Abstract:
An integrated circuit device provides electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection. In connection with various example embodiments, an ESD protection circuit includes a diode-type circuit having a p-n junction that exhibits a low breakdown voltage. Connected in series with the diode between an internal node susceptible to an ESD pulse and ground, are regions of opposite polarity having junctions therebetween for mitigating the passage of leakage current via voltage sharing with the diode&#39;s junction. Upon reaching the breakdown voltage, the diode shunts current to ground via another substrate region, bypassing one or more junctions of the regions of opposite polarity and facilitating a low clamping voltage.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    Modern electronic equipment, and in particular handheld equipment, is often used in harsh environments in which the equipment is subjected to potential electrostatic discharge (ESD). For instance, data exchange ports such as those employed with universal serial bus (USB) or high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) receiver/transceiver circuits are directly connected to external pins of electronic equipment. Current pulses from electrostatic discharge can have extremely fast rising slopes, such that protecting against such pulses requires rapid switching in order to shunt the current. In many instances, circuits are not robust enough to withstand the stress caused by ESD. 
         [0002]    To address these problems, a variety of different types of ESD protection devices have been used, often implemented on a printed circuit board between external contacts and the integrated circuit of the device being protected. Such ESD protection devices generally shunt excessive currents to ground and clamp stress voltages to a level that the circuit to be protected can withstand. If the constraints on parasitic capacitance of the protection device are not stringent, simple p-n-junction diodes have been used. 
         [0003]    If parasitic capacitance is desirably low (e.g., in order to not disturb high data rate signals), rail-to-rail or similar types of devices have been used. In such devices, two small steering diodes with small capacitance are often used for each channel, to shunt the stress current either to ground or to a large clamping device that shunts current further to ground while achieving a standoff voltage. Such clamping devices may include a simple diode or a more complex device, such as those in which a simple diode is used as a triggering component. The standoff voltage and the clamping voltage of the clamping device define the possible application. 
         [0004]    The leakage current of the protection device at the standoff voltage (usually the supply voltage of the IC to be protected plus a safety offset) is desirably low where power consumption is a concern. Generally, the clamping voltage has to be kept lower than the acceptable voltage of the integrated circuit in which the device is used. Modern integrated circuits, however, have ever decreasing supply voltages and are more susceptible to high clamp voltages. Diode-based ESD devices often do not break down or otherwise operate satisfactorily at low operating voltages (e.g., below 6V). Other ESD devices can be difficult to manufacture in conjunction with standard integrated circuit processes. 
         [0005]    Accordingly, achieving robust clamping while operating at low power has been challenging for a variety of circuits and ESD applications. These and other matters have presented challenges to ESD circuit protection, and related device operation. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0006]    Various example embodiments are directed to electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection for a variety of devices. 
         [0007]    In connection with an example embodiment, an electrostatic discharge (ESD) circuit includes a plurality of regions of opposite polarity sharing p-n junctions therebetween, the regions including an input region connected to an internal node susceptible to ESD pulses, an output region connected to ground, and at least one region in series between the input and output regions. An underlying doped region is adjacent one of the plurality of regions and, in response to a breakdown voltage at one of the junctions, shunts current between the input region and the output region, bypassing p-n junctions of the regions between the input and output regions. 
         [0008]    Another example embodiment is directed to an electrostatic discharge (ESD) circuit having a doped collector region in a substrate, two base regions in the collector region and separated from one another, and two emitter regions in each base region. The base regions are doped to a polarity that is opposite the polarity of the collector region, and the emitter regions are doped to the polarity of the collector region. The emitter regions include an input emitter in one of the base regions and connected to an input pin, and a grounded emitter in the other one of the base regions and connected to ground. An interconnect directly connects the emitter regions that are not connected to the input pin or to ground. 
         [0009]    Another example embodiment is directed to an ESD circuit for discharging current from an input node susceptible to ESD pulses. The circuit includes a doped substrate, a diode circuit in the doped substrate and having a threshold breakdown voltage, a plurality of doped regions and a thyristor. The plurality of doped regions are of opposite polarity and form p-n junctions connected in series with the diode between the input node and ground. The diode and plurality of doped regions pass a leakage current between the input node and ground at voltage levels below the threshold breakdown voltage. The thyristor includes a portion of the doped substrate and shunts current from the input node to ground, bypassing at least some of the plurality of doped regions, in response to the diode circuit breaking down. 
