Abstract:
The invention relates to reducing harmonic signals in FT-ICR spectra. Since harmonic signals in quadrupolar 2ω-detection can be more abundant for the same ion motion in the ICR cell as compared to harmonic signals in classical dipolar 1ω-detection, they could hitherto not be reduced to satisfactory levels by any known method, such as gated deflection during ion introduction into, and correcting for an offset electric field axis in the ICR cell. The present disclosure foresees, in addition to other methods carried out for improving the measurement conditions as the case may be, performing the quadrupolar 2ω-detection at least twice, where the phase of the ion excitation radio frequency is turned by 180° in the second measurement. From the sum transient, a Fourier-transformed spectrum is derived. As a result, the broad band spectra of complex substance mixtures like crude oil become cleaner, and misinterpretations of false (harmonic) peaks are minimized.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Field of the Invention 
       [0001]    The invention relates to a method for the reduction and elimination of harmonic signals in ion cyclotron resonance frequency or mass spectra. These undesired harmonic signals may generate peaks, particularly in broad band spectra of complex mixtures of organic substances, which could be erroneously interpreted as true ionic peaks. In multiple electrode nω-detection where the nν=nω/2π resonance frequency is measured as the fundamental frequency, high abundant subharmonic signals deteriorate the spectra and complicate their interpretation. Specifically, in quadrupolar 2ω-detection, 1ν-subharmonic signals can appear at undesired high abundance. 
       Description of the Related Art 
       [0002]    Ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ICR-MS) can be conducted in a wide range of operation modes. With extreme narrow band operation, detecting only ion species in a mass (m/z) range around a single Dalton, extremely high mass resolutions on the order of several ten millions (R=m/Δm&gt;10 7 ) can be achieved from transients measured up to five minutes or more. Extremely good ultra-high vacuum (p&lt;10 −7  Pascal) is required to minimize the number of collisions between the orbiting ions and residual gas molecules in the cell. The ultra-high mass resolution enables analysis of the fine structure of isotope satellites of the molecular ion species. This reveals the elemental composition of the ion species, facilitating the determination of a total formula for analytes in the sample under investigation. 
         [0003]    On the other hand, broad band operation covering mass ranges of some thousand Daltons offers qualitative and quantitative analysis of complex mixtures of hundreds of organic substances with somewhat reduced mass resolution of some millions (R&gt;10 6 ), and mass precisions of about one part per million (1 ppm). Since as many as hundreds or thousands of individual ion species may occupy the cyclotron orbit, the usable lengths of image current transients are typically reduced to a few seconds only. Examples for these complex mixture analyses are crude oils, oil distillation residues, or mixtures of natural substances extracted from plants when looking for pharmaceutically interesting ingredients or reagents, for instance. 
         [0004]    In ICR cells, the axis of the magnetron motion should be theoretically identical with the ICR cell axis, but experience tells that quite often the axis of the ionic magnetron orbit in a cylindrical ICR cell shows a radial offset from the geometric axis of the cell. The offset magnetron orbit adversely influences the cyclotron excitation as well as the detection process of the ions. It also impairs the detected signal; in the classical dipolar 1ω-detection it leads to an increase of the intensity of the peaks associated with the even-numbered (e.g. second) harmonics in the Fourier transformed spectrum and further to more abundant sidebands of the ion signal. In extreme cases, ions can be lost during the cyclotron excitation, which typically comprises a pulse radio frequency sweep (so-called “chirp”), when they are on large or largely offset magnetron orbits that displace the ions critically close to the (cylinder) mantle electrodes. 
         [0005]    If the ICR cell components in ICR-MS are somewhat misaligned, the spectra will become complex by the appearance of harmonic signals of larger peaks or by peaks representing sidebands from the superposition of cyclotron and magnetron oscillations. In narrow band ICR, these peaks do not play a prominent role because they are usually far away from the signals under investigation. But in broad band ICR mass spectrometry, it would be helpful to suppress these peaks as much as possible, because they tend to appear in ranges of interest of the frequency or mass spectrum, and can greatly complicate the interpretation of such spectrum. 
         [0006]    A skilled practitioner will acknowledge that an asymmetry of the electric field inside the cell can be a consequence of many different reasons, e.g. a deviation of the individual electrode shapes from the ideal ones or a deviation of the complete assembled cell from its ideal shape, resulting in different kinds of harmonics. Symmetry errors of the electric field inside the ICR cell may also arise from asymmetric contact potentials of connectors from the power supply. 
