Abstract:
An isolated novel polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding at least one polypeptide involved in biosynthesis of pyripyropene A, a recombinant vector comprising the polynucleotide and a transformant comprising the polynucleotide are disclosed. By the present invention, a pyripyropene A biosynthetic gene useful for production of a novel pyripyropene analog, improvement of productivity of a pyripyropene A-producing bacterium, production of an insecticidal agent for microorganisms, creation of a plant resistant to insect pests or the like are provided.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This patent application claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 190862/2008 that was filed on Jul. 24, 2008, Japanese Patent Application No. 270294/2008 that was filed on Oct. 20, 2008 and Japanese Patent Application No. 20591/2009 that was filed on Jan. 30, 2009, and the entire disclosed contents of all are hereby incorporated as part of the disclosure of the present application by reference. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of Invention 
         [0003]    The present invention relates to a pyripyropene A biosynthetic gene. 
         [0004]    2. Background Art 
         [0005]    As disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 360895/1992 (Patent Document 1) and Journal of Antibiotics (1993), 46 (7), 1168-9 (Non-patent Document 1), pyripyropene A has an inhibitory activity against ACAT (acyl CoA cholesterol acyltransferase). Application thereof to treatment of diseases caused by cholesterol accumulation or the like is expected. 
         [0006]    Additionally, in Journal of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan (1998), Vol. 56, No. 6, 478-488 (Non-patent Document 2), WO94/09147 (Patent Document 2), Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 184158/1994 (Patent Document 3), Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 239385/1996 (Patent Document 4), Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 259569/1996 (Patent Document 5), Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 269062/1996 (Patent Document 6), Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 269063/1996 (Patent Document 7), Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 269064/1996 (Patent Document 8), Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 269065/1996 (Patent Document 9), Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 269066/1996 (Patent Document 10), Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 291164/1996 (Patent Document 11) and Journal of Antibiotics (1997), 50 (3), 229-36 (Non-patent Document 3), pyripyropene analogs and derivatives, as well as ACAT inhibitory activities thereof have been disclosed. 
         [0007]    Further, Applied and Environmental Microbiology (1995), 61 (12), 4429-35 (Non-patent Document 4) has disclosed that pyripyropene A has an insecticidal activity against  Helicoverpa armigera  larva. Still further, WO2004/060065 (Patent Document 12) has disclosed that pyripyropene A has insecticidal activities against Diamondback moth larva and  Tenebrio molitor.    
         [0008]    In addition, WO2006/129714 (Patent Document 13) and WO2008/066153 (Patent Document 14) have disclosed that pyripyropene analogs have insecticidal activities against aphids. 
         [0009]    Furthermore, as a pyripyropene A-producing bacterium,  Aspergillus fumigatus  FO-1289 strain is disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 360895/1992 (Patent Document 1);  Eupenicillium reticulosporum  NRRL-3446 strain is in Applied and Environmental Microbiology (1995), 61 (12), 4429-35 (Non-patent Document 4); and  Penicillium griseofulvum  F1959 strain is in WO2004/060065 (Patent Document 12); and  Penicillium coprobium  PF1169 strain is in Journal of Technical Disclosure 500997/2008 (Patent Document 15). 
         [0010]    Also, as a biosynthetic route of pyripyropene A, Journal of Organic Chemistry (1996), 61, 882-886 (Non-patent Document 5) and Chemical Review (2005), 105, 4559-4580 (Non-patent Document 6) have disclosed a putative biosynthetic route in  Aspergillus fumigatus  FO-1289 strain. These documents have disclosed that, in  Aspergillus fumigatus  FO-1289 strain, partial structures individually synthesized by polyketide synthase and prenyltransferase are linked to synthesize pyripyropene A by a cyclase. 
       PRIOR ART REFERENCES 
     Patent Documents 
       [0000]    
       
         [Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 360895/1992 
         [Patent Document 2] WO94/09147 
         [Patent Document 3] Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 184158/1994 
         [Patent Document 4] Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 239385/1996 
         [Patent Document 5] Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 259569/1996 
         [Patent Document 6] Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 269062/1996 
         [Patent Document 7] Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 269063/1996 
         [Patent Document 8] Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 269064/1996 
         [Patent Document 9] Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 269065/1996 
         [Patent Document 10] Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 269066/1996 
         [Patent Document 11] Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 291164/1996 
         [Patent Document 12] WO2004/060065 
         [Patent Document 13] WO2006/129714 
         [Patent Document 14] WO2008/066153 
         [Patent Document 15] Journal of Technical Disclosure 500997/2008 
       
     
       Non-Patent Documents 
       [0000]    
       
         [Non-patent Document 1] Journal of Antibiotics (1993), 46 (7), 1168-9 
         [Non-patent Document 2] Journal of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan (1998), Vol. 56, No. 6, 478-488 
         [Non-patent Document 3] Journal of Antibiotics (1997), 50 (3), 229-36 
         [Non-patent Document 4] Applied and Environmental Microbiology (1995), 61 (12), 4429-35 
         [Non-patent Document 5] Journal of Organic Chemistry (1996), 61, 882-886 
         [Non-patent Document 6] Chemical Review (2005), 105, 4559-4580 
       
