Abstract:
A method and system for producing methanol that employs an integrated oxygen transport membrane based reforming system is disclosed. The integrated oxygen transport membrane based reforming system carries out a primary reforming process, a secondary reforming process, and synthesis gas conditioning to produce synthesis gas having a desired module of between about 2.0 and 2.2 for a methanol production process thereby optimizing the efficiency and productivity of the methanol plant.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/874,077 filed on Sep. 5, 2013; 61/816,326 filed on Apr. 26, 2012; and 61/816,330 filed on Apr. 26, 2012, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to a method and system for producing methanol using an oxygen transport membrane based reforming system as a source of synthesis gas, and more particularly, a method and system for producing a synthesis gas for a methanol production facility using an oxygen transport membrane based reforming system that provides both primary and secondary reforming. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    The methanol production process generally involves directing a compressed synthesis gas comprising hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide at an elevated temperature and pressure to a methanol converter reactor containing one or more beds of a methanol synthesis catalyst such as a copper and zinc oxide catalyst. The carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in the synthesis gas react with the hydrogen to form methanol across the catalyst. The methanol synthesis process is usually operated in a loop where a portion of the compressed synthesis gas is converted to methanol each pass through the methanol converter reactor. Methanol product is recovered by cooling the methanol product gas stream to a temperature below the dew point of the methanol such that crude methanol and water condense out, with the remaining gas being recycled through the methanol converter reactor. The crude methanol and water produced in the methanol converter reactor are typically reduced in pressure in a let-down or “flash” vessel. Since most crude methanol contains a large range of impurities, the crude methanol must be purified so as to remove such impurities to produce methanol of chemical grade quality. The preferred technique used for methanol purification is a distillation process. 
         [0004]    Synthesis gas is typically characterized by the stoichiometric ratio (H2-CO2)/(CO+CO2), often referred to as the module. A module of about 2.0 defines the desired stoichiometric ratio of synthesis gas for the production of methanol. Other important properties of the synthesis gas in methanol production include the carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide ratio and the concentration of inerts in the synthesis gas. A high carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide ratio typically increases the reaction rate and the achievable per pass conversion while concurrently decreases the formation of water thereby reducing the catalyst deactivation rate. A high concentration of inerts in the synthesis gas, such as methane, argon, nitrogen, etc. typically lowers the partial pressure of the active reactants. Since the methanol conversion reaction is exothermic, lower temperatures favor conversion of the synthesis gas to methanol. Pressure will also affect the methanol conversion reaction, with increasing pressure also favoring methanol formation. 
         [0005]    In many methanol production facilities, the incoming compressed synthesis gas is often mixed with recycled unreacted gas stream to form the synthesis gas stream that is supplied to the methanol converter reactor. A portion of the unreacted gas stream may be purged to prevent the buildup of inerts in the methanol converter reactor. The amount of purge flow typically varies anywhere from 1% to 6% of the total unreacted gas stream and often depends on the amount of inerts in the incoming synthesis gas, with higher level of inerts generally requiring higher purge flows and lower level of inerts generally requiring lower purge flows. 
         [0006]    The challenge facing many methanol producers is to optimize the integration of the synthesis gas production or front-end of the methanol plant with the methanol synthesis or back-end of the methanol plant. Integration of the front-end synthesis gas production with the methanol synthesis or back-end of the methanol plant has to date focused on use of the purge flow from the methanol synthesis section in the synthesis gas production section and use of heat recovery systems that efficiently utilize excess heat generated in both sections of the methanol plant. 
         [0007]    The purge flow containing unconverted hydrogen and/or methane slip can also be recovered and recycled back to the front-end or synthesis gas producing portion of the methanol plant. Similarly, the excess heat generated in the exothermic methanol conversion reaction is typically used to pre-heat synthesis gas feed to methanol synthesis section, to generate saturated steam, to pre-heat the reformer feed streams and/or to heat boiler feed water used in the synthesis gas production process. Some of the prior art uses of the purge stream include use of the hydrogen and/or methane slip in the purge stream as a feed or source of fuel to be used in the front-end steam methane reforming (SMR), partial oxidation (POx), autothermal reforming (ATR) processes. Other prior art has suggested the recovery of hydrogen from the purge stream and mixing the recovered hydrogen with the synthesis gas to improve the module of synthesis gas for methanol production. 
         [0008]    As used herein, steam methane reforming (SMR) is a catalytic conversion of natural gas, including methane and light hydrocarbons, to synthesis gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide by reaction with steam. The reactions are endothermic, requiring significant amount of energy input. The steam methane reforming process is carried out at high temperatures with the catalyst inside tubes within a fired furnace. The amount of steam used is in excess of the reaction stoichiometry requirements, as required to prevent the catalyst from coking. No oxygen is used in steam methane reforming. 
         [0009]    Partial oxidation, on the other hand, is a non-catalytic process where a sub-stoichiometric amount of oxygen is allowed to react with the natural gas creating steam and carbon dioxide at high temperatures. The residual methane is reformed through reactions with the high temperature steam and carbon dioxide to produce synthesis gas. Autothermal reforming is a variant of the partial oxidation process, but which uses a catalyst to permit reforming to occur at lower temperatures than the POx process. 
