Abstract:
A method of dynamic power management in a time division multiple access (TDMA) system. The method comprising comparing each of a plurality of streams; grouping each of the plurality of streams into a plurality of powergroups, wherein each of the plurality of powergroups may comprise multiple streams, scheduling a burst transmission based on the plurality of powergroups; and adjusting the power stage based on the plurality of powergroups, wherein the system is configured to turn off selected components based on the power stage and the scheduled burst transmissions.

Description:
FIELD OF INVENTION 
       [0001]    This application is related to broadcast systems. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Power management is utilized in a mobile device to minimize the power consumption of the overall system, which can extend battery life and prevent overheating the device. For example, power management has been introduced for single burst transmissions in digital video broadcasting-handheld (DVB-H) handsets. 
         [0003]    The DVB-H codec implements multiprotocol encapsulation (MPE), MPE forward error correction (MPE-FEC), and time slicing as a part of its power management scheme. 
         [0004]    Time slicing comprises the transmission of data traffic in bursts followed by periods of no transmissions. The burst transmissions are referred to as time slices. In order to reduce the power consumption of the DVB-H handset, the DVB-H handset can shut down the receiver in between the time slices. 
         [0005]    In a typical DVB-H communication, multiple input streams are received by different sources as individual elementary streams. The input streams are multiplexed according to a selected time slicing method. MPE-FEC coding, which provides an additional layer of error correction, is performed separately for each individual elementary stream. The system then performs MPE encapsulation of the data packets and embeds them into a transport stream. 
         [0006]      FIG. 1  shows the power consumption stages during the reception of a single burst by a DVB-H handset. The power management is divided into the four power stages RF_ON, RF_OFF 1 , RF_OFF 2 , RF_OFF 3 . A fifth stage, the STANDBY stage is not shown. Table 1 is a description of the five power stages. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Power Stage 
                 Description 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 RF_ON 
                 The RF part is active and DVB-H demodulation is active. 
               
               
                   
                 The wanted time-sliced burst transmission is received. 
               
               
                 RF_OFF1 
                 The RF part is shut down. MPE-FEC calculation is 
               
               
                   
                 ongoing. IP packets with no errors can be forwarded before 
               
               
                   
                 MPE-FEC calculation is finalized. 
               
               
                 RF_OFF2 
                 The MPE-FEC calculation is finished. DVB-H handset is 
               
               
                   
                 feeding data for application engine. 
               
               
                 RF_OFF3 
                 The data transfer to application engine is finished and the 
               
               
                   
                 DVB-H handset is waiting for the next burst transmission. 
               
               
                 STANDBY 
                 The DVB-H application is not used. The DVB-H handset is 
               
               
                   
