Abstract:
In a wireless local area network, a method for detecting the presence of an unauthorized device comprises: detecting the presence of neighboring devices from which management frames can be sent; saving a representation of each neighboring device present; receiving a management frame purporting to be from one of the detected device; determining that the received management frame was sent by an unauthorized device; and indicating the presence of the unauthorized device.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     The present invention relates broadly to configuration of wireless local area networks. Specifically, the present invention relates to configuring a wireless local area network of client devices. More specifically, the present invention relates to using management frames in a wireless transmission medium to detect unauthorized access to a wireless local area network.  
       BACKGROUND  
       [0002]     Use of wireless networks such as wireless local area networks (WLANs) is becoming widespread. With the proliferation of WLANs, network security is also becoming more and more important. WLANs present important network security concerns.  
         [0003]     A WLAN may be ad hoc, in that any client device (referred to herein as a client) may communicate directly with any other client, or have an infrastructure in which a client can only communicate with another client via an access point device (AP). Problems specific to WLANs arise from wireless clients requesting access to the various APs. Often in a deployment of a WLAN environment, AP cells&#39; coverages are overlapped to achieve maximum RF coverage to reduce non-service spots. Wireless clients can move between APs, and thus change the RF environment of the WLAN depending on their location. Additionally, WLANs are often required to grow with increased demand as more and more clients require service from the WLAN. Expanding the WLAN requires reconfiguring equipment, adding APs, and placing APs in locations that do not conflict with other APs or otherwise complicate managing the WLAN.  
         [0004]     Because wireless is an open medium, anyone can contend for access and send frames over a channel. As 802.11 management frames are sent without any protection, an attacker can easily spoof as a legitimate AP, sending directives to clients as if it were the AP serving the clients. For example, nearly all attacks begin with an attacker spoofing as an AP by sending disassociation or deauthentication requests to a client.  
         [0005]     Thus, there is a heartfelt need for methods and equipment to efficiently protect a WLAN and provide WLAN managers with information needed to make management and access control decisions.  
       SUMMARY  
       [0006]     The present invention addresses the problems described above and protects WLANs by verifying that management frames purporting to be from a specific AP originate from near a physical location where the specific AP is known to be located. Thus, the present invention requires attackers to be located in close proximity to the AP they wish to spoof, allowing the AP to detect the spoofed frame and alert a WLAN administrator.  
         [0007]     In an embodiment, the WLAN administrator deploys a new WLAN as described below. After installing hardware, the APs establish trusted relationships with the campus context manager (CCM). Radio parameters are auto-configured based on AP Radio discovery measurements. If necessary, client walkabouts are performed to gather signal strength measurements, and radio parameters can be re-configured using these measurements. In an embodiment, when a network is first installed, the WLAN administrator positions APs based on heuristic guidance and applies power without any time coordination. Optionally, the WLAN administrator may perform a site survey to optimize the AP placement. Site surveys can range from a quick coverage check using a client utility to detailed signal strength measurements using a third-party tool. After placement and power-up, each AP scans a frequency band to find a usable channel. In an embodiment, the Radio Manager generates a network-wide radio configuration overriding these initial settings. The WLAN administrator initiates radio discovery, auto-configuration and client walkabout measurements at the WLAN Network Manager (WNM) interface. AP Radio discovery involves APs broadcasting beacon signals and simultaneously listening for beacon signals from neighboring APs. The resulting measurements between APs are used to generate an initial radio configuration for the WLAN. Client walkabout measurements are not accompanied by location information, but sets of measurements correspond to specific locations in the WLAN coverage area. The Radio Manager uses these measurement sets to create measurement objects that contain data representing path losses to the strongest controlled APs and received signal strengths from uncontrolled sources at specific locations. A new radio configuration can be generated for the WLAN, using the additional information from the client walkabouts.  
         [0008]     Depending on the embodiment of the present invention, the physical location of the APs can be either manually configured or achieved during the discovery or walkabout survey. During normal operation, the locations of the APs do not change as APs in general are not expected to be mobile devices. However, in the event that mobile APs are present, resurveying or manually reconfiguring the WLAN can be performed on a periodic basis. Once an AP&#39;s location is determined by physical coordinate location and/or through its relative set of neighbors, the AP&#39;s location is not expected to change.  
