Abstract:
The invention disclosed herein includes a system and method for electronically transferring data through a communications connection in a transparent manner such that the data transfer does not interfere with other traffic sharing the connection. The invention transfers data using bandwidth of the connection that other traffic are not using. If other traffic desires to use the bandwidth currently being used by the invention, the invention relinquishes the bandwidth to the other traffic and retreats to avoid bandwidth contention. Although a retreat may cause gaps in the data transferred, a key aspect of the invention is that any missing data due to these gaps is recovered easily and in a bandwidth-efficient way using novel error correction and recovery.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/183,581, entitled “System and Method for Transparent Electronic Data Transfer Using Error Correction to Facilitate Bandwidth-Efficient Data Recovery,” filed Jun. 26, 2002, now allowed, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD  
       [0002]     The present invention relates in general to electronic data transfer and in particular to a system and a method for transmitting and receiving data in a tractable manner that retreats when congestion is detected such that the data transfer is transparent to other traffic. Although a retreat may cause gaps in the data transferred, any missing data due to these gaps are recovered easily and in a bandwidth-efficient way using a novel error correction and recovery scheme.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0003]     As technology becomes increasingly a part of current society, the electronic transfer of information and data is becoming more widespread. Electronic data transfer involves the electronic transmission and reception of data. Electronic data transfer may take many forms, such as the broadcasting of network television over the airwaves, cable television delivered by cable to paying subscribers, and the satellite transmission of consumer entertainment.  
         [0004]     One of the most popular mediums for electronic data transfer is the World Wide Web (WWW) via the Internet. The Internet facilitates the connection of a multitude of computers to form the WWW, an enormous computer network. In general, a computer network is two or more computing devices that are connected by communication facilities. The network typically includes a server, which is a computing device that provides shared resources to clients on the network, and a client, which is a computing device that accesses the shared network resources provided by the server using the communication facilities. One or more clients may be request information from a server, which then transmits the information to the requesting clients.  
         [0005]     A client typically connects to the network using a fixed bandwidth connection, such as a dial-up, a DSL, or a cable modem connection. On a fixed bandwidth connection, each application on the client must compete for the available bandwidth with other applications on the same machine or other machines on the same network. For example, if a user uses a client application to start downloading a large file (such as a video file or software patch) from a web site, and then wants to use a browser application on the client to surf the Internet, both the client application and the browser will be competing for the available bandwidth of the fixed connection.  
         [0006]     In general, the user will experience a noticeable reduction in browser performance when using the browser while the large file is downloading. In fact, frequently the experience for the user is that it becomes excruciating slow to continue to do other things like navigate the WWW or check e-mail. These processes become slowed down tremendously by the large file that is being downloaded simultaneously because the download uses a large amount of bandwidth.  
         [0007]     One cause of the large reduction in performance when a large file is downloading has to do with the type of protocols involved in transferring data. There are two common protocols that run over Internet Protocol (IP), namely TCP and UDP. In general, TCP is a responsive flow that has a feedback feature that detects congestion. Specifically, by noting that rate at which the client is receiving the data, the server knows the level of congestion in the connection. Using TCP a server begins sending data at a low rate continues increasing the rate so long as the client continues receiving the data. Once the client notifies the server that it is losing portions of the transmitted data, the server backs off the rate at which data is sent. On the other hand, UDP is a non-responsive flow that has essentially no feedback feature. A server using UDP simply sends the data out at a certain rate and has no way of knowing whether the client received the data or not. UDP often is used for real-time streaming of video where there is no time to have feedback.  
         [0008]     Another type of non-responsive flow used by servers to transmit data to any client that is listening is multicast. Multicast is a compute network equivalent of broadcasting. Like a television broadcast, there may be a million clients receiving the transmitted data but the server has no way of knowing who is receiving. It is well know that responsive flows, such as TCP, which back off in the presence of congestion, fare poorly when contending for bandwidth with non-responsive flows, such as UDP and multicast.  
         [0009]     Because non-responsive flows like UDP have no feedback feature, the server transmitting data to the client has no way of knowing whether the client is receiving all of the data. Some clients may be receiving all of the data, but many clients will be routinely losing a percentage of the data sent for various reasons causing a gap in the downloaded file. Thus, each client generally will have different loss characteristics or loss patterns. The loss patterns may change depending on what is occurring on each client. For example, gaps may be cause in one client by a problem with the network connection, and in another client by the browser being used to surf the WWW.  
