Abstract:
Methods and systems for attention-based rendering on an entertainment system are provided. A tracking device captures data associated with a user, which is used to determine that a user has reacted (e.g., visually or emotionally) to a particular part of the screen. The processing power is increased in this part of the screen, which increases detail and fidelity of the graphics and/or updating speed. The processing power in the areas of the screen that the user is not paying attention to is decreased and diverted from those areas, resulting in decreased detail and fidelity of the graphics and/or decreased updating speed.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation and claims the priority benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/014,199 filed Aug. 29, 2013, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    This invention relates generally to electronic systems and more particularly to a system and method for utilizing tracking to identify reactions to content. 
         [0004]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0005]    In electronic systems, particularly entertainment and gaming systems, a user typically controls the behavior or actions of at least one character in a game program. The users&#39; perspective, as determined by the camera angle, varies depending on a variety of factors, including hardware restrictions, such as the processing power of the system. In games with two-dimensional graphics, typical user perspectives include a top-down view (or “helicopter” view), where the user views the game from a third-person perspective, and a side-scrolling view, where the user views the characters from a third-person perspective as they move across the screen from left to right. These perspectives require lower levels of detail, and thus, require lower processing power from the processing units of the system. 
         [0006]    In games with three-dimensional graphics, typical user views include a fixed 3D view, where the objects in the foreground are updated in real time against a static background, and the perspective of the user remains fixed, a first-person view (i.e., the user views the game from the perspective of a game character), and third-person view, where the user views the game character from a distance away from the game character, such as above or behind the character. The views depend on the sophistication of the camera system of a game. Three types of camera systems are typically used: a fixed camera system, a tracking camera system that follows the game character, and an interactive camera system that allows the user to control the camera angle. 
         [0007]    Although the three-dimensional perspectives are more realistic for the user, they require more processing power, and, thus, the level of detail in rendering can suffer as a result of the drain in processing power to create the three-dimensional view. 
         [0008]    Therefore, there is a need for a system and method for improving the balance between providing rendering detail and conservation of processing power by tracking where the user focuses his attention during game play. 
       SUMMARY OF THE CLAIMED INVENTION 
       [0009]    Embodiments of the present invention provide methods and systems for attention-based rendering on an entertainment system are provided. A tracking device captures tracking data associated with a user. The tracking data is utilized to determine that the user reacted to at least one area displayed on a display device connected to the entertainment system. A processor communicates the determination to a graphics processing unit and instructs it to alter the processing power used for rendering graphics in the area of the display device. If the user is paying attention to the area, the processing power is increased, which in turn increases the detail and fidelity of the graphics and/or increases the speed with which objects within the area are updated. If the user is not paying attention to the area, processing power is diverted from the area, resulting in decreased detail and fidelity of the graphics and/or decreased updating speed of the objects within the area. 
         [0010]    Various embodiments of the present invention include methods for attention-based rendering on an entertainment system. Such methods may include receiving tracking data from at least one user by a tracking device, wherein the tracking data is captured in response to a reaction of the user to at least one area displayed on a display device. The tracking data is sent by way of the tracking device to a processor. The processor executes instructions stored in memory, wherein execution of the instructions by a processor utilizes the tracking data to determine that the user reacted to the at least one area and communicates to a graphics processing unit to alter processing power used for rendering graphics. A further embodiment includes the steps of receiving a selection by the user indicating a preference for initiating a power-saving mode, storing the selection in memory, and initiating a power-saving mode when the tracking data indicates a lack of attention to the display device by the user. 
         [0011]    Further embodiments include systems for attention-based rendering. Such systems may include a memory and a display device connected to an entertainment system. A tracking device captures tracking data associated with a user. A processor executes instructions stored in memory, wherein execution of the instructions by the processor utilizes the tracking data to determine that the user reacted to the at least one area displayed on the display device and communicates to a graphics processing unit to alter processing power used for rendering graphics. 
         [0012]    Some embodiments of the present invention further include computer-readable storage media having embodied thereon programs executable by processors to perform methods for attention-based rendering. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0013]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of an exemplary electronic entertainment system; 
           [0014]      FIG. 2  is a flowchart of method steps for utilizing tracking to identify reactions to content. 
           [0015]      FIG. 3A  is a screenshot of an exemplary entertainment system environment showing a standard level of detail. 
           [0016]      FIG. 3B  is a screenshot of an exemplary entertainment system environment showing a low level of detail in areas in which a user is not focusing attention. 
           [0017]      FIG. 3C  is a screenshot of an exemplary entertainment system environment showing a high level of detail in areas in which a user is focusing attention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0018]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of an exemplary electronic entertainment system  100 . The entertainment system  100  includes a main memory  102 , a central processing unit (CPU)  104 , at least one vector unit  106 , a graphics processing unit  108 , an input/output (I/O) processor  110 , an I/O processor memory  112 , a controller interface  114 , a memory card  116 , a Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface  118 , and an IEEE 1394 interface  120 , an auxiliary (AUX) interface  122  for connecting a tracking device  124 , although other bus standards and interfaces may be utilized. The entertainment system  100  further includes an operating system read-only memory (OS ROM)  126 , a sound processing unit  128 , an optical disc control unit  130 , and a hard disc drive  132 , which are connected via a bus  134  to the I/O processor  110 . The entertainment system  100  further includes at least one tracking device  124 . 