         [0010]    The above discussion is not intended to describe each embodiment or every implementation of the present disclosure. The figures and following description also exemplify various embodiments. 
     
    
     
       FIGURES 
         [0011]    Various example embodiments may be more completely understood in consideration of the following detailed description in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0012]      FIG. 1  shows a cross-section of a thyristor-based diode circuit for ESD protection, according to an example embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0013]      FIG. 2  shows a plot characterizing the operation of a thyristor-based diode circuit for ESD protection, according to another example embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0014]      FIG. 3  shows a multi-channel thyristor-based diode circuit, according to another example embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0015]      FIG. 4  shows a multi-channel thyristor-based diode circuit with channel-specific diodes, according to another example embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0016]      FIG. 5  shows a two-stage thyristor-based diode circuit for ESD protection, according to another example embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0017]      FIG. 6  shows a thyristor-based diode circuit with a diode-triggered bipolar transistor clamping circuit, according to another example embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0018]      FIG. 7  shows a thyristor-based diode circuit with a diode-triggered silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) clamping circuit, according to another example embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0019]      FIG. 8  shows a circuit diagram of an ESD circuit, according to another example embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0020]      FIG. 9  shows another circuit diagram of an ESD circuit, according to another example embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0021]      FIG. 10  shows a cross-section of a thyristor-based diode circuit for ESD protection under an ESD condition, according to another example embodiment of the present invention; and 
           [0022]      FIG. 11  shows another circuit diagram of an ESD circuit, according to another example embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
       [0023]    While the invention is amenable to various modifications and alternative forms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the intention is not to limit the invention to the particular embodiments described. On the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the scope of the invention including aspects defined in the claims. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0024]    The present invention is believed to be applicable to a variety of different types of processes, devices and arrangements for use with various circuits, including integrated circuits susceptible to electrostatic discharge (ESD), and related processes. While the present invention is not necessarily so limited, various aspects of the invention may be appreciated through a discussion of examples using this context. 
         [0025]    According to an example embodiment, an ESD circuit includes multiple regions of opposite polarity configured to flow current in different current paths during an ESD event and under conditions in which an ESD event is not occurring. Under normal (non-ESD) conditions, the circuit flows current through a series of emitters separated from one another by base regions having a polarity that is opposite the polarity of the emitters. The current flows from a first (input) emitter in the series of emitters, to a last (grounded) emitter that is connected to ground. By flowing current through the respective junctions in series, the leakage of the overall circuit is limited by the leakage at one of the junctions. 
         [0026]    When an ESD event occurs, current flows from the input emitter, into a base region that forms a junction with the emitter, and into an underlying collector. From the collector, the current flows into the base region adjacent the grounded emitter, and to ground via the grounded emitter. This ESD event current path facilitates a low-resistance path to shunt current from input to ground, which triggers with the triggering at the p-n junction between the input emitter and the base region adjacent thereto. 
         [0027]    In connection with other example embodiments, a plurality of regions of opposite polarity having junctions therebetween are arranged in series between an internal node and ground, to mitigate the flow of leakage current in a below-threshold operating state, with one of the regions forming part of a p-n junction that breaks down at low voltage for shunting an ESD pulse to ground via an underlying substrate. For example, a p-n junction having a low breakdown voltage (e.g., 3 or 4 V) is used for shunting current as above, with additional p-n junctions arranged in series therewith to mitigate high leakage current to which the low-breakdown junction is susceptible. The opposite regions and corresponding junctions are configured such that an externally applied voltage is shared between the junctions in series, so that each junction withstands half of the applied voltage. As the leakage current decreases exponentially with lowered voltage, the leakage current is drastically reduced accordingly. 
         [0028]    To mitigate corresponding effects of increased clamping voltage, the aforesaid junction being used to conduct current under an ESD condition is used to limit the clamping voltage of the device to the clamping voltage of the junction plus a relatively small clamping voltage of a thyristor formed in series with the junction via the underlying substrate. 