         [0009]     A signature is conveyed for each management frame the AP transmits and is used for checking that management frames that purport to be from a specific AP actually originate from the expected location. Because the signature is unique to each frame, the dynamic nature of the stored signal strength information ensures a reasonably accurate representation of AP placement within the WLAN. As each AP sends management frames that contain a signal strength indication, this signal strength indication is compared to the AP&#39;s signal strength recorded in the radio manager&#39;s database. If a significant difference between the signal strength indicator of the management frame and the signal strength recorded in the radio manager&#39;s database indicates the possibility of an unauthorized user trying to spoof as a legitimate AP. In an embodiment, the actual validation is based on checking the message integrity code (MIC) of each management frame coupled with the signal strength of the AP by the detector to assert whether both the MIC is valid and whether that detector should have been able to detect that AP.  
         [0010]     Many other features and advantages of the present invention will be realized by one skilled in the art upon reading the following detailed description when considered with the accompanying drawings, in which:  
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0011]      FIGS. 1A and 1B  illustrate placement of APs in a WLAN and measurements taken during radio discovery.  
         [0012]      FIG. 2  illustrates a network configuration in which radio measurements are introduced by embodiments of the present invention.  
         [0013]      FIG. 3  illustrates an exemplary access point device containing measurement modules used in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.  
         [0014]      FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary access radio manager device used in accordance with embodiments of the present invention 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0015]     The WLAN administrator initiates AP radio discovery at deployment and schedules AP radio discovery during brief maintenance periods when the WLAN is not in use (e.g., 2:00 AM each morning). The result of AP radio discovery is a snapshot of the RF interference at each AP and a set of signal strength measurements indicating the strength level at which each AP receives each neighboring AP&#39;s signal. Directing attention to  FIG. 1A , a WLAN configuration having AP  1 , AP  2 , AP  3 , AP  4 , AP  5  and AP  6  and radio manager  10  and wireless network manager (WNM)  14  are shown. When the APs perform radio scans in accordance with the present invention is performed, APs are determined not in terms of physical location, but mapped in terms of signal strength received from each AP&#39;s neighboring APs. In other words, each AP is described in terms of what other APs the AP can detect, in terms of signal strength. For example, in accordance with the present invention, AP  4  is defined as AP  1  ( 50 ); AP  2  ( 55 ); AP  3  ( 58 ); AP  5  ( 56 ). In this example, AP  6  is not detected by AP  4 , and thus is not included in the definition of AP  4 . The values defining AP  4  are stored in a database maintained by radio manager  10 . Radio manager  10  uses each AP&#39;s current transmission signal strength level to compute the path loss between each AP that the APs can detect. The computed path loss is saved in a database to characterize the RF environment, such as potential coverage redundancy in a set of 802.11 stations associated with a single AP (referred to herein as BSS), and overlap on the downlink. When the neighboring AP is not controlled, radio manager  10  saves the received signal strength. Radio manager  10  sets all controlled APs to transmit at their highest power level and then steps down through subsequent levels to characterize each AP&#39;s true power steps. AP Radio discovery is accomplished in the following event sequence. Radio manager  10  commands all APs to scan passively for RF energy over a predetermined time interval and return the results. This action is performed to detect uncontrolled 802.11 WLAN stations and interferers. Radio manager  10  uses the AP scan results to choose one test frequency for all APs in a particular region. Radio manager  10  sets all APs in a particular region to transmit beacons on the selected frequency at maximum transmit power. Each AP is assigned a unique beacon interval to minimize collisions. Radio manager  10  then commands each AP to report beacons that it receives from other APs along with accompanying signal strengths. This action is repeated with APs transmitting at each successively lower power level until reaching the lowest setting.  
         [0016]     Directing attention to  FIG. 1B , campus context manager (CCM)  15  can be utilized in a similar capacity as radio manager  10 , database  12  and WNM  14 . In an embodiment, CCM  15  stores the database of location information for each AP. This information can be manually configured or obtained through walkabouts based on signal strengths. As shown in  FIG. 1B , AP  2 &#39;s detected neighbors are AP  1  and AP  3 . Similarly, AP  4 &#39;s detected neighbors are only AP  3  and AP  5 . In this embodiment, AP  2  and AP  4  are used to detect and validate all traffic they are able to receive. So if AP  4  receives frames that are from AP  1 , then it is suspected to be a spoofed frame and AP  4  can report AP  1  to CCM  15  (or radio manager  10 ) as a potential rogue AP.  
