Abstract:
The invention includes a dyed knit, elastic fabric comprising polyethylene terephthalate and spandex. The fabric has staining grade numbers of 4.0 or higher, as measured by staining of multifiber test fabrics in AATCC Test Method 61-1996-2A, and is dyed with disperse dyes comprising azo or anthraquinone molecular groups. The invention further includes a method for making the knit fabric.

Description:
CONTINUITY DATA  
       [0001]     This invention is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/018,003, filed Dec. 21, 2004, now pending. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     This invention relates to 2GT polyester-spandex circular-knit elastic fabrics which are dyed with disperse dyes. This invention also relates to a method of knitting, dyeing and finishing fabrics.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0003]     Relatively small percentages of spandex fiber are frequently added to knit fabrics of ‘hard’ yarns, such as nylon, cotton, acrylic, wool and 2GT polyester, for example, in order to provide significant fabric stretch and recovery to the fabrics and the garments made therefrom. Hard yarns are relatively inelastic, which means that they can be stretched only very minor amounts without permanent deformation. As used herein, “spandex” means a manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is a long-chain synthetic polymer comprised of at least 85% of a segmented polyurethane. The polyurethane is prepared from a polyether glycol, a mixture of diisocyanates, and a chain extender and then melt-spun, dry-spun or wet-spun to form the spandex fiber.  
         [0004]     For fabrics that are knit on circular, or weft, knitting machines the spandex is normally added as a bare yarn, without covering, and is fed in parallel with the hard yarn to the knitting needles. On its path from the feed package to the knit stitch, the spandex is under tension and is typically stretched, or drafted, 2.5× or more its original length; for example, drafting of 40 denier spandex yarn is typically 3.5×. Subsequent to knitting, the fabric is preset, scoured or cleaned, dyed, and then heatset to provide a colored fabric of desired dimensions and appearance. The method of dyeing and the types of dyes used depend mostly on the type of hard yarn used in the fabric, e.g., 2GT polyester, nylon, cotton, etc.  
         [0005]     Fibers of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymer (hereinafter referred to as “2GT polyester” in this Specification) are hydrophobic and highly crystalline. Because the 2GT polyester contains no chemically active groups that interact with water-soluble dyes, the 2GT polyester can be dyed only with disperse dyes. The disperse dye class is so named because these dyes are almost insoluble in water and are used as finely divided aqueous dispersions (ref. ATI). Dyeing of 2GT polyester fibers is understood by many as a process wherein dye molecules penetrate into the 2GT polyester and into the available spaces among the 2GT polyester macromolecules. For the dye to penetrate the fiber to sufficient depths, in sufficient amounts and in a reasonable amount of time, the polymer structure must be ‘opened up’ to allow more efficient penetration of the dye molecules. If 2GT polyester is dyed in an aqueous solution at atmospheric pressure at 100 degrees C. or less, a ‘carrier’ is normally required to help open the 2GT polyester structure. A carrier is a chemical, such as chlorobenzene, orthophenyl phenol, aromatic esters, and chlorinated hydrocarbons, that adds cost to the process and also creates environmental problems when disposing of the dye bath liquids that contain the carriers. An alternative, which is most widely used, is to heat the aqueous solution to about 130 degrees C. in a pressure vessel for batch dyeing of the 2GT polyester-containing knit fabric. Such higher temperatures are sufficient to open the 2GT polyester fiber for efficient dyeing without the use of a carrier. High-pressure, high-temperature dyeing of 2GT polyester-containing knit fabric is almost always done now in equipment known as a jet dyer, wherein a loop of tubular knit fabric is moved in and out of the dye liquor by action of a venturi jet that uses the liquor (or alternately air) to forward the fabric.  
         [0006]     Regardless of the particular 2GT polyester-dyeing method used, with or without carrier, it is well known that dyed 2GT polyester typically has a ‘washfastness’ problem wherein dye molecules can migrate to the 2GT polyester fiber surface and stain other fabrics and garments during clothes washing. The American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) has developed standards to test the washfastness of dyed fabrics as measured by the staining of multifiber fabric test samples (e.g., acetate, cotton, polyamide, 2GT polyester, acrylic and wool) that are in the wash with the fabric whose washfastness is being tested. The individual fabric test samples are graded from 1 to 5, to indicate how much each has been stained by the dyed fabric being tested; a grade of 5 indicates no staining, wherein a grade of 1 indicates very significant staining. It is quite usual for 2GT polyester-dyed fabrics to stain companion polyamide fabrics, e.g., of nylon 6 and nylon 66 fibers, to a rating of 2 to 3.  
         [0007]     Over time, the industry has learned various means and ways to reduce the 2GT polyester dye washfastness problem for specific cases. The choice of dye, in terms of color, shade and molecular structure, can result in more or less staining. Disperse dyes for dyeing PET are almost all made from chromophores of azo and anthraquinone, which have different structures and performance from one another. Dyes of other chromophores have been developed, which do give better washfastness performance, but these dyes are not in broad commercial use. Some dyes, azo and anthraquinone disperse dyes included, have more or less affinity for staining companion fabrics in a wash. Also, there are dyes with relatively large molecules and small molecules, and they are generally categorized as high energy to low energy dyes, respectively, as determined by the amount of energy to cause them to move into and out of the 2GT polyester or to sublimate. High energy dyes are also known as S-rated (or D) dyes by those in the trade. Middle energy dyes are also known as SE-rated (or C) dyes by those in the trade. Low energy dyes are also known as E-rated (or B) dyes by those in the trade.  
         [0008]     Dyes of different shades stain more or less, with dyes of deep colors of red, black and blue being particularly susceptible to poor washfastness. Various methods for cleaning surface dye from fibers after dyeing have been developed, including reduction clearing. In reduction clearing, the fabric with dyed fibers is placed in a bath containing a reducing agent (e.g., hydrosulfite) and a base (e.g., sodium hydroxide); under the reduction-clearing process conditions, only the dye on the surface of the fibers is removed.  
