Abstract:
A technique for providing simplified and more flexible text recovery in an electronically stored text. The text storage device is of the hand-held type and may accommodate the text of the entire bible, for example. The user may access the stored text in a read or search mode. The device is programmed to perform certain functions automatically, such as: selecting search or read mode; accommodating different syntax formulations; providing a fixed screen map of respective different portions of the text; and visually indicating specific words of a search to which a search will be limited. Expanded flexibility is also programmed into the device which includes: optionally expanding searches to cover both different forms of the same words and unrelated words having the same meaning; providing assistance to the user upon request which takes into account the current operational phase; and providing the capability of tagging a preselected location in the text for simplified access during reacquisition.

Description:
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/497,636, filed Jun. 30, 1995 which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/153,869, filed Nov. 16, 1993 now abandoned, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/529,867, filed May 29, 1990 now abandoned. 
    
    
     CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     Reference is made to the application entitled “Electronic Text” by the same inventor filed simultaneously herewith and bearing application Ser. No. 529,868, now granted as U.S. Pat. No. 5,153,831. The contents of that application are incorporated herein by reference. 
     Microfiche Appendix 
     A microfiche appendix forms part of this application which includes 6 sheets and 311 frames of microfiche. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to techniques for accessing textual information stored in an electronic memory and for providing simplified and more flexible text accessing techniques to the user. 
     More particularly, the present invention relates to an electronically stored text in a hand-held device having a keyboard and screen wherein various keys in distinct sequences may be actuated to interactively provide different modes for analyzing the text. The device is programmed to minimize user interaction in a number of such modes. 
     Electronic devices for providing word-related operation and manipulation are known. Such devices, such as the Electronic Spelling Machine disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,830,618, include a keyboard, screen and permanent electronic storage, i.e., a read-only memory. Techniques for the retrieval of individual words, however, are not necessarily appropriate when dealing with electronic storage of a complete comprehensive text. 
     When considering the presentation of a full text, such as the Bible, in a hand-held machine intended for personal and repeated use, it is important to provide techniques which avoid excessive keyboard manipulation and at the same time provide a variety of approaches for accessing, using and reusing the stored text. 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide a simplified but varied and effective technique for accessing electronically stored textual information. 
     It is a further object of the present invention to provide such technique in a hand-held text storage machine. 
     In accordance with the invention, in a method for providing user access to stored textual information in an electronic book, the method having search and read modes of access, the improvement comprises providing simplified and more flexible user operation steps. These steps include selecting search or read mode automatically, accommodating different syntax formulations of an entry word or phrase in the read mode, optionally expanding searches to cover different forms of the same word and unrelated words having the same meaning, providing the capability of tagging a preselected location in the text for simplified access during reacquisition of textual information, providing a map of different fixed locations on the screen corresponding to respective different portions of the text, providing assistance to the user upon request which takes into account the current operational phase and visually indicating specific words of a search request to which a search will be limited. 
     For a better understanding of the present invention, reference is made to the following description and accompanying drawings while the scope of the invention will be pointed out in the appended claims. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Referring to the drawings, 
     FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 a  is a flow chart illustrating automatic mode selection in accordance with the invention; 
     FIG. 2 b  provides a flow chart illustrating the operation of electronic bookmarks in accordance with the invention; 
     FIG. 2 c  is a flow chart illustrating three levels of linguistic range in a cco rdance with the invention; 
     FIG. 2 d  is a flow chart illustrating the use of a display map in “read” and “search” modes in accordance with the invention; 
     FIG. 2 e  is a simplified flow chart illustrating how a search request may be limited in accordance with the invention; 
     FIG. 2 f  is a flow chart illustrating a context-sensitive “Help” system in accordance with the invention; and 
