Abstract:
The present invention provides a method of administering porcine B-domainless factor VIII (OBI-1) to a patient having factor VIII deficiency to provide more rapid and effective protection against bleeding episodes, compared to formerly available methods, or to provide more effective protection to such patients during non-bleeding periods. This invention is based on the discovery that the recombinant B-domainless porcine fVIII, termed OBI-1, has greater bioavailability compared to the natural porcine fVIII partially purified from porcine plasma, termed HYATE:C. Therefore, the inventive method employs lower unit doses of OBI-1, including, alternatively, omission of antibody-neutralizing dosage, or has longer intervals between the administration, compared to HYATE:C, to provide equivalent protection in patients having fVIII deficiency. The invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions and kits containing OBI-1 in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, that are useful for treating patients in need of fVIII more effectively.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/496,516, filed Jul. 1, 2009, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,101,718 on Jan. 24, 2012, which application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/549,049, Oct. 12, 2006, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,576,181 on Aug. 18, 2009, which is a continuation-in-part of PCT/US2005/014,760 filed Apr. 28, 2005, which claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/568,015 filed May 3, 2004 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/569,000 filed May 7, 2004, all of which are incorporated herein to the extent not inconsistent herewith. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Hemophilia A is a disease characterized by a defect in blood clotting which results in a variety of clinical symptoms and is ultimately life-threatening. Standard treatment of the disease is administration of clotting factor VIII (fVIII), a 300 kDa plasma protein missing or deficient in Hemophilia A patients. The therapy does not cure the underlying disease, but it ameliorates the symptoms. Therefore, patients must receive repeated doses of fVIII over their lifetimes. Although the administration of human fVIII to hemophilia A patients is an effective treatment, long-term therapy results in reduced efficacy for a significant proportion of the patient population. About 20-35% of hemophilia A patients develop inhibitory antibodies to human fVIII, regardless of whether the human fVIII is plasma-derived or made by recombinant technology. Patients who develop inhibitory antibodies to human fVIII experience reduced efficacy of treatment and longer bleeding episodes. Such patients have been successfully treated with porcine fVIII, which is a substantially homologous protein. Porcine fVIII is often significantly less reactive to the anti-human fVIII antibodies found in inhibitor patients. HYATE:C, a natural porcine fVIII partially purified from pooled porcine plasma, had long been commercially available. Both human and porcine fVIII purified from plasma pose potential hazards of contamination from virus or prion particles. Such hazards are of special concern for hemophiliacs, who will receive repeated doses over a lifetime of therapy. Recombinant human fVIII, and, more recently, recombinant porcine fVIII, have been developed for their respective indications. More specifically, a recombinant porcine fVIII lacking most of the B-domain has been produced and is currently being tested for clinical application as a substitute for porcine fVIII purified from pooled porcine plasma (U.S. Pat. No. 6,458,563 incorporated herein by reference). The terms applied to these products are HYATE:C (natural porcine fVIII partially purified from pooled porcine plasma); OBI-1 (for recombinant partially B-domainless porcine fVIII). OBI-1 is also termed POL-1212 in U.S. Pat. No. 6,458,563. Both names, OBI-1 and POL 1212, refer to the same substance, porcine fVIII having the B-domain deleted except for 12 amino acids at the N-terminal part of the B-domain and 12 amino acids at the C-terminal part of the B-domain. The DNA sequence encoding OBI-1 is given in SEQ ID No:1. The deduced amino acid sequence of OBI-1 protein is given in SEQ ID NO:2, along with that of the 19 amino acid leader (signal) peptide. OBI-1 is a protein having a deduced amino acid sequence of amino acids 1-1448 of SEQ ID NO: 2. OBI-1 protein is made by expression of the DNA of SEQ ID NO:1 in a transformed mammalian host cell, which results in removal of the signal peptide, amino acids −19 to 1 of SEQ ID NO:2, and secretion of the protein from the host cell into the cell culture supernatant. Therefore, OBI-1 is herein defined as the product of expression of the DNA of SEQ ID No: 1 in a mammalian host cell. Previous studies (Doering, C. B. et al. [2002] J. Biol. Chem. 277:39345-38349) have documented that the B-domain of porcine fVIII can be deleted without loss of activity. 
     There are several reports of various methods to provide stable fVIII in a pharmaceutical composition or formulation. Albumin has often been used to stabilize these formulations. However, because of the cost and risk associated with using albumin as a stabilizer, there are several albumin-free pharmaceutical compositions containing fVIII in the art. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,427 describes fVIII compositions which contain an amino acid or its salts and a detergent such as polysorbate or TWEEN 80, or an organic polymer such as PEG; U.S. Pat. No. 5,605,884 discloses a fVIII composition in a high ionic strength media consisting of sodium chloride, calcium chloride and histidine; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,763,401 and 5,874,408 disclose a recombinant fVIII composition containing glycine, histidine, sucrose, sodium chloride, and calcium chloride. There are further examples of fVIII compositions having various salts, non-ionic surfactants and antioxidants (U.S. Pat. No. 5,962,650, U.S. Pat. No. 5,972,885, WO 89/09784, and WO 94/07510). WO 03/080108 describes a stable solid pharmaceutical composition devoid of amino acids which contain fVIII, a surfactant, calcium chloride, sucrose, sodium chloride, trisodium citrate, and a buffer and has a pH of 6-8 prior to lyophilization and after reconstitution in water for injection. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to the surprising experimental findings that OBI-1 as described, supra, has 2-6 fold greater bioavailability compared to HYATE:C. Bioavailability refers to the blood levels achieved and maintained after administering a given dose. Bioavailability can be assessed by calculating the area under the curve (AUC) of blood levels plotted as a function of time after administration of a given dose. Consequently, compared to HYATE:C, OBI-1 can be administered at a substantially lower dose, expressed in Units/kg of body weight, to provide equivalent protection against serious bleeding episodes or in the prevention of bleeding episodes for hemophiliac patients who are in non-bleeding state. Alternatively, OBI-1 can be provided at the same dose as, or a similar dose to, HYATE:C, but at a reduced frequency of administration compared to HYATE:C, bringing about more rapid control of bleeding and reducing the inconvenience associated with multiple administrations. Coupled with the fact that OBI-1 is available at a higher concentration in Units/ml than HYATE:C, the findings provide for a new method of administration that is highly advantageous for patients&#39; well-being and quality of life. Current treatments with HYATE:C (100 Units/kg of body weight) typically require intravenous infusion of 280 ml of HYATE:C solution, at a rate of 2-5 ml per minute repeated every 6-8 hrs. Such treatments are tedious, can last 2 hours or more, and severely limit patient mobility and quality of life. By contrast, under the present invention, OBI-1 can be administered as a single intravenous injection of about 10-125 Units/kg body wt, at the rate of 1,000-10,000 Units/min. and may be required only one to four times, in order to halt a bleed, in contrast to HYATE:C, which takes a median of eight separate administrations over a two day period to halt a single bleeding episode, according to its package insert. When a hemophilia patient in need of such treatment has preexisting inhibitory antibodies to human fVIII that significantly cross-react with OBI-1, standard treatment, as applied using HYATE:C, would require more OBI-1 beyond the dosage given herein to neutralize the antibodies. Using OBI-1, faster control of bleeding is facilitated because higher fVIII levels can be achieved more rapidly. As will be discussed below, the actual dose administered to an individual depends on several individual factors including body weight, plasma volume, and residual antibody titer to OBI-1. The methods for calculating individual dosage have been well established from studies with HYATE:C. The methods for calculating OBI-1 dosage will, in addition, require taking into account the newly discovered greater in vivo efficacy and bioavailability of OBI-1. In an alternative embodiment of the invention, an antibody-neutralizing dose (“Loading Dose”) is omitted altogether, allowing for faster control of bleeding than heretofore available when following a standard administration method. 
     The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions and kits containing OBI-1 that are useful for treating a patient in need of fVIII in a more rapid and effective manner than conventional treatment methods. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a graph of activity recoveries of fVIII (Example 1), corrected for baseline fVIII after a single injection of either HYATE:C or OBI-1 into cynomolgus monkeys at the indicated dose as described in Example 1. 
         FIG. 2  is a graph of results obtained from the experiment described in Example 5. Individual patient plasmas are arrayed along the horizontal axis. The vertical axis indicates U/ml of fVIII activity recovered from the individual plasmas after addition of fVIII as described in Example 5. The data for King George Biomedical plasmas are designated as “good” or “bad” based on anomalous behavior of the latter plasma (see Example 5). 
         FIG. 3  is a graph showing the plasma concentrations of fVIII in six human patients after intravenous administration of OBI-1 or HYATE:C. The Y axis indicates U/ml of fVIII activity recovered from the individual plasmas as measured by the one-stage activity assay. 
         FIG. 4  is a graph showing the plasma concentrations of fVIII in six human patients after intravenous administration of OBI-1 or HYATE:C. The Y axis indicates U/ml of fVIII activity recovered from the individual plasmas as measured by the chromogenic assay as described herein. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In general, the terms and phrases used herein have their art-recognized meaning, which can be found by reference to standard texts, journal references and contexts known to those skilled in the art. The following definitions are provided to clarify their specific use in the context of the invention. 
     As used herein, OBI-1 is a recombinantly produced porcine fVIII derivative which lacks most of the B domain. The deduced amino acid sequence of OBI-1 is given in SEQ ID NO:2. See also U.S. Pat. No. 6,458,563. The term, “physiologically acceptable carrier,” as used herein, is an organic or inorganic composition which serves as a carrier/stabilizer of the active ingredient of the present invention, OBI-1, in a pharmaceutical composition. Examples of physiologically acceptable carriers include but are not limited to water, phosphate-buffered saline, saline, aqueous solvents, where water is mixed with lower alkanols, vegetable oils, polyalkylene glycols, petroleum-based jelly, ethyl cellulose, ethyl oleate, carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidine, isopropyl myristate. Physiologically acceptable carriers further include albumin, an amino acid (e.g., glycine, histidine, or its salts), a detergent (ionic and non-ionic) such as polysorbate or TWEEN 80, a high ionic strength medium containing sodium salts, calcium salts and/or histidine, mono-, di- or polysaccharides (e.g., sucrose) or sugar alcohols, and other diluents, additives or carriers known in the art. For detailed description of various carriers and additives, see U.S. Pat. No. 5,925,739; U.S. Pat. No. 5,733,873; U.S. Pat. No. 5,605,884; U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,427; U.S. Pat. No. 5,763,401; U.S. Pat. No. 5,874,408; U.S. Pat. No. 5,962,650; U.S. Pat. No. 5,972,885; WO 89/09784 and WO 94/07510, all of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties to the extent there is no inconsistency with the present disclosure. 
