Abstract:
An optical apparatus for coherent detection of an input optical beam. The apparatus includes a beam splitter for splitting the input optical beam into a first component and a second component; an optical delay device arranged to receive the second component, the optical delay device imposing an intentional delay in the second component of the input optical beam; and an adaptive beam combiner coupled to receive the second component with a delay imposed thereon by the optical delay device; and the first component from the beam splitter. The adaptive beam combiner has two exiting components having the same wavefronts and propagating directions as the first and second components and being in quadrature. A detector arrangement is provided for receiving and detecting the first and second exiting components from the adaptive beam combiner.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to an optical detector which is effective for detecting phase modulated signals in a light beam, but which is relatively insensitive to noise induced when the light beam traverses an aberrant path, caused by (i) a turbulent atmosphere, (ii) relative platform motion or (iii) other artifact which induces a relatively low frequency aberration of the signal. The aberrations can range from near DC to hundred&#39;s of kilohertz while the desired phase encoded data or other information may fall into the multi-GHz range. The present invention may be used in a number of applications and methods, including machines and methods for the testing of materials, communication systems and methods, etc. 
     BACKGROUND AND ADVANTAGES OF THE INVENTION 
     The optical detector of the present invention can be used in laser communication, remote sensing, and nondestructive testing applications. Remote sensing and high-bandwidth (multi-GHz) optical communication receivers have a need for an optical detector which can operate under conditions of extreme beam wander, static and dynamic optical distortions (turbulence, speckle, modal dispersion in multi-mode fibers), and/or relative platform motion. A dual-fiber system can be used for applications where secure links are required, with low probability of interception and detection. 
     In the manufacturing arena, there is a need for optical testing and process control of critical components. Laser-based ultrasound (LBU) represents a viable approach to satisfy these needs, and while prior art photo-emf sensors can form an important component in such diagnostic systems, the present invention will enable such sensors to perform with even better performance. LBU systems can significantly decrease the inspection time and increase reliability, and when the present invention is utilized, it can operate in adverse factory environments, in addition to a strictly controlled laboratory environment. This is due to the fact that the present invention can compensate for in-factory vibrations, relative platform motion, and/or variations in the temperatures and concentration of particles. 
     The prior art includes single-mode optical fiber delay lines, which are suitable for single-spatial mode optical channels (e.g., fiber networks, etc.) Such prior art systems do not function with any reasonable efficiency, particularly in the case of multi-mode beams. 
     In terms of multi-spacial mode systems, the prior art includes Fabry Perot interferometers, which are bulky, expensive (especially if one has large field of view needs), and require servo-control for optical phase-biasing. 
     The prior art includes U.S. Pat. No. 5,900,935 to Klein et al., which discloses a homodyne interferometer. In this prior art system, an optical beam is directed via two paths to a holographic element. One of the paths includes a sample, off which the optical beam is reflected. The optical lengths of the two paths must be kept less than the coherence length of the laser used to illuminate the sample. This restriction imposes strict limitations on the distance from the testing apparatus to the sample. 
     The present invention replaces the bulky prior art interferometer with a compact, multi-mode fiber delay line, integrated with a real-time wavefront matching element, which is automatically biased (so no servo control system is required) for maximum quadrature detection. 
     The prior art also includes isolated two-wave mixers as well as isolated double-pumped phase-conjugate mirrors, both used as real-time beam clean-up (or wavefront matching) elements; these systems degrade in performance in the case of large-amplitude phase excursions, since the real-time grating can experience erasure. 
     The prior art further includes the integration of a multi-mode optical fiber time-delay line  125  with a photo-emf sensor  139  (see FIG.  1  and U.S. Pat. No. 5,684,592). This compact system can also coherently detect highly aberrated, multi-spatial-mode beams. But, the bandwidth of the photo-emf sensor is limited to about 100 MHz, which limits the system&#39;s utility for use in many communication systems, where multi-GHz bandwidth channel capacity may be well required. Moreover, the detection sensitivity is electronic-noise limited and is about an order of magnitude less sensitive than the shot-noise limit. 
