Abstract:
The invention relates to a hard magnetic object and a method for adjusting a magnetic vector of a hard magnetic object. Therefore, the invention has the object, to provide a hard magnetic object and a method for its manufacture, which hard magnetic object has, without being influenced by an outside magnetic circuit, a desired resultant magnetic vector, which is in the frame of a predetermined tolerance range, and furthermore, that the hard magnetic object has a higher maximal energy density compared to the State of Art. According to the invention a hard magnetic object, which magnetic vector is as far as possible within the frame of a predetermined tolerance range, consists at least of one hard magnetic moulding ( 1 ) and at least one further moulded dement ( 11 ), which are combined with each other in such a way, that by means of shape, bringing together and aligning of the moulding ( 1 ) and of the moulded element ( 11 ), a predetermined direction and position of the magnetic vector of the hard magnetic object is achieved. The magnetic vector of the hard magnetic object is the resultant magnetic vector of the magnetic vectors ( 4; 14 ) of the hard magnetic moulding ( 1 ) and of the moulded elements ( 11 ).

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/399,838 filed Sep. 24, 2003, now abandoned which was a nationalization of PCT/EP2002/09522 having an international filing date of Aug. 26, 2002. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     The invention relates to a hard magnetic object and method for adjusting a magnetic vector of a hard magnetic object according to the generic parts of claims  1  and  10 . 
     For the varying mechanical, technical and medical applications the use of hard magnetic objects is known. Inter alia, hard magnetic objects are used for measuring devices and magnetic bearings. Magnetic bearings, especially for blood pumps, implanted as heart support pumps into the body of a human being, are in contrast to common bearings free of wear and gentle to the blood. 
     For some applications a more specific geometric alignment of the magnetic vector of a hard magnetic object is necessary, exceeding the common north-south alignment. Especially in bearings of blood pumps, an exact alignment and correction of the direction and of the position of the magnetic vector of the hard magnetic object is very important for ensuring the bearing clearance of the magnetic bearing. 
       FIG. 18  shows such an axial blood pump. The drive of the blood pump works according to the principal of an electronic commutated synchronous motor. The motor has a stator, consisting of a metal sheet packet  31 , of windings  33  and iron flux return hoods  2 ,  2   a , and a rotor  5  with a permanent magnetic core  32 . The stator encloses a tubular hollow body  1 , in which in axial direction a fluid, in the present case blood, is delivered. The rotor  5  is supported magnetically free of contact. 
     The magnetic support bearing consists of permanent magnets  42 ,  42   a  on the rotor end sides and permanent magnets  41 ,  41   a  on the end sides of the guiding devices  6  and  7 . The guiding devices  6 ,  7  are mounted on the inner wall of the tubular hollow body  1 . 
     To the magnetic support bearing further belong control coils  12 ,  12   a . Sensor coils  43 ,  43   a  in the guiding devices  6 ,  7  and short circuit rings  80 ,  80   a  arranged opposed thereto, serve for measuring the actual rotor position. 
     The pairs of permanent magnets  41 ,  42 ;  41   a ,  42   a  are, respectively, polarised for attracting each other. Magnetically the pairs are arranged in series. 
     The control coils  12 ,  12   a  are connected electrically in series and are magnetically arranged in such a way, that a current weakens the magnetic field of the one pair of magnets and increases the magnetic field of the other pair. The magnetic flux return path is produced via the iron flux return hoods  2 ,  2   a  and the metal sheet packet  31  of the stator. 
     The axial position of the rotor  5  can be determined by means of the sensor coils  43 ,  43   a . The sensor coils  43 ,  43   a  are loaded by a higher frequent voltage. By the axial movement of the rotor  5  a change of the inductively of the sensor coils  43 ,  43   a  is produced. By the arrangement of the sensor coils  43 ,  43   a  in a bridge connection a measuring signal for the axial position of the rotor  5  can be achieved. 
     For a bearing the bearing stiffness, the bearing clearance and the wear behaviour are generally characteristic. In a magnetic bearing the component guided in the bearing moves especially around or along an imagined magnetic axis without mechanical contact with other components of the device and independent of its mechanical geometry. During slow movements, depending on the application, a lower bearing stiffness and accuracy can be tolerated. Especially for fast rotational movements and/or large moving masses a high bearing stiffness within narrow tolerances is necessary because of the produced imbalance or the inertia of masses of the guided parts. In an axial blood pump used as an artificial heart support system for small dimensions high rotational speeds are necessary for the delivery capacity. To keep the stresses on the blood within justifiable limits in an optimised inner pump geometry, e.g. a maximal gap dimension between the rotor and the pump tube of 0.01 mm is to be maintained. Mechanical bearings (e.g. ball-bearings) would easily satisfy the mechanical requirements, but they destroy too much of the blood substance in the direct blood contact. If mechanical bearings for this application are sealingly inserted, the long term leak tightness, necessary for this application case, can not be ensured with the present State of the Art. Furthermore, at the transition between the shaft and the seal a blood damage is produced and an increased thrombosis danger exists at the boundaries of the seals. Pump rotors being free of wear and freely hovering by means of the magnetic forces, minimise these disadvantages. The bearing stiffness of the magnetic bearings of the rotor means, however, a limited bearing clearance, which cannot be undershot at a limited construction space and at hydrodynamic loadings necessary for the pump pressure. Additional bearing loadings caused by imbalances enlarge this bearing clearance. To minimise the imbalance, the magnetic bearing axis has to correspond as exactly as possible to the geometric bearing axis of the driven pump rotor. In the application case of the blood pump, for the limitation of the imbalance and for maintaining the clearance measurement, the angle deviations of the resultant magnetic vectors of the bearing magnets from the geometric rotational axis have to be below 0.3°. The common anisotropic highly coercive magnets, necessary for the capacity parameters of the magnetic bearing, have, however, measured averaged deviations of up to around 3° to the normal of the pole faces, which are oriented statistically as a bell curve distribution around the respective averaged value correspondingly to the base orientation of the starting material. Magnets traditionally made from the standard material in one piece, achieve only an immensely low yield of magnets, which have a resultant magnetic vector deviation of less than 0.3° to the pole normal. 
     The reason for this is, that the optimal or desired direction and size of the magnetic vector of a moulding opposes the statistically distribution of all the uncompensated spinning moments, which are responsible for the magnetic behaviour. Only in faultless single-crystals, single-range districts are present without a statistical distribution. Their application can, however, not be considered because of unsuitable material characteristics (e.g. a too low energy product) for the manufacture of magnetic bearings or other technically relevant devices. Also in materials with a distinct anisotropy a distinct statistical distribution of the uncompensated spinning moments is present with a fluctuation width, however, strongly limited. It is active macroscopically in statistical direction fluctuations of the resultant magnetic vector within a specific tolerance range. 
     In the most technical applications for the permanent magnets this fact plays an inferior role, as fluctuations of the magnetic vector, caused by the manufacture, around a desired zero position are tolerable. 
     In some applications, like, e.g. implantable blood pumps, the statistical direction fluctuations are, however, disadvantageous, as the application of permanent magnets with a magnetic vector, deviating from the desired direction, lead to an imbalance, which is too large, and therefore, to a bearing clearance, which is too large. 
     Therefore, it is necessary for such applications, to change or correct, respectively, the direction and position of the magnetic vector of a generally hard magnetic object in the open magnetic circuit. Such a change or correction, respectively, can be achieved in different ways. 
     A simple possibility is the application of an isotropic, hard magnetic material, which can be magnetised in the desired direction and strength. For such a method at the moment only hard magnetic materials are known, which cover in the maximal energy density only the lower range of the technical crest value. Materials with such a low energy density can, however, not find any application for magnetic bearings of the above described type, as the required bearing stiffnesses are not achieved. 
