Abstract:
As described herein vascular anchoring systems are used to position an implant in a vascular area such as a bifurcated vasculature with relatively high fluid flow, for instance, in an area of a pulmonary artery with associated left and right pulmonary arteries. Implementations include an anchoring trunk member having a first anchoring trunk section and a second anchoring trunk section. Further implementations include a first anchoring branch member extending from the anchoring trunk member. Still further implementations include a second anchoring branch member extending from the anchoring trunk member.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0002]    The present invention is generally related to antennas for implantable devices. 
         [0003]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0004]    Conventional implantable antennas can be constructed with a manner of accommodation with respect to incorporation into a body that is less than desirable. For instance, conventional antennas are found in enclosures, such as for heart pace makers, that require substantial room, which may be overly restrictive for other applications, such as vascular implantation. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING(S) 
         [0005]      FIG. 1  is a sectional view of a first implementation of the enhanced implantable antenna system using a tubular support structure. 
           [0006]      FIG. 2  is a sectional view of a second implementation of the enhanced implantable antenna system using the tubular support structure. 
           [0007]      FIG. 3  is a sectional view of a third implementation of the enhanced implantable antenna system using the tubular support structure. 
           [0008]      FIG. 4  is a sectional view of a fourth implementation of the enhanced implantable antenna system using the tubular support structure. 
           [0009]      FIG. 4A  is a sectional view of a conductive member as a solid conductor. 
           [0010]      FIG. 4B  is a sectional view of a conductive member as a bundle of stranded conductors. 
           [0011]      FIG. 4C  is a sectional view of a stranded conductor as a solid conductor. 
           [0012]      FIG. 4D  is a sectional view of a stranded conductor as a coaxial set. 
           [0013]      FIG. 4E  is a sectional view of a conductor as a coaxial set. 
           [0014]      FIG. 4F  is a sectional view of a solid conductor and a stranded support structure as a coaxial set. 
           [0015]      FIG. 4G  is a sectional view of a conductor as a coaxial set. 
           [0016]      FIG. 4H  is a sectional view of a conductor as a coaxial set. 
           [0017]      FIG. 5  is a sectional view of a fifth implementation of the enhanced implantable antenna system using a backbone support structure with a triangular sectional shape. 
           [0018]      FIG. 5A  is a sectional view of a fifth implementation of the enhanced implantable antenna system using a backbone support structure with a circular sectional shape. 
           [0019]      FIG. 6  is a sectional view of a sixth implementation of the enhanced implantable antenna system using at least the backbone support structure. 
           [0020]      FIG. 7  is a side-elevational schematic of a first implant having an inductive H-field loop antenna in an uncompressed state using aspects of an enhanced implantable antenna system and method and coupled to an electronic enclosure. 
           [0021]      FIG. 7A  is a side-elevational schematic of the first implant having an inductive H-field loop antenna in a compressed state using aspects of the enhanced implantable antenna system and method and coupled to the electronic enclosure. 
           [0022]      FIG. 8  is a side-elevational schematic of a second implant in an uncompressed state having two of the inductive (H-field) loop antennas of  FIG. 1  coupled to an electronic enclosure. 
           [0023]      FIG. 8A  is a side-elevational schematic of the second implant in a compressed state having two of the inductive (H-field) loop antennas of  FIG. 1  coupled to the electronic enclosure. 
           [0024]      FIG. 9  is a side-elevational schematic of a third implant having two of the inductive (H-field) loop antennas of  FIG. 1  in an uncompressed state coupled to two electronic enclosures. 
           [0025]      FIG. 9A  is a side-elevational schematic of the third implant having two of the inductive (H-field) loop antennas of  FIG. 1  in a compressed state coupled to two electronic enclosures. 
           [0026]      FIG. 10  is a side-elevational schematic of a fourth implant in an uncompressed state having an electrical E-field antenna using aspects of the enhanced implantable antenna system and method and coupled to an electronic enclosure. 
           [0027]      FIG. 10A  is a side-elevational schematic of the fourth implant in a compressed state having an electrical E-field antenna using aspects of the enhanced implantable antenna system and method and coupled to an electronic enclosure. 
           [0028]      FIG. 11  is a side-elevational schematic of a fifth implant having two electrical E-field antennas using aspects of the enhanced implantable antenna system and method and coupled to an electronic enclosure. 
           [0029]      FIG. 11A  is a side-elevational schematic of the fifth implant being inserted into a tubular structure. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0030]    As discussed herein, implementations of an enhanced implantable system and method include use of one or more pseudoelastic and/or superelastic materials (referred to herein as “p/s elastic”) such as p/s elastic metal alloys, such as Nitinol, and/or p/s elastic polymers to provide at least a portion of the associated support structure for the implantable antenna. In implementations, the support structure has the general shape of the associated antenna either by one or more portions as integrated support structures being directly incorporated into the antenna structure typically as a tubular support structure and/or portions serving as a backbone support structure with a shape similar to the supported antenna components such as including inductive (H-field) and E-field antenna implementations discussed herein. 