         [0009]     It is also known that heat treating 2GT polyester fibers, in order to reduce shrinkage or fix dimensions, also causes the phenomenon of thermomigration, wherein dye molecules migrate to the surface of the fiber and are then ready to stain other fabrics in the wash. Heat treating at high temperatures such as 175-200 degrees C. and higher is very detrimental to washfastness of dyed 2GT polyester fibers, so that heat-treating of 2GT polyester fabrics is done before dyeing when possible. It is thus possible to use a combination of process step sequences, conditions and materials to mitigate dyed 2GT polyester washfastness for specific cases and types and colors of fabrics.  
         [0010]     When spandex and 2GT polyester fibers are circular knit into elastic fabrics and subsequently dyed with an azo- or anthraquinone-based disperse dye, the problems of washfastness are worse, compared to washfastness of fabrics knit from 2GT polyester alone. Both the 2GT polyester and spandex are subject to thermomigration of dye molecules from the interior to the surface of the fibers. Further, in cut and sew fabrics, the last step in the circular-knit elastic fabric finishing process, after dyeing, is to heatset the fabric in open width at its desired length and width dimensions. This is necessary because the spandex, being elastic and having a retractive force after being drafted in knitting, will cause the final fabric to be too dense or have too much elastic elongation for the garment end-use desired. The final heatset step is necessary to achieve the final fabric desired properties, such as basis weight, stretch elongation, edge curl and appearance. To heatset the spandex at the desired open-width dimensions typically requires dry heat at temperatures of 175 to 185 degrees C. These temperatures result in significant thermomigration of the dye and poor fabric washfastness results as measured by staining of other fabrics in the wash. Because of the strong effect of heatsetting on 2GT polyester-spandex knit fabric washfastness, there are no means to improve washfastness to stain grading levels of 4 to 5, for such fabrics that are heatset as a final step and are dyed with middle energy, SE-rated or high energy, S-rated dye colors and dyeshades. As a result, the market opportunities are limited for 2GT polyester-spandex knit fabrics, and particularly for fabrics dyed into dark, rich colors. There is long-standing need for such fabrics that are adequately washfast, and for an economical method to make them.  
         [0011]     U.S. Pat. No. 6,776,014 to Laycock, Leung and Singewald teaches a spandex-containing fabric and method for making the same. The method includes circular knitting with spandex at low draft and controlling the finishing and drying temperatures below the spandex heat set temperature.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0012]     The invention includes a dyed knit, elastic fabric comprising polyethylene terephthalate and spandex. The fabric has staining grade numbers of 4.0 or higher, as measured by staining of multifiber test fabrics in AATCC Test Method 61-1996-2A, and is dyed with disperse dyes comprising azo or anthraquinone molecular groups. The invention further includes a method for making the knit fabric.  
         [0013]     An elastic knit fabric of the invention comprising 2GT polyester and spandex, can exhibit good azo- and anthraquinone-disperse dye washfastness and desirable physical properties. The invention further includes a method for making the knit fabric that avoids heat-setting the fabric under dry conditions at elevated temperature as further described below.  
         [0014]     The invention may include a circular-knit single-jersey elastic fabric that may include bare spandex plated with yarns of 2GT polyester continuous filament, 2GT polyester staple or 2GT polyester staple blends. The fabric can be dyed with azo or anthraquinone disperse SE or S dyes, and the fabric may have an improved washfastness rating versus conventional fabrics when measured as staining nylon, cotton, 2GT polyester, wool, or acrylic in an accelerated laundering test per AATCC Test Method 61-1996-2A. The fabric can have a basis weight in the range of 160 to 330 g/m2, and an elongation of 80% or more, for example from 80% to 130% in the length (warp) direction. Further, said fabric can have a spandex content by weight of 4% to 15% and a shrinkage after washing and drying of about 3% or less, and for example less than 3% in both length and width direction.  
         [0015]     The invention also may include a garment made from the fabric described above. Such garments may be top-weight garments.  
         [0016]     The invention can include a method for knitting, dyeing and finishing a knit elastic fabric comprising 2GT polyester and spandex, without open-width dry heat setting after dyeing. For example, the method may produce a single jersey circular knit fabric. The spandex feed yarn can range from about 17 to about 44 dtex and the 2GT polyester yarn can range from about 55 to about 165 dtex, with the 2GT polyester dtex per filament ranging from about 0.05 to about 3.5. The stitch length and 2GT polyester dtex can be selected so that the knit cover factor ranges from about 1.1 to about 1.6, and for example from about 1.2 to about 1.4. During knitting, the spandex yarn and 2GT polyester yarn may be plated in every course and the draft of the spandex feed yarn may be controlled so that the spandex yarn may be drafted no more than about 2× or about 2.5× its original length, depending on the embodiment of the method. In a first embodiment, the knit fabric can be disperse dyed at atmospheric pressure at dye liquor temperatures of about 100 degrees C. or less, typically with a carrier, and the total spandex draft after knitting may be limited to about 2×. In a second embodiment the knit fabric is disperse dyed above atmospheric pressure at dye liquor temperatures ranging from about 110 to about 135 degrees C., and the total spandex draft after knitting is limited to about 2.5×. The dye liquor may contain azo or anthraquinone disperse dyes. Following dyeing, the fabric can be reduction-cleared and rinsed in order to remove excess dye from the surface of the fibers, and can then be air dried in open width in a tenter frame oven. The open width fabric may be held at its natural width and length and heated until dry. The air drying temperature can be a maximum of about 130 degrees C. or less, and can be for example from about 120 to about 125 degrees C. These drying temperatures are the maximum dry heat temperatures that the fabric will experience in finishing after the dyeing step.  
         [0017]     The invention also may include the circular knit, elastic, single jersey fabrics made according to the inventive method, and garments constructed from such fabrics. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES  
       [0018]      FIG. 1  illustrates plated knit stitches comprising a hard yarn and spandex.  
         [0019]      FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram of a portion of a circular knitting machine fed with a spandex feed and a hard yarn feed.  
         [0020]      FIG. 3  illustrates a series of single jersey knit stitches and highlights one stitch of stitch length “L”.  
         [0021]      FIG. 4  is a flow chart showing standard process steps for knitting, dyeing and finishing 2GT polyester-spandex circular-knit, elastic, single-knit jersey fabrics.  
         [0022]      FIG. 5  is a flow chart showing the inventive process steps for knitting, dyeing and finishing 2GT polyester-spandex circular-knit, elastic, single-knit jersey fabrics. 
     
