Abstract:
A method of generating an RF field reflection, including positioning a grid wall in front of a conductive wall, launching RF energy at the grid wall and said conductive wall, including first and second linearly polarized orthogonal components, and highly reflecting one component from the grid wall set and allowing the other component to pass through the grid wall set with little reflection to reflect from the conductive wall.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application is a divisional application claiming priority from U.S. application Ser. No. 14/204,184, filed Mar. 11, 2014, which in turn claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/793,247 filed Mar. 15, 2013, the entire contents of which applications are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    When an electromagnetic (EM) wave is incident upon an interface (or boundary) between two different types of materials the result is a reflected wave back into the primary material and a transmitted wave into the secondary material. This is true regardless of the materials as long as they are different. One special case is when it is important to contain the initial wave within the primary material by using a metal wall as the secondary material. The reflected wave is then nearly 100% of the incident energy and interacts with the incident wave to create “standing waves” or modes in the volume of the primary material. These modes are a varying energy profile of peaks and nulls, and this is true regardless of the polarization and incident angle of the incident wave. 
         [0003]    A common example of this special case is in a microwave oven, used for cooking and heating of foods where the primary material is simply air and the secondary materials are the metal walls forming a cavity. For example, typical microwave ovens are designed with flat metal walls, the result of which are  3 -dimensional modal patterns in the electric field, contributing to the uneven heating (cooking) of food. To smooth out the heating characteristics, a rotating turntable is commonly utilized to support the food so the cooking averages within the field due to moving the food. While this does provide better average heat distribution, there still is significant variation in the cooking. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0004]    Features and advantages of the disclosure will readily be appreciated by persons skilled in the art from the following detailed description when read in conjunction with the drawing wherein: 
           [0005]      FIG. 1A  diagrammatically illustrates two plane waves, vertically and horizontally polarized, respectively, incident upon a conductive vertical grid, spaced from a conductive planar wall.  FIG. 1B  shows the incident waves and the resultant two standing waves with an ideal quarter wave offset, determined by the positioning of the grid in front of the conductive planar wall of  FIG. 1A . 
           [0006]      FIG. 2A  depicts a cavity with a plain metal back wall, with two cut planes through the combination of vertically and horizontally polarized waves, when both waves are reflected from the same surface, as generated by a simulation program.  FIG. 2B  shows a similar cavity with a plain metal back wall and a metal grid positioned by a quarter wavelength in front of the back wall, with the two cut planes of electric filed patterns generated by the simulation program. 
           [0007]      FIGS. 3A and 3B  diagrammatically illustrate a typical conventional microwave oven.  FIG. 3B  is a side view, looking from the side wall with the waveguide port to the opposite side wall.  FIGS. 3C and 3D  show the electric field distribution of the typical conventional microwave oven through a horizontal mid-cut plane in perspective and top down views, as generated by a simulation program. 
           [0008]      FIG. 4A  diagrammatically illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a microwave oven in accordance with aspect of this invention.  FIG. 4B  is a side view, looking from the side wall with the waveguide port to the opposite side wall with a grid positioned in front.  FIGS. 4C and 4D  show the E-field distribution in a horizontal mid-plane cut of the embodiment, as generated by a simulation program. 
           [0009]      FIGS. 5A ,  5 B and  5 C illustrate different exemplary implementations of a grid wall. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0010]    In the following detailed description and in the several figures of the drawing, like elements are identified with like reference numerals. The figures are not to scale, and relative feature sizes may be exaggerated for illustrative purposes. 
         [0011]    This application describes aspects of a new wall design for reflecting electromagnetic energy. An exemplary application of an embodiment of the new wall design is in the field of microwave ovens, with one or more design aspects that can be applied to create a more uniform electric field distribution within a microwave oven. The design aspects include: 
         [0012]    1) Modify the wall(s) to be polarization selective so that vertically and horizontally polarized E-fields will be reflected differently, with the result that when integrated, the waves will produce a more uniform 3-dimensional electric field profile. The electric field incident upon the wall can be considered as two separate modes, one vertically polarized and one horizontally polarized. However, as an incident wave it could have any polarization. To insure that both polarizations exist for this use, a wave with equal polarizations is generated. The integration aspect is that at any point in space and time, the present electric field will be the instantaneous combination of four waves, i.e. the incident two waves (both polarizations) and the reflected two waves (also two polarizations). A unique feature is that the total magnitude of these four waves will be a constant at any position and time. The resultant polarization is not relevant for heating most materials, only the field magnitude. 
