Abstract:
Image processing systems and methods are disclosed, including an image processing system comprising a computer running image processing software causing the computer to divide a captured oblique image into a plurality of oblique image sections, the oblique image sections determined at least in part on a path length distance between the location of a point in the scene in the captured oblique image and the location of the camera when the oblique image was captured; and apply a varying amount of color correction to the sections based in part on the determined path length, thereby reducing variation in the captured oblique image caused by specular reflection and atmosphere depicted in the sections prior to color balancing.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 13/181,259, filed Jul. 12, 2011, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 11/871,740, filed on Oct. 12, 2007, the entire contents of which are hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
       [0002]    Not Applicable. 
       THE NAMES OF THE PARTIES TO A JOINT RESEARCH AGREEMENT 
       [0003]    Not Applicable. 
       REFERENCE TO A “SEQUENCE LISTING,” A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING APPENDIX SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISC AND AN INCORPORATION-BY-REFERENCE OF THE MATERIAL ON THE COMPACT DISC (SEE §1.52(E)(5)). THE TOTAL NUMBER OF COMPACT DISCS INCLUDING DUPLICATES AND THE FILES ON EACH COMPACT DISC SHALL BE SPECIFIED 
       [0004]    Not Applicable. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0005]    In the remote sensing/aerial imaging industry, imagery is used to capture views of a geographic area and be able to measure objects and structures within the images as well as to be able to determine geographic locations of points within the image. These are generally referred to as “geo-referenced images” and come in two basic categories: 
         [0006]    1. Captured Imagery—these images have the appearance as they were captured by the camera or sensor employed. 
         [0007]    2. Projected Imagery—these images have been processed and converted such that they confirm to a mathematical projection. 
         [0008]    All imagery starts as captured imagery, but as most software cannot geo-reference captured imagery, that imagery is then reprocessed to create the projected imagery. The most common form of projected imagery is the ortho-rectified image. This process aligns the image to an orthogonal or rectilinear grid (composed of rectangles). The input image used to create an ortho-rectified image is a nadir image—that is, an image captured with the camera pointing straight down. 
         [0009]    In addition to capturing an image with the camera pointing straight down, it is possible to capture an image with the camera pointing at an oblique angle. The resulting imagery is generally referred to as an “oblique image” or as an “oblique aerial image.” The capture of oblique aerial images presents additional challenges compared to the capture of nadir images, generally due to the introduction of the oblique angle. 
         [0010]    An example of a system that captures both nadir and oblique images is shown in  FIG. 1 . Airplane  10  is flying over the Earth  12  and capturing images utilizing three cameras  14   a,    14   b  and  14   c.    FIG. 1  also illustrates the sun  16  positioned in a northern hemisphere orientation. The camera  14   a  is shown directed in a southern orientation generally towards the sun  16 , the camera  14   b  is shown directed straight down, and the camera  14   c  is shown directed in a northern orientation generally away from the sun  16 . The cameras  14   a  and  14   c  capture “oblique images”, while the camera  14   b  captures “nadir images”. 
         [0011]    The oblique images present a more natural appearance than a nadir image because they show not just the roofs, as is the case of a nadir image, but also the sides of objects and structures. This is what we are most accustomed to seeing. In order to preserve this natural perspective, oblique images are generally presented without being ortho-rectified and instead left in the natural appearance that the camera captures. This practice makes it very easy for people to look at something in an oblique image and realize what that object is. 
         [0012]    However, the sun/sky orientation when an oblique image is taken has a major impact on the color balance of the resulting photograph due to the reflections of light from the sun  16 . There are two major types of reflection: diffuse and specular. Flat wall paint is a highly diffuse reflector—that is, light bounces nearly equally in all directions. A mirror is a highly specular reflector—that is, light bounces almost entirely in one direction off the mirror. There is nothing in nature that is a perfect specular or a perfect diffuse reflector—everything is some combination of the two. It is the specular nature of objects that presents a problem for color balancing oblique images. 
         [0013]    Color balancing nadir aerial images is known in the art. However, color balancing oblique aerial images presents unique challenges. When collecting nadir images (images captured with camera  14   b  pointing straight down), every image has a consistent orientation with respect to the sun  16 . However, when collecting oblique images (images captured with the cameras  14   a  and  14   c  pointing at an oblique angle relative to the horizon) different images have different orientations with respect to the sun  16 . For instance, in the northern hemisphere, a camera aimed to the north (camera  14   c ) points away from the sun  16 , while a camera aimed to the south (camera  14   a ) points toward the sun  16 . 
