Abstract:
A method of producing an injection-molded plastics article having a hollow interior, such as a pipe section comprising the steps of forming a mold cavity having outer dye parts and an inner mandrill to define an annular mold cavity. Then introducing plastics material into the mold cavity and delivering a pressurized fluid to the interface between the mandrill and the inner surface of the molded article through passages in the mandrill opening to the surface thereof, and withdrawing the mandrill while maintaining the outer dye parts in a closed condition. In addition, an apparatus for producing such hollow molded article, the hollow molded article itself, and a method of lining an aged, broken or damaged pre-existing pipeline are also described.

Description:
1. PRIOR APPLICATION DATA 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to PCT Application No. PCT/GB2006/002230, entitled Method and Apparatus for the Production of Hollow Moulded Articles and a Hollow Moulded Article Made By the Method which was published as WO 2006/136796 and which is based on and claims priority to Great Britain patent application number 0512630.5 filed Jun. 21, 2005. 
     
    
     2. FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates generally to the production of hollow molded articles, preferably by injection molding of plastics material, and particularly, but not exclusively, to the production of elongate pipes. 
       3. RELATED ART 
       [0003]    Modern plastics pipe for drainage purposes is, in the main, produced by extrusion, which has a number of advantages including the ability to produce relatively long lengths of pipe, which are then coiled for transport and laid into trenches upon installation. Extruded pipe has certain disadvantages, however, in particular the wall thickness is not absolutely constant because of the variation in process parameters during extrusion and the arrangements made for connection of adjacent pipe sections requires external sleeves which are necessarily larger in diameter than the diameter of the pipe. For many uses this can be tolerated, especially on primary installation of pipes which are laid in open trenches. However, when it comes to the reinstatement of degraded pipes resulting either from traffic overload or from the depredations of time, the physical strength of extruded pipe is insufficient to allow certain of the techniques which might be used for this purpose to be employed. 
         [0004]    One of these techniques involves the introduction of a new replacement pipe into the interior of a fractured or otherwise degenerated clay or fibre pipe. The expense and difficulty of excavating existing pipelines for the purpose of replacement make this course acceptable only if there are no alternatives. Indeed, one way which has been adopted in order to economise and to make this procedure more viable economically, is to create a series of spaced excavations along the line of a pipe, and to insert a new pipe into the interior of the old one by drawing it forward between two spaced excavations. Although this involves a small reduction in the interior diameter of the pipe, the capacity of existing pipelines is not seriously reduced by this process. However, the strength of the wall of the new pipe being introduced determines how much force can be applied to overcome the frictional resistance of its introduction, and if long lengths of pipe were to be used such force would be enormous and impractical. For this reason the excavations still have to be relatively closely spaced. 
         [0005]    In circumstances where the cohesion of the pipeline has been damaged and its integrity corrupted the necessity for a mole or ‘pig’ to be introduced first to ream out the bore complicates the issue and increases the cost. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0006]    The present invention is based on the realisation that by utilising relatively short injection molded pipe sections which can be fitted together it is possible to apply greater forces to push the new pipe along the interior of the older one since each new pipe section can have force applied to its rearward end rather than its leading end at an intermediate point, which would be necessary to be able to apply the technique to a long length of extruded pipe. Further, the use of injection molded pipes makes it possible to adopt a new form of coupling which does not involve the use of external sleeves and which, therefore, leaves both the external surface and the internal surface of the pipeline substantially continuous and uninterrupted even at junctions between adjacent pipe sections. 
         [0007]    The production of pipes by injection molding has a number of advantages, among which are the fact that the wall thickness can be made constant, and the material used need not be one suitable for the more conventional extrusion process by which very long lengths of pipe are currently made. 
         [0008]    This has particular relevance in specific areas of activity, especially in connection with the production of pipe sections intended to be used for drainage purposes, especially when used to replace previously-installed drains. 
