Abstract:
A robotic apparatus of the kind having a sample manipulation head with associated positioning system mounted above the main bed of the apparatus, as used for picking of cells, in particular animal cells, or for other biological or chemical applications. An imaging station is arranged on the main bed where a sample container containing a sample can be placed in an object position. According to the invention, both excitation and collection optical sub-systems are mounted under the main bed of the apparatus for performing spectroscopic analysis on a sample at the imaging station. The integration is based on a reflection mode optical solution, which allows all the optical components to be mounted under the main bed of the apparatus. Consequently, ancillary software driven or manual processes can be carried on with whether or not spectroscopic measurements are being made.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   The invention relates to a robotic apparatus for picking of cells, in particular animal cells, or for other biological or chemical applications, such as gel coring or well plate liquid handling, with integrated spectroscopic capability for fluorescence studies, colorimetry and the like. 
   It is common practice to use fluorescent markers to identify biological or chemical material. Traditionally, these fluorescent markers are investigated using a stand-alone imaging device, referred to as an imager. Two types of imager are now briefly described. 
     FIG. 6  is a schematic side view of an imager in which a charged coupled device (CCD) detector unit  200  comprising a CCD chip  202  and objective  204  is arranged above a shelf  206  on which a sample dish  208  can be placed centrally about the optical axis “O” of the CCD detector unit  200 . Alongside the CCD detector unit  200 , banks of blue light emitting diodes (LEDs)  210  are arranged facing the center of the shelf where sample dishes are to be placed. The blue LED banks  210  are used to excite fluorescence in the sample which is then measured by the CCD chip. The imager is built into a light-tight housing  212  accessed by a hinged door (not shown). An imager of this kind is the Fuji LAS- 1000 . 
     FIG. 7  is a schematic side view of a scanning imager in which a photomultiplier tube (PMT)  220  and objective  222  are used to measure fluorescence from a sample contained in a sample dish  224  which is excited by raster scanning a 488 nm laser beam  226  generated by an argon ion laser  228  over the sample dish. Raster scanning is achieved by a movable mirror arrangement  230 . The scanner is arranged in a light tight housing  232 . 
   In some circumstances it would be desirable to integrate an imaging capability into a robot used for handling well plates or other biological sample containers such as Q-trays, omni-trays, Petri dishes and so forth. This would avoid having to move samples between the robot and the imager. To satisfy this need, a gel picking robot with an integrated imager is known as now described. 
     FIG. 8  shows a robot for imaging and excision of fluorescent gels according to EP-A-1391719 [1]. A detector unit  240  is mounted in the roof  236  of the robot to image down onto a gel dish placed on a light table. The detector unit  240  contains a CCD chip  242  with associated collection optics  244  and bandpass filter  246 . In the middle of the figure, the light table plate  12  is illustrated which lies in the plane of the robot&#39;s main bed  5 . The light source unit  250  is mounted below the main bed of the apparatus and is based on banks of LEDs  252  whose light is filtered with a filter  253  and homogenised with a diffuser  254 . Fluorescence is excited by illuminating the light table from below with the LEDs  252 . It is therefore possible to perform fluorescence analysis and gel coring (excision) using the same machine. 
   Although this design based on transmission-mode optics has been successful, and importantly allows the conventional layout of a microarraying or picking robot to be maintained, the mounting of the detection optics (i.e. the CCD camera) in the roof of the robot with the collection light path extending between the bed of the robot and the roof of the robot is sometimes inconvenient. In particular the robot head and its positioning motors and associated gantries need to be moved out of the way when making fluorescence measurements to avoid blocking the collection light path. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The invention provides a robotic apparatus comprising: a main bed fitted with an imaging station where a sample container containing a sample can be placed in an object position; a head with associated positioning system mounted above the main bed of the apparatus; and excitation and collection optical sub-systems mounted under the main bed of the apparatus and arranged to excite, and collect light from, the object position from below. 
   The invention can thus provide a robot with integrated excitation and collection optical sub-systems for performing fluorescence analysis mounted under the main bed of the apparatus. The integration is based on a reflection mode optical solution, which allows all the optical components to be mounted under the main bed of the apparatus. Consequently, ancillary software driven or manual processes can be carried on with whether or not fluorescence measurements are being made. In particular, the robot head is free to move around the main bed of the apparatus without passing through the light excitation or collection paths from the source and detector respectively. 
