Abstract:
An improved sole construction for use in shoes. The sole construction consists of a hammock-like lattice formed of medium to high modulus polymers, or a lightweight metal alloy. The lattice substantially conforms in topography to the foot, or a weight-bearing portion thereof (such as the heel or forefoot). The lattice may be disposed on, and supported by, a resilient frame, or secured directly to the shoe upper. The lattice supports the foot while suspending it slightly, even during gait, above the interior base of the shoe. The suspended portions of the foot are thusly protected from the shock of striking a surface (such as the ground, during gait), and are gently supported while bearing a load.

Description:
RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    This application is a continuation in part of, and claims priority from, U.S. Patent Application No. 60/202,009, filed on May 4, 2000.  
         [0002]    This application is a continuation, and claims priority from, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/667,192, filed on Sep. 20, 2000. 
     
    
     
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    The invention relates to footwear, namely the interior sole structures of shoes. In particular, the invention relates to constructions for use as an interior sole of a shoe, to wholly or partially suspend a foot above the base of the shoe, even during gait.  
         HISTORY OF THE RELATED ART  
         [0004]    In recent years, the increasing popularity of shoes designed for enhanced comfort has led to a number of improvements to the insole structure of different types of shoes. Innovations in flexible cushioning materials, such as the development of molded ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) outsoles and polyurethane foam insoles, have enabled manufacturers to provide a degree of shock attenuation in dress shoes typically reserved to athletic shoe designs. Integration of orthotic structures, such as heel cups, into shoes can also provide the wearer with better support and greater stability during gait.  
           [0005]    Many such improvements have had their genesis in athletic shoe design. For example, the desire to enhance the performance capabilities of running shoes led to the development of midsoles with fluid or gas filled bladders embedded at strategic points for use in absorbing energy transmitted to the shoe during gait, and releasing it afterward (a recent iteration of the bladder technology is found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,987,780). A similar goal is targeted in shoes which include a trampoline-like structure incorporated into the heel and/or other regions of an otherwise cushioned midsole (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,070,627 and 5,561,920). In the trampoline design, a grid formed of resilient fibers is stretched tautly beneath strike points of the foot, such as the heel. In both the trampoline and bladder designs, the energy return system acts like a spring, compressing on application of a force, then returning to its original shape on removal of the force.  
           [0006]    While each of the aforementioned designs has its advantages, all also have limitations. For example, soft molded insoles and outsoles can become uncomfortable if their contours do not match those of the wearer&#39;s foot. In the trampoline and bladder designs, the springiness which improves performance if used at discreet points in an otherwise conventional midsole design can cause the shoe to become unstable if added throughout the midsole. Foot fatigue is also an issue for all of these designs, which still rely on the foot to absorb and deflect a significant amount of the force generated during gait.  
           [0007]    Further, customizability is largely lacking among existing shoe designs, most of which allow for little, if any, modification of the midsole by the wearer. As an alternative, one could use a custom designed orthotic device for insertion into a conventional shoe which addresses the wearer&#39;s specific orthotic needs. However, such devices have limited adaptability to different shoe structures (e.g., most are not suitable for use in shoes with raised heels), and are usually expensive to purchase.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0008]    The invention provides shoes with an improved sole structure, as well as removable orthotic soles, which each overcome many of the limitations of the prior art by suspending the foot above the base of a shoe. The invention also allows for relatively low cost manufacture of a lightweight shoe, by providing means by which the inventive sole and shoe upper may be manufactured as a unitary structure.  
           [0009]    In all of the embodiments of the invention, the invention includes a hammock-like lattice which substantially conforms in topography to the foot, or a weight-bearing portion thereof (such as the heel or forefoot). Although the lattice may optionally contact or be incorporated with components which provide for energy return and cushioning, the principal role of the lattice is to support and control the position of the foot. This function is provided by suspending the foot slightly above the base of the shoe at all times, even during gait. In this manner, the suspended portions of the foot are largely protected from the shock which is transmitted upwardly from the ground during gait, and are gently supported while bearing a load, an especially useful feature when standing for a long period of time.  
           [0010]    In one aspect, the invention consists of a shoe in which the lattice comprises the all or a part of the interior sole structure of the shoe (including the midsole and insole layers). The shoe further consists of an upper to encircle all or part of the wearer&#39;s foot, and an outsole adapted to engage the ground.  
           [0011]    In one such embodiment, the lattice is disposed within the shoe on a scaffolding consisting of an annular frame supported vertically by side pillars. In particular, a resilient annular frame is fitted along the inner perimeter of the shoe upper and may optionally be secured by attachment means to the upper. The lattice is stretched between the sides of the scaffolding in the same plane as, but lying slightly above, the interior base of the shoe.  
           [0012]    The frame is vertically supported in the shoe by a multiplicity of side pillars extending downwardly from the frame along the inner surface of the upper. Depending on the degree of vertical support required for the frame and lattice structure, the side pillars may also extend along the width of the insole liner to form “U” shaped structures, in which the bight of each “U” rests on the base of the shoe.  
