Abstract:
A communications network for transmitting at least one information packet between a source node and a destination node of the network. The network includes an information cluster transmittable between the source node and the destination node and for having attached thereto an information packet. The information packet is attachable to the information cluster at the source node when the information cluster is at the source node and detachable from said information cluster at the destination node when the information cluster is at the destination node.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention is directed generally to computer communication networks, and in particular, to an improved communication network that provides superior quality of service (hereinafter “QOS”) guarantees. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Quality of Service guarantees are necessary for efficient network communication, and in particular for distributed multimedia applications. The need to provide a high quality of service for continuous-media and real time applications is well recognized in the communication networking community. 
     Two known modes of communication within a computer communications network are circuit-switching and packet-switching. In a communications network configured for circuit-switching, a dedicated communication path between two (or more) communicating programs is established for use by the communicating programs only. A traditional telephone network is an example of a communication network that utilizes circuit-switching. Although an advantage of a communications network that uses circuit-switched connections is very reliable communication between the communicating programs, a severe drawback is that resources must be reserved for establishing and maintaining the entire link during the communication. Since the computer communication is “bursty” (i.e. communicating programs communicate with each other by exchanging information in bursts in which information is exchanged continuously for a small period of time followed by relatively “long” periods of silence), a communication network based on circuit-switching has a relatively low utilization of network resources. 
     In a network that employs packet switching, the two (or more) communicating programs do not have any reserved physical network resources. Instead, information originating from a sender program and destined for a receiver program is transmitted in units called “packets”. Each packet contains information that identifies the receiver program to which the packet of information is intended. And, based on the address of the receiver program, the packet will be continuously switched throughout the network until the intended receiver program is reached. 
     In a packet-switched network, packets of information may be forwarded to their destination by intermediate nodes using information in a packet header. The information may be a destination host address (as in IP) or a connection identifier (such as the VPI/VCI field in ATM). Packets can typically be transmitted by a sending host at any time. In some networks, e.g. ATM, packets are constrained to be transmitted using a rate-controlled approach. Each packet is routed independently by the nodes in the network. However, once the packet of information is established by the sender program, the contents of the information packet does not change and remains unchanged as it moves about the nodes of the network until it reaches its destination program. 
     Packet-switching networks can operate in two modes, as datagrams or as virtual circuits. In a typical datagram mode, packet headers contain (a) information identifying the address of the recipient and (b) any other information that may be needed for processing the packet at any intermediate nodes in the network. The packets of information being transmitted in a network in the datagram mode may be delivered out of order and can take any available path to the receiver in the network. In fact, in a typical situation, the transmitted packets of information are not transmitted together or reach the recipient together since there is no predefined path in which the packets of information travel. Accordingly, there is no guarantee that all the transmitted information will in fact (a) reach the recipient or (b) reach the recipient in the order in which it was transmitted. This latter problem becomes significant in the situation in which information must be received within a specified period or in a particular sequence. 
     The virtual circuit mode is advantageous over the datagram mode in that the header may be more simply configured since it may merely need contain only the identifier for the path on which it is transmitted in the network. 
     In a network that operates in a virtual circuit mode, a fixed route is selected at the beginning of the communication for all the packets originating from the receiver. 
     In general, packet switching better utilizes network resources than networks utilizing only circuit-switching. However, packet-switching networks do not provide the same quality of service (QOS) guarantees provided by a circuit-switching network since, by definition, there are no dedicated physical circuit connections among the communicating programs (computers). 
     As computer networks further evolve to support audio and video applications together with data applications, a need exists to provide increasing and more reliable quality of service guarantees. Several prior attempts have been made to incorporate networking schemes which provide satisfactory and sufficient quality of service guarantees. Invariably, all of these schemes are based on some form of virtual switching techniques. That is, the known virtual-circuit switching networks utilize resources which are reserved when the virtual circuit is established and released when the virtual circuit is destroyed. When virtual circuits are established, known admission control schemes can be used to attempt to guarantee that a certain quality of service is provided for the establishment of node interconnections before the virtual circuit is established. 
