Abstract:
Device for measuring wave fronts generated by a lens ( 4 ) for an eye, with a radiation source ( 14 ) for emitting test radiation ( 12 ) to be directed at the lens ( 4 ) and a sensor device ( 26 ) for detecting wave fronts of incident test radiation after interaction with the lens, wherein the sensor device scans the test radiation ( 20 ) after interaction with the lens ( 4 ) at a scanning frequency which is at least equal in size to the frequency at which changes in wave fronts occur in the test radiation ( 20 ) after interaction with the lens ( 4 ).

Description:
DOMAIN OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates in general to the detection of wave fronts to determine the aberration of an eye and, in particular, fast, dynamic detection of wave fronts, in order to determine non-linear imaging properties of a lens for an eye. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    In opthalmology, systems for measuring the wave front aberration of an eye are known. In practice so-called Hartmann Shack sensors have become established for wave front measurement. With these sensors the wave front to be measured is imaged by a microlens array on to a light-sensitive detector as a dot pattern. If there are deviations of the detected wave front from an ideal wave front, owing to the aberration of the eye, this can be calculated from the detected dot pattern. A narrow light beam is directed on to the eye to be examined for this purpose and light is imaged on to the Hartmann Shack sensor after interaction with the eye. 
         [0003]    Systems for measuring wave front aberrations are used in particular in the area of refractive surgery. It is known in this case to use systems which measure the aberration of an eye when the eye fixes on a stimulus appearing at an appointed distance. More recent systems allow calculation of the aberration of an eye by detecting aberrations during fixing on a stimulus which is observed at different distances. Calculation of the aberration is done on the basis of the aberrations detected for different stimuli. 
       OBJECT OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    The object of the present invention is to provide solutions which enable improved and more comprehensive measurement of wave fronts in general to determine the aberration of an eye and in particular to determine optical properties of lenses for an eye. 
       ABSTRACT OF THE INVENTION 
       [0005]    To achieve the object, the present invention provides a method, a device and uses according to the independent claims. Advantageous further developments of solutions according to the invention are defined in the dependent claims. 
         [0006]    According to claim  1  the present invention provides a device for measuring wave fronts of a lens for an eye. A lens for an eye may in this case be understood in particular as the lens of an eye, a contact lens or an intra-ocular lens. 
         [0007]    The device comprises a radiation source for emitting test radiation, which is to be directed at the lens. There is further a sensor device to detect wave fronts in test radiation reaching the sensor device and resulting from the test radiation of the radiation source after interaction with the lens. 
         [0008]    The sensor device is in particular designed in such a way that it scans the incident test radiation for wave fronts at a scanning frequency which is at least equal in size to the frequency at which changes in wave fronts occur in the incident test radiation. 
         [0009]    In this way it is achieved, for example, that even in dynamic visual situations the aberration of an eye can be correctly defined. Furthermore, in this way accommodation processes of an eye can be analysed to an extent not previously known. Furthermore, as explained below in greater detail, this enables the chromatic aberration of a lens for an eye to be defined. 
         [0010]    The radiation source may be designed in such a way that it emits a test radiation, the wavelength of which changes at a radiation emission frequency. This means, in particular, that the wavelength of the test radiation emitted by the radiation source changes after a preset period of time. The scanning frequency of the sensor device is in this case preferably at least equal in size to the radiation emission frequency. 
         [0011]    The device may further comprise a stimulus-generating device for generating a stimulus which is designed to effect dynamic changes of the lens. Examples of dynamic changes comprise changes of the lens owing to accommodations. The scanning frequency is in this case preferably at least equal in size to the frequency of the changes to be effected. A scanning frequency may, for example, be chosen, which is at least equal in size to the frequency at which the stimulus is varied. 
         [0012]    The sensor device preferably comprises an optical sensor, which may be, for example, a CMOS sensor. 
         [0013]    The sensor device may have a scanning frequency of at least 70 Hertz, 100 Hertz or more. 
         [0014]    The sensor device may have an amplifying device to amplify test radiation incident on the sensor device, i.e. test radiation from the radiation source after interaction with the lens. The amplifying device may comprise an image amplifier, for example. 
         [0015]    The amplifying device is preferably arranged in such a way that the amplification of the incident test radiation takes place before it is detected at the scanning frequency. 
         [0016]    The sensor device may comprise a lens arrangement, which is configured, for example, as a function of a desired resolution, and/or a desired dynamic of the sensor device in general. 
