Abstract:
A method utilizing localized amorphization and recrystallization of stacked template layers is provided for making a planar substrate having semiconductor layers of different crystallographic orientations. Also provided are hybrid-orientation semiconductor substrate structures built with the methods of the invention, as well as such structures integrated with various CMOS circuits comprising at least two semiconductor devices disposed on different surface orientations for enhanced device performance.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/725,850, filed Dec. 2, 2003. 

   FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention relates to high-performance complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuits in which carrier mobility is enhanced by utilizing different semiconductor surface orientations for p-type field effect transistors (FETs) and n-type FETs. More particularly, the present invention relates to methods for fabricating planar substrate structures with different surface crystal orientations, and to the hybrid-orientation substrate structures produced by such methods. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   The CMOS circuits of current semiconductor technology comprise n-type FETs (nFETs), which utilize electron carriers for their operation, and p-type FETs (pFETs), which utilize hole carriers for their operation. CMOS circuits are typically fabricated on semiconductor wafers having a single crystal orientation. In particular, most of today&#39;s semiconductor devices are built on Si having a (100) surface orientation. 
   It is known that electrons have a high mobility in Si with a (100) surface orientation and that holes have high mobility in Si with a (110) surface orientation. In fact, hole mobility can be about 2 to 4 times higher on a 110-oriented Si wafer than on a standard 100-oriented Si wafer. It would therefore be desirable to create a hybrid-orientation substrate comprising 100-oriented Si (where nFETs would be formed) and 110-oriented Si (where pFETs would be formed). 
   Planar hybrid substrate structures with different surface orientations have been described previously (see, for example, co-assigned U.S. application Ser. No. 10/696,634, filed Oct. 29, 2003, and co-assigned U.S. application Ser. No. 10/250,241, filed Jun. 17, 2003). 
     FIGS. 1A-1E  show, in cross section view, some prior art examples of planar hybrid-orientation semiconductor substrate structures comprising bulk semiconductor substrate  10 , dielectric trench isolation regions  20 , semiconductor regions  30  with a first surface orientation (e.g., j′k′l′), and semiconductor region  40  with a second surface orientation (e.g., jkl). In the structure of  FIG. 1A , semiconductor regions  30  and  40  are both directly on bulk substrate  10 , with semiconductor region  40  and bulk substrate  10  having the same orientation. The structure of  FIG. 1B  differs from that of  FIG. 1A  only in that semiconductor regions  30  are on buried oxide (BOX) layer  50  instead of directly on bulk substrate  10 . The structures of  FIGS. 1C-1E  differ from those of  FIGS. 1A-1B  by the thickness of BOX layers  50  and  50 ′ and by the depth of trench isolation structures  20  and  20 ′. 
     FIGS. 2A-2B  show, in cross section view, previous examples of how integrated CMOS circuits comprising at least one pFET on a (110) crystallographic plane of Si and at least one NFET on a (100) crystallographic plane of Si may be advantageously disposed on the hybrid-orientation substrate structure of  FIG. 1B . In  FIG. 2A , a bulk Si substrate  120  with 100 orientation has regions  130  of 110-oriented Si on BOX layer  140 , and regions  150  of regrown 100-oriented Si on bulk substrate  120 . pFET devices  170  are disposed on 110-oriented regions  130  and nFET devices  180  are disposed on 100-oriented regions  150 . In  FIG. 2B , a bulk Si substrate  180  with 110 orientation has regions  190  of 100-oriented Si on a BOX layer  140  and regions  200  of regrown 110-oriented Si on bulk substrate  180 . pFET devices  210  are disposed on 110-oriented regions  180  and nFEET devices  220  are disposed on 100-oriented regions  190 . 
