Abstract:
A resonant sensor for determining structural property changes, in particular for detecting the presence of chemical or biological species, comprises a structure ( 2 ) mounted to be capable of resonating and having a cyclically symmetrical configuration with two independent degenerative modes of vibration of a common natural frequency (f), and means ( 24,26,28,30,32,34,36,38 ) for exciting the structure ( 2 ) to resonate according to the two degenerative modes, regions ( 8,12,16,20 ) of the structure ( 2 ) being modified such that, on changes in the structural properties of the modified regions ( 8,12,16,20 ), for example by the addition or subtraction of mass, the natural frequencies (f1, f2) of the two modes of vibration become different, the difference in frequencies (?f) being proportional to the change in structural properties.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD  
         [0001]    The present invention relates to resonant sensors for determining structural property changes, and has particular though not exclusive application to such sensors for detecting the presence of chemical or biochemical species.  
         BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    It is well established practice to provide resonant mass sensors in which the change in resonant frequency which occurs on the application of mass to the sensor is used to calculate the value of the applied mass.  
           [0003]    However, such devices rely upon absolute changes in frequency to determine the added mass, the devices commonly operating at frequencies of the order of 10-100 MHz. As changes of less than 1000 Hz often need to be measured, the stability of the oscillator is of great importance, precise thermal characteristics and other associated parameters of the environment needing to be known to achieve meaningful mass measurements.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0004]    It would be desirable to be able to provide a resonant sensor more readily and directly able than heretofore to measure structural property changes, such as the addition of mass to, or the subtraction of mass from, the sensor, the measurements being independent of environmental conditions.  
           [0005]    According to the present invention there is provided a resonant sensor for determining structural property changes, the sensor comprising a structure mounted to be capable of resonating, the structure having a cyclically symmetrical configuration with two independent degenerate modes of vibration of a common natural frequency, and means for exciting the structure to resonate according to said two degenerate modes, regions of the structure being modified such that, on changes in the structural properties of the modified regions, the natural frequencies of the two modes of vibration become different, the difference in frequencies being proportional to the change in structural properties.  
           [0006]    Thus it will be appreciated that when, for example, a chemical or biological species is incident upon the modified regions of the surface to change the mass of said regions, the cyclic symmetry of the sensor is destroyed, and a frequency split of the previously degenerate modes is created. The value of the difference in frequencies enables the added mass to be calculated.  
           [0007]    As any frequency change in the two modes caused by, for example, variations in temperature, pressure and internal stress in the structure are the same in each mode, these factors do not contribute to the value of the frequency split, and need not be known to determine the desired property change—the arrangement is thus self-compensating for these external effects, and requires only a single readout of the frequency difference to be made to enable calculation of the structural change under question.  
           [0008]    The resonant structure may comprise a diaphragm, the periphery of which may be secured to a supporting substrate, the modified regions of the diaphragm being on the upper surface thereof, the means for exciting the diaphragm being located below the diaphragm symmetrically disposed relative to said modified regions, which means may be, for example, electrostatic, magnetic, piezoelectric or the like.  
           [0009]    The modified regions of the diaphragm may be of, for example, gold chemically treated to promote bonding with specified chemical or biological species the presence of which is to be detected.  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0010]    [0010]FIG. 1 illustrates a base segment of a structure in the form of a diaphragm of a sensor according to the invention;  
         [0011]    [0011]FIG. 2 illustrates a diaphragm of a sensor according to the invention;  
         [0012]    [0012]FIGS. 3 a  and  3   b  show, respectively, the common resonant frequency of the two independent modes of vibration of a cyclically symmetric structure, and the frequency split of said modes on modification of the cyclic symmetry;  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 4 is a transverse section through part of a first sensor according to the invention;  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 5 is a plan view from below of the diaphragm of the sensor of FIG. 4;  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 6 is a plan view from above of the diaphragm of the sensor of FIG. 4, and FIG. 7 is a plan view from above of a diaphragm of a further sensor according to the invention. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0016]    The present invention is based upon cyclically symmetrical structures with pairs of independent modes of vibration that share a common natural frequency of vibration.  
         [0017]    The theory behind such structures will now be detailed with reference to FIGS.  1  to  3  of the accompanying drawings.  
         [0018]    A cyclically symmetric structure is formed from segments, which are derived from a base segment by successive rotations through a defined angle about a fixed axis. If the base segment spans an angle of 360°/n, where n must be an integer in order to form a connected structure, then the resulting structure formed from the rotations has a rotational symmetry of order n.  
         [0019]    For example, consider the equilateral triangle shown in FIG. 1 and let this be the base segment. If a structure is formed from this triangle by successive rotations of 60° about an axis which is normal to the plane of the paper and which passes through the apex at A, then a hexagon is formed, as shown in FIG. 2. This resulting structure has a cyclical symmetry of order  6 .  
