Abstract:
An apparatus and a method detect arc faults in an electrical power distribution system of a vehicle. In one implementation, the apparatus ( 320 ) includes: a load current input ( 340 ) arranged to obtain a measurement of current being supplied to a load ( 140 ) via a solid state power switching device ( 310 ) of the electrical power distribution system; and an arc fault detector ( 330 ) arranged to compare the measured load current with a load signature, the load signature being a function of characteristics of the load ( 140 ) being supplied current via the solid state power switching device ( 310 ) and operating conditions of the solid state power switching device ( 310 ). The arc fault detector ( 330 ) outputs an arc fault indication signal when the measured current is outside an allowable range of the load signature to provide protection against arc faults.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention relates to electrical power distribution, and more particularly to arc fault detection/protection in a solid state power controller (SSPC) based power distribution system. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   Unwanted electrical arcs have been identified as a major cause of fires in residential and commercial electrical wiring as well as in electrical power distribution systems for aircraft and other vehicles. An electrical arc fault is defined as electrical current through a gas in a broken or disconnected circuit. The disconnected circuit can be between two deteriorated conductors, between one deteriorated conductor and ground plane (parallel arc) or between adjacent ends of a conductor (series arc). Arc fault conditions may be attributed to a variety of causes, such as damage to wiring, insulation, or contacts due to age, heat, chemical erosion, bending stress, etc. 
   Although conventional short circuit and overcurrent protection techniques, which typically rely on mechanical circuit breakers to interrupt circuit flow under certain conditions, react to some arc faults, they offer little protection for small arcing events below the trip curves of the standard circuit breakers. The concern is that even small arcs can develop high temperatures and cause serious damage to adjacent wiring. Furthermore, although ground-fault circuit interrupters (GFCls) have been widely used in buildings to protect against even low-current line-to-ground arc faults, GFCls do not protect against other types of arc faults and have limited applicability. For this reason, more complex techniques, including electrical-based arc fault circuit interrupters, have been proposed for use in residential and commercial buildings to detect and react to low current arc faults while minimizing unwanted trips (“nuisance trips”) and should be immune to load switching conditions, bus transfers, electromagnetic interference (EMI), etc. 
   Particularly in aerospace power distribution systems, there has been a shift from predominantly mechanical or electromechanical control to predominantly electronic and computer-based control. This shift has resulted in advanced power distribution controllers, such as Electric Load Management Centers (ELMCs) and the use of solid state switching control (SSPC) technology, which is a relative newcomer in aerospace power distribution systems. Current SSPC technology, which typically performs only short circuit and overload protection for the attached circuitry, does not provide adequate protection against parallel or series arc faults and, thus, does not provide adequate protection against arc faults occurring downstream of the SSPC-fed circuitry to load. Arc signature based fault protection would have drawbacks if implemented in an SSPC based electrical power distribution environment because the detection algorithm would require complex measures to avoid nuisance trips under various load conditions, switching conditions, etc. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention is directed to an apparatus and a method for arc fault protection in an electrical power distribution system of a vehicle. The present invention is particularly applicable to protect against faults occurring downstream of an SSPC, which selectively provides electrical power to an associated load. An SSPC distribution system has the advantage of having in its internal control circuitry the information about the load connected at its output—load signature ( load current at steady state, start up, shut down, switching events, etc.). This data (load signature) can be either pre-stored in memory or determined when installed in the vehicle by a process of “learning.” Such learning may be achieved through successive testing and storage of results in memory. Such testing may be performed to determine the steady state load current waveform, start up and shut down, characteristic signatures. An arc fault detector according to one implementation of the present invention is designed to compare measured load current with the reference load current (load signature) stored in memory. The load signature determined is typically quite unique with some variations caused by the operating conditions, fixed or variable frequency power, etc. 
   The arc fault detector outputs an arc fault indication signal when the measured current is outside an allowable range of the load signature. In this way, the controller of the solid state switching device can command the switching device to cut off power to the associated load when an arc fault occurs downstream of the switching device. Furthermore, because the arc fault detector detects arc faults as a function of the associated load characteristics, switching conditions, and characteristics of the associated power channel (e.g., EMI, inrush current, load OFF), nuisance trips are avoided during transient conditions and other expected load current fluctuations. 
