Abstract:
A device for generating an output information message by the manipulation of a single switch, to form a sequence of switch closures of varying duration. The device includes dot feedback circuitry responsive to a switch closure, for generating a human-sensible dot feedback signal to alert an operator that the switch closure should be discontinued if a dot signal is intended. Dot generation circuitry responds to the switch closure being discontinued within a preselected first timing interval following detection of the switch closure, and generates a dot information signal. Dash feedback circuitry responds to a switch closure that is not discontinued within the first timing interval, for generating a human-sensible dash feedback signal, to alert an operator that the switch closure is of sufficient duration to be interpreted as a dash. Dash generation circuitry responds to the switch closure being continued beyond the preselected first timing interval, and generates a dash information signal. Decoding circuitry converts a coded sequence of dot and dash information signals generated in this manner, to an output information message.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This invention relates generally to communication devices, and it more particularly relates to a device for generating an output information message by the manipulation of a single switch 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Communicating is often difficult, and even virtually impossible, for the physically impaired. Speech impairment may prevent audible communication, for example, while further lack of muscle control may prevent communicating data or commands to a machine, such as a computer. In many cases, the physically impaired person is able to do little more than breathe, and an otherwise active and functional mind is excluded from interaction with his or her environment. 
     Of the various existing communication aids available for generating an output information message in a desired format, those called single switch devices are designed to be used by anyone who can manage to operate a single switch. Scanning devices are one example. Such a device employs a two dimensional matrix of illuminated cells, each cell containing a letter, number, word, or phrase for the operator to select. 
     The device sequentially selects one row of the matrix at a time, by illuminating all the elements in each row. The operator presses a switch to select an illuminated row, and the scanning then begins to cycle between the various cells in the selected row, illuminating them sequentially one at a time. A second switch closure is used to select the desired cell in the row. By this technique, an information message can be generated by the manipulation of a single switch. 
     Although enabling an operator to display a selected character combination, this method has certain drawbacks. Firstly, it is slow since the entire matrix must be scanned to reach a particular cell. Secondly, the anticipation and reaction time required to press the switch at just the right moment, can be difficult, especially to a physically impaired operator. Thirdly, the apparatus is usually bulky and expensive, and thus confines its use to classroom or therapy situations. Thus, another means of communicating with a single switch device is desirable, both for the physically impaired and other operators desirous of using a single switch input. 
     The Morse Code is also employed by those who are physically handicapped. For example, a Morse Code computer translator, such as the Adaptive Firmware Card, can be purchased from Adaptive Peripherals, of Seattle, WA., may be employed by those only able to use a single switch. Since such a translator device is adapted to be used with conventional computers, it is capable of being used only with a particular computer model, and the size and power requirements of the computer and peripheral card, make portability difficult. Also, the cost for purchasing such equipment prohibits wide spread use for the physically impaired. 
     In the Morse Code, which is inherently a &#34;single-switch&#34; code, letters, numbers, and punctuation elements are formed by groups of short and long switch closures, called dots and dashes. However, reasonable skill is required to form the properly timed sequence of dots, dashes, and spaces in between, to form the Morse Code characters. Such rhythmical manipulation is often beyond the ability of uninitiated operators, and especially many physically impaired operators. 
     The rhythm of the Morse Code requires time and coordination to learn. For some, it is virtually impossible to release the switch for the proper length of time to form the spaces between the dots and dashes. An even more difficult task is the formation of the longer spaces between characters. Varying sending speeds, that often characterize a novice operator, introduces character ambiguities, such as three fast letter &#34;T&#39;s&#34;, which have the same relative timing as a slow letter &#34;S&#34;. 
     Thus, it would be desirable to have a device that overcomes the difficulties associated with forming the carefully timed sequences of dots, dashes, and spaces of the Morse Code or similar on-off character code, so that a physically impaired person could somehow make use of the Morse Code for communication purposes. Also, it would be well to have such a device that would be relatively inexpensive to manufacture, and be very light in weight and small in size for portability. 
     DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION 
     Therefore, the principal object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved device for enabling an operator to generate an output information message by the manipulation of a single switch in such a convenient manner, that even a physically impaired person can readily gain facility in its proper use. 
