Abstract:
A self-adjusting interferometric outcoupler. In the most general sense, the invention is an optical system ( 100 ) comprising a first mechanism ( 112 ) for generating a first beam, a second mechanism ( 122 ) for receiving the first beam and returning a second beam, and an interferometer ( 116 ) positioned to couple the first beam to the second mechanism ( 122 ) and to receive and output the second beam, wherein the interferometer ( 116 ) is also shared by the first mechanism ( 112 ) and/or the second mechanism ( 122 ) to control the frequency of the first beam and/or the second beam, respectively. In the illustrative embodiment, the first mechanism ( 112 ) is a master oscillator, the second mechanism ( 122 ) is a phase conjugate mirror, and the system ( 100 ) further includes a power amplifier ( 118 ) positioned to amplify the first beam during a first pass and to amplify the second beam during a second pass.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    1. Field of the Invention:  
           [0002]    The present invention relates to optics. More specifically, the present invention relates to outcouplers for master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) systems.  
           [0003]    2. Description of the Related Art:  
           [0004]    The High Energy Laser (HEL), because of its rapid time of flight, pointing agility, precision, lack of collateral damage effects, and lack of traceable residue, is an effective weapon against a broad range of military targets. The diode-pumped solid-state laser, because of its high electrical efficiency, relatively low weight, compact packaging, lack of consumables (except sunlight or fuel), and lack of toxic and corrosive effluents is compatible with many military platforms, including fixed installations, ground vehicles, surface ships, submarines, rotocraft, tactical and strategic aircraft, and spacecraft.  
           [0005]    One of the most attractive approaches for a continuous operation weapon-class, high brightness solid-state laser uses Yb:YAG slabs in a two-pass master oscillator/power amplifier (MOPA) configuration with a vector loop phase conjugate mirror (LPCM). The basic phase conjugate (PC) MOPA architecture uses a small master oscillator, which delivers a low-power single-mode reference beam through an optical input/output coupler element (outcoupler) to the output end of a high power amplifier beamline. The beam is then amplified to medium power, picking up thermal lensing and wedging aberrations and is depolarized due to thermal stress birefringence. At this point the beam enters a phase conjugate mirror, which reverses the wavefront of the beam. The reflected, phase conjugate beam then makes a return pass through the aberrated amplifier beamline and the original wavefront is restored. A high power, high beam quality beam is delivered via the outcoupler.  
           [0006]    One of the most critical components in this PC MOPA laser architecture is the outcoupler, which is responsible for inserting the low power master oscillator beam into the amplifier beamline and extracting the amplified beam from the beamline in a separate path. Ideally, the outcoupler would insert the oscillator beam with zero loss, extract the amplified beam with zero feedback into the oscillator, and generate no distortions that cannot be corrected by the LPCM. Several outcoupler schemes have been developed and used with the PC MOPA architecture. The Scalable High Energy Raman Laser (SHERL) was the first moderate power PC MOPA device demonstrated in the U.S., and used a Brewster plate in conjunction with a quarter wave plate for polarization outcoupling. This scheme is disclosed by Hans W. Bruesselbach in U.S. Pat. No. 4,734,911, entitled “Efficient Phase Conjugate Laser,” issued Mar. 29, 1988 (the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference). This approach provided very efficient transmission of the amplified beam with low oscillator feedback. However, it was not efficient in the injection of the oscillator beam into the amplifier beamline. Therefore, a higher power oscillator is required than would be required with an ideal outcoupler.  
           [0007]    The most straightforward outcoupler approaches for high power are based on reciprocal optical elements such as reflective/refractive beamsplitters and diffraction gratings. These devices are designed to promote efficient outcoupling for the high power beam. The coupling efficiency of the master oscillator input path, however, may be very low for these devices, necessitating a relatively high power master oscillator. High oscillator power is problematic for two reasons: (1) reduced overall efficiency of the MOPA and (2) difficulty in obtaining high oscillator beam quality.  