         [0014]    Specular reflections bounce off a surface and leave the surface at roughly the same angle with which they hit the surface—like a ball bouncing off a flat surface. When the camera  14   a  is pointing towards the sun  16 , the camera  14   a  picks up specular reflections from the sun  16  and therefore any images captured with that camera pick up a strong yellow/red tint to the captured scene. The camera  14   c,  on the other hand, is pointing away from the sun  16  and picks up specular reflections from the sky and therefore any images captured with that camera pick up a strong blue tint to the scene. When these two images are viewed side by side, the difference can be very noticeable and distracting to the overall image appearance. It is desirable to color balance the oblique images such that they have a substantially consistent color tone. 
         [0015]    Shown in  FIG. 2  is a diagrammatic view of the capturing of three different overlapping images of a same scene from three different positions. The three different positions are labeled as Position A, Position B and Position C for purposes of clarity. The scene is positioned in the northern hemisphere, and thus, the image captured from Position A is taken with the camera positioned in a southern orientation toward the sun  16 , while the image captured from Position C is taken with the camera positioned in a northern orientation away from the sun  16 . The image captured from Position B is taken with the camera positioned directly above the scene. In this example, the image captured from Position A has a yellow/reddish tint due to the strong specular reflections from the sun  16 , the image captured from Position B has a neutral tint due to roughly equal specular reflections from the sun  16  and sky, and the image captured from Position C has a bluish tint due to the strong specular reflections from the sky. 
         [0016]    Referring to  FIG. 3 , shown therein is a diagrammatic view of the capturing of an oblique image of the Earth  12  where a field of view of the camera is designated with the lines P 1  and P 2 . The lines P 1  and P 2  represent path lengths, i.e., the distance the light travels from a scene on the Earth  12  to the camera. In an oblique image, the path lengths P 1  and P 2  are significantly different and this presents a second challenge to color balancing oblique images: the top of the image goes through significantly more atmosphere than the bottom of the image. In a nadir image, path length (the distance the light must travel from a scene on the Earth  12  to the camera) at the edges of the usable image are typically not all that much different than the path length to the nadir point. For instance, lines P 3  and P 4  represent the path lengths for a typical camera/lens configuration, the difference between the shortest path length (straight down) and the longest path length (to the far corner) is only about 6%. 
         [0017]    But with oblique images, because of the nature of trigonometry, when the field of view angle is added to the oblique camera axis angle, the path lengths P 1  and P 2  are very different. To illustrate an extreme, if the top of the camera is pointed above the horizon then the path length P 1  is infinite—clearly much longer than the path length P 2  at the front of the image. In a typical camera/lens configuration and at a typical oblique angle, the difference between the shortest path length (to the middle front of the image) and the longest path length (to the far back corner of the image) is about 87%—nearly twice as long. 
         [0018]    The challenge this difference in path length presents is that the light from the scene captured by the top of the camera travels through a lot more atmosphere than the light from the scene captured by the bottom of the camera. This results in more tinting or scattering, an increased introduction of blue sky light, an increase in blurriness, and a decrease in clarity due to smog or haze. Thus, if the image is color balanced based upon the tinting in the top of the image then the color balancing of the bottom of the image will be incorrect. Likewise, if the image is color-balanced based upon the tinting in the bottom of the image then the color-balancing of the top of the image will be incorrect. One could color-balance based upon the tinting in the middle of the image, but then the color-balancing of the top and bottom of the image would be incorrect. 
         [0019]    In light of the foregoing, there is a need for a system and process for color-balancing oblique images that overcomes the challenges discussed above. It is to such a system and process that the present invention is directed. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0020]    So that the above recited features and advantages of the present invention can be understood in detail, a more particular description of the invention, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to the embodiments thereof that are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only typical embodiments of this invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments. 
           [0021]    This patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee. 
           [0022]      FIG. 1  is a diagrammatic view of an airplane flying over the Earth and capturing images utilizing three cameras. 
           [0023]      FIG. 2  is a diagrammatic view of the capturing of three different overlapping images of a same scene from three different positions. 
           [0024]      FIG. 3  is a diagrammatic view of the capturing of an oblique image of the Earth  12  where a field of view of an oblique aerial camera is designated utilizing the path lengths P 1  and P 2 , i.e., the distance the light travels from a scene on the Earth to the camera, and a field of view of a nadir aerial camera is designated utilizing path lengths P 3  and P 4 . 
           [0025]      FIG. 4  is a schematic view of an image processing system constructed in accordance with the present invention. 
           [0026]      FIG. 5  is a schematic view of an oblique image that has been sectioned in accordance with the present invention. 
           [0027]      FIG. 6  is a schematic view of another example of an oblique image that has been sectioned in accordance with the present invention. 
           [0028]      FIG. 7  is a histogram of a color distribution for a red color band of an oblique image in accordance with the present invention. 
           [0029]      FIG. 8  is a histogram of a color distribution of a blue color band of an oblique image in accordance with the present invention. 
           [0030]      FIG. 9  is a portion of a color oblique image captured by a camera angled away from the sun. 
           [0031]      FIG. 10  is a portion of a color oblique image of the same area depicted in  FIG. 9  but captured by a camera angled toward the sun. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0032]    Before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction, experiments, exemplary data, and/or the arrangement of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments or of being practiced or carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein is for purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. 
         [0033]    The processes described in this patent provide a means for color balancing oblique images so that they take on a consistent color tone. The principal behind these processes is to select a set of color-balanced images to use as reference images to create color-balance transformations for a series of oblique images so that the resulting color-balanced oblique images will have a color tone similar to the reference images. Because they typically have a consistent sun/sky orientation, nadir images are often the best choice for the reference images; however, this is not required. It is recommended that the reference images be from a consistent sun/sky orientation, so, for instance, instead of the nadir images, the north-looking oblique images could be used as the reference images and the remaining oblique images transformed to match their color tone. 
         [0034]    The consistent color tone for the reference images can be achieved in a variety of manners, such as by having images that are naturally balanced, i.e., captured under similar conditions and/or orientations and therefore already have a consistent color tone, or by color-balancing the images to each other after they are captured so that they have a consistent color tone. Or nadir images captured under different conditions can first be color-balanced to each other to produce a consistent color tone. There are numerous methods for color-balancing nadir images described in remote sensing textbooks—basically any method that produces a consistent color tone for a set of similar images will work. As these methods for nadir images are known in the art, they are not discussed here. 
         [0035]    Once the reference images have been selected, the oblique images can be color balanced to match. This is accomplished by finding one or more portion(s) of reference image(s) that correspond to the same area of the scene contained within the oblique image—in other words, finding their areas of overlap. 
         [0036]    In a preferred embodiment, the reference images and the oblique images are geo-referenced so that finding the portions of the references image(s) corresponding to the same area of the scene contained within the oblique images can be accomplished with a computer and thereby automated. 
         [0037]    Thus, in the preferred embodiment, the logic of the process described herein is executed by a computer to provide an automated process for color-balancing a series of oblique images. 
         [0038]    Referring now to the drawings, and in particular to  FIG. 4 , shown therein and designated by a reference numeral  20  is an image processing system constructed in accordance with the present invention. In general, the image processing system  20  is provided with a computer  22 , and a camera system  24 . As will be described in more detail below, the image processing system  20  is adapted to color balance the series of oblique images captured from one or more positions and from one or more orientations so that such oblique images are provided with a substantially consistent color balance thereby reducing or even eliminating the unwanted yellowish/reddish or bluish tinting described above. 
         [0039]    In general, the computer  22  receives a series of reference images, and a series of oblique images from the camera system  24 . The reference images and the oblique images can be received by the computer system  22  either directly or indirectly from the camera system  24 , and can be passed from the camera system  24  either in batches, in real-time with the capturing of the reference images and/or the oblique images, or at a period of time substantially after the capturing of the reference images and the oblique images. For example, the reference images and/or the oblique images can be transmitted or transferred from the camera system  24  to the computer system  22  days and/or weeks and/or years after the capturing of the reference images and the oblique images from the camera system  24 . 
