Abstract:
A dental implant comprising an anchoring head, a screw element connected to the anchoring head, and a prosthetic tooth that is connectable to said anchoring head, said anchoring head formed of a metal alloy.

Description:
[0001]    The present invention claims priority on U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/667,136 filed Jul. 2, 2012, which is incorporated herein. 
         [0002]    The invention relates generally to medical devices, and particularly to a medical device that is at least partially formed of a novel molybdenum and rhenium metal alloy, and more particularly to dental implant, implant or prosthetic device that is at least partially formed of a novel molybdenum and rhenium metal. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    The present invention is generally directed to a medical device that is at least partially made of a novel metal alloy having improved properties as compared to past medical devices. The novel metal alloy used to at least partially form the medical device improves one or more properties (e.g., strength, durability, hardness, biostability, bendability, coefficient of friction, radial strength, flexibility, tensile strength, tensile elongation, longitudinal lengthening, stress-strain properties, improved recoil properties, radiopacity, heat sensitivity, biocompatibility, etc.) of such medical device. These one or more improved physical properties of the novel metal alloy can be achieved in the medical device without having to increase the bulk, volume and/or weight of the medical device, and in some instances these improved physical properties can be obtained even when the volume, bulk and/or weight of the medical device is reduced as compared to medical devices that are at least partially formed from traditional stainless steel or cobalt and chromium alloy materials. The novel metal alloy that is used to at least partially form the medical device can thus 1) increase the radiopacity of the medical device, 2) increase the radial strength of the medical device, 3) increase the yield strength and/or ultimate tensile strength of the medical device, 4) improve the stress-strain properties of the medical device, 5) improve the crimping and/or expansion properties of the medical device, 6) improve the bendability and/or flexibility of the medical device, 7) improve the strength and/or durability of the medical device, 8) increase the hardness of the medical device, 9) improve the longitudinal lengthening properties of the medical device, 10) improve the recoil properties of the medical device, 11) improve the friction coefficient of the medical device, 12) improve the heat sensitivity properties of the medical device, 13) improve the biostability and/or biocompatibility properties of the medical device, and/or 14) enable smaller, thinner and/or lighter weight medical devices to be made. The medical device generally includes one or more materials that impart the desired properties to the medical device so as to withstand the manufacturing processes that are needed to produce the medical device. These manufacturing processes can include, but are not limited to, laser cutting, etching, crimping, annealing, drawing, pilgering, electroplating, electro-polishing, chemical polishing, cleaning, pickling, ion beam deposition or implantation, sputter coating, vacuum deposition, etc. 
         [0004]    In one non-limiting aspect of the present invention, a medical device that can include the novel metal alloy is a dental implant, a spinal implant, a prosthetic device to repair or replace a bone (e.g., acromion, atlas, axis, calcaneus, carpus, clavicle, coccyx, epicondyle, epitrochlea, femur, fibula, frontal bone, greater trochanter, humerus, ilium, ischium, mandible, maxilla, metacarpus, metatarsus, occipital bone, olecranon, parietal bone, patella, phalanx, radius, ribs, sacrum, scapula, sternum, talus, tarsus, temporal bone, tibia, ulna, zygomatic bone, etc.), a nail, screw, post, or other structural assembly that is used in a body to support a structure, mount a structure and/or repair a structure in a body such as, but not limited to, a human body. In one non-limiting application, the medical device is a dental implant dental filling, dental tooth cap, dental bridge, braces for teeth, dental teeth cleaning equipment, and/or any other medical device used in the dental or orthodontist field. 
         [0005]    In another and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the present invention, the medical device is generally designed to include at least about 25 weight percent of the novel metal alloy; however, this is not required. In one non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the medical device includes at least about 40 weight percent of the novel metal alloy. In another and/or alternative non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the medical device includes at least about 50 weight percent of the novel metal alloy. In still another and/or alternative non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the medical device includes at least about 60 weight percent of the novel metal alloy. In yet another and/or alternative non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the medical device includes at least about 70 weight percent of the novel metal alloy. In still yet another and/or alternative non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the medical device includes at least about 85 weight percent of the novel metal alloy. In a further and/or alternative non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the medical device includes at least about 90 weight percent of the novel metal alloy. In still a further and/or alternative non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the medical device includes at least about 95 weight percent of the novel metal alloy. In yet a further and/or alternative non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the medical device includes about 100 weight percent of the novel metal alloy. 
         [0006]    In still another and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the present invention, the novel metal alloy that is used to form all or part of the medical device 1) is not clad, metal sprayed, plated and/or formed (e.g., cold worked, hot worked, etc.) onto another metal, or 2) does not have another metal or metal alloy metal sprayed, plated, clad and/or formed onto the novel metal alloy. It will be appreciated that in some applications, the novel metal alloy of the present invention may be clad, metal sprayed, plated and/or formed onto another metal, or another metal or metal alloy may be plated, metal sprayed, clad and/or formed onto the novel metal alloy when forming all or a portion of a medical device. 
         [0007]    In yet another and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the present invention, the novel metal alloy that is used to form all or a portion of the medical device includes rhenium and molybdenum. The novel alloy can include one or more other metals such as, but not limited to, calcium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gold, iron, lead, magnesium, nickel, niobium, platinum, rare earth metals, silver, tantalum, titanium, tungsten, yttrium, zinc, zirconium, and/or alloys thereof. 
         [0008]    In still another and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the present invention, the novel metal alloy that is used to form all or a portion of the medical device is a novel metal alloy that includes at least about 90 weight percent molybdenum and rhenium. In one non-limiting composition, the content of molybdenum and rhenium in the novel metal alloy is at least about 95 weight percent. In another and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the content of molybdenum and rhenium in the novel metal alloy is at least about 97 weight percent. In still another and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the content of molybdenum and rhenium in the novel metal alloy is at least about 98 weight percent. In yet another and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the content of molybdenum and rhenium in the novel metal alloy is at least about 99 weight percent. In still yet another and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the content of molybdenum and rhenium in the novel metal alloy is at least about 99.5 weight percent. In a further one non-limiting composition, the content of molybdenum and rhenium in the novel metal alloy is at least about 99.9 weight percent. In still a further and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the content of molybdenum and rhenium in the novel metal alloy is at least about 99.95 weight percent. In yet a further and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the content of molybdenum and rhenium in the novel metal alloy is at least about 99.99 weight percent. As can be appreciated, other weight percentages of the rhenium and molybdenum content of the novel metal alloy can be used. In one non-limiting composition, the purity level of the novel metal alloy is such so as to produce a solid solution of the novel metal alloy. A solid solution or homogeneous solution is defined as a metal alloy that includes two or more primary metals and the combined weight percent of the primary metals is at least about 95 weight percent, typically at least about 99 weight percent, more typically at least about 99.5 weight percent, even more typically at least about 99.8 weight percent, and still even more typically at least about 99.9 weight percent. A primary metal is a metal component of the metal alloy that is not a metal impurity. A solid solution of a novel metal alloy that includes rhenium and molybdenum as the primary metals is an alloy that includes at least about 95-99 weight percent rhenium and molybdenum. It is believed that a purity level of less than 95 weight percent molybdenum and rhenium adversely affects one or more physical properties of the metal alloy that are useful or desired in forming and/or using a medical device. In one embodiment of the invention, the rhenium content of the novel metal alloy in accordance with the present invention is at last about 35 weight percent. In one non-limiting composition, the rhenium content of the novel metal alloy is at least about 40 weight percent. In another and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the rhenium content of the novel metal alloy is about 45 weight percent. In still another and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the rhenium content of the novel metal alloy is about 45-50 weight percent. In yet another and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the rhenium content of the novel metal alloy is about 47-48 weight percent. In still yet another and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the rhenium content of the novel metal alloy is about 47.6-49.5 weight percent. As can be appreciated, other weight percentages of the rhenium content of the novel metal alloy can be used. In another and/or alternative embodiment of the invention, the molybdenum content of the novel metal alloy in accordance with the present invention is at least about 35 weight percent. In one non-limiting composition, the molybdenum content of the novel metal alloy is at least about 40 weight percent. In another non-limiting composition, the molybdenum content of the novel metal alloy is at least about 45 weight percent. In still another and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the molybdenum content of the novel metal alloy is at least about 50 weight percent. In yet another and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the molybdenum content of the novel metal alloy is about 50-60 percent. In still yet another and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the molybdenum content of the novel metal alloy is about 50-56 weight percent. In another and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the molybdenum content of the novel metal alloy is about 35-90 weight percent, and the rhenium content of the novel metal alloy is about 35-90 weight percent. In still another and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the molybdenum content of the novel metal alloy is about 35-90 weight percent, and the rhenium content of the novel metal alloy is about 35-90 weight percent and the combined rhenium content and molybdenum content of the novel metal alloy is about 50-100 weight percent. As can be appreciated, other weight percentages of the molybdenum content of the novel metal alloy can be used. 
         [0009]    In still yet another and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the present invention, the novel metal alloy that is used to form all or a portion of the medical device is a novel metal alloy that includes at least about 90 weight percent molybdenum and rhenium, and at least one additional metal which includes titanium, yttrium, and/or zirconium. The addition of controlled amounts of titanium, yttrium, and/or zirconium to the molybdenum and rhenium alloy has been found to form a metal alloy that has improved physical properties over a metal alloy that principally includes molybdenum and rhenium. For instance, the addition of controlled amounts of titanium, yttrium, and/or zirconium to the molybdenum and rhenium alloy can result in 1) an increase in yield strength of the alloy as compared to a metal alloy that principally includes molybdenum and rhenium, 2) an increase in tensile elongation of the alloy as compared to a metal alloy that principally includes molybdenum and rhenium, 3) an increase in ductility of the alloy as compared to a metal alloy that principally includes molybdenum and rhenium, 4) a reduction in grain size of the alloy as compared to a metal alloy that principally includes molybdenum and rhenium, 5) a reduction in the amount of free carbon, oxygen and/or nitrogen in the alloy as compared to a metal alloy that principally includes molybdenum and rhenium, and/or 6) a reduction in the tendency of the alloy to form micro-cracks during the forming of the alloy into a medical device as compared to the forming of a medical device from a metal alloy that principally includes molybdenum and rhenium. In one non-limiting composition, the content of molybdenum and rhenium and the at least one additional metal in the novel metal alloy is at least about 90 weight percent. In another and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the content of molybdenum and rhenium and the at least one additional metal in the novel metal alloy is at least about 95 weight percent. In still another and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the content of molybdenum and rhenium and the at least one additional metal in the novel metal alloy is at least about 98 weight percent. In yet another and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the content of molybdenum and rhenium and the at least one additional metal in the novel metal alloy is at least about 99 weight percent. In still yet another and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the content of molybdenum and rhenium and the at least one additional metal in the novel metal alloy is at least about 99.5 weight percent. In a further one non-limiting composition, the content of molybdenum and rhenium and the at least one additional metal in the novel metal alloy is at least about 99.9 weight percent. In still a further and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the content of molybdenum and rhenium and the at least one additional metal in the novel metal alloy is at least about 99.95 weight percent. In yet a further and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the content of molybdenum and rhenium and the at least one additional metal in the novel metal alloy is at least about 99.99 weight percent. As can be appreciated, other weight percentages of the content of molybdenum and rhenium and the at least one additional metal in the novel metal alloy can be used. In one non-limiting composition, the purity level of the novel metal alloy is such so as to produce a solid solution of a rhenium and molybdenum and the at least one additional metal. A solid solution of a novel metal alloy that includes rhenium and molybdenum and the at least one additional metal of titanium, yttrium and/or zirconium as the primary metals is an alloy that includes at least about 95-99 weight percent rhenium and molybdenum and the at least one additional metal. It is believed that a purity level of less than 95 weight percent molybdenum and rhenium and the at least one additional metal adversely affects one or more physical properties of the metal alloy that are useful or desired in forming and/or using a medical device. In one embodiment of the invention, the rhenium content of the novel metal alloy in accordance with the present invention is at least about 40 weight percent. In one non-limiting composition, the rhenium content of the novel metal alloy is at least about 45 weight percent. In still another and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the rhenium content of the novel metal alloy is about 45-50 weight percent. In yet another and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the rhenium content of the novel metal alloy is about 47-48 weight percent. As can be appreciated, other weight percentages of the rhenium content of the novel metal alloy can be used. In another and/or alternative embodiment of the invention, the molybdenum content of the novel metal alloy is at least about 40 weight percent. In one non-limiting composition, the molybdenum content of the novel metal alloy is at least about 45 weight percent. In another and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the molybdenum content of the novel metal alloy is at least about 50 weight percent. In still another and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the molybdenum content of the novel metal alloy is about 50-60 percent. In yet another and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the molybdenum content of the novel metal alloy is about 50-56 weight percent. As can be appreciated, other weight percentages of the molybdenum content of the novel metal alloy can be used. The combined content of titanium, yttrium and zirconium in the novel metal alloy is less than about 5 weight percent, typically no more than about 1 weight percent, and more typically no more than about 0.5 weight percent. A higher weight percent content of titanium, yttrium and/or zirconium in the novel metal alloy can begin to adversely affect the brittleness of the novel metal alloy. When titanium is included in the novel metal alloy, the titanium content is typically less than about 1 weight percent, more typically less than about 0.6 weight percent, even more typically about 0.05-0.5 weight percent, still even more typically about 0.1-0.5 weight percent. As can be appreciated, other weight percentages of the titanium content of the novel metal alloy can be used. When zirconium is included in the novel metal alloy, the zirconium content is typically less than about 0.5 weight percent, more typically less than about 0.3 weight percent, even more typically about 0.01-0.25 weight percent, still even more typically about 0.05-0.25 weight percent. As can be appreciated, other weight percentages of the zirconium content of the novel metal alloy can be used. When titanium and zirconium are included in the novel metal alloy, the weight ratio of titanium to zirconium is about 1-10:1, typically about 1.5-5:1, and more typically about 1.75-2.5:1. When yttrium is included in the novel metal alloy, the yttrium content is typically less than about 0.3 weight percent, more typically less than about 0.2 weight percent, and even more typically about 0.01-0.1 weight percent. As can be appreciated, other weight percentages of the yttrium content of the novel metal alloy can be used. The inclusion of titanium, yttrium and/or zirconium in the novel metal alloy is believed to result in a reduction of oxygen trapped in the solid solution of the novel metal alloy. The reduction of trapped oxygen enables the formation of a smaller grain size in the novel metal alloy and/or an increase in the ductility of the novel metal alloy. The reduction of trapped oxygen in the novel metal alloy can also increase the yield strength of the novel metal alloy as compared to alloys of only molybdenum and rhenium (i.e., 2-10% increase). The inclusion of titanium, yttrium and/or zirconium in the novel metal alloy is also believed to cause a reduction in the trapped free carbon in the novel metal alloy. The inclusion of titanium, yttrium and/or zirconium in the novel metal alloy is believed to form carbides with the free carbon in the novel metal alloy. This carbide formation is also believed to improve the ductility of the novel metal alloy and to also reduce the incidence of cracking during the forming of the metal alloy into a medical device (e.g., medical device, etc.). As such, the novel metal alloy exhibits increased tensile elongation as compared to alloys of only molybdenum and rhenium (i.e., 1-8% increase). The inclusion of titanium, yttrium and/or zirconium in the novel metal alloy is also believed to cause a reduction in the trapped free nitrogen in the novel metal alloy. The inclusion of titanium, yttrium and/or zirconium in the novel metal alloy is believed to form carbo-nitrides with the free carbon and free nitrogen in the novel metal alloy. This carbo-nitride formation is also believed to improve the ductility of the novel metal alloy and to also reduce the incidence of cracking during the forming of the metal alloy into a medical device (e.g., medical device, etc.). As such, the novel metal alloy exhibits increased tensile elongation as compared to alloys of only molybdenum and rhenium (i.e., 1-8% increase). The reduction in the amount of free carbon, oxygen and/or nitrogen in the novel metal alloy is also believed to increase the density of the novel metal alloy (i.e., 1-5% increase). The formation of carbides, carbo-nitrides, and/or oxides in the novel metal alloy results in the formation of dispersed second phase particles in the novel metal alloy, thereby facilitating in the formation of small grain sizes in the metal alloy. 
