Abstract:
The present invention is a hybrid stent design using half-slot circumferential sets of strut members with short (&lt;1.5 mm) slot length that has minimal fish scaling and excellent stent retention and flexibility. These half-slot circumferential sets of strut members are connected one to the other with helical connectors similar to those of the Palmaz stent. One important difference in the design of the stent of the present invention is that the helical connectors are attached to every other crown (rather than connected to every crown) to further improve stent flexibility. By appropriately varying the strut width of both the connected and unconnected curved crowns to be greater at the center than at their ends, an increased radial strength can be provided for a given maximum strain that is imparted to the stent when it is expanded to its maximum diameter.

Description:
FIELD OF USE 
     This invention is in the field of stents for implantation into a vessel of a human body. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Stents are well known medical devices that have been used for maintaining the patency of a large variety of vessels of the human body. The most frequent use for stents is for implantation into the coronary vasculature. Although stents have been used for this purpose for more than twenty years, many stent designs still lack the required flexibility and radial rigidity to provide an optimum clinical result and also have fractures after many years of exposure to the flexing of a coronary artery. 
     Most current tubular stents use a multiplicity of circumferential sets of strut members connected by either straight longitudinal connecting links or undulating longitudinal connecting links. The circumferential sets of strut members are typically formed by connecting relatively straight segments with straight struts as the end crown (as with the Palmaz stent sold by Cordis a Johnson &amp; Johnson Company) or with curved crowns (as with the BX Velocity stent, described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,190,403 by Fischell et al, sold by Cordis a Johnson &amp; Johnson Company). In any case, each circumferential set of strut members forms a closed cylindrical ring that opens up as the stent expands and forms the cylindrical structure that acts as a scaffold which supports the dilated arterial wall. There are two basic forms of circumferential sets of strut members: full-slot circumferential sets of strut members having structures where the circumferential set of strut members open radial outward from a series of rectangles to form diamond like structures (the Palmaz stent) and half-slot circumferential sets of strut members which resemble more of a sine wave circumferential ring (such as the BX Velocity stent). The longitudinal dimension of the opening inside each circumferential set of strut members of the unexpanded stent is called the slot length. 
     In FIGS. 7-10 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,102,417, (the &#39;417 patent) the Palmaz spiral stent design is shown that has full-slot circumferential sets of strut members with every straight end, square crown connected by a helical connector to a crown of the adjacent full-slot circumferential set of strut members. This design typically has only three full-slot circumferential sets of strut members for a stent that is 15 mm long. This full-slot design creates a long, straight, rigid, longitudinal structure with slot length typically greater than 4 mm in the unexpanded stent. This long slot length limits the stent&#39;s flexibility and therefore limits the stent&#39;s ability to be advanced through a curved coronary artery. Another disadvantage of the long slot design of Palmaz is that the long and rigid circumferential sets of strut members cause the ends of the circumferential sets of strut members to separate from the balloon and engage the arterial wall when the stent is advanced through a curved coronary artery. This phenomenon is known as “fish scaling” because the ends of the long strut members stick out from the surface of a curved balloon like the scale of a fish. Fish scaling can cause stent embolization or it can prevent the stent from being advanced through a highly curved coronary artery. The long, longitudinally straight structure of the Palmaz stent having the full-slot circumferential sets of strut members also have a tendency to easily slide off the delivery balloon thereby increasing the probability of stent embolization. In addition, with every crown of each full-slot circumferential set of strut members connected to the adjacent circumferential set of strut members, the ability of the stent to bend around a curve is limited. It is the lack of flexibility that prevented the stent described in the &#39;417 patent from becoming a great commercial success. For the purposes of this disclosure, stents like that shown in FIGS. 7-10 of &#39;417 patent, with each end crown of a circumferential set of strut members connected to a crown of an adjacent circumferential set of strut members is called a fully connected or closed cell stent. A stent with less than half of the crowns connected is generally called an open cell stent and a stent with every other crown connected is called a hybrid stent. It should also be noted that stent design of the &#39;417 patent has struts that have a uniform width even though having a variable strut width can offer performance advantages as to maximizing the stent&#39;s radial rigidity while limiting maximum strain to a level below that that can cause fracture and fatigue failure. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is a hybrid stent design using half-slot circumferential sets of strut members with short (&lt;1.5 mm) slot length that has minimal fish scaling and excellent stent retention and flexibility. These half-slot circumferential sets of strut members are connected one to the other with helical connectors similar to those of the Palmaz stent. One important difference in the design of the stent of the present invention is that the helical connectors are attached to every other crown (rather than connected to every crown) to further improve stent flexibility. Another important difference is that the stent design of the present invention utilizes curved crowns having a variable strut width. By appropriately varying the strut width of the curved crowns to be greater at the center than at the ends, an increased radial strength can be provided for a given maximum strain that is imparted to the stent when it is expanded to its maximum diameter. 
