Abstract:
The present invention relates to a composition for improving the stability of bacteriophage originated lysin proteins greatly even when the composition contains the bacteriophage originated lysin proteins at a high concentration. More precisely, the present invention relates to a method and a composition for improving significantly the stability of SAL-1 or LysK, the bacteriophage originated lysin protein, included at a high concentration in the composition.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0002]    The present invention relates to a composition for improving the stability of bacteriophage originated lysin proteins greatly even when the composition contains a high concentration of the bacteriophage originated lysin proteins. More precisely, the present invention relates to a method and a composition for improving significantly the stability of SAL-1 or LysK, the bacteriophage originated lysin protein, included at a high concentration in the composition. 
         [0003]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0004]    Since 1990s, the resistant bacteria showing the resistance against many antibiotics which had been widely used for the treatment of infectious diseases have been increased with causing problems. The most serious problem of them is the significantly lowered treatment effect of antibiotics in treating infectious diseases. 
         [0005]    Therefore, it is an urgent request to develop a novel antibiotic substance that can overcome the said problem of resistance of the conventional antibiotics. The promising candidate for the novel antibiotic substance that draws our attention most is the bacteriophage originated lysin protein. This is called the bacteriophage lysin protein or lysin protein or lysin. The bacteriophage lysin protein is a kind of enzyme that is generated from the genetic information of a bacteriophage. The biological activity of the bacteriophage lysin protein, that is the enzymatic activity, is to destroy the peptidoglycan layer that is the major structure of bacterial cell wall. The bacteriophage lysin protein is mainly working in the course of destruction of bacterial cell wall. More precisely, when a bacteriophage is infected into a host, it is proliferated therein and the second generation bacteriophages are generated in the host bacteria. Then, the generated bacteriophages attempt to come out of the host bacteria through the cell wall, during which the bacteriophage lysin protein is working to destroy the cell wall (J. Bacteriol. 186: 4808-4812, 2004). 
         [0006]    The bacteriophage lysin protein is naturally generated in the inside of bacteria from the genetic information of a bacteriophage, as explained hereinbefore, but is also synthesized by using recombinant protein technology and then applied to the bacterial cell wall in order to break the peptidoglycan layer. Because of this characteristics, the attempts to use the bacteriophage lysin protein as an antibacterial protein working against bacteria have been increased (U.S. Pat. No. 8,058,225; U.S. Pat. No. 8,105,585). In particular, the attempt to use this protein as a treatment agent for infectious diseases caused by the resistant bacteria is focused on a different mode of action from that of the conventional antibiotics (Science 294: 2170-2172, 2001; Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 8: 480-487, 2005). 
         [0007]    SAL-1 that has been developed by the present inventors is also one of the bacteriophage lysin proteins (Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55: 1764-1767, 2011). SAL-1 comprises the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ. ID. NO: 1 and has the bacteriolytic activity specific to  Staphylococcus aureus . In particular, SAL-1 also displays the bacteriolytic activity against the antibiotic-resistant MRSA (methicillin-resistant  Staphylococcus aureus ) or VRSA (vancomycin-resistant  Staphylococcus aureus ). Thus, it can be used as a treatment agent for infectious diseases caused by MRSA or VRSA. The said MRSA and VRSA are the representative antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the number of death caused by the infection with these is very big world-widely. 
         [0008]    SAL-1 is very similar to LysK having the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ. ID. NO: 2 and the difference is found only in three residues. However, the antibacterial activity of SAL-1 is almost double the activity of LysK (Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55: 1764-1767, 2011). 
         [0009]    To use the bacteriophage lysin protein commercially, it needs to be prepared in the form of a high concentration formula. Particularly, when it is used as a medicine, a high concentration unit is advantageous for the administration and handling because when a unit contains a high concentration of the protein, the dosage can be reduced. 
