Abstract:
A method of filtering a red-eye phenomenon from a digitized image comprising a multiplicity of pixels indicative of color, the pixels forming various shapes within the image, includes analyzing meta-data information including digitized-meta-data information describing one or more conditions under which the image was digitized or film information or a combination thereof, and determining, based at least in part on said meta-data analysis, whether one or more regions within the digital image are suspected as including red eye artifact.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/170,511, filed Jun. 12, 2002, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/947,603, filed Oct. 9, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,407,777, issued Jun. 18, 2002, which is hereby incorporated by reference. This application is also related to a United States patent application filed contemporaneously which is a CIP to the 10/170,511 application. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND  
       [0002]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0003]     The present invention relates generally to digital photography using flash, and specifically to filtering “Red Eye” artifacts from digital images shot by digital cameras or scanned by a digital scanner as part of an image acquisition process or an image printing process.  
         [0004]     2. Description of the Related Art  
         [0005]     i. Red Eye Phenomenon  
         [0006]     “Red-eye” is a phenomenon in flash photography where a flash is reflected within a subject&#39;s eye and appears in a photograph as a red dot where the black pupil of the subject&#39;s eye would normally appear. The unnatural glowing red of an eye is due to internal reflections from the vascular membrane behind the retina, which is rich in blood vessels. This objectionable phenomenon is well understood to be caused in part by a small angle between the flash of the camera and the lens of the camera. This angle has decreased with the miniaturization of cameras with integral flash capabilities. Additional contributors include the relative closeness of the subject to the camera, iris color where light eyes are more susceptible to this artifact and low ambient light levels which means the pupils are dilated.  
         [0007]     The red-eye phenomenon can be somewhat minimized by causing the iris to reduce the opening of the pupil. This is typically done with a “pre-flash”, a flash or illumination of light shortly before a flash photograph is taken or a strong additional light source. This causes the iris to close. Unfortunately, these techniques typically delay the photographic exposure process by 0.5 second or more to allow for the pupil to contract. Such delay may cause the user to move, the subject to turn away, etc. Therefore, these techniques, although somewhat useful in removing the red-eye artifact, can cause new unwanted results.  
         [0008]     ii. Digital Cameras and Red Eye Artifacts  
         [0009]     Digital cameras are becoming more popular and smaller in size. Digital cameras have several advantages over film cameras, e.g. eliminating the need for film as the image is digitally captured and stored in a memory array for display on a display screen on the camera itself. This allows photographs to be viewed and enjoyed virtually instantaneously as opposed to waiting for film processing. Furthermore, the digitally captured image may be downloaded to another display device such as a personal computer or color printer for further enhanced viewing. Digital cameras include microprocessors for image processing and compression and camera systems control. Nevertheless, without a pre-flash, both digital and film cameras can capture the red-eye phenomenon as the flash reflects within a subject&#39;s eye. Thus, what is desired is a method of eliminating red-eye phenomenon within a miniature digital camera having a flash without the distraction of a pre-flash.  
         [0010]     An advantage of digital capture devices is that the image contains more data than the traditional film based image has. Such data is also referred to as meta-data and is usually saved in the header of the digital file. The meta-data may include information about the camera, the user, and the acquisition parameters. 
        iii. Digital Scanning and Red Eye Artifacts In many cases images that originate from analog devices like film are being scanned to create a digital image. The scanning can be either for the purpose of digitization of film based images into digital form, or as an intermediate step as part of the printing of film based images on a digital system. Red Eye phenomenon is a well known problem even for film cameras, and in particular point and shoot cameras where the proximity of the flash and the lens may be accentuated. When an image is scanned from film, the scanner may have the option to adjust its scanning parameters in order to accommodate for exposure and color balance. In addition, for negative film, the scanner software will reverse the colors as well as remove the orange, film base mask of the negative.        
 
         [0012]     The so-called meta data for film images is generally more limited than for digital cameras. However, most films include information about the manufacturer, the film type and even the batch number of the emulsion. Such information can be useful in evaluating the raw, uncorrected color of eyes suffering from red eye artifacts. 
        iv. Red-eye detection and correction algorithms Red-eye detection algorithms typically include detecting the pupil and detecting the eye. Both of these operations may be performed in order to determine if red-eye data is red-eye or if an eye has red-eye artifact in it. The success of a red eye detection algorithm is generally dependent on the success of a correct positive detection and a minimal false detection of the two. The detection is primarily done on image data information, also referred to as pixel-data. However, there is quite a lot of a-priori information when the image is captured and the nature of the artifact that can be utilized. Such information relies on both athropometric information as well as photographic data.        
 
         [0014]     v. Anthropometry  
         [0015]     Anthropometry is defined as the study of human body measurement for use in anthropological classification and comparison. Such data, albeit extremely statistical in nature, can provide good indication as to whether an object is an eye, based on analysis of other detected human objects in the image.  
         [0016]     vi. Bayesian Statistics  
         [0017]     A key feature of Bayesian methods is the notion of using an empirically derived probability distribution for a population parameter such as anthropometry. In other words, Bayesian probability takes account of the system&#39;s propensity to misidentify the eyes, which is referred to as ‘false positives’. The Bayesian approach permits the use of objective data or subjective opinion in specifying an a priori distribution. With the Bayesian approach, different individuals or applications might specify different prior distributions, and also the system can improve or have a self-learning mode to change the subjective distribution. In this context, Bayes&#39; theorem provides a mechanism for combining an a priori probability distribution for the states of nature with new sample information, the combined data giving a revised probability distribution about the states of nature, which can then be used as an a priori probability with a future new sample, and so on. The intent is that the earlier probabilities are then used to make ever better decisions. Thus, this is an iterative or learning process, and is a common basis for establishing computer programs that learn from experience.  
         [heading-0018]     Mathematically,  
         [0019]     While conditional probability is defined as:  
         P   ⁡     (     A   ❘   B     )       =       P   ⁡     (     A   ⋂   B     )         P   ⁡     (   B   )             
 
