Abstract:
A photovoltaic devices inspection apparatus and method of determining defects in photovoltaic devices that uses electroluminescence can find both the quality of the photovoltaic devices from the state of electroluminescence and the possibility of the photovoltaic devices becoming defective in the future by applying constant electric current to the photovoltaic devices causing electroluminescence of the photovoltaic devices (S 7 ), photographing the light emitted from each photovoltaic cell of the photovoltaic devices (S 10 ), dividing the photographed image of the photovoltaic cell into a bright region and dark region by using a threshold value and displayed as an enhanced image by binarization, analyzing as classifying each photovoltaic cell defect according to defect types and comparing a shape of the dark region with the defect types (S 50 ), determining the existence of the defect to perform a positive-negative quality judgment on the photovoltaic devices, and displaying images of the problematic regions for visual inspection (S 16 ).

Description:
CLAIM FOR PRIORITY 
       [0001]    The present specification claims priority from Japanese Patent Application No. 2008-171925, filed on Jul. 1, 2008 in the Japan Patent Office, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    The present invention relates to photovoltaic devices inspection apparatus configured to inspect a photovoltaic device that includes at least one photovoltaic cell and a method of determining defects in photovoltaic devices. 
         [0004]    2. Description of the Background Art 
         [0005]    It is well known that silicon photovoltaic devices are employed to harness solar energy. In the manufacture of photovoltaic devices it is important to evaluate whether the photovoltaic devices have predetermined power generation capacity. The evaluation is usually performed by measuring the output characteristics thereof. 
         [0006]    The output characteristics are photovoltaic conversion characteristics evaluated by measuring the current-voltage characteristics of the photovoltaic devices under light irradiation. As a light source, it is desirable to use solar light. However, since the intensity of the solar light varies with weather, a solar simulator is employed. In the solar simulator, a xenon lamp, a metal halide lamp or the like is employed as an alternative to solar light. If the aforementioned light source has been lit for a long time, the temperature thereof rises, leading to a variation on the light intensity thereof. Based on data collected using flash light of such a lamp, the output characteristic curves of the photovoltaic devices can be plotted by designating voltage as the horizontal axis and current as the vertical axis, and if the output characteristics of the photovoltaic devices are equal to or higher than reference values, the photovoltaic devices are determined to be non-defective (for example, refer to Patent Document 1). 
         [0007]    Another method different from the above-described method using a solar simulator is disclosed in Patent Document 2. In this method, a voltage is applied to a polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic cell in a forward direction so as to generate a forward current and thus emit electroluminescence light (hereinafter referred to simply as “EL light”), and it is determined from the state of the EL light whether the photovoltaic cell is defective or non-defective. By inspecting the EL light emitted from the photovoltaic cell, the current density distribution of the photovoltaic cell can be obtained, and the non-luminescent parts of the photovoltaic cell detected from the unevenness of the current density distribution are determined as defective parts. In addition, if the amount of light emission measured from a photovoltaic cell reaches a predetermined value, the photovoltaic cell is determined to be non-defective, and if the value is not reached, the photovoltaic cell is determined to be defective. 
         [0008]    In the method of Patent Document 2, however, the determination of whether a photovoltaic cell passes or not is based only on the brightness of light emitted from the photovoltaic cell; for example, even a photovoltaic cell has a large crack it can be determined to be non-defective if the brightness of light emitted from the photovoltaic cell is equal to or greater than a predetermined value. However, since a photovoltaic cell having a large crack may greatly reduce the performance of photovoltaic devices in the future, such a photovoltaic cell should be determined to be defective. 
         [0009]    In Patent Document 3, defects of a photovoltaic device are classified into external defects caused by external factors such as a substrate crack, an electrode fracture, or a loose contact; and internal defects caused by physical properties of a substrate such as a crystalline defect, a transition, or a grain boundary. In addition, a technique is proposed for easily detecting external defects by considering the fact that internal defects are temperature-dependent. According to the technique, when light emitted from a photovoltaic device is observed, the photovoltaic device is heated to weaken internal defects and thus can easily detect external defects. 
         [0010]    Patent Document 1: JP-2007-88419-A 
         [0011]    Patent Document 2: WO/2006/059615 
         [0012]    Patent Document 3: WO/2007/129585 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0013]    It is desirable to inspect photovoltaic devices in a production line. However, according to the method disclosed in Patent Document 3, photovoltaic devices cannot be inspected in a production line because it takes much time to change the temperature of the photovoltaic devices. 
         [0014]    Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a photovoltaic devices inspection apparatus and a method of determining defects in photovoltaic devices, which can be used to exactly determine defects by the EL emission status which is caused by applying a predetermined current to photovoltaic devices for electroluminescence (EL) emission of the photovoltaic devices. In addition, according to the apparatus and method, photovoltaic devices can be inspected in a production line in a short time. 
         [0015]    To achieve these objects, the photovoltaic device inspection apparatus of the present invention has the following characteristic configuration. 
         [0016]    1. The photovoltaic devices inspection apparatus is configured to determine whether a photovoltaic cell of photovoltaic devices is defective or non-defective, and the photovoltaic devices inspection apparatus includes: a power means configured to apply a current to a photovoltaic cell as an inspection-object; a photographing means configured to photograph the photovoltaic cell when the photovoltaic cell emits light in response to a current applied from the power means; and an analyzing means configured to analyze an image photographed from the photovoltaic cell by using the photographing means, wherein the analyzing means calculates a threshold value based on an average brightness of a region of the photographed image where bright and dark parts are mixed in respect to the photographed image of the photovoltaic cell by using the photographing means, and the analyzing means divides the photographed image into bright and dark regions based on the threshold value, enhances the bright and dark regions by binarizing and displaying the bright and dark regions, and determines the existence of defects for each photovoltaic cell of the photovoltaic devices. 
         [0017]    2. The analyzing means may determine the existence of a defect and type of defect according to defect types by previously classifying and registering the defect types and comparing a shape of the dark region with the registered defect types, and the analyzing means may enhance a region determined as a defect by binarizing and displaying both the region determined as a defect and the other region. 
         [0018]    3. The analyzing means may determine the existence of a particular defect only for a predetermined region of the photovoltaic cell and may not determine the existence of the particular defect for the other region of the photovoltaic cell. 