         [0010]    In the previous study, the present inventors found out that when the said SAL-1 and LysK were included in a solution at a high concentration, aggregation was observed over the time of storage and this aggregation was also accelerated by an external physical impact, suggesting that the stability of the solution was in question. That kind of disadvantage was not preferred for the industrial use of the lysin protein. To secure the stability during the storage and for safe handling, it was required to develop a method to provide the stability high enough to a composition even when it is prepared in a high concentration liquid form. 
         [0011]    The present inventors have confirmed that the addition of calcium ions or magnesium ions to the lysin protein is effective in increasing the biological activity thereof. However, even though the addition of such divalent cations was effective in increasing the biological activity, it also caused the decrease of the stability of the lysin protein included in the liquid form composition. To use industrially the composition comprising these two lysin proteins at high concentrations as active ingredients, it is also requested to develop a method to secure the stability of the lysin protein in the presence of calcium or magnesium ions. 
         [0012]    Numbers of research papers and patent documents have been cited in this invention, which are presented in the brackets. At this time, the cited papers and patent documents are included in this invention as a whole in order to describe the arts and spirits and scope of the present invention more clearly. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0013]    It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and a composition for improving the stability of SAL-1 or LysK, the bacteriophage lysin protein, included at a high concentration in the composition. 
         [0014]    It is another object of the present invention to provide a method and a composition for improving the stability of SAL-1 or LysK, the bacteriophage lysin protein, included at a high concentration in the composition in the presence of calcium ions or magnesium ions. 
         [0015]    To achieve the above objects, the present inventors first screened a surfactant which was believed to be effective in improving the stability of the lysin protein in a solution comprising SAL-1 or LysK at a high concentration, and as a result the inventors confirmed that poloxamer was very suitable for that purpose. Further, the present inventors confirmed that when the said poloxamer was added to a composition, SAl-1 or LysK was still stable even in the presence of magnesium ions or calcium ions, leading to the completion of the present invention. 
         [0016]    Therefore, the present invention provides primarily a method and a composition for using the poloxamer as a stabilizer since the poloxamer was considered to be advantageous not only for preparing a solution comprising SAL-1 or LysK at a high concentration but also for maintaining the stability thereof in handling and for storage. The present invention also provides a method and a composition using the poloxamer as a stabilizer that is appropriate for preparing a solution comprising SAL-1 or LysK at a high concentration and additionally comprising magnesium ions or calcium ions for the purpose of improving the biological activity thereof and thus is advantageous for maintaining the stability in handling and storage thereof. 
         [0017]    The calcium ions or magnesium ions herein can be added in various forms of salt. The type of salt herein is not limited, but chloride is preferred. 
         [0018]    The concentration of calcium ions or magnesium ions herein is 0.1˜20 mM, and more preferably 2˜15 mM, and most preferably 10 mM. 
         [0019]    The said poloxamer is a synthetic polymer surfactant, which is a nonionic copolymer composed of a central hydrophobic polyoxypropylene chain and two surrounding hydrophilic polyoxyethylene chains. The poloxamer was invented in 1973 (U.S. Pat. No. 3,740,421) and has been on the market under the brand-name of Pluronic. The diversity of the poloxamer is made by the length of the chain. There might be a light property change over the difference of the length but the basic property is all the same, suggesting that the basic effect is expected to be the same. Thus, the poloxamer herein is not limited, but poloxamer 188 (Pluronic F-68), that had been used as a pharmaceutical ingredient, is preferred. 
         [0020]    The poloxamer content varies from the concentration of the lysin protein in a solution containing them. In general, the poloxamer concentration to give enough effect expected by the inventors is 0.01˜2% (w/v), and preferably 0.1˜0.5% (w/v). 
