Abstract:
A method of compressing a bitmap of a symbol includes dividing up the symbol into one or more strokes which include a number of parallel, laterally adjacent, continuous line segments, run-length encoding each stroke to form a stream of line codes for that stroke, where the stream of line codes provides absolute values for position and length of one line segment and relative values of position and length for the other line segments; and then presenting the streams of the line codes in sequence, as a set representing the symbol.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates generally to loss-less compression and decompression of bitmaps, and in particular to a method of compressing a bitmap of a symbol, a compressed bitmap of a symbol, a method of decompressing a compressed bitmap, and a computer for decompressing a compressed bitmap. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     It is known to compress bitmaps, for example using run-length and outline techniques, so that less space is required to store them and so that less time is required to transmit them at a particular transmission rate. However, compression and decompression take time and processing power. For example, the world-wide-web has generated a need to have a range of large banner fonts. These can be stored and transmitted as outlines, which are compact, but a significant amount of processing power is required to render or decompress them from this form. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is concerned with providing high compression ratios of bitmaps, and with providing fast decompression. The invention is more particularly, but not exclusively, concerned with a compression/decompression scheme which enables compressed symbol files to be decompressed with simple or cheap processors and dedicated hardware, thus making the invention particularly useful for world-wide-web/internet browsers or viewers. 
     In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of compressing a bitmap of a symbol, in which the symbol is considered as being made up of a plurality of strokes, and each stroke is considered as being made up of a plurality of continuous lines, and comprising the steps of: run-length encoding each stroke to form a stream of line codes for that stroke; and presenting the streams of the lines codes for the strokes in sequence as a set. 
     It will therefore be appreciated that the invention provides a development of run-length encoding. However, the separation of the symbol into a plurality of strokes removes the need to encode the white space between those strokes, as it can be inferred to be background. By contrast, with simple run-length encoding, such white space tends to produce long variable-length runs which do not compress well. 
     In one example of the method, the step of run-length encoding each stroke comprises the steps of: encoding each line or group of lines of that stroke by one of a plurality of encoding methods to form a line code; and presenting the line codes as a stream in the order in which the lines appear in that stroke, at least some of the lines each being encoded in dependence upon their position and length relative to the preceding line in that stroke. 
     At least one of the encoding methods may produce such a line code comprising: a control code indicative of that encoding method; and at least one parameter value for that control code. Various of these encoding methods may comprise the step of providing, as such parameter values: 
     (a) a two-dimensional position of one end of the respective line; and the length of that line; or 
     (b) a two-dimensional position of one end of the respective line; and a one-dimensional position of the other end of that line; or 
     (c) an offset between one end of the respective line and one end of the preceding line; and a difference between the length of the respective line and that of the preceding line; or 
     (d) an offset between one end of the respective line and one end of the preceding line; and an offset between the other end of the respective line and the other end of the preceding line; or 
     (e) a number of repeats of the previous line; or 
     (f) a number of lines; and for each line in that number an indication of whether or not each end of that line is offset by one pixel in the line direction from the corresponding end of the preceding line (in this case, the encoding method may further include the step of providing, as such a parameter value: an indication of whether the offset (if any) of one end of each of the respective lines is in one direction or in the opposite direction). 
     At least one of the encoding methods may produce, as such a line code, a parameterless control code. For example, at least some of the parameterless control codes may each be: 
     (g) a predetermined function of: an offset between one end of the respective line and one end of the preceding line; and a difference between the length of the respective line and that of the preceding line; or 
     (h) a predetermined function of: an offset between one end of the respective line and one end of the preceding line; and an offset between the other end of the respective line and the other end of the preceding line. 
     By suitable choice of these methods, specific features of symbols (or parts of them) can be taken into account to produce a compression ratio which is perhaps more than twice that which is achievable using simple run-length encoding. Many symbols have a high degree of correlation between vertically adjacent horizontal pixel rows, and this can be taken advantage of, particularly by methods (c) to (h), to produce high compression ratios. 
     At least some of these encoding methods may be paired. For example: 
     (i) in the case of a pair of methods (c) above, the maximum offset and/or difference for one of those two methods may be different to that or those for the other of those two methods; or 
     (j) in the case of a pair of methods (d) above, the or each maximum offset for one of those two methods may be different to that or those for the other of those two methods; or 
     (k) in the case of a pair of methods (e) above, the maximum number of repeats for one of those two methods may be different to that for the other of those two methods. 
     It will therefore be appreciated that, by choosing the method with the smaller maximum, if that is possible, to encode a particular line or group of lines, fewer bits are produced. Preferably the method further comprises the step of adding a header indicative of the number of streams in the set and the length of each stream. 
     In accordance with a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a compressed bitmap of a symbol, produced by the method of the first aspect of the invention. 
     In accordance with a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a compressed bitmap of a symbol which is considered as being made up of a plurality of strokes each of which is considered as being made up of a plurality of continuous lines, the compressed bitmap comprising: for each of the strokes, a plurality of run-length encoded line codes each for one of the lines or a group of the lines in that stroke, the line codes being arranged as a stream in the order in which the lines appear in that stroke, and the streams of the lines codes for the strokes being arranged in sequence as a set. Preferably, the lines codes are encoded by a plug of encoding methods, at least some of the lines each being encoded in dependence upon their position and length relative to the preceding line in that stroke. 
     In accordance with a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of decompressing a compressed bitmap according to the second or third aspect of the invention, and comprising the steps of: decoding each line code to form a respective line definition; and rendering the line defined by each line definition. Preferably, decoding of at least two of the streams of line codes temporally overlap each other. In the case of decoding a parametered line code as mentioned above, the decoding step may comprise the steps of determining the control code in the parametered line code, determining the or each parameter of that line code, and forming the line definition in accordance with the value of the control code and the value of the or each parameter. In the case of decoding a parameterless line code as mentioned above, the decoding step may comprise the step of forming the line definition in accordance the value of the control code. 
     In accordance with a fifth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a computer which is programmed by software to perform the method according to the fourth aspect of the present invention. The invention may therefore be applicable to a general purpose computer which is programmed by software to produce the technical advantages of the invention. 
