  502 A and company  502 B may be defined, one for each connection type. While the meta-path types may include sequences of multiple connection types, one of the connection types will be considered the primary connection type for the meta-path type. For example, in  FIG. 5 , a first meta-path may be a social path, which connects the companies  502 A,  502 B using a social connection edge (as well as employment edges). 
         [0038]    Here, the social path may be Company(node)-Employment(edge)-Employee(node)-Employment(edge)-Company(node), or in terms of the example of the figure, company  502 A through employment edge  514 A, through user  504 A, through social connection edge  516 A, through user  504 B, through employment edge  514 B, to company  502 B. 
         [0039]    A title homophily path may be Company(node)-Employment(edge)-Employee(node)-HasTitle(edge)-Title(node)-HasTitle(edge)-Employee(node)-Employment(edge)-Company(node), or in terms of the example of the figure, company  502 A through employment edge  514 A, through user  504 A, through title edge  512 A, through Software Engineer  506 A, through title edge  512 B, through user  504 B, through employment edge  514 B, to company  502 B. 
         [0040]    A seniority homophily path may be Company(node)-Employment(edge)-Employee(node)-HasSeniority(edge)-Seniority(node)-Seniority(edge)-Employee(node)-Employment(edge)-Company(node). In terms of the example of  FIG. 5 , there is actually no seniority homophily path connecting company  502 A and company  502 B, but there is one connecting company  502 B and company  502 C, which is company  502 B through employment edge  514 B, through user  504 B, through seniority edge  518 A, through Senior  508 B, through seniority edge  518 B, through user  504 C, through employment edge  514 C, to company  502 C. 
         [0041]    An industry homophily path may be Company(node)-Employment(edge)-Employee(node)-HasIndustry(edge)-Industry(node)-HasIndustry(edge)-Employee(node)-Employment(edge)-Company(node), or in terms of the example of the figure, company  502 A through employment edge  514 A, through user  504 A, through industry edge  520 B, through Internet Service  510 A, through industry edge  520 C, through user  504 B, through employment edge  514 B, to company  502 B. 
         [0042]    An additional special case can occur where companies have a direct link, in which case the path contains only nodes for the companies. 
         [0043]    At this point, the meta-path types for each pair of relevant entities may each be assigned a strength. At operation  406 , the strengths of the meta-path types are defined. A strength is defined for each type of meta-path. For each meta-path type that does not directly connect two companies (i.e., the first four meta-path types described above), the strength for a meta-path type connecting C i  and C j  (denoted as W i,j   MP  is calculated as: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
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             {p i,j :p i,j  εMP} denotes the set of path instances of one meta-path type MP, of which the company nodes at two ends are C i  and C j . 
             |*| refers to the total number of instances in a set. 
           
         
       
     
         [0046]    This bases the strength of the meta path type on the number of paths, of the meta-path type, between two nodes, with some normalization to, for example, account for companies with large number of employees or other nodes connected to the company that is not related to the strength of the connection. 
         [0047]    For the special meta-path type which doesn&#39;t include any edges and contains only two nodes C i  and C j  (the last example meta-path type described above), the strength is calculated as: 
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             ∥*∥ denotes l 2  norm 
             is a scaling factor that could be decided by cross-validation. 
             f x  denotes the features for company C x . Such features are commonly used by traditional prediction algorithms and can vary by domains and applications. 
           
         
       
     
         [0051]    Notably f x  is a vector of one or more features. The above formula weights all of these features equally. In some example embodiments, different weightings may be applied to the features to allow some features to be more of an influence on the output score than other features. 
         [0052]    Referring back to  FIG. 4 , at operation  408 , the strength of different meta-path types is combined for each pair of related entities to generate an entity-only graph. An entity-only graph is one where the nodes are only of the type for which the prediction problem is being applied. For example, this may be the node type of the “related entities” from operation  404 . Thus, if the prediction problem relates to whether companies will purchase from one another, the node types are company nodes. As to the combined strength, if, for example, there are N different types of meta-path, then there are N strengths between two companies. A unified strength is generated by combining all of them as follows: 
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             w i,j   1 , w i,j   2  . . . w i,j   N ), which are N weights for N types of meta-path 
             a=(a 1 , a 2  . . . a N ), which are parameters for each weight 
             a and ε can be learnt through Maximum Likelihood Estimation (NILE) based on the training data 
           
         
       
     
         [0056]    The result is an entity-only graph (here, for example, all nodes represent companies, although in some example embodiments some other type of node may be used if solving a problem for a different entity than a company), with edges between the nodes each containing the combined strength as calculated above. 
