Abstract:
The invention is intended for illicit drug detection, preferably to Cocaine detection in street samples containing in addition to Cocaine also adulterants and/or diluents (also denominated as cutting agents) used for increasing the quantity of the product and/or for disguising the existence of Cocaine. The invention provides preparing of the liquid street sample, taking an aliquot of said sample, its analysis with help of SFS (Spectral Fluorescence Signatures) technology, fixing the result of analysis as a reference value, the subsequent acidification of the liquid sample, taking an aliquot of the acidified liquid sample and its analysis with help of SFS technology, fixing the result of analysis and comparing said result with the reference value. The result of comparison enables to differentiate between Cocaine Base and Cocaine hydrochloride in the street sample.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to the field of illicit drug detection, preferably to Cocaine detection in street samples. In the sense of the present invention, a street sample is a product containing in addition to Cocaine also adulterants and/or diluents (also denominated as cutting agents) used for increasing the quantity of the product and/or for disguising the existence of Cocaine. More particularly the invention relates to a method based on fluorescence in solution and specifically on the Spectral Fluorescence Signatures (SFS) technology, enabling to increase sensitivity of Cocaine detection in the illicit drug samples and allowing differentiation between Cocaine hydrochloride and Cocaine base. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     A system and a method for on-site drug detection and quantification based on the Spectral Fluorescence Signatures (SFS) technology are disclosed in WO2005111586. The system of this invention consists of an ultraviolet-visible light source, a condenser/filter assembly with filter drive, an excitation monochromator with diffraction grating drive, a reference photo-detector, a cell assembly for liquid, solid and powder samples, an absorption photo-detector, an emission monochromator with diffraction grating drive, and an emission photo-detector. A microcontroller unit is provided for device controlling, data processing, and communication with an external computer via different link types. The detection and quantification of illicit drugs in the analyzed sample are provided by measuring simultaneously the emission spectra of fluorescence at every step of excitation wavelength in selected and fixed excitation, emission and absorption spectral windows in a way to cover specific excitation, emission fluorescence and absorption spectral ranges of all major drugs, adulterants and diluents; and processing the united result in a computer system based on combination of preliminary prepared spectral library and specialized software consisting of identification, interaction verification and automatic calibration modules. 
     A system and a method of analysis of street samples disclosed in WO2005111586 are limited in detection by the concentration of the substances of interest, in particular Cocaine, at that the specific patterns in SFS structure caused by said substances are not recognized by the expert system due to too low their concentration and interfering influence of adulterants and diluents. Additionally to that the cited invention does not provide reliable means to differentiate between Cocaine hydrochloride and Cocaine base due to the same shapes of SFS caused by both forms of cocaine in water. 
     The need for a technical solution, which increases the selectivity of on-site analysis related to Cocaine detection in a mixture with cutting agents (adulterants and diluents) and allows differentiation between Cocaine hydrochloride and Cocaine base, is mandated by the legal requirements in illicit drug distribution prevention. The current sentencing structure for Cocaine offenses (United States Sentencing Commission. Guidelines Manual. 2004) is the result of the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986. It established mandatory minimum penalties for persons convicted of trafficking in a variety of controlled substances. The 1986 Act pegged the mandatory minimums to specific quantities of drugs distributed. The quantities triggering the Act&#39;s mandatory minimum penalties are differed for various drugs and in some cases for different forms of the same drug. Cocaine base, commonly referred to as crack Cocaine, has been treated differently than Cocaine hydrochloride, commonly referred to as powder Cocaine. The Act established what has come to be known as a 100-to-1 quantity ratio between the two forms of Cocaine. It takes one hundred times as much of powder Cocaine to trigger the same mandatory penalties as for a given amount of crack. Congress also distinguished crack Cocaine from both powder Cocaine and other controlled substances in the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 by creating a mandatory minimum penalty for simple possession of crack Cocaine. This is the only federal mandatory minimum for a first offense of simple possession of a controlled substance. Under this law, possession of more than five grams of crack Cocaine is punishable by a minimum of five years in prison. Simple possession of any quantity of any other substance—including powder Cocaine—by first-time offenders is a misdemeanor offense punishable by no more than one year in prison. 
