Abstract:
A welding electrode with a configuration ( 2 ) for the ultrasound introduction for the testing of weld joints, in particular resistance welded joints, comprises an ultrasound transmitter for the impingement of the welding region with ultrasonic waves and an ultrasound receiver disposed at a spacing from the welding region, for the reception of the ultrasonic waves passed through the welding region. To provide a welding electrode which is simple in structure, which is suitable for an impingement of the welding region with longitudinal ultrasonic waves, the ultrasound transmitter radiates the ultrasonic waves axially into the welding electrode ( 4 ) or axially or obliquely into a channel ( 42 ) of the welding electrode which is filled with a medium transmitting sound.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The invention relates to a welding electrode with a configuration for the introduction of ultrasound for the testing of weld joints. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     Testing resistance welded joints by means of ultrasound is generally known, for example through the technical journal “Schweiβen &amp; Schneiden”, 1997, No. 1, pp. 15. Herein the welding region, thus that region of the workpiece to be welded, onto which the welding electrodes act, is impinged with ultrasonic waves from an ultrasound transmitter. The ultrasonic waves, either after permeation through the welding region or after reflection on this welding region, are received by means of an ultrasonic receiver. By evaluating the received ultrasonic waves conclusions can be drawn regarding the temperature course in the workpiece to be welded and the growth of the welding spot. It is herein especially advantageous that the testing of the weld joint takes place still during the welding process such that parameters of the welding process, for example the welding current or the welding time, can be adapted as a function of the evaluation of the received ultrasonic signals. In this way defective weld joints are reliably avoided. 
     Through EP 02 48 177 a configuration for the introduction of ultrasound in the testing of resistance welded joints is known, which comprises welding electrodes with electrode caps and an ultrasound transmitter for acting upon the welding region with ultrasonic waves. The ultrasound transmitter is disposed on the inside on the bottom of the electrode cap and generates ultrasound signals with a frequency of approximately 5 MHz. The ultrasound signals are received by an ultrasound receiver after their permeation through the welding region, which receiver is disposed inside the electrode cap of a welding electrode which during the welding process is disposed oppositely. Similar configurations are also known through U.S. Pat. No. 3 384 733 and DE-AS 2,655,415. 
     A disadvantage of the known configurations comprises that when replacing the electrode cap which represents a wearing part, the ultrasound transmitter must be removed and attached on the new electrode. This is time consuming and involves expenses. 
     A further disadvantage of the known configurations comprises that the electric feed lines for the ultrasound transmitter must be guided through the entire electrode shaft up to the electrode cap, which is made difficult thereby that a large portion of the inner volume of the electrode shaft, as a rule, is taken up by feed lines for cooling means for cooling the electrode cap, such that for the electric feed lines not much space is available. In addition, the electric feed lines of the ultrasound transmitter must be insulated against the cooling water and the ultrasound transmitter must be sealed against the penetration of cooling water. The same disadvantages relate to the ultrasound receiver disposed in corresponding manner within the other welding electrode. 
     Through DE 43 25 858 C2 a configuration is known of the relevant type for the introduction of ultrasound in the testing of resistance welded joints, which comprises a welding electrode having an electrode cap and an ultrasound transmitter disposed remote from the electrode cap, for impinging the welding region with ultrasonic waves. In the known configuration the ultrasound transmitter is attached on the outer electrode shaft of the electrode or on an electrode holder of the welding electrode and impinges the welding region with shear waves. By attaching the ultrasound transmitter on the outer electrode shaft or on the electrode holder the structure of the known configuration is indeed simplified. 
     However, one disadvantage comprises that in the known configuration due to the coupling of the sound waves from the outer surface of the electrode the impingement of the welding region with longitudinal ultrasonic waves is not possible since herein a damping of the longitudinal ultrasonic waves would occur to a considerable degree and would make difficult the evaluation of the ultrasonic waves after their permeation through the welding region or their reflection on this welding region. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention is based on the task of specifying a welding electrode which is simple in structure and which is suitable for an impingement of the welding region with longitudinal ultrasonic waves. 