         [0017]    The radiation source is preferably designed in such a way that its test radiation has a preset maximum radiant power, which is preset for the lens. In particular when the lens is the lens of an eye, this embodiment avoids undesired influences caused by the test radiation. 
         [0018]    The radiation source may comprise at least one source for laser radiation, which preferably emits a fixed preset wavelength. The at least one laser beam source may, for example, be a laser, a laser diode or a superluminescent diode (SLD). 
         [0019]    The radiation source may be connected on the output side to a switching device which can be operated at a switching frequency. This embodiment is preferred in particular if more than one laser beam source is used to direct laser radiation from the different laser beam sources on to the lens according to the switching frequency of the switching device. If only one laser beam source is used, its laser radiation may be directed at the lens according to the switching frequency, for example at predetermined times or at predetermined, regular or irregular time intervals. 
         [0020]    The switching device preferably comprises a fibre coupler. According to one embodiment the radiation source is equipped to generate test radiation with one, two or more wavelengths in a range of between 400 nm and 1000 nm. This means it is possible, for example, to carry out fast wave front measurements with various, discrete wavelengths, which reach across the entire visible range and into the infrared range. 
         [0021]    A Badal optometer is preferably provided as stimulus-generating device. 
         [0022]    Furthermore, the present invention provides a method for measuring wave fronts of a lens for an eye, comprising the steps of directing a test beam on to the lens and detecting wave fronts of test radiation after interaction with the lens, detection of the test radiation taking place after interaction with the lens at a scanning frequency which is at least equal in size to the frequency at which changes in wave fronts occur in the detected test radiation. 
         [0023]    Furthermore, the present invention provides uses of the above-described device in one of its embodiments, for measuring dynamic accommodation changes to the lens of an eye, chromatic aberrations of an eye or the dispersion of a contact lens or an intra-ocular lens for an eye or optical variations of the tear film. 
     
    
     
       SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0024]    In the following description reference is made to the attached drawings. 
           [0025]      FIG. 1  shows a schematic illustration of a preferred embodiment of the device according to the invention for measuring wave fronts under dynamic visual conditions. 
           [0026]      FIG. 2  shows a schematic illustration of a preferred embodiment of the device according to the invention for detecting wave fronts for various wavelengths under a static visual condition. 
           [0027]      FIG. 3  shows a schematic illustration of a preferred embodiment for detecting wave fronts of a contact lens or an intra-ocular lens for an eye. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0028]    In  FIGS. 1 to 3  lenses L, mirrors S, beam splitters ST and cylindrical compensators ZK are indicated by said reference symbols without further differentiations. 
         [0029]    The embodiment schematically illustrated in  FIG. 1  serves to detect wave fronts of an eye  2  and in particular of a lens  4  of the eye  2 . This embodiment serves in particular to measure wave fronts under dynamic visual conditions for the eye  2  in the form of dynamic accommodation processes. 
         [0030]    In order to effect dynamic accommodations of the eye  2  or the lens  4 , a stimulus appearing at different distances is provided. For this purpose, an image of a destination or target T, observable as a stimulus, is provided via a stimulus-generating device, in the form of a Badal optometer, designated as a whole by  6 . The image of the target T is provided for the eye via lenses L, a cylindrical compensator ZK, mirrors S and a beam splitter ST. In order to make the stimulus or the image of the target T appear at distances which are different to the eye, the stimulus-generating device  6  comprises a mirror or prism arrangement  10 , which is movable in the direction of arrow  8 . 
         [0031]    For measuring, test radiation  12 , in this case in the form of laser radiation from a laser  14 , is used. The laser  14  may be, for example, a laser, a laser diode or a superluminescent diode (SLD) and emit test radiation  12  which has a wavelength in the range of visible light into the infrared range. 
         [0032]    The test radiation is fed to the eye via lenses L, a cylindrical compensator ZK and mirrors S. This arrangement of optical components comprises a mirror or prism arrangement  16 , which is movable in the direction of arrow  18 . Movements of arrangements  10  and  16  generally take place as a function of one another, in order on the one hand to allow the image of the target T to appear at different distances and on the other hand to take into account the resulting effects for the test radiation and/or the eye in respect of the test radiation. 
