Abstract:
A bridge for providing adjustable active string length on acoustic stringed musical instruments comprised of a concavity surrounding a plurality of individually adjustable saddles that are arranged individually and independently to support each string and be freely moveable into position by an adjustment screw to obtain the harmonic at the 12th fret, and then can be locked in place by action of a contiguous wedge that causes firm contact between the saddles and lateral sides of the concavity.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/646,413, filed Jan. 20, 2005 by the present inventor. 
    
    
     FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH 
     Not Applicable 
     SEQUENCE LISTING OR PROGRAM 
     Not Applicable 
     BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 
     1. Field of Invention 
     This invention relates to adjustable guitar structures and their construction, specifically to provide a method to accurately intonate acoustic guitars. 
     2. Prior Art 
     Typically stringed instruments of this type are composed of a series of strings that are strung under tension over a fret board being supported by a nut and saddle or saddles of the bridge. The frets are affixed to the fret board and occupy intermediate positions between the nut and saddle and are used as temporary points of string support to obtain higher frequency tones. To utilize the frets the strings are displaced until contact occurs with the fret. In guitars proper tonal quality is obtained when the strings are tensioned and supported to produce the tonal harmonic at the 12th fret, i.e., correct intonation. To achieve this guitars are proportioned so that the distance to the 12th fret from the nut is approximately equal to the distance from the 12th fret to the saddles. In practice many factors enter into gaining the location to produce the harmonic. These factors fall into several general categories; those governing the vibration of the strings, and those involved in transmitting the vibrational energy to the guitar&#39;s top (sound board). The factors governing string frequency is: tension, active string length, and linear density of the string. Transmission of vibrational energy is affected by the material and mechanical composition of the bridge and saddle(s). 
     Conventional guitar construction utilizes a straight saddle positioned to produce correct intonation for the high and low E strings using what the manufacturer considers to be an “average string.” The remaining strings seldom if ever achieve the precise degree of intonation that produces optimal sound characteristics. Moreover, a multitude of string types are available, each type possessing differing material compositions and gauges producing unique linear densities and tension requirements. Players possessing refined musical abilities generally have strong personal preferences as to how their instruments sound and play. To achieve these preferences they frequently select strings that are different than those the instrument comes outfitted with and adjust the action, i.e., the string height above the fret board to complement their playing style. Thus, it becomes problematic whether even the high and low E strings will have good intonation. 
     In the case of professional artists who play in studio settings and groups, precise intonation becomes crucial to the production of high quality performance. Moreover, these musicians frequently travel to perform in different climatic zones which causes their instruments to de tune and require adjustment of the intonation. Furthermore, airplane travel further exacerbates these problems because of the rapid changes in pressure and altitude. Therefore, individual adjustability of string intonation is a desirable feature to provide a means to compensate for all the factors that degrade the sound quality of acoustic guitars. Thus, a need exists for an improved construction of an adjustable intonation apparatus to properly intonate acoustic guitars. The adjustable acoustic guitar bridge claimed here in provides a means to precisely and easily adjust individual string intonation without negatively affecting the sonority of the instrument. 
     Attempts have been made to produce a device to properly intonate acoustic guitars, none of which has proven to have any significant degree of commercial viability. In the 1960&#39;s attempts were made by Gibson® with the Dove® acoustic guitar by putting their Nashville Tune-o-Matic® electric guitar bridge on an acoustic instrument without success. While adjustable electric guitar bridges theoretically allow an acoustic guitar to be properly intonated, typically the construction employed relies on an adjustment screw running through the metal saddle, with the screw connected at both ends, or a screw loaded with a spring between the saddle and screw to help stabilize the saddle. The type of construction described above is not adaptable to acoustic guitars because the transmission of string vibration is dampened resulting in diminished sustain (sound duration), sonority, and amplitude. Moreover, the metal parts in electric guitar bridges used to support the string are not acoustically resonant producing an undesirable thin brittle tone. 
     In the 1970&#39;s a compensated acoustic guitar bridge was developed which divided the slanted saddle into multiple segments that would provide a finer fit to individual string length requirements for better intonation. The most effective variety of this system of compensation utilized an individual saddle for each string that occupied fixed positions within the bridge structure. The location for each saddle position was derived for a particular string type selected by the player and was set up under “average” environmental conditions, i.e., using an environment controlled for humidity and temperature. Since this style of bridge is not adjustable it has many of the draw backs listed above. 