         [0010]     If the server is multicasting, one solution to gaps is to continuously repeat the multicast. For instance, if a file takes six hours to download and a few packets are missing, the client can listen again around the time the packets are being multicast again. In reality, however, this solution does not work well because it becomes harder to obtain the final packets needed to complete the downloaded file. This is a probability problem known as the “Coupon Collector&#39;s Problem”, and in the above example the loss of even a few packets might require the client to listen to the multicast another several more times just to acquire a small number of missing packets. If the multicast was six hours long, this process could take several hours or days. This is a highly inefficient use of bandwidth.  
         [0011]     Accordingly, a need exists for a system and a method for electronic data transfer that allows recovery from gaps in a bandwidth efficient manner. In addition, there is a need for an electronic data transfer system and method that is transparent to other applications such that contention for the available bandwidth is avoided.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0012]     The present invention includes a system and method for electronically transferring data through a communications connection in a tractable manner such that the data transfer is transparent and does not interfere with other traffic sharing the connection. The invention transfers data using bandwidth of the connection that other traffic are not using. This unused bandwidth is utilized to transfer data without affecting other traffic that may be using other portions of the bandwidth. If other traffic desires to use the bandwidth currently being used by the invention, the invention relinquishes the bandwidth to the other traffic and retreats to avoid bandwidth contention. This retreat normally implies that there will be gaps in the data received. A key aspect of the invention is an organization of the data and an error correction scheme that facilitates recovery of missing data due to these gaps in a bandwidth-efficient manner.  
         [0013]     The electronic data transfer system and method of the invention provide several advantages. First, the invention provides highly bandwidth-efficient recovery from gaps due to lost data. This error recovery is independent of the type of loss pattern associated with the client. Second, the error recovery allows the electronic data transfer system and method to be transparent to other applications. In other words, the system and method can back off or stop receiving data altogether when contention for the available bandwidth is detected. For example, if a large video file is being downloaded and the user opens a browser application to surf the Internet, the system and method will slow down or stop downloading the video file so that the user can surf the Internet at full speed. Although backing off or stopping downloading will produce gaps in the video file, obtaining the missing data is not a problem because of efficient error recovery.  
         [0014]     The electronic data transfer system of the invention generally includes at least one transmission unit and at least one reception unit. The transmission unit transmits a data signal, which contains data to be transferred, and an error correction signal, which contains error correction data for recovering any missing data. Both the data and the error correction data may be discretized into smaller segments to allow transmission over different channels or frequencies. The transmission unit includes an error correction module, which generates the error correction data. The reception unit includes a transparent download module, which manages the acquisition of the transmitted data, and a data recovery module, which uses error correction data to obtain any data missed during transmission.  
         [0015]     In one embodiment of the invention, the electronic data transfer system includes a computer network for transferring data. The computer network includes at least one server computing device that is used to transmit data over a network and at least one client computing device that is used to receive data. The server computing device includes a data socket, supplying data to the client computing device, and an error correction socket, supplying error correction data to the client computing device on an “as needed” basis. One aspect of the invention involves having the server computing device segment the data and error correction data prior to transmission, such as into packets. These packets then are transmitted to the client computing device using a plurality of channels.  
         [0016]     The client computing device includes the transparent download module and the data recovery module. The transparent download module includes a plurality of channel downloaders, which obtain the packets transmitted by the server over the plurality of channels, and a policy manager, which oversees the downloading of data from the server to the client by controlling the number of channels used. The policy manager decides how many channel downloaders should be active based on network congestion. The general goal of the policy manager is to have the client computing device subscribe to as many channels as possible without inducing network congestion. If congestion is detected, the policy manager unsubscribes from as many channels as necessary to avoid bandwidth contention.  
         [0017]     Whenever the client computing device unsubscribes from channels due to congestion, data packets may be lost, leaving a gap in the data being downloaded from the server. In order to recover the missing packets, the electronic data transfer system of the invention includes an error correction. This error correction includes an error correction data module on the server computing device. The error correction data module uses the discrete data (such as data packets) and a discrete error correction data constructor to generate error correction data packets. The data recovery module on the client computing device includes an equation system constructor and an equation system solver. The equation system constructor uses the error correction data packets, the data packets not received, the number of data packets missing, and the data packets received to construct a system of equations. These system of equations are solved by the equation system solver to recover the missing data packets.  
         [0018]     The electronic data transfer method of the invention generally includes transmitting discrete data, transmitting discrete error correction data, and receiving the discrete data. A determination is made whether all of the discrete data was received and, if not, then the discrete error correction data is obtained. The missing discrete data is recovered from the discrete error correction data obtained. A plurality of channel downloaders are used to receive each type of data, and the reception of data is controlled by the policy manager. In addition, when a channel downloader is active it reports a congestion status to the policy manager. The policy manager receives this congestion status from each active channel downloader and, based on this information, decides which whether to active additional channel downloaders or deactivate active channel downloaders.  
