Abstract:
A completely flexible dipole antenna is formed from coaxial cable having a braided wire core with skirt also formed of shielding over a flexible sleeve. A coil spring which is not electrically active supports the antenna above the connector. A non-wearing female connector utilizes a flexible conductive elastomer contact contained within an insulating body.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to the field of antennas and particularly to flexible, rugged, gain antennas for use on hand-held portable radios. 
     Several types of antennas are presently used on hand-held radios, the most common being quarter wave whips and physically shorter quarter wave helical antennas. Quarter wave antennas tend to have ground firing lobes with nulls just above the horizon. There is also a strong tendency to have a deep null behind the head of the person holding the radio. Both characteristics are undesirable in hand-held radios as for public safety work. The second major consideration in such design is ruggedness, since portable radios in public safety work are exposed to extremely rough handling, including being dropped on the antenna or being held and swung about by the antenna. Thus, such antennas must be capable of withstanding repeated flexing (to 90°), with no mechanical or electrical damage ensuing. Some designs have been developed utilizing certain flexible elements such as braded wire in coaxial construction, but these typically have soldered wire connections at the feed point and spacers to separate the skirt from the nearest conductive layer, all of which are potentially weak points during repeated flexing. Since such radios must often function in high-noise or other less-than-optimum conditions, a gain antenna is a desired goal which is difficult to combine with ruggedness. The rugged quality should also include a connector with an extremely long-life characteristic. The usual metal-to-metal connector is prone to failure over a long period of use, and even sooner when the radio is swung by the end of the antenna or when the antenna is repeatedly coupled and decoupled. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide an antenna structure as for a hand-held two-way radio which combines gain capability with long, dependable life span. 
     These qualities and others are provided in a dipole antenna which can withstand an abnormal number of flexings in all directions and a great number of coupling-decoupling cycles without failure or depreciated operating dependability. 
     The body of the antenna is a section of shielded coaxial cable with the shielding stripped from approximately λ/4. A flexible insulating sleeve, as of molded Teflon (TM), is placed over the still-shielded portion, and a second, preformed braided shield is slipped on to form the &#34;skirt&#34; of the dipole. A very strong coil spring is threaded onto the Teflon sleeve at one end and onto the metal connector housing at the other end. The connector housing is the only non-flexible portion of the entire antenna. Inside the housing, the lower end of the center conductor is in permanent electrical contact with a conductive elastomer element which is contained within a shell of an insulating elastomer. The pin of the male connector in the radio thus contacts only the flexible conductive material. With no metal-to-metal contact, there is nothing to wear and cause an intermittent or open contact between radio and antenna. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a typical hand-held two-way radio such as could utilize the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 is an exploded view of an antenna constructed in accordance with the invention. 
     FIG. 3 is a partially cut-away view of the antenna of FIG. 2 and a cut-away portion of the mating connector of the radio shown in FIG. 1 
     FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the radiation pattern of the antenna in a vertical plane as compared with a quarter wave length antenna. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     In FIG. 1, the antenna 10 of the present invention is shown as it would be preferably be utilized; i.e., on a hand-held two-way radio 11 such as may be used in public safety work. Such a radio is typically carried in a holster (not shown) attached to an officer&#39;s belt. The radio includes a speaker/microphone grill 12 through which sound travels in both directions. A push-to-talk switch 14 changes the device from the &#34;receive&#34; mode of operation to the &#34;transmit&#34; mode. Other controls and indicators vary from one design to another as needed. 
     In FIG. 2, an exploded view of the antenna 10 as shown, complete except for a molded resilient cap 16 which may be seen in FIG. 1. 
