Abstract:
Important features and improvements of a commercial coil batch laminating production line are disclosed for a successful, commercial, and economical operation. This invention addresses important processing sequences, operating parameters, control systems, designs, operating methods, and other novel features. This invention provides for a competitive cost structure meeting the needs of commercialization.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation in part of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/530,723, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,678,213, filed on Sep. 11, 2006, which claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application No. 60/716,053 filed on Sep. 13, 2005. The entire provisional application is incorporated herein by reference. The later filed application supersedes the provisional application for any claims or teaching that conflict between applications. 
    
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
     Not applicable. 
     REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING, A TABLE, OR COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING COMPACT DISC APPENDIX 
     Not applicable. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The disclosed invention relates to process improvements, methods, and equipment that is adapted to successfully laminate a metal strip, in particular, steel or aluminum strip, with a thermoplastic film based on a polymer such as polyethylene, polyester, polycarbonate, vinyl, kynar, acrylic, or polypropylene in an economical commercial operation. The invention relates to particular technical aspects of operating an economically viable commercial batch coating line for laminating coils of flat metal substrates. 
     2. Discussion of the Related Art 
     Existing commercial coil paint coating lines are generally continuous in nature and consist of long processing lines with multiple processing steps. A considerable amount of equipment is dedicated to the required material handling for a continuous process. In addition to reels, there is an entry and exit looping tower so the line can continue the coating operation while the new coil is spliced to the end of the previous coil. There are no commercially practical splicing methods for a moving strip, so strip storage towers are required to allow the entry end of the line to stop while the coil ends are joined. Looping towers include tension controlling equipment, guiding equipment, and bridle roll equipment. This makes a continuous processing line very long, complicated, and expensive. 
     Existing commercial paint lines require higher line speeds for favorable economic operation. Since a large work crew is required to operate a complicated, high production line, economic considerations require that the line speed be as high as possible. Paint lines operate as fast as practical, very commonly at speeds 200 to 450 fpm. The speed is normally restricted by the length of drying oven and the time to cure the paint. 
     Because commercial coil paint lines have the most favorable economy of scale with a large production order, it is unattractive to economically coat small orders. Paint lines commonly charge a premium for painting a one or two coil order due to the higher costs associated with switchover and cleanup time. 
     It is a difficult technical and operational challenge to coat small orders with economics that allows for practical competition with the large coil paint lines. 
     Existing laminating lines have been put into service utilizing similar production and economic planning as commercial paint lines. A number of coil paint lines include a laminating unit after the second drying oven. The lamination step utilizes an adhesive that is painted on the strip surface and dried in an oven. The film is then pressed onto the adhesive in a continuous operation. The strip has a laminated film on one side and the other side is painted or left uncoated. Similar issues of economics of scale become part of the commercial operation of a laminating operation. A number of operators are required to run the line, staff the warehouse, staff the front office, etc. which require a high operating speed for economic efficiency. Laminating speeds less than 100 fpm become economically unattractive. 
     Due to current economics, laminating has not presently replaced paint coatings for most products that are pre-painted in the coil form. In general, the films are designed to be utilized with pressure adhesives and are often have special printing to provide important aesthetics or cosmetic appearance. Economic film coatings have not been a serious pursuit and are considered expensive compared to paint. 
     Thermal lamination of a thermoplastic film on a metal substrate is an attractive alternative to current production methods just described. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,318,648, 5,238,517, 5,093,208, 5,059,460, 4,980,210, and 4,957,820 by Heyes et al, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,217,991 and 6,200,409 by Tanaka et al., and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,758,903 and 5,919,517 by Levendusky et al. describe certain technical features of a pilot thermal laminating process and experimental film materials. In these examples, various laminating process steps, parameters, and film types are disclosed which are applied to a metal substrate. However, operating parameters and requirements of a commercial production line, which consider important business variables such as capital needs, labor, utilities, etc., are not described in these patents. For example, even though the figures in Levendusky et al. show a reel to reel laminating process, many important features and methods required for a convenient, commercially operable, and financially profitable production facility are not taught or disclosed. 
     In particular, a number of important design, technical, and operational problems must be solved for the commercial viability of a heat based, batch laminating production line. The potential use of thermoplastic films is economically appealing and provides important environmental and energy benefits. A coating industry has not grown up to exploit the economic advantages of thermoplastic films due to the technical, business, operational, and market issues still to be resolved. 
     One important operating issue for a thermal based laminating line is an economical design for a small production level, about 5-15% of a commercial continuous coil paint line. The problems of scaling a coating operation down to a small production level with only the essential processing steps are raised. From a business standpoint, it is desirable to begin production of a new coating method with a low capital entry point and, simultaneously, low operating costs. It is very important to reduce capital expenditures by avoiding the need for process line material handling equipment, such as the looping towers previously described. Thus, it is desirable to operate in a batch mode, i.e. one coil at a time. And also an order of a single coil. 
     The term “batch operation” can be confusing in regard to a coil coating line. When a coil is threaded on a batch production line, there is a long time period where the line is operated in a continuous and steady state manner. For the purposes of this invention, the term “batch operation” means that coils are coated in sequence and the coating portion of the line is started and stopped for each coil. A batch operation may include more than one pay off reel, or may include more than one winding reel. 
     One important operational consideration is how the film width is matched to the substrate width. Existing laminating operations using pressure sensitive adhesives use films widths which match the metal substrate width. During the laminating step, the position of the film or the position of the strip is guided so that the laminated film is applied correctly. There has not been any practical method disclosed where standard film widths may be utilized for economical film purchases. 
     It is a distinct commercial advantage to provide for utilizing a thermal laminating film with standard sizes rather than custom order each individual film roll to match the metal substrate. Film pricing is better with improved production scheduling and lot sizing at the film supplier. Also, production is better if freed from the time delays required to order in a particular film width. This requires that an acceptable method of dynamically matching the film width to the metal substrate is performed on the laminating production line. 
     It is well known in the art to trim a composite laminate film structure after laminating by using fixed position trimming knives. Various stationary and rotating knives are used which are locked at a fixed width. Both the film and the substrate, such as paper, are then trimmed together to the final width. The equipment needed to dynamically trim the edges of a wider film from a thick metal substrate has not been taught or disclosed. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,732,625 by Boynton, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,058,475 by Tidland, et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 5,125,301 by Miller, et al. describe methods of moving rotating knives to a new width position only while the knife is not cutting. 
     It is economically preferable to side trim excess film width rather than the entire film-metal structure due to the relative cost, and also due to the complexity of the needed equipment. The equipment and methods of trimming a film are easier to implement than side trimming a metal substrate. It is not desirable to trim both the metal and film to the correct width after laminating, nor is it desirable to let the excess film width simply overhang the metal edge. The overhanging film has a tendency to fold over on top of the metal, causing a severe coil winding defect. 
     Another important consideration is film shrinkage during heat laminating. When the cold film is applied to a heated metal substrate, it expands due to the temperature change. When the laminate is rapidly cooled, the film width changes more than the width of the metal substrate which exposes the edges of the metal. Film shrinkage can also occur due to crystallinity changes when an oriented film is heated and cooled. It is not attractive to order a film width for the metal substrate and account for multiple factors that affect the final film width after laminating. 
     Problems of trimming the excess polymer width away from the metal substrate include issues of reliably tracking the metal edge, damage to the cutting knives by the metal substrate for minor control errors, difficulties with metal edge sensing under a wider film, and the ability to move knives dynamically without damaging the blade or the blade bearing need to be addressed. 
