Abstract:
This invention relates to a novel pesticidal, e.g., miticidal and aphicidal, method utilizing an active ingredient which is represented by the following formula: ##STR1## wherein R 1  is alkyl of 8-14 carbon atoms either branched, cyclic or straight chain; and 
     R 2  is alkyl of 1-17 carbon atoms either branched or straight chain, alkenyl of 2-17 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of 3-6 carbon atoms, alkoxy of 1-4 carbon atoms, --CH 2  OCH 3 , --CH 2  OCH 2  CH 3  or --CH═CH--CO 2  H.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This is a division of application Ser. No. 722,513, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,053,634, filed Sept. 13, 1976, which is a continuation-in-part of our copending application Ser. No. 531,483, filed Dec. 11, 1974 (now abandoned), which in turn is a continuation-in-part of our copending application 494,294, filed Aug. 2, 1974, now abandoned which in turn is a continuation-in-part of our copending