Abstract:
Customer interaction with inventory via radio frequency identification (RFID) are disclosed, where a unique RFID is combined into ID cards, credit, debit, and smartcards. The current inventory RFID technology and RFID reader are moved into a place convenient to the end-user or customer to remove the need for cashiers. Some applications include point-of-sale terminals, libraries, tool cribs, and places where customers or end-users remove items from inventories and inventories need to be monitored.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/965,332, filed Oct. 14, 2005, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     
    
     TRADEMARKS 
       [0002]    IBM® is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, New York, U.S.A. Other names used herein may be registered trademarks, trademarks or product names of International Business Machines Corporation or other companies. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0004]    The present invention relates generally to human interfaces, inventory, and retailing sales, including point-of-sale terminals and, in particular, to libraries, tool cribs, and any other place where customers or end-users remove items from inventories and inventories need to be monitored. 
         [0005]    2. Description of Related Art 
         [0006]    Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that incorporates the use of electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in the radio frequency (RF) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to uniquely identify an object, animal, or person. RFID is coming into increasing use in industry as an alternative to the bar code. One advantage of RFID over the bar code is that it does not require direct contact or line-of-sight scanning. An RFID system typically consists of three components: an antenna and transceiver (often combined into one reader) and a transponder (tag). The antenna uses radio frequency waves to transmit a signal that activates the transponder. When activated, the tag transmits data back to the antenna. The data is used to notify a device, such as a programmable logic controller that an action should occur. The action could be as simple as raising an access gate or as complicated as interfacing with a database to carry out a monetary transaction. There are various kinds of RFID systems, including low frequency and high-frequency systems. Low-frequency RFID systems (30 KHz to 500 KHz) have short transmission ranges (generally less than six feet). High-frequency RFID systems (850 MHz to 950 MHz and 2.4 GHz to 2.5 GHz) offer longer transmission ranges (more than 90 feet). In general, the higher the frequency, the more expensive the system is. RFID is sometimes called dedicated short-range communication (DSRC). 
         [0007]    Much check-out work either in libraries or stores today is mindless work where the librarian or cashier simply scans books or inventory items that the customer has chosen. The customer, in turn, often swipes an ID card or credit card in order to acquire this inventory. There is a need to automate more of the mindless work using computing devices and RFID transceivers. Furthermore, there is a need to physically move the work to where it is mostly naturally likely to take place, either in a static location, such as at an exit, or dynamically in specialized shopping carts or with specialized mobile cell phones. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    The present invention is directed to methods, computer-readable mediums, systems, shopping carts, cell phones, and exit areas for interaction with inventory that satisfies these needs and others. 
         [0009]    A first aspect is a method for interaction with inventory. An inventory RFID tag and a personal RFID tag are read in proximity to an RFID reader. The inventory RFID tag identifies an inventory item and the personal RFID tag identifies a personal item. The inventory item is associated with the personal item. The inventory item is checked out to the personal item. 
         [0010]    Another aspect is a computer-readable medium having instructions for performing a method of interaction with inventory. An inventory RFID tag and a personal RFID tag are read in proximity to an RFID reader. The inventory RFID tag identifies an inventory item and the personal RFID tag identifies a personal item. The inventory item is associated with the personal item. The inventory item is checked out to the personal item. 
         [0011]    Yet another aspect is a system for interaction with inventory that includes one or more inventory items, a check-out system, and one or more exit areas. The inventory items have inventory RFID tags. The check-out system includes at least one RFID reader. The RFID reader reads the inventory RFID tag and a personal RFID tag on a personal item. The check-out system associates the personal item with the inventory items when they are in proximity to the RFID reader. The exit areas are in communication with the check-out system. The exit areas allow passage of the person interacting with the inventory in response to a signal from the check-out system. 
         [0012]    Still another aspect is a shopping cart for interaction with inventory that includes a holder and a list-making component. The holder receives at least one acquired item from a plurality of inventory items having inventory RFID tags. Acquired items have been read by an RFID reader. The list-making component creates and maintains an interim list of the at least one acquired item. The list-making component also provides a final list for reconciliation. The interim list associates the acquired item with a personal item having a personal RFID tag. The personal RFID tag is read by the RFID reader. 