         [0019]     The error recovery method of the invention occurs on both the server and the client. On the server, discrete error correction data is formed by combining probabilistic weights and each of the discrete data. If the client has not received all of the downloaded discrete data, then the discrete error correction data is obtained and the missing segments of the discrete data are recovered from the discrete error correction data. This is performed on the client by constructing a system of equations from the discrete error correction data obtained and solving these equations for the missing discrete data. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0020]     The present invention can be further understood by reference to the following description and attached drawings that illustrate aspects of the invention. Other features and advantages will be apparent from the following detailed description of the invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the present invention.  
         [0021]     Referring now to the drawings in which like reference numbers represent corresponding parts throughout:  
         [0022]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating a general overview of the electronic data transfer system and method disclosed herein.  
         [0023]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram illustrating a network data transfer system, which is an implementation of the electronic data transfer system and method of  FIG. 1  in a computer network environment.  
         [0024]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram illustrating a computing apparatus suitable for use with the network data transfer system and method shown in  FIG. 2 .  
         [0025]      FIG. 4  is a detailed block/flow diagram illustrating data transfer between a client and several servers using the network data transfer system and method.  
         [0026]      FIG. 5  is a detailed block diagram illustrating the modules of the server computing device and client computing device shown in  FIG. 4 .  
         [0027]      FIG. 6  is a general flow diagram illustrating an operational overview of the electronic data transfer system and method.  
         [0028]      FIG. 7  is a detailed flow diagram illustrating the operational details of a channel downloader, such as the channel downloaders shown in  FIG. 4 .  
         [0029]      FIG. 8  is a detailed flow diagram illustrating the operational details of the policy manager shown in  FIG. 4 .  
         [0030]      FIG. 9  is a detailed flow diagram illustrating the operational details of the error correction data module residing on the server computing device and shown in  FIGS. 1 and 5 .  
         [0031]      FIG. 10  is a detailed flow diagram illustrating the operational details of the data recovery module residing on the client computing device and shown in  FIGS. 1 and 5 . 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0000]     I. Introduction  
         [0032]     The electronic data transfer system and method set forth herein provides a transparent use of bandwidth for transferring data along with efficient error recovery. Using the invention, a large file may be transferred over a limited bandwidth connection without interfering with other traffic. This is accomplished by relinquishing the bandwidth whenever other traffic is present, such that the large file is received during the times when bandwidth is not being used. As soon as there is other traffic present contending for the bandwidth, the present invention yields to the other traffic. Although surrendering the bandwidth frequently causes gaps in the data received, later acquisition of the missing data is accomplished in a bandwidth-efficient manner using error recovery. This error recovery of the present invention allows k pieces of lost data to be recovered by obtaining k plus a safety value (k+safety value) pieces of error correction data. The error recovery is achieved by constructing the error correction data in a novel manner, as described in detail below.  
         [0033]     By way of example, in a computer network environment a client can download from a server a large file having no latency constraint (for example, the file is not a real-time audio or video stream) without interfering with other applications running on the client. Thus, if a user wants to use a browser application to surf the Internet while downloading the large file, the invention will back off or stop altogether the downloading of the file. This avoids slowing down the user&#39;s Internet experience. If any packets of data are lost due to the backing off, the acquisition of the lost data is simple and efficient due the error recovery scheme used in the invention.  
         [0000]     II. General Overview  
         [0034]     The present invention includes an electronic data transfer system and method for transferring data using at least two signals. The first signal includes a data signal containing data to be transferred. This data is typically divided or segmented into discrete data. The second signal is an error correction signal containing error correction data for efficient error recovery. The error correction data includes a probabilistic weighted combination of the discrete data. If any one of the discrete data are lost during the transfer, each of one of the lost discrete data may be obtained by acquiring a small number (relative to the number of discrete data) of the error correction data.  
         [0035]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating a general overview of the electronic data transfer system and method disclosed herein. In general, the electronic data transfer system  100  transmits data from a transmission unit  105  to one or more reception units (reception unit ( 1 ) to reception unit (M)). The data may be transferred in several ways, such as over the air, using a satellite, or through a wire. The electronic data transfer system  100  transmits the data such that any portion of the data lost in the transmission can be recovered by receiving a minimum amount of error correction data. Specifically, the transmission unit  105  includes an error correction module  110  that generates a discrete error correction data  115  using a discrete data  120 . The discrete error correction data  115  and the discrete data  120  are designated as discrete because they are divided into separate segments (such as packets used in a computer network). The discrete data  120  is sent to a first transmission point  125  where the discrete data  120  is transmitted as a data signal  130 . Similarly, the discrete error correction data  115  is sent to a second transmission point  135  where the discrete error correction data  115  is transmitted as an error correction signal  140 . The data signal  130  and the error correction signal  140  are transmitted on different channels or frequencies. In addition, each of the pieces of discrete data or discrete error correction data may be sent over different channels or frequencies.  
