Abstract:
An insertable shoe insole or shoe integrally formed therewith having electrostatic protection and a method of categorizing and selecting same which provides individual solutions to workplace fatigue and stress by determining the specific support needed for each individual. Specifically, the present invention defines and utilizes an ergonomic interaction factor to enable selection of a proper fitting shoe. Such selection occurs in one embodiment by dividing a person&#39;s weight by the contact area of the bottom of their feet. The insole includes an electrically conductive material for the purpose of eliminating the buildup of static charge by conducting static charges from the user&#39;s feet to conductive shoes which then transfer the charge to the floor.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/516,406 filed on Apr. 4, 2011. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to the field of insertable shoe insoles for providing foot comfort and reducing stress and injuries caused by non-supportive and poorly designed footwear. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    According to occupational therapy doctors, a person standing at a static or limited range position at a workstation for prolonged periods of time may have significant cumulative trauma or other injury, such as musculoskeletal illness, pain, fatigue, or inhibited circulation. Further, when a person&#39;s body is unsupported, the muscles around the joints and spinal bones may tire quickly due to constant strain and stress. The skeletal structure of the limbs and back of the human body has a difficult time maintaining an awkward or compressed posture at an improperly positioned workstation or an unsupported or uninsulated situation, such as concrete floor. The awkward posture can contribute to undesirable musculoskeletal discomfort and fatigue inhibited circulation (for example, resulting in tendinitis or arthritis), as well as reduced worker productivity and diminished quality and morale. 
         [0004]    In an attempt to alleviate such occupational hazards, employers often place specialized, cushioned matting on floors proximate employee workstations. However, bunching and edge curling of the matting create tripping hazards in many settings, including occupational environments. Such hazards are a top recordable complaint in occupational settings. In some cases, the matting is taped to the floor around the periphery to reduce movement, resulting in extra man hours for installation and housekeeping concerns. Alternatively, the matting is glued to the floor making the matting a permanent one-time use product. Other mats are fastened to the floor via bolts or screws. However, the bolts and screws can be the cause of tripping hazards for personnel. Matting solutions are also restricted by hygiene, facilities, processes, surfaces, levels, and space. 
         [0005]    Another problem with the floor matting is that the product is not a “one size fits all” product. The amount of support required by each person varies. Therefore, when two people work next to each other on one mat, the mat may not provide the needed support for both people. 
         [0006]    Further, in factories or other work environments where personnel may com into contact with computers or other electronic equipment which is highly susceptible to damage from static electricity, or where highly volatile and inflammable or explosive gases are present, footwear which helps to discourage the buildup of static electricity on such personnel is a requirement. All materials carry some quantity of electrons (which are charged particles which give the material a net charge). This charge is said to be static since the electrons remain on that material and are not being transferred to another object. The Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) event occurs, when any two materials touch, are brought near to each other, or are separated. During this movement of materials relative to each other, electrons will migrate from one material to the other. This movement of electrons is an electrical flow or current and is considered a discharge, hence the name Electrostatic Discharge. 
         [0007]    In many cases, Electrostatic Discharge events of only a few volts is enough to cause serious permanent damage to semiconductor devices. At the microscopic level, the damaged area looks like a moon crater or a welded spot where the silicon materials where melted and pitted. Electrostatic Discharge events do not always destroy an electronic component immediately on the first occurrence. One electrostatic discharge may not cause noticeable damage. Any damage is always permanent and cumulative. One or more discharges will leave the equipment weakened so that a failure is likely at any given moment when least expected. The worst part of Electrostatic Discharge is that the damage is invisible to the naked eye. Verifying that Electrostatic Discharge was the cause of failure is difficult or impossible without specialized equipment. 
         [0008]    Despite a great deal of effort during the past decade, electrostatic discharge still affects costs millions of dollars. Industry experts have estimated the actual cost of Electrostatic discharge damage to the electronics industry as running into the billions of dollars annually. Besides the cost of replacing damaged and inoperable equipment, downtime caused by failures is also very expensive. As a result, electrostatic discharges should be eliminated whenever possible. One common Electrostatic Discharge event occurs simply when a person walks across the floor. Static electricity is generated as shoe soles touch and then separate from the floor surface. Shoes sliding across carpet pick up static as well. 
         [0009]    When used in conjunction with ESD (electrostatic discharge) flooring, ESD footwear is a very reliable method of eliminating static charge from personnel. The charge which builds up on user is passed to the floor rather than being discharged into a sensitive piece of equipment. To prevent damaging a charged device, the charge passes from a user&#39;s feet, through the socks, insole and sole of the user&#39;s shoe to the floor. Generally, no special socks are needed because static charges are dissipated from a user&#39;s foot through the user&#39;s socks due to natural perspiration absorbed into socks. Electrostatic discharge footwear is designed to ensure constant drainage of static charges from the body to the floor. For ESD footwear to be effective both the shoes and the insoles must be ESD rated and provide continuous electric contact of the foot to ground as required by ESD standards. 
         [0010]    Insertable cushioned insoles are commercially available to provide some additional support, as well as to serve other functions, such as odor reduction. However, such insoles become compressed over time and do not take into account the weight of the person wearing them or the specific use to which they will be put. 
         [0011]    Therefore, a need exists for a shoe, insole, and method of selection that enable an individual to choose a proper fitting shoe and/or insole based on the individual&#39;s physiology and optionally the intended use of the shoe or insole. In addition, the choice of wearing insoles which reduce or eliminate static charge which may build up on personnel is another such need. 
       DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART 
       [0012]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,199,304 B1 by Ludemann for SOCKLINER which issued on Mar. 13, 2001 teaches a sock liner including a multilayer portion for supporting at least part of the bottom of a user&#39;s foot. An open cell layer is sandwiched between and upper closed cell layer and a lower closed cell layer. A piece of cloth may be bonded to the top of the open cell layer as well. Ludemann is silent in regard to physical measures such as compression set and compression force deflection, and does not provide for static charge buildup. 
