Abstract:
A system and apparatus are disclosed including PV modules having a frame allowing quick and easy assembling of the PV modules into a PV array in a sturdy and durable manner. In examples of the present technology, the PV modules may have a grooved frame where the groove is provided at an angle with respect to a planar surface of the modules. Various couplings may engage within the groove to assemble the PV modules into the PV array with a pivot-fit connection. Further examples of the present technology operate with PV modules having frames without grooves, or with PV modules where the frame is omitted altogether.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/504,168, filed on Oct. 1, 2014, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/402,846, filed on Feb. 22, 2012, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/445,042, filed on Feb. 22, 2011; and which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/830,249, filed on Jul. 2, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,919,052, issued on Dec. 30, 2014, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/351,586, filed on Jun. 4, 2010; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/255,004, filed on Oct. 26, 2009; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/270,122, filed on Jul. 2, 2009. The foregoing applications are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes. 
     
    
       [0002]    Photovoltaic (PV) arrays are formed by mechanically linking together PV modules into an array. Most PV module coupling systems require the time-consuming use of multiple small fasteners. High part count and slow installation time is a major barrier to reducing PV system costs and adoption. Some attempts have been made to reduce fastener usage by developing press-fit and hook-type connections. However, these systems suffer from a number of drawbacks. 
         [0003]    First, neither of these methods can adequately account for variations in the dimensions of PV modules and couplings due to manufacturing tolerances. PV modules typically vary by approximately ±0.1 0″ along the length and/or width dimension. When multiple modules are formed into columns in the north-south direction of the PV array, it is critical that any dimensional variations from one module in the column not carry forward to the next module in the column, as the dimensional variations will add up over the length of the column and result in significant dimensional differences from one column to the next. Likewise, the same problem exists with east-west rows of PV modules. This problem, frequently referred to as tolerance take-up, is solved in rail-based systems by spacing the modules in a column more or less from each other on top of mounting rails so that the next module in the column is properly positioned and/or by only linking modules to the rails along one axis, either east-west or north-south. However, in rail-free systems, a PV module is structurally connected to the next module in both the north-south direction and the east-west direction. Thus, if the seams between adjacent east-west modules do not line up because of compounded north-south dimensional variations, then it may be impossible to complete the installation of an array. In other systems compounded east-west variations may cause problems along the north-south axis. Press-fit and hook-type connections do not adequately address or solve the problem of tolerance variations. 
         [0004]    Second, press-fit and hook-type connections do not provide a reliable electrical ground bond between adjacent PV modules. Hook-type connections are inherently loose-fitting and thus incapable of providing a consistent, low-resistance ground bond that will withstand weather conditions over time. Similarly, a press-fit connection does not provide a reliable ground bond unless the materials are deformed enough in the connection. In practice, too much force is required to achieve such deformation with standard PV module frame materials such as aluminum, thereby eliminating any time and cost savings that might have occurred since a heavy-duty tool would be required to deliver the force needed for the deformation. 
         [0005]    Third, press-fit and hook-type systems cannot reliably provide a strong, durable connection between mating male and female parts. In order to facilitate a quick and easy connection, the female receiving portion in the connection is made wider than the male connecting portion. This results in a loose or unstable connection, which is vulnerable to loosening over time as the PV modules experience mechanical stress due to wind and snow loads. 
         [0006]    It is also important to note that PV mounting systems require a design that works with a wide tolerance band. The reason is that production of tight tolerance PV modules and couplings is very expensive. In order to accelerate the adoption of solar power, it is necessary to reduce the cost of solar arrays, thus increased costs for tight tolerance parts is not a viable option in the market. 
         [0007]    The foregoing examples of the related art and limitations related therewith are intended to be illustrative and not exclusive. Other limitations of the related art will become apparent to those of skill in the art upon a reading of the specification and a study of the figures. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    Disclosed herein is a system and method for quickly and easily assembling PV modules into a PV array in a sturdy and durable manner. In some embodiments, the PV modules may have a grooved frame where the groove is angled into the frame with respect to the planar surface of the modules. Various components may engage within the angled groove to assemble the PV modules into the PV array using what may be referred to as a pivot-fit connection between the components and angled groove. One type of component is a leveling foot which in some embodiments includes a foot mounted to a support surface and a coupling affixed to the foot. The coupling of the leveling foot may have a male component such as a tongue for coupling within the groove. In order to mount a PV module to the leveling foot, the module is seated on the tongue and rotated down until the angle of the groove substantially aligns with the axis of the tongue. The groove may then seat at least partially over the tongue. To complete the pivot-fit connection, the PV module is simply pivoted down to its final angular orientation in the PV array. This final rotation causes bearing portions in the groove to bear against the tongue to restrain the PV module against upward or downward movement. The coupling may still allow for adjustment of the PV module position in the plane of the PV array to account for tolerance variations. 
         [0009]    Another type of coupling is an interlock having an interlock plate and a pair of couplings, each having a key supported on a shaft. The interlock may be affixed into the groove of a pair of adjacent modules with the angle of the key and shaft substantially matching the angle of the groove. Thereafter, rotation of the key and shaft pivots the interlock into the grooves of the adjacent PV modules, thereby affixing the adjacent modules together. This final rotation causes bearing portions in the groove to bear against the interlock plate to resist upward or downward movement of the coupled PV modules. The coupling may still allow for adjustment of the PV module position in the plane of the PV array to account for tolerance variations. 
         [0010]    Further embodiments of the present technology may operate with PV modules having frames without the angled grooves. For such embodiments, wraparound brackets are used which engage the upper and lower surfaces of the module frame, or the PV laminate itself in some embodiments where the frame is omitted. In such embodiments, the wraparound component may have frame-engaging or laminate-engaging couplings provided at an angle as in the angled groove of the above embodiments. The PV modules may initially engage with the wraparound components substantially at the angle of the couplings, and thereafter be pivoted down to their final position relative to the coupling. As in the grooved frame embodiments, this final rotation causes bearing portions in the wraparound coupling to bear against the PV module frame to restrain the PV module in position in the array. 
         [0011]    An embodiment of the present technology relates to a photovoltaic module, the photovoltaic module being adapted for connection to an adjacent photovoltaic module by a coupling. The photovoltaic module includes: a photovoltaic laminate; and a frame, said frame adapted to provide support for said laminate and comprising a connection portion adapted to receive said coupling at an insertion angle greater than 2 degrees relative to a plane of said photovoltaic module. 
         [0012]    A further embodiment relates to a frame for a photovoltaic module adapted for connection to an adjacent photovoltaic module frame by a coupling. The frame includes a connection portion comprising an upper bearing portion adapted to transfer a portion of a downward force on said photovoltaic module to at least a portion of said coupling; wherein said connection portion is adapted to pivotally receive at least a portion of said coupling. 