           [0008]    Lower power PC MOPA systems utilized a polarizing beamsplitter in conjunction with a permanent-magnet Faraday rotator and quartz rotator combination to provide a non-reciprocal optical path for efficient outcoupling. The Faraday rotator and polarization beamsplitter approach works well at average powers up to a kilowatt. The HEL application, however, calls for hundreds of kilowatts to megawatts of average power, which is beyond the current state-of-the-art in Faraday devices.  
           [0009]    Non-Faraday outcoupler techniques based on non-reciprocal interferometric elements have been proposed which show promise in scaling to weapon-class power levels; In the early 1990s, several high average power interferometric outcoupler configurations were developed which rely on the Stokes frequency shift inherent in the stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) phase conjugation process to create a non-reciprocal optical path. The first disclosed by T. O&#39;Meara in U.S. Pat. No. 5,126,876, entitled “Master Oscillator Power Amplifier with Interference Isolated Oscillator,” issued Jun. 30, 1992, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference, uses a Mach-Zender interferometer as the outcoupling element directly. This interferometer is used as the non-reciprocal element to separate the input and output paths through constructive interference in one direction and destructive interference in the other. Because the Stokes shift is fixed by the material parameters of the SBS medium (determined by sound velocity), the wavelength of the master oscillator and the length of the interferometer legs must be controlled to ensure good master oscillator isolation and input/output coupling efficiency.  
           [0010]    The second interferometric approach uses the interferometer in the phase conjugate leg to effect a 90 degree polarization rotation on the output pass, which creates a non-reciprocal path through a polarization beamsplitter. The operation of this interferometric polarization outcoupler is disclosed in Basov et al, “Laser Interferometer with Wavelength-Reversing Mirrors,”  Sov. Phys. JTEP , Vol. 52, No. 5, November 1980, pp 847-851. Inventive improvements to this basic scheme were disclosed by D. Rockwell in U.S. Pat. No. 5,483,342, entitled “Polarization Rotation with Frequency Shifting Phase Conjugate Mirror and Simplified Interferometric Output Coupler,” issued Jan. 9, 1996.  
           [0011]    A problem with these prior art interferometric outcoupler approaches is that they must be used with a PCM that which has a fixed and predetermined frequency shift, typically an SBS PCM. The SBS PCM has several disadvantages: it does not work well with continuous waveforms, and it requires high peak power but cannot handle high average power. Furthermore, the prior art interferometric outcoupler approaches are sensitive to length changes in the interferometer optical paths resulting from thermal expansion and warping of the structure, plastic deformation and creep, shock and vibration induced structural compliance, or refractive index changes of the optics and intervening atmosphere, as well as any changes in the frequency of operation of the oscillator or phase conjugate mirror.  
           [0012]    Hence, a need exists in the art for an efficient outcoupler for high power MOPA systems which can compensate for any frequency changes in the outcoupler, oscillator, and phase conjugate mirror.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0013]    The need in the art is addressed by the self-adjusting interferometric outcoupler of the present invention. In the most general sense, the invention is an optical system comprising a first mechanism for generating a first beam, a second mechanism for receiving the first beam and returning a second beam, and an interferometer positioned to couple the first beam to the second mechanism and to receive and output the second beam, wherein the interferometer is also shared by the first mechanism and/or the second mechanism to control the frequency of the first beam and/or the second beam, respectively.  