     Insofar as higher energy densities are necessary, the possibility exists, to realise the amplitude of the desired magnetic vector by means of selection of the magnetic material suitable for high energy densities, and the geometric form. The approximation to the desired direction of the magnetic vector to the geometry of the component can then be achieved when exactly knowing the position of the resulting magnetisation vector in the starting magnet by means of concerted “angle cutting”. Disadvantageous are an increased work expenditure and material consumption as well as hitting accuracy of the direction of the magnetic vector to be achieved only within a distinct deviation. 
     Furthermore, it is known, to realise a change of the magnetic vector by means of concerted demagnetisation or magnetisation, respectively, of partial areas or the totality of a hard magnetic object. This demagnetisation or magnetisation can be achieved by means of partial fields, asymmetrical fields, a changed field gradient or other methods. Disadvantages of this method are, that in general the energy content of the magnet is not used in the full extend. This is also valid, when a change of the magnetic vector is achieved by means of using the temperature dependency of the magnetic characteristics, i.e. by means of local asymmetrical warning or cooling, respectively. Furthermore, active influencing, e.g., by means of coupling with correspondingly formed and directed coils, which are variable in the correction possibilities by means of changed drive, are known. These necessitate, however, insertion space and additional energy. 
     The design of other hard magnetic objects and methods for the building up of magnetic arrangements are known from GB 777 315, CH 304 762, U.S. Pat. No. 4,777,464, U.S. Pat. No. 2,320,632, DE 21 06 227 A and DE 26 07 197 A1. 
     In U.S. Pat. No. 2,320,632 a method for connecting permanent magnetic and soft magnetic component(s) by means of casting on of magnetic material and forming as an integrally connected magnetic component, which takes up by a slot the thermal deformation during the cooling process is described. The permanent magnetical component is, in this case, arranged between the soft magnetic pole parts. Due to this, an influence on the direction of the magnetic field of the permanent magnetic component is not possible for the above named technical applications. 
     In U.S. Pat. No. 777,315 and CH 304762 a magnetic yoke as a connection between permanent magnetic and soft magnetic components is described. The yoke is part of a closed magnetic circuit, e.g. in an electrical measuring device. The permanent magnetical component is arranged between soft magnetic pole pieces. Because of this, an influencing of the direction of the magnetic field of the permanent magnetic component is not possible. 
     In DE 2106227 A as well as DE 2607197 A1 an air gap magnetic system is described. In this case, permanent magnetic parts are imbedded in soft magnetic parts in a magnetic circuit. An influencing of the direction of the magnetic field of the permanent magnetic part is not intended and would also not be realisable, as it would be destroyed by means of the abutting soft magnetic parts. 
     In U.S. Pat. No. 4,777,464 also a magnetic system with an air gap, having a closed magnetic circuit is described. To a soft magnetic outer yoke two opposed permanent magnetic parts are single-sidedly coupled with the same magnetisation to the inner sides, which are combined, respectively, from two magnetic materials. On the side of these permanent magnets facing each other, the working air gap is formed with a soft magnetic pole shoe formed according to the invention. Target of the arrangement is, to achieve an as far as possible constant field distribution in the working air gap. An influencing of the direction of the magnetic field of the permanent magnetic part is not intended. The used magnets should have the same direction. Each direction change would be destroyed at the soft magnetic yoke and at the pole shoe. The amplitude of the magnetic vector is in the classical sense achieved by means of a change of the geometric relationships and dimensions of the used different sorts of magnets. 
     In summary it can be pointed out, that with none of the known methods the direction of the magnetic field of a hard magnetic part can be influenced. The core of the above described methods is that, by means of the closed magnetic circuit the magnetic flux, possible with the provided magnets (or coils) is coupled to a maximum into the working field of this invention (air gap in U.S. Pat. No. 2,320,632, DE 2 106 227 and DE 2 607 197 and soft magnetic test objects in U.S. Pat. No. 777,315 as well as CH 304 762), or in U.S. Pat. No. 4,777,464 it is important, that in the air gap of the magnetic field at specific values, an as constant as possible distribution of the magnetic field is achieved. 
