Abstract:
Devices and methods of the invention can be used in many industries, including: utilities, agriculture, food, textile, pharmaceutical, photovoltaic and semiconductor, medical devices, chemical and petro-chemical, material science, and defense, where monitoring and/or analysis of various properties of materials are desired.

Description:
CLAIM OF PRIORITY 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional patent Application Ser. No. 61/244,584 entitled “Impedance sensors and their use for analyzing object&#39;s compositions” filed Sep. 22, 2009. The above-identified Provisional Application is fully incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH 
       [0002]    Not Applicable 
       REFERENCE TO MICROFICHE APPENDIX 
       [0003]    Not Applicable 
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    This invention relates to a new extremely sensitive kind of electrical sensors that makes possible measurement of physical characteristics, detection and quantification of constituencies of solids, bulk materials and fluids. More particularly, the new sensor technology allows for new real-time non-contact methods for measurement, detection and quantification of components in said materials regardless of its conductivity, transparency and reflectivity under most environmental condition to apply Impedance Resonance Spectroscopy. 
       SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0005]    An electrical resonance sensor that can be used in array of similar by design sensors, where each sensor comprises two coils, one of which is excitation coil and the other is sensing coil and in electromagnetic coupling with object under test works at predetermined resonant frequency that was chosen for providing strong correlation of sensor indication with a parameter of interest in radiofrequency range (RF); and the method of using said sensors to measure the physical characteristics and/or composition of the subject under test without contact in real-time. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0006]    Human society is in continuous search for inexpensive versatile technology that can in real-time without contact monitor numerous technological process, environment, food production, public safety and medical procedures. For example: semiconductor and photovoltaic industries need an advanced process monitoring devices during entire fabrication of Integrated Circuits (IC), flat panel displays and solar panels. Starting from measuring properties of bare wafers and other substrates, monitoring film thickness during various deposition and polishing processes as well as final IC testing requires constant process monitoring and measurements. Agriculture, food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries are interested in sensing technology to monitor different physical characteristics of organic and inorganic materials, liquids and compositions of numerous constituencies within natural limits. This invention is about a new extremely sensitive sensor system that is a core for new measuring method that is applicable to broad range of conductive, semiconductive and dielectric materials. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0007]    In one aspect, the invention provides a resonance type impedance sensor which is a multicoil open-core or air-core inductor, the sensor comprising at least two coils, one coil being an excitation coil connectable to at least one alternating current source with frequency sweep, another coil being a sensing coil connectable to at least one data processing system, wherein upon electrical connection to said current source, the excitation coil propagates an energy to the sensing coil, which generates a probing electromagnetic field and wherein L C R parameters of the sensing coil are capable of providing resonance conditions for measuring of object under test impedance at predetermined frequency. Various embodiments and variants are provided and contemplated. 
         [0008]    In another aspect, the invention provides an impedance sensing system for non-contact and non-invasive measuring and analyzing of targeted chemical and physical properties of gaseous, fluid and solid objects comprising: (A) at least one resonance type impedance sensor described above; (B) at least one alternating current source with frequency sweep electrically connected to said at least one excitation coil; (C) said at least one data processing system in communication with said at least one sensing coil, wherein L C R parameters of said sensing coil provides resonance conditions for measuring of object under test impedance at predetermined frequency; and (D) a control system in communication with said alternating current source and said data processing system. Various embodiments and variants are provided. 
         [0009]    In yet another aspect, the invention provides a method of measuring chemical and physical properties of an object by a resonance type impedance sensor, the method comprising: 
         [0010]    (A) measuring self-resonance frequency and amplitude of said sensor(s); 
         [0011]    (B) placing an object under test comprising at least one analyte; 
         [0012]    (C) measuring resonant frequency and amplitude of sensor in the presence of said object; 
         [0013]    (D) calculating changes in amplitude and resonant frequency induced by electromagnetic interaction between said sensor and object to determine impedance of said object under test; and 
         [0014]    (E) matching said impedance with predetermined calibration data to determine said chemical or physical properties of said object under test. The preferred impedance sensor is the sensor described in the sensor aspect of the invention. 
         [0015]    It is often required nondestructive contactless in-situ measurements and/or control of various multi-compositional fluids (e.g. water, blood, slurries, different solvents, etc.) and its monitoring for metallic, organic and nonorganic contamination. It is a very common task for many technological processes in many industries including: chemical, semiconductor, pharmaceutical, medicine, agriculture, food processing, etc. Proposed systems and methods are able to detect very small changes not only in mono-compositional structures and fluids but also in most of multi-composition materials, multi-layers structure and liquids with dissolved and/or homogenized constituencies. 