     FIGS. 3A-3I  show, in cross section view, the steps of a prior art method used to form the structure of  FIG. 1B . Specifically,  FIG. 3A  shows the starting Si substrate  250 , and  FIG. 3B  shows substrate  250  after formation of BOX layer  260  and silicon-on-insulator (SiOI) device layer  270 . Si substrate  250  may be 110- (or 100-) oriented, and SiOI device layer  270  would be 100- (or 110-) oriented. SiOI layer  270  may be formed by bonding or other methods. After depositing protective dielectric (preferably SiN x ) layer  280  to form the structure of  FIG. 3C , SiOI device layer  270  and BOX layer  260  are removed in selected areas to form openings  290  extending to Si substrate  250 , as shown in  FIG. 3D . Openings  290  are lined with a dielectric (preferably SiN x ) which is then etched to form sidewall spacers  300 , as shown in  FIG. 3E . Next, epitaxial Si  310  is selectively grown in openings  290  to produce the structure of  FIG. 3F , which is planarized back to form the structure of  FIG. 3G . Protective dielectric  280  is then removed by a process such as polishing to form the structure of  FIG. 3H  with coplanar, differently oriented Si device layers  310  (on bulk Si substrate  250 ) and  320  (on BOX layer  260 ).  FIG. 3I  shows the completed substrate structure after shallow trench isolation areas  330  have been formed in the structure of  FIG. 3H . 
   However, for many applications, it would be desirable to have both of the differently oriented Si regions on a BOX. Such structures are possible, but not easy, to produce by variations of the method of  FIGS. 3A-3I . For example, the structure of  FIG. 4  may be produced by replacing Si substrate  250  in  FIG. 3A  with a SiOI substrate  400  comprising substrate  410 , BOX layer  420 , and Si layer  430  to produce differently oriented single crystal regions  320  with a first orientation and  440  with a second orientation matching that of semiconductor layer  430 . However, the use of two BOX layers adds extra complexity to the process and produces structures where one of the hybrid orientations is significantly thicker than the other (a disadvantage when both layers need to be thin). In addition, selective epitaxial Si growth can be tricky; defects are likely to nucleate on the sides of sidewall spacers  300  (shown in  FIGS. 3E-3F ), especially when openings  290  are small (e.g., less than 500 nm in diameter). 
   In view of the above, it would be desirable to have simpler and better methods (i.e., those that do not require epitaxial regrowth) to form planar hybrid-orientation semiconductor substrate structures, especially planar hybrid-orientation semiconductor-on-insulator (SOI) substrate structures wherein the differently oriented semiconductors are disposed on a common BOX layer. 
   In addition, it would be desirable to have integrated electrical circuits on such planar hybrid-orientation SOI substrates wherein the electrical circuits comprise pFETs on a (110) crystallographic plane and nFETs on a (100) crystallographic plane. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a planar hybrid-orientation SOI substrate structure with a surface comprising at least two clearly defined single-crystal semiconductor regions with different surface orientations, wherein the differently oriented semiconductor regions are disposed on a common BOX layer. The term “clearly defined” is used herein to denote that the surface regions of a given surface orientation are macroscopic and not merely single grains of polycrystalline Si. 
   It is a related object of the present invention to provide methods for fabricating such a planar hybrid-orientation semiconductor substrate structure. 
   It is a further object of the present invention to provide methods for fabricating similar hybrid-orientation semiconductor substrate structures on a variety of support layers. 
   It is yet another object of the present invention to provide integrated circuits (ICs) on the hybrid-orientation substrates of the present invention, wherein the ICs comprise pFETs on a (110) crystallographic plane and nFETs on a (100) crystallographic plane. 
   In accordance with the above listed and other objects, new methods are provided for forming a variety of planar hybrid-orientation semiconductor substrate structures. Common to all methods are three basic steps, by which the orientation of selected semiconductor regions may be changed from an original orientation to a desired orientation: 
   forming a bilayer template layer stack comprising a first, lower single crystal semiconductor layer (or substrate) having a first orientation and a second, upper (typically bonded) single crystal semiconductor layer having a second orientation different from the first; 
   amorphizing one of the layers of the bilayer template stack in selected areas (by ion implantation through a mask, for example) to form localized amorphized regions; and 
   recrystallizing the localized amorphized regions using the non-amorphized layer of the stack as a template, thereby changing the orientation in the localized amorphized regions from an original orientation to a desired orientation. 
