Abstract:
An alert system for patient treatment that incorporates patient data to display information in readily identifiable icons for vital organs, and in a useable, real-time, updated fashion that extracts data from the medical history, the current medical management, and the current physiologic monitors to produce warnings and alerts to enable practitioners to be made aware of physiologic systems at risk, (physiologic systems in normal range, borderline normal range, and abnormal range of function). These data are not only presented, but also use real-time queries and calculations to enable practitioners to have the types of data that would traditionally assist them in patient care but only be available by reviewing the medical literature and/or doing retrospective individual calculations while providing patient care.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/249,801, filed on Oct. 8, 2009 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/295,829, filed on Jan. 18, 2010. The entire disclosures of each of the above applications is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to risk alert systems and, more particularly, relates to real-time risk alert systems capable of extracting data from medical history, current medical management, and/or current physiological monitors and providing real-time alerts related thereto. 
     BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY 
     This section provides background information related to the present disclosure which is not necessarily prior art. This section also provides a general summary of the disclosure, and is not a comprehensive disclosure of its full scope or all of its features. 
     The opportunity for this new unique type of medical alert system has been brought about by the expansion of the electronic medical record. Historically, physiology data have all been displayed in electronic fashion and, in some cases, at least some of the data can be stored. More recently, the patients&#39; medical history data are being collected in an electronic format. Some of those data collection systems supply those data in a structured format (relational database) that allows fields to be queried. Additionally, over the past decade, anesthesia intraoperative records have become available in electronic format. Initial efforts in producing an electronic anesthesia information system (known as AIMS) started in the 1980s; the technology was not mature and not widely adopted until relatively recently. 
     Currently, there is a minimum of eight or more systems being marketed around the world; some of those being marketed by some of the larger vendors of physiologic monitoring systems and medical data systems, e.g. PHILLIPS, GENERAL ELECTRIC, EPIC, and CERNER. 
     In the perioperative and acute care ICU environment, these data are now available in real-time. The impetus for the present teachings is the incorporation of all these data to display information in a readily useable, real-time, updated fashion that extracts data from the medical history, the current medical management, and the current physiologic monitors to produce warnings and alerts to enable practitioners to be made aware of physiologic systems at risk, (physiologic systems in normal range, borderline normal range, and abnormal range of function). These data are not only presented, but also use real-time queries and calculations to enable practitioners to have the types of data that would traditionally assist them in patient care but only be available by reviewing the medical literature and/or doing retrospective individual calculations while providing patient care. 
     According to the principles of the present teachings, in some embodiments, the display system can comprise several general concepts. First, the display can have readily identifiable icons for each of the vital organs brain, lung, heart, kidneys, and the body. Second, these readily identifiable icons can move in real-time with the input of real-time physiologic data. For example, the heart beats in real-time with the patient&#39;s heartbeat provided by the physiologic monitor and the lungs expand and retract (ventilate) in real-time with the physiologic data provided from the monitoring system and anesthesia machine (airway pressures). Third, the icons can be color coded to signify the parameters are in various ranges, such as a normal range being depicted in the color green, a marginal range being depicted in the color yellow, and an abnormal range being depicted in the color red. 
     In some embodiments, the icons can be color-coded orange (or any other indicia) if that organ system is at risk, given that patient&#39;s individual history that is associated with a specific risk for that organ. For example, if the patient has significant risk factors for postoperative myocardial infarction (heart attack) the rim around the heart can be the color orange alerting the practitioner that this patient is at risk. 
     Finally, in some embodiments, the display system of the present teachings can provide pop-up alerts, or other alerts, when a combination of events occurs which produces a situation where there could be a possible important physiologic abnormality that could potentially cause risk or harm to the patient. 
     The color coding risk analysis and pop-up alerts will be described below under the specific organ system sections. However, it should be appreciated that variations can be made to the color, indicia, or other alert protocol without departing from the scope of the present teachings. 
     Further areas of applicability will become apparent from the description provided herein. The description and specific examples in this summary are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. 
    
    
     
       DRAWINGS 
       The drawings described herein are for illustrative purposes only of selected embodiments and not all possible implementations, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram and a screen capture image of a real-time visual alert display illustrating icons for the brain, tracheobronchial tree, lungs, heart, major vessels (aorta, vena cava), and body with temperature, hematocrit, and glucose with kidneys on either side each being indicated in a medium gray color (equivalent to the color green in the present figures) representative of all major organ systems being in their normal range. 
