Abstract:
A disk drive system for contact recording has a flexure beam holding a transducer at one end, the flexure beam being oriented substantially along the direction that the transducer slides on a rigid magnetic disk. The transducer has a protrusion which contacts the disk and separates the rest of the transducer from the moving air film that adjoins the spinning disk, the protrusion containing a magnetic pole structure that communicates with the disk during sliding. A preferred embodiment employs a gimbal structure which allows limited movement of the transducer relative to the flexure beam and three disk-contacting pads extending down from the transducer to make contact with the magnetic disk, at least one of the pads containing a magnetic pole structure and two of the pads trailing the third pad. An adapter provides a connection between a rotary actuator and the beam that allows the beam to approach the disk at a predictable oblique angle. The adaptor and the beam provide energy absorbing features that reduce vibration and divert shocks.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    This application is a continuation-in-part of pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/911;680; filed Nov. 14, 1994; which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/441,716, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,041,932. All of the above materials are hereby incorporated by reference into this application. 
     
    
     
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    This invention relates to disk drives that store and retrieve information on a spinning, rigid magnetic recording disk.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    Conventional hard disk drive systems spin at least one disk containing a thin magnetic media layer or layers in which a head of the system stores data for later retrieval. The head includes an inductive transducer which converts electrical signals from read/write electronics, usually associated with a computer, to magnetic fields which in turn create magnetic patterns in the media during information storage. During reading the transducer converts those magnetic patterns to electrical signals. Alternatively, the written signals may be read with a magnetoresistive sensor included in the head, which senses a change in current or voltage due to the effect of the magnetic patterns on the resistance of the sensor.  
           [0004]    The head also includes an aerodynamic slider which is designed to interact with an air layer that accompanies the moving disk to cause a slight separation of the disk and the head, the essentially stationary head “flying” over the spinning disk. Though this separation serves the purpose of avoiding wear of the head and the disk, it also reduces resolution of signal communication between the transducer and the media. To increase data storage density, the air separation between the transducer and the media has generally decreased over many years of development in the magnetic storage industry. However, a smaller separation generally increases the probability of impact between the head and the disk during operation of the disk drive system, often resulting in destruction of the disk drive and loss of stored information. Perhaps the most destructive type of impact can occur due to dynamic instabilities of the head, which cause a comer of the head to impact the disk, focusing the energy transfer of the impact in the relatively small region of contact between the corner and the disk.  
           [0005]    Instead of completely separating from the disk, U.S. Pat. No. 4,901,185, to Kubo et al. discloses a slider designed to operate with a leading edge lifted by the air layer that accompanies the spinning disk while a trailing edge contacts the disk, the slider holding a magnetic read/write transducer that is designed for vertically magnetized recording. To avoid destructive wear and to minimize variations in the head-disk separation the head is mounted on the trailing edge of the tail dragging slider so that a constant separation between the head and the disk is maintained.  
           [0006]    In U.S. Pat. No. 4,819,091, Brezoczky et al. propose a magnetic recording head comprised of a slider composed of a single crystal material, onto which a magnetic read/write transducer is appended. During operation of the disk drive system the rubbing between the disk and the slider produces an electrical attractive force maintaining contact between the slider and the disk. To avoid destructive wear of the head it is important that the slider be so much more thermally conductive than the much larger disk that the slider is maintained at a lower temperature than the disk during operation of the system. It is also important for the Brezoczky invention to maintain an orientation of the slider relative to the spinning disk that avoids flying and other problems.  
           [0007]    An object of the present invention was to provide a hard disk drive recording system which affords substantially continuous operational contact between the head and disk without damaging the head or the disk. More specific objects included the intuitively contradictory goals of minimizing dynamic instabilities of the transducer that would otherwise cause damage or interfere with the reading and writing of data, providing flexibility for transducer conformance to the rapidly spinning, rigid disk surface and providing rapid accessibility of the transducer to various points on the disk surface for data storage and retrieval.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0008]    The above objects have been achieved in a hard disk drive system employing an elongated flexible beam to hold a transducer in sliding contact with a hard magnetic disk during writing and reading, the flexure beam extending lengthwise over the disk substantially along the direction that the transducer slides on the disk. This orientation aligns the most rigid dimension of the beam with the direction of relative motion during contact between the disk and the transducer, thereby reducing deleterious vibrations that may otherwise be induced by friction between the disk and transducer. Due to the alignment between the rapidly spinning disk and the direction of the beam most resistant to mechanical forces, the flexure and transducer can be made smaller and lighter.  
           [0009]    The flexure size reduction affords increased flexibility in a direction normal to the disk surface, while the weight reduction provides lower inertial resistance to disk surface variations, both of which help to decrease wear and avoid catastrophic impacts between the head and the disk. The decreased mass and increased flexibility also allow for a reduction in the load applied to hold the transducer to the disk, which along with the decreased mass and increased flexibility affords a reduction in area of contact between the transducer and the disk without a destructive increase in pressure therebetween, while a smaller area of contact reduces the aerodynamic lift of the transducer from the disk, affording a further reduction in applied load. The small transducer contact area also minimizes frictional forces that cause vibrations and power loss, the reduction of friction also allowing a skew to occur between the flexure axis and the motion of the disk at the contact area without inducing excessive lateral vibrations. A magnetic poletip or pair of magnetic poletips separated by an amagnetic gap borders the disk in the contact area of the transducer, reducing spacing between the transducer and the information storage medium of the disk.  
