Abstract:
The invention relates to producing monomer, oligomer and polymer non-fluorinated, partially fluorinated or perfluorinated sulphonic acids by reacting halogenated, low-molecular weight, oligomer or macromolecular arenes with (hydrogen) sulphites, dithionites, sulphides or other reducing sulfur salts, possibly by oxidising sulphur-containing arene intermediates which are formed at a sulphur oxidation degree less than +6 by means of appropriate oxidation agents with formation of corresponding sulphonate functional groups (sulphonic acid, sulfohalogenide, sulphonamide and sulphonic acid ester groups). The invention also relates to a method for producing monomer, oligomer or polymer non-halogenated, partially halogenated or perhalogenated phosphonic acid esters and the derivatives thereof (for example, a free phosphonic acid or a phosphonic acid salt) by a nucleophile aromatic substitution (Michaelis-Becker-reaktion, complete or partial substitution of halogenide functional groups by phosphate functional groups (phosphonic acid esters, phosphonic acid amides, phosphonic acids, phosphonic acid salts, phosphonic acid halogenides). Said invention also relates to a method for producing polymer or ionomer non-halogenated, partially halogenated or perhalogenated containing (CF 2 ) x PO(OR) 2 — or (CF 2 ) x SO 2 Me- or (CF 2 ) x SO 3 Me- side chains, (wherein x=1-20, R=any organic radical, Me=any monovalent cation). A method for carrying out a nucleophile polycondensation of said functionalised (i.e. sulphonated, sulphonated or phosphonated) monomers into oligomers or polymers is also disclosed.

Description:
SUMMARY 
       [0001]    What is claimed is:
       Process to produce monomeric, oligomeric and polymeric non-, partial- or perfluorinated sulfonic acids by reaction of halogenated low molecular, oligomeric or macro-molecular arenes with (hydrogen)sulfites, dithionites, sulfides or other reducing sulphur salts, if necessary by oxidation of formed sulphur containing arene intermediate compounds with a lower oxidation state of the sulphur than +6 with suitable oxidation reagents and formation of the corresponding sulfonated functional groups (sulfonic acid groups, sulfohalogenide groups, sulphonamide groups, sulfonic acid ester groups).   Process to produce monomeric, oligomeric and polymeric non-, partial- or perhalogenated phosphonic acid ester as well as their derivatives (e.g. free phosphonic acid or salt of phosphonic acid) by nucleophilic aromatic substitution (Michaelis-Becker-reaction, in part or complete substitution of the halogenide functional groups by phosphonate functional groups (phosphonic acid ester, phosphonic acid amides, phosphonic acids, phosphonic acid salts, phosphonic acid halogenides)   Process to produce non-, partial- or perfluorinated, (CF 2 ) x PO(OR) 2 — or (CF 2 ) x SO 2 Me- or (CF 2 ) x SO 3 Me side chains (x=1-20, R=any organic radical, Me=any monovalent cation) containing polymers respective ionomers.   Process for nucleophilic polycondensation of the mentioned functionalised (that is sulfonated, sulfonated respective phosphonated) monomers to oligomers or polymers.       
 
       STATE-OF-THE-ART 
       [0006]    The usual processes to produce sulfonated poly(aryl)ether can be divided into the following two groups 1 :
       i.) Subsequent sulfonation of existing polymers:    In the processes described in the literature always reactions of the typ electrophilic aromatic substitution (S E Ar) are used. As typical sulfonation reagents are mentionned concentrated sulphuric acid, oleum, chlorsulfonic acid, sulphur trioxide as well as their coordination compounds (e.g. sulphur trioxide-pyridine, sulphur trioxide-triethylphosphate-complex). Alternative sulfonation pathways have been described with polysulfone as an example by Kerres et al 2,3,4 . Here the polymer is first lithiated, in a further step reacted with the electrophile sulphur dioxide and finally the obtained polymeric sulfinate is oxidised. The lithiated polymer can also be reacted with sulfurylchloride SO 2 Cl 2  to polymeric sulfochloride, followed by hydrolysis of sulfochloride groups in aqueous solvent to sulfonic acid groups   ii.) Direct copolymerisation of sulfonated polymers (statistical copolymers):    The monomers used for copolymerisation are sulfonated also by the methods described above, whereby preferentially concentrated or fuming sulphuric acid is used as sulfonation reagent 6,7 .       
 
