Abstract:
The present invention is directed to a method for demethylating 14-hydroxy substituted alkaloid derivatives, in particular of 14-hydroxy-17-methyl-4,5-epoxymorphinane-6-on-derivatives. This is achieved by reacting a starting compound with a compound of general formula R 1 OOC—N═N—COOR 2  in a suitable solvent.

Description:
[0001]    The present invention is directed to a method for demethylating 14-hydroxy substituted alkaloid derivatives, in particular of 14-hydroxy-17-methyl-4,5-epoxymorphinane-6-on-derivatives. This is achieved by reacting a starting compound with a compound of general formula R 1 OOC—N═N—COOR 2  in a suitable solvent. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]    Naltrexone is an opioid receptor antagonist used primarily in the management of alcohol dependence and opioid dependence. It is available on the market in form of its hydrochloric salt, i.e. naltrexone hydrochloride. Naltrexone and its active metabolite 6-β-naltrexol are competitive antagonists at μ- and κ-opioid receptors, and to a lesser extent at δ-opioid receptors. The plasma halflife of naltrexone is about 4 hours, for 6-β-naltrexol 13 hours. 
         [0003]    One important step in the synthesis of naltrexone is a demethylation step for removing the methyl group from the nitrogen atom of the alkaloid molecule, as it is present for example in oxycodone and oxymorphone. 
         [0004]    One way to achieve this demethylation step is disclosed in GB-1,124,441. Therein, a process of removing a methyl group from a tertiary nitrogen atom of an alkaloid molecule is disclosed, comprising reacting the methylated compound with a lower alkyl azodicarboxylate, wherein the lower alkyl group has from 1-8 carbon atoms, for a time sufficient to bring about a reaction and to provide a demethylated alkaloid derivative. However, the patent specification is only related to alkaloid compounds, which do not carry an OH-group at C14 of the alkaloid backbone. For example, GB-1,124,441 is silent on how to perform a demethylation on oxycodone and oxymorphone, respectively. 
         [0005]    The paper titled “Reactions of Azodicarboxylic Esters with Amines” of S. HOSZTAFI, Österreichische Apotheker-Verlagsges.m.b.H., Wien, 1987, describes the reactions of aliphatic and aromatic amines and alkaloids with azodicarboxylic esters. 
         [0006]    Further documents are available which are related to the demethylation of alkaloids, for example, EP 0 295 783 discloses diethyl azodicarboxylate for demethylating alkaloids. On page 8 of the description, it is disclosed to use diethyl azodicarboxylate in acetonitrile for the N-dealkylation of a compound of the indicated formula. However, in the course of this reaction, a bridging group is introduced between 2N-atoms as it can be seen from formula (VII). Furthermore, EP 0 295 783 is not related to alkaloids having a 14-OH group. 
         [0007]    The like, GB-1,179,479 discloses removing a methyl group by treatment with a di-lower alkyl azodicarboxylate, wherein the lower alkyl group has from 1-4 carbon atoms, followed by treatment of delute mineral acid. This reaction, however, is disclosed in the context of general formula (I) as indicated in GB-1,179,479, which does not possess a 14-OH group. 
         [0008]    In the prior art, there are also chemical processes disclosed, which allow the demethylation of alkaloid compounds which are carrying an OH-group at C14. In these methods, however, the OH group is being protected in order to avoid a reaction with the usual demethylation agents. 
         [0009]    For example, oxycodone may be reacted with Ac 2 O in order to achieve acetyloxycodone (having a protected OH-group) which is further converted by well-known demethylating agents (BrCN/H 2 SO 4 ) to noroxycodone (which is demethylated). 
         [0010]    The same step can be performed in the synthesis of noroxymorphone, starting from oxymorphone. There, oxymorphone is reacted with Ac 2 O resulting in a protected OH-group at C14 (oxymorphone diacetate). After reacting with BrCN and H 2 SO 4 , noroxymorphone is yielded. The conversion by means of BrCN is described in IIJIMA et al., “Studies in the (+)-Morphinan Series. 5. Synthesis and Biological Properties of (+)-Naloxone”, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 1978, Vol. 21, No. 4. 
         [0011]    However, there is not any disclosure in the art for a process for demethylating alkaloid derivatives which are carrying the 14-OH group, which 14-OH group is not being protected during the reaction. This might be due to the fact that conventional demethylating agents, such as BrCN, do not function under these circumstances as proper demethylating agents: The free OH group at C14 is too close to the cyanide and can perform a 5-exo-dig-cyclization which would not allow a proper performance of the reaction. See in this connection, CURRIE, A. C.; NEWBOLD, G. T. et al., Roy. Coll. Sci., Technol., Glasgow, UK, Journal of the Chemical Society, abstracts (1961), 4693-4700. 
