Abstract:
A pulse generation circuit and method includes using digital signals to trigger a first and second varying analog signals and detecting when they reach one or more reference levels. In response to the first and second varying analog signals reaching one or more reference levels, a first and a second digital control signals are produced and provided as input to a pulser producing a voltage excitation pulse having a width and timing defined by the first and second digital control signals.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a continuation under 37 C.F.R. §1.53(b) of prior application Ser. No. 13/434,276, filed Mar. 29, 2012, by Andrew THOMAS entitled AN APPARATUS FOR AND A METHOD OF IMPROVED TIMING CONTROL FOR NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING AND INSPECTION, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to non-destructive testing and inspection (NDT/NDI) particularly to high frequency NDT/NDT instruments with increased digital sampling. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Ultrasonic thickness measurement and flaw detection devices that use ultrasonic transducers include a pulser circuit producing a high voltage excitation pulse delivered to the transducer, which in response produces an ultrasonic tuned frequency pulse designed to travel through the test piece under inspection. The ultrasonic pulse that travels into the test piece will produce ultrasonic reflections from flaws, voids or back-wall within the test piece called the return echos. Measuring the return echos allows a microprocessor based subsystem to calculate the thickness of the test piece or flaw depth within the test piece. Low frequency transducers are used for thicker test pieces and higher frequency transducers are used for thinner test pieces. 
     The generation of a high voltage excitation pulse is typically done with a high voltage power supply and a clocked counter to set the instance of time when the excitation pulse is generated and width of the excitation pulse. Based on the counter clock frequency and count value, this will allow the excitation pulse generation to be delayed at specific time intervals allowing it to be phase shifted as desired. By incrementally phase shifting the excitation pulse then digitally sampling each incremental phase shifted return echo, this will allow for a higher effective sampling rate of the return echo using a standard interleaving method. The time interval for phase shifting the excitation pulse has to be finer than the time interval for digitally sampling the return echo for interleaving to work in this manner. 
     There are other methods of interleaving and increasing the sampling rate that have inherent problems, such as using phase lock loops or delay components to fine delay the sample clock signal to the digital sampler. By incrementally delaying the clock to the digital sampler and re-sampling the return echo that appears at the same instance of time will create a higher effective sample rate but the use of phase lock loops can induce higher noise levels and clock jitter causing delay errors thus causing digital sampling rate errors. A delay component can also add higher noise and have significant delay variant from one circuit to the other. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Higher frequency ultrasonic transducers such as 125 MHz are becoming widely used due to the fact that they can inspect a very thin test piece. For a thin test piece, the time of flight which measures from the time when the excitation pulse is generated to when the return echo is received is very small; therefore a higher frequency transducer is needed to achieve these thin measurements. 
     In order to digitally sample a high frequency return pulse such as 125 MHz, a highly effective sample rate is needed to support the Nyquist Frequency theorem which states that a 125 MHz return echo must be digitally sampled at least twice the frequency at a rate of 250 MHz or greater. Modern day digital sampling analog to digital converters (ADC) can achieve greater than 250 MHz sampling rates but the cost and power consumption are higher and can be avoided by using a lower frequency digital sampling ADC along with interleaving as discussed in this invention. 
     For this invention, the generation and delay of a high voltage excitation pulse is first created by a digital counter to set the coarse delay and width which is then sent to a fine delay analog circuit such as a resistor-capacitor (RC) time constant for fine tuning the coarse delay. The digital counter for the coarse delay will create the desired excitation pulse start and width dependent on a counter clock frequency and a count value. The fine delay analog circuit will be used to finely adjust the excitation pulse delivered from the coarse delay digital counter using an RC time constant, digital to analog converter (DAC) and comparator circuit. The fine delay analog circuit will allow for finer delay adjustments of the excitation pulse then the coarse delay set by the clock frequency to the digital counter. Fine delay adjustment of the excitation pulse will in turn fine delay the return echo; therefore digitally sampling a high frequency transducer return echo can be achieved through an interleaving process. 