     In accordance with a sixth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a computer comprising: a processor; memory accessible by the processor for storing data including a compressed bitmap, according to the second or third aspect of the present invention, and rendered symbol data; and a decompressor circuit, the decompressor circuit comprising: means for generating coordinate value pairs; and at least one stroke engine operable to read a stream of the line codes from the memory and to decode the line codes in dependence upon the coordinate value pairs to produce an output signal. The decompressor circuit may have a plurality of such stroke engines and further include an access arbiter for arbitrating requests from the stroke engines to access the memory. The generating means may comprise: a first sequencer which is operable to step through values of one of the coordinates; a second sequencer which, for each value of said one coordinate, is operable to step through values of the other coordinate; and a write controller which is operable to address the memory in dependence upon the coordinate values and supply data to the memory in dependence upon the output signal(s). 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     A specific embodiment of the present invention will now be described by way of non-limiting example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
     FIG. 1 shows a first stroke, comprising a pair of elements, produced by decoding a first bitstream for forming a Times Roman lower case letter “r”; 
     FIGS. 2 &amp; 3 shows second and third strokes produced by decoding second and third bitstreams for forming the letter; 
     FIG. 4 shows the resulting letter produced by combining the strokes; 
     FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a computer forming an embodiment of the invention; and 
     FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing more detail of one example of the decompressor shown in FIG. 5, including in this example three stroke-engines. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the example of the invention which is now to be described, a symbol file consists of two parts, a simple header and a data-part consisting of one or more bitstreams. 
     The header defines how many bitstreams are present in the data-part and gives the length in bits of each bitstream. There is a maximum of 15 (2 4 −1) bitstreams, and each bitstream can be a maximum of 4095 (2 12 −1) bits long. Numeric data is defined (within both the header and the data-part) using a varying length representation with least-significant bits first, e.g. a 5 bit code is stored in the order bit  0 , bit  1 , etc. This is referred to in this specification “LSBF” binary. 
     Symbol metrics are not stored within the symbol file, but may be contained in a separate kerning/separation table pertinent to a set of symbol files. 
     Specifically, in the example, the header of the symbol file data is structured as: the number of bitstreams, which is an unsigned 4 bit integer; and, for each bitstream, the length of that bitstream as an unsigned 12 bit integer, so that an array of unsigned 12 bit integers is provided. 
     The data part of the symbol file contains, in sequence, the bit data for each of the bitstreams. 
     The pixel coordinate convention used in the example is that the coordinate origin (0, 0) is the top left of a bounding box around the symbol, with increasing X going to the right and increasing Y going downwards. The symbol is considered as drawn in ink on a background of unspecified colour. For example, the background could be white or transparent. The encoding only specifies where the ink of the symbol occurs. The rectangular width and height of the bounding box are each never greater than 255. 
     A bitstream holds a compressed representation of one or more strokes. Each stroke within the bitstream can be separated by sequential decoding of the bitstream. 
     The separation of the data into bitstreams matches the stroke-based structure of the symbol. There are at least the same number of bitstreams as the maximum number of strokes that ever occurs across the symbol. Therefore, each bitstream is intended to be directed at a ‘stroke-primitive’ renderer that can function independently and concurrently with the render operations caused by the other bitstreams (since the strokes preferably never overlap). The file structure allows concurrent access to multiple bitstreams within the file through the bitstream length information. 
     The bitstream bit data is organised as a stream of short control codes. Each control code is defined to be followed by zero or more parameters codes, the number of parameters and their sizes being specified for each control code by the symbol format. Variable length integer encoding contributes significantly to good compression. 
     True entropy coding of the control codes is not used in the example given, but could probably extract further compression, although the varying length of the various control codings is a form of entropy code and was chosen from actual symbol statistics. The parameter ranges currently overlap slightly for different control code representations of the same data. If desired, such overlap could be removed so as to improve further the compression efficiency. 
     Strokes are encoded as being drawn downwards in the coordinate convention (i.e. increasing Y). For control codes that affect only one row the Y coordinate is assumed to always increase by 1 after performing the action of that control code. There is also a set of repeating control codes that generate more than one row and therefore give good compression. The repeating codes cater for true repeats as well as for runs of very small (‘micro’) changes which are encoded in an efficient 2-bit code. In both cases the multiple rows are assumed to start at the current Y coordinate and extend downwards with increasing Y. 
     In the example, the bitstream control codes are as follows: 
     STROKE_START 
     This is a 5 bit unsigned integer of value 31 (11111) and it is always followed by three parameters X, Y, W, where: X is an unsigned 8 bit integer (i.e. 0 to 255); Y is an unsigned 8 bit integer; and W is an unsigned 8 bit integer, to give a line code of the form (STROKE_START, X, Y, W), or (31, X, Y, W). The parameters X, Y are the coordinates of the left edge of a horizontal ink run of length W which extends to the right of this coordinate. In the example, a stream of bitstream data must always start with a STROKE_START code. A new stroke can be started within a bitstream by using another STROKE_START code. 
     BIG_CHANGE 
     This is a 5 bit unsigned integer of value 30 (01111) and is always followed by two parameters ΔX, ΔW, where: ΔX is a signed 7 bit integer (ie −128+127); and ΔW is a signed 7 bit integer, to give a line code of the form (BIG_CHANGE, ΔX, ΔW) or (30, ΔX, ΔW). The parameters ΔX and ΔW modify the current X coordinate and length W of the run such that: X→X+ΔX; and W→W+ΔW. 
     MEDIUM_CHANGE 
     This is a 5 bit unsigned integer of value 29 (10111) and is always followed by two parameters ΔX, ΔW, where: ΔX is a signed 4 bit integer (ie −16 to +15); and ΔW is a signed 4 bit integer, to give a line code of the form (MEDIUM_CHANGE, ΔX, ΔW) or (29, ΔX, ΔW). The parameters ΔX and ΔW modify the current X coordinate and length W of the run such that: X→X+ΔX; and W→W+ΔW. 
     REPEAT 
     This is a 5 bit unsigned integer of value 28 (00111) and is always followed by one parameter REPEAT_COUNT which is an unsigned 8 bit integer to give a line code of the form (REPEAT, REPEAT_COUNT) or (28, REPEAT_COUNT). The parameter REPEAT_COUNT is the number of times to repeat the current run definition but with Y increasing at each repeat. 
     REPEAT_SMALL 
     This is a 5 bit unsigned integer of value 27 (11011) and is always followed by one parameter REPEAT_COUNT which is an unsigned 4 bit integer to give a line code of the form (REPEAT_SMALL, REPEAT_COUNT) or (27, REPEAT_COUNT). The parameter REPEAT_COUNT is the number of times to repeat the current run definition but with Y increasing at each repeat. 
     MICRO_CHANGE_RUN 
     This is a 5 bit unsigned integer of value 25 (10011) and is always followed by the parameters MICRO_RUN_TYPE and MICRO_RUN_CHANGES and then a number of parameters RUN_CHANGES equal in number to the value of the parameter MICRO_RUN_CHANGES, where: MICRO_RUN_TYPE is an unsigned 1 bit integer (i.e. 0=left or 1=right); MICRO_RUN_CHANGES is an unsigned 8 bit integer; and RUN_CHANGES are each an unsigned 2 bit integer. There are MICRO_RUN_CHANGES run-change elements coding differential very small RUN_CHANGES for a set of consecutive rows. The run-change codes are different for the left and right cases, as follows: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 RUN —   
                 RUN —   
                   
