Abstract:
In at least one embodiment, the present invention provides an electrically conductive fluid distribution plate and a method of making, and system for using, the electrically conductive fluid distribution plate. In at least one embodiment, the plate comprises a plate body defining a set of fluid flow channels configured to distribute flow of a fluid across at least one side of the plate, and a polymeric porous conductive layer proximate the plate body, with the porous conductive layer having a porosity sufficient to result in a water contact angle of the surface of less than 40°.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     The present invention relates generally to a porous electrically conductive fluid distribution plate, a method of making a porous electrically conductive fluid distribution plate, and systems using a porous electrically conductive fluid distribution plate according to the present invention. More specifically, the present invention is related to the use of a porous electrically conductive fluid distribution plate in addressing water transport difficulties in fuel cells and other types of devices.  
       BACKGROUND ART  
       [0002]     Fuel cells are being developed as a power source for many applications including vehicular applications. One such fuel cell is the proton exchange membrane or PEM fuel cell. PEM fuel cells are well known in the art and include in each cell thereof a membrane electrode assembly or MEA. The MEA is a thin, proton-conductive, polymeric, membrane-electrolyte having an anode electrode face formed on one side thereof and a cathode electrode face formed on the opposite side thereof. One example of a membrane-electrolyte is the type made from ion exchange resins. An exemplary ion exchange resin comprises a perfluoronated sulfonic acid polymer such as NAFION™ available from the E.I. DuPont de Nemeours &amp; Co. The anode and cathode faces, on the other hand, typically comprise finely divided carbon particles, very finely divided catalytic particles supported on the internal and external surfaces of the carbon particles, and proton conductive particles such as NAFION™ intermingled with the catalytic and carbon particles; or catalytic particles, without carbon, dispersed throughout a polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) binder.  
         [0003]     Multi-cell PEM fuel cells comprise a plurality of the MEAs stacked together in electrical series and separated one from the next by a gas-impermeable, electrically-conductive fluid distribution plate known as a separator plate or a bipolar plate. Such multi-cell fuel cells are known as fuel cell stacks. The bipolar plate has two working faces, one confronting the anode of one cell and the other confronting the cathode on the next adjacent cell in the stack, and electrically conducts current between the adjacent cells. Electrically conductive fluid distribution plates at the ends of the stack contact only the end cells and are known as end plates. The bipolar plates contain a flow field that distributes the gaseous reactants (e.g. H 2  and O 2 /air) over the surfaces of the anode and the cathode. These flow fields generally include a plurality of lands which define therebetween a plurality of flow channels through which the gaseous reactants flow between a supply header and an exhaust header located at opposite ends of the flow channels.  
         [0004]     A highly porous (i.e. ca. 60% to 80%), electrically-conductive material (e.g. cloth, screen, paper, foam, etc.) known as “diffusion media” is generally interposed between electrically conductive fluid distribution plates and the MEA and serves (1) to distribute gaseous reactant over the entire face of the electrode, between and under the lands of the electrically conductive fluid distribution plate, and (2) collects current from the face of the electrode confronting a groove, and conveys it to the adjacent lands that define that groove. One known such diffusion media comprises a graphite paper having a porosity of about 70% by volume, an uncompressed thickness of about 0.17 mm, and is commercially available from the Toray Company under the name Toray 060. Such diffusion media can also comprise fine mesh, noble metal screen and the like as is known in the art.  
         [0005]     In an H 2 —O 2 /air PEM fuel cell environment, the electrically conductive fluid distribution plates can typically be in constant contact with mildly acidic solutions (pH 3-5) containing F − , SO 4   −− , SO 3   − , HSO 4   − , CO 3   −− , and HCO 3   − , etc. Moreover, the cathode typically operates in a highly oxidizing environment, being polarized to a maximum of about +1 V (vs. the normal hydrogen electrode) while being exposed to pressurized air. Finally, the anode is typically constantly exposed to hydrogen. Hence, the electrically conductive fluid distribution plates should be resistant to a hostile environment in the fuel cell.  
