Abstract:
A communication system for providing network access over a shared communication link is disclosed. The communication system includes a user access point, a network access point and a communications link. The user access point is coupled to one or more user terminals that access a remote network. The network access point is coupled to the remote network. The communications link couples the user access point and the network access point. The communications link is at least partially controlled by the network access point, which monitors information passed between the remote network and the user access point to create an estimate of future usage of the communications link by the user access point based on the information. The network access point allocates communications link resources for the user access point based on the estimate.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. Nonprovisional application Ser. No. 13/719,104, filed Dec. 18, 2012, which is a continuation of U.S. Nonprovisional application Ser. No. 12/830,188, filed Jul. 2, 2010, which is a continuation of U.S. Nonprovisional application Ser. No. 11/282,359, filed Nov. 17, 2005, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/629,817, filed Nov. 19, 2004, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     This disclosure relates in general to networking and, more specifically, but not by way of limitation, to networking over controlled long delay links. 
     Network access via satellite link has many speed limitations imposed by the long time delay of the link. Since the bulk of the Internet is composed of landline and short wireless links, communication delay has traditionally been associated with either slow or congested links. This bias has translated into standard protocols that create typical delays for satellite users that are much longer than just the sum of the typical landline delay plus the inherent satellite transmission delay. 
     Since one of the main uses for the Internet is web browsing, much effort has been done to speed up the loading of web pages over long delay links. For example, “ A Smart Internet Caching System ” Dias, et al., Internet Society NET 1996, is directed toward the acceleration of web browsing by the use of an intelligent agent at a distant (in terms of transmission time) gateway. One function of this agent is to observe base pages as they come from web servers and pre-fetch any in-line files (for example, images) that are referred to in the base page. These files are then pushed across the long delay link to be cached for immediate access by the user upon request. Although this method can be employed on satellite links, it has serious limitations because of the overhead involved and the possibility of pushing unneeded information over the long delay link. For example, if a user is loading the home page for a shopping server, the home page may be customized to that user. In this case, the link resources would be wasted loading generic in-line elements that do not apply to the current user. As well, locally running web applications such as Java are not well served by a pre-fetching technique. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a communication system for providing network access over a shared communication link. The communication system includes a user access point, a network access point and a communications link. The user access point is coupled to one or more user terminals that access a remote network. The network access point is coupled to the remote network. The communications link couples the user access point and the network access point. The communications link is at least partially controlled by the network access point, which monitors information passed between the remote network and the user access point to create an estimate of future usage of the communications link by the user access point based on the information. The network access point allocates communications link resources for the user access point based on the estimate. 
     Further areas of applicability of the present disclosure will become apparent from the detailed description provided hereinafter. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating various embodiments, are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to necessarily limit the scope of the disclosure. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The present disclosure is described in conjunction with the appended figures: 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic representation of the environment of the network accelerator system according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 2  is a high level block diagram of an embodiment of a portion of a hub that is relevant to the description of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 3  is an exemplary flow chart of the operation of the disclosure of a gateway function. 
         FIG. 4  is a flow chart of another embodiment of the operation of the disclosure of the gateway. 
         FIG. 5  is a data flow diagram depicting a transaction in which conventional techniques are used to obtain a base HTTP page with two in-line elements. 
         FIG. 6  depicts the same transaction as  FIG. 5 , except in this scenario, a network access point enhances the process. 
     
    
    
     In the appended figures, similar components and/or features may have the same reference label. Where the reference label is used in the specification, the description is applicable to any one of the similar components having the same reference label. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The ensuing description provides preferred exemplary embodiment(s) only, and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability or configuration of the disclosure. Rather, the ensuing description of the preferred exemplary embodiment(s) will provide those skilled in the art with an enabling description for implementing a preferred exemplary embodiment. It being understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements without departing from the spirit and scope as set forth in the appended claims. 
     Specific details are given in the following description to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments. However, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. For example, circuits may be shown in block diagrams in order not to obscure the embodiments in unnecessary detail. In other instances, well-known circuits, processes, algorithms, structures, and techniques may be shown without unnecessary detail in order to avoid obscuring the embodiments. 
     Also, it is noted that the embodiments may be described as a process which is depicted as a flowchart, a flow diagram, a data flow diagram, a structure diagram, or a block diagram. Although a flowchart may describe the operations as a sequential process, many of the operations can be performed in parallel or concurrently. In addition, the order of the operations may be re-arranged. A process is terminated when its operations are completed, but could have additional steps not included in the figure. A process may correspond to a method, a function, a procedure, a subroutine, a subprogram, etc. When a process corresponds to a function, its termination corresponds to a return of the function to the calling function or the main function. 