         [0040]    The computer  22  preferably runs image processing software (or firmware) adapted to perform the functions described herein, and the resulting images and data are stored on one or more computer readable mediums. Examples of a computer readable medium include an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, an electronic storage device or the like. The term “Computer” as used herein means a system or systems that are able to embody and/or execute the logic of the processes described herein. The logic embodied in the form of software instructions or firmware may be executed on any appropriate hardware which may be a dedicated system or systems, or a general purpose computer system, a personal computer system or distributed processing computer system, all of which are well understood in the art, and a detailed description of how to make or use such computer systems is not deemed necessary herein. When the computer  22  is used to execute the logic of the processes described herein, such computer(s) and/or execution can be conducted at a same geographic location or multiple different geographic locations. Furthermore, the execution of the logic can be conducted continuously or at multiple discrete times. Further, such logic can be performed about simultaneously with the capture of the images, or thereafter or combinations thereof. 
         [0041]    The image capture system  24  is typically used for capturing aerial images as shown in  FIGS. 1-3 . Suitable image capture systems are shown and described in a provisional patent application identified by U.S. Ser. No. 60/901,444, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. Typically, the image capture system  24  is provided with, one or more image capture devices, one or more monitoring systems, one or more event multiplexer systems, and one or more data storage units or computer systems. In the examples depicted in FIGS. 1-3 of U.S. Ser. No. 60/901,444, the “image capture system  10 ” is provided with four image capture devices mounted in a sweep pattern (see FIG. 1 of U.S. Ser. No. 60/901,444); five image capture devices mounted in a 360 pattern having image capture devices pointing fore, aft, port, starboard and straight down (see FIG. 2 of U.S. Ser. No. 60/901,444); or four image capture devices mounted in separate directions generally aligned with respective parts of streets (see FIG. 3 of U.S. Ser. No. 60/901,444). 
         [0042]    In certain embodiments, the image capture devices of the image capture system  24  can be mounted to a moving platform such as a manned airplane, an unmanned airplane, a train, an automobile such as a van, a boat, a four wheeler, a motor cycle, a tractor, a robotic device or the like. 
         [0043]    As discussed above, the computer  22  executes instructions to effect the color-balancing of the series of oblique images captured from one or more positions and from one or more orientations. On an oblique image by oblique image basis, the computer  22  is programmed with instructions to locate one or more portions of one or more reference images that overlap the oblique image, and then create a color balancing transformation that approximately matches the color distribution of the oblique image to the color distribution of the overlapping portions of the reference images. Then, the computer  22  transforms pixels in the oblique image according to the color balancing transformation created for that oblique image, and then preferably stores the transform pixel values in the oblique image or a copy of the oblique image. The oblique images having the transformed pixel values are referred to herein after as “color-balanced oblique images”. 
         [0044]    In a preferred embodiment, the reference images are geo-referenced to aid in the location of the overlapping portion(s), and also color-balanced. The reference images can be color-balanced either naturally because they are captured from a consistent orientation, or they can be color-balanced using well-known practices. In a preferred embodiment, the reference images are nadir images. 
         [0045]    In a preferred embodiment, the overlapping portions of the reference images and the oblique images have a similar scene—because it is expected that the scenes will be somewhat different. For example, assuming that the scene includes a building, the oblique images will show the sides of the building while the nadir images will not. Typically, the closer the scene contents in the overlapping portion(s) match (Leaf-on, leaf off, flooding, snow, or the like) the better the results. Ideally, the reference images and the oblique images will be taken during the same photo shoot to enhance the similarity of the lighting and scene content. 
         [0046]    Preferably, one or more color balancing transformation is created for each of the oblique images in the series of oblique images. However, it should be understood that the one or more color balancing transformations do not have to be made for each of the oblique images in the series. In other words, not all of the oblique images in the series of oblique images must be color-balanced in accordance with the present invention. In addition, while all of the pixels in the oblique image are preferably transformed according to the one or more color balancing transformation created for that particular oblique image, it should be understood that less than all of the pixels can be transformed. For example, the pixels in the oblique image can be organized into groups, and then a certain percentage of such pixels (such as 60-90%) can be transformed. 
         [0047]    In general, the automated process preferably (1) divides each oblique image in the series into a plurality of sections, (2) identifies a portion of a reference image overlapping the section, and then (3) creates a color-balancing transformation. Preferably a color-balancing transformation for each color band in the color space is created and for each section in the oblique image approximating the color distribution of the overlapping section in the one or more reference images. For example, assuming an RGB color space, a histogram of the color distribution for each color band, i.e., red, green and blue in each section of the oblique image and the overlapping portion of the same scene in the nadir image (develop two histograms for each section) is created. Exemplary histograms for the red and blue color bands are shown in  FIGS. 7 and 8 . The color space can be any suitable color space, such as RGB, XYZ, LUV, CMYK, or false color IR. 
