Abstract:
The invention relates to an apparatus for measuring light and a luminaire comprising the apparatus. The apparatus measures light from a first light emitting device located in a first position and comprises a light transmissive device having at least three surfaces: a first surface, a second surface and a third surface; and a photo sensor. The first surface is arranged for incoming light from the first position, the second surface is arranged for reflecting incident light within the light transmissive device and the third surface is arranged such that outgoing light incides onto the photo sensor.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The invention generally relates to measurement of light, and more particularly to an apparatus for measuring light and a luminaire comprising the apparatus for measuring light. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    It is well known in the art of illumination to combine a number of light emitting diodes (LEDs) with different spectral properties to achieve white light. A common way to realize this is e.g. to combine red, blue and green LEDs. 
         [0003]    In order to retain the white light properly, the optical characteristics of each of the present LEDs should be unchanged. However, optical characteristics of a LED vary with temperature, forward current and age. 
         [0004]    An increased temperature shifts the spectrum of the LED to longer wavelengths, which means that the color of the LED will change. Additionally, spectral broadening will occur, which means that the color of the LED will not be as distinct as in a lower temperature. Moreover, the light intensity of a LED will decrease with an increased temperature. 
         [0005]    However, an increased forward current shifts the spectrum of the LED to shorter wavelengths, which means that a contrary change in color will occur. Further, the light intensity will increase. 
         [0006]    Due to aging of the LEDs, a light intensity decrease will occur, as well as a spectral change, which further effects the combined white light. 
         [0007]    Another aspect is the batch-to-batch variation, which e.g. means that because of manufacturing circumstances the peak wavelength spread and the intensity spread can vary. 
         [0008]    Hence, in order to provide a proper white light from a white light luminaire comprising a number of LEDs with different spectral properties, the dependencies of temperature, forward current and aging of the LEDs have to be taken into consideration. This can be done by introducing a feedback system in the luminaire. 
         [0009]    The feedback system determines the properties of the light from the LEDs continuously in order to make sure that each type of LED contributes in a correct manner to the combined white light. 
         [0010]    In order to determine the properties of the light, a light measuring arrangement which is arranged to measure the properties of each type of LED, or preferably each individual LED, is used. In order to make the measurement as correct as possible, the influence of surrounding LEDs and ambient light should be as low as possible. 
         [0011]    Such a solution is presented in US 2003/0030808, in which an LED luminaire which incorporates an array of red, green and blue LEDs and a feedback arrangement to maintain a desired color balance is disclosed. A single photodiode or an array of photodiodes is positioned to intercept reflected light from a partially reflecting element placed in the path of the combined output of the LED array. Individual colors are measured sequentially by pulsing the LEDs and photodiodes, or by the use of color filters. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0012]    In view of the above, an objective of the invention is to provide an apparatus for measuring the light output from an LED, which is less affected by external sources, such as other LEDs, other luminaries and ambient light. 
         [0013]    Briefly, from one point of view the invention may be described as an apparatus for measuring the light output of an individual LED, wherein the properties of the arrangement reduces the effect of external light without requiring extraordinary behavior of the LEDs, such as pulsing. 
         [0014]    A first aspect of the invention is an apparatus for measuring light from a first light emitting device located in a first position, comprising a light transmissive device having at least three surfaces: a first surface, a second surface and a third surface; and a photo sensor; wherein the first surface may be arranged for incoming light from the first position; the second surface may be arranged for reflecting incident light within the light transmissive device; and the third surface may be arranged such that outgoing light incides onto the photo sensor. 
         [0015]    Advantageously, the second surface of the light transmissive device may be arranged for reflecting incident light from another position outside said light transmissive device such that said light from said another position incides outside said photo sensor. 
         [0016]    An advantage with this aspect of the invention is that light from one direction, i.e. the direction in which the first position is situated, is transmitted to the photo sensor, but light coming from other directions are reflected away from the photo sensor. This means that the impact of ambient light and other light sources are reduced. 
         [0017]    In one embodiment of the first aspect the length of the photo sensor may be shorter than the length of the third surface. 
         [0018]    An advantage with this is that less light will incide directly onto the photo sensor, or in other words that the light impinging on the photo sensor is to a higher extent reflected on the second surface of the light transmissive device before inciding onto the photo sensor. This means that the light impinging on the photo sensor is gathered to a higher extent. 
         [0019]    Another advantage is that ambient light coming in via the first surface and reflected on the third surface, due to a wide angle, and thereafter reflected on the second surface down to the third surface is reduced to a higher extent. 
         [0020]    In another embodiment of the first aspect, an optical barrier with an opening may be placed between the third surface of the light transmissive device and the photo sensor. 