 In Bayesian statistics:  
         P   ⁡     (     A   ❘   B     )       =         P   ⁡     (     B   ❘   A     )       ⁢     P   ⁡     (   B   )           P   ⁡     (   A   )             
 
 Alternatively a verbal way of representing it is:  
       Posterior   =       Likelihood   ×   Prioir     Normalizing_Factor         
 
 Or with a Likelihood function L( ), over a selection of events, which is also referred to as the Law of Total Probability:  
         P   ⁡     (       B   i     ❘   A     )       =         L   ⁡     (     A   ❘     B   i       )       ⁢     P   ⁡     (   B   )             ∑     all   -   j               ⁢           ⁢       L   ⁡     (     A   ❘     B   j       )       ⁢     P   ⁡     (     B   j     )                 
 
 A Venn diagram is depicted in  FIG. 8 - b.  
 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0024]     In view of the above, a method of filtering a red-eye phenomenon from a digitized image comprising a multiplicity of pixels indicative of color is provided. The pixels may form various shapes within the image. The method includes analyzing meta-data information including digitized-meta-data information describing one or more conditions under which the image was digitized or film information or a combination thereof, and determining, based at least in part on said meta-data analysis, whether one or more regions within the digital image are suspected as including red eye artifact.  
         [0025]     The digitized image may have been captured on negative color film, or color reversal film. The film information may include film brand, film type or emulsion batch, or combinations thereof. The film information may dictate color sensitivity curves of film upon which the digitized image was captured. The digitized meta data may include a spectral response function of a digitizer, information relating to post-scanning tone reproduction or color transformation or combinations thereof. The method may include analyzing both the conditions under which the image was digitized and film information.  
         [0026]     The image may have been digitized by scanning. The method may include adjusting a pixel color within any of the regions wherein red eye artifact is determined and outputting an adjusted image. The meta-data may include image acquisition device-specific information. The method may further include analyzing pixel information within one or more regions suspected as including red eye artifact based on meta-data analysis, and determining whether any of the one or more suspected regions continue to be suspected as including red eye artifact based on pixel analysis, said pixel analysis being performed after meta-data analysis. The meta-data information may include information describing conditions under which the image was acquired, or a spectral response curve of a sensor of an acquisition device with which the image was acquired. The meta-data information may include an indication of whether a flash was used when the image was acquired.  
         [0027]     The image acquisition device may include a digital scanner. The method may further include adjusting a pixel color within any of the regions wherein red eye artifact is determined and outputting an adjusted image.  
         [0028]     A method of filtering a red-eye phenomenon from a digitized image including a multiplicity of pixels indicative of color, the pixels forming various shapes of the image, is further provided. The method includes analyzing meta-data information including capture-meta-data information describing conditions under which the image was captured, digitized-meta-data information describing the conditions under which the image was digitized, and/or film information; and determining, based at least in part on the meta-data analysis, whether the regions are actual or suspected red eye artifact. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0029]      FIG. 1  shows a block diagram of an acquisition device operating in accordance with a preferred embodiment.  
         [0030]      FIG. 2  illustrates a high level workflow of detecting red eye artifacts in digital images in accordance with a preferred embodiment.  
         [0031]      FIGS. 3   a - 3   d  schematically depicts a light sensor, and the formation of a digital pixelated image on it, in accordance with a preferred embodiment.  
         [0032]      FIG. 4  describes a process of collecting, forwarding and analyzing meta-data as part of red-eye detection in accordance with a preferred embodiment.  
         [0033]      FIG. 5  illustrates by means of geometric optics, a relationship between an object and an image based on a distance to the object and the focal length, where the focal length is the distance from the image principal plane of the optical system to the image focal plane, which is the plane where the image of the object situated at infinity is formed.  
         [0034]      FIG. 6  illustrates a relationship between focal length of a lens and depth of field, and an object size as it appears on an image.  
         [0035]      FIGS. 7   a - 7   c  illustrate some anthropometric measurements of a human face for an adult male and female.  
         [0036]      FIGS. 8   a - 8   b  show a workflow diagram describing a statistical analysis of an image using anthropometric data in accordance with a preferred embodiment.  
         [0037]      FIG. 9  depicts a spectral response of an acquisition system based on spectral sensitivity curves of a hypothetical three color sensor, the spectral distribution of a generic light source and the spectral characteristics of a object being photographed, in accordance with a preferred embodiment. 
     
