Abstract:
A method for non-targeted complex sample analysis which involves the following steps. A first step involves providing a database containing identifying data of known molecules. A second step involves introducing a complex sample containing multiple unidentified molecules into a Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Mass Spectrometer to obtain data regarding the molecules in the complex sample with the identifying data of known molecules in order to arrive at an identification through comparison of the molecules in the sample.

Description:
[0001]    This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/208,276, filed Jul. 30, 2002, which is a national stage application under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of PCT Application No. PCT/CA01/00111, filed Feb. 1, 2001, which claims priority benefit of Canadian Patent Application No. 2,298,181, filed Feb. 2, 2000. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to a method of non-targeted complex sample analysis, with particular application to biology, and genomics in particular. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Functional genomics is an emerging field in biotechnology that focuses on the characterization of gene function. All organisms contain only one genotype. However, the expression of this genotype under varying developmental and environmental conditions results in an almost infinite number of possible phenotypes. It is the correlation of gene expression to phenotype that defines functional genomics. To properly study a gene we need to not only know its identity (i.e. sequence) but to be able to observe and characterize its expression patterns in response to developmental and environmental changes, in isolation as well as in relation to the other genes in the genome. To properly study the effects resulting from the expression of a gene we need to be able to characterize the phenotype resulting from this activity in an objective and quantifiable manner. This is what the non-targeted metabolic profiling technology invention described herein enables the functional genomics community to do. 
         [0004]    The gene sequences of entire species are now known. Gene-chip technology has made it possible to monitor and quantify the changes in expression of each and every gene within the genome to developmental and environmental changes, simultaneously. Gene-chip technology is, in essence, non-targeted gene expression analysis even though it is, in actuality, a targeted analysis that just so happens to contain all of the possible targets. This is a powerful comprehensive capability, but it was made possible by the fact that the genome is a finite and unitary entity. The analogous phenotypic capability would be to have every metabolite and protein of an organism known and on a chip. This is not possible due to the fact that not only are there multiple phenotypes, but a virtually infinite number of metabolites and proteins are possible. To be complementary to the current state of genomic analysis, phenotypic analysis must be non-targeted in “actuality”. The non-targeted metabolic profiling technology described herein is the only platform that satisfies the requirements of non-targeted phenotypic analysis. Furthermore, this technology is not restricted to any one species, but is equally effective in all plant and animal species. 
         [0005]    Deciphering the complex molecular makeup of an individual phenotype is a formidable task. To be able to accurately and reproducibly generate this phenotypic information in such a way that the virtually infinite number of possible phenotypes can be compared to one another and correlated to gene expression is the crux of the dilemma that faces functional genomics. On the molecular level, the phenotype of a given biological system can be divided into the proteome and the metabolome. Since gene expression results in protein synthesis, the proteome is the first and most direct link to gene expression. However, due to the complex interactions of metabolic pathways, it is difficult to predict the effects that changes in the expression levels of a given protein will have on the overall cellular processes that it may be involved in. The metabolome, on the other hand, is the summation of all metabolic (proteomic) activities occurring in an organism at any given point in time. The metabolome is therefore a direct measure of the overall or end effect of gene expression on the cellular processes of any given biological system at any given time. For this reason, the metabolome should prove to be the more powerful of the two phenotypes in actually understanding the effects of gene function and manipulation. The non-targeted metabolic profiling technology described herein is the only comprehensive metabolic profiling technology available. 
         [0006]    Isolation, identification, and quantitation are the three fundamental requirements of all analytical methods. The primary challenge for a non-targeted metabolome analysis is to meet these requirements for all of the metabolites in the metabolome, simultaneously. The second and perhaps more difficult challenge is to be able to meet these requirements with sufficient throughput and long-term stability such that it can be used side by side with gene-chip technology. Such technology will drastically reduce the time that is required for the function of a particular gene to be elucidated. In addition, databases of such analyses enable very large numbers of phenotypes and genotypes to be objectively and quantitatively compared. There is no such product or technology available to functional genomics scientists at this time. The non-targeted metabolic profiling technology described herein has been extensively tested in multiple species. In all cases, the technology has verified the metabolic variations known to exist between various genotypes and developmental stages of different species. 
         [0007]    Key Technology Concept. The non-targeted metabolic profiling technology described herein can separate, quantify and identify all of the components in a complex biological sample quickly and simultaneously. This is achieved without any a priori selection of the metabolites of interest and is therefore unbiased. These data are exported to a database that allows the researcher to directly compare one sample to another (i.e. mutant vs. wild-type, flowering vs. stem elongation, drought stress vs. normal growing conditions, etc.) or to organize the entire database by metabolite concentration (i.e. which genotype has the greatest or least expression of a given metabolite). This technology is equally applicable to the study of human disease. To make use of this information, the researcher just types in the empirical formula (s) or the accurate mass(es) of the metabolite(s) he or she is interested in and the software will organize the data accordingly. 
         [0008]    The ability to conduct an analysis of the composition of substances in biological samples is critical to many aspects of health care, environmental monitoring as well as the product development process. Typically the amount of a specific substance in a complex mixture is determined by various means. For example, in order to measure analytes in a complex mixture, the analyte(s) of interest must be separated from all of the other molecules in the mixture and then independently measured and identified. 
         [0009]    In order to separate the analytes in a complex mixture from one another, unique chemical and/or physical characteristics of each analyte are used by the researcher to resolve the analytes from one another. These unique characteristics are also used to identify the analytes. In all previously published reports of complex mixture analysis, the methodologies require known analytical standards of each potential analyte before the presence and/or identity of a component in the unknown sample can be determined. The analytical standard(s) and the unknown sample(s) are processed in an identical manner through the method and the resulting characteristics of these standards recorded (for example: chromatographic retention time). Using this information, a sample containing unknown components can be analyzed and if a component in the unknown sample displays the same characteristic as one of the known analytical standard (s), the component is postulated to be the same entity as the analytical standard. This is targeted analysis technology. Targeted analysis technology is one-way. The researcher can go from known standard to methodology characteristics but not from methodology characteristics to known standard. The researcher can only confirm or refute the presence and/or amount of one of the previously analyzed standards. The researcher cannot go from the method characteristics of an unknown analyte to its chemical identity. The major drawback of this type of analysis is that any molecule that was not identified prior to analysis is not measured. As a result, much potentially useful information is lost to the researcher. To be truly non-targeted, the method must allow the researcher to equally evaluate all of the components of the mixture, whether they are known or unknown. This is only possible if the defining physical and/or chemical characteristics of the analyte are not related to the method of analysis but are inherent in the composition of the analyte itself (i.e. its atomic composition and therefore its accurate mass). 
       Key Benefits of Non-Targeted Metabolic Profiling Technology 
       [0010]    1. Multidisciplinary. Virtually only one set of analyses would need to be performed on a given sample and the data resulting from this analysis would be available to all scientists regardless of the area of research they are focusing on.
 
2. Comprehensive. The non-targeted approach assesses ALL metabolite changes and will thus lead to a faster and more accurate determination of gene function/disfunction.
 
3. Unknown Metabolite Discovery. The non-targeted approach has the potential of identifying key metabolic regulators that are currently unknown, and which would not be monitored in a targeted analysis scenario.
 
4. High Throughput. The system is can be fully automated and analysis time is short allowing 100&#39;s of samples to be analyzed per instrument per day.
 
5. Quantitative. The system is reproducible and has an effective dynamic range &gt;104. Relative changes in metabolite expression over entire populations can be studied.
 