     Another commercial operating difficulty is matching the length of a film roll to the strip length. Difficulties with length matching cause film yield problems and increase operating costs. It is not economically desirable to discard or recycle partial film rolls. It is also undesirable to stop the laminating process and change film rolls. An operational method must be created to address this issue for good coating economy. 
     When operating a batch thermal laminating line, it is difficult to completely cover the entire length of a coiled strip. The line must be threaded for each coil, strip tension established, the passline correctly established throughout the line, the film must be inserted into the laminating nip, any film wrinkles eliminated, the correct laminating pressure applied, the line brought up to operational speed, and the correct laminating temperature established. These processing steps, their sequence, and timing must be carefully coordinated and controlled to ensure optimum coating efficiency and yield. Important technical design features and operating methods must be included in the line operation to ensure the greatest operational efficiency. 
     An important aspect of operating a batch thermal laminating line is to provide for rapid control of the correct metal substrate laminating temperature, especially when establishing the initial film lamination to the metal substrate. Laboratory measurements show that a hot metal strip, at approximately 450° F., cools very rapidly in air. The cooling rate may be 10 to 50° F. per second, depending upon conditions. If the strip preheating is too far from the polymer-metal nip point at a slow line speed, the metal temperature will be too low or unpredictable for reliable laminating. Poor temperature uniformity will directly affect laminating quality and yield. A compensating control method must be utilized. 
     The use of heated rolls to create the preheated metal temperature may be problematical, particularly if the temperature of the metal strip must be varied. For example, it may be desirable to provide for an initial, higher temperature for lamination until the rolls which press the film onto the strip heat up. A heated roll has a large mass that must be heated and consequently has a poor temperature control response. If the strip temperature must be adjusted, the line speed changes, or the metal substrate temperature changes due to pretreatment changes, it is not feasible to rapidly change the roll temperature. It is important to provide instantaneously adjustable heating and coordinate it with a rapid response, accurate control system. 
     It is also important that the metal preheating does not affect the surface energy of the metal surface. In laboratory experience, surface pretreatment by a controlled flame provides important adhesive and wet properties to the metal surface. If a heating roll touches the metal surface after surface energy pretreatment, there is a likelihood of adhesion failure. In laboratory experience, sporadic and sparse adhesion defects were diagnosed to be caused by this problem. 
     Consequently, the design of the production line must consider ways to optimize and maintain the strip as clean as possible when entering the laminating nip. In particular, once the metal strip is pretreated, the metal surface is likely to pick up contamination from any debris on any roll it may touch. The debris may be light oils, dirt, dust, water, finger prints, cleaning residue, various chemicals, etc. Laboratory experience has shown that the pretreated metal surface will eventually remove common debris from processing rolls. However, the laminating quality will be substandard with places of air entrapment and poor adhesion until the debris is gone. The design of the line must consider methods that achieve an immediate, high quality lamination as rapidly as possible. 
     It is also difficult to accurately monitor the metal temperature just prior to lamination as non-contact sensors in the temperature range below 500° F. are known to be inaccurate and unreliable for metal surfaces such as steel and aluminum. A control method for providing an accurate, reliable laminating temperature feedback must be included in the line design to provide for a high quality laminating process with a high yield. 
     It is important that the metal substrate surface is properly cleaned sufficiently to achieve complete contact between the film and coil without air entrapment. U.S. Pat. No. 6,200,409 by Tanaka, et al, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,679,200 by Newcomb et al. describe problems with air entrapment between the laminating film and the metal substrate. Laboratory experience indicates that this problem is also clearly related to the surface energy of the metal substrate. The needed metal surface energy for proper film wetting on a thick metal substrate has not been disclosed. The practical ability of the laminating facility to achieve the proper surface energy with pretreatment becomes an important surface specification between the metal supplier and the laminating facility. 
     It is important to arrange the needed processing steps with a minimum line length. The line is normally threaded by hand and it is highly troublesome to attempt lamination during the threading operation. It is necessary to run pretreatment or heating systems only when there is assurance that the strip will not stop for safety and operational reasons. Consequently, pretreating, preheating, and film laminating is not started until the strip is completely threaded from reel to reel and strip tension is established. This will cause strip lengths at both ends of the coil to be uncoated with an associated yield loss. The yield loss is minimized by designing the line in a compact manner, including only the space and processing steps necessary for lamination. Methods of minimizing metal substrate yield loss become an important operational problem. 
     It is important to have a way to rapidly cool the film-metal laminate after the reheat step. Three practical methods to control temperature are by forced air, water quench, or contact with a thermally controlled roll. Each type of control has practical operational problems that must be optimized. 
     The forced air cooling is a relatively slow process, requiring a long section of line. The length of the line increases, thereby causing a higher yield loss. Also, the slower method may cause undesirable crystallinity effects in the film-metal laminate. 
     The water quench contacts the polymer surface with a fluid that is difficult to completely remove. However, the water system is attractive in that it provides rapid cooling in a short span. 
     Contacting thermal rolls may have undesirable polymer sticking if the polymer is too hot or the roll surface is damaged. 
     Also, laboratory observations are that cooling a film-metal laminate utilizing a contact cooling roll can be problematical. A clicking sound can be heard from the cooling roll due to uneven thermal control. The laminate surface simultaneously has uneven crystallization effects. 
     It is important to prevent damage to the roll surfaces of the processing line during the threading operation. Laboratory experience has shown that bits of rubber and metal from the scratching of rubber covered rolls and steel rolls will affect laminate quality. Operational procedures to ensure a satisfactory operation, free of roll surface damage, need to be incorporated into the production line. 
     An alternative to the existing coil paint technology is currently being sought due to the environmental problems with paint solvents. Roughly, half of the paint volume used in coil paint lines is solvent that must be evaporated and burned off. Coil paint line drying ovens are required to operate with a negative pressure to ensure that solvents do not escape into the atmosphere. Laminating technology, in connection with thermoplastic films, create no airborne environmental issues. Further, laminating technology holds the promise of lower coating and operating costs. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is therefore the object of this invention to provide important operational methods and line features that are useful for a successful, commercial, and economical operation of a batch coil laminating coating line. The methods disclosed are important to provide a very low and competitive operational cost structure that meets commercial and competitive requirements to optimize labor, capital, yield, operating costs, and laminate quality. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING 
         FIG. 1  is a preferred general line layout arrangement of a batch production metal strip laminating line. 
         FIGS. 2A and 2B  are an arrangement of a film edge trimming unit on a metal edge including a backup trimming knife on a common moving frame. 
         FIGS. 3A and 3B  show a film structure of one or two layers. 
         FIG. 4  is another preferred general line layout arrangement of a batch production metal strip laminating line. 
         FIG. 5  is a block diagram of the induction furnace control. 
         FIG. 6  is a block diagram of important processing steps of a batch production metal strip laminating line. 
         FIG. 7  is an elevation view of a highly compact line. 
         FIG. 8  shows how the post heat may be controlled when it is controlled by burners. 
         FIGS. 9A-9B  shows a vertical pass through the post heat burners and soak box along with a cooling roll. 
         FIGS. 10A ,  10 B shows force air cooing at the bottom of the vertical pass. 
         FIGS. 11A-11E  shows an end view and general arrangement of a shear tester. 
         FIG. 12  shows an embodiment of how the post heat burners are controlled. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In order to avoid large capital expenditures for a small production line, it is desirable to eliminate any non-vital coating equipment. In particular, material handling equipment such as looping towers, splicing equipment, bridle rolls, steering units, and unnecessary deflector rolls are eliminated. Also, any water based cleaning and pretreatment should be reduced to the minimal threaded length to ensure high yields. Chemical passivation and pretreatment provide important corrosion properties of the metal-polymer laminate. For some products, however, passivation is not necessary and equipment required to create it on a metal surface can be eliminated from the laminating line. For some products, cleaning and passivation is a requirement. 
