Abstract:
Voter-generated ballots created using consumer-grade printers are remade to ballots scannable by specialized ballot scanners. The voter-generated ballots include a machine-readable indicia, such as a two-dimensional barcode, that encodes ballot information. The ballot information includes choices made by the voter and information for use in remaking the ballot. Voters wish to submit their votes using printouts from non-specialized printers such as those found at their homes or offices; yet election officials wish to tabulate votes using scanners that require specialized, high-quality ballots. The disclosed systems and methods bridge this gap.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application No. 61/468,522, filed Mar. 28, 2011, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to electronic voting and to systems and methods for remaking ballots printed by voters using consumer-grade printing equipment into ballots readable by specialized ballot scanners. 
         [0003]    Providing remote voting allows greater participation in elections. Some voters may be unable to go to a polling place, for example, deployed military personnel. It may be difficult for other voters to vote using traditional ballots, for example, those with disabilities. 
         [0004]    It is expected that elections will be administered skillfully so that integrity of the results is assured including that voters&#39; choices are kept secret, eligible voters are allowed to vote for the contests for which they are authorized to cast votes, and all votes are accurately counted. Election officials have established various procedures to carry out their duties. For example, using official ballot scanners to automatically count paper ballots that use special paper stock, where the accuracy of the particular combination of scanners and ballots has be established. However, remotely-cast votes are difficult to process using these procedures. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0005]    Systems and methods for electronic voting are provided. In one aspect, the invention provides a method for remaking ballots. The method includes: receiving a voter-generated physical ballot including a machine-readable indicia that encodes an indication of choices of a voter; scanning the voter-generated physical ballot; decoding the scanned machine-readable indicia to determine the choices of the voter; and printing a remade ballot including indications of the choices of the voter, the remade ballot being readable by a ballot scanner. 
         [0006]    In another aspect, the invention provides a method for tabulating ballots. The method includes: receiving a voter-generated physical ballot including a machine-readable indicia that encodes an indication of choices of a voter; scanning the voter-generated ballot; decoding the scanned machine-readable indicia into the choices of the voter; and tabulating the decoded choices of the voter. 
         [0007]    In another aspect, the invention provides a system for processing ballots. The method includes: supplying an electronic ballot from an election server to a client device for use by a voter, the electronic ballot comprising information regarding one or more contests; receiving one or more indications of choices for the contests from the voter; transferring the indications of the choices for the contests to an election office; and printing a remade ballot including indications of the choices of the voter, the remade ballot being readable by a ballot scanner. 
         [0008]    Other features and advantages of the present invention should be apparent from the following description which illustrates, by way of example, aspects of the invention. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0009]    The details of the present invention, both as to its structure and operation, may be gleaned in part by study of the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals refer to like parts, and in which: 
           [0010]      FIG. 1  illustrates a system for remaking ballots in accordance with aspects of the invention; 
           [0011]      FIG. 2  is flow diagram of a method for remaking voter-generated ballots in accordance with aspects of the invention; 
           [0012]      FIG. 3  illustrates an example of a voter-generated ballot in accordance with aspects of the invention; and 
           [0013]      FIG. 4  is a listing of information contained in a machine-readable indicia of an example voter-generate ballot in accordance with aspects of the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0014]      FIG. 1  illustrates a system for remaking ballots. A voter uses a client device  20  to access an election server  10  via a network  15 . The election server  10  supplies a ballot to the client device  20  based ballot styles  12 . The voter selects choices for contests on the ballot using the client device  20 . The completed ballot is printed user printer  30  to create a voter-generated ballot  32  that includes a machine-readable indicia that indicates the voter&#39;s choices. The voter-generated ballot is sent via a postal service  55  to an election office where a transcriber  50  scans the voter-generated ballot and decodes the voter&#39;s choices. The transcriber  50  prints a remade ballot  52  that is formatted like conventional ballots. A ballot scanner  60  scans the remade ballot  52  along with other ballots  62 . The ballot scanner  60  supplies votes from the scanned ballots  62  to a tabulation  70 . 
