Abstract:
Pre-surgical planning for cranial, facial, limb and digit muscular and bone reconstruction includes preparing a computer generated anatomical model for determining a locational position for a dental implant, a surgical bone implant to repair missing bone in the cranium, limbs and digits and to install ear, eye or nose prostheses. The computer generated anatomical model is made from medical imagery and computer aided design. A surgical guide is prepared with oversize holes in registration with analogs for the dental or surgical bone implants to be inserted in the anatomical model. The surgical guide is fitted atop each analog, and bonded to the anatomical model at a predetermined angle of the analog in the anatomy. The surgical guide is removed and attached to the anatomy of a patient for accurate drilling for insertion of the implants or prostheses into the body of the patient.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation in part of application Ser. No. 12/931,705 filed on Feb. 8, 2011, which application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 11/973,747 filed Oct. 10, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,887,327, issued Feb. 15, 2011, which application is a continuation in part of application Ser. No. 11/449,461, filed Jun. 8, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,281,927, issued Oct. 16, 2007 and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 120 therefrom, which application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/056,101, filed Jan. 24, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,059,856 issued Jun. 13, 2006 and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 120 therefrom, which application claims benefit under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) of provisional application Ser. No. 60/316,832 filed Aug. 31, 2001 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    This invention relates generally to the construction of a cranial, facial, limb and digit muscular and bone prosthesis that is attached to an implant in the body of a person. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Dental implants are a common treatment for the replacement of a missing tooth or missing teeth. An implant is placed into the bone in a person&#39;s jaw in a variety of fashions and using a variety of systems. The bone and the implant adhere together in a process known as osseointegration, thus enabling a person to have a new tooth or set of teeth held into position in the jaw utilizing screws to hold them down. 
         [0004]    Many firms manufacture complete systems of dental implants and prosthetic components for subsequent attachment to the implant. In a typical construction, the implant has an axially threaded hole at its top, that is, the proximal end, near the gum surface. After the implant has integrated with the bone, the gum of the implant is opened to expose the tapped hole. Then a transmucosal abutment is attached to the tapped hole of the implant and extends to a level above the gum or substantially to the gum surface. The protruding free end of the abutment is constructed for attachment of a prosthesis. For preventing rotation of the prosthesis, the protruding end of the abutment requires a non-round shape and a hexagon protrusion has been widely used. A recessed hexagon is also popular with some systems. The abutment also includes a central threaded hole concentric with the threaded hole of the implant and extending inward toward the jaw bone. 
         [0005]    A false tooth or frame is provided with a hole therethrough, known in the industry as a chimney, and a non-round recess in its base corresponds in shape to the protruding non-round cross section for the abutment. Thereby, the crown can be connected to the abutment and relative rotation between them is prevented so long as critical contours of the abutment and the recess in the crown are maintained. 
         [0006]    To prevent the crown or bridge from lifting axially from the abutment, a final screw is passed into the chimney opening and engages the tapped hole in the implant by way of the abutment so as to hold the crown axially to the abutment and to the implant. Thus, the crown cannot rotate about the abutment or implant because it is mated with the special contours on the exposed end of the abutment. The abutment is similarly mated to the proximal or outer end of the implant. The crown cannot pull away from the abutment when the screw has been tightened into place. 
         [0007]    Finally, the chimney above the screw is filled with a composite material that hardens and is shaped as part of the crown to look lie a natural tooth. 
         [0008]    There are many variations in construction. 
         [0009]    In an alternative method, the crown is attached directly to a non-round protrusion of the implant and is held directly to the implant by a gold screw without use of an intermediate abutment. 
         [0010]    The implant is intended to be a permanent fixture in the jaw bone. The abutment and crown may be replaced if necessary due to damage or poor fit by gaining access to the screw head by way of the chimney, and backing off the screw so that the crown and abutment or crown to the implant can be separated from the implant. Thus repairs may be made of an abutment and crown with no or little inconvenience. 
         [0011]    Therefore, the fit of an implant with the crown or frame must be perfect. If a prosthesis is placed into the mouth and does not seat correctly, the implant or abutment can be damaged. If an implant is damaged there are not many options for its repair. In cases where there have been a poor fit, the screws have broken inside the abutment requiring the replacement of the abutment. There have been cases where the screw broke inside the implant. The implants cannot be replaced without surgically removing them. Placing a new implant in the same spot is not an advised option. 
         [0012]    Among related patents disclosing dental analogs include U.S. Pat. No. 6,142,782 of Lazarof, which shows a dental analog with annular wings. However, the annular wings do not hinder rotating and therefore misplacement of the analog within the replica cast stone. The annular wings of Lazarof do not intersect with the cast stone material enough to prevent rotation. 
         [0013]    An alternative method for making dental prostheses that does not involve making an impression of the patient&#39;s mouth has been recently introduced. It is based on Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF) which is an industrial prototyping technique whereby 3-D Computer Aided Design (CAD) files describing a part are used to guide the actual fabrication of a solid object by one of a variety of additive methods such as stereolithography, laminated object manufacturing, or fused deposition modeling. U.S. Pat. No. 6,978,188 of Christensen as well as his published patent application 2005/0133955 illustrate how CT scans or MRI scans can be substituted for CAD input to create the files necessary to drive a stereolithography system which can then be used to model human bone features. Medical Modeling LLC has used such a method in their AccuDental™ system to create dental prostheses. Prior to implantation of posts, a scan is made of a patient&#39;s jaw. This data is used to create files resulting in an accurate solid translucent resin model of a patient&#39;s jaw. Teeth and roots are rendered in a different hue to show clearly how the teeth are anchored in the jaw bone. A dental surgeon then indicates on the jaw model where analogs are to be placed in the model and at what angle they should be inserted. Holes are then drilled into the jaw model to accept the analogs. A surgical guide is thermally formed on top of the implant region of the model engaging the teeth or ridge surface with a close fit and transferring the analog positions accurately. Alternatively, computer generated surgical guides which fit onto a jaw model are used. Surgical guide sleeves at the appropriate angle are then bonded at the analog sites onto the surgical guide. The surgical guide is snapped off the teeth or ridge surface of the model and will be transferred to the patient&#39;s mouth and snapped onto the actual teeth or the ridge surface thereby providing accurate guides for drilling the holes for the actual implants while at a remote lab, the prosthesis is being fabricated using the analogs in the jaw model. Surgical guides fit not only on teeth, but can be used on totally edentulous jaws as well engaging soft tissue or bone surface as represented on the jaw model and on the actual patient jaw. 
       OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
       [0014]    Accordingly, it is the object of the invention to provide a method for insuring the most accurate seating possible of a prosthesis to an abutment or implant in the body of a patient. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0015]    The present invention comprises an implant analog that may include a standard abutment that can be mounted in the dental lab replica of the relevant section of a patient&#39;s mouth more securely than heretofore possible. Because of the inventive implant analog, dental labs can now create a crown that will attach more accurately to the implant in the patient&#39;s mouth. The analogs of the present invention are desirably longer than the analogs used heretofore and have a pin that projects from the base of the analog. Desirably, the inventive analogs have a side ridge. Moreover, the analog has substantially the same height and dimensions as a conventional implant and abutment. In a preferred embodiment, the analog of the present invention is formed from stainless steel. 