           [0010]    The disk can be rotated with the flexure beam oriented along the direction of sliding in either a forward or a reverse mode. In the forward mode a localized portion of the disk contacting the transducer moves generally from an end of the beam adjacent to the actuator to an end of the beam adjacent to the transducer, while in the reverse mode such a portion of the disk moves generally from the transducer end to the mounting end of the beam. One difference between spinning the disk in these two modes is the amount of vertical force between the transducer and the disk due to the friction between the transducer and the disk, as translated by the moment arm of the flexure beam. Spinning the disk in the reverse mode generally creates additional loading between the transducer and the disk, as the beam is usually mounted in a plane outside the disk surfaces, allowing a lower static load to be applied to the beam, although this force is minimized by the extremely low beam angle and flexibility. The ability to operate in either the forward or reverse mode has an added benefit during start up of the system, when bi-directional motion may be employed during motor seeking and for loosening the slider from the disk, an operation which commonly causes conventional aerodynamic sliders, which are not designed for sliding in either direction, to dig into the disk.  
           [0011]    In a preferred embodiment a gimbal is interposed between the slider and the flexure beam, providing the slider with additional flexibility to react to disk surface anomalies by pitching and rolling. This improved conformance between the disk and the slider decreases wear to the head and the disk in addition to increasing the tendency of the transducer to remain in contact with the disk. A microscopic slider having three hard disk-contacting projections or pads, at least one of which contains a pole structure of the transducer, is attached to the gimbal. Having a pole structure encased in a disk-contacting pad offers a durable reduction in spacing between the pole structure and the media, while the pads hold the body of the slider sufficiently away from disk to avoid air bearing effects caused by the thin air layer that travels with the disk. The gimbaled, three pad structure can maintain stable contact with the rapidly spinning disk despite disk surface anomalies or differences in pad height.  
           [0012]    Design of the suspension beam and gimbal for reduced vibration has been realized to be essential to the operation of the system, as the forcing function from friction between the contact slider and the disk is larger than the drag typically encountered by a flying slider of the prior art, while the mass is less. In particular, the suspension must avoid geometries in which resonant frequencies may be positively coupled to changing frictional forces. Moreover, resonant modes of vibration, which theoretically comprise an infinite series, including lateral, longitudinal, and torsional modes which may intercouple, must not interact with a forcing function such as friction so that a negative effective spring constant occurs, or positive feedback can result in a untenable vibration. Due to other beam requirements, such as providing low-capacitance conductive leads and an effective mass and vertical load force several times less that of conventional sliders, discovery of these rules of low-vibration contact slider suspension design does not lead to trivial solutions.  
           [0013]    In minimizing vibration of the three pad, gimbal combination, it has been found to be important to have the resultant force from friction directed away from, rather than toward, any gimbal pivot axis about which that force acts as a torque. Since the gimbal preferably has such a pivot axis located between the leading and trailing pads, this suggests that the friction force on the leading pad or pads should be less than that on the trailing pad or pads. With the disk spinning in the forward mode and all three pads sliding on the disk, it is thus preferable for reduced vibration to have one leading pad and two trailing pads, such that the two trailing pads are located furthest from the mounting end of the beam. To increase transducer accessibility to the outer tracks of the disk surface in this case, the magnetically active pole structure may be located in the outside trailing pad. For this, both of the trailing pads may be formed with magnetically active pole structures and associated transducers, which are then tested before beam attachment to determine which pad has the better transducer in order to sort the chips for operation on either up or down sides of the disk. On the other hand, for forward mode spinning with a single magnetically active trailing pad and a pair of leading pads, it is important that the leading pads have reduced friction, which may be accomplished in those pads due to reduced relative size, lower load, employment of low-friction leading pad materials, at least partial levitation of the leading pads or some combination of these techniques. The goal of having a resultant frictional force that trails the gimbal pivot axis is realized in the reverse spinning mode by essentially reversing the orientation of the contact pads compared to that of the forward mode, so that a single leading and a pair of trailing pads again results.  
           [0014]    An adapter may be provided which fits the beam to a compact, lightweight rotary actuator for accessing various tracks of the disk. The adapter offers a preselected angular shift from the bearing of the actuator arm, which pivots in a plane generally parallel to the disk surface, to that of the flexure beam, which approaches the disk surface at an oblique angle. The angle at which the flexure beam approaches the disk is chosen so that the beam is bowed slightly, providing a force or load holding the transducer to the disk without the stress and inaccuracy that result from forming an angle in the beam. The adapter contains a shock absorbing structure extending adjacent to the flexure beam on an opposite side from the disk, so that shocks which propel the transducer from the disk surface are transferred to the adapter rather than retained by the beam, allowing the transducer to return to the disk surface with greatly reduced force. The beam is designed to provide a similar shock absorption function by overlapping the chip, so that shocks which lift a pad or pads of the gimbaled chip are limited by the chip impacting the beam, which absorbs energy from the chip and thereby mitigates damage upon recontact of the pad or pads with the disk. This close separation of the chip and the beam also protects the thin gimbal members from overstress.  