         [0013]    US Patent Publication No. 20070082189 A1 by Gillette for WATERPROOF, BREATHABLE COMPOSITE MATERIAL which published on Apr. 12, 2007 teaches a multilayer material with compression set and compression deflection values is ranges differing from the present invention and is silent with respect to the use of anti-static or static reducing materials 
         [0014]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,619,867 by Weber for ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE SHOE INSOLE which issued on Jun. 14, 1994 teaches the use of an electrically conductive shoe insole for cushioning a user&#39;s foot and for transferring electrical charges to a conductive shoe and then to the floor. Weber is silent with regard to compression set and compression deflection ranges in reference to insole material and therefore, does not describe the insole of the present invention. 
         [0015]    U.S. Pat. No. 7,993,726 describes a matting construction includes a multilayer thickness for supporting at least a user thereon, the multilayer thickness may have an outer layer which enables a user to ambulate without slipping thereon; a compressible layer for absorbing at least a portion of the weight of the user, and a peripheral frame member disposed between the outer layer and the compressible layer. The peripheral frame member may be disposed at an angle from the horizontal and the frame member is fixedly attached between the outer layer and the compressible layer. 
         [0016]    U.S. Pat. No. 7,913,423 provides individual solutions to workplace fatigue and stress by determining the specific support needed for each individual. Specifically, the present invention defines and utilizes an ergonomic interaction factor to enable selection of a proper fitting shoe. Such selection occurs in one embodiment by dividing a person&#39;s weight by the contact area of the bottom of their feet. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0017]    This application incorporates by reference Applicants&#39; U.S. Pat. No. 7,993,726 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,913,423 in their entirety. 
         [0018]    In accordance with the present invention, there is provided an insole for insertion in a shoe or to be formed intergrally with a shoe comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of at least one compressible padding consisting essentially of an open-cell material characterized by a maximum compression set of 3% as measured according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) test specification D1056 and a compression deflection up to 20 psi as measured according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) test specification D3574. The insole includes electrically conductive material for the purpose of eliminating the buildup of static charge. 
         [0019]    Another embodiment of the present includes at least one multi-compressible layer including at least one compressible layer consisting of open-cell material characterized by a maximum compression set of 3% as measured according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) test specification D1056 and a compression deflection of up to 20 psi., said insole being removably insertable in a shoe worn by a user or being formed intergrally therewith, said insole including electrically conductive material for the purpose of eliminating the buildup of static charge. 
         [0020]    More particularly, the present invention provide for an insole for insertion into or to formed integrally with a shoe comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of at least one compressible padding consisting essentially of an open-cell material characterized by a maximum compression set of 3% as measured according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) test specification D1056 and a compression deflection up to 70 psi as measured according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) test specification D3574, said insole including electrically conductive material for the purpose of eliminating the buildup of static charge. 
         [0021]    It is an object of this invention to provide an insertable insole for a shoe which provides foot support and reduces fatigue common in the workplace where a user is standing and/or moving about many hours per day. 
         [0022]    It is an object of this invention to provide an insertable insole for a shoe and a method of choosing a proper insole which provides individual solutions to workplace fatigue and stress by determining the specific support needed for each individual by defining an inventive scale called the ‘ergonomic interaction factor’ which enables the selection of a proper insole by dividing a person&#39;s weight by the contact area of the bottom of their feet. 
         [0023]    It is an object of this invention to provide a method of categorizing insoles according to size and to the ‘ergonomic interaction factor’. 
         [0024]    It is an object of this invention to provide a combination insertable insole, shoe and a method of choosing a proper insole which provides individual solutions to workplace fatigue and stress by determining the specific support needed for each individual by defining an inventive scale called the ‘ergonomic interaction factor’ which enables the selection of a proper insole by dividing a person&#39;s weight by the contact area of the bottom of their feet. 
         [0025]    It is an object of this invention to provide an insertable insole for a shoe which, in addition to reducing foot discomfort and fatigue, also dissipates the detrimental static charge which builds up as personnel move throughout the workplace. 
         [0026]    It is an object of the present invention to provide an anatomical footbed providing comfortable alignment and stability. 
         [0027]    It is another object of the present invention to provide an intergrated insole. 
         [0028]    It is another object of the present invention to provide fatigue fighting cushioning footwear with ergonomic tuned cushioning based on the weight and foot size providing pre-engineered comfort together with an optional steel toe. 
         [0029]    It is an object of this invention to provide a combination insertable insole and a shoe which, in addition to reducing foot discomfort and fatigue, also dissipates the detrimental static charge which builds up as personnel move throughout the workplace. 
         [0030]    It is an object of this invention to provide an insertable insole for a shoe which is removable and replaceable when, for instance, the old insole is worn or damaged. 
         [0031]    It is an object of the present invention to provide an insole for use in a shoe comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of at least one compressible padding consisting essentially of an open-cell material characterized by a maximum compression set of 3% as measured according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) test specification D1056 and a compression deflection up to 20 psi as measured according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) test specification D3574 including where the compression deflection is in the range of about 3 psi to about 13 psi, compression deflection is selected from the group consisting of a range of from 3 to 7 psi, a range of from 5.0 to 9.0 psi, a range of from 9 to 13 psi, and combinations thereof, the compression deflection is from 3 psi to 70 psi as measured according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) test specification D3574, and wherein the embodiment further comprises additional compressible padding that consists of closed-cell material characterized by a compression set of about 25-40%, and optionally where the insole is selected in accordance with an ‘ergonomic interaction factor’ calculated by dividing a user&#39;s weight in pounds by the ground *contact area of said user&#39;s feet in square inches to be combined with a shoe comprising a heel, a toe, an upper, an outer sole, and a tongue as an insert, or be formed intergrally therewith. 