     When the center of each curved crown is directly opposed to the valley in the adjacent circumferential set of strut members, it is called an “in-phase” design of the circumferential set of strut members. This is in contradistinction to the stent design described in the &#39;417 patent where each crown is directly opposed to a crown of the adjacent circumferential set of strut members which is called an “out-of-phase” design. The present invention could have circumferential sets of strut members that can be either in-phase or out-of-phase depending upon the arc length of the helical connector that is selected. With either the out-of-phase or in-phase designs, the helical connectors can have different arc lengths with even number of cycles for the out-of-phase designs and a multiplicity of half-cycles for the in-phase designs. 
     As the connectors in stents act as the hinge point for a stent to bend as it is advanced around a bent, the hybrid type stent design with every other crown connected provides much greater flexibility for the stent as compared to a closed cell design with every crown connected. This is because there are half as many connectors that join the circumferential set of strut members which significantly reduces the stent&#39;s stiffness. 
     An important advantage of an in-phase design with 1.5 cycle offsets for the helical connectors is that each helical connector has a greater length as compared to the length of a single cycle offset helical connector shown in the &#39;417 patent. Because a longer helical connector provides additional flexibility, for implantation into highly curved coronary arteries, use of the in-phase design with elongated helical connectors offers a significant advantage. A feature of the stent that also provides improved flexibility, eliminates fish scaling and provides better stent retention onto the balloon is that the longitudinal length of each circumferential set of strut members is less than half (&lt;1.5 mm) as great as the 4 mm slot length of the circumferential sets of strut members as taught in the &#39;417 patent. The novel combination of short, half slot, strut members with every other crown being connected with either a one or 1.5 cycle long helical connector will result in significantly improved stent flexibility as compared to the Palmaz stent design described in the &#39;417 patent. 
     Another important feature of the present invention is that each curved crown of each circumferential set of strut members is shaped so that the maximum material strain when the stent is expanded to its maximum rated diameter will be the approximately the same for connected crowns that attach to a helical connector and unconnected crowns that do not. Still further, maximizing the radial stiffness of the stent while maintaining a maximum material strain that is below the safety limit where fractures or fatigue failure can occur can be achieved by adjusting the shape of the interior curve of each crown that is connected to a straight connector to be different from the shape of the interior curve of those crowns that are not connected. This is necessary to achieve the goal of each interior curved surface of each crown being designed to have approximately the same maximum strain that is just below the safety limit for the metal of the stent when the stent is expanded to its maximum rated diameter. Another advantage for each crown having approximately the same strain during expansion is that the circumferential sets of strut members will open uniformly. 
     While in-phase and out-of-phase designs have been described, the present invention concepts are also applicable to stents that are between in-phase and out-of phase designs. 