         [0009]    During recent years direct phosphonation of polyarylehters has aroused an increasing interest. However it is synthetically difficult to bind phosphonic acids covalently to a polymer chain and has been realised so far only for a few polymers 8 . Some examples are mentioned here. The phosphonation of a poly(phosphazene)-main chain was done successfully by Allcock et al. by lithiation and subsequent reaction with chlorphosphonic acid ester 9 . Also Allcock et al. have described the phosphonation of a benzylic side chain of poly(phosphazene) with sodium dimethyl-respective sodium dibutylphosphite by nucleophilic substitution (Michaelis-Becker-Reaction). Another synthetic route to phosphonated polyarylethers is the palladium catalysed phosphonation 10,11 . In the area of low molecular compounds the Michaelis-Becker-Reaction has been used also to produce aromatic (fluorinated) phosphonic acid ester starting from different low molecular fluorinated aromates (pentafluorobenzonitrile, octafluorotoluene, hexafluorobenzene, pentafluorobenzene, pentafluoronitrobenzene, Pentafluoroanisole) with yields of 10 to 65% 12 . As far as we know this reaction has not been described for partly fluorinated polymers. 
         [0010]    Another method to introduce a (CF 2 ) x PO(OR) 2  side chain (x=1-20, R=any organic radical) into aromatic systems is well known in the medicinal respective pharmaceutical chemistry and consist in the reaction of halogenated aromates (mostly iodiated or brominated aromate) with X(CF 2 ) x PO(OR) 2  (X=halogene, mostly bromine or iodine, R=any organic radical) in presence of zinc dust and copper bromide CuBr in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) 13,14 . Partly and perfluorinated low molecular aromates with the general formula R—CF 2 X (R=non-, partly- or perfluorinated aromates, X=Br, I) can be reacted by a process described in 15 and 16 (Sulfinatodehalogenation with subsequent oxidation) into compounds of the formula R—CF 2 SO 2 Y (Y=Cl, OH, OMe, Me=any cation). The above mentioned reactions have not been described as far as we know for polymers. 
       Aim 
       [0011]    The aim of this invention is to provide by nucleophilic aromatic substitution (S N Ar) monomeric, oligomeric or polymeric sulfonic acids respective phosphonic acids or sulfonic acids derivatives or respective phosphonic acid derivates. Thus monomeric sulfonic acids respective phosphonic acids are obtained from partly- or perhalogenated (preferentially partly- or perfluorinated) aromates, whereas the production of oligomeric and polymeric sulfonic acids or phosphonic acids is described exemplarily for partly- or perhalogenated (preferentially partly- or perfluorinated) poly(aryl)ethers. This method can be transferred surprisingly also to other suitable partly- or perhalogenated (preferentially partly- or perfluorinated) polymers. As nucleophil to produce the above mentioned sulfonic acids is used a metal sulfite respective metal hydrogensulfite, metal dithionite or metal sulfide. As during the aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction of halogene groups from halogenated arenes with metal dithionites respective metal hydrogendithionites or metal sulfides respective hydrogene sulfides sulphur containing functional groups are formed with a valency of sulphur below +6, these functional groups are oxidised according to the invention by oxidising reagents like molecular halogene (bromine, iodine, chlorine), metal hypochlorite, potassiumpermanganate, hydrogene peroxide or other suitable oxidising agents to the corresponding desired sulfonate functional group. 
         [0012]    For the production of analogous phosphonic acids the Michaelis-Becker-reagent (e.g. sodiumdiethylphosphite, sodiumphenylphosphite, sodiumdibutylphosphite) serves as nucleophil at reaction temperatures of −93° C. to +200° C. The leaving group is in both cases a C sp     2   -bound halogene (preferentially fluorine). Furthermore part of the present invention is the production of functionalised non-, partly- or perfluorinated copolymers (alternating, statistical, block- and graft copolymers) by nucleophilic polycondensation using low molecular sulfonic and/or phosphonic acids (or their derivatives), which have been partly or perfluorinated by the above mentioned methods, with corresponding diphenoles, dithiophenoles or other suitable monomers (e.g. also derivatives of diphenoles, like silylether- or carbamoyl protection group 17,18 ). For this polycondensation can be used a part from the most often used method (potassiumcarbonate as base, aprotic-dipolar solvent, relativly high temperature: 80 to 200° C., if necessary using water carrying organic solvents like benzene, toluene or xylenes) preferentially (to avoid dendrimation and crosslinking of polymers) also modified, at mild conditions usable processes. Here are mentioned especially the method described by Robertson et al. 19  using molecular sieve to absorp the water formed during the reaction at comparatively low temperatures as well as a recently described process with calcium hydride as base and cesium fluoride as catalyst in DMAc/benzene respective propylene carbonate 20,21 . 
       DESCRIPTION 
       [0013]    It has been found surprisingly that partly- and perhaloginated (preferentially partly- and perfluorinated) aromates according to  FIG. 1  can be reacted with sulfite or hydrogenesulfite or other sulphur salts such as e.g. dithionites/hydrogenedithionites or sulfides/hydrogenesulfides in the sense of a nucleophilic aromatic substitution and provide thereby if necessary after an oxidising step the corresponding sulfonic acids or their salts. 
         [0014]    Furthermore it has been found that partly- and perhalogenated (preferentially partly- and perfluorinated) aryl main chain polymers according to  FIG. 2  can be reacted with metal sulfite respective metal hydrogenesulfite in the sense of a nucleophilic aromatic substitution and provide thus polymeric sulfonic acids respective their salts. 
         [0015]    That monomeric partly- and perhalogenated aromatic compounds (see) can be reacted with metal phosphites to phosphonates ( FIG. 3 ) (by hydrolysis of the phosphonic acid ester formed during the Michaelis-Becker-Reaction with HBr or other suitable hydrolysis reagents the free phosphonic acids are obtained) has been described for some low molecular aromatesas has been mentioned before 12 . It has been found surprisingly that also part- and perhalogenated Oligo-respective Polyaryles (polyarylethers, polyarylthioethers, polyarylsulfoxides, polyarylsulfones and their copolymers) (see  FIG. 4 ) react with metal phosphites in the sense of a Michaelis-Becker-Reaction at reaction temperatures of −93° C. to +200° C. 
         [0016]    Surprisingly it has been found that the following reaction which has been described for low molecular aromates can also be done with polymers ( FIG. 5 ). 
         [0017]    The preferred partly halogenated, especially partly fluorinated aryl polymers for the nucleophilic substitution reaction with metal phosphites, metal sulfites or other metal-sulphur compounds like e.g. sodiumdithionite according to the invention are presented in the following figures ( FIG. 6 ,  FIG. 7 ,  FIG. 8 ,  FIG. 9 ,  FIG. 10 ,  FIG. 11 ,  FIG. 12 ,  FIG. 13 ,  FIG. 14 ,  FIG. 15 ,  FIG. 16 ,  FIG. 17 ,  FIG. 18 ,  FIG. 19 ,  FIG. 20 ,  FIG. 21 ,  FIG. 22 ,  FIG. 23 ,  FIG. 24 ,  FIG. 25 ). 
         [0018]    Also statistical copolymers and blockcopolymers, containing the repeating units from figures  FIG. 6 ,  FIG. 7 ,  FIG. 8 ,  FIG. 9 ,  FIG. 10 ,  FIG. 11 ,  FIG. 12 ,  FIG. 13 ,  FIG. 14 ,  FIG. 15 ,  FIG. 16 ,  FIG. 17 ,  FIG. 18 ,  FIG. 19 ,  FIG. 20 ,  FIG. 21 ,  FIG. 22 ,  FIG. 23 ,  FIG. 24 ,  FIG. 25 , are suitable for the nucleophilic substitution reaction with metal phosphites, metal sulfites or other metal-sulphur compounds like e.g. sodiumdithionite according to the invention as has been found surprisingly. 
         [0019]    It was furthermore surprisingly, that also non salt-like phosphite compounds are suitable for the nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction. Thus the compound tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite and any other silylphosphites can nucleophilicly substitute aromatically bound halogene atoms with a phosphonic acid group ( FIG. 26 ). 
         [0020]    It has been found surprisingly that also polymers modified with perfluorinated side chains, especially aryl main chain polymers, are suitable for the nucleophilic substitution reaction with metal phosphites, metal sulfites or other metal-sulphur compounds like e.g. sodiumdithionite according to the invention. Thereby these polymers with perfluorinated aromates in the side chain can be produced surprisingly e.g. by reaction of the corresponding lithiated polymer with perfluorinated aromates (schema see  FIG. 27 ). So far in the literature only the reaction of low molecular sulfone-stabilised carbaniones with part- or perfluorinated aromates has been described 22 . The production of these polymers from lithiated polymers is been shown as an example from brominated PPSU Radel R with the perfluoroaromate Hexafluorobenzene in  FIG. 27 . The preferred part- or perfluorinated aromates fort the reaction with a lithiated polymer are shown in  FIG. 28 . 
     