     Therefore, with the known methods an alignment of the magnetic field can not be achieved. Thus, the influence at a hard magnetic object for the direction of the magnetic field is directly cancelled out by the arrangement with a closed magnetic circuit, provided in the above named methods, by means of the soft magnetic parts abutting the hard magnetic object. Therefore, each previous change or adjustment of the direction of the magnetic field is cancelled. The soft magnetic parts, not working in the saturation, concentrate in the contact face towards the hard magnetic object the magnetic flux in dependency of the difference in permeability, however, independently of the direction. The magnetic flux extends within these parts in accordance with the difference gradient of the magnetic potential. The field exits perpendicular to the upper face of the position, at which the permeability jump to the surrounding or, to the neighbouring part takes place, the soft magnetic parts. The outer path of the field lines depends then on the provided outer magnetic field conditions. In the above described methods the field lines extend mainly within the predetermined magnetic circuits. With these arrangements an-influencing of the magnetic vector is not possible. 
     SUMMARY 
     Therefore, invention is based on the object, to provide a hard magnetic object and a method for the manufacture thereof, which has, without influencing by means of an outer magnetic circuit, a desired resultant magnetic vector, which moves within the frame of a predetermined tolerance range and furthermore, that the hard magnetic object has a higher maximal energy density compared to the State of the Art. 
     The advantage of the invention is especially, that the adjustment or the correction, respectively, of the direction and the position of the magnetic vector of a mainly hard magnetic object can be achieved by utilisation of generally known materials in a simple way. 
     According to the invention a hard magnetic object, which magnetic vector is in the range of the open magnetic field largely in the frame of a predetermined tolerance range, consists of at least one hard magnetic moulding and at least of a further moulded element, which are combined with each other in such a way, that by means of shape, bringing together and alignment of the mouldings and moulded elements a predetermined direction and position of the magnetic vectors of the hard magnetic object is achieved on the predetermined side(s). The magnetic vector of the hard magnetic object is the resultant magnetic vector of the magnetic vectors of the hard magnetic moulding and the moulded elements. 
     The aligned hard magnetic object can also be used in closed magnetic circuits with or without an air gap. The effect of the aligned magnetic vectors is not allowed to be completely cancelled out by means of the neighbouring soft magnetic parts (e.g. pole shoes, yoke and so on), not being in the saturation state, at the aligned side in the magnetic circuit. 
     According to another embodiment, the moulded elements are made of materials like ferrimagnetic, ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, paramagnetic, superparamagnetic or diamagnetic materials. 
     According to yet another embodiment, the hard magnetic moulding and/or the moulded elements are formed as rotational-symmetric bodies. 
     One embodiment provides a non-rotational-symmetrical formation of the hard magnetic moulding and of the moulded elements. 
     The hard magnetic moulding and the moulded elements can be formed as compact bodies or as hollow bodies. 
     Advantageously, the hard magnetic moulding and the moulded elements are arranged movable relative to each other and/or fixable. 
     In a further embodiment of the invention, the hard magnetic moulding and the moulded elements are connected by being fixed to each other. Gluing of the parts is especially suitable for this. 
     In a further embodiment of the invention, the moulded element is formed as a hollow chamber in the hard magnetic moulding. 
     The method for the adjustment of a magnetic vector of a hard magnetic object according to the invention is characterised in that by means of connecting and aligning of hard magnetic mouldings and moulded elements an adjustment of the direction and the position of the resultant magnetic vector of the hard magnetic moulding and of the magnetic vectors of the moulded elements is carried out. 
     According to the method, the invention is characterised in that a predetermination of the magnetic vectors as well as of the hard magnetic moulding as well as of the moulded elements in reference to their direction and the position is carried out and following by means of further change of shape, in connection with the coupling and alignment of the moulded elements, a predetermined direction and position of the resultant magnetic vectors is achieved. 
     This purposeful superposition of the magnetic vectors of the mouldings according to the invention leads to a resultant magnetic vector in the frame of a predetermined tolerance range. 
