Abstract:
A method of producing an injectable calcium phosphate paste by a process in which calcium phosphate precursors are mixed with the setting fluids to form a self-hardened apatite cement is disclosed. The produced apatite cement is biocompatible, bioactive and biodegradable in the body. The pH value of said apatite cement is approximately 7 with compressive strength between 10-30 MPa and the setting process will not generate.temperature &gt;37° C. The self-hardened apatite (SHA) cement is found to be bioresorbable and can be used for bone fillers, fixation of broken bones or artificial joints in human and also appropriate for use as a delivery vehicle.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a national stage filing under 35 U.S.C. §371 of international application PCT/MY2011/000210, filed Sep. 29, 2011 which was published under PCT Article 21(2) in English. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to bone cement composition. More particularly, the present invention relates to a bioresorbable self-hardened apatite (SHA) cement composition which is biocompatible, bioactive, and biodegradable in the body. The self-hardened apatite cement composition of the present invention is appropriate for fixation of broken bones or artificial joints, in humans, as bone fillers and can also be used as a delivery vehicle. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Bone cements and calcium phosphate cements are the two major groups of cementing materials that are currently being used for the fixation of broken bones or artificial joints in human. 
     Bone cements are normally made from polymethylmetacrylate (PMMA)—a polymer material, with ceramics filler, for example zirconium oxide or barium sulphate. It is used for fixation of artificial joints to the skeleton. Basically, the bone cements are two-component materials, i.e. consists of pre-polymerized PMMA plus fillers in the form of a powder, and another is a monomer liquid. There are many drawbacks to these bone cements, such as polymerization which develops temporary heat between 60° C. to 100° C. that is found detrimental to the surrounding tissues, as cells cannot survive temperatures over 47° C. Bone cements are brittle and prone to fatigue failure. They are mechanically weak when they entrap impurities such as air and blood. They produce “wear debris” that can cause osteolysis (i.e., bone resorption). Bone cements may support colonisation of bacteria and development of post-operative infections. They may also cause allergy and anaphylactic reaction during surgery. 
     Calcium phosphate (CaP) cements consists of calcium phosphate precursors mixed with a setting solution to form calcium phosphate paste or dough that eventually hardened into solid material. There are various combinations of calcium phosphate precursors, such as CaHPO 4 .2H 2 O, CaHPO 4 , Ca 2 P 2 O 7 , Ca 2 H 2 P 2 O 8 , etc. Some of the powder mixtures may need to be heated to temperatures up to 1000° C. before mixing with the setting solution. The setting solutions could be in turns of basic aqueous solutions, acidic aqueous solutions, solvents or water. Other than these calcium phosphate precursors, fillers (e.g. MgO, strontium, collagen), accelerator agents (e.g. LiCl, LiOH), retarder agents (e.g. polysaccharide, glycerine, starch) and pH controlling agents (e.g. HCl, HNO 3 , NH 3 O 4 , Na 2 HPO 4 , etc.,) were also used. 
     There are few drawbacks to CaP cements, such as hardening reaction temperatures ranging between 30-150° C. For temperatures exceeding 45° C., these are detrimental to the surrounding tissues since cells cannot survive temperatures over 47° C. The pH of the CaP cements ranges between acidic to highly basic (pH ˜5-12). In micro-environment, these could be detrimental causing irritation and inflammatory reactions to the surrounding cells which requires pH ˜7 for the body homeostasis. Thus, it may take a very long time to reach neutral pH. Usage of complex chemicals may also affect the biocompatibility properties of the CaP cements, apart from it being more difficult or more expensive to produce. Some of the cements take very long time to degrade. Controlled degradation is favorable so that the body can have time to replace the synthetic materials with the host bone. Too fast or too slow resorption is both unfavourable. Therefore there is a need for an invention that can achieve one or more of the following objectives which constitutes the objectives of the present invention i.e.
         1. To produce a self-hardened apatite (SHA) cement which is biodegradable, biocompatible and bioactive in the body, as well as to enhance bone growth and bone integration;   2. To produce a self-hardened apatite (SHA) cement which has neutral pH (˜7);   3. To produce a self-hardened apatite (SHA) cement which has compressive strength of between 10-30 MPa, which is suitable for both non-load bearing and some load bearing applications;   4. The hardening or setting process of the cement composition should not generate heat greater than 37° C., which is the normal body temperature; and   5. The self-hardened apatite cement is also suitable to be used as a delivery vehicle.       