   In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, each switching control unit, which controls an associated switching device performs arc fault detection for the corresponding load (i.e., a one-to-one correspondence). In an alternative embodiment, a dedicated arc fault detection unit detects arc faults associated with a plurality of loads. In both exemplary implementations of the present invention, the arc fault detector may undergo an initial “learning” process to determine load current waveforms/levels under various conditions. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Other aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon reading the following Detailed Description and upon reference to the drawings, in which: 
       FIG. 1  is a general block diagram illustrating elements of an SSPC based power distribution system to which principles of the present application may be applied; 
       FIG. 2  is a block diagram illustrating details of SSPC based power switching, short circuit/over current and arc fault protection device in accordance with an embodiment of the present application; 
       FIG. 3  is a block diagram illustrating an alternative configuration for SSPC based power switching and arc fault protection in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 4  is a flow diagram illustrating an arc fault protection technique in accordance with principles of the present invention; 
       FIG. 5A  illustrates an exemplary load current under a normal (no arc fault) load current condition; and 
       FIG. 5B  illustrates an arc fault condition in the same circuit which is identified by the detection circuit as an arc fault, in accordance with principles of the present invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     FIG. 1  illustrates, in block diagram form, elements of an exemplary SSPC based power distribution system to which principles of the present invention may be applied to achieve arc fault protection. The exemplary power distribution system illustrated in  FIG. 1  includes: a power bus  100 ; a plurality of SSPC units  300 - 1  to  300 -n; a plurality of loads  140 - 1  to  140 -n, respectively connected to SSPC units  300 - 1  to  300 -n; and an SSPC controller  120 . The power bus  100  may provide either AC or DC power for distribution to components (i.e., loads) of an aircraft or some other vehicle. Each SSPC unit  300 - 1  to  300 -n is a solid state switching device connected to the power bus  100  to selectively provide rated electrical power to one of loads  140 - 1  to  140 -n (e.g., pumps, lights, etc.) based on instructions received from the SSPC controller  120 . The power distribution system illustrated in  FIG. 1  may be implemented as part of an ELMC (Electrical Load Management Center) of a vehicle and may be implemented in various levels of integration, for example using a modular architecture such as described in co-pending application Ser. No. 10/017,125, filed Dec. 14, 2001. In such a system, the SSPC controller  120  is a functional element, which generates switching control signals to be distributed to the plurality of SSPC units  300 - 1  to  300 -n based on control information received via a gateway module from a centralized vehicle computer (not shown). In addition to distributing switching control signals, the SSPC controller  120  may gather testing, monitoring, and reporting information from the plurality of SSPC units  300 - 1  to  300 -n, for example to monitor and report failed switching devices and various other fault conditions of the electrical distribution system, including short circuit, overcurrent and arc fault conditions described in more detail below. 
     FIG. 2  illustrates an exemplary configuration of an SSPC unit  300   a  in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. As shown in  FIG. 2 , the SSPC unit  300   a  of this exemplary embodiment includes two main components: a power switching device  310 ; and a switching control and protection device  320   a . The power switching device  310 , which may be, for example, a MOSFET transistor is coupled to the power bus  100  to selectively provide power to an associated load under control of the switching control and protection device  320   a . The power switching device  310  shown in  FIG. 2  includes a temperature sensor  312  for providing thermal condition information to the switching control and protection device  320   a  and a sense resistor  314  for providing a load current measurement to the switching control and protection device  320   a . The switching control and protection device  320   a  includes a control/driver unit  322   a  for selectively opening/closing the power switching device  310  in accordance with switching commands received from the SSPC controller unit  120  via a data bus  150  and in accordance with locally determined conditions. More specifically, the switching control and protection device  320   a  includes a current sensor  340  for measuring output current of the power switching device  310  based on the current at the sense resistor  314  of the power switching device  310 , the measured current being provided to a zero current crossing detector  346  (when the electrical power supplied at the power bus  100  is AC electrical power), a short circuit protection unit  324 , an overcurrent protection unit  326 , and an arc fault protection unit  330 . 
   The short circuit and overcurrent protection units  324 ,  326  may perform well known short circuit/overcurrent detection, for example based on an I 2 t trip curve. The arc fault protection unit  330  performs arc fault detection in a manner described in more detail below. The controller/driver  322   a  is connected to each of the short circuit protection unit  324 , the overcurrent protection unit  326 , and the arc fault protection unit  330  to disable (i.e., trip), the power switching device  310  when a short circuit condition, an overcurrent condition, or an arc fault condition occurs, and reports fault conditions to the SSPC controller  120  via the data bus  150 . The switching control and protection device  320   a  further includes a thermal protection circuit  328  for sensing excessive heat of the power switching device  310 , as indicated by the temperature sensor  312  of the power switching device  310 . The controller/driver  322   a  is connected to the output of the thermal protection circuit  328  so as to selectively disable the powerswitching device  310  upon occurrence of an excessive thermal condition. In an AC power environment, the switching control and protection device  320   a  further includes a voltage sensor  342 , connected to an input of the power switching device  310 , and a zero voltage crossing detector  340  for detecting zero voltage crossings based on the output of the voltage sensor  342 . In the AC electrical power environment, the controller/driver  322   a  controls opening/closing of the power switching device  310  in accordance with zero voltage crossing detected by the zero voltage crossing detector  342  and zero current crossing indicated by the zero current crossing detector  346 . 
   Although the block diagram of  FIG. 2  illustrates functional components of the switching control and protection device  320   a  as discrete elements, it should be realized that various functional elements illustrated in  FIG. 2  may be combined in a single processing element, such as a microcomputer with associated memory, or may be distributed among a plurality of processing elements. The switching control and protection device  320   a  may be implemented as one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), or may be implemented in various combinations of hardware and software. Furthermore, for use in a modular architecture of an ELMC, the SSPC unit  300   a  may be grouped with SSPCs for a plurality of loads on a single card of a load management module. Furthermore, additional elements may be included with the physical implementation of the SSPC unit  300   a  illustrated in  FIG. 2 , and/or certain elements may be removed. 