     The cited documents illustrate necessity to detect and differentiate Cocaine hydrochloride and Cocaine base and to provide reliable and selective detection of two forms of Cocaine to fight effectively against this illegal drugs trafficking and abuse. 
     SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     Resulting from the drawbacks of the known technical solution, the first objective of the present invention is to provide a method for on-site drug detection in illicit drug samples using SFS analysis enabling reliable differentiation of Cocaine hydrochloride and Cocaine base in a sample. 
     Another objective of the present invention is to increase the sensitivity of SFS analysis for Cocaine base detection in the mixtures with cutting agents. 
     For achieving the above objectives, the suggested method for on-site drug detection in illicit drug samples bases on the analysis performed by the Spectral Fluorescence Signatures (SFS) technology and provides executing of the following steps: 
     preparing an aliquot liquid sample of a street sample for analysis; 
     introducing the aliquot liquid sample into the measuring cell of an SFS device; 
     providing the first measurement of SFS of the aliquot liquid sample; 
     fixing the result of the first measurement of SFS of the aliquot liquid sample as a reference value; 
     preparing an acidified aliquot liquid sample after the first measurement; 
     providing the measurement of SFS of the acidified aliquot liquid sample after passing the time limit necessary for dissolving of Cocaine base; 
     comparing the reference value and the result of the measurement of SFS of the acidified aliquot liquid sample, and 
     considering lack of any cocaine in the street sample proved if the reference value is zero and the result of the measurement of SFS of the acidified aliquot liquid sample is the same; or 
     considering the existence of Cocaine base in the street sample proved if the result of the measurement of SFS of the acidified aliquot liquid sample exceeds the reference value; or 
     considering lacking of Cocaine base and the existence of Cocaine hydrochloride in the street sample proved if the result of the measurement of SFS of the acidified aliquot liquid sample is below the reference value or equals to the reference value, and the reference value differs form zero. 
     The preferred time limit provided for dissolving of Cocaine base is at least 3 minutes. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1 : The flow chart of two-phase procedure of a sample analysis for Cocaine hydrochloride and Cocaine base 
         FIG. 2 : Increase of fluorescence intensity of Cocaine base in water (2 mg/ml) in two-phase procedure. 
         FIG. 3 : Increase of fluorescence intensity of Cocaine base in water (0.1 mg/ml) in two-phase procedure. 
         FIG. 4 : Increase of fluorescence intensity of Cocaine base (0.02 mg/ml) in two-phase procedure. 
         FIG. 5 : Time dependency of fluorescence increase of Cocaine base (2 mg/ml) after acidification. 
         FIG. 6 : Time dependency of fluorescence increase of Cocaine base (0.1 mg/ml) after acidification. 
         FIG. 7 : Time dependency of fluorescence increase of Cocaine base (0.02 mg/ml) after acidification. 
         FIG. 8 : Fluorescence intensity of Cocaine hydrochloride (2 mg/ml) in two-phase procedure. 
         FIG. 9 : Fluorescence intensity of Cocaine hydrochloride (0.02 mg/ml) in two-phase procedure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     According to the present invention, the first step of the method is preparing the liquid sample for analysis. For this purpose the dry sample for analysis (sampled amount of powder or crushed pill) taken by sampling tool (e.g. spatula), is transferred into purified water, and water with powder is mixed to assist dilution of the powder in water. After that, an aliquot (part) of prepared liquid sample is taken and introduced into the measuring cell of the device according to WO2005111586 and SFS of the aliquot of liquid sample is measured accordingly. Upon acquisition of the SFS, the expert system of the device provides the detection of the substance of interest in the sample. 
     The second phase of analysis according to the present invention includes additional treatment of remainder of the liquid sample, its re-measurement with the same device and analysis with expert system ( FIG. 1 ). The second phase is required and performed at following conditions. 
     1. If no substance of interest, namely Cocaine has been reported by the expert system upon completion of the first phase of analysis, such result can be due to two reasons:
         a) there is no Cocaine in the sample at all;   b) there is Cocaine in the sample at such concentration that its fluorescence is too low for detection or is influenced by adulterants and diluents hampering the detection of Cocaine by expert system;       

