Abstract:
Method, software, and system for efficiently enabling n-way collaborative work using common software over a network of computers. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, each participant in a collaborative session starts up a common software application, which includes a collaboration component. This collaboration component is used to establish a common session that includes all interested parties. The collaboration component replicates operations performed on any one instance of said application to all other instances participating in the same session, so the effect is as if all members of the session were sharing a single instance of the application on a single computer. In one aspect, the collaboration component also supports broadcast of audio and video over a computer network, to enable session participants to see and/or hear each other, and further includes other features that support collaborative work.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/229,371, filed Sep. 9, 2011, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/201,355, filed Aug. 29, 2008, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/127,777, filed Apr. 22, 2002, all of which are entitled “METHOD AND SOFTWARE FOR ENABLING N-WAY COLLABORATIVE WORK OVER A NETWORK OF COMPUTERS,” the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Collaborative work over the Internet, as an alternative to actual face-to-face meetings, has been growing in popularity. Discussions and lectures can be held while individual participants are in geographically distant locations. 
     A major requirement for efficient collaborative work of this kind is the ability to view a common document—whether a text document, overheads for a lecture, or a multimedia presentation. This preferably includes the ability to allow all participants to examine the document, the ability to direct everyone&#39;s attention to a specific item or page of the document, and the ability to add annotations that are visible (and perhaps modifiable) by all participants in the meeting. Further distinctions are possible: (i) one can distinguish between “synchronous collaboration” and “asynchronous collaboration”; and (ii) one can distinguish between “one-way collaboration” and “n-way” collaboration. In “synchronous collaboration,” all collaboration activities occur online, and participants interact in real-time. In “asynchronous collaboration,” collaboration activities can occur at different times for each participant. In “one-way collaboration,” only one of the participants can manipulate the shared document—the others are just “along for the ride” (i.e., able only to view). In “n-way collaboration,” any of the participants can perform operations that are then visible also to all fellow participants. 
     Two approaches are commonly used to provide these abilities. The first approach is to use a universal document representation scheme and install on the workstations of all participants an application able to manipulate documents. In some cases, the application has been enhanced to support collaborative work. This is the more common approach. HTML is typically chosen as the representation scheme, and a web browser (e.g., Netscape or Internet Explorer) is the common application. But such a scheme has disadvantages: web browsers do not “abstract away” from workstation-specific issues, such as screen size and resolution. As a result, products may be unable, for example, to place a highlighter in the same spot in the document as viewed by all participants in a session, causing obvious confusion. 
     The other common approach—known as “application sharing”—assumes that there is not one application common to all participants. To solve that problem, a single workstation is chosen to run the application needed to manipulate the document. The user at that workstation manipulates the document directly. Each of the other users is presented with a dynamically-updated snapshot of the screen window displayed by the application on the workstation. The remote users are able to manipulate the joint document through the replication of low-level events (such as mouse motion and keyboard operation) from the remote user&#39;s computers (where the snapshot is shown) to the workstation (where the application actually runs). There are at least two shortcomings to this approach: (a) it can be expensive, in terms of bandwidth required to replicate the snapshot across all remote computers; and (b) it can create a substantial security risk, since the technology used to replicate low-level events can be used to give a remote user control over the workstation where the application runs. 
     There is thus a need for an approach that provides the better features associated with each of the above approaches, without their corresponding drawbacks. 
     Another requirement for efficient collaboration is the ability to audibly and/or visually interact with other participants in a session. Many of the collaborative applications presently available rely on a teleconference over regular telephone lines to provide this component of the meeting experience. Such an approach can be quite cumbersome, since it may require that the participants manage computers as well as telephones. Often only voices, and not visual images, are distributed. Some collaborative applications provide for the delivery of audio and video information over the same computer network used for the collaborative work. This leads to a much more “real” experience for the participants. 
     However, there remains a need for a solution that provides for scalable delivery of audio/video information, capable of adapting the a/v streams to the bandwidth available to each participant. 