   To minimize the possibility of lateral templating, the sides of the regions selected for amorphization and templated recrystallization would typically be isolated from adjacent crystalline regions, for example, by trenches. The trenches may be formed and filled before amorphization, formed and filled between amorphization and recrystallization, or formed after amorphization and filled after recrystallization. 
   In one embodiment of the present invention, the basic steps above are incorporated into a method for forming a planar hybrid-orientation SiOI substrate structure. A 100-oriented Si substrate is used for the first, lower layer of the bilayer template stack and a 110-oriented Si layer for the second, upper layer of the bilayer template stack. The uppermost portion of the template stack is amorphized in selected areas to a depth that ends in the underlying 100-oriented Si substrate. The amorphized Si regions are then recrystallized into 100-oriented Si, using the underlying 100-oriented Si as a template. Following these steps of patterned amorphization and recrystallization, which leave surface regions of 100-oriented Si in the treated areas and surface regions of 110-oriented Si in the untreated areas, a buried oxide (BOX) layer is formed by oxygen implantation and annealing (e.g., a “Separation by Implantation of Oxygen” or SIMOX process). 
   In another embodiment of the present invention, the basic steps above are incorporated into a another method to form a planar hybrid-orientation SiOI substrate structure. In this method, a 110-oriented SiOI layer on a BOX layer is used for the first, lower layer of a bilayer template stack, and a 100-oriented Si layer is used for the second, upper layer of a bilayer template stack. The lowermost portion of the bilayer template stack is then amorphized in selected areas from the BOX layer up to a depth ending in the upper template layer. The amorphized Si regions are then recrystallized into 100-orientated Si, using the upper 100-oriented Si layer as a template. The uppermost portion of the bilayer template is then removed by a process such as polishing to leave coplanar surface regions of 110-oriented Si (in the untreated areas) and 100-oriented Si (in the treated areas). 
   The basic steps of the present invention can be easily adapted in whole or in part to form planar hybrid-orientation semiconductor structures on different substrates (e.g., bulk, thin or thick BOX, insulating or high resistivity substrates), or to form planar hybrid-orientation semiconductor substrate structures having three or more surface orientations. 
   Yet another aspect of the present invention provides integrated circuits on the planar hybrid-orientation semiconductor substrates of this invention, wherein the integrated circuits comprise pFETs on a (110) crystallographic plane and nFETs on a (100) crystallographic plane. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     These and other features, aspects, and advantages will be more readily apparent and better understood from the following detailed description of the invention, in which: 
       FIGS. 1A-1E  show, in cross section view, some examples of prior art planar hybrid-orientation semiconductor substrate structures, wherein the first of two semiconductor orientations is disposed directly on a bulk semiconductor substrate and the second of two semiconductor orientations is disposed either on the substrate ( FIGS. 1A and 1C ), partially insulated from the substrate by a thin BOX layer ( FIG. 1E ), or fully insulated from the substrate by a thick BOX layer ( FIGS. 1B and 1D ); 
       FIGS. 2A-2B  show, in cross section view, prior art examples of how the hybrid-orientation substrate structure of  FIG. 1B  might form the basis of integrated circuits comprising at least one pFET on a 110-oriented single crystal Si region and at least one NFET on a 100-oriented single crystal Si region; 
       FIGS. 3A-3I  show, in cross section view, the steps of the basic prior art method used to form the structures of  FIGS. 1A-1E , illustrated for the case of  FIG. 1B ; 
       FIG. 4  shows, in cross section view, a prior art example of a planar hybrid-orientation semiconductor substrate structure wherein both of two differently oriented single crystal Si regions are disposed on buried insulator layers; 
       FIGS. 5A-5B  show, in cross section view, two preferred SOI embodiments of the hybrid-orientation substrates of the present invention; 
       FIG. 6  shows, in cross section view, how a hybrid-orientation substrate structure of the present invention can be used to form the basis of an integrated circuit comprising at least one pFET on a (110) Si crystallographic plane and at least one NFET on a (100) Si crystallographic plane. 
