Abstract:
A valve includes a generally elongate pintle; a spacer having a rounded surface that bears against the pintle; a bulbous tip fixed to the spacer; and a hollow, generally cylindrical collar fixed to the pintle, the collar enclosing the spacer and the tip and including an opening through which a portion of the tip extends, the opening in the collar and interior of the collar being of a size such that the tip floats therein.

Description:
ORIGIN OF INVENTION 
       [0001]    The invention claimed herein was made by employees of the United States Government, and may be manufactured and used by or for the Government for governmental purposes without the payment of any royalties thereon or therefor. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present disclosure relates in general to gas chromatograph mass spectrometers (GCMS) and in particular to valves for GCMS. 
         [0003]    GCMS are used, for example, for in-situ measurements of the composition of planetary and cometary atmospheres. A significant part of the mass and size of a GCMS is in the gas sampling system. The gas sampling system of GCMS requires miniaturized valves. A Cassini/Huygens GCMS requires 30 valves. The GCMS planned for use in NASA&#39;s Mars mission will require about 50 valves. If Cassini/Huygens type valves are used for the Mars mission, the mass of the valves alone will approach 1.25 kg. The large mass, large size, complexity and high expense of the Cassini/Huygens type valves have created a need for a lighter, smaller, less complex and cheaper valve. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    The disclosure presents a GCMS valve that is lighter, smaller, less complex and cheaper than known valves. 
         [0005]    The disclosure further presents a GCMS valve that may be welded to a manifold, rather than bolted, to decrease mass and complexity. Welded valves allow for misalignment between the valve and the valve seat. 
         [0006]    One aspect is a valve comprising a generally elongate pintle; a spacer having a rounded surface that bears against the pintle; a tip fixed to the spacer, the tip having a bulbous surface; and a hollow, generally cylindrical collar fixed to the pintle, the collar enclosing the spacer and the tip and including an opening through which a portion of the tip extends, the opening in the collar and interior of the collar being of a size such that the tip floats therein. 
         [0007]    In one aspect the tip is free to move in five degrees of freedom. 
         [0008]    The valve may further comprise a bellows and a plug, the bellows being attached at one end to the pintle and at another end to the plug, the pintle extending through the bellows and the plug. A bearing may be disposed above the plug wherein the pintle extends through the bearing. 
         [0009]    The valve may additionally comprise an armature and a spring, the pintle further comprising a shoulder wherein one end of the spring bears on the pintle shoulder and the other end of the spring bears on the armature, the pintle extending through the armature and the spring. 
         [0010]    Included in the valve may be an armature housing for containing the armature, the armature housing comprising bottom, center and top rings wherein a magnetic permeablility of the bottom and top rings is different than a magnetic permeablility of the center ring. 
         [0011]    A solenoid assembly may be removably disposed around the armature housing, the solenoid assembly including upper and lower coils and a permanent magnet disposed between the upper and lower coils. 
         [0012]    An electrically conductive sensor may be attached to an end of the pintle opposite the tip. 
         [0013]    The valve may further comprise a cap disposed above the armature, the cap including a pair of electrical feed pins wherein the electrically conductive sensor contacts the electrical feed pins in an open position of the valve. 
         [0014]    A second collar may be disposed on an upper portion of the pintle and a retainer disposed above the second collar wherein a force of the spring is adjustable by placing a shim between the second collar and the armature. A force of the spring may also be adjustable by placing a shim between the spring and the armature. 
         [0015]    Further features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the following drawing. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
         [0016]      FIG. 1  is a side view of one embodiment of the inventive valve. 
           [0017]      FIG. 2  is an enlarged, sectional view taken along the line  2 - 2  of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0018]      FIG. 3  is an end view of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0019]      FIG. 4  is a sectional view of a valve seat. 
           [0020]      FIG. 5  is a top view of a tip. 
           [0021]      FIG. 6  is a sectional view of  FIG. 5  along the line  6 - 6  of  FIG. 5 . 
           [0022]      FIG. 7  is a side view of  FIG. 5 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0023]    A miniaturized double-latching valve for the gas sampling system of a GCMS will be described. The inventive valve has fewer parts, is less complex, has lower tolerance requirements, is more reliable, has less mass and is less expensive than known valves. The improved valve uses a permanent magnet to latch the valve in either the open or closed position. No electric power is required to maintain the valve in either the open or closed position. An electronic pulse energizes coils to change the state of the valve. In the closed state, a pintle tip seals the valve orifice hermitically. 