     The present invention overcomes all theses limitations, by integrating a high-performance adaptive optical combined element, with a multi-spatial-mode fiber delay line. Moreover, by using a pair of such delay lines, a short-coherence length source can be used; the prior art in this respect involves a photo-emf sensor, which is integrated with the dual-fiber delay line (see FIG.  3 ). Therefore, the net system is limited in detection bandwidth. Finally, the multi-mode optical fiber delay line can be in the form of an amplifying multi-mode optical fiber (e.g., Er-doped glass), for added gain. The present invention will provide robust sensors which can perform in a variety of adverse industrial conditions, including the use of short-coherence sources, extreme (i.e., many optical wavelengths of) workpiece wobbling and beam wander, low-reflectivity workpieces (e.g., or other propagation path losses), and laser amplitude fluctuations (due to workpiece reflectivity changes, wobbling, etc.). The present invention also provides robust sensors for remote sensing and laser communications applications in which the sensor must tolerate fluctuations in received intensity levels.” 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Briefly, and in general terms, the present invention provides an optical apparatus for coherent detection of an input optical beam. The apparatus includes a beam splitter for splitting the input optical beam into a first component and a second component; an optical delay device arranged to receive the second component, the optical delay device imposing an intentional delay in the second component of the input optical beam; and an adaptive beam combiner coupled to receive the second component with a delay imposed thereon by the optical delay device; and the first component from the beam splitter. The adaptive beam combiner has two exiting components which have the same wavefronts and propagating directions as the first and second components and which are in quadrature. A detector arrangement is provided for receiving and detecting the first and second exiting components from the adaptive beam combiner. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a conventional time-delay fiber-based interferometric receiver using a photo-emf sensor; 
     FIG. 2 is a time-delay fiber-based coherent detection system using an adaptive beam combiner as a two wave mixer; 
     FIG. 3 shows a conventional dual-fiber time delay line system using a photo-emf sensor; 
     FIG. 4 is a dual-fiber time delay system using an adaptive beam combiner as a two wave mixer; 
     FIG. 5 is a time-delay fiber-based coherent detection system using an adaptive beam combiner as a two wave mixer in a communications application; and 
     FIG. 6 depicts an alternate arrangement of an adaptive beam combiner and associated detectors. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     A first embodiment of the invention, as shown in FIG. 2, has four basic elements: (1) an optical source, such as a laser  18 ; (2) a multi-mode optical fiber delay line  125 , which is sometimes referred to as a detection delay line herein; (3) a pair of conventional photodetectors  160 ,  165 ; and (4) an adaptive beam combiner  140 . A second embodiment of the invention includes additional optical elements: (1) a second optical-fiber delay line, which is sometimes referred to as a transmission delay line herein which need not match the number of spatial modes as the first (i.e., the detection) delay line; and (2) a fiber amplifier, which can be used in either leg or both legs of the detection time-delay line. 
     The multi-mode optical fiber delay line  125  can be a passive delay line or it can be provided by a multi-mode optical fiber amplifier. In one embodiment of the delay line, the delay is caused by a prescribed length of a multi-mode optical fiber, which serves as the delay line. In another embodiment, this fiber can be in the form of an amplifying optical element, so that the signal can be enhanced as the beam traverses the fiber. As an example, the fiber can be an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), with a length necessary to provide for noise suppression and signal enhancement (see below for choice of fiber length). The fiber amplifier, if used, also requires an optical pump source (typically, a laser diode or a fiber laser). In yet another embodiment the delay line comprises a set of multi-mode fiber loops, with each loop of the set connecting the same points, and, additionally, with each loop having a different physical length. The loop of choice can be electro-optically switched into place. The choice of which loop to switch will depend on the desired ultrasound frequency of operation as well as the maximum cutoff frequency of the background phase noise to be suppressed by the system. 
     The length of the fiber should be greater than the time it takes the ultrasound signal (with the minimum signal frequency component) to travel through the fiber. In addition, the fiber length should be less than the time it takes the phase noise (with the highest noise frequency component) to travel through the same length of fiber. Since the desired ultrasound frequency range is typically on the order of 100 kHz to 1 GHz, this means that the fiber length (L=(c/n)t where c is the speed of light, t is the inverse of the lowest frequency component and n is the effective refractive index of the guided mode in the optical fiber) should be in the range of about 2 km to 20 cm, respectively, or greater. Also, since the noise frequency components range from &lt;1 Hz to about 50 kHz, the fiber length should be in the range of less than 4 km. Thus, both of these conditions can be met simultaneously. In all these cases, the fibers, be they passive or active (e.g., EDFAs), are available commercially. The optional fiber switching network (in the case of a set of fiber loops) is also available. 