     Thereafter, inventors created a number of adjustable bridges for acoustic guitars. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,124,536 to Hoshino (2000); 3,290,980 to Fender (1966) show bridge systems with saddles that are freely adjustable along the longitudinal axis of the strings. Adjustment of the saddles was accomplished by utilizing screws, the heads of which are restrained in position by passing through a hole located in a traverse boss on the posterior portion of the bridge or saddle mechanism with a similar boss that is mounted to a bridge. Typically the male threads of the screws engage sales that contain a threaded hole, allowing fine adjustment of the saddles location by rotating the screw. Free movement requires the various parts of the saddle traverse mechanism to incorporate clearances (spaces between the parts) to function. The clearances between the parts not only allows movement of the parts in the intended manner for string length adjustment, but also an undesired movement imparted by the vibration of the string. The undesirable vibration of the parts originating from string vibration uses sting energy, thereby, reducing the available energy for sound generation, resulting in a diminished sound amplitude potential for the instrument. 
     Cipriani, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,911,055 (1990) describes an adjustable bridge system with individually moveable saddles that incorporate a toothed bottom that engage a mating toothed surface incorporated upon the upper surface of a bridge base plate. The saddles are adjusted by moving them by hand to the nearest set of teeth to the desired saddle position on the corresponding bridge base plate, then passing the string over the saddle and utilizing its tension to maintain the saddle in the selected position. In this case the saddle position is incrementally adjustable and does not provide the degree of precision obtainable with a system that is continuously adjustable. Moreover, a significant probability would exist that the saddles could be dislodged from their positions when replacing worn out strings, which requires the removal of old strings and replacing them with new strings. 
     Widowson, in U.S. Pat. No. 2,491,788 (1949) depicts an adjustable bridge saddle system that incorporates a bridge, saddle platform, and longitudinally moveable saddles that are retained in position by a system of clamps. This system relies on the saddles to simply be moved into position by hand. While simple it does not provide the means of easily and precisely moving the saddle an exact amount as is possible with a system that is actuated by a screw. 
     More recently Yarosh published a design in the Journal of American Lutherie Number 82/Summer 2005 derived from Rodriguez&#39;s system as described in his book The Art and Craft of Making Classical Guitars (1960) which utilizes individual saddles mounted on wood blocks retained in lateral position by mating inwardly slanting slots (dovetailed slots) in the wood bridge. These slots are elongated parallel to the direction of the strings long axis allowing longitudinal adjustment. Adjustment of the saddle position is achieved by sliding the moveable saddle blocks in the elongated slots to the desired location and relying on string tension to maintain their position. Yarosh&#39;s design works in the same manner as Rodriguez&#39;s design but uses slots with vertical walls instead of the slanted dovetail, relying on the downward pressure of the string to retain the saddles in the bridge slots as well as their longitudinal position. Environmental factors, particularly humidity have significant effects upon wood, greater humidity causing expansion and lower humidity contraction. Thus, climate and weather conditions which affect humidity would cause variation in the size of the slots that retain the saddles. Thus, the wood expansion caused by elevated humidity would produce a reduction in the width of the saddle retention grooves, causing the saddles to be firmly gripped making movement for adjustment of saddle position difficult or impossible. Conversely, a lower level of humidity would cause shrinkage of the wood producing excessive clearance between the slots and the saddles. This would allow the saddles to become loose enabling the saddles to change position or even fall out during string changes. Moreover, under dry conditions the excessive saddle to slot clearance would allow the negative effects caused by string imparted saddle vibration as described above. A final problem with this design is the same difficulty of easily and precisely positioning the saddles as already described for Widowson&#39;s design. 
     The patents already mentioned, i.e., by Hoshino, Fender, and Widowson also have saddle geometries that can be characterized as having restricted string contact areas. This not a problem as long as the bridge unit is designed for instruments within a narrow range of string spacings. However, fretted string instruments are available in many neck widths producing differing angular string spreads that produce variation in the spacing of the strings when they pass over the saddles of the bridge. To accommodate string spread variation these designs would have to be produced in many size variants, making them from a manufacturing perspective less desirable than a system that is able to accommodate a wider range of string Spacings. 
     OBJECTS AND ADVANTAGES 
     An object of this invention is to provide a bridge system in which an assembly of finely adjustable saddles incorporated in a housing can be stabilized in position to provide precise intonation. 
     A further object of the invention is to efficiently transfer string vibrational energy to the sound board to create increased volume and sustain. 
     Another object is to preserve the sonority of the instrument by utilizing acoustically resonant materials to transmit string vibration to the sound board of the instrument. 
     A further object of this invention is to provide a mechanism that can be easily retrofitted into existing instruments as well as being incorporated in newly manufactured instruments. 
     Another objective is to produce a device whose appearance is not radically different from conventional bridges for market acceptance. 
     Still further objects and advantages will become apparent from a consideration of the ensuing description and drawings. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present invention overcomes the problems of the prior art as noted above, by providing a plurality of individual precisely adjustable saddles actuated by floating internal screws and stabilized in place by a wedge, thereby, providing a means to achieve optimum intonation and an increased transfer of vibrational string energy to the sound board while maintaining sonority. 
     The invention consists of a concave housing where in the saddles, saddle adjustment screws, wedge, and wedge tensioning screw are retained. 
    