     FIG. 2 g  is a flow chart illustrating how linguistic range expansion is “pruned” by the lexicon in accordance with the invention. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     An embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 1, incorporates, as stored text, the King James version of the Holy Bible. 
     The device  10  includes a keyboard  11  and screen  12 . The keyboard  11  presents the standard keys of an ordinary typewriter and other more or less standard operating keys of a word processor. The latter include the CLEAR, MENU, HELP, ENTER, EXIT and CURSOR CONTROL KEYS. An ON/OFF control is also included. 
     The user of any stored textual material may desire to read designated sections, e.g., chapter and verse of the Bible, or may desire to find a specific section by entering a key word or words (by searching). 
     Automatic Mode Selection 
     In the device of the present invention, these two basic functions, “read” and “search”, are determined automatically without requiring user mode selection. This is done by the device  10 , by parsing the input string (the word or words entered on the screen) and switching into the appropriate mode. 
     Specifically, the user need only press the ON/OFF switch, type in the inquiry, press ENTER and get a result. The results will require further steps such as selection within the result (discussed below) or advancing the text in order to read the text presented. The important thing is that the user obtains the result after entering the inquiry without having to select a mode. 
     The parsing operation is defined as follows. 
     The user&#39;s query is submitted to the parser, which tries to parse it as a read-mode request. Read-mode requests consist of a “book” (with optional “volume” specifier attached), an optional “chapter”, and (if a chapter has been specified) a “verse”. If a query fails to parse as a read-mode request, the parser BAILS OUT and treats it as a search request. 
     The parser starts at the beginning of the query. If it manages to isolate a book/volume name, it moves past this and then, from its new position in the query, attempts to isolate a chapter specification, etc. 
     A flow chart of the automatic mode selection step is presented in FIG. 2 a.    
     There are certain situations in which the input is inherently ambiguous as to whether the “search” mode or “read” mode is required. Thus, for example, if an individual enters LUKE, it is not clear as to whether the individual wishes to read the books of LUKE or wishes to locate all of those positions in the Bible where the name “Luke” appears. In such situation, the machine will ask the user to select whether to “read” or “search” by selecting one of two keys (e.g. 1 for read or 2 for search) 
     Bookmark Function 
     The device provides the user with the ability to electronically “tag” a certain number of text locations much like a bookmark for quickly and automatically returning to those locations. 
     The preferred embodiment provides four such bookmark locations. To set a bookmark at a particular location, the “MENU” key is pressed followed by the “B” key. After setting of the bookmark, when the MENU key is pressed, the various set bookmarks appear on the screen. Any one may be selected by pressing the “B” key followed by the numerical key (1 or 2 or 3 or 4) for the desired bookmark. 
     A flow chart is presented in FIG. 2 b  illustrating the logical steps for setting a bookmark and for going to a marked location. 
     Syntax Accommodations 
     A significant simplification provided by device  10  is the internally programmed provision to accommodate a wide variety of formulations in the “read” mode. For example, I KINGS or KINGS I will get the reader to same place in the text. The device has a grammar of syntaxes such that all of the following will result in the same read position being brought up on the screen: 
     IKG 
     KING I 
     KG 1   
     FIRST KINGS 
     I KINGS 
     The following table illustrates the scope of these syntactical accommodations (=space character(s)): 
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE I 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 I. 
                 Booknames: 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 1. 
                 Books  without   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 “volume number” 
                 May be specified by the 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 full name or any two-or-more 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 character abbreviation that 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 begins with the first character 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 of the name, and omits letters 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 at the user&#39;s discretion. 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 The abbreviation will work, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 provided it is unique to one 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 book. 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 e.g. for the book “MATTHEW”, the 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 following are adequate: 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 MT, MAT, MATT, MW, MTW, etc. but 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   not  MH, since this could also 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 stand for “MICAH”. 
               
