Abstract:
A method sends a signal to render visual information on a display, and receives a user response to the rendered visual information. The user response includes a first delay. The method also queries an electronic system for data indicating a second delay. The second delay is a portion of the first delay and attributable to the electronic system. The method further using the data indicating the second delay to compensate for electronic system delay during interactions with a user.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     1. Field 
     The present disclosure is related, generally, to interactive electronic systems and, more specifically, to mitigating effects of system delay in interactive electronic systems. 
     2. Background 
     Game applications typically run on a host console/computer which renders the output of the game on a display attached via wires to the host platform. As such, the system delay incurred between the instant that the game application submits a frame to be displayed, and the instant that it is visible to the game player is usually not humanly perceptible and usually negligible relative to the subsequent human delay in responding to this visual stimulus via a joystick or other Human Interface Device (HID). Typical game applications assume that the delay between the instant a frame update is submitted to the Operating System (OS)/graphics subsystem and the instant HID response is received from the game player is largely the game player&#39;s delay (a function of the user&#39;s hand eye coordination). This delay may be used to judge the player&#39;s response and may influence subsequent decisions made by the game application. If a significant portion of this intervening delay is caused by end-to-end system latency in rendering the frame, then the above assumption is not valid, and the game player may be unfairly penalized. 
     Currently, wireless display technology is developing and beginning to be commercialized. A typical wireless display includes a wireless host and a wireless client, which receives the signals from the wireless host and renders the visual information on a display. Conventional wireless display systems introduce some amount of humanly perceptible delay. 
     One approach to mitigate the effects of wireless display system delay is to minimize the delay as much as possible. One way to minimize delay is to use high bandwidth wireless links, such as 60 GHz links over multiple antennas. Use of high bandwidth links may eliminate the need to compress the frames before they are transmitted to the display, where compression and decompression are usually expected to be a contributor to delay. However, such solution may not be suitable for battery powered devices, which may not be able to output uncompressed video over the air or practically support a large number of antennas. 
     SUMMARY 
     According to one embodiment, a method comprises receiving a user response to visual information, the user response including a first delay. The method also includes querying an electronic system for data indicating a second delay, the second delay being a portion of the first delay and attributable to the electronic system. The method further includes using the data indicating the second delay to compensate for electronic system delay during interactions with a user. 
     According to another embodiment, an electronic system comprises a user interface device in communication with a Human Interface Device (HID) and a display subsystem. The user interface device comprises a visual generation unit sending signals to the display subsystem to render visual stimulus. The user interface device also includes a user interaction unit receiving responses associated with the visual stimulus, querying at least one portion of the electronic system for data indicating delay of the electronic system, and adjusting interactions with the user in response to the data indicating delay. 
     In another embodiment, a system comprises means for interacting with a user. The interacting means include means for controlling a device to render data to the user, means for receiving user response to the rendered data, means for discerning an amount of delay in the user response attributable to at least one electronic subsystem, and means for compensating for the delay attributable to the at least one electronic subsystem. 
     In yet another embodiment, a computer program product tangibly embodying a computer readable medium having computer program logic recorded thereon comprises code that receives a user response to a stimulus. The logic also has code that discerns a portion of delay in the user response that is attributable to an electronic system, and code that ameliorates the effects of the delay attributable to the electronic system in interactions with the user. 
     In another embodiment, a system comprises a video game system in communication with a Human Interface Device (HID) and a display system. The video game system queries the HID and display system for information associated with latency attributable to the HID and display system, respectively, and uses the information associated with latency to adjust interactions with a human user. 
     In another embodiment, a system comprises a display subsystem. The display subsystem includes a host unit and a client unit that has a display panel. The host unit communicates with an Application Programming Interface (API) from a requesting unit, queries the client unit for latency attributable to the client unit in response to the API, calculates an aggregated display subsystem latency using the latency attributable to the client unit, and sends information indicating the aggregated display subsystem latency to the requesting unit. 
