Abstract:
An at-home integrated cleaning and disinfection system for dental hardware, for consumer use includes a compact and portable base unit sized for at-home use by a consumer, the base unit including a holding frame and an ultraviolet lamp. The system also includes a cleaning chamber within which dental hardware and a cleaning solution that includes hydrogen peroxide are receivable. The cleaning chamber fits within the holding frame in a manner such that contents of the cleaning chamber are exposed to light emitted by the ultraviolet lamp. A vibration mechanism is positioned so as to cause the cleaning chamber to vibrate while the cleaning chamber is fitted within the holding frame. To clean and disinfect dental hardware, the consumer places dental hardware in the cleaning chamber, fills the cleaning chamber with the cleaning solution, and inserts the cleaning chamber into the holding frame. The vibration mechanism is activated, so as to cause the cleaning chamber to vibrate while the cleaning chamber is fitted within the holding frame, and the ultraviolet lamp is activated, so as to expose contents of the cleaning chamber to light emitted by the ultraviolet lamp..

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD  
         [0001]    This invention relates to at-home systems and methods for cleaning and disinfecting dental hardware, such as prostheses, dentures, plates, retainers, clips, and removable implants, for consumer use, and more particularly to systems and methods that employ immersion of these hardware in a liquid, and thereafter vibration of the liquid, either subsonically, sonically, or ultrasonically, combined concurrently with exposure of hydrogen peroxide in the liquid to ultraviolet light.  
         BACKGROUND  
         [0002]    Traditional at-home cleaning techniques for dental hardware include brushing by hand or placing the hardware in a solution with tablets that acidify and effervesce. Such tablets may be comprised of, for example, an inorganic bleach, sodium perborate, with a coloring agent, preservatives, flavor, and a catalyst or two. When sodium perborate is placed in water, it reacts to form a mild solution of hydrogen peroxide, while releasing oxygen. These techniques for cleaning hardware can also reduce the potential for odor to the extent that they destroy bacteria.  
           [0003]    The methodology of employing ultra-high frequency sound waves or mechanical movement as a means to impart low-amplitude motion to objects or fluids for dislodging particulate matter has been known for many years. The basic equipment for this technique includes a power generating unit and one or more piezoelectric crystals-elements or electromechanical motors. Vibration of the piezoelectric crystal-element is accomplished when direct current (DC) is applied across the piezoelectric crystal. Once electrically polarized, the crystal deforms axially in the direction of the polarization. If the electrical current is halted and then reverse biased, the crystal returns first back to its null position and proceeds to deform to the same magnitude in the opposite direction along a single linear axis. If the current is repeatedly applied and then reversed, the crystal, and hence the piezoelectric element, will oscillate back and forth along a single axis at the frequency of the reversing applied current.  
           [0004]    The normal range of human hearing is between 20 and 20,000 cycles per second (CPS, Hertz, or Hz). Vibratory motion of solids or fluids below 20 Hz is below the threshold of human hearing and is defined as being subsonic. Vibratory motion within the 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz band is within the range of human hearing and is, by definition, sonic. Vibratory motion above the 20,000 Hz threshold is considered to be in the ultrasonic range, or that which is beyond the ability of human hearing. Thus, for example the application of reversing current at a frequency of 20,000 Hz or greater to a piezoelectric crystal-element will generate linear oscillatory motion in the low ultrasonic region. If the piezoelectric crystal-element is surrounded by relatively inviscid fluid in a container, the oscillatory motion will be transferred to the fluid, and standing waves of a peak-to-peak period, in seconds, of 1/2π times the applied current frequency will result. The amplitude of the standing waves is increased by increasing the applied voltage to the crystal-element. Thus, cyclic motion of the inviscid fluid may be generated to the degree desired by establishing the frequency of electrical stimulation and the voltage applied to the piezoelectric crystal-element.  
           [0005]    Being in motion relative to any large body submerged within it, the fluid imparts molecular agitation to the body&#39;s exterior surface or surfaces, along with all particulate matter that is mechanically attached to it. With repeated exposure to the agitated fluid, these particulates will become dislodged over time. In such a manner, a cleaning effect of the body occurs, to the extent that, in general terms, particles that are beyond the physical reach of mechanical brushes or removal tools can be dislodged by the motion of the fluid bath.  
           [0006]    Similar ultrasonic motion may be generated by electromechanical means by using a small single-pole or multi-pole, direct-current or alternating-current motor, onto whose rotor one or more eccentric weights have been affixed, or, alternately, onto whose rotor eccentric weight has been removed. The rotor is thus in a dynamically unbalanced state when rotated, due to the inertial force of the weight, or absence of it, as the rotor is rotated in a circular path. This inertial imbalance, formed over a two-dimensional plane perpendicular to the rotor&#39;s axis, is transferred through the motor&#39;s bearings and into its stator and mounting frame. Thus, for example, with the application of the correct DC voltage to the unbalanced motor to achieve a rotational speed in excess of 20,000 RPM, vibratory motion of the motor itself in the low ultrasonic frequency range (20,000 Hz) can be achieved. The amplitude of the vibratory motion is governed by the quantity and radial position of the weight imbalance in the rotor and the DC voltage applied to the motor windings. If surrounded by a relatively inviscid fluid in a container, as was the case with the piezoelectric crystal-element previously described, oscillatory motion of that fluid will result. However, due to the fact that the inertial force of the motor&#39;s rotor imbalance is directed in a plane rather than a single line, the amount of physical motion imparted to the fluid typically is comparatively greater than that produced by a piezoelectric crystal. Motion can be imparted in a manner such that the vector of fluid momentum continually changes direction, repeating a 360-degree cycle with each revolution of the rotor. Thus, a body submerged in a vibrating fluid bath will experience a cleaning effect, due to the repetitive impact of fluid molecules onto the body&#39;s surface.  