         [0048]    The color distribution histogram of an image shows the number of pixels for each pixel value within the range of the image. If the minimum value of the image is 0 and the maximum value of the image is 255, the histogram of the image shows the number of pixels for each value ranging between and including 0 and 255. Peaks in the histogram represent more common values within the image that usually consist of nearly uniform regions. Valleys in the histogram represent less common values. Empty regions within the histogram indicate that no pixels within the image contain those values. The solid lines shown in the histograms in  FIGS. 7 and 8  show exemplary values of an aerial oblique image that has not yet been color-balanced while the dashed lines shown in the histograms show exemplary values of the same aerial oblique image that has been color-balanced utilizing the process described herein. 
         [0049]    The solid line in the histogram of  FIG. 7  shows the color distribution of the red band for an oblique image that was captured by a camera pointing in a generally south direction and that has a reddish tint due to the specular reflections from the sun  16 , while the dashed line shows a reduction in the red pixel values in the color-balanced image. Similarly, the solid line in the histogram of  FIG. 8  shows the color distribution of the blue band for an oblique image that was captured by a camera pointing in a generally north direction and that has a bluish tint due to the specular reflections from the sky. The dashed line in  FIG. 8  shows a reduction in the blue pixel values in the color-balanced image. 
         [0050]    To color-balance the series of oblique images, each of the oblique images are preferably divided into a plurality of sections. For example, an oblique image  30  shown in  FIG. 5  has been divided into nine sections  32   a - i,  and the oblique image  34  shown in  FIG. 6  has been divided into 6 sections  36   a - f.  Any number of sections can be used, but dividing the oblique image  30  into more sections decreases the likelihood of variability in the image. For example, oblique images can change color depending upon their orientation and the distance that the scene is away from the camera. Images taken in a direction away from the sun  16  are usually bluer at the top, while images taken in a direction toward the sun  16  have a reddish-orange cast. The number, size and location of the sections within the oblique images can be predetermined or randomly determined. 
         [0051]    Once the oblique image has been divided into sections, then, on a section by section basis one or more portions of a reference image is located that overlaps the oblique image section. Then, a color-balancing transformation is created that approximately matches the color distribution of the oblique image section to the color distribution of the overlapping reference portion(s). This can be accomplished using any suitable algorithm or technique, such as histogram equalization. Histogram equalization is a well known algorithm, so no further comments are deemed necessary to teach one skilled in the art how to make and use histogram equalization. For the oblique image  30  that has been divided into nine oblique image sections  32   a - i,  this process occurs nine times. 
         [0052]    For each section, at least three histograms (color distribution for the overlapping reference portion, color distribution for the oblique image section, and color balancing transformation for the oblique image section) are created for each color band in the color space. 
         [0053]    Then, pixel values for each color band in each of the oblique images are color-balanced and blended to provide a substantially consistent color tone. This can be accomplished by using a combination of the color-balancing transformations (e.g., histograms) for the oblique image. The blending may be accomplished through bi-linear interpolation, linear interpolation, cubics, splines and/or the like. Alternatively, one transform may be used for the entire image. 
         [0054]    In a preferred embodiment, the color-balancing and blending is accomplished as follows. First, on a pixel by pixel basis, for the oblique image to be color-balanced, one or more oblique image sections are selected which apply to the particular pixel. Then, for each color band, the pixel value is calculated independently (or transformed) using the color balancing transformation for each selected oblique image section yielding a transformed pixel value for each selected oblique image section. Then, the transformed pixel values are blended into a single resulting pixel value using any suitable algorithm, such as bi-linear interpolation, linear interpolation, cubics, splines or the like. Then, the resulting pixel value is stored in the oblique image or a copy (such as a memory copy) of the oblique image. This process is preferably repeated for every pixel in the oblique image. However, it should be understood that this process could only be repeated for a subset of the pixels. 
         [0055]    In general, the process described above may be performed on a continuous or intermittent basis. For example, once the section color balancing transformations are created, such section color balancing transformations can be stored, and then applied on a pixel by pixel basis at a later time to color-balance the oblique image. For example, the color-balancing transformations can be stored with the oblique image and then utilized to color-balance the oblique image when it is retrieved or displayed. 
         [0056]    Set forth hereinafter is pseudo-code for one embodiment of the present invention: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Select oblique images to adjust 
               