         [0010]    In still another and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the present invention, the novel metal alloy includes less than about 5 weight percent other metals and/or impurities. A high purity level of the novel metal alloy results in the formation of a more homogeneous alloy, which in turn results in a more uniform density throughout the novel metal alloy, and also results in the desired yield and ultimate tensile strengths of the novel metal alloy. The density of the novel metal alloy is generally at least about 12 gm/cc, and typically at least about 13-13.5 gm/cc. This substantially uniform high density of the novel metal alloy significantly improves the radiopacity of the novel metal alloy. In one non-limiting composition, the novel metal alloy includes less than about 1 weight percent other metals and/or impurities. In another and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the novel metal alloy includes less than about 0.5 weight percent other metals and/or impurities. In still another and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the novel metal alloy includes less than about 0.4 weight percent other metals and/or impurities. In yet another and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the novel metal alloy includes less than about 0.2 weight percent other metals and/or impurities. In still yet another and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the novel metal alloy includes less than about 0.1 weight percent other metals and/or impurities. In a further and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the novel metal alloy includes less than about 0.05 weight percent other metals and/or impurities. In still a further and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the novel metal alloy includes less than about 0.02 weight percent other metals and/or impurities. In yet a further and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the novel metal alloy includes less than about 0.01 weight percent other metals and/or impurities. As can be appreciated, other weight percentages of the amount of other metals and/or impurities in the novel metal alloy can exist. 
         [0011]    In yet another and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the present invention, the metal alloy includes a certain amount of carbon and oxygen. These two elements have been found to affect the forming properties and brittleness of the metal alloy. The controlled atomic ratio of carbon and oxygen in the metal alloy also can be used to minimize the tendency of the metal alloy to form micro-cracks during the forming of the novel alloy into a medical device, and/or during the use and/or expansion of the medical device in various regions of a body. The control of the atomic ratio of carbon to oxygen in the metal alloy allows for the redistribution of oxygen in the metal alloy so as to minimize the tendency of micro-cracking in the metal alloy during the forming of the metal alloy into a medical device, and/or during the use and/or expansion of the medical device in various regions of a body. The atomic ratio of carbon to oxygen in the alloy is believed to be important to minimize the tendency of micro-cracking in the metal alloy, improve the degree of elongation of the metal alloy, both of which can affect one or more physical properties of the metal alloy that are useful or desired in forming and/or using the medical device. The carbon to oxygen atomic ratio can be as low as about 0.2:1. In one non-limiting formulation, the carbon to oxygen atomic ratio in the metal alloy is generally at least about 0.4:1 (i.e., weight ratio of about 0.3:1). In another non-limiting formulation, the carbon to oxygen atomic ratio in the metal alloy is generally at least about 0.5:1 (i.e., weight ratio of about 0.375:1). In still another non-limiting formulation, the carbon to oxygen atomic ratio in the metal alloy is generally at least about 1:1 (i.e., weight ratio of about 0.75:1). In yet another non-limiting formulation, the carbon to oxygen atomic ratio in the metal alloy is generally at least about 2:1 (i.e., weight ratio of about 1.5:1). In still yet another non-limiting formulation, the carbon to oxygen atomic ratio in the metal alloy is generally at least about 2.5:1 (i.e., weight ratio of about 1.88:1). In still another non-limiting formulation, the carbon to oxygen atomic ratio in the metal alloy is generally at least about 3:1 (i.e., weight ratio of about 2.25:1). In yet another non-limiting formulation, the carbon to oxygen atomic ratio in the metal alloy is generally at least about 4:1 (i.e., weight ratio of about 3:1). In still yet another non-limiting formulation, the carbon to oxygen atomic ratio in the metal alloy is generally at least about 5:1 (i.e., weight ratio of about 3.75:1). In still another non-limiting formulation, the carbon to oxygen atomic ratio in the metal alloy is generally about 2.5-50:1 (i.e., weight ratio of about 1.88-37.54:1). In a further non-limiting formulation, the carbon to oxygen atomic ratio in the metal alloy is generally about 2.5-20:1 (i.e., weight ratio of about 1.88-15:1). In a further non-limiting formulation, the carbon to oxygen atomic ratio in the metal alloy is generally about 2.5-13.3:1 (i.e., weight ratio of about 1.88-10:1). In still a further non-limiting formulation, the carbon to oxygen atomic ratio in the metal alloy is generally about 2.5-10:1 (i.e., weight ratio of about 1.88-7.5:1). In yet a further non-limiting formulation, the carbon to oxygen atomic ratio in the metal alloy is generally about 2.5-5:1 (i.e., weight ratio of about 1.88-3.75:1). As can be appreciated, other atomic ratios of the carbon to oxygen in the metal alloy can be used. The carbon to oxygen ratio can be adjusted by intentionally adding carbon to the metal alloy until the desired carbon to oxygen ratio is obtained. Typically the carbon content of the metal alloy is less than about 0.2 weight percent. Carbon contents that are too large can adversely affect the physical properties of the metal alloy. In one non-limiting formulation, the carbon content of the metal alloy is less than about 0.1 weight percent of the metal alloy. In another non-limiting formulation, the carbon content of the metal alloy is less than about 0.05 weight percent of the metal alloy. In still another non-limiting formulation, the carbon content of the metal alloy is less than about 0.04 weight percent of the metal alloy. When carbon is not intentionally added to the metal alloy, the metal alloy can include up to about 150 ppm carbon, typically up to about 100 ppm carbon, and more typically less than about 50 ppm carbon. The oxygen content of the metal alloy can vary depending on the processing parameters used to form the metal alloy. Generally, the oxygen content is to be maintained at very low levels. In one non-limiting formulation, the oxygen content is less than about 0.1 weight percent of the metal alloy. In another non-limiting formulation, the oxygen content is less than about 0.05 weight percent of the metal alloy. In still another non-limiting formulation, the oxygen content is less than about 0.04 weight percent of the metal alloy. In yet another non-limiting formulation, the oxygen content is less than about 0.03 weight percent of the metal alloy. In still yet another non-limiting formulation, the metal alloy includes up to about 100 ppm oxygen. In a further non-limiting formulation, the metal alloy includes up to about 75 ppm oxygen. In still a further non-limiting formulation, the metal alloy includes up to about 50 ppm oxygen. In yet a further non-limiting formulation, the metal alloy includes up to about 30 ppm oxygen. In still yet a further non-limiting formulation, the metal alloy includes less than about 20 ppm oxygen. In yet a further non-limiting formulation, the metal alloy includes less than about 10 ppm oxygen. As can be appreciated, other amounts of carbon and/or oxygen in the metal alloy can exist. It is believed that the metal alloy will have a very low tendency to form micro-cracks during the formation of the medical device (e.g., medical device, etc.) and after the medical device has been inserted into a patient by closely controlling the carbon to oxygen ration when the oxygen content exceed a certain amount in the metal alloy. In one non-limiting arrangement, the carbon to oxygen atomic ratio in the metal alloy is at least about 2.5:1 when the oxygen content is greater than about 100 ppm in the metal alloy. 
         [0012]    In still yet another and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the present invention, the metal alloy includes a controlled amount of nitrogen. Large amounts of nitrogen in the metal alloy can adversely affect the ductility of the metal alloy. This can in turn adversely affect the elongation properties of the metal alloy. A too high nitrogen content in the metal alloy, can begin to cause the ductility of the metal alloy to unacceptably decrease, thus adversely affect one or more physical properties of the metal alloy that are useful or desired in forming and/or using the medical device. In one non-limiting formulation, the metal alloy includes less than about 0.001 weight percent nitrogen. In another non-limiting formulation, the metal alloy includes less than about 0.0008 weight percent nitrogen. In still another non-limiting formulation, the metal alloy includes less than about 0.0004 weight percent nitrogen. In yet another non-limiting formulation, the metal alloy includes less than about 30 ppm nitrogen. In still yet another non-limiting formulation, the metal alloy includes less than about 25 ppm nitrogen. In still another non-limiting formulation, the metal alloy includes less than about 10 ppm nitrogen. In yet another non-limiting formulation, the metal alloy includes less than about 5 ppm nitrogen. As can be appreciated, other amounts of nitrogen in the metal alloy can exist. The relationship of carbon, oxygen and nitrogen in the metal alloy is also believed to be important. It is believed that the nitrogen content should be less than the content of carbon or oxygen in the metal alloy. In one non-limiting formulation, the atomic ratio of carbon to nitrogen is at least about 2:1 (i.e., weight ratio of about 1.71:1). In another non-limiting formulation, the atomic ratio of carbon to nitrogen is at least about 3:1 (i.e., weight ratio of about 2.57:1). In still another non-limiting formulation, the atomic ratio of carbon to nitrogen is about 4-100:1 (i.e., weight ratio of about 3.43-85.7:1). In yet another non-limiting formulation, the atomic ratio of carbon to nitrogen is about 4-75:1 (i.e., weight ratio of about 3.43-64.3:1). In still another non-limiting formulation, the atomic ratio of carbon to nitrogen is about 4-50:1 (i.e., weight ratio of about 3.43-42.85:1). In yet another non-limiting formulation, the atomic ratio of carbon to nitrogen is about 4-35:1 (i.e., weight ratio of about 3.43-30:1). In still yet another non-limiting formulation, the atomic ratio of carbon to nitrogen is about 4-25:1 (i.e., weight ratio of about 3.43-21.43:1). In a further non-limiting formulation, the atomic ratio of oxygen to nitrogen is at least about 1.2:1 (i.e., weight ratio of about 1.37:1). In another non-limiting formulation, the atomic ratio of oxygen to nitrogen is at least about 2:1 (i.e., weight ratio of about 2.28:1). In still another non-limiting formulation, the atomic ratio of oxygen to nitrogen is about 3-100:1 (i.e., weight ratio of about 3.42-114.2:1). In yet another non-limiting formulation, the atomic ratio of oxygen to nitrogen is at least about 3-75:1 (i.e., weight ratio of about 3.42-85.65:1). In still yet another non-limiting formulation, the atomic ratio of oxygen to nitrogen is at least about 3-55:1 (i.e., weight ratio of about 3.42-62.81:1). In yet another non-limiting formulation, the atomic ratio of oxygen to nitrogen is at least about 3-50:1 (i.e., weight ratio of about 3.42-57.1:1). 
         [0013]    In a further and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the present invention, the metal alloy has several physical properties that positively affect the medical device when at least partially formed of the metal alloy. In one non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the average Vickers hardness of the metal alloy tube used to form the medical device is generally at least about 234 DHP (i.e., Rockwell A hardness of at least about 60 at 77° F., Rockwell C hardness of at least about 19 at 77° F.). In one non-limiting aspect of this embodiment, the average hardness of the metal alloy used to form the medical device is generally at least about 248 DHP (i.e., Rockwell A hardness of at least about 62 at 77° F., Rockwell C hardness of at least about 22 at 77° F.). In another and/or additional non-limiting aspect of this embodiment, the average hardness of the metal alloy used to form the medical device is generally about 248-513 DHP (i.e., Rockwell A hardness of about 62-76 at 77° F., Rockwell C hardness of about 22-50 at 77° F.). In still another and/or additional non-limiting aspect of this embodiment, the average hardness of the metal alloy used to form the medical device is generally about 272-458 DHP (i.e., Rockwell A hardness of about 64-74 at 77° F., Rockwell C hardness of about 26-46 at 77° F.). When titanium, yttrium and/or zirconium are included in an alloy of molybdenum and rhenium, the average hardness of the metal alloy is generally increased. Tungsten and tantalum alloys also generally have an average hardness of the metal alloy that is greater that is slightly greater than pure alloys of molybdenum and rhenium. In tungsten and tantalum alloys, and molybdenum and rhenium alloys that include titanium, yttrium and/or zirconium, the average hardness is generally at least about 60 (HRC) at 77° F., typically at least about 70 (HRC) at 77° F., and more typically about 80-100 (HRC) at 77° F. In another and/or alternative non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the average ultimate tensile strength of the metal alloy used to form the medical device is generally at least about 60 UTS (ksi). In non-limiting aspect of this embodiment, the average ultimate tensile strength of the metal alloy used to form the medical device is generally at least about 70 UTS (ksi), typically about 80-320 UTS (ksi), and more typically about 100-310 UTS (ksi). The average ultimate tensile strength of the metal alloy may vary somewhat when the metal alloy is in the form of a tube or a solid wire. When the metal alloy is in the form of a tube, the average ultimate tensile strength of the metal alloy tube is generally about 80-150 UTS (ksi), typically at least about 110 UTS (ksi), and more typically 110-140 UTS (ksi). When the metal alloy is in the form of a solid wire, the average ultimate tensile strength of the metal alloy wire is generally about 120-310 UTS (ksi). In still another and/or alternative non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the average yield strength of the metal alloy used to form the medical device is at least about 70 ksi. In one non-limiting aspect of this embodiment, the average yield strength of the metal alloy used to form the medical device is at least about 80 ksi, and typically about 100-140 (ksi). In yet another and/or alternative non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the average grain size of the metal alloy used to form the medical device is no greater than about 4 ASTM (e.g., ASTM 112-96). The grain size can be as small as about 14-15 ASTM can be achieved; however, the grain size is typically larger than 15 ASTM. The small grain size of the metal alloy enables the medical device to have the desired elongation and ductility properties that are useful in enabling the medical device to be formed, crimped and/or expanded. In one non-limiting aspect of this embodiment, the average grain size of the metal alloy used to form the medical device is about 5.2-10 ASTM, typically about 5.5-9 ASTM, more typically about 6-9 ASTM, still more typically about 6-9 ASTM, even more typically about 6.6-9 ASTM, and still even more typically about 7-8.5 ASTM. In still yet another and/or alternative non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the average tensile elongation of the metal alloy used to form the medical device is at least about 25%. A medical device that does not have an average tensile elongation of at least about 25% can form micro-cracks and/or break during the forming, crimping and/or expansion of the medical device. In one non-limiting aspect of this embodiment, the average tensile elongation of the metal alloy used to form the medical device is about 25-35%. The unique combination of the rhenium and molybdenum or tungsten and tantalum in the metal alloy in combination with achieving the desired purity and composition of the alloy and the desired grain size of the metal alloy results in 1) a medical device having the desired high ductility at about room temperature, 2) a medical device having the desired amount of tensile elongation, 3) a homogeneous or solid solution of a metal alloy having high radiopacity, 4) a reduction or prevention of micro-crack formation and/or breaking of the metal alloy tube when the metal alloy tube is sized and/or cut to form the medical device, 5) a reduction or prevention of micro-crack formation and/or breaking of the medical device when the medical device is crimped onto a balloon and/or other type of medical device for insertion into various regions of a body, 6) a reduction or prevention of micro-crack formation and/or breaking of the medical device when the medical device is bent and/or expanded, 7) a medical device having the desired ultimate tensile strength and yield strength, and/or 8) a medical device that exhibits less recoil when the medical device is crimped and/or expanded. 
         [0014]    Several non-limiting examples of the metal alloy that can be made in accordance with the present invention are set forth below: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Metal/Wt. % 
                   