         [0006]     One of the more common types of suitable electrically conductive fluid distribution plates include those molded from polymer composite materials which typically comprise 50% to 90% by volume electrically-conductive filler (e.g. graphite particles or filaments) dispersed throughout a polymeric matrix (thermoplastic or thermoset). Recent efforts in the development of composite electrically conductive fluid plates have been directed to materials having adequate electrical and thermal conductivity. Material suppliers have developed high carbon loading composite plates comprising graphite powder in the range of 50% to 90% by volume in a polymer matrix to achieve the requisite conductivity targets. Plates of this type will typically be able to withstand the corrosive fuel cell environment and, for the most part, meet cost and conductivity targets. One such currently available bipolar plate is available as the BMC plate from Bulk Molding Compound, Inc. of West Chicago, Ill.  
         [0007]     Alternatively, discrete conductive fibers have been used in composite plates in an attempt to reduce the carbon loading and to increase plate toughness. See copending U.S. Pat. No. 6,607,857 to Blunk, et. al., issued Aug. 19, 2003 which is assigned to the assignee of this invention, and is incorporated herein by reference. Fibrous materials are typically ten to one thousand times more conductive in the axial direction as compared to conductive powders. See U.S. Pat. No. 6,827,747 to Lisi, et. al., issued Dec. 7, 2004 which is assigned to the assignee of the present invention and is incorporated herein by reference.  
         [0008]     Another one of the more common types of suitable electrically conductive fluid distribution plates include those made of metal coated with polymer composite materials containing about 30% to about 40% by volume conductive particles. In this regard, see U.S. Pat. No. 6,372,376 to Fronk et al., issued Apr. 16, 2002, which (1) is assigned to the assignee of this invention, (2) is incorporated herein by reference, and (3) discloses electrically conductive fluid distribution plates made from metal sheets coated with a corrosion-resistant, electrically-conductive layer comprising a plurality of electrically conductive, corrosion-proof (i.e. oxidation-resistant and-acid resistant) filler particles dispersed throughout a matrix of an acid-resistant, water insoluble, oxidation-resistant polymer that binds the particles together and to the surface of the metal sheet. Fronk et al-type composite coatings will preferably have a resistivity no greater than about 50 ohm-cm and a thickness between about 5 microns and 75 microns depending on the composition, resistivity and integrity of the coating. The thinner coatings are preferred to achieve lower IR drop through the fuel cell stack.  
         [0009]     As discussed above, a great percentage of the electrically conductive fluid distribution plates comprise either a conductive polymeric composite material or a metallic base layer coated with a conductive polymer composite material. While these types of plates currently have acceptable water management properties, there is a desire to provide an electrically conductive fluid distribution plate having increased water management properties.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0010]     In at least one embodiment, an electrically conductive fluid distribution plate is provided comprising a plate body defining a set of fluid flow channels configured to distribute flow of a fluid across at least one side of the plate, and a polymeric porous conductive layer proximate the plate body having a porosity sufficient to result in a water contact angle of the surface of less than 40°.  
         [0011]     In yet another embodiment, a method of manufacturing a fluid distribution plate is provided comprising providing a plate body having a body defining a set of fluid flow channels configured to distribute flow of a fluid across at least one side of the plate, and providing a polymeric porous conductive layer on the body having a porosity sufficient to result in a water contact angle of less than 40°.  
         [0012]     In still yet another embodiment, a fuel cell is provided. In at least one embodiment, the fuel cell comprises a first electrically conductive fluid distribution plate comprising a plate body defining a set of fluid flow channels configured to distribute flow of a fluid across at least one side of the plate, and a polymeric porous conductive layer proximate the plate body having a porosity sufficient to result in a water contact angle of the surface of less than 40°. The fuel cell further includes a second electrically conductive fluid distributing plate, and a membrane electrode assembly separating the first electrically conductive fluid distribution plate and the second electrically conductive fluid distribution plate. The membrane electrode assembly comprises an electrolyte membrane, having a first side and a second side, an anode adjacent to the first side of the electrolyte membrane, and a cathode adjacent to the second side of the electrolyte membrane.  