         [0021]    The advantages of this embodiment is the same as for having a photo sensor which may be shorter than the length of the third surface. 
         [0022]    Advantageously, the second surface may be coated with a reflective layer. 
         [0023]    An advantage of this is that the light is reflected to a higher extent. 
         [0024]    Further, the reflective layer may be a metal layer, e.g. an aluminum layer. 
         [0025]    In still another embodiment the apparatus comprise an interference filter for selecting light within a wavelength range, wherein the interference filter may be placed between said third surface of said light transmissive device and said photo sensor. 
         [0026]    An advantage with this aspect of the invention is that light reflected on the second surface incides onto the third surface more gathered, which means that the angle dependence of the interference filter is reduced. 
         [0027]    Advantageously, the interference filter is a Fabry-Perot filter. 
         [0028]    In yet another embodiment the apparatus further comprises an angular limiting structure placed within the light transmissive device. 
         [0029]    An advantage with this is that the light inciding onto the photo sensor is gathered to an even higher extent. 
         [0030]    Advantageously, the angular limiting structure is a hemispherical lens structure. 
         [0031]    In one embodiment the apparatus further comprises an angular limiting structure interference filter placed on the angular limiting structure. 
         [0032]    Advantageously, the light transmissive device is made of acrylate. 
         [0033]    Advantageously, the second surface and the third surface form an angle and the first surface is opposite the angle. 
         [0034]    A second aspect of the invention is a luminaire comprising a light source, an apparatus according to any of the preceding claims for measuring emitted light from said light source, and an electric device for determining whether said measured light is within a predetermined interval. 
         [0035]    An advantage with this aspect is that changes in the light source may be detected. This is very useful in applications where the light requirements are very high, e.g. in a situation where light from a number of LEDs is mixed to white light. 
         [0036]    In one embodiment the luminaire further comprises a controller for control of said light source based upon said determination made of said electric device. 
         [0037]    An advantage with this embodiment is that the properties of the light may be controlled in order to fulfill predetermined requirements. 
         [0038]    Other objectives, features and advantages of the present invention will appear from the following detailed disclosure, from the attached dependent claims as well as from the drawings. 
         [0039]    Generally, all terms used in the claims are to be interpreted according to their ordinary meaning in the technical field, unless explicitly defined otherwise herein. All references to “a/an/the [element, device, component, means, step, etc]” are to be interpreted openly as referring to at least one in-stance of said element, device, component, means, step, etc., unless explicitly stated otherwise. The steps of any method disclosed herein do not have to be performed in the exact order disclosed, unless explicitly stated. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
         [0040]    The above, as well as additional objects, features and advantages of the present invention, will be better understood through the following illustrative and non-limiting detailed description of preferred embodiments of the present invention, with reference to the appended drawings, where the same reference numerals will be used for similar elements, wherein: 
           [0041]      FIG. 1  diagrammatically illustrates the general principle of a luminaire comprising a number of LEDs and an apparatus for measuring light. 
           [0042]      FIG. 2  diagrammatically illustrates the apparatus for measuring light in more detail, and the optical path of light transmitted through the light transmissive device of the arrangement. 
           [0043]      FIG. 3  diagrammatically illustrates a first embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0044]      FIG. 4  diagrammatically illustrates a second embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0045]      FIG. 5  diagrammatically illustrates a third embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0046]      FIG. 6  diagrammatically illustrates a fourth embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0047]      FIG. 7  diagrammatically illustrates an angular limiting structure in the form of a hemispherical lens. 
           [0048]      FIG. 8  diagrammatically illustrates a fifth embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0049]      FIG. 9  diagrammatically illustrates a sixth embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0050]      FIG. 10  diagrammatically illustrates a seventh embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0051]      FIG. 11  diagrammatically illustrates an eighth embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0052]      FIG. 12  diagrammatically illustrates a luminaire comprising the apparatus for measuring light. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0053]    In  FIG. 1  the general principle of the apparatus  100  for measuring light is illustrated. 
         [0054]    An apparatus  100  for measuring light from an LED can comprise a light transmissive device  101  and a photo sensor  112 , and advantageously also an interference filter  110 . 
         [0055]    The light transmissive device  101  is placed on a circuit board  102  and has the shape of a wedge, thus comprising a first, a second and a third surface. The third surface of the light transmissive device  101  is directed towards the circuit board, the first surface is directed towards a first LED  104  and the second surface is connecting the first and third surface. 
         [0056]    The first LED  104  is placed in a first position and is further the light source which is to be measured. The light emitted from the first LED  104  incides into the light transmissive device  101 , and is illustrated by a light beam A. 
