Abstract:
Disclosed is a remote network management system for coupling a series of remote domain servers, file/print servers, headless servers, network appliances, serial IT equipment, switches, routers, firewalls, security interfaces, application servers, load balancers, and environmental controls to one or more user workstations allowing for selective access of the remote devices. The remote devices are all connected to a remote management unit which interfaces each user workstation to the remote devices. The power supply of each remote device is similarly connected to the remote management unit through a controllable power supply. An option menu containing a list of all of the remote devices allows a user to select and operate any of the remote devices from the workstation. The option menu is also utilized to selectively control the power to the remote devices, servers, and computers.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     The present invention relates generally to a remote network management system for remotely controlling network and computer equipment from one or more local user workstations through a remote control device. Specifically, a keyboard, video monitor, and cursor control device attached to a user workstation are utilized to remotely control domain servers, file/print servers, headless servers, network appliances, serial IT equipment, switches, routers, firewalls, security interfaces, application servers, load balancers, and environmental controls as their associated power supplies are connected to a remote control device.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     In many situations, it is desirable to manage networking equipment, servers, and computers located at a location remote from the system administrator. If the distance is great enough, the Internet is commonly utilized to control computers from a remote location. For example, a software program such as pcAnywhere may be utilized to access a remote computer over the Internet or a LAN utilizing the keyboard, video monitor, and cursor control device attached to a local user workstation. Remote computer access programs, such as pcAnywhere, typically require that host software is installed on the remote computer and client software is installed on the user workstation. To access a remote computer, a user of the user workstation selects the desired remote computer from a list and enters the appropriate username and password. Once access has been granted to the remote computer, the user utilizes the keyboard, video monitor, and cursor control device attached to the local user workstation to access and operate the remote computer.  
         [0003]     Hardware solutions also exist for operating a remote computer from a user workstation over the Internet or via a modem. In contrast to software solutions, hardware solutions do not typically require host and/or client software. Instead, hardware solutions typically utilize a keyboard, video monitor, and mouse (“KVM”) switch which is accessible over the Internet or LAN via a common protocol, such as TCP/IP. The hardware solutions may also utilize a modem to connect to the Internet. Generally, a user or system administrator accesses the remote computers attached to the KVM switch utilizing an Internet web-browser or client software associated with the KVM switch. Once the remote computer has been selected, the remote computer&#39;s video signal is routed to the user workstation&#39;s video monitor and a user may then utilize a keyboard and/or mouse to control the remote computer. The KVM switch may additionally include a connection to the power source of the remote computer for a hard reboot in case of system failure.  
         [0004]     The aforementioned hardware and software solutions generally utilize compression algorithms to reduce the necessary bandwidth required to transmit the video signals. For example, the remote network management system of the present invention uses the compression algorithm disclosed in application Ser. No. 10/233,299, which is incorporated herein by reference, to reduce and compress the digital data that must be transmitted to the remote computers and/or video display devices. Generally, video signals generated by a personal computer have both spatial and interframe redundancies. For example, in a near idle personal computer, the only change between successive frames of video might be the blinking of a cursor. Even as a user types a document, a majority of the screen does not change over a period of time. Hence, the compression algorithm used by the present invention takes advantage of these redundancies, both between successive frames of video and within each individual frame, to reduce the amount of digital video signal data that is transmitted to the remote computers and/or video display devices. Reducing the amount of digital data transmitted over the communication medium decreases communication time and decreases the required bandwidth.  
         [0005]     Most forms of video compression known in the art require complicated calculations. For example, Moving Pictures Experts Group (“MPEG”) video compression algorithms use the discrete cosine transform as part of its algorithm. Also, the MPEG standard relies on the recognition of “motion” between frames, which requires calculation of motion vectors that describe how portions of the video image have changed over a period of time. Since these algorithms are calculation intensive, they either require expensive hardware or extended transmission times that allow sufficient time for slower hardware to complete the calculations.  
         [0006]     In addition to complexity, many existing video compression techniques are lossy (i.e., they do not transmit all of the video signal information in order to reduce the required bandwidth). Typically, such lossy techniques either reduce the detail of a video image or reduce the number of colors utilized. Although reducing the number of colors could be part of an adequate compression solution for some computer management systems applications, in many other applications, such a result defeats the intended purposes of the computer management system.  
         [0007]     The following references, which are discussed below, were found to relate to the field of computer management systems: Perholtz et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,732,212 (“Perholtz”), Beasley U.S. Pat. No. 6,112,264 (“Beasley”), Pinkston, II et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,378,009 (“Pinkston”), Thornton et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,385,666 (“Thornton”), and Wilder et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,557,170 (“Wilder”).  
         [0008]     Perholtz discloses a method and apparatus for coupling a local user workstation, including a keyboard, mouse, and/or video monitor, to a remote computer. Perholtz discloses a system wherein the remote computer is selected from a menu displayed on a standard size personal computer video monitor. Upon selection of a remote computer by the system user, the remote computer&#39;s video signals are transmitted to the local user workstation&#39;s video monitor. The system user may also control the remote computer utilizing the local user workstation&#39;s keyboard and monitor. The Perholtz system is also capable of bi-directionally transmitting mouse and keyboard signals between the local user workstation and the remote computer. The remote computer and the local user workstation may be connected either via the Public Switched Telephone System (“PSTN”) and modems or via direct cabling.  
         [0009]     Similar to Perholtz, Beasley discloses a specific implementation of a computerized switching system for coupling a local keyboard, mouse and/or video monitor to one of a plurality of remote computers. In particular, a first signal conditioning unit includes an on-screen programming circuit that displays a list of connected remote computers on the local video monitor. To activate the menu, a user depresses, for example, the “print screen” key on the local keyboard. The user selects the desired computer from the list using the local keyboard and/or mouse.  
         [0010]     According to Beasley, the on-screen programming circuit requires at least two sets of tri-state buffers, a single on-screen processor, an internal synchronization generator, a synchronization switch, a synchronization polarizer, and overlay control logic. The first set of tri-state buffers couples the red, green, and blue components of the video signals received from the remote computer to the video monitor. That is, when the first set of tri-state buffers are energized, the red, green, and blue video signals are passed from the remote computer to the local video monitor through the tri-state buffers. When the first set of tri-state buffers are not active, the video signals from the remote computer are blocked. Similarly, the second set of tri-state buffers couples the outputs of the single on-screen processor to the video monitor. When the second set of tri-state buffers is energized, the video output of the on-screen programming circuit is displayed on the local video monitor. When the second set of tri-state buffers is not active, the video output from the on-screen programming circuit is blocked. Alternatively, if both sets of tri-state buffers are energized, the remote computer video signals are combined with the video signals generated by the on-screen processor prior to display on the local video monitor.  
         [0011]     The on-screen programming circuit disclosed in Beasley also produces its own horizontal and vertical synchronization signals. To dictate which characters are displayed on the video monitor, the CPU sends instructional data to the on-screen processor. This causes the on-screen processor to retrieve characters from an internal video RAM for display on the local video monitor.  
         [0012]     The overlaid video image produced by the on-screen processor, namely a Motorola MC141543 on-screen processor, is limited to the size and quantity of colors and characters that are available with the single on-screen processor. In other words, the Beasley system is designed to produce an overlaid video that is sized for a standard size computer monitor (i.e., not a wall-size or multiple monitor type video display) and is limited to the quantity of colors and characters provided by the single on-screen processor.  
         [0013]     During operation of the Beasley system, a remote computer is chosen from the overlaid video display. Thereafter, the first signal conditioning unit receives keyboard and mouse signals from the local keyboard and mouse and generates a data packet for transmission to a central cross point switch. The cross point switch routes the data packet to the second signal conditioning unit, which is coupled to the selected remote computer. The second signal conditioning unit then routes the keyboard and mouse command signals to the keyboard and mouse connectors of the remote computer. Similarly, video signals produced by the remote computer are routed from the remote computer through the second signal conditioning unit, the cross point switch, and the first signal conditioning unit to the local video monitor. The horizontal and vertical synchronization video signals received from the remote computer are encoded on one of the red, green or blue video signals. This encoding reduces the quantity of cables required to transmit the video signals from the remote computer to the local video monitor.  
         [0014]     Pinkston discloses a keyboard, video, mouse (“KVM”) switching system capable of coupling to a standard network (e.g., a Local Area Network) operating with a standard network protocol (e.g., Ethernet, TCP/IP, etc.). The system of Pinkston couples a central switch to a plurality of computers and at least one user station having a keyboard, video monitor, and mouse. The central switch includes a network interface card (“NIC”) for connecting the central switch to a network, which may include a number of additional computers or remote terminals. Utilizing the Pinkston system, a user located at a remote terminal attached to the network may control any of the computers coupled to the central switch.  
         [0015]     Thornton discloses a computer system having remotely located I/O devices. The system of Thornton includes a computer, a first interface device, and a remotely located second interface device. The first interface device is coupled to the computer and the second interface device is coupled to a video monitor and as many as three I/O devices (e.g., keyboard, mouse, printer, joystick, trackball, etc.) such that a human interface is created. The first and second interface devices are coupled to each other via a four wire cable. The first interface device receives video signals from the connected computer and encodes the horizontal and vertical synchronization signals of the received video signals onto at least one of the red, green, and blue components of the video signal. The first interface device also encodes the I/O signals received from the connected computer into a data packet for transmission over the fourth wire in the four wire cable. Thereafter, the encoded, red, green, and blue components of the video signals and the data packet are transmitted to the second interface device located at the human interface. The second interface device decodes the encoded red, green, and blue components of the video signal, separates the encoded horizontal and vertical synchronization signals, and decodes the I/O signal data packet. The video signal and the synchronization signals are then output to the video monitor attached to the second interface and the decoded I/O signals are routed to the proper I/O device, also attached to the second interface. The second interface device may optionally include circuitry to encode I/O signals received from the I/O devices attached to the second interface for transmission to the first interface device.  
         [0016]     Wilder discloses a keyboard, video, mouse, and power switching (“KVMP”) apparatus for connecting a plurality of computers to one or more user stations having an attached keyboard, video monitor, and mouse. On screen display (“OSD”) circuitry embedded within the KVMP switching apparatus allows a user located at a user station to select and operate any one of the computers utilizing the keyboard, video monitor, and mouse attached to the user station. Secondary switching circuitry located within the KVMP switching apparatus allows a user located at a user station to additionally control the electrical power supply supplying each computer.  