         [0033]    Test radiation  20 , which results after interaction of the test radiation  12  with the eye  2  (in particular interactions based on penetrations of the lens  4  and reflection on the retina  22  of the eye  2 ), is guided via lenses L, mirrors S, a cylindrical compensator ZK and an aperture  24  to a sensor device designated as a whole by  26 . The sensor device  26  serves to detect wave fronts of the test radiation  20 . 
         [0034]    The sensor device  26  comprises a lens arrangement  28 , for example in the form of a microlens array. The lens arrangement  28  may, for example, have lenses with a diameter of 650 μm and a focal length of 30 mm. 
         [0035]    Connected downstream of the lens arrangement  28  is an amplifying device  30 . The amplifying device  30 , for example in the form of an image amplifier, amplifies the test radiation  20 , after imaging by the lens arrangement  28 , on to appropriate areas of the amplifying device  30 . 
         [0036]    Use of the amplifying device  30  enables a radiation, the radiant power of which for the eye  2  does not exceed maximum limit values, to be used as test radiation  12 . This leads in general to test radiation  12  of relatively low radiant power. After interaction of the test radiation  12  with the eye  2  a test radiation  20  of even lower radiant power results. Normally, this problem is solved in that on the one hand as long exposure times as possible and on the other hand sensors with as much light sensitivity as possible are used. Long exposure times do not allow dynamic visual processes to be analysed. Light-sensitive sensors provide only low recording frequencies. By contrast the amplifying device  30  enables on the one hand the radiant power limit values permissible for the eye  2  not to be exceeded and on the other hand faster sensors, which have low light-sensitivity, to be used for detecting wave fronts. The amplifying device  30  serves in particular to provide a sensor  32  with amplified-radiation resulting from the test radiation  20 , so an adequate signal-to-noise ratio for signal evaluations is achieved. 
         [0037]    The sensor  32  is preferably a CMOS sensor with image rates of up to 500 images per second or more. 
         [0038]    In particular it is provided that the sensor  32  enables measurements with a frequency of more than 100 Hertz. CMOS sensors are particularly suitable for this owing to their high image rates. 
         [0039]    The sensor  32  emits signals corresponding to detected test radiation, which are forwarded to an evaluation device  34 . A digital signal processor, for example, may be used as evaluation device  34 . 
         [0040]    In particular it is provided that the lens arrangement  28  and the sensor  32  represent a Hartmann Shack sensor. The lens arrangement  28  images a dot pattern on to the sensor  32 , containing information about wave fronts of the test radiation. 
         [0041]    A control device  36  is provided to control the device of  FIG. 1 . The control device  36  may comprise a personal computer, a microprocessor and the like. The control device  36  controls in particular the operation of the entire device of  FIG. 1 , including the stimulus-generating device  6  and the sensor device  26 . 
         [0042]    The schematic illustration in  FIG. 2  shows an embodiment which differs from the embodiment according to  FIG. 1  as explained below. Components used in both embodiments are indicated by the same reference symbols. 
         [0043]    The mobility of the mirror or prism arrangements  10  and  16 , also provided in the embodiment of  FIG. 2 , can be used in the measurements described below, in particular also in static measurements, for pre-compensation of defective vision. 
         [0044]    The embodiment of  FIG. 2  uses several radiation sources  14   1 - 14   n  of different, discrete wavelengths to generate the test radiation  12 . In  FIG. 2  five such radiation sources  14  are illustrated as examples. The radiation sources  14  may, for example, emit radiation in a wavelength range across the entire visible range into the infrared range. The radiation sources  14  may, for example, be lasers, laser diodes and/or SLDs. 
         [0045]    Radiation emitted by the radiation sources  14  is transmitted to a switching device  38 . The transmission of radiation from the radiation sources  14  to the switching device  38  may take place via fibre-optic conductors, for example. 
         [0046]    The switching device  38 , for example in the form of a so-called fibre switch, is operated at a switching frequency, in order to emit radiation from the radiation sources  14  at different times and/or at different time intervals and/or for different periods of time as test radiation  12 . The order in which radiation from the radiation sources  14  is emitted as test radiation  12  may start, for example, at the smallest (largest) wavelength and progress to the largest (smallest) wavelength, in order then to start again with the smallest (largest) wavelength. It is also possible for the order in which radiation from the radiation sources  14  is emitted as test radiation  12  to be performed in any, chaotic order. 
