Abstract:
A high speed high and low voltage driver provides an output voltage without taxing a pumped voltage. The pumped voltage is used only when the output node has risen substantially to a supply voltage without draining the pumped voltage.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/227,965 filed Aug. 26, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,809,960, issued on Oct. 26, 2004, titled “High Speed Low Voltage Driver” and commonly assigned, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference. 

   FIELD 
   The present invention relates generally to memory devices and in particular the present invention relates to drivers for memory circuits. 
   BACKGROUND 
   Memory devices are available in a variety of styles and sizes. Some memory devices are volatile in nature and cannot retain data without an active power supply. A typical volatile memory is a DRAM which includes memory cells formed as capacitors. A charge, or lack of charge, on the capacitors indicate a binary state of data stored in the memory cell. Dynamic memory devices require more effort to retain data than non-volatile memories, but are typically faster to read and write. 
   Non-volatile memory devices are also available in different configurations. For example, floating gate memory devices are non-volatile memories that use floating gate transistors to store data. The data is written to the memory cells by changing a threshold voltage of the transistor and is retained when the power is removed. The transistors can be erased to restore the threshold voltage of the transistor. The memory may be arranged in erase blocks where all of the memory cells in an erase block are erased at one time. These non-volatile memory devices are commonly referred to as flash memories. 
   The non-volatile memory cells are fabricated as floating gate memory cells and include a source region and a drain region that is laterally spaced apart from the source region to form an intermediate channel region. The source and drain regions are formed in a common horizontal plane of a silicon substrate. A floating gate, typically made of doped polysilicon, is disposed over the channel region and is electrically isolated from the other cell elements by oxide. For example, gate oxide can be formed between the floating gate and the channel region. A control gate is located over the floating gate and can also made of doped polysilicon. The control gate is electrically separated from the floating gate by another dielectric layer. Thus, the floating gate is “floating” in dielectric so that it is insulated from both the channel and the control gate. 
   In high performance flash memories, such as synchronous flash memories, large loads are selected in the memory array during a read or write cycle. These loads must be selected in a very short time. Further, as components continue to shrink, and as operating power continues to decrease, components that consume less power are also needed. In high performance memories, on each bitline of a memory array, there are gates for access transistors. In modern memories, there are on the order of 4000 bitlines. Each bitline has a pass transistor between a global bitline and the local bitline that is turned on for memory access in an active cycle of the memory. Turning on 4000 transistors creates a large capacitance that is turned on and off during each shift from bank to bank of a memory array during a read cycle of the memory. Typically, this row activation occurs every 20 nanoseconds. This can consume on the order of 10 or more milliamps of current. 
   A pumped voltage circuit supplies a voltage V px  for the gates of the pass transistors. This pumped voltage uses a supply voltage for the memory as its source. As supply voltages continue to drop, presently to on the order of 1.6 to 1.8 volts, pumping V px  to about 5 volts becomes increasingly less power efficient, especially if there is a current drain due to the large capacitance of 4000 bitline transistors, since V px  is a pumped voltage and not a supply voltage. This pumped voltage is quickly drained of an unacceptable amount of current if it is used to supply the current required for loading 4000 bitlines. To supply 10 milliamps from the pumped voltage circuit requires on the order of 30 milliamps from V cc , which yields very low power efficiencies. The current that gets used for V px  is very expensive. 
   The gates on the pass transistors need to be pulled up to V cc  quickly to allow gate selection and activation within the very short time periods used in flash memories. Once a potential at or near V cc  is present at the gates, they need to be raised to a voltage slightly above V cc , but time is not as critical for the final increase. 
   For the reasons stated above, and for other reasons stated below which will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the present specification, there is a need in the art for a driver that does not tax the current of a pumped gate voltage supply. 
   SUMMARY 
   The above-mentioned problems with gate selection and power consumption in flash memories and other problems are addressed by the present invention and will be understood by reading and studying the following specification. 
   In one embodiment, a driver for a memory array includes an enable circuit providing an enable signal, a pull down transistor having its gate connected to the enable signal to ground an output node when the enable signal is disabled, and a pass transistor having its gate connected through a first p-type pull-up transistor connected between a pumped voltage and the gate of the pass transistor. An inverter is connected between the enable circuit output and the pass transistor, and a second pull down transistor is connected between ground and the gate of the pass transistor. Two inverters are coupled in series between the output of the first inverter and the gate of the second pull down transistor. A second p-type transistor is connected between the pumped voltage and the output node, the gate of the second p-type transistor connected to the gate of the pass transistor. 
   In another embodiment, a driver for a memory array pass transistor block includes a first path for providing a supply voltage to an output node upon initiation of a read cycle, and a second path for providing a pumped voltage to the output node after the output node receives the supply voltage, where the pumped voltage is greater than the supply voltage. 
   In yet another embodiment, a memory device includes an array of memory cells, control circuitry to read, write and erase the memory cells, and a driver circuit to control read access. The driver circuit includes a first path for providing a supply voltage to the output upon initiation of a read cycle, and a second path for providing a pumped voltage above the supply voltage after providing the supply voltage. 
   In still another embodiment, a flash memory device includes an array of floating gate memory cells, control circuitry to read, write and erase the floating gate memory cells, and a driver circuit to control read access. The driver circuit includes a NAND gate providing a read signal, a pull down transistor having its gate connected to the read signal, to ground an output node when the read signal is disabled, a pass transistor having its gate connected through a first p-type pull-up transistor connected between a pumped voltage and the gate of the pass transistor, an inverter connected between the NAND gate output and the pass transistor, a second pull down transistor connected between ground and the gate of the pass transistor, a series connection of two inverters connected between the output of the first inverter and the gate of the second pull down transistor, and a second p-type transistor connected between the pumped voltage and the output node, the gate of the second p-type transistor connected to the gate of the pass transistor. 
   In yet another embodiment, a method of operating a circuit includes holding an output node at a low potential, and maintaining a pass transistor ready to supply the output node with a high potential during a read cycle. A supply voltage is passed to the output node without using a pumped voltage upon initiation of the read cycle, and a pumped voltage is passed to the output node to elevate the output node voltage above the supply voltage once the output node reaches the supply voltage. 
   In still yet another embodiment, a method of operating a read cycle in a memory includes supplying an output voltage to the gates of an array of pass transistors of a memory array, the output voltage ramped to a supply voltage without using a pumped voltage, and raised above a supply voltage with a pumped voltage. 
   In another embodiment, a method of providing a gate voltage for pass transistors of a memory array includes providing a supply voltage substantially immediately upon initiation of a read cycle, and delaying supplying a pumped voltage to raise the gate voltage above the supply voltage until the gate voltage has reached the supply voltage. 
   Other embodiments are described and claimed. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1A  is a block diagram of an embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 1B  is a circuit diagram of an embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 2  is a block diagram of a memory according to an embodiment if the present invention; and 
       FIG. 3  is a block diagram of a memory according to another embodiment of the present invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
   In the following detailed description of the invention, reference is made to the accompanying drawings that form a part hereof, and in which is shown, by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. In the drawings, like numerals describe substantially similar components throughout the several views. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention. Other embodiments may be utilized and structural, logical, and electrical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. 
   In addition, as the structures formed by embodiments in accordance with the present invention are described herein, common semiconductor terminology such as N-type, P-type, N+ and P+ will be employed to describe the type of conductivity doping used for the various structures or regions being described. The specific levels of doping are not believed to be germane to embodiments of the present invention; thus, it will be understood that while specific dopant species and concentrations are not mentioned, an appropriate dopant species with an appropriate concentration to its purpose, is employed. 
   The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined only by the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. 
     FIG. 1A  shows an embodiment of a circuit  100  that is responsive to an enable signal  102 , supplied from an external source. The enable signal activates the output of the circuit  100 . Circuit  100  comprises a first branch  104  and a second branch  106 . In one embodiment, the first branch supplies a supply voltage at an output node  108 , ramping the supply voltage up to a potential at or near the supply voltage for an appropriate circuit to be controlled by the output voltage, and the second branch supplies a pumped voltage above the supply voltage of the first branch. 
   First branch  104 , when active, ramps the potential of output node  108  to at or near a supply voltage. When second branch  106  is active, it ramps the potential of the output node from the voltage at or near the supply voltage to a potential above the current output voltage using a pumped voltage supply. In one embodiment, the circuit switches from the first branch as a supply for the output node to the second branch as a supply for the output node once a predetermined threshold potential at the output node is reached. In another embodiment, the circuit switches from the first branch as a supply for the output node to the second branch as a supply for the output node once a predetermined time has elapsed with the first branch actively supplying a voltage to the output node. In one embodiment, the first branch ramps the output potential quickly to at or near the supply voltage. 