     A further object of the present invention is to provide such a new and improved device, which overcomes the skill requirements of physical agility usually associated with switch manipulation, particularly the ability to form the properly timed dots, dashes, and spaces of the Morse Code, at a wide range of sending styles, with little or no errors. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide such a new and improved device, which is small in size, relatively inexpensive to manufacture, and portable--one with improved functionality, not requiring the use of a dedicated computer system. 
     Briefly, the above and further objects of the present invention are realized by providing a new and improved communications device, which generates an output information message by the manipulation of a single switch, and which employs input circuitry for detecting a sequence of switch closures of varying duration. 
     The communications device includes dot feedback circuitry responsive to the input circuitry detecting a switch closure, for generating a human-sensible dot feedback signal to alert an operator that a switch closure has been detected and that the switch closure should be discontinued if a dot is intended. Dot generation circuitry responds to the switch closure being discontinued within a preselected first timing interval after detection of the switch closure, and generates a dot information signal. 
     The device also includes dash feedback circuitry, which responds to the input circuitry detecting a switch closure that is not discontinued within said first timing interval, and generates a human-sensible dash feedback signal. This signal alerts an operator that the duration of the switch closure is beyond that of a dot, and to discontinue the switch closure if a dash is intended. Dash generation circuitry responds to the switch closure being continued past the preselected first timing interval after said first timing interval, and generates a dash information signal. Decoding circuitry converts a coded sequence of dot and dash information signals generated in this manner to an output information message in a desired format. 
     In one form of the invention, display components provide a visually discernible image of the information message. In another form of the invention, conversion circuitry generates an information message output signal in a desired character code. 
     Thus, by generating the various novel feedback signals, the device provides a great improvement over existing single switch devices, by enabling the user to perform the desired code formation, without the necessity for a high level of manual dexterity to perform the desired rhythmical manipulations for generating a coded message. The device is small, portable and inexpensive to manufacture. It provides feedback to a user to enable proper character code formation, while employing microprocessor circuitry having the capability of full compatibility with existing computer systems. The unique device discerns dots and dashes, produced even by persons possessing only very limited coordination using single switch devices, such as a breath activated switch. 
     In addition, one form of the invention includes a device to perform a backspace function, to enable an incorrect letter to be erased and re-sent. Also, the device can perform a clear function to delete the display in preparation for a new message. Another form of the invention features an arrangement whereby after each word is received, the complete word is transmitted in a form that is easily interfaced with standard computer equipment, such as computers, printers, or modems. Thus, the output of the device may be ASCII Code, and make the device compatible with various different conventional computers. 
     Yet another form of the invention features an arrangement to store specific messages in the device, for later retrieval by the user in response to the entering of a preselected series of Morse Code characters. For example, entering the Morse Code for the numeral &#34;3&#34; (dot-dot-dot-dash-dash) can retrieve quickly the prestored message &#34;I NEED HELP&#34; to cause its display in a emergency situation. 
     The inventive device is operable by the novice operator, as well as the physically impaired operator having limited ability to produce the rhythmically timed character code of Morse Code. The device is a stand-alone, extremely easy to operate communication aid that can be operated with any conventional operator-selected switch. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The above and other objects and features of this invention and the manner of attaining them, will become apparent, and the invention itself, will be best understood, by reference to the following description of an embodiment of the invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic pictorial view of a device constructed according to the invention, and shown connected to a finger switch and to a typical complement of computer system components; 
     FIG. 2 is a pictorial view of the device of FIG. 1, illustrating it displaying its timing adjustment display; 
     FIG. 3 is a timing diagram of ideal Morse Code dots and dashes; 
     FIG. 4 is a timing diagram demonstrating a sequence of dashes that form the letter &#34;0&#34; in Morse Code; 
     FIG. 5 is a timing diagram showing the ambiguity between a Code &#34;T&#34; and &#34;S&#34;; and 
     FIG. 6 is a schematic circuit diagram of the device of FIG. 1. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Referring now to the drawings, and more particularly to FIG. 1 thereof, there is shown a device 1, which is constructed according to the present invention. The device 1 generally comprises a display panel 2 for providing a visually discernible image of an output information message generally indicated at 2A, and a speaker 3 for generating an audible feedback signal to an operator. 
