Abstract:
Contact centers strive to match the demands and preferences of their customers with the skills and abilities of the agents who process work items associated with the customers (e.g., contacts). However, the preferred agent may be unavailable, non-existent, backlogged or otherwise ineligible to accept the work item. An agent who is non-preferred but still qualified may be utilized to process the work item, such as an agent with adequate skills with respect to a particular attribute of the work item. Reports for the selection of the non-preferred but qualified agents are provided herein. A contact center may then utilize such reporting to identify underserved areas of their customer base.

Description:
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE 
       [0001]    The present disclosure is generally directed toward reporting more particularly to reporting metrics in a contact center. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Workforce management (“WFM”) solutions are often utilized to capture data from automatic call distribution (“ACD”) systems on call volumes in each of a number of queues in a contact center. The queues may be associated with a particular skill. This, in turn, can be used to predict skills needed for future staffing of the contact center. As long as a work item is assigned to a, “correct skill(s) needed” queue to start, then “true” statistics can be collected from that queue on the “true” needs of incoming items. 
         [0003]    In a contact center with a work assignment engine (“WAE”), work items may be held in an incoming work queue. Skill requirements may be assigned to the incoming work item, and so once again, statistics can be collected on each work item, and skills needed in the future staffing can be predicted. 
         [0004]    A problem emerges when incoming work does not have all skills assigned. An example would be where incoming work item needs the skill, “reservations,” but when looking up the customer relation management (“CRM”) data for the customer, it is determined that the customer speaks, and prefers, to interact with agents in French. As the WAE assigns agents to work items, the WAE may find that in order to best serve the customer, the customer should be assigned to an English-only speaking agent. The English-only speaking agent processes the work item and the associated statistics show that work item as being successfully processed by a the English speaking agent. 
         [0005]    In another situation, there are no, “hard skill” requirements, but rather soft or proportional requirements, such as when the skills needed are represented as a value function, and the WAE attempts to maximize the value of each assignment. Utilizing the example above, the function might assign 100 points to assigning the work item to a reservation agent, and an additional 30 points to a French capable agent, 10 points to English speaking agent, and −100 points to any other language. As the algorithms execute, there will be a strong bias to get the call to a reservation agent, some bias to get to French over English speaking agent, and a strong bias against other languages. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0006]    It is with respect to the above issues and other problems that the embodiments presented herein were contemplated. In particular, WFM could benefit significantly from information obtained from a WAE. A WAE can provide information about what decisions were made (or not made) for agent/customer matches, but the information considered may include the skills that were available at the time the agent/customer match was made and why the WAE made the decision(s) it did at the time the agent/customer match was made. 
         [0007]    Provided with respect to certain embodiments, the feed from the assignment algorithm of the WAE may be captured in order to get statistics about what skills were actually needed when a routing decision was made and make those statistics available to determine what skills will be needed in the future. Additionally, a feed from the algorithm of the WAE, including capturing the relative values of the calculation of the routing function is provided and made available, such as to the WFM. In this way, the WFM may then balance the interest in getting, for example, more French agents staffed against the cost of doing so by executing a similar “value function vs. cost of labor” calculation during the prediction process to result in a optimal staffing proposal from a needs and a cost basis. 
         [0008]    Certain embodiments disclosed herein provide a mechanism for the WAE to share information with the WFM to provide a more comprehensive set of data to enable more accurate WFM forecasting. For example, a customer of a contact center may have a preference for a Spanish-speaking agent. A work item from such a customer may time out waiting for an available Spanish-speaking agent. The work item may also time out waiting for an available Spanish-English bilingual agent. The work item may ultimately be assigned to an English-only speaking agent, but that match does not accurately reflect the need for (additional) Spanish-speaking and/or bilingual agents, thus reinforcing the usage of English speaking agents when Spanish speaking agents are the actual need. While the contact may be successfully processed, capturing the initial intention (e.g., routing the contact to an agent with some capacity to speak Spanish), is now captured to provide, with respect to certain embodiments herein, data to a WFM regarding the actual skills requested for the processing of contacts by the contact center. 
         [0009]    In another example, a Polish-speaking customer may call in to the contact center, the call being a work item. If the Polish-speaking customer also speaks sufficient English, the resulting work item may be completed by an English speaking agent, further skewing the data as the work item indicates English speaking agents satisfactorily processed the contact. Furthermore, hiring Polish-speaking agents may represent an exceptionally high cost as compared to those that speak English. However, the investment may be justified. A cost/benefit analysis may need to be performed on desired virus actual skills of the agents processing the work items to determine the best course of action. For example, if the company services a sufficient number of Polish-speaking customers, having additional Polish-speaking agents may dramatically improve customer satisfaction and provide additional revenue through upselling, and thereby justifying the addition of more of the Polish-speaking agents. 