                 in the standby stage waiting for a wake command. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0007]      FIG. 2  shows the power stages during reception of a single burst transmission with detected MPE-FEC errors. The RF_ON mode is further divided into two stages, the demodulator re-synchronization (re-sync) stage and the demodulation (demod) stage. During the re-sync stage, an analog-to-digital converter, automatic gain control, tuner, and core processor are all operating. During the demod stage, the analog-to-digital converter, automatic gain control, tuner, core processor, multistream transport processor (MTSP, the MFEC decoder and CRC modules are all operating. When there are detectable errors in the MPE-FEC table, the RF_OFF 1  stage is further divided into a transport stream filtering (TS-filter) stage, an MPE-FEC decoding (mdecod) stage, and an MDATATRANS stage. During the TS-Filter stage, the MTSP, MFEC, and CRC blocks are all operating. During the mdecod stage, an RE decoding module is operating. Finally during the MDATATRANS stage, the IP datagram is operating. 
         [0008]      FIG. 3  shows the power stages during reception of a single stream transmission where no MPE-FEC errors have been detected. An analog-to-digital converter, automatic gain control, and tuner/PHY core consume power during re-sync stage and demod stage. The processor, the MFEC decoder and other devices consume power during the demod stage and the TS-filter stage. 
         [0009]      FIG. 4A  and  FIG. 4B  together comprise a flow diagram of a top level power management method for a DVB-H handset receiving a single burst transmission. The handset power is activated ( 401 ). The program specific information/service information (PSI/SI) is collected ( 403 ). The handset then searches for a network ( 405 ). If no network is located, a “No Network” message is transmitted to the host ( 407 ). Otherwise, if a network is located, the handset determines whether the first time slice is received successfully ( 409 ). 
         [0010]    If the first time slice is not received, the handset transmits an error message to the host ( 411 ). If the first time slice is received successfully, then the handset extracts the arriving time of the next time slice ( 413 ). The handset then estimates the resynchronization time and sets the power management timer ( 415 ). Next, the handset enters standby stage ( 417 ). The handset waits in standby stage, until the power management timer expires, a message is received from the host, or an interrupt is received ( 419 ). If the power timer expires, the handset enters re-sync stage ( 421 ), then demod stage ( 423 ), then TS-filter stage ( 425 ), then mdecod stage ( 427 ) and then MDATA Trans stage ( 429 ). However, if the handset receives a message from the host or an interrupt, the handset activates the message/interrupt handler ( 431 ). The handset then determines whether the message or interrupt handling can be performed within a meaningful power off period ( 433 ), and if so, then the handset returns to standby stage ( 417 ). If interrupt handling cannot be performed within a meaningful power off period, then the handset operates on full-power-stage until it receives the next burst successfully ( 435 ). During the full-power stage both the tuner and demodulator remain on. 
         [0011]    In addition to receiving single stream transmissions, the DVB-H Guidelines also support the reception of multiple elementary streams embedded in the same burst as well as multiple services embedded in the single elementary stream. Accordingly, the power management scheme presented in the DVB-H Implementation Guidelines supports the reception of multiple channels on the same device, provided that all required services are on located in concurrent streams or adjacent (i.e. contiguous) burst transmissions, as shown in  FIG. 5  and  FIG. 6  respectively. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0012]    Methods and apparatuses for dynamic power management for time-division multiplexing (TDM) devices are disclosed. With TDM devices, a single user may use multiple resource units, (e.g. time slots), in a time-sharing cycle for the same service or difference services. A single DVB-H subscriber may require the ability to receive multiple channels, (e.g. one channel for watching, one channel for picture-in-picture, another channel or even multiple channels for recording.) Thus, a dynamic power management scheme for multiple services located on separate and non-adjacent bursts is disclosed. 
         [0013]    A minimum power off period, T min , is determined along with a time interval of the burst. This value is the minimum period to make meaningful power savings. The bursts are then grouped based on their time intervals and the value of the minimum power off period T min . The dynamic power management then operates to control resources based on the groupings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0014]    A more detailed understanding may be had from the following description, given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein: 
           [0015]      FIG. 1  shows the power consumption stages during the reception of a single burst by a DVB-H handset; 
           [0016]      FIG. 2  shows the power stages during reception of a single burst transmission with detected MPE-FEC errors; 