     A commercial batch laminating process for a flat metal substrate will have the following general processing steps:
         1. Pretreating the surface of the metal substrate that will be laminated by raising the surface energy.   2. Preheating the metal substrate to a suitable laminating temperature.   3. Pressing a solidified film that is primarily a thermoplastic polymer onto one or both sides of the metal surface.   4. Reheating the film-metal laminate structure to a post treatment temperature.   5. Cooling the film-metal laminate.       

       FIGS. 1 ,  4 , and  6  further explain each of the above processing steps and includes variations and optional processing steps that are needed for a commercial operation. 
       FIG. 1  is a preferred general line layout arrangement. A metal coil  101  is mounted on a payoff reel which pays off a strip  102  to a series of dip tanks. The first tank  103  is a cleaning solution, preferably an alkaline solution. It then passes through to a water rinse tank  104 , a passivation tank  105 , and a final rinse tank  106 . The passivation is preferably an iron phosphate or a zinc phosphate solution. The manufacturer&#39;s recommendations are followed as to tank temperature and residence time in the tank. The now cleaned and passivated strip surface is dried by direct flame impingement  107 , or other means such as forced air or hot air drying. 
     The strip is then preheated by pair of heating contact rolls  108  that heat the strip up in preparation for thermal lamination. A flame surface pretreatment  109 , preferably after the heating contact rolls  108 , prepares the metal surface by increasing the surface energy so that the film will wet out and achieve a measured amount of adhesion at the film-metal nip point. The heating contact rolls  108  are preferably heated by a closed hot oil system or a controlled electrical heating system. It is desirable for the metal to be heated evenly across the width within 20° F. and preferably within 10° F. to prevent strip buckling or shape problems, and to ensure that the metal-film contact point provides appropriate adhesion across the entire strip width. Laboratory measurements with thermal lamination have shown that the required metal laminating may be fairly large operating window, provided there is suitable wet out to eliminate air entrapment between the metal surface and film. The target temperature is polymer dependent. 
     The flame surface pretreatment  109  is a natural gas flame that directly impinges or is close to the metal strip surface. The natural gas to air ratio is carefully controlled by a premix system to be close to the perfect combustion ratio. In practice, the flame is normally slightly oxygen rich, approximately 0.5%, but the pretreatement may be adjusted slightly gas rich allowing the flame to extend and provide a more direct surface burn, depending upon the metal surface condition. Other burnable gases, such as propane or butane, could be used instead of natural gas. 
     The flame surface pretreatment  109  may also be used to provide the correct thermal temperature for the lamination. In a preferred embodiment, the firing rate is coordinated with the heating contact roll  108  temperature and line speed to provide the correct metal temperature at the metal-film contact point. This feature provides important control of the metal temperature during the initial startup as a higher metal temperature can be used. The higher metal temp provides for proper adhesion when the laminate nip rolls  111  are cooler without having to elevate the temperature of the contact rolls which are subsequently hard to control. The large amount of thermal mass in the contact rolls provides very sluggish temperature control and is likely to overheat the metal causing sticking problems with the laminate nip rolls  111 . 
     The pretreated and preheated metal strip then enters the laminating nip where a pair of laminating nip rolls  111  presses the upper film  110   a  and lower film  110   b  against the metal surface. An air cylinder, spring, hydraulic cylinder, or other force generating means provides an adjustable pressing force of up to 100 lbs/inch of roll width. The laminating temperature is measured by an infrared sensor  112   a , after the film to metal contact point, which looks at the proper measuring wavelength of the laminate film. In a preferred embodiment, the laminating nip rolls  111  are a rubber covered steel roll. They may also be made from other materials such as chrome covered steel rolls or stainless steel rolls. It is important that the rolls do not cut, gouge, or deteriorate easily at the laminating pressure and temperature. The rolls may be water cooled, if needed, to prevent polymer sticking. 
     Film that overhangs the edges of the now coated metal strip is then side trimmed by one of two score cut knives  113   a  and  113   b  on a hardened back up roll  114 , and the excess trim is removed by a vacuum waste system (not shown). The two knives are redundant and provide important trimming reliability. The position of the score cut knives  113   a  and  113   b  on the fixed, hardened backup roll  114  may be adjusted while the coated metal strip is moving in order to track the edge. This will be discussed further in  FIG. 2 . The hardened backup roll  114  is optionally water cooled. 
     The coated metal strip then passes through a reheat section where an induction furnace  115  reheats the metal-film structure to a temperature suitable to develop the desired final adhesion. This temperature is polymer type dependent and is normally above the melting point of the polymer adjacent to the metal surface. If a two layer tie/bulk structure is used, the reheat temperature is usually above the melting point of the tie layer. Generally, it is also usually above the bulk layer melting temperature as well. Often the final desired adhesion is developed only when the entire polymer structure is raised to the molten state. The temperature is measured by a second infrared sensor  112   b.    
     In an embodiment of the present invention, the reheating furnace  115  is an induction furnace. An infrared heating furnace is likely to overheat the coating edges if there is any significant overhang and burn the coating. A heating furnace that uses a direct flame has similar problems. A small amount of coating overhang has been found to be acceptable, without burning, such as 1/16″ or so. A convection furnace is long and causes a somewhat higher yield loss by lengthening the production line. Infrared, flame, and convection furnaces are embodiments of the present invention, but in many instances an induction furnace is preferred. 
     The coated metal strip is then cooled by a pair of cooling contact rolls  116  that bring the coated metal strip temperature downward to the desired winding temperature. These rolls are preferably water cooled, but may be oil cooled depending upon the final temperature. The surface finish of the cooling contact rolls  116  provides important gloss and texture properties to the final film-metal laminate. An infrared sensor  112   c  looks at the proper wavelength of the coating to ensure that the polymer winds up with the correct temperature. The winding temperature may be varied, depending upon the coating. An elevated winding temperature allows a tie layer to continue to develop a chemical bond or it may enhance any crystalline effects in the coating. Winding temperatures vary from ambient to 200° F., and more typically are 60 to 130° F. 
     A pair of pinch rolls  117  are used to deflect the coated metal to the winding coil  118 . An edge guiding system (not shown) may be added to the winding reel to ensure that the coil sidewall is straight. The pinch rolls  117  are closed by an air cylinder and at least one roll is motor driven. These rolls are used to help thread the line for each coil. 
     The temperature profile of the cooling contact rolls  116  is preferably within 20° F., and most preferably within 10° F. across the width. A temperature profile may occur due to the way the internal cooling fluid is routed inside the roll and the high heat transfer rate required. An even temperature profile prevents uneven metal thermal contraction and eliminates an uneven cooling problem. If the temperature profile of the roll is too large, the film-metal laminate will contract unevenly over the roll surface, lift off the roll briefly in some areas, and then snap back onto the roll surface. This problem causes an uneven film-metal laminate cooling and may contribute to crystallinity or quality defects. 
     The line tension and speed are controlled by the winding reel  118  and payoff reel  101  respectively. However, this may be reversed. A line speed or strip tension measurement may be added to any of the deflector rolls with a fixed passline. 
     The overall threaded strip length for a line configured per  FIG. 1  is approximately 100 feet. This type of arrangement is aligned to the financial goal of operating with a low steel yield loss. Based on financial considerations, it is preferred to keep the threaded strip length less than 200 feet. The line length can vary depending upon other processing issues, such as the desire to add inspection areas, corona post treatment, an exit surface waxing station, or allow more time for the polymer to bond to the metal at the reheating temperature before it is cooled. 