     In a third embodiment, which will be described with reference to FIG. 4, the optical source  19  is not provided by laser  18  (which can be omitted), but rather the optical source  19  might be a transmitter of an optical communication system for transmitting data optically. Of course, a suitable laser would likely be used as a component of the optical communications system transmitter. 
     The first embodiment of the invention will be described in connection with a system and method for detecting ultrasound using time-delay interferometry. However, the invention is not limited to this application as it can also be utilized in other applications, such as communication systems, for example. 
     The laser  18  of the first embodiment (see FIG. 2) probes a region of space  16  (such as a remote fiber sensor, a high-bandwidth phase modulator, or a vibrating surface of a workpiece  10  in non-destructive testing) which encodes phase modulation information onto the laser beam. The frequency of the modulation can range from the MHz range to the multi-GHz range, with depth-of-phase excursions in the range of several wavelengths to fractions of a wavelength (down to 0.001 wavelength or smaller). The laser beam may have traversed a highly aberrated path (which can induce beam wander, speckle, etc.), such as a turbulent atmosphere, a highly aberrated plate, a multi-mode optical fiber sensor, or relative platform motion, all of which cause noise. This noise can be in the form of millions of spatial modes or speckle. The time scale of the aberrations can range from near-DC to hundreds of KHz, with phase excursions in the range of several waves to millions of waves. 
     When used in the application of non-destructive testing at a workpiece  10 , the probe beam  20  from laser  18  is directed by mirror  34  to a beam director  36 , preferably a polarizing beamsplitter (PBS), that transmits one polarization component and reflects the orthogonal component. For illustration, the polarization of the probe beam  20  is chosen so that the probe beam is reflected by PBS  36  towards surface  16 . The probe beam  20  is expanded and collimated by lenses  38  and  40  and passes through a polarization rotator  42 , preferably a quarter-wave plate, that converts its linear polarization to circular polarization. A focusing lens  44  focuses the probe beam  20  onto surface  16  of the work piece  10 . Ultrasound pulse or waves  12  are generated in the work piece  10 , preferably by impinging a laser ultrasonic excitation pulse  11  on a different surface of the work piece  10  as is more fully explained in U.S. Pat. No. 5,684,542. The focal length of lens  44  is preferably chosen so that the diameter of the probe beam  20  at the readout surface  16  is comparable to or less than the uniform part of the ultrasonically-induced surface vibration (typically 1 mm or less). 
     When reflected from the surface  16 , the probe beam is phase modulated by the vibrations induced on the readout surface  16  by the ultrasound  12 . The surface  16  is assumed to be smooth enough so that the reflected probe beam  46  substantially maintains its circular polarization. The reflected probe beam  46  passes back through lenses  44 ,  40  and  38 , and also back through quarter-wave plate  42 , which converts this circular polarization back to a linear polarization that is orthogonal to the probe beam&#39;s initial linear polarization state as it exited PBS  36 . Since the polarization of the reflected beam in now rotated, this rotation allows the reflected probe beam  46  to pass through PBS  36 . 
     Reflected beam  46  contains the desired phase modulation information, but it is very likely to be multi-spatial mode dynamically distorted due to aberrations in the path. Part of the light of beam  46  (about 50%) is beam-split by a beam splitter  120  and coupled into a multi-mode fiber delay line  125  with a number of modes comparable to, or greater than, the number of spatial modes in the incident beam. Lenses  172  are used to couple the light into and out of the optical fibers. The length of the delay line  125  is on the order of the inverse of the lowest frequency that is desired to be detected. For example, for a 10 MHz low-frequency cut-off, the fiber length would be on the order of about 20 meters (c×100 nsec/1.5). Here n=1.5 which is the approximate refractive index of the guided modes in the optical fibers. The output of the fiber delay line  125  is a delayed beam  135  which is directed to the adaptive beam combiner  140 , along with a undelayed reference beam  130  from beam splitter  120 . The adaptive beam combiner  140  can comprise a two-wave mixer, a double-pumped phase-conjugate mirror, or a closed-loop adaptive optical system (e.g., a spatial light modulator with a wavefront error sensor, configured into a servo-controlled geometry). In all of these cases, the two multi-mode beams  130 ,  135  with electric field amplitudes S 1  and S 2  respectively, are combined resulting in a wavefront-matched pair of output beams  150 ,  155 . The beams that emerge from the beam combiner  140  can either be co-propagating plane waves, or can both emerge as aberrated waves, but with the same wavefronts and propagation direction. This pair of beams each impinge a conventional square-law photodetector  160 ,  165  for coherent detection. The relative phase between the pair of beams  150 ,  155  is set to be in quadrature (for maximum sensitivity) by the action of the adaptive beam combiner  140 . As a result of this system, slowly varying distortions are, in effect, canceled out by the common-mode aspect of the delay line (i.e., the delayed line propagation time is faster than the slowly varying distortion, even if it is of large excursion), whereas the rapidly varying differential phase information is passed through the beam combiner  140 , where it emerges onto one of the wavefront-matched beams. The square-law response of the detector then demodulates the phase information, resulting in the desired output signal from the detector and its amplifying stage(s). The adaptive beam combiner  140  also tracks out slowly varying non-differential phase changes, such as vibrations of the time-delay fiber (microphonics, thermal effects, etc.), as well as beam wander. Therefore, the system is very robust. Optional fiber amplifiers are shown in the detection, both the undelayed  130  and delayed  135  beams. 
