Abstract:
An economical system provides gaseous hydrocarbon to numerous locations ( 16, 18 ) that are each in the vicinity of an ocean coast, such as islands in a developing country, so the coastal inhabitants have access to low cost, easily supplied by pipeline and clean-burning natural gas. The system includes a local supply station ( 24 ), or hub, that stores natural gas, as by receiving LNG (liquefied natural gas) that has been liquefied by cooling it to −160° C., from a large tanker ( 20 ) having a storage capacity of over 50 million standard cubic feet of natural gas. Shuttle boats ( 40 ) that each has a much smaller LNG storage capacity than the tanker, load LNG from the local supply station, carry it to one of a plurality of local coastal stations ( 12, 14 ), heat the LNG to produce gaseous hydrocarbons, and transfer the gaseous hydrocarbons to an offshore receiving facility of the local coastal station. The gaseous hydrocarbons are then used by the local coastal station as to distribute gaseous hydrocarbons to residents of the island or to fuel an electricity generating plant.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE  
       [0001]     Applicant claims priority from U.S. Provisional application Ser. No. 60/653,734 filed Feb. 17, 2005. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     Natural gas is the most common type of hydrocarbon that is in a gaseous state at common environmental temperatures (e.g. 8° C.). Natural gas is well recognized as a low cost, easily-handled and clean burning fuel, as it is often priced below liquid oil, it can be distributed to households and businesses by pipeline, and it creates little emissions other than carbon dioxide. Natural gas is produced at many locations in much larger quantities than can be used locally, and it is transported to faraway customers by cooling it as to −160° C. to produce LNG (liquefied natural gas). The LNG is transported in tankers that each has a capacity of more than 50 million standard (atmospheric pressure and environmental temperature) cubic feet of natural gas, to far away receiving locations. The receiving locations are usually large facilities in developed countries where the large amounts of natural gas can be sold at market prices. The owners of the large LNG receiving facilities spend large amounts to provide extensive distribution pipelines for the gas, and the owners enter into long term (20 plus years) contracts with the suppliers of LNG.  
         [0003]     There is a demand for natural gas in isolated communities of developing countries, with many of such communities being located near ocean coasts. Some examples are the islands of Indonesia and the Phillippines. Although gas could be supplied by LNG tankers to such isolated communities, the demand at each community is too small to justify the cost of a facility that can offload and regas (heat) the large amount of LNG carried by each tanker, and LNG suppliers generally are not interested in providing additional small tankers. A system that enabled natural gas to be provided to isolated coastal communities, would be of value.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0004]     In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, an economical system is provided for distributing natural gas to each of a plurality of local coastal stations positioned in the vicinity of costal communities. The system includes a local supply station that supplies the natural gas to shuttle boats, or barges that each has a limited storage capacity. Each barge sails or is towed to one or more local coastal stations where the natural gas is unloaded to a receiving facility on a local coastal station. The local coastal station distributes the natural gas to customers lying in the vicinity of the local coastal station. Where the natural gas has been delivered as LNG (liquefied natural gas) by a tanker (storage capacity of at least 50 million standard cubic feet of natural gas) to the local supply station, with the gas having been cooled to about −160° C. to constitute LNG, the supply station merely stores the LNG and offloads LNG to the barges. The barges are designed to carry LNG, and the barges or coastal stations have regas equipment for heating the LNG to gasify it and to heat it, preferably to at least −1° C., so the gaseous warmed natural gas can be delivered though pipelines to customers in the vicinity of the local coastal station. Where the natural gas has been produced from an underground reservoir at the supply station, the gaseous natural gas is delivered to barges that are constructed to carry CNG (compressed natural gas) to the local coastal stations.  
         [0005]     The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The invention will be best understood from the following description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.  
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0006]      FIG. 1  is a plan view of a gas distribution system for economically providing natural gas to numerous isolated coastal communities.  
         [0007]      FIG. 2  is an isometric view of a local coastal station, and showing in phantom lines a shuttle in the process of offloading LNG from the shuttle into the local coastal station.  
         [0008]      FIG. 3  is a plan view of a gas distribution system of another embodiment of the invention. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0009]      FIG. 1  shows a distribution system  10  for distributing natural gas (hydrocarbons that are gaseous at environmental temperatures such as 8° C. and atmospheric pressure) to each of a plurality of local coastal stations  12 ,  14  that lie in the vicinity of small coastal communities  16 ,  18  that are usually separated from each other by a plurality of kilometers. Each community generally includes less than one million people within 20 kilometers of the coastal station. The natural gas has been produced from underground (under the land and/or the sea) reservoirs that contain significant quantities of natural gas. Such reservoirs usually contain significant amounts of liquid oil (hydrocarbons that are liquid at 8° C. and atmospheric pressure) that is more easily transported to far-away customers and that is therefore more valuable to the hydrocarbon producer. Until the last few years, such produced natural gas which could not be delivered by short pipelines to local communities was often flared (burned just to get rid of it). More recently, the price of natural gas has risen so it is economical to transport natural gas to far away customers.  