     However, computer networks that only utilize virtual circuits are deficient in the following respects. For example, establishing a virtual circuit typically takes a relatively long time and does not provide efficient and sufficient quality of service guarantees in communications that last a relatively short amount of time. 
     Therefore, a network architecture for use in a communication network that provides for greater QOS guarantees than heretofore achieved and which overcomes the aforementioned deficiencies is desired. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Generally speaking a communications network for transmitting an information packet between nodes of the network is provided. The network preferably comprises at least a source node and a destination node and an information cluster transmittable between the source node and the destination node and for having attached thereto an information packet. The information packet is attachable to the information cluster at the source node when the information cluster is at the source node and detachable from the information cluster at the destination node when the information cluster is at the destination node. 
     An information cluster will travel about the network along a predetermined path between preselected nodes within the network. Information packets originating at a node among the selected nodes along the predetermined path can be attached to the information cluster when the information cluster arrives at the particular node at which the information packet is waiting. Similarly, the information packet can get off the information cluster at any node of the selected nodes when the information cluster reaches its destination node. 
     The entire network, in addition to carrying information packets, will preferably carry a plurality of information clusters, although a network with as few as one information cluster is contemplated by the present invention. The information clusters are pre-scheduled and travel between selected nodes at preferably regular intervals. Because of the regularity and predictability of the information clusters, a particular node in the network will know in advance when an information cluster will arrive at that particular node. In this way increased and more reliable QOS guarantees can be provided to the information packets in the network which are attached to the information cluster. 
     In addition to providing information clusters as disclosed herein, the network may contain additional known networking schemes as described above. In fact, it is contemplated by the present invention that if the information packet cannot be attached to an information cluster because there is no available space thereon or there is no scheduled information cluster scheduled to go to the node to which the information packet must be transmitted within a specified time-period, a different (known) switching scheme such as packet switching would be used for the transmission of the information packet. 
     Information clusters may be thought of as a combination of the STM (synchronous Transfer Mode) and the ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) approach to handling packets. That is, in STM, packets can only be sent at fixed times, while in ATM packets can be transmitted at any time. In a communication network constructed with the present invention, if an information packet is to be transmitted via an information cluster, the information packet must wait for a prescheduled information cluster to arrive at the node at which the information packet is waiting but may occupy any available space on the information cluster. 
     When an information packet has to be transmitted between two nodes, the origination node (the node at which the information packet originates) preferably determines on which information cluster the information packet will be carried. The originating node also preferably reserves space for the information packet on the arriving information cluster. Thereafter, the information packet waits for the information cluster to arrive at the node before the information packet can be put on the information cluster. 
     As the information cluster arrives at each selected node, the node at which the information cluster is located examines if there are any information packets on the information cluster that identifies that particular node as a destination node. If such node has been identified as a destination node for a particular information packet, the information packet destined for that node is removed from the information cluster. 
     An information packet that needs performance guarantees (QOS requirements) must be able to reserve space on the information cluster in advance so that it is guaranteed transmission by the information cluster. An information packet having a low priority status can also get on an information cluster if there is available space but may get bumped off and placed in a buffer (or the like) if there is an information packet with greater QOS requirements. 
     Each node within the network knows the arrival and departure times of the information clusters traveling between nodes. Each node also knows the capacity of each arriving information cluster. Therefore, a particular node can easily determine whether it has enough resources to meet the requirements of all the information clusters at any particular node. Any one of several known admission control tests used in conjunction with known schemes can be used for this purpose. In order to provide QOS guarantees in the network, each node has to allocate enough space for the contemplated number of information clusters that may arrive at the node and decide on an upper bound on the delay in processing packets in the cluster. Each information cluster therefore preferably has a designated processing time at each node. 
     An information packet needing QOS guarantees must be scheduled on an information cluster and therefore must reserve space thereon. Once the information packet has reserved the space, it is guaranteed to have a QOS similar to that of the information cluster on which it will travel. However, if a particular information packet arrives at a particular node or originates at the particular node after the information cluster has passed through that node, the information packet may need to be transmitted by conventional methods such as packet switching. 