         [0012]    Further, see also GB-975,601, published in 1964. Here, it is disclosed that 14-acetoxy-N-cyanonorcodeine acetate may be produced by reacting 14-acetoxycodeine acetate with cyanogen bromide and may be converted to 14-hydroxynorcodeine by means of lithium aluminium hydride. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0013]    Therefore, there is a need remaining to provide a method of demethylating 14-OH substituted alkaloid derivatives, and in particular, oxycodone and oxymorphone without the need of protecting/deprotecting the 14-OH group. Furthermore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method of demethylating alkaloid derivatives which is environment-friendly and allows a conversion of 14-OH-alkaloid derivatives to the respective nor-alkaloid-derivatives in a high yield. 
         [0014]    These problems are solved by the subject-matter of the independent claim. Embodiments are set forth in the dependent claims. 
         [0015]    By the present invention, for the first time, a way of demethylating alkaloid derivatives having a 14-OH group is provided without the need of protecting the OH group during the reaction. This, surprisingly, could be achieved by using azodicarboxylic acid dialkyl esters of general formula R 1 OOC—N═N—COOR 2  in a suitable solvent. This is insofar surprising as the prior art teaches that the 14-OH group is too reactive for using the conventional demethylating agents as discussed above without having protected the 14-OH group before. 
         [0016]    By the new process of demethylation, two additional steps can be avoided, i.e. protecting and deprotecting the 14-OH-group of the alkaloid derivative. Furthermore, by using azodicarboxylic acid dialkyl ester compounds as, for example, DIAD or DEAD, substances, which are potentially harmful to the environment (like BrCN) may be avoided. 
         [0017]    In order to give an overview over the improvements achieved by the present invention, it is referred to the enclosed  FIGS. 1 and 2  showing two conventional ways for the synthesis of naltrexone base. Here, oxycodone is converted to acetyloxycodone in order to provide a protective group for 14OH, and, then, demethylation is achieved by means of BrCN in order to achieve noroxycodone or noroxymorphone, respectively. 
         [0018]      FIG. 3  describes the reaction of the present invention. Here, oxycodone is converted directly to noroxycodone, as it is also the case for oxymorphone to noroxymorphone (see  FIG. 4 ). 
         [0019]    It could be shown by the inventors that the yield of this reaction step is quite high, for example, for the conversion of oxymorphone to noroxymorphone the yield is about 80-90%. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0020]    In particular, the present invention is directed to the following: 
         [0021]    According to a first aspect, the invention is directed to a method of producing a compound of formula (I) 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    or a salt thereof, comprising 
         [0022]    reacting a compound of formula (II) 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    with an azodicarboxylic acid dialkyl ester of general formula R 1 OOC—N═N—COOR 2  in a suitable solvent wherein 
         [0023]    X is selected from H, alkyl, silyl or acetyl; 
         [0024]    R 1  and R 2  are independently selected from linear or branched substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, preferably C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, more preferably methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, benzyl, piperidyl; and 
         [0025]    wherein the bond between atoms 7 and 8 is a single or a double bond, 
         [0026]    in order to obtain the compound of formula (I). 
         [0027]    Salts of the above compound of formula (I) include carboxylate salts and others that are within a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, pharmacologically effective and suitable for contact with the tissues of patients without undue toxicity, irritation, or allergic response. Representative salts include hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, nitrate, acetate, oxalate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, borate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, naphthylale, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactiobionate, and laurylsulfonate. See for example, S. M. Berge, et al., “Pharmaceutical Salts,” J. Pharm. Sci., J. 977, 66:1-19, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
         [0028]    The hydrochloride salt is preferred. 