         [0010]    Many synthesis gas generation methods also employ pre-reforming and secondary reforming. When the feedstock contains significant amounts of heavy hydrocarbons, SMR and ATR processes are typically preceded by a pre-reforming step. As generally known in the art, pre-reforming is a catalyst based process for converting higher hydrocarbons to methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. The reactions involved in pre-reforming are endothermic. Most pre-reformers operate adiabatically, and thus the pre-reformed feedstock leaves at a much lower temperature than the feedstock entering the pre-reformer. A secondary reforming process conventionally refers to an autothermal reforming process that is fed product from a SMR process. Thus, the feed to a secondary reforming process is primarily synthesis gas from the SMR. Depending on the end application, some natural gas may bypass the SMR process and be directly introduced into the secondary reforming process. Also, when a SMR process is followed by a secondary reforming process, the SMR may operate at a lower temperature, e.g. 650° C. to 800° C. versus 850° C. to 950° C. 
         [0011]    A synthesis gas with a module less than about 2.0 signifies that the synthesis gas is deficient in hydrogen for the production of methanol. In such a case, the hydrogen will be consumed in the methanol synthesis reaction while a substantial portion of the carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide remain unreacted leading to a recycle stream of unreacted gas which has high levels of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide but is low in hydrogen. This causes several disadvantages including higher volume of catalysts and increased production of unwanted by-products, namely higher alcohols and ketones. The module of crude synthesis gas is often determined by the reforming process used. Reforming processes such as partial oxidation (POx) and autothermal reforming (ATR) generally producing hydrogen deficient synthesis gas. 
         [0012]    To remedy the hydrogen deficiency of synthesis gas, it has been suggested to recover hydrogen from the purge stream using a hydrogen recovery unit such as a hydrogen pressure swing adsorption (PSA) unit or hydrogen separation membrane. The recovered hydrogen is recycled back into the synthesis gas so that the gas within the methanol synthesis loop is significantly more hydrogen rich than the originally produced synthesis gas. An alternative method to remedy the hydrogen deficiency of synthesis gas is to take a side-stream of the original produced synthesis gas and recover hydrogen from it using a hydrogen pressure swing adsorption (PSA) unit or hydrogen separation membrane and feeding the recovered hydrogen back into the synthesis gas directed to the methanol synthesis reactor. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,786,180; 7,470,811; and 4,650,814. U.S. Pat. No. 7,786,180 likely represents the closest prior art in the field of methanol synthesis where hydrogen is recovered using a hydrogen recovery unit from both the purge gas and a portion of the original synthesis gas or make up gas. The recovered hydrogen is simply added to the synthesis gas mixture that is directed to the methanol synthesis reactor. 
         [0013]    However, the above-identified solutions are limited to addressing the hydrogen deficiency of synthesis gas and are customized or tailored for use with conventional reforming processes such as steam methane reforming (SMR), partial oxidation (POx), autothermal reforming (ATR) or combinations thereof. 
         [0014]    As can be appreciated, these conventional methods of producing a synthesis gas are expensive and involve complex installations. In order to overcome the complexity and expense of such installations it has been proposed to generate the synthesis gas within reactors that utilize an oxygen transport membrane to supply oxygen and thereby generate the heat necessary to support endothermic heating requirements of the steam methane reforming reactions. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,048,472; 6,110,979; 6,114,400 and 6,296,686. However, none of these oxygen transport membrane based reforming arrangements adequately integrate the downstream process with the front-end reforming process in a manner that improves the productivity and cost effectiveness of a methanol production facility. 
         [0015]    What is needed, therefore, are advances in methanol plant operations, and more particularly advances in the integration of the synthesis gas production with the methanol synthesis or back-end of the methanol plant where some or all of the synthesis gas is produced using an oxygen transport membrane systems. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0016]    The present invention may be characterized as a method for producing methanol using an oxygen transport membrane based reforming system, which consists of two reactors that can be in the form of sets of catalyst containing tubes—reforming reactor and oxygen transport membrane reactor. The method comprising the steps of: (i) separating oxygen from an oxygen containing stream with a one or more catalyst containing oxygen transport membrane reactor within the oxygen transport membrane based reforming system to produce an oxygen permeate and an oxygen depleted retentate stream, the catalyst being contained within the tubes on the permeate side of the oxygen transport membrane reactor; (ii) partially reforming a combined feed stream comprising natural gas and steam in the reforming reactor in the presence of a reforming catalyst and radiant heat transferred from the oxygen transport membrane reactor within the oxygen transport membrane based reforming system to produce a partially reformed synthesis gas stream; (iii) directing the partially reformed synthesis gas stream to the permeate side of the one or more catalyst containing oxygen transport membrane reactor; (iv) reacting a portion of the partially reformed synthesis gas stream contacting the permeate side of the catalyst containing oxygen transport membrane reactor with the oxygen permeate to generate a reaction product stream and heat, and wherein a portion of the heat is the radiant heat used in the partial reforming step in the reforming reactor, a portion of the heat is used within the oxygen transport membrane reactor, and a portion of the heat is transferred by convection to the oxygen-depleted retentate stream; (v) reforming the partially reformed synthesis gas stream in the catalyst containing oxygen transport membrane tubes in the presence of a portion of the heat generated as a result of the reaction to produce a final reformed synthesis gas product stream; and (vi) directing the final reformed synthesis gas product stream to a methanol synthesis and purification system where it is converted to a finished methanol product. 
         [0017]    A key aspect of the present invention is the capability or feature that allows adjustment of the synthesis gas module to the desired range of 2.0 to 2.2 for methanol conversion. To achieve this module, one may divert a portion of the cooled synthesis gas stream to a module management system to produce hydrogen gas via a water gas shift reaction and hydrogen separation and re-combine a portion of the produced hydrogen with the remaining portion of the synthesis gas stream to produce a combined synthesis gas product stream having a module between about 2.0 to 2.2. Alternatively, adjustment of the synthesis gas module may be accomplished by recycling a portion of the unconverted hydrogen and methane slip recovered during the methanol synthesis to a hydrogen pressure swing adsorption system to produce hydrogen and re-combine a portion of the produced hydrogen with the remaining portion of the synthesis gas stream to produce a combined synthesis gas product stream having a module between about 2.0 to 2.2. 