     
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0032]    The present inventors have now found out a nucleotide sequence encoding at least one polypeptide involved in biosynthesis of pyripyropene A. The present invention has been made based on such finding. 
         [0033]    Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide an isolated novel polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence encoding at least one polypeptide involved in biosynthesis of pyripyropene A, a recombinant vector comprising the polynucleotide, and a transformant comprising the polynucleotide. 
         [0034]    Further, according to one embodiment of the present invention, an isolated polynucleotide which is 
         [0035]    (a) a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:266, 
         [0036]    (b) a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence which is capable of hybridizing with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:266 under stringent conditions, or 
         [0037]    (c) a polynucleotide having a polynucleotide sequence encoding at least one amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:267 to 274 or a substantially equivalent amino acid sequence thereto; is provided. 
         [0038]    Also, according to another embodiment of the present invention, an isolated polynucleotide which has at least one nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequence in any of (1) or (2) below: 
         [0000]    (1) a nucleotide sequence in any of (a) to (h) below: 
         [0039]    (a) a nucleotide sequence from 3342 to 5158 of a nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:266, 
         [0040]    (b) a nucleotide sequence from 5382 to 12777 of a nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:266, 
         [0041]    (c) a nucleotide sequence from 13266 to 15144 of a nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:266, 
         [0042]    (d) a nucleotide sequence from 16220 to 18018 of a nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:266, 
         [0043]    (e) a nucleotide sequence from 18506 to 19296 of a nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:266, 
         [0044]    (f) a nucleotide sequence from 19779 to 21389 of a nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:266, 
         [0045]    (g) a nucleotide sequence from 21793 to 22877 of a nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:266, 
         [0046]    (h) a nucleotide sequence from 23205 to 24773 of a nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:266; 
         [0000]    (2) a nucleotide sequence which is capable of hybridizing with a nucleotide sequence in (1) under stringent conditions; is provided. 
         [0047]    Further, according to another embodiment of the present invention, a polynucleotide encoding at least one polypeptide involved in biosynthesis of pyripyropene A is provided. 
         [0048]    In addition, according to another embodiment of the present invention, a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having any one or more activities of polyketide synthase activity, prenyltransferase activity, hydroxylase activity, acetyltransferase activity or adenylate synthetase activity is provided. 
         [0049]    Still further, according to another embodiment of the present invention, a polynucleotide which is derived from  Penicillium coprobium  PF1169 strain is provided. 
         [0050]    Additionally, according to another embodiment of the present invention, a recombinant vector comprising the above-mentioned polynucleotide is provided. 
         [0051]    Still further, according to another embodiment of the present invention, a transformant comprising the above-mentioned polynucleotide is provided. 
         [0052]    In addition, according to one embodiment of the present invention, a method for producing a pyripyropene A precursor, characterized by culturing a transformant in which a polynucleotide having nucleotide sequence of the above-mentioned (c) or (d) is incorporated simultaneously or separately, and isolating the pyripyropene A precursor from pyripyropene E represented by the following formula is provided: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0053]    Still further, a production method wherein the above-mentioned pyripyropene A precursor is one represented by the following formula (I) is provided: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0054]    Also, a method for producing a pyripyropene A precursor characterized by culturing the above-mentioned transformant and isolating the pyripyropene A precursor from pyripyropene O represented by the following formula is provided: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0055]    Still further, a production method wherein the above-mentioned pyripyropene A precursor is a compound represented by the following formula (II) is provided: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0056]    According to one embodiment of the present invention, production of a novel pyripyropene analog, improvement of productivity of a pyripyropene A-producing bacterium, production of a novel insecticidal agent for microorganisms, creation of a novel plant resistant to insect pests or the like are provided. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         [0057]      FIG. 1  shows an electrophoresis pattern of PCR products by agarose gel. For the electrophoresis, the PCR products amplified using the following primers were used: M: molecular weight marker (100 bp ladder), lane 1: primers of SEQ ID NOs:1 and 2, lane 2: primers of SEQ ID NOs:239 and 240, lane 3: primers of SEQ ID NOs:237 and 238, lane 4: primers of SEQ ID NOs:241 and 242, lane 5: primers of SEQ ID NOs:247 and 248, lane 6: primers of SEQ ID NOs:251 and 252, lane 7: primers of SEQ ID NOs:245 and 246, lane 8: primers of SEQ ID NOs:243 and 244, lane 9: primers of SEQ ID NOs:249 and 250, lane 10: primers of SEQ ID NOs:235 and 236, lane 11: primers of SEQ ID NOs:233 and 234, lane 12: primers of SEQ ID NOs:227 and 228, lane 13: primers of SEQ ID NOs:229 and 230, lane 14: primers of SEQ ID NOs:231 and 232. 
           [0058]      FIG. 2  Similarly to  FIG. 1 ,  FIG. 2  shows an electrophoresis pattern of PCR products by agarose gel. For the electrophoresis, the PCR products amplified using the following primers were used: M: molecular weight marker (100 bp ladder), lane 1: primers of SEQ ID NOs:253 and 254, lane 2: primers of SEQ ID NOs:257 and 258, lane 3: primers of SEQ ID NOs:259 and 260, lane 4: primers of SEQ ID NOs:255 and 256, lane 5: primers of SEQ ID NOs:261 and 262. 
           [0059]      FIG. 3  Similarly to  FIG. 1 ,  FIG. 3  shows an electrophoresis pattern of PCR products by agarose gel. For the electrophoresis, the PCR products amplified using the following primers were used: lane 1: molecular weight marker (100 bp ladder), lane 2: primers of SEQ ID NOs:264 and 265 (400 bp amplified fragment). 
           [0060]      FIG. 4  shows the plasmid map of pUSA. 
           [0061]      FIG. 5  shows the plasmid map of pPP2. 
           [0062]      FIG. 6  shows a scheme of P450-2 cDNA amplification. 
           [0063]      FIG. 7  shows the plasmid map of pPP3. 
           [0064]      FIG. 8  shows  1 H-NMR spectrum of pyripyropene E in deuterated acetonitrile. 
           [0065]      FIG. 9  shows  1 H-NMR spectrum in deuterated acetonitrile of a product of the culture of  Aspergillus oryzae  transformed with plasmid pPP2. 
           [0066]      FIG. 10  shows  1 H-NMR spectrum of pyripyropene O in deuterated acetonitrile. 
           [0067]      FIG. 11  shows  1 H-NMR spectrum in deuterated acetonitrile of a product of the culture of  Aspergillus oryzae  transformed with plasmid pPP3. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Deposition of Microorganisms 
       [0068]      Escherichia coli  ( Escherichia coli  EPI300™-T1®) transformed with plasmid pCC1-PP1 has been deposited with International Patent Organism Depositary, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (Address: AIST Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, 305-8566), under accession No. FERM BP-11133 (converted from domestic deposition under accession No. FERM P-21704) (identification reference by the depositors:  Escherichia coli  EPI300™-T1®/pCC1-PP1) as of Oct. 9, 2008 (original deposition date). 
         [0069]      Aspergillus oryzae  transformed with plasmid pPP2 has been deposited with International Patent Organism Depositary, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (Address: AIST Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, 305-8566), under accession No. FERM BP-11137 (identification reference by the depositors:  Aspergillus oryzae  PP2-1) as of Jun. 23, 2009. 
         [0070]      Aspergillus oryzae  transformed with plasmid pPP3 has been deposited with International Patent Organism Depositary, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (Address: AIST Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, 305-8566), under accession No. FERM BP-11141 (identification reference by the depositors:  Aspergillus oryzae  PP3-2) as of Jul. 3, 2009. 
         [0071]    Isolated Polynucleotide 
         [0072]    The present invention is an isolated polynucleotide. The isolated polynucleotide according to the present invention is (a) a polynucleotide having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:266; (b) a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence which is capable of hybridizing with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:266 under stringent conditions, or (c) a polynucleotide having a polynucleotide sequence encoding at least one amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:267 to 274 or a substantially equivalent amino acid sequence thereto. The above-mentioned isolated polynucleotide preferably has a nucleotide sequence encoding at least one polypeptide which has an enzyme activity involved in biosynthesis of pyripyropene A. 
         [0073]    In the present invention, “a substantially equivalent amino acid sequence” means an amino acid sequence which does not affect an activity of a polypeptide despite the fact that one or more amino acids are altered by substitution, deletion, addition or insertion. The number of the altered amino acid residues is preferably 1 to 40 residues, more preferably 1 to several residues, still more preferably 1 to 8 residues, most preferably 1 to 4 residues. 
         [0074]    Further, an example of the alteration which does not affect the activity includes conservative substitution. The term, “conservative substitution” means substitution of one or more amino acid residues with other chemically similar amino acid residues such that the activity of a polypeptide is not substantially altered. Examples thereof include cases where a certain hydrophobic amino acid residue is substituted with another hydrophobic amino acid residue and cases where a certain polar amino acid residue is substituted with another polar amino acid residue having the same charges. Functionally similar amino acids capable of such a substitution are known in the art for each amino acid. Concretely, examples of non-polar (hydrophobic) amino acids include alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, proline, tryptophan, phenylalanine, methionine and the like. Examples of polar (neutral) amino acids include glycine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, glutamine, asparagine, cysteine and the like. Examples of positively charged (basic) amino acids include arginine, histidine, lysine and the like. Examples of negatively charged (acidic) amino acids include aspartic acid, glutamic acid and the like. 
         [0075]    Also, the isolated polynucleotide of the present invention may be a polynucleotide having at least one nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequence in any of (1) or (2) below: 
         [0076]    (1) a polynucleotide sequence in any of (a) to (h) below: 
         [0077]    (a) a nucleotide sequence from 3342 to 5158 of a nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:266, 
         [0078]    (b) a nucleotide sequence from 5382 to 12777 of a nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:266, 
         [0079]    (c) a nucleotide sequence from 13266 to 15144 of a nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:266, 
         [0080]    (d) a nucleotide sequence from 16220 to 18018 of a nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:266, 
         [0081]    (e) a nucleotide sequence from 18506 to 19296 of a nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:266, 
         [0082]    (f) a nucleotide sequence from 19779 to 21389 of a nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:266, 
         [0083]    (g) a nucleotide sequence from 21793 to 22877 of a nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:266, 
         [0084]    (h) a nucleotide sequence from 23205 to 24773 of a nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:266; 
         [0085]    (2) a nucleotide sequence which is capable of hybridizing with a nucleotide sequence in (1) under stringent conditions. 
         [0086]    A polynucleotide having at least one nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequence in any of the above-mentioned (1) or (2) preferably encodes at least one polypeptide having an enzyme activity involved in biosynthesis of pyripyropene A. 
         [0087]    The term, “stringent conditions” in the present invention means conditions where a washing operation of membranes after hybridization is carried out at high temperatures in a solution with low salt concentrations, for example, conditions of washing in a solution with 2×SSC concentration (1×SSC: 15 mM trisodium citrate, 150 mM sodium chloride) and 0.5% SDS at 60° C. for 20 minutes. 
         [0088]    The polynucleotide having at least one nucleotide sequence selected from the nucleotide sequence in any of the above-mentioned (1) or (2) according to the present invention is one encoding a polypeptide having any one or more activities of polyketide synthase activity, prenyltransferase activity, hydroxylase activity, acetyltransferase activity or adenylate synthetase activity; and, in particular, one encoding a polypeptide having the hydroxylase activity. 
         [0089]    Further, according to one embodiment of the present invention, the above-mentioned polynucleotide is one encoding a polypeptide having an activity to hydroxylate the 7-position and/or 13-position of the above-mentioned pyripyropene E or O, or one encoding a polypeptide having an activity to hydroxylate the 11-position of the above-mentioned pyripyropene E. 