           [0007]    Patents describing systems that employ high-frequency movement and relative motion, piezoelectric crystals-elements or unbalanced DC motors, and aqueous solutions and baths for imparting ultrasonic cleaning include Smith, U.S. Pat. No. 5,534,741 and Puskas, U.S. Pat. No. 6,181,052. U.S. Pat. No. 5,534,741 describes in some detail a timed piezoelectric ultrasonic device and residence tank for cleaning jewelry. A piezoelectric element is pulsed so as to effect cleaning of the jewelry by varying and increasing the agitation of a solution bath in which it is submerged. The device described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,181,052 is similar to that of U.S. Pat. No. 5,534,741 in that an ultrasonic transducer (in the case of U.S. Pat. No. 6,181,052, three transducers) creates ultrasonic motion of a fluid bath into which an object is placed, thus effecting cleaning of that object. The device is intended for use with unidentified “delicate parts.” The frequency of oscillations is intentionally varied to cause physical dislodging of particulates attached to an object immersed within the bath tank.  
           [0008]    Winston, U.S. Pat. No. 5,853,290 is representative of techniques in which a tool is ultrasonically vibrated to dislodge particles from an object, such as a tooth, that cannot be physically removed and placed within a liquid bath. An ultrasonic element is used to agitate fluid enclosed within a hermetically sealed flexible tube, onto the end of which the tool itself is affixed. The ultrasonic vibration of the liquid, and hence the tool, is accomplished by a remotely mounted power generating unit to which the liquid-filled tube is affixed. Thus, once energized, the tool may be positioned in any orientation or position, while axial ultrasonic vibration of the tool head continues unabated.  
           [0009]    In the above-described systems, cleaning of the body in question is performed via the agitation of a liquid bath surrounding that body, this agitation being lineally transferred from an axially vibrating element to the liquid itself.  
           [0010]    In accordance with advances in technology, liquid baths and the object or objects being cleaned may be subjected to direct ultraviolet (UV) radiation, so as to effect irradiative sterilization action. One or more direct-acting antibacterial chemicals in the bath may also be used, to effect chemical sterilization action concurrently with the irradiative action. Ultrasonic cleaning by piezoelectric or like means may also be incorporated.  
           [0011]    Fuesting, U.S. Pat. No. 4,448,750 improves upon the generalized ultrasonic cleaning technique by the addition of an ultraviolet bulb in the device that irradiates a liquid bath from above with light at a preferred wavelength of 2537 angstroms (253.7 nanometers), for the purpose of concurrently cleaning and sterilizing medical and dental instruments. This patent also prescribes the content of the cleaning-sterilizing fluid, and in particular those constituents in water that would offer the best transmittance of the UV radiation from the bulb through the fluid and onto the item or items being cleaned and sterilized. Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) is specifically excluded as a preferred constituent or additive to the bath because, according to the patent, the transmittance of H 2 O 2  to UV radiation is less than 1 percent, while the desired transmittance of the liquid solution to ultraviolet radiation should be greater than twenty percent. Thus, the intent is to effect sterilization of an item by direct contact of the item with the solution bath, concurrently with direct UV irradiation of the item, and not as an indirect consequence of UV absorption by the cleaning solution itself. The dental instruments shown in the Fuesting patent appear to be of the type commonly used in dentist&#39;s offices, which frequently cause bleeding of gums. Thus, sterilization is of particular importance to avoid infection to the patient through the patient&#39;s blood system.  
           [0012]    The apparatus of the Fuesting patent, which is a modified version of a relatively large and bulky and commercially available ultrasonic bath, is intended for use in a dentist&#39;s office or similar environment. Because of its size and relatively non-portable construction, the apparatus does not lend itself to at-home use by consumers. Because the fluid-filled cleaning chamber occupies the entirety of the base of the apparatus, the entire apparatus must vibrate during use and, furthermore, the cleaning chamber cannot be removed from the rest of the apparatus or serve as a portable storage container. Rather, it appears that the medical or dental practitioner must retrieve the individual medical or dental instruments, or a tray carrying multiple instruments, from the inside of the base of the apparatus. Although the Fuesting patent mentions that the top cover of the apparatus can be lined with reflective material, it seems that a certain percentage of the ultraviolet radiation would be dispersed in the form of heat.  
           [0013]    H 2 O 2  irradiated by UV light results in the near-complete absorption of the UV light, leading to molecular photolysis of H 2 O 2  into constituent hydroxyl (OH) radicals. The chemical interaction of these free, and extremely aggressive, hydroxyl radicals with bacteria and viruses causes the destruction of these pathogens by altering, among other things, their DNA structures. Once chemically altered by the OH radicals, these pathogens either die immediately or quickly mutate such that they cannot replicate, in effect dying shortly afterwards. Thus, although H 2 O 2  is an effective biocide by itself, and UV irradiation is effective in killing bacteria and viruses by itself, the combination of H 2 O 2  irradiated by UV light can produce a far greater biocidal effect due to photolysis and the creation of sterilizing hydroxyl free radicals. The biocidal effect also has been found to be useful for the remediation and cleanup of water containing hazardous levels of dissolved organic materials.  