                   
               
               
                 MICRO_RUN_TYPE 
                 CHANGES 
                 CHANGES 
               
               
                 (0 = left; 1 = right) 
                 (Decimal) 
                 (LSBF binary) 
                 ΔX 
                 ΔW 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0 
                 0 
                 00 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 0 
                 1 
                 10 
                 −1 
                 1 
               
               
                 0 
                 2 
                 01 
                 −1 
                 0 
               
               
                 0 
                 3 
                 11 
                 0 
                 −1 
               
               
                 1 
                 0 
                 00 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 1 
                 1 
                 10 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                 1 
                 2 
                 01 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                 1 
                 3 
                 11 
                 1 
                 −1 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     LITTLE_CHANGE 
     This is a 5 bit unsigned integer of value 0 to 24 (00000 to 00011) without any additional parameters and is used to encode small values for ΔX and ΔW using: ΔX=(LITTLE_CHANGE/5)−2; and ΔW=(LITTLE_CHANGE % 5)−2, where % is the modulus (remainder) operator. Hence ΔX and ΔW can each vary from −2 to +2 as follows: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 LITTLE_CHANGE 
                 ΔX 
                 ΔW 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                  0 
                 −2   
                 −2   
               
               
                  1 
                 −2   
                 −1   
               
               
                  2 
                 −2   
                 0 
               
               
                  3 
                 −2   
                 1 
               
               
                  4 
                 −2   
                 2 
               
               
                  5 
                 −1   
                 −2   
               
               
                  6 
                 −1   
                 −1   
               
               
                  7 
                 −1   
                 0 
               
               
                  8 
                 −1   
                 1 
               
               
                  9 
                 −1   
                 2 
               
               
                 10 
                 0 
                 −2   
               
               
                 11 
                 0 
                 −1   
               
               
                 12 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 13 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                 14 
                 0 
                 2 
               
               
                 15 
                 1 
                 −2   
               
               
                 16 
                 1 
                 −1   
               
               
                 17 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                 18 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 19 
                 1 
                 2 
               
               
                 20 
                 2 
                 −2   
               
               
                 21 
                 2 
                 −1   
               
               
                 22 
                 2 
                 0 
               
               
                 23 
                 2 
                 1 
               
               
                 24 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     In summary, therefore, the line codes used in the example are as follows: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Control 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 Code 
               
               
                   
                 Code 
                 (LSBF 
                   
                 Secondary 
               
               
                 Code Name 
                 (decimal) 
                 binary) 
                 Primary Parameters 
                 Parameters 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 STROKE —   
                 31 
                 11111 
                 X 8 , Y 8 , W 8   
                 None 
               
               
                 START 
               
               
                 BIG —   
                 30 
                 01111 
                 ΔX 7 , ΔW 7   
                 None 
               
               
                 CHANGE 
               
               
                 MEDIUM —   
                 29 
                 10111 
                 ΔX 4 , ΔW 4   
                 None 
               
               
                 CHANGE 
               
               
                 REPEAT 
                 28 
                 00111 
                 REPEAT_COUNT 8   
                 None 
               
               
                 REPEAT —   
                 27 
                 11011 
                 REPEAT —   
                 None 
               
               
                 SMALL 
                   
                   
                 COUNT 4   
               
               
                 MICRO —   
                 25 
                 10011 
                 MICRO_RUN —   
                 For 1 to 
               
               
                 RUN —   
                   
                   
                 TYPE 1 , 
                 MICRO —   
               
               
                 CHANGE 
                   
                   
                 MICRO_RUN —   
                 RUN —   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CHANGES 8   
                 CHANGES: 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 RUN —   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 CHANGES 2   
               
               
                 LITTLE —   
                 0 to 24 
                 00000 to 
                 None 
                 None 
               