         [0013]     The present invention will be more fully understood from the following description of preferred embodiments of the invention taken together with the accompanying drawings. It is noted that the scope of the claims is defined by the recitations therein and not by the specific discussion of features and advantages set forth in the present description. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0014]     The following detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention can be best understood when read in conjunction with the following drawings, where like structure is indicated with like reference numerals and in which:  
         [0015]      FIG. 1  is a schematic illustration of a vehicle including a fuel cell system;  
         [0016]      FIG. 2  is a schematic illustration of a fuel cell stack employing two fuel cells;  
         [0017]      FIG. 3  is an illustration of an electrically conductive fluid distribution plate according to one embodiment of the present invention; and  
         [0018]      FIG. 4  is an illustration of an electrically conductive fluid distribution plate according to another embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
       [0019]     Skilled artisans appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help to improve understanding of embodiments of the present invention.  
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0020]     The following description of the preferred embodiments is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the invention, its application, or uses. Reference will now be made in detail to presently preferred compositions, embodiments and methods of the present invention, which constitute the best modes of practicing the invention presently known to the inventors. The figures are not necessarily to scale. However, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention that may be embodied in various and alternative forms. Therefore, specific details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a representative bases for the claims and/or as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present invention.  
         [0021]     Except in the examples, or where otherwise expressly indicated, all numerical quantities in this description indicating amounts of material or conditions of reaction and/or use are to be understood as modified by the word “about” in describing the broadest scope of the invention. Practice within the numerical limits stated is generally preferred. Also, unless expressly stated to the contrary: percent, “parts of”, and ratio values are by weight; the term “polymer” includes “oligomer”, “copolymer”, “terpolymer”, and the like; the description of a group or class of materials as suitable or preferred for a given purpose in connection with the invention implies that mixtures of any two or more of the members of the group or class are equally suitable or preferred; description of constituents in chemical terms refers to the constituents at the time of addition to any combination specified in the description, and does not necessarily preclude chemical interactions among the constituents of a mixture once mixed; the first definition of an acronym or other abbreviation applies to all subsequent uses herein of the same abbreviation and to normal grammatical variations of the initially defined abbreviation; and, unless expressly stated to the contrary, measurement of a property is determined by the same technique as previously or later referenced for the same property.  
         [0022]     Referring to  FIG. 1 , an exemplary fuel cell system  2  for automotive applications is shown. It is to be appreciated, however, that other fuel cell system applications, such as for example, in the area of residential systems, may benefit from the present invention.  
         [0023]     In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 1 , a vehicle is shown having a vehicle body  90 , and an exemplary fuel cell system  2  having a fuel cell processor  4  and a fuel cell stack  15 . A discussion of embodiments of the present invention as embodied in a fuel cell stack and a fuel cell, is provided hereafter in reference to  FIGS. 2-6 . It is to be appreciated that while one particular fuel cell stack  15  design is described, the present invention may be applicable to any fuel cell stack designs where fluid distribution plates have utility.  
         [0024]      FIG. 2  depicts a two fuel cell, fuel cell stack  15  having a pair of membrane-electrode-assemblies (MEAs)  20  and  22  separated from each other by an electrically conductive fluid distribution plate  30 . Plate  30  serves as a bi-polar plate having a plurality of fluid flow channels  35 ,  37  for distributing fuel and oxidant gases to the MEAs  20  and  22 . By “fluid flow channel” we mean a path, region, area, or any domain on the plate that is used to transport fluid in, out, along, or through at least a portion of the plate. The MEAs  20  and  22 , and plate  30 , may be stacked together between clamping plates  40  and  42 , and electrically conductive fluid distribution plates  32  and  34 . In the illustrated embodiment, plates  32  and  34  serve as end plates having only one side containing channels  36  and  38 , respectively, for distributing fuel and oxidant gases to the MEAs  20  and  22 , as opposed to both sides of the plate.  