         [0024]    Possible design parameters for the inventive valve include: Mass: less than about 27 grams; Power: about 125 watts peak; Leak Rate: about 1×10 −10  atm cc/sec (He); Gasflow orifice diameter: about 0.070 inches; Life cycles: less than 10,000 cycles; Operating Temperature: about −50 degrees Centigrade to about +200 degrees Centigrade; Survival Temperature: about −70 degrees Centigrade to about +250 degrees Centigrade; Operation Time (open to closed): less than 5 msec; includes an open position indicator; hermetically isolate and minimize gas sample volume; and all materials in gas flow must be inert. These parameters are design guidelines only and do not limit the scope of the invention. Varying embodiments of the invention may or may not meet one or more of the listed parameters. 
         [0025]    The valve includes a small double-latching solenoid valve that uses a permanent magnet to latch the armature in either the open or closed position. No intermediate position is possible. In the closed position, the armature compresses a spring, such as a stack of disc spring washers. The stack of washers press a pintle onto a tip that is pressed into the valve seat. The valve seat is the orifice to be opened or closed. To account for machining tolerances and misalignment, the tip is “floating.” “Floating” means that the tip is loosely held in position by a mechanical capture, but the tip is not held firmly in-axis with the pintle. When the pintle presses the tip into the valve seat, the tip is free to rotate and translate a small amount. That is, the tip (which has a bulbous surface) “self-seats” in the conical valve seat. 
         [0026]    To open the valve, an electronic pulse is sent to the coils. The electronic pulse cancels the magnetic flux that produces the force to hold the valve closed, and adds to the flux trying to open the valve. The electronic pulse causes the armature to move to the open position, which moves the pintle to the open position, which pulls the tip out of the valve seat and opens the valve orifice. 
         [0027]    The floating valve tip allows manufacturing tolerances to be relaxed. The floating feature, combined with the radius of curvature on the tip, allows the tip to “self-seat” in the valve seat. The valve may be directly welded into a manifold without the need of a precisely located and attached intermediate valve plate. Two independent coils are used in the solenoid, which is removable from the valve. If there is a failure associated with one of the coils, the entire solenoid may be removed and replaced without removing the valve from the manifold. Additionally, the coils may be run in parallel to add redundancy or in series to lower the current requirement. 
         [0028]      FIG. 1  is a side view of one embodiment  10  of the valve.  FIG. 2  is an enlarged, sectional view taken along the line  2 - 2  of  FIG. 1 .  FIG. 3  is an end view of  FIG. 1 . Referring now to  FIG. 2 , valve  10  includes a generally elongate pintle  12  that bears against a spacer  14  fixed to tip  18 . A hollow, generally cylindrical collar  20  is fixed to pintle  12  and surrounds spacer  14  and tip  18 . Tip  18  partially protrudes from collar  20  through reduced diameter opening  72  of collar  20 . Tip  18  seals a valve seat, not shown in  FIGS. 1-3 . 
         [0029]    Lower end of pintle  12  is enclosed in bellows  22  which is fixed to the pintle  12  at one end and a plug  24  at the other end. The purpose of bellows  22  is to provide a gas seal. Bellows  22  is surrounded by bellows housing  26  which may be provided with a C-lip  74  or similar structure for welding the valve  10  to a manifold. Pintle  12  passes through a bearing  28  which is fixed on one end to a weld ring  70  and on another end to armature housing  62 . Armature  34  defines an opening in which a spring  32  is disposed. Spring  32  bears on one end against a shoulder  30  of pintle  12  and on another end against the armature  34 . A collar  36  and retainer  38  are disposed around the upper end of pintle  12 . 
         [0030]    On the upper end of pintle  12  is a sensor  42  in the form of a flexible, conductive disc. When sensor  42  contacts electrical feed pins  44 , an electrical circuit is closed and an indicator, such as a lamp (not shown) indicates that the valve  10  is open. Cap  38  holds electrical feed pins  44 . A top plate  46  fits around cap  38 . A second cap  48  seals the end of the valve  10  and includes electrical contacts (shown as black dots in  FIG. 3 ) on its outer surface. A solenoid housing  50  encloses an upper bobbin  60  and a lower bobbin  58 . Upper bobbin  60  includes upper coil  56  and lower bobbin  58  includes lower coil  54 . A permanent magnet  52  is disposed between the upper and lower coils  56 ,  54 . 
         [0031]    The materials of construction for the valve components depend on the particular use for the valve  10 . In the case of a GCMS valve used on the planet Mars, the possible materials include SP  22  VESPEL (Dupont) for the tip  18 ; SP  1  VESPEL (Dupont) for the cap  48 ;  304  stainless steel for spacer  14 ;  321  stainless steel for the bellows  22 ; Inconel 718 for the pintle  12 ; and Hiperco for the bearing  28 , armature  34 , cap  38 , top plate  46  and solenoid housing  50 . Spring  32  comprises, for example, Belleville washers. To adjust the amount of force applied to the valve seat by pintle  12 , shims or spacers  76  may be placed between spring  32  and armature  34 , and between collar  36  and armature  34 . 