         [0010]    In another embodiment, an algorithm is disclosed which may capture the decisions made by the WAE, such as at a time when the skills desired to process the requirement become known, and send the data related to such decisions to the workforce management system (e.g., information which may include available skills, tradeoffs, advocate algorithm data, goals/metrics alignment, etc.). The WAE may provide continuous and/or periodic information to the workforce management system. The WAE may push the information to the WFM, such as by an application program interface, messaging system, or other communication means. As a benefit, the information feed allows for significant improvements in forecasting resource demands for short-term, long-term, and event-specific durations. 
         [0011]    Certain embodiments provided herein enable the gathering, computation, and forecasting of resources that may have currently have limited availability and rarely receive requests by extracting the failed allocation/route attempts from the routing algorithm of the WAE. Additional embodiments enable unstaffed skills/resources to be configured in the WAE which may provide insight into potential staff/resource usage. 
         [0012]    In one embodiment, a method is disclosed, comprising: receiving a work item representing a contact with a contact center; determining an attribute of the work item; executing a WAE operable to route the work item to an agent of the contact center for processing; based on the execution of the WAE, identifying a preferred agent and a qualified but non-preferred agent, each being an agent of the contact center; routing the work item to the qualified but non-preferred agent; and reporting the fact that the preferred agent did not have the work item routed thereto. 
         [0013]    In another embodiment, a system is disclosed, comprising: a communication interface, operable to receive a work item representing a contact with a contact center and route the work item to an agent of the contact center for processing; and a processor, operable to perform: determining an attribute of the work item; executing a WAE operable to route the work item to an agent of the contact center for processing; based on the execution of the WAE, identifying a preferred agent and a qualified but non-preferred agent, each being an agent of the contact center; routing the work item to the qualified but non-preferred agent; and reporting the fact that the preferred agent did not have the work item routed thereto. 
         [0014]    In yet another embodiment, a non-transitory computer readable medium is disclosed with instructions thereon that when read by the computer cause the computer to perform: receiving a work item representing a contact with a contact center; determining an attribute of the work item; executing a WAE operable to route the work item to an agent of the contact center for processing; based on the execution of the WAE, identifying a preferred agent and a qualified but non-preferred agent, each being an agent of the contact center; routing the work item to the qualified but non-preferred agent; and reporting the fact that the preferred agent did not have the work item routed thereto. 
         [0015]    The phrases “at least one,” “one or more,” and “and/or” are open-ended expressions that are both conjunctive and disjunctive in operation. For example, each of the expressions “at least one of A, B and C,” “at least one of A, B, or C,” “one or more of A, B, and C,” “one or more of A, B, or C” and “A, B, and/or C” means A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, or A, B and C together. 
         [0016]    The term “a” or “an” entity refers to one or more of that entity. As such, the terms “a” (or “an”), “one or more” and “at least one” can be used interchangeably herein. It is also to be noted that the terms “comprising,” “including,” and “having” can be used interchangeably. 
         [0017]    The term “automatic” and variations thereof, as used herein, refers to any process or operation done without material human input when the process or operation is performed. However, a process or operation can be automatic, even though performance of the process or operation uses material or immaterial human input, if the input is received before performance of the process or operation. Human input is deemed to be material if such input influences how the process or operation will be performed. Human input that consents to the performance of the process or operation is not deemed to be “material.” 
         [0018]    The term “computer-readable medium” as used herein refers to any tangible storage that participates in providing instructions to a processor for execution. Such a medium may take many forms, including but not limited to, non-volatile media, volatile media, and transmission media. Non-volatile media includes, for example, NVRAM, or magnetic or optical disks. Volatile media includes dynamic memory, such as main memory. Common forms of computer-readable media include, for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, or any other magnetic medium, magneto-optical medium, a CD-ROM, any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tape, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, and EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, a solid state medium like a memory card, any other memory chip or cartridge, or any other medium from which a computer can read. When the computer-readable media is configured as a database, it is to be understood that the database may be any type of database, such as relational, hierarchical, object-oriented, and/or the like. Accordingly, the disclosure is considered to include a tangible storage medium and prior art-recognized equivalents and successor media, in which the software implementations of the present disclosure are stored. 