         [0013]    Another embodiment relates to a photovoltaic module having a frame adapted for connection to an adjacent photovoltaic module by a coupling and defining a reference plane when connected to the adjacent photovoltaic module. The module includes a first bearing portion; and a second bearing portion; wherein said module is adapted to pivotally engage with said coupling at a position along a length of said frame, said length being substantially parallel with said reference plane, said second bearing portion offset from said first bearing portion in a direction substantially parallel to said reference plane and perpendicular to said length, said first and second bearing portions adapted to allow variable positioning of said photovoltaic module relative to said adjacent photovoltaic module in a direction substantially parallel with said reference plane and perpendicular to said length. 
         [0014]    A further embodiment relates to a frame for a photovoltaic module, the photovoltaic module being adapted for connection to an adjacent photovoltaic module by a coupling. The frame includes: a connection portion; a first bearing portion; and a second bearing portion; wherein said first and second bearing portions are at least partially located within said connection portion, said frame adapted to pivotally engage with said coupling. 
         [0015]    In addition to the exemplary aspects and embodiments described above, further aspects and embodiments will become apparent by reference to the figures and by study of the following detailed descriptions. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0016]    Demonstrative embodiments are illustrated in referenced figures and drawings. It is intended that the embodiments and figures disclosed herein are to be considered illustrative rather than restrictive. 
           [0017]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view of a coupling leg according to an embodiment of the present technology. 
           [0018]      FIG. 2  is a perspective close-up view of a portion of a coupling leg, such as shown in  FIG. 1 , inserted through a plate, illustrating an ability to rotate a coupling. 
           [0019]      FIG. 3  is a perspective view of a support coupling according to an embodiment of the present technology. 
           [0020]      FIG. 4  is a perspective view of an interlock, which may be attached to a foot base,  20  such as shown in  FIG. 3 . 
           [0021]      FIG. 5  is a perspective view of a foot base, which may be attached to a tilt interlock, such as shown in  FIG. 3 . 
           [0022]      FIG. 6  is a side view of a support coupling, such as shown in  FIG. 3 , installed into a PV module. 
           [0023]      FIG. 6A  is a close-up view of  FIG. 6  at box G. 
           [0024]      FIG. 7  is a perspective view of a support rail with a channel.  FIGS. 8-10  are perspective views representing a sequence of actions used to install a foot base in a channel of a rail. 
           [0025]      FIG. 11  is a perspective view of a squeeze-and-slide support coupling. 
           [0026]      FIG. 12  is a perspective view of a slide-in support coupling. 
           [0027]      FIG. 13  is an exploded perspective view illustrating how a support coupling and ballast pan engage with a rail. 
           [0028]      FIG. 14  is a perspective view illustrating how a support coupling and ballast pan engage with a rail. 
           [0029]      FIG. 15  is a side view of a tilt foot engaged with a rail. 
           [0030]      FIG. 16  is an end view of a tilt foot. 
           [0031]      FIG. 17  is a perspective view of a tilt foot. 
           [0032]      FIG. 18  is a perspective view of a support coupling according to an embodiment of the present technology. 
           [0033]      FIG. 19  is a perspective view of a support coupling according to an embodiment of the present technology. 
           [0034]      FIG. 20  is a side view of a support coupling according to an embodiment of the present technology. 
           [0035]      FIG. 21  is a side view of a support coupling according to an embodiment of the present technology. 
           [0036]      FIG. 22  is a perspective view of a support coupling according to an embodiment of the present technology. 
           [0037]      FIG. 23  is a perspective view of a support coupling according to an embodiment of the present technology. 
           [0038]      FIG. 24  is a side sectional view of a support coupling according to an embodiment of the present technology. 
           [0039]      FIG. 25  is a side view showing a PV module with pivot leg approaching a support coupling mounted to a rail. 
           [0040]      FIG. 26  is a perspective view of a PV module engaged at an insertion angle with a support coupling mounted to a rail. 
           [0041]      FIG. 27  is a side view illustrating the rotating motion and various positions of a PV module to complete engagement with a support coupling, and engaging a pivot leg with another rail. 
           [0042]      FIG. 27A  is an end view of a support coupling, similar to the coupling leg shown in  FIG. 1 , connecting to a rail, similar to the rail shown in  FIG. 7 . 
           [0043]      FIG. 28  is a side view of a PV module mounted to both a support coupling and pivot leg. 
           [0044]      FIG. 29  is a perspective view of two PV modules at a final tilt angle with a pivot leg inserted between the modules. 
           [0045]      FIG. 30  is an orthogonal close-up view showing a pivot leg inserted between two modules. 
           [0046]      FIG. 31  is a perspective view of a diffuser support coupling. 
           [0047]      FIG. 32  is an enlarged side view of a portion of a diffuser support coupling, viewed along line A-A of  FIG. 31 . 
           [0048]      FIG. 33  is a front view of a diffuser support coupling, viewed along line B-B of  FIG. 32 . 
           [0049]      FIG. 34  is a side view illustrating engagement of a diffuser support coupling with a tilted PV module, and further engaged with a ballast pan. 
           [0050]      FIG. 35  is a perspective view of an array of two PV modules mounted to three support couplings, three pivot legs, and three diffuser support couplings each with a ballast pan. 
           [0051]      FIG. 36  is a perspective view of wind diffusers mounted to the array of  FIG. 35 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0052]    While various terms may have their ordinary meaning or particular meaning in the art, for ease of understanding there is provided herein, both below and at other locations in this specification, a non-limiting explanation as to the minimum scope intended for understanding of the present specification. Terms may be in singular or plural or any tense while retaining the same general meaning. 
         [0053]    Arm refers to a relatively narrow device, item, feature or portion of an item that extends, branches or juts-out from a mass or other part; also a slender part of a structure, machine, instrument or apparatus that projects from a main part, axis, pivot or fulcrum. For example, an arm may be may be exemplified by foot  670  of rocking foot  652  in  FIG. 67  and its descriptions. 
         [0054]    Ballast refers to a heavy device, item, feature or portion of an item that provides stability or weight to make an object steadfast. For example, ballast blocks  751  on a ballast pan  750  of a structural system may be exemplified in  FIG. 13  and its descriptions. For another example, ballast stone  864  on tilt interlock  860  may be exemplified in  FIG. 86  and its descriptions. 
         [0055]    Bracket refers to a simple structure with an elongate structure, sometimes in the general shape of an L or an I or a C, and frequently comprising a plate or sheet-type construction with one dimension typically thinner than the others in a given plate-like portion of the object. A Bracket is often an overhanging member that projects from a structure (such as a portion of a wall or frame) and may be designed to support a load with a vertical component, such as a skirt. A bracket may also refer to a fixture projecting from a wall, column, frame or the like which may be used for holding, securing, positioning or supporting another object. For example, a bracket for mounting a photovoltaic (PV) module is exemplified as coupling leg  630  in  FIG. 1 , tilt foot  650  in  FIGS. 3-6 , slide-in foot  730  and  740  in  FIGS. 11-12 , and tilt foot  770 ,  800  and  820  in  FIGS. 15, 18 and 20  and their descriptions. 