         [0029]    The azodicarboxylic acid dialkyl ester of formula R 1 OOC—N═N—COOR 2  preferably is selected from compounds, wherein R 1  and R 2  are each ethyl or isopropyl, respectively, termed diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD) and diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (DIAD), or mixtures thereof. 
         [0030]    In the reaction mixture, these compounds preferably are used in an amount of 1.5 to 3.0 eq. 
         [0031]    In a further embodiment, the solvent is an aprotic polar or dipolar solvent and is preferably selected from methanol, ethanol, acetone, toluene, dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, acetonitrile, acetic acid ethylester and methyl-tert-butylether. Other solvents which fall into this category are methylene chloride, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, dimethylsulfoxide, nitromethane or hexamethylphosphoric triamide. The starting material may be completely or partly dissolved within the aprotic polar or dipolar solvent. 
         [0032]    The most preferred solvent is dimethylformamide. 
         [0033]    The above demethylation reaction from a compound of formula (II) to a compound of formula (I) preferably is performed at a temperature in the range of room temperature (20° C.) to 100° C., preferably in the range of from 30-90° C., more preferably in the range of from 40-80° C. and most preferably, in the range of 50-70° C. 
         [0034]    This temperature is maintained for at least one hour, preferably at least two hours, more preferably at least three hours and most preferably at least four hours. 
         [0035]    In a further preferred embodiment, after reacting the compound of formula (II) with an azodicarboxylic acid dialkyl ester, the reaction solution is supplemented with 5,5-dimethylcyclohexane-1,3-dione (dimedone) or hydrazines and methanol. 
         [0036]    The reason for using dimedone or hydrazines is that during the demethylation reaction an aminal is formed, which is hydrolized with methanol to yield the secondary amine (N—H) and formaldehyde-dimethylacetal (or formaldehyde following hydrolysation). In order to remove formaldehyde from the reaction mixture, a compound suitable for capturing the same will enhance the purity of the reaction. Any other compound suitable of capturing formaldehyde may be used in addition or in place of dimedone or a hydrazines. 
         [0037]    Dimedone preferably is used in an amount of at least 2 Eq, for example 2-3.5 Eq regarding the presumed amount of formaldehyde(-dimethylacetal). An example of a preferred amount is about 3.0. Eq. 
         [0038]    Preferably, the reaction solution is maintained at a temperature in the range of room temperature (20° C.) to 100° C., preferably in,the range of 30-80° C., more preferably in the range of 40-70° C. over a time of 1-10 hours, preferably 2-5 hours after adding dimedone/hydrazines and methanol. A most preferred temperature range is 50-65° C. 
         [0039]    In a further preferred embodiment, following reacting the compound of formula (II) and optionally reacting with dimedone and methanol, an acid is added to the reaction solution. The reason for adding an acid is to protonate the reaction product in order to bring it in the polar (water) phase. The remaining substances (for example DEAD or DIAD) are separated into the organic phase and, thus, removed. 
         [0040]    In more detail, when the reaction of the compound of formula II with R 1 OOC—N═N—COOR 2  is complete, an acid as mentioned above (for example hydrochloric acid), water and an organic solvent is added. The organic solvent is not restricted in its kind and is preferably methylenchloride. Thus, two phases arise, wherein the organic phase (for example methylenchloride) will incorporate the remaining amounts of R 1 OOC—N═N—COOR 2  (DIAD or DEAD, for example) and formaldehyde/dimedone. 
         [0041]    The aqueous phase in turn receives the reaction product as a hydrochloride, and, thus, is separating it from the reaction mixture. 
         [0042]    Basically, any conceivable type of acid may be used for this purpose, however, hydrochloric acid turned out to be most promising. The hydrochloric acid preferably has a concentration of about 5% V/V. 
         [0043]    Throughout this specification the word “comprise”, or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising”, will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps, but not the exclusion of any other element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps. 
         [0044]    All publications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference. Any discussion of documents, materials, devices, articles or the like which has been included in the present specification is solely for the purpose of providing a context for the present invention. 
     