         [0013]    2) Excite the oven with dual polarization with respect to the cavity to take advantage of the reflective differences when a grid arrangement (described more fully below) is in place. For a microwave oven, the cavity typically has a rectangular shape. Any shape enclosed cavity with metal walls would work as a microwave oven. However, an exemplary embodiment of the approach to creating the uniform fields described herein utilizes a flat wall opposite the source of the power wave and the best results would typically be obtained in a rectangular cavity. 
         [0014]    3) Offset the input position of the excitation aperture to maximize the uniformity of the fields. Having a single waveguide source is the easiest, most common and least expensive way to excite the oven. Using multiple source apertures can be also used to create a more uniform incident wave in the cross-section to the wave propagation. However, to achieve the uniformity along the axis of propagation, the proposed reflective wall is preferably used. 
         [0015]      FIG. 1A  diagrammatically illustrates two plane waves  102 ,  104 , vertically and horizontally polarized, respectively, incident upon a conductive vertical grid  100 , spaced from a conductive planar wall  110 . The polarized wave  102  is parallel to the linear grid  100 , and will see it as a reflection surface. The polarized wave  104  perpendicular to the grid  100  will pass by the grid. The conductive planar wall  110  is spaced a distance of one quarter wavelength of the wave frequency. Two reflections are produced, with high VSWR patterns that look like trigonometry functions. This allows taking advantage of the fact that, when standing waves of separate horizontally and vertically polarized waves are properly positioned with respect to each other (one shifted by λ/4) and on the same axis, the energy sum is a constant, i.e. uniform. 
         [0016]    The issue of combining the standing waves of horizontal and vertical waves can be addressed in the following manner. In the upper set of curves of  FIG. 1B  for the electric field magnitude, there are shown two standing waves with a quarter wave offset, determined by the positioning of the grid  100  in front of the metal outer wall  110 . Using the grid position as a reference, the two waves appear as rectified Sin (for the vertical polarized wave) and Cos (for the horizontal polarized wave) functions. Remembering that the waves are orthogonal to each other, the total field is given by: 
         [0000]        E   TOTAL =|Sin(ω t−βz )|   x   +|Cos(ω t−βz )|  y 
 
         [0000]    where  z  is the axis of propagation. Consider next the lower set of curves of  FIG. 1B  (sin 2  and cos 2 ) which represent the field energy magnitude. Since the heating effect is due to the total energy, which is proportional to the square of the E-fields, this results in: 
         [0000]      Energy ∝( E   TOTAL ) 2           Sin 2 +Cos 2 =1
 
         [0017]    These lower curves sum to a flat line. Note that both the sin and cos arguments for the E-field are dependent upon time (t) and position, or space (z) along the axis of propagation, with the polarization set by the vectors  x  and  y . Since the waves are normal to one another the total squared field is equal to the sum of the squares of both polarizations. And trigonometry shows that sin 2 +cos 2 =1 when the sin and cos have the same arguments. Apart from some amplitude coefficient, the result is a constant, no longer dependent on either time (t) or position (z). 
         [0018]    Now referring to  FIG. 2A , consider a cavity  150  with a plain metal back wall  152 .  FIG. 2A  shows two cut planes through the combination of vertically and horizontally polarized waves incident on the back wall in an HFSS simulation (HFSS, or High Frequency Structure Simulator, a software application, commercially available from ANSYS, Inc., for simulating 3-D full-wave electromagnetic fields), when both waves are reflected from the same surface (wall  152 ). The result is a strong standing wave pattern on axis, with reference number  22  indicating representative zero or very low electric field strength,  24  indicating representative high electric field strength, and  26  indicating representative medium electric field strength regions. Now consider a cavity  160  with a plain metal back wall  162  and a metal grid  164  positioned by a quarter wavelength in front of the back wall, as in  FIG. 2B . With the reflection of the vertically polarized wave made with the polarized grid at a quarter wavelength in front of the wall, the resulting combination of waves is different, as shown in  FIG. 2B . Here we see very uniform field strength regions  26  along the axis due to the complementary nature of the two waves. This design can be used in specialized cases to create a very large substantially uniform heating zone, for example. Interference nulls  22  due to side wall reflections are only near the side walls of the cavity  160 . These sets of nulls are also offset (top wall relative to side walls) along the axis by the offset of the grid. 