         [0016]    The present invention is directed to sensing system (apparatus) comprising of one or an array (cluster) of impedance type sensor(s) which is able to create a non-contact probing, primarily by harmonic high frequency electromagnetic fields in an object under test and analyze complex object response to the sensor&#39;s probing field. 
         [0017]    This invention primarily relates to wide variety sensor systems and methods for measuring physical parameters and/or chemical constituencies and their distribution in targeted composite object: solid, liquid, gaseous or their combination. The invention can be used practically in all industries, including: utilities, agriculture, food, textile, pharmaceutical, photovoltaic and semiconductor, medical devices, chemical and petro-chemical, metallurgy, Homeland Security. 
         [0018]    In particular, this invention discloses a structure of novel RF impedance sensing system and sensors for contact-less real-time (in-situ) measurements (analysis) of composition different materials including of thin and thick films and layers during numerous production processes (e.g. PVD, CVD, ECD, CMP, etc.) in Semiconductor, Flat Panel, Photovoltaic and Disk Drive industries, material science, etc. Also, present invention describes a new method and device (apparatus) for testing liquids, solvents and gas analysis in chemical, food processing, Agricultural and other industry fields as well as in testing laboratories. 
         [0019]    The sensing system is, actually, scanning an object under test by generating sweeping voltages in the vicinity of pre-selected frequencies. To provide maximum sensitivity and resolution each Impedance sensor is designed to have resonance in presence of the object under test at one of said pre-selected frequencies. 
         [0020]    The Impedance sensors are able to monitor number of targeted parameters (characteristic or properties) of the object by measuring object response to the sensor&#39;s electromagnetic field variation represented by resonance amplitude (value) change—dV, resonance frequency shift—dFr and in some cases phase angle displacements—d φ at pre-selected set of frequencies. 
         [0021]    Data processing unit is able to compare and analyze statistically filtered reaction of object-sensor complex on Impedance sensor outputs (V, dV, and Fr, dFr and φ, dφ). The data processing unit stores in memory reference data and an algorithm of their usage. The reference data are acquired in process (usually named calibration) of measuring similar objects with known properties. The algorithm correlates the sensor output signals with quantified characteristic(s) of the targeted property and can comprise interpolation, solution of a system of equation, search in lookup tables and etc. 
         [0022]    According to present invention the in-situ Impedance sensors may be designed as an air core cylindrical or planar inductors in one group of embodiments and as ferrite core inductors according to an another one. Each of these sensors has at least one winding named as an excitation coil and at least one winding named as a sensing coil. The excitation coil is connected (coupled) to an output of RF sweep generator and provides electromagnetic pumping to resonance circuit represented by sensing coil. The sensing coil is generating probing electromagnetic field, perceiving an influence on said field by object under test and transferring information about the influence to multi-channel measuring and data processing (signal analyzing) system. 
         [0023]    The Impedance sensors, RF sweep generator and data processing system are designed to function as a high speed closed loop self-tuning system continuously searching for a resonance frequency of a system (unity) sensor-object complex, calculating and presenting targeted parameters and characteristics of the object in-real time (on-line) mode. 
         [0024]    The present invention is believed to have an advantage of high sensitive impedance measurements using electrical resonance circuit and advantage of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy which provide method of defining optimal operating frequencies for impedance measurements. 
         [0025]    High sensitivity impedance measurements are achieved by using refined resonance circuit composed of coil only. Target parameters of impedance measurements are active capacitance and capacitive reactance of object under test, so highest sensitivity can be achieved by minimizing, as much as possible, self resistance and self capacitance of sensing coil. Another improvement is using of excitation coil for transferring energy to sensing coil by excluding generator source&#39;s impedance influence on sensing resonance circuit. 
         [0026]    State of the art assumes using plurality of frequencies for determining chemical and/or physical properties by measuring electrical impedance properties of an object, but nobody mentioned how the frequencies are chosen. The present invention discloses a new advanced approach. To determine an operating frequency for each impedance sensor of the sensing system an impedance spectrometer is used. 
         [0027]    The procedure for constructing of composition sensing system is described below:
       A) preparing a set of samples with known composition of target constituents that cover possible variations of object under test;   B) determining an electrical impedance spectrum for each of said samples by scanning over a wide frequency range;   C) analyzing of said spectra to find set of frequencies, at which difference between said spectra correlates with change of target constituents portion and said constituents contribute to impedance with different proportion, wherein number of selected frequencies should be at least equal to number of explored constituents;   D) constructing a set of sensors with operating frequencies based on the results of step C;   E) assembling said set of sensors in proximity to object under test;   F) collecting and storing calibration data using set of samples prepared at the step A; and   G) elaborating and implementing a data processing algorithm.       