           [0013]    The lattice is preferably woven, molded or extruded to possess contours which conform substantially to the topography of the sole of a wearer&#39;s foot. The lattice is also constructed of high tensile strength, low “springiness” fibers (e.g., a polymer or lightweight metal) woven to form a mesh which deforms to the specific topography of a wearer&#39;s foot. The fibers are stretched between the sides of the frame at a relative tension sufficiently low to allow desired portions of the lattice to deform on contact, but sufficiently high to maintain the foot in suspension above the base of the shoe.  
           [0014]    Advantageously, the lattice is preferably provided with discrete regions having different degrees of elasticity, to provide control of gait. For example, the midfoot region of the lattice underlying the arch of the foot (medial midfoot) may be less elastic than adjacent regions of the lattice, to provide for control of supination (rolling inward) during gait. Such regions of varying elasticity may be provided by increasing the relative tension of lattice fibers within a given region, or by varying the composition of the lattice, as in providing a material of low elasticity along the medial midfoot region, and more elastic material in adjacent regions.  
           [0015]    In one aspect of the inventive shoe described, the annular frame includes rotation means at varying points (e.g., at the forefoot and heel), to allow the frame to vertically bend to, for example, allow the frame to follow the curvature of the shoe upper and outsole.  
           [0016]    In another aspect of the inventive shoe described, the side pillars include shock absorption means, such as a piston or closed cell foam bar.  
           [0017]    In another aspect of the inventive shoe described, energy return and/or cushioning means, such as, respectively, an air bladder or polyurethane foam pad, are incorporated into the interior base of the shoe to contact the underside of the lattice at one or more strike points along the foot; or are incorporated within the lattice itself at such points.  
           [0018]    In another aspect of the inventive shoe described, the upper, scaffolding and, optionally, the lattice are integrally formed as a unit.  
           [0019]    In another embodiment of the invention, a shoe is provided in which a lattice is disposed substantially as described above, except that the annular frame only extends around the inner perimeter of the upper adjacent to one or more weight-bearing regions of the foot, such that only those region(s) of the foot are suspended in the lattice.  
           [0020]    In another embodiment of the invention, the frame and lattice are constructed substantially as described above, except that the entire sole structure may be removed from the shoe for use as an independent orthosis.  
           [0021]    In another aspect of the both the shoe and orthosis embodiments of the invention, the annular frame includes adjustment means which allow the user to increase or decrease the tension applied to the lattice at discreet points.  
           [0022]    In another aspect of the both the shoe and orthosis embodiments of the invention, the lattice is attached to the annular frame along a removable annular ring, to permit the lattice to be repaired, replaced or substituted with a lattice of differing structural characteristics; e.g., for, a lattices having different contours.  
           [0023]    In yet another aspect of the invention, the lattice is formed as an integral part of the shoe upper. In this embodiment, the shoe upper supports the lattice, in lieu of the annular frame, which is therefore absent. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0024]    [0024]FIG. 1 is a representative scaffolding for use in a men&#39;s shoe, without a heel.  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 2 is the scaffolding of FIG. 1, on which a woven lattice is disposed.  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 3 is a side view of a portion of a scaffolding of the invention, including a rotating pin hinge in a flex point along the annular frame of the scaffolding, as well as a shock-attenuating rubber bar in side pillars of the scaffolding.  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 4 is a top view of a portion of the woven lattice of FIG. 2, showing fibers of the mesh.  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 5 is a side view of a scaffolding with a lattice attached by threading through grommets in the annular frame.  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 6 is an exploded side view of a scaffolding with a removable rim thereon for attachment of a lattice.  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 7 is a representative scaffolding in which the side pillars do not extend beneath the lattice.  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 8 is a top view of a portion of a lattice, showing use of varying materials throughout to provide control of gait.  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 9A is a top view, and FIG. 9B is a cross section of FIG. 9A, showing a portion of a lattice, showing use of fibers in discrete regions of the lattice under differing degrees of tension, relative to adjacent regions of the lattice, to provide control of gait.  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 10 is a top view of a portion of a lattice, showing use of varying fiber densities throughout to provide control of gait.  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 11 is a side view of a shoe of the invention, into which the scaffolding and lattice structure is inserted. The shoe is shown in a transparent outline in the drawing.  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 12 is a side view of a shoe of the invention, in which the shoe upper and scaffolding are formed as a unitary piece.  
         [0036]    [0036]FIG. 13 is a side view of a ¾ length scaffolding, showing the lattice terminating forward of the medial midfoot region (at the arch), where conventional cushioning is used to support the forefoot. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0037]    I. Functionality  
         [0038]    A. Definitions.  