         [0007]    Asymmetric electric fields in the ICR cell can also be a consequence of charging-up of individual electrodes. Charging is a general process, which can appear due various reasons, one of which could be a high resistive connection of an electrode to ground. Normally, after every acquisition cycle, the detection electrodes in the cell should be at ground potential. However, if they are connected to ground over a large resistor, which enables the picking-up of induced image charge signals of very low amplitude, the swiftness and ease of the discharge after every acquisition cycle may be adversely affected. Consequently, the electrode may maintain its charged state for a while, even after the next acquisition cycle starts. As a result, an asymmetric electric field is induced in the cell due to an electrode being incompletely discharged. A different type of electrode charging is surface charging. This usually happens if the metallic surface of the electrode carries a dielectric layer, which can be polarized or charged and cannot easily be discharged due to its lack of conductance. Cleaning would be a viable countermeasure for such contamination. 
         [0008]    Document U.S. Pat. No. 8,766,174 B1 (G. Baykut et al.) describes methods and devices for optimization of electric fields in measurement cells of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers. This document shall be incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The optimization is based on the rationale that offset and asymmetric electric fields can appear in ion cyclotron resonance cells and therefore the axis of the magnetron orbit can become radially displaced. Shifted magnetron orbits negatively affect the cyclotron excitation, deteriorate the FT-ICR signal, increase the intensity of the even-numbered harmonic signals (in dipolar 1ω-detection), lead to stronger side bands of the FT-ICR signal, and in extreme cases, cause loss of ions. The method helps in probing the shift of the magnetron motion, detecting parameters indicative of the offset of the electric field axis and correcting it by trimming it back to the geometric axis of the ICR cell. This results in a decrease or complete elimination of even-numbered harmonic peaks, which is most clearly observed by the decrease of the harmonic peak 2ν + . A further document (U.S. Pat. No. 9,355,830 B2; G. Baykut et al.), also incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, describes how to minimize the magnetron orbit radius by gated deflection during the introduction of ions into the ICR cell. Hereby, the sideband peaks of the FT-ICR signal and its harmonic peaks are reduced. In dipolar 1ω-detection the effect is most clearly observed for the most abundant sideband peak (2ν + +ν − ). But, both methods can also be applied to multiple electrode nω-detection. 
         [0009]    As stated above, for complex mixtures of substances it is broad band operation that is called for, but the short transients reduce the mass resolution significantly. To improve broad band mass resolution in spite of the shortness of the measureable transients, a multiple electrode measurement of the cyclotron frequencies may be applied; e.g. a quadrupolar 2ω-detection results in a measurement of the double frequency 2ν + . These 2ω-measurements generate mass spectra with double the mass resolution as compared with dipolar 1ω-measurements, but unfortunately also usually produce subharmonic signals with the frequency 1ν of all genuine mass peaks. A good trimming and tuning according to documents U.S. Pat. No. 8,766,174 B1 and U.S. Pat. No. 9,355,830 B2 can help to reduce the subharmonic peaks 1ν +  and their sideband harmonic peak s (ν + +ν − ) to about 1 percent of the measured fundamental 2ν +  peak; but there is still a need to further reduce the 1ν-subharmonic signals, such as by about another factor of ten, in order to obtain yet increased evaluability of the acquired transients. The intensity of the subharmonic peaks (ν + +ν − ) is space charge dependent; it might not be stable after trimming in different applications, or makes the trimming very difficult due to low intensity signals 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0010]    In view of the foregoing, the invention pertains in a first aspect to a method for reducing 1ν-subharmonic signals in measurements of ICR mass spectra by quadrupolar 2ω-detection of transients representing the ionic image currents in an ICR cell after excitation of ions. The method comprises the steps of (dipolar) exciting a first bunch of ions using a first (start) phase of the excitation wave and measuring a first transient by quadrupolar 2ω-detection, (dipolar) exciting a second bunch of ions using a second excitation wave (start) phase differing from the first phase by about 180°, and measuring a second transient by quadrupolar 2ω-detection, adding the first and second transients, and transforming the sum of the first and second transients into a frequency spectrum (or a mass spectrum or m/z spectrum). 
         [0011]    The first aspect of the invention relates to the 2ω-detection of the cyclotron frequency with a quadrupolar arrangement of detection electrodes and dipolar arrangement of the excitation electrodes. The invention proposes to perform this quadrupolar 2ω-measurement two times with two bunches of ions (having substantially the same ionic composition), wherein the phase of the excitation wave is turned by substantially 180° for the second measurement, and the two transients are added together. As a result, the 1ν-subharmonic signals are greatly reduced in the frequency and mass spectra which are obtained by suitable transformations of the sum of the transients. 
