Abstract:
Modulator driver for driving an electro-optical modulator in a high-speed optical communications system. In accordance with aspects of the present invention, a modulator driver is presented comprising an input differential limiting amplifier which is coupled to a distributed differential current-switch configuration, where one set of outputs of the distributed differential current-switch configuration are grounded and the other set of outputs are connected to an artificial transmission line structure generating forward traveling and reverse traveling signals, with the reverse traveling signal termination bias inductively coupled to a separately adjustable positive bias voltage, whereby the circuit architecture reduces the number of components and transitions in the high-speed signal path and is compatible with compact, monolithic fabrication requiring a minimal amount of external components for operation. Other methods and apparatus are presented.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/072,503, filed Mar. 31, 2008 by the present inventor, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The subject matter disclosed generally relates to the field of digital communications devices. More specifically, the subject matter disclosed relates to electronic arrangements for high-speed, electro-optical data transmission applications. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    An important element in high-speed fiber-optic transmission systems is the ability to optically encode data bits for transport in optical fiber media. One way this is achieved is through the modulation of the output of a continuous-wave laser source by an electro-optical modulator, whose output is coupled to an optical fiber for transmission. Many applications require high quality optical modulation performance, which imposes amplitude and signal quality requirements on the drive electronics, often referred to as a modulator driver, required to interface with the electro-optical modulator. Additionally, as optical network data rates increase, many applications require the electrical modulator driver to maintain the appropriate signal requirements for achieving high quality optical modulation performance at higher data rates. 
         [0004]      FIG. 1  illustrates the top view of typical electro-optical modulator integrated circuit known in the art which is capable of providing modulation of an optical signal, based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer technique with single-ended electrical drive input. A continuous-wave optical signal is input to an optical waveguide  12  where it is split into two paths. An electrical data signal from a single-ended modulator driver is input to the RF IN port where it travels along an electrical transmission line  14  between the optical waveguide paths, and creates an electric field between the transmission line and two ground electrodes  21 ,  22 . Due to the geometry of the layout, the electric field distribution will have opposite polarity in each of the optical waveguides, producing a change in the phase in each of the optical waveguides that has opposite direction. With a sufficiently large electrical signal amplitude, typically 4 to 8 volts peak-to-peak, the phase shifts induced in the optical waveguide paths, when combined, will cause the optical output signal to be modulated. 
         [0005]    A large amplitude drive signal is difficult to achieve at high-speed data rates due to the parasitics of the transistor device sizes required to generate the large electrical output voltage swings. One method known in the art for overcoming the bandwidth limitations imposed by the device parasitics is the use of a single-ended distributed amplifier. A typical single-ended distributed amplifier topology is illustrated in  FIG. 2 . In this topology, an input signal travels along an artificial transmission line formed by inductive elements  31  and the input capacitance of transistor amplifier stages  40 . The traveling wave input signal is amplified by the transistor amplifier stages  40  which in turn output signals onto an output artificial transmission line formed by inductive elements  32  and the output capacitance of the transistor amplifier stages  40 . The output signals will have a forward and reverse traveling wave component, where the reverse traveling wave component is terminated by the termination  35 , and the forward traveling wave signal will be output from the distributed amplifier. A bias-T structure  42  is typically disposed at the output port and used to provide access to a positive supply voltage VCC for biasing of the transistor amplifier stages  40 . 
         [0006]    While the topology in  FIG. 2  can provide wideband amplification and large output amplitude capability, it has several limitations when used for modulator driver applications. One limitation is that adjustment of the output signal amplitude and duty cycle can be difficult, typically requiring external circuitry for simultaneous adjustment of the supply voltage VCC and gate bias voltage VG. Another limitation is that the gain of this distributed amplifier topology is typically lower than required for single-ended modulator driver applications. To achieve higher gain, multiple single-ended distributed amplifiers  60 ,  61  are typically used in series, such as illustrated in  FIG. 3 , which adds complexity, size and cost. A further limitation is that stabilization of the output signal amplitude over a range of input signal amplitudes can be difficult, typically requiring amplifier saturation which can cause poorly controlled output signal rise and fall times. Finally, typical inter-stage bias-T components for the broadband transmission of data are inconsistent with monolithic IC fabrication techniques, which can result in the use of bulky multi-chip modules to achieve the modulator driver function. 