         [0090]    Obtainment of Isolated Polynucleotide 
         [0091]    The method for obtaining the isolated polynucleotide of the present invention is not particularly restricted. For instance, the polynucleotide can be isolated from  Penicillium coprobium  PF1169 strain or filamentous bacterium by the following method. 
         [0092]    Based on a homology sequence obtained by the method of Example 9 below or the like, primers capable of specifically amplifying a polyketide synthase gene are synthesized. PCR is carried out for a fosmid genomic library of  Penicillium coprobium  PF1169 strain which is separately prepared, followed by colony hybridization. A recombinant vector is thereby obtained and the base sequence of an inserted DNA thereof is determined. 
         [0093]    Also, based on the homology sequence obtained by the method of Example 9 below or the like, primers capable of specifically amplifying a prenyltransferase gene are synthesized. Further, the base sequence of an inserted DNA is determined in the same manner as above. 
         [0094]    Further, based on the homology sequence obtained by the method of Example 9 below or the like, primers capable of specifically amplifying any one or both of a polyketide synthase gene and prenyltransferase gene are synthesized. Further, the base sequence of an inserted DNA is determined in the same manner as above. 
         [0095]    In addition, based on the homology sequence of at least one nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:266 and the nucleotide sequence in any of the above-mentioned (1) or (2) according to the present invention, primers capable of specifically amplifying any one or more of a polyketide synthase gene, prenyltransferase gene, hydroxylase gene, acetyltransferase gene or adenylate synthetase gene, preferably the hydroxylase gene are synthesized. Further, the base sequence of an inserted DNA is determined in the same manner as above. 
         [0096]    Still further, based on an amino acid sequence conserved among various filamentous bacterium polyketide synthases, degenerate primers for amplification were synthesized and the base sequence of an inserted DNA is determined. 
         [0097]    Transformant 
         [0098]    In general, examples of a method for improving productivity of a secondary metabolism product by gene recombination include improving expression of a gene encoding a protein catalyzing a biosynthetic reaction which is a rate limiting reaction, improving expression of or disrupting a gene regulating expression of a biosynthetic gene, blocking an unnecessary secondary metabolism system, and the like. Therefore, specifying the biosynthetic gene makes it possible to improve the productivity of the secondary metabolism product by ligating the gene to an appropriate vector and introducing the vector into a production bacterium. 
         [0099]    Meanwhile, in order to create a novel active substance by gene recombination, domain alteration of polyketide synthase [Ikada and Ohmura, “PROTEIN, NUCLEIC ACID AND ENZYME” Vol. 43, p. 1265-1277, 1998], [Carreras, C. W. and Santi, D. V., “Current Opinion in Biotechnology”, (UK), 1998, Vol. 9, p. 403-411], [Hutchinson, C. R., “Current Opinion in Microbiology”, (UK), 1998, Vol. 1, p. 319-329], [Katz, L. and McDaniel, R., “Medicinal Research Reviews”, (USA), 1999, Vol. 19, p. 543-558]; disruption of a biosynthetic gene; introduction of a modification enzyme gene from other organisms [Hutchinson, C. R., “Bio/Technology”, (USA), 1994, Vol. 12, p. 375-380]; and the like are carried out. Thus, specifying the biosynthetic gene makes it possible to create the novel active substance by ligating the gene to an appropriate vector and introducing the vector into a bacterium producing a secondary metabolism product. 
         [0100]    Therefore, pyripyropene A can be produced or productivity thereof can be improved by ligating the isolated polynucleotide according to the present invention to the appropriate vector, introducing the vector into a host, expressing it, enhancing expression thereof, or carrying out gene disruption of part of the isolated polynucleotide using homologous recombination and impairing functions thereof. 
         [0101]    Gene disruption using homologous recombination can be carried out in accordance with a conventional method. Preparation of a vector used for the gene disruption and introduction of the vector into a host are apparent for those skilled in the art. 
         [0102]    The recombinant vector according to the present invention preferably comprises any one or more of polynucleotides having the nucleotide sequence in SEQ ID NO:266 and the above-mentioned (1); a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence which is capable of hybridizing with the nucleotide sequence in SEQ ID NO:266 and the above-mentioned (1) under stringent conditions, or a polynucleotide having a polynucleotide sequence encoding at least one amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:267 to 274 or a substantially equivalent amino acid sequence thereto. More preferably, the recombinant vector according to the present invention is one wherein the above-mentioned polypeptide comprises a polynucleotide hydroxylating the 7-position and/or 13-position of the pyripyropene E or O, and the above-mentioned polypeptide comprises a polynucleotide hydroxylating the 11-position of the pyripyropene E. 
         [0103]    A recombinant vector for gene introduction can be prepared by modifying the polynucleotide provided by the present invention into an appropriate form depending on an object and ligating it to a vector in accordance with a conventional method, for example, gene recombination techniques described in [Sambrook, J. et al., “Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual”, (USA), 2nd Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1989]. 
         [0104]    The recombinant vector used in the present invention can be appropriately selected from virus, plasmid, fosmid, cosmid vectors or the like. For instance, when a host cell is  Escherichia coli , examples thereof include λ phage-based bacteriophage and pBR and pUC-based plasmids. In the case of a  Bacillus subtilis , examples include pUB-based plasmids. In the case of yeast, examples include YEp, YRp, YCp and YIp-based plasmids. 
         [0105]    In addition, it is preferred that at least one plasmid among the used plasmids comprise a selection marker for selecting a transformant. As the selection marker, a gene encoding drug resistance and gene complementing auxotrophy can be used. Concrete preferred examples thereof include when a host to be used is bacterium, ampicillin resistant genes, kanamycin resistant genes, tetracycline resistant gene and the like; in the case of yeast, tryptophan biosynthetic gene (TRP1), uracil biosynthetic gene (URA3), leucine biosynthetic gene (LEU2) and the like; in the case of a fungus, hygromycin resistant genes, bialaphos resistant genes, bleomycin resistant genes, aureobasidin resistant genes and the like; and in the case of a plant, kanamycin resistant genes, bialaphos resistant genes and the like. 
         [0106]    Further, DNA molecules serving as an expression vector used in the present invention preferably has DNA sequences necessary to express each gene, transcription regulatory signals and translation regulatory signals such as promoters, transcription initiation signals, ribosome binding sites, translation stop signals, terminators. Preferred examples of the promoters include promoters of lactose operon, tryptophan operon and the like in  Escherichia coli ; promoters of alcohol dehydrogenase gene, acid phosphatase gene, galactose metabolizing gene, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene or the like in yeast; promoters of α-amylase gene, glucoamylase gene, cellobiohydrolase gene, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene, abp1 gene or the like in fungi; a CaMV 35S RNA promoter, a CaMV 19S RNA promoter or a nopaline synthetase gene promoter in plants. 
         [0107]    A host in which the isolated polynucleotide according to the present invention is introduced may be appropriately selected, depending on the type of the used vector, from actinomycetes,  Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis , yeast, filamentous bacteria, plant cells or the like. 
         [0108]    A method of introducing a recombinant vector into a host may be selected, depending on a host cell under test, from conjugal transfer, transduction by phage, as well as methods of transformation such as a calcium ion method, a lithium ion method, an electroporation method, a PEG method, an  Agrobacterium  method or a particle gun method. 
         [0109]    In cases where a plurality of genes is introduced into host cells in the present invention, the genes may be contained in a single DNA molecule or individually in different DNA molecules. Further, when a host cell is a bacterium, each gene can be designed so as to be expressed as polycistronic mRNA and made into one DNA molecule. 
         [0110]    The transformant according to the present invention preferably comprises any one or more of polynucleotides having the nucleotide sequence in SEQ ID NO:266 and the above-mentioned (1); a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence which is capable of hybridizing with the nucleotide sequence in SEQ ID NO:266 and the above-mentioned (1) under stringent conditions, or a polynucleotide having a polynucleotide sequence encoding at least one amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:267 to 274 or a substantially equivalent amino acid sequence thereto. 
         [0111]    The transformant obtained can be cultured by a conventional method and newly characteristics obtained can be studied. As the medium, commonly used components, for example, as carbon sources, glucose, sucrose, starch syrup, dextrin, starch, glycerol, molasses, animal and vegetable oils or the like can be used. Also, as nitrogen sources, soybean flour, wheat germ, corn steep liquor, cotton seed meal, meat extract, polypeptone, malto extract, yeast extract, ammonium sulfate, sodium nitrate, urea or the like can be used. Besides, as required, addition of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, cobalt, chlorine, phosphoric acid (dipotassium hydrogen phosphate or the like), sulfuric acid (magnesium sulfate or the like) or inorganic salts which can generate other ions is effective. Also, as required, various vitamins such as thiamin (thiamine hydrochloride or the like), amino acids such as glutamic acid (sodium glutamate or the like) or asparagine (DL-asparagine or the like), trace nutrients such as nucleotides, or selection agents such as antibiotics can be added. Further, organic substances or inorganic substances which help the growth of a bacterium and promote the production of pyripyropene A can be appropriately added. 
         [0112]    The pH of the medium is, for example, about pH 5.5 to pH 8. As the method for culturing, solid culturing under aerobic conditions, shake culturing, culturing with bubbling under stirring or deep part aerobic culturing can be employed and, in particular, the deep part aerobic culturing is most appropriate. The appropriate temperature for the culturing is 15° C. to 40° C. and, in many cases, the growth takes place around 22° C. to 30° C. The production of pyripyropene A varies depending on the medium and culturing conditions, or the used host. In any method for culturing, the accumulation usually reaches a peak in 2 days to 10 days. The culturing is terminated at the time when the accumulation of pyripyropene A in the culture reaches the peak and a desired substance is isolated and purified from the culture. 
         [0113]    To isolate pyripyropene A from the culture, it can be extracted and purified by a usual separation means using properties thereof, such as a solvent extraction method, an ion exchange resin method, an adsorption or distribution column chromatography method, a gel filtration method, dialysis, a precipitation method, a crystallization method, which may be individually used or appropriately used in combination. 
         [0114]    Method for Producing Pyripyropene A Precursor 
         [0115]    In order to isolate pyripyropene A, pyripyropene A can be isolated from a pyripyropene A precursor using a known method. An example of the known method includes the method of WO2009/022702. By culturing a microorganism containing a vector containing one or more of the above, the pyripyropene A precursor can be isolated from pyripyropene E. The pyripyropene A precursor may be, for example, the compound represented by the above-mentioned formula (I). 
         [0116]    Also, by culturing a microorganism comprising a vector containing one or more, the pyripyropene A precursor can be isolated from pyripyropene O. An example may be the compound represented by the above-mentioned formula (II). 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0117]    The present invention will be further illustrated in detail by the following examples, which are not intended to restrict the present invention. 
       Example 1 
     Preparation of Genomic DNA of  Penicillium coprobium  PF1169 Strain 
       [0118]    Sterilized NB medium (500 ml) was placed in an Erlenmeyer flask (1 L).  Penicillium coprobium  PF1169 strain (Journal of Technical Disclosure No. 500997/2008 (Patent Document 15)) precultured in 1/2 CMMY agar medium at 28° C. for 4 days was added to the above-mentioned medium and subjected to liquid culture at 28° C. for 4 days. Filtration was carried out with Miracloth to obtain 5 g of bacterial cells. From these bacterial cells, 30 μg of genomic DNA was obtained in accordance with the manual attached to genomic DNA purification kit Genomic-tip 100/G (manufactured by Qiagen K.K.). 
       Example 2 
     Degenerate Primers for Amplification of Polyketide Synthase (PKS) and Amplified Fragment Thereof 
       [0119]    Based on an amino acid sequence conserved among various filamentous bacterium polyketide synthases, the following primers were designed and synthesized as degenerate primers for amplification: 
         [0000]                                LC1: GAYCCIMGITTYTTYAAYATG   (SEQ ID NO: 1)                       LC2c: GTICCIGTICCRTGCATYTC   (SEQ ID NO: 2)            
(wherein R=A/G, Y=C/T, M=A/C, I=inosine).
 