               
                 CHANGE 
                   
                 00011 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     In Table 3, the subscripts denote the number of bits of the respective parameters. 
     A specific example of decoding a symbol file will now be described with reference to Table 4, in which the following stream of 753 bits of binary data is divided up, analysed, and used to render the symbol shown in FIGS. 1 to  4 : 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 11001110 
                 01110000 
                 01100111 
                 00000011 
                 11110000 
                 11111111 
                 01010001 
                 11100011 
               
               
                 00000101 
                 11101111 
                 00001000 
                 01001011 
                 11011110 
                 00010000 
                 10010111 
                 10111100 
               
               
                 00100001 
                 00101111 
                 01111000 
                 01000010 
                 01011110 
                 11110000 
                 01000110 
                 01111100 
               
               
                 00001111 
                 10110111 
                 00000011 
                 01111110 
                 10100001 
                 00011100 
                 01100100 
                 11001100 
               
               
                 00011011 
                 11001111 
                 11111110 
                 11100011 
                 11000001 
                 00001011 
                 11011011 
                 01011101 
               
               
                 11001010 
                 11101111 
                 10010010 
                 10010101 
                 11011111 
                 00100100 
                 00101001 
                 00011010 
               
               
                 01010011 
                 00110000 
                 01010100 
                 01010011 
                 11101100 
                 01100111 
                 10111010 
                 01011001 
               
               
                 01000011 
                 11101111 
                 00010111 
                 11010111 
                 01001011 
                 10111010 
                 00011111 
                 11110000 
               
               
                 10001100 
                 10010110 
                 00001010 
                 00010000 
                 10011000 
                 00111011 
                 00100000 
                 11011100 
               
               
                 00011010 
                 01101101 
                 00000011 
                 11001100 
                 11001100 
                 11001110 
                 01111001 
                 01101101 
               
               
                 10010100 
                 10001101 
                 01100001 
                 01011010 
                 01010010 
                 10111011 
                 10010101 
                 11011100 
               
               
                 10011110 
                 01111100 
                 11010111 
                 10011000 
                 11011110 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Code 
                   
                 No. of Bitstreams 
               
               
                   
                 LSBF Binary 
                 Bits 
                 (decimal) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 HEADER 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 1100 
                  4 
                  3 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Bitstream Length 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (decimal) 
               
               
                   
                 111001110000 
                 12 
                 231 
               
               
                   
                 011001110000 
                 12 
                 230 
               
               
                   
                 001111110000 
                 12 
                 252 
               
               
                   
                 Header length 
                 40 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Code 
                   
                 Line Code 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 LSBF Binary 
                 Bits 
                 (decimal) 
                 Y 
                 ΔX 
                 ΔW 
                 X −   
                 W 
                 X +   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 BITSTREAM 1 
               
             
          
           
               
                 11111 11101010 00111100 
                  29 
                 31 87 60 6 
                 60 
                   
                   
                 87 
                  6 
                  92 
               
               
                 01100000 
               
               
                 10111 1011 1100 
                  13 
                 29 −3 3 
                 61 
                 −3 
                    3 
                 84 
                  9 
                  92 
               
               
                 00100 
                  5 
                 4 
                 62 
                 −2 
                    2 
                 82 
                  11 
                  92 
               
               
                 00100 
                  5 
                 4 
                 63 
                 −2 
                    2 
                 80 
                  13 
                  92 
               
               
                 10111 1011 1100 
                  13 
                 29 −3 3 
                 64 
                 −3 
                    3 
                 77 
                  16 
                  92 
               
               
                 00100 
                  5 
                 4 
                 65 
                 −2 
                    2 
                 75 
                  18 
                  92 
               
               
                 00100 
                  5 
                 4 
                 66 
                 −2 
                    2 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                 10111 1011 1100 
                  13 
                 29 −3 3 
                 67 
                 −3 
                    3 
                 70 
                  23 
                  92 
               
               
                 00100 
                  5 
                 4 
                 68 
                 −2 
                    2 
                 68 
                  25 
                  92 
               
               
                 00100 
                  5 
                 4 
                 69 
                 −2 
                    2 
                 66 
                  27 
                  92 
               
               
                 10111 1011 1100 
                  13 
                 29 −3 3 
                 70 
                 −3 
                    3 
                 63 
                  30 
                  92 
               
               
                 00100 
                  5 
                 4 
                 71 
                 −2 
                    2 
                 61 
                  32 
                  92 
               
               
                 00100 
                  5 
                 4 
                 72 
                 −2 
                    2 
                 59 
                  34 
                  92 
               
               
                 10111 1011 1100 
                  13 
                 29 −3 3 
                 73 
                 −3 
                    3 
                 56 
                  37 
                  92 
               
               
                 00100 
                  5 
                 8 
                 74 
                 −1 
                    1 
                 55 
                  38 
                  92 
               
               
                 00100 
                  5 
                 12 
                 75 
                   0 
                    0 
                 55 
                  38 
                  92 
               
               
                 01111 1000000 1111101 
                  19 
                 30 1 −33 
                 76 
                   1 
                 −33 
                 56 
                  5 
                  60 
               
               
                 10111 0000 0011 
                  13 
                 29 0 −4 
                 77 
                   0 
                  −4 
                 56 
                  1 
                  56 
               
               
                 01111 1101010 0001000 
                  19 
                 30 43 8 
                 78 
                 43 
                    8 
                 99 
                  9 
                 107 
               
               
                 11100 
                  5 
                 7 
                 79 
                 −1 
                    0 
                 98 
                  9 
                 106 
               
               
                 01100 
                  5 
                 6 
                 80 
                 −1 
                  −1 
                 97 
                  8 
                 104 
               
               
                 10011 0 01100000 11 01 11 
                  26 
                 25 0 6 3 2 3 1 
                 81 
                   0 
                  −1 
                 97 
                  7 
                 103 
               