         [0007]    Accordingly, it would be desirable to have a single-ended output modulator driver architecture capable of high output amplitude, high gain, and high-speed data transmission and compatible with compact, monolithic process fabrication techniques with a minimum of external components required for operation. In addition, it would be desirable to have a single-ended output modulator driver architecture with input limiting function capable of providing a stabilized output signal amplitude over a range of input signal amplitudes. Furthermore, it would be desirable to have a single-ended output modulator driver architecture with simple control circuitry for output amplitude and output duty-cycle adjustment. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    Modulator driver for driving an electro-optical modulator in a high-speed optical communications system. In accordance with aspects of the present invention, a modulator driver is presented comprising an input differential limiting amplifier which is coupled to a distributed differential switch configuration, where one set of outputs of the distributed differential switch configuration are grounded and the other set of outputs are connected to an artificial transmission line structure generating forward traveling and reverse traveling signals, with the reverse traveling signal termination bias inductively coupled to a separately adjustable positive bias voltage, whereby the circuit architecture reduces the number of components and transitions in the high-speed signal path and is compatible with compact, monolithic fabrication requiring a minimal amount of external components for operation. Other methods and apparatus are presented. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0009]    The accompanying drawings are for the purpose of illustrating and expounding the features involved in the present invention for a more complete understanding, and not meant to be considered as a limitation, wherein: 
           [0010]      FIG. 1  is a diagram of a known electro-optical modulator architecture with a single-ended electrical drive port structure. 
           [0011]      FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram of a known single-ended distributed amplifier driver circuit. 
           [0012]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram of a known multi-stage single-ended driver architecture utilizing multiple series-connected distributed amplifiers. 
           [0013]      FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram illustrating one modulator driver arrangement for use with a single-ended electrical drive electro-optical modulator according to aspects of the present invention. 
           [0014]      FIG. 5  is a schematic diagram illustrating another modulator driver arrangement for use with a single-ended electrical drive electro-optical modulator according to aspects of the present invention. 
           [0015]      FIG. 6A  is a graph illustrating the typical response of a bias-T component. 
           [0016]      FIG. 6B  is a graph illustrating the typical response of a DC blocking capacitor. 
           [0017]      FIG. 7  is a schematic illustrating features of one embodiment of a differential circuit according to aspects of the present invention. 
           [0018]      FIG. 8  is a schematic illustrating features of another embodiment of a differential circuit according to aspects of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0019]    A modulator driver arrangement is presented in  FIG. 4  as one embodiment of aspects of the present invention. In this arrangement, an input signal is coupled to a limiting amplifier  170  which provides an input signal limiting function and outputs a differential output signal with a leveled amplitude. The limiting amplifier has the ability to accept differential input signals as illustrated in  FIG. 4 , or a single-ended input signal coupled to one input of the limiting amplifier  170  through a DC blocking capacitor, with the limiting amplifier  170  further providing a single-ended to differential signal conversion function. The output differential signal from limiting amplifier  170  is coupled to a differential artificial transmission line comprised of inductive elements  110   a ,  110   b  disposed between differential signal inputs to differential current switches  180   a ,  180   b , and further comprised of reverse differential traveling wave signal termination resistors  135   a ,  135   b  as well as forward differential traveling wave signal termination resistors  136   a ,  136   b . The differential current switches  180   a ,  180   b  provide a modulation current switched between differential outputs, one of the differential output signals coupled to ground, while the other output signal is coupled to a single-ended artificial transmission line comprised of inductive elements  115  disposed between output signal connections from differential current switches  180   a ,  180   b , and further comprised of a termination  138  for the termination of reverse single-ended traveling wave signals  125   a ,  125   b , as well as an output port (OUT) for transmission of forward single-ended traveling wave signals  126   a ,  126   b . A bias-T  140  is disposed in series with the output port to provide a positive biasing voltage VCC to one output connection of each of the differential current switches  180   a ,  180   b  in order to provide sufficient headroom for generation of a large output signal amplitude. By coupling one of the differential outputs of each of the differential current switches  180   a ,  180   b  to ground, power dissipation in the modulator driver is significantly reduced in comparison to a situation where both outputs are biased by VCC, as well as significantly reducing the area required to layout the modulator driver by eliminating the need for a complimentary output artificial transmission line. Through the use of this topology, the modulator driver arrangement provides a large amplitude, high-speed, single-ended output signal capability with tolerance to input signal amplitude variations, while only using a limited amount of distributed, circuitry. In addition, since the inter-stage bias-T and DC blocking capacitors have been eliminated, this allows compact, monolithic fabrication of the modulator driver requiring only a minimum of external components for proper operation, such as an external bias-T, external DC blocking capacitors, and external bypass capacitors. 