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ex. 1 
                 Ex. 2 
                 Ex.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C 
                 &lt;150 ppm  
                 &lt;50 ppm 
                 &lt;50 ppm 
               
               
                 Mo 
                 51-54% 
                 52.5-55.5% 
                 50.5-52.4% 
               
               
                 O 
                 &lt;50 ppm 
                 &lt;10 ppm 
                 &lt;10 ppm 
               
               
                 N 
                 &lt;20 ppm 
                 &lt;10 ppm 
                 &lt;10 ppm 
               
               
                 Re 
                 46-49% 
                 44.5-47.5% 
                 47.6-49.5% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ex. 4 
                 Ex. 5 
                 Ex. 6 
                 Ex. 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C 
                 ≦50 ppm 
                 ≦50 ppm 
                 ≦50 ppm 
                 ≦50 ppm 
               
               
                 Mo 
                 51-54% 
                 52.5-55.5% 
                 52-56% 
                 52.5-55% 
               
               
                 O 
                 ≦20 ppm 
                 ≦20 ppm 
                 ≦10 ppm 
                 ≦10 ppm 
               
               
                 N 
                 ≦20 ppm 
                 ≦20 ppm 
                 ≦10 ppm 
                 ≦10 ppm 
               
               
                 Re 
                 46-49% 
                 44.5-47.5% 
                 44-48% 
                 45-47.5% 
               
               
                 Ti 
                   ≦0.4% 
                     ≦0.4% 
                 0.2-0.4%   
                  0.3-0.4%  
               
               
                 Y 
                   ≦0.1% 
                     ≦0.1% 
                 0-0.08%  
                 0.005-0.05%   
               
               
                 Zr 
                   ≦0.2% 
                     ≦0.2% 
                  0-0.2%  
                 0.1-0.25%  
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ex. 8 
                 Ex. 9 
                 Ex. 10 
                 Ex. 11 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C 
                 ≦40 ppm 
                 ≦40 ppm 
                 ≦40 ppm 
                 ≦40 ppm 
               
               
                 Mo 
                 50.5-53% 
                   51.5-54% 
                    52-55% 
                 52.5-55% 
               
               
                 O 
                 ≦15 ppm 
                 ≦15 ppm 
                 ≦15 ppm 
                 ≦10 ppm 
               
               
                 N 
                 ≦10 ppm 
                 ≦10 ppm 
                 ≦10 ppm 
                 ≦10 ppm 
               
               
                 Re 
                 47-49.5% 
                   46-48.5% 
                    45-48% 
                 45-47.5% 
               
               
                 Ti 
                 0.1-0.35%  
                     0% 
                    0% 
                  0.1-0.3%  
               
               
                 Y 
                     0% 
                 0.002-0.08% 
                    0% 
                    0% 
               
               
                 Zr 
                     0% 
                     0% 
                 00.1-0.2% 
                 0.05-0.15%   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ex. 12 
                 Ex.13 
                 Ex.14 
                 Ex. 15 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C 
                 ≦40 ppm 
                 ≦40 ppm 
                 &lt;150 ppm 
                 &lt;150 ppm 
               
               
                 Mo 
                     52-55% 
                  52.5-55.5% 
                 50-60% 
                 50-60% 
               
               
                 O 
                 ≦10 ppm 
                 ≦10 ppm 
                 ≦100 ppm 
                 ≦100 ppm 
               
               
                 N 
                 ≦10 ppm 
                 ≦10 ppm 
                  ≦40 ppm 
                  ≦40 ppm 
               
               
                 Re 
                     45-49% 
                  44.5-47.5% 
                 40-50% 
                 40-50% 
               
               
                 Ti 
                  0.05-0.4% 
                 0% 
                    0% 
                   ≦1% 
               
               
                 Y 
                 0.005-0.07% 
                 0.004-0.06% 
                    0% 
                   ≦0.1% 
               
               
                 Zr 
                     0% 
                   0.1-0.2% 
                    0% 
                   ≦2% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ex. 16. 
                 Ex.17 
                 Ex.18 
                 Ex. 19 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C 
                 ≦150 ppm 
                 ≦150 ppm 
                 ≦150 ppm 
                 ≦150 ppm 
               
               
                 Mo 
                 50-55% 
                 52-55.5% 
                 51-58% 
                 50-56% 
               
               
                 O 
                 ≦100 ppm 
                 ≦100 ppm 
                 ≦100 ppm 
                 ≦100 ppm 
               
               
                 N 
                  ≦40 ppm 
                  ≦20 ppm 
                  ≦20 ppm 
                  ≦20 ppm 
               
               
                 Re 
                 45-50% 
                 44.5-48% 
                 42-49% 
                 44-50% 
               
               
                 Ti 
                   0% 
                    0% 
                   0% 
                   0% 
               
               
                 Y 
                   0% 
                    0% 
                   0% 
                   0% 
               
               
                 Zr 
                   0% 
                    0% 
                   0% 
                   0% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ex. 20 
                 Ex. 21 
                 Ex. 22 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C 
                 &lt;150 ppm  
                 &lt;50 ppm 
                 &lt;50 ppm 
               
               
                 Mo 
                 51-54% 
                 52.5-55.5% 
                 50.5-52.4% 
               
               
                 O 
                 &lt;50 ppm 
                 &lt;10 ppm 
                 &lt;10 ppm 
               
               
                 N 
                 &lt;20 ppm 
                 &lt;10 ppm 
                 &lt;10 ppm 
               
               
                 Re 
                 46-49% 
                 44.5-47.5% 
                 47.6-49.5% 
               
               
                 Ti 
                   0% 
                     0% 
                     0% 
               
               
                 Y 
                   0% 
                     0% 
                     0% 
               
               
                 Zr 
                   0% 
                     0% 
                     0% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ex. 23 
                 Ex. 24 
                 Ex. 25 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C 
                 ≦150 ppm 
                 ≦150 ppm 
                 ≦150 ppm 
               
               
                 Mo 
                 50-60% 
                 50-60% 
                 50-55% 
               
               
                 O 
                 ≦100 ppm 
                 ≦100 ppm 
                 ≦100 ppm 
               
               
                 N 
                  ≦40 ppm 
                  ≦40 ppm 
                  ≦40 ppm 
               
               
                 Re 
                 40-50% 
                 40-50% 
                 45-50% 
               
               
                 Ti 
                  ≦0.5% 
                  ≦0.5% 
                  ≦0.5% 
               
               
                 Y 
                  ≦0.1% 
                  ≦0.1% 
                  ≦0.1% 
               
               
                 Zr 
                 ≦0.25% 
                 ≦0.25% 
                 ≦0.25% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ex. 26 
                 Ex. 27 
                 Ex. 28 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C 
                 ≦150 ppm 
                 ≦150 ppm 
                 ≦150 ppm 
               
               
                 Mo 
                 52-55.5% 
                 51-58% 
                 50-56% 
               
               
                 O 
                 ≦100 ppm 
                 ≦100 ppm 
                 ≦100 ppm 
               
               
                 N 
                  ≦20 ppm 
                  ≦20 ppm 
                  ≦20 ppm 
               
               
                 Re 
                 44.5-48% 
                 42-49% 
                 44-50% 
               
               
                 Ti 
                   ≦0.5% 
                  ≦0.5% 
                  ≦0.5% 
               
               
                 Y 
                   ≦0.1% 
                  ≦0.1% 
                  ≦0.1% 
               
               
                 Zr 
                   ≦0.25% 
                 ≦0.25% 
                 ≦0.25% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ex. 29 
                 Ex. 30 
                 Ex. 31 
                 Ex. 32 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C 
                 ≦50 ppm 
                 ≦50 ppm 
                 ≦50 ppm 
                 ≦50 ppm 
               
               
                 Mo 
                 51-54% 
                 52.5-55.5% 
                 52-56% 
                 52.5-55% 
               
               
                 O 
                 ≦20 ppm 
                 ≦20 ppm 
                 ≦10 ppm 
                 ≦10 ppm 
               
               
                 N 
                 ≦20 ppm 
                 ≦20 ppm 
                 ≦10 ppm 
                 ≦10 ppm 
               
               
                 Re 
                 46-49% 
                 44.5-47.5% 
                 44-48% 
                 45-47.5% 
               
               
                 Ti 
                  ≦0.4% 
                   ≦0.4% 
                 0.2-0.4%   
                  0.3-0.4%  
               
               
                 Y 
                  ≦0.1% 
                   ≦0.1% 
                 0-0.08%  
                 0.005-0.05%   
               
               
                 Zr 
                  ≦0.2% 
                   ≦0.2% 
                  0-0.2%  
                 0.1-0.25%  
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ex. 33 
                 Ex. 34 
                 Ex. 35 
                 Ex. 36 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C 
                 ≦40 ppm 
                 ≦40 ppm 
                 ≦40 ppm 
                 ≦40 ppm 
               
               
                 Mo 
                 50.5-53% 
                   51.5-54% 
                 52-55% 
                 52.5-55% 
               
               
                 O 
                 ≦15 ppm 
                 ≦15 ppm 
                 ≦15 ppm 
                 ≦10 ppm 
               
               
                 N 
                 ≦10 ppm 
                 ≦10 ppm 
                 ≦10 ppm 
                 ≦10 ppm 
               
               
                 Re 
                 47-49.5% 
                   46-48.5% 
                 45-48% 
                 45-47.5% 
               
               
                 Ti 
                 0.1-0.35% 
                     0% 
                   0% 
                  0.1-0.3%  
               
               
                 Y 
                     0% 
                 0.002-0.08% 
                   0% 
                    0% 
               
               
                 Zr 
                     0% 
                     0% 
                 0.01-0.2%    
                 0.05-0.15%   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ex. 37 
                 Ex. 38 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C 
                 ≦40 ppm 
                 ≦40 ppm 
               
               
                 Mo 
                 52-55% 
                 52.5-55.5% 
               
               
                 O 
                 ≦10 ppm 
                 ≦10 ppm 
               
               
                 N 
                 ≦10 ppm 
                 ≦10 ppm 
               
               
                 Re 
                 45-49% 
                 44.5-47.5% 
               
               
                 Ti 
                 0.05-0.4%  
                     0% 
               
               
                 Y 
                 0.005-0.07%   
                 0.004-0.06%  
               
               
                 Zr 
                   0% 
                  0.1-0.2% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ex. 39 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C 
                 ≦150 ppm 
               
               
                 Mo 
                 50-60% 
               
               
                 O 
                 ≦100 ppm 
               
               
                 N 
                  ≦40 ppm 
               
               
                 Nb 
                   ≦5% 
               
               
                 Rare Earth  
                   ≦4% 
               
               
                 Metal 
                   
               
               
                 Re 
                 40-50% 
               
               
                 Ta 
                   ≦3% 
               
               
                 Ti 
                   ≦1% 
               
               
                 W 
                   ≦3% 
               
               
                 Y 
                  ≦0.1% 
               
               
                 Zn 
                  ≦0.1% 
               
               
                 Zr 
                   ≦2% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ex. 40 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C 
                  ≦0.01% 
               
               
                 Co 
                 ≦0.002% 
               
               
                 Fe 
                  ≦0.02% 
               
               
                 H 
                 ≦0.002% 
               
               
                 Mo 
                  52-53% 
               
               
                 N 
                 ≦0.0008%  
               
               
                 Ni 
                  ≦0.01% 
               
               
                 O 
                  ≦0.06% 
               
               
                 Re 
                  47-48% 
               
               
                 S 
                 ≦0.008% 
               
               
                 Sn 
                 ≦0.002% 
               
               
                 Ti 
                 ≦0.002% 
               
               
                 W 
                  ≦0.02% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ex. 41 
                 Ex. 42 
                 Ex. 43 
                 Ex.44 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C 
                 0-50 ppm 
                 0-50 ppm 
                 0-50 ppm 
                 0-50 ppm 
               
               
                 Ca 
                 0-1% 
                 0-0.5%   
                 0% 
                 0% 
               
               
                 Mg 
                  0% 
                 0-3% 
                 0% 
                 0% 
               
               
                 Mo 
                  0% 
                 0-2% 
                 0% 
                 0% 
               
               
                 O 
                 0-50 ppm 
                 0-50 ppm 
                 0-50 ppm 
                 0-50 ppm 
               
               
                 N 
                 0-50 ppm 
                 0-50 ppm 
                 0-50 ppm 
                 0-50 ppm 
               
               
                 Rare Earth  
                 0-1% 
                 0-0.5%   
                 0% 
                 0% 
               
               
                 Metal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Re 
                 0-6% 
                 0-5% 
                 0-4%   
                 0% 
               
               
                 Ta 
                 85-96%  
                 10-90%  
                 85-95%    
                 90.5-98%     
               
