Abstract:
A container-grown seedling protective device includes a flexible expanse including an array of generally cylindrical pods or pockets, each pod in the array of pods configured for holding a container-grown seedling root ball therein. Each pod is configured for holding a single seedling therein separate from one or more adjacent seedling root balls held by adjacent pockets, and each of the plural pods is detachably connected to an adjacent one of the plural pockets by a frangible web extending therebetween. Each pod can be perforated in at least a bottom region thereof to provide permeability and each pod can be infused with fertilizer of the like. A method for manufacturing a protective device for container-grown seedlings includes laying down a contiguous length of a first laminar film; positioning a plurality of spaced rods of defined length atop the length of first film; laying down a contiguous length of a second laminar film atop the first film and the spaced rods; adhering the first and the second films to form a seam along a congruent edge thereof beyond the reach of the rods and along plural spaced apart seams between the rods, the plural spaced apart seams extending from the congruent edge like teeth of a comb, thereby to form a contiguous laminate; and removing the rods from between the seams to form individuated substantially sealed plural pockets defined by the seams, the pockets being configured to receive therein root balls of container-grown seedlings.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present application claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/171,596 entitled PLANT SEEDLING POT AND METHOD FOR ITS MANUFACTURE, filed 29 Jun. 2005 and published as Publication No. US 2007/0000171 A1, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    This invention relates generally to the field of protecting and nurturing seedlings. More particularly, it concerns protecting and nurturing seedlings that are container-grown and sometimes planted intact with the protective device. 
         [0003]    Many plants including ornamental, reforestation tree seedlings and vegetables are grown in greenhouse nurseries. They are typically grown in containers made from an assortment of materials, sizes, and shapes. These containers usually contain cavities which are pre-formed and shaped to sizes that best fit root and shoot growth for various species. These cavities are filled with soil material or medium such as but not confined to soil, soil amendments, peat, and fertilizers. Once seeded in these containers, the plant grows to the desired size and shape, is extracted manually or by machine, packaged, and shipped to customers. Alternatively, the container-grown plant is packaged and shipped to customers inside the container in which they were grown. 
         [0004]    Of particular interest are container-grown and unprotected tree seedlings. Often during extraction approximately six to twelve of these seedlings, depending on size, are stacked together on the packing line, wrapped together and in contact with one another within a wrap-around single poly liner sheet, boxed or bagged, and sent to a freezer facility so that the product can be stored over a long period of time safely before actual planting. During this process, these bundled trees and/or root balls typically freeze together into one large ice lump due to moisture remaining in the root system during the growing cycle. Once the planting time arrives, these frozen bundles must be thawed at the freezer site or planting site in order to separate each individual seedling for planting. 
         [0005]    Thawing takes time and adds expense. Thawing can cause desiccation to exposed tender root systems as typically bundles thaw from the outside inward. The outer root systems are thawed long before the inside of the bundles and subjected to drying and disease of the fine root tips needed for growth. Under-thawing requires planters in the field forcibly to break apart partially frozen bundles, thereby to separate or individuate the container-grown but unprotected seedlings. The resulting damage decreases nutrients available to the new plant, structure and strength of the root medium around the initial root growth and around the root tips themselves, as those of skill in the art know. Newly planted seedlings need all the vitality possible for survival. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0006]    A container-grown seedling protective device includes a flexible expanse including an array of plural pods, each pod in the array of pods configured for holding a container-grown seedling root ball therein. A container-grown seedling protective device includes an array of plural generally cylindrical pockets, each of the plural pockets including a closed bottom and an open top, and each of the plural pockets configured for holding a single seedling therein separate from one or more adjacent seedling root balls held by adjacent pockets, each of the plural pockets being detachably connected to an adjacent one of the plural pockets by a frangible web extending therebetween, the structure of each frangible web permitting the array of plural pockets when holding plural container-grown seedling root balls therein to be configured in a manipulable size and shape that facilitates plural-container-grown seedling handling and singular container-grown seedling dispensing from the array. A method for manufacturing a protective device for container-grown seedlings includes laying down a contiguous length of a first laminar film; positioning a plurality of spaced rods of defined length atop the length of first film; laying down a contiguous length of a second laminar film atop the first film and the spaced rods; adhering the first and the second films to form a seam along a congruent edge thereof beyond the reach of the rods and along plural spaced apart seams between the rods, the plural spaced apart seams extending from the congruent edge like teeth of a comb, thereby to form a contiguous laminate; and removing the rods from between the seams to form individuated substantially sealed plural pockets defined by the seams, the pockets being configured to receive therein root balls of container-grown seedlings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0007]      FIG. 1  shows a conventional seedling packing procedure on a nursery conveyor belt. 
           [0008]      FIG. 2  is a front elevation of the protective container seedling device, or, simply, protective device, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0009]      FIG. 3  shows a front elevation featuring the perforated tear lines in contiguous sheets of the protective container seedling device. 
           [0010]      FIGS. 4 and 5  illustrate a phased diagram of one method of producing the protective container seedling device of  FIG. 2 . 
           [0011]      FIGS. 6A ,  6 B,  6 C,  6 D, and  6 E show the protective container seedling device in five different deployed-for-use configurations.  FIG. 6A  shows in isometric view a plurality of seedlings within the protective device in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.  FIG. 6B  shows in isometric view a plurality of seedlings within the protective device in accordance with yet another embodiment of the invention.  FIG. 6C  shows in isometric view a plurality of seedlings within the protective device in accordance with still another embodiment of the invention.  FIG. 6D  shows in isometric view a two-dimensionally arrayed plurality of seedlings within the protection device in accordance with yet another embodiment of the invention.  FIG. 6E  shows in a somewhat simplified schematic isometric view a bundled plurality of seedlings within the protective device in accordance with one embodiment of the invention in which it is easily transported. 
       
    
    
       [0012]    Detail A shows a fragmentary, bottom edgewise view of the protective device of  FIG. 6A . 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0013]    The novel protective device consists of individually formed pods on a sectional or continuous sheet in a one-dimensional (1D) or two-dimensional (2D) array. If manufactured as a continuous sheet, whether in a 1D or 2D array, the protective device can be perforated (or otherwise biased to tear or separate) along separating lines that extend longitudinally between adjacent ones of the formed pods, allowing separation of one or more pods at predetermined intervals to meet packaging needs. Indeed, perforations can be provided between each protection device and an adjacent one, thereby permitting individual dispensing and handling of containerized-seedling containing pods. Dimension and size of the sheet and pods can change to accommodate different size root systems and packaging needs and may be slightly oversized and/or tapered to ease target and thus ease insertion while gripping the seedling within the pods. 
         [0014]    The pods on the protective device are open at the top and sealed on the three other sides allowing seedling root systems to be inserted into and removed from the protective device easily and quickly, whether frozen or unfrozen (i.e. at least partially thawed). This allows a choice for planting either frozen or thawed in the field. If the seedling is planted frozen the seedling can be removed individually from the protective device and thawing can then take place naturally in the ground. If planted unfrozen, then damage to the growing medium and resulting loss of nutrients can be avoided. This will give the newly planted seedling a better chance of survival. Moreover, the invented protective device can be planted with the seedling therein, whether frozen or unfrozen. 
         [0015]    The sheet and pods themselves are constructed of materials that are strong enough to hold the inserted root system while packing, to permit freezing without the pod material sticking to the root system, and thus the sheet and pods can be used and/or disposed of safely. 
         [0016]      FIG. 1  shows a seedling S with a leader S 1  and base root system S 2  moving along a typical nursery packing belt D. Seedlings S are stacked in bundles (see phase diagram A), wrapped in a sheet of poly type material  13  (see phase diagram B and C), and boxed or bagged for shipment. Those of skill in the art know that the act of stacking and wrapping results usually in a 6″ diameter bundle of seedlings held tightly together by the taut wrapping material. In addition, those of skill in the art know that the number of seedlings per bundle typically range from approximately six to ten in year-old plant seedlings and approximately twenty to twenty-five in smaller seedlings used for transplanting into bare root nurseries to mature another year. During this bundling process, the material in which the root systems have grown is susceptible to breaking. As a result, the seedlings can lose part of their growth medium and structural support therefrom, as well as nutrient value. The bundled roots S 3  freeze together when stored at freezer facilities. This creates thawing, handling, and individual seedling planting problems, as is known. 
