Abstract:
Power adapters for providing power to accessory devices in refrigerated containers are provided herein. The power adapter comprises a first connector communicatively coupled with a plurality of conductors; a second connector communicatively coupled with two or more of the plurality of conductors; and a shunt communicatively coupled with at least four of the plurality of conductors and configured to provide power to an accessory output in response to the accessory connection being communicatively coupled with an accessory device.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/492,360 filed on Jun. 1, 2011 entitled “Method and Apparatus for Installing and Powering an Accessory Device in a Refrigerated Container.” The disclosure of the aforementioned application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY 
     Embodiments of the disclosure relate to providing power in shipping containers, and more specifically to providing power to accessory devices in environmentally-controlled shipping containers. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     Perishable agricultural products such as harvested fruits, vegetables, and flowers, as well as frozen foods, are typically transported in refrigerated shipping containers. These containers are designed for transport by truck, rail, air, or ship, enabling consumers to enjoy a wide variety of products year-round from many parts of the world. 
     Refrigeration itself is an effective means of preserving the freshness of agricultural products for extended periods of time and of inhibiting spoilage and the growth of microorganisms. However, refrigeration only retards the growth of these microorganisms and does not destroy them, and as much as 20% of all products shipped worldwide are lost to spoilage and rot. Further, certain fresh products emit ethylene, which promotes undesired ripening of the products during transport. 
     Refrigerated containers may include fans which operate at a low speed and a high speed. However, electrical infrastructure which may be used to power accessory devices within the refrigerated container is not provided in the current art. Furthermore, refrigerated containers in the current art do not provide structural infrastructure to accommodate (e.g., mount) accessory devices. Modification of the interior of a refrigerated container and installation/removal of accessory devices would require additional materials and significant time. Such accessory devices may significantly contribute to preserving the freshness and safety of agricultural products. 
     SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     According to some embodiments, the present technology may be directed to apparatus for providing power to accessory devices in refrigerated containers. The apparatus may comprise: a first connector communicatively coupled with a plurality of conductors; a second connector communicatively coupled with two or more of the plurality of conductors; and a shunt communicatively coupled with at least four of the plurality of conductors and configured to provide power to an accessory output in response to the accessory connection being communicatively coupled with an accessory device. 
     According to other embodiments, the apparatus may comprise: a first connector communicatively coupled with a plurality of conductors; a second connector communicatively coupled with two or more of the plurality of conductors; and a shunt communicatively coupled with at least four of the plurality of conductors and configured to provide power to an accessory output in response to the accessory connection being communicatively coupled with an accessory device. The shunt may include: a protection circuit, the protection circuit configured to provide at least one of protection from overcurrents and protection from excessive transient voltages at a first, a second, a third, and a fourth inputs, the first, the second, the third, and the fourth inputs each communicatively coupled with the at least four conductors of the plurality of conductors, an inductive coupler including: a first transformer having a primary coil communicatively coupled with the first input and the second input, and a second transformer having a primary coil communicatively coupled with the third input and the fourth input, a main rectifier including: a first rectifier communicatively coupled with the first input, the second input, a first node, and a second node; and a second rectifier communicatively coupled with the third input, the fourth input, the first node, and the second node, and a failsafe including: a first output, the first output being communicatively coupled with a first conductor of the accessory output; a first switch communicatively coupled with the first node and the first output; a first power supply including a first secondary coil of the first transformer and a third rectifier, a first secondary coil of the second transformer and a fourth rectifier communicatively coupled with the first switch; a first opto-isolator communicatively coupled with the first output and the first switch; a second output, the second output communicatively coupled with a second conductor of the accessory output; a second switch communicatively coupled with the second node and the second output; a second power supply including a second secondary coil of the first transformer and a fifth rectifier, a second secondary coil of the second transformer and a sixth rectifier communicatively coupled with the second switch; and a second opto-isolator communicatively coupled with the second output and the second switch; a loop input, the loop input communicatively coupled with a third conductor of the accessory output and the second opto-isolator, the second opto-isolator communicatively coupled with the first opto-isolator; a loop output, the loop output communicatively coupled with the first opto-isolator, a third power supply, and a fourth conductor of the accessory output; and a third power supply including a third secondary coil of the first transformer and a seventh rectifier, a third secondary coil of the second transformer and an eighth rectifier communicatively coupled with the loop output. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings, where like reference numerals refer to identical or functionally similar elements throughout the separate views, together with the detailed description below, are incorporated in and form part of the specification, and serve to further illustrate embodiments of concepts that include the claimed disclosure, and explain various principles and advantages of those embodiments. 