         [0013]    Still another aspect is a cell phone for interaction with inventory. The cell phone includes a list-making component and an RFID reader. The list-making component creates and maintains an interim list of acquired items from a plurality of inventory items having inventory RFID tags. The list-making component also provides a final list for reconciliation. The interim list associates at least one inventory item having at least one inventory RFID tag with a personal card having a personal RFID tag. The RFID reader reads the inventory RFID tag and the personal RFID tag, when the inventory RFID tag and the personal RFID tag are in proximity to the RFID reader. 
         [0014]    Still another aspect is an exit area for interaction with inventory. The exit area includes an RFID reader, a check-out component, and a sensor. The RFID reader reads a personal card having a personal RFID tag and at least one inventory item having at least one inventory RFID tag, when the personal card and the at least one inventory item are in proximity to the RFID reader. The check-out component automatically checks-out the inventory item to the personal card, after the personal RFID tag and the inventory RFID tag are read by the RFID reader. The check-out component is in communication with the RFID reader. The check-out component receives information associated with the personal card and the inventory item from the RFID reader. The sensor operates at least one exit way upon receiving a signal from the check-out component. The sensor is in communication with the check-out component. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
         [0015]    These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with regard to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings, where: 
           [0016]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram showing an exemplary method for interaction with inventory; 
           [0017]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram showing another exemplary method for interaction with inventory; 
           [0018]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram showing an exemplary computer-readable medium having instructions for performing a method of interaction with inventory; 
           [0019]      FIG. 4  is a block diagram showing an exemplary system for interaction with inventory; 
           [0020]      FIG. 5  is a block diagram showing an exemplary shopping cart for interaction with inventory; 
           [0021]      FIG. 6  is a block diagram showing another exemplary shopping cart for interaction with inventory; 
           [0022]      FIG. 7  is a block diagram showing an exemplary cell phone for interaction with inventory; and 
           [0023]      FIG. 8  is a block diagram showing an exemplary exit area for interaction with inventory. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0024]      FIG. 1  shows an exemplary method for interaction with inventory. An inventory RFID tag  100  and a personal RFID tag  102  are read by an RFID reader  104 . The inventory RFID tag  100  identifies an inventory item  106  and the personal RFID tag  102  identifies a personal item  108 . At  110 , the inventory item  106  is associated with the personal item  108  and, then at  112 , the inventory item  106  is checked-out to the personal item  108 . 
         [0025]    Many different kinds of RFID tags  102 , RFID readers  104 , and other RFID technologies may be used in embodiments of the present invention to operate in shopping carts, cell phones, exit or entry areas of a facility, and in various other ways. 
         [0026]    Various embodiments of the present invention operate, at least in part, according to standards, such as JTC 1/SC 31 Automatic identification and data capture techniques, JTC 1/SC 17 Identification Cards and related devices, ISO TC 104/SC 4 Identification and communication, ISO TC 23/SC 19 Agricultural electronics, CEN TC 278 Road transport and Traffic Telematics, CEN/TC 23/SC 3/WG 3 Transportable Gas Cylinders—Operational Requirements—Identification of cylinders and contents, ISO/TC204 Transport Information and Control Systems, European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), European Radiocommunications Office (ERO), American National Standards Institute (ANSI), Universal Postal Union, and American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), among other standards. 
         [0027]    Personal items  108  include, for example, a retail store customer card, a credit card, a debit card, a smartcard, a library card, a computing device, a cell phone, and many other kinds of cards and devices associated with inventory, customers, retail, leasing and the like. One advantage of having the personal RFID tag  102  on, for example, an identification card is that a person carrying the identification card need not take the identification card out for it to be read by the RFID reader  104 . In one embodiment, the personal item  108  is read upon entry to a facility and, then, upon exit associated with at least one inventory item  106 . 
         [0028]    There are several exemplary ways the personal item  108 , such as an identification card, can be associated with the inventory item  106 . First, the personal item  108  and the inventory item  106  can be associated with each other because they are in proximity to each other during one or more readings by the RFID reader  104 . For example, when a person carrying the personal item  108  and the inventory item  106  approaches the RFID reader at an exit area, the RFID reader reads them both and associates them. If the person is carrying a plurality of personal items  108 , a computing machine can provide a selection by the person. If a specific type of personal item  108  is required by the facility, say a library card, then that one can be selected automatically from among a number of personal items  10  by the computing machine and optionally confirmed by the person. 