         [0039]    Because the invention provides an unprecedented structure for use as the interior sole of a shoe, there is no conventional terminology which suffices to readily describe what the invention is. Certainly, the invention replaces the insole (lining contacted by the foot) and all or most of the midsole structure (cushioning and support construction) present in most shoe types. In some embodiments, the invention also replaces a substantial part of the outsole (e.g., those embodiments in which outsole material is joined directly to the inventive scaffolding). In yet other embodiments, the invention also provides the shoe upper (e.g., those embodiments in which the upper is a unitary part of the inventive scaffolding and lattice structure).  
         [0040]    Hence, to reflect all of the attributes of the invention, the scaffolding and lattice, in combination, will be collectively referred to herein as the “sole structure” of the invention. The sole structure is referred to as suspending the foot above the “base” of a shoe, which is essentially the interior surface of a shoe outsole, to the extent present. The term “upper” will be understood to refer to the material which extends over the top of the foot, which may comprise, without limitation, a solid or banded piece of upper material (leather, canvas, microfiber, woven fabric, and the like).  
         [0041]    B. Suspension of the Foot.  
         [0042]    In general, all embodiments of the invention described below share a common feature, which is a lattice “hammock” for the foot. When placed into the lattice, the foot remains in suspension above the shoe base, except for discrete portions of the foot which may be allowed to contact the insole during gait in certain embodiments (e.g., where the device of the invention lacks a frame extending around the toes, the portion of the toes forward of the metatarsal heads may be allowed to engage the shoe base to push off therefrom during gait).  
         [0043]    Although under tension (which may vary at points throughout the lattice), the lattice is not tautly strung within its scaffolding, and does not primarily serve as an energy return system (e.g., a trampoline-like structure). Rather, the invention provides gentle, stable, controlled support by pulling and holding the foot, rather than pushing it into position within a shoe.  
         [0044]    II. A Scaffolding  
         [0045]    A. Scaffolding structure.  
         [0046]    Referring to FIG. 1, a resilient polymer scaffolding  10  is shown, which is adapted to support a lattice according to the invention as the interior sole construction of a men&#39;s size 11 (US) dress shoe (a device including both scaffolding  10  and lattice  30 , as later described, is shown in FIG. 2). The dimensions of the scaffolding described here conform to such a shoe; however, with an understanding of the invention provided by this disclosure, those of ordinary skill in the art will readily be able to modify the stated dimensions for use of the invention with other size and style shoes.  
         [0047]    As shown in FIG. 1, scaffolding  10  consists of annular frame  11  with lateral and medial side walls (elements  12  and  13 , respectively), defining a forefoot region  14  (extending rearwardly from toe end  15  to line A-A), a midfoot region  16  (lying between line A-A and line B-B), and a heel region  17  (extending rearwardly from line B-B to heel end  18 ). As is apparent from FIG. 1, annular frame  11  is contoured to follow the inner perimeter of a shoe upper (not shown). As shown in FIG. 9, annular frame  11  may also be integrated into the upper, so the upper, scaffolding and, if co-molded with the scaffolding, lattice, all form a unitary upper and midsole shoe construction. The latter embodiment is especially well-suited to use with an upper formed of a stretch material, such as a fabric woven with Lycra™, or a microfiber.  
         [0048]    Vertical support of annular frame  11  is provided by several structures. First, “U” shaped members (consisting of side pillars  19 A and  19 B, joined respectively by bights  19 C and  19 D; and side pillars  20 A and  20 B, joined respectively by bights  20 C and  20 D) extend downwardly from annular frame  11  to support the frame within a shoe, in those embodiments in which annular frame  11  is not an integral part of the shoe upper. Side pillars  19  A and B define a gap  21  beneath where the ball of a foot would rest in forefoot region  14 ; and side pillars  20  A and B define a similar gap  23  in heel region  17 . Additional gaps in scaffolding  10  are defined by the space separating side pillar  19  B and toe end  15  (gap  22 , underlying the point at which toes of a foot would rest in forefoot region  14 ); the space separating side pillar A and heel end  18  (gap  24 , underlying the point at which a heel would rest in heel region  18 ); as well as by the space separating side pillars  19  A and  20  B (gap  25 , underlying the point at which the arch of a foot would rest in midfoot region  16 ).  
         [0049]    Each defined gap in the scaffolding provides space for displacement of the lattice as weight is placed thereon or the foot flexes. Gap  22  is angled upwardly (at a conventional angle of toe spring) to provide room for displacement of lattice  30  (see, FIG. 2) during the toe-off phase of gait. Gap  21  allows space for forefoot region  14  to displace downwardly as weight is transferred forward so load is carried by the toes. Gap  24  provides room for downward displacement of lattice  30  (see, FIG. 2) as weight is shifted back toward the heel, and gap  23  allows for vertical movement as needed in heel region  17 . Gap  25  further allows room for frame  11  to be adapted for use in both flat heeled shoes (no flex in frame, as shown in FIG. 1) and in heeled shoes (where frame  11  would be flexed to raise heel region  17  to the degree necessary to seat it above the heel of a shoe; see, example shown in FIG. 5).  