         [0036]     Each of the reception units includes a transparent download module  145  and a data recovery module  150 . The transparent download module  145  manages the acquisition of the data signal  130 . The data recovery module  150  receives the error correction signal and uses the received error correction data to obtain any data missed during transmission. The data signal  130  is received by reception unit ( 1 ) using a first reception point  155  and the error correction signal  140  is received using a second reception point  160 . Reception unit ( 2 ) receives the data signal  130  using a third reception point  165  and the error correction signal  140  using a fourth reception point  170 . Similarly, reception unit (M) receives the data signal  130  using a (M−1) th  reception point  175  and the error correction signal  140  using a M− th  reception point  180 .  
         [0037]     As shown in  FIG. 1 , depending on the need, each of the reception units can received either the data signal  130 , the error correction signal  140 , or both. For example, reception unit ( 1 ) is obtaining the discrete data  120  by listening to the first reception point  155  and receiving the data signal  130 . Reception unit ( 2 ) is receiving the data signal  130  and the error correction signal  140 . Reception unit (M) is only receiving the error correction signal by listening to the M− th  reception point  180 . This situation may occur if reception unit (M) had previously downloaded the data signal  130  and had not received all of the discrete data  120 . Reception unit (M) is listening to the error correction signal to obtain the lost discrete data.  
         [0000]     III. Computer Network Implementation Overview  
         [0038]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram illustrating a network data transfer system  200 , which is an implementation of the electronic data transfer system and method of  FIG. 1  in a computer network environment. The network data transfer system  200  includes a server computing device  205 , which is an example of the transmission unit  105  of  FIG. 1 ) and a plurality of client computing devices (client computing device ( 1 ) to client computing device (P)), which are example of the reception units of  FIG. 1 . The server computing device  205  serves data to the client computing devices upon request. The server computing device  205  and the client computing devices communicate over a network  208 .  
         [0039]     The server computing device  205  includes the discrete data  120  and a data socket  210  for transmitting the discrete data  120 . In addition, the server computing device  205  includes the discrete error correction data  115  and an error correction socket for transmitting the discrete error correction data  115 . The discrete error correction data  115  includes a weighted combination of the discrete data and allows a client computing device to obtain recover missing data packets in an efficient manner. The discrete data  120  and the discrete error correction data  115  are divided into discrete pieces, such as packets of data for sending over the network  208 . The data socket  210  and the error correction socket  215  allow the client computing devices to subscribe and obtain the discrete data  120  and discrete error correction data  115  sent by the server computing device. The server computing device  205  also includes the error correction module  110  generating the discrete error correction data  115 .  
         [0040]     Each of the client computing devices includes the transparent download module  145 , for downloading from the server computing device  205  in a transparent manner, and the data recovery module  150 , for recovering missing pieces of the discrete data  120  from the discrete error correction data  115 . Client computing device ( 1 ) is shown listening (or subscribing) to the data socket  210  for obtaining the discrete data  120 . Client computing device ( 2 ) is shown subscribing to both the data socket  210  and the error correction socket  215  for obtaining both discrete data  120  and discrete error correction data  115 . Client computing device (P) is shown subscribing only to the error correction socket  215  to obtain the discrete error correction data  115 .  
         [0000]     IV. System Details and Exemplary Operating Environment  
         [0041]     The network data transfer system  200  shown in  FIG. 2  is designed to operate in a computing environment. The follow discussion is intended to provide a brief, general description of a suitable computing environment in which the invention may be implemented.  
         [0042]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram illustrating a computing apparatus suitable for use with the network data transfer system shown in  FIG. 2 . Although not required, the invention will be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention may be practiced with a variety of computer system configurations, including personal computers, server computers, hand-held devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and the like. The invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located on both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices.  
         [0043]     With reference to  FIG. 3 , an exemplary system for implementing the invention includes a general-purpose computing device  300 , where the server computing device  205  and the client computing devices shown in  FIG. 2  are examples of the general-purpose computing device  300 . In particular, the computing device  300  includes the processing unit  302 , a system memory  304 , and a system bus  306  that couples various system components including the system memory  304  to the processing unit  302 . The system bus  306  may be any of several types of bus structures including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. The system memory includes read only memory (ROM)  310  and random access memory (RAM)  312 . A basic input/output system (BIOS)  314 , containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within the computing device  300 , such as during start-up, is stored in ROM  310 . The computing device  300  further includes a hard disk drive  316  for reading from and writing to a hard disk, not shown, a magnetic disk drive  318  for reading from or writing to a removable magnetic disk  320 , and an optical disk drive  322  for reading from or writing to a removable optical disk  324  such as a CD-ROM or other optical media. The hard disk drive  316 , magnetic disk drive  328  and optical disk drive  322  are connected to the system bus  306  by a hard disk drive interface  326 , a magnetic disk drive interface  328  and an optical disk drive interface  330 , respectively. The drives and their associated computer-readable media provide nonvolatile storage of computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules and other data for the computing device  300 .  
