Abstract:
A device for distributing air in a cargo aircraft includes using an air distribution system which is connected to a cargo deck. The air distribution system includes a source for bleed air, at least one air conditioning unit for treating the bleed air, a mixing unit which receives an air supply of recirculation air exiting the cargo deck and treated bleed air from the air conditioning unit, and at least one shut-off valve between the mixing unit and the cargo deck in order to interrupt or completely release the air supply to the cargo deck. A control unit establishes a desired air volume balance for the current operating state of the air distribution system and adjusts the flow volume through the at least one air conditioning unit such that the pressure prevailing in the mixing unit remains at a constant, predetermined value for all operating states.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of International Application No. PCT/EP2007/002847, filed on Mar. 29, 2007, and German Application No. DE 10 2006 014 572.0, filed on Mar. 29, 2006. 
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The invention relates to a device and a method for distributing air in a cargo aircraft. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Shutoff valves are provided in air distribution systems of conventional cargo aircraft in order that the air supply to the cargo compartment or the cargo compartments, also called cargo decks, can be shut off in the event of a fire in the cargo compartment. Passenger aircraft do not have shutoff valves of this kind, as the air supply cannot be shut off in these aircraft, even in the event of a fire in the passenger compartment, as breathing air would otherwise no longer be available to the passengers. The above-mentioned shutoff valves, which are integrated into cargo aircraft, are so-called two-position valves, i.e. they are either completely closed in order to interrupt an air supply to the cargo compartment or completely open in order to release the air supply to the cargo compartment. If there is no abnormal occurrence (fire, etc.), a constant volume of fresh air is therefore supplied to the cargo area of a conventional cargo aircraft irrespective of the transported cargo. As is usual in aircraft construction, this fresh air comes from the engine or the engines of the aircraft and is also called bleed air, as it is bled or tapped from a compressor stage of the aircraft turbines. As a result, the production of bleed air of this kind costs fuel, for the bleed air volume is no longer available to the aircraft engine for combustion and must therefore be post-produced by the aircraft engine. 
     The object of the invention is to minimize the bleed air requirement of a cargo aircraft in order thus to reduce its operating costs. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The object is achieved according to the invention with a cargo aircraft air distribution system having the features described below. Accordingly, at least one cargo deck is connected to the air distribution system, and the air distribution system comprises a source for bleed air, at least one so-called air conditioning unit for treating the bleed air, a mixing unit which receives treated bleed air from the air conditioning unit and delivers it to the at least one cargo deck, and at least one shut-off valve between the mixing unit and the cargo deck in order to interrupt or completely release the air supply to the cargo deck. In order to reduce the bleed air requirement, a cockpit switch co-operating with the shutoff valve is provided, the operation of which causes the at least one shutoff valve to take up an intermediate position. For this purpose the shutoff valve is formed as a motor-operated control valve which can take up any desired intermediate position between completely open and completely closed positions. A control unit establishes for each possible operating state of the air distribution system a desired air volume balance and adjusts the flow volume through the at least one air conditioning unit in accordance with the desired air volume balance established for the respective operating state such that the pressure in the mixing unit is at a constant, predetermined value. 
     With an air distribution system according to the invention of this kind, it is possible to adapt the fresh air supply to the cargo deck or decks of the cargo aircraft to the transported cargo. In the case of so-called “living” cargo such as, for example, animals and/or plants, a higher fresh air supply to the cargo deck is required in order to prevent transported animals from dying or transported plants from withering or dying off. However in the case of so-called “dead” cargo, e.g. textiles, machines, electrical and electronic appliances of all kinds, post, etc., according to the invention the fresh air supply to the cargo deck or decks can be distinctly reduced and, for example, only constitute 60% of the fresh air supply which is needed for living cargo. The fuel consumption of the aircraft engines is obviously reduced accordingly through the reduced bleed air requirement. On the one hand the use of the pressure in the mixing unit as a control variable ensures that no overpressure occurs in the air distribution system and therefore no damage is caused to the mixing unit or downstream pipelines, even in the event of faults, and on the other this guarantees that all the zones (areas) of the cargo aircraft which are connected to the mixing unit are supplied with a specified air volume. As already mentioned, the aircraft engines serve as a source for bleed air, with the possibility of an auxiliary power unit (so-called APU) alternatively and/or additionally serving as a bleed air source. Within the scope of the present invention the term “air conditioning unit” denotes so-called AGUs (air generation units) which condition the hot bleed air with regard to pressure and temperature such that it can be supplied as fresh air to the different zones of the aircraft. 