     In a further embodiment of the method, the adjustment of the direction and the position of the resultant magnetic vector of a hard magnetic object on the predetermined sides is achieved by means of the determination and control of the resultant magnetic vectors during or after the coupling of the hard magnetic object and of the repeated purposeful changing of this arrangement correspondingly to the resulting change of the magnetic vector. 
     The purposeful superposition of the magnetic vector of a hard magnetic moulding with the magnetic vectors of several moulded elements according to the invention is possible with ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic, antiferromagnetic, diamagnetic, paramagnetic or superparamagnetic materials. In this case, the moulded parts can be arranged next to each other, on top of each other, completely or partially within each other, surfacewise fully against each other, partially against each other, symmetrically or non-symmetrically to the changed axis, contorted against each other, rotationally symmetrically and inclined, and can be used inclined or straight in connection with distance effects, and can be arranged with or without change of the strength and direction by means of washers, cut inclined, abutting each other wedged-shaped or in any other way, arranged form-fittingly, glued or fixed in any other way. 
     The hard magnetic object according to the invention is used especially as part of a magnetic bearing. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The invention is described in detail by means of drawings and embodiments. It shows: 
         FIG. 1  a rotational formation of a hard magnetic moulding. 
         FIG. 2  a rotational-symmetrical embodiment of a further hard magnetic moulding. 
         FIG. 3  a hard magnetic object according to the invention consisting of a hard magnetic moulding and a moulded element, 
         FIG. 4   a  a hard magnetic object according to the invention consisting of a hard magnetic moulding and two moulded elements, 
         FIG. 4   b  a top view onto a hard magnetic object according to the invention, consisting of a hard magnetic moulding and two moulded elements, 
         FIG. 5  a hard magnetic object according to the invention consisting of a hard magnetic moulding and two moulded elements, 
         FIGS. 6 and 7  a hard magnetic object according to the invention consisting of a hard magnetic moulding, a moulded element and a soft magnetic moulded element and 
         FIG. 8 to 17  further embodiments of hard magnetic objects. 
         FIG. 18  an axial blood pump having magnetic bearings that can employ the hard magnetic objects. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2  show a hard magnetic moulding  1  and a moulded element  11 , which are formed as axially magnetised moulded elements and rotationally symmetrically. A symmetry axis  2  of the moulding  1  and a symmetry axis  12  of the moulded element  11  are arranged perpendicular on the end faces  3  and  13 , formed, here exemplary as a magnetic north pole. 
       FIG. 3  shows a rotational symmetrical hard magnetic object according to the invention, consisting of a hard magnetic moulding  1  and a moulded element  11 . The moulding  1  has a magnetic vector  4  having an intensity  5  (length of the vector). The moulded element  11  has a magnetic vector  14  having an intensity  15 . The angles  6  and  16  symbolise the incorrect position of the magnetic vectors  4  and  14  to the desired position (here to the symmetry axis). By means of superposition of the magnetic vectors  4  and  14  a resultant magnetic vector  20  is produced, wherein the superposition of the magnetic vectors  4 ,  14  can be adjusted for example by means of rotating the moulding  1  or the moulded element  11 , to adjust it to the predetermined tolerance range of the magnetic vector  20 . 
     The compensation of the angles  6  and  16  in  FIG. 3  is not simply achieved by means of known graphical addition. Therefore, the intensities  5  and  15  as well as the angles  6  and  16  of  FIGS. 1 to 3  are only to be seen for the demonstration of the method according to the invention. In  FIG. 3  only the magnetic vectors of the upper north side are shown. The resultant of the south side lies outside of the symmetry axis. 