         [0057]    Referring back to  FIG. 4 , at operation  410 , a label propagation algorithm is run on the company-only graph to obtain prediction results.  FIG. 6  is a flow diagram illustrating a label propagation algorithm  410  in accordance with an example embodiment. The label propagation algorithm  410  will act to assign and recalculate scores for each node for which a prediction may be made. Thus, for example, if the problem being predicted is whether or not a particular company will buy goods or services from another company, then a score will be assigned, calculated, and recalculated for each of the particular companies being predicted. At operation  600 , scores for each node in the entity-only graph are initialized. This initialization may include, for nodes denoting entities that are deemed to have a positive result to the problem being predicted, a “1” being assigned, whereas for all other nodes (including lost entities and unknown entities), a “0” being assigned. Thus, for example, if the problem being predicted is whether or not a particular company will buy goods or services from another company, a “1” may be assigned to any company nodes representing accounts that have purchased goods or services from the company being examined while a “0” may be assigned to any company nodes representing accounts that have not purchased goods or services from the company being examined (or where the purchasing status is unknown). 
         [0058]    At operation  602 , for each node under consideration (u), the node&#39;s score is updated based on neighbor scores and connection strengths. In an example embodiment, the score for each node is updated using the calculation: Sum (S v ×W(u,v))/SumW(u,v). S v  is the score assigned to node v, and v belongs to u&#39;s neighbor set (a direct neighbor). For nodes where we know the result already, the values can be reset to either 0 or 1 depending on the result in each iteration. Thus, for example, if we know a particular company has purchased goods or services from a company, then the particular company&#39;s score will be reset to 1, no matter what the calculated result of the formula. Likewise, if we know a particular company will not purchase goods or services from a company, then the particular company&#39;s score will be reset to 0, no matter what the calculated result of the formula. In other words, the score is really only calculated for nodes that we do not already know the result of the prediction. 
         [0059]    Because of the fact that, in the first iteration of operation  602 , many nodes may not be neighbors with a node having a score greater than 0, operation  602  may be repeated multiple times, until convergence occurs. Thus, at operation  604 , it is determined if convergence has occurred. Convergence occurs when the change in score from the most recent iteration of operation  602  for each node is below a preset threshold (i.e., none of the scores have changed more than the preset threshold since the last run). Of course, this means that operation  602  will often need to be performed at least twice so that there is a last iteration to compare to. If convergence has not occurred, then operation  602  is repeated. If convergence has occurred, then the process may proceed to operation  606 , where all nodes being examined are ranked based on the score. A node being examined is any node where the prediction is not already known (i.e., any node that has a score other than “0” or “1”). It should also be noted that when the second or later iterations occur, the formula being calculated uses scores from the previous iteration for the calculation. This is in contrast to using, for example, scores assigned to neighboring nodes during the current iteration. In such a way, the ordering in which the values are calculated for the nodes in each iteration is irrelevant. 
