Abstract:
A process for spectroscopic measurement of the emission of formaldehyde from refined wood products destined to be used in the manufacture of composite wood products such as medium density fiberboard (MDF), particleboard, and plywood. The process employs near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to measure the absorption of light by the wood furnish; the level of absorption is then related to the formaldehyde emission and thickness swell of the finished wood panel. This process allows for real-time quantitative prediction of future formaldehyde emissions and thickness swell of a composite wood panel.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    Not Applicable 
       STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY-SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
       [0002]    Not Applicable 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    1. Field of Invention 
         [0004]    The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for measuring the emission of formaldehyde from composite wood products and for measuring the thickness swell of a composite wood panel. More specifically, the present invention relates to the use of near-infrared spectroscopy to measure the absorption of electromagnetic radiation by the wood furnish, allowing the real-time prediction of formaldehyde emissions and thickness swell of a composite wood panel. 
         [0005]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0006]    Formaldehyde is naturally present in solid wood. Additionally, composite wood products such as medium density fiberboard (MDF), particleboard, and plywood use resins like urea-formaldehyde. Over time, urea-formaldehyde and similar resin materials can undergo chemical reactions that result in the outgassing (emission) of formaldehyde. In recent years, the results of scientific studies have led government agencies and other organizations to designate formaldehyde as a carcinogen. Therefore, there is a need to limit the amount of formaldehyde that composite wood products emit over their useful lifetimes. The problem is especially significant because composite wood products like plywood are often used in the construction of residential dwellings, where formaldehyde emissions may concentrate in the confined space of the home. In the United States, 24 C.F.R. § 3280.308 sets forth limits for the formaldehyde emission levels in plywood and particleboard materials when used in certain circumstances, such as the construction of manufactured homes. 
         [0007]    A number of methods for measuring formaldehyde emissions are known in the prior art. One test, known as the FTM-2 test, involves placing a number of panels in a test chamber and passing air through the chamber. The panels are first conditioned for seven days at constant temperature (75° F.) and constant relative humidity (50%) prior to being placed in the testing chamber. After the panels are placed in the chamber, air is passed over the panels to mix with the formaldehyde vapor emitted from the panels. The air in the chamber is continuously removed and replaced with clean air at a constant rate, and the removed air is tested for its concentration of formaldehyde. Under the FTM-2 test, the panels are tested in the chamber for 16-20 hours. The FTM-2 test generally gives reliable results and has been adopted as the official test for some federal regulations, notably 24 C.F.R. § 3280.406. However, the test has serious disadvantages. The chief drawback to the FTM-2 test is the long lag time between the production of a composite wood product and the time that the formaldehyde emissions figure for that product is known: seven days for conditioning and almost a full day for testing. With the FTM-2 test, the level of formaldehyde emission for a given sample will only be known over a week after that sample and other pieces have been taken from the production line. 
         [0008]    Another test, known as the FTM-1 test or the “desiccator test,” involves placing a number of panels in a desiccator with a petri dish of water. Some of the formaldehyde emitted from the panels into the air in the desiccator is dissolved in the water of the petri dish. After two hours, a sample of the water from the petri dish is tested for the concentration of dissolved formaldehyde using the chromotropic acid method. The FTM-1 test requires 24 hours of conditioning of the panels before testing and two hours for the testing itself. Thus, the FTM-1 test is much faster than the FTM-2 test but is still far from real-time. Again, the level of formaldehyde emission for a given sample will only be known long after that sample and other pieces have been taken from the production line. Further, the FTM-1 test generally gives substantially less accurate results than the FTM-2 test. Clearly, a need is felt for accurately predicting formaldehyde emissions in real-time. 
         [0009]    Thickness swell relates to the stability of a wood-based panel when put in contact with water. For instance, medium density hardboard is used extensively as siding on residential structures. Its stability to water exposure is very important. 
         [0010]    Predicting formaldehyde emission and thickness swell in real-time can help identifying problems in the production and controlling the number of “reject” panels (i.e. formaldehyde emissions or thickness swell value is beyond the acceptable level). Clearly, a need is felt for predicting formaldehyde emissions and thickness swell in real-time. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0011]    The present invention comprises the use of a spectrometer and a light source positioned above the forming belt in an assembly line where composite wood panels are formed. The process involves shining light in the infrared or near infrared wavelengths on the composite wood product (“CWP”) furnish as it is being formed into a finished panel. A sensor calibrated to detect the selected wavelengths then senses light reflected off the CWP furnish. The sensor communicates the reflected light data to a spectrometer. By comparing the light shone upon the CWP furnish with the light detected by the sensor, it is possible to measure the degree to which the light in the selected wavelengths has been absorbed by the furnish and relate it to the formaldehyde emission of the corresponding finished panel. Multivariate analyses such as partial least squares are employed to generate a calibration model relating the collected spectra to the results of FTM-2 or FTM-1 tests (or any other formaldehyde test device used by the CWP manufacturer). 
     
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0012]    The foregoing features of the invention will be more fully described with reference to the drawings, of which 
           [0013]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram representation of one embodiment of the invention; 
           [0014]      FIG. 2  is a representation of one embodiment of the invention including a reference system; 
           [0015]      FIG. 3  is another view of the embodiment shown in  FIG. 2 . 
           [0016]      FIG. 4  is another view of the embodiment shown in  FIG. 2  and  FIG. 3 ; 
           [0017]      FIG. 5  is a graph showing the correlation between formaldehyde emission values predicted by near infrared spectroscopy and actual formaldehyde emission values as measured by the FTM-2 test; 
           [0018]      FIG. 6  is a graph showing the correlation between thickness swell values predicted by near infrared spectroscopy and actual thickness swell; and 
           [0019]      FIG. 7  shows the regression coefficients for different wavelengths obtained for the calibration model using two principal components, to be used for future prediction of the thickness swell when a new spectrum is presented to the calibration model. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0020]    The present invention, i.e. a process for real-time quantitative measurement of the emission of formaldehyde from wood products using near-infrared spectroscopy, is described more fully hereinafter. From the outset, it is worth noting that this invention may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the specific embodiments described herein. 
         [0021]    In general terms, the present invention comprises the use of a spectrometer and a light source positioned near the forming belt in an assembly line where CWP panels are formed. The light source shines light in the infrared or near infrared wavelengths on the CWP as it is being formed into a finished panel, i.e. when the CWP is still a “furnish” or unfinished panel. The spectrometer, through a sensor calibrated to detect the selected wavelengths, measures light reflected off the CWP furnish. By comparing the light shone upon the CWP furnish with the light detected by the sensor, it is possible to measure the degree to which the light in the selected wavelengths has been absorbed by the CWP furnish. 
         [0022]    One embodiment of the present invention involves a spectroscopy device installed above the assembly line where the composite wood panels are formed. As seen in  FIG. 1 , the invention comprises a light source  20  and a spectrometer  30  in communication with a sensor  32  calibrated to detect the selected wavelengths emitted by the light source  20 . The light source  20  shines light onto the CWP furnish  60 , and some of that light is reflected into the sensor  32 . By comparing the light  70  shone upon the CWP furnish  60  with the light  72  detected by the sensor  32 , it is possible to measure the absorption of light in the selected wavelengths by the CWP furnish  60  and relate it to the formaldehyde gasses coming off the finished CWP. In some embodiments, the light source  20 , sensor  32  and spectrometer  30  are all housed in a single housing  10  suspended above the location where the CWP mat is formed. 
         [0023]    Another more detailed embodiment of the present invention is shown in  FIG. 2 ,  FIG. 3 , and  FIG. 4 . As seen in  FIG. 2 , the device  101  includes a light source  24 , a spectrometer  34 , and a sensor  36  in communication with the spectrometer  34 . In some embodiments of the invention, the sensor  36  is an optical fiber that conveys the received light to the spectrometer  34 . The device  101  is suspended above the forming belt  50  through support means (not shown). The forming belt  50  carries the CWP  62 , which is still a “furnish” or unfinished panel at this stage in the production process. The apparatus  101  also comprises a white reference material  40  used in providing reference points for the spectrometer, and a means  42  for moving the white reference material  40  into position. 
         [0024]    The apparatus  101  carries out the testing as follows. The light source  24  is switched off (i.e. to a non-emitting condition) in order to give the spectrometer  34  a “dark” reference point. Then, as shown in  FIG. 3 , the white reference material  40  is maneuvered into position under the sensor  36  by the reference material moving means  42 . In some embodiments, the reference material moving means  42  comprises an air-cylinder-powered mechanical arm; however, those of skill in the art will recognize that other means exist. The light source  24  then shines light  74  in the selected wavelengths onto the white reference material  40 . The white reference material  40  reflects the light  76  toward the sensor  36 , thereby giving the spectrometer a “white” reference point. Next, as shown in  FIG. 4 , the reference material moving means  42  moves the white reference material  40  out from under the sensor  36 . The forming belt  50  moves the CWP furnish  62  into position under the sensor  36 , and the light source  24  shines light  74  onto the CWP furnish  62 . The sensor  36  detects and the spectrometer  34  records the spectrum of the light  78  reflected off of the CWP furnish  62 . 
       EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 
       [0025]    In a test of one embodiment of the present invention, a spectroscopy device was installed above the assembly line where medium density fiberboard (MDF) is formed. The spectroscopy device comprises an Ocean Optics (USB  2000 ) near-infrared spectrometer operating in the 650-990 nm range, an optical fiber, a light source (tungsten-halogen bulb), and an automated reference system (a solid state relay switches off the light so a “dark” spectrum can be collected; an air cylinder powered arm moves a white reference material under the optical fiber so a “white reference” spectrum can be collected). 
         [0026]    In the study, a near-infrared spectrum of a sample panel was collected every 30 minutes. The manufactured panel corresponding to the analyzed furnish was extracted for further formaldehyde emission and thickness swell testing, including the FTM-2 test. A total of 43 spectra and their corresponding panel thickness swell and formaldehyde emission values were used to build calibration models. Spectral data were normalized (mean normalization) prior to the regression routines. As seen in  FIG. 1 , the NIR spectra are collected above the MDF furnish while the thickness swell and formaldehyde emission are measured on the corresponding finished panels. 
         [0027]    Partial Least Squares (PLS1) regression was used to build a calibration model and perform a full cross-validation (LOO, leave one out) routine between the spectra and the thickness swell values. The thickness swell values were measured after completion of the continuous 24 hours soaking test (ASTM D1037-99). 
         [0028]    As the calibration model for the formaldehyde emissions built with PLS1 (Martens and Noes 1989) exhibited some non-linear behavior, feedforward neural networks (Demuth et al. 2006) were employed to build a calibration model and perform the full cross-validation routine (Isaksson and Naes 1988). The formaldehyde emission values were measured by the FTM-2 test. 
         [0029]    Feedforward neural networks were used to build a relationship (calibration model) between the collected spectra (X) and the formaldehyde emission values (y). A full cross-validation was also performed to give an estimate of the performance of the calibration model when presented to new spectral data. As shown in  FIG. 5 , the correlation coefficient between predicted and actual (FTM-2) values was of 0.857, with a root mean square error of cross-validation of 0.0135 ppm and a coefficient of variation of 8.59% (Table 1). 
         [0030]      FIG. 6  shows the calibration model and cross-validation results for thickness swell data found by PLS1 using two principal components. A correlation coefficient of 0.94 was found between the actual thickness swell values and the predicted ones, with a root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) of 1.95% and a coefficient of variation of 5.84%. 
         [0031]    Concerning the cross-validation, a correlation coefficient of 0.93 was obtained between the predicted thickness swell values and the actual ones, with a root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) of 2.09% and a coefficient of variation of 6.24% (Table 1). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Calibration and cross-validation results: correlation coefficient (r), root 
               
               
                 mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of variation (CV) for 
               
               
                 formaldehyde emission and thickness swell data 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 r cal   
                 RMSEC 
                 CV cal   
                 r x-val   
                 RMSECV 
                 CV x-val   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Formaldehyde 
                 0.95 
                 0.0081 
                 5.19% 
                 0.857 
                 0.0135 ppm 
                 8.59% 
               
               
                 emissions 
                   
                 ppm 
               
               
                 (using neural 
               
               
                 networks) 
               
               
                 Thickness 
                 0.94 
                 1.95% 
                 5.84% 
                 0.93 
                 2.09% 
                 6.24% 
               
               
                 Swell (using 
               
               
                 PLS1) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0032]      FIG. 7  shows the regression coefficients obtained for the calibration model using two principal components. The regression coefficients are used for future prediction of the thickness swell when a new spectrum is presented to the calibration model. 
         [0033]    Table 1 (supra) gives an overview of the calibration and cross-validation statistics for both formaldehyde emission and thickness swell data. The cross-validation results give an estimate of the prediction performance of the calibration models. 
         [0034]    While the present invention has been illustrated by description of one embodiment, and while the illustrative embodiment has been described in detail, it is not the intention of the applicant to restrict or in any way limit the scope of the appended claims to such detail. Additional modifications will readily appear to those skilled in the art. The invention in its broader aspects is therefore not limited to the specific details, representative apparatus and methods, and illustrative examples shown and described. Accordingly, departures may be made from such details without departing from the spirit or scope of applicant&#39;s general inventive concept. 
         [0035]    Having thus described the aforementioned invention, what is claimed is: