Abstract:
Period-one nonlinear dynamics of semiconductor lasers are utilized to provide an apparatus for photonic microwave power amplification in radio-over-fiber links through optical modulation depth improvement. The microwave power amplification apparatus includes a microwave-modulated optical signal generation module and a microwave power amplification module. The amplification capability of the present microwave power amplification apparatus covers a broad microwave range, from less than 25 GHz to more than 60 GHz, and a wide gain range, from less than 10 dB to more than 30 dB. The microwave phase quality is mainly preserved while the microwave power is largely amplified, improving the signal-to-noise ratio up to at least 25 dB. The bit-error ratio at 1.25 Gb/s is better than 10 −9  and a sensitivity improvement of up to at least 15 dB is feasible.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims priority from Taiwan Patent Application No. 103106710, filed on Feb. 27, 2014 in Taiwan intellectual Property Office, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a microwave power amplification apparatus and method thereof by using, particularly, period-one nonlinear dynamics of semiconductor lasers. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Communication networks are generally classified into wireless networks and wireline networks. In the wireless networks, microwaves are used as carriers to deliver data through air to provide communication between mobile electronic devices. In the wireline networks based on optical technologies, optical waves function as carriers to deliver data through optical fibers to provide communication between immobilized electronic devices. These two networks depend on completely different communication approaches and cover completely different communication scopes. Due to the rapid advances of broadband wireless technologies and also due to the various developments of online applications, the capacity demand for data transmission in the wireless networks increases considerably. If the wireless networks are required to manage both the front-end data transmission between users and wireless base stations and the back-end data transmission between the wireless base stations and central offices, currently developed broadband wireless technologies are not capable of meeting the vast capacity demand for data transmission when the wireless networks are simultaneously accessed by a variety of different users or devices. 
     Since each channel of the wireline networks based on optical technologies provides data transmission capacity of the order of a few Gbits/s to tens of Gbits/s, the optical communication networks are highly suitable to work as backbones for huge back-end data transmission for various network applications. Therefore, radio-over-fiber (RoF) networks which integrate the wireless networks (responsible for the front-end data transmission) and the optical wireline networks (responsible for the back-end data transmission) have become very attractive for the next generation of communication technology and system. 
     To ensure the communication quality in the RoF networks, the power of the microwaves needs to be high enough. Three approaches are commonly adopted to increase the microwave power. In the first approach, electronic microwave amplifiers are used after photo-detection at base stations. However, to fulfill the demand of considerably increasing data transmission in the future, significantly more data bandwidth is necessary. This therefore requires continuous upgrade or replacement of the electronic microwave amplifiers with higher bandwidth capability, suggesting an enhancement of operation cost. In the second approach, optical power amplifiers are used before photo-detection to increase the power of the input optical signals upon photodetectors. However, too much of the input optical power would damage the photodetectors. In the third approach, the optical modulation depth of the input optical signals is increased, which in turn increases the microwave power after photo-detection under the same received optical power. This can be achieved by increasing the microwave power when directly or externally modulating semiconductor lasers. However, nonlinear effects, such as harmonic or intermodulation distortion, are generally induced, which affect the quality of the received signals. In addition, under the same received optical power at the photodetectors, the optical modulation depth can be increased by reducing the power difference between the optical modulation sidebands and the optical carrier, which is commonly quantified by the sideband-to-carrier ratio (SCR). Currently, the optical filtering scheme is applied to achieve a better SCR value by suppressing the power of the optical carrier while maintaining that of the optical modulation sidebands. This, however, considerably reduces the overall power of the optical signal and therefore requires extra optical power amplifiers to compensate for the power loss. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to the problems and challenges encountered in prior arts, the purpose of the present invention is to provide an apparatus for microwave power amplification in the RoF networks through optical modulation depth improvement by applying period-one nonlinear dynamics of semiconductor lasers. The microwave power amplification apparatus of the present invention includes a semiconductor laser as the key component, which can be reconfigured for different communication networks with different requirements or different applications adopting different microwave frequencies. 
     Another purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for microwave power amplification in the RoF networks through optical modulation depth improvement by applying period-one nonlinear dynamics of semiconductor lasers. In this manner, similar and even improved microwave quality and bit-error ratio (BER) are obtained, which shall enhance the signal detection sensitivity of communication networks, the transmission distance of optical fibers, and the network transmission efficiency. 