     For example, if the information packet cannot be transmitted between two nodes via a information cluster, a virtual circuit between the two nodes can be established for such transmission. 
     Lastly, individual or a plurality of information packets can be attached to an information cluster at any point along the network routes and can be detached therefrom at any desired node along the route. In accordance with the invention, information clusters will operate with guaranteed quality of service parameters, and, therefore, information packets requiring a certain quality of service guarantee need to be attached to the appropriate information cluster. 
     Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide an improved communication network architecture that can be utilized on the internet and in corporate intranets, and is particularly useful during browsing thereon, such as the world wide web. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide transmission of information in a network that can be more reliably assured that congestion and other problems on the network are not encountered. 
     Still another object of the present invention is to provide a communications network that increases the reliability that information will be accurately and reliably transmitted between computers or the like. 
     A further object of the present invention is to provide a communications network that will satisfy quality of service performance requirements. 
     Still another object of the present invention is to provide a connection-less network which will result in a substantial reduction in network resources. 
     Still other objects and advantages of the invention will in part be obvious and will in part be apparent from the specification. 
     The invention accordingly comprises the several steps and the relation of one or more of such steps with respect to each of the others, the apparatus embodying features of construction, combination of elements, and arrangement of parts which are adapted to effect such steps and the article which possesses the characteristics properties and relation of elements, all as exemplified in the detailed disclosure hereinafter set forth, and the scope of the invention will be indicated in the claims. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     For better understanding of the invention, reference is made to the following drawings which are to be taken in conjunction with the detailed description to follow: 
     FIG. 1 is a overview of a communications network constructed in accordance with the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 depicts a preferred structure of an information cluster configured in accordance with the present invention; 
     FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating a preferred method of extracting information from an information cluster after the information cluster has arrived at a particular node; 
     FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating a preferred method of placing information packets onto an information cluster when said information cluster is at a particular node; 
     FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating a preferred method of transmitting information within a communication network constructed in accordance with the present invention; 
     FIG. 6 is a further detailed flow chart illustrating a preferred method of transmitting information packets within the communication network of FIG. 1; and 
     FIG. 7 is a further detailed flow chart illustrating a preferred method of transmitting information having quality of service guarantees within the communication network of FIG.  1 . 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Reference is first made to FIG. 1 which depicts an overview of a communications network, generally indicated at  100 , constructed in accordance with the present invention. Communication network  100  (hereinafter “network  100 ”) may include a plurality of hosts  110 ,  120  and  130  which, for example, may be computers, a plurality of nodes  10 ,  20 ,  30 ,  40 ,  50  and  60  and a plurality of links. Nodes  10 - 60  and hosts  110 - 130  may be interconnectable by known techniques to allow for circuit switching, packet-switching, cluster switching or the like. It is to be understood that network  100  may have more or less nodes and links, and more or less computers than that depicted in FIG.  1 . 
     Within each respective node is a respective controller. Accordingly, in the network depicted in FIG. 1, node  10  includes a controller  15 , node  20  includes a controller  25 , node  30  includes a controller  35 , etc. As discussed in detail below, a function of each controller is to detach information packets from the information cluster when the information cluster (which travels between nodes of the network in accordance with specific link layer 
     protocols, such as HDLC and SDLC) arrives at the respective node. The controller will only detach information packets that are intended to be detached at that particular node. For example, if an information cluster arrives at node  30  carrying information packets intended for node  30 , controller  35  will detach the information packets destined for node  30  from the information cluster and place the data on a data bus (not shown). 
     Each of the respective controllers also determines which information packets can be attached to the information cluster at a particular node, in this example, node  30 . That is, in an effort to transmit information in accordance with quality of service requirements, there may be information packets waiting (that is, in a buffer) at node  30  with one particular set of QOS requirements, and there may be an information packet waiting at the same node  30  with a different set of QOS requirements. The controller (i.e. controller  35 ) monitors the information packets being attached to the information cluster for transportation based on the QOS requirements. 