           [0014]    Baron, U.S. Pat. No. 5,120,499 describes a small, compact system for asepticizing contact lenses, in which the contact lenses are placed in a weak solution of hydrogen peroxide (no greater than 30 parts per million) and exposed to ultraviolet radiation from an ultraviolet source behind which a reflector is mounted. Ultrasonic vibration of the lenses is employed to cause dislodgement of microorganisms from the lenses, but the patent does not state that the ultrasonic vibration is used as the cleaning method for the lenses (such that traditional cleaning or rinsing would not be required). The background section of the Baron patent indicates that prior asepticization techniques, such as chemical treatment, were focused primarily on preventing damage to the contact lenses themselves rather than preventing infection of the eyes or of other parts of the human body by exposure of the eyes to micro-organisms (direct contact of eyes with micro-organisms being a very common cause of infection). The contact lens receptacle tray is not suitable for receiving dental hardware.  
         SUMMARY  
         [0015]    The invention provides an at-home integrated cleaning and disinfection system for dental hardware, for consumer use. As used herein and in the claims, the term “at-home” means sized and configured for use in home environments such as bathrooms or nightstands, even if actual use occurs in other environments such as hotels or dentist&#39;s offices. Furthermore, the recitation of “dental hardware” herein and in the claims should not be construed as excluding dual-purpose systems that, in addition to being suitable for cleaning and disinfecting dental hardware, are also suitable for cleaning other items such as jewelry, tattoo needles, cosmetology devices, etc. at the option of the consumer.  
           [0016]    The system includes a compact and portable base unit sized for at-home use by a consumer, the base unit including a holding frame and an ultraviolet lamp. The base unit may also include electronics and controls for the system. The system also includes a cleaning chamber within which dental hardware and a cleaning solution that includes hydrogen peroxide are receivable. The cleaning chamber fits within the holding frame in a manner such that contents of the cleaning chamber are exposed to light emitted by the ultraviolet lamp. A vibration mechanism is positioned to cause the cleaning chamber to vibrate while the cleaning chamber is fitted within the holding frame.  
           [0017]    To clean and disinfect dental hardware, the consumer places the dental hardware in the cleaning chamber and fills the cleaning chamber with the cleaning solution. The vibration mechanism is activated, to cause the cleaning chamber to vibrate while the cleaning chamber is fitted within the holding frame, and the ultraviolet lamp is activated, to expose contents of the cleaning chamber to light emitted by the ultraviolet lamp.  
           [0018]    In certain embodiments of the invention, after the consumer places the dental hardware in the cleaning chamber and fills the cleaning chamber with the cleaning solution, the consumer closes the container and places it within the holding frame before the vibration mechanism and the ultraviolet lamp are activated.  
           [0019]    The cleaning and disinfection system constructed in accordance with the invention, with its compact and portable base unit and cleaning chamber that fits within a holding frame of the base unit, allows the consumer conveniently to perform subsonic, sonic, or ultrasonic cleaning and UV peroxidation of dental hardware at home or at any other location desired by the consumer. It is not necessary for the consumer to take the dental hardware into a dental office or similar environment to be cleaned and disinfected by specialized equipment. Of course, while the cleaning and disinfection system of the invention is designed with home use in mind, it may be used by dentists, orthodontists, and other specialists too.  
           [0020]    The subsonic, sonic, or ultrasonic cleaning can be more convenient and effective than other at-home cleaning techniques such as brushing by hand or placing the hardware in a solution with tablets that acidify and effervesce. In particular, the mechanical cleaning action of the inventive technique need not require brushing to ensure that all particulates are dislodged, and need not require rinsing to prevent ingestion of chemical residue created by tablets and to assist with removal of particulates not removed by tablets. For example, the invention can eliminate any need for elderly or frail users of dental hardware to perform brushing tasks, handling of tablets, and rinsing of the dental hardware and cleaning chamber, and children need not be monitored to ensure that such tasks are performed thoroughly and correctly or to ensure that the tablets are not swallowed, which might cause chemical burns. The invention can allow the cleaning and disinfection process to be stopped conveniently at any point in time, in contrast to tablet-based cleaning systems. Furthermore, the invention can enable the dental hardware to be cleaned in as little as five minutes (which the consumer can lengthen at will to enhance effectiveness), whereas a typical tablet-based system might require about fifteen minutes. The invention can provide a sealed, leak-proof system that can be used easily on airplanes and similar environments, unlike oxygen-releasing tablets that require open containers to allow oxygen to escape or require specially constructed drainage systems. The consumer need not use warm water for cleaning. It is not necessary for the consumer to keep purchasing effervescent tablets, which can be expensive. Rather, the consumer incurs a one-time cost upon purchasing the system.  