         [0011]    Business Impact of Technology. The ability to generate searchable databases of the metabolic profiles of a given organism will represent a revolution in how the effects of genetic manipulation on a species can be studied. Currently our knowledge of the actual genetic code is much greater that our knowledge of the functions of the genes making up this code. After the mapping of the genome, the next greatest challenge will be determining the function and purpose of these gene products and how manipulation of these genes and their expression can be achieved to serve any number of purposes. The time, energy, and cost of investigating the effects of genetic manipulation are great. A database that can be searched for multiple purposes and which contains direct measures of the metabolic profiles of specific genotypes has the potential to dramatically decrease the amount of time required to determine the function of particular gene products. Such a database will reduce the risk of investing a large amount of time and resources researching genes which may have effects on protein expression, but due to down-stream feedback mechanisms, no net effect on metabolism at the whole cell or organism level. 
         [0012]    In an article published in CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY in 1999 entitled “Metabolic Profiling: a Rosetta Stone for genomics?”, Trethewey, Krotzky and Willmitzer indicated that exponential developments in computing have opened up the “possibility” of conducting non-targeted experimental science. While recognizing that it would not be possible to work with infinite degrees of freedom, the opinion was advanced that the power of post-experimental data processing would make possible this non-targeted approach. The non-targeted approach described in that article dealt only with the post acquisition analysis of metabolite data; not the non-targeted collection of metabolite data. 
         [0013]    Thus the feasibility of non-targeted analysis of complex mixtures is neither obvious nor simple. The three major problems surrounding the non-targeted analysis of complex mixtures are: the ability to separate and identify all of the components in the mixture; the ability to organize the large amounts of data generated from the analysis into a format that can be used for research; and the ability to acquire this data in an automated fashion and in a reasonable amount of time. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0014]    What is required is a method of non-targeted complex sample analysis. 
         [0015]    According to the present invention there is provided a method for non-targeted complex sample analysis that involves the following steps. A first step involves providing a database containing identifying data of known molecules (this database contains the elemental compositions of all molecules previously identified in nature, organized by species, metabolic processes, subcellular location, etc.). A second step involves introducing a complex sample containing multiple unidentified molecules into a Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Mass Spectrometer to obtain data regarding the molecules in the complex sample. A third step involves comparing the collected data regarding the molecules in the complex sample with the identifying data of known molecules in order to arrive at an identification through comparison of the molecules in the sample. Molecules that are not represented in the database (i.e. unknowns) are automatically identified by determining their empirical formula. Thus, the method allows rapid identification of new molecules within the complex mixture related to specific molecules already identified, as well as identification of those molecules within the complex mixture that bear no relationship to those class or category of molecules already defined. As a result the analysis of complex mixtures is greatly simplified. 
         [0016]    The invention, as described, uses the high resolving power of Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Mass Spectrometry (FTMS) to separate all of the components within the mixture that have different empirical formulas. This has been shown for petroleum distillates, but not for aqueous biological samples ionized in a “soft” ionization mode, where adduct ions can be problematic. The accurate mass capability of FTMS that enables the determination of empirical formula has been widely established. Furthermore FTMS is capable of performing high resolution/accurate mass 2D MS/MS which provides structural information that can be used to confirm the identities of components that have identical empirical formulas and allows the organization of metabolites based upon common structural components. This capability has been shown by isolated research groups but is not available on a commercial instrument. By integrating these capabilities with an automated sample injection system and an automated data integration and database system, all of the components within a complex mixture can be analyzed rapidly and simultaneously. The data is then exported into a database that can be searched and organized by sample, or analyte. It is to be noted that unlike the approach advocated by Trethewey, Krotzky and Willmitzer, the present method is not dependant upon the advances in post experimental data processing. The non-targeted metabolic profiling technology described herein generates a dataset that is simple and compact. Computing technology capable of organizing and interpreting the described databases is readily available. No new advances are required. Furthermore, the technology does not have the finite limits inherent in the approach of Trethewey, Krotzky and Willmitzer. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0017]    These and other features of the invention will become more apparent from the following description in which reference is made to the appended drawings and figures, the drawings and figures are for the purpose of illustration only and are not intended to in any way limit the scope of the invention to the particular embodiment or embodiments shown, wherein: 
           [0018]      FIG. 1  is a side elevation view depicting non-targeted analysis of complex samples in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
           [0019]      FIG. 2  is an illustration of raw data (mass spectrum) collected from the FTMS showing how the metabolites in the complex mixture are separated from one another. Mass range displayed 100-350 amu. 
           [0020]      FIG. 3  is an illustration of raw data (mass spectrum) collected from the FTMS showing how the metabolites in the complex mixture are separated from one another. 10 amu mass range displayed. 
           [0021]      FIG. 4  is an illustration of raw data (mass spectrum) collected from the FTMS showing how the metabolites in the complex mixture are separated from one another. 1 amu mass range displayed. 
           [0022]      FIG. 5  is an illustration of raw data (mass spectrum) collected from the FTMS showing how the metabolites in the complex mixture are separated from one another. Mass range displayed 100-350 amu. 0.1 amu window. 
           [0023]      FIG. 6  is an illustration of strawberry pigment pathway (comparison of different developmental stages of an organism). 
           [0024]      FIG. 7  is an illustration of the extracted mass spectra of Phenylalanine from strawberry extracts from different developmental stages. 
           [0025]      FIG. 8  is an illustration of the extracted mass spectra of Cinnamate from strawberry extracts from different developmental stages. 
           [0026]      FIG. 9  is an illustration of the extracted mass spectra of 4-Coumarate from strawberry extracts from different developmental stages. 
           [0027]      FIG. 10  is an illustration of the extracted mass spectra of Naringenin from strawberry extracts from different developmental stages. 
           [0028]      FIG. 11  is an illustration of the extracted mass spectra of Pelargonidin from strawberry extracts from different developmental stages. 
           [0029]      FIG. 12  is an illustration of the extracted mass spectra of Pelargonidin-3-glucoside from strawberry extracts from different developmental stages. 
           [0030]      FIG. 13  is an illustration of glucosinolate mutants in  Arabidopsis thaliana  (comparison of genetic mutants to wild-type and identification of unknown metabolites). Relative changes in 3-Methylthiobutyl Glucosinolate illustrated. 
           [0031]      FIG. 14  is an illustration of glucosinolate mutants in  Arabidopsis thaliana  (comparison of genetic mutants to wild-type and identification of unknown metabolites). Relative changes in 3-Methylsulphinylpropyl Glucosinolate illustrated. 
           [0032]      FIG. 15  is an illustration of glucosinolate mutants in  Arabidopsis thaliana  (comparison of genetic mutants to wild-type and identification of unknown metabolites). Relative changes in 3-Methylsulphinylheptyl Glucosinolate illustrated. 
           [0033]      FIG. 16  is an illustration of Tobacco Flower Analysis (Location of metabolite expected to be responsible for red color in tobacco). 
           [0034]      FIG. 17  is an illustration of Tobacco Flower Analysis (Location of unknown metabolite potentially involved in tobacco color). 
           [0035]      FIG. 18  is an illustration of Observed Metabolic Changes in Strawberry Development. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
       [0036]    The preferred method of non-targeted complex sample analysis embodiment will now be described with reference to  FIG. 1  The purpose of this invention is to provide a means of analyzing large numbers of complex samples, for example biological extracts, and be able to analyze the information in a non-targeted fashion after the analysis is complete to determine the differences between samples. 
         [0037]    In the invention complex samples are directly injected into the FTMS  12  though the use of an autosampler  14  with or without the additional use of a chromatographic column. The components of the mixture are ionized by one of many potential “soft” ionization sources (electrospray, APCI, FAB, SIMS, MALDI, etc.) and then transferred into the ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) cell with or without additional mass-selective pre-separation (quadrupole, hexapole, etc.). The ions are then separated and measured in the ICR cell with or without simultaneous MS/MS occurring. The data collected (mass spectrum) is integrated (the mass, relative intensity, absolute intensity of each ion is determined) and processed, with or without calibration with known molecules of known concentrations. These data, with or without isotope elimination and empirical formula calculation, are then transferred to a database  16  that organizes and stores the data for future comparisons and functional analyses. Once stored in the database, individual samples can be compared with one another and those molecules that show different concentrations between the selected samples can be displayed. The entire database can be searched for specific molecules. The samples in the database can be listed from highest to lowest concentration or vice-versa. The molecules detected in the analysis can be compared with a database of known molecules and the molecules automatically identified. For molecules that do not match known molecules, the most likely empirical formulas can be displayed. 
         [0038]    This approach provides numerous advantages to the researcher. There is a dramatic increase in the amount of information obtained from each sample (&gt;10× compared to the most comprehensive targeted analysis procedure reported). Information is collected on both known and unknown components of a mixture. There is increased efficiency of data collection (data collection is approximately 10× faster than reported targeted analysis techniques). It provides a basis for unbiased comparison of unknown samples. Effects of gene modification on total cell metabolism can be determined instead of effects on only a small subset of metabolic processes (i.e. the relationship between different metabolic processes can be studied). By analyzing all metabolites the actual step within a metabolic process that is disrupted can be determined. Gene modifications that have an effect on protein expression but no net effect on cell metabolism can be identified. All of these analyses are completed simultaneously in one fast analysis, whereas multiple time-consuming analyses would have to be performed to get identical data at a tremendously higher cost. 
         [0039]    Many examples exist for the use of FTMS for the analysis of complex mixtures, but none have introduced the concept of non-targeted analysis followed by database formation. The described method recognizes and utilizes some heretofore unused capabilities in FTMS. FTMS has the theoretical resolving power to separate all of the metabolites of different empirical formula in a complex biological sample. FTMS has the theoretical accurate mass capabilities to assign empirical formulas to all of the metabolites in the complex biological sample. FTMS has the capability to perform 2 dimensional MS/MS on all of the metabolites in a complex biological sample. It is not necessary to know a priori what metabolites are present in a complex biological sample if the analytes could thus be separated and then be identified based upon their empirical formula and MS/MS fragment data and or by comparing them to a database of known analytes. Complex samples can be compared with one another to determine what analytes had different intensities between the samples. A database could be organized by analyte or by common MS/MS fragments. This approach significantly decreases the time and resources needed to elucidate gene function as a result of genetic manipulation, environmental changes, or developmental changes in an organism. One of the many applications of the described method invention include gene function determination in functional genomics research. 
         [0040]    Numerous targeted LC-MS methods as well as other screening methods have been developed to analyze specific molecules or groups of molecules in complex samples. The major reason that this invention is novel and not obvious is because it employs a fundamentally different strategy for analytical analysis and is only possible with highly specialized instrumentation and methodology. Although the many independent theoretical research capabilities of FTMS have been known for at least 10 years, FTMS has only been used in a targeted way and for specialized research purposes. In the past 10 years no group has described the application of FTMS employed within the scope of the present invention. The present invention involves the combining of several theoretical FTMS capabilities into a comprehensive, non-targeted metabolic profiling procedure that has commercial utility in the analysis and interpretation of complex mixtures. 
         [0041]    The method of the present invention comprises the following steps: 
         [0042]    Generation of Known Metabolite Database. The identity (common name and empirical formula) and relevant biological information (species, metabolic processes involved in, cellular and subcellular location, etc) of all known biological metabolites are inputted into a commercial database program (i.e. Microsoft EXCEL, Table I.). The accurate monoisotopic mass of these metabolites is automatically determined along with their [M+H]+ and [M−H]− accurate mass (M+H and M−H refer to the mass of the metabolite when a proton (H+) is either added to the metabolite to create a positively charged ion or removed from the metabolite to create a negatively charged metabolite). The data collected from the FTMS analysis of the complex sample can then be compared to this database to immediately identify many of the components in the complex sample. 
         [0043]    Preparation of samples for analysis. The metabolites are extracted from their biological source using any number of extraction/clean-up procedures that are typically used in quantitative analytical chemistry. Procedures are normally tailored to the source of the sample (i.e. leaf tissue, root tissue, blood, urine, brain, etc). For example, a 0.1 g plant leaf sample may be extracted by placing it, 1.0 ml of 50/50 MeOH/0.1% formic acid, and 3 small glass beads in a test tube and then vortexing for one minute to homogenize the sample. The test tube is then centrifuged for 5 minutes. 100 ul of the supernatant is then transferred from the test tube to a 96 well plate. The 96 well plate is placed upon the autosampler. 20 ul of the supernatant is injected into the FTMS. 
       Typical Operating Conditions 
       [0044]    Solvents. 50/50 MeOH/0.1% ammonium hydroxide as the mobile phase and for dilution for all negative ionization analyses and 50/50 MeOH/0.1% formic acid for all positive ion analyses. 
         [0045]    Instrumentation. Bruker Daltonics APEX III Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometer (FTMS) equipped with a 7.0 Tesla actively shielded super conducting magnet with electrospray (ESI) and atmospheric chemical ionization (APCI) sources. ESI, APCI, and ion transfer conditions were optimized for sensitivity and resolution using a standard mix of serine, tetra-alanine, reserpine, HP Mix, and adrenocorticotrophic hormone fragment 4-10. Instrument conditions were optimized for ion intensity and broadband accumulation over the mass range of 100-1000 amu. One megaword data files were acquired and a sinm data transformation was performed prior to Fourier transform and magnitude calculations. 
         [0046]    Calibration. All samples were internally calibrated for mass accuracy over the approximate mass range of 100-1000 amu using a mixture of the above-mentioned standards. 
       Sample Analysis 
       [0047]    Samples are introduced to the FTMS via an autosampler, or in some cases with a syringe pump. When the sample solution reaches the source of the FTMS (the source is where the FTMS ionizes the molecules in the sample solution), then molecules are ionized according to the principles of the particular ionization source used. The source can either be external to the mass analyzer or internal, depending on the type of ionization (for example in ESI and APCI ions are generated external to the mass analyzer and then transferred to the mass analyzer, whereas in electron impact ionization the molecules are ionized internal to the mass analyzer). The ions once generated and transferred (if necessary) to the mass analyzer are then separated and detected in the mass analyzer based upon their mass to charge ratio. 
       Analyte Detection 
       [0048]    All of the analytes within the complex mixture are analyzed simultaneously (see  FIGS. 2-5 ). Structurally specific information (accurate mass with or without accurate MS/MS fragment masses) is obtained for all of the analytes without prior knowledge of the analyte&#39;s identity, and then this data is formatted in a way that is amicable to a comprehensive database. 
       Complex Sample Database Formation 
       [0049]    The typical process of database formation involves the following steps:
       1. The output of the FTMS (calibrated mass spectrum) is filtered to remove all 13C isotopes and peaks that have mass defects that do not correspond to singly charged biological metabolites;   2. Each of the peaks in this filtered peak list is then analyzed using the mass analysis program that is part of the instrument manufacturer&#39;s software package according to the elemental constraints provided by the researcher. This program returns all of the possible elemental compositions that are possible at a given mass within a certain selected error range.   3. Only the data (file name, sample ID, mass, relative intensity, absolute intensity, empirical formula (s)) from those peaks in the filtered peak list that satisfied the above constraints are exported to a final processed data file (Table II). Each sample analysis results in such a final processed data file.   4. Multiple databases can then be formed from the combining and comparing of the data files. Three such databases are:
           a) Direct comparison of two samples to create a database of differences (Table VI);   b) Combination of multiple files to create a database capable of tracking changes through a series of samples (Table III);   c) Direct comparison of a whole series of samples to one control sample and then the combination of all the samples in the series into one database to allow comparisons within the series vs a common control ( FIG. 8 ).   
               
