Abstract:
This invention is a portable exercise system capable of performing multiple exercises for strength and endurance training. The key component is the force generation unit (FGU) which is small and light enough to be suspended during the exercise yet capable of producing a force of 50 lbs. The FGU is programmable allowing it to generate various force vs distance, time or velocity profiles. Different handles, cables and attachments can be connected or used with the FGU perform different exercises. The FGU can charge its battery from the user&#39;s energy during use. The FGU can communicate bidirectionally with computers and smart phones for setup and to track the user&#39;s performance. Multiple FGUs may be used simultaneously each performing a separate function. The entire system is small enough to fit in a drawer or suitcase. The accompanying software can track the user&#39;s performance and function as an automated personal trainer.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    Provisional Patent: “Compact smart-phone enabled exercise system for strength and endurance training”, Joseph Gregory Rollins, Application ID 62161883, 15 May 2015 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    This invention is a portable exercise system capable of performing multiple exercises for strength and endurance training. To allow ease of use the exerciser may be controlled by a smart phone or computer. 
         [0003]    An electrically operated exercise machine has important advantages over a purely mechanical machine of ease of setup, precise control and detailed monitoring of performance. 
         [0004]    Recent advances in technology have allowed the development of very small, yet powerful motors. For example, a motor less than 3 inches long and 2 inches in diameter can produce ⅓ horse-power for intervals of several minutes. Likewise, “C” sized batteries can produce currents of 50 Å for several minutes. This invention takes advantage of these advances to produce a machine which is compact, powerful and versatile. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0005]    This invention is a portable exercise system capable of performing multiple exercises for strength and endurance training. The key component is the force generation unit (FGU) which is small and light enough to be suspended during the exercise yet capable of producing a force of 50 lbs. The FGU is programmable allowing it to generate various force vs distance, time or velocity profiles. Different handles, cables and attachments can be connected or used with the FGU perform different exercises. The FGU can charge its battery from the user&#39;s energy during use. The FGU can communicate bidirectionally with computers and smart phones for setup and to track the user&#39;s performance. Multiple FGUs may be used simultaneously each performing a separate function. The entire system is small enough to fit in a drawer or suitcase. The accompanying software can track the user&#39;s performance and function as an automated personal trainer. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING 
         [0006]      FIG. 1A  Force generation unit (FGU). housing  1 , moving quick release connector (QRC)  2 , spool  3 , main fixed QRC  4 , drive motor  5 , retractable cable  6 , battery and electronics  7 , gearing  8 , alternate fixed QRC  9 , minimum dimension with cable fully retracted  10 , cable entry bushing  11 , 
           [0007]      FIG. 1B  Side view of FGU 
           [0008]      FIG. 2  Alternate FGU configuration with 2 spools and 2 moving connectors 
           [0009]      FIG. 3A  Short handle detachable accessory. QRC  20 , rubber covering  19 . 
           [0010]      FIG. 3B  Short grip detachable accessory. QRC  20 , rubber covering  19 , 
           [0011]      FIG. 3C  Medium handle detachable accessory. QRC  20   
           [0012]      FIG. 3D  Foot loop detachable accessory. QRC  20 , Velcro pads  21 . 
           [0013]      FIG. 3E  Door attach detachable accessory. QRC  20 , pivot joint  22 . 
           [0014]      FIG. 3F  Floor plate accessory. QRC  20 . 
           [0015]      FIG. 3G  Extension cable accessory. QRC  20 . 
