Abstract:
An apparatus has a surface that includes a two dimensional barcode and a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) antenna printed on the two dimensional barcode. The RFID antenna and the two dimensional barcode are formed from a conductive ink.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a combined RFID antenna and a 2D barcode. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Different mechanisms exist for identifying and tracking products. For example, some products include a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag that has an integrated circuit for storing and processing information and an antenna for receiving and transmitting signals. Other products include a barcode that has an optical machine-readable representation of data patterned in two dimensions (2D). An optical scanner reads the barcode to retrieve product identification information. 
     RFID tags and harcodes can be expensive to produce since they require a variety of different components and processes to manufacture. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE. DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A  shows a first example pattern of overlaying conductive traces of an antenna on a 2D barcode in accordance with an example embodiment. 
         FIG. 1B  shows a second example pattern of overlaying conductive traces of an antenna on a 2D barcode in accordance with an example embodiment. 
         FIG. 1C  shows a third example pattern of overlaying conductive traces of an antenna on a 2D barcode in accordance with an example embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  shows a table with electrical properties for different widths of antenna lines in accordance with an example embodiment. 
         FIG. 3  shows an RFID chip secured to a product in accordance with an example embodiment. 
         FIG. 4  is a method for applying a conductive ink to a surface to form loops for an antenna and a barcode. 
         FIG. 5  shows a supply chain inference model based on a pallet and its association with individual items in accordance with an example embodiment. 
     
    
    