     To clearly describe the stent design of the present invention, it is important to define the direction of rotation that the helical connectors have as they are connected to crowns of adjacent circumferential sets of strut members. If one views a cylindrical stent drawing from its left side, the helical connectors can have a rotation that is either clockwise or counter clockwise. In the flat, layout view of the stent, if a helical connector has its left side connector lower than its right side connection to a crown, then this helical connector is said to have a positive slope which corresponds to a counter clockwise rotation of the cylindrical stent. If the flat, layout view of the stent has the connectors being connected to a crown on its left to be higher than its connection to the adjacent crown on its right, then that corresponds to a clockwise rotation of the helical connector of the cylindrical stent, which in the flat, layout view of the stent is said to be a negative slope. 
     The helical connectors of the &#39;417 patent are all in the same counter clockwise direction; i.e.; they have a positive slope when shown in the flat, layout view of the stent. Having all the stent connectors in the same direction can induce a twist into the stent that has been shown in experiments to increase foreshortening of the stent during expansion. This is most evident in longer stents that have many connectors. By alternating the slope or rotation of the connectors on either side of each circumferential element or by having the proximal half of the stent with connectors that rotate in one direction and the distal half rotate in the opposite direction, this stent twisting can be reduced and the stent will have less foreshortening thereby providing better coverage of the entire length of stented vessel. It is also envisioned that within a set of helical connectors that are connected to the same adjacent circumferential sets of strut members, that some helical connectors might extend clockwise while others extend counter clockwise. It should be remembered that clockwise and counter clockwise corresponds respectively to negative or positive slopes on a typical flat, layout drawing of the stent, which layout drawing is typically used for design and manufacturing. The feature of the present invention which has different connectors sloped in opposite directions on different parts of the stent is another novel feature which differentiates the present invention from the prior art. 
     Another novel aspect of this stent design is that the inside shape of the crowns that are connected are shaped differently from the inside curve of the unconnected crowns so as to allow the maximum strain to be matched between connected and unconnected crowns thereby maximizing stent strength and improving the uniformity of expansion. Still further, another important and novel aspect of the design of this stent is that the helical connectors have a tangential connection to the outer curve of the connected crowns. This tangential connection without any undulation improves the resistance of the stent to axial fatigue failure over many millions of stress cycles as would occur when the stent is implanted in a curved coronary artery. 
     Thus an object of the present invention is to have an extremely flexible stent having half-slot circumferential sets of strut members with slot length of less than 1.5 mm with helical connectors attached to every other crown and with each circumferential set of strut members being either in-phase or out-of-phase. The object of this design is to improve stent retention, provide great flexibility and to essentially eliminate fish scaling as the stent is advanced through any highly curved coronary artery. 
     Another object of this invention is to have approximately the same maximum strain of both the connected and unconnected crowns when the stent is expanded to its maximum nominal diameter by having different shapes for the interior curved surface of each of the crowns. 
     Still another object of this invention is to have helical connectors at different locations on the stent that slope in opposite directions to reduce stent twist during expansion. 
     Still another object of this invention is to have the arc length of the helical connectors to be less than 90 degrees. 
     Still another object of the present invention is to have the helical connectors connect tangentially to the outer surface of the connected crowns. 
     These and other objects and advantages of this invention will become obvious to a person of ordinary skill in this art upon reading the detailed description of this invention including the associated drawings as presented herein. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a side view of the closed cell, Palmaz stent as presented in FIG. 9 of the &#39;417 patent. 
         FIG. 2  is a flat layout view of the present invention in the embodiment of a hybrid stent with helical connectors shown as cut before crimping onto a delivery balloon with the out-of-phase arrangement of the circumferential sets of strut members. 
         FIG. 3  is a flat layout view of the present invention in the embodiment of a hybrid stent with helical connectors shown as cut before crimping onto a delivery balloon with the in-phase arrangement of the circumferential sets of strut members that provides for an elongated length of the helical connectors. 
