Abstract:
The present invention is directed to a copolymer containing a hydrophilic copolymerizable monomer and a plastisol obtained by the use of the copolymer, which exhibits reduced viscosity and longer pot-life.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The invention relates to (polyalkyl methacrylate) plastisols (PAMA plastisols) with improved flow properties achieved by the inclusion of hydrophilic monomers. 
     2. Discussion of the Related Art 
     Plastisols, i.e. two-phase systems comprised of plastic or synthetic resin particles and a suitable plasticizer or a suitable plasticizer mixture, can theoretically be produced from a variety of plastics, but until now, the applications with the greatest technical importance remained limited to a few polymer systems. Copolymerizates of poly(vinyl chloride) and other vinyl unsaturated monomers are known and are broadly used. A disadvantage here is their content of chlorine, which can have a corrosive effect under some conditions. These plastisols are also known as PVC plastics, plastisols, organosols, or plastigels (see also Ullmann&#39;s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5th edition, Vol. A21, pages 734-737, (1992); Becker-Braun, Kunststoff-Handbuch (Plastics Handbook), 2nd edition, Vol., 2/2, pages 1077-1090, C. Hanser (1986); H. F. Mark et al., ed., Encyclopedia of Polymer Science &amp; Engineering, 2nd edition, supplemental volume, pages 568-643, Wiley-Interscience (1989); and Saechtling, Kunststoff Taschenbuch (Plastics Pocket Book), Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, 26th edition (1995), pages 406 ff.). 
     Copolymerizates based on methyl methacrylate and butyl methacrylate, so-called PAMA plastisols, are used with great success for plastisols in the automotive sector. The plastisols are used as adhesive plastisols, sealant compounds, welding pastes, and underbody protection compounds, as well as floor coverings. But plastisols on an acrylate basis have also been available for practical use for quite some time (see DE 934 498; FR-A 2,291,248). 
     The latter named state of the art is based on the recognition that for the production of technically acceptable PAMA plastisols, coordination of the glass transition temperature, Tg, the particle size, and the composition of the polymer particles, on the one hand, and special plasticizers, on the other hand, are required. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,371,677 (Goodrich) describes a production process for a copolymerizate of PVC and acrylate, in which the acrylate is continuously added during polymerization. The viscosity of the plastisol paste which can be obtained from the PVC copolymerizate is reduced. 
     From the references JP 04059849, “Crosslinking via a chelate bond” by using an additional resin (JP 50105725: melamine resin; JP 63137832: functional PVC resin with low molecular weight), by using isocyanates (JP 07164576, JP 56016533, JP 50077471, JP 59033344) it is known to polymerize monomers containing hydroxyl groups with vinyl chloride. In this way, crosslinking of the plastisol is achieved. PVC-free plastisols with monomers containing hydroxyl groups are described in EP 557944, JP-OS 07/157622, GB 2278116, WO 9426813, EP 624606, DE 3900933 and JP 8182838. 
     The purpose of the inclusion of monomers containing hydroxyl groups is crosslinking of the cured plastisol by means of esterification, JP-OS 07/102147 describes the adjustment of a solubility parameter. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present application is directed to developing a suitable copolymer powder for poly(alkyl methacrylate) (PAMA) plastisols that clearly reduces the viscosity of the PAMA plastisol, while improving also the shelf life of the pastes obtained. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Reducing the viscosity of a plastisol paste makes it possible to mix in more additives, such as pigments, fillers, and other processing aids, while maintaining a comparable polymer content of the plastisol paste, before the limit of processability of the finished plastisol is reached by the user. 
     The user is therefore enabled, by the composition according to the invention, to work with the plastisol paste more extensively and therefore longer than with a plastisol of the state of the art, before the increasing viscosity of the resulting finished plastisol mixture sets limits for the user in terms of application technology. 
     This behavior of the composition according to the invention is unexpected because the compounds containing hydroxyl groups that are state of the art act as crosslinking sites. 
