Abstract:
In one aspect, the present invention in one or more embodiments improves mobility management—e.g., handover processing enhancement—by providing/utilizing additional information in combination with CoMP operation, for enhancing the handover procedure. For example, the additional information is used to improve judging the most suitable target cell ( 14 ). The additional information can be, for example, angle of arrival or time advance of the UE ( 20 ) in handover, RTT, power headroom or signal strength. In at least one embodiment, the information used for handover processing at source and/or target base stations ( 12 - 1, 12 - 2 ) is enhanced or otherwise made richer by the use of “geometric information” for mobile terminals ( 20 ). In one such embodiment, the geometric information used for handover processing associated with a given terminal ( 20 ) indicates something about the mobile terminal&#39;s position (relative or absolute).

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention generally relates to wireless communication networks, and particularly relates to mobility management, e.g., handover-related operations, in a coordinated multipoint network. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Coordinated Multi Point (CoMP) transmission and reception refers to a system where the transmission and/or reception at multiple, geographically separated antenna sites is dynamically coordinated in order to improve system performance. The coordination can either be distributed, by means of direct communication between the different sites, or by means of a central coordinating node. 
         [0003]    CoMP is considered for LTE-Advanced as a tool to improve the coverage of high data rates, the cell-edge throughput and/or to increase system throughput. (LTE stands for 3G Long Term Evolution.) In particular, the goal is to distribute the user perceived performance more evenly in the network by taking control of the inter-cell interference. 
         [0004]    Downlink coordinated multi-point transmission implies dynamic coordination among multiple geographically separated transmission points. Examples of coordinated transmission schemes include: coordinated scheduling and/or beamforming where data to a single user equipment (UE) is instantaneously transmitted from one of the transmission points, and scheduling decisions are coordinated to control, e.g., the interference generated in a set of coordinated cells. As another example, joint processing/transmission may be used, where data to a single UE is simultaneously transmitted from multiple transmission points, e.g., to (coherently or non-coherently) improve the received signal quality and/or cancel actively interference for other UEs. Uplink coordinated multi-point reception implies joint reception and processing of signals at multiple, geographically separated points. Scheduling decisions can be coordinated among cells to control interference. 
         [0005]    With the above in mind, a CoMP architecture can, in the case of intra-eNB CoMP, be based on the Evolved NodeB (eNB or eNodeB) acting as a central coordinating node. It is up to the vendor to decide how to implement this, e.g., how many cells to control and how to solve the communication between them and the eNB. Hence, the interfaces can be non-standardized, which is more likely to allow for more flexible and advanced CoMP methods to be used. From the core network perspective intra-eNB CoMP is transparent, i.e., the MME and the S-GW access the eNB over the S1 interface. 
         [0006]    Inter-eNB CoMP could primarily be seen as distributed CoMP (even though centralized operation also can be implemented). In this case the coordination is carried out via direct communication between the eNBs, e.g., over an (possibly) enhanced X2 interface. From the core network perspective inter-eNB CoMP should be transparent as well. The MME and the S-GW access the eNB over the S1 interface. If necessary, control and data traffic is forwarded over X2.  FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b  illustrate example architectural options. 
         [0007]    As already mentioned above, downlink CoMP implies dynamic coordination among multiple geographically separated transmission points. At a high level, coordination schemes can be divided into two categories: coordinated scheduling and/or beamforming; and joint processing/transmission. 
         [0008]    The first category is characterized in that data to a single UE is instantaneously transmitted from one of the transmission points, and in that scheduling decisions and/or generated beams are coordinated in order to control the created interference. The main advantages of these schemes compared to schemes involving joint processing/transmission (see below) are that the requirements on the coordination links and on the backhaul are much reduced, since typically only information on scheduling decisions and/or generated beams (and information needed for their generation) need to be coordinated, and the user data does not need to be made available at the coordinated transmission points, since there is only one serving transmission point for one particular UE. 
         [0009]    The second category, joint processing/transmission, is characterized in that data to a single UE is simultaneously transmitted from multiple transmission points, e.g., to (coherently or non-coherently) improve the received signal quality and/or actively cancel interference for other UEs. This category of schemes puts higher requirements on the coordination links and the backhaul since the user data needs to be made available at the multiple coordinated transmission points. The amount of data to be exchanged over the coordination links is also larger, e.g., channel knowledge and computed transmission weights. 
