Abstract:
Technologies pertaining to computing a tiering policy that defines how digital items are desirable stored across a plurality of different storage tiers are described herein. A data repository that comprises data that is indicative of historic user interaction with a search engine is accessed. Subsequently, a tiering policy for digital items that are retrievable by way of the search engine is computed based at least in part upon the data that is indicative of the historic user interaction with the search engine. Retrieval times for digital items in the data storage tiers differ across the data storage tiers.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/964,729, filed on Dec. 27, 2007, and entitled “DETERMINING QUALITY OF TIER ASSIGNMENTS,” the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Search engines have enabled users to quickly access information over the Internet. Specifically, a user can submit a query to a search engine and peruse ranked results returned by the search engine. For example, a user can provide a search engine with the query “Spider” and be provided with web pages relating to various arachnids, web pages relating to automobiles, web pages relating to films, web pages related to web crawlers, and other web pages. Search engines may also be used to return images, academic papers, videos, and other information to an issuer of a query. 
         [0003]    Operation of a search engine may include employment of web crawlers to locate and store a large amount of information (e.g., web pages) that is available on the World Wide Web. For example, web pages or information pertaining thereto may be stored in a search engine index, which is used (in connection with one or more search algorithms) when queries are received. 
         [0004]    Conventionally a search engine index is stored in several tiers, wherein different tiers provide different levels of performance. The tiering of the search engine index is analogous to the memory hierarchy used in computer architecture: overall storage capacity of the index is divided between different levels that vary in size, speed, latency, and cost. Higher tiers of the index typically have higher speed but have smaller capacity and higher cost. Accordingly, it is desirable to carefully index web pages to maximize efficiency of the search engine. 
         [0005]    One manner for tiering web pages that has been used is to select a tier of an index in which to place a web page as a function of the web page&#39;s relative importance as determined by some metric, such as a static rank of the web page. Specifically, a number of links to a web page may be used to select a tier of an index in which to locate the web page. The relative importance of the page, however, is not necessarily indicative of whether the page is frequently accessed, and thus may be suboptimal for indexing web pages in a search engine index. Evaluating tier assignment is a difficult problem, however, because it is unclear which metrics capture the quality of a particular allocation of web pages to the tiers. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0006]    The following is a brief summary of subject matter that is described in greater detail herein. This summary is not intended to be limiting as to the scope of the claims. 
         [0007]    Various technologies relating to tiering digital items (such as web pages) are described herein. User interaction with a search engine, database management system, or the like can be monitored and data can be collected relating to such user interaction. For example, queries submitted by users, search results (e.g., digital items) provided in response to the queries, and user actions with respect to the search results can be monitored and retained. In a particular example, a toolbar on a browser can be used to collect the user history data. Based at least in part upon the user history data, an indication of quality of a tier assignment for searchable digital items can be generated, wherein a tier assignment indicates to which of several tiers searchable digital items are assigned. The indication of quality of the tier may be a value that accords to a defined tier assignment quality metric, which is described in detail herein. 
         [0008]    In an example, the indication of quality may be determined by ascertaining several parameters. For instance, the indication of quality of the tier assignment may be based at least in part upon weights that are assigned to observed queries. In an example, the weights may be indicative of relative importance of the queries, and may be based at least in part upon frequency of issuance of the queries. In another example, the indication of quality of the tier assignment may be based at least in part upon a probability that, for a particular query and a determined system load (e.g., how busy a system is when the query is received), retrieval of digital items will end in a specified tier. The probability may be determined for multiple tiers. In yet another example, the indication of quality of the tier assignment may be based at least in part upon a measure of search result quality obtained when retrieval ends in a particular tier. Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain, Mean Average Precision, Q-measure, or other suitable mechanisms for measuring information retrieval loss or search result quality may be used in connection with determining the measure of tiering quality. 
         [0009]    In addition, an improved tier assignment can be generated based at least in part upon the indication of quality of tier assignment and/or the user history data. For example, the indication of quality of tier assignment may conform to a defined tier assignment quality metric, and an improved tier assignment may be optimized or substantially optimized with respect to the metric. Furthermore, a tiering policy can be updated based at least in part upon the improved tier assignment. A tiering policy is a policy that is used to assign digital items to tiers, and can take into account various features that correspond to a digital item, such as a number of times the digital item has been accessed by a user, size of the digital item, and the like. The tiering policy can be updated through the use of machine learning techniques, for example. 
