Abstract:
A profiler of a multithreaded process that determines whether a process is runnable but not running by determining whether a process is both waiting for the processor and also not waiting for other events such as I/O. Counters are maintained for each such process that is runnable but not running. Reports are generated summarizing data relating to any process that may be starved due to lack of processor time. Information obtained by the method and apparatus assists developers in optimizing resources in multithreaded environments.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD  
       [0001]     The present invention relates to an improved data processing system and, in particular, to a method and apparatus for optimizing performance in a data processing system. Still more particularly, the present invention provides a method and apparatus for profiling multithreaded or multitasking processes to improve performance.  
       BACKGROUND INFORMATION  
       [0002]     In analyzing and enhancing performance of a data processing system and the applications executing within, it is helpful to know which software modules are using system resources. Effective management and enhancement of data processing systems require knowing how and when various system resources are being used. Performance tools are used to monitor and examine resource consumption as various software applications are executing. For example, a performance tool may identify modules that execute most frequently, allocate the largest amount of memory, or perform the most I/O requests.  
         [0003]     In analyzing and enhancing performance of a data processing system, a developer may focus on where time is being spent by the processor in executing software code. Such efforts are commonly known in the computer processing arts as locating “hot spots.” Ideally, one would like to isolate such hot spots at the instruction level in order to focus attention on areas that might benefit most from improvements to the code.  
         [0004]     For example, isolating such hot spots to the instruction level permits compiler writers to find significant areas of less than optimal code generation, at which they may focus their efforts to improve code generation efficiency. Another potential use of instruction level detail is to provide guidance to the designer of future systems. Such designers employ profiling tools to find threads, modules, functions, codepaths, characteristic code sequences, or single instructions that require optimization for a given hardware environment.  
         [0005]     Multitasking can describe a processor or set of processors that operate on one process or subprocess before another is completed. The term “process” is sometimes used interchangeably with “task,” “thread,” and other such terms. A multitasking system splits time between processes depending on factors such as input/output (I/O) activity, interrupts, or the expiration of a fixed time interval. Threading can be a form of multitasking.  
         [0006]     Threading can improve single-application performance by constantly feeding instructions to a single processor. For example, a single-threaded web server would be trapped in a wait state every time it fetched data from a disk. However, a multithreaded web server can handle new requests with one thread while another thread waits on the data from the disk. Multiple threads running on a processor can be analyzed to determine how much time a processor spends on each thread. Such a multithreaded arrangement improves performance by allowing the processor to operate continuously rather than wait for a slow process, such as I/O, to complete.  
         [0007]     Process scheduling is the method by which the operating system determines which thread to run on the processor. Threads are sometimes assigned a class depending on the thread&#39;s priority. Threads running in a lower-priority class often only receive the processor time left over by higher-priority classes. Schedulers may allocate processor time to threads based on class and may interrupt a thread before the thread is complete. Schedulers may determine the order in which a thread should run and how much processor time each thread is allocated while running.  
         [0008]     Sample-based profiling can describe a technique of periodically interrupting the operation of process execution at regular intervals. At each interruption, samples are taken to inform a developer which function was executing just before the interruption. After the interruption, normal processing is restarted. The interrupting and restarting of the process is looped for a predetermined length of time, for a predetermined number of events of interest, or upon an event such as user input.  
         [0009]     At each time interval, the processor collects a sample that is then used to determine the function the processor is running. By sampling for many time intervals, a profiler can determine statistically on which functions a processor is spending its time. A profiler can then generate a report summarizing the sampled data.  
         [0010]     An example profiler stops an application and samples the program counter of the currently executing thread. The profiler repeatedly stops the processor over many clock cycles to obtain a statistically meaningful quantity of data. The program counter values may be resolved against a load map and symbol table information for determining the function on which the processor is executing. The profiler increments a counter for the area of the particular area of code that is executing. Some profilers process information on the fly and create data structures representing an ongoing history of the runtime environment. Other profilers add data to a buffer or file for processing after sampling.  
         [0011]     If profiling was carried out for 100 interrupts, a profile might indicate that the processor was running code from function A during 50 interrupts, the processor was running code from function B during 25 interrupts, and the processor was running code from function C during 25 interrupts. Such data would indicate to the developer that processor time was split among functions A, B, and C on a percentage basis of 50%, 25%, and 25%, respectively. If functions A, B, and C all were written to have equal distribution, the example profile would tend to indicate that functions B and C are not receiving enough processor time and function A is processor-bound, requiring too much processor time.  
         [0012]     A sample-based profiler may obtain information from the stack of an interrupted thread. A “stack” is a region of reserved memory in which a program or programs store status data, such as procedure and function call addresses, passed parameters, and local variables. A “stack frame” is a portion of a thread&#39;s stack that represents local storage (arguments, return addresses, return values, and local variables) for a single function invocation. Every active thread of execution has a portion of system memory allocated for its stack space. A thread&#39;s stack could consist of sequences of stack frames. The set of frames on a thread&#39;s stack could represent the state of execution of that thread at any time. Many operating systems provide software timer interrupts useful to profilers. These timer interrupts can be employed to sample information from a call stack.  
