Abstract:
A radio frequency (RF) switch with a transformer and a switching method thereof are provided. The RF switch includes a transmitting end transformer having a primary side connected to a transmitting end and a secondary side connected to an antenna; and a receiving end transformer having a primary side connected to the antenna and a secondary side connected to a receiving end. In a transmission mode, the transmitting end transformer is tuned on, and, in a reception mode, the receiving end transformer is turned on. Accordingly, since switching is performed based on transformers rather than transistors connected in series, the RS switch, which can achieve high linearity and low insertion loss as well as high isolation, can be implemented.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) AND CLAIM OF PRIORITY 
       [0001]    The present application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(a) to a Korean patent application filed in the Korean Intellectual Property Office on Nov. 19, 2012, and assigned Serial No. 10-2012-0131030, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Methods and apparatuses consistent with exemplary embodiments relate to a radio frequency (RF) switch, and more particularly, to an RF switch which is used at an RF front end in a time division duplex (TDD) system. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]      FIG. 1  is a view illustrating an RF front end in a TDD system. Since the RF front end shown in  FIG. 1  does not operate a receiving end (Rx) in a transmission mode and does not operate a transmitting end (Tx) in a reception mode, the RF front end may be managed by a single antenna. However, the RF front end further requires a switch. 
         [0004]    A power amplifier (PA) to increase output of the transmitting end (Tx) is mainly designed in a differential method, and a low noise amplifier (LNA) is also designed in the differential method to minimize common mode noise and ground effect in the RF front end module. Therefore, the RF front end further requires a balun as shown in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0005]    A module that is manufactured by combining the switch and the baluns as shown in  FIG. 1  is called an analog front end (AFE). In the multi-band or multi-mode wireless communication environment, the increase in manufacturing costs and system size of the AFE is becoming a problem. 
         [0006]    To solve this problem of the AFE, a method for substituting this module with a chip has been suggested. Specifically, an RF switch with a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) transistor as shown in  FIG. 2  is the representative method. 
         [0007]    In the RF switch shown in  FIG. 2 , transistors are arranged such that a transmitting end (Tx) and a receiving end (Rx) are symmetric to each other. When “SW” is a high level, T s2  is turned on and T p2  is turned off, and the receiving end (Rx) is connected to an antenna. At this time, T s1  is turned off at the transmitting end (Tx) and prevents signals from entering the transmitting end (Tx) from the antenna, and T p1  is turned on and grounds the signals passing through T s1 , thereby guaranteeing isolation. 
         [0008]    However, the transmission signal output from the transmitting end (Tx) is a high output signal that passes through the PA. Accordingly, linearity cannot be guaranteed while the signal passes through T s1  which shows non-linearity with respect to the high output signal, and also, great loss may be caused. 
         [0009]    In the case of the receiving end (Rx), the loss caused by T s2  undermines the whole noise figure of the system. 
         [0010]    Therefore, the RF switch shown in  FIG. 2  guarantees high isolation, but causes side effects such as non-linearity and high insertion loss. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0011]    One or more exemplary embodiments may overcome the above disadvantages and other disadvantages not described above. However, it is understood that one or more exemplary embodiment are not required to overcome the disadvantages described above, and may not overcome any of the problems described above. 
         [0012]    One or more exemplary embodiments provide an RF switch which can guarantee high isolation and also have performances of high linearity and low insertion loss. 
         [0013]    According to an aspect of an exemplary embodiment, there is provided a radio frequency (RF) switch including: a transmitting end transformer having a primary side connected to a transmitting end and a secondary side connected to an antenna; and a receiving end transformer having a primary side connected to the antenna and a secondary side connected to a receiving end. In a transmission mode, the transmitting end transformer may be tuned on, and, in a reception mode, the receiving end transformer may be turned on. 
         [0014]    In the transmission mode, the receiving end transformer may be turned off, and, in the reception mode, the transmitting end transformer may be turned off. 
         [0015]    The RF switch may further include: a transmitting end switch connected to the primary side of the transmitting end transformer in parallel and turned off in the transmission mode, thereby opening the transmitting end; and a receiving end switch connected to the secondary side of the receiving end transformer in parallel and turned off in the reception mode, thereby opening the receiving end. 
         [0016]    The transmitting end switch may be turned on and may short-circuit the transmitting end in the reception mode, and the receiving end switch may be turned on and may short-circuit the receiving end in the transmission mode. 
         [0017]    The secondary side of the transmitting side transformer and the primary side of the receiving end transformer may be connected to each other in series. 
         [0018]    The RF switch may further include a capacitor switch array (CSA) which is connected to the secondary side of the transmitting end transformer and the primary side of the receiving end transformer in parallel, and performs impedance matching by selectively combining a plurality of capacitors. 
         [0019]    According to an aspect of another exemplary embodiment, there is provided an RF switching method including: in a transmission mode, turning on a transmitting end transformer which has a primary side connected to a transmitting end and a secondary side connected to an antenna; and, in a reception mode, turning on a receiving end transformer which has a primary side connected to the antenna and a secondary side connected to a receiving end. 
         [0020]    According to the exemplary embodiments as described above, since switching is performed based on transformers rather than transistors connected in series, the RS switch, which can achieve high linearity and low insertion loss as well as high isolation, can be implemented. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0021]    The above and/or other aspects will be more apparent by describing in detail exemplary embodiments, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0022]      FIG. 1  is a view illustrating an RF front end in a TDD system; 