     Moreover, as disclosed herein, the term “storage medium” may represent one or more devices for storing data, including read only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), magnetic RAM, core memory, magnetic disk storage mediums, optical storage mediums, flash memory devices and/or other machine readable mediums for storing information. The term “machine-readable medium” includes, but is not limited to portable or fixed storage devices, optical storage devices, wireless channels and various other mediums capable of storing, containing or carrying instruction(s) and/or data. 
     Furthermore, embodiments may be implemented by hardware, software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description languages, or any combination thereof. When implemented in software, firmware, middleware or microcode, the program code or code segments to perform the necessary tasks may be stored in a machine readable medium such as storage medium. A processor(s) may perform the necessary tasks. A code segment or machine-executable instructions may represent a procedure, a function, a subprogram, a program, a routine, a subroutine, a module, a software package, a class, or any combination of instructions, data structures, or program statements. A code segment may be coupled to another code segment or a hardware circuit by passing and/or receiving information, data, arguments, parameters, or memory contents. Information, arguments, parameters, data, etc. may be passed, forwarded, or transmitted via any suitable means including memory sharing, message passing, token passing, network transmission, etc. 
     In one embodiment of a controlled return link, a hub can monitor data to and from network servers and proactively allocate additional channel capacity to users who are anticipated to transmit further related requests. The following description uses the exemplary application of an Internet web browser using HTTP to connect to Internet servers as an illustrative embodiment of the present disclosure. It can be appreciated that the present disclosure applies to all types of applications employing any of a number of network protocols, as will be clear from the following description. 
     When a client (user) browser requests a base file for a web page, the server responds with a file that contains references to in-line objects such as image files that are also part of the page. The client&#39;s locally stored cookies, however, may affect what actual objects will end up getting displayed to the client. For example, unique ads or customizations may be made for the particular client. This is one reason why simply applying a pre-fetching system can yield unsatisfactory results. The forward communication link, the hub, the user access point, the Internet, and the network server are all used unnecessarily should pre-fetching gather unneeded information. The client then has to request the needed information anyway since the pre-fetch doesn&#39;t gather useful information. 
     The environment of the disclosure is shown in  FIG. 1 . One or more individual or user sites  104  are connected to a common hub or network access point  120  over a long delay link  116 , for this example, a satellite link  116 . The hub  120  is a central location that serves a gateway function for the individual sites  104  and transmits information to the individual sites  104  either in a common channel or through individual channels in what is called the forward direction. In this example, the forward direction is from the hub  120 , through the satellite relay  116  and to the individual sites  104 . The hub  120  either directly or indirectly controls the link usage of the individual sites  104 , which transmit in what is called the return direction, through the relay satellite  116  and to the hub  120 . 
     At the individual site  104  shown (one of many that may be served by the hub  120 ), a number of computers  108  (of potentially different operating systems and configurations) are connected through Ethernet to a user access point  124  that has a satellite modem and includes a number of functions such as network router, etc. The hub  120  is a network access point that relays information between the various users and servers  112 ,  128  of interest to those users, the examples given here and any other servers  112 ,  128  available to the users through the network access point  120 . 
     The hub  120  controls the long delay return link by allocating return channel capacity to users based on some algorithm. This allocation can be tightly controlled such as TDMA reservation, mixed reservation/contention, or as loosely controlled as a completely contention based system. Even in a contention-based system, however, some sort of throttling mechanism is typically employed to keep the network from overloading. Note that the general problem of reserving return channel capacity is a system specific design task that is not detailed in this description, since the subject disclosure can be employed on any sort of controlled return channel. 
     The return channel allocation algorithm typically distributes the return channel capacity among users as a function of their priority (e.g., Quality of Service guarantees) and/or their historic usage. In general, a small amount of capacity is reserved for each individual site  104  so that they can at least request more capacity, although these requests can also be accommodated in a contention channel. Due to the random and bursty nature of network accesses, it is difficult to accurately predict the amount of return channel capacity required by an individual site  104 . If an individual site  104  is allocated too much return channel capacity, then it will be able to quickly make any network requests required, but the excess return channel capacity will not be available to other users, resulting in unnecessary delays for them. If not enough return capacity is allocated to an individual site  104 , then it will make its requests slowly and/or use the long delay link  116  to request greater capacity. 
     In accordance with the disclosure, a gateway function within the hub  120  monitors the data that flows between individual sites  104  and servers  112 ,  128 . With reference to  FIG. 2 , a high-level block diagram of the portion of the hub  120  that is relevant to this description of the disclosure is shown. Note that functions such as allocation of the forward channel, etc. are not included for clarity. 