         [0050]    Additionally, mechanical flexure along the length of the scaffolding, in relation to motion of the foot during gait, is provided by the angle of toe spring (from 0°, wherein no flex is allowed, to about 40°, where substantial assistance in toe-off is provided). Flexure may also be provided by constructing the “U” shaped members of scaffolding  10  in a rocker configuration; i.e., one in which the bight  19 D of the “U” extending from forwardmost side pillar  19 B, and bight  20 C extending from rearwardmost side pillar  20  A, are raised slightly above the plane of midfdot side pillars  19 A and  20 B, as shown in FIG. 1. An alternative rocker configuration which allows for maximal rocking motion from heel to toe is one in which a single midfoot side pillar is used across the width of gap  25 , in lieu of side pillars  19 A and  20 B. In the latter embodiment, side pillars  19 B and  20 A are raised above the plane of the single midfoot pillar; or one or both is absent.  
         [0051]    Further means to permit rotation of annular frame  11  itself are depicted in FIG. 3; in particular, rotation means are provided at flex points in the frame. As shown, such rotation means are active ones consist of top mounted rotating pin hinges (see, e.g., pins  35  and  36 ) disposed at the top of, respectively, any or all of side pillars  19 A,  19 B,  20 A and  20 B, on both lateral side  12  and medial side  13  of frame  11 . It will be appreciated that other rotation means, both active and passive, may be employed in lieu of, or in conjunction with, rotating pin hinges as shown. For example, bars  50  of a flexible material, such a closed cell polyurethane, ethylene vinyl acetate, or rubber, are embedded at discrete points to enable them scaffolding  10  to bend and/or compress, thereby providing flexibility and shock attenuation to the device. Alternatively, tension springs, pistons, or the like may be used.  
         [0052]    Means for allowing adjustments to the height of frame  11  may also be provided. For example, click-stops may be provided in opposing side pillars extending downwardly from both lateral side  12  and medial side  13 . Such click-stops enable one to raise and lower all or a part of the frame to a desired height within a shoe. Alternative adjustment means are extant in the art; for example, pistons, air or fluid filled bladders, or electronically-controlled solenoids could be used.  
         [0053]    Lattice  30  is shown in FIG. 2, in place on scaffolding  10 . In this embodiment, lattice  3 Q is attached around the circumference of annular frame  11 . The attitude of lattice  30  varies throughout its length, depending on the nature of support and gait control to be provided by the device.  
         [0054]    For example, a contour in annular frame  11  intended for providing added support, and control of gait, is shown at raised edge  26 , which consists of a convex portion of medial wall  13  spannning midfoot region  16 . When lattice  30  is in place as shown in FIG. 4, its medial side  31  (medial to line C-C) lies in a higher plane along raised edge  26 , to provide support for the arch of a foot. Increasing the cant of medial side  31  (by increasing, the convexity of raised edge  26 , as compared to lateral side  12  of frame  11 ) provides for a higher arch support, while lowering the cant provides for a lower arch support.  
         [0055]    Additionally, canting raised edge  26  upward in comparison to lateral side  12  of frame  11  stretches lattice  30  across midfoot region  16  of the frame (over gap  25 ), thereby making the lattice more rigid-along the midfoot region than along the heel and forefoot regions of the device. However, if a high arch support with less rigidity in the lattice is desired (to give a more cushioned feel to the arch support), the weave, thickness or fiber content of the lattice may be varied within the midfoot region.  
         [0056]    For example, as shown in FIG. 2, a raised arch support is provided by upwardly canting raised edge  26  of medial frame wall  13 . However, the variation in tension on the lattice in the midfoot region as compared to the heel and forefoot areas may be lessened by providing a looser weave in the midfoot region (see, FIG. 9). Other modifications to the rigidity of the lattice at varying points therein may be provided by using layered mesh at discrete points, varying the thickness or weave of fibers in the lattice (making them less or more susceptible to increases in tension), or by using fibers of differing materials at discrete points in the lattice. For example, FIG. 8 shows a twill weave lattice in which a high modulus material, such as glass fibre nylon, is used as both the warp and weft along the midfoot region, and an elastomer having a low modulus is used as the weft (against a glass fibre nylon warp) in the heel and forefoot regions. Further details, concerning differing materials and constructions for use in the lattice are provided elsewhere below.  
         [0057]    It will be appreciated that the attitude of lateral wall  12  or medial wall  13  may be raised or lowered at discrete points in annular frame  11 , as compared to other portions of the frame, to provide functionalities other than arch support. For example, as shown in FIG. 2, toe end  15  cants upwardly along the length of gap  22  to as-much as a 40° angle of toe spring to provide additional support to the metatarsals, and to aid in toe-off during gait, by providing an angled surface along the lattice for the toes to engage and push off from. Excellent metatarsal support may also be provided by eliminating toe end  15 , and terminating scaffolding  10  at side pillar  19 B in forefoot region  14 . Such as shortened scaffolding allows the leading edge of the device to terminate just forward of the metatarsal heads, allowing the toes to push against the shoe insole during gait. As shown in FIG. 13, additional cushioning for the forefoot may be provided by supplying a pad, such as a foam mat or air-filled bladder  90 , forward of the location shown for side pillar  19 B.  