         [0032]    Other objects, features, and advantages of the invention will be apparent with the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings showing a preferred embodiment of the invention. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0033]    A better understanding of the present invention will be had upon reference to the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like numerals refer to like parts throughout the views wherein: 
           [0034]      FIG. 1  is a plan diagram of a generic work shoe. 
           [0035]      FIG. 2  is a perspective view of a generic shoe of the prior art. 
           [0036]      FIG. 3  is a perspective view of an insole according to the present invention being placed in the generic shoe of  FIG. 2 . 
           [0037]      FIG. 4  is an exploded perspective view of the generic shoe of  FIG. 2  incorporating one embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0038]      FIG. 5  is an exploded perspective view of the generic shoe of  FIG. 2  incorporating an alternate embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0039]      FIG. 6  is a bottom view of an insole including ball and heel areas with different characteristics than the remainder of the insole. 
           [0040]      FIG. 7  is a top view of an insole with electrostatic discharge dissipation stitching in the ball area of the insole. 
           [0041]      FIG. 8  is a bottom view of an insole with electrostatic discharge dissipation stitching in the ball area of the insole. 
           [0042]      FIG. 9  is a cross sectional view of a shoe with the ergonomic insole. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0043]    Generally, the present invention encompasses a shoe, insole, and method of selecting a shoe or insole that enable an individual to receive proper support based on the individual&#39;s physiology and optionally intended use of the shoe or insole. In accordance with the present invention, the individual, a salesperson, or any other applicable person determines a length of at least one foot (preferably both feet) of the individual, a weight of the individual, and a contact area of the bottom of the individual&#39;s foot or feet. The individual&#39;s weight is then divided by the contact area to yield an ergonomic interaction factor. A shoe or insole, as applicable, is then selected based at least on the length of the individual&#39;s foot and the ergonomic interaction factor. Alternatively, the intended use of the shoe (e.g., running, walking, standing at a workstation, etc.) is also taken into account when selecting the shoe or insole. In a preferred embodiment, the selected shoe or insole has an ergonomic interaction factor in the range of about 4 pounds per square inch (psi) to about 13 psi. Further, the choice of whether an insole is ESD (electro static discharge) safe or not is provided. 
         [0044]    Workplaces commonly have electronic equipment which is highly sensitive to static electricity which builds up on personnel walking across a carpet or another charged surface and is then discharged onto such equipment when tough by such personnel. Further, in factories where highly volatile and inflammable or explosive gases are present, such static buildup and discharge can be harmful and destructive. Footwear which helps to discourage the buildup of static electricity on such personnel is a requirement. 
         [0045]    Running shoes and work shoes are known in the art. These shoes are designed with extra padding or support in known pressure points for the intended purpose. For example, a sneaker may be designed for a person who is known to pronate their feet while jogging. This sneaker will have extra support in the heel and upper to reduce pronation. 
         [0046]    When a person is measured for a shoe, a determination of the length and width of the foot is made. However, none of the shoes available provide a necessary third measurement unique to the ergonomic needs of each individual. 
         [0047]    Each person interacts with the ground in different ways. This is most evident at the beach, where footsteps can be seen in the sand. Some of the interaction is a function of the person&#39;s weight. Therefore, a child&#39;s foot will sink into the sand less than an adult&#39;s foot will, thereby leaving a lighter print. However, the interaction is also affected by the amount of the bottom of the foot area contacting the surface. So, when two people weigh the same amount, and one person has large feet and the other person has small feet, the footprints of the large-footed person will not be as deep as those of the small-footed person, even though they both weigh the same amount. This is because the large-footed person disperses their weight over a greater surface area. Even people of identical weight and identical foot size may exhibit different footprints because some people have high insteps and some people are flat-footed. The flat-footed person will have more surface area available with which to interact with the ground. 
         [0048]    In addition, a person&#39;s activity also impacts the interaction. For example, when a person walks, their entire body weight is supported by one foot, and then the other. Effectively, there is a 50% reduction in contact area used to support body weight. When a person runs, the amount of contact area may be further reduced depending on their running style. Heel-to-toe runners place their entire weight on an area the size of their heel. Toe-to-heel runners place their entire weight on an area the size of their toes. The contact area available to support the entire body weight may be reduced to twenty to forty percent of the total foot surface area. Returning to the beach analogy, the interaction is evident for each of these activities. A runner&#39;s prints are much deeper than that of a walker. A walker&#39;s prints are deeper than those of a person just standing and watching the tide. 
         [0049]    Ergonomics is the applied science of equipment design intended to maximize productivity by reducing operator fatigue, reducing cumulative trauma injury and discomfort. Ergonomics is also known as biotechnology, human engineering and human factors engineering. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, (2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company). The intended purpose of the shoe is critical in choosing the shoe. While avid sports people have their sports shoes, the average public consumer uses one shoe for all purposes. So, if they plan on jogging three miles or standing to watch their child play sports, they will wear the same sneakers. 
         [0050]    The present inventors have utilized this information to provide a new parameter useful in purchasing shoes. A person divides their weight, in pounds, by the contact area of the bottom of their feet, in squared inches. The result is referred to herein and in the appended claims as the “ergonomic interaction factor.” A computer model, heat sensor, or scanning measurement of the feet may be used to obtain the exact contact area, or an approximation can be made by multiplying the length by the width. This number, as well as the intended purpose of the shoe, can be used to ensure that a shoe with the proper padding is obtained. In another embodiment and to facilitate practice of the present invention, a scale comprising a weight sensor and a contact area sensor is envisioned. A person would stand on the scale bare-foot and automatically obtain their ergonomic interaction factor. It is important for the person to be bare-foot, because socks or shoes may alter the contact area of their feet. In addition, the surface area of the scale may include removable, disposable layers for hygienic purposes. 