         [0018]    Using either module adjustment approach, it may be advantageous to direct a portion of the hydrogen generated by the module management system to the hydrocarbon feed stream prior to desulfurization. It may also be advantageous to direct a portion of any off-gas generated by the module management system to a duct burner used in the oxygen transport membrane based reforming system as a portion of the fuel stream to the duct burner. 
         [0019]    The invention may also be characterized as a method of adjusting module of synthesis gas in methanol plant comprising the steps of: (i) reforming a combined feed stream of natural gas and steam partially in a reforming reactor in the presence of reforming catalyst and radiant heat transferred from the oxygen transport membrane reactor and then fully in the presence of an oxygen containing permeate, one or more catalysts and heat in an oxygen transport membrane reactor within the oxygen transport membrane based reforming system to produce a synthesis gas stream and an oxygen depleted retentate stream; (ii) diverting a portion of the synthesis gas stream to a module management system to generate hydrogen gas via a water gas shift reaction and hydrogen separation; (iii) combining a portion of the generated hydrogen with the remaining portion of the synthesis gas stream to produce a combined synthesis gas product stream having a module between about 2.0 to 2.2; (iv) directing the combined synthesis gas product stream to a methanol synthesis system; (v) recovering unconverted hydrogen and methane slip from the methanol synthesis system; and (vi) recycling a portion of the unconverted hydrogen and methane slip recovered during the methanol synthesis to the module management system. 
         [0020]    The invention may also be characterized as a method of adjusting the module of a synthesis gas stream for use in a methanol plant comprising the steps of: (i) reforming a combined feed stream of natural gas and steam partially in a reforming reactor in the presence of reforming catalyst and radiant heat transferred from the oxygen transport membrane reactor and then fully in the presence of an oxygen containing permeate, one or more catalysts and heat in an oxygen transport membrane reactor within the oxygen transport membrane based reforming system to produce a synthesis gas stream and an oxygen depleted retentate stream; (ii) directing the synthesis gas stream to a methanol synthesis and purification system; (iii) recovering unconverted hydrogen and methane slip from the methanol synthesis and methanol purification system; (iv) recycling a portion of the unconverted hydrogen and methane slip recovered during the methanol synthesis and methanol purification to a hydrogen pressure swing adsorption system to generate hydrogen; and (v) combining a portion of the generated hydrogen with the synthesis gas stream to produce a combined synthesis gas product stream having a module between about 2.0 to 2.2. 
         [0021]    Finally, the invention may also be characterized as a system for producing methanol using an oxygen transport membrane based reforming system comprising: (a) an oxygen transport membrane based reforming system configured to reform a combined feed stream of natural gas and steam to produce a synthesis gas stream; (b) a module management system configured to produce a source of supplemental hydrogen from a portion of the produced synthesis gas stream or a portion of the methanol purge stream or both, with the supplemental hydrogen stream configured to be combined with the produced synthesis gas stream to yield a modified synthesis gas product stream having a module between about 2.0 to 2.2; (c) a methanol synthesis reactor configured to receive the modified synthesis gas product stream and produce crude methanol and the methanol purge stream; and (d) a methanol purification system configured to purify the crude methanol. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0022]    While the specification concludes with claims distinctly pointing out the subject matter that applicants regard as their invention, it is believed that the invention will be better understood when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings in which: 
           [0023]      FIG. 1  is a schematic illustration of a methanol production process employing an oxygen transport membrane based reforming system in accordance with the present invention; 
           [0024]      FIG. 2  is a schematic illustration of a methanol production process employing an alternate configuration of an oxygen transport membrane based reforming system; 
           [0025]      FIG. 3  is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of an oxygen transport membrane based reforming system configured to carry out a primary reforming process and a secondary reforming process for production of synthesis gas; 
           [0026]      FIG. 4  is a schematic illustration of another embodiment of an oxygen transport membrane based reforming system configured to carry out primary reforming process, secondary reforming process, and synthesis gas conditioning for use in an integrated with a methanol production system; and 
           [0027]      FIG. 5  is a schematic illustration of another embodiment of an oxygen transport membrane based reforming system configured to carry out primary reforming process, secondary reforming process, and synthesis gas conditioning for use in an integrated with a methanol production system. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0028]    Turning now to the drawings and particularly  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 , there is shown a high level schematic illustration of an oxygen transport membrane based reforming system configured for use in methanol production operations, preferably in the design and construction of new or expanded methanol production facilities. 
         [0029]    In  FIG. 1 , there is shown a partial schematic illustration of a methanol production plant employing an oxygen transport membrane based reforming system as the sole source of synthesis gas supplied to the methanol synthesis and purification system. The hydrocarbon containing feed stream  110  and air  115  are received by the oxygen transport membrane based reforming system  120  to produce a synthesis gas product  130  and a heated retentate stream  125 . All or most of the resulting synthesis gas product  130  is directed to a methanol synthesis reactor  150  and where the synthesis gas product stream  130  is synthesized into crude methanol  155  and purified in a methanol purification system  160 , preferably via a distillation process, into the methanol product  165 . During the synthesis and purification process, a portion of the unconverted hydrogen and recoverable methane slip characterized as a methanol purge stream  170  is recirculated to the oxygen transport membrane based reforming system  120 . Though not explicitly discussed, a minor portion of the purge, typically less than 10%, originates as off-gas from the purification step. 