           [0015]    In either the gimbaled or non-gimbaled embodiment, the head is designed to avoid flying, a dramatic departure from conventional design, the lack of airlift allowing a lower loading force to be applied to maintain contact between the head and disk. The lower load also allows the head and flexure to be lighter and more flexible, which further reduces wear and impact problems. In sum, the flexure beam orientation and non-flying head allow the employment of the lightweight head and flexure combination, which in turn affords long-term, non-catastrophic, virtually continuously sliding operation. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0016]    [0016]FIG. 1 is a simplified side view of a flexure beam of the present invention holding a transducer sliding on a rigid storage disk along a direction of disk travel.  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 2 is a top view of a prior art contact drive system having a beam oriented perpendicular to the direction of disk travel.  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 3 is an opened up top view of a disk drive system employing the flexure beam and transducer of FIG. 1.  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a disk-facing side of a slider of the present invention including a trio of disk-contacting pads, two of which contain reading and writing structures.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 5 is a perspective view of an opposite side of the slider of FIG. 4 including a trio of support posts, two of which also serve as conductive leads.  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of an inductive writing and magnetorestive sensing transducer associated with one of the disk-contacting pads of FIG. 4.  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of an inductive writing and sensing transducer associated with one of the disk-contacting pads of FIG. 4.  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 8 is a bottom view of a disk-facing side of an elongated, gimbaled flexure beam employed for holding and electrically communicating with the slider of FIGS. 4 and 5.  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 9 is a top view diagram of slider electrical leads for a pair of inductive writing and magnetoresistive sensing transducers of FIG. 6.  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 10 is a bottom view of a disk-facing side of an elongated, gimbaled flexure beam employed for holding and electrically communicating with the slider of FIG. 9  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 11A is a bottom view of a slider having a single leading magnetically active contact pad.  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 11B is a bottom view of a slider having a single trailing magnetically active contact pad.  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 12 is a perspective view of an adapter of the present invention holding the flexure beam of FIG. 8 for mounting to a conventional rotary actuator.  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 13 is an opened up top view of a disk drive system employing the flexure beam and adapter of FIG. 12. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0030]    In FIG. 1, an elongated flexure beam  20  holding a transducer  22  at one end is shown sliding on a magnetic recording disk  25  during information storage and/or retrieval (see also FIGS. 4 and 5 of parent U.S. Pat. No. 5,041,932). The flexure beam  20  has a longitudinal axis  30  which is oriented generally along a direction  31  of localized disk  25  motion at the point of contact between the transducer and a magnetic recording surface  27  of the disk. This orientation of the flexure beam  20  aligns the frictional force felt by the transducer  22  with the most rigid direction of the beam, minimizing friction induced vibration in the transducer and beam. The transducer  22  has a small projection  33  for sliding on the disk surface  27 , the projection containing a pair of magnetic poletips separated by an amagnetic gap. The beam  20  is bowed slightly to provide a force holding the transducer  22  to the surface  27 , the bowing so slight as to be difficult to depict in this figure.  
         [0031]    In a forward mode of operation, the magnetic recording surface  27  moves relative to the transducer  22  along the direction  31  during writing and reading of magnetic patterns or bits in a media layer  35  of the disk  25 , the media layer being separated from the projection  33  by a hard overcoat layer  37 . Alternatively, in a reverse mode of operation, the transducer  22  and flexure  20  move in the direction  31  relative to the recording surface. The media layer  35  may be singular or may include multiple layers- of magnetic materials, the layer or layers being designed to have an easy axis of magnetization in a direction either generally parallel or generally perpendicular to the surface  27 , and a magnetically permeable underlayer may also be provided, all of which are shown simply as a single layer  35  for clarity. A self supporting substrate  40  which may be made of a dielectric such as glass, a metal or alloy such as aluminum, or other materials is shown adjoining the media layer  35  opposite to the surface  27 , although other disk elements such as seed layers and texture layers may optionally be disposed between the media layer and the substrate, such elements not being shown in this figure in order to facilitate illustration.  
         [0032]    Directing such an elongated flexible beam  20  along the localized motion of the disk surface  27  minimizes deleterious low frequency and lateral vibrations in the beam, while providing needed flexibility to conform to variations of the rigid disk  25  or overcoat  37  in a direction normal to the disk surface. Furthering the ability to conform to the rigid disk surface  27  is the small mass of the transducer, which is preferably less than about 10 milligrams, and the low mass of the beam  20  as felt by the disk surface, which preferably adds less than 10 milligrams to the inertia felt by the disk surface. The employment of a low mass transducer  22  and a beam  20  having increased flexibility normal to the disk surface  27  affords a reduction in the disk contacting area of the projection without risking a catastrophic increase in pressure between the transducer and the disk during a shock to the drive, the reduced contact area reducing friction and allowing a small skew in the direction of sliding relative to the beam. Preferably the area of contact of the projection  33  facing the disk is at least somewhat equilateral or circular and totals less than 10,000 μm 2 . The flexure beam  20  in this embodiment includes two embedded conductors which extend longitudinally to connect with a coil of the transducer  22 . The transducer  22  includes a magnetic core coupled to the coil and terminating in a pair of poletips that slide on the disk surface, writing and reading data in the media layer  35  in either a perpendicular or longitudinal mode.  
         [0033]    In order to see how the present invention reduces vibration over prior art systems, it may be useful to look briefly at the causes and consequences of vibration in a disk drive system. In general, a simple beam will vibrate at a resonant frequency that is generally a function of its spring constant, i.e., f R ≡{square root}(k/m), where f R  is the resonant frequency of the beam, k is its spring constant, and m is its mass. Vibration is generally induced due to a changing force acting on the beam, some of that force being transferred into motion of the beam. In the absence of a time dependent force acting on the beam, vibration will generally decline over time, as the energy of vibration is absorbed by internal damping and lost to heat or other forms of energy. The most significant vibration occurs for the situation in which the force acting on the beam has a time dependence matching the resonance frequency f R , and in particular for the case where the resonance vibration causes an increase in that periodic force, i.e., a feedback situation. Low frequency vibrations are generally more harmful in a disk drive system as they generally result in greater displacement of the transducer, which can cause tracking and bit shift errors, although electronic compensations such as phase locked loops and automatic gain controls can reduce such errors.  
