Abstract:
A method and apparatus to reclaim metals from scrap material such as automobile shredder residue (ASR) that, after separating out light density components, separates out friable material such as rock and glass by crushing and screening operations to generate a high metal content product.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The invention involves the recovery of metal from mixtures of diverse materials. 
       PRIOR ART 
       [0002]    The invention has application, among others, to recovery of metal from automobile shredder residue (ASR). Such residue is the byproduct of systems that shred essentially whole automobiles, white goods and mixed metals to reclaim their component materials, mostly their metal content. Typically, such material is shredded into small pieces which are processed through various types of material separation devices. These devices include, for example, magnetic separators, eddy current separators, and induction sorters to collect various metals. Plastics can be air separated from heavy material on the basis of density. 
         [0003]    Current shredding and metal reclaiming systems produce a fraction of ASR waste of particulate materials of, say, between 0 to 12 and 0 to 25 mm that is sent, primarily, to landfills. It has been estimated that currently 9 million tons of ASR is disposed of each year in the U.S.A. The general consensus in the industry is that in these smaller fractions, it is not practical to recover significant metal content from the ASR that is currently discarded into landfills. It has been estimated that $600 million of metal content is being sent to landfills annually in the U.S.A. because of a previous lack of a practical process and system to reclaim these metals. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    The invention provides a process and apparatus that effectively and economically reclaims metals from ASR and other currently discarded materials such as industrial, commercial and residential incinerator bottom ash. In accordance with one aspect of the invention, ASR material is initially separated into streams of different particle size prior to separating various component materials. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the ASR material is preliminarily separated on the basis of particle density. In accordance with still another aspect of the invention, the ASR is processed through a rod mill to crush the friable material content into particle sizes that enable effective screen separation of the crushed friable material from non-crushed, non-friable metal materials. In another aspect of the invention, material is directed to two successive rod mills each followed by a screening. Practice of the invention can involve one or more of the foregoing aspects, as well as additionally disclosed aspects. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0005]      FIGS. 1A and 1B  are partial views that show one complete view of a flow diagram of a preferred system for practicing the invention; 
           [0006]      FIG. 2  is an isometric view of a material crushing and screen separating station; 
           [0007]      FIG. 3  is an isometric view of a rod mill separator; 
           [0008]      FIG. 4  is a side view of the rod mill of  FIG. 3 ; and 
           [0009]      FIG. 5  is an end view of the rod mill of  FIG. 3 . 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
       [0010]    Metals laden waste particulate, nominally 25 mm and below, with a mixture of organics, rock, glass, wire, metal fragments, wood and fibers is a typical feed material for the disclosed process. A source of such material is automotive shredder residue or ASR. The disclosed process is expected to produce at least a 90%, and ideally up to about a 98% plus, metal recovery, with minimal process losses. 
         [0011]    The following text references 4 digit process/apparatus identifiers in  FIG. 1 . The particle size groups and the maximum particle size used in the following disclosure is by way of example, not limitation. 
         [0012]    Process  1000 —Metering, Drying and Screening 
         [0013]      1000 —Metering Drum Feeder—The recovery process is very dependent on the material being metered at an even and consistent flow rate. The metering drum feeder ( 1000 ) incorporates a feed hopper for receiving and holding a large quantity of feed material. Fitted to the discharge end of the hopper is a hexagonal rotating drum that can be mechanically raised and lowered via powered screw jacks. By raising and lowering the screw jacks the material flow depth can be increased or decreased depending on the desired flow rate. Below the feed hopper and hexagonal rotating drum is a vibrating pan feeder to meter the material under the hexagonal drum to the next process ( 1010 ). The vibrating pan feeder is controlled by a variable speed drive to enable the increase or decrease in feed rate automatically via a PID (proportional-integral-derivative) loop control ( 1030 ) coupled to a moisture monitoring sensor ( 1020 ) located after the dryer ( 1010 ). Other metering systems may be incorporated. 