         [0010]    Other aspects of the present application will be appreciated upon reading and understanding the attached figures and description. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0011]      FIG. 1  is a functional block diagram of an example system that facilitates determining an indication of quality of a tier assignment. 
           [0012]      FIG. 2  is a functional block diagram of an example component that generates an indication of quality of a tier assignment. 
           [0013]      FIG. 3  is a functional block diagram of an example system that facilitates generating an improved tier assignment. 
           [0014]      FIG. 4  is a functional block diagram of an example system that facilitates generating an improved tier assignment. 
           [0015]      FIG. 5  is a flow diagram that illustrates an example methodology for generating an indication of quality of a tier assignment. 
           [0016]      FIG. 6  is a flow diagram that illustrates an example methodology for generating an indication of quality of a tier assignment. 
           [0017]      FIG. 7  is a flow diagram that illustrates an example methodology for outputting a tier assignment that is optimized or substantially optimized with respect to a tier assignment quality metric. 
           [0018]      FIG. 8  is a flow diagram that illustrates an example methodology for updating a tiering policy. 
           [0019]      FIG. 9  is an example computing system. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0020]    Various technologies pertaining to determining quality of a tier assignment, generating an improved tier assignment, and automatically updating a tiering policy will now be described with reference to the drawings, where like reference numerals represent like elements throughout. In addition, several functional block diagrams of example systems are illustrated and described herein for purposes of explanation; however, it is to be understood that functionality that is described as being carried out by certain system components may be performed by multiple components. Similarly, for instance, a single component may be configured to perform functionality that is described as being carried out by multiple components. 
         [0021]    With reference to  FIG. 1 , an example system  100  that facilitates outputting an indication of quality of a tier assignment with respect to a tiered storage system (not shown) is illustrated. Pursuant to an example, a tiered storage system may be a search engine index with multiple tiers, wherein a first (highest) tier may be more costly and have a relatively small amount of storage space, but retrieval time for digital items retrieved from the first tier may be less than retrieval times for digital items retrieved from other tiers (lower tiers). A second tier may be less expensive and have more storage space than the first tier, but retrieval time may be greater when compared to retrieval time corresponding to the first tier. In another example, the tiered storage system may include tiers of storage used in connection with a database management system. For example, a server used in a database management system may have a hard drive, random access memory, and high-speed random access memory, which can each be a tier. 
         [0022]    The system  100  includes a data store  102  that comprises user history data  104 . The user history data  104  may include, for example, queries issued by users, search results provided to the users in response to the queries, search results selected by users in response to being provided with the search results, and/or other suitable information. In an example, the user history data  104  can be accumulated by monitoring user interaction with respect to a search engine. For instance, a toolbar plugin may be installed in a browser, and queries entered into the browser may be collected by the toolbar plugin, as well as search results returned in response to the queries, user selection of particular search results, and the sequence of pages viewed by the user after submitting the query. 
         [0023]    A receiver component  106  receives a subset of the user history data  104 . A quality indicator component  108  is in communication with the receiver component  106  and receives the subset of user history data  104  from the receiver component  106 . The quality indicator component  108  can generate an indication  110  of quality of a tier assignment, wherein the tier assignment indicates where digital items are to be assigned in a tiered storage system. For instance, the indication of quality may conform to a tier assignment quality metric, which is described in detail below. In addition, operation of the quality indicator component  108  is described in greater detail below. 
         [0024]    Now referring to  FIG. 2 , an example of the quality indicator component  108  is illustrated. The quality indicator component  108  includes a weight determiner component  202 , a load determiner component  204 , a tier determiner component  206 , and a utility determiner component  208 . The weight determiner component  202  determines a weight that is assigned to each query used by the quality indicator component  108  to generate an indication of quality of a tier assignment corresponding to a tiered storage system. In an example, the weight determined by the weight determiner component  202  may be based at least in part upon frequency of issuance of the query (as ascertained from query logs, for example). 
         [0025]    The load determiner component  204  determines the system load observed when a particular query was executed by a search component (e.g., search engine, database system, . . . ). The system load may be based at least in part upon a number of queries processed by the search component while the particular query was processed, a number of processing cycles dedicated to retrieving search results while the particular query was executed, or how “busy” the search component was in general. 