         [0030]    An alternate configuration of coupling an oxygen transport membrane based reforming system to a methanol production process is shown in  FIG. 2 . As seen therein, the hydrocarbon containing feed stream  110  and air  115  are received by the oxygen transport membrane based reforming system  120  to produce a synthesis gas product  130  and a heated retentate stream  125 . A portion of the resulting synthesis gas product  130  may be directed to a module management section  140  configured to produce a supplemental hydrogen stream  145  which is recombined with the synthesis gas product  130  to form a modified synthesis gas product  135  with a module between 2.0 and 2.2. This modified synthesis gas product  135  is directed to a methanol synthesis reactor  150  where the modified synthesis gas stream  135  is synthesized into crude methanol  155  and purified in a methanol purification process  160 , preferably via a distillation process, into the final methanol product  165 . During the methanol synthesis process  150 , a portion of the unconverted hydrogen and recoverable methane slip characterized as and contained in a methanol purge stream  170  is recirculated to module management section  140 , to produce a supplemental hydrogen stream. A first portion of the supplemental hydrogen stream  185  is combined with the hydrocarbon containing feed stream  110  and a second portion of the supplemental hydrogen stream may be combined with the synthesis gas product  130  to form a modified synthesis gas product  135  with a module between 2.0 and 2.2. The module management section  140  is also configured to produce an off-gas  147  and optionally, a condensate stream  149 . The off-gas  147  can be used as a fuel in the synthesis gas generation process, involving the oxygen transport membrane based reforming system, to reduce the natural gas consumption. 
         [0031]      FIG. 3  provides a schematic illustration of an embodiment of an oxygen transport membrane based reforming system  201  and assembly  200  in accordance with the present invention. As seen therein, an oxygen containing stream  210 , such as air, is introduced to the system by means of a fixed draft (FD) fan  214  into a heat exchanger  213  for purposes of preheating the oxygen containing feed stream  210 . Heat exchanger  213  is preferably a high efficiency, cyclic, continuously rotating ceramic regenerator disposed in operative association with the oxygen containing feed stream  210  and the heated retentate stream  224 . The ceramic regenerator  213  heats the incoming air feed stream  210  to a temperature in the range of about 850° C. to 1000° C. 
         [0032]    The oxygen depleted air leaves the oxygen transport membrane reactor as a heated retentate stream  224  at the same or slightly higher temperature than the heated air feed stream  215 . Any temperature increase, typically &lt;30° C., is attributable to the portion of energy generated by the oxidizing reaction of hydrogen and carbon monoxide in the oxygen transport membrane tubes and transferred by convection to the air stream. The heated, oxygen depleted retentate stream  224  is first used to heat the mixed feed stream to a temperature between about 475° C. and 650° C., and more preferably to a temperature between about 525° C. and 600° C., and is subsequently used to further heat steam to superheated steam. 
         [0033]    The temperature of this oxygen depleted retentate stream  224  preferably needs to be then increased back to a temperature between about 1000° C. and 1200° C. prior to being directed to the ceramic heat exchanger or regenerator  213 . This increase in temperature of the retentate stream  224  is preferably accomplished by use of a duct burner  226 , which facilitates combustion of a supplemental fuel stream  228  using some of the residual oxygen in the retentate stream  224 . It is conceivable that the mixed feed heater and steam superheater could alternatively be located in a separate fired heater (not shown). In that case, the fuel requirements of the duct burner  226  will be substantially less. In the ceramic heat exchanger or regenerator  213 , the heated, oxygen depleted retentate stream provides the energy to raise the temperature of the incoming feed air stream from ambient temperature to a temperature between about 850° C. and 1000° C. The resulting cold retentate stream exiting the ceramic heat exchanger, typically containing less than 5% oxygen, leaves the oxygen transport membrane based reforming system  201  system as exhaust gas  232  at a temperature of around 150° C. An alternate location for the duct burner is on air stream  215 , upstream of the oxygen transport membrane reforming system  201 . 
         [0034]    As shown in  FIG. 3  the oxygen transport membrane based reforming system  201  comprises two sets of tubes, including reforming tubes  240  where the primary reforming occurs and oxygen transport membrane tubes  220  where the secondary reforming occurs. Although only six secondary reforming oxygen transport membrane tubes  220  are illustrated in close proximity to three primary reforming tubes  240 , as would occur to those skilled in the art, there could be many of such secondary reforming oxygen transport membrane tubes and many primary reforming tubes in each oxygen transport membrane reforming sub-system. Likewise, there would be multiple oxygen transport membrane reforming sub-systems used in an industrial application of the oxygen transport membrane based reforming system  201 . 
         [0035]    The heated oxygen containing stream  215  is directed via the intake duct  216  to a plurality of secondary reforming oxygen transport membrane tubes  220  incorporated into the oxygen transport membrane system  201 . The oxygen transport membrane tubes  220  are preferably configured as multilayered ceramic tubes capable of conducting oxygen ions at an elevated operational temperature, wherein the retentate side of the oxygen transport membrane tubes  220  is the exterior surface of the ceramic tubes exposed to the heated oxygen containing stream  215  and the permeate side is the interior surface of the ceramic tubes. Within each of the oxygen transport membrane tubes  220  are one or more catalysts that facilitate secondary reforming. 