     A pharmaceutical composition comprising OBI-1 is preferably a solid composition obtainable by lyophilization of a solution devoid of amino acids, the solution comprising OBI-1, a surfactant or detergent, calcium chloride, sucrose, sodium chloride, trisodium citrate and a buffer. The solution has a pH of 6-8 prior to lyophilization and after reconstitution in water for injection. The surfactant is preferably a non-ionic surfactant such as polysorbates and block copolymers like poloxamers (i.e., copolymers of polyethylene and propylene glycol). A more preferred surfactant is a polysorbate having a mean polymerization degree from 20 to 100 monomer units (preferably about 80). The most preferred surfactant is polysorbate 80 derived from a plant. The buffer is preferably tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine, commonly known as “tris.” Typically, the solid pharmaceutical composition is prepared by lyophilization from the solution containing OBI-1 at a concentration from 50 to 10,000 Units/mL, a surfactant at a concentration ranging from above critical micellar concentration to 1% v/v, calcium chloride at 0.5-10 mM, sucrose at 5-50 mM, sodium chloride at 0.15-0.5 M, trisodium citrate at 1-50 mM, and a buffer at 1-50 mM. The pH of the pharmaceutical composition prior to lyophilization and after reconstitution in water for injection is preferably about 6.5-7.5, more preferably about 7.0. The solid pharmaceutical composition containing OBI-1 may be diluted with sterile water optionally containing sodium chloride before administering into a patient in need of fVIII. The administration of such composition is typically carried out intravenously. The optimal dose of composition to be administered is determined by the treating physician based on the severity of the disease for each patient. WO 03/080108, which is incorporated herein as reference in its entirety, discloses a detailed description of a method of preparing a preferred solid pharmaceutical composition comprising OBI-1. 
     The term “about” refers to an interval around the considered value. As used in the present application, “about X” means an interval from X minus 10% of X to X plus 10% of X, and preferably an interval from X minus 5% of X to X plus 5% of X. 
     The phrase, “reducing blood clotting time” as used herein, refers to the reduced length of time for blood clotting to occur in a given patient having fVIII deficiency when OBI-1 is administered compared to when HYATE:C is administered, i.e., the difference in the length of time for blood clotting to occur in patients treated with OBI-1 and those treated with HYATE:C administration. 
     The term, “therapeutically effective level or concentration of factor VIII” as used herein, means the level of fVIII in the plasma of a patient having fVIII deficiency, who has received a pharmaceutical composition of OBI-1, that is sufficient to exhibit a measurable improvement or protective effect in the patient (e.g., to stop bleeding). The patients having fVIII deficiency are typically congenital hemophilia A patients but also include those subjects diagnosed with “acquired hemophilia”, a condition in which those who are not congenital hemophiliacs spontaneously develop inhibitory antibodies to their fVIII, creating a serious fVIII deficiency. In general, the therapeutically effective level is estimated to be about 1%, preferably about 10%, most preferably about 25-35% and above, of the fVIII level in a normal, non-hemophilia A subject. The concentration range of fVIII in normal non-hemophilia A humans is defined as 50% to 200% of the fVIII activity found in a sample plasma pool derived from at least 20 normal donors. The level of fVIII in normal humans fluctuates through this normal range in response to various physiologic and non-physiologic stimuli (see Bithell, T C, “The Diagnostic Approach to the Bleeding Disorders”, page 1302, Chapter 48 in Lee G R, Bithell T C, Foerster J, Athens J W and Lukens J N [eds],  Wintrobe&#39;s Clinical Hematology, ninth edition,  1993, Lea &amp; Febiger, Malvern, Pa.). 
     The phrase, “antibody-neutralizing dose of OBI-1,” is used to indicate the amount of OBI-1 to administer to neutralize the patient&#39;s preexisting antibodies directed against OBI-1. The level of a hemophilia A patient&#39;s antibody to porcine fVIII is different for each individual. The amount of anti-OBI-1 antibody present can be readily calculated by measuring the antibody titer, using standard methods known in the art, and from this value, the amount of OBI-1 required to neutralize the antibody can be estimated. Because of individually differing binding and inactivating characteristics of each patient&#39;s inhibitory antibody, the precise amount of OBI-1 required can only be estimated, and the exact amount to be administered must be empirically determined (or “titrated”). 
     Human fVIII deficiency can be studied in fVIII-deficient mammals because the steps of blood clot formation are shared among all vertebrates, and fVIII proteins of several species are known to have a high degree of sequence homology. Bioavailability can also be assessed in non-hemophilic monkeys. After taking into account species variations in blood volume, basal fVIII levels and the like, results from animal studies are generally predictive of results in humans. The present invention was developed from results of experiments, described in detail below. Studies of five types were conducted: bioavailability studies in monkeys and hemophilic dogs, efficacy studies in hemophilic dogs and hemophilic mice, an in vitro activity recovery study in human plasma, and an in vivo bioavailability studies in six human subjects, and clinical efficacy in four human patients with a total of ten bleeding episodes. 
     Bioavailability was assessed by measuring recovery of activity at a specified time after administering a given dose. Efficacy was assessed by measuring the effect of a given dose on the cuticle bleeding time (CBT) in hemophilic dogs and by mortality in a tail-transection-bleeding model of hemophilic mice. Recoveries of OBI-1 and the HYATE:C were also measured in vitro by adding each substance to human hemophilic plasma samples and human hemophilic-inhibitor plasma samples. Bioavailability was further assessed in six human subjects by measuring recovery of activity at a specified time after administering a standard dose of 100 U/kg. Clinical efficacy was evaluated following a standard treatment protocol by investigation and patient evaluation of cessation of bleeding. 
     In initial studies of activity recovery (bioavailability), non-hemophilic monkeys were given OBI-1 or HYATE:C intravenously to raise fVIII levels in their blood. Blood samples were taken periodically to determine fVIII activity and persistence of the product in the animal&#39;s bloodstream over time. Bioavailability of OBI-1 was found to be several-fold greater than HYATE:C (see Tables 1 and 2, and  FIG. 1 ). Similar differences were observed between HYATE:C and OBI-1 in bioavailability studies in hemophilic dogs as shown in Tables 3 and 4. 
     In one efficacy study, hemophilic dogs were tested for bleeding times after a toenail cuticle clip, using a range of OBI-1 or HYATE:C doses. The cuticle bleeding times (CBTs) were measured to evaluate the efficacy of the fVIII products. Both the OBI-1 and HYATE:C reduced CBT towards the normal range observed in non-hemophilic dogs, although the results were variable. Consistent with the mouse studies as described below, OBI-1, on a comparable unit basis, appeared to be more effective at reducing the CBT than did HYATE:C. 
     Efficacy studies were further carried out with a strain of fVIII “knockout” mice: mice in which the gene encoding fVIII was inactivated. Such mice are highly susceptible to hemorrhage following even trivial injury. Transection of the distal 2 cm of the tail will lead to fatal hemorrhage within 24 h for most of the hemophilic mice. By administering a dose range of OBI-1 or HYATE:C to the hemophilic mice 15 minutes before tail transection, it was possible to estimate a dose which protects 50% of the mice from mortality (ED 50 ). In these studies in which OBI-1 and HYATE:C were separately tested, the ED 50  (units/kg) of OBI-1 appeared to be roughly one-fourth that of HYATE:C as can be seen in Tables 6 and 7. 
     In experiments using hemophilic mice and dogs, comparable doses of OBI-1 and HYATE:C resulted in greater recovery of OBI-1 than HYATE:C based on a standard fVIII clotting assay. 
     The accumulated results indicate that OBI-1 can be administered at a significantly lower effective dose than can HYATE:C, where the activity level of each has been measured by a standard fVIII assay. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the effective dose can be calibrated according to individual patient requirements, including residual levels of fVIII existing in the patient&#39;s plasma and the level of inhibitory antibodies in the patient&#39;s plasma that must be neutralized. 
     Recoveries of OBI-1 and the HYATE:C also were measured in vitro after adding each to a nominal concentration of 1 U/ml to human plasma samples from hemophilia patients with inhibitory antibodies. Recoveries of both OBI-1 and HYATE:C were lower than the nominal concentration, which was due in part to cross-reactive inhibitory antibodies. However, in 25 of 35 samples, recovered OBI-1 activity was greater than recovered HYATE:C activity, and in 18 of the 35 samples, recovered OBI-1 activity was more than 2-fold greater than recovered HYATE:C activity. 
     Bioavailability studies were further carried out in six human subjects, with absent or minimal inhibitory antibodies to OBI-1, in a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel-group blinded manner as described in Example 6. As shown in Table 8 and  FIGS. 3 and 4 , the bioavailability of OBI-1 was much greater than HYATE:C when both were administered at 100 U/kg. 
     The substantially greater recovery and bioavailability of OBI-1 compared to HYATE:C is surprising, and it can neither be predicted nor explained by the fact that OBI-1 is a recombinant product and HYATE:C is a plasma derived product. In fact, with human factor IX (used in the treatment of hemophilia B), the plasma derived product actually showed recoveries about two times greater than the recombinant derived product (1.71+/−0.73 IU per dL per IU per kg compared to 0.86+/−0.313 IU per dL per IU per kg) (see Ewenstein B M et al.  Transfusion [ 2002], 42:190). Equally important, when the bioavailability of a B-domain deleted recombinant human fVIII product was compared to that of a plasma derived human fVIII product, the two products were found to be bioequivalent. (See Kessler, C M, et al.  Hemophilia [ 2005], 11:84.) 
     The clinical results for OBI-1 and HYATE:C are consistent with the pharmacokinetic data obtained using monkeys, hemophilic dogs, and hemophilic mice. These results further indicate that OBI-1 can be administered at a lower dose or equally important can be administered at a greatly reduced frequency of administration, compared to HYATE:C, to yield equivalent therapeutic effects in patients having fVIII deficiency. The data also show that OBI-1 reaches peak and therapeutic levels much more rapidly than equivalent doses of HYATE:C, allowing for more rapid control of bleeding. Consistent with the foregoing, but in a departure from previously standard practice, effective control of a bleeding episode can be obtained with a single treatment dose of OBI-1 in a patient with anti-OBI-1 antibodies, in the absence of administration of an antibody-neutralizing Loading Dose. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     Bioavailability Study in Monkeys 
     Non-hemophilic cynomolgus monkeys were used to compare bioavailability of OBI-1 and HYATE:C. Groups of 4 monkeys were given one intravenous dose of either HYATE:C 100 U/kg, or OBI-1 at doses of either 49 or 77 U/kg. Blood samples were drawn at specified time points thereafter, and the fVIII levels obtained were used to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters, including the activity levels integrated over time. The integrated value is referred to as area under the curve for the specified time period (AUC 0→t ). 
     Pharmacokinetic analyses were calculated using non-compartmental methods, corrected for baseline (endogenous fVIII level in the test animal). The maximum plasma concentration, Cmax, and the time to maximum plasma concentration, Tmax, were taken directly from the data. The area under the curve from time zero to the final sample (AUC 0+t ) was calculated using the linear trapezoidal method. The results are shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     There was a dose proportional increase in Cmax and AUC 0→t  between the two doses of OBI-1. Mean plasma fVIII levels for monkeys receiving HYATE:C 100 U/kg were lower than the fVIII levels of monkeys receiving OBI-1, at both 49.5 and 77 U/kg, at every time point but one. Biological availability (AUC) of HYATE:C 100 U/kg (299±191 h·U/dL), was only approximately ⅓ that of OBI-1 given at a dose of 49.5 U/kg (900±311 h·U/dL) and one-quarter that of OBI-1 given at a dose of 77 U/kg (1178±669 h·U/dL). At one time point, 0.66 hours, the fVIII levels measured appeared spurious for several animals, likely due to mishandling of the plasma specimens. Calculating the pharmacokinetic values excluding the fVIII values at 0.66 hours for the analysis resulted only in very minor changes to AUC 0→24 . 
     Table 1 sets forth Pharmacokinetic Parameters for Baseline Corrected fVIII Levels After iv Administration of HYATE:C and OBI-1 in Monkeys. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Parameter 1   
                 OBI-1 49.5 U/kg 
                 OBI-1 77 U/kg 
                 HYATE:C 100 U/kg 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Cmax (U/dL) 
                  107 ± 22.6 
                  169 ± 32.2 
                 78.7 ± 20.4 
               
