Abstract:
An apparatus analyzes components of particulate materials suspended in air. The apparatus includes a container into which the air is introduced, a discharging electrode arranged in the container to electrically charge the particulate materials contained in the air, a dust collecting electrode arranged in the container to collect charged particulate materials utilizing electric potential difference, and a device for separating volatile components contained in the particulate materials collected on the dust collecting electrode. A gas analyzer is connected to the container into which the volatile components of the particulate materials separated in the container are introduced, to analyze the volatile components.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION AND RELATED ART STATEMENT 
   The present invention relates to an apparatus for analyzing particulate matter or materials suspended in the atmosphere. 
   In the particulates suspended in air or atmosphere, those having aerodynamic particle diameters below 10 μm are referred to as suspended particulate materials (SPM). Although soil entrained in air is also included, suspended particulate materials are composed predominantly of diesel smoke, incompletely burned fuel, and sulfur compounds (35% originate from diesel powered vehicles in the Kanto region in Japan), and is highly harmful. The particulate materials attributable to diesel emissions are referred to particularly as DPE. Particulate materials with an aerodynamic diameter below 2.5 μm are referred to as micro-particulate materials (PM2.5), which have been investigated or researched vigorously in the United States and Europe. In the case of PM2.5, the percentage of diesel powered vehicles as emission sources is believed to be even higher. 
   As an apparatus for collecting such particulate materials suspended in the atmosphere, one that utilizes an impactor is well known. The apparatus with an impactor collects particles by separating them from a flowing mass that is collided with a collecting plate, thereby rapidly changing the direction of the air flow. Since such an apparatus utilizing the impactor cannot collect particles in the submicron- to nano-particle range, the present inventor has proposed a method in which air is introduced into a container, a discharging electrode to generate mono-polar ions and a dust collecting electrode having an electric potential difference relative to the discharging electrode are arranged in the container, the particulate materials contained in the air introduced into the container is electrically charged by mono-polar ions, and the charged particulate materials are collected on the dust collecting electrode and made available for various measurements and analyses (see, for example, patent reference 1). 
   The present inventor, moreover, has also proposed an apparatus including a differential mobility analyzer (DMA) disposed at an air inlet of the above described container having the discharging and collecting electrodes disposed therein. The differential mobility analyzer utilizes differences in mobility of particles based on their particle size, and, by using an electric field, allows only the particulate materials falling within a selected particle size range to pass. Thus, only the particulate materials falling within the selected particle size range are collected on a collecting electrode (see patent reference 2). 
   Patent Reference 1: Japanese Patent Laid-out Publication No. 2003-215021 
   Patent Reference 2: Japanese Patent Laid-out Publication No. 2003-337087 
   In case of analyzing the components, particularly volatile components, of particulate materials suspended in the atmosphere, an analysis using an analyzer, such as a gas chromatograph, for example, must be carried out on the particulate materials collected. In the case wherein a conventional apparatus having an impactor is used to collect particulate materials, the aforementioned submicron- to nano-particle range particulate materials can not be collected. Moreover, as the apparatus is incapable of collecting particulate materials under atmospheric pressure (collects under reduced pressure), the volatile components of particles can be lost. The apparatuses disclosed in patent references 1 and 2, on the other hand, can collect submicron- to nano-particle range particulate materials, and do not lose volatile components since the collection is carried out under atmospheric pressure. 
   In cases wherein particulate materials are collected by using the apparatuses disclosed in patent references 1 and 2, however, the dust collecting electrode must be removed by opening the container after collecting particulate materials on the dust collecting electrode over a certain period of time for an analysis using an analyzer. This can be extremely labor intensive, and thus impractical, when conducting a time-series analysis that focuses on changes in the components of particulate materials over a prolonged period of time. 
   The present invention has been proposed in view of such situations, and it is an object of the invention to provide an apparatus for analyzing suspended particulate materials capable of accommodating time-series analyses of the volatile components of particulate materials suspended in the atmosphere. 
   It is another object of the present invention to provide an apparatus for analyzing particulate materials suspended in the atmosphere capable of analyzing the volatile components of particulate materials according to particle size. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   In order to achieve the first objective described above, the apparatus for analyzing suspended particulate materials according to the present invention comprises a container into which air is introduced, a discharging electrode arranged in said container to electrically charge particulate materials contained in the air, a dust collecting electrode arranged in said container to collect charged particulate materials utilizing electric potential difference, heating means for heating said dust collecting electrode to separate volatile components of the particulate materials collected on said dust collecting electrode, and a gas analyzer connected with said container into which the volatile components of the particulate materials separated within said container are introduced (first aspect). 
   In order to achieve the second objective, the invention of a second aspect employs a construction that arranges a differential mobility analyzer at the air inlet of the container for selecting a particle size range for the particulate materials suspended in the air to be introduced in said container. 