     An adaptive beam combiner  140  is a two-wave mixer which can be in the form of a bulk photorefractive crystal (GaAs, InP, CdTe, barium titanate, BSO etc.) or a thin nonlinear mesia (photorefractive multiple quantum well (MQW) devices, polymers, etc.). In the latter case, the Bragg condition is very forgiving, so that greater than one gigahertz bandwidths can be diffracted by the real-time gratings formed in the device. In the case of semiconductors, the mobilities are relatively high, so that 100 KHz noise (dynamic variations on this order) can be tracked out, or compensated. Also, the sensitivity of these beam combiners has been shown in separate experiments to be with a factor of two of the shot-noise limit, resulting in a very sensitive, and robust coherent detector. 
     A prior art system has already been discussed (see FIG.  1 ), but the prior art used a photo-emf sensor  139  as the detection element, instead of the adaptive beam combiner  140  and photodetectors  160 ,  165  of the present invention, with the result being a reduction in detection sensitivity, and detection bandwidth compared to the present invention. 
     In FIG. 2 a pair of matched detectors  160 ,  165  are provided that each detect the combined (i.e., wavefront-matched) signals from each of the zero-order and first-order-diffracted output “ports” of the beam combiner  140 , so that common-mode (additive noise) can be compensated. The outputs of the detectors  160 ,  165  are combined in an amplifier/processor  170 . Lenses L (see FIG. 6) can be used between the adaptive beam combiner  140  and the respective detectors  160 ,  165  to focus the beams emanating from the adaptive beam combiner thereat. 
     In addition to the basic system shown in FIG. 2, one can employ a second optical delay line  175  in the transmitter section in a second embodiment of the invention as depicted by FIG.  4 . If the delay lines  125 ,  175  are matched in length (i.e. they have identical time delays), then a very short coherence length laser source  19  can be used, resulting in a lower cost of the system, as well as making it very difficult to intercept or detect. A prior art system has already been discussed (see FIG.  3 ), but the prior art used a photo-emf sensor as the detection element, instead of the adaptive beam combiner  140  and photodetectors  160 ,  165  of the present invention, with the result being a reduction in detection sensitivity, and detection bandwidth. The present invention enables higher detection sensitivity (by an order of magnitude) and bandwidth (by three orders of magnitude). 
     Optical amplifiers  173 , as shown in FIG. 2, can be utilized if desired. For example, an optical amplifier may be used in one of the receiver legs: either in the time-delayed leg  135  in the undelayed, reference leg  130 . In the former case, the multimode fiber delay line can, itself, be in the form of a multi-mode fiber amplifier. In the latter case, the undelayed leg can contain a short optical amplifier. Another variant would be for both legs  130 ,  135  to each contain an optical amplifier  173  for even greater performance. The advantage in this case is that the compensation bandwidth of the system will be enhanced, since the photorefractive response (of the beam-combiner device  140 ) is a function of the intensity of the light on the element. The disadvantage of this modification may be in added spontaneous noise and modal noise caused by the fiber amplifiers. One can, in this case, employ a single-mode fiber amplifier in the undelayed leg, and compensate for the loss of spatial modes with a higher gain amplifier; additional gain can then be used to enable the beam combining element to respond faster, with less modal spontaneous noise in the system. 
     FIG. 5 depicts a third embodiment of the present invention. This embodiment is somewhat similar to the embodiment of FIG. 2, but in this embodiment the optical source is a source  19  which can be the transmitter, for example, of an optical communication system and the apparatus of FIG. 5, functions as a communication receiver. The received signal  21 , which may be coupled via appropriate optical components such as lenses, fiber optic cables  22 , etc., is conveyed to beamsplitter  120  when the received signal  21  is split into a delayed component (which transits delay line  125 ) and an undelayed component (which transits path  130 ). 
     The received signal may transit the atmosphere and/or transit a signal made or even a highly multi-mode fiber which can have many spatial modes (1000s to millions). In this situation, a phase modulated beam will traverse a free-space path or propagate through a highly multi-mode fiber prior to entering the receiver of FIG.  5 . Since the receiver uses a time-delay leg  125  in the form of a multi-mode fiber, it can accommodate a wide field-of-view as well as many incident dynamically varying spatial modes (due to wavefront distortions through an atmospheric path, for example). The adaptive beam combiner  140 , therefore sees two beams which have been encoded with the desired phase modulation as well as having become distorted by the atmosphere (or by the multi-mode fiber  22 ). One of the beams has been further distorted by propagating through the multi-mode fiber  125 , whose length is equal to a single bit of time delay. For example, for a 1 Gb/s data rate, the fiber length of the delay line would be about 30 cm. These two distorted beams (the delayed one and the undelayed one) both strike the adaptive beam combiner  140  (which, by the way, can be in the form of a MQW or other real-time holographic coupler). The beams  150 ,  155  then emerge as shown in the FIG. 5, where they are detected using a common-mode rejection (dual-detector  160 , 165 ) system. By comparing the differential phase shift between the two components, the encoded data, which is phase modulated on the received signal by transmitter  19  in this example, is easily demodulated. The present invention tracks out spatial aberrations which can occur due to the atmospheric distortions, etc. The other components shown in FIG. 5 are the same as the corresponding elements shown in FIG.  2  and therefore they are not described further or in greater detail that already done. 
     In the embodiments of FIGS. 2,  4  and  5  the arrangement of the adaptive beam combiner  140  and photodetectors  160 ,  165  has been the same and indeed is based upon an implicit assumption that the beams  130 ,  135  impinging the adaptive beam combiner  140  are appropriately polarized. That assumption will not necessarily be correct for all embodiments. Indeed, as a general rule it may well be more often than not that the two beams  130  and  135  will not have a single polarization or may not have precisely aligned and parallel polarization states. Since two-wave mixers  140  are typically most efficient when the received beams  130  and  135  have polarizations which are parallel to each other, any departure from such purely parallel and parallel-aligned polarized beams will result in a loss of coupling efficiency and wavefront-matching capability of the two beams  150  and  155  which exit the two-wave mixer  140 . Such lack of polarization parallelism can occur in a number of ways. For example, if the optical fiber  125  is not polarization preserving, its output will likely exhibit a randomized polarization. Even if the optical fiber is polarization preserving, if it and any other optical fibers are not properly aligned, then the output beams will not exhibit parallel polarization orientations, leading to coupling inefficiency in the two-wave mixer  140 . 
     It is possible to modify the arrangement of the adaptive beam combiner  140  and photodetectors  160 ,  165  as shown in FIG. 6 to ensure that the two-wave mixer or adaptive beam combiner  140  “sees” only purely polarized beams having parallel polarization states. Turning to FIG. 6, a Polarization Beam Splitter PBS and a 90° rotation element is placed in the path of each beam  130  and  135 . The PBS  131  in path  130  and the PBS  136  in path  135  passes a beam of one linear polarization and reflects a beam whose linear polarization state is perpendicular (i.e. rotated by 90 degrees) with respect to the passed beam. The reflected beam is then rotated back to the same polarization as the passed beam by means of a 90° rotation element  132  associated with path  130  and a 90° rotation element  137  associated with path  135 . In that way the beams exiting the 90° rotation elements have the same polarization as the passed beams exiting the PBSs. These four beams are then combined at the mixer  140  which then only “sees” beams of a common parallel polarization orientation. Mirrors or prisms  133  and  138  are used, as needed, to direct the beams to the mixer  140 . Also, lenses L may be used in the various optic paths as needed. For example, lenses may well be used in between the adaptive beam combiner  140  and the associated detectors  160  and  165 . 
     Having described the invention in connection with preferred embodiments thereof, modification will now doubtlessly suggest itself to those skilled in the art. As such, the invention is not to be limited to the foregoing disclosure, except as required by the appended claims.