     In  FIG. 3  the alignment of the resultant magnetic vector  20  should fall together with the symmetry axis  2  and  12 . The purposeful alignment of the magnetic vector  20  necessitates an exact measuring of the position and amplitude of the magnetic vectors of the parts. For example initially the exact position of the magnetic vector  4  of the moulding  1  is measured. The projection  4   a  of the magnetic vector  4  onto the north pole side is marked, for example on the end face  13  by means of a dash. The component of the magnetic vector  4  of the moulding  1 , acting perpendicular to the pole normal, is to be compensated by a component of the magnetic vector  14  of the moulded element  11 , active in the upper face of the moulding  1 , identical to the amplitude, however, off-set by 180°. It should be noted, that it is not the measured component of the magnetic vector  14  of the moulded element  11 , active perpendicular to the pole normal, but that it is the amplitude of the component of the magnetic vector  14 , which after the coupling of the magnetic object is active in the upper face of the moulding  1 . I.e. a value of the component, measured under measuring technical comparable conditions like moulding  1  and arranged perpendicular to the pole normal of the magnetic vector  14  of the moulded element  11 , has to be larger than the component of the moulding  1  by a pairing factor dependent on the material and on the geometric dimension. The size of the amplitude of the magnetic vector directly in the normal direction of the pole is, however, not relevant for the compensation of the direction, but only for the size of the resulting amplitude of the hard magnetic object. The pairing factor has to be determined or has to be approximated by tests with following result check. The moulded element  11 , having the angle value allowable for the compensation, is selected for example from a number of measured magnets being marked with the excursion direction in analogy to the moulding  1 . The angle value of the moulded element  11  is only allowed to deviate in the range of an allowable fluctuation width of an angle value determined by the multiplication of the deviation angle of the moulding  1  times the dimensionless pairing factor. To align the resultant magnetic vector in direction of the rotational symmetry axis in this example, the selected moulded element  11 , having a marking, which represents the projection  14   a , rotated by 180° in the axis direction relative to the moulding element  1 , is positioned with the magnetic north pole of the end face  13  in the centre of the magnetic south pole of the moulding  1 . 
       FIG. 4   a  shows a hard magnetic object, consisting of a hard magnetic moulding  1  and the moulded elements  11 ,  21 . In this case, the two lower moulded elements  11  and  21  produce the compensation of the angle deviation of the magnetic vector  4  of the moulding  1  from the desired position. The moulded element  21  correlates with the magnetic vector  24 . The lower resultant magnetic vector  27  is not parallel to the rotational axis. The projection of the magnetic vectors  4   a ,  14   a ,  24   a  into the plane of the end face  3  of the hard magnetic moulding  1  is represented in  FIG. 4   b  as a top view onto the hard magnetic moulding  1  and the moulded elements  11 ,  21  and explains the principal of the magnetic vector alignment. The length of the arrows corresponds to the components of the magnetic vectors  4 ,  14 ,  24  of the individual moulded parts ( 4   a  as the component of the magnetic vector  4  of the moulding  1 ;  14   a  as the component of the magnetic vector  14  of the moulded element  11 ;  24   a  as the component of the magnetic vector  24  of the moulding element  21 ), active in the plane  3  of the hard magnetic moulding  1  perpendicular to the rotational axis. The components  14   a  and  24   a  have to be equal and have to have at least half the amplitude of the component  4   a ; then by means of rotating the parts  11  and  21  against each other around the rotational axis the compensation value in reference to the deflection of the magnetic vector of the moulding  1  can be adjusted between zero and the maximal possible force and can be adapted to the compensation value. The lower resultant magnetic vector  27  is arranged in this embodiment outside of the rotational axis. 
       FIG. 5  shows a hard magnetic object, which consists of a hard magnetic moulding  1  and the moulded elements  11 ,  21  arranged on a rotational axis. In this arrangement of the vectors  4 ,  14 ,  24  the upper resultant magnetic vector  20  as well as the lower resultant magnetic vector  27  are aligned in reference to the rotational axis. The middle moulded element  11  with its magnetic vector  14  produces by means of its length and direction the compensation for the vectors  4  and  24 . 
       FIG. 6  shows a hard magnetic object, consisting of a moulding  1 , the moulded element  11  and a soft magnetic moulded element  21 , arranged on the rotational axis. In this arrangement of the vectors  4 ,  14 , the upper resultant magnetic vector  20  is aligned in reference to the rotational axis. The middle part  11  with its magnetic vector  14  produces by means of its length and direction the compensation for the vector  4 . The lower soft magnetic moulded element  21  is not arranged in saturation and neutralises the memorised angle position. The field lines exit the upper face of the soft magnetic moulded element  21  in the normal direction and follow then the outer magnetic field. 