         [0051]    Compression deflection and compression set are figures utilized by padding manufacturers to perform quality testing on their materials. In other words, padding manufacturers have developed standardized tests to ensure that each batch of padding is consistent with prior and future batches. Compression deflection, also known as compression resistance, is a measurement of the amount of force that will deform a material 25% and from which the material will return to its original shape. Similar to the ergonomic interaction factor, compression deflection is measured in pounds per square inch, or psi. Compression set is a measurement of the percentage of change exhibited by a material that has been compressed for twenty-four hours. Usually, the material is compressed fifty percent, also known as 50% compression set. After twenty-four hours, the compression force is released and the percent of set of the material is determined. The lower the number, the less set taken. For example, the height of a material is measured. A force is applied that compresses the material fifty percent for 24 hours. The force is released and the height of the material is measured. The new height is divided by the original height and multiplied by 100. This number is then subtracted from 100 to yield the compression set. Both of these measurements have standard test methods per the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). 
         [0052]    Based on their experience in the ergonomic, anti-fatigue matting industry, the present inventors have utilized the compression deflection and compression set factors to provide the necessary ergonomic support required by people in stationary or low-motion jobs. This experience evolved into the discovery of the ergonomic interaction factor. Using a person&#39;s newly determined ergonomic interaction factor (their weight divided by the contact area of the bottom of their feet), padding material can be varied to suit the intended purpose. For example, a person who weighs 200 lbs and has 50 squared inches of foot contact area on both feet exerts 4 pounds per square inch (psi) on the ground from merely standing. Therefore, they would require a padding exhibiting at least 4 psi compression deflection for stationary activities (200 lbs/50 in 2 ). This padding can take the form of the well-known stationary mats or can be incorporated in a shoe in the form of a stationary or insertable/removable insole. If that same person were to walk, they effectively remove half of the available contact area. This results in each foot exerting 8 psi (200 lbs/25 in 2 ). They, therefore, would require padding with a minimum of 8 psi compression deflection for walking activities. I f this person has a job that requires a large amount of standing and no walking, the shoes that this person uses to walk should not be the same shoes that this person uses at work. If this person also jogs, their walking shoes should differ from their jogging shoes because they may exert up to 20 psi with each impact (200 lbs/10 in 2 ) and, therefore, require different padding. In an alternate embodiment, one shoe could be suitable for multiple activities (e.g., standing, walking and/or running) by inserting the appropriate insole into the shoe for the intended activity. 
         [0053]    At the same time, the material should be able to bounce back after use. In other words, the material should exhibit low compression set. Interestingly, if the padding has the proper compression resistance for the intended purpose, compression set becomes less of an issue. If a person only exerts enough force to deflect the cushioning material 25%, they are not exerting the same amount of force that resulted in the compression set. The ASTM compression set method (D 1056) requires that the material be compressed 50%. Nonetheless, in choosing a material, the lower the compression set factor the better. For one reason, repetitive use may alter the material. We know this is true when we look at our own shoes and see the wear patterns. In addition, many people use one shoe for many purposes. Based on our example, if a person takes their stationary shoe that has 4 psi padding and goes jogging, they may subject the padding to forces as high as 20 psi. If the padding does not have sufficient compression set resistance, the person may have just ruined the support provided in their stationary shoes. Even if a person is diligent in using the proper shoe for the proper purpose, stuff happens. Perhaps one of their children or animals step on their feet, adding extra force, or, in a work environment, a hand truck may roll over or a box may land on a foot. By choosing a material with a low compression set resistance factor, both day-to-day life and human error can occur without affecting the shoes intended purpose. 
         [0054]    A variety of materials are available to meet the needs of each person. Currently available, the inventors are familiar with open-cell and closed-cell products. However, any other materials exhibiting the desired properties may be used in the practice of the present invention. Both open-cell and closed-cell products are available in a large variety of compression deflection ranges. Preferably, the compression deflection range will be narrow to provide support tailored to each individual and their intended purpose. However, padding may still be capable of providing proper ergonomic support to both stationary and walking activities. In addition, alternate padding may be designed that supports both walking and running. 
         [0055]    Open cell material looks and acts like a sponge. Closed cell material looks like a bunch of bubbles glued together. When force is applied to an open cell product, after release of the force, the product bounces back to shape because the open cell structure allows air to flow back into the material. On the contrary, when force is applied to a closed cell product, some of the bubbles may burst, resulting in a loss of cushion and support. The closed cell structure impedes the flow of air so that the structure does not return to its original shape as quickly after release of the force. 
         [0056]    Open-cell foam products typically have lower compression set numbers. However, their structure permits the absorption of water, which may require them being sealed to prevent mold and mildew when utilized in the present invention. For example, Rubberlite Inc. offers a polyurethane open-cell product called HYPUR-CEL™ H0705 that may be used in the present invention. The product supports 3 to 7 psi and 3% maximum compression set. Rubberlite Inc. also offers closed-cell sponge rubber materials that may be used in the present invention. Two in particular, IV2 supports 5.0 to 9.0 psi and IV3 supports 9.0 to 13.0 psi. Both products exhibit 40% compression set. Armacell LLC offers a neoprene blend named IG-2 that supports 5 to 9 psi and 25% compression set. These materials are provided for exemplary purposes only and not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. 
         [0057]    The present inventors recently discovered that some shoe manufacturers only utilize the compression set and shock attenuation properties of a padding material in shoe development. Shock attenuation is used to assess impact and rebound properties of a material. Some of the results provided by the shock attenuation test include peak acceleration, which is a measure of the rate of change in velocity (i.e., the slow down) as a cylinder hits a material, and energy return percent, which is the percentage of the peak velocity coming out divided by the velocity at impact. While these values may be important in analyzing running shoes, which experience repetitive impact, they are not as critical for works shoes and the like. 
         [0058]    The inventors performed testing that compared the properties of two types of ergonomic matting with a variety of commercially available shoes, as well as the combination of the shoes and mats. The results, tabulated below, are the mean of ten test impacts. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Compression 
                 Shock 
                 Shock 
               