           [0014]    In the illustrative embodiment, the first mechanism is a master oscillator, the second mechanism is a phase conjugate mirror, and the system further includes a power amplifier positioned to amplify the first beam during a first pass and to amplify the second beam during a second pass. In the illustrative embodiment, the novel system does not rely on the Stokes frequency shift in SBS and therefore can be used with other phase conjugation media and methods, such as thermal nonlinearity in a loop configuration or four-wave mixing. It does not require tight tolerances in the construction of the interferometer and is always self-tuned. Similarly, it is not sensitive to length changes in the interferometer optical paths resulting from thermal expansion and warping of the structure, plastic deformation and creep, shock and vibration induced structural compliance, or refractive index changes of the optics and intervening atmosphere. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0015]    [0015]FIG. 1 is a simplified optical schematic of a basic phase conjugate MOPA configuration of conventional design and construction.  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 2 is an optical schematic of a loop PCM based on a thermal nonlinearity.  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 3 is a schematic of a conventional Faraday rotator and polarization beamsplitter outcoupler approach of a lower power PC MOPA system.  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 4 a  is a schematic of a conventional high power outcoupler approach based on reflective/refractive beamsplitters.  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 4 b  is a schematic of a conventional high power outcoupler approach based on diffraction gratings.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 5 is a schematic of a PC MOPA system using a conventional interferometric outcoupler scheme.  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 6 is a simplified optical schematic of a MOPA system with a self-adjusting interferometric outcoupler scheme designed in accordance with teachings of the present invention.  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 7 is a schematic showing the system folded with a shared interferometer.  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 8 is a schematic of the interferometer with the two beamsplitters having identical reflection/transmission characteristics.  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 9 shows a schematic of an alternate embodiment of the self-adjusting interferometric outcoupler with the Sagnac form used as the interferometer.  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 10 shows an advanced beam control architecture using the self-adjusting interferometric outcoupler both as an outcoupler for the PC MOPA and as an aperture sharing element in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 11 shows an alternate laser architecture with a second lasing path in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 12 is a schematic of a phase conjugate MOPA with four wave mixing designed in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0028]    Illustrative embodiments and exemplary applications will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings to disclose the advantageous teachings of the present invention.  
         [0029]    While the present invention is described herein with reference to illustrative embodiments for particular applications, it should be understood that the invention is not limited thereto. Those having ordinary skill in the art and access to the teachings provided herein will recognize additional modifications, applications, and embodiments within the scope thereof and additional fields in which the present invention would be of significant utility.  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 1 is a simplified optical schematic of a basic phase conjugate (PC) master oscillator/power amplifier (MOPA) configuration  10  of conventional design and construction. A small master oscillator  12  delivers a low-power single-mode reference beam  14  through an optical input/output coupler element (hereinafter outcoupler)  16  to the output end of a high power amplifier beamline  18 . The beam is amplified to medium power, picking up thermal lensing and wedging aberrations and is depolarized due to thermal stress birefringence. At this point the amplified beam  20  enters a phase conjugate mirror  22 , which reverses the wavefront of the beam. The reflected, phase conjugate beam  24  then makes a return pass through the aberrated amplifier beamline  18  and the original wavefront is restored. A high power, high beam quality beam  26  is delivered via the outcoupler  16 .  
         [0031]    This two-pass PC MOPA architecture has been successfully used on numerous programs to enhance the brightness and reduce the beam wander of solid-state lasers. Self-pumped PCM devices based on stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) have been used in the past for high peak power (Q-switched) devices. Attempts to apply the SBS PCM to continuous wave (CW) or quasi-CW beams have not resulted in any practical solutions. In the late 1980s a new type of phase conjugate mirror was demonstrated in Russia for high power CO 2  lasers. This new conjugator is based on a thermal nonlinearity in liquids and, unlike SBS, is suitable for CW operation. This has been developed as a “vector” loop PCM for correction of depolarized beams.  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 2 is an optical schematic of a loop PCM  30  based on a thermal nonlinearity. The input beam (denoted E 1 ) from the amplifier beamline enters a nonlinear medium  32  and traverses the loop in a clockwise direction. An optical diode  34  is used to prevent saturation of the gain medium (amplifier)  36  in this direction. Two mirrors ( 38 ,  40 ) direct the beam to an amplifier  36 . This clockwise beam E 3  is directed by two more mirrors ( 42 ,  44 ) back into the nonlinear medium  32  where it interferes with the input beam E 1  and writes real-time holographic gratings in the medium. The grating serves as a holographic resonator mirror, which allows a laser mode E 2  to build from noise in the preferred counterclockwise direction around the loop. A portion of this beam E OUT  is coupled out of the PCM through the grating in the nonlinear medium  32 , in the opposite direction to the input beam E 1 . Under the proper conditions, the grating is set up such that the output beam E OUT  is a phase conjugate replica of the input beam E 1 . Using this basic PC MOPA architecture in a vector (or polarization-correcting) configuration, near-diffraction limited restoration with very severe optical aberrations (100×D.L.) and near-perfect birefringence correction (&gt;20 dB contrast) with completely depolarized beams can be achieved.  