   The excitation optical sub-system is preferably controllable to provide excitation at any one of a plurality of different wavelengths for selectively exciting a plurality of different dyes of interest. This may be done by providing a plurality of different types of optical source of different emission wavelengths, such as with different sources mounted at different “filter” positions on a filter wheel. Alternatively a tunable source may be used. 
   The excitation optical sub-system preferably comprises a plurality of different bandpass filters for selecting light at different wavelengths for selectively exciting a plurality of different dyes of interest. This may be used in combination with a plurality of optical sources of different wavelength, with each filter being paired with a particular source. Alternatively, the filters may be used to filter a single broadband source to select a wavelength range targeted at a particular dye. 
   The excitation optical sub-system may comprise a white light source which may be used either as a fluorescence excitation source or for contrast imaging, or both. 
   The excitation optical sub-system may comprise one or more optical sources arranged to illuminate the object position at an oblique angle, preferably in the range 10-50 or 20-40 degrees to the horizontal. With oblique illumination, the collection optical sub-system can advantageously be arranged to collect light from the object position such that the light is collected in a dark field configuration where light from the obliquely illuminating optical source, if not scattered, does not contribute to the collected signal. 
   The collection optical sub-system preferably comprises a plurality of different filters for assisting collection of light at different emission wavelengths associated with fluorescence from a plurality of different dyes of interest. Typically this will be by acting to block light at the excitation wavelength used to excite fluorescence in the dye being used, and to transmit light at the emission wavelength of that dye. These collection-side filters may be mounted on a filter wheel to allow automated selection via a central control system. 
   The apparatus preferably also includes an optics positioning system for aligning the excitation and collection optical sub-systems relative to the object position so that any desired location of the sample container can be moved into the object position. For example, if the sample container is a well plate, the control system can then be operated to position each well in turn at the object position in a rastering type process by column and row. Another example would be if the sample container is a large-area container such as a Petri dish containing colonies positioned at known locations, the control system can be operated to position each of a sequence of previously identified colonies in turn at the object position. 
   The excitation optical sub-system in some embodiments comprises a plurality of directional light emitting units arranged to emit beams having optical axes lying on the surface of a common cone, the point of which is coincident with the object position. This idea may be extended such that the optical source comprises a plurality of directional light emitting units arranged to emit beams having optical axes lying on the surface of at least two cones whose points are coincident with each other and the object position. 
   The apparatus can conveniently be provided with a sample container feeder/stacker, such as for well plates, operable to supply each of a plurality of sample containers from a feed and return them to a stack. 
   The head will typically comprise a plurality of elements for performing a sample manipulation task, such as solid or split pins for picking, hollow pin gel corers, micropipette types for liquid handling and so forth. 
   The invention in another aspect relates to use of a robot equipped with a head for manipulating biological samples, the use comprising: providing a sample container containing at least one cell; arranging the sample container at an imaging station; making a spectroscopic measurement by illuminating the at least one cell from below and collecting light from the at least one cell also from below; and manipulating the at least one cell with the head based on the spectroscopic measurement. 
   There may be a single cell in the sample container, a number of individual cells, or cells formed in one or more colonies. The at least one cell may be an animal cell. The robot may be used for fluorescence studies, including bioluminescence, chemiluminescence and so forth, as well as for coloremetric studies, for example of red colonies. The cell or cells may express a biological molecule of interest. The biological molecule of interest can be selected from the group consisting of: a peptide, a polypeptide, a nucleic acid, a lipid, a metabolyte, or a glycosylated or unglycosylated protein. The biological molecule of interest may be a biopharmaceutical protein. 
