Abstract:
The Mission Centric Network Defense System (MCNDS) is a deployable network defense system that monitors network activities, generates and maintains situational awareness of operational activities, and uses this joint situational awareness of networked and operational activities to predict the mission impact of alterations and disruptions of networked resources. The MCNDS uses its predictive capability to rank information operation (IO) courses-of-action (COAs) and interpret network alarms and intrusion detections in terms of expected operational mission impact.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of provisional U.S. application Ser. No. 60/415437, filed on Oct. 2, 2002, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference as if fully disclosed herein. 
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0003]    The present invention relates to a network defense system. More specifically, it relates to a deployable network defense system that monitors both network and operational activities, and predicts the mission impact of alterations and disruptions of networked resources.  
           [0004]    2. Description of the Related Art  
           [0005]    In both the commercial and military domains, systems are becoming increasingly networked. The power of networking is apparent through the potential for increased quantity and quality of information available for decision-makers and more efficient use of resources. At the same time, the increased complexity of networked approaches leads to several pressing needs. Some of these needs include robust systems, both to internal faults and to attacks from outside the network, as well as analysis to understand the impact of the system&#39;s degradation to its overall mission effectiveness.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0006]    The Mission Centric Network Defense System (MCNDS) is related to a deployable network defense system that monitors network activities, generates and maintains situational awareness of operational activities, and uses this joint situational awareness of networked and operational activities to predict the mission impact of alterations and disruptions of networked resources. The MCNDS uses predictive capability to rank defensive information operation (IO) courses-of-action (COAs) as well as interpret network alarms and intrusion detections in terms of expected operational mission impact. IO and operational commanders may use MCNDS to monitor and understand how their networks are supporting various missions and how actions taken on their networks impact their missions.  
           [0007]    It is an object of the invention disclosed herein to provide dynamic, constantly maintained awareness of the actual current status of both the network and the mission.  
           [0008]    It is a further object of the invention disclosed herein to use awareness of the actual current state of both the network and the mission to predict the mission impact of alterations and disruptions of networked resources, in general, and to provide mission relevant correlations of network alarms and intrusion detections in particular.  
           [0009]    It is yet another object of the invention disclosed herein to predict the mission impact of network perturbations in general, and in one embodiment particular, to prioritize defensive information operation (IO) courses-of-action (COAs) with respect to expected impact on operational effectiveness.  
           [0010]    These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will be fully apparent from the following description, when taken in connection with the annexed drawings. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0011]    The teachings of the present invention can be readily understood by considering the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 1 is a block diagram depicting an embodiment of the functional architecture of the MCNDS;  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 2 is a graph showing an example mission state probability over time;  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 3 depicts a method of determining mission sensitivity and performing mission impact prediction;  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 4 depicts an example of a deployed force architecture with an Air Tasking Order (ATO) generation mission; and  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 5. is a graph illustrating an example set of sensitivity curves over time for the ATO generation mission. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS  
       [0017]    [0017]FIG. 1 depicts an embodiment for the MCNDS. Interface sensors  102  at select network node(s) can provide both network and mission data. Both network health and the operational situation being supported by the network are monitored by extracting relevant information from packet and traffic patterns. Relevant information can include packet sources, destinations and ports, but can also include any other information deemed relevant to the network or mission. In this case, the packet flows may be scanned as an unstructured data stream.  
         [0018]    Mission event detection  104  is performed by combining the information from the interface sensors. Once the mission events are detected, they are combined with knowledge of the mission types, and missions can be correlated and tracked  106 . Mission tracking in the current context means determining which missions are active and the state of each mission. For this, a set of mission types is assumed (e.g. Call-For-Fire, TCS, Ship-To-Objective-Maneuver, Air Defense). Missions may be modeled using stochastic models (e.g., Hidden Markov Models, HMMs), that is, processes that have both stochastic transition behavior and stochastic output maps. Given the observed event sequence, the process of determining which mission types, with high probability, would most likely have generated the event may be performed inductively. For Hidden Markov Models, a fast algorithm that successful implements the induction is known as the “forward algorithm”.  