         [0013]     In a multitasking system, threads can be queued before the threads are executed. One technique for queuing threads is to maintain a single. centralized queue that may be referred to generically as a “run queue.” If a processor becomes available, the next available thread is assigned from the run queue to the processor.  
         [0014]     In some multi-processor systems, queuing threads may be accomplished by maintaining separate queues for each processor. Thus, when a thread is created, it could be assigned to a processor in a round robin fashion. With such a technique, some processors may become overloaded while other processors are relatively idle. Furthermore, some low priority threads may become starved, i.e. not provided with enough processing time, because higher priority threads are added to the run queue of the processor for which the low priority threads are waiting.  
         [0015]     Previous sample-based profiling systems collected data relating to a specific process the processor was executing during each scheduled interruption of a process. Such profilers provided no data or limited data on a process that was runnable but not running when the interruption occurred. Runnable but not running means that the only resource the process is waiting on is the CPU itself. Such previous profiling systems are limited in the ability to determine whether a process is starved of processor time. Thus, there is a need for an apparatus and method for profiling processes are runnable but not running in a multithreaded environment.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0016]     An embodiment of the present invention is a computer program in a computer readable medium for profiling a multithreaded system. The computer program has first instructions for interrupting the operation of an application running in a multithreaded system. Second instructions identify, for a desired process, if this process is runnable but not running. Third instructions increment a counter for the process, signifying that it was runnable but not running, or signifying a function of the process was running. In an embodiment, the computer program loops for a predetermined amount of time or until otherwise interrupted. An embodiment includes instructions for generating a report summarizing function counts to allow developers the ability to see function characteristics including which functions may be starved of processor time.  
         [0017]     Another embodiment is a method for profiling a multithreaded process after identifying a process to be profiled. Instructions are executed on a processor in a multithreaded manner and the executing of instructions is interrupted. A determination is made of whether the process is runnable but not running and a counter is incremented for the process if the process is runnable but not running.  
         [0018]     Another embodiment is a data processing system for processing a multithreaded application. A profiler system waits a predetermined period of time, interrupts the processing of the multithreaded application, identifies a thread that is runnable but not running, and increments a counter for the thread that is runnable but not running. The multithreaded application is restarted and a report is generated summarizing the value of the counter.  
         [0019]     The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter which form the subject of the claims of the invention.  
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0020]     The present invention can be used to profile process starvation for processes operating in a multithreaded environment. For a more complete understanding of the present invention and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:  
         [0021]      FIG. 1  illustrates a representative hardware environment for practicing the present invention.  
         [0022]      FIG. 2  is a flow chart illustrating steps in a profiler.  
         [0023]      FIG. 3  is an illustration of an example report generated by a profiler.  
         [0024]      FIG. 4  is a flow chart illustrating steps performed by an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0025]      FIG. 5  is an illustration of an example report generated by an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0026]      FIG. 6  is a flow chart illustrating an embodiment&#39;s steps for determining whether a task is runnable but not running.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0027]     In the following description, numerous specific details are shown in flow diagrams to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without such specific details. In other instances, well-known circuits, software, and hardware functions have been summarized as flow chart elements in order not to obscure the present invention in unnecessary detail. For the most part, details concerning software encoding and the like have been omitted inasmuch as such details are not necessary to obtain a complete understanding of the present invention and are within the skills of persons of ordinary skill in the relevant art.  
         [0028]     Refer now to the drawings wherein depicted elements are not necessarily shown to scale and wherein like or similar elements are designated by the same reference numeral through the several views.  
         [0029]      FIG. 1  illustrates a representative hardware environment for practicing the present invention. An exemplary hardware configuration of data processing system  113  is shown having central processing unit (CPU)  110 , such as a conventional microprocessor, and a number of other units interconnected via system bus  112 . Data processing system  113  could include random access memory (RAM)  114 , read only memory (ROM)  116 , and input/output (I/O) adapter  118  for connecting peripheral devices such as disk units  120  and tape drives  140  to bus  112 . Data processing system  113  could include user interface adapter  120  for connecting keyboard  124 , mouse  126 , and/or other user interface devices such as a touch screen device (not shown) to bus  112 . Further, processing system  113  could include communications adapter  134  for connecting data processing system  113  to a data processing network, and display adapter  136  for connecting bus  112  to display device  138 . CPU  110  may include other circuitry not shown herein, which will include circuitry commonly found within a microprocessor, e.g., execution unit, bus interface unit, arithmetic logic unit, etc. CPU  110  may also reside on a single integrated circuit. Communications adapter  134  could be any network adapter such as an Ethernet adapter. Disk unit  120  could be any computable readable medium and could be used for storing a computer program embodiment in conjunction with the present invention.  
