Abstract:
Various exemplary embodiments relate to a method of controlling a near field communications (NFC) system, including: reading a number of low power iterations N from a memory; performing N low power polls; performing a normal power poll. Further, various exemplary embodiments relate to a method of controlling a near field communications (NFC) system, including: performing a low power poll of a tag; detecting a tag; initiating a first activation of the detected tag; receiving an indication that the first activation fails; reading a number of retries N from a memory; performing a second activation.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    Various exemplary embodiments disclosed herein relate generally to a hybrid RF polling loop for NFC devices and a related retry mechanism. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Integrated circuits implementing near field communications (NFC) are being integrated into many mobile devices, including for example, mobile phones, tablets, etc. In mobile devices it is desirable to minimize power consumption. Accordingly, it is desirable to reduce the power consumption of NFC devices. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0003]    A brief summary of various exemplary embodiments is presented below. Some simplifications and omissions may be made in the following summary, which is intended to highlight and introduce some aspects of the various exemplary embodiments, but not to limit the scope of the invention. Detailed descriptions of an exemplary embodiment adequate to allow those of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the inventive concepts will follow in later sections. 
         [0004]    Various exemplary embodiments relate to a method of controlling a near field communications (NFC) system, including: reading a number of low power iterations N from a memory; performing N low power polls; performing a normal power poll. 
         [0005]    Various exemplary embodiments relate to a method of controlling a near field communications (NFC) system, including: performing a low power poll of a tag; detecting a tag; initiating a first activation of the detected tag; receiving an indication that the first activation fails; reading a number of retries N from a memory; performing a second activation. 
         [0006]    Various exemplary embodiments relate to a near field communications (NFC) controller, including: an radio frequency (RF) interface; a non-volatile memory; and a processor configured to: read a number of low power iterations N from the memory; perform N low power polls; and perform a normal power poll. 
         [0007]    Various exemplary embodiments relate to a near field communications (NFC) controller, including: an radio frequency (RF) interface; a non-volatile memory; and a processor configured to: perform a low power poll of a tag; detect a tag; initiate a first activation of the detected tag; receive an indication that the first activation fails; read a number of retries N from the memory; perform a second activation. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0008]    In order to better understand various exemplary embodiments, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
           [0009]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of an embodiment of an NFC system; 
           [0010]      FIG. 2  is a flow diagram showing a method of how a NFC controller in a NFC reader may retry the activation procedure for the tag; and 
           [0011]      FIG. 3  is a flow diagram showing a method of performing a specified number of low power polls for a tag followed by a single normal power poll for the tag. 
       
    
    
       [0012]    To facilitate understanding, identical reference numerals have been used to designate elements having substantially the same or similar structure and/or substantially the same or similar function. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0013]    Near field communication (NFC) is a short-range high frequency wireless communication technology which enables the exchange of data between devices over about a 10 centimeter distance. The technology is a simple extension of the ISO/IEC 14443 proximity-card standard (contactless card, RFID) that combines the interface of a smartcard and a reader into a single device. An NFC device may communicate with both existing ISO/IEC 14443 smartcards and readers, as well as with other NFC devices, and is thereby compatible with existing contactless infrastructure already in use for public transportation and payment. NFC is often aimed at usage in mobile phones. 
         [0014]    A host NFC device may be a computing device such as a cell phone, mobile phone, smart phone, tablet, laptop, or desktop computer, or any other computing device. NFC host may also include other electronic devices. For example, NFC host may include a Bluetooth headset, speakers, video player, or any other electronic device. NFC host may include office equipment such as printers, facsimile machines, and copiers. 
         [0015]    Further, NFC systems are used for a wide variety of applications including: identification, access, data transfer, payment, coupons, ticketing, and loyalty programs. The NFC device may act as a traditional RFID or NFC tag for any of these applications. 
         [0016]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of an embodiment of an NFC system. The NFC system  100  may include an antenna  110 , an NFC controller  120 , and a host  130 . 
         [0017]    The antenna  110  may be a loop antenna tuned to the expected received RF frequency. Any RF antennas may be used that meet the requirements of the NFC system. 