     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, the first aspect of the present invention provides for a composition of an injectable self-hardened apatite (SHA) cement comprising:
         a. a main matrix comprising tri-calcium phosphate (TCP; Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ) and tetra-calcium phosphate (TTCP; Ca 4 (PO 4 ) 2 O),   b. hardening agents comprising sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ), citric acid (C 6 H 8 O 7 ) and sodium citrate (C 6 H 5 Na 3 O 7 .2H 2 O),   c. setting fluids and   d. filler and pH stabiliser.       

     The second aspect of the present invention is that the resultant injectable self-hardened apatite cement has a neutral pH of approximately 7 and is biocompatible, bioactive, biodegradable in the human body. 
     The third aspect of the present invention is that the injectable self-hardened apatite cement has compressive strength of between 10-30 MPa and will not generate temperature greater than 37° C. during the setting process. 
     The composition of the present invention will now be described in detail below: 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
         FIG. 1  is a plot showing degradation or weight loss of non-sterile and gamma-sterilized self-hardened apatite (SHA) beads over time during which they were immersed in a static simulated body fluid (SBF). 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Preparing the Self-Hardened Apatite Cement 
     Self-harden apatite cement (SHA) were prepared using TCP+TTCP as a main matrix and mixed with sodium carbonate, citric acid, sodium citrate and Hydroxyapatite. TTCP+TCP were ground at 0.1 MPa (1 bar) for 1 minute using mortar grinder machine, while other precursors were manually ground for 2 minutes. These precursors were further mixed with 2 g of double-distilled deionized water (DDI) as a setting solution using spatula and weighing boat. The slurry was moulded into spherical Perspex mould at 37° C. in an oven (Binder FD115, USA) for approximately 6 hours. This will produce solid spherical beads with diameter approximately 8 mm. 
     The percentage of each chemical used in the preparation of the injectable self-hardened apatite cement is listed in Table 1 below. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Percentage of each chemical in the self-hardened apatite 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Chemicals 
                 Weight (g) 
                 Weight (%) 
                 Weight (%) range 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TCP + TTCP 
                    2 g 
                   55% 
                 45:55-55:45 
               
               
                 Sodium carbonate 
                 0.318 g 
                 8.74% 
                  5-10 
               
               
                 Citric acid 
                 0.961 g 
                 26.42%  
                 20-35 
               
               
                 Sodium citrate 
                 0.258 g 
                 7.09% 
                  5-10 
               
               
                 Hydroxyapatite 
                  0.1 g 
                 2.75% 
                 1-5 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     In the present invention, the TCP and TTCP form the main matrix, whereas sodium carbonate, citric acid and sodium citrate are the hardening agents and the hydroxyapatite (Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ) is used as a filler and as a pH stabiliser. The setting fluids used in the present composition are selected from a group of pure water, saline solution, body fluids such as body electrolyte, blood plasma or whole blood, solutions of drugs, proteins and hormones. 
     A comparative study on the TCP:TTCP weight ratio was also carried out and the results are shown in Table 2 below. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 TCP:TTCP weight ratio 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Sample 
                 TCP 
                 TTCP 
                 TCP:TTCP 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 0.0713 g 
                 0.0795 g 
                 47%:53% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 47% 
                 53% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 2 
                  0.058 g 
                 0.0555 g 
                 51%:49% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 51% 
                 49% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 0.0595 g 
                 0.0821 g 
                 42%:58% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 42% 
                 58% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 0.0477 g 
                 0.0565 g 
                 46%:54% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 46% 
                 54% 
                   
               
               
                   
                 5 
                  0.088 g 
                  0.074 g 
                 54%:46% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 54% 
                 46% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The samples were evaluated and it was found that the TCP:TTCP of 45:55 to 55:45 ratios produce workable SHA; which falls within the required objectives. Furthermore, the hardening or setting process did not generate heat greater than 37° C., which is the body temperature. Therefore, the SHA cement can also be used as a delivery vehicle to deliver selected material, especially those that are heat-sensitive such as drugs, proteins and plasma, to the human body. 
     Study on the DDI Effect 
     After the composition has been prepared, a study on the DDI effect was carried out and the results are shown in Table 3 below: 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Study on DDI effect and determination of workable DDI range: 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 DDI (ml) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 B 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 A 
                 2 ml (original 
                 C 
                 D 
                 E 
                 F 
                 G 
                 H 
                 I 
               
               
                   