    
     APPLICATION EXAMPLES 
     1. Sulfonated Polysulfone from Sulfinated Polysulfone, Decafluorobiphenyl and Sodium Sulfite 
       [0021]    Polysulfon is metalated via the state of the art and reacted with SO2 yielding a polymeric sulfinic acid. The sulfinate group is in ortho position to the sulfone group of polysulfone. The polymeric Li salt is filtered off and is dried under vacuum at low temperature. For the further reaction a polysulfone with 1.5 Li sulfinate groups per polymer repeat unit (RU) is used. 
         [0022]    10 g decafluorobiphenyl are mixed with 50 g NMP at room temperature. 10 g of the polymeric sulfinate comprising 1.5 sulfinate groups per RU are dissolved in 90 g NMP. The mixture of decafluorobiphenyl and NMP is vigorously stirred (stirring speed 300 rotations per minute), and the polymeric sulfinate is added slowly (1 ml per minute) added via a dropping funnel. The mixture is stirred further and subsequently heated up to 120° C. (heating rate 1° C. per minute). This heating temperature is kept for 10 hours. Subsequently the mixture is cooled down to 10° C., and 500 ml of a cold-saturated aqueous sodium sulfite solution is added. Subsequently the mixture is heated to 110° C. and kept at this temperature for 10 hours. After cooling down the solvent is evaporated in a rotating evaporator under vacuum. The obtained product is mixed with 1 L of water and dialyzed in a dialysis tube (exclusion limit of the dialysis membrane is 3000 Dalton). Via this procedure the small molecules are separated from the produced sulfonated polymer. After evaporation of the water from the aqueous solution inside the dialysis tube a sulfonated polymer in sodium salt form is obtained. 
       2. Michaelis-Becker Reaction of a Partially Fluorinated Aryl Main-Chain Polymer with Sodium Phosphite (Synthesis of XFS001A) 
     Properties and Used Quantities of Educts/Products: 
       [0023]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Dimethyl 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 PFS001B 
                 phosphite 
                 Sodium hydride 
                 XFS001A 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 MW [g mol −1 ] 
                 630.34 
                 110.05 
                 23.99 
                 810.42/ru 
               
               
                 density [g ml −1 ] 
                 N/A 
                 1.200 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 at 25° C. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Molar 
                  10.815 
                 21.63 
                 21.63 
                 theoretical: 
                 experimental: 
               
               
                 proportion 
                   
                   
                   
                 10.815 
               
               
                 [mmol] 
               
               
                 Mass [g] 
                 6.8180 g 
                 2.3807 g 
                 0.5190 g 
                 8.7647 g 
               
               
                 Volume [ml] 
                   
                 ≈2.0 ml 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2 equivalents NaPO(OMe) 2  referred to PFS001B 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0024]    The reaction equation of this reaction is shown in  FIG. 29 . 
         [0025]    To a solution of 0.519 g (21.63 mmol) sodium hydride in 40 ml anhydrous THF are slowly added 21.3807 g (21.63 mmol) Dimethylphosphite (in 40 ml anhydrous THF) via dropping funnel under protective gas atmosphere at 0° C. 
         [0026]    After the H 2  formation is finished, the reaction mixture is warmed up to ambient temperature, and via 20 min a solution of 6.8180 g (10.815 mmol) PFS001B in 80 ml anhydrous THF is dropped to the reaction mixture (PFS001B in THF: yellowish, during dropping into the sodium dimethylphosphite solution the reaction mixture becomes pink/orange). 
         [0027]    The reaction mixture is stirred overnight at room temperature and is warmed for 3 further hours up to 65° C. (after that, the solution showed a yellow colour, moreover a finely dispersed solid was present (sodium fluoride?) which could however not be filtered off. 
         [0028]    Subsequently the solution is concentrated at the rotation evaporator. It was attempted to take up the residuals in roughly 300 ml methylene chloride (to shake with water and to remove the formed NaF). However, a yellowish precipitate (not typical for salt) remained undissolved. The precipitate was filtered off, suspended in 200 ml water and dialysed (XFS001A, CH 2 Cl 2 -insoluble fraction XFS001A-UF). The CH 2 Cl 2 -filtrat was concentrated once more, the residual also re-suspended in roughly 200 ml water, and dialysed (XFS001A, CH 2 Cl 2 -soluble fraction=XFS001A-LF). 
       Characterisation 
     A. Elemental Analysis (XFS001A-UF): 
       [0029]    Sum formula: C 31 H 20 O 8 F 12 P 2  (2 Phosphonic acid groups, M=810.14 g mol −1 )
 
Sum formula: C 29 H 14 O 5 F 13 P (1 Phosphonic acid group, M=720.37 g mol −1 )
 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Theoretical 
                 Theoretical content 
                 Experimental 
               
               
                   
                 content [%] for 
                 [%] for 
                 content 
               
               
                 XFS001A-UF 
                 1 group 
                 2 groups 
                 [%] 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 C 
                 48.35 
                 45.94 
                 47.26 
                 47.29 
               