         [0120]    Using these degenerate primers, the genomic DNA prepared in Example 1 and ExTaq polymerase (manufactured by Takara Bio Inc.) were allowed to react in accordance with the attached manual. An amplified fragment of about 700 bp was detected (see  FIG. 1 ). Further, the above-mentioned amplified fragment was analyzed to specify the sequence of its internal 500 bp (SEQ ID NO:3). 
       Example 3 
     Large-Scale Sequencing of Genomic DNA and Amino Acid Sequence Homology Search 
       [0121]    The genomic DNA of  Penicillium coprobium  PF1169 strain obtained in Example 1 was subjected to large-scale sequencing and homology search for amino acid sequences. Specifically, part of 50 μg of genomic DNA was pretreated and thereafter subjected to Roche 454FLX DNA sequencer to obtain about 250 bp, 103 thousands of fragment sequences (in total, 49 Mb of sequence). 
         [0122]    For theses sequences, as known sequences among polyketide synthases and prenyltransferases, the following five sequences (sequences derived from polyketide synthases:  Aspergillus  ( A .)  fumigatus  PKS 2146 a.a. and  Penicillium  ( P .)  griseofluvum  6-methylsalycilic acid synthase 1744 a.a.; as well as prenyltransferases:  Aspergillus  ( A .)  fumigatus  Prenyltransferase,  Aspergillus  ( A .)  fumigatus  Prenyltransferase (4-hydroxybezoate octaprenyltransferase) and  Penicillium  ( P .)  marneffei  Prenyltransferase) were selected and search by homology sequence search software blastx was carried out, thereby obtaining 89, 86, 2, 1 and 3 of homology sequences, respectively (see Table 1). Further, from the homology sequences of  A. fumigatus  PKS 2146 a.a. and  P. griseofluvum  6-methylsalycilic acid synthase 1744 a.a., 19 and 23 of contig sequences were respectively obtained (the contig sequences of  A. fumigatus  PKS 2146 a.a.: SEQ ID NOs:179 to 197; the contig sequences of  P. griseofluvum  6-methylsalycilic acid synthase 1744 a.a.: SEQ ID NOs:198 to 220) (see Table 1). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Number of 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Homology 
                 SEQ ID 
               