       FIGS. 7A-7G  show, in cross section view, the basic steps underlying the methods of the present invention, illustrated for the case of upper layer amorphization and lower layer templating; 
       FIGS. 8A-8G  show, in cross section view, a first preferred method to produce the structure of  FIG. 5A  of the present invention; 
       FIG. 9A-9F  show, in cross section view, a second preferred method to produce the structure of  FIG. 5B  of the present invention; and 
       FIGS. 10A-10I  show, in cross section view, different embodiments of the hybrid-orientation substrates that may be produced by the methods of the present invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention, which provides planar hybrid-orientation SOI substrate structures and methods of fabricating the same, will now be described in greater detail by referring to the drawings that accompany the present application. 
     FIGS. 5A-5B  show, in cross section view, two preferred embodiments of hybrid-orientation substrates that can be fabricated by the methods of the present invention. Hybrid-orientation substrate  450  of  FIG. 5A  and hybrid-orientation substrate  460  of  FIG. 5B  both comprise first single crystal semiconductor regions  470  with a first orientation, and second single crystal semiconductor regions  480  with a second orientation different from the first orientation. Semiconductor regions  470  and  480  have approximately the same thickness and are disposed on the same BOX layer  490 . The term “BOX” denotes a buried oxide region. Although this terminology is specifically used here, the present invention is not limited to merely buried oxides. Instead, various insulating layers can be used; the various insulating layers are described in greater detail hereinbelow. 
   Semiconductor regions  470  and  480  are separated by dielectric trench isolation regions  500 , which are shown as having the same depth and stopping on BOX layer  490 . However, in some embodiments of the present invention, trench isolation regions  500  may be shallower (so as not to reach BOX layer  490 ), deeper (so as to extend past BOX layer  490 ), or of non-equal depths, as desired. The structures of  FIGS. 5A and 5B  differ from each other only in the particulars of substrates  510  and  520 . Substrate  510  in  FIG. 5A  is a semiconductor having an epitaxial relationship to single crystal semiconductor region  480 , whereas substrate  520  in  FIG. 5B  has no particular restrictions other than being compatible with whatever subsequent processing it will be subjected to. 
   The hybrid-orientation substrate structures of  FIGS. 5A-5B  may be incorporated as the substrates for integrated circuits comprising at least one pFET on a (110) crystallographic plane and at least one nFET on a (100) crystallographic plane.  FIG. 6  illustrates an exemplary integrated circuit on a Si version of the hybrid-orientation substrate structure of  FIG. 5B , in cross section view. Substrate  520  has single crystal 110-oriented Si regions  530  and single crystal 100-oriented Si regions  540 , separated by isolation regions  500  on BOX layer  490 . pFET devices  170  are disposed on 110-oriented regions  530  and NFET devices  180  are disposed on 100-oriented regions  540 . For clarity, dopings are not shown. 
   The FETs shown in  FIG. 6  can be fabricated on the structure shown in  FIG. 5A  using techniques that are well known to those skilled in the art. In some embodiments, the 110 and 100 crystal orientations of layers  540  and  530  are reversed. In that embodiment, the pFET devices  170  would still be fabricated atop the 110-oriented regions and the NFET devices  180  would be fabricated atop the 100-oriented surface. 
   The present invention also provides new methods for forming planar hybrid-orientation semiconductor substrate structures. Common to all methods are three basic steps, by which the orientation of selected semiconductor regions may be changed from an original orientation to a desired orientation: 
   forming a bilayer template layer stack comprising a first, lower single crystal semiconductor layer (or substrate) having a first orientation and a second, upper (typically bonded) single crystal semiconductor layer having a second orientation different from the first; 
   amorphizing one of the layers of the bilayer template stack in selected areas (by ion implantation through a mask, for example) to form localized amorphized regions; and 
   recrystallizing the localized amorphized regions using the non-amorphized layer of the stack as a template, thereby changing the orientation in the localized amorphized regions from an original orientation to a desired orientation. 
   These steps are illustrated in  FIGS. 7A-7D  for the case of upper layer amorphization and bottom layer templating. Although this embodiment is shown, the present invention also contemplates methods in which the bottom layer is amorphized and recrystallization is templated from the top layer. 