         [0044]     Although the exemplary environment described herein employs a hard disk, a removable magnetic disk  320  and a removable optical disk  324 , it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other types of computer readable media that can store data that is accessible by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, digital video disks, Bernoulli cartridges, random access memories (RAMs), read-only memories (ROMs), and the like, may also be used in the exemplary operating environment.  
         [0045]     A number of program modules may be stored on the hard disk, magnetic disk  320 , optical disk  324 , ROM  310  or RAM  312 , including an operating system  332 , one or more application programs  334 , other program modules  336  and program data  338 . A user (not shown) may enter commands and information into the computing device  300  through input devices such as a keyboard  340  and a pointing device  342  (such as a mouse). In addition, other input devices (not shown) may be connected to the computing device  300  including, for example, a microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, or the like. These other input devices are often connected to the processing unit  302  through a serial port interface  344  that is coupled to the system bus  306 , but may be connected by other interfaces, such as a parallel port, a game port or a universal serial bus (USB). A monitor  346 , such as a display device, is also connected to the system bus  306  via an interface, such as a video adapter  348 . In addition to the monitor  346 , computing devices such as personal computers typically include other peripheral output devices (not shown), such as speakers and printers.  
         [0046]     The computing device  300  may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer  350 . The remote computer  350  may be another personal computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to the computing device  300 , although only a memory storage device  352  has been illustrated in  FIG. 3 . The logical connections depicted in  FIG. 3  include a local area network (LAN)  354  and a wide area network (WAN)  356 . Such networking environments are commonplace in offices, enterprise-wide computer networks, intranets and the Internet.  
         [0047]     When used in a LAN networking environment, the computing device  300  is connected to the local network  354  through a network interface or adapter  358 . When used in a WAN networking environment, the computing device  300  typically includes a modem  360  or other means for establishing communications over the wide area network  356 , such as the Internet. The modem  360 , which may be internal or external, is connected to the system bus  306  via the serial port interface  344 . In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computing device  300 , or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device  352 . It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers may be used.  
         [0048]      FIG. 4  is a detailed block/flow diagram illustrating data transfer between a client computing device and several server computing devices using the network data transfer system and method. In general, a client computing device  400 , which is an example of the client computing devices shown in  FIG. 2 , subscribes to different streams of data transmitted by a server computing devices (server computing device ( 1 ) to server computing device (Y). The client computing device  400  and the server computing devices communicate through a network connection  410 .  
         [0049]     The client computing device  400  includes the transparent download module  145  and the data recover module  150 . The transparent download module  145  includes a plurality of channel downloaders (channel downloader ( 1 ) to channel downloader (X)). The channel downloaders connect (or subscribe) to a particular data stream being sent by a server computing device to download data. The downloading of the data is under the control of a policy manager  420 , located on the transparent download module  145 , which controls each of the channel downloaders. The policy manager  420  determines how many of the channel downloaders should be active at any time based on congestion in the network connection  410 .  
         [0050]     The policy manager  420  ensures that the download of data occurs in a transparent manner. For example, if a browser  430  and an e-mail application  440  are using the bandwidth in the network connection  410 , the policy manage  420  instructs one or more of the channel downloaders to unsubscribe from a server computing device. If the network connection  410  is clear, then the policy manager  420  instructs one or more channel downloaders to subscribe from a server computing device.  
         [0051]      FIG. 5  is a detailed block diagram illustrating the modules of the server computing device and client computing device  400  shown in  FIG. 4 . Generally, the client computing device  400  subscribes to a server computing device  500  to receive the discrete data  120  and, if needed, the discrete error correction data  115 . The server computing device  500  includes the discrete data  120 , discrete error correction data  115  and the error correction module  110 . The error correction module includes a weights generator  510  that generates weights. The error correction module  110  receives the discrete data  120 , processes the discrete data  120  using the weights generator  510 , and outputs discrete error correction data  115 . Both the discrete data  120  and the discrete error correction data  115  are available to the client computing device  400  upon request.  