         [0025]     Nonconductive gaskets  50 ,  52 ,  54 , and  56  may be provided to provide seals and electrical insulation between the several components of the fuel cell stack. Gas permeable carbon/graphite diffusion papers  60 ,  62 ,  64 , and  66  can press up against the electrode faces of the MEAs  20  and  22 . Plates  32  and  34  can press up against the carbon/graphite papers  60  and  66  respectively, while the plate  30  can press up against the carbon/graphite paper  64  on the anode face of MEA  20 , and against carbon/graphite paper  60  on the cathode face of MEA  22 .  
         [0026]     In the illustrated embodiment, an oxidizing fluid, such as O 2 , is supplied to the cathode side of the fuel cell stack from storage tank  70  via appropriate supply plumbing  86 . While the oxidizing fluid is being supplied to the cathode side, a reducing fluid, such as H 2 , is supplied to the anode side of the fuel cell from storage tank  72 , via appropriate supply plumbing  88 . Exhaust plumbing (not shown) for both the H 2  and O 2 /air sides of the MEAs will also be provided. Additional plumbing  80 ,  82 , and  84  is provided for supplying liquid coolant to the plate  30  and plates  32  and  34 . Appropriate plumbing for exhausting coolant from the plates  30 ,  32 , and  34  is also provided, but not shown.  
         [0027]      FIG. 3  illustrates an exemplary electrically conductive fluid distribution plate  30  comprising a first sheet  102  and a second sheet  104 . First and second sheets  102 ,  104  comprise a plurality of fluid flow channels  106 ,  108  on their exterior sides/surfaces through which the fuel cell&#39;s reactant gases flow typically in a tortuous path along one side of each plate. The interior sides of the first and second sheets  102 ,  104  may include a second plurality fluid flow channels  110 ,  112  through which coolant passes during the operation of the fuel cell. When the interior sides of first sheet  102  and second sheet  104  are placed together to form a plate body  120 , the fluid flow channels connect and form a series of channels for coolant to pass through the plate  30 .  
         [0028]     The plate body  120  may be formed from a single sheet, or plate, rather than the two separate sheets illustrated in  FIG. 3 . When the plate body  120  is formed from a single plate, the channels may be formed on the exterior sides of the plate body  120  and through the middle of the plate body  120  such that the resulting plate body  120  is equivalent to the plate body  120  configured from two separate sheets  102 ,  104 .  
         [0029]     The plate body  120  may be formed from a metal, a metal alloy, or a composite material, and has to be conductive. In one embodiment, a passivating metal or a passivating alloy forms the plate body  120 . By “passivating metal” or “passivating alloy” we mean a metal or an alloy that forms an inactive passivating layer as a result of reaction with ambient substances such as air or water. For example, the passivating layer (not shown) may be a metal oxide. Metal oxides typically act as barriers to further oxidation by requiring oxygen to diffuse through the layer to reach the metal or alloy surface. Thus, the passivating layer can protect the integrity of the metal or metal alloy.  
         [0030]     Suitable metals, metal alloys, and composite materials should be characterized by sufficient durability and rigidity to function as a fluid distribution plate in a fuel cell. Additional design properties for consideration in selecting a material for the plate body include gas permeability, conductivity, density, thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance, pattern definition, thermal and pattern stability, machinability, cost and availability.  
         [0031]     Available metals and alloys include aluminum, titanium, stainless steel, nickel based alloys, and combinations thereof. Composite materials may comprise graphite, graphite foil, graphite particles in a polymer matrix, carbon fiber paper and polymer laminates, polymer plates with metal cores, conductively coated polymer plates, and combinations thereof.  
         [0032]     First and second sheets  102 ,  104  are typically between about 51 to about 510: (microns) thick. The sheets  102 ,  104  may be formed by machining, molding, cutting, carving, stamping, photo etching such as through a photolithographic mask, chemical etching or any other suitable design and manufacturing process. It is contemplated that the sheets  102 ,  104  may comprise a laminate structure including a flat sheet and an additional sheet including a series of exterior fluid flow channels. An interior metal spacer sheet (not shown) may be positioned between the first and second sheets  102 ,  104 .  