         FIG. 2  is a screen capture image similar to  FIG. 1  illustrating a dark gray color (equivalent to the color red) outlining the heart icon and a lower right corner of the heart icon indicating that the alert display system detected ST segment changes consistent with possible ischemia of the myocardium. 
         FIG. 3A  is a screen capture image similar to  FIG. 1  illustrating a normal cardiac filling volume and also notes that the temperature is below the normal range, signified by the light gray color (equivalent to the color yellow), which is not yet in the seriously low range (which would be indicated by the color red on the temperature bar). 
         FIG. 3B  is a screen capture image similar to  FIG. 1  illustrating a low cardiac filling volume indicated by the dark gray color (red) in the heart icon. 
         FIG. 3C  is a screen capture image similar to  FIG. 1  illustrating a high cardiac filling volume indicated by the dark gray color (red) in the heart icon. 
         FIG. 4  is a screen capture image similar to  FIG. 1  illustrating a light gray color (yellow) of the brain icon indicative of a light level of anesthesia/sedation with low probability of recall, but recall possible. 
         FIG. 5  is a screen capture image similar to  FIG. 1  illustrating a dark gray color (red) of the brain icon indicating that the minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) for the anesthetic is less than the concentration expected to produce amnesia, therefore, the patient could potentially have awareness at this low level of anesthetic. 
         FIG. 6  is a screen capture image similar to  FIG. 1  illustrating three abnormalities; specifically, the dark gray colored (red) “blood vessels” coming out of the heart icon demonstrate that the blood pressure is high; the dark gray color (red) SpO2 in the right lung demonstrates that the oxygen level is low; and at the same time the dark gray color (red) of the brain icon illustrates that the anesthetic concentration is low. 
         FIG. 7  is a screen capture image similar to  FIG. 1  illustrating the abnormality of high airway pressures, showing the tracheobronchial tree in light gray color (yellow), such that the pressures ventilating the lungs are higher than normal, but not in the dangerous range. 
         FIG. 8  is a schematic of the real-time visual alert display system of the present teachings according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 9  is a schematic of the real-time visual alert display system of the present teachings according to some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     Corresponding reference numerals indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views of the drawings. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Example embodiments will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
     General Layout of Screen. 
     According to the principles of the present teachings, as illustrated in  FIGS. 1-8 , a real-time visual alert display system  10  is provided. The real-time visual alert display system  10  can comprise an alert display device  12  operably coupled to a plurality of sensors, probes, or other data collecting or monitoring devices  14 . The plurality of sensors  14  can be operable to be coupled to a patient and collect real-time physiologic data from the patient. Alert display device  12  can comprise a control system or controller separate from or integrated therewith for assembling data from the plurality of sensors  14  for interpretation and/or display on alert display device  12 , which will be described herein. It should be noted that alert display device  12  can comprise one or more display layouts, however, generally, in some embodiments the alert display  10  comprises one or more icons or display indicia representative of the vital organs and/or major portions of a human body, such as brain, lung, heart, kidneys, and the skin. However, it should be appreciated that additional parameters, organs, or the like could be displayed. 
     In some embodiments, these icons can be animated such that they move in real-time with the input of real-time physiologic data from the plurality of sensors  14 . For example, the heart beats in real-time with the patient&#39;s heartbeat provided by the physiologic monitor and the lungs expand and retract (ventilate) in real-time with the physiologic data provided from the monitoring system and ventilator (airway pressures). In some embodiments, the icons can be color coded to signify the parameters are in various ranges, such as a normal range being depicted in the color green, a marginal range being depicted in the color yellow, and an abnormal range being depicted in the color red. Additionally, in some embodiments, additional color depictions can be used to indicate alert ranges or parameters. For example, in some embodiments, an alert color, such as orange, can be used to highlight an organ that has risk factors for or a history of organ dysfunction/damage. For example, the outline of the heart will be orange if the patient has a history of heart disease or a history of risk factors for heart disease. The same is applied to other organ systems, i.e., the brain has a history of a stroke or risk factors for a stroke, the kidneys have a history of renal disease or risk factors for renal disease such as illustrated in  FIG. 9 . 