    
     INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE  
       [0038]     What follows is a cite list of references which are, in addition to those references cited above and below herein, and including that which is described as background, the invention summary, brief description of the drawings, the drawings and the abstract, hereby incorporated by reference into the detailed description of the preferred embodiments below, as disclosing alternative embodiments of elements or features of the preferred embodiments not otherwise set forth in detail below. A single one or a combination of two or more of these references may be consulted to obtain a variation of the preferred embodiments described in the detailed description below. Further patent, patent application and non-patent references are cited in the written description and are also incorporated by reference into the preferred embodiment with the same effect as just described with respect to the following references:  
         [0039]     U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,285,588, 5,016,107, 5,070,355, 5,202,720, 5,537,516, 5,452,048, 5,748,764, 5,761,550, 5,781,650, 5,862,217, 5,862,218, 5,991,549, 6,006,039, 6,433,818, 6,510,520, 6,516,154, 6,505,003, 6,501,911, 6,496,655, 6,429,924, 6,252,976, 6,278,491;  
         [0040]     United States published applications no. 2003/0058349, 2003/0044177, 2003/0044178, 2003/0044070, 2003/0044063, 2003/0025811, 2002/0150306, 2002/0041329, 2002/0141661, and 2002/0159630;  
         [0041]     PCT published applications no. WO 03/026278, WO 99/17254; and WO 01/71421; and  
         [0042]     Japanese patents no. JP 04-192681, JP 2000/134,486, and JP 2002/271808; and  
         [0043]     European patents no. EP 0 884 694 A1, EP 0 911 759 A2, 3 , EP 1 293 933 A1, EP 1 199 672 A2, EP 1 288 858 A1, EP 1 288 859 A1, and EP 1 288 860 A1; and  
         [0044]     Matthew Gaubatz, et al., “Automatic Red-eye Detection and correction”, IEEE ICIP, 2002, pp. I-804-I-807.  
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0045]     Preferred embodiments described below include methods for detecting red eye artifacts in digital images. Methods are also described for utilizing meta-data gathered as part of the image acquisition to remove such red-eye artifacts. In addition, methods for enhancing the accuracy of detection of red eye artifacts based on a-priori knowledge of the camera sensor, the acquisition mechanism and the color transformation are described. Methods are described for enhancing the speed of detection of red eye artifacts in digital images, and for reducing the amount of false detection of regions suspected to be red-eye artifacts. A method for user-selected tradeoff between the reduction of false detection and the improvement of positive detection is also described. In addition, a way to estimate the size of faces is provided, and in particular the eyes in an image and in particular the size of eyes in faces based on the acquisition data. A way to improve the detection of the eyes based on anthropometric analysis of the image is also provided. An improvement is described for the detection of the eyes based on a Bayesian statistical approach. An improvement is also described for the detection of the red eye artifacts based a priori knowledge of the film manufacturer, the film type and/or the emulsion batch of the film. An improvement is also described for the detection of the eye artifact based on a priori knowledge of the scanner its light source and the color sensors of the scanner.  
         [0046]     In one embodiment, a digital camera has a built in flash, an image acquisition mechanism and a way to save the acquired data. The methods of the preferred embodiments are generally applicable to digital image acquisition devices, such as digital cameras and scanners, and to and output devices such as printers and electronic storage devices. When the terms digital camera and output device or printer are used, it is generally meant to more broadly, respectively include digital image acquisition devices and digital data output devices.  
         [0047]     A printer that receives image data from an original image acquisition device such as a digital camera or scanner may include a display that shows the image, or may be configurable to be cable, rf, or otherwise connected to a display. In this way, the image may be previewed before printing, and if desired, corrected and previewed again until the image is as desired for printing. Another alternative is to permit the image to be printed as a thumbnail with a preview of the red eye corrected regions to save on printing time and money. These regions of interest as to red eye correction may be circled or otherwise indicated in the printer viewer and or in the printed thumbnail. In a case where the camera itself includes the red eye correction software, firmware, and/or memory or other electronic component circuitry, then such preview and/or thumbnail capability may be included within the camera that may itself be cable, rf, network and/or otherwise connected to the printer.  
         [0048]     The digital camera or other acquisition device preferably has the capability of analyzing and processing images. Alternatively, the processing of the images can be done outside of the camera on a general purpose or specialized computer after downloading the images or on a device that is acting as a hosting platform for the digital camera. Such a device may be, but is not limited to, a hand held PC, a print server, a printer with built in processing capability, or cell phone equipped with a digital camera. Alternatively the acquisition process can be of an analog image, such as scanning of a film based negative or reversal film, or scanning of a photographic print.  
         [0049]     The accuracy of a detection process may be measured by two parameters. The former is the correct detection, which relates to the percentage of objects correctly detected. The second parameter for evaluating successful detection is the amount of mis-classifications, which is also defined as false detections or beta-error. False detections relate to the objects falsely determined to have the specific characteristics, which they do not possess.  
         [0050]     Overall, the goal of a successful detection process is to improve the accuracy of correct detections while minimizing the percentage of false detections. In many cases there is a tradeoff between the two. When the search criterion is relaxed, more images are detected but at the same time, more false detections are typically introduced, and vice versa.  
         [0051]     In order to improve the accuracy of the red eye detection and correction, a preferred embodiment utilizes a priori information about the camera or camera-specific information, anthropometric information about the subject, and information gathered as part of the acquisition process. That is, although information gathered as part of the acquisition process may relate to the camera or other digital acquisition device used, information relating to those parameters that are adjustable or that may change from exposure to exposure, based on user input or otherwise, are generally included herein as information relating to the acquisition process. A priori or camera-specific information is camera-dependent rather than exposure-dependent. For example, a-priori information about the camera may include any of the color sensitivity, spectral response or size of the camera sensor, whether the sensor is CCD or CMOS, and color transformations from the RAW data gathered by the sensor, e.g., CCD, to a known color space such as RGB, the f-stop, or other camera-specific parameters understood by those skilled in the art, or combinations thereof. In the case of scanning such a-priori information may include the color sensitivity curve of the film, the color sensitivity of the scanner sensor, whether CCD or CMOS, whether linear or area sensors, the color transformations from the RAW data gathered by the scanner to a known color space such as RGB. Acquisition data may include any of the focal distance as determined by the auto focus mechanism of the digital camera, the power of the flash including whether a flash was used at all, the focal length of the lens at acquisition time, the size of the CCD, the depth of field or the lens aperture, exposure duration, or other acquisition parameters understood by those skilled in the art, or combinations thereof. Anthropometric data may include first and higher order statistics, which is an average and a variability of an expected size and ratio between different parts of the human body, and particularly the facial region.  
         [0052]     Based on utilizing the aforementioned information, preferred embodiments described herein achieve a more accurate detection of the regions containing red eye artifacts. Based on this detection, the processor, whether in the camera or on a different device, can perform a correction step.  
         [0053]      FIG. 1  is a components diagram in accordance with a preferred embodiment. Block  100  describes the image acquisition device which can be a digital camera in different packaging such as a digital still camera, a lens connected to a hand held computer, a cell phone with image capturing capability, a video camera with still image capturing capability, etc.  
         [0054]     In the image capture apparatus  100 , there are a few components shown in block form in  FIG. 1 . The first is the light sensor  102  that can be a CCD, CMOS or any other object that transforms light information into electronic encoding. Most cameras are equipped with a built in flash  104 , also referred to as a strobe. In many cases, the camera strobe is physically close to the lens, which tends to accentuate the occurrence and strength of the red eye artifact. In addition, the camera is equipped with a lens  106 . The relevant parameters of the lens during acquisition include the aperture  114 , or a f-stop, which primarily determines the depth of field, the focal length  112  which determines the enlargement of the image, and the focusing distance  116  which determines the distance to the objects that the lens  106  was focused at.  
         [0055]     Block  130  of  FIG. 1  describes the red eye filter that performs a process of detection and correction of the red eye artifacts in accordance with a preferred embodiment. The process can be done in the camera as part of the acquisition stage, in the camera at a post processing stage, during the transferring of the images from the camera to an external device such as a personal computer, or on the external device as a post processing stage, such as in the image transfer software or image editing software.  
         [0056]     The red eye filter includes two main stages. Block  132  describes a meta-data analysis module  132 , where the image and the probability for red eye artifacts are evaluated based on the acquisition data and/or other meta-data. Block  138  describes the pixel-based analysis where the image data is used. The pixel-based analysis  138  preferably receives information from the meta-data stage  132 . Therefore, the decision on the pixel level may vary based on the conditions under which the image was captured and/or other meta-data. Block  160  describes the image storage component  160  that saves the image after the red eye correction operation.  
         [0057]      FIG. 2  is a workflow representation corresponding to the preferred camera embodiment illustrated at  FIG. 1 . The image capture stage is described in block  200 . This operation includes the pre-acquisition setup  210 , where the user and/or the camera determine preferred settings such as f-stop  212 , flash on/off  214  and/or focal length  216 . The image capture stage  200  also includes acquisition or picture taking  226 , and temporary storage in block  228  in its final form or in a raw form that corresponds to the image as captured by the light sensor  102  of  FIG. 1 . As part of the capture process, the camera determines the best acquisition parameters in the pre-acquisition stage  210 . Such parameters may include the right exposure, including gain, white balance and color transformation, and in particular aperture settings  212  and whether to use flash  214 . In addition, the user may decide on the focal length  216  of the lens  106 , which is also be referred to as the zoom position.  
         [0058]     The image after being stored in block  228 , is then processed for red eye  230  in accordance with a preferred embodiment, among other stages of processing that may include color corrections, compression, sharpening, etc. The red eye filter preferably includes two main operations. The red eye detection  240  and red eye correction  250 .  
         [0059]     The red eye detection  240  includes a first stage of analyzing the peripheral or external data, or meta-data  242 , a stage of transferring the revised data  244 , and the specific red eye detection  246 , based on pixel analysis.  
         [0060]     The red eye correction is illustrated at  FIG. 2  as the operation  250  where any image modifications based on the results of the detection stage  240 , are applied to the image. At this stage  250 , correction may be burned into the data  252 , thus replacing the damaged pixels, saved as a list of the pixels that need to be changed with their new value in the header of the image or externally  254 , and/or presented to the user  256 , requesting the user to take an action in order to apply the corrections, or a combination of these operations. The image, with the corrections applied as described in  240 , is then preferably saved in block  260 .  
         [0061]      FIGS. 3   a - 3   d  illustrates in detail the image as created on the receptor  102  of  FIG. 1 , which is located at the image plane of the optical system. Such receptor can be any electro-photosensitive object such as CCD or CMOS.  
         [0062]      FIG. 3   a  illustrates a grid type CCD. Each one of the smaller squares (as illustrated by block  302 ) is a cell, which is sensitive to light. The CCD size  304  is calculated as the diagonal of the rectangle made of Width  306  and Height  308 .  
         [0063]      FIG. 3   b  illustrates how a face may be projected onto the CCD.  FIG. 3   c  illustrates how the image is pixelized, where the continuous image is transformed into a grid based image.  
         [0064]      FIG. 3   d  is more specific to the image as created by a human eye. The image of the eye will include the iris  342  as well as the pupil  344 , which is usually the locations where red-eye artifacts occur. The white part  346  of the eye is also a component of the human eye illustrated at  FIG. 3   d  and which can be used in red-eye detection, particularly false-detection avoidance.  
         [0065]      FIG. 4  illustrates various meta-data information that can be utilized as part of a preferred embodiment as a priori input, and the potential outcome of such data analysis. For example, blocks  412 ,  422 , and  432  illustrate an operation of red-eye detection relating to the use or non-use of flash. The information whether the flash is used or not, Block  412 , is forwarded at operation  422  to red-eye pre-processing  432  to determine whether there is reason to launch the red-eye filter. If a Flash, as determined in  412  is not used, there is preferably no reason to apply the redeye filter. This is a reasonable estimation for consumer lever cameras where most of the red eye is created, as described in the introduction, by the small disparity between the strobe unit and the lens.  
         [0066]     Blocks  414 ,  424 ,  434  describe a collection of acquisition meta-data, wherein non-exhaustive examples are provided including the distance to the object, the aperture, CCD size, focal length of the lens and the depth of field. This data is usually recorded on or with the image at acquisition. Based on this information, as transferred to the filter at operation  424 , the filter can determine at operation  434 , e.g., a range of potential sizes of red eye regions.  
         [0067]     Blocks  416 ,  426 ,  436  relate to specific information that is unique to the camera. The color composition, e.g., of the image is determined by a few parameters which include the CCD response curves as illustrated in  FIG. 9  (see below), and the potential color transformations from the recorded, raw image data such as color correction, gain adjuetment and white balance to a known color space such as RGB or YCC. Such transformations can be presented in the form of lookup tables, transformation matrices, color profiles, etc.  
         [0068]     Based on the knowledge of the transfer from operation  426 , the software can better determine a more precise range of colors at operation  436  that are good candidates for the red eye artifacts. This information can advantageously narrow down the potential red eye regions based on the variability of sensors and color correction algorithms. It may also help to eliminate colors that, without this knowledge, could be falsely identified as potential red eye region candidates, but are not such in case of a specific combination of sensor and color transformation.  
         [0069]      FIG. 5  depicts illustrative information that can be gathered to determine the relative size of the object. The ratio of the image size divided by image distance, and the object size divided by the object distance, are approximately equal, wherein the image size divided by the object size is defined as the magnification of the lens  106 . If one knows three out of the four values, namely focal length  112 , distance to object  116 , and object size  516 , one can estimate the size of the object:  
           Object   ⁢           ⁢   size   ⁢           ⁢     (   516   )         distance   ⁢           ⁢   to   ⁢           ⁢   object   ⁢           ⁢     (   116   )         =       image   ⁢           ⁢   size   ⁢           ⁢     (   512   )         focal   ⁢           ⁢   length   ⁢           ⁢     (   112   )               
         [0070]     If one knows three out of the four values, namely focal length  112 , distance to object  116 , and object size  516  one can estimate the image size  512 :  
         Object   ⁢           ⁢   size   ⁢           ⁢     (   516   )       =         distance   ⁢           ⁢   to   ⁢           ⁢   object   ⁢           ⁢     (   116   )       ⁣       ·   image     ⁢           ⁢   size   ⁢           ⁢     (   512   )           focal   ⁢           ⁢   length   ⁢           ⁢     (   112   )             
 
         [0071]     However, the parameter values described above are usually not known precisely. Instead, distributions of values can be estimated based on different reasons as depicted in  FIGS. 6, 7  and  8 .  
         [0072]      FIG. 6 , illustrates the variability generated by the depth of field. Depth of field is defined as the range of distances from the camera to the objects where the images of the objects are captured sufficiently sharp. For a fixed length lens, the depth of field is a function of the aperture. The more open the aperture is, the shallower the depth of field is.  
         [0073]     As can be seen in  FIG. 6 , due to the fact that the depth of field can be rather large, the distance to the objects still in focus can vary. Therefore the parameter 
 
Distance_to_Subject 
 
 is rather a range: 
 
Distance_to_Subject Close     —     range ≦Subject≦Distance_to_Subject Far     —     range  
 
         [0075]     The reason why this information is important and has to be taken into consideration is depicted in  FIG. 6 . In this case, two objects, a tree  614  and a house  624  are located in close distance  616 , and further away  626  respectively. Even though the tree,  614  and the house  634  are the same size, the sizes of the objects or the projections of the objects on the image plane are different and the tree image,  636  being closer to the camera appears much larger than the house  646 .  
         [0076]      FIG. 7  includes some relevant anthropometrical values for male and female averages.  FIG. 7 - a  is an average male and  FIG. 7 - b  is an average adult female. For example, for adult male,  700 , the distance between the eyes,  714 , is on average 2.36″, the distance between the eyes and the nostrils,  724 , is 1.5″ the width of the head,  712  is 6.1″ etc.  
         [0077]     However, this is only the first order approximation. There is a second order approximation, which is the overall variability of the values. Such variability once again needs to be calculated into the formula.  
         [heading-0078]     Or: 
 
Subject_Size Small ≦Subject_Size≦Subject_Size Large  
 
         [0079]     The object size, in order to be considered as a candidate for being a face, and eye or any known object will be:  
           Subject_SizeSmall   *   Focal_Length       Distance_To   ⁢     _Object   For_Range         ≤   Object_Size   ≤         Subject_Size   large     *   Focal_Length       Distance_To   ⁢     _Object   Close_Range             
 
         [0080]     Specifically, as seen in  FIG. 7 - c , the average size of an eyeball,  770 , is roughly 1″, or 24 mm, and the average size of the iris,  772 , is half in diameter to the full eye, or 0.5″ or 12 mm in diameter. The pupil,  774  can be as small as a few millimeters, and dilated to as large as the size of the iris. Fortunately, in the case of red-eye artifacts, which happen primarily in low lighting conditions that required a flash, the pupil will be on the dilated side.  
         [0081]     The variability in this case is not only for different individuals, but also variability based on age. Luckily, in the case of eyes, the size of the eye is relatively constant as the person grows from a baby into an adult, this is the reason of the striking effect of “big eyes” that is seen in babies and young children. The average infant&#39;s eyeball measures approximately  19{fraction (1/2)} millimeters from front to back, and as described above, grows to  24 millimeters on average during the person&#39;s lifetime. Based on this data, in case of eye detection, the size of the object which is the pupil which is part of the iris, is limited, when allowing some variability to be: 
 
9 mm≦Size_Of_Iris≦13 mm 
 
         [0082]     The object size as calculated above is going to be in actual physical size such as millimeters or inches. For this invention to become useful, this information needs to be presented measured in pixel sizes.  
         [0083]     Returning to  FIG. 3   a , the size of the sensor is depicted by  304 , which is the diagonal of the sensor. Based on that, and the ratio between the width,  306  and the height,  308 , the width and height can be calculated as a Pythagorean triangle. 
 
Sensor_Diagonal_Size={square root}{square root over (width 2 +Height 2 )}
 
 Knowing the sensor resolution, the size of object can now be translated into pixel size. 
 
 For example: 
 
 Given a {fraction (1/2)} inch (12 mm) CCD, with an aspect ratio of 2:3, and a 2,000×3,000 CCD resolution: 
 
 The width of the CCD is:  
         12   ⁢           ⁢   mm     =             (     2   ⁢   α     )     2     +       (     3   ⁢   α     )     2         =           13   ⁢   α       ⁢     
     ∴     
     ⁢     3   ⁢   α       =       3   ×     12   /     13         ≈     3   ×   3.3     ≈     10   ⁢           ⁢   mm               
 
 and therefore, for a 3000 pixel width, a 1 mm object size is equal to roughly 300 pixels. 
 
