Abstract:
The present invention relates to a process and an apparatus for separating environmentally hazardous substances, such as heavy metals and oil, from a contaminated mass, such as sewage sludge or soil from industrial sites. According to the process, an aqueous metal hydroxide solution comprising Na, K or Ca is added to the contaminated material in form of high-pressure jets, in order to disintegrate the material and provide a homogeneous mixture. Thereafter, liquid containing the hazardous substances is separated from the washed material and subsequently filtrated. The essentially pure water resulting from the filtration step may be used for producing new metal hydroxide solution to be used in the process.

Description:
[0001]     The present invention relates to a method according to the pre-characterising clause of claim  1 , an arrangement according to the pre-characterising clause of claim  10  and a filtration system according to the pre-characterising clause of claim  20   
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     In modern water purification plants large quantities of sludge are produced which, among other things, contains phosphorus for which plants in the natural world have a need. Phosphorus is a finite resource and it is therefore desirable to have the facility for recycling sewage sludge, for example on arable land. There is therefore a need to be able to effectively treat the sludge which contains a number of substances harmful to humans and the environment, such as heavy metals and oil. The sludge moreover has a high bacteria content, which is undesirable.  
         [0003]     Not only sewage sludge, but other masses also need to be cleansed of the aforementioned pollutants before they can be returned to nature, for example soil from industrial land.  
         [0004]     The purification of polluted masses using modern technology requires large quantities of water, which must be disposed of, as is also the case with industrial process water. It is also desirable, therefore, to be able to treat such water in an environmentally friendly way so that it can be reused.  
       OBJECT OF THE INVENTION  
       [0005]     The object of the present invention is to provide an environmentally friendly method of effectively separating environmentally harmful substances such as heavy metal and oil from a polluted mass or liquid, so that the water can be reused and also, in the case of a polluted mass, so that the mass can be returned to nature.  
         [0006]     This object is achieved in a method of the aforementioned type in that the invention has the characterising features according to claim  1 .  
         [0007]     Another object of the present invention is to provide an arrangement for performing the method according to claim  1 . This object is achieved by an arrangement having the characterising features according to claim  10 .  
         [0008]     Another object of the present invention is to provide a filtration system for filtering the environmentally harmful substances out of liquid. This object is achieved by a filtration system having the characterising features according to claim  20 .  
         [0009]     The method and the arrangement or the filtration system according to the invention moreover afford the advantage of being able to treat industrial process water, which can thus be reused.  
         [0010]     According to one embodiment of the method and the arrangement according to the invention, the washed mass that is returned to nature is also calcium-enriched, thereby serving to counteract acidification, for example.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0011]     The method according to the invention for the environmentally friendly separation of a mass from harmful substances, such as heavy metals and oils, so that it can be returned to nature, comprises a number of different steps in which a suitable water-based metal hydroxide solution is made up and the polluted mass finely dispersed with the solution, so that a homogeneous mixture of mass and solution is obtained, followed by centrifuging, pressing or self-draining of the mixture, so that liquid containing the environmentally harmful substances is separated from the washed mass, following which the liquid is filtered through a number of natural material-based filters, so that largely clean water is obtained and can be reused in the method for preparing the water-based metal hydroxide solution afresh.  
         [0012]     In one embodiment calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH) 2 , is mixed with water. This is preferable since the hydroxide has the ability to bind pollutants, especially heavy metals, in the mass and the pH value of the solution in this embodiment is adjusted so that it is essentially 12.5, at which high pH value bacteria in the mass are broken down. In addition, the washed mass will be enriched with calcium.  
         [0013]     The water that is used in the method according to the invention may be water from the existing treated water mains, water from a water tank or process water form an industrial process, for example. The last aforementioned alternative affords the advantage that with the method according to the invention the process water is also treated and can be reused.  
         [0014]     In one embodiment the filter system comprising a bone meal filter may be used separately in order to filter environmentally harmful substances, such as heavy metals and oils, out of the liquid, so that water with a negligible degree of contamination is obtained. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0015]     The method according to the invention which, as stated, comprises a combination of a number of different steps, and an arrangement used in performing these steps, will be described in more detail below in one embodiment and referring to the drawing attached, in which:  
         [0016]      FIG. 1  shows, in schematic form, the arrangement in its entirety and  
         [0017]      FIG. 2  shows an inset, more detailed schematic representation of the filtration system. 