    
     
       DRAWINGS 
       Figures 
       In the drawings, closely related figures have the same number but different alphabetic suffixes. 
         FIG. 1  is a top plan view of a conventional flat top guitar with a bridge and saddle assembly constructed in accordance with the invention. 
         FIG. 2  Shows a front perspective view (from above) of the invention showing a housing, saddles, saddle adjustment screws, wedge, wedge screw, and saddle screw adjustment access holes. 
         FIG. 3  Is a sectional front side view of the invention with the sectioning plane passing between the front housing wall and saddles depicting the wedge and saddles in the locked position. 
         FIG. 3A  Is the same sectional front side view as in  FIG. 3  but showing the tensioning wedge positioned to allow clearance to form between adjacent parts. 
         FIG. 3B  Is a sectional front side view showing the threaded hole in the basal portion of the bridge housing. 
         FIG. 4  to  FIG. 4C  Are sectional front side views of the invention with the sectioning plane passing through the front wall of the housing depicting the affects of various wedge positions on the relative positions of the ends of the saddle adjustment screws and the housing cavities. 
         FIG. 5  Is a top side view of the invention incorporated within a bridge for a flat top guitar incorporating string retention holes. 
         FIG. 6  Is a sectional right side view of invention incorporated in a conventional bridge with a sting installed. 
         FIG. 7  Is an expanded view of  FIG. 6  to show how the saddle screw is retained within the saddle housing screw cavities. 
         FIG. 8  Is a top side view of a second embodiment of the invention where the saddle housing is an integral part of the bridge. 
         FIG. 9  Is a right side sectional view of  FIG. 8 , the sectioning plane passing through a saddle, saddle screw, and saddle housing. 
         FIG. 10  Is a right side sectional view of  FIG. 8 , the sectioning plane passing through the wedge, tensioning screw, and a mating hole in the bridge base. 
         FIG. 11  Is a top side view of a third embodiment of the invention where the bridge incorporates a saddle housing with no integral basal element. The bottom of the bridge cavity providing the basal element. 
         FIG. 12  Is a sectional right side view of  FIG. 11  showing the invention mounted within a bridge cavity. 
         FIG. 13  Is a sectional back side view of  FIG. 11  with the sectioning plane passing between the back wall and the saddles. 
         FIG. 14  Is a bottom side view of a bridge base for use with the nonpreferred embodiments showing a threaded hole. 
     
    
    
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 DRAWINGS-Reference Numerals 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 12. 
                 Body 
                 13. 
                 Soundboard 
               