         [0014]      1010 —The rotary dryer is a known type of industrial dryer employed to reduce or minimize the liquid moisture content of the material it is handling by bringing it into direct contact with a heated gas. The dryer is made up of a large, rotating cylindrical tube, usually supported by concrete columns or steel beams. The dryer slopes slightly so that the discharge end is lower than the material feed end in order to convey the material through the dryer under gravity. Material to be dried enters the dryer, and as the dryer rotates, the material is lifted up by a series of internal fins lining the inner wall of the dryer. When the material gets high enough to roll back off the fins, it falls back down to the bottom of the dryer, passing through the hot gas stream as it falls. This gas stream can either be moving toward the discharge end from the feed end (known as co-current flow), or toward the feed end from the discharge end (known as counter-current flow). The gas stream can be made up of a mixture of air and combustion gases from a burner, in which case the dryer is called a direct heated dryer. Alternatively, the gas stream may consist of air or another (sometimes inert) gas that is preheated. When the gas stream is preheated by some means where burner combustion gases do not enter the dryer, the dryer is known as an indirect-heated type. Often, indirect heated dryers are used when product contamination is a concern. In some cases, combinations of direct-indirect heated rotary dryers are also available to improve the overall efficiency. 
         [0015]      1040 —Long Piece Separator—This linear screening machine has a flat receiving plate to receive the feed material and evenly introduce the feed material to the “double nose” type screen deck. This screening deck allows the removal of long pieces of wire, wood, rods and other large foreign objects. The screen deck is mechanically clamped into the screen body in which the vibratory energy is transmitted thru the screen body into the screen deck to cause the material to be conveyed and screened at the same time. The overs are considered “longs” and may be further processed to recover valuable metals. The “unders” will continue to screener ( 1050 ). 
         [0016]      1050 —Double Deck Screener—This vibratory screen is based on a resonance system. The inner frame of the screen is set in motion as a result of the motion of the screen body putting the screen panels in a high vertical motion. The linear or circular motion of the screen is producing an acceleration of the screen deck, which can be higher than any other screen (&gt;50 g). This way the screen deck is kept clean and the highest screen efficiency can be achieved even with heavy materials. The top deck is fitted with 8 mm screen openings to generate the material for Line  1400 , which is +8 mm material. Throughout this description, unless otherwise noted, material dimensions are nominal particle size. The lower deck is fitted with 4 mm screen openings to generate the material for Line  1300 , which is 4-8 mm material. Fines (−) 4 mm material is discharged to the fines screener ( 1060 ) for further size separation 
         [0017]      1060 —Fines Screener—This linear screening machine has a flat receiving plate to receive the feed material and evenly introduce the feed material to the “woven screen material” type screen deck. This type of screening deck allows the over-sized material to be segregated from smaller particles. The screen deck is mechanically clamped into the screen body in which the vibratory energy is transmitted thru the screen body into the screen deck to cause the material to be conveyed and screened at the same time. Fitted with 2 mm screen openings, the oversize material will feed Line  1200 , which is +2 mm material. The under-sized material will feed Line  1100 , which is −2 mm material. 
         [0018]    Process  1100 —Air Separation of the 0-2 mm Material 
         [0019]      1110 —Zig-Zag Air Separator—The feed material (0-2 mm) is conveyed into an air-tight chamber to the separator channel. According to the multiple-cross flow-separating process, light material is separated from heavy material. The air stream required for separation is blown through the separation channel from bottom to top. The air stream carries light material. Heavy material falls through the air stream and is discharged through the separator base and is feed material for the metering feeder ( 1230 ). The light material transported by the air stream to a cyclone gets separated there and is discharged via rotary gate valve. Zig Zag Air Separators are usually operated in recirculation air mode, whereby the cleaned air is returned via blower to the separator base. In case of dusty or moist products the operation of the plant is also possible in partial air circulation or suction mode. A radial blower generates the required air stream and pressure. 
         [0020]    Process  1200 —Air Separation, Air Density Separation, Particle Separation and Magnetic Separation of the 2-4 mm Material 
         [0021]      1210 —Zig-Zag Air Separator—The feed material (2-4 mm) is conveyed into a separator as described in process  1110 . Separated heavy material is feed material for an air density table ( 1220 ). 
         [0022]      1220 —Air Density Table—Particles of different specific weights are separated on a fluidized bed vibrating table. The product is fed onto the separation table via dosing feeder with charging hopper. The material flow can be continuously adjusted by the speed controller, to evenly distribute material over the whole width of machine. The adjustable air flow (pressure side) is fed under the separating table over the screen segment. The combined effects of the vibration of the table, as well as the air flow from below, nearly eliminates the friction between the particles. The particle mass thereby behaves like a fluid. That means heavy (high bulk density) particles sink, while light (low bulk density) particles swim on top of the flow. The slope of the table is arranged so that there is an incline from the light particle side to the heavy particle side. The sinking heavy particles are finally conveyed up the incline via vibrating process in direction of the upper discharge and become the feed material for the vibratory metering feeder ( 1230 ). The floating lighter particles follow the incline down to the lower discharge and may be processed further to recover additional metal fines. The dusty discharged air from the separation table is cleaned by a cyclone and/or filter. 
         [0023]      1230 —Vibratory Metering Feeder—The product is fed into the vibrating rod mill ( 1240 ), via vibratory metering feeder with charging hopper. The material flow can be continuously adjusted by speed controller, to evenly meter the product into the machine ( 1240 ). 
         [0024]      1240 —Vibratory Rod Mill/Separator—The vibrating rod mill receives the material via the vibratory metering feeder ( 1230 ). The vibratory rod mill&#39;s main tubular body, referred to as the milling chamber, is fitted with a vibratory exciter to generate circular motion along the length of the machine. Within the tubular body of the mill are a number of round and or square bars. When the vibratory energy is imparted on the milling chamber, the bars, which are within the chamber, are caused to circulate while also being caused to impact one another. The complete vibrating body is supported via a spring or rubber isolation system to eliminate the transmission of the vibratory energy to surrounding structures. In addition, the milling chamber can be inclined, or declined, to increase or decrease the material retention time. The chamber is also fitted with dust exhaust ports to vent and extract any dust that may be generated during the milling process. When friable (glass &amp; rock) and non-friable (precious metals) materials are fed into the milling chamber the material becomes entrapped between the circulating bars causing the friable materials to be pulverized while the non-friable material remains in its original state. This allows for the effective separation of the non-friable product during the screening step ( 1250 ) 
         [0025]      1250 —Screening is as described at process  1060 . The overs material will feed the secondary vibratory rod mill ( 1260 ). The under-sized material is a glass/rock waste material. 
         [0026]      1260 —Vibratory Rod Mill/Separator—This unit is as described in process  1240 . The arrangement produces effective separation of the non-friable product during the screening step ( 1270 ). This process of vibratory milling and screening can be continued to increase process throughput. 
         [0027]      1270 —Screening is as described in process  1060 . The overs material, will be further processed with magnetic separation ( 1280 ) The under-sized material is a glass/rock waste material. 
         [0028]      1280 —Magnetic Separation—Magnetic head pulleys are incorporated into the transfer belt conveyors to remove magnetic materials ( 1600 ). As magnetic material nears the separator&#39;s magnetic field, it is attracted and held to the conveyor belt until it reaches the conveyor underside, where it passes out of the magnetic field and discharges into a chute or bin. The cleaned, contaminant-free, non-magnetic material, discharges from the top of the conveyor, away from the magnetic materials and are considered recovered copper and precious metals ( 1630 ). The magnetic material is recovered ferrous product ( 1600 ). 
         [0029]    Process  1300 —Air Separation, Air Density Separation, Particle Separation and Magnetic Separation of the 4-8 mm Material 
         [0030]      1310 —Zig-Zag Air Separator—The feed material (4-8 mm) is conveyed into a separator as described in process  1110 . Separated heavy material is feed material for an air density table ( 1320 ). 