         [0019]    The forward algorithm can process the sequence of observed variables o 1 ,o 2 , . . . ,o t  using the model for each mission type k given by the data M k ≡(A k ,C k ,π 0   k ). These are the state transition matrix, the observation matrix, and the initial probability vector for mission k. The forward variable at time t for mission k is denoted by α t   k , and is the joint probability of a given sequence of observations and a particular state given model M k . The i-th component is given by 
         α t   k ( i )= Pr ( O   1   =o   1   ,O   2   =o   2   , . . . ,O   t   =o   t   ,s   t   =i|M   k ), and the inductive procedure for computing α t   k  is as follows: 
         α 1   k =π 0 ( i ) c   o     t     i   , ∀i    
         [0020]    [0020]             α     t   +   1     k          (   i   )       =       (       ∑   j              α   t   k          (   j   )            a   ij   k         )     ·     c       o     t   +   i          i     k         ,                           
         [0021]    where a ij   k  is the ij-th entry of A k  and C o     t+1     i   k  is the o t+1 ,i th  entry of C k . Once the forward variable has been computed, we have 
           Pr        (         O   1     =     o   1       ,       O   2     =     o   2       ,   ⋯              ,       O   t     =     o   t       ,          M   k         )       =       ∑   j            α   t   k          (   j   )           ,                         
 
         [0022]    where t is the terminal time, and this indicates the probability that mission k is active given the sequence of observed variables. A primary architectural product that has successfully been shown to allow effective mission tracking using HMMs is an operational sequence diagram (OSD) that describes which operational enterprise systems are communicating with each other, when, and in what order.  
         [0023]    Sensitivity analysis  108  is then performed. The impact of network perturbations, e.g. intrusion detections  110 , on the mission may be estimated, and correlated intrusions and alarms  116  can be determined. Mission sensitivity to various network perturbations may also be determined. One particularly important type of network perturbation is the implementation of an alternative network-operations COA  112 . In this case, COAs may be prioritized  114  according to their contribution to overall mission performance.  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 2 depicts an approach to determining the mission state. In this example, the mission states are categorized as detect, decide, engage, and assess. A sample realization of observed events is generated and passed into the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) tracker. The probability vectors generated from the tracker vary over time and are shown in FIG. 2. During operations, the state probability vector for the current time is passed to the sensitivity analyzer as the initial condition used to start its analysis.  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 3 depicts a method of determining mission sensitivity and performing mission impact prediction. The inputs are the mathematical objects provided by the network operational awareness function of the MCNDS. Given a mathematical model such as an HMM, the basic approach to sensitivity analysis is shown. The process is to take the state of the system at time increment k (300) and to produce two descendents. The first descendent  312  is the nominal version for time increment k+1, and the second descendent  314  is a perturbed (due to attack, failure, or reallocation) version for time. increment k+1. Both versions are then propagated forward in time, using nominal dynamics models out to some computation horizon, N. The difference between the overall mission effectiveness along both paths, the nominal path  310  and the perturbed path  320 , is computed resulting in a sensitivity estimate. The estimate of mission sensitivity is with respect to the specific perturbation and the specific time at which the perturbation is injected into the path. By varying the system that is perturbed and the time at which the perturbation occurs, a more complete estimate of mission sensitivity is constructed.  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 4 depicts an example embodiment of a deployed force that must deal with IO attacks during a specific mission, Air Tasking Order generation. Coordination is required between the ships  402 , the JTF Commander  404 , the Air Operations Center  410 , and the Wing Operations Center  408 . Communications networks included MILNET  410  and internet  412 . Compromises were considered in three components: an email server, a planning database server, and a domain name server.  
         [0027]    Performing sensitivity analysis on the ATO generation mission results in the curves shown in FIG. 5. As can be easily seen in FIG. 5, mission sensitivity can vary greatly depending on which network components are compromised, and at what point in time they are impacted. This underscores the need to understand the mission sensitivities in order to make appropriate decisions and undertake the best courses of action.  
         [0028]    In one embodiment of the present invention in a Naval scenario, the Naval operations (N3) user at the Tactical Flag Command Center (TFCC) will have available the MCNDS Command and Control (C2) Module to monitor which operational alternatives are at risk due to network perturbations. At the Network Operations Center (NOC) Naval networking users will have in the present embodiment the MCNDS C2 module for monitoring the network and planning network operations while interacting with the Naval Network Warfare Command (NNWC) and users at a Department of Defense Regional Network Operations and Security Center (RNOSC). An additional component of coordination may come from the Fleet Information Warfare Center (FIWC) to the NOC and the battlegroup N3. A team of users at FIWC will have in the present embodiment the MCNDS C2 module for monitoring, prioritizing network operation COIs, and planning the execution of network operations. MCNDS C2 modules will interface to collaboration tools to provide instant access between the battlegroup information warfare commander (IWC) and electronic warfare officer (EWO), and MCNDS users at the FIWC, NOC, NNWC and RNOSC.  
         [0029]    Although the method according to the present invention has been described in the foregoing specification with considerable details, it is to be understood that modifications may be made to the invention which do not exceed the scope of the appended claims and modified forms of the present invention done by others skilled in the art to which the invention pertains will be considered infringements of this invention when those modified forms fall within the claimed scope of this invention.