     Input jack 4 receives input plug 5 to interconnect the device 1 via a cable 5A to separate ON-OFF switch 8, actuatable by the operator by means of a finger engageable switch actuator member 8A. A typical complement of computer system components, such as a printer 11, a modem 12 together with a telephone 13, and a personal computer system 14 can be individually connected alternatively, via an output jack 6, which receives an output plug 7 connected at one end of a cable 7A. The other end of the cable 7A can be connected to any one of the component via a suitable connector, such as the connector 14A for the component 14. 
     The device 1 includes a timing pushbutton 9 and timing pushbutton 10 on the top of a housing 1A of the device 1, to enable an operator to decrease or increase respectively, the speed at which switch closures must be made to actuate the device properly. 
     Switch 8 may be any operator-selected switch. It is a single-pole-single-throw switch having a single set of contacts 8 (FIG. 6), which can be selectively opened and closed as desired by the operator. It will become apparent to those skilled in the art, that the switch 8 and its actuator member 8A may be replaced by many different types and kinds of such devices, including breath actuated switches, foot or toe switches, and others. 
     The computer 14 may be a conventional personal computer system such as that manufactured by IBM Corporation, located in New York, and marketed under the trade name IBM PC/AT. The computer or the other components are interconnected to the device 1 by a conventional serial RS-232 interconnection, via the plug 7. 
     In operation, the device 1 is operated by manipulating the switch 8 to generate a sequence of switch closures, which the device 1 detects and converts to an output information message 2A. As the sequence of switch closures are detected by the device 1, audio feedback signals are provided via speaker 3 to assist the operator to time properly the opening and closing of the switch 8. In addition, a visually discernible image of the output information message serves as an additional feedback signal, and is provided on display panel 2 as it is being generated, one character at a time, to assist the operator to visualize the message that has been generated. The operator can decrease or increase the speed at which switch closures must be made by depressing respectively either the timing pushbutton switch 9 or the timing pushbutton switch 10 during a speed adjustment mode of operation. 
     Once the timing is adjusted for a particular operator, the user is then ready to display messages, such as the message 2A on the display 2. In order to operate the device 1, the operator need only follow three simple procedures to enter the information in an accurate manner, to cause the desired message to be displayed. 
     In the preferred form of the invention, the input information is entered according to the Morse Code. Thus, the first procedure to be followed, is the procedure for the entering of a dot signal. In order to enter a Morse Code dot signal, the operator presses down on the member 8A to close the switch 8, and maintains the member 8A in the down position until the speaker 3 generates an audible dot feedback signal. The signal is in the form of a distinctive tone. Once this feedback signal is generated, the operator then releases the member 8A to cause the switch 8 to open. 
     The second procedure to be learned by the operator, is the technique for entering the Morse Code dash signal. This is accomplished by following the procedure for the entry of a dot signal, except that the operator merely continues to maintain the switch in a closed position, even after the dot feedback tone signal is heard by the operator. To enter a dash signal, the operator continues to maintain the switch 8 closed, until an audible dash feedback tone signal is generated by the speaker 3, in place of the dot signal. This second tone signal is preferably a clearly distinguishable tone signal, as compared to the first tone signal generated. Once the dot tone signal changes to the dash tone signal, the member 8A is then released to cause the switch 8 to open. 
     The third procedure to be learned, is the technique for entering an inter-character pause signal, following the entry of a combination of Morse Code dash/dot signals representing a character to be displayed. To enter this signal, once the operator completes the entry of the last dot or dash signal of the character, the entered Morse Code signals then are decoded by the device 1, and after a predetermined time delay interval expires, the character appears on the display 2. The character display serves as a visual feedback signal to the operator, to prompt him or her to enter further dot and dash signals, if desired, because the device 1 is now ready to accept them. 
     Upon the detection of a space character following a completed word, the word is sent to one of the components, such as the computer 14. 
     Referring now to FIG. 2, in order to adjust the speed, when either timing pushbutton switch 9 or 10 is depressed, any output information message currently displayed on the display panel 2 is deleted, and replaced by the alternate display message 20, showing a range of incremental timing adjustments extending at one end from the slowest speed at the letter &#34;S&#34;, to the fastest speed at letter &#34;F&#34; at the opposite end. A cursor 21 is also displayed in a position along the range of incremental timing adjustments corresponding to the timing rate at which the device 1 is set. 