     The subject invention, however, in other embodiments, need not achieve all these objectives and the claims hereof should not be limited to structures or methods capable of achieving these objectives. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Other objects, features and advantages will occur to those skilled in the art from the following description of a preferred embodiment and the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram showing the primary components associated with one example of a high voltage excitation pulse generator in accordance with the invention; 
         FIG. 2  is timing diagram showing the signals produced by the various components shown in  FIG. 1  resulting in a fairly low frequency excitation voltage pulse; 
         FIG. 3  is a timing diagram showing the capability of excitation pulse generator of  FIG. 1  producing a high frequency excitation voltage pulse narrower than one clock pulse for a 125 MHz transducer; and 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic circuit diagram depicting an example of the circuitry of pulser  115  of  FIG. 1 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Aside from the preferred embodiment or embodiments disclosed below, this invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or being carried out in various ways. Thus, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangements of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. If only one embodiment is described herein, the claims hereof are not to be limited to that embodiment. Moreover, the claims hereof are not to be read restrictively unless there is clear and convincing evidence manifesting a certain exclusion, restriction, or disclaimer. 
       FIG. 1  depicts but one version of a circuitry  10  for generating a high voltage excitation pulse at the output of a pulser  115  which typically drives the transducer of an ultrasonic thickness measurement or flaw detection device. This high voltage excitation pulse can be hundreds of volts and have a pulse width of less than 4 ns for high frequency applications such as those involving a 125 MHz transducer. Or, conversely, the high voltage excitation pulse width can be wider for low frequency applications. And, the high voltage excitation pulse can be delayed at desired intervals for interleaving the return echo to produce higher effective sampling rates. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , a Digital Signal Generator  14  is the digital section of this invention and can be implemented in an FPGA, CPLD or other discrete digital components which digitally controls the coarse delay, fine delay and width of the excitation pulse through a Digital Counter  100 , Pulse Width and a Delay Controller  99  and Tri-State Circuits  101 ,  102 . Digital Counter  100  has its count rate set by an input Clock  97  which can be an oscillator or other digital clock generator that sets the resolution of the coarse delay and width for the excitation pulse. 
     Continuing with  FIG. 1 , Digital Counter  100  is compared to a desired start count value in Pulse Width and Delay Controller  99  to dictate when the coarse start of the excitation pulse begins by asserting the enable_start signal to Tri-State Circuit  101 . The Digital Counter  100  is also compared to a desired end count value in the Pulse Width and Delay Controller  99  to dictate the coarse end of the excitation pulse by asserting the enable_end signal to the Tri-State Circuit  102 . 
     Tri-State circuits  101  and  102  are digital tri-state buffers in which their respective output is driven to 0 or a high impedance state to RC Delay components  104  and  107 , respectively with Pull-Up Resistor  95  on signal coarse_start and Pull-Up Resistor  96  on signal coarse_end. When signals enable_start and enable_end from Pulse Width and Delay Controller  99  are not enabled, this will drive the Tri-State Circuits  101 ,  102  to a high impedance state and the outputs coarse_start and coarse_end are pulled high through Pull-Up Resistors  95  and  96 . On the other hand, when signals enable_start and enable_end are enabled, this drives the output coarse_start and coarse_end to 0 to set the coarse width and delay of the excitation pulse. The coarse_start and coarse_end falling edges can be several clock cycles apart depicted in  FIG. 2  or generated on the same clock edge as depicted in  FIG. 3  to produce a narrower excitation pulse resolution than the clock value allows. The narrow excitation pulse width is required for high frequency transducers such as 125 MHz. 
     Reference is still made to  FIG. 1 . Tri-state circuits  101  and  102  allow for decoupling of the digital power supply to a low noise Precision Analog Power Supply  12  through the pull-up resistors  95  and  96  on coarse_start and coarse_end signals thus eliminating the digital power supplies which may be noisy. The low noise Precision Analog Power Supply  12  can be one of a precision voltage reference device which feeds all the remaining Fine Delay Analog Circuits  13  including pull-ups  95  and  96  on coarse_start and coarse end. A common low noise Precision Analog Power Supply  12  allows for more precise delay for finer adjustment through the analog circuits. 