         [0032]    The armature housing  62  comprises a bottom ring  64 , a center ring  66  and a top ring  68 . The bottom and top rings  64 ,  68  magnetically isolate the center ring  66 . Isolation is accomplished by using materials with differing magnetic permeabilites for the bottom and top rings  64 ,  68  and the center ring, respectively. The center ring may comprise Hiperco and the bottom and top rings  64 ,  68  may comprise Inconel 718. 
         [0033]    Permanent magnet  52  holds pintle  12  in the open or closed position. The coils  54 ,  56  are energized when moving the pintle  12  from open to closed or closed to open. Otherwise, the coils  54 ,  56  are not energized. Double latching valves are known, thus, details of the magnetic flux paths are not described herein. 
         [0034]    A feature of the valve  10  is the floating tip  18 . Pintle  12  bears on a rounded surface  16  of spacer  14 . Spacer  14  is fixed to tip  18  such that the spacer  14  and tip  18  move together. The portion of tip  18  that closes the valve seat is slightly bulbous. Collar  20  and reduced diameter opening  72  of collar  20  are of a size such that the tip  18  may “float” therein. Tip  18  is free to move in 5 degrees of freedom. The thrust axis is constrained by the pintle  12  contacting the rounded surface  16  of the spacer  14  as the tip  18  begins to contact the valve seat. 
         [0035]    Due to the slight bulbous shape of the tip  18 , the tip  18  will “self seat” and seal the orifice. The self-seating feature allows for some valve-to-valve seat misalignment, while still sealing the valve properly. The misalignment “tolerance” greatly reduces the manufacturing and assembly time and cost. As an example, for a pintle  12  with about 0.030 inches of travel between the open and closed position, there may be about a 0.002 or 0.003 inch gap between the tip  18  and the opening  72  in the collar  20 . However, the gap may be smaller or larger, for example, from about 0.001 to about 0.005 inches. 
         [0036]    Another advantage of the invention is that the solenoid assembly is removable from the valve  10 , which is typically welded in place. Thus, if one of the coils fails, only the solenoid need be replaced, rather than the complete valve  10 . The removable solenoid also allows for a higher temperature bakeout of the valve body, if necessary. For example, if a 200 degree Centigrade wire is used in the coils, the solenoid could simply be removed for a 300 degree Centigrade bakeout. On the other hand, it is possible for the coils to be made of high temperature ceramic-coated wire that will withstand heat as well as the valve body. Referring to  FIG. 2 , removing cap  48  allows one to remove the solenoid assembly, without disassembling any other part of the valve  10 . 
         [0037]      FIG. 4  is a sectional view of an exemplary valve seat  78  made of, for example, titanium. The angle alpha at the orifice  80  is about 60 degrees. The following steps provide a method of lapping and polishing the valve seat  80 : 
         [0038]    1. A steel rod of slightly over the largest diameter of the valve seat is cut to about 2 inches. 
         [0039]    2. A 60 degree cone is cut on one end of the steel rod. 
         [0040]    3. A support is made to hold the rod perpendicular to the valve seat. 
         [0041]    4. Lap the valve seat with garnet lapping compound 25 micron average particle size and water as a carrier, rotating the rod lap CC and CW between the fingers. 
         [0042]    5. When the seat is fully lapped, as determined by inspection at 40×, lap with 10 micron garnet lapping compound. 
         [0043]    6. When fully lapped, lap with garnet 5 micron compound. 
         [0044]    7. Clean the valve seats well with soap and water to remove the lapping compound. 
         [0045]    8. A rotatable felt polisher will need to be shaped to fit the actual valve seat and reach to the seat. 
         [0046]    9. Rotate the polisher at approximately 500 rpm. Use Linde C (average particle size 1 micron) polishing compound as a polishing agent and water as a carrier/lubricant. Four (4) pounds per square inch pressure is nominal 
         [0047]    10. Polish approximately 40 minutes. 
         [0048]    11. Inspect with a 40× microscope. Polish longer if it appears necessary or if improvement continues. 
         [0049]    12. Clean well with soap and water. Blow dry with compressed air. 
         [0050]    13. Wipe with acetone wetted cotton swaps. Repeat until all particles are removed. 
         [0051]    Manufacture of the tip  18  is important.  FIG. 5  is a top view of an exemplary tip  18 .  FIG. 6  is a sectional view of  FIG. 5  along the line  6 - 6  of  FIG. 5 .  FIG. 7  is a side view of  FIG. 5 . The tip  18  is diamond turned to have a slightly bulbous surface  82  with a radius of, for example, about 0.15 inches. Exemplary values for the angles beta and gamma shown in  FIG. 6  are 45 and 30 degrees, respectively. An exemplary “SAG” file for a final machining process follows: 
         [0052]    SAG for radius of curvature=0.15 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 ****CUTTING OCCURS IN BOTH DIRECTIONS**** 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Radius sag 
                   