               
                 Tmax (h) 
                 2.00 
                 1.98 
                 2.22 
               
               
                 AUC 0→24   
                 900 ± 311 
                 1,178 ± 669   
                 299 ± 191 
               
               
                 (h · U/dL) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 Arithmetic mean ± standard deviation except for Tmax for which the median is reported. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     In conclusion, OBI-1 administered intravenously to cynomolgus monkeys in a dose of 49.5 U/kg or 77 U/kg, resulted in a much greater area under the time-concentration curve than did a dose of HYATE:C at 100 U/kg. This serendipitous finding reveals an unpredictable difference between OBI-1 and HYATE:C, specifically that OBI-1 displays an enhanced in vivo activity when administered into monkeys, compared with HYATE:C. When the data of Table 1 are compared on an equivalent U/kg basis it can be seen that a 49.5 U/kg dose of OBI-1 provided about 6-fold greater AUC 0→24  than did a 100 U/kg dose of HYATE:C. A 77 U/kg dose of OBI-1 provided about 5-fold greater AUC 0→24  than did 100 U/kg of HYATE:C. Similar results were obtained in a separate study using five monkeys receiving 40 U/kg OBI-1, 5 monkeys receiving 100 U/kg OBI-1 and 6 monkeys receiving 100 U/kg HYATE:C. (Table 2.) 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Pharmacokinetic Parameters for Baseline-Corrected Factor VIII After i.v. 
               