     The line can be operated to coat either side or both sides of the metal substrate. The line operation is generally the same for a one side coating or a two side coating. 
     Only two operators are required to operate the line as shown in  FIG. 1 . Most of the work is material handling and the initial operational startup for each coil. Once operating, the line may be sufficiently automated so that only one person needs to monitor the operation part of the time. The operators are then free to do maintenance, warehousing, various inspections, setting up the next coil, etc. For safety reasons, it is preferable that no less than two operators work together and provide suitable assistance to each other. Economical operation is possible even at a very low operating speed of 20 fpm. The two operators are able to operate a second or even third line simultaneously, depending upon the line speeds employed. 
     As previously mentioned, it is important to avoid damage between the roll surfaces and the strip during the threading operation. Laboratory observations of surface scratching between the strip and rolls were primarily due to dragging the metal across the roll surface when the roll was not rotating with the strip. This is avoided if there is intimate contact between the rolls and the metal surface during threading. The threading process for a new coil is greatly simplified by utilizing the portion of the previous coil which is remaining in the line. 
     A preferred threading method is to thread the first coil by hand. The coil is then processed normally and the line is stopped at the point when the tail end will just come off of the payoff reel. The temperature pretreating, laminating, and post treating processing equipment is stopped as well. The strip is still threaded throughout the line length. The strip is then cut at the winding reel and the coated coil removed. The strip is also cut at the payoff reel and any remaining small entry coil remnant is discarded. A new coil is loaded on the payoff reel and spliced to the strip remaining in the processing line. The splice may be tape, tack welds, or other joining method. A preferred embodiment is to join the coils in a manner that will fail if the strip is heated. The exit pinch roll  117  is then operated to thread the strip onto the winding reel. Line tension is then established and the line is started normally, including cleaning, passivation, surface pretreating, and preheating. The laminating process begins when the strip splice just passes by the laminating nip rolls. The remaining portion of the previous coil, the splice, and off specification material are wound into the ID of the exit coil. This threading sequence generates a minimum amount of scrap and provides for threading the line without roll scratching damage. 
     A second preferred threading method follows. A coil is processed normally and the line is stopped at the point when the tail end will just come off of the payoff reel. The strip is still threaded throughout the line length. The strip is then cut at the winding reel and the coated coil removed. The strip is also cut at the payoff reel and any remaining small entry coil remnant is discarded. A new coil is loaded on the payoff reel and hand spliced to the strip remaining in the processing line. The splice may be tape, tack welds, or other joining method. The exit pinch roll  117  is then operated to pull the entry end of the new coil through the line. When the splice reaches the winding reel, the strip is cut again to remove the splice. The strip is now threaded onto the winding reel. The threading sequence is complete. This threading method has the advantage of bringing the splice through the entire line and ensuring a splice break will not cause additional scrap. For a very short line, this is a preferred operational method. 
     Even though these threading methods create a fixed amount of scrap for each coil, the overall economic benefit is better by threading faster and avoiding roll scratching damage. 
     Another important processing issue is the level of adhesion of the polymer to the metal substrate. It is well known in the art that maleic anhydride functionalized polymers provide a strong bonds between a polymer and a metal, such as aluminum foil. It is a distinct commercial advantage to provide for a laminating process that exploits this by incorporating a tie layer in the polymer film. A functionalized polyethylene is particularly useful because it will have a strong bond to the metal substrate and also adhere to a higher melting temperature polymer such as a polypropylene or a polyester such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET). It has also been found beneficial to use a similar polymer base structure for a tie layer such as a polyethylene terephthalate glycol PETG when bonding a polyester. 
     Typical commercial functionalized polymers available for use in a tie layer are: acid-modified ethylene acrylate, anhydride-modified ethylene acrylate, anhydride-modified ethylene vinyl acetate, acid/acrylate modified ethylene vinyl acetate, anhydride-modified ethylene vinyl acetate, anhydride-modified ethylene vinyl acetate, anhydride-modified polyethylene, anhydride modified polypropylene, and polyethylene terephthalate glycol. Each type may be chosen based on the film to be laminated to the metal substrate. It is preferable to include a maleic anhydride and an acrylate functionality in the tie layer when using a polyester film. For example, a laminating film may be two layers: a 20% thick functionalized polyethylene tie layer which incorporates maleic anhydride and an acrylate group and an 80% thick polyester such as PET. 
     It is not necessary for the surface of the metal substrate to be pretreated with a chemical treatment or passivation such as chromium oxide or phosphate system. A maleic anhydride functionalized tie layer will strongly adhere to a wide variety of metals directly, provided the surface is free of oils, free of debris, and has been pretreated to elevate the surface energy. Avoiding the passivation step commonly used in the paint industry is another economic and environmental advantage to laminating. 
     However, the need for cleaning and passivation is market dependent. The cleaning and passivation steps shown in  FIG. 1  are a preferred embodiment for markets where passivation provides important properties to the metal substrate. For example, markets requiring salt spray corrosion testing per ASTM B117 generally require passivation to achieve a minimum of 500 hours and often require corrosion inhibitors on the metal surface under the film. 
     One important way to ensure good adhesion and film wet out is to take a surface energy reading of the metal substrate before any pretreatment. Laboratory experience has shown that pretreatment will raise the surface energy level as much as 15-20 dynes/cm. Based on limited laboratory results, a minimal surface energy for sufficient polymer wettability is 55 dynes/cm. This provides a basis for a metal surface specification averaging at least 35 dynes/cm for an incoming metal coil. 
     To ensure reliable adhesion,  FIG. 1  shows the metal substrate entering the laminating nip point directly from the flame surface pretreatment without touching any deflector rolls. This avoids any possibility of roll surface debris affecting the metal surface energy. It also provides for immediate, reliable quality when starting the laminating process on each coil. 
     A wide variety of commercial metals broadly classified as aluminum, aluminum alloys, steel, low carbon steel, high carbon steel, stainless steel, steel alloys, tinplate, tin free steel, nickel, copper, titanium, and brass may be successfully laminated. Various metallic coatings such as aluminum, zinc, chrome, nickel, tin, and combinations thereof may be on the surfaces of the metal substrates. Steel and aluminum are the most commonly coated metals in coil form. It is preferable that the surface of the metal is suitably smooth. Dross on the surface from a hot dipped zinc coating line, for example, will allow some air to be trapped between the metal and the film. 
     The laminating temperature sensor is preferably located just after the lamination point. Laboratory experiments have shown that infrared sensing of film temperature on metal is highly accurate for commercial sensors provided the correct polymer wavelength is used. Measuring the temperature of the metal surface prior to laminating is unreliable. 
     As mentioned before, a method of dynamically matching the film width to the metal substrate must be created.  FIG. 2A  shows a general arrangement of a preferred method of trimming excess film width from the metal edges. A coated metal strip  201  with overhanging film width  211  passes over a hardened backup roll  203  where the overhanging film width  211  is trimmed by rotating score cut knives  202 . The rotating score cut knives  202  are pressed against the backup roll  203  by air cylinders  204   a  and  204   b . The left air cylinder  204   a  and the right air cylinder  204   b  are positioned on their respective sliding rail  212  by a hand wheel  210 . 