     According to the aforementioned purposes, the present invention provides a microwave power amplification apparatus to amplify power of microwaves in the RoF networks. The microwave power amplification apparatus includes a microwave power amplification module. While the optical input of the microwave power amplification module is an optical signal carrying a power-to-be-amplified microwave signal and has at least one modulation sideband, the optical output of the microwave power amplification module is an optical signal carrying a power-amplified microwave signal. The microwave power amplification module includes a microwave-power amplification laser, which converts the optical input into the optical output using period-one nonlinear dynamics of the microwave-power amplification laser, wherein the optical input falls within the domain for microwave power amplification using the period-one nonlinear dynamics of the microwave-power amplification laser. 
     Preferably, the microwave power amplification apparatus further includes a microwave-modulated optical signal generation module to generate the optical input. The microwave-modulated optical signal generation module includes a laser to generate a continuous-wave optical signal, an optical polarization controller to adjust the polarization of the continuous-wave optical signal, a microwave signal generator to generate the power-to-be-amplified microwave signal, and an external modulator to superimpose the power-to-be-amplified microwave signal on the continuous-wave optical signal to generate the optical input. 
     Preferably, the microwave-modulated optical signal generation module further includes a data signal generator to generate a data signal to be transmitted, which can be an analog signal or a digital signal, and an electrical signal mixer to mix power-to-be-amplified microwave signal with the data signal to generate a power-to-be-amplified microwave signal carrying the data signal. 
     Preferably, the microwave power amplification module further includes an optical power adjuster and an optical polarization controller. The optical power adjuster includes an active optical device or a passive optical device to adjust the optical power of the optical input, and the optical polarization controller adjusts the polarization of the optical input. 
     Preferably, the active optical device is an optical power amplifier and the passive optical device is an optical power attenuator. 
     Preferably, the microwave power amplification module may include an optical path controller, connected to the microwave-power amplification laser, to unidirectionally direct the optical input toward the microwave-power amplification laser, and to unidirectionally direct the optical output toward an output port of the microwave power amplification apparatus. 
     Preferably, the optical path controller is an optical circulator and the microwave-power amplification laser is a semiconductor laser. 
     According to the aforementioned purposes, the present invention further provides a microwave power amplification method to amplify power of microwaves in the RoF networks. The microwave power amplification method includes the following steps: 
     (1) using a microwave-modulated optical signal generation module to generate an optical input, wherein the optical input is an optical signal carrying a power-to-be-amplified microwave signal and the optical input has at least one modulation sideband, and 
     (2) using a microwave-power amplification laser to convert the optical input into an optical output using period-one nonlinear dynamics of the microwave-power amplification laser, wherein the optical output is an optical signal carrying a power-amplified microwave signal and the optical input falls within the domain for microwave power amplification using the period-one nonlinear dynamics of the microwave-power amplification laser. 
     Furthermore, the step of using the microwave-modulated optical signal generation module to generate the optical input further includes the following steps: 
     (1) using a laser to generate a continuous-wave optical signal, 
     (2) using an optical polarization controller to adjust the polarization of the continuous-wave optical signal, 
     (3) using a microwave signal generator to generate the power-to-be-amplified microwave signal, 
     (4) using a data signal generator to generate a data signal to be transmitted, and the data signal being either an analog signal or a digital signal, 
     (5) using an electrical signal mixer to mix the power-to-be-amplified microwave signal with the data signal to generate a power-to-be-amplified microwave signal carrying the data signal, and 
     (6) using an external modulator to superimpose the power-to-be-amplified microwave signal on the continuous-wave optical signal to generate the optical input. 
     Furthermore, two more steps are also included between the step of using the microwave-modulated optical signal generation module to generate the optical input and the step of using the microwave-power amplification laser to convert the optical input into the optical output: 
     (1) using an optical power adjuster to adjust the optical power of the optical input, and 
     (2) using an optical polarization controller to adjust the polarization of the optical input. 
     Furthermore, in the step of using the microwave-power amplification laser to convert the optical input into the optical output, an optical path controller is also used to unidirectionally direct the optical input toward the microwave-power amplification laser, and to unidirectionally direct the optical output toward an output port. 