     As another example, assume (a) an information cluster arrives at node  40  and is thereafter scheduled to be transmitted to node  50 , and that (b) there are two separate information packets waiting at node  40  for transmission to node  50 , and (c) that the first information packet has a higher priority than the second information packet, and (d) there is space (i.e. memory) on the information cluster for accommodating only one of the two information packets, the controller at node  40  (i.e. controller  45 ) will determine that the first information packet should be transmitted because of its higher priority (greater quality of service requirements). However, if there are empty information packet slots (i.e. memory) on the information cluster so as to be able to accommodate both information packets, controller  45  will attach both information packets to the information cluster. 
     Also depicted in FIG. 1 is a server  70  and a scheduler  80 . In the preferred embodiment, server  70  and scheduler  80  are centralized and respectively located in nodes  50  and  60 , but the present invention contemplates, and it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art, that server  70  and/or scheduler  80  may be implemented in a distributed manner, i.e. with components of server  70  and scheduler  80  implemented in a plurality of nodes in the network. 
     Generally speaking, a function of server  70  is to reserve space (on the travelling information clusters) for information packets that require quality of service guarantees. Server  70  also monitors the quality of service requirements of each information packet and maintains the arrival and departure schedule of the information clusters at each node within network  100 . In this way, server  70  determines which information cluster will best meet the QOS requirements of the information packets attached to the information cluster and waiting in the buffers at the respective nodes. In particular, the controllers preferably communicate with server  70  to reserve space on the information cluster. The communication may be initiated either on generation of each new information packet or for a pre-reserved block of slots. The controllers thereafter preferably monitor their requirements and dynamically adjust their reservations. 
     A function of scheduler  80  is to determine the types of information clusters that will be transmitted throughout network  100  and how frequently the information clusters should be transmitted between the nodes thereof. Scheduler  80  also coordinates the schedules of each information cluster in accordance with predetermined programming constraints/protocols as disclosed below. Scheduler  80  also broadcasts the updated schedule and information clusters throughout the network via routing protocols such as OSPF. 
     Reference is now made to FIG. 2 which depicts an information cluster generally indicated at  200 , configured in accordance with the present invention. 
     Information cluster  200  preferably contains a cluster identifier  210  which contains the identity of the information cluster itself and a capacity indicator  225  which indicates the number of information packets that can be accommodated by information cluster  200  at any one time. A length indicator  220  indicates the current length of the information cluster in bytes, for example, which may be less than the maximum possible length of the information cluster if some of the slots, as disclosed below, are empty. 
     Information cluster  200  includes a plurality of information packet slots  240   a ,  240   b ,  240   c , . . .  240   n . It is within these information packet slots that the actual information packets are stored as they travel attached to the information cluster  200  among the selected nodes. 
     Information cluster  200  also includes a plurality of slot indicators  230   a ,  230   b ,  230   c , . . .  230   n . The number of slot indicators correspond to the number of information packet slots  240   a-n  available on the information cluster. The slot indicators contain control information about the packet in a slot. Each slot indicator identifies the level of priority (i.e. the QOS requirements) of the information packet stored in the corresponding information packet slot. The slot indicator  230   a-n  also indicate whether its corresponding information packet slot is empty, in which case the slot can accommodate an information packet waiting at a node in a manner discussed below. The slot indicator contents are illustrated in FIG. 2 as consisting of three fields. A field  250  identifies the source of the information packet in the slot, a field  260  identifies the destination of the information packet in the slot and a field  270  identifies the priority of the information packet in the slot (such as whether the information packet is a guaranteed QOS packet, a best efforts packet or if the slot is empty). 
     Information cluster  200  may also contain a trailer (not shown) which can indicate the end of the information cluster. The trailer may also store the length of the information cluster. In the preferred embodiment, information clusters have a fixed capacity, able to carry a fixed number of information packets. However, empty trailing slots in the information cluster need not be physically transported so information clusters may actually be of a variable length. 
     Reference is now made to FIGS. 3 and 4 which depict in detail the steps for attaching information packets to an information cluster and for detaching information packets from the information cluster when the information cluster is at a node. Specifically, information clusters will preferably arrive at each of the selected nodes at prescheduled times. In accordance with known protocols, information packets arrive at the nodes along data buses within the network. Moreover, information packets that are detached from an information cluster are configured at the node and outputted (if necessary) to the correct output data line. Information packets may be temporarily extracted from the information cluster and placed in a temporary buffer for later placement on another information cluster. 
     Additionally, reference should be made to the following tables which illustrate an example in accordance with the invention. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 SLOT 
                 PACKET 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 INDICATOR 
                 SLOT 
                 ORIG. 
                 DEST. 
                 PRIORITY 
               