               
                   
                 2. 
                 Books  with   
               
               
                   
                   
                 a “volume number” 
                 The book name exclusive of 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 the volume number may be 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 abbreviated as described above. 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 The understood formats for 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 volume number are illustrated 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 below for the book “2 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CORINTHIANS” 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 ROMAN NUMERALS: 
                 II COR 
                 COR II 
               
               
                   
                   
                 IICOR 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 {overscore ((CO)}RII not 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 recognized) 
               
               
                   
                 SPELLED OUT 
                 SECOND COR 
                 COR SECOND 
               
               
                   
                 VOLUME #: 
                 SECONDCOR 
                 CORSECOND 
               
               
                   
                 CARDINAL NUMBERS: 
                 2 COR 
                 COR 2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2COR 
                 COR2 
               
               
                   
                 ORDINAL NUMBERS: 
                 2ND COR 
                 COR 2ND 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2NDCOR 
                 COR2ND 
               
             
          
           
               
                 II. 
                 Chapter Specification: 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Recognized Formats: 
                 1. 
                 “1” “5” “26”, etc. (simple 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 cardinal numbers) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2. 
                 “CHAPTER 5” 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 “CHAP 5”, “CHAP5” 
               
               
                 III. 
                 Verse Specification: 
               
               
                   
                 Recognized Formats: 
                 1. 
                 “1”, “5”, etc. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2. 
                 “VERSE 5”, “VERSE5” 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 (Note we have used the “COR” abbreviation for “CORINTHIANS”. Any abbreviation legal according to section 1 will work).  
               
               
                 Final note:  
               
               
                 The book/volume name, chapter specification, and verse specification  may  but  need not  be separated from each other by space characters in the user&#39;s query.  
               
               
                 Exception:  
               