               
                 Administration of OBI-1 and HYATE:C in Monkeys. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Parameter 1   
                 OBI-1 40 U/kg 
                 OBI-1 100 U/kg 
                 HYATE:C 100 U/kg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Day 1 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Cmax (U/dL) 
                 73.4 ± 9.24 
                  230 ± 66.5 
                  101 ± 28.0 
               
               
                 Tmax (h) 
                 0.50 
                 0.50 
                 0.50 
               
               
                 AUC 0→12   
                 323 ± 120 
                 1,604 ± 857   
                 607 ± 304 
               
               
                 (h · U/dL) 
               
               
                 Day 4 
               
               
                 Cmax (U/dL) 
                 71.2 ± 62.3 
                  153 ± 20.1 
                 89.3 ± 24.7 
               
               
                 Tmax (h) 
                 0.50 
                 0.53 
                 0.50 
               
               
                 AUC 0→12   
                 353 ± 538 
                 542 ± 256 
                 193 ± 185 
               
               
                 (h · U/dL) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 Arithmetic mean ± standard deviation except for Tmax for which the median is reported. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 2 
     Bioavailability in Hemophilic Dogs 
     Originally discovered as a spontaneous mutation, dogs with hemophilia A have been maintained in a protected colony for over twenty years. The colony housed at the Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, is in its tenth generation. They have no circulating fVIII activity or protein and their phenotypic picture is analogous to severe hemophilia A in humans, with recurrent severe spontaneous soft tissue and joint bleeds and chronic joint deformities. They require frequent injections of canine-derived plasma or cryoprecipitate to control their bleeding. 
     Eight healthy dogs aged 6 months or greater, weighing at least 6 kg and lacking anti-porcine fVIII antibody were each administered a single intravenous dose of either HYATE:C or OBI-1. Two animals each received 3 U/kg, 25 U/kg, or 100 U/kg of each product. Blood samples were drawn at baseline and at the following time points after the injection of the products: 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hours. FVIII levels were determined by both one-stage clotting assay and chromogenic assay methods. 
     FVIII levels were determined against a porcine fVIII standard designated HY98P. Although these hemophilic dogs have no measurable canine fVIII activity, and no fVIII antigen present in their blood, they were found to have measurable fVIII activity at baseline (0.1 to 0.3 U/ml) when tested against a porcine fVIII standard. This porcine standard was made by adding varying amounts of the actual test product HYATE:C or OBI-1 (in 1% bovine serum albumin/imidazole buffer) to factor VIII deficient human hemophilic plasma. For purposes of determining pharmacokinetic parameters, therefore, the baseline activity measured was subtracted from the measured activity at each time point and the difference in fVIII activity was entered for all calculations. For both products tested, there was substantial variability in the pharmacokinetic values obtained from the dogs tested at each dose level. 
     Mean values for selected pharmacokinetic parameters are shown in Table 3 (Chromogenic Assay) and Table 4 (One-Stage Clotting Assay). 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Bioavailability in hemophilic dogs: Chromogenic Assay 
               
             
          
           
               
                 DOSE (U/kg) 
                 Recovery 
                 AUC 
                 Cmax 
                   
                 Recovery 
                 AUC 
                 Cmax 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 100 U/kg 
                 mean 
                 OBI-1 
                 4.73 
                 22.21 
                 4.73 
                 HYATE:C 
                 1.80 
                 9.31 
                 1.80 
               
               
                   
                 Std. Dev. 
                   
                 0.68 
                 8.20 
                 0.68 
                   
                 0.32 
                 1.94 
                 0.32 
               
               
                  25 U/kg 
                 mean 
                   
                 4.97 
                 35.15 
                 1.24 
                   
                 1.46 
                 2.63 
                 0.37 
               
               
                   
                 Std. Dev. 
                   
                 0.88 
                 39.26 
                 0.23 
                   
                 0.28 
                 1.24 
                 0.06 
               
               
                  3 U/kg 
                 mean 
                   
                 6.65 
                 1.14 
                 0.20 
                   
                 2.38 
                 0.35 
                 0.08 
               
               
                   
                 Std. Dev. 
                   
                 0.40 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                   
                 0.21 
                 0.34 
                 0.01 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Bioavailability in Hemophilic Dogs: One-Stage Clotting Assay 
               
             
          
           
               
                 DOSE (U/kg) 
                 Recovery 
                 AUC 
                 Cmax 
                   
                 Recovery 
                 AUC 
                 Cmax 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 100 U/kg 
                 mean 
                 OBI-1 
                 4.24 
                 30.89 
                 4.41 
                 HYATE:C 
                 1.95 
                 14.11 
                 1.95 
               
               
                   
                 Std. Dev. 
                   
                 1.45 
                 15.00 
                 1.41 
                   
                 0.28 
                 5.81 
                 0.29 
               
               
                  25 U/kg 
                 mean 
                   
                 3.12 
                 11.92 
                 0.86 
                   
                 1.72 
                 4.75 
                 0.43 
               
               
                   
                 Std. Dev. 
                   
                 0.79 
                 2.40 
                 0.22 
                   
                 0.68 
                 2.08 
                 0.17 
               
               
                  3 U/kg 
                 mean 
                   
                 3.74 
                 1.80 
                 0.12 
                   
                 3.00 
                 2.27 
                 0.09 
               
               
                   
                 Std. Dev. 
                   
                 1.41 
                 1.03 
                 0.05 
                   
                 1.67 
                 1.52 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The results of the clotting assay and chromogenic assay were similar. Maximum Concentration (Cmax) in the blood for OBI-1 was greater than for HYATE:C at all doses. The mean Time to Maximum Concentration (Tmax) was shorter for OBI-1 than it was for HYATE:C at 3 and 25 U/kg doses but the opposite was seen at a dose of 100 U/kg. Mean Recovery percentage was greater for OBI-1 than for HYATE:C at all doses: at 25 and 100 U/kg, recovery values for OBI-1 were approximately 2-5 times that of HYATE:C. For Area Under the Curve, regardless of treatment group the geometric mean of AUC increased as the dose increased. Overall the pharmacokinetic values as measured by the two assay methods, the one-stage clotting and the chromogenic assays, followed the same trends across most parameters. 
     Example 3 
     Efficacy in Hemophilic Dogs 
     CBT, the time it takes for bleeding to stop after the dog&#39;s toenail cuticle is cut, is a useful measure of efficacy in hemophilia dogs. In the untreated dog with hemophilia, the cuticle usually stops bleeding in approximately 2 minutes, does not bleed for a brief time and then re-bleeds steadily for at least 12 minutes or until the lesion is cauterized. The normal CBT is defined as 5 or fewer minutes of bleeding and no need for cauterization. CBT in dogs with congenital hemophilia has been used widely as a measure of the efficacy of investigational fVIII products. 
     The experimental design was that described in Example 2. 
     Table 5 demonstrates the individual changes in the CBT results for each dog for each injection. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of Porcine fVIII Products on Dog Cuticle Bleeding Times 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 CBT after OBI-1 
                 CBT after HYATE:C 
               
               
                   
                 minutes 
                 minutes 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Dose 
                 Pre 
                 Post 
                   
                 Pre 
                 Post 
                   
               
               
                 Dog 
                 U/kg 
                 injection 
                 injection 
                 Reduction 
                 injection 
                 injection 
                 Reduction 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Becky 
                 3 
                 8.5 
                 12  
                 −3.5 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Hamish 
                 3 
                 11 
                 4 
                 7 
                 8 
                 10 
                 −2 
               
               
                 Zoey A 
                 3 
                 12 
                 12  
                 0 
                 12 
                 12 
                 0 
               
               
                 Mindy 
                 25 
                 9 
                 3 
                 6 
                 8 
                 6 
                 2 
               
               
                 Java 
                 25 
                 13 
                 6 
                 7 
                 2 
                 4 
                 −2 
               
               
                 Wendel 
                 100 
                 12 
                   9.5 
                 2.5 
                 12 
                 12 
                 0 
               
               
                 Arsenio A 
                 100 
                 12 
                 2 
                 10 
                 4 
                 5 
                 −1 
               
               
                 Arsenio B 
                 100 
                 11 
                 1 
                 10 
                 6 
                 2 
                 4 
               
               
                 Zoey B 
                 100 
                 12 
                  8* 
                 4 
                 12 
                 3 
                 9 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Mean Reduction, minutes 
                 4.78 
                   