         [0015]    The election server  10  is configured to allow voters to remotely access ballots through the network  15 . The network  15  may be the Internet, a telephone network, or other communication networks. In an embodiment, the election server  10  is a networked computer server configured to run the eLect Today suite of election software from Everyone Counts, Inc. 
         [0016]    The election server  10  uses one or more ballot styles  12  to supply ballots to voters. The ballot styles  12  include ballot information to be presented to voters and may also include formatting information for how the ballot information is to be presented. The ballot styles  110  can be provided to the election server  10  by an Election Management System (EMS). The ballot styles  12  may be in many formats, such as Portable Document Format (PDF), MICROSOFT WORD documents, Extensible Markup Language or other types of markup language files, comma-separated values (CSV), and Election Markup Language (EML) format files. 
         [0017]    The voter accesses the election server  10  using the client device  20 . The client device  20  includes computing, user interface, and communication functions. Example client devices include personal computers, notebook computers, tablet computers, and smart phones. When the client device  20  accesses the election server  10 , the voter can be provided a login page for the voter to supply identification information. The identification information can include information such as a voter identification number provided by election officials, a social security number or tax identification number assigned by a state or federal government, a password, a machine-readable secure identity card, and biometric information such as a fingerprint. 
         [0018]    The election server  10  uses the identification information to authenticate the voter&#39;s eligibility to vote in particular contests. The election server  10  can use the authenticated identification information to identify the correct ballot style  12  to present to the voter. 
         [0019]    The election server  10  uses characteristics, for example, residence and political party registration, of the voter to determine which ballot style to use. The characteristics may be based on electoral role information that election officials have provided to the election server  10 . The voter can use the client device  20  to make his or her choices on the ballot presented by the election server  10 . The choices may be made, in various embodiments, by way of a web page where the voter can fill out choices, or an editable form that the user can fill out, such as a PDF document. In some embodiments, the client device  20  downloads a custom application from the election server  10  and executes the custom application to present the ballot information to the voter and to receive the voter&#39;s choices. 
         [0020]    Once the voter has voted, in the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 1 , ballot information is sent from the client device  20  to the printer  30  where the voter-generated ballot  32  is printed. The client device  20  may be coupled to the printer  30  by a wired or wireless connection. The connection from the client device  20  to the printer  30  may include intermediate devices. The printer  30  can be ordinary printer using ordinary paper that is commonly available in many households and offices. That is, the printer  30  is not specialized for printing ballots. 
         [0021]    Printing of the voter-generated ballot  32  can be triggered by a “print ballot” function on the user interface of the client device  20 . The “print ballot” function can be made available on the client device  20  after error checking, voter confirmation, and the like. 
         [0022]    The voter-generated ballot  32  includes the machine-readable indicia that encodes information about the ballot. The machine-readable indicia may be a linear barcode, a two-dimensional barcode, or some other machine-readable indicia producible by the printer  30 . The machine-readable indicia, in an embodiment, encodes 800 bytes of information. The amount of information may be chosen based on criteria including a tradeoff between the amount of information versus the size or robustness of the machine-readable indicia. The machine-readable indicia can be created at the election server  10  or at the client device  20 . 
         [0023]    The information encoded by the machine-readable indicia is, in some embodiments, a coding of the actual ballot information including the choices made by the voter. In other embodiments, the information encoded by the machine-readable indicia is an identifier of the ballot. The identifier can be mapped to the voter&#39;s choices at the election office. The voter-generated ballot  32  usually does not contain any information that could be used to identify the voter. 
         [0024]    The machine-readable indicia may be encrypted to prevent reading by unauthorized parties. The machine-readable indicia can include redundant information to facilitate decoding of a poorly printed or damaged voter-generated ballot. The machine-readable indicia can be chosen to be tolerant of printing that is the wrong size, printing that is on the wrong kind of paper, printing that uses ink that is faint, printing that is skewed or rotated, and other problems that could preclude scanning by election officials using official ballot scanners. 