       FIG. 7  shows a hard magnetic object, consisting of a soft magnetic moulded element  21  and a moulding  1  and the moulded element  11  arranged on the rotational axis. In this arrangement of the vectors  4 ,  14 , the upper resultant magnetic vector  20  is to be aligned in reference to the rotational axis. The middle part  1  with its magnetic vector  4  produces by means of its position and direction the compensation for the vector  14  of the moulded element  11 . The soft magnetic moulded element  21  compensates the small area fluctuations of the magnetic vector amplitude of the hard magnetic moulding  1  and of the moulded element  11 . If the moulded element  21  is in the saturation, the direction of the magnetic vector  20  produced beforehand from the superposition of the magnetic vectors  4  and  14  (resulting vector without mouled element  21 ) is not neutralised. The direction of the resultant magnetic vector  20   a  with the mouled element  21  retains more or less the direction of the magnetic vector  20  and has, in this case, a changed amplitude. 
     The  FIGS. 8   a  and  8   b  show hard magnetic objects, consisting of a moulding  1  and the moulded element  11  arranged on the rotational axis. In this arrangement of the vectors  4 ,  14  the upper resultant magnetic vector  20  and the lower resultant magnetic vector  27  are aligned outside the symmetry axis. 
     The  FIGS. 9   a  and  9   f  show examples of rotational symmetrical hard magnetic objects, composed of a hard magnetic moulding  1  and one or more moulded elements  11 ,  21 ,  31 , wherein the moulded elements  11 ,  21 ,  31  are formed as hollow spaces in the hard magnetic moulding  1 . The alignment of the vectors is in this case, for example arrived at in such a way, that the upper resultant magnetic vector  20  coincides with the symmetry axis. 
       FIGS. 9   g  and  9   h  show hard magnetic objects consisting of a moulding  1  and a moulded element  11 . 
       FIGS. 10   a  and  10   b  show examples of hard magnetic objects corresponding to  FIGS. 9   g  and  9   h , which are for the uptake of the repelling forces enclosed by a nonmagnetic moulded element  21  (e.g. aluminum). 
       FIGS. 11   a  to  11   f  show examples of rotational symmetrical hard magnetic objects, composed of respectively, one hard magnetic moulding  1  and a moulded element  11 . These Figures show further examples of joining positions. 
       FIGS. 12   a  to  12   s  show examples of rectangular hard magnetic objects, composed of respectively a hard magnetic moulding  1  and a moulded element  11 . These drawings show further examples for the composition of the components. 
       FIGS. 13   a  to  13   b  show two examples of rectangular hard magnetic objects, composed from one hard magnetic moulding and several moulded elements  11 ,  21 ,  31 , to achieve a resultant magnetic vector  20  arranged in the desired position and direction. 
       FIGS. 14   a  and  14   b  show examples of randomly formed hard magnetic objects, composed in the examples respectively from one hard magnetic moulding  1  and one moulded element  11 . In the examples the resultant magnetic vector  20  is aligned in the normal direction in the magnetic centre of gravity. The hard magnetic moulding  1  and the moulded element  11  can also have (different as shown in the example) upper sides and lower sides of any form. These moulded parts can be paired in any position form-fittingly or also not fittingly with the upper face or also with a certain distance from each other (e.g. in a glued connection or casted or other), so that by means of addition of the magnetic vectors of the moulded parts the position and the direction of the resultant magnetic vector  20  are achieved. 