         [0029]    A second exemplary way the personal item  108  can be associated with the inventory item  106  is through a shopping cart that is specially adapted to recognize particular events. An event is recognized, for example, when the inventory item  106  is placed in the cart and the inventory item is associated to the personal item, in response to the event. Then, there is a final reconciliation at an exit area for inventory control, in this example. Preferably, the reconciliation only occurs at the exit area to reduce computation and complexity. 
         [0030]    A third exemplary way the personal item  108  can be associated with the inventory item  106  is by proximity to the RFID reader  104 , check-out system or exit area. For example, when a person carrying his library card and a stack of books enters a revolving door exit, a check-out system can associate the books with the library card, automatically check them out, and signal for the door to open. Alternatively, if, for example, the library card was expired, the check-out system could signal the revolving door to only permit the person to go back into the library and, optionally sound an alarm or alerting device. 
         [0031]    A fourth exemplary way the personal item  108  can be associated with the inventory item  106  is through using a cell phone having the RFID reader  104  on it and specialized software that, optionally, may interact with a check-out system in a facility. For example, a person could avoid a movie line by using his cell phone to read the personal RFID tag  102  on his credit card, select a movie, and send the information to the cashier system, receiving in return an electronic ticket for entrance into the movie on his cell phone that, perhaps, interacts with a turnstile letting him enter the theatre. Of course, there are other ways the personal item  108  can be associated with the inventory item  106 . 
         [0032]      FIG. 2  shows another exemplary method for interaction with inventory. In this exemplary method, there is an inventory  200  with a number of inventory items, {inventory item one  106 , inventory item two  202 , . . . inventory item n  204 }. Initially, each inventory item  106 ,  202 ,  204  is associated with a default inventory value  205 . With the default inventory value  205 , the inventory system can identify by reading and keep track of inventory items  102 ,  202 ,  204  that have not yet been associated with RFID tags. Each inventory item  106 ,  202 ,  204  is later associated with a unique inventory RFID tag so that inventory item one  106  is associated with inventory RFID tag  100 , inventory item two  202  is associated with inventory RFID tag  206 , . . . and inventory item n  204  is associated with inventory RFID tag  208 . 
         [0033]    Initially, the personal item  108  is associated with a default value  210 , in this exemplary method. The default value may be a security code or identifier. The personal item  108  is later associated with one or more personal cards, such as a credit card  212 , an identification card  214 , a smart card  216 , and a debit card  218 . The personal item  108  may be associated with the cards  12 ,  214 ,  216 ,  218  through a cell phone, cashier system, the Internet, or any other association method. Other kinds of cards may also be associated with the credit card in this exemplary method. 
         [0034]    In an exit area  220 , the inventory RFID tags  100 ,  206 ,  208  are read by the RFID reader  104  and the corresponding inventory items  106 ,  202 ,  204  are associated to the personal item  108 . This may be done automatically when the items are in proximity to the RFID reader  104  or at some signal from a processor in the exit area, such as a check-out machine. Non-portable inventory items may be represented by tokens having an RFID tag. If any of the inventory items  106 ,  202 ,  204  is associated with the default inventory value  205 , a notification may be issued for assistance in the exit area  220 . 
         [0035]    Before check-out, the inventory items may be provided for review on a display in the exit area  220 . For example, the check-out may request an acknowledgement, for example, swiping the personal item  108  or an associated card. Some sort of acknowledgement may be requested even to associate inventory items  106 ,  202 ,  204  to the personal item  108 . The acknowledgement may be an agreement to sale terms, contract terms, license terms, or the like. 
         [0036]    After association, the inventory items  106 ,  202 ,  204  are checked-out to the personal item  108 . In an Internet application, for example, the inventory item may be shipped to a specified location  224 , after check-out. The person may be permitted to leave the exit area  220  after check-out by, for example, opening a door  222 . If there are any problems encountered during association or check-out, the person may be detained in the exit area  220 , alarms may sound, or notifications may be issued. 
