Abstract:
A method and an arrangement for dynamic breakthrough detection is proposed. The arrangement comprises at least a transfer element, at least a memory unit in which sensor characteristic curves, at least a controller and an evaluation logic are stored.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates generally to catalytic converters used in motor vehicles. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Catalytic converters are used in motor vehicles for exhaust gas treatment to reduce harmful emissions in the exhaust gas. There are various known types of catalytic converters, such as three-way catalytic converters, unregulated oxidation catalytic converters and SCR catalytic converters. 
     In SCR catalytic converters, so-called selective catalytic reduction (SCR: Selective Catalytic Reduction) is used as a method for the reduction of nitrogen oxides. The chemical reaction in an SCR catalytic converter is selective, thus the nitrogen oxide (NO, NO 2 ) is reduced, while undesired side reactions, such as oxidation of the sulfur to sulfur dioxide, are largely suppressed. 
     In internal combustion engines used in motor vehicles, the reduction of nitrogen oxides by the SCR method proves to be difficult because there exist varying operating conditions, which makes the dosage of reducing agents difficult. 
     A reducing agent is dosed for the operation of SCR catalytic converters, whereby a NO x  sensor value is controlled after SCR. The NO x  sensor has a cross-sensitivity to NH 3 . If overdosing takes place in the system, then a so-called NH 3  slip is the result after the SCR reaction, or increased NO x  emissions arise again after the SCR if a slip catalyst is used in the system after the SCR. 
     The NO sensor therefore presents ambiguity in a characteristic curve. Therefore, it cannot be predictably differentiated whether the dosage is too low and whether NO x  emissions are present, or whether the dosage is too high and a NH 3  slip or increased NO x  emission is present due to NH 3  conversion in the slip catalyst. 
     The problem described does not occur when only low NO x  conversion rates are required through the SCR catalytic converter. Then the conversion in the system is far from the maximum possible conversion with the so-called slip limit. However, high conversion rates must be achieved for fuel-saving engine tuning and efficient utilization of the catalytic converter. 
     Another way to resolve the ambiguity of the characteristic curve is to introduce artificially small changes in the dosage quantity of the reducing agent. By appropriate evaluation of the NO x  value after the SCR, the presence of an NH 3  slip can be detected. Such an approach is described in DE 10 2009 012 092 A1. 
     Such an evaluation, however, only works when the system is in a steady state; thus the existence of an NH 3  slip is only detected after a certain delay. 
     SUMMARY 
     In the present disclosure, a method for dynamic breakthrough detection is proposed, whereby an NH 3  slip or increased NO x  emission can be identified quickly during operation through NH 3  conversion in the slip catalyst. In the proposed method, it is not necessary to wait for a stationary operating point of the SCR catalytic converter. It is also not necessary to carry out a special variation of the dosage quantity of the reducing agent for the method, while the regular operation of the SCR control system remains in a steady state. 
     In the exemplary method for dynamic detection of breakthrough or NH 3  slip of an SCR catalytic converter operating in an exhaust gas after-treatment system, the dosage rate of a reducing agent that is added to the exhaust gas stream upstream of the SCR catalytic converter is calculated by using a model of the dynamic behavior of the SCR catalytic converter, in which parameters are used that are dependent on one or more operating parameters of the SCR catalytic converter, e.g. temperature or exhaust gas mass flow, for at least one linear sensor characteristic curve which maps the region of normal operation and at least one linear sensor characteristic curve which maps the region of the breakthrough or NH 3  slip, or, respectively, an expected value of the conversion rate is determined. This expected value is compared with a real conversion rate value determined by an NO sensor arranged downstream of the SCR catalytic converter. A control variable is calculated for each of the characteristic curves for adjustment of the actual conversion rate to the expected value in each case, and the characteristic curve is selected for which the smallest control value was calculated. If this is a characteristic curve that maps the region of the breakthrough or NH 3  slip, this indicates a breakthrough or NH 3  slip, and this information can be fed back to the control of the dosage of the reducing agent. 
     The proposed method can be used both in exhaust gas treatment systems without an additional slip catalyst for the oxidation of NH 3  after the SCR catalytic converter, as well as in systems that have such a slip catalyst. 
     In addition to the detection of an NH 3  slip, the maximum achievable conversion rate can also be determined at the operating point of the SCR catalytic converter under consideration. The maximum conversion rate of the SCR catalytic converter so determined can also be used to monitor the SCR catalytic converter, e.g. for the monitoring of catalyst aging. 
     Furthermore, an arrangement suitable for implementing the method is also proposed herein. The arrangement comprises at least a transfer element, at least a memory unit in which the sensor characteristics are stored, at least a controller and an evaluation logic. A dynamic model can be used as the transfer element, comprising, for example, a PT 1  element, a PT 1  element with dead time (Tt) or a PT 2  element. A PI controller, an adaptive controller or an adaptive PI controller may be used, for example, as a controller. 
