Abstract:
A system and method for compensating for process, voltage, and temperature variations in a circuit is provided. A system includes an inverter having an input port, and an output port, and is configured to (i) receive an input signal, (ii) delay the received input signal, and (iii) provide the delayed signal to the inverter output port. The system also includes a logic device including at least two input ports and an output port. A first of the at least two input ports is configured to receive the delayed signal. Finally, the system includes a charge storing device having a first end coupled, at least indirectly, to a second of the at least two input ports and a second end coupled to a logic device common node. The charge storing device is configured to (i) receive the input signal and (ii) sense a rate of change in voltage of the received input signal, the sensed voltage being representative of a corresponding current. The logic device output port is configured to output an output signal responsive to the delayed signal and the corresponding current.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     The present application is a Divisional of U.S. Non-Provisional application Ser. No. 10/293,259, filed Nov. 14, 2002, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/361,033, filed Mar. 1, 2002, all of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0003]     The present invention relates generally to controlling electrical characteristics associated with input/output (I/O) circuits. More particularly, the present invention relates to developing I/O circuits having electrical characteristics, such as operating frequencies, that are independent of variations in fabrication process, supply-voltage, and temperature (PVT) conditions.  
         [0004]     2. Related Art  
         [0005]     I/O circuits are used to interface traditional integrated circuits (ICs) with electrical environments external to the IC. The I/O circuit acts as a driver for signals generated by the IC and provides these signals to a pad, which in-turn interfaces with the external electrical environment. The I/O circuit may also receive signals from the external electrical environment through the pad. A critical challenge in the design, fabrication, and operation of these I/O circuits is that their electrical characteristics may vary depending on the particular PVT conditions.  
         [0006]     In order to create independence between the electrical characteristics of the I/O circuits and PVT conditions, it is desirable that the Slew-rate (change in pad-voltage Vpad with rise time/fall time) should be relatively constant. In other words, the transient current drive [I=(dVpad/dt)/C load =Slew-rate/C load , where C load =load capacitance] of the I/O circuit should be independent of the PVT conditions.  
         [0007]     Traditional approaches for ensuring that the electrical characteristics of I/O circuits remain independent of PVT conditions include complicated switching arrangements. These switching arrangements, for example, switch the number of fingers between the pre-driver and the output driver devices. These traditional approaches, however, consume unacceptable amounts of the IC&#39;s real estate and are therefore less than optimal.  
         [0008]     What is needed, therefore, is an efficient technique to ensure that the electrical performance of I/O circuits remains substantially stable and independent from PVT variations.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0009]     Consistent with the principles of the present invention as embodied and broadly described herein, an exemplary apparatus includes an inverter having an input port, and an output port, and configured to (i) receive an input signal, (ii) delay the received input signal, and (iii) provide the delayed signal to the inverter output port. The apparatus also includes a logic device including at least two input ports and an output port. A first of the at least two input ports is configured to receive the delayed signal. Finally, the system includes a charge storing device having a first end coupled, at least indirectly, to a second of the at least two input ports and a second end coupled to a logic device common node. The charge storing device is configured to (i) receive the input signal and (ii) sense a rate of change in voltage of the received input signal, the sensed voltage being representative of a corresponding current. The logic device output port is configured to output an output signal responsive to the delayed signal and the corresponding current.  
         [0010]     The present invention enables control of the output current drive of I/O circuits independent of the PVT conditions. This is made possible by making the gate drive and the effective width of the output driver p-channel metal oxide semiconductor (PMOS) and n-channel metal oxide semiconductor (NMOS), dependent on the rate of rise of a sense voltage. When the sense voltage rises faster than normal, the gate drive of the output driver PMOS is reduced or the number of fingers of the output driver PMOS that is conducting is reduced and when the sense voltage falls faster than normal, the gate drive of the output driver NMOS is reduced or the number of fingers of the output driver NMOS that is conducting is reduced. This keeps the pad voltage rise and fall time relatively independent of fabrication process, supply-voltage and temperature. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS/FIGURES  
       [0011]     The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate an embodiment of the invention and, together with the description, explain the purpose, advantages, and principles of the invention.  