               
                 W 
                 4-15%  
                 10-90%  
                 5-15%   
                 2-9.5%    
               
               
                 Y 
                  0% 
                 0-1% 
                 0% 
                 0% 
               
               
                 Zn 
                  0% 
                 0-1% 
                 0% 
                 0% 
               
               
                 Zr 
                  0% 
                 0-1% 
                 0% 
                 0% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ex. 45 
                 Ex.46 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C 
                 0-50 ppm 
                 0-50 ppm 
               
               
                 Ca 
                 0% 
                 0% 
               
               
                 Mg 
                 0% 
                 0% 
               
               
                 Mo 
                 0% 
                 0% 
               
               
                 O 
                 0-50 ppm 
                 0-50 ppm 
               
               
                 N 
                 0-50 ppm 
                 0-50 ppm 
               
               
                 Rare Earth  
                 0% 
                 0% 
               
               
                 Metal 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Re 
                 0-4%  
                 0% 
               
               
                 Ta 
                 95-98%   
                 90-97.5%     
               
               
                 W 
                 2% to less than 5% 
                 2.5-10%     
               
               
                 Y 
                 0% 
                 0% 
               
               
                 Zn 
                 0% 
                 0% 
               
               
                 Zr 
                 0% 
                 0% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0015]    In Examples 1-3, 14, 16-19, and 20-22 above, the metal alloy is principally formed of rhenium and molybdenum and the content of other metals and/or impurities is less than about 0.1 weight percent of the metal alloy, the atomic ratio of carbon to oxygen is about 2.5-10:1 (i.e., weight ratio of about 1.88-7.5:1), the average grain size of the metal alloy is about 6-10 ASTM, the tensile elongation of the metal alloy is about 25-35%, the average density of the metal alloy is at least about 13.4 gm/cc, the average yield strength of the metal alloy is about 98-122 (ksi), the average ultimate tensile strength of the metal alloy is about 150-310 UTS (ksi), and an average Vickers hardness of 372-653 (i.e., Rockwell A Hardness of about 70-80 at 77° F., an average Rockwell C Hardness of about 39-58 at 77° F.). In Examples 4-7, 8-11, 12, 13, 15, and 32-38 above, the metal alloy is principally formed of rhenium and molybdenum and at least one metal of titanium, yttrium and/or zirconium, and the content of other metals and/or impurities is less than about 0.1 weight percent of the metal alloy, the ratio of carbon to oxygen is about 2.5-10:1, the average grain size of the metal alloy is about 6-10 ASTM, the tensile elongation of the metal alloy is about 25-35%, the average density of the metal alloy is at least about 13.6 gm/cc, the average yield strength of the metal alloy is at least about 110 (ksi), the average ultimate tensile strength of the metal alloy is about 150-310 UTS (ksi), and an average Vickers hardness of 372-653 (i.e., an average Rockwell A Hardness of about 70-80 at 77° F., an average Rockwell C Hardness of about 39-58 at 77° F.). The remaining alloys identified in the above examples may or may not include titanium, yttrium and/or zirconium. The properties of these alloys will be similar to the alloys discussed in the above examples. In Example 32, the weight ratio of titanium to zirconium is about 1.5-3:1. In Example 36, the weight ratio of titanium to zirconium is about 1.75-2.5:1. In Examples 29-32, the weight ratio of titanium to zirconium is about 1-10:1. In Example 40, the ratio of carbon to oxygen is at least about 0.4:1 (i.e., weight ratio of carbon to oxygen of at least about 0.3:1), the nitrogen content is less than the carbon content and the oxygen content, the atomic ratio of carbon to nitrogen is at least about 4:1 (i.e., weight ratio of about 3.43:1), the atomic ratio of oxygen to nitrogen is at least about 3:1 (i.e., weight ratio of about 3.42:1), the average grain size of metal alloy is about 6-10 ASTM, the tensile elongation of the metal alloy is about 25-35%, the average density of the metal alloy is at least about 13.4 gm/cc, the average yield strength of the metal alloy is about 98-122 (ksi), the average ultimate tensile strength of the metal alloy is about 100-150 UTS (ksi), and the average hardness of the metal alloy is about 80-100 (HRC) at 77° F. 
         [0016]    In Examples 41-46, the metal alloy is principally formed of tungsten and tantalum and the content of other metals and/or impurities is less than about 0.1 weight percent, and typically less than 0.04 weight percent of the metal alloy. 
         [0017]    In another and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the present invention, the use of the metal alloy in the medical device can increase the strength of the medical device as compared with stainless steel or chromium-cobalt alloys, thus less quantity of metal alloy can be used in the medical device to achieve similar strengths as compared to medical devices formed of different metals. As such, the resulting medical device can be made smaller and less bulky by use of the metal alloy without sacrificing the strength and durability of the medical device. Such a medical device can have a smaller profile, thus can be inserted in smaller areas, openings and/or passageways. The metal alloy also can increase the radial strength of the medical device. For instance, the thickness of the walls of the medical device and/or the wires used to form the medical device can be made thinner and achieve a similar or improved radial strength as compared with thicker walled medical devices formed of stainless steel or cobalt and chromium alloy. The metal alloy also can improve stress-strain properties, bendability and flexibility of the medical device, thus increase the life of the medical device. For instance, the medical device can be used in regions that subject the medical device to bending. Due to the improved physical properties of the medical device from the metal alloy, the medical device has improved resistance to fracturing in such frequent bending environments. In addition or alternatively, the improved bendability and flexibility of the medical device due to the use of the metal alloy can enable the medical device to be more easily inserted into various regions of a body. The metal alloy can also reduce the degree of recoil during the crimping and/or expansion of the medical device. For example, the medical device better maintains its crimped form and/or better maintains its expanded form after expansion due to the use of the metal alloy. As such, when the medical device is to be mounted onto a delivery device when the medical device is crimped, the medical device better maintains its smaller profile during the insertion of the medical device in various regions of a body. Also, the medical device better maintains its expanded profile after expansion so as to facilitate in the success of the medical device in the treatment area. In addition to the improved physical properties of the medical device by use of the metal alloy, the metal alloy has improved radiopaque properties as compared to standard materials such as stainless steel or cobalt-chromium alloy, thus reducing or eliminating the need for using marker materials on the medical device. For instance, the metal alloy is believed to at least about 10-20% more radiopaque than stainless steel or cobalt-chromium alloy. Specifically, the metal alloy is believed to be at least about 33% more radiopaque than cobalt-chromium alloy and is believed to be at least about 41.5% more radiopaque than stainless steel. 
         [0018]    In a further and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the invention, the medical device can include a bistable construction. In such a design, the medical device has two or more stable configurations, including a first stable configuration with a first cross-sectional shape and a second stable configuration with a second cross-sectional shape. All or a portion of the medical device can include the bistable construction. The bistable construction can result in a generally uniform change in shape of the medical device, or one portion of the medical device can change into one or more configurations and one or more other portions of the medical device can change into one or more other configurations. 
         [0019]    In yet another and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the present invention, the medical device can include, contain and/or be coated with one or more agents that facilitate in the success of the medical device and/or treated area. The term “agent” includes, but is not limited to a substance, pharmaceutical, biologic, veterinary product, drug, and analogs or derivatives otherwise formulated and/or designed to prevent, inhibit and/or treat one or more clinical and/or biological events, and/or to promote healing. Non-limiting examples of clinical events that can be addressed by one or more agents include, but are not limited to viral, fungus and/or bacterial infection; vascular diseases and/or disorders; digestive diseases and/or disorders; reproductive diseases and/or disorders; lymphatic diseases and/or disorders; cancer; implant rejection; pain; nausea; swelling; arthritis; bone diseases and/or disorders; organ failure; immunity diseases and/or disorders; cholesterol problems; blood diseases and/or disorders; lung diseases and/or disorders; heart diseases and/or disorders; brain diseases and/or disorders; neuralgia diseases and/or disorders; kidney diseases and/or disorders; ulcers; liver diseases and/or disorders; intestinal diseases and/or disorders; gallbladder diseases and/or disorders; pancreatic diseases and/or disorders; psychological disorders; respiratory diseases and/or disorders; gland diseases and/or disorders; skin diseases and/or disorders; hearing diseases and/or disorders; oral diseases and/or disorders; nasal diseases and/or disorders; eye diseases and/or disorders; fatigue; genetic diseases and/or disorders; burns; scarring and/or scars; trauma; weight diseases and/or disorders; addiction diseases and/or disorders; hair loss; cramps; muscle spasms; tissue repair; nerve repair; neural regeneration and/or the like. Non-limiting examples of agents that can be used include, but are not limited to, 5-Fluorouracil and/or derivatives thereof; 5-Phenylmethimazole and/or derivatives thereof; ACE inhibitors and/or derivatives thereof; acenocoumarol and/or derivatives thereof; acyclovir and/or derivatives thereof; actilyse and/or derivatives thereof; adrenocorticotropic hormone and/or derivatives thereof; adriamycin and/or derivatives thereof; agents that modulate intracellular Ca 2 + transport such as L-type (e.g., diltiazem, nifedipine, verapamil, etc.) or T-type Ca 2 + channel blockers (e.g., amiloride, etc.); alpha-adrenergic blocking agents and/or derivatives thereof; alteplase and/or derivatives thereof; amino glycosides and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., gentamycin, tobramycin, etc.); angiopeptin and/or derivatives thereof; angiostatic steroid and/or derivatives thereof; angiotensin II receptor antagonists and/or derivatives thereof; anistreplase and/or derivatives thereof; antagonists of vascular epithelial growth factor and/or derivatives thereof; anti-biotics; anti-coagulant compounds and/or derivatives thereof; anti-fibrosis compounds and/or derivatives thereof; antifungal compounds and/or derivatives thereof; anti-inflammatory compounds and/or derivatives thereof; Anti-Invasive Factor and/or derivatives thereof; anti-metabolite compounds and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., staurosporin, trichothecenes, and modified diphtheria and ricin toxins, Pseudomonas exotoxin, etc.); anti-matrix compounds and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., colchicine, tamoxifen, etc.); anti-microbial agents and/or derivatives thereof; anti-migratory agents and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., caffeic acid derivatives, nilvadipine, etc.); anti-mitotic compounds and/or derivatives thereof; anti-neoplastic compounds and/or derivatives thereof; anti-oxidants and/or derivatives thereof; anti-platelet compounds and/or derivatives thereof; anti-proliferative and/or derivatives thereof; anti-thrombogenic agents and/or derivatives thereof; argatroban and/or derivatives thereof; ap-1 inhibitors and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., for tyrosine kinase, protein kinase C, myosin light chain kinase, Ca 2 +/calmodulin kinase II, casein kinase II, etc.); aspirin and/or derivatives thereof; azathioprine and/or derivatives thereof; β-Estradiol and/or derivatives thereof; β-1-anticollagenase and/or derivatives thereof; calcium channel blockers and/or derivatives thereof; calmodulin antagonists and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., H7, etc.); CAPTOPRIL and/or derivatives thereof; cartilage-derived inhibitor and/or derivatives thereof; ChIMP-3 and/or derivatives thereof; cephalosporin and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., cefadroxil, cefazolin, cefaclor, etc.); chloroquine and/or derivatives thereof; chemotherapeutic compounds and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., 5-fluorouracil, vincristine, vinblastine, cisplatin, doxyrubicin, adriamycin, tamocifen, etc.); chymostatin and/or derivatives thereof; CILAZAPRIL and/or derivatives thereof; clopidigrel and/or derivatives thereof; clotrimazole and/or derivatives thereof; colchicine and/or derivatives thereof; cortisone and/or derivatives thereof; coumadin and/or derivatives thereof; curacin-A and/or derivatives thereof; cyclosporine and/or derivatives thereof; cytochalasin and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., cytochalasin A, cytochalasin B, cytochalasin C, cytochalasin D, cytochalasin E, cytochalasin F, cytochalasin G, cytochalasin H, cytochalasin J, cytochalasin K, cytochalasin L, cytochalasin M, cytochalasin N, cytochalasin 0, cytochalasin P, cytochalasin Q, cytochalasin R, cytochalasin S, chaetoglobosin A, chaetoglobosin B, chaetoglobosin C, chaetoglobosin D, chaetoglobosin E, chaetoglobosin F, chaetoglobosin G, chaetoglobosin J, chaetoglobosin K, deoxaphomin, proxiphomin, protophomin, zygosporin D, zygosporin E, zygosporin F, zygosporin G, aspochalasin B, aspochalasin C, aspochalasin D, etc.); cytokines and/or derivatives thereof; desirudin and/or derivatives thereof; dexamethazone and/or derivatives thereof; dipyridamole and/or derivatives thereof; eminase and/or derivatives thereof; endothelin and/or derivatives thereof endothelial growth factor and/or derivatives thereof; epidermal growth factor and/or derivatives thereof; epothilone and/or derivatives thereof; estramustine and/or derivatives thereof; estrogen and/or derivatives thereof; fenoprofen and/or derivatives thereof; fluorouracil and/or derivatives thereof; flucytosine and/or derivatives thereof; forskolin and/or derivatives thereof; ganciclovir and/or derivatives thereof; glucocorticoids and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., dexamethasone, betamethasone, etc.); glycoprotein IIb/IIIa platelet membrane receptor antibody and/or derivatives thereof; GM-CSF and/or derivatives thereof; griseofulvin and/or derivatives thereof; growth factors and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., VEGF; TGF; IGF; PDGF; FGF, etc.); growth hormone and/or derivatives thereof; heparin and/or derivatives thereof; hirudin and/or derivatives thereof; hyaluronate and/or derivatives thereof; hydrocortisone and/or derivatives thereof; ibuprofen and/or derivatives thereof; immunosuppressive agents and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., adrenocorticosteroids, cyclosporine, etc.); indomethacin and/or derivatives thereof; inhibitors of the sodium/calcium antiporter and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., amiloride, etc.); inhibitors of the IP3 receptor and/or derivatives thereof; inhibitors of the sodium/hydrogen antiporter and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., amiloride and derivatives thereof; etc.); insulin and/or derivatives thereof; Interferon α Macroglobulin and/or derivatives thereof; ketoconazole and/or derivatives thereof; Lepirudin and/or derivatives thereof; LISINOPRIL and/or derivatives thereof; LOVASTATIN and/or derivatives thereof; marevan and/or derivatives thereof; mefloquine and/or derivatives thereof; metalloproteinase inhibitors and/or derivatives thereof; methotrexate and/or derivatives thereof; metronidazole and/or derivatives thereof; miconazole and/or derivatives thereof; monoclonal antibodies and/or derivatives thereof; mutamycin and/or derivatives thereof; naproxen and/or derivatives thereof; nitric oxide and/or derivatives thereof; nitroprusside and/or derivatives thereof; nucleic acid analogues and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., peptide nucleic acids, etc.); nystatin and/or derivatives thereof; oligonucleotides and/or derivatives thereof; paclitaxel and/or derivatives thereof; penicillin and/or derivatives thereof; pentamidine isethionate and/or derivatives thereof; phenindione and/or derivatives thereof; phenylbutazone and/or derivatives thereof; phosphodiesterase inhibitors and/or derivatives thereof; Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 and/or derivatives thereof; Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-2 and/or derivatives thereof; Platelet Factor 4 and/or derivatives thereof; platelet derived growth factor and/or derivatives thereof; plavix and/or derivatives thereof; POSTMI 75 and/or derivatives thereof; prednisone and/or derivatives thereof; prednisolone and/or derivatives thereof; probucol and/or derivatives thereof; progesterone and/or derivatives thereof; prostacyclin and/or derivatives thereof; prostaglandin inhibitors and/or derivatives thereof; protamine and/or derivatives thereof; protease and/or derivatives thereof; protein kinase inhibitors and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., staurosporin, etc.); quinine and/or derivatives thereof; radioactive agents and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., Cu-64, Ca-67, Cs-131, Ga-68, Zr-89, Ku-97, Tc-99m, Rh-105, Pd-103, Pd-109, In-111, 1-123, 1-125, 1-131, Re-186, Re-188, Au-198, Au-199, Pb-203, At-211, Pb-212, Bi-212, H3P3204, etc.); rapamycin and/or derivatives thereof; receptor antagonists for histamine and/or derivatives thereof; refludan and/or derivatives thereof; retinoic acids and/or derivatives thereof; revasc and/or derivatives thereof; rifamycin and/or derivatives thereof; sense or anti-sense oligonucleotides and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., DNA, RNA, plasmid DNA, plasmid RNA, etc.); seramin and/or derivatives thereof; steroids; seramin and/or derivatives thereof; serotonin and/or derivatives thereof; serotonin blockers and/or derivatives thereof; streptokinase and/or derivatives thereof; sulfasalazine and/or derivatives thereof; sulfonamides and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., sulfamethoxazole, etc.); sulphated chitin derivatives; Sulphated Polysaccharide Peptidoglycan Complex and/or derivatives thereof; TH1 and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., Interleukins-2, -12, and -15, gamma interferon, etc.); thioprotese inhibitors and/or derivatives thereof; taxol and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., taxotere, baccatin, 10-deacetyltaxol, 7-xylosyl-10-deacetyltaxol, cephalomannine, 10-deacetyl-7-epitaxol, 7 epitaxol, 10-deacetylbaccatin III, 10-deacetylcephaolmannine, etc.); ticlid and/or derivatives thereof; ticlopidine and/or derivatives thereof; tick anti-coagulant peptide and/or derivatives thereof; thioprotese inhibitors and/or derivatives thereof; thyroid hormone and/or derivatives thereof; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 and/or derivatives thereof; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 and/or derivatives thereof; tissue plasma activators; TNF and/or derivatives thereof, tocopherol and/or derivatives thereof; toxins and/or derivatives thereof; tranilast and/or derivatives thereof; transforming growth factors alpha and beta and/or derivatives thereof; trapidil and/or derivatives thereof; triazolopyrimidine and/or derivatives thereof; vapiprost and/or derivatives thereof; vinblastine and/or derivatives thereof; vincristine and/or derivatives thereof; zidovudine and/or derivatives thereof. As can be appreciated, the agent can include one or more derivatives of the above listed compounds and/or other compounds. In one non-limiting embodiment, the agent includes, but is not limited to, trapidil, Trapidil derivatives, taxol, taxol derivatives (e.g., taxotere, baccatin, 10-deacetyltaxol, 7-xylosyl-10-deacetyltaxol, cephalomannine, 10-deacetyl-7-epitaxol, 7 epitaxol, 10-deacetylbaccatin III, 10-deacetylcephaolmannine, etc.), cytochalasin, cytochalasin derivatives (e.g., cytochalasin A, cytochalasin B, cytochalasin C, cytochalasin D, cytochalasin E, cytochalasin F, cytochalasin G, cytochalasin H, cytochalasin J, cytochalasin K, cytochalasin L, cytochalasin M, cytochalasin N, cytochalasin O, cytochalasin P, cytochalasin Q, cytochalasin R, cytochalasin S, chaetoglobosin A, chaetoglobosin B, chaetoglobosin C, chaetoglobosin D, chaetoglobosin E, chaetoglobosin F, chaetoglobosin G, chaetoglobosin J, chaetoglobosin K, deoxaphomin, proxiphomin, protophomin, zygosporin D, zygosporin E, zygosporin F, zygosporin G, aspochalasin B, aspochalasin C, aspochalasin D, etc.), paclitaxel, paclitaxel derivatives, rapamycin, rapamycin derivatives, 5-Phenylmethimazole, 5-Phenylmethimazole derivatives, GM-CSF (granulo-cytemacrophage colony-stimulating-factor), GM-CSF derivatives, statins or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors forming a class of hypolipidemic agents, combinations, or analogs thereof, or combinations thereof The type and/or amount of agent included in the device and/or coated on the device can vary. When two or more agents are included in and/or coated on the device, the amount of two or more agents can be the same or different. The type and/or amount of agent included on, in and/or in conjunction with the device are generally selected to address one or more clinical events. Typically the amount of agent included on, in and/or used in conjunction with the device is about 0.01-100 ug per mm 2  and/or at least about 0.01 weight percent of device; however, other amounts can be used. In one non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the device can be partially of fully coated and/or impregnated with one or more agents to facilitate in the success of a particular medical procedure. The amount of two of more agents on, in and/or used in conjunction with the device can be the same or different. The one or more agents can be coated on and/or impregnated in the device by a variety of mechanisms such as, but not limited to, spraying (e.g., atomizing spray techniques, etc.), flame spray coating, powder deposition, dip coating, flow coating, dip-spin coating, roll coating (direct and reverse), sonication, brushing, plasma deposition, depositing by vapor deposition, MEMS technology, and rotating mold deposition. In another and/or alternative non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the type and/or amount of agent included on, in and/or in conjunction with the device is generally selected for the treatment of one or more clinical events. Typically the amount of agent included on, in and/or used in conjunction with the device is about 0.01-100 ug per mm 2  and/or at least about 0.01-100 weight percent of the device; however, other amounts can be used. The amount of two of more agents on, in and/or used in conjunction with the device can be the same or different. As such, the medical device, when it includes, contains, and/or is coated with one or more agents, can include one or more agents to address one or more medical needs. In one non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the medical device can be partially of fully coated with one or more agents, impregnated with one or more agents to facilitate in the success of a particular medical procedure. The one or more agents can be coated on and/or impregnated in the medical device by a variety of mechanisms such as, but not limited to, spraying (e.g., atomizing spray techniques, etc.), dip coating, roll coating, sonication, brushing, plasma deposition, depositing by vapor deposition. In another and/or alternative non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the type and/or amount of agent included on, in and/or in conjunction with the medical device is generally selected for the treatment of one or more medical treatments. Typically, the amount of agent included on, in and/or used in conjunction with the medical device is about 0.01-100 ug per mm 2 ; however, other amounts can be used. The amount of two or more agents on, in and/or used in conjunction with the medical device can be the same or different. 
