Abstract:
The invention relates to a method for the synthesis of glutathione-capped cadmium-telluride (GSH-CdTe) quantum dots in an aqueous medium, including the steps of: a) preparing a precursor solution of cadmium in a citrate buffer; b) adding glutathione (GSH) to the preceding mixture via strong agitation; c) adding a telluride (potassium or sodium telluride) oxyanion as a telluride donor to the preceding mixture; d) allowing the preceding mixture to react; and e) stopping the reaction by incubation at low temperature.

Description:
FIELD OF APPLICATION 
       [0001]    The present invention refers to a method of synthesis of quantum dots (QDs) which comprise CdTe and a gluthatione cover (GSH). The synthesis is produced at low temperatures, in the presence of oxygen, and by using biocompatible substrates. The precursors which are used in the synthesis are inexpensive compounds as tellurium oxyanions and cadmium salts, whilst the GSH is used as a stability and reducing agent. The quantum dots (QDs) can be synthesized with different buffers at different pHs, temperatures, precursor molecules and concentrations generating different sizes and spectroscopic characteristics. Nanoparticles synthesized by the described method display sizes which vary in the 3-6 nm range in diameter, with a quantum yield up to 30%. Based on these characteristics, the QDs generated by this method are useful in electronic and optoelectronic applications, solar cells, as bioprobes and in bioimaging, among many other uses. 
       DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART 
       [0002]    During the last decades there has been a great interest to develop and to optimize semiconductor materials, making them more efficient and less harmful to the environment. In this context, it has been described the preparation of quantum dots (QDs),that are colloidal nanocrystal semiconductors with particle sizes varying between 2 and 20 nm. QDs have different characteristics and display great advantages regarding usually employed semiconductor materials. Among these, it can be highlighted that their size and composition determines the fluorescent emission spectrum of the particle, allowing the generation of quantum dots of desired fluorescense requirements in addition to their very high structural and spectroscopic stability. 
         [0003]    From the structural point of view, QDs are composed by a center or “core” and a cover, cap or “shell”, which is formed by different semiconductor materials. Additionally, different types of semiconductor shell coverings have been included in this basic structure in order to improve functional characteristics. 
         [0004]    For example, a second protective layer, formed by polymers or silicates, which permits increasing stability, biocompatibility, optical properties and/or the affinity for different molecules, cells or objects has been informed. However, notwithstanding that the addition of these shells allows getting better QDs properties, it could affect some other properties due to the possibility of increasing nanoparticle size and/or agglomeration, affecting their stability, fluorescence and solubility. On the other hand, sometimes the shell affects fluorescent properties, drastically reducing the quantum yield. 
         [0005]    Among the elements that can constitute the QDs&#39; “core”, the most required are nanostructured compounds of cadmium/telluride, which have different applications in nanotechnology. CdTe displays cubic crystalline structure that allow it to function as a semiconductor as well as to be a powerful material for thin solar cells and infrared or X rays/gamma rays detectors [in alloys with mercury (HgCdTe) or zinc (CdZnTe)]. In the case of CdTe QDs, an alternative that has allowed increasing its use in different applications has been the inclusion of thiols as shells. In this regard, different methods have been developed for CdTe nanoparticle synthesis using thiols as mercapto succinic acid (MSA), thioglycolic acid (TGA), cysteine, and gluthatione (GSH), among others. 
         [0006]    Quantum dots that have been synthesized in the presence of thiols display good quantum yields, are highly fluorescent and very useful in applications in biomedicine and bioenergy. In addition, the presence of thiols reduces nanoparticle oxidation, probably as consequence of decreased Cd +2 content in the core or shell of the QDs. 
         [0007]    During the last ten years, many methods for synthesizing CdTe quantum dots have been described, comprising mainly organic synthesis processes. However, their application to biological systems is complex because of nanoparticle hydrophobic characteristics. Regarding this point, the aqueous synthesis of these molecules offers some advantages regarding the organic synthesis, as low toxicity, simplicity, high reproducibility, and their potential use in biological systems when bonded to compatible thiols. 