         [0010]     Currently, natural gas has been transported by cooling the natural gas to below the temperature at which it is liquid at atmospheric pressure, such as −160° C. (−256° F.) to create LNG (liquefied natural gas), and loading it into special insulated tanks on an LNG tanker. Large tankers that can store at least 50 million cubic feet of standard gas (gas at an environmental temperature such as 8° C. and atmospheric pressure) have been used. The receiving station was provided with facilities for unloading all of the LNG from the tanker in a short time such as a few days, because the rental rate for such tankers is about $100,000 per day. The receiving station also had facilities for storing the LNG and regasing it (heating the LNG to gasify it) quickly and for distributing all of the natural gas to customers. The owners of the receiving station typically entered into contracts requiring them to purchase large quantities of natural gas for long periods such as over 20 years, and the producer would enter into such contracts before building or acquiring the gas liquefying facility and tanker(s). The receiving stations were usually located in developed countries at locations with access to large cities.  
         [0011]     There is a great demand for natural gas in smaller isolated communities. Natural gas can cost less than liquid oil, it is easily distributed limited distances by pipeline, and it has limited emissions (substantially only carbon dioxide). Producers who fill tankers with LNG have previously ignored such isolated communities, largely because of the limited demand for natural gas in each isolated community. In accordance with the present invention, applicant provides gas distribution systems that allow natural gas to be economically distributed to such isolated communities, at least when such communities lie in the vicinities of ocean coasts.  
         [0012]     The gas distribution system  10  shown in  FIG. 1  includes an LNG tanker  20  that carries large amounts (at least 50 million standard cubic feet) of LNG (liquefied natural gas) from a distant LNG source  22  to a local supply station  24 . At the local supply station  24 , a mass of LNG is offloaded from the tanker to a storage facility  30  of the station, which includes insulated tanks  26  where the very cold LNG is stored. It may take a few days to unload the LNG from the tanker. The offloaded LNG is not heated to turn it into gas, as has been previously done at LNG tanker receiving stations, but it is kept cold and liquid as by the use of refrigeration equipment  32  and highly insulated tanks. The local supply station may be located on land or in the sea, so it is not necessarily on or close to a coast.  
         [0013]     The gas distribution system also includes LNG barges, or shuttle boats such as  40  that carries LNG from the local supply station  24  to at least one of the local coastal station  12 ,  14  that lies at the coast or shore  84  of a sea  44 , and in the vicinity of a community  16 ,  18  that consumes natural gas (either directly or by consuming electricity produced using natural gas as fuel). The shuttle boat  40  has an LNG-holding capacity less than 50% and usually less than 25% of the capacity of the tanker.  
         [0014]     At intervals, the shuttle boat  40  sails to the local supply station  24 , where insulated tanks  50  on the shuttle boat receive LNG that has been stored at the local supply station. The shuttle boat then sails away to one of the local coastal stations such as  12 . At the local coastal station, the LNG is heated to regas it and the gaseous hydrocarbons are transferred through an underwater conduit  52  to a gas storage facility of the coastal station (which may comprise a network of pipelines  54 ). In  FIG. 2 , the local coastal station includes a floating structure  60  that is moored to the sea floor  62  as by a turret  64  moored by catenary lines, to allow the structure to weathervane, or the structure is spread moored.  FIG. 2  shows a shuttle boat  40  that does not carry LNG heating equipment (although it could) at  61 , but the floating structure  60  of the coastal station does carry such equipment  63 . Such heating equipment for regasing includes a heat transfer system  68  that has a hose or pipe  66  that takes in sea water and another hose or pipe  70  that releases cold water to the sea, or that uses ambient air to heat the LNG. Heat transferred away from the water is used to heat the LNG so it becomes a gas, and to further heat the very cold gas to a temperature, preferably of at least −10° C. and preferably warmer, so large amounts of ice do not form on pipes that carry the gas.  
         [0015]     In  FIG. 2  the floating structure carries a power plant  74  that generates electricity, using hydrocarbon gas as fuel. The electricity is passed though a swivel  80  on the turret  64  and through an underwater cable  82  to shore  84  ( FIG. 1 ) where the electricity is distributed to customers. In addition, gaseous hydrocarbon is passed though a swivel  90  ( FIG. 2 ) on the turret and through an underwater pipeline  92  to the shore where it is distributed to customers. If the shuttle boat capacity is much greater than the demand for natural gas from the local coastal station  12 , then the shuttle may sail away to a next local coastal station  14  ( FIG. 1 ) to unload LNG at the second station. Each shuttle boat may be self propelled, or may be pulled by a tugboat. However, it is desirable that all shuttle boats be of the same design to minimize costs. A shuttle boat can be used to store additional LNG at the local supply station.  