     An analog photoelectric sensor  205  is used to locate the edge of the metal and is designed to disregard any overhanging film that may be present. Two or more on/off style photoelectric detectors could also be used. The use of two photoelectric sensors allows an on-off control with a dead band zone where there is no change in knife position. As embodied in this invention, the edge sensor(s) may be an analog or an on/off style. It is preferable to use a light source with an output that can be varied. It is also preferable to use photoelectric sensors that eliminate cross talk when the sensors are close together. 
     Laboratory experiments revealed that infrared sensors at 880 nm wavelength provided the greatest ability to find the metal edge even with overhanging film present. The diffusing properties of the film, the varying film thicknesses, and different colors present a significant challenge for reliable edge detecting. Photoelectric sensors have a tendency to change their trip point when the thickness or color changes. It is preferable, therefore, to be able to change the position of both knives relative to the photoelectric sensors. 
     A knife positioning frame  206  is moved by a motor  207  which responds to the metal edge position. The knife positioning frame  206  slides on rail  208  within sliding way  209 . Sliding way  209  is substantially parallel to the backup roll  203 . 
     After the overhanging film width  211  is trimmed, it is removed by vacuum removal tube  212 . For improved trim removal reliability, it is preferable to pull the trim off the hardened backup roll  203  at a 90° angle to the metal substrate  201  as shown. 
     The tracking speed of the score cut knives must be very slow compared to the line speed. Fast knife motion will only cause the knife to scrape across the backup roll. It has been observed in the laboratory that a knife speed of less than 1% of the strip speed will provide adequate tracking response and not damage the knives. A knife speed at 0.25% of the strip speed will normally provide adequate tracking response. When the knives move, they are walking over to their new position rather than scraping on the backup roll. The angle of attack of the rotating knife blade relative to the metal edge remains parallel for practical purposes. In the laboratory, no problems with rotational bearing damage or reduced life were observed. 
     As an alternate to  FIG. 2A , the backup roll may be attached to the knife positioning frame as well. This allows the score cut knives to remain on the same spot of the backup roll. This has some advantages of simplifying the mechanical equipment and reducing the width. 
     Laboratory experience has shown that this method of trimming is reliable. Brief control excursions where the metal edge contacts the score cut knife do not immediately damage the knife. However, repeated or long excursions tend to nick the hardened knife and cause a small spot on the film to remain attached. The knives may be sharpened somewhat during cutting with a stone or other sharpening instrument if suitable safety precautions are taken, and if the sharpening does not drop material on the laminate film. Due to bearing tolerances, the knives even tend to lean against the metal edge with a control excursion, and are slightly reluctant to lift up on top of the metal strip which helps to improve reliability. However, it is vital that the edge sensors properly detect the edge position and knife to metal contact is avoided. 
       FIG. 2A  shows only one pair of score cut knives. In another preferred embodiment,  FIG. 2B  shows a how a redundant pair of score knives may be used to trim at an edge of the strip. In a preferred embodiment, side trimming knives may be employed on the film before the laminating step to trim the film width dynamically to the strip width. This method is preferred in the cases where the polymer film becomes sticky and is difficult to trim away reliably from the hot metal. Some polymers have been known to create ‘stringers’ where the score cut knife is unable to satisfactory cut through the softened polymer film. Also, in some cases, the polymer film has a tendency to adhere to the knife. By trimming the film directly, just before laminating, the film width can be adjusted to the correct width by ensuring the metal is completely covered when observed at the winding reel. This takes into account any shrinking in the post treating step. Similar to  FIG. 2 , the film cutting knives may be put on a guiding rail and track the strip edge position. This also has the advantage of allowing the strip edge to be detected prior to the laminating point with enhanced reliability and provide for matching the film position dynamically to the strip position. 
       FIG. 3A  shows a monolayer polymer film structure  302   a  on a flat metal substrate  301  on the upper side and the same monolayer polymer film structure  302   b  on the other side but with a different thickness.  FIG. 3B  shows a film structure with two layers in it. On the top of the flat metal substrate  303  there is a two layer film with a tie layer  304  and an outer layer  305 . On the bottom of the flat metal substrate  303  there is a two layer film with the same tie layer  304  and a different outer layer  306 . The overall film thickness on each side of the flat metal substrate  303  may be the same or different. 
     The operator may ensure there is enough material to cover the coil by weighing the film roll or by measuring the outside diameter. If a partial film roll is to be added to another roll, the film to film splice location may be marked with a small protruding paper flag. When laminating a film roll with a flag in it, the operator may watch this flag position while running and then mark the laminated coil at the place where the two films are spliced together. This informs customers of where the film splice is located, allowing them to modify their operation to avoid using material with a film splice. 
     Methods are known that allow two rolls of film to be joined while they are feeding into a processing line, without stopping or slowing the line. This is commercially feasible at speeds over 1,000 fpm. This requires additional equipment and capital expense, but this method may be utilized if the batch laminating line targets higher production levels at higher speeds. 
       FIG. 4  is another preferred line layout. This line layout does not include a surface passivation or a cleaning section. A payoff reel  401  unwinds an entry coil  402  so that a metal strip  403  may be coated. A pair of deflector rolls  404  direct the metal strip  403  to a surface flame treatment  405 , which has been previously described. In this line, the surface flame treatment is not designed to provide an elevated metal temperature. An induction furnace  406  preheats the metal to the required laminating temperature to achieve an initial bonding. Two rolls of film  407   a  and  407   b  are laminated, respectively, on the top and bottom side of the metal strip. A pair of laminating rolls  408  press the films against the metal strip by use of an air cylinder  409  on the top roll. An infrared sensor  410  measures the laminating temperature by looking at the correct wavelength of the film. 
     Slitting knives  411   a  and  411   b  are used to trim the lower film  407   a  and upper film  407   b  respectively to the correct width based matching the metal edge positions using a metal edge sensor  425  on each edge. The slitting knives match the film width dynamically to the metal substrate width and account for multiple effects previously mentioned. In a preferred embodiment, a pair of upper knives on each film edge and a pair of lower knives on each film edge are all mounted on a common frame so that the guiding control is simplified, increasing the reliability. Since the knives follow the position of the metal strip, in a preferred embodiment the film rolls and metal strip do not have to be guided dynamically into the laminating nip. The preferred embodiment may be followed providing the film widths are greater than the metal strip width with sufficient tolerance to ensure complete coverage. 
     The type of slitting knives that will be effective and reliable is well known in the art. Various configurations of slitting knives may be used, with manual and automatic adjustments. For example, the slitting knives on the upper film may be manually set to a fixed width and both knives are positioned by a dynamically moving common frame. Equally, each slitting knife may track the metal edge separately. Other configurations are possible including moving all of the lower and upper slitting knives together on a common frame. 
     The strip is directed to a second induction furnace  413  by deflector rolls  412  which may be water cooled to prevent the hot metal-laminate coating from sticking to the roll surface. At the induction furnace  413 , the metal is reheated to a final temperature that will facilitate high bonding strength between the polymer and metal surface, and will further provide important coating characteristics. A second infrared sensor  414  monitors the reheat temperature. The strip is then directed toward a water quenching tank  415  with a submerged roll  424 , and the strip exits the tank through wringer rolls  416  and air blow offs  417 . 
     The strip is then ready for winding. The strip passes through a pair of pinch rolls  418  where an air cylinder  419  provides the pinching force. One or both of the pinch rolls  418  has a motor for purposes of threading the strip. The strip is then directed to a winding reel  420  where it is wound into an exit coil  421 . 
     Standard lifting equipment such as a cart  422  and overhead crane  423  are used to move the film rolls into position. 
