Abstract:
An elongated light fixture configured to create patterns of light saturation which is free of shadows and spots and provides a more uniform light distribution while effecting a substantial saving in energy costs when a plurality thereof are disposed at prescribed locations and elevations. In addition, such a plurality of light fixtures will produce a higher ratio of vertical to horizontal illuminance where vertical surfaces are needed to be amply lighted. The elongated fixture is characterized by its U-shaped cross-sectional configuration which has an interior light-reflective surface comprised of a plurality of elongated parallel panels which are interconnected and extend at a prescribed angle to each other. The fixtures are also claimed in combination with a hybrid magnetic-electronic ballast to provide the above advantages.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    Lighting designers pay a great deal of attention to the quality of the lighting provided, expressed in horizontal foot-candles. Too often they fail to bear in mind the fact that the objects of primary attention are viewed from the side and, consequently, are seen primarily or only in a vertical plane. For example, in a sports arena, a moving ball, or players, may be seen from the side, primarily. Therefore, the light levels in a generally vertical plane are very important, but are generally inadequately lighted.  
           [0002]    Despite the above being fairly obvious, it is most common today to mount the High Intensity Discharge Bulbs (HID(s)) so that the vast majority of the light descends to the floor, and a relatively small amount of the light strikes the vertical surfaces such as are commonly found in warehouses, sports arenas, supermarkets, etc. I have designed a new reflector which produces a higher ratio of vertical to horizontal illuminance, and which yields improved overall visibility in situations where vertical surfaces are of substantial importance. As a result both lighting performance and increased safety are provided, and the lighting is free from shadows and hot spots. The lighting equipment available heretofore has been inefficient and non-cost-effective. In addition, it has been non-uniform.  
           [0003]    Conventional high intensity discharge (HID) installations at industrial locations require great wattage. Consequently, fluorescent lighting for expansive areas has been adopted widely because of its marked efficiency, as compared to incandescent lighting. The use of such lighting, however, has been plagued with the early burning-out of the fluorescent bulbs, particularly when they are first energized. Such installations are commonly energized through an electronic-only ballast, and that combination has proved to be very economical, except for the heavy burn-out losses of the lamps. Thus, a need exists for some way of substantially reducing the early burning-out of such lamp installations.  
         BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0004]    The primary feature of my invention is the interior reflective surface of the inverted U-shaped channel member which is characterized by the use of a series of elongated flat reflective panels extending lengthwise of the channel member in parallel side by side relation, and at a prescribed angle thereto. These panels have a reflective inner surface, facing downwardly and outwardly, and extend at an angle of about 22°-32° relative to each other. They function to spread the light which they reflect downwardly so as to overlap each other&#39;s reflections markedly, and thereby diffuse the light and spread it to make it more uniform and avoid the formation of shadows and hot spots, while improving the visibility and producing a higher ratio of vertical to horizontal illuminance.  
           [0005]    After years of experimenting, I have discovered a way of substantially reducing the number of burned-out fluorescent lamps while accomplishing a substantial saving and increasing the quantity of light. I have found that if the wattage which is passed through the fluorescent lamp is substantially reduced, the burning-out rate is also substantially reduced. I believe this improvement occurs if the lamp filament is subjected to a lesser current initially, as upon lighting. In the current use of fluorescent lamps, it has been conventional to utilize an electronic-only ballast, which does not provide the cushioning of the filament which I believe may be required, if the rate of burning-out is to be reduced. I have discovered that if a hybrid magnetic-electronic ballast is utilized to power the bulbs, the wattage required to energize a 55 watt fluorescent bulb can be reduced from the conventional approximately 300 watts, to 206 watts, which constitutes a substantial savings. In addition, the rate of burn-outs of the fluorescent lamps is substantially reduced, and the resultant lighting is increased about three (3) foot-candles. I find that I can increase the efficiency of the lighting system by 10% and improve its cost-effectiveness by 35%-70%.  
           [0006]    I believe some of the improved performance described above is accomplished by the use of a transformer within the ballast, in combination with the conventional features of a purely electronic ballast, the latter of which is what is commonly utilized in fluorescent industrial lighting installations. I believe that the transformer, by being inserted into the prior conventional circuit leading into the 55 watt fluorescent bulb, has a stabilizing effect upon the current which is delivered to the fluorescent bulb filament, I believe that this stabilizing effect is provided as a result of the transformer removing substantial fluctuations in the current, and that it has been these fluctuations which have caused the filaments of such fluorescent bulbs to burn-out prematurely.  