    
       [0023]     While the invention will be described in connection with embodiments below, it is to be understood that the invention is in no way intended to be limited by such description. On the contrary, it is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications and equivalents as may be included within the true spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the claims appended hereto.  
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0024]     Knit fabrics of the invention may include those fabrics of a single-jersey stitch, with bare spandex plated in every course. The term “Commercially-useful” as used herein refers to ranges of physical properties (including fabric basis weight, washfastness, elongation, stability and appearance) that can be associated with apparel fabrics.  
         [0025]      FIG. 4  shows a flow diagram of a process  40  for making, dyeing and finishing circular knit fabrics of 2GT polyester-spandex. Depending on the knitting machine, the circular knit fabric will be knit into a tube, or cut into an open width (sheet) at the exit of the machine. The spandex is highly drafted, e.g., 3.5× for 44 dtex spandex, as it is plated into the knit stitches with the hard yarn. If the fabric is in tubular form at the exit of the knitting machine, the fabric is slit open  44  in a separate step before being relaxed and preset in a tenter oven  46 , at temperatures typically at 190 degrees C., but typically for a very short residence time of 45-60 seconds. The purpose of this process step is to relax the spandex tension. Subsequent to relaxation and preset, the open fabric is sewn back into a tubular form  48  for multiple sequential operations in a jet-dye machine  50 . While there are many variations of design of jet dye machines, they are all batch devices that circulate a tube of fabric, by means of a venturi jet that uses bath liquid, continuously into and out of a liquid bath of cleanser/bleach, or dye liquor, or caustic solution, as the case may be in the process step being performed. For cleaning, bleaching and reduction-clearing operations, the jet dye machine is operated at atmospheric pressure and liquid temperatures of 100 degrees C. or less. Some specific chemicals, processing conditions and process residence times are given in the Examples. For dyeing the 2GT polyester-spandex fabric, the jet-dye machine may be loaded both with fabric and dye liquor, pressurized and heated to about 130 degrees C., and then operated by circulating the fabric through the dye liquor at specified process conditions and residence time sequences. One variable of importance is the liquor ratio, or the ratio of fabric weight to the weight of the dye liquor in the jet-dye machine.  
         [0026]     After the above cleaning, bleaching, dyeing, and reduction-clearing operations, the fabric is removed from the jet dyer and dewatered  52  in a centrifuge or in squeeze rollers, for example. The tubular fabric is then un-sewn (de-tacked)  54  and opened once again into an open-width (sheet) fabric.  
         [0027]     The dewatered, open-width 2GT polyester-spandex knit fabric is then processed in a tenter frame oven, to heat set the fabric into desired and stable length and width dimensions. The tenter frame stretches the fabric to desired dimensions in both width and length, and heatsets the spandex and 2GT polyester fibers by heating them to about 180 degrees C. or more for a typical residence time of about 60 to about 120 seconds.  
         [0028]     In the process of  FIG. 4 , final fabric heatsetting  56  is the step that determines the final physical properties of the fabric, including basis weight, elongation, stability and appearance. For 2GT polyester-spandex single-jersey knit fabrics with spandex plated in every knit course, and for top weight garments, commercially-useful physical properties include the following: 
        basis weights from. about 160 to about 330 g/m2,     minimum elongation of about 80% in the length (warp) direction,     spandex content from about 4% to about 15% of the total fabric weight, and     shrinkage after washing and drying of about 3% or less in width and length. 
 
 Fabric physical properties in these ranges can be readily achieved by final tenter-frame heatsetting. As noted above, however, the heatsetting operation significantly reduces the dye washfastness of 2GT polyester-spandex knit fabrics, and it is generally not possible to achieve dye washfastness ratings of 4 to 5, particularly for SE and S-rated (including commercial high energy dyes) that are of deep color and/or shade. 
       