 
         [0035]    The above described improvements allowed constructing novel measuring sensor with highest possible sensitivity in RF. The  FIGS. 17 and 23  illustrate sensitivity scale of traditional and proposed methods. The proposed sensor system and measurement method increased significantly sensitivity over all known electrical methods. The improvement in sensitivity level is different from a case to case dependant on application. For some applications sensitivity improvement could be measured by factors not percentages. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0036]    This invention is described with reference to specific embodiments thereof. These and other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments and with the accompanying drawings, in which. 
           [0037]      FIG. 1  depicts a simplified equivalent circuit of an Impedance sensor of this invention and object under test response. 
           [0038]      FIG. 2  illustrates response of dielectric object under test to vortex electric field for the object located outside of a sensor. 
           [0039]      FIG. 3  illustrates response of dielectric object under test to vortex electric field for the object located inside of a sensor. 
           [0040]      FIG. 4  illustrates response of conductive object under test to vortex electric field for the object located outside of a sensor. 
           [0041]      FIG. 5  illustrates response of dielectric object under test to linear electric field for the object located inside a sensor. 
           [0042]      FIG. 6  depicts a sectional view of one embodiment of the impedance sensor (cylindrical type) of the present invention. 
           [0043]      FIG. 7  depicts a sectional view of another embodiment of the impedance sensor (bobbin type) of the present invention. 
           [0044]      FIG. 8  depicts another embodiment of the present invention for testing flowing in the pipe liquid and comprising an array of Impedance sensors having tree different frequencies. 
           [0045]      FIG. 9  depicts a general view of another embodiment of the Impedance sensors array of the present invention comprising two bypass sections wherein properties of fluid under test may be monitored by several different impedance sensors (the bypass section can be periodically empty for calibration and correction for wall deposit). 
           [0046]      FIG. 10  depicts a sectional view of another embodiment of the impedance sensor (ferrite pot type) of the present invention for measuring solid object. 
           [0047]      FIG. 11  depicts a sectional view of another embodiment of the impedance sensor (ferrite pot type) of the present invention for measuring liquids and bulk materials. 
           [0048]      FIG. 12  depicts an embodiment of non-contact sensor device of this invention for measuring liquids and bulk materials with excitation and sensing coils embracing object under test. 
           [0049]      FIG. 13  depicts a general view of an embodiment of a planar sensor of the present invention. 
           [0050]      FIG. 14  depicts a block diagram of the sensing system according to the present invention; 
           [0051]      FIG. 15  depicts scope screen shot of output signals of an impedance sensing system of the present invention for a bare silicon wafer and for the same silicon wafer covered by 5000 Åthick aluminum film. 
           [0052]      FIG. 16  depicts a graph illustrating test results of a sensing system of the present invention for samples of distilled water and tap water. 
           [0053]      FIG. 17 ,  FIG. 18 , and  FIG. 19 , depict graphs illustrating test results of a sensing system of the present invention for samples of distilled water and water having different concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) in the frequency range of 17-20 MHz. 
           [0054]      FIG. 20  and  FIG. 21  depicts graphs illustrating test results of measurements with sensing system of this invention for silicon wafers having different thicknesses of aluminum film. 
           [0055]      FIG. 22  depicts a graph illustrating test results of a sensing system of the present invention for measuring mercury contamination in water. 
           [0056]      FIG. 23  depicts a graph of amplitude/frequency response curves for solutions of water containing different concentration NaCl in the frequency range of 17-20 MHz for a sensor of this invention with a 20 pF capacitor. 
           [0057]      FIG. 24  depicts maxima of amplitude/frequency response curves as a function of the concentration of NaCl in water for embodiments of this invention having a 20 pF capacitor and for a sensor system without added capacitance. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0058]    Certain patents disclosed apparatus and methods to measure fluid constituencies using electrical resonance circuits. U.S. Pat. No. 7,219,024 describes measurements density and moisture content using electromagnetic probing. U.S. Pat. No. 6,511,851 discloses method for identifying changes in the composition of liquid using resonance frequency circuit. International patent application WO 2008076453 disclosed sensor using its inductor and capacitor for monitoring ethanol/alcohol content of the vehicle engine fuel. United States Patent Application 20080143345 disclosed inductive sensor for automotive urea solution monitoring device deployed in conjunction with the urea tank of a selective catalytic reduction vehicle. 