                 1.25 
               
               
                 S.D. 
                 4.51 
                   
                 3.73 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *In Zoey-2 (second study) the cuticle bleeding was extremely slow after the 2 min point with only 1-2 drops/min up to 8 min when bleeding stopped completely. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Although there was substantial variation between individual dogs, the data indicate greater in vivo efficacy in dogs given OBI-1. The mean reduction in CBT over all doses in the OBI-1 in HYATE:C dogs was 4.78 min and 1.25 min respectively. This difference was not statistically significant, but there was a trend toward significance (p=0.10, t test). The difference between the efficacy of OBI-1 and HYATE:C was more pronounced at the lower doses of 3 U/kg and 25 U/kg, where OBI-1 reduced the CBT in some dogs but HYATE:C did not. 
     Example 4 
     Mouse Efficacy Study 
     Hemophilia A mice have been created by targeted disruption of exon 16 of the fVIII gene. The E16 mice have undetectable fVIII activity, occasional spontaneous bleeding, and prolonged bleeding and increased mortality after tail transection or laceration of the tail vein. An efficacy model has been developed in which the ability of fVIII to decrease the mortality in E16 mice following transection of the distal 2 cm of tail is assessed. 
     Research grade OBI-1 was prepared by expressing the OBI-1 cDNA in a baby hamster kidney cell line and purification from serum-free expression medium using a two-step chromatography procedure as described in Doering et al. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277:38345-9. The following experiment was designed to test the efficacy of OBI-1 in the tail transection model. 
     Male or female hemophilia A mice, aged 9 to 10 weeks, were injected in the tail vein with various concentrations of OBI-1 or control buffer. The mice were anesthetized and, 15 min after injection, the distal 2 cm of tail was transected and allowed to bleed freely. This injury reportedly is fatal within 24 h in most E16 hemophilia A mice. 
     Survival at 24 h was determined with the following results: 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Efficacy of OBI-1 in Hemophilia A Mice: Tail Transection Model 
               
               
                 Survival 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Dose (U/kg) 
                 (Alive/Total) 
                 Survival (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0.0 
                  6/38 
                 16 
               
               
                 0.015 
                 2/8 
                 25 
               
               
                 0.044 
                 5/7 
                 71 
               
               
                 0.130 
                 4/7 
                 57 
               
               
                 0.400 
                 7/7 
                 100 
               
               
                 1.200 
                 7/7 
                 100 
               
               
                 &gt;1.200 
                 14/14 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The data are consistent with the statement that a dose of fVIII of 1.2 Units/kg is effective in preventing death in this model. Combining the data at 0.4 and 1.2 Units/kg, there are 14/14 survivors compared to 6/38 survivors in the control (untreated) group. An estimated dose conferring 50% survival (ED 50 ) was 0.044 U/kg. Furthermore, every mouse receiving at least 0.4 U/kg survived. 
     Efficacy of HYATE:C in Hemophilia Mice 
     Prior to tail vein injections of HYATE:C (0 to 100 fVIII Units/kg), or placebo (saline), mice were warmed under a 60-watt lamp for 2 minutes to dilate the tail veins. Fifteen minutes after injection, mice were anesthetized with Metofane and the distal 2 cm of the tail was amputated. Mice were placed into clean cages with paper towels in place of litter and observed for 24 hours to determine survival. Well-moistened food was placed inside each cage in addition to the usual water bottle and dry pellets. Survivors were terminated after 24 hours using Metofane followed by cervical dislocation. 
     There was a dose-dependent increase in survival in both treated groups following injection of product (Table 7). 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Efficacy of HYATE:C in Hemophilia A Mice 
               
               
                 Survival 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Dose (U/kg) 
                 (Alive/Total) 
                 Survival (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0.0 
                  2/17 
                 11 
               
               
                 0.3 
                 4/8 
                 50 
               
               
                 0.1 
                  5/17 
                 30 
               
               
                 0.2 
                  5/10 
                 50 
               
               
                 0.5 
                 16/20 
                 80 
               
               
                 1.0 
                  7/10 
                 70 
               
               
                 2.0 
                 14/18 
                 78 
               
               
                 5.0 
                  9/10 
                 90 
               
               
                 8.0 
                 8/8 
                 100 
               
               
                 10.0 
                 10/10 
                 100 
               
               
                 25.0 
                 2/2 
                 100 
               
               
                 50.0 
                 2/2 
                 100 
               
               
                 75.0 
                 1/1 
                 100 
               
               
                 100.0 
                 2/2 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The estimated ED 50  for HYATE:C was 0.2 U/kg, 4-5 times greater than that estimated for OBI-1, predicting greater efficacy of OBI-1. Overall, the comparative efficacy of HYATE:C and OBI-1 has not been rigorously studied in hemophilia A mice. 
     Example 5 
     Recovery from Human Plasma 
     Materials 
     Citrated pooled normal human plasma (FACT, product No. 0020-0) and fVIII-deficient plasma (human hemophilia A plasma, product no. 0800) were purchased from George King Bio-medical, Inc.). The pooled plasma samples were stored at −70° C. Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) reagent (product No. 35513) was purchased from Organon Teknika Corp. It was stored in a lyophilized state at 4° C. OBI-1 Vehicle, Lot No. 214-02-001, was reconstituted with 1 ml Water for Injection per vial (60 vials total). Four vials of OBI-1, Lot No. 214-01-001, were each reconstituted with 1 ml Water for Injection, yielding an expected concentration of 550 U/ml according to the manufacturer&#39;s label. OBI-1 was diluted 15.9-fold further by addition of 59.6 ml of reconstituted OBI-1 vehicle, yielding a predicted concentration of 34.6 U/ml. Three vials of HYATE:C, Lot No. 656, were reconstituted with 20 ml Water for Injection, yielding an expected concentration of 34.6 U/ml, according to the manufacturer&#39;s label. HYATE:C was sub-aliquoted into 120 aliquots of 0.5 ml each and frozen at −70° C. OBI-1 was sub-aliquoted into 127 aliquots of 0.5 ml each and frozen at −70° C. 
     Citrated plasmas from patients with inhibitory antibodies to fVIII were shipped on dry ice to Emory University from several hemophilia treatment centers. Samples were frozen at −70° C. until used. From 58 plasma samples that were obtained, 25 were randomly selected for study. 
     FVIII Assays 
     FVIII one-stage clotting assays were performed using a Diagnostica Stago, ST art 4 Coagulation Instrument. Lyophilized aPTT reagent was solubilized in 3 ml H 2 O according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions and kept at room temperature until used. FACT and fVIII-deficient plasma were stored on ice after rapid thawing in a 37° C. water bath. FVIII-deficient plasma (50 μl) was added to sample cuvettes and allowed to warm for 30-45 seconds before addition of the remaining reagents. Dilutions of the fVIII standard or sample (5 μl) were added, followed by addition of 50 μl aPTT reagent and incubation for 250 seconds. Clotting was initiated by addition of 50 μl pre-warmed CaCl 2  solution using a cabled pipette. The addition activates an internal timer and records the clotting time in seconds. A standard curve was prepared using four dilutions of FACT into Hank&#39;s Buffered Saline: undiluted, ⅓, 1/11, and 1/21. The fVIII concentration of undiluted FACT is approximately 1 U/ml and ranged from 1.04 to 1.09 U/ml according to the manufacturer. The clotting time was plotted versus the logarithm of the fVIII concentration and the standard curve was calculated by linear regression. The fVIII concentration of samples was measured by interpolation on the standard curve, except in the case of analysis of stock solutions of OBI-1 and HYATE:C, for which more extensive measurements were made, as described in Results. 
     Reconstitution of fVIII activity from plasmas spiked with OBI-1 or HYATE:C was measured in 33 of the available inhibitor plasma samples ( FIG. 2 ). In all cases, the plasmas were spiked to a predicted fVIII activity of 0.9 U/ml. Additionally, two hemophilia A plasmas obtained from George King were included, and are shown at the far right in the figure. “Good” plasma corresponds to commercially available reagent plasma in which recovery of fVIII in HYATE:C and OBI-1 had previously been found to be in the expected range. “Bad” plasma corresponds to plasma in which recovery of fVIII in HYATE:C had previously been found to be less than 10% of expected at Ipsen. The results confirm that the expected recovery of OBI-1 is obtained in the “good” plasma and that the recovery of HYATE:C is close to the expected range. However, recovery of activity from the “bad” plasma spiked with HYATE:C again was observed to be quite poor. Recovery of OBI-1 from this plasma was considerably higher, but lower than expected. 
     Recovery of fVIII activity in the inhibitor patient plasmas was very low, less than 0.1 U/ml in almost every single HYATE:C spiked plasmas. Recovery was significantly higher when these same plasmas were spiked with OBI-1, but was lower than expected (because of the presence of inhibitor antibodies). Several of the plasmas that had previously been assayed as negative for inhibitory antibodies to HYATE:C were assayed and are shown in  FIG. 2 . The recovery of HYATE:C was poor in most of these samples. This raised the possibility that a longer incubation time of HYATE:C with hemophilia A plasma, such as occurs during the 2 hour incubation in the Bethesda assay, might lead to increased recovery of activity of HYATE:C. However, when HYATE:C was added to one of the HYATE:C-inhibitor negative patient samples, there was no increase of activity over 2 hours. 
     In conclusion, when OBI-1 is introduced into human plasma, whether or not it contains an inhibitor antibody to human fVIII, recovery in vitro is greater than that of HYATE:C The implication of this finding is that one can achieve the same circulating level of fVIII in a patient by administering a much lower dose of OBI-1 than of HYATE:C. 
     Example 6 
     Pharmacokinetics of OBI-1 versus HYATE:C in Human Subjects 
     To evaluate various pharmacokinetic parameters of OBI-1 versus HYATE:C in human subjects, the following randomized, parallel-group blinded comparison study was carried out with nine human patients. Of these 9 patients, five had no detectable anti-porcine inhibitor at baseline (i.e. less than 0.8 Bethesda units) and one (assigned to the OBI-1 group) had a very low inhibitor of 1.0 Bethesda units. Of the six patients with either no preexisting inhibitor or a very low inhibitor to porcine fVIII, three received HYATE:C and three received OBI-1. The three patients with significantly higher levels of inhibitors were excluded from the bioavailability assessment, as the presence of such inhibitors depresses bioavailability, thereby confounding the analysis. All patients were older than 12 years of age, were clinically diagnosed of hemophilia A, and were currently in the non-bleeding state. OBI-1 was provided in sterile vials containing 535 Units of fVIII activity per vial. Each vial was reconstituted with 1.0 ml Sterile Water for Injection USP to a final concentration of 535 U/ml. HYATE:C was provided in sterile vials containing 541 IU of fVIII per vial. Each vial was reconstituted with 20 ml Sterile Water for Injection USP to a final concentration of 27 IU/ml. The dose of each product administered was 100 IU/kg regardless of subject antibody titer. Investigators, patients and Sponsor were blinded to which patient received which active product, in a double-blind, double-dummy design. The patients received either 100 IU/kg of active HYATE:C followed by a placebo (three patients), or a placebo followed by 100 IU/kg of active OBI-1 (three patients), while in a stable, non-bleeding state. Each patient received an infusion over approximately one hour of the first product (HYATE:C or placebo of the same volume) followed by a slow push infusion from a syringe cover over 10 minutes of the second product (OBI-1 or placebo of the same volume). 
     Blood samples were drawn at times 0 (pre-injection), 20, 40, 60, 65, 75, 85, 105, and 125 minutes, and 3, 6, 9, 24, 27, 30 and 48 hours after the first infusion for determination of plasma fVIII activity levels both by one-stage clotting and chromogenic assay methods, using human pooled plasma as a fVIII standard. From these levels, standard pharmacokinetic analyses were performed and the results are shown in Table 8 and  FIGS. 3 and 4 . The pharmacokinetic parameters measured in this study include Clearance (CL, ml/h/kg), Area Under the Curve (AUC, U/dL), Maximum Concentration (Cmax, U/dL), Volume of distribution (Vz), mean time to maximum concentration (Tmax, h), and half-time (T 1/2 , h). 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Summary of pharmacokinetic parameters for fVIII after intravenous 
               