               
                 Enzyme Name 
                 Origin 
                 Sequences 
                 NO. 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Polyketide 
                   A. fumigatus  PKS 2146 
                 89  
                  4-92 
               
               
                 Synthases 
                 a.a. 
               
               
                   
                 
                   P. griseofluvum 
                 
                 86  
                  93-178 
               
               
                   
                 6-methylsalycilic acid 
               
               
                   
                 synthase 1744 a.a. 
               
               
                   
                   A. fumigatus  PKS 2146 
                 19 (Contig 
                 179-197 
               
               
                   
                 a.a. 
                 sequences) 
               
               
                   
                 
                   P. griseofluvum 
                 
                 23 (Contig 
                 198-220 
               
               
                   
                 6-methylsalycilic acid 
                 sequences) 
               
               
                   
                 synthase 1744 a.a. 
               
               
                 Prenyltransferases 
                 
                   A. fumigatus 
                 
                 2 
                 221, 222 
               
               
                   
                 Prenyltransferase 
               
               
                   
                 
                   A. fumigatus 
                 
                 1 
                 223 
               
               
                   
                 Prenyltransferase 
               
               
                   
                 (4-hydroxybezoate 
               
               
                   
                 octaprenyltransferase) 
               
               
                   
                 
                   P. marneffei 
                 
                 3 
                 224-226 
               
               
                   