   The cell or cells may themselves be marked with the dye, or contained in a medium which is marked with the dye whose optical activity is modified by secretion from the at least one cell. Example uses include assaying of individual cells or clones of cells for genetic changes by means of phenotypic markers that can be detected by changes within the cell or as a consequence of secretion from the cell or a combination of both. Examples include the identification of protease activities associated or missing from a cell by measuring the change in color or emission wavelength of an indicator in the medium. For example a quenched substrate within the medium may not exhibit fluorescence until it is cleaved by an enzyme or other activity. Measurements of changes in fluorescence with the robot are made to detect the activity. It will be understood that there are numerous assays applicable to these kinds of measurements, for example those exemplified in the Molecular Probes catalog. 
   The apparatus of the invention provides a versatile platform for this and a variety of other uses based around fluorescence measurements which may be spatially resolved within each measurement (fluorescence imaging) or may be limited to a single spectroscopic analysis for the data collected at each sample position, for example a single analysis for each well of a well plate. 
   The apparatus can be used to pick valuable or interesting cells or colonies of cells from a cell population. The cells may be 1 to 50 in number in the case of individual cells, or much greater in number in the case of colonies. Using the apparatus such cells can be picked according to spectroscopic criteria. A cell may contain a compound that is present in greater or lesser amounts than the population as a whole. An example may be a cell or colony that has a high level of GFP (detected by fluorescence), a high level of metabolite (detected by Raman) or a pigment (detected by white light). These would all be endogenous. However, it is also possible to detect cells or clones that have altered spectral properties by adding exogenous reagents or compounds and measuring, using spectroscopic analysis, changes in spectral properties of a cell or colony or a component thereof. Examples would include adding a quenched dye to cells then stimulating the cells physiologically and using spectral changes (such as fluorescence) to measure calcium levels (Fura-2) or pH. The apparatus could then pick those colonies (based on the amount of emission or wavelength of the emission) that are high or low expressers. 
   Furthermore these spectral changes may be observed not only in the cells but also outside the cells as a consequence of components secreted into the medium from the cell. The components can be detected either directly, indirectly by the addition of a component such as a fluorescent antibody, or by an effect the component has upon the medium. There is also the case where the component straddles the membrane of the cell so is both inside and outside the cell. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     For a better understanding of the invention and to show how the same may be carried out reference is now made by way of example to the accompanying drawings in which: 
       FIG. 1  is a perspective view of an apparatus embodying the invention; 
       FIG. 2  is a schematic sectional side view showing the sample excitation and collection paths in the vicinity of the sample using a well plate as an example sample container; 
       FIG. 3  is a schematic plan view of the sample vicinity with a well plate as the sample container; 
       FIGS. 4A ,  4 B and  4 C are perspective and orthogonal side views of the optics sub-assembly arranged below the main bed of the apparatus of  FIG. 1 ; 
       FIG. 5  is a block schematic diagram showing the control system of the apparatus; 
       FIG. 6  shows a prior art imager; 
       FIG. 7  shows a further prior art imager; and 
       FIG. 8  shows a prior art gel coring robot with integrated imager. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     FIG. 1  is a perspective view of an apparatus embodying the invention. The apparatus may be considered to be a robot for picking, gel coring or other biological manipulation task with integrated fluorescence excitation and collection (i.e. detection) optics. The apparatus can be subdivided notionally into two half spaces existing above and below a main bed  5  which is supported by a frame  94 . 
   Above the main bed  5 , the apparatus appears as similar to a conventional picking robot. A cell picking head  118  is provided that comprises a plurality of hollow pins for aspirating animal cells. The cell picking head  118  is movable over the main bed  5  by a head position system made up of x- y- and z-linear positioners  98  connected in series and suspended from a gantry  96 . A wash/dry station  102  is also provided on the main bed  5  for cleansing the pins. The whole upper half space of the apparatus will typically be enclosed in a housing (not shown) including a hinged door extending over one side and part of the top of the apparatus. 
   Below the main bed  5 , an optics sub-assembly  110  is provided to accommodate fluorescence excitation and detection optics system which is mounted on a tray  90  suspended from the main bed  5  by pillars  92 . The under-slung optics system is arranged to view well plates placed on the imaging station  100 . 
