Abstract:
Disclosed herein is a cultivation of Paecilomyces sp. which has various efficacies such as anti-tumor and reinforcement of immunity, but could not be used wide in human because of relatively limited supply. The artificial cultivation of Paecilomyces sp. comprises steps of (a) inoculating a dilution of spores of Paecilomyces sp. diluted with water to a concentration of 10 7  ˜10 8  spores/ml into a larva of 4th˜5th instar of silkworm at a temperature of 26˜30° C. and a humidity of about 90% or more; and (b) inducing fruitbodies of Paecilomyces sp. by maintaining of the larvae at a temperature of 15˜30° C. and a humidity of about 90% or more. In particular, Paecilomyces japonica (KCCM-10117), Paecilomyces sp. J300 (KCCM-10116) and Paecilomyces farinosa (KCCM-10115).

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a cultivation of Paecilomyces sp.(Chinese name; Tochu-kaso) using silkworm as a host. More particularly, it relates to a cultivation of Paecilomyces sp. which comprises steps of inoculating Paecilomyces sp. into larvae of silkworms and inducing a fruitbody of Paecilomyces sp. therefrom 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Tochu-kaso is a parasitic living fungus on larvae and pupae of insects. Some of them had been used for the medicinal purpose, and are distributed in many countries, for instance, China, Nepal, Japan, South America, Republic of Korea, etc. 
     A typical infection route of Tochu-kaso is an epidermal infection wherein its conidia are scattered and adhered to an epidermis of a host insect. The adhered conidia are germinated under appropriate temperature and humidity conditions, and penetrates into a body of the insect. And then, its spawn grown within the interior of the insect body induces a fruitbody on the epidermis of insect. The infected insects died. 
     Its fruitbody consists of petiole and a fruit portion at an end thereof and has a size of 1.5˜10 cm. Further, it has filiform, clubbed or cylindrical shapes and various colors such as white, black, red, brown etc., depending on the species. 
     Tochu-kaso has been known as a medicinal fungus having pharmacodynamic efficacy against various diseases. For example, in China, it has been mentioned as a secret medicine for eternal youth. In addition, it has been reported that it protects the lung and enhances the functioning of the kidney. Further, the &#34;Jungrubonso&#34;, Chinese old pharmacopeia, says that various species such as Yongchuso and Ahyangbongchuso are efficacious against various diseases. Also, in Japan, &#34;Bonsosu&#34; (1801) says that Tochu-kaso was sold as a miracle drug against a lung disease and pleurisy. 
     Recently, many studies have been conducted in order to evaluate pharmacodynamic efficacy of Tochu-kaso shown in these old pharmacopeia. As a result, it was reported that its extract contains substances capable of reinforcing immune system and thereby can promote cellular and humoral immunities and improve a resistance against various tumors and viruses. 
     A clinical test conducted in Switzerland reported an example wherein a two weeks by administration of extracts of Tochu-kaso into a drug addict patient can protect him from the temptation and adverse effects of the drug. Further, the patient eventually returned to normalcy. 
     It has also been known to have effectiveness of alleviating fatigue and stress. 
     Due to various efficacy, many studies have been and are being conducted on Tochu-kaso in order to incorporate its extract into pharmaceutical compositions or drinks. Although 300 or more species are distributed all over the world, due to its small size and lower distribution density compared with the other fungi or medicinal plants, there is a difficulty in obtaining absolute amount required for the establishment of its pharmacological efficacies and a clinical test. In addition, since its efficacy varies largely depending on the species, this difficulty is so much the worse. 
     Under this circumstance, the present invention studies have been focused on the cultivation thereof. Firstly, they have got informations from the studies on Tochu-kaso species inhabiting in the nature, its host insects, a route of infection and conditions of inducing fruitbody. And then they make a setting of an appropriate host insect and cultivation conditions. 
     On basis of these informations, they could establish characteristics of Tochu-kaso species. 
     The present invention is also accomplished as a results of the same research. 
     Above all, the present inventors selected silkworm as a host insect in the cultivation since its rearing method is well established. Further, since silkworm itself has been used as a medicine stuff, it is believed to be more preferably used as a host insect. Then, they have conducted in order to find Tochu-kaso strains able to use silkworm as a host insect. 
     As a result, they found that Paecilomyces sp. can use silkworm as a host. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Thus, an object of the present invention is to provide a cultivation of Paecilomyces sp. 
     This and other objects can be accomplished by a cultivation comprising steps of (a) inoculating a dilution of spores of Paecilomyces sp. into larvae of 4th˜5th instar of silkworms at a temperature of 26˜30° C. and a humidity of about 90% or more; and (b) inducing fruitbodies of Paecilomyces sp. by maintaining of the larvae at a temperature of 15˜30° C. and a humidity of about 90% or more. 
     These and other objects and features of the present invention will be apparent to the skilled in the art from the following detailed description. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a photograph showing wild Paecilomyces japonica parasitizing on pupa of Lepidoptera. 
     FIG. 2 is a photograph showing Paecilomyces japonica cultivated artificially according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 3 is a photograph showing wild Paecilomyces sp. J300 parasitizing on pupa of Lepidoptera. 
     FIG. 4 is a photograph showing Paecilomyces sp. J300 cultivated artificially according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 5 is a photograph showing wild Paecilomyces farinosa parasitizing on pupa of Lepidoptera. 
     FIG. 6 is a photograph showing Paecilomyces farinosa cultivated artificially according to the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with the present invention, a cultivation of Paecilomyces sp. comprises steps of; 
     (a) inoculating a dilution of spores of Paecilomyces sp. into a larva of 4th˜5th instar of silkworm at a temperature of 26˜30° C. and a humidity of about 90% or more; and 
     (b) inducing fruitbodies of Paecilomyces sp. by maintaining of the larvae at a temperature of 15˜30° C. and a humidity of about 90% or more. 
     Hereinafter, the cultivation according to the present invention will be described in more detail. 
     The present invention is characterized in selecting silkworm as a host insect in the cultivation. The present invention has been accomplished on basis of investigation over various wild Tochu-kaso whether or not silkworm as a host insect can be infected by the wild Tochu-kaso. The results are shown in Table 1. 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________                         Infection ofStrain         Host insect in the wild                         silkworm______________________________________Cordyceps scarabaeicola          Moth of Coleoptera                         noCordyceps pruinosa          Pupa of Diptera                         noCordyceps sphecocephala          Moth of Hymenoptera                         noCordyceps oxycephala          Moth of Hymenoptera                         noCordyceps gracillioides          Larva of Orthoptera                         noPaecilomyces japonica          Pupa of Lepidoptera                         yesPaecilomyces sp. J300          Pupa of Lepidoptera                         yesPaecilomyces farinosa          Pupa of Lepidoptera                         yes______________________________________ 
    
     As shown in Table 1, Tochu-kaso has different host insects depending on its species. Therefore, the present invention is characterized in providing Paecilomyces sp. as a Tochu-kaso capable of using silkworm as a host insect. 
     Paecilomyces sp. employed in the present invention may include, but not limited thereto, Paecilomyces japonica, Paecilomyces sp. J300 and Paecilomyces farinosa 
     In accordance with the present invention, Paecilomyces japonica can be provided in large quantities by culturing of the spores of wild type Paecilomyces japonica (FIG. 1) gathered in hillock of the Republic of Korea. That is to say, the spores of wild type Paecilomyces japonica is inoculated on PDA(Potato Dextrose Agar) medium or uncleaned rice medium and incubated at a temperature of 20˜25° C. for 30˜40 days for induction of spawn. A parent strain for artificial cultivation is obtained from this induced spawn. The fruitbody of yellow color is obtained from the pupa infected by spray inoculating the spores of parent strain into epidermis of silkworm. Paecilomyces japonica obtained thus had been deposited with Korean Culture Collection of Microorganisms (Korean Foundation of Culture Collection), College of Engineering, Yonsei University, Sodaemun gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea on Nov. 29, 1996 and received an accession number &#34;KFCC-10939&#34;. The deposit was converted into the deposit under Budapest Treaty on Nov. 27, 1997 and received an accession number of &#34;KCCM 10117&#34;. 
     Paecilomyces japonica (KCCM 10117) is a typical strain belonging to incomplete fungus among thread fungus and has many hosts of various insects. Mainly, it is parasitic on larva and pupa of Lepidoptera and forms a yellow fruitbody having 1˜10 of branches like a tree. The size of fruitbody is 1.5˜4.7 cm, and white powder-like conidia are present countlessly on a fruit portion (FIG. 2). 
     Further, in accordance with the present invention, Paecilomyces sp. J300 can be provided in large quantities by culturing of the spores of wild type Paecilomyces sp. J300 (FIG. 3) gathered in hillock of the Republic of Korea. That is to say, the spores of wild type Paecilomyces sp. J300 is inoculated on PDA(Potato Dextrose Agar) medium or uncleaned rice medium and incubated at a temperature of 20˜25° C. for 30˜40 days for induction of spawn. A parent strain for artificial cultivation is obtained from this induced spawn. The fruitbody is obtained from the infected pupa by spray inoculating the spores of parent strain into epidermis of silkworm. The fruitbody consists of light brown petiole and white head portion, and its size is 2.0˜3.0 cm. Further, a ascocarp on the head portion of the fruitbody is gymnocarpous. 
     Paecilomyces sp. J300 obtained thus had been deposited with Korean Culture Collection of Microorganisms (Korean Foundation of Culture Collection), College of Engineering, Yonsei University, Sodaemun gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea on Nov. 29, 1996 and received an accession number &#34;KFCC-10938&#34;. The deposit was converted into the deposit under Budapest Treaty on Nov. 27, 1997 and received an accession number of &#34;KCCM 10116&#34;. 
     Paecilomyces sp. J300 (KCCM 10116) is a typical strain belonging to incomplete fungus among thread fungus and has many hosts of various insects. Mainly, it is parasitic on pupa of Lepidoptera. 
     Further, in accordance with the present invention, Paecilomyces farinosa can be provided in large quantities by culturing of the spores of wild type Paecilomyces farinosa (FIG. 5) gathered in hillock of the Republic of Korea. That is to say, the spores of wild type Paecilomyces farinosa is inoculated on PDA(Potato Dextrose Agar) medium or uncleaned rice medium and incubated at a temperature of 20˜25° C. for 30˜40 days for induction of spawn. A parent strain for artificial cultivation is obtained from this induced spawn. The white club-like fruitbody is obtained from the pupa infected by spray inoculating the spores of parent strain into epidermis of silkworm. Paecilomyces farinosa obtained thus was deposited with Korean Culture Collection of Microorganisms (Korean Foundation of Culture Collection), College of Engineering, Yonsei University, Sodaemun gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea on Nov. 27, 1997 under Budapest Treaty and received an accession number of &#34;KCCM 10115&#34;. 
     Paecilomyces farinosa (KCCM 10115) is a typical strain belonging to incomplete fungus among thread fungus and has many hosts of various insects. Mainly, it is parasitic on larva and pupa of Lepidoptera and forms a white club-like fruitbody. The size of fruitbody is 1.0˜2.0 cm, and white powder-like conidia are present countlessly on a fruit portion (FIG. 6). 
     Paecilomyces sp. can be cultivated artificially using silkworm as a host insect. Therefore, the cultivation of Paecilomyces sp. will be illustrated in more detail by the following description. 
     First, Paecilomyces sp. is inoculated into the epidermis of silkworm by spraying a dilution of its spores. The dilution is prepared by incubating spores of Paecilomyces sp. on uncleaned rice medium and then diluting with water to a concentration of 10 7  ˜10 8  spores/ml. Then, inoculation is preformed into larva epidermis of 4th˜5th instar of silkworm at a temperature 26˜30° C. and a humidity of about 90% or more, particularly about 90% for 15˜24 hours. 
     After inoculation, the infected silkworm is reared under a standard condition such as temperature and humidity according to the conventional method, for instance, with feeding mulberry tree leaves to it 2nd˜4th in a one day. After 15 days, the infected silkworm is transformed into hardened pupa whose interior is full of the white spawn. The hardened pupa is maintained at a temperature of 15˜30° C. and a humidity of about 90% or more, particularly about 90% for inducing of fruitbodies. After 1˜5 days, the light white spawn is appeared on the epidermis of pupa. And, after further 1˜5 days, the fruitbodies start to be induced. After further 30˜40 days, the fruitbodies having average size of 2.0˜3.0 cm are obtained. 
     PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention will be illustrated in more detail by way of the following Examples. The following Examples are merely illustrative and it should be understood that the present invention is not limited to these Examples. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     In order to establish inoculating conditions in an artificial cultivation, the infection rate was investigated under various conditions such as concentration, humidity, temperature and instar of silkworm. The results are shown in Table 2 
     
                                           TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________Inoculating condition                     Host: Silkworm                     2nd                        3rd                           4th                              5thStrain  Inoculation          Humidity               Temperature                     instar                        instar                           instar                              instar                                 pupa                                    moth__________________________________________________________________________Paecilomyces   Spray  95%  23˜24° C.                     -- 9  24 61 58 --japonica   inoculation 26˜27° C.                     3  21 46 67 58 --(KCCM-10117   (10.sup.7 spores/ml)               29˜30° C.                     -- -- 48 73 62 --Paecilomyces sp.    23˜24° C.                     -- -- -- 11 -- --J300                26˜27° C.                     -- -- 4  41 2  --(KCCM-10116         29˜30° C.                     -- -- 5  60 3  --Paecilomyces        23˜24° C.                     -- -- -- 2.0                                 -- --farinosa            26˜27° C.                     -- -- -- 5.2                                 -- --(KCCM-10115         29˜30° C.                     -- -- -- 7.4                                 -- --Paecilomyces   Spray  95%  23˜24° C.                     1  1  48 82 76 --japonica   inoculation 26˜27° C.                     6  6  67 92 81 --(KCCM-10117   (10.sup.8 spores/ml)               29˜30° C.                     -- -- 73 98 78 --Paecilomyces sp.    23˜24° C.                     -- -- -- 28 -- --J300                26˜27° C.                     -- 3  15 62 7  --(KCCM-10116         29˜30° C.                     -- 4  16 89 5  --Paecilomyces        23˜24° C.                     -- -- 9  29 6  --farinosa            26˜27° C.                     -- -- 14 46 10 --(KCCM-10115         29˜30° C.                     -- -- 19 92 11 --__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     As shown in Table 2, the infection rate was shown highly when the spores of Paecilomyces japonica (KCCM-10117), Paecilomyces sp. J300 (KCCM-10116) or Paecilomyces farinosa (KCCM-10115) was inoculated into a larva of 5th instar of silkworm by spraying a dilution of 10 8  spores/ml at 29˜30° C., humidity of 95%. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     In order to establish conditions for inducing fruitbody of Paecilomyces sp., the induction rate and size of fruitbody were measured under various conditions such as temperature and humidity. The results are shown in Table 3. 
     
                                           TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________      Temperature            Humidity                  Induction rate                         Size of fruitbodyStrain     (° C.)            (%)   (%)    (for 30 days, cm)__________________________________________________________________________Paecilomyces japonica      15    95    88     2.0(KCCM-10117      20          95     3.7      24          95.7   5.5      26          95     3.2      30          86     1.0Paecilomyces sp. J300      15    95    89     0.7(KCCM-10116      18          96     1.3      20          97.3   1.7      24          97     0.8      30          52     0.3Paecilomyces farinosa      15    95    93.8   1.3(KCCM-10115      18          97.9   2.0      24          92.0   1.5      27          49.0   0.8      30          14.3   0.4__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     As shown in Table 3, the fruitbody was induced from the pupa when the pupa infected with Paecilomyces sp. was maintained at 29˜30° C., humidity of 95%. In particular, the induction rate of fruitbody is most high at 20˜26° C. for Paecilomyces japonica (KCCM-10117), at 18˜24° C. for Paecilomyces sp. J300 (KCCM-10116), and at 15˜24° C. for Paecilomyces farinosa (KCCM-10115). 
     The longer term the infected pupa is maintained for, the bigger size of fruitbody is obtained. However, it is preferable to harvest the fruitbody after it was maintained for 20˜40 days, since its weight is reduced by nutrition loss of the pupa and freshness is fallen by excessive growth. 
     Paecilomyces sp. cultivated artificially according to the present invention induces many fruitbodies compared with wild Paecilomyces sp. Therefore, the mass production of Paecilomyces sp. is possible. Moreover, since Paecilomyces sp. has various pharmacodynamic efficacies, mass supply of Paecilomyces sp. according to the present invention is expected to attribute to promotion of people&#39;s health and development of physical strength.