         [0037]      FIG. 3  shows an exemplary computer-readable medium having instructions for performing a method of interaction with inventory. In  FIG. 3 , a processor  300  accesses a storage device  302  holding instructions in software  304  for performing a method of interaction with inventory. The storage device  302  may be a memory in the processor  300 , a CD, or any other kind of storage. The processor  300  may be in the exit area  220  or be associated with or a part of the RFID reader  104 , a cell phone, or another kind of machine. The RFID reader  104  could be part of the cell phone. The processor  2300  may be in any kind of facility, such as a library, retail store, or tool crib. 
         [0038]      FIG. 4  shows an exemplary system for interaction with inventory. The system includes one or more inventory items  106  having inventory RFID tags  100 , a check-out system  400 , and at least one exit area  220 . The check-out system  400  includes at least one RFID reader  104 . The RFID reader  104  reads the inventory RFID tag(s)  100  and the personal RFID tag  102  on the personal item  108 , when they are in proximity to the RFID reader  104 . The check-out system  400  associates the inventory item(s)  106  to the personal item  108 . 
         [0039]    The exit area  220  communicates with the check-out system  400  and allows passage, in response to a signal  402  from the check-out system  400 . Passage may be allowed by, for example, opening a door or operating a revolving door. The signal may be an indication of agreement to the association and check-out. The exit area  20  may be adapted to existing equipment in a retail store, a library, a tool crib, or any other kind of facility. The door may be coupled to one or more check-out queue to maximize throughput. 
         [0040]    A returned items area  404 , such as a drop box receives returned items. The returned items area  404  may automatically de-associate the returned inventory item  106  from the personal item  108  by communicating with the check-out system  400  and/or exit area  220 . 
         [0041]      FIGS. 5 and 6  show an exemplary shopping cart  500  for interaction with inventory. The shopping cart  500  includes a holder  502  and a list-making component  504 . 
         [0042]    The holder  502  receives acquired items, {acquired item one  506  . . . acquired item M  508 }, from inventory. Acquired items  506 ,  508  may be read with the RFID reader  104  at some point, such as when placed in the holder  502 . In a web application, the holder may be virtual and represented on a web page. 
         [0043]    The list-making component  504  may include the RFID reader  104 . Alternately, the RFID reader  104  may be coupled to a part of the shopping cart  500 , say the holder  502  or the RFID reader  104  may be on a cell phone, with another device. The list-making component  504  creates and maintains an interim list  510  of acquired items  506 ,  508  and also provides a final list  512  for reconciliation. The interim list  510  may associate acquired items to the personal item  108  or this may be done later at, say the exit area  220  or upon request by a person, machine, or device. In a web application, the list-making component  504  may be associated with a web page, icon, or the like. 
         [0044]    The exit area  220  receives the final list  512  and requests an indication of agreement. The exit area  220  may have a number of exits in communication with the list-making component  504  to allow passage only after a valid sale. An alarm may be sounded by the list-making component  504  or the exit area  220  upon an invalid sale. 
         [0045]      FIG. 7  shows an exemplary cell phone  700  for interaction with inventory. The cell phone  700  includes a list-making component  504  and an RFID reader  104 . An interim list  510  is created and then the cell phone  700  sends the final list  512  and an indication of agreement to the exit area  220 . 
         [0046]      FIG. 8  shows an exemplary exit area  220  for interaction with inventory. The exit area  220  includes the RFID reader  104 , a check-out component  800 , and a sensor  802 . The RFID reader  104  reads RFID tags  102 ,  100 ,  208  for the personal card  108  and inventory item(s)  106 ,  204  when they are in proximity to the RFID reader  104 . 
         [0047]    The check-out component  800  automatically checks out the inventory items  106 ,  204  to the personal item  108 , after they are read by the RFID reader  104 . The check-out component  800  communicates with the RFID reader  104  and receives information associated with the personal item  108  and the inventory item(s)  106 , 204  from the RFID reader  104 . 
         [0048]    The sensor  802  operates one or more exit ways upon receiving a signal from the check-out component  800  and may receive other information from the check-out component  800 . For example, the check-out component may send a signal to the sensor  802  after receiving a confirmation, such as a personal card swipe or entry of a personal identification number (PIN). 
         [0049]    One use case or scenario includes on entry to a facility, reading all RFIDs on a person, on exit, read all RFIDs on the person, associate the two and provide the association for reconciliation by the person. After reconciliation, depending on the application, a sale may take place using a payment method associated with one of the RFIDs on the person. For a library application, media would be checked out to the person&#39;s library card. For a tool shed application, tools that had left the inventory would be associated with the person. Of course, there are many applications for this exemplary method embodiment of the present invention. 
         [0050]    In another scenario: on exit only, read all RFIDs on the person and all RFIDs in proximity to the person, associate the two and provide the association for reconciliation by the person. Do not allow exit until the association is confirmed by the person. In another embodiment, exit is allowed, however an alarm or other notice is provided of a potential shoplifting event. In one embodiment, it is determined which items were brought into the facility, which are not part of the inventory at the facility. 
         [0051]    In another scenario, each RFID has a unique identifier. A computing device receiving an RFID reading is able to check what the RFID is associated with and perform the appropriate action. In this exemplary system, there is a database searchable by RFID identifiers. In another exemplary system, an RFID reader selectively reads RFIDs according to their type. For example, in a library application, a library RFID reader only reads the library card RFID on the person and ignores other RFIDs, such as credit cards, protecting the privacy of the person. In the library application, the unique identifier associated with the library card RFID need only be unique to a particular library. In a retail sales application, each credit card RFID for each person needs to be unique. 
         [0052]    In another scenario, the person makes a virtual entry into and virtual exit from a virtual inventory, associating inventory to personal items. 
         [0053]    Another scenario includes a cell phone used as a smartcard or credit card. The cell phone is associated with information, such as GPS tracking information, owner identify information, and the like. For example, the person walks into a library with his cell phone on, browses, picks up four books, walks out of the library, and the exemplary system automatically checks the four books out on the library account associated with the cell phone. In another example, the person walks into a convenience store with his cell phone on, picks up a food item, walks out of the store, and the exemplary system automatically charges the food item to a debit card associated with an RFID tag on the person. In another example, the person walks into a toy store, picks up a token having an RFID tag that is associated with a toy too large to carry, walks to the exit area, and the exemplary system automatically provides a selection of a credit card or debit card associated with the cell phone for purchasing the toy. In one embodiment, the cell phone has text message and review capability so that the person can review the purchase and order anything he forgot. 
         [0054]    The exemplary embodiments of the present invention have many advantages, including minimizing shop-lifting by not allowing exit unless a customer&#39;s card were associated with the inventory at the point of exit. Moving the work to where it is mostly naturally likely to take place, either in a static location, such as at an exit, or dynamically in specialized shopping carts or with specialized mobile cell phones, has the advantage of virtually as many check-out queues as there are customers. Another advantage is the automation of check out jobs so that a person need not even check himself out, but is automatically scanned. Another advantage is allowing multiple queues and multiple exits, preventing bottlenecks that typically occur at single exits. 
         [0055]    As described above, the embodiments of the invention may be embodied in the form of computer implemented processes and apparatuses for practicing those processes. Embodiments of the invention may also be embodied in the form of computer program code containing instructions embodied in tangible media, such as floppy diskettes, CD-ROMs, hard drives, or any other computer-readable storage medium, wherein, when the computer program code is loaded into and executed by a computer, the computer becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. The present invention can also be embodied in the form of computer program code, for example, whether stored in a storage medium, loaded into and/or executed by a computer, or transmitted over some transmission medium, such as over electrical wiring or cabling, through fiber optics, or via electromagnetic radiation, wherein, when the computer program code is loaded into and executed by a computer, the computer becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. When implemented on a general-purpose microprocessor, the computer program code segments configure the microprocessor to create specific logic circuits. 
         [0056]    While the invention has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, various personal items other than types of cards may be used for practicing various embodiments of the present invention. In addition, future improvements or changes to standards may be used with minor adaptations of various embodiments of the present invention. Furthermore, various components may be implemented in hardware, software, or firmware or any combination thereof. Finally, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention is not to be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best or only mode contemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims. Moreover, the use of the terms first, second, etc. do not denote any order or importance, but rather the terms first, second, etc. are used to distinguish one element from another. Furthermore, the use of the terms a, an, etc. do not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather denote the presence of at least one of the referenced item.