         [0036]    The hydrocarbon containing feed stream  283 , preferably natural gas, to be reformed is typically preheated to around 370° C., as described in more detail below. As natural gas typically contains unacceptably high level of sulfur species, some hydrogen gas  725  is added prior to desulfurization. The mixture  282  of the hydrogen gas  725  and hydrocarbon containing feed stream  283  is heated in heat exchanger  250  that serves as a pre-heater and then undergoes a sulfur removal process via device  290  such as hydro-treating to reduce the sulfur species to H 2 S, which is subsequently removed in a guard bed using material like ZnO and/or CuO. The hydro-treating step also saturates any alkenes present in the hydrocarbon containing feed stream. Although not shown, the heated feed stream  282  may also undergo pre-reforming step in an adiabatic pre-reformer, which converts higher hydrocarbons to methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide, or in a heated pre-reformer. In the case of heated pre-reforming, it is contemplated that the catalyst based pre-reformer be thermally coupled with the oxygen transport membrane based reforming system. 
         [0037]    Superheated steam  280  is added to the pre-treated natural gas and hydrogen feed stream, as required, to produce a mixed feed stream  238  with a steam to carbon ratio between about 1.0 and 2.5, and more preferably between about 1.2 and 2.2. The superheated steam  280  is preferably between about 300 psia and 1200 psia and between about 300° C. and 600° C. and heated by means of indirect heat exchange with the heated retentate stream  224  using steam coils  279  disposed in the retentate duct  225 . Any superheated steam  280  not added or used in the natural gas and hydrogen feed  282  is exported steam  281  used for power generation. The mixed feed stream  238  is heated, by means of indirect heat exchange with the heated retentate stream using coils  289  disposed in the retentate duct  225 , to preferably between about 475° C. and 650° C., and more preferably to a temperature between about 525° C. and 600° C. 
         [0038]    The heated mixed feed stream  238  is then sent to the reforming tubes  240 , which contain conventional reforming catalyst. The temperature of the partially reformed hydrogen-rich synthesis gas  298  leaving the reforming tubes  240  is typically designed to be between 650° C. and 875° C. This synthesis gas is then fed to the oxygen transport membrane tubes  220  filled with a catalyst or catalysts that would facilitate partial oxidation and reforming. Oxygen from the heated intake air permeates through the oxygen transport membrane tubes  220  and facilitates reaction of a portion of the hydrogen and carbon monoxide, and possibly some methane. A portion of the energy or heat generated by this reaction is used for in-situ reforming of the residual methane in the partially reformed synthesis gas  298 . The rest of the energy or heat is transferred by radiation to the reforming tubes  240  to drive the primary reforming reactions and by convection to the oxygen-depleted air stream. The synthesis gas  242  leaving the oxygen transport membrane tubes  220 , which essentially function as a secondary reformer, is at a temperature between about 900° C. and 1050° C. 
         [0039]    The endothermic heating requirements of the reforming process occurring in the reforming tubes  240  is supplied through radiation of some of the heat from the oxygen transport membrane tubes  220  together with the convective heat transfer provided by heated retentate stream  224 . In addition, as the heated, oxygen depleted retentate stream  224  exits the oxygen transport membrane based reforming system  201 , it also heats the mixed feed stream  238  to a temperature between about 475° C. and 650° C. via indirect heat transfer using one or more coils  289  disposed in the retentate stream duct  225 . 
         [0040]    The synthesis gas stream  242  produced by the oxygen transport membrane based reforming system  201  generally contains hydrogen, carbon monoxide, unconverted methane, steam and carbon dioxide other constituents. A significant portion of the sensible heat from the synthesis gas stream  242  can be recovered using a heat exchange section or recovery train  204 . Heat exchange section  204  is designed to cool the produced synthesis gas stream  242  exiting the oxygen transport membrane based reforming system  201 . In this illustrated embodiment, the heat exchange section  204  is also designed such that in cooling the synthesis gas stream  242 , process steam is generated, hydrocarbon feed stream is preheated, and boiler feed water and feedwater are heated. 
         [0041]    To minimize metal dusting issues, the hot synthesis gas  242  is directly cooled to about 400° C. or less in a Process Gas (PG) Boiler  249 . The initially cooled synthesis gas stream  244  is then used to preheat the mixture of natural gas and hydrogen feed stream  283  in a fuel pre-heater  250  and subsequently to pre-heat boiler feed water  288  in the economizer  256  and to heat the feed water stream  259 . In the illustrated embodiment, the boiler feed water stream  288  is preferably pumped using a feed water pump (not shown), heated in economizer  256  and sent to steam drum  257  while the heated feed water  259  is sent to a de-aerator (not shown) that provides boiler feed water  288 . Synthesis gas leaving the feedwater heater  258  is preferably around 160° C. It is cooled down to 40° C. using a fin-fan cooler  261  and a synthesis gas cooler  264  fed by cooling water  266 . The cooled synthesis gas  248  then enters a knock-out drum  268  where water is removed from the bottoms as process condensate stream  270  which, although not shown, can be recycled for use as feedwater, and the cooled synthesis gas  272  is recovered overhead. 
         [0042]    The cooled synthesis gas stream  272  is optionally compressed in a synthesis gas compressor  274  to produce a synthesis gas product  276 . Depending on the operating pressure of the oxygen transport membrane based reforming system, pressure of the recovered synthesis gas is preferably in the range of about 10 bar and 35 bar and more preferably in the range of 12 bar and 30 bar. The module of the synthesis gas produced in the described embodiment is typically less than about 2.0 and often less than about 1.9, whereas for some synthesis gas applications such as methanol synthesis, the desired module of the synthesis gas is preferably in the range of about 2.0 to 2.2. Use of an adiabatic pre-reformer upfront of the OTM reactor can increase the module by about 0.05 to 0.1 relative to the configuration without a pre-reformer. With a heated pre-reformer, it becomes possible to achieve higher modules, preferably greater than 2 and definitely greater than 1.9. The exact module value depends on the operating temperature. 
         [0043]    The oxygen transport membrane elements or tubes used in the embodiments disclosed herein preferably comprise a composite structure that incorporates a dense layer, a porous support and an intermediate porous layer located between the dense layer and the porous support. Each of the dense layer and the intermediate porous layer are capable of conducting oxygen ions and electrons at elevated operational temperatures to separate the oxygen from the incoming air stream. The porous support layer would thus form the permeate side. The dense layer and the intermediate porous layer preferably comprise a mixture of an ionic conductive material and an electrically conductive material to conduct oxygen ions and electrons, respectively. The intermediate porous layer preferably has a lower permeability and a smaller average pore size than the porous support layer to distribute the oxygen separated by the dense layer towards the porous support layer. 
         [0044]    In the preferred embodiments, the oxygen transport membrane tubes include a mixed phase oxygen ion conducting dense ceramic separation layer comprising a mixture of a zirconia based oxygen ion conducting phase and a predominantly electronic conducting perovskite phase. This thin, dense separation layer is implemented on a thicker inert, porous support. The intermediate porous layer can have a thickness of between about 10 microns and about 40 microns, a porosity of between about 25 percent and about 40 percent and an average pore diameter of between about 0.5 microns and about 3 microns. The dense layer can have a thickness of between about 10 microns and about 30 microns. The porous surface exchange layer can be provided with a thickness of between about 10 microns and about 40 microns, a porosity of between about 30 percent and about 60 percent and a pore diameter of between about 1 microns and about 4 microns and the support layer can have a thickness of between about 0.5 mm and about 10.0 mm, but preferably 0.9 mm and a pore size no greater than 50 microns. The intermediate porous layer can contain a ceramic mixture of about 60 percent by weight of (La 0.825 Sr 0.175 ) 0.96 Cr 0.76 Fe 0.225 V 0.015 O 3-δ , remainder 10Sc1YSZ, whereas the dense layer can be formed of a ceramic mixture of about 40 percent by weight of (La 0.825 Sr 0.175 ) 0.94 Cr 0.72 Mn 0.26 V 0.02 O 3-x , remainder 10Sc1YSZ and the porous surface exchange layer can be formed by a ceramic mixture of about 50 percent by weight of (La 0.8 Sr 0.2 ) 0.98 MnO 3-δ , remainder 10Sc1CeSZ. 
         [0045]    Oxidation catalyst particles or a solution containing precursors of the oxidation catalyst particles are optionally located in the intermediate porous layer and in the thicker inert, porous support adjacent to the intermediate porous layer. The oxidation catalyst particles contain an oxidation catalyst selected to promote oxidation of the partially reformed synthesis gas stream in the presence of the permeated oxygen when introduced into the pores of the porous support, on a side thereof opposite to the intermediate porous layer. The oxidation catalyst can be gadolinium doped ceria. Further, a porous surface exchange layer can be provided in contact with the dense layer opposite to the intermediate porous layer. In such case, the porous surface exchange layer would form the retentate side. The support layer is preferably formed from a fluorite structured material, for example 3 mol % yttria stabilized zirconia, or 3YSZ. 
         [0046]    Turning now to  FIG. 4 , there is shown a schematic illustration of one embodiment of a methanol production scheme using an oxygen transport membrane based reforming system and system that is configured to carry out a primary reforming process, a secondary reforming process, and a synthesis gas conditioning process. In many regards, this embodiment is similar to the embodiment of  FIG. 3  and, for sake of brevity, the description of the common aspects of the two embodiments will not be repeated here, rather, the following discussion shall focus on the differences between embodiments in  FIG. 3  and  FIG. 4 . 
         [0047]    The notable difference between the embodiments shown in  FIG. 4  compared to the embodiment shown in  FIG. 3  is the inclusion of a synthesis gas module management section  500 . In the illustrated embodiment, up to about 20% and more preferably up to about 15% of the directly cooled synthesis gas  501  is diverted to the synthesis gas module management section  500 , and more particularly to a shift reactor  502  to generate additional hydrogen and carbon dioxide via the Water Gas Shift reaction: 
         [0000]      CO+H 2 O→CO 2 +H 2  
 
         [0048]    Since the Water Gas Shift reaction is exothermic, the shifted synthesis gas  504  leaves the shift reactor  502  at a temperature greater than the directly cooled synthesis gas, and preferably at a temperature of around 435° C. A portion of the sensible energy in this stream is recovered by heating a portion of the natural gas and hydrogen feed stream  503 , preferably between about 20% and 45% of the hydrocarbon feed stream. The remaining portion of the natural gas and hydrogen feed stream  505  is directed to the fuel pre-heater  250 , as described with reference to  FIG. 3 . The diverted portion of the natural gas and hydrogen feed stream  503  and the remaining portion of the natural gas and hydrogen feed stream  505  are recombined upstream of the sulfur removal device  290 . 
         [0049]    The shifted synthesis gas  504  is subsequently cooled with a fin-fan cooler  506  and synthesis gas cooler  508  to about 38° C. A knockout drum  510  is used to remove moisture as a condensate stream  511  before the cooled shifted synthesis gas  512  is directed as an influent stream to a hydrogen pressure swing adsorption unit  520  which produces a hydrogen gas effluent  522  and a tail gas or off-gas effluent  524 . A portion of the hydrogen gas effluent  523 , preferably about 50% to 75% by volume, is recovered and mixed with the synthesis gas stream  272 , as shown in  FIG. 4 . The remaining portion of the hydrogen gas effluent  525  is optionally compressed using a hydrogen compressor  590  to a pressure of between about 10 bar and 30 bar, is directed to and mixed with the natural gas feed  283  prior to desulfurization to produce the natural gas and hydrogen feed stream  282 . It is important to note that the hydrogen compressor  590  may not be required in this embodiment if the recycled hydrogen originates from the hydrogen separation unit  521  since it is only fed by the high pressure methanol purge  566 . 