         [0016]    A careful confidential experiment was conducted at New York University of School of Dental Medicine by Dr. C. Jager, Dr. G. R. Goldstein, Dr. E. Hittelman and the Applicant herein. The experiment was designed to compare the performance of a prior art analog of NOBEL BIOCARE®, as shown in  FIG. 9 , to that of one embodiment of the present invention, as shown in  FIG. 4 . A statistically significant improvement for the present invention was found in terms of framework fit. Also, resistance to applied torque was found to be significantly improved for the analog of this invention. 
         [0017]    The experiment evaluated torque prostheses to laboratory dental implant analogs. The study evaluated the movement of the prior art analog of NOBEL BIOCARE®, as shown in  FIG. 9 , and the embodiment shown in  FIG. 4  of the present invention. Both were torqued to 20 Ncm in a reinforced type IV die stone. 80 analogs were divided into groups of 4 analogs, including three of the prior art analog shown in  FIG. 9  with one of the present invention shown in  FIG. 4 . These analogs were embedded in thirty equal blocks of Type IV plaster stone using a prefabricated four unit implant framework. Of the twenty analogs, ten were imbedded in the stone at a depth of four cm and ten were imbedded at a depth of six cm from the implant platform. These groups of ten were then divided into groups of five each, where five of the prior art analogs shown of the present invention in  FIG. 9  were torqued to 20 Ncm in each group and five analogs shown in  FIG. 4  were torqued to 20 Ncm. The initial framework was used to evaluate the fit of each analog therein. In the 4 mm depth group of the prior art shown in  FIG. 9 , two of the five samples (40%) did not allow the framework to fit the analog. In the 6 mm depth of the prior art analogs shown in  FIG. 9 , three of the five samples (60%) did not allow the framework to fit. However, all of the dental analogs shown in  FIG. 4  of the present invention fit back to the cast. 
         [0018]    As a result, the analogs of the present invention, as shown in  FIG. 4 , were able to resist movement within a stone cast when torqued, unlike a significant portion of the prior art dental analogs shown in  FIG. 9 . 
         [0019]    Therefore, the dental analogs of the present invention have unexpected, beneficial results not achievable with the dental analogs of the prior art shown in  FIG. 9 . 
         [0020]    A method of preparing dental crowns efficiently and accurately, includes the steps of: 
         [0021]    a. preparing an analog for a jaw implant supporting a dental crown mounting pin having at least one anti-rotation anchoring projection extending discretely and radially from said pin adjacent a bottom end thereof; 
         [0022]    b. inserting bottom-end-down said prepared mounting pin into a dental crown casting mold; 
         [0023]    c. securing said prepared mounting pin temporarily in place within said casting mold; 
         [0024]    d. adding settable plaster or plastic molding material to said casting mold so as to embed said bottom end of said pin by surrounding said bottom end of said pin with said plaster or plastic molding material; 
         [0025]    e. allowing said plastic molding material to set and harden with said prepared pin embedded within said molding material; and 
         [0026]    f. utilizing said embedded mounting pin to make a dental crown. 
         [0027]    Regarding the alternative method described in the previous section using a resin model of a patient&#39;s jaw, the analogs used must be resistant to pull-out and rotation as in the method using the stone plaster method. Whether the resin model is a product of stereolithography or otherwise fabricated, it is drilled to accept an analog post. The alternate embodiment of this invention describes analog posts with features for robustly grasping the side walls of these retaining holes in the resin model. Clearly, transverse or radially protruding features cannot be appended to the analog posts since these would not be compatible with insertion. 
         [0028]    The first alternate embodiment uses a single axially attached rod or wing on the lower portion of the analog post. The post is then forced into a slightly undersized hole and resists both twisting and pull-out. A second embodiment using axial rod features uses two such rods on opposite sides of the analog post. A third such embodiment uses three such rods attached every 120 degrees around the bottom end of the post. Any number of such rods can be attached preferably in a symmetric array. The rods can also be enhanced in their gripping action by texturizing their outer surface; alternatively, axial grooves along their length at their outermost position can be added. 
         [0029]    Another embodiment of analog post for hole engagement is made of a larger diameter with a tapered top; a regular array of longitudinal grooves or flutes on the outer side surface engage the hole sides. Yet another embodiment of analog post is one with a knurled outer surface and an annular groove near the bottom end. A final embodiment has male threads along the analog shank which permit screwing into the hole in the resin model much akin to the thread-forming action of a wood screw in a pilot hole in wood. 
         [0030]    When using model based presurgical planning techniques, computer based stereolithography or non-computer methods are used to create an accurate jaw model of resin, plaster, or “stone” or other plastic material. Similarly, surgical guides which form fit onto the jaw model and onto the patient&#39;s jaw are also created. Once analogs are inserted into the jaw model, surgical guide sleeves are bonded to the surgical guide at the analog sites using cement or adhesive inside oversized holes in the surgical guide. These must be at the appropriate height, and the orientation must match that of the analogs in the jaw model. Another embodiment of this invention is a set of accessory parts and a method to insure that the alignment of the surgical guide sleeves bonded to the surgical guide will match that of the analog in registration. 
         [0031]    After the analogs are inserted in the jaw model, at each analog site attachments to each analog are made which will orient the surgical guide sleeve rigidly and accurately to represent the orientation of the analog. After all the surgical guide sleeves are thereby attached to the analogs, the surgical guide with oversize holes at each analog site is lowered onto the jaw model and all surgical guide sleeves are bonded to the surgical guide while they are still attached to the analogs. After the cement or adhesive sets, screws are removed from each analog to free the surgical guide with all of the surgical guide sleeves accurately attached. The guide is then used inside the patient&#39;s mouth to drill accurate implant holes by using each of the surgical guide sleeves as drill guides. 
         [0032]    The parts attached to each analog in the jaw model are a surgical guide sleeve supported by a form-fitting cylinder support mount, a tube adapter to adjust the height of the guide sleeve above the analog (if necessary), and a screw threaded through the three parts from the top to secure the assembly to the analog below. 
         [0033]    Presurgical planning techniques using accurate whole skull models or models of skull portions other than jaws are also used for cranial and facial reconstruction. Attachments use surgical implants in bone. For example such an approach is used to repair missing bone in the cranium, ear prostheses, and nose prostheses. The procedure starts with an accurate model and a surgical guide with oversize holes in registration with the analogs inserted at sites determined by a surgeon on the skull model. Using the procedure and analog attachments as described above for dental implants, appropriately sized tube adapters, cylinder support mount, surgical guide sleeve and attachment screw are attached to each analog in the skull model. The surgical guide is then fitted carefully atop the protruding elements atop each analog, and the surgical guide sleeves are cemented or otherwise bonded within the oversize holes of the guide capturing the precise angle of the analog in the model. The analog screws are then removed releasing the surgical guide with guide sleeves attached for accurate drilling during the surgical procedure for insertion of the implants. 
         [0034]    Another example involves the use of bone harvested from the patient, which is implanted to repair bone damaged by trauma or surgery in a different part of the body. In some cases, bone harvested from a cadaver is used instead. 