         [0026]    The tier determiner component  206  can determine a probability that a certain tier will be the last tier searched over for digital items (with respect to the particular query) under the system load determined by the load determiner component  204 . Generally, when a query is entered into a search component (e.g., a search engine), retrieval is first performed in higher tiers that are typically smaller but have faster access and retrieval times when compared to lower tiers. Depending on the number and quality of results obtained in the higher tiers as well as a current system load, retrieval may or may not be performed in lower tiers. Accordingly, as noted above, the tier determiner component  206  can determine a probability that a certain tier will be the last tier searched over for digital items (with respect to the particular query and under the determined system load). The probability can be determined for each tier in a tiered storage system. 
         [0027]    The utility determiner component  208  determines an indication of search result quality (with respect to a particular query) when retrieval ends in a certain tier, wherein the indication of search result quality can be computed using any suitable metric. In an example, Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain (NDCG) can be used to determine the indication of search result quality. In another example, Mean Average Precision (MAP) can be used to determine the indication of search result quality. In yet another example, Q-measure can be used to determine the indication of search result quality. Accordingly, it can be discerned that the utility determiner component  208  can utilize any suitable mechanisms/metrics to determine an indication of search result quality with respect to the particular query when retrieval ends in the certain tier. 
         [0028]    The weight determined by the weight determiner component  202 , the system load determined by the load determiner component  204 , the probability determined by the tier determiner component  206 , and the indication of search result quality determined by the utility determiner component  208  may be used by the quality indicator component  108  to determine an indication of quality of a tier assignment. 
         [0029]    Pursuant to an example, the following algorithm can be used to define a metric of tier assignment quality, and can be employed by the quality indicator component  108  to determine an indication of quality of a tier assignment: 
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         [0000]    where D={d 1 , . . . ,d |D| } is the set of all digital items (d i ) that are to be stored in k tiers T 1 , . . . T k  that have corresponding capacities, |T 1 |, . . . ,|T k |; t(d i ) is the tier assignment for each item in the set of digital items D, where t(d i ) can have values 1, . . . ,k; T(D)={t(d i ), . . . ,t(d i )} is the overall set of tier assignments; TQ(T(D),L) is a measure of tier assignment quality for a current system load L; Q is a set of all possible queries; w(q) is a weight (e.g., relative importance) of a query q; P(t|q,T(D),L) is the probability that the t-th tier will be the lowest tier visited during retrieval under the current system load L; and Utility(t,q,T(D)) is a measure of search result quality obtained when retrieval ends in the t-th tier. Algorithm (1) thus computes an expectation of overall tier assignment quality over all possible queries for the given tier assignment over the probability distribution of ending retrieval in each tier. 
         [0030]    It can be discerned that the number of all possible queries, however, is infinite. Accordingly, a set of observed queries Q′ may be used by the quality indicator component  108  as an approximation of the distribution of all possible queries. In an example, these observed queries Q′ can be randomly selected from a data repository that includes multiple observed queries (e.g., the user history data  104 ), where the probability of selecting any query q∈Q′ can be computed as the likelihood of selecting a random query received by a search component (e.g., search engine, database management system, . . . ). In another example, the set of observed queries Q′ may be selected such that they are representative of all possible queries. For instance, the queries Q′ may be selected such that a number of queries that have a certain length (as measured in words, characters, or the like) do not exceed a threshold. In addition, queries that are directed at different subject matter can be selected. In yet another example, the queries Q′ may be selected based upon an amount of user data that is associated with such queries. For instance, the queries Q′ may be limited to queries that have sequential user data associated therewith, such as user clicks on one or more search results and/or advertisements that are provided in response to the queries. It is to be understood that any suitable manner for selecting a subset of observed queries is contemplated and intended to fall under the scope of the hereto-appended claims. 
         [0031]    For every selected query q in Q′, a relevant result set R(q)={d q,1 , . . . ,d q,M } can be constructed by the quality indicator component  108  that includes no more than M items, wherein the items may be partially ordered from most relevant to least relevant. In an example, the result set may incorporate digital items that are frequently selected/visited by users following submission of the query to a search component, where frequency of selection/visitation can be combined with the time that users spent viewing the digital items; and/or digital items returned by a search component as relevant results for the query across all tiers of a tiered storage system. 
         [0032]    Using the queries Q′ and corresponding result sets, the following algorithm can be used to define a metric of tier assignment quality, and can be employed by the quality indicator component  108  to determine an indication of quality of a tier assignment: 
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         [0000]    where TQ(T(D),L,Q′) is a measure of tier assignment quality for a current system load L with respect to the set of queries Q′; and Utility(t,R(q),T(D)) is a measure of search result quality obtained when retrieval ends in the t-th tier. 