     As mentioned above, the microwave power amplification apparatus and method based upon the present invention possess one or more of the following characteristics and advantages: 
     (1) While maintaining the power of the optical carrier, the microwave power amplification apparatus and method of the present invention are able to increase the power of the optical modulation sidebands, which therefore reduces the power difference between the optical carrier and the optical modulation sidebands. Since the power level of the optical output is similarly maintained or even enhanced compared with that of the optical input, no extra optical power amplifier is necessary for power loss compensation.
 
(2) The microwave power amplification apparatus can be reconfigured for different communication networks with different requirements or different applications adopting different microwave frequencies. In addition, the apparatus is insensitive to the ambiance temperature and can self-adapt to the adjustment of the operating conditions of the communication networks, leading to a considerably stable operation of the apparatus. Therefore, the microwave power amplification apparatus of the present invention has the advantages of simple structure, stable operation, and low installation and maintenance cost.
 
(3) By using the period-one nonlinear dynamics of semiconductor lasers, the microwave power amplification method of the present invention provides an approach to amplify microwave power through the improvement of the optical modulation depth in the RoF networks or even other applications. In this manner, similar and even improved microwave quality and bit-error ratio (BER) are obtained, which shall enhance the signal detection sensitivity of communication networks, the transmission distance of optical fibers, and the network transmission efficiency.
 
     The aforementioned purposes, characteristics, and advantages of the present invention are more fully described with preferred embodiments and drawings as follows. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The device structure, operating principle, and advantageous characteristics of the present invention are described with more details hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings that show various embodiments of the present invention as follows. 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic representation of a microwave power amplification apparatus according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a first flow diagram showing a microwave power amplification method according a preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  is a second flow diagram showing the microwave power amplification method according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 4  shows a dynamical mapping of the microwave-power amplification laser subject to continuous-wave optical injection in terms of the injection level and the detuning frequency according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 5  shows an optical spectrum of the period-one nonlinear dynamics of the microwave-power amplification laser subject to continuous-wave optical injection according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 6  shows an optical spectrum of the optical input carrying a power-to-be-amplified microwave signal according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 7  shows an optical spectrum of the optical output carrying a power-amplified microwave signal according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 8  shows microwave spectra of the optical input and the optical output, respectively, according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 9  shows microwave power and microwave gain in terms of the input sideband-to-carrier ratio (SCR) after microwave power amplification according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 10  shows microwave gain and output sideband-to-carrier ratio (SCR) in terms of the microwave frequency after microwave power amplification according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 11  shows spectra of the input data signal and the output data signal, respectively, according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 12  shows bit-error ratios (BERs) of the input data signal and output data signal, respectively, in terms of the received optical power according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention; and 
         FIG. 13  shows eye diagrams of the input data signal and the output data signal, respectively, according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     To illustrate the device structure, operating principle, and advantageous characteristics of the present invention, a preferred embodiment and the corresponding drawings are provided with more details. The purpose of the drawings being used is for illustration, and they are not necessarily the real proportion and precise allocation of the embodiments of the present invention. Therefore, they should not be used to limit the privilege coverage of the practical embodiments of the present invention. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 ,  FIG. 1  is a schematic representation of a microwave power amplification apparatus according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. In  FIG. 1 , a microwave power amplification apparatus  1  includes a microwave power amplification module  20 . The optical input of the microwave power amplification module  20  is an optical signal carrying a power-to-be amplified microwave signal and has at least one modulation sideband. The microwave power amplification module  20  includes a microwave-power amplification laser  203 , which converts the optical input into an optical output carrying a power-amplified microwave signal using the period-one nonlinear dynamics. The optical input falls within the domain for microwave power amplification using the period-one nonlinear dynamics of the microwave-power amplification laser  203 . 
     Moreover, the microwave power amplification apparatus  1  further includes a microwave-modulated optical signal generation module  10  to generate the optical input. The microwave-modulated optical signal generation module  10  includes a laser  101  to generate a continuous-wave optical signal, an optical polarization controller  102  to adjust the polarization of the continuous-wave optical signal, a microwave signal generator  103  to generate the power-to-be-amplified microwave signal, and an external modulator  106  to superimpose the power-to-be-amplified microwave signal on the continuous-wave optical signal to generate the optical input. 
     Moreover, the microwave-modulated optical signal generation module  10  further includes a data signal generator  104  to generate a data signal to be transmitted, which can be an analog signal or a digital signal, and an electrical signal mixer  105  to mix the power-to-be-amplified microwave signal with the data signal to generate a power-to-be-amplified microwave signal carrying the data signal. 