               
                   
                 Deflection 
                 Attenuation/ 
                 Attenuation/ 
               
               
                   
                 in psi 
                 Peak Acceleration 
                 % Energy 
               
               
                   
                 (ASTM D 3574 
                 in G*s 
                 Return 
               
               
                 Test Material  
                 Modified) 
                 (ASTM F 1614) 
                 (ASTM F 1614) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Mat 1 
                 21.30 
                 9.75 +/− 0.06 
                 43.86 +/− 0.34 
               
               
                 Mat 2 
                 17.65 
                 11.84 +/− 0.10  
                 38.23 +/− 0.47 
               
               
                 Shoe 1 Heel 
                 64.60 
                 9.08 +/− 0.08 
                 42.25 +/− 0.49 
               
               
                 Shoe 1 Ball 
                 61.27 
                 11.19 +/− 0.12  
                 42.30 +/− 0.36 
               
               
                 Shoe 1 Heel + Mat 1 
                 63.15 
                 6.76 +/− 0.05 
                 45.15 +/− 0.55 
               
               
                 Shoe 1 Ball + Mat 1 
                 46.95 
                 7.23 +/− 0.06 
                 45.83 +/− 0.76 
               
               
                 Shoe 1 Heel + Mat 2 
                 65.17 
                 7.13 +/− 0.03 
                 39.99 +/− 0.34 
               
               
                 Shoe 1 Ball + Mat 2 
                 46.90 
                 7.50 +/− 0.09 
                 42.18 +/− 0.42 
               
               
                 Shoe 2 Heel 
                 56.55 
                 11.45 +/− 0.10  
                 42.78 +/− 0.23 
               
               
                 Shoe 2 Ball 
                 73.95 
                 16.57 +/− 0.06  
                 41.14 +/− 0.13 
               
               
                 Shoe 2 Heel + Mat 1 
                 53.20 
                 8.09 +/− 0.03 
                 46.23 +/− 0.55 
               
               
                 Shoe 2 Ball + Mat 1 
                 69.60 
                 8.91 +/− 0.04 
                 46.50 +/− 0.41 
               
               
                 Shoe 2 Heel + Mat 2 
                 58.83 
                 8.52 +/− 0.04 
                 42.06 +/− 0.42 
               
               
                 Shoe 2 Ball + Mat 2 
                 66.78 
                 9.26 +/− 0.07 
                 41.06 +/− 0.50 
               
               
                 Shoe 3 Heel 
                 69.52 
                 11.26 +/− 0.04  
                 45.17 +/− 0.40 
               
               
                 Shoe 3 Ball 
                 30.25 
                 17.04 +/− 0.09  
                 44.18 +/− 0.22 
               
               
                 Shoe 3 Heel + Mat 1 
                 82.83 
                 7.95 +/− 0.02 
                 45.18 +/− 0.40 
               
               
                 Shoe 3 Ball + Mat 1 
                 59.05 
                 9.26 +/− 0.05 
                 46.68 +/− 0.46 
               
               
                 Shoe 3 Heel + Mat 2 
                 73.08 
                 8.11 +/− 0.03 
                 41.11 +/− 0.38 
               
               
                 Shoe 3 Ball + Mat 2 
                 49.45 
                 9.76 +/− 0.08 
                 40.99 +/− 0.32 
               
               
                 Shoe 4 Heel 
                 57.45 
                 9.85 +/− 0.04 
                 49.09 +/− 0.49 
               
               
                 Shoe 4 Ball 
                 54.60 
                 13.66 +/− 0.09  
                 48.57 +/− 0.50 
               
               
                 Shoe 4 Heel + Mat 1 
                 75.37 
                 7.64 +/− 0.09 
                 47.67 +/− 0.53 
               
               
                 Shoe 4 Ball + Mat 1 
                 67.80 
                 8.27 +/− 0.19 
                 45.88 +/− 0.66 
               
               
                 Shoe 4 Heel + Mat 2 
                 68.02 
                 8.04 +/− 0.07 
                 43.23 +/− 0.20 
               
               
                 Shoe 4 Ball + Mat 2 
                 65.62 
                 8.85 +/− 0.05 
                 40.85 +/− 0.20 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *1 G. apprx eq. 32 ft/sec. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0059]    Based on the foregoing test results, the compression deflection results for the mats alone are substantially less than the compression deflection results for the shoes alone or the shoes in combination with the mats. Moreover, none of the compression deflection results fall into the preferred range of Applicants&#39; proposed ergonomic interaction factor. For example, the table below provides some of the possible ergonomic interaction factors for a variety of people. Obviously, a person with a high instep may have less contact area than a person with a flat foot, and therefore, even if the shoe size and weight below apply, a different ergonomic interaction factor may result. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Men&#39;s 
                   
                   
                 Ergonomic 
               
               
                   