         [0033]    As noted above, the quality indicator component  108  can determine an indication of quality of a tier assignment. More particularly, the weight determiner component  202  can determine weights (w) for each query in the set of queries Q′. The load determiner component  204  can determine the system load L present for each query in the set of queries Q′. The tier determiner component  206  can determine P(t|q,T(D),L), and the utility determiner component  208  can determine Utility(t,R(q),T(D)). In an example, utility determiner component  208  can use normalized discounted cumulative gain (NDCG) to determine Utility(t,R(q),T(D)). The utility determiner component  208  can employ other mechanisms to measure utility; examples include Mean Average Precision (MAP), and Q-measure. These examples are not intended to be limiting, as other mechanisms to measure utility may be employed and are contemplated. 
         [0034]    In a particular example, the utility determiner component  208  can utilize the following algorithm to determine the measure of search result quality when retrieval ends in the t-th tier, wherein the algorithm is a modification of NDCG: 
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         [0000]    where N is a normalization factor, R t (q) is the ordered subset of digital items in R(q) stored in tiers  1  through t, rel(d) is a relevance score for digital item d, and rank(d) is the rank position in R t (q) of the digital item. Note that rank(d) can depend on t if more relevant digital items reside in lower (deeper) tiers; these may not be retrieved if retrieval does not go beyond tier t. As noted above, using a modification of NDCG is but one possible measure of search result quality for a particular query given current tier assignments, and other measures can be utilized, such as the proportion of relevant results retrieved, etc. 
         [0035]    As can be discerned from the above, the user history data  104  ( FIG. 1 ) can be used to construct the set of queries Q′ and the corresponding result set R(q) that can be employed to evaluate a tier assignment. P(t|q,T(D),L) can be instantiated for a particular system to reflect a tiering policy used in tiered storage system for forwarding queries to the t-th tier under an observed load L, provided a current tier assignment T(D). Then, given alternative tier assignments (e.g., T 1 (D) and T 2 (D)), a preferred assignment can be selected by computing TQ. Additionally, the quality indicator component  108  can use TQ to investigate the expected quality of search results under varying loads (and thus the quality of tier assignments under different loads), as well as for different instantiations of a tiering policy used for forwarding queries to different tiers, as described in detail below. 
         [0036]    Referring now to  FIG. 3 , an example system  300  that facilitates automatically updating a tier assignment with respect to a tiered storage system is illustrated. The system  300  includes a tiered storage system  302  that may include a plurality of tiers, wherein each of the tiers may be used to store one or more digital items, such as web pages, images, documents, and/or the like. A search component  304  performs searches for digital items stored in the tiered storage system  302  based at least in part upon received queries. For example, the search component  304  can be a search engine that is configured to search through a tiered search index in response to receiving a query. In another example, the search component  304  may be a portion of a database management system used to search tiers of storage (e.g., memory, hard drive, . . . ) in response to receipt of a query. In yet another example, the search component  304  may be a desktop search module used to search items on a computer. Other search components are also contemplated. 
         [0037]    The data store  102  retains user history data  104  that can be received from the search component  304 . For example, queries provided to the search component  304 , user actions upon being provided with search results, and sets of search results provided to the user in response to the query can be stored in the user history data  104 . The receiver component  106  receives a subset of the user history data  104 . As described above, the quality indicator component  108  can generate the indication  110  of quality of a tier assignment. In an example, the indication  110  may be stored in a computer readable medium upon being generated by the quality indicator component  108 . 
         [0038]    An update component  306  can receive the indication  110  and an output an improved tier assignment  308  based at least in part upon the indication  110 . For example, the update component  306  can receive other possible tier assignments and corresponding indications of quality and select a tier assignment that corresponds to a highest indication of quality. For example, the update component  306  may use heuristics to determine an optimal or substantially optimal tier assignment (with respect to a defined tier assignment quality metric). In another example, machine learning techniques, which will be described in greater detail below, can be utilized by the update component  306  to output the improved tier assignment  308 . Digital items  310  may then be assigned to the tiered storage system  302  based at least in part upon the improved tiering assignment  308 . 