         [0056]    Channel refers to a device, item, feature or portion of an item that refers to a long, narrow cut, rut, indentation, channel, female portion, trench, furrow, gutter, slot or depression often used to guide motion or receive a corresponding male portion, ridge or tongue. An example channel  697  in a rail  690  of a structural system is exemplified in  FIGS. 7-10 , and their descriptions. 
         [0057]    Connect, Connected and Connecting refers to bringing together or into contact with or joining or fastening to form a link or association between two or more items, mechanisms, objects, things, structures or the like. For example, a bracket such as interlock  651  connected to a PV module  102  may be exemplified in  FIG. 68 , and its descriptions. For an additional example, a bracket clip  671  connected to rail  690  may be exemplified in  FIGS. 8-10 , and their descriptions. For yet another example, a tilt foot  650  connected to rail  690  may be exemplified in  FIG. 6 , and its descriptions. 
         [0058]    Connector refers to an object, item, mechanism, apparatus, combination, feature, link or the like that links, joins, unites or fastens two or more things together. The term connector may also include a device, an object, item, mechanism, apparatus, combination, feature, link or the like for keeping two parts of an electric or electronic circuit in contact. For example, a connector for connecting or coupling a plate  633  to spring legs  631  may be exemplified at sleeve  634  in  FIG. 1  and its descriptions. 
         [0059]    Couple refers to joining, linking, connecting or mating two or more objects or items, mechanisms, objects, things, structures or the like together. For example, interlock  937  comprises box section  934  coupled with catch plate  932  and ground clips  933  which may engage with a groove  114  in a PV module  102 , as exemplified in  FIGS. 31-33 , and their descriptions. 
         [0060]    Coupling refers to an object, item, mechanism, apparatus, combination, feature, link or the like that joins, links, mates or connects two things together. For example, a coupling leg  630  may couple to a rail  690  and it may further couple two PV modules  102  together, as exemplified in  FIGS. 1, 25, 27-30 , and their descriptions. 
         [0061]    Disengage refers to detaching, freeing, loosening, extricating, separating or releasing from something that holds-fast, connects, couples or entangles. See Engage below. 
         [0062]    Engage refers to contacting, interlocking or meshing one or more items, mechanisms, objects, things, structures or the like. See Disengage above. For example, coupling legs  630  engage rail  690  as may be exemplified in  FIGS. 1, 7, 27-30  and their descriptions. For another example, interlock  651  engages a groove in a PV module as may be exemplified in  FIG. 4  and its descriptions. 
         [0063]    Mounting refers to an object, item, mechanism, apparatus, combination, feature, link or the like that serves as a support, attachment, setting or backing; or serves to fix an object or the like securely to a support. 
         [0064]    Ground bond as used herein refers to grounding and/or bonding. Bonding refers to the essentially permanent joining of metallic parts together to form an electrically conductive path; such path must have the capacity to conduct safely any fault current likely to be imposed on it. Grounding refers to electrical connection to earth or the bonding together of metal objects so that they may be connected to earth. 
         [0065]    Length refers to the measurement or extent of an object, item, mechanism, apparatus, combination, feature, link or the like from end to end, usually along the greater or longer of the two or three dimensions of the body; in distinction from breadth or width. 
         [0066]    Lock, Locking or Locked refers to fastened, connected, secured or interlocked, such that a certain level of force or movement of an engaged portion is required to unlock the locked objects. 
         [0067]    Pivot, Pivotally and Pivoting refers to or relates to an object, item, mechanism, apparatus, combination, feature, link or the like serving as a pivot or the central point, pin, shaft or contact region on which another object, item, mechanism, apparatus, combination, feature, link or the like turns, swings, rocks, rotates or oscillates. An example pivoting mechanism, rocking foot  652 , that creates a pivot-fit connection to a rail  690  is exemplified in  FIGS. 8-10  and its descriptions. 
         [0068]    Positionable refers to an object, item, mechanism, apparatus, combination, feature, link or the like which is capable of being positioned, placed or arranged in a particular place or way. 
         [0069]    PV array or photovoltaic array refers to a plurality of photovoltaic modules connected together often in a pattern of rows and columns with module sides placed close to or touching other modules, and sometimes including rows tilted relative to a flat surface beneath. 
         [0070]    PV module or photovoltaic module (sometimes referred to as a solar panel or photovoltaic panel) refers to a packaged interconnected assembly of solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells. A plurality of PV modules are commonly used to form a larger photovoltaic system referred to as a PV array, to provide electricity for commercial, industrial and residential applications. 
         [0071]    Rail refers to refers to a relatively straight, usually essentially evenly shaped along its length, rod, beam, girder, profile or structural member or the like, or plurality of such, of essentially rigid material used as a fastener, support, barrier, or structural or mechanical member. 
         [0072]    Rock, Rocking, Rocked and Rocks refers to an object, item, mechanism, apparatus, combination, feature, link or the like which moves to and fro, back and forth or side to side, frequently along a curved path of motion. The point, line or surface for rocking may be a fixed pivot point or line, or may be a curved surface of one, multiple or varying radius (radii). For example, a rocking bracket  652  is exemplified in  FIGS. 67 and 8-10 , and its descriptions. For another example, an arm, such as foot  670 , which is operable to rock a bracket is exemplified in  FIG. 67 , and its descriptions. For yet another example, a rocking surface  6712  is exemplified in  FIGS. 67 and 8-10 . 
         [0073]    Rotate or rotatably refers to one or more items, mechanisms, objects, things, structures or the like which are capable of being rotated, revolved or turned around or about an axis or center. 
         [0074]    Spring clip refers to an object, item, mechanism, apparatus, combination, feature, link or the like which is usually made from a deformable material that expands to fit (a) over a shaft, rod, arm, rail or other structure, or (b) into a hole, channel (see Channel above), or the like capable of gripping or holding under spring pressure. One common form is a press fit spring clip where the resilient or springy structure as assembled or inserted into a matching hole or channel with a slightly smaller internal dimension through the use of force. 
         [0075]    Structural system refers to one or more objects, items, mechanisms, apparatus, combinations, features, link or the like, such as rails, braces, brackets, headers, feet, splices, connectors and other connecting devices or structures, which may be placed generally between a support structure and a PV module; structural system may also include the support structure. 
         [0076]    Support or supporting refers to one or more items, mechanisms, objects, things, structures or the like which are capable of bearing weight or other force, often to keep the item or the like from falling, sinking, slipping or otherwise moving out of a position. 
         [0077]    Support structure refers to a structure, such as a roof, rack, table, building, or the ground which may provide a base for securing PV modules to form a PV array. 