       The systems disclosed herein have been represented where appropriate by conventional symbols in the drawings, showing only those specific details that are pertinent to understanding the embodiments of the present disclosure so as not to obscure the disclosure with details that will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the description herein. 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an intermodal container. 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram of a system. 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram of an assembly. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates some embodiments of an adaptor. 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic representation of an adaptor. 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic representation of a failsafe. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates assorted embodiments of an enclosure. 
         FIG. 8  is a block diagram of a computing system. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the disclosure. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art, that the disclosure may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, structures, and devices are shown in block diagram form only to in order to avoid obscuring the disclosure. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an intermodal container  110  according to embodiments of the present invention. Intermodal container  110  may be a standardized reusable steel box used for the safe, efficient, and secure storage and movement of materials and products within a global containerized intermodal freight transport system. Intermodal container  110  may be moved from one mode of transport (e.g., ship, rail, truck, airplane, etc.) to another without unloading and reloading the contents of intermodal container  110 . Intermodal container  110  may be, for example, 8 feet to 56 feet long and 8 feet to 9.5 feet high. Intermodal container  110  may be also be referred to as a refrigerated container, reefer, container, freight container, ISO container, shipping container, ocean cargo container, hi-cube container, box, conex box, and sea can. 
     Intermodal container  110  may contain perishable goods  120  such as agricultural or medical products. Agricultural products may include harvested fruits, vegetables, flowers, meats, frozen foods, and the like. Medical products may include blood plasma, insulin, and the like. Intermodal container  110  may include refrigeration unit  130 . Refrigeration unit  130  maintains a temperature inside intermodal container  110  below a predefined limit or limits. The predefined limits may be selected, for example, to optimally preserve the freshness—of the type or kind of perishable goods  120  inside intermodal container  110 —for extended periods of time and to inhibit spoilage and the growth of microorganisms. 
     Refrigeration unit  130  may include fans  140  which may force air through coils (not shown in  FIG. 1 ) of refrigeration unit  130  and circulate air around and through perishable goods  120 . Fans  140  may receive air from outside of intermodal container  110  via openings within access panel  160  and may operate at one or more speeds using single or multiple phases of power. Embodiments of fans  140  may, for example, operate at two speeds (i.e., high speed and low speed). Although one of fans  140  is shown in  FIG. 1 , refrigeration unit  130  may include two or more of fans  140 . In some embodiments, refrigeration unit  130  includes three of fans  140 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , accessory device or panel  150  may be disposed in an access panel  160  of intermodal container  110 . Access panel  160  may be an opening in a wall or ceiling (e.g. fan cover) of intermodal container  110  that may allow access from the exterior to the interior of intermodal container  110 . 
     Accessory device  150  may include one or more apparatus for preserving, monitoring, logging, communicating/reporting, and controlling the state of intermodal container  110 . Accessory device  150  may contribute to the preservation and safety of perishable goods  120 , for example, by injecting ozone, reducing an oxygen concentration, increasing a CO2 concentration, reducing an ethylene concentration, controlling humidity, adjusting a fresh air vent, filtering fluids, monitoring/receiving sensor data, storing/recording/logging sensor data, and reporting sensor data, and the like inside of intermodal container  110 . Sensor data may, for example, include: state (e.g., error, warning, message, interrupt, diagnostic code, event, condition, etc.) of a controller in intermodal container  110  (e.g., of refrigeration unit  130 ), container position (e.g., via a Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation device, satellite radio, and a GSM modem), O3 concentration, CO2 concentration, O2 concentration, CO concentration, C2H4 concentration, temperature, relative humidity, vibration, mechanical shock, opening/closing of access door(s), power status, and the like. Accessory device  150  may, for example, include: an ozonation system, membrane-based gas separation systems, pressure-swing absorption (PSA) devices, compressors, condensation traps, chillers, evaporators, atomizers, air cleaners based at least in part on electrical fields, scrubbers, catalytic reactors, and the like. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a system  200  according to embodiments of the present invention. System  200  includes a source  210 , load  240 , adapter  250 , and accessory device  150 . Source  210 , load  240 , and adapter  250  are communicatively coupled with each other via interconnects  220  and  230 . Adapter  250  is communicatively coupled with accessory device  150  via interconnect  260 . 