         [0033]    The loop PCM configuration is described more fully in the following references the teachings of which are incorporated by reference herein. References 3, 5, and 6 describe the vector configuration in particular.  
         [0034]    1. A. A. Betin, “Phase Conjugation Based On Thermal Nonlinearity,” paper NThB1 presented at Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Fundamentals, and Applications Conference, Maui, Hi., pp. 336-339, July 1996.  
         [0035]    2. A. A. Betin, R. Forber, S. C. Matthews, and M. S. Mangir, “1 ms Long Pulse Nd:YAG Laser With Loop PCM,” paper CWK1 presented at CLEO 1997, p. 283, 1997.  
         [0036]    3. A. A. Betin, S. C. Matthews, and M. S. Mangir, “Phase Conjugation of Depolarized Light with a Loop PC”, Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Fundamentals, and Applications Conference, Kauai, Hi., July 1998.  
         [0037]    4. A. A. Betin, M. S. Mangir, and D. A. Rockwell, “Compact Phase-Conjugate Mirror Utilizing Four-Wave Mixing in a Loop Configuration,” U.S. Pat. No. 5,726,795; assigned to Hughes Electronics, March 1998.  
         [0038]    5. A. A. Betin and M. S. Mangir, “Loop Phase-Conjugate Mirror for Depolarized Beams,” U.S. Pat. No. 5,729,380; assigned to Hughes Electronics, March 1998.  
         [0039]    6. A. A. Betin, “Polarization Insensitive Faraday Attenuator,” U.S. Pat. No. 6,278,547; assigned to Hughes Electronics Corp., August 2001.  
         [0040]    7. A. A. Betin, H. W. Bruesselbach, and M. S. Mangir, “Apparatus and Method for Enhanced Laser Machining by Optimization of Pulse Duration and Spacing,” U.S. Pat. No. 6,346,686; assigned to Hughes Electronics Corp., February 2002.  
         [0041]    As discussed above, one of the most critical components in the PC MOPA laser architecture is the outcoupler, which is responsible for inserting the low power master oscillator beam into the amplifier beamline and extracting the amplified beam from the beamline in a separate path.  
         [0042]    [0042]FIG. 3 is a schematic of a conventional Faraday rotator and polarization beamsplitter outcoupler approach of a lower power PC MOPA system  50 . The beam from the master oscillator  12  is reflected off a polarization beamsplitter  52  through a permanent-magnet Faraday rotator  54  and quartz rotator  56  combination to the power amplifier  18  and PCM  22 . On the return pass, the beam is output through the polarization beamsplitter  52 . The Faraday rotator and polarization beamsplitter approach works well at average powers up to a kilowatt, but Faraday devices able to handle substantially higher powers are not yet available.  
         [0043]    [0043]FIGS. 4 a  and  4   b  are schematic diagrams of PC MOPA architectures using conventional high power outcoupler approaches based on reflective/refractive beamsplitters and diffraction gratings, respectively. In FIG. 4 a , the beam from the master oscillator  12  is reflected off a reflective/refractive beamsplitter  62  and directed to the power amplifier  18  and PCM  22 . On the return pass, the amplified beam is output through the beamsplitter  62 . In FIG. 4 b , the beam from the master oscillator  12  is split into a two orders by a diffraction grating  64 . The 1 st  order is directed to the power amplifier  18  and the 0 th  order is lost. On the return pass, the 0 th  order of the amplified beam from the diffraction grating  64  is output. The diffraction grating has an advantage over the reflective/refractive beamsplitter in that the outcoupler-induced optical distortions are compensated, minimizing the non-common path errors for high power operation. These devices are designed to promote efficient outcoupling for the high power beam. The coupling efficiency of the master oscillator input path, however, may be very low for these devices, necessitating a relatively high power master oscillator. While this low input coupling efficiency does not appreciably affect the overall efficiency of the laser system, higher-power master oscillators of diffraction-limited beam quality do entail an additional development risk and add to the size and weight of the system.  