         [0018]    The NFC controller  120  may include an RF interface  121 , an transmitter/receiver  122 , a signal processor  123 , a processor  124 , a memory  125 , a dedicated memory  126 , and a host interface  127 . The RF interface  121  may be connected to the antenna  110  and receives/transmits an RF signal from/to the antenna  110 . The RF interface  121  may be coupled to the transmitter/receiver  122  and provides the received RF signal to the transmitter/receiver  122 . The transmitter/receiver  122  may demodulate a received RF signal. The transmitter/receiver  122  may also modulate an RF signal to be transmitted by the NFC system  100 . 
         [0019]    The signal processor  123  may receive a signal from the transmitter/receiver  122  and perform various processing on the signal. Such processing may include detecting information in the received signal and producing data that may be carried in the received signal. 
         [0020]    The processor  124  may receive processed data from the signal processor  123  that is the data communicated to the NFC system  100 . The processor  124  also may control the operation of the NFC system  100  as further described below. The processor  124  may be any type of processor capable of performing the various functions of the NFC controller  100 . A memory  125  may be attached to the processor. Such memory  125  may be a non-volatile memory that maintains the data stored therein even when power is not applied to the NFC controller  100 . An EEPROM is an example of such a memory. A dedicated register  126  may be a small non-volatile memory for storing specific information for use by the processor when in a low power mode so that the memory  125  or any other memory associated with the processor (for example, a volatile memory) may be turned off in order to reduce power consumption of the NFC system  100 . 
         [0021]    A host interface  127  may provide the ability of the NFC controller to communicate with the host device  130  using any type of communication protocol and interface used by the host device  130 . The host interface  127  may implement various communication protocols and interfaces in order for a singl3 part to be used in various applications. 
         [0022]    The NFC controller  120  may be implemented as a single integrated circuit. Further, certain functions in the NFC controller  120  may be implemented using instructions performed by the processor  125 . 
         [0023]    The host  130  may be a mobile phone, tablet computer, or any other sort of host device that would utilize NFC functionality. 
         [0024]    There are two main NFC modes: Card emulation (and P2P target)—the NFC device behaves like an existing contactless card (e.g. payment, ticketing, transport, access control . . . ), that is the card does not generate an RF Field; Reader mode (or P2P Initiator)—the NFC device is active and reads a passive RFID tag, for example for interactive advertising. During this reader mode the NFC device will try to activate different type of NFC tags (ISO14443 type A and B; FeliCa; Jewel). 
         [0025]    The NFC reader mode operates by producing an RF field in order to poll and to activate NFC tags. The RF field may be produced by transmitting a 100 ms pulse. The NFC reader then may listen for a response from a tag. If a tag is within the field and responds it will send a message back to the NFC reader. The NFC reader may then activate a connection with the tag. Activating the tag my include sequentially sending activation commands for various types of tags until a response is received. If no response is received, then the RF field may be turned off. 
         [0026]    In order to reduce power usage of the NFC reader, a low power mode may also be used by the NFC reader to poll tags. The low power mode may use a 300 μs pulse which may greatly reduce power consumption of the NFC reader. Now, if a tag is introduced in the RF field, the tag will be detected during the 300 μs pulse. Then the NFC reader may transmit a 100 ms pulse in order to perform a full activation procedure for the tag. 
         [0027]    One problem with the lower power mode is if one communication error (for example, framing errors, RF errors, parity or CRC errors) occurs during the activation, the activation will not be successful and the NFC reader will not be able to activate the tag. Accordingly, the NFC reader may return to the reader mode and transmit further polling pulses in order to detect tags. 
         [0028]    In order to overcome this problem, an embodiment will be described that uses a retry mechanism when the low power mode detects a tag. The number of retries may be configurable to allow a user of the NFC reader to determine a setting that will improve the user experience. 