         [0019]    The terms “determine,” “calculate,” and “compute,” and variations thereof, as used herein, are used interchangeably and include any type of methodology, process, mathematical operation or technique. 
         [0020]    The term “module” as used herein refers to any known or later developed hardware, software, firmware, artificial intelligence, fuzzy logic, or combination of hardware and software that is capable of performing the functionality associated with that element. Also, while the disclosure is described in terms of exemplary embodiments, it should be appreciated that other aspects of the disclosure can be separately claimed. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0021]    The present disclosure is described in conjunction with the appended figures: 
           [0022]      FIG. 1  depicts a communication system in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure; 
           [0023]      FIG. 2  depicts a contact center in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure; and 
           [0024]      FIG. 3  depicts a process for reporting work items in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0025]    The ensuing description provides embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the claims. Rather, the ensuing description will provide those skilled in the art with an enabling description for implementing the embodiments. It being understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements without departing from the spirit and scope of the appended claims. 
         [0026]    The identification in the description of element numbers without a subelement identifier, when a subelement identifiers exist in the figures, when used in the plural, is intended to reference any two or more elements with a like element number. A similar usage in the singular, is intended to reference any one of the elements with the like element number. Any explicit usage to the contrary or further qualification shall take precedence. 
         [0027]    The exemplary systems and methods of this disclosure will also be described in relation to analysis software, modules, and associated analysis hardware. However, to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present disclosure, the following description omits well-known structures, components and devices that may be shown in block diagram form, and are well known, or are otherwise summarized. 
         [0028]    For purposes of explanation, numerous details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. It should be appreciated, however, that the present disclosure may be practiced in a variety of ways beyond the specific details set forth herein. 
         [0029]    With reference now to  FIG. 1 , communication system  100  will be described in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. The communication system  100  may be a distributed system and, in some embodiments, comprises a communication network  104  connecting one or more communication devices  108  to a work assignment mechanism  116 , which may be owned and operated by an enterprise administering a contact center in which a plurality of resources  112  are distributed to handle incoming work items (in the form of contacts) from customer communication devices  108 . Additionally, social media website  130  may be utilized to provide one means for a resource  112  to receive and/or retrieve contacts and connect to a customer of a contact center. Customers may utilize their respective customer communication device  108  to send/receive communications utilizing social media website  130 . 
         [0030]    In accordance with at least some embodiments of the present disclosure, the communication network  104  may comprise any type of known communication medium or collection of communication media and may use any type of protocols to transport messages between endpoints. The communication network  104  may include wired and/or wireless communication technologies. The Internet is an example of the communication network  104  that constitutes and Internet Protocol (IP) network consisting of many computers, computing networks, and other communication devices located all over the world, which are connected through many telephone systems and other means. Other examples of the communication network  104  include, without limitation, a standard Plain Old Telephone System (POTS), an Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), a Local Area Network (LAN), a Wide Area Network (WAN), a Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) network, a Voice over IP (VoIP) network, a cellular network, and any other type of packet-switched or circuit-switched network known in the art. In addition, it can be appreciated that the communication network  104  need not be limited to any one network type, and instead may be comprised of a number of different networks and/or network types. As one example, embodiments of the present disclosure may be utilized to increase the efficiency of a grid-based contact center. Examples of a grid-based contact center are more fully described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/469,523 to Steiner, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. Moreover, the communication network  104  may comprise a number of different communication media such as coaxial cable, copper cable/wire, fiber-optic cable, antennas for transmitting/receiving wireless messages, and combinations thereof. 