         [0029]    Turning now to the Figures,  FIG. 1  shows a cross-section of a thyristor-based diode ESD protection circuit  100 , according to another example embodiment of the present invention. The circuit  100  is configured to pass current between an input  102 , such as an internal VDD, and ground  104 . The circuit  100  includes a substrate having multiple doped regions of opposite polarity, each region being doped relative to the others to suit particular applications. A region  111  of the substrate is doped to a first polarity, a collector  112  is doped to an opposite polarity. Two base diffusion regions  113  and  114  are formed in the collector  112  and doped to the first polarity. Within each of the base diffusion regions  113  and  114  is a pair of emitter regions, including emitter regions  115  and  116  in base diffusion region  113 , and emitter regions  117  and  118  in base diffusion region  114 . The respective emitter regions are doped to a polarity that is opposite that of the base diffusion regions. The collector  112  and the base diffusion regions  113  and  114  are left floating (e.g., they are not electrically connected to another potential). 
         [0030]    Contacts are respectively made to the input  102  and ground  104  at an input emitter contact  120  and an output/grounded emitter contact  126 , which are respectively connected to input emitter region  115  and a grounded emitter region  118 . Contacts  122  and  124  are connected/shorted to one another via interconnect  123  and respectively connected to emitter regions  116  and  117 . 
         [0031]    For readability, the following discussion is made in the context of a particular doping approach in which the substrate  111  is p-doped substrate, the collector  112  is n-doped, base regions  113 / 114  are p-doped, and emitter regions  115 - 118  are n-doped. However, it is to be understood that different doping can be used to achieve a similar result, with an appropriate arrangement of the doped regions. 
         [0032]    If a relatively low positive voltage is applied to the input  102  (e.g., 3V), the first emitter  115  is reverse biased to its base  113 , and the third emitter  117  is reverse biased to its base  114 , with the bias voltage being slightly smaller than half of the external applied voltage of 3V. The leakage current of each of these junctions is low (e.g., about 30 nA). The junctions are connected in series, so the total leakage current is similar to the leakage current of one of the junctions. The leakage current flows from the input  102 , to the input emitter  115  via contact  120 , to its base  113 , to emitter  116 , and into emitter  117  though contact  122 , interconnect  123  and contact  124 . From the emitter  117 , the leakage current flows through the base  114  and into the output/grounded emitter  118 , and to ground via contact  126 . 
         [0033]    Under an ESD condition in which the voltage at the input  102  rises (e.g., exceeds a trigger voltage), ESD current flows from the input  102  via contact  120  into the input emitter  115 , and then into the base region  113  that forms a junction with the emitter. From the base regions  113 , the ESD current flows into the underlying collector  112  and into the base region  114  via an effective bipolar junction transistor  150 . The current flows via base region  114  and collector  112  to emitter  118  via an effective bipolar junction transistor  152 , and therein to ground  104  via contact  126 . Accordingly, in response to the trigger voltage an intrinsic thyristor including the base region  113 , collector region  112 , base region  114  and emitter region  118  (e.g., p-n-p-n) switches into its low resistance state. This ESD event current path facilitates a low-resistance path to shunt current from input to ground, which triggers with the triggering at the p-n junction between the input emitter  115  and the base region  113 . 
         [0034]    The trigger voltage is set or implemented, based upon the application. For example, the doping concentration of the various regions as shown in  FIG. 1  can be altered to suit different applications, and may set characteristics of the device  100  including breakdown and leakage as discussed herein. The voltages and currents described above are thus exemplary, with the understanding that different values may be achieved to suit different applications. 
         [0035]      FIG. 2  shows a plot  200  characterizing the operation of a thyristor-based diode circuit for ESD protection, according to another example embodiment of the present invention. The plot  200  shows a transmission line pulse (TLP) with a 100 ns length, with a 3.7 V device holding voltage, and leakage current at 3 V reverse bias of 30 nA. The increase in current is shown as the voltage increases beyond the holding voltage, with voltage on the horizontal axis and current on the vertical axis. 