     SUMMARY 
     One goal of the present invention is to provide a system, method, and software for synchronous collaborative work over a collection of computer workstations networked together that support a powerful, flexible, universal, and scalable model of n-way collaborative work. In a preferred embodiment, Acrobat&#39;s PDF standard is used for document representation, since it is both ubiquitous and more powerful than HTML. The PDF document standard includes support for a variety of document content types, including multimedia parts, along with a variety of annotation types. In the same preferred embodiment, the Adobe Acrobat applications (“Acrobat” and “Acrobat Reader”) are used as the common application platform. These applications are enhanced with a plug-in module that is particularly suited to support synchronous collaborative work. The preferred plug-in module ties into each application&#39;s internal event processing engine, then propagates any events that occur in any one instance of the application that has joined a common session to all other participants in the same session, thus providing for a shared experience. The plug-in module preferably also provides audio/video services, to enable session participants to see and/or hear each other, when practical. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  depicts a computer network used in a preferred embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 2  depicts software architecture used in a preferred embodiment. 
         FIG. 3  depicts a user interface directed to an “owner” of a collaborative session using a preferred embodiment. 
         FIG. 4  depicts a user interface directed to a participant in a collaborative session using a preferred embodiment. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates sending of events within a preferred application. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a first preferred approach to receiving events within a preferred application. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a second preferred approach to receiving events within a preferred application. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates a preferred method for providing a consistent experience to all participants in a collaboration session. 
         FIGS. 9A-9C  depict a UML model depicting preferred classes used for interaction with a preferred application. 
         FIGS. 10A-10C  depict a UML model depicting preferred classes used for transmitting events across preferred plug-ins. 
         FIGS. 11A-11C  depict a UML model depicting preferred core classes used in a preferred plug-in. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     A preferred embodiment of the present invention enables collaborative work on a common application and minimizes overhead without sacrificing security of workstations used to participate in a collaborative session. A preferred method comprises installing a collaboration module (plug-in  120 —see  FIG. 1 ) within a common application  130 . The plug-in  120  preferably interfaces with event processing mechanisms of the application  130  in at least two ways: (1) by tracking what operations each participant in a session executes on the participant&#39;s instance of the application  130 , then propagating those same operations across a computer network to other instances of the application  130  participating in that session; and (2) by receiving event notifications (either directly or indirectly, from a session manager  110  who relays such notifications) from other participants&#39; plug-ins during the session, and replicating those notifications as operations on the local instance of the application  130 . 
     The method preferably comprises algorithms to resolve potential problems in synchronizing concurrent, conflicting operations. Typically, applications providing the ability for a plug-in  120  to interface with their own internal event processing are of two types: (1) those that support a “push” mode, in which delivery of events from the plug-in  120  to the application  130  occurs when the plug-in  120  receives the event; and (2) those that require a “pull” mode, in which delivery of events to the application  130  occurs at times the application designates. A preferred plug-in  120  can operate in either environment. When an application  130  requires “pull” delivery of events, the plug-in  120  queues events received from the session until the application  130  is ready to handle them. But when “push” delivery of events to the application  130  is possible, events do not need to be queued.  FIG. 2  illustrates this architecture. Since communications protocols of a preferred embodiment of the invention propagate application-level events, those protocols are more efficient than lower-level, platform-specific events, in that network overhead is minimized. 
     In one embodiment, preferred plug-ins  120  communicate with each other via a central session manager  110  that acts as a relay station, in what is commonly known as a “star network” (see  FIG. 1 ). This guarantees that each of the session participants only needs to pay the network overhead associated with their own participation in the session; only the session manager  110  needs to pay overhead proportional to the “size” (number of participants) in a session. Such a session manager  110  can be provided as a service by a service provider (such as an ISP), or can be supplied by one of the participants in the session. That is, in one embodiment, the session manager  110  is incorporated with the plug-in  120  used by one of the participants. 
     The security of workstations participating in a session is guaranteed at two levels: (1) communications across instances of the application  130  in a common session are limited to events meaningful only within that application—any other resources present on any participating workstation are ignored; and (2) a preferred plug-in  120  propagates no events that could have an effect outside the application. 