     Moreover, the microwave-modulated optical signal generation module  10  further includes a DC power supply  107  to supply a constant bias voltage to the external modulator  106 . 
     Moreover, the microwave power amplification module  20  further includes an optical power adjuster  201  and an optical polarization controller  202 . The optical power adjuster  201  includes an active optical device or a passive optical device to adjust the optical power of the optical input, and the optical polarization controller  202  adjusts the polarization of the optical input. 
     Moreover, the active optical device is an optical power amplifier and the passive optical device is an optical power attenuator. 
     Moreover, the microwave power amplification module  20  further includes an optical path controller  204 , connected to the microwave-power amplification laser  203 , to unidirectionally direct the optical input toward the microwave-power amplification laser  203 , and to unidirectionally direct the optical output toward an output port of the microwave power amplification apparatus  1 . 
     Moreover, the optical path controller  204  is an optical circulator and the microwave-power amplification laser  203  is a semiconductor laser. 
     To detect and analyze the optical input and the optical output of the microwave power amplification apparatus  1 , the following devices are used: 
     (1) an optical spectrum analyzer  301  to analyze spectral features of the optical input or the optical output, 
     (2) a photodetector  302  to retrieve the power-to-be-amplified microwave signal from the optical input or to retrieve the power-amplified microwave signal from the optical output, 
     (3) a microwave spectrum analyzer  303  to analyze spectral features of the power-to-be amplified microwave signal retrieved from the optical input or the power-amplified microwave signal retrieved from the optical output, 
     (4) a microwave signal generator  304  to generate a microwave signal of the same frequency as the power-to-be-amplified microwave signal generated by the microwave signal generator  103 , 
     (5) an electrical signal mixer  305  to mix the power-to-be amplified microwave signal retrieved from the optical input or the power-amplified microwave signal retrieved from the optical output with the microwave signal generated by the microwave signal generator  304  in order to down-convert the input data signal or the output data signal,
 
(6) a low-pass filter  306  to filter out unnecessary high-frequency components of the input data signal or the output data signal, and
 
(7) an error tester  307  to compare the output data signal with the input data signal in order to calculate the bit-error ratio.
 
For RoF networks, the aforementioned photodetector  302  can be installed within a wireless base station to retrieve data-encoded microwave signals carried by the optical input through fiber transmission.
 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 ,  FIG. 2  is a first flow diagram showing a microwave power amplification method according a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The microwave power amplification method of the present invention includes the following steps: 
     (S 10 ): Using a microwave-modulated optical signal generation module  10  to generate an optical input carrying a power-to-be-amplified microwave signal; 
     (S 20 ) Using an optical power adjuster  201  to adjust the power of the optical input; 
     (S 21 ): Using an optical polarization controller  202  to adjust the polarization of the optical input; 
     (S 22 ): Using a microwave-power amplification laser  203  to convert the optical input into an optical output carrying a power-amplified microwave signal through period-one nonlinear dynamics; and 
     (S 23 ): Using an optical path controller  204  to unidirectionally direct the optical input toward the microwave-power amplification laser  203 , and unidirectionally direct the optical output toward an output port of the microwave power amplification apparatus  1 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 ,  FIG. 3  is a second flow diagram showing the microwave power amplification method according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention. The step of S 10  further comprises the following steps: 
     (S 11 ): Using a laser  101  to generate a continuous-wave optical signal; 
     (S 12 ): Using an optical polarization controller  102  to adjust the polarization of the continuous-wave optical signal; 
     (S 13 ): Using a microwave signal generator  103  to generate the power-to-be-amplified microwave signal; 
     (S 14 ): Using a data signal generator  104  to generate a data signal to be transmitted, and the data signal being an analog signal or a digital signal; 
     (S 15 ): Using an electrical signal mixer  105  to mix the power-to-be-amplified microwave signal with the data signal to generate a power-to-be-amplified microwave signal carrying the data signal; and 
     (S 16 ): Using an external modulator  106  to superimpose the power-to-be-amplified microwave signal carrying the data signal on the continuous-wave optical signal to generate the optical input. 
     Based on the above description, the microwave power amplification apparatus of the present invention includes a microwave-power amplification laser, which is a semiconductor laser. Without any external perturbation, the typical output of the microwave-power amplification laser is a continuous wave of one single frequency. Under proper conditions of the injection level and frequency and without any microwave modulation, injecting the continuous-wave optical signal generated by the laser  101  in  FIG. 1  into the microwave-power amplification laser induces period-one nonlinear dynamics showing completely different physical behaviors and characteristics. 