 Or 
 
Image_Size in     —     pixels =Image_Size in     —     millimeters  
 
         [0090]     Based on this formula, when an image is now detected, its size in pixels is compared to the range allowed, and decided whether the object is a candidate or not.  
         [0091]     An example is depicted in  FIG. 3   d  where a hypothetical eye is displayed in pixels, and in this case, the iris  342 , is roughly 11 pixels, and the pupil,  344 , 6 pixels in diameter. With the added knowledge of the distance to the object and the focal length of the lens, this invention presents a decision process capable of rejecting the objects,  346  that are not eyes and selecting most likely candidates to be an eye based on the sizes of the captured images of the objects.  
         [0092]      FIG. 8  describes a preferred workflow to perform, the analysis based on the sizes of objects, and in the case of human beings, the anthropometrical analysis. The input is the acquisition data  434 , as described in  FIG. 4 , and human anthropometric data,  800  as depicted in  FIGS. 7   a  and  7   b.    
         [0093]     Step  810  describes the calculation of potential size and distribution of the objects, as corresponds to the camera resolution. This process was fully defined above. Note that this calculation can be done on the fly or alternatively pre-calculated values can be stored in a database to speed up the processing.  
         [0094]     When looking for eyes in an image, but not limited specifically to eyes, given regions suspected as eyes,  820 , a preferred embodiment proposes to check,  830  whether the regions fall within the size and distribution as calculated above in  820 . If the size is too large or too small, the system can determine,  890  that the probability for this object to be an eye is low. However, this is a probabilistic result and not necessarily a conclusive one. In other words, the specific region  820  has now low probability assigned to it as a potential eye. If the region is falling inside the allowed size, the probability,  880  are raised.  
         [0095]     This preferred embodiment describes additional steps to refine the decision, or increase the probability, by analyzing additional clues such as the existence of a second eye,  832 , the surrounding facial features,  834  such as the overall shape of the face, the hair, neck etc., the existence of lips in proximity to the eyes,  836 , the nostrils  838  etc.  
         [0096]     In each step, the question asked is whether the new feature is part of the region,  840 . If the reply is positive, then the probability for identifying the area as an eye is raised,  850 , and if negative, the probability is reduced,  860 . Of course, this probabilistic approach can be useful to create a better set of criteria in deciding whether the detected object is what the system is looking for. In more detail, the detection process involves two types of allowed errors also known as Type-I and Type-II errors, or also referred to as α-error, which is the acceptable probability of making a wrong decision, or a false positive and β-error, which is the acceptable probability of not detecting at all. Based on this approach, the probability as decreased or increased in steps  850  and  860  are always compared against the two criteria α and β.  
         [0097]     Alternatively to the classical statistical approach, this analysis can be done using Bayesian approach. As defined above, Bayesian probability can be calculated based on:  
         P   ⁡     (       B   i     ❘   A     )       =         L   ⁡     (     A   ❘     B   i       )       ⁢     P   ⁡     (   B   )             ∑     all   -   j               ⁢           ⁢       L   ⁡     (     A   ❘     B   j       )       ⁢     P   ⁡     (     B   j     )                 
 
         [0098]     This is further depicted in  FIG. 8   b . Specifically to this embodiment, the events are: 
    A=Region detected is red eye, as depicted in Block  870      B j =the various detected features as defined in blocks  872 , 874 , 876  and  878 ,  834 , 836  and  838 .     A∩B j =Probability that the area is red eye AND that another attribute is found. For example If B i  is the probability of detecting lips,     A∩B j  is the probability that the region is an eye and that the lips are detected.     P(B i |A) is the probability that lips exist when eye is detected. And     P(A|B i ) is the probability of eye detection given the probability of lips detection.    
 
         [0105]      FIG. 9  illustrates a different kind of information that can be very useful in determining the existence of red eye artifacts, using the color sensitivity of the capturing system such as a digital camera. Alternatively the capturing system may be analog capture such as film followed by a digitization process such as scanning.  
         [0106]     The graph in  FIG. 9  describes the relative response,  950  as a function of the visual wavelength  910 , of the three sensors for blue,  932 , Green  934 , and Red  936 , of a typical CCD type sensor. Similar graph, although with different response curve describes the response of the different layers for photographic film.  
         [0107]     The x-axis, which is the wavelength range of the human visual system, is expanded to include infrared and ultraviolet, which may not be visible to the human eye but may record on a sensor. The y-axis is depicted in relative value as opposed to an absolute one. The three Red, Green, and Blue spectral response functions as functions of the wavelength are defined respectively as: 
 
R(λ),G(λ),B(λ) 
 
         [0108]     Given a light source  940  defined as a spectral response curve L(λ), the light source  940  when reaching the three different color sensors, or color pigments on film will generate a response for each of the colors as defined mathematically as the integral of the scalar multiplication of the curves. The range of integration is from the low wavelength region UV to the highest IR.  
           R   =       ∫     λ   -   UV       λ   -   IR       ⁢       R   λ     ×     L   λ     ⁢           ⁢     ⅆ   λ           ,     
     ⁢     G   =       ∫     λ   -   UV       λ   -   IR       ⁢       G   λ     ×     L   λ     ⁢           ⁢     ⅆ   λ             ⁢               
       B   =       ∫     λ   -   UV       λ   -   IR       ⁢       B   λ     ×     L   λ     ⁢           ⁢     ⅆ   λ             
 
 to create a tristimulus value of {R,G,B}
 
         [0110]     Those skilled in the art are familiar with the fact that different spectral responses may create the same tristimulus values due to the scalar reduction from a 2 dimensional representation to a single value. This effect is also known as Metamerizm which can be a property of the sensor&#39;s/film&#39;s metamerizm, the human visual system metamerizm, or the light source&#39;s metamerizm.  
         [0111]     Due to the many variable parameters, it is relatively hard to find a specific color that can be a fixed-reference-point in an image. The reason is that the reflected colors are usually dependent on many factors and especially on the ambient light. However, Red Eye artifacts, as previously explained, are results of the reflection of the strobe light, which has very well defined characteristics, from the vascular membrane behind the retina, which is rich in blood vessels. In most cases, the effect of the external ambient light is relatively low, and the red-eye effect can be considered as a self-illuminating object, with more precise spectral characteristics than other objects. An example of such spectral response, which is a combination, of the flash spectral response, which is relatively broad and the blood vessels inside the eye, is depicted in block  940 .  
         [0112]     Given the spectral sensitivity of the sensor: 
 