         [0017]     In view of the foregoing, a need clearly exists for a self-contained remote network management system capable of operating and controlling networking equipment, servers, and computers connected to a remote control switching unit. Furthermore, such a system should allow a user to control the power supply attached to the remote networking equipment, servers, and computers. The system should aid in managing remote network environments, thereby reducing the need to have an on-site system administrator.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0018]     The present invention provides a self-contained remote network management system for administrating a remote computer networking environment from one or more local user workstations with attached peripheral devices (i.e., keyboard, video monitor, cursor control device, etc.). The remote network management system of the present invention allows a user located at a user workstation to access, operate, and control networking equipment, servers, and computers located at a remote location. The remote network management system also allows a user to control the power supply to each piece of remote equipment. The networking equipment (e.g., hubs, switches, routers, etc.) is typically controlled via a serial interface. In contrast, servers and computers are controlled and operated utilizing a keyboard, video monitor, and mouse.  
         [0019]     The remote networking equipment, servers, and computers are all connected to a central remote management unit (“RMU”), and in turn, the RMU is connected to the Internet or a LAN via an Ethernet or modem connection. The RMU has serial ports for connection to the networking equipment as well as keyboard, video, and cursor control device ports for connection to the servers and computers. The RMU additionally contains a port for connection to a power supply capable of controlling the power to the networking equipment, servers, and computers. Standard cabling is utilized to connect the networking equipment, servers, and computers to the appropriate ports on the RMU.  
         [0020]     The RMU also provides compatibility between various operating systems and/or communication protocols, including but not limited to, those manufactured by Microsoft Corporation (“Microsoft”) (Windows), Apple Computer, Inc. (“Apple”) (Macintosh), Sun Microsystems, Inc. (“Sun”) (Solaris), Digital Equipment Corporation (“DEC”), Compaq Computer Corporation (“Compaq”) (Alpha), International Business Machines (“IBM”) (RS/6000), Hewlett-Packard Company (“HP”) (HP9000) and SGI (formerly “Silicon Graphics, Inc.”) (IRIX).  
         [0021]     To utilize the remote network management system of the present invention, a user first initiates a management session by utilizing client software located on a user workstation to connect to the RMU. Alternatively, the user may utilize an Internet browser to connect to the RMU. The user is then prompted by the RMU to provide a user name and a password. The RMU is capable of storing multiple profiles and different levels of access for each profile. Once a user has been authenticated, the user is provided an option menu on the user workstation&#39;s monitor produced by option menu circuitry located in the RMU. The option menu consists of a menu listing all the networking equipment, servers, and computers at the remote location. The option menu additionally contains a menu allowing a user to control the power to each piece of remote equipment. The user selects the desired networking equipment, server, or computer by utilizing the keyboard and/or cursor control device attached to the user workstation. Once a user makes a selection, the user is provided access to the remote equipment as if the user is physically located at the remote site.  
         [0022]     The RMU and the user workstation communicate via TCP/IP. Before transmission via TCP/IP, the unidirectional video signals (i.e., from the RMU to the user workstation) are digitized by a frame grabber. This circuit captures video output from the initiating computer at a speed of at least  20  frames/second and converts the captured analog video signals to a digital representation of pixels. Each pixel is digitally represented with 5 bits for red, 5 bits for green, and 5 bits for blue. The digital representation is then stored in a raw frame buffer. The compression algorithm then processes the digital data contained in the raw frame buffer. The compression algorithm is actually a combination of four sub-algorithms (i.e., the Noise Reduction and Difference Test (“NRDT”), Smoothing, Caching, and Bit Splicing/Compression sub-algorithms) as described in greater detail below.  
         [0023]     After the video signals have arrived at the user workstation, decompression occurs. The user workstation operates as a decompression device by executing a decompression algorithm. Along with any transmitted video or data signals, the RMU transmits messages to the decompression devices regarding the portions of the video that yielded “cache” hits (i.e., portions of unchanged video). In response, the decompression device constructs the video frame based upon the transmitted video signals and the blocks of pixels contained in its local cache. Also, the decompression device updates its local cache with the new blocks of pixels received from the RMU. In this manner, the decompression device caches remain synchronized with the compression device cache. Both the compression device and the decompression device update their respective cache by replacing older video data with newer video data.  
         [0024]     Furthermore, the video signals transmitted by the RMU have been compressed using a lossless compression algorithm. Therefore, the decompression device (e.g., software on the user workstation) must reverse this lossless compression. This is done by identifying the changed portions of the video image, based upon flags transmitted by the RMU. From this flag information, the decompression device is able to reconstruct full frames of video.  
         [0025]     In addition, the decompression device converts the video frame to its original color scheme by reversing a color code table (“CCT”) conversion. The decompression device, like the RMU, locally stores a copy of the same CCT used to compress the video data. The CCT is then used to convert the video data received from the RMU to a standard RGB format that may be displayed on the monitor attached to the user workstation.  
         [0026]     The decompression algorithm can be implemented in the remote network management system of the present invention in a variety of embodiments. For example, in one embodiment, it can be implemented as a software application that is executed by the user workstation. In an alternate embodiment, the decompression algorithm can be implemented to execute within a web browser such as Internet Explorer or Netscape® Navigator®. Such an embodiment eliminates the need for installation of application specific software on the user workstation. Also, this embodiment allows the RMU to easily transmit the video signals to any user workstation with Internet capabilities, regardless of the distance at which the computer is located from the initiating computer. This feature reduces the cabling cost associated with the remote network management system of the present invention.  
         [0027]     Since the present invention can be used to display video signals at locations that may be at a great distance from the RMU, it is important to ensure that the video signal transmission is secure. If the transmission is not secure, hackers, competitors, or other unauthorized users could potentially view confidential information contained within the video signals. Therefore, the remote network management system of the present invention is designed to easily integrate with digital encryption techniques known in the art. In one embodiment of the present invention, a 128-bit encryption technique is used both to verify the identity of the RMU and to encrypt and decrypt the transmitted video and data signals. In this embodiment, a 128-bit public key RSA encryption technique is used to verify the remote participant, and a 128-bit RC4 private key encryption is used to encrypt and decrypt the transmitted signals. Of course, other encryption techniques or security measures may be used.  
         [0028]     Finally, since the remote network management system of the present invention allows for platform independent communications, the compression algorithm utilized does not employ operating system specific hooks, nor does it use platform specific GDI calls.  
         [0029]     In the preferred embodiment, the compression algorithm described herein and in co-pending application Ser. No. 10/233,299 is used to transmit the video signals. However, the video transmission system is not limited to such an embodiment. Rather, this system may be employed with any compression algorithm without departing from the spirit of the invention.  
         [0030]     Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved, remote network management system that enables a user to control a remote networking environment from one or more local user workstations. Such a remote networking environment may include domain servers, file/print servers, headless servers, network appliances, serial IT equipment, switches, routers, firewalls, security interfaces, application servers, load balancers, and environmental controls.  
         [0031]     Further, it is an object of the present invention to provide a remote network management system that allows one or more local user workstations to access and operate remote networking equipment, servers, and computers connected to a remote management unit.  
         [0032]     It is another object of the present invention to provide a single, platform-independent remote network management system offering centralized, integrated, and secure control.  
         [0033]     It is an additional object of the present invention to provide a network-independent remote network management system containing a modem for emergency access.  
         [0034]     It is a further object of the present invention to provide a remote network management system capable of BIOS-level control of KVM equipment and console-level control of serial devices.  
         [0035]     Additionally, it is an object of the present invention to provide a remote network management system which provides a single consolidated view of all servers and other connected devices from one screen via a web browser.  
         [0036]     It is another object of the present invention to provide a remote network management system which contains a single sign-on and interface.  
         [0037]     Additionally, it is an object of the present invention to provide a remote network management system which is upgradeable.  
         [0038]     It is a further object of the present invention to provide a remote network management system which provides high performance over low bandwidth connections including modem, wireless, cable, DSL, and fractional T1.  
         [0039]     It is another object of the present invention to provide a remote network management system which utilizes a video compression algorithm and frame-grabber technology to ensure the fastest possible transmission of high quality video.  
         [0040]     Furthermore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a remote network management system including built-in serial port buffering to provide views of recent console history.  
         [0041]     It is still a further object of the present invention to provide a remote network management system that is easy to install and operate.  
         [0042]     In addition, it is an object of the present invention to provide a remote network management system that is compact and provides readily accessible communications ports.  
         [0043]     Further, it is an object of present invention to provide a remote network management system, which allows error-free communications between peripheral devices of a local user workstation and networking equipment, servers, and computers located at domain servers, file/print servers, headless servers, network appliances, serial IT equipment, switches, routers, firewalls, security interfaces, application servers, load balancers, and environmental controls.  
         [0044]     It is also an object of the present invention to provide a remote network management system capable of controlling the power supply to remotely located networking equipment, servers, and computers.  
         [0045]     Other objects, features, and characteristics of the present invention, as well as the methods of operation and functions of the related elements of the structure, and the combination of parts and economies of manufacture, will become more apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description with reference to the accompanying drawings, all of which form a part of this specification. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0046]     A further understanding of the present invention can be obtained by reference to a preferred embodiment set forth in the illustrations of the accompanying drawings. Although the illustrated embodiment is merely exemplary of systems for carrying out the present invention, both the organization and method of operation of the invention, in general, together with further objectives and advantages thereof, may be more easily understood by reference to the drawings and the following description. The drawings are not intended to limit the scope of this invention, which is set forth with particularity in the claims as appended or as subsequently amended, but merely to clarify and exemplify the invention.  
         [0047]     For a more complete understanding of the present invention, reference is now made to the following drawings in which:  
         [0048]      FIG. 1  is a schematic representation of a remote network management system according to the preferred embodiment of the invention illustrating the connection of a user workstation that includes a keyboard, video monitor, and cursor control device to networking equipment, servers, and computers through a remote management unit (“RMU”).  
         [0049]      FIG. 2  is a screen-shot of an example option menu utilized to control the networking equipment, servers and computers.  