                 Axis location 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 CYLINDER SECTION 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05400000 
                 Z 
                 0.000 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05400000 
                 Z 
                 0.074 
               
             
          
           
               
                 TAPER SECTION 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05725248 
                 Z 
                 0.054 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05696182 
                 Z 
                 0.055 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05666361 
                 Z 
                 0.056 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05635779 
                 Z 
                 0.057 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05604433 
                 Z 
                 0.058 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05572317 
                 Z 
                 0.059 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05539426 
                 Z 
                 0.060 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05505754 
                 Z 
                 0.061 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05471296 
                 Z 
                 0.062 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05436047 
                 Z 
                 0.063 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05400000 
                 Z 
                 0.064 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05363149 
                 Z 
                 0.065 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05325488 
                 Z 
                 0.066 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05287010 
                 Z 
                 0.067 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05247709 
                 Z 
                 0.068 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05207577 
                 Z 
                 0.069 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05166607 
                 Z 
                 0.070 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05124793 
                 Z 
                 0.071 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05082125 
                 Z 
                 0.072 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05038597 
                 Z 
                 0.073 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04994199 
                 Z 
                 0.074 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04948925 
                 Z 
                 0.075 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04902763 
                 Z 
                 0.076 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04855707 
                 Z 
                 0.077 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04807746 
                 Z 
                 0.078 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04758871 
                 Z 
                 0.079 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04709071 
                 Z 
                 0.080 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04658336 
                 Z 
                 0.081 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04606656 
                 Z 
                 0.082 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04554020 
                 Z 
                 0.083 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04500416 
                 Z 
                 0.084 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04445832 
                 Z 
                 0.085 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04390256 
                 Z 
                 0.086 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04333675 
                 Z 
                 0.087 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04276076 
                 Z 
                 0.088 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04217446 
                 Z 
                 0.089 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04157770 
                 Z 
                 0.090 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04097035 
                 Z 
                 0.091 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04035223 
                 Z 
                 0.092 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03972321 
                 Z 
                 0.093 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03908311 
                 Z 
                 0.094 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03843176 
                 Z 
                 0.095 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03776899 
                 Z 
                 0.096 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03709462 
                 Z 
                 0.097 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03640846 
                 Z 
                 0.098 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03571030 
                 Z 
                 0.099 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03499995 
                 Z 
                 0.100 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03427718 
                 Z 
                 0.101 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03354177 
                 Z 
                 0.102 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03279350 
                 Z 
                 0.103 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03203212 
                 Z 
                 0.104 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03125737 
                 Z 
                 0.105 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03046899 
                 Z 
                 0.106 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.02966670 
                 Z 
                 0.107 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.02885022 
                 Z 
                 0.108 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.02801924 
                 Z 
                 0.109 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.02717344 
                 Z 
                 0.110 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.02631250 
                 Z 
                 0.111 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.02543607 
                 Z 
                 0.112 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.02454377 
                 Z 
                 0.113 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.02363523 
                 Z 
                 0.114 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.02271004 
                 Z 
                 0.115 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.02176778 
                 Z 
                 0.116 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.02080800 
                 Z 
                 0.117 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.01983022 
                 Z 
                 0.118 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.01883395 
                 Z 
                 0.119 
               
             
          
           
               
                 TIP SECTION 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03442383 
                 Z 
                 0.103 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03346640 
                 Z 
                 0.104 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03244996 
                 Z 
                 0.105 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03136877 
                 Z 
                 0.106 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03021589 
                 Z 
                 0.107 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.02898275 
                 Z 
                 0.108 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.02765863 
                 Z 
                 0.109 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.02622975 
                 Z 
                 0.110 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.02467793 
                 Z 
                 0.111 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.02297825 
                 Z 
                 0.112 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.02109502 
                 Z 
                 0.113 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.01897367 
                 Z 
                 0.114 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.01652271 
                 Z 
                 0.115 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.01356466 
                 Z 
                 0.116 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.00964365 
                 Z 
                 0.117 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.00000000 
                 Z 
                 0.118 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 ********************************************************* 
               