         [0039]    With more detail relating to the update component  306 , the indication  110  of quality of an initial tier assignment can provide a basis for developing algorithms/techniques for identifying improved tier assignments for digital items. Given a space of possible tier assignments T={T (1) (D), . . . ,T (N) (D)}, identifying a tier assignment T*(D) that has an optimal or substantially optimal indication of tier quality as output by algorithm (2) can be defined as follows: 
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         [0000]    The set of possible tier assignments T can be defined as a set of alternative assignments or groups of assignments that are parameterized by some variables, such as parameters of a static ranking scheme. Then the update component  306  can use machine learning techniques to search a set of alternative assignments to identity one of such assignments as being optimal or substantially optimal. For example, the update component  306  may use a neural network, a regression tree, a Bayesian network, or any other suitable machine learning technique to determine a tiering assignment that optimizes or substantially optimizes the indication  110 . 
         [0040]    Furthermore, update component  306  can determine a tiering policy  312  that is used to assign the digital items  310  to particular tiers in the tiered storage system  302  based at least in part upon the improved tier assignment  308  and/or a subset of the user history data  104 . A tiering policy may be used to determine which tiers of the tiered storage system  302  to use when storing digital items. For instance, the tiering policy  312  may take into account various features of searchable digital items that may be returned in response to one or more queries. Such features may include a static ranking derived from a link structure (e.g., page rank of a digital item), a rank of a domain that includes the digital item, a popularity of the digital item among search engine results, a number of words in a digital item, color spectrums of images in a digital item, etc. Each of these features may be parameterized by the update component  306 . In other words, the features may be assigned weights that are used by the tiering policy  312  to assign a corresponding digital item to a tier of the tiered storage system  302 . The update component  306  can use machine learning techniques to learn the weights that are to be assigned to the features, and the tiering policy may be used to assign digital items to tiers of the tiered storage system  302 . 
         [0041]    With reference now to  FIG. 4 , an example system  400  that facilitates updating a tier assignment based on multiple possible tier assignments is illustrated. The system  400  includes the quality indicator component  108  that can generate an indication of quality of tier assignments. More specifically, the quality indicator component  108  can generate indications of quality of a first tier assignment  402  through an Nth tier assignment  404  based at least in part the user history data  104 . The update component  306  can receive the indications of quality (which may be values that correspond to a defined tier assignment quality metric) and combine several different tier assignments in such a manner that a resulting improved tier assignment  406  has a higher quality (as determined by the quality indicator component  108 ) than any of the individual tier assignments. The update component  306  can combine different tier assignments based at least in part upon the indications of quality corresponding to the tier assignments  402 - 404  and/or a subset of the user history data  104 . 
         [0042]    In more detail, combining tier assignments may be a particular instantiation of algorithm (4), where the set T of possible assignments may be a set of possible combinations of individual tier assignments. The set of possible combinations can be parameterized by some variables, such as parameters of a static ranking scheme. The update component  306  can use machine learning techniques to determine a combination of individual tier assignments that is optimal or substantially optimal with respect to a defined tier assignment quality metric. In addition, as discussed above, the update component  306  can generate or update the tiering policy  312  that is used to assign digital items to tiers of a tiered storage system based at least in part upon the improved tier assignment  406 . 
         [0043]    With reference now to  FIGS. 5-8 , various example methodologies are illustrated and described. While the methodologies are described as being a series of acts that are performed in a sequence, it is to be understood that the methodologies are not limited by the order of the sequence. For instance, some acts may occur in a different order than what is described herein. In addition, an act may occur concurrently with another act. Furthermore, in some instances, not all acts may be required to implement a methodology described herein. 
         [0044]    Moreover, the acts described herein may be computer-executable instructions that can be implemented by one or more processors and/or stored on a computer-readable medium or media. The computer-executable instructions may include a routine, a sub-routine, programs, a thread of execution, and/or the like. In addition, tier assignments in a search engine and/or database management system can be determined based at least in part upon the methodologies described herein. Still further, results of acts of the methodologies may be stored in a computer-readable medium, displayed on a display device, and/or the like. 
         [0045]    Referring specifically to  FIG. 5 , an example methodology  500  for determining an indication of quality of a tier assignment is illustrated. The methodology  500  starts at  502 , and at  504  user history data is received. For example, the user history data can include queries that were issued by users, search results provided to the users in response to the queries, user selections of the search results and the sequence of pages viewed by the user after issuing the query. The user history data may also include labeled data, wherein relevance of search results to queries is explicitly defined by users. 
         [0046]    At  506 , an indication of quality of a tier assignment is generated based at least in part upon a subset of the user history data. The methodology  500  completes at  508 . 