           [0017]      FIG. 3  shows the power stages during reception of a single stream transmission where no MPE-FEC errors have been detected; 
           [0018]      FIGS. 4   a  and  4   b  are flow diagrams of a top level power management a DVB-H handset receiving a for single burst transmission; 
           [0019]      FIG. 5  is a graph showing the power of a DVB-H handset receiving multiple channels which are transmitted on concurrent streams; 
           [0020]      FIG. 6  is a graph showing the power management of a DVB-H handset receiving multiple channels where the services are located on contiguous streams; 
           [0021]      FIG. 7  is a graph showing the power management of a DVB-H handset receiving multiple channels where the services are located on isolated streams; 
           [0022]      FIG. 8  is a block diagram of a multiple stream DVB-H system; 
           [0023]      FIG. 9  is a block diagram of the DVB-H chipset  820  of  FIG. 8 ; 
           [0024]      FIG. 10  is a flow diagram of a method of dynamic power management; 
           [0025]      FIG. 11  shows an example case of multiple stream dynamic power management with seven streams and three power groups; and 
           [0026]      FIG. 12  is a flow diagram of an example dynamic power management procedure. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0027]    There are three scenarios for transmitting multiple element streams in DVB-H, as discussed further below. To illustrate the design of multiple power stream management, an example using two element streams is shown for all three scenarios. 
         [0028]      FIG. 5  is a graph showing the power management of a DVB-H handset receiving multiple channels which are transmitted on concurrent streams. 
         [0029]      FIG. 6  is a graph showing the power management of a DVB-H handset receiving multiple channels where the services are transmitted on contiguous streams. 
         [0030]      FIG. 7  is a graph showing the power management of a DVB-H handset receiving multiple channels where the services are located on isolated streams. 
         [0031]    The power management scheme presented in the DVB-H Implementation Guidelines covers the concurrent stream and contiguous stream scenarios. However, a dynamic power management scheme focusing on an isolated stream scenario and the combination of the three scenarios is disclosed herein. 
         [0032]      FIG. 8  is a block diagram of a multiple stream DVB-H system  800 , implemented in a DVB-H handset. The system  800  includes an antenna  805 , a DVB-H chipset  820 , and a host multimedia chipset  810  which outputs a plurality of streams (five streams corresponding to five separate services  850 - 854 .) The host multimedia chipset  810  includes a DVB-H control module  811 , an audio decoder  812  and a video decoder  813 . The multiple stream application system is configured to support multiple services to each user, for example including a primary display, a secondary display for picture in picture, and multiple streams for simultaneous recording. It would be understood by those of skill in the art that more or less streams having a variety of different uses not identified herein may also be implemented. 
         [0033]      FIG. 9  is a block diagram of the DVB-H chipset  820  of  FIG. 8 . The DVB-H chipset  820  comprises an automatic gain control (AGC)  821 , a low speed analog-to-digital converter (ADC)  823 , a dual ADC  825 , a DVB-H front end processing block  827 , a fast Fourier transform (FFT) block  829 , a demodulation control block  831 , a transmission parameter signal (TPS) acquisition block  833 , a synchronization and channel estimation (SCE) block  837 , a forward error correction block  839 , a multi-transport stream processor (MTSP)  841 , a buffer  843 , and an MFEC decoder  845 . While the MFEC decoder  845  is typically located in the DVB-H chipset, it can be located in the audio decoder and the video decoder as well. 
         [0034]    The AGC  821  is configured to adjust the gain to an appropriate level for a range of input signal levels. 
         [0035]    The low speed ADC  823  and the Dual ADC  825  are both configured to receive continuous signals and convert them into discrete digital signals. 
         [0036]    The DVB-H front end processing block  827  is configured to perform the front end processing implemented on a DVB-H handset including frequency offset correction, filtering, frequency offset estimation, and guard interval removal. 
         [0037]    The fast Fourier transform (FFT) block  829  is configured to receive a time-domain signal, compute the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of the time-domain signal and transform it into a frequency-domain signal. 
         [0038]    The TPS Acquisition block  833  is configured to extract the TPS signals that may be embedded in the signal by a DVB-H transmitter. 
         [0039]    The SCE block  837  generates a channel estimate by estimating the noise power based on an inserted pilot signal or the TPS signals. 
         [0040]    The FEC decoder  839  provides forward error correction decoding of the signal. 