     According to one embodiment of the air distribution system according to the invention, the cockpit switch which co-operates with the shutoff valve is a press switch whose operation causes the corresponding shutoff valve to take up an intermediate position which is predetermined by software. This intermediate position can therefore easily be adapted to different requirements according to the customer&#39;s need. The cockpit switch may alternatively also be a rotary selector by means of which a user can select a desired degree of reduction of the fresh air supply volume according to an actual requirement. 
     The mixing unit is preferably connected to a bypass valve which optionally discharges air from the mixing unit in order to keep the pressure in the mixing unit constant. This enables a pressure which is required to maintain the cabin pressurisation to be maintained in the mixing unit even if due to a failure cargo areas are completely shut off by means of a shutoff valve or a plurality of shutoff valves. The excess air volume which then arises in the mixing unit is discharged via the bypass valve. 
     The air distribution system according to the invention is advantageously formed such that the bypass valve discharges any excess pressure from the mixing unit directly into the aircraft bilge. 
     According to a preferred embodiment, in order that opening of the bypass valve can be delayed for as long as possible, the control unit initially adjusts the flow volume through the at least one air conditioning unit to the minimum throughput which is necessary to maintain the cabin pressurisation and only commands the bypass valve to open when the pressure in the mixing unit is at risk of exceeding the predetermined value, even when the air conditioning unit is adjusted to minimum throughput. 
     In embodiments with a bypass valve the control unit consequently adjusts the flow volume through the at least one air conditioning unit and through the bypass valve in accordance with the desired air volume balance established for the respective operating state such that the pressure in the mixing unit is at the constant, predetermined value. 
     In preferred embodiments of the air distribution system according to the invention the mixing unit receives not only the treated bleed air from the air conditioning unit or units, but also recirculation air from a recirculation fan. The control unit then adjusts the throughput of the recirculation fan and the flow volume through the at least one air conditioning unit as well as, if provided, the bypass valve in accordance with the desired air volume balance established for the respective operating state such that the pressure in the mixing unit is at a constant, predetermined value. The recirculation fan enables the air distribution system to be controlled with greater flexibility, as a reduced flow volume through the recirculation fan can be compensated by an increased throughput of the recirculation fan, i.e. the pressure in the mixing unit can be kept constant, although the flow volume through the air conditioning unit is reduced. 
     In order that the cockpit area and also a courier area can always be supplied with sufficient fresh air and to keep them free from contaminants coming from the cargo area, the cockpit and the courier area are preferably supplied with treated bleed air directly from the at least one air conditioning unit. This means that the bleed air which is supplied to the cockpit and the courier area does not come from the mixing unit, but is instead taken from the air distribution system before entering the mixing unit. 
     Two shutoff valves are preferably provided for each cargo deck in order to be able to separately shut off and control a front area and a rear area of the cargo deck. A total of four shutoff valves is therefore provided in cargo aircraft with two cargo decks disposed one above the other. 
     All the shutoff valves of the air distribution system according to the invention are preferably position-monitored. The position monitoring makes provision for feedback to a control unit as to whether or not the shutoff valve position commanded by the control unit has been reached. According to a particularly preferred development, the position monitoring of the shutoff valves is achieved by optical position monitoring. 
     The object initially mentioned is also achieved according to the invention by a method for distributing air in a cargo aircraft which has at least one cargo deck, wherein the method comprises the following steps:
         selecting a reduced or non-reduced fresh air supply rate for the cargo deck,   activating a shutoff valve interrupting or releasing the fresh air supply to the cargo deck according to the selection made beforehand,   establishing a desired air volume balance for the actual operating state of the air distribution system, and   adjusting the flow volume through an air conditioning unit providing the fresh air in accordance with the desired air volume balance established for the actual operating state such that a constant, predetermined pressure is maintained in a mixing unit of the air distribution system.       

     The implementation of a method of this kind in a cargo aircraft results in the advantages previously described in connection with the device according to the invention and, in particular, in a significant fuel saving. The establishment of the desired air volume balance for the respective actual operating state of the air distribution system effects an automatic reaction to all selected valve positions and to faults. Moreover, there is automatic compensation of the incoming air supply to the cockpit and to the courier area for all selection possibilities offered by the system and, to a limited degree, also in the case of faults (then limited by the maximum output of the air conditioning unit or packs and of the recirculation fan or fans). It is therefore as a whole possible to obtain a minimized flow through the air conditioning units and therefore a minimized bleed air requirement with a corresponding fuel saving without this having disadvantages for the air distribution in the cockpit and in the courier area. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       A preferred embodiment of the invention is described in detail with regard to structure and function in the following on the basis of a schematic FIGURE; 
       The sole FIGURE is a simplified block diagram of an air distribution system  10  for a cargo aircraft. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the block diagram of the FIGURE, lines which are drawn thickly represent pipeline connections, whereas the thin lines are signal paths which can be wired or wireless. According to the represented embodiment, the cargo aircraft, which is not represented in detail, has four jet engines  12 ,  14 ,  16  and  18  which serve to drive the cargo aircraft and at the same time represent sources for bleed air which is fed into the air distribution system  10  via flow control valves  20 ,  22 ,  24  and  26 . 