         [0017]     In an embodiment, a trust relationship is established between CCM  15  and all APs. APs issue their unique key used to protect their respective management frames. The management frame is protected, for example, by using a keyed one-way hash function such as HMAC-SHA 1  and its resulting value, which serves as a message integrity code (MIC) that is also sent in the management frame. Sensor APs, such as AP 2  and AP 4  can validate these management frames as they receive them to also ensure that its neighboring APs are not under attack. In an embodiment, if AP  4  receives frames that are from AP  1  it can also validate that received frame using AP  1 &#39;s key. Since APs may be moved occasionally, or some APs can even be mobile, the combination of location tracking and validation of the MIC provides for a better determination if a rogue is encountered.  
         [0018]     The information stored in radio manager  10 &#39;s database is also useful for checking that management frames that purport to be from a specific AP actually originate from the expected location. Because radio manager  10 &#39;s database is updated periodically, the dynamic nature of the stored signal strength information associated with individual APs ensures a reasonably accurate representation of AP placement within the WLAN. As each AP sends management frames that contain a signal strength indication as well as the message integrity check (MIC), this signal strength indication is compared to the AP&#39;s signal strength recorded in radio manager  10 &#39;s database. If a difference between the signal strength indicator of the management frame and the signal strength recorded in radio manager  10 &#39;s database is outside of a threshold amount, this difference indicates the possibility of an unauthorized user trying to spoof as a legitimate AP. In such cases, a warning can be sent to the WLAN administrator to alert the administrator to the possibility of an attack on the WLAN.  
         [0019]     In an embodiment, radio manager  10  uses the measured signal strength to calculate path loss information from AP to AP and from client location to AP. With this calculated path loss information and the configured power and channel settings of each AP, neighboring APs suffering from black holes are identified.  
         [0020]     After AP Radio discovery and initial radio configuration, the WLAN administrator may initiate one or more client walkabouts. In a walkabout, a person walks around a coverage area while holding a client device, so that measurements can be gathered and all detected APs reported. The gathered information is used to characterize the RF environment of the WLAN, such as potential BSS coverage redundancy and overlap on the downlink. At the WNM user interface, the administrator specifies the media access control (MAC) addresses of clients from which the controlled APs will request frequent measurements, typically at five-second intervals. The WLAN administrator may select a walkabout with APs transmitting at maximum power or at the levels used during normal operation. During the walkabout, the WLAN administrator is not required to remain in a particular location for any length of time. Client measurements are taken quickly enough to allow the WLAN administrator to continue walking throughout the desired coverage area. Radio manager  10  makes requests to the client device  20  through the AP that is currently serving client  20 , instructing client  20  to make a particular measurement. Typically, client  20  is requested to measure the signal strength of all beacon signals it can detect at any given spot at one point in time, and return the recorded signal strength indicator (RSSI) values of the received beacon signals. Where client  20  loses association from all APs, the WLAN administrator records the location. As the WLAN administrator walks the coverage area, the serving AP changes as its client moves from one BSS to another. As long as client  20  remains inside the coverage area, the serving AP continuously commands client  20  to measure and report the signal strength and background RF energy it receives from neighboring APs. All measurements are passed to radio manager  10 , which incorporates them into its RF environment database  12 . Database  12  provides data used to compute the next radio configuration. By performing radio discovery and client walkabout as described above, radio manager  10  is able to visualize the radio environment of the WLAN.  
         [0021]     In an embodiment, the WLAN administrator can also walk through the coverage area using an 802.11 sniffer, such as available from Kismet Wireless, Inc., to locate the APs that can be seen at signal strengths sufficient to cause black hole problems among neighboring APS. Regardless of how black holes are detected among neighboring APS, either through transmitting beacon signals at stepped intervals or using an 802.11 sniffer during the walkabout, once black holes are detected, the APs suffering this problem are adjusted by radio manager  10  instructing each AP to change its beacon signal interval so that it is staggered with respect to the neighboring AP also suffering the black hole problem. The process of black hole detection can be an iterative process, performed after each occurrence of a black hole is corrected. This ensures that whatever beacon interval an AP selects to correct the detected black hole problem does not create a new black hole with a different, neighboring AP. In the preferred embodiment, skewing the beacon signals by one or two milliseconds with respect to the neighboring AP in the black hole is sufficient to prevent any extended period of time during which a black hole can occur.  