           [0021]    A primary biocidal action is caused by dissociation of hydrogen peroxide molecules into free hydroxyl radicals upon absorption of ultraviolet light by the hydrogen peroxide molecules, the free hydroxyl radicals in turn chemically attacking and killing bacterial and viral cells. This biocidal action can be more effective than the use of hydrogen peroxide alone or the use of UV irradiation alone. Nevertheless, a secondary biocidal action may be caused by direct irradiation of bacterial and viral cells by ultraviolet light, and a tertiary biocidal action may be caused by hydrogen peroxide chemical attack on bacterial and viral cells.  
           [0022]    Thus, while the human mouth may not be nearly as susceptible to infection as the eyes or respiratory system, the ultraviolet peroxidation technique of the invention can nevertheless provide a highly effective disinfection system that accommodates consumer perception that dental prostheses, retainers, and the like ought to be sterilized more thoroughly than can be accomplished by ordinary techniques for cleaning dental hardware (even if that perception is inconsistent with the consumer&#39;s use of toothbrushes, foods, cigarettes, etc.). The invention can combine up to three disinfection components (UV peroxidation, ultraviolet radiation alone, and free radical attack) to provide highly thorough sterilization.  
           [0023]    In one embodiment of the invention, the base unit, with the cleaning chamber fitted within the holding frame of the base unit, may be about 5 and ½ inches tall; 3 and ½ inches wide; and 4 inches deep. The construction is highly convenient for allowing consumers to clean and disinfect prostheses, dentures, plates, retainers, clips, removable implants, and other dental hardware automatically in a bathroom or on top of a nightstand (and possibly for allowing consumers to clean and disinfect other items such as jewelry or tattoo needles in addition to dental hardware, at the option of the consumer).  
           [0024]    The cleaning chamber may be removable from the holding frame of the base unit, and may serve as a portable storage container for the dental hardware. Thus, the consumer need not remove the dental hardware from the solution of the cleaning and disinfection system until the consumer is actually ready to use the hardware. Nor is there ever a need to move the dental hardware from the cleaning and disinfection system into a distinct storage container.  
           [0025]    The cleaning chamber may include a transparent window through which ultraviolet light is transmitted from the ultraviolet lamp to the cleaning solution. This transparent window can allow viewing of the dental hardware by the consumer when the cleaning chamber is removed from the holding frame. Thus, the consumer can see the condition of the dental hardware, including the extent to which it has been cleaned, without removing the dental hardware from the cleaning solution.  
           [0026]    The ultraviolet lamp of the base unit may be positioned beneath the cleaning chamber, and the holding frame of the base unit may be a housing that surrounds the cleaning chamber circumferentially, while the cleaning chamber is fitted within the holding frame of the base unit. This arrangement can allow the cleaning chamber to be fitted conveniently into the top of the base unit for ease of use by the consumer.  
           [0027]    At least a portion of the base unit may be mechanically isolated from vibration. This isolation from vibration can be important to the consumer when the base unit is used in a bathroom or on a nightstand, and helps to protect the electrical circuitry and the ultraviolet lamp.  
           [0028]    The vibration mechanism may be a micro-motor such as a multi-pole, direct current, eccentrically unbalanced micro-motor. Such a micro-motor can produce three-dimensional, rather than two-dimension, motion within the cleaning solution, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of the cleaning process, and can efficiently produce a relatively large amount of motion in the cleaning solution given the size of the micro-motor.  
           [0029]    The vibration mechanism may be operatable at consumer-selectable frequencies, and the vibration mechanism may be wired to operate for a consumer-selectable time. These features can allow the consumer to experiment with different frequencies and times in order to find the frequency and/or time that works best for cleaning the dental hardware, or that is preferred by the consumer for any other purpose such as minimizing undesirable noise.  
           [0030]    Similarly, the ultraviolet lamp may be wired to operate for a consumer-selectable time, and a timer may be provided with which a time duration of operation of the vibration mechanism and the ultraviolet lamp is selectable by the consumer, thereby providing additional flexibility to the consumer in operating the system.  
           [0031]    The ultraviolet lamp may be a cold cathode fluorescent lamp. Internal reflectors may be provided in both the base unit as well as the cleaning chamber to reflect ultraviolet light into the cleaning solution. The use of a cold cathode fluorescent lamp, and the use of reflectors in both the base unit as well as the cleaning chamber to reduce losses of the ultraviolet radiation, can avoid substantial heating of the cleaning and disinfection system, thereby enhancing suitability of the system for use by consumers at home and avoiding any damage, such as melting, to the dental hardware. The internal reflectors may substantially surround the combination of the ultraviolet lamp and the cleaning solution to ensure that as much of the ultraviolet light as possible interacts with the hydrogen peroxide in the cleaning solution. This arrangement can reduce the amount of time that the consumer must wait for disinfection to be completed, and can allow portions of the cleaning and disinfection system to be translucent without risk of exposing the consumer to potentially hazardous ultraviolet light.  
           [0032]    At least one mechanical switch may be positioned to sense whether the cleaning chamber is properly fitted within the holding frame of the base unit, and may be wired to prohibit activation of the ultraviolet lamp and the vibration mechanism unless the cleaning chamber is properly fitted within the holding frame. This feature enhances the safety of the system to ensure that an absent-minded or careless consumer does not use the system incorrectly by attempting to operate it while the cleaning chamber is not properly fitted within the holding frame, which might result in exposure of the user to ultraviolet radiation.  