                 Shoe Size 
                 Contact Area 
                 Weight 
                 Interaction Factor 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 12+ 
                 34.7 
                   250+ 
                 7.2 
               
               
                   
                 11  
                 31.8 
                 225 
                 7 
               
               
                   
                 10  
                 28.9 
                 200 
                 6.9 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 26.2 
                 175 
                 6.7 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 23.1 
                 150 
                 6.5 
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 20.2 
                 125 
                 6.2 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 17.3 
                 100 
                 5.8 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0060]    The inventors have created and applied this new ergonomic interaction factor based on their experience in the ergonomic, anti-fatigue matting industry. However, even the compression deflection results for the mats (21.30, 17.65) are greater than the proposed ergonomic interaction factor for people (4-13). The higher compression deflection results for the mats and the shoes are a result of the various types of additional materials that are included in them. For example, ergonomic mats typically include a surface that minimizes risks in a work environment, such as non-conductive or insulating materials, electro-static discharge materials or any combination thereof. These materials impact the compression deflection test results for the entire mat. When a shoe is combined with the mat, the resulting compression deflection is affected by both the layers in the shoe and in the mat. The present invention adds an insole or compressible layer to existing shoes and includes the compression deflection properties of that material in the sizing information of the shoe. By enabling a person to correlate the compression deflection properties of a shoe or insole with his ergonomic interaction factor, the present invention removes the need for ergonomic matting. 
         [0061]    The inventors performed testing that compared the compression set values for the heel and ball areas of the foot of several of the inventors&#39; insoles. Test results are reproduced in tables 3-5 on the following pages. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Test 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Compression Set Under 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Constant Deflection, % 
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 ASTM D 1056-00 
                 Specimen Resultss 
               
             
          
           
               
                 50% Compression 
                 Unit of Measure 
                 30 minutes 
                 24 Hours 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1.) Ergo 
                 Heel (Red) 
                 3.39 
                 3.05 
               
               
                 Comfort—Red 
                 Ball (Red) 
                 3.05 
                 2.88 
               
               
                 2.) Ergo 
                 Heel (Orange) 
                 0.87 
                 0.70 
               
               
                 Comfort—Orange 
                 Ball (Orange) 
                 1.21 
                 1.04 
               
               
                 3.) Ergo Comfort 
                 Heel (w/Ptastlc) 
                 5.67 
                 5.67 
               
               
                 Arch—Red 
                 Ball 
                 1.55 
                 1.38 
               
               
                 4.) Ergo Comfort 
                 Heel (w/Plastic) 
                 9.53 
                 8.32 
               
               
                 Arch—Orange 
                 Ball 
                 1.14 
                 1.05 
               
               
                 5.) Ergo Comfort 
                 Heel 
                 3.36 
                 1.26 
               
               
                 Plus—Red Insert 
                 Ball 
                 2.92 
                 1.75 
               
               
                 6.) Ergo Comfort 
                 Heel 
                 6.97 
                 3.78 
               
               
                 Plus—Orange Insert 
                 Ball 
                 8.63 
                 5.12 
               
               
                 7.) Ergo Comfort 
                 Heel 
                 4.31 
                 2.83 
               
               
                 Gel—Yellow Insert 
                 Ball 
                 6.70 
                 4.98 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Test Conditions 
               
               
                 Specimen Size: 1.10″ × .5″ cylinder 
               
               
                 Compression: 50% 
               
               
                 Conditioning: 3 hours @ 73° F. 
               
               
                 Compressed Time: 22 hours 
               
               
                 Compressed Temperature: 100° F. 
               
               
                 Recovery Time to Measure: 30 minutes and 24 hours 
               
               
                 Modifications per client: 1.) Change compressed temperature from 158° F. to 100° F. 
               
               
                 2.) Record compression set at 30 minutes and 24 hours recovery time 
               
               
                 Modification: Sample results are the average of two specimens in each configuration without spacer calculation. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Test 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Compression Set Under 
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Constant Deflection, % 
                 Specimen Results 
               
             
          
           
               
                 ASTM D 1056-00 
                 % of original (no spacer) 
                 % of spacer 
               
             
          
           
               
                 50% Compression 
                 Unit of Measure 
                 30 minutes 
                 24 Hours 
                 30 minutes 
                 24 Hours 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1.) Ergo 
                 Heel (Red) 
                 3.39 
                 3.05 
                 6.77 
                 6.10 
               
               
                 Comfort—Red 
                 Ball (Red) 
                 3.05 
                 2.88 
                 6.09 
                 5.75 
               
               
                 2.) Ergo 
                 Heel (Orange) 
                 0.87 
                 0.70 
                 1.74 
                 1.39 
               
               
                 Comfort—Orange 
                 Ball (Orange) 
                 1.21 
                 1.04 
                 2.42 
                 2.07 
               
               
                 3.) Ergo Comfort 
                 Heel (w/Plastic) 
                 5.67 
                 5.67 
                 11.33 
                 11.33 
               
               
                 Arch—Red 
                 Ball 
                 1.55 
                 1.38 
                 3.10 
                 2.75 
               
               
                 4.) Ergo Comfort 
                 Heel (w/Plastic) 
                 9.53 
                 8.32 
                 19.06 
                 16.64 
               
               
                 Arch—Orange 
                 Ball 
                 1.14 
                 1.05 
                 2.28 
                 2.11 
               
               
                 5.) Ergo Comfort 
                 Heel 
                 3.36 
                 1.26 
                 6.72 
                 2.52 
               
               
                 Plus—Red Insert 
                 Ball 
                 2.92 
                 1.75 
                 5.84 
                 3.50 
               
               
                 6.) Ergo Comfort 
                 Heel 
                 6.97 
                 3.78 
                 13.95 
                 7.57 
               
               
                 Plus—Orange Insert 
                 Ball 
                 8.63 
                 5.12 
                 17.25 
                 10.24 
               
               
                 7.) Ergo Comfort 
                 Heel 
                 4.31 
                 2.83 
                 8.61 
                 5.66 
               
               
                 Gel—Yellow Insert 
                 Ball 
                 6.70 
                 4.98 
                 13.41 
                 9.96 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Test Conditions 
               
               
                 Specimen Size: 1.10″ × .5″ cylinder 
               
               
                 Compression: 50% 
               
               
                 Conditioning: 3 hours @ 73° F. 
               