    
     
         [0045]    The present invention now is described in more detail by means of Figures and Examples. 
           [0046]    In the Figures, the following is shown: 
           [0047]      FIG. 1  shows a reaction scheme showing one conventional way of the synthesis of naltrexone base. The demethylation step from acetyloxycodone to noroxycodone is done by means of conventional means (BrCN/H 2 SO 4 ). The 14OH-group is protected before the demethylation step is performed. 
           [0048]      FIG. 2  shows a further reaction scheme showing one conventional way of the synthesis of naltrexone base. The demethylation step from acetyloxymorphone to noroxymorphone is done by means of conventional means (BrCN/H 2 SO 4 ). The 14OH-group is protected before the demethylation step is performed. 
           [0049]      FIG. 3  shows a reaction scheme showing an example of the synthesis of the present invention. The demethylation step from acetyloxycodone to noroxycodone is done by means of DEAD or DIAD. The 14OH-group is not protected before the demethylation step is performed. 
           [0050]      FIG. 4  shows a reaction scheme showing a further example of the synthesis of the present invention. The demethylation step from acetyloxymorphone to noroxymorphone is done by means of DEAD or DIAD. The 14OH-group the like is not protected before the demethylation step is performed. 
           [0051]      FIG. 5  shows a comparison of a way of synthesis according to a conventional approach (1 st  synthesis) and according to one embodiment of the present invention (2 nd  synthesis). 
       
    
    
     EXAMPLES  
       [0052]    The following is an illustration of one way to carry out the invention. The Example is related to the demethylation of oxymorphone, however can also be performed for any conceivable compound reflected by formula (II). 
         [0053]    N-demethylation with an azodicarboxylate: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0054]    Input: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Content 
               
               
                 Amount in g 
                 Name of material 
                 mmol 
                 in % 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 50.0 
                 Oxymorphone 
                 154.8 
                 93.3  w / w   
               
               
                 233.0 
                 Dimethyl formamide pure 
               
               
                 62.6 
                 Diisopropylazodicarboxylat (DIAD) 
                 309.6 
               
               
                 65.1 
                 5,5-Dimethylcyclohexane-1,3-dione 
                 464.3 
               
               
                   
                 (Dimedone) 
               
               
                 19.8 
                 Methanol pure 
                 618.8 
               
               
                 610.0 
                 Dichlormethane 
               
               
                 27.4 
                 Hydrochloride acid approximately 32% 
                 240.5 
                 32 
               
               
                   
                 technical 
               
               
                 450.0 
                 Deionised water 
               
               
                 26.2 
                 Ammonia solution approximately 25%, 
                 384.6 
                 25 
               
               
                   
                 pure 
               
               
                 120.0 
                 Acetone 
               
               
                 1664.1 
                 Sum 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0055]    Output: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Content 
                   
               
               
                 Amount in g 
                 Name of material 
                 mol 
                 in % 
                 l 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 42.6 
                 Noroxymorphone 
                 130.3 
                 87.9 
                 287.31 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0056]    Process: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 1 
                 50.0 g 
                 Oxymorphone are solved at room temperature in 
               
               
                   
                 233.0 g  
                 dimethylformamide at room temperature and supplemented with 
               
               
                   
                 62.6 g 
                 diisopropylazodicarboxylate. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 The solution is heated to 55° C. and a yellow to red mixture is formed. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 The solution is stirred for 4 hours at this temperature. 
               
               
                 2 
                   
                 Progress of the reaction is controlled by HPLC for example. 
               
               
                 3 
                 65.1 g 
                 To the reaction mixture 
               
               
                   
                 19.8 g 
                 dimedone and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 methanol are added starting at 55° C. 
               
               
                 4 
                   
                 The mixture is kept at a temperature of 60° C. whereas viscosity drops. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 The reaction mixture is stirred for 4 hours at a temperature of 60° C. 
               
               
                 5 
                 460.0 g  
                 The reaction mixture is kept at a temperature of 20° C. and is 
               
               
                   
                 200.0 g  
                 supplemented with 
               
               
                   
                 27.4 g 
                 dichlormethane, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 deionised water and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 hydrochloric acid 32% and is stirred for at least 5 min. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Two clear phases are formed: a redish organic and a yellow aqueous 
               
               
                   
                   
                 phase. 
               
               
                 6 
                   
                 The aqueous phase is separated. 
               
               
                 7 
                 150.0 g  
                 The aqueous phase is washed with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 dichlormethane. The phases are separated. 
               
               
                 8 
                 26.2 g 
                 To the aqueous phase 
               
               
                   
                   
                 aqueuos ammonia solution (25% w/w) are added at 20° C. under 
               
               
                   
                   
                 stirring. A suspension is formed. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0057]    The further steps in the procedure comprise purification as used in chemistry. The steps described illustrate a possible way. 
         [0058]    Purification: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                  9 
                   
                 The suspension is brought to a temperature of 15° C. and stirred for at 
               
               
                   
                   
                 least two hours. 
               