         [0036]      FIG. 3  shows a multi-channel thyristor-based diode circuit  300 , according to another example embodiment of the present invention. The circuit  300  is configured for use with two inputs at nodes  310  and  320 , and may be applicable to use with one node, or more than two nodes. This applicability is also consistent with the example embodiments shown in  FIGS. 4-7  and discussed further below. For each input node, two diodes are connected thereto, including a diode ( 312 ,  322 ) having its anode connected to the input node and its cathode to an internal node (e.g., VDD), and another diode ( 314 ,  324 ) having its anode connected to ground and its cathode to the input node. 
         [0037]    The diode circuit  330  is configured for operation in accordance with one or more embodiments as described herein, for providing (with circuitry coupled as shown) alternating regions of opposite polarity that mitigate leakage current below a threshold voltage, with a breakdown voltage that permits the discharge of current from the internal node to ground at a relatively low clamping voltage. As shown, the circuit  300  is applicable to multi-channel (e.g., two channel) rail-to-rail protection with desirable holding voltage (e.g., 4 V) and low leakage (e.g., at 3 V). In some implementations, all diodes are integrated on one chip, with the steering diodes realized using the diffusions that are used for building the diode  330 . 
         [0038]      FIG. 4  shows a multi-channel thyristor-based diode circuit  400  with channel-specific diodes, according to another example embodiment of the present invention. Similar to  FIG. 3 , the circuit  400  includes two diodes for each input node, including diodes  412  and  414  for node  410 , and diodes  422  and  424  for node  420 . Diode circuits  430  and  432  are configured for operation in accordance with one or more embodiments as described herein, for providing alternating regions of opposite polarity that mitigate leakage current below a threshold voltage, and to exhibit a breakdown voltage that permits the discharge of current from the internal node to ground at a relatively low clamping voltage. The circuit  400  is applicable to multi-channel (e.g., two channel) rail-to-rail protection with desirable holding voltage (e.g., 4 V) and low leakage (e.g., at 3 V), with an exclusive diode ( 430 ,  432 ) for each channel. 
         [0039]      FIG. 5  shows a two-stage thyristor-based diode circuit  500  for ESD protection, according to another example embodiment of the present invention. The circuit  500  is applicable to both single-channel and multi-channel two-stage protection, with the embodiment shown characterizing one channel with input node  510  and output node  520 , and having an impedance  540  (or impedance network) therebetween. Similar to the input nodes  310  and  320 , each of the input and output nodes  510  and  520  are connected to the anode of a diode connected between the nodes and an internal node, and to the cathode of a diode connected between ground and the nodes. Diodes  530  and  532  are similar in function to diode  330 , to facilitate both the mitigation of leakage current and a low breakdown voltage in respective operating states. 
         [0040]      FIG. 6  shows a thyristor-based diode circuit  600  with a diode-triggered bipolar transistor clamping circuit  650 ,  660 , according to another example embodiment of the present invention. The circuit  600  is similar to the circuit shown in  FIG. 3 , with input nodes  610  and  620  corresponding to input nodes  310  and  320 , and diodes  612 ,  614 ,  622  and  624  correspond thereto. 
         [0041]    Diode  630  is similar to diode  330 , exhibiting a low breakdown voltage and connected (as shown) to mitigate leakage below the breakdown voltage. The clamping circuit includes a bipolar junction transistor  650  and a resistor  660 , connected between an internal node and ground as shown. When the breakdown voltage is achieved, the clamping circuit turns on and shunts current accordingly. 
         [0042]      FIG. 7  shows a thyristor-based diode circuit  700  with a diode-triggered silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) clamping circuit, according to another example embodiment of the present invention. As with the circuit  600  in  FIG. 6 , the circuit  700  is similar to the circuit  300  in  FIG. 3 , with respect to input nodes  710  and  720 , and corresponding diodes  712 ,  714 ,  722  and  724 . Diode  730  is similar to diode  330 , exhibiting low breakdown voltage and connected to mitigate leakage below the breakdown voltage. The circuit  700  is connected to two channels for rail-to-rail protection, with the diode  730  being configured to trigger a silicon-controlled rectifier circuit including bipolar transistors  770  and  775 , as well as resistor  760 . 