         [0057]    The first position is such that the light emitted from the first LED  104  incides easily into the apparatus  100 , which means that the first position is in front of the first surface of the light transmissive device  101 . 
         [0058]    A second LED  106  is placed in a second position. The light emitted from the second LED  106  is illustrated by a light beam B. 
         [0059]    The second position is such that the light emitted from the second LED  106  incides onto the second surface of the light transmissive device  101  and is thereby reflected away from the apparatus  100 . 
         [0060]    Ambient light or stray light can occur from other light sources, and is illustrated by a light beam C. In the illustrated case the light beam incides onto the second surface and is reflected away from the apparatus  100 . 
         [0061]    In order to improve the reflectivity of the second surface, the surface can be coated with a metal layer  108 . This metal layer can e.g. be an aluminum layer. 
         [0062]    The second surface does not only reflect outer light, such as the light from the second LED  106 , illustrated as light beam B, or ambient light, illustrated as light beam C, but also light within the light transmissive device  101 , such as the light from the first LED  104 , illustrated as light beam A. 
         [0063]    After the light from the first LED  104 , illustrated as light beam A, has been reflected on the second surface it can incide onto the interference filter  110 . The purpose of the interference filter is to filter out light with a certain wavelength, such as 520 nm if the first LED  104  is a green LED with wavelength 520 nm. The interference filter can e.g. be a Fabry Perot interferometer. 
         [0064]    Because the light inciding onto the interference filter has come into the light transmissive device  101  via the first surface and has been reflected on the second surface, the interval for the angle of incidence for the light inciding onto the interference filter has become more narrow. This will further be described in connection to  FIG. 2 . 
         [0065]    By having light with a more narrow interval of the angle of incidence, the angular dependence of the filter response of the interference filter  110  can be alleviated. 
         [0066]    After being transmitted through the interference filter  110  the light incides onto a photo sensor  112 , which registers the amount of light. 
         [0067]    In  FIG. 2  the light transmissive device  201  of the apparatus  200  and a first LED  204  are shown in more detail. 
         [0068]    The light originating from the first LED  204  inciding onto the first surface of the apparatus  200  is exemplified by two different light beams, A 1  and A 2 . The light beam A 1  represents the light inciding directly onto the first surface impinging on the second surface with an angle β 1 , and A 2  represents the light inciding near the end of the first surface impinging on the second surface with an angle β 2 . 
         [0069]    By choosing the angle between the first and third surface, herein referred to as α, the length of the wedge, herein referred to as a, the height of the wedge, herein referred to as h, and the distance between the second surface of the apparatus and the first LED, herein referred to as x, the interval for the angle of incidence onto the interference filter can be adjusted. 
         [0070]    If the first LED  204  is assumed to be a point source, which an LED essentially is, and the first LED further is assumed to be placed at the middle of the wedge height, the extreme angles of incidence impinging on an interference filter  210  are given by: 
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         [0071]    By choosing the length of the wedge to 10 μm (a=10 μm), the angle between the first and second surface to 44° (α=44°), the distance between the first surface and the first LED to 138 μm (x=138 μm) the variation in the angle of incidence is less than 4°. 
         [0000]    In  FIG. 3 , a first embodiment of the invention is illustrated. 
         [0072]    In this alternative embodiment of the present invention a photo sensor  312  only covers a part of the length of the third surface of a light transmissive device  301 . By only covering a part of the third surface, less light from the first LED will incide direct onto the photo sensor  312 , and less light will first reflect on the third surface and thereafter on the second surface and finally onto the photo sensor  312 . 
         [0073]    In  FIG. 4 , a second embodiment of the invention is illustrated. 
         [0074]    This embodiment is the same as the first embodiment apart from an interference filter  410  covering a photo sensor  412 . 
         [0075]    By having the interference filter  410  only light with a predetermined wavelength will be transmitted to the photo sensor  412 . 
         [0076]    In  FIG. 5 , a third embodiment of the invention is illustrated. 
         [0077]    In this embodiment parts of a photo sensor  512  is covered by an optical barrier  514 . This is an alternative to the second embodiment and has the same advantages as the second embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 4 . 
         [0078]    In  FIG. 6 , a fourth embodiment of the present invention is illustrated. 
         [0079]    This embodiment is the same as the third embodiment apart from an interference filter  610  covering a photo sensor  612 . 
         [0080]    By having the interference filter  610  only light with a predetermined wavelength will be transmitted to the photo sensor  612 . 
         [0081]    In  FIG. 7 , an angular limiting structure  700  in the form of a hemispherical lens structure is illustrated. 