         [0022]     During normal operation, radio manager  10  gathers RF statistics and identifies specific signal sources. This allows radio manager  10  to monitor the RF environment, and indicate when new APs appear, and roughly locate clients. Radio manager  10  may request measurements from APs and clients to monitor the WLAN RF environment. These measurements occur less frequently than during the walkabout, typically one or more minutes apart. Radio manager  10  typically asks only the clients to measure non-serving channels, allowing APs to remain on their serving channels to better serve their respective BSSs.  
         [0023]     Each radio configuration includes parameters of AP channel, AP transmit power, BSS data rates, and BSS power limit. In computing a new radio configuration, radio manager  10  may be given free reign to select various combinations of parameters, or it may be limited to particular range of values for some or all of these parameters on some or all APs. After computing a new radio configuration, radio manager  10  quantifies the expected system performance and then waits for direction from WNM  14 , which may request another configuration using a new set of constraints or may apply the computed radio parameters to the WLAN.  
         [0024]     After the WLAN is deployed, radio manager  10  continuously collects measurements and monitors the RF state of the WLAN. Radio manager  10  alerts WNM  14  to changes that may require radio reconfiguration, but waits for further direction from WNM  14  before computing a new radio configuration and again before applying new radio parameters to the WLAN. Every action by radio manager  10  is made in response to a command received from WNM  14 . This makes WNM  14  responsible for managing the degree of reconfiguration autonomy granted to the entire system by the WLAN administrator. The WLAN administrator uses the WNM interface to specify the conditions, if any, under which radio parameters may be automatically changed. All other conditions require explicit approval at each instance.  
         [0025]     In a preferred embodiment, nightly measurements are performed automatically to check the RF state of the WLAN. These measurements are typically scheduled in a WNM job that runs AP Radio discovery early each morning, perhaps at 2:00 AM. During this brief maintenance time, which could last about a minute, the WLAN becomes unavailable while the APs change channels and power levels. After the new measurements have been accumulated, the WLAN reverts to its previous state and resumes normal operation. Radio manager  10  consolidates the new measurements into its radio environment database and alerts the WLAN administrator of any anomalies.  
         [0026]     Radio manager  10  alerts WNM  14  whenever it detects a new AP&#39;s beacon during normal operation. At the administrator&#39;s command, WNM instructs radio manager  10  to ask all new APs to scan the radio spectrum and report their results. Meanwhile, existing APs and clients detect the new APs&#39; beacons. The combination of measurements from the new APs, existing APs and clients provide the information to reconfigure the WLAN to best incorporate the new APs. If desired, the WLAN administrator may perform another client walkabout in the vicinity of the new APs.  
         [0027]     During normal operation, APs and clients measure the 802.11 traffic load at their location on the serving channel. The traffic load at the AP is best managed by dynamic load balancing. High traffic loads at client locations may indicate inter-BSS contention, which can be remedied by an improved radio configuration. If a client reports a load that is much higher than its serving AP, it may indicate contention from stations (also referred to herein as STAs) in a neighboring BSS. In response to this condition, radio manager  10  schedules measurements to capture frames from the neighboring clients and/or AP to identify the BSS and the number of clients responsible for the contention. This information is used to serve two purposes. First, radio manager  10  consolidates and sends it to WNM  14  to use for performance visualization. Second, the information may prompt WNM  14  to ask radio manager  10  to suggest a new radio configuration that incorporates the new information and achieves better overall performance, possibly by reducing the transmit power in one BSS or by reassigning channels.  
         [0028]     During normal operation, APs and clients, referred to herein collectively as stations (STAs) measure the non-802.11 interference strength at their locations on the serving channel. In addition, clients measure received interference strength on alternative channels. When radio manager  10  receives reports that indicate non-802.11 interference, it correlates the measurements to locate the interferer, if possible, and alerts WNM  14 . The response by WNM  14  depends on the number of reporting STAs, severity and duration of the interference. If a small number of clients report moderate interference, WNM  14  may simply inform the clients of their situation. If the interference is persistent, pervasive and severe, WNM  14  may ask radio manager  10  to suggest a new radio configuration to avoid the interferer.  
         [0029]     During normal operation, each client may detect a condition where another client is hidden from it. The WLAN administrator uses the WNM interface to specify when and how to act on this information. These instructions are sent by radio manager  10  to each AP. Clients may be instructed to periodically report hidden stations so that APs may take corrective action by lowering the ready to send (RTS) thresholds of the hidden clients. As a result, the serving AP clears the channel by issuing a clear to send (CTS) notification before either of the clients transmits data, which alleviates the hidden node problem.  