         [0009]    However, the injection molding of elongate articles such as pipe sections has been fraught with difficulty because of the necessity to utilise an internal mandrel within the mold cavity to define the internal curved surface. Collapsible mandrels which require to be assembled and dismantled prior to and after use have been tried, but this is expensive, makes the molding cycle longer and, furthermore, frequently results in the production of elongate flashing lines within the interior of the pipe. One of the important considerations for drain pipelines is that the interior surface of the pipe should be as unobstructed as possible and should present a smooth hard surface resistant to corrosive attack and organic growths. 
         [0010]    The present invention seeks, therefore, to provide a method for producing elongate injection molded plastics articles in which a single solid mandrel may be used to define the interior surface, and the invention is focused on the procedures and arrangements made for withdrawal of the mandrel from the injection molded article to leave a smooth continuous uninterrupted internal surface. 
         [0011]    According to one aspect of the present invention, therefore, a method of producing an injection-molded plastics article having a hollow interior open at least at one end, comprises the steps of forming a mold cavity which is annular in cross-section by the use of outer die parts and an inner mandrel, introducing plastics material into the mold cavity, and after the molded article has cooled at least sufficiently to form a solid surface, delivering a pressurised fluid to the interface between the mandrel and the inner surface of the molded article and withdrawing the mandrel while maintaining the outer die parts in a closed condition. 
         [0012]    The pressurised fluid performs two functions, namely not only that of lubricant between the outer surface of the mandrel and the inner surface of the molded article, but also as a separating agent or release agent serving to space the material of the molded article from the mandrel, thereby compressing the molded article against the outer die parts to maintain the density of the injection molded article, provide it with a cooling effect, and promote release of the mandrel at the same time. 
         [0013]    In a preferred arrangement the pressurised fluid is delivered through passages in the mandrel to openings in the surface thereof. Such openings are preferably of a shape and size such that at least one dimension is small enough to prevent the plastics material to be injection molded from entering the openings upon introduction into the mold cavity, for which purpose, of course, a preliminary pressure can be applied to the passages within the mandrel during introduction of the material which is to form the molded article. It is important in this respect that escape routes are provided for any fluid entering the mold cavity other than the plastics material to be molded so that no unwanted formations are caused as a result of the presence of the pressurizing fluid in the mold cavity during molding. 
         [0014]    It is preferred that one end of the mold cavity is closed with a terminal die part bearing an external screw thread to form a corresponding internal screw thread in the end of the molded article. Removal of such insert after molding can be achieved by unscrewing it from the thread thus formed. 
         [0015]    The terminal die part and the corresponding end of the mandrel are preferably shaped to form an annular space in which an inwardly directed annular flashing is formed on the inner surface of the molded article upon introduction of the plastics material into the molded cavity. 
         [0016]    Such terminal die part may be removed either before or after withdrawal of the mandrel, and the other outer die parts are then preferably separated only after withdrawal of the mandrel. 
         [0017]    The threaded terminal die part is preferably removed by unscrewing it before the outer die parts are separated. 
         [0018]    The method of the invention may be performed utilising a liquid as the pressurised fluid, but it is preferred that the pressurised fluid be a gas and the most convenient pressurised gas is air since this is readily available in unlimited quantities. It is preferred that the pressurised fluid, whether it is liquid, gas or air, is preliminarily cooled before introduction into the mold cavity. 
         [0019]    In order to maximise its effectiveness the pressurised fluid is preferably delivered to the interface between the mandrel and the internal surface of the molded article at a plurality of points substantially uniformly distributed over the area of the interface. 
         [0020]    In another aspect the present invention provides apparatus for producing a hollow molded article with at least one open end, including separable outer die parts for defining the outer wall of a mold cavity for forming an external surface of the hollow molded article in use, an inner mandrel for defining an internal surface of the hollow molded article, the mandrel having a plurality of openings distributed over at least part of its surface communicating with internal passages leading to a duct which can selectively communicate with a source of fluid under pressure. 