           [0016]      FIG. 3H  Wall attachment accessory. Screw head containing QRC  23 , dry-wall, subfloor or door casing  24 , stud, joist or door header  25 , wood screw  26 . 
           [0017]      FIG. 3I  Force doubling pulley attachment. Small pulley  27 , QRC  20   
           [0018]      FIG. 4  Power flow diagram. A,B,C,D are MOSFET switches, Arrows E indicate current direction with motor as generator charging battery, Arrows F indicate current direction with motor as a motor draining battery. 
           [0019]      FIG. 5 . Exercise with  3  movements. FGU  1 , attached to floor plate  29 . User is standing on floor plate  29 , holding Medium handle  28  with both hands. 
           [0020]      FIG. 6  Rowing exercise, door  12 , sliding seat of rowing accessory  13 , base of rowing accessory with tracks  15 , foot rest attached to base of rowing accessory  15 , door attachment placed around side edge of door  30 , FGU  1 , FGU cable  6 , medium handle  28  held with both hands. 
           [0021]      FIG. 7  Leg exercise. FGU  1 , FGU cable  6 , door  12 , door attachment placed under bottom edge of door  30 , foot loop  31  placed around ankle. 
           [0022]      FIG. 8  Chest Exercise with pulley bar attachment. Cylindrical bar  16 , approx. 1″ in dia and 24″ long with a pulley  18 , at each end and resilient pad  17 , in the center, extension cable  34 , short handle  32 , FGU  1 , FGU cable  6 . Note the FGU is pulled along the length of the bar  16 , by the extension cable  34 . 
           [0023]      FIG. 9  Shoulder exercise. Two short handles  32 , one gripped in each hand. 
           [0024]      FIG. 10  Leg extension exercise. Shoulder strap  33 , a cloth strap approx. 2″ wide and 24″ long with QRC at one end, is placed over shoulder and attached to FGU with the QRC, a foot loop  31  is placed on foot and attached to FGU cable. 
           [0025]      FIG. 11  Biceps curl using 2 FGU units. Two FGU  1 , one for each arm, FGU cable  6 , floor plate  29 , short handle  32 . 
           [0026]      FIG. 12  Circuit block diagram of prototype unit. 
           [0027]      FIG. 13  Disassembled prototype unit. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0028]    The key system component, the FGU (See  FIG. 1 ) contains an electric motor  5 , cable  6 , spool  3 , transmission  8 , rechargeable battery and electronics system  7 . The motor, through the transmission  8  (gears or pulleys and belts) turns the spool to retract the flexible cable. The cable  6  should have a fully extended length of 8 feet or more. Quick release connectors (QRC)  4  and  9  are attached to the body of the FGU and to the end of the cable  2 . These connectors are for a mechanical connection only, they do not perform any electrical connection. Exercise accessories are attached to the FGU by these connectors. The FGU should be approximately 3″×3″×6″ in size and weigh 2 lbs or less. For many exercises the FGU will be suspended in the air by its cable(s) so keeping its weight low is important. It is desirable to keep dimension  10  in  FIG. 1  (the minimum distance between the fixed and movable connector) as small as possible. Dimension  10  determines the minimum distance between the two handles (or one handle and a fixed mounting point) and for many exercises the two need to be close together. The cable emerges from the center of the FGU through hole  11  straight off the spool without any bends. Fixed QRC  4  is mounted on the opposite side of the FGU from where the cable emerges so the cable will remain straight when under tension. Hole  11  could be replaced with a slot perpendicular to the spool axis, to allow the cable to be pulled from several angles. The FGU should be capable of generating a force of 50 lbs or greater, and retracting its cable under light load at 2 fps or greater. 
         [0029]    Multiple FGUs can be used simultaneously (in parallel) to increase the required force or power or perform more complicated exercises (See  FIG. 11 ). For example, use one FGU for each arm, in this case both FGUs would execute the same “program” so the weight for each arm would be the same. However, this need not always be the case, one FGU could be used for an arm and another for a leg in which case they would execute different programs. In this mode the FGUs could communicate with each other or both to an external computer/smart-phone to ensure synchronization. 