         FIG. 4  is an enlarged view of the stent that is shown in  FIG. 3  showing details of the connection of the helical connector to the variable width crowns of the circumferential set of strut members and showing both connected and unconnected crowns. 
         FIG. 5  is flat layout view of the present invention stent with tapered crowns and out-of-phase circumferential sets of strut members with every other set of helical connectors sloping in opposite directions. 
         FIG. 6  is flat layout view of the present invention stent with tapered crowns and out-of-phase circumferential sets of strut members where some of the helical connectors within each set of helical connectors slope in opposite directions. 
         FIG. 7  is flat layout view of the present invention stent with tapered crowns and out-of-phase circumferential sets of strut members where the helical connectors in the left side (proximal portion) of the stent have an opposite slope as compared to the connectors on the right side (distal portion) of the stent. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       FIG. 1  is a side view of the “PRIOR ART” Palmaz spiral stent  1  which is shown (with different element numbers) in FIG. 9 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,102,417. The stent  1  has full slot circumferential sets of strut members  4 . This stent has helical connectors  2  that connect to the interior square-end straight crowns  3  of the stent  1 . Thus this design is a closed-cell stent because every interior crown  3  is connected to a crown  3  of an adjacent circumferential set of strut members  4 . The stent  1  has helical connectors  2  to connect the square-end or straight crowns  3  of each of the three circumferential sets of strut members  4  to a crown  3  of an adjacent circumferential set of strut members  4 . This is also called an out-of-phase design since each adjacent circumferential set of strut members  4  is out-of-phase in the circumferential direction with the adjacent circumferential set of strut members  4 . In this stent design, each full slot circumferential sets of strut members has a length “L”. The Palmaz spiral stent design (as shown in  FIG. 1 ) which was commercialized in the mid-1990s for use in coronary arteries had only three circumferential sets of strut members  4  each being more than 4 mm long for a stent that had a total length of 15 mm. As described herein, this full-slot design makes for a comparatively inflexible stent that is not easily advanced through highly curved coronary arteries. 
     Although stents are in fact cylindrical tubes (as shown in the side view of  FIG. 1 ), they are often illustrated in the form of a flat, two-dimensional layout view as shown in  FIGS. 2 to 7  inclusive. The flat layout view is actually superior to a side view of the cylindrical stent because it better illustrates the details of how the stent is designed. Modern stents are also designed using flat layout computer aided designs that can be easily converted to machine instructions for laser cutting the stent using automated laser stent cutting machines. 
       FIG. 2  is a flat layout view of the stent  10  shown as cut before crimping onto a delivery balloon. The stent  10  includes a multiplicity of longitudinally spaced, out-of-phase in the circumferential direction; circumferential sets of strut members  20  connected one to the other by a set of helical connectors  30 . The fact that every other crown of each circumferential set of strut members is connected to the adjacent circumferential set of strut members indicates that this is a hybrid stent design; i.e., it is neither an open cell design that would have fewer than three connectors nor a closed cell design that would have every crown connected to a crown of an adjacent circumferential set of strut members. Each half-slot circumferential set of strut members  20  includes straight segments  25  connected to curved crowns  21  to form a cylindrical, ring-like structure that can expand radially outward to press against the wall of a blood vessel. Each circumferential set of strut members  20  connects to at least one adjacent circumferential set of strut members  20  by individual helical connectors  31  which attach to every other crown  21 . This differs from the prior art Palmaz closed cell design (of  FIG. 1 ) in which every crown attaches to a helical connector. This hybrid design greatly enhances the ability of the stent  10  to be advanced through a curved coronary artery as compared to the design of  FIG. 1  because only every other crown is connected to a connector as opposed to the connectors being connected to every crown. Half as many connections between the circumferential sets of strut members significantly increases stent flexibility. In addition, the slot length (marked “½ SLOT” in  FIG. 2 ) of each circumferential set of strut members  20  in the design of the present invention is less than 1.5 mm in length compared to the more than 4 mm length of the full slots of the Palmaz stent of  FIG. 1 . Ideally, the half-slot length should be between 0.8 and 1.3 mm. Such short slot lengths of the present invention provide much greater flexibility and greatly reduced tendency for fish scaling as compared to the Palmaz stent design of  FIG. 1 . 