         [0047]    A possible application of the device of  FIG. 2  is detection of the chromatic aberration of the eye  2  or the lens  4 . For this purpose the eye  2  may be provided with a stimulus, observable as stationary, by the stimulus-generating device  6 . In this case the eye  2  is fed with radiations from the radiation sources  14  via the switching device  38  as test radiation  12 . The switching device  38  is operated at a switching frequency which is high enough to be able to assume a static state of the eye  2  and in particular of the lens  4 . Even if the stimulus-generating device  6  provides a stimulus which appears to be stationary, when a stimulus of this kind is fixed on, the eye is subjected to certain changes which are to a slight extent dynamic, such as, for example, microsaccades. In order to rule out the influence of such changes, the switching device  38  is operated at an appropriately high switching frequency. The switching frequency may amount to 100 Hertz, for example. 
         [0048]    After interaction with the eye  2  or the lens  4 , as described above with reference to  FIG. 1 , test radiation  20  is fed to the sensor device  26 . Here the test radiation  20  comprises radiations of different wavelengths, namely wavelengths of the radiation sources  14 . In order to detect interactions of the test radiation  12  for the different wavelengths of the radiation sources  14  in each case, the sensor device  26  and in particular the sensor  32  are operated during measuring of wave fronts at a scanning frequency (corresponding to the measurement of a wave front), which is at least equal in size to the switching frequency of the switching device  38 . 
         [0049]    On the basis of the choice of switching frequency of the switching device  38 , wave fronts of the test radiation  20 , detected by the sensor device  26 , indicate the chromatic aberration of the eye  2  or the lens  4  for the different wavelengths. 
         [0050]    If the sensor device  26  is operated at a sufficiently high scanning frequency, it is possible to use the device of  FIG. 2  both for detecting accommodation-dependent characteristics of the eye  2  and for measuring its chromatic aberration. For an application of this kind it is provided to operate the stimulus-generating device  6  in such a way that dynamic accommodation processes are effected by stimuli appearing at different intervals. In order at the same time to determine characteristics of the eye  2  dependent on wavelengths, the switching device  38  is operated at a switching frequency of such a size that it is possible to assume a static state of the eye for at least one accommodation state, advantageously for several or each accommodation state, in respect of the different wavelengths. 
         [0051]    In order to detect the information then present in the test radiation  20 , the sensor device  26  and in particular the sensor  32  should be operated at a scanning frequency corresponding to a whole-number which is many times the product of the frequencies at which the stimulus-generating device  6  and the switching device  38  are operated. 
         [0052]    The embodiment schematically illustrated in  FIG. 3  is used for measuring the dispersion of a lens for an eye. The lens  4  may be, for example, a contact lens or an intra-ocular lens. Comparably to the embodiment of  FIG. 2 , the embodiment of  FIG. 3  comprises radiation sources  14   1 - 14   n , which emit radiation of different wavelengths. The explanations given in this connection with reference to  FIG. 2  apply correspondingly here. This also applies to the switching device  38  containing radiation from the radiation sources  14 . Test radiation  12  emitted by the switching device  38  is fed to the lens  4  directly or via optics arranged between the switching device  38  and the lens  4 , which in  FIG. 3  comprise an exit lens L and a lens L s  for beam expansion for representational purposes only. Test radiation  20 , resulting from interaction of the test radiation  12  with the lens  4 , is fed to a sensor device  26  via optics comprising, as an example, lenses L and a cylindrical compensator ZK (in particular for pre-compensation) and an aperture Bl with a lens L connected downstream. 
         [0053]    The sensor device  26  is substantially comparable to the sensor devices  26  of  FIGS. 1 and 2 . This applies in particular to the scanning rates at which the sensor device  26  is operated. 
         [0054]    With the embodiment of  FIG. 3  it is possible to determine the dispersion, i.e. the wavelength-dependent refraction of light through the lens  4 . In the case of contact lenses and intraocular lenses the sensor device  26  is also operated at a scanning frequency of a level as explained above, which has the advantage that examining wavelength-dependent properties of lenses for eyes, for example in the context of industrial manufacture of contact lenses, can be done particularly quickly. With the device of  FIG. 3  it is further possible to improve quality control. 
         [0055]    In the above description of the embodiments of  FIGS. 1 and 2  it is assumed that the lens  4  of the eye  2  is its own lens. However, it is also possible to use the embodiments of  FIGS. 1 and 2  for measuring on an eye which additionally has a contact lens or in which an intra-ocular lens is used. It is also possible to use the devices from  FIGS. 1 and 2  for measuring on an eye which is subjected to refractive surgical treatment.