         [0035]    In this particular example, bone harvested from the iliac crest of the same patient is used to repair or reconstruct the patient&#39;s jaw. Models made by any of the Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF), i.e. 3D printing processes, are made from CT and/or MRI scans of both the iliac and the jaw. These models will be used to plan the two surgeries and to create surgical guides for precise parts fit and joining by pins and bonding or by the use of surgical screws. 
         [0036]    Other examples of the use of SFF models and accurate analogs for pre-surgical planning are far removed from the vicinity of the skull. In one example, a removable prosthesis for the distal phalanx is fitted to the middle phalanx bone. In a further example, a fibula fracture is repaired with a plate accurately screwed into the fibula by using a surgical guide to drill the holes for the bone screws. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0037]    The present invention can best be understood in connection with the accompanying drawings. It is noted that the invention is not limited to the precise embodiments shown in drawings, in which: 
           [0038]      FIG. 1  is a view of a dental lab replica showing the position of an analog and an abutment; 
           [0039]      FIG. 2  is a view of a lower jaw about to receive a prosthesis and having two implants; 
           [0040]      FIG. 3  is a view of an embodiment of the present invention incorporating a conical abutment; 
           [0041]      FIG. 3A  is a partial view taken within the phantom circle of  FIG. 3 , shown rotated ninety degrees for clarity; 
           [0042]      FIG. 4  is a view of an embodiment of the present invention incorporating a standard abutment; 
           [0043]      FIG. 5  is a view of an embodiment of the present invention corresponding to an implant with a hexagonal protrusion; 
           [0044]      FIG. 6  is a view of an embodiment of the present invention corresponding to a large diameter implant with a hexagonal recess; 
           [0045]      FIG. 7  is a side elevation view in partial cross section of an embodiment of the present invention corresponding to an implant with a hexagonal recess; 
           [0046]      FIG. 7A  is a top plan view thereof; 
           [0047]      FIG. 8  shows a conventional impression coping with depth indications from 2-5 mm; 
           [0048]      FIG. 9  shows a conventional prior art fixture replica, or analog, which is replaced by analog according to the present invention; 
           [0049]      FIG. 10  shows the placement of a fixture replica, either a conventional or according to the present invention, in the lab replica that is to be secured to an abutment and a crown via a guide pin; 
           [0050]      FIG. 11  shows the attachment of a fixture replica, either a conventional or according to the present invention, to an impression coping that is fixed in an impression of the relevant section of a patient&#39;s mouth prior to the casting of the lab replica; 
           [0051]      FIG. 12  shows a dental impression tray modified to provide access to the impression coping that is secured to the implant in a patient&#39;s mouth by a guide pin; 
           [0052]      FIG. 13  shows the excess material around the impression coping in a tray containing impression material, the impression coping being secured to the implant in the patient&#39;s mouth by a guide pin; 
           [0053]      FIG. 14  shows a means of securing the impression coping to the tray containing the impression material with an acrylic resin; 
           [0054]      FIG. 15  shows the impression containing the impression coping; 
           [0055]      FIG. 16  is a top view of an engagement plate of this invention which is used to provide improved anchorage for a conventional analog; 
           [0056]      FIG. 17  is an exploded side view of the engagement plate of  FIG. 16  attached to a conventional analog; 
           [0057]      FIG. 18  is a perspective view of an analog body with a transverse tube configured to screw into a variety of abutments; 
           [0058]      FIG. 19  is a perspective view of an analog body with transverse wings; 
           [0059]      FIG. 20  is a bottom view of an analog body with transverse wings; 
           [0060]      FIG. 21  is a perspective view of an analog body with coplanar transverse tubes at right angles; 
           [0061]      FIG. 22  is a perspective view of an analog body with non-coplanar oblique tubes; 
           [0062]      FIG. 23  is a bottom view of an analog body with eight co-planar transverse tube segments; 
           [0063]      FIG. 24  is a perspective view of an analog body with angled spikes; 
           [0064]      FIG. 25  is a side elevation of an analog body with serrated side extensions; 
           [0065]      FIG. 26  is a side elevation of an analog body with four serrated and perforated side extensions; 
           [0066]      FIG. 27  is a perspective view of an analog body with looped side extensions; 
           [0067]      FIG. 28  depicts a cross-sectional view of a protrusion in an analog having a substantially oval shape  2802 ; 
           [0068]      FIG. 29  depicts a cross-sectional view of a protrusion in an analog having a substantially triangular shape; 
           [0069]      FIG. 30  depicts a cross-sectional view of a protrusion in an analog having a substantially square shape; 
           [0070]      FIG. 31  depicts a cross-sectional view of a protrusion in an analog having a substantially rectangular shape; and, 
           [0071]      FIG. 32  depicts a cross-sectional view of a protrusion in an analog having a substantially hexagonal shape  3202 . 
           [0072]      FIG. 33  is a (prior art) perspective view of a plastic resin jaw model and a surgical guide illustrating the relation between the two. 
           [0073]      FIG. 34  is a (prior art) perspective view of a resin jaw model with analog posts installed. 
           [0074]      FIG. 35  is a perspective view of an analog post of this invention with a single side rod or wing attached. 
           [0075]      FIG. 36  is a perspective view of an analog post with two axial wings. 
           [0076]      FIG. 37  is a top plan view of an analog post with three symmetrically attached side rods or wings. 
           [0077]      FIG. 38  is a side elevation detail showing texturing on the side of a rod or wing. 
           [0078]      FIG. 39  is a perspective detail of showing a longitudinal groove on the side of a rod. 
           [0079]      FIG. 40  is a perspective view of a fluted analog post. 
           [0080]      FIG. 41  is a perspective view of a knurled analog post with an annular groove adjacent the bottom end. 
           [0081]      FIG. 42  is a side elevation of an analog post with male thread on its shank surface. 
           [0082]      FIG. 43  is a perspective view of a cylinder sleeve support mount. 
           [0083]      FIG. 44  is a side crossection of the mount of  FIG. 43 . 
           [0084]      FIG. 45  is a side crossection of the cylinder sleeve support mount inside a surgical guide sleeve to show the fit of the two parts. 
           [0085]      FIG. 46  is a side elevation of a retaining shoulder screw. 
           [0086]      FIG. 47  is a perspective view of a short tube adapter. 
           [0087]      FIG. 48  is a perspective view of a medium height tube adapter. 
           [0088]      FIG. 49  is a perspective view of a larger diameter and taller tube adapter. 
           [0089]      FIG. 50  is a side exploded view of the five parts from top screw to bottom analog. 
           [0090]      FIG. 51  is a side detail crossection of two assemblies attached to two analogs in a jaw model with a section of surgical guide in registration with the two analogs but spaced apart for clarity. 
           [0091]      FIG. 52  is a perspective view of an accurate skull model showing analogs inserted for cranial repair, ear prosthesis, and nose prosthesis with accurate surgical guide for the cranial repair. 
           [0092]      FIG. 52A  is a perspective view of a skull model as in  FIG. 52 , showing surgical guides and actual prostheses for an ear, eye, and nose. 
