Abstract:
A network security system takes an active approach to network security. This is accomplished by providing intelligence about other networks. A master network intelligence database is established that uses a plurality of network information agents for gathering information about networks and providing the information to the master network intelligence database. A customer network security system is then able to secure the customer network in dependence upon information received from the master network intelligence. Security information includes at least one of hostility level on the Internet, collected from numerous sites; security event history; spam levels; hosted services; public wireless; organization type; organization associations; peer ISPs; bandwidth connection to the Internet; active security measures; number of users on the network; age of the network; inappropriate content served; industry; geographic placement; open proxy servers; and contact information.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to method and apparatus for network security and is particularly acquiring and using knowledge about networks. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The rapid development of the Internet, World Wide Web and E-commerce has made it increasingly important to be able to monitor the traffic going into and coming out of a network in order to discover abnormal network traffic that may be an indication of attacks from hackers or misuse of network resources by users inside the network. A network of computers may be attacked by a hacker using Smurf, Denial of Services (DoS), or be abused by a rogue employee within the network, who may attack some other networks or download pornography. 
     Various network security software, such as firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), network monitors, and vulnerability assessment tools, have been developed to protect a network from abuse and hacking. 
     IDS systems are used to spot, alert, and stop intrusions. Typically running on dedicated computers hooked to the network, IDS systems actively monitor network traffic for suspicious activities. Statistics or rule-based artificial intelligence is used to detect abnormal activities. Thus, IDS systems depend on the recognition of known attack patterns. For example, contents in the network traffic may be monitored to match the patterns in an IDS system&#39;s databases. The real-time analysis of the network traffic provides the capability to send instant notifications via e-mails, pager alerts, or other means. Based on a predefined security policy, some IDS systems can take defensive actions against intrusions, such as initiating the termination of network connections or changing the configuration of network devices (e.g., firewalls and routers). Since hacking activities and misuse of new patterns are under constant development, IDS systems are also under constant development. 
     IDS systems have a number of weaknesses. IDS systems depend on the recognition of known attack patterns, sequences, or signatures. Currently known signatures of attacks are collected to write rules to detect and disable network activities with these signatures. However, IDS systems cannot detect or stop the attacks of unknown signatures. IDS systems have to be upgraded when the rules are updated to handle attacks of signatures that are only recently recognized. 
     A grave concern of network administrators is the exponential increase in attacks seen as the size and reach of the Internet increases with time. A consequence of this is that in the foreseeable future IDSs on networks will be overwhelmed by such attacks and will no longer be able to keep pace with mutating forms of attack. 
     All of the above issues and techniques and structures to address the issue arise for the anonymous nature of data communications. Unlike real world interactions between people where an identity is exchanged fairly early in the conversation, in cyber space ones identity and hence ones reputation can hide behind a network address. To make matters worse, the Internet is stateless, that is it does not retain information about previous activity that would affect current activity. For example an end user could try to hack into a private network, send an e-mail to a fellow hacker about the attempt and then do on-line banking, without any of the previous activity affecting their access to the banking network. 
     Even on a larger scale, such as a network, there is no way on knowing whom you are dealing with other than relying on anecdotal information. As a consequence network administrators have to rely on tools to detect intrusion and misuse. The concern is that this kind of behavior will continue to increase to the point where current methods will be overwhelmed by the numbers of such incidents. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the present invention is to provide an improved method and apparatus for network security. 
     Security is really all about knowledge, which is something that security devices and networks clearly lack. Everyday, in the real world, we use our knowledge, and records of people, places, and things, to make decisions about them. We don&#39;t hire people based only on what they look like when they are standing at our door. We don&#39;t let people into the country without proper identification and records. The thought of doing so seems foolish, but it is exactly what security devices and networks do every day, for every communication that occurs. IDSs and firewalls have no other information available to them other then what the packet looks like, standing at the door. 
     Network and security devices have no way of knowing to whom they are talking on the other side, none at all. Am I talking to a network that is extremely hostile? Known to be a hacker haven? Do they employ active security devices over there? Or are they just wide open . . . making it irrelevant if I try to secure info I send them? Am I violating my own security by talking to them? Do I need to be accepting email from sites known to be heavy spam domains, and are from far flung continents my company never communicates with anyway? Is this a competitor of mine? If so, why are they requesting the info they are requesting. Even if they have firewalls and we are communicating securely, can I trust that they are who they say they are, since they are allowing public access to their wireless networks? What if some hacker parks outside their window? Why do I need to open my network to the risks associated with communicating with open university networks, or residential ISP networks? How can I prioritize traffic that comes from large enterprises, to ensure they get good service? How can I stop my IDS from generating so many false positives, why can&#39;t it tell the difference between a possible security problem on a highly secured, trusted partner network of mine, and the same event from the University of XXX&#39;s student network, one of the most hostile networks in the world? 