         [0020]    In a further and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the present invention, the one or more agents on and/or in the medical device, when used on the medical device, can be released in a controlled manner so the area in question to be treated is provided with the desired dosage of agent over a sustained period of time. As can be appreciated, controlled release of one or more agents on the medical device is not always required and/or desirable. As such, one or more of the agents on and/or in the medical device can be uncontrollably released from the medical device during and/or after insertion of the medical device in the treatment area. It can also be appreciated that one or more agents on and/or in the medical device can be controllably released from the medical device and one or more agents on and/or in the medical device can be uncontrollably released from the medical device. It can also be appreciated that one or more agents on and/or in one region of the medical device can be controllably released from the medical device and one or more agents on and/or in the medical device can be uncontrollably released from another region on the medical device. As such, the medical device can be designed such that 1) all the agent on and/or in the medical device is controllably released, 2) some of the agent on and/or in the medical device is controllably released and some of the agent on the medical device is non-controllably released, or 3) none of the agent on and/or in the medical device is controllably released. The medical device can also be designed such that the rate of release of the one or more agents from the medical device is the same or different. The medical device can also be designed such that the rate of release of the one or more agents from one or more regions on the medical device is the same or different. Non-limiting arrangements that can be used to control the release of one or more agent from the medical device include a) at least partially coat one or more agents with one or more polymers, b) at least partially incorporate and/or at least partially encapsulate one or more agents into and/or with one or more polymers, and/or c) insert one or more agents in pores, passageway, cavities, etc. in the medical device and at least partially coat or cover such pores, passageway, cavities, etc. with one or more polymers. As can be appreciated, other or additional arrangements can be used to control the release of one or more agent from the medical device. The one or more polymers used to at least partially control the release of one or more agent from the medical device can be porous or non-porous. The one or more agents can be inserted into and/or applied to one or more surface structures and/or micro-structures on the medical device, and/or be used to at least partially form one or more surface structures and/or micro-structures on the medical device. As such, the one or more agents on the medical device can be 1) coated on one or more surface regions of the medical device, 2) inserted and/or impregnated in one or more surface structures and/or micro-structures, etc. of the medical device, and/or 3) form at least a portion or be included in at least a portion of the structure of the medical device. When the one or more agents are coated on the medical device, the one or more agents can 1) be directly coated on one or more surfaces of the medical device, 2) be mixed with one or more coating polymers or other coating materials and then at least partially coated on one or more surfaces of the medical device, 3) be at least partially coated on the surface of another coating material that has been at least partially coated on the medical device, and/or 4) be at least partially encapsulated between a) a surface or region of the medical device and one or more other coating materials and/or b) two or more other coating materials. As can be appreciated, many other coating arrangements can be additionally or alternatively used. When the one or more agents are inserted and/or impregnated in one or more internal structures, surface structures and/or micro-structures of the medical device, 1) one or more other coating materials can be applied at least partially over the one or more internal structures, surface structures and/or micro-structures of the medical device, and/or 2) one or more polymers can be combined with one or more agents. As such, the one or more agents can be 1) embedded in the structure of the medical device; 2) positioned in one or more internal structures of the medical device; 3) encapsulated between two polymer coatings; 4) encapsulated between the base structure and a polymer coating; 5) mixed in the base structure of the medical device that includes at least one polymer coating; or 6) one or more combinations of 1, 2, 3, 4 and/or 5. In addition or alternatively, the one or more coating of the one or more polymers on the medical device can include 1) one or more coatings of non-porous polymers; 2) one or more coatings of a combination of one or more porous polymers and one or more non-porous polymers; 3) one or more coating of porous polymer, or 4) one or more combinations of options 1, 2, and 3. As can be appreciated different agents can be located in and/or between different polymer coating layers and/or on and/or the structure of the medical device. As can also be appreciated, many other and/or additional coating combinations and/or configurations can be used. The concentration of one or more agents, the type of polymer, the type and/or shape of internal structures in the medical device and/or the coating thickness of one or more agents can be used to control the release time, the release rate and/or the dosage amount of one or more agents; however, other or additional combinations can be used. As such, the agent and polymer system combination and location on the medical device can be numerous. As can also be appreciated, one or more agents can be deposited on the top surface of the medical device to provide an initial uncontrolled burst effect of the one or more agents prior to 1) the controlled release of the one or more agents through one or more layers of polymer system that include one or more non-porous polymers and/or 2) the uncontrolled release of the one or more agents through one or more layers of polymer system. The one or more agents and/or polymers can be coated on the medical device by a variety of mechanisms such as, but not limited to, spraying (e.g., atomizing spray techniques, etc.), dip coating, roll coating, sonication, brushing, plasma deposition, and/or depositing by vapor deposition. The thickness of each polymer layer and/or layer of agent is generally at least about 0.01 μm and is generally less than about 150 μm. In one non-limiting embodiment, the thickness of a polymer layer and/or layer of agent is about 0.02-75 μm, more particularly about 0.05-50 μm, and even more particularly about 1-30 μm. When the medical device includes and/or is coated with one or more agents such that at least one of the agents is at least partially controllably released from the medical device, the need or use of body-wide therapy for extended periods of time can be reduced or eliminated. In the past, the use of body-wide therapy was used by the patient long after the patient left the hospital or other type of medical facility. This body-wide therapy could last days, weeks, months or sometimes over a year after surgery. The medical device of the present invention can be applied or inserted into a treatment area and 1) merely requires reduced use and/or extended use of body-wide therapy after application or insertion of the medical device or 2) does not require use and/or extended use of body-wide therapy after application or insertion of the medical device. As can be appreciated, use and/or extended use of body-wide therapy can be used after application or insertion of the medical device at the treatment area. In one non-limiting example, no body-wide therapy is needed after the insertion of the medical device into a patient. In another and/or alternative non-limiting example, short term use of body-wide therapy is needed or used after the insertion of the medical device into a patient. Such short term use can be terminated after the release of the patient from the hospital or other type of medical facility, or one to two days or weeks after the release of the patient from the hospital or other type of medical facility; however, it will be appreciated that other time periods of body-wide therapy can be used. As a result of the use of the medical device of the present invention, the use of body-wide therapy after a medical procedure involving the insertion of a medical device into a treatment area can be significantly reduced or eliminated. 
         [0021]    In another and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the present invention, controlled release of one or more agents from the medical device, when controlled release is desired, can be accomplished by using one or more non-porous polymer layers; however, other and/or additional mechanisms can be used to controllably release the one or more agents. The one or more agents are at least partially controllably released by molecular diffusion through the one or more non-porous polymer layers. When one or more non-porous polymer layers are used, the one or more polymer layers are typically biocompatible polymers; however, this is not required. The one or more non-porous polymers can be applied to the medical device without the use of chemical, solvents, and/or catalysts; however, this is not required. In one non-limiting example, the non-porous polymer can be at least partially applied by, but not limited to, vapor deposition and/or plasma deposition. The non-porous polymer can be selected so as to polymerize and cure merely upon condensation from the vapor phase; however, this is not required. The application of the one or more non-porous polymer layers can be accomplished without increasing the temperature above ambient temperature (e.g., 65-90° F.); however, this is not required. The non-porous polymer system can be mixed with one or more agents prior to being coated on the medical device and/or be coated on a medical device that previously included one or more agents; however, this is not required. The use or one or more non-porous polymer layers allow for accurate controlled release of the agent from the medical device. The controlled release of one or more agents through the non-porous polymer is at least partially controlled on a molecular level utilizing the motility of diffusion of the agent through the non-porous polymer. In one non-limiting example, the one or more non-porous polymer layers can include, but are not limited to, polyamide, parylene (e.g., parylene C, parylene N) and/or a parylene derivative. 
         [0022]    In still another and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the present invention, controlled release of one or more agents from the medical device, when controlled release is desired, can be accomplished by using one or more polymers that form a chemical bond with one or more agents. In one non-limiting example, at least one agent includes trapidil, trapidil derivative or a salt thereof that is covalently bonded to at least one polymer such as, but not limited to, an ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer. The ethylene is the hydrophobic group and acrylic acid is the hydrophilic group. The mole ratio of the ethylene to the acrylic acid in the copolymer can be used to control the hydrophobicity of the copolymer. The degree of hydrophobicity of one or more polymers can also be used to control the release rate of one or more agents from the one or more polymers. The amount of agent that can be loaded with one or more polymers may be a function of the concentration of anionic groups and/or cationic groups in the one or more polymer. For agents that are anionic, the concentration of agent that can be loaded on the one or more polymers is generally a function of the concentration of cationic groups (e.g. amine groups and the like) in the one or more polymer and the fraction of these cationic groups that can ionically bind to the anionic form of the one or more agents. For agents that are cationic (e.g., trapidil, etc.), the concentration of agent that can be loaded on the one or more polymers is generally a function of the concentration of anionic groups (i.e., carboxylate groups, phosphate groups, sulfate groups, and/or other organic anionic groups) in the one or more polymers, and the fraction of these anionic groups that can ionically bind to the cationic form of the one or more agents. As such, the concentration of one or more agent that can be bound to the one or more polymers can be varied by controlling the amount of hydrophobic and hydrophilic monomer in the one or more polymers, by controlling the efficiency of salt formation between the agent, and/or the anionic/cationic groups in the one or more polymers. 
         [0023]    In still another and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the present invention, controlled release of one or more agents from the medical device, when controlled release is desired, can be accomplished by using one or more polymers that include one or more induced cross-links. These one or more cross-links can be used to at least partially control the rate of release of the one or more agents from the one or more polymers. The cross-linking in the one or more polymers can be instituted by a number to techniques such as, but not limited to, using catalysts, using radiation, using heat, and/or the like. The one or more cross-links formed in the one or more polymers can result in the one or more agents to become partially or fully entrapped within the cross-linking, and/or form a bond with the cross-linking As such, the partially or fully entrapped agent takes longer to release itself from the cross-linking, thereby delaying the release rate of the one or more agents from the one or more polymers. Consequently, the amount of agent, and/or the rate at which the agent is released from the medical device over time can be at least partially controlled by the amount or degree of cross-linking in the one or more polymers. 
         [0024]    In still a further and/or alternative aspect of the present invention, a variety of polymers can be coated on the medical device and/or be used to form at least a portion of the medical device. The one or more polymers can be used on the medical for a variety of reasons such as, but not limited to, 1) forming a portion of the medical device, 2) improving a physical property of the medical device (e.g., improve strength, improve durability, improve biocompatibility, reduce friction, etc.), 3) forming a protective coating on one or more surface structures on the medical device, 4) at least partially forming one or more surface structures on the medical device, and/or 5) at least partially controlling a release rate of one or more agents from the medical device. As can be appreciated, the one or more polymers can have other or additional uses on the medical device. The one or more polymers can be porous, non-porous, biostable, biodegradable (i.e., dissolves, degrades, is absorbed, or any combination thereof in the body), and/or biocompatible. When the medical device is coated with one or more polymers, the polymer can include 1) one or more coatings of non-porous polymers; 2) one or more coatings of a combination of one or more porous polymers and one or more non-porous polymers; 3) one or more coatings of one or more porous polymers and one or more coatings of one or more non-porous polymers; 4) one or more coatings of porous polymer, or 5) one or more combinations of options 1, 2, 3 and 4. The thickness of one or more of the polymer layers can be the same or different. When one or more layers of polymer are coated onto at least a portion of the medical device, the one or more coatings can be applied by a variety of techniques such as, but not limited to, vapor deposition and/or plasma deposition, spraying, dip-coating, roll coating, sonication, atomization, brushing and/or the like; however, other or additional coating techniques can be used. The one or more polymers that can be coated on the medical device and/or used to at least partially form the medical device can be polymers that are considered to be biodegradable, bioresorbable, or bioerodable; polymers that are considered to be biostable; and/or polymers that can be made to be biodegradable and/or bioresorbable with modification. Non-limiting examples of polymers that are considered to be biodegradable, bioresorbable, or bioerodable include, but are not limited to, aliphatic polyesters; poly(glycolic acid) and/or copolymers thereof (e.g., poly(glycolide trimethylene carbonate); poly(caprolactone glycolide)); poly(lactic acid) and/or isomers thereof (e.g., poly-L(lactic acid) and/or poly-D Lactic acid) and/or copolymers thereof (e.g. DL-PLA), with and without additives (e.g. calcium phosphate glass), and/or other copolymers (e.g. poly(caprolactone lactide), poly(lactide glycolide), poly(lactic acid ethylene glycol)); poly(ethylene glycol); poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate; poly(lactide); polyalkylene succinate; polybutylene diglycolate; polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB); polyhydroxyvalerate (PHV); polyhydroxybutyrate/polyhydroxyvalerate copolymer (PHB/PHV); poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate); polyhydroxyalkaoates (PHA); polycaprolactone; poly(caprolactone-polyethylene glycol) copolymer; poly(valerolactone); polyanhydrides; poly(orthoesters) and/or blends with polyanhydrides; poly(anhydride-co-imide); polycarbonates (aliphatic); poly(hydroxyl-esters); polydioxanone; polyanhydrides; polyanhydride esters; polycyanoacrylates; poly(alkyl 2-cyanoacrylates); poly(amino acids); poly(phosphazenes); poly(propylene fumarate); poly(propylene fumarate-co-ethylene glycol); poly(fumarate anhydrides); fibrinogen; fibrin; gelatin; cellulose and/or cellulose derivatives and/or cellulosic polymers (e.g., cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose butyrate, cellulose ethers, cellulose nitrate, cellulose propionate, cellophane); chitosan and/or chitosan derivatives (e.g., chitosan NOCC, chitosan NOOC-G); alginate; polysaccharides; starch; amylase; collagen; polycarboxylic acids; poly(ethyl ester-co-carboxylate carbonate) (and/or other tyrosine derived polycarbonates); poly(iminocarbonate); poly(BPA-iminocarbonate); poly(trimethylene carbonate); poly(iminocarbonate-amide) copolymers and/or other pseudo-poly(amino acids); poly(ethylene glycol); poly(ethylene oxide); poly(ethylene oxide)/poly(butylene terephthalate) copolymer; poly(epsilon-caprolactone-dimethyltrimethylene carbonate); poly(ester amide); poly(amino acids) and conventional synthetic polymers thereof; poly(alkylene oxalates); poly(alkylcarbonate); poly(adipic anhydride); nylon copolyamides; NO-carboxymethyl chitosan NOCC); carboxymethyl cellulose; copoly(ether-esters) (e.g., PEO/PLA dextrans); polyketals; biodegradable polyethers; biodegradable polyesters; polydihydropyrans; polydepsipeptides; polyarylates (L-tyrosine-derived) and/or free acid polyarylates; polyamides (e.g., Nylon 66, polycaprolactam); poly(propylene fumarate-co-ethylene glycol) (e.g., fumarate anhydrides); hyaluronates; poly-p-dioxanone; polypeptides and proteins; polyphosphoester; polyphosphoester urethane; polysaccharides; pseudo-poly(amino acids); starch; terpolymer; (copolymers