R(λ),G(λ),B(λ) 
 
         [0113]     and the reflection of the flash light in the eye, as defined by  950 , E(λ), the red eye tristimulus values for this specific sensor are:  
           (     R   ,   G   ,   B     }       red   -   eye       =       ∫     λ   -   UV       λ   -   IR       ⁢         {     R   ,   G   ,   B     }     λ     ×     L   λ     ⁢     ⅆ   λ             
 
         [0114]     This value of {R,G,B} red-eye  is relatively constant for a given camera. However, due to the difference in the response between different sensors, these values are not constant across different cameras. However, with the knowledge of the response curves above, one can determine a much closer approximation of the range or red colors based on this information. Note that it is not only the value of the Red that may help in such determination, but also the residual response of the red eye on the Green and even less the blue sensor. One skilled in the art knows that most cameras perform additional transformations for exposure and tone reproduction for images before saving them into persistent storage. An example of such transformation will be a concatenation of color correction and tone reproduction as a function of the pixel value:  
         [0115]     Given a Raw pixel value of: 
 
{R,G,B} RAW-CCD  
        as transformed via three lookup tables. For example for red lookup table: 
 
R-LUT(Raw-Pix):{input_values}→{output_values}
       
 
         [0117]     For example the Red lookup table R-Lut can be a gamma function from 10 bit raw data to 8 bits as follows: 
 
R LUT (Raw-Pix):{0 . . . 1024}→{0 . . . 256}
 
 R   LUT ( x )=( R   RAW-CCD /1024) 2.2 *256 
        and the inverse function 
 
 R   −1   LUT ( x )=( R   LUT     —     RAW /256) 1/2.2 *1024 
       
 
         [0119]     the {R,G,B} values after transformed through the lookup table will be: 
 
{R, G, B} LUT     —     RAW ={R LUT (R RAW-CCD ),G LUT (G RAW-CCD ),B LUT (B RAW-CCD )}
 
           {     R   ,   G   ,   B     }     new     =         {     R   ,   G   ,   B     )     LUT_RAW     ×     [         RR       RG       RB           GR       GG       GB           BR       BG       BB         ]           
 
         [0120]     With the internal knowledge of these transformations, one can reverse the process, to reach the RAW values as defined above.  
           {     R   ,   G   ,   B     )     LUT_RAW     =         [         RR       RG       RB           GR       GG       GB           BR       BG       BB         ]       -   1       ×       {     R   ,   G   ,   B     }     NEW   T           
 
