Abstract:
A socially-cognizant translation system that takes social state between speaker and listener into account when making the translation. The translation may be more formal or less formal based on the social relationship between speaker and listener. Profanities in the source speech may be detected, and used to determine the social cognizance. Also, the source speech can be translated without the profanity in the target language, instead using the meaning of the profanity.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application 60/747,906, filed May 22, 2006. The disclosure of the prior application is considered part of (and is incorporated by reference in) the disclosure of this application. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Certain languages and cultures have a speaking style that is correlated with the social status of the participants and their relative status relative to one another. For example, Japanese may use different verb tenses and honorifics, depending on the relationship between the speaker and the other party or parties. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present application recognizes that current speech translation systems do not take into account socially cognizant translation. An embodiment addresses this issue by providing a translation that takes social cognizance into account. 
     Another embodiment relates to techniques for eliminating profanities within translated portions. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       These and other aspects will now be described in detail with reference the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a computer system that can be used to carry out embodiments; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a flowchart which follows a possible system of the embodiment; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a first kind of transformation strategy; and 
         FIG. 4  illustrates transformation strategies which may be carried out. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The general structure and techniques, and more specific embodiments that can be used to effect different ways of carrying out the more general goals, are described herein. 
     The operation can be carried out by a programmed computer that runs the flowcharts described herein. The computer can be as shown in  FIG. 1 .  FIG. 1  illustrates an embodiment where a computer  100  runs a program that is stored on the storage media  105 . The program produces output, e.g., text type output on a display  110  or some other device that can provide information to the user, e.g., a printer, or audio output via an audio device that plays information to the user. The user can interact with the program and display via a user interface, which may include a keyboard, microphone, mouse, and any other user interface part materials  120 . 
     In operation, the computer is programmed to carry out a speech operation. 
     An embodiment describes how participant&#39;s social status can be used to be part of the translation process in an automatic translation system. In the embodiment, translation is dependent upon many things including the social status of the participants in addition to the input speech. This technique can be used within language filtering, but can also be used with source and target languages that are the same. 
     Even within the same language, there may be mismatches within social registers, surface form text styles and expressions due to socioeconomic differences, economic background differences, as well as age and gender effects. 
     The embodiment recognizes that many variables can define a socially acceptable as well as understandable way of communicating with a person. Depending on the language, extreme respect to informalities may need to be demonstrated in certain circumstances. For example, extreme respect and formality may be demonstrated when addressing an official, superior, or tribe leader. Other times, respect does not need to be accompanied by formality, for example when addressing an older person who is not in a position of authority, or an older person who is a stranger. 
     In many instances, the spoken style of the source language speaker will be inappropriate for delivery to the target language speaker. This style difference may be due to cultural and linguistic gap, due to a generational or educational gap, or other differences. 
     The present application describes translating between source language and target language while maintaining appropriate levels of formality. In an embodiment, the source language and target language can belong to different styles of the same language. 
     An embodiment may also identify terms that may be potentially offensive within a specified language. 
     In the embodiment, the system may follow the flowchart of  FIG. 2 . At  200 , the source language (SL) is investigated, to identify potentially offensive language terms within the source language. For example, the potentially offensive terms may include profanities, mismatched registers, and others  200  may also attempt to identify the intended meaning of the profanity. 
     This identification of profanity meaning may be important if the profanity is being used to denote something other than the profane meaning of the profanity. For example, profanity may be used to denote emphasis in English. 
     In English, the phrase such as in “I am not (profanity) going there”. In that case, the intended concept is “I am (emphasis) not going there” which may be translated in that way. The translation can be provided textually, with indication of emphasis, or can be provided as audio indicative of spoken translation. The audio can have information indicative of emphasis. 
     Also, profanities often do not translate properly, something that is profane in the source language might not be profane or meaningful when in the target language. 
       205  denotes converting the profanity to a non-profanity if possible. 
       210  illustrates identifying social cognizance within the utterances and appropriately transforming the utterances using this socially cognizant translation component. For example, this can be a cross-lingual translation. 
       215  illustrates identifying alternative target language utterances, and accepting the most appropriate one of those utterances for consumption by the target language speaker. 
     Consider an example as shown in  FIG. 3 .  FIG. 3  illustrates a first kind of transformation strategy. First, the automatic speech recognition results are filtered so that profanities can be re-mapped to their intended meanings. 
     The transcript  300  is first transformed at  305 , and converted into a number of translations, shown as  310 ,  315 . Multiple translations are thus produced according to pre-existing translation modules which are utterance independent but socially transformationally dependent. This transformation could be, for example, as informal to formal, one form of informal to another form of informal, informal to respectful, flippant to non-flippant, sarcastic to non-sarcastic, and other filters. 
     The final steps are the choices within the language of the most appropriate utterances along the multiple utterances produced by the path. For example, the multiple utterances are shown generally as  320 . 
     Transformation strategies may be carried out as shown in  FIG. 4. 400  shows a first transformation where in the source language the utterance  400  includes a profanity, specifically “what the (profanity) are you doing?” 
     This is changed at  405  to the different possibilities, “what (emphasis), do you think you&#39;re doing?” 
     The profanities are hence re-mapped to their intended meanings, and the translations along the appropriate paths. 
     The first path, “Que hace usted” at  410  is a first path. The second path at  415  includes the profanity within it, as “que (profanity) haces tu?”, as well as including the profanity, this question is in a less polite tense. 
     As in the  FIG. 3  example, these may be utterance independent but social transformationally dependent. For example, the social transformation can be as informal to formal; informal to informal; informal to respectful; flippant to non-flippant; sarcastic to non-sarcastic. 
     As in the embodiment, the tense can be changed based on the presence of a profanity. For example, the tense and/or tone of a translated sentence including a profanity may be constrained to be a tense appropriate for such a profanity, such as a very familiar tense. 
     Although only a few embodiments have been disclosed in detail above, other embodiments are possible and the inventors intend these to be encompassed within this specification. The specification describes specific examples to accomplish a more general goal that may be accomplished in another way. This disclosure is intended to be exemplary, and the claims are intended to cover any modification or alternative which might be predictable to a person having ordinary skill in the art. For example, tense may be detected in other ways besides detection of profanities. In addition, this translation system can be used in different languages and language pairs than the specific ones that are disclosed. Also, this system can be used for oral translation or interpretation, but also can be used for text to text type translation. 
     Also, the inventors intend that only those claims which use the words “means for” are intended to be interpreted under 35 USC 112, sixth paragraph. Moreover, no limitations from the specification are intended to be read into any claims, unless those limitations are expressly included in the claims. The computers described herein may be any kind of computer, either general purpose, or some specific purpose computer such as a workstation. The computer may be an Intel (e.g., Pentium or Core 2 duo) or AMD based computer, running Windows XP or Linux, or may be a Macintosh computer. The computer may also be a handheld computer, such as a PDA, cellphone, or laptop. 
     The programs may be written in C or Python, or Java, Brew or any other programming language. The programs may be resident on a storage medium, e.g., magnetic or optical, e.g. the computer hard drive, a removable disk or media such as a memory stick or SD media, wired or wireless network based or Bluetooth based Network Attached Storage (NAS), or other removable medium. The programs may also be run over a network, for example, with a server or other machine sending signals to the local machine, which allows the local machine to carry out the operations described herein. 
     Where a specific numerical value is mentioned herein, it should be considered that the value may be increased or decreased by 20%, while still staying within the teachings of the present application, unless some different range is specifically mentioned. Where a specified logical sense is used, the opposite logical sense is also intended to be encompassed.