 
         [0033]      FIG. 5  shows a process that eliminates the pre-heat setting and the final heat setting step, thereby improving the dye washfastness of the fabric. The selection of the knitting method used in the invention depends on the ‘wet-finishing’ conditions of the process steps after knitting. Wet-finishing refers to all process operations in which the fabric is wet, such as scouring, bleaching, dyeing and reduction-clearing operations.  
         [0034]     In a first embodiment the total draft of the spandex yarn in knitting can be about 2.0× or less and the liquid temperatures in any of the wet-finishing steps, including dyeing, may range from about 80 to about 100 degrees C. In a second embodiment the total draft of the spandex yarn in knitting may be about 2.5× or less and the liquid temperature of the dyeing step may range from about 110 to about 135 degrees C.  
         [0035]      FIG. 2  shows in schematic form one feed position  20  of a circular knitting machine having a series of knitting needles  22  that move reciprocally as indicated by the arrow  24  in response to a cam (not shown) below a rotating cylinder (not shown) that holds the needles. In a circular knitting machine, there are multiple numbers of these feed positions arranged in a circle, so as to feed individual knitting positions as the knitting needles, carried by the moving cylinder, are rotated past the positions.  
         [0036]     For plating knit operations, a spandex yarn  12  and a 2GT polyester fully drawn, or hard, yarn  14  are delivered to the knitting needles  22  by a carrier plate  26 . The carrier plate  26  simultaneously directs both yarns to the knitting position. The spandex yarn  12  and 2GT polyester yarn  14  are introduced to the knitting needles  22  at the same or at a similar rate to form a single jersey knit stitch  10  like that shown in  FIG. 1 .  
         [0037]     The 2GT polyester yarn  14  is delivered from a wound yarn package  28  to an accumulator  30  that meters the yarn to the carrier plate  26  and knitting needles  22 . The 2GT polyester yarn  14  passes over a feed roll  32  and through a guide hole  34  in the carrier plate  26 . Optionally, more than one 2GT polyester yarn may be delivered to the knitting needles via different guide holes in the carrier plate  26 .  
         [0038]     The spandex can be any commercially available elastane product for circular knitting, such as Lycra® spandex types  162  and  169 , available from INVISTA S. a r. l. of Wichita, Kans. and Wilmington, Del.  
         [0039]     The spandex  12  is delivered from a surface driven package  36  and past a broken end detector  39  and change of direction roll(s)  37  to a guide slot  38  within the carrier plate  26 . The feed tension of the spandex  12  is measured between the detector  39  and drive roll  37 , or alternatively between the surface driven package  36  and roll  37  if the broken end detector is not used. The guide hole  34  and guide slot  38  are separated from one another in the carrier plate  26  so as to present the hard yarn  14  and spandex  12  to the knitting needles  22  in side by side, generally parallel relation (plated).  
         [0040]     The spandex stretches (drafts) when it is delivered from the supply package to the carrier plate and in turn to the knit stitch due to the difference between the stitch use rate and the feed rate from the spandex supply package. The ratio of the 2GT polyester yarn supply rate (meters/min) to the spandex supply rate is normally 2.5 to 4 times (2.5× to 4×) greater, and is known as the machine draft. This corresponds to spandex elongation of 150% to 300%, or more. The feed tension in the spandex yarn is directly related to the draft (elongation) of the spandex yarn. This feed tension is typically maintained at values consistent with high machine drafts for the spandex.  
         [0041]     In two embodiments of the methods of the invention, the total spandex draft can be about 2.0× or less, or about 2.5× or less, respectively. These draft values are for the total draft of the spandex, which may include any drafting or drawing of the spandex that is included in the supply package of as-spun yarn. The value of residual draft from spinning is termed package relaxation, “PR”, and it typically ranges from 0.05 to 0.15 for the spandex used in circular knit, elastic, single jersey fabrics. The total draft of the spandex in the fabric is therefore MD*(1+PR), where “MD” is the knitting machine draft. The knitting machine draft is the ratio of hard yarn feed rate to spandex feed rate, both from their respective supply packages.  
         [0042]     Because of its stress-strain properties, spandex yarn drafts (draws) more as the tension applied to the spandex increases; conversely, the more that the spandex is drafted, the higher the tension in the yarn. A typical spandex yarn path, in a circular knitting machine, is schematically shown in  FIG. 2 . The spandex yarn  12  is metered from the supply package  36 , over or through a broken end detector  39 , over one or more change-of-direction rolls  37 , and then to the carrier plate  26 , which guides the spandex to the knitting needles  22  and into the stitch. There is a build-up of tension in the spandex yarn as it passes from the supply package and over each device or roller, due to frictional forces imparted by each device or roller that touches the spandex. The total draft of the spandex at the stitch is related therefore to the sum of the tensions throughout the spandex path.  
         [0043]     The spandex feed tension is measured between the broken end detector  39  and the roll  37  shown in  FIG. 2 . Alternatively, the spandex feed tension is measured between the surface driven package  36  and roll  37  if the broken end detector  39  is not used. The higher this tension is set and controlled, the greater the spandex draft will be in the fabric, and vice versa. Suitable ranges for this feed tension includes from about 2 to 4 cN for 22 dtex spandex, and from about 4 to 6 cN for 44 dtex spandex in commercial circular knitting machines. With these feed tension settings and the additional tensions imposed by subsequent yarn-path friction, the spandex in commercial knitting machines normally will be drafted significantly more than 2.5×.  
         [0044]     Minimizing the spandex friction between the supply package and the knit stitch helps keep the spandex feed tensions sufficiently high for reliable spandex feeding when the spandex draft in about 2.5× or less.  
         [0045]     The structural design of a circular knit fabric can be characterized in part by the “openness” of each knit stitch. This “openness” may be related to the percentage of the area that is open versus that which is covered by the yarn in each stitch (see, e.g.,  FIGS. 1 and 3 ), and is thus related to fabric basis weight and elongation potential. For rigid, non-elastic weft knit fabrics, the Cover Factor (“Cf”) is well known as a relative measure of openness. The Cover Factor is a ratio and is defined as: 
 
 Cf=√ (tex)÷ L  
 
 where tex is the grams weight of 1000 meters of the 2GT polyester yarn and is also equal to 10*dtex, and L is the stitch length in millimeters.  FIG. 3  is a schematic of a single knit jersey stitch pattern. One of the stitches in the pattern has been highlighted to show how the stitch length, “L” is defined. 
 
         [0046]     The knitting method can produce commercially useful circular knit, elastic, single jersey fabrics plated from bare spandex and 2GT polyester yarn without heat setting with spandex draft at about 2.0× or less in one embodiment, and at 2.5× or less in another embodiment for knit fabric is designed and manufactured within the following limits: 
        The Cover Factor, which characterizes the openness of the knit structure, can be between about 1.1 and about 1.6, for example between about 1.2 and about 1.4;     The 2GT polyester yarn decitex may be from about 55 to about 165;     The spandex decitex may range from about 17 to about 44;     The content of spandex in the fabric, on a % weight basis, can be from about 4% to about 15%. 
 
 While not wishing to be bound by any one theory, it is believed that the hard yarn in the knit structure resists the spandex force that acts to compress the knit stitch. The effectiveness of this resistance is related to the knit structure, as defined by the Cover Factor. For a given 2GT polyester yarn decitex, the Cover Factor is inversely proportional to the stitch length, L. This length is adjustable on the knitting machine, and is therefore a key variable for control in this process. 
       