   The main bed  5  is provided with two main working stations, namely an imaging station  100  and a replating station  104 , each of which is positioned at the end of a respective well plate feed lane. Each well plate feed lane has a well plate feeder/stacker. The well plate feeder/stacker  107  for the imaging station  100  has a well plate feed storage cassette  106  and well plate (re-)stack storage cassette  108 . A stack of well plates are held in the feed storage cassette  106 , fed in turn down the lane via a delidder (not shown) to the imaging station  100 , returned back along the lane, relidded and passed into the rear storage cassette  108 . A similar well plate feeder/stacker  113  is used for the other lane to supply well plates from the storage cassette  112  to the replating station  104  and back along the lane to the (re-)stack storage cassette  114 . 
   The well plate feeder/stacker mechanisms including delidding are described fully in EP-A-1 293 783 [2], the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
   The cell picking head  118  can thus be moved from the imaging station to the replating station to allow replating of animal cells from a target well plate to a destination well plate. In the illustrated embodiment, there is only one destination lane. However, it may be desirable in some cases to have 2, 3 or 4 destination lanes. This may be useful when it is desired to split the animal cells from a given target well into multiple destination wells. The feeder/stacker mechanism is fully modular, so the number of well plate feed lanes can be increased without difficulty. 
     FIG. 2  is a schematic sectional side view showing principles of the design of the optical sub-assembly  110 . Part of a well plate  10  showing  5  wells is also shown. It will be appreciated that samples in other containers may also be studied. Adherent colonies  22  have been cultured in the wells also as shown, the colonies forming around the base  16  and lower sidewalls  14  of the wells  12 . The imaging station is formed in an aperture in the main bed  5  covered by a sheet of optically transparent material, typically glass, that forms a light table  18 . For optical analysis, a well plate  10  is arranged on the light table  18  as shown, having been deposited there by the well plate feeder/stacker. The apparatus is designed to image one well at a time. To image a specific well  12  of a well plate, the optical sub-assembly  110  is aligned relative to the well  12 . 
   The optical sub-assembly  110  comprises two illumination sources and a collection part. 
   The first illumination source is formed of a plurality of white light emitting diodes (LEDs)  24  arranged to form an LED ring  26  located in a collar  28  with a central aperture  25  with the optical axes of the LEDs lying on the surface of a common cone, the point of which is coincident and labeled as the object position O in the figure. This white light source is provided principally to collect conventional images of the sample, for example as are used for performing cell confluence detection by image processing techniques. An apertured top plate  20  lying above the LED ring  26  is also illustrated. This is a structural component and has no significance for the optical design. 
   This second illumination source (not shown in this figure) is arranged to illuminate from the side, as shown by the sideways arrow, onto a semi-silvered mirror  32  which deflects the excitation light vertically onto the sample, as shown by the upwardly pointing arrow, in order to perform fluorescence measurements. 
   The collection part of the optical sub-assembly is made up of a zoom lens  30  with autofocus and is used to collect light when either (or both) of the illumination sources is used. The optical axis is vertical and coincident with the object position O. 
   The well to be imaged is thus aligned laterally with the optical axis of the collection optics and the fluorescence excitation optics and laterally and vertically with the center point of the white light lateral illumination, whereby the center point of the lateral illumination is around the base of the well or slightly higher as illustrated. The LEDs  24  thus illuminate a well  12  arranged in the object position O at an oblique angle from below so that an image of the well  12  is taken in a dark field configuration where light from the LEDs, if not scattered, does not contribute to the well image gathered by the collection lens  30 . 
     FIG. 3  is a schematic plan view of selected parts of the optical system shown in  FIG. 2 . The well plate  10  is a  96  well version and is shown aligned with the optical sub-assembly  110  so that a well  12  three rows up (row m=3) and two columns along (column n=2) is targeted, as illustrated by the objective lens  30  and LED ring  26  of LEDs  24 . The optical sub-assembly is arranged on x- and y-positioners so that the collection lens  30  and illumination ring  26  can be moved together to image any one of the wells  12 . Typically, the wells will be imaged in sequence row-wise and column-wise with a rastering process. This is achieved by moving the optical sub-assembly while the well plate remains static which is preferable so that liquid in the wells is not shaken by moving the well plate between imaging each well which might have an adverse influence on the imaging. 