               
                   
                 230 (a-n) 
                 240a-n 
                 NODE 
                 NODE 
                 or EMPTY 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 230a 
                 packet1 
                 10 
                 30 
                 priority 1 
               
               
                   
                 230b 
                 packet2 
                 10 
                 20 
                 priority 2 
               
               
                   
                 230c 
                 packet3 
                 10 
                 30 
                 priority 3 
               
               
                   
                 230d 
                 packet4 
                 10 
                 40 
                 priority 4 
               
               
                   
                 230e 
                 packet5 
                 10 
                 40 
                 priority 4 
               
               
                   
                 230f 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                 empty 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Waiting in the buffer at node  20 : 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 packet 
                 orig 
                 dest 
                   
               
               
                   
                 no. 
                 node 
                 node 
                 PRIORITY 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 packet 6 
                 20 
                 30 
                 priority 1 
               
               
                   
                 packet 7 
                 20 
                 30 
                 priority 1 
               
               
                   
                 packet 8 
                 20 
                 30 
                 priority 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     In the above example, information cluster  200  is carrying  5  information packets (packets 1-5). The last information packet slot  240   f  is empty. This is indicated by slot indicator  230   f . Each packet has a respective originating and destination node, both of which are preferably stored in the respective slot indicator  230   a-f . That is, information is maintained as to where the information packet was first attached to the information cluster and at which node the information packet is to be detached from the information cluster. Each packet also has a respective particular priority (“p”) level 1-4 (wherein p1&gt;p2&gt;p3&gt;p4). This priority may be representative, in a quantitative manner, of the QOS requirements. 
     For purposes of illustration, it will also be assumed that information cluster  200  has just arrived at node  20  after having left node  10  (where packets 1-5 were attached thereto). Moreover, information packets 1, 3, 4, 5 are not destined for node  20 , but rather nodes  30 ,  30 ,  40 ,  40  respectively. Packet  2  is scheduled for being detached from information cluster  200  at node  20 . Information cluster  200  is scheduled to travel to node  30  after departing node  20 . 
     Reference is now made to FIG. 3 which illustrates the steps of detaching packets from an information cluster. An information cluster  200  enters node  20  (step  301 ), a counter in node  20  is reset, preferably to zero (step  303 ). The value of the counter is then compared to the number of information packets stored on information cluster  200  at the time when information cluster  200  enters node  20  (step  305 ). If there were no information packets stored in any of the information packet slots  240   a-n  (step  313 ), controller  25  would determine if there were any information packets in a buffer at node  20  which were awaiting transmission to another node in the network  100  (see FIG.  4 ). In this example, packets 6 and/or packet 7 (depending on the length of the information cluster) could be attached to the information cluster in accordance with the steps detailed below. 
     If controller  25  determines that there are information packets on information cluster  200  (step  305 ), the node at which the information cluster is located (node  20 ) is compared to the destination node stored in the respective slot indicator (step  307 ) for the first information packet (packet 1) stored in slot  240   a . If the destination node of packet 1 stored in slot indicator  230   a  indicates that information packet 1 is destined for particular node  20 , information packet 1 will be detached from information cluster  200  and outputted on a data line in accordance with known protocols (step  309 ). In the above example, packet 1 is destined for node  30 . Therefore, packet 1 remains on information cluster  200 . The counter is then incremented (step  311 ). If the slot is empty (step  315 ) the counter is also incremented (step  311 ). 
     Once again, it will be determined that there is a second packet (packet 2) attached to information cluster  200  (step  305 ). The node at which information cluster  200  is located (node  20 ) is compared to the destination node stored in slot indicator  230   b  (step  306 ). The destination node stored in slot indicator  230   b  indicates that information packet 2 is destined for node  20  (step  307 ). Therefore, information packet 2 is detached from information cluster  200  and outputted on an data line in accordance with known protocols (step  309 ). After an information packet is detached from information cluster  200 , the information packet slot which previously stored the extracted information packet (in this example  240   b ) is indicated as being “empty”; that is, information packet slot  240   b  is available to accept another information packet (such as packet 6) therein. 
     Again the counter will be incremented (step  311 ) to point to the next information packet attached to the information cluster  200 . 
     As will be clear to one skilled in the art, this procedure is repeated until each of the slot indicators are indexed to determine if any other packets should be detached from information cluster  200 . 
     Reference is now made to FIG. 4 which illustrates the steps of attaching information packets to information cluster  200 . The routine of attaching information packets to the information cluster is preferably performed after all the necessary information packet are detached from the information cluster. 