         [0010]    The most straightforward approach to CoMP is coordinated scheduling, meaning that UEs are scheduled to be served by their attached cells in a manner such that the mutual interference among them (within the coordination set) is minimized, as illustrated in  FIG. 2 . This can, to some extent, be seen as an extension of the inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) functionality present already in LTE Rel-8. However, the previous ICIC schemes are based on distinguishing users by geometry and the coordinated scheduler assigns resource blocks to users such that SINR degradations due to inter-cell interference are avoided as much as possible while maintaining the baseline Reuse-1 resource usage. There was no utilization of fast time-scale channel knowledge in order to actively coordinate the involving cells. 
         [0011]    In coordinated scheduling, each UE maintains the conventional notion of correspondence with a serving cell. A UE still transmits to and receives from only its attached (serving) cell. However, the cell reselection may occur at a TTI interval for best performance. With the knowledge of the path gain between all active UEs and the cells and possibly additional information from neighboring coordination sets, the controller can then carefully re-order and select the UEs to be served in the same TTI or resource block so that the interference experienced by each UE meets a certain target. Since it is a scheduling based solution, the physical layer transmission and reception of user data remain unchanged. However, the CoMP architecture allows for proactive control of the interference condition and more accurate link adaptation, thereby leading to significant improvement (50-100%) in cell edge user rate with either slight increase or decrease (±5%) in system throughput over LTE Rel-8 without any coordination. 
         [0012]    In the baseline coordinated scheduling, each coordination set acts independently without communicating with neighboring coordination sets. The controller in a coordination set determines which UEs are to be served by the cells they are attached to in the same TTI or resource block based on the path gain information and factors such as transmission priority and packet size. In general, each UE with an active session is placed in a queue according to its transmission priority, which reflects the transmission need based on some priority rule, e.g., how long it has stayed in the queue. They are then placed one by one into the scheduling list if a compatibility test is passed. The test criterion may be that the SIR for all UEs in the schedule should be above a certain threshold. It may also be that the highest interference for each UE should not exceed a certain threshold. The target may be adjusted according to traffic and buffer overflow conditions. The impact of this baseline solution on standardization is limited if it is considered as intra-eNB CoMP. All signaling functionalities are in place in LTE Rel-8 already. 
         [0013]    Coordinated beamforming, such as illustrated in  FIG. 3 , can be used for downlink transmission if the transmission points in the coordination set are equipped with antenna arrays. In this context, coordinated beamforming is based on: transmit powers and beamforming weights being jointly adapted for all UEs in the coordination set, where beamforming weights are constant for all frequencies (non-frequency dependent), and where one transmission point serves multiple UEs (SDMA), as in multiuser MIMO. 
         [0014]    A multi-antenna UE may receive multiple data streams. The streams may be transmitted from multiple transmission points or a single transmission point in the coordination set. In the second case, the maximum number of data streams transmitted to a UE equals the number of antenna clusters (sets of antenna arrays spaced far enough apart) at the transmission point. Note that UE data needs to be transported to multiple transmission points in the first case which requires a fast high-capacity backhaul. 
         [0015]    As with downlink CoMP, the most straightforward approach to uplink CoMP is coordinated scheduling, i.e., the scheduling of UEs to transmit are coordinated among the sites in such a way that the interference among them is minimized. One such approach is illustrated in  FIG. 4 . Thus, the same coordinated scheduling approach as described for the downlink is also applicable for the uplink; the only difference is how interference is calculated. All required measurements and signaling functionality is already in place in LTE Rel-8. 
         [0016]    However, certain challenges arise in CoMP implementations, particularly as relates to mobility management. In the context of LTE, such challenges arise because existing mobility mechanisms in LTE do not support macro-diversity transmission or reception, and are therefore relying on fast and reliable indications for cell change. Existing mechanisms in 3GPP Rel-8 include trigger criteria and hysteresis values to support fast and accurate cell change in a range of scenarios. However, the information available to the network for target cell selection is mostly based on signal power measurements, and does not accurately help to determine the most suitable target cell for handover. In some cases, handover is performed to unsuitable target cells, resulting either in failed handovers or a return of the UE to the source cell after a short while. 
       SUMMARY In one aspect, the present invention, in one or more embodiments, improves mobility management—e.g., handover processing enhancement—by providing/utilizing additional information in combination with CoMP operation, for enhancing the handover procedure. For example, the additional information is used to improve judging the most suitable target cell. The additional information can be, for example, angle of arrival or time advance of the UE in handover, Round Trip Time (RTT), power headroom or signal strength. 
