Abstract:
The invention provides for modeling and scoring risk-assessment and a set of insurance products derived therefrom. Risk indicators are determined at a selected time. A population is assessed at that time and afterward for those risk indicators and for consequences associated therewith. Population members are coupled to client devices for determining risk indicators and consequences. A server receives data from each client, and in response thereto and in conjunction with an expert operator, (1) reassesses weights assigned to the risk indicators, (2) determines new risk indicators, (3) determines new measures for determining risk indicators and consequences, and (4) presents treatment options to each population member. The server determines, in response to the data from each client, and possibly other data, a measure of risk for each indicated consequence or for a set of such consequences. The server provides this measure with regard to each population member, or with regard to population subsets. The expert operator uses this measure to determine either (1) an individual course of treatment, (2) a resource utilization review model, (3) a risk-assessment model, or (4) an insurance pricing model, for each individual population member or for selected population subsets. Information requested by the client, information determined and presented by the server, and responsive measurements, are adapted dynamically to changing population aspects or changing population membership, or of an external environment having relevance to the population.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/625,080 filed Jul. 25, 2000, (pending) which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/160,970 filed Sep. 25, 1998, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,240,393. Said U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/625,080 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/160,970 are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     
    
       [0002]     The following applications are hereby incorporated by reference:  
         [0003]     U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/159,219 filed Sep. 23, 1998 (abandoned)  
         [0004]     U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/159,058 filed Sep. 23, 1998 (abandoned)  
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0005]     The present invention relates generally to computer systems and more particularly to data structures for modeling and scoring risk assessment, such as insurance risk.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0006]     In the insurance industry and in other fields in which risk is assessed (including such diverse fields as medical treatment, financial modeling and portfolio management, and environmental impact regulation), it is known to develop and use a risk-assessment model of a population. The risk-assessment model provides a technique for determining which population members are more subject or less subject to particular risks (or to an aggregate of risks) than the norm for that population. For example, in life insurance underwriting, it is known to evaluate past and present medical data so as to determine what insurance premium the underwriter wishes to charge.  
         [0007]     While these known methods generally achieve the goal of assessing risk for particular individuals in comparison to a population norm, they have the drawback of making a risk assessment that is fixed at a particular point in time. That is, these risk-assessment models rely on static data, in particular (1) static data about the individual population member, (2) static data about the population norm, and (3) static data about risks associated or correlated with the data about the individual population member. However, risk for individual population members depends not only on their present data, but also on their future data, including both data about behavior and environment.  
         [0008]     A first type of problem for the known art includes those individuals that have a progressive disease or degenerative condition, in which the disease or condition progresses at a rate that is responsive to behavior or environment of the individual. For such individuals, risk is more accurately evaluated as a function of behavior measured over time and environment measured over time, rather than as a static value that is a function only of present behavior and environment. For example, a first patient with diabetes can proceed with relatively small risk if that first patient is aware of and active in management of behavioral and environmental risk factors. In contrast, an otherwise identical second patient will have significantly greater risk if that second patient is either unaware of, or unable or unwilling to take charge of, behavioral and environmental risk factors.  
         [0009]     Related to this first type of problem is the problem of determining trends for individual risk-assessment. For example, an individual with a history of diabetes may suffer a significant increase or decrease in effects thereof, due at least in part to that patient&#39;s actions with regard to behavioral and environmental risk factors. Similarly to the first type of problem, that individual will be rationally assessed a significantly greater or lesser risk than originally, if the new facts were known to the underwriter. Such trends may differ significantly from any trends that might have been discerned from past medical history alone; such trends may also themselves involve genetic, environmental, or behavioral components, or some combination thereof.  
         [0010]     A second type of problem for the known art includes individuals whose risk-assessment significantly changes due to the vicissitudes of their life trajectory. This can include progression of a disease or condition, responsive at least in part to behavioral or environmental factors. For a more striking example, an individual may suffer a myocardial infarction, or become infected with an HIV variant. Similarly to the first type of problem, that individual would be rationally assessed a significantly greater risk than originally, if the new facts were known to the underwriter. Alternatively, an individual may be successfully treated for a “curable” disease such as Hodgkin&#39;s disease or some forms of cancer. Such vicissitudes of life trajectory may themselves involve genetic, environmental, or behavioral components, or some combination thereof.  