     Source  210  is a power source which provides two or more phases of the power used, for example, to operate intermodal container  110  when it is at sea on a container ship, on quay, at a land-based site, transported over road and/or rail, and the like. Source  210  may include a power station, solar cell array, generator, wind turbine, (rechargeable) battery, fuel cell, and the like. In some embodiments, source  210  is a diesel generator. In some embodiments, source  210  provides at least one of 360-460 Volts alternating current (AC) at 50 Hz and 400-500 Volts AC at 60 Hz. Load  240  is an electrical load which may operate using power from source  210 . Embodiments of load  240  include one or more fans. 
     Adapter  250  may receive power from source  210  and provide conditioned power to accessory device  150 . Adapter  250  may, for example, convert the power received from source  210  to a higher or/or lower voltage, convert AC to AC voltage (e.g., frequency change), convert AC to direct current (DC) voltage, provide protection from overcurrents and transient voltages. Adapter  250  may, for example, further condition power to correct for such conditions as swell (i.e., when the RMS voltage exceeds the nominal voltage by 10 to 80% for 0.5 cycle to 1 minute), sag (i.e., the RMS voltage is below the nominal voltage by 10 to 90% for 0.5 cycle to 1 minute), undervoltage (i.e., when the nominal voltage drops below 90% for more than 1 minute), overvoltage (i.e., when the nominal voltage rises above 110% for more than 1 minute), variations in the frequency, harmonics (i.e., variations in the wave shape), and the like. In some embodiments, adapter  250  may provide 1-500 Volts DC to accessory device  150 . 
     Interconnects  220 ,  230 , and  260  may each be comprised of two or more electrical conductors. Conductors may be solid or stranded copper wire covered with insulating materials, such as plastic, rubber-like polymers, or varnish. Interconnect  220  may include one or more conductors that communicatively couple source  210  with load  240  and with interconnect  230 . Other combinations of connectivity between source  210 , load  240  and interconnect  230  may be used. Interconnect  220  may, for example, also include one or more conductors which may communicatively couple source  210  with load  240  without communicatively coupling with interconnect  230 . Such conductors may, for example, carry signals for controlling power to load  240 , for detecting fault conditions such as opens, shorts, or over-temperature conditions, and the like. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates assembly  300 , which includes adapter  250  and interconnects  220 ,  230 , and  260 . Assembly  300  may communicatively couple with source  210  through first connector  310  and with load  240  through second connector  320 . First connector  310  and second connector  320  may be electro-mechanical devices for joining electrical circuits using a mechanical assembly. In some embodiments, first connector  310  and second connector  320  may each be plug or socket connectors. Plug and socket connectors are comprised of a male plug (e.g., pin contacts) and a female receptacle (e.g., socket contacts). Male plugs may have one or more pins or prongs that are inserted into openings in the female receptacle. 
     In further embodiments, first connector  310  may couple with source  210  and second connector  320  may couple with load  240  through crimp connections. Crimp connections may comprise a metal piece in the shape of a barrel, “U,” or “V,” and an insulator. Conductors to be coupled may be placed in (or on) the barrel (or “U” or “V”) shaped metal piece. The metal piece is mechanically deformed/compressed (i.e., crimped) tightly around the conductor. The crimp connections may be coated or covered with electrical grease to prevent corrosion. Other electrical connections, such as soldering, terminal blocks, binding posts, and the like may be additionally or alternatively used. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , in some embodiments some of conductors  330  may pass through from first connector  310  to second connector  320 . In further embodiments, others of conductors  330  may go from first connector  310  to adapter  250  to second connector  320 . Additional electrically equivalent configurations of conductors  330  may also be used. Output  340  of adapter  250  may couple with accessory device  150  through a connector and/or other electrical connections, as described above for first connector  310  and second connector  320 . In some embodiments, output  340  includes a ground, DC voltage, DC return, loop in, and loop out. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates an embodiment of assembly  300  according to embodiments of the present invention. In the embodiment of  FIG. 3 , first connector  310  is a 9-pin female square/rectangular connector, second connector  320  is a 9-pin male square/rectangular connector, output  340  of adapter  250  is a 6-pin female round connector, and conductors  330  are insulated wires. Other connectors having a different number of pins and/or physical characteristics (e.g., dimensions and shapes) may be used. In further embodiments, first connector  310  and second connector  320  are 12-pin connectors. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates an embodiment of adapter  250  according to some embodiments of the present invention. Adapter  250  may also optionally include voltage adjustment  510  and/or protection  530  (also referred to herein as protection circuit  530 ). Adapter  250  may also include primaries of transformers  550 , rectification  570 , and failsafe  590 . Adapter  250  may receive AC voltage inputs  504  and  506 , for example, from source  210  through first connector  310  and conductors  330 . Adapter  250  may provide outputs  340 . 