         [0012]      FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of an exemplary output circuit constructed and arranged in accordance with the present invention;  
         [0013]      FIG. 2   a  is a schematic diagram of a PMOS portion of a circuit constructed and arranged in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0014]      FIG. 2   b  is a schematic diagram of the NMOS portion of the circuit constructed and arranged in accordance with the first embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0015]      FIG. 3   a  is a schematic diagram of a PMOS portion of a circuit constructed and arranged in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0016]      FIG. 3   b  is a schematic diagram of the NMOS portion of the circuit constructed and arranged in accordance with the second embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0017]      FIG. 3   c  is an illustration of current flow through the circuit shown in  FIG. 3   a;    
         [0018]      FIG. 3   d  is an illustration of current flow through the circuit shown in  FIG. 3   b;    
         [0019]      FIG. 4   a  is a variation of the circuit shown in  FIG. 3   a;  and  
         [0020]      FIG. 4   b  is a variation of the circuit shown in  FIG. 3   b.   
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0021]     The following detailed description of the present invention refers to the accompanying drawings that illustrate exemplary embodiments consistent with this invention. Other embodiments are possible, and modifications may be made to the embodiments within the spirit and scope of the present invention. Therefore, the following detailed description is not meant to limit the invention. Rather, the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims.  
         [0022]     It would be apparent to one of skill in the art that the present invention, as described below, may be implemented in many different embodiments of hardware, software, firmware, and/or the entities illustrated in the figures. Any actual software code with specialized control hardware to implement the present invention is not limiting of the present invention. Thus, the operation and behavior of the present invention will be described with the understanding that modifications and variations of the embodiments are possible, given the level of detail presented herein.  
         [0023]     An exemplary output circuit  100  is shown in  FIG. 1 . A pad  102  is driven by fingers of PMOS  104  and  106  and fingers of NMOS  108  and  110 . A gate signal received by PMOS  104  is indicated by p 0 _gate and is directly generated from a pre-driver-p signal  112 . A gate signal of NMOS  108  is indicated by n 0 _gate and is directly generated from a pre-driver-n signal  114 . The gate signal for PMOS  106  is derived from PMOS PVT compensator circuit  116  and the gate signal of NMOS  110  is derived from an NMOS PVT compensator circuit  118 .  
         [0024]     When the PVT condition is such that the fall of the p 0 _gate signal is slow, the PMOS PVT compensator circuit  116  produces a quickly falling p 2 _gate signal. When the PVT condition is such that the fall of the p 0 _gate signal is fast, the PMOS PVT compensator circuit  116  produces a slowly falling p 2 _gate signal. When the PVT condition is such that the rise of the n 0 -gate signal is slow, the NMOS PVT compensator circuit  118  produces a quickly rising n 2 _gate signal. When the PVT condition is such that the rise of the n 0 _gate signal is fast, the NMOS PVT compensator circuit  118  produces a slowly rising n 2 _gate signal.  
         [0025]     The basic idea of the compensator circuits  116  and  118  is that the rate of change of the voltage signals p 0 _gate/n 0 _gate at gates of drivers, PMOS  104  and NMOS  108 , is sensed by a capacitor Cfb, within corresponding PVT compensator circuits  116  and  114 . A resulting current [I sense =Cfb*dVgate/dt] is used to adjust respective gate drive signals p 2 _gate/n 2 _gate of remaining drivers PMOS  106  and NMOS  110 .  
         [0026]     Exemplary transistor level implementations of the compensator circuits  116  and  114  are respectively shown in  FIGS. 2   a  and  2   b.  The PMOS PVT compensator circuit  116  shown in  FIG. 2   a  includes an inverter/delay stage  200 , a logic gate stage  202 , and a capacitor (Cfbp)  204 . In the present exemplary embodiment, the inverter/delay stage  200  is implemented using an inverter and the logic gate stage  202  is implemented using a NAND gate.  
         [0027]     The inverter/delay stage  200  is comprised of a PMOS active device  206  and an NMOS active device  207 . Although the active devices  206  and  207  are implemented using respective pull-up and pull down transistors, the present invention can be implemented using other varieties of active devices. Further, although the active device  207  is shown to have a substrate node  208 , the substrate node  208  is not used in the present embodiment. Traditional power supplies provide supply voltages V DD0  for the PMOS device  206  and V SSC  for the NMOS device  207 . As shown in  FIG. 2A , gates of the active device  206  and  207  form a first input port  209  to the compensator circuit  116 . The first input port  209  is configured to receive the input signal p 0 _gate. A connection between a source of the active device  206  and a drain of the active device  207  forms an output port of the inverter/delay stage  200 .  