               
                 administration of OBI-1 or HYATE:C to human patients. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Para- 
                 Activity Assay 
                 Chromogenic Assay 
               
             
          
           
               
                 meter 1,2   
                 OBI-1 
                 HYATE:C 
                 OBI-1 
                 HYATE:C 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Cmax 
                  176 ± 88.0 
                 82.3 ± 19.2 
                  151 ± 31.5 
                 52.7 ± 13.8 
               
               
                 (U/dL) 
               
               
                 Tmax 
                 0.63 
                 1.93 
                 0.62 
                 1.50 
               
               
                 (h) 
               
               
                 AUC 
                 2,083 ± 1,323 
                 1,178 ± 469   
                 1,817 ± 625   
                 708 ± 420 
               
               
                 (06t) 
               
               
                 (h×U/ 
               
               
                 dL) 
               
               
                 AUC 
                 2,189 ± 1,396 
                 967 ± 355 
                 1,897 ± 605   
                 771 ± 480 
               
               
                 (inf) 
               
               
                 (h×U/ 
               
               
                 dL) 
               
               
                 t2 (h) 
                 10.3 ± 1.85 
                 6.80 ± 2.19 
                 10.5 ± 3.38 
                 9.45 ± 5.14 
               
               
                 CL 
               
               
                 (mL/ 
                 9.11 ± 6.31 
                 11.8 ± 1.44 
                 8.00 ± 2.61 
                 17.3 ± 8.90 
               
               
                 min) 
               
               
                 (mL/ 
                 0.12 ± 0.11 
                 0.18 ± 0.07 
                 0.10 ± 0.04 
                 0.27 ± 0.13 
               
               
                 min/kg) 
               
               
                 Vz 
               
               
                 (L) 
                 7.55 ± 4.04 
                 6.83 ± 1.40 
                 7.51 ± 3.95 
                 11.6 ± 2.21 
               
               
                 (L/kg) 
                 0.10 ± 0.07 
                 0.10 ± 0.00 
                 0.09 ± 0.07 
                 0.18 ± 0.02 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 Mean ± standard deviation except for Tmax for which the median is reported. 
               
               
                   2 N = 3 for both products. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As can be seen in Table 8 and  FIGS. 3 and 4 , the AUC values for OBI-1 were about 2-2.5 times greater than that for HYATE:C. The difference in AUC between OBI-1 and HYATE:C was more pronounced in the chromogenic assay than the one-stage activity assay. Maximum concentration (Cmax) in the blood for OBI-1 was about 3 times greater than for HYATE:C (151 vs 53 by the chromogenic assay). The mean time to Maximum Concentration (Tmax) was approximately 2.5 to 3 times shorter for OBI-1 than it was for HYATE:C. These results are consistent with the previous pharmacokinetic data obtained using monkeys, hemophilic dogs, and hemophilic mice, and further demonstrates that OBI-1 has much greater bioavailability compared to HYATE:C. Therefore, OBI-1 can be administered at a lower dose or be administered at a reduced frequency of administration, compared to HYATE:C, to yield equivalent therapeutic effects in fVIII deficient patients. OBI-1 at equivalent doses to Hyate:C can bring more rapid control of bleeding. 
     Example 7 
     Clinical Significance of the Differences in Recovery Values for OBI-1 and HYATE:C 
     The studies disclosed above demonstrate that the recovery from human plasma, maximum concentration (Cmax), and the area under the curve (AUC) were much higher for recombinant porcine fVIII B-domain-deleted (OBI-1) than for plasma derived porcine fVIII (HYATE:C) after injection of the same doses. 
     The fVIII concentration in normal non-hemophilia A subjects is approximately 100 Units/dL. A typical bleeding episode is very likely to be controlled if the plasma level of fVIII is reached at about 25% and 35% of the normal level and maintained for several hours (Roberts H and Hoffman M, “Hemophilia A and Hemophilia B,” Chapter 123 in Beutler E, Lichtman M, Coller B, Kipps T and Seligsohn U [Eds],  Williams Hematology,  6 th    edition [ 2001]: pages 1639-1657; McGraw-Hill, N.Y.). Using the pharmacokinetic data obtained from those subjects with no or low inhibitor to porcine FVIII (OBI-1, n=3; HYATE:C, n=3 as described in Example 6), additional calculations were performed to determine the pharmacokinetic values of OBI-1 and HYATE:C administration that correspond to the therapeutic levels of fVIII (i.e., 25-35%). The results are shown in Table 9. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Calculated pharmacokinetic values corresponding to therapeutic levels 
               
               
                 of fVIII with OBI-1 and HYATE:C administration. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &gt;25% 
                 &gt;35% 
               
             
          
           
               
                 TREATMENT 
                 AUC 
                 TIME(hr) 
                 AUC 
                 TIME(hr) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 OBI-1 
                   
                 1266.2 
                 25.6 
                 709.2 
                 7.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2219.3 
                 27.2 
                 1939.4 
                 24.2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 210.4 
                 7.5 
                 127.7 
                 4.5 
               
               
                   
                 mean 
                 1232.0 
                 20.1 
                 925.4 
                 12.1 
               
               
                   
                 Std Dev 
                 1004.9 
                 10.9 
                 925.0 
                 10.6 
               
               
                 HYATE:C 
                   
                 387.7 
                 9 
                 302.7 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                   
                 236.4 
                 9 
                 179.9 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                   
                 193.4 
                 8.9 
                 101.4 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 mean 
                 272.5 
                 9.0 
                 194.7 
                 8.0 
               
               
                   