     Overall, the line is designed in the compact manner, as shown in  FIG. 4 , so that the treated length of strip is preferably less than 200 feet. In the case of  FIG. 4 , the threaded strip length is approximately 55 feet. The operating method for the batch line, as embodied in this invention, would generally mean each coil would have a yield loss approximately equal to the threaded strip length. For tinplate coatings, where the coil length is commonly 20,000 to 25,000 feet long, the yield loss is commercially acceptable for a batch coating operation. For a sheet coil, where the strip length is commonly 5,000 to 10,000 feet long, this yield loss is also commercially acceptable. 
     As an alternate, a second “scrap” winding reel (not shown) could be added so that the off specification material is wound up onto a different reel for easy recycling. This method has the advantage of removing unwanted material from the ID of a coil so that the customer receives only prime material. The non-prime strip could also be fed into choppers, cutters, and scrap boxes that are known in the art. Additional handling equipment would be needed to cut the strip and thread it onto the winding reels. 
     In general, a preferred method of controlling the laminating temperature is to utilize an induction furnace. The induction furnace power is controlled to be proportional to the metal mass throughput. This will keep the metal temperature very closely controlled for line speed changes and allow for very rapid development of the correct initial laminating temperature. The flame pretreatment also provides some nominal metal heating and may be controlled to vary with the line speed or kept at a constant amount. For the initial laminating control, the line can be operated at reduced speed until the control stabilizes. This will improve yield. 
       FIG. 5  is a block diagram for an induction furnace control. The control can be generally described as an inner control loop which maintains a constant furnace power to metal mass throughput ratio. An outer loop trims or varies the ratio based on the measured laminating temperature. This control is adapted for a faster control response and more stable control. Infrared temperature sensors can be sluggish and require averaging functions which hinders accurate temperature control based only on a temperature feedback. Also, slower line speeds will have a transport lag as the metal strip must physically move from the induction furnace to where the temperature sensor obtains a reading. 
     In  FIG. 5 , the inner control loop  514  is comprised of a line speed measurement  501  and the metal substrate gauge and width  505  which are used to compute the metal substrate mass flow throughput  504 . The mass flow throughput  504  along with the induction furnace power sensor  511  is used to compute the furnace power to mass flow ratio  510 . This is a feedback variable to a PID control loop  509  where the furnace power to mass flow ratio  510  is controlled. The output control signal from the PID control loop  509  is sent to the induction furnace controller  512  which in turn controls the induction furnace  516  power. The setpoint for this inner control loop  514  comes from an outer control loop  515  where the laminating temperature measurement  506  is compared to the laminating temperature setpoint  502 . The output from a PID control loop  507  then becomes a setpoint for the PID controller  509  in the inner control loop  514  during normal operation. During startup, a temporary power to mass throughput ratio setpoint  503  is used. Box  508  means that either the output from box  503  or from box  507  is passed directly to box  509 . Box  508  may be thought of as an operator selector switch. 
     As an alternate, the output  513  of the inner PID control loop  509  can be used to compute the furnace power to mass flow ratio  510  rather than the furnace power sensor  511 . 
     Overall, this control system provides for better control by quickly matching the furnace power to any line speed changes, and will maintain proper temperature without an immediate temperature feedback measurement. It also provides for reaching the initial laminating temperature more quickly because the setpoint for the inner control loop can be temporarily adapted to the previous coil or previous experience until the operator sees is a valid steady state laminating temperature measurement. 
       FIG. 6  is a block diagram of preferred processing steps for a commercially viable batch production metal strip laminating line. A metal strip substrate is unwound  601  from a payoff reel where it is routed into a cleaning section followed by a rinse  602 . Preferably, the cleaning solution is an alkaline cleaner, but various soaps, and other additives can be included which are known in the art. The cleaning section may also include electrical grids to assist in removing oil and debris from the metal surface. 
     The metal strip is then passivated  603 , preferably with an iron phosphate or zinc phosphate. Alternately, a chromium based solution could be used, such as chromium oxide. The passivation solution to be used depends upon the market to be served. The strip is then rinsed and dried  604 . 
     It is to be understood that processing steps  601 ,  602 , and  603  are optional. They are not a requirement for a laminating line, but may be necessary for some coating markets. 
     The metal strip is then pretreated by one of several preferred options. A surface flame treatment  605  may be used to actually preheat the metal strip to the required laminating temperature in addition to improving the surface energy. This is a simple and low cost method to accomplish an important function. For some metal substrates and laminating films, this is sufficient to establish adhesion, suitable cleanliness, and wet out properties. 
     The metal strip may also be pretreated by preheating with a heating contact roll  606 . The metal strip would then be surface treated  607  to improve surface energy prior to laminating. This sequence is preferred, in this case, as the heating contact roll is likely to allow dirt or oils to be placed on the metal surface. Also, the surface flame pretreatment control and size may be designed to provide a measure of strip temperature control. 
     The metal strip may also be pretreated by a flame surface treatment and preheat furnace  608 . Preferably, the heating furnace is an induction furnace. Alternately, it could also be an infrared heating furnace. However, the infrared furnace is troublesome due to the high temperatures needed and requires a greater line length. Similarly, a gas fired heating furnace may also be used but is not as preferred. The flame surface treatment preferably precedes the heating furnace. The flame surface treatment may be after the heating furnace, but is not as preferred. 
     The strip, now suitably prepared for laminating, is then routed to a pair of laminating rolls  610  where a film is pressed onto one or both sides of the strip. Features related to this step have already been previously discussed. 
     Any overhanging film going past the metal edges is then trimmed  611 . It is preferred to trim the film promptly away from the metal immediately after the laminating step. This step is not required if the film width matches the metal width, or if the film is edge trimmed before the laminating step. 
     The strip is then routed to a reheat section  612  where the metal strip-laminate is reheated to the a temperature needed to create the final adhesive bond and coating properties. The reheat furnace is preferably an induction furnace. However, an infrared or gas fired oven may also be used. An induction furnace is preferred as it will heat the coating from the inside out rather than force heat through the coating. Lamination experiments have shown that the metal strip and coating are in very intimate contact, and the metal temperature and coating temperature are very closely equal. An infrared furnace, for example, has the disadvantage in that the energy needed to warm up the metal strip must “go through” the coating and is likely to require a large differential temperature between the coating and metal. Consequently, the coating is likely to scorch or blister at production speeds that are needed for a commercial operation. Flame fired furnaces have similar problems and are not as preferred. 
     An optional delay  613  may be needed, for some coatings, to develop necessary adhesion throughout the metal-laminate structure. Also, some coatings are highly crystalline, and the required balance between surface hardness and forming flexibility are established by the cool down timing and rate. For crystalline coatings, a preliminary forced air cooling is helpful to bring the coating down to an intermediate temperature before the final cooling for winding. 
     The strip must be brought back to a suitable winding temperature by use of cooling contact rolls  614 , or by a water quench  615  with suitable air or forced air drying  616 . In a preferred embodiment, the forced air drying  616  is heated. Additional equipment such as wringer rolls or wipers may also be employed to provide a dry metal-polymer laminate for winding  617 . The winding temperature may be chosen based on crystallinity requirements. 