               
                 10 01 11 
                   
                 2 3 
                 82 
                 −1 
                    0 
                 96 
                  7 
                 102 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 83 
                   0 
                  −1 
                 96 
                  6 
                 101 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 84 
                 −1 
                    1 
                 95 
                  7 
                 101 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 85 
                 −1 
                    0 
                 94 
                  7 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 86 
                   0 
                  −1 
                 94 
                  6 
                  99 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Bitstream length 
                 231 
                 Line length 
                 449 
               
             
          
           
               
                 BITSTREAM 2 
               
             
          
           
               
                 11111 11101110 00111100 
                  29 
                 31 119 60 8 
                  60 
                   
                   
                 119 
                  8 
                 126 
               
               
                 00010000 
               
               
                 10111 1011 0110 
                  13 
                 29 −3 6 
                  61 
                 −3 
                    6 
                 116 
                  14 
                 129 
               
               
                 10111 0111 0010 
                  13 
                 29 −2 4 
                  62 
                 −2 
                    4 
                 114 
                  18 
                 131 
               
               
                 10111 0111 1100 
                  13 
                 29 −2 3 
                  63 
                 −2 
                    3 
                 112 
                  21 
                 132 
               
               
                 10010 
                  5 
                 9 
                  64 
                 −1 
                    2 
                 111 
                  23 
                 133 
               
               
                 10010 
                  5 
                 9 
                  65 
                 −1 
                    2 
                 110 
                  25 
                 134 
               
               
                 10111 0111 1100 
                  13 
                 29 −2 3 
                  66 
                 −2 
                    3 
                 108 
                  28 
                 135 
               
               
                 10010 
                  5 
                 9 
                  67 
                 −1 
                    2 
                 107 
                  30 
                 136 
               
               
                 00010 
                  5 
                 8 
                  68 
                 −1 
                    1 
                 106 
                  31 
                 136 
               
               
                 10010 
                  5 
                 9 
                  69 
                 −1 
                    2 
                 105 
                  33 
                 137 
               
               
                 00010 
                  5 
                 12 
                  70 
                   0 
                    0 
                 105 
                  33 
                 137 
               
               
                 10010 
                  5 
                 9 
                  71 
                 −1 
                    2 
                 104 
                  35 
                 138 
               
               
                 10011 0 01100000 10 10 10 
                  26 
                 25 0 6 1 1 1 0 
                  72 
                 −1 
                    1 
                 103 
                  36 
                 138 
               
               
                 00 10 10 
                   
                 1 1 
                  73 
                 −1 
                    1 
                 102 
                  37 
                 138 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  74 
                 −1 
                    1 
                 101 
                  38 
                 138 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  75 
                   0 
                    0 
                 101 
                  38 
                 138 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  76 
                 −1 
                    1 
                 100 
                  39 
                 138 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  77 
                 −1 
                    1 
                  99 
                  40 
                 138 
               
               
                 01111 1011000 1100111 
                  19 
                 30 13 −13 
                  78 
                 13 
                 −13 
                 112 
                  27 
                 138 
               
               
                 10111 0100 1011 
                  13 
                 29 −2 3 
                  79 
                   2 
                  −3 
                 114 
                  24 
                 137 
               
               
                 00101 
                  5 
                 20 
                  80 
                   2 
                  −2 
                 116 
                  22 
                 137 
               
               
                 00001 
                  5 
                 16 
                  81 
                   1 
                  −1 
                 117 
                  21 
                 137 
               
               
                 11110 
                  5 
                 15 
                  82 
                   1 
                  −2 
                 118 
                  19 
                 136 
               
               
                 11110 
                  5 
                 15 
                  83 
                   1 
                  −2 
                 119 
                  17 
                 135 
               
               
                 00101 
                  5 
                 20 
                  84 
                   2 
                  −2 
                 121 
                  15 
                 135 
               
               
                 11110 
                  5 
                 15 
                  85 
                   1 
                  −2 
                 122 
                  13 
                 134 
               
               
                 10111 0100 1011 
                  13 
                 29 2 −3 
                  86 
                   2 
                  −3 
                 124 
                  10 
                 133 
               
               
                 10111 0100 1011 
                  13 
                 29 2 −4 
                  87 
                   2 
                  −4 
                 126 
                  6 
                 131 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Bitstream length 
                 230 
                 Line length 
                 701 
               
             
          
           
               
                 BITSTREAM 3 
               
             
          
           
               
                 11111 11000010 00110010 
                  29 
                 31 67 76 26 
                  76 
                   
                   
                 67 
                  26 
                  92 
               
               
                 01011000 
               
               
                 00101 
                  5 
                 20 
                  77 
                   2 
                 −2 
                 69 
                  24 
                  92 
               
               
                 00001 
                  5 
                 16 
                  78 
                   1 
                 −1 
                 70 
                  23 
                  92 
               
               
                 00001 
                  5 
                 16 
                  79 
                   1 
                 −1 
                 71 
                  22 
                  92 
               
               
                 00110 
                  5 
                 12 
                  80 
                   0 
                   0 
                 71 
                  22 
                  92 
               
               
                 00001 
                  5 
                 16 
                  81 
                   1 
                 −1 
                 72 
                  21 
                  92 
               
               
                 11011 0010 
                  9 
                 27 4 
                  82 
                   0 
                   0 
                 72 
                  21 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  83 
                   0 
                   0 
                 72 
                  21 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  84 
                   0 
                   0 
                 72 
                  21 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  85 
                   0 
                   0 
                 72 
                  21 
                  92 
               
               
                 00001 
                  5 
                 16 
                  86 
                   1 
                 −1 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                 10111 0000 0110 
                  13 
                 29 0 6 
                  87 
                   0 
                   6 
                 73 
                  26 
                  98 
               
               
                 10011 0 11010000 00 11 11 
                  36 
                 25 0 1 1 0 3 3 0 
                  88 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  26 
                  98 
               