           [0023]      FIG. 2  is a circuit diagram of an RF switch with a CMOS transistor; 
           [0024]      FIG. 3  is a circuit diagram of an RF switch with a transformer according to an exemplary embodiment; 
           [0025]      FIG. 4  is an equivalent circuit diagram of the transformer shown in  FIG. 3 ; 
           [0026]      FIG. 5  is a circuit diagram which is a result of schematically modeling a power transmission characteristic of the transformer from the equivalent circuit shown in  FIG. 4 ; 
           [0027]      FIG. 6  is a graph showing a result of computer-simulating insertion loss and isolation characteristics of an RF switch according to an exemplary embodiment; and 
           [0028]      FIG. 7  is a graph showing a result of simulating a capacitor switch array (CSA) of an RF switch according to an exemplary embodiment. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0029]    Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments will be described in greater detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
         [0030]    In the following description, same reference numerals are used for the same elements when they are depicted in different drawings. The matters defined in the description, such as detailed construction and elements, are provided to assist in a comprehensive understanding of exemplary embodiments. Thus, it is apparent that exemplary embodiments can be carried out without those specifically defined matters. Also, functions or elements known in the related art are not described in detail since they would obscure the exemplary embodiments with unnecessary detail. 
         [0031]      FIG. 3  is a circuit diagram of an RF switch with a transformer according to an exemplary embodiment. The RF switch  100  according to the present exemplary embodiment is a switch for matching and isolation between a transmitting end (Tx) and a receiving end (Rx) at an RF front end for wireless communication of a TDD scheme. 
         [0032]    The RF switch  100  according to the present exemplary embodiment performs a switching operation based on a transformer, thereby achieving high isolation between the transmitting end and the receiving end, high linearity, and low insertion loss. 
         [0033]    The RF switch  100 , which shows such performance according to the present exemplary embodiment, includes a capacitor switch array (CSA)  110 , a receiving end transformer  121 , a transmitting end transformer  122 , a receiving end switch  131 , and a transmitting end switch  132 . 
         [0034]    The receiving end transformer  121  has a primary side connected to an antenna and a secondary side connected to a receiving end (Rx). On the contrary, the transmitting end transformer  122  has a primary side connected to a transmitting end (Tx) and a secondary side connected to the antenna. 
         [0035]    Also, the receiving end switch  131  is connected to the secondary side of the receiving end transformer  121  in parallel. The transmitting end switch  132  is connected to the primary side of the transmitting end transformer  122  in parallel. 
         [0036]    In a transmission mode, “SW” is a high level and “SWb(ar)” is a low level. 
         [0037]    Accordingly, in the transmission mode, the transmitting end transformer  122  is turned on and the receiving end transformer  121  is turned off. Also, the transmitting end switch  132  is turned off and opens the transmitting end (Tx), thereby forwarding a transmission signal output from the transmitting end (Tx) to the antenna through the transmitting end transformer  122 . 
         [0038]    On the other hand, the receiving end switch  131  is turned on and short-circuits the receiving end (Rx), thereby doubly preventing the transmission signal from entering the receiving end (Rx). 
         [0039]    On the contrary, in a reception, “SW” is a low level and “SWb(ar)” is a high level. 
         [0040]    Accordingly, in the reception mode, the receiving end transformer  121  is turned on and the transmitting end transformer  122  is turned off. Also, the receiving end switch  131  is turned off and opens the receiving end (Rx), thereby forwarding a reception signal entering from the antenna through the receiving end transformer  122  to the receiving end (Rx). 
         [0041]    On the other hand, the transmitting end switch  132  is turned on and short-circuits the transmitting end (Tx), thereby doubly preventing the reception signal from entering the transmitting end (Tx). 
         [0042]    The primary side of the receiving end transformer  121  and the secondary side of the transmitting end transformer  122  are connected to each other in series. Also, the CSA  110  is connected to the primary side of the receiving end transformer  121  and the secondary side of the transmitting end transformer  122 , which are connected to each other in series, in parallel. 
         [0043]    The CSA  110  is provided with a plurality of capacitors and a plurality of switches which are connected to the plurality of capacitors in series. The CSA  110  performs impedance matching by selectively combining the capacitors with the switches. To achieve maximum transmission efficiency, a frequency caused by inductance at input sides of the transformers  121  and  122  and capacitance of the CSA  110  should be a resonant frequency. 
         [0044]    According to the present exemplary embodiment, by connecting the receiving end switch  131  and the transmitting end switch  132  to the receiving end (Rx) and the transmitting end (Tx), respectively, in parallel in the RF switch  100 , non-linearity and loss which arise when they are connected in series can be solved. 
         [0045]    The RF switch  100  according to the present exemplary embodiment guarantees linearity which results from passive element characteristics, as well as isolation, using the transformers  121  and  122  which show the passive element characteristics. 
         [0046]    Also, the transformers  121  and  122  provide a balun function by themselves such that both the receiving end (Rx) and the transmitting end (Tx) can exclude the balun. 
         [0047]    Accordingly, loss caused by the balun as well as loss caused by the switches (transistors) connected in series are integrated into the transformer insertion loss and minimized 
         [0048]    Also, since the inductance for impedance matching necessary for optimal performance of a PA and an LNA is provided by the transformers  121  and  122 , any separate inductor is not required and thus the number of parts can be reduced and also the insertion loss can be reduced. 
         [0049]      FIG. 4  illustrates an equivalent circuit of the transformers  121  and  122  shown in  FIG. 3 , and  FIG. 5  is a circuit diagram which is a result of schematically modeling a power transmission characteristic of the transformers  121  and  122  from the equivalent circuit shown in  FIG. 4 . 
         [0050]    A power transmission function may be calculated based on the circuit diagram shown in  FIG. 5  as follows: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               Pload 
               Ptf 
             