     The general layout of the screen is illustrated in  FIG. 1 , which is a screen capture of the display, with all systems in the normal range. As can be seen, the screen can comprise two or more sections  16  and  18 . The first section  16  can comprise pertinent patient history, such as the patient&#39;s name  20 , registration number  22 , and location, followed by hours NPO  24  (that is, hours since the patient has taken fluids), estimated blood loss  26 , and patient&#39;s weight  28 . The first section  16  can further comprise fluid assessments  30  (which will be covered in detail in the Heart Section under Cardiac Fluid) and an alert section  32 , which in this case informs the provider that there are no glucose measurements for this patient or that the glucose needs to be rechecked. Finally, first section  16  can comprise an alert reset button  34 . 
     In some embodiments, the second section  18  can comprise a series of icons as discussed herein. In some embodiments, the icons can be arranged such that at the top is the brain icon  40  having a tracheobronchial tree icon  42  extending there below connected to right and left lung icons  44 ,  46 . Centrally disposed is a heart icon  48  being fed from the left by the vena cava  50  and the output aortic arch  52  on the right going to the body  54  below. The body icon or box  54  can comprise scales indicating temperature  56 , hemoglobin  58 , glucose  60 , potassium, and INR (International Normalization Ratio). On opposing sides of body  54  can include kidney icons  62 . 
     These icons and/or the overall layout of alert display device  12  are designed to be readily identifiable by a layman and/or healthcare professional. In some embodiments, real-time physiologic values can be provided to complement the associated icon. For example, the brain icon  40  can comprise a MAC level at  66  on the right which is the minimum alveolar concentration for anesthesia (will be discussed in the brain section), a BIS (Bispectral index) value at  68  on the left for measuring anesthetic depth. Below in the tracheobronchial tree icon  42 , peak airway pressures can be presented along with respiratory rate. The outline of the lungs can illustrate the positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP). Additionally, in each lung on the right is oxygenation with SpO2 (pulse oximeter arterial oxygen saturation) and on the left is carbon dioxide from the end tidal CO2. In the heart icon  48 , the level can be green colored to indicate normal operation. That level in the heart icon  48  can go up and down with estimated intravascular volume, which is filling the heart, i.e. fluid resuscitation status. In some embodiments, the input of information being used to determine that fluid status level can be designated  70 . This will be discussed in the cardiac section. Below the right lung  44  the systolic and diastolic blood pressure can be presented at  72 . Those values relate to the color of the aortic arch  52  on the right of the heart icon  48 . A urine output measurement can be depicted below the right kidney at  74  and, in some embodiments, the patient&#39;s serum creatinine  76  ( FIG. 8 ) can be depicted below the left kidney. Each of the values within the body  54  are the temperature from the physiologic monitor; the hemoglobin/hematocrit either from the lab or an estimated value derived from the patient&#39;s last hemoglobin value, and blood loss and blood transfusion; and glucose, potassium, and INR, which are derived from the value from the lab. 
     Moreover, in some embodiments, each of the icons can be illustrated in one or more alert colors, such as green, yellow, red, orange, and the like. It should be recognized that in some embodiments the icons can be illustrated with one or more alert colors simultaneously, such as an orange alert color at the rear base portion of the brain icon (see  FIG. 9 ). Still further, in some embodiments, a graphic or scale, such as scales  56 ,  58 ,  60 ,  68 , and the like, can include a highlighted region surrounding the scale to bring such scale to the appropriate attention of a layman and/or healthcare provider (see  FIG. 9 ). It should be appreciated, however, that variations can exist in terms of both color, shape, and/or pattern of these highlighted alerts without departing from the present teachings. 
     Specific Organ Systems and Alerts. 
     Brain 
     In some embodiments, the brain icon  40  can be colored coded for assessing the level of anesthesia/consciousness. When patients are receiving anesthetic drugs the level of the anesthetic drug is constantly calculated by measuring the expired concentration of the inhaled anesthetics (vapor anesthetics: isoflurane, sevoflurane, desflurane, nitrous oxide) and intravenous anesthetics (propofol, dexmedetomidine, midazolam). These anesthetic concentrations come from the anesthesia machine&#39;s infrared analyzer and the intravenous anesthetics data are provided from the anesthesia information system. In addition, these anesthetics derive a term referred to as minimum alveolar concentration for anesthesia (MAC). The estimation of a patient&#39;s level or depth of anesthesia is associated with its MAC level. The brain icon  40  will turn colors when the MAC level reaches awake (red), borderline of awake and asleep (yellow), and when the brain is under anesthesia, that is, &gt;0.6 MAC or the MAC equivalent (green) (see  FIGS. 2 ,  4 , and  5 ). 