         [0021]    At least one dimension of each of the said openings in the said part of the surface of the mandrel is preferably such as to inhibit the entry of the plastics material upon injection thereof into the mold cavity. This can be achieved by a plurality of small circular openings, or by elongate slot-like openings which have the advantage of each providing a greater cross-sectioned area for the flow of fluid whilst nevertheless inhibiting ingress of plastics material during molding due, for example, to the surface tension of the injected plastics material. 
         [0022]    In the production of elongate pipe sections the mandrel may be a cylindrically curved solid monolithic element with a flat end wall against which abuts a terminal part of the outer die assembly. At the other end the terminal die part may bear a screw thread for forming a corresponding internal threaded portion in an open end of the molded article. In order to enable the pipe sections to be screwed together, of course, the outer die parts may likewise be shaped to provide an external screw thread on the molded article at the end opposite that provided with the internal screw thread. Adjacent sections of pipe can then simply be screwed together to assemble them into a pipeline. A suitable annular groove for receiving an O-ring may be provided in the internal or external surface, and corresponding grooves may be provided which are located in register with one another when two adjacent pipe sections are screwed fully into position. 
         [0023]    The apparatus of the invention may include coolant means for the outer die parts and/or for the mandrel by the provision of coolant passages through which, in use, a coolant fluid can flow in use. This may be used for cooling the die parts during and after injection moldings of the molded product and also for cooling the molded product itself after injection and before (and/or during) withdrawal of the mandrel. 
         [0024]    In order to encourage differential friction between the inner surfaces of the outer die parts and the outer surface of the mandrel the inner surface of the outer die parts themselves may be roughened. This is acceptable since the separating movement of the outer die parts is radially away from the molded article, whereas the separation of the mandrel involves relative sliding motion between the surface of the mandrel and the inner surface of the molded article. 
         [0025]    The present invention also comprehends a molded article made by the method of the invention or using the apparatus of the invention. In particular the present invention provides a pipe section for use in assembling with other such pipe sections to form a pipeline, the pipe section having an external screw thread at one end and a complementary internal screw thread at the other end by means of which two such pipe sections can be screwed together end to end. 
         [0026]    In the preferred embodiment of the invention a pipe section is formed with a shape and dimensions of the parts bearing screw threads such that when successive pipe sections are joined together the internal and external profiles of the joined pipe sections are substantially constant. 
         [0027]    Preferably, the end of the pipe section having the external screw thread is provided with an adjacent male taper and the end of the pipe section having the internal screw thread is provided with a flare or female taper the shape of which complements that of the male taper on the other end of the pipe section such that when two adjacent pipe sections are joined together by screwing the said tapers are brought into close contact. 
         [0028]    In order to assist in making the junctions between adjacent pipe sections fluid tight, one of the said tapers may be provided with a circumferential groove adapted to receive an O-ring seal. This circumferential groove may be formed on the male tapered portion. 
         [0029]    Conveniently, the ends of the pipe sections may be provided with non-threaded portions adjacent the threaded portion such that when successive pipe sections are joined by the threaded engagement of the externally threaded end of one pipe section into the internally threaded end of another pipe section, the non-threaded sections of pipe are juxtaposed, one of the said non-threaded sections of pipe being provided with a circumferential groove adapted to receive an O-ring seal. 
         [0030]    In such an embodiment the non-threaded section of pipe adjacent the externally screw threaded portion may be provided with the said circumferential groove. 
         [0031]    In order to facilitate engaging adjacent pipe sections the screw threads are preferably of multi-start form. For example, by making them of four-start form it requires no more than a quarter turn to engage the threads. 
         [0032]    The screw threads themselves may have an asymmetric trapezoidal profile, one flank of the screw thread having a smaller angle to a radial plane perpendicular to the axis than the other. The flank having the smaller radial angle is thus adapted to act as a pressure flank. 
         [0033]    A pipe section formed according to the invention may further be provided with surface formations, such as knurling, adjacent the screw-threaded portions on the external surface of the pipe, whereby to facilitate the screwing together of successive pipe sections by ensuring that handling apparatus is able to obtain the secure grip for rotating the pipe around its longitudinal axis. 