         [0078]      FIG. 1  shows a further embodiment of a mounting bracket or leg, such as a pivot leg or coupling leg, for example coupling leg  630 . Coupling leg  630  may include a lower portion, for engaging a substructure such as a channel on a rail or other structure, such as rail  690  (which is described in more detail with respect to  FIG. 7  and others), which may be comprised of flexible vertical walls or legs, such as spring legs  631 . Spring legs  631  may include locking tabs or protrusions, such as tabs  632 . Coupling leg  630  may engage rail  690  as by pushing coupling leg  630  downward onto (or in alternative embodiments, into) rail  690 , as described in more detail below, especially in reference to  FIGS. 7 and 27 through 30 , such that spring legs  631  may engage angled walls  691 . Due to the lead-in angle of angled walls  691 , spring legs  631  engage and may slide on angled walls  691 . As spring legs  631  slide downward, spring legs  631  may be forced apart until tabs  632  slide past lips  694 , at which point spring legs  631  may be able to move towards each other, thereby causing tabs  632  to be engaged against lips  694  and angled surfaces  692 . The engagement between tabs  632  and lips  694  may prevent coupling leg  630  from being pulled up or off of rail  690 . Furthermore, angled surfaces  692  may engage with tabs  632  so that when spring legs  631  are pushed down with sufficient force, spring legs  631  are forced open until tabs  632  contact catches  693 . Coupling leg  630  further may include an upper portion, for engaging a groove of a PV module  102 , which may be comprised of a plate, or bracket, such as plate  633 , which may contain one or more holes or similar feature for receiving a coupling device, such as coupling  444  as further described in previously incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/504,168, which may have a tongue  446  and key  448  extending from opposite sides of plate  633 . Plate  633  and spring legs  631  may be comprised of a single piece of material, or may be separate pieces joined, as by a splice, or other connector, such as sleeve  634 , or may be attached to each other as by one or more rivets, pins, screws, welds or the like. The body of coupling  444  may be engaged with plate  633  as by swaging to create a tight and essentially permanent fit that may not be easily altered, or coupling  444  may be press-fit into plate  633  such that the coupling  444  may be rotationally moved relative to plate  633 , as shown in  FIG. 2  where dotted lines show final position. In the present embodiment, coupling  444  may be permanently set in plate  633  at an angle, such as 11 degrees off of vertical (commonly between 5 and 45 degrees), which corresponds to the desired final tilt angle of a PV module, as will be described below. 
         [0079]      FIGS. 3-6  show a further support coupling in the form of a tilt foot  650 , or similar bracket/leg, such as comprising a foot  670  for attaching a PV module to a structural system, ballast holder, channel, rail (similar to rails 236 in FIG. 38 of previously incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/504,168), or the like, such as rail  690 . In some embodiments foot  670  may comprise an alternative embodiment of an interlock (similar to interlock 106 in FIG. 14 of previously incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/504,168) or a different embodiment, such as interlock  651 , and a support foot, leg, bracket, or the like, such as rocking foot  652 . Interlock  651  may be attached to rocking foot  652  as by one or more rivets, pins, screws, welds or the like, such as rivets  653 . In other embodiments, interlock  651  and foot  670  are different portions of a single piece of material, and therefore no rivets are necessary in such embodiments. In some embodiments, foot  670  has a clip  671  integral with or attached, as shown in  FIG. 65 . 
         [0080]    Referring now to  FIG. 4 , interlock  651  provides an alternative means, including apparatus and method, to engage with a groove or the like in a PV module, similar to groove  114  in PV module  102  in FIG. 3 of previously incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/504,168, as will be shown in more detail below, especially in reference to  FIG. 4 . In other embodiments interlock  651  may wrap around a PV module frame, such as shown in FIGS. 29-36 of previously incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/504,168. Turning now with particularity to  FIG. 4 , interlock  651  may comprise a plate, bracket, or the like, such as interlock plate  660  made of bent steel or other suitable material (such as aluminum or other metal or plastic), with features to engage and pivot-fit into groove  114  in a manner similar to tongue  148  (see, for example, FIGS. 11-13A of previously incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/504,168), tongue  476  (see, for example, FIG. 51 of previously incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/504,168), and ribs  170  (see, for example, FIGS. 17-23 of previously incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/504,168) except that the exact shape(s) of the pivot-fit portions may vary slightly. Pivot-fit portions of interlock  651  may include flanges, lips, tabs, walls, or the like, such as angled flanges  661 . Interlock  651  may be made of sheet material of a thickness such as 2.5 mm, usually between 1.0 and 5.0 mm. Angled flanges  661  may be bent at an angle, such as 75 degrees, usually between 61 and 89 degrees, which may create sharp cutting edges, teeth, or the like, such as cutting edges  663 , on each (or at least on many, and preferably on most) angled flanges  661 . As will be discussed in more detail with reference to  FIG. 26  below, angled flanges  661  may comprise a height that enables at least partial insertion into a groove  114  when PV module  102  is positioned at an insertion angle relative to interlock  651 . In the instant embodiment, since a final plane of PV module  102  relative to a roof surface may be tilted to an array tilt angle, for example from 3-50°, this insertion angle may be equal to the angle required to allow angled flanges  661  to at least partially insert into grooves  114  (on a pair of adjacent PV modules  102 ) plus the array tilt angle. Subsequent rotation of PV modules  102  from the insertion angle to the array tilt angle may cause a pivot-fit action between upper and lower portions of angled flanges  661  and offset bearing surfaces  124 ,  128  within grooves  114  as described with respect to other embodiments above. In some embodiments rotation to the array tilt angle may further cause cutting edges  663  to cut and/or deform portions of frame  112  thereby serving to take up tolerance and/or provide a ground bond connection between interlock  651  and frame  112 . In the present embodiment, flange  662  provides stiffness to interlock  651 , but it may be appreciated that flange  662  may be omitted, such as if greater stiffness is not required. As seen more clearly on  FIG. 4 , vertical wall  666  may contain a catching surface, or edge, such as catch  668 , and a gap, void, or cutout, such as gap  667 . Catch  668  may be used to engage with a slot or other feature within a groove of a PV module frame or on a surface of a PV module frame. Gap  667  is shown here with tabs, protrusions, or extensions, such as tabs  665  for at least partially retaining a portion of rocking foot  652 , but alternate variations are explicitly contemplated. In the present embodiment, attachment holes  664  may be used to attach interlock  651  to other supporting members or brackets, such as rocking foot  652 , as shown in  FIG. 3 . It may be appreciated that interlock  651  may be attached to many embodiments of structural systems and/or foot brackets and by many different means, such as one or more rivets, screws, pins, bolts and nuts, welds, clips, and the like. 
         [0081]    Referring now to  FIG. 5 , rocking foot  652  may be comprised of a foot, leg, support, or the like, such as foot  670 , and a retainer, spring, clip or the like, which may be made from a resilient material, such as clip  671 . In some embodiments foot  670  may perform the function of a lever arm that rocks rocking foot  652  into engagement. A more detailed description of the structure, use, purpose and function of rocking foot  652  will be described below, especially in reference to  FIGS. 8-10 . Clip  671  may be attached to foot  670 , as by one or more rivets, pins, screws, welds or the like, such as rivets  672 . Clip  671  may be made of a resilient or spring material, such as spring steel, plastic, rubber or other resilient material, and may include angled ramps or walls, such as angled walls  6715 . Clip  671  further may include support surfaces, or stopping surfaces, such as stopping surfaces  6713  and stopping tabs  6714 . 
