Abstract:
A flexure with improved temperature sensitivity is disclosed. An embodiment of the present invention includes a bi-layered flexure that raises or lowers a read/write element a distance that is approximately equal to the distance of protrusion and retraction at varying temperatures.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    This invention relates to hard disk drives. More particularly, it relates to suspension designs with a bi-layer flexure base. 
       BACKGROUND  
       [0002]    Hard disk drives are common information storage devices essentially consisting of a series of rotatable disks that are accessed by magnetic reading and writing elements. These data transferring elements, commonly known as transducers, are typically carried by and embedded in a slider body that is held in a close relative position over discrete data tracks formed on a disk to permit a read or write operation to be carried out. In order to properly position the transducer with respect to the disk surface, an air bearing surface (ABS) formed on the slider body experiences a fluid air flow that provides sufficient lift force to “fly” the slider and transducer above the disk data tracks. The high speed rotation of a magnetic disk generates a stream of air flow or wind along its surface in a direction substantially parallel to the tangential velocity of the disk. The air flow cooperates with the ABS of the slider body which enables the slider to fly above the spinning disk. In effect, the suspended slider is physically separated from the disk surface through this self-actuating air bearing. The ABS of a slider is generally configured on the slider surface facing the rotating disk, and greatly influences its ability to fly over the disk under various conditions. 
         [0003]    Some of the major objectives in ABS designs are to fly the slider and its accompanying transducer as close as possible to the surface of the rotating disk, and to uniformly maintain that constant close distance regardless of variable flying conditions. The height or separation gap between the air bearing slider and the spinning magnetic disk is commonly defined as the flying height. In general, the mounted transducer or read/write element flies only approximately a few nanometers above the surface of the rotating disk. The flying height of the slider is viewed as one of the most critical parameters affecting the reading and recording capabilities of a mounted read/write element. For example, there are many advantages for reducing or having a relatively small flying height. A relatively small flying height allows the transducer to achieve greater resolution between different data bit locations and magnetic fields emanating from closely defined regions on the disk surface. Also, a low flying slider is known to provide improved high density recording or storage capacity of magnetic disks which is usually limited by the distance between the transducer and the magnetic media. Narrow separation gaps permit shorter wavelength signals to be recorded or read as a result. At the same time, with the increasing popularity of lightweight and compact notebook type computers that utilize relatively small yet powerful disk drives, the need for a progressively smaller slider body with a lower flying height has continually grown. 
         [0004]    It has also been observed that a constant flying height provides desirable benefits which may be more readily achieved through particular ABS designs. Fluctuations in flying height are known to adversely affect the resolution and the data transfer capabilities of the accompanying transducer or read/write element. The amplitude of the signal being recorded or read does not vary as much when the flying height is relatively constant. Additionally, changes in flying height may result in unintended contact between the slider assembly and the magnetic rotating disk. Sliders are generally considered to be either direct contacting, pseudo-contacting or living sliders which is descriptive of their intended contact with a rotating disk. Regardless of the type of slider, it is often desirable to avoid unnecessary contact with the surface of the spinning magnetic disk so as to reduce the wear on both the slider body and the disk. The deterioration or wear of the recording media may lead to the loss of recorded data, while slider wear may also result in the ultimate failure of the transducer or magnetic element. 
         [0005]    In order to make the ABS fly stably and reliably under variable conditions, many parameters of the suspension supporting the ABS must be accounted for. For example, a suspension system will have a vertical stiffness (Kz), a gimbal pitch (Kp), a roll stiffness (Kr), and a gimbal static attitude (pitch/roll static attitude, PSA/RSA), all of which will affect the flying behavior of the ABS. Existing art for suspension designs focuses on minimizing the effects of environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity on these parameters. There is a need for an improved approach to achieving a stable flying height. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0006]    Rather than trying to minimize the effects of different environmental conditions, one embodiment of the present invention calls for designing a suspension system where the change experienced by one element of the suspension will counteract the changes experienced by a different element, thus resulting in no net change to the flying height. 
         [0007]    Flexures as known in the art are made of a single materials typically stainless steel. In one embodiment of the present invention, a bi-layered flexure, made with two different materials, is used to improve a slider&#39;s flying height sensitivity to temperature. Pairing materials with mismatched coefficients of thermal expansion may cause the flexure to exert either an upward or downward force on the slider and read/write element as temperature changes. A suspension design may use this upward or downward force to counteract any protrusion or retraction of the read/write element that may result from varying temperatures, thus achieving a substantially constant flying height across a wide range of temperatures. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
         [0008]      FIG. 1  is a three-dimensional representation of a suspension design with a bi-layer flexure base. 
           [0009]      FIG. 2  is a three-dimensional representation of a suspension design with a slider floating above a rotating disk. 
           [0010]      FIGS. 3   a - c  are two-dimensional representations of a suspension design with a bi-layer flexure base. 
           [0011]      FIGS. 4   a - b  are alternative two-dimensional representations of a suspension design with a bi-layer flexure base. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0012]      FIG. 1  is a three-dimensional illustration of a portion of a suspension with a loadbeam  110 , a flexure  120 , and a slider  130  with electrical terminations  140  to the flexure. The slider  13  has a read/write element embedded in its trailing edge  150 .  FIG. 2  shows an alternative view of a head slider  230  flying over the surface of a magnetic disk  204 . The slider  230  is floating over the surface of the disk  204  on a cushion of air that is generated from the disk&#39;s  204  rotation. The slider  230  is connected to a load beam  210  via a flexure  220 , and the slider contains a read/write element  201  at its trailing edge. 