         [0025]    In some embodiments, the voter-generated ballot  32  includes human-readable ballot information. The human-readable ballot information may appear substantially like a conventional ballot. The voter may view the human-readable ballot information to confirm that the voter-generated ballot  32  contains the voter&#39;s intended choices. The human-readable ballot information can also be used by election officials to manually tabulate ballots that cannot be automatically processed. 
         [0026]    An affidavit may be printed in addition to the voter-generated ballot  32 . The affidavit can be executed by the voter to swear that she is the person that she has represented herself to be and that she is authorized to cast the votes on the ballot. The content and existence of the affidavit depends on the jurisdiction in which the ballot is cast. Mailing instructions including instructions for folding the voter-generated ballot  32  can also be printed. 
         [0027]    The voter sends the voter-generated ballot  32  to the election office via the postal service  55 . The postal service  55  may be a government postal service or a private deliver service. When used, the affidavit is sent to the election office with the voter-generated ballot  32 . At the election office, the received documents can be verified according to the procedures established for the particular election. The procedures may include sorting voter-generated ballots from other types of ballots received by the election office. 
         [0028]    The voter-generated ballot  32  is scanned by the transcriber  50  at the election office. The transcriber  50  can include multiple machines, for example, a scanning device and a printing device. The transcriber  50  reads the machine-readable indicia from the voter-generated ballot and decodes the information about the ballot. The transcriber  50  uses the information to determine the format and contents of the corresponding official-format ballot. The format and contents of the corresponding official-format ballot may be directly contained in the information from the machine-readable indicia or may be looked up based on an identifier contained in the machine-readable indicia. 
         [0029]    The transcriber  50  prints the remade ballot  52  in a form that can be scanned by the ballot scanner  60 . The transcriber  50  may include or be coupled to a computer server that stores information on how to format the remade ballot  52 . The remade ballot  52  may printed on special paper stock of a special size and using special ink. The specialized printing is according to characteristics of the ballot scanner  60  to be used. The transcriber  50  may print the voter&#39;s choices on preprinted ballot stock or print the full ballot on blank paper. 
         [0030]    In some embodiments, the transcriber  50  analyzes any human-readable information on the voter-generated ballot  32 . The transcriber  50  can compare the human-readable information to the information from the machine-readable indicia. If a discrepancy exists, the transcriber  50  can indicate that the voter-generated ballot  32  should be examined by election officials. Additionally, the transcriber  50  can flag those voter-generated ballots that the transcriber  50  cannot read for manual processing by an election official. 
         [0031]    The remade ballot  52  is scanned by the ballot scanner  60  and the voter&#39;s choices sent to the tabulation  70 . The ballot scanner  60  commonly has a low tolerance for error or variation in the ballots it scans. For example, the ballot scanner  60  may need heavy, odd-sized paper with very precisely positioned ovals and heavy black calibration marks. The ballot scanner  60  also scans other ballots  62  received at the election center. The other ballots  62  may be ballots from precinct polling places. 
         [0032]    Although  FIG. 1  illustrates a single instance of each element, it should be understood that a system may include multiple instances of the various elements. For example, each system will generally include many remade ballots that where remade from many voter-generated ballots created for voters using many different client devices. 
         [0033]    In an alternative system, the voter&#39;s choices are received electronically by the election center rather than on the paper voter-generated ballot  32 . In an embodiment, the client device  20  is taken to the election center or a polling station to signal the voter&#39;s choices for tabulation. For example, the machine-readable indicia may be read by the transcriber  50  from a display on the client device  20 . In another embodiment, the transcriber  50  receives indications of the voter&#39;s choices from another device, for example, a magnetic strip or a memory device. Alternatively, the voter&#39;s choices may be communicated to the transcriber  50  via wireless transmission, for example, using Bluetooth or infrared communication. The voter&#39;s choices may also be communicated remotely by the client device  20  to the election center, for example, via the election server  10 . 
         [0034]    In another alternative, the voter-generated ballot  32  tabulated directly by the transcriber  50  and the remade ballot  52  is not printed. 