         [0082]    Referring to  FIG. 5 , foot  670  may be made of sheet steel, or other suitable metal, plastic or similar material, of a thickness such as 4 mm, usually between 2.0 and 8.0 mm. Foot  670  may include a vertical support section composed of an angled flange or tab, such as angled tab  673 , a vertical riser or wall, such as riser  674 , which may or may not include stiffening walls, tabs, or flanges, such as flanges  675 . Angled tab  673  may be bent at an angle, such as 75 degrees, usually between 61 and 89 degrees, which creates metal deforming edges, sharp cutting edges, teeth, or the like, such as deforming edges  676 . In other embodiments deforming edges  676  may be formed by means other than angled tab  673 , such as by attaching separate deforming members, cutting teeth, sharp objects, or the like to rocking foot  652 . Deforming edges  676  together are referred to as engaging portion  6716  of rocking foot  652 . In other embodiments engaging portion  6716  may comprise one or many deforming edges  676 . The bend that creates angled tab  673  may also create a pivot point, pivot line, rocking surface, or pivot surface, such as rocking surface  6712 . Rocking surface  6712  and deforming edges  676  may be used to positively engage with a support surface, ballast holder, rail, or channel, such as rail  690 , as will be further described below. Riser  674  extends to a desired height, and may terminate at an additional angled flange or tab, such as angled tab  677 . Angled tab  677  may contain several attachment holes, such as holes  678 , for attaching additional components, such as an interlock  651 , as by rivets  653  in  FIG. 1 . Angled tab  677  extends to an edge, termination or surface, such as stopping surface  679 , the purpose of which is further described below, especially in reference to  FIG. 6 . As will be discussed in more detail below, foot  670  may contain a vertical wall, tab, flange, or the like, such as tab  6710 , with wings, tabs, or the like, such as wings  6711 . 
         [0083]    Referring now to  FIG. 6 , interlock  651  is shown as engaged or connected with groove  114  in a PV module, such as PV module  102 . Angled flanges  661  may be bent such that the distance from cutting edges  663  to the bottom of interlock plate  660  is greater than the distance between bearing surfaces  124  and  128 , as shown by distance “n” in FIG. 4 of previously incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/504,168. It is understood that interlock  651  may be made of alternative thicknesses and materials, and that angled flanges  661  may be bent at angles other than 75 degrees, although usually between 61 and 89 degrees, while maintaining a distance between cutting edges  663  and the bottom of interlock plate  660  that is greater than “n”, as illustrated in FIG. 4 of previously incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/504,168. Stopping surface  679  may prevent interlock  651  from entering groove  114  too far. Catch  668  as shown protrudes above cutting edges  663  into upper recess  130   a  (see, e.g., FIG. 4 of previously incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/504,168) of groove  114 . Catch  668  may serve to prevent interlock  651  from pulling out of groove  114 , and creates a point of leverage to aid insertion of interlock  651  into groove  114 . 
         [0084]      FIG. 7  shows a perspective view of rail  690 . Rail  690  may include one or more of a number of features to engage with support brackets, feet, legs, and the like, such as foot  670 , with other embodiments as will be described below. In the present embodiment, rail  690  may include a channel  697  running partially or essentially throughout the length of rail  690 , as well as inwardly angled walls, or surfaces, such as angled walls  691 . Rail  690  may also include downwardly angled surfaces, such as angled surfaces  692 . Further features may include short vertical walls, stopping surfaces, or catches, such as catches  693 , and horizontal walls, stopping surfaces, or lips, such as lips  694 . Rail  690  may further include horizontal walls, or support surfaces, such as support surfaces  695 . Further features may include downward facing surfaces, or tabs, such as stopping lips  696 . 
         [0085]    Referring now to  FIGS. 8-10 , the installation of rocking foot  652  into rail  690  is described.  FIG. 8  shows rocking foot  652  tilted to an insertion angle such that tab  6710  may be above rail  690 , and rocking surface  6712  may be approximately even with support surfaces  695 . It is expressly contemplated that the insertion angle may be from approximately 1 to 45 degrees, but usually between 20 to 35 degrees, relative to a final angle as discussed below. Rocking foot  652  may be inserted in the direction shown by arrow on  FIG. 8 , to reach a position inside the channel  697  of rail  690  such that a substantial portion, even a majority or even the entire length of rocking foot  652  may be inside the rail, as shown in  FIG. 9 . Next, a downward force may be applied, for example by the foot of an installer, to the top of tab  6710  as shown by arrow on  FIG. 9 . The downward force causes rocking foot  652  to pivot or rock about rocking surface  6712 . As tab  6710  is pressed downward, angled walls  6715  of clip  671  may be forced together until rocking foot  652  rocks to a final angle where stopping surfaces  6713  are below stopping lips  696  on rail  690 . As rocking foot approaches the final angle, engaging portion  6716  may begin to engage with stopping lips  696 . This engagement action may cause deforming edges  676  to deform, pierce, or cut stopping lips  696  thereby creating a more robust mechanical, and in some embodiments electrical ground bond, connection between rocking foot  652  and a structural system such as rail  690 . As clip  671  may be made of a resilient or spring material, angled walls  6715  may open to approximately their original angle, thereby engaging stopping surfaces  6713  against stopping lips  696  to effectively connect clip  671  to rail  690  and providing resistance to rotation in the direction from the final angle back toward the insertion angle. One of skill in the art will recognize that rocking foot  652  is thus connected to rail  690  by a pivot-fit action whereby the offset bearing points (deforming edges and  676  rocking surface  6712 ) at each end of angled tab  673  are rocked or pivoted by a lever arm, such as foot  670 , until a tight fit is realized, then the fit is maintained by the engagement of spring clip  671 . Stopping tabs  6714  may prevent clip  671  from opening too far, and also may provide a means to remove rocking foot  652  from rail  690 . To remove rocking foot  652 , stopping tabs  6714  may be squeezed together until stopping surfaces  6713  are disengaged from stopping lips  696 , thereby allowing rocking foot  652  to be pivoted about rocking surface  6712  and removed by approximately reversing the installation sequence described above. In some embodiments rocking surface  6712  may be a fixed pivot point or line, whereas in still other embodiments rocking surface  6712  may be a curved surface of one, multiple or varying radius (radii) that allows rocking foot  652  to essentially rock, as by rolling along rocking surface  6712 , as rocking foot  652  is rotated from an insertion angle to a final angle. 