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     One embodiment is an apparatus that has a surface that includes a two dimensional barcode and a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) antenna printed on the two dimensional barcode. The RFID antenna and the two dimensional barcode are formed from a conductive ink. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Example embodiments relate to apparatus and methods that combine a RFID antenna and a 2D barcode. Conductive loops (or lines segments/bars) of the antenna are superimposed or overlaid on printed portions of the 2D barcode. 
     One example embodiment produces an RFID chip with an antenna and 2D barcode. The antenna and 2D barcode are printed together in a single pass with a printing technique during manufacturing. Conductivity of the antenna is then applied in a second pass. This process reduces costs and complexities of the process since the antenna and 2D barcode are simultaneously produced. 
     In one example embodiment, the RFID antenna and the barcode are made using the same ink, which simplifies the printing and finishing processes of the RFID chip or tag and 2D barcode. One example embodiment cures the ink with a pattern directed approach, such as Lightscribe laser annealing. 
     In one example embodiment, the RFID antenna follows the ink deposited as the 2D barcode. As another example, RFID-loops (enabling inductive read/write operations) are deposited in thin strips that are either ignored by a barcode reader or handled by an error-correcting code (ECC) associated with barcode symbology. In other words, the closed loops of the antenna have a size or surface area (length and/or width) such that signal or field generated by these loops is ignored by a barcode reader and/or corrected with ECC. 
     RFIDs in accordance with an example embodiment are manufactured with a layered (near-field RFID antenna and RFID chip/dielectric layer/far-field antenna) approach. The RFID antennae is integrally printed with the 2D barcode and used to provide an upper layer (far-field RFID antenna) that gives both far-field RFID readability and 2D barcode readability 
     Example embodiments are not limited to printing the antenna and barcode. For instance, example embodiments are also applied to the production of membrane switches and other printed electronic interlaces where the metallic appearance covers a different pattern than the requisite connecting wires. 
     Example embodiments utilize a single ink for both the barcode and RFID antenna. Example inks include, but are not limited to, transparent conductive inks, such as ITO or Indium Tin Oxide or other electrically conductive inks. Even though an ink may be transparent, it can be read with an off-the-shelf barcode reader. Reading occurs due to the differential absorption and/or reflection by the barcode reader&#39;s illumination lamp/bulb/LED of the substrate and the ink. This principle is used to read white Indigo inks (Electrolnks) over white substrates for instance. White substrates typically have brighteners and are less absorptive than the ElectroInk. 
     One example embodiment prints the antenna and 2D barcode with a pre-conductive ink. As used herein and in the claims, a “pre-conductive ink” is an ink that is applied and whose conductivity subsequently increases, for example, by curing with heat, ultra violet (UV) light, laser ablation, or other means. For example, the ink is applied in an electrically non-conductive state and then cured to an electrically conductive state. Alternatively, conductive ink is applied which does not utilize subsequent curing. 
     In one embodiment, the 2D barcode is affixed directly to the RFID chip and is able to support Induced currents. Instead of a far-field antenna, the induced electric field in the closed loops of the antenna induces currents in a nearby near-field antenna that is itself affixed to an RFID chip. 
     Example embodiments include a variety of different patterns for overlaying or combining the conductive traces of the antenna with the 2D barcode.  FIGS. 1A-1C  show three different example patterns. 
       FIG. 1A  shows an apparatus  50 A with a first example pattern of overlaying conductive traces or closed loops  100 A of an antenna on a 2D barcode  110 B in accordance with an example embodiment. 
     In this embodiment, the conductive pathways or loops are created or exist only where the printed (non-white) elements of the 2D barcode are present. For example, the loops are printed on top of the barcodes to co-exist with the barcodes. Here, the conductive loops  110 A overlay or exist entirely on the printed (black) elements of the 2D barcodes. In other words, the conductive loops do not extend onto white areas or areas between individual elements  120 A of the 2D barcode  110 A. 
       FIG. 1B  shows an apparatus  508  with a second example pattern of overlaying conductive traces or closed loops  100 B of an antenna on a 2D barcode  110 B in accordance with an example embodiment. 
     In this embodiment, the conductive pathways or loops are created above the black ink or along boundaries of black and white ink in the 2D barcode  110 B. Multiple conductive loops (rectangular and generally curve) are shown that overlay black pixels and/or the boundaries between black and white pixels of the 2D barcode. As shown, none of the loops cross open white space, but such loops can widen points of connection between patches or elements of the barcode. 
     In  FIGS. 1A and 1B , the closed loops of the antenna have shapes that follow or track the ink deposits that form the barcode. The size and shape of these loops can vary (such as being circular, rectangular, square, polygonal, etc.) depending on the pattern of the dark areas of the barcode. 
       FIG. 1C  shows an apparatus  50 C with a third example pattern of overlaying conductive traces or closed loops  100 C of an antenna on a 2D barcode  110 C in accordance with an example embodiment. 
     In this embodiment, the conductive loops are printed without any particular regard to the location of the black ink (with the exception being the alternating black and white tiles along the top and left edges of the 2D barcode). The example shown in  FIG. 1C  can be read with an off-the-shelf barcode reader. Readability of the 2D barcode occurs in spite of the superimposed lines of the RFID antenna. In one embodiment, reading of the barcode in spite of the antenna loops occurs as a function of an error-code correction (ECC) algorithm, percentage of loops versus barcode area used during the production of the barcode, and the thickness of the conductive traces used for the antenna. 
     In  FIGS. 1A-1C , the lines of the antenna and darkened areas or tiles of the barcode are printed with the same ink. Example embodiments include lines of the antenna having different lengths and widths. For example, the lines of the antenna can be approximately half the thickness of the individual modules of the barcode. As another example, the lines of the antenna can have widths of 0.25 mm, 0.5 mm, and 1.0 mm width, with laser annealing of the traces and air drying on the ink around the traces. 
     It should be noted that the orientation markers (the large outlining “L” of the barcodes) of the 2D barcodes can also serve as antennae that provide no interference with the readable modules. 
     The apparatus  50 A- 50 C include, but are not limited to, a product such as an electronic or non-electronic device), an RFID or other tracking device that connects or attaches to a product, portable or movable devices that are sold and/or tracked. In one embodiment, the RFID antenna and barcode are affixed, deposited, and/or applied to a surface, such as a surface of the product or separate element of the apparatus that attaches to the product (e.g., a tracking device). 
       FIG. 2  shows a table  200  with electrical properties for different widths of antenna lines. A first column  210  shows width of traces: a second column  220  shows ohms per square on the traces; and a third column  230  shows ohms per square 250-500 micrometers from the trace. 
     In accordance with table  200 , curing with a 405 nm laser annealing results in a 5 to 10 times conductivity difference with effective antenna traces of 500 μm or less. This corresponds to 1/50 of an inch, or 20 mils, which would allow reading from barcodes with module sizes of 40 mils or less for overwriting as described in  FIG. 1C . 
       FIG. 3  shows an RFID chip  300  secured to a product  310  in accordance with an example embodiment. The RFID chip  300  includes an integrated circuit  320  in or on a first layer  330  and a combination RFID antenna and barcode  340  on a second layer  350 . The combination RFD antenna and barcode  340  includes, but is not limited to, the embodiments shown in  FIGS. 1A-1C . 
       FIG. 4  is a method for applying conductive ink to a surface to form loops for an antenna and a barcode. 
     According to block  400 , electrically conductive ink is deposited on a surface of an apparatus to form a barcode. 
     According to block  410 , the electrically conductive ink is deposited on the surface and on top of the barcode to form loops for an antenna. 
     In one embodiment, the loops and barcode are formed at a same time. In another embodiment, the barcodes are formed and then the loops are subsequently formed on the barcodes. In yet another embodiment, the loops are formed and then the barcode is subsequently formed on the loops. 
     In one embodiment, the RFID antenna and barcode are deposited on the surface in a single print operation with ink that is electrically conductive. Since the antenna and barcode are superimposed on each other and co-exist, an overall surface area for the antenna and barcode is reduced. 
     Example embodiments also provide flexibility in a supply chain since 2D barcodes are printed with overlying RFID antenna, while not including an ite level RFID on all units (a model for supply chain inference is discussed in connection with  FIG. 5 ). 
     Example embodiments can be utilized with supply chain inference. Supply chain inference, as it applies to serialization, refers to the ability to associate unique identifiers (e.g., RFID chips) on each item in an aggregation with the aggregator (case, pallet, other shipping unit). Usually this implies a hierarchical relationship between the aggregator and each individual item. 
       FIG. 5  shows a supply chain inference model based on a pallet and its association with individual items in accordance with an example embodiment. A single-item pallet  500  (Item A) is defined a single item/manufacturer pallet level element (SIMPLE unit  510 . The SIMPLE units multiple discrete intermediate size homogenous (DISH) units  520  and  530  which include a plurality of single items  540 . A mixed pallet  550  (shown with Item A, Item C, Item D, and Item E) are divided into single-item groupings  560  (shown in one group as Items A and B; a second group as Items C, E, and F; and a third group as item D). 
     In  FIG. 5 , single-item pallets  500  are treated differently from mixed pallets  550 . Many RFID-based tracking systems use a single RFID or other identifier on the pallet, regardless of how the pallet is packed. Instead of using such a single 
     RFID identifier, one example embodiment defines the set of all like or similar items (deemed a “single item-type grouping”) as a “SIMPLE” unit (SIMPLE=Single Item/Manufacturer Pallet-Level Element). This allows a separate inference model for all items belonging to the same class or grouping, if the other considerations (cost, regulations, feasibility, customer needs, etc.) support this grouping. 
     Additionally, any number of logical subdivisions of the SIMPLE units, aggregating no less than 2 single items apiece, is defined as discrete intermediate-sized homogeneous (DISH) units. Note that, in some cases (e.g. large items so that there are only several items per pallet, or low-cost items for which individual tracking is not cost-efficient), no DISH units will logically exist between the SIMPLE and single units. However, the flexibility in the SIMPLE-DISH model for inference will underpin five systems of inference described below with reference to  FIG. 4  showing a SIMPLE-DISH Inference Model. 
     1. Inference Model 
     The inference model includes how tracking is performed; how items are refer or link to their parents and/or children in the supply chain; and how such associated items are associated in a registry (e.g., a database used for storing inference, tracking, authentication, forensic and other relevant data for the supply chain model). 
     2. Device/Data-Holder On/Off Ramp 
     The proposed system provides flexibility in terms of how DISH units are logically defined. For example, if the pallet contains 480 cartons of cigarettes, with 30 cartons in each of 16 boxes, and 20 packs of cigarettes in each case, each pack containing 20 cigarettes, then DISH units of the following sizes could exist
         DISH-1: box of 30 cartons=30×20×20=12,000 single units   DISH-2: carton of 20 packs=20×20=400 single units   DISH-3: pack of 20 cigarettes=20 single units.       