         [0019]    The tracking device  124  may be a camera, which includes eye-tracking capabilities. The camera may be integrated into or attached as a peripheral device to entertainment system  100 . In typical eye-tracking devices, infrared non-collimated light is reflected from the eye and sensed by a camera or optical sensor. The information is then analyzed to extract eye rotation from changes in reflections. Camera-based trackers focus on one or both eyes and records their movement as the viewer looks at some type of stimulus. Camera-based eye trackers use the center of the pupil and light to create corneal reflections (CRs). The vector between the pupil center and the CR can be used to compute the point of regard on surface or the gaze direction. A simple calibration procedure of the viewer is usually needed before using the eye tracker. 
         [0020]    Alternatively, more sensitive trackers use reflections from the front of the cornea and that back of the lens of the eye as features to track over time. Even more sensitive trackers image features from inside the eye, including retinal blood vessels, and follow these features as the eye rotates. 
         [0021]    Most eye tracking devices use a sampling rate of at least 30 Hz, although 50/60 Hz is most common. Some tracking devises run as high as 1250 Hz, which is needed to capture detail of very rapid eye movement. 
         [0022]    A range camera may instead be used with the present invention to capture gestures made by the user and is capable of facial recognition. A range camera is typically used to capture and interpret specific gestures, which allows a hands-free control of an entertainment system. This technology may use an infrared projector, a camera, a depth sensor, and a microchip to track the movement of objects and individuals in three dimension. This system employs a variant of image-based three-dimensional reconstruction. 
         [0023]    The tracking device  124  may include a microphone integrated into or attached as a peripheral device to entertainment system  100  that captures voice data. The microphone may conduct acoustic source localization and/or ambient noise suppression. 
         [0024]    Alternatively, tracking device  124  may be the controller of the entertainment system. The controller may use a combination of built-in accelerometers and infrared detection to sense its position in 3D space when pointed at the LEDs in a sensor nearby, attached to, or integrated into the console of the entertainment system. This design allows users to control a game with physical gestures as well as button-presses. The controller connects to the console using wireless technology that allows data exchange over short distances (e.g., 30 feet). The controller may additionally include a “rumble” feature (i.e., a shaking of the controller during certain points in the game) and/or an internal speaker. 
         [0025]    The controller may additionally or alternatively be designed to capture biometric readings using sensors in the remote to record data including, for example, skin moisture, heart rhythm, and muscle movement. 
         [0026]    Preferably, the entertainment system  100  is an electronic gaming console. Alternatively, the entertainment system  100  may be implemented as a general-purpose computer, a set-top box, or a hand-held gaming device. Further, similar entertainment systems may contain more or less operating components. 
         [0027]    The CPU  104 , the vector unit  106 , the graphics processing unit  108 , and the I/O processor  110  communicate via a system bus  136 . Further, the CPU  104  communicates with the main memory  102  via a dedicated bus  138 , while the vector unit  106  and the graphics processing unit  108  may communicate through a dedicated bus  140 . The CPU  104  executes programs stored in the OS ROM  126  and the main memory  102 . The main memory  102  may contain pre-stored programs and programs transferred through the I/O Processor  110  from a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, or other optical disc (not shown) using the optical disc control unit  132 . The I/O processor  110  primarily controls data exchanges between the various devices of the entertainment system  100  including the CPU  104 , the vector unit  106 , the graphics processing unit  108 , and the controller interface  114 . 
         [0028]    The graphics processing unit  108  executes graphics instructions received from the CPU  104  and the vector unit  106  to produce images for display on a display device (not shown). For example, the vector unit  106  may transform objects from three-dimensional coordinates to two-dimensional coordinates, and send the two-dimensional coordinates to the graphics processing unit  108 . Furthermore, the sound processing unit  130  executes instructions to produce sound signals that are outputted to an audio device such as speakers (not shown). 
         [0029]    A user of the entertainment system  100  provides instructions via the controller interface  114  to the CPU  104 . For example, the user may instruct the CPU  104  to store certain game information on the memory card  116  or instruct a character in a game to perform some specified action. 
         [0030]    Other devices may be connected to the entertainment system  100  via the USB interface  118 , the IEEE 1394 interface  120 , and the AUX interface  122 . Specifically, a tracking device  124 , including a camera or a sensor may be connected to the entertainment system  100  via the AUX interface  122 , while a controller may be connected via the USB interface  118 . 