         [0019]    4. The photovoltaic devices inspection apparatus may further include a display means configured to display an image visibly by binarizing the region determined to include the existence of the particular defect and the other region. 
         [0020]    5. The region determined as a defect may be displayed on the display means in a state that the region is overlapped with the photographed image. 
         [0021]    6. The region determined as a defect may be displayed with a color according to the type of the defect. 
         [0022]    7. The photographing means may consecutively photograph a plurality of photovoltaic cells, and the analyzing means may determine whether the adjacent photovoltaic cells are properly arranged based on photographed images of the photovoltaic cells. 
         [0023]    In addition, to provide the above-described objects, the photovoltaic devices defect inspection method of the present invention has the following characteristic configuration. 
         [0024]    8. The method includes: a process of applying a current from a power means to a photovoltaic cell of photovoltaic devices as an inspection-object; a process of photographing emitting light from each photovoltaic cell by using a photographing means when the photovoltaic cell emits light in response to the applied current; and a process of calculating a threshold value based on an average brightness of a region of the photographed image where bright and dark parts are mixed in respect to the photographed image of the photovoltaic cell by using the photographing means; and a process of dividing the photographed image into bright and dark regions based on the threshold value, enhancing the bright and dark regions by binarizing and displaying the bright and dark regions, and determining the existence of a defect for each photovoltaic cell of the photovoltaic devices. 
         [0025]    9. An analyzing means may determine the existence of a defect and type of the defect by previously classifying and registering defect types and comparing a shape of the dark region with the registered defect types, and the analyzing means may enhance a region determined as a defect by binarizing and displaying the region determined as a defect and the other region. 
         [0026]    10. Existence of a particular defect may be determined only for a predetermined region of the photovoltaic cell, and the existence of the particular defect may not be determined for the other region of the photovoltaic cell. 
         [0027]    11. Plural photovoltaic cells may be consecutively photographed, and it may be determined whether the adjacent photovoltaic cells are properly arranged based on photographed images of the photovoltaic cells. 
         [0028]    12. The region determined as a defect and the other region may be binarized and displayed visibly as an image. 
         [0029]    13. The image formed by binarizing the region determined as a defect and the other region may be displayed together with the photographed image of the photovoltaic cell. 
         [0030]    Other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference characters designate similar or identical parts throughout the several views thereof. 
         [0031]    According to the photovoltaic devices inspection apparatus and the method of determining a defect of a photovoltaic devices of the present invention, bright and dark regions of a photographed cell image are displayed by enhancing the bright and dark regions through binarization, so that the bright and dark regions can be simply distinguished, and whether the bright and dark regions are defective can be easily and accurately determined. 
         [0032]    Furthermore, photovoltaic device defects are classified into several types, and a region suspected to be a defect is compared with stored defect types, so that exact defect determination is possible. In addition, since a shape or size threshold value can be changed according to the defect types, defect determination can be performed according to actual situations. In addition, since it can be determined whether a defect grows or not according to the type of the defect in the future, a potential defect as well as a current defect can be determined. Therefore, photovoltaic devices having improved quality and durability can be provided. 
         [0033]    In addition, particular types of defects, such as small cracks, are easily formed in the vicinity of busbars of a photovoltaic cell and may not be problematic in other regions of the photovoltaic cell. Such types of defects can also be appropriately detected according to the present invention. For example, in the case of detecting small cracks at a position distant from a busbar as well as a position adjacent to the busbar, a non-defective dark region caused by a boundary of crystals can be detected as a crack. Therefore, it is desirable that detection of a small crack is not performed for a region distant from a busbar. 
         [0034]    By displaying an image enhanced by binarizing defective and non-defective regions of the image, defect determination can be manually performed by viewing. In the case where defective regions are displayed overlapping with a photographed image, the eligibility of defect determination can be confirmed and corrected in watching by viewing the resultant image ???. Furthermore, defect determination can be properly performed while checking the types of defects by displaying defective regions with different colors according to the types of defects. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0035]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating a schematic configuration according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0036]      FIGS. 2A to 2C  are detailed views illustrating a camera position determination mechanism according to the embodiment of the present invention, where  FIG. 2A  is a plan view,  FIG. 2B  is a front view, and  FIG. 2C  is a right side view. 
           [0037]      FIG. 3  is a flowchart for explaining a method of inspecting a photovoltaic device according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0038]      FIG. 4  is a flowchart for specifically explaining the photographed image processing step S 50  of  FIG. 3 . 
           [0039]      FIGS. 5A and 5B  illustrate exemplary images of a photovoltaic cell of the embodiment, where  FIG. 5A  illustrates a photographed image, and  FIG. 5B  illustrates the photographed image in overlap with the image of enhanced defects.  FIG. 6  is a view for explaining photovoltaic cells, strings, and a matrix as an inspection-object. 
           [0040]      FIG. 7  is a sectional view illustrating the structure of a photovoltaic devices panel as an inspection-object. 
           [0041]      FIG. 8  is a view illustrating a photovoltaic cell as an inspection-object of the inspection apparatus of the present embodiment. 
           [0042]      FIG. 9  is a view illustrating an enhanced finger break of a photovoltaic cell in a photovoltaic devices panel as an inspection-object. 
           [0043]      FIG. 10  is a view illustrating enhanced cracks of a photovoltaic cell in a photovoltaic devices panel as an inspection-object. 
           [0044]      FIG. 11  is a view illustrating enhanced fragment of a photovoltaic cell in a photovoltaic devices panel as an inspection-object. 
           [0045]      FIG. 12  is an exemplary image photographed from a polycrystalline silicon cell. 
           [0046]      FIG. 13  is a view for explaining a method of determining a dark region of a photographed cell image as a crack. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0047]    A detailed description will now be given of illustrative embodiments of the present invention, with reference to the accompanying drawings. In so doing, specific terminology is employed solely for the sake of clarity, and the present disclosure is not to be limited to the specific terminology so selected. It is to be understood that each specific element includes all technical equivalents that operate in a similar manner and achieve a similar result. 