     Such uncertainty does not allow making the final conclusion about the street sample content. 
     2. If cocaine detection has been reported at the first phase of analysis, then differentiation between Cocaine base and Cocaine hydrochloride is required. 
     To solve the problems remained after completing the first phase of analysis, the second phase of analysis procedure is performed ( FIG. 1 .) which is based on combined influence of two factors. 
     The first one is that the solubility of Cocaine hydrochloride in water is much higher than the solubility of Cocaine base. Indeed, Cocaine hydrochloride is quickly dissolved in water due to its high water solubility (2-2.5 g/ml) but Cocaine base cannot be dissolved in concentrations higher than 0.0017-0.0014 g/ml. (The Merck Index. 13th edition. 2001). Due to that a taken for analysis dry sample of Cocaine base cannot be dissolved completely in the conditions of the procedure: a part of insoluble Cocaine base remains in the tube at the first measurement of the solute aliquot. 
     The second one is that addition of acid (preferably hydrochloric one) to the liquid sample prepared for the first phase, promotes the reaction of protonation of Cocaine base, if it is present in the sample, converting it to hydrochloric salt which is more soluble in the liquid sample (http://www.aapsj.org/view.asp?art=ps050104). 
     As a result of this reaction, more Cocaine becomes soluble, its concentration rises and fluorescence increases. This increase of fluorescence changes the SFS at the second phase of measurement of Cocaine ( FIG. 2-4 ), thus enhancing its easier detection with expert system.  FIG. 5-7  show time dependency of protonation process for Cocaine base in acidified sample, indicating that minimal time delay between acidification and measurement by device is about 3 minutes. 
     Addition of acid to the sample containing Cocaine hydrochloride does not lead to the increase of the fluorescence intensity at the corresponding excitation and emission wavelengths. The fluorescence intensity either decreases or remains at the same level. ( FIG. 8-9 ). 
     After completion of the first phase of analysis the intensity of Cocaine fluorescence in the corresponding spectral pattern of SFS is fixed as a reference value. The second phase analysis is performed by addition of 1-2 drops of hydrochloric acid to the remainder of the liquid sample prepared for the first phase of analysis, taking an aliquot of the acidified liquid sample and re-measuring of it is carried out in the device according to WO2005111586. In principle, it is possible also to use other acids instead of hydrochloric one for acidification of the liquid sample but the hydrochloric acid is preferable due to its comparatively lower harmful properties and low volatile behavior. 
     After re-measurement the intensity of Cocaine detected at the second phase of analysis—second phase intensity—is compared with the reference value. 
     If after completion of the second phase of analysis the expert system still does not detect Cocaine in acidified liquid sample, absence of any Cocaine in the street sample is treated as confirmed. 
     For the liquid sample containing Cocaine base, the second phase intensity will be higher than the reference intensity due to increase of Cocaine concentration in the solute. In opposite, for the liquid samples containing Cocaine hydrochloride, the second phase intensity will be lower than the reference intensity or remain the same ( FIG. 8-9 ). Therefore the second phase of the procedure makes possible the differentiation between Cocaine hydrochloride and Cocaine base. 
     Table 1 shows the typical change of fluorescence intensity of Cocaine base in different percent concentration fixed by the applicant in experimental laboratory samples. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Fluorescence 
                   