           [0033]    The vibration mechanism and the ultraviolet lamp may be wired to be activated simultaneously, so that cleaning and disinfecting occur simultaneously. Thus, both functions are performed conveniently and automatically at home by a single integrated system.  
           [0034]    Specific embodiments of the invention described in detail below provides a convenient and practical means to concurrently destroy various bacteria and viruses on and about the dental hardware itself, through photolysis of hydrogen peroxide and direct chemical and narrow-spectrum light irradiation means, while removing particulate matter via ultrasonic agitation of the solution bath. Narrow-spectrum irradiation light is generated by a cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) while agitation of the solution bath is accomplished by a variable-speed micro-motor that vibrates the container within which the dental hardware and solution are placed. The container and surrounding fixture are mechanically isolated via an elastomer such that only the holding fixture and container are irradiated and excited by vibration. In addition, the device contains an electronic timer such that, once initiated, the process of cleaning and disinfecting continues until a pre-established time duration has expired. At this point, the process is automatically halted, permitting the user to remove and thereafter don the cleaned and disinfected dental hardware.  
           [0035]    The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS  
       [0036]    [0036]FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of the electrical circuitry for a dental hardware cleaning and disinfection device in accordance with the invention.  
         [0037]    [0037]FIG. 1A is a diagram depicting three alternative options for a portion of the electrical circuitry of FIG. 1.  
         [0038]    [0038]FIG. 2 is a drawing of the top, side, and bottom of a dental hardware cleaning chamber in accordance with the invention.  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 2A is a cross-sectional drawing of a portion of the cleaning chamber upper section of FIG. 2.  
         [0040]    [0040]FIG. 2B is a cross-sectional drawing of a portion of the cleaning chamber lower section of FIG. 2.  
         [0041]    [0041]FIG. 2C is a cross-sectional drawing of a portion of the cleaning chamber upper and lower sections of FIG. 2, providing details of their juxtaposition in establishing a leak-tight friction fit.  
         [0042]    [0042]FIG. 3 is a drawing of a fully assembled cleaning and disinfection device in accordance with the invention.  
         [0043]    [0043]FIG. 4 is a drawing depicting an alternative option of a fully assembled cleaning and disinfection device in accordance with the invention. 
     
    
       [0044]    Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.  
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0045]    With reference to FIG. 1, devices and methods for concurrently cleaning and disinfecting dental hardware (such as such as prostheses, dentures, plates, retainers, clips, and removable implants) utilizing UV peroxidation and subsonic, sonic, and ultrasonic vibration according to the invention include the following electrical circuitry, which is supplied with main power by conductors  1  and  2 , having a ground conductor  3 . Nominal 120-volt, 1-phase AC power is supplied by these conductors to a timer circuit board  11 , which includes, in part, a momentary contact pushbutton switch  5  and switch assembly  60 . Energization of the device is initiated by depressing the pushbutton switch button  4 , causing contact element  6  to bridge across contact pins  7  and  8 . As a safety feature, switch assembly  60  is electrically incorporated in a series arrangement in this switching circuit, such that energization of the device cannot occur unless the cleaning chamber, comprised of a lower section  36  and an upper section  37  (see also FIGS. 2, 2A,  2 B and  2 C), is correctly inserted in a vibratable holding frame  64  (more specifically, a vibratable solid housing) of the cleaning device. For illustrative purposes, switch  60  is depicted as a mechanical device, but may incorporate other switching methodologies, including but not limited to magnetic switches, reed switches, capacitive switches, etc. When the cleaning chamber is correctly positioned in the device, switch  60  is closed by the movement of contact element  61  (which is electrically connected to contact pin  7  through conductor  59 ) making contact with contact pin  62 , completing the electrical circuit through conductors  9  and  10 . Switch  60  contains a spring  63 , which returns the contact element  61  to a non-contact position when the cleaning chamber is not inserted in the cleaning device housing  
         [0046]    An additional element of the timer circuit board  11  is variable resistor  58 . This element, illustrated schematically as a mechanical device but which may be comprised of an electronic device to accomplish the same result, is user-changeable and sets the time during which the timer circuit board remains energized.  
         [0047]    Once energized, timer circuit board  11  permits 120-volt, 1-phase AC power to be directed for a specific period of time through conductors  12  and  13  to a step-down transformer  14 , and thereafter to an AC-to-DC voltage rectifier  17  through conductors  15  and  16 . Rectifier  17 , comprised of diodes  18 ,  19 ,  20 , and  21 , converts the transformed AC voltage into a fully rectified DC voltage source. Capacitor  25  is incorporated into the electrical circuit to provide filtering of the rectified source across output conductors  22  and  23 .  
         [0048]    Thereafter, the rectified. DC source is directed to a DC-to-DC voltage regulator  24 . Voltage regulator  24  converts the voltage supplied by conductors  22  and  23  into 12-volts DC, being available to energize further elements through conductors  26  and  27 . Conductor  28  serves to ground the device while capacitor  29  installed across conductors  26  and  27  provides final filtering of the regulated voltage.  