 
         [0057]    The utility of the invention is illustrated in the following examples: 
       I. The Ability to Compare Different Developmental Stages of an Organism (FIGS. 6-12, Table IV). 
       [0058]    In this example, we looked at the strawberry pigment pathway in strawberries.  FIG. 6  shows the full metabolic pathway.  FIGS. 7-12  show the various metabolites in the pathway that we observed. It is to be noted that we were able to look at molecules of vastly different chemical compositions (amino acid, acid, flavenoid, glucoside). Here we were able to see the changes within a single genotype (red strawberry) as a function of developmental stage (green-white-turning-red) and compare it to a different genotype (white mutant). Only the non-targeted metabolic profiling technology described herein has this broad of a spectrum. Furthermore, as indicated in Table IV, these changes in the metabolome are directly correlated with changes in gene expression. 
       II. The Ability to Compare Different Genotypes (FIGS. 13-15, Table V). 
       [0059]    In this example three different  Arabidopsis thaliana  mutants (TU1, TU3, TU5) that are known to have changes in the content and concentration of glucosinolates were compared to a wild-type (WT). In this instance the non-targeted metabolic profiling technology described herein was able to confirm previous results as well as identify glucosinolate changes that had never before been observed. 
       III. The Ability to Detect and Identify Unknown Metabolites Involved in Key Pathways (FIGS. 16 and 17, Table IX). 
       [0060]    In this example the flowers of a control (red) tobacco was compared to a white mutant. It was expected that the glucoside ( FIG. 16 ) was the metabolite responsible for color. However, when analyzed by the non-targeted metabolic profiling method, the expected metabolite was not observed. An unknown metabolite ( FIG. 17 ) was detected and identified (Table IX) to be the metabolite responsible for tobacco flower color. 
       IV. The Ability to Compare the Effects of Different Environmental Conditions on an Organism (Table VI) 
       [0061]    In this example the exuate from a carrot root grown under normal growing conditions (sufficient phosphate) was compared to the exuate from a carrot root grown under abnormal growing conditions (insufficient phosphate). Using non-targeted metabolic profiling we were able to identify key plant hormones that are excreted to promote symbiotic fungal growth under conditions of low phosphate. 
       V. The Ability to Group and Classify Metabolites Based Upon Accurate MS/MS Data (Table VII and Table VIII) 
       [0062]    In this example accurate MS/MS fragmentation data was collected on the metabolites that were observed to be increased in the low phosphate conditions described above. Classes of molecules that have a similar substructure can be grouped together (in this case all metabolites with the C10H9N6O2 fragment). This capability greatly enhances the ability to search and characterize different complex mixtures 
       VI. The Ability to Comprehensively Monitor the Metabolites of an Organism (Table X, FIG. 18) 
       [0063]    In our study of the developmental stages of strawberry, we characterized the number of metabolites that we were observed as well as the number of metabolites that were observed to have changed in concentration between the different developmental stages. It is the comprehensive nature of this method that allows one to monitor and evaluate virtually all ongoing metabolic processes independently or in relation to one another. No other technology has this capability. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE I 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Example of Known Metabolite Database 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Common 
                 Metabolic 
                 Monoisotopic Masses 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Name 
                 Process 
                 Abbrev. 
                 C 
                 H 
                 N 
                 O 
                 P 
                 S 
                 M 
                 M + H 
                 M − H 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 glyoxylate 
                   
                   
                 2 
                 2 
                   
                 3 
                   
                   
                 74.0004 
                 75.0076 
                 72.9932 
               
               
                 Glycine 
                   
                 Gly, G 
                 2 
                 5 
                 1 
                 2 
                   
                   
                 75.0320 
                 76.0392 
                 74.0248 
               
               
                 pyruvic acid 
                   
                 PA 
                 3 
                 4 
                   
                 3 
                   
                   
                 88.0160 
                 89.0233 
                 87.0088 
               
               
                 L-Alanine 
                   
                 Ala, A 
                 3 
                 7 
                 1 
                 2 
                   
                   
                 89.0477 
                 90.0549 
                 88.0404 
               
               
                 Lactic Acid 
                   
                   
                 3 
                 6 
                   
                 3 
                   
                   
                 90.0317 
                 91.0389 
                 89.0245 
               
               
                 Cytosine 
                   
                   
                 3 
                 5 
                 3 
                 1 
                   
                   
                 99.0432 
                 100.0505 
                 98.0360 
               
               
                 Acetoacetic acid 
                   
                   
                 4 
                 6 
                   
                 3 
                   
                   
                 102.0317 
                 103.0389 
                 101.0245 
               
               
                 gamma aminobutylate 
                   
                 GABA 
                 4 
                 9 
                 1 
                 2 
                   
                   
                 103.0633 
                 104.0705 
                 102.0561 
               
               
                 L-serine 
                   
                   
                 3 
                 7 
                 1 
                 3 
                   
                   
                 105.0426 
                 106.0498 
                 104.0354 
               
               
                 Histamine 
                   
                   
                 5 
                 9 
                 3 
                   
                   
                   
                 111.0796 
                 112.0869 
                 110.0724 
               
               
                 Uracil 
                   
                   
                 4 
                 4 
                 2 
                 2 
                   
                   
                 112.0273 
                 113.0345 
                 111.0200 
               
               
                 3-cyanoalanine 
                   
                   
                 4 
                 6 
                 2 
                 2 
                   
                   
                 114.0429 
                 115.0501 
                 113.0357 
               
               
                 L-Proline 
                   
                 Pro, P 
                 5 
                 9 
                 1 
                 2 
                   
                   
                 115.0633 
                 116.0705 
                 114.0561 
               
               
                 L-Valine 
                   
                 Val, V 
                 5 
                 11 
                 1 
                 2 
                   
                   
                 117.0790 
                 118.0862 
                 116.0717 
               
               
                 succinite 
                   
                   
                 4 
                 6 
                   
                 4 
                   
                   
                 118.0266 
                 119.0338 
                 117.0194 
               
               
                 L-Homoserine 
                   
                   
                 4 
                 9 
                 1 
                 3 
                   
                   
                 119.0582 
                 120.0655 
                 118.0510 
               
               
                 L-Threonine 
                   
                 Thr, T 
                 4 
                 9 
                 1 
                 3 
                   
                   
                 119.0582 
                 120.0655 
                 118.0510 
               
               
                 phosphoenolpyruvic acid 
                   
                 PEP 
                 3 
                 6 
                   
                 3 
                 1 
                   
                 121.0054 
                 122.0127 
                 119.9982 
               
               
                 L-cysteine 
                   
                 Cys, C 
                 3 
                 7 
                 1 
                 2 
                   
                 1 
                 121.0197 
                 122.0270 
                 120.0125 
               
               
                 Nicotinic Acid 
                   
                   
                 6 
                 5 
                 1 
                 2 
                   
                   
                 123.0320 
                 124.0392 
                 122.0248 
               
               
                 Thymine 
                   
                   
                 5 
                 6 
                 2 
                 2 
                   
                   
                 126.0429 
                 127.0501 
                 125.0357 
               
               
                 L-Isoleueine 
                   
                 Ile, I 
                 6 
                 13 
                 1 
                 2 
                   
                   
                 131.0946 
                 132.1018 
                 130.0874 
               
               
                 L-Leucine 
                   
                 Leu, L 
                 6 
                 13 
                 1 
                 2 
                   