               
                 Cardinal numerals (0-9) may  not  be adjacent if they do not belong to the same number; i.e. the chapter number and verse number  must  be separated by at least one space if there is no “VERSE” string in between.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Triple Level of Linguistic Range (Search Expansion) 
     The device will, in the first instance, search a designated word, and its possessive, and its capitalized forms (level  1 ). An example of a level  1  search is that a search for the word KING will cause a search for the following: king, king&#39;s, King, King&#39;s, KING. A total of 5 forms are searched simultaneously. It should be noted that level  1  obviates the need for having apostrophe and “shift” keys on the keyboard. 
     This search may be expanded in two additional ways. A second expanded level (level  2 ) of a search is provided by pressing the single “?”key, which choice is listed on the MENU (following the pressing of the MENU key). The device expands the search by using all forms (inflections as well as other syntactically related words) of the entered words. For example, the entry of the words MOVE WATER will initially find no correspondence in the search of the bible text. By expansion to include “moved” and “waters”, a number of locations in the text corresponding to variations of these words will be found. The search could be started by first entering “MOVE? WATER?” to indicate that all forms of the words are to be searched in level  2 . If “move water” were entered initially with no “?”s, a rapid way of adding the “?”s to each word without retyping is to press the MENU key and then the “?” key. 
     A further level of search expansion (level  3 ) will expand the search by utilizing words which are different but similar in meaning such as provided in a Thesaurus. For example, “water” and “sea” would be equivalent words from this point of view. This is particularly helpful in searching for passages on a given theme in an electronic text or for words recalled from a different translation of the text source. In order to do this, the user is required to insert a double question mark following each word of the search phrase. For example, a phrase which may be entered is “VOICE ?? CALL ?? DESERT ??”. This would eventually develop among the various places to be read the following at Isaiah 40:3: 
     “The voice of him that crieth in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the LORD, make straight in the desert a highway for our God.” 
     A more experienced user may wish to mix different search levels in his or her search request. This may be done freely on different words of the query, for example: “VOICE CRY? DESERT??” will also find Isaiah 40.3 (cf., with p. 9, lines 23ff). All three search levels are expressed in this request. 
     FIG. 2 c  is a flow chart illustrating the three levels of linguistic range possible with the device. 
     In a further variation of search expansion, the expansion terms may be added or rejected one by one in a non-automatic manual mode. This is known as the “Approvals” mode obtained by first pressing the MENU key followed by the designated key for approvals (“A”). 
     Display Map 
     In the Biblical embodiment for the electronically stored text, each book that may have text relevant to the entry word or phrase is displayed at a fixed location on the screen. Thus all of the books of the Bible have their own separate positional display location on the screen. The screen location of each book is always fixed. Only those books which are relevant are displayed at any time after a query is submitted by the user. This includes displaying which books contain matches to the user&#39;s query. A “flashing” icon representing a particular book selection serves as a cursor to assist the reader to indicate which book the user is in while reading the text. The display map in essence is an animated map of the stored text and provides a continuous “image” of the operational state of the device. The fixed display location for each book and the “flashing” icon representing a book while its text is being read greatly facilitate utilization of the device by the user. 
     FIG. 2 d  is a flow chart illustrating the use of the display map in both “read” and “search” modes. 
     Search Denotation 
     A further programmed simplification is that the device will designate, by underlining, which words of a phrase will be searched in the “search” mode. For example, when the phrase “the meek shall inherit the earth” is entered, only the significant terms “meek ”, “inherit” and “earth” are actually searched. These words are underlined so that the user knows that the search is limited to those three words significant. The device then performs a search limited to only these words of the phrase. 
     FIG. 2 e  is a simplified flow chart illustrating how the device will limit a search request. 
     Context-Sensitive “Help” System 
     In prior techniques involving reading or searching electronically stored material, the pressing of a “HELP” key would provide descriptive assistance to the user on the screen. Such assistance, however, was of a predetermined, fixed form and was not related to the then current operating situation. 
     In the present device, by distinctly defining the internal operational phases, user assistance is provided which is directly related to the current operational point reached by the user. The user is provided with appropriate options related to the operational point reached. 
     FIG. 2 f  provides a flow chart for illustrating this context-sensitive “Help” system. 
     “Pruning” of Linguistic Range Expansion 
     The flow charts ( 2   c ,  2   g ) make reference to “the lexicon”, (well defined in the simultaneously filed application incorporated by reference herein), i.e., the product&#39;s internal lexicon of words making up the text. Linguistic range expansion is always, at each step, “pruned” by the lexicon, as further illustrated in flow chart  2   g . This pruning happens quasi-automatically as programmed into the device. 
     If any word in the user&#39;s query is not found in the lexicon of the text, a series of steps is performed as follows: 
     1. The device has a list of “missing root words ”. These are words which have inflected forms that occur in the text, but the simplest form does not; e.g. the word “babble ” is not in the Bible, but “babbler” is. If the user&#39;s word is one of the “missing roots” (like babble), a single ? is added absolutely automatically by the device, which generates a level  2  search with no keystrokes pressed. 
     2. If the word does not match the missing root list, then it is checked to see if it occurs in the thesaurus. If it occurs, a double ? is added, generating an automatic level  3  search. 
     3. If both steps  1  and  2  fail, then the device assumes a misspelling, and the spelling corrector is run. 
     The Annexed Listings (Appendix A) 
     Appendix A is a microfiche version of all of the listings required for programming a complete electronic book (Bible) including the inventive features described above. the listings are in two parts: a Program Listing (approximately 200 pages) of the internal operations of the device and a Primary Compression Method Listing (approximately 92 pages) for compression of the Biblical text. The inventive features of the present application are included in the first listing together with other functions (e.g. display, enter etc.) not forming part of this invention. The Appendix A listing is primarily in C code with a small amount of assembly code. 
     The above embodiment of an electronic text, the Bible, is only one example of the general case of electronic stored text information. The “book, chapter and verse” reflects, in terms of the Biblical embodiment, the fact that in a text, locations are often specified with multiple components (some of them omittable). 
     While the foregoing description and drawings represent the preferred embodiments of the present invention, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the true spirit and scope of the present invention.