         [0049]    Conductors  26  and  27  branch thereafter, subsequently providing power to three additional electrical circuit assemblies. Inverter  30  is supplied power directly by conductors  26  and  27 , converting the 12-volt DC supply to single-phase AC at a voltage of approximately 800 VAC. This AC voltage is directed through conductors  31  and  32  to energize a cold cathode fluorescent (CCF) lamp  33 , which produces ultraviolet (UV) light within a bandwidth of approximately 100 nM to approximately 450 nM.  
         [0050]    CCF lamp  34  is enclosed by a parabolic or spherical first-surface reflector  67  and a fixed enclosure window  65 . UV rays, shown schematically as  34 , generated by the CCF lamp  33  pass through the fixed enclosure window  65 , and thereafter into the cleaning chamber lower section  36  through a second window  35  within which a cleaning and disinfecting solution  57  and one or more items of dental hardware are placed. The aqueous cleaning solution  57  is comprised, in part, of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) in a concentration of between approximately 1% (10,000 parts per million (PPM)) to approximately 5% (50,000 PPM) in order to ensure proper disinfection of the dental hardware. Other constituents may also be components of the cleaning solution.  
         [0051]    The illustration of the cleaning chamber as shown in FIG. 1 is intended to depict the major elements of this assembly for describing the general process itself. Additional details of the cleaning chamber are provided in FIGS. 2, 2A,  2 B, and  2 C. Further descriptions of these figures will be provided hereinafter.  
         [0052]    Again with reference to FIG. 1, the cleaning chamber within which the aqueous cleaning solution and the dental hardware are placed is comprised of an upper section  37  and a lower section  36 . Both sections are constructed in major part out of a thermoplastic material. The upper section  37  is domed, having a central flat circular segment about its vertical axis, and has a first surface reflective material  39 A affixed to its interior surfaces for reflecting incident UV light rays. The cleaning chamber lower section  36  also has a first surface reflective material  39 B affixed to its interior surfaces, similarly intended to reflect incident UV light rays. Lower section  36  is also constructed to include window  35  as an integral component. Both chamber sections join by friction fit  38  around their respective perimeters such that this friction fit creates a leak-tight seal, thereby preventing the aqueous cleaning solution  57  from leaking or otherwise escaping from the assembled cleaning chamber.  
         [0053]    During operation, the UV light rays  34  emitted by CCF lamp  33  pass through the fixed enclosure window  65  and cleaning chamber window  35 , irradiating the cleaning solution  57 . Reflector  67 , placed below CCF lamp  33 , reflects all emitted light rays not propagating in such a direction to pass through cleaning chamber window  35 . When irradiated by UV light in the bandwidth of approximately 100 nM to approximately 450 nM, each H 2 O 2  molecule dissociates by photolysis into two hydroxyl radicals (OH), these radicals being very reactant with organic compounds, specifically reacting and thus destroying bacteria and viruses, producing a sterilizing action. The OH radicals recombine to form pure water, without any detrimental waste product. UV light photons  34  that are emitted by CCF lamp  33  and that are not adsorbed by any H 2 O 2  molecules pass through the cleaning solution  57 , striking reflective surface  39 A of the upper cleaning chamber section  37  and are thereafter reflected back toward cleaning solution  57  for absorption. Any photons that are not absorbed by the cleaning solution  57  but pass through it in such a way to strike the sides of the lower cleaning chamber section  36  are similarly reflected back through the solution by reflective surface  39 B. Unabsorbed photons that pass directly back through the cleaning chamber window  35  are re-reflected back through the window and again through the cleaning solution by reflector  67 . Thus, in this device, any UV light, once emitted but not immediately adsorbed by any H 2 O 2  molecule, is re-reflected back through the cleaning solution  57  in such a way to maximize this adsorption. The nature and design of the cleaning chamber is such that its interior surfaces, except for that of the lower section window  35 , are configured to be fully reflective of UV light photons. The interior surfaces are intended to reflect these photons in such a manner that they are redirected through the cleaning solution in paths different from and random with respect to their incident paths.  
         [0054]    Referring again to FIG. 1, 12-volt DC power is further supplied by conductors  26  and  27  to branching conductors  40  and  53 . Conductor  40  further branches to conductors  41  and  42 . Conductors  42  and  53  supply 12-volt power to a variable DC voltage regulator  44  through resistors  50  and  51  via conductors  47 ,  48 , and  49 . Resistor  51  is a user-changeable variable resistor, the function of which is to set the gate voltage of regulator  44 , producing a DC voltage potential of between . 0  and 12-volts between conductor  52  and ground conductor  56 , depending on its placement position.  
         [0055]    Conductors  52  and  56  supply the energization voltage to a multi-pole DC micro-motor  54 , which has an eccentric weight  55  attached to its rotor. Micro-motor  54 , which is similar to micro-motors found in pagers, is rigidly affixed to vibratable holding frame or housing  64 , into which the cleaning chamber is placed. When energized, the rotating eccentric weight causes a dynamic imbalance, resulting in the micro-motor vibrating in a plane perpendicular to its rotor&#39;s axis of rotation, the vector of radial force produced continually changing its angular direction within this plane. This vibration is thereafter physically transmitted to the cleaning chamber through housing  64 , thus vibrating the cleaning chamber and all contents within at the frequency generated by the rotating micro-motor. Micro-motor  54 , the cleaning chamber and its contents, and housing  64  are mechanically isolated from CCF lamp  33 , reflector  67 , and CCF lamp enclosure window  65 , as well as the remainder of the device, by an elastomeric vibration isolator  66 . Vibration isolator  66  further serves as a perimeter light seal between windows  65  and  35 , thus preventing UV rays from escaping to areas outside the device. Only the micro-motor  54  and its components, cleaning chamber and its components and contents, and housing  64  are vibrated. The remainder of the device, including all electrical circuitry and the CCF lamp and all associated components, remains stationary.  