     These questions, and many more, can be answered, with the present invention, a Network Intelligence Database. Every network in the world would have a record in the database, with a large number of properties. Some properties might be: 
     Hostility level on the Internet; 
     Security event history; 
     Spam levels; 
     Hosted services (web servers, email servers); 
     Public wireless; 
     Organization type: educational, enterprise, military; 
     Organization associations: owned by, partnered with whom; 
     Peer ISPs; 
     Bandwidth connection to the Internet; 
     Active security measures, firewalls, IDSs; 
     Number of users, employees, people on this network; 
     Age of the network; 
     Inappropriate content served (hate sites, porn, pirated software); 
     Industry: industrial, computers; 
     Geographic placement; 
     Open proxy servers; and 
     Address, contact information. 
     Accordingly, system and method of the present invention establish respective reputations for networks and allow a given network to determine whether to communicate with a particular network in dependence upon its reputation. 
     In accordance with an aspect of the present invention there is provided a network security system for providing intelligence about other networks comprising: a master network intelligence database including a first communication interface; a plurality of network information agents for gathering information about networks and providing the information to the master network intelligence database via the communication interface; and a second communication interface for a customer network security system securing a network in dependence upon information from the master network intelligence database. 
     In accordance with another aspect of the present invention there is provided a network security system for providing intelligence about other networks comprising: a master network intelligence database including first and second communication interfaces; a plurality of network information agents for gathering information about networks and providing the information to the master network intelligence database via the first communication interface; and a customer network security system for securing a network in dependence upon information received from the master network intelligence database via the second communication interface. 
     In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of network security system providing intelligence about other networks comprising the steps of: gathering information about networks; storing the information in a master network intelligence database; and securing a customer network in dependence upon information received from the master network intelligence database. 
     An advantage of the present invention is providing security based upon the reputation of networks. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The present invention will be further understood from the following detailed description with reference to the drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates apparatus for network security in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates further detail of the apparatus of  FIG. 1 ; and 
         FIG. 3  illustrates operation of the apparatus of  FIG. 1 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Referring to  FIG. 1  apparatus for network security in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The apparatus  10  includes a master network intelligence database (M-NID)  12 , and a plurality of customer network intelligence databases (C-NID)  14 . The Master NID resides at a location  16  offering the service, and customers  18  obtain a Customer NID  14 , or C-NID, from the service provider  16 . The Master NID  12  then feeds the customers&#39; NID  14  updates as new data are collected. A Policy enforcer (PE)  20  layered on top of the C-NID  14  interfaces with services and devices on a customer company network  18 . The PE  20  allows an administrator to take conceptual ideas of who he wants his network to talk to, not talk to, or how he wants to configure services, and turns them into the technical rules sets that the devices require. 
     In operation, the PE  20  talks to the C-NID  14 , turns concepts into rules and feeds the rules to the NID device agents  40  installed on the customer network security devices. 
     The Master NID  12  includes information on networks through properties  22  of those networks and applies both a weighting system to those properties and time sensitivity (how things become less or more important over time). 
     The Customer NID (C-NID)  14  includes information on networks, receives real-time updates from the Master-NID  12  that include properties, and has a multi-user weighting system and time sensitivity. The C-NID (Custom-NID) includes a real-time interface for receiving live remote updates from the Mater-NID. It also includes data mining and searching capability. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , there is illustrated further detail of the apparatus of  FIG. 1 . The master NID  12  gathers information from a number of sources, for example human NID information agents  30 , automated NID information agents  32  and corporate partner information sources  34 . 
     NID information agents are provided at the M-NID service provider, for example these could include: 
     1. Perimeter Security Agent—These are the agents from M-NID service provider that scour the Internet, looking for evidence of perimeter security measures in place at remote networks. 
     2. Newgroup/Forum Agent—performing linguistic analysis to glean information about the networks. 
     3. Search Engine Agent, for example a Google™ Agent. 
     4. Public Web agent, gleans information from public websites. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , there is illustrated operation of the apparatus of  FIG. 1 . At each customer network  18 , the customer deploys NID device agents  40  on all of its network devices. 
     The Policy enforcer  20  takes concepts “lets not talk to anyone without a firewall if they have public wireless”, and turns it into rule sets for the NID device agents  40 . Agents are built for all devices to allow them to accept policies from the PE and bring intelligence to all devices on a network. Hence, PCs do not talk to hostile networks, nor accept traffic from SPAM senders. 
     For example, there are NID device agents for IDS  42 , firewall  44 , servers  46  (web, email), PCs  48  and routers  50 . The PE tells IDS NID device agents how to reduce false positives and filter or enhance alerts from the IDS. The PE tells Firewall NID device agents how block or modify traffic based on it&#39;s new knowledge of the remote networks. 
     In operation, the Master NID  12  resides at a location  16  offering the service, and customers  18  obtain a Customer NID  14 , or C-NID, from the service provider  16 . The Master NID  12  then feeds the customers&#39; NIDs  14  updates as new data are collected or changed. 