     As the routine to place information packets on the information cluster begins (step  401 ) a counter in the node is reset, again preferably to zero (step  403 ). The counter is then compared to the first slot indicator  230   a  (step  405 ). After the counter, as discussed below, has indexed each of the slot indicators  230   a-e , information cluster  200  will exit node  20  and will proceed to the next node on the information cluster&#39;s prescheduled route (node  30  in the example). 
     As will be recalled, packet 2 has been extracted from information cluster  200  thus leaving information packet slot  240   b  empty. Information slot  240   e  was empty at the time when information cluster  200  entered node  20 . 
     Therefore, slot indicator  230   a  is indexed (step  406 ) to determine if the corresponding information packet slot  240   a  is empty (step  407 ). In this example, information packet slot  240   a  is not empty. If the slot being indexed is occupied by an information packet, the priority level of the indexed information packet is determined (step  408 ). If there is a higher priority information packet waiting for transmission at the node, the lower priority information packet (already attached to the information cluster) is detached from the information cluster and placed in the node&#39;s buffer for subsequent transmission (step  410 ). The waiting higher priority information packet is then attached to the information cluster (step  409 ). If the slot is occupied (step  407 ) and there is no higher priority information packet waiting for transmission at the node at which the information packet is waiting (step  408 ), the counter will be incremented (step  411 ) and the routine is again performed until each of the slot indicators are indexed (step  405 ). 
     That is, if there is an information packet waiting at node  20  with a greater quality of service requirement (a higher priority) than a packet currently on the information cluster, the packet with the higher priority will be placed on the information cluster and the packet with the lower priority will be placed temporarily in a buffer at the node for later transmission on a subsequent information cluster. In the above example, after packets 6 and 7 are placed on the information cluster  200  (in slots  240   b  and  240   e ) as discussed below, packet 8 may be placed on the information cluster in place of an information cluster having a lower priority (such as packet 5). 
     Therefore, the counter is incremented (step  411 ) and each successive slot indicator ( 230   b-f ) is indexed to determine if its respective information packet slot is empty (steps  406 ,  407 ). Since information packet slots  240   b  and  240   e  are empty, packets 6 and packet 7 can be placed on information cluster  200  (step  409 ). Thereafter the data regarding the originating and destination node and its priority are stored in the respective slot indicator (step  409 ). 
     The information packet (in this example, packet 5) with the lower quality of service requirement (priority 4) will be detached from information cluster  200  and put into a buffer. The information packet with the greater quality of service requirement (packet 8) will then be placed in the information cluster in the slot previously occupied by packet 5 with the lesser QOS requirement. In other words, an information packet having a lesser QOS requirement will have to forego space on an information cluster if an information packet with a greater QOS requirement is waiting at the node at which the information cluster is located. 
     It is also within the knowledge of one ordinarily skilled in the art to interleave the process steps of FIGS. 3 and 4 so as to develop one interleaved program for the attachment and detachment of information packets to and from the information cluster. Additionally, the steps can be performed either at the input line or the output line of a node. 
     After the proper information packets are attached to information cluster  200  and detached therefrom, information cluster  200  leaves node  20  after a predetermined time. The time at which the information cluster leaves a node and the length of time for which the information cluster remains at a node is determined monitored and maintained by the controllers within the respective nodes. The time during which an information cluster remains at a node is preferably greater than the time required for the processing of the information packets at a particular node. 
     Server  70  also controls the allocation of information packet slots for information packets attached to an information cluster. Server  70  preferably maintains and monitors the current information cluster schedule within network  100  and the requirements (such as delay constraints and loss requirements) of each information cluster in the network. On the basis of the communicated schedules, server  70  or the respective controllers determines which information cluster to select out of the operating information clusters in order to best meet the QOS requirements of the information packets in the network. Server  70  accordingly reserves an information packet slot on the appropriate information cluster for the information packet. 
     For example, the information cluster selected to carry a particular information packet must be going to the destination node to which the information packet must be transmitted, and must have a schedule that satisfies any delay constraints (or the like) of the information packet. For example, if there are no suitable information clusters available, the information packet will be denied access on all information clusters and will have to either be transmitted via an alternative known transmission scheme or be transmitted as a best-effort packet. A best efforts packet is one that is offered no QOS guarantees by the network. The network attempts to deliver the packet but may discard the packet if its resources are exceeded. 
     The scheme can be easily extended to the case where multiple information packet slots for a sequence of information packet transmission are required, and several information clusters are used. This scheme assumes fixed length packets but can be extended to variable length packets. 
     Reference is now made to FIG. 5 which depicts the preferred decision processes for efficiently transmitting information clusters in network  100  and among the selected nodes thereof. The following example is illustrated. Waiting in the buffer at node  40  are packets 9-11 with the following status: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 packet 
                 orig 
                 dest 
                   