         [0034]    For a beam formed from an homogenous material and fixed at one end, the spring constant k, as well as the vibrational frequency, depends on the direction of motion or mode of vibration as well as the dimensions of the beam. In a longitudinal mode of vibration, that is, a vibration that reciprocates toward and away from the fixed end, the spring constant is generally proportional to the width of the beam multiplied by the thickness of the beam and divided by the length of the beam, i.e., k long ≡Ewt/l, where E is the Young&#39;s modulous of the material forming the beam, and w, t and l are the respective width, thickness and length of the beam. In contrast, a vibration characterized by periodic motion perpendicular to the length of the beam, the spring constant k is generally proportional to the cube of the dimension along which vibration occurs, multiplied by the other dimension perpendicular to the length, and divided by the cube of the length. Thus for lateral vibration of such a beam parallel to a disk surface, k lat ≡w 3 tE/41 3 , where w is the beam dimension along which vibration occurs and t is the thickness of the beam normal to the disk surface. Note that for a beam having a length l much greater than a width w, k lat  approaches zero, and thus the resonant frequency f R for lateral vibrations is very low. Since a cubic dependence on the length-to-width ratio does not occur for longitudinal vibrations, longitudinally directed forces have much less tendency to result in large displacements of the free end of the beam.  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 2 shows a prior art beam  42  employed to hold a slider  45  in contact with a rigid disk  47  spinning in a direction  49 , the slider having an appended magnetic transducer  51  for reading and writing on the disk  47 . The large triangular slider  45  has an apex pointing into the thin film of air that travels with the disk  47  surface and that otherwise would be expected to lift the slider from the surface and terminate generation of the triboelectric attractive force that is said to hold the slider to the disk. The beam  42  is radially oriented above the disk  47  and held by an actuator, not shown, that allows the slider  45  to move radially to access different concentric data tracks of the disk. The triboelectric force said to be generated by rubbing between the slider  45  and the disk  47  would be expected to excite lateral vibrations that would interfere with data writing and reading, unless a very large, stiff beam is employed, at the risk of damaging the disk.  
         [0036]    [0036]FIG. 3 shows a flexible beam  53  of the present invention operating to hold a microscopic transducer  55  in contact with a rapidly spinning, rigid magnetic storage disk  58 . The disk  58  typically operates at between 3,000 and 6,000 revolutions per minute (RPM) in either a forward mode, as indicated by arrow  60 , or a reverse mode that is indicated by arrow  62 , although slower or faster angular velocities are practicable. It is important for both the forward and the reverse mode of operation to minimize the moment arm about the projection or projections of the transducer  55  contacting the disk  58 , and so the height at which the beam is mounted to an actuator arm  65  is preferably limited to about 20 mils or less. The actuator arm  65  pivots about an axis  66  which is essentially parallel to an axis  68  about which the disk  58  rotates, so that transducer  55  can access various concentric data tracks of the magnetic recording surface  70  of the disk  58  by sweeping over an arcuate path  72 . The angle between local disk  58  motion at the point of contact with the transducer  55  and the longitudinal axis of the flexure beam reaches a maximum of about 20° near an inner or outer radius of the surface  70 . Surprisingly, the transducer  55  has been able to tolerate skew angles of up to 20% without excessive vibration, perhaps due to the small size of contact area between the disk and head and the low load of the head. The small load force of the beam and the extremely small contact area of the transducer, as well as other friction reducing interface characteristics, combine to allow the beam to tolerate these maximum skew angles without excessive vibration.  
         [0037]    In contrast to well known laws of friction, such as Amonton&#39;s Law, friction has been measurably reduced in the present invention due to a reduction of pad-disk contact area, despite holding vertical load constant. Even such a small pad, however, can excite vibrations if a mode of vibration is coupled to a changing force. For example, a torsional mode of vibration of a beam can result in tilting a flat contact area of a pad first on one edge and then another, with a fully contacting position occurring between each tilting position. The frictional force on the pad can be many times greater when the pad is fully contacting than when the pad is on an edge, which can drive a greater torsional vibration, or a lateral frequency harmonic with the torsional frequency. Dynamic instabilities such as vibration would be much more problematic with a larger conventional slider, which would tend to have larger and less stable friction during sliding on the disk. In particular, a gimbal that allows greater torsional freedom in combination with a prior art slider having a much larger full contact area would tend to vibrate much more easily, even in the absence of other instabilities.  
         [0038]    [0038]FIG. 4 shows another embodiment of the present invention including a slider  80  that has been designed, in part, to reduce vibrations by minimizing and stabilizing friction with the disk, not shown in this figure. For stability, the slider has three small wear pads  82 ,  84  and  86  that slide on the disk. The three-pad design allows the slider to remain in full contact with the disk despite disk surface anomalies, waviness or differences in pad height. In order to minimize friction, each of the pads has a minimized contact area consistent with long term wear of the pads. Pads  82  and  84  encounter the disk downstream of pad  86 , so that the resultant frictional force felt by the slider is directed away from any effective pivot axis about which the slider can rotate. Moreover, for a temporary situation in which the forward pad  86  contacts the disk while one of the back pads  82  and  84  does not, the resultant friction force still is not directed toward an effective pivot axis, due to the axial location of the forward pad and the larger friction of either of the back pads than the forward pad. Pads  82  and  84  each contain a pair of poletips separated by an amagnetic gap, not shown in this figure, although only one of magnetically active pads (MAPs)  82  and  84  is electrically connected to the drive electronics for reading and writing on the disk. This functional magnetically active pad (FMAP) is chosen based upon superior relative test results, and then mounted to a suspension such that the FMAP is positioned closer to the outside of the disk surface, in order to access a greater surface area of the disk. For stability, pads  82 ,  84  and  86  are spaced as far apart as possible consistent with other constraints such as minimization of slider size for reduced mass and increased yield per wafer. In the example shown in FIG. 4, the distance between the MAPs  82  and  84  is preferably between 10 mils and 40 mils, while the distance between MIP  86  and either of the MAPs is generally in a range between about 20 mils to 80 mils.  