           [0093]      FIG. 52B  is an exploded perspective view of an ear prosthesis being attached by attachments to a frame permanently attached in situ to a human patient, where the locations of fasteners to the skull are accurately determined by analogs used to locate holes in a skull model constructed of resin or other modeling medium by use of 3-dimensional modeling, such as stereolithographic modeling. Preferably, the analogs used in the resin model, have anti-rotational elements, such as, for example, disclosed in FIGS.  2 - 8 , 10 - 32  and  35 - 51  herein. 
           [0094]      FIGS. 52C ,  52 D,  52 E, and  52 F are detail views of an eye prosthesis being attached to a frame permanently attached in situ to a human patient, where the locations of fasteners to the skull are accurately determined by analogs used to locate holes in a skull model constructed of resin or other modeling medium by use of 3-dimensional modeling, such as stereolithographic modeling. 
           [0095]      FIGS. 52G ,  52 H and  52 I are front detail views of a nose prosthesis attached to a frame attached to anchors embedded in the skull of a human patient, where the locations of fasteners to the skull are accurately determined by analogs used to locate holes in a skull model constructed of resin or other modeling medium by use of 3-dimensional modeling, such as stereolithographic modeling. 
           [0096]      FIG. 53  is a perspective view of an accurate mandible model with an area damaged by accident trauma or by loss of bone due to disease or infection. 
           [0097]      FIG. 54  is a perspective view of the model of  FIG. 52  after segmentectomy of the lower jawbone in preparation for a bone graft repair. 
           [0098]      FIG. 55  is a top plan view of part of the iliac model showing a cutting guide temporarily attached to the crest of the illium. 
           [0099]      FIG. 56  is a perspective view of the mandible model with a model of the bone graft fitted in place and screwed into the mandible model via screws in a repair plate. 
           [0100]      FIG. 57  is a perspective view of a repair piece fitted into the recess left by the bone harvested from the crest of the illium which will restore the integrity of the superior pelvic brim for cosmetic purposes. 
           [0101]      FIG. 58  is a perspective view of the completed distal phalanx prosthesis being fitted onto a frame attached at the end of the middle phalanx bone. 
           [0102]      FIG. 59  is a perspective view of the end of an accurate model of the middle phalanx bone with an analog installed to accurately position and bond a sleeve into a surgical guide. 
           [0103]      FIG. 60  is a perspective view of the completed distal phalanx prosthesis showing attachment clips with mating frame on the finger end. 
           [0104]      FIG. 61  is a perspective view of an accurate femur and fibula model used to repair a fibula fracture with the aid of a surgical guide to accurately drill holes for attachment bone screws. 
           [0105]      FIGS. 61A and 61B  are perspective views of accurate hip models used to repair arthritic hips with hip replacement prostheses, to accurately drill holes for attachment supports. 
           [0106]      FIG. 62  is an exploded perspective view of an accurate femur and fibula model showing a cutting guide to be attached to a region in dashed lines in a fibula in preparation of a shallow bone graft repair of a jaw with teeth implants, as in  FIG. 63 . 
           [0107]      FIG. 63  is a perspective view of a mandible model after segmentectomy of the lower jawbone in preparation for a bone graft repair showing a bone graft with analogs for teeth implants in place in the stereolithographic resin model. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0108]    Simplified, the construction of the prosthesis begins after the osseointegration of the implant with the dentist making an impression of the relevant section of the patient&#39;s mouth. When constructing the prosthesis, the dentist makes an impression including an impression coping. Desirably, the impression material employed is hard and elastic when set, such as the materials sold under the trade names IMPRAGUM, EXPRESS and PRESIDENT. 
         [0109]    Once the impression material hardens, the tray containing the impression is sent to a dental lab where the prosthesis is made. The dental lab uses this impression to make a replica of the relevant section of the patient&#39;s mouth. Typically, the replica is made of gypsum to form plaster, and is made to reproduce the milieu into which the prosthesis is to fit, including, for example, any hexagonal protrusion or recession in the abutment the dentist is using. Alternately, the replica can also be made of plastic, such as resin. 
         [0110]    For example,  FIG. 1  shows a view of dental lab replica  130  with analog  120  and abutment  110 . 
         [0111]    Moreover,  FIG. 2  shows an actual patient lower jaw with two implants  220 , a three tooth prosthesis  210  and screws  230  to retain prosthesis  210  in implants  220 . 
         [0112]    In making the impression, the impression coping is attached to the implant in the same way the final prosthesis will attach. The impression coping rests flush on top of the implant, or implant and abutment, with a guide screw passing through and into the implant. The impression coping remains in the impression in the same position that was in the mouth and the guide screw must be removed before the impression can be removed from the patient&#39;s mouth. 
         [0113]    In making the dental lab jaw model, or replica, the analog is attached to the impression coping with a guide screw going through the impression coping and into the analog. All of the teeth in the relevant portion of the mouth are replicated in the model, which desirably is made of gypsum. The goal is to have the analog in the replica in the position that corresponds to the position of the implant in the patient&#39;s mouth, including the orientation of any protrusion or recess. 
         [0114]    The present day tools offered by the implant manufacturers utilize brass or stainless steel analog. 
         [0115]    The configuration of the prior art analogs replicates the internal thread dimension of the implant or abutment and copies the shape of the external or internal hexagon. However, the outside diameter of a prior art analog maintains a shape that is not consistent with the needs of the dentist or technician in constructing the prosthesis. Conventional analogs are too small and are removed from the gypsum model too easily. Moreover, the exterior surface of conventional analogs are too smooth which permits the analog, and thus the prosthesis, to rotate in the model during construction of the prosthesis. Such rotation moves the hexagonal position of the prosthesis into a position that does not match the corresponding position of the implant in the patient&#39;s mouth. 
         [0116]    In contrast to the prior art conventional, easily rotatable and dislodgable dental analogs, the present invention is a new analog that will not allow any rotation in the gypsum model. In a preferred embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 3 and 3A , the analog  320  of the present invention is substantially longer and has a unique feature of a transverse pin  312  or other protruding geometric shaped member extending through hole  314  in its side. 
         [0117]      FIG. 4  shows analog  420  with abutment  22  and hole  414  for insertion of a pin therein, similar to pin  312  of  FIG. 3A . 
         [0118]    As shown in  FIGS. 5 ,  6 , and  7 , these dental analogs  520 ,  620  and  720  of the present invention are preferably ridged with annular recesses, these dental analogs  520 ,  620  and  720  on their respective sides to gain better retention inside the gypsum model. 
         [0119]    Analogs  420 ,  520 ,  620  and  720  have respective pins (not shown) similar to transverse pin  312  of analog  320  of  FIG. 3A . These pins  312  are located at the base of the respective analogs  320 , 420 ,  520 ,  620  and  720  to lock the position. These transverse pins  312  prevent horizontal, vertical or cylindrical movement of the analogs  320 ,  420 ,  520 ,  620 , and  720  within the model. 