     The Policy enforcer PE  20  layered on top of the C-NID  14  interfaces with services  46  and devices  42 ,  44 ,  48 ,  50  on a customer company network  18  via the NID device agents. The PE  20  allows an administrator to take conceptual ideas of who he wants his network to talk to, not talk to, or how he wants to configure services, and turns them into the technical rules sets that the devices require via info from the C-NID. For example, the statement “I don&#39;t see any need for accepting mail from any residential ISP outside North America, nor from Universities, or other sites that have a high spam rating”. The Policy enforcer  20  then takes that concept, and with the help of the C-NID  14 , turns it into a rule set of matching networks, and feeds it to the NID device agent on the mail server  46 . Other examples are: “Any network with a reasonably high hostility level, or doesn&#39;t employ active security devices should have a higher priority for my IDS alerts”; “I don&#39;t want any of my competitors, or associated parent companies or networks getting access to my in depth technology white papers”. 
     The NID information agents are the autonomous agents that run on computers at the NID service provider. The NID information agents constantly probe information sources on the Internet and feed that information into the M-NID via a network connection to the central NID server. The NID information agents take a number of forms, but all of them share the fact that they feed information into the M-NID. The NID information agents may be content search information agents that read through newsgroups and glean information therefrom. Or, the NID information agents may be active probing information agents, which send packets to remote networks and glean information from the responses received to those packets. 
     NID device agents are agents that convert policy enforcer rules, which are in a generic format, into specific rules for the device in question. The NID device agent resides on the customer&#39;s device, and communicates over the customer&#39;s network with the policy enforcer. For example, if the policy enforcer  20  were asked to block Universities with the name ‘UABC’ in the title, that existed in Canada, the policy enforcer  20  would turn that concept into a generic rule ‘Block 123.456/16’. This generic rule is then fed to all the NID device agents the customer&#39;s network. For example a NID device agent on a LINUX box, which turns the generic rule into a rule for the particular firewall technology on the LINUX box. rule. 
     An alternative to NID device agents, would be using a protocol standard that network devices adhere to, which then allows the devices to understand the rules from the policy enforcer, so they would not have a need for a NID device agent. For example, the NID service provider could publish an XML standard for to which devices where to adhere. 
     Thus, an initial implementation of the network intelligence system would required NID device agents so that the network devices would be able to understand what the policy enforcer is asking of them to do. However, as new versions of the devices are shipped by companies they could make sure it adheres to a published XML (or other) standard, that the policy enforcer uses. Thus, no NID device agent is required on the device, because the device could talk directly to and receive rules directly from the policy enforcer. 
     The NID service provider  16  partners with security, intelligence, and network operations companies  34  around the world. Consequently, enterprise customers  18  may start to require certain prerequisites from the remote networks they communicate with. They may set in place enforced polices based on information in the master NID  12 . For example: 
     Company A may no longer let you into their network unless you have an up-to-date security audit, of a certain level, from a trusted auditor.
         Bank B may not allow online banking from networks without firewalls and other active security systems.   Government agency C blocks 10s of thousands of networks from accessing government sites and services in the US because those networks do not use anti-virus software.   Company D forces 100,000 desktop computers to avoid sites known to peddle copyrighted material to avoid backlash from RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America)       

     Firms from all sorts of areas may partner  34  with the NID service provider  16  to have their unique information available in the Master NID  12 , to be used by customers  18  via the PE  20 . For example 
     Virus companies 
     Security companies 
     Business Intelligence Companies 
     Spam, mail companies 
     Wireless networking companies 
     Intelligence services, CIA 
     Security Audit companies 
     IDS, Firewall, Router vendors 
     Another feature of the NID can be self-registration. Some network administers will want to register the information about their network in the M-NID to ensure that they get unimpeded access to other networks that have deployed the NID. They will readily go to https://nid_register. to enter in their corporate network information (such as if they have firewalls, size of network, security personnel contact info they could also have a third party verification of their claims via an external auditor (which strengthens the believability of the claims). Self-registering ensures that a network&#39;s info in the NID is correct. As the NID grows, self-registration becomes something that companies will want to do, to ensure that they get unimpeded access to larger networks with which they wish to communicate. 
     Embodiments of the present invention have the following advantages: 
     The Master NID  12  includes a registration system where networks can register their network, for example for a small fee. Registration then adds the network&#39;s information into the NID. 
     Verification of a network&#39;s claims upon registration can be done to ensure valid information and properties in the NID can reflect this. For example, the network claims to have firewalls, but this has not been verified. 
     By listing in the NID any security audit certificates the network may hold, other networks can be assured of the nature of the network with which they are communicating. The NID service provider partners with companies that secure networks. 
     Numerous modifications, variations and adaptations may be made to the particular embodiments of the present invention described above without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the claims.