         [0048]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating a schematic configuration of a photovoltaic device inspection apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention, and  FIGS. 2A to 2C  are views illustrating the configuration of a camera position determination mechanism of the apparatus of the embodiment, where  FIG. 2A  is a plan view,  FIG. 2B  is a front view, and  FIG. 2C  is a right side view.  FIG. 3  is a flowchart for explaining a method of inspecting a photovoltaic device according to the embodiment;  FIG. 4  is a flowchart for specifically explaining a photographed image processing and quality(whether passed or not) determining process; and  FIGS. 5A and 5B  are exemplary images of a photovoltaic cell of the embodiment.  FIG. 6  is a plan view illustrating photovoltaic cells, strings, and a matrix of a photovoltaic device as an inspection-object, and  FIG. 7  is a sectional view illustrating the structure of a photovoltaic devices panel.  FIG. 8  is a view illustrating a photovoltaic cell as an inspection-object of an inspection apparatus of the embodiment.  FIGS. 9 ,  10 , and  11  are views illustrating defects of photovoltaic cells as an inspection-object with different enhanced marks according to defect types.  FIG. 12  is an exemplary electroluminescence (EL) image photographed from polycrystalline silicon cells.  FIG. 13  is a view for explaining a method of determining a dark region of a photographed cell image as a crack. 
         [0049]    &lt;1&gt; Inspection-Object (Photovoltaic Cell, Photovoltaic Devices Panel) 
         [0050]    First, an explanation will be given of photovoltaic devices  100  as an inspection-object inspected by an inspection apparatus of the present embodiment. 
         [0051]    As illustrated in the plan view of  FIG. 6 , a string  25  is formed by connecting a plural rectangular photovoltaic cells  28  in series through lead wires  29 . In addition, strings  25  are connected to each other through plural lead wires to form a photovoltaic device panel as an inspection-object  100 . 
         [0052]    In the present invention, the photovoltaic devices as the inspection-object  100  may be formed of a single photovoltaic cell  28  only, or may be formed of a string  25  in which plural photovoltaic cells  28  are straightly connected, or may be a photovoltaic devices panel in which plural strings  25  are disposed in parallel rows to arrange photovoltaic cells  28  in a matrix format. 
         [0053]    As illustrated in  FIG. 7 , the photovoltaic device panel as the inspection-object  100  has a sectional structure, in which the plural rows of strings  25  are sandwiched between a backside member  22  disposed at an upper side of the filling member  24  and a transparent cover glass  21  disposed at a lower side of the filling member  23 , with strings  25  being disposed between the filling member  23  and  24 . 
         [0054]    The backside member  22  is made of, for example, polyethylene resin or the like. The filling members  23  and  24  are made of, for example, polyethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) resin. As described above, the string  25  is formed by connecting the photovoltaic cells  28  with lead wires  29  between electrodes  26  and  27 . 
         [0055]    The photovoltaic devices panel is formed by piling the aforementioned constructional members and performing a laminating process on the constructional members. The laminating process is performed by pressing the constructional members in a vacuum heated state for cross-linking of the EVA resin. 
         [0056]    The rectangular photovoltaic cell  28  will now be described in detail.  FIG. 8  is a plan view from the direction of a receiving optical side of the photovoltaic cell  28 . In the photovoltaic cell  28 , busbars are printed on a silicon semiconductor surface of a thin plate as electrodes for collecting electricity being taken out. In addition, fine conductors, which are called fingers, are printed on the silicon semiconductor surface vertically to the busbars for efficiently collecting electricity to the busbars. 
         [0057]    Moreover, a kind of photovoltaic device, which is generally called a thin film-type photovoltaic device, may be employed as an inspection-object  100 . An exemplary typical structure of the thin film-type photovoltaic device can be constructed by depositing a power generating element (including a transparent electrode, a semiconductor, and a backside electrode) on a transparent cover glass  21  disposed in the lower part of  FIG. 7 . 
         [0058]    Such a thin film-type photovoltaic devices panel is formed through a laminating process into the above-described structure by disposing a glass at a lower side, covering the photovoltaic cells deposited on the glass with a filling member, and covering the filling member with a backside member. 
         [0059]    The thin film-type photovoltaic devices panel as an inspection-object  100  replaces crystalline cells with the above-described power generating elements, and the basic sealing structure is identical to the photovoltaic devices panel formed of crystalline cells. 
         [0060]    &lt;2&gt; Defects of Photovoltaic Cell 
         [0061]    Defects of photovoltaic cells can be classified into several types according to the causes of the defects, and the defect types are then characterized by their shapes. In the present invention, defects are classified into “finger break”, “crack”, and “fragment”. This is an exemplary classification. Other classifications may be used. 
         [0062]      FIG. 9  illustrates an exemplary finger break which forms a dark region. In  FIG. 9 , plural horizontal fine lines indicate fingers. In the case of a finger break, a rectangular dark region is formed in the direction of the broken finger. 
         [0063]      FIG. 10  illustrates exemplary cracks, which are linear defects formed by cracking. In regions M and N adjacent to busbars, a crack can be formed by thermal deformation when a lead wire is soldered on the busbar. A crack caused by thermal deformation is relatively small. 
         [0064]    A crack may be caused by compression during a laminating process, or handling loads or impacts during transportation or during the module manufacturing process; such a crack may be formed in a region L as well as the regions M and N. This kind of crack may be relatively large as compared with the above-described crack caused by soldering. Since a semiconductor is hard and fragile, generally, such a crack has a simple shape, although the crack may have a bent portion. 
         [0065]      FIG. 11  illustrates examples of fragments. A fragment means a regional defect having an arbitrary area, which is characterized by a crack formed at a side of a regional defect and forms a dark region. According to the split state of a semiconductor by a crack, the shape of a dark region varies. If the semiconductor is split down the length due to a crack as shown in a region C 1  in the drawing, a dark region having an area is formed at a side of the crack opposite to a busbar. If a part of the semiconductor is completely removed, as shown in a region C 2  of the drawing, light is not emitted from the removed part, and thus a dark region having an area is formed. If a part of the semiconductor is completely split although it is not completely removed as shown in a region C 3  of the drawing, a dark region having an area is formed from a crack to an end of the semiconductor. The darkness of the above-described dark regions are usually uniform in the dark region. That is, it is rare that relatively bright and dark parts are complexly mixed in a dark region. 
