Abstract:
A method for manufacturing a current perpendicular to plane magnetoresistive sensor that allows for dynamic adjustment of free layer biasing to compensate for variations in thickness of an electrically insulating layer that separates the hard bias layers from the free layer. During fabrication of the sensor, the actual thickness of the insulation layers is measured. Then, to maintain a desired magnetic stabilization of the free layer one of three options can be utilized. Option one; adjust the stripe height target to maintain the desired magnetic stabilization. Option two; adjust the hard magnet thickness to maintain the desired magnetic stabilization. Option three; use a combination of option one and option two, adjusting both the stripe height target and the hard magnet thickness to maintain the desired magnetic stabilization.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    This invention relates to the construction of current perpendicular to plane magnetoresisitve sensors and more particularly to a method for controlling a free layer stabilization field in a current perpendicular to plane magnetoresisive sensor. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The heart of a computer&#39;s long-term memory is an assembly that is referred to as a magnetic disk drive. The magnetic disk drive includes a rotating magnetic disk, write and read heads that are suspended by a suspension arm adjacent to a surface of the rotating magnetic disk and an actuator that swings the suspension arm to place the read and write heads over selected circular tracks on the rotating disk. The read and write heads are directly located on a slider that has an air-bearing surface (ABS). The suspension arm biases the slider toward the surface of the disk and when the disk rotates, air adjacent to the surface of the disk moves along with the disk. The slider flies on this moving air at a very low elevation (fly height) over the surface of the disk. This fly height can be on the order of Angstroms. When the slider rides on the air bearing, the write and read heads are employed for writing magnetic transitions to and reading magnetic transitions from the rotating disk. The read and write heads are connected to processing circuitry that operates according to a computer program to implement the writing and reading functions. 
         [0003]    The write head includes a coil layer embedded in first, second and third insulation layers (insulation stack), the insulation stack being sandwiched between first and second pole piece layers. A gap is formed between the first and second pole piece layers by a gap layer at an air-bearing surface (ABS) of the write head and the pole piece layers are connected at a back gap. Current conducted to the coil layer induces a magnetic flux in the pole pieces which causes a magnetic field to fringe out at a write gap at the ABS for the purpose of writing the aforementioned magnetic impressions in tracks on the moving media, such as in circular tracks on the aforementioned rotating disk. 
         [0004]    In recent read head designs a spin valve sensor, also referred to as a giant magnetoresistive (GMR) sensor, has been employed for sensing magnetic fields from the rotating magnetic disk. This sensor includes a nonmagnetic conductive layer, referred to as a spacer layer, sandwiched between first and second ferromagnetic layers, and hereinafter referred to as a pinned layer and a free layer. First and second leads are connected to the spin valve sensor for conducting a sense current therethrough. The magnetization of the pinned layer is pinned perpendicular to the air-bearing surface (ABS) and the magnetic moment of the free layer is biased parallel to the ABS, but is free to rotate in response to external magnetic fields. The magnetization of the pinned layer is typically pinned by exchange coupling with an antiferromagnetic layer. 
         [0005]    The thickness of the spacer layer is chosen to be less than the mean free path of conduction electrons through the sensor. With this arrangement, a portion of the conduction electrons is scattered by the interfaces of the spacer layer with each of the pinned and free layers. When the magnetizations of the pinned and free layers are parallel with respect to one another, scattering is minimal and when the magnetizations of the pinned and free layer are antiparallel, scattering is maximized. Changes in scattering alter the resistance of the spin valve sensor in proportion to cos θ, where θ is the angle between the magnetizations of the pinned and free layers. In a read mode, the resistance of the spin valve sensor changes proportionally to the magnitudes of the magnetic fields from the rotating disk. When a sense current is conducted through the spin valve sensor, resistance changes cause potential changes that are detected and processed as read back signals. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0006]    The present invention provides a method for manufacturing a current perpendicular to plane magnetoresistive sensor that allows for dynamic adjustment of free layer biasing to compensate for variations in the thickness of an electrically insulating layer that separates the hard bias layers from the free layer. During fabrication of the sensor, the actual thickness of the insulation layers is measured. Then, to maintain a desired magnetic stabilization of the free layer one of three options can be utilized. Option one; adjust the stripe height target to maintain the desired magnetic stabilization. Option two; adjust the hard magnet thickness to maintain the desired magnetic stabilization. Option three; use a combination of option one and option two, adjusting both the stripe height target and the hard magnet thickness to maintain the desired magnetic stabilization. 