         [0017]      FIG. 2  shows a sheet of protective device  10  with individual formed-pods  10   c  that are open at the top and sealed on all other sides. Protective device  10  can be any size, can include a 1D or 2D array of plural pods, and can be manufactured in an individual or continuous sheet, depending upon the type and size of seedling root system and packaging needs. Protective device  10  can be made of any suitable material depending upon weight of seedlings and disposal methods desired. An adjacent two or more of plural pods  10   c  preferably are joined to one another by a frangible (breakable) web for easy dispensing of one or more pods from the remaining pods. Pods  10   c  themselves optionally can be perforated in at least a lower region thereof or alternatively over the entirety thereof to promote moisture and/or nutrient migration from the planting soil to the container-grown, pocket-protected seedling. Refer briefly to  FIGS. 6A-6E . 
         [0018]    Pods  10   c  are generally cylindrical in shape, and can be in accordance with one embodiment of the invention approximately circular in cross section. Alternatively, within the spirit and scope of the invention, pods  10   c  can be octagonal, hexagonal, square, triangular, or any other suitable cross sectional shape, whether regular polyhedral or not. Alternatively, within the spirit and scope of the invention, pods  10   c  can have a generally cylindrical upper portion, e.g. half, smoothly joined, e.g. at approximately half of the overall height of the pods with a generally frusto-conical lower portion, e.g. half. Thus, any suitable shape for receiving and protecting a seedling is contemplated as being within the spirit and scope of the invention. 
         [0019]    Typically, a container-grown seedling&#39;s root ball is approximately 4-6″ in height, and the seedling overall including the root ball is between approximately 6″ and 16″ in height. Thus, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention, the pods  10   c  are between approximately 6″ and 7″ in height, leaving between an approximately 0.5″ and 2″ high protective rim extending above the upper surface of a typical seedling root ball. (Refer briefly to  FIGS. 6A-6E .) Finally, pods  10   c  are between approximately 1″ and 3″ in diameter, dimensioned to receive seedlings of various root ball diameters. 
         [0020]    One suitable material for protective device  10  in its first 1D plural-pod array embodiment shown in  FIGS. 6A and 6C  is approximately 1-3 mil poly-nylon film or other suitable thickness and material. Thus in accordance with this embodiment of the invention, each of the two laminar sheets of material is referred to as having a single-laminate, bi-material character. (One side of a poly-nylon film is poly and the other is nylon. The two single-laminate, bi-material sheets are placed together with their poly surfaces facing inwardly and their nylon surfaces facing outwardly.) In a second, 1D, molded, plural-pod array embodiment shown in  FIG. 6B , the material can be polypropylene film. In a third 2D plural-pod array embodiment shown in  FIG. 6E , the material can be a polystyrene film or so-called “pulp backing” (similar to egg carton material) that is blow- or vacuum-molded. In alternative embodiments, polystyrene, poly lactic acid (PLA), or other polymer and preferably biodegradable or compost-able sheet materials can be used, whether in laminar sheet configurations or blow or vacuum molded. (Those of skill in the art will appreciate that PLA is compost-able and thus can be left in the ground without adverse environmental impact.) 
         [0021]    Other suitable materials are contemplated as being within the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, paper stock can be used, as can cloth, e.g. burlap, muslin or other lightweight fabric, whether woven or unwoven, e.g. extruded or pressed as from a slurry or pulp. The material from which protective device  10  is made can be infused with fertilizer, vitamins, nutrients, etc. to enhance the nurturing of the seedling that is planted while still inside its pod  10   c.    
         [0022]    Thus, any combination of materials, sizes, pod shapes or numbers, and 1D or 2D pod array configurations within a container-grown seedling protective device is contemplated as being within the spirit and scope of the invention. Some such alternatives are described and illustrated herein, but such are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. 
         [0023]    Those of skill in the art will appreciate that, although not shown in the drawings in the interest of clarity, nevertheless one or more pods  10   c  can be infused or impregnated with fertilizer, nutrient, moisture, or other nutritional additives to encourage early growth of one or more seedlings especially when planted intact within the one or more corresponding pods. Such can be accomplished at any appropriate stage of manufacturing the pods or the protection device arraying the pods therein, and the recipe for such additive can vary depending upon variety and/or geography of the seedling and planting site. For example, with burlap material to form the pods, the burlap when it is in individual sheet form can be conveyed contiguously through a nutritional additive bath concentration and then dried as by heating to trap the entrained additive particulate within the woven burlap fabric. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that alternative materials can be similarly or differently infused with nutritional additive particulate. 
         [0024]    Those of skill in the art also will appreciate that seedlings can be planted intact with the pods arrayed within the protective device, within the spirit and scope of the invention. This is facilitated in accordance with one embodiment of the invention by providing perforated tear lines, or frangible webs, between each individual pod and an pod adjacent thereto. The fine root hairs readily penetrate the material wall, especially when aided by the perforations, and early obtain nutrients from the soil. In the case the material the pods are made from itself is quickly biodegradable or at least compost-able, as described above, there is no environmental harm to planting the seedlings intact within their respective and separately and easily dispensable pods, in accordance with the invention. 
         [0025]    Those of skill also will appreciate however that, in accordance with another embodiment of the invention, only selected ones of webs extending between adjacent pods might be perforated or rendered frangible, thereby preventing individual dispensing of pods while enabling group dispensing of a given number of pods at a time, from which group of pods individual seedling root balls can be removed and individually planted. 
         [0026]      FIG. 3  shows protective device  10  with frangible webs between adjacent pods, the frangible webs in accordance with one embodiment of the invention taking the form of vertical expanses along which extend adhered seams  16 a, the vertical expanses including perforated linear tear joints  17 . Thus the combination of vertical expanses and perforated linear tear joints form what are referred to herein as frangible webs. The perforated tear joints  17  allow individual desired one or more pods to be detached from the remainder within protective device  10  to meet packaging, handling and dispensing needs. 
         [0027]      FIGS. 4 and 5  show one method of manufacturing protective device  10 . 
         [0028]    As those of skill in the art know, there are several methods of manufacturing the protective device  10  not limited to the method shown. By this method, forming rods  11  are positioned over sheet  10   a  and a second flat sheet  10   b  overlays the rods. (See  FIG. 2 .) First and second sheets  10   a  and  10   b  are sealed together at locations  16   a  and  16   b  by a die-stamp or equivalent tool that utilizes a calibrated and repeatable combination of heat and pressure in a form (so-called “knives” not shown for the sake of clarity but known to those of skill in the art) that seals the first and second laminar sheets together along both side seams  16   a  surrounding each pod (one of which can be a seam shared with an adjacent such pod) and that also seals the first and second laminar sheets together along a lower contiguous seam  16   b.  After an appropriate time period under such heat and pressure, the die-stamp or equivalent tool is removed from the contiguous, sealed laminar structure. (See  FIGS. 3 and 4 .) 
         [0029]    Those of skill in the art will appreciate that with poly-nylon sheets, the inner poly surfaces face one another but the outer nylon surfaces oppose one another. This provides adherence of the two sheets together along the intended seams by the application of heat and pressure, but it does not result in adherence of the outside surfaces together. Refer briefly to  FIG. 6A  and Detail A. The freezer-friendly nylon outer does not stick to the storage container or another device or pod. The freezer-friendly poly inner does not stick to the plant seedling or root ball. Thus, dispensing of one or more seedling root balls from one or more pods is easier and quicker. 
         [0030]    In accordance with one embodiment of the invention shown in  FIG. 6C , second sheet  10   b  is slightly shorter in height than first sheet  10   a,  thus leaving an area at the top of sheet  10   a  to be used as a handling tab  14  during seedling insertion, transport, and dispensing. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that tab  14  can be equipped with one or more through holes  18  approximately centered above one or more of pods  10   c,  as illustrated, to facilitate hanging (e.g. on a hook or an overhead conveyor or shelf) a length of device  10  during such handling thereof. Also those of skill in the art will appreciate that handling tab  14  facilitates insertion of one or more seedling root balls into one or more pods  10   c  because the upper edges of the laminar sheets  10   a  and  10   b  have vertical separation of between approximately 1″ and 1½″. This separation or vertical upper edge gap makes it easier to form a generally circular opening by insertion therein of, for example, one or more fingers and a thumb. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that such a tab or handle can be incorporated into alternative embodiments of the invention as well, e.g. those embodiments shown in  FIGS. 6A ,  6 B,  6 D and  6 E and others that are contemplated as being within the spirit and scope of the invention. 