         [0066]    In a photographed image, a non-defective region can be shown as a dark region.  FIG. 12  is an exemplary image photographed from a polycrystalline silicon cell. In the image, patterned dark regions which are distributed throughout the entire surface of the cell, and have complex shape, are not defective regions but boundaries of crystals. In determining whether to pass or not for a cell, non-defective dark regions should be distinguished from dark regions caused by defects. Therefore, various image processing techniques and determination references whether to pass or not are considered as described later. 
         [0067]    &lt;3&gt; Configuration of Photovoltaic Device Inspection Apparatus of the Present Invention 
         [0068]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating a schematic configuration of a photovoltaic device inspection apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention. In the embodiment, a control unit  10  is used to control the overall operations of the inspection apparatus and to determine whether a photovoltaic device passes inspection or not, and is configured by a personal computer. Programs or various types of data executed by the control unit  10  are stored in a memory  20 . A reference data file  30  contains reference data for determining whether a photovoltaic device panel passes inspection or not. 
         [0069]    Preset values are registered in the reference data file  30  according to the types of inspection-objects (cell/string/matrix, refer to  FIG. 6 ). Examples of the preset values are as follows. 
         [0070]    (1) Light emission conditions of photovoltaic cells 
         [0071]    (2) Photovoltaic cell gap (camera shift pitch) 
         [0072]    (3) The number of photovoltaic cells (vertical, horizontal) of string/matrix 
         [0073]    (4) Preset information about dimensions of photovoltaic cells (busbar positions, corner chamfers, finger arrangements, DIP positions, etc.) 
         [0074]    Dimensional information of photovoltaic cells may be set by a basic-type method of setting and filling in the screen (display), a setting method using graphic information, and a combination thereof. In the case of the setting method using graphic information, DXF and BMP format files are prepared as graphic information, and in the case of the above-described method of setting and filling in the screen, plural types can be selected for different cases such as case(A) where the number of busbar is “1”, case(B) where the number of busbar is “2”, case(C) where the number of busbar is “3”, and so on. 
         [0075]    (5) Image processing conditions 
         [0076]    (6) Image photographing conditions 
         [0077]    (7) Data according to defect types (characteristics of shapes, threshold values of length or area) 
         [0078]    In the present invention, defects are classified into [finger break], [crack], and [fragment]. According to the above-described features of defects, a finger break is determined based on whether the shape of a dark region is rectangular in the direction of a finger. Since a crack appears in the form of a dark region having a straight line or bent-line shape, a crack is determined based on whether a dark region has a linear shape and a threshold of a length. A fragment is determined based on whether the area of a dark region is equal to or greater than a threshold value. 
         [0079]    An input/output control unit  40  controls input/output devices such as a keyboard  400  through which instruction commands or determined results as to whether the device passes or not are input. A camera control unit  50  controls a photovoltaic device photographing camera  500  configured to photograph an image of an inspection-object  100  (photovoltaic devices panel). A display control unit  60  controls a display unit  600  configured to display a photographed image. A measurement current control unit  70  is a power means configured to apply a predetermined current (a predetermined forward current) to the inspection-object  100  (photovoltaic devices panel) through a probe  75 . The probe  75  is used to apply a current to the photovoltaic devices panel. A position determination mechanism control unit  80  carries the camera  500  to a photographing position and determines the position of the camera  500  by controlling a camera position determination mechanism  800 . A camera photographing unit including the camera position determination mechanism  800  is illustrated in detail in  FIG. 2 . Reference numeral  900  denotes an external memory device configured to store determined results of cells as to whether they passed or not. Among the above-described elements, an analyzing means  200  is comprised of the control unit  10 , the memory  20 , the reference data file  30 , the input/output control unit  40 , the display control unit  60 , and the external memory device  900 . 
         [0080]    In the inspection apparatus of the present embodiment, the inspection-object  100  (photovoltaic devices panel) works as EL light source by applying a forward current to the photovoltaic devices panel from the measurement current control unit  70  through the probe  75  and the state of the EL light is photographed by camera  500 . Since photovoltaic cells of the photovoltaic devices panel are sequentially photographed, the camera  500  is moved according to the positions of the photovoltaic cells by the camera position determination mechanism  800 . 
         [0081]    In a darkroom, the camera  500  photographs the inspection-object  100  emitting a weak EL light ray having a wavelength of 1,000 nm to 1,300 nm. Therefore, it is necessary to use a camera having high sensitivity to a weak light ray, such as the camera  500 . In the present embodiment, a Si-CCD camera Model C9299-02 manufactured by Hamamatsu Photonics K. K. is employed as the camera  500 . 
         [0082]    Next, with reference to  FIG. 2 , explanations will be given on how the camera photographing unit  500  and the camera position determination mechanism  800  are configured and controlled. In  FIG. 2 , detailed structures of the camera photographing unit  500  (photovoltaic device photographing camera in the figure) including the camera position determination mechanism  800  are illustrated. 
         [0083]    In the camera position determination mechanism  800 , a transparent plate  81   2  made of a synthetic resin, such as an acryl resin or glass, is disposed at a flat upper surface  811  of a square box type darkroom  810 . Except for the transparent plate  812 , the dark room  810  is made of shading materials so as to shade darkroom  810 . It is necessary to cover a gap between the transparent plate  812  and the inspection-object  100  with a shading member. In the case where the inspection-object  100  (photovoltaic devices) is placed on the upper surface  811  and then the upper surface  811  and the inspection-object  100  is entirely covered with a shading means, the upper surface  811  may be wholly formed by a transparent plate. The other four lateral surfaces and bottom surface are made of shading members. A pair of guide members  814  are provided at the upper surface  811  for guiding the inspection-object  100  during transportation. 
         [0084]    The darkroom  810  is provided with the camera  500 , and a Y axis guide part  830  for moving the camera  500  in the Y axial direction. A motor  832  is disposed at one end of the Y axis guide part  830 . The camera  500  is moved forward or backward along the Y axial direction according to the rotation of the motor  832 . 
         [0085]    Both ends of the Y axis guide part  830  are supported by X axis guide parts  840 , respectively. The Y axis guide part  830  can be moved forward or backward on the X axis guide parts along the X axial direction by a motor  842  and both-side timing belts  844 . 