         [0052]     The client computing device  400  includes the transparent download module  145 , as described in detail in  FIG. 4 , and the data recover module  150 . The data recovery module  150  includes an equation system constructor  520 , which generates a system of equations from the discrete error correction data  115 . The inputs to the equation system constructor  520  are a listing of discrete data not received  530 , a number of discrete data that are missing  535 , and a listing of discrete data received  540 . The output of the equation system constructor  520  is a system of equations  550  which, when solved, recover any missing data packets or discrete data  120 .  
         [0053]     In addition, the data recovery module  150  includes an equation systems solver  560 , which solves the system of equations  550  to recover the missing pieces of discrete data  120 . This recovered discrete data  570  represent the pieces of discrete data lost or dropped during transmission or reception.  
         [0000]     V. Operational Overview  
         [0054]     In general, the method includes provides a transparent use of bandwidth for transferring data along with unique and efficient error recovery. The error recovery provides a means to obtain any lost segments or pieces (such as packets) of discrete data using the segments of discrete data received and a number of discrete error correction data segments equal to the number of lost segments of discrete data plus a safety value. For example, assume that an entire discrete data set includes N pieces of discrete data that k segments of discrete data are lost or missing. This means that (N−k) pieces of discrete data were received. Using the error recovery disclosed herein, the k pieces of lost or missing discrete data can be recovered from the (N−k) pieces of discrete data received and (k+safety value) pieces of discrete error correction data.  
         [0055]      FIG. 6  is a general flow diagram illustrating an operational overview of the electronic data transfer system and method. In particular, the discrete data is requested (box  600 ). By way of example, the discrete data may be requested by a client from a server over a computer network. The discrete data contains pieces of discrete data equal to a total number. Next, it is determined that only a first number of pieces of the discrete data was received, and that a second number of pieces of discrete data are missing or lost (box  610 ).  
         [0056]     Once the loss is discovered, the lost data can be recovered by obtaining pieces of discrete error correction data (box  620 ). The number of pieces of discrete error correction data needed is equal to the second number plus a safety value. Using the discrete error correction data and the first number of pieces of the discrete data, the missing pieces of discrete data equal can be recovered (box  630 ).  
         [0000]     VI. Operational Details and Working Example  
         [0057]     The following working example is used to illustrate the operational details of the invention. This working example is provided as an example of one way in which the electronic data transfer method and components of the electronic data transfer method may be used. It should be noted that this working example is only one way in which the invention may be implemented, and is provided for illustrative purposes only.  
         [0000]     Channel Downloader  
         [0058]      FIG. 7  is a detailed flow diagram illustrating the operational details of a channel downloader  700 , where the channel downloaders shown in  FIG. 4  are examples of the channel downloader  700 . The channel downloader allows bandwidth efficient recovery from gaps in data received because of network congestion or voluntarily desubscribing from a channel. In particular, the channel downloader  700  initially must obtain permission from the policy manager to make a request to a server (box  710 ). If the policy manager allows, the channel downloader  700  request data from the server (box  720 ) and begins downloading the data (box  730 ).  
         [0059]     Next, a determination is made whether congestion is detected (box  740 ). If not, then the data downloading continues (box  750 ) and the check for congestion is performed again. If there is congestion detected the policy manager is notified of the congestion (box  760 ). A determination then is made whether the policy manager gives permission for the channel downloader  700  to continue the download (box  770 ). If so, then the data download continues while continually checking for congestion (box  750 ). Otherwise, the server is notified to stop transmitting data and the channel downloader  700  stops receiving data (box  780 ).  
         [0060]     The working example involves a server and a client connected in a network configuration. The present invention was running as a client application on a Pentium II 450 MHz machine. A plurality of channel downloaders were used to facilitate recovery when the client had to back off due to congestion in the network pipeline. A server contained a file that was divided into N packets, where x i  is the i th  packet of the N packet stream. The server also contained an error correction (EC) stream, where e j  is the j th  packet of the EC stream. When the client requested the file, the server transmitted the x i  packet in a UDP stream to the client. With each file to be served, the server will server the data packets x i  at a rate B d  and the error correction packets e j  at a rate B ec . It should be noted that for multiple channel downloaders each of them do not necessarily need to download data at the same rate.  
         [0061]     To obtain a file, the channel downloader on the client first requested the UDP stream x i  and stored the packets as they arrived. The channel downloader periodically sent acknowledgments to the server to signify that the channel downloader was still downloading. Congestion caused some packets to be lost, and the client informed the policy manager. Congestion was detected mainly by noting missing packets from the ordered stream. This information was supplied to the policy manager. Where multiple channel downloaders are present, the policy manager aggregates the information coming from each of the various channel downloaders. Packets may be lost also if the policy manager instructs the channel downloader to desubscribe from the data stream. Either way, the client ended up with less than the total N packets contained in the file.  