         [0120]    Conventional implants have a standardized system of heights, measurements and dimension for implants and abutments. The respective inventive analogs  320 ,  420 ,  520 ,  620 ,  720  of the present invention can have a shape which incorporates a conical abutment  322  ( FIGS. 3 and 3A ), a standard abutment  422  ( FIG. 4 ), a hexagonal protrusion  522  ( FIG. 5 ), a large hexagonal recess  622  ( FIG. 6 ) or a hexagonal recess  722  ( FIG. 7 ), as these terms are used in the dental industry. For example,  FIGS. 28-32  depict cross-sectional views of protrusion embodiments having various shapes. Illustratively,  FIGS. 28-32  are described with respect to protrusion  2012  however that description is not intended in any way to limit the scope of the invention. For example, it is appreciated that extensions  2051  may in various other embodiments have the shapes depicted in  FIGS. 28-32 .  FIG. 28  depicts a cross-sectional view of protrusion  2012  having a substantially oval shape  2802 .  FIG. 29  depicts a cross-sectional view of protrusion  2012  having a substantially triangular shape  2902 .  FIG. 30  depicts a cross-sectional view of protrusion  2012  having a substantially square shape  3002 .  FIG. 31  depicts a cross-sectional view of protrusion  2012  having a substantially rectangular shape  3102 .  FIG. 32  depicts a cross-sectional view of protrusion  2012  having a substantially hexagonal shape  3202 . 
         [0121]    Analogs  520 ,  620  and  720  also bear annular grooves  516 ,  616  and  716 . 
         [0122]    The analogs  320 ,  420 ,  520 ,  620  and  720  of the present invention are machined to specified mechanical tolerances. In particular, the internal thread of the inventive analogs are closer to the threads of actual implants and abutment. This closer approximation to the actual implants insures that the guide screw goes into the implant the same number of turns the guide screw goes into the analog, and maintains the prosthesis in the same position relative to the patient&#39;s mouth as the prosthesis had with respect to the replica. The internal or external hexagon is also closer in dimensions to the actual implant. As a result, the prosthesis will fit on the analog and on the actual implant or abutment in the manner intended. 
         [0123]    Another complication in the construction of dental analogs is that it is often necessary to construct a large frame using soldered connections. The present methods of soldering require a duplicate model of high heat tolerance gypsum investment be made with the present day analogs. The frame is soldered on that model. The success rate of these solder connections is far lower than expected in the industry. The present invention allows a more accurate solder connection. The present invention also holds better in the invested model and keeps the analogs from moving in the model. 
       EXAMPLE 
       [0124]    In the single tooth prosthetic work, the impression is taken from the fixture level. As shown in  FIG. 8 , one type of conventional impression coping  800  has an internal hexagon at the base, which corresponds to the hexagon of the abutment. The coping has depth indications for assessment of proper abutment size, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, and 5 mm. The upper margin of the abutment-like part indicates 6 mm. The impression coping is typically made of titanium. 
         [0125]    The impression coping is used together with a special guide pin (e.g., a DCA 098),  850 , for a single tooth (the guide pin used to secure the prosthesis to the implant typically has a different thread). 
         [0126]    Typically, in the laboratory, any undercuts of the impression coping are blocked out before pouring the impression (including the depth indications). This blocking is especially important when the longest abutment is used. This precaution prevents fracturing the cast when separating the model and the impression coping. 
         [0127]    During the Laboratory procedure, an analog, for example a conventional prior art analog  900  shown in  FIG. 9 , or an analog of the present invention such as the analogs of  FIGS. 3-7 , is used in the laboratory jaw model, or replica, to represent the implant in the working cast. This is illustrated in  FIG. 10  where analog  1000  is set in the laboratory jaw model, or replica,  1010 , and the abutment  1020  and crown  1030  are secured to the jaw model by guide pin  1040 . The analog has the same top hexagon and internal thread as the implant. In contrast to the stainless steel analogs of the present invention, conventionally, analogs were typically made of nickel-plated brass. 
         [0128]      FIG. 11  shows an impression  1100  containing an impression coping  800  being attached to an analog  1000  via guide pin  1040 . Once the analog  1000  is secured to the impression coping  800  by the guide pin  1040 , the impression  1100  is used to cast he laboratory jaw model, or replica, from stone, such as gypsum. 
         [0129]    The impression  1100  containing the impression coping  800  can be prepared in any conventional manner. For example, as shown in  FIG. 12 , one can make a hole  1200  in an acrylic-resin stock tray  1210  for access to the impression coping  800  which is secured to the implant by the guide screw. 
         [0130]      FIG. 13  shows tray  1210  loaded with an impression material of choice  1300  in the mouth with impression coping  800  secured to implant  120  within the patient&#39;s jaw  1310 . 
         [0131]      FIG. 13  also shows the removal of any excess material around impression coping  800  once impression material  1300  has set. 
         [0132]    Impression coping  800  is then secured to tray  1210  with auto-polymerizing acrylic resin  1400 . The orientation of the hexagonal head of the implant  120  should be maintained when the impression  1100  is removed. Next, guide pin  850  is unscrewed and impression  1100  is carefully removed form the patient&#39;s mouth. 
         [0133]    As noted before,  FIGS. 3-7  show different embodiments of the dental analogs  320 ,  420 ,  520 ,  620  and  720  of the present invention each using a transverse rod pin  312  or tube within hole  314 ,  414 ,  514 ,  614 , or  714 , in the base section of each analog  320 ,  420 ,  520 ,  620 , or  720  to enhance the anchoring of the analog in the plaster of the replica. Each of the different embodiments uses a different style of abutment  322 ,  422 ,  522 ,  622 , or  722  to match that which the dentist had used in the patient&#39;s actual implant. 
         [0134]    For example,  FIG. 3  shows a conical abutment  322  for analog rod  320  and  FIG. 4  shows a standard recessed abutment  422  for analog rod  420 .  FIG. 5  shows an abutment  522  with a hexagonal protrusion for analog rod  520 ,  FIG. 6  shows a large diameter abutment  622  with a hexagonal recess, for analog rod  620 , and  FIG. 7  shows an abutment  722  with a hexagonal recess for analog rod  720 . 
         [0135]      FIG. 16  shows another embodiment of this invention in the form of a flat engagement plate  2000  which is used to provide enhanced anchoring of a standard prior art analog  900  (see  FIG. 9 ) in the replica plaster. 
         [0136]    As shown in  FIG. 17 , the conventional analog  2003  is inserted through central hole  2001  and adhesively bonded  2004  at an oblique angle. Perforations  2002  enhance adhesion to immobilize plate  2000  in replica plaster. An optional hollow sleeve  2005  can be used to extend the vertical height of analog  2003 , to further promote its anchoring within the replica plaster. 
         [0137]    It is further noted that optional removable hollow sleeve  2005  can also have any of the protrusions shown in the other drawing figures, such as protrusion rods  2012  of  FIG. 18  or  FIG. 21 , protrusion  2022  of  FIG. 19 , protrusion wings  2030  of  FIG. 23 , protrusion barbs  2032 , protrusion wings  2035  of  FIG. 25 , protrusion wings  2040  of  FIG. 26  or protruding loops  2051  of  FIG. 27 . 
         [0138]      FIG. 18  shows the concept for a series of additional embodiments of analogs of this invention which use a tubular body  2010  with external threads  2011  at the top end. These threads screw into mating female threads on a series of abutments  2013  (here illustrated as a conical abutment) which are supplied to match the style and size actually implanted in the patient&#39;s jaw. 