     In the following explanations, the injection level, indicates the strength of the optical injection and the detuning frequency, f i , indicates the frequency of the optical injection relative to the free-running frequency of the microwave-power amplification laser. Referring to  FIGS. 4 and 5 ,  FIG. 4  shows a dynamical mapping of the microwave-power amplification laser subject to continuous-wave optical injection in terms of the injection level and the detuning frequency according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, and FIG.  5  shows an optical spectrum of the period-one nonlinear dynamics of the microwave-power amplification laser subject to continuous-wave optical injection according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 4  presents the region of the period-one nonlinear dynamics of the microwave-power amplification laser under different injection levels and detuning frequencies. When applying the microwave power amplification apparatus and method of the present invention, the injection level and detuning frequency of the optical input sent into the microwave power amplification module are chosen within the region of the period-one nonlinear dynamics in  FIG. 4  where microwave power amplification can be achieved. In practical applications, the choice of the injection level and the detuning frequency can be determined based on the requirement of microwave power amplification. Under ξ i =1.1 and f i =21 GHz,  FIG. 5  presents the optical spectrum of the microwave-power amplification laser subject to continuous-wave optical injection at the period-one nonlinear dynamics. In addition to the regeneration at f i =21 GHz, two oscillation sidebands emerge, which are equally separated from the regeneration by f 0 =35 GHz. Generally speaking, because of the red shift of laser cavity resonance, the power of the lower-frequency oscillation sideband is very close to that of the regeneration. In  FIG. 5  of the present embodiment, the lower-frequency oscillation sideband is only 2 dB weaker than the regeneration. The microwave power amplification apparatus and method of the present invention take advantage of this characteristic to achieve microwave power amplification. 
     By adjusting ξ i  or f i  of the continuous-wave optical injection mentioned above, the frequency difference f 0  between adjacent frequency components and the power of each frequency component can be varied, resulting in different characteristics of the period-one nonlinear dynamics of the microwave power amplification laser. The injection level can be adjusted through the optical power adjuster, which may include an active optical device (typically an optical power amplifier) and a passive optical device (typically an optical power attenuator). However, if the injection level is high enough, only an optical power attenuator is required for the optical power adjustment. To effectively generate the period-one nonlinear dynamics, the polarization of the optical injection should align with that of the microwave-power amplification laser, which can be achieved through the optical polarization controller. In addition, to direct the optical injection and to minimize unnecessary back reflection, an optical circulator is adopted to unidirectionally direct the optical injection toward the microwave-power amplification laser and to unidirectionally direct the output of the microwave-power amplification laser toward an optical coupler (not shown). The optical coupler splits the output of the microwave-power amplification laser into two beams and sends these beams into the optical spectrum analyzer and the photodetector, respectively, for analysis. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6 ,  FIG. 6  shows an optical spectrum of the optical input carrying a power-to-be-amplified microwave signal according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention. By externally modulating the continuous-wave optical signal generated by the laser  101  in  FIG. 1  at a microwave frequency of f m =35 GHz, two modulation sidebands with equal optical power appear, as shown in  FIG. 6 , which are equally separated from the continuous-wave optical signal by f m =35 GHz. The sideband-to-carrier ratio (SCR) of this optical input carrying a power-to-be-amplified microwave signal is 35 dB, corresponding to an optical modulation depth of about 3.6%. Referring to  FIG. 7 ,  FIG. 7  shows an optical spectrum of the optical output carrying a power-amplified microwave signal according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention. When the optical input carrying a power-to-be-amplified microwave signal is injected into the microwave-power amplification laser under the same ξ i =1.1 and f i =21 GHz, the power of the lower-frequency modulation sideband of the optical input is so considerably increased that SCR=−2 dB, as shown in  FIG. 7 , which results from the period-one nonlinear dynamics. Referring to  FIG. 8 ,  FIG. 8  shows microwave spectra of the optical input and the optical output, respectively, according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention. As shown in  FIG. 8 , the substantial enhancement of the optical modulation depth significantly amplifies the microwave power by 27 dB. In addition, the linewidth and phase noise of the microwave signal are similarly kept after microwave power amplification, which therefore greatly improves the signal-to-noise ratio and which in turn significantly enhances the detection sensitivity and the transmission distance. 