               
               
                   
                 intensities, a.u. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 SFS ID 
                 Cocaine base 
                 First 
                 Second 
                 Intensity 
               
               
                 number 
                 concentration, % 
                 phase 
                 phase 
                 difference, % 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 8187 
                 100 
                 1470 
                 7369 
                 +401 
               
               
                 8189 
                 100 
                 1344 
                 7250 
                 +439 
               
               
                 8191 
                 100 
                 1172 
                 7430 
                 +439 
               
               
                 8193 
                 75 
                 1161 
                 7442 
                 +541 
               
               
                 8195 
                 75 
                 1239 
                 7465 
                 +503 
               
               
                 8197 
                 75 
                 1152 
                 7180 
                 +523 
               
               
                 8199 
                 50 
                 999 
                 7163 
                 +617 
               
               
                 8201 
                 50 
                 977 
                 7139 
                 +631 
               
               
                 8203 
                 50 
                 982 
                 6989 
                 +612 
               
               
                 8205 
                 25 
                 701 
                 6250 
                 +792 
               
               
                 8207 
                 25 
                 779 
                 6376 
                 +718 
               
               
                 8209 
                 25 
                 726 
                 6428 
                 +785 
               
               
                 8211 
                 5 
                 427 
                 2528 
                 +492 
               
               
                 8213 
                 5 
                 399 
                 3035 
                 +661 
               
               
                 8215 
                 5 
                 462 
                 3192 
                 +591 
               
               
                 8217 
                 1 
                 212 
                 896 
                 +323 
               
               
                 8219 
                 1 
                 262 
                 1087 
                 +315 
               
               
                 8221 
                 1 
                 314 
                 1842 
                 +487 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Table 2 shows typical change of fluorescence intensity of Cocaine hydrochloride with cutting agents fixed by the applicant in experimental laboratory samples. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Cocaine 
                 First 
                 Second 
                   
               
               
                 SFS ID 
                 hydrochloride 
                 phase 
                 phase 
                 Intensity 
               
               
                 number 
                 concentration, % 
                 intensity 
                 intensity 
                 difference, % 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 8223 
                 100 
                 7799 
                 2781 
                 −64 
               
               
                 8225 
                 100 
                 7668 
                 3130 
                 −59 
               
               
                 8227 
                 100 
                 7625 
                 3390 
                 −56 
               
               
                 8229 
                 50 
                 7590 
                 3608 
                 −52 
               
               
                 8231 
                 50 
                 7738 
                 3416 
                 −56 
               
               
                 8233 
                 50 
                 7796 
                 3435 
                 −56 
               
               
                 8235 
                 25 
                 6617 
                 3474 
                 −48 
               
               
                 8237 
                 25 
                 6671 
                 3515 
                 −47 
               
               
                 8239 
                 25 
                 6667 
                 3462 
                 −48 
               
               
                 8241 
                 5 
                 2748 
                 1720 
                 −37 
               
               
                 8243 
                 5 
                 2661 
                 1580 
                 −41 
               
               
                 8245 
                 5 
                 2546 
                 1676 
                 −34 
               
               
                 8247 
                 1 
                 651 
                 469 
                 −28 
               
               
                 8249 
                 1 
                 666 
                 432 
                 −35 
               
               
                 8251 
                 1 
                 642 
                 444 
                 −31 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The presented above data confirm efficacy of the procedure of sample acidification for Cocaine hydrochloride and Cocaine base reliable detection and their differentiation. 
     Two-phase analytical procedure provides differentiation between Cocaine hydrochloride and Cocaine base. Significant increase of Cocaine base fluorescence and decrease of Cocaine hydrochloride fluorescence is observed as a result of it. Time dependence of the studied acidification effect demonstrates that approximately 3 minutes is required to provide the changes and further stabilization of the fluorescence intensity. 
     Increase of fluorescence of Cocaine base after acidification provides also higher sensitivity of the SFS analysis for this form of Cocaine. 
     A step-by-step performance of the present invention is presented below.
         1. Transferring a proper amount of the street sample into a test container with a rational volume of pure water.   2. Giving the amount of street sample to dissolve at possible instant within 3 minute allowing any insoluble materials settle to the bottom of the container.   3. Taking a proper aliquot of the dissolved street sample (liquid sample) and placing it into the measuring cell of the device according to WO2005111586.   4. Measuring the SFS of aliquot and detecting specific spectral pattern of Cocaine. Measuring the intensity of Cocaine fluorescence at the first phase of the two-phase procedure.   5. Acidification of the remainder of the dissolved street sample with possibly non-soluble particles and giving a proper time for non-soluble particles to dissolve in possible degree within at least 3 minutes. Allowing any insoluble materials settle to the bottom of the test container.   6. Taking a proper aliquot of the dissolved acidified street sample and placing it into the measuring cell of the device according to WO2005111586.   7. Measuring the SFS of acidified aliquot and detecting specific spectral pattern of Cocaine. Measuring the intensity of Cocaine fluorescence at the second phase of two-phase procedure.   8. Comparing the intensities of Cocaine fluorescence at the first phase and second phase of the two-phase procedure provided that the intensity of Cocaine fluorescence at the first phase is detected. Higher intensity at the second phase indicates that Cocaine base is present in the street sample. And on the contrary, lower or unchanged intensity at the second phase indicates that Cocaine hydrochloride is present in the street sample. Absence of Cocaine fluorescence at the both phases indicates that neither Cocaine base nor Cocaine hydrochloride are present in the street sample.       