         [0031]    Use of p/s elastic material in the antenna support structure provides greater implantation adaptability and accommodation for the enhanced implantable antenna compared with conventional approaches. The p/s elastic materials used can have elastic response over large strains. For instance, when mechanically loaded, p/s elastic materials can deform reversibly even under strains, of up to approximately 6% to 10% so that the antenna structure will return to a desired shape after undergoing large strain levels. This large reversible elastic deformation capability provides relatively high flexibility to accommodate minimally invasive insertion into the body, and other implantation scenarios. Furthermore, pseudoelastic materials exhibit a stress plateau at larger strains, which is desirable for accommodating motion within the body and for minimizing the stress on tissues.  FIGS. 1 through 6  illustrate various cross sectional views of antenna implementations that can be used with the implant versions shown in  FIGS. 7 through 11 . 
         [0032]    A first implementation  100  of the enhanced implantable antenna system incorporating tubular support is sectionally shown in  FIG. 1  to include a coaxial set  102  of an electrically conductive core  104  filling a tubular support structure  106 , which is further encased by an external electrical insulator  108 . Versions of the coaxial set  102  that use a drawn filled tube (DFT) wire of p/s elastic material, such as Nitinol, for the tubular support structure  106  can serve both a support role and an antenna role for the enhanced implantable antenna system. Given the various biological environments (such as in and around vicinities of the heart) of the enhanced implantable antenna system, the p/s elastic material used for the tubular support structure  106  and other support structures discussed herein has long fatigue life (such as 1,000,000 cycles, 10,000,0001 cycles, 100,000,000 cycles, and/or 400,000,000 cycles for temperature ranges such as of at least between 33 degrees Celsius to 43 degrees Celsius or such as of at least between 0 degreess Celsius to 100 degreess Celsius)) to exist in areas such as inside of the heart. 
         [0033]    Some versions of the enhanced implantable antenna system also use p/s elastic materials with high elasticity: some having an elastic strain level of approximately 3% or more and others having an elastic strain level of approximately 6% or more for temperature ranges such as of at least between 33 degrees Celsius to 43 degrees Celsius or such as of at least between 0 degreess Celsius to 100 degreess Celsius to provide flexibility to be collapsed or compressed to allow for temporary enclosure by delivery mechanisms, such as a catheter, a cannula, or other mechanical tubular structure of a delivery mechanism before being released to expand into an uncompressed state to be located in a vascular structure, other endoluminal tubular structure or biological tubular structure. 
         [0034]    Since Nitinol is superelastic, it can be strained up to an elastic limit of about 6% without permanent deformation. Some P/S elastic materials, such as Nitinol, have an additional advantage in that they have shape memory properties, and can be “shape-set” to a desired geometry. In the case of Nitinol, the shape setting process requires holding the wireform in a desired geometry while undergoing a heat treatment at a temperature of approximately 500 degreess Celsius. 
         [0035]    Due to the high shape-setting temperature, a Nitinol or Nitinol DFT antenna member requires shape setting prior to applying polymeric electrical insulation such as could be used for the external insulator  108 . Several different insulation techniques are possible, including vapor deposition (e.g., Parylene), dip or spray coating (various polymers, either in the melt phase or prior to cross-linking), casting, injection molding, or by swelling a polymeric extrusion and sliding the shape-set wires into position. The latter technique is most easily accomplished using a silicone extrusion, which can be swelled in a liquid such as pentane, hexane, heptane, xylene, or a low molecular weight alcohol. The presence of the solvent in the silicone makes it particularly lubricious, allowing insertion of the wires with minimal force. 
         [0036]    Like other p/s elastic materials, Nitinol and Nitinol DFT wires include another advantageous aspect. Nitinol has two crystalline states: martensite at low temperatures and austenite at higher temperatures. The transition temperature may be tailored by adjusting the metallurgical composition and processing that the material undergoes during manufacturing, to produce transition temperatures at, above, or below room temperature. In medical applications, the transition temperature can thus be set between room temperature (˜20° C.) and body temperature (37° C.), so that a device transitions from its martensitic phase to its austenitic phase as it is introduced into the body. Only the austenitic phase is superelastic, whereas the martensitic phase is quite plastic. 
         [0037]    In some implementations, p/s elastic material, such as Nitinol, can be processed as follows: 
         [0038]    Shape-set the subject member, such as the coaxial set  102  and/or the tubular support structure  106 , to the desired shape at approximately 500° C. 
         [0039]    Cool the subject member to transition it into its martensitic phase 
         [0040]    Straighten (or otherwise shape) the subject member to facilitate application of the insulating material, such as the external insulator  108   
         [0041]    Apply insulating material, such as the external insulator  108  to the subject member 
         [0042]    Implant final assembly steps can be completed with the subject member in either phase as required by other considerations. 
         [0043]    Electrical resistivities of materials of interest are summarized below: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Resistivity 
               