of glycolide, lactide, or dimethyltrimethylene carbonate); rayon; rayon triacetate; latex; and/pr copolymers, blends, and/or composites of above. Non-limiting examples of polymers that considered to be biostable include, but are not limited to, parylene; parylene c; parylene f; parylene n; parylene derivatives; maleic anyhydride polymers; phosphorylcholine; poly n-butyl methacrylate (PBMA); polyethylene-co-vinyl acetate (PEVA); PBMA/PEVA blend or copolymer; polytetrafluoroethene (Teflon®) and derivatives; poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide (Kevlar®); poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK); poly(styrene-b-isobutylene-b-styrene) (Translute™); tetramethyldisiloxane (side chain or copolymer); polyimides polysulfides; poly(ethylene terephthalate); poly(methyl methacrylate); poly(ethylene-co-methyl methacrylate); styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene block copolymers; ABS; SAN; acrylic polymers and/or copolymers (e.g., n-butyl-acrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, lauryl-acrylate, 2-hydroxy-propyl acrylate, polyhydroxyethyl, methacrylate/methylmethacrylate copolymers); glycosaminoglycans; alkyd resins; elastin; polyether sulfones; epoxy resin; poly(oxymethylene); polyolefins; polymers of silicone; polymers of methane; polyisobutylene; ethylene-alphaolefin copolymers; polyethylene; polyacrylonitrile; fluorosilicones; poly(propylene oxide); polyvinyl aromatics (e.g. polystyrene); poly(vinyl ethers) (e.g. polyvinyl methyl ether); poly(vinyl ketones); poly(vinylidene halides) (e.g. polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylidene chloride); poly(vinylpyrolidone); poly(vinylpyrolidone)/vinyl acetate copolymer; polyvinylpridine prolastin or silk-elastin polymers (SELP); silicone; silicone rubber; polyurethanes (polycarbonate polyurethanes, silicone urethane polymer) (e.g., chronoflex varieties, bionate varieties); vinyl halide polymers and/or copolymers (e.g. polyvinyl chloride); polyacrylic acid; ethylene acrylic acid copolymer; ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer; polyvinyl alcohol; poly(hydroxyl alkylmethacrylate); Polyvinyl esters (e.g. polyvinyl acetate); and/or copolymers, blends, and/or composites of above. Non-limiting examples of polymers that can be made to be biodegradable and/or bioresorbable with modification include, but are not limited to, hyaluronic acid (hyanluron); polycarbonates; polyorthocarbonates; copolymers of vinyl monomers; polyacetals; biodegradable polyurethanes; polyacrylamide; polyisocyanates; polyamide; and/or copolymers, blends, and/or composites of above. As can be appreciated, other and/or additional polymers and/or derivatives of one or more of the above listed polymers can be used. The one or more polymers can be coated on the medical device by a variety of mechanisms such as, but not limited to, spraying (e.g., atomizing spray techniques, etc.), dip coating, roll coating, sonication, brushing, plasma deposition, and/or depositing by vapor deposition. The thickness of each polymer layer is generally at least about 0.01 μm and is generally less than about 150 μm; however, other thicknesses can be used. In one non-limiting embodiment, the thickness of a polymer layer and/or layer of agent is about 0.02-75 μm, more particularly about 0.05-50 μm, and even more particularly about 1-30 μm. As can be appreciated, other thicknesses can be used. In one non-limiting embodiment, the medical device includes and/or is coated with parylene, PLGA, POE, PGA, PLLA, PAA, PEG, chitosan and/or derivatives of one or more of these polymers. In another and/or alternative non-limiting embodiment, the medical device includes and/or is coated with a non-porous polymer that includes, but is not limited to, polyamide, parylene c, parylene n and/or a parylene derivative. In still another and/or alternative non-limiting embodiment, the medical device includes and/or is coated with poly(ethylene oxide), poly(ethylene glycol), and polypropylene oxide), polymers of silicone, methane, tetrafluoroethylene (including TEFLON® brand polymers), tetramethyldisiloxane, and the like. 
         [0025]    In another and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the present invention, the medical device, when including and/or is coated with one or more agents, can include and/or can be coated with one or more agents that are the same or different in different regions of the medical device and/or have differing amounts and/or concentrations in differing regions of the medical device. For instance, the medical device can a) be coated with and/or include one or more biologicals on at least one portion of the medical device and at least another portion of the medical device is not coated with and/or includes agent; b) be coated with and/or include one or more biologicals on at least one portion of the medical device that is different from one or more biologicals on at least another portion of the medical device; c) be coated with and/or include one or more biologicals at a concentration on at least one portion of the medical device that is different from the concentration of one or more biologicals on at least another portion of the medical device; etc. 
         [0026]    In still another and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the present invention, one or more surfaces of the medical device can be treated to achieve the desired coating properties of the one or more agents and one or more polymers coated on the medical device. Such surface treatment techniques include, but are not limited to, cleaning, buffing, smoothing, etching (chemical etching, plasma etching, etc.), etc. When an etching process is used, various gasses can be used for such a surface treatment process such as, but not limited to, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, Freon®, helium, hydrogen, etc. The plasma etching process can be used to clean the surface of the medical device, change the surface properties of the medical device so as to affect the adhesion properties, lubricity properties, etc. of the surface of the medical device. As can be appreciated, other or additional surface treatment processes can be used prior to the coating of one or more agents and/or polymers on the surface of the medical device. In one non-limiting manufacturing process, one or more portions of the medical device are cleaned and/or plasma etched; however, this is not required. Plasma etching can be used to clean the surface of the medical device, and/or to form one or more non-smooth surfaces on the medical device to facilitate in the adhesion of one or more coatings of agents and/or one or more coatings of polymer on the medical device. The gas for the plasma etching can include carbon dioxide and/or other gasses. Once one or more surface regions of the medical device have been treated, one or more coatings of polymer and/or agent can be applied to one or more regions of the medical device. For instance, 1) one or more layers of porous or non-porous polymer can be coated on an outer and/or inner surface of the medical device, 2) one or more layers of agent can be coated on an outer and/or inner surface of the medical device, or 3) one or more layers of porous or non-porous polymer that includes one or more agents can be coated on an outer and/or inner surface of the medical device. The one or more layers of agent can be applied to the medical device by a variety of techniques (e.g., dipping, rolling, brushing, spraying, particle atomization, etc.). One non-limiting coating technique is by an ultrasonic mist coating process wherein ultrasonic waves are used to break up the droplet of agent and form a mist of very fine droplets. These fine droplets have an average droplet diameter of about 0.1-3 microns. The fine droplet mist facilitates in the formation of a uniform coating thickness and can increase the coverage area on the medical device. 
         [0027]    In still yet another and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the present invention, one or more portions of the medical device can 1) include the same or different agents, 2) include the same or different amount of one or more agents, 3) include the same or different polymer coatings, 4) include the same or different coating thicknesses of one or more polymer coatings, 5) have one or more portions of the medical device controllably release and/or uncontrollably release one or more agents, and/or 6) have one or more portions of the medical device controllably release one or more agents and one or more portions of the medical device uncontrollably release one or more agents. 
         [0028]    In yet another and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the invention, the medical device can include a marker material that facilitates enabling the medical device to be properly positioned in various regions of a body. The marker material is typically designed to be visible to electromagnetic waves (e.g., x-rays, microwaves, visible light, inferred waves, ultraviolet waves, etc.); sound waves (e.g., ultrasound waves, etc.); magnetic waves (e.g., MRI, etc.); and/or other types of electromagnetic waves (e.g., microwaves, visible light, inferred waves, ultraviolet waves, etc.). In one non-limiting embodiment, the marker material is visible to x-rays (i.e., radiopaque). The marker material can form all or a portion of the medical device and/or be coated on one or more portions (flaring portion and/or body portion; at ends of medical device; at or near transition of body portion and flaring section; etc.) of the medical device. The location of the marker material can be on one or multiple locations on the medical device. The size of the one or more regions that include the marker material can be the same or different. The marker material can be spaced at defined distances from one another so as to form ruler like markings on the medical device to facilitate in the positioning of the medical device in various regions of a body. The marker material can be a rigid or flexible material. The marker material can be a biostable or biodegradable material. When the marker material is a rigid material, the marker material is typically formed of a metal material (e.g., metal band, metal plating, etc.); however, other or additional materials can be used. The metal which at least partially forms the medical device can function as a marker material; however, this is not required. When the marker material is a flexible material, the marker material typically is formed of one or more polymers that are marker materials in-of-themselves and/or include one or more metal powders and/or metal compounds. In one non-limiting embodiment, the flexible marker material includes one or more metal powders in combinations with parylene, PLGA, POE, PGA, PLLA, PAA, PEG, chitosan and/or derivatives of one or more of these polymers. In another and/or alternative non-limiting embodiment, the flexible marker material includes one or more metals and/or metal powders of aluminum, barium, bismuth, cobalt, copper, chromium, gold, iron, stainless steel, titanium, vanadium, nickel, zirconium, niobium, lead, molybdenum, platinum, yttrium, calcium, rare earth metals, rhenium, zinc, silver, depleted radioactive elements, tantalum and/or tungsten; and/or compounds thereof. The marker material can be coated with a polymer protective material; however, this is not required. When the marker material is coated with a polymer protective material, the polymer coating can be used to 1) at least partially insulate the marker material from body fluids, 2) facilitate in retaining the marker material on the medical device, 3) at least partially shield the marker material from damage during a medical procedure and/or 4) provide a desired surface profile on the medical device. As can be appreciated, the polymer coating can have other or additional uses. The polymer protective coating can be a biostable polymer or a biodegradable polymer (e.g., degrades and/or is absorbed). The coating thickness of the protective coating polymer material, when used, is typically less than about 300 microns; however, other thickness can be used. In one non-limiting embodiment, the protective coating materials include parylene, PLGA, POE, PGA, PLLA, PAA, PEG, chitosan and/or derivatives of one or more of these polymers. 
         [0029]    In a further and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the present invention, the medical device or one or more regions of the medical device can be constructed by use of one or more microelectromechanical manufacturing techniques (MEMS) (e.g., micro-machining, laser micro-machining, laser micro-machining, micro-molding, etc.); however, other or additional manufacturing techniques can be used. The medical device can include one or more surface structures (e.g., pore, channel, pit, rib, slot, notch, bump, teeth, needle, well, hole, groove, etc.). These structures can be at least partially formed by MEMS (e.g., micro-machining, etc.) technology and/or other types of technology. The medical device can include one or more micro-structures (e.g., micro-needle, micro-pore, micro-cylinder, micro-cone, micro-pyramid, micro-tube, micro-parallelopiped, micro-prism, micro-hemisphere, teeth, rib, ridge, ratchet, hinge, zipper, zip-tie like structure, etc.) on the surface of the medical device. As defined herein, a micro-structure is a structure that has at least one dimension (e.g., average width, average diameter, average height, average length, average depth, etc.) that is no more than about 2 mm, and typically no more than about 1 mm. As can be appreciated, the medical device, when including one or more surface structures, a) all the surface structures can be micro-structures, b) all the surface structures can be non-micro-structures, or c) a portion of the surface structures can be micro-structures and a portion can be non-micro-structures. Non-limiting examples of structures that can be formed on the medical devices such as medical devices are illustrated in United States Patent Publication Nos. 2004/0093076 and 2004/0093077, which are incorporated herein by reference. Typically, the micro-structures, when formed, extend from or into the outer surface no more than about 400 microns, and more typically less than about 300 microns, and more typically about 15-250 microns; however, other sizes can be used. The micro-structures can be clustered together or disbursed throughout the surface of the medical device. Similar shaped and/or sized micro-structures and/or surface structures can be used, or different shaped and/or sized micro-structures can be used. When one or more surface structures and/or micro-structures are designed to extend from the surface of the medical device, the one or more surface structures and/or micro-structures can be formed in the extended position and/or be designed so as to extend from the medical device during and/or after deployment of the medical device in a treatment area. The micro-structures and/or surface structures can be designed to contain and/or be fluidly connected to a passageway, cavity, etc.; however, this is not required. The one or more surface structures and/or micro-structures can be used to engage and/or penetrate surrounding tissue or organs once the medical device has be position on and/or in a patient; however, this is not required. The one or more surface structures and/or micro-structures can be used to facilitate in forming maintaining a shape of a medical device (i.e., see devices in United States Patent Publication Nos. 2004/0093076 and 2004/0093077). The one or more surface structures and/or micro-structures can be at least partially formed by MEMS (e.g., micro-machining, laser micro-machining, micro-molding, etc.) technology; however, this is not required. In one non-limiting embodiment, the one or more surface structures and/or micro-structures can be at least partially formed of an agent and/or be formed of a polymer. One or more of the surface structures and/or micro-structures can include one or more internal passageways that can include one or more materials (e.g., agent, polymer, etc.); however, this is not required. The one or more surface structures and/or micro-structures can be formed by a variety of processes (e.g., machining, chemical modifications, chemical reactions, MEMS (e.g., micro-machining, etc.), etching, laser cutting, etc.). The one or more coatings and/or one or more surface structures and/or micro-structures of the medical device can be used for a variety of purposes such as, but not limited to, 1) increasing the bonding and/or adhesion of one or more agents, adhesives, marker materials and/or polymers to the medical device, 2) changing the appearance or surface characteristics of the medical device, and/or 3) controlling the release rate of one or more agents. The one or more micro-structures and/or surface structures can be biostable, biodegradable, etc. One or more regions of the medical device that are at least partially formed by MEMS techniques can be biostable, biodegradable, etc. The medical device or one or more regions of the medical device can be at least partially covered and/or filled with a protective material so to at least partially protect one or more regions of the medical device, and/or one or more micro-structures and/or surface structures on the medical device from damage. One or more regions of the medical device, and/or one or more micro-structures and/or surface structures on the medical device can be damaged when the medical device is 1) packaged and/or stored, 2) unpackaged, 3) connected to and/or other secured and/or placed on another medical device, 4) inserted into a treatment area, 5) handled by a user, and/or 6) form a barrier between one or more micro-structures and/or surface structures and fluids in various regions of a body. As can be appreciated, the medical device can be damaged in other or additional ways. The protective material can be used to protect the medical device and one or more micro-structures and/or surface structures from such damage. The protective material can include one or more polymers previously identified above. The protective material can be 1) biostable and/or biodegradable and/or 2) porous and/or non-porous. In one non-limiting design, the polymer is at least partially biodegradable so as to at least partially exposed one or more micro-structure and/or surface structure to the environment after the medical device has been at least partially inserted into a treatment area. In another and/or additional non-limiting design, the protective material includes, but is not limited to, sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, sucrose, etc.), carbohydrate compound, salt (e.g., NaCl, etc.), parylene, PLGA, POE, PGA, PLLA, PAA, PEG, chitosan and/or derivatives of one or more of these materials; however, other and/or additional materials can be used. In still another and/or additional non-limiting design, the thickness of the protective material is generally less than about 300 microns, and typically less than about 150 microns; however, other thicknesses can be used. The protective material can be coated by one or more mechanisms previously described herein. 
         [0030]    In still yet another and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the present invention, the medical device can include and/or be used with a physical hindrance. The physical hindrance can include, but is not limited to, an adhesive, a sheath, a magnet, tape, wire, string, etc. The physical hindrance can be used to 1) physically retain one or more regions of the medical device in a particular form or profile, 2) physically retain the medical device on a particular deployment device, 3) protect one or more surface structures and/or micro-structures on the medical device, and/or 4) form a barrier between one or more surface regions, surface structures and/or micro-structures on the medical device and the fluids in various regions of a body. As can be appreciated, the physical hindrance can have other and/or additional functions. The physical hindrance is typically a biodegradable material; however, a biostable material can be used. The physical hindrance can be designed to withstand sterilization of the medical device; however, this is not required. The physical hindrance can be applied to, included in and/or be used in conjunction with one or more medical devices. Additionally or alternatively, the physical hindrance can be designed to be used with and/or conjunction with a medical device for a limited period of time and then 1) disengage from the medical device after the medical device has been partially or fully deployed and/or 2) dissolve and/or degrade during and/or after the medical device has been partially or fully deployed; however, this is not required. Additionally or alternatively, the physical hindrance can be designed and be formulated to be temporarily used with a medical device to facilitate in the deployment of the medical device; however, this is not required. In one non-limiting use of the physical hindrance, the physical hindrance is designed or formulated to at least partially secure a medical device to another device that is used to at least partially transport the medical device to a location for treatment. In another and/or alternative non-limiting use of the physical hindrance, the physical hindrance is designed or formulated to at least partially maintain the medical device in a particular shape or form until the medical device is at least partially positioned in a treatment location. In still another and/or alternative non-limiting use of the physical hindrance, the physical hindrance is designed or formulated to at least partially maintain and/or secure one type of medical device to another type of medical instrument or device until the medical device is at least partially positioned in a treatment location. The physical hindrance can also or alternatively be designed and formulated to be used with a medical device to facilitate in the use of the medical device. In one non-limiting use of the physical hindrance, when in the form of an adhesive, can be formulated to at least partially secure a medical device to a treatment area so as to facilitate in maintaining the medical device at the treatment area. For instance, the physical hindrance can be used in such use to facilitate in maintaining a medical device on or at a treatment area until the medical device is properly secured to the treatment area by sutures, stitches, screws, nails, rod, etc.; however, this is not required. Additionally or alternatively, the physical hindrance can be used to facilitate in maintaining a medical device on or at a treatment area until the medical device has partially or fully accomplished its objective. The physical hindrance is typically a biocompatible material so as to not cause unanticipated adverse effects when properly used. The physical hindrance can be biostable or biodegradable (e.g., degrades and/or is absorbed, etc.). When the physical hindrance includes or has one or more adhesives, the one or more adhesives can be applied to the medical device by, but is not limited to, spraying (e.g., atomizing spray techniques, etc.), dip coating, roll coating, sonication, brushing, plasma deposition, and/or depositing by vapor deposition, brushing, painting, etc.) on the medical device. The physical hindrance can also or alternatively form at least a part of the medical device. One or more regions and/or surfaces of a medical device can also or alternatively include the physical hindrance. The physical hindrance can include one or more biological agents and/or other materials (e.g., marker material, polymer, etc.); however, this is not required. When the physical hindrance is or includes an adhesive, the adhesive can be formulated to controllably release one or more biological agents in the adhesive and/or coated on and/or contained within the medical device; however, this is not required. The adhesive can also or alternatively control the release of one or more biological agents located on and/or contained in the medical device by forming a penetrable or non-penetrable barrier to such biological agents; however, this is not required. The adhesive can include and/or be mixed with one or more polymers; however, this is not required. The one or more polymers can be used to 1) control the time of adhesion provided by said adhesive, 2) control the rate of degradation of the adhesive, and/or 3) control the rate of release of one or more biological agents from the adhesive and/or diffusing or penetrating through the adhesive layer; however, this is not required. When the physical hindrance includes a sheath, the sheath can be designed to partially or fully encircle the medical device. The sheath can be designed to be physically removed from the medical device after the medical device is deployed to a treatment area; however, this is not required. The sheath can be formed of a biodegradable material that at least partially degrades over time to at least partially expose one or more surface regions, micro-structures and/or surface structures of the medical device; however, this is not required. The sheath can include and/or be at least partially coated with one or more biological agents. The sheath includes one or more polymers; however, this is not required. The one or more polymers can be used for a variety of reasons such as, but not limited to, 1) forming a portion of the sheath, 2) improving a physical property of the sheath (e.g., improve strength, improve durability, improve biocompatibility, reduce friction, etc.), and/or 3 at least partially controlling a release rate of one or more biological agents from the sheath. As can be appreciated, the one or more polymers can have other or additional uses on the sheath. 