     The receiver  210  demodulates the incoming data from the individual sites  104 , extracts the outgoing network traffic and forwards it to a network parser  212 . The size of the data received from the individual site  104  is also passed on to a need estimator  214 , which for example maintains a simple channel usage history of the individual site  104  and delivers the future need estimate to a return channel allocator  216 . In this exemplary implementation, the return channel allocator  216  uses the forward channel transmitter  218  to notify the modems  124  at individual sites  104  of their allocation, although other techniques such as side channels, etc. could alternatively be employed. 
     Continuing to follow the path of network traffic in  FIG. 2 , the network parser  212  forwards traffic, such as HTTP page requests or other traffic destined for a network  122 , to the router  220 , which fulfills the requests via the network  122 , for example, the Internet. The router  220  also delivers the traffic received from the network  122  to a site parser  224 , which analyses the traffic and forwards the data on to the transmitter  218  for delivery to the appropriate individual sites  104 . 
     In one embodiment, a request-based need estimator  226  of the gateway function determines from incoming page requests (from the client at the individual site  104 , forwarded from the network parser  212 ) an estimate of the anticipated future requests of that client. This estimate is then sent to the return channel allocator  216 . This estimate can be based, for example, on keeping a table (either by client or globally) with columns for page (or possibly just for the page server&#39;s domain) and expected usage. The table values can be updated in any number of ways. For example, the table could be updated each time a page is accessed, typically employing a smoothing filter that biases toward recent activity. 
     In one embodiment, a response-based need estimator  228  determines from server page files (i.e., requested pages coming from the server  112 , delivered from the site parser  224 ) an estimate of the anticipated future requests of that client, which is then sent to the return channel allocator  216 . This estimate can be based on references to in-line elements contained in the response. This can yield an estimate of the future return channel needs, but the gateway function waits for the page request to be filled before making the estimate in this embodiment. 
       FIG. 3  is an exemplary flow chart of the operation of one embodiment of the disclosure of the gateway function in the hub portion. The depicted portion of the process starts in step  304  upon receipt of a data request, in this example, a web page request from an individual site  104 . The request is, of course, forwarded on to the network  122 , although not shown in this flow chart. If the page request is new in that the uniform resource locator (URL) or a portion of the URL cannot be matched to another URL as determined in step  308 , then a new page history is opened for the requested page in step  316 . In some embodiments, URLs may be deemed to match where there isn&#39;t an exact match as metadata in the URL can cause matching to be difficult. Note that the page history is subject to time-out for a number of reasons including limited storage space at the gateway. Obviously, older page histories are less relevant and would be targeted for replacement if there were a table space allocation issue, although certain high priority clients and/or servers  112  and their associated page histories could be maintained as desired. When a page history times out, it is removed from a table or database holding the page history. 
     If a new page history is opened, then a default return channel need profile is generated. This profile could be null, but would ideally represent a level of need that would give an individual user a reasonable level of service without overloading the return channel if a large number of users were granted the capacity simultaneously. The level of need could be an average for the domain of the URL, a portion of the URL and/or all domains. The sole table shows allocation for particular pages. In this simplified example, profiles for four web pages are stored such that requests for those pages results in an increase in the allocation for the return direction to service the requests likely to follow the web page. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Allocations for Pages 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Web Page 
                 Allocation in Kbps 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 realure.com/acme.htm 
                 30 
               
               
                   
                 nesbittea.org/contact.htm 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                 lucenarity.info/sitemap.htm 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 videodlserver.com/spec.html 
                 200 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     If the page request is not new, then a page history already exists and is looked up in step  312 . This history can be of a number of equivalent forms: average bit rate needed versus time, specific burst times and sizes, etc. Page histories can be maintained on an individual user basis, individual site basis and/or system-wide. For example, the system-wide average return channel capacity requirement could be employed for a user upon first viewing of a web page that had previously been visited by other users. As the user continues to revisit the page, the usage history would then determine the allocation required. 
     The estimated needs for the subject individual site  104  is modified in step  320  by the estimate derived above. This estimate is then input into the return channel allocation algorithm and added to the allocation for the individual site  104  in step  328  if the capacity is available on the return channel (RC) as determined in step  324 . This embodiment may wait for the web page to be returned to the hub  120  before modifying the RC allocation for the individual site  104  or could have the change become effective at a time relative to when the user access point  124  receives the web page, but other embodiments could send a message to the modem  124  to increase the RC allocation once the request is correlated to others. One embodiment tries to predict when the return channel will receive the requests for the in-line objects and has the RC allocation timed to coincide with that event. Note that any of a number of known techniques can be used to allocate the capacity, as mentioned previously. 