         [0033]     In the schematically illustrated plate  30  of  FIG. 3 , the substrate  102 ,  104  forming the structural component of the body  120  comprises a corrosion-susceptible metal such as aluminum, titanium, stainless steel, and nickel based alloys. The working faces of the plate  30  are covered with a conductive polymeric composite coating  125 . In at least one embodiment, the polymeric conductive coating  125  comprises an electrically-conductive, oxidation resistant, and acid-resistant protective material having a resistivity less than about 50 ohm-cm 2 , and comprises a plurality of oxidation-resistant, acid-insoluble, conductive particles (i.e. less than about 50 microns) dispersed throughout an acid-resistant, oxidation-resistant polymer matrix. Any suitable conductive polymeric coating  125  may be employed. Suitable examples of such coatings and their manner of application can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,372,376.  
         [0034]     In at least one embodiment, the conductive filler particles can be at least one of gold, platinum, graphite, carbon, palladium, niobium, rhodium, ruthenium, and the rare earth metals. In at least certain embodiments, the particles may comprise conductive carbon and graphite at a loading of 25% by weight. The polymer matrix may comprise any water-insoluble polymer that can be formed into a thin adherent film and that can withstand the hostile oxidative and acidic environment of the fuel cell. Hence, such polymers, as epoxies, polyamide-imides, polyether-imides, polyphenols, fluro-elastomers (e.g., polyvinylidene flouride), polyesters, phenoxy-phenolics, epoxide-phenolics, acrylics, and urethanes, inter alia are seen to be useful with the composite coating. Cross-linked polymers may be employed for producing impermeable coatings, with polyamide-imide thermosetting polymers being most preferred.  
         [0035]     In at least one embodiment, the polymer composite layer  125  may be applied by dissolving polyamide-imide in a solvent comprising a mixture of N-methylpyrrolidone, propylene glycol and methyl ether acetate, and 21% to 23% by weight of a mixture of graphite and carbon black particles added thereto. In at least one embodiment, the graphite particles may range in size from 5 microns to 20 microns and the carbon black particles may range in size from 0.5 micron to 1.5 microns. In at least one embodiment, the mix may be sprayed on to the substrate, dried (i.e. solvent vaporized), and cured to provide 10 to 30 micron thick coating having a carbon-graphite content of 38% by weight. It may be cured slowly at low temperatures (i.e. &lt;400° F.), or more quickly in a two step process wherein the solvent is first removed by heating for ten minutes at about 300° F. to 350° F. (i.e., dried) followed by higher temperature heating (500° F. to 750° F.) for various times ranging from about ½ min to about 15 min (depending on the temperature used) to cure the polymer. As described hereinafter, the porous surface layer  130  of the invention is applied before drying and curing while the composite layer  125  is still tacky.  
         [0036]     The conductive polymer coating  125  may be applied directly to the substrate metal and allowed to dry/cure thereon, or the substrate metal (e.g., Al) may first be covered with an oxidizable metal (e.g., stainless steel) before the electrically conductive polymer composite layer  125  is applied (see Li et al. supra). The composite layer  125  may be applied in a variety of ways, e.g., brushing, spraying, spreading, or laminating a preformed film onto the substrate.  
         [0037]     In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the electrically conductive fluid distribution plate  30  includes a porous conductive coating  130  adhered to and covering polymeric conductive coating  125 . In at least one embodiment, the porous conductive coating  130  has a level of porosity suitable to result in a water contact angle of less than 40°, in another embodiment of less than 25°, in yet another embodiment of less than 10°, in still yet another embodiment of less than 5°, and in still yet another embodiment of less than 1°. While porous conductive coating  130  can extend over substantially the entire outer surface of plate  30 , as schematically illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the porous conductive coating  130  can also extend over less than the entire outer surface.  
         [0038]     Applicants have found that providing an electrically conductive distribution plate  30  having the porous conductive layer  130  with a porosity (in percent by volume) of at least 10% can result in an electrically conducted distribution plate having excellent water management properties. In at least one embodiment, the porous conductive layer  130  is substantially similar to the polymeric conductive coating  125  described above except that the porous conductive coating is more porous. In at least one embodiment, the porous conductive coating  130  of the electrically conductive fluid distribution plate  30  made in accordance with the present invention may exhibit a porosity of 10 to 50%, in other embodiments between 15 and 40%, and in yet other embodiments between 20 and 35%. Porosity may be measured by the BET surface area measurement technique.  