         [0021]    The method of the present invention is not just effective in preparing a solution comprising a high concentration of the protein but also effective in preparing any other solutions comprising the protein at different concentrations. It is understood therefore that the effect of the present invention is more peculiar in a solution having a high concentration of the lysin protein. The expression “high concentration” in this invention is not limited in a specific standard but generally indicates at least 5 mg/ml and more preferably at least 10 mg/ml. 
       Advantageous Effect 
       [0022]    To use industrially the bacteriophage originated antibacterial protein, SAL-1 or LysK, it is necessary to prepare a solution comprising the protein at a high concentration. If a solution comprising the protein at a high concentration can be prepared, it can be applied as a medicine, particularly an injectable solution, that is advantageous for reducing the dose of administration. However, in the course of the preparation of a solution comprising SAL-1 or LysK at a high concentration, the stability of the protein is decreased. According to the present invention, the stability of SAL-1 or LysK in a solution can be greatly improved, that is, according to the method and the composition of the present invention, a solution comprising SAL-1 or LysK at a high concentration can be easily prepared without worry of lowering the stability. The solution comprising SAL-1 or LysK at a high concentration, prepared according to the method of the invention, displays the greatly improved stability of the protein in a solution, indicating the handling and storage of the solution comprising the protein at a high concentration would be also worry-free. According to the present invention, there is no problem in adding calcium ions or magnesium ions to the solution in order to increase the biological activity of SAL-1 or LysK. In conclusion, the present invention provides a very stable composition comprising SAL-1 or LysK at a high concentration with securing the stability of the protein and the optimum biological activity of the same. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0023]    The application of the preferred embodiments of the present invention is best understood with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
           [0024]      FIG. 1  is a diagram illustrating the outline of the purification process of SAL-1 used in this invention. 
           [0025]      FIG. 2  is a set of photographs illustrating the process of the stability test performed in this invention. 
           [0026]      FIG. 3  is a graph illustrating the result of the biological activity test performed in this invention. The horizontal axis presents the analysis time (min.) and the vertical axis presents OD 600 . 
           [0027]      FIG. 4  is a graph illustrating the summary of the result of size exclusion liquid chromatography performed in order to analyze the effect according to the concentration of poloxamer. The horizontal axis presents the poloxamer content % (w/v), and the vertical axis presents the ratio (%) of the peak area of SAL-1 after stirring to the peak area of SAL-1 before stirring. 
           [0028]      FIG. 5  is a graph illustrating the effect of the added magnesium ions or calcium ions to SAL-1 solution on the biological activity of SAL-1. The horizontal axis presents the analysis time (min.) and the vertical axis presents OD 600 . Δ: calcium ions addition; □: magnesium ions addition; ⋄: no addition. 
           [0029]      FIG. 6  illustrates the result of the stability test over the long-term storage of the SAL-1 solution prepared according to the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0030]    As explained hereinbefore, the present invention provides a method and a composition characterized by containing poloxamer as a stabilizer to improve greatly the stability of the lysin protein in a solution comprising the bacteriophage lysin protein SAL-1 or LysK at a high concentration. 
         [0031]    Practical and presently preferred embodiments of the present invention are illustrative as shown in the following Examples, Experimental Examples and Manufacturing Examples. 
         [0032]    However, it will be appreciated that those skilled in the art, on consideration of this disclosure, may make modifications and improvements within the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
       Example 1 
     Investigation of a Surfactant Capable of improving the Stability of a Solution Containing SAL-1 