         [0086]    In the aforementioned configuration, the X axis guide parts  840 , the Y axis guide part  830 , the motors  832  and  842 , and the timing belts  844  constitute a driving mechanism for the camera  500 . In the present embodiment, the X axis guide parts  840  and the Y axis guide part  830  are driven by the motors  832 ,  842  and ball screws. However, the driving method is not limited to the above-described embodiment. For example, other linear actuators can be used. 
         [0087]    By controlling the rotations of the motors  832  and  842  of the driving mechanism, the camera  500  can be moved to an arbitrary position on the X-Y plane so as to make it possible to photograph any part of the inspection-object  100 . 
         [0088]    The inspection-object  100  (photovoltaic devices) may be a photovoltaic cell  28 , a string  25  which is formed by straightly connecting plural photovoltaic cells  28  with lead wires as illustrated in  FIG. 6 , or a photovoltaic devices panel in which plural rows of strings  25  are disposed in parallel to arrange photovoltaic cells  28  in a matrix format. The camera  500  may photograph the photovoltaic cells one by one or group by group, or the photovoltaic devices panel at a time. 
         [0089]    In the inspection-object  100  (photovoltaic devices), photovoltaic cells  28  are arranged in a row and electrically connected to form a string  25 , and then such strings  25  are arranged in parallel so as to dispose the photovoltaic cells  28  in a matrix format in horizontal and vertical directions. As illustrated in  FIG. 7 , a transparent cover glass  21  is disposed at the lowermost side, an EVA (polyethylene vinyl acetate) resin  23  used as a filling member, photovoltaic cells  28 , an EVA  24 , and an upper backside member  22 , formed of a resin, are piled above the lower transparent cover glass  21 . Then, they are pressed in a heated vacuum state in a laminating apparatus to form a laminate structure by cross-linking of the EVA. The photovoltaic devices panel is carried out of the laminating apparatus and is then transported to the photovoltaic device inspection apparatus of the present invention via a conveyer. The photovoltaic devices panel is transported to an upper side of the dark room  810 , guided between the guide members  814 . 
         [0090]    As illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the inspection-object  100  transported to the upper side of the darkroom  810  is positioned above the transparent plate  812  of the darkroom  810  with the transparent cover glass  21  facing downward, and the measurement current control unit  70  is connected to the inspection-object  100  through the probe  75 . Since the inspection-object  100  is smaller than the transparent plate  812 , light rays can enter the darkroom  810 , and thus the upper surface of the darkroom  810  is entirely covered with a shading means (not shown) from the top side of the inspection-object  100 . Or, it is necessary to cover the gap between the transparent plate  812  and the inspection-object  100  with a proper shading member. 
         [0091]    It is described above that the shading means covers the entire upper surface of the darkroom  810 . However, in the case of the photovoltaic devices panel, since the backside member  22  disposed at the backside is made of an opaque resin, light can be shaded. Moreover, the upper surface  811  of the darkroom  810  is configured of a shading member except for the transparent plate  812 . In the case where the inspection-object  100  is larger than the transparent plate  812  and the inspection-object  100  covers the entire transparent plate  812 , then the shading means is not necessary. 
         [0092]    In the case where the inspection-object  100  is smaller than the transparent plate  812 , because light can enter the darkroom  810  through a gap, the inspection-object  100  shall be covered with a shading means. At least, the shading means covers a frame-shaped gap between the transparent plate  812  and the inspection-object  100 . Therefore, the shading means must be sized at least to cover the gap. 
         [0093]    In the present embodiment, a special darkroom is not necessary for inspecting photovoltaic devices. That is, photovoltaic devices may be inspected by placing the photovoltaic devices in the apparatus having the simple mechanism as shown in  FIG. 2 . Moreover, in the present embodiment, the inspection apparatus is provided with only the camera position determination mechanism as shown in  FIG. 2  and a computer system, and thus the following advantages can be attained. 
         [0094]    During the manufacturing process of a photovoltaic devices panel, for example a laminating process of a photovoltaic devices panel, generally, the photovoltaic devices panel is transported with its glass surface facing downward. In the inspection apparatus, the photovoltaic devices can be placed at the upper surface  811  of the darkroom with the receiving optical side of the photovoltaic devices facing downward, and thus a turning-over operation is unnecessary. Therefore, during a manufacturing process, a photovoltaic devices panel can be easily placed at the inspection apparatus. 
         [0095]    &lt;4&gt; Inspection Flow of Photovoltaic Devices Panel 
         [0096]    The analyzing means  200  photographs photovoltaic devices panel and inspects the photovoltaic device panel for defects according to the flowchart of  FIG. 3 . 
         [0097]    First, in step S 1 , the position of a photovoltaic devices panel (inspection-object  100 ) is positioned and placed at the upper surface  811  of the darkroom  810 . Next, in step S 3 , the probe  75  is connected to a terminal part of the photovoltaic devices panel so that a current can be applied from the measurement current control unit  70  to the photovoltaic devices panel. 
         [0098]    In step S 5 , the control unit  10  controls the position determination mechanism control unit  80  so as to place the camera  500  at an initial photographing position of the photovoltaic devices panel. In step S 7 , the measurement current control unit  70  is controlled to apply a predetermined forward current to the photovoltaic devices panel (inspection-object  100 ) for EL emission of the photovoltaic devices panel. Light emission conditions (current values and current applying times) are preset according to inspection-objects and are registered in the reference data file  30 . In the present embodiment, the light emitting condition is configured such that three light emission conditions are set to one photographing condition. The reason for this is that excessive EL emission or insufficient EL emission can occur according to cell characteristics if only a single condition is used. 
         [0099]    Because plural light emission conditions are set, if it is determined that photographed results are insufficient during performing a photographed image process, light emission conditions can be changed according to the situation, and the procedure can go back to step S 7 . In the following description, this “go-back” or return procedure will be omitted. 
         [0100]    In step S 10 , the control unit  10  controls the camera control unit  50  to photograph a photovoltaic cell  28  emitting EL light by using the camera  500 ; the photographed image is taken in the camera control unit  50  and is stored in, for example, predetermined regions of the memory  20  and the external memory device  900 . 