           [0007]    Thus, it is an object of my invention to provide a light reflector of improved construction to effect a substantial improvement in quality of light reflected thereby.  
           [0008]    It is another object of my invention to furnish an improved light reflector which is designed to provide lumen saturation so as to eliminate shadows and hot spots.  
           [0009]    Another object is to furnish a light reflector configuration and placement which provides increased foot-candle readings at any single point in the work plane into which its reflected light is directed.  
           [0010]    Another object of my invention is to provide a light reflector configured and positioned to produce a more uniform light distribution.  
           [0011]    Another object is to provide a lighting installation which will operate at a substantial savings, in that it burns substantially less wattage.  
           [0012]    Another object is to furnish a light reflector configured and positioned to provide a great lumen overlap, resulting in excellent foot-candle ratings and improved uniformity in light distribution.  
           [0013]    These and other objects and advantages of the invention will more fully appear from the following description, made in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference characters refer to the same or similar parts throughout the several views, and in which:  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0014]    [0014]FIG. 1 is a top plan view of one of my new light reflectors;  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 2 is a bottom plan view of a bank of my new light reflectors, without the lamps mounted therewith;  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 3 is a bottom plan view of a bank of my new light reflectors, with the lamps mounted therewithin;  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 4 is a side elevational view of a bank of my new light reflectors;  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 5 is a perspective view of one of my new light reflectors;  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of one of my new light reflectors, taken along line  6 - 6  of FIG. 5;  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of a slightly modified form of the light reflector shown in FIG. 6;  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of a bank of three (3) of my light reflectors, illustrating how the reflector shown in FIG. 7 supports one side of two (2) of my reflectors, such as are shown in FIG. 6, when the reflectors are assembled in a bank of reflectors;  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 9 shows a block diagrammatic circuit of a single 55 watt fluorescent bulb electrically connected to a 120V ballast which delivers 41.2 wattage to the bulb;  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 10 shows a block diagrammatic circuit of two (2) 55 watt fluorescent bulbs connected to a 120V ballast which delivers 41.2 wattage to each of the two (2) fluorescent bulbs; and  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 11 is a diagrammatic view of three (3) banks of five (5) fluorescent bulbs mounted at a prescribed spacing of twenty (20) feet center to center and at an elevation of thirty-two (32) feet, illustrating the improved uniformity of lighting and increased lighting of vertical surfaces provided thereby.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0025]    The details of the construction of my light reflector are shown in FIGS.  5 - 8 , inclusive. The details of the mounting of a single bank of said reflectors, with and without the Panasonic lamps therewithin, are shown in FIGS.  1 - 4 , inclusive. Block diagrams of the electrical circuits supplying power to the lamps or bulbs of each bank are shown in FIGS.  9 - 10 , inclusive. FIG. 11 shows diagrammatically the uniformity of light provided by three (3) adjacent banks of my reflectors, the overlapping of the light emanating therefrom to prevent spots and shadows, and the improved lighting of vertical surfaces provided thereby.  
         [0026]    As shown in FIG. 1- 4 , one of the banks of our reflectors includes a generally rectangular metal frame  50  which is equipped with a plurality of electrical connectors which supply electric current of 41.2 wattage to each of the 55 watt Panasonic fluorescent bulbs. FIG. 1, a top plan view, shows in broken lines the orientation of the three (3) ballasts which are utilized to supply electrical current to the lamps. One of said ballasts,  51 , provides electrical power to the middle bulb  56 . The ballast  52  supplies power to the two (2) bulbs  54  and  55  adjacent one end of the frame  50 , while ballast  53  provides current to the two (2) bulbs  57  and  58  adjacent the other end of the frame  50 . When used in an extensive lighting installation; each of the above bulbs is mounted within one of the five (5) reflectors, such as shown in FIG. 5- 8 , by means of a electrical connector  62 , such as is shown in FIG. 2.  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 5 shows a perspective view of one of my reflectors and FIG. 6 shows a cross-sectional view thereof, taken along line  6 - 6  of FIG. 5. As shown, it is comprised of an elongated channel member  27  which is of generally U-shape in cross-sectional configuration and is made of a light metal such as aluminum. As shown, it is comprised of an elongated flat panel  28  at the base of the U-shaped channel which extends thereat through its length. It is preferably about 1 inch in width and, when in use, is fixedly secured to the frame  55  and has a reflective surface extending in a downwardly facing position.  