     Reference is now made primarily to  FIG. 1 , assisted by referring to  FIGS. 2 and 3 . The digital values digital_fine_start_a and digital_fine_start_b from Pulse Width and Delay Controller  99  are converted to an analog voltage reference called analog_fine_start_a and analog_fine_start_b by a digital to analog converter (DAC)  103  and  105  which are used set the fine delay start A and fine delay start B of the excitation pulse (shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 ). The digital values digital_fine_end_a and digital_fine_end_b from Pulse Width and Delay Controller  99  are converted to an analog voltage reference called analog_fine_end_a and analog_fine_end_b through a digital to analog converter (DAC)  106  and  108  and which are used to set the fine delay end points of the excitation pulse (shown as C and D, respectively in  FIGS. 2 and 3 ). 
       FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 , RC delays or RC delay components  104  and  107  are analog circuits which have a discrete resistor and capacitor to create an exponentially decaying voltage as shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 , with signals named as rc_delay_start and rc_delay_end created from the input signals coarse_start and coarse_end as shown in  FIG. 2  and  FIG. 3 . The exponential decay rate is based on the selection of the resistor and capacitor, which is known to those skilled in the art. In one example, a 1K ohm resistor and 22 pf capacitor were used. The RC circuit should preferably have low impedance with low resistance and high capacitor values. The reason is because a resistor with high resistance may have a high stray capacitance and can generate a large RC time constant error. With an extremely large RC time constant, the noise in the RC circuit may cause output errors to the comparator and make the excitation pulse timing and width unpredictable. The preferred time constant will be approximately two digital clock cycles. 
     Still referring to  FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 , the exponentially decaying voltage rc_delay_start from RC Delay  104  is compared to voltage references analog_fine_start_a and analog_fine_start_b through comparator  109  and  110 . When rc_delay_start is equal to or less than the voltage references analog_fine_start_a and analog_fine_start_b, control_start_a and control_start_b will go high respectively to set the fine delay start points of the excitation pulse as depicted as A and B respectively in  FIGS. 2 and 3 . 
     Similarly, the exponentially decaying voltage rc_delay_end from RC Delay  107  will be compared to voltage references analog_fine_end_a and analog_fine_end_b through comparator  111  and  112 . When rc_delay_end is equal to or less than the voltage references analog_fine_end_a and analog_fine_end_b, control_end_a and control_end_b will go high respectively to set the fine delay end points of the excitation pulse as C and D depicted in  FIG. 2  and  FIG. 3 . The fine delay and width of the excitation pulse is set based on the desired settings of DAC  103 ,  105 ,  106  and  108 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , comparators  109  and  111  output signals control_start_a and control_end_a which are fed to AND Gate  113  to produce control_a to set the start and end of upper control to the high voltage Pulser  115 , as seen in hv_excitation_pulse in  FIGS. 2 and 3 . When signal control_start_a, a non-Inverting input to the AND Gate  113  and signal control_end_a, an inverting nput to the AND Gate  113  are both low, then control_a will be low. When control_start_a goes high and control_end_a goes low then control_a goes high, when control_start_a stays high and control_end_a goes high then control_a goes low as depicted in  FIG. 2  and  FIG. 3 . 
     Similarly, comparators  110  and  112  provide output signals control_start_b and control_end_b go to AND gate  114  to produce control_b to set the start and end of lower control to the high voltage Pulser  115 . When signal control_start_b (Non Inverting Input to the AND Gate  114 ) and signal control_end_b (Inverting Input to the AND Gate  114 ) are both low then control_b will be low. When control_start_b goes high and control_end_b goes low then control_b goes high, when control_start_b stays high and control_end_b goes high then control_b goes low as depicted in  FIG. 2  and  FIG. 3 . 