         [0039]    The three pads  82 ,  84  and  86  extend about 3 μm to 10 μm from a mostly flat disk-facing surface  88  of the slider  80 , a distance which is sufficient to remove that surface from most of the thin air layer accompanying the disk and to maintain an aerodynamic lift force felt by the slider below about 100 milligrams. Optionally, as shown in FIG. 4, slider  80  may have a recessed area  89  that further reduces aerodynamic lift and, depending upon the shape of recessed area  89 , may produce a negative pressure region that counteracts the lifting force on pads  82 ,  84  and  86  and surface  88 . Surface  88  areas around MAPs  82  and  84  overlie planar transducers including adjacent bottom yokes, so that those surface areas cannot be recessed much without affecting transducer performance, however, all other areas of surface  88  that do not directly support pads  82 ,  84  or  86  may optionally be removed. The recessed area  89  is generally spaced a few microns (2 μm to 10 μm) further from the disk than surface  88 .  
         [0040]    [0040]FIG. 5 shows a surface  90  of the slider  80  that faces away from a disk for mechanical and electrical interconnection to a suspension and actuator of a drive. A trio of conductive posts  92 ,  94  and  96  project from the surface  90 , providing mechanical stability and tolerance for height variations in a fashion similar to that of the three oppositely extending pads  82 ,  84  and  86 , although the posts are thicker, higher and closer together than the pads. The posts also provide electrical connections for the MAPs, with post  92  being connected to the transducer associated with MAP  82 , post  94  being connected to the transducer associated with MAP  84 , and post  96  being a common connection for both transducers. Selection of the FMAP is made by electrical connections between the posts provided by the attached suspension, as will be seen, for example by providing a drive circuit between the common post  96  and the post  92  or  94  associated with the FMAP, while shorting the common post  96  to the post not associated with the FMAP. Posts  92 ,  94  and  96  are typically made of gold, which offers reduced resistance and an advantageous surface for bonding, and are spaced a few hundred microns apart (preferably 100 μm to 400 μm). The posts  92 ,  94  and  96  are each about 30 μm to 100 μm in height, and about 100 μm to 200 μm in diameter. For a slider embodiment employing a magnetoresistive (MR) read element, an additional conductive post, not shown in this figure, may be provided for the active MR element, while the electrical circuits in the chip not associated with the FMAP may be severed, for instance with a laser.  
         [0041]    A cross-section of the transducer associated with MAP  82  is shown in FIG. 6, with the understanding that a similar transducer is associated with MAP  84  but is not shown for brevity. MAP  82  is composed of a pair of poletips  98  and  99  which are separated by an amagnetic gap  100  and encompassed by a hard, durable wear material  102  such as amorphous, diamond-like carbon (DLC). A high magnetic saturation (B,) material  101  may be formed on the trailing poletip  99  adjoining the gap  100  for increased writing efficiency. The poletips  98  and  99  protrude from a generally planar (low profile), loop-shaped, magnetically permeable core  104  that extends longitudinally within slider  80  and symmetrically above those poletips. A coil  106  spirals in at least one layer to wind around the core, in order to provide a current for inducing a magnetic flux in the core and writing data to a disk. The coil is connected with posts  92  and  96  for this purpose. A thin MR ribbon  108  may be disposed adjacent to a portion of the core far from the MAP  82 , in order to read data induced flux in the core by measuring changing resistance in the MR element. Locating the MR stripe far from the poletips removes the MR element from temperature induced fluctuations that occur closer to the disk, while affording high resolution reading through the disk-contacting poletips, as transmitted by the magnetically permeable core. Additionally, since both writing and reading is performed through the same poletips  98  and  99 , tracking and bit shift problems are avoided. Instead of employing an MR sensor, the coil  106  may be employed in reading data inductively.  
         [0042]    An inductive sensing embodiment of the transducer associated with MAP  82  shown in FIG. 7 employs additional coil turns  109  to increase the inductive sensitivity, and of course the MR stripe is absent to decrease the reluctance of the core, as disclosed in U.S. pat. app. Ser. No. 08/528,890, which is hereby incorporated by reference. Other elements of this transducer are similar to those shown in FIG. 6 and so will not be reiterated.  