         [0044]    [0044]FIG. 5 is a schematic of a PC MOPA system  70  using a conventional interferometric outcoupler scheme as disclosed by O&#39;Meara in U.S. Pat. No. 5,126,876. This approach uses a Mach-Zender interferometer  90  as the outcoupling element directly. The interferometer  90  is used as the non-reciprocal element to separate the input and output paths through constructive interference in one direction and destructive interference in the other. An input beam from the master oscillator  12  is received by a first beam splitter  72  and split into two paths, one towards a mirror  82  and another towards a mirror  84 . One path includes several additional mirrors ( 74 ,  76 ,  78 ,  80 ) for adjusting the path-length. Beams from both paths are combined at a second beamsplitter  84  and directed to the amplifier  18  and SBS PCM  22 . On the return pass, the amplified beam is split into the same two paths by the second beamsplitter  84 , and output through the first beamsplitter  72 . This approach relies on the Stokes frequency shift inherent in the stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) phase conjugation process to create a non-reciprocal optical path. Because the Stokes shift is fixed by the material parameters of the SBS medium (determined by sound velocity), the wavelength of the master oscillator (ω 1 )) and the length of the interferometer legs must be controlled to ensure good master oscillator isolation and input/output coupling efficiency.  
         [0045]    The present invention is a self-adjusting interferometric outcoupler scheme which uses a single component to control the master oscillator frequency, control the frequency shift in the phase conjugated beam, and perform the input/output coupling within the MOPA. It does not rely on the Stokes frequency shift in SBS and therefore can be used with other phase conjugation media and methods, such as thermal nonlinearity in a loop configuration or four-wave mixing (FWM). It does not require tight tolerances in the construction of the interferometer and is always self-tuned. Similarly, it is not sensitive to length changes in the interferometer optical paths resulting from thermal expansion and warping of the structure, plastic deformation and creep, shock and vibration induced structural compliance, or refractive index changes of the optics and intervening atmosphere.  
         [0046]    [0046]FIG. 6 is a simplified optical schematic of a MOPA system  100  with the self-adjusting interferometric outcoupler scheme designed in accordance with teachings of the present invention. In this implementation, a Mach-Zender interferometer  116  functions as a wavelength-dependent optical switch. The same interferometer  116  is used to satisfy three separate functions, as described below. For simplicity, the interferometer  116  is shown in FIG. 6 as three separate functional elements, but in practice it is actually just one physical device and the optical train is folded such that the same interferometer is shared by the oscillator  112 , PCM  122 , and PC MOPA outcoupler  116 .  
         [0047]    [0047]FIG. 7 is a schematic showing the system folded with a shared interferometer. The master oscillator  112  includes an amplifier  130  and the interferometer  116  positioned within a first resonator mirror  102  and an output resonator mirror  104 . Energy from the amplifier  130  is input to the interferometer  116  at a first beamsplitter  132  and split into two paths towards a first mirror  106  and a second mirror  108 . Energy from the two paths is combined and output at a second beamsplitter  134 . The beam from the master oscillator  112  is directed back into the interferometer  116 , now acting as an outcoupler, in the same orientation as the oscillator function. From the outcoupler  116 , the beam goes through a power amplifier  118  to a loop PCM (LPCM)  122 . The LPCM  122  includes a nonlinear cell  140 , the interferometer  116 , a polarization insensitive Faraday attenuator (PIFA)  142 , and an amplifier  144 . Note that the orientation of the interferometer  116  is the same for the oscillator and outcoupler functions, but has been rotated 90° clockwise within the LPCM  122 , as indicated by the orientation of the arrow within the interferometer schematic. The output beam from the LPCM  122  is directed back through the power amplifier  118  and output by the interferometer  116 .  