                   
                 131.0946 
                 132.1018 
                 130.0874 
               
               
                 oxiloacetic acid 
                   
                 OAA 
                 4 
                 4 
                   
                 5 
                   
                   
                 132.0059 
                 133.0131 
                 130.9986 
               
               
                 L-aspargine 
                   
                 Asn, N 
                 4 
                 8 
                 2 
                 3 
                   
                   
                 132.0535 
                 133.0607 
                 131.0462 
               
               
                 L-Ornithine 
                   
                   
                 5 
                 12 
                 2 
                 2 
                   
                   
                 132.0899 
                 133.0971 
                 131.0826 
               
               
                 L-Aspartate 
                   
                 Asp, D 
                 4 
                 7 
                 1 
                 4 
                   
                   
                 133.0375 
                 134.0447 
                 132.0303 
               
               
                 Ureidoglycine 
                   
                   
                 3 
                 7 
                 3 
                 3 
                   
                   
                 133.0487 
                 134.0559 
                 132.0415 
               
               
                 L-malic acid 
                   
                   
                 4 
                 6 
                   
                 5 
                   
                   
                 134.0215 
                 135.0287 
                 133.0143 
               
               
                 Ureidoglycolate 
                   
                   
                 3 
                 6 
                 2 
                 4 
                   
                   
                 134.0327 
                 135.0400 
                 133.0255 
               
               
                 L-Homocysteine 
                   
                   
                 4 
                 9 
                 1 
                 2 
                   
                 1 
                 135.0354 
                 136.0426 
                 134.0282 
               
               
                 Adenine (Vitamin B4) 
                   
                   
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                   
                   
                   
                 135.0545 
                 136.0617 
                 134.0473 
               
               
                 Adenine 
                   
                   
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                   
                   
                   
                 135.0545 
                 136.0617 
                 134.0473 
               
               
                 3-Methyleneoxindole 
                 Auxins 
                   
                 9 
                 7 
                 1 
                 1 
                   
                   
                 145.0528 
                 146.0600 
                 144.0455 
               
               
                 Indolealdehyde 
                 Auxins 
                   
                 9 
                 7 
                 1 
                 1 
                   
                   
                 145.0528 
                 146.0600 
                 144.0455 
               
               
                 Indolenine epoxide 
                 Auxins 
                   
                 9 
                 7 
                 1 
                 1 
                   
                   
                 145.0528 
                 146.0600 
                 144.0455 
               
               
                 alpha-Ketoglutarate 
                   
                   
                 5 
                 6 
                   
                 5 
                   
                   
                 146.0215 
                 147.0287 
                 145.0143 
               
               
                 L-Glutamine 
                   
                 Gln, Q 
                 5 
                 10 
                 2 
                 3 
                   
                   
                 146.0691 
                 147.0763 
                 145.0619 
               
               
                 L-Lysine 
                   
                 Lys, L 
                 6 
                 14 
                 2 
                 2 
                   
                   
                 146.1055 
                 147.1127 
                 145.0983 
               
               
                 L-Glutamate 
                   
                 Glu, E 
                 5 
                 9 
                 1 
                 4 
                   
                   
                 147.0531 
                 148.0604 
                 146.0459 
               
               
                 L-Methionine 
                   
                 Met, M 
                 5 
                 11 
                 1 
                 2 
                   
                 1 
                 149.0510 
                 150.0583 
                 148.0438 
               
               
                 D-ribose 
                   
                   
                 5 
                 10 
                   
                 5 
                   
                   
                 150.0528 
                 151.0600 
                 149.0456 
               
               
                 Guanine 
                   
                   
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 1 
                   
                   
                 151.0494 
                 152.0566 
                 150.0422 
               
               
                 Indole-3-acetotitrile 
                 Auxins 
                 IAN 
                 10 
                 7 
                 2 
                   
                   
                   
                 155.0609 
                 156.0681 
                 154.0537 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Comments: Any molecule of known chemical composition can be added to the database at any time. The database is comprised of accurate monoisotopic masses. All molecules that have a unique empirical formula will have a unique accurate mass. This mass is a constant and is independent of the methodologies discussed herein making it possible to analyze all of the components in a complex sample in a non-targeted fashion. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0064]      FIG. 2  shows two raw mass spectrums. The top one is from the extract of a green stage strawberry and the lower one is from the extract of a red stage strawberry. Over 500 unique chemical entities were observed over the mass range displayed above (100-350 amu; which is only a subset of the entire mass range analyzed (100-5000)).  FIGS. 3 ,  4 , and  5  show smaller and smaller mass ranges to illustrate the separation of the metabolites. 
         [0065]      FIG. 5  shows the resolution of the mass spectrum above 165,000. This extremely high resolution is necessary in order to separate all of the metabolites and thus be able to compare the two samples and determine the changes, if any. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE II 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Illustration of processed data (file ID, mass, intensity, empirical formula, relative error) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 FileID 
                 Mass 
                 Int 
                 C 
                 H 
                 N 
                 O 
                 P 
                 S 
                 Err 
                 C 
                 H 
                 N 
                 O 
                 P 
                 S 
                 Err 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_4_rs2_50_50 
                 99.044061 
                 2.05E+06 
                 5 
                 6 
                 0 
                 2 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.05 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_3_ts_50_50 
                 99.044082 
                 1.33E+06 
                 5 
                 6 
                 0 
                 2 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.26 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_3_ts_50_50 
                 102.054929 
                 2.56E+06 
                 4 
                 7 
                 1 
                 2 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_1_gs_50_50 
                 102.054956 
                 3.08E+06 
                 4 
                 7 
                 1 
                 2 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.01 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_2_ws_50_50 
                 102.054962 
                 1.36E+06 
                 4 
                 7 
                 1 
                 2 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.07 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_4_rs2_50_50 
                 104.070595 
                 1.93E+06 
                 4 
                 9 
                 1 
                 2 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.10 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_4_rs1_50_50 
                 104.070624 
                 1.75E+06 
                 4 
                 9 
                 1 
                 2 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.18 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_5_gs_acn 
                 104.106977 
                 2.73E+06 
                 5 
                 13 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.13 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_2_ws_50_50 
                 104.106979 
                 2.73E+06 
                 5 
                 13 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.11 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_6_ws_acn 
                 104.106981 
                 1.84E+06 
                 5 
                 13 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.09 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_1_gs_50_50 
                 104.107 
                 3.88E+06 
                 5 
                 13 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.09 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_3_ts_50_50 
                 106.049869 
                 1.21E+08 
                 3 
                 7 
                 1 
                 3 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.01 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_1_gs_50_50 
                 106.04987 
                 1.36E+08 
                 3 
                 7 
                 1 
                 3 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_2_ws_50_50 
                 106.04987 
                 1.63E+08 
                 3 
                 7 
                 1 
                 3 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_4_rs1_50_50 
                 106.04987 
                 1.08E+08 
                 3 
                 7 
                 1 
                 3 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_4_rs2_50_50 
                 106.04987 
                 1.53E+08 
                 3 
                 7 
                 1 
                 3 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_5_gs_acn 
                 106.04987 
                 2.59E+08 
                 3 
                 7 
                 1 
                 3 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_6_ws_acn 
                 106.04987 
                 2.45E+08 
                 3 
                 7 
                 1 
                 3 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_7_ts_acn 
                 106.04987 
                 2.62E+08 
                 3 
                 7 
                 1 
                 3 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_8_rs1_acn 
                 106.04987 
                 2.48E+08 
                 3 
                 7 
                 1 
                 3 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_8_rs2_acn 
                 106.04987 
                 2.33E+08 
                 3 
                 7 
                 1 
                 3 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_6_ws_acn 
                 107.070237 
                 1.34E+06 
                 4 
                 10 
                 0 
                 3 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.31 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_8_rs1_acn 
                 107.070322 
                 1.28E+06 
                 4 
                 10 
                 0 
                 3 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.48 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_7_ts_acn 
                 108.080743 
                 2.79E+06 
                 7 
                 9 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.30 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_4_rs2_50_50 
                 109.028414 
                 1.65E+06 
                 6 
                 4 
                 0 
                 2 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.07 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_4_rs2_50_50 
                 111.044016 
                 1.41E+06 
                 6 
                 6 
                 0 
                 2 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.36 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_8_rs2_acn 
                 114.091316 
                 2.74E+06 
                 6 
                 11 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.21 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_1_gs_50_50 
                 114.091319 
                 3.02E+06 
                 6 
                 11 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.19 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_4_rs1_50_50 
                 114.091336 
                 1.76E+06 
                 6 
                 11 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.04 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_5_gs_acn 
                 114.091337 
                 3.87E+06 
                 6 
                 11 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.03 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_2_ws_50_50 
                 114.091342 
                 2.70E+06 
                 6 
                 11 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.01 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_7_ts_acn 
                 114.091346 
                 3.26E+06 
                 6 
                 11 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_6_ws_acn 
                 114.091358 
                 3.18E+06 
                 6 
                 11 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.15 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_8_rs1_acn 
                 114.091375 
                 2.74E+06 
                 6 
                 11 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.30 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_4_rs2_50_50 
                 114.091377 
                 2.53E+06 
                 6 
                 11 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.32 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_3_ts_50_50 
                 114.091404 
                 2.21E+06 
                 6 
                 11 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.56 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_4_rs2_50_50 
                 115.038958 
                 3.43E+06 
                 5 
                 6 
                 0 
                 3 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.11 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_5_gs_acn 
                 115.038978 
                 2.03E+06 
                 5 
                 6 
                 0 
                 3 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.07 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_2_ws_50_50 
                 115.038984 
                 1.84E+06 
                 5 
                 6 
                 0 
                 3 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.12 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_8_rs1_acn 
                 115.038999 
                 1.57E+06 
                 5 
                 6 
                 0 
                 3 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_4_rs1_50_50 
                 115.039032 
                 1.86E+06 
                 5 
                 6 
                 0 
                 3 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.53 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_3_ts_50_50 
                 115.03905 
                 1.67E+06 
                 5 
                 6 
                 0 
                 3 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.69 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_2_ws_50_50 
                 116.034226 
                 1.76E+06 
                 4 
                 5 
                 1 
                 3 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.06 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_1_gs_50_50 
                 116.034233 
                 2.43E+06 
                 4 
                 5 
                 1 
                 3 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.12 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_3_ts_50_50 
                 116.03425 
                 2.07E+06 
                 4 
                 5 
                 1 
                 3 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.26 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_1_gs_50_50 
                 116.070538 
                 2.60E+06 
                 5 
                 9 
                 1 
                 2 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.58 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_3_ts_50_50 
                 116.070601 
                 1.46E+06 
                 5 
                 9 
                 1 
                 2 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.03 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_2_ws_50_50 
                 116.070643 
                 1.46E+06 
                 5 
                 9 
                 1 
                 2 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.33 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_4_rs1_50_50 
                 118.086184 
                 1.56E+06 
                 5 
                 11 
                 1 
                 2 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.60 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_1_gs_50_50 
                 118.086217 
                 4.10E+06 
                 5 
                 11 
                 1 
                 2 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.32 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_4_rs2_50_50 
                 118.086231 
                 1.52E+06 
                 5 
                 11 
                 1 
                 2 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.20 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_2_ws_50_50 
                 118.086234 
                 1.23E+06 
                 5 
                 11 
                 1 
                 2 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.18 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_3_ts_50_50 
                 118.086246 
                 2.74E+06 
                 5 
                 11 
                 1 
                 2 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.08 
               