     It was now found that the addition of hydrophilic compounds results in a surprising improvement of the paste rheology. A compound of general formula III is used as a hydrophilic compound:                           
     Applicants have accomplished the above task by using a copolymer with the following composition: 
     a) 0-90 wt.-% of an acrylic acid alkyl ester with at least 3 carbon atoms in the alkyl radical and/or a methacrylic acid alkyl ester with at least 2 carbon atoms in the alkyl radical and/or styrene, 
     and 
     10-99 wt.-% methyl acrylate or methyl methacrylate or ethyl acrylate or ethyl methacrylate 
     c) 1-20 wt.-% of a hydrophilic compound of formula III                           
     or 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, 
     d) 0.01-1 wt. % of a crosslinking agent or a mixture of crosslinking agents and 
     e) 0-20 wt.-% of other monomers that can be radically polymerized. For example, (meth)acrylic acid, N-vinyl imidazole, itaconic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, or α-methyl styrene can be used as component e). 
     The amounts of components a)-e) add up to 100 wt. %. 
     The copolymer powder obtained is processed to produce a plastisol, using known methods. 
     Such crosslinkable monomers according to component d) contain several units that can be radically polymerized, in the same molecule, for example such as a (meth)acrylic acid ester of multivalent alcohols. Examples that can be mentioned are trimethylol propane tri(meth)acrylate, 1,4-butane diol dimethacrylate, 1,3-butane diol dimethacrylate, 1,6-hexane diol dimethacrylate, and allyl methacrylate. 
     Production 
     The production of the polymers according to the invention takes place according to known methods, such as aqueous emulsion polymerization at a solid content of from 30 to 60 wt.%, preferable from 40 to 50 wt. % and more preferably about 50 wt. %, where the term about means plus or minus 5 wt. %. The copolymers according to the invention can be produced both as single-stage polymerizates and as multi-stage products. 
     Multi-stage polymerization processes yield a core-shell structure of the resulting particles, where the shells can also occur in multiple form, so that the core can be surrounded by several shells, each with a different composition. 
     Having generally described this invention, a further understanding can be obtained by reference to certain specific examples which are provided herein for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to be limiting unless otherwise specified. 
     The following Examples are also recited in the priority document, German patent application 199 14 605.5, filed Mar. 30, 1999, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     EXAMPLES 
     Implementation of Emulsion Polymerization Using the Single-Stage Process 
     Single-stage system: 
     The appropriate material as shown in Table 1 a  was heated to 80° C. Subsequently, the initiator was added. After a pause of 5 minutes, the added material 1 was metered in, substantially uniformly, over a period of 240 minutes. After the end of addition, the dispersion was heated at 80° C. for 2 hours, and mixed with initiator, if applicable (see packing and end polymerization). After cooling to room temperature, the dispersion was packed. Examples 1 and 2 were produced using the single-stage polymerization process. 
     Implementation of Emulsion Polymerization Using the Two-Stage Process 
     Two-stage system: 
     The appropriate material, as shown in Table 1 a , was heated to 80° C. Subsequently, the initiator was added. After a pause of 5 minutes, the added material 1 was metered in, substantially uniformly, over a period of 90 minutes and subsequently, the added material 2 was metered in within a period of 90 minutes. After the end of addition, the mixture was heated at 80° C. for 1 hour, then cooled to 60° C., and INTEROX TBHP80, FeSO 4  7 H 2 O, dissolved in water with ammonia, was added. Subsequently, BRÜGGOLIT C, dissolved in water, was metered in within a period of 30 minutes, and subsequently, stirring was continued for another 30 minutes. After cooling to room temperature, the dispersion was packed. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1a 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Materials used in the various examples 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 Comparative 
                 Comparative 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 
                 Example 
                 Example 
                 Example 
                 Example 
                 Example 
               