         [0007]    The amount of free layer magnetic stabilization provided by a bias field from the hard magnetic bias layers, is affected by the thickness of the insulation layers, the thickness of the hard magnet layers, and the stripe height of the sensor. The thicker the insulation layers, the weaker the magnetic stabilization will be. The thicker the hard magnet layers the stronger the magnetic stabilization will be. The greater the stripe height, the stronger the magnetic stabilization will be. Variations and deviations in manufacturing processes make it impossible to form the insulation layers, with an exact, consistent thicknesses. Therefore, variation in insulation layer thickness can result in variations in free layer stabilization. 
         [0008]    The present invention advantageously allows a sensor manufacturer to compensate for these variations in insulation layer thickness, thereby dynamically adjusting the magnetic stabilization to a desired strength. During fabrication, the actual thickness of the insulation layer is measured. Then, one of three actions can be utilized. Action one, a determination is made as to what stripe height is necessary to achieve the desired free layer stabilization in a sensor having the measured insulation layer thickness. The location of the target air bearing surface plane is then determined based on this determined stripe height. A lapping operation can then be performed to form the sensor with an air bearing surface located at this determined air bearing surface plane. Action two, a determination is made as to what hard magnet thickness is necessary to achieve the desired free layer stabilization in a sensor having the measured insulation layer thickness. Using this determination the thickness of the hard magnet used in the head manufacturing is adjusted to achieve the desired free layer stabilization. Action three, using a combination of action one and action two, adjust the stripe height target and the hard magnet thickness to achieve the desired free layer stabilization. 
         [0009]    These and other advantages and features of the present invention will be apparent upon reading the following detailed description in conjunction with the Figures. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
         [0010]    For a fuller understanding of the nature and advantages of this invention, as well as the preferred mode of use, reference should be made to the following detailed description read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings that are not to scale: 
           [0011]      FIG. 1  is a schematic illustration of a disk drive system in which the invention might be embodied; 
           [0012]      FIG. 2  is an ABS view of a slider, taken from line  2 - 2  of  FIG. 1 , illustrating the location of a magnetic head thereon; 
           [0013]      FIG. 3  is an ABS view of a magnetoresistive sensor according to an embodiment of the present invention taken from circle  3  of  FIG. 2 ; 
           [0014]      FIG. 4  is a top down cross sectional view of the sensor of  FIG. 3 , taken from line  4 - 4  of  FIG. 3 ; 
           [0015]      FIGS. 5-15  are views of a sensor in various intermediate stages of manufacture illustrating a method of manufacturing a sensor according to an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0016]      FIG. 16  is a master stabilization curve relating insulation layer thickness with hard magnetic layer thickness; and 
           [0017]      FIG. 17  is a master stabilization curve relating stripe height with stabilization. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0018]    The following describes various embodiments presently contemplated for carrying out this invention. This description is made for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of this invention and is not meant to limit the inventive concepts claimed herein. 
         [0019]    Referring now to  FIG. 1 , there is shown a disk drive  100  embodying this invention. As shown in  FIG. 1 , at least one rotatable magnetic disk  112  is supported on a spindle  114  and rotated by a disk drive motor  118 . The magnetic recording on each disk is in the form of annular patterns of concentric data tracks (not shown) on the magnetic disk  112 . 
         [0020]    At least one slider  113  is positioned near the magnetic disk  112 , each slider  113  supporting one or more magnetic head assemblies  121 . As the magnetic disk rotates, slider  113  moves radially in and out over the disk surface  122  so that the magnetic head assembly  121  may access different tracks of the magnetic disk where desired data are written. Each slider  113  is attached to an actuator arm  119  by way of a suspension  115 . The suspension  115  provides a slight spring force, which biases slider  113  against the disk surface  122 . Each actuator arm  119  is attached to an actuator means  127 . The actuator means  127  as shown in FIG. I may be a voice coil motor (VCM). The VCM comprises a coil movable within a fixed magnetic field, the direction and speed of the coil movements being controlled by the motor current signals supplied by controller  129 . 