                 1.5 ml 
                 formulation) 
                 2.5 ml 
                 3 ml 
                 3.5 ml 
                 4 ml 
                 6 ml 
                 8 ml 
                 10 ml 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Bubbles 
                 Can&#39;t get rid 
                 1″30 s-2″       
                 1″30 s-2″       
                 1″30 s 
                 Less 
                 &lt;E 
                 &lt;F 
                 &lt;G 
                 &lt;H 
               
               
                 released 
                 of bubbles 
                   
                   
                   
                 bubbles 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Mixing 
                 mixing not 
                  0-2″ 
                  0-3″ 
                 0-4″ 
                 0-4″ 
                 0-9″ 
                 0-13″ 
                 0-17″ 
                 0-25″ 
               
               
                   
                 complete 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Moulding/ 
                 Not enough 
                 2″-4″ 
                 3″-4″ 
                 4″ 
                 4″ 
                  9″ 
                 13″ 
                 17″ 
                 25″ 
               
               
                 injectable 
                 time 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 ability 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Start 
                  1″ 
                 3″-5″ 
                 5″ 
                 5″ 
                 5″ 
                 11″ 
                 16″ 
                 21″ 
                 29″ 
               
               
                 hardening 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Complete 
                 10″ 
                 13″-15″ 
                 13″-15″ 
                 1 hour 
                 1 hour 
                 1′30″ 
                 3 hours 
                 4 hours 
                 4 hours 
               
               
                 hardening 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Observation 
                 — 
                 Complete 
                 Complete 
                 Not 
                 Not 
                 Not 
                 Not 
                 Not 
                 Not 
               
               
                 after 15″ 
                   
                 harden 
                 harden 
                 complete 
                 complete 
                 complete 
                 complete 
                 complete 
                 complete 
               
               
                 (oven) 
                   
                   
                   
                 harden, 
                 harden, 
                 harden, 
                 harden, 
                 harden, 
                 harden, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 press → 
                 press → 
                 press → 
                 press → 
                 press → 
                 press → 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 flattened 
                 flattened 
                 flattened 
                 flattened 
                 flattened 
                 flattened 
               
               
                 Observation 
                 Hard to 
                 CS: 25.1 MPa 
                 C = B 
                 Hard but 
                 Hard but 
                 Hard but 
                 Hard but 
                 Hard but 
                 Hard but 
               
               
                 after 
                 break (A &gt; B), 
                   
                   
                 brittle 
                 brittle 
                 brittle, 
                 brittle, 
                 brittle, 
                 brittle, 
               
               
                 complete 
                 rough 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 smooth 
                 smooth 
                 rough 
                 rough 
               
               
                 hardening 
                 surface 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 surface 
                 surface 
                 surface 
                 surface 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     From the above study, it was found that the amount of DDI water between 1.5-3 ml for the given chemical powder compositions as in Table 1 produces SHA. The use of less or more DDI water than the values described in Table 3 above produces soft to pasty samples that would not harden at all within 30 minutes and hence are not useful as injectable in bone cement applications. The working time prior to injectable occurs when all bubbles has been released is between 2-5 minutes under atmospheric conditions. These are the times that the slurry slowly turns into injectable paste form. The complete hardening or setting process to produce said SHA cement occurs between 13-15 minutes in a physiologic environment at 37° C. Thus the preferred embodiment according to the study conducted is 2 ml (˜2 g) DDI water. 
     Study on the Different Setting Fluids 
     The setting fluids used in the present composition are selected from a group of pure water, saline solution, body fluids such as body electrolyte, blood plasma or whole blood, solutions of drugs, proteins and hormones. Examples of the different setting fluids on the SHA cements prepared are shown in the Table 4 below: 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Observation on the different setting fluids used 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Setting fluid 
                 Pure DDI water 
                 Saline solution 
                 Body electrolytes 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Setting time: 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Bubbles released 
                 1.5 minutes-2 
                  1.5 minutes 
                    1 minute 
               
               
                   
                 minutes 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Mixing 
                 0-2 minutes 
                  0-3 minutes 
                  0-3 minutes 
               
               
                 Moulding 
                 2 minutes-4 
                  3-4 minutes 
                 3.5 minutes-4 
               
               
                   
                 minutes 
                   
                 minutes 
               
               
                 Hardening time: 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Starts hardening 
                 3 minutes-5 
                    5 minutes 
                  4-7 minutes 
               
               
                   
                 minutes 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Hardened 
                 13 minutes-15 
                 10-15 minutes 
                 12-16 minutes 
               
               
                   
                 minutes 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Observation of the sample 
                 Complete harden 
                 Complete harden after 
                 Complete harden 
               
               
                   
                 after 15 minutes in 
                 30 minutes in oven 
                 after 30 minutes in 
               
               
                   
                 oven (37° C.) 
                 (37° C.) 
                 oven (37° C.) 
               