         [0012]    The method is favorably applied to a broad band measurement spanning an m/z range of equal to or more than 1000 Dalton up to several thousands of Daltons. 
         [0013]    In various embodiments, the first and second bunches of ions are preferably derived from a complex substance mixture, such as crude oil, oil distillation residue, or a plant extract. 
         [0014]    The first and the second bunches of ions might advantageously comprise substantially equal numbers of ions. To achieve this, the ions of the first and second bunches of ions can be generated in an ion source which operates at substantially constant ionic output, and may be transferred to the ICR cell using a same transfer procedure (including various ion funnels, ion guides and/or ion traps as the case may be). 
         [0015]    In various embodiments, the ion source can be fed with substances from a substance separator, such as a (liquid) chromatograph or an electrophoretic device. When doing so, the first and second transients are preferably measured immediately subsequently in order to guarantee substantially the same ionic composition in the different ion bunches. 
         [0016]    In an alternative of the method, a first sum-transient may be obtained by adding measured transients from several bunches of ions using excitation at the first phase, and a second sum-transient is obtained in a similar way but using excitation at the second phase, and the first and second sum-transients can be added to obtain the frequency spectrum by Fourier transforming the overall sum spectrum. In a further modification, the first and second sum-transients could be obtained by alternately measuring (at correspondingly alternating excitation wave phases) and adding transients from several bunches of ions. 
         [0017]    In various embodiments, also a phase of the detection can be switched by about 180° between the measurement of the first and second transients, and the 1ν-harmonic signals found therein might be used to precisely determine the unperturbed cyclotron frequency ν c . If both excitation phase and detection phase are turned by 180° in subsequent transient acquisitions, the signal of the measured fundamental frequency 2ν +  disappears, and the signal of the subharmonic peak 1ν +  and its side band peak (ν + +ν − ) remains enhanced. This alternative method can be used to precisely determine mass values by measuring the side band frequency (ν + +ν − ) which is in fact the unperturbed cyclotron frequency ν c  in the ICR cell. This frequency is independent of the electrical (axial) trapping potential of the ICR cell; hence magnetron movement and space charge perturbations will not influence the measurements, which can result in higher accuracy of the mass determination. 
         [0018]    In various embodiments, the ICR cell may comprise four quarter cylindrical mantle electrodes and two axial trapping electrodes, and the excitation can include irradiating the ICR cell with a pulse radio frequency sweep (“chirp”), as is well known to one of skill in the art. 
         [0019]    In a second aspect, the invention pertains to a method for measuring ion cyclotron resonance transients that represent the ionic image currents in an ICR cell, having multiple 2×n mantle electrodes where n&gt;2 is an integer, after excitation of ions. The method comprises the steps of (dipolar) exciting a first bunch of ions using a first excitation wave phase and measuring a first transient by multiple electrode nω-detection, (dipolar) exciting a second bunch of ions using a second excitation wave phase differing from the first phase by about 180°, and measuring a second transient by multiple electrode nω-detection, and adding the first and second transients to form a sum transient, which may be transformed into a frequency or mass (m/z) spectrum. 
         [0020]    The second aspect applies the principles of the invention to multi electrode nω-detection with n&gt;2. So doing will reduce the (n−1, n−3, n−5, . . . )ν-subharmonic signals and the higher frequency (n+1, n+3, n+5, . . . )ν-harmonic signals and their sidebands. But very high abundant signals of the (n−2, n−4, n−6, . . . )ν-subharmonic signals and higher frequency (n+2, n+4, n+6, . . . )ν-harmonic signals and their sidebands might still appear. In the case of 3ω-detection, the scheme of excitation wave phase switching can be different in that the excitation wave phase is switched by 180° together with the detection phase for subsequent transient acquisitions. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0021]      FIG. 1  shows a simple form of a cylindrical ICR cell ( 200 ) with four cylinder mantle electrodes ( 210 ) to ( 212 ) and two end cap (axial trapping) electrodes ( 205 ) and ( 206 ). 
           [0022]      FIG. 2  exhibits a schematic diagram of the classical operation of an FT-ICR cell using dipolar excitation and dipolar 1ω-detection. 