         [0048]    This outcoupler scheme is termed “self-adjusting,” because the oscillator wavelength, PCM frequency shift, and outcoupler wavelength selectivity track the same changes in interferometer path length to ensure high input and output coupling efficiency and good oscillator isolation over temperature and other environmental conditions. It should be understood that the interferometric outcoupler topology shown in FIG. 6 is schematic only and different topologies may be used without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention. In particular re-imaging optical elements may be used with distorted beams so that the two beamsplitters within the interferometer are at conjugate planes (one imaged onto the other).  
         [0049]    1. Master Oscillator Frequency Selection  
         [0050]    Inserting this interferometer  116  within the resonant cavity of the master oscillator  112 , ensures that the laser will oscillate only on longitudinal modes which satisfy the condition for constructive interference in the preferred horizontal direction as shown in FIG. 6. The path lengths in the interferometer  116  are coarsely chosen to ensure that the following three conditions are satisfied for one or more values of ω 1  that are somewhere within the gain bandwidth of the lasing medium. For simplicity, only one optical frequency (with angular frequency (ω 1 ) is identified which satisfies this condition, however, multiple longitudinal modes may be generated within the gain bandwidth of the laser medium, thereby producing a multi-longitudinal mode output of the master oscillator  112 , with each mode satisfying the condition for constructive interference in the horizontal direction through the interferometer.  
         [0051]    Resonant cavity conditions for oscillation in the Master Oscillator:  
         2ω 1i   L   1 MO   /c =2 πi   (1)  
         2ω 1j   L   2 MO   /c =2 πj   (2)  
         ω 1k ( L   2 MO   −L   1 MO )/ c =π+2 πk   (3)  
         [0052]    where:  
         [0053]    ω 1i =angular frequency of radiation oscillating on i th  order (similar for j th  and k th  orders)  
         [0054]    L 1 MO =master oscillator (MO) resonator length measured through first leg of interferometer  
         [0055]    L 2 MO =master oscillator (MO) resonator length measured through second leg of interferometer  
         [0056]    c=speed of light  
         [0057]    Conditions 1 and 2 represent the normal resonant cavity condition for a Fabry-Perot laser cavity where the round trip optical length must be an integral number of wavelengths. Condition 3 represents the condition for constructive interference within the interferometer. These three conditions are met for some value of ω 1  when there are integer values of i, j, and k which solve the three equations simultaneously. Note that the reflection/transmission characteristics of the beamsplitters within the interferometer do not affect the solution to the resonant cavity conditions, but do affect the insertion loss and finesse of the resonator.  
         [0058]    2. Frequency Shift Generation in Phase Conjugation Mirror (PCM) Loop  
         [0059]    In the PCM loop  122 , the same interferometer  116  functions as a spectral filter. Note that, for the orientation of the outcoupler  116  within the loop resonator, most of the amplified light at ω 1  entering the loop PCM  122  and traveling in the clockwise direction will be rejected from the loop by the interferometer  116 . A small portion of the ω 1  light will leak, providing a strongly attenuated reference beam at ω 1  propagating clockwise around the loop. This attenuation is offset by the gain of the amplifier  144  within the loop such that a sufficiently strong reference signal is available to interfere with the incident beam within the nonlinear cell  140 , and a real-time hologram is recorded in the nonlinear medium. If the amplifier gain is greater than the reflectivity of the holographic mirror and other losses in the loop, laser light will build up through the process of stimulated emission in the amplifier. Because the interferometer  116  is lossy at ω 1  no laser mode will build at this frequency. Lasing will occur at other frequencies (e.g., ω 2 ) which produce constructive interference in the path through the interferometer  116 . A directional switch  142 , such as a Faraday rotator, is also included within the loop to encourage buildup of resonant modes at ω 2  in the counterclockwise direction around the loop. (A Faraday rotator can be used in the PCM because the power in the loop is much smaller than that of the final output, typically less than 1 kW.) The result is a phase conjugated output beam from the loop PCM  122  that is frequency shifted by the interferometer  116  relative to the incident beam.  