                 Std Dev 
                 102.1 
                 0.0 
                 101.5 
                 1.8 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As shown in the above tables: (1) the AUC above 25% and 35% is approximately 5 times greater for OBI-1 than for HYATE:C (Table 9); (2) peak concentrations (Cmax) are 2-3 fold higher for OBI-1 than for Hyate:C (Table 8); (3) OBI-1 will achieve its peak concentration much more rapidly than will Hyate:C (see Tmax in Table 8, in which the Tmax for OBI-1 was approximately 0.6 hours compared to 1.5-2.0 hours for Hyate:C); and (4) the length of time FVIII will be in the therapeutic range after administration of OBI-1 at 100 U/kg is greater (1.5 to 2 fold) than for HYATE:C at 100 U/kg. 
     In summary, the data presented herein indicate that OBI-1, unit for unit, will achieve much more rapid, effective, and prolonged control of bleeding than HYATE:C in patients having fVIII deficiency. 
     Example 8 
     Clinical Results 
     Human patients diagnosed with congenital hemophilia A were screened for eligibility for an open-label study of OBI-1 efficacy based on criteria chosen to avoid potential complicating factors. Patients that qualified for treatment were those already known to have inhibitory antibodies to human factor VIII (hfVIII), and, with one exception, had &lt;20 BU/ml plasma anti-porcine factor VIII (pfVIII). (For Bethesda assay, see Kasper, C. K. et al (1975)  Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh.  34:869-872). All candidate patients were &gt;12 years old, had no prior allergic reaction to OBI-1, no prior treatment with hfVII within 7 days of screening or OBI-1 treatment, no prior treatment with prothrombin complex concentrate within 7 days of screening or OBI-1 treatment, no prior treatment with human VII within 3 days of screening or OBI-1 treatment, no prior exposure to an unlicensed or investigational drug within 28 days of OBI-1 treatment, not pregnant nor breast feeding, nor, if a sexually active female capable of reproduction, taking contraceptive measures. Candidate patients were also excluded if they had significant liver or kidney disease. 
     The only bleeding episodes treated in the study were those deemed non-life threatening and non-limb threatening. Patients having an anti-porcine antibody titer of &gt;0.8 BU/ml plasma were, with one exception noted below, given a Loading Dose immediately before administering the treatment dose, to neutralize the patient&#39;s anti-porcine fVIII antibodies, consistent with prior practice for administering HYATE:C. Following the established procedure for calculating a Loading Dose, the total Units of OBI-1=plasma volume (ml)×inhibitor titer (BU/ml), where plasma volume was calculated as blood volume×(1-hematocrit) and blood volume was calculated as body weight (kg)×80 ml/kg. 
     The standard treatment dose for each patient was 50 U/kg of patient weight of an OBI-1 solution of 500 U/ml. For example, a treatment dose for a 70 kg patient would therefore be 3500 total units in a volume of 7 ml. The treatment dose was infused at a rate of 1 ml (500 U) per minute, which would require, in the example, 7 minutes to administer the entire 3500 U to a 70 kg patient. By comparison HYATE:C at its available concentration of 26.75 U/ml would require 131.66 minutes, (2 hours 11.66 minutes) at 1 ml/min, to complete a treatment dose, for a 70 kg patient. 
     A Unit of Factor VIII is defined in the art as the coagulant activity present in 1 ml of normal human plasma. Normal plasmas display a range of individual variation. Therefore assays are carried out with pooled plasma samples, commercially available, as noted in Example 5. Commercial pooled plasma stocks can be standardized by assaying with a reference plasma from World Health Organization. Assay methods are well-known in the art, including one-stage and two-stage assays as described, for example by Barrowcliffe, T. W. et al (2002) Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 28:247-256, or in Example 5. A normal, non-hemophilic individual human is expected to have about 40 U/kg Factor VIII activity. Standard therapy for a bleeding episode using HYATE:C was infusion of 100 U/kg, followed by subsequent infusions of HYATE:C at 6-8 hour intervals until the bleeding was controlled, as determined by clinical observation. The protocol for the study reported herein established that each patient having a bleeding episode be given an initial treatment dose of 50 U/kg OBI-1. If needed, subsequent doses of 50 U/kg were to be administered at 6 hour intervals, for up to three doses, then, if needed, 100 U/kg for up to 6 total doses, and if needed, 150 U/kg for a seventh and eighth dose. Before treatment, a blood sample would be drawn to measure the patient&#39;s anti-porcine inhibitor titer, if any. Any patient having an inhibitor titer&gt;0.8 BU/ml plasma was to be given a Loading Dose, as described above, followed by the protocol-established treatment dose. Control of bleeding was defined in the protocol as a judgment by the patient and the investigator that no further factor replacement therapy was indicated for control of the bleeding episode. 
     The results to date (Table 10) indicate greater hemostatic efficacy of OBI-1 compared to HYATE:C. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Summary of individual patient data 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 anti 
                 Last 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 OBI-1 
                 known 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Pa- 
                   
                 titer at 
                 anti 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 tient 
                 Site of 
                 time of 
                 OBI- 
                   
                 OBI-1 
                   
               
               
                 # 
                 bleed 
                 bleed 
                 1 titer 
                 Treatment 
                 U/Kg 
                 Outcome 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 L ankle 
                 0.8 
                 1.6 
                 LD + 3 TD 
                 74 
                 Controlled 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 50 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 50 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 50 
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 R shoulder 
                 31.9  
                 &lt;0.8 
                 1 TD 
                 50 
                 Controlled 
               
               
                 2 
                 R elbow 
                 1.2 
                 &lt;0.8 
                 1 TD 
                 50 
                 Controlled 
               
               
                 2 
                 R elbow 
                 ND 
                 &lt;0.8 
                 1 TD 
                 50 
                 Controlled 
               
               
                 2 
                 Bleeding 
                 1.9 
                 2.1 
                 LD + 1 TD 
                 109 
                 Controlled 
               
               
                   
                 due to 
                   
                   
                   
                 50 
                   
               
               
                   
                 phimosis 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 2 
                 Cir- 
                 ND 
                 1.9 
                 LD + 1 TD 
                 91 
                 Controlled 
               
               
                   
                 cumcision 
                   
                   
                   
                 50 
                   
               
               
                 2 
                 Loose 
                 10.4  
                 2.4* 
                 LD + 1 TD 
                 91 
                 Controlled 
               
               
                   
                 sutures 
                   
                   
                   
                 50 
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 L knee 
                 1.1 
                 1.2 
                 LD + 1 TD 
                 65 
                 Controlled 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 50 
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 Cut Lip** 
                 ND 
                 11 
                 LD + 4 TD 
                 525 
                 Controlled 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 50 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 50 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 50 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 100 
                   
               
               
                 4 
                 Wrist 
                 Not 
                 0.8 
                 1 TD 
                 50 
                 Controlled 
               
               
                   
                   
                 avail- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 able 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 LD—loading dose 
               