       [0017]    In at least one embodiment, the information used for handover processing at source and/or target base stations is enhanced or otherwise made richer by the use of “geometric information” for mobile terminals. In one such embodiment, the geometric information used for handover processing associated with a given terminal indicates something about the mobile terminal&#39;s position (relative or absolute). 
         [0018]    In at least one embodiment, the information is used to improve signal measurements made by one or more cells that are candidates for receiving the mobile terminal in handover from a source cell. For example, if the geometric information includes directional information for the mobile terminal as regards the source cell—e.g., angle-of-arrival information—a candidate base station can derive the mobile terminal&#39;s approximate angle relative to the candidate base station, and thus improve its reception/measurement of signals from the mobile terminal. The candidate base station thus returns better or more accurate signal measurement information to the source base station, which therefore can make an improved evaluation of the best candidate base station to select for as the handover target. 
         [0019]    Additionally, or alternatively, in one or more embodiments, a target base station uses the geometric information to improve its transmission to and/or reception from the mobile terminal. For example, it may use the geometric information to better receive the Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) or other uplink signal reception—e.g., Sounding Reference Signals (SRSs)—from the mobile terminal, and/or to improve its downlink transmissions to the mobile terminal. In that latter case, one or more embodiments use the geometric information to bias or otherwise direct beamforming toward the mobile terminal&#39;s position, or at least in the direction of the mobile terminal. Such directing or steering of the target base station&#39;s transmissions improves signal reception at the mobile terminal and can reduce interference seen by other terminals or elsewhere in the network. Such directing or steering can be done at least initially upon or as part of receiving the mobile terminal in handover, thereby improving handover reliability. 
         [0020]    Of course, the present invention is not limited to the above features and advantages. Indeed, those skilled in the art will recognize additional features and advantages upon reading the following detailed description, and upon viewing the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0021]      FIGS. 1   a ) and  1   b ) illustrate intra- and inter-eNB scenarios in a Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP) Network. 
           [0022]      FIG. 2  illustrates downlink CoMP, based on coordinated scheduling. 
           [0023]      FIG. 3  illustrates downlink CoMP, based on coordinated beamforming. 
           [0024]      FIG. 4  illustrates uplink CoMP, based on coordinated scheduling. 
           [0025]      FIG. 5  illustrates uplink CoMP, based on coordinated beamforming. 
           [0026]      FIG. 6A  illustrates on embodiment of a method of mobility management in a CoMP network, while  FIG. 6B  illustrates corresponding details for the steps depicted in  FIG. 6A . 
           [0027]      FIG. 7  illustrates a simplified example wireless communication network, e.g., a CoMP network, including base stations configured for one or more embodiments of mobility management enhancements as taught herein. 
           [0028]      FIG. 8  illustrates example embodiments for a source base station and a candidate base station that is a target for handover of a mobile terminal from the source base station. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0029]    In one or more embodiments presented herein, when a UE is evaluating cells for handover target candidates in a CoMP scenario, the target cell selection considers the angle of the source cell in order to determine the angle from the target cell, so that the target cell can direct a beam towards the UE in handover. This action, which is depicted in  FIG. 5 , results in a concentration of energy to and from the UE from the target cell, and therefore contributes to a more reliable handover. In addition, the target cell selection can also make use of time advance information from the source and/or the target cell to determine a more accurate position of the UE. As noted, the angle/direction and timing information all can be considered individually or collectively to be examples of the geometric information used herein to improve mobility management. 
         [0030]    In the same or other embodiments, the source cell evaluates the quality of the target cell by ordering the target cell to measure on the UE and to report the measured quality back. The quality measure can be e.g., the received signal quality of the uplink reference signals, the quality of the received Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) or the quality of received SRS. The coordination between the cells can, e.g., be done using the X2 interface or a proprietary interface between the source eNodeB and the target eNodeB(s). 
         [0031]    Information provided to the target cell for performing the measurement may include angle of direction, time advance, RTT, power headroom, signal strength or geographical coordinates of the eNB from the source cell. Again, individual elements of such information and/or the collection of all or some of this information, is referred to herein as “geometric information”. 
         [0032]    The source cell may evaluate the quality of multiple cells that are candidates for receiving the UE in handover, either sequentially or in parallel, using the mechanism described above. Thus, after receiving the measurement information from one or multiple target cells, the source cell decides on the target cell for handover and initiates the handover to the target cell. 