         [0101]    In step S 12 , the display control unit  60  is controlled to read the original photographed image from the memory  20  and display the photographed image on the display unit  600 . In step S 50 , the analyzing means  200  performs the photographed image process for analyzing the photographed image. In step S 16 , according to the results of the image processes in step S 50 , regions of the image determined as defects are enhanced and the image is displayed on the display unit  600  by the display control unit  60 . 
         [0102]    S 18  is a step of being manually inspected by an inspector (manual determination process) by using the enhanced image, which will be described in more detail in section &lt;7&gt;. 
         [0103]    In step S 20 , the control unit  10  of the analyzing means  200  stores the determined results of the cell in, for example, the external memory device  900 . 
         [0104]    In step S 22 , a count-up process is performed to proceed the sequence number to the next one, which is allocated for all photovoltaic cells  28  of the photovoltaic devices panel (inspection-object  100 ). In step S 24 , the count-up sequence number is checked so as to determine whether photographing and determination are completed for all the photovoltaic cells  28  of the photovoltaic devices panel (inspection-object  100 ). If it is determined that photographing and determination are not completed for all the photovoltaic cells  28 , the procedure goes to step S 30  to control the camera position determination mechanism  800  using the position determination mechanism control unit  80  so as to move the camera  500  to a photographing position of the next photovoltaic cell, and then the procedure goes back to step S 7  for performing photographing and determination on the next cell. 
         [0105]    Meanwhile, in step S 24 , if it is determined that photographing and determination are completed for all the photovoltaic cells  28 , the procedure goes to step S 26 , and overall determination is performed as described in section&lt;6&gt;. Thereafter, other inspection points such as gaps between photovoltaic cells of the photovoltaic devices panel are checked to determine whether the photovoltaic devices panel is wholly passed or not, and the determined results are stored in, for example, a predetermined region of the external memory device  900 . In this way, an overall determination of a sheet of photovoltaic devices panel is completed. 
         [0106]    &lt;5&gt; Detailed Description of Photographed Image Process; S 50   
         [0107]    Next, with reference to  FIG. 4 , photographed image process step S 50  will be described in detail. In the image process, an image of a photovoltaic cell  28  read out from the memory  20 , and then a region (dark region) where light intensity is weak is extracted from the image of the photovoltaic cell  28 . Next, the dark region (or shape) is image-processed according to defect types of photovoltaic cells as shown in  FIGS. 9 ,  10 , and  11 . Image process conditions are registered in the reference data file  30 . Then, the following processes are sequentially performed. 
         [0108]    In step S 52 , the analyzing means  200  performs a scaling process on the image data of a sheet of photovoltaic cell  28  read from the memory  20 . According to the features of the photovoltaic cell  28 , the total amount of light emission varies across the photovoltaic cell  28 . In the scaling process, the most bright part is normalized to a predetermined lightness value, and the brightness of the whole image is adjusted for making it possible to compare brightness under a predetermined condition. 
         [0109]    In step S 54 , regions of the photovoltaic cell  28  are extracted. In this process, the outline of the photovoltaic cell  28  is automatically calculated with reference to cell dimension information registered in the reference data file  30 . Even if the photovoltaic cell  28  is not correctly placed in respect to the position and angle, the outline of the photovoltaic cell  28  can be precisely calculated by this process, and the angle of the photovoltaic cell  28  can be corrected by this process. At this time, arrangement of adjacent photovoltaic cells can be checked by consecutively photographing the adjacent photovoltaic cells, so as to determine whether there is a proper gap or not. 
         [0110]    In step S 56 , a busbar removing process is performed to remove busbar regions from the photographed image for determining whether the cell passed or not. The regions of busbars of the photovoltaic cell  28  are automatically calculated with reference to cell dimension information previously stored in the reference data file  30 , and then the busbar regions are removed so as to determine whether or not the photovoltaic cell  28  passed without the busbar regions. In this process, even if the position or angle of the photovoltaic cell  28  is not correct, the busbar regions can be exactly calculated. 
         [0111]    In step S 58 , a shading process is performed. According to the characteristics of a lens of the camera  500 , basically, the center region of the image may be brighter than the peripheral region. Thus, this brightness difference caused by the lens characteristics of the camera  500  is compensated by this process. 
         [0112]    Before determining defect, regions of the image are classified into bright and dark regions. Whether a region is a dark region or not is determined by using a decreasing ratio of brightness to a peripheral region as a threshold value. An exemplary method of distinguishing bright and dark regions will be hereinafter described. 
         [0113]    The photographed image is divided into small sections having a predetermined size, and the brightness average value of the small sections is calculated. Then, a small section where bright and dark parts are mixed is searched for, and the brightness average of the searched small section is calculated. Instead, a brightness average of plural sections having similar brightness values may be calculated. By this brightness average calculation, the brightness difference of a region where bright and dark parts are complexly mixed is reduced so that boundaries of brightness and darkness are eliminated. By using the brightness average value calculated at this time, a threshold value of brightness and darkness is determined. For example, the brightness average value or a value slightly smaller than the brightness average value (darker value) may be set as a brightness threshold value. Then, small sections having brightness values smaller than the brightness threshold value are determined as dark regions. 
         [0114]    That is, in the case of a uniformly dark region (i.e., a region suspected to be a fragment region), after the above-described averaging of small sections, since the brightness average value of a small section corresponding to the dark region becomes smaller(dark), then the corresponding small section can be determined as a dark region. 
         [0115]    In addition, there may be a case where a uniformly dark region and a peripheral bright region thereof are included in a small section, for example, the small section has partially bright part and the other part is dark. In this case, if the brightness average value of the small section is greater than the brightness threshold value, the small section is determined as a bright region, and if the brightness average value is smaller than the brightness threshold value, the small section is determined as a dark region. In this way, the photographed image can be divided into [bright region] and [dark region] by using the brightness average value of a small section where bright and dark parts are complexly mixed as a brightness threshold value. 
