Abstract:
Methods and apparatus for fabricating a component is provided. The method includes receiving an ultrasound image of the component, selecting a subimage that includes a first surface of the component and an inspection area of the component, combining a filtered subimage with the selected subimage, and outputting the combined image to at least one of a display and an analyzer.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/014,385, filed Dec. 16, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,328,620 which is hereby incorporated by reference and is assigned to assignee of the present invention. 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   This invention relates generally to non-destructive testing and, more particularly, to ultrasound inspection of fabricated components. 
   Ultrasonic inspection techniques are used in many applications where non-destructive evaluation of a workpiece or component is required. One application of such ultrasonic inspection is in the inspection of gas turbine engine rotors. Such rotors are typically formed from a forging of a material with desired metallurgical properties, for example, Rene-88. In the production of aerospace rotating components, the entire volume of the finished component is required to be inspected ultrasonically. This requires that additional material be present on the forging when it is inspected before machining the finished component. This additional material is referred to as the material envelope and must be equal to or greater than the near surface resolution capability of the ultrasonic inspection process. 
   The capability to detect signals from near surface targets, such as flaws and/or discontinuities is a critical to quality feature of an ultrasonic inspection process. A near surface target, as used herein, refers to any target of interest positioned closely to either the front or back surface of the inspection sample. The near surface resolution of a given ultrasonic inspection process, as used herein, refers to the minimum distance from the front (or back) surface of the component to a target that produces an ultrasonic signal that meets the requirements of the inspection process. 
   From a component cost perspective, it is important to minimize the material envelope. Due to the high raw material costs for aerospace rotating components, even small reductions in material envelope can have a large impact on component cost. However, known systems are limited in the near surface resolution capability that would permit lessened material envelope requirements. 
   BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   In one embodiment, a method of fabricating a component is provided. The method includes receiving an ultrasound image of the component, selecting a subimage that includes a first surface of the component and an inspection area of the component, combining a filtered subimage with the selected subimage, and outputting the combined image to at least one of a display and an analyzer. 
   In another embodiment, an ultrasound inspection system is provided. The system includes a pulse echo transducer, and a processor operationally coupled to the transducer wherein the processor is programmed to reduce noise in an echo received from a near surface inspection area of a component. 
   In yet another embodiment, an ultrasound inspection system is provided. The system includes a pulse echo transducer, and a processor operationally coupled to the transducer wherein the processor is programmed to control said pulse echo transducer during a scan of a component, and receive a plurality of B-scan images from the scan. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic view of an exemplary embodiment of an ultrasound system; 
       FIG. 2  is a graph of an exemplary A-scan waveform of a component, such as the component shown in  FIG. 1 ; and 
       FIG. 3  is a flow chart of an exemplary method for improving near surface resolution of an ultrasound system, such as the ultrasound system shown in  FIG. 1 . 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   As used herein, the term “component” may include any component configured to be coupled with a gas turbine engine that may be coated with a wear-resistant coating, for example a turbine shroud support. A turbine shroud support is intended as exemplary only, and thus is not intended to limit in any way the definition and/or meaning of the term “component”. Furthermore, although the invention is described herein in association with a gas turbine engine, and more specifically for use with a rotor for a gas turbine engine, it should be understood that the present invention is applicable to other gas turbine engine stationary components and rotatable components. Accordingly, practice of the present invention is not limited to rotors for a gas turbine engine. 
     FIG. 1  is a schematic view of an exemplary embodiment of an ultrasound system  10  that includes a pulse echo transducer  12  coupled to a control unit  14  including a processor  16 , a display  18 , a keyboard  20  and a mouse  22 . As used herein, the term processor is not limited to just those integrated circuits referred to in the art as processors, but broadly refers to computers, processors, microcontrollers, microcomputers, programmable logic controllers, application specific integrated circuits, and other programmable circuits. Control unit  14  is configured to acquire, analyze and display ultrasonic test data. In the exemplary embodiment, ultrasound system  10  is a Pulse echo (PE) ultrasound test apparatus that uses a single transducer located on one side of the component that functions as both a transmitter and a receiver. Using pulse echo testing only requires access to one side of the test component. In various embodiments ultrasound system  10  may include an electromechanical apparatus for moving transducer  12  across the surface of the test component and the electromechanical scanning apparatus may include one or more position sensors that monitor the position of the moving transducer. 