         [0034]    The present invention also comprehends a method of lining an aged, broken or damaged pre-existing pipeline and a method of laying a subterranean pipeline. 
         [0035]    The method of lining an aged, broken or damaged pre-existing pipeline essentially comprises the steps of: locating the line of the pre-existing pipeline; excavating or otherwise forming two pits spaced along the length of the pre-existing pipeline to expose the pipe; removing a section of thus-exposed pipe; introducing into the open end of the exposed section of pipe a pipe section as defined hereinabove, the outer diameter of which is not greater than the inner diameter of the pipe forming the pre-existing pipeline; pressing the said pipe section forward into the pre-existing pipeline by exerting an axial thrust on its exposed end; screwing a second pipe section as defined hereinabove onto the exposed end of the said first pipe section, and pressing the said second pipe section axially to urge it to move into the said pre-existing pipeline and correspondingly to move the first said pipe section further into the said pre-existing pipeline; and repeating the above steps until the pre-existing pipeline has been lined between the said two pits. 
         [0036]    The method of laying a subterranean pipeline essentially comprises the steps of excavating two pits spaced along the intended line of the said pipeline; forming a preliminary subterranean passage between and opening into the said two pits; introducing one end of a pipe section as defined hereinabove into the subterranean passage at one end of the said passage between the said two pits; pressing the said pipe section into the passage by exerting a thrust onto its exposed end; screwing the second pipe section as defined herein above onto the exposed end of the first pipe section; pressing the second pipe section into the passage by exerting an axial thrust at its exposed end, thus urging the first pipe section further along the said passage; and repeating the above steps until the leading end of the first pipe section arrives in the other said pit at the end of the said passage remote from that at which introduction of the said pipe section takes place. 
         [0037]    Other systems, methods, features and advantages of the invention will be or will become apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the following figures and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, features and advantages be included within this description, be within the scope of the invention, and be protected by the accompanying claims. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0038]    The components in the figures are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. In the figures, like reference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the different views. Various embodiments of the present invention will now be more particularly described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0039]      FIG. 1  is a longitudinal section of a part of a mold for forming a molded article in accordance with the principles of the present invention; 
           [0040]      FIG. 2  is a cross-section taken on a line II-II of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0041]      FIG. 3  is a longitudinal section through a molded article in the form of a pipe section made with the mold of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0042]      FIG. 4  is an enlarged detail, in longitudinal section, of an alternative embodiment of molded article; 
           [0043]      FIG. 5  is a cross-section through the molded article of  FIG. 3 , taken on the line IV-IV thereof; and 
           [0044]      FIG. 6  is a schematic illustration of the method of use of a plurality of pipe sections made according to the principles of the present invention to reline a damaged or broken aged pipeline. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0045]    Referring first to  FIG. 1 , there is shown a multi-part mold structure  10  for forming a cylindrical article about a centre line CL. The mold structure  10  essentially comprises upper and lower main mold parts  11 ,  12  defining a mold cavity within which is located an elongate mandrel  13 . The mold is significantly longer than it is wide, in order to make a molded article approximately one half of a metre in length and ten centimetres in diameter. For this reason the two ends of the mold have been shown in detail with a break line in the centre which represents the extended length of the mold. 
         [0046]    The two mold parts  11 ,  12  and the mandrel  13  define an annular mold cavity generally indicated  14  having specific features which will be described in more detail below. 
         [0047]    At the left hand end as viewed in  FIG. 1  the mold cavity  14  is closed by a terminal mold part  15  which is shaped with a flat end face  16  which engages tightly with the corresponding flat end face  17  of the mandrel  13 . Surrounding the end of the flat end face  17  of the mandrel  13  is an annular bevelled edge  18  the function of which will be described in more detail hereinbelow. 
         [0048]    The mold parts  11 ,  12  each have a semi-cylindrical curved inner surface  19 ,  20  (see  FIG. 2 ) respectively whereby to form a cylindrical outer surface of the molded article when formed. These surfaces  19 ,  20  are not smooth surfaces but are slightly roughened, again for purposes which will be described in more detail below. Each cylindrically curved surface  19 ,  20  has a plurality of inwardly radially projecting axially extending ribs or ridges  21 ,  22  respectively which form ribbed sections of the outer surface of the molded product which will be described in more details in relation to  FIG. 3  and the function of which will be described in more detail below. 