         [0030]    Different sizes or types of FGU and accessory sets can be offered. An FGU with two opposed cables (see  FIG. 2 ) may be useful. For strength training a larger force may be desired, for endurance training a larger cable retraction velocity. The tradeoff between the two (for a given motor/battery) is determined by the gear ratio, and FGUs with different gear ratios could be offered (or else the FGU could have gear selector and offer selection of several ratios). 
       Attachment Accessories 
       [0031]      FIGS. 3A-3I  show a set of attachments to the FGU. Table 1 illustrates their use. More attachments are possible. Each attachment has a QRC (indicated by heavy arrow) which mates to a QRC on the FGU or with the QRC of another attachment. 
         [0032]      FIG. 3A , is the short handle. A short rigid cylinder, approx. 4 inches long, and 1 inch diameter. It has a soft covering  19  and is used with one hand. The QRC  20  passes between the middle and ring fingers. The cable pulls perpendicular to the cylinder axis. 
         [0033]      FIG. 3B , is the short grip. A short rigid cylinder, approx. 4 inches long and 1 inch diameter. It has a soft covering  19  and is used with one hand. The QRC  20  is at one end and there is a disk  35  approx. 2″ dia at the opposite end to stop the grip from sliding through the hand. The cable pulls parallel to the cylinder axis. 
         [0034]      FIG. 3C  is the medium handle, A thin rigid cylinder, approximately 12″ long and 1″ in diameter. It is gripped with both hands. The QRC is at its midpoint. The cable pulls perpendicular to the cylinder axis. 
         [0035]      FIG. 3D  is the foot or leg loop. It is a strap of heavy cloth, approx. 2″ wide with a QRC  20  and a Velcro closure  21 . It wraps around the leg, ankle or foot. The cable pulls perpendicular to the leg or ankle. 
         [0036]      FIG. 3E  is the temporary door attachment. It “U” shaped and made of thin stiff metal with an elastic non-scratch covering. A QRC  20 , is attached to one end with a pivoting joint  22 . It is placed around the side, top or bottom of the door. The door is then closed holding it into place. When the cable is attached it pulls approximately perpendicular to the surface of the door. 
         [0037]      FIG. 3F  is the floor plate, approx. 12″ wide and 24″ long made out of thin stiff light weight material and fitted with three QRCs  20 . If one FGU is used the user attaches it to the center QRC and stands on the plate with one foot on each side of the center QRC. If two FGUs are used, the user attaches one to each of the two outside QRs and stands in the center of the plate. 
         [0038]      FIG. 3G  is the extension cable. A thin flexible cable approximately 18 inches long with a QRC  20  at each end. 
         [0039]      FIG. 3H  is the semi-permanent wall attachment. It is a large wood screw, approx. 3″ long and ¼″ in diameter. The head of this screw  23 , contains a QRC and is approx. ½″ in diameter. It screws through the drywall  24 , (in a pre-drilled hole) and into a stud  25 . It is tightened until the head  23  is flush with the surface of the drywall  24 . It forms a strong but unobtrusive fixed point attachment for the exerciser. It can be used in a similar way through carpet and the wood sub-floor into a floor joist or through the top casement of a door into the header, to form ground level and overhead attachment points. 
         [0040]      FIG. 3I , is the force doubling pulley. It consists of a small pulley with a QRC attached. It will double the generated force at the expense of retraction speed. 
         [0041]    The following table describes some of the exercises that may be performed and which attachments are used. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Some possible exercises and their configuration. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Exercise Name 
                 Moving Attachment 
                 Fixed Attachment 
                 FIG. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Wrist extension or curl 
                 3A 
                 3D or 3F 
                   