         [0011]     A third type of problem for the known art includes individuals who significantly change their behavior or environment, particularly when those individuals are susceptible to the elements of their behavior or environment they change. For example, an individual with diabetes can determine to alter their diet favorably or unfavorably. For a more striking example, an individual may take up smoking or skydiving as habits. That individual will become a significantly greater risk than the underwriter originally assessed.  
         [0012]     Moreover, new medical research may indicate risk factors that were not known at the time risk for the individual was originally assessed. These could include past medical information not known at the time to be important, tests available in the future for risk factors not known at the time at all, or changes in the medical history of the individual that place that individual in different risk factor categories. Such past medical information or risk factors may themselves involve genetic, environmental, or behavioral elements, or some combination thereof.  
         [0013]     Accordingly, it would be advantageous to collect feedback from individual population members, whether on a periodic or aperiodic basis, and whether prompted by selected events or not. Such feedback would allow underwriters or other risk-assessment or risk-management personnel to determine specific risk-related information about each individual population member, and to adjust (such as to make more accurate or precise) insurance models and risk-assessment models to fit the new data. Such feedback enables the advantage of providing information about the time-varying nature of individual measures which can be used in the dynamic risk assessment model presented in the present invention. For instance, a weight gain of 10 pounds per year, an increase in diastolic blood pressure of 10 points per year, and an increase of cholesterol of 10 points per year could be tracked over time and would yield health risk information.  
         [0014]     To achieve this advantage, a first aspect of the invention is that feedback is collected by a client-server system in which data is requested or required from population members. A server device, responsive to a risk-assessment model, prompts a client device supplied to population members to request information from population members, in order to determine whether aggregate measures or individual measures of risk-assessment remain in coherence with the model. The client device collects the data and supplies it to the server device, which can, in response to dynamically collected data, adjust the model, adjust risk assessments for selected population members (or groups thereof), or determine further information to collect from population members.  
         [0015]     Upon achieving this advantage, a second aspect of the invention is to provide a set of superior risk-assessment models and insurance models in response to the feedback. These superior risk-assessment models and insurance models can include information about the risk-related behavior, risk-related trends, or forward-looking risk-assessment of selected individuals or selected subsets of the population. These superior risk-assessment models and insurance models can be responsive to data-mining techniques described in related patent applications, described below, hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. These superior risk-assessment models can also incorporate known scientific information regarding health risk or disease progression, such as well-determined correlations of risk factors and disease incidence or progression from large research studies, or well-known shape of 5-year survival curves for patients having specific types of cancer.  
         [0016]     Accordingly, it would also he advantageous to provide a set of techniques for modeling and scoring risk-assessment and a set of insurance products derived therefrom, using dynamic assessment of risk indicators and associated consequences for a population. This advantage is achieved in an embodiment of the invention in which a population (such as a population of medical patients) is assessed both at a selected time and afterward for those risk indicators and for consequences associated therewith. A client-server system provides dynamic data collection and analysis, dynamic risk assessment in response to that data collection and analysis, and dynamic treatment options and utilization review for each population member.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0017]     The invention provides a set of techniques for modeling and scoring risk-assessment and a set of insurance products derived therefrom. A set of risk indicators (such as medical risk factors for individuals) is determined at a selected time. A population (such as a population of medical patients) is assessed at the selected time and afterward for those risk indicators and for consequences associated therewith. For example, the population can be periodically assessed for correlation between smoking and heart disease, for correlation between alcohol use and heart disease, and for multivariate correlation of a plurality of such indicators and consequences.  
         [0018]     In a preferred embodiment, selected population members are each coupled to client devices for determining risk indicators and consequences. For example, where the population is a set of medical patients, the client device can include a local device for asking medical, psychological and life-style questions, and for measurement of medical parameters, for each of those patients. A server device receives data from each client device, and in response thereto, can (1) reassess weights assigned to the risk indicators, (2) determine new significant risk indicators, (3) determine new significant measures for determining risk indicators and consequences, and (4) present treatment options to each population, member. The server device can perform these tasks in conjunction with an operator, such as a skilled medical professional, risk-management assessor, or other expert.  
         [0019]     The server device can determine, in response to the data from each client device, and possibly in response to other data (such as provided by the expert operator), a measure of risk for each indicated consequence or for a set of such consequences. The server device can provide this measure with regard to each population member, or with regard to population subsets (selected either with regard to the known risk indicators or other indicators). The expert operator can use this measure to determine either (1) an individual course of treatment, (2) a resource utilization review model, (3) a risk-assessment model, or (4) an insurance pricing model, for each individual population member or for selected population subsets.  
