Abstract:
Techniques are described herein for securely prompting a user to confirm sensitive operations, input sensitive information or the like. The techniques include receiving or intercepting calls from applications to prompting routines. When a call to a prompting routine is received or intercepted a hint may be provided to the user to switch to a secure desktop. When the user switches from the user desktop to the secure desktop the particular prompt is displayed. The input to the prompt is received on the secure desktop and verified to have been provided by the user. The user input or a representation of the input is then returned to the application running on the user desktop. Using these techniques, interception of prompting messages by malware does not result in sensitive information being revealed. Furthermore, spoofing of new messages by malware does not lead to the dismissal of critical prompting.

Description:
BACKGROUND  
       [0001]     Computing devices are subject to ever increasing security risks. To protect against attacks and prevent security breaches, one or more techniques for establishing a level of trust are implemented by computing devices. Typical techniques for establishing a level of trust include prompting a user to confirm that a sensitive operation, such as changing a security setting or installing a new trusted PKI based root certificate, should be performed. Other techniques include prompting a user for credentials, such as user passwords or smartcard PIN number.  
         [0002]     Unfortunately, there is no way to distinguish between a legitimate application and a malicious program prompting the user in today&#39;s computing platforms. For example, a malicious program may generate a prompt requesting a user to enter their password that appears to have been generated by, and is identical to one of, a legitimate application. In addition, in Windows®, the architecture makes it is possible for a malicious program to monitor Windows messages and user keystrokes for the purpose of intercepting inputs to a legitimate application. Furthermore, it is also possible for that malicious program to programmatically drive a legitimate application, such that the application dismisses user confirmation of sensitive operations. For example, a user may make changes to the security settings of a firewall application. If confirmation is programmatically dismissed the previous security settings are maintained, which may make the computing device vulnerable to attack.  
       SUMMARY  
       [0003]     Techniques are described herein for securely prompting a user to confirm sensitive operations, input sensitive information or the like. The techniques include receiving or intercepting calls from applications to prompting routines. When a call to a prompting routine is received or intercepted a hint may be provided to the user to switch to a secure desktop. When the user switches from the user desktop to the secure desktop the particular prompt is displayed. The input to the prompt is received on the secure desktop and verified to have been provided by the user. The user input or a representation of the input is then returned to the application running on the user desktop. Using these techniques, interception of prompting messages by malware does not result in sensitive information being revealed. Furthermore, spoofing of new messages by malware does not lead to the dismissal of critical prompting.  
         [0004]     This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0005]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a computing device for implementation a secure prompting technique.  
         [0006]      FIG. 2  is a flow diagram of a secure method of prompting.  
         [0007]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram of an exemplary secure prompting technique. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0008]      FIG. 1  shows a computing device  110  for implementing a secure prompting technique. The computing device  110  includes one or more processors  120  communicatively coupled to one or more computer-readable media  130  and one or more input devices  140 . The processors  120  are capable of executing instructions stored on the computer-readable media  130 . The instructions implement one or more user processes  150  and one or more system processes  160 . The user processes may implement applications such as browsers, word processing applications, database application, multimedia players and/or the like. The system processes may implement the operating system, input/output device drivers and/or the like. One of the system processes  160  in particular implements a secure prompting module  170 .  
         [0009]     For discussion purposes, the operation of the computing device  110  is further described herein with reference to the secure method of prompting  200  shown in  FIG. 2 . It should be appreciated that the steps of method  200  can be performed by software, hardware, firmware or any combination. Although specific steps are disclosed in method  200 , such steps are exemplary. That is, the method  200  is well suited to performing various other steps or variations of the steps recited in  FIG. 2 . Similarly, although specific components are disclosed in computing device  110 , such components are exemplary. That is, the computing device  110  is well suited to being implemented using various other component or variations of the components shown in  FIG. 1 .  
         [0010]     The user processes  120  run on a user desktop  230  (e.g., application desktop) and the system processes run on a secure desktop  240  (e.g., winlogon desktop). The user desktop  230  is used to run applications, whereas the secure desktop  240  is used to run secrets (e.g., passwords, pins) or display trustworthy information. The secure desktop  240  is created upon startup of the computing device  110  and is used for interactive identification and authentication and other secure dialogs. Access to the secure desktop  240  is limited to the operating system kernel layer. The user desktop  230  is created each time a user successfully logs on and is where all user activity takes place. The user desktop  230  is also protected, with access to the user desktop  230  limited to the particular interactive logon session and the operating system kernel. However, there is minimal protection between applications sharing the user desktop.  
         [0011]     The secure prompting module  170  receives or intercepts calls for prompts generated by the user processes  150 , at  210 . In one implementation, applications call a standard routine to generate a prompt for user inputs. These calls are intercepted to enable use of the secure prompting techniques with legacy applications. However, new applications may be written to directly call the secure prompting module  170  to provide the prompt.  
         [0012]     When a call for a prompt is received or intercepted, the secure prompting module  170  provides a hint to the user to switch from the user desktop to a secure desktop, at  220 . For example, a visual and/or audible message may be issued indicating that the user should switch to the secure desktop. The user switches from the user desktop  230  to the secure desktop  240  using a unique input that is physically entered by the user (e.g., secure attention sequence). The unique input is captured by the secure prompting module  170  running on the secure desktop  240  and cannot be monitored, simulated or changed by applications running on the user desktop  230 .  
         [0013]     Once the user switches to the secure desktop  240 , the secure prompting module  170  prompts the user for the input or operation, at  260 . The prompt can be for a sensitive input, which includes any form of secret or confidential information input by the user into the computing device  100 . The prompt can also be for performing a sensitive operation, which includes any change of state or a setting of the computing device  110 , user process  150  and/or system process  160 . The sensitive input or operation may include for example requesting confirmation of changes to security settings, requesting confirmation when installing of a new trusted PKI based root certification, requesting input of a user password or other credential, and the like.  