         [0028]    Extending parallel to the side edges  28   a  and  28   b  of the panel  28  and connected thereto as a continuation of panel  28 , is a pair of flat parallel elongated reflective panels  29  and  30 , each of which extends at an angle of 22-32 degrees (preferably 22.5°) to the plane of panel  28 . The reflective surfaces of each of the panels  29  and  30  face downwardly and outwardly and cooperate with the reflective surface of panel  28 .  
         [0029]    Connected and extending parallel to the side edges of the panels  29  and  30  is a second pair of flat, parallel elongated reflective panels  31  and  32 , each of which has a reflective surface facing downwardly and extending outwardly from panels  29  and  30 , respectively at an angle of 22-32 degrees (preferably 22.5°).  
         [0030]    Connected and extending parallel to the side edges of panels  21  and  32  is a third pair of flat, elongated parallel reflector panels  33  and  34 , each of which also has a reflective surface facing downwardly and extending outwardly from the side edges of flat panels,  31  and  32 , respectively at an angle of 22-32 degrees (preferably 22.5°).  
         [0031]    Connected and extending at their side edges to the side edges of the panels  33  and  34  is a fourth pair of flat parallel elongated panels  35  and  36 , each of which also has a reflective surface facing downwardly and outwardly from the side edges of panels  33  and  34 , respectively, at an angle of approximately 13-20° (preferably 16°).  
         [0032]    Each of the panels  29 - 34  are preferably {fraction (11/16)} of an inch wide, while the panels  35 - 36  may be slightly wider, preferably at {fraction (13/16)} of an inch.  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 7 shows a slightly modified reflector, as compared to FIG. 6, the only difference being the panels  37  and  38  and the terminal hanger portions  39  and  40 . The other panels are constructed in the same size, shape, and angles as the panels  29 - 34 . The panels  37  and  38  extend at an angle of about 13°-19° (preferably 16°) to the panels  33  and  34 . The terminal hanger portions  39 - 40  of the reflector  42  shown in FIG. 7 functions to receive one free edge of each of two (2) adjacent reflectors such as shown in FIG. 6, in supporting relation as shown in FIG. 8.  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 11 illustrates the benefits derived from the use of my reflectors which are described above. The angled panels spread out the light generated by each of the bulbs mounted in each reflector of the various banks of lamps, each bank being comprised of five (5) reflectors and five (5) lamps or bulbs. These banks are spaced from each other by a distance of about twenty (20) feet, center to center, and are each disposed at an elevation of approximately 32 feet. As shown in FIG. 11, there is substantial spread and, as a consequence, there is substantial overlap of the lighting from each adjacent bank of lights. As shown, each bank such as centrally located bank  44  overlaps in excess of 50% of the area lighted by each adjacent bank, such as banks  45  and  46 . Thus, bank  44  overlaps over 50% of the lighted areas of four (4) adjacent banks when we install the banks in a horizontal square design, spaced twenty (20) feet, center to center at an elevation of thirty-two (32) feet. This provides great lumen overlap and much more uniform light distribution and precludes any problem of spots and shadows, while greatly diminishing the required wattage, as hereinafter described. We find that the foot-candle readings at any single point in the work plane computational area remain consistent, due to the lumen contribution from a large number of adjacent fixtures.  
         [0035]    Shown in broken lines, as at  47  in FIG. 11, is a figure having a vertical surface  48  which receives much more light because of the overlap of lighting from the adjacent bank  46  of fluorescent bulbs. The opposite vertical surface  49  receives a substantial amount of overlap light from the adjacent bank  45 . Such overlapping and its benefits are not obtainable with conventional previously known lighting wherein most of the lighting is projected onto the floor, but little strikes the vertical surfaces. Thus, the above disposition of the bulbs in combination with new reflectors produces a higher ratio of vertical to horizontal illuminance, providing improved overall visibility where vision of vertical surfaces are important. Both lighting performances and increased safety are provided by this lighting arrangement.  
         [0036]    [0036]FIG. 1 shows a top plan view of a five (5) bulb bank of fluorescent bulbs which includes five (5) of the reflectors described herein and ballasts for energizing same. As shown it includes a metal frame  50 , a ballast  51  for the centrally disposed bulb, and two (2) ballasts  52  and  53 , each electrically connected to a set of two (2) bulbs disposed at opposite ends of the frame.  