         [0033]    In the same or other embodiments, the target cell uses the measured angle and/or time advance for reception of PRACH during handover, in order to improve the quality of the received signal in the eNodeB. 
         [0034]    Further, in at least one embodiment, the target cell uses the measured angle and/or time advance for transmission of downlink data after handover, in order to improve the quality of the received signal in the UE, and to avoid excess interference. 
         [0035]    Of course, those skilled in the art will appreciate that, while the above teachings are advantageously applied in LTE and LTE Advanced systems, they are not limited to those applications. For example, the above teachings may be advantageously applied in other types of networks, such as other Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based systems, including WiMax. 
         [0036]    In that broader context, the invention proposed herein provides mechanisms (e.g., signaling and processing operations) for enhancing handover performance in conjunction with the introduction of CoMP. The usage of angle and/or time advance information, or other such geometric information, for selecting the most suitable target cell before initiating the handover leads to more reliable target cell selections and thus provides more reliable handover decisions. In addition, excess interference can be avoided, and UE/base station transmissions made more reliable and robust, by properly directing energy to the UE from the target cell. 
         [0037]    With the above non-limiting advantages in mind, one embodiment of the invention proposed herein comprises a method of mobility management in a coordinated multipoint network.  FIG. 6A  illustrates an example method  100 , comprising sharing geometric information for a mobile terminal between two or more cells in the coordinated multipoint network (Step  102 ), where the geometric information is determined from signal measurements made for the mobile terminal. Further, the method  100  includes determining a handover target for the mobile terminal from among the two or more cells, based at least in part on the geometric information (Step  104 ). For example, the source (serving) base station in the source cell shares geometric information with one or more neighboring base stations that control one or more cells that are candidates for selection as the handover target. 
         [0038]    As shown by way of example in  FIG. 6B , in one or more embodiments, the step  102  of sharing the geometric information comprises a source cell sending the geometric information to a number of candidate cells that are prospective handover targets for the mobile terminal (Step  102 A), and receiving measurement information from the candidate cells (Step  102 B). The received measurement information corresponds to signal measurements made by the candidate cells based at least in part on the geometric information sent to them by the source cell. In this context, the step  104  of determining the handover target comprises identifying the handover target as a preferred one of the candidate cells, based at least in part on evaluating the measurement information received from the candidate cells. (Such evaluation can be performed by the source cell&#39;s controlling base station. Note that “base station” as used herein should be broadly construed to encompass, by way of non-limiting example, eNBs from LTE/LTE Advanced, as well as WiMax base stations or access points.) 
         [0039]    In at least one embodiment, the geometric information relates to a relative or absolute position of the mobile terminal, with respect to one or more base stations in the coordinated multipoint network. In particular, in one or more embodiments, the geometric information includes one or more of: directional information for the mobile terminal relative to a source base station; timing advance information for the mobile terminal; and round-trip-time information for the mobile terminal. 
         [0040]    Also, as noted, the step of sharing the geometric information may comprise a source base station in the coordinated multipoint network sending the geometric information to a candidate base station in the coordinated multipoint network that is a candidate for being selected as the handover target. In association with this, the contemplated method further includes the candidate base station using the geometric information to improve signal measurements made by the candidate base station for the mobile terminal, wherein said signal measurements are evaluated in said step of determining the handover target. 
         [0041]    As such, in one or more embodiments, the geometric information is used in a target base station associated with a candidate cell in the coordinated multipoint network that is identified as the handover target, to improve transmissions by the target base station to the mobile terminal. Further, the target base station may use the geometric information to form or otherwise steer directional transmissions from the target base station to the mobile terminal, at least initially upon the mobile terminal being handed over to the target base station. 
         [0042]    As one example, using the geometric information comprises using direction information present in the geometric information as received from the source base station, to direct transmissions toward the mobile terminal, or deriving directional information from the received geometric information—e.g., the target base station can use directional information and/or transmission timing information relating the terminal to the source base station, to estimate the terminal&#39;s direction or angle relative to the target base station. 
         [0043]    In any case, in one or more embodiments, the target base station may use the geometric information to improve reception at the target base station of transmissions by the mobile terminal. Further, as noted, the geometric information may comprise one or more of: location information for a source base station, location information for one or more neighboring base stations associated with one or more candidate cells that are candidates for selection as the handover target; directional information relating the mobile terminal&#39;s angle or direction to the source and/or neighboring base stations; and timing information relating the mobile terminal&#39;s distance relative to the source and/or neighboring base stations. 