     Privacy of a session also is guaranteed at two levels: (1) in order to receive notifications of events from other participants&#39; workstations, a participant must join a session, and join protocols can prevent unauthorized parties from joining in; and (2) communications over a network that links workstations in a session can be encrypted, to prevent eavesdropping. 
     To illustrate in detail how a preferred embodiment of the method works, a sample implementation is described below, wherein Adobe Acrobat is used as the common application  130 . 
     Assume for the purposes of this example that a number of session manager  110  servers are available somewhere on the Internet, and assume that there is also a session server directory available through some web site. However, the prior existence of a session manager server is not required. A creator of a new session preferably can configure his or her own instance of the application  130  to act as a session manager  110  for a particular session. 
     To begin a collaborative session, the participant who will “manage” the session (the “owner”) preferably first starts up an instance of the application  130  to be run, so that the owner can then create a session for everyone else to join. After the owner starts the application  130 , he enters configuration data for himself into a form  310  (see  FIG. 3 ). The owner&#39;s configuration data preferably includes information sufficient to identify him within the session, along with configuration data to be used in case a direct connection from this application  130  to others on the Internet is not possible (the address and port number used for a proxy server to act as a relay for all communications, for example). Other participants in the session to be created (“users”) need to enter similar information into a form  410  (see  FIG. 4 ). 
     When the application  130  starts up, it also starts up an instance of a preferred plug-in  120  that executes within the application  130 . On startup, the plug-in  120  preferably registers with the application  130  the plug-in&#39;s interest in receiving notification of all interesting application-level events detected by the application  130 . These events correspond to all operations performed by a user of that application  130 . Opening and closing files, navigating within a file, and adding annotations to a file are examples of application-level events detected by Adobe&#39;s Acrobat. Acrobat preferably notifies the plug-in  120  of the occurrence of any of these events, as each happens. Code allowed to register as an event handler with Acrobat must be “native” C/C++ code. Since the core  510  (see  FIG. 5 ) of a preferred plug-in  120  is written in Java, the interface between the Acrobat application  130  and the Java plug-in comprises two layers: (1) a set of C++ functions  530  individually written to register as handlers with each of the event types defined by Acrobat; and (2) a Java function  520  corresponding to each C++ function, to relay the handling of these events to the core of the Java plug-in  120 . The processing of each event within a preferred plug-in  120  could be time-consuming; therefore, to hide any resulting delay from a user of the application  130 , the plug-in  120  preferably queues up (in queue  510 ) events received from its own application  130 , while the application  130  processes the next user request.  FIG. 5  illustrates this architecture. 
     The instances of the preferred plug-in  120  that are part of a common session preferably do not interact with each other directly. Instead, to minimize network overhead paid by any one participant of the session, each instance of the plug-in  120  communicates with a central session manager  110 . This session manager  110  acts as a distribution point and relay station, receiving each event notification from each plug-in  120  and re-transmitting it to all other plug-ins that participate in the same session. To minimize processing delay “perceived” by a sending plug-in  120 , the session manager  110  also queues up event notifications it receives for processing. The plug-in  120  that transmits an event to the session manager  110  preferably receives an acknowledgment immediately, and continues execution while the session manager  110  goes on to retransmit the received event to every other plug-in  120  in that session. 
     Each plug-in  120  also receives event notifications from the central session manager  110 . These event notifications are used to replicate on the application  130  associated with the receiving plug-in  120  the actions performed by the user on the application  130  associated with the sending plug-in  120 . Again, to minimize the delay associated with the processing of the event on the receiving side, the receiving plug-in  120  queues up event notifications it receives and acknowledges them immediately to the central session manager  110 . This enables the session manager  110  to continue processing while the receiving plug-in  120  processes the event it received. 
     In one embodiment, the application  130  associated with the plug-in  120  supports execution of commands corresponding to “pushed” event notifications received. In this case, the preferred plug-in  120  can proceed to invoke the commands associated with each event as it retrieves them from the queue  510 .  FIG. 6  illustrates this approach. However, it is also possible that the application  130  would not support such execution, but would rather require that commands be executed only when the application  130  thought it appropriate. In this second case, a preferred plug-in  120  keeps incoming event notifications in the arrival queue  510 , and waits for the application  130  to request the delivery of an event. Such a request would entail the execution of the command associated with the event, but under the application&#39;s control and at its convenience. Adobe&#39;s Acrobat is an example of this second type of application.  FIG. 7  illustrates this second approach. 