         [0043]    The posts  92 ,  94  and  96  of the inductive sensing embodiment are connected to a generally flat, elongated flexure beam  110  shown in FIG. 8, in which a dashed outline of the trapezoidal slider  80  is shown attached beneath the beam. Connection of the posts  92 ,  94  and  96  and beam  110  is typically accomplished by soldering, thermo-compressive or ultrasonic bonding, or similar means. The flexure beam  110  is designed to optimize somewhat conflicting constraints for minimizing head and disk damage, vibration of the slider, and track access time. The beam  110  has a mounting end  112  and a free end  115 , with the slider  80  disposed adjacent to the free end. Since two MAPs  82  and  84  are located closer to the free end while only a single MIP  86  is disposed closer to the mounting end, the media contacting the pads, not shown in this figure, travels generally from the mounting end to the free end. A tab  117  of the beam  110  extends beyond the slider at the free end  115 , the tab providing protection for the slider  80  and an extension for handling the beam and slider. During a shock which ejects the slider  80  from the disk, the overlap between the slider and the beam  110  prevents the flexible gimbal interconnects between the slider and the beam from overextension and resultant damage. The beam is formed of a series of layers including a conductive layer which is patterned to provide a plurality of leads to the slider  80 , a stiffening layer located far from the slider and a damping layer disposed between the conductive layer and the stiffening layer, the damping layer also providing structural support and electrical insulation between the conductive and stiffening layers for the case in which the stiffening layer is electrically conductive.  
         [0044]    A first conductive lead  120  extends generally along a side of the flexure  110  in FIG. 8 between the slider  80  and a terminal  122  for lead wire interconnection. The lead  120  connects to one of the conductive posts  92  of the slider  80  via a first longitudinal torsion bar  125  and a first lateral torsion bar  127 . A second lead  130  extends along another side of the flexure  110  between a second terminal  133  and a tip of the conductive disk-facing layer of the flexure, to connect with posts  94  and  96  of the slider  80  via second longitudinal torsion bar  135  and second lateral torsion bar  137 . The first and second longitudinal bars  125  and  135  offer relative freedom to the slider  80  to rotate about a longitudinal axis connecting the bars  125  and  135 , while lateral bars  127  and  137  allow relative freedom to the slider for rotation about a lateral axis connecting the bars  127  and  137 . Since posts  94  and  96  are shorted by lead  130 , signals are transmitted to and from posts  92  and  96 , causing the FMAP to be pad  84  rather than pad  82 . For the situation in which pad  82  rather than pad  84  is desired to be the FMAP, a flexure having a mirror image of conductive leads  120  and  130  is connected to chip  80 , so that posts  92  and  96  are shorted together and signals are instead transmitted via posts  94  and  96 . The width of leads  120  and  130  have been reduced by cutting out an island  140  in the conductive layer, in order to reduce capacitance between those leads and the stiffening layer, which in this example is made of stainless steel. For an embodiment in which the stiffening layer is made of nonconductive material, e.g., alumina, such interlayer capacitance is not present. A slight bend  138  of about 2° is formed in the beam  110  to make the section of the beam holding the transducer more parallel with the disk surface.  
         [0045]    Thus the slider  80  has freedom to rotate about lateral and longitudinal axes parallel to the disk surface, allowing the slider to quickly and painlessly conform to variations in the disk surface. At the same time, edges of the slider extend laterally and longitudinally beyond the gimbaled freedom afforded by bars  125 ,  135 ,  127  and  137 , so that excessive slider motion is stopped by the beam  110 , which also absorbs energy from the slider during such contact, reducing the impact of a shock to the drive. It has been found that damage from such a shock typically does not occur initially when the transducer is in contact with the disk, but rather occurs during recontact between the transducer and the disk, after the transducer has been jarred from the disk by the shock. The shock absorbing limit provided by the overlapping beam thus allows the transducer to react to variations in the disk surface or shocks to the drive without damage to the transducer-disk interface.  
         [0046]    The disk on which the slider  80  writes and reads moves substantially from the mounting end  112  to the free end  115  of the flexure  110 , so the resultant force of friction on the slider, which is defined as that hypothetical single force applied to a single location of the slider which is equivalent to the combined frictional forces felt by the pads  82 ,  84  and  86 , is directed toward the free end and is located closer to the free end than the bars  127  and  137 , due to the overweighting of friction from pads  82  and  84  compared to pad  86 . This avoids a potentially unstable situation in which the resultant frictional force would cause a rotation of the slider about the pivot axis of bars  127  and  137 , which would further increase the resultant frictional force. Another means for avoiding such an unstable situation is to reduce the loading on the leading pad or pads, since the friction of each pad generally depends upon the load applide to that pad. In an extreme case detailed below, the load can be so reduced compared to an aerodynamic lifting force that the leading pads are removed from the disk while the trailing pad drags.  
         [0047]    Instead of choosing the FMAP based upon connecting the slider posts  92 ,  94  and  96  to one of two mirror image integrated gimbal conductors, the FMAP of an MR sensing embodiment may be selected by severing redundant conduction leads on the non-disk-facing side of the chip  80 , as shown in FIG. 9. A pair of conductive posts  140  and  142  provide connections between the write coils of the chip and the write electronics of the drive, while another pair of conductive posts  144  and  146  provide connections between the MR sensing circuits of the chip and drive. A first transducer  148  has leads  150  and  152  which connect opposite terminals of its coil with write posts  140  and  142 , respectively. Leads  154  and  156  connect posts  144  and  146 , respectively, with the MR sensing element of transducer  148 . In this transducer  148 , the MR sensing element crosses the yoke twice, increasing the series resistance and causing leads  154  and  156  to extend from the same side of that transducer. A second transducer  158  has leads  160  and  162  which connect opposite terminals of its coil with write posts  140  and  142 , respectively, and leads  164  and  166  that connect posts  144  and  146 , respectively, with the MR sensing element of transducer  158 . After wafer level testing of this chip  167  to determine whether transducer  148  or  158  offers superior performance, that transducer is selected by severing the leads to the other transducer, and the chip is mounted on an up or down side of the disk so that the FMAP is closer to the outside edge of the disk surface. For employment of transducer  158  as the FMAP, leads  152 ,  154 ,  156  and optionally  150  may be severed along line  168 , for example, by laser ablation. Similarly, line  169  may be cut to select transducer  148  as the FMAP. Note that the leads are arranged so that most or all of the leads connected to a given transducer may be severed by ablation or etching of a small portion far from either transducer. A MIP  174  is spaced on an opposite side of the posts  140 ,  142 ,  144  and  146  from MAPs  176  and  178 , so that connecting the posts to a gimbal affords the chip  167  limited movement for contacting the disk with the MIP and MAPs.  