               
               
                 Bicep curl 
                 3A or 3B 
                 3D or 3F 
                 11 
               
               
                 Tricep extension 
                 3A or 3B 
                 3H or 3E 
               
               
                 Tricep &amp; deltoid 
                 2X (3A or 3B) 
                 none 
                 9 
               
               
                 Quad extension, 
                 3D 
                 3D + chair or 
                 10 
               
               
                 hip flexor 
                   
                 shoulder strap 
               
               
                 Hamstring curl 
                 3D 
                 3E or 3H 
               
               
                 Rowing 
                 3C 
                 3E or 3H + rowing 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 kit 
               
               
                 Deadlift, Compound 
                 3C 
                 3F or 3F with 3I 
                 5 
               
               
                 lift 
               
               
                 Chest press 
                 2X (3A or 3B) 
                 Pulley bar 
                 8 
               
               
                 Gluteus &amp; calf 
                 3D 
                 3H or 3E 
                 7 
               
               
                 Wood chop (up or 
                 SH or SG 
                 3H or 3E 
               
               
                 down) 
               
               
                 Latissimus pull down 
                 3C 
                 3H to top door 
               
               
                   
                   
                 frame 
               
               
                 Punching 
                 2X FGU and 2X 3A 
                 3H or 3E 
               
               
                 Front or side kick 
                 3D 
                 3H or 3E 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0042]    Attachments:  3 A=short handle,  3 B=short grip.  3 D=foot loop,  3 F=floor plate,  3 E=door anchor,  3 C=medium handle,  3 I=force doubling pulley,  3 H=wall attachment, see corresponding figures. 
       Power Management Features 
       [0043]    The compact battery used can only power the motor at full output for about 15 minutes. Therefor it is desirable for the FGU shut down quickly once an exercise is completed to charge its battery during use. During most exercises the user is expending energy which can be captured by the FGU to recharge its internal battery. A power dissipation circuit may be needed to prevent overcharging the battery. 
         [0000]    During exercise the user is always pulling against the motor. If the user applies enough force to the FGU to overcome the motor force, the cable is pulled out of the FGU. In this case the motor becomes a generator and its generated EMF adds to that of the battery so less battery voltage is needed to maintain a constant force. If the user is pulling fast enough, the generated EMF will become larger than the battery voltage Vbatt and the EMF can be used to charge the battery. However, the battery connection to the motor must be reversed to do this. The velocity at which power become available to charge the battery is 
         [0000]        V=π*D/G*Kv *( V batt+ I*Rm )  (5)
 
         [0000]    Here D is the spool diameter, G is the gearing constant, Kv is the motor voltage constant, I is the motor current and Rm is the motor resistance. 
         [0044]    As the user releases his pull against the FGU, the cable will be retracted back into the FGU by the motor. The motors generated EMF is effectively subtracted from the battery voltage, so more applied voltage is needed to maintain a constant force. At the maximum retraction velocity, the battery voltage equals the motor EMF so the maximum retraction velocity is also given by Eqn 5. There is a tradeoff on Vbatt. If Vbatt is too small FGU will retract too slowly, if Vbatt is too high it will be difficult for the user to pull fast enough to recharge the battery. 
         [0045]    If a multiple cell battery is used, the cells can be placed in series, (giving maximum Vbatt) during cable retraction to maximize retraction speed, and in parallel (minimum Vbatt) during cable extension to reduce the extension speed required to charge the battery.  FIG. 4  shows circuitry capable of reversing the battery connection (for charging) and changing the battery connection from series to parallel. Table 2 below shows which switches are ON during each operation. The “E” arrows indicate the current flow direction when the motor is working as a “motor” and the “F” arrows the current flow when the motor is working as a generator. All switches are electronic (MOSFETS or BJTs). Note that due to the rapidity of the movement, the controlling electronics must be able to determine and apply the required operational condition in a time interval of less than 100 mS. 
         [0000]                                          TABLE 2                   Battery control switch operation            Cable direction   Speed   Battery   Motor   ON Switches               Extend   Fast   High V   Charging   A D       Extend   Med   Low V   Charging   A C       Extend   Slow   Low V   Breaking   B C       Retract   Slow   Low V   Running   B C       Retract   Fast   High V   Running   B D                    
Exercise Decomposition into Movements
 
         [0046]    Some exercises may require more than a simple constant force. These exercises may be constructed from multiple “movements” which are executed consecutively. A movement is described by a direction, a starting position Xs, starting force Fs, ending position Xe, and ending force Fe. Between the start and end points linear interpolation is used to calculate the applied force: 
         [0000]        F ( x )= Fs +( Fe−Fs )*( X−Xs )/( Xe−Xs ) 
         [0000]    Existing strength training machines use a fixed weight with cam shaped pulleys and cables to create such a force profile. 
         [0047]    Typically, the starting point Xs of one movement will begin before the ending point of the previous movement, so that is there is overlap between consecutive movements. If the cable position is in this overlap region and the FGU detects a pause in motion, then the FGU switches to the next movement. Other ways of detecting the time to switch to the next movement might be a voice command, or pushing a switch with finger or foot. 
         [0048]    For each exercise, the cable starts fully retracted X=0 and the motor is OFF. The user then attaches the appropriate handles to the quick release connectors and pulls the cable to a position greater than Xs for the first movement. During the preceding step the FGU detects the cable movement, turns ON the motor and applies only enough force to prevent the cable from tangling. Once the cable reaches the starting position for the first movement and the user pauses, the FGU applies the starting force for the first movement. Likewise, after the last movement is completed, the cable is retracted with only enough force to prevent the cable from tangling back to X=0 and the motor is turned OFF. 
         [0049]      FIG. 5  and Table 3 below show a “compound exercise” consisting of a deadlift, curl and military press. For the deadlift the weight is to be a constant 50 lbs, for the curl the weight should start at 20 lbs and increase to 30 lbs. and for the military press the weight should be a constant 40 lbs. The following table shows the values for each movement. The weight values would be selected by the user, but the distance values (Xs and Xe) would be calculated by the software from the user&#39;s height. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Position and forces for a compound exercise 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Movement 
                 Direction 
                 Xs 
                 Xe 
                 Fs 
                 Fe 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Dead lift 
                 + 
                  1″ 
                 29″ 
                 50 
                 50 
               