     By depressing either the pushbutton 9 or the pushbutton switch 10, the cursor 21 moves either leftwardly toward the slow position S, or rightwardly toward the fast position F, respectively, until cursor 21 is in a position corresponding to a desired input speed for the operator. Releasing the timing pushbutton, an operator can adjust the speed at which switch closures must be generated to properly activate the device 1. Each time the timing pushbutton 9 is depressed and released, the cursor 21 moves one position incrementally leftwardly, indicating that device 1 will now accept switch closures at a lower speed setting. Each time timing pushbutton switch 10 is depressed and released, the cursor 21 advances incrementally one position to the right, to indicate that the device 1 will now accept switch closures at a higher rate of speed. 
     For the purpose of communicating messages with the device 1, once the timing of the device is set at a desired level, the operator proceeds to open and close the switch 8 repeatedly. The device 1 detects the signal from the switch 8, and converts the signals to an output information message. It is to be understood that a device constructed according to the invention may employ different on-off codes but the operation of the device 1, is based on the Morse code. 
     A reference time for the duration of a dash is, therefore, first established using timing pushbuttons 9 and 10. The reference time which has found to be comfortable for most operators is preset when the device 1 is first used. Pressing timing pushbutton switches 9 and/or 10 modifies this reference time to suit the individual operator. 
     FIGS. 3-5 illustrate some general timing concepts employed in the Morse code, with dark lines indicating the duration of a switch closure. Thus, in FIG. 3, a dot is represented by a switch closure having a duration of one arbitrary unit of time, &#34;T&#34;, and a dash is represented by a switch closure having a duration of 3T. Hence, a dash is three times longer in duration than a dash. 
     As shown in FIG. 4, the space between dots and dashes is represented by opening the switch for a duration of T, and the space between characters is represented by opening the switch for a duration of 3T (FIG. 3). 
     Different combinations of dots, dashes, and spaces formed according to these timing requirements, produce conventional Morse code characters. 
     FIG. 4 illustrates the letter &#34;0&#34; in Morse code. The code comprises three dashes, each of a duration 3T, with inter-dash spaces, each having a duration of T. The inter-character spacing is 3T, and is shown, in FIG. 4, following the third dash. In Morse Code, similar combinations exist for each of the other letters of the alphabet, as well as for each numeral and certain punctuation marks. 
     One of the problems that is associated with the generation and decoding of Morse code, is the ambiguity posed by certain character codes. Thus, as shown in FIG. 5, three dashes, each of duration 3T, are separated by a pair of spaces, which are each of duration 3T. This code can be decoded, either as a slow letter &#34;S&#34; (three dots), or a &#34;T&#34; (dash repeated three times). 
     Therefore, it is important to note that the switch open interval is critically important in the formation of Morse Code. What is often troublesome to an inexperienced operator, is the concept that the silent, switch open, interval is also important. For example, an experienced operator may erroneously send an &#34;0&#34; (dash-dash-dash), with open and closed switch intervals of approximately equal duration. Such problem is entirely overcome by the device 1, of the present invention, by providing feedback to the user. 
     As shown in FIG. 6, this is accomplished using a microcomputer circuit 100 within the device 1 that employs a readily available single chip computer 101, together with associated circuitry. The computer 101, may be the one manufactured by Motorola as Part No. 146805E2. The computer 101 includes a central processing unit (not shown), a random access memory (not shown), and an input/output system (not shown) in one integrated circuit (IC). This IC is fully described in the Motorola publication entitled &#34;M6805 HMOS/M146805 CMOS Family User&#39;s Manual&#34;, Second Edition, Library of Congress Catalog No. 83-60771. 
     An electronically programmable read only memory 102, and a latch 103 store a computer program for the device 1. Latch 103 serves to de-multiplex the address and data buses, which originate from computer 101. Schmitt trigger input NAND gates 104-110, are used for various logic functions, as hereinafter described in greater detail. 
     The latch 103 is a 74HC373 Latch available from RCA, and the NAND gates 104-110 are 74HC132 Schmitt trigger input NAND gates, which are also available from RCA, as well as other manufacturers, as described in various manufacturer&#39;s data books, for example, &#34;QMOS High-Speed CMOS Logic IC&#39;s&#34;, Publication SSD-290A, of RCA Corporation. 