         [0139]    Therefore, analogs of this general category of embodiments can be matched with a variety of abutments  322 ,  422 ,  522 ,  622 , or  722  (as described in  FIGS. 3-7 ). The analog  2010  with conical abutment  2013  of  FIG. 18 , similar to analog  320  with a conical abutment  322 , uses a transverse tube or rod  2012  to aid in anchoring body  2010  in plaster. Slotted body  2020  as shown in  FIG. 19  accepts two rectangular wings  2021  (as shown in bottom view of  FIG. 20 ) with perforations  2022  as yet another embodiment to resist rotation within, and extraction from, the replica plaster. 
         [0140]    The embodiment shown in  FIG. 21  uses coplanar radial transverse tubes  2012  at right angles to each other to provide anchorage. 
         [0141]    The embodiment shown in  FIG. 22  uses two oblique tubes  2012  which penetrate body  2010  as anchorage. 
         [0142]    The bottom view of the embodiment of  FIG. 23  shows eight equally spaced tubular segments  2030  attached to body  2010  to provide anchorage in replica plaster. 
         [0143]      FIG. 24  shows an embodiment of an analog using tubular body  2031  with upward angled spikes  2032  in two rows to provide anchorage. 
         [0144]    The embodiment of  FIG. 25  shows slotted body  2020  with a pair of serrated triangular wings  2035  to provide anchorage in the replica plaster. 
         [0145]      FIG. 26  shows an embodiment of an analog with body  2039  with four slots accommodating four perforated and serrated triangular wings  2040  to rigidly anchor it to the plaster of a replica. 
         [0146]    Furthermore,  FIG. 27  shows an embodiment of an analog using tubular body  2050  with one or more outwardly extending looped extensions  2051  to promote anchorage. 
         [0147]      FIG. 33  illustrates some features of the alternate method incorporating a resin jaw model to fabricate a prosthesis. Resin jaw model  4000  is translucent and shows teeth in a contrasting hue in the jaw. Marks  4001  placed by a dental surgeon indicate the location for the center of each analog hole to be drilled. Marks  4002  illustrate the proper angle for such analog retaining holes. Surgical guide  4010  is shown “popped-off” the teeth of jaw model  4000  over which it is formed by a thermal process. Surgical guide sleeves  4011  are shown attached at the proper angles to drill the implant post holes in the patient&#39;s jaw. Three analog posts  4020  are shown installed in jaw model  4000  in  FIG. 34 . 
         [0148]    The analog posts in  FIGS. 35-42  all have features to resist pull-out and rotation when installed in holes of a resin jaw model.  FIG. 35  shows analog post  4030  with one side rod or wing  4032 .  FIG. 36  shows analog post  4035  with two wings  4032  attached to opposite sides of post shank  4031 .  FIG. 37  shows a symmetric attachment of three side wings  4032  from a top view. In all cases, these analog posts are forced inside a hole slightly smaller than would normally accommodate an analog shank with its side wings. The wings will embed into the sides of the retaining holes.  FIG. 38  shows texturing  4046  as applied to outer edge of side wing  4032  to aid in retention.  FIG. 39  shows groove  4051  along the length of side wing  4032  which can be used for the same purpose alternatively. 
         [0149]    In lieu of side wings or attached rods,  FIG. 40  shows fluted analog post  4055  with longitudinal grooves  4057  and a tapered top end  4056  which would be below the top surface of the retaining hole.  FIG. 41  illustrates yet another embodiment of analog post  4060  which is knurled  4061  along its entire outer shank. An annular groove  4062  also enhances pull-out resistance. The analog post  4065  of  FIG. 42  is screwed into an analog hole via tapered bottom  4066  and thread-forming male threads  4067  along its shank. 
         [0150]      FIGS. 43-51  illustrate a presurgical method for aligning surgical guide sleeves in a surgical guide so they can be bonded in the proper orientation for use in a patient&#39;s mouth to accurately drill holes for accepting implant posts. Three parts are used for this.  FIG. 43  shows a cylinder sleeve support mount  4080  with center hole  4083 , shank  4082  and flange  4081 .  FIG. 44  shows the key dimensions of the various parts while  FIG. 45  shows the fit of support mount  4080  within surgical guide sleeve  4011 . The O.D. of flange  4081  (DD) matches the O.D. of guide sleeve  4011 . Shank  4082  of diameter D fits in a close clearance fit inside guide sleeve  4011  which is slightly longer (LL) than height dimension L. This is to insure rigid locking by shoulder screw  4090  of  FIG. 46  which has a head  4091  also of dimension DD; threads  4093  engage the central threaded hole of an analog. Note that shoulder  4092  diameter d 1  is slightly smaller (close clearance fit) than hole of diameter d in support mount  4080 .  FIGS. 47-49  illustrate three different heights h 1 , h 2 , and h 3  of tube adapters  4100 ,  4110 , and  4120  respectively which match the outside diameter (O.D.) of an analog. Analog  4120  would be used with a larger diameter analog. Many such adapters would be made available to adjust the height of the surgical guide sleeve above the top of an analog as required.  FIG. 50  shows an exploded view of the assembly of the five parts. Although analog  4065  of the screw-in variety is shown, any analog would usable with this method. Referring to  FIG. 51 , side crossection detail  4150  of the jaw model shows two analogs, one  4065  screw type and one knurled type  4060 , rigidly installed. The method requires that the progression of parts as shown in  FIG. 50  is assembled and accurately and rigidly held in place by tightening screw  4090  in each analog beneath. Note that analog  4065  has short tube adapter  4100  atop while analog  4060  uses a taller  4110  adapter. In  FIG. 51 , the flange portion of each cylinder sleeve support mount  4080  is visible atop the tube adapter while surgical sleeve guide  4011  is captured and guided between the head  4091 of screw  4090  and flange  4081  of mounts  4080 . Note also that analogs  4065  and  4060  are tilted away from each other (not aligned) as required by the desired positioning in the jaw model. A section of surgical guide  4160  is shown above jaw model  4150  with oversize holes  4161  in registration with analogs  4065  and  4060 . After the surgical guide  4160  is carefully aligned with jaw model  4150 , surgical sleeve guides  4011  will be within holes  4161  where they will be bonded to surgical guide  4160 . After the adhesive or cement cures, screws  4090  will be removed thereby releasing surgical guide  4160  from jaw model  4150  with surgical sleeve guides accurately attached. Analogs  4065  and  4060  will then be used by the dental lab for fabrication of appropriate prostheses. When the prostheses are made (or before), surgical guide  4160  is returned to the dental surgeon. It is used to accurately drill implant post holes in the patient&#39;s jaw using the surgical sleeve guides as drill guides to replicate the orientation of the analogs in the jaw model for a close fit of the prostheses. 