               
                 *********CUTTING DIRECTION REVERSED*********** 
               
               
                 ********************************************************* 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Radius sag 
                   
                 Axis location 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 TIP SECTION - INVERTED 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.00000 
                 Z 
                 0.118 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.00964 
                 Z 
                 0.117 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.01356 
                 Z 
                 0.116 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.01652 
                 Z 
                 0.115 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.01897 
                 Z 
                 0.114 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.02110 
                 Z 
                 0.113 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.02298 
                 Z 
                 0.112 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.02468 
                 Z 
                 0.111 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.02623 
                 Z 
                 0.110 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.02766 
                 Z 
                 0.109 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.02898 
                 Z 
                 0.108 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03022 
                 Z 
                 0.107 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03137 
                 Z 
                 0.106 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03245 
                 Z 
                 0.105 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03347 
                 Z 
                 0.104 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03442 
                 Z 
                 0.103 
               
             
          
           
               
                 TAPER SECTION - INVERTED 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.01883 
                 Z 
                 0.119 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.01983 
                 Z 
                 0.118 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.02081 
                 Z 
                 0.117 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.02177 
                 Z 
                 0.116 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.02271 
                 Z 
                 0.115 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.02364 
                 Z 
                 0.114 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.02454 
                 Z 
                 0.113 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.02544 
                 Z 
                 0.112 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.02631 
                 Z 
                 0.111 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.02717 
                 Z 
                 0.110 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.02802 
                 Z 
                 0.109 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.02885 
                 Z 
                 0.108 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.02967 
                 Z 
                 0.107 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03047 
                 Z 
                 0.106 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03126 
                 Z 
                 0.105 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03203 
                 Z 
                 0.104 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03279 
                 Z 
                 0.103 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03354 
                 Z 
                 0.102 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03428 
                 Z 
                 0.101 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03500 
                 Z 
                 0.100 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03571 
                 Z 
                 0.099 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03641 
                 Z 
                 0.098 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03709 
                 Z 
                 0.097 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03777 
                 Z 
                 0.096 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03843 
                 Z 
                 0.095 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03908 
                 Z 
                 0.094 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.03972 
                 Z 
                 0.093 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04035 
                 Z 
                 0.092 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04097 
                 Z 
                 0.091 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04158 
                 Z 
                 0.090 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04217 
                 Z 
                 0.089 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04276 
                 Z 
                 0.088 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04334 
                 Z 
                 0.087 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04390 
                 Z 
                 0.086 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04446 
                 Z 
                 0.085 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04500 
                 Z 
                 0.084 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04554 
                 Z 
                 0.083 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04607 
                 Z 
                 0.082 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04658 
                 Z 
                 0.081 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04709 
                 Z 
                 0.080 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04759 
                 Z 
                 0.079 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04808 
                 Z 
                 0.078 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04856 
                 Z 
                 0.077 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04903 
                 Z 
                 0.076 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04949 
                 Z 
                 0.075 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.04994 
                 Z 
                 0.074 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05039 
                 Z 
                 0.073 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05082 
                 Z 
                 0.072 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05125 
                 Z 
                 0.071 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05167 
                 Z 
                 0.070 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05208 
                 Z 
                 0.069 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05248 
                 Z 
                 0.068 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05287 
                 Z 
                 0.067 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05325 
                 Z 
                 0.066 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05363 
                 Z 
                 0.065 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05400 
                 Z 
                 0.064 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05436 
                 Z 
                 0.063 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05471 
                 Z 
                 0.062 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05506 
                 Z 
                 0.061 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05539 
                 Z 
                 0.060 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05572 
                 Z 
                 0.059 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05604 
                 Z 
                 0.058 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05636 
                 Z 
                 0.057 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05666 
                 Z 
                 0.056 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05696 
                 Z 
                 0.055 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05725 
                 Z 
                 0.054 
               
             
          
           
               
                 CYLINDER SECTION - INVERTED 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05400 
                 Z 
                 0.074 
               
               
                   
                 X 
                 0.05400 
                 Z 
                 0.000 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0053]    Numerous changes, alterations and modifications to the described embodiments are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims, and equivalents thereof.