         [0020]    A modulator driver arrangement is presented in  FIG. 5  as another embodiment of aspects of the present invention. The arrangement in  FIG. 5  is similar to the arrangement in  FIG. 4 , except that the position of bias-T  140  is moved away from being in-series with the output port (OUT) to the termination end of the output artificial transmission line, and a DC blocking capacitor  145  is positioned in-series with the output port (OUT). The same components are denoted by the same reference numerals, and will not be explained again. In this arrangement, the bias-T  140  is no longer is series with the forward traveling wave signals  126   a ,  126   b , but rather is positioned at the termination end of the output artificial transmission line prior to the terminating resistor  139  used for termination of the reverse traveling wave signals  125   a ,  125   b . This arrangement has the benefit of reducing the number of components in-series with the high-speed output signal path. As an example, the loss and impedance match of a typical bias-T in a transmission line environment is illustrated in  FIG. 6A , while the loss and impedance match of a typical DC blocking capacitor in a transmission line environment is illustrated in  FIG. 6B  for comparison purposes. While the bias-T provides an adequate impedance match, the loss is significant at higher frequency, which has the effect of degrading the output signal quality of the modulator driver when the bias-T is positioned in series with the forward traveling wave output signal. In comparison, the DC blocking capacitor has far lower loss over frequency as well as a superior impedance match, improving the output signal quality of the modulator driver. The position of the bias-T  140  in  FIG. 5  still provides the required positive biasing voltage VCC to the differential current switches  180   a ,  180   b , and the impedance match of the bias-T  140  is sufficient to allow adequate termination of the reverse-traveling wave signals  125   a ,  125   b  in termination resistor  139 . 
         [0021]    The modulator driver arrangements illustrated in  FIGS. 4 and 5  can be modified according to aspects of the present invention. One example of such a modification, not meant as a limitation, is for the differential current switches  180   a ,  180   b  to include a signal amplification function prior to the modulation current switching function. Another example of such a modification, not meant as a limitation, is the use of multiple lumped-element stages for the realization of the limiting amplifier  170  or differential current switches  180   a ,  180   b . A further example of such a modification, not meant as a limitation, is to vary the number of differential current switches  180   a ,  180   b  that are utilized to comprise the distributed output stage of the modulator driver, trading-off application requirements for output signal amplitude, operating frequency, size and cost. A variety of elements known to those skilled in the art, such as amplifiers, buffers, gain blocks, limiters, equalizers, resistors, capacitors, inductors, bias-T components, transmission lines, and the like, can be added to or deleted from the described arrangement, or the position of existing elements may be modified, without changing the basic form or spirit of the invention. 