         [0031]    Once the rods are removed, the pods generally retain their shape by virtue of their structural and material makeup. More importantly, the size of each of forming rods  11  is selected to match the size of a seedling root system to be inserted into pods  10   c  formed thereby, and those of skill in the art will appreciated that the size can be selected to accommodate seedling root systems of varying sizes. 
         [0032]      FIG. 2  illustrates an example of two seedlings  12   b  and  12   d  being inserted into protective device  10 . Once inserted into protective device  10 , root systems  12   c  and  12   e  are substantially completely sealed off from each other and any other protected root systems. This allows seedlings  12   b  and  12   d  within protective device  10  to be extracted therefrom, as illustrated, and planted individually. 
         [0033]      FIGS. 6A ,  6 B,  6 C,  6 D and  6 E show the invented protective device in five different embodiments that represent alternative but easily transported, handled and dispensed configurations.  FIG. 6A  shows a first embodiment of the invention in which sheets of poly-nylon are laminated with a lower edge forming a double-fold in the outer laminar that extends outwardly away from the inner laminar to produce seven slightly tapered but generally cylindrical pods  10   c.    FIG. 6B  shows a second embodiment of the invention in which device  10  is molded to produce five generally cylindrical pods  10   c.  It will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the embodiments shown in  FIGS. 6A and 6B  for the sake of clarity do not include perforations or holes in a defined density in a lower region thereof for encouraging moisture and nutrients to permeate the root ball from the soil. It will also be appreciated that  FIGS. 6A and 6B  for the sake of clarity and simplicity also do not include upper edge tabs or handles. It will be understood that such is contemplated as being within the spirit and scope of the invention. Finally, it will be appreciated that  FIGS. 6A and 6B  do not show seedlings but instead, in the interest of clarity, show only root balls in dashed outline. 
         [0034]      FIG. 6C  shows a third embodiment of the invention similar to that of  FIG. 6A , but with an apertured and perforated tab or handle  14  along the upper edge of a longer rear laminar sheet, with a gathered or pleated and planar lower edge that forms six slightly tapered but generally cylindrical pods  10   c,  and with small random or patterned. perforations or through holes  20  in a lower region of device  10  and each pod  10   c  arrayed therein.  FIG. 6D  shows a spiral, rolled-up bundle or generally cylindrical configuration of plural pods  10   c  of protective device  10  corresponding, for example, with the embodiment shown in  FIG. 6A . Finally,  FIGS. 6C and 6D  show a typical seedling S including a leader extending from its root ball protected within its pod or pocket  10   c.    
         [0035]    Those of skill in the art will appreciate that such a conveniently dimensioned and configured bundle can be easily carried by hand, e.g. under one arm or slung on a rope near the waist or slung over the shoulder on a strap or strung or hooked with a tether onto a belt or belt loop, etc. Those of skill in the art also will appreciate that those embodiments of the invention illustrated in  FIGS. 6B and 6C  also might be so configured, at least to the extent of the flexibility of their materials and structures. This is a virtue of the 1D layout of the plural pods along an elongate axis defining an elongate relatively flexible expanse capable of being curved and/or folded even when each pod therein contains a container-grown seedling root ball. 
         [0036]    Those of skill in the art also will appreciate that protective device in any suitable form as described and illustrated herein alternatively can be simply left in its normal flat expanse form for further deployment including storing, transporting and dispensing therefrom. For example, one or more of the illustrated planar array embodiments of  FIGS. 6A ,  6 B,  6 C and  6 E can be stacked and bundled with a cord or twine, can be stacked n-high or n-wide (wherein n is the number of individual arrays) and bundled within a cardboard box or other storage or dispensing container. Thus,  FIG. 6D  illustrates only one possible “bundling” configuration among myriad bundling and multiplying (e.g. stacking) possibilities. The ability to dispense a group of m pods in an array n arrays in a bundle is an important advantage of the invented linear perforation  17  or other treatment that enables the user free choice in how many pods (m) and how many arrays (n) are dispensed for most convenient handing. All suitable means for configuring one or more such protective devices for ease of handling are contemplated as being within the spirit and scope of the invention. 