                 Prenyltransferase 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 4 
     PCR Amplification from Genomic DNA 
       [0123]    From the search results of blastx obtained in Example 3, for polyketide synthases, 13 types of primer pairs shown in SEQ ID NOs:227 to 252 were synthesized. Similarly, for prenyltransferases, 5 types of primer pairs shown in SEQ ID NOs:253 to 262 were synthesized. When PCR was carried out for the genomic DNA using these primers, amplified fragments with the expected size were seen for all of the primer pairs (see  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 ). 
       Example 5 
     Construction of Phage Genomic Library 
       [0124]    A λ phage genomic library of  Penicillium coprobium  PF1169 strain was constructed using λBlueSTAR Xho I Half-site Arms Kit (manufactured by Takara Bio Inc., Cat. No. 69242-3) in accordance with the attached manual. That is, genomic DNA was partially digested using a restriction enzyme, Sau3A1. The DNA fragment with about 20 kb (0.5 μg) was ligated to 0.5 μg of λBlueSTAR DNA attached to the kit. This ligation solution was subjected to in vitro packaging using Lambda INN Packaging kit (manufactured by Nippon Gene Co., Ltd.) based on the manual attached to the kit to obtain 1 ml of a solution. This solution with packaged phages (10 μl) was infected into 100 μl of  E. coli  ER1647 strain and cultured on a plaque-forming medium at 37° C. overnight, thereby obtaining about 500 clones of plaques. Thus, the genomic library composed of about 50000 clones of phages in which 10 to 20 kb genomic DNA of  Penicillium coprobium  PF1169 strain were introduced by infection was constructed. 
       Example 6 
     Screening from Phage Library 
       [0125]    For 10000 clones of the phage library prepared in Example 5, the primary screening was carried out by plaque hybridization using, as a probe, the PCR product amplified by LC1-LC2c primer pair prepared above. For labeling and detection of the probe, AlkPhos Direct Labelling and Detection System with CDP-Star (manufactured by GE Healthcare, Cat. No. RPN3690) was used. The above-mentioned hybridization was carried out in accordance with the attached manual. 
         [0126]    By the primary screening, 6 clones remained as candidates. Further, as the result of the secondary screening by plaque hybridization, 4 clones were obtained. These positive clones were infected into  E. coli  BM25.8 strain and the phages were converted to plasmids in accordance with the attached manual, thereby obtaining 4 types of plasmids containing a desired region. 
       Example 7 
     Preparation of Fosmid Genome Library 
       [0127]    A genomic library of  Penicillium coprobium  PF1169 strain was constructed using CopyControl Fosmid Library Production Kit (manufactured by EPICENTRE, Cat. No. CCFOS110) in accordance with the manual attached thereto. That is, 0.25 μg of DNA fragment of about 40 kb genomic DNA was blunt-ended and then incorporated into fosmid vector pCCFOS (manufactured by Epicentre). This ligation solution was subjected to in vitro packaging using MaxPlax Lambda Packaging Extract attached to the kit based on the manual attached to the kit. This solution with packaged virus (10 μl) was infected into 100 μl of  E. coli  EPI300™-T1® strain and cultured on a medium containing chloramphenicol at 37° C. overnight and selected, thereby obtaining about 300 clones of plaques. Thus, about 30000 clones of the fosmids in which 40 kb of the genomic DNA of  Penicillium coprobium  PF1169 strain were introduced by infection were obtained. They were aliquoted in a 96 well plate so as to be about 50 clones per well. Thus, the genomic library composed of 96 pools, about 4800 clones was constructed. 
       Example 8 
     Fosmid Library Screening 
       [0128]    In accordance with the manual attached to the fosmid, plasmid DNAs were individually prepared from 96 pools of the library prepared in Example 7. Using the degenerate primers for polyketide synthase amplification synthesized in Example 2, PCR was carried out for 96 pools of these plasmid DNA samples. As a result, DNA fragments of about 700 bp were amplified from 9 pools. Further, a petri dish containing colonies of about 300 clones or more was prepared from the positive pools and re-screening was carried out by colony hybridization. As a result, using by LC1-LC2c primer pair, 9 types of fosmids were obtained from about 4800 clones. 
       Example 9 
     Large-Scale Sequencing of Genomic DNA and Amino Acid Sequence Homology Search 
       [0129]    Genomic DNA of  Penicillium coprobium  PF1169 strain obtained in Example 1 was subjected to large-scale sequencing and homology search for amino acid sequences. Specifically, part of 50 μg of genomic DNA was pretreated and then subjected to Roche 454FLX DNA sequencer to obtain 1405 fragment sequences with an average contig length of 19.621 kb (sequence of a total base length of 27.568160 Mb). 
         [0130]    For these sequences, as known sequences among polyketide synthases and prenyltransferases, the following five sequences (sequences derived from polyketide synthases:  Penicillium  ( P .)  griseofluvum  6-methylsalycilic acid synthase 1744 a.a. (P22367) and  Aspergillus ( A .)  fumigatus  PKS 2146 a.a. (Q4WZA8); as well as prenyltransferases:  Penicillium  ( P .)  marneffei  Prenyltransferase (Q0MRO8),  Aspergillus  ( A .)  fumigatus  Prenyltransferase (Q4WBI5) and  Aspergillus  ( A .)  fumigatus  Prenyltransferase (4-hydroxybezoate octaprenyltransferase) (Q4WLD0)) were selected and search by homology sequence search software blastx was carried out, thereby obtaining 22 (P22367), 21 (Q4WZA8), 2 (Q0MRO8), 3 (Q4WBI5) and 3 (Q4WLD0) of the homologous sequences, respectively. 
       Example 10 
     Fosmid Library Screening and Sequence Analysis of Cluster Genes 
       [0131]    In accordance with the manual attached to a fosmid kit (manufactured by EPICENTRE, CopyControl Fosmid Library Production Kit), plasmid DNAs were individually prepared from 96 pools of the library prepared in Example 7. Based on base sequences determined by Roche 454FLX DNA sequencer, homology search for amino acid sequences was carried out to search regions adjacent to polyketide synthase and prenyltransferase. Based on the base sequence of prenyltransferase of the obtained region, a primer pair (No. 27) capable of amplifying 400 bp DNA fragment was synthesized. Using the primers, PCR was carried out for these 48 pools of plasmid DNA samples. As a result, expected DNA fragments of about 400 bp (SEQ ID NO:263) were amplified from 11 pools (see  FIG. 3 ). Further, a petri dish containing colonies of about 300 clones or more was prepared from 6 pools of the positive pools and re-screening was carried out by colony hybridization. As a result, by using 27F+27R primer pair (27F primer: SEQ ID NO:264, 27R primer: SEQ ID NO:265), 4 types of fosmids were obtained from about 4800 clones. One of them was named pCC1-PP1 and the entire sequence of the inserted fragment was determined (SEQ ID NO:266). 
         [0132]    The obtained pCC1-PP1 was transformed into  Escherichia coli  EPI300™-T1® strain (included in the fosmid kit), thereby obtaining  Escherichia coli  EPI300™-T1® strain/pCC1-PP1. 
         [0133]    When a homology search was carried out between the above-mentioned sequence of SEQ ID NO:266 and each of Adenylate-forming enzyme; LovB-like polyketide synthase; Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, Integral membrane protein, FAD-dependent monooxygenase, which are hydroxylases; UbiA-like prenyltransferase; Acetyltransferase, Toxin biosynthesis protein Tri7, which are acetyltransferases; and Cation transporting ATPase (the above-mentioned enzymes are all derived from  Aspergillus fumigatus  Af293 strain), a high homology of 70% or more was seen in any search. 
         [0134]    The nucleotides 3342 to 5158 of SEQ ID NO:266 encode Adenylate-forming enzyme and the corresponding polypeptide is shown with the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:267; the nucleotides 5382 to 12777 of SEQ ID NO:266 encode LovB-like polyketide synthase and the corresponding polypeptide is shown with the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:268; the nucleotides 13266 to 15144 of SEQ ID NO:266 (hereinafter, a protein encoded by this polynucleotide sequence (P450-1) is referred to as Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (1)) and the nucleotides 16220 to 18018 (hereinafter, a protein encoded by this polynucleotide sequence (P450-2) is referred to as Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (2)) encode Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and the corresponding polypeptides are shown with the amino acid sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOs:269 and 270, respectively; the nucleotides 18506 to 19296 of SEQ ID NO:266 encode Integral membrane protein and the corresponding polypeptide is shown with the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:271; the nucleotides 19779 to 21389 of SEQ ID NO:266 encode FAD-dependent monooxygenase and the corresponding polypeptide is shown with the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:272; the nucleotides 21793 to 22877 of SEQ ID NO:266 encode UbiA-like prenyltransferase and the corresponding polypeptide is shown with the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:273; the nucleotides 23205 to 24773 of SEQ ID NO:266 encode Acetyltransferase and the corresponding polypeptide is shown with the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:274; the nucleotides 25824 to 27178 of SEQ ID NO:266 encode Toxin biosynthesis protein Tri7 and the corresponding polypeptide is shown with the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:275; and the nucleotides 27798 to 31855 of SEQ ID NO:266 encode Cation transporting ATPase and the corresponding polypeptide is shown with the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:276. 
       Example 11 
     Hydroxylation of Pyripyropene E or Pyripyropene O by Transformation of  Aspergillus Oryzae    
       [0135]    Pyripyropene E used below can be produced by, for example, a method for culturing a microorganism based on the method described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 239385/1996 (Patent Document 4), WO94/09147 or U.S. Pat. No. 5,597,835, or the total synthesis method described in Tetrahedron Letters, vol. 37, No. 36, 6461-6464, 1996. Also, pyripyropene O used below can be produced by, for example, a method for culturing a microorganism based on the method described in J. Antibiotics 49, 292-298, 1996 or WO94/09147. 
         [0136]    (1) Preparation of Expression Vector for Introducing into Filamentous Bacterium 
         [0137]    pUSA ( FIG. 4 ) and pHSG399 (Takara Bio Inc.) were individually digested with KpnI and ligated, thereby obtaining pUSA-HSG. This plasmid was digested with SmaI and KpnI in the order mentioned, and subjected to gel purification, thereby obtaining a linear vector DNA having a KpnI cohesive end and SmaI blunt end. 
         [0138]    (2) Preparation of Plasmid pPP2 
         [0139]    With fosmid pCC1-PP1 as a template, the polynucleotide of the above-mentioned P450-1 was amplified using a primer pair P450-1 with Kpn F (SEQ ID NO:277)/P450-1 with Swa R (SEQ ID NO:278). The purified DNA fragment was cloned into pCR-Blunt (Invitorogen, Cat. No. K2700-20). The plasmid obtained was digested with KpnI and SwaI. The above-mentioned P450-1 fragment was ligated to the above-described vector pUSA-HSG. thereby obtaining a plasmid pPP2 shown in  FIG. 5 . 
         [0140]    (3) Preparation of Plasmid pPP3 
         [0141]    With fosmid pCC1-PP1 as a template, in accordance with the flow shown in  FIG. 6 , exons alone were first amplified using primer pairs F1 (SEQ ID NO:279)/R1 (SEQ ID NO:280), F2 (SEQ ID NO:281)/R2 (SEQ ID NO:282), F3 (SEQ ID NO:283)/R3 (SEQ ID NO:284), F4 (SEQ ID NO:285)/R4 (SEQ ID NO:286), F5 (SEQ ID NO:287)/R5 (SEQ ID NO:288) and F6 (SEQ ID NO:289)/R6 (SEQ ID NO:290), thereby obtaining six fragments. Next, amplification was carried out with these fragments as templates using primer pairs of F1/R2, F3/R4 and F5/R6, thereby obtaining longer fragments. Further, by repeating amplification using primer pairs of F1/R4 and F1/R6, cDNA which did not contain introns of the polynucleotide of the above-mentioned P450-2 was prepared. This cDNA fragment was inserted into pCR-Blunt (Invitorogen, Cat. No. K2700-20) and the obtained plasmid was used as a template for amplification by a primer pair, infusion F of P450-2-cDNA (SEQ ID NO:291)/infusion R of P450-2-cDNA (SEQ ID NO:292). Based on the manual of the kit, a plasmid pPP3 shown in  FIG. 7  was obtained using In-Fusion Advantage PCR Cloning Kit (Clontech). 
         [0142]    (4) Transformation of  Aspergillus Oryzae  ( A. oryzae ) 
         [0143]    In a CD-Met (containing L-Methionine 40 μg/ml) agar medium,  A. oryzae  (HL-1105 strain) was cultured at 30° C. for one week. From this petri dish, conidia (&gt;10 8 ) were collected and seeded in 100 ml of YPD liquid medium in a 500 ml-flask. After 20-hour culturing (30° C., 180 rpm), bacterial cells having a moss ball shape were obtained. The bacterial cells were collected with a 3G-1 glass filter, washed with 0.8 M NaCl, and water was removed well. The resultant was suspended with TF solution I (protoplast formation solution) and then shook at 30° C., at 60 rpm for 2 hours. At a 30-minute interval, observation under the microscope was carried out and the presence of protoplasts was checked. Thereafter, the culture medium was filtered and subjected to centrifugation (2000 rpm, 5 minutes) to collect protoplasts, which were then washed with TF solution II. After washing, 0.8 volume of TF solution II and 0.2 volume of TF solution III were added and mixed, thereby obtaining a protoplast suspension. 
         [0144]    To 200 μl of this suspension, 10 μg of plasmid DNA (pPP2 or pPP3) was added. The mixture was left to stand on ice 30 minutes and added with TF solution III (1 mL). The resulting mixture was gently mixed and then left to stand at room temperature for 15 minutes. Thereafter, the plasmid DNA was introduced into the above-mentioned protoplasts. To this, TF solution II (8 mL) was added and subjected to centrifugation (at 2000 rpm for 5 minutes). Further, protoplasts were then recovered with 1 to 2 ml being left over. The recovered protoplast solution was dropped to a regeneration medium (lower layer) and a regeneration medium (upper layer) was poured. The resultant was mixed by turning a petri dish and then cultured at 30° C. for 4 to 5 days. Generated clones were isolated in the regeneration medium (lower layer), subcultured and purified, thereby obtaining a transformant ( Aspergillus oryzae  PP2-1 and  Aspergillus oryzae  PP3-2). 
         [0145]    The above-mentioned TF solution I (protoplast formation solution) was prepared with the following compositions. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Name of Compound 
                 Concentration 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Yatalase (manufactured by Takara Bio Inc.) 
                 20 mg/ml 
               