         [0030]     Radio manager  10  gains knowledge of the WLAN radio environment through measurement reports obtained from APs and clients. An embodiment of the present invention introduces five types of radio measurement reports: Beacon Reports, Frame Reports CCA Reports, received power indicator (RPI) Histograms, and Hidden Node Reports, each of which indicates a particular RF characteristic or reports a particular RF event.  
         [0031]     Beacon and Frame Reports identify sources of 802.11 contention. CCA Reports and RPI Histogram Reports characterize the degree of contention and interference. Hidden Node Reports identify stations colliding within the same BSS.  
         [0032]      FIG. 2  illustrates the radio measurements introduced by embodiments of the present invention. As shown, the measuring client and one other client are associated with AP  1 , but neither client detects the other&#39;s signal. AP  2  is close enough to be detected by the measuring client. AP  3  is out of range, but the measuring client does detect some of its associated clients.  
         [0033]     Measuring client  20 - 2  issues a Beacon Report identifying AP  2  as a source of 802.11 contention. Client  20 - 2  issues a Frame Report indicating contention from a client in another BSS, and identifies AP  3  as the BSS access point. Measuring client  20 - 2  reports significant contention due to clients in another BSS. After receiving this report, radio manager  10  may request a Frame Report, which would identify AP  3  as the destination of the contenting frames. Measuring client  20 - 2  issues a RPI Histogram Report indicating intermittent, non-802.11 interference and describing the statistics of its received strength. Measuring client  20 - 2  issues a Hidden Node Report identifying another client in its BSS that appears to be hidden from it.  
         [0034]     CCA and RPI Histogram Reports must achieve statistical significance and are therefore utilize measurements having longer durations (e.g., 60 seconds). Beacon, Frame and Hidden Node Reports capture and summarize 802.11 frames to identify specific signal sources. Beacon Reports utilize measurements having shorter durations (e.g., 1 second or less). Frame and Hidden Node Reports typically filter out most of the STA&#39;s received traffic and report on a small subset. These reports utilize measurements having medium to longer durations.  
         [0035]      FIG. 3  illustrates an AP in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In the preferred embodiment, AP  1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6  includes processor  28  that executes software modules  34 ,  36 ,  38 ,  40 , and  42  for operatively controlling transmitter  30  and receiver  32  to perform the radio measurements of the present invention. Those skilled in the art will know that these software modules can also be implemented as firmware or circuitry as desired in various embodiments.  
         [0036]     Beacon measurement module  34  performs measurements to obtain received signal strength, identity and other information of neighbor AP beacon or probe response, and generates a message containing this information. AP  1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6  send beacon signals to identify themselves to neighboring devices. During walkabout and AP discovery, beacon measurement module  34  measures radio connectivity of APs and characterize potential BSS downlink coverage. During normal operation, beacon measurement module  34  monitors known APs, detects new APs, and roughly locates clients. Frame measurement module  36  obtains signal strength of neighboring STAs and identity of their respective BSS and generates a message containing this information. During walkabout and AP discovery, frame measurement module  36  identifies uncontrolled STAs to be avoided in the radio configuration. During normal operation, frame measurement module  36  identifies contending neighbor STAs (controlled or not). Clear channel assessment (CCA) measurement module  38  measures the fraction of time that an STA observes a channel busy with 802.11 traffic and generates a message containing this information. During walkabout and AP discovery, CCA module  38  finds channels already busy with 802.11 traffic to avoid in radio configuration. During normal operation, CCA measurement module  38  characterizes 802.11 contention at reporting STA&#39;s locations. RPI Histogram measurement module  40  measures received strength and statistics of non-802.11 energy and generates a message containing this information. During walkabout and AP discovery, RPI Histogram measurement module  40  find channels with non-802.11 RF energy to avoid in radio configuration, if possible. During normal operation, RPI Histogram measurement module  40  monitors STAs for new non-802.11 RF energy and alarm, if appropriate. Hidden Node measurement module  42  is not used in walkabouts or AP discovery, but during normal operation improves AP performance by enabling dynamic hidden station control. The messages generated by modules  34 ,  36 ,  38 ,  40 ,  42  can be transmitted by transmitter  30  to radio manager  10 , stored in database  12  and passed to WNM  14 .  
         [0037]     Radio manager  10  may request a STA to measure on its serving channel or on another channel. When measuring on the serving channel, the STA continues its normal traffic processing while concurrently accumulating the measurement. When measuring on a non-serving channel, the STA must postpone normal traffic and dedicate itself to the measurement since it cannot operate on two channels simultaneously.  