         [0020]     In a preferred embodiment, information requested by the client device, information determined and presented by the server device, and measurements determined in response thereto, can be adapted dynamically to changing aspects or changing membership of the population, or of an external environment having relevance to the population. For example, medical treatment or risk-assessment models can be dynamically adapted to an aging population or to biomedical advances with regard to detection or treatment of medical conditions for members of that population. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0021]      FIG. 1   a  shows a block diagram of a system for data collection and interpretation for a population.  FIG. 1   b  shows details of the client device  110  shown in  FIG. 1   a.    FIG. 1   c  shows devices that may be connected to client device  110 .  FIG. 1   d  shows details of the data review device.  
         [0022]      FIG. 2  shows a response diagram of consequences to risk indicators, for statistical aggregates of the population, which can be selected in response to dynamic data collection and analysis.  
         [0023]      FIG. 3   a  shows a process flow diagram of a method for dynamic data collection to be performed by the system; verification of model, updating a model, or creating a new model, and re-evaluation of risk assessment.  FIG. 3   b  shows a process flow diagram of the step of dynamic data collection.  FIG. 3   c  shows a process flow diagram of the step of verification of the model.  FIG. 3   d  shows a process flow diagram of the step of updating the existing model.  
         [0024]      FIG. 4   a  shows a process flow diagram of a method for dynamic data analysis to be performed by the system.  FIG. 4   b  shows a process flow diagram for data mining.  
         [0025]      FIG. 5  shows a response diagram of consequences to risk indicators, for statistical aggregates of the population, with data collected from an individual at different points of time also plotted.  
         [0026]      FIG. 6  shows a process flow diagram for a method of providing treatment options and information to each patient based on the data provided to the server. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION  
       [0027]     In the following description, a preferred embodiment of the invention is described with regard to preferred process steps and data structures. Embodiments of the invention can be implemented using general purpose processors or special purpose processors operating under program control, or other circuits, adapted to particular process steps and data structures described herein. Implementation of the process steps and data structures described herein would not require undue experimentation or further invention.  
         [0000]     System for Data Collection  
         [0028]      FIG. 1   a  shows a block diagram of a system for data collection and interpretation for a population. Referring to  FIG. 1   a,  a system  100  includes a client device  110 , a server device  120  including a program memory  122  and database of patient information  121 , and a data review element  130 . These devices are connected via a communication channel, such as a communication network as in known in the art and more fully described in the Phenoscope and Phenobase patent (U.S. Pat. No. 09/041,809) and related patent application Ser. No. 08/946,341 and other patents and patent applications previously incorporated by reference.  
         [0029]     Referring to  FIG. 1   b,  the client device  110  is disposed locally to a patient  111 , and includes an output element  112  for presenting information to the patient  111 , and an input element  113  for entering information from the patient  111 . As used herein, “locally” refers to a logical relationship to the patient  111 , and does not have any necessary implication with regard to actual physical position. In a preferred embodiment, the client device  110  is relatively small or compact, and can be disposed on a night table or otherwise near the patient  111 .  
         [0030]     The output element  112  includes a display screen  114 , on which questions and suggested answers can be displayed for the patient  111 , so as to facilitate information entry, or on which instructions can be displayed for the patient  111 , so as to instruct the patient  111 . The output element  112  can also include a speaker  115 , so as to present information in conjunction with or in alternative to the display screen  114 . The output element  112  can also include a bell or other sound element, or a bright light  119  or a flag, so as to alert the patient  111  that the client device  110  has questions or information for the patient  111 .  
         [0031]     The input element  113  includes a plurality of buttons  116 A-D for entering information, preferably such as described in the patent applications referenced and incorporated by reference above.  
         [0032]     The input element  113  can also include one or more data ports  117 A-D for entering information from other devices. Referring to  FIG. 1   c,  such other devices I  18  can include a medical measurement device, such as a blood glucose meter or a blood pressure monitor. Such other devices  118  can include a dispensing device for medication.  
         [0033]     Such other devices  118  can also include a general purpose or special purpose client workstation, such as a personal computer or a hand-held digital calendar.  
         [0034]     The server device  120  is disposed logically remotely from the patient  111 , and includes a database  121  of information about the patient  111  and about other patients in a related population thereof. As used herein, “remotely” refers to a logical relationship to the patient  111 , and does not have any necessary implication with regard to actual physical position.  