     FIG. 7A  shows initial SOI substrate  580  comprising base substrate  520 , BOX layer  490 , and single crystal SOI layer  590  with a first orientation. SOI layer  590  may be formed by bonding or by any other method known to the art.  FIG. 7B  shows bilayer template stack  600  comprising SOI layer  590  as a lower template layer with a first orientation and single crystal semiconductor layer  610  as an upper template layer with a second orientation different from the first orientation. Layer  610  would typically be formed by bonding.  FIG. 7C  shows the structure of  FIG. 7B  after ion bombardment  620  in selected areas creates localized amorphized regions  630 . Localized amorphized regions  630  extend from the top surface of upper template layer  610  down to interface  640 , located within lower template layer  590 . Selected area ion bombardment  620  would typically be effected by blanket ion bombardment in combination with a patterned mask.  FIG. 7D  shows the structure of  FIG. 7C  after localized amorphized regions  630  have been recrystallized (starting at interface  640 , using lower layer  590  as a template) to form single crystal semiconductor region  650 . Non-amorphized upper template layer regions  610 ′ (with the second crystal orientation) and recrystallized region  650  (with the first crystal orientation) now comprise planar hybrid-orientation substrate  650  with surface A-B comprising at least two clearly defined single-crystal semiconductor regions with different surface orientations. 
   To minimize the possibility of lateral templating, the sides of the region(s)  630  selected for amorphization and templated recrystallization would typically be at least partially isolated from adjacent crystalline regions, for example, by trenches. The trenches may be formed and filled before amorphization, formed and filled between amorphization and recrystallization, or formed after amorphization and filled after recrystallization. Trench formation would typically be effected by a process such as reactive ion etching (RIE) through a mask. 
     FIGS. 7E-7G  show examples of three geometries for isolation trenches. In  FIG. 7E , isolation trenches  660  extend through the upper template layer, but do not extend past the amorphization depth. In this case, some templating from side interfaces  670  may occur. In  FIG. 7F , isolation trenches  680  extend past the amorphization depth, but not all the way to BOX layer  490 , and in  FIG. 7G , isolation trenches  690  extend all the way to BOX layer  490 . However, isolation trenches may not be necessary if the recrystallization rate of the desired crystal orientation is much faster than recrystallization templated from competing undesired crystal orientations. For example, the recrystallization rates of Si-implant-amorphized single crystal Si samples has been reported to be three times faster for 100-oriented Si than for 110-oriented Si [see, for example, L. Csepregi et al., J. Appl. Phys. 49 3096 (1978)]. 
   The fact that different semiconductor orientations can differ in their recrystallization rates should also be considered when designing the template layer stacks and process flows. The layer of a bilayer template stack having the slower-growing orientation would preferably be the one that is amorphized, whereas the layer with the faster-growing orientation would preferably be the one from which the recrystallization is templated. 
   In one embodiment of the invention, shown in  FIGS. 8A-8G , the basic steps of  FIGS. 7A-7D  are incorporated into a method for forming a planar hybrid-orientation SiOI substrate structure similar to structure  450  of  FIG. 5A . For simplicity, isolation trenches are not shown.  FIG. 8A  shows 100-oriented Si substrate  700  comprising the first, lower layer of the template stack;  FIG. 8B  shows the substrate  700  after addition of 110-oriented Si layer  710  comprising the second, upper layer of the template stack. Layer  710  would typically be formed by bonding. 
     FIG. 8C  shows the structure of  FIG. 8B  being subjected to ion bombardment  720  in selected areas to create the structure of  FIG. 8D  with localized amorphized regions  730  extending from the top surface of template layer  710  to a depth ending in substrate  700 .  FIG. 8E  shows the structure of  FIG. 8D  after localized amorphized regions  730  have been recrystallized (using 100-oriented Si substrate  700  as a template) to form single crystal 100-oriented Si region(s)  740 . Non-amorphized 110-oriented Si regions  710 ′ and recrystallized 100-oriented Si region(s)  740  now comprise bulk planar hybrid-orientation substrate  750  with surface A-B comprising at least two clearly defined single-crystal semiconductor regions with different surface orientations. 