         [0060]    Resonant cavity conditions for oscillation in the Loop PCM:  
         ω 2p   L   1 LPCM   /c =2 πp+θ   (4)  
         ω 2q   L   2 LPCM   /c =2 πq+θ   (5)  
         ω 2s ( L   2 LPCM   −L   1 LPCM )/ c =2 πs   (6)  
         [0061]    where:  
         [0062]    ω 2p =angular frequency of radiation oscillating on p th  order (similar for q th  and s th  orders)  
         [0063]    L 1 LPCM =loop PCM (LPCM) resonator length measured through first leg of interferometer  
         [0064]    L 2 LPCM =loop PCM (LPCM) resonator length measured through second leg of interferometer  
         [0065]    θ=polar imaginary portion of complex nonlinear constant of the form μ=r exp(iθ)  
         [0066]    Note: the complex nonlinear constant, μ, describes the nonlinear interaction between the diffracted electromagnetic field E 4  and beams E 1 , E 2 , and E 3  such that:  
           E   4   =μE   2  ( E   1   E   3 *)  
         [0067]    For thermal nonlinearity, μ=i r and θ=π/2. Including the term θ is for generality only and does not change the essence of this invention.  
         [0068]    Conditions 4 and 5 represent the normal resonant cavity condition for a ring laser cavity where the round-trip optical length in one direction must be an integral number of wavelengths. Condition 6 represents the condition for constructive interference within the interferometer. These three conditions are met for some value of ω 2  when there are integer values of p, q, and s which solve the three equations simultaneously. Again, the reflection/transmission characteristics of the beamsplitters within the interferometer do not affect the solution to the resonant cavity conditions, but do affect the attenuation of the ω 1  beam. The insertion loss of the interferometer within the loop at ω 2  is essentially zero. Beams E 1  and E 3  inside the LPCM must be sufficiently coherent to write a hologram. Also, the resonant cavity condition requires that L 1 LPCM  be close to an integer multiple of 2 L 1 MO , with an accuracy of less than the coherence length (i.e., number of longitudinal modes) of the oscillator beam.  
         [0069]    3. Input/Output Coupling  
         [0070]    The same interferometer  116  is used as the input/output coupler at the end of the phase conjugate amplifier beamline, as in the prior art invention by O&#39;Meara. In the present invention, the master oscillator beam is the proper frequency (ω 1 ) to produce constructive interference in the horizontal direction through the interferometer  116 , allowing the oscillator beam to efficiently couple into the beamline. The amplified, phase conjugated beam returning from the beamline is the proper frequency (ω 2 ) to produce constructive interference in the horizontal-to-vertical direction through the interferometer  116 , allowing the high power beam to be efficiently coupled out of the beamline. It is important to note that, in the present invention, the selection of the master oscillator frequency (ω 1 ) and PCM-shifted frequency (ω 2 ) is automatic and always correct for proper outcoupler performance, regardless of optical path length changes in the interferometer  116 .  
         [0071]    The input coupling efficiency, output coupling efficiency, and amplifier feedback into the oscillator are determined by the reflection/transmission characteristics of the two beamsplitters ( 132 ,  134 ) within the interferometer  116 . Consider the schematic in FIG. 8 where the two beamsplitters ( 132 ,  134 ) have identical reflection/transmission characteristics, there is no absorption loss within the beamsplitters, and the reflectors are 100% reflective. For this condition, the fraction of the oscillator beam power that is coupled into the amplifier beamline at ω 1  is given by:  
         Input coupling efficiency=4 R (1 R )  
         [0072]    where: R=power reflectivity of the beamsplitter  
         [0073]    The fraction of the amplified beam power that is coupled out of the beamline at ω 2  is designed to always be 100%. And the attenuation of ω 1  within the LPCM is given by:  
         LPCM attenuation at ω 1 :1−[4 R (1 R )] 
         [0074]    Varying the reflectivity, R, advantageously allows the attenuation within the LPCM to be controlled.  