         [0022]    A circuit arrangement is illustrated in  FIG. 7  as one embodiment of a differential current switch  180   a ,  180   b , and as one embodiment of a differential limiting amplifier  170  according to aspects of the present invention. In this arrangement, a differential input signal (SIGNAL IN) is coupled to transistors Q 1 , Q 2  which form an emitter-follower configuration with current sources  190 ,  191 . The emitter-follower transistors Q 1 , Q 2  provide a high input impedance and low signal loss, which is compatible with the distributed input signal structure presented to the differential current switches  180   a ,  180   b . Additional pull-up resistors R 1 , R 2  provide input terminations if this circuit configuration is utilized as part of the input limiting amplifier  170 . The output signals from the emitter-follower configuration are coupled to transistors Q 3 , Q 4  which form a common-emitter configuration with current source  195 . The differential output signals (SIGNAL OUT) are provided by the collectors of transistors Q 3 , Q 4 . Current source  195  provides the output current which is steered between the differential signal output lines through application of a differential signal at the bases of emitter-coupled transistors Q 3 , Q 4 . Depending on the amplitude of this differential signal applied to the bases of emitter-coupled transistors Q 3 , Q 4 , the current from current source  195  is either partially steered between or fully switched between the differential signal output lines, determining the amount of limiting function in the limiting amplifier  170 , or providing the basis of the current-switch function in the differential current switches  180   a ,  180   b . Also, the amplitude of the output differential signal is proportional to the current of the current source  195 , which provides a simple method of output amplitude control. In addition, the incorporation of a small-valued series resistor within the current source  195  circuitry provides a simple method of monitoring the output signal amplitude, through monitoring of the voltage across the series resistor. Furthermore, resistors R 3 , R 4  provide a simple method for adjusting the duty-cycle of the output signal through the application of an external differential voltage (DUTY-CYCLE CONTROL). Additionally, this configuration allows monolithic fabrication of essentially all of the circuitry of a modulator driver having an architecture as illustrated in  FIGS. 4 and 5 , requiring only a minimum of external components for proper operation, such as an external bias-T, external DC blocking capacitors, and external bypass capacitors. 
         [0023]    A circuit arrangement is illustrated in  FIG. 8  as another embodiment of a differential current switch  180   a ,  180   b , and as another embodiment of a differential limiting amplifier  170  according to aspects of the present invention. The arrangement in  FIG. 8  is similar to the arrangement in  FIG. 7 , except for the addition of transistors Q 5 , Q 6  which form a cascode circuit arrangement. The same components are denoted by the same reference numerals, and will not be explained again. In this arrangement, the differential current signals from the collectors of Q 3 , Q 4  are buffered by transistors Q 5 , Q 6  which then output the differential output signals (SIGNAL OUT) from the collectors of transistors Q 5 , Q 6 . A biasing voltage (BIAS) is provided to the bases of transistors Q 5 , Q 6  for proper operation. This configuration enhances the operating speed of the circuit through the reduction of the Miller capacitance effect. In addition, this configuration enhances the performance in a distributed configuration through reduction of the loading of the output artificial transmission lines. Furthermore, this configuration allows monolithic fabrication of essentially all of the circuitry of a modulator driver having an architecture as illustrated in  FIGS. 4 and 5 , requiring only a minimum of external components for proper operation, such as an external bias-T, external DC blocking capacitors, and external bypass capacitors. 
         [0024]    The circuit arrangements illustrated in  FIGS. 7 and 8  can be modified according to aspects of the present invention. One example of such a modification, not meant as a limitation, is the use of multiple stages of circuitry for realization of the limiting amplifier or differential current switch functionality. Another example of such a modification, not meant as a limitation, is the use of other differential circuit topologies, such as differential Darlington amplifier circuitry, Cherry-Hooper amplifier circuitry, or any combination of these and the previously described circuits. A further example of such a modification, not meant as a limitation, is the use of CMOS, bi-CMOS, FET, HEMT, HBT, or DHBT transistors to realize the circuit functions rather than the illustrated bi-polar transistors. A variety of elements known to those skilled in the art, such as amplifiers, buffers, gain blocks, equalizers, resistors, capacitors, inductors, transistors, transmission lines, and the like, can be added to or deleted from the described arrangement, or the position of existing elements may be modified, without changing the basic form or spirit of the invention. 
         [0025]    Although the preceding examples have illustrated single-channel modulator driver arrangements, the concepts and methods described are extendable to multi-channel driver arrays without departing from the spirit of the present invention. In addition, although the preceding examples illustrate the use of a negative supply voltage, a positive supply voltage, and ground as biasing potentials, the concepts and methods described are extendable to any multi-potential biasing arrangement where the one set of outputs from a distributed differential current-switch arrangement are coupled to a potential rather than an artificial transmission line. 
         [0026]    The preceding concepts, methods, and architectural elements described are meant to illustrate advantages and aspects of the present invention, not as a limitation. Different combinations of these concepts, methods, and architectural elements than that described in the preceding figures can be utilized by one of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention. 
         [0027]    While certain exemplary embodiments have been described and shown in the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that such embodiments are merely illustrative of and not restrictive on the broad invention, and that this invention not be limited to the specific constructions and arrangements shown and described, since various other modifications may occur to those ordinarily skilled in the art.