           [0023]      FIG. 3 a    schematically presents the circuit status of the dipolar excitation for a quadrupolar 2ω-detection measurement, and  FIG. 3 b    shows the quadrupolar 2ω-detection. 
           [0024]      FIG. 4  shows, in some detail, a simulated frequency spectrum as obtained from a Fourier transformation of a transient simulating a quadrupolar 2ω-measurement, without using a subharmonic suppression method according to principles of this invention. The simulations were done with a cyclotron orbit of 50% of the ICR cell radius, 10% magnetron orbit, and 10% offset between magnetron center and axis of the ICR cell (illustrated in the insert at the top right). The main signal represents the fundamental peak 2ν + ; next in size is the group of the 1ν-subharmonics, comprising the cyclotron frequency ν +  and its side band (ν + +ν − ). Furthermore, third, fourth, fifth and sixth harmonics are visible towards larger frequencies as tiny peaks. 
           [0025]      FIG. 5  shows on the left-hand side two excerpts of simulated transients as measured by quadrupolar 2ω-detection, wherein the measurement at the bottom was obtained with an excitation wave phase turned by 180° compared with the excitation wave phase used for the transient at the top. The addition of both transients is shown on the right-hand side. 
           [0026]      FIG. 6 a    presents the frequency spectrum, which is identical for each of the two transients shown on the left-hand side of  FIG. 5 , and  FIG. 6 b    shows the frequency spectrum of the summed transient on the right-hand side of  FIG. 5 . The group of 1ν-subharmonic signals completely disappears (and also the groups of third and fifth harmonic signals). 
           [0027]      FIG. 7  again shows on the left-hand side two excerpts of simulated transients as measured by quadrupolar 2ω-detection, wherein the measurement at the bottom was obtained with both excitation and detection phases turned by 180° compared with the phases of the first measured transient at the top. The addition of both transients is shown on the right-hand side, now showing a kind of beat. 
           [0028]      FIG. 8 a    presents the frequency spectrum, which is identical for each of the two transients shown on the left-hand side of  FIG. 7 , and  FIG. 8 b    shows the frequency spectrum of the summed transient on the right-hand side of  FIG. 7 . Now, the fundamental cyclotron peak 2ν +  disappears (and also the group of fourth harmonic signals), while the group of 1ν-subharmonics takes full size. This method can be used to precisely measure the side band frequency (ν + +ν − ) which is in fact the unperturbed cyclotron frequency ν c  in the ICR cell. This frequency is not influenced by the electrical (axial) trapping potential of the ICR cell, i.e. by magnetron movement and space charge perturbations. 
           [0029]      FIG. 9  exhibits in the upper panel a measured (not simulated) broadband FT-ICR mass spectrum of sodium trifluoroacetate (NaTFA) that mainly consists of a series of cluster ion peaks, with the strongest peak at m/z 703 Dalton. In the lower panel,  FIG. 9  displays a closer view of the group of first subharmonics of this strongest peak, appearing at m/z 1405.6 Dalton, magnified in intensity by a factor of 100, and zoomed-in on the m/z scale. The intensity of this group of peaks, not representing true ionic signals in the spectrum, amounts to about 1 percent of its fundamental peak, potentially giving rise to some misinterpretation of the spectrum. Similar harmonic peaks may be visible for all other mass peaks of the spectrum. 
           [0030]      FIG. 10  demonstrates the effect of the method according to principles of the invention. The intensities of the first harmonics of the spectrum peaks now are reduced by a factor of about ten. 
           [0031]      FIG. 11  shows three measurements of a complex mixture sample SRFA (Suwannee River Fulvic Acids). In the uppermost spectrum, the ICR cell was not correctly trimmed. In the middle spectrum, the cell was almost optimally trimmed and filled using the methods described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,766,174 B1 and U.S. Pat. No. 9,355,830 B2, respectively. The 1ν-subharmonic signals were greatly reduced but did not completely disappear. In the mass spectrum at the bottom, the excitation phase switching according to principles of this invention was used additionally to almost completely eliminate the 1ν-subharmonic signals. 
           [0032]      FIG. 12  shows by way of example an ICR-MS set-up suitable for carrying out the methods according to the invention. 