     As previously described at reference  68 , in some embodiments, a column labeled Bispectral Index (BIS) (or other similar brain function monitor, e.g. Entropy monitor) can be disposed adjacent brain icon  40 . This is an additional physiologic monitor which is applied on the patient&#39;s forehead and provides information from a processed EEG lead to estimate the level of anesthesia. The manufacturer of the device and the literature suggest that a BIS level between 60 and 40 is general anesthesia, above 60 may be light anesthesia, and between 80 and 100 the patient is most likely awake or lightly sedated. When this is less than 40, it is considered “too deep” of an anesthetic level and the brain icon will turn blue to designate too deep a level. The BIS device is just an example of this type of EEG based brain activity monitor which provides input data to the brain icon. 
     Similarly, in some embodiments, a real-time calculated MAC value, displayed at reference  66 , can be provided. This MAC value, which also provides a method to quantify a level of sedation, can be coupled with the BIS column to assess the level of anesthesia. Although these levels frequently agree, it is often up to the clinician to determine which method, or the combination of methods, will be used in adjusting their anesthetic level. During anesthesia, if the MAC level drops to a range where the patient may be aware, the brain icon  40  will change color and a pop-up alert will say “awareness alert.” 
     There are also risk factors for patients developing stroke in the perioperative period. These risk factors are derived from large studies of patients undergoing surgical procedures. If the patient has this constellation of risk factors, as mentioned herein, a small portion at the top of the brain icon will be colored orange, indicating this patient is at risk of perioperative stroke or if the patient has had a stroke. 
     Airway 
     When patients under anesthesia require mechanical ventilation, an endotracheal tube is placed through the vocal cords into the trachea. That tube is then connected to a mechanical ventilator. This is required for most general anesthetics and whenever a patient requires ventilator support in the ICU. Placing this tube in the trachea is called endotracheal intubation. Generally, this is done when a patient has been given a sedative hypnotic, such as Propofol, and most frequently followed by a neuromuscular blocking agent, which paralyzes the muscles and enables the anesthesiologist or anesthesia provider or intensivist to intubate the patient with a device called a laryngoscope. Sometimes this process is difficult due to the anatomy of the patient. There are a variety of predictors of difficult intubation, or difficult airway as it is called, such as recessed chin, immobility of jaw, thick neck, neck which cannot flex or extend, poor view of the posterior airway when the mouth is open (“mallampati grade”), etc. Knowing these risk factors will cause an anesthesia provider to consider a different method of placing the endotracheal tube, possibly doing an awake technique called fiberoptic intubation. Once someone is intubated and is determined to be difficult, it is very important that future anesthesia care providers are aware of this problem. Not knowing that a patient was a difficult intubation could cause a potential life-threatening event the next time they are planning to intubate the patient. For this reason an icon of an endotracheal tube placed in the airway will be colored orange if the risk factors are present for a potential difficult airway, and it will be red if the patient has a history of a known difficult airway. 
     Tracheobronchial Tree and Lungs. 
     Below the brain the trachea splits into two, the right and left main stem bronchi which enter the right and left lung. The right and left main stem bronchi will be green when the airway pressures during mechanical ventilation are in the normal range, turn yellow when they are slightly elevated, and turn red when they are abnormally elevated (see  FIG. 7 ). All these ranges are configurable. This information is provided continuously from the ventilator. If the patient has a history of reactive airway disease (asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) which may result in bronchospasm, the outline of the trachea will be the color orange (signifying potential for bronchospasm). 