         [0041]    The MTSP  841  may process multiple streams in each burst cycle period. The MTSP  841  may separate the multiple streams into individual parts and transmit them to the buffer  843 . In one embodiment, the MTSP  841  may be configured to perform powergrouping. In order to determine the powergrouping, several factors including the time interval of the burst, the minimum power saving, and the burst cycle period must be considered. This is only one example of powergrouping, other factors may also be considered. 
         [0042]    Referring back to  FIG. 7 , two isolated streams (i.e. side-by-side) streams are shown (stream A and stream B). After receiving the isolated streams, the MTSP  841  determines the intervals of Δt 1  and Δt 2 . The number of power off periods (zero, one or two) are determined based on the intervals Δt 1  and Δt 2 . Based on the power-off periods, the MTSP  841  determines whether a specific power-off period is too short, which means that no significant reduction in power consumption would occur if certain components were turned off. 
         [0043]    The MTSP&#39;s  841  determination may comprise mapping the channel distortions corresponding to different degrees of channel difficulties in decoding/demodulation the signal into the time it requires to demodulate the signal. The channel is typically segmented in a set of “typical” known impairments (such as “multipath”, noise, dynamic conditions, etc.), each condition maps with some timing requirements that result from the type of algorithm that needs to be used to correct the different distortions. 
         [0044]    The demodulation control block  831  may be configured to demodulate the signals based on a set of metrics derived from the received signal at different positions in the receiver. The MTSP  841  may also use a look up-table to add the time to determine if the power-off period indicated in a side band signal is long enough to allow for a power-off and a re-initialization of the receiver prior to receiving a new burst. 
         [0045]    After the MTSP  841  determines the power-off periods for each of the components of the DVB-H handset, the MTSP  841  signals each component to power-off or enter a standby stage, for a predetermined time, or alternatively until a wake-up signal is transmitted. While the dynamic power management is shown to be controlled by the MTSP  841 , it should be understood that it may be performed by any module described herein, or by a separate dynamic power management module. Additionally, while there are a plurality of separate components shown, this is for convenience of explanation since several or all of the components may be implemented in a single unit. 
         [0046]    Each element stream is stored separately in the buffer  843  (or alternatively in separate buffers) and its size is configurable. 
         [0047]    The MPE-FEC decoder  845  is configured to process multiple MPE-FEC tables to decode multiple streams in each burst cycle period. Referring to the concurrent stream scenario of  FIG. 5 , if the MPE-FEC decoder  845  is designed to process the multiple MPE-FEC tables sequentially, then the MTSP  841  and MPE-FEC decoder  845  remain in a powered-on state for a longer duration than they would during the single stream scenario. However, the MPE-FEC decoder  845  may be configured to process multiple MPE-FEC tables simultaneously, which enables handset to operate with the same dynamic power management cycle timing as the single stream scenario. 
         [0048]    In some scenarios, due to the nature of the sequential process of the MTSP  841  and the MPE-FEC decoder  845 , when the total number of desired streams within a single burst reaches a threshold amount, the MTSP  841  and the MPE-FEC decoder  845  may remain in a powered-on state continuously, this means that the tuner  824  and the other components are powered on continuously. However, power consumption can still be reduced by powering down the tuner  824 , low speed ADC  823 , dual ADC  825 , AGC  821 , or the DVB-H front end processing block  827 . 
         [0049]      FIG. 10  is a flow diagram of a method  1000  of dynamic power management. After an input containing a plurality of isolated streams is received, the DVB-H handset  800  compares the isolated streams ( 1010 ). The DVB-H handset  800  then determines if both interval Δt 1  and interval Δt 2  are too short, i.e. (Δt 1 &lt;T min  and Δt 2 &lt;T min ), ( 1020 ). If so, then the handset  800  operates in a continuous mode, (i.e., all blocks remained powered on), ( 1025 ), and the MTSP  841  operates in monitoring mode. 
         [0050]    If any one of interval Δt 1  and interval Δt 2  is long enough to have a meaningful power off period (i.e. a power off period which is offers at least some minimum power savings), then the dynamic power management is configured to operate in the following scenarios, and different components may be powered off to conserve power. 
         [0051]    Referring back to  FIG. 10 , the DVB-H handset  800  may then determine that interval Δt 2  is long enough to start a power off period and interval Δt 1  is too short, i.e. Δt 1 &lt;T min  and Δt 2 &gt;T min  ( 1030 ), and if so, a packet identifier (PID) B of the first burst is grouped with the PID A of the second burst to form a powergroup (shown as powergroup  2  in  FIG. 7 ). 