         [0030]      FIG. 2  illustrates profiling steps taken by a profiler. First, an application is started in step  202  for executing on CPU  110 . In step  204 , the developer identifies to the operating system (OS) a specific process, for example process “ABC,” in need of profiling. Process ABC may include function_A, function_B, and function_C, for example. In step  206 , the developer starts the profiler and then in step  214  the profiler interrupts the application after a predetermined period or after the occurrence of some event. In step  216 , the profiler then determines whether process ABC was running at the time processing on CPU  110  was stopped. If process ABC was running function_A, for example, then in step  208  the profiler collects samples for function_A. If process ABC was not running when CPU  110  was interrupted, then a determination is made in step  218  whether the time for sampling has expired. If the time for sampling has not expired, then in step  220 , the profiler waits for a proper amount of time for the next interrupt and then loops through steps  214 ,  216 , and  208  until a determination is made in step  218  that the time for sampling has expired. When the time for sampling has expired, step  210  stops sampling and step  212  generates a report.  
         [0031]      FIG. 3  is an illustration of a report  300  that might be generated in step  212  of  FIG. 2 . The report  300  could inform a software developer how much processor time was spent on function_A, function_B, and function_C. The report  300  generated by the profiler might indicate on line  302  that function_A had 50 hits, on line  304  that function_B had 25 hits, and on line  306  that function_C had 25 hits. A hit would be indicated by the value of the counter for that function. If the software developer expected each function to share the processor equally, the report  300  might cause the software developer concern because the processor appears to have executed function_A 50% of the time and remainder of time was split equally between function_B and function_C. The software developer would likely investigate further to determine why function_A was receiving twice as much processor time as each of function_B and function_C. Profiling as described in this paragraph is useful, but such profiling may be deficient for determining information on functions, threads, or processes that were not running when the CPU  110  was stopped. Further, in the above scenario the software developer might mistakenly attempt optimization of function_A to achieve a better balance when the problem was with a parameter other than function_A. With such profilers, no sample is taken if process ABC is runnable but not running, which means that the process is ready to run, is not running, and is waiting for the processor rather than waiting for I/O, lock, or the like. To aid in software development, a method and apparatus are needed for profiling processes that are runnable but not running.  
         [0032]      FIG. 4  illustrates profiling steps taken by an embodiment of the present invention: First, in step  402  an application is started on CPU  110  by profiler  400 . In step  404 , the developer identifies a specific process in need of profiling to the operating system. For example, the developer could instruct that process ABC is in need of profiling. Process ABC includes function_A, function _B, and function_C. The developer in step  406  starts the profiler and then in step  414  the profiler interrupts the application after a predetermined period or after the occurrence of some event. In step  416 , the profiler determines whether process ABC is running and in step  408  the profiler collects samples for process ABC if the process is running. If process ABC is not running, the profiler in step  424  determines whether process ABC is runnable but not running. If process ABC is runnable but not running, the profiler in step  422  collects a sample and then cycles to step  418  for possible further profiling. If process ABC is waiting on I/O or is otherwise not runnable, the profiler cycles back to step  418  for further profiling without collecting a sample in step  422 . In step  408 , samples are collected if process ABC is running and in step  422  samples are collected if process ABC is runnable but not running. In step  420 , the profiler  400  waits for the proper period for the next interrupt and then loops, as appropriate, through steps  414 ,  416 ,  408 ,  424 , and  422  until a determination is made in step  418  that the time for sampling has expired. When the time for sampling is over, sampling is stopped in step  410  and a report is generated in step  412 .  
         [0033]      FIG. 5  shows an example of a report  500  illustrating data generated by sampling as shown in  FIG. 4 . Data on line  502  represents that function_A from process ABC was running during 5% of the 1000 samples. Data on line  504  represents that function_B from process ABC was running during 2.5% of the samples. Likewise, data on line  506  represents that function_C was running during 2.5% of the samples. In an embodiment, data on line  508  represents that during 90% of samples taken, process ABC was runnable but not running. By collecting information on such processes that are runnable but not ruining, a developer can better determine how to optimize a process, application, or system. This method and apparatus of the present invention potentially prevents a developer from diving into an area for performance optimization where such optimization may not be needed. Using the technique described in  FIG. 2 , a developer might conclude that optimizing function_A, as shown in  FIG. 3  will yield the most improvement. However, with the data from  FIG. 5 , if CPU starvation is observed, the prudent approach may be to solve the starvation problem before attempting to optimize function_A.  
         [0034]      FIG. 6  is a flow chart illustrating a methodology  600  for an embodiment profiler determining whether a process is runnable but not running. Methodology  600  could be incorporated into step  424  from  FIG. 4 . If the identified process in step  416  is not running at the time of interruption in step  414 , the profiler reads the run queue in step  602 . If a process is not queued for the CPU in step  604 , in step  418  the profiler determines whether the time for sampling has expired. If the process is queued for the CPU in step  604 , the profiler in step  606  determines whether the process is waiting only for the CPU or whether the process is waiting for I/O, lock, or some other event. If the process is queued for the CPU and waiting only for the CPU, a sample is collected and the process counter is incremented in step  422 . In an alternate embodiment, the run queue can be read again in step  602  as necessary to look for any other process flagged for profiling. After determining whether a process is runnable but not running and sampling accordingly, the profiler returns to step  418  for determining whether the time for sampling has ended.  
         [0035]     Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.