               
                   
                 Curl 
                 + 
                 34″ 
                 63″ 
                 20 
                 30 
               
               
                   
                 Military 
                 + 
                 58″ 
                 82″ 
                 40 
                 40 
               
               
                   
                 Return 
                 − 
                 80″ 
                  0″ 
                 10 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Modeling Sporting Activities 
       [0050]    When a weight is lifted the force felt by the lifter is given by the equation 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             F 
             = 
             
               Mg 
               + 
               
                 M 
                  
                 
                   
                     
                        
                       2 
                     
                      
                     x 
                   
                   
                      
                     
                       t 
                       2 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    Here M is the mass of the weight, g is the acceleration of gravity and the second term is the acceleration of the weight. When starting to lift the weight from its stationary position, the applied force is larger, and once moving the weight can “coast” to its final position with less applied force. This behavior is absent in spring, friction and pneumatic exercise equipment. It can be important in some weight lifting exercises (like the clean and jerk) when the initial acceleration is produced with the stronger muscles of the legs. By monitoring the position of the movable attachment, the velocity and acceleration can be calculated using finite differences and the force applied by the FGU adjusted to approximate this behavior. 
         [0051]    In rowing, the apparent force depends on the boat velocity (Vb) and the speed at which the oars are pulled (V). The water exerts drag on the boat proportional to the boat velocity (Vb). This can be modeled by the difference equations: 
         [0000]      If ( V&gt;Vb ) 
         [0000]        F=A ( V−Vb ); Vb=Vpb+dt ( F−B Vb )/ M    
         [0000]      Else 
         [0000]        F=C;Vb=Vbp−dt ( B Vb )/ M    
         [0000]    Here F is the force on the cable, Vbp is the boat velocity at the last time step, dt is the time step, V is the oar (or cable pulling velocity), M is the mass of the boat and parameters A,B,C are constants selected to model the rowing. This set of equations is constructed in software within the FGU and used in real time to set the applied force F on the cable to simulate rowing. 
       Software 
       [0052]    The software package which runs on a smart phone or other computer organizes the training program as follows
       1. User information (height, weight, age, development goals)   2. A plurality of workouts. Examples “Chest”, “Upper Body”, “Endurance”, “Monday&#39;s workout”.
           Each workout consists of a plurality of exercises which are selected from a master list. The software may order these with various goals like developing a specific muscle group or maintaining the charge on the battery (some exercises tend to deplete the battery, others to charge it).   
           3. The exercise, which consists of a plurality of “sets”.   4. The set which consists of a plurality of repetitions   5. The repetition which is a plurality of movements for the FGU as described above.       
 