               
                 ESI_POS_pri_5_gs_acn 
                 118.086249 
                 2.53E+06 
                 5 
                 11 
                 1 
                 2 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Comments: The mass spectrum is processed such that the 13C isotopes are first eliminated (this is only possible in FTMS analysis due to the high resolution and mass accuracy). 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0066]    Then the remaining peaks are automatically analyzed using the mass analysis program that is included with the instrument using specific constraints chosen by the researcher (in the above example only those peaks that have the appropriate combination of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), or phosphorus (P) are returned). The final dataset now only contains monoisotopic, singly charged metabolites that have an accuracy of measurement of less than 1 ppm (err). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE III 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Illustration of the database generated from the processed data; 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Empirical Formula 
                 Green Stage 
                 White Stage 
                 Turning Stage 
               
             
          
           
               
                 C 
                 H 
                 N 
                 O 
                 P 
                 S 
                 Mass 
                 Int 
                 Mass 
                 Int 
                 WS/GS 
                 Mass 
                 Int 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 21 
                 20 
                 0 
                 10 
                 0 
                 0 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
                 100 
                 433.1130 
                 1.68E+07 
               
               
                 25 
                 34 
                 6 
                 19 
                 0 
                 0 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
                 723.1955 
                 5.21E+07 
                 4006 
                 723.1952 
                 1.12E+06 
               
               
                 24 
                 22 
                 0 
                 13 
                 0 
                 0 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
                 100 
                 519.1132 
                 3.16E+06 
               
               
                 22 
                 32 
                 6 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
                 100 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
               
               
                 46 
                 36 
                 11 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
                 790.2621 
                 2.62E+07 
                 2015 
                 790.2619 
                 5.71E+07 
               
               
                 19 
                 17 
                 11 
                 3 
                 0 
                 0 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
                 448.1592 
                 3.53E+07 
                 2715 
                 448.1591 
                 4.88E+07 
               
               
                 11 
                 16 
                 4 
                 9 
                 0 
                 1 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
                 381.0710 
                 1.68E+07 
                 1292 
                 381.0710 
                 2.19E+07 
               
               
                 9 
                 18 
                 8 
                 5 
                 0 
                 3 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
                 100 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
               
               
                 30 
                 67 
                 19 
                 4 
                 0 
                 0 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
                 100 
                 756.5697 
                 3.27E+07 
               
               
                 47 
                 71 
                 7 
                 3 
                 0 
                 0 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
                 782.5697 
                 3.67E+07 
                 2623 
                 782.5894 
                 3.19E+07 
               
               
                 22 
                 40 
                 14 
                 5 
                 0 
                 2 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
                 645.2625 
                 2.27E+07 
                 1746 
                 645.2623 
                 2.71E+07 
               
               
                 23 
                 24 
                 8 
                 5 
                 0 
                 1 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
                 525.1667 
                 4.15E+06 
                 319 
                 525.1683 
                 1.54E+07 
               
               
                 9 
                 16 
                 8 
                 1 
                 0 
                 3 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
                 100 
                 349.0683 
                 1.42E+06 
               
               
                 20 
                 28 
                 4 
                 11 
                 0 
                 1 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
                 533.1550 
                 5.75E+06 
                 442 
                 533.1551 
                 1.54E+07 
               
               
                 22 
                 29 
                 3 
                 1 
                 0 
                 3 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
                 448.1546 
                 1.34E+07 
                 1031 
                 446.1545 
                 1.73E+07 
               
               
                 33 
                 54 
                 6 
                 9 
                 0 
                 0 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
                 879.4031 
                 1.52E+07 
                 1169 
                 679.4025 
                 1.58E+07 
               
               
                 14 
                 29 
                 3 
                 13 
                 0 
                 0 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
                 448.1774 
                 1.17E+07 
                 900 
                 448.1774 
                 1.53E+07 
               
               
                 15 
                 20 
                 0 
                 11 
                 0 
                 0 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
                 100 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
               
               
                 21 
                 12 
                 0 
                 2 
                 0 
                 1 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
                 100 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
               
               
                 40 
                 34 
                 8 
                 0 
                 0 
                 3 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
                 100 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
               
               
                 27 
                 50 
                 2 
                 5 
                 0 
                 2 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
                 547.3240 
                 1.21E+07 
                 931 
                 547.3239 
                 1.22E+07 
               
               
                 21 
                 44 
                 2 
                 21 
                 0 
                 2 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
                 100 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
               
               
                 30 
                 42 
                 0 
                 17 
                 0 
                 1 
                 707.222203 
                 5.04E+06 
                 707.2220 
                 1.94E+07 
                 385 
                 707.2216 
                 5.34E+07 
               
               
                 12 
                 24 
                 4 
                 11 
                 0 
                 1 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
                 100 
                 nf 
                 1.30E+06 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Empirical Formula 
                 Turning Stage 
                 Red Stage 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 C 
                 H 
                 N 
                 O 
                 P 
                 S 
                 TS/GS 
                 TS/WS 
                 Mass 
                 Int 
                 RS1/GS 
                 RS/WS 
                 RS/TS 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 21 
                 20 
                 0 
                 10 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1292 
                 1292 
                 433.1126 
                 2.98E+06 
                 22923 
                 22923 
                 1774 
               
               
                   
                 25 
                 34 
                 6 
                 19 
                 0 
                 0 
                 8615 
                 215 
                 723.1953 
                 1.41E+06 
                 10846 
                 271 
                 126 
               
               
                   
                 24 
                 22 
                 0 
                 13 
                 0 
                 0 
                 243 
                 243 
                 513.1133 
                 1.21E+06 
                 9308 
                 9308 
                 3829 
               
               
                   
                 22 
                 32 
                 6 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 100 
                 100 
                 397.2714 
                 6.32E+07 
                 4862 
                 4862 
                 4862 
               
               
                   
                 46 
                 36 
                 11 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 4392 
                 218 
                 790.2622 
                 4.54E+07 
                 3492 
                 173 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                 19 
                 17 
                 11 
                 3 
                 0 
                 0 
                 3754 
                 138 
                 448.1592 
                 4.02E+07 
                 3092 
                 114 
                 82 
               
               
                   
                 11 
                 16 
                 4 
                 9 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1685 
                 130 
                 381.0709 
                 2.75E+07 
                 2115 
                 164 
                 126 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 18 
                 8 
                 5 
                 0 
                 3 
                 100 
                 100 
                 415.0838 
                 2.69E+07 
                 2069 
                 2069 
                 2069 
               
               
                   
                 30 
                 67 
                 19 
                 4 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2515 
                 2515 
                 758.5696 
                 2.44E+07 
                 1877 
                 1877 
                 75 
               
               
                   
                 47 
                 71 
                 7 
                 3 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2454 
                 87 
                 782.5697 
                 2.12E+07 
                 1631 
                 58 
                 66 
               
               
                   
                 22 
                 40 
                 14 
                 5 
                 0 
                 2 
                 2085 
                 119 
                 645.2825 
                 2.12E+07 
                 1631 
                 93 
                 78 
               
               
                   
                 23 
                 24 
                 8 
                 5 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1185 
                 371 
                 525.1664 
                 1.52E+07 
                 1169 
                 366 
                 99 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 16 
                 8 
                 1 
                 0 
                 3 
                 109 
                 109 
                 349.0685 
                 1.50E+07 
                 1154 
                 1154 
                 1056 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 28 
                 4 
                 11 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1185 
                 268 
                 533.1550 
                 1.38E+07 
                 1062 
                 240 
                 90 
               
               
                   
                 22 
                 29 
                 3 
                 1 
                 0 
                 3 
                 1331 
                 129 
                 448.1548 
                 1.32E+07 
                 1015 
                 99 
                 76 
               
               
                   
                 33 
                 54 
                 6 
                 9 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1215 
                 104 
                 679.4028 
                 1.31E+07 
                 1006 
                 88 
                 83 
               
               
                   
                 14 
                 29 
                 3 
                 13 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1177 
                 131 
                 448.1774 
                 1.28E+07 
                 985 
                 109 
                 84 
               
               
                   
                 15 
                 20 
                 0 
                 11 
                 0 
                 0 
                 100 
                 100 
                 377.1078 
                 1.24E+07 
                 954 
                 954 
                 954 
               
               
                   
                 21 
                 12 
                 0 
                 2 
                 0 
                 1 
                 100 
                 100 
                 329.0634 
                 1.17E+07 
                 900 
                 900 
                 900 
               
               
                   
                 40 
                 34 
                 8 
                 0 
                 0 
                 3 
                 100 
                 100 
                 723.2143 
                 1.13E+07 
                 869 
                 869 
                 869 
               
               
                   
                 27 
                 50 
                 2 
                 5 
                 0 
                 2 
                 938 
                 101 
                 647.3240 
                 1.06E+07 
                 815 
                 88 
                 87 
               
               
                   
                 21 
                 44 
                 2 
                 21 
                 0 
                 2 
                 100 
                 100 
                 725.1951 
                 1.05E+07 
                 806 
                 806 
                 806 
               