         [0019]    Now consider the E-field of a typical microwave oven  10  illustrated in  FIGS. 3A and 3B . A rotating glass platter  13  may be mounted above the oven floor for moving the food around within the cavity  12 . Typically the oven walls are metal or metal-coated plastic walls, with the door  12 A made of glass for viewing, with a metallic screen to contain the microwave energy This exemplary oven is 15.5w×15.5d×8.25h inches with flat highly reflective (to incident electromagnetic energy) walls on all sides. The input source waveguide  14  is centered in the sidewall  12 B, and is 1.7 inch×3.4 inch waveguide (WR 340). The waveguide opening is typically covered with plastic. The waveguide is connected to a microwave generator, such as a magnetron, through an isolator to protect the source from energy reflected from the cavity. The source frequency is standard at 2.45 GHz.  FIGS. 3C and 3D  show the electric field distribution of the typical oven  10  through the horizontal mid-cut plane  20  in perspective and top down views, as generated by the HFSS program. The reference number  22  points to near zero field magnitude in the plane  20 , the reference number  24  points to the peak field magnitude value, with reference number  26  indicating areas of a midrange field value. The modal patterns of the electric field are evident from the simulation results, and clearly would contribute to uneven heating of food. 
         [0020]    In an exemplary embodiment of a microwave oven in accordance with aspects of this invention, primary and secondary grids or grid walls are placed in front of two of the walls, and the source is a dual polarization source. The primary grid wall is opposite the source, and the combination of the dual polarized source and the primary grid wall create the uniform E-field. However, due to the existence of the other cavity walls, plus the fact that the source is not planar like the grid wall, there will still be other extraneous reflections within the cavity (oven). Therefore, another grid wall (secondary) may be utilized to affect the waves which are incident upon that wall as well. The secondary wall is optional, but still does contribute to the improvement of the field distribution in a microwave oven application. These grids walls provide different reflection depending upon the polarization of the incident waves, essentially creating standing waves in two different positions depending upon the wave polarization. This allows taking advantage of the fact that when standing waves of separate horizontal and vertical waves are properly positioned with respect to each other (offset by wavelength/4) and on the same axis, the energy sum is a constant, i.e. uniform. 
         [0021]    It should be understood that this substantially uniform reflection is with respect to one reflecting surface (wall), and that the energy distribution within a microwave oven is also highly dependent upon the size, type and position of the food placed inside. Therefore, it is not suggested that there will ever be a perfectly uniform field including the food. However, it makes sense that if the field distribution prior to introducing food is much more uniform than for an uneven distribution, then it is likely that cooking within the uniform field distribution will result in a more uniform result than for the uneven field distribution. It may still be worthwhile to include the rotating table to additionally average the heating. 
         [0022]    In an exemplary microwave embodiment, the microwave source provides both polarizations to the oven cavity. This may be done simply by tilting the input waveguide 45 degrees with respect to the cavity walls. 
         [0023]    Knowing there will be waves scattered all throughout the oven cavity, particularly when food is inside, it makes sense also to use the grid on two walls, contributing to the “smoothing” of the energy distribution. 
         [0024]    A further aspect of this approach is to consider the variations in distribution as a function of positioning the source at various locations inside of the oven. Horizontal shifting of the source positioning is considered below, although vertical movement could also be employed. 
         [0025]      FIGS. 4A and 4B  show an exemplary embodiment of a microwave oven  10 ′ embodying aspects of the invention, and  FIGS. 4C and 4D  show the E-field distribution in a horizontal mid-plane cut, as generated in an HFSS simulation. Grids or grid walls  16  and  18  are installed in front of side walls  12 C′ and  12 D′, with grid wall  16  located in front of the wall opposite the input source waveguide  14 ′, which is mounted to side wall  12 B′. The source waveguide  14 ′ is cocked at a 45 degree angle, relative to the orientation of the source waveguide  14  in the conventional oven  10  ( FIG. 3A ). The source waveguide  14 ′ is also offset from the centerline of the sidewall 2.5 inches in this embodiment. Tilting of the input waveguide excites both horizontally and vertically polarized waves within the oven cavity. A microwave generator such as a magnetron  15  is connected to the waveguide through an isolator  17 . The use of an isolator is conventional, and protects the generator from energy reflections from the oven cavity back into the source. The two walls  12 C′ and  12 D′ are 1.2 inch deeper than the conventional design (illustrated in  FIG. 3A ), with grid walls  16  and  18  set at the quarter wave spacing from the solid walls. Reference numbers  22 ,  24 ,  26  again refer to exemplary areas of low, high and midrange electric field magnitudes in the horizontal mid-cut plane  20 ′, again as calculated by the HFSS simulation program. Not only are the values of the nulls and peaks less extreme than for the conventional oven  10  of  FIGS. 3C and 3D , they are much closer together spatially, providing better uniformity of heating through thermal conduction. 
         [0026]      FIG. 4A  shows the primary and second grid walls  16 ,  18  which reflect vertically polarized waves. The horizontally polarized waves pass by these grids and reflect off the outside walls. Both horizontal and vertically polarized waves are excited by the source waveguide  14 ′ which is tilted at 45 degrees.  FIG. 4B  shows clearly the offset of the wave source from the oven center line, the position chosen to create the most even distribution. The offset in this exemplary configuration is 2.5 inches and was determined by multiple simulations of the E-fields by adjusting the position of the source, using the HFSS computer simulation program. Vertical adjustment could also have been done and would be done to optimize a specific configuration but was not necessary here to prove the value of the grid walls. Also the the vertical grids  16 ,  18  positioned in front of the top and right hand walls  12 C′ and  12 D′ are visible in FIG.  4 B. 
         [0027]    The spacing between the wall and adjacent grid depends upon whether there is any dielectric between the grid and the wall. The actual preferred physical dimension is a quarter wavelength within the dielectric at the source frequency of 2.45 GHz, in this exemplary embodiment. For air dielectric, the spacing is 1.204 inches. This spacing could be varied somewhat, with the optimum spacing at a quarter wavelength, but improved uniformity is still achieved even if the spacing varies somewhat from the quarter wavelength spacing. Using a spacing between the wall and the grid of an odd number of quarter wavelengths would also theoretically work but would be inefficient because of the extra wasted volume behind the grids. Improved uniformity can still be achieved even if the spacing varies somewhat from the ideal quarter wavelength spacing, but will degrade the improved uniformity proportionally the more the difference from that ideal. For example, using the nominal quarter wavelength spacing results in a voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 1:1 which represents a uniform magnitude. If the spacing is varied by one twelfth wavelength from the nominal, the VSWR will increase to 3:1. For reference, with no grid the VSWR is infinity. Considering next the lateral spacing between the grid lines, this is nominally set to 0.1 wavelength (˜0.5 inch in air) and the width of each grid line is set to 0.02 wavelength (˜0.1 inch in air), in this exemplary embodiment. These grid dimensions are not critical, but the more important of the two is the lateral spacing. As the lateral spacing increases (larger than 0.1 wavelength), the reflection of the parallel wave will be reduced and the unreflected portion will pass the grid and be reflected off the metal wall. This will disrupt the balance in magnitude between the two polarizations, resulting in peaks and valleys in the total field. Eventually, with large grid spacings relative to wavelength, all of the energy from both polarizations will reflect off the wall and behave more like a typical oven design. Simulations show that even with the lateral spacing as large as 0.3 wavelength, there is still substantial improvement in the uniformity as compared to not having the grid. At 0.3 wavelength spacing, the energy reflected off the grid is approximately 50%, resulting in a VSWR of approximately 2:1. (Assuming that the distance to the wall is still quarter wavelength.) The function of the grid is to let the horizontal polarization component of the incident energy (normal to the grid) pass through the grid by with little reflection, and to highly reflect the vertical polarization component of the incident energy (parallel to the grid). The grid dimensions given at 0.1 wavelength lateral spacing and 0.02 wavelength grid line width result in 99% of the vertical polarization wave being reflected and 99% of the horizontal polarization wave passing through. The grid wall approach would still provide some improvement in the field uniformity even with as little as 50% reflection off the grid. 
         [0028]    The design would work equally well with horizontal grids as with the illustrated vertical grids. The choice will depend upon whichever is easiest to implement for a given application. 
         [0029]    In the exemplary embodiment of a microwave oven  10 ′ in  FIGS. 4A ,  4 B, the source waveguide is tilted 45 degrees to create dual polarization. Dual polarization can be realized in numerous ways known in the art. One way is to use a dual mode source with a square or circular waveguide but that would require the creation of both modes within the waveguide. Another exemplary way would be to have two independent sources with orthogonal orientation to one another. The 45 degree rotation of the source waveguide is just a simple way to do it. Excitation of dual polarization waves, in combination with the grid and the wall, achieves the uniform field. The RF generator  15  ( FIG. 4A ) feeds the waveguide entry  14 ′ into the cavity which is on the wall opposite the primary grid. There are many potentially viable configurations where the energy source could be on the top, bottom or side wall as shown here. The primary grid will be on whatever surface is opposite the source and aligned with one of the two equal amplitude polarization waves from the source. 
         [0030]    In a general sense, a feature of the approach is to have a grid wall placed in front of at least one of the walls of the oven, the grid wall providing different reflection depending upon the polarization of the incident wave, essentially making the walls look like they are in two different positions depending upon the wave polarization. This will provide more uniform distribution of the oven energy, which will help in providing more uniform heating when integrating around the circular paths of the food items. Knowing there will be waves scattered all throughout the cavity, particularly when food is inside, it makes sense also to put the grid wall on two walls, contributing to the “smoothing” of the energy distribution. A third aspect of this approach is to consider the variations in distribution as a function of positioning the source waveguide along the side of the oven. 
         [0031]    There are various techniques to implement the grid walls, by any means which creates a polarized grid which can be placed in front of a metal back wall. A preferred technique is to form metallized strips on a surface of a thin plastic (dielectric) sheet, e.g. with lines or strips of 80 mils (thousandths of an inch) width at a spacing of 500 mils. This is illustrated in  FIG. 5A , as grid wall  16 A, comprising a thin plastic wall  16 A- 1  with metallized strips  16 A- 2  formed on a back surface of the plastic wall. Another option, depicted in  FIG. 5B , is to mount thin metal wires  16 B- 2  on the back of thin plastic (dielectric) board  16 B- 1 . A further option, depicted in  FIG. 5C , is to form thin metal or metallized molded plastic vanes  16 C- 2  extending outwardly from a thin metalized back wall  16 C. 
         [0032]    This application has proposed and demonstrated through the use of HFSS, a method and steps to make the E-field within a microwave oven more evenly distributed, which should result in a more uniform heating of the food, which is the desired goal. The exemplary technique discussed focuses on redesign of at least one, and optionally, two of the walls of the oven to alter the reflection characteristics. The forgoing discussion has specifically dealt with a relatively small size oven but could easily be applied to any other using microwaves for heating, including industrial ovens. 
         [0033]    It is found that significant improvement in the uniformity of the electric field within the oven cavity can be achieved just by tilting by 45 degrees the waveguide input into the cavity in the conventional oven. Thus, by modifying the conventional microwave oven depicted in  FIG. 3A  by tilting waveguide  14  by 45 degrees creates both vertical and horizontal electric field polarizations, and a more uniform electric field distribution. This is a further embodiment of a microwave oven in accordance with an aspect of the invention. When used in conjunction with a grid wall as described above, even greater improvement in the electric field distribution is achieved. 
         [0034]    A further aspect in improving the uniformity of the electric field distribution is to move the tilted input waveguide away from the center line of the wall in which it introduces energy into the cavity. For the exemplary embodiment of  FIGS. 4A-4B , a 2.5 inch offset from the center line of the wall was found to produce the most uniform field distribution. 
         [0035]    Another embodiment of this invention in a microwave oven is to place the grid in conjunction with the bottom wall of the cavity and excite the oven from the top surface. An array of sources may be used in combination to create a more planar wave-front incident upon the grid and bottom wall. This would maximize the use of the largest reflecting surface within the oven creating the uniform nature of the electric fields. A rotating platter could still be placed above the grid, as such a platter is typically raised above the bottom. 
         [0036]    Although the foregoing has been a description and illustration of specific embodiments of the subject matter, various modifications and changes thereto can be made by persons skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.