         [0062]     Using the error recovery of the invention, the channel downloader requested the error correction stream from the server (at a time when the policy manager allows it to do so). Once the client received enough es to recover the missing packets, the channel downloader desubscribed from the server. As explained in detail below, the file was successfully decoded. Once this occurred, the channel downloader terminated, thus allowing the policy manager to launch other channel downloaders if the policy manager desires. The channel downloader was able to request either the data stream or the error correction stream when the policy manager gave permission. In addition, the channel downloader had to desubscribe or request that the stream be halted when commanded to do so by the policy manager.  
         [0063]     The total number of packets received by the channel downloader was N−k+k p , where k is the number of packets lost and k p  equals k plus a small number of additional packets. By requesting the error correction packets instead of the packets that were lost, the server was spared the burden of fetching specific packets for a specific client. This task does not scale well as the number of clients increases. This is especially important for multicasting, where a server could be easily overwhelmed if it were to accept individual requests from clients.  
         [0000]     Policy Manager  
         [0064]      FIG. 8  is a detailed flow diagram illustrating the operational details of the policy manager  420  shown in  FIG. 4 . The policy manager receives status of congestion in the network connection from each of the channel downloaders (box  800 ). A determination is made whether there is any unused bandwidth available in the network connection (box  810 ). If not, then the policy manager  420  decreases the number of active channel downloaders (box  820 ). If necessary, the number may be reduced to zero so that none of the channel downloaders are active. Otherwise, if there is unused bandwidth available, the policy manager  420  increases the number of active channel downloaders (box  830 ).  
         [0065]     Because channel downloaders do not necessarily have to be at the same rate, the policy manager can intelligently manage how much bandwidth is used based on the rate of each channel downloader. In addition, the policy manager can control which channel downloaders are active in a manner calculated to spread the percentage of lost packets equally across the channels.  
         [0066]     In the working example, the client application included a policy manager controlling the channel downloaders. The policy manager dictated when subscribe and desubscribe operations should occur. The policy manager received information from each channel downloader as to whether the channel downloader is experiencing congestion. Based on this information, the policy manager decides how many channel downloaders should be active at any time.  
         [0067]     The policy manager generally was an algorithm that accepted as input the congestion status from each active channel downloader. Using the congestion status information, the policy manager decided how many channel downloaders should be active. If there was little or no congestion, the policy manager launched one or more new channel downloaders. In this example, the policy manager increased the number of active channel downloaders by one if there was little or no congestion detected. If there was congestion detected, the policy manager halted active channel downloaders as appropriate. In this example, the policy manager immediately decreased by half the number of active channel downloaders. This alleviated any contention for available bandwidth and made the system transparent. Moreover, in this example the policy manager maintained at least one single active channel downloader to notify the policy manager when network congestion has eased. This generally is acceptable as long as the channel has a very low rate.  
         [0000]     Error Recovery  
         [0068]      FIG. 9  is a detailed flow diagram illustrating the operational details of the error correction data module residing on the server computing device and shown in  FIGS. 1 and 5 . In general, the error correction module  110  generates the discrete error correction data. Specifically, the error correction module  110  operates by inputting the discrete data (box  900 ). Next, probabilistic weights are generated (box  910 ). The discrete data and probabilistic weights are combined to form the discrete error correction data (box  920 ). The weights are generated in a probabilistic manner such that each piece of discrete error correction data is a random sampling of all pieces of the discrete data. In other words, the weights are selected such that each piece of discrete error correction data is a unique combination of the discrete data. The weights can be chosen either randomly or deterministically.  
         [0069]      FIG. 10  is a detailed flow diagram illustrating the operational details of the data recovery module  150  residing on the client computing device and shown in  FIGS. 1 and 5 . The data recovery module  150  uses discrete error correction data to recover any missing or lost pieces of discrete data. In particular, the data recovery module  150  first determines the number of pieces of discrete data not received (box  1000 ). If all the discrete data was not received, the client listens to the error correction stream to obtain the missing data.  
         [0070]     Discrete error correction data is obtained from the server in a quantity that is equal to the number of pieces of discrete data not received plus a safety value (box  1010 ). This equals the total discrete error correction data obtained. The safety value is a small number that ensures that a system of equations can be solved. There may be some equations that do not uniquely determine a solution, and the safety value ensures that a few more equations are available to overcome this problem should it arise. The safety value is dependent on the number of weights selected and the number of discrete data not received. A general rule of thumb is that the safety value should be approximately 3% of the number of pieces of discrete data not received.  
         [0071]     The system of equations is constructed using the total discrete error correction data obtained (box  1020 ). In general, the system of equations is a linear system of equations. This system of equation is solved (box  1030 ) to recover the missing pieces of discrete data (box  1040 ).  