 
         [0051]     After knitting a circular knit, elastic, single jersey fabric of plated spandex with 2GT polyester  62 , the tubular fabric can be scoured in a cleaning solution, typically in a jet dye machine  64 ;  FIG. 5 . Bleaching of the fabric is also an optional operation in this equipment. These operations are well known to those familiar with the art, and standard methods are satisfactory for the process.  
         [0052]     The process may include dyeing at atmospheric conditions or at elevated temperatures and pressures  64 . Jet dyeing of 2GT polyester and 2GT polyester-spandex fabrics is well known to those who practice the art. Fabric and dye liquor are typically loaded into a jet-dye machine at weight ratios ranging from 1:10 to 1:15, which is the ratio of the weight of the fabric to the weight of the dye liquor. For the purpose of this invention, azo- or anthraquinone-disperse dyes are specified. The temperature of the dye liquor may be typically about 130 degrees C., but it can range from about 110 to about 135 degrees C., depending on the dye color and type. Dyeing conditions of temperature rise/decline rates and residence times at maximum temperatures are presumed to be best industry practice for the dyes used, and no special dyeing conditions or steps are needed for the process of this invention.  
         [0053]     Standard industry practices are suitable for the dewatering  66  and slitting steps  68 .  
         [0054]     The drying step  70  can be operated with controlled overfeed in the length (machine) direction so that the fabric stitches are free to move and rearrange without tension. A flat, non-wrinkled or non-buckled fabric may emerge after drying. These techniques are familiar to those skilled in the art. A tenter-frame can be used to provide fabric overfeed during drying. The objective of the drying step can be to dry the fabric without the high temperatures that can also heatset the fabric and cause thermomigration of dye molecules from the interior of the 2GT polyester and spandex fibers to the surface of said fibers. To enhanced dye washfastness ratings, the fabric may be heated, until dry, at a temperature of about 130 degrees C. or less, and typically at a temperature between about 120 and about 125 degrees C.  
         [0055]     The knit 2GT polyester-spandex fabric can have good dye washfastness ratings, as well as physical properties that are commercially useful. For example, the product of this process has fabric stain ratings typically in the range of 3.5 to 5 with exception at about 3.0. The fabrics can have commercially-useful physical properties as follows: 
        Basis weight in the range of about 160 to about 330 g/m2     Elongation in the warp (length) direction of about 80% or more, and preferably from about 80% to about 130%     Shrinkage after washing and drying of about 3% or less and typically less than 3% in both length and width. 
 
 The process provides this combination of product with the flexibility to use azo and anthraquinone dyes of deep color shades (including high energy dyes). 
       
 
       EXAMPLES  
       [0059]     The following examples are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not as restrictive.  
         [0060]     Fabric Knitting and Finishing  
         [0061]     Circular knit elastic single jersey fabrics with bare spandex plated with hard yarn for the examples were knit on a Pai Lung Circular Knitting Machine, Model PL-XS3B/C, with 26 inches cylinder diameter, 24 gauge, and 78 yarn feed positions. The machine was operated at 26 rpm.  
         [0062]     The broken end detector in each spandex feed path (see  FIG. 2 ) was either adjusted to reduce sensitivity to yarn tension, or removed from the machines for these examples. The broken end detector was a type that contacted the yarn, and therefore induced tension in the spandex.  
         [0063]     The spandex feed tension was measured between the spandex supply package 36 and the roller guide 37 ( FIG. 2 ) with a Zivy digital tension meter, model number, EN-10. For examples of the invention, the spandex feed tensions were maintained at 1 gram or less for 20 and 30-denier spandex. These tensions were sufficiently high for reliable and continuous feeding of the spandex yarn to the knitting needles, and sufficiently low to draft the spandex only about 2.5× or less. We found that when the feed tensions were too low, the spandex yarn wrapped around the roller guides at the supply package and could not be reliably fed to the circular knitting machine.  
         [0064]     All the knitted fabrics were scoured, dyed and dried per the process  60  in  FIG. 5 .  
         [0065]     Fabrics were scoured in a jet dye machine (Tong Geng Enterprise Co. Ltd. TGRU-HAF-1-30) at 90° C. for 20 minutes. The concentration of ingredients in the scouring solution, per liter of water, were as follows: 0.75 g/l Humectol Lys (Clariant), 2.0 g/l Na2CO3 (Sesoda), 0.5 g/l Imacol S (Clariant), 0.5 g/l Antimussol HT2S (Clariant), and 0.5 g/l Glacial acetic acid.  
         [0066]     The fabrics were dyed individually, and, the same machine was used for each example. For examples A1, B5, C9, and D13, Brilliant Red-SR GL (Clariant), a middle energy dye type SE (or C), was used at a 3.5% level based on the weight of fabric (OWF). For examples A2, B6, C10, and D14, Rubine SWF (Clariant) at 3.0% OWF and Black SWF (Clariant) at 1.5% OWF were used. Both these are middle energy dyes, type SE (or C). For examples A3, B7, C11, and D15, Dark Blue RD2RE 300% (Clariant), a high energy dye type S (or D), was used at 3.5% OWF. For examples, A4, B8, C12, and D16, Black RD-3GE 300% (Clariant), a high energy dye type S (or D), was used at 3.57% OWF. The liquor ratio was 1:12. The concentrations of ingredients in the dye liquor for each fabric, per liter of water, were as follows: dye as given above, 0.5 g/l Imacol S (Clariant), and 2.0 gil Sandacid PB (Clariant). The dyebath pH was 4.12. The fabric cycle time was 51 seconds/cycle. The bath temperature was raised from room Temperature to 130° C. at the rate of 1° C. per minute. The process was operated at 130° C. for 30 minutes, followed by cool down to 70° C. at the cooldown rate of 1° C. per minute. The dyebath was then drained and the machine recharged with cool water, followed by rinsing of the fabric for 10 minutes. The water was subsequently drained to prepare the fabric for reduction clearing.  
         [0067]     The fabric was subsequently reduction cleared in the jet dye machine in a clearing solution at 85° C. for 30 minutes. The ingredients in the solution, per liter of water, were as follows: 3.0 g/l Eriopon OS (Ciba), 2.0 g/l Na 2 Co 3  (Sesoda), 3.33 ml/l NaOH (45%), 0.5 g/l Antimussol HT2S (Clariant), and 6.0 g/l NaS 2 O 4 . The solution temperature was raised from room temperature to 85° C. at a rate of 1° C. per minute and held there for 30 minutes. The solution was subsequently cooled down to 60° C. at the rate of 1° C. per minute, and then drained. Following that, the fabric was neutralized with glacial acetic acid for 10 minutes, then rinsed with clean water for 5 minutes. The wet fabrics were then de-watered by centrifuge, for 8 minutes or until water is removed depending on fabric and diameter and speed of equipmeni, as per normal practice. For the final step, a lubricant (softener) was padded onto the fabrics in a 77-liter water solution with Sandoperm SEI (Clariant,1155 g). The fabrics were then dried in a tenter oven at about 130° C. for about 30 seconds, at about 50% fabric overfeed.  
         [0068]     The above procedure and additives will be familiar to those experienced in the art of textile manufacturing and circular knitting of single jersey knit fabrics.  
         [0000]     Analytical Methods  
         [0069]     Stain Ratings—Stain ratings ranging from 1.0 to 5.0 are determined by grading white multifiber fabric samples that are stained when included in an accelerated wash test. The wash test conditions and stain rating methodologies are those defined by the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (MTCC) in MTCC Test Method 61-1996-2A. This method is herein incorporated in its entirety by reference.  
         [0070]     Spandex Draft—The following procedure, conducted in an environment at 20° C. and 65% relative humidity, is used to measure the spandex drafts in the Examples. 
        De-knit (unravel) a yarn sample of 200 stitches (needles) from a single course, and separate the spandex and hard yarns of this sample. A longer sample is de-knit, but the 200 stitches are marked at beginning and end.     Hang each sample (spandex or hard yarn) freely by attaching one end onto a meter stick with one marking at the top of the stick. Attach a weight to each sample (0.1 g/denier for hard yarn, 0.001 g/denier for spandex). Lower the weight slowly, allowing the weight to be applied to the end of the yarn sample without impact.     Record the length measured between the marks. Repeat the measurements for 5 samples each of spandex and hard yarn.     Calculate the average spandex draft according to the following formula: 
 