         [0031]      FIG. 2  is an exemplary flowchart  200  for utilizing tracking to identify user reactions to content. In step  202 , tracking data is received from the at least one user by the tracking device that is captured in response to a reaction of a user to at least one area displayed on the display device. The tracking data may be based on any type of tracking methodology, including but not limited to gesture-based tracking using a sensor and a range camera or a controller containing an accelerometer and infrared detection, eye tracking using a specialized camera or optical sensor using infrared light, audio-based tracking using an audio sensor or a microphone, and/or biometric tracking using a controller containing biometric sensors. In step  204 , the tracking data is sent by the tracking device to the CPU  104  ( FIG. 1 ). 
         [0032]    In step  206 , the CPU  104  executes a software module stored in main memory  102  ( FIG. 1 ) with instructions to utilize the tracking data to determine the reaction of the user to the at least one area displayed on the display device. The software module may be custom-made for different game titles, or it may be native to the gaming platform. Alternatively, the software module may have different tracking functionalities for different types of interfaces (e.g., audio tracking, video tracking, or gesture tracking). The software module may also be installed into main memory  102  by way of a digital data storage device (e.g., an optical disc) being inserted into entertainment system  100  using optical disc control unit  132 . The reaction may be a visual reaction, determined by, for example, movement of the eyes of the user toward or away from the area. The visual reaction may be captured by an integrated or peripheral camera connected to entertainment system  100 . Alternatively, the reaction may be an emotional reaction by the user. An emotional reaction may include, for example and limited to, a vocal reaction by the user captured by a microphone, or a biometric reaction captured by the controller interface  114  ( FIG. 1 ). An emotional reaction may occur, for example, when a user is surprised by an event occurring within the game (e.g., the user shouts or exclaims), or when a user is frightened or anxious because his game character is in danger (e.g., the user sweats or his pulse increases). 
         [0033]    In step  208 , when the user reaction indicates that the user is focusing his attention on the area of the display on the display device, the CPU  104  communicates with the main memory  102  ( FIG. 1 ) and instructs the graphics processing unit  108  (FIG.  1 ) to increase processing power to render greater detail and fidelity in that area and/or to increase the speed with which objects within the area are updated in real-time. 
         [0034]    Alternatively, in step  210 , when the user reaction indicates that the user is not focusing his attention on the area of the display, the CPU  104  communicates with the main memory  102  and instructs the graphics processing unit  108  ( FIG. 1 ) to decrease processing power to render detail and fidelity in that area and/or to decrease the speed with which objects within the area are updated in real-time. 
         [0035]    Thus, greater processing power is diverted to areas of the display on the display device where the user is focusing most of his attention. For example, when a special effect is displayed on the display device, the user is likely to focus attention on the area of the screen in which the special effect is occurring. Meanwhile, areas of the display that the user is not focusing on (e.g., when these areas are only in the peripheral vision of user), less detail is needed and, therefore, less processing power is needed for rendering graphics. This allows the entertainment system to conserve processing power in areas that are not the focus of the attention of the user, and improve the graphical details of areas on which the user is currently focusing. 
         [0036]    In another embodiment of the present invention, at step  212 , the user may optionally select a power-saving preference in a preference module. The CPU  104  ( FIG. 1 ) executes the preference module and instructs it to receive the selection by the user and store it in main memory  102  ( FIG. 1 ) of the entertainment system  100 . When selected, the power-saving preference initiates, at step  214 , a power-saving mode when the tracking data indicates a lack of attention to the display device by a user. The power-saving mode may include, for example and not by way of limitation, initiation of a screen saver on the display device. Alternatively, the power-saving mode may require the entertainment system  100  to shut down. 
         [0037]      FIGS. 3A-3C  illustrate exemplary interfaces for transferring a ticket from one party to another on a mobile device, where both parties have access to and accounts with the same ticketing application. 
         [0038]    Referring now to  FIG. 3A , a screenshot of an exemplary entertainment system environment  300  showing a standard level of detail is shown, which may occur in a game on an entertainment system that does not employ a tracking device. In this environment, no additional detail is added or diminished because no processing power has been diverted to a certain area of the screen based on the attention of the user. 
         [0039]      FIG. 3B  is a screenshot of environment  300 , showing a low level of detail in areas in which a user is not focusing attention. The focus area  310  is identified by the tracking device as the area on which the user is focusing. Focus area  310  has a normal level of detail, such as that shown in  FIG. 3A . The remainder of the environment  300  has diminished detail because processing power has been diverted from these areas, which are likely only visible in the peripheral vision of the user. Therefore, a lower level of rendering is necessary. 
         [0040]      FIG. 3C  is a screenshot of environment  300  showing a high level of detail in areas in which a user is focusing attention. Focus area  310  has a higher level of detail because the processing power has been diverted from the remainder of the screen because the tracking device has recognized that the user is focusing attention only on focus area  310 . An event, such as the vehicle crash visible in focus area  310 , is one example of an event in a gaming environment that may draw the attention of the user to a particular area of a screen. Thus, a higher level of rendering is necessary in an area such as focus area  310  to improve the gaming experience for the user. 
         [0041]    The invention has been described above with reference to specific embodiments. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. The foregoing description and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.