               
                   
                 Material 
                 MicroOhm-cm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Silver 
                 1.629 
               
               
                   
                 Copper 
                 1.724 
               
               
                   
                 Gold 
                 2.44 
               
               
                   
                 Aluminum 
                 2.828 
               
               
                   
                 Iridium 
                 5.29 
               
               
                   
                 Brass 
                 7 
               
               
                   
                 Nickel 
                 7.8 
               
               
                   
                 Iron 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Platinum 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Tin 
                 10.9 
               
               
                   
                 Steel 
                 11.8 
               
               
                   
                 Lead 
                 22 
               
               
                   
                 Nitinol SE 508 
                 82 
               
               
                   
                 Titanium 
                 55.4 
               
               
                   
                 MP35N 
                 103.3 
               
               
                   
                 Ptlr 
                 25 
               
               
                   
                 NiTi/Cu 
                 47.6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0044]    A second implementation  110  of the enhanced implantable antenna system is sectionally shown in  FIG. 2  to include two of the coaxial sets  102  of the conductive core  104  and the tubular support structure  106  both encased in an external insulator  112 . 
         [0045]    A third implementation  114  of the enhanced implantable antenna system is sectionally shown in  FIG. 3  to include four of the coaxial sets  102  of the conductive core  104  and the tubular support structure  106  all encased in an external insulator  116 . Any quantity of the coaxial set  102  can be put together in this fashion. 
         [0046]    A fourth implementation  120  of the enhanced implantable antenna system is sectionally shown in  FIG. 4  to include three of the coaxial sets  102  of the conductive core  104  and the tubular support structure  106  and insulated conductors  122  having an elongated conductive member  124  encased by an insulator  126 . The three coaxial sets  102  and the four insulated conductors  122  are further encased in an insulator  127 . The three coaxial sets  102  and the four insulated conductors  122  are shown in a symmetrical configuration, but other symmetrical or asymmetrical configurations can also be implemented in various other numbers of the coaxial sets and of the insulated conductors. Whereas other implementations can be made, given the implementation depicted in  FIG. 4 , one to three of the coaxial sets  102  and one to four of the insulated conductors  122  may be connected electrically in series or parallel to form an antenna configuration. 
         [0047]    Each of the elongated conductive members  124  in some implementations are solid conductors as the conductive core  104  as shown in  FIG. 4A . In other implementations, the elongated conductive members  124  are each a bundle of stranded conductors  124   b  such as shown in  FIG. 4B . Each of the stranded conductors  124   b  can be solid core conductors such as smaller diameter versions of the conductive core  104  as shown in  FIG. 4C  or can be smaller diameter versions of the coaxial set  102  as shown in  FIG. 4D  or another type of drawn filled tube (DFT) wire or drawn brazed strand (DBS) wire with a conductive core. To maintain superelastic properties of the stranded wire, one or more of the strands would be chosen to contain Nitinol, either in solid, DFT, or other form. 
         [0048]    In other implementations, each of the elongated conductive members  124  can be versions of the coaxial set  102  as shown in  FIG. 4E . In alternative implementations, as shown in  FIG. 4F , each of the elongated conductive members  124  can be from a drawn brazed strand (DBS)  128  with strands  128   a  made from a fatigue-resistant alloy, and braze  128   b  and center core  128   c  made from a conductive material such as silver or other highly conductive material. Further implementations include the elongated conductive member  124  as a coaxial set  129 , as shown in  FIG. 4G , with a tubular support structure  129   a  (such as a DFT) made from material other than the p/s elastic material (such as MP35N or other fatigue resistant alloy). The tubular structure  128   a  of the coaxial set  128  can be filled with the conductive core  104 . Other implementations of the stranded conductor  124   b  can be made with versions of the coaxial set  129  as shown in  FIG. 4H . 
         [0049]    Since Nitinol and MP35N are far more resistive than either silver or copper, in some implementations with portions of the tubular support structure  106  being made from Nitinol or the tubular support structure  129   a  made from MP35N and the conductive core  104  being made from a metal such as silver or copper, most of the electrical current will flow through the conductive core rather than the tubular support structure. Although highly fatigue-resistant composite wires such as MP35N DFT and DBS, when filled with a highly conductive metal such as silver, exhibit excellent electrical conductivity, they do not exhibit the superelastic properties or the shape memory properties of Nitinol. 
         [0050]    Nitinol DFT, MP35N DFT, and DBS composite wires are commercially available with core cross-sections ranging from about 15% to 41% of the total area. Even with a 15% cross-section dedicated for the conductive core  104 , with many of the constructions, a majority of electrical current would flow through a low resistivity conductive core, such as made from silver, copper, or gold. In some applications, a material for the conductive core  104  is chosen due to its enhanced radiopaque properties which result from the atomic number and mass density of the core metal. For example, gold offers higher radiopacity than silver or copper, while retaining relatively low resistivity. 
         [0051]    A fifth implementation  130  of the enhanced implantable antenna system is sectionally shown in  FIG. 5  as having a backbone support structure  132  including a p/s elastic core  134 , encased in a sleeve  136 . In some implementations the p/s elastic core  134  is made from shape-set Nitinol and the sleeve  136  is made from a polymer such as PTFE, FEP, PFA, ETFE, PVDF, PEEK, LDPE, HDPE, polyurethane, silicone, or blends or alloys of these materials. The fifth implementation  130  further includes three of the insulated conductors  122  all of which are encased along with the backbone support structure  132  in an electrical insulator  140 . 
         [0052]    Each of the three insulated conductors  122  each occupy a corner position of a triangular configuration of the insulator  140  in one implementation as shown in  FIG. 5 , and has a circular sectional shape of the insulator  140  in another implementation as shown in  FIG. 5A . In some implementations the backbone support structure  132  is used solely for structural support to provide shape enhancement whereas in other implementations, in addition to structural support, the backbone support structure also provides antenna functionality. In both  FIGS. 5 and 5A , the insulated conductors  122  are drawn as ellipses to illustrate that they can be helically wound around the backbone support structure  132 . The form of the helix can range from zero to a plurality of turns per unit length, as required for a specific application. 
         [0053]    A sixth implementation  150  of the enhanced implantable antenna system is sectionally shown in  FIG. 6  as having the backbone support structure  132  surrounded by eight of the insulated conductors  122  and all encased in an insulator  152 . 
         [0054]      FIGS. 7-11  show representative versions of implants that incorporate the enhanced implantable antenna system including the implementations depicted above. In  FIGS. 1-3  and  7 - 11 , the implantable antenna system may be used for inbound power delivery to the implant, inbound signal communication to the implant, and/or outbound signal communication to an external system. In  FIGS. 7-9 , implants with versions of the implantable antenna system with inductive loop antennas are shown, which can have one or multiple turns of any one of the implementations described above. 
         [0055]    A first implant version  160  is shown in  FIG. 7  to include an inductive H-field loop antenna  162  coupled with an electronic enclosure  164  on a first side  166  and a second side  168  of the electronic enclosure. The first implant version  160  is shown in  FIG. 7  as being in an uncompressed state having a measurement of Zu along a first dimension and is shown in  FIG. 7A  as being in a compressed state having a measurement of Zc along the first dimension to be fitted into a delivery tubular structure  169  having an interior  169   a  with an internal diameter, D. In some implementations, the ratio between Zu and Zc is at least 3:1 and in other implementations at least 5:1. The loop antenna  162  includes one or more electrical conductors and one or more mechanical elements such as found in the depicted implementations described above or with other implementations using aspects of the enhanced implantable antenna system. 
         [0056]    A second implant version  170  is shown in  FIG. 8  to include two of the inductive (H-field) loop antennas  162  both coupled to an electronic enclosure  172  on a first side  174  and a second side  176 . The second implant version  170  is shown in  FIG. 8  as being in an uncompressed state having a measurement of Zu along a first dimension and is shown in  FIG. 8A  as being in a compressed state having a measurement of Zc along the first dimension to be fitted into a delivery tubular structure  179  having an interior  179   a  with an internal diameter, D. In some implementations, the ratio between Zu and Zc is at least 3:1 and in other implementations at least 5:1. The two loop antennas  162  provide additional area for transmitting or receiving magnetic field signals, and they provide an alternate mechanical shape for anchoring the device in an anatomic location. Having two of the loop antennas  162  to the second implant version  170  for inbound power, inbound communications, or outbound communications provide added power and/or signal strength for inbound power or communication and added signal strength and/or field shaping for outbound communication. These loop antennas need not reside in the same plane. 
         [0057]    A third implant version  180  is shown in  FIG. 9  to include a first inductive (H-field) loop antenna  182  (having a first portion  182   a  and a second portion  182   b ) and a second inductive (H-field) loop antenna  184  having a first portion  184   a  and a second portion  184   b ) both coupled to a first electronic enclosure  186  (having a first side  186   a  and a second side  186   b ) and a second electronic enclosure  188  (having a first side  188   a  and a second side  188   b ). The third implant version  180  is shown in  FIG. 9  as being in an uncompressed state having a measurement of Zu along a first dimension and is shown in  FIG. 9A  as being in a compressed state having a measurement of Zc along the first dimension to be fitted into a delivery tubular structure  189  having an interior  189   a  with an internal diameter, D. In some implementations, the ratio between Zu and Zc is at least 3:1 and in other implementations at least 5:1. 
         [0058]    The first portion  182   a  of the first loop antenna  182  and the first portion  184   a  of the second loop antenna  184  both extend between the first side  186   a  of the first electronic enclosure  186  and the first side  188   a  of the second electronic enclosure  188 . The second portion  182   b  of the first loop antenna  182  and the second portion  184   b  of the second loop antenna  184  both extend between the second side  186   b  of the first electronic enclosure  186  and the second side  188   b  of the second electronic enclosure  188 . 
         [0059]    The third implant version  180  has advantages associated with two loop antennas similar to the second implant version  170  and provides an alternative shape for anchoring in an anatomic location. The third implant version  180  also has the additional space for electronic components associated with a second electronic enclosure, namely, the second electronic enclosure  188  spaced apart from the first electronic enclosure  186 . 
         [0060]    A fourth implant version  200  as shown in  FIG. 10  has an electrical E-field antenna  202  coupled to an electronic enclosure  204 . The E-field antenna  202  has an elongated member  206  coupled to the electronic enclosure  204  and extending therefrom. Coupled with the elongated member  206  as also included with the E-field antenna  202 , is a helical coil section  208 , which can be threaded into tissue to provide a mechanical anchor for the fourth implant version  200 . 
         [0061]    The fourth implant version  200  is shown in  FIG. 10  as being in an uncompressed state with the helical coil section  208  having a measurement of Zu along a first dimension and is shown in  FIG. 10A  as being in a compressed state with the helical coil section having a measurement of Zc along the first dimension to be fitted into the delivery tubular structure  209  having an interior  209   a  with an internal diameter, D. In some implementations, the ratio between Zu and Zc is at least 3:1 and in other implementations at least 5:1. The electronic enclosure  204  of the fourth implant version  200  can be either in electrical or capacitive contact with surrounding tissue and would act as a local electrical ground reference. Given this arrangement, an E-field could be produced (for outbound signaling) or sensed (for inbound power delivery or signaling) between the electronic enclosure  204  and the E-field antenna  202 . 
         [0062]    A fifth implant version  210  as shown in  FIG. 11  has a first electrical E-field antenna  202  and a second electrical E-field antenna  204  both coupled to either end of an electronic enclosure  206 . The first E-field antenna  202  and the second E-field antenna  204  are both configured as straight sections which can be inserted into soft tissue to provide a mechanical anchor. In the fifth implant version  210 , the electronic enclosure  206  can be insulated from adjacent areas of tissue having received implantation of the fifth implant version. An E-field could be produced (for outbound signaling) or sensed (for inbound power delivery or signaling) between the first E-field antenna  202  and the second E-field antenna  204  as a dipole antenna.  FIG. 11A  shows the fifth implant being inserted into a tubular structure  219 . 
         [0063]    From the foregoing it will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as by the appended aspects. 
       Aspects 
       [0064]    1. For implantation through a tubular structure into a biological structure, an antenna comprising: 
         [0065]    a p/s elastic structure; 
         [0066]    an electrically conductive structure coupled with the p/s elastic structure; and
       an electrical insulator coupled with the p/s elastic structure.       
 
         [0068]    2. The antenna of aspect 1 wherein the p/s elastic structure is a p/s elastic tubular structure. 
         [0069]    3 The antenna of aspect 2 wherein the electrically conductive structure fills the p/s elastic tubular structure. 
         [0070]    4. The antenna of aspect 2 wherein the p/s elastic structure is a drawn filled tube. 
         [0071]    5. The antenna of aspect 4 wherein the electrically conductive structure serves as filling material for the p/s elastic structure as the drawn filled tube. 
         [0072]    6. The antenna of aspect 1 wherein the p/s elastic structure is made from a material that is pseudoelastic in a temperature range of at least 33 degrees Celsius to 43 degrees Celsius. 
         [0073]    7. The antenna of aspect 6 wherein the p/s elastic structure is made from a material that is pseudoelastic in a temperature range of at least 0 degrees Celsius to 100 degrees Celsius. 
         [0074]    8. The antenna of aspect 1 wherein the p/s elastic structure is made from a material that is superelastic in a temperature range of at least 33 degrees Celsius to 43 degrees Celsius. 
         [0075]    9. The antenna of aspect 8 wherein the p/s elastic structure is made from a material that is superelastic in a temperature range of at least 0 degrees Celsius to 100 degrees Celsius. 
         [0076]    10. The antenna of aspect 1 wherein the p/s elastic structure is made from a nickel-titanium alloy. 
         [0077]    11. The antenna of aspect 10 wherein the p/s elastic structure is made from Nitinol. 
         [0078]    12. The antenna of aspect 11 wherein the electrically conductive has a higher electrical conductivity than Nitinol. 
         [0079]    13. The antenna of aspect 1 wherein the p/s elastic structure is made from a metal. 
         [0080]    14. The antenna of aspect 1 wherein the p/s elastic structure is made from a polymer. 
         [0081]    15. The antenna of aspect 1 wherein the electrically conductive structure is of at least one of the following materials: silver, copper, gold, aluminum, iridium, brass, nickel, platinum. 
         [0082]    16. The antenna of aspect 1 wherein the p/s elastic structure is in an austenitic phase in at least a temperature range between 33 degrees Celsius and 43 degrees Celsius. 
         [0083]    17. The antenna of aspect 1 wherein the p/s elastic structure is shaped set with shape memory properties to maintain a desired shape in a temperature range of at least between 33 degrees Celsius and 43 degrees Celsius. 
         [0084]    18. The antenna of aspect 1 wherein the p/s elastic structure has an elastic strain range of at least 3% in a temperature range of at least between 33 degrees Celsius and 43 degrees Celsius. 
         [0085]    19. The antenna of aspect 18 wherein the p/s elastic structure has an elastic strain range of at least 6% in a temperature range of at least between 33 degrees Celsius and 43 degrees Celsius. 
         [0086]    20. The antenna of aspect 18 wherein the p/s elastic structure has an elastic strain range of at least 3% in a temperature range of at least between 0 degrees Celsius and 100 degrees Celsius. 
         [0087]    21. The antenna of aspect 18 wherein the p/s elastic structure has an elastic strain range of at least 6% in a temperature range of at least between 0 degrees Celsius and 100 degrees Celsius. 
         [0088]    22. The antenna of aspect 1 including a portion having a dimension with a measurement of Zu in an uncompressed state and a measurement of Zc is a compressed state wherein the ratio of Zu to Zc is at least 3:1. 
         [0089]    23. The antenna of aspect 22 wherein the ratio of Zu to Zc is at least 5:1. 
         [0090]    24. The antenna of aspect 22 wherein the measurement of Zc is an internal diameter of a catheter. 
         [0091]    25. The antenna of aspect 22 wherein the measurement of Zc is an internal diameter of a cannula. 
         [0092]    26. The antenna of aspect 1 wherein the antenna has a fatigue life of at least 1,000,000 cycles in a temperature range of at least between 33 degrees Celsius and 43 degrees Celsius. 
         [0093]    27. The antenna of aspect 26 wherein the antenna has a fatigue life of at least 10,000,000 cycles in a temperature range of at least between 33 degrees Celsius and 43 degrees Celsius. 
         [0094]    28. The antenna of aspect 27 wherein the antenna has a fatigue life of at least 100,000,000 cycles in a temperature range of at least between 33 degrees Celsius and 43 degrees Celsius. 
         [0095]    29. The antenna of aspect 28 wherein the antenna has a fatigue life of at least 400,000,000 cycles in a temperature range of at least between 33 degrees Celsius and 43 degrees Celsius. 
         [0096]    30. The antenna of aspect 1 wherein the antenna is shaped as a loop in a temperature range of at least between 33 degrees Celsius to 43 degrees Celsius. 
         [0097]    31. The antenna of aspect 1 wherein the antenna is configured to be coupled to an electronic to device to receive magnetic fields for the electronic device. 
         [0098]    32. The antenna of aspect 1 wherein the antenna is configured to be coupled to an electronic to device to transmit magnetic fields for the electronic device. 
         [0099]    33. The antenna of aspect 1 wherein the antenna is configured to be coupled to an electronic to device to receive electric fields for the electronic device. 
         [0100]    34. The antenna of aspect 1 wherein the antenna is configured to be coupled to an electronic to device to transmit electric fields for the electronic device. 
         [0101]    35. The antenna of aspect 1 wherein the antenna has an end configured for coupling with an electronic device. 
         [0102]    36. The antenna of aspect 1 wherein the antenna has a portion shaped as a helical coil. 
         [0103]    37. The antenna of aspect 1 wherein the antenna is configured to couple to an electronic device as a dipole antenna. 
         [0104]    38. The antenna of aspect 1 wherein the biological structure is a blood vessel and the antenna is shaped and sized to be received by the blood vessel. 
         [0105]    39. The antenna of aspect 1 wherein the p/s elastic structure extends along a central axis of the antenna. 
         [0106]    40. The antenna of aspect 39 wherein electrically conductive structure extends along the central axis of the antenna. 
         [0107]    41. The antenna of aspect 40 wherein the electrically conductive structure fills the p/s elastic structure along the central axis of the antenna. 
         [0108]    42. The antenna of aspect 39 wherein the electrically conductive structure spirals around the p/s elastic structure. 
         [0109]    43. The antenna of aspect 1 wherein the electrically conductive structure extends along the central axis of the antenna and the p/s elastic structure extends along another axis parallel with the central axis. 
         [0110]    44. The antenna of aspect 1 wherein the electrically conductive structure is of a solid construction. 
         [0111]    45. The antenna of aspect 1 wherein the electrically conductive structure is of a stranded construction. 
         [0112]    46. The antenna of aspect 1 wherein the p/s elastic structure is of a solid construction. 
         [0113]    47. The antenna of aspect 1 wherein the p/s elastic structure is of a stranded construction. 
         [0114]    48. The antenna of aspect 1 wherein the p/s elastic structure is of a drawn brazed strand construction. 
         [0115]    49. The antenna of aspect 1 wherein the p/s elastic structure is configured to be electrically coupled to an electronic device. 
         [0116]    50. The antenna of aspect 1 wherein the electrically conductive structure is configured to be electrically coupled to an electronic device. 
         [0117]    51. The antenna of aspect 50 wherein the p/s elastic structure is configured to be electrically insulated rather than being electrically coupled to the electronic device. 
         [0118]    52. For implantation through a tubular structure into a biological structure, an antenna comprising: 
         [0119]    a plurality of p/s elastic structures; 
         [0120]    an electrically conductive structure coupled with the p/s elastic structure; and 
         [0121]    an electrical insulator coupled with at least one of the p/s elastic structures. 
         [0122]    53. The antenna of aspect 52 further including a plurality of electrically conductive structures wherein each of the plurality of p/s elastic structures is tubular, each of the electrically conductive structures filling a different one of the p/s elastic structures. 
         [0123]    54. The antenna of aspect 53 further including a plurality of electrical insulators, each electrical insulator of the plurality covering a different one of the plurality of the p/s elastic structures and the electrical insulator coupled with the plurality of the p/s elastic structures through the electrical insulator. 
         [0124]    55. The antenna of aspect 52 wherein each of the plurality of p/s elastic structures is coupled to the electrical insulator, further including a plurality of electrically conductive structures coupled to the p/s elastic structures through the electrical insulator. 
         [0125]    56. The antenna of aspect 55 further including a plurality of electrical insulators each covering a different one of the plurality of the electrically conductive structures. 
         [0126]    57. The antenna of aspect 52 wherein the electrically conductive structure is configured for electrical coupling with an electronic device. 
         [0127]    58. The antenna of aspect 57 wherein the electrically conductive structure is electrically isolated from the plurality of p/s elastic structures. 
         [0128]    59. The antenna of aspect 58 wherein the electrically conductive structure is electrically isolated from the plurality of p/s elastic structures through the electrical insulator. 
         [0129]    60. For implantation through a tubular structure into a biological structure, an antenna comprising: 
         [0130]    a p/s elastic structure; 
         [0131]    a plurality of electrically conductive structures coupled with the p/s elastic structure; and 
         [0132]    an electrical insulator coupled with the p/s elastic structure. 
         [0133]    61. The antenna of aspect 60, further including a plurality of p/s elastic structures wherein one of the plurality of electrically conductive structures is coupled to the p/s elastic structure and the others of the plurality of electrically conductive structures are each directly coupled to a different one of the plurality of p/s elastic structures. 
         [0134]    62. The antenna of aspect 61, further including a plurality of electrical insulators, each electrical insulator of the plurality covering a different one of the plurality of the electrically conductive structures. 
         [0135]    63. The antenna of aspect 60 further including a plurality of p/s elastic structures coupled to the electrically conductive structures through the electrical insulator. 
         [0136]    64. The antenna of aspect 63 further including a plurality of electrical insulators each covering a different one of the plurality of the electrically conductive structures. 
         [0137]    65. The antenna of aspect 60 wherein each of the electrically conductive structures are configured for electrical coupling with an electronic device. 
         [0138]    66. The antenna of aspect 65 wherein each of the electrically conductive structures are electrically isolated from the plurality of p/s elastic structures. 
         [0139]    67. The antenna of aspect 66 wherein each of the electrically conductive structures are electrically isolated from the plurality of p/s elastic structures through the electrical insulator. 
         [0140]    68. The antenna of aspect 60 wherein each of the electrically conductive structures spiral around the p/s elastic structure.