         [0151]      FIG. 52  shows a skull model  4200  which is typically created using stereolithography. Analog group  4215  (8 analogs) placed around cranial injury area  4210  will be used to plan the surgery. Also shown are a group of five analogs  4240  which will be used to attach an ear prosthesis, and a pair of analogs  4260  for a nose prosthesis. All three sites will also require accurate surgical guides for these procedures. One of these,  4220  for the cranial repair, is shown in the figure. Note the oversize holes  4215  in registration with the array of analogs  4215 . Two exemplary surgical guide sleeves  4227  are shown indicating that a total of 8 such sleeves will have to be accurately bonded inside holes  4225 . To facilitate this step, the parts shown in  FIG. 50 , namely tube adapter  4100 , support mount  4080 , surgical guide sleeve  4011  ( 4227  in  FIG. 52 ), and screw  4090 , are assembled in the order shown atop each analog  4215 . Then surgical guide  4220  is placed accurately over the repair area  4210  with guide sleeves  4227  inside holes  4225 . Sleeves  4227  are then bonded to guide  4220 . All screws  4090  are then removed thereby releasing surgical guide  4220  with accurately bonded guide sleeves  4227 ; the guide sleeves will be used for drilling holes for the actual implants in the surgical procedure. Surgical guides for the ear and nose prostheses (not shown) would be similarly prepared. 
         [0152]      FIG. 52A  shows a skull model  4200  with analogs installed (as in  FIG. 52 ) for three other prostheses. Surgical guide sleeves  4227  are accurately bonded into oversize holes in the surgical guides, which would be used for accurate screw guide holes in the patient&#39;s skull to attach frames for the prostheses. Preferably, the analogs used in the resin model, have anti-rotational elements, such as, for example, disclosed in  FIGS. 2-8 ,  10 - 32  and  35 - 51  herein. 
         [0153]    For example,  FIG. 52B  shows an ear prosthesis  5110  being attached by an attachment, such as by spring clips  5110   a  attached to a bar or frame  5110   b,  permanently attached in situ to a human patient. In preparation for such in situ attachment in the patient. Other applicable attachments include snap attachments, locator attachments, ball attachments, ERA attachments, Gilmore bar attachments, Hader attachments, etc. First, in the three dimensional model, surgical guide  5100  for ear prosthesis  5110  with two oversize holes is screwed into analog holes  4230  for accurate bonding of sleeves  4227 . Thereafter, ear prosthesis  5110  therefore would attach via clips  5110   a  or other removable fasteners, to the patient&#39;s skull via a frame  5110   b  (as shown in  FIG. 52B ) which is attached using bone screws  5110   c  using guide holes  5110   e  accurately drilled by using surgical guide  5100  and at locations in the patient&#39;s skull analogous to analog holes  4230  in skull model  4200  of  FIG. 52A . 
         [0154]    Similarly, as also shown in  FIG. 52A , angled surgical guide  5120  is attached to analogs  4240  so that three guide sleeves  4227  can be bonded for later use in providing an attachment frame accurately screwed into the patient&#39;s skull to retain eye prosthesis  5130 , as shown in  FIGS. 52C ,  52 D,  52 E and  52 F.  FIG. 52C  shows a region  5130 ′ for attachment with eye prosthesis  5130 , which is attached, as shown in  FIG. 52D  to frame  5230   a  having fasteners  5130   c  to the patient&#39;s skull at locations  5230   e,  which are analogous to analog holes  4240  in skull model  4200  of  FIG. 52A .  FIG. 52E  is a close-up view of eye prosthesis  5130  and  FIG. 52F  shows eye prosthesis  5130  in place upon the skull of a patient&#39;s face. 
         [0155]    As also shown in  FIG. 52A , surgical guide  5140  for nose prosthesis  5150  is attached to two analogs  4260  for accurate bonding of sleeves  4227 . Guide  5140  is then used for accurate drilling of guide holes for bone screws that will retain a frame (not shown) to patient&#39;s skull for nose prosthesis  5150 , which is held in place at anchor locations  5150   e  of  FIG. 52H , so that nose prosthesis  5150  is accurately placed upon the face and skull of a patient, as shown in  FIG. 52I . 
         [0156]      FIGS. 52C ,  52 D,  52 E, and  52 F are detail views of an eye prosthesis being attached to a frame permanently attached in situ to a human patient 
         [0157]      FIGS. 52G ,  52 H and  52 I are front detail views of a nose prosthesis attached to a frame attached to anchors embedded in the skull of a human patient. 
         [0158]      FIGS. 53 through 57  illustrate the repair and reconstruction of a bone area, such as a mandible damaged by accident, a disease or infection, and using a bone graft harvested from the patient&#39;s own illium, fibula or rib, etc. SFF models such as stereolithography and other types of 3D additive manufacturing techniques are used in this example. 
         [0159]      FIG. 53  shows mandible model  5000  with extensive damage to region  5001 , damaged tooth  5002 , and damaged molar  5003 . A patient scan is the basis for this accurate model. The first step in pre-surgical planning is to extract the damaged teeth  5002  and  5003  in the model and then performing a segmentectomy of the lower jaw by cutting the damaged bone into a rectangular recess. 
         [0160]    This is shown in  FIG. 54 , where teeth have been removed at  5012  and  5013 , while a rectangular recess  5010  now is at the site of damaged area  5001  (shown in  FIG. 53 ). By measuring recess  5010  on jaw model  5000 , a minimum size for a bone graft is obtained. The actual bone graft harvested must be larger in all dimensions than the damaged area  5001 , to allow for fixturing during the shaping process of the damaged bone in the jaw, which is performed using subtractive methods of the damaged area  5001 , such as milling, grinding, and possibly routing. 
         [0161]      FIG. 55  shows illium model  5020  with a cutting guide  5025  temporarily bonded to crest  5021  of the bone graft donor area. The surgical guide  5025  is dimensional using SLA modeling to exactly fit the recess  5010  in the patient&#39;s jaw, to receive the surgical guide  5025 . Note that guide  5025  is dimensioned to obtain a bone graft  5030  that is larger than recess  5010  in all dimensions. Guide  5025  is shown with holes  5042  for accurate placement of analogs  5032  in bone graft  5030 , shown in  FIG. 56   
         [0162]    Once the model iliac bone graft is harvested, it is scanned, so that an accurate model in a different biocompatible material can be later made preferably by a 3D printing technique. The material can be a resin or even a sintered metal. This is done before the model harvested bone graft is shaped to fit jaw recess  5010 . 
         [0163]      FIG. 56  shows mandible model  5000  fitted with shaped model bone graft  5030  which is screwed into place via plate  5031 . In the actual jaw, plate  5031  is typically titanium. Using autogenous bone eliminates a large number of possible tissue rejection problems. Also, with an autogenous bone graft in an actual jaw, osseointegration is promoted to bond the graft and mandible intimately. Analogs  5035  and  5036  are used to locate replacements for damaged teeth  5002  and  5003  respectively. For example, one or more analogs  5032 , such as three analogs  5032  shown in  FIG. 56 , are used to locate teeth that were completely destroyed by trauma, disease or infection and must now be replaced in bone graft  5030 . Surgical guide  5040  with front alignment surface  5041  and oversize holes  5042  will be used in the actual surgery to guide drilling of holes for posts. First, however, it is screwed down onto the analogs of the model so that guide sleeves  4011  can be accurately bonded within holes  5042 . Note that sleeves  4011  are part of assemblies including tightening screws  4090 , mounts  4080 , and adapters  4100  designated in  FIG. 56  as items  5045 . 