               
                 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 
                   
                 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 
                  89 
                   0 
                 −1 
                 73 
                  25 
                  97 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  90 
                   0 
                 −1 
                 73 
                  24 
                  96 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  91 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  24 
                  96 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  92 
                   0 
                 −1 
                 73 
                  23 
                  95 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  93 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  23 
                  95 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  94 
                   0 
                 −1 
                 73 
                  22 
                  94 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  95 
                   0 
                 −0 
                 73 
                  22 
                  94 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  96 
                   0 
                 −1 
                 73 
                  21 
                  93 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  97 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  21 
                  93 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                  98 
                   0 
                 −1 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                 00111 00111100 
                  13 
                 28 60 
                  99 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 100 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 101 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 102 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 103 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 104 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 105 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 106 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 107 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 108 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 109 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 110 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 111 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 112 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 113 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 114 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 115 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 116 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 117 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 118 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 119 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 120 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 121 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 122 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 123 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 124 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 125 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 126 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 127 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 128 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 129 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 130 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 131 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 132 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 133 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 134 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 135 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 136 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 137 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 138 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 139 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 140 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 141 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 142 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 143 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 144 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 145 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 146 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 147 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 148 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 149 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 150 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 151 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 152 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 153 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 154 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 155 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 156 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 157 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 158 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  20 
                  92 
               
               
                 10110 
                  5 
                 13 
                 159 
                   0 
                   1 
                 73 
                  21 
                  93 
               
               
                 11011 0010 
                  9 
                 27 4 
                 160 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  21 
                  93 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 161 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  21 
                  93 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 162 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  21 
                  93 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 163 
                   0 
                   0 
                 73 
                  21 
                  93 
               
               
                 10010 
                  5 
                 9 
                 164 
                 −1 
                   2 
                 72 
                  23 
                  94 
               
               
                 00110 
                  5 
                 12 
                 165 
                   0 
                   0 
                 72 
                  23 
                  94 
               
               
                 10110 
                  5 
                 13 
                 166 
                   0 
                   1 
                 72 
                  23 
                  95 
               
               
                 00010 
                  5 
                 8 
                 167 
                 −1 
                   1 
                 71 
                  25 
                  95 
               
               
                 10110 
                  5 
                 13 
                 168 
                   0 
                   1 
                 71 
                  26 
                  96 
               
               
                 10010 
                  5 
                 9 
                 169 
                 −1 
                   2 
                 70 
                  28 
                  97 
               
               
                 10010 
                  5 
                 9 
                 170 
                 −1 
                   2 
                 69 
                  30 
                  98 
               
               
                 10111 0111 0010 
                  13 
                 29 −2 4 
                 171 
                 −2 
                   4 
                 67 
                  34 
                 100 
               
               
                 10111 0111 0010 
                  13 
                 29 −2 4 
                 172 
                 −2 
                   4 
                 65 
                  38 
                 102 
               
               
                 01111 0011111 0001000 
                  19 
                 30 −4 8 
                 173 
                 −4 
                   8 
                 61 
                  46 
                 106 
               
               
                 01111 0101111 0011000 
                  19 
                 30 −6 12 
                 174 
                 −6 
                 12 
                 55 
                  58 
                 112 
               
               
                 11011 1100 
                  9 
                 27 3 
                 175 
                   0 
                   0 
                 55 
                  58 
                 112 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 176 
                   0 
                   0 
                 55 
                  58 
                 112 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 177 
                   0 
                   0 
                 55 
                  58 
                 112 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Bitstream length 
                 252 
                 Line length 
                 2353 
               
             
          
           
               