         [0086]    Referring again now to  FIG. 6 , it is further illustrated how forces may act on foot  670  in a windy environment. As air flows over a PV module, such as PV module  102 , a generally upward force normal to the surface of PV module  102 , as shown by an arrow and designated force F, may be generated and transferred at least partially to foot  670  through bearing surface  128 . Thus force A at bearing surface  128 , as shown, approximately represents the portion of force F that is presented to foot  670 . Force A results in a moment about a pivoting portion of foot  670 , as noted at point Pin rocking surface  6712 . As clip  671  may be engaged with stopping lips  696  on rail  690  (such as shown in  FIG. 10 ), an opposing force, as shown by arrow and designated force C, is exerted by rail  690  on clip  671 . One skilled in the art will recognize that the magnitude of force C is approximately proportional to force A by the ratio of the distances D 1  and D 2  between the pivot point P and the point(s) at which each of the forces is applied (assuming for this diagram that the angle of force A relative to vertical may be relatively small and does not significantly alter the outcome of this analysis). Since force A is (as shown) applied at bearing surface  128 , and the distance D 1  from where force A is applied to point P is very small compared to distance D 2 , for example 10 times more than the distance D  1 , then the magnitude of force C may be much smaller than force A, for example approximately 10 times less than force A. The capability of tilt foot  650  to significantly reduce the force required at the clip  671 , even when PV module  102  is presented with a wind load provides significant benefits including: a reduction in material size, thickness, and/or strength for clip  671  (thereby reducing cost for tilt foot  650  compared to prior known systems); possible elimination of the need for a tool to connect tilt foot  650  to rail  690  since such a clip is small and flexible enough to allow hand or foot actuation of the rocking action described above; and simplification of installation process since foot  670  may operate as a lever arm with significant mechanical advantage to drive deforming edge  676  into solid engagement with lips  696 , additionally permitting a ground bond at the deformation area. 
         [0087]    It is recognized that brackets, mounting feet, or legs, such as tilt foot  650 , may be configured in a variety of ways, but generally containing a lower portion for engaging a substructure, such as rail  690 , a rail, a beam, a girder, a rafter, a ballast pan or tray, a roof seam, or a surface such as a substantially flat structural system or a tilted one as shown in  FIG. 1 , and an upper portion for engaging a PV module such as PV module  102 , also as shown in  FIG. 1 .  FIG. 12  shows an alternative embodiment of a bracket, or leg, such as slide-in foot  740 . Slide-in foot  740  is similar to tilt foot  650  except that it connects to a structural system as by or via a squeeze-and-slide action rather than a rocking action as with tilt foot  650 . Slide-in foot  740  includes a lower portion, foot base  742 , for engaging a rail or channel such as rail  690 , and an upper portion, interlock  741 , for engaging a groove in a PV module, such as groove  114 . Interlock  741  is attached to foot base  742  with one or more rivets, pins screws, welds or the like, such as screws  745  (only one shown for clarity). Foot base  742  may include multiple edges, or stopping surfaces, such as stopping surfaces  743 . Interlock  741  may include a protruding section, or tongue, such as tongue  746 . Tongue  746  may engage groove  114  in a manner similar to tongue  148  as shown in  FIG. 11 . Interlock  741  may have a length appropriate for engaging one or more PV modules so as to link them together. Slide-in foot  740  may be inserted into rail  690  by squeezing legs  747  and  748  so that stopping surfaces may slide freely between stopping lips  696  and support surfaces  695 . Release of legs  747  and  748  may then drive one or more stopping surfaces  743  into stopping lips  696  to connect slide-in foot  740  to substantially any desired location along the length of rail  690 . 
         [0088]      FIG. 11  shows a further embodiment of a mounting foot, bracket or leg, similar to slide-in foot  740  described previously, such as slide-in foot  730 . As shown in  FIG. 14 , slide-in foot  730  is adapted to slide into rail  690  without requiring a squeezing or pinching action as with slide-in foot  740 . Rather, slide-in foot  730  is slid into rail  690  to the desired location along the length of rail  690 , then a bolt, screw, or other threaded fastening mechanism (as shown) may be inserted or threaded through hole  734  to drive stopping surfaces  733  into stopping lips  696  and secure slide-in foot  730  to rail  690 . Slide-in foot  730  may comprise an interlock  731  similar to interlock  741 . Slide-in foot  730  may provide a stronger or lower cost alternative to slide-in foot  740 . A combination of the two forms of slide-in foot ( 730  and  740 ) may also be used, as well as other methods and apparatus which will occur to one of skill in the art. 
         [0089]      FIG. 15  shows another embodiment of a mounting foot, bracket or leg, similar to tilt foot  650 , such as tilt foot  770 . Tilt foot  770  may be comprised of an upper portion, interlock  771 , similar to interlock  741 , for engaging a groove in a PV module, such as groove  114 . Tilt foot  770  may be further comprised of a bottom portion, such as foot base  772 , which may be similar in form and function to rocking foot  652  noted and described above, but with the functions of foot  670  and clip  671  combined into one piece of material. In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 15 , foot base  772  includes tabs, or flanges, such as tabs  773 , which are bent at such an angle as to create sharp corners, or cutting edges, such as cutting edges  774 . Cutting edges  774  may perform the same or similar function as deforming edges  676  on foot  650 . Foot base  772  further may include a set of bent flanges, or tabs, such as flanges  775 . As foot base  772  may be made of a resilient or spring material (steel, aluminum, plastic, or the like), flanges  775  may perform the same function as clip  671 . 
         [0090]      FIG. 18  shows a further embodiment of a mounting foot, bracket or leg, similar to tilt foot  650  described previously, such as tilt foot  800 . Tilt foot  800  may be comprised of a bottom portion, foot base  801 , for engaging a structural system, such as rail  690  described previously, especially regarding  FIGS. 7-10 . Tilt foot  800  may further include an upper portion, interlock  802 , similar to interlock  651  described previously, except interlock  802  is shown as including a flange, gusset, or tab, such as gusset  803 , which may be formed in or on, or attached to foot base  801  as by one or more rivets (as shown), pins, screws, welds or the like, so as to increase the carrying capacity of tilt foot  800 . One skilled in the art will recognize many other means, articles or features by which the carrying capacity of tilt foot  800  may be increased, such as, for example, using stronger materials, using thicker materials, or adding formed ribs, gussets, or the like; all of which are hereby expressly contemplated. 
         [0091]      FIG. 19  shows a further embodiment of a mounting foot, bracket or leg, similar to tilt foot  650  described previously, such as tilt foot  810 . Tilt foot  810  is similar to tilt foot  650  except that it is made from a single piece of initial or raw material, thereby reducing manufacturing cost. 
         [0092]      FIG. 20  shows a further embodiment of a mounting foot, bracket or leg, similar to tilt foot  650  described previously, such as tilt foot  820 . Tilt foot  820  is similar to tilt foot  650  except it provides an alternative means to engage groove  114  in a PV module frame. Instead engaging primarily via or by insertion into groove  114 , tilt foot  820  may comprise an engaging portion  821  with an upper engaging portion  822  and a lower engaging portion  823 . Tilt foot  820  may be connected to PV module  102  via or by at least partial insertion of upper engaging portion  822  into groove  114  and contact between lower engaging portion  823  and a bottom surface  824  of PV module  102 . In some embodiments upper engaging portion  822  and lower engaging portion  823  function as offset bearing points as previously shown in  FIGS. 30A and 39 . Tilt foot may further comprise foot  825  which functions in a manner similar to foot  670  as described above. Tilt foot  820  may also have one or more ballasts or weights placed on it as shown, to hold the tilt foot  820  in place, as more fully described elsewhere, such as in regards to  FIG. 13 . 