     In order to treat the bleed air, after flowing through the associated valves  20  and  22 , the bleed air coming from the sources  12  and  14  flows into a first air conditioning unit  28 . Here the bleed air is cooled and expanded and then leaves the first air conditioning unit  28  through a line  30  which leads to a mixing unit  32 . Further lines  34  and  36  branch off the line  30 , the line  34  of which routes treated bleed air into the cockpit of the cargo aircraft and the line  36  of which routes treated bleed air into a courier area of the cargo aircraft. The remainder of the treated bleed air passes via the line  30  into the mixing unit  32 . 
     After flowing through the associated valves  24  and  26 , the bleed air taken from the sources  16  and  18  flows in a similar manner into a second air conditioning unit  38 , is treated here and flows through a line  40  out of the air conditioning unit  38  into the mixing unit  32 . Lines  42  and  44  run into the line  40  and lead to two recirculation fans  46  and  48 , the function of which is explained in greater detail in the following. 
     The bleed air passing through the lines  30  and  40  into the mixing unit  32  can be routed out of the mixing unit  32  through lines  50 ,  52 ,  54  and  56  into different cargo compartment areas of the cargo aircraft. In the illustrated embodiment the line  50  leads to the rear part of a main cargo deck, the line  56  to a front part of the main cargo deck, the line  52  to a rear part of an upper cargo deck and, finally, the line  54  to a front part of the upper cargo deck. A respective shutoff valve  58 ,  60 ,  62  and  64 , which is formed as a motor-operated flow control valve, is disposed in each line  50 ,  52 ,  54  and  56 . These shutoff valves  58 ,  60 ,  62  and  64  are not on/off valves which are conventionally used at this location, but can rather be brought into any desired intermediate position in order that an inflow of bleed air from the mixing unit  32  into the connected cargo compartment area can be precision-controlled. 
     In order to save bleed air, it is known to suck off a part of the air contained in the cargo compartment areas and to again recirculate it into the cargo compartment areas. This air portion is called recirculation air. The above-mentioned recirculation fans  46  and  48  are used for the recirculation, by means of which fans a certain air portion is sucked out of the cargo compartment areas and supplied via the line  40  to the mixing unit  32 . This recirculation air is mixed in the mixing unit  32  with fresh bleed air coming from the two air conditioning units  28  and  38  and then supplied through the lines  50  to  56  to the connected cargo compartment areas. 
     A number of operating elements, which are described in detail in the following, are provided in the cockpit of the cargo aircraft in order to operate the air distribution system  10 . A first control panel, which is reproduced on the top right-hand side in the FIGURE, contains a first press switch  68  for turning the first air conditioning unit  28  on and off as well as a second press switch  70  for turning the second air conditioning unit  38  on and off. Also provided here is a rotary switch  72  which allows the bleed air volume flowing to the air conditioning units  28  and  38  to be selected in three steps. This rotary switch  72  is normally in a normal position which is marked by “NO” and in which the bleed air stream to the air conditioning units  28 ,  38  is automatically controlled. However if, for example, an engine of the aircraft fails, the rotary switch  72  can be turned as prescribed by routines into the position which is marked by “NO” in order thereby to reduce the bleed air stream to the air conditioning units  28 ,  38 , whereby the aircraft engines which are still functioning are relieved of load. Should there be a fire in the cockpit or in the courier area, for example, the position “HI”, in which the bleed air stream to the air conditioning units  28 ,  38  is at a maximum, can be selected by means of the rotary switch  72  in order to obtain the highest possible air throughput for the purpose of more rapid smoke removal. 
     A further control panel, which is reproduced on the top left-hand side in the FIGURE, enables the shutoff valves  58 ,  60 ,  62  and  64  to be operated. A row of press switches  74 ,  76 ,  78 ,  80 , which is at the top in the FIGURE, enables the shutoff valves  58 ,  60 ,  62  and  64  to be turned on and off, with the term turn on in this connection meaning that the corresponding shutoff valve takes up its open position, while the term turn off means that the associated shutoff valve takes up its closed position. 
     A further press switch  82 ,  84 ,  86 ,  88  is disposed below each press switch  74 ,  76 ,  78 ,  80 , the operation of which further switch causes the associated shutoff valve to take up an intermediate position which is predetermined by software in order to reduce the bleed air supply to the corresponding area of the cargo deck and in this way to save fuel. 