         [0031]      1320 —Air Density Table—Particles of different specific weigh s are separated as described in process  1220 . Heavy particles become the feed material for a vibratory metering feeder ( 1330 ). 
         [0032]      1330 —Vibratory Metering Feeder—The product is fed into the vibrating rod mill ( 1340 ), via vibratory metering feeder with charging hopper. The material flow can be continuously adjusted by speed controller, to evenly meter the product into the machine ( 1340 ). 
         [0033]      1340 —Vibratory Rod Mill/Separator—This unit is as described in process  1240 . The vibrating rod mill receives the material via the vibratory metering feeder ( 1330 ). The arrangement produces effective separation of the non-friable product during a screening step ( 1350 ). 
         [0034]      1350 —Screening is as described in process  1060 . The overs material will feed the secondary vibratory rod mill ( 1360 ) The under-sized material, is a glass/rock waste material. 
         [0035]      1360 —Vibratory Rod Mill/Separator—This unit is as described in process  1240 . The vibrating rod mill receives the material via the screener ( 1350 ). This arrangement produces effective separation of the non-friable product during a screening step ( 1370 ). This process of vibratory milling and screening can be continued to increase process throughput. 
         [0036]      1370 —Screening is as described at process  1060 . The overs material, will be further processed with magnetic separation ( 1380 ). The under-sized material is a glass/rock waste material. 
         [0037]      1380 —Magnetic Separation is the same as described at  1280 . The cleaned, contaminant-free, non-magnetic material, discharges from the top of the conveyor, away from the magnetic materials and is further processed in a fines eddy current #1 ( 1500 ).). The magnetic material is recovered ferrous product ( 1600 ). 
         [0038]    Process  1400 —Air Separation, Air Density Separation, Particle Separation and Magnetic Separation of the 8-20 mm Material 
         [0039]      1410 —Zig-Zag Air Separator—The feed material (8-20 mm) is conveyed into a separator as described in process  1110 . Heavy material is feed material for an air density table ( 1420 ). 
         [0040]      1420 —Air Density Table—Particles of different specific weights are separated as described in process  1220 . Heavy particles become the feed material for a vibratory metering feeder ( 1430 ). 
         [0041]      1430 —Vibratory Metering Feeder—The product is fed into the vibrating rod mill ( 1440 ) via vibratory metering feeder with charging hopper. The material flow can be continuously adjusted by the speed controller, to evenly meter the product into the machine ( 1440 ). 
         [0042]      1440 —Vibratory Rod Mill/Separator—This unit is as described in process  1240 . The vibrating rod mill receives the material via the vibratory metering feeder ( 1430 ). This arrangement produces effective separation of the non-friable product during a screening step ( 1450 ) 
         [0043]      1450 —Screening is as described at process  1160 . The overs material will feed a secondary vibratory rod mill ( 1460 ). The under-sized material is a glass/rock waste material. 
         [0044]      1460 —Vibratory Rod Mill/Separator—This unit is as described in process  1240 . The vibrating rod mill receives the material via the screener ( 1450 ). The arrangement produces effective separation of the non-friable product during a screening step ( 1470 ). This process of vibratory milling and screening can be continued to increase process throughput. 
         [0045]      1470 —Screening is as described in process  1060 . The overs material, will be further processed with magnetic separation ( 1480 ). The under-sized material is a glass/rock waste material. 
         [0046]      1480 —Magnetic Separation is the same as described at  1380 . 
         [0047]    Process  1500 —Eddy Current Separation 
         [0048]      1500 —Fines Eddy Current #1 (Aluminum Recovery)—An eddy current separator uses a powerful magnetic field to separate aluminum metals from the product stream after all ferrous metals have been removed via magnetic separation ( 1380  &amp;  1480 ). The device makes use of eddy currents to effect the separation. The eddy current separator is applied to a conveyor belt carrying a thin layer of mixed metal product. At the end of the conveyor belt is an eddy current rotor. Aluminum metals are the most reactive to eddy current, thus will be thrown the greatest distance over a splitter gate. The recovered aluminum ( 1610 ) will be collected into a product bin. The less reactive metals simply fall off the belt due to gravity and are processed in fines eddy current #2 ( 1510 ). 
         [0049]      1510 —Fines Eddy Current #2 (Copper Recovery)—With the aluminum removed via fines eddy current #1 ( 1500 ), a secondary eddy current separator uses a powerful magnetic field to separate copper metals from the product stream. The device makes use of eddy currents to effect the separation. The eddy current separator is applied to a conveyor belt carrying a thin layer of mixed metal product. At the end of the conveyor belt is an eddy current rotor. Copper metals are the second most reactive to eddy current, thus will be thrown the greatest distance over a splitter gate. The recovered copper ( 1620 ) will be collected into a product bin. The less reactive metals simply fall off the belt due to gravity and are considered recovered precious metals ( 1640 ). 
         [0050]    The streams of the high density fractions of ASR material in the paths directed to the vibratory metering feeders ( 1230 ,  1330 ,  1430 ) from the Zig-Zag Separator ( 1110 ) and air density tables ( 1220 ,  1320  and  1420 ) has a typical bulk density of about 70 to about 100 lbs/ft 3  and frequently between about 80 to about 90 lbs/ft 3 . 
         [0051]      FIG. 2  illustrates a pair of tandem rod mills  11 ,  12  of a crushing and separating station  10  discussed in sections  1240 ,  1260 ;  1340 ,  1360 ;  1440 ,  1460  above. The output of each mill  11 ,  12  is processed by a screen  13 ,  14  described in sections  1250 ,  1270 ;  1350 ,  1370  and  1450 ,  1470 . The size and configuration of each rod mill  11 ,  12  can be different depending on, for example, the expected throughput at a particular stream of material. 
         [0052]    In general, the screen opening size of the screens  13 ,  14  is the same in the several streams of particle size, described above at  1250 ,  1270 ,  1350 ,  1370  and  1450 ,  1470  and can be between 0.7 and 1.5 mm and, preferably, is nominally 1 mm. 
         [0053]      FIGS. 3-5  illustrate an example of a typical rod mill  11 ,  12  sometimes called a separator, that functions as described in section  1240  above. As discussed above and as displayed in  FIG. 2 , each stream of material employs a pair of mills  11 ,  12  in sequence. A mill  11 ,  12  is preferably a steel weldment including a cylindrical tube housing  16  closed at both ends with removable, bolted end plates  17 . 
         [0054]    As revealed in  FIG. 5 , the interior of the housing  16  is approximately half filled with parallel steel rods  18  slightly shorter than the inside length of the housing. Inlet and outlet tubes  21 ,  22  communicate with the interior of the housing  16  adjacent respective ends of the housing. A pair of semi-circular brackets  23  wrapped below the housing  16  enable the mill  11 ,  12  to be suspended by vertical rods  24 . Upper ends of the suspension rods  24  are supported on compression springs  26  which isolate vibrational forces on the housing  16  from the station framework  27 . 
         [0055]    A set of D shaped brackets  31  are welded around the periphery of a mid-section of the housing  16  and to an underlying plate  32 . A rotary electric vibratory motor  33  is bolted to the underside of the plate  32 . The motor  33  is operable to torsionally vibrate the housing at  1200  vibrations per minute at 6 to 10 g&#39;s of acceleration, for example. By way of example, but not limitation, the housing can be 16 inches in outside diameter, 6 foot long, and the steel rods  18  can be 1 inch in diameter. The mechanical rod mill  11 ,  12  of the type disclosed herein, has been discovered to be surprisingly effective in crushing the higher density friable materials, primarily glass and rock, existing in ASR. Relatively little energy is consumed by such mills and wear of the mill components is negligible compared to that of other types of mechanical crushers. 
         [0056]    It should be evident that this disclosure is by way of example and that various changes may be made by adding, modifying or eliminating details without departing from the fair scope of the teaching contained in this disclosure. The invention is therefore not limited to particular details of this disclosure except to the extent that the following claims are necessarily so limited.