               
                 H 
                 1.96 
                 2.49 
                 2.15 
                 2.12 
               
               
                 O 
                 11.10 
                 15.79 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 F 
                 34.28 
                 28.13 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 P 
                 4.30 
                 7.64 
                 3.81 
                 3.61 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       B. Elemental Analysis (XFS001A-LF): 
       [0030]    Sum formula: C 31 H 20 O 8 F 12 P 2  (2 Phosphonic acid groups, M=810.14 g mol −1 )
 
Sum formula: C 29 H 14 O 5 F 13 P (1 Phosphonic acid group, M=720.37 g mol −1 )
 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Theoretical 
                 Theoretical 
                 Experimental 
               
               
                   
                 content [%] for 
                 content [%] for 
                 content 
               
               
                 XFS001A-LF 
                 1 group 
                 2 groups 
                 [%] 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 C 
                 48.35 
                 45.94 
                 50.79 
                 50.64 
               
               
                 H 
                 1.96 
                 2.49 
                 2.26 
                 2.29 
               
               
                 O 
                 11.10 
                 15.79 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 F 
                 34.28 
                 28.13 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 P 
                 4.30 
                 7.64 
                 2.00 
                 1.99 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       3. Michaelis-Becker Reaction of a Partially Fluorinated Aryl Main-Chain Polymer with Sodium Phosphite (Synthesis of XFS001D) 
     Properties and Used Quantities of Educts/Products: 
       [0031]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Diethyl 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 PFS001D 
                 phosphite 
                 Sodium hydride 
                 XFS001D 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 MW [g mol −1 ] 
                 630.34 
                 138.10  
                 23.99 
                 866.52/ru (2 PO(OEt) 2  per ru) 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Molar 
                  10.815 
                 48.15 
                 48.15 
                 theoretical: 
                 experimental: 
               
               
                 proportion 
                   
                 (43.26) 
                 (43.26) 
                 10.815 
                 9.404 (87%) 
               
               
                 [mmol] 
               
               
                 Mass [g] 
                 6.8180 g 
                 6.6489 g 
                  1.155 g 
                 9.3714 g 
                 8.149 g 
               
               
                 Volume [ml] 
                   
                 (5.9742 g) 
                 (1.0378 g) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Values in brackets: calculated amount, values above: actually used quantities 
               
               
                 Remark: The used THF (Fisher) obviously had a higher H 2 O-content, since at addition of THF to the weighed NaH a more or less vigorous H2 development begins. Therefore the amount of the polymer PFS001D was not calculated onto the effectively weighed amount (to ensure that actually a 4 fold excess of NaPO(OEt) 2  exists). 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0032]    4 eq NaPO(OEt) 2  referred to PFS001D 
         [0033]    The reaction equation of this reaction is shown in  FIG. 30 . 
         [0034]    To a solution of 1,155 g (48.15 mmol) sodium hydride in 80 ml anhydrous THF are slowly added 6.6489 g (48.15 mmol) Diethylphosphite (in 80 ml anhydrous THF) via dropping funnel under protective gas atmosphere at 0° C. 
         [0035]    After the H 2  formation is finished, the reaction mixture is warmed up to ambient temperature, and via 20 min a solution of 6.8180 g (10.815 mmol) PFS001B in 80 ml anhydrous THF is dropped to the reaction mixture (PFS001B in THF: yellowish, during dropping into the sodium dimethylphosphite solution the reaction mixture becomes pink/orange). 
         [0036]    The reaction mixture is stirred 72 h at room temperature and is warmed for 6 further hours up to 65° C. Subsequently the solution is concentrated at the rotation evaporator. 
         [0037]    The precipitate was suspended in 300 ml water and dialyzed. After evaporation of the solvent the polymer is dried at 60° C. in the vacuum oven overnight. 
       Characterisation 
     A. Elemental Analysis 
       [0038]    Sum formula: C 31 H 18 O 5 F 13 P (1 PO(OEt) 2 -Group per RU, M=748.42 g mol −1 )
 
Sum formula: C 35 H 28 O 8 F 12 P 2  (2 PO(OEt) 2 -Groups per RU, M=866.52 g mol −1 )
 
Sum formula: C 39 H 38 O 11 F 11 P 3  (3 PO(OEt) 2 -Groups per RU, M=984.62 g mol −1 )
 
Sum formula: C 43 H 48 O 14 F 10 P 4  (4 PO(OEt) 2 -Groups per RU, M=1102.71 g mol −1 )
 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Theoretical 
                 Theoretical 
                 Theoretical 
                 Theoretical 
               
               
                   
                 content [%] 
                 content [%] 
                 content [%] for 
                 content [%] for 
               
               
                 XFS001D 
                 for 1 group 
                 for 2 groups 
                 3 groups 
                 4 groups 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C 
                 49.75 
                 48.51 
                 47.57 
                 46.84 
               
               
                 H 
                 2.42 
                 3.26 
                 3.89 
                 4.39 
               
               
                 O 
                 10.69 
                 14.77 
                 17.87 
                 20.31 
               
               
                 F 
                 33.00 
                 26.31 
                 21.22 
                 17.23 
               
               
                 P 
                 4.14 
                 7.15 
                 9.44 
                 11.24 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Experimental 
                   
               
               
                   
                 content 
               
               
                 XFS001D 
                 [%] 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 C 
                 48.58 
                 48.76 
               
               
                 H 
                 3.71 
                 3.78 
               
               
                 O 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 F 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 P 
                 6.79 
                 6.82 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       B.  1 H-NMR 
     See FIG. 30 
       [0039]    Comparison spectrum PFS001D see  FIG. 32   
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 solvent: 
                 CDCl 3   
               
               
                 reference: 
                 TMS 
               
               
                 δ [ppm] (200.13 MHz): 
                 7.06 (d, J = 8.51 Hz,  1 H,  3 H,  6 H,  8 H, 4 H) 
               
               
                   