         [0031]    In another and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the invention, the medical device can include a biostable construction. In such a design, the medical device has two or more stable configurations, including a first stable configuration with a first cross-sectional shape and a second stable configuration with a second cross-sectional shape. All or a portion of the medical device can include the biostable construction. The bistable construction can result in a generally uniform change in shape of the medical device, or one portion of the medical device can change into one or more configurations and one or more other portions of the medical device can change into one or more other configurations. 
         [0032]    In still another and/or alternative aspect of the invention, the medical device can be an expandable device that can be expanded by use of some other device (e.g., balloon, etc.) and/or is self-expanding. The expandable medical device can be fabricated from a material that has no or substantially no shape memory characteristics or can be partially fabricated from a material having shape-memory characteristics. Typically, when one or more shape-memory materials are used, the shape-memory material composition is selected such that the shape-memory material remains in an unexpanded configuration at a cold temperature (e.g., below body temperature); however, this is not required. When the shape-memory material is heated (e.g., to body temperature) the expandable body section can be designed to expand to at least partially seal and secure the medical device in various regions of a body; however, this is not required. 
         [0033]    In still another and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the invention, the medical device can be used in conjunction with one or more other biological agents that are not on the medical device. For instance, the success of the medical device can be improved by infusing, injecting or consuming orally one or more biological agents. Such biological agents can be the same and/or different from the one or more biological agents on and/or in the medical device. Such use of one or more biological agents are commonly used in systemic treatment of a patient after a medical procedure such as body wide after the medical device has been inserted in the treatment area can be reduced or eliminated by use of the novel alloy. Although the medical device of the present invention can be designed to reduce or eliminate the need for long periods of body-wide therapy after the medical device has been inserted in the treatment area, the use of one or more biological agents can be used in conjunction with the medical device to enhance the success of the medical device and/or reduce or prevent the occurrence of one or more biological problems (e.g., infection, rejection of the medical device, etc.). For instance, solid dosage forms of biological agents for oral administration, and/or for other types of administration (e.g., suppositories, etc.) can be used. Such solid forms can include, but are not limited to, capsules, tablets, effervescent tablets, chewable tablets, pills, powders, sachets, granules and gels. The solid form of the capsules, tablets, effervescent tablets, chewable tablets, pills, etc. can have a variety of shapes such as, but not limited to, spherical, cubical, cylindrical, pyramidal, and the like. In such solid dosage form, one or more biological agents can be admixed with at least one filler material such as, but not limited to, sucrose, lactose or starch; however, this is not required. Such dosage forms can include additional substances such as, but not limited to, inert diluents (e.g., lubricating agents, etc.). When capsules, tablets, effervescent tablets or pills are used, the dosage form can also include buffering agents; however, this is not required. Soft gelatin capsules can be prepared to contain a mixture of the one or more biological agents in combination with vegetable oil or other types of oil; however, this is not required. Hard gelatin capsules can contain granules of the one or more biological agents in combination with a solid carrier such as, but not limited to, lactose, potato starch, corn starch, cellulose derivatives of gelatin, etc.; however, this is not required. Tablets and pills can be prepared with enteric coatings for additional time release characteristics; however, this is not required. Liquid dosage forms of the one or more biological agents for oral administration can include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, elixirs, etc.; however, this is not required. In one non-limiting embodiment, when at least a portion of one or more biological agents is inserted into a treatment area (e.g., gel form, paste form, etc.) and/or provided orally (e.g., pill, capsule, etc.) and/or anally (suppository, etc.), one or more of the biological agents can be controllably released; however, this is not required. In one non-limiting example, one or more biological agents can be given to a patient in solid dosage form and one or more of such biological agents can be controllably released from such solid dosage forms. In another and/or alternative non-limiting example trapidil, trapidil derivatives, taxol, taxol derivatives, cytochalasin, cytochalasin derivatives, paclitaxel, paclitaxel derivatives, rapamycin, rapamycin derivatives, 5-Phenylmethimazole, 5-Phenylmethimazole derivatives, GM-CSF, GM-CSF derivatives, or combinations thereof are given to a patient prior to, during and/or after the insertion of the medical device in a treatment area. As can be appreciated, other or additional biological agents can be used. Certain types of biological agents may be desirable to be present in a treated area for an extended period of time in order to utilize the full or nearly full clinical potential the biological agent. For instance, trapidil and/or trapidil derivatives is a compound that has many clinical attributes including, but not limited to, anti-platelet effects, inhibition of smooth muscle cells and monocytes, fibroblast proliferation and increased MAPK-1 which in turn deactivates kinase, a vasodilator, etc. These attributes can be effective in improving the success of a medical device that has been inserted at a treatment area. In some situations, these positive effects of trapidil and/or trapidil derivatives need to be prolonged in a treatment area in order to achieve complete clinical competency. Trapidil and/or trapidil derivatives have a half-life in vivo of about 2-4 hours with hepatic clearance of 48 hours. In order to utilize the full clinical potential of trapidil and/or trapidil derivatives, trapidil and/or trapidil derivatives should be metabolized over an extended period of time without interruption; however, this is not required. By inserting trapidil and/or trapidil derivatives in a solid dosage form, the trapidil and/or trapidil derivatives could be released in a patient over extended periods of time in a controlled manner to achieve complete or nearly complete clinical competency of the trapidil and/or trapidil derivatives. In another and/or alternative non-limiting example, one or more biological agents are at least partially encapsulated in one or more polymers. The one or more polymers can be biodegradable, non-biodegradable, porous, and/or non-porous. When the one or more polymers are biodegradable, the rate of degradation of the one or more biodegradable polymers can be used to at least partially control the rate at which one or more biological agents that are released into various regions of a body and/or other parts of the body over time. The one or more biological agents can be at least partially encapsulated with different polymer coating thickness, different numbers of coating layers, and/or with different polymers to alter the rate at which one or more biological agents are released in various regions of a body over time. The rate of degradation of the polymer is principally a function of 1) the water permeability and solubility of the polymer, 2) chemical composition of the polymer and/or biological agent, 3) mechanism of hydrolysis of the polymer, 4) the biological agent encapsulated in the polymer, 5) the size, shape and surface volume of the polymer, 6) the porosity of the polymer, 7) the molecular weight of the polymer, 8) the degree of cross-linking in the polymer, 9) the degree of chemical bonding between the polymer and biological agent, and/or 10) the structure of the polymer and/or biological agent. As can be appreciated, other factors may also affect the rate of degradation of the polymer. When the one or more polymers are biostable, the rate at when the one or more biological agents are released from the biostable polymer is a function of 1) the porosity of the polymer, 2) the molecular diffusion rate of the biological agent through the polymer, 3) the degree of cross-linking in the polymer, 4) the degree of chemical bonding between the polymer and biological agent, 5) chemical composition of the polymer and/or biological agent, 6) the biological agent encapsulated in the polymer, 7) the size, shape and surface volume of the polymer, and/or 8) the structure of the polymer and/or biological agent. As can be appreciated, other factors may also affect the rate of release of the one or more biological agents from the biostable polymer. Many different polymers can be used such as, but not limited to, aliphatic polyester compounds (e.g., PLA (i.e. poly(D, L-lactic acid), poly(L-lactic acid)), PLGA (i.e. poly(lactide-co-glycoside), etc.), POE, PEG, PLLA, parylene, chitosan and/or derivatives thereof As can be appreciated, the at least partially encapsulated biological agent can be introduced into a patient by means other than by oral introduction, such as, but not limited to, injection, topical applications, intravenously, eye drops, nasal spray, surgical insertion, suppositories, intrarticularly, intraocularly, intranasally, intradermally, sublingually, intravesically, intrathecally, intraperitoneally, intracranially, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, directly at a particular site, and the like. 
         [0034]    The use of the novel metal alloy to form all or a portion of the medical device can result in several advantages over medical devices formed from other materials. These advantages include, but are not limited to: 
         [0035]    The novel metal alloy has increased strength as compared with stainless steel or chromium-cobalt alloys, thus less quantity of novel metal alloy can be used in the medical device to achieve similar strengths as compared to medical devices formed of different metals. As such, the resulting medical device can be made smaller and less bulky by use of the novel metal alloy without sacrificing the strength and durability of the medical device. The medical device can also have a smaller profile, thus can be inserted into smaller areas, openings and/or passageways. The increased strength of the novel metal alloy also results in the increased radial strength of the medical device. For instance, the thickness of the walls of the medical device and/or the wires used to form the medical device can be made thinner and achieve a similar or improved radial strength as compared with thicker walled medical devices formed of stainless steel or cobalt and chromium alloy. 
         [0036]    The novel metal alloy has improved stress-strain properties, bendability properties, elongation properties and/or flexibility properties of the medical device as compared with stainless steel or chromium-cobalt alloys, thus resulting in an increase life for the medical device. For instance, the medical device can be used in regions that subject the medical device to repeated bending. Due to the improved physical properties of the medical device from the novel metal alloy, the medical device has improved resistance to fracturing in such frequent bending environments. These improved physical properties at least in part result from the composition of the novel metal alloy; the grain size of the novel metal alloy; the carbon, oxygen and nitrogen content of the novel metal alloy; and/or the carbon/oxygen ratio of the novel metal alloy. 
         [0037]    The novel metal alloy has a reduced degree of recoil during the crimping and/or expansion of the medical device as compared with stainless steel or chromium-cobalt alloys. The medical device formed of the novel metal alloy better maintains its crimped form and/or better maintains its expanded form after expansion due to the use of the novel metal alloy. As such, when the medical device is to be mounted onto a delivery device when the medical device is crimped, the medical device better maintains its smaller profile during the insertion of the medical device in various regions of a body. Also, the medical device better maintains its expanded profile after expansion so as to facilitate in the success of the medical device in the treatment area. 
         [0038]    The novel metal alloy has improved radiopaque properties as compared to standard materials such as stainless steel or cobalt-chromium alloy, thus reducing or eliminating the need for using marker materials on the medical device. For instance, the novel metal alloy is at least about 10-20% more radiopaque than stainless steel or cobalt-chromium alloy. 
         [0039]    The novel metal alloy is less of an irritant to the body than stainless steel or cobalt-chromium alloy, thus can result in reduced inflammation, faster healing, and increased success rates of the medical device. 
         [0040]    One non-limiting object of the present invention is the provision of a medical device that is at least partially formed of a novel metal alloy. 
         [0041]    Another and/or alternative non-limiting object of the present invention is the provision of a medical device having improved procedural success rates. 
         [0042]    Still another and/or alternative non-limiting object of the present invention is the provision of a medical device that is in the form of a dental implant. The dental implant for insertion into bone generally includes an implant anchor having a connection arrangement (e.g., an interlocking thread, etc.). The dental implant can include a plurality of keys disposed about the distal end of the abutment, which distal end is capable of being affixed to the prosthetic tooth or dental appliance; an implantable anchor having a proximal and distal end, a plurality of female keyways defined into the proximal end of the anchor, the keyways capable of coupling to the male keys of the abutment and thereby preventing relative rotation of the abutment and anchor; however, this is not required. The dental implant can optionally include a repository bore perpendicular to the longitudinal bore defined in a distal portion of the anchor. The repository bore is cut through a portion of the anchor creating very sharp cutting edges to become self-tapping. The repository bore also can optionally serve as a repository for the bone chips created during the thread cutting process. One non-limiting dental implant is described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,198,488, which is incorporated herein by reference. The dental implant has a cylindrical anchoring head formed unitarily with a screw element. The screw element, usually made of the metal alloy of the present invention or titanium with a roughened surface, and is to be screwed into the recipient jaw bone. The anchoring head which can be formed of the metal alloy of the present invention is adapted to have a prosthetic tooth mounted on it. 
         [0043]    Still another and/or alternative non-limiting object of the present invention is the provision of a medical device that is formed of a material that improves the physical properties of the medical device. 
         [0044]    Yet another and/or alternative non-limiting object of the present invention is the provision of a medical device that is at least partially formed of a novel metal alloy that has increased strength and can also be used as a marker material. 
         [0045]    Still yet another and/or alternative non-limiting object of the present invention is the provision of a medical device that at least partially includes a novel metal alloy that enables the medical device to be formed with less material without sacrificing the strength of the medical device as compared to prior medical devices. 
         [0046]    Still yet another and/or alternative non-limiting object of the present invention is the provision of a medical device that is simple and cost effective to manufacture. 
         [0047]    A further and/or alternative non-limiting object of the present invention is the provision of a medical device that is at least partially coated with one or more polymer coatings. 
         [0048]    Still a further and/or alternative non-limiting object of the present invention is the provision of a medical device that is coated with one or more biological agents. 
         [0049]    Yet a further and/or alternative non-limiting object of the present invention is the provision of a medical device that has one or more polymer coatings to at least partially control the release rate of one or more biological agents. 
         [0050]    Still yet a further and/or alternative non-limiting object of the present invention is the provision of a medical device that includes one or more surface structures and/or micro-structures. 
         [0051]    Still a further and/or alternative non-limiting object of the present invention is the provision of a method and process for forming a novel metal alloy into a medical device. 
         [0052]    Another and/or alternative non-limiting object of the present invention is the provision of a medical device that includes one or more surface structures, micro-structures and/or internal structures and a protective coating that at least partially covers and/or protects such structures. 
         [0053]    Yet another and/or alternative non-limiting object of the present invention is the provision of a medical device that includes one or more markers. 
         [0054]    Still another and/or alternative non-limiting object of the present invention is the provision of a medical device that includes and/or is used with one or more physical hindrances. 
         [0055]    Still yet another and/or alternative non-limiting object of the present invention is the provision of a medical device that can be used in conjunction with one or more biological agents not on or in the medical device. 
         [0056]    A further and/or alternative non-limiting object of the present invention is the provision of a method and process for forming a novel metal alloy that inhibits or prevent the formation of micro-cracks during the processing of the alloy into a medical device. 
         [0057]    Still a further and/or alternative non-limiting object of the present invention is the provision of a method and process for forming a novel metal alloy that inhibits or prevents in the introduction of impurities into the alloy during the processing of the alloy into a medical device. 
         [0058]    These and other advantages will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon the reading and following of this description. 
     