         [0039]     In at least one embodiment, porous conductive layer  130  of the electrically conductive fluid distribution plate  30  made in accordance with the present invention may exhibit a pore density of 50 to 3000 pores per cm of surface area, in other embodiments between 100 and 1000 pores per cm of surface area, and in yet other embodiments between 250 and 750 pores per cm of surface area. Pore density may be measured by the BET surface area measurement technique.  
         [0040]     In at least one embodiment, the porous conductive layer  130  of the electrically conductive fluid distribution plate  30  made in accordance with the present invention may exhibit an average pore diameter of 0.05 to 1 microns, in other embodiments between 0.1 and 0.5 microns. Average pore diameter may be measured by scanning electron microscopy.  
         [0041]     The electrically conductive fluid distribution plate  30  of the present invention can be made by providing the porous conductive layer  130  of the plate  30  having at least one of the porosity ranges discussed above. The average porosity of the surface of a conventional plate is typically below 5% and has a water contact angle of above 80°.  
         [0042]     The manner in which the desired level of porosity of the porous conductive layer  130  is achieved is not necessarily important. The porous conductive layer  130  can be provided in any suitable manner, such as chemically or mechanically. One exemplary manner is to provide a wet layer of polymeric conductive coating of the same or similar composition as used to form conductive polymeric composite coating  125  over conductive polymeric composite coating  125 . The wet polymeric conductive layer can be provided in any suitable manner such as by spraying. Prior to the wet polymeric conductive layer fully drying, a suitable pore producing agent can be embedded within the wet polymeric conductive layer. The pore producing agent can be embedded in any suitable manner, such as by spraying, Doctor Blade coating, and screen printing.  
         [0043]     The wet polymeric layer with the pore producing agent embedded within can then be dried or cured. If excess pore producing agent is remaining on the surface of the cured polymeric layer with the pore producing agent embedded therein after curing, the surface layer can be wiped or cleaned of the excess pore producing agent in any suitable manner. After the wet polymeric conductive layer is cured, the suitable pore producing agent can be exposed to a removal media to cause the pore producing agent to form pores within the conductive polymeric layer to form a porous conductive coating  130 . Any suitable amount of pore producing agent can be added to wet polymeric conductive layer to result in the porous conductive coating  130  having the desired porosity.  
         [0044]     In at least certain embodiments, the pore producing agent can be any suitable pore producing agent, such as a pore forming agent, a foaming agent, and mixtures thereof. In at least one embodiment, the removal media can be any suitable media, such as heat, and solvent for removing the pore producing agent to form pores in the coating  130 .  
         [0045]     In at least one embodiment, the pore producing agent is in the form of a solid granular pore forming agent with a predetermined particle diameter, such as 0.1 to 10 microns. Some examples of suitable pore forming agents include, but are not necessarily limited to, any suitable inorganic salt such as carbonates and bicarbonates. Some examples of suitable carbonates include, but are not necessarily limited to sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, ammonium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, magnesium bicarbonate, calcium bicarbonate, zinc carbonate, barium carbonate, and mixtures thereof.  
         [0046]     Some examples of other suitable pore forming agents include nitrites, such as sodium nitrites.  
         [0047]     Some examples of other suitable pore forming agents include certain organic pore forming compounds such as camphor, urea and derivatives of camphor or urea, and mixtures thereof.  
         [0048]     Examples of suitable solvent removal medias include, but are not necessarily limited to, acid, water and bases.  
         [0049]     In at least one embodiment, the pore producing agent comprises a foaming agent. Any suitable foaming agent and process may be used. Suitable foaming agents include physical and chemical foaming agents, such as azo compounds, azodicarbonamide, hydrazines, such as trihydrazinotriazine, tetrazoles, such as 5-phenyltetrazole, benzoxazines and semicarbazides.  