     FIGS. 4A ,  4 B and  4 C are perspective and orthogonal side views of the optics sub-assembly arranged below the main bed of the apparatus of  FIG. 1 . These three figures are described together, rather than in turn, since they are different views of the same equipment, noting that not all features are visible or marked with reference numerals in each figure. 
   The previously described collar-mounted LED ring  24 ,  26 ,  28  is evident in all three figures. The LED collar  28  is cantilevered out on a side bracket from a vertical mounting plate  65  ( FIG. 4A ) which is part of a frame  60 . The vertical mounting plate  65  is upstanding from a base plate  62 . 
   The fluorescence excitation optics is mounted on the base plate  62  via a further vertical mounting plate  64 . The excitation source is colored LEDs  44  (not shown) that are arranged in groups of different colors  46  on a wheel  48  which is a converted filter wheel with LED groups  46  arranged at each filter position. In front of each LED group  46  there is a bandpass or other suitable narrowband filter  50  (see  FIGS. 4B &amp; 4C ) each arranged in the filter position of a further filter wheel  52  arranged coaxially and on the same motor spindle  56  as the filter wheel  48 , the two wheels being driven in unison by a motor  54 . Each bandpass filter  50  is selected to transmit a range of wavelengths matched to the emission wavelength band of the LED group  46  with which it is paired. Light from the uppermost LED group  46  is directed horizontally through a light pipe  58 , which is not a waveguide, merely a shroud for preventing light spillage, onto the semi-silvered mirror  32  (see  FIG. 4B  and also  FIG. 2 ) which serves as a beam splitter for directing a portion of the colored LED light through the LED collar&#39;s aperture  25  to the object position. Other forms of beam splitter could also be used, for example a cubic beam splitter. The beamsplitter is preferably removable, or movable away from the aperture  25  so that when lateral illumination from the colored LED groups is not needed, it can be taken out of the collection path so that it does not result in loss of collected signal. A mounting stub  35  is also evident in  FIGS. 4A and 4C . This mounting stub  35  is for connecting the colored LED group features to the top plate  20  (removed in  FIG. 4A , but shown in  FIGS. 4B and 4C  and also  FIG. 2 ). 
   The collection lens  30  is held vertically in a mounting tube  66  (see  FIGS. 4B &amp; 4C ) at the base of which is arranged a plane deflecting mirror  68  which redirects the collected light horizontally and supplies it along a light pipe  70  to a CCD camera  34 . Part way along the light pipe  70  there is arranged a filter wheel  36  mounted on a spindle  40  and driven by a motor  38 . Drive electronics for the filter wheel  36  are housed in a unit  42 . Typically filters will be used in the collection optics to filter out excitation light from the colored LED groups  46  when spectroscopic measurements are being performed. Collection side filters  45  may also be useful for filtering out fluorescence, e.g. to stop fluorescence from swamping out contrast of the cell periphery. This might be auto-fluorescence or fluorescence from a tag. For straightforward confluence detection using the white LEDs  24 , no filter may be needed on the collection side. 
   The optical components are thus all mounted directly or indirectly on the base plate  62 . The base plate  62  is carried by a linear positioner  82  which is in turn carried by a linear positioner  74  to provide xy-motion for the whole optical set-up. In the illustration, the x-positioner  74  is at the bottom with the y-positioner mounted on top of it. However, it will be appreciated this choice is arbitrary. It will also be appreciated that a parallel mechanism xy-positioner could be provided instead of two piggy-backed linear positioners. The x-positioner  74  comprises a motor  76 , lead screw  78  and a pair of sets of guide bearings  80 . The y-positioner  82  is the same, comprising a motor  84 , lead screw  86  and a pair of sets of guide bearings  88 . 
   As an alternative to having colored LED of different colors arranged in filter positions on a filter wheel as described above, it is possible to have concentric rings of different colors of LED in a single mounting. For example, the white light LED ring could be exchanged or supplemented with a number of LED rings of different colors. In principle an arbitrary arrangement of LEDs of different colors would provide the same functionality so long as LEDs of different colors could be driven independently, but would be a less elegant design. It would also be possible to use a single group of broadband LEDs in combination with filtering. However, this approach would tend to provide less illumination power than using different colors of LED. It will also be appreciated that other optical sources could be used including superfluorescent LEDs or diode lasers. Fixed wavelength or tunable diode lasers may be used. 
   By way of example, the table below gives, for a number of useful dyes, suitable LED types for the excitation LED groups  46  together with suitable pairs of excitation side filters  50  and collection-side (i.e. emission) filters  45 . The peak excitation and emission wavelengths λ of the example dyes are also stated. 
   