         [0035]     The server  120  and patient profile database  121  are preferably accessible by means of a standard network connection such as a world wide web connection. Server  120  and database  121  may comprise single stand-alone computers or multiple computers distributed throughout a network.  
         [0036]     Referring to  FIG. 1   a  and  FIG. 1   d,  the data review element  130  is disposed logically remotely from the patient  111 , and includes an interface  131  disposed for use by an operator  132 . The operator  132  can comprise medical personnel, a device operated by medical personnel, or a similar device, capable of interacting with the interface  131  so as to receive information from the data review element  130  and possibly to enter information into the data review element  130 . Information entered into the data review element  130  can be entered for ultimate transmission to the server device  120  or to the client device  110 .  
         [0037]     The data review element  130  is preferably a personal computer, remote terminal, web TV unit, Palm Pilot unit, interactive voice response system, or any other communication technique. The data review element functions as a remote interlace for entering in server  120  or client device  110  messages and queries to be communicated to the individuals.  
         [0000]     Aggregate Responses to Risk Indicators  
         [0038]      FIG. 2  shows a response diagram  200   a  of consequences to risk indicators, for statistical aggregates of the population, which can be selected in response to dynamic data collection and analysis. It is to be noted that  FIG. 2  shows curves that are collapsed to 2-dimensions, in a preferred embodiment the curves are N-dimensional, with N&gt;2.  
         [0039]     A diagram  200   a  includes a first axis X  201  and a second axis Y  202 . The diagram shows a first response curve RO  210  showing a normal trajectory for vital function and life expectancy of an individual or subpopulation of the population. The first axis X  201  indicates a relative time, as measured toward a right side of the diagram. The scale of the first axis X  201  is a relative time whose initial left hand point may be undetermined. As to a first response curve RO  210 , the second axis Y  202  represents a measure of vital function and life expectancy.  
         [0040]     A diagram  200   a  also shows a second response curve SO  220  showing a normal trajectory for a measure of expected medical expense or risk for an individual or subpopulation of the population. The first axis X  201  indicates a relative time as for a first response curve RO  210 . As to a second response curve SO  220 , the second axis Y  202  shows increasing expense or risk as measured toward the top of the diagram.  
         [0041]     In the first response curve RO  210 , the normal trajectory for vital function and life expectancy for a typical individual in the population shows that as time progresses, vitality and life expectancy are expected to decrease. This general concept is known in the art of actuaries. It is to be noted that the shape shown by the first response curve RO  210  is an example shape; for instance, it is known that for certain curable cancers, risk increases, then levels off after a certain length of time such as a 5-year survival rate, then later in life risk increases due to other causes.  
         [0042]     The first response curve RO  210  includes a number of points with error bars  211  about the response curve RO  210 . All of the points  211  are at an identical value, VO, of the second axis Y  202 , with identical error bars. Any one of the points represents a single measurement of vitality taken for an individual. Given any single measurement of vitality, it is difficult to determine where along the second axis X  201 , that is, where along the trajectory the individual is. Of particular interest is how close to a rapid decline in vitality or increase in risk the individual is. The points  211  show the several places along the curve where the individual might be placed, based on this single measurement of vitality. Because the response curve RO  210  is slowly varying through much of the time, that is, the values of vitality and life expectancy clustering in a selected region of the second axis Y  202 , shown by the bracket  203 , and due to margins of error in both the measurement as well as the response curve, there are several positions along the curve where an individual with a specific measurement might be; these several positions are shown by points  211 .  
         [0043]     By contrast, if measurements are taken for an individual at more than one point in time, greater information is present, and in particular trends may be discerned which yield more information about where on the curve an individual is. This ability to discern trends is greater when curves in N-dimensions are considered. For instance, an individual whose excess weight has slowly climbed in conjunction with slowly increasing cholesterol, blood pressure, stress levels and family medical history would be placed in a greater risk category although the individual measures of, for instance, cholesterol, might be within a normal range.  
         [0044]     Similarly, in the second response curve SO  220 , the normal trajectory for expected medical expense and risk for that typical individual shows that as time progresses, expected medical expense and risk are expected to increase. This general concept is also known in the art of actuaries. It is to be noted that the shape shown by the second response curve RO  220  is an example shape; for instance, upon diagnosis of a disease the expense may climb, but if the patient is cured the expense will level off.  