       FIG. 7  is an elevation view of a highly compact line. A payoff reel  71  pays off a metal strip over a deflector roll  72  which directs the strip downward through a combination strip pretreater/preheater  73  and then into a laminating nip module  74 . The laminating module  74  contains a pair of rubber, neoprene, urethane, elastomer, or similarly covered rolls which press films onto one or both sides of the metal strip. The nip force is provided by compressed air cylinders, hydraulic cylinders, springs, mechanical screws, wedges, or a combination. The initially coated strip (metal film laminate) is then post treated by post heating flames  75  and then the metal film laminate passes through a soak box  76 . The soak box  76  provides an important benefit for some products by allowing metal conductivity to thermally equalize any uneven areas in the metal strip to ensure the strip is within temperature tolerance. In particular, edge cooling effects are minimized or eliminated by a soak box. The strip then passes through a rapid cooling system  77  which is a water quench tank with a recirculating waterfall system. The waterfall boxes are on either side of the metal strip and provide an important benefit for the metal film laminate. They allow the initial contact between the metal film laminate and the water to be very carefully controlled, and avoid problems with water turbulence sloshing on the strip or minor sprays contacting the strip surface which are seen on the film surface appearance by giving an uneven localized gloss. The waterfall is preferably designed to provide a projecting amount of water, that is at least 0.25 gpm per inch of strip width, and contacts the metal film laminate about two inches above the water tank level. This provides the ability to control the surface gloss to a high amount and also to provide a high amount of rapid strip cooling in the water tank. It is expected that at higher line speeds (i.e. above 100 fpm), the metal film laminate and water fall water can contact at higher levels above the water tank. 
     A line configured this way may have a threaded length of less than sixty feet, as well as having a floor footprint of less than 35 feet long. 
     After the water tank, a pair of wringer rolls  78  is used to squeeze off any water that remains on the metal film laminate, if there is any large amount, and the metal film laminate then passes over a deflector roll  79 . Then a series of air knives  80  dry off the metal surface. The air knives  80  are heated or unheated depending upon how much water is on the surface and the need to control the temperature of the metal film laminate. In some cases the polymer film properties are negatively impacted by an elevated temperature if crystallinity is encouraged to grow in this operation. In other cases, the film properties are enhanced by an improvement in film crystallinity. 
     After the metal film laminate is dried off, it goes through an inline lubricator  81 , under a deflector roll  82 , and then to a winding reel  83 . The electrostatic lubricator is preferably an electrostatic lubricator because of the benefits provided. Many customers require lubrication on the metal film laminate surface as a matter of convenience to them. It is simply economically efficient for one lubricator to take care of lubrication rather than have a lubricator on each individual stamping line. 
       FIG. 8  shows how the post heat may be controlled when it is controlled by burners. In this case, a premix system is used and the burners are ribbon type that provide very even heating and are highly resistant to flash back. 
     The electrostatic lubricator includes lubricant sprayers which preferably reduces the lubrication particle size down to about 1-10 microns. This can be accomplished by electrostatic sprays or a shearing type venturi which uses compressed air pressure. The atomized lubricant is then fed into a high voltage chamber, approximately 30,000 volts, which transfers a charge to the lubricant particles, and then the charged lubricant naturally is attracted to the metal strip which is a relative ground. The high voltage also has the benefit of evenly distributing the lubrication as the particles disperse due to mutually repelling away from each other. 
     An electrostatic lubricator is one embodiment, but other lubricator types are alternately utilized as well. Among them are roller coater, drip (droplets from tubes, pipes, or nozzles), spray (atomized spray from nozzles), spray and wring (spray immediately followed by wringer rolls to even out the application), recirculation systems (larger volume pumped onto the surface and overflow pumped back on), and wipe on lubricators (cloth, felt, or pad applicator). All could be employed with success, and each has advantages and disadvantages. An electrostatic lubrication has the advantage of the lubrication coating providing a tight adherence to the coated metal surface which tends to avoid tooling build up in the stamping (or roll forming) operation. It also efficiently utilizes the lubrication to near 100% and does not require the lubricant to be solvent based. 
     Typical lubrication amounts are 50 to 300 mg/square meter for the lighter stamping operations, such as an end to go on a foodcan. Heavier lubrication amounts are needed for draw and redraw stamping operations. Roll forming operations typically need evaporative lubricants or vanishing oils if applied just before forming. In line application amounts just prior to demanding applications can range up to 400 mg/square foot (4,300 mg/square meter) or more for heavy bending, forming, or stamping operations. Useful lubricants include mineral oils, straight fatty oils, undiluted EP oils, soap solutions, soap-fat compound emulsions, phosphate coatings, dry film coatings, waxes, and solid lubricants. In line applicators prefer the dry film or solid coatings, which include Polytetrafluoroethylene (PFTE). There are problems with applying heavy coatings for demanding operations in line at a remote coating operation, and consequently, such a lubricator will typically be designed to deliver a lower amount such as 50 mg/square foot (540 mg/sq. meter) onto either surface of the coated metal substrate to avoid problems like dripping and puddling if the coil is to be wrapped and shipped. 
     For some products it is desirable to provide for a high gloss surface that has adequate time to achieve maximum bonding.  FIG. 8  shows how a vertical pass and an improved quenching system after the post treat operation provides for a high bond to the metal substrate as well as a high gloss product, with gloss readings in excess of 100 gloss units (60 degrees).  FIG. 8  shows the waterfall contacting the coated substrate just above the water line of the cooling tank. A payoff reel  801  unwinds a flat metal substrate  802  which passes over two deflector rolls  803  and then is processed by a pair of preheat/pretreating burners  804 . The preheat/pretreat operation has already been described. The prepared metal substrate then goes through a laminating stand  805  where a film is bonded to at least one side. The laminating rolls are usually heated. The strip then passes over idler rolls and then goes down a vertical passline and is heated by post heat burners  806  to above the melting point of the polymer. A soaking box  807  with internal electric heaters  808  is used to maintain the strip temperature above the melting point, and to ensure uniform metal strip temperature across the width. The internal electric heaters may be a variety of types and include metal strip heaters, ceramic heaters, infrared heaters, surface heaters, flame heaters, etc. The goal is to maintain the metal temperature and not allow it to cool off as there is a tendency for the strip to cool due to air movement upward in the vertical passline. The strip then has a time at an elevated temperature to develop permanent bonding. Generally, only a few seconds is required. 
     The strip is then cooled by an initial contact with a waterfall  809  in order to ensure that the initial contact with water is very controlled to ensure uniform gloss. The waterfall touches the strip approximately a half an inch to four inches above the waterline of the tank, and the waterfall amount is significant. Waterfall flows of 0.25-1.0 gpm per inch of strip width on each side are preferred, and higher amounts are not believed to improve cooling. The lip design of the waterfall is important and a slight downward bend of a metal lip was found to be desirable. The design of the box that projects the waterfall must ensure that the flow across the width is reasonably uniform, so that the there are no variances of gloss across the strip. It was found to be important that both waterfalls on either side of the strip reasonably touch at the same point of the strip, but there is a wide tolerance depending upon the line speed. The water used in the waterfall is recirculated out of the cooling tank  810 . A separate cooling system with a radiator and fan (not shown) removes heat from the cooling tank  810 . 
     After the strip contacts the waterfall cooling  809 , it passes through a cooling tank  810  where the strip essentially takes on the temperature of the cooling water. It then passes through wringer rolls  811  and is dried by air blowoffs  812 . The strip then goes through an inline lubricator  813 , if that is required for the product, passes through an exit deflector roll stand  814 , and is wound up on a winding reel  815 . 
     Another embodiment of the invention is to have a contact cooling roll at the bottom of a vertical pass in order to provide a matte or low gloss surface.  FIG. 9A  shows the vertical pass through the post heat burners and soak box similar to  FIG. 8 . Instead of the cooling tank, a contact cooling roll  902  with cooling nip roll  901  are used to solidify the polymer surface. The contact cooling roll is preferably a shell within a shell as illustrated in  FIG. 9B  where the water passageway  903  is shown. This provides a more uniform surface temperature across the width of the roll as well as improved heat transfer. Spiral baffles may also be employed between the inner and outer shells. Depending upon the line speed and other factors, an inner shell may not be required, and the contact cooling roll may be very simply designed, such as a flooded roll without an inner shell. Generally, a once through design is better for fluid flow reasons, although both the inlet and outlet could be on one side. 