               
                 Example Unit 
                 1 kg 
                 2 kg 
                 3 kg 
                 1 g 
                 2 kg 
                 3 kg 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Material 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Water 
                 16 
                 19 
                 16 
                 1,185.5 
                 16 
                 16 
               
               
                 SERMUL EA 205 
                 0.0014 
                   
                   
                 1.05 
               
               
                 Emulsifier K30 
                   
                 0.0037 
                 0.012 
                   
                 0.00312 
                 0.012 
               
               
                 4-azobis-(4-cyanovalerianic 
                 0.02 
                   
                   
                 15 
               
               
                 acid)-Na-salt 
               
               
                 APS 
                   
                 0.0059 
                 0.08 
                   
                 0.005 
                 0.08 
               
               
                 Added Material 1 
               
               
                 Water 
                 24.3094 
                 29.72 
                 11.58 
                 1638.3 
                 24.23 
                 11.58 
               
               
                 Sermul EA 205 
                 0.22 
                   
                   
                 165 
               
               
                 Emulsifier K30 
                   
                 0.2328 
                 0.094 
                   
                 0.196 
                 0.094 
               
               
                 4-azobis-(4-cyanovlaerianic 
                 0.04 
                   
                   
                 30 
               
               
                 acid)-Na-salt 
               
               
                 APS 
                   
                   
                 0.004 
                   
                   
                 0.004 
               
               
                 MMA 
                 40 
                 46.55 
                 9.6 
                 2847 
                 37.16 
                 9.6 
               
               
                 BMA 
                   
                   
                 10 
                   
                   
                 9.98 
               
               
                 REMA 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 150 
                 2 
               
               
                 Allyl methacrylate 
                   
                   
                   
                 3 
                 0.04 
                 0.02 
               
               
                 Itaconic acid 
                   
                 0.95 
                   
                   
                 0.8 
               
               
                 N-vinyl imidazole 
                   
                   
                 0.4 
                   
                   
                 0.404 
               
               
                 Ethylhexyl thioglycolate 
                 0.028 
                   
                   
                 2.1 
               
               
                 PALATINOL N 
                   
                 0.95 
                   
                   
                 0.8 
               
               
                 Added Material 2 
               
               
                 Water 
                   
                   
                 11.58 
                   
                   
                 11.58 
               
               
                 Emulsifier K30 
                   
                   
                 0.094 
                   
                   
                 0.094 
               
               
                 APS 
                   
                   
                 0.004 
                   
                   
                 0.004 
               
               
                 MMA 
                   
                   
                 20 
                   
                   
                 19 
               
               
                 HEMA 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Explanations: 
     MMA: methyl methacrylate, 
     HEMA: hydroethyl methacrylate 
     BMA: n-butyl methacrylate 
     APS: ammonium persulfate Sermul EA 205: emulsifier containing phosphorus, manufactured by Servo 
     Emulsifier K30, manufactured by BAYER AG, Leverkusen, Germany 
     PALATINOL N: plasticizer available from BASF. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1b 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Materials used in the various examples 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 Comparative 
                 Comparative 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example V1 
                 Example V2 
                 Example 3 
                 Example 1 
                 Example 2 
                 Example 3 
               
               
                 Example Unit 
                 1 kg 
                 2 kg 
                 3 kg 
                 1 g 
                 2 kg 
                 3 kg 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Packing and post- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 polymerization 
               
               
                 AGITAN 218 
                 0.01 
                 0.019 
                   
                 0.75 
                 0.016 
               
               
                 APS 
                   
                 0.0095 
                   
                   
                 0.008 
               
               
                 Formalin solution, 
                   
                   
                 0.01 
                 0.75 
                   
                 0.01 
               
               
                 35% 
               
               
                 Water 
                   
                 0.5 
                 1.1 
                 10 
                 0.8 
                 1.1 
               
               
                 INTEROX TBHP80 
                   
                   
                 0.02 
                   
                   
                 0.02 
               
               
                 FeSO 4 7.H 2 O 
                   
                   
                 0.0004 
                   
                   
                 0.0004 
               
               
                 Nitrilotriacetic acid 
                   
                   
                 0.0004 
                   
                   
                 0.0004 
               
               
                 Ammonia, 25% 
                   
                   
                 0.002 
                   
                   
                 0.002 
               
               
                 BRÜGGOLIT C 
                   
                   
                 0.02 
                   
                   
                 0.02 
               
               
                 NOPCO NXZ 
                   
                   
                 0.16 
                   
                   
                 0.16 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Abbreviations: 
     MMA: methyl methacrylate 
     HEMA: hydroethyl methacrylate 
     BMA: n-butyl methacrylate 
     APS: ammonium persulfate 
     AGITAN 218: anti-foaming agent manufactured by Münzing Chemie 
     GmbH 
     BRÜGGOLIT C: sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate manufactured by 
     BRÜGGEMANN KG 
     INTEROX TBNP80, initiator, manufactured by Peroxide-Chemie 
     GmBH, Pullach, Germany 
     NOPCO NXZ, deforming agent, manufactured by Henkel KgaA, Düsseldorf, Germany 
     Example 3 was produced according to the two-stage polymerization process, comparative examples 1 and 2 were produced according to the single-stage conditions, comparative example 3 according to the two-stage conditions. 
     The dispersions obtained according to the regulations of all the examples were subsequently spray-dried, as described in EP 477 708 and EP 154 189. 
     Method for Production of a Plastisol Paste from the Polymer Powder 
     ISO 11458 was used as the basis for the production of plastisols. 
     The plasticizer was presented in a metal can and the polymer to be tested was weighed in. This sample was placed under a dissolver. The plastisol was stirred at 2000 rpm for 150 sec. Then a pause was made, and material that had not yet been completely stirred in, and was still located on the spindle and the inside wall and bottom of the beaker was mixed into this mass using a spatula. Stirring then continues at 2000 rpm for another 150 sec. If necessary, the temperature after stirring was recorded. If it was too high, changes had to be made in the formulation. To determine the viscosity of the plastisol, evaluation of the mass was recommended. 
     The plastisol pastes that were produced are listed in Table 2 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Formulations of the individual plastisol pastes. 
               