         [0029]      FIG. 2  is a flow diagram showing a method of how a NFC controller in a NFC reader may retry the activation procedure for the tag. The method  200  may be performed by the NFC controller  120 . The method  200  may begin at  205 . First, the NFC controller  120  may perform a low power poll. Next, the NFC controller  120  my determine if a tag is detected. If not, the method  200  returns to step  210 . If so, then the NFC controller  120  may initiate an activation of the detected tag  220 . The NFC controller  120  then determines if the activation is successful  225 . If so, then the method  200  ends at  250 . If not, the NFC controller  120  reads a number of reties from memory  230 . The NFC controller  120  initiates an activation of the detected tag  225  like in step  220  above  235 . Next, the NFC controller  120  determines if the activation is successful  240 . If so, then the method  200  ends at  250 . If not, then the NFC controller determines if the number of retries has been exceeded  245 . If so, then the method  200  ends at  250 . If not, the method  200  returns to step  240  to initiate the activation of the tag again. 
         [0030]    As can be seen in the flow chart, the method  200  performed by the NFC controller  120  may, upon the failure to active a tag after a low power poll detection of the tag, retry to activate the tag for a specified number of iterations. 
         [0031]    Another problem that may arise in using a low power polling mode in the reader mode, is that some types of tags may not be detectable using the low power polling mode. Further, the low power polling mode reduces the RF range of the NFC system. In order to overcome these weaknesses a hybrid polling mode may be used. A hybrid polling mode may use both the low power polling pulse and a normal power polling pulse. An embodiment is described below that implements a hybrid polling mode where the number of low power polling pulses used for each single normal power polling pulse may be specified. 
         [0032]      FIG. 3  is a flow diagram showing a method of performing a specified number of low power polls for a tag followed by a single normal power poll for the tag. The method  300  may be performed by the NFC controller  120 . The method  300  may begin at  305 . First, the NFC controller  120  may first read a number of low power iterations to perform  310 . This number may be read from a dedicated register  126 . The dedicated register may be powered during standby or other low power modes and still be readable by the processor in order for the NFC controller  120  to perform the method  300 . 
         [0033]    The NFC controller  120  may next perform a low power poll  315 . As described above a low power poll has a shorter pulse, for example 300 us, in order to reduce power consumption while in a reader mode. Next, the NFC controller  120  may determine if a tag has been detected  320 . If so, then the method  300  jumps to step  345  and initiates an activation of the detected tag. If not, the NFC controller  120  may determine if the number low power iterations has been exceeded  325 . If not, then the method  300  returns to step  315  and performs another low power poll. If so, then the NFC controller  120  may perform a normal power poll  330 . As described above a normal power poll uses the normal polling pulse (e.g., 100 ms) to poll the tag. Next, the NFC controller  120  may determine if a tag is detected  335 . If not, then the NFC controller  120  resets the number of iterations  340  and then returns to step  315 . If so, the NFC controller  120  initiates an activation of the detected tag. Then the method  300  ends at  350 . 
         [0034]    It should be apparent from the foregoing description that various exemplary embodiments of the invention may be implemented in hardware and/or firmware. Furthermore, various exemplary embodiments may be implemented as instructions stored on a machine-readable storage medium, which may be read and executed by at least one processor to perform the operations described in detail herein. A machine-readable storage medium may include any mechanism for storing information in a form readable by a machine, such as a personal or laptop computer, a server, or other computing device. Thus, a tangible and non-transitory machine-readable storage medium may include read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash-memory devices, and similar storage media. 
         [0035]    It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that any block diagrams herein represent conceptual views of illustrative circuitry embodying the principles of the invention. Similarly, it will be appreciated that any flow charts, flow diagrams, state transition diagrams, pseudo code, and the like represent various processes which may be substantially represented in machine readable media and so executed by a computer or processor, whether or not such computer or processor is explicitly shown. 
         [0036]    Although the various exemplary embodiments have been described in detail with particular reference to certain exemplary aspects thereof, it should be understood that the invention is capable of other embodiments and its details are capable of modifications in various obvious respects. As is readily apparent to those skilled in the art, variations and modifications can be effected while remaining within the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the foregoing disclosure, description, and figures are for illustrative purposes only and do not in any way limit the invention, which is defined only by the claims.