         [0050]     In another embodiment, the pore surface layer  130  could be formed by forming pores in the outer surface layer  130  after it has been cured and formed. In this embodiment, pins or other protrusions could be penetrated into a heated and/or softened layer  130  to form pores therein. In this embodiment, the pins or protrusions may also be heated either in addition to, or in lieu of, heating the layer  130 .  
         [0051]     In at least one embodiment, when a lower contact resistance is desired, the pore producing agent can be mixed with a conductive material such as graphite, gold, platinum, carbon, palladium, niobium, rhodium, ruthenium and the rare earth metals. In this embodiment, the mixture of the pore producing agent and the conductive material could be in any suitable proportion. However, it is anticipated that a 75/25 mixture of pore producing agent and conductive material to a 25/75 mixture of pore producing agent and conductive material is likely to find utility. In at least one embodiment, a particularly preferred mixture comprises a 50/50 mixture of graphite (superior graphite BG-34) and sodium carbonate.  
         [0052]      FIG. 4  illustrates another embodiment of the present invention. The plate  30 ′ and body  120 ′ illustrated in  FIG. 4  are similar in construction and use to the plate  30  and body  120  illustrated in  FIG. 3 . Parts of the plate  30 ′ that are substantially the same as the corresponding parts in the plate  30  illustrated in  FIG. 3  are given the same reference numeral and parts of the plate  30 ′ that are substantially different than the corresponding parts in the plate  30  are given the same part number with the suffix “′” (prime) added for clarity.  
         [0053]     The body  120 ′ of the electrically conductive fluid distribution plate  30 ′ is made (e.g. molded) entirely of composite material, and the porous surface layer  130  is formed on the exterior surface of the composite that engages the diffusion media. In this embodiment, conductive coating  125  is not necessary. The composite material of the plate  30 ′ can be any suitable conductive composite material for forming plates, such as a polymer composite material comprising 50% to 90% by volume electrically-conductive filler (e.g. graphite particles or filaments) dispersed throughout a polymeric matrix (thermoplastic or thermoset).  
         [0054]     In another embodiment, the porous surface layer  130  could be formed by molding the composite plate  30 ′ in a textured mold that would render the exterior surface of the composite plate  30 ′ with the desired porosity. In this embodiment, when employing the use of a textured mold, the porous layer  130  can extend into the composite plate body  120 ′ to a depth of 1 to 5 micrometers.  
         [0055]     An electrically conductive fluid distribution plate according to the various embodiments of the present invention has excellent water management properties. It should be understood that the principles of the present invention apply equally as well to unipolar plates and bipolar plates.  
         [0056]     The present invention will be further explained by way of example. It is to be appreciated that the present invention is not limited by the example.  
       EXAMPLE  
       [0057]     A metal bipolar plate is first coated with a conductive protective polymeric coating such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,372,376. This first coating helps to protect the underlying metal (e.g. stainless steel) from corroding in the aggressive fuel cell environment and is flashed for 10 minutes at 150° C. and then cured at 260° C. for 15 minutes. After the plate cools down, a second layer of the same polymeric coating is then sprayed onto the first coating. This wet layer is then dusted with a mixture (50/50 by weight) of graphite (e.g. superior graphite BG-34) and sodium carbonate and is then cured using the same curing cycle as the first coating. After curing, dry extra dust (graphite and sodium carbonate) is wiped off the plate. The coated plate is then dipped in an acidic solution of 0.1 M H 2 SO 4  to dissolve the sodium carbonate particles that are embedded in the top layer, evolving gases (e.g. CO 2 ) that forms pores inside the top layer. The plate is then washed and dried to remove any salt that might remain on the surface as a result of the dissolution of the sodium carbonate. The exterior coating has a porosity of &gt;30% as measured by BET measurement techniques. The water contact angle on this plate is measured to be less than 10°.  
         [0058]     While embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described, it is not intended that these embodiments illustrate and describe all possible forms of the invention. Rather, the words used in the specification are words of description rather than limitation, and it is understood that various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.