         [0058]    A number of structural adaptations of scaffolding  10  for use in different shoe types may be made. For example, for use in a sandal configuration, side pillars.  19 A,  19 B,  20 A and  20 B may be absent (so that annular frame  10  rests on, and is secured directly to, the outsole of the sandal), or shortened to form downwardly extending flanges, the ends of which engage the outsole, as shown in FIG. 7 (see, flanges  79 A and B,  80 A and B [B is in phantom],  81  A and B [B is in phantom], and  82  A and B). For use in a woman&#39;s pump, heel end  18  may be canted or adjustable upwardly, as compared to midfoot region  16 , and side pillar  20 A may be absent.  
         [0059]    The degree to which the attitude of lattice  30  is altered at discrete points to provide desired support and gait control will vary depending on the kind of support or gait control sought. Those of ordinary skill in the art are fully capable of determining, for example, an appropriate angle for use in cushioning the metatarsals (e.g., by canting forefoot region  34  of the lattice upwardly to vary 20 to 10° from level); or for providing control over pronation (by raising lateral side  32  of the lattice 5° to 40° with respect to medial side  33 ) and supination (by raising medial side  31  of the lattice with respect to lateral side  32 ); or for stabilizing the heel (by deepening the concavity of the lattice in heel region  37  to cup the heel). Thus, although particular dimensions are given for the scaffolding as shown in FIG. 1, to provide a lattice having the particular attitude shown in FIG. 2, it will be appreciated that the invention encompasses modifications to the dimensions shown, which dimensions are within the ordinary skill of the art to achieve, in view of the present disclosure.  
         [0060]    In that respect, the scaffolding of FIG. 1 is 11.55 inches (″) in total length, and has the following dimensions (also indicated in the drawing):  
                             TABLE 1                           Dimensions of Scaffolding to 1/100 th  of an inch (FIG. 1).            Forefoot Region (14)   Midfoot Region (16)   Heel Region (17)               Toe end 15 = .49″ H   Raised edge 26, on medial   Heel end 18 = .35″ H           side 13 = .90″ H at forward           end; .68″ in H at rearward           end       Annular frame 11,   Annular frame 11,   Annular frame 11,       extending from edge to   extending from edge to   extending from edge to       edge of gap 21 = .55H, on   edge of gap 25 = .58″ H, on   edge of gap 23 = .61″ H, on       lateral side 12; and .34″ on   lateral side 12   lateral side 12; and .52″ H       medial side 13       on medial side 13       Side pillar 19B = 1.46″ H   Side pillar 19A = 1.42″ in H   Side pillar 20A = l.15″ in H       from base to top of annular   from base to top of annular   from base to top of annular       frame 11   frame 11; Side pillar   frame 11           20B = 1.4l″ H       Side pillar 19B = 4.03″ W,   Side pillar 19A = 4.55″ W,   Side pillar 20A = 3.63″ W,       from lateral side 12 to   and, Side pillar   from lateral side 12 to       medial side 13; 1.04″ W,   20B = 3.65″ W both   medial side 13; 0.94″ W,       from forwardmost to   measured from lateral side   from forwardmost to       rearwardmost edge of bight   12 to medial side 13; 1″ W,   rearward most edge of bight           from forwardmost to           rearwardmost edge of the           bights                  
 
         [0061]    B. Scaffolding materials.  
         [0062]    Scaffolding  10  may be constructed of any resilient, durable, lightweight material, preferably one capable of extrusion or injection molding. Particularly well-suited materials include polypropylene, non-thermoplastic polymers such as aramid polymer fibres (e.g., Kevlar®), nylons (including glass fibre nylons), carbon graphite, polyester resins, liquid crystal polymers, or lightweight metals, such as titanium and aluminum. If scaffolding  10  is to be incorporated into a shoe, upper, materials suitable to allow attachment of the shoe upper fabric to annular frame  11  may be selected by one of ordinary skill in the art. As requited, elements of other composition, such as metallic hinge parts, may also be incorporated into the scaffolding structure.  
         [0063]    III. Lattice  
         [0064]    As shown in FIG. 2, lattice  30  has lateral and medial sides (respectively, elements  31  and  33 ), and includes a forefoot region  34  (extending rearwardly from toe end  35  to line A-A), a midfoot region  36  (lying between line A-A and line B-B), and a heel region  37  (extending rearwardly from line B-B to heel end  38 ). As shown in FIG. 4, the lattice of FIG. 2 is constructed of individual fibers, which are woven into an twill weave, open pore mesh (FIG. 4). A number of alternatives to the twill weave configuration for the lattice, including non-woven fabrics (see, e.g., FIG. 10), are also suitable for use in the invention, and are described below.  