     Reference is now primarily made to  FIG. 2 , assisted by referring back to  FIG. 1 .  FIG. 2  shows the timing diagram depicting an example of an excitation pulse width targeted to be greater than a single digital clock cycle. The signal clock is the digital clock which feeds the Digital Signal Generator to produce the coarse_start and coarse_end signals. The coarse_start and coarse_end signals provided by tri-state circuit  101  and  102 , respectively, feed the RC Delays  104  and  107  to produce the decaying voltage signals rc_delay_start and rc_delay_end respectively, based on the resistor and capacitor selection. The decaying voltage signal rc_delay_start is compared to a reference voltage signals analog_fine_start_a and analog_fine_start_b by comparators  109  and  110 , respectively. When rc_delay_start is equal to or less than reference voltage signals analog_fine_start_a and analog_fine_start_b, control_start_a and control_start_b goes high respectively to set fine delay start A and fine delay start B, respectively, in the excitation pulse. The decaying voltage signal rc_delay_end is compared to a reference voltage analog_fine_end_a and analog_fine_end_b by comparators  111  and  112 . When rc_delay_end is equal to or less than reference voltage signals analog_fine_end_a and analog_fine_end_b, control_end_a and control_end_b goes high respectively to set fine delay end points C and D of the excitation pulse. The signals control_start_a and control_end_a go through AND Gate  113  to produce control_a to control the upper FET  200  of the excitation pulse. The signals control_start_b and control_end_b go through AND Gate  114  to produce control_b to control the lower FET  202  of the excitation pulse. (FET signals are shown in  FIG. 4 ). Pulser  115  generates the signal hv_excitation_pulse to the ultrasonic transducer in response to control signals control_a and control_b from AND Gates  113  and  114 , respectively. 
     Reference is now primarily made to  FIG. 3 , assisted by referring back to  FIG. 1 . As seen in  FIG. 3 , for higher frequency applications such as with 125 MHz, it is desirable that the excitation pulse width be 4 ns or less which may be a smaller time interval than the clock to the Digital Signal Generator can provide. In order to create a narrower pulse width than the clock signal allows, the coarse_start and coarse_end values need to drop low at the same instance of the clock cycle and the remaining delay will be controlled through fine delay only. The signal clock  100  is the digital clock which feeds the Digital Signal Generator  99  to set the coarse_start and coarse_end at the same time. The signal coarse_start and coarse_end feed the RC Delays  104  and  107  to produce the decaying voltage rc_delay_start and rc_delay_end signals, respectively based on the resistor and capacitor selection. The decaying voltage signal rc_delay_start is compared to a reference voltage signals analog_fine_start_a and analog_fine_start_b by comparators  109  and  110 . When rc_delay_start is equal to or less than reference voltage signals analog_fine_start_a and analog_fine_start_b, control_start_a and control_start_b increase respectively to set fine delay start A and fine delay state B of the excitation pulse. The decaying voltage rc_delay_end is compared to reference voltage analog_fine_end_a and analog_fine_end_b by comparators  111  and  112 , respectively. When rc_delay_start is equal to or less than reference voltage signals analog_fine_start_a and analog_fine_start_b, control_end_a and control_end_b increase respectively to set fine delay end points of C and D of excitation pulse. The signals control_start_a and control_end_a will go through an AND Gate to produce control_a to control the upper FET  200  of the excitation pulse. The signals control_start_b and control_end_b go through AND Gate  114  to produce control_b to control the lower FET  202  of the excitation pulse. Pulser control circuit  115  then generates the signal hv_excitation_pulse to the ultrasonic transducer in response to control signals control_a and control_b from AND Gates  113  and  114 . 
     Reference now is made to  FIG. 4 , assisted with referring back to  FIG. 1 . As it is explain above that pulser  115  generates the high voltage excitation pulse to the ultrasonic transducer (not shown) in response to control signals control_a and control_b from AND Gates  113  and  114 . The control_a signal from AND gate  113  controls the gate of a field effect transistor (FET) to control the ground of pulser  115 . The control_b signal from AND gate  114  controls the gate of a field effect transistor (FET) to control the high voltage of pulser  115  which is typically a negative voltage. 