     The EPROM memory 102 is a 27C64 EPROM available from Hitachi America, Ltd., and others, as described in various manufacturer&#39;s data books, such as &#34;IC Memories Data Book&#34;, #M11, Hitachi America, Ltd., San Jose, Calif. 
     A liquid crystal display module 111 is connected to an output of the computer 101. The display module is capable of being connected to a computer using either a 4-bit or 8-bit data interface. The preferred form of the invention employs the 4-bit interface, to conserve input/output pins on the computer 101. The module 111 is a liquid crystal display module available from Hitachi as Model Number LM-038, as fully described on pages 23-30 and 52-54 of the publication entitled &#34;Hitachi Dot Matrix Liquid Crystal Display&#34;, available from Hitachi America, Ltd., San Jose, Calif. 
     A potentiometer 112 adjusts the contrast of the display module 111. A control knob for the potentiometer is not shown in FIG. 1, but would be positioned on the housing 1A, for operator convenience. 
     The switch 8 includes a pair of contacts 113 connected electrically to the plug 5. Resistor 116 serves to present a logic high level to gate 107 when the switch 8 is opened. Closing switch 113 presents a logic low level to the gate 107 via the connection to ground potential by the input jack 4. 
     The switches 9 and 10 include respective control buttons 117 and 119. The switches 9 and 10 are connected to respective &#34;pull-up&#34; resistors 118 and 120, which serve to present logic high levels to the inputs of the gate 108 when the switches are opened. 
     The gates 108 and 109 provide an OR function, in that when either of the switches 9 or 10 is closed, the output of the gate 109 is a logic low level. The gate 107 serves an OR function of the external switch 8 and the two internal switches 9 and 10, such that when any of the three switches is pressed, the output of gate 107 goes to a high level. 
     In addition, the switches 9 and 10, and the output of the gate 107, are connected to three input pins of the computer 101. These inputs, shown as PA0, PA1, and PA2, are used to detect when the switch 10 is closed (PA1), when the switch 9 is closed (PA2), and when any of the three switches is closed (PAO). Detecting the condition that PAO is high and PA1 and PA2 are low, serves to detect the fact that the switch 8 is closed. 
     The output of gate 107 is connected to the gate 105, which has its other input is connected to an output (PA3) of the computer 101. The output of the gate 105 serves as an Interrupt Request signal to the computer 101. Output (PB3) thus serves as a control signal, to either pass or block interrupt requests from reaching the computer 101. Thus, interrupts are temporarily shut off, when an interrupt service routine is in progress. Thus, repeated interrupts are avoided for the same cause. 
     The switches are connected in this manner to take advantage of a unique construction of the computer 101. This computer has a &#34;STOP&#34; instruction, which terminates all computer activity, and causes it to enter a very low power quiescent mode. The quiescent mode is exited, and the computer activity resumes, when it receives an interrupt from an outside source. 
     Thus, activating any of the three switches 8, 9 or 10, causes an interrupt request via the gate 105, and turns the computer on for processing of the Morse Code character. When the character is decoded and displayed, the computer enters the stop state, and reduces its power consumption accordingly. This unique mode allows very low power consumption, and eliminates the need for an &#34;on-off&#34; switch on the unit. 
     The gate 106 serves as a buffer for the speaker 3. Tones are produced with the speaker 3, by programming a periodic signal at output PB4 of the computer 101. The frequency is controlled by the software program. 
     The gate 110 serves as a buffer for the serial output jack 6. The serial output is caused by software toggling of an output PBO of the computer 101. 
     A crystal 123 and resistor 124 supply the frequency reference for the on-chip oscillator in the computer 101. A pair of capacitors 125 and 126 are recommended to stabilize the oscillator startup. 
     A battery 127 includes of four AA (&#34;penlight&#34;) batteries, connected in series, to provide 4-6 volts for powering the device 1. Capacitor 128 provides smoothing for the power supply. 