         [0093]      FIG. 21  shows a further embodiment of a mounting foot, bracket or leg, similar to tilt foot  650  described previously, such as tilt foot  830 . Tilt foot  830  is similar to tilt foot  650  except it provides an alternative means to engage a PV module frame. Instead of engaging primarily as by or via insertion into groove  114  (as done by tilt foot  820  in  FIG. 20 ), tilt foot  830  may comprise a wrap-around engaging portion  831  with an upper engaging portion  832  and a lower engaging portion  833 . Tilt foot  830  may be connected to PV module  102  as by or via a wrap-around pivot-fit action as described in other embodiments above, such as shown in FIG. 39 of previously incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/504,168. In some embodiments upper engaging portion  832  and lower engaging portion  833  function as offset bearing points as previously shown in FIGS. 30A and 39 of previously incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/504,168. Tilt foot may further comprise foot  835  which functions in a manner similar to foot  670  as described above. Tilt foot  830  may also have one or more ballasts or weights placed on it as shown, to hold the tilt foot  830  in place, as more fully described elsewhere, such as in regards to  FIG. 13 . 
         [0094]      FIG. 13  shows an exploded view of slide-in foot  740  being connected to a structural system, which may comprise a rail  690 , a pan, tray or container, such as ballast pan  750 , and weights, stones, or blocks, such as ballast blocks  751 . In some embodiments the structural system as shown in  FIGS. 13-14  may further comprise a support structure, such as a roof or portions thereof (not shown in  FIGS. 13-14 , but generally beneath and coplanar with the bottom of rail  690 ). Ballast pan  750  may have one or more tabs, or flanges, such as tabs  752 , which may have a width greater than the opening in rail  690  such that tabs  752  will cut rail  690 . As ballast pan  750  may be made of an electrically conducting sheet metal material, such as sheet steel, the cutting action of tabs  752  into rail  690  may create an electrical bond, such as a ground bond. Ballast blocks  751  may be placed at least partially on or within/inside, ballast pan  750 , thereby providing a downward holding force on rail  690  with a force approximately equivalent to the weight of ballast pan  750  and ballast blocks  751 .  FIG. 14  shows slide-in foot  740  and rail  690  engaged as described above. Ballast pan  750  further may contain features for engaging a diffuser support coupling and/or a diffuser, as will be described more fully below, especially in reference to  FIG. 34 . Said features may include one or more holes, notches, or slots, such as slots  753 . In other embodiments, rail  690  is secured to a support structure, such as a roof as by or via fasteners instead of and/or in addition to ballast as is known in the art. 
         [0095]    Additional embodiments of a tilt interlock (see, for example those shown in FIGS. 37-38 of previously incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/504,168) are shown in  FIGS. 22-24 . In  FIG. 22  there is shown a structural system comprising a tilt interlock such as tilt interlock  840  that may interlock together two, three, or four PV modules  102  by connecting PV modules  102  to tilt interlock  840  via couplings  841  and  842 . Couplings  841  and  842  may operate similarly to couplings  290  and  294  except they may be located in different quantities and positions relative to upright  844  and upright  845 . Thus one or more of couplings  841  or  842  (or other form of coupling) may be located on each of the short upright  845  and the tall upright  844  portions, of interlock  840  (or interlock  850 ) and in addition, zero or more of another form of coupling, such as coupling  842  or  841  may also be located on either or both upright  844 ,  845 . Uprights  844 ,  845  may or may not be substantially parallel and in some embodiments may be connected to one or more of various structural systems, such as rails, beams, purlins, or directly to a support structure, such as a roof as by or via hole  846  which may contain any suitable connecting device, such as a bolt, rivet or the like, not shown. Coupling  841  may comprise a key for connection to a groove  114 , as described elsewhere. Coupling  842  may comprise a tongue  848  for connection to a groove  114 , also as described elsewhere.  FIG. 23  shows another embodiment of a tilt interlock such as tilt interlock  850 , which may be similar to tilt interlock  840  except two couplings  851 ,  852  are shown on the short upright  845 . Coupling  851  is similar to coupling  841  and coupling  852  is similar to coupling  842  except that it is located in a different position. Again, as noted above, any combination or permutation of one or more couplings, such as  841 ,  842 ,  851  and  852  or other forms, may be located on either or both upright  844 ,  845 . 
         [0096]      FIG. 24  shows a side sectional view of a structural system comprising a tilt interlock such as tilt interlock  860 , which may comprise a ballast stone  864  for resisting uplift loads on PV modules  102 . Interlock Coupling  860  may further comprise tongue portions  862 ,  863  for connecting to grooves  114  in PV modules  102 . Tongue portions  862 ,  863  may provide pivot-fit connections, similar to those described above and in previously incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/504,168, to PV modules  102 . 
         [0097]      FIGS. 25-30  show some of the assembly steps required to construct an array of tilted PV modules on a flat surface with a structural system as described in the embodiments of  FIGS. 25-30 , and as similarly described for FIGS. 37-50 of previously incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/504,168. Coupling leg  630  may be adapted to rotationally engage a groove in the frame of a PV module, such as PV module  102 , as previously described, especially in reference to FIGS. 44-48 of previously incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/504,168. In this embodiment coupling leg  630  is adapted to slide into PV module groove  114  when held at an angle of approximately 11° (usually between 3 and 30 degrees) relative to a plane of a PV module  102 . Coupling leg  630  may then be rotated approximately 90° (usually between 75 to 105 degrees) to connect coupling leg  630  to PV module  102 .  FIG. 25  shows a side view of a first PV module  102  in a given row being held at an insertion angle, as described above, with coupling leg  630  engaged as described above. Tilt foot  650  is shown in  FIG. 25  having been slid into rail  690  and locked into position as previously described. Ballast pan  750  is also shown engaged with rail  690  as previously described in  FIG. 13 . PV module  102  may be tilted to an insertion angle to at least partially engage interlock  651  on tilt foot  650  with groove  114  as described above.  FIGS. 26-27  show PV module  102  after it has been at least partially engaged with interlock  651  as described above. PV module  102  may now be pivoted on interlock  651  and rotated downward until coupling leg  630  engages with rail  690 , as shown in  FIG. 27  and interlock  651  pivotally engages offset bearing portions  124 ,  128  of frame  112 .  FIG. 28  shows a final position of coupling leg  630  with respect to PV module  102 .  FIG. 29  shows a second PV module  102  in a position substantially coplanar with first PV module  102 , aligned such that a second coupling leg  630  may be inserted between the two PV module edges, with coupling  444  oriented such that key  448  may be engaged in a groove of one PV module, and tongue  446  may be engaged in a groove of the other PV module, thereby coupling two PV modules  102  together.  FIG. 30  shows how coupling leg  630  may be then rotated to a position as previously shown in  FIG. 27 , and subsequently engaged with rail  690 , as previously shown in  FIG. 28 . As coupling leg  630  may be constructed of electrically conductive materials, and coupling  444  may electrically bond to PV module  102 , as described above, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that PV module  102  may be electrically connected to rail  690  through coupling  444  and coupling leg  630 . Though interlock  651  is mostly obscured by modules  102  in  FIG. 29 , one of skill in the art will recognize that a first angled flange  661  on interlock  651  engages a first PV module  102  as shown in  FIG. 26  and a second angled flange  661  on interlock  651  engages a second PV module  102  as generally shown in  FIG. 29 . 