           [0033]      FIG. 13  shows the three independent ion motions of an ion in an ICR cell. Only the radial motions, the cyclotron motion with frequency ν +  and the magnetron motion with frequency ν −  are relevant for carrying out the methods according to principles of the invention. It should be mentioned that the orbit diameters of the radial motions are outlined schematically here in such a way as to give the impression that the cyclotron motion is a fast motion (small orbit) and the magnetron motion is a slow (drift) motion (large orbit). In fact, the cyclotron frequency is usually faster by a factor of approximately 10 5 , but the cyclotron orbit is usually larger than the magnetron orbit, contrary to what is shown. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0034]    While the invention has been shown and described with reference to a number of different embodiments thereof, it will be recognized by those of skill in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made herein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. 
         [0035]    In a first aspect, the invention aims to suppress the 1ν-subharmonic signals in broad band spectra obtained by quadrupolar 2ω-detection. In spectra of complex mixtures of substances, these signals complicate the interpretation. In broad band spectra measurement, the measurable transients are usually short, only a few seconds, reducing the achievable mass resolution. To enhance the resolution by a factor of two, quadrupolar 2ω-detection can be applied, but the 1ν-subharmonics disturb the spectra. 
         [0036]    The first aspect relates to the 2ω-measurement of the cyclotron frequency, such as conducted with a quadrupolar arrangement of quarter cylindrical excitation and detection electrodes, as shown by way of example in  FIG. 1 . The principle of quadrupolar 2ω-measurements is illustrated in  FIG. 3 a    and  FIG. 3 b   , exhibiting the switching states for the excitation and detection events. To suppress the 1ν-subharmonics, this quadrupolar 2ω-measurement is performed two times, wherein the phase of the excitation wave is turned by 180° for the second measurement, and the two transients are added together. As a result, the signals of the 1ν-subharmonics are greatly reduced or even eliminated beyond detectability. 
         [0037]    The result can be studied by computer simulations, an example of which is presented in  FIG. 4 . Here, the cyclotron orbit radius is assumed to amount to 50% of the ICR cell radius, and the magnetron orbit radius to 10% of the ICR cell radius. The center of the magnetron orbit has an offset of about 10% from the axis of the ICR cell. The orbit positions of cyclotron and magnetron are illustrated in the insert at the top right. Under these conditions, a frequency spectrum will be obtained as exhibited in  FIG. 4 . The designation ν +  represents the cyclotron frequency, ν −  represents the magnetron frequency. As expected, the most abundant peak appears at 2ν + , the double cyclotron frequency; but surprisingly the 1ν-subharmonics group (ν + ; ν + +ν − ) has an intensity of about 40% of the main peak. The higher frequency harmonics groups (3ν, 4ν, 5ν and 6ν) are visible but have largely negligible intensities. 
         [0038]      FIGS. 5, 6   a , and  6   b  show the simulation result of the suppression according to principles of this invention.  FIG. 5  depicts on the left-hand side two excerpts of simulated transients as measured by 2ω quadrupolar detection, wherein the measurement at the bottom was obtained with an excitation phase turned by 180° compared with the excitation phase used for the transient at the top. The addition of both transients, the basic idea of this invention, is shown on the right-hand side of the figure.  FIG. 6 b    now presents the frequency spectrum of the summed transient on the right-hand side of  FIG. 5 . As intended by the invention, the 1ν-subharmonics group (ν + ; ν + +ν − ) completely disappears, and also the groups of higher frequency third and fifth harmonics. In contrast,  FIG. 6 a    presents the frequency spectrum of one of the left-hand side transients of  FIG. 5  showing the original spectrum with all subharmonics and higher frequency harmonics. 
         [0039]    If both excitation wave phase and detection phase are turned by 180°, the 2ν +  signal, i.e. the double fundamental frequency, disappears, and the signal of the 1ν-subharmonics group (ν + ; ν + +ν − ) remains, as demonstrated by  FIGS. 7, 8   a , and  8   b . This method can be used to precisely determine frequency or mass values by measuring the side band frequency (ν + +ν − ) which is in fact the unperturbed cyclotron frequency ν c  in the ICR cell. This frequency is not influenced by the electrical (axial) trapping potential of the ICR cell, i.e. by magnetron movement and space charge perturbations. 
         [0040]    Real measurements of the effect of the invention are presented in  FIG. 9  and  FIG. 10 . In both figures, the upper panel shows measured mass spectra of sodium trifluoroacetate (NaTFA), which forms numerous cluster ions. In the bottom panels of the figures, the 1ν-subharmonics group of the main mass peak of 703 Dalton is shown, appearing around m/z 1405.6, enlarged in intensity by a factor of 100, and zoomed-in on the mass scale. In  FIG. 9 , after application of the shimming and gated deflection methods described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,766,174 B1 and U.S. Pat. No. 9,355,830 B2, respectively, but without application of the method presented herein, the intensities of the 1ν-subharmonics amount to about 1% of the corresponding fundamental 2ν +  peak. In  FIG. 10 , applying in addition the principles according to the invention, the signals of the 1ν-subharmonics (ν + ; ν + +ν − ) are reduced in size by a factor of about ten. 