         [0056]    The rotational speed of micro-motor  54  is dependent upon the voltage supplied to it via conductors  52  and  56 , this voltage in turn being dependent upon the placement position of the variable resistor  5   1 . When positioned to result in a voltage potential of 0-volts DC (between conductors  52  and  56 ), the micro-motor will not rotate, having no electrical energy to do so. As the variable resistor is repositioned to result in an increased voltage between conductors  52  and  56  (up to and including 12-volts), the micro-motor&#39;s rotational speed increases, corresponding to the voltage supplied to it. Micro-motor  54  is thus constructed in a manner that results in vibratory motion at frequencies ranging between of zero cycles per second (Hz) to greater than 20,000 Hz.  
         [0057]    Referring again to FIG. 1, upon the energization of the device, branching conductor  41  and ground conductor  46  supply 12-volt power to light-emitting diode (LED)  43 , resulting in the emission of indicating light  45 .  
         [0058]    Thus, when the cleaning chamber is correctly inserted within holding frame or housing  64 , causing safety switch  60  to close, and subsequently when the momentary contact switch pushbutton  4  is depressed, the device is energized for the time period set by the user (by variable resistor  58 ), energizing CCF lamp  33  and vibrating micro-motor  54  for this time period. During this period indicator lamp  45  remains illuminated to indicate the energized state of the device to the user. At the end of the time period, an audible alarm automatically energizes, thereby alerting the consumer to the completion of the cleaning and disinfection cycle. It should be possible to clean and disinfect the dental hardware in as little as five minutes.  
         [0059]    [0059]FIG. 1A illustrates a first option (Option I), according to which micro-motor  54  is positioned within the cleaning chamber lower section  36 , it being affixed, encapsulated, or otherwise attached to or embedded within the cleaning chamber window  35 . Electrical conductors for the micro-motor extend through the lower cleaning chamber side, terminating in electrical contact pads  88 A and  88 B. Electrical power from the main circuit is provided to micro-motor  54  by conductors  52  and  56 , these conductors terminating in electrical contact pads  89 A and  89 B. When the cleaning chamber is correctly inserted within holding frame or housing  64 , electrical continuity is created as electrical contact pad  88 A mechanically contacts electrical contact pad  89 A, and electrical contact pad  88 B mechanically contacts electrical contact pad  89 B, completing the electrical circuit through micro-motor  54 .  
         [0060]    According to a second option (Option  2 ) illustrated in FIG. 1 A, an electrically conductive element  90  is embedded within or is otherwise affixed to the wall of the cleaning chamber lower section  36 , this element terminating in electrical contact pads  91 A and  91 B, creating an electrical jumper. Conductors  9  and  59  are terminated in electrical contact pads  92 A and  92 B, replacing and eliminating switch assembly  60  (and components  61 ,  62 , and  63 , as illustrated in FIG. 1). When the cleaning chamber is correctly inserted within holding frame or housing  64 , electrical continuity is created as electrical contact pad  91 A mechanically contacts electrical contact pad  92 A, and electrical contact pad  91 B mechanically contacts electrical contact pad  92 B, completing the electrical circuit.  
         [0061]    In yet a further option (Option  3 ), illustrated in FIG. 1A, micro-motor  54  may be affixed, attached to, or encapsulated within the cleaning chamber upper section  37 . In this option, electrical conductors  93  and  94  from micro-motor  54  are embedded within or are otherwise affixed to the cleaning chamber upper section  37 , terminating in electrical contact pads  95 A and  95 B. Electrical power from the main circuit is provided to micro-motor  54  by conductors  52  and  56 , these conductors terminating in electrical contact pads  96 A and  96 B. When the cleaning chamber is correctly inserted within holding frame or housing  64 , electrical continuity is created as electrical contact pad  95 A mechanically contacts electrical contact pad  96 A, and electrical contact pad  95 B mechanically contacts electrical contact pad  96 B, completing the electrical circuit through micro-motor  54 .  
         [0062]    With reference to FIG. 2, the cleaning chamber is comprised of a lower section  69  and upper section  70 , fitting together along their common perimeters via a friction fit  71 . The chamber lower section  69  is also constructed to include a perimeter rib  78  that circumscribes it at its upper edge, and a bottom window  68  that is transparent to UV light. The upper chamber section  70  is partially domed but is constructed to include a circular flat  75 . Both sections have first surface reflective materials  72 A and  72 B affixed to their interior surfaces, except for that of the lower section window  68 . The upper section  70  is constructed to include two semi-circular extensions  76 A and  76 B near its lower edge, placed 180 degrees apart, while the lower section similarly includes two circular extensions  77 A and  77 B.  
         [0063]    With reference to FIG. 2A, the first surface reflective material  72 A is attached to the cleaning chamber upper section  70  via adhesive  73 .  