     The control panel which is on the right in the FIGURE is connected via a signal path  90  to a first control unit  92 , while the control panel which is on the left in the FIGURE is connected via a signal path  94  to the first control unit  92  and via a further signal path  96  to a second control unit  98 . 
     The first control unit  92  calculates a desired air volume balance for the air distribution system  10  in accordance with the settings carried out on the two operating panels. The second control unit  98 , which is connected to the first control unit  92  via signal paths  100 ,  102 , calculates desired valve position values for the shutoff valves  58 ,  60 ,  62  and  64  as well as desired speed values for the recirculation fans  46 ,  48  in accordance with the established desired air volume balance. These calculated values are transmitted via signal paths  104 ,  106  to control devices  108 ,  110  which communicate directly with the shutoff valves and recirculation fans. The control device  108  is in this case connected via signal paths  112 ,  114  to the shutoff valves  58  and  60  and also via a signal path  116  to the recirculation fan  46 . The control device  110  is similarly connected via signal paths  118 ,  120  to the shutoff valves  62  and  64  as well as via a signal path  122  to the recirculation fan  48 . On the one hand the corresponding actuating signals are fed to the shutoff valves and recirculation fans and on the other feedback from the shutoff valves and recirculation fans as to the positions or speeds which are reached is delivered to the control devices  108  and  110 , respectively, via the signal paths  112  to  122 . 
     The control device  108  is also connected via a signal path  124  to a bypass valve  126  which is connected via a line  128  to the mixing unit  32 . The function of this bypass valve  126  is described in greater detail in the following. 
     The first control unit  92  is connected via signal paths  130 ,  132  to two further control devices  134 ,  136  which are responsible for controlling the flow control valves  20 ,  22 ,  24 ,  26 . In accordance with the established desired air volume balance, the control devices  134 ,  136  are informed by the first control unit  92  via the signal paths  130 ,  132  which position the flow control valves  20 ,  22 ,  24 ,  26  have to take up to comply with the desired air volume balance. For this purpose the control device  134  is connected via signal paths  138 ,  140  to the two flow control valves  20  and  22 , while the control device  136  is connected via signal paths  142 ,  144  to the two other flow control valves  24 ,  26 . 
     The fresh air supply rate to the different areas of the cargo deck can be reduced by the represented architecture, this taking place in a simple manner by operating one or a plurality of the corresponding press switches  82 ,  84 ,  86 ,  88 . In the illustrated embodiment the fresh air supply is reduced to a value which is preset by software and dependent on the customer&#39;s need. A subsequently desired change of this value can be carried out quickly and without complications on the basis of the software determination of this value. According to an alternative embodiment, which is not represented here, the press switches  82  to  88  are replaced by rotary selectors which enable the fresh air supply to the cargo compartment areas to be reduced steplessly or in a plurality of predetermined steps. 
     If a reduction of the fresh air supply to corresponding areas of the cargo deck has been selected by means of one or a plurality of the press switches  82  to  88 , the bleed air stream through the two air conditioning units  28  and  38  is reduced accordingly without, however, the pressure in the mixing unit  32  changing. For example, the bleed air stream through the air conditioning units  28 ,  38  can thus be reduced from previously 100% (corresponding to a normal position without reduction of the fresh air supply to the cargo compartments) to 60% without the pressure in the mixing unit  32  changing. The desired air volume balance is therefore observed as before. The cockpit area and also the courier area are not affected by this kind of reduction of the fresh air supply, as these two areas do not draw their fresh air from the mixing unit  32 , but rather directly from the first air conditioning unit  28 . 
     The illustrated architecture accordingly ensures that a predetermined throughput through the mixing unit  32  is kept constant. The pressure monitoring in the mixing unit  32  takes place by means of four pressure sensors (not represented), which are independent of one another, in order to guarantee sufficient redundancy of the measured pressure values. The air distribution system  10  monitors the pressure in the mixing unit  32  and, in accordance with the established desired air volume balance, controls the flow control valves  20  to  26  as well as the speed of the recirculation fans  46 ,  48  according to the selection made through the control panels. The flow control valves  20  to  26  are therefore also formed as motor-operated control valves. 
     In order to keep a predetermined value of the pressure in the mixing unit  32  and a resultant throughput through the mixing unit  32  constant even when the fresh air supply to one or a plurality of cargo deck area(s) has been completely blocked, excess pressure can be discharged from the mixing unit  32 , preferably directly into the bilge of the aircraft, by means of the above-mentioned bypass valve  126 . In this way the air distribution system  10  is protected from damage and it is in addition possible to maintain the cabin pressurisation, which requires a certain minimum pressure, even in abnormal occurrence conditions.