     Voltage adjustment  510  may inductively couple AC voltage inputs  504  and  506  to the rest of adapter  250  (i.e., protection  530 , primaries of transformers  550 , rectification  570 , failsafe  590 , and outputs  340 ). Voltage adjustment  510  may also increase and/or decrease the voltage received from AC voltage inputs  504  and  506 . Voltage adjustment  510  may include transformers  514  and  524 . In some embodiments, transformers  514  and  524  receive 360-460 Volts AC at 50 Hz and/or 400-500 Volts AC at 60 Hz and provide 1-500 Volts AC. 
     Protection circuit  530  may provide protection from overcurrents and excessive transient voltages. Protection  530  may, for example, include one or more of circuit breakers, fuses, and varistors. Circuit breakers are automatically operated electrical switches designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit by detecting a fault condition and interrupting continuity to discontinue electrical flow. Circuit breakers may be reset to place the electrical circuit back into operation. Fuses perform a similar function as fuses, however fuses are sacrificial devices (i.e., are blown when a fault condition occurs) and must be replaced to place the electrical circuit back into operation. Varistors may protect electrical circuits against excessive transient voltages by (when triggered) shunting the current created by the high voltage away from the electrical circuit. Embodiments of protection circuit  530  include fuses  534  and  544  and metal-oxide varistors (MOVs)  536  and  546 . 
     Primaries of transformers  550  are the primary coils of transformers used to inductively couple components of failsafe  590  to AC voltage inputs  504  and  506 , and provide power to failsafe  590 . In some embodiments, primaries of transformers  550  include primaries of transformers  554  and  564 . The primary coils in conjunction with the secondary coils (described later in relation to  FIG. 6 ) comprise complete transformers. 
     Rectification  570  converts AC to DC. Rectification  570  may include half-wave, full-wave, and voltage-multiplier rectifiers. Rectification  570  may also include a filter (or smoothing) circuit (e.g., capacitor) to provide a steady DC voltage. Some embodiments of rectifier  570  include diode bridges  574  and  584 . 
     Failsafe  590  may prevent adapter  250  from supplying power to outputs  340  when adapter  250  is not communicatively coupled to accessory device  150 . In various embodiments, failsafe  590  operates as a switch which closes in response to outputs  340  being communicatively coupled with accessory device  150  and opens in response to outputs  340  being communicatively uncoupled from accessory device  150 . In this way, dangerous exposure to high voltage and the resulting risk of electrical shock and fire may be advantageously prevented by failsafe  590 . In some embodiments, outputs  340  may include 1-500 Volts DC. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates an embodiment of failsafe  590  in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention. Failsafe  590  may include inputs  610  communicatively coupled with outputs  690  through switches  630  and  670 . Inputs  610  may be communicatively coupled with diode bridges  574  and  584 . Switches  630  and  670  may be communicatively coupled with first power supply  620  and opto-coupler  650 , and second power supply  680  and opto coupler  660 , respectively. Failsafe  590  may also include LOOP IN communicatively coupled with LOOP OUT through opto-couplers  650  and  660 . LOOP OUT is communicatively coupled with third power supply  640 . 
     Switch  630  and switch  670  may receive DC power from first power supply  620  and second power supply  680 , respectively. Opto-couplers  650  and  660  (also referred to as opto-isolators, photocouplers, and optical isolators) may be devices which transfer electrical signals by utilizing light waves to provide coupling with electrical isolation between its input and output. Switches  630  and  670  may, for example be electrically operated switches, such as transistors, relays, and the like. In some embodiments, switches  630  and  670  may be n-channel field effect transistors (e.g., JFET and MOSFET). 