         [0021]    During operation of the disk storage system, the rotation of the magnetic disk  112  generates an air bearing between the slider  113  and the disk surface  122 , which exerts an upward force or lift on the slider. The air bearing thus counter-balances the slight spring force of suspension  115  and supports slider  113  off and slightly above the disk surface by a small, substantially constant spacing during normal operation. 
         [0022]    The various components of the disk storage system are controlled in operation by control signals generated by control unit  129 , such as access control signals and internal clock signals. Typically, the control unit  129  comprises logic control circuits, storage means and a microprocessor. The control unit  129  generates control signals to control various system operations such as drive motor control signals on line  123  and head position and seek control signals on line  128 . The control signals on line  128  provide the desired current profiles to optimally move and position slider  113  to the desired data track on disk  112 . Write and read signals are communicated to and from write and read heads  121  by way of recording channel  125 . 
         [0023]    With reference to  FIG. 2 , the orientation of the magnetic head  121  in a slider  113  can be seen in more detail.  FIG. 2  is an ABS view of the slider  113 , and as can be seen, the magnetic head including an inductive write head and a read sensor, is located at a trailing edge of the slider  202 . The above description of a typical magnetic disk storage system, and the accompanying illustration of  FIG. 1  are for representation purposes only. It should be apparent that disk storage systems may contain a large number of disks and actuators, and each actuator may support a number of sliders. 
         [0024]    With reference now to  FIG. 3 , a magnetoresistive sensor  300  includes a sensor stack  302  sandwiched between first and second electrically conductive leads  304 ,  306 . The leads  304 ,  306  can be constructed of a magnetic material such as NiFe so that they can function as magnetic shields as well as leads. 
         [0025]    The sensor stack  304  includes a pinned layer structure  308  and a magnetic free layer  310 . A non-magnetic layer  312  is sandwiched between the free layer  310  and the pinned layer structure  308 . The sensor  300  can be a current perpendicular to plane giant magnetoresistive (CPP GMR) sensor or can be a tunnel valve sensor. If the sensor is CPP GMR sensor, the non-magnetic layer  312  is an electrically conductive spacer layer such as CuO. If the sensor  300  is a tunnel valve, then the non-magnetic layer  312  is a thin, electrically insulating barrier layer. 
         [0026]    The pinned layer structure can be an antiparallel coupled structure that includes first and second magnetic layers AP1  314  and AP2  316 , which are antiparallel coupled across a nonmagnetic coupling layer  318  sandwiched therebetween. A layer of antiferromagnetic material (AFM layer)  320  is exchange coupled with the AP1 layer  314 , which strongly pins the magnetization  322  of the AP1 layer  314  in a first direction that is perpendicular to the air bearing surface as indicated by arrow head symbol  322 . Antiparallel coupling between the AP1 and AP2 layers  314 ,  316  pins the magnetization of the AP2 layer in a second direction, opposite to the first direction, as indicated by arrow tail symbol  324 . A capping layer  326  such as Ta can be provided at the top of the sensor stack  302  to protect the sensor layers during manufacture. 
         [0027]    With continued reference to  FIG. 3 , first and second hard bias layers  328 ,  330  are provided at either side of the sensor stack  302 , and are separated from the sensor stack  302  and from at least one of the leads  304  by insulation layers  332 ,  334 . The hard bias layers  328 ,  330  are constructed of a magnetically hard, high coercivity material such as CoPt or CoPtCr. A seed layer (not shown) may be formed beneath the hard bias layers  328 ,  330 . When magnetized, the hard bias layers  328 ,  330  provide a magnetic bias field that biases the magnetization of the free layer in a desired direction parallel with the air bearing surface as indicated by arrow symbol  336 . The insulation layers  332 ,  334 , which can be constructed of a material such as alumina prevent current from being shunted through the hard bias layers  328 ,  330  during operation. 