     Although the design of  FIG. 2  shows circumferential sets of strut members  20  with six crowns  21  at each end connected by three helical connectors  31 , it is envisioned that such a hybrid stent could have 4, 8, 10, 12 or more crowns  21  around with always half as many helical connectors  31  as crowns  21 . It is also envisioned that the stent  10  can be made shorter in its longitudinal length by having fewer circumferential sets of strut members  20  or longer lengths can be made by including more circumferential sets of strut members  20  using the means of connection as shown in  FIG. 2 . 
       FIGS. 3 and 4  illustrate a stent  40  that is an alternative embodiment of the present invention where there is an in-phase arrangement of the circumferential sets of strut members  48 . This design allows for elongated, helical connectors  41  that are longer than the helical connectors  31  of  FIG. 2 . The longer connectors  31  further improve the flexibility of the stent.  FIG. 3  shows a stent  40  having elongated, helical connectors  41  that have a tangential connection  42  to the curved, variable width connected crowns  44 . This is in contradistinction to the helical connectors  31  of  FIG. 2  that are somewhat curved where they attach to the crowns  21 . This tangential connection  42  of the helical connectors  41  improves the resistance of the stent to fatigue failure after millions of cycles of bending that would occur over many years in curved coronary arteries. 
     The interior curves  44  of the connected crowns  46  and the interior curves  45  of the unconnected crowns  43  are each shaped to provide a variable crown width that can increase the radial rigidity of the stent while limiting the maximum strain of the metal to a level below the safety limit to prevent fracture and fatigue failure when the stent  40  is expanded within a coronary (or peripheral) artery. The difference between the interior curves  44  and  45  is explained with reference to  FIG. 4 . 
       FIG. 4  shows an enlarged, layout view of a single elongated, helical connector  41  of the stent  40 . For this design, each one of the two, parallel outer edges of the connector  41  is tangential at the connection  42  to the outer curved surface of the connected crown  46 . This tangential connection  42  of the helical connector  41  is an improved structural design that resists the bending failures that can occur during fatigue testing for highly curved and therefore weaker connecting structures. 
     The crosshatched section of the crown  43  of  FIG. 4  illustrates the variable strut width of these unconnected crowns  43 . A novel feature of the design of the stents of  FIGS. 2 to 7  inclusive is that the tapered shapes of the crowns  43  and  46  are different from each other. 
     The interior curve  45  of the unconnected crowns  43  is adjusted to maximize the radial rigidity of each circumferential set of strut members when the metal reaches its maximum strain as the stent  40  is expanded to its maximum rated diameter. The connected crowns  46  of the stent  40  can have an interior curve  44  or the dotted interior curve  47 . The curve  44  has the same radius as the curve  45  but is typically offset in the horizontal direction by a different amount than the curve  45  so that even with the added metal in the crown  46  due to the attachment of the helical connector  41 , the crowns  45  and  46  will each reach the same maximum strain level as the stent  40  is expanded to its maximum rated diameter. This improved structure for the stent  40  can also be achieved by using a different shaped interior curve  47  of crown  46  where the shape of the curve  47  is such that the crowns  45  and  46  will each reach the same maximum strain level as the stent  40  is expanded to its maximum rated diameter. The optimum interior curve for the connected crowns  46  could optimally be approximately the shape of the dotted curve  47  as shown in  FIG. 4 . 
     To further enhance the flexibility of the stent  40 , it is important to have the strut width of the connectors  41  to be significantly thinner than the average strut width of each circumferential set of strut members. Typically, the strut width of the helical connectors  41  should be at least 30% thinner as compared to the average strut width of the unconnected crowns  43 . This makes sense as the circumferential sets of strut members  48  provide the radial rigidity of the stent to resist pressure from the artery wall while the connectors  41  need to flex to allow the stent to bend as it is advanced to the treatment site. 