         [0020]    It is known that cyclically symmetric structures have pairs of independent modes of vibration that share a common natural frequency of vibration. This feature is called modal degeneracy. When vibrating at a natural frequency f, the displaced shape u of the complete structure can always be considered as a vector formed from the displacements of each segment—ie. u=(u 1 ,u 2 , . . . u n ). In the case of the hexagon, n=6. If the modal displacements are such that u does not satisfy u=u 1 (1, 1, . . . 1) and u=u 1 (1, −1, 1, −1 . . . 1, −1)then the mode is degenerate. If u=(u 1 ,u 2 , . . . u n ) is one of the degenerate modes then U=(u n ,u 1 ,u 2 , . . . ,u n−1 ,), obtained by rotating the displaced shape through one segment, is the other mode.  
         [0021]    If this symmetry is disrupted, for example by the addition or removal of mass, then the natural frequencies associated with the once degenerate modes become unique to each mode, changing from f to f 1  and from f to f 2  as shown in FIG. 3, such that a frequency split of value Δf exists between the two modes. This split in frequency can be used as a measure of the ‘breakage’ in the cyclic symmetry, and, in the case of a mass sensor, is a function of the change in mass.  
         [0022]    A practical application of this concept is illustrated in FIGS.  4  to  6 . in these drawings there is shown a structure in the form of a circular diaphragm  2  of relatively thin electrically conductive material the periphery of which is fixed at  4  to a thicker supporting substrate  6 .  
         [0023]    Deposited on the upper surface of the diaphragm  2  are eight equi-spaced regions  8 , 10 , 12 , 14 , 16 , 18 , 20 , 22 , for example of gold, whereby the diaphragm  2  has a cyclic symmetry of the order eight.  
         [0024]    The material of the regions  8  to  22  is chosen such that it can be chemically treated to promote bonding with a specified chemical or biological species to be monitored. In the case of a mass sensor, the regions  8 , 12 , 16  and  20  are modified, while regions  10 , 14 , 18  and  22  remain unmodified.  
         [0025]    Positioned immediately below the lower surface of the diaphragm  2  are eight actuating and sensing electrodes  24 , 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 , 36 , 38 , one associated with each of the regions  8  to  22 .  
         [0026]    Electrodes  24 , 28 , 32  and  36  are used to produce a resonant flexural response in the diaphragm  2  by electrostatic means, and the subsequent modal motion of the diaphragm can be made to be of the form which varies circumferentially as cos 2θ, for a structure with eight fold symmetry (see FIG. 5). The angle θ defines a line OB in the plane of the diaphragm measured from a datum line OA which is chosen to bisect the region  8 . In this case all points on the line OB have a displacement proportional to cos 2θ.  
         [0027]    In a similar manner, electrodes  26 , 30 , 34  and  38  when actuated excite a resonant flexural response in the diaphragm the modal motion of which varies circumferentially as sin 2θ.  
         [0028]    These modal motions are degenerate, and thus share a common natural frequency.  
         [0029]    When a chemical or biological species is deposited on the modified regions  8 , 12 , 16  and  20 , the mass of these regions changes, and the cyclic symmetry of the diaphragm  2  is broken.  
         [0030]    As detailed above, a measurement of the frequency split of the once degenerate modes enables the mass added to the modified regions to be calculated. Frequency changes caused by changes in temperature, pressure and internal stress in the diaphragm  2  are the same in each mode, and thus do not contribute to the value of the frequency split, the arrangement therefore being self-compensating for these effects.  
         [0031]    Modifications and variations from the sensor described and illustrated can be made without departing from the scope of the appended claims. In particular, the sensor can be used to determine a variety of structural property changes, including reduction in mass, the electrodes  24  to  38  may be replaced by other exciting means which may be, for example electrostatic, magnetic or piezoelectric in operation, the regions  8  to  22  may be of any suitable material other than gold, and the cyclic symmetry of the diaphragm may be other than eight, as may the number of regions  8  to  22  and exciting means  24  to  38 .  
         [0032]    Referring to FIG. 7, there is shown a diaphragm  2  designed to have a three fold cyclic symmetry. The symmetry can be achieved by having three identical equispaced ‘electroded’ regions  8 , 10 , 12  deposited on the upper surface of the diaphragm  2 . This diaphragm  2  still has degenerate modes of the form cos 2θ and sin 2θ with two identical natural frequencies.  
         [0033]    The mode characterised by cos 2θ has the nodal lines shown by dotted lines N 1 , while the mode characterised by sin 2θ has nodal lines shown by full lines N 2 .  
         [0034]    The regions  8 , 10 , 12  are chemically treated to form four sub-regions  40 , 42 , 44  and  46  thereon symmetrically disposed either side of the nodal lines N 1 , these subregions being such as to allow a chemical or biological species to bind to the surface of the diaphragm  2  thereby to change the mass of the diaphragm  2  in the sub-regions  40  to  46 .  
         [0035]    Because the added mass is disposed equally about the nodal lines of the cos 2θ mode, its effect on the natural frequency of this mode is small. The same is not however the case for the sin 2θ mode the frequency of which is changed to a greater degree, with the result that a split in the natural frequencies of the once degenerate modes occurs.  
         [0036]    Other modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art.