         [0059]    Other patents disclosed apparatus and methods to measure physical and chemical characteristics and their distributions using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy (DRS). USPTO Patent Application 20090027070 discloses a dual cell Electrochemical Impedance System (EIS) testing apparatus and method for measuring coating integrity on various substrates. U.S. Pat. No. 4,433,286 discloses identification of materials using their complex dielectric response. U.S. Pat. No. 7,514,938 discloses dielectric relaxation spectroscopy apparatus and method of use, for non-invasive determination of presence or concentration of an analyte in the sample. 
         [0060]    There are numerous measuring techniques suggested for measuring thickness, uniformity, composition and contamination of thin and thick layers. Optical methods, like ellipsometry, are common in the semiconductor industry. They are mostly used for measurements of transparent layers. The X-ray technique is expensive, associated with safety issues and has limited application in production lines. 
         [0061]    Other methods include AC and DC point probes, capacitive sensors (U.S. Pat. No. 7,332,902), inductive Eddy current technology (US patent publications 200501566042 and 20090079424) and others are dependent on a variety of factors that are difficult to control. Enhancements of Inductive and RF Impedance analyzing methods are disclosed in several patents (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,593,738 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,891,380). Electrically based methods either require electrical connections to the measured thin layer that often affect the measured object or are noncontact, and are slow and have a low sensitivity. 
         [0062]    It is believed that the optical methods often cannot be reliably used when measuring opaque or nontransparent layers and stacks of transparent layers. Things are further complicated by optical properties of the measured layers (the index of refraction, extinction coefficient, etc.) and by the surface roughness of the measured and/or underlying layers. 
         [0063]    Furthermore, the techniques known in the art are unable to measure thicknesses of targeted individual layer(s) inside composite multi-layer objects with high accuracy. Most of those known techniques are limited by one or a combination of shortcomings such as speed of measurement, optical properties and material&#39;s conductivity. In addition, some of these techniques are destructive and/or require a direct contact which is highly undesirable. 
         [0064]    Optical, X-ray and existing Impedance spectroscopy devices are bulky, overly expensive and not ready for in-situ type measurements. 
         [0065]    While the present invention is not limited to any specific theory, traditionally a sensitive resonance circuit is an electrical circuit composed of at least two elements: inductor and capacitor electrically connected to each other. In order to maximize sensitivity of resonance circuit to electrical impedance of an object under test it was believed to be necessary to minimize capacitance and resistance of the resonance circuit. The inventors have unexpectedly discovered that the traditional electrical circuit, composed of inductor and capacitor, may be replaced by an inductor alone. The said inductor (induction coil) should be coreless or an open core type to serve as sensing element. The sensing coil is a main part of the inductor and its parameters define operating frequency of invented sensor. Sensor&#39;s sensitivity can be further increased by using monolayer coil with substantial step between turns or using basket winding to decrease self capacitance of sensing coil. 
         [0066]    While the invention is not limited to any specific theory, another significant feature that is believed to have contributed to high sensitivity of the invented sensor is an electrical separation of AC current source from the sensing coil; it is in order to exclude or minimize the influence of source impedance on the sensor&#39;s sensitivity. That was achieved by using excitation coil for electromagnetically transferring energy from source of AC current to sensing coil. 
         [0067]    Another important aspect of our sensor design that was never introduced in prior art is a requirement for high input impedance of the data processing module. To achieve high sensor sensitivity the input impedance should be extremely high (for example, our data acquisition unit has 10 GΩ input resistance). Correctness of such requirement can be proven by formula: 
         [0000]        W=V   2   /R  where, 
         [0000]    W—energy dissipated on input resistance of data acquisition,
 
V—voltage of useful signal (for our DAQ it is 0.5-11 V)
 
R—input resistance of instrumentation connected to sensing coil (for example DAQ)
 
         [0068]    From above formula, it is obvious that energy dissipation is smaller when higher input resistance is used. For example, when we are replacing 10 GΩ DAQ by standard oscilloscope (even with 10 MΩ attenuator) a drastic sink in sensor sensitivity is observed. 
         [0069]    There are several patents (U.S. Pat. No. 4,058,766, U.S. Pat. No. 4,433,286, U.S. Pat. No. 6,669,557, U.S. Pat. No. 7,219,024) mentioned use a plurality of frequencies for determining different chemical and physical features of different objects through the measuring electrical impedance, but none of the patent described criteria for defining frequencies in use. Present invention uses phenomenon of changing impedance property with changing of frequency for searching optimal operating frequencies for sensors of composition sensing systems. Information about object&#39;s impedance at frequencies, found using impedance spectroscopy, make it possible to built a system of invented impedance sensors to determine composition of liquid solutions, gas mixtures, solid composite objects, multilayer objects or for monitoring changing in such object composition. 