         [0098]      FIGS. 31-33  present a further embodiment of an interlock, ballast pan connector with an integral interlock, or a coupling, such as diffuser support coupling  930 . Diffuser support coupling  930  may comprise of a bent bracket, or plate, such as diffuser support bracket  931 , formed from a rigid material such as steel, to create a rectangular section, or bracket, such as box section  934 . A bracket, or plate, such as catch plate  932  may be affixed to the top of box section  934  as by one or more rivets, pins screws, welds or the like. Catch plate  932  may have a bent flange, or lip, such as catch  935 . One or more clips, or brackets, such as ground clips  933  may be affixed to the bottom of box section  934  as by one or more rivets, pins, screws, welds or the like. Ground clip  933  may be formed of spring steel or the like with two flanges angled downward as to create cutting edges  936 , in a manner similar to cutting edges  663  on interlock  651  in  FIG. 4 . Box section  934 , coupled with catch plate  932  and ground clips  933 , form interlock  937 , which may engage with a groove in a PV module, such as groove  114  in PV module  102 , via a pivot-fit action similar to tongue  746  in  FIG. 12  and other interlocks and/or tongues as described above and in previously incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/504,168. As box section  934 , catch plate  932 , and ground clips  933  may be made of plate steel and permanently connected as by one or more rivets, screws, pins, welds or the like, the components may thereby electrically connected, which may form a ground connection. When interlock  937  is inserted and engaged with groove  114 , cutting edges  936  may deform or cut into bearing surface  128 , thereby creating electrical contact between PV module  102  and diffuser support coupling  930 . Diffuser support bracket  931  also may contain features for engaging with a wind diffuser, as will be shown below, especially in reference to  FIG. 36 , and for engaging with a ballast pan, such as ballast pan  750 , as will be described in more detail below, especially in reference to  FIG. 34 . Said features may include one or more holes, slot, or notches, such as slots  938 , and/or one or more hook-shaped flanges, or tabs, such as hook tabs  939 . In other embodiments diffuser support coupling does not comprise diffuser support bracket  931 . In still other embodiments interlock  937  does not comprise the other elements shown in diffuser support coupling and thus solely operates as an interlock capable of coupling two adjacent PV modules together via a pivot-fit action. 
         [0099]      FIG. 34  is a side view of a PV module mounted to a structural system and illustrating how diffuser support coupling  930  may engage with a groove in a PV module, such as groove  114  in PV module  102 . First, diffuser support coupling  930  may be inserted into groove  114  of PV module  102  at an angle similar to an insertion angle. Diffuser support coupling  930  may then be rotated down so that catch plate  932  contacts bearing surface  124 , and cutting edges  936  contact bearing surface  128 . Next, ballast pan  750  may be positioned underneath diffuser support coupling  930  so that hook tabs  939  may be inserted into slots  753 . Tabs  752  on ballast pan  750  may then be pushed into rail  690 , cutting into rail  690  to create electrical contact. As ballast pan  750  and diffuser support coupling  930  may be made of electrically conductive materials, an electrical connection, such as a grounding path, is made from PV module  102 , through diffuser support coupling  930  (as described above), through ballast pan  750 , and through rail  690 . 
         [0100]      FIG. 35  shows a two-module PV array, comprising PV modules  102 , with an additional three tilt feet  650  connected to rail s  690 . One skilled in the art will recognize that a second row of PV modules  102  may be installed in a similar manner to the row shown in  FIG. 35  by repeating the steps described above to connect PV modules  102  to rail s  690  with tilt feet  650  and coupling legs  630 . In some embodiments rail s  690  may primarily run between rows with the first and last rail s being pushed up under PV modules  102  to prevent them from sticking out too far, as is shown with the right-most rail s  690  in  FIG. 35  being pushed under PV modules  102 . In other embodiments rail s  690  may be cut longer to connect multiple rows together. One skilled in the art may appreciate that PV module  102  may be electrically connected to rail s  690  through tilt foot  650 , coupling leg  630 , and the series of components which include diffuser support coupling  930 , and ballast pan  750 . Thus, as shown in  FIG. 35 , when additional tilt feet  650  may be installed in rail s  690 , an electrical connection between rows of PV modules  102  may also be established. Furthermore, it has been shown above that an electrical connection may be established between PV modules  102  within a row through cutting edges  663  on interlock  651 , coupling  444  on coupling leg  630 , and cutting edges  936  on ground clips  933 . 
         [0101]    One skilled in the art will also understand the benefits afforded by the addition of a wind deflector, shield, or wind diffuser, such as wind diffusers  980  as shown in  FIG. 36 . Said benefits include a significant reduction in the upward force generated by air flowing from behind and underneath the array of PV modules. Wind diffusers  980  may direct the flow of air over the PV modules, thereby reducing the upward force, which allows the use of fewer ballast blocks and potentially permits the use of less robust and expensive structural members for supporting and mounting the PV array. Wind diffusers  980  may be made of bent sheet or formed material (such as metal, plastic, concrete, or the like) in a generally rectangular shape. Wind diffusers  980  may be mounted to the PV array by resting on and engaging with diffuser support coupling  930 . Wind diffuser  980  may be attached to diffuser support coupling  930  as by one or more pins, clips, rivets, screws, welds, or the like, which are not shown. In other embodiments wind diffuser  980  may be connected to a PV module groove  114  and to a structural system, such as rail  690 , and/or directly to a support structure, such as a roof, or the like. 
         [0102]    One skilled in the art will recognize that a support system comprising a combination of tilt feet  650 , rail rails  690 , coupling legs  630 , ballast blocks  751 , and wind deflectors  980  may recur in a similar form as shown in  FIG. 36  between adjacent PV modules and at the edges of rows of PV modules in a larger array of PV modules  102 . And the exact number of ballast blocks may vary within a larger array of PV module  102  depending on the localized loads on specific PV modules  102  within the array. For example, in some embodiments a wind load may be higher near the edge of an array of PV modules  102 , and thus more ballast blocks  751  may be located near the edges than in the middle of the array. In other embodiments ballast blocks  751  may be replaced in some or all locations within a larger array of PV modules  102  by screws, standoffs, hold-downs, or other means of mechanically connecting rail  690  to a structural system or directly to a roof or other support structure. 
         [0103]    While a number of exemplary aspects and embodiments have been discussed above, those of skill in the art will recognize certain modifications, permutations, additions and sub-combinations thereof. It is therefore intended that the following appended claims and claims hereafter introduced be interpreted to include all such modifications, permutations, additions, and sub-combinations as are within their true spirit and scope.