       [0033]    The SAL-1 used in this invention was prepared according to the method described in Korean Patent No 10-075998, particularly purified and prepared according to the method illustrated in  FIG. 1 . The elution fraction of SAL-1 showing at least 95% purity was finally selected and concentrated until the concentration reached 20 mg/ml, resulting in SAL-1 solution. The concentrated SAL-1 solution was replaced with different buffers. The buffers herein were L-Histidine buffer (10 mM L-Histidine, 5% (w/v) Sorbitol, pH 6.0), Tris-buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, 140 mM NaCl, pH 7.5), Acetate buffer (10 mM Sodium acetate, 5% (w/v) Sorbitol, pH 5.0), Phosphate buffer A (10 mM Sodium phosphate, 5% (w/v) Sorbitol, pH 6.0), Phosphate buffer B (10 mM Sodium phosphate, 140 mM NaCl, pH 6.0), and HEPES buffer (10 mM HEPES, pH 7.3). The SAL-1 solution replaced with each buffer was added with different surfactants. Then, the proper surfactant was investigated. Selection of the proper surfactant was performed by investigating the increase of the stability of SAL-1 and also by measuring the decrease of the biological activity of SAL-1 as well. That is, a surfactant that was capable of increasing the stability of SAL-1 in a solution without reducing the biological activity of SAL-1 was screened. In this investigation, every surfactant could not all be tested, so those considered to be applicable for a pharmaceutical composition were targeted, which were exemplified by Polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether, Polysorbate 20, Polysorbate 40, Polysorbate 60, Tyloxapol, Sorbitan Monostearate, and Polyethyleneglycol Monostearate. 
         [0034]    Stability test of the SAL-1 solution was performed as follows. 
         [0035]    {circle around (1)} adding a surfactant to SAL-1 solution (0.1%˜0.5%); 
         [0036]    {circle around (2)} stirring the mixture at room temperature for 1 hour; 
         [0037]    {circle around (3)} measuring turbidity at 600 nm using a spectrophotometer after stirring; and 
         [0038]    {circle around (4)} judging the improvement of stability when the turbidity was least increased, compared with that before stirring. 
         [0039]    Biological activity of SAL-1 was investigated as follows. Of course, those surfactants showing least stability improvement effect or none were eliminated from this investigation. 
         [0040]    {circle around (1)} adding a surfactant to SAL-1 solution (0.1% 0.5%); 
         [0041]    {circle around (2)} leaving the mixture at room temperature for 1 hour; 
         [0042]    {circle around (3)} preparing a bacteria suspension comprising  Staphylococcus aureus  at the concentration of 8×10 8  cfu/ml by using 1×PBS (8 g/L NaCl, 0.2 g/L KCl, 1.44 g/L Na 2 HPO 4 , 0.24 g/L KH 2 PO 4 , pH 7.0); 
         [0043]    {circle around (4)} adding the mixture of step {circle around (2)} to 1 ml of the bacteria suspension prepared in step {circle around (3)} to make the concentration of SAL-1 therein to be 1 μg/ml (using the diluent of the mixture of step {circle around (2)}); 
         [0044]    {circle around (5)} measuring OD 600  over the time by using a spectrophotometer (when bacteriolysis occurred by SAL-1, OD 600  was supposed to decrease over the time); and 
         [0045]    {circle around (6)} judging the biological activity of SAL-1 as high when OD 600  was reduced greatly and fast over the time (judged by TOD 50 , which means the OD 600  was reduced to half the first measured OD 600 ). 
         [0046]    As a result, considering the stability of SAL-1 in a solution and the biological activity of SAL-1, poloxamer 188 was selected as the most appropriate surfactant that can improve the stability of SAL-1 in a solution with maintaining the biological activity of the same. Other surfactants were either weak in increasing the stability or reduced the biological activity of SAL-1. The stability test process according to the present invention is illustrated in  FIG. 2 . The biological activity test result is illustrated in  FIG. 3 . Buffer type did not affect the stability or the biological activity of SAL-1. 
       Example 2 
     Investigation of a Proper Concentration of Poloxamer 
       [0047]    A proper concentration of poloxamer was investigated in this example. The stability and the biological activity of SAL-1 in a solution was investigated by the same manner as described in Example 1. To investigate the stability more accurately, size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography was also performed as follows. BioSep-SEC-S2000 column (7.8 mm×300 mm) was used as the analysis column. Buffer A (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 500 mM NaCl) was used as the analysis buffer. The flow rate after the addition of the sample was 1 ml/min. The volume of the sample added thereto was 50 μl, and the detection was performed using UV detector at 280 nm. 
         [0048]    Following is the result of the investigation obtained by using a spectrophotometer when poloxamer was added at the concentrations of 0.1˜0.5% (w/v). There was no significant difference over the concentration of poloxamer. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Poloxamer Content 
                 OD 600   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 (%, w/v) 
                 Stirring 
                 Non-stirring 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0 
                 1.2893 
                 0.0008 
               