         [0035]    A system may provide combinations of the foregoing methods for communicating ballot choices. For example, in one election, some voters may print and mail paper voter-generated ballots while other voters may submit their choices electronically. 
         [0036]      FIG. 2  is flowchart of a process for remaking voter-generated ballots into marked optical scan ballots. The process illustrated in  FIG. 2  may be used in conjunction with the system illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0037]    In step  205 , the process converts Election Management System (EMS) files that include ballot data into a version that can be accessed via an online channel. For example, an EMS process can be used to generate an official ballot for an election, and the official ballot can be converted into one or more ballot styles that can be made available for access by voters online. The voters may be provided an access code or other authentication credentials that can be used to limit the access to the online ballots to those who are eligible to vote in the election. The credentials can be assigned such that they are not associated with any voter-specific identification information that could be used to associate a particular voter with a ballot generated using the authentication credentials. 
         [0038]    In step  210 , once the ballot is available online, a voter can access the online ballot and make his or her choices in the election. 
         [0039]    In step  215 , the voter than prints out the ballot that includes the vote choices indicated by a machine-readable indicia that can be scanned by election officials to remake the ballot. 
         [0040]    In step  220 , the voter then mails the ballot and, in some embodiments, an affidavit to election officials. 
         [0041]    In step  225 , the election officials receive the voter-generated ballots in the mail. The election officials also receive other types of absentee ballots that are sorted from the voter-generated ballots. The voter-generated ballots are scanned to decode information in the machine-readable indicia. Election officials may validate each voter using information provided in the affidavit before processing the voter-generated ballot to ensure that the voter was entitled to vote in the election and to ensure that the voter has not already voted in the election. Election officials may also track which voters have submitted ballots based on the scanned information. 
         [0042]    In step  230 , the process uses the decoded information to remake the voter-generated ballots into remade ballots. The transcriber  60  of the system of  FIG. 1  can by used to scan the machine-readable indicia and print the remade ballots. 
         [0043]    In step  235 , the remade ballots are scanned by election officials using a ballot scanner. The choices indicated on the remade ballots can then be tabulated. 
         [0044]      FIG. 3  illustrates an example of a voter-generated ballot. The voter-generated ballot of  FIG. 3  can be used in the system of  FIG. 1  and the method of  FIG. 2 . The illustrated ballot includes a title section  301 , a human-readable section  311 , and machine-readable indicia  321 . The title section  301  identifies the election that the ballot pertains to. The human-readable section  311  shows the voter&#39;s choices in the contests on the ballot. The machine-readable indicia  321  encodes the voter&#39;s choices in a form that can be read by election equipment. The machine-readable indicia  321  may also contain various parameters and values that indicate formatting information include formatting of the machine-readable indicia  321 . 
         [0045]    The machine-readable indicia  321 , in the illustrated example, is a Data Matrix two-dimensional barcode. Although the machine-readable indicia  321  is positioned in  FIG. 3  at the lower right of the voter-generated ballot, other positions may also be used. For example, a central position may provide improved tolerance to ballot margins that may vary between printers and web browsers. 
         [0046]      FIG. 4  is a listing of information contained in a machine-readable indicia of an example voter-generate ballot. The information of  FIG. 3  can be used with the system of  FIG. 1 , the method of  FIG. 2 , and the ballot of  FIG. 3 . The example ballot encodes the information as text. In other embodiments, the information may be encoded differently, for example, in binary form. 
         [0047]    The information includes a version parameter  402 . The value of the version parameter  402  identifies the version of the machine-readable indicia. The version may correspond to a version of software used to generate the machine-readable indicia. The version may also correspond to a version of software to be used with the transcriber that will regenerate the ballot. In the illustrated example, the value of the version parameter  402  is 1.2. 
         [0048]    The information includes a ballot-design-id parameter  404 . The ballot-design-id parameter  404  names a digital file that can be used for remaking the voter-generated ballot. The digital file includes a template that provides formatting information for use in remaking the voter-generated ballot. The value of the ballot-design-id parameter  404  may depend on the supplier of the Election Management System or ballot scanner used. 