    
    
     
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Further advantages and embodiments of the disclosure will be apparent from the description and the accompanying drawings. 
       It is understood that the features mentioned above and those still to be explained may also be used not only in each of the given combinations, but in other combinations or alone while remaining within the scope of the present disclosure. 
       The disclosure is schematically illustrated by means of embodiments in the drawings and will be described below with reference to the drawings. 
         FIG. 1  shows an abstract representation of the dynamic behavior of an SCR catalyst; 
         FIG. 2  shows examples of sensor characteristic curves for various maximum conversion rates; 
         FIG. 3  shows an example of a general model of the dynamic behavior of an SCR catalytic converter subdivided into sub-models; 
         FIG. 4  shows schematically an example of an observer structure used in the described method; 
         FIG. 5  shows schematically an embodiment of the described method. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 1  shows an abstract representation of the dynamic behavior of an SCR catalytic converter, whereby a transfer element  1  is implemented in this case as a PT 1  element with dead time (Tt), adaptively with parameters depending on a catalyst temperature. The input quantity is the alpha dosage rate; the output quantity is the eta conversion rate. Sensor behavior is shown as a characteristic curve with a break point at a maximum conversion, whereby the cross-sensitivity of the sensor to NH 3  is reflected in a negative gradient of the characteristic curve in the breakthrough region. The parameters can be determined by step attempts in order to determine a target conversion or from model calculations. The sensor characteristic curve is stored in a memory unit  2 . The control of the dosage rate is affected via a controller  3 ; in the case illustrated, this is an adaptive PI controller. 
       FIG. 2  shows sensor characteristic curves for various maximum conversion rates. The curves are each composed of two sub-lines, a sub-line with a positive slope for normal operation and a sub-line with a negative slope for the breakthrough region. The changeover point between the normal operation and the breakthrough region, identified as the maximum of the characteristic curve, is dependent on the respective maximum conversion rate of the catalyst. Curves for maximum reaction rates of 0.8, 0.9 and 1.0 are shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     All possible normal operation and breakthrough region variations with various maximum conversion rates are combined into a general model for the described method. The general model is subdivided into corresponding linear sub-models, each composed of the time behavior (PT 1 , PT 1  and dead time, or PT 2 ) and a linear characteristic curve, while the sub-models are transformed into linear control models. An associated observer structure is designed for each sub-model, and a dosage quantity is determined based on the corresponding model calculation, which leads to exact matching of the model and reality. A PI observer is used in order to reach steady-state accuracy. The observer control variables obtained for the different linear sub-models are compared. The model with the lowest observer control variable best matches the real behavior of the system. This model is selected and provides information on whether a breakthrough is present and what the maximum conversion rate of the real system is. In the selection, it should be noted that each model, whose maximum conversion rate corresponds to the current actual conversion rate, is excluded, because a distinction between normal operation and breakthrough operation is not possible with the current actual conversion rate. 
       FIG. 3  shows an example of a general model transformed into linear sub-models. It includes a sub-model for normal operation and three sub-models for the breakthrough, each with different maximum conversion rates, respectively shown with transfer element  1  and sensor characteristic curves stored in the memory unit  2 . The output equations for the sub-models in the breakthrough region is a straight line which does not pass through the origin. The slope of the line results from the cross-sensitivity of the NO x  sensor to NH 3  and its y-axis intercept from its slope and the maximum conversion. 
       FIG. 4  shows an observer structure  5  used in the described method, and comprising a transfer element  1 , a memory unit  2  with sensor characteristic curves and a controller  3 . The sub-model observed is compared to the real conversion, whereby the observer  5  of the control corresponds to the real conversion with a PI controller for steady-state accuracy, while the control action of the observer  5  establishes the correspondence between the actual conversion and the conversion calculated in the sub-model.  FIG. 5  shows schematically an embodiment of the described method. The control variables of the observer  5  calculated in the sub-model used are compared through an evaluation logic  4 . The sub-model with the smallest observer control variable is the one that shows the best correspondence with the real system. This sub-model is selected and it is thereby determined whether a breakthrough is present and what the maximum conversion rate of the SCR catalytic converter is. 
     The system so described makes it possible to detect a breakthrough of the SCR catalytic converter or the NH 3  slip, and to determine the maximum conversion rate of the SCR catalytic converter without an artificial excitation of the system being required. The automatic excitations resulting from the operation of the system with a controller are sufficient. The method only requires low computational effort, as only simple linear models and PI controllers need to be calculated, while no complex model calculations are required.