         [0050]      FIG. 3A  is a block diagram of the preferred embodiment of the RMU shown in  FIG. 1  according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention illustrating the internal structure of the RMU and connectors for serial devices, keyboards, video monitors, cursor control devices, and a power supply.  
         [0051]      FIG. 3B  is a detailed block diagram of the serial card shown in  FIG. 3A .  
         [0052]      FIG. 3C  is a detailed block diagram of the KVM port header shown in  FIG. 3A .  
         [0053]      FIG. 3D  is a detailed block diagram of the video processor shown in  FIG. 3A .  
         [0054]      FIG. 4  depicts a flowchart of the compression algorithm utilized by the preferred embodiment of the RMU in accordance with the present invention.  
         [0055]      FIG. 5A  depicts a flowchart detailing the Noise Reduction and Difference Test and smoothing sub-algorithms of the compression algorithm utilized by the preferred embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0056]      FIG. 5B  depicts a flowchart that details the caching and bit splicing/compression sub-algorithms of the compression algorithm utilized by the preferred embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0057]      FIG. 6  depicts a flowchart that details the nearest match function and its integration with the CCT of the compression algorithm utilized by the preferred embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0058]      FIG. 7  depicts a flowchart that details the Noise Reduction and Difference Test sub-algorithm of the compression algorithm utilized by the preferred embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0059]      FIG. 8  depicts an example application of the Noise Reduction and Difference Test sub-algorithm to a sample block of pixels as performed by the compression algorithm utilized by the preferred embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0060]      FIG. 9  depicts a detailed flowchart of the operation of the decompression algorithm used by the preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0061]     As required, a detailed illustrative embodiment of the present invention is disclosed herein. However, techniques, systems and operating structures in accordance with the present invention may be embodied in a wide variety of forms and modes, some of which may be quite different from those in the disclosed embodiment. Consequently, the specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are merely representative, yet in that regard, they are deemed to afford the best embodiment for purposes of disclosure and to provide a basis for the claims herein which define the scope of the present invention. The following presents a detailed description of the preferred embodiment (as well as some alternative embodiments) of the present invention.  
         [0062]     Referring first to  FIG. 1 , depicted is the architecture of the preferred embodiment of a remote network management system in accordance with the present invention. Specifically, a remote network management system is shown comprising user workstation  101  including keyboard  103 , video monitor  105 , and cursor control device  107 , remote management unit (“RMU”)  109 , Internet/LAN/WAN  108 , public switched telephone network (“PSTN”)  106 , serial devices  111   a  and  111   b , servers  113   a  and  113   b , remote computers  115   a  and  115   b , and power supply  117 . Preferably, user workstation  101  and RMU  109  are connected to Internet/LAN/WAN  108  via communication lines  119  and  121 , respectively. Although CAT  5  cabling is the preferred cabling for communication lines  119  and  121 , other cabling may be used, such as coaxial, fiber optic or multiple CAT 5 cables. CAT 5 cabling is preferred because it reduces cabling cost while maintaining the strength of signals that are transmitted over an extended distance. Alternatively, wireless networking equipment may also be utilized to connect RMU  109  to Internet/LAN/WAN  108  and serial devices  111   a  and  111   b , servers  113   a  and  113   b , computers  115   a  and  115   b , and power supply  117 . Similarly, wireless networking equipment may also be utilized to connect user workstation  101  to Internet/LAN/WAN  108 .  
         [0063]     In an alternate embodiment, user workstation  101  may utilize PSTN  106  to connect to RMU  109 . If PSTN  109  is utilized to connect to RMU  109 , communication lines  120  and  122  would preferably be CAT 3 cables. As an example, this means of communication may be utilized in emergency situations, such as if Internet/LAN/WAN  108  is not functioning properly.  
         [0064]     Communication lines  119  and  121  are connected to user workstation  101  and RMU  109  by plugging each end into a RJ-45 socket located on the respective pieces of equipment to be coupled by the CAT 5 cable. Although RJ-45 sockets and plugs are preferred, other types of connector may be used, including but not limited to RJ-11, RG-58, RG-59, British Naval Connector (“BNC”), and ST connectors.  
         [0065]     The remote management system includes local user workstation  101 , preferably comprising dedicated peripheral devices such as keyboard  103 , video monitor  105  and/or cursor control device  107 . Other peripheral devices may also be located at workstation  101 , such as a printer, scanner, video camera, biometric scanning device, microphone, etc. Each peripheral device is directly or indirectly connected to user workstation  101 , which is attached to Internet/LAN/WAN  108  via communication line  119 . Of course, wireless peripheral devices may also be used with this system. In a preferred mode of operation, all electronic signals (i.e., keyboard signals and cursor control device signals) received at user workstation  101  from attached peripheral devices are transmitted to Internet/LAN/WAN  108  via communication line  119 . Thereafter, the signals are transmitted to RMU  109  via communication line  121 . RMU transmits the received signals to the respective remote equipment, which, in this figure, includes serial devices  111   a  and  111   b , servers  113   a  and  113   b , computers  115   a  and  115   b , and power supply  117 .  
         [0066]     RMU  109  may be compatible with all commonly used, present day computer operating systems and protocols, including, but not limited to, those manufactured by Microsoft (Windows), Apple (Macintosh), Sun (Solaris), DEC, Compaq (Alpha), IBM (RS/6000), HP (HP9000) and SGI (IRIX). Additionally, local devices may communicate with remote computers via a variety of protocols including Universal Serial Bus (“USB”), American Standard Code for Information Interchange (“ASCII”) and Recommend Standard-232 (“RS-232”).  
         [0067]     Serial devices  113   a  and  113   b  are connected to RMU  109  via communication lines  112   a  and  112   b , respectively. Preferably, communication lines  112   a  and  112   b  are CAT 5 cables terminated with RJ-45 connectors. However, a special adapter may be required to properly connect communication lines  112   a  and  112   b  to serial devices  111   a  and  111   b  since not all serial devices are outfitted with RJ-45 ports. For example, if serial device  111   a  only contained a serial port, the adapter would interface the RJ-45 connector of communication line  112   a  to the serial port located on serial device  111   a.    
         [0068]     Similarly, power supply  117  is connected to RMU  109  via communication line  118 . Preferably, communication line  118  is a CAT  5  cable terminated with an RJ-45 connector on each end.  
         [0069]     Servers  113   a  and  113   b  and computers  115   a  and  115   b  are connected to RMU  109  via communication lines  114   a ,  114   b ,  116   a , and  116   b , respectively. Preferably, communication lines  114   a ,  114   b ,  116   a , and  116   b  are three-to-one coaxial cables which allow the keyboard, video, and cursor control device ports of servers  113   a  and  113   b  and computers  115   a  and  115   b  to be connected to a single port on RMU  109  as shown.  
         [0070]     To connect to the remote networking environment for administration and access, a user initiates a remote management session at user workstation  101 . The user first accesses client software located using workstation  101 , which prompts the user for a user name and password. However, the system may utilize any combination of identification data to identify and/or authenticate a particular user. Utilizing the attached keyboard  103 , cursor control device  107  or other peripheral device, the user enters the user name and password. Once the user name and password have been entered, user workstation  101  connects to Internet/LAN/WAN  108  via communication line  119 . User workstation  101  may connect to Internet/LAN/WAN  108  in a variety of ways. For example, user workstation  101  may be connected to Internet/LAN/WAN  108  through an Ethernet connection. In this example, communication line  119  would be a CAT 5 cable. The connection to Internet/LAN/WAN  108  may also be accomplished through a wireless connection which precludes the need for communication line  119 . For example, RMU  109  may utilize standard Wireless Fidelity (“Wi-Fi”) networking equipment to communicate with Internet/LAN/WAN  108 .  
         [0071]     Alternatively, user workstation  101  may connect to RMU  109  via PSTN  106  by utilizing a modem connection. In this alternative example, communication lines  120  and  122  would be CAT 3 cables.  
         [0072]     The username and password are then routed through Internet/LAN/WAN  108  to RMU  109  via communication line  121 . RMU  109  receives the username and password and authenticates the user located at user workstation  101 . Once the user has been authenticated by RMU  109 , an option menu circuit located in RMU  109  provides an option menu to user  101  via monitor  105  listing all the devices accessible through RMU  109 . The user makes selections from this option menu utilizing keyboard  103 , cursor control device  105 , or some other peripheral device attached to user workstation  101 .  
         [0073]     As shown in  FIG. 2 , option menu  201  consists of device list  203 , first desktop window  205 , power control window  207 , second desktop window  209 , and serial device window  211 . Device list  203  lists all active and inactive devices connected to RMU  109 . A user utilizes this menu to select the desired device for control. In this example, first desktop window  205  displays the desktop of one of the remote computers. By selecting first desktop window  205 , a user may utilize keyboard  103 , cursor control device  107 , or some other peripheral device to control the displayed remote computer. In a similar manner, a user may utilize power control window  207  to access and operate power supply  117 . Power control window  207  displays a list of all devices connected to power supply  117  as well as the status of each attached device such as average power utilized, RMS current, RMS voltage, internal temperature, etc. Power control window  207  is primarily utilized to cycle the power to the devices attached to power supply  117 . However, since power supply  117  is programmable, power control window  207  may be utilized to perform any functions possible with power supply  117 .  
         [0074]     Second desktop window  209  is utilized to access and operate a second remote computer or server. Serial device window  211  is utilized to operate and access any remote serial device attached to remote management unit  109 . Serial device window  211  displays the current output produced by the serial device as well as the previous output produced by the serial device. The previous output of the serial device is stored in a buffer located in RMU  109 .  
         [0075]     Preferably, option menu  201  consists of a menu in which the attached devices are arranged by their connection to RMU  109 . For example, serial devices  111   a  and  111   b  preferably would be listed in a menu different from servers  113   a  and  113   b  and computers  115   a  and  115   b . The option menu also consists of a sub-menu for controlling power supply  117 .  