         [0082]    One of the reasons the light transmissive device is formed as a wedge is because the interval of the angle of incidence for the light impinging onto the photo sensor becomes more narrow. An effect of this is that the angular dependency of the interference filter is reduced. By introducing an angular limiting structure  700  the angular dependency will be further reduced. 
         [0083]    On the spherical surface of the hemispherical lens a spherical lens is placed and on the plane surface of the hemispherical lens a photo sensor  712  is placed in the center of the lens. With this design only light impinging at a small angle with respect to the spherical surface of the hemispherical lens will reach the photo sensor  712 . Preferably, the sensor length is smaller than the diameter of the hemispherical lens. 
         [0084]    Four exemplified light beams are illustrated; D1, D2, D3 and D4. 
         [0085]    D1 impinges onto the hemispherical lens with an angle of incidence of 0° and at a distance x 1  from the centerline of the hemispherical lens. The light beam D 1  refracts when entering the hemispherical lens and impinges at one end of the photo sensor  712 . 
         [0086]    D2 impinges onto the hemispherical lens with an angle of incidence of 0° at the centerline. The light beam continues into the hemispherical lens without refraction and impinges in the middle of the photo sensor  712 . 
         [0087]    D3 impinges onto the hemispherical lens with an angle of incidence of 30° at a distance x 3  from the centerline. The light beam continues into the hemispherical lens without refraction, since the angle of incidence corresponds to the angle of the hemispherical lens at the place of incidence, and impinges in the middle of the photo sensor  712 . 
         [0088]    D4 impinges onto the hemispherical lens with an angle of incidence of 30° and at a distance x 4  from the centerline. Since the angle of incidence does not correspond to the angle of the hemispherical lens at the current point, the light beam is refracted before impinging onto the photo sensor  712 . 
         [0089]    In  FIG. 8 , a fifth embodiment of the present invention is illustrated. 
         [0090]    The present embodiment is the same as the third embodiment shown in  FIG. 5  apart from that an angular limiting structure  816 , here illustrated as a hemispherical lens, is present inside a light transmissive device  801 . By having the angular limiting structure  816  present, the angle of incidence of the light impinging onto a photo sensor  812  becomes even more narrow. 
         [0091]    In  FIG. 9 , a sixth embodiment of the present invention is illustrated. 
         [0092]    The present embodiment is the same as the fifth embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 8  apart from that an angular limiting structure interference filter  918  is placed on the surface, situated towards the second surface of the light transmissive device  901 , of the angular limiting structure  916 . If the angular limiting structure  916  is a hemispherical lens this surface is the spherical surface of the hemispherical lens. 
         [0093]    By having the angular limiting structure interference filter  918 , only light having the predetermined wavelength corresponding to the interference filter will be transmitted through the angular limiting structure  916 , which means that light not having the same wavelength as the light source to be measured will, to a high extent, be hindered to pass through the interference filter  916 . 
         [0094]    In  FIG. 10 , an seventh embodiment of the present invention is illustrated. 
         [0095]    The present embodiment is the same as the fifth embodiment shown in  FIG. 8  apart from that an interference filter  1010  is placed between an angular limiting structure  1016  and an photo sensor  1012 . 
         [0096]    By having the interference filter  1010  placed between an angular limiting structure  1016  and a photo sensor  1012  only light within the predetermined wavelength range corresponding to the interference filter  1010  will be transmitted to the photo sensor  1012 , which means that light not having the same wavelength as the light source to be measured will be hindered to transmit to a high extent. 
         [0097]    In  FIG. 11 , an eighth embodiment of the present invention is illustrated. 
         [0098]    The present embodiment is a combination of the sixth and seventh embodiments, in such a way that both an angular limiting structure interference filter  1118  as in the sixth embodiment and an interference filter  1110  as in the seventh embodiment are present. 
         [0099]    By having two interference filters, one before the light enters an angular limiting structure  1116  and one after the light leaves the angular limiting structure  1116 , light not having the same wavelength as the light source will be hindered to impinge on the photo sensor to a higher extent. 
         [0100]    In  FIG. 12 , a luminaire comprising a light source  1200 , an apparatus  1202  according to any of the above mentioned embodiments for measuring light from the light source  1200 , and an electric device  1204  for determining whether the measured light is within a predetermined interval. 
         [0101]    Further, the luminaire can also comprise a controller  1206  for control of the light source  1200  based upon the determination of the electric device  1204 . 
         [0102]    The invention has mainly been described above with reference to a few embodiments. However, as is readily appreciated by a person skilled in the art, other embodiments than the ones disclosed above are equally possible within the scope of the invention, as defined by the appended patent claims.