         [0028]    Maintaining the right amount of bias field is critical to proper sensor operation. If the bias field is too strong, the magnetization  336  of the free layer  310  will not be able to move easily enough in response to an external magnetic field, and the sensitivity of the sensor will suffer. If the bias field is too weak, the magnetization  336  of the free layer  310  will become unstable, resulting in an unacceptable level of signal noise. Such instability can render the sensor completely inoperable. Therefore, as can be seen, it is very important to maintain a desired level of bias strength for biasing the sensor. 
         [0029]    A factor that affects the strength of the bias field is the thickness of the insulation layer, denoted as “T” in  FIG. 3 . The greater the thickness T of the insulation layer, the greater the distance between the free layer  310  and the hard bias layers  328 ,  330  and the weaker the bias field will be. 
         [0030]    Another factor that affects free layer biasing is the stripe height of the sensor. This can be seen more clearly with reference to  FIG. 4  which shows a top down cross sectional view taken from line  4 - 4  of  FIG. 3  with the upper lead  306  removed. As can be seen in  FIG. 4 , the sensor  300  has a stripe height SH that is measured from the air bearing surface ABS to the back edge  404  of the sensor stack  302 . The bias layers  328 ,  330  also extend from the ABS to the back edge  404 . The larger the stripe height, the stronger the bias field will be due to the increased area of the bias layers  328 ,  330 . 
         [0031]    Still another factor that affects free layer biasing is the thickness BT of the bias layer as viewed in  FIG. 3 . If the hard bias layer thickness BT is greater, the bias field will be stronger, and if BT is smaller the bias field will be weaker. 
         [0032]    Therefore, it can be seen that at least three factors affect the bias field (1) the thickness T of the insulation layers  332 ,  334 ; (2) the stripe height; and (3) the bias layer thickness BT. During manufacture of the write head, certain variations and deviations in the manufacturing processes can lead to variations in the bias field. As mentioned above these variations can lead to poor sensor performance or sensor failure. For example, the thickness T of the insulation layers  332 ,  334  can vary. The present invention provides a mechanism for compensating for these variations in bias strength, thereby ensuring optimal sensor performance. 
         [0033]    With reference now to  FIGS. 5-17  a method is described for manufacturing a sensor having a dynamically controlled bias field. With particular reference to  FIG. 5 , a series of sensor layers  320 ,  314 ,  318 ,  316 ,  312 ,  310 ,  326  (referred to collectively as sensor stack layers  302 ) are deposited on a substrate, which can be the lead layer  304 . 
         [0034]    Then, with reference to  FIG. 6 , a first mask stricture  602  is formed over the sensor layers  302 . This first mask structure is configured to define a width of the sensor stack  302  described in  FIG. 3 . The mask  602  may include several layers such as one or more hard mask layers, an image transfer layer and or bottom antireflective coating (BARC) as well as a photoresist layer that has been photolithographically patterned as described. Then, with reference to  FIG. 7  a material removal process such as ion milling is performed to remove portions of the sensor layers  302  that are not protected by the mask structure  602 . 
         [0035]    With reference to  FIG. 8  a layer of electrically insulating material  802  is deposited followed by a layer of hard magnetic material  804 . The electrically insulating layer  802  can be alumina and is preferably deposited by a conformal deposition method such as atomic layer deposition (ALD) or chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The magnetically hard layer can be CoPt or CoPtCr, and may be deposited over a seed layer (not shown) that improves the grain structure and coercivity of the magnetic layer  804 . A chemical mechanical polishing process (CMP) can then be performed leaving a structure such as that shown in  FIG. 9 . The remaining portions of the insulating layer  802  ( FIG. 8 ) forms insulation layers  332 ,  334  ( FIG. 9 ). Similarly, the remaining portions of the hard magnetic layer  804  ( FIG. 8 ) forms the hard bias layers  328 ,  330  ( FIG. 9 ). 