     First power supply  620  may, for example, include rectifier  622 , secondary coil  624  of transformer  554 , rectifier  626 , and secondary coil  628  of transformer  564 . Rectifiers  622  and  626  may be half-wave, full-wave, and voltage-multiplier rectifiers. First power supply  620  may also include a filter (or smoothing) circuit (e.g., capacitor) to provide a steady DC voltage. In some embodiments, first power supply  620  may provide 15 Volts DC. 
     Second power supply  680  may, for example, include rectifier  684 , secondary coil  682  of transformer  554 , rectifier  688 , and secondary coil  686  of transformer  564 . Rectifiers  684  and  688  may be half-wave, full-wave, and voltage-multiplier rectifiers. Second power supply  680  may also include a filter (or smoothing) circuit (e.g., capacitor) to provide a steady DC voltage. In some embodiments, second power supply  680  may provide 15 Volts DC. 
     Third power supply  640  may, for example, include rectifier  642 , secondary coil  644  of transformer  554 , rectifier  646 , and secondary coil  648  of transformer  564 . Rectifiers  642  and  646  may be half-wave, full-wave, and voltage-multiplier rectifiers. Third power supply  640  may also include a filter (or smoothing) circuit (e.g., capacitor) to provide a steady DC voltage. In some embodiments, third power supply  640  may provide 15 Volts DC. 
     In response to LOOP IN and LOOP OUT being communicatively uncoupled with each other (i.e., open), third power supply  640  may provide an electrical potential (i.e., voltage) across LOOP IN and LOOP OUT, and the light sources inside opto-couplers  650  and  660  may provide light. In response to the light sources inside opto-couplers  650  and  660  providing light, sensors inside opto-couplers  650  and  660  may provide (or modulate) electric current flow. The flow of current through sensors inside opto-couplers  650  and  660  may open switches  630  and  670 . When switches  630  and  670  are open, adapter  250  may not provide power to outputs  340 . 
     In response to LOOP IN and LOOP OUT being communicatively coupled with each other (i.e., shorted), third power supply  640  may be effectively tied to ground and there may not be a substantial electrical potential (i.e., voltage) across LOOP IN and LOOP OUT, and the light sources inside opto-couplers  650  and  660  may not provide light. In response to the light sources inside opto-couplers  650  and  660  not providing light, sensors inside opto-couplers  650  and  660  may not provide (or modulate) electric current flow. The lack of current flow through sensors inside opto-couplers  650  and  660  may close switches  630  and  670 . When switches  630  and  670  are closed, adapter  250  provides power to outputs  340 . 
       FIG. 7  illustrates enclosure  700  according to some embodiments of the present invention. Enclosure  700  is optional, and may enclose adapter  250 . In some embodiments, adapter  250  is encapsulated in enclosure  700 . Enclosure  700  may protect adapter  250  from electrical shorts, shock, vibration, moisture, and corrosion. Enclosure  700  may, for example, comprise solid or gelatinous thermo-setting plastic and silicon rubber gels, such as polycarbonate resin thermoplastic, thermoplastic elastomer, polyurethane, silicone, epoxy resin, and other encapsulation materials. In some embodiments, enclosure  700  comprises polycarbonate resin thermoplastic and thermoplastic elastomer. 
     Enclosure  700  may be mounted outside of or within intermodal container  110 . Enclosure  700 , for example, may be coupled to an interior floor, wall, and/or ceiling of intermodal container  110 . In various embodiments, enclosure  700  (or adapter  250  without enclosure  700 ) is disposed on or adjacent to fan  140 . In further embodiments, enclosure  700  (or adapter  250  without enclosure  700 ) is mounted adjacent to or within accessory device  150 . In these ways, enclosure  700  (or adapter  250  without enclosure  700 ) may be quickly installed without additional hardware and may be removed when accessory device  150  is removed from intermodal container  110 . 