               
                   
                 Ammonium sulfate 
                 0.6M 
               
               
                   
                 Maleic acid-NaOH 
                 50 mM  
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0146]    After the above-mentioned compositions (pH5.5) were prepared, filter sterilization was carried out. 
         [0147]    The above-mentioned TF solution II was prepared with the following compositions. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Name of Compound 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1.2M Sorbitol (MW = 182.17) 
                 43.72 
                 g 
                   
               
               
                 50 mM CaCl 2   
                 10 
                 ml 
                 1M CaCl 2  ( 1/20) 
               
               
                 35 mM NaCl 
                 1.4 
                 ml 
                 5M NaCl 
               
               
                 10 mM Tris-HCl 
                 2 
                 ml 
                 1M Tris-HCl ( 1/100) 
               
               
                 Up to total volume 
                 200 
                 ml 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0148]    After the above-mentioned compositions were prepared, autoclave sterilization was carried out. 
         [0149]    The above-mentioned TF solution III was prepared with the following compositions. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Name of Compound 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 60% PEG4000 
                 6 
                 g 
                   
               
               
                   
                 50 mM CaCl 2   
                 500 
                 μl 
                 1M CaCl 2  ( 1/20) 
               
               
                   
                 50 mM Tris-HCl 
                 500 
                 μl 
                 1M Tris-HCl ( 1/100) 
               
               
                   
                 Up to total volume 
                 10 
                 ml 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0150]    After the above-mentioned compositions were prepared, filter sterilization was carried out. 
         [0151]    The above-mentioned regeneration medium was prepared with the following compositions. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Name of Compound 
                   
                 Concentration 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Sorbitol (MW = 182.17) 
                 218.6 
                 g 
                 1.2M 
               
               
                 NaNO 3   
                 3.0 
                 g 
                 0.3% (w/v) 
               
               
                 KCl 
                 2.0 
                 g 
                 0.2% (w/v) 
               
               
                 KH 2 PO 4   
                 1.0 
                 g 
                 0.1% (w/v) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 MgSO 4 •7H 2 O 
                 2 ml of 1M MgSO 4   
                 0.05% 2 mM 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Trace elements solution 
                 1 
                 ml 
                   
               
               
                 Glucose 
                 20.0 
                 g 
                 2% (w/v) 
               
               
                 Up to the total volume 
                 1 
                 L 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0152]    After the above-mentioned compositions (pH5.5) were prepared, autoclave sterilization was carried out. 
         [0153]    In addition, the Trace elements solution used above was prepared with the following composition. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Name of Compound 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 FeSO 4 •7H 2 O 
                 1.0 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 ZnSO 4 •7H 2 O 
                 8.8 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 CuSO 4 •5H 2 O 
                 0.4 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Na 2 B 4 O 7 •10H 2 O 
                 0.1 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 (NH 4 ) 6 Mo 7 O 24 •4H 2 O 
                 0.05 
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Up to the total volume 
                 1 
                 L 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0154]    After the above-mentioned compositions were prepared, autoclave sterilization was carried out. 
         [0155]    (5) Function Analysis and Addition Culture Test of P450-1 
         [0156]    To a YPD medium (1% (w/v) Yeast Extract, 2% (w/v) Peptone, 2% (w/v) Dextrose) containing 1% (w/v) maltose, a 1/100 volume of 2 mg/mL dimethyl sulfoxide solution of pyripyropene E was added to provide medium A. From flora of  Aspergillus oryzae  PP2-1 cultured in Czapek Dox agar medium, conidia thereof were collected and suspended in sterilized water. This conidia suspension was adjusted to 10 4  spores/mL. Further, 100 μL of this adjusted conidia suspension was added to 10 mL of medium A and cultured with shaking at 25° C. for 96 hours. To this culture solution, 10 mL of acetone was added and the mixture was mixed well. Thereafter, acetone was removed using a centrifugal concentrator. To this, 10 mL of ethyl acetate was added and the resulting mixture was mixed well and then only the ethyl acetate layer was recovered. A dried product obtained by removing ethyl acetate using the centrifugal concentrator was dissolved in 1000 μL of methanol. This was used as a sample and analyzed by LC-MS (Waters, Micromass ZQ, 2996PDA, 2695 Separation module, Column: Waters XTerra C18 (Φ4.5×50 mm, 5 μm)) and LC-NMR (Avance500 manufactured by Burker Daltonik). 
         [0157]    As the results of the above-mentioned LC-MS measurement, it was confirmed that the obtained compound was single compound A which increased by a molecular weight of 16 compared with pyripyropene E. In addition, as the results of the LC-NMR measurement, it was confirmed that this compound A was an 11-position hydroxide of pyripyropene E. It was confirmed that the above-mentioned Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (1) was an enzyme hydroxylating the 11-position of pyripyropene E with pyripyropene E as a substrate. 
         [0158]    Physicochemical properties of the above-mentioned compound A are shown below: 
         [0159]    1. Mass spectrum: ES-MS 468M/Z (M+H) +   
         [0160]    2. Molecular formula: C 27 H 33 NO 6    
         [0161]    3. HPLC: Column: Waters XTerra Column C18 (5 μm, 4.6 mm×50 mm), 40° C., Mobile phase: From 20% aqueous acetonitrile solution to 100% acetonitrile in 10 minutes (linear gradient), Flow rate: 0.8 ml/min, Detection: Retention time 6.696 minutes at UV 323 nm 
         [0162]    4.  1 H-NMR spectrum (CD 3 CN, 2H, 3.134, 3.157 H-11) 
         [0163]    The charts of the  1 H-NMR spectrum of pyripyropene E and  1 H-NMR spectrum according to 4 described above are shown in  FIG. 8  and  FIG. 9 , respectively. 
         [0164]    (6) Function Analysis and Addition Culture Test of P450-2 
         [0165]    To a YPD medium (1% (w/v) Yeast Extract, 2% (w/v) Peptone, 2% (w/v) Dextrose) containing 1% (w/v) maltose, a 1/100 volume of 2 mg/mL dimethyl sulfoxide solution of pyripyropene E was added to provide medium B, and similarly a 1/100 volume of 2 mg/mL dimethyl sulfoxide solution of pyripyropene O was added to provide medium C. From flora of  Aspergillus oryzae  PP3-2 cultured in Czapek Dox agar medium, conidia thereof were collected and suspended in sterilized water. This conidia suspension was adjusted to 10 4  spores/mL. Further, 500 μL of the adjusted conidia suspension was added to 50 mL of medium B or medium C and cultured with shaking at 25° C. for 96 hours. To this culture solution, 50 mL of acetone was added and the mixture was mixed well. Thereafter, acetone was removed using a centrifugal concentrator. To this, 50 mL of ethyl acetate was added and the resulting mixture was mixed well and then only the ethyl acetate layer was recovered. A dried product obtained by removing ethyl acetate using the centrifugal concentrator was dissolved in 1500 μL of methanol. This was used as a sample and analyzed by LC-MS (manufactured by Waters, Micromass ZQ, 2996PDA, 2695 Separation module, Column: Waters XTerra C18 (Φ4.5×50 mm, 5 μm)) and LC-NMR (manufactured by Burker Daltonik, Avance500). As the results of the LC-MS measurement, from a sample obtained from the medium B, compound B which increased by a molecular weight of 32 compared with pyripyropene E was detected. Also, from a sample obtained from the medium C, compound C which increased by a molecular weight of 32 compared with pyripyropene O was detected. Further, as the results of the LC-NMR measurement, it was confirmed that the compound C was a 7-position and 13-position hydroxide of pyripyropene O. It was confirmed that the above-mentioned Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (2) was an enzyme hydroxylating the 7-position and 13-position of each of pyripyropene E or pyripyropene O. 
         [0166]    Physicochemical properties of the above-mentioned compound B are shown below: 
         [0167]    1. Mass spectrum: ES-MS 484M/Z (M+H) +   
         [0168]    2. Molecular formula: C 27 H 33 NO 7    
         [0169]    3. HPLC: Column: Waters XTerra Column C18 (5 μm, 4.6 mm×50 mm), 40° C., Mobile phase: From 20% aqueous acetonitrile solution to 100% acetonitrile in 10 minutes (linear gradient), Flow rate: 0.8 ml/min, Detection: Retention time 5.614 minutes at UV 323 nm 
         [0170]    Physicochemical properties of the above-mentioned compound C are shown below: 
         [0171]    1. Mass spectrum: ES-MS 542M/Z (M+H) +   
         [0172]    2. Molecular formula: C 29 H 35 NO 9    
         [0173]    3. HPLC: Column: Waters XTerra Column C18 (5 μm, 4.6 mm×50 mm), 40° C., Mobile phase: From 20% aqueous acetonitrile solution to 100% acetonitrile in 10 minutes (linear gradient), Flow rate: 0.8 ml/min, Detection: Retention time 5.165 minutes at UV 323 nm 
         [0174]    4.  1 H-NMR spectrum (CD 3 CN, 1H 4.858 H-13), (CD 3 CN, 1H 3.65 H-7) 
         [0175]    The charts of the  1 H-NMR spectrum of pyripyropene O and the above-mentioned compound C are shown in  FIG. 10  and  FIG. 11 , respectively. 
       [Accession Numbers] 
       [0176]    FERM BP-11133 
         [0177]    FERM BP-11137 
         [0178]    FERM BP-11141