               
                 10 
                 250.0 g  
                 The suspension is vacuum-filtered, dried and the residue is slurried 
               
               
                   
                   
                 with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 water at a temperature of 20° C. 
               
               
                 11 
                   
                 The suspension is vacuum-filtered and dried well by aspiration. 
               
               
                 12 
                 100.0 g  
                 The filter residue is slurried with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 acetone at a temperature of 20° C., vacuum-filtered and is dried well by 
               
               
                   
                   
                 aspiration. 
               
               
                 13 
                 20.0 g 
                 The filter residue is again washed with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 acetone and well dried by aspiration. 
               
               
                 14 
                   
                 The product is dried in a vacuum drying oven at 60° C. 
               
               
                 15 
                   
                 42.6 g product is yielded as a fawn solid. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0059]    As it can be derived from table 1, showing the influence of the solvents and the amount of DIAD on the yield of demethylated products, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide and mixtures of dimethylformamide/toluene brought about the highest reaction yield. Further, the amount of DIAD used preferably was in the range of 1.5 to 3.0 eq. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Noroxycodone: Examining the influence of the solvent and eq 
               
               
                 DIAD at 50° C. Data indicated as analysed by HLPC. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 conc. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Solvent 
                 of 
                 eq 
                 HPLC 
               
               
                 Solvent System 
                 educt 
                 DIAD 
                 after 
                 Educt 
                 Product 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Toluene 
                 10% 
                 1.6 
                 2.5 h  
                 82.4%  
                 11.1% 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 20 h 
                 19.7%  
                 61.4% 
               
               
                 Toluene 
                 10% 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 h  
                 72.2%  
                 26.2% 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 20 h 
                 1.7% 
                 66.7% 
               
               
                 Toluene 
                 10% 
                 4.1 
                 2.5 h  
                 57.3%  
                 38.3% 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 20 h 
                 0.00%  
                 79.8% 
               
               
                 Acetone 
                 10% 
                 1.6 
                 2.5 h  
                 72.1%  
                 25.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 20 h 
                 11.0%  
                 76.2% 
               
               
                 Acetone 
                 10% 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 h  
                 52.0%  
                 42.3% 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 20 h 
                 0.00%  
                 86.0% 
               
               
                 Acetone 
                 10% 
                 4.1 
                 2.5 h  
                 36.0%  
                 56.1% 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 20 h 
                 1.2% 
                 86.3% 
               
               
                 Methanol 
                 10% 
                 1.6 
                 2.5 h  
                 47.1%  
                 20.3% 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 20 h 
                 37.3%  
                 8.5% 
               
               
                 Methanol 
                 10% 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 h  
                 3.0% 
                 41.6% 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 20 h 
                 1.5% 
                 18.8% 
               
               
                 Methanol 
                 10% 
                 4.1 
                 2.5 h  
                 2.5% 
                 50.4% 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 20 h 
                 1.4% 
                 20.0% 
               
               
                 Ethanol 
                 10% 
                 1.6 
                 2.5 h  
                 36.3%  
                 38.5% 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 20 h 
                 2.1% 
                 31.8% 
               
               
                 Ethanol 
                 10% 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 h  
                 13.4%  
                 56.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 20 h 
                 0.00%  
                 26.0% 
               
               
                 Ethanol 
                 10% 
                 4.1 
                 2.5 h  
                 8.3% 
                 63.2% 
               
               
                 MTBE 
                 10% 
                 3.0 
                 16 h 
                 26.5%  
                 69.3% 
               
               
                 DMF 
                 17% 
                 3.0 
                 16 h 
                 1.0% 
                 86.3% 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 42 h 
                 1.6% 
                 84.5% 
               
               
                 DMAc 
                 17% 
                 3.0 
                 16 h 
                 0.7% 
                 91.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 42 h 
                 0.5% 
                 92.5% 
               
               
                 ACN 
                 17% 
                 3.0 
                 16 h 
                 1.0% 
                 80.0% 
               
               
                 EE 
                 17% 
                 3.0 
                 16 h 
                 3.5% 
                 81.0% 
               
               
                 Toluene 
                 33% 
                 2.0 
                 16 h 
                 4.0% 
                 69.0% 
               