     The right and left lungs are depicted on either side of the heart. The lungs have an outline which expands and contracts with ventilation, that is, they expand during inspiration when the pressure goes up ventilating the lungs and they retract when the pressure goes down. These data are provided continuously from the ventilator data and move in real-time with the patient&#39;s breathing. The outline of each lung changes color with the level of PEEP. Acute increases in PEEP may represent a ventilator malfunction or tension pneumothorax. In the right lung there is a column that shows arterial hemoglobin saturation from the pulse oximeter, which is the oxygenation of the arterial blood; in the left lung is a column that shows the carbon dioxide which is continuously recorded from the capnometer (the end tidal CO2 machine, which is part of the anesthesia machine or a separate monitor). When these values are in the normal range they are both green, when they are in a marginal range they are yellow, and when they are in the abnormal range they are red. These data are continuously updated to the display. The numerical saturation values are provided below the pulse oximeter column on the right and the numerical value of the expired carbon dioxide is provided on the left. When the lungs are ventilated the digital values for respiratory rate and peak airway pressure are provided in the upper right. Should the airway pressures acutely rise above a critical value, an alert will pop-up that says “potential airway obstruction, bronchospasm” to alert the provider that there are high airway pressures that need to be investigated. 
     If there are combinations of high inspired peak pressures and high expired airway pressures, also associated with decreasing blood pressure, a pop-up alert is provided saying the patient may have a “potential tension pneumothorax” or “potential severe bronchospasm”. This can be a life-threatening situation and occurs when the inspired and expired ventilator pressures are both acutely elevated in association with a decreased blood pressure. This is a situation that needs to be investigated immediately. 
     Heart 
     The heart icon  48  which has several functions, including depicting the heartbeat. The heart icon  48  beats (contracts) with the heartbeat of the patient so there is a real-time assessment of the heart rate. 
     Cardiac Fluid 
     There is a level in the heart icon  48  which represents the filling volume of the heart or the estimated adequacy of fluid resuscitation of the patient. A filling level in the middle of the heart icon  48  is normal (green), a low level (red), and a high level (red) (see  FIGS. 3A ,  3 B, and  3 C). That is, there are ranges where the heart does not have enough fluid (dehydrated) and ranges where the heart is overfull (cardiac failure). The information to calculate this level is provided from several aspects depending on the available data. For patients with no invasive monitoring of the heart, the estimate of fluid resuscitation use standard rules of fluid replacement provided from the literature (generally known is the 4:2:1 rule for obligate fluid loss), also the time that the patient has been without fluid intake (the NPO time) times the obligate fluid loss of a standard patient based on their weight. In addition to this, the data from the anesthesia information system are retrieved which provides the amount of fluid the patient has been given and the type of fluid. That is, whether they have received a crystalloid solution like normal saline or lactated ringers, or a colloid solution such as albumin, or a blood or a blood product. The calculation also takes into account the estimated blood loss which is entered into the anesthesia information system. Therefore, to determine the level of fluid resuscitation the system automatically calculates in a balance of fluid inputs and outputs to estimate the adequacy of fluid resuscitation during the procedure. 
     Because this clinical process of calculating fluid needs is also dependent on the degree of surgical trauma (sometimes referred to as third-space losses), the present teachings provide several options for selecting these third-space losses in the first section  16 . The three selections on the third-space losses are to be selected by the anesthesia provider depending on the type of surgical procedure (minor procedures with little surgical trauma are light, moderate procedures are moderate, and procedures with large incisions and more tissue manipulation are severe). Each one of these will automatically use a different calculation to determine the needs of fluid during the surgical procedure (these specific losses for three types of surgical trauma are configurable). 
     All of these inputs are estimates. They are generally accepted ways in which clinicians estimate the fluid needed by the patient. They must take those calculations into account and at the same time the response of the patient to fluid given with respect to blood pressure, urine output and the patient&#39;s history of response to fluid volumes. For example, patients with a history of congestive heart failure may require less fluid then others. This is a clinical decision by the anesthesia provider. The normalize button  90  allows the provider to “renormalize” the volume icon. That is, if the provider feels that the intravascular volume of the patient at any point in time is where they want them to be they can hit the “normalize volume” icon and it will move the icon fluid level up to the green level in the middle of the heart and then restart a new calculation from that point in time. If this normalization button has been used a star will be placed beside it to alert other providers and to remind the provider that they have renormalized the volume in that patient. 
     In some patients who are undergoing larger procedures or have more preoperative risk, invasive monitoring catheters are placed to continuously measure arterial blood pressure, central venous blood pressure, or pulmonary artery blood pressure. If an arterial blood pressure catheter is placed and the providers can measure a variable known as systolic pressure variation (SPV) (or the similar parameter pulse pressure index, PPI) then the SPV value will be used to determine the level of cardiac filling and below the heart icon it will state “SPV” for systolic pressure variation and present the last SPV value and the time it was last measured (or pulse pressure variation, which is similar to SPV). If the patient has a central venous catheter and central venous pressure values are collected from the physiologic monitor then below the heart icon it will say “CVP” for central venous pressure and use those values to determine high, low, or normal filling of the heart and the CVP real-time values will be presented. And finally, if the patient has a pulmonary artery catheter then data from the pulmonary artery diastolic pressure will be presented below the heart and those numbers will be used to determine the adequacy of fluid volume. 
     Cardiac Ischemia 
     Many patients coming to the operating room are older and have a history of ischemic heart disease or risk factors for ischemic heart disease. Cardiac risk assessment is probably the most important evaluation done preoperatively to determine the patient&#39;s ability to undergo the procedure and what types of monitoring should be in place during and after the procedure. 
     There is significant literature looking at large datasets to determine the specific preoperative risk factors for having an intraoperative or postoperative myocardial infarction (heart attack) and more recently intraoperative data such as blood pressure and heart rate have been determined to increase those risk factors. If the patient has preoperative risk factors for perioperative myocardial infarction then the cardiac outline will be orange. If during the procedure there are changes in heart rate and blood pressure that would be associated with a postop myocardial infarction which will add to the risk, then a portion of the icon will turn red and a pop-up alert of “potential ischemia” will be presented,  FIG. 2 . In addition, during surgical procedures or in the ICU, patients are continually monitored with an EKG. The physiologic monitors of the EKG can continuously measure changes in the EKG associated with ischemia of the heart (ST segment changes). If these ischemic ST segment changes are noted during the case then the icon will also turn red and a pop-up of “possible ischemia” will be presented,  FIG. 2 . 
     The intraoperative hemodynamic changes, blood pressure and heart rate which are associated with postoperative myocardial infarctions, would be impractical if not impossible to do in real-time for they are calculated as a median blood pressure decreases more than 40% from their baseline blood pressure (in the preop area). This type of calculation could not be done by a practitioner in real-time; therefore this computer allows such complex calculations to happen in real-time on a rolling average to alert for situations that put the patient at risk. 
     Blood Pressure 
     On the right side of the heart an aortic arch rises and falls down to the body. This aortic arch represents the aorta and the real-time blood pressure. To the right of the blood pressure SBP, which is the systolic blood pressure, presents the current numerical values and diastolic blood pressure. The aorta will change color from green to yellow to red as the blood pressure drops or elevates into abnormal levels,  FIG. 6 . These levels are configurable for values of SBP, mean arterial pressure (MAP) or percents of the patient&#39;s preoperative normal blood pressure values. For example, the alert may display (color of the aorta change) when an individual patient&#39;s SBP drops below 60% of their preoperative SBP. It is the standard of care during aesthesia that blood pressure be measured and documented every five (5) minutes. If blood pressure is not measured/recorded in the AIMS for five (5) minutes, the blood pressure number and minutes since last blood pressure flash red and alert the anesthesia provider that it needs to be measured. 
     Predicting Low Blood Pressure 
     The control system of the present teachings includes an algorithm that predicts future low blood pressure. The present device takes the blood pressure over time and uses that along with the inspired anesthetic level to predict potential low blood pressure in the immediate future (in the next 3-5 minutes). When potential abnormal blood pressure is predicted a pop-up alert will be displayed to the provider. More specifically, the system monitors changes in SBP. If the predicted SBP in the next time interval (e.g., 4-5 minutes) is predicted (using a linear prediction) to be less than 50 mmHg (configurable), the system then looks to see if the inspired anesthetic agent concentration has decreased (this decrease in agent concentration shows that the anesthesia provider has noted the decrease in SBP and has taken the appropriate action of decreasing the anesthetic dose). If the inspired agent concentration has not decreased (meaning appropriate action has not been taken), the system alerts to the potential of hypertension. 