         [0060]      FIG. 7  is an example entity-only graph  700  that may be used to illustrate operations  600 - 606 , in accordance with an example embodiment. Specifically, the graph includes nodes  702 A- 702 D, with weights assigned to edges between the nodes  702 A- 702 D. Here, nodes  702 A and  702 C have labels of unknown for the prediction problem, while node  702 B has a positive label and node  702 D has a negative label. This may be the case if, for example, a company associated with node  702 B purchased items from a particular company while a company associated with node  702 D did not, despite having opportunity to. Thus, after operation  600 , node  702 B is assigned a value of “1” and the remaining nodes assigned a value of “0”, thus the vector of scores is [0 1 0 0]. After operation  602 , the formula causes the vector to change to [0.6 0 0.4 0], although the 0 for node  702 B is reset to 1 because node  702 B is a node whose prediction is already known as being positive, resulting in a vector of [0.6 1 0.4 0]. At operation  604 , it is determined that convergence has not occurred because the change to the score for node  702 A is 0.6 and the change for the score for node  702 C is 0.4, both greater than an example threshold of 0.2. Thus, operation  602  repeats, this time producing a vector of [0.72 1 0.76 0]. Since the change to the scores of all the nodes  702 A- 702 D is less than 0.2 (the largest is the change to node  702 C, which increased by 0.16), convergence has occurred and the process may proceed to operation  606  where all nodes being considered may be ranked based on the scores in the vector. 
         [0061]    Referring back to  FIG. 4 , the output of operation  410  is a set of prediction values, one for each node being examined (nodes that the prediction is not already known). These prediction values may be between, for example, 0 and 1, with higher values indicating a higher probability that the corresponding node will have a positive result for whatever problem being examined. At operation  412 , the prediction values are used to produce a visual response on a display. How these prediction values are used may vary based on implementation. In one example embodiment, the ranked nodes are displayed along with their corresponding scores to a user. In another example embodiment, some threshold of score is used to filter out scores below a particular level and only those nodes above that threshold are displayed to the user. In another example embodiment, the prediction values are used to calculate some other metric relevant to the user and displayed to the user. For example, if the user is a salesperson wanting to know the chances of companies being converted from non-customers to customers, the prediction values may be used in a formula that calculates a conversion percentage. In another example embodiment, the prediction values are used to group nodes into categories (e.g., high likelihood of sale, medium likelihood of sale, low likelihood of sale), and the groups displayed using some visual indicator (e.g., different colors for different groups). 
         [0062]    As described briefly above, the types of entities used to construct the entity-only graph may vary based on the prediction problem presented. For example, rather than companies being the entities in the entity-only graph, users or skills may be the entities in the entity-only graph. Indeed, the graph of the heterogeneous network of nodes can be used to solve many different types of prediction problems due to this flexibility. 
       Modules, Components, and Logic 
       [0063]    Certain embodiments are described herein as including logic or a number of components, modules, or mechanisms. Modules may constitute either software modules (e.g., code embodied on a machine-readable medium) or hardware modules. A “hardware module” is a tangible unit capable of performing certain operations and may be configured or arranged in a certain physical manner. In various example embodiments, one or more computer systems (e.g., a standalone computer system, a client computer system, or a server computer system) or one or more hardware modules of a computer system (e.g., a processor or a group of processors) may be configured by software (e.g., an application or application portion) as a hardware module that operates to perform certain operations as described herein. 
         [0064]    In some embodiments, a hardware module may be implemented mechanically, electronically, or any suitable combination thereof. For example, a hardware module may include dedicated circuitry or logic that is permanently configured to perform certain operations. For example, a hardware module may be a special-purpose processor, such as a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). A hardware module may also include programmable logic or circuitry that is temporarily configured by software to perform certain operations. For example, a hardware module may include software executed by a general-purpose processor or other programmable processor. Once configured by such software, hardware modules become specific machines (or specific components of a machine) uniquely tailored to perform the configured functions and are no longer general-purpose processors. It will be appreciated that the decision to implement a hardware module mechanically, in dedicated and permanently configured circuitry, or in temporarily configured circuitry (e.g., configured by software) may be driven by cost and time considerations. 
         [0065]    Accordingly, the phrase “hardware module” should be understood to encompass a tangible entity, be that an entity that is physically constructed, permanently configured (e.g., hardwired), or temporarily configured (e.g., programmed) to operate in a certain manner or to perform certain operations described herein. As used herein, “hardware-implemented module” refers to a hardware module. Considering embodiments in which hardware modules are temporarily configured (e.g., programmed), each of the hardware modules need not be configured or instantiated at any one instance in time. For example, where a hardware module comprises a general-purpose processor configured by software to become a special-purpose processor, the general-purpose processor may be configured as respectively different special-purpose processors (e.g., comprising different hardware modules) at different times. Software accordingly configures a particular processor or processors, for example, to constitute a particular hardware module at one instance of time and to constitute a different hardware module at a different instance of time. 