     FIG. 3  illustrates an alternative embodiment for power switching and arc fault protection in accordance with principles of the present invention. In the alternative embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 3 , an SSPC unit  300   b  comprises the power switching device  310 ; and a switching control and protection device  320   b . As compared to the switching control and protection device  320   a  for the embodiment of the present invention shown in  FIG. 2 , the switching control and protection device  320   b  shown in  FIG. 3  does not include an arc fault protection unit (i.e., there is no one-to-one correspondence between SSPC unit and arc fault detector). Instead, a dedicated arc fault protection unit  160 , connected to the data bus  150  via an input  161  , monitors the total load current supplied to a plurality of load channels  1  to n. More specifically, the dedicated arc fault protection unit  160  measures the total load current passed to the plurality of channels ( 300   b - 1  to  300   b -n) and also receives load current information from each of the attached channels. In one implementation, the arc fault protection unit  160  receives current information from a current sensor (e.g., current transformer, not shown) located on the feed line that feeds the power bus  100  shown in  FIG. 1 . This allows the arc fault protection unit  160  to acquire information on the total current fed to the plurality of loads. The arc fault protection unit  160  is able to process the total current information with an elevated degree of accuracy and resolution. Upon detection of an anomaly in the total transferred current, the arc fault protection unit  160  detects which one of the channels  300   b - 1  to  300   b -n has reported an abnormal current. By association, the arc fault protection unit  160  will trip the circuit, which exhibited the arc fault symptoms. In this embodiment, the dedicated arc fault protection unit  160  may be implemented as an ASIC, a micro-controller or as a combination of hardware/software. Also, the dedicated arc fault protection unit  160  may be a functional element of the SSPC controller  120  or some other element of the electrical power distribution system. 
     FIG. 4  is a flow diagram illustrating arc fault protection in accordance with principles of the present application. The functions of the flow diagram illustrated in  FIG. 4  may be, for example, implemented in the dedicated arc fault protection unit  160  of the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 3  or in each individual SSPC unit  300 - 1  to  300 -n, as shown in  FIG. 2 . Again, it should be recognized that dedicated arc fault protection unit  160  may be a functional unit of the SSPC controller  120  or some other element of the electrical power distribution system. In accordance with the present invention, an undesired arc fault condition is detected based on a comparison of load currents and acceptable load signatures. As an example,  FIGS. 5A–5B  depict two cases of load current.  FIG. 5A  shows a normal inrush current during the start up of a three phase motor. In  FIG. 5A , it can be noticed that the output of the arc detection circuit (shown in Trace  3 ) does not react to the sudden inrush of current (shown in Trace  1 ), due to the fact that the load signature is recognized by the arc fault protection unit. Trace  2  of  FIG. 5A  illustrates the bus voltage for the normal load current condition of  FIG. 5A .  FIG. 5B  shows the case of an actual arc fault current. The load current waveform (Trace  1 ) is not recognized by the unit and, therefore, a trip signal is generated (Trace  3 ) disconnecting the SSPC. Trace  2  of  FIG. 5B  illustrates the bus voltage for the arc fault condition of  FIG. 5A . 
   The inventors of the present application have found that, unlike an arc signature, a load signature is typically unique, with some variations caused by the operating conditions, fixed or variable frequency power, characteristics of the load itself, etc. These variations can be defined in an allowable band of a load signature, stored in the logic/processing circuitry of the distribution system. Furthermore, this information can be derived from an existing “library” of loads available from the load manufacturer. Furthermore, load signatures may be taught during a learning process, in which the arc fault protection circuitry determines characteristics of the various loads and operating conditions (e.g., inrush, steady state and transients). This may take place automatically when loads are switched on/off or during various other steady state and transient operation events. 
   To achieve arc fault protection in accordance with the present invention, the current output to each of the plurality of loads, I load , is monitored (S 172 ). Furthermore, switching conditions for each load (i.e., whether an associate power switching device  310  is turned on and for what length the power switching device has been turned on) and characteristics of the load are determined (S 174 ). Steps S 172  and S 174  may be reversed in order or performed concurrently. Next, an acceptable load current signature, I sig , is determined as a function of load and switching conditions, for example by retrieving a load signature from a “library” of loads (S 176 ) and I load  is compared to I sig  to determine whether the measured load current is within acceptable limits. If I load  is not within acceptable limits of I sig , the associated power switching device is disabled due to an arc fault condition (S 180 ). Acceptable limits may be determined through testing. 
   Although the acceptable load signature will vary depending on numerous factors, detecting arc fault conditions based on load signature takes advantage of switching information obtained from the SSPC controller unit  120  and characteristics of the associated load so that nuisance trips can be avoided. More specifically, the load signature used to determine arc faults will take into account the switching state of the power switching device, thereby avoiding switching trips due to transient or noise conditions of the power distribution channel.