         [0076]     RMU  109  may additionally contain an attached keyboard  123 , cursor control device  125 , and video monitor  127  which allow a user local to RMU  109  to control the attached serial devices  111   a  and  111   b , servers  113   a  and  113   b , and computers  115   a  and  115   b , power supply  117 , etc. Keyboard  123 , cursor control device  125 , and video monitor  127  may also be utilized to configure RMU  109  locally. Keyboard  123 , cursor control device  125 , and video monitor  127  are connected to RMU  109  via interface cable  129 . Alternatively, keyboard  123 , cursor control device  125 , and video monitor  127  may be connected to RMU  109  via standard keyboard, cursor control device, and video monitor connectors.  
         [0077]     Referring next to  FIG. 3A , depicted is the preferred embodiment of RMU  109  according to the present invention. Keyboard and mouse signals arrive at RJ-45 port  201  from Internet/LAN/WAN  108  via communication line  121 . RMU  109  consists of RJ-45 port  201 , RJ-11 port  202 , Ethernet connector  205 , modem module  204 , communications port connector  206 , CPU  207 , communications port connector  208 , PCI riser card  209 , serial card  211 , video processor  212 , serial ports  213 , frame grabber  215 , KVM port header  217 , KVM ports  219 , power supply  221 , power port  223 , reset circuitry  225 , local KVM port  227 , and option menu circuit  229 . As shown, the keyboard and/or cursor control device signals initially arrive at RJ-45 port  201  if RMU  109  is connected to Internet/LAN/WAN  108  via an Ethernet connection. The signals are then transmitted to Ethernet connector  205  which depacketizes the signals. Alternatively, the signals may arrive from PSTN  106  at RJ-11 port  202  if the keyboard and/or cursor control device signals were transmitted via a modem. In this case, the signals are transmitted to modem module  204 , which demodulates the received signals, and subsequently to communications port connector  206  which depacketizes the signals.  
         [0078]     From Ethernet connector  205  or communications port connector  206 , the keyboard and/or cursor control device signals are then transmitted to CPU  207  via video processor  212 . CPU  207  utilizes routing information contained within the keyboard and/or cursor control device signals to determine the proper destination for the keyboard and cursor control device signals. If the keyboard and cursor control device signals specify a command to power supply  117 , CPU  207  interprets the received command (e.g., utilizing a look-up table) and sends the proper command to power supply  117  via communications port connector  208  and power port  210 . Preferably, power port  210  is an RJ-45 connector to allow the RMU to interface with a power strip and control it as if it were a serial device.  
         [0079]     If CPU  207  determines that the keyboard and cursor control device signals contain a serial device routing instruction, the keyboard and cursor control device signals are transmitted to serial card  211  through PCI riser card  209 . As shown in  FIG. 3B , serial port  211  consists of UART/switch  301 , serial transceivers  303 , and programmable memory  305 . Serial card  211  is capable of bidirectional signal transmission. When keyboard and/or cursor control device signals are being transmitted from PCI riser card  209  to serial port  213 , the signals are initially transmitted to UART/switch  301  which, utilizing data and logic stored in memory  305 , determines the proper serial transceiver  303  to which the keyboard and/or cursor control device signals are to be sent. In the preferred embodiment of serial card  211 , UART/switch  301  is an EXAR XR17c158. Subsequently, the analog signals are transmitted to the appropriate serial transceiver  303  which converts the signals from a parallel format to a serial format. Serial transceiver  303  is preferably a HIN23E serial transceiver from Intersil. The keyboard and/or cursor control device signals are then transmitted to serial port  213 .  
         [0080]     In contrast, when commands from serial device  111   a  or  111   b  are transmitted to CPU  207  via serial port  213 , serial card  211 , and PCI riser card  209 , the commands are initially transmitted to serial transceiver  303  which converts the serial commands to a parallel format. Subsequently, the commands are transmitted to UART/switch  301  which re-transmits the commands to CPU  207  via PCI riser card  209 . CPU  207  interprets the received commands and emulates a virtual terminal for display on video monitor  105 . The present invention may incorporate any number of serial ports  213 . In the example shown in  FIG. 3A , two serial devices,  111   a  and  111   b , are connected to serial ports  213   a  and  213   b , respectively.  
         [0081]     If CPU  207  determines that the keyboard and/or cursor control device signals are meant for servers  113   a  and  113   b  or computers  115   a  and  115   b , CPU  207  transmits the keyboard and cursor control device signals through PCI riser card  209  and frame grabber  215  to KVM port header  217  which transmits the signals to the appropriate KVM port  219 . As shown in  FIG. 3C , KVM port header  217  consists of switch  350 , video switch  352 , and UARTs  354 . When keyboard and/or cursor control device signals are transmitted from KVM port  219  to KVM port header  217 , the signals are initially received at UART  354 . UART  354  converts the received serial keyboard and/or cursor control device signals to a parallel format. The converted keyboard and/or cursor control device signals are then transmitted to switch  350  which retransmits the signals to frame grabber  215 .  
         [0082]     In a similar manner, bi-directional keyboard and/or cursor control device signals are also transmitted from frame grabber  215  to KVM port  219 . Keyboard and/or cursor control device signals received from frame grabber  215  are transmitted to switch  350  located in KVM port header  217 . Utilizing control signals contained within the keyboard and/or cursor control device signals, switch  350  transmits the received keyboard and/or cursor control device signals to the appropriate UART  354 . UART  354  then converts the keyboard and/or cursor control device signals from a parallel format to a serial format for transmission to KVM port  219 .  
         [0083]     KVM port header  217  also transmits uni-directional video signals received at KVM port  219  to frame grabber  215 . The analog video signals received from KVM port  219  initially are transmitted to video switch  352 . Video switch  352  then retransmits the video signals to frame grabber  215  which converts the received analog video signals to a digital format.  
         [0084]     Turning to  FIG. 3D , after the video signals have been digitized by frame grabber  215 , the digitized video signals are transmitted to video processor  212  via CPU  207 . Video processor  212  consists of video-in port  370 , R-out  376   a , G-out  376   b , B-out  376   c , pixel pusher  378 , frame buffers  380 , compression device  382 , flash memory  384 , RAM  386 , microprocessor  388 , and switch  390 . Shown at the top of  FIG. 3D , video-in port  370  receives the digitized video signals from CPU  207 . The outputs of video-in port  370  are shown as R-out  376   a , G-out  376   b , and B-out  376   c , which represent the red component, green component, and blue component of the digitized video signal, respectively. Video-in port  370  outputs these digitized video signal components in the form of pixels, which are transmitted to and stored in pixel pusher  378 . Pixel pusher  378 , flash memory  384 , and Random Access Memory (“RAM”)  386  communicate with microprocessor  388  via communication bus  387 . Pixel pusher  378  also communicates with frame buffers  380  (e.g., raw frame buffer, compare frame buffer, etc.) and compression device  382  via communication buses  379  and  381 , respectively. The compression algorithm is executed by microprocessor  388 . Generally, the compression operates as follows:  
         [0000]     Noise Reduction and Difference Test:  
         [0085]     As discussed above, digitization of the analog video signals is necessary to allow these signals to be transmitted via a digital communication medium (e.g., a network, LAN, WAN, Internet, etc.). However, a detrimental side effect of the digitization process is the introduction of quantization errors and noise into the video signals. Therefore, the Noise Reduction and Difference Test sub-algorithm (“NRDT sub-algorithm”) is designed to reduce the noise introduced during the digitization of the video signals. In addition, the NRDT sub-algorithm simultaneously determines the differences between the recently captured frame of video (i.e., the “current frame”) and the previously captured frame of video (i.e., the “compare frame”).  
         [0086]     First, the NRDT sub-algorithm divides the current frame, which is contained in the raw frame buffer, into 64×32 blocks of pixels. Alternatively, other sizes of blocks may be used (e.g., 8×8 pixels, 16×16 pixels, 32×32 pixels, etc.) based upon criteria such as the size of the entire video frame, the bandwidth of the communication medium, desired compression yield, etc.  
         [0087]     After the current frame is divided into blocks, a two-level threshold model is applied to the block of pixels to determine whether it has changed with respect to the compare frame. These two thresholds are the “pixel threshold” and the “block threshold.” 
         [0088]     First, a given pixel is examined and the value of each of the three colors (i.e., red, green, and blue) of the pixel is calculated with the value of its corresponding pixel in the compare frame. From this calculation, a distance value is computed. If the distance value is greater than the pixel threshold (i.e., the first threshold of the two-level threshold), this distance value is added to a distance sum. This process is performed for each pixel in the block.  
         [0089]     Next, after the distance value of all of the pixels in the block have been calculated and processed in the aforementioned manner, the resulting value of the distance sum is compared to the block threshold (i.e., the second threshold of the two-level threshold). If the distance sum exceeds the block threshold, then this block of pixels is considered changed in comparison to the corresponding block of pixels in the compare frame. If a change is determined, the compare frame, which is stored in the compare frame buffer, will be updated with the new block of pixels. Furthermore, the new block of pixels will be further processed and transmitted in a compressed format to the user workstation.  
         [0090]     In contrast, if the distance sum is not greater than the block threshold, the block of pixels is determined to be unchanged. Consequently, the compare frame buffer is not updated, and this block of pixels is not transmitted to the user workstation. Eliminating the transmission of unchanged blocks of pixels reduces the overall quantity of data to be transmitted, thereby increasing transmission time and decreasing the required bandwidth.  
         [0091]     The NRDT sub-algorithm is ideal for locating both a large change in a small quantity of pixels and a small change in a large quantity of pixels. Consequently, the NRDT sub-algorithm is more efficient and more accurate than known percentage threshold algorithms that simply count the number of changed pixels in a block of pixels. With such an algorithm, if a few pixels within the block of pixels have changed drastically (e.g., from black to white), the algorithm would consider the block of pixels to be unchanged since the total number of changed pixels would not exceed the percentage threshold value. This result will often lead to display errors in the transmission of computer video.  
         [0092]     Consider, for example, a user that is editing a document. If the user were to change a single letter, such as changing an “E” to an “F”, only a few pixels of the video image would change. However, based upon this change, the resulting document is dramatically different than the original document. A percentage threshold algorithm would not register this change and, therefore, would lead to a display error. A percentage threshold algorithm, by only looking at the number of pixels within a block that have changed, generally fails to recognize a video image change in which a few pixels have changed substantially. However, the NRDT sub-algorithm used by the present invention, by virtue of its two-level threshold, will recognize that such a block of pixels has significantly changed between successive frames of video. Smoothing:  
         [0093]     When the NRDT sub-algorithm determines that a block of pixels has changed, the digital data that represents this block is further processed by a smoothing sub-algorithm. This sub-algorithm reduces the noise introduced during the analog-to-digital conversion.  