               
                 Toluene 
                 7% 
                 2.0 
                 16 h 
                 28.0%  
                 62.0% 
               
               
                 Toluene 
                 33% 
                 4.0 
                 16 h 
                 1.0% 
                 71.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 42 h 
                 1.0% 
                 58.0% 
               
               
                 Toluene 
                 7% 
                 4.0 
                 16 h 
                 7.0% 
                 79.0% 
               
               
                 Toluene 
                 20% 
                 3.0 
                 5 d 20° C. 
                 2.0% 
                 83.0% 
               
               
                 DMF 
                 17% 
                 3.0 
                 17 h 
                 1.0% 
                 79.0% 
               
               
                 DMF 
                 10% 
                 3.0 
                 17 h 
                 1.0% 
                 91.0% 
               
               
                 DMF 
                 28% 
                 3.0 
                 17 h 
                 1.0% 
                 85.0% 
               
               
                 DMF 
                 17% 
                 2.0 
                 17 h 
                 1.0% 
                 89.0% 
               
               
                 1DMF 
                 17% 
                 1.5 
                 17 h 
                 1.0% 
                 89.0% 
               
               
                 DMF/Toluene 6/1 (w/w) 
                 15% 
                 3.0 
                 17 h 
                 1.0% 
                 88.0% 
               
               
                 DMF/Toluene 1/1 (w/w) 
                 15% 
                 3.0 
                 17 h 
                 1.0% 
                 86.0% 
               
               
                 DMF/Toluene 1/6 (w/w) 
                 15% 
                 3.0 
                 17 h 
                 2.0% 
                 85.0% 
               
               
                 DMF/Toluene 1/1 (w/w) 
                 15% 
                 1.5 
                 16 h 
                 0.0% 
                 89.0% 
               
               
                 DMF/Toluene 1/1 (w/w) 
                 15% 
                 2.0 
                 16 h 
                 1.0% 
                 89.0% 
               
               
                 DMF/Toluene 1/6 (w/w) 
                 15% 
                 1.5 
                 16 h 
                 11.0%  
                 76.0% 
               
               
                 DMF/Toluene 1/6 (w/w) 
                 15% 
                 2.0 
                 16 h 
                 3.0% 
                 83.0% 
               
               
                 DMF/Toluene 1/1 (w/w) 
                 7% 
                 1.5 
                 16 h 
                 4.0% 
                 90.0% 
               
               
                 DMF/Toluene 1/1 (w/w) 
                 7% 
                 2.0 
                 16 h 
                 0.0% 
                 92.0% 
               
               
                 DMF/Toluene 1/6 (w/w) 
                 7% 
                 1.5 
                 16 h 
                 23.0%  
                 70.0% 
               
               
                 DMF/Toluene 1/6 (w/w) 
                 7% 
                 2.0 
                 16 h 
                 12.0%  
                 81.0% 
               
               
                 DMF 
                 15% 
                 1.0 
                 16 h 
                 9.0% 
                 83.0% 
               
               
                 Toluene dry 
                 7% 
                 2.0 
                 20 h 
                 5.0% 
                 69.0% 
               
               
                 Toluene/water 95/5 
                 7% 
                 2.0 
                 20 h 
                 11.0%  
                 62.0% 
               
               
                 (w/w) 
               
               
                 DMF/water 98/2 (w/w) 
                 14% 
                 2.0 
                 16 h 
                 0.7% 
                 79.7% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Noroxycodone: Examining the influence of the solvent and eq 
               
               
                 DEAD at 50° C. Data indicated as analysed by HLPC. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 conc. of 
                 eq 
                 HPLC 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Solvent 
                 educt 
                 DEAD 
                 after 
                 Educt 
                 Product 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Toluene 
                 10% 
                 2.0 
                 16 h 
                 10.0% 
                 64.0% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Noroxymorphone: Examining the influence of the solvent and eq 
               
               
                 DIAD at 50° C. Data indicated as analysed by HLPC. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 conc. of 
                 eq 
                 HPLC 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Solvent 
                 educt 
                 DIAD 
                 after 
                 Educt 
                 Product 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 DMF 
                 13% 
                 2.0 
                 17 h 
                 4.6% 
                 89.1% 
               
               
                   
                 DMF 
                 13% 
                 2.0 
                 16 h 
                 1.5% 
                 73.2%