   In use, transducer  12  is placed in acoustical conduct with a component  24  to be tested and ultrasound is introduced to component  24 . In one embodiment, a known acoustic gel is placed between component  24  and transducer  12  to facilitate sound transfer between component  24  and transducer  12 . In another embodiment, component  24  and transducer  12  are placed proximate each other submerged in a liquid that facilitates ultrasound wave travel through the liquid. In an exemplary embodiment using the liquid in an automated setting, system  10  includes a rotatable table (not shown) including at least one collet or mandrel (not shown). Component  24  is automatically chucked in the collet or onto the mandrel and the table is rotated or translated such that component  24  remains in close proximity to transducer  12  during a scan. Transducer  12  emits ultrasonic energy which is at least partially reflected when an interface  26  is encountered within component  24  (such as a discontinuity, inclusion or micro-crack) or at an interface on a far side (relative to transducer  12 ) of component  24  between component  24  and the liquid. When the ultrasound wave contacts the interface, a portion of the sound energy is reflected back through the component toward ultrasonic transducer  12 . Ultrasonic transducer  12  may used as both a transmitter that produces RF sound wave pulses and as a receiver that records the reflected RF sound wave signals. The time between when an RF pulse is transmitted and an RF reflection is received equals the time it took for the sound wave to pass into the test component, contact the area of discontinuity, and travel back to the ultrasonic transducer  12 . Thus, the time between transmission and reception is related to the depth of the discontinuity. The amplitude of the RF signal is related to the magnitude of the discontinuity, as the larger the discontinuity, the more sound energy is reflected back towards the ultrasonic transducer  12 . In one embodiment, ultrasonic transducer  12  is located on a mechanical arm (not shown) whose movement is precisely controlled by control unit  14 . The mechanical arm moves the ultrasonic transducer  12  over the surface of test component  24  in a precisely controlled scan during testing. The mechanical arm moves the ultrasonic transducer  12  from a starting point  28 . As ultrasonic transducer  12  moves across test component  24 , ultrasonic test data is taken at preprogrammed data points  30 . In the exemplary embodiment, data points  30  are equally spaced apart a distance  32 . In an alternative embodiment, control unit  14  is programmed to take data at irregular distances. Position sensors (not shown) may be used to facilitate determining a position of ultrasonic transducer  12  during a scan. The position data may then be used to reconstruct test component  24  in ultrasound images. 
   As ultrasonic transducer  12  receives the reflected sound waves at an individual data point  30 , the information is passed to control unit  14  in the form of an RF signal. This RF signal is digitized by control unit  14  and the resulting digitized data is passed to and stored as a data array in a memory  34  within control unit  14 . The location on test component  24  from which each set of digitized data originated can be determined by knowing the scan pattern and by knowing the position of the digitized data in the data array. 
     FIG. 2  is a graph  200  of an exemplary A-scan waveform  201  of a component, such as component  24  (shown in  FIG. 1 ). The digitized RF signal may be displayed as an A-Scan graph of the reflected RF sound energy signal received by ultrasonic transducer  12  wherein time is plotted, for example along an X-axis  202  and amplitude may be plotted along a Y-axis  204 . As described above, the greater the relative size of interface  26  in test component  24  the greater the amplitude of sound energy reflected, thus the greater the amplitude of the RF signal. A front surface echo  206  or first reflection has amplitude that is caused by the front surface of test component  24 . A second and third smaller amplitude reflection  208  and  210  are caused by a reference fault purposefully introduced into component  24  or a discontinuity in an inspection gate area of component  24 . Reflections  208 , and  210  may be voids, delaminations, or other flaws within the test component, or in a component that is made of composite layers, could be the intersections between individual composite layers forming the composite component. 
   A near surface resolution of ultrasonic inspection system  10  may generally be controlled by ultrasonic transducer  12 , the control unit  14  used to transmit and receive the ultrasound from transducer  12 , and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) required for near surface targets by the inspection procedure. The resolution is typically defined as the difference in amplitude (measured in dB) separating the peak amplitude of the target from the minimum signal amplitude between that peak and the peak amplitude of the front surface signal. The inspection area (or inspection gate) is then set based on the near surface target that produces the amount of dB required by the inspection procedure for near surface resolution. Ultrasound system  10  records an entire ultrasound waveform and stores it for later access. The waveform data can be recorded either for just the inspection area, or a larger area which can include the front and/or back surface reflections. Once the ultrasonic waveform data has been recorded, it is available for post-processing using signal and image processing techniques. 