         [0050]    By combining a portion  523  of the hydrogen gas  522  produced in the synthesis gas module management section  500  with the cooled synthesis gas stream  272 , the module of the combined stream  530  is adjusted to be in the desired range of about 2.0 to 2.2. The precise module is controlled by suitably adjusting the amount of directly cooled synthesis gas being diverted to the shift reactor  502  and the amount of hydrogen gas combined back with the cooled synthesis gas stream  272 . The tail gas or off-gas effluent  524  from the hydrogen pressure swing adsorption unit  520 , typically has a higher heating value of about 240 BTU/scf, and is available for use as fuel for the duct burner  226  in the oxygen transport membrane based reforming system  201 . Use of the tail gas or off-gas  524  as a fuel for the duct burner  226  in the oxygen transport membrane based reforming system  201  reduces the overall consumption of natural gas by the system  200 . 
         [0051]    The combined stream  530  having an adjusted module between about 2.0 and 2.2 is then compressed to a pressure between 1100 psia and 1500 psia in compressor  532  and mixed with a methanol recycle stream  534 . This mixed stream  536  of compressed synthesis gas and methanol recycle is indirectly heated in heat exchanger  538  by the synthesized methanol stream  540  to a temperature between about 175° C. and 300° C. The heated stream  542  is directed to the methanol synthesis reactor  550 . In this methanol synthesis reactor  550 , hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are consumed to produce methanol and water in an exothermic process through the following reactions: 
         [0000]      CO+2H 2 →CH 3 OH
 
         [0000]      CO 2 +3H 2 →CH 3 OH+H 2 O
 
         [0052]    The heat generated in the methanol synthesis reaction is used for steam production and/or for preheating of the synthesis gas feed. Temperature at the outlet of the methanol reactor is typically between about 200° C. and about 260° C. This methanol synthesis stream  540  is cooled down to about 38° C. in heat exchanger  538  and cooler  558  before entering a separator  560  where the crude methanol stream  562  containing mostly methanol, water and trace amounts of other species (e.g. dimethyl ether, ethanol and higher alcohols), is separated in the bottoms and sent to further distillation steps for final purification. Most of the overhead stream  564  from the separator  560  is recycled back to the methanol synthesis reactor  550  via recycle compressor  570  to increase the carbon conversion to methanol. The recycle compressor  570  is required to compensate for pressure drop across the methanol synthesis reactor  550  and associated equipment, e.g. heat exchangers and coolers. 
         [0053]    A small portion of the overhead stream  564 , typically between about 1% and 4% is purged from the methanol synthesis loop  600  to prevent buildup of inerts in the methanol synthesis loop  600 . The typical composition of the purge stream  566  is as follows: 75% hydrogen, 3% carbon dioxide, 12% carbon dioxide, 3% nitrogen, and 7% methane, with a higher heating value of about 325 BTU/scf. The methanol loop purge stream  566  is fed as a supplemental influent stream to another hydrogen separation device  521 , such as another hydrogen pressure swing adsorption unit or hydrogen separation membrane to supplement the hydrogen recovery. The hydrogen separation device  521  generates a higher pressure hydrogen stream  527 , which can be directly fed to an intermediate stage of compressor  532 . Although not shown, a portion of the methanol loop purge stream  566  may also be recirculated to the oxygen transport membrane based reforming system. 
         [0054]    It should be noted that the illustrated embodiment improves the synthesis gas module to make it amenable for methanol synthesis. However, the arrangement requires additional capital expense by adding a shift reactor, knockout drum, hydrogen pressure swing adsorption units, hydrogen compressor and several heat exchangers. 
         [0055]      FIG. 5  shows yet another embodiment of a methanol production scheme using an oxygen transport membrane based reforming system and assembly that is also configured to carry out a primary reforming process, a secondary reforming process, and a synthesis gas conditioning process. In many regards, this embodiment of  FIG. 5  is also similar to the embodiment of  FIG. 3  and, for sake of brevity, the description of the common aspects of the two embodiments will not be repeated here, rather, the following discussion shall focus on the differences between embodiments in  FIG. 3  and  FIG. 5 . 
         [0056]    The notable difference between the embodiments shown in  FIG. 5  compared to the embodiment shown in  FIG. 3  is the inclusion of an alternate synthesis gas module management section  700 . In the illustrated embodiment, the synthesis gas module management section  700  comprises a high pressure hydrogen pressure swing adsorption unit  720 . The methanol purge stream  766 , which is typically at a pressure between 70 bar and 100 bar depending on the operating pressure of the methanol synthesis reactor  750 , is directed as an influent stream to the hydrogen pressure swing adsorption unit  720  which produces a hydrogen gas effluent  722  and a tail gas or off-gas effluent  724 . While the hydrogen pressure swing adsorption unit  720  can be designed to operate at the pressure of the methanol purge stream, it is desirable to design the hydrogen pressure swing adsorption unit  720  to operate at a pressure in the range of 40-55 bar to match the pressure at the exit of the first stage of compression in the synthesis gas compressor  732 . A portion of the hydrogen gas effluent  723 , preferably about 85% to 95% by volume, is recovered and eventually mixed in the compressor  732  with the cooled synthesis gas stream  272 , as shown in  FIG. 5 . 