               
                 14. 
                 Sound hole 
                 15. 
                 Bridge 
               
               
                 16. 
                 Saddle housing 
                 17. 
                 Saddle 
               
               
                 18. 
                 Nut 
                 19. 
                 Saddle screw 
               
               
                 20. 
                 Tuning machine 
                 21. 
                 Fret 
               
               
                 22. 
                 Head 
                 23. 
                 String 
               
               
                 24. 
                 Fret Board 
                 25. 
                 Guitar 
               
               
                 26. 
                 Tensioning screw 
                 27. 
                 Actuator wedge 
               
               
                 28. 
                 Threaded hole 
                 29. 
                 Access hole 
               
               
                 30. 
                 Threaded hole 
                 31. 
                 Bridge pin hole 
               
               
                 32. 
                 Bridge pin 
                 33. 
                 Screw cavity 
               
               
                 34. 
                 Gap 
                 35. 
                 Bridge cavity 
               
               
                 36. 
                 Bridge base 
                 37. 
                 4 sided saddle housing 
               
               
                 39. 
                 Threaded hole 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     FIG.  1  through FIG.  7   
     Preferred Embodiment 
       FIG. 1  shows the basic configuration of a conventional steel sing flat top acoustic guitar  25  having a guitar body  12  having a top or sound board  13  on which is mounted a bridge  15  below the sound hole  14 . Guitar strings  23  anchored in the bridge  15  stretch over the saddles  17 , the resonant cavity, and on to the head  22  and tuning machines  20 . A bridge  15  and a saddle housing  16  containing moveable saddles  17  is mounted on the top  13  of the guitar body  12 . Upraised metal ridges called frets  21  are located at designated intervals on the fret board  24  perpendicular to the strings. A typical guitar has about 20 frets. The theoretical placement of the frets are located conventionally, being sequentially derived from the logarithmic decrement of the 12th root of 2 for the desired scale length. 
       FIG. 2  shows a front perspective view from above of the preferred embodiment of the invention. The bridge utilizes individual saddles  17  which are retained in position by a saddle housing  16  and each are independently adjustable in a direction along the longitudinal axis of the strings  23 . Each saddle has a threaded hole through which a adjustment screw  19  passes which provides saddle retention and alignment as well as longitudinal adjustment. Longitudinal adjustment is accomplished by use of a tool inserted through a screw access hole  29  to rotate the saddle adjustment screw  19 . A actuator wedge  27  provides a saddle tensioning system by biasingly urging the saddles apart ( FIG. 3 ) by rotatably tensioning screw  26  which passes through actuator wedge  27  in to mating threaded hole  30  ( FIG. 3B ) in the basal portion of saddle housing  16 , producing firm contact between each saddle and the end surfaces of the saddle housing, retaining all the saddles in position. When the actuator wedge is partially withdrawn ( FIG. 3A ) the lateral tension is relaxed producing gaps  34  between the parts allowing freedom of saddle movement for adjustment. 
       FIGS. 4 to 4C  is a front sectional view where the sectioning plane is passing through the front housing wall positioned to show where the capacity for lateral movement of the saddles originates permitting the saddles to be retained in fixed positions or free to move for adjustment.  FIG. 4  shows the relative size and positions of each individual saddle screw  19  and their associated housing screw cavities  33  for a complete assembly that is retained in fixed positions with the actuator wedge tensioned by screw  26 .  FIG. 4A  shows how acoustic isolation of the saddle screws  19  is achieved by saddles  17  in which they are mounted, being centrally positioned in the housing screw cavities  33  producing a gap between the two, thereby, eliminating contact between the saddle screw and the saddle housing. In  FIG. 4B  the actuator wedge  27  has been partially withdrawn removing the lateral tension from the saddles  17  and their associated saddle screws  19  allowing them to become loose. The expanded view  FIG. 4C  portrays how the actuator wedge tension has allowed the saddle and screw assemblies to shift position within the larger housing screw cavities  33  producing gaps  34  essential for free movement of saddles  17  for adjustment. 
       FIG. 5  is a top side view of the preferred embodiment of the invention mounted in a conventional bridge  15 .  FIG. 6  is a right side view showing how the invention&#39;s saddle housing  16  is mounted in a cavity within a bridge  15 , a tensioned string  23  passes over saddle  17  and is anchored to the instrument by passing through the bridge pin hole  31  and retained in place by bridge pin  32 . The tension in string  23  produces a counter clockwise torque that has a downward component which presses saddle  17  against the basal portion of the saddle housing  16 , producing vertical central alignment of screw  19  in the saddle housing&#39;s screw cavity  33  as shown in  FIG. 7 . 
     Operation 
     With the strings tensioned and passing over the saddles  17  the pressure on the actuator wedge  27  ( FIG. 3 ) is released by loosening screw  26  allowing the actuator wedge to be withdrawn ( FIG. 3A ) enough to produce sufficient looseness to enable free movement of the saddles  17  for adjustment. The saddles  17  are individually adjusted by inserting a tool through access hole  29  to engage saddle screw  19 . Each saddle  17  is adjusted by use of its saddle screw  19  which engages the threaded portion of the saddle, rotating the tool engaged with the saddle screw  19  provides precise movement of saddle  17  which is adjusted until the desired saddle position is achieved, i.e., one that produces correct string intonation. After each saddle is correctly adjusted they are arrested in position by tightening screw  26  which forces the actuator wedge  27  downwards whose slanted sides slidably engage similar slanted surfaces present on the adjacent saddles  17 , biasingly urging the saddle array into firm contact with each other and the ends of the saddle housing  16 . 
     FIGS.  8 - 12   
     Additional Embodiments 
     Several additional embodiments are described in  FIGS. 8 ,  9 ,  10 ,  11 ,  12 ,  13  and  14 . In both cases the saddle housing configuration has been modified. The internal structure and method of operation remains the same as already described above. In the first case  FIGS. 8 ,  9 , and  10  depicts a bridge  36  that directly incorporates a bridge cavity  35  in its structure eliminating the need for a separate saddle housing.  FIG. 8  is a top side view of the invention bridge base  36  that incorporates bridge cavity  35  which retains the same type of saddle mechanism  FIG. 9  and arresting system  FIG. 10  as has already been described for the preferred embodiment. However, in  FIG. 10  screw  26  used to tension actuator wedge  27  now engages threaded hole  30  incorporated into bridge base  36 . The second case  FIG. 11  shows a 4 sided saddle housing  37  is incorporated in a bridge  15  which is providing the basal support for the saddles  FIG. 12 . The 4 sided saddle housing  37  is essentially a rectangular tube with a wall profile as illustrated in the back side sectional view displayed in  FIG. 13 . The actuator wedge  27  being tensioned by a screw passing through it and directly into a threaded hole underneath it in the bridge base ( FIG. 14 ). 
     Advantages 
     From the description above, a number of advantages of my adjustable bridge system becomes evident:
         (a) The invention provides independently and easily adjustable string support saddles to accomplish correct string intonation.   (b) It can be produced from acoustically resonant materials to preserve sonority.   (c) It can efficiently transfer string energy to the sound board of the instrument enabling production of maximum sound volume.   (d) It can increase the duration of the sound produced by a stimulated string.   (e) The saddles can be retained in place precluding any undesirable motion or change in position.   (f) Existing instruments can be retrofitted.   (g) It can be incorporated in new instruments.   (h) It is practical and inexpensive to manufacture.   (I) It is compatible with any conventional style of guitar bridge, i.e., for flat top and arch top instruments.   (j) It can be used for a broad range of lateral string spacings.   (k) It can be used with any string type.   (l) It&#39;s appearance is not radically different from conventional bridges.   (m) It can be produced in a number of embodiments to satisfy diverse customer requirements.       