     The teaching according to the invention builds first on the recognition that within the scope of a simple structure of the welding electrode it is of advantage if the ultrasound transmitter is disposed spaced apart from the welding region. Building hereon, the fundamental concept of the teaching according to the invention comprises irradiating the ultrasonic waves axially into the welding electrode or axially or obliquely into a channel of the welding electrode which is filled with a sound-transmitting medium. In this way an impingement of the welding region is also possible with longitudinal ultrasonic waves without attenuations of the ultrasonic waves occurring to such a degree that the evaluation of the ultrasonic waves is impaired after their permeation through the welding region or their reflection on this welding region. 
     By the disposition of the ultrasound transmitter spaced apart from the welding region, the structure of the device according to the invention is simply formed since it is not required to lead the electric feed lines of the ultrasound transmitter up to the electrode tip or cap. 
     The development according to the invention permits in simple and precise manner an impingement of the welding region with ultrasonic waves and by evaluating the ultrasonic waves after permeation through the welding region or reflection on this welding region, the testing of the weld joint during or after completion of the welding process and a control of the parameters of the welding process as a function of this evaluation. In this way, defective weld joints are avoided or at least decreased. This saves time- and thus cost-intensive finishing or reworking. 
     The welding electrode can therein be developed for example integrally and with a pocket bore as the channel or in two components comprising an electrode shaft with a continuous bore as a channel and an electrode cap. 
     An ultrasound receiver for the reception of the ultrasonic waves after permeation through the welding region or reflection on this welding region can be formed as a separate element apart from the configuration. According to a further development of the teaching according to the invention, the configuration comprises, however, an ultrasound receiver for the reception of ultrasonic waves after permeation through the welding region or reflection on this welding region. In this embodiment the impingement of the welding region with ultrasonic waves as well as also the reception of the ultrasonic waves takes place through the configuration according to the invention, which can additionally comprise an evaluation unit for evaluating the signals received by the ultrasound receiver. 
     In principle, the ultrasound transmitter can be separated from the channel into which it irradiates the ultrasonic waves by a component of the configuration, provided it is ensured that the damping of the ultrasonic waves during the passing through this component are kept in limits, within which, in the required manner, an evaluation of the ultrasonic waves is still possible after their permeation through the welding region or reflection on this welding region. An especially advantageous further development of the teaching according to the invention provides that the ultrasound transmitter is directly connected with the channel. In this way a damping of the ultrasonic waves before their entrance into the channel is avoided. This permits a precise evaluation of the ultrasonic waves. 
     The ultrasound transmitter can, in principle, be disposed at any desired site provided the irradiation of the ultrasonic waves into the channel in the required manner is ensured. 
     The configuration usefully comprises an ultrasound receiver for the reception of ultrasonic waves after their permeation through the welding region or their reflection on this welding region. 
     According to an embodiment the ultrasound transmitter and/or the ultrasound receiver are at least partially received in an electrode holder of the welding electrode or a component connected therewith. In this way the structure of the configuration is implemented such that it is compact and robust. In addition, the ultrasound transmitter, due to its disposition in the electrode holder or a component connected therewith, is protected against mechanical damage during the handling of the electrode holder with the welding electrode. The channel extends usefully through the electrode holder and/or a component connected therewith and/or an electrode shaft of the welding electrode. 
     Another advantageous further development of the teaching according to the invention provides that the ultrasound transmitter is disposed relative to the channel such that the ultrasonic waves propagate substantially in the axial direction of the channel. In this way undesirable reflections or dampings of the ultrasonic waves are avoided, which can occur if the direction of propagation of the ultrasonic waves extends at an angle to the walls of the channel. 
     Disposition and geometry of the channel are selectable within broad limits. An advantageous further development provides that the channel has substantially a constant cross section over its entire length. In this way the same propagation conditions for the ultrasonic waves are attained over the entire length of the channel. The channel can also be developed conically or be bent or angled. 
     In the above described embodiment the channel can be formed in a portion with a cylindrical inner wall, as is provided by a useful further development. 
     According to an especially advantageous further development of the teaching according to the invention, the channel is at least partially formed by the electrode holder and/or by a component connected with the electrode holder and/or by a tube component extending through the electrode shaft for supplying cooling means to the inside of the electrode cap and/or for the outlet of cooling water from the inside of the electrode cap. In this embodiment the ultrasonic waves are supplied to the welding electrode via the cooling water path of the welding electrode. 
     The ultrasound transmitter and/or the ultrasound receiver are usefully connected detachably with the electrode holder. In this embodiment a replacement of a defective ultrasound transmitter as well as also the removal of the ultrasound transmitter from a defective electrode holder is made possible. 