         [0038]     During AP Radio discovery, radio manager  10  typically requests APs to scan multiple channels and then assigns one channel and requests beacon reports on that channel. During client walkabout, radio manager  10  requests the walkabout clients to measure on the serving channel and on non-serving channels. During normal operation, radio manager  10  requests APs to measure on their serving channels and clients to measure on serving and non-serving channels.  
         [0039]     Radio manager  10  may request Beacon Reports on a serving or non-serving channel. Beacon Reports ask the measuring STA to report both beacons and probe responses. The Beacon Report may be requested of any STA, and typically contains information such as received signal strength, transmitting station address, computed TSF offset between detected BSS and serving BSS, beacon interval, capability information, SSID and supported rates.  
         [0040]     The purpose of the Beacon Report is to discover and monitor the presence of neighboring APs, regardless of whether they are controlled by radio manager  10 . This helps radio manager  10  characterize the overlap of cochannel BSSs and the redundancy of other-channel BSSs on the downlink. The Beacon Report is used during AP Radio discovery, Client walkabout and normal operation. The transmitting station address identifies the neighbor AP to radio manager  10 . In an embodiment, the computed TSF offset allows the serving AP to schedule brief measurements of signal strength from the particular neighbor AP. The signal strength helps radio manager  10  assess the overlap of cochannel BSSs and the coverage redundancy of other-channel BSSs. If two cochannel BSSs contain power-save clients, in an embodiment, the computed TSF offset is used to instruct each AP to schedule its multicast traffic in a manner that is less likely to collide with its neighbor&#39;s traffic.  
         [0041]     Radio manager  10  may request Frame Reports on a serving or non-serving channel. Frame Reports may be requested of any STA. The Frame Report summarizes each 802.11 frame received from a STA in another BSS, and includes information such as received signal strength, transmitting station address, receiving station address, and frame type and length. The purpose of the Frame Report is to identify STAs that belong to another BSS but are located within radio range of the measuring STA. It also identifies the BSS to which the contending STAs belong. This report helps characterize and monitor the region of uplink RF influence of each neighboring BSS. This includes BSSs controlled by radio manager  10  and BSSs that are not under its control.  
         [0042]     Radio manager  10  may request CCA Reports on a serving or non-serving channel. It is typically scheduled to run concurrently with normal traffic processing on the serving channel or in parallel with other dedicated measurements on a non-serving channel. This report may be requested of any STA. The report contains the CCA Busy Fraction. The CCA Busy Fraction measures the accumulated duration of all packets divided by the measurement interval length. This value includes successful packets and erroneous packets. The value range is 0-255, where 0 represents no traffic and 255 represents traffic occurring 100% of the time.  
         [0043]     Radio manager  10  may request Received Power Indicator (RPI) Histogram Reports on a serving or non-serving channel. The RPI Histogram Report conveys the relative fraction of time during which RF energy from non-802.11-decodable sources falls into each of eight different received power ranges. The RPI Histogram report provides a measurement of RF energy due to a combination of background noise and background signals, including non-802.11 devices and 802.11 devices whose signals cannot be properly decoded. The histogram helps radio manager  10  assess the non-802.11-decodable RF energy contending with the WLAN at different locations. This information helps radio manager  10  to decide the best channel for each BSS in the vicinity of the measuring STA.  
         [0044]     Radio manager  10  may request a Hidden Node Report from clients as a concurrent measurement on the serving channel. The Hidden Node Report includes the received signal strength and destination address of 802.11 frames sent by the serving AP for which the measuring client detected no acknowledgement. The purpose of the Hidden Node Report is to discover and monitor clients within the same BSS that are hidden from each other. This report helps radio manager  10  decide the best transmit power for each BSS and the appropriate RTS threshold for the hidden nodes, if it has a means of setting these thresholds at the clients.  
         [0045]      FIG. 4  illustrates the functional components of radio manager  10 . Besides database  12 , described above, radio manager  10  also includes processor  50 , memory  52 , transmitter  54  and receiver  56 . Transmitter  54  communicates the requests described above to APs and clients, as well as radio configuration information to WNM  14 . Receiver  56  receives the report information described above from the APS and clients, as well as instructions from WNM  14 .  
         [0046]     While a method, computer program product, and apparatus for managing a radio environment without location information have been described and illustrated in detail, it is to be understood that many modifications can be made to various embodiments of the present invention without departing from the spirit thereof.