               
                 The numbers listed relate to the weight in grams. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Paste 
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
                 D 
                 E 
                 F 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Polymer 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Comparative Example V1 
                 160 
               
               
                 Comparative Example V2 
                   
                 160 
               
               
                 Comparative Example V3 
                   
                   
                 200 
               
               
                 Example 1 
                   
                   
                   
                 160 
               
               
                 Example 2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 160 
               
               
                 Example 3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 200 
               
               
                 Plasticizer 
               
               
                 SANTICIZER 261 
                 240 
                 240 
                   
                 240 
                 240 
               
               
                 PALATINOL AH 
                   
                   
                 200 
                   
                   
                 200 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SANTICIZER 261 is a plasticizer based on benzyloctyl phthalate, manufactured by Solutia/B.  
               
               
                 PALATINOL AH is a plasticizer based on di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, manufactured by BASF.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Testing of the Plastisol Pastes 
     The plastisol pastes were stored at 30° C. and tested with regard to their viscosity after specific intervals (Haake rotation viscosimeter RVZ/measurement cell SV2, shear gradient: 57 −1 ). As is clearly evident in Table 3 (compare paste A with D, B with E, and C with F), the plastisol pastes with the modified PAMA polymers (pastes D, E, and F) clearly show lower viscosity and better storage stability. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Viscosity of different plastisol pastes after specific intervals. All of the 
               
               
                 numbers possess the unit mPa · s; the abbreviation “n.m.” means “not 
               
               
                 measurable” (due to overly high viscosity) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Time 
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
                 D 
                 E 
                 F 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 initial value/immediately 
                 1566 
                 2204 
                 17400 
                 1218 
                 2088 
                 8700 
               
               
                  1 d 
                 3480 
                 2494 
                 12760 
                 1392 
                 2088 
                 8120 
               
               
                  7 d 
                 n.m. 
                 3016 
                 15080 
                   
                 2378 
                 8120 
               
               
                 14 d 
                 n.m. 
                 3364 
                   
                 2088 
                 3016 
               
               
                 21 d 
                 n.m. 
                 4640 
                   
                 3654 
               
               
                 28 d 
                 n.m. 
                 4524 
                 37700 
                 n.m. 
                 3464 
                 9280 
               
               
                 35 d 
                 n.m. 
                 4872 
                   
                 n.m. 
                 3306 
               
               
                 49 d 
                 n.m. 
                 6960 
                   
                 n.m. 
                 3712 
               
               
                 56 d 
                   
                   
                 n.m. 
                   
                   
                 59520  
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     From the values in Table 3, it is evident that a plastisol with the composition according to the invention (pastes D, E, and F) clearly show better viscosity values than a plastisol with a composition according to the state of the art. If pastes demonstrate viscosities of more than 5000 mP·s, they are no longer usable in practical terms, for reasons of processing technology. 
     Production of the Plastisol Films 
     The plastisol pastes were drawn onto a sheet of steel, using a film-drawing frame (gap height 500 μm). To gel the films (within no more than 30 min after application), all of the coated steel sheets were gelled in an oven for 10 min, at 180° C. 
     Testing of the Plastisol Films 
     The films were assessed optically (see Table 4): 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Optical assessment of the films made from various plastisol pastes. 
               
               
                 (Abbreviation k.A. = plasticizer does not float out) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Paste 
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
                 D 
                 E 
                 F 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Appearance of 
                 clear, 
                 clear, 
                 slightly 
                 clear, 
                 clear, 
                 slightly 
               
               
                 the film 
                 k.A. 
                 k.A. 
                 cloudy, 
                 k.A. 
                 k.A. 
                 cloudy, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 k.A. 
                   
                   
                 k.A. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Obviously, numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.