     FIG. 3  is a flow chart of an exemplary method  300  for improving near surface resolution of an ultrasound system, such as ultrasound system  10  (shown in  FIG. 1 ). Method  300  facilitates improving near surface resolution by collecting ultrasonic waveform data for the inspection area plus the surface echoes. The algorithm that implements the steps of method  300  may be embodied in a software code segment that is stored in a memory of control unit  14 . The waveform data may be collected over a two-dimensional grid of points on component  24  during an inspection. The waveform data from the area around the surface signals are post-processed using signal and image processing techniques. The result is an improved near surface resolution when compared to the gated maximum amplitude approach. The resulting data can the be further processed for the detection of signals of interest in the inspection either by an automated detection algorithm or by manual review. 
   One of a plurality of B-scan images is loaded  302  into a memory of ultrasound inspection system  10 . In the exemplary embodiment, ultrasound inspection system  10  collects a three-dimensional set of data for processing, for example, two spatial dimensions on the surface of the inspection specimen and time in the direction of propagation of the ultrasonic signal. A two-dimensional image in one spatial dimension and time extracted from the  3 D data set may be referred to as a B-scan. 
   For each B-scan image, an A-scan waveform is extracted  304 . A position in time of front surface echo  206  for each spatial location is located by processing each waveform (time signal from a single spatial location) individually. The maximum value of the waveform may correspond to the maximum value of the front surface signal. Due to the digitized nature of the front surface waveform, using this maximum value may not consistently define the front surface. Rather, the algorithm uses the maximum value to locate  306  the first time point t h  that has an amplitude greater than the half-max value. A numerical derivative of the waveform is taken  308 . The first time point t f  in the derivative that is greater than t h  and where the value of the derivative is less than zero is located  310 . Point t f  is stored  312  as the location of the front surface for that waveform. This process is repeated until the front surface location for all the waveforms in the B-scan image have been determined. 
   Alternatively, the front surface locations may be determined by processing b-scan image as a whole. In this method, two-dimensional edge enhancement filters such as Sobel, Robers, Gradiant, Laplacian, Kirsch, Canny, Shen-Castan, or Marr-Hildreth are applied to the image. The edge enhanced images is then post-processed to determine the set of front surface locations t f . 
   Using the set of front surface locations t f  for the B-scan image, a subimage the contains the front surface echo and the area of interest for inspection after the front surface echo is extracted  314 . In the exemplary embodiment, the algorithm removes the front surface echo from the extracted subimage by, for example, applying background subtraction to create  316  a filtered subimage. After removing the front surface signal, any remaining signals will be due to near surface reflectors. To apply background subtraction, a composite background image is created by filtering the B-scan with a smoothing filter. This filter should smooth the response in the spatial dimension of the B-scan image such that any echoes from near surface targets are suppressed such that they will standout after the future image subtraction step. The filter configuration may be selectable depending on the target component properties, transducer type, and a spatial index. The filtered subimage is subtracted  318  from the extracted subimage to create a processed subimage, which may be stored  320  in a memory of control unit  14 , or other memory or storage device. 
   Alternatively, the precise location of the front surface obtained in the points t f , can be used to accurately extract signals a narrow band of time that is a fixed distance from that location without any post-processing such as the background subtraction step described above. 
   Method  300  may be repeated  322  for all the B-scans images in the data set. After all the B-scan images have been processed, the processed data set can be further analyzed with the advantage that the near surface targets will have a higher signal-to-noise ratio due to the image processing operations. 
   A technical effect of the various embodiments of the systems and methods described herein include at least one of improving the detection of near surface discontinuities in objects being scanned. 
   The above-described methods and apparatus are cost-effective and highly reliable for improving near surface resolution of an ultrasound inspection system. The methods and apparatus describe collecting ultrasound waveform data for an inspection area and surface echoes over a two-dimensional grid of points on the component being inspected. The waveform data from the area around the surface signals are post-processed using signal and image processing techniques. The result is an improved near surface resolution. The resulting data can the be further processed for the detection of signals of interest in the inspection either by an automated detection algorithms or by manual review. The methods and apparatus described above facilitate fabrication, assembly, and reducing the maintenance cycle time of components in a cost-effective and reliable manner. 
   While the invention has been described in terms of various specific embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced with modification within the spirit and scope of the claims.