         [0000]     Mathematical Details of Error Recovery:  
         [0072]     Following are the mathematical details of the error correction and recovery method of the invention. Assume that each data channel is served in packets and that x i  is the i th  packet of an N packet data stream. An error correction (EC) stream is formed for each of the channels, e j =Σ i  x i  b ij , where e j  is the j th  packet of the EC stream, the b ij s are weights (equal to either zero or one), and all sums are modulo 2. Suppose that N−k packets from the data stream have been received by the client, in other words, k packets have been lost or are missing due to congestion or other losses. In order to repair these losses, the client receives some of the EC packets. Suppose that the client receives any k p  of the EC packets, in any order. Thus, the client receives e j  where j are any set of k p  unique indices. Denote by P a set containing the indices of the received EC packets. This gives,  
                         e   j     =       ∑     i   =   0       N   -   j       ⁢       x   i     ⁢     b   ij           ,     j   ∈   R                   =         ∑     i   ∈   A       ⁢       x   i     ⁢     b   ij         +       ∑     i   ∉   A       ⁢       x   i     ⁢     b   ij             ,     j   ∈   R             ⁢     
     ⁢       so   ⁢           ⁢   that     ,     
     ⁢         ∑     i   ∈   A       ⁢       x   i     ⁢     b   ij         =       e   j     -       ∑     i   ∉   A       ⁢       x   j     ⁢     b   ij             ,     j   ∈   R               (   1   )             
 
 or, in matrix form, 
 
 Ax   unknown   =e−Bx   known  
 
 where x unknown  is a k×1 vector containing the missing packets, x known  is a N−k×1 vector containing the packets received, e is a k p ×1 vector containing the error correction packet e j  received, and A and B are matrices containing the weights b ij  that relate each error correction e j  to the data packets x i  (these are of dimensions k p ×k and k p ×N−k, respectively). 
 
         [0073]     This is a system of k p  equations having k unknowns (the missing packets). The system of equations can be solved for the unknowns so long as k p ≧k, and the system is non-singular. This is true independently of A (the indices of the missing packets) and R (the indices of the EC packets received). In other words, it does not matter which k packets were lost and which k p  EC packets were received. The system of equations can be solved using any standard equation solving method, such as, for example, Gaussian elimination with pivoting followed by back-substitution. The size of the system to be solved is determined by the number of missing packets. In general, it is required that k p  exceed k by some amount to increase the probability that the system can be solved.  
         [0074]     The weight b ij  should be chosen so that the sequences b ij  for I=0, 1 . . . , N−1 are in general all different. Thus, each EC packet e j  will be a unique combination of the data packets. The weights can be chosen at random or deterministically. For example, set b ij  to be zero or one with probability one-half. Clearly, there is a large number of possible b ij  sequences. Thus, there is no difficulty in generating a long stream of EC packets, if necessary. Note that for an error packet to be useful in solving equation (1) it must be constructed of at least one missing packet.  
         [0075]     It should be noted that in the above discussion redundancy of the of the error correction (kp−k)/(N+kp−k) is determined by the weights b ij  and there is no concept of minimum distance. Thus, the error correction method is not comparable to block codes.  
         [0000]     Blocking  
         [0076]     Blocking involves the breaking down of large files into smaller blocks to reduce the size of the system of equations needed to be solved. The limit on the number of errors that can be corrected for a stream of length N will be determined by the largest system of equations that it is feasible to solve. By way of example, with N=1000, a 3% loss would imply k=30, and would require solving of system in 30 unknowns. Larger files can be broken into more manageable independent blocks. For example, a file with 1×10 6  packets could be broken into 100 blocks of 10000 packets each. Thus, a 3% loss could be repaired by solving 100 systems in 300 unknowns rather than the computationally challenging task of solving one system in 3×10 4  unknowns.  
         [0077]     The form of the block decomposition should be to ensure that common forms of packet loss, such as desubscribing and congestion losses, result in uniform losses from all blocks, rather than many losses from a single block. One approach is to assign packets to blocks in a round robin manner.  
         [0078]     In the working example, the error correction and recovery running on the Pentium II 450 MHz machine took 192 seconds to invert all 100 systems. This does not include time to read the data from the disk. Since the sum on the right-hand side of equation (1) involves reading the entire file once, it can be seen that computation time becomes small relative to disk access, which dominates. Calculating the right-hand side involves storing a running sum of 300×1 kilobyte for each of the 100 blocks. This implies a requirement of 30 megabytes of RAM. Thus, the error correction and recovery system and method of the invention are well within the means of even a client having modest computing resources.