         [0049]    The information includes a ballot-style parameter  406 . The value of the ballot-style parameter  406  identifies a digital file that will be used for remaking the voter-generated ballot. The ballot presented to the voter may be generated from, or otherwise related to, the file used for remaking. 
         [0050]    The information includes a ballot-type parameter  408 . The value of the ballot-type parameter  408  defines the election system that is associated with the remade ballot. Each election system may have unique method for marking ballots, such as ovals or arrows. The value of the ballot-type parameter  408  can be used in remaking the ballot to determine how print and format the remade ballot. The value ballot-type parameter  408  may be based on an enumerated list of types, for example, 1=ES&amp;S (Unity) (Ovals), 2=Premier (Gems) (Ovals), 3=Sequoia (Arrow), and 4=Hart 
         [0051]    The information includes an id parameter  410 . The value of the id parameter  410  provides the ballot receipt id. The ballot receipt id is typically printed on the ballot and retained by the voter. However, the ballot receipt id does not identify the actual voter. The ballot receipt id can be used to determine uniqueness of all printed pages submitted and allow voters to track ballots, as required by the Help America Vote Act (HAVA). Additionally, the ballot receipt id may be used to verify the marks between the remade ballot and the original voter-generated ballot. 
         [0052]    The information includes a remake-type parameter  412 . The value of the remake-type parameter  412  can signal whether to remake the voter-generated ballot. Voter-generated ballots that are not remade can be identified and sorted for alternate processing, for example, manual review by election officials. A value of filled may be used to signal that the voter-generated ballot is to be remade; a value of none may be used to signal that the voter-generated ballot is not to be remade. 
         [0053]    The remake-type parameter  412  for some voter-generated ballots may be set to indicate that the ballots should not be remade when the ballot includes information that is not included in the machine-readable indicia. This can occur, for example, when the ballot includes a large number of write-in votes or write-in votes with names that are too long for the format of the machine-readable indicia. This can also occur when ballot includes characters that are not supported. 
         [0054]    The information includes choices  220   a - n  elected by the voter for contests in the election. The contests, in the example of  FIG. 4 , are identified by race numbers. The selections can be signaled by candidate numbers. The race numbers and candidate numbers are listed as name-value pairs. The race numbers and candidate numbers map to particular races and candidates. The mapping may depend on other information, such as the ballot-design-id parameter  404  and ballot-style parameter  406 . 
         [0055]    Choices  220   a - c  and  220   e - k  show simple, vote-for-one marks. These choices include one race number and one candidate number. 
         [0056]    If the voter leaves a race unmarked, that race can be omitted from the information encoded in the machine-readable indicia. In the example information of  FIG. 4 , the fourth race  220   d  is omitted. 
         [0057]    The information may include voter choices for other than vote-for-one races. For example, the twelfth race  2201  shows the information for a multiple-marks race where the voter is allowed to chose more than one candidate. 
         [0058]    The information may also include write-in choices. In  FIG. 4 , the thirteenth race  220   m  illustrates a single write-in candidate and the fourteenth race  220   n  illustrates multiple write-in candidates in one race. The write-in choices can be enclosed in quotes and separated by commas. The write-in names are preceded by their position numbers. 
         [0059]    Those of skill will appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and algorithm steps described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein can be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled persons can implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the invention. In addition, the grouping of functions within a module, block, or step is for ease of description. Specific functions or steps can be moved from one module or block without departing from the invention. 
         [0060]    The various illustrative logical blocks and modules described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein can be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor can be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor can be any processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor can also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, for example, a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. 
         [0061]    The steps of a method or algorithm described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein can be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module can reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium. An exemplary storage medium can be coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium can be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium can reside in an ASIC. 
         [0062]    The above description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles described herein can be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, it is to be understood that the description and drawings presented herein represent a presently preferred embodiment of the invention and are therefore representative of the subject matter, which is broadly contemplated by the present invention. It is further understood that the scope of the present invention fully encompasses other embodiments that may become obvious to those skilled in the art and that the scope of the present invention is accordingly limited by nothing other than the appended claims.