               
                   
                 30 
                 42 
                 0 
                 17 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1060 
                 275 
                 707.2218 
                 3.99E+07 
                 792 
                 206 
                 75 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 24 
                 4 
                 11 
                 0 
                 1 
                 100 
                 100 
                 433.1235 
                 9.92E+07 
                 763 
                 763 
                 763 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Comments: In Table III, the data was sorted according to the relative expression of metabolites in the red stage vs the green stage of strawberry. The data can be organized by any field. What is observed is that the metabolite C10H20O10 has a concentration that is at least 22923% of that observed in the green stage (this metabolite is not observed in the green stage so the value is a % of the background noise). This metabolite can be identified by its empirical formula as pelargonidin-3-glucoside, the primary pigment observed in strawberries that give them their red color. This process is automated. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]                                  TABLE IV                   Comparison of Metabolite and Gene Expression Data in Strawberry       Color Formation (Red Stage vs. Green Stage)                Relative   Relative           Metabolite   Gene       Metabolic Pathway   Expression   Expression               4-Coumarate-COA to Nargingenin Chalcone    4.3   3.3       Naringenin Chalcone to Naringenin    4.3   4.3       Leucopelargonidin to Pelargonidin   20*   6.7       Pelargonidin to Pelargonidin-3-Glucoside   42*   8.3               *Reflects greater dynamic range of metabolic expression analysis       Comments: FIGS. 7 through 12 and Table IV show the power of non-targeted metabolic profiling in studying changes that occur during development. Non-Targeted metabolic profiling allows the researcher to monitor entire metabolic pathways simultaneously. There is no other methodology that allows for the simultaneous analysis of such a diverse range of analytes. All of the analytes illustrated above were extracted from the non-targeted data collected using the methodology and concepts presented in this application.            
and identification of unknown metabolites). Relative changes in 3-Methylsulphinylheptyl Glucosinolate illustrated.
 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE V 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Comparison of Glucosinolates in different  Arabidopsis thaliana  mutants 
               
               
                   Arabidopsis  Glucosinolate Mutants 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Glucosinolates 
               
             
          
           
               
                 R= 
                 WT 
                 TU1 
                 TU3 
                 TU5 
                 TU7 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 3-Methylthiobutyl 
                 1.00 
                 &lt;0.06(nf) 
                 2.69 
                 0.14 
                 0.36 
               
               
                 3-Methylthiopentyl 
                 1.00 
                 &lt;0.56(nf) 
                 2.12 
                 &lt;0.56(nf) 
                 0.71 
               
               
                 3-Methylthioheptyl 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 &lt;0.21(nf) 
                 0.32 
                 &lt;0.21(nf) 
               
               
                 3-Methylthiooctyl 
                 1.00 
                 2.93 
                 &lt;0.09(nf) 
                 0.92 
                 0.15 
               
               
                 3-Methylsulphinylpropyl 
                 1.00 
                 27.62 
                 1.37 
                 21.56 
                 0.37 
               
               
                 3-Methylsulphinylbutyl 
                 1.00 
                 0.10 
                 2.50 
                 0.63 
                 0.53 
               
               
                 3-Methylsulphinylpentyl 
                 1.00 
                 1.56 
                 3.11 
                 0.79 
                 1.11 
               
               
                 3-Methylsulphinylheptyl 
                 1.00 
                 1.38 
                 &lt;0.37(nf) 
                 0.64 
                 &lt;0.37(nf) 
               
               
                 3-Methylsulphinyloctyl 
                 1.00 
                 6.16 
                 &lt;0.11(nf) 
                 4.25 
                 0.37 
               
               
                 3-Indolylmethyl 
                 1.00 
                 4.44 
                 0.90 
                 1.85 
                 0.71 
               
               
                 Methoxy-3-Indolylmethyl 
                 1.00 
                 1.41 
                 0.67 
                 0.59 
                 0.46 
               
               
                 C3H7OS 
                 1.00(nf) 
                 &gt;6.88 
                 nf 
                 nf 
                 nf 
               
               
                 C5H11O8S 
                 1.00 
                 2.68 
                 0.73 
                 0.85 
                 0.60 
               
               
                 C7H10OS3 
                 1.00(nf) 
                 &gt;5.73 
                 nf 
                 &gt;3.01 
                 nf 
               
               
                 C8H12OS3 
                 1.00 
                 &lt;0.37(nf) 
                 1.95 
                 &lt;0.37(nf) 
                 0.45 
               
               
                 C13H26NO3S 
                 1.00 
                 2.55 
                 1.05 
                 1.18 
                 0.44 
               
               
                 C21H23O3 
                 1.00 
                 2.74 
                 1.21 
                 0.47 
                 0.52 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 19 Glucosinolate Molecules Observed (17 reported) 
               
               
                 Comments: In Table V, the applicability of the technology for comparing genetic mutants to their wild-type counterparts is illustrated. The non-targeted metabolic profiles of four mutants (TU1, TU3, TU5, and TU7) were compared to their wild-type counterpart. Here we show that not only can we identify and monitor the glucosinolates that had been previously analyzed using targeted analysis, but were able to identify previously unidentified glucosinolates. As is the case in all of our analyses, all of the other metabolites are also available for evaluation. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE VI 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Illustration of database generated by directly comparing two samples (carrot root exuate in the presence 
               
               
                 and absence of phosphate) Summary of Metabolites that were Observed to be Increased in the −P Fraction 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 −P/+P 
                   
                 Minus P 
                 Plus P 
                 Proposed Empirical Formula 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ratio (Corr.) 
                 Mode 
                 Mass 
                 Abs Int. 
                 Corr. Int. 
                 Mass 
                 Abs Int. 
                 C 
                 H 
                 N 
                 O 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1172.550 
                 ESI+ 
                 245.0763 
                 2.35E+09 
                 1.17E+09 
                   
                 1.00E+06 
                 10 
                 9 
                 8 
                 2 
               
               
                 1053.350 
                 ESI+ 
                 487.1672 
                 2.11E+09 
                 1.05E+09 
                   
                 1.00E+06 
                 22 
                 23 
                 6 
                 6 
               
               
                 981.550 
                 ESI+ 
                 177.0546 
                 1.96E+09 
                 9.82E+08 
                   
                 1.00E+06 
                 10 
                 9 
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 658.850 
                 ESI+ 
                 223.0965 
                 1.32E+08 
                 6.59E+08 
                   
                 1.00E+06 
                 12 
                 15 
                   
                 4 
               
               
                 188.090 
                 ESI+ 
                 251.0524 
                 3.72E+08 
                 1.86E+08 
                   
                 1.00E+06 
                 12 
                 14 
                   
                 4 
               
               
                 73.375 
                 ESI+ 
                 651.2412 
                 1.47E+08 
                 7.34E+07 
                   
                 1.00E+06 
                 31 
                 35 
                 8 
                 10 
               
               
                 52.845 
                 ESI+ 
                 328.1390 
                 1.08E+08 
                 5.28E+07 
                   
                 1.00E+06 
                 15 
                 22 
                 1 
                 7 
               
               
                 47.308 
                 ESI+ 
                 619.2509 
                 9.46E+07 
                 4.73E+07 
                   
                 1.00E+06 
                 31 
                 35 
                 6 
                 8 
               
               
                 35.421 
                 ESI+ 
                 559.3239 
                 7.08E+07 
                 3.54E+07 
                   
                 1.00E+06 
                 28 
                 43 
                 6 
                 6 
               
               
                 34.279 
                 ESI+ 
                 539.2813 
                 6.86E+07 
                 3.43E+07 
                   
                 1.00E+06 
                 27 
                 35 
                 6 
                 6 
               
               
                 31.780 
                 ESI+ 
                 307.0489 
                 8.38E+07 
                 3.18E+07 
                   
                 1.00E+06 
                 12 
                 19 
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 28.138 
                 ESI+ 
                 523.2299 
                 5.63E+07 
                 2.81E+07 
                   
                 1.00E+06 
                 26 
                 31 
                 6 
                 6 
               
               
                 25.510 
                 ESI+ 
                 569.1988 
                 5.10E+07 
                 2.55E+07 
                   
                 1.00E+06 
                 26 
                 29 
                 6 
                 9 
               
               
                 24.248 
                 ESI− 
                 279.1236 
                 2.42E+07 
                 2.42E+07 
                   
                 1.00E+06 
                 15 
                 19 
                   
                 5 
               
               
                 22.393 
                 ESI+ 
                 535.3554 
                 4.48E+07 
                 2.24E+07 
                   
                 1.00E+06 
                 34 
                 47 
                 8 
                 8 
               
               
                 21.312 
                 ESI+ 
                 543.3288 
                 4.26E+07 
                 2.13E+07 
                   
                 1.00E+06 
                 28 
                 43 
                 8 
                 5 
               
               
                 20.003 
                 APCI+ 
                 377.1594 
                 2.00E+07 
                 2.00E+07 
                   
                 1.00E+06 
                 20 
                 25 
                   
                 7 
               
               
                 19.937 
                 ESI+ 
                 291.0714 
                 3.99E+07 
                 1.99E+07 
                   
                 1.00E+06 
                 11 
                 15 
                   
                 9 
               
               
                 15.314 
                 APCI− 
                 279.1239 
                 1.53E+07 
                 1.53E+07 
                   
                 1.00E+06 
                 15 
                 19 
                   
                 5 
               
               
                 13.322 
                 ESI+ 
                 487.2663 
                 2.66E+07 
                 1.33E+07 
                   
                 1.00E+06 
                 24 
                 35 
                 6 
                 5 
               
               
                 13.273 
                 ESI− 
                 335.2227 
                 6.63E+07 
                 6.63E+07 
                 335.2227 
                 5.00E+06 
                 20 
                 31 
                   
                 4 
               
               
                 13.091 
                 APCI− 
                 335.2230 
                 1.80E+08 
                 1.60E+08 
                 335.2231 
                 1.22E+07 
                 20 
                 31 
                   