         [0013]    The slider body  230  may be made of a ceramic material wile the read/write element  201  will typically be made of a metallic material. Metallic materials typically have larger coefficients of thermal expansion compared to ceramic materials, meaning changes in temperature may cause the read/write element  201  to contract or protrude relative to the slider body  230 . As illustrated by  FIG. 2 , the flexure  220  prevents the slider from being rigidly attached to the load beam  210 . Flexures  220  are typically made of stainless steel, meaning they will also thermally expand or contract at changing temperatures. An embodiment of the present invention utilizes a flexure  220  that, when undergoing thermal expansion or contraction, will lower or elevate the slider body  230  by an amount that offsets the contraction or protrusion of the read/write element  201 , therefore achieving a substantially constant flying height. 
         [0014]    An embodiment of the present invention uses a bi-layer flexure base made with two different materials with different coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE). The table below gives a sample of some of the materials that can be used in layers of a flexure and their associated properties: 
         [0000]                                                                                          SST   Au   Pt   Ti alloy   Invar   Al                                    E (GPa)   178.5   77.2   171   110   148   70       ν   0.32   0.42   0.39   0.33   0.23   0.33       ρ (g/cc)   8.072   19.32   21.45   4.7   8.05   2.7       CTE (ppm/° C.)   17.2   14.4   9.1   8.7   1.3   24       PSA change   −0.09   −0.38   −1.36   −1.13   −2.28   0.58       (min/° C.)                    
When choosing materials for the layers of the flexure base, factors such as a material&#39;s Young&#39;s Modulus (E), Poissson&#39;s ratio (υ), density (ρ), and pitch static attitude (PSA) must all be considered in addition to the materials&#39; CTE. For example, when choosing materials, it is common to choose polymers that are non-absorbent and will, therefore, not expand with increased humidity.
 
         [0015]      FIGS. 3   a - c  are two-dimensional illustrations of a suspension design with a bi-layer flexure. The drawings are not to scale, and changes in the relative positions of elements are exaggerated to more clearly show aspects of the present invention. A flexure  320  made of two different materials  320   a  and  320   b  supports a slider  302  with a read/write element  310  at the trailing edge. The airflow  330  created from the spinning disk  304  lifts the slider  302  above the disk  304  to a nominal flying height  306 . 
         [0016]      FIG. 3   b  shows the change the read/write element  310  might experience at a higher temperature as the result of the thermal expansion effect  308 . The increase in temperature causes the pole tip of the read/write element  310  to protrude toward the disk by an additional amount  312 . The net spacing  314  between the pole tip and the disk is then equal to the nominal flying height  306  less the additional amount  312 . 
         [0017]      FIG. 3   c  shows an implementation of the present invention. By using a bi-layered flexure with two different materials with different CTEs, the protrusion of the pole tip can be offset by a lilting force created by the bi-layered flexure  320 . 
         [0018]      FIGS. 4   a - b  show alternate, two-dimensional views of a slider  402  connected to a flexure  420 . As with  FIGS. 3   a - c,  the drawings are not to scale, and changes in the relative positions of elements are exaggerated to more clearly show aspects of the present invention. The flexure is bi-layer, with a first layer  420   b  made of one material and a second layer  420   a  made of a different material. The first layer  420   b  is the side adjacent to the slider  402 . The second layer  420   a  has a smaller CTE than the first layer  420   b.    FIG. 4   a  shows the flexure and slider at a high temperature. At increasing temperatures, the first layer  420   b  will expand more than the second layer  420   a,  creating a torque in the direction shown at arrow  430   a.  The torque will result in a lifting force elevating the slider body  402  relative to the disk  404   
         [0019]      FIG. 4   b,  shows the flexure  420  and slider  402  at a low temperature. At decreasing temperatures, the first layer  420   b  will contract more than the second layer  420   a,  creating a torque in the direction shown at arrow  430   b.  The torque will result in the slider  402  being lowered relative to the disk  404 . 
         [0020]    Based on the type and pattern of the second material  420 , a flexure may be designed where the torque will elevate the slider  402  in an amount approximately equal to any protrusion caused by thermal expansion and lower the slider approximately equal to any retraction caused by thermal contraction, thus providing a virtually constant flying height at varying temperatures. Several variations in this general method are possible to achieve the desired thermal sensitivity of PSA, together with other parameters that need to be optimized. 
         [0021]    In the simplest structure, the second layer can be made conformal to the first layer; i.e. one side of the flexure base is completely covered by and an identical second layer of uniform thickness. In a more complicated structure, the second layer can be made to cover selected areas on one side of the flexure base. A patterned design for the second layer provides an additional method to achieve the desired thermal sensitivity. Additionally, the thickness of the two layers may vary from one location to the next, adding another level of control to achieve the optimum thermal sensitivity, as well as other parameters. 
         [0022]    As to how such a bi-layer based flexure can be produced, there are numerous available methods. One method is to use a bi-layer blank sheet to replace the single layered sheets currently used in the art. Another method is to deposit the second layer onto one side of a single layered sheet. Deposition of the second layer may be done by plating or various vacuum deposition methods. In either method, patterning of the second layer can be done by selective etching or deposition. 
         [0023]    The previous description of embodiments is provided to enable a person skilled in the art to make and use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles and specific examples defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without the use of inventive faculty. For example, some or all of the features of the different embodiments discussed above may be deleted from the embodiment. Therefore, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments described herein but is to be accorded the widest scope defined only by the claims below and equivalents thereof.