     The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present disclosure in order that the detailed description that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages will be described hereinafter which form the subject of the claims of the disclosure. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the conception and specific embodiments disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present disclosure. It should also be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the technology of the disclosure as set forth in the appended claims. The novel features which are believed to be characteristic of the disclosure, both as to its organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying figures. It is to be expressly understood, however, that each of the figures is provided for the purpose of illustration and description only and is not intended as a definition of the limits of the present disclosure. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is an illustration of an exemplary system adapted according to one embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 2  is an illustration of delay that can be present in a system, such as the system of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  is an illustration of an exemplary process, adapted according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 4  is an illustration of an exemplary process, adapted according to an embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 1  is an illustration of the exemplary system  100  adapted according to one embodiment of the disclosure. The system  100  includes a user interaction console  102 , an example of which may include a video game console or other interactive device. A user interacts with the user interaction console  102  through use of the HID  101 , which is shown as a keypad, but may also include a joystick or any other wired or wireless controller. 
     The user interaction console  102  exchanges control signals with, and transmits media signals to, the display host  103 . For instance, in a video game system example, the user interaction console  102  sends sound and video signals to the display host  103  to be rendered upon the display  104 . Video signals are typically rendered as frames, though any technique to render visual information on a display is within the scope of embodiments. 
     The display host  103  communicates with the display client  104  using the wireless link  110 . Examples of wireless links that can be adapted for use in embodiments include white space channels, IEEE 802.11 links, Ultra Wideband (UWB) links, Bluetooth™ links, and the like. In this example, the display host  103  receives audio and video signals from the user interactive console  102 , compresses and encodes the signals, and transmits the signals to the display client  104 . The display client  104  then decompresses and decodes the signals, processes the signals, and presents the audio and video information on a screen and speakers. 
     In  FIG. 1 , the link  110  is shown as a wireless link, and the links between the devices  102  and  103  and between the devices  102  and  101  are shown as wired links. However, it is within the scope of embodiments that a given link can be wired or wireless. Furthermore, while the various components of the system  100  are shown as separate, it is within the scope of embodiments that one or more such components may be integrated into one or more devices. For instance, one embodiment includes a video game console that is in communication with a separate wireless display subsystem. In another embodiment, a computer includes the user interaction console  102  and the display host  103  in communication with a stand-alone wireless display. 
     The functionality of the user interaction console  102 , the display host  103 , and the display client  104  is described in more detail below. Such functionality can be performed by hardware or software and in many embodiment is provided by one or more computer processors executing code that is saved to a computer readable storage medium. In some embodiments, a computer processor and memory with code stored thereon providing the functionality are included in a chipset for installation in any of a variety of devices. The functionality of the system  100  is provided by the chipsets  112 ,  113 , and  114 , which are installed in the user interaction console  102 , the display host  103 , and the display client  104 , respectively. Furthermore, various functionality of the user interaction console  102  may be provided by computer executable code (e.g., video game code) written to computer-readable media, such as a game cartridge, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) flash drive, a Digital Video Disc (DVD) or Compact Disc (CD) Read Only Memory (ROM), internal Random Access Memory (RAM) and/or ROM or the like. 
     The system  100  experiences humanly-perceptible delay due to the processing of the signal by the display host  103  and the display client  104 . Specifically, the system  100  experiences some amount of latency attributable to the encoding/decoding, compression/decompression, and transmission of the signal. Additional latency, though negligible compared to the wireless display system latency, is attributable to the HID  101  and processing performed by the user interactive console  102 . 