               
                   
                 Hard to break 
                 Hard to break 
                 Hard to break 
               
               
                 Strength 
                 10-25 MPa 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     From the above study, it was found that despite different setting fluids used with the chemical powder composition as in Table 1, the SHA produced gave similar working and hardening times. The slurry which turns into paste form is suitable for injectable applications. However the presence of electrolytes and/or other compositions such as proteins, hormones, drugs, etc, may increase the completion of hardening process in the physiologic environment at 37° C. from 15 to 30 minutes. 
     Study of the Heat Released During Setting Process 
     The hardening or setting process of the cement composition is expected not to generate heat greater than 37° C.; which is the normal body temperature. Thus the study was conducted to evaluate the heat generated during the setting process, and the results are listed in the Table 5 below. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Heat generated during setting process of SHA cement 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Recorded Temperature (Heat Generated 
               
               
                   
                 Batch No. 
                 during setting process) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 F1 
                 28.0° C. ± 0.1° C. 
               
               
                   
                 F2 
                 32.0° C. ± 0.5° C. 
               
               
                   
                 F3 
                 28.0° C. ± 0.1° C. 
               
               
                   
                 F4 
                 29.0° C. ± 0.5° C. 
               
               
                   
                 F5 
                 29.0° C. ± 0.1° C. 
               
               
                   
                 F6 
                 28.0° C. ± 0.1° C. 
               
               
                   
                 F7 
                 28.0° C. ± 0.1° C. 
               
               
                   
                 F8 
                 25.5° C. ± 0.7° C. 
               
               
                   
                 F9 
                 29.0° C. ± 0.1° C. 
               
               
                   
                  F10 
                 28.0° C. ± 0.5° C. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As shown in the Table 5 above, the heat generated during the setting process is less than 37° C., thus it had achieved the targeted objective. Since the heat generated does not exceed 37° C., the SHA cement will able to embody temperature sensitive additives such as drugs, proteins, hormones, etc. The less than 37° C. heat generated during hardening process will also enable the injectable SHA cement to be safely hardened and used in the human body. If the cements hardening temperatures exceed 45° C., it will denature proteins, hormones and other temperature sensitive drugs. Not only it would not be able to carry these additives, the hardening process of the cements will also be detrimental to the surrounding tissues since cells cannot survive temperatures over 47° C. 
     pH Value of SHA Bead in Simulated Body Fluids (SBF) 
     The pH value of the hardened product is neutral (pH ˜7) under fluid environment, similar to body pH. The SHA bead was immersed in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) and it was found that the pH values were maintained in neutral condition even at day 7 of immersion. The results of this experiment are tabulated in Table 6 below. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 pH value of SHA bead in SBF 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Immersion duration (hour) in 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) 
                 pH value of SHA bead in SBF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   0.25 
                 7.40 ± 0.02 
               
               
                   
                   0.5 
                 7.39 ± 0.03 
               
               
                   
                   0.75 
                 7.39 ± 0.06 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 7.36 ± 0.06 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 7.34 ± 0.02 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 7.30 ± 0.06 
               
               
                   
                     24 (1 day) 
                 7.28 ± 0.04 
               
               
                   
                  72 (3 days) 
                 7.25 ± 0.04 
               
               
                   
                 120 (5 days) 
                 7.23 ± 0.03 
               
               
                   
                 168 (7 days) 
                 7.17 ± 0.03 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Further, SHA beads (0.4 g) will degrade at the rate of 45 days (±2 days). This property constitutes for its bioresorbability and thus can be used as delivery vehicle applications. 
     Study on Compression Strength Range 
     The compression strength ranges of the different combinations of the chemicals are listed in Table 7 below. From the table, it can be found that the compression strength typically ranges between 10 MPa (100 bar) and 30 MPa (300 bar), thus suitable for both non-load bearing and some load bearing applications. Lower MPa products are used as delivery vehicle and non-load bearing bone cavity filler especially for osteoporotic bone, while higher MPa products are used as injectable bone cements for prosthetic fixation. 
                                                                     TABLE 7                   Compression strength range                Formulation                        Sodium           Hy-                   TTCP +   carbon-   Citric   Sodium   droxy-               No   TCP   ate   acid   citrate   apatite   DDI   CS (MPa)               1   2 g   0.318 g   0.961 g   0.258 g   0.1 g   2 g   25.1 ± 2.2       2   2 g   0.318 g   0.961 g   0.516 g   0.1 g   2 g   14.97 + 3.44       3   2 g   0.318 g   0.961 g   0.774 g   0.1 g   2 g    10.2 + 1.36       4   2 g   0.318 g    1.14 g   0.258 g   0.2 g   2 g   19.41 + 3.45       5   2 g    0.53 g   0.961 g   —   —   2 g    9.51 + 1.45       6   2 g   0.318 g   0.961 g   —   —   2 g   22.68 + 4.65       7   2 g   0.318 g   0.769 g   —   —   2 g   14.41 + 1.96       8   2 g   —    0.38 g    0.88 g   —   2 g   2.37                    
Properties of the Final Product
 