         [0031]    The communication devices  108  may correspond to customer communication devices. In accordance with at least some embodiments of the present disclosure, a customer may utilize their communication device  108  to initiate a work item, which is generally a request for a processing resource  112 . Illustrative work items include, but are not limited to, a contact directed toward and received at a contact center, a web page request directed toward and received at a server farm (e.g., collection of servers), a media request, an application request (e.g., a request for application resources location on a remote application server, such as a SIP application server), and the like. The work item may be in the form of a message or collection of messages transmitted over the communication network  104 . For example, the work item may be transmitted as a telephone call, a packet or collection of packets (e.g., IP packets transmitted over an IP network), an email message, an Instant Message, an SMS message, a fax, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the communication may not necessarily be directed at the work assignment mechanism  116 , but rather may be on some other server in the communication network  104  where it is harvested by the work assignment mechanism  116 , which generates a work item for the harvested communication. An example of such a harvested communication includes a social media communication that is harvested by the work assignment mechanism  116  from a social media network or server, such as social media website  130 . Exemplary architectures for harvesting social media communications and generating work items based thereon are described in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 12/784,369, 12/706,942, and 12/707,277, filed Mar. 20, 1010, Feb. 17, 2010, and Feb. 17, 2010, respectively, each of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
         [0032]    The format of the work item may depend upon the capabilities of the communication device  108  and the format of the communication. In particular, work items are logical representations within a contact center of work to be performed in connection with servicing a communication received at the contact center (and more specifically the work assignment mechanism  116 ). The communication may be received and maintained at the work assignment mechanism  116 , a switch or server connected to the work assignment mechanism  116 , or the like until a resource  112  is assigned to the work item representing that communication at which point the work assignment mechanism  116  passes the work item to a routing engine  132  to connect the communication device  108  which initiated the communication with the assigned resource  112 . 
         [0033]    Although the routing engine  132  is depicted as being separate from the work assignment mechanism  116 , the routing engine  132  may be incorporated into the work assignment mechanism  116  or its functionality may be executed by the WAE  120 . 
         [0034]    In accordance with at least some embodiments of the present disclosure, the communication devices  108  may comprise any type of known communication equipment or collection of communication equipment. Examples of a suitable communication device  108  include, but are not limited to, a personal computer, laptop, Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), cellular phone, smart phone, telephone, or combinations thereof. In general each communication device  108  may be adapted to support video, audio, text, and/or data communications with other communication devices  108  as well as the processing resources  112 . The type of medium used by the communication device  108  to communicate with other communication devices  108  or processing resources  112  may depend upon the communication applications available on the communication device  108 . 
         [0035]    In accordance with at least some embodiments of the present disclosure, the work item is sent toward a collection of processing resources  112  via the combined efforts of the work assignment mechanism  116  and routing engine  132 . The resources  112  can either be completely automated resources (e.g., Interactive Voice Response (IVR) units, processors, servers, or the like), human resources utilizing communication devices (e.g., human agents utilizing a computer, telephone, laptop, etc.), or any other resource known to be used in contact centers. 
         [0036]    As discussed above, the work assignment mechanism  116  and resources  112  may be owned and operated by a common entity in a contact center format. In some embodiments, the work assignment mechanism  116  may be administered by multiple enterprises, each of which has their own dedicated resources  112  connected to the work assignment mechanism  116 . 
         [0037]    In some embodiments, the work assignment mechanism  116  comprises a WAE  120  which enables the work assignment mechanism  116  to make intelligent routing decisions for work items. In some embodiments, the WAE  120  is configured to administer and make work assignment decisions in a queueless contact center, as is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/882,950, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. In other embodiments, the WAE  120  may be configured to execute work assignment decisions in a traditional queue-based (or skill-based) contact center. 
         [0038]    The WAE  120  and its various components may reside in the work assignment mechanism  116  or in a number of different servers or processing devices. In some embodiments, cloud-based computing architectures can be employed whereby one or more components of the work assignment mechanism  116  are made available in a cloud or network such that they can be shared resources among a plurality of different users. 
         [0039]    In one embodiment, a message is generated by customer communication device  108  and received, via communication network  104 , at work assignment mechanism  116 . The message received by a contact center, such as at the work assignment mechanism  116 , is generally, and herein, referred to as a “contact.” Routing engine  132  routes the contact to at least one of resources  112  for processing. 
         [0040]    With reference now to  FIG. 2 , components of a contact center  200  will be described in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. Contact center components  200  are illustrated to include, in part, a subset of components illustrated with respect to system  100  and  FIG. 1  to avoid unnecessarily complicating the description. Embodiments incorporating the components of  FIG. 1  as well as other configurations are also contemplated without departing from the disclosure provided herein. 
         [0041]    In one embodiment, work assignment mechanism  116  receives a work item in the contact center. WAE  120  determines a particular resource, such as a resource  112  of  FIG. 1 . Preferred resource  202  and non-preferred resource  204  are each instances of resources  112 . In an ideal state, WAE  120  would determine the best resource and cause routing engine  132  to provide the work item to that best resource, namely preferred resource  202 . However, preferred resource  202  may not be available or may not become available within an acceptable time. For example, if a work item requested an expert Spanish speaker, but expert-level Spanish speaker, preferred resource  202 , will not become available to accept the work item within a period of an acceptable delay, then non-preferred resource  204  may be an advanced, intermediate, or otherwise competent Spanish-speaker and have the contact routed thereto. 