         [0049]    The terminal mold member  15  has a portion  23  having a cylindrical surface of diameter matching that of the inner surfaces  19 ,  20  of the main mold portions  11 ,  12  and is a sliding fit within these portions. At its innermost end region the terminal mold member has an end portion generally indicated  24  of smaller diameter than main body part thereof, and the cylindrical surface of this portion  24  bears a multi-start screw thread  25 . The flights of the screw thread  25  are of such a depth that the troughs thereof lie on a cylindrical plane approximately mid-way between the diameter of the mandrel  13  and the diameter of the internal surfaces  19 ,  20  of the main mold parts  11 ,  12 . 
         [0050]    Between the threaded end portion  24  and the cylindrical portion  23  of the terminal mold member  15  is a tapered region  26 . 
         [0051]    At the other end of the mold cavity  14  the mandrel  13  extends axially beyond the main mold members  11 ,  12  and these are each formed with a respective cylindrical terminal surface  27 ,  28  the diameter of which matches the outer diameter of the mandrel  13 , an internally threaded portion  29 ,  30  and a tapered portion  31 ,  32  having a respective radially inwardly projecting circumferential rib  33 ,  34 . The inclined surface  31  extends from the threaded portions  29 ,  30  to the cylindrical surface  19 ,  20  of the mold members  11 ,  12 . 
         [0052]    As will be appreciated, therefore, the mold cavity  14  is a cylindrical form defining a hollow cylindrical article with an internal screw thread at one end leading by an outwardly flaring taper to the end of the article and an external screw thread at the other end separated from the main body of the article by a corresponding taper. 
         [0053]    When the mold parts  11 ,  12 ,  13 ,  15  are all fitted together the mold cavity  14  can be filled through an opening  35  in the mold member  11  and a corresponding opening  36  in the mold member  12 . In practice there may be a number of the opening  35 ,  36  spaced along the length of the mold to encourage uniform delivery of injected material. 
         [0054]    As can be seen in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the mandrel  13  has a plurality of very small openings  37  over the entirety of its surface (only some of which are illustrated in the drawings, greatly enlarged for clarity). These openings  37 , as can be seen in  FIG. 2  are the exit ends of radial passages  38  within the mandrel  13 , which communicate at their radially inner ends with axial passages  39 . As schematically illustrated in  FIG. 1 , at the right hand end of the mandrel  13  these axial passages  39  communicate with a manifold chamber  40  within a coupling  41  which is in fluid communication with a duct  42  leading to a source of fluid under pressure (not illustrated) via a refrigeration unit  43  illustrated only schematically in the drawing, but which may be of any known type. Other coolant passages within the mold members  11 ,  12  and  15  may also be provided but are not illustrated in detail. 
         [0055]    In use of the apparatus illustrated in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , when the mold is closed and held in its closure position by appropriate clamping means (not illustrated) which may be conventional in the art for multi-part molds, a heated molten plastics material is injected into the mold cavity  14  until it is filled entirely. During this time the openings  37 , which are of extremely small dimensions, are not invested with the injection molded plastics partly because of the surface tension of this material and partly because the passages  39  are placed under super-atmospheric pressure sufficient to resist the ingress of molten plastics material into the radial passages  38 . Although illustrated on a regular array the holes  37  are in practice spaced irregularly over the surface of the mandrel and the hole size varies along the length of the mandrel being larger at the end of the mandrel to allow for compensation of volume upon movement. 
         [0056]    Since this procedure results in a preliminary introduction into the mold cavity  14  of pressurised gas a suitable exit point (not shown) is provided through which this gas may escape until such a time as the mold cavity  14  is filled in order to avoid mis-shaping the molded product. In practice the mold cavity is slightly ‘overpumped’ upon injection, that is a slightly larger volume of material is injected than the calculated or measured volume of the cavity itself. This is a very small factor, however, for example of the region of 0.0001 kg per kg. 