         [0036]    With reference now to  FIG. 9  which shows a side cross sectional view (taken from line  10 - 10  of  FIG. 9 ) a second mask structure  1002  is formed having an edge  1004  configured to define a strip height of the sensor as will be better understood below. As with the first mask structure  602  ( FIG. 6 ) the mask structure  1002  can include various layers and includes a photolithographically patterned photoresist layer. Then, with reference to  FIG. 11 , a material removal process such as ion milling can be performed to remove portions of the sensor layers  302  that are not protected by the mask  1002 . This forms a sensor stack  302  having a back edge located a desired distance form an air bearing surface plane (ABS), which will be formed in a subsequent process as described below. 
         [0037]    With reference now to  FIG. 12  a fill layer such as alumina  402  is deposited. The mask structure  1002  can then be lifted off, and an optional chemical mechanical polishing process (CMP) can be performed. Then, an upper electrically conductive lead layer  306  can formed, such as by electroplating, resulting in a structure as shown in  FIG. 13 . 
         [0038]    With reference now to  FIG. 14 , a lapping operation is performed to define an air bearing surface. Although only one sensor is shown and described, those skilled in the art will appreciate that many thousands of such sensors are formed in many rows on a wafer. After the above processes have been performed (and a write head (not shown) has been formed) the wafer is cut into rows of sliders. Thereafter, a lapping operation is performed on the row of sliders to remove sensor material from the direction indicated by arrow  1402 . This can also be seen with reference to  FIG. 15  which shows a top down view with the upper lead layer  306  removed. The lapping operation is perfumed until a desired ABS plane has been reached. 
         [0039]    As mentioned above, the strength of the bias field is affected by the stripe height SH of the sensor. Therefore the strength of the bias field can be controlled by the controlling the location of the ABS during lapping. This can, therefore, be used to compensate for variations in the thickness T of the insulation layers  332 ,  334  due to manufacturing variations and deviations. Therefore, in order to dynamically control the bias field, the thickness T of the insulation layers  332 ,  334  is first measured. This can be done, for example, after the CMP process has been performed to form the structure shown in  FIG. 9 , and before the upper lead layer  402  has been formed. The thickness T of the insulation layers  332 ,  334  can be measured visually, such as through the use of an ellipsometer or some other method. 
         [0040]    Then, a necessary stripe height, needed to provide a desired bias field is calculated.  FIG. 17  is an example of a stabilization curve relating hard bias ratio with stripe height. Therefore, the chart in  FIG. 17  and measured insulation layer thickness T can be used in a feed back mechanism to determine an amount by which the stripe height can be adjusted to achieve the desired amount of free layer biasing. 
         [0041]    As mentioned above, sensors are built on wafers, with many thousands of sensors being formed on a single wafer. The adjustment of stripe to control stabilization field can be performed on a wafer to wafer basis by measuring insulation layer thickness T for each wafer. Using the stabilization curves such as illustrated in  FIG. 17  the insulation layer thickness T can be input to predict the net stabilizing field from the spacer layer thickness curve. This determines if the reader will be under or over stabilized. Over or under stabilization can be compensated for by adjusting the stripe height. The final stripe height target will be adjusted on a wafer by wafer basis to achieve equivalent net stabilization using the stabilization curve relating spacer thickness and hard bias layer thickness as illustrated in  FIG. 17 . 
         [0042]    Similarly,  FIG. 16  is a stabilization curve relating the bias ratio of a sensor with hard bias thickness BT ( FIG. 3 ). This too can be used in a feedback mechanism to adjust the thickness BT of the bias layers  328 ,  330  to achieve a desired amount of free layer biasing. If greater free layer biasing is needed, the thickness BT of the hard bias layer can be increased, and if less free layer biasing is needed, then the thickness BT of the hard bias layer  328 ,  330  can be reduced. 
         [0043]    Therefore, there are two mechanisms available for adjusting the amount of free layer biasing. While either of these mechanisms (stripe height adjustment and hard bias thickness adjustment) can be used alone, they can also be used together to adjust the amount of free layer biasing to a desired level. Therefore, once the insulation layer thickness T is known, the necessary adjustments to either or both of the stripe height and bias layer thickness BT can be made to achieve the desired amount of free layer biasing. 
         [0044]    While various embodiments have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Other embodiments falling within the scope of the invention may also become apparent to those skilled in the art. Thus, the breadth and scope of the invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.