     One problem addressed by a preferred embodiment of the invention is related to the sequence of operations that the users of the individual instances of the application  130  in the session will observe their instance of the application  130  execute, taking into account the concurrent execution of operations by each of the users that need to be replicated across the session. If no special care were taken, each of the individual users could receive the sequence of operations in a different order, potentially depriving them of the desired common experience. To address this potential problem, a preferred embodiment comprises a method to sequence operations broadcast to all participants in a session that ensures that they do share a common experience. 
     The preferred method comprises the following steps (see  FIG. 8 ). At step  810  session manager  110  receives an event notification with the sequence number “reqSeqNum” of the last event received by the sending plug-in. At step  820  the session manager compares the received sequence number reqSeqNum to the number “lastSeqNum” of the last event broadcast by session manager  110 . If the two numbers are equal, then at step  830  session manager  110  assigns a new sequence number to the received event notification, and save that number as lastSeqNum. At step  840  session manager  110  designates the participant plug-in from which it received the event notification as “lastSender.” At step  850  session manager  110  broadcasts the received event notification to all participants (other than lastSender) and then waits to receive the next event notification at step  810 . 
     However, if at step  820  reqSeqNum does not equal lastSeqNum, then at step  860  session manager  110  compares the sender of the notification to lastSender. If the two are the same, session manager  110  proceeds to step  830 , for reasons discussed below. If the two are not the same, the received event notification is ignored, and session manager  110  waist to receive the next event notification at step  810 . 
     Session-based event sequence numbers are assigned to each of the events that arrive at the session manager  110 , before they are relayed to all the participants in the session. When a participant&#39;s plug-in  120  sends an event notification to the session manager  110 , the notification comprises an event sequence number for the last event the plug-in  120  received. The session manager  110  preferably ignores event notifications from participants when the event sequence number that accompanies the request is lower than the last sequence number assigned. Such a scenario would typically only occur if the participant had yet to process an event that had already been sent out. In such a case, ignoring the notification will have the effect of giving that participant a chance to “catch up.” The session manager  110  preferably may only accept the event notification, even if the event sequence number is not the last one used, when the participant plug-in  120  sending the notification was also the participant plug-in  120  that sent the notification corresponding to the last sequence number issued. In that case, that plug-in  120  may not have received its own event notification (there is often no need for a plug-in  120  to have received notification of its own events). 
       FIGS. 9A-9C, 10A-10C, and 11A-11C  illustrate in more detail a sample implementation of the preferred method.  FIGS. 9A-9C  depict a preferred UML model for code responsible for actual interaction between the application  130  and the plug-in  120 . Type “AcrobatProxy”  910  is the Java description for “native” C++ code actually registered with the Acrobat event processing engine. Type “Acrobat”  920  is Java code invoked by native functions in order to hand off an event notification from the application  130  to its plug-in  120 . 
       FIGS. 10A-10C  depict a preferred UML model for code responsible for communications across plug-ins. Type “Session”  1010  provides Java code used remotely by a sending plug-in  120  to communicate to a session manager  110  that a new event took place. Type “SessionParticipant”  1020  describes receiving plug-in  120   s  that receive event notifications from a session manager  110 . 
       FIGS. 11A-11C  depict a preferred UML model for basic structure of a preferred plug-in  120 . Type “Acrobat”  1110  is a description of Java code within a preferred plug-in  120  that is called to handle locally an event notification received from the application  130 , or to relay back to the application  130  a request to execute an operation. Type “Session”  1120  is an object within the session manager  110  that plug-ins communicate events to. Type “SessionParticipant”  1130  is a description for code within a preferred plug-in  120  that receives notifications from a session manager  110  and passes them on to code described by the Acrobat class for processing. 
     While the invention has been described with respect to the preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that numerous variations and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the invention. Accordingly, it should be clearly understood that the embodiments described above are not intended as restrictions on the scope of the invention, which is limited only by the following claims.