     It should be understood that the present invention can be practiced somewhat differently as compared to the specific designs shown in  FIGS. 2 ,  3  and  4 . Specifically, connectors  31  or  41  can be of a variety of lengths depending upon whether the circumferential sets of strut members are in-phase or out-of-phase and dependent upon how many crowns apart is the spacing for the connection of the straight connectors  31  or  41 . For example, in  FIG. 2  each helical connector  31  could be lengthened by attachment to a crown  21  that is further away from the other connected crown  31  as shown in  FIG. 2 . In  FIG. 3 , the helical connector  41  could be shortened by attachment to the closest connected crown  46  of the adjacent circumferential set of strut members. Thus, a large variety of the lengths of the helical connectors  31  or  41  is possible, each of which will have somewhat different characteristics when the stent  10  or  40  is crimped onto a balloon and when it is expanded to open a stenosed blood vessel. 
       FIG. 5  is flat layout view of another embodiment of the present invention stent  50  with a proximal end (left side) circumferential set of strut members  52 , a distal end (right side) circumferential set of strut members  53  and one or more central circumferential sets of strut members  54 . The sets of helical connectors  56  and  58  that connect on opposite sides of the circumferential set of strut members  54  have different slopes with the set  56  having a negative slope and the set  58  having a positive slope. A positive slope has the top end of the helical connector being to the right of the bottom end and a negative slope of the helical connector has the top end of the connector to the left of the bottom end of the connector. It is advantageous to have helical connector sets  56  and  58  that slope in opposite directions to reduce stent twisting during expansion that can occur for example with the stent  10  of  FIG. 2  where all of the helical connectors have a positive slope. The design of  FIG. 2  could have a considerable degree of twisting that can cause the stent to foreshorten as it is expanded in a coronary artery. Reduced twisting may also reduce the induced strain in the stent during expansion and can increase the uniformity of expansion. It should be remembered that these negative or positive slopes in a flat, layout drawing of a stent actually correspond respectively to clockwise or counter clockwise rotation of the helical connector in the actual three dimensional stent as one views the stent from its left end. 
       FIG. 6  is flat layout view of still another embodiment of the stent  60  with a proximal end (left side) circumferential set of strut members  62 , a distal end (right side) circumferential set of strut members  63  and one or more central circumferential sets of strut members  64 . In this embodiment of the present invention, each set of helical connectors  65  includes two connectors that slope in one direction and one connector that slopes in the opposite direction. Specifically, in the set  65  the helical connectors  66  and  68  have a positive slope and the helical connector  67  has a negative slope. 
       FIG. 7  is flat layout view of a preferred embodiment of the present invention which is the stent  70  that has a proximal end (left side) circumferential set of strut members  72 , a distal end (right side) circumferential set of strut members  73 , proximal-central section circumferential sets of strut members  74 , distal-central section circumferential sets of strut members  75  and a centered circumferential set of strut members  78 . The proximal sets of helical connectors  76  have a positive slope and connect on both ends to the proximal-central section circumferential sets of strut members  74  or the centered circumferential set of strut members  78 . The proximal sets of helical connectors  76  include individual connectors  71  each of which has a positive slope. Each individual helical connector  79  of each distal set of helical connectors  77  connect on each end to the distal-central section circumferential sets of strut members  75  or the centered circumferential set of strut members  78 . The distal sets of helical connectors  77  include individual connectors  79  each of which has a negative slope. It is advantageous to have helical connector sets  76  and  77  slope in opposite directions so as to reduce the end-to-end stent twisting during expansion that does occur with the stent  10  of  FIG. 2  that has all of the helical connectors having a positive slope. The optimum design for the stent  70  has one central circumferential set of strut members  78  so that the stent  70  has an equal number of helical connectors that have a positive slope and a negative slope. That is, the number of sets of helical connectors  76  with positive slopes is equal to the number of sets on helical connectors  77  that have negative slopes. Therefore, the optimum design of the stent  70  has a total number of circumferential sets of strut members which is an odd number and an equal number of circumferential sets of strut members  74  and  75 . 