         [0094]     First, each digital pixel representation is converted to a representation that uses a lower quantity of bits for each pixel. It is known in the art to compress color video by using a fewer number of bits to represent each color of each pixel. For example, a common video standard uses 8 bits to represent each of the red, green, and blue components of a video signal. Because 24 total bits are used to represent a pixel, this representation is commonly referred to as “24 bit RGB representation”. If only the four most significant bits of the red, green, and blue components of the pixel are used to represent its color in lieu of all eight bits, the size of the data used to represent the block of pixels, and thus a frame of video, is reduced by fifty percent.  
         [0095]     This method of compression is simple and generally degrades the quality of the video. In contradistinction, the smoothing sub-algorithm of the present invention incorporates a more intelligent method of compression. This method uses a Color Code Table (“CCT”) to map specific RGB representations to more compact RGB representations. Both the compression and decompression algorithms of the present invention use the same CCT. However, different color code tables may be chosen depending on the available bandwidth, the capabilities of the local display device, etc.  
         [0096]     For each block of pixels, a histogram of pixel values is created and sorted by frequency such that the smoothing sub-algorithm may determine how often each pixel value occurs. Pixel values that occur less frequently are compared to pixel values that occur more frequently. To determine how similar pixel values are, a distance value is calculated based upon the color values of the red, green, and blue (“RGB”) components of each pixel. During the histogram analysis, a map of RGB values to color codes (i.e., a CCT) is created. If a less frequently occurring pixel value needs to be adjusted to a similar, more frequently occurring pixel value, the CCT is used to map the less frequently occurring pixel value to the color code of the more frequently occurring pixel value. Thus, the noise is efficiently removed from each block and the number of bits used to represent each pixel is reduced.  
         [0097]     For illustrative purposes, suppose that an 8×8 pixel block is being processed. Further suppose that of the 64 pixels in the current block, 59 are blue, 4 are red, and 1 is light blue. Further assume that a low frequency threshold of 5 and a high frequency threshold of 25 are used. In other words, if a pixel value occurs less than 5 times within a block, it is considered to have a low frequency. Similarly, if a pixel value occurs more than 25 times within a block, it is considered to have a high frequency. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the smoothing sub-algorithm ignores pixel values occurring between these two thresholds. Therefore, in the present example, the smoothing sub-algorithm determines that the red and light blue pixels occur with low frequency, and the blue pixels occur with high frequency.  
         [0098]     In the next step, the values of the  4  red pixels and the  1  light blue pixel are compared with the value of the 59 blue pixels. In this step, a pre-determined distance threshold is used. If the distance between the less frequent pixel value and the more frequent pixel value is within this distance threshold, then the less frequent pixel value is converted to the more frequent pixel value. Therefore, in our present example, it is likely that the light blue pixel is close enough in value to the blue pixel that its distance is less than the distance threshold. Consequently, the light blue pixel is mapped to the blue pixel. In contrast, it is likely that the distance between the red and blue pixels exceeds the distance threshold and, therefore, the red pixel is not mapped to the blue pixel. With the smoothing sub-algorithm of the present invention, although the red pixels occur rarely, the distance between the red pixel value and the blue pixel value is large enough that the red pixels are not converted to blue pixels. In this manner, the smoothing sub-algorithm of the present invention increases the redundancy in compared images by eliminating changes caused by superfluous noise introduced during the analog-to-digital conversion while retaining real changes in the video image.  
         [0000]     Caching:  
         [0099]     After the smoothing sub-algorithm has been applied to the digital video image data, an optional caching sub-algorithm may be applied to further minimize the bandwidth required for transmitting the video images. The caching sub-algorithm uses a cache of previously transmitted blocks of pixels. Similar to the NRDT sub-algorithm, the caching sub-algorithm is performed on a block of pixels within the video frame. Again, any block size may be used (e.g., 8×8, 16×16, 32×32 or 64×32).  
         [0100]     First, the caching sub-algorithm performs a cache check, which compares the current block of pixels with blocks of pixels stored in the cache. The size of the cache may be arbitrarily large. Large caches generally yield a higher percentage of “cache hits.” However, memory and hardware requirements increase when the size of the cache is increased. Furthermore, the number of comparisons, and thus the processing power requirements, also increases when the size of the cache increases.  
         [0101]     A “cache hit” occurs when a matching block of pixels is located within the cache. A “cache miss” occurs if a matching block of pixels is not found in the cache. When a cache hit occurs, the new block of pixels does not have to be retransmitted. Instead, a message and a cache entry identification (“ID”) are sent to the remote participant equipment. Generally, this message and cache entry ID will consume less bandwidth than that required to transmit an entire block of pixels.  
         [0102]     If a “cache miss” occurs, the new block of pixels is compressed and transmitted to the user workstation. Also, both the RMU and user workstation update their respective cache by storing the new block of pixels in the cache. Since the cache is of limited size, older data is overwritten. One skilled in the art is aware that various algorithms can be used to decide which older data should be overwritten. For example, a simple algorithm can be employed to overwrite the oldest block of pixels within the cache, wherein the oldest block is defined as the least recently transmitted block.  
         [0103]     In order to search for a cache hit, the new block of pixels must be compared with all corresponding blocks of pixels located within the cache. There are several ways in which this may be performed. In one embodiment, a cyclic redundancy check (“CRC”) is computed for the new block of pixels and all corresponding blocks of pixels. The CRC is similar to a hash code for the block. A hash code is a smaller, yet unique, representation of a larger data source. Thus, if the CRCs are unique, the cache check process can compare CRCs for a match instead of comparing the whole block of pixels. If the CRC of the current block of pixels matches the CRC of any of the blocks of pixels in the cache, a “cache hit” has been found. Because the CRC is a smaller representation of the block, less processing power is needed to compare CRCs. Furthermore, it is possible to construct a cache in which only the CRCs of blocks of pixels are stored at the remote participant locations. Thus, comparing the CRCs in lieu of comparing a full block of pixels saves processor time and thus improves performance.  
         [0000]     Bit Splicing/Compression:  
         [0104]     Once the NRDT, smoothing, and optional caching sub-algorithms are performed, each block of pixels that must be transmitted is compressed. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, each block is compressed using the Joint Bi-level Image Group (“JBIG”) lossless compression algorithm.  
         [0105]     The JBIG compression algorithm was designed for black and white images, such as those transmitted by facsimile machines. However, the compression algorithm utilized by the present invention can compress and transmit color video images. Therefore, when utilizing the JBIG compression algorithm, the color video image must be bit-sliced, and the resulting bit-planes must be compressed separately.  
         [0106]     A bit plane of a color video image is created by extracting a single bit from each pixel color value in the color video image. For example, if 8 bits are used to represent the color of the pixel, then the color video image is divided into 8 bit planes. The compression algorithm, in conjunction with the CCT discussed above, transmits the bit plane containing the most significant bits first, the bit plane containing the second most significant bits second, etc. The CCT is designed such that the most significant bits of each pixel color are stored first and the lesser significant bits are stored last. Consequently, the bit planes transmitted first will always contain the most significant data, and the bit planes transmitted last will always contain the least significant data. Thus, the remote video monitor will receive video from the RMU progressively, receiving and displaying the most significant bits of the image before receiving the remaining bits. Such a method is less sensitive to changes in bandwidth and will allow a user to see the frame of video as it is transmitted, rather than waiting for all details of the frame to be sent.  
         [0107]     After compression of the video signals is complete, the resulting video signals are transmitted to either Ethernet connector  205  or communications port connector  206  via switch  390 .  
         [0108]     Referring back to  FIG. 3A , RMU  109  also contains a power supply  221  which provides power to RMU  109 . Preferably, power supply  221  is a redundant power supply which contains backup circuitry in case the main circuitry fails. Power supply  221  receives power through power port  223  from an external power supply. The power to RMU is controlled by reset circuitry  225  which is interfaced directly to CPU  207 . Reset circuitry  225  is utilized to turn the power on/off and reset RMU  109 .  
         [0109]     RMU  109  also contains local KVM port  227  interfaced to CPU  207 . Local KVM port  227  allows for connection of local keyboard  123 , video monitor  127 , and cursor control device  125  to RMU  227  via cable  129  ( FIG. 1 ). Local keyboard  123 , video monitor  127 , and cursor control device  125  may be utilized for onsite control of the attached serial devices  111   a  and  111   b , servers  113   a  and  113   b , computers  115   a  and  115   b , and power supply  117 .  
         [0110]     Option menu circuit  229 , under control of CPU  207 , provides the option menu to a user of the present invention. As previously discussed, the option menu contains menus for selecting a serial device, a remote server or computer, or options to control the power to all devices connected to power supply  117 .  
         [0111]     To utilize the system of the present invention, a user first initiates a remote management session at user workstation  101  and enters the required username and password. However, any unique combination of authentication information may be utilized. User workstation  101  packetizes the entered information and routes it to Internet/LAN/WAN  108  via communication line  119  and then to RMU  109  via communication line  121 . The entered data is received at CPU  207  via RJ-45 connector  201  (or alternatively RJ-11 connector  202 ). Ethernet connector  205  removes the network protocol and transmits the received keyboard and/or cursor control device signals to CPU  207 . CPU  207  utilizes a lookup table containing all user profiles stored in the system to authenticate the user. Different user profiles may be given different levels of access to the system. For example, certain users may only be able to access and operate computers  115   a  and  115   b  and be restricted from operating servers  113   a  and  113   b , serial devices  111   a  and  111   b , and power supply  117 .  