         [0070]      FIG. 1  depicts a simplified equivalent circuit of an Impedance sensor of this invention and object under test response. Impedance sensor is depicted with solid lines. It comprised of alternating current source with frequency sweep  11 , excitation coil  12 , sensing coil  13 , and data processing system  14 . 
         [0071]    The excitation coil function is pumping the sensing coil with electromagnetic energy and a separate a sensing resonance circuit from impedance of alternating current source. 
         [0072]    Sensitive resonance circuit of this invention consists of sensing coil only and may be described by parameters of this coil: inductance, inter-turn capacitance, and active resistance. 
         [0073]    Impedance sensor design according to aspects of the present invention provides a low capacitance value. It can be desirable to reduce capacitance to the lowest possible practical value. 
         [0074]    A sensing coil is coupled with high impedance (preferably in the range of about 10 7  to about 10 15 Ω) input of data processing system. 
         [0075]    Analyze of the equivalent circuit of impedance sensor of present invention shows that output current from sensing coil is usually very small (in the range 10 −6 -10 −14  A). 
         [0076]    Response of object under test is depicted with dashed lines. Reactions of the object can be represented by three equivalent electrical circuits:  15 ,  16 , and  17 . 
         [0077]    Alternating magnetic field of sensing coil generates vortex electric field E and this field, in its turn, induces vortex currents of different type. 
         [0078]    If a sensing coil is positioned in close proximity to a dielectric solid object, the equivalent circuit  15  consists of resulting parameters L, R, and C. Impedance of circuit  15  reflects resistance to vortex displacement currents generated by vortex electric field E and energy dissipation occurs due to alternating dielectric polarization ( FIG. 2 ). 
         [0079]    The same resulting parameters reflect response generated by vortex displacement currents in a tube filled by dielectric fluid. In this embodiment, an object is depicted surrounded by a sensing coil ( FIG. 3 ). 
         [0080]    For conductive objects, both solid and fluid, the equivalent electrical circuit  16  can have only two resulting parameters L and R. These parameters consider resistance to both vortex conductive and ionic current flows caused by vortex electric field E and energy dissipation occurs due to eddy currents ( FIG. 4 ). 
         [0081]    Alternating linear electric field E of sensing coil also induces linear currents of different type. Conductive and dielectric objects create capacitive coupling of sensor and object and this relationship is presented by equivalent electrical circuit  17 . The impedance reflects an object&#39;s resistance to linear conductive currents, displacement currents, or ionic currents generated by a potential gradient in a sensing coil ( FIG. 5 ) or potential difference between coil and object under test (not illustrated). 
       DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
       [0082]    Referring now to  FIG. 6 , that shows a sectional view of one embodiment of the present invention that can be bobbinless or may have a support member  63  which is generally formed as a short tube made from non-conductive material with minimum electrical permittivity (ξ˜2) at high RF frequency, such as fluoropolymers. The support member  63  should have thin walls to further minimize sensor capacitance. 
         [0083]    The first (upper) section of the support member  63  carries an excitation coil  61  which may have only one or few turns of relatively thick copper wire. One terminal of the excitation coil is connected to ground and second one to low impedance output of RF sweep generator (not shown). 
         [0084]    Second section of the support member carries a sensing coil  62 . This coil is wound by thinner copper wire than excitation coil. Also, the distance between turns of this coil can be made variable, so the capacitance and inductance of the coil can be mechanically tuned (changed). In this way, the operating frequency of the impedance sensor can be adjusted. 
         [0085]    A first terminal of the sensing coil  62  is depicted close to excitation coil  61  and is also connected to the ground. A second terminal of sensing coil is coupled to a high impedance input of multi-channel measuring and data processing system. An end part of the sensing coil  62  is positioned in close proximity to an object  64  under test, which may be solid or fluid. Excitation and sensing coils are wound in opposite directions, so as to obtain the same direction of magnetic field for both coils during transfer energy from the excitation coil to the sensing coil and to provide their electrical separation. 
         [0086]    Depending on coils&#39; diameter and number of sensing coil turns the embodiment can have wide range of operating frequencies. The range can be divided in two diapasons: a. operating frequencies &lt;50 MGz that are used for measuring conductive objects and b. operating frequencies 50 MHz-1 GHz that are used for measuring dielectric and semi conductive objects. 