   A SIMOX process is then used to create a BOX layer, as shown in  FIGS. 8F-8G .  FIG. 8F  shows the structure of  FIG. 8E  being exposed to blanket oxygen ion implantation  760  used to create buried O-rich layer  770 . O-rich layer  770  preferably contains the original interface between layers  700  and  710 , and is converted into BOX layer  780  of  FIG. 8G  by the appropriate annealing steps. 
   In another embodiment of the present invention, shown in  FIGS. 9A-9F , the basic steps of  FIGS. 7A-7D  are incorporated into yet another method to form a planar hybrid-orientation SiOI substrate structure similar to structure  460  of  FIG. 5B . Specifically,  FIG. 9A  shows initial SiOI substrate  800  comprising base substrate  520 , BOX layer  490 , and 110-oriented single crystal Si layer  810 . Si layer  810  may be formed by bonding or by any other method known to the art.  FIG. 9B  shows bilayer template stack  820  comprising 110-oriented Si layer  810  as a lower template layer and single crystal 100-oriented Si layer  830  as an upper template layer. Layer  830  would typically be formed by bonding.  FIG. 9C  shows the structure of  FIG. 9B  being subjected to ion bombardment  840  in selected areas to create the structure of  FIG. 9D  with buried localized amorphized regions  850 . Localized amorphized regions  850  extend from BOX layer  490  through lower template layer  810  and partially into upper template layer  830 . As mentioned above, the areas selected for amorphization and templated recrystallization would typically be isolated from adjacent crystalline regions by trenches (not shown) to minimize the possibility of lateral templating.  FIG. 9E  shows the structure of  FIG. 9D  after localized amorphized regions  850  have been recrystallized, using upper template layer  810  as a template, to form 100-oriented single crystal Si regions  860 . Upper template layer  810  is then removed by a process such as polishing (or oxidation followed by wet etchback) to leave coplanar 110-oriented single-crystal Si regions  810 ′ and 100-oriented single-crystal Si regions  860  disposed on common BOX layer  490 . 
   It should be noted that the method of  FIGS. 8A-8G  may equally well be employed with the orientations of substrate  700  and upper template layer  710  reversed, i.e., with substrate  700  comprising a 110-oriented Si wafer instead of a 100-oriented Si wafer, and upper template layer  710  comprising a single crystal layer of 100-oriented Si instead of a single crystal layer of 110-oriented Si. Likewise, the method of  FIGS. 9A-9F  may be employed with the orientations of lower template layer  810  and upper template layer  830  reversed, i.e., with lower template layer  810  being 100-oriented Si instead of 110-oriented Si and upper template layer  830  being 110-oriented Si instead of 100-oriented Si. More generally, the structures and methods of the present invention may be employed using semiconductors other than Si, as will be described in more detail below. 
     FIGS. 10A-10I  show, in cross section view, different embodiments of the hybrid-orientation substrates that may be produced by the methods of the present invention.  FIG. 10A  shows “bulk” planar hybrid-orientation semiconductor substrate structure  900  comprising first single crystal semiconductor regions  910  with a first orientation, and second single crystal semiconductor regions  920  with a second orientation different from the first orientation, but identical to the orientation of substrate  930 . Planar hybrid-orientation semiconductor substrate structure  940  of  FIG. 10B  is similar to structure  900  of  FIG. 10A , but has trench isolation regions  950  separating single crystal semiconductor regions  910  and  920 . 
   Planar hybrid-orientation semiconductor substrate structure  960  of  FIG. 10C  is similar to structure  900  of  FIG. 10A . However, substrate  930  has been replaced with substrate  980 , which may or not be epitaxially related to semiconductor region  920 . Structure  960  also comprises BOX layer  970  under semiconductor regions  910  and  920 , and residuals  990  of second semiconductor material with the second orientation remaining under first semiconductor regions  910 . Planar hybrid-orientation semiconductor substrate structure  1000  of  FIG. 10D  is similar to structure  960  of  FIG. 10C , except that semiconductor region  920  is epitaxial related to semiconductor substrate  930 , and BOX layer  970  is located above interface  1010  between first single crystal semiconductor regions  910  and substrate  930 . 