         [0047]    Turning now to  FIG. 6 , a methodology  600  that facilitates determining an indication of quality of a tier assignment with respect to a tiered storage system is illustrated. The methodology  600  starts at  602 , and at  604  a weight assigned to a query is determined. For example, the weight may depend on frequency of issuance of the query. In another example, a user or users may explicitly assign a weight to the query to indicate a relative importance of the query. 
         [0048]    At  606 , a system load background for the query is determined. As noted above, the system load may be related to a number of queries that are being processed by a search component, such as a search engine or database management system, at a time that the query is processed. 
         [0049]    At  608 , a probability that a certain tier will be a lowest tier visited when the search engine is under the system load is determined. For example, this probability can be determined for each tier used to store searchable digital items. 
         [0050]    At  610 , an indication of quality of a tier assignment is determined, where the tier assignment is used to store digital items that correspond to the query in a tiered storage system. The indication of quality is determined based at least in part upon the weight, the system load, and the determined tier probability. In an example, the determined indication of quality may be stored, at least temporarily, in a computer-readable medium. The methodology  600  ends at  612 . 
         [0051]    Referring now to  FIG. 7 , a methodology  700  for determining an optimal or substantially optimal tier assignment (e.g., optimized or substantially optimized for a defined tier assignment quality metric) is illustrated. The methodology  700  starts at  702 , and at  704  a plurality of different tier assignments are received. At  706 , user history data is received. As noted above, the user history data may include queries, search results provided in response to the queries, and/or user selections of search results provided in response to the queries. 
         [0052]    At  708 , indications of quality are determined for a subset of the plurality of different tier assignments. At  710 , tier assignments are combined such that the resulting combination has a higher indication of quality than any individual tier assignment. The methodology  700  ends at  712 . 
         [0053]    With reference now to  FIG. 8 , a methodology  800  that facilitates updating a tiering policy is illustrated. In an example, a search engine that uses a tiering policy to assign digital items to tiers of a search engine index may use acts of the methodology  800  to update the tiering policy. The methodology  800  begins at  802 , and at  804  user history data is received. At  806 , an indication of quality of a tier assignment is determined. At  808 , an improved tier assignment is determined based at least in part upon the user history data and/or the indication of quality determined at  806 . At  810 , a tiering policy is updated based at least in part upon the user history data and the improved tier assignment. For instance, the improved tier assignment may contemplate digital items that are related to the user history search data, and the tiering policy may be used to assign digital items that were not contemplated in the improved tier assignment to particular tiers. The methodology  800  ends at  812 . 
         [0054]    Now referring to  FIG. 9 , a high-level illustration of an example computing device  900  that can be used in accordance with the systems and methodologies disclosed herein is illustrated. For instance, the computing device  900  may be used in a search engine system. In another example, the computing device  900  may be used in a database management system. The computing device  900  may be a server, or may be employed in devices that are conventionally thought of as client devices, such as personal computers, personal digital assistants, and the like. The computing device  900  includes at least one processor  902  that executes instructions that are stored in a memory  904 . The instructions may be, for instance, instructions for implementing functionality described as being carried out by one or more components discussed above or instructions for implementing one or more of the methods described above. The processor  902  may access the memory by way of a system bus  906 . In addition to storing executable instructions, the memory  904  may also store digital items, at least a portion of a tier assignment, indications of quality of one or more tier assignments, etc. 
         [0055]    The computing device  900  additionally includes a data store  908  that is accessible by the processor  902  by way of the system bus  906 . The data store  908  may include executable instructions, one or more tier assignments, indications of quality of tier assignments, user history data, labeled data, etc. The computing device  900  also includes an input interface  910  that allows external devices to communicate with the computing device  900 . For instance, the input interface  910  may be used to receive queries from a user by way of a network. The computing device  900  also includes an output interface  912  that interfaces the computing device  900  with one or more external devices. For example, the computing device  900  may display search results by way of the output interface  912 . 
         [0056]    Additionally, while illustrated as a single system, it is to be understood that the computing device  900  may be a distributed system. Thus, for instance, several devices may be in communication by way of a network connection and may collectively perform tasks described as being performed by the computing device  900 . 
         [0057]    As used herein, the terms “component” and “system” are intended to encompass hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. Thus, for example, a system or component may be a process, a process executing on a processor, or a processor. Additionally, a component or system may be localized on a single device or distributed across several devices. 
         [0058]    It is noted that several examples have been provided for purposes of explanation. These examples are not to be construed as limiting the hereto-appended claims. Additionally, it may be recognized that the examples provided herein may be permutated while still falling under the scope of the claims.