               
                 Compressed Time: 22 hours 
               
               
                 Compressed Temperature: 100° F. 
               
               
                 Recovery Time to Measure: 30 minutes and 24 hours 
               
               
                 Modifications per client: 1.) Change compressed temperature from 158° F. to 100° F. 
               
               
                 2.) Record compression set at 30 minutes and 24 hours recovery time 
               
               
                 Modification: Sample results are the average of two specimens in each configuration without and with spacer calculation. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]                                                                                                                                                  TABLE 5                       Specimen Results            Test   Unit of Measure   #1   #2   #3   #4                    Compression Set, % set                       ASTM D 1056                            Percent set after   Ball   3.65   4.79   4.84   4.10       30-minute recovery   Heel   3.31   6.27   *   *       Percent set after   Ball   2.51   3.14   4.41   3.94       24-hour recovery   Heel   1.89   3.42   *   *            Compression Force, psi @ 25%                       Deflection ASTM D 1056                                Ball   22.25   19.04   16.07    23.33            Heel   27.98   17.07   *   *                    
ESD insoles were tested for resistance and the results follow in table 6.
 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Test 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Static Dissipative 
                   
                 Specimen Results 
                   
               
               
                 ASTM F 2412-05 
                 Unit of 
                 Resistance, MegaOhm 
               
             
          
           
               
                 ASTM F 2413-05 
                 Measure 
                 Right 
                 Left 
                 Both 
                 Average 
                 Requirements 
                 Pass/Fail 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1.) Kodiak Terra, 3988 (Static Dissipative) 
                 2.53 
                 2.37 
                 1.49 
                 2.13 
                 &gt;1, &lt;100 megohm 
                 Pass 
               
               
                 as received 
               
               
                 2.) Ergo Comfort, Women&#39;s 10-10.5 and 
                 78.37 
                 116.65 
                 58.70 
                 84.57 
                 &gt;1, &lt;100 megohm 
                 Fail 
               
               
                 Men&#39;s 8.5-9 - Non ESD 
               
               
                 3.) Ergo Comfort, Women&#39;s 10-10.5 and 
                 25.53 
                 27.57 
                 18.34 
                 23.81 
                 &gt;1, &lt;100 megohm 
                 Pass 
               
               
                 Men’s 8.5-0 - ESD 
               
               
                 4.) Ergo Comfort Plus - Non ESD 
                 587.24 
                 868.57 
                 525.32 
                 660.37 
                 &gt;1, &lt;100 megohm 
                 Fail 
               