     Continuing with  FIG. 4 , a more elaborated circuit design for pulser  115  is shown with the upper P-channel FET  200  controlling ground and lower N-channel FET  202  controlling the negative_high_voltage (e.g., −200 volts) through signals control_a and control_b, respectively. Signal comes in on control_b and produces signal fet_control_b through an RC circuit  203  to control the negative edge (alternatively called falling or leading edge) of the hv_excitation_pulse output signal  404 . Signal comes in on control_a and produces signal fet_control_a through an RC circuit  201  to control the positive edge (alternatively called rising edge or trailing edge) of the hv_excitation_pulse output signal  404 . Since the signals control_a and control_b are positive voltages and negative voltages are needed to drive the P-channel FET  200  and N-channel FET  202  then capacitors are needed as shown in RC circuits  201  and  203 . Signal fed as control_a and signal fed as control_b to RC circuits  201  and  203 , respectively, are offset in time to avoid shoot-through current through the FET&#39;s. The gap between the trailing edge of signal control_a and signal control_b determines the slew rate of the high voltage excitation pulse as shown in output signal hv_excitation_pulse. It is important to note that keeping the gap in an optimal range as an advantage of the subject circuitry since the fine delay analog circuit can control the rising and falling edges of the control signal precisely. When the gap is too small, the risk of shoot-through current increases; when the gap is too large, the excitation pulse may not behave as desired. It is known to those skilled in the art to produce the hv_excitation_pulse output signal feeding to an ultrasonic transducer (not shown). 
     It is important to note and to be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the nature of negative or positive voltage of the control signals and the excitation pulse are for exemplary purposes. The framework of the timing control method herein disclosed applying to a signal with negative voltage would equally apply to a similar signal with positive voltage. 
     Referring back to  FIG. 1 , an important aspect of the present disclosure should be noted is that Digital Signal Generator  14  can be configured to produce a wide variety of desirable and stable excitation pulses and the downstream circuitry does not change. By employing circuitry as shown in  FIG. 1  (or circuitry equivalent thereto) where both digital and analog signals work together to achieve a desirable range of excitation pulse widths and delay allows the invention to achieve fine continuous control of the excitation pulse and achieve a fractional clock period pulse width in contrast to conventional digital pulse generation methods. 
     In one example to generate an excitation pulse width of 13.75 ns with a digital clock frequency of 200 MHZ (5 ns) to the Digital Signal Generator  14 , the coarse_start and coarse_end width between these signals are set by the integer quotient (13.75 ns/5 ns=2.75) 2 to set the coarse width of 10 ns. The remaining (5 ns*0.75) 3.75 ns delay will be done through the analog fine delay circuits by delaying the fine delay end only to achieve an overall excitation pulse width of 13.75 ns. 
     Having coarse and fine delay capabilities of the high voltage excitation pulse to the ultrasonic transducer allows the return echos to be delayed accordingly. Therefore the process of interleaving can be accomplished by incrementally delaying the high voltage excitation pulse and digitally sampling the delayed return echos through an analog to digital converter (ADC). This method of interleaving increases the digital sampling rate of the return echoes. 
     It should be noted that some terms can be alternatively used in the present disclosure as follow.
         analog_fine_start_a can be alternatively used as a first reference signal;   analog_fine_end_a can be alternatively used as a second reference signal;   analog_fine_start_b can be alternatively used as a third reference signal;   analog_fine_end_b can be alternatively used as a first reference signal.       

     It should further be noted that some terms can be alternatively used in the present disclosure as follow.
         Comparator  109  can be alternatively used as a first reference signal;   Comparator  111  can be alternatively used as a second reference signal;   comparator  110  can be alternatively used as a third reference signal;   comparator  112  can be alternatively used as a first reference signal.       

     Although specific features of the invention are shown in some drawings and not in others, this is for convenience only as each feature may be combined with any or all of the other features in accordance with the invention. The words “including”, “comprising”, “having”, and “with” as used herein are to be interpreted broadly and comprehensively and are not limited to any physical interconnection. Moreover, any embodiments disclosed in the subject application are not to be taken as the only possible embodiments. For example, the analog delay circuitry may include devices or components different than the RC circuits discussed herein. 
     In addition, any amendment presented during the prosecution of the patent application for this patent is not a disclaimer of any claim element presented in the application as filed: those skilled in the art cannot reasonably be expected to draft a claim that would literally encompass all possible equivalents, many equivalents will be unforeseeable at the time of the amendment and are beyond a fair interpretation of what is to be surrendered (if anything), the rationale underlying the amendment may bear no more than a tangential relation to many equivalents, and/or there are many other reasons the applicant can not be expected to describe certain insubstantial substitutes for any claim element amended. 
     Other embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art and are within the following claims.