         [0064]    With reference to FIG. 2B, the first surface reflective material  72 B is attached to the perimeter walls of the lower cleaning chamber section  69  by adhesive  74 . Window  68  is molded or otherwise mechanically affixed to the cleaning chamber  69  as illustrated in order to create a leak tight joint.  
         [0065]    With reference to FIG. 2C, the upper section  70  and lower section  69  of the cleaning chamber assemble via an interference friction fit. An extension of the upper section  70  fits inside the lower section  69  as shown, thus forming a leak tight perimeter seal at the junction of the sections. A perimeter rib  78  extends outward from the lower section  69  in order to strengthen the joint. Semi-circular extensions  76 A and  77 A extend outward from the bodies of the chamber sections as illustrated. First surface reflective material  72 A is mechanically affixed to the upper cleaning chamber section  70  by adhesive  73 , extending to the edge of the chamber itself. Similarly, first surface reflecting material  72 B is affixed to the lower cleaning chamber section  69  by adhesive  74 . This reflective material extends up on the sides of the chamber to such an extent so as not to interfere with the friction fit of the two sections as previously described.  
         [0066]    With reference to FIG. 3, one illustrative embodiment of the fully assembled device is depicted. The assembled cleaning chamber  79  is properly and correctly inserted into the vibrating holding frame or housing  80 , it being mechanically isolated from the remainder of the base unit  83  of the cleaning and disinfection system. Base unit  83 , with cleaning chamber  79  fitted within holding frame  80 , may be about 5 and ½ inches tall; 3 and ½ inches wide; and 4 inches deep. Housing  80  has two cut-outs placed diametrically opposite one another, one as shown  82 , for the purpose of allowing for the correct positioning and placement of the cleaning chamber  79  and also for permitting the user to grasp and remove the cleaning chamber. The device includes, as was previously described, a momentary contact energization switch pushbutton  85 , variable resistor  86  by which to alter the micromotor&#39;s rotational speed, and variable resistor  87  by which to set the energization time. Electrical power is supplied by cable  84 . Retractable pivoting window  81  is included in the device as shown to cover and protect the device controls. Base unit  83 , and possibly holding frame or housing  80 , maybe made of a clear, translucent, or semi-translucent colored plastic, as an eye-catching novelty. In this case the reflective material on the inside surfaces of cleaning chamber  79  and within base unit  83  should completely surround the entire combination of the ultraviolet lamp and the cleaning solution so as to prevent exposure of the consumer to potentially hazardous ultraviolet light.  
         [0067]    With reference to FIG. 4, an optional, alternative illustrative embodiment of the fully assembled system is depicted. The system is assembled as previously described, except that base unit  83  is truncated in height. Base unit  83  includes a molded or manufactured tapered slot on each of its sides, one such slot  89  being illustrated, and four elastomeric button-type feet  90 , symmetrically placed and affixed to the bottom of the base unit&#39;s lower panel. Two such feet are shown in the perspective view.  
         [0068]    The system includes a docking station  92 , within which are housed the AC electronics and AC-to-DC rectification components described above in connection with FIGS.  1 - 3 . Thus, base unit  83  is foreshortened in height and includes within its enclosure a rechargeable DC battery pack.  
         [0069]    Base unit  83  inserts into and mates with the docking station such that tapered wedge extension  93 B (shown in phantom) inserts snugly by friction fit within slot  89 , and tapered wedge extension  93 A inserts into a similar slot (not shown) on the left-hand side of base unit  83 , such that the wedges and slots act as molded keys and locks. Upon the insertion of base unit  83  into docking station  92  as illustrated by the “insert” arrow in FIG. 4, feet  90  will similarly mate with and reside within tapered hemispherical recesses  94 A,  94 B,  94 C, and  94 D. Additionally, upon the insertion of base unit  83  into docking station  92 , male connector  95  with one or more electrical contacts  96  will similarly fit within and mate with a female electrical port at the rear of base unit  83 . Upon the insertion of base unit  83  into docking station  92 , a spring-loaded latch and hinged locking clip affixed to docking station  92  will extent into a mating slot  91  located on the face of base unit  83 . When properly inserted, the base unit is held snugly in docking station  92  by wedge  93 A and  93 B and the clip inserted in slot  91 . Removal of the base unit from the docking station is accomplished by depressing latch release button  97 , which releases the clasp and clip inserted in slot  91 , allowing the user to de-couple base unit  83  and withdraw it, in reverse fashion, from docking station  92 .  
         [0070]    In this embodiment and option, the system may be powered directly by an AC voltage source through power cable  84  when base unit  83  is mated to docking station  92 . When de-coupled the system may be powered directly by its internal battery pack, needing no external power source for operation.  
         [0071]    To assist the user in establishing the condition of the battery pack&#39;s available energy level during remote use, a user-activated battery level indicator  88  is included in the device. Activation of the battery power level indicator is accomplished by momentarily depressing the small pushbutton adjacent to the display.  
         [0072]    There have been described devices and methods for concurrently cleaning and disinfecting dental hardware utilizing UV peroxidation and subsonic, sonic, and ultrasonic vibration. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that numerous additions, subtractions, and modifications of the described devices and methods are possible without departing the spirit and scope of the appended claims. For example, many different physical configurations of the base unit and cleaning chamber of the cleaning and disinfection system are possible, within the scope of the claims.