   Planar hybrid-orientation semiconductor substrate structures  1020  and  1030  of  FIGS. 10E-10F  are identical to structures  1000  and  940  of  FIGS. 10A-10B , except that semiconductor substrate  930  has been replaced by insulating substrate  1040 . 
   Planar hybrid-orientation semiconductor substrate structures  1050  and  1060  of  FIGS. 10G-10H  are similar to structure  960  of  FIG. 10C , but have trench isolation regions  950 . In structure  1050  of  FIG. 10G , trench isolation regions  950  extend below interface  1070  between first single crystal semiconductor regions  910  and residuals  990 , but do not reach BOX layer  970 . In structure  1060  of  FIG. 10H , trench isolation regions  950  extend to BOX layer  970 . 
   Planar hybrid-orientation semiconductor substrate structure  1080  of  FIG. 10I  comprises three differently oriented single crystal semiconductor regions  910 ,  920 , and  1090 , separated by trench isolation regions  950  extending to BOX layer  970 . Planar hybrid-orientation semiconductor substrate structures with three or more surface orientations may be produced by the localized amorphization and recrystallization methods of this invention by using a multilayer template stack instead of a bilayer template stack. 
   Structures like those of  FIGS. 5A-5B  and  FIGS. 10A-10I  may be produced by using various permutations of the basic steps of the invention with or without additional steps. For example, a planar hybrid-orientation structure resembling  460  of  FIG. 5B  may be produced from the structure of  FIG. 10H  by the additional steps of amorphizing residuals  990  of second semiconductor material  920  and recrystallizing the amorphized regions using single crystal region  910  as a template. 
   The semiconductor substrates and single crystal semiconductor regions of the present invention may be selected from a wide range of semiconductor materials. For example, substrates  510 ,  520 ,  700 ,  930  and  980 , and differently oriented first and second semiconductor regions  470 ,  610 ′,  910 , and  480 ,  650 , and  920  may be selected from the group including Si, SiC, SiGe, SiGeC, Ge alloys, Ge, C, GaAs, InAs, InP as well as other III-V or II-VI compound semiconductors. Layered combinations or alloys of the aforementioned semiconductor materials (for example, Si layers on SiGe), with or without one or more dopants, are also contemplated herein. First and second semiconductor regions may be strained, unstrained, or a combination of strained and unstrained layers can be used. The crystallographic orientations would typically be selected from the group including (110), (111), and (100). 
   The thickness of first and second single crystal semiconductor regions  470 ,  610 ′,  910 , and  480 ,  650 , and  920  is typically from about 1 to about 500 nm, with a thickness from about 10 to about 100 nm being more typical. The thickness of substrates  510 ,  520 ,  700 ,  930 , and  980  would typically be between 5 and 1000 μm, and most typically be about 600 μm. 
   BOX layers and insulating substrates  1040  may be selected from a wide range of dielectric materials, including, but not limited to the group including SiO 2 , crystalline SiO 2 , SiO 2  containing nitrogen or other elements, silicon nitrides, metal oxides (e.g., Al 2 O 3 ), insulating metal nitrides (e.g., AlN), highly thermally conductive materials such as crystalline diamond. BOX thicknesses may range from about 2 nm to about 500 nm, with preferable thicknesses typically being in the range from about 50 to about 150 nm. 
   Bonding methods for forming the template stack may include any methods known to those skilled in the art (see, for example, Q. Y. Tong et al. [in  Semiconductor Wafer Bonding: Science and Technology  (John Wiley, 1998)] and co-pending and co-assigned U.S. application Ser. No. 10/696,634, filed Oct. 29, 2003, and co-pending and co-assigned U.S. application Ser. No. 10/250,241, filed Jun. 17, 2003). The contents of each of the above mentioned co-assigned U.S. Applications are incorporated herein by reference. 