         [0059]    The software would set “typical” values for the number of repetitions and sets. The software would set values for the start and stop distances for the movements based on the user&#39;s height and the exercise performed. There would also be a library of predefined workouts and predefined set groups like “pyramid”, “inverted pyramid” etc. All of the above could be overridden by the user. 
         [0060]    The software would display diagrams or videos for each exercise showing how to connect the attachments to the FGU. The software could be configured to “talk” or “beep” to give cadence during a set or prompt the user to start the next set after a time interval. 
         [0061]    The software running on a smartphone can track the user performance and function as a personal trainer. The date, time, exercises performed, number of repetitions performed, time to complete each repetition, set and exercise, estimated energy (calories) burned, etc., are recorded and could be displayed as charts and graphs. 
         [0062]    The “personal trainer” (PT) can use this data to dynamically adjust the workout for best progress (a “progressive program”). For example, during strength training it is desirable to gradually increase the amount of weight lifted (the resistance) slowly over a period of weeks. The PT can perform this function and display progress on a graph. The PT can also take into account the users performance on a given day, so it the user is having a “good day” as indicated by performing the required repetitions more quickly, the PT can increase the weight slightly on those days. 
         [0063]    The PT can perform a “spotter” function and reduce the weight slightly if the user is struggling to lift it. The PT can also interface with the “Apple Iphone Health” application. The PT can send the training data to another user, (for example to allow races or contests between users) to his physician or to a human personal trainer. The user can enter information about injuries to body parts and the PT can adjust the workouts to avoid stressing those body parts. If the user, is using a progressive training program and becomes sick, he can reset his “progress” to an earlier date and work back up. 
       Preferred Embodiment 
       [0064]    A plastic covered steel cable 3/32 inch outside diameter with a working strength of 90 lbs (breaking strength 450 lbs) is readily available and works well with a 3″ dia spool. A two stage spur gear transmission provides 50:1 reduction from the motor to the spool with low frictional losses. 
         [0065]    A “540 size” (1.5″ dia and 2″ long) “13.5 turn” sensored brushless motor for a RC car has Kv=50 rev/sec, Ki=0.0033 N*M/A. With the gear ratio of 50, and the 3″ dia spool, a current of 40 Å would produce a force on the cable of 39 lbs. Using 2 NiCad batteries (2.6V total) it can retract the cable at low force at a speed of 1.6 f/sec. 
         [0066]    The circuit used is shown in  FIG. 12 . The sensored brushless motor has lower electrical resistance and longer life than brushed motors. In addition, the spool position and velocity can be monitored by counting the commutating pulses. A Hall effect current monitor converts the motor current into a voltage which the microcontroller reads using its ADC. This allows measurement of the motor current and therefore the motor torque. A microcontroller with internal blue tooth, ADC and PWM circuits monitors the motor position and motor current, controls the MOSFET switches and communicates with a smart-phone through blue tooth. DCDC converters and level shift circuits convert the low battery voltage (1.3V) to 3.3V to power the MCU, and to 6V to drive the MOSFET gates. The microcontroller implements negative feed-back from the motor current into PWM signals which drive the motor thereby producing the required programmable torque. 
         [0067]    A photo of a working prototype device is shown in  FIG. 13 . The entire FGU is 6″×3″×3″ and weighs about 1.5 lbs. The QRCs shown are taken from key-chains, but would be replaced with stronger versions. 
       Prior Art 
       [0068]    Elastic cables have been available for years. They are light a compact but many lengths and thicknesses would be required to match the capabilities of this invention, and of course they cannot communicate with a smart phone. 
         [0069]    Adjustable dumbbells (where the weight is selected with a rotating dial or pins) are also available, however a heavy 50 lb unit would be required to match the current invention and of course they cannot communicate with a smart phone. 
         [0070]    US20140113779 A1 by Andrew Loach, is a small hand held device with extendable cable, transmission, a magnetic or fluid drag resistive element. Also a radio transmitter to some external device for monitoring progress is mentioned. One handle is detachable and one handle is fixed. The spring return and magnetic drag resistance limit the range of force that can be generated, for example a large static force cannot be produced. Setting the start and end points for the exercise is difficult. A two handed exerciser is described but requires a completely different design. 
         [0071]    US20090093350 A1, by Henner Jans, presents a small hand held device of similar size to this one. It is purely mechanical with a flywheel and friction mechanism to control the resistance. It does not offer detachable accessories. It would be more difficult to set the length of travel and resisting force. It can not communicate with a smart phone. 
         [0072]    U.S. Pat. No. 8,998,779 B1 by Stephen Ihli and Mark Krull is similar to the preceding but has fewer capabilities. 
         [0073]    US20110165995 A1 by Paulus, Shaw and Deaconu presents apparatus for computer controlled exercise equipment. The apparatus shares many of the electrical characteristics with the present invention (programmable force generation) but it is not compact, does not offer detachable accessories or multiple exercise types from a single unit or a self-recharging feature. 
         [0074]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,511,402 B2 by Shu, Buhler, and Pittaway describes a self powered exercise machine with electrically generated resistance. It is a large single use stair-master machine. It is not useful for strength training. It does not switch rapidly from “motor mode” to “generator mode”.