     With the above embodiment the electrode holder can comprise on its side facing away from the electrode cap at least one recess connected with the channel, preferably accessible from the outside of the configuration, for the reception of the ultrasound transmitter and/or of the ultrasound receiver. In this way, the production of the configuration according to the invention and an access to the ultrasound transmitter, for example for replacing it, is simplified. 
     A useful further development of the above embodiment provides that the recess is coaxial with the longitudinal axis of the channel. In this way, for example when a propagation of the ultrasonic waves is required in the axial direction of the channel, the assembly of the configuration according to the invention is simplified, since through the position of the recess relative to the longitudinal axis of the channel the position of the ultrasound transmitter is preset relative to the channel. 
     A further development of the embodiment with the recess provides that the ultrasound transmitter and/or the ultrasound receiver is/are adhered or plugged into this recess or are screwed with outer threads into inner threads of the recess. 
     In principle the ultrasound transmitter can generate any desired, preset type of ultrasonic waves. However, the ultrasound transmitter advantageously impinges the welding region with longitudinal ultrasonic waves. In this way the evaluation of the ultrasonic waves received by an ultrasound receiver after permeation through the welding region or reflection on this welding region, is simplified. 
     The wavelength of the ultrasonic waves is selectable within broad limits. However, usefully the wavelength of the ultrasonic waves is approximately 5 to approximately 25 MHz. 
     A further development of the above embodiment provides that the ultrasound receiver relative to the welding region is disposed at the ultrasound transmitter side. In this embodiment the ultrasound receiver receives the ultrasonic waves reflected on the welding region. 
     According to a further implementation of the invention the ultrasound receiver is contained together with the ultrasound transmitter in a test head. Hereby an especially compact structure can be attained. The ultrasound receiver and the ultrasound transmitter can also be disposed separately in two test heads. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     In the following the invention will be explained in further detail in conjunction with the drawing in which embodiment examples are depicted as follows: 
     FIG. 1 is a sectional side view of a first embodiment example of a configuration according to the invention, and 
     FIG. 2 in the same representation as in FIG. 1 is a second embodiment example of the configuration according to the invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In the Figures of the drawing identical or corresponding structural components are denoted by identical reference symbols. 
     In FIG. 1 is depicted a first embodiment example of a configuration  2  according to the invention, in which a welding electrode  4  is retained by an electrode holder  6 . The welding electrode  4  comprises an electrode shaft  8 , which is retained with an outer surface  10  tapering conically toward its one end in a conical inner surface  12  of the electrode holder  6 . At its end, facing away from the electrode holder  6 , the electrode shaft  8  comprises a further outer surface  14  tapering conically on which an electrode cap  16  with a conical inner surface  17  is held. 
     The electrode shaft  8  comprises a central bore  18 , through which extends a tube component  20  coaxial with the bore  18 , which in a manner to be described in further detail in the following, serves for supplying a cooling means to an inside  22  of the electrode cap  16 . The tube component  20  is provided on its end facing away from the electrode cap  16  with outer threads  24 , with which it is screwed into a threaded bore  26  of the electrode holder  6 . The outer diameter of the tube component  20  is less than the clearance inner width of the bore  18  of the electrode shaft  8 , such that between the inner wall of bore  18  and the outer wall of the tube component  20  an annular gap  28  is formed for the outlet of the cooling means from the inside  22  of the electrode cap  16 . 
     The electrode holder  6  comprises a bore  30  extending perpendicularly to the central bore  18  of the electrode shaft  16 , through which extends a second tube component  32 , which is connected with an annular chamber  34  connected with the annular gap  28  and which serves for the outlet of cooling means from the electrode cap  16 . In the region of its end facing the annular chamber  34  the clearance inner width of bore  30  corresponds to the outer diameter of the second tube component  32 , such that the second tube component  32  in this region is received tightly in the bore  30 . In the region of its end facing away from the annular chamber  34  the bore  30  comprises a clearance inner width which is greater than the outer diameter of the second tube component  32 , such that in this region between the inner wall of bore  30  and the outer face of the second tube component  30  an annular gap  36  is formed. The annular gap  36  at its end facing away from the annular chamber  34  is connected with an annular chamber  38  as well as with a supply channel  40 , which is connected with a channel  42  formed in the first tube component. 