         [0048]    [0048]FIG. 10 shows a conductive layer of a laminated flexure suspension  180  having a pair of write leads  182  and  184  as well as a pair of sense leads  186  and  188 . The suspension  180  is formed of two stainless steel layers, one of which includes the leads  182 ,  184 ,  186  and  188 , the steel layers sandwiched about a damping, insulative adhesive layer. Copper or other conductive materials may alternatively be used for the leads, and the suspension may alternately be formed by deposition and micromachining. Write lead  184  extends across a first strip  190  and then across a second strip  191  to connect with terminal  194 , for bonding with post  140 , not shown in this figure. Similarly, write lead  182  extends across a third strip  195  and a fourth strip  197  to connect with terminal  199 , which is positioned for attachment with post  142 . Sense lead  188  is connected by fifth and sixth strips  192  and  193  to terminal  195 , which will be bonded with post  144 , while sense lead  186  extends via seventh and eighth strips  197  and  198  to terminal  200 , for bonding with post  146 . The strips are constructed to allow gimbal rotation along an axis parallel to the disk surface, while maintaining lateral and longitudinal stiffness important for minimizing track access and bit shift errors. For example, leads  186  and  188  and strips  192  and  197  form a triangular frame that is much more rotationally flexible than laterally or longitudinally flexible, and similar triangular frames are apparent in the remainder of the strips. In order to limit slider  166  motion and remove kinetic energy from the slider in the event of a shock to a drive, leads  182 ,  184 ,  186  and  188  are positioned to create a backstop to the outside of the slider.  
         [0049]    [0049]FIG. 11A shows a slider  202  having a single MAP  203  protruding from a mostly flat disk-facing surface  204  near a leading edge  205 , with a pair of MIPs  207  and  208  protruding from that surface near a trailing edge  209 . For operation with a forward spinning disk, the trailing edge  209  is disposed further than the leading edge  205  from the mounting end of the beam, while reverse spinning of the disk calls for the leading edge to be located further from the actuator than the trailing edge. The single MAP  203  is axially located near the position shown for MIP  86  of FIG. 4, albeit further from the chip edge to allow for the MAP&#39;s associated transducer, while the pair of MIPs  207  and  208  are located near the positions of MAPs  82  and  84  of FIG. 4 but closer to their respective corners of the chip.  
         [0050]    [0050]FIG. 11B shows a slider  210  having a single MAP  212  near a trailing edge  215  and a pair of MIPs  217  and  220  near a leading edge  222 . This slider has a pair of air bearing plateaus  225  and  226  connected near the leading edge  222  and designed to cause that edge to levitate slightly during operation while the trailing edge  215  does not, causing MAP  212  to be at least occasionally the sole point of contact with the disk. The surface, which was covered with DLC and etched to create the MAP and MIPs, is selectively etched again to form a negative pressure recess  227  surrounding MAP  212  and an arcuate positive pressure ramp  230  near the leading edge  222 . A subsequent etch step may optionally create an additional recess  233  ahead of the ramp  230 , in order to provide additional lift near the leading edge. The MIPs  217  and  220  are of a reduced thickness in this embodiment, to compensate for reduced sliding on the disk relative to the MAP  212 , and thus coordinate the wear rates. A portion  235  of the surface adjoining the MAP  212  is protected from etching to avoid damage to the transducer associated with the MAP. MIPs  217  and  220  may also have a slightly enlarged base that was protected from etching. The sliders  202  and  210  may be attached to the beams  110  or  180  depending upon whether inductive or MR sensing transducers are employed.  
         [0051]    In FIG. 12 an adapter  250  allows the beam  110  of the inductive sensing embodiment to be fitted to a conventional actuator arm without bending the beam, offering improvements in load adjustment and handling. Moreover, the adapter  250  overhangs the beam  110 , providing a shock absorbing backstop similar in effect to that of the beam  110  overlap of the slider  80 . A top stiffening layer  252  of the beam  110  is seen in this figure to be essentially contiguous, as this layer  252  is primarily structural in function, and may be formed, for instance of stainless steel having a thickness of about 1 mil. A cut-out gimbal area  255  is seen from this perspective to include an annular section  257  that is separated from the remainder of the stiffening layer  252 , and a central area  260  that is separated from and disposed within the annular section  257 . The elongated, flat shape of the flexure beam  110  promotes longitudinal and lateral stiffness while motion in a direction toward and away from the disk is accommodated by the hinge. The gimbal area  255  allows the slider to pitch and roll a limited amount with greatly reduced constraint, beyond which edges of the slider are stopped by the flexure beam  110  surrounding the cut-out gimbal area. The free end  115  of the beam  110  extends substantially beyond the location where the slider attaches to the beam, providing protection and ease of handling to the head gimbal assembly (HGA). In operation, the extension of the free end  115  well beyond the slider provides a tab for loading and unloading the HGA on the disk. Specifically, if the actuator arm is pivoted to position the slider at an extreme outer diameter of the disk, the free end  115  extends beyond the disk for lifting access.  