         [0028]     The logic gate stage  202  is implemented in the present invention as a NAND gate including active devices  212 ,  214 ,  216 , and  218 . As shown, a logic gate stage  202  input port  211  is formed of gates of the active devices  212  and  214 . A connection of the source of the active device  212 , the drain of the active device  214 , and the source of the active device  218  forms an output port  220  of the compensator circuit  116 . A connection point between gates of the active devices  216  and  218  and a first end of the capacitor  204  form a node  222 . An optional resistor  205  may also be connected between the node  222  and the power supply providing the voltage V DD0 . The optional resistor  205  can be used to set the steady-state bias voltage of node  222  to V DD0 . The resistors used herein can be implemented as MOSFET resistors. The other end of the capacitor  204  forms a second input port  224  to the compensator circuit  116 . The second circuit input port  224  is also configured to receive the input signal p 0 _gate.  
         [0029]     The voltage at the node  222  is dependent on PVT conditions and thus the gate drive signal p 2 _gate also depends on PVT conditions. When the voltage of the pad  102  is to be pulled high, due to the PVT conditions, the voltage p 0 _gate falls and becomes low. When the fall of the p 0 _gate signal is fast, the corresponding current [Ip=Cfbp*dV(p 0 _gate)/dt] through capacitor  204  is large. This quickly reduces the voltage at the node  222  and therefore one of the inputs  211  and  222  to the logic gate stage  202  becomes low. This makes the output drive voltage p 2 _gate of the NAND gate within the logic gate stage  202  high.  
         [0030]     On the other hand, when the fall of the p 0 _gate signal is slow, as might also occur due to variations in PVT conditions, the current (Ip) through capacitor  204  is small. This in-turn keeps the voltage at the node  222  high and thus one of the inputs to the NAND gate becomes high. The other input  211  to the voltage of p 0 _gate is low. This makes the output drive voltage p 2 _gate produced at the output port  220  low, since both of the inputs to the NAND gate, within the logic gate stage  202 , are high.  
         [0031]     The NMOS PVT compensator circuit  118  is shown in  FIG. 2   b.  The NMOS PVT compensator circuit  118  cooperatively functions with the compensator circuit  116  to ameliorate the effects of PVT variations in I/O circuits, such as the I/O circuit  100  shown in  FIG. 1 .  
         [0032]     The compensator circuit  118  includes an inverter/delay stage  230 , a logic gate stage  232 , and a capacitor (Cfbn)  234 . The capacitors of the present invention can be implemented in many ways including MOS capacitors, Metal-Oxide-Metal capacitors etc. In the NMOS circuit  118 , the inverter/delay stage  230  is also implemented using an inverter, as in the case of the inverter/delay stage  200  above. The inverter/delay stage  230  respectively includes PMOS and NMOS active devices  235  and  236 .  
         [0033]     Gates of the active devices  235  and  236  combine to form a first input port  233  to the NMOS PVT compensator circuit  118 . The first input port  233  is configured to receive the input signal n 0 _gate. An inverter/delay stage  230  output port is formed of a source and a drain of the active devices  235  and  236  respectively. The output port of the inverter/delay stage  230  is coupled to an input port  239  of the logic gate stage  232  of the compensator circuit  118 .  
         [0034]     The logic gate stage  232  is implemented using a NOR gate, which is in-turn formed using active devices  237 ,  238 ,  240 , and  242 . A connection point of the source of the active device  238 , the drain of the active device  236 , and the drain of the active device  242  forms an output port  244  of the compensator circuit  118  from it NOR gate that is configured to output a signal n 2 _gate. A connection point between gates of the active devices  240  and  242  and a first end of the capacitor  234  forms a node  246 . An optional resistor  248  may also be connected between the node  246  and the power supply providing the voltage V SSC . The other end of the capacitor  234  forms a second input port  250  to the compensator circuit  118 . The second circuit input port  224  is also configured to receive the input signal n 0 _gate.  
         [0035]     A voltage at the node  246  depends on PVT conditions and thus the signal n 2 _gate also depends on PVT conditions. When the voltage of the  102  pad is pulled low, the voltage n 0 _gate is correspondingly pulled high. When the rise of n 0 _gate signal is fast, the current [ln=Cfbn*dV(n 0 -gate)/dt] through the capacitor  234  is large. This quickly increases the voltage at node  246 . Since the voltage at the node  246  quickly increases, the input  246  to the NOR gate becomes high. Correspondingly, the output voltage n 2 _gate of the NOR gate becomes low. When the rise of the n 0 _gate signal is slow, the current (In) through capacitor  234  is small. This keeps the voltage at the node  246  low and so the associated input to the NOR gate becomes low. The other input  239  to the NOR gate is low since it is the inverse of voltage of n 0 _gate and voltage of n 0 _gate is high. This makes the output voltage n 2 _gate of the NOR gate high since both the inputs are low.  