   Differently oriented semiconductor surfaces to be bonded are preferably hydrophobic (rather than hydrophilic) for the cleanest possible interfaces, since impurities in the amorphized regions will typically impede the progress of the recrystallization. However, very thin oxides at the bonded interface may be tolerable if the oxide can be made to assume a discontinuous, islanded morphology by suitable annealing (see, for example, P. McCann et al. [(“An investigation into interfacial oxide in direct silicon bonding,” 6th Int. Symp. on Semiconductor Wafer Bonding, San Francisco, Sep. 2-7, 2001]). Wafer separation/removal after bonding may be accomplished by grinding or etching the wafer away (preferably making use of an etch stop layer), or by making use of a mechanically weak interface layer created at earlier steps in processing. Examples of mechanically weak interface layers include porous Si (see, for example, Epitaxial Layer Transfer (ELTRAN) described by K. Sakaguchi et al. in Solid State Technology, June 2000] and ion-implanted H-containing bubbles (see, for example, Smart Cut process, described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,374,564 by M. Bruel, which issued Dec. 20, 1994, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,882,987 by K. V. Srikrishnan, which issued Mar. 16, 1999). 
   Amorphization would typically be effected by ion implantation. The optimum ion implantation conditions will depend on the materials of the template layers, the thickness of the template layers, and position (upper or lower) of the stack layer being amorphized. Any ion species known to those skilled in the art may be used, including but not limited to: Si, Ge, Ar, C, O, N, H, He, Kr, Xe, P, B, As, etc. Ions for the amorphization are preferably Si or Ge. Lighter ions such as H and He are typically less effective at amorphization. Ion implantation may be performed at temperatures ranging from cryogenic to several hundred ° C. above nominal room temperature. By “nominal room temperature” it is meant a temperature from about 20° to about 40° C. Regions not being amorphized would typically be protected from ion implantation by a patterned mask (for example, patterned photoresist for a room temperature implantation process). Implants may be performed with or without “screen oxide” layers and may be performed with multiple implants at different energies if a sufficiently uniformly amorphized region cannot be easily achieved with a single implant. The required implant dose depends on the implanting species, the semiconductor being implanted, and the thickness of the layer needing to be amorphized. Si implanted at cryogenic temperatures at 50, 100, 150, and 200 keV with a total dose of 6E15/cm 2  was found to be sufficient to amorphize the top 400 nm of 100-oriented and 110-oriented Si (see, for example, L. Csepregi et al.). However, much lower doses (for example, 5E14/cm 2  at 40 keV) can amorphize Si when the implanted ion is Ge and surface region to be amorphized is thinner than 50-100 nm. 
   Recrystallization of localized amorphous regions  630 ,  730 , and  850  is typically effected by annealing at temperatures from about 200° to about 1300° C., preferably from about 400° to about 900° C., and more preferably from about 400° and 600° C., for a time period sufficient to bring about the desired recrystallization. This time period will depend on the orientation of the template layer, on the thickness of the amorphized region to be recrystallized, on the presence of implanted and other impurities in the amorphized layer, and possibly on the sharpness of the interface between the implanted and unimplanted regions. Annealing may be performed in a furnace or by rapid thermal annealing. In other embodiments, annealing may be performed using a laser anneal or a spike anneal. The annealing ambient would typically be selected from the group of gases including N 2 , Ar, He, H 2  and mixtures of these gases. 
   When a buried insulating is created in the structure following the recrystallizing step, any conventional ion implant step and annealing step that can be used in forming a buried insulating layer can be employed. For example, any conventional SIMOX process can be used in producing a buried oxide layer in the structures shown in  FIGS. 8F-8G . 
   Several embodiments of the present invention, together with modifications thereof, have been described in detail herein and illustrated in the accompanying drawings, it will be evident that various further modifications are possible without departing from the scope of the invention. In particular, it should be emphasized that while most of the substrate structures, circuits, and methods of this invention have been illustrated for the case of a small number of single crystal regions having two different orientations, the invention applies equally well to methods for providing and structures comprising large pluralities of such single crystal regions. Furthermore, the hybrid-orientation substrates of the invention may incorporate additional overlayers (such as epitaxially grown semiconductors or additional bonded layers), removal or etchback of certain surface features (for example, recessing one or more of the single crystal semiconductor regions or trench isolations), and/or specialized doping profiles, if such substrate features are desired for the subsequently fabricated devices. Nothing in the above specification is intended to limit the invention more narrowly than the appended claims. The examples given are intended only to be illustrative rather than exclusive.