     
       
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
                 
             
             
                 
               Peak 
               Peak 
                 
                 
               Emission 
             
             
                 
               Excita- 
               Emis- 
                 
                 
               Filter 
             
             
                 
               tion 
               sion 
               LED 
               Excitation 
               (Chroma 
             
             
               Dye 
               λ (nm) 
               λ (nm) 
               Type 
               Filter 
               Co.) 
             
             
                 
             
           
           
             
               BFP 
               381 
               445 
               UV 
               none 
               D460/50 m 
             
             
               CFP 
               434 
               477 
               Royal 
               D(HQ)450/50× 
               D505/40 m 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               Blue 
             
             
               EGFP 
               488 
               507 
               Blue 
               D(HQ)470/40× 
               HQ535/50 m 
             
             
               FITC 
               490 
               525 
               Blue 
               D(HQ)470/40× 
               HQ535/50 m 
             
             
               YFP 
               513 
               527 
               Cyan 
               D(HQ)500/30× 
               D550/40 m 
             
             
               Rhodamine 
               550 
               573 
               Green 
               D(HQ)530/30× 
               HQ590/50 m 
             
             
               DSRed 
               565 
               582 
               Green 
               D(HQ)530/30× 
               HQ590/50 m 
             
             
               Cy5 
               649 
               670 
               Red 
               D(HQ)623/36× 
               HQ700/75 m 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
     FIG. 5  is a block schematic diagram showing the control system of the apparatus for coordinating the various components to perform the processes described above. A computer (PC  130 ) is used as the principal control component and is connected by electronic links using standard interfacing protocols to the various components that are part of the automated control system. The control is effected by control software  131  resident in the PC  130 . Image processing and spectroscopic analysis software  132  is also resident in the PC  130  and linked to the control software  131 . The image processing and spectroscopic analysis may also be carried out in hardware or firmware if desired. The CCD camera  34  is connected to the PC  130  for receiving digital images captured by the camera  34 . An illumination and filter controller  150  is connected to the PC  130  for controlling the various under-bed optical sources and filter wheels of the optical sub-assembly  110 . A washer/drier controller  140  is connected to the PC  130  and used to control the blower and the halogen lamps of the wash/dry station  102 . The positioners  98  for moving the head  118  are connected to the PC  130 . The PC  130  is also connected to the motors  76  and  84  of the x- and y-positioners of the under-bed optics sub-assembly  110 . A head-mounted camera  135  is also provided for machine vision, such as bar-code detection on well plates, and is connected to the PC  130  for receiving digital images captured by the head-mounted camera  135 . These are used for aligning the pins of the head with the various locations of interest such as the wash/dry station  102 , well plates etc. The fluid lines  128  are connected to the fluidics unit  186  which is controlled by the fluidics control unit  184  connected to the PC  130 . The fluidics control unit  184  is used to control the pressure in the fluid lines to allow aspiration, retention and expulsion of liquid from the sample. The fluidics control unit  184  also controls the wash cycle of the pins and fluid lines, whereby cleaning fluid from the baths is aspirated and expelled from the ends of the pins during the cleaning cycle. A feeder/stacker control unit  145  is also provided for the feeder/stacker units, including the well plate supply lanes, and is connected to the PC  130 . Separate units  145  may be provided for each lane in view of the modular nature of the feeder/stacker assemblies. The figure also illustrates schematically an optional feature whereby a carrier in the form of a platen  146  is provided to carry one or more well plates  10  or other biological sample containers. The platen  146  is movable in the x- and y-directions by associated motors  147  and motor controller unit  148  which is connected to the PC  130 , these elements collectively forming a positioning system for well plates or other containers arranged on the apparatus. The platen can then be moved in a controlled fashion to allow well-by-well iterative scanning by the optical system across all wells of a well plate. The platen may be provided with an integral heating element, so that well plates or other biological sample containers carried by the platen can be maintained at elevated temperatures, for example to promote enzymatic activity in the samples. 
   It will thus be appreciated that lateral positioning can be achieved in a variety of ways either by moving the optical source and detector on a common platform under the bed of the apparatus, moving the sample with its own xy-positioning system on the sample carrier, or by moving the head. In any given apparatus or process, various combinations of these motion systems may be used. 
   It will be understood that although the control system described above is specific to a robot for gel coring, the invention is applicable to any robot of the arraying type, such as used for colony picking, liquid handling etc., in that the under-bed mounted combined excitation and collection optics can be provided for any robotic head arrangements for micro-arraying or related applications for automated manipulation of well plates and other types of biological sample container. 
   It will be appreciated that although particular embodiments of the invention have been described, many modifications/additions and/or substitutions may be made within the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
   REFERENCES 
   
       
       1. EP-A-1 391 719 (Genetix Limited) 
       2. EP-A-1 293 783 (Genetix Limited)