         [0008]    Notwithstanding these advantages, currently there exist only a few protocols which have been developed for the aqueous synthesis of thiol-containing CdTe nanoparticles. In this context, synthesis methods based on the use of NaHTe or H 2 Te as Te donor, and cadmium chloride as the Cd 2 +  donor have been described (Qian et al., 2006; Zheng et al., 2008). In them, the reaction is carried out at high temperatures (90-130° C.) (Qian et al., 2006; Ma et al., 2007; Guo et al., 2005) at a relatively basic pHs (Qian et al., 2006; WO2006/104464), and uses the thiol glutathione (GSH). A relevant characteristic of these methods is the use of NaHTe as Te donor, a requirement to produce the Te-2 precursor, which is highly unstable and requires using special equipment. When using H 2 Te, the synthesis procedure also requires many safety conditions, since this molecule is a highly toxic gas. Other characteristics of protocols that are different from the one being presented is the use of high temperatures, N 2  or Ar atmospheres and capping agents based on thiols different to GSH. All these differences and the consideration that CdTe-GSH NPs synthesis is carried out in aqueous solutions, make the method described here different from prior art methods. Also, the produced NPs display better properties for interaction with biological systems (biocompatibility) and, as consequence, increased potential applications in biomedicine and biotechnology. 
         [0009]    An alternative to current synthesis methods, involves the use of less toxic and/or stable tellurium donors, as sodium or potassium telurite (Na 2 TeO 3  or K 2 TeO 3 , respectively). However, according to the protocols described in the literature, it is still necessary to add a strong reducing agent, as NaBH 4 , and conduct the reaction at temperatures over 100° C. (Bao et al., 2006; Ying et al., 2008). In this particular case, NaBH 4  reduces TeO 3   2−  to Te 2− , which finally reacts with Cd 2+  to generate the CdTe nanocrystals. Nevertheless, citrate salts must be added in the process to avoid CdTeO 3 precipitation, and therefore the procedure is not efficient. Furthermore, in these protocols the most common thiols used are mercarpto succinic acid (Ying et al., 2008, Ma et al., 2007) and cysteine (Bao et al, 2006), which provide different properties to the quantum dots, specially in terms of the interaction with biological systems. Finally, and as mentioned above, the use of a strong reducing agent as NaBH 4 , and the application of high temperatures, reflux conditions and the condensation of the synthesis mixture, are essential conditions in the method difficulting the synthesis, purity, and putative product applications 
         [0010]    In publication Qiang H. et al (2006) “Facile One-Plot Synthesis of Luminescent. Water-Soluble, and Biocompatible glutathione, Coated CdTe Nanocrystals”. Small 2 (6): 747-751, a synthesis protocol of cadmium-tellurium quantum dots is described based on the use of CdCl 2  as a cadmium donor, glutathione (GSH) as stabilizer and the NaHTe gas as tellurium donor. The reaction is conducted at elevated temperatures in the absence of oxygen, and at a basic pH. 
         [0011]    As a difference with the protocol of D1 document, in this application a tellurium oxyanion as a Te donor is used, and the reaction can be conducted at lower temperatures. The relevance of these differences consists in that the NaHTe gas is a toxic, that must be synthesized and handled under high safety conditions. 
         [0012]    Based on the above considerations, the method of the present invention differs with that of D1 document and thus is considered of novelty. 
         [0013]    Ying E, et al., (2008): “Synthesis and Bio-Imaging Application of Highly Luminescent Mercaptosuccinic Acid-Coated CdTe Nanocrystals”. PLOS ONE 3 (5): e2222, describes a method for cadmium-tellurium QDs synthesis It is based in using CdCl 2  and Na 2 TeO 3  as cadmium and tellurium donors, respectively. To generate a tellurium ion able to react with cadmium to produce nanoparticles, the strong reducing agent NaBH 4  is required to reduce TeO 3   2−  to Te 2− , which in turn will react with Cd 2+  to produce CdTe nanocrystals. Finally, the authors use mercaptosuccinic acid for QDs covering. 
         [0014]    As a difference with the protocol of the present application, the authors of this document, D2, declare that an essential feature of their methods the use of a strong reducing agent such as NaBH 4 , as well as high temperatures, reflux conditions and condensation of the synthesis mixture, making the synthesis difficult, decreasing the purity and eventual use of the products. Furthermore, the authors describe that citrate salts must be added to avoid CdTO 3  precipitation. This is another important difference with the protocol of this application, where synthesis is possible using different buffers. 
         [0015]    Furthermore, in the present invention it is described that glutathione is used instead of NaBH 4 , which acts as a reducing agent and taking part of the NP shield, thus permiting its use in biological systems. Finally and according to the protocol described in the present invention, high temperatures are not necessary high, nor refluxing or condensation of the synthesis mixture. In this context, it is considered that the protocol of the present application is different and therefore novel regarding the D2 document. 
         [0016]    Bao H., et al., ( 2006 ). “One-Pot Synthesis of CdTe Nanocrystals and Shape Control of Luminescent CdTe-Cysteine Nanocomposites”. Small 2(4): 476-480, describes a method for synthesizing CdTe quantum dots, based in using CdCl 2  as cadmium donor. For generating the telluride on able to react with cadmium, NaBH 4  is used to reduce TeO 3   2−  to Te 2− , which in turn reacts with Cd 2+  to produce the nanocrystals of CdTe. Finally, the authors use cysteine for OD coating. 
         [0017]    As a difference with the protocol described in the present application, the authors indicate that one of the essential elements of their procedure is the use of sodium borohydride as an agent able to reduce the tellurium oxyanion (in this case, Na 2 TeO 3 Furthermore, according to the protocol it is necessary to use high temperatures, reflux conditions as well as to condense the synthesis mixture, features that make the synthesis difficult, decreasing the purity, and eventual product applications. It also considers the use of citrate buffer to avoid CdTeO 3  precipitation. 
         [0018]    In the current invention it is stated that glutathione can be used instead of NaBH 4 , which performs a double function, acting as a reducing agent, and becoming part of NP shell. Also, high temperatures are not required nor refluxing or condensing. It is also possible to use different reaction buffers. Based on these facts, it is considered that the protocol referred in D3 document, is different as compared to that of the current application, and therefore novel. 
         [0019]    Ma. J., et al., (2007) “Photochemical Instability of Thiol-Capped CdTe Quantum Dots in Aqueous Solution and Living Cells: Process and Mechanism”. J. Phys. Chem. 111: 12012-12016, describes a nanoparticle synthesis protocol based on the reaction of elemental tellurium with the reducing agent NaBH 4 , which produces NaHTe that in turn is used as tellurium donor. CdCl 2  is used as the Cd +2  source and mercapto succinic acid to form a QDs-covering shell. 
         [0020]    Finally, in this method temperatures of ˜200° C. are required as well as autoclave pressures and the use of oxygen-free solutions (saturated with nitrogen). 
         [0021]    As a difference with the protocol described in the current application, authors declare that one of the essential documents in the procedure deals with an agent, able to reduce elemental tellurium, which corresponds to NaBH 4 , a feature that complicates the reaction conditions. As has been stated above, the current invention uses a reducing agent of very easy handling (glutathione) which also helps in covering the quantum dots. Finally, in the protocol described in the current invention, using high temperatures or pressures is not required in conjunction with no necessity of refluxing or condensation. It can also be carried out in the absence of oxygen. 
         [0022]    Then, it is considered that the protocol of D4 document differs from that of the current application, being therefore novel. 
         [0023]    Guo J., et al., (2005). “Systematic Study of the Photoluminescence Dependence of Thiol-Capped CdTe Nanocrystals on the Reaction Conditions”. J. Phys. Chem. 109: 17467-17473, discloses a nanoparticle synthesis protocol with thiophycolic acid or 3-mercapto propionic acid, a procedure based in the NaBH 4 -mediated tellurite reduction to produce NaHTe, which acts as tellurium precursor. Finally, it is stated that high pressure and temperature are required, as well as nitrogen-saturated solutions to achieve an efficient nanoparticle development. 
         [0024]    As a difference with the protocol described in the current application, authors of D5 document state that one of the essential elements of the procedure deals with the use of NaBH 4  to reduce elemental tellurium, thus complicating reaction conditions. As a difference with this proptocol, the current invention uses glutathione, which acts as a reducing agent and, at the same time, as a nanoparticle cap or cover the. Also, high pressure and temperature are not required nor strict working conditions to handle NaHB 4  or NaHTe. In this context, it is considered that the protocol described in D5 is different to the protocol of the current application, so it is considered novel. 
         [0025]    Zheng Y., et al., (2007): “Synthesis and Cell-Imaging Applications of Glutathione-Capped CdTe Quantum Dots”. Adv. Mater. 19: 376-380, requires generating the H 2 Te. To do so, sulfuric acid drops are added over Al 2 Te 3 , generating H 2 Te gas, which is then bubbled through a solution that contains CdCl 2  and glutathione to produce the nanoparticles. In this protocol, the synthesis is conducted at pH 11.5 under argon. Very relevant data in the context of the procedure disclosed in D6, is the fact that the reactions are conducted under anaerobic conditions, and at temperatures equal or above 95° C. 
         [0026]    Although GSH-capped CdTe QDs are obtained with both protocols, an important difference is the the preparation method itself. The protocol referred in D6 considers the use of H 2 Te gas as a tellurium donor, which requires very strict handling conditions for Np development, including anaerobic conditions in parts of the protocol, high temperatures, and a strong basic pH (pH 11.5). In the current invention the tellurium donor used(sodium tellurite) does not require special treatment nor anaerobic conditions or high temperatures to generate CdTe nanoparticles. Furthermore, the pH in the synthesis may vary from pH 8.5 to 12. 
         [0027]    Based on the above statements, it is considered that the protocol referred in D6 differs from that of the current application, being this therefore novel. 
         [0028]    U.S. 200810246006 (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) Abstract, describes a CdTe nanoparticle synthesis protocol, in which GSH-capped NPS are prepared by reacting sulfuric acid with Al 2 Te 3 , producing H 2 Te gas, the telluride donor. This gas is bubbled in a solution containing glutathione and CdCl 2  to generate nanoparticles. The reaction is conducted under anaerobic conditions at pH 11.5 and at temperatures equal or above 95° C. 
         [0029]    Analysis: As a difference with the protocol described in the current application, authors of D7 document, state that the protocol considers using H 2 Te gas or NaHTe as the tellurium donor. In the case of H 2 Te, it is indicated that very strict handling conditions for developing nanoparticles are required, including, anaerobic conditions as well as high temperatures. As a difference with the above, in the current invention a tellurium oxyanion is used as Te donor, whose handling does not require anaerobic conditions nor high temperatures to generate CdTe nanoparticles. Based on the above statements it is considered that the D7 document&#39;s protocol is different from the one included in the present application, and so novel. 
         [0030]    Owing to this reason and considering the absence of a simple protocol for aqueous synthesis of CdTe nanoparticles related with the important biological thiol GSH, that described in the current application is actually a simple, versatile, economic, safe (less toxic), and highly reproducible method for CdTe-GSH nanoparticles synthesis in an aqueous media. Using a biological thiol as GSH, the quantum dots obtained offer a great potential in several applications, such as:
   Bio-imaging generation, in vitro, as well as in vivo, since the QDs are able to be joined to different molecules, as proteins (antibodies and peptidics ligands) and nucleic acids (aptamers and DNA or   ARN molecules.—Due to a close relationship between structure and spectroscopic properties of these nanoparticles, they can be used in the detection and quantification of different types of molecules, which are able to interact with the thiol-groups of glutathione, located on the surface of these nanostructures (peroxydes, thiols, descrimination between ions such as Fe +2  and Fe +3 , Cu +2 , Pb +2 , glucose, among other ions and molecules). This effect is reflected through the displacement of the absorption spectra or fluorescence, which is directly related with the concentration of the detected species.   The QDs generated with this method can be used in devices comprising light emission (LEDs)(light emitting diodes) photovoltaic devices or optoelectronics, optical amplifiers, and other devices, etc.   The evaluation of differential expression of cell proteins, since total proteins obtained in a condition can be joined with a QDs having a color (for instance, green) and be compared with protein extracts which have been obtained under other condition (joined to QDs of another color (red).   
 
         [0035]    The skilled person may understand other characteristics, uses, utilities, benefits, and advantages of the disclosed quantum dots that were not specifically mentioned, in this instant application. 
     
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES 
         [0036]      FIG. 1 . shows the absorption spectrum of the QDs which have been generated by the method of the present application.
   A) Aliquots of the synthesis mixture of CdTe-GSH nanoparticles, taken at different times of reaction (0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 h of treatment at 60° C.).   B) Absorption spectra of the aliquots which have been obtained after at 1, 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours.     
           [0039]      FIG. 2 : Fluorescence spectrum of the nanoparticles present in aliquots obtained at different times. 
           [0040]      FIG. 3 : Aliquots exposed to UV light (trans-illuminator). 
           [0041]      FIG. 4 : SDS-PAGE of the anti  S. Typhi  antibody joined to CdTe-GSH revealed with Comassie blue or evaluated by fluorescence in an UV (A) transiluminator. A Dot-Blot was prepared with the Ab+NPs complex, and the microorganism were detected by forming the complex, and the fluorescence associated with it (B). As corresponds to the antigens to be detected ( S. Typhi  or  S. Typhimurium ), PBS is the saline phosphate buffer. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0042]    The synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) or quantum dots (QDs) of CdTe-GSH in aqueous phase is conducted following this protocol:
   An aqueous CdCl 2  solution is prepared (it can be any other salt of Cd +2  salt, such as cadmium sulphate, acetate or per-chlorate) up to a final concentration of 4 mM, in 50 ml 15 mM citrate buffer (it can be also Tris-HCl, phosphate, borax citrate Luria Bertani bacterial culture media or M9, among others), at pH9 (the pH may vary in the range of pH 9-13), at ambient temperature.   GSH up to a final concentration of 10 mM is added, under strong stirring or agitation (avoiding the forming of a white precipitate of Cd°).   After 5-10 minutes ( ) a tellurium oxyanion is added as K 2 TeO 3  (or Na 2 TeO 3 ) at a final concentration of 1 mM. The component ratio in the final synthesis mixture CdCl 2 : GSH: K 2 TeO 3  is 4:10:1, (however, the synthesis also allows other ratios as 1:2:1, and 6:10:1). At this stage, the solution turns to a light green color, which is indicative of the generation of the first nanoparticle“seeds”, that will be able to start the nucleation of the QDs, and increasing their size as the treatment time increases.   To start the nucleation process (synthesis) of the QDs, the mixture should be heated up to 90° C. (T°); (the protocol is valid in the temperature range of 37-130° C.). The synthesis kinetic (velocity) of the QDs is proportional to the T° of the test: to a higher temperature (T°) corresponds a higher production kinetic of big sized QDs.   
 
         [0047]    From this point onward, the color of the solution changes with time, and its spectroscopic properties (absorption and fluorescence) vary as a consecuence of QDs formation
       At different times samples can be collected to obtain QDs having the desired color and/or size.   If the synthesis is conducted at 90° C., after 4 hours, the solution has presented different colors, and it stabilizes in a red color, which indicates the presence of the CdTe-GSH NPs of bigger size. The sizes of the QDs are comprised in the range of 2.5 -3 nm diameter at the first time (green color) up to approximately 5-6.5 nm diameter for the red color suspension.       If the synthesis is conducted at lower temperatures, for example 60° C., after 2 h the solution is a green fluorescence, and after approximately 20 h it turns to a reddish color (during this time, the solution has changed to different colors, different levels and intensities of green, yellow and red; as it occurs in the system at 50° C.).   To stop the reaction it is necessary to reduce the temperature of the solution to 4° C. (keep the tubes in a glass case or in ice during at least 30 min). To maintain the properties of the synthesized QDs they should be stored at low temperature and in the dark. However, NPs which have been synthesized with this method, remain fluorescent for at least 6 months, when exposed to room temperature and/or to day light. To store and determine the mass of the synthesized QDs, it is possible to precipitate nanoparticles from the synthesis solution (or suspension) by treating it with 2 volumes of isopropanol and centrifug during 20 min at 13,000×g. In this way, a highly fluorescent precipitate is obtained, which corresponds to CdTe-GSH QDs.   
 
       Characteristics of the QDs Generated According to This Protocol 
       [0052]    With this process it is possible to obtain CdTe-GSH nanoparticles with characteristic absorption and fluorescence spectra (see  FIGS. 1 and 2 , respectively). The synthesized QDs have an absorption that varies in the range of 450-560 nm, with emission in the range of 500 and 650 nm (in other synthesis protocols ranges between 520 and 620 nm have been reported). The absorption maximum has a width of approximately 40-50 nm, whereas the emission maximum is comprised between approximately 50-70 nm. 
         [0053]    The quantum efficiency of the produced QDs, according to this protocol is approximately 25-30%, depending of the nanoparticle size, being similar with that described in other synthesis methods. 
         [0054]    The composition of the nanoparticles was estimated by means of an EDAX analysis (Energy Dispersive X-Rays Analysis). It was determined that they contain approximately 35% C, 12% O, 15,5% N, 5% S, 23,6% Cd, and 72% Te. The C, O, N, and S contents are those expected for the QDs which comprise a tripeptide as GSH. The Cd:Te ratio: was 33:1, which agrees with that described for CdTe-GSH nanoparticles synthesized by other methods. Together with the above cited analysis, an Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) analysis and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) determined that the size of the QDs vary between 3-6 nm. The green, yellow, and red QDs displayed diameters of approximately 3, 4.2, and 5 nm, respectively. 
         [0055]    A direct application of these QDs, is their joining to a protein, particularly to antibodies, and their use in a one-step detection of specific antigens. 
         [0056]    The CdTe QDs were synthesized at 60° C. during 6 h, by using 15 mM of citrate buffer, at pH 9.0, 1 mM K 2 TeO 3 , 4 mM CdCl 2  and 10 mM GSH, according to the previously described instructions. 
         [0057]    The CdTe-GSH QDs were joined to the protein with the help of 2 imino thiolane. The protein was an antibody (Ab) recognizing the food-contaminating agent  Salmonella enterica  serovar  Typhimurium . This complex Ab+NPs was used for detecting the pathogenic agent.  FIG. 4  shows that Ab+NPs complex, fractionated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) under denaturing conditions stained with Comassie blue(4A) and revealed in an UV transluminator to determine protein fluorescences (4 B). A Dot blot was made, using the Ab+NPS complex, and associated fluorescence was observed with the complex, specifically in those dishes where protein extracts of the microorganisms to be detected were added ( FIG. 4B ). This novel method, based on our QDs is highly specific and allows detecting antigens in only one step, since it does not require the use of secondary antibodies, nor developing solutions. 
       REFERENCES 
       [0000]    
       
         Qian H., et al (2006). Small 6: 74T-751 
         Bao H., et al (2006). Small 4: 476-480 
         WO 2006/104464 (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) 
         Ying E., et al (2008). PloS ONE 3(5): e2222