         [0065]    In all such embodiments, the principal load beating component of the lattice is a non-elastomeric polymer or metal based homogenous or composite fibre or yarn. Non-elastomeric materials useful in both woven and non-woven embodiments of the lattice are those which retain a high to medium modulus under increasing strain (little deformability); possess little or no tendency toward “sag and creep”; possess relatively high tensile strength (low elongation to break), and high dimensional stability (which may be an inherent property of the material, or one imparted during manufacture, as in by resin coating and heat setting).  
         [0066]    Lattice  30  may be constructed entirely of a high to medium modulus material, preferably in a weave which varies from medium texture (from 10 to 35 threads per centimeter) in areas requiring less stiffness, to fine texture (35 threads per cm., or greater) in areas requiring greater stiffness. An especially advantageous embodiment is one in which the lattice is constructed of a mixture of high/medium and low modulus materials, to provide either a one-way stretch lattice (with the stretch preferably running in the warp direction [side to side]), or one in which stretch is provided to a greater degree in the warp direction, than from heel to toe (weft direction).  
         [0067]    To this end, a relatively low modulus material is interwoven with higher modulus materials to form a mesh having a higher modulus (little stretch) in the warp direction and a low modulus (stretch) in the weft direction. Preferably, the composition of the lattice varies so that high to medium modulus materials are present in areas requiring greater rigidity (e.g., beneath the arch, heel and metatarsal heads of the foot), and low modulus materials are present in areas requiring greater stretch (e.g., under the toes). Additionally, very low modulus materials (e.g., cotton or spandex) may be interwoven into a mesh as an additional ply to provide the lattice with a softer hand.  
         [0068]    Suitable materials for use as the load-bearing components of the lattice include homogenous or composite fabrics of:  
                                   MATERIAL TYPE   COMPARATIVE VALUES                   Aramid polymers (e.g., Kevlar ®, aramid   Higher tensile strength than glass fibre       fibers from DuPont; Twaron ®, aramid   nylon and carbon fibre; lower       fibres from Twaron)   compressive strength than glass fibre           nylon and carbon fibre; medium modulus.           Example:           Kevlar 49 (1140 denier): 23 gpd (tensile           strength); 900 gpd initial modulus; creep           rate v. log time (40-58% loading) 0.020;           elongation 2.5%.       Nylons (30 to 1500 denier)   Lower modulus than carbon fibre or       Ripstop   aramid fibres; strong; relatively low cost.       air textured nylon (Cordura ®, from   Example:       DuPont)   Cordura ®, with Lycra ®: Commercially       Nylon 6, Nylon 6,6, and Nylon 6-6,6   available in one-way and two-way stretch       co-polymer   fabrics, this blend can be used in warp           only, fill only or a combination of both.       Carbon fibres   High tensile strength (lower than aramid           fibres); modulus 3-4 times higher than           glass fibre.           Example:           Hi modulus carbon fibre (graphite): 11           gpd tensile strength; 3000 gpd initial           modulus; elongation 0.4%.       Liquid crystalline polymer (textile grade)   High tensile strength, high modulus.           Example:           Heat-treated PBZT (poly(p-phenylene           benzobisthiazole filaments): 25-30 gpd           tensile strength; 2100-2400 gpd initial           modulus; elongation 1-1.4%.       Lightweight metal alloys (e.g., titanium,   Modulus comparable to aramid fibres;       aluminum; metal matrix composite)   high strength (especially if heat-treated);           titanium resists fatigue to a greater degree           than does aluminum; relatively high cost.           Example:           3-2.5 titanium: 135 kPsi tensile strength;           10-19% elongation.       Relatively high modulus thermoplastic   Lower modulus than Kevlar, with a softer       polyesters (e.g., Hytrel ®, from DuPont   hand; high strength, some minor tendency       [preferably, Hytrel.RTM, with a   toward creep/sag.       durometer of 55 on the D-scale, or more   Example:       specifically, Hytrel.RTM. grade 5544 or   Hytrel.RTM ®, grade 5556: Extruded       5556) and Right Flex ®, from Ticona)   block copolymer of polyetramethylene           terephthalate polyester and           polytetramethylene ether. Medium           modulus (110 MPa, at 100° C.), 40 kpsi           tensile strength; elongation 500%.           Grade 5544 has a 125 MPa at 100° C., 31           kpsi tensile strength, and elongation           375%.                  
 
         [0069]    Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the tendencies toward “sag and creep” of these materials vary; in general, preferred materials for use in the invention will be those with little such tendency. In view of the teachings of this disclosure, materials other than those listed above which are suitable for use in constructing the lattice may be identified.  
         [0070]    Suitable Materials for use as Low Modulus Components of the Lattice Include:  
                                   MATERIAL   COMPARATIVE VALUES                   Extrudable aromatic polyesters (e.g.,   Modulus comparable to nylon,       polytrimethylene terepthalate, or   lower tensile strength. Properties       PTT, from Shell Corterra)   similar to spandex, at lower           deniers.       Spandex (e.g., Lycra ®, from   Wider availability than PTT.       DuPont)       Non-spandex polyester yarns and   Most are very low modulus.       upholstery grade fibrous yarns       Microfibers   Excellent feel and drapability, most           are very low modulus.                  