         [0042]    In one embodiment, assignment monitor  206  is integrated into WAE  120 , WAE  120  is integrated into assignment monitor  206 , and/or assignment monitor  206  is in communication with WAE  120 . In another embodiment, assignment monitor  206  may be integrated in, integrated by, or in communication with work assignment mechanism  116 , and/or routing engine  132 . In yet another embodiment, assignment monitor  206  may be in communication with one or more of preferred resource  202  and non-preferred resource  204 , such as when preferred resource  202  and non-preferred resource  204  are electronic components (e.g., communication devices) or themselves electronic agents. However, in other embodiments, preferred resource  202  and non-preferred resource  204  are human agents. 
         [0043]    In another embodiment, assignment monitor  206  formats report  208 . Report  208  may be specific to a particular one of preferred resource  202  and/or non-preferred resource  204  (e.g., “Contact primarily spoke French. Agent #123 was the preferred agent. Agent #123 was not predicted to be available for 23 minutes. Agent #456 was the non-preferred agent selected to process the contact.”). In other embodiments, report  208  may be less verbose as more of a summary (e.g., “16 non-preferred agents selected based on language.” “12 non-preferred agents selected based on skill: international reservations.” etc.). Report  208  may be produced on a period basis and/or on demand. It such a manner, a contact center may be provided with information on the skills that were desired and not simply the skills that were utilized. 
         [0044]    In another embodiment, WFM  210  receives data from assignment monitor  206 . WFM  210  is operable to indicate the selection and/or scheduling of agents. WFM  210  may have a lead time of a few seconds (e.g., “Allocate 5 agents working on campaign A to campaign B.”) to days, weeks, or even longer (e.g., “No more than 3% of agents may take vacation time during the last week of May.”). WFM  210 , receiving data from assignment monitor  206  may then provide more intelligent decision making based not just on completed contacts, but on what the preferred agent attributes contained and why the preferred agent was not utilized. 
         [0045]    It may be expected that preferred resource  202  is not selected due to preferred resource  202  being engaged with another contact and/or having contacts already enqueued for preferred resource  202 . However, preferred resource  202  may be unavailable, or at least unavailable within an acceptable amount of time, due to a break, absence from work, not scheduled for a shift, engaged with post-call/pre-call training and/or record keeping. For example, preferred resource  202  may be unavailable because they are scheduled for training and not available to accept any contacts. WFM  210  may have knowledge of outside events affecting scheduling of agents, such as preferred resource  202 . For example, holiday buying is known to increase the need for agents and/or agents with a particular skill set (e.g., upselling). In one embodiment, WFM  210  is operable to receive data from assignment monitor  206  and adjust staffing accordingly (e.g., The demand for French speaking agents on Fridays indicates that those agents who speak French should attend Monday&#39;s training session and be available to accept calls on Fridays, Polish speaking contacts are under-represented/increasing—hire more Polish speaking agents, etc.). 
         [0046]    With reference now to  FIG. 3 , process  300  for reporting work items in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. In one embodiment, step  302  receives a work item. The work item may be received via social media website  130  or customer communication device  108  via communication network  104  for processing by work assignment mechanism  116 , WAE  120 , and/or routing engine  132  to one or more resources  112 . 
         [0047]    Step  304  determines an attribute of the work item. The attribute being determined as a matter of design choice to indicate which agents, being resources  112 , will and will not be eligible to receive the work item. In one embodiment, the attribute is a language skill, such that, for example, agents who have at least a minimum competency in Spanish who will be eligible to receive a work item having a “Spanish” language attribute and/or a specific level of Spanish language requested (e.g., native speaker, fluent, intermediate, etc.). In another embodiment, the attribute may be knowledge of a business product or service associated with the contact center. For example, the attribute may be knowledge of international flight reservations, whereby an agent with such an attribute, or a sufficient rating within the attribute, is eligible to receive work items associated with international flight revelations and agents without the attribute, or without a sufficient rating within the attribute, is not eligible to receive such a work item. An attribute may be present or absent or associated with a range of skill levels (e.g., novice-expert, 1-5, etc.) of an agent and/or demand associated with the work item (e.g., helpful, preferred, essential; 1-5; etc.). As can be appreciated, a plurality of attributes may be utilized in combination (e.g., international reservations agent who is fluent in Spanish, etc.) 