         [0014]     The security module  170 , at  270 , ensures that an appropriate input device (e.g., keyboard, pointing device, microphone, USB fob, fingerprint reader and the like) provided the input to the prompt. The source of the input can be ensured because the device drivers operate in the protected mode of the operating system kernel layer. Ensuring that the input was received on an appropriate input device physically operable by the user intrinsically authenticates that the input was provided by a user and not generated by software.  
         [0015]     If the input is confirmed to have been entered by the user, execution control is returned to the user desktop  230 , at  280 . A representation of the input may be passed to the user desktop  230  when execution control is returned from the secure desktop  240 . In one implementation, the representation of the input may be an authentication certificate, a status code, a one-way cryptographic hash of the sensitive input or the like. However if the input cannot be verified to have been entered on an appropriate user operable input device, an exception or error code may be returned, the input process may be terminated, and/or the like, at  290 .  
         [0016]     Accordingly, sensitive inputs and operations requested by applications are received and the source thereof is authenticated on the secure desktop. Consequently, a malicious program cannot acquire sensitive information in response to generating a prompt that appears to be from a legitimate application. In addition, it is not possible for a malicious program to monitor messages and user keystrokes, for the purpose of intercepting inputs to a legitimate application. Furthermore, it is also not possible for a malicious program to programmatically confirm or dismiss the confirmation prompt for sensitive operations.  
         [0017]     Referring now to  FIG. 3 , an exemplary technique of securely prompting a user  300  is shown. The technique is described with reference to a Windows® operating system based computing device. In particular, the technique involves a plurality of user processes  305  and a plurality of system processes  310 . The user processes  305  are executing in the context of a user desktop  315 , and the system processes  310  are executing in the context of an operating system kernel  320  and a secure desktop  325 .  
         [0018]     The technique is invoked when a user process running on the user desktop  315  prompts a user for a sensitive input or a sensitive operation. For example, an online banking application running through an internet browser  330  may request input of a user name and password. The call to the routine that generates a dialog box for prompting a user for the password is intercepted or the call may be made directly to the secure prompting routine running on the secure desktop  325 . Intercepting the call is utilized for legacy applications that use the conventional process of calling to a user interface based prompting routine for generating the input dialog box, such as the explorer.exe module  335 . In the future, however, the applications may be coded to directly call the secure prompting process on the secure desktop  325 .  
         [0019]     The user interface shell used to prompt the user is provided by explorer.exe module  335 , which is a process that runs automatically at startup and remains an active process. The explorer.exe module  335  also hosts the start menu, taskbar, desktop and file manager. In response to the call from the browser  330 , the explorer.exe module  335  displays a hint to the user that a message is waiting for the user on the secure desktop  325 . For example, a pop-up balloon may be output by the explorer.exe module  335  that says “There is a message on the secure desktop.” In another implementation, the user may switch from the normal desktop to the secure desktop without being prompted. For example, a user wanting to do their on-line banking may know, without being prompted, that the logon process requires that they switch to the secure desktop  325  to enter their user name and password.  
         [0020]     The user may switch from the user desktop  315  to the secure desktop by utilizing a particular key stroke sequence that is monitored and recognized by the operating system kernel layer  320 . For example, the user may switch from the user desktop  315  to the secure desktop  325  by entering a secure attention sequence (SAS) using the keyboard. The operating system kernel  320  captures the secure attention sequence (e.g., Ctrl+Alt+Delete)  345  and notifies the winlogon.exe process  350 . The winlogon.exe routine  350  manages the secure desktop  325 .  
         [0021]     In response to detection of the secure attention sequence  345 , the winlogon.exe routine  350  switches operation from the user desktop  315  to the secure desktop  325 . It is appreciated that there are visual differences between the user desktop  315 , on which all user application run, and the secure desktop  325 . Therefore, the user can clearly distinguish both. Furthermore, when the secure attention sequence is entered, the user can see the desktops switch. The winlogon.exe routine  350  also calls a user interface shell executing on the secure desktop  325  to prompt the user for the password  355 . The keyboard driver  340  detects the password entered by the user at the keyboard. The password collected on the secure desktop is encrypted  360  at the operating system kernel layer  320  and the result is returned to the internet browser application  330 . The password may be encrypted using a system key, session key, public key or the like.  
         [0022]     Accordingly, a trusted communication channel is established between an appropriate input device operable by the user and the operating system kernel layer  320 . The trusted communication channel ensures that the password was entered by the user at the keyboard. In addition to establishing that the user entered the sensitive input, the technique may also verify that the sensitive input is correct. For example, the encrypted password may be passed by the browser  330  to the Local Security Authority  365  (e.g., lsass.exe) which decrypts the password and authenticates the user  370  based upon the user identifier and the decrypted password.  
         [0023]     Consequently, sensitive inputs are received, verified as being entered by the user, and encrypted by the operating system kernel and processes running on the secure desktop. In addition, it is difficult for a malicious program running on the user desktop to monitor messages and user keystrokes at the operating system kernel or on the secure desktop. The malicious program also cannot decrypt the input returned to the user desktop. Therefore, it is difficult for a malicious program to programmatically dismiss the confirmation of sensitive operations and/or acquire unencrypted sensitive information.  
         [0024]     Although techniques for securely prompting a user have been described in language specific to structural features and/or methods, it is to be understood that the subject of the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or methods described. Rather, the specific features and methods are disclosed as exemplary implementations of secure prompting techniques.