   In one embodiment, a circuit  150  for providing an output voltage slightly above a supply voltage V cc  from an elevated voltage, V px  or V h , is shown in  FIG. 1B . V px  is typically generated using a pump circuit (not shown) and is greater than V cc . For purposes of the present invention, V px  can be generated using any technique including an external supply. Circuit  150  includes a NAND gate  152  that has two inputs. When the inputs to the NAND gate  152  are in a state to provide a high output from the NAND gate, pull down transistor  154 , which is gate connected to the NAND output, is turned on and the output voltage (node  156 ) is pulled to ground. The output node  156  is connected to the gate of p-type transistor  158 , which when NAND output is high, is turned on and passes a high voltage through transistor  158  to the gate of pass transistor  160 , which is therefore turned on. 
   The same high voltage at the gate of p-type transistor  162  keeps it off. The output of NAND gate  152  is passed through a series of first, second, and third inverters  164 ,  166 , and  168 , respectively. Inverter  164  output is low when NAND gate output is high, keeping a low potential at node  170  connected to pass transistor  160 . The signal is inverted twice, in inverters  166  and  168 , from low to high to low high again at the output from inverter  168 . In a steady state, transistor  171  is off when NAND gate  152  output is high, keeping node  172  high due to the pass through of high potential through transistor  158 . 
   Inverter  164  is in one embodiment a very strong PMOS inverter. The strength of the inverter  164  assists in raising the voltage at node  156  to near V cc  in as fast a time as possible. The node  170  has an inherent rise time from its ground voltage to near V cc  that depends upon the capacitance value seen at the node  156 , that is the capacitance buildup due to the load at node  156 . Node  170  rises with an RC time constant which is the time constant for node  156  to charge to V cc . 
   The inputs to NAND gate  152  are provided by a pass transistor control circuit such as circuit  174  shown in  FIG. 1B . Pass transistor control circuit determines when the output node voltage is to be supplied to the pass transistors, and is one embodiment dependent upon the control circuitry for a memory. When the pass transistors are to be turned on, the control circuit  174  issues inputs to the NAND gate to force the NAND gate output low. An enable circuit according to one embodiment comprises a control circuit such as circuit  174  coupled to a NAND gate such as gate  152 . 
   When the output of NAND gate  152  switches to low, transistor  154  shuts off. Inverter  164  generates a high signal at node  170  which is very quickly passed through pass transistor  160  as pass transistor  160  is already on as discussed above. In one embodiment, the inverter  164  is a large inverter. In this embodiment, the size of inverter  164  creates a strong and fast ramp up of the voltage at the output node  156  to near V cc . As the voltage ramps up to V cc  at output node  156 , the increasing voltage begins to and eventually fully shuts off transistor  158 . The output from inverter  164  also passes through time delay inverters  166  and  168 , which in one embodiment are chosen in size to be trip point detectors. The first inverter  166  in one embodiment has a skewed trip point. Inverter  166  does not trip until its input nears V cc , for example, and then it trips the inverter  168  for an additional delay before switching off the pass transistor  160  by operation of the pull down transistor  171 . The delays can therefore be chosen to allow the output node voltage to rise to near V cc  without using current from the pumped voltage V px . 
   The delay on inverters  166  and  168  is controlled by the rise time of node  170 . For example, a typical rise time for nodes  156  and  170  to charge to V cc  is about two (2) nanoseconds. In one embodiment, the delays for the inverters are about 200 picoseconds each. The trip point of inverter  166  is set high in one embodiment, and the inverter will not trip until about one (1) nanosecond has elapsed. The inverters  166  and  168  are in other words a detector. The line voltage at node  170  has to reach a certain threshold before the inverter  166  trips. 
   The trip points of inverters  166  and  168  are chosen in one embodiment to allow the output node to charge to a predetermined potential level at or near V cc  before switching off pass transistor  160  and completing a ramp to a potential above V cc  using smaller transistor  162  which draws current from the pumped voltage supply (V px ) as opposed to the supply voltage (V cc ). 
   Once the output signal from inverter  164  passes through the inverters  166  and  168 , a high signal is presented at the gate of transistor  171 , which turns transistor  171  on, pulling node  172  to ground and shutting off pass transistor  160 . The low potential at node  172  turns on transistor  162 , and transistor  162  passes pumped voltage V px  to output node  156 . However, since the output node  156  is already at or near V cc , due to the ramp up from inverter  164  during the time delay for shutting off pass transistor  160 , the pumped voltage only has to provide enough current to pull up node  156  from V cc  to a point slightly above V cc , for example a threshold voltage, V t , above V cc , instead of a full potential of on the order of 5 volts. 
   The circuit ramps the output node  156  voltage quickly to at or near V cc  without relying on the pumped voltage, drawing most of its required current from V cc . The large inverter assists in ramping the output node voltage quickly to at or near V cc . When the output voltage reaches or nears V cc , depending upon the selectable timing from inverters  166  and  168 , the remaining voltage necessary above V cc  is supplied by drawing on V px , but the initial ramp in the output node voltage is supplied by V cc . 
   A driver for the gates of pass transistors comprises in one embodiment a circuit driven by V px . When the circuit is disabled, that is the memory is not in a read cycle, the output of the driver is a ground voltage so that the gates of the pass transistors it drives are off. The circuit is ready during its disable phase to quickly pass a supply voltage V cc  to the output when the circuit is enabled, and to use a pumped voltage to raise the output voltage above V cc  once it gets close to V cc , but without requiring a large current draw from the pumped voltage which supplies the driver. The driver of the present embodiments obtains most of its current from the supply voltage, and only relies on the pumped voltage for the extra current to push the output above the supply voltage. It is sufficient to drive the output voltage slightly above V cc , such as to about a threshold voltage V t  above V cc . Current usage from the pumped voltage drops to about 1/7 to ⅛ of previous solutions. 
   Flash memories using a voltage sensing in order to perform read and write operations are amenable to use with the driver described above. In one embodiment, a driver such as that described above provides the gate voltage for the pass transistors  202  of memory device  200  as is shown in  FIG. 2 . The pass transistors connect global bitlines  204  to sense amplifiers  206  of memory device  200 . Memory array  208  is read through the use of the sense amps as is well known in the art. A driver circuit, such as driver circuit  150  described above, provides the gate voltage for the pass transistors. The driver provides a supply voltage nearly immediately upon enabling of the driver circuit. The driver circuit then provides a voltage slightly above the supply voltage, delayed to allow the voltage to rise to at or near V cc , after the gate voltage ramps up to at or near V cc  without requiring a drain on the current of the pumped voltage that supplies the driver circuit. 
     FIG. 3  is a functional block diagram of a memory device  300 , of one embodiment of the present invention, which is coupled to a processor  310 . The memory device  300  and the processor  310  may form part of an electronic system  320 . The memory device  300  has been simplified to focus on features of the memory that are helpful in understanding the present invention. The memory device includes an array of memory cells  330 . The memory array  330  is arranged in banks of rows and columns. 
   An address buffer circuit  340  is provided to latch address signals provided on address input connections A 0 –Ax  342 . Address signals are received and decoded by row decoder  344  and a column decoder  346  to access the memory array  330 . It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, with the benefit of the present description, that the number of address input connections depends upon the density and architecture of the memory array. That is, the number of addresses increases with both increased memory cell counts and increased bank and block counts. 
   The memory device reads data in the array  330  by sensing voltage or current changes in the memory array columns using sense/latch circuitry  350 . The sense/latch circuitry, in one embodiment, is coupled to read and latch a row of data from the memory array. Sense/latch circuitry  350  in one embodiment includes a driver circuit for the pass transistors of the sense/latch circuitry, such as that described above. Data input and output buffer circuitry  360  is included for bi-directional data communication over a plurality of data (DQ) connections  362  with the processor  310 . 
   Command control circuit  370  decodes signals provided on control connections  372  from the processor  310 . These signals are used to control the operations on the memory array  330 , including data read, data write, and erase operations. The flash memory device has been simplified to facilitate a basic understanding of the features of the memory. A more detailed understanding of internal circuitry and functions of flash memories are known to those skilled in the art. 
   Finally, it will be understood that the number, relative size and spacing of the structures depicted in the accompanying figures are exemplary only, and thus were selected for ease of explanation and understanding. Therefore such representations are not indicative of the actual number or relative size and spacing of an operative embodiment in accordance with the present invention. 
   CONCLUSION 
   A driver for a flash memory has been described that includes a combined voltage obtained mostly from a supply voltage, and only partially from a pumped voltage, so as to not tax the pumped voltage by drawing too much current therefrom. 
   Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that any arrangement, which is calculated to achieve the same purpose, may be substituted for the specific embodiment shown. This application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the present invention. Therefore, it is manifestly intended that this invention be limited only by the claims and the equivalents thereof.