               
               
                   
                 no. 
                 node 
                 node 
                 PRIORITY 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 packet 9 
                 40 
                 60 
                 none 
               
               
                   
                 packet 10 
                 40 
                 60 
                 priority 2 
               
               
                   
                 packet 11 
                 40 
                 60 
                 priority 8 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As the foregoing chart illustrates, it is assumed that an information packet 9 enters node  40 , via a data bus for example (step  501 ). The server then determines if packet 9 contains QOS constraints (step  503 ). If there are no constraints, then packet 9 may be transmitted to destination node  60  via a known scheme, such as cluster switching or circuit-switching, for example (step  505 ). The subroutine will then be completed (step  513 ). If a new information packet 
     enters node  40  (step  501 ), again server  70  will determine if the information cluster contains QOS constraints (step  503 ). In the above example, packet 10 has QOS constraints and therefore, server  70  determines if the requirements can be met by the next information cluster scheduled to arrive at node  40  (step  507 ). If server  70  determines that the next available information cluster arriving at node  40  can accommodate information packet 10, then information packet 10 will have an information packet slot reserved thereon (step  509 ) and thereafter, the information packet will be transmitted by the identified next information cluster (step  511 ). If server  70  determines that the next available information cluster arriving at node  40  cannot accommodate information packet 10, then information packet 10 will be transmitted by a known scheme such as packet switching or the like (step  505 ). 
     Reference is now made to FIG. 6 which more specifically illustrates a preferred method of determining how an information packet can be transmitted within the network. Specifically, as the new packet (having the status of a “best efforts” packet) enters a node for transmission to another node (step  601 ), it is determined whether the next arriving information cluster (at that node) will arrive within a specified period of time so as to transmit the information packet (step  603 ). If the next information cluster cannot satisfy the QOS requirements of the information packet, the information packet is transmitted by a conventional scheme as discussed above (step  605 ). If it is determined that the next arriving information cluster will arrive within the specified period, the information cluster is waited for (step  607 ), and it is then determined whether there is available space for the information packet (step  609 ). Again, if there is no available space, the “best-efforts” packet is transmitted by a conventional method (step  605 ). If there is space on the information cluster, the information packet is attached thereto for transmission thereby (step  611 ). 
     In this way, it can be seen that for an information packet having no quality of service constraints, the network can accommodate such packets without foregoing any priority of information packets having very particular QOS requirements. 
     Reference is now made to FIG. 7 which illustrates a preferred method of determining how an information packet having particular QOS constraints is transmitted within the network. As the new packet (having particular QOS constraints) enters a node for transmission to another node (step  701 ), it is also determined whether the next arriving information cluster (at that node) can meet the information packet&#39;s particular QOS constraints (step  703 ). If the next information cluster cannot satisfy the QOS requirements of the information packet, the information packet is transmitted by a conventional scheme as discussed above (step  705 ). If it is determined that the next arriving information cluster can meet the QOS constraints, it is determined whether there is pre-reserved space on the information cluster for the information packet (step  707 ). If there is no reserved space, server  70  is accessed (step  711 ) to reserve space. If server  70  responds prior to the arrival of the next information cluster (step  715 ) with an indication that space has been reserved on the next information cluster (step  715 ), the information packet will wait for the next information cluster (step  709 ) and will be transmitted thereon (step  719 ). If server  70  does not respond prior to the arrival of the next information cluster (step  715 ), when the information cluster does arrive at the node it is determined whether space is available thereon (step  717 ). If there is space on the information cluster, the information packet is attached thereto for transmission thereby (step  719 ). If there is no available space, the information packet is transmitted by a conventional method (step  705 ). Similarly, if there is a negative response from server  70  indicating that there is no space on the information cluster, the information packet is transmitted by a conventional method (step  705 ). 