     Turning now to the following Table A, there is shown a fully commented listing of the software computer program employed in the device 1. The listing shows code developed using an assembler for the computer 101, which assembler is available from S-C Software, Dallas, Tex. The assembler and its syntax is fully described in the manual, &#34;S-C Macro Assembler&#34;, from S-C Software Corp. ##SPC1## 
     The software program listed in the preceding Table A implements a decoding method that allows a very wide variation in sending style and rate, by giving the operator immediate feedback when the device detects a dot, a dash, and the silent inter-character pause interval. 
     Since the feedback signals generated by the device 1 are under software control, the feedback to the operator enables him or her to know if the device 1 is receiving the input coded signals at a desirable receiving rate. If not, the rate can be easily adjusted, since the operator knows instantly how the switch signals from the switch 8 are interpreted. For example, if the decoding rate is set too fast, the operator will not be able to send dots, since the dash tone signal will occur before the operator can release the switch 8. In this case, the rate control needs to be decreased by depressing timing pushbutton switch 9. 
     An inter-character pause feedback signal is also generated to indicate that switch 8 has been open (silent) for a sufficient period of time to determine that the last series of dots and dashes comprise a character, and thus, are to be decoded as a character. Following this end-of-character switch-up time period, the thus formed character is displayed on the display panel 2, and a &#34;tick&#34; sound is enunciated from the speaker 3. This sound is a prompt to the operator that the next series of elements (dots and dashes) can now be entered. This audible feedback signal is generated in addition to the visual feedback signal (display of the character just entered). 
     This decoding method thus guides the operator through the process of sending code by giving positive feedback for every critical timing point in the formulation of the code. The operator hears (or sees, in the case of a deaf operator) the difference between a dot and a dash as it is entered in the device 1, and learns to wait for the letter to appear before entering the next character. 
     One advantage of this decoding method is that the dot/dash discrimination time and the inter-character pause time, can be made independent of each other, rather than being fixed by the rigidly defined ratios of the Morse Code. The device 1 can thus be easily &#34;fine tuned&#34; for many different levels of operator ability. 
     For example, good success with untrained operators who were incapable of sending Morse Code has been achieved by making the dash threshold time to be about 0.5 second, and the end-of-letter time to be about 2 seconds. This represents an end-of-character time to dash time ratio of about 4, which is far more than the defined ratio of 1 which is allowed by Morse Code. 
     Even with the feedback signals generated by the device 1, characters can be sent incorrectly, particularly by operators with motor skill problems. For this reason, a simple editing facility is provided. To erase an incorrect character from the display, the user simply holds the switch 8 closed until the character disappears from the display panel 2, and then opens the switch 8. 
     Thus, for the backspace function, visual feedback is given by deleting the character from the display, and an audible feedback signal is given by sounding a short tone of frequency F3 from the speaker 3. An erase sequence thus sounds like a dash (FI followed by F2), and then a short &#34;bip&#34; sound (F3). 
     The entire display can be deleted by maintaining the switch 8 closed even longer. After the appropriate time (defined in the computer program), a short tone of frequency, F4, sounds and the display message is deleted or erased. An erase sequence thus sounds like a dash (F1-F2), a backspace &#34;bip&#34; (F3) and a different &#34;bip&#34; (F4). 
     Once an inter-word space character is decoded, the completed word is sent from the RS-232 compatible serial output connector 4 (FIG. 1). In the preferred form of the invention, the serial porting via the output connector 4, is implemented in the software program at a 300 Baud transfer rate. 
     Although the invention has been described with reference to the Morse code as an input code and ASCII as an output code, it is to be understood that other on-off input codes and other output formats can be provided within the inventive concepts herein disclosed. Moreover, the inventive device 1 can be used for other purposes as well. For example, an audible, properly timed Morse Code output signal can be generated for radio communication purposes. For another example, switched electrical output signals can be generated to control various external devices (not shown), to enable the user to operate home appliances, control lights, or perform other control functions, by manipulating the single operator-selected switch 8. 
     Furthermore, upon a review of the foregoing description, it will become apparent to those skilled in the art that the device can be programmed to provide prestored messages, such as the message 2A, that can be recalled by inputting a preselected combination of characters, or specially selected dot and dash combinations. 
     As various changes may be made in the form, construction, and arrangement of the procedures and parts described herein, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention and without sacrificing any of its advantages, all matter herein is to be interpreted as illustrative and not in any limiting sense.