         [0116]    Other methods can be used to distinguish bright and dark regions, as well as the method of distinguishing bright and dark regions by dividing the photographed image into small sections. For example, in the case of a digital image, a predetermined number of pixels linearly arranged can be defined as a small section, or plural pixels forming a predetermined area can be defined as a small section, and then the same process as described above can be performed. For instance, a section where bright and dark parts are complexly mixed can be selected for watching, and the brightness average value of the section can be set as a brightness threshold value. In addition, the size of a small section defined for calculating a brightness threshold value may be different from the size of small sections for distinguishing bright and dark regions. For example, the size of small sections for distinguishing bright and dark regions may be smaller than the size of a small section defined for calculating a brightness threshold value. 
         [0117]    In the case where the brightness values of plural photovoltaic cells are adjusted evenly by a proper scaling process or shading process, the same brightness threshold value can be used for inspecting the plural photovoltaic cells. 
         [0118]    Therefore, the bright and dark regions of the image can be enhanced by binarization, for example, using a method of setting [bright region] as  0  and [dark region] as 1. 
         [0119]    In this way, the image photographed by the camera  500  is divided into bright and dark regions with the units of small sections. However, although the photographed image is divided into bright and dark regions according to its brightness, a defective region of the photographed image is not yet determined. Determination of a defective region is performed as follows. 
         [0120]    First, defects are classified into predetermined types. Here, defects are classified into three types: [fragment], [finger break], and [crack]. These three types are exemplary types, and other types can be included. Threshold values of shapes, lengths, and areas of the respective defect types are previously stored in the reference data file  30 . 
         [0121]    In step  60 , one of the defect types, [fragment], is detected. This fragment detection process is performed by extracting a dark region having an area greater than a threshold value as a fragment from dark regions having areas that are located around the periphery of a photovoltaic cell. Generally, a dark region caused by a fragment (defect) is uniformly dark as compared with a neighboring bright region, as shown in  FIG. 11 . However, in a dark region not caused by a defect, bright and dark parts are complexly mixed, as shown in  FIG. 12 . This region is almost determined as a bright region, as understood from the above-described method of calculating a threshold value. Although such a region may be determined as a dark region according to the size of small sections, in this case, because the area of the region is smaller than an area threshold value, the region is not determined as a fragment. 
         [0122]    After the fragment determination, defective regions of the fragment determined image can be enhanced and displayed in step S 16  through a binarization process, such as a process of setting a dark region of a fragment as 1 and bright regions around the dark region as 0.  FIG. 11  illustrates an exemplary display enhanced fragment. A dark region determined as a [fragment] may be displayed with a color corresponding to the defect type (fragment). 
         [0123]    In the case where a defect is automatically determined using the analyzing means  200 , bright and dark regions may be included in image data in the form of binary data, and it may not be necessary to display the image in a digital format. However, the image can be displayed on a display for monitoring the progress state of the determination by watching. 
         [0124]    In step S 62 , a finger break detection process is performed. In this process, if a dark region of the cell image has an area equal to or greater than a predetermined value, the dark region is detected as a finger break. In this process, a finger break can be detected by performing the same brightness averaging so that it is now performed in the fragment detection process, and extracting a uniform dark region. A dark region caused by a finger break generally has a rectangular shape in the direction of the finger. Therefore, with reference to finger direction information stored in the reference data file  30 , a dark region having a shape similar to a rectangle and being consistent with the finger direction is determined as a finger break. 
         [0125]    The bright and dark regions of the image can be enhanced by setting bright regions as 0 and dark regions as 1. In this way, defective regions of the determination image can be enhanced and displayed in step S 16 .  FIG. 9  illustrates an enhanced finger break. A dark region determined as a finger break may be displayed with a color corresponding to the defect type (finger break) that is different from the color used for a fragment. For efficient detecting of a finger break, it is desirable that the above-described small sections are set to have a square shape, and a side of the square is set to be smaller than the distance between adjacent fingers. 
         [0126]    In step S 64 , a crack detection process is performed. In this process, dark regions are detected according to the above-described method of distinguishing bright and dark regions. Then, except a dark region of a finger break, a dark region having a linear shape equal to or longer than a predetermined length is detected as a crack. Generally, a dark region caused by a crack has a bent linear shape and is a relatively simple shape. Hereinafter, a method of determining a crack will be explained with reference to  FIG. 13 . 
         [0127]    A dark region caused by a crack has a shape formed by a combination of simple segments as described below. In the crack detection process, a dark part having bent-linear shape(A), (B), and (C) caused by a crack are recognized as a single crack, and the length of the crack is calculated as the sum of lengths of the dark segments (A), (B), and (C). In addition, angles θ of bent parts are obtuse angles equal to or greater than 90°. In the case of a dark region caused by only a crack, only based on whether segments are connected at joints, it can be determined whether the segments are included in the same dark region. 
         [0128]    As explained in &lt;2&gt; Defects of Photovoltaic Cell, a dark region not caused by a crack can exist in a photographed image. A representative example is a dark region caused by an internal factor, such as a grain boundary. If such a dark region is overlapped with a joint point of a dark region caused by a crack, it is difficult to recognize the crack only by checking the joint part of the line. Although such a dark region can be reduced by increasing the temperature, the temperature increasing method is not used because it takes much time. Instead, the following method is employed. 
         [0129]    Since a dark region has a relatively simple shape (the angle of a joint point is obtuse) as shown in  FIG. 13 , it can be considered that directions of segments are not largely different. However, since a dark region not caused by a crack has a random direction, there is a low possibility that the direction of such a dark region is consistent with the direction of a crack. 
         [0130]    Therefore, in the case of determining the next dark region (the next segment) connected to a joint point, a dark region (segment) having a direction similar to that of the previous dark region (segment) is determined as the next dark region (segment). In this way, a crack can be fully recognized. In addition, a length threshold value can be used. 
         [0131]    In the case of generating an enhanced image for enhancing and displaying determined results, a dark region determined as a crack and a neighboring bright region are displayed in binary format. Colors can be used for dark regions according to the types of defects for displaying. In this way, display of step S 16  can be done. 
         [0132]    As explained in &lt;2&gt; Defects of Photovoltaic Cell, a dark region not caused by a crack can exist in a photographed image. In such a dark region, bright and dark regions are complexly mixed, and basically, the dark region can be treated by using the above-described brightness distribution averaging method. However, all regions darker than a brightness threshold value can be determined as dark regions. In addition, since a crack is determined based on whether the crack has a length equal to or longer than a predetermined length (length threshold value), if the length threshold value is lowered, a dark region not caused by a crack can be determined as a dark region caused by a crack. However, since there can be a problematic small crack, it is not preferable to increase the length threshold value. Therefore, the following references are used for determining a crack. 