       FIG. 8  illustrates an exemplary computing system  800  that may be used to implement, for example, accessory device  150 . The system  800  of  FIG. 8  may be implemented in the contexts of the likes of computing systems, networks, servers, or combinations thereof. The computing system  800  of  FIG. 8  includes one or more processors  810  and main memory  820 . Main memory  820  stores, in part, instructions and data for execution by processor  810 . Main memory  820  may store the executable code when in operation. The system  800  of  FIG. 8  further includes a mass storage device  830 , portable storage device(s)  840 , output devices  850 , input devices  860 , a graphics display system  870 , and peripheral devices  880 . 
     The components shown in  FIG. 8  are depicted as being connected via a single bus  890 . The components may be connected through one or more data transport means. Processor unit  810  and main memory  820  may be connected via a local microprocessor bus, and the mass storage device  830 , peripheral device(s)  880 , portable storage device  840 , and display system  870  may be connected via one or more input/output (I/O) buses. 
     Mass storage device  830 , which may be implemented with a magnetic disk drive or an optical disk drive, is a non-volatile storage device for storing data and instructions for use by processor unit  810 . Mass storage device  830  may store the system software for implementing embodiments of the present invention for purposes of loading that software into main memory  820 . 
     Portable storage device  840  operates in conjunction with a portable non-volatile storage medium, such as a floppy disk, compact disk, digital video disc, or USB storage device, to input and output data and code to and from the computer system  800  of  FIG. 8 . The system software for implementing embodiments of the present invention may be stored on such a portable medium and input to the computer system  800  via the portable storage device  840 . 
     Input devices  860  provide a portion of a user interface. Input devices  860  may include an alphanumeric keypad, such as a keyboard, for inputting alpha-numeric and other information, or a pointing device, such as a mouse, a trackball, stylus, or cursor direction keys. Input devices  860  may also include a touchscreen. Additionally, the system  800  as shown in  FIG. 8  includes output devices  850 . Suitable output devices include speakers, printers, network interfaces, and monitors. 
     Display system  870  may include a liquid crystal display (LCD) or other suitable display device. Display system  870  receives textual and graphical information, and processes the information for output to the display device. 
     Peripheral devices  880  may include any type of computer support device to add additional functionality to the computer system. Peripheral device(s)  880  may include a GPS navigation device, (GSM) modem, satellite radio, router, and the like. 
     The components provided in the computer system  800  of  FIG. 8  are those typically found in computer systems that may be suitable for use with embodiments of the present invention and are intended to represent a broad category of such computer components that are well known in the art. Thus, the computer system  800  of  FIG. 8  may be a personal computer, hand held computing system, telephone, mobile computing system, workstation, server, minicomputer, mainframe computer, or any other computing system. The computer may also include different bus configurations, networked platforms, multi-processor platforms, etc. Various operating systems may be used including Unix, Linux, Windows, Mac OS, Palm OS, Android, iOS (known as iPhone OS before June 2010), QNX, and other suitable operating systems. 
     It is noteworthy that any hardware platform suitable for performing the processing described herein is suitable for use with the embodiments provided herein. Computer-readable storage media refer to any medium or media that participate in providing instructions to a central processing unit (CPU), a processor, a microcontroller, or the like. Such media may take forms including, but not limited to, non-volatile and volatile media such as optical or magnetic disks and dynamic memory, respectively. Common forms of computer-readable storage media include a floppy disk, a flexible disk, a hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magnetic storage medium, a CD-ROM disk, digital video disk (DVD), Blu-ray Disc (BD), any other optical storage medium, RAM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, FLASH memory, and/or any other memory chip, module, or cartridge. 
     While certain exemplary embodiments have been described and shown in the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that such embodiments are merely illustrative and not restrictive of the broad disclosure and that this disclosure is not limited to the specific constructions and arrangements shown and described, since various other modifications may occur to those ordinarily skilled in the art upon studying this disclosure. In an area of technology such as this, where growth is fast and further advancements are not easily foreseen, the disclosed embodiments may be readily modifiable in arrangement and detail as facilitated by enabling technological advancements without departing from the principals of the present disclosure. 
     In the foregoing specification, specific embodiments of the present disclosure have been described. However, one of ordinary skill in the art appreciates that various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the scope of the present disclosure as set forth in the claims below. Accordingly, the specification and figures are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of present disclosure. The benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any element(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential features or elements of any or all the claims. The disclosure is defined solely by the appended claims including any amendments made during the pendency of this application and all equivalents of those claims as issued.