         [0066]    Hardware modules can provide information to, and receive information from, other hardware modules. Accordingly, the described hardware modules may be regarded as being communicatively coupled. Where multiple hardware modules exist contemporaneously, communications may be achieved through signal transmission (e.g., over appropriate circuits and buses) between or among two or more of the hardware modules. In embodiments in which multiple hardware modules are configured or instantiated at different times, communications between such hardware modules may be achieved, for example, through the storage and retrieval of information in memory structures to which the multiple hardware modules have access. For example, one hardware module may perform an operation and store the output of that operation in a memory device to which it is communicatively coupled. A further hardware module may then, at a later time, access the memory device to retrieve and process the stored output. Hardware modules may also initiate communications with input or output devices, and can operate on a resource (e.g., a collection of information). 
         [0067]    The various operations of example methods described herein may be performed, at least partially, by one or more processors that are temporarily configured (e.g., by software) or permanently configured to perform the relevant operations. Whether temporarily or permanently configured, such processors may constitute processor-implemented modules that operate to perform one or more operations or functions described herein. As used herein, “processor-implemented module” refers to a hardware module implemented using one or more processors. 
         [0068]    Similarly, the methods described herein may be at least partially processor-implemented, with a particular processor or processors being an example of hardware. For example, at least some of the operations of a method may be performed by one or more processors or processor-implemented modules. Moreover, the one or more processors may also operate to support performance of the relevant operations in a “cloud computing” environment or as a “software as a service” (SaaS). For example, at least some of the operations may be performed by a group of computers (as examples of machines including processors), with these operations being accessible via a network (e.g., the Internet) and via one or more appropriate interfaces (e.g., an API). 
         [0069]    The performance of certain of the operations may be distributed among the processors, not only residing within a single machine, but deployed across a number of machines. In some example embodiments, the processors or processor-implemented modules may be located in a single geographic location (e.g., within a home environment, an office environment, or a server farm). In other example embodiments, the processors or processor-implemented modules may be distributed across a number of geographic locations. 
       Machine and Software Architecture 
       [0070]    The modules, methods, applications, and so forth described in conjunction with  FIGS. 1-7  are implemented in some embodiments in the context of a machine and an associated software architecture. The sections below describe representative software architecture(s) and machine (e.g., hardware) architecture(s) that are suitable for use with the disclosed embodiments. 
         [0071]    Software architectures are used in conjunction with hardware architectures to create devices and machines tailored to particular purposes. For example, a particular hardware architecture coupled with a particular software architecture will create a mobile device, such as a mobile phone, tablet device, or so forth. A slightly different hardware and software architecture may yield a smart device for use in the “internet of things,” while yet another combination produces a server computer for use within a cloud computing architecture. Not all combinations of such software and hardware architectures are presented here, as those of skill in the art can readily understand how to implement the inventive subject matter in different contexts from the disclosure contained herein. 
       Software Architecture 
       [0072]      FIG. 8  is a block diagram  800  illustrating a representative software architecture  802 , which may be used in conjunction with various hardware architectures herein described.  FIG. 8  is merely a non-limiting example of a software architecture, and it will be appreciated that many other architectures may be implemented to facilitate the functionality described herein. The software architecture  802  may be executing on hardware such as a machine  900  of  FIG. 9  that includes, among other things, processors  910 , memory/storage  930 , and I/O components  950 . A representative hardware layer  804  is illustrated and can represent, for example, the machine  900  of  FIG. 9 . The representative hardware layer  804  comprises one or more processing units  806  having associated executable instructions  808 . The executable instructions  808  represent the executable instructions of the software architecture  802 , including implementation of the methods, modules, and so forth of  FIGS. 1-7 . The hardware layer  804  also includes memory and/or storage modules  810 , which also have the executable instructions  808 . The hardware layer  804  may also comprise other hardware  812 , which represents any other hardware of the hardware layer  804 , such as the other hardware illustrated as part of the machine  900 . 