         [0036]     Another exemplary transistor level implementation of the compensator circuit, including circuit portions  300  and  302 , is illustrated in  FIGS. 3A and 3B . This implementation requires pre-driver signals (P) and (N) inputs in addition to p 0 _gate and n 0 _gate input signal. A PMOS compensator circuit  300  is shown in  FIG. 3A .  
         [0037]     In the circuit  300  of  FIG. 3A , a capacitor (Cfbp 30 )  328  senses the rate of change of the pre-driver voltage V p  of the signal (P). When the pre-driver voltage V p  quickly increases with time [high rising dV p /dt], a current [I 31 ] flows across the capacitor  328  depending on the dV p /dt and the particular value of the capacitors [I 30 =Cfbp 30 *dVp/dt]. The increase of I 30  reduces the current (I 32 ) through PMOS transistor  324 . Using a current mirror with multiplication, this reduction in current (I 32 ) is multiplied to the required level and the resulting current reduces the gate drive of NMOS  312  and simultaneously increases the gate drive of PMOS  314 . This results in control of the gate-drive p 2 _gate applied to a sub-section (fingers) of the PMOS driver  106 . The current mirror includes PMOS transistors  320  and  324 .  
         [0038]     The ratio of the effective width/length (W/L) of the device  320  to  324 , is Kp, also known as the current multiplication factor. When the reduction in the current (I 32 ) occurs through the device  324 , the reduction in the current (I 33 ) through the device  320  is Kp* 132 . A resistor  326  is used to set the steady-state bias voltage of node  316  to V DD0 . The current flowing through NMOS  318  is equal to the current that flows through PMOS transistor  320 . The ratio of effective W/L of NMOS  312  to NMOS  318  is Kn, the current multiplication factor. When the reduction in current  133  occurs through nmos  318 , the reduction in current (I 34 ) through PMOS  314  is Kn*I 33  =Kn*KP*I 32 . The current flow through the PMOS compensator circuit  300  is shown in  FIG. 3C .  
         [0039]     When the dV p /dt is small, the PMOS fingers  106  and  106  are enabled through their respective gate drive signals p 0 _gate and p 2 _gate. When the dV p /dt gets larger, the current through capacitor  328  increases, which in-turn increases the voltage of the node  322 . Consequently, the voltage of node  316  is also lowered, resulting in the voltage of the p 2 _gate going higher and disabling a portion of the PMOS finger  106 . Thus, the total current supplied from the PMOS fingers  104  and  106  is kept relatively constant and the rate of rise of the pad-voltage (rising Slew-rate) associated with the pad  102  is kept relatively constant. In short, when the current supplied by portion of PMOS MPd 0  becomes higher, a portion of the PMOS  106  is disabled by the PVT compensation circuit  300  to keep the total current supplied by the PMOS fingers  104  and  106  constant across varying PVT conditions.  
         [0040]     A similar circuit  302  is used in the driver NMOS section, as shown in  FIG. 3B . When a pre-driver voltage n increases slowly with time, the rising magnitude of dV n /dt is small, the node  347  remains at a high-voltage, which causes the node  341  to remain at a low-voltage. This occurrence leads to the voltage of the n 2 _gate going high and all of the NMOS fingers  108  and  110  are enabled through their respective gate n 0 _gate and n 2 _gate drive signals. When the dV n /dt gets larger in magnitude, a current  135  through a capacitor  352  increases which reduces a current I 36  through NMOS  348 . This reduces the current through NMOS  346  (Kn 2 *I 36 ), which in-turn reduces the current through PMOS  344 , thus increasing the voltage of node  341 , resulting in the voltage of n 2 _gate going lower. Consequently, a portion of the NMOS finger  110  is disabled. Thus the total current supplied from the NMOS  108  and  110  is relatively constant and hence the rate of fall of the pad-voltage (falling Slew-rate) is kept relatively constant. A current flow through the NMOS compensator circuit  302  is shown in  FIG. 3D .  
         [0041]     Still other exemplary transistor level circuits  400  and  402  of the compensator circuits of the present invention are shown in  FIGS. 4A and 4B . The embodiment shown in  FIGS. 4A and 4B  is a variation of the embodiment of  FIGS. 3A and 3B  respectively, wherein a current source is used to provide a wider analog control over the voltage of the p 2 _gate and n 2 _gate. In  FIG. 4A , a bias_p gate is a controlled voltage referenced to the supply voltage V DDO . In the simplest case, bias_p is tied to V SSC . In  FIG. 4B , bias_n is a controlled voltage referenced to V SSC . In the simplest case, bias_n is tied to V DDO .  
         [0042]     The foregoing description of the preferred embodiments provide an illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible consistent with the above teachings, or may be acquired from practice of the invention.