       FIG. 2  is an illustration of delay that can be present in a system, such as the system  100  of  FIG. 1 . Moving from left to right across the timeline  200 , the leftmost time  201  is when the user interaction console sends signals to render visual data on the display. There is a first elapsed time, D, which is the display system delay. For a wired system, the display system delay, D, is usually smaller than it would be for a wireless display subsystem. There is also the user response delay, U, that is from the time the frame is rendered onto the raster until the user responds. The HID system delay, H, is the delay from when the user presses a button or otherwise interacts with an HID to when the user interaction console receives the user response. The user interactive console processes the user response, incurring console processing delay, G, and renders the next frame at time  202 . Rendering the next frame also incurs the next the display system delay, D (which may or may not be the same as the first display system delay, D,). Perceived user response delay, GU, is the delay from when the frame was rendered to when the user response was perceived by the user interactive console. The perceived system response delay, UG, is the system response delay as perceived by the user. 
     In a perfect system, the HID system delay, H, is zero and the display system delay, D, is zero, and the user interactive console (or the underlying interactive application, e.g., video game software) can assume that the user response delay, GU, is equal to U. In some instances when the perceived user response delay, GU, is very small, it is acceptable to assume that the perceived user response delay, GU, equals the user response delay, U. However, when the display system delay, D, or the HID system delay, H, are large, then it is typically not acceptable to assume that the perceived user response delay, GU, equals the user response delay, U, especially in a fast-paced video game. In various embodiments, the user interactive console subtracts the display system delay, D, and the HID system delay, H, from the perceived user response delay, GU, to accurately estimate the user component of the delay in order to assess the user&#39;s response. An additional issue is that when the user interacts with the HID, the user often expects instantaneous response from the console. Whether the console reacts quickly (or not), if the perceived system response delay, UG, is large, the user may perceive the console as being sluggish. However, such issue is not addressed by the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 3  is an illustration of the exemplary process  300 , adapted according to an embodiment. The process  300  may be performed, for example, by a system, such as the system  100  of  FIG. 1 . The process  300  includes actions between and among various functional units, such as the interactive application  301  (e.g., a software application (for example a game) running on a user interactive console), the OS Display subsystem  302 , (e.g., a unit of the OS of the user interactive console or the display subsystem host), the wireless display host driver  303  of the display host, the wireless display client receiver  304 , and the display panel  305 .  FIG. 3  shows use of a wireless display, though the concept shown in  FIG. 3  for discerning display delay can be applied to systems using wired displays as well. 
     The interactive user application  301  makes an interface call (via an Application Programming Interface—API) to query for the aggregate display system delay, D, to be factored out of the perceived user response delay, GU, computation. The OS display subsystem  302 , in this example using a wireless display, includes an interface to a wireless subsystem that communicates with the wireless display. The interactive user application  301  queries the OS Display subsystem  302  using a local API, and the OS Display subsystem  302  returns the value of the aggregate display system delay, D. 
     In this example, the OS Display subsystem  302  does not, itself, know the value of the aggregate display system delay, D, because the aggregate display system delay, D, is an aggregate delay that includes delay from the wireless display host driver  303  and the wireless display client receiver  304 . For instance: the wireless display host driver  303  itself does some processing, e.g., compression; wireless transmission involves delay, such as medium access delays; and the wireless display client receiver  304  performs decoding, which involves delay. The raster in the display panel  305  also has some delay. In a scenario in which the various components are from one vendor, it is possible that the different delays may be known a priori. By contrast, in a system where the display is from one vendor, and the user interactive console is from another vendor, client messaging can query the various components to calculate the various components of the delay, as shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     The OS Display subsystem  302  sends a query using an API to the wireless display host driver  303  to inquire about the aggregate display system delay, D, which in this example includes host processing delay plus transmission delay plus client processing delay and panel rendering delay (e.g., raster delay). Client processing delay and panel rendering delay are attributable to the wireless display client receiver  304  and the display panel  305 . The wireless display host driver  303  and the wireless display client receiver  304  use bi-directional client messaging to eventually deliver the receiver delay information to the wireless display host driver  303 . The wireless display host driver  303  then computes the sum of host processing delay, transmission delay, and the delay attributable to the wireless display client receiver  304  and the display panel  305 . The wireless display host driver  303  then passes information indicating the aggregate display system delay, D, to the OS Display subsystem  302 , which passes the information to the interactive user application  301 . 