         [0044]    As an example of a network and associated base stations,  FIG. 7  illustrates a wireless communication network  10 , which is configured as a CoMP network in one or more embodiments. As a non-limiting example, the network  10  comprises an LTE or LTE Advanced network configured for CoMP operation. 
         [0045]    One sees that the network  10  includes a number of base stations  12 , which are depicted for clarity as  12 - 1 ,  12 - 2 , and so on. These numbering suffixes are used when convenient for distinguishing operations at one base station  12  from another base station  12 , and when such distinctions are not needed the reference numeral “ 12 ” serves a generic identifier for a given base station. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that where the network  10  comprises an LTE or LTE Advanced network, the base stations  12  are eNBs. 
         [0046]    Each base station  12  defines or otherwise controls a cell  14 , wherein the cells are referred to as  14 - 1 ,  14 - 2 , and so on, when necessary to distinguish one cell from another, and otherwise the reference number “ 14 ” refers to any given cell in the singular or given cells in the plural. Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that cells may overlap, may be sectorized, may be uniform or non-uniform in size, and subject to other variations. In that sense, the figure should be understood as a non-limiting example. It should also be understood that the network  10  may include other nodes or entities, such as those in a Core Network (CN), which is not shown for the sake of simplicity. 
         [0047]    One also sees that the base stations  12  may be communicatively interlinked by an inter-base station interface  16 , such as the “X2” interface used in LTE. (Only one inter-base station communication link is shown for simplicity.) Such inter-base station linking can be advantageously used for sharing information between base stations, including the geometric information contemplated herein, for improving mobility management. For example, the geometric information is used to improve handover target selection and/or to improve transmission and/or reception between the mobile terminal in the target cell. 
         [0048]    Referring now to  FIG. 8 , one sees a base station  12 - 1  and a base station  12 - 2 . Both base stations  12  may be configured identically, or there may be differences between them. In any case, for the purposes of  FIG. 8  and the following discussion, one may assume that the base station  12 - 1  is the source base station for a given mobile terminal  20 , and that the base station  12 - 2  is a candidate base station for handover target selection and/or that the base station  12 - 2  has been selected as the handover target. 
         [0049]    Referring to either one now, the base station  12  is configured to support mobility management in a coordinated multipoint network  10 , and it comprises transceiver circuits  40  configured for transmitting signals to mobile terminals  20  and receiving signals from mobile terminals  20 , and inter-base station interface circuits  42  configured for communicating with one or more other base stations in the coordinated multipoint network  10 . The base station  12  further includes one or more processing circuits  44  operatively associated with the transceiver circuits  40  and the inter-base station interface circuits  42 . 
         [0050]    These processing circuits  44  are configured to, when the base station  12  is acting as source base station for a mobile terminal  20  (e.g., acting as base station  12 - 1 ): determine geometric information for the mobile terminal  20 , based on signal measurements made for the mobile terminal  20 , and send the geometric information to a target base station (e.g., base station  12 - 2 ), for use in handover processing by the target base station. 
         [0051]    Referring specifically to the base station  12 - 1  now for source base station processing details, the one or more processing circuits  44  comprise a handover controller  50 - 1  including a determining circuit  52  configured to determine the geometric information for the mobile terminal  20 . In one or more embodiments, the handover controller  50 - 1  further includes a handover target evaluation circuit  54  configured for identifying the target base station as the handover target from among a number of candidate base stations that are prospective handover targets. For example, base station  12 - 1  may evaluate base stations  12 - 2 ,  12 - 3 , and so on, as candidates for receiving the mobile terminal  20  in handover. 
         [0052]    In at least one such embodiment, the one or more processing circuits  44  of the base station  12 - 1  are configured to determine the geometric information as one or more of: directional information for the mobile terminal  20  relative to the source base station  12 - 1 ; timing advance information for the mobile terminal  20 ; round-trip-time information for the mobile terminal  20 ; and location information for the source base station  12 - 1 . 
         [0053]    Further, in at least one such embodiment, the one or more processing circuits  44  of the base station  12 - 1  are further configured to send the geometric information to a number of candidate base stations that are prospective handover targets for the mobile terminal  20 , e.g., to base stations  12 - 2 ,  12 - 3 , and so on, and to receive measurement information from the candidate base stations corresponding to signal measurements made by the candidate base stations based at least in part on the geometric information sent to them. Further, the processing circuits  44  of the base station  12 - 1  are configured to identify the target base station as a preferred one of the candidate base stations, based at least in part on evaluating the measurement information received from the candidate base stations. 