                 COMPLETE SYMBOL 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Total code length 
                 753 
                 Total line length 
                 3503 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As shown in the above table, the first four bits are taken to be the number of bitstreams in the file, and in the example have a value of three. Therefore: the next twelve bits (value 231) are taken to be the length of the first bitstream; the next twelve bits (value 230), the length of the second bitstream; and the next twelve bits (value 252), the length of the third bitstream. It is thus possible now to locate the start of each bitstream in the file and process the three bitstreams in parallel if desired. 
     Considering now the first bitstream, the first five bits are taken to be a control code, and the control code has a value of 31. Referring to Table 3, this denotes STROKE_START, and the next 8, 8 and 8 bits (values 87, 60, 6) are thus taken to be the parameters (X, Y, W) of the STROKE_START code. A line is therefore rendered, as shown by the uppermost line in FIG. 1, having a Y value of 60, an X − (60) starting value of 87, a length W(60) of 6, and thus an X + (60) ending value of 92 (=X − +W−1). 
     The next five bits are taken to be a control code, and the control code has a value of 29. Referring to Table 3, this denotes MEDIUM_CHANGE, and the next 4 and 4 bits (values −3, 3) are thus taken to be the parameters (ΔX, ΔW) of the MEDIUM_CHANGE code. A line is therefore rendered, as shown by the next line in FIG. 1, having a Y value of 61 (i.e. one greater than the previous line), an X − (61) starting value of 84 (=X − (Y−1)+ΔX), a length W(61) of 9 (=W(Y−1)+ΔW), and thus an  + X (61) ending value of 92 (=X − +W−1). 
     The remainder of the first bitstream is analysed and lines are rendered in a similar fashion until the end of the bitstream is reached, thus producing a set of rendered lines as shown in FIG.  1 . It should be noted that the last control code of the first bitstream (for Y=81) has a value of 25, denoting MICRO_RUN_CHANGE. Therefore, referring to Table 3, the next bit (value 1) is taken to be the MICRO_RUN_TYPE, the next eight bits (value 6) are taken to be the number of RUN_CHANGES, and the next six pairs of bits (values 3, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3) are taken to be the coded values of those six RUN_CHANGES for the lines with Y values of 81, 82, 83, 84, 85 and 86. 
     In a similar fashion, the second and third bitstreams are decoded in parallel with the first bitstream, or one after another, to produce the sets of rendered lines shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 respectively. It should be noted that the control code for the line 99 of the third bitstream has a value of 28 denoting REPEAT. Therefore, the next eight bits (value 60) are taken to be the REPEAT_COUNT, i.e. the number of times that the previous line (Y=98) is repeated. Accordingly, the values X − , W, X +  for each of lines 99 to 158 are the same as those for line 98. It will therefore be appreciated that this thirteen bit line code produces 1200 bits of rendered stroke. 
     It will be appreciated that the lines shown in FIGS. 1 to  3  are rendered in the same memory with the same co-ordinate origin, and therefore in combination the three bitstreams produce a complete symbol as shown in FIG.  4 . 
     It will be noted from the foot of Table 4 that the total length of the code (including the header) to produce the lower case Times Roman “r” is 753 bits. By comparison, if the symbol were presented as a raw bitmap, the length of the bitmap would be 65536 (=256 2 ) bits, and thus the example of the invention produces a lossless compression ratio of over 87:1 compared with a raw bitmap. The upright rectangular area bounding the example symbol and denoted by dashed lines in FIG. 4 has an area of (X +   max −X −   min +1).(Y max −Y min +1)=(138−55+1).(177−60+1)=9912 bits. Therefore, if the symbol were presented as a partial bitmap, together with its origin (8+8 bits) and its width (8 bits), the length of the bitmap would be 9936 bits. Accordingly, even by comparison with such a partial bitmap, the example of the present invention produces a substantial lossless compression ratio of over 13:1. 
     Having described a method of decoding the encoded symbol file, the method of encoding a bitmap to produce such a symbol file is essentially the reverse of the decoding method, but in addition involves the steps of: (a) determining how the symbol is to be divided up (if at all) into a plurality strokes and (if at all) into a plurality of bitstreams; and (b) determining which control code to use when more than one can be used to encode a line. 
     With regard to step “a” (splitting the symbol), there is no unique way of splitting up the symbol, and optimum performance does depend on the way in which the decoder can decode the symbol file. For example, a single bitstream may be used, with more than one STROKE_START control code being used as necessary to cope with the symbol including more than one line having the same Y value. In the case where the decoder can decode only one bitstream at a time, this may provide optimum performance. An advantage of dividing the data up into a plurality of bitstreams, each with its own entry in the header, is that a decoder which is so capable, can decode the bitstreams in parallel. Some symbols, such as a Times Roman “I”, do not need to be split into strokes. If, however, it is divided in two, say the top and bottom halves, with respective bitstreams, the total code length will be slightly greater due to the longer header, the additional STROKE_START control code, and the need to re-establish the repeat for the lower half of the main stem of the symbol. Therefore, the performance of a single channel decoder will be slightly reduced. However, the performance of a dual channel parallel decoder will be almost doubled, although this is dependent on having a suitable decoder architecture to exploit the potential performance increase. 
     Preferably, when splitting up the symbol, the resultant strokes do not overlap. 
     With regard to step “b” (choosing the codes), various algorithms may be employed so as to achieve a high compression ratio. For example, for each line, the highest ranking of the following codes may be chosen if it fulfills the stated condition: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 7. 
                 REPEAT 
                 if it can be used for 32 or more lines; 
               