         [0075]    In another embodiment of the invention, a Sagnac interferometer is used in place of the Mach-Zender as the interferometer of FIG. 6, which may provide improved performance with distorted beams. FIG. 9 shows a schematic of an alternate embodiment of the self-adjusting interferometric outcoupler with the Sagnac form used as the interferometer  116 .  
         [0076]    In yet another embodiment of the invention, the self-adjusting interferometric outcoupler can be used both as an outcoupler for the PC MOPA and as the aperture sharing element for an advanced beam control architecture  200 , in accordance with the teachings of Byren and Trafton in co-pending patent application PD-00W089, entitled “System and Method for Effecting High-Power Beam Control with Adaptive Optics in Low Power Beam Path,” as shown in FIG. 10.  
         [0077]    In this implementation, the common interferometer  116  may be shared by a Q-switched illuminator laser  202  including a Q-switch  204  and amplifier  206  to force the illuminator laser frequency to be the same as that of the master oscillator  112  (ω 1 ). After reflecting off a transmit/receive (TR) switch  208 , which may be a combination of a polarizing beamsplitter and quarter waveplate, the illumimator beam is transmitted to the target through the outcoupler interferometer  116  along with the HEL beam. The outcoupler interferometer  116  is oriented so that ω 1  experiences constructive interference in the vertical direction. Similarly, the return beam passes through the interferometer  116  vertically and transmits through the T/R switch  208 , where it is used for active tracking and wavefront sensing  210 . In this configuration, there is no feedback path for the high power beam into the target track and wavefront sensors  210 .  
         [0078]    Two spatial light modulators (SLM) are included in the low power beam paths to effect adaptive optics compensation. The first SLM  212  corrects the beam path for atmospheric distortions sensed by the target wavefront sensor  210 , thereby providing an undistorted path for the target track sensor and illuminator laser. The second SLM  214  predistorts the master oscillator beam with the conjugate of the correction applied to the first SLM  212 . This predistorted beam is then amplified in the power amplifier  118  and conjugated in the loop PCM  122 , giving the HEL output beam the proper wavefront to correct for atmospheric distortions on the path to the target.  
         [0079]    Another inventive feature of this invention is shown in FIG. 11. This laser architecture  240  is similar to the master oscillator shown in FIG. 6, which generates one or more frequencies (ω 1 ) for which constructive interference occurs in the horizontal path through the intracavity interferometer  116 . A second lasing path is created by inserting another resonator output mirror  220  oriented such that lasing occurs at frequencies (ω 2 ) for which constructive interference occurs in the horizontal-to-vertical path through the intracavity interferometer  116 . The frequencies (ω 2 ) are similar to that produced by the frequency shift in the PCM described above. Controlling the length of one interferometer leg relative to the other, as indicated by the “trombone” path  222  in the figure, will accurately control the difference between the oscillating frequencies, ω 1  and ω 2 . Etalons may also be used within each interferometer leg to select specific operating frequencies.  
         [0080]    One very useful application for the laser shown in FIG. 11 is as a master oscillator  240  in a phase conjugate MOPA wherein the phase conjugate mirror is implemented with four wave mixing. This embodiment is shown schematically in FIG. 12. A first beam ω 1  from the master oscillator  240  enters a beamsplitter  252  and is split towards the interferometer  116 , and directly towards a four wave mixing phase conjugate mirror  256  by a number of mirrors  258 . From the interferometer the beam goes through the power amplifier  118  to the four wave mixing phase conjugate mirror  256 . The second beam ω 2  from the master oscillator  240  is directed towards the four wave mixing phase conjugate mirror  256  by a number of mirrors  260 . The output beam at (ω 2  from the four wave mixing phase conjugate mirror  256  is passed through the power amplifier  118  and output by the interferometer  116 .  
         [0081]    Thus, the present invention has been described herein with reference to a particular embodiment for a particular application. Those having ordinary skill in the art and access to the present teachings will recognize additional modifications, applications and embodiments within the scope thereof.  
         [0082]    It is therefore intended by the appended claims to cover any and all such applications, modifications and embodiments within the scope of the present invention.  
         [0083]    Accordingly,