         [0054]    Now referring to the base station  12 - 2  as a candidate base station and/or as a selected target base station, the base station  12 - 2  is configured to support mobility management in a coordinated multipoint network  10  and it comprises, as noted, transceiver circuits  40  configured for transmitting signals to mobile terminals  20  and receiving signals from mobile terminals  20 . The base station  12 - 2  further comprises inter-base station interface circuits  42  configured for communicating with one or more other base stations in the coordinated multipoint network  10 , and one or more processing circuits  44  operatively associated with the transceiver circuits  40  and the inter-base station interface circuits  42 . 
         [0055]    These processing circuits  44  are configured to, when the base station  12 - 2  is acting as a prospective target base station for a mobile terminal  20 , receive geometric information from a source base station  12 - 1  for the mobile terminal  20 , where the geometric information is based on signal measurements made for the mobile terminal  20 —e.g., measurements made by or for the source base station  12 - 1 . In complementary fashion, the one or more processing circuits  44  of the prospective target base station  12 - 2  are configured to make signal measurements for the mobile terminal  20 , based at least in part on the geometric information, and return the signal measurements to the source base station  12 - 1 , for use by the source base station  12 - 1  in selecting a target base station (from among the candidates) for handover of the mobile terminal  20 . 
         [0056]    In one or more embodiments, the one or more processing circuits  44  of the base station  12 - 2  are configured to use the geometric information in improving the base station&#39;s reception of signals from the mobile terminal  20 , for making said signal measurements. That is, the signal measurements made by the base station  12 - 2  can be improved through use of the geometric information, meaning that such measurement information provides a better basis for selecting the handover target. 
         [0057]    In one or more embodiments, the geometric information comprises one or more of: directional information for the mobile terminal  20  relative to the source base station  12 - 1 ; timing advance information for the mobile terminal  20 ; round-trip-time information for the mobile terminal  20 ; and location information for the source base station  12 - 1 . 
         [0058]    In the same or other embodiments, the one or more processing circuits  44  of the base station  12 - 2  are further configured to derive directional information for the mobile terminal  20  relative to the base station  12 - 2  based on the geometric information received from the source base station  12 - 1 . 
         [0059]    Still further, in the same or other embodiments, the one or more processing circuits  44  of the base station  12 - 2  are configured to use the geometric information received from the source base station  12 - 1 , to improve transmissions by the base station  12 - 2  to the mobile terminal  20 . In at least one such embodiment, such processing circuits  44  are configured to improve transmissions by the base station  12 - 2  to the mobile terminal  20 , by forming or otherwise steering directional transmissions from the base station  12 - 2  to the mobile terminal  20 , at least initially upon the mobile terminal  20  being handed over by the source base station  12 - 1  to the base station  12 - 2 , as the handover target for the mobile terminal  20 . 
         [0060]    In a similar fashion, in one or more embodiments, the one or more processing circuits  44  of the base station  12 - 2  are configured to use the geometric information to improve reception at the base station  12 - 2  of transmissions by the mobile terminal. 
         [0061]    With the above examples in mind, those skilled in the art will appreciate that all base stations  12  may have like or similar hardware and/or software features and operations, and that the behavior and processing of any given one of the base stations  12  can be source base station or prospective target (or target) base station, depending upon the role it is playing at any given time, with respect to any given mobile terminal  20 . Thus, a given base station  12  may, at a given time and with respect to a given mobile terminal  20 , configure itself as the depicted base station  12 - 1 , while at other times and/or with respect to other mobile terminals, it may configure itself as the depicted base station  12 - 2 . 
         [0062]    On this point, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the depicted processing circuits  44  can be dedicated hardware circuits, programmable circuits, or some mix of the two. In at least one embodiment, each base station  12  includes memory, a disk, or another computer-readable medium storing one or more computer programs comprising program instructions. Execution of such stored program instructions configure the one or more processing circuits  44  (in either or both base stations  12 - 1  and  12 - 2 ) in accordance with the above-described mobility management operations, and it will be therefore understood that the such processing circuits  44  can include one or more than one microprocessor-based circuit, or other programmable digital processor. 
         [0063]    Of course, those skilled in the art will recognize that the present invention is not limited by the foregoing description or by the accompanying drawings.