     Although the preferred embodiment of the stent  70  has an exactly equal number of helical connectors having positive and negative slopes, a small difference in the number of such connectors could still provide for a workable stent design. For example, there might be one more set of positive helical connectors  76  than sets of negative helical connectors  77  or there could be one more set of negative helical connectors  77  than sets of positive helical connectors  76 . Furthermore, for very long stents, the stent might be a multiple of the design of  FIG. 7  with, for example, four sections, the first and third having positive slope helical connectors  76  and the second and fourth having negative slope helical connectors  77 . For such a stent, it is envisioned that every circumferential set of strut members is of the half-slot design which has greater flexibility and decreased fish scaling as compared to the use of circumferential sets of strut members that are the full slot design. 
     For each of the stent designs as taught herein, the circumferential extent of every straight helical connector has an arc length that is less than 90 degrees. Any angular extension that is much greater than even 60 degrees would result in additional twisting of the adjacent sets of circumferential strut members of the deployed stent which would be highly undesirable. In addition, helical connectors greater than 90 degrees may act as a restraint to balloon expansion of the stent. This is why pure helical stent designs are never used for balloon expandable stents even though they do work for self expanding stents such as those shown in the Burpee et al U.S. Pat. No. 7,556,644. It should also be noted that the tangential connection of the helical connectors allows those connectors to be truly arcs of a circle that have curvature in only one plane. This is in contradistinction to connectors that appear to be curved in their flat, layout view. This tangential connection design improves the stent&#39;s resistance to fracture during the fatigue bending testing that is required for approval for human use by regulatory bodies such as the US FDA. The tangential connection of the helical connectors to the outer curve of each of the connected curved crown of each circumferential set of strut members is a unique and valuable aspect of the design of the stents as described herein. 
     Stents are typically manufactured by laser cutting of a thin-walled tube followed by electropolishing to smooth all surfaces and edges. Current materials for stents include stainless steel, tantalum, cobalt chromium alloys such as L605 and special multi-layer composites structures. It should also be understood that the stents described herein could be bare metal or carbon or drug coated to reduce thrombus or carbon coated with elution of an anti-restenosis drug such as sirolimus or any other drug (such as everolimus) which can reduce restenosis. It is conceived that the stent  40  could be coated with a polymer from which an anti-restenosis drug such as sirolimus or everolimus could be eluted. If a polymer is used for eluting the anti-restenosis drug, a bioabsorbable polymer would be preferred over a polymer that would remain on the surface of the stent. The stent could also elute an anti-restenosis drug from pores created in the outer surface of the stent by etching or other means. An optimum design for the stent  40  would be to have a porous carbon coating that can elute sirolimus or everolimus without the use of any polymer. Such a stent would reduce both post-implant thrombosis and restenosis without any potential for irritating the artery wall that can occur if the stent has any polymer coating whether bioabsorbable or permanent. 
     Although the principal use of the present invention will be for implantation into coronary arteries, it should be understood that the stent described herein can be used in any vessel of the human body including by-pass vein grafts, peripheral veins and arteries and other vessels of the human body. 
     While the primary type of stent used in coronary arteries is a balloon expandable stent, many of the inventive design principles described herein can also be applied to self-expanding stent typically made of the shape memory metal Nitinol. 
     Various other modifications, adaptations and alternative designs are of course possible in light of the teachings as presented herein. Therefore it should be understood that, while still remaining within the scope and meaning of the appended claims, this invention could be practiced in a manner other than that which is specifically described herein.