     By adjusting ξ i  and f i , the frequency difference f 0  between adjacent frequency components and the power of each frequency component in  FIG. 5  can be varied, resulting in different characteristics of the period-one nonlinear dynamics of the microwave power amplification laser. Therefore, this feature can be utilized to adjust the microwave gain of a microwave signal, or to achieve the same microwave gain for microwave signals of different frequencies. More discussion on this feature will be provided below. 
     Referring to  FIG. 9 ,  FIG. 9  shows microwave power and microwave gain in terms of the input sideband-to-carrier ratio (SCR) after microwave power amplification according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention. Under the same ξ i =1.1, f i =21 GHz, and f m =35 GHz, the characteristics of the period-one nonlinear dynamics in the microwave-power amplification laser are the same. Accordingly, as shown in  FIG. 9 , the same output microwave power is obtained for different values of input SCR, leading to a reducing microwave gain as the input microwave power increases. 
     Referring to  FIG. 10 ,  FIG. 10  shows microwave gain and output sideband-to-carrier ratio (SCR) in terms of the microwave frequency after microwave power amplification according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention. Different characteristics of the period-one nonlinear dynamics can result in different f 0  but a same output SCR value, which can be used to obtain a same microwave gain for input microwave signals of different frequencies. As shown in  FIG. 10 , a set of different characteristics of the period-one nonlinear dynamics is so obtained for f m  ranging from 25 to 35 GHz that the output SCR of these microwave signals is around −0.8 dB, leading to the same microwave gain of 29 dB. It can be observed in  FIG. 10  that the output SCR is also around −0.8 dB for f m =35 to 63 GHz, suggesting that the same microwave gain of 29 dB can also be achieved for these microwave signals. 
     Referring to  FIG. 11 ,  FIG. 12 , and  FIG. 13 ,  FIG. 11  shows spectra of the input data signal and the output data signal, respectively, according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention,  FIG. 12  shows bit-error ratios (BERs) of the input data signal and output data signal, respectively, in terms of the received optical power according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, and  FIG. 13  shows eye diagrams of the input data signal and the output data signal, respectively, according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention. To investigate whether the aforementioned microwave power amplification leads to the performance improvement of the communication networks, analyzing the quality of the data signal carried by the microwave signal before and after microwave power amplification is conducted. First, as shown in  FIG. 11 , while the power of the microwave signal is enhanced by 10 dB, that of the data signal (at a bit rate of 1.25 Gb/s) carried by the microwave signal (at f m =35 GHz) is similarly increased by about 7 dB. Since the frequency range of the power-amplified data signal is on the order of GHz, the microwave power amplification apparatus and method of the present invention can be applied to the RoF networks with a data rate of at least several Gb/s. Second, as shown in  FIG. 12 , the bit-error ratio (BER) analysis of the data signal shows that, after microwave power amplification, not only a similar BER behavior is obtained as a function of the received optical power but also a lower received optical power (about 4 dB lower) is necessary to achieve a typically required BER of 10 −9 . This indicates that the data detection sensitivity is enhanced, and that the transmission distance and efficiency are also similar improved. The result of  FIG. 13  suggests that, in the above embodiment, the adequate power difference between the binary data for high bit rates ensures correct retrieval of the data signal to be transmitted. 
     Refer to  FIG. 5  to  FIG. 13 . At the period-one nonlinear dynamics,  FIG. 5  shows that the power of the lower-frequency oscillation sideband is close to that of the regeneration, which is only 2 dB weaker in the present embodiment. The microwave power amplification apparatus and method of the present invention take advantage of this characteristic to achieve microwave power amplification. The optical input carrying the power-to-be-amplified microwave signal shown in  FIG. 6  is a typical optical double-sideband modulation signal, and  FIG. 7  to  FIG. 13  demonstrate the results and analyses of the optical double-sideband modulation signal after microwave power amplification using the period-one nonlinear dynamics. Since similar processes and results of the aforementioned microwave power amplification are observed for an optical input that is an optical single-sideband modulation signal, no matter whether it exhibits a lower- or higher-frequency modulation sideband, they will not be repeated. 
     It should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the details thereof. Various equivalent variations and modifications may still occur to those skilled in this art in view of the teachings of the present invention. Thus, all such variations and equivalent modifications are also embraced within the scope of the present invention as defined in the appended claims.