         [0037]    [0037]FIG. 2 shows the frame  50  from the bottom and without the bulbs mounted therein. As shown, it includes a plurality of downwardly facing, inverted-U-shaped reflectors constructed as described hereinabove, identified by the numerals  54 - 58 , inclusive. It can be seen that the reflectors are secured within the frame  50  via screws such as are identified generally by the numeral  59 , which extend through slots identified generally by the numeral  60 . The screws  59  extend through the slots  60  into the frame  50 . At alternating ends of the U-shaped reflectors, the screws  59  also extend through the base of a depending bulb clamp such as designated generally by the numeral  61 . At the end opposite the clamps, there is an electrical connector receptacle generally identified as  62 , for one of the Panasonic lamps, which is mounted on the sidewall of frame  50 , and is electrically connected to a ballast as hereinafter described. The receptacles  62  are each electrically connected to one of the current supplying ballasts and are of the horizontal screw mount type, model number PTP-014 which can be purchased of Etlin-Daniels, 1850 Wilson Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M9M-1A1.  
         [0038]    [0038]FIG. 3 shows a bottom plan view of the same five (5) bulb bank of reflectors, with the bulbs in operable positions within the electrically connected receptacles  62 . These bulbs  63  are each engaged by its respective receptacle  62  and are comprised of two (2) interconnected tubes,  64  and  65  the ends of which are connected by four (4) lead connectors  66  which includes a filament for activating the mercury and argon within the tube, which in turn illuminates the phosphors which coats the interior of the two (2) tubes. The bulbs which we use in each of the reflectors is a Panasonic bulb, Model No. FPL55E50 55 watt fluorescent bulb, which can be purchased at Denki Corporation of America, 377 Route 17, Suite 118, Hasbrouck Heights, N.J. 07604. Each of the banks of fluorescent lamps referred to herein is equipped with Panasonic lamps of the above type.  
         [0039]    The ballasts which we use can also be purchased from the above Denki Corporation of America. Ballasts  51  is electrically connected to the bulb which is the middle bulb and is mounted in the receptacle  62  of the middle reflector  56 .  
         [0040]    Ballast  52  is electrically connected to the two (2) bulbs shown at the bottom of FIG. 3. It delivers 82.4 wattage, 41.2 watts to each of its bulbs.  
         [0041]    Ballast  53  is electrically connected to the two (2) bulbs shown at the top of FIG. 3. It also delivers 82.4 wattage, 41.2 watts to each of the bulbs to which it is connected.  
         [0042]    In addition to the benefits described hereinabove, I find that when I place the fixtures described above in position, such as in a square arrangement, with a bank at each corner of the square, and each bank is spaced twenty (20) feet away from the other corner, center to center, and is electrically connected to the ballasts as described hereinabove so that each bulb receives 41.2 watts of current, and the banks are each in an elevated position of about 32 feet, we provide a comfortable, even illumination of the entire area being lighted, while effecting a savings in energy costs of 35-75% and increasing the efficiency by 10%. In addition, we find that this arrangement provides an increase of three (3) foot-candles of lighting at 1-10 foot work levels. These figures have been determined by measurements made at our request by Lighting Services, Inc., 7830 East Evans Road, Scottsdale, Ariz., U.S.A. 85260-3412 in Certified Test Report No. LS113711 and were determined in accordance with current IES published procedures. For large areas, we position a plurality of such squares adjacent each other to form a huge rectangle or square, as the case may be.  
         [0043]    The three (3) ballasts described above deliver a total wattage of 206-207 to the five (5) bulbs of each bank, whereas conventional wattage of 300 is utilized in prior existing comparative fluorescent installations. Thus, it can be readily seen that a substantial savings is being effected by the particular combination of fluorescent bulbs and ballasts, as defined above. In addition, this new combination substantially reduces the serious burn-out problem being experienced by competitive fluorescent installations. It is readily apparent that the use of a transformer within the electric circuit materially reduces the rate of burn-out of the bulbs in such fluorescent light installations. This combination causes the lamps to burn cooler and prevents them from burning-out prematurely.  
         [0044]    It will, of course, be understood that various changes may be made in the form, details, arrangement and proportions of the parts without departing from the scope of the invention which comprises the matter shown and described herein and set forth in the appended claims.