     In the region of the supply channel  40  the electrode holder  6  comprises a recess  46  coaxial with the longitudinal axis of channel  42  symbolized in FIG. 1 by a dot-dash line  44 , which in this embodiment example is formed by a through-bore extending from the supply channel  40  to the outside of the electrode holder. In the recess  46  a test head  48  is received in the electrode holder  6 , which during operation of the configuration  2  generates longitudinal ultrasonic waves and irradiates them into the channel  42 , wherein the longitudinal ultrasonic waves propagate in the axial direction of channel  42  from the test head  48  to the electrode cap  16 . 
     The test head  48  in this embodiment example is plugged into the recess  46 . However, it can also be adhered in the recess  46  or be screwed with outer threads into inner threads of the recess  46 . 
     The test head  48  with the ultrasound transmitter is connected via feed lines not depicted in the drawing with a control circuit also not shown in the drawing, which drives the test head  48  during operation of the configuration  2  such that the ultrasound transmitter generates ultrasonic waves with a presettable wavelength or frequency, which can be for example in the range from approximately 5 to approximately 25 MHz. 
     The operational function of the configuration  2  is as follows: 
     during operation of the configuration two or several parts to be welded to one another are disposed between the electrode cap  16  of the welding electrode  4  and an electrode cap of a further welding electrode not shown in the drawing. Via the electrode caps  16 , over means not further shown in the drawing but known to a person skilled in the art, a welding current is introduced into the welding region such that in the welding region a welding spot develops. 
     For testing the weld joint forming herein, the ultrasound transmitter of the test head  48  radiates substantially longitudinal ultrasonic waves into channel  42 , which propagate along the longitudinal axis  44  of the channel  42  to the electrode cap  16  and through it into the welding region and permeate through the welding region. After the permeation of the welding region and damping in the welding region the ultrasonic waves are received by a further test head disposed on the other welding electrode with an ultrasound receiver, not shown in the drawing. The further test head can be disposed on the other welding electrode in a manner similar to the test head  49  on the welding electrode  4 . 
     The ultrasonic waves received by the ultrasound receiver can be evaluated continuously during the welding process in order to obtain information about the course of the welding process and, if appropriate, adapt the parameters of the welding process, for example the welding current and/or the welding time such that a reliable weld joint is attained. 
     During the welding process to the electrode cap  16  is supplied cooling water as cooling means, which flows from a cooling means store, not shown in the drawing, via the annular chamber  38  and the annular gap  36  into the supply channel  40  and from there through the channel  42  in the interior of the first tube component  20  to the inside  22  of the electrode cap  16  and cools it. After the cooling of the electrode cap  16  the heated cooling water flows from the inside  22  of the electrode cap  16  through the annular gap  28  into the annular chamber  34  and from there through the interior of the second tube component  32  back to the cooling means store not shown in the drawing. 
     Channel  42  serves according to the invention thus, on the one hand, for supplying cooling water to the electrode cap  16 , on the other hand, also as sound channel for the propagation of the ultrasonic waves radiated by the ultrasound transmitter of the test head  48 . 
     Since the ultrasonic waves in their propagation through the cooling water flowing in channel  42  are damped or reflected only to a small extent, an evaluation is made possible of the ultrasonic waves after permeation of the welding region with high amplitude and thus high accuracy. 
     By attaching the test head  48  in the interior of the electrode holder  6 , the test head  48  is reliably protected against mechanical damage. Thereby that the recess  46  is accessible from the outside, the test head  48  can, if needed, be removed in rapid and simple manner. 
     If, instead of a permeation signal, a reflection signal of the ultrasonic waves reflected on the welding region is to be measured, the test head  48  can comprise, in addition to an ultrasound transmitter, an ultrasound receiver, which receives ultrasonic waves reflected on the welding region or on the boundary surfaces of the structural parts to be welded. 
     In FIG. 2 a second embodiment example of the configuration  2  according to the invention is depicted, which essentially differs from the embodiment example according to FIG. 1 thereby that the electrode shaft  8  of the welding electrode  4  is not directly connected with the electrode holder  6  but via an extension component  50 . 
     The type of supply of cooling means to the electrode cap  16  depicted in FIGS. 1 and 2, is also applicable with welding electrodes which do not comprise a test head  48 , thus, in which no testing of the weld joint takes place during the welding process.