Draft=(Length of hard yarn between marks)÷(Length of spandex yarn between marks). 
       
 
         [0075]     If the fabric has been heat set, as in the prior art, it is usually not possible to measure the in-fabric spandex draft. This is because the high temperatures needed for spandex heat setting will soften the spandex yarn surface and the bare spandex will tack to itself at stitch crossover points  16  in the fabric ( FIG. 1 ). Because of such multiple tack points, one cannot de-knit fabric courses and extract yarn samples.  
         [0076]     Fabric Weight—Knit Fabric samples are die-punched with a 10 cm diameter die. Each cut-out knit fabric sample is weighed in grams. The “fabric weight” is then calculated as grams/square meters.  
         [0077]     Spandex Fiber Content—Knit fabrics are de-knit manually. The spandex is separated from the companion hard yarn and weighed with a precision laboratory balance or torsion balance. The spandex content is expressed as the percentage of spandex weight to fabric weight.  
         [0078]     Fabric Elongation—The elongation is measured in the warp direction only. Three fabric specimens are used to ensure consistency of results. Fabric specimens of known length are mounted onto a static extension tester, and weights representing loads of 4 Newtons per centimeter of length are attached to the specimens. The specimens are exercised by hand for three cycles and then allowed to hang free. The extended lengths of the weighted specimens are then recorded, and the fabric elongation is calculated.  
         [0079]     Shrinkage—Two specimens, each of 60×60 centimeters, are taken from the knit fabric. Three size marks are drawn near each edge of the fabric square, and the distances between the marks are noted. The specimens are then sequentially machine washed 3 times in a 12-minute washing machine cycle at 40° C. water temperature and air dried on a table in a laboratory environment. The distances between the size marks are then re-measured to calculate the amount of shrinkage.  
         [0080]     Face Curl—A 4-inch×4-inch (10.16 cm×10.16 cm) square specimen is cut from the knit fabric. A dot is placed in the center of the square, and an ‘X’ is drawn with the dot as the center of the ‘X’. The legs of the ‘X’ are 2 (5.08 cm) inches long and in line with the outside corners of the square. The X is carefully cut with a knife, and then the fabric face curls of two of the internal points created by the cut are measured immediately and again in two minutes, and averaged. If the fabric points curl completely in a 360° circle, the curl is rated as 1.0; if it curls only 180°, the curl is rated ½; and so on.  
       Examples 1-16  
       [0081]     Table 1 below sets forth the knitting conditions for the example knit fabrics. Lycra® types 169B and 162C were used for the spandex feeds (commercially available from Invista S. a. r. l. of Wichita, Kans. and Wilmington, Del.). Lycra® deniers were 40 and 30, or 44 dtex and 33 dtex, respectively. The stitch length, L, was a machine setting. Spandex feed tensions are listed in grams and 1.00 grams equal 0.98 centiNewtQns(cN).  
         [0082]     Table 2 summarizes the major finishing conditions of the fabrics. Include description of the specifics for each group of fabrics. Examples, A1, A2, B5, B6, C9, C10, D13, and D14 were dyed with middle energy dyes otherwise known in the industry as SE (or C) type dyes. Examples A3, A4, B7, B8, Cl1, C12, D15, and D16 were dyed with high energy dyes otherwise known in the industry as S (or D) type dyes.  
                                                                                                           TABLE 1                           KNITTING CONDITIONS                        Hard Yarn               Knitting       Lycra ®               Lycra ®       Type -   Hard           Stitch   Cover   Feed   Machine           Spandex   Lycra ®   Continuous   Yarn   # of   Dtex per   Length,   Factor,   Tension,   Gauge,       Example   Type   Dtex   Filament   Dtex   Filaments   Filament   L, mm   Cf   gm   mm                    A1   T169B   33   PET   165   288   0.57   29.2   1.4   3.5   24       A2   T169B   33   PET   165   288   0.57   29.2   1.4   3.5   24       A3   T169B   33   PET   165   288   0.57   29.2   1.4   3.5   24       A4   T169B   33   PET   165   288   0.57   29.2   1.4   3.5   24       B5   T169B   33   PET   165   288   0.57   29.2   1.4   7.3   24       B6   T169B   33   PET   165   288   0.57   29.2   1.4   7.3   24       B7   T169B   33   PET   165   288   0.57   29.2   1.4   7.3   24       B8   T169B   33   PET   165   288   0.57   29.2   1.4   7.3   24       C9   T162C   44   PET   165   48   3.44   29.2   1.4   5.5   24       C10   T162C   44   PET   165   48   3.44   29.2   1.4   5.5   24       C11   T162C   44   PET   165   48   3.44   29.2   1.4   5.5   24       C12   T162C   44   PET   165   48   3.44   29.2   1.4   5.5   24       D13   T162C   44   PET   165   48   3.44   29.2   1.4   over 11   24       D14   T162C   44   PET   165   48   3.44   29.2   1.4   over 11   24       D15   T162C   44   PET   165   48   3.44   29.2   1.4   over 11   24       D16   T162C   44   PET   165   48   3.44   29.2   1.4   over 11   24                  
 