         [0016]      FIG. 3  shows a system  110  in which a local supply station  112  produces natural gas from an underground (under the land or the sea) hydrocarbon reservoir  114  that contains natural gas. Although it would be possible to refrigerate the natural gas to turn it into LNG (liquefied natural gas) so large quantities could be carried in a shuttle, applicant prefers to not refrigerate the gas, but to use shuttles  120  that have pressure tanks  122  that carry highly pressurized natural gas in a gaseous state (e.g. at 3000 psi). For a given size shuttle, the mass of natural gas that can be carried by a shuttle boat is less for a shuttle that carries CNG (compressed natural gas) than for a shuttle that carries LNG (liquefied natural gas). However, the fact that the natural gas does not have to liquefied and later regassed, usually makes it more economical to transport CNG in the shuttle boat for short distances. Where the local coastal stations  130 ,  132  are close to the local supply station  112 , such as no more than 400 kilometers away, so a shuttle boat one-way trip can be accomplished in one day, the limited storage capacity of the CNG shuttle is largely compensated for by the faster loading and unloading of the shuttle boat and by more trips of the shuttle boat between the supply station  112  and a local coastal station  130  and/or  132 , and possibly by using more but cheaper shuttle boats for a given gas distribution system.  
         [0017]     The local supply station  112  is shown as including a floating production unit  140  that carries equipment  142  for processing produced hydrocarbons. Natural gas is stored under pressure in tanks  144 , and is offloaded to a shuttle boat at  120 A when the shuttle boat returns. The storage capacity in tanks  144  is preferably at least 5 million standard cubic feet of natural gas, and the storage capacity is preferably greater than the storage capacity in a single shuttle boat.  
         [0018]     A natural gas distributing system can be set up at minimal cost by establishing a local supply station and a limited number of coastal stations such as one of them. Where the local supply station obtains natural gas by producing it from a local hydrocarbon reservoir, the cost for the local supply station can be minimal because limited storage capacity is required and no refrigeration system is required. In that case, the local supply station will be set up in the vicinity of a hydrocarbon reservoir that produces large amounts of gaseous hydrocarbons. The local supply may be located offshore or onshore, and may be connected by a pipeline to a production facility lying over a reservoir. Where the local supply station receives LNG from a distant source, the initial cost for the local supply station is greater because it usually must have sufficient LNG storage capacity to store all of the LNG offloaded from a large tanker (minus the amount of LNG that is regassed while the tanker is offloaded). It is possible to make arrangements with an LNG supplier so a tanker arrives with a new shipment of LNG only when needed (which will be more frequent when the system expands). The initial cost for an LNG local distribution system is greater because the shuttle boat(s) or local station(s) must have heating, or regas, facilities. However, once other local communities see that natural gas is available locally, they are more likely to advance funds to build additional coastal station to receive LNG or CNG.  
         [0019]      FIGS. 4 and 5  show a system  160  which includes a local supply station  162  that has insulated tanks  164  that store LNG. The local supply station  162  is shown as including a floating structure  170  and a spread mooring facility  172  that includes lines  174  that extend to the sea floor. The floating structure has tanks  176  that are not insulated and that store liquid hydrocarbons (hydrocarbons that are liquid at ambient temperatures). The floating structure also has a power plant  182  that can use gaseous or liquid hydrocarbons as fuel to produce electricity. The electricity is delivered along an in-sea power cable  184  having a portion on the sea floor  185 , to a shore-based distribution facility  186  that lies near a coast  188  and that distributes electricity to consumers.  
         [0020]     The reason for storing a considerable amount of liquid fuel (e.g. 1 week of diesel fuel for the power plant) is to provide a reserve to energize the power plant  182  in the event that gaseous hydrocarbons are not avoidable. It is much less expensive to provide uninsulated tanks  176  to store LNG, than to provide perhaps two additional insulated tanks similar to  164  and a refrigeration system to keep the stored LNG liquid for a long period of time. It is noted that a refrigeration system generally is not provided for the tanks  164  in a case where they receive LNG from a tanker  190 . This is because it is generally desirable to immediately heat such LNG which has been offloaded to the floating structure  170 , for use in the power plant and to provide CNG (compressed natural gas) to shuttles that deliver it to a local coastal station. A valve structure  192  is controllable to direct natural gas from one of the tanks  164  (after the LNG has been warmed so it is gaseous) to the power plant  182 , or to direct liquid hydrocarbons from a tank  176  to the power plant when warmed LNG is not available at the local supply station.  
         [0021]     Thus, the invention provides systems for bringing natural gas to local communities that are in the vicinity (e.g. within 20 kilometers) of an ocean coast. This is done by providing a local supply station which receives large amounts of natural gas, either as LNG from tankers, or as gaseous hydrocarbons from a local hydrocarbon reservoir. Where the natural gas is LNG received from a tanker, the local supply station stores the LNG in insulated tanks and offloads it to shuttle boats that carry the LNG over the sea to facilities at local coastal stations. At a local coastal station the LNG is heated to regas it, by regas equipment at the local coastal station, or possibly by regas equipment on the shuttle boat. Where the natural gas is produced from a reservoir at the local supply station, the natural gas is preferably compressed and the CNG (compressed natural gas) is carried by shuttles with CNG-holding tanks to the local coastal stations.  
         [0022]     Although particular embodiments of the invention have been described and illustrated herein, it is recognized that modifications and variations may readily occur to those skilled in the art, and consequently, it is intended that the claims be interpreted to cover such modifications and equivalents.