         [0087]    An alternative support member design for Impedance sensor is shown in  FIG. 7 . A “bobbin type” support member  73  makes it possible to provide a higher number of turns in the sensing coil  72  and use thinner wire for this coil. Excitation coil  71  has one turn only. The hole in the center of the bobbin is designed for using this sensor with an optical displacement (proximity) sensor  74  to control distance from the coil to film  76  deposited on substrate  75 . 
         [0088]    There are many applications of present invention related to thickness measurement of thin insulative, conductive and semi conductive layers of wafer, flat panel displays, solar panels, etc. Distance (or gap) between an impedance sensor and targeted layer in the object under test is a critical factor in these cases. 
         [0089]      FIG. 8  depicts a general view of another embodiment of the present invention wherein an array comprising three impedance sensors  81 - 83  operating at different frequencies. The sensor array of this embodiment is able to monitor at least three constituents in liquids of the interest the same time. 
         [0090]    The bobbin-type embodiment with coils of the impedance sensors are installed on sections of pipe  84  carrying a liquid (gas or bulk material) under test. The sensors can be positioned at distances one from other far enough to avoid substantial mutual interference or cross-talk. Also, sensors could operate alternatively. In some embodiments, the distance can be at least equal to or more than the radius of a larger neighboring bobbin. 
         [0091]    Each of Impedance sensors in the array in this embodiment has its own (individual) operating frequency specific for each targeted constituent. The sensor array is connected to a controller of the Impedance sensing system (not shown). 
         [0092]      FIG. 9  depicts a sectional view of another embodiment of the present invention wherein a sensor array monitoring flowing fluid (e.g. a liquid) which has included therein constituents of interest. The fluid is flowing through a large diameter dielectric pipe (e.g., 3″ or more) or conductive pipe  97  of any diameter. The impedance sensors  93 ,  94 ,  95 , and  96  are mounted on two smaller bypassing pipes,  91  and  92 , (number of bypasses could vary) whose diameters can be configured depending on the application. Each of the sensors has its own resonance frequency specific for each targeted constituent of interest. 
         [0093]    This embodiment shows an advantage of using bypass tubes whose diameters match to the optimum diameter of impedance sensor coils (inductance/operating frequency) required for measuring targeted constituent. Also, bypass tubes help by providing suitable distances between sensors working in a close resonance frequency range. Cross-talk and interaction between several impedance sensors can be minimized in this embodiment. 
         [0094]    The bypasses can incorporate open and close valves to allow periodic maintenance including calibration and cleaning wall deposits. 
         [0095]      FIG. 10  depicts a sectional view of another embodiment of the present invention in which both excitation coil  101  and sensing coil  102  are placed inside of a ferrite half-pot  103 . In this embodiment, an impedance sensor may be positioned in close proximity to the object  104  under test (e.g., like a substrate with deposited metal layer  105 ). The ferrite pot in this embodiment is open to the object and provides high magnetic flux to the object under test. 
         [0096]    In further embodiments, other shapes of the ferrite cores, such as single “I”, “C” or “U” or “E” shapes may be used depending on application requirements. In any case, ferrite cores can increase sensitivity of an impedance sensor, especially, working with conductive and low resistivity objects. 
         [0097]      FIG. 11  depicts a sectional view of another embodiment of the present invention in which sensor is the same as on  FIG. 10 , but mounted on the wall of vessel  114 , which can contains liquid state or bulk material object under test  115 . The sensor comprises excitation coil  111  and sensing coil  112  are placed inside of a ferrite half-pot  113 . 
         [0098]      FIG. 12  depicts an embodiment of a vessel type, non-contact sensor device of this invention (with excitation and sensing coils embracing object under test) for measuring liquids, gases and bulk materials. This device consists of controllable RF sweep generator  121 , excitation coil  122 , sensing coil  123 , data acquisition  124 , and controller  125  with data processing system. 
         [0099]      FIG. 13  depicts a general view of another embodiment of the present invention wherein an impedance sensor is configured as two concentric planar inductors. An inner inductor is a sensing coil with many turns where one terminal  131  is grounded and a second terminal  132  can be connected to the controller (not shown). An outer inductor can be an excitation coil grounded from one side  131  and connected to an alternating current source with frequency sweep at other side  133 . 
         [0100]    A planar impedance sensor can be made by lithography method with both inductors deposited on solid rigid or flexible isolative substrate. This sensor design has several advantages like small size, simple mounting (attaching) to objects like pipe and low cost. 