         [0037]    Detail A shows the lay-up of the laminar sheets of the embodiment of device  10  shown in  FIG. 6A . Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the drawing is not to scale. Indeed, the thickness of the laminar films is intentionally greatly exaggerated for the sake of clarity. It will be understood that the outer laminar sheet of greater length is adhered with a fold to the inner laminar sheet of shorter length, effectively forming a pleated structure that adds depth to each formed pocket or pod  10   c.  This is possible using standard die stamp/press or other suitable tools to heat cure the facing inner poly surfaces while leaving the opposing outer nylon surfaces un-adhered. Detail A also shows one of the linear perforations  17  between adjacent pods  10   c.    
         [0038]    The die stamp/press step suggested by dashed lines showing the folded-double outer laminar sheet folded flat against the singular inner laminar sheet. When the heat/pressure application is complete, and when the die stamp or other suitable tool (not shown) is removed, the folded-double (inner surfaces-adhered because poly is relatively heat and pressure sensitive) extent of the outer laminar sheet pops out (outer surfaces un-adhered because nylon is relatively heat and pressure insensitive) at generally a right angle to the plane of the inner laminar sheet, as shown in solid lines. Thus, the second or outer laminar sheet  10   b  is gathered and effectively pleated along its bottom edge to form generally cylindrical pockets between the un-gathered, un-pleated upper region of second laminar sheet  10   b  and flat inner laminar sheet  10   a.  This can best be seen by reference to  FIGS. 6A  and/or  6 C. 
         [0039]      FIG. 6E  shows yet another embodiment of the invention that is referred to herein as a 2D array of separable pods  10   c.  2D refers of course to the fact that the array is more than one wide in any dimension. In the illustrated embodiment, it may be seen that seven pods  10   c  are provided in a dense array wherein the elongate axis of the pods are parallel with one another and are perpendicular to the plane of the array. Such a 2D protective device  10  can be made by molding polystyrene, PLA or pulp backing material in sheet or slurry form by any suitable molding technique, e.g. blow-molding, vacuum-molding, molding in general accordance with the teachings of the above-referenced co-pending patent application, etc. Such a 2D protective device  10  can be of any suitable planar dimension, 2D configuration, depth, or pod array configuration or size, all within the spirit and scope of the invention. 
         [0040]    It will be understood that the present invention is not limited to the method or detail of construction, fabrication, material, application or use described and illustrated herein. Indeed, any suitable variation of fabrication, use, or application is contemplated as an alternative embodiment, and thus is within the spirit and scope, of the invention. 
         [0041]    From the foregoing, those of skill in the art will appreciate that several advantages of the present invention include the following. 
         [0042]    The present invention provides for the protected storage, transportation, handling, dispensing, and planting of container-grown seedlings from a roll thereof, as well as a convenient method of manufacturing a protective device for such seedlings. The protective device&#39;s plural but separable pockets or pods separate and separately protect each individual seedling placed therein in the form of a flexible expanse that can be flat during manufacture and loading but that can be in a suitable, manipulable configuration when used for seedling transportation, storage, handling, dispensing, and even planting. The device can be infused with fertilizer or other nutrients, so that an intact seedling-within-a-pocket can be planted as it is dispensed from the roll. The individual pods also can be perforated in at least a bottom region thereof to enable easier migration of moisture and nutrients from the soil in the case of such intact plantings. Each pocket or pod sealingly separates a corresponding seedling from every other so that, when stored, transported, or planted while still frozen, nevertheless the individual seedlings are easily separated rather than forming a solid or semi-solid, difficult-to-separate-without-seedling-damage, frozen mass. 
         [0043]    It is further intended that any other embodiments of the present invention that result from any changes in application or method of use or operation, method of manufacture, shape, size, or material which are not specified within the detailed written description or illustrations contained herein yet are considered apparent or obvious to one skilled in the art are within the scope of the present invention. 
         [0044]    Accordingly, while the present invention has been shown and described with reference to the foregoing embodiments of the invented apparatus, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that other changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.