               
                 Select reference images 
               
               
                 For( each image to be color-balanced ){ 
               
               
                    Divide image into sections 
               
               
                    For( each image section used ){ 
               
               
                       Choose one or more overlapping reference images 
               
               
                       If ( only one reference image is chosen ) { 
               
               
                          Create section color-balancing transformation from 
               
               
                          chosen reference image 
               
               
                       } 
               
               
                       Else { 
               
               
                          Create empty section color-balancing transformation 
               
               
                          For ( each chosen reference image ){ 
               
               
                             Create    temporary 
               
               
                             color-balancing transformation 
               
               
                             for this chosen reference image 
               
               
                             Combine    temporary 
               
               
                             color-balancing transformation 
               
               
                             into section color-balancing 
               
               
                             transformation 
               
               
                          } 
               
               
                       } 
               
               
                    } 
               
               
                    For (each pixel to be transformed){ 
               
               
                       Create empty final pixel value 
               
               
                       For (each image section used){ 
               
               
                          If (section is applicable to pixel){ 
               
               
                             Compute transformed pixel value from 
               
               
                             section color-balancing transformation 
               
               
                             Blend transformed pixel value into final 
               
               
                             pixel value 
               
               
                          } 
               
               
                       } 
               
               
                       Store final pixel value 
               
               
                    } 
               
               
                 } 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0057]    For RGB color images, the above process is repeated three times, once for each color pixel component, i.e. the red pixels, the green pixels, and the blue pixels, each with its own color-balancing transformation. 
         [0058]    Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that certain changes and modifications may be practiced without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, as described in this specification and as defined in the appended claims below. The term “comprising” within the claims is intended to mean “including at least” such that the recited listing of elements in a claim are an open group. “A,” “an” and other singular terms are intended to include the plural forms thereof unless specifically excluded.