             = 
             
               
                 Rl 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           n 
                           2 
                         
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             
                               wLp 
                               Qs 
                             
                             + 
                             
                               Rl 
                               
                                 n 
                                 2 
                               
                             
                           
                           wkLp 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       2 
                     
                     × 
                     
                       wLp 
                       Qp 
                     
                   
                   + 
                   
                     wLp 
                     Qs 
                   
                   + 
                   
                     Rl 
                     / 
                     
                       n 
                       2 
                     
                   
                 
               
               = 
               η 
             
           
         
       
     
         [0051]    As can be seen from the above transmission function, when on resistance values of the receiving end switch  131  and the transmitting end switch  132  are reduced, output of the transmitting end (Tx) is not forwarded to the receiving end (Rx) and are mostly forwarded to the antenna. 
         [0052]    The resistance of the switches  131  and  132  decreases as a difference between a ‘gate voltage’ and ‘a source voltage and a drain voltage’ of the switches  131  and  132  increases. In the present exemplary embodiment, the gate voltage and opposite polarity of the switches  131  and  132  are applied to a center (virtual ground node) of the transformers  121  and  122 . Accordingly, a turn-on state and a turn-off state of the switches  131  and  132  are more clearly distinguished from each other, such that isolation is maximized. 
         [0053]      FIG. 6  is a graph showing a result of computer-simulating insertion loss and isolation characteristics of the RF switch  100  according to the present exemplary embodiment. In the graph shown in  FIG. 6 , the unit of the x-axis is GHz and the unit of the y-axis is dB. 
         [0054]    It can be seen that the minimum value of the insertion loss is 1.8 dB. This value may be seen as being very small considering that the loss includes loss in a balun and loss in an inductor for impedance matching. 
         [0055]    Also, referring to the isolation characteristic, isolation at a port blocked by the antenna is −26 dB and isolation between Tx and Rx is −31 dB. That is, it can be seen that the RF switch  100  according to the present exemplary embodiment has a high isolation characteristic. 
         [0056]      FIG. 7  is a graph showing a result of simulating the CSA  110  of the RF switch  100  according to the present exemplary embodiment. Referring to  FIG. 7 , since insertion loss is 2 dB in the section of 3-4 GHz, it can be seen that the RF switch  100  shows good performance in broadband. 
         [0057]    The foregoing exemplary embodiments and advantages are merely exemplary and are not to be construed as limiting the present inventive concept. The exemplary embodiments can be readily applied to other types of apparatuses. Also, the description of the exemplary embodiments is intended to be illustrative, and not to limit the scope of the claims, and many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art.