         [0112]     Once a user has been authenticated, option menu circuit  229  produces an option menu containing all the devices attached to RMU  109 . In this case, the attached devices include serial devices  111   a  and  111   b , servers  113   a  and  113   b , computers  115   a  and  115   b , and power supply  117 . However, it would be apparent to one skilled in the art that RMU  109  may accommodate any number of serial devices, servers, computers, and associated power supplies. The option menu produced by option menu circuit  229  is compressed by video processor  212  and packetized by Ethernet connector  205  and then transmitted to user workstation  101  through RJ-45 connector  201 , communication line  121 , Internet/LAN/WAN  108 , and communication line  119 , in that order. The option menu is depacketized and decompressed at user workstation  101  for display on video monitor  105 . The user then utilizes keyboard  103  and cursor control device  107  to select the desired device from the option menu. The user-entered keyboard and cursor control device signals are then encoded by user workstation  101 , transmitted to RMU  109  via Internet/LAN/WAN  108 , and subsequently decoded by CPU  207  located in RMU  109 . CPU  207  interprets the received keyboard and cursor control device signals and interfaces the user with the selected device as previously described.  
         [0113]     If the user selects to be interfaced with servers  113   a  or  113   b  or computers  115   a  and  115   b , the video signal of the selected device is displayed on video monitor  105 . The video signal initially arrives from the selected device at KVM port  219  and is routed to KVM port header  217 . The video signal is then routed to frame grabber  215  which converts the analog video signal to a digital signal. The resulting digitized video signal is then routed to CPU  207  through PCI riser card  209 . CPU  207  then determines the correct location to transmit the video signal (i.e., to local KVM port  227  or video processor  212 ). If the video signal is routed to local KVM port  227 , the video signal is displayed on local video monitor  127 . Alternatively, if the video signal is routed to video processor  212 , it is compressed by video processor  212  and packetized by either Ethernet connector  205  or communications port connector  206  for transmission via communication line  121  through either RJ-45 port  201  or RJ-11 port  202 . Ethernet connector  205  or communications port connector  206  also appends any other signals (i.e., keyboard signals, cursor control device signals, etc.) onto the compressed video signal for transmission to user workstation  101 .  
         [0114]     To switch to another connected device, the user presses a “hotkey” such as “printscreen” or “F1” on keyboard  103  attached to user workstation  101  ( FIG. 1 ). This causes option menu  229  to open an option menu allowing the user to select a new serial device, server, computer, or modify the power supply to one of the connected devices.  
         [0115]     Referring now to  FIG. 4 , depicted is a flowchart illustrating the operation of the compression algorithm utilized by video processor  212  in the preferred embodiment of the present invention. The compression algorithm is executed internal to RMU  109  by video processor  212  ( FIG. 3 ). The digitized video signal is initially stored in a raw frame buffer (step  402 ), which is one of the frame buffers  380  ( FIG. 3D ). At this point, the compression algorithm is performed to process the captured video data contained in the raw frame buffer and prepare it for transmission to user workstation  101 .  
         [0116]     The first step of the compression algorithm is the NRDT (step  403 ). The NRDT sub-algorithm is also executed internal to RMU  109  by video processor  212  ( FIG. 3 ). The NRDT sub-algorithm determines which blocks of pixels, if any, have changed between the current frame and the compare frame, also discussed above.  
         [0117]     In the preferred embodiment, the video frame is first divided into 64×32 pixel blocks. Subsequently, the NRDT sub-algorithm is applied to each block of pixels independently. Alternative embodiments of the present invention may utilize smaller or larger blocks depending on criteria such as desired video resolution, available bandwidth, etc.  
         [0118]     Next, the NRDT sub-algorithm employs a two-threshold model to determine whether differences exist between a block of pixels in the current frame and the corresponding block of pixels in the compare frame. These two thresholds are the pixel threshold and the block threshold.  
         [0119]     First, each pixel of the pixel block is examined to determine if that pixel has changed relative to the corresponding pixel of the corresponding block in the compare frame. The distance value of each of the three colors (i.e., red, green, and blue) of each pixel in relation to the corresponding compare pixel is calculated, as described in greater detail below with respect to  FIG. 7 . If the distance value is larger than the pixel threshold (i.e., the first threshold of the two-threshold model), this distance value is added to a distance sum value.  
         [0120]     Then, after all pixels within the pixel block have been examined, if the resulting distance sum value is greater than the block threshold (i.e., the second threshold of the two-threshold model), the block is determined to have changed. Every block of pixels in the video frame undergoes the same process. Therefore, after this process has been applied to an entire video frame, the process will have identified all pixel blocks that the process has determined have changed since the previous video frame. At this point, the compare frame is updated with the changed pixel blocks. However, the pixel blocks of the compare frame that correspond to unchanged pixel blocks of the current frame will remain unchanged. In this manner, the two-threshold model used by the NRDT sub-algorithm eliminates pixel value changes that are introduced by noise created during the analog to digital conversion and also captures the real changes in the video frame.  
         [0121]     After the video data is processed by the NRDT sub-algorithm, it is next processed by the smoothing sub-algorithm (step  419 ). The smoothing sub-algorithm is designed to create a smooth, higher-quality video image by reducing the roughness of the video image caused by noise introduced during the analog to digital conversion.  
         [0122]     The smoothing sub-algorithm first converts the pixel representation that resulted from the NRDT sub-algorithm into a pixel representation that uses a lesser quantity of bits to represent each pixel. This is performed using a CCT that is specially organized to minimize the size of the pixel representation. The smoothing sub-algorithm uses the CCT to choose color codes with the least number of 1-bits for the most commonly used colors. For example, white and black are assumed to be very common colors. Thus, white is always assigned 0 and black is always assigned 1. That is, white will be represented by a bit value of 0 on all planes. Black, the next most common color, will show up as a bit value of 1 on all but one plane. This reduces the quantity of data to be compressed by the compression algorithm. Then, for each pixel in the block, a color code is assigned. Simultaneously, a histogram of color codes is created to store the number of occurrences of each of the unique colors in the block of pixels. This histogram of color codes is then sorted to produce a list of color codes from the least number of occurrences to the dominant number of occurrences.  
         [0123]     Once the sorted list of color codes is created, the next step is to merge colors. Working from the beginning of the sorted list, the smoothing sub-algorithm compares the least frequently occurring colors to the more frequently occurring colors. If the less frequently occurring color is very similar to a more frequently occurring color, then the pixels having the less frequently occurring color will be changed to the more frequently occurring color. Determination of whether two colors are similar is performed by calculating the distance between the three-dimensional points of the RGB space. The formula is: 
 
 D ={square root}{square root over (( R   1   −R   2 ) 2 +( G   1   −G   2 ) 2 +( B   1   −B   2 ) 2 )}
 
 where D is the distance, R 1  is the red value of the low frequency pixel, R 2  is the red value of the high frequency pixel, G 1  is the green value of the low frequency pixel, G 2  is the green value of the high frequency pixel, B 1  is the blue value of the low frequency pixel, and B 2  is the blue value of the high frequency pixel. If the distance is within a distance threshold, the two colors are determined to be similar. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, system performance is increased by squaring the distance threshold and comparing this value with the sum of the squares of the RGB differences. This step eliminates taking the square root of the sum, which requires a greater amount of processing time. 
 
         [0124]     Each block of pixels is filtered for noise and translated from a RGB representation to a color code representation. The noise that is introduced by LCD controller  215  ( FIG. 3 ) during conversion of the analog signals to digital signals distorts the values of some pixels. Thus, the smoothing sub-algorithm corrects distorted pixels. The smoothing sub-algorithm minimizes noise by reducing the number of different colors present in each video image block. Further, such smoothing creates an image with greater redundancy, thus yielding higher compression ratios.  
         [0125]     After smoothing, caching is performed (step  421 ). Caching is a sub-algorithm of the overall compression algorithm executed by video processor  212  of RMU  109  ( FIG. 3 ). Caching requires RMU  109  ( FIG. 3 ) to retain a cache of recently transmitted images. Such a cache can be implemented and stored in RAM  386  ( FIG. 3D ). The caching sub-algorithm compares the most recent block of pixels with the corresponding block of pixels in the video images stored in the cache (step  405 ). If the most recently transmitted block of pixels is the same as one of the corresponding blocks of pixels stored in the cache, the caching sub-algorithm does not retransmit this portion of the video image. Instead, a “cache hit” message is sent to user workstation  101 , which indicates that the most recently transmitted block is already stored in the cache (step  407 ). The “cache hit” message contains information regarding which cache contains the corresponding block of pixels, thereby allowing user workstation  101  to retrieve the block of pixels from its cache and use it do create the video image to be displayed on its attached video display device.  
         [0126]     The next step in the process, step  409 , determines if the NRDT determined that the block of pixels has changed since the corresponding block of pixels in the compare frame. This step can also be implemented before or in parallel with step  405 . Also, steps  421 ,  405 , and  407  may be eliminated entirely.  
         [0127]     The main purpose of step  409  is to determine whether the block has changed since the last frame. If the block has not changed, there is no need to send an updated block to user workstation  101 . Otherwise, if the block of pixels has changed, it is prepared for compression (step  411 ). In the preferred embodiment, step  409  uses a different technique than step  405 . With two ways of checking for redundancy, higher compression will result. Both steps  409  and  411  are executed by a caching sub-algorithm executed by microprocessor  388  of video processor  212  ( FIG. 3D ).  
         [0128]     For any areas of the image that have changed, the cache is updated, and the data is compressed before being sent to the server stack. In the preferred embodiment, the image is compressed using the IBM JBIG compression algorithm. JBIG is designed to compress black and white images. However, the present invention is designed to transmit color video images. Therefore, bit planes of the image are extracted (step  411 ), and each bit plane is compressed separately (step  413 ). Finally, the compressed image is transmitted to server stack  417  (step  415 ), which transmits the data to switch  390  ( FIG. 3D ).  
         [0129]      FIG. 5A  and  FIG. 5B  provide detailed flowcharts of a preferred embodiment of the compression process. The digital representation of the captured video image is transferred and stored in either frame buffer  0   503  or frame buffer  1   505 . A frame buffer is an area of memory that is capable of storing one frame of video. The use of two frame buffers allows faster capture of image data. The captured frames of video are stored in frame buffer  0   503  and frame buffer  1   505  in an alternating manner. This allows the next frame of video to be captured while compression is being performed on the previous frame of video. In video processor  212 , frame buffer  0   503  and frame buffer  1   505  comprise a portion of frame buffers  380  ( FIG. 3D ).  
         [0130]     An NRDT test is performed on each block of pixels stored in frame buffer  0   503  and frame buffer  1   505  (step  519 ), which compares each block of the captured video image to the corresponding block of the previously captured video image. Step  519  compares blocks of pixels from the video image stored in the current raw frame buffer (i.e., frame buffer  0   503  or frame buffer  1   505 ) with the corresponding block of pixels stored in compare frame buffer  521 . This step is discussed in greater detail below with respect to  FIGS. 6A and 6B .  
         [0131]     If step  519  determines that the current block of pixels has changed, then nearest color match function processes the video images contained in frame buffer  0   503  and frame buffer  1   505  (step  509 ) in conjunction with the information contained in the client color code table (“CCT from client”)  511 , which is stored in flash memory  239  ( FIG. 3 ). The nearest color match function can be executed as software by microprocessor  388 . A detailed explanation of the nearest color match function is provided below with respect to  FIG. 6 .  
         [0132]     The CCT obtained from CCT  513  by the nearest color match function is used for color code translation (step  515 ), which translates the digital RGB representation of each pixel of the changed block of pixels to reduce the amount of digital data required to represent the video data. Color code translation (step  515 ) receives blocks of pixels that the NRDT sub-algorithm (step  519 ) has determined have changed relative to the previous captured video image. Color code translation then translates this digital data into a more compact form and stores the result in coded frame buffer  517 . Coded frame buffer  517  can be implemented as a portion of RAM  386  ( FIG. 3D ).  
         [0133]     Alternatively, steps  509  and  515  may be performed in parallel with step  519 . Performing these steps in parallel reduces the processing time required for each block of pixels that has changed. In this scenario, steps  509  and  515  are performed in anticipation of the block of pixels having changed. If this is the case, the processing for steps  509  and  515  may be completed at the same time as the processing for step  519  is completed. Therefore, the algorithm may move directly to step  523  from step  509  without having to wait for the processing of steps  509  and  515 . Otherwise, if step  519  determines that the block of pixels has not changed, and therefore the results of steps  509  and  515  are not required, these results may simply be discarded.  
         [0134]     Upon completion of step  515 , caching begins by performing a cyclical redundancy check (CRC)(step  523 ). Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is a method known in the art for producing a checksum or hash code of a particular block of data. The CRCs may be computed for two blocks of data and then compared. If the CRCs match, the blocks are the same. Thus, CRCs are commonly used to check for errors. In the present invention, the CRC is used to compare a block of pixels with blocks of pixels stored in a cache. Thus, in step  523 , the CRC is computed for each block of pixels that was determined to have changed by the NRDT sub-algorithm. The array of CRCs is stored in CRC array  525 .  
         [0135]     Turning next to  FIG. 5B , depicted is an overview of the caching and bit splicing/compression sub-algorithms. This portion of the algorithm begins waiting for information from coded frame buffer  517  and CRC array  525  (step  527 ). Next, a decision is made as to whether a new video mode has been declared (step  529 ). A new video mode can be declared if, for example, user workstation  101  has different bandwidth or color requirements. If a new video mode has been declared, all data is invalidated (step  531 ) and the sub-algorithm returns to step  527  to wait for new information from coded frame buffer  517  and CRC array  525 . Downscaler circuit  362  and/or upscaler circuit  364 , located in LCD controller  215 , may be utilized to adjust the outputted digitized video to be compatible with the new video mode. Steps  527 ,  529 , and  531  are all steps of the overall compression algorithm that is executed by microprocessor  388  ( FIG. 3D ).  
         [0136]     If in step  529  it is deemed that a new video mode has not been declared, then the comparison of the current block of pixel&#39;s CRC with the cached CRCs is performed (step  533 ). This block compares the CRC data of the current video frame contained in CRC array  525  with the cache of previous CRCs contained in block info array  535 . Block info array  535  stores the cache of pixel blocks and the CRCs of the pixel blocks and can be implemented as a device in RAM  386  ( FIG. 3D ). Step  533  is also a part of the overall compression algorithm executed by microprocessor  388  ( FIG. 3D ).  
         [0137]     Next, if the current block of pixels is located within the pixel block cache contained in block info array  535  (step  537 ), a cache hit message is sent to user workstation  101  and the block of pixels is marked as complete, or processed (step  539 ). Since user workstation  101  contains the same pixel block cache as RMU  109  ( FIG. 3D ), the cache hit message simply directs user workstation  101  to use a specific block of pixels contained in its cache to create the portion of the video image that corresponds to the processed block of pixels.  
         [0138]     Next, a check is performed for unprocessed blocks of pixels (step  539 ). All blocks of pixels that need to be processed, or updated, are combined to create a compute next update rectangle. If there is nothing to update (i.e., if the video has not changed between frames), then the algorithm returns to step  527  (step  543 ). Thus, the current frame will not be sent to the remote participation equipment. By eliminating the retransmission of a current frame of video, the sub-algorithm reduces the bandwidth required for transmitting the video.  
         [0139]     If, however, there are areas of the image that need to be updated, the update rectangle is first compressed. The update rectangle must first be bit sliced (step  545 ). A bit plane of the update rectangle is constructed by taking the same bit from each pixel of the update rectangle. Thus, if the update rectangle includes 8-bit pixels, it can be deconstructed into 8 bit planes. The resulting bit planes are stored in bit plane buffer  547 . Again, steps  541 ,  543 , and  545  are all part of the bit splicing/compression sub-algorithm executed by microprocessor  388  of RMU  109  ( FIG. 3 ).  
         [0140]     Each bit plane is compressed separately by the compression sub-algorithm (step  549 ). In this case, compression is performed on each bit plane and the resulting data is sent to server stack  417  (step  551 ). In the preferred embodiment, compression is performed by video compression device  382  ( FIG. 3 ) (step  549 ). Thereafter, the compressed bit planes are sent to switch  390  ( FIG. 3D ).  
         [0141]     Since the preferred embodiment captures frames 20 times per second, it is necessary to wait 300 ms between video frame captures. Thus, the algorithm waits until 300 ms have passed since the previous frame capture before returning the sub-algorithm to step  527  (step  553 ).  
         [0142]     Referring now to  FIG. 6 , illustrated is the nearest color match function (step  509  of  FIG. 5A ) that selectively maps less frequently occurring colors to more frequently occurring colors using a CCT. Nearest color match function  509  processes each block of pixels of the video image stored in frame buffer  0   503  or frame buffer  1   505  successively. As shown in  FIG. 6 , a block of pixels is extracted from the video image stored in frame buffer  0   503  or frame buffer  1   505  (step  600 ). In the preferred embodiment, the extracted block has a size of 64 by 32 pixels, however, any block size may be utilized.  
         [0143]     The nearest color match function eliminates noise introduced by the A/D conversion by converting less frequently occurring pixel values to similar, more frequently occurring pixel values. The function utilizes histogram analysis and difference calculations. First, nearest color match function  509  generates a histogram of pixel values (step  601 ). The histogram measures the frequency of each pixel value in the block of pixels extracted during step  600 . The histogram is sorted, such that a list of frequently occurring colors (popular color list  603 ) and a list of least frequently occurring colors (rare color list  605 ) are generated. The threshold for each list is adjustable.  
         [0144]     Then, nearest color match function  509  analyzes each low frequently occurring pixel to determine if the pixel should be mapped to a value that occurs often. First, a pixel value is chosen from rare color list  605  (step  607 ). Then, a pixel value is chosen from popular color list  603  (step  609 ). These distance between these two values is then computed (step  611 ). In this process, distance is a metric computed by comparing the separate red, green and blue values of the two pixels. The distance value D may be computed in a variety of ways. One such example is: 
 
 D =( R   1   −R   2 ) 2 +( G   1   −G   2 ) 2 +( B   1 −B 2 ) 2  
 
 In this formula, R1 is the red value of the low frequency pixel, R2 is the red value of the high frequency pixel, G1 is the green value of the low frequency pixel, G2 is the green value of the high frequency pixel, B1 is the blue value of the low frequency pixel, and B2 is the blue value of the high frequency pixel. 
 
         [0145]     This formula yields a distance value, D, which indicates the magnitude of the similarity or difference of the colors of two pixels, such as a less frequently occurring pixel versus a more frequently occurring pixel. The goal of the sub-algorithm is to find a more frequently occurring pixel having a color that yields the lowest distance value when compared to the color of a less frequently occurring pixel. Therefore, a comparison is performed for each computed distance value (step  613 ). Every time a distance value is computed that is less than all previous distance values, the distance value is written to the closest distance variable (step  615 ).  
         [0146]     Once it is determined that all more frequently occurring pixels have been compared to less frequently occurring pixels (step  617 ), a computation is performed to determine if the lowest occurring D is within a predefined threshold (step  619 ). If this D is within the predefined threshold, CCT  513  is updated by mapping the low frequently occurring pixel to the color code value of the high frequently occurring pixel that yielded this D value (step  621 ). This process is repeated for all low frequency pixels and CCT  513  is updated accordingly.  
         [0147]     Turning to  FIG. 7 , RGB NRDT step  519  ( FIG. 5A ) is illustrated in further detail. This process operates on every block of pixels. Current pixel block  700  represents a block of pixels of the video image contained in the current frame buffer (i.e., frame buffer  0   503  or frame buffer  1   505  ( FIG. 5A )). Previous pixel block  701  contains the corresponding block of pixels of the video image contained in compare frame buffer  521  ( FIG. 5A ). Step  519  begins by extracting corresponding pixel values for one pixel from the current pixel block  700  and previous pixel block  701  (step  703 ). Then, the pixel color values are used to calculate a distance value, which indicates the magnitude of the similarity or difference between the colors of the two pixels (step  705 ). In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the distance value is computed using the following formula: 
 
 D =(R 1   −R   2 ) 2 +( G   1   −G   2 ) 2 +( B   1 −B 2 ) 2  
 
 As before, R1, G1, and B1 are the red, green and blue values respectively of the frame buffer pixel. Similarly, R2, G2, and B2 are the red, green and blue values respectively for the compare frame buffer pixel. 
 
         [0148]     Next, the computed distance value D is compared with a pixel threshold (step  707 ). If D is greater than the pixel threshold, it is added to an accumulating distance sum (step  709 ). If the value of D is less than the pixel threshold, the difference is considered to be insignificant (i.e., noise) and it is not added to the distance sum.  