         [0052]    On the other hand, referring to  FIG. 10 , if the DVB-H handset  800  determines that interval Δt 1  is long enough to have a meaningful power off period and interval Δt 2  is too short, (i.e. Δt 1 &gt;T min  and Δt 2 &lt;T min ), ( 1040 ), then PID A and PID B in the same burst cycle period are grouped ( 1045 ), (shown as power group choice  1  in  FIG. 7 ). The dynamic power management of this example is similar to the power management scenario of contiguous streams. However, unlike contiguous streams, depending on the values of interval Δt 1  and interval Δt 2 , the MTSP  841  and the MPE-FEC decoder  845  may be powered-off in the same powergroup after the first PID is processed, while the demodulation control block  831  is operating during the gap. 
         [0053]    If both interval Δt 1  and interval Δt 2  are long enough to have a meaningful power off period, (i.e. Δt 1 &gt;T min  and Δt 2 &gt;T min ) ( 1050 ), dynamic power management will allow the handset  800  to receive each burst as if it were in a single stream in each burst cycle period, but the DVB-H handset  800  will process the two bursts within one burst cycle period ( 1055 ). 
         [0054]      FIG. 11  shows an example case of multiple stream dynamic power management with seven streams and three powergroups. Dynamic power management may be used to arrange the seven element streams into a burst cycle period. Determining powergroups in a case with multiple streams and multiple powergroups is critical to have an efficient dynamic power management mechanism. In this example, there are five time intervals among all the element streams in one burst cycle period. Though there are 25=32 possibilities, shown are the following five: Δt 1 &gt;T min , Δt 2 &gt;T min , and Δt 3 &gt;T min , and Δt 4 &lt;T min , Δt 5 &lt;T min . 
         [0055]      FIG. 12  shows an example dynamic power management procedure  1200 . Initially, the DVB-H handset  800  operates on an all-power-on mode ( 1205 ). The DVB-H handset  800  determines whether all the needed information is correctly received, including the time interval information ( 1210 ). Once the needed information is received, the DVB-H handset  800  then determines the number of required element streams and the corresponding burst time intervals ( 1215 ). Powergrouping is then performed based on the number of required element streams and their corresponding burst time intervals ( 1220 ). The PowerOn time in each powergroup is determined by the first burst in the same powergroup and the PowerOff time is determined by the last burst in the same powergroup, as will be explained in greater detail hereinafter ( 1225 ). The PowerOn time may be set to a predetermined time before the first burst in the powergroup and depending on the timing between bursts, the PowerOff time may be set some predetermined time after the last burst in a powergroup. Based on the PowerOn and PowerOff times, multi-stream dynamic power management is performed ( 1230 ). If there is a change in number of required element streams, the DVB-H handset will determine the number of element streams required and re-perform the powergrouping ( 1235 ). If the handset determines that a new element stream is added ( 1240 ), it will switch to all-power-on mode until the needed new information is extracted from the latest element stream to be added and powergrouping is completed. 
         [0056]    According to one embodiment, all the bursts which have the time interval less than T min  are grouped in the same powergroup. Referring to  FIG. 12 , the seven element streams (i.e., streams A to G) are grouped into three powergroups, (i.e., powergroup  1 , powergroup  2 , and powergroup  3 ). Each powergroup may then be processed as a single burst. In one embodiment, the MTSP  841  and/or the MPE-FEC decoder  845  may be powered off if the time gap between any two bursts in the same powergroup is long enough to save meaningful power. The amount of time required to save meaningful power may be preprogrammed onto the DVB-H handset  800  or it may be signaled to the DVB-H handset  800 . 
         [0057]    While the examples above are shown for use in a DVB-H system, they may also be used in other broadcasting networks. Examples of broadcasting networks includes second generation Digital Video Broadcasting—Terrestrial (DVB-T2) Digital Video Broadcasting—Terrestrial/handheld (DVB-T/H), Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting (ISDB)-T, Digital Audio Broadcasting—Terrestrial (DAB-T), Terrestrial-Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (T-DMB), Digital Multimedia Broadcasting-terrestrial/handheld (DMB-TH), and Media-FLO. 
         [0058]    The same software and hardware control blocks can be reused by configuring them accordingly for multiple stream control. Although features and elements are described above in particular combinations, each feature or element can be used alone without the other features and elements or in various combinations with or without other features and elements. The methods or flow charts provided herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable storage medium for execution by a general purpose computer or a processor. Examples of computer-readable storage mediums include a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROM disks, and digital versatile disks (DVDs). 
         [0059]    Suitable processors include, by way of example, a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAS) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), and/or a state machine.