         [0052]    The mounting end  112  of the beam  110  is attached to a pre-bent flange  266  of the adapter  250 , causing the beam to project at a predetermined angle to the disk surface, thereby determining the static load of the transducer on the disk. Attachment of the beam  110  to the adapter  250  is typically achieved by spot welding, adhesive epoxy or other conventional means. The attachment of the beam  110  to the bottom rather than the top of the mounting surface keeps the flange  266  from shorting the conductive leads  120  and  130  of the beam and provides a clean surface of the flange for adhesion. In contrast to conventional means for angling a beam toward a disk, which involve bending the beam and thereby creating a host of stresses within the beam that may be released in unpredictable manners including attempting stress removal by heat treatment, forming a bend in the stiff flange  266  does not result in measurable variations in the spring force of the beam. The flange is typically angled at about 5° to 10° to the plane of a baseplate  270  of the adapter  250 , which is essentially parallel to the disk surface. An optional approximately 2° bend  272  may be provided to the beam  110  in order to increase the parallelism between the portion of the beam adjacent to the slider and the disk surface, not shown in this figure. Alternatively, the adapter flange can provide both an angle that approaches the disk surface and a converse angle that brings the beam more close to parallel with the disk surface, allowing for a lower profile beam attack angle.  
         [0053]    An opening  273  in the stiffener, damping and conducting layers allows the beam  110  to bend more freely, essentially creating a hinge  274  at the opening area. The conductive leads  120  and  130  are also patterned within the opening  273 , enhancing flexibility of the beam  110  at the hinge  274 . The combination of the angled adapter flange  266  for mounting the beam and the adjacent hinge  274  present a fundamentally different geometry and force profile than conventional beams that are mounted parallel to the disk surface and bent. The static load provided by the angled flange  266  and hinge  274  is set much lower, preferably in a range between about 50 and 200 milligrams, as compared to loads of conventional beams in excess of 1 gram and often several grams. The low load of the present invention is allowed by the low aerodynamic lift of the slider, which is designed to minimize the portion of the slider substantially affected by the layer of air accompanying the disk. Such sliders have maintained aerodynamic lift below 150 mg for linear velocities of up to 18 m/s, with further improvement in sight. Providing the hinge  274  far from the transducer reduces the angular constant of the beam  110 , which is helpful in meeting tolerance requirements.  
         [0054]    A U-shaped bar  275  of the adapter  250  overhangs the mounted beam  110  to provide protection, handling capabilities and shock absorption for the beam. The bar  275  has a pair of longitudinal rails  277  that are spaced further apart than the width of the beam  110 , with a lateral cross bar  280  connecting distal ends of the rails. The rails  277  have rolled sides  282  for increased longitudinal stiffness and may extend back into the baseplate  270  in order to further increase that stiffness. The beam  110  is shown in FIG. 7 as it appears hanging from the adapter  250  and without a disk below, as is the case during assembly. At this stage the adapter  250  provides a means for handling the beam  110  without damage, as the beam and adapter can be grasped, with a tweezers for instance, during which process the beam is nestled between the rolled extensions and held near the cross-bar  280 . During operation, when the contact with the disk has arched the flexure beam  110  upward closer to the cross-bar  280 , the cross-bar serves to limit the movement of the beam away from the disk in response to shocks, absorbing energy from the beam in order to reduce the impact as the beam and slider slap back down against the disk. A beam-facing side of the cross-bar  280  may optionally be coated with a damping material in order to aid in the one-way energy transfer from the beam to the adapter  250 .  
         [0055]    An opening  285  in the stiffener and damping layers of the beam exposes the terminals  122  and  133  of the respective conductive leads  120  and  130  attachment to wire leads, not shown in this figure, which are braided and then crimped into or bonded onto wire captures  288  on the near side. Another set of wire leads  290  are disposed on the far side of the adapter  250 , which may be used for an adapter on an opposite side of the disk, for instance. A cylindrical boss  293  allows the adapter  250  to be swage mounted to an actuator arm. That is, the boss  293  fits within a cylinder at the end of the actuator arm, and the two are fixed together by driving a steel ball through the mated cylinders, riveting the actuator arm and adapter  250  together, a process known as swaging.  
         [0056]    Referring now to FIG. 13, the adapter  250  also serves to balance the mass of a conventional actuator arm  300  about a pivot axis  302 , as the actuator  305  has been designed for larger conventional sliders and beams. The actuator  305  allows the slider  80  to sweep across a rigid disk  310  between an outer diameter  312  and an inner diameter  314  along an arcuate path shown by double arrow  316 . During reading and writing of information on the disk  310 , the slider  80  maintains essentially continuous contact with either the disk surface  318  or a microscopically thin lubricant layer distributed on the disk surface, while the disk spins rapidly in either a forward direction, as indicated with arrow  320 , or a reverse direction, as indicated by arrow  322 . Reversal of the chip mounting direction may be important to ensure that, in the reverse spinning mode, the resultant frictional force is adjacent to the trailing edge of the slider, as well as directed away from the pivot axes about which the friction can force slider movement. The remainder of the drive system mechanism shown in FIG. 13 is fairly conventional and so will not be described in great detail. One should note, however, that a similar actuator arm, adapter, beam and slider is disposed on an opposite surface of disk  310  from surface  318 , that actuator arm generally sharing the pivot axis  302  of actuator  305 . That slider may have an FMAP disposed, like that of slider  80 , to provide maximal disk surface  318  access. A stack of such disks and pairs of sliders may be included in a drive.