     The contact cooling roll  902  or the cooling nip roll  901  are preferably made of metal, or both, and a chrome hardened steel is a good choice for practical reasons. The rolls may be ground to the desired finish that will impart the desired gloss onto the polymer, and the polymer will replicate the surface of the rolls provided it is in the melted state when it reaches the nip point between the two rolls. Preferably, the cooling nip roll is designed to be flexible by being made out of a thin tubing, or incorporate a suitable high temperature elastomer so that metal gauge variances across the width of the strip will not cause contact cooling problems. 
     In another embodiment of the present invention,  FIGS. 10A ,  10 B shows force air cooing at the bottom of the vertical pass. In  FIG. 10A  a series of air knives  1001  (heated or unheated) flow air on the strip to get the strip below its melting point before it reaches the deflector roll at the bottom of the vertical pass In  FIG. 10B  an air fan  1002  is shown. 
     Another important feature of the present invention is the use of a soaking box after the post heat operation. The box may be heated or unheated; it&#39;s primary purpose is to provide a uniform temperature of the coated metal substrate, and secondly, to allow the flat metal substrate and the polymer coating to become tightly bonded. The soaking box provides two important thermal effects: the natural conductivity of the metal at a sustained elevated temperature provides some smoothing out of high/low temperature areas, and the radiant heat reflection between the coated strip and the inner walls of the soaking box to provide an additional improvement in temperature uniformity. A relatively small amount of time is needed for the desired effect. A few seconds to twenty seconds is sufficient, depending upon the uniformity of the post heat operation. If the soaking box is heated, it is preferably controlled to an operational temperature by a suitable thermocouple or by infrared sensors that monitor the coated strip temperature. The heating is preferably done by electric power, such as infrared, radiant, quartz tube, heating coil, etc. The soaking box may be simply designed and the inner walls temperature controlled. It may be more complicated, such as a gas fired furnace, where the inside is temperature regulated. 
     As an alternative design, the soaking box is an extension of the post heat operation if enough heating capacity is included to input a significant amount into the strip and elevate the average temperature of the strip. In this case, the post heat operation is extended to include a soaking temperature area. For the purposes of this application, the two designs are equivalent. The goal of the soaking box is to provide a residence time above an operational temperature to improve the temperature uniformity across the width, and this may be included in the post heat operation or it may be a separate step from an equipment standpoint. 
     As shown in simplified  FIG. 12 , the burners in the post heating operation include position actuators  1201   a,b,c,d  on either end to move the burners  1202   a,b  in/out. This is a top view of the strip  1203  in a downward pass through a post heating operating. Pins  1205  are included to accommodate twist. The piping  1204   a,b  to the burners is also shown. A skew function is provided by selecting an actuator to move in and another one to move out on the same burner simultaneously. In one embodiment of the present invention, the position of both burners are controllable, so that the coated surface on both sides of the coated metal substrate may be temperature controlled across the width by skewing the burners on each side separately. The average temperature on each side is also controllable by moving the relative overall position of the burner closer or further away from the coated surface. 
     It a production setting, it was found that temperature on each side of the coated metal strip behaved separately during the post heat operation when it was a direct fired burner, and that a thickness of 0.013″ (steel) was enough to cause temperature isolation in the coating between sides. Also, air cooling defects showed undesirable gloss changes in the coated metal substrate due to uneven temperatures in the post treat operation when the burners were not properly adjusted. These defects were removed when the burners were properly adjusted so that the temperature uniformity was reasonable prior to the soaking box. At least two infrared sensors across the strip width on each side are desirable to monitor the strip temperature so that the burners can be properly adjusted. An infrared hand held sensor is useful for manual burner adjustments, but it is better to automate the burner movement. 
     Another important item is to trim the film prior to lamination, as already stated, and to provide for complete coverage per a customer specification. It is desirable to trim the film roll in place and leave an over width material on the cardboard core where the original film was obtained. Trimming film prior to lamination, and monitoring coverage of coating to ensure metal is covered to customer specification, one or two edges. 
     It has also been found to be attractive to check the quality of coating adhesion to the metal strip by use of a shearing test as opposed the cross hatch adhesion test. For some operations, in particular—a stamping operation, the cross hatch adhesion test is not always a good predictive test for how well the coating will perform. A polymer coating has a stronger coating film strength when applied on the metal substrate, and has a tendency to peel versus a paint coating which tends to pick off The tape used in the test has a nominal 1000 grams per linear inch of width adhesive force, and is often used as a pass/fail test. Different adhesive tapes might be used, with different adhesive forces, but their predictive ability with polymers has been found frustrating in practice. 
       FIG. 11A  shows an end view of a shear tester that is useful for monitoring the ability of a coating to withstand a maximum shear force in a particular stamping operation. The tester comprises a moving forming tool  1101 , a moving forming radius  1102 , a sample to be tested  1103 , a stationary forming tool  1104 , and a stationary forming radius  1105 . The moving forming tool and stationary forming tool are separated by a gap  1106  which is selected to simulate the shear force developed in a stamping operation. The sample  1103  is rigidly clamped against the moving forming tool  1101  by block  1107 . The shear tester is useful for testing a variety of stamping operations, materials, tooling setups, and material thicknesses without the expense of purchasing tooling, which is not practical due to the expense. Sample widths of ½ to 2 inches are standard widths to be tested. 
     The tester is used in  FIGS. 11B-11D . The moving forming tool is stroked in a single direction over the stationary forming tool and the test sample is bent against the two forming radius as illustrated. The end result is a bent sample with the coating that has been tested for shear on a single side. The coating then may be examined for defects or failures as desired. 
     The tester has three primary ways to be adjustable to a particular stamping operation, the gap  1106 , the forming radius of curvature(s) of the forming tools  1102 ,  1105 , and the material to be tested  1103 . He strip is tested without internal tension, so the exact stamping operation is not replicated, however, a similar shear situation is developed depending upon the tolerances of the shear tester. Also, the tester is useful to compare existing coatings to new coatings, and to examine lubricants and their effects. It is important that the moving forming tool is pressed against the stationary forming tool at a reasonable rate, comparable to a particular stamping speed. Some stamping presses run very fast, and operate at hundreds of strokes per minute. 
       FIG. 11E  shows a manual shear tester. A lever  1110  is attached to linkage and rod cap  1111  which moves a stroke rod  1112  through a guide pipe  1113  which is attached to an upper guide plate  1115 . The upper guide plate is assembled in a frame  1118  as shown with guiding rails  1121  on either side so that it will only stroke in the vertical direction as shown without twisting. An upper forming tool  1114  is rigidly attached to the upper guide plate  1115 , and reinforced in place by keeper block  1120 , and moves when the lever  1110  is raised or lowered. 
     A lower forming tool  1116  is rigidly attached to the base  1117 , which is attached to the frame  1118 , and are all stationary when lever  1110  is moved. A pin  1119  allows the lever to move relative to the frame  1118 . Thus, the upper forming tool moves relative to the lower forming tool when the lever is moved manually by the operator, and provides the ability to perform a shear test on a sample (not shown). 
     While various embodiments of the present invention have been described, the invention may be modified and adapted to various uses to those skilled in the art. Therefore, this invention is not limited to the description and figures shown herein, and includes all such changes and modifications that are encompassed by the scope of the claims.