     Self-harden apatite cement (SHA) were prepared using TTCP+TCP (2 g) as a main matrix and mixed with sodium carbonate (0.318 g), citric acid (0.961 g), sodium citrate (0.258 g) and Hydroxyapatite (0.1 g). TTCP+TCP were ground at 0.1 MPa (1 bar) for 1 minute using mortar grinder machine, while other precursors were manually ground for 2 minutes. These precursors were further mixed with 2 g of double-distilled deionized water (DDI) as a setting solution using spatula and weighing boat. 
     The mixing process will take about 2 minutes. Bubbles will release in about 1.5-2 minutes. After all the bubbles have been released, the slurry is ready for moulding at 2-4 minutes. The slurry starts to harden at 3-5 minutes and is completely hardened at 13-15 minutes. Initial pH and temperature is 7.13 and 28° C. respectively. 
     If the slurry were moulded, poured or injected into a cylindrical shape teflon mould (Ø˜6 mm, height˜12 mm), the physical properties of SHA as follows will be obtained:—Height: 12 mm (±0.05 mm), diameter: 5.92 mm (±0.04=), weight: 0.54 g (±0.01 g), apparent density: 1.62 g/cm 3  (±0.02 g/cm 3 ), true density: 3.4069 g/cm 3  (±0.34 g/cm 3 ) and total porosity: 56%. The porosity value may enable the SHA cement to contain additives such as drugs, proteins, hormones, etc as a delivery vehicle. Furthermore, the compressive strength of SHA cement of between ˜10-25 MPa (100-250 bar) is suitable for both non-load bearing and some load bearing applications. Thus the applications for this SHA cement ranges from as a delivery vehicle to injectable non-load bearing bone fillers and to some load-bearing prosthetic fixations. 
     Study on the Degradation Property 
     Two sets of SHA samples were prepared for the degradation study. One set was non-sterile SHA while another set was gamma γ-sterile SHA at 25kGy irradiation. SHA bead was then immersed in 30 ml of simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37° C. using Incubator (Memmert BE 600, Germany) for various immersion times (1 day, 3 days, 5 days and 7 days). The SBF with ion concentrations equivalent to human blood plasma was freshly prepared by dissolving reagent-grade chemicals of NaCl, NaHCO 3 , KCl, K 2 HPO 4 .3H 2 O, MgCl 2 .6H 2 O, CaCl 2  and Na 2 SO 4  in DDI water. The solution was buffered at pH 7.4 with 1M HCl and tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane at 37° C. The comparative amounts of ionic concentrations in mM of SBF and human blood plasma are listed in Table 8. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Ion concentrations of SBF and human blood plasma 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ion concentration (mM) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Na +   
                 K +   
                 Mg 2+   
                 Ca 2+   
                 Cl −   
                 HCO 3   −   
                 HPO 4   2−   
                 SO 4   2−   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 SBF 
                 142.0 
                 5.0 
                 1.5 
                 2.5 
                 148.8 
                 4.2 
                 1.0 
                 0 
               
               
                 solution 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Human 
                 142.0 
                 5.0 
                 1.5 
                 2.5 
                 103.0 
                 27.0 
                 1.0 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 blood 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 plasma 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     SHA were removed from SBF and dried at room temperature after complete immersion. Studies of degradation were calculated by weighing the SHA weight before and after immersion. The plot for the degradation or weight loss of the SHA beads over time (hours) up to 7 days period is shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     Study that has been conducted shows that gamma γ-sterilized self-hardened apatite (SHA) cement bead with a weight of 0.4 g will degrade 0.13 g after 7 days immersion in SBF solution. It can be estimated that the SHA will completely degrade after 54 days immersion in SBF. The calculation as follows: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     Degradation 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     rate 
                   