     Information packets can be attached to several information clusters during its transmission among the several nodes. That is, scheduler  80  preferably periodically transmits globally the information cluster schedule to each of the controllers using conventional routing protocols such as OSPF. 
     The reliability of the invention depends on the quality of the algorithm for generating and maintaining the travel schedule for the information clusters throughout the network and in particular, through and among the selected nodes within the network. 
     Scheduler  80  determines the types of information clusters to transmit throughout the network and how frequently to run them. The scheduler coordinates the schedule of information clusters in accordance with the following constraints: 
     1) There should be an information cluster touching each source-destination pair of nodes at fairly frequent intervals; 
     2) At any given time, the total number of information clusters present at a node should not exceed its buffer capacity; 
     3) At any given time, a node should be able to meet the QOS (e.g. processing delay) constrains of all the information clusters at the node; and 
     4) Information clusters should preferably take the shortest path between the source node and the destination node. 
     The preferred information cluster schedule is developed with the following algorithms: 
     1) Run an all-pair shortest path algorithm to find shortest paths between all pairs of nodes; 
     2) Enumerate the N*N shortest paths between all nodes; 
     3) Remove the paths that are subsets of other paths to find a set of maximal paths. 
     4) Assign an information cluster at periodic intervals to each of the paths thus found; 
     5) Assign each information cluster a capacity that is proportional to the expected traffic between the stations on the node. One example is to make the capacity proportional to the length of the information cluster&#39;s path. 
     These constraints and algorithms can be implemented by one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, constraints and algorithms such as those outlined above can be found in Monma, C.L. and Sheng, D.D. “Backbone Network Design and Performance Analysis: A Methodology For Packet Switching Networks”,  IEEE J Select Areas Commun . SAC-4:946-965. 
     The entire schedule is preferably repeated periodically at a network-wide constant time-interval T which is determined by the rate of changes in the load on the network. 
     The schedule generated in the manner above may still violate some of the resources at some nodes, in the same sense that some nodes may not be able to buffer the information in the clusters that may be present simultaneously. This problem may be resolved by staggering the start times of the information clusters and varying the amount of time an information cluster has to stop at each node. This can be formulated as a linear optimization problem in which the variables are the starting time and the delay of an information cluster at each node, and the constraint is that at any time the buffer-space in a node should not be exceeded. There are well-known linear-programming techniques that can be used to solve this problem. 
     By providing a communication network in accordance with the present invention, an improved network, such as a corporate intranet or a corporate virtual private network, which provides guaranteed quality of service is provided. Such a communication architecture can also be incorporated into known network elements such as routers, switches and access nodes. Additionally, a communication network in accordance with the present invention can be utilized for internet access and advantageously used in applications directed to audio and video. Moreover, a communication network constructed in accordance with the present invention can enhance internet and intranet performance for web-based applications. Still further, a communication network constructed in accordance with the present invention can be used as a component of protocols such as PNNI, which itself is used to control networks consisting of ATM switches. And still further, networks for remote teaching, distributed classrooms and support of groupware can be significantly improved by utilizing and incorporating therein a communication network constructed in accordance with the present invention. 
     The above described structures and methodology are merely illustrative of the principles of the present invention. Numerous modifications and adaptations thereof will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention and the appended claims.