     
    
       [0018]     In a first step a powder suitably consisting of Ca(OH) 2  is prepared, ready to be turned into a fluid form. For this step a tank  1  is used, having a tightly seating cover  2  and a conical part  3 , which is open at the bottom. A mesh  4  is located in the tank  1  on a level with the line of section where the tank  1  merges into the funnel  3 . Inside the tank  1 , the mesh  4  therefore rests on a round-bar steel cross, for example, which is supported by a number of steel holders. The mesh  4  has a calculated mesh width, which is adapted to the powder that is to be prepared. At a calculated distance below the mesh  4  there are one or more upper pipe coils, which may be of different dimensions or the same dimensions, arranged horizontally so that they follow the shape of the funnel  3 . The upper pipe coils are designed to carry a flow of water, which is fed to these pipes through inlet lines  5  arranged on the side of the funnel  3 . The upper pipe coils are provided with one or more spray nozzles, which may have varying capacity and be directed in different directions, provided that they are directed so that the water is sprayed up against the mesh  4 .  
         [0019]     In the first step the powder, which can be fed to the tank  1  manually or automatically through a silo (not shown), for example, rests on the mesh  4 . In the latter case the cover of the tank  1  is suitably kept closed at all times, a conveyor screw, for example, being coupled to a sealed inlet on the cover  2 . The powder is sprayed from beneath with a uniform and copious quantity of water, which causes the powder to be dissolved homogeneously and to drop down through the funnel  3 .  
         [0020]     The outlet from the funnel  3  is located above a collecting vessel  7 , which in a second step collects the solution. A lower pipe coil is furthermore arranged at the centre of the funnel  3  and directed downwards towards the outlet of the funnel  3 . This lower pipe coil is supplied with water from inlet lines  6  arranged at the side of the funnel  3  so as to be able to rapidly fill up the collecting vessel  7  with water.  
         [0021]     Arranged in the collecting vessel  7  in accordance with the prior art is a pH meter, which is designed to adjust the pH value of the solution so that it is greater than 11.5, less than 12.8 and suitably essentially 12.5. This is achieved in that the pH meter, connected to an instrument panel  8 , is calibrated automatically and controls the water supply to the upper pipe coils of the tank by way, for example, of solenoid valves arranged in the inlet lines  5 . If the pH value of the solution in the collecting vessel  7  is too low, the solenoid valves to the upper pipe coils are opened, whereupon the powder resting on the mesh  4  is sprayed with water, with the result that the pH value of the solution increases. Accordingly, the water supply to the upper pipe coils is restricted if the pH value of the solution in the collecting vessel  7  is tending to increase. Accordingly, the inlet lines  6  are also provided with solenoid valves so as to be able to rapidly dilute the solution with water and reduce its pH value.  
         [0022]     In a third step, the solution is drawn up out of the collecting vessel  7  by means of a high-capacity pump  9 , suitably an eccentric screw pump, which is arranged in the collecting vessel  7 . The pump  9  is automatically controlled by way of level sensors for a maximum or minimum level in the collecting vessel  7 . These level sensors are also coupled to solenoid valves arranged in the inlet lines  5 ,  6  to the lower pipe coil, in order to control the quantity of solution in the collecting vessel  7 .  
         [0023]     In the next step, step four, a tank  10  is used, which resembles the tank  1  and is open at the bottom. Arranged in the lower part of this tank  10  is a grid  11 , on which rests a polluted pass that is to be washed and the mesh width of which is adapted to the mass, which in the embodiment consists of sewage sludge. The grid  11  in turn rests, for example, on a structure of transverse flat irons welded together in a square, the structure being strong enough for the grid  11  to be capable of carrying large quantities of sewage sludge. By means of the pump  9 , the solution drawn up from the collecting vessel  7  is sprayed, via a pipe line  12  and at high pressure, through the polluted sewage sludge. When the solution is sprayed through the sewage sludge the latter is finely dispersed and in this step the sewage sludge becomes odourless in that any bacteria concentration is broken down owing to the high pH value. The homogeneous mixture of sludge and solution falls down and is then collected in a second collecting vessel  13 , which is arranged below the tank  10 .  
         [0024]     In a fifth step the homogeneous mixture in the second collecting vessel  13  is continuously sucked up by a second pump  14 , which is also suitably an eccentric screw pump arranged in the collecting vessel  13 , the mixture being conveyed to a centrifuging installation  15 , pressing installation or draining installation. This collecting vessel  13  is also provided with level sensors for maximum and minimum levels in the collecting vessel  13 , these being coupled to the second pump  14 .  
         [0025]     In a sixth step the sludge is separated from the liquid by centrifuging, pressing or self-draining.  
         [0026]     In the example according to  FIG. 1  this separation is performed in the centrifuging installation  15 . A large proportion of the pollutants (more than 98% by weight) originally present in the polluted sewage sludge are entrained with the liquid, which is collected in a buffer storage tank  16 . For example, heavy metals, which are bound to the hydroxide in the original solution. Thus after centrifuging in the centrifuging installation  15 , a washed sludge is obtained, which is also calcium-enriched by the calcium in the original solution and can thereafter be returned to nature.  
         [0027]     An example of an arrangement for separating sludge from liquid by pressing uses a belt press familiar to the person skilled in the art. Using such a press the liquid is gently separated from the sludge. In this case, too, the pollutants are dispersed to the liquid phase.  
         [0028]     An example of a installation for separating sludge from liquid by self-draining uses a collecting well (collecting vessel), which has an upper chamber and a lower chamber. A mesh is arranged between the upper and lower chambers. Sludge is separated from liquid by delivering the mixture with sludge to the upper chamber, the mixture then being allowed to drain of its own accord, so that the liquid is separated off and collected in the lower chamber.  
         [0029]     In a seventh step, the liquid is fed out of the buffer storage tank  16  by means of a pump  17  to a filtration system  18 . In the filtration system  18  according to  FIG. 2 , the liquid first passes through a particle filter  19 , for example a cotton particle filter of approximately 20 micron. For example, in order to collect larger particles. From there the liquid continues through a charcoal filter  20 , composed of activated charcoal, which absorbs the heavy metals in the liquid, which passes on through a pressure filter  21 . In the preferred embodiment the pressure filter  21  consists of wood fibre products and activated charcoal, which absorb oils and any residual heavy metals. A sand filter  22  absorbs residual particles in the liquid before this, now largely clean, passes through a final particle filter  23 , this also preferably being a cotton particle filter. The filters containing pollutants are disposed of whilst largely clean water is collected in a water tank  24  and can then be returned to the inlet lines  5  and  6  in order to produce fresh calcium hydroxide solution or be reused as process water in the industry.  
         [0030]     An example of a filtration system comprises a filter with bone meal. Experiments aimed at treating the aforementioned liquid have been conducted using a filter comprising a column (length=640 mm, inside diameter=33 mm) packed with bone meal particles (volume=550 cm 3 ), which have been sieved in order to obtain the required particle size. The particle size was selected so that when filtering the pressure would not be too high and the filtration time not too long. Using small-sized particles means that a high liquid pressure is required for filtering. Using excessively large particles prolongs the filtration time. In the experiment the screen size of the particles was 0.8 mm and the liquid retention time in the filter material was 8 minutes with a liquid flow of 69 ml/min. The result was a reduction in the chromium, cadmium, lead and mercury content of the liquid separated from the sludge of more than 99% by weight compared to the concentration before filtering (0.4-10 mg/ml). In a further experiment the screen size of the particles was 1 mm, which gave a similar result to that above.  
         [0031]     In an example of a filter system comprising a bone meal filter, the liquid first passes through the bone meal filter followed by the filter system  18  according to  FIG. 2  described above. The bone meal filter comprises a tank, which is filled with a layer of wood fibre products (e.g. bark) and on top of this a layer of bone meal or multiple layers of bone meal, each layer of bone meal being of a different thickness. In filtering, the liquid is fed into the bottom of the tank and first passes through the layer of wood fibre products, in order to separate off oil products, for example, and then through the bone meal layer and on through the filtration system.  
         [0032]     In one embodiment according to the invention it is possible to use just one filter system ( 18 ) comprising the bone meal filter as described above in order to filter environmentally harmful substances, such as heavy metals and oils out of the liquid, so that water with a negligible degree of contamination is obtained. Examples of liquids that can be treated in this way are industrial process water and soak water.  
         [0033]     The method and the arrangement are not confined to the preparation of a solution of Ca(OH) 2  and water in the first step of the process, NaOH and KOH also permitting an effective washing of a mass, for example an industrial soil containing environmentally harmful substances such as heavy metals and oil.