 and 
 
{R,G,B} RAW ={R −1   LUT (R LUT     —     RAW ),G −1   LUT (G lut     —     raw ),B −1   LUT (B LUT     —RAW)}   
 
         [0122]     and the value of the raw tristimulus values can be then determined and used for the exact matching. Similar transformations are performed by digital scanners in order to correct for sub optimal images such as underexposure, or wrong ambient light. Reversing the process may be difficult in its pure mathematical sense e.g. the conversion function may through the transformation not be fully reversible. Such issues occur for example when the pixel values are clipped or condensed. In such cases, there is a need to define a numerical approximation to the inverse function.  
         [0123]     The preferred embodiments described above may be modified by adding or changing operations, steps and/or components in many ways to produce advantageous alternative embodiments. For example, there are generally two approaches to removing red-eye from images. The traditional one includes an attempt to reduce one or more reasons that cause red eye prior to taking the picture. The second approach is the post processing of the images to detect and then eliminate the red-eye artifact in a post processing stage, as described in accordance with a preferred embodiment.  
         [0124]     There are many ways that analysis processes operating within a camera prior to invoking a pre-flash may be configured. Various conditions may be monitored prior to the photograph and even before the pre-flash is generated. These conditions may include the ambient light level and the distance of the subject from the camera (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,070,355 to Inoue et al., hereby incorporated by reference). According to one embodiment, steps may be taken that generally reduce the occurrences of a pre-flash that may otherwise be used when warranted. In another embodiment, the use of pre-flash is eliminated altogether. In this embodiment, the red-eye phenomenon in a miniature camera with an integral strobe or flash is eliminated and/or prevented without using a pre-flash, preferably through post-processing, red-eye elimination procedures as described above.  
         [0125]     The use of meta-data for the post-processing of digital images has been described above in accordance with a preferred embodiment (see also US Publ. Pat. App. No. 2003/0058349 to Takemoto). Meta-data contained in a digital image may be analyzed, as may be referred to as EXIF tags, or simply tags, and utilizing such information, global post-processing may be performed on the image to adjust the image tone, sharpness and/or color balance. Another way to use meta-data is in the photo-finishing industry, where a digital image may be post-processed to optimize the output from a printing system. Examples of this use of meta-data are provided at U.S. Pats. No. 6,505,003 6,501,911 and 6,496,655 to Mallory Desormeaux, hereby incorporated by reference. A hybrid camera may be used which saves a copy of the original image containing meta-data and implements a scheme which allows control over saving the image containing metadata outside the camera. Image meta-data may also be recorded onto a standard camera film and the meta-data may be subsequently recovered to assist in the post-processing of the film (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,429,924 to Milch, hereby incorporated by reference). Advantageously in accordance with a preferred embodiment, image meta-data may be used to determine a size range of objects and related features within an image, in addition to the correction of global parameters such as image tone, sharpness and color balance.  
         [0126]     A red-eye correction procedure may begin with detecting a human face in a digital image and, based on this detection, finding the eyes in the face (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,252,976 to Schildkraut and Gray, U.S. Publ. Pat. App. No. 2003/0044070 to Fuersich et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 6,278,491 to Wang and Zhang, which are incorporated by reference). This procedure may preferably begin with detecting one or more face regions of a person or persons in a digital image, followed by detecting an eye region or eye regions in each face, and finally determining if red-eye defects exist in the subject&#39;s eyes. In the &#39;976 patent, a complex procedure is described for detecting faces and balanced eye-pairs from a skin-map of the image. This task involves several partitioning and re-scaling operations. Significant additional processing of a potential face region of the image then follows in order to determine if a matching pair of eyes is present. Finally, the image pixels in the detected eye regions go through a complex scoring process to determine if a red-eye defect is present.  
         [0127]     In a preferred process, a simplified and thus generally less resource intensive, image processing technique is used relative to those described at the &#39;976 and &#39;491 patents which detect face and eye regions in an image and subsequently verify the presence of red-eye defects. An advantageous technique will preferably not weight too heavily upon detecting balanced eye pairs, as this approach can get complex and resource intensive when two or more facial regions overlap or are in close proximity to one another in a digital image. According to a preferred embodiment herein, metadata is used to simplify the detection of red-eye defects in a digital image. For example, one or more exclusion criteria may be employed to determine that no flash was used (see also U.S. Publ. Pat. App. No. 2003/0044063 to Meckes et al.).  
         [0128]     A range of alternative techniques may be employed to detect and verify the existence of red-eye defects in an image (see, e.g., U.S. Publ. Pat. Apps. No. 2003/0044177 and 2003/0044178 to Oberhardt et al., hereby incorporated by reference). A camera may include software or firmware for automatically detecting a red-eye image using a variety of image characteristics such as image brightness, contrast, the presence of human skin and related colors. The analysis of these image characteristics may be utilized, based on certain pre-determined statistical thresholds, to decide if red-eye defects exist and if a flash was used to take the original image. This technique may be applied to images captured on conventional film, which is then digitally scanned, or to initially digitally-acquired images. Preferably, metadata is used that can be generated by a digital camera or otherwise recorded in or associated with the body of a digital image initially captured or scanned. In accordance with a preferred embodiment, meta-data an/or anthropometric data may be used to validate the existence of a red-eye defect in an image.  
         [0129]     Further techniques may be used alternatively to the preferred embodiments described above for removing flash artifacts from digital images. Two copies of a digital image may be captured, one taken with flash illumination and a second taken without flash illumination, and intensity histograms of the two images may be compared in order to locate regions of the image where flash artifacts occur and correct these by reducing intensities in these regions (see, e.g., US Publ. Pat. App. No. 2002/0150306 to Baron). Specular reflections may be removed due to the flash and red-eye can be reduced in this way. However, even Baron recognizes that the technique may involve the setting of separate thresholds for each of the RGB image colors. A technique such as this will generally further involve use of some additional knowledge of the captured image if it is to be relied upon for correctly locating and identifying red-eye defects.  
         [0130]     Another technique may involve the identification of small specular reflections that occur in the eye region when flash illumination is used (see, e.g., WO 03/026278 to Jarman, which is hereby incorporated by reference). This procedure may be used to detect red-eye defects without first detecting a human face or eye region. It is preferred, however, to use camera-specific information, or other image metadata such as acquisition data, or anthropometric data, or a combination thereof, to assist in the confirmation of a red-eye defect.  
         [0131]     Digital cameras can also be customized using demographic groups (see, e.g., U.S. Publ. Pat. App. No. 2003/0025811 to Keelan et al., hereby incorporated by reference). The rationale for this technique is that certain aspects of image processing and the image acquisition process such as color and tone balance may be affected by both age-related and racial factors. It is also noted that both racial and age factors can affect the level of red-eye defects, which occur, and thus the pre-flash algorithms and flash-to-lens spacing for a digital camera may be adjusted according to the target market group based on age and nationality. Human faces may be detected and classified according to the age of the subjects (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,781,650 to Lobo et al.). A number of image processing techniques may be combined with anthropometric data on facial features to determine an estimate of the age category of a particular facial image. In a preferred embodiment, the facial features and/or eye regions are validated using anthropometric data within a digital image. The reverse approach may also be employed and may involve a probability inference, also known as Bayesian Statistics.  
         [0132]     The preferred embodiments described herein may involve expanded digital acquisition technology that inherently involves digital cameras, but that may be integrated with other devices such as cell-phones equipped with an acquisition component, toy cameras etc. The digital camera or other image acquisition device of the preferred embodiment has the capability to record not only image data, but also additional data referred to as meta-data. The file header of an image file, such as JPEG, TIFF, JPEG-2000, etc., may include capture information such as whether a flash was used, the distance as recorded by the auto-focus mechanism, the focal length of the lens, the sensor resolution, the shutter and the aperture. The preferred embodiments described herein serve to improve the detection of red eyes in images, while eliminating or reducing the occurrence of false positives, and to improve the correction of the detected artifacts.  
         [0133]     While an exemplary drawing and specific embodiments of the present invention have been described and illustrated, it is to be understood that that the scope of the present invention is not to be limited to the particular embodiments discussed. Thus, the embodiments shall be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive, and it should be understood that variations may be made in those embodiments by workers skilled in the arts without departing from the scope of the present invention, as set forth in the claims below and structural and functional equivalents thereof.  
         [0134]     In addition, in methods that may be performed according to preferred embodiments herein and that may have been described above, the operations have been described in selected typographical sequences. However, the sequences have been selected and so ordered for typographical convenience and are not intended to imply any particular order for performing the operations, unless expressly set forth or understood by those skilled in the art being necessary.