               
                 6.) Ergo Comfort Plus - ESD 
                 32.11 
                 33.42 
                 21.08 
                 28.87 
                 &gt;1, &lt;100 megohm 
                 Pass 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0062]      FIG. 1  provides a generic diagram of a shoe  10 . Most shoes contain a mid sole  14 , an outer sole  12 , a heel  16 , an upper  18 , a toe box  17  and a tongue  19 . Either of these soles  12 ,  14  may extend the full length of the shoe  10  or be shortened, depending upon the intended purpose. The material of the present invention can be used in either of these locations. The mid sole  14  or the outer sole  12  can be made with the padding discussed. If open-cell foam is used, the top and/or bottom area will need to be sealed to prevent water absorption. As described earlier, open-cell foam requires some unsealed surfaces in order to properly breathe. Other occupational requirements, such as steel toes, non-slip soles, non-conductive or insulating material, electro-static discharge material or any combination thereof can also be accommodated by a shoe incorporating the padding of the present invention. 
         [0063]    Another option is to provide an insole for use for an intended purpose.  FIG. 2  provides a perspective view of a second generic shoe  20  found commonly in the prior art. In this example, the shoe  20  includes a mid sole  24 , an outer sole  22 , a heel  26 , and an upper  28 .  FIG. 3  shows an insole  25  according to the present invention being placed into a generic shoe  20 . A person could have one shoe  20  and two or three different insoles  25  that could be used depending on the person&#39;s intended activity and ergonomic interaction factor. The use of interchangeable insoles  25  provides the added benefit of extended shoe life. For example, a person who works on a manufacturing line is required to stand in one spot for long periods of time. Therefore, the outer portion of the shoe  20  experiences little wear and tear. However, the insole  25  of the shoe  20  is subject to large amounts of pressure and possibly even temperature, depending on the conditions. On a routine basis, the person can switch out the insole  25  to maintain the needed support and also to reduce odors caused by feet. This will be much less expensive than replacing the shoe  20 . 
         [0064]    The insole has the added benefit of being in direct contact with the foot. This means that no layers interfere with the interaction between the insole and the foot and, as a result, the foot experiences true ergonomic comfort. 
         [0065]    In another embodiment, an “external insole” is envisioned. Rather than subject the padding to direct contact with the foot, the padding could be attached to the bottom of the shoe by any known or future created attachment mechanisms. Once again, the life of the shoe is extended and the comfort of the worker is maintained. 
         [0066]    In another embodiment, the shoe may comprise multiple layers of different material. For example, an open cell material may comprise the top layer and provide a layer that bounces back after wear. Below this, a closed cell material may comprise a middle layer that absorbs higher impact action, or larger psi. The top layer provides the day-to-day support, but the middle layer cushions against the occasional extra force that may be encountered. Another example may provide the reverse layering for the same purpose; a closed cell top layer and an open cell middle layer. In another example, the wear patterns of a person&#39;s old shoes could be reviewed and a shoe with extra padding in those locations could be crafted. 
         [0067]      FIGS. 3 and 4  illustrate two examples of shoes  30 ,  40  incorporating multiple layers in the sole. The shoe  30  of  FIG. 3  includes a single compressible layer  35  between the sole  32  and the upper  38 . The shoe  40  of  FIG. 4  includes a multi-layer compressible layer  45  between the sole  42  and the upper  48 . Either compressible layer  35 ,  45  may be made of one or more materials that provide the shoe  30 ,  40  with the proper range of compression deflection for its intended purpose. As discussed in above, a variety of materials are available for this purpose. 
         [0068]    In addition, the bottom  31 ,  41  of the sole  32 ,  42  may include protrusions, abrasive surfaces, such as silica coating, or patterns such as diamond tread to improve traction in a work facility. The shoe  30 ,  40  may also include steel toes, non-conductive or insulating materials, electro-static discharge material or any combination thereof. 
         [0069]    In  FIG. 5 , the insole  55  comprises an primary sole portion  51 , a ball area  50 , an arch support area  53  and a heel area  52  each with different compression set and compression deflection values corresponding to the desired wearability and comfort values chosen for that particular area of a particular user&#39;s foot. It is anticipated that each of the four areas of the insole includes open cell foam, but may also include layers of closed cell foam or combinations of open and closed cell as required. Other embodiments of the insole include any or all four areas of the insole comprising gel type material characterized by compression set and compression deflection values as described in any of tables 1 through 5. 
         [0070]      FIG. 6  shows insole  55  including areas  50  and  52  which carry a heavier load than the remainder of insole  55 . Areas  50  and  52  comprise materials which configured to carry a heavier load. The EIF or ergonomic interaction factor characterizing areas 50 and  52  are higher than the EIF for the rest of the insole. 
         [0071]    To provide electrostatic discharge protection, lightly conductive thread  56  and  57  in insole  60 , in  FIGS. 7 and 8  respectively, is sewn into the ball area of the insole. Stitches of thread 56 and  57  pass from the top to the bottom and back, in insole  60 . The thread conducts static charges from the ball of a wearer&#39;s foot through to the sole of the wearer&#39;s shoe. The shoe includes a sole which is also slightly conductive and therefore passes the charge from the insole on to the floor which is ideally also slightly conductive. The resistance of the thread is approximately 100,000 ohms per centimeter of thread. Considering that there are at least 40 stitches or so as shown in  FIG. 7 , this creates an overall resistance from the foot to the shoe insole of less than 1000 ohms or so. The idea is not to create a short circuit from a user&#39;s foot to the floor, but rather, a path which will drain off a residual charge which a user may pick up. 
         [0072]    Tailoring each person&#39;s shoes or insoles to their intended purpose based on the proposed invention may allow employers to eliminate anti-fatigue matting and the safety and maintenance hazards associated therewith. Each employee will be more comfortable at his or her job, and therefore more productive, because shoes provide the support their body needs. 
       EXAMPLE 1 
       [0073]    Jane Smith is a nurse at the local hospital. She spends twelve hours on her feet per shift. The hospital requires specific shoes that do not properly support Jane&#39;s feet and she experiences much discomfort. Jane orders hospital shoes incorporating the present invention. The ergonomic padding provides the needed support to properly do her job. Her superiors commend her on her improved productivity. 
       EXAMPLE 2 
       [0074]    A surgeon spends a large amount of time on his feet in one position performing surgeries. Due to his state&#39;s health code, he is not allowed to use an ergonomic mat. He purchases shoes incorporating the ergonomic interaction factor in psi that he needs to properly stand for long time periods. He finds that he is capable of operating an additional two hours with the new shoes. 
         [0075]      FIG. 9  shows a cross section of the parts of a combination  100  including an upper portion  70 , and insole  90  and a sole  105 . Insole  90  is a multilayer insole including fabric layer  91 , a closed cell layer  92 , a closed cell layer  93  and an open cell layer between layers  92  and  93 . The open cell area includes a heel area  95 , an arch area  96 , a ball area  97  and portion  94  surrounding the ball area, heel area and arch area. Areas  93  through  97  are characterized by different compression set and compression deflection values chosen to provide the particular wearer with the best comfort, maximum cushioning and shock absorption to fight fatigue. Sole  105  includes a primary sole  102  with heel area  104  and ball area  106 . Likewise, areas  104 ,  105  and  106  are characterized by different compression set and compression deflection values chosen to provide the particular wearer with the best comfort, maximum cushioning and shock absorption to fight fatigue and to provide a long lasting shoe combination  100 . 
         [0076]    It is anticipated that in order to provide ESD safe work areas, a user will wear ESD rated insoles along with ESD dissipating shoes. One example of an ESD rated shoe has a polyurethane outer sole including approximately 5% carbon black, which is a substantially pure form of finely divided carbon. It is the carbon which makes the shoe sole conductive. 
         [0077]    The foregoing detailed description is given primarily for clearness of understanding and no unnecessary limitations are to be understood therefrom, for modification will become obvious to those skilled in the art upon reading this disclosure and may be made upon departing from the spirit of the invention and scope of the appended claims. Accordingly, this invention is not intended to be limited by the specific exemplification presented herein above. Rather, what is intended to be covered is within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.