         [0043]      FIG. 8  shows an ESD circuit  800 , according to another example embodiment of the present invention. The circuit  800  includes a plurality of regions of opposite polarity that form bipolar junction transistors connected between an input node  802  and ground  804 . The transistors include n-p-n transistors  810  and  820  connected to an input region at the input node  802 . The base of n-p-n transistor  820  and the base of n-p-n transistor  810  are connected to the emitter of p-n-p transistor  830 , which is connected via its base to the collector of n-p-n transistor  840  and to the emitter of n-p-n transistor  810 . The emitter of n-p-n transistor  820  is connected to the collector of n-p-n transistor  850 . The bases of n-p-n transistors  840  and  850  are both connected to the collector of p-n-p transistor  830 . The emitters of n-p-n transistors  840  and  850  are both connected to ground  804 . 
         [0044]    In some embodiments, the ESD circuit  800  is implemented using a thyristor-based diode circuit as shown in  FIG. 1 . In these embodiments, the transistors are formed as follows. The collector  112  forms the emitter of transistor  810 , the base of transistor  830  and the emitter of transistor  840 . Base diffusion  113  forms the base of transistors  810  and  820 , and the emitter of transistor  830 . Base diffusion  114  forms the collector of transistor  830 , and the base of transistors  840  and  850 . The emitter  115  forms the collector of transistors  810  and  820 . Emitter  116  forms the emitter of transistor  820 , and is connected via conductor  823  (respectively  123  in  FIG. 1 ) to emitter  117 , which forms the collector of transistor  850 . Emitter  118  forms the emitter of transistors  840  and  850 . 
         [0045]      FIG. 9  shows an ESD circuit  900 , according to another example embodiment of the present invention. The circuit  900  includes transistors  910 ,  920 ,  930  and  940  connected between an input node  902  and ground  904  as shown, with the base of transistor  910  connected to the collector of transistor  940  via conductor  923 . The circuit  900  may be formed using a thyristor-based diode circuit similar to the circuit  100  shown in  FIG. 1 , with emitter  116  removed. In such an embodiment, the collector  112  forms the emitter of transistor  910 , the base of transistor  920  and the collector of transistor  930 . Base diffusion  113  forms the base of transistor  910  and the emitter of transistor  920 . Base diffusion  114  forms the collector of transistor  920  and the base of transistors  930  and  940 . The emitter  115  forms the collector of transistor  910 , and emitter  117  forms the collector of transistor  940 . Emitter  118  forms the emitter of transistors  930  and  940 . 
         [0046]      FIG. 10  shows a cross-section of a thyristor-based diode circuit  1000  for ESD protection under an ESD condition, according to another example embodiment of the present invention. The circuit  1000  is formed in a manner similar to that as with the circuit  100  in  FIG. 1 , with similar portions labeled with similar reference numbers and the description thereof omitted for brevity. The emitter  116  in  FIG. 1  is no longer present in  FIG. 10 , and the emitter  117  has been extended beyond base  114  to form emitter  1017  as shown. 
         [0047]      FIG. 11  shows another ESD circuit  1100 , according to another example embodiment of the present invention. The circuit  1100  may, for example, be implemented in connection with the circuit  1000  shown in  FIG. 10 . The circuit  1100  includes a plurality of transistors  1110 ,  1120 ,  1130  and  1140  connected between an input node  1102  and ground  1104 . When implemented in accordance with the circuit  1000  shown in  FIG. 10 , the circuit  1100  is as follows. The collector  112  forms the emitter of transistor  1110 , the base of transistor  1120  and the collector of transistor  1130 . Base diffusion  113  forms the base of transistor  1110  and the emitter of transistor  1120 . Base diffusion  114  forms the collector of transistor  1120  and the base of transistors  1130  and  1140 . The emitter  115  forms the collector of transistor  1110 , and emitter  1017  forms the collector of transistor  1140 . Emitter  118  forms the emitter of transistors  1130  and  1140 . Connection  1123  is realized by the overlap of emitter  1017  and collector  112 . 
         [0048]    Based upon the above discussion and illustrations, those skilled in the art will readily recognize that various modifications and changes may be made to the present invention without strictly following the exemplary embodiments and applications illustrated and described herein. For example, different types of thyristors, arranged to effect the functions herein may be implemented with different orderings of semiconductor material types. Such modifications do not depart from the true spirit and scope of the present invention, including that set forth in the following claims.