         [0045]     Similarly, the second response curve SO  220  includes a number of points  221  on the response curve SO  220 , showing possible places that an individual in the population with measurement of expense or risk, with value E 0 , might be. Because most of the values of response curve SO  220  cluster in a selected region of the second axis Y  202  shown by the bracket  204 , it is difficult to know where along curve SO  220  an individual with measurement E 0  should he placed. This is due to both possible error in measurement of E 0  as well as uncertainty in the exact “true” position and shape of curve SO  220 . As for curve RO  210 , measurements of expense or risk taken over time will yield useful information about where on the curve SO  220  an individual is.  
         [0046]     When subsets of the population are selected in response to specific risk factors, the statistical aggregates of the population can differ substantially from the aggregate response curves RO  210  and SO  220  for the entire population. The diagram  200   a  shows response curves R 1   a    212  and R 1   b    213  showing a normal life trajectory for vital function and life expectancy of an “average” individual in the population, depending on whether that individual is associated with a selected risk factor a. As with regard to the aggregate for the entire population, it is difficult to determine from a specific single measurement just where on either response curve R 1   a    212  or R 1   b    213  the individual should be assessed. Depending on whether the value of a is known for an individual, it may also be difficult to know whether the individual should be placed on response curve R 1   a    212  or R 1   b    213 . Measurements of several risk indicators taken over time may yield information on whether a specific individual should be placed in category R 1   a    213  or the higher risk category R 1   b    212 . The general concept of using time-dependent information to determine risk along is also illustrated in  FIG. 5 .  
         [0047]     The client device  110  determines information from which the server device  120  or the data review element  130  can analyze the time varying nature of data. The server device  120  or the data review element  130  can therefore determine both of the following: (1) just where on either response curve R 1   a    212  or R 1   b    213  the individual should be assessed; and (2) whether the individual should be assessed on the response curve R 1   a    212  or the response curve R 1   b    213 .  
         [0048]     It is to be noted that the above analysis has been condensed to 2-dimensions for convenience in presentation, with a single measurement along a single X-axis or Y-axis. In a preferred embodiment, a measurement would have many attributes, i.e. the model would have N-dimensions, and more sophisticated techniques for analyzing trends and achieving objectives are used.  
         [0049]     If the data for the population is not known for all individuals in the population or subpopulation of interest, the server device  120  transmits a new set of information-gathering instructions (such as questions and suggested answers) to the client device  110 , so as to measure that information individually for each patient  111 .  
         [0000]     Dynamic Modeling and Risk Evaluation  
         [0050]      FIG. 3   a  shows a process flow diagram  300   a  for a method with steps of dynamically collecting information  310 , choosing to verify or update the model or to create new model  320 , verifying  350  or updating  330  the risk assessment model or creating a new model  340 , deciding whether to re-evaluate risk  360  and re-evaluating risk based on updated information and current model  370 .  
         [0000]     Dynamic Data Collection for Population  
         [0051]      FIG. 3   b  shows a process flow diagram  300   b  of a method for dynamic data collection to be performed by the system. This data collection may be done periodically or aperiodically, upon a triggering event or decision by the expert operator. The population or subpopulation from which to collect data is selected  380 . The selection criteria may be based on preset values or may be set by the expert operator. The set of risk indicators or other information to be collected is selected  382 , based either on preset values or decision by the expert operator. The individuals in the subpopulation of interest are queried  384  as to the information of interest and the database is updated  386 . “The pre-query steps need not be done in the order indicated.  
         [0000]     Verification of Existing Model and Update of Model  
         [0052]      FIG. 3   c  shows a process flow diagram  300   c  of a method by which the updated data can be analyzed to determine whether the existing model is consistent with the updated data; that is, to verify that the data conforms to the model within acceptable variation or error. This is accomplished by putting the updated data into categories  390 , determining the updating measures of life vitality or costs  392 , determining the values predicted by the model  394 , comparing the updated measures of life vitality or costs against those predicted by the model  396 , and determining whether the comparison is acceptable  397 . If the predicted value is within an acceptable distance from the updated values based on well known measures such as statistical error, then the model need not he adjusted. The expert operator may also visually determine whether the updated data and existing model show an acceptable relationship to each other.  