       FIG. 4  is a flow chart of an embodiment that uses a response-based need estimator  228  to determine from server page files (i.e., requested pages coming from the server  112 , delivered from the site parser  224 ) an estimate of the anticipated future requests of that client, which is then sent to the return channel allocator  216 . After data is received from the server  112  in step  404 , it is relayed on the forward satellite channel to the client modem  124 . The page is also parsed by the site parser  224  in step  408  to determine if there are any in-line objects, etc. that indicate potential user return channel needs in step  412 . A typical application of the algorithm would be to count the number of inline items, estimate the return channel capacity needed to request each one, and then total the estimates. The needs table for that individual site  104 , discussed previously, would then be updated accordingly in step  416 . Finally, as in the previous embodiment, the needs for this individual site  104  would be integrated together with the needs from all the other sites  104  to determine the return channel allocation in steps  420  and  424 . For example, a large need of one individual site  104  may not be completely allocated where other sites  104  are consuming a large portion of the channel. 
       FIG. 5  depicts data flows for a transaction in which conventional techniques are used to obtain a base HTTP page with two in-line elements. Message transfers are depicted by lines that slope downward with the flow of time where the longer a transfer takes the steeper its slope. The process starts with a user requesting a base page in step  504 , which goes across the long-delay satellite link  116  to the network access point or hub  120 . Note the significant slope of the ‘HTTP GET BASE’ line  504 , because of the delay of the link  116 . The network access point  120  then quickly obtains the resulting page from the network  122 , depicted by the looping line that returns quickly (in a short distance down the page) to the network access point  120 . The network access point  120  then forwards the base page from the server  112  to the user in step  508 , again on the long-delay link  116 . 
     In this example, the user only has capacity to request a single item per round-trip period, so after a short processing delay, the user requests the first in-line element of the base page via the ‘HTTP GET IN-LINE 1’ request  512 . The network access point  120  then quickly obtains the resulting in-line element from the network, depicted by the second looping line that returns quickly (in a short distance down the page) to the network access point  120 . The network access point  120  then forwards the in-line element to the user in step  516 , again on the long delay link  116 . After a short processing delay, the user requests the second in-line element of the base page via the ‘HTTP GET IN-LINE 2’ request  520 . The network access point  120  then quickly obtains the resulting in-line element from the network, depicted by the third looping line that returns quickly (in a short distance down the page) to the network access point  120 . The network access point  120  then forwards the in-line element to the user in step  524 , again on the long delay link  116 . 
     Note that in this example, even if the user were able to request additional capacity from the network access point  120 , any response would not arrive much before the first in-line element, thus making the request moot, since after arrival of the first in-line element, the user would be able to request the second and final in-line element anyway. The web browser or other application software of the user&#39;s computer  108  renders the base page and in-line elements as they are received. 
       FIG. 6  depicts the same transaction as  FIG. 5 , except in this scenario, the network access point  120  is able to accurately estimate the user&#39;s need to request in-line elements, through request-based and/or response-based need estimators  226 ,  228 . Here as in  FIG. 5 , the user request  504  is made at the upper left corner of the figure. Once the base page is received by the network access point  120  in step  504 , however, the network access point  120  detects the referenced in-line elements and sends an additional message  612  to the individual site  104 , increasing the return channel allocation for the anticipated requests. Both ‘HTTP GET IN-LINE’ requests  616 ,  620  are then sent subsequently via the increased return channel capacity. The requests  616 ,  620  are forwarded on to the Internet  122  by the network access point  120  and fulfilled shortly thereafter. Finally, both in-line elements are delivered to the user. In this illustrative example, approximately one round trip delay time (from the user to the network access point  120  and back) is saved versus the technique of  FIG. 5 . 
     The example illustrated in  FIG. 6  is greatly simplified. As a particular modem or user access point  124  can service a number of computers  108  and devices making content requests from the network. The content requests from the individual site  104  are each analyzed and the additional return allocation is communicated to the modem  124 . In this way, the content requests are aggregated to step-up or step-down the return allocation for each modem  124  in the system. 
     The techniques described herein may be implemented by various means. For example, these techniques may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination thereof. For a hardware implementation, the processing units within a hub  120  or a modem  124  may be implemented within one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), processors, controllers, micro-controllers, microprocessors, other electronic units designed to perform the functions described herein, or a combination thereof. 
     For a software implementation, the techniques, processes and functions described herein may be implemented with modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) that perform the functions described herein. The software codes may be stored in memory units and executed by processors. The memory unit may be implemented within the processor or external to the processor, in which case it can be communicatively coupled to the processor via various means as is known in the art. 
     While the principles of the disclosure have been described above in connection with specific apparatuses and methods, it is to be clearly understood that this description is made only by way of example and not as limitation on the scope of the disclosure.