               
                 6. 
                 REPEAT_SMALL 
                 if it can be used; 
               
               
                 5. 
                 MICRO_RUN_CHANGE 
                 if it can be used for five or more lines; 
               
               
                 4. 
                 LITTLE_CHANGE 
                 if it can be used 
               
               
                 3. 
                 MEDIUM_CHANGE 
                 if it can be used 
               
               
                 2. 
                 BIG_CHANGE 
                 if it can be used 
               
               
                 1. 
                 STROKE_START 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     It will be appreciated that many modifications and developments may be made to the example described above. For instance, some of the line codes mentioned above directly encode the change ΔW in the length of the line, or the length W of the line itself. Instead, these line codes may directly encode the change ΔX +  in the position of the right-hand end of the line, or the position X +  itself. 
     Also, in the example mentioned above, each line extends in the X direction. For some symbol sets, it may be that better compression can be achieved by encoding lines which extend in the Y direction. Furthermore, different symbols, or different strokes in the same symbol, may be encoded with lines extending in the different directions, and, for example, one or more extra bits may be included in the header to define the direction of the lines for the symbol or for each bitstream. 
     Furthermore, in the above example, each bitstream begins with a STROKE_START control code. This control code is therefore redundant, and accordingly it may be inferred, with only the values of the parameters of the initial STROKE_START control code being specified. 
     In the basic embodiment of the compression method as described, a representation of the symbol for a character of a fixed point size is held. Ideally this representation is of such a size (in terms of represented pixels) that it captures the detailed structure of each character representation without the storage of any extra unnecessary information. However, many applications of character compression will need a range of font sizes to be represented. 
     There are a number of ways to generate a number of point sizes from the stored compressed representation. The first and simplest method is simply to hold a number of compressed font descriptions at different sizes and render the character from the appropriate one depending on the font size required. This is inefficient in terms of memory usage, but it is simple and hence particularly applicable where only a limited number of point sizes are needed. This approach also has the advantage that it allows for change of the character shape with point size, which may be desirable for reasons relating to typography. 
     A second technique for generating a range of character sizes is to scale each character as it is decompressed, either enlarging or reducing as required. The specific details of such text scaling will generally depend upon many characteristics of the application, such as the resolution of the resulting text in terms of number of pixels and the point sizes that are required to be generated. These affect the choice of size for the base character representation and also affect the type of scaling scheme used. 
     For example, a character may be represented on a 600 dpi grid. One ‘point’ (a printing unit for text size) is approximately a 72nd of an inch and in this case corresponds to 8.33 pixels. Therefore a text point size of 48 in this case corresponds to 400 pixels, and this is the approximate vertical extent of the tallest character. This size of character can be used as the compressed representation and then scaled by simple integer division on decompression to yield the following point sizes: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 integer divisor 
                 scaled point size 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 1 
                 48 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 24 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 16 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Only the one 48 point character is actually stored in compressed form, and the other sizes are generated dynamically from this compressed version as required. 
     Scaling by integer factors can simplify the rendering of the scaled and decompressed characters. For example, reducing the character size can be done by counting decompressed pixels and outputting a rendered pixel when the counter reaches the divider, then resetting the counter and repeating. Increasing the character size can be done by replication of rendered pixels. 
     To implement integer scaling in this way some buffering will be required in the rendering hardware to hold a line of pixels such as to allow the scaling to occur in both dimensions. The rendered pixel value depends on how many decompressed pixels with ink occur within each cycle of the counters (considered in both dimensions, this corresponds to a rectangular patch of decompressed pixels). It is also possible to include greyscale capability if needed by counting how many decompressed pixels with ink occur in each rendered pixel and using this to set a grey level. 
     Other efficient and more flexible scaling schemes based on digital-differential-analyzers (DDA) can be used, or other techniques as used for efficient bitmap scaling can be employed. 
     An embodiment of an apparatus according to the present invention will now be described with reference to FIGS. 5 and 6. Referring specifically to FIG. 5, a computer such as a PC comprises, in known fashion, a processor  10  which communicates with a memory  12 , input/output circuitry  22  and with other devices via an address bus  14 , data bus  16  and control bus  18 . The input/output circuitry can communicate with external systems via, for example, a telephone line  20 . The computer also comprises a decompressor  24  which communicates with the memory  12  via a compressed-font memory interface  26  and a rendered-font memory interface  28 . If appropriate, these two memory interfaces may be in common. 
     Referring now to FIG. 6, the decompressor  24  includes a plurality of stroke engines  30 ( 0 )-( 2 ) (three in the embodiment shown) connected via address and data buses and control lines to the compressed-font memory interface  26 , the connection of the control lines being via an access arbiter  31 . The decompressor also includes a write controller  32  connected via address and data buses and a control line to the rendered-font memory interface  28  and also connected to a row sequencer  34 . The row sequencer  34  is connected to the stroke engines  30 ( 0 )-( 2 ) via a Y-coordinate bus  36  and also individual control lines  38 ( 0 )-( 2 ). The write controller  32  is connected to the stroke engines  30 ( 0 )-( 2 ) via an X-coordinate bus  40  and individual ink signal lines  42 ( 0 )-( 2 ). The stroke engines  30 ( 0 )-( 2 ), access arbiter  31 , write controller  32  and row sequencer  34  of the decompressor  24  are implemented using logic arrays to perform in the manner described below. 
     In the embodiment, the decompressor  24  does not decode the header of a symbol file and only deals with the bitstream data. It is probably better to implement header decoding within the controlling host processor software, as it occurs only once per symbol decompression. 
     The start addresses for the bitstream are pre-loaded by the host processor  10  into the stroke engines  30 ( 0 )-( 2 ) before decompression commences. The stroke engines  30 ( 0 )-( 2 ) then individually pull bitstream data from the compressed font. The engines  30 ( 0 )-( 2 ) asynchronously request the bitstream data, and the local arbiter  31  manages the requests so that one engine at a time is able to read, and so that each has equal access to the compressed data. In practice there could be more or less of the stroke engines  30 ( 0 )-( 2 ) depending on the particular implementation, performance requirements and font set. 
     The row sequencer  34  steps down through the symbol rows. For each row the write controller  32  scans across the row in the X coordinate, a pixel at a time, supplying the X coordinate values to the stroke engines  30 ( 0 )-( 2 ) via the X-coordinate bus  40 . The stroke engines decode the bitstream data which has been received, and each stroke engine  30 ( 0 )-( 2 ) sets its respective ‘INK’ output on line  42 ( 0 )-( 2 ) high when, for the current Y coordinate, the X coordinate falls within the active ink area dealt with by that stroke engine. If necessary, and depending on the memory word-width, the write-controller  32  gathers pixel data into words and then writes those words out to the memory  12 . This can occur as the X coordinate is scanned to minimise counter logic. The start address for rendered data is pre-loaded into the write-controller  32  before decompression of a symbol. 
     A set of control and status registers (hooked into the logic of each block but not shown on the drawing) allow the host processor  10  to set up the decompressor and monitor its activity, detecting also when a stroke or symbol is complete. 
     Typically the character representation will be decompressed and rendered as bitmap into an area of memory set aside as a font cache or temporary store. This allows rapid bitmap moves to be used subsequently to generate multiple characters either directly onto a display surface, or into a framestore which is used to hold an image of the page or screen for either display or printer applications. The details of memory usage and whether, or how, fonts are cached will therefore depend on the particular application requirements. Such details can readily be determined by the man skilled in the art to meet the requirements of a particular application. 
     The design described above contains only a small amount of fast logic circuitry, in the write controller  32  and X-coordinate bus  40 . The other parts of the apparatus only update every row. The circuitry to generate each INK output within the stroke engine is quite compact. 
     In an alternative implementation approach which is not shown in the drawings, a large and fairly complex row-register sets INK bits in parallel for a particular stroke-engine with each stroke-engine affecting the register in turn. The row is then built up in only N cycles where N is the number of engines. However the row must still be written out to memory which still involves generating a sequence of word-writes. The approach as shown in FIG. 5 probably uses less logic than the register approach but at the expense of a higher clock-rate for a small part of the logic. 
     Although an apparatus has been described which uses a combination of a decompressor and a conventional PC, it will be appreciated that the apparatus of the invention may alternatively be implemented by software programming of conventional computer hardware.