         [0053]      FIG. 3   d  shows a process flow diagram  300   d  of a method for updating the existing risk model in response to updated information. By updating, it is meant that no new risk indicators are added, and no new external constraints on the model are added. The risk model to be adjusted may he for the aggregate population or for various subpopulations. The updated information for the subpopulation is categorized  398  according to profile information into one or more existing categories. The subpopulation is categorized according to one or more existing measure of life vitality or medical expense. Statistical analyses as described below or in other patents or patent applications previously incorporated by reference or as known in the art of statistics are applied to determine updated values for model parameters such as weights to give each factor  399   
         [0000]     Re-evaluating Risk Assessment Based on Updated Information  
         [0054]     As shown in  FIG. 3   a,  a current model can be determined based on updated information. Once a current model is determined, which may include simply using the already existing model, individual or subpopulation risk assessment may be reevaluated in response to one or more pieces of updated information, as desired by the expert operator or as a preprogrammed operation.  
         [0000]     Dynamic Data Analysis for Population  
         [0055]      FIG. 4   a  shows a process flow diagram  400   a  of a method for dynamic data analysis (“data mining”) to be performed by the system. The updated database can be mined to create a new model that may include reassessment of weights assigned to the risk indicators, addition of new significant risk indicators, or determination of new significant measures for determining risk indicators and consequences. Applied examples of data mining and additional explanation are shown in the related application Ser. No. 09/041,809 and other applications referenced above.  
         [0056]      FIG. 4   b  shows a process flow diagram of a method of using the statistical method of calculating correlations on subpopulations, following the steps of: (1) choose a risk factor  450 ; (2) divide the risk pool into two groups based on outcome  460 ; (3) search all other data for correlation to high versus low risk  470 ; (3) create a new risk factor based on this correlation  480 . The new risk factor may be a discrete piece of data that was asked of the client but was not previously known to be a significant predictor, or it may be a new factor that is generated by combining other pieces of data.  FIG. 4   b  is a process flow diagram of the above steps.  
         [0057]     In addition to data mined from the database, in creating a new model, scientific information well known in the literature may supplement the data. For instance, scientific information regarding certain well studied correlations be considered such as known correlations of time since quitting smoking and various health conditions, known information regarding the shape of life expectancy curves for certain types of cancer patients, or recent information regarding efficacy of new forms of treatment for diseases such as recent significant improvements in treatment of AIDS.  
         [0058]     Statistical analyses are known in the art of statistics, and include correlation analyses, multivariate regressions, constrained multivariate regressions, or variance analyses, may also be run on the data to reveal statistical relationships among the various information or measures of life vitality or medical expense in order to improve the predictive power of a model, although in a preferred embodiment data mining is done as presented in the preceding paragraphs.  
         [0000]     Modeling and Scoring Risk Assessment, Insurance Pricing  
         [0059]     Modeling risk is performed by assigning risk to individual in response to risk factors identified for that individual, and such modeling may be done for the population or for a subpopulation. There are many techniques for modeling, such as linearly risk scoring by assigning a number to each risk factor and adding up each number to determine a total risk score, non-linearly assessing risk by combining risk factors non-linearly to determine risk which may be achieved by neural network techniques which are known in the art of neural networks, or other techniques.  
         [0060]      FIG. 5  shows a diagram  500  including a first axis X  502  and a second axis Y  503  and a response curve RO  501 , similar to that shown in  FIG. 2 . It shows several measurements of vitality with error bars  511  of an individual taken at several different points in time. Each measurement of vitality is taken at a later time from left to right. Information about the time varying nature of the measurements, or the trends, can improve the ability to predict future vitality, including imminent sharp declines in vitality, as can been seen by visually examining the data over time or by using sophisticated statistical techniques to examine the data and trends in the data over N-dimensions.  
         [0061]     Insurance pricing may be achieved from advantages in risk assessment. It is known in the art of actuarial analysis to assign price in response to risk.  
         [0000]     Providing Treatment Options and Information to Each Population Member  
         [0062]      FIG. 6  is a process flow diagram  600  showing a method for providing treatment options and information to each member based on the information provided. Upon receiving information about the patient from the client  610 , the server or expert operator may identify a risk group  620  and identify an appropriate medical protocol  630 , the server may present one or more responses to the patient  640 , including treatment options, advice or merely health information that would be useful to the patient, and the client device may be configured to use an appropriate medical protocol in interacting with the patient  650 . It is known in the art of medicine that membership in a risk group may indicate appropriate treatment. This may be done from an automated, preset set of responses to individual queries made to the patient, on an aggregate of preset responses to queries, or by an expert operator.  
         [0000]     Alternative Embodiments  
         [0063]     Although preferred embodiments are disclosed herein, many variations are possible which remain within the concept, scope, and spirit of the invention, and these variations would become clear to those skilled in the art after perusal of this application.