         [0057]    Once the mold cavity  14  is full the mold members are cooled by coolant fluid passed through passages  44  in the mandrel  13  (see  FIG. 2 ) and the other passages (not shown) in the mold members  11 ,  12 ,  15  and when the molded material has cooled sufficiently to form a skin at least in the interface region between itself and the mandrel  13 , the pressurization of the passages  39  via the duct  42  is increased to allow fluid to flow out from the openings  37  into an interstitial space thereby created between the mandrel  13  and the inner surface of the molded product in the cavity  14 . At the same time the mandrel  13  is withdrawn axially in the direction of the arrow A of  FIG. 1  with the fluid flowing out of the passages  37  acting as a coolant and lubricant for this purpose. Although it would be possible to rotate the mandrel  13  about its longitudinal axis as it is withdrawn this is considered to be generally unnecessary and a straight draw is preferred. When the mandrel  13  has been withdrawn the terminal mold member  15  is then also withdrawn by rotating it to effectively ‘unscrew’ it from the threaded portion of the molded product formed by the thread flights  25 . The unscrewing of the terminal mold member  15  is facilitated by the inter-engagement of the ribs  21 ,  22  in the mold members  11 ,  12  with the corresponding ribs thus formed in the molded product, thereby resisting any rotation of the molded product about the axis defined by the centerline CL of the mold. When the terminal mold member  15  has been withdrawn the two mold parts  11 ,  12  can be separated, moving apart in the direction of the double arrow B breaking at the mold separation line  45  of  FIG. 2 . The roughening of the outer surface of the molded product by having a rough inner cylindrical surface  19 ,  20  to the two main mold parts  11 ,  12  encourages cooling of the molded product once removed from the mold. 
         [0058]    The bevelled end  18  of the mandrel  13  encourages the formation on the inner cylindrical surface of the molded article of a radially inwardly directed circumferential ridge  46  having a generally radial inclined face  47  directed towards the distal end of the molded product and a generally radial perpendicular surface  48 . This ridge plays an important part in sealing the cavity to facilitate withdrawal of the mandrel as the gas is introduced through the openings  37 . The dimensions of the cavity forming the ridge  46  will depend on the thickness of the wall of the pipe being formed, being greater the greater the thickness, and also varying in dependence on the nature of the material to be injected. 
         [0059]    Referring now to  FIGS. 1 and 3 , it will be appreciated that the circumferential ribs  33 ,  34  in the right hand end of the mold parts  11 ,  12  forms a corresponding circumferential groove  33 ′ in the molded product which, before coupling with an adjacent pipe section receives a suitable resilient O-ring seal  49 . 
         [0060]      FIG. 3  is in fact a half axial section showing that part of two adjacent pipe sections  50 ,  51  each formed as a molded product from the mold described in relation to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , illustrating only that part above the centre line CL. 
         [0061]    The left hand part of the molded article  51  has a cylindrical wall  52  of accurately constant wall thickness, bearing a set of axial grooves  21 ′ separated by ribs formed by the ribs  21  in the mold element  11 . These parallel ribs match corresponding ribs on the diametrically opposite part of the pipe section  51  and the five grooves  21 ′ and interspaced ribs extend over a 30 degree portion of the circumference of the pipe as can be seen in  FIG. 5 . A corresponding set of ribs and grooves may be provided at each end of the pipe although they are only illustrated at the female end of the embodiment of  FIG. 3 . 