         [0041]      FIG. 11  shows spectra of measurements of a complex mixture sample SRFA (Suwanee River Fulvic Acids) acquired with three different methods. In the uppermost spectrum, the ICR cell was not correctly trimmed by shimming and gated deflection. In the middle spectrum, the cell was optimally trimmed according to the methods described in the documents U.S. Pat. No. 8,766,174 B1 and U.S. Pat. No. 9,355,830 B2 for the optimization of electric fields and reduction of the magnetron orbit in measurement cells of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers. The 1ν-subharmonic signals are greatly reduced but do not completely disappear. In the mass spectrum at the bottom, the excitation (wave) phase switching according to principles of this invention was applied additionally to the aforementioned measures and results in the almost complete elimination of the 1ν-subharmonic signals. 
         [0042]    It should be mentioned here that the method is not restricted to 2ω-detection. In a second aspect, it is possible to apply it to multi electrode nω-detection with n&gt;2. Applying the principles disclosed herein will reduce the (n−1, n−3, n−5, . . . )ν-subharmonics and (n+1, n+3, n+5, . . . )ν-harmonics. But with nω-detection, the very high abundant signals of the (n−2, n−4, n−6, . . . )ν-subharmonics and harmonics are still apparent. Also the low abundance signals of (n+2, n+4, n+6, . . . )ν-harmonics remain. 
         [0043]    The general operation and function of an ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer can be briefly described by way of example with reference to  FIG. 12 . Ions are produced preferably at substantially constant output, for example, by electrospray in a vacuum-external ion source ( 1 ). The ion source ( 1 ) might receive the liquid to be sprayed from an upstream substance separator ( 25 ), such as a liquid chromatograph or an electrophoretic device. The ions can be introduced, together with ambient gas, through a capillary ( 2 ) into the first stage ( 3 ) of a differential pumping system, which may consist of a series of chambers ( 3 ), ( 5 ), ( 7 ), ( 9 ), ( 11 ) and ( 13 ) and could be pumped by the pumps ( 4 ), ( 6 ), ( 8 ), ( 10 ), ( 12 ) and ( 14 ). Ions in the chambers ( 3 ) and ( 5 ) can be drawn in by the ion funnels ( 14 ) and ( 15 ) and transferred into the multipole ion guiding system ( 16 ), in which ions can be either guided through or also be stored. Storing allows in particular the repeated gated release of ion bunches having substantially the same ion count. The ions may be subsequently transferred through a quadrupole mass filter ( 17 ) and through another multipole ion guide ( 18 ) that also allows ion storage, and finally via the main ion transfer system ( 19 ) into the ICR cell ( 200 ), where they can be captured, trapped and detected. 
         [0044]    The ICR cell ( 200 ) may consist of four mantle-shaped enclosing longitudinal electrodes ( 210 ) to ( 212 ) and of two axial trapping electrodes ( 205 ) and ( 206 ) with a central hole ( 20 ) in each of them, as has been set out with reference to  FIG. 1 . The ICR cell is preferably located in the homogeneous zone of a strong magnetic field that may be generated by superconducting coils in a helium cryostat ( 24 ) and should be kept as constant in time as well as spatially homogeneous as possible. The magnetic field is preferably aligned parallel to the longitudinal mantle electrodes of the ICR cell, as shown. 
         [0045]    The radial motions of an ion in an ICR cell which are relevant for carrying out the methods according to principles of the invention are the cyclotron motion with frequency ν +  and the magnetron motion with frequency ν −  with reference to  FIG. 13 . The cyclotron motion is a fast motion perpendicular to the magnetic field lines and the magnetron motion is a slow (drift) motion around the electric trapping field axis, the cyclotron frequency being typically higher by a factor of about 10 5 . 
         [0046]    The invention has been described with reference to a number of different embodiments thereof. It will be understood, however, that various aspects or details of the invention may be changed, or various aspects or details of different embodiments may be arbitrarily combined, if practicable, without departing from the scope of the invention. Generally, the foregoing description is for the purpose of illustration only, and not for the purpose of limiting the invention which is defined solely by the appended claims, including any equivalent implementations as the case may be.