         [0073]    In the example architecture of  FIG. 8 , the software architecture  802  may be conceptualized as a stack of layers where each layer provides particular functionality. For example, the software architecture  802  may include layers such as an operating system  814 , libraries  816 , frameworks/middleware  818 , applications  820 , and a presentation layer  844 . Operationally, the applications  820  and/or other components within the layers may invoke API calls  824  through the software stack and receive responses, returned values, and so forth, illustrated as messages  826 , in response to the API calls  824 . The layers illustrated are representative in nature and not all software architectures have all layers. For example, some mobile or special purpose operating systems may not provide a layer of frameworks/middleware  818 , while others may provide such a layer. Other software architectures may include additional or different layers. 
         [0074]    The operating system  814  may manage hardware resources and provide common services. The operating system  814  may include, for example, a kernel  828 , services  830 , and drivers  832 . The kernel  828  may act as an abstraction layer between the hardware and the other software layers. For example, the kernel  828  may be responsible for memory management, processor management (e.g., scheduling), component management, networking, security settings, and so on. The services  830  may provide other common services for the other software layers. The drivers  832  may be responsible for controlling or interfacing with the underlying hardware. For instance, the drivers  832  may include display drivers, camera drivers, Bluetooth® drivers, flash memory drivers, serial communication drivers (e.g., Universal Serial Bus (USB) drivers), Wi-Fi® drivers, audio drivers, power management drivers, and so forth depending on the hardware configuration. 
         [0075]    The libraries  816  may provide a common infrastructure that may be utilized by the applications  820  and/or other components and/or layers. The libraries  816  typically provide functionality that allows other software modules to perform tasks in an easier fashion than by interfacing directly with the underlying operating system  814  functionality (e.g., kernel  828 , services  830 , and/or drivers  832 ). The libraries  816  may include system libraries  834  (e.g., C standard library) that may provide functions such as memory allocation functions, string manipulation functions, mathematic functions, and the like. In addition, the libraries  816  may include API libraries  836  such as media libraries (e.g., libraries to support presentation and manipulation of various media formats such as MPEG4, H.264, MP3, AAC, AMR, JPG, PNG), graphics libraries (e.g., an OpenGL, framework that may be used to render 2D and 3D graphic content on a display), database libraries (e.g., SQLite that may provide various relational database functions), web libraries (e.g., WebKit that may provide web browsing functionality), and the like. The libraries  816  may also include a wide variety of other libraries  838  to provide many other APIs to the applications  820  and other software components/modules. 
         [0076]    The frameworks  818  (also sometimes referred to as middleware) may provide a higher-level common infrastructure that may be utilized by applications  820  and/or other software components/modules. For example, the frameworks  818  may provide various graphic user interface (GUI) functions, high-level resource management, high-level location services, and so forth. The frameworks  818  may provide a broad spectrum of other APIs that may be utilized by the applications  820  and/or other software components/modules, some of which may be specific to a particular operating system or platform. 
         [0077]    The applications  820  include built-in applications  840  and/or third party applications  842 . Examples of representative built-in applications  840  may include, but are not limited to, a contacts application, a browser application, a book reader application, a location application, a media application, a messaging application, and/or a game application. The third party applications  842  may include any of the built-in applications  840  as well as a broad assortment of other applications. In a specific example, the third party application  842  (e.g., an application developed using the Android™ or iOS™ software development kit (SDK) by an entity other than the vendor of the particular platform) may be mobile software running on a mobile operating system such as iOS™, Android™, Windows® Phone, or other mobile operating systems. In this example, the third party applications  842  may invoke the API calls  824  provided by the mobile operating system such as the operating system  814  to facilitate functionality described herein. 
         [0078]    The applications  820  may utilize built-in operating system  814  functions (e.g., kernel  828 , services  830 , and/or drivers  832 ), libraries  816  (e.g., system libraries  834 , API libraries  836 , and other libraries  838 ), and frameworks/middleware  818  to create user interfaces to interact with users of the system. Alternatively, or additionally, in some systems, interactions with a user may occur through a presentation layer, such as the presentation layer  844 . In these systems, the application/module “logic” can be separated from the aspects of the application/module that interact with a user. 
         [0079]    Some software architectures utilize virtual machines. In the example of  FIG. 8 , this is illustrated by a virtual machine  848 . A virtual machine creates a software environment where applications/modules can execute as if they were executing on a hardware machine (such as the machine  900  of  FIG. 9 , for example). A virtual machine is hosted by a host operating system (e.g., operating system  814  in  FIG. 8 ) and typically, although not always, has a virtual machine monitor  846 , which manages the operation of the virtual machine  848  as well as the interface with the host operating system (e.g., operating system  814 ). A software architecture executes within the virtual machine  848 , such as an operating system  850 , libraries  852 , frameworks/middleware  854 , applications  856 , and/or a presentation layer  858 . These layers of software architecture executing within the virtual machine  848  can be the same as corresponding layers previously described or may be different. 
       Example Machine Architecture and Machine-Readable Medium 
       [0080]      FIG. 9  is a Block Diagram Illustrating Components of a Machine  900 , according to some example embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readable medium (e.g., a machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. Specifically,  FIG. 9  shows a diagrammatic representation of the machine  900  in the example form of a computer system, within which instructions  916  (e.g., software, a program, an application, an applet, an app, or other executable code) for causing the machine  900  to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein may be executed. The instructions  916  transform the general, non-programmed machine into a particular machine programmed to carry out the described and illustrated functions in the manner described. In alternative embodiments, the machine  900  operates as a standalone device or may be coupled (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine  900  may operate in the capacity of a server machine or a client machine in a server-client network environment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. The machine  900  may comprise, but not be limited to, a server computer, a client computer, a PC, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a netbook, a set-top box (STB), a personal digital assistant (PDA), an entertainment media system, a cellular telephone, a smart phone, a mobile device, a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch), a smart home device (e.g., a smart appliance), other smart devices, a web appliance, a network router, a network switch, a network bridge, or any machine capable of executing the instructions  916 , sequentially or otherwise, that specify actions to be taken by the machine  900 . Further, while only a single machine  900  is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken to include a collection of machines  900  that individually or jointly execute the instructions  916  to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. 
         [0081]    The machine  900  may include processors  910 , memory/storage  930 , and I/O components  950 , which may be configured to communicate with each other such as via a bus  902 . In an example embodiment, the processors  910  (e.g., a Central Processing Unit (CPU), a Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) processor, a Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC) processor, a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), an ASIC, a Radio-Frequency integrated Circuit (RFIC), another processor, or any suitable combination thereof) may include, for example, a processor  912  and a processor  914  that may execute the instructions  916 . The term “processor” is intended to include multi-core processors that may comprise two or more independent processors (sometimes referred to as “cores”) that may execute instructions contemporaneously. Although  FIG. 9  shows multiple processors  910 , the machine  900  may include a single processor with a single core, a single processor with multiple cores (e.g., a multi-core processor), multiple processors with a single core, multiple processors with multiples cores, or any combination thereof. 
         [0082]    The memory/storage  930  may include a memory  932 , such as a main memory, or other memory storage, and a storage unit  936 , both accessible to the processors  910  such as via the bus  902 . The storage unit  936  and memory  932  store the instructions  916  embodying any one or more of the methodologies or functions described herein. The instructions  916  may also reside, completely or partially, within the memory  932 , within the storage unit  936 , within at least one of the processors  910  (e.g., within the processor&#39;s cache memory), or any suitable combination thereof, during execution thereof by the machine  900 . Accordingly, the memory  932 , the storage unit  936 , and the memory of the processors  910  are examples of machine-readable media. 
         [0083]    As used herein, “machine-readable medium” means a device able to store instructions and data temporarily or permanently and may include, but is not limited to, random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), buffer memory, flash memory, optical media, magnetic media, cache memory, other types of storage (e.g., Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM)), and/or any suitable combination thereof. The term “machine-readable medium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, or associated caches and servers) able to store the instructions  916 . The term “machine-readable medium” shall also be taken to include any medium, or combination of multiple media, that is capable of storing instructions (e.g., instructions  916 ) for execution by a machine (e.g., machine  900 ), such that the instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the machine (e.g., processors  910 ), cause the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies described herein. Accordingly, a “machine-readable medium” refers to a single storage apparatus or device, as well as “cloud-based” storage systems or storage networks that include multiple storage apparatus or devices. The term “machine-readable medium” excludes signals per se. 
         [0084]    The I/O components  950  may include a wide variety of components to receive input, provide output, produce output, transmit information, exchange information, capture measurements, and so on. The specific I/O components  950  that are included in a particular machine will depend on the type of machine. For example, portable machines such as mobile phones will likely include a touch input device or other such input mechanisms, while a headless server machine will likely not include such a touch input device. It will be appreciated that the I/O components  950  may include many other components that are not shown in  FIG. 9 . The I/O components  950  are grouped according to functionality merely for simplifying the following discussion and the grouping is in no way limiting. In various example embodiments, the I/O components  950  may include output components  952  and input components  954 . The output components  952  may include visual components (e.g., a display such as a plasma display panel (PDP), a light emitting diode (LED) display, a liquid crystal display (LCD), a projector, or a cathode ray tube (CRT)), acoustic components (e.g., speakers), haptic components (e.g., a vibratory motor, resistance mechanisms), other signal generators, and so forth. The input components  954  may include alphanumeric input components (e.g., a keyboard, a touch screen configured to receive alphanumeric input, a photo-optical keyboard, or other alphanumeric input components), point based input components (e.g., a mouse, a touchpad, a trackball, a joystick, a motion sensor, or another pointing instrument), tactile input components (e.g., a physical button, a touch screen that provides location and/or force of touches or touch gestures, or other tactile input components), audio input components (e.g., a microphone), and the like. 
         [0085]    In further example embodiments, the I/O components  950  may include biometric components  956 , motion components  958 , environmental components  960 , or position components  962 , among a wide array of other components. For example, the biometric components  956  may include components to detect expressions (e.g., hand expressions, facial expressions, vocal expressions, body gestures, or eye tracking), measure biosignals (e.g., blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, perspiration, or brain waves), identify a person (e.g., voice identification, retinal identification, facial identification, fingerprint identification, or electroencephalogram based identification), and the like. The motion components  958  may include acceleration sensor components (e.g., accelerometer), gravitation sensor components, rotation sensor components (e.g., gyroscope), and so forth. The environmental components  960  may include, for example, illumination sensor components (e.g., photometer), temperature sensor components (e.g., one or more thermometers that detect ambient temperature), humidity sensor components, pressure sensor components (e.g., barometer), acoustic sensor components one or more microphones that detect background noise), proximity sensor components (e.g., infrared sensors that detect nearby objects), gas sensors (e.g., gas detection sensors to detect concentrations of hazardous gases for safety or to measure pollutants in the atmosphere), or other components that may provide indications, measurements, or signals corresponding to a surrounding physical environment. The position components  962  may include location sensor components (e.g., a Global Position System (GPS) receiver component), altitude sensor components (e.g., altimeters or barometers that detect air pressure from which altitude may be derived), orientation sensor components (e.g., magnetometers), and the like. 
         [0086]    Communication may be implemented using a wide variety of technologies. The I/O components  950  may include communication components  964  operable to couple the machine  900  to a network  980  or devices  970  via a coupling  982  and a coupling  972 , respectively. For example, the communication components  964  may include a network interface component or other suitable device to interface with the network  980 . In further examples, the communication components  964  may include wired communication components, wireless communication components, cellular communication components, Near Field Communication (NFC) components, Bluetooth® components (e.g., Bluetooth® Low Energy), Wi-Fi® components, and other communication components to provide communication via other modalities. The devices  970  may be another machine or any of a wide variety of peripheral devices (e.g., a peripheral device coupled via a USB). 
         [0087]    Moreover, the communication components  964  may detect identifiers or include components operable to detect identifiers. For example, the communication components  964  may include Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag reader components, NFC smart tag detection components, optical reader components (e.g., an optical sensor to detect one-dimensional bar codes such as Universal Product Code (UPC) bar code, multi-dimensional bar codes such as Quick Response (QR) code, Aztec code, Data Matrix, Dataglyph, MaxiCode, PDF417, Ultra Code, UCC RSS-2D bar code, and other optical codes), or acoustic detection components (e.g., microphones to identify tagged audio signals). In addition, a variety of information may be derived via the communication components  964 , such as location via Internet Protocol (IP) geolocation, location via Wi-Fi® signal triangulation, location via detecting an NFC beacon signal that may indicate a particular location, and so forth. 
       Transmission Medium 
       [0088]    In various example embodiments, one or more portions of the network  980  may be an ad hoc network, an intranet, an extranet, a virtual private network (VPN), a local area network (LAN), a wireless LAN (WLAN), a WAN, a wireless WAN (WWAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), the Internet, a portion of the Internet, a portion of the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), a plain old telephone service (POTS) network, a cellular telephone network, a wireless network, a Wi-Fi® network, another type of network, or a combination of two or more such networks. For example, the network  980  or a portion of the network  980  may include a wireless or cellular network and the coupling  982  may be a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) connection, a Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) connection, or another type of cellular or wireless coupling. In this example, the coupling  982  may implement any of a variety of types of data transfer technology, such as Single Carrier Radio Transmission Technology (1×RTT), Evolution-Data Optimized (EVDO) technology, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) technology, Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) technology, third. Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) including 3G, fourth generation wireless (4G) networks, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UNITS), High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard, others defined by various standard-setting organizations, other long range protocols, or other data transfer technology. 
         [0089]    The instructions  916  may be transmitted or received over the network  980  using a transmission medium via a network interface device (e.g., a network interface component included in the communication components  964 ) and utilizing any one of a number of well-known transfer protocols (e.g., HTTP). Similarly, the instructions  916  may be transmitted or received using a transmission medium via the coupling  972  (e.g., a peer-to-peer coupling) to the devices  970 . The term “transmission medium” shall be taken to include any intangible medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying the instructions  916  for execution by the machine  900 , and includes digital or analog communications signals or other intangible media to facilitate communication of such software. 
       Language 
       [0090]    Throughout this specification, plural instances may implement components, operations, or structures described as a single instance. Although individual operations of one or more methods are illustrated and described as separate operations, one or more of the individual operations may be performed concurrently, and nothing requires that the operations be performed in the order illustrated. Structures and functionality presented as separate components in example configurations may be implemented as a combined structure or component. Similarly, structures and functionality presented as a single component may be implemented as separate components. These and other variations, modifications, additions, and improvements fall within the scope of the subject matter herein. 
         [0091]    Although an overview of the inventive subject matter has been described with reference to specific example embodiments, various modifications and changes may be made to these embodiments without departing from the broader scope of embodiments of the present disclosure. Such embodiments of the inventive subject matter may be referred to herein, individually or collectively, by the term “invention” merely for convenience and without intending to voluntarily limit the scope of this application to any single disclosure or inventive concept if more than one is, in fact, disclosed. 
         [0092]    The embodiments illustrated herein are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the teachings disclosed. Other embodiments may be used and derived therefrom, such that structural and logical substitutions and changes may be made without departing from the scope of this disclosure. The Detailed Description, therefore, is not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of various embodiments is defined only by the appended claims, along with the full range of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. 
         [0093]    As used herein, the term “or” may be construed in either an inclusive or exclusive sense. Moreover, plural instances may be provided for resources, operations, or structures described herein as a single instance. Additionally, boundaries between various resources, operations, modules, engines, and data stores are somewhat arbitrary, and particular operations are illustrated in a context of specific illustrative configurations. Other allocations of functionality are envisioned and may fall within a scope of various embodiments of the present disclosure. In general, structures and functionality presented as separate resources in the example configurations may be implemented as a combined structure or resource. Similarly, structures and functionality presented as a single resource may be implemented as separate resources. These and other variations, modifications, additions, and improvements fall within a scope of embodiments of the present disclosure as represented by the appended claims. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.