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
         [0059]    Reference may now be made to the drawings, which illustrate various embodiments that the invention may take in physical form and in certain parts and arrangements of parts wherein: 
           [0060]      FIG. 1  is a longitudinal axial section through a dental implant. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0061]    Referring now to the drawing wherein the showings are for the purpose of illustrating an embodiment of the invention only and not for the purpose of limiting the same,  FIG. 1  illustrates a dental implant that includes an anchoring head which in its outer contour is cylindrical and formed in one piece with a screw element extending in an apical direction. The anchoring head has an anchoring area which is coaxial with the longitudinal axis and is formed with an internal set of teeth which serve for engagement in a form fitting manner with an implanting tool or element capable of rotatably driving the implant and for the engagement with the end which can be plugged into the implant of a superstructure or other element to be mounted thereon. The internal teeth terminate in the apical direction at a blind bore with an internal screw thread into which the anchoring screw of the superstructure can be threaded to mount the structure on the implant. While the internal teeth extend substantially over the entire length of the anchoring head, the blind bore occupies a fraction of the length of the screw element. As can be seen in  FIG. 1 , the screw element has a thread core and a self-cutting external thread. In the direction of the longitudinal axis, the thread core and the outer thread are subdivided into a plurality of segments following one another from the crestal to the apical, and of which the first crestal segment adjoins the anchoring head. In this segment, the outer thread has a constant outer diameter which corresponds to the outer diameter of the anchoring head. The thread core runs in this segment tapering in the apical direction and diminishes from a diameter. The thread core thus merges steplessly into the outer surface of the anchoring head. The diameter reduction of the thread core in the segment continues to an intermediate diameter which is less than the outer diameter of the anchoring head. The middle segment adjoins the crestal segment and in this middle segment the outer diameter of the outer thread and the outer diameter of the core may remain constant; however, this is not required. The apparent reduction of the outer diameter in the middle segment is a result of the longitudinal grooves shown in the section of  FIG. 1 . In the third point or tip segment, both the outer thread and the thread core taper in the apical direction. As also will be apparent from  FIG. 1 , beginning at the middle segment on two diametrically opposite sides of the screw element, two parallel longitudinal grooves are provided which run parallel to the longitudinal axis. 
         [0062]    It will thus be seen that the objects set forth above, among those made apparent from the preceding description, are efficiently attained, and since certain changes may be made in the constructions set forth without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. The invention has been described with reference to preferred and alternate embodiments. Modifications and alterations will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the detailed discussion of the invention provided herein. This invention is intended to include all such modifications and alterations insofar as they come within the scope of the present invention. It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended to cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention herein described and all statements of the scope of the invention, which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall therebetween.