         [0083]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 FINISHING CONDITIONS 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Jet Dyeing 
                 Energy 
                   
                 Bath 
                 Liquor 
                 Heat Set, ° C., 
                 Dry, ° C., 
               
               
                 Example 
                 Dye Type 
                 Rating 
                 Dye Color 
                 Liquor Ratio 
                 Temp, ° C. 
                 45 sec. 
                 120 sec. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 A1 
                 Disperse 
                 Middle, SE 
                 Blue 
                 1:12 
                 130 
                   
                 below 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 130 
               
               
                 A2 
                 Disperse 
                 Middle, SE 
                 Black 
                 1:12 
                 130 
                   
                 below 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 130 
               
               
                 A3 
                 Disperse 
                 High, S 
                 Red 
                 1:12 
                 130 
                   
                 below 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 130 
               
               
                 A4 
                 Disperse 
                 High, S 
                 Purple 
                 1:12 
                 130 
                   
                 below 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 130 
               
               
                 B5 
                 Disperse 
                 Middle, SE 
                 Blue 
                 1:12 
                 130 
                 170 
               
               
                 B6 
                 Disperse 
                 Middle, SE 
                 Black 
                 1:12 
                 130 
                 170 
               
               
                 B7 
                 Disperse 
                 High, S 
                 Red 
                 1:12 
                 130 
                 170 
               
               
                 B8 
                 Disperse 
                 High, S 
                 Purple 
                 1:12 
                 130 
                 170 
               
               
                 C9 
                 Disperse 
                 Middle, SE 
                 Blue 
                 1:12 
                 130 
                   
                 below 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 130 
               
               
                 C10 
                 Disperse 
                 Middle, SE 
                 Black 
                 1:12 
                 130 
                   
                 below 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 130 
               
               
                 C11 
                 Disperse 
                 High, S 
                 Red 
                 1:12 
                 130 
                   
                 below 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 130 
               
               
                 C12 
                 Disperse 
                 High, S 
                 Purple 
                 1:12 
                 130 
                   
                 below 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 130 
               
               
                 D13 
                 Disperse 
                 Middle, SE 
                 Blue 
                 1:12 
                 130 
                 170 
               
               
                 D14 
                 Disperse 
                 Middle, SE 
                 Black 
                 1:12 
                 130 
                 170 
               
               
                 D15 
                 Disperse 
                 High, S 
                 Red 
                 1:12 
                 130 
                 170 
               
               
                 D16 
                 Disperse 
                 High, S 
                 Purple 
                 1:12 
                 130 
                 170 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0084]     Table 3 summarizes key results of the tests finished fabrics.  
                                                                                                                   TABLE 3                           FABRIC RESULTS                    Fabric   Maximum   Lycra ®                                       Lycra ®   Basis   Length   spandex   Shrinkage %,   Face Curl,   Stain   Stain   Stain   Stain   Stain           spandex   Weight,   Elongation   Content in   Warp   Fraction   Rating   Rating   Rating   Rating   Rating       Example   Draft   g/m2   %   Fabric, %   by Weft   of 360°   to cotton   to nylon   to polyester   to acrylic   to wool                    A1   2.5   298   104   7.2   −1 × −1   0.0   4.5   3.0   4.5   4.5   4.0       A2   2.5   297   101   7.2   −2 × −1   0.0   4.5   3.5   4.5   4.5   4.0       A3   2.5   300   103   7.2   −1 × −1   0.0   4.5   3.5   4.5   4.5   4.5       A4   2.5   298   100   7.2   −2 × −1   0.0   4.5   4.5   4.5   4.5   4.5       B5   3.5   271   102   5.5   −1 × 0    0.0   4.5   2.0   3.0   4.5   3.5       B6   3.5   279   104   5.5   −1 × 0    0.0   4.5   2.5   3.5   4.5   4.0       B7   3.5   279   107   5.5   −1 × 0    0.0   4.0   2.0   4.0   4.5   3.5       B8   3.5   282   108   5.5   −1 × 0    0.0   4.5   2.5   3.5   4.5   4.0       C9   2.5   306   106   9.1   0 × 0   0.0   4.5   3.0   4.5   4.5   4.0       C10   2.5   305   104   9.1    0 × −1   0.0   4.5   3.0   4.5   4.5   4.0       C11   2.5   305   105   9.1    0 × −1   0.0   4.5   4.0   4.5   4.5   4.5       C12   2.5   309   104   9.1    0 × −1   0.0   4.5   4.0   4.5   4.5   4.5       D13   3.5   271   85   6.7   0 × 0   0.0   4.5   3.0   4.5   4.5   4.0       D14   3.5   263   79   6.7   0 × 0   0.0   4.5   2.5   4.0   4.5   4.0       D15   3.5   266   84   6.7   0 × 0   0.0   4.5   2.5   4.5   4.5   4.5       D16   3.5   251   73   6.7   0 × 0   0.0   4.5   3.0   4.0   4.5   4.0                  
 