     The process  300  can be performed at any of a variety of times by various embodiments. For instance, the process  300  can be performed with each frame, once each gaming session, at regular intervals, or the like. If the aggregate display system delay, D, varies significantly from frame to frame, it may be desirable to perform the process  300  at regular intervals, such as once per frame, but if the variation is smaller, less frequent performing of the process  300  reduces overhead. In many cases, it can be assumed that the variation of delay between frames is insignificant when the encode delays do not vary significantly. However, delays attributable to transmission may vary depending on, e.g., how much content is being transmitted. The APIs used can be synchronous or asynchronous (with a callback or event posted with the result) and may be invoked independently of the calls to render the display data. Additionally or alternatively, the queries may be combined with the OS calls to render the display data. 
       FIG. 4  is an illustration of the exemplary process  400 , adapted according to an embodiment. The process  400  is similar to the process  300 , except that the process  400  is a technique to calculate the delay, referred to in  FIG. 2  as HID system delay, H, attributable to the HID. In some embodiments the HID is a wireless device that has significant attributable delay. On the other hand, in some embodiments the HID is a device with little attributable delay. In either case, the process  400  can be performed by the interactive user application  301  to discern HID system delay, H, so the user-attributable delay can be calculated.  FIG. 4  shows use of a wireless HID, though the concept shown in  FIG. 4  for discerning HID delay can be applied to systems using wired HIDs as well. 
     The interactive user application  301  sends a query to the OS HID subsystem  402  requesting information about the delay attributable to the HID. The OS HID subsystem  402  then sends a query by API to the wireless HID host driver  403 . The aggregate HID delay, H, includes host processing delay and peripheral delay. Peripheral delay is attributable to the wireless HID peripheral  404 , itself, and includes input/output delay and transmission delay. The wireless HID host driver  403  and the wireless HID peripheral  404  use bi-directional query messaging to deliver information indicating delay attributable to the wireless HID peripheral  404  to the wireless HID host driver  403 . The wireless HID host driver  403  then calculates the aggregate HID delay, H, and sends information indicating HID system delay, H, to the OS HID subsystem  402 , which passes the information to the interactive user application  301 . 
     In a system where the user interactive console and the HID are from the same vendor, the HID delay may be known a priori. On the other hand, when the user interactive console and the HID are from different vendors (are or otherwise unknown), the process  400  may be performed. 
     Similar to the process  300 , the process  400  can be performed at startup, at every frame, at regular intervals, and the like. Embodiments can perform the methods  300  and/or  400  to adapt to changing system configurations, changing bandwidth and computing demands, and other factors that affect delay. 
     Once the interactive user application  301  has information indicating both aggregate display system delay, D, and HID system delay, H, the interactive user application  301  can derive which delay is system delay and which delay is user delay. Such derived information can then be used by the user interactive console to mitigate the effects of the system delay. In one example, the user interactive console adjusts its interactions with the user by disregarding calculated system delay when judging the user&#39;s responses. In the context of a video game, the reward or penalty given to the user as a function of the user&#39;s response is adjusted so as not to penalize the user for system delay. In other words, such an example system compensates for its own delay. 
     While some of the examples given above are in the context of video gaming, not all embodiments are so limited. Various embodiments may be adapted for use with video gaming systems, and other embodiments may be adapted for use in any of a variety of other applications where user delay affects interactions. For instance, embodiments may be implemented in personal computers that utilize Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) to more precisely calculate the context of a user&#39;s mouse movements or key strokes. An additional example includes implementing an embodiment in a wireless touch display calibration unit to account for system delay when detecting multi-touch gestures. 
     Various embodiments include advantages over other techniques. For instance, various embodiments may be better adapted for use with battery-powered devices than more power intensive systems that use high-bandwidth links to reduce delays. Furthermore, embodiments using closed loop techniques with queries and responses may be adaptable for use with different host platforms, transmission link types, and display platform implementations. 
     Although the present disclosure and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the technology of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according to the present disclosure. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps.