Abstract:
An apparatus for training the upper extremities is taught and claimed. The invention comprises a paddle subassembly adapted to slidingly engage with a mount subassembly. A user interacts with the apparatus by pulling on a climbing hold located on the paddle subassembly. The paddle subassembly offers increasing resistance to the user, thus increasing the strength and endurance of the muscle groups exercised. Resistance elements such as, for example, bungee cords and the like are used to provide resistance. The climbing hold is interchangeable, thus allowing the use of various styles and shapes of climbing holds in order to provide a variety of strength exercises for the hands. The slide of the invention is adapted to rotate to a plurality of discrete angles. The invention is particularly useful and training the muscles of the fingers, hands, wrists and forearms in preparation for rock climbing activities.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application for patent is a non-provisional application, which claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/789,534 filed in the United States Patent and Trademark Office on Mar. 15, 2013 and which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. 
     
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
       [0002]    Not applicable. 
       INCORPORATION-BY-REFERENCE OF MATERIAL SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISK 
       [0003]    Not applicable. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0005]    The invention is an apparatus which is useful for training the upper extremities of an individual with respect to certain sporting activities which require finger, hand, wrist, and forearm strength as well as general upper body strength. More specifically, the invention relates to the field of training devices and apparatuses intended to strengthen the upper extremities of rock climbers and the like. The apparatus of the invention uses resistance, realistic handholds, and a range of motion to train the fingers, hands, upper extremities, and upper body of the user in order to better enable them to partake in rock climbing and similar activities. 
         [0006]    2. Background Art 
         [0007]    Training equipment and programs for upper extremity sports, such as rock climbing, have been in existence for a number of years, and have been used with varying degrees of success. Such training programs generally seek to increase the upper extremity body strength of the person in order to increase strength to weight ratio, tone the muscles of the upper extremities, especially the fingers and hands, and to train the muscles in order to remain flexed and weight-bearing for increasing periods of time in the range of 30 seconds to 60 seconds or even longer. 
         [0008]    As an example, simple torsion resistance handgrips have been suggested as one means for training the fingers, hands, wrists and forearms in preparation for rock climbing. While simple torsion resistance handgrips are easy to use, small and convenient, and can be carried so the training can occur at virtually any location, they lack the realistic feel and structure of the typical handhold structures encountered during actual rock climbing, and therefore do not provide an adequate job of training, especially, the finger muscles to grip and hold a typical rock climbing hold as would be encountered in either the gymnasium or outdoors rock climbing on, for instance, stone structures. Therefore, simple torsion resistance handgrips are not optimum devices for such training. 
         [0009]    Another technique of the prior art used for training the muscles of the fingers, hands and wrists is the fingertip push-up. The fingertip push-up is an exercise that incorporates isotonic contractions of the chest, shoulders, and triceps, and isometric exercise for the hands. A fingertip pushup is performed as a standard pushup, but instead of resting the palms flat on the supporting surface, which may be, for example, a floor, the user supports themselves with their fingertips only. Although this exercise is excruciating for most beginners, hand-strength may improve with regular training. However, fingertip push-ups exhibit the same shortcoming as the torsion resistance handgrips described above, in that they do not train the muscles of the fingers and hands to grip and hold a typical rock climbing hold as would be encountered either in the gymnasium or outdoors. 
         [0010]    Another technique for strengthening the muscles of the fingers, hands, wrists and forearms is to simply do more rock climbing in either a gymnasium or outdoor setting. However, such rock climbing sessions typically take more time than is available during the average working day, as a rock climbing session may last anywhere from one to five hours or longer, especially if the rock climbing is done outdoors and in a remote environment. In such cases, travel time to and from the rock climbing site or gymnasium must also be taken into account. Thus, the opportunities to participate in actual rock climbing, in either indoor or outdoor setting, may be restricted by the available time in the day. Weather may also play a role in reducing the time available for rock climbing. Furthermore, training by simply doing more rock climbing does not allow an individual to incrementally change the training resistance parameters in order to systematically increase strength. Simply training by rock climbing may lead to discouragement if systematic, measurable incremental progress is not seen by the climber. 
         [0011]    What is needed therefore is an effective apparatus and method for training the fingers, hands, wrists, and forearms of the user that, preferably, simulates an actual rock climbing environment, and is adaptable to be used in a home or other convenient setting without requiring travel to remote climbing sites, gymnasium sessions, or identification of outdoor climbing facilities in order to be utilized. The present invention provides these features, and overcomes the shortcomings of the prior art by operation of its novel and unique feature set. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0012]    The present invention comprises a system and/or method that has one or more of the following features and/or steps, which alone or in any combination may comprise patentable subject matter. 
         [0013]    In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the invention comprises three major subassemblies: 1) a base plate; 2) a mount subassembly which includes a mount platform, rails, a rubber bumper, provisions to retain at least one resistance element such as, for example, a bungee cord, an elastic cord, springs, or pneumatic cylinder, and hardware such as threaded fasteners and pins which aid in assembling the mount subassembly together and; 3) a paddle subassembly which comprises a top, at least one bottom further comprising paddle rail surfaces for sliding engagement with the mount rail surfaces, at least one resistance element such as, for example, a bungee cord, an elastic cord, springs, or pneumatic cylinder, a climbing hold for gripping by a user and hardware such as threaded fasteners and pins which aid in assembling the paddle subassembly together. An alternate preferred embodiment of the invention comprises the mount subassembly and paddle subassembly with no base plate. 
         [0014]    In a preferred embodiment, the paddle subassembly is slidingly engaged with the mount subassembly, such that the rails of the mount subassembly receive the rails of the paddle subassembly in a sliding engagement. The resistance element or elements provide resistance to sliding, such that when a user grips the interchangeable climbing hold on the paddle subassembly, which is preferably mounted on a top surface of the paddle, and pulls the climbing hold in such a manner as to extend and move the paddle in a sliding manner along the rails of the mount subassembly, an increasing resistance is offered to the fingers, hand, wrists, and forearms of the user, thus providing strengthening of the upper extremity being exercised. Repeated use of the improved upper extremity training apparatus system and method of the invention results in increased finger, hand, wrist, and forearm strength and is especially adapted to training the muscles of the fingers, hands, wrists, and forearm for use in rock climbing by the use of the actual rock climbing holds which are mounted onto the top surface of the paddle. In a preferred embodiment, the rock climbing hold mounted onto the top surface of the paddle is interchangeable, such that any hold commercially available or custom fabricated climbing hold may be utilized with the invention. Such holds are commonly used, for example, on the vertical walls of rock climbing gymnasiums. A large number of such climbing holds are commercially available at a reasonable price, which use a common hardware mounting scheme. Thus, a user of the improved upper extremity training apparatus of the invention may select any climbing hold desired in order to train for a particular ascent or to meet any other specific need of the user. 
         [0015]    It is a further aspect of the invention that the mount platform may be further adapted to hold the mount at a variety of angles with respect to vertical, such that a user of the invention may train the fingers, hands, wrists, and forearms to strengthen in a variety of orientations, thereby exercising various muscle groups and training the user for actual rock climbing scenarios in which rock climbing holds may not be perfectly oriented to a horizontal or vertical axis. Such off-axis rock climbing holds are typically encountered in outdoor rock climbing, but may be encountered in indoor rock climbing as well. 
         [0016]    It is a further aspect of the invention that it may be mounted on a vertical wall in any location the user desires, such that it is readily accessible for use and may be accessed during the day at various times as the user may have available and thus does not require travel to a rock climbing gymnasium or outdoor rock climbing setting in order to perform training exercises. 
         [0017]    Still further, the apparatus of the invention may be utilized for physical therapy or rehabilitation such as may be required to develop upper extremity strength, for example, after surgery, after recovering from a serious illness, or to simply maintain muscle tone. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0018]    The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated into and form a part of the specification, illustrate one or more embodiments of the present invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. The drawings are only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention. In the drawings: 
           [0019]      FIG. 1  depicts a perspective top view of a preferred embodiment of the improved upper extremity training apparatus of the invention, with the sliding paddle of the invention shown in an extended position. 
           [0020]      FIG. 2  depicts a perspective top view of a preferred embodiment of the improved upper extremity training apparatus of the invention, with the sliding panel of the invention shown in a resting position. 
           [0021]      FIG. 3   a  depicts a perspective exploded view of a preferred embodiment of the improved upper extremity training apparatus of the invention, in which the paddle top and paddle bottom of the invention are releasably attached by threaded fasteners. 
           [0022]      FIG. 3   b  depicts a perspective exploded view of an alternate embodiment of the improved upper extremity training apparatus of the invention in which the paddle top and paddle bottom of the invention are releasably attached by pins utilizing a press fit. 
           [0023]      FIG. 4   a  depicts a cross-sectional view of a preferred embodiment of the paddle assembly of the improved upper extremity training apparatus of the invention in which the paddle top and paddle bottom of the invention are releasably attached by threaded fasteners. 
           [0024]      FIG. 4   b  depicts a cross-sectional view of an alternate embodiment of the paddle assembly of the improved upper extremity training apparatus of the invention in which the paddle top and paddle bottom of the invention are releasably attached by press fit pins. 
           [0025]      FIG. 5   a  depicts a bottom view of the paddle top of a preferred embodiment of the improved upper extremity training apparatus of the invention, in which threaded holes are shown for receiving threaded fasteners for releasably attaching the paddle top and paddle bottom together. 
           [0026]      FIG. 5   b  depicts a bottom view of the paddle top of an alternate embodiment of the improved upper extremity training apparatus of the invention, in which holes are shown for receiving press fit pins for releasably attaching the paddle top and paddle bottom together. 
           [0027]      FIG. 6   a  depicts a preferred embodiment of the improved upper extremity training apparatus of the invention in use in a resting position. 
           [0028]      FIG. 6   b  depicts a preferred embodiment of the improved upper extremity training apparatus of the invention in use in an extended position. 
           [0029]      FIG. 7   a  depicts a first alternate embodiment of the invention comprising extension springs in use in a resting position. 
           [0030]      FIG. 7   b  depicts a first alternate embodiment of the invention comprising extension springs in use in an extended position. 
           [0031]      FIG. 7   c  depicts a second alternate embodiment of the invention comprising compression springs in use in a resting position. 
           [0032]      FIG. 7   d  depicts a second alternate embodiment of the invention comprising compression springs in use in an extended position. 
           [0033]      FIG. 8  depicts an exploded view of the first alternate embodiment of the invention comprising extension springs, in which the climbing hold is not shown; this figure depicts the retention of the extension springs the resistance element retaining pins of the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0034]    The following documentation provides a detailed description of the invention. As used herein, “lengthwise” means running in the direction of travel of the paddle subassembly as it translates by operation of the sliding engagement between the paddle subassembly and the mount subassembly when motivated by a user. 
         [0035]    In the attached  FIGS. 1-6   b , embodiments of the improved upper extremity training apparatus of the invention are described in the form of three major subassemblies, which are now described for purposes of reference. The first major subassembly is the paddle subassembly of the invention, which is comprised of paddle top  200 , paddle bottom  201 , resistance elements  202 , resistance elements end caps  203 , climbing hold  204 , and the various hardware elements required to assemble the components of the paddle subassembly herein described. The second major subassembly is the mount subassembly, which may be comprised of mount platform  101 , first mount rail  102 , second mount rail  103 , first mount bumper  104 , second mount bumper  105 , resistance element bulkhead  106 , rear bumper  107 , and the various hardware elements required to assemble the components of the mount subassembly herein described. The third subassembly is base plate  100 . A preferred embodiment of the invention may comprise base plate  100 ; or, alternatively, the invention may not comprise base plate  100  in which case the invention may comprise only the mount subassembly and paddle subassembly. In significant part, the paddle subassembly may be slidingly engaged with the mount subassembly by operation of the rail components described in further detail below, and the mount subassembly may be rotatably attached to base plate  100 , also as discussed further below. In this manner, the mount subassembly may be oriented into any one of the number of discrete orientations on base plate  100 , and, in each position, the paddle subassembly may be extended under resistance by a user wishing to strengthen his fingers, hands, wrists or forearms. The subassembly, interconnection, operation and other aspects of the various components of the invention are described in further detail below. 
         [0036]    Referring now to  FIG. 1 , a top perspective view of a preferred embodiment of the invention is shown with the paddle subassembly in a fully extended position. In this position, resistance elements  202  are under tension, tending to pull the paddle subassembly back into its resting position against first mount bumper  104  and second mount bumper  105  which are attached to first mount rail  102  and second mount rail  103 , respectively. In the preferred embodiment depicted in  FIG. 1 , resistance elements  202  may be comprised of, for example, bungee cord, elastic cord or any other elastic material that provides resistance to movement of the paddle subassembly in the direction shown by arrow A, and which may exhibit elastic characteristics such that the paddle subassembly is returned to its resting position by action of said elasticity of the resistance element. As used herein, “bungee cord” means any elasticized cord that may or may not have an exterior sheath. A bungee cord sheath, when used, allows the bungee cord to extend elastically and may be braided with strands spiraling around the core so that a longitudinal pull on the bungee cord may cause the sheath to squeeze the core, transmitting the core&#39;s elastic compression to the longitudinal extension of the sheath and cord. Resistance elements  202  may terminate in resistant element end caps  203  as shown in  FIG. 1 . Resistance element end caps  203  may be attached to resistance elements  202  in any manner known in the art such as, for example, crimping, knotting or any other means known in the art. Resistance element end caps  203  provide a structure for capturing the proximal ends of resistance elements  202  in place. Resistance elements  202  slide into and are retained in resistance element retaining slots  109  (not shown in  FIG. 1 ) by operation of resistance element end caps  203  coming into contact with resistance element bulkhead  106  and being held in place with a slight tension. The retention of resistance elements  202  by operation of resistance element end caps  203  held in place against resistant element bulkhead  106 , with resistance elements  202  passing through resistance elements retaining slots  109  (not shown in  FIG. 1 ), is further depicted in  FIG. 2 . Resistance elements  202  are secured to the paddle subassembly by looping around first and second resistance element retaining pins  216  protruding from the paddle top  200  (not shown in  FIG. 1 , but shown in the exploded view of paddle top  200  in  FIG. 3 ). First and second resistance element retaining pins  216  are of such length as to capture resistance elements  202  as they loop around first and second resistance element retaining pins  216  at resistance elements loop end  207  (not shown in  FIG. 1 , but shown in  FIG. 3 ), but first and second resistance element retaining pins  216  are not so long as to bottom out on the upper surface of paddle bottom first and second grooves  214  and  215  (not shown in  FIG. 1 , but shown in FIG.  4 ). In an alternate embodiment, first and second resistance element retaining pins  216  may protrude from the top of paddle bottom  201  (not shown in  FIG. 1 ) instead of protruding down from the underneath side of paddle top  200 , but in either case first and second resistance element retaining pins  216  perform the same function of securing the resistance elements loop end  207  of resistance elements  202  to the paddle subassembly such that a user encounters resistance when pulling the paddle subassembly away from first mount bumper  104  and second mount bumper  105 . In the preferred embodiment shown in the figures, first and second resistance element retaining pins  216  are present, one for each of the resistance elements  202 . The looping of resistance elements  202  around first and second resistance element retaining pins  216  provides a point of attachment for resistance elements  202  to the paddle subassembly of the invention. Preferably, resistance elements  202  are of appropriate length to establish a slight tension in them when the paddle subassembly is positioned at the most proximal point of its travel, which is defined and referred to herein as the resting position, as is depicted in  FIG. 2 . As used herein, the extended position is defined as the point at the most distal end of the travel of the paddle subassembly as depicted in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0037]    The rotatable attachment of the mount subassembly to the base plate of the invention is now discussed. Referring now still to  FIG. 1 , it can be seen that a series of mount platform angular retention holes  301  may be arranged in an arcurate fashion along the distal end of the base plate  100 . Furthermore, it can be seen that mount platform pivot hole  300  (not shown in  FIG. 1  but shown in  FIG. 3 ) may exist in substantially the middle of base plate  100 . A pivot point bolt  114  (not shown in  FIG. 1 ) or other similar structure may protrude through the bottom surface of mount platform  101  by virtue of mount subassembly rotation counterbored hole  110  which preferably allows a pin, bolt or other similar structure to be completely recessed below the top surface of mount platform  101 , and to protrude from the bottom of mount platform  101  and to rotatably engage mount platform pivot hole  300 . Thus, the mount subassembly of the invention is able to rotate, or pivot, about the pivot point bolt  114 , screw or other structure which is captured in mount platform pivot hole  300 . The pivoting of the mount subassembly in this manner is depicted by arrows B as seen in  FIG. 2 . Still referring to  FIG. 1 , a series of mount platform angular retention holes  301  are adapted to accept, preferably, mount subassembly retaining pin  117  protruding from the underneath side of mount platform  101  allowing mount platform  101  to be oriented into any of the discrete positions provided by the plurality of mount platform angular retention holes  301 . In  FIG. 1 , the mount subassembly of the invention has been rotated as far counterclockwise as allowed by mount platform angular retention holes  301 . It is to be noted that any number of mount platform angular retention holes  301  may be present on base plate  100  of the invention, limited only by the available space on base plate  100 . By rotating the mount subassembly about its pivot point and securing its distal end in any of the mount platform angular retention holes  301  using mount subassembly retaining pin  117 , the mount subassembly may be releasably secured at any one of a variety of angles, offering a user the opportunity to train the muscles of the fingers, hand, wrist and forearm at any angle chosen by the user, and thus muscle training from use of the present invention may more closely mimic the real-world conditions encountered by rock climbers in which climbing holds are not always oriented on an axis convenient for the climber. 
         [0038]    Referring still to  FIG. 1 , rear bumper  107  may be secured into place on the top surface of mount platform  101 , preferably by mount subassembly retaining pin  117  which may engage mount platform angular retention holes  301  in a slight press fit that allows insertion of mount subassembly retaining pin  117  into mount platform angular retention holes  301  by hand, but which exhibits sufficient friction between mount subassembly retaining pin  117  and mount platform angular retention holes  301  that mount subassembly retaining pin  117  is releasably retained in mount platform angular retention holes  301 . Alternatively, a threaded attachment means such as bolt and male threads in mount platform angular retention holes  301  may be utilized to retain mount subassembly retaining pin  117  in mount platform angular retention holes  301 , or any means known by a person of ordinary skill in the art for attachment of structures may be used for engaging mount subassembly retaining pin  117  in mount platform angular retention holes  301 . A preferred embodiment of rear bumper  107  comprises a cylindrical shaped exterior, and further comprises a hole, which may be a counterbored hole, substantially in the center thereof, with mount subassembly retaining pin  117  contained therein such that mount subassembly retaining pin  117  protrudes through the bottom surface of rear bumper  107  to engage in one of holes  301 . Rear bumper  107  operates to limit the travel of the paddle subassembly to a pre-determined limit. Rear bumper  107  may be fabricated from any material such as wood, metal, phenolic, rubber, plastic and the like, but is preferably fabricated from rubber. 
         [0039]    Referring still to  FIG. 1 , climbing hold  204  may be attached to the top surface of paddle top  200  to provide a hand grip surface for use in training. Climbing hold  204  may be attached to the top surface of paddle top  200  using a standard means for attachment of climbing holds as is known, for example, in the rock climbing arts and is discussed in further detail below in the discussion of the cross-sectional view shown in  FIG. 4 . 
         [0040]    Still referring to  FIG. 1 , it is easily seen that a user of the invention may grasp climbing hold  204  and, pulling it away from resistance element bulkhead  106 , will encounter increasing resistance until the paddle subassembly of the invention bottoms out against rear bumper  107 . It should be noted that the resistance of the invention may be any level desired by the user and may be modified or changed from time to time by changing resistance elements  202  to elements that exhibit greater or lesser elasticity, or by adding or subtracting resistance elements  202 . The improved upper extremity training apparatus of the invention is also adaptable to any style of climbing hold  204 , as climbing hold  204  may be interchangeable as is discussed in further detail below. 
         [0041]    Referring now to  FIG. 2 , a perspective top view of a preferred embodiment of the improved upper extremity training apparatus of the invention, with the sliding paddle of the invention shown in the resting position in which paddle top  200  is pulled against first mount bumper  104  and second mount bumper  105  by the tension of resistance elements  202  as hereinbefore described. Arrows B indicate the rotatable motion of the mount subassembly also as hereinbefore described, in which the mount subassembly may be rotated into one of several discrete angular positions. Mount platform angular retention holes  301  may be placed in an arcurate pattern so as to facilitate the rotation and locking into place of the mount subassembly into the angular position desired by the user. 
         [0042]    Still referring to  FIG. 2 , resistance element bulkhead  106  may be attached to mount platform  101  by a plurality of resistance element bulkhead attachment hardware  111 , which may be, for example, screws or bolts passing through holes, which may be counterbored holes, in resistance element bulkhead  106  and wherein said plurality of resistance element bulkhead attachment hardware  111  are threadingly engaged with receiving matching female threads adapted to receive resistance element bulkhead attachment hardware  111  and which are located in the proximal end face of mount platform  101 . Likewise, first mount bumper  104  and second mount bumper  105  may be attached to first mount rail  102  and second mount rail  103 , respectively, by the use of a plurality of mount bumper attachment hardware  112  passing through counterbored holes located in first mount bumper  104  and second mount bumper  105 , and are threadingly engaged with receiving matching female threads adapted to receive mount bumper attachment hardware  112  which are located in the top surface of first mount rail  102  and second mount rail  103 . Rear bumper  107 , retaining pin  117  and resistance element end caps  203  are shown for reference. 
         [0043]    Referring now to  FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b , a perspective exploded view of the invention is shown. The paddle subassembly is depicted as group of elements C and the mount subassembly is depicted as group of elements D. 
         [0044]    Still referring to  FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b , climbing hold  204  is removably attached to the upper surface of paddle top  200  as follows. Climbing hold retaining bolt  211  which may be a threaded fastener comprising male threads, may pass through climbing hold clearance hole  217  in climbing hold  204 , and climbing hold retaining bolt  211  may further pass through climbing hold paddle top hole  208 , which may be a clearance hole located in paddle top  200 , to be threadingly received by a matching female threaded hole in climbing hold retaining nut  205 . In alternate embodiments, a plurality of climbing hold retaining bolts, clearance holes, climbing hold retaining nuts, and climbing hold retaining nut counterbores may comprise the invention. Climbing hold retaining nut  205  may reside in climbing hold retaining nut counterbore  206 . In an alternate embodiment of the invention, climbing hold retaining bolt  211  may pass through climbing hold clearance hole  217  in climbing hold  204  to be received and to be threadingly engaged by female threads in hole  208 . A plurality of climbing holds  204 , climbing hold retaining bolts  211 , climbing hold clearance holes  217 , climbing hold retaining nuts  205  and climbing hold retaining nut counterbores  206  may comprise the invention. It is therefore possible and within the scope of the invention that a plurality of climbing holds  204  may be removably attached to the upper surface of paddle top  200 . The invention may comprise any number of climbing holds. However, for clarity, only one climbing hold  204  is depicted in  FIGS. 1-6   b  as being removably attached to the upper surface of paddle top  200 . 
         [0045]    Paddle top  200  and paddle bottom  201  may be releasably attached by any means known in the art. In  FIGS. 3   a ,  3   b ,  4   a  and  4   b  of the drawings, two of the many included methods and structures for releasably attaching paddle top  200  and paddle bottom  201  are depicted.  FIGS. 3   a  and  4   a  depict a preferred embodiment of the releasable attachment of paddle top  200  to paddle bottom  201  in which paddle top  200  and paddle bottom  201  may be releasably attached by at least one, but preferably a plurality, of threaded fasteners  273  passing up through clearance holes  271  in paddle bottom  201 , which may further comprise counterbores  272  in paddle bottom  201  (not shown in  FIG. 3   a  but shown in  FIG. 4   a ) and received by matching female threaded holes  270  in the underneath side of paddle top  200 . In this manner paddle top  200  may be released from paddle bottom  201  by removing threaded fasteners  273 , allowing paddle top  200  and paddle bottom  201  to be separated. Referring next to  FIGS. 3   b  and  4   b , an alternative embodiment of releasable attachment of paddle top  200  to paddle bottom  201  may be at least one, but preferably a plurality, of pins  210  that may be received by a press fit into holes  261  located in paddle bottom  201  and may also be received by press fit into holes  260  located in the underside of paddle top  200  (not shown in  FIG. 3   b  but shown in  FIG. 4   b ). Thus, in the alternate embodiment shown in  FIGS. 3   b  and  4   b , when paddle top  200  and paddle bottom  201  are pressed together, the plurality of pins  210  are pressed into matching receiving holes  260  located in the underside of paddle top  200  in a press fit, and, by virtue of the press fit between pins  210  and the receiving holes  260  in paddle top  200  and holes  261  in paddle bottom  201 , paddle top  200  and paddle bottom  201  may be releasably attached. 
         [0046]    Referring again to  FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b , the invention may also comprise a first and second resistance element retaining pin  216  that may be received in a press fit by matching holes in the underside of paddle top  200 , located in paddle top first groove  212  (shown in cross-sectional view in  FIGS. 4   a  and  4   b ) and paddle top second groove  213  (shown in exploded view of  FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b ). Resistance elements  202  form a loop around first and second resistance element retaining pins  216  at resistance elements loop end  207  so as to provide a contact point between resistance elements  202  and the paddle subassembly. As described hereinbefore, resistance element end caps  203  are attached to the ends of resistant elements  202 . Still referring to  FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b , pivot point bolt  114  resides in mount subassembly rotation counterbored hole  110  and passes through the bottom of mount platform  101  to be received in a threading engagement with matching female threads located in hole  300 , which is located in base plate  100 . Mount rail attachment hardware  113 , which may be threaded fasteners which are received by male threaded holes in first mount rail  102  and second mount rail  103  (shown in further detail in  FIGS. 4   a  and  4   b ), rivets which may be received by holes in first mount rail  102  and second mount rail  103 , press pins which may be received by receiving holes in first mount rail  102  and second mount rail  103  in a press fit, or any other equivalent means of mechanical fasteners known in the art may be used to affix first mount rail  102  and second mount rail  103  to mount platform  101 . First mount bumper  104 , second mount bumper  105 , resistance element bulkhead  106  and resistance element retaining slots  109  are shown for reference. 
         [0047]    Referring now to  FIGS. 4   a  and  4   b , a cross-sectional view of the invention is shown. Climbing hold  204  is removably attached to the upper surface of paddle top  200  by the threading engagement of climbing hold retaining bolt  211  into receiving female threads located in climbing hold retaining nut  205 , which may reside in counterbore  206  located in an upper surface of paddle bottom  201 . Paddle top  200  may further comprise paddle top first and second grooves  212  and  213  running lengthwise along its bottom surface. Paddle bottom  201  may likewise comprise paddle bottom first and second grooves  214  and  215 , respectively, which run lengthwise along its upper surface. Paddle top first groove  212  is aligned with paddle bottom first groove  214  and paddle top second groove  213  is aligned with paddle bottom second groove  215  so as to form two lengthwise cavities which are able to accept resistance elements  202 . 
         [0048]    Still referring to  FIGS. 4   a  and  4   b , first paddle bottom gib surface  218  and second paddle bottom gib surface  219  are adapted to be received by first mount rail gib surface  115  and second mount rail gib surface  116  in a sliding engagement such that the paddle subassembly of the invention is enabled to slide smoothly upon the mount subassembly of the invention without binding along its length of travel. The first and second mount rail gib surfaces  115  and  116  of the invention are oriented on an angle such that the paddle subassembly is slidingly retained and cannot fall out of the track created by first mount rail gib surface  115  and second mount rail gib surface  116  when, for example, invention is turned upside down. Alternate structures may be used for such retention and sliding engagement, such as, for example, tongue and groove structures, structure with curvilinear cross section and other structures known in the art that are able to retain structural elements as a sliding engagement that allow movement along a longitudinal axis while maintaining the position of the sliding elements in a transverse direction. Mount rail attachment hardware  113 , which may be threaded fasteners which are received by male threaded holes  122  in first mount rail  102  and second mount rail  103 , rivets which may be received by receiving holes in first mount rail  102  and second mount rail  103 , press pins which may be received by receiving holes in first mount rail  102  and second mount rail  103  in a press fit, or any other equivalent means of mechanical fasteners known in the art may be used to affix first mount rail  102  and second mount rail  103  to mount platform  101 . In the case where mount rail attachment hardware  113  are threaded fasteners they may be received by counterbored holes  121  in mount platform  101  in a clearance fit, and the threaded portion of mount rail attachment hardware  113  may be received by matching male threads  122  in first mount rail  102  and second mount rail  103  as depicted in the cross sectional view of  FIG. 4 . First and second resistance element retaining pins  216 , preferably pressed into matching receiving holes in paddle top  200  in a press fit, are also depicted. 
         [0049]    Referring now to  FIGS. 5   a  and  5   b , a bottom view of paddle top  200  is depicted. First and second resistance element retaining pins  216  are, preferably, pressed into matching receiving holes in paddle top  200  in a press fit where they may operate to retain resistance elements  202  (not shown in  FIGS. 5   a  and  5   b , but shown in  FIGS. 3   a ,  3   b ,  4   a  and  4   b ) at resistance element loop ends  207  (also not shown in  FIGS. 5   a  and  5   b  but shown in  FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b ). Climbing hold paddle top hole  208  located in paddle top  200 , which may be adapted to allow climbing hold retaining bolt  211  (not shown in  FIGS. 5   a  and  5   b  but shown in  FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b ) to pass through paddle top  200 , are shown. In an alternate embodiment of the invention, climbing hold paddle top hole  208  may comprise female threads adapted to threadingly engage climbing hold retaining bolt  211 . Paddle top first groove  212  and paddle top second groove  213  (also shown in cross-sectional view in  FIGS. 4   a  and  4   b ), which run lengthwise along a longitudinal axis of paddle top  200 , are also depicted in  FIGS. 5   a  and  5   b.    
         [0050]    Referring now to  FIG. 5   a , a preferred embodiment of the invention is depicted in which threaded holes  270 , which may be adapted to receive male threaded fasteners  273  (not shown in  FIG. 5   a  but shown in  FIGS. 3   a  and  4   a ) are shown for use in the releasable attachment of paddle top  200  to paddle bottom  201 . 
         [0051]    Referring now to  FIG. 5   b , an alternative embodiment of the invention is depicted in which at least one, but preferably a plurality, of holes  260  in paddle top  200  are adapted to receive at least one but preferably a plurality of pins  210  (not shown in  FIG. 5   b , but shown in  FIGS. 3   b  and  4   b ) in a press fit such that when paddle top  200  and paddle bottom  201  are pressed together, pins  210  are pressed into holes  260  thereby releasably attaching paddle top  200  and paddle bottom  201  together. Paddle bottom  201  is not depicted in  FIG. 5   b  but is depicted in  FIGS. 3   b  and  4   b ). Plurality of pins  210  may be received by a press fit into holes  261  located as shown in paddle bottom  201  and may also be received by press fit into holes  260  located in the underside of paddle top  200  as depicted in the cross section view of  FIG. 4   b.    
         [0052]    Referring now to  FIG. 6   a , a user is shown addressing the invention, and the invention is in the resting position. Referring now to  FIG. 6   b , a user is using the invention, and the invention is shown in the extended position. It can easily be seen that the invention provides training for the fingers, hand, wrist, and forearms. 
         [0053]    Referring now to  FIGS. 7   a ,  7   b ,  7   c  and  7   d , alternate embodiments of the improved upper extremity training apparatus of the invention are depicted.  FIGS. 7   a  and  7   b  depict the invention comprising extension springs which are attached to resistance element bulkhead  106  by any attachment means known in the art, and which are also attached to the paddle subassembly of the invention in similar manner as resistance elements  202  described above. In the alternate embodiment shown in  FIGS. 7   a  and  7   b , the springs operate in the same manner as resistance elements  202  described above; that is, in tension. Alternatively,  FIGS. 7   c  and  7   d  depict another alternate embodiment of the invention, in which springs  401  and  402  are operating in compression, and in which first mount bumper  104  and second mount bumper  105  are re-located to the distal end of first mount rail  102  and second mount rail  103 , respectively. These alternate embodiments are but two examples of the many alternate embodiments which embody the gist and spirit of the invention, which are all claimed herein as equivalent structures. 
         [0054]    Referring now to  FIG. 8 , an exploded view of the alternate embodiments depicted in  FIGS. 7   a  through  7   d  is shown. It can be seen from this figure that springs  401  and  402  are attached to the paddle subassembly via first and second resistance element retaining pins  216  as in the preferred embodiment described above, and that at least one climbing hold retaining nut  205  may be located in climbing hold retaining nut counterbores and may comprise female threaded holes to receive a climbing hold retaining bolt as described in the preferred embodiment above, and as shown in  FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b . Likewise, a plurality of pins  210  may be received by a press fit into holes located as shown in paddle bottom  201  and may also be received by press fit into holes located in the underside of paddle top  200 . 
         [0055]    In the above description certain specific hardware in fastener configurations have been described in which counterbored holes and the like are defined as being present in a preferred embodiment of the invention. Furthermore, certain methods of manufacture of the various components of the invention may be either implied or expressly stated. It is to be understood that specific hardware definitions and methods of manufacture are not to be considered limitations of the invention, and that the scope and breadth of the claims appended hereto include all equivalent structures as our well known in the mechanical arts. As an example, while counterbored holes are described in the above description as a feature of resistance element bulkhead  106  as regards the attachment of resistance element bulkhead  106  to mount platform  101 , it is to be understood that counterbored holes are not specifically required, and that any form of attachment that is known in the art is included within the scope of the claims. Likewise, the above description identifies mount platform  101 , first mount rail  102 , second mount rail  103  and resistance element bulkhead  106  as comprising separate pieces such as would be manufactured by, for example, standard machining processes. However, it is to be understood that these elements may also be fabricated from a single piece or may be manufactured using techniques known in the art such as welding, casting, molding or other types of unitary construction. Such alternate means of manufacturing are included within the scope and breadth of the claims as these manufacturing techniques are well known in the art as alternative means for producing equivalent structures. Use of such alternate means of manufacturing is included within both the gist of the invention as described herein and within the technical scope of the claims appended hereto. 
         [0056]    Base plate  100 , mount platform  101 , first mount rail  102 , second mount rail  103 , resistance element bulkhead  106 , paddle top  200 , and paddle bottom  201  may be fabricated from materials known in the art to be suitable for structural use such as is anticipated by the improved upper extremity training apparatus of the invention. Such materials include, but are not limited to, wood, metal, plastic, phenolic, and any other material that is known in the mechanical arts that is suitable for fabrication of such structures as are described herein. Likewise, first mount bumper  104 , second mount bumper  105 , and rear bumper  107  may be fabricated from any material known in the art for structural use such as is anticipated by the invention, but are preferably rubber. It is to be noted, however, that wood, metal, plastic, phenolic and other rigid materials as are known in the art are also usable for these items and are therefore within the scope of the claims. 
         [0057]    Although a detailed description as provided in the attachments contains many specifics for the purposes of illustration, anyone of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that many variations and alterations to the following details are within the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the preferred embodiments of the invention are set forth herein without any loss of generality to, and without imposing limitations upon, the claimed invention. Thus, the scope of the invention should be determined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents, and not merely by the preferred examples or embodiments given.