     The core of the antenna 10 is formed from a section of shielded cable 20, the total length of which is approximately one-half wave length or 8 inches in the 800-900 MHz operating range. A preferred type of cable would be RG188 coaxial cable, manufactured by Teledyne, having a center conductor 21 formed of silver-coated stranded steel wires, and an insulating layer of Teflon 22, which has been removed from a very short portion (L&#34;) of the lower end of the cable. A braided shield 23, formed of silver-coated copper wire, has been stripped from the upper portion (approximately λ/4) and, at the lower end, a slightly longer length (L&#39;) of braid is removed than the length of insulator 22 which was removed. An outer insulating jacket 24 is removed from a large portion of the length, including a length (L) at the lower end (L&gt;L&#39;&gt;L&#34;) leaving only a small portion remaining on the lower half of the cable, as shown in the drawing. 
     A resilient molded sleeve 26, preferably made of Teflon is then placed snugly over the upper part of the still-jacketed portion of the cable 20. A pre-formed section 27 of braided shielding, having an upper portion formed with a diameter approximately equal to the outside diameter of the shield 23 and a lower portion having a diameter approximately equal to the outside diameter of the Teflon sleeve 26, is slipped down over the cable 20 and the sleeve 26 to form the &#34;skirt&#34; of the dipole. This connection provides the desired impedance matching or &#34;balun&#34; function. A secure electrical connection is made from the upper end of the shield 27 to the upper end of the shield 23 by a metal ring 30 which is tightly crimped over the shields 23, 27. A section of heat shrink tubing 31 is applied and shrunk over the joined shielded portions to maintain the shape of the preformed shield and maintain it in tight contact with the inner shield. A pre-formed coil spring 32 is preferably formed of music wire and has a pitch at either end for forming a &#34;thread&#34;, the upper end threading over molded threads of the Teflon sleeve 26, and the lower end over a threaded portion of a metal connector housing 34. The center portion of the coil spring 32 has a substantially greater pitch and provides the necessary flexibility and strength at the connector end of the antenna 10. Within the connector housing 34 is a molded insulator 35, preferably of Teflon. Inside the insulator 35 is a contact 36 made of a highly conductive elastomer, the contact 36 being retained within the insulator 35 and insulated thereby from the connector housing 34. A pin 37 is permanently attached, as by soldering, to the end of the cable 20 from which the insulator 22 has been stripped. When the antenna is assembled, the pin 37 will be in firm contact with the elastomer contact 36. Following the mechanical assembly of the antenna, the entire unit may be coated, as by dipping or molding with polyurethane to form a jacket 40. The jacket 40 may extend over the upper end of the antenna 10 or may stop at the upper end of the center conductor 21 and a molded insulator cap 16 may be cemented over the upper end of the jacket 40. 
     FIG. 3 is a partially cut-away view of the antenna 10 showing the coaxial cable within the various members as described with respect to FIG. 2. In FIG. 3 an additional portion of shrink tubing 42 of a larger diameter than that of the portion 31 is applied over the end of the shielding 27 and extends over the lower portion of the teflon sleeve 26 and the upper end of the spring 32. Below the end of the antenna 10 is shown a small portion of the radio 11 with a threaded portion 44 for mating with the lower end of the connector housing 34. A pin 46 which is insulated from the threaded portion 44 penetrates the connector housing 34, contacting the conductive elastomer 36 as the antenna is coupled into the radio 11. Since it has been determined that much of the connector wear of such antennas is due to repeated coupling and decoupling while the radio is being held in the users hands, the above described non-wearing connection provides essentially an unlimited lifetime in contrast to the relatively short life of a metal-to-metal contactor. 
     FIG. 4 is an antenna pattern chart in the vertical plane showing in curve 50 the relatively symmetrical and substantially above horizon pattern of the antenna of the present invention. Antenna pattern 52 is of the quarter wave whip antenna typically used in such applications. In the horizontal plane, the pattern of the quarter wave antenna would show a substantial null due to the head of the user, whereas the antenna pattern of the dipole antenna is substantially unaffected by the user&#39;s body. 
     Thus there has been shown and described an antenna in accordance with the present invention which provides high gain with exceptional resiliency and long life as shown by the severest testing conditions. Other modifications and variations are possible and it is intended to cover all such as fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.