       FIG. 15   b  shows an example of a hard magnetic object, composed from a hard magnetic moulding  1  and a moulded element  11  and a “nonmagnetic” (e.g. para- or diamagnetic) moulded element  21  and with its upper resultant magnetic vector  20  which has to coincide with the rotational axis. In  FIG. 15   a  the fictitious starting condition is shown for explanation, in which the hard magnetic moulding  1  and the moulded element  11  are directly superposed without distance in the same alignment as in  FIGS. 15   b  and  15   c . The hard magnetic moulding  1  and the moulded element  11  produce in this fictitious starting position a resulting magnetisation vector  20  directed upwards and not coinciding with the axis of the rotational symmetry. If in this starting position the vector component of the moulded element  11 , active in the upper face of the moulding  1 , perpendicular to the pole normal, is larger than the vector component of the moulding  1 , then the desired direction correction can be achieved by an increase of the distance. In  FIGS. 15   b  and  15   c  the resultant magnetic vector  20   a  is corrected into the normal alignment of the magnetic vector, desired in the example, by means of the hard magnetic moulding  1  and the moulded element  11  in an alignment having the same pole, however off-set by 180°, of the vector component of the moulding  1  active perpendicular to the pole normal, and of the moulded element  11 , and especially by means of a distance increase by means of a “nonmagnetic” moulded element  21  or an empty space  38  (vacuum, gaseous or liquid filling), which are fixed by means of a spacer  37 . 
       FIG. 16   b  shows an example of a hard magnetic object, composed of the hard magnetic moulding  1  and the moulded element  11  and a nonmagnetic (para- or diamagnetic material) moulded element  21 . For explanation in  FIG. 16   a  the fictitious starting condition for the hard magnetic object is shown corresponding to  FIG. 16   b . The starting moulding  1  and the starting moulded element  11  would produce in  FIG. 16   a  in the magnetisation directed upwards, an alignment of the resulting magnetisation vector  20 , coinciding with the rotational axis. In  FIG. 16   b  the components of the moulding  1 , filled by the “nonmagnetic” moulded element  21 , and of the moulded element  11  are omitted. The contribution of these parts is also missing in the resultant magnetic vector  20   a  in correspondence with the missing parts and the position moves into the new magnetic centre of gravity outside of the rotational axis. The direction in reference to the pole plane is kept more or less. In composed moulded parts the direction may also change. 
       FIG. 17   b  shows a further example of a hard magnetic object, composed of the hard magnetic moulding  1  and the moulded element  11  and a nonmagnetic (para- or diamagnetic material) moulded element  21 . For explanation reason in  FIG. 17   a  the fictitious starting condition for the hard magnetic object is shown in correspondence to  FIG. 17   b . The starting moulding  1  and the starting moulded element  11  would produce in  FIG. 17   a  in the magnetisation directed upwards, an alignment of the resultant magnetisation vector  20 , which is arranged in the middle, however, does not coincide with the rotational axis. In  FIG. 17   b  the part of the moulding  1 , filled by the “nonmagnetic” moulded element  21 , is omitted. The contribution of this moulded part is also missing in the resultant magnetic vector  20   a  of  FIG. 17   b . The amplitude of the resultant magnetic vector  20   a  decreases in correspondence with the missing part, the position moves into the new magnetic centre of gravity outside of the rotational axis and the direction changes in the example in direction of the pole normal. 
     The individual parts in the drawings  FIG. 1  to  FIG. 7  may also consist of several parts. 
     The invention is not limited to the here shown embodiment. Rather, it is possible, by means of combining and modifying of the named means and features to realise further variants, without leaving the scope of the invention. 
     REFERENCE NUMERALS LIST 
     
         
           1  hard magnetic moulding 
           2  symmetry axis 
           3  end face 
           4  upper magnetic vector 
           4   a  projection of the vector  4   
           5  intensity 
           6  angle between the magnetic vector and the symmetry axis 
           11  moulded element 
           12  symmetry axis 
           13  end face 
           14  upper magnetic vector 
           14   a  projection of the vector  14   
           15  intensity 
           16  angle between the magnetic vector and the symmetry axis 
           20  upper resultant magnetic vector 
           20   a  upper resultant magnetic vector 
           21  moulded element 
           24  upper magnetic vector of the moulded element  21   
           24   a  projection of the vector  24   
           27  lower resultant magnetic vector 
           31  moulded element 
           34  upper magnetic vector 
           37  spacer 
           38  empty space (e.g. air)