                   = 
                     
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     0.13047 
                     - 
                     
                       
                         0.1008 
                         / 
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             7 
                             - 
                             3 
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       day 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   = 
                     
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
                       0.02967 
                       / 
                       4 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     day 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     = 
                       
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       7.42 
                       × 
                       
                         10 
                         
                           - 
                           3 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               1 
               ⁢ 
               
                   
               
               ⁢ 
               bead 
               ⁢ 
               
                   
               
               ⁢ 
               
                 ( 
                 
                   0.4 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   g 
                 
                 ) 
               
             
             , 
             
               
                 will 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 degrade 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 in 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 0.4 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                   g 
                   / 
                   7.42 
                 
                 × 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                   10 
                   
                     - 
                     3 
                   
                 
               
               = 
               
                 54 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 days 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     
                       ± 
                       1 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     day 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Meanwhile, non-sterilized SHA cement bead with a weight of 0.4 g will degrade 0.12 g after 7 days immersion in SBF solution and completely degrade after 45 days immersion in SBF solution. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     Degradation 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     rate 
                   
                   = 
                     
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     0.11966 
                     - 
                     
                       
                         0.08424 
                         / 
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             7 
                             - 
                             3 
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       day 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   = 
                     
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
                       0.03536 
                       / 
                       4 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     day 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   = 
                     
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     8.84 
                     × 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       10 
                       
                         - 
                         3 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               1 
               ⁢ 
               
                   
               
               ⁢ 
               bead 
               ⁢ 
               
                   
               
               ⁢ 
               
                 ( 
                 
                   0.4 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   g 
                 
                 ) 
               
             
             , 
             
               
                 will 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 degrade 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 in 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 0.4 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                   g 
                   / 
                   8.84 
                 
                 × 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                   10 
                   
                     - 
                     3 
                   
                 
               
               = 
               
                 45 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 days 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     
                       ± 
                       2 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     days 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Thus the gamma sterilized SHA cement may take slightly longer time to completely degrade in the body compared to the non-sterile SHA cement. 
     Table 9 below lists the formulation, chemical, physical and mechanical properties of the final product prepared according to the present invention. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Properties of the final product 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Code 
                 F4 
               
               
                 Raw material &amp; 
                 TTCP + TCP (2 g) + sodium carbonate (0.318 g) +  
               
               
                 Formulation 
                 citric acid (0.961 g) + sodium citrate (0.258 g) +  
               
               
                   
                 Hydroxyapatite (0.1 g) + DDI (2 g) 
               
               
                 Process 
                 TTCP + TCP were ground at 1 bar for 
               
               
                   
                 1 minute, while other 
               
               
                   
                 precursors for 2 minutes 
               
               
                   
                 Mix all precursors with DDI using 
               
               
                   
                 spatula &amp; weighing boat 
               
               
                   
                 Slurry is ready for moulding after 
               
               
                   
                 all bubbles were released 
               
               
                 Working &amp; hardening 
                 Bubbles released: 1.5 minutes-2 minutes 
               
               
                 time 
                 Mixing: 0-2 minutes 
               
               
                   
                 Moulding: 2 minutes-4 minutes 
               
               
                   
                 Start hardening: 3 minutes-5 minutes 
               
               
                   
                 Hardened: 13 minutes-15 minutes 
               
               
                 Chemical properties:  
                 pH: 7.13 
               
               
                 pH, temperature 
                 T: 28° C. 
               
               
                 Physical properties 
                 Height: 12 mm ± 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Diameter: 5.92 mm ± 0.04 
               
               
                   
                 Weight: 0.54 g ± 0.01 
               
               
                   
                 Apparent density: 1.62 g/cm 3  ± 0.02 
               
               
                   
                 True density: 3.4069 g/cm 3  ± 0.34 
               
               
                   
                 Total porosity: 56% 
               
               
                 Mechanical property 
                 CS: 10-25 MPa (100-250 bar) 
               
               
                 Degradation study 
                 Complete degrade after 50 days 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     It is well known that both TCP and TTCP are biodegradable and biocompatible, and in the host body in many clinical studies they have been shown to have bioresorbable and bioactive properties; whereby the dissolved TCP and TTCP were later replaced by the human bone. 
     While the invention has been described in connection with certain preferred embodiments illustrated above, it will be understood that it is not intended to limit the invention to these particular embodiments. On contrary, it is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications and equivalents as may be included within the scope of the invention as defined, by the appended claims.