         [0149]     This process of computing distance values and summing distance values that are greater than a predefined pixel threshold continues until it is determined that the last pixel of the block of pixels has been processed (step  711 ). Once the last pixel is reached, the distance sum is compared with a second threshold, the block threshold (step  713 ). If the distance sum is greater than the block threshold, the current block of pixels designated as changed as compared to the corresponding block of pixels from the previously captured frame. Otherwise, if the distance sum is less than the block threshold, the block of pixels is designated as unchanged.  
         [0150]     If the block of pixels is designated as changed, step  715  is executed. Step  715  sets a flag that indicates that the particular block of pixels has changed. Furthermore, the new block of pixels is written to compare frame buffer  521  ( FIG. 5A ) to replace the corresponding previous block of pixels.  
         [0151]     Otherwise, if the distance sum does not exceed the block threshold, the block is designated unchanged and, a flag is set to indicate that this block of pixels does not need to be re-transmitted to the remote participation equipment (step  721 ). Rather, the remote participation equipment will recreate the portion of the video image represented by the block of pixels using the same block of pixels displayed for the previous frame of video. At this point the system computers CRCs for changed blocks of pixels (step  523  of  FIG. 5A ) as discussed in greater detail above with respect to  FIG. 5A .  
         [0152]      FIG. 8  further illustrates the two level thresholding used by the NRDT sub-algorithm shown in  FIG. 7 . For illustrative purposes only, 4×4 blocks of pixels are shown. Each pixel is given red, green, and blue color values that range from 0 to 255, as is commonly performed in the art. A pixel having red, green, and blue values of 0 represents a black pixel, whereas a pixel having red, green, and blue values of 255 represents a white pixel. Previous pixel block  751  is a block of pixels grabbed from compare frame buffer  521  ( FIG. 5A ). Previous pixel  1   752  is the pixel in the upper, left corner of previous pixel block  751 . Since every pixel of previous pixel block  751  has a value of 0, previous pixel block  751  represents a 4×4 pixel area that is completely black.  
         [0153]     Current pixel block  753  represents the same spatial area of the video frame as previous pixel block  751 , but it is one frame later. Here current pixel  1   754  is the same pixel  1  as previous pixel  1   752 , but is one frame later. For simplicity, suppose a small white object, such as a white cursor, enters the area of the video image represented by previous pixel block  751 . This change occurs in current pixel  1   754  of current pixel block  753 . In current pixel block  753 , the majority of the pixels remained black, but current pixel  1   754  is now white, as represented by the RGB color values of  255 ,  255 , and  255 .  
         [0154]     Further suppose that noise has been introduced by the A/D conversion, such that previous pixel  755  has changed from black, as represented by its RGB values of 0, 0, and 0, to gray. The new gray color is represented by the RGB values of 2, 2, and 2 assigned to current pixel  756 .  
         [0155]     Further suppose that the pixel threshold is 100, and the block threshold is 200. The NRDT sub-algorithm calculates the distance value between each pixel of current pixel block  753  and previous pixel block  751 . The formula used in the preferred embodiment of the present invention, as discussed above with respect to  FIG. 7 , is: 
 
 D =( R   1   −R   2 ) 2 +( G   1   −G   2 ) 2 +( B   1   −B   2 ) 2  
 
 Therefore, the distance value between current pixel  1   754  and previous pixel  1   752  is: 
 
 D =(   255 − 0   ) 2 +(255−0) 2 +(255−0) 2  
 
 or 195,075. This distance value is added to the distance sum because 195,075 exceeds the pixel threshold of 100. However, the distance value between the black previous pixel  755  and the gray current pixel  756  is not added to the distance sum because the distance between the pixels, as calculated using the above distance formula, equals 12, which does not exceed the pixel threshold of 100. Similarly, the distance value is computed for all of the remaining pixels in the two pixel blocks. Each of these distance values equals zero, therefore, since these distance values are less than the pixel threshold, they are not added to the distance sum. 
 
         [0156]     Consequently, after the distance values for all pixels have been processed, the distance sum equals 195,075. Since this value is greater than the block threshold of 200, the block is designated. This example illustrates the advantages of the two-level thresholding feature of the NRDT sub-algorithm. That is, the noise that occurred in current pixel  756  of current pixel block  753  was ignored, whereas the real change in video that occurred in current pixel  1   754  of current pixel block  753  was recognized.  
         [0157]     Turning finally to  FIG. 9 , shown is a flowchart of the decompression algorithm executed by user workstation  101  ( FIG. 1 ). The decompression algorithm begins by waiting for a message (step  801 ). This message is transmitted from server stack  417  of RMU  109  to user workstation  101 . Thereafter, user workstation  101  receives the information and writes the data to client stack  803 . Client stack  803  may be a register or some other device capable of permanently or temporarily storing digital data. In one embodiment of the present invention, messages are transmitted using the TCP/IP communication protocol. In this scenario, client stack  803  is the local TCP/IP stack. Other embodiments may use a protocol other than TCP/IP. However, irrespective of the communication protocol, the present invention uses client stack  803  to store received messages for processing.  
         [0158]     Once a message is received in client stack  803 , it is processed to determine whether the message is a new video mode message (step  805 ). A new video mode message may be sent for a variety of reasons including a bandwidth change, a change in screen resolution or color depth, a new client, etc. This list is not intended to limit the reasons for sending a new video mode message, but instead to give examples of when it may occur. If the message is a new video mode message, application layer  823  is notified of the new video mode (step  807 ). According to the preferred embodiment, application layer  823  is software executed by user workstation  101  that interfaces with the input and output devices of user workstation  101  (i.e., keyboard  103 , video monitor  105 , and cursor control device  107 ). Any video updates must therefore be sent to application layer  823 . Also, the old buffers are freed, including all memory devoted to storing previously transmitted frames, and new buffers are allocated (step  809 ). The decompression algorithm then returns to step  801 .  
         [0159]     If the new message is not a video mode message, the message is further processed to determine if it is a cache hit message (step  811 ). If yes, the cache hit message is deciphered to determine which block of pixels, of the blocks of pixels stored in the three cache frame buffers  815 , should be used to reconstruct the respective portion of the video image. Although three cache frame buffers  815  are used in the preferred embodiment of the present invention, any quantity of cache frame buffers may be used without departing from the spirit of the invention. Cache frame buffers  815  store the same blocks of pixels that are stored in the cache frame buffers located internal to RMU  109  ( FIG. 3 ). Thus, the cache hit message does not include video data, but rather simply directs the remote participation equipment as to which block of pixels contained in the cache frame buffer  815  should be sent to merge frame buffer  817 . The block of pixels contained within the specified cache is then copied from cache frame buffer  815  to merge buffer  817  (step  813 ). Finally, application layer  823  is notified that an area of the video image has been updated (step  825 ). Merge buffer  817  contains the current representation of the entire frame of video in color code pixels. Application layer  823  copies the pixel data from merge buffer  817  and formats the data to match the pixel format of the connected video monitor  105  (step  819 ). Thereafter, the formatted pixel data is written to update frame buffer  821 , which then transmits the data to video monitor  105 . Alternatively, in lieu of a video monitor, the formatted pixel data may be written to a video card, memory, and/or any other hardware or software commonly used with video display devices.  
         [0160]     Further, if the new message is not a new video mode or cache hit message, it is tested to determine if it is a message containing compressed video data (step  827 ). If the message does not contain compressed video data, the decompression algorithm returns to step  801  and waits for a new message to be transmitted from server stack  417 . Otherwise, if the message does contain compressed video data, the data is decompressed and transferred to bit plane frame buffer  833  (step  829 ). As described above, the preferred embodiment incorporates the JBIG lossless compression technique. Therefore, decompression of the video data must be performed for each individual bit plane. After each bit plane is decompressed, it is merged with previously decompressed bit planes, which are stored in bit plane frame buffer  833  (step  829 ). When a sufficient number of bit planes have been merged, the merged data contained in bit plane frame buffer  833  is transferred to merge frame buffer  817  (step  831 ). Alternatively, individual bit planes may be decompressed and stored directly in merge frame buffer  817 , thereby eliminating step  831 . When all of the data required to display a full frame of video is transferred to merge frame buffer  817 , application layer  823  copies the data in merge frame buffer  817  to update frame buffer  821  (step  819 ). Thereafter, the data is transferred to video monitor  105 .  
         [0161]     In an alternate embodiment, the video displayed on video monitor  105  can be updated after each bit plane is received. In other words, a user does not have to wait until the whole updated frame of video is received to update portions of the displayed video. This alternative method is desirable when the bandwidth available for video transmission varies. Also, this progressive method of updating the video display is one of the advantages of using the JBIG compression algorithm.  
         [0162]     Next, the decompression algorithm determines whether all of the color code data from one field of the current video frame has been received (step  835 ). If a full field has not been received, the decompression algorithm returns to step  801  and waits for the remainder of the message, which is transmitted from server stack  417  to client stack  803  in the form of a new message. Otherwise, if a full field has been received, the decompression method notifies application layer  823  (step  837 ). Similar to that described above with respect to processing cache hit messages, this notification directs application layer  823  to read the data in merge frame buffer  817  and convert it to the current screen pixel format (step  819 ). Thereafter, the formatted data is written to update frame buffer  821 , which transmits the data to video monitor  105 .  
         [0163]     After a full field has been received and application layer  823  has been notified, a second determination is made to determine if the full field is the last field included in the message. If it is, the newly decompressed block of pixels is written to one of the cache frame buffers  815  (step  841 ). Otherwise, the decompression algorithm returns to step  801  and continues to wait for a new message. Preferably, the new block of pixels written to cache frame buffer  815  overwrites the oldest block of pixels contained therein. Step  841  ensures that the cache is up-to-date and synchronized with the cache of RMU  109 . After the completion of the cache update, the decompression algorithm returns to step  801 .  
         [0164]     While the present invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiments and several alternative embodiments, which embodiments have been set forth in considerable detail for the purposes of making a complete disclosure of the invention, such embodiments are merely exemplary and are not intended to be limiting or represent an exhaustive enumeration of all aspects of the invention. The scope of the invention, therefore, shall be defined solely by the following claims. Further, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that numerous changes may be made in such details without departing from the spirit and the principles of the invention. It should be appreciated that the present invention is capable of being embodied in other forms without departing from its essential characteristics.