               
                 ND—not done 
               
               
                 TD—treatment dose 
               
               
                 *-The site used a titer of 1.9 BU to calculate the LD 
               
               
                 **-The bleeding stopped after the 3 rd  TD but the wound was still oozing and the investigator gave a 4 th  dose. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Of 10 bleeding episodes, 8 were controlled by a single Treatment Dose of OBI-1. None required more than 4 Treatment Doses. Direct comparisons with HYATE:C were not possible because it was withdrawn from the market in 2004. Nevertheless, the results are fully consistent with the bioavailability and pharmacokinetic data described in Examples 1-8. 
     Surprising results were obtained in cases where the standard Loading Dose was either omitted or reduced. In the case of Patient #1, a second bleeding episode occurred. Anti-OBI-1 titer measured at the time of the second bleed was unusually high, 31.9 BU/ml plasma. Nevertheless the bleeding episode was successfully controlled with a single 50 U/kg dose of OBI-1, without a prior Loading Dose to neutralize the antibody. In another instance, the fifth bleeding episode of patient #2, an anti OBI-1 titer of 10.4 BU was measured but the Loading Dose actually administered was calculated for a titer of 1.9 BU. The patient therefore received a Loading Dose only about ⅕ of that recommended by the protocol. Nevertheless the bleed was successfully controlled by a single Treatment Dose combined with the reduced Loading Dose. These data are contrary to the prior clinical experience with HYATE:C, where a Loading Dose was routinely administered. Even with the precaution of a loading dose, a HYATE:C patient was deemed likely to respond well only if the anti-porcine titer was &lt;20.0 BU. The finding of hemostatic activity even in the presence of a high anti-OBI-1 titer is surprising in view of prior experience with HYATE:C, (Kernoff, P B A [1984] in  Factor VIII Inhibitors  [L. W. Hoyer, ed.] Alan R. Liss, New York, pp 207-224; Gatti, L. et al [1984]  Throm. Haemost.  51:379-384; Hay, C. et al [1995] in  Inhibitors to Coagulation Factors  [L. M. Aledort et al. eds.] Plenum Press, New York, pp.143-151; Hay, C R M [2000] Haematologica  85:21-24), but is at least consistent with other results on bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of OBI-1 described in Examples 1-7. The result is also consistent with the bioavailability data comparing OBI-1 and HYATE:C reported by Barrow R T, Lollar P (August, 2006)  J. Thromb. Haemost.  2006. DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.02135.x suggesting that recombinant porcine fVIII could promote hemostasis on a time scale shorter than the 2 hours believed necessary for inactivation by antibodies. 
     In addition to improved bioavailability of OBI-1, physical availability at the locus of bleeding is significantly enhanced in relation to that of HYATE:C by its availability at higher concentration than was available with the latter product. Although the current protocol called for OBI-1 administration at a rate of 500 U/min (1 ml/min of a 500 U/ml solution), there is no inherent limitation to more rapid administration. Intravenous infusion can be carried out in 1/10 the time (1 ml/6 sec) without difficulty. Therefore enhanced physical availability of OBI-1 can be accomplished by administering the product at a rate of 5000 U/min. By providing a reconstituted OBI-1 solution of 1000 U/ml, double the concentration used in the protocol studies, a rate of administration of 10,000 U/min can be readily achieved. Since OBI-1 is far more pure than HYATE:C, administration of higher doses, e.g. up to 150 U/kg is feasible in cases where it might be deemed useful by a clinician. 
     Accordingly, OBI-1 can be administered to control bleeding in a patient having factor VIII deficiency without first administering a Loading Dose calculated to neutralize anti-porcine fVIII antibodies present in the patient&#39;s plasma. Also, more effective control of bleeding than was heretofore possible can be achieved by rapid intravenous infusion of OBI-1, at a rate of from 1000-10,000 U/min. Therefore the invention includes a method of administering a porcine partially B-domainless fVIII (OBI-1) to control a bleeding episode in a hemophilia A patient in need of such control comprising the steps of a) giving to the patient an intravenous dose of from 10-150 U/kg patient weight of OBI-1 at a rate of infusion of from 1,000-10,000 U/min, without administration of an antibody-neutralizing dose, whereby bleeding is controlled, or b) if bleeding is not controlled, giving subsequent doses as in step (a) at 4-12 hour intervals until bleeding is controlled. 
     Summary 
     The combined data of Examples 1-8 demonstrate the unexpected finding that OBI-1 behaves differently from HYATE:C in human and animal plasma. In particular, the studies described in Examples 6-8 employing human patients establish that recombinant porcine fVIII (OBI-1) indeed has far greater bioavailability than plasma-derived porcine fVIII (HYATE:C) in humans. This surprising result is precisely the opposite of what was seen with factor IX, where the plasma-derived concentrate had significantly greater recovery and bioavailability that the recombinant factor IX product (Ewenstein et al. supra). Furthermore, the greater bioavailability of OBI-1 compared to HYATE:C was also surprising, in light of the report by Kessler et al. (Haemophilia [2005] 11:84-91), in which B-domain deleted recombinant human fVIII (ReFacto®) was found to be bioequivalent to plasma-derived human fVIII (Hemofil® M) in various pharmacokinetic parameters measured in a randomized, three-way crossover study. 
     The results of all animal and human studies taken together make it possible to devise new protocols for administration of OBI-1, which differ substantially from conventional methods and dosage used for HYATE:C. One aspect of the invention provides a new dose regimen for OBI-1, whereby OBI-1 may be administered to a patient at as little as ⅙ the standard activity dose in units/kg recommended for HYATE:C. The recommended dose for HYATE:C was 100 U/kg of body wt in excess of the dose required to neutralize any patient antibody to porcine fVIII. The level of a patient&#39;s antibodies to porcine fVIII is different for each individual. The dose of OBI-1 required to neutralize the patient&#39;s antibodies can be estimated from measurement of antibody titer, using standard methods known in the art. Accordingly, for a given patient, one can administer OBI-1 in place of HYATE:C at a dose about as little as 10-20 U/kg of body wt in excess of the neutralizing dose. However, as shown in Example 8, control of bleeding in a patient with anti-OBI-1 inhibitor antibodies can be achieved using OBI-1 at one-half the standard HYATE:C dose without prior antibody neutralization. An effective dose of OBI-1 can be administered in a fraction of the volume of solution required for administering a dose of HYATE:C, not only because OBI-1 can be prepared in more concentrated form, but also because a smaller dose of OBI-1 can yield a recovery of activity comparable to a 2 to 6 fold higher dose of HYATE:C. Alternatively, if 100 U/kg of 150 U/kg of OBI-1 is employed as a dose, patients can be successfully managed with much fewer infusions required to halt a bleed or much longer intervals between injections of OBI-1. For example, where HYATE:C, required a median of eight infusions to halt a single bleeding episode over a two day period, OBI-1 can require only 1-4 such infusions, a dramatic advance in patient treatment. In addition, acute bleeding episodes can be treated with fewer and smaller doses of OBI-1, compared to 8 doses over 2 days, the median dosage of HYATE:C reported in its package insert. The OBI-1 dosage can bring about more rapid control of bleeding and therefore is likely both more effective and safer than HYATE:C. It is also advantageous for patient comfort and quality of life, as well as providing a reduced risk of infection and of side effects from contaminants. Therapeutic levels of fVIII can be achieved more rapidly by infusing the concentrated OBI-1 product. Another aspect of the invention provides a therapeutic protocol that includes a step of measuring OBI-1 recovery as part of the process for establishing an optimal dose in an individual patient. OBI-1 recovery can be measured essentially as described in Example 5, by adding a measured amount of OBI-1 activity to a sample of a patient&#39;s plasma, then measuring the activity recovered from the sample after a short time interval. A series of such tests can establish an OBI-1 dose suitable for each patient. Alternatively, individual recovery data can be measured directly in a patient. The methods of the present invention should also result in cost savings for treatment. 
     The foregoing exemplary descriptions and the illustrative preferred embodiments of the present invention have been explained in the drawings and described in detail, with varying modifications and alternative embodiments being taught. While the invention has been so shown, described and illustrated, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that equivalent changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention, and that the scope of the invention is to be limited only to the claims except as precluded by the prior art. Moreover, the invention as disclosed herein, may be suitably practiced in the absence of the specific elements that are disclosed herein. 
     Whenever a range is given in the specification, for example, a temperature range, a time range, or a composition or concentration range, all intermediate ranges and sub-ranges, as well as all individual values included in the ranges given are intended to be included in the disclosure. 
     All patents and publications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the levels of skill of those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. References cited herein are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety to indicate the state of the art as of their publication or filing date and it is intended that this information can be employed herein, if needed, to exclude specific embodiments that are in the prior art. For example, when a compound is claimed, it should be understood that compounds known and available in the art prior to Applicant&#39;s invention, including compounds for which an enabling disclosure is provided in the references cited herein, are not intended to be included in the composition of matter claims herein. 
     As used herein, “comprising” is synonymous with “including,” “containing,” or “characterized by,” and is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps. As used herein, “consisting of” excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified in the claim element. As used herein, “consisting essentially of” does not exclude materials or steps that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the claim. In each instance herein any of the terms “comprising,” “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of” may be replaced with either of the other two terms. The invention illustratively described herein suitably may be practiced in the absence of any element or elements, limitation or limitations which is not specifically disclosed herein. 
     One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that starting materials, reagents, solid substrates, synthetic methods, purification methods, and analytical methods other than those specifically exemplified can be employed in the practice of the invention without resort to undue experimentation. All art-known functional equivalents, of any such materials and methods are intended to be included in this invention. The terms and expressions which have been employed are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention that in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the invention claimed. Thus, it should be understood that although the present invention has been specifically disclosed by preferred embodiments and optional features, modification and variation of the concepts herein disclosed may be resorted to by those skilled in the art, and that such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of this invention as defined by the appended claims. 
     All references cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the extent that there is no inconsistency with the disclosure of this specification. Some references provided herein are incorporated by reference to provide details concerning sources of starting materials, additional starting materials, additional reagents, additional methods of synthesis, additional methods of analysis and additional uses of the invention.