         [0164]    The actual surgery commences with the bone harvesting of bone graft  5030  (using cutting guide  5025 ) from a bone graft donor site, such as the illium first, as shown in  FIG. 55 , with placement in the mandible  5000 , as shown in  FIG. 56 . 
         [0165]    Optionally, if the patient is concerned about a possible cosmetic defect resulting by the missing bone graft material at the illiac brim, a model of the missing graft harvested can be refit as a replacement during the actual bone harvesting surgery. This must be ready for attachment at the time of the surgery.  FIG. 57  shows such a “filler”  5050  attached at the harvest site  5051  on iliac crest  5021  by bone screws  5052 . Biocompatible cement can be used as an alternative attachment or in conjunction with the two small bone screws shown. 
         [0166]    The harvested bone graft to be placed in the patient is then shaped with surgical guide  5025  identically to the model bone graft  5030  in the model, prior to the start of the mandible surgery. Then segmentectomy as on the model will then be surgically performed on the mandible. Actual bone graft is then attached using a titanium plate identical in size and shape to  5031 . Then, at least one post hole using surgical guide  5042 , such as one or more post holes, such as the five post holes, are accurately drilled in the jaw bone or bone graft as required. 
         [0167]    Another example of the techniques of this invention is the fitting of a prosthetic distal phalanx to the middle phalanx bone. This is illustrated in  FIGS. 58-60 . 
         [0168]      FIG. 58  shows a completed prosthetic with removable prosthetic distal phalanx  5060  which is insertable via an attachment, such as, for example, clip plate  5061  onto retention frame  5062 , which is attached to middle phalanx bone  5065 . Actual finger contour is shown at  5067  as well as proximal phalanx bone  5066 . Other applicable attachments include snap attachments, locator attachments, ball attachments, ERA attachments, Gilmore bar attachments, Hader attachments, etc. 
         [0169]      FIG. 59  shows the end of middle phalanx bone model  5065  with analog  5070  accurately inserted. Surgical guide  5071  with alignment rim  5072  and oversize hole  5073  is shown with guide sleeve assembly  5074  (as in  5045  above). Guide sleeve assembly  5074  is screwed into analog  5070  to permit the guide sleeve  4011  of the assembly, to be accurately bonded within surgical guide  5071 . Then surgical guide  5071  is transferred to the actual bone  5065  end to drill a hole to retain frame  5062  via bone screw  5063  as shown in  FIG. 60 . Prosthesis  5060  has spring plate  5061  with four spring clips which engage frame  5062  cross pieces. Recess  5076  cosmetically hides spring clips of plate  5061 . 
         [0170]    A further example shows how an SFF model of a femur and fibula with a fracture is used with analogs and a surgical guide to repair the fracture using a plate.  FIG. 61  shows the accurate model of the femur  5080  and fibula  5081  obtained by 3D printing from a CT scan. Fracture  5082  in the fibula is to be repaired using a metal plate screwed into place by accurate holes drilled using surgical guide  5085 . In the model view of  FIG. 61 , analogs  5088  are accurately inserted into model fibula  5081 . Surgical guide  5085  with oversized holes  5086  is screwed into analogs  5088  via surgical guide screw assemblies  5087 , wherein surgical sleeves  4011  (part of  5087  assemblies) are bonded within holes  5086 . Then guide  5085  is removed from the model and transferred to accurately drill the bone screw holes during the surgery on the fibula. 
         [0171]    As shown in  FIGS. 61A and 61B , similar surgical guides and analogs can be used for attaching a ball and socket for a hip or knee replacement, by more accurately locating the size and orientation of fixating members (such as rods or screws) in the receptor site. 
         [0172]    While a large bone graft would need to be harvested from the iliac crest of the hip, as shown in  FIGS. 53-56 , when a shallower bone graft is sufficient, the bone graft can be harvested from another bone, such as the fibula, as shown in  FIGS. 62 and 63 . 
         [0173]      FIGS. 62 and 63  show mandible model  6000  with a bone graft  6082  from fibula leg bone  6081  to repair a region  6001  with extensive damage in the mandible model  6000  with analogs  6087  for teeth crowns  6089 , where the analogs  6087  conform to holes  6088  in bone graft  6082 , as determined by holes  6086  in surgical guide  6085 . A patient scan is the basis for this accurate model. The first step in pre-surgical planning is to surgically extract the damaged region of the patient&#39;s lower jaw and then performing a segmentectomy of the lower jaw, by cutting the damaged bone into a rectangular recess, to be filled by bone graft  6082  from fibula  6081 . This is shown in  FIG. 63 , where teeth have been removed while a rectangular recess  6001  now is at the site of damaged area  6001 , located between existing teeth  6014 ,  6014 , etc. By measuring recess  6001  on jaw model  6000 , a minimum size for a fibula bone graft  6082  is obtained. The actual bone harvested must be larger in all dimensions to allow for fixturing in the damaged bone of the patient, such as the mandible, during the shaping process which is performed using subtractive methods such as milling, grinding, and possibly routing of the damaged area in the patient&#39;s jaw. 
         [0174]      FIG. 62  shows fibula  6081  with a cutting guide  6085  to be bonded to fibula  6081 . Note that guide  6085  is dimensioned to obtain a bone graft  6082  that is slightly larger damaged region  6001  analogous to the patient&#39;s jaw. 
         [0175]    Before the model fibula bone graft  6082  is harvested, it is scanned so that an accurate model in a different biocompatible material can be later made preferably by a 3D printing technique. The material can be a resin or even a sintered metal. This is done before the model harvested bone graft is shaped to fit jaw recess  6013 . Using autogenous bone eliminates a large number of possible tissue rejection problems. Also, with an autogenous bone graft in an actual jaw, osseointegration is promoted to bond the graft  6082  and mandible  6000  intimately. Teeth analogs  6087  are used to locate replacements for damaged teeth with implant crowns  6089 , respectively. Four analogs  6087  are shown to locate teeth that were completely destroyed by trauma and must now be replaced in bone graft  6082 . Surgical guide  6085  has analog alignment holes  6086  for holes  6088  in bone graft  6082  to be used in the actual surgery to guide drilling of holes for posts. 
         [0176]    The actual surgery commences with the bone harvesting (using cutting guide  6085 ) from the fibula first. 
         [0177]    The harvested bone is then shaped identically to the model bone graft  6082  in the model prior to the start of the mandible surgery. Then segmentectomy as on the model will then be surgically performed on the mandible. Actual bone graft  6082  is then attached using a titanium plate identical in size and shape to model  6082 . Then, using surgical guide  6085 , the four post holes for analogs  6087  are accurately drilled in the jaw bone or bone graft as required. 
         [0178]    In the foregoing description, certain terms and visual depictions are used to illustrate the preferred embodiment. However, no unnecessary limitations are to be construed by the terms used or illustrations depicted, beyond what is shown in the prior art, since the terms and illustrations are exemplary only, and are not meant to limit the scope of the present invention. 
         [0179]    It is further known that other modifications may be made to the present invention without departing from the scope of the invention, as noted in the appended Claims.