                 4 
               
               
                 12.968 
                 ESI+ 
                 242.0700 
                 2.59E+07 
                 1.30E+07 
                   
                 1.00E+06 
                 15 
                 20 
                 10 
                 9 
               
               
                 11.693 
                 ESI+ 
                 473.2507 
                 2.34E+07 
                 1.17E+07 
                   
                 1.00E+06 
                 23 
                 33 
                 6 
                 5 
               
               
                 11.236 
                 ESI− 
                 167.6111 
                 1.12E+07 
                 1.12E+07 
                   
                 1.00E+06 
                 18 
                 29 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 9.001 
                 ESI+ 
                 149.0233 
                 4.81E+08 
                 2.40E+08 
                 149.0233 
                 2.67E+07 
                 5 
                 5 
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 8.228 
                 ESI+ 
                 459.2352 
                 1.65E+07 
                 8.23E+06 
                   
                 1.00E+06 
                 22 
                 31 
                 6 
                 5 
               
               
                 8.011 
                 APCI− 
                 319.2267 
                 3.59E+07 
                 3.59E+07 
                 319.2267 
                 4.48E+06 
                 20 
                 31 
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 7.742 
                 ESI− 
                 249.1494 
                 2.14E+07 
                 2.14E+07 
                 249.1494 
                 2.77E+06 
                 16 
                 21 
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 7.279 
                 ESI− 
                 333.2071 
                 1.43E+07 
                 1.43E+07 
                 333.2071 
                 1.98E+06 
                 20 
                 29 
                   
                 4 
               
               
                 7.163 
                 ESI+ 
                 483.1415 
                 1.43E+07 
                 7.16E+06 
                   
                 1.00E+06 
                 24 
                 28 
                   
                 8 
               
               
                 6.902 
                 ESI− 
                 347.1864 
                 1.15E+07 
                 1.15E+07 
                 347.1864 
                 1.68E+6 
                 20 
                 27 
                   
                 5 
               
               
                 6.655 
                 APCI− 
                 263.1290 
                 5.86E+06 
                 8.68E+08 
                   
                 1.00E+06 
                 15 
                 19 
                   
                 4 
               
               
                 6.270 
                 APCI− 
                 347.1867 
                 1.87E+07 
                 1.87E+07 
                 347.1867 
                 2.98E+06 
                 20 
                 27 
                   
                 5 
               
               
                 6.019 
                 ESI+ 
                 345.1238 
                 1.20E+07 
                 6.02E+06 
                   
                 1.00E+06 
                 14 
                 22 
                 6 
               
               
                 5.306 
                 ESI− 
                 263.1287 
                 5.31E+06 
                 5.31E+06 
                   
                 1.00E+06 
                 15 
                 19 
                   
                 4 
               
               
                 5.300 
                 ESI+ 
                 229.1047 
                 1.06E+07 
                 5.30E+06 
                   
                 1.00E+06 
                 15 
                 17 
               
               
                 4.971 
                 ESI− 
                 191.1076 
                 4.97E+06 
                 4.97E+06 
                   
                 1.00E+06 
                 12 
                 15 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 4.603 
                 ESI− 
                 213.1494 
                 2.32E+07 
                 2.32E+07 
                 213.1494 
                 5.03E+06 
                 12 
                 21 
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 4.600 
                 ESI− 
                 277.1443 
                 4.60E+06 
                 4.60E+06 
                   
                 1.00E+06 
                 16 
                 21 
                   
                 4 
               
               
                 4.524 
                 APCI− 
                 333.2074 
                 2.20E+07 
                 2.20E+07 
                 333.2075 
                 4.87E+06 
                 20 
                 29 
                   
                 4 
               
               
                 4.163 
                 ESI− 
                 199.1341 
                 1.18E+07 
                 1.18E+07 
                 199.1341 
                 2.83E+06 
                 11 
                 19 
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 3.392 
                 ESI− 
                 227.1650 
                 3.17E+07 
                 3.17E+07 
                 227.1650 
                 9.33E+06 
                 13 
                 23 
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 3.131 
                 ESI+ 
                 312.1441 
                 6.26E+06 
                 3.13E+06 
                   
                 1.00E+06 
                 15 
                 22 
                 1 
                 6 
               
               
                 3.111 
                 APCI− 
                 249.1497 
                 1.54E+07 
                 1.54E+07 
                 249.1497 
                 4.95E+06 
                 15 
                 21 
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 2.566 
                 APCI− 
                 329.2336 
                 2.29E+07 
                 2.29E+07 
                 329.2335 
                 8.92E+06 
                 13 
                 33 
                   
                 5 
               
               
                 2.438 
                 ESI− 
                 415.1794 
                 2.44E+06 
                 2.44E+06 
                   
                 1.00E+06 
                 20 
                 31 
                   
                 7 
               
               
                 2.017 
                 ESI+ 
                 285.0951 
                 4.03E+06 
                 2.02E+06 
                   
                 1.00E+06 
                 10 
                 17 
                 6 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 −P/+P 
                   
                 Proposed Empirical Formula 
                 Observed 
                 Theoretical 
                 Error 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ratio (Corr.) 
                 Mode 
                 P 
                 S 
                 Cl 
                 Na 
                 K 
                 a′ 
                 As 
                 Mass 
                 (ppm) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 1173.530 
                 ESI+ 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 −1 
                 +H 
                 245.07815 
                 0.73 
               
               
                   
                 1053.350 
                 ESI+ 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 −1 
                 +H 
                 467.1673589 
                 −0.45 
               
               
                   
                 981.550 
                 ESI+ 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 −1 
                 +H 
                 177.0546208 
                 −0.17 
               
               
                   
                 656.650 
                 ESI+ 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 −1 
                 +H 
                 223.0964854 
                 −0.16 
               
               
                   
                 188.090 
                 ESI+ 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                 −1 
                 +K 
                 261.0523672 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 73.375 
                 ESI+ 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 −1 
                 +H 
                 651.2409178 
                 0.48 
               
               
                   
                 52.845 
                 ESI+ 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 −1 
                 +H 
                 328.1390786 
                 −0.24 
               
               
                   
                 47.308 
                 ESI+ 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 −1 
                 +H 
                 619.2510885 
                 −0.39 
               
               
                   
                 35.421 
                 ESI+ 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 −1 
                 +H 
                 559.3238596 
                 0.13 
               
               
                   
                 34.279 
                 ESI+ 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 −1 
                 +H 
                 539.2612593 
                 0.00 
               
               
                   
                 31.780 
                 ESI+ 
                   
                 3 
                   
                   
                   
                 −1 
                 +H 
                 307.049083 
                 −0.60 
               
               
                   
                 28.136 
                 ESI+ 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 −1 
                 +H 
                 523.2299592 
                 −0.09 
               
               
                   
                 25.510 
                 ESI+ 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 −1 
                 +H 
                 569.199053 
                 −0.44 
               
               
                   
                 24.248 
                 ESI− 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                 −H 
                 279.1237973 
                 −0.60 
               
               
                   
                 22.393 
                 ESI+ 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 −1 
                 +H 
                 635.3551597 
                 0.38 
               
               
                   
                 21.312 
                 ESI+ 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 −1 
                 +H 
                 543.3269449 
                 −0.21 
               
               
                   
                 20.003 
                 APCI+ 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 −1 
                 +H 
                 377.1594796 
                 −0.18 
               
               
                   
                 19.937 
                 ESI+ 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 −1 
                 +H 
                 291.0710585 
                 1.04 
               
               
                   
                 15.314 
                 APCI− 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                 −H 
                 279.1237973 
                 0.26 
               
               
                   
                 13.322 
                 ESI+ 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 −1 
                 +H 
                 487.2663447 
                 −0.07 
               
               
                   
                 13.273 
                 ESI− 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                 −H 
                 335.2227831 
                 −0.40 
               
               
                   
                 13.091 
                 APCI− 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                 −H 
                 335.2227831 
                 0.86 
               
               
                   
                 12.968 
                 ESI+ 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 −2 
                 +2H 
                 242.0701876 
                 −0.86 
               
               
                   
                 11.693 
                 ESI+ 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 −1 
                 +H 
                 473.2506946 
                 0.10 
               
               
                   
                 11.236 
                 ESI− 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2 
                 −2H 
                 167.6109945 
                 0.33 
               
               
                   
                 9.001 
                 ESI+ 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 −1 
                 +H 
                 149.0233204 
                 0.00 
               
               
                   
                 8.228 
                 ESI+ 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 −1 
                 +H 
                 459.2350446 
                 0.36 
               
               
                   
                 8.011 
                 APCI− 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 −1 
                 +H 
                 319.2267713 
                 −0.22 
               
               
                   
                 7.742 
                 ESI− 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                 −H 
                 249.1496181 
                 −0.71 
               
               
                   
                 7.279 
                 ESI− 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                 −H 
                 333.207133 
                 −0.13 
               
               
                   
                 7.163 
                 ESI+ 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                 −1 
                 +K 
                 483.1415762 
                 −0.12 
               
               
                   
                 6.902 
                 ESI− 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                 −H 
                 347.1883976 
                 −0.11 
               
               
                   
                 6.655 
                 APCI− 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                 −H 
                 263.1288827 
                 0.26 
               
               
                   
                 6.270 
                 APCI− 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                 −H 
                 347.1883976 
                 0.83 
               
               
                   
                 6.019 
                 ESI+ 
                   
                 1 
                   
                   
                 1 
                 −1 
                 +K 
                 345.1258237 
                 −0.01 
               
               
                   
                 5.306 
                 ESI− 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                 −H 
                 263.1288827 
                 −0.69 
               
               
                   
                 5.300 
                 ESI+ 
                   
                 1 
                   
                   
                   
                 −1 
                 +H 
                 229.1045477 
                 0.75 
               
               
                   
                 4.971 
                 ESI− 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                 −H 
                 191.1077533 
                 −0.80 
               
               
                   
                 4.603 
                 ESI− 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                 −H 
                 213.1496181 
                 −1.02 
               
               
                   
                 4.600 
                 ESI− 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                 −H 
                 277.1445327 
                 −0.64 
               
               
                   
                 4.524 
                 APCI− 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                 −H 
                 333.207133 
                 0.97 
               
               
                   
                 4.163 
                 ESI− 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                 −H 
                 199.1339681 
                 0.61 
               
               
                   
                 3.392 
                 ESI− 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                 −H 
                 227.1652682 
                 −1.05 
               