         [0057]    The remaining portion of the hydrogen gas effluent  725 , preferably between about 5% and 15% by volume is directed to and mixed with the natural gas feed  283  prior to desulfurization to produce the natural gas and hydrogen feed stream  282 . However, unlike the embodiment of  FIG. 4 , a hydrogen compressor may not be required in this embodiment if the hydrogen pressure swing adsorption unit  720  is configured to operate at between about 40 bar and 55 bar since it is only fed by the high pressure methanol purge stream  766 . Tail gas or off-gas effluent  724  from the hydrogen pressure swing adsorption unit  720  is used as a portion of the fuel in the duct burner  226  with natural gas  228 . 
         [0058]    By combining a portion of the hydrogen gas  723  produced in the synthesis gas module management section  700  with the cooled synthesis gas stream  272 , the module of the combined stream  730  is adjusted to be in the desired range of about 2.0 to 2.2. The precise module is controlled by suitably adjusting the amount of hydrogen gas combined back with the cooled synthesis gas stream  272 . Similar to the embodiment of  FIG. 4 , the tail gas or off-gas effluent  724  from the hydrogen pressure swing adsorption unit  720  is available for use as fuel for the duct burner  226  in the oxygen transport membrane based reforming system  201  which reduces the overall consumption of natural gas by the system. The tail gas or off-gas  524  has a heating value of about 240 BTU/scf. 
         [0059]    The cooled synthesis gas stream  272  and portion of the hydrogen stream  723  are combined and compressed to a pressure between 1100 psia and 1500 psia in compressor  732  and mixed with a methanol recycle stream  734  described hereinafter. This mixed stream  736  of compressed synthesis gas and methanol recycle is indirectly heated in heat exchanger  738  by the synthesized methanol stream  740  to a temperature between about 175° C. and 300° C. The heated stream  742  is directed to the methanol synthesis reactor  750 . In this methanol synthesis reactor  750 , hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are consumed to produce methanol and water. 
         [0060]    As above, the heat generated in the exothermic methanol synthesis reaction is preferably used for steam production and/or for preheating of the synthesis gas feed to the methanol synthesis reactor. Temperature at the outlet of the methanol reactor is typically between about 200° C. and about 260° C. This methanol synthesis stream  740  is cooled down to about 38° C. in heat exchanger  738  and cooler  758  before entering a separator  760  where the crude methanol stream  762  containing mostly methanol, water and trace amounts of other species (e.g. dimethyl ether, ethanol and higher alcohols), is separated in the bottoms and sent to further distillation steps for final purification. Most of the overhead stream  764  from the separator  760  is recycled back to the methanol synthesis reactor  750  via recycle compressor  770  to increase the carbon conversion to methanol. The recycle compressor  770  is required to compensate for pressure drop across the methanol synthesis reactor  750  and associated equipment, e.g. heat exchangers and coolers. 
         [0061]    A portion of the overhead stream  764 , typically between about 4% and 10% is purged from the methanol synthesis loop  800  to prevent buildup of inerts in. The typical composition of purge stream  766  in the embodiment of  FIG. 5  is as follows: 75% hydrogen, 4% carbon dioxide, 15% carbon dioxide, 2% nitrogen, and 4% methane, with a heating value of about 300 BTU/scf. As indicated above, the methanol loop purge stream  766  is fed as the primary influent stream to the hydrogen pressure swing adsorption unit  720  as shown in  FIG. 5 . 
         [0062]    During start-up of the system, a portion of the partially compressed synthesis gas  650  is fed as an influent stream preferably from an intermediate stage of synthesis gas compressor  732  to the hydrogen pressure swing adsorption unit to achieve the desired synthesis gas module until the methanol loop  800  is operational and requirements can be met completely by the purge stream  766  from the methanol loop  800 . 
         [0063]    It should be noted that the embodiment of  FIG. 5 , like that of  FIG. 4  produces the same amount of methanol and improves the synthesis gas module, but unlike the embodiment of  FIG. 4  the arrangement of  FIG. 5  requires less capital expense as a shift reactor, knockout drum, and several heat exchangers are not required and the complexity of the hydrogen separation system is reduced. For example, one embodiment of  FIG. 4  contains a high pressure hydrogen separation unit  521  (e.g. high pressure hydrogen pressure swing adsorption unit) and a low pressure hydrogen pressure swing adsorption unit  520 . By contrast, the corresponding embodiment of  FIG. 5  would include one hydrogen pressure swing adsorption unit  720 . 
         [0064]    Possible modifications to the embodiments presented in  FIGS. 4 and 5  include the use of a turbo expander to recover power when letting down the pressure from the methanol purge from a high pressure of about 90 bar in the methanol loop to a lower pressure of about 20 bar for the oxygen transport membrane based reformers or the hydrogen pressure swing adsorption unit. Another possible modification involves the use of a hydrogen separation membrane to separate hydrogen from the methanol purge streams in lieu of separation in the hydrogen pressure swing adsorption unit. 
         [0065]    Further modifications to the embodiments presented in  FIGS. 3-5  include the use of a natural gas fired heater in lieu of or in addition to the indirect heat exchange with coils disposed in the retentate duct of the oxygen transport membrane based reforming system to heat one or more of the following streams: the natural gas and hydrogen feed stream; the mixed feed stream; and incoming air stream and/or to generate superheated steam from saturated steam. In this case, some of the tail gas or off-gas effluent from the hydrogen separation system in the module management section can be used as fuel in the fired heater. The use of the natural gas fired heater is particularly advantageous to facilitate start-up of the oxygen transport membrane based reforming system and assembly. 
         [0066]    While the present inventions have been characterized in various ways and described in relation to preferred embodiments, as will occur to those skilled in the art, numerous, additions, changes and modifications thereto can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present inventions as set forth in the appended claims.