         [0133]    As crack determination references, two kinds of references corresponding to regional characteristics of a photovoltaic cell are prepared. As illustrated in  FIG. 10 , a photovoltaic cell is divided into periphery regions of busbar(regions M and N) and other regions L. A first determination reference is prepared mainly for cracks caused by compression during a laminating process, or handling loads, or impacts during transportation, or during the module manufacturing process. Such cracks can be formed in all regions M, N, and L. If a length threshold value of such a crack is small, a dark region not caused by a crack can be determined as a crack. Particularly, in the region L, noises may be generated as a result of such incorrect determination of cracks. Therefore, it is preferable that the length threshold value is sufficiently large for detecting relatively large cracks exactly. 
         [0134]    A second determination reference is prepared for the regions M and N. In the regions, relatively small cracks are generally formed when lead wires are soldered onto the busbars. Therefore, a relatively small length threshold value is set for the regions M and N for detecting relatively small cracks. 
         [0135]    By preparing the first determination reference for a long linear dark region caused by a crack, a crack can be exactly detected, and detection of a dark region not caused by a crack can be prevented. In addition, by preparing the second determination reference for a short linear dark region caused by a crack, even a small crack can be detected. 
         [0136]    Typically, the regions M and N have the same size. However, the regions M and N may have different sizes. In addition, different crack length threshold values can be used for the regions M and N. 
         [0137]    In the above-described automatic determination of photovoltaic cells, the existence of fragment, finger break, and crack are determined. In the determination, dark regions not determined as defects due to their small sizes (areas) or lengths may be treated as bright regions so as to reduce noise. 
         [0138]    In the automatic determination of step S 66 , the sizes(areas, lengths) and numbers of detected fragments, finger breaks, and cracks are compared with predetermined threshold values so as to determine whether the photovoltaic cell passes or not. Next, in step S 68 , the determination results are output. 
         [0139]    A photovoltaic cell not having such defects is determined as a non-defective cell. If defects are detected, cells are graded based on detected information about fragment, finger break, and crack. 
         [0140]    The grading is conducted based on the following items. (1) Sum of areas of detected fragments, (2) sum of areas of detected finger breaks, and (3) sum of lengths of detected cracks are compared with predetermined threshold values to give grades to the each items ((1), (2) and (3)). For example, five grades of A, B, C, D, and E are given, where A means the highest grade and E means the lowest grade. A cell determined as a defective cell is given E grade in the automatic determination. If the grade of a cell is equal to or lower than a predetermined grade, it is determined as defective. The predetermined grade can be varied. For example, determination references can be varied. If the photovoltaic cell has a [fragment] equal to or greater than a predetermined area or a [crack] equal to or longer than a predetermined length, the photovoltaic devices can be determined as a defective one based on the fact that the performance of the photovoltaic cell decreases intensely in the near future. 
         [0141]    &lt;6&gt; Overall Determination; S 26   
         [0142]    If an inspection-object is a photovoltaic cell, a determined result of the photovoltaic cell is an overall determined result of the product (photovoltaic cell). However, if an inspection-object is a string or matrix, overall determination of a product is performed as follows. 
         [0143]    Overall determination of the photovoltaic devices is performed based on the determination reference of each photovoltaic cell and the number of photovoltaic cells counted according to each grade. For example, if the number of photovoltaic cells having grades equal to or lower than a preset grade is equal to or greater than a preset number, the product is determined to be defective. For instance, the product may be determined to be defective if the product is in any one of the following three cases: the number of photovoltaic cells having grade C or lower grades is five or more; the number of photovoltaic cells having grade D or lower grades is three or more; and the number of photovoltaic cells having grade E is one or more. 
         [0144]    &lt;7&gt; Manual Determination by Inspector; S 18   
         [0145]    In the photovoltaic devices inspection apparatus of the present embodiment, processes can be automatically performed from photographing to defect determination. However, for example, if a photographed image is determined to be problematic, the photographed image and the dark region can be displayed on a display unit in a state where the dark regions of the image are enhanced. Then, after stopping the automatic determination operation of the photovoltaic device inspection apparatus, an inspector can manually determine the image displayed on the display unit (refer to step S 18  of  FIG. 3 ). The manual determination is performed by an inspector as follows. 
         [0146]    In step S 18  of  FIG. 3 , an inspector determines whether passed or not while watching the enhanced image, and the inspect inputs the determined result through the keyboard  400 . In the case where the display unit  600  is a touch panel, the inspector can input the determined result by touching the displaying panel of display unit  600 . 
         [0147]    In the inspection apparatus of the present embodiment, an inspector can set a determination function [effective/non-effective], an automatic determination function [effective/non-effective], and a manual determination function [effective/non-effective], so as to determine whether the product passed or not while checking the photographed image of the product displayed on the display unit. In the case where an inspector inspects a string or matrix product, when all photovoltaic cells of the product are determined to have passed or not, the inspector may push a product determination completion button to finish inspection of the product (photovoltaic device panel). 
         [0148]    &lt;8&gt; Enhancing and Processing of Image; S 16   
         [0149]    According to the present embodiment, as examples of determined images in which defective regions are enhanced in step S 16 , a finger break example is illustrated in  FIG. 9 , a crack example is illustrated in  FIG. 10 , and a fragment example is illustrated in  FIG. 11 . In the drawings, defective regions and the other regions are displayed after binarization. The other regions are displayed as [brightness] regions. 
         [0150]    Another display method is shown in  FIGS. 5A and 5B .  FIG. 5A  illustrates an original photograph image.  FIG. 5B  illustrates a defect-enhanced image overlapped with the original photograph image of  FIG. 5A . Owing to this, during a manual determination, an inspector can determine while comparing the two images, so that determination whether passed or not can be made on the photograph image more easily and surely. In addition, threshold values of automatic determination can be varied, enabling more exact automatic determination. 
         [0151]    As many apparently widely different embodiments of the present invention can be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments thereof except as defined in the appended claims.