         [0062]    As can be seen in  FIG. 3 , with an O-ring seal  49  in the groove  33 ′ of the ‘male’ end of one pipe, two adjacent pipes can be screw threaded together until an end  53  of the ‘male’ pipe meets the shoulder surface  48  of the inwardly directed rib or flashing  46  of the ‘female’ pipe. As can be seen in  FIG. 3 , the flights of the screw thread are approximately trapezoidal in shape, with a pressure flank  54  in the region of 10 degrees to the radial plane, and a lead flank  55  approximately 20 degrees to the radial plane. The screw threads can be seen clearly in  FIG. 3  to be approximately midway through the wall thickness of the pipe wall  50 ,  52 . When the two pipes are screwed together firmly, the tapered portions engage securely to form a high-friction engagement and to compress the O-ring seal  33 ′ to form a gas tight and/or water tight seal between adjacent pipes. Since, in use, successive pipes are screwed on in the same direction, the action of adding a further pipe reinforces the connection of previously-screwed pipes sections. 
         [0063]    Moreover, because the pipes are joined together by connection means acting within the wall thickness of the pipes, there is no need for an external sleeve which would otherwise enlarge the outer diameter of the pipe, and apart from the small flashing rib  46  the smooth internal surface of the pipe is entirely unobstructed. It should be noted that the dimensions of this flashing rib have been exaggerated in the drawings for the sake of illustration. In practice the dimensions thereof would be not greater than half to one millimeter in radial dimension. After molding is complete this flashing is removed. 
         [0064]    Referring now to  FIG. 4 , an alternative embodiment is illustrated, showing only the two end sections of adjacent pipes where they fit together. In this embodiment the ‘male’ end portion of a pipe section  70  is shown engaged into the ‘female’ end portion of pipe section  71 . The pipe section  70  has, in this embodiment, no taper between the threaded region and the outer wall, but rather a shoulder  72  and a step  73  between two parallel, co-axial cylindrical surfaces  74 ,  75 . The thread flights,  76 , which in this figure are shown schematically as an interpenetrating region with the thread flights  77  of the female portion of the pipe section  71 , separate the cylindrical surface  75  from the terminal cylindrical surface  78  of reduced diameter. 
         [0065]    The ‘female’ end portion of the pipe section  71  has a flared entrance  79  to facilitate introducing the male portion of the pipe section  70  into it, and a cylindrical surface  80  between the inner end of the flared portion  79  and the thread flights  77 . In this cylindrical surface is formed a circumferential groove  81  for receiving an O-ring seal  82 . By forming the facing surfaces  75 ,  80  which engage the O-ring seal  82  the contact pressure on the seal is independent of the force exerted to tighten the screw threads engaging the two pipe sections together. 
         [0066]    In another embodiment, not shown, one end of the pipe section is made of larger diameter to receive the opposite end of an adjacent pipe section in a manner similar to that of traditional clay pipes. The two mating ends may be screw threaded together or a simple O-ring seal may be used to seal the junction. Alternatively, respective co-operating sump-engagement members may be formed at respective ends, whereby to engage the pipe sections together and retain them both against forces of compression and tension. 
         [0067]    Referring now to  FIG. 6 , there is schematically shown a process for installing a pipeline utilising sections such as those described hereinabove. In forming the pipeline first two spaced pits  60 ,  61  are excavated to a depth just below the intended level of the pipeline. Then, using means known per se and therefore not described here, a passage  62  following the intended line of the pipe is formed, having an opening  66  into the pit  60  and an opening  67  into the pit  61 . Then, a pipe section  63  such as that illustrated and described hereinabove in relation to  FIG. 3  or  4  is introduced into the opening  66 . A suitable press machine  65  is located in the pit  60  for this purpose. The details of this press machine do not form any part of the subject of this invention and will, therefore, not be described here in detail. Suffice it to say that the press machine  65  engages the exposed end of the pipe  63  and presses it along the passage  62  formed between the two pits  60 ,  61 . The press machine is then retracted, a fresh pipe section  64  screwed to the exposed end of the pipe  63  and the press  65  is then re-engaged to the exposed end of the pipe section  64  to urge this and the pipe  63  along the passage  62 . This process is repeated until the leading end of the pipe section  63  appears through the entrance  67  into the pit  61 . 
         [0068]    While various embodiments of the invention have been described, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that many more embodiments and implementations are possible that are within the scope of this invention. In addition, the various features, elements, and embodiments described herein may be claimed or combined in any combination or arrangement.