               
                   
                 3.131 
                 ESI+ 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 −1 
                 +H 
                 312.1441639 
                 −0.08 
               
               
                   
                 3.111 
                 APCI− 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                 −H 
                 249.1496181 
                 0.19 
               
               
                   
                 2.566 
                 APCI− 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                 −H 
                 329.2333477 
                 0.58 
               
               
                   
                 2.438 
                 ESI− 
                   
                 1 
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                 −H 
                 415.1795976 
                 −0.60 
               
               
                   
                 2.017 
                 ESI+ 
                   
                 2 
                   
                   
                   
                 −1 
                 +H 
                 285.0950624 
                 −0.01 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Comments: Table VI illustrates how our technology can be used to compare the metabolic profile of an organism under different environmental conditions. Here we were able to detect and identify key molecules involved in controlling the plant&#39;s response to phosphate conditions. This capability allows researchers to determine what effects changes in environmental conditions will have on the biological functions of an organism. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE VII 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 MS/MS Data for Selected Metabolites Observed 
               
               
                 to be Increased in the −P Fraction 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Parent 
                 Fragment 
                 Loss Of: 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 C 31 H 35 N 6 O 10  [H + ] 
                 C 19 H 23 N 6 O 5 [H + ] 
                 C 12 H 12 O 5   
               
               
                   
                 651 
                 C 19 H 21 N 6 O 4 [H + ] 
                 C 12 H 14 O 6   
               
               
                   
                 +ESI 
                 *C 10 H 9 N 6 O 2 [H + ] 
                 C 21 H 24 O 8   
               
               
                   
                   
                 C 9 H 7 [H + ] 
               
               
                   
                 C 31 H 35 N 6 O 8 [H + ] 
                 C 19 H 23 N 6 O 5 [H + ] 
                 C 12 H 12 O 3   
               
               
                   
                 619 
                 C 19 H 21 N 6 O 4 [H + ] 
                 C 12 H 14 O 4   
               
               
                   
                 +ESI 
                 *C 10 H 9 N 6 O 2 [H + ] 
                 C 21 H 24 O 6   
               
               
                   
                   
                 C 9 H 7 [H + ] 
               
               
                   
                 C 26 H 29 N 6 O 9 [H + ] 
                 C 19 H 23 N 6 O 5 [H + ] 
                 C 7 H 6 O 4   
               
               
                   
                 569 
                 C 19 H 21 N 6 O 4 [H + ] 
                 C 7 H 8 O 5   
               
               
                   
                 +ESI 
                 *C 10 H 9 N 6 O 2 [H + ] 
                 C 16 H 20 O 7   
               
               
                   
                   
                 C 9 H 7 [H + ] 
               
               
                   
                 C 28 H 43 N 6 O 6 [H + ] 
                 C 19 H 23 N 6 O 5 [H + ] 
                 C 9 H 20 O 
               
               
                   
                 559 
                 C 19 H 21 N 6 O 4 [H + ] 
                 C 9 H 22 O 2   
               
               
                   
                 +ESI 
                 *C 10 H 9 N 6 O 2 [H + ] 
                 C 18 H 20 O 4   
               
               
                   
                   
                 C 9 H 7 [H + ] 
               
               
                   
                 C 28 H 43 N 6 O 5 [H + ] 
                 C 19 H 23 N 6 O 5 [H + ] 
                 C 9 H 20   
               
               
                   
                 543 
                 C 19 H 21 N 6 O 4 [H + ] 
                 C 9 H 22 O 
               
               
                   
                 +ESI 
                 *C 10 H 9 N 6 O 2 [H + ] 
                 C 18 H 20 O 3   
               
               
                   
                   
                 C 9 H 7 [H + ] 
               
               
                   
                 C 27 H 35 N 6 O 6 [H + ] 
                 C 19 H 23 N 6 O 5 [H + ] 
                 C 8 H 12 O 
               
               
                   
                 539 
                 C 19 H 21 N 6 O 4 [H + ] 
                 C 8 H 14 O 2   
               
               
                   
                 +ESI 
                 *C 15 H 21 N 6 O 2 [H + ] 
                 *C 12 H 14 O 4   
               
               
                   
                   
                 C 10 H 9 N 6 O 2 [H + ] 
                 C 17 H 26 O 4   
               
               
                   
                   
                 C 9 H 7 [H + ] 
               
               
                   
                 C 26 H 31 N 6 O 6 [H + ] 
                 C 19 H 23 N 6 O 5 [H + ] 
                 C 7 H 9 O 
               
               
                   
                 523 
                 C 19 H 21 N 6 O 4 [H + ] 
                 C 7 H 10 O 2   
               
               
                   
                 +ESI 
                 *C 14 H 17 N 6 O 2 [H + ] 
                 *C 12 H 14 O 4   
               
               
                   
                   
                 C 10 H 9 N 6 O 2 [H + ] 
                 C 16 H 22 O 4   
               
               
                   
                   
                 C 9 H 7 [H + ] 
               
               
                   
                 C 22 H 23 N 6 O 6 [H + ] 
                 *C 10 H 9 N 6 O 2 [H + ] 
                 *C 12 H 14 O 4   
               
               
                   
                 467 
               
               
                   
                 +ESI 
               
               
                   
                 *C 12 H 15 O 4 [H + ] 
                 *C 10 H 9 O 3 [H + ] 
                 C 2 H 6 O 
               
               
                   
                 223 
                 C 9 H 7 O 3 [H + ] 
                 C 3 H 8 O 
               
               
                   
                 +ESI 
                 C 8 H 5 O 3 [H + ] 
                 C 4 H 10 O 
               
               
                   
                   
                 C 6 H 5 O[H + ] 
                 C 6 H 10 O 3   
               
               
                   
                 *C 10 H 9 O 3 [H + ] 
                 *C 8 H 5 O 3 [H + ] 
                 C 2 H 4   
               
               
                   
                 177 
                 C 6 H 5 O[H + ] 
                 C 4 H 4 O 2   
               
               
                   
                 +ESI 
               
               
                   
                 *C 8 H 5 O 3 [H + ] 
                 C 7 H 5 O 2 [H + ] 
                 CO 
               
               
                   
                 149 
                 C 6 H 5 O[H + ] 
                 C 2 O 2   
               
               
                   
                 +ESI 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE VIII 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Determination of Metabolite Relations using MS/MS data 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 R1 
                 R3 
                 R2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 C 10 H 8 N 6 O 2   
                 None 
                 C 12 H 14 O 4   
               
               
                   
                 C 10 H 8 N 6 O 2   
                 C 4 H 8   
                 C 12 H 14 O 4   
               
               
                   
                 C 10 H 8 N 6 O 2   
                 C 5 H 12   
                 C 12 H 14 O 4   
               
               
                   
                 C 10 H 8 N 6 O 2   
                 C 6 H 6   
                 C 12 H 14 O 4   
               
               
                   
                 C 10 H 8 N 6 O 2   
                 C 4 H 6 O 3   
                 C 12 H 14 O 4   
               
               
                   
                 C 10 H 8 N 6 O 2   
                 C 9 H 10 O 2   
                 C 12 H 14 O 4   
               
               
                   
                 C 10 H 8 N 6 O 2   
                 C 9 H 10 O 4   
                 C 12 H 14 O 4   
               
               
                   
                 C 10 H 8 N 6 O 2   
                 C 6 H 6   
                 C 12 H 14 O 3   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE IX 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Mass Analysis of unknown peak observed in Tobacco Flower Analysis 
               
               
                 Mass Analysis of Unknown Peak 
               
               
                 Calibration Constants: 
               
               
                 ML1: 108299134.679450 
               
               
                 ML2: −16.576817 
               
               
                 ML3: −2029.796744 
               
               
                 Calibration Results: 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ref. Masses 
                 Exp. Masses 
                 Diff (ppm) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 124.039300 
                 124.039298 
                 0.0187 
               
               
                 161.092070 
                 161.092079 
                 0.0542 
               
               
                 303.166300 
                 303.166272 
                 0.0919 
               
               
                 609.280660 
                 609.280664 
                 0.0060 
               
               
                 962.430130 
                 962.430230 
                 0.1037 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Observed Mass of Unknown: 595.16572 
               
               
                 Empirical Formula Search Result: C 27 H 30 O 15  [+H]+ 
               
               
                 Mass: 595.16575 
               
               
                 Mass Error: 0.04 ppm 
               
               
                 Proposed Metabolite: C 15 H 10 O 6  - Rhamnoglucoside (present in flowers of grapefruit) 
               
               
                 Comments: FIGS. 16 and 17 and Table IX show how our technology provides meaningful information that would otherwise not be obtained. In this example the researcher thought that he knew the primary color component in tobacco flowers (C15H10O6-Glucoside) but our analysis showed that the primary color component in tobacco flowers is actually the rhamnoglucoside. This illustrates the power of being able to identify unknown components after analysis. No other technology is currently available to provide this type of analysis. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE X 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Illustration of the number of metabolites monitored in strawberry 
               
               
                 extracts. Summary of Metabolites Observed from Different 
               
               
                 Extraction Methods and Ionization Conditions. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Number of Unique Metabolites Observed 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 50/50 
                 ACN 
                 In Both 
                 Total 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 ESI+ 
                 1143 
                 1054 
                 540 
                 1657 
               
               
                   
                 ESI− 
                 966 
                 790 
                 211 
                 1545 
               
               
                   
                 APCI+ 
                 979 
                 1431 
                 615 
                 1795 
               
               
                   
                 APCI− 
                 898 
                 1205 
                 370 
                 1733 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 3986 
                 4480 
                 1736 
                 6730 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0067]    Table X and  FIG. 18  illustrate the comprehensive nature of our invention. Our technology allows for the comprehensive comparison of the metabolic profiles of organisms under varying environmental, genetic, and developmental conditions. 
         [0068]    In this patent document, the word “comprising” is used in its non-limiting sense to mean that items following the word are included, but items not specifically mentioned are not excluded A reference to an element by the indefinite article “a” does not exclude the possibility that more than one of the element is present, unless the context clearly requires that there be one and only one of the elements. 
         [0069]    It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that modifications may be made to the illustrated embodiment without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as hereinafter defined in the Claims.