                 7.42 (d, J = 8.72 Hz,  2 H,  4 H,  5 H,  7 H, 4 H) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       C.  13 C-NMR See FIG. 33 
     D.  19 F-NMR See FIG. 34 
       [0040]      19 F-NMR comparison spectrum PFS001D see  FIG. 35   
       F. IR Spectra 
       [0041]    The FTIR spectrum of the educt PFS001 is found in  FIG. 36 . 
         [0042]    In  FIG. 37  the IR spectra of the reaction product XFS001D and the hydrolysed product (free phosphonic acid) XFX001D-H are shown. 
         [0043]      FIG. 38  contains, for comparison, the IR spectra of PFS001, XFS001D and XFS001D-H (free phosphonic acid). 
         [0044]    The band at 2983-2912 cm −1  (red curve XFS001D-H) could be the O—H-stretching vibration of the phosphonic acid group. A likewise new appearing peak at 1394 cm −1  cannot be assigned for sure. Following the literature (Hesse, Meier, Zeeh) the P═O-stretching vibration of the phosphonic acid should lie at 1240-1180 cm −1 . In the ester form (green curve XFS001D) such a vibration should also be visible (possibly a little bit shifted, because the substitution patterns are different, the peak should however then be shifted relatively far!). 
       Hydrolysis of XFS001D (XFS001D-H): 
       [0045]    3.50 g XFS001D are suspended in 80 ml 48% hydrobromic acid HBr and heated for 16 h to 100° C. The reaction solution is diluted with 800 ml water, and the precipitate is filtered. The precipitate is resuspended in water and dialysed for 5 days. Subsequently the polymer is dried in the air circulation oven at 80° C. (drying temperature &lt;110° C. to avoid condensation of the phosphonic acids). 
         [0000]    Yield (after Dialysis): 
         [0046]    2,507 g 
       Characterisation of XFS001D-H: 
     A. Elemental Analysis 
       [0047]    Sum formula: C 27 H 10 O 5 F 13 P (1 PO(OH) 2 -Group per RU, M=692.32 g mol −1 )
 
Sum formula: C 27 H 12 O 8 F 12 P 2  (2 PO(OH) 2 -Groups per RU, M=754.31 g mol −1 )
 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Theoretical 
                 Theoretical 
                 Experimental 
               
               
                   
                 content [%] for 
                 content [%] for 
                 content 
               
               
                 XFS001D-H 
                 1 group 
                 2 groups 
                 [%] 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 C 
                 46.84 
                 42.99 
                 43.75 
                 43.94 
               
               
                 H 
                 1.46 
                 1.60 
                 2.76 
                 2.81 
               
               
                 O 
                 11.55 
                 16.97 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 F 
                 35.67 
                 30.22 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 P 
                 4.47 
                 8.21 
                 5.72 
                 5.85 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       B. Measurement of the IEC-Value 
       [0048]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 IEC direct  [meq g −1 ] 
                 IEC overall  [meq g −1 ] 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 1.11 [1]   
                 3.59 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   [1] The polymer was buoying upwards during the measurement (exchange complete?) 
               
             
          
         
       
     
       4. Reaction of Octafluorotoluene with Lithiated PSU (AK-51) 
     Educts: 
       [0049]    22.1 g PSU Udel P 1800 (0.05 mol) dried
 
800 ml THF anhydrous
 
10 ml n-BuLi 10 N (0.1 mol)
 
28.4 ml=47.2 g octafluorotoluene (0.2 mol, MW=236 g/mol)
 
       Procedure: 
       [0050]    Under protective gas the THF is loaded into the reaction flask. Subsequently the dried polymer is introduced into the reaction flask with stirring and vigorous rinsing with argon. After the polymer is dissolved, it is cooled to −50° C. (T as low as possible, with vigorous argon stream). Then the polymer solution is titrated cautiously with 2.5N n-BuLi until a slight yellow/orange coloration shows that the solution is water-free. Then the 10N n-BuLi is introduced with syringe within 10 min. The solution is stirred for 2 hours. 
         [0051]    Then the octafluorotoluene is introduced via syringe (solution is getting highly viscous). One awaits how the color of the reaction mixture is changing. If the color does not change, one lets warm up to −30° C. overnight. The solution is stirred until the reaction mixture is decolourized, at the utmost overnight at −30° C. If the solution is not decolourized, the temperature is increased at the next morning up to maximally −10° C. (the solution remains highly viscous). 
         [0052]    20 ml methanol are introduced via syringe until decolourization of the reaction mixture. Then it is warmed up to room temperature. The polymer is precipitated in 2 l methanol, filtered off and washed with methanol. The precipitated polymer is again filtered, dried and stirred in 800 ml methanol. Then it is again filtered off, again resuspended in 400 ml methanol, stirred, filtered off and dried in vacuum at 50° C. From the dried polymer a dissolution experiment is made in NMP (soluble, film-forming properties can be detected). The substitution degree of the modified polymer is determined via  1 H/ 13 C-NMR and elemental analysis (C, H, S). 
         [0053]    Yield: 35.4 g (81.0% of the theoretical yield of 43.73 g) 
       Elemental Analysis 
     Calculated onto 2 Groups 
       [0054]    C 41 H 20 F 14 O 4 S 
         [0055]    874.64 
         [0056]    874.085876 
         [0057]    C, 56.30%; H, 2.30%; F, 30.41%; O, 7.32%; S, 3.67% 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 found 
                 calculated 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 C 
                 56.9 
                 56.30 
               
               
                 H 
                 2.90 
                 2.30 
               
               
                 S 
                 3.98 
                 3.67 
               
               
                 F 
                 19.04 
                 30.41 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Referring to the Fluorine Content 1.25 Groups Per Repeat Unit are Bound! 
       [0058]    The  1 H-NMR spectrum of the reaction product AK51 is shown in  FIG. 39 . The  13 C-NMR spectrum of the reaction product AK51 is found in  FIG. 40 . The  19 F-NMR-spectrum of the reaction product AK51 is shown in  FIG. 41 . 
       5. Reaction of Hexafluorobenzene with Lithiated PSU A 1179 
     Educts: 
       [0059]    11.05 g PSU Udel P 1800 (0.025 mol) dried
 
800 ml THF anhydrous
 
5 ml n-BuLi 10 N (0.05 mol)
 
11.54 ml=18.6 g hexafluorobenzene (0.1 mol, MW=186.056 g/mol)
 
       Procedure: 
       [0060]    Under protective gas the THF is loaded into the reaction flask. Subsequently the dried polymer is introduced into the reaction flask with stirring and vigorous rinsing with argon. After the polymer is dissolved, it is cooled to −50° C. (T as low as possible, with vigorous argon stream). Then the polymer solution is titrated cautiously with 2.5N n-BuLi until a slight yellow/orange coloration shows that the solution is water-free. Then the 10N n-BuLi is introduced with syringe within 10 min. The solution is stirred for 2 hours. 
         [0061]    Then the hexafluorobenzene is introduced via syringe (solution is getting highly viscous). One awaits how the color of the reaction mixture is changing. If the color does not change, one lets warm up to −30° C. overnight. The solution is stirred until the reaction mixture is decolourized, at the utmost overnight at −30° C. (decrease  19 F-NMR A 1179a: insoluble in CHCl 3 , sparingly soluble in DMSO). 
         [0062]    If the solution is not decolourized, the temperature is increased at the next morning up to maximally −10° C. (decrease  19 F-NMR A 1179a: insoluble in CHCl 3 , medium solubility in DMSO). 20 ml methanol is introduced via syringe until decolourization of the reaction mixture. Then it is warmed up to room temperature. 
         [0063]    The polymer is precipitated in 2 l methanol, filtered off, resuspended in 0.5 l MeOH, filtered of, and washed with methanol onto the frit. 
         [0064]    The precipitated polymer is dried in vacuum at 50° C. From the dried polymer a dissolution experiment is made in NMP. The substitution degree of the dried polymer is determined via  1 H/ 13 C/ 19 F-NMR and elemental analysis (C, H, S, F). 
       Polymer has a Bad Solubility in NMP, Requires 12 h for Complete Dissolution! 
       [0065]    Yield: 16.8 g (86.7% of the theoretical yield of 19.37 g) 
       Elemental Analysis 1179a (−30° C.) 
     Calculated onto 2 Groups 
       [0066]    C 39 H 20 F 10 O 4 S 
         [0067]    774.62 
         [0068]    774.092263 
         [0069]    C, 60.47%; H, 2.60%; F, 24.53%; O, 8.26%; S, 4.14% 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 found 
                 calculated 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 C 
                 / 
                 60.47 
               
               
                 H 
                 / 
                 2.60 
               
               
                 S 
                 / 
                 4.14 
               
               
                 F 
                 / 
                 24.53 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Elemental Analysis 1179b (−10° C.) 
     Calculated onto 2 Groups 
       [0070]    C 39 H 20 F 10 O 4 S 
         [0071]    774.62 
         [0072]    774.092263 
         [0073]    C, 60.47%; H, 2.60%; F, 24.53%; O, 8.26%; S, 4.14% 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 found 
                 calculated 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 C 
                 63.17 
                 60.47 
               
               
                 H 
                 3.98 
                 2.60 
               
               
                 S 
                 4.81 
                 4.14 
               
               
                 F 
                 19.55 
                 24.53 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Referring to the Fluorine Content 1.59 Groups Per Repeat Unit are Bound! 
       [0074]    The  19 F-NMR spectrum of the reaction product A1179 in the solvent shown in  FIG. 42 . One sees very nicely that the hexafluorobenzene has reacted with the lithiated PSU. One finds three peaks with the approximate integral ratio 2:2:1 (2 ortho-F:2 meta-F:1 para-F). In  FIG. 43  the  19 F-NMR spectrum of the reaction product A1179 in the solvent CDCl 3  is shown. One sees that the reaction product is very bad soluble in CDCl 3 . 
       6. Reaction of A 1179 (PSU/Hexafluorbenzene/n-BuLi) with Sodiumdiethylphosphite (A1184) 
     Educts: 
       [0075]    5 g A 1179 with 1.59 groups (M=774.62 g/mol, 6.45 mmol), dissolved/suspended in 100 ml THF
 
1.78 g Diethylphosphite (M=138.10 g/mol, 12.9 mmol), dissolved in 20 ml THF,
 
bp=50-51° C. at 2 mm Hg, density: 1,072 g/cm 3 , refractive index: 1.407
 
0.31 g sodium hydride (M=24.0 g/mol, 12.9 mmol), dissolved in 20 ml THF
 
       Reaction Equation: See FIG. 44. 
     Procedure 
       [0076]    Under protective gas at 0° C. 1.78 g (12.9 mmol) Diethylphosphite, dissolved in 20 ml anhydrous THF, are added into a 250 ml three-neck reaction flask in which are placed 0.31 g (12.9 mmol) NaH, dissolved in 20 ml THF. If no hydrogen develops any more (ca. 30 min), the solution is warmed up to room temperature, and the compound A1179, dissolved in 100 ml THF, is added into the reaction mixture via a dropping funnel. The mixture is then stirred for 6 hours up to 65° C., subsequently hydrolyzed with 20 ml methanol. The THF is removed at the rotary evaporator, and the reaction mixture is resuspended in water, and dialysed for 48 hours (3× water change). The water is evaporated in big porcelain bowls in the oven at 80° C., subsequently in vacuum oven at 80° C. 
         [0077]    From the product the following analyses are made:  1 H-,  19 F-,  13 C-NMR, elemental analysis (C, H, P, F) 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Yield: 
                 4.5 g ≈ 6.52 g (69.1% of the theoretical yield) 
               