         [0101]      FIG. 14  depicts another embodiment of the present invention in which an array of N impedance sensors is connected to a system controller.  FIG. 14  depicts a simplified block diagram of a sensing system with controller of this invention. 
         [0102]    Excitation coils (not shown) of each impedance sensor are connected to outputs of a required number of RF sweep generators (RFG). The sensing coils of each sensor are connected to high impedance inputs of a multi-channel data processing system (MDS) in the controller. 
         [0103]    Both RFG and MDS are connected to a control system that manages information exchanges, scanning, test—measuring presentation of results and other functions. The control system may have several optional correction sensors (e.g., those used to monitor ambient air and/or fluid temperature, humidity, and the like). A controller also may have an interface module to send and receive signals (information) from a higher level tool controller, machine or production floor system. 
         [0104]    Real time measurement results may be displayed by controller and/or used as feedback signals for an automated closed loop tool or machine control system. This way the targeted parameter(s) of an object under test may be automatically controlled and maintained within technologically required limits. 
         [0105]    Voltage/current output of the RFG can be adjusted depending on electrical and physical properties of the object under test. For example, for measuring the thickness of a conductive metal film, higher excitation coil current/voltage provides increased sensitivity and resolution of the sensing system. 
         [0106]    Data processing system can analyze information from RFG, sensors S 1  to SN and the control system. The results define specific Resonance Frequency Fro and voltage amplitude Uo for each “object-sensor” system. Based upon this information and calibration algorithms the MDS (Multichannel Data processing System) made conversion of values Fro and Vo in measurement units of the targeted physical or chemical parameters like film thickness, liquid constituencies concentration, layer permittivity and so on. This conversion for two parameters may be illustrated by next system of equations: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             { 
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           X 
                           × 
                           k 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           11 
                         
                         + 
                         
                           Y 
                           × 
                           k 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           21 
                         
                       
                       = 
                       Fro 
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           X 
                           × 
                           k 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           12 
                         
                         + 
                         
                           Y 
                           × 
                           k 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           22 
                         
                       
                       = 
                       Uo 
                     
                   
                 
               
                 
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    Where X is the first targeted parameter (like film thickness), Y is the second parameter (like wafer bulk conductivity), k 11  and k 12  are frequency weight coefficients, k 21  and k 22  are output voltage weight coefficients. 
         [0107]    The coefficients k 11 , k 21 , k 12  and k 22  are usually found by using a calibration method and then can be retrieved from the MDS memory where they are regularly stored. Calibration procedure comprises measurements of reference samples having known values of targeted parameter(s) and calculation statistically meaningful weight coefficients using acquired data. 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0108]    The following examples are intended to illustrate different applications of this invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of this invention. Persons of ordinary skill in the art can use the disclosures and teachings of this application to produce alternative embodiments without undue experimentation. Each of those embodiments is considered to be part of this invention. 
       Example 1 
     Test on Bare Silicon Wafer and on the Same Wafer Covered by 5000 Å Thick Aluminum Film 
       [0109]      FIG. 15  depicts a scope screen shot of output signal  151  of an impedance sensor over a range of frequencies 32 MHz to 43 MHz in presence of bare silicon wafer. The resonant frequency is 33.8 MHz, the resonant amplitude is 10067 mV. Line  152  is the amplitude frequency curve for the same impedance sensor in presence of the same silicon wafer covered by 5000 Å thick aluminum film. In this case, the resonance frequency is 41 MHz and the resonant amplitude is 1673 mV. Comparison of lines  151  and  152  shows, that the resonance frequencies and particularly the voltage amplitudes are very different. This example illustrates the high sensitivity of the novel impedance sensing system according to present invention. 
       Example 2 
     Test on Samples of Distilled and Tap Water 
       [0110]    Test fixture for calibration and measurement variable concentration of different constituencies in liquid (water as an example) shown in  FIG. 14 , where impedance sensor embraces small vessel-sampler, which is preferably made from Teflon. 
         [0111]      FIG. 16  depicts a graph of the test results at different conditions:  161 —when there was no liquid in the sampler,  162 —when the sampler was filled with distilled water, and  163 —when sampler was filled with tap water. The distilled water compared with the empty sampler showed only relatively small change in the output amplitude of the sensor. There was larger shift in resonance frequency from 12.5 MHz for the empty vessel compared to 11 MHz for distilled water. However, the tap water drastically changed both amplitude and resonance frequency. This result is understandable because resistively of distilled water at 25° C. is about 18.2-40 MΩ-cm and tap water is usually below 0.1 MΩ-cm. 
         [0112]    This Example demonstrates a very high sensitivity of the novel impedance sensing system and indicates that even small contamination of a liquid object can be detected and quantified. 
       Example 3 
     Measuring Different Concentrations of NaCl in Water 
       [0113]    To determine proper working frequencies for solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl) in water, preliminary studies were carried out by probing the harmonic electromagnetic field over a wide range of working frequencies: 20 MHz, 70 MHz, 370 MHz, and 480 MHz. Frequencies in vicinity of 20 MHz showed the better results. 
         [0114]    The frequencies in the range of 17 to 20 MHz were chosen for an impedance sensor. In the next example, the amplitude-frequency response was measured for different concentrations of NaCl.  FIG. 17  depicts a graph of results of these measurements. As can be seen from the graph of the amplitude-frequency curve, solutions containing different concentrations of NaCl are clearly distinguishable from each other. Distilled water (filled diamonds) produced the highest amplitude at a frequency of about 19.6 MHz, the lowest concentration of NaCl produced amplitude less than that of distilled water, and with increasing concentrations of NaCl, the amplitude decreased, and the frequency of the maximum amplitude decreased until a concentration of 0.1% was achieved. Also, clearly shown is the finding that a 1% solution of NaCl produced amplitude greater than that observed for the next lower concentrations. These results demonstrate the ability of the novel impedance sensing system to measure a wide range of concentrations of liquid constituencies with high resolution. 
         [0115]      FIG. 18  depicts dependence of impedance sensor&#39;s resonant amplitude when concentration of NaCl is measured.  FIG. 19  depicts the same dependence when NaCl concentration is represented in logarithmic scale. 
       Example 4 
     Measurement of Thickness of Thin Aluminum Films on Silicon Wafers 
       [0116]      FIG. 20  presents tests results of aluminum film thickness measurement (depicted in the Angstroms range). A sensing system used an open core resonance sensor similar to shown in  FIG. 7 . Frequency range was set from 34 MHz to 43 MHz. The start point in the plot corresponds to a bare silicon wafer with no aluminum film. 
         [0117]      FIG. 21  depicts the same results where aluminum film thickness is represented in logarithmic scale. 
       Example 5 
     Measurements of Mercury in Water 
       [0118]    One of the most dangerous contaminants in drinking water is mercury. This contamination is highly topical even at very small concentrations. Therefore, we carried out a series of experiments to measure mercury (Hg) concentrations in water. 
         [0119]    In one group of experiments, the frequency range was found at which concentration of ions of mercury (Hg+) in distilled water make a significant change in the amplitude-frequency characteristic. This frequency defines L, C and R reference values for a coil design. The measuring coil can be constructed per well known design rules with consideration of the particular lay-out. Also, to achieve maximum sensitivity, it can be desirable to maintain self-capacitance C at minimum for the measuring circuit. The next experiments were conducted with the above mentioned sensor. 
         [0120]      FIG. 22  is a graph depicting amplitude-frequency characteristics (AFC) for samples with different concentration of Hg+ in distilled water. Test results clearly demonstrated the ability of an impedance sensing system of this invention to measure Hg+ concentration in distilled water at levels as low as 1 ppb (part per billion). 
       Example 6 
     Decreased Sensitivity of IRT-Sensor if Resonant Circuit Includes a Capacitor 
       [0121]    To confirm our conclusion from the above of the role of capacitance of an impedance resonance device in modulating the amplitude-frequency relationships of an embodiment of this invention, we carried out a series of studies using solutions of NaCl, as described in Example 3, but in which the resonant circuit of the device includes a capacitor. 
         [0122]      FIG. 23  depicts a graph of amplitude frequency response (AFR) curves obtained using an IRT-sensor which has approximately four times fewer winds than the sensor in Example 3 and with the addition of a 20 pF capacitor. Using this modified sensor with the added capacitor, we found, quite expectedly, that the amplitude-frequency relationships for each of the NaCl solutions were nearly identical, with a noted absence of change in either the amplitude or the frequency at which the maximum amplitude was observed. 
         [0123]      FIG. 24  depicts maxima of Amplitude Frequency Response curve&#39;s for sensors with and without the added capacitor. As it can be distinctly seen, embodiments having added capacitors (open circles) have a substantially narrower range of useful signals (resonant frequency and amplitude variation) compared to sensors without added capacitors. In contrast, according to theory, we found that impedance resonance sensor systems without the added capacitance showed a very wide range of useful signals. 
         [0124]    This Example demonstrates that systems and methods of this invention have substantially greater sensitivity than prior art sensing systems. Therefore, use of systems and methods of this invention can provide those responsible for maintaining products free of unwanted contamination.