 
         [0071]    As noted, most preferably, the composition of the lattice varies from region to region, to provide greater support in some areas, or softer support in others. For example, referring to FIG. 8, an embodiment of the lattice is shown in which medial side  31  of midfoot region  36  (medial to midline C-C), a portion  32  of forefoot region  34  (forward of line D-D, to underlie the metatarsal heads), and a portion of heel region  37  (rearward of line E-E) are formed of nylon or tightly woven Hytrel®. Adjacent regions of the lattice (including midfoot region  36  lateral to line C-C) are formed of Hytrel®. The nylon portions of the lattice are relatively inelastic, and provide support to, respectively, the medial arch (to control supination), the metatarsal heads. (to aid in support of the toes), and the heel (to enhance stability). The Hytrel® portions of the lattice have a moderate modulus of elasticity, and provide more gentle support to the remainder of the foot.  
         [0072]    Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the particular arrangement of varying materials shown in FIG. 8 may be varied, depending on the desired degree of control to be provided. For example, a relatively inelastic material may be provided at the lateral side of line C-C, and a more elastic material at the medial side of line C-C, to aid in control of pronation. This embodiment of the invention, as well as all others, may be constructed using known techniques; for example, lattice  30  may be provided with differing fiber content by changing the material loaded onto a loom at predetermined points during the weaving process.  
         [0073]    Control of gait, as described with respect to FIG. 8, may also be provided by varying the relative tension and weave of fibers in different regions of lattice  30 . For example, as shown in FIG. 9A, medium to high modulus fibers  40  are provided (to run mediolaterally between lateral side  12  and medial side  13  of annular frame  11 ), and are interwoven with lower modulus fibers  41  (to run diagonally or longitudinally across fibers  40 ). Using Hytrel® as a reference point, fibers  40  are prestretched between 6 to 9% elongation to assist in maintaining the desired contour of lattice  30 . Fibers  40  may also be provided both the diagonal/longitudinal and mediolateral directions of lattice  30 , and the fibers in each direction may be pretensioned to the same or different degrees, depending on the desired attitude of each region of lattice  30 .  
         [0074]    To the same end, referring to FIGS. 4 and 10, the density and weave of the fibers may also vary. For example, fibers  40  may be variably woven to present ellipitical, rounded or squared pore shapes of equal or varying sizes, depending on the relative tension to be provided in each region of lattice  30 . The density of the fibers may also be varied to provide more cross-fibers in regions under greater tension, and vice-versa. As shown in FIG. 10, fibers  40  in mid foot region  36  medial to line C-C have a density of about 35 yarns/square inch (providing a stiffer mesh), compared to a 20 yarns/square inch density in fibers  42  lateral to line C-C.  
         [0075]    Because the wearer&#39;s foot rests directly on lattice  30  (separated only, if present, by a sock or the like), the feel of the mesh against the foot is a consideration. A plurality of additional fibers, and/or fibrous yarn strands, may also be interwoven with fibers  40 , to form a third layer of mesh, to soften the hand of lattice  30 , or such strands may replace a portion of fibers  40  running in either the diagonal or mediolateral direction. For example, fibrous yarn strands may be interwoven with fibers  40  at a density of approximately 7-10 strands per inch. Using a polyester yarn such as Lycra® as a reference point, such strands are preferably pre-stretched between 3% and 5% elongation in order to maintain the desired attitudinal contours in lattice  30 .  
         [0076]    To further enhance comfort, the cross-sections of fibers  40 , and any strands of other material present, preferably have a width to height ratio in the range of about 1.5:1 to 2:1 (see, e.g., FIG. 9B). So configured, the wearer will be less likely to feel pressure from individual fibers and strands. For example, applying the desired width to height ration, where fibers  40  have a width of approximately 0.02479 inches and a height or thickness of approximately 0.01636 inches, lattice  30  contains about 24-26 fibers per inch. As a further example, where fibers  40  have a width of 0.02800 inches and a height or thickness of approximately 0.01700 inches, lattice  30  contains about 20 fibers per inch.  
         [0077]    To maintain the pore spacing fibers  40  preferably weave alternately above and below adjacent strands in the group. This configuration provides a relatively large surface area which distributes pressure on the wearer&#39;s foot, and to encourage the material to “breathe”; i.e., allow for air circulation. As an alternative to use of a woven mesh, the mesh may be formed by extrusion or molding of a sheet (0.25 mm or greater in thickness) of an elastomeric polymer, such as Hytrel®, which is perforated to provide pores for aeration.  
         [0078]    Additional cushioning may be provided in discrete areas of the lattice. For example, air or fluid-filled bladders may-be secured beneath areas of the lattice (see, FIG. 13, showing a foam pad disposed forward of midfoot region  34 ). However, if used, such additional cushioning should be used sparingly, to avoid defeating the suspension characteristics of the device.  