               
                 0.10 
                 0.0148 
                 −0.0004 
               
               
                 0.25 
                 0.0195 
                 −0.0003 
               
               
                 0.50 
                 0.0126 
                 0.0003 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0049]    The result of the size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography performed together is shown in  FIG. 4 . The result was consistent with that of the turbidity analysis using a spectrophotometer. 
         [0050]    Based on the above results, the proper concentration of poloxamer was determined as 0.1% (w/v) to expect the full effect of it. 
       Example 3 
     Investigation of the Effect of Poloxamer Addition to the Composition Comprising Additionally Calcium Ions or Magnesium Ions 
       [0051]    It was previously confirmed that the addition of calcium ions or magnesium ions was effective in increasing the biological activity of SAL-1, unlike the addition of other ions ( FIG. 5 ). Unfortunately the stability of SAL-1 in a solution comprising calcium ions or magnesium ions was reduced even though the biological activity of SAL-1 was increased by the said ions. Based on the fact, the present inventors wanted to find out whether or not the addition of poloxamer to SAL-1 solution could be effective in improving the stability of SAL-1 in the presence of calcium ions or magnesium ions. The stability test was performed by the same manner as described in Example 1. Since the kind of buffer did not affect the result, L-Histidine buffer (10 mM L-Histidine, 5% (w/v) Sorbitol, pH 6.0) alone was used as the buffer in this example. Calcium ions or magnesium ions were in the form of chloride herein and the concentration thereof was 10 mM. The concentration of poloxamer was 0.1% (w/v) as determined in Example 2. The result is as follows. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Addition 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Calcium 
                 Magnesium 
                   
                 OD 600  after 
               
               
                   
                 ions 
                 ions 
                 Poloxamer 
                 stirring 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 x 
                 x 
                 x 
                 0.200 
               
               
                   
                 x 
                 ∘ 
                 x 
                 0.668 
               
               
                   
                 ∘ 
                 x 
                 x 
                 1.093 
               
               
                   
                 x 
                 x 
                 ∘ 
                 0.041 
               
               
                   
                 x 
                 ∘ 
                 ∘ 
                 0.040 
               
               
                   
                 ∘ 
                 x 
                 ∘ 
                 0.044 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 4 
     Confirmation of the Effect of Poloxamer Addition in LysK Solution 
       [0052]    The effect of poloxamer addition in LysK solution was also investigated by the same manner as described in Example 3. The LysK used in this example was prepared by the same manner as used for the preparation of SAL-1. Considering that the difference over the buffer was minor in Example 1, L-histidine buffer or Tris buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0) was used to replace LysK solution (20 mg/ml), to which poloxamer was added at the concentration of 0.1% (w/v). As a result, the addition of poloxamer resulted in the significant increase of the stability of LysK, in both cases of using the above two buffers (data not shown). 
       Example 5 
     Investigation of the Long-Term Storage Stability 
       [0053]    The stability that has been a target of the investigation in the above examples was the stability against external physical stimulus. In addition to the stability against physical stimulus, the storage stability is also very important for the industrial purpose. The SAL-1 solution prepared according to the present invention was kept in a refrigerator for 8 weeks, during which the stability of SAL-1 was investigated. Particularly, as shown in Example 2, size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography was performed for the stability analysis. The peak area presenting SAL-1 in the chromatography was analyzed to investigate the duration of SAL-1 peak over the time. 
         [0054]    In this example, the concentrations of SAL-1 in the SAL-1 solution were 1 mg/ml, 13 mg/ml, and 20 mg/ml. The purpose of using different concentration was to find out what concentration of SAL-1 would be appropriate for the best effect of the present invention. The sample analysis was specifically performed 4 weeks later, 6 weeks later, and 8 weeks later, respectively. 
         [0055]    As a result, as shown in  FIG. 6 , the peak area was maintained at least 93% (chromatography peak area), compared with the early peak, in every concentration tested herein after the storage in a refrigerator. In the meantime, the peak area was only maintained 60% at best in the absence of poloxamer (data not shown). 
         [0056]    The above results suggest that the composition of the present invention is effective in improving the stability of the lysin protein in the solution comprising the bacteriophage originated lysin protein as an active ingredient. In particular, the effect was high enough in a high concentration solution. The composition of the present invention has also been confirmed to be effective in the solution comprising particularly SAL-1 or LysK as an effective ingredient. 
         [0057]    Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conceptions and specific embodiments disclosed in the foregoing description may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing, other embodiments for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that such equivalent embodiments do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended Claims.