         [0048]    Step  306  executes the WAE and, in step  308 , a preferred agent and a non-preferred but qualified agent are selected. Step  310  routes the work item to the non-preferred agent. Step  310  may be executed for various reasons. One more common reason is that the preferred agent is unavailable to accept the work item and/or the wait time for the preferred agent would be above a threshold of acceptability. Accordingly, the qualified but non-preferred agent is selected to process the work item. For example, a Spanish speaking customer calls a contact center and the resulting work item causes the identification of a preferred agent, for example, an agent with a high proficiency in the Spanish language. 
         [0049]    In another embodiment, the preferred agent may be an unavailable, non-existent, and/or ideal agent. For example, a work item associated with a bilingual customer (e.g., Polish-English) may be associated with a preferred agent that speaks Polish but no such agent is available, or possibly no such agent exists within the employment of the contact center. Accordingly, work items having a Polish-English language attribute may always routed to non-preferred but qualified agents (e.g., English only, English-Spanish bilingual, English-French bilingual, etc.). 
         [0050]    In another embodiment the preferred and non-preferred but qualified agent may be determined iteratively. For example, an agent with Spanish expertise is desired, but the wait time is above a threshold and, therefore, a non-preferred but qualified agent with intermediate Spanish skills is selected. If the intermediate-skilled agent is unavailable or subject to unacceptable wait times, then the intermediate-skilled agent may become the preferred agent and a non-preferred but qualified agent, such as one with basic Spanish abilities, may be selected. Step  312  may then report the series of downgrades to qualified but non-preferred agents. 
         [0051]    In step  314 , a WFM engine, such as WFM  210 , receives the report and alters the operation of the contact center to which may mitigate future incidences of routing of work items to the non-preferred but qualified agent. For example, WFM engine may indicate that Polish speaking agents need to be hired to accept work items, that Spanish speaking agents should be scheduled to work or not work certain shifts, etc. Step  314  may be manual and/or automatically executed. 
         [0052]    In the foregoing description, for the purposes of illustration, methods were described in a particular order. It should be appreciated that in alternate embodiments, the methods may be performed in a different order than that described. It should also be appreciated that the methods described above may be performed by hardware components or may be embodied in sequences of machine-executable instructions, which may be used to cause a machine, such as a general-purpose or special-purpose processor (GPU or CPU) or logic circuits programmed with the instructions to perform the methods (FPGA). These machine-executable instructions may be stored on one or more machine readable mediums, such as CD-ROMs or other type of optical disks, floppy diskettes, ROMs, RAMs, EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards, flash memory, or other types of machine-readable mediums suitable for storing electronic instructions. Alternatively, the methods may be performed by a combination of hardware and software. 
         [0053]    Specific details were given in the description to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments. However, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. For example, circuits may be shown in block diagrams in order not to obscure the embodiments in unnecessary detail. In other instances, well-known circuits, processes, algorithms, structures, and techniques may be shown without unnecessary detail in order to avoid obscuring the embodiments. 
         [0054]    Also, it is noted that the embodiments were described as a process which is depicted as a flowchart, a flow diagram, a data flow diagram, a structure diagram, or a block diagram. Although a flowchart may describe the operations as a sequential process, many of the operations can be performed in parallel or concurrently. In addition, the order of the operations may be re-arranged. A process is terminated when its operations are completed, but could have additional steps not included in the figure. A process may correspond to a method, a function, a procedure, a subroutine, a subprogram, etc. When a process corresponds to a function, its termination corresponds to a return of the function to the calling function or the main function. 
         [0055]    Furthermore, embodiments may be implemented by hardware, software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description languages, or any combination thereof. When implemented in software, firmware, middleware or microcode, the program code or code segments to perform the necessary tasks may be stored in a machine readable medium such as storage medium. A processor(s) may perform the necessary tasks. A code segment may represent a procedure, a function, a subprogram, a program, a routine, a subroutine, a module, a software package, a class, or any combination of instructions, data structures, or program statements. A code segment may be coupled to another code segment or a hardware circuit by passing and/or receiving information, data, arguments, parameters, or memory contents. Information, arguments, parameters, data, etc. may be passed, forwarded, or transmitted via any suitable means including memory sharing, message passing, token passing, network transmission, etc. 
         [0056]    While illustrative embodiments of the disclosure have been described in detail herein, it is to be understood that the inventive concepts may be otherwise variously embodied and employed, and that the appended claims are intended to be construed to include such variations, except as limited by the prior art.