   The invention in the first or second aspect may be so configured to sequentially volatilize the components, from low boiling point components to high boiling point components, to be introduced into the gas analyzer by changing the heating temperatures of the heating means (third aspect). 
   Alternatively, the heating means in the invention in the first or second aspect may be replaced with a pressure reducing means to depressurize the container to gasify the volatile components (fourth aspect). 
   The present invention achieves the aforementioned objectives by employing a method of electrostatically collecting charged suspended particulate materials on a dust collecting electrode, which enables the collection of submicron- to nano-particle range particulate materials, separating the volatile components in the container by heating the particulate materials collected on the dust collecting electrode or depressurizing the container, and introducing the separated volatile components into a gas analyzer connected to the container. 
   In other words, the container, which includes the discharging electrode to charge particulate materials and the dust collecting electrode with a different potential from the discharging electrode to collect charged particulate materials, is connected to the gas analyzer. The container is provided with a capability to separate volatile components from the collected particulate materials by heating the particulate materials collected on the collecting electrode or providing means for depressurizing the container. Thus, it is possible to repeat the steps of collecting particulate materials, separating volatile components, and analyzing. This enables continuous (intermittent) analyses of the volatile components of particulate materials suspended in the atmosphere over a prolonged period of time. 
   Moreover, arranging a differential mobility analyzer at the air inlet of the container, as in the invention in the second aspect, enables the selection of particle size of particulate materials in the atmosphere to be introduced into the container, thereby enabling analyses of volatile components according to the particle size. In the case wherein the heating means is employed as means for separating volatile components, analyses of the components of collected particulate materials can be performed for boiling point components, from low boiling point components to high boiling point components, by changing the heating temperatures. 
   According to the present invention, changes of the volatile components in particulate materials suspended in the atmosphere, including those in the submicron- to nano-particle range, can be detected along the elapse of time. 
   Moreover, disposing a differential mobility analyzer at the gas inlet of the container, as in the invention in the second aspect, makes it possible to individually analyze the volatile components of suspended particulate materials according to particle size, and obtain data on nano-particles, in particular, such as a source, generation process, and toxicity level per particle size thereof, that were not obtainable with a conventional method or apparatus. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a diagram of one embodiment of the present invention including a schematic diagram showing a mechanical structure and a block diagram showing an electrical structure. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   In the following, one embodiment of the present invention will be explained with reference to the drawing.  FIG. 1  is a diagram of an embodiment of the present invention including a schematic diagram showing the mechanical structure and a block diagram showing the electrical structure. 
   The apparatus comprises a differential mobility analyzer (DMA)  1 , an electrostatic dust collecting type particle collecting unit  2 , a heating unit  3  arranged within a container  21  of the particle collecting unit  2 , a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GC-MS)  4 , lines for connecting these components, and a control unit  5  for controlling the entire apparatus. 
   The differential mobility analyzer  1  has an outer cylinder or housing  11  and an electrode  12  constituting an inner cylinder arranged along the axial center of the outer cylinder, and a passage  13  for air and charged particles P formed in the space between the two. The outer cylinder  11  has an exhaust port  11   a  to vent air contained therein. 
   A conic guide plate  14  is arranged at the upper end of the outer cylinder  11 . Clean sheath air A is supplied on the inside of the guide plate  14 , and the air containing suspended particulate materials P is supplied on the outside of the guide plate  14 . An outlet  16  composed of a narrow tube is opened at the lower end of the outer cylinder. 
   The electrode  12  is connected to a voltage-variable high-voltage power supply  17  capable of applying a desired negative high voltage, and the outer cylinder  11  is connected to a grounding electrode  18 . In such a construction, suspended particles P to which a certain quantity of positive charge is imparted by a charger  15  are introduced into the outer cylinder  11  via the area on the outside of the guide plate  14 , and migrate downward in the passage  13  along the inner wall surface of the outer cylinder  11 , as shown in the figure, at a certain rate. In the passage  13 , an electric field is formed in the direction that connects the electrode  12  and the outer cylinder  11 , and thus, individual particles P flowing perpendicular to the direction of the electric field are influenced by the force that veers them to migrate toward the electrode  12  in the passage  13 . 
   The rate at which the charged particles migrate in the electric field depends on the particle size if all particles have the same charge, and as the particle size becomes smaller, the migration rate becomes higher. Thus, among the particles P flowing in the passage  13 , those having smaller particle size adhere to the electrode  12  before reaching the outlet  16 , while those having larger particle size arrive at the outlet  16  and are exhausted along with the air from the exhaust port  11   a . Accordingly, only the particles P that fall within the particle size range corresponding to the voltage applied to the electrode  12  are led to the outlet  16  when the migration rate and the quantity of electric charge are constant. 
   The outlet  16  of the differential mobility analyzer  1  described above is connected to the container  21  of the electrostatic dust collecting type particle collecting unit  2  via a line  61  and a motorized stop valve  71 . 
   The electrostatic dust collecting type particle collecting unit  2  mainly comprises a container  21 , a pump  22  to suck gas into the container  21 , a discharging electrode  23  and a dust collecting electrode  24  arranged within the container  21 , and a high-voltage power supply  25  to apply a positive high voltage to the discharging electrode  23 . The dust collecting electrode  24  is connected to a grounding electrode  26 . 
   In the above construction, when a high voltage is applied to the discharging electrode  23  while operating the pump  22 , mono-polar ions generated through ionization of the surrounding air move towards the dust collecting electrode  24  due to the potential difference between the two electrodes, and in this process, come in contact with and charge the particles P contained in the air that has been sucked into the container  21 . Likewise, the charged particles P are collected on the collecting electrode  24  due to the potential difference between the discharge electrode  23  and the collecting electrode  24 . 
   In the container  21  of the particle collecting unit  2 , a heating unit  3  to heat the collecting electrode  24  from below is arranged. Operating the heating unit  3  can heat the particles P collected on the collecting electrode  24  to separate the volatile components contained therein. 
   The container  21  of the particle collecting unit  2  is connected to a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer  4  via a line  62  and a motorized stop valve  72 , and to a carrier gas source (not shown) via a line  63  and a motorized stop valve  73 . The container  21  is also provided with an exhaust line  64  furnished with a motorized stop valve  74 . 
   The gas chromatograph mass spectrometer  4  is a known instrument, and thus a detailed explanation is omitted. The components of sampled air introduced by using a carrier gas as the moving phase are separated according to the difference in adsorption to a stationary solid phase or the distribution or partition coefficients relative to a stationary liquid phase in a separation column. The separated components are then directly introduced into the mass spectrometer to be analyzed. 
   The charger  15  and the voltage-variable high-voltage power supply  17  of the differential mobility analyzer  1 , the pump  22  and the high-voltage power supply  25  of the particle collecting unit  2 , the heating unit  3 , and the motorized stop valves  71 - 74  disposed in the respective lines in the construction described above are operated and controlled by the control unit  5 . The control unit  5  is also connected to the gas chromatograph mass spectrometer  4 , and the operation of the two are synchronized. 
   The operation of the embodiment of the invention constructed as above will be discussed next. The differential mobility analyzer  1  and the pump  22  are operated with only the stop valve  71  open and the stop valves  72 ,  73 , and  74  closed. As a result, among the suspended particulate materials P contained in the atmosphere, only the particles that fall within the particle size range in correspondence with the voltage set by the voltage-variable high-voltage power supply  17  of the differential mobility analyzer  1  are introduced into the container  21  and collected on the collecting element  24 . 
   Next, upon replacing air in the container  21  with a carrier gas by closing the stop valve  71 , turning off the pump  22 , and opening the stop valves  73  and  74 , the particles P collected on the collecting electrode  24  are heated and the volatile components are gasified while closing the stop valve  74  and operating the heating unit  3 . The volatile components, together with the carrier gas, are then introduced into the gas chromatograph mass spectrometer  4  by opening the stop valve  72 . With this, the volatile components of the particles P collected on the collecting electrode  24  can be analyzed. At this time, the components having various boiling points can be analyzed individually by sequentially changing the heating temperatures of the heating unit  3  from the lower side. 
   Upon completing the analysis, by maintaining the condition wherein the heating unit  3  is in operation and the stop valve  74  is open until all volatile components of the particle P are gone, and repeating the same steps after the volatile components are gone, the time-series data on the volatile components of the suspended particulate materials P can be obtained. 
   Moreover, by performing a similar operation by altering the voltage setting of the voltage-variable high-voltage power supply  17  of the differential mobility analyzer  1 , the difference in the gaseous components contained in the suspended particulate materials P according to particle size can be detected. 
   In the embodiment described above, the volatile components are gasified by heating the collected articles P with the heating unit  3 , but the heating unit  3  may be replaced with a pressure reducing means to depressurize the container  21  in order to gasify the particles P. 
   In the embodiment described above, moreover, a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer was used as a gas analyzer. Needless to say, however, other gas analyzers, including a gas chromatograph, for example, may also be used. 
   In the present invention, the apparatus may also be configured without the differential mobility analyzer  1  positioned upstream of the particle collecting unit  2 . In this case, the apparatus is incapable of analyzing volatile components according to particle size, but is capable of carrying out time-series analyses of the volatile components of particulate materials P suspended in the atmosphere collectively. 
   The disclosure of Japanese Patent Application No. 2004-300915 filed on Oct. 15, 2004 is incorporated in the application. 
   While the invention has been explained with reference to the specific embodiments of the invention, the explanation is illustrative and the invention is limited only by the appended claims.