     CONCLUSION, RAMIFICATIONS, AND SCOPE 
     Accordingly the reader will see that the adjustable bridge mechanism of this invention can be used to easily and efficiently produce optimal string intonation, preserve sonority, augment sustain, and produce increased sound amplitude in fretted stringed instruments. In addition, it can be utilized for new or retrofitted into existing instruments. 
     It can be wholly or partially produced from composite, polymer, or natural materials, i.e., in either homogenous or heterogenous configurations determined by the requirements of the end user. 
     The preferred embodiment and tubular style can be incorporated into bridges that are already mounted to existing instruments by simply cutting a appropriate cavity to mount either type, however, for the tubular style ( FIGS. 11-13 ) an additional threaded hole for the wedge tensioning screw is required in the bridge base. 
     The tubular style is useful for applications where the saddle height above the sound board is lower than the normal range. 
     The embodiment where the housing cavity is incorporated in the bridge base ( FIGS. 8-10 ) is useful for applications where its desired to mount an entire bridge assembly on an instrument. It also incorporates fewer parts than the other two variants. 
     It can be inexpensively produced by utilization of conventional molding or fabricating techniques. 
     Although the description above contains many specificities, these should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention but as merely providing illustrations of some of the presently preferred embodiments of this invention. For example, it could be utilized on other types of fretted instruments such as banjoes, mandolins, lutes, and the like. 
     Thus, the scope of the invention should be determined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents, rather than by the examples given.