         [0079]    III. Construction of the Device of the Invention  
         [0080]    As shown in FIG. 2, lattice  30  is attached along, or adjacent to, the upper rim of annular frame  11 , in the desired, pre-stretched conformation. The attachment means employed to secure lattice  30  to annular frame  11  will vary with the material utilized in lattice  30 , but may include co-molding of lattice  30  and scaffolding  10 , spot welding, adhesives or mechanical attachments.  
         [0081]    For example with respect to the latter, lattice  30  may be extruded or otherwise constructed so the ends of each strand are attached to, or an integral part of, a removable upper rim portion of annular frame  11 . Conveniently, as shown in FIG. 6, such upper rim portion  85  may be removably secured to annular frame  11 , as in a tongue-and-groove attachment, so lattice  30  (not shown in FIG. 6) may be exchanged with a new or differently configured lattice by the wearer.  
         [0082]    Individual fibers may also be secured to annular frame  11  by extension through grommets disposed therein (see, grommets  86  of FIG. 5). In such an embodiment, adjustment means may be provided to allow the wearer to adjust the relative tension placed on individual fibers by pulling the fibers more tautly through each grommet or, conversely, by loosening each fiber. To this end, each grommet may be supplied with threading within its bore, matched by threads along the fiber, to serve as click-stops to retain the fiber within the grommet at predetermined points. Alternatively, each fiber may be stretched or loosened within each grommet, and knotted outside of each grommet, to permit changes to be made to the tension placed on the fiber. For durability, each fiber may be coated or modified at its end attachment point with a high modulus material, for example, glass fibre nylon.  
         [0083]    Molded attitudinal adjustments in lattice  30  are provided by adjusting the contours at discrete regions of the lattice. For example, as shown in FIG. 2, a concavity is provided in heel region  37  to serve as a well to accept and stably hold the heel of a foot, and another concavity is provided beneath the metatarsal heads in forefoot region  34 , and rise in attitude forward of that point, to stabilize the forefoot. Contouring of the mesh can be achieved in various ways known to those of skill in the art, depending on the composition of the fibers used. For example, the lattice may be molded, heat-set or individual fibers resin coated and cured to provide, and maintain, desired contours therein.  
         [0084]    A non-exhaustive example of a method for providing contours in lattice  30  during manufacture is as follows. A molding tool including an upper mold member and a lower mold member is provided with recesses which are configured to receive upper and lower members of a loom, and opposing recesses which define one or more cavities of desired dimensions. On looming of the lattice material, including compression thereof into the desired cavities, a plastic resin is then injected into the cavities to secure the periphery of the lattice, and the mold members are pulled apart to release the finished lattice.  
         [0085]    IV. Shoes Incorporating the Device of the Invention Therein  
         [0086]    As shown in FIG. 11, scaffolding- 10  is placed into a shoe  95  so annular frame  11  closely fits along the inner perimeter of the shoe upper  92 . Where side pillars  19 A,  19 B,  20 A and  20 B extend transversely across scaffolding  10  to form “U” shaped members, the bight thereof will rest on the base  94  of the shoe. The shoe base may be a unitary length, or may, be formed of bands on which each “U” shaped member is disposed. Said shoe base may also be provided with additional cushioning elements, such as air or fluid-filled bladders, especially for use in those areas of the shoe in which the lattice does not serve as a midsole; e.g., for use in the forefoot region with embodiments of the inventive device which terminate in length at the metatarsal heads, as shown in FIG. 13 (see, pad  90 , forward of ¾ length scaffolding  100 ).  
         [0087]    As noted elsewhere above, a preferred embodiment of the invention is one in which annular frame  11  is attached to, or made an integral part of, a shoe upper. For example, with reference to FIG. 12, where the shoe upper  92  is a fabric or microfiber material, such material may be woven or sewed as layers encompassing annular frame  11  (shown in phantom) within the sidewalls of the upper. As shown in FIG. 12, side pillars  19 A,  19 B,  20 A and  20 B protrude out of the bottommost edge  93  of the material which forms upper  92 , but may be absent, or shortened to form flanges (elements  79 A through  82 B of FIG. 7) to engage the shoe base (not shown).  
         [0088]    Alternatively, annular frame  11  may be secured to, or co-molded as an integral part of, the base of the shoe. In such an embodiment (with reference to the scaffoldings illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 7), side pillars  19 A,  19 B,  20 A and  20 B (FIG. 1) would be absent, or shortened to form flanges (elements  79 A through  82 B of FIG. 7) to securely engage the shoe base; e.g., through co-molding of the flanges with the shoe base, by insertion into slots therein, or by other suitable attachment means.  
         [0089]    The invention having been fully described, additional embodiments, modification and adaptations thereof may become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. All such iterations of the invention are intended to be encompassed by the appended claims.