     Body 
     The rectangle below the heart has several variables being presented. On the left is body Temperature which comes from the physiologic monitor, in the center is Hematocrit/hemoglobin which comes from the lab (or an estimate described below) and on the right is the Glucose value which comes from the laboratory. Below the glucose it will present the numerical value and the time since this measure was last determined. The same will be done for hematocrit, the time since the last measurement will be presented, that is, in minutes, hours and days,  FIG. 7 . Another column for Estimated Hematocrit will be presented which estimates the current level of hemoglobin in the blood using the patient&#39;s initial hemoglobin measurement, the blood loss as retrieved from the anesthesia information system and the fluid given to the patient, also retrieved from the anesthesia information system. Using literature reported techniques on hemodilution an estimated level of hematocrit will be presented to alert the provider at which point they may wish to measure a hematocrit to see whether a transfusion might be needed. This is an estimate and will be updated whenever a measurement of the current hematocrit is provided to the system from the laboratory. 
     Two additional important lab values are reported: Potassium (K+) and International Normalization Ratio (INR). INR is a test of coagulation/bleeding status. It is used to test the bleeding/clotting ability, specifically for patients taken Warfarin or other drugs effecting bleeding. It is very important to know the INR before surgery if the patient has been taking the blood thinners. The system looks in the patient&#39;s medication list for Warfarin or other blood thinners. If present, the INR column is outlined in orange. If INR value is available, it will be presented in the INR column, including normal/abnormal range. 
     Kidneys 
     On either side of the body are icons representing the kidneys. Under the right kidney will be the urine output, if available, provided in mls, mls/minute and mls/kg of body weight/minute,  FIG. 1 . These different measurements of urine flow are of use to the provider. On the left side below the kidney is the laboratory value of creatinine, which is a measure of renal function. These values of creatinine along with glucose and hemoglobin are retrieved automatically from the hospital&#39;s laboratory system. If the patient&#39;s history suggests that the patient is at risk of postoperative renal failure, then the outer edge of the kidney icon will be the color orange. 
     Basic Types of Rules 
     In some embodiments, the present teachings, or particularly the present software, can include various rules requiring input data from various parts of the patient&#39;s electronic medical record; history and physical, home medications, live physiologic data, and anesthesia information system data. Basic Traditional Rules. 
     The basic system can provide information based on clinical rules of management that are part of the current training in Anesthesiology. An example of such a rule is the rule that determines the filling level of the heart. This fluid level in the heart which either shows a low level in red, a normal level in green, and a high level in red is based on a calculation of fluid inputs and outputs of the patient. The inputs are intravenous fluids of various types, including blood. The outputs are obligate fluid loss due to metabolism and ventilation of vapor, as well as, blood loss, urine output, and surgical trauma. These rules are based on published literature from anesthesia textbooks. This type of basic rule as an alert for “Out of Normal Range,” which is based on general training in Anesthesiology, can be configured by the practitioner if desired. 
     Rules Based on Recent Literature which Require Detailed History and Physical Information. 
     This second, more complex, rule is based on published literature regarding risk factors for certain adverse outcomes for the surgical procedure, e.g. having a postoperative myocardial infarction (heart attack). The patients come to the operating room with a series of co-morbidities (other medical diseases) which put them at higher risk for having a myocardial infarction in the perioperative period, e.g. a history of diabetes, history of a previous heart attack, cerebral vascular or renal disease. If a patient has several of these risk factors they are in a higher risk group and based on published literature this rule in the display system will alert the practitioner of the organ at risk. These types of literature are becoming more and more prevalent as outcomes research has developed more detailed risk analysis because of the expanded electronic medical record providing the data source. Some of these risks are published in the literature but would not be feasible to be calculated in real-time. Those risk analyses not only include the patient&#39;s history, but also current physiologic data, e.g. heart rate and blood pressure. Therefore, a patient would be at higher risk and the system would alert the practitioner that the patient is at higher risk when, for example, the blood pressure has decreased below the patient&#39;s normal blood pressure value by more than 40% for more than 10 minutes. This type of real-time calculation of patient risk would be impossible to do in the clinical setting while caring for patients. These types of risk analyses are being developed and published in the literature more frequently, as stated above, with the advent of the electronic medical record. 
     Complex Risk Analysis. 
     The most complex risk analysis can be developed which use large databases (&gt;200,000 patients) with large amounts of data to identify patients at risk. This is done through a complex control system analysis. These types of analyses have been done in the manufacturing industry for quality control of products. This type of complex statistical engineering analysis is being applied to the perioperative and critical care data to derive complex algorithms which predict the potential of adverse outcomes and therefore can alert practitioners in advance to enable earlier diagnosis and treatment of potential adverse events. 
     Alternative Uses 
     In some embodiments, the present teachings can be used for the detection of the disease Malignant Hyperthermia and Malignant Neuroleptic Syndrome during anesthesia. 
     Specifically, by way of background, Malignant Hyperthermia is a rare, but life-threatening disease that occurs under general anesthesia when a patient is exposed to the muscle relaxant succinylcholine and/or a potent halogenated vapor anesthetic, e.g. isoflurane, sevoflurane, desflurane. This is a genetic disorder which is autosomal dominant with a mixed penetrance that involves an abnormality of the ryanodine receptor in the muscle. It causes uncontrolled release of calcium and results in a severe metabolic crisis. Malignant Neuroleptic Syndrome has the same clinical signs, symptoms, and treatment. It also occurs under anesthesia. 
     The present teachings use the simultaneous collection of data from anesthesia machine and an anesthesia information system and monitors to identify the onset of malignant hyperthermia to allow early detection and treatment. If treated early with the drug Dantrolene the disease has a very good outcome. The present teachings, in some embodiments, requires electronic data from an anesthesia machine, more specifically, end expired carbon dioxide measurements, inspired carbon dioxide measurements, minute ventilation (respiratory volume times respiratory rate), and with or without the patient&#39;s weight. 
     In some embodiments, if the following calculated events occur, Malignant Hyperthermia alert will be activated: 
     End expired carbon dioxide increases at a rate greater than 1.5 mmHg/min. (which is configurable) while, simultaneously the minute ventilation (expired tidal volume×respiratory rate) remains at 80% of the normal level (80 cc/kg/min. (which is configurable)) or greater and, the inspired carbon dioxide level remains less than 2 mmHg* and is not increasing. 
     With all three of these events happening simultaneously for more than 10 minutes or other predetermined time period, then Malignant Hyperthermia or Malignant Neuroleptic Syndrome is diagnosed. 
     It should be appreciated that these numeric thresholds and/or conditions can be configurable and/or eliminated in some embodiments. 
     In some embodiments, a diagnosis of Malignant Hyperthermia can be diagnosed when the end expired CO2 is rising steadily in the presence of no increase in inspired CO 2  and a normal minute ventilation. If all of these three events occur during anesthesia, it is diagnostic of Malignant Hyperthermia. 
     In some embodiments, the present teachings can be used for the detection of Tension Pneumothorax. 
     Specifically, by way of background, a tension pneumothorax is an acute hemodynamic emergency where the air is trapped in a thoracic cavity producing high pressure which prevents blood from returning to the chest and right heart causing a life-threatening reduction in cardiac blood flow and blood pressure. This only occurs in patients receiving positive pressure ventilation either during anesthesia in the operating room or being ventilated in intensive care or other ventilator unit. For this alarm to be utilized it requires electronic capture of blood pressure data and inspired and end expired pressure ventilator data. These data are available when there are anesthesia information systems or critical care information systems in place. 
     In some embodiments, the present teachings use the simultaneous collection of data to detect the occurrence of three events diagnostic of a Tension Pneumothorax: 
     Elevated peek airway pressures by the ventilator greater than 40 mmHg (which is configurable) and increasing. 
     Elevated end expired ventilator pressures greater than 15 mmHg (which is configurable) and increasing. 
     Decreasing arterial blood pressure less than 70 mmHg. 
     It should be appreciated that these numeric thresholds and/or conditions can be configurable and/or eliminated in some embodiments. It should be noted that variations in display parameters, indicia, and threshold values are configurable. The present teachings can be used beyond the enumerated embodiment. 
     In each of the foregoing examples, it should be appreciated that without the simplified monitoring and display capabilities of the present teachings, it may be difficult for a caregiver or healthcare provider to assembly such information to provide a quick and reliable diagnosis of such rare diseases. 
     The foregoing description of the embodiments has been provided for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention. Individual elements or features of a particular embodiment are generally not limited to that particular embodiment, but, where applicable, are interchangeable and can be used in a selected embodiment, even if not specifically shown or described. The same may also be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the invention, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the invention.