       Example A1  
       [0085]     The fabric was knit using 150D/288f microdenier 2GT polyester and 33 dtex Lycra® spandex. The draft of the spandex in the fabric was 2.5×. The fabric of Example A1 was dyed with a middle energy, SE-rated dye to a blue shade and finished according to the process schematically shown in  FIG. 5 . The fabric basis weight for Example A1 is 298 g/m 2  with acceptable shrinkage. Stain rating to nylon is 3.0.  
       Example A2  
       [0086]     The fabric of Example A1 was dyed with a middle energy, SE-rated dye to a black shade and finished according to the process schematically shown in  FIG. 5 . The fabric basis weight for Example A2 is 297 g/m 2  with acceptable shrinkage. Stain rating to nylon is 3.5.  
       Example A3  
       [0087]     The fabric of Example Al was dyed with a high energy, S-rated dye to a red shade and finished according to the process schematically shown in  FIG. 5 .  
         [0088]     The fabric basis weight for Example A3 is 300 g/m 2  with acceptable shrinkage. Stain rating to nylon is 3.5.  
       Example A4  
       [0089]     The fabric of Example A1 was dyed with a high energy, S-rated dye to a purple shade and finished according to the process schematically shown in  FIG. 5 . The fabric basis weight for Example A4 is 298 g/m 2  with acceptable shrinkage. Stain rating to nylon is 4.5.  
       Example B5  
       [0090]     The fabric was knit using 150D/288f microdenier 2GT polyester and 33 dtex Lycra® spandex. The draft of the spandex in the fabric was 3.5×. The fabric of Example B5 was dyed with a middle energy, SE-rated dye to a blue shade and finished according to the process schematically shown in  FIG. 5 . The fabric basis weight for Example B5 is 271 g/m 2  with acceptable shrinkage. Stain rating to nylon is 2.  
       Example B6  
       [0091]     The fabric of example B5 was dyed with a middle energy, SE-rated dye to a black shade and finished according to the process schematically shown in  FIG. 5 . The fabric basis weight for Example B6 is 279 g/m 2  with acceptable shrinkage. Stain rating to nylon is 2.5.  
       Example B7  
       [0092]     The fabric of example B5 was dyed with a high energy, S-rated dye to a red shade and finished according to the process schematically shown in  FIG. 5 .  
         [0093]     The fabric basis weight for Example B7 is 279 g/m 2  with acceptable shrinkage. Stain rating to nylon is 2.  
       Example B8  
       [0094]     The fabric of example B5 was dyed with a high energy, S-rated dye to a purple shade and finished according to the process schematically shown in  FIG. 5 . The fabric basis weight for Example B8 is 282 g/m 2  with acceptable shrinkage. Stain rating to nylon is 2.5.  
       Example C9  
       [0095]     The fabric was knit using 150D/48f 2GT polyester and 44 dtex Lycra® spandex. The draft of the spandex in the fabric was 2.5×. The fabric of Example C9 was dyed with a middle energy, SE-rated, dye to a blue shade and finished according to the process schematically shown in  FIG. 5 . The fabric basis weight for Example C9 is 306 g/m 2  with acceptable shrinkage. Stain rating to nylon is 3.0.  
       Example C10  
       [0096]     The fabric of Example C9 was dyed with a middle energy, SE-rated dye to a black shade and finished according to the process schematically shown in  FIG. 5 . The fabric basis weight for Example C10 is 305 g/m 2  with acceptable shrinkage. Stain rating to nylon is 3.0.  
       Example C11  
       [0097]     The fabric of Example C9 was dyed with a high energy, S-rated dye to a red shade and finished according to the process schematically shown in  FIG. 5 . The fabric basis weight for Example C11 is 305 g/m 2  with acceptable shrinkage. Stain rating to nylon is 4.0.  
       Example C12  
       [0098]     The fabric of Example C9 was dyed with a high energy, S-rated dye to a purple shade and finished according to the process schematically shown in  FIG. 5 . The fabric basis weight for Example C12 is 309 g/m 2  with acceptable shrinkage. Stain rating to nylon is 4.0.  
       Example D13  
       [0099]     The fabric was knit using 150D/48f 2GT polyester and 44 dtex Lycra® spandex. The draft of the spandex in the fabric was 3.3×. The fabric was dyed with a middle energy, SE-rated dye to a blue shade and finished according to the process schematically shown in  FIG. 5 . The fabric basis weight for Example D13 is 271 g/m 2  with acceptable shrinkage. Stain rating to nylon is 3.0.  
       Example D14  
       [0100]     The fabric of example D 13 was dyed with a middle energy, SE-rated dye to a black shade and finished according to the process schematically shown in  FIG. 5 . The fabric basis weight for Example D14 is 263 g/m 2  with acceptable shrinkage. Stain rating to nylon is 2.5.  
       Example D15  
       [0101]     The fabric of example D 13 was dyed with a high energy, S-rated dye to a red shade and finished according to the process schematically shown in  FIG. 5 . The fabric basis weight for Example D15 is 266 g/m 2  with acceptable shrinkage. Stain rating to nylon is 2.5.  
       Example D16  
       [0102]     The fabric of example D 13 was dyed with a high energy, S-rated dye to a purple shade and finished according to the process schematically shown in  FIG. 5 . The fabric basis weight for Example D16 is 251 g/m 2  with acceptable shrinkage. Stain rating to nylon is 3.0.