               
                   1 H,  13 C,  19 F,  31 P-NMR: 
                 in DMSO A 1184 D medium soluble 
               
               
                   
                 in CDCl 3  A 1184 C badly soluble 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0078]    In  FIG. 45  the  19 F-NMR-Spectrum of the reaction product A1184 in CDCl 3  is shown. The signals are very weak because of the bad solubility of the reaction product in CDCl 3 . In  FIG. 46  the  19 F-NMR-Spectrum of the reaction product A1184 in DMSO is shown. In comparison with the  19 F-NMR-Spectrum des reaction educt A1179 in DMSO ( FIG. 43 ) it shows that one signal has disappeared, which indicates the substitution of the, para-F with sodiumdiethylphosphite and therefore the occurrence of the desired substitution reaction. 
         [0079]    In  FIG. 47  the  1 H-NMR spectrum of the reaction product A1184 in DMSO is shown, in  FIG. 48  the  1 H-NMR spectrum of the reaction product A1184 in CDCl 3 . In  FIG. 49  is shown the  13 C-NMR spectrum of the reaction product A1184 in DMSO, in  FIG. 50  the  31 P-NMR spectrum of the reaction product A1184 in DMSO. In  FIG. 51  is shown the  31 P-NMR spectrum of the reaction product A1184 in CDCl 3 . One sees very nicely in  FIG. 51  the coupling of the phosphonate-P with the neighboring F. 
       Elemental Analysis 
     Calculated onto 1 Group 
       [0080]    C 37 H 31 F 4 O 7 PS 
         [0081]    726.67 
         [0082]    726.146426 
         [0083]    C, 61.16%; H, 4.30%; F, 10.46%; O, 15.41%; P, 4.26%; S, 4.41% 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 found 
                 calculated 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 C 
                 63.29 
                 61.16 
               
               
                 H 
                 4.75 
                 4.30 
               
               
                 S 
                 4.34 
                 4.41 
               
               
                 F 
                 / 
                 10.46 
               
               
                 P 
                 3.95 
                 4.26 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Referring to Phosphorus 0.93 Groups Per RU 
     Calculated onto 2 Groups 
       [0084]    C 47 H 40 F 8 O 10 P 2 S 
         [0085]    1010.82 
         [0086]    1010.168972 
         [0087]    C, 55.85%; H, 3.99%; F, 15.04%; O, 15.83%; P, 6.13%; S, 3.17% 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 found 
                 calculated 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 C 
                 63.29 
                 55.85 
               
               
                 H 
                 4.75 
                 3.99 
               
               
                 S 
                 4.34 
                 3.17 
               
               
                 F 
                 / 
                 15.04 
               
               
                 P 
                 3.95 
                 6.13 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Referring to Phosphorus 1.28 Groups Per RU 
     7. Reaction of Decafluorobiphenyl with Lithiated PSU A 1180 
     Educts: 
       [0088]    5.53 g PSU Udel P 1800 (0.0125 mol) dried
 
800 ml THF anhydrous
 
2.5 ml n-BuLi 10 N (0.025 mol)
 
16.7 g Decafluorobiphenyl (0.1 mol, MW=334.11 g/mol)
 
       Reaction Equation: See FIG. 52 
     Procedure: 
       [0089]    Under protective gas the THF is loaded into the reaction flask. Subsequently the dried polymer is introduced into the reaction flask with stirring and vigorous rinsing with argon. After the polymer is dissolved, it is cooled to −60° C. with vigorous argon stream. 
         [0090]    Then the polymer solution is titrated cautiously with 2.5N n-BuLi until a slight yellow/orange coloration shows that the solution is water-free. Then the 10N n-BuLi is introduced with syringe within 10 min. The solution is stirred for 2 hours. 
         [0091]    Then the decafluorobiphenyl is introduced via syringe (dissolved in 100 ml THF, dropping funnel), the colour changes spontaneously into black. 
         [0092]    After 15 h reaction time at −55° C. the colour has changed/brightened up into light-grey, the reaction is then aborted and hydrolysed. 
         [0093]    Therefore 20 ml MeOH are introduced via syringe until the reaction mixture is decolonized. Then the mixture is warmed up to room temperature. 
         [0094]    The polymer is precipitated in 2 l meOH, the meOH is rotated off, the mixture is suspended in water and dialysed. Then the water is evaporated at 50° C. and the polymer is dried at 50° C. in vacuum. From the dried polymer a dissolution experiment in NMP is made. The substitution degree of the modified polymer is determined via  1 H/ 13 C/ 19 F-NMR and elemental analysis (C, H, S, F). 
         [0095]    Yield: 8.8 g (refers to 63.5% of the theoretical yield of 13.86 g) 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Solubilities: 
                 insoluble in Acetonitril 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Badly soluble in CHCl 3   
                 A 1180 (NMR) 
               
               
                   
                 gelates in CH 2 Cl 2   
               
               
                   
                 insoluble in D 2 O 
               
               
                   
                 insoluble in Aceton 
               
               
                   
                 medium solubility in DMSO 
                 A 1180 D (NMR) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Elemental Analysis 
     Calculated onto 2 Groups 
       [0096]    C 51 H 20 F 20 O 4 S 
         [0097]    1108.74 
         [0098]    1108.076296 
         [0099]    C, 55.25%; H, 1.82%; F, 34.27%; O, 5.77%; S, 2.89% 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 found 
                 calculated 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 C 
                 63.63 
                 55.25 
               
               
                 H 
                 3.51 
                 1.82 
               
               
                 S 
                 4.31 
                 2.89 
               
               
                 F 
                 21.30 
                 34.27 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Referring to the Fluorine Content 1.24 Groups Per Repeat Unit are Bound! 
       [0100]    In  FIG. 53  the  1 H-NMR spectrum of the reaction product A1180 in CDCl 3  is shown, in  FIG. 54  the  1 H-NMR spectrum of the reaction product A1180 in DMSO. In  FIG. 55  the  13 C-NMR spectrum of the reaction product A1180 in CDCl 3  is shown, in  FIG. 56  the  19 F-NMR spectrum of the reaction product A1180 in CDCl 3 , and in  FIG. 57  the  19 F-NMR spectrum of the reaction product A1180 in DMSO. 
       8. Reaction of Pentafluoropyridine with Lithiated PSU A 1181 
     Educts: 
       [0101]    5.53 g PSU Udel P 1800 (0.0125 mol) dried
 
800 ml THF anhydrous
 
2.5 ml n-BuLi 10 N (0.025 mol)
 
8.45 g=5.3 ml Pentafluoropyridine (0.05 mol, MW=169.05 g/mol)
 
       Reaction Equation: See FIG. 58 
     Procedure: 
       [0102]    Under protective gas the THF is loaded into the reaction flask. Subsequently the dried polymer is introduced into the reaction flask with stirring and vigorous rinsing with argon. After the polymer is dissolved, it is cooled to −60° C. (T as low as possible, with vigorous argon stream). Then the polymer solution is titrated cautiously with 2.5N n-BuLi until a slight yellow/orange coloration shows that the solution is water-free. Then the 10N n-BuLi is introduced with syringe within 10 min. The solution is stirred for 2 hours. 
         [0103]    Then the Pentafluoropyridine is added via a dropping funnel (dissolved in 50 ml THF). One awaits how the colour of the reaction mixture is changing (reaction time: 4 h, temperature: −60° C.). If the colour does not change, the reaction is continued for 96 h at −55° C. The colour changes from dark red/dark orange to light orange. 
         [0104]    20 ml MeOH are introduced via syringe until declourization of the reaction mixture. Then it is warmed up to room temperature. 
         [0105]    The polymer is precipitated in 2 l meOH, filtered off, digested with 0.5 l meOH, filtered off, and washed with meOH onto the frit. 
         [0106]    The precipitated polymer is dried at 60° C. in vacuum. From the dried polymer a dissolution experiment in NMP is made. The substitution degree of the modified PSU is determined via  1 H/ 13 C/ 19 F-NMR and elemental analysis (C, H, S, F). 
         [0107]    Yield: 9.1 g (93.5% of the theoretical yield of 9.73 g) 
         [0108]    Solubilities: insoluble in Acetonitril
       Badly soluble in CHCl 3      gelates in CH 2 Cl 2      insoluble in D 2 O   insoluble in Acetone   medium solubility in DMSO       
 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                   1 H,  13 C-NMR: 
                 A 1181 D in DMSO 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A 1181 C in CDCl 3   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0114]    In  FIG. 59  the  1 H-NMR-spectrum of the reaction product A1181 in CDCl 3  is shown, in  FIG. 60  the  13 C-NMR-spectrum of the reaction product A1181 in CDCl 3 . In  FIG. 61  the  19 F-NMR-spectrum of the reaction product A1181 in CDCl 3  is shown, in  FIG. 62  the  19 F-NMR-spectrum of the reaction product A1181 in DMSO. 
       Elemental Analysis 
     Calculated onto 2 Groups 
       [0115]    C 37 H 20 F 10 N 2 O 4 S 
         [0116]    778.62 
         [0117]    778.098411 
         [0118]    C, 57.08%; H, 2.59%; F, 24.40%; N, 3.60%; O, 8.22%; S, 4.12% 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 found 
                 calculated 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 C 
                 51.82 
                 57.08 
               
               
                 H 
                 3.07 
                 2.59 
               
               
                 N 
                 2.31 
                 3.60 
               
               
                 S 
                 4.44 
                 4.12 
               
               
                 F 
                 15.93 
                 24.40 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Referring to the Fluorine Content 1.31 Groups Per Repeat Unit are Bound! 
     Cited Patent- and Non-Patentliterature 
       [0000]    
       
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           3 J. Kerres, W. Zhang, W. Cui,  J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem.  1996, 36, 1441 
           4 J. Kerres, W. Cui, M. Junginger,  J. Membr. Sci.  1998, 139, 227 
           5 J. A. Kerres, A. J. van Zyl,  J. Appl. Polym. Sci.  1999, 74, 428-438 
           6 F. Wang, M. Hickner, Y. S. Kim, T. A. Zawodzinski, J. E. McGrath,  J. Membr. Sci.  2002, 197, 231 
           7 F. Wang, M. Hickner, Q. Ju, W. Harrison, J. Mecham, T. A. Zawodzinski, J. E. McGrath, Macromol. Symp. 2001, 175, 387 
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           9 H. R. Allcock, M. A. Hofmann, C. M. Ambler, R. V. Morford,  Macromolecules  2002, 35, 3484 
           10 K. Miyatake, A. S. Hay,  Journal of polymer Science: Part A: Polymer Chemistry  2001, 39, 3770-3779 
           11 K. Jakoby, S. P. Nunes, K.-V. Peinemann, DE 101 48 131 A 1 
           12 L. N. Markovsii, G. G. Furin, Y. G. Shermolovich, G. G. Yakobson,  Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR/Division of Chemical Sciences  1981, 30 (4), 646-648 
           13 T. Yokomatsu, H. Abe, T. Yamagishi, K. Suemune, S. Shibuya,  J. Org. Chem.  1999, 64, 8413-8418 
           14 G. S. Cockerill, H. J. Easterfield, J. M. Percy, S. Pintat,  J. Chem. Soc., Perkin. Trans.  1, 2000, 2591-2599 
           15 J. T. Liu, H. J. Lu, Chin. Chem. Lett. Vol. 11, No. 3, pp 189-190, 2000 
           16 G. K. Surya Prakash, J. Hu, J. Simon, D. R. Bellew, G. A. Olah, J. Fluorine Chem. 125 (2004) 595-601 
           17 A. Taeger, C. Vogel, D. Lehmann, W. Lenk, K. Schlenstedt, J. Meier-Haack,  Macromol. Symp.  2004, 210, 175-184 
           18 L. Wang, Y. Z. Meng, S. J. Wang, X. Y. Shang, L. Li, A. S. Hay,  Macromolecules  2004, 37, 3151-3158 
           19 F. Liu, J. Ding, M. Li, M. Day, G. Robertson, M. Zhou,  Macromol. Rapid Commun.  2002, 23, 844-848 
           20 Y. Qi, J. Ding, M. Day, J. Jiang, C. L. Callender,  Chem. Mater.  2005, 17, 676-682 
           21 J. Ding, F. Liu, M. Li, M. Day, P. Vuillaume, U.S. Provisional Patent Ser. 60/433,574 2003 
           22 A. N. Sergis, Reactions of sulphone-stabilised carbanions with fluorinated aromatic compounds, Ph. D. thesis, School of Chemistry, Thames Polytechnic London, UK, December 1990