     The overall SIMPLE unit contains 16×12,000=192,000 cigarettes in this example. The SIMPLE-DISH inference model therefore can be described as a [16, 30, 20, 20] model, meaning 20 items belong to each of 20 DISH-3 units, 20 DISH-3 units belong to each of 30 DISH-2 units, 30 DISH-2 units belong to each of 16 DISH-1 units, and the 16 DISH-1 units comprise the SIMPLE unit. The “device” or “data holder” at each level in the SIMPLE-DISH model can be chosen from RFID, printed label or other printed feature, print forensics nanotaggant, or any other reliable means of recording/reading information. This flexibility allows the supply chain manager to select device/data-holder based on the various cost factors discussed below. 
     3. Cost Model 
     The costs considered in selecting device/data-holders include the following: 
     a. Cost of items: How much does each level of SIMPLE and DISH unit cost versus how much the device/data-holder costs? 
     b. Cost of checking (visibility): How much does it cost to interrogate each device/data-holder from manufacturer to end-used (if the difference between the cost of checking is greater than the difference in device cost, then the higher-device cost, lower checking-cost should be chosen)? 
     c. Cost of not checking (non-visibility): What is the cost of a device/data-holder failure? 
     d. Cost of devices: Discussed above. 
     e. Cost of integration, maintenance (update, archival, etc.): Related to the cost of checking above. How much does it cost to implement any additional device/data holder systems? Additionally, consideration can be given to the relative costs of the RAD, printing and checking can be used to minimize the overall costs for a given pallet. 
     4. Association Model Within Like Units 
     How are elements within a SIMPLE or DISH unit related?
         a. For EPC global numbers, are there differences in the variable fields related to DISH/SIMPLE units?   b. For fiducial-mark based data-holders (such as printed forensics, nanotaggants, etc.), are there different fiducial marks used for different units in a set?   c. Can different deterrents among a set of deterrents be used for each SIMPLE/DISH unit?   d. Is a different combination of nanotaggants usable for each of a set of SIMPLE/DISH units?
 
5. Regulatory. Auditing and Compliance
       

     How are the association models discussed above used to meet regulatory concerns, including auditing and data standards? Does this change any of the other expenses? 
     In each of these fives cases, the model illustrated in  FIG. 5  provides a framework for comparing and contrasting overall system costs. 
     The methods apparatus in accordance with example embodiments are provided as examples and should not be construed to limit other embodiments within the scope of the invention. Further, methods or steps discussed within different figures can be added to or exchanged with methods of steps in other figures. Further yet, specific numerical data values (such as specific quantities, numbers, categories, etc.) or other specific information should be interpreted as illustrative for discussing example embodiments. Such specific information is not provided to limit example embodiments. 
     The above discussion is meant to be illustrative of the principles of various example embodiments. Numerous variations and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art once the above disclosure is fully appreciated. It is intended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace all such variations and modifications.