     The working range for the detection and differentiation is from 5% till 100% of cocaine in the sample. According to the procedure it is equal to 1 mg-20 mg per 10 ml of water. The real lowest level of cocaine detection in street samples is about 1% or 0.2 mg per 10 ml of water. Intensity of cocaine fluorescence depends on its concentration in this range. 
     The procedure of Cocaine base detection and differentiation from Cocaine hydrochloride can be provided automatically by Expert system analyzing the SFS. Such expert system considers not only the shape and position of Cocaine spectra but their intensities in parallel: appearance of Cocaine spectral pattern or increase of its fluorescence intensity after acidification of the measuring sample is used as the evidence of Cocaine base property of the detected Cocaine. 
     The data below demonstrate increase of SFS intensity of Cocaine base and decrease of SFS intensity of Cocaine hydrochloride after acidification of their solutes in distilled water. Study of time dependence of these changes supplements the stated changes. 
     Table 3 shows application of two-phase analytical procedure for differentiation of Cocaine base and cocaine hydrochloride fixed by the applicant in experimental laboratory samples. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Fluorescence 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 intensities, a.u. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 SFS ID 
                 First 
                 Second 
                 Intensity 
                   
               
               
                 number 
                 phase 
                 phase 
                 difference, % 
                 Result 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 8223 
                 653.12 
                 2501.45 
                 +283 
                 Cocaine base 
               
               
                 8225 
                 475.58 
                 4603.54 
                 +868 
                 Cocaine base 
               
               
                 227 
                 753.54 
                 5809.56 
                 +671 
                 Cocaine base 
               
               
                 8229 
                 7449.36 
                 6234.73 
                 −16 
                 Cocaine hydrochloride 
               
               
                 8231 
                 284.46 
                 239.7 
                 −16 
                 Cocaine hydrochloride 
               
               
                 8233 
                 4099.25 
                 2056.85 
                 −50 
                 Cocaine hydrochloride 
               
               
                 8235 
                 5308.69 
                 4927.63 
                 −7 
                 Cocaine hydrochloride 
               
               
                 8237 
                 5441.14 
                 5216.5 
                 −4 
                 Cocaine hydrochloride 
               
               
                 8239 
                 774.64 
                 4538.06 
                 +486 
                 Cocaine base 
               
               
                 8241 
                 769.19 
                 6710.65 
                 +772 
                 Cocaine base 
               
               
                 8243 
                 426.75 
                 5053.65 
                 +1084 
                 Cocaine base 
               
               
                 8245 
                 6011.37 
                 4887.47 
                 −19 
                 Cocaine hydrochloride 
               
               
                 8247 
                 806.53 
                 6293.99 
                 +680 
                 Cocaine base 
               
               
                 8249 
                 6890.81 
                 5584.47 
                 −19 
                 Cocaine hydrochloride 
               
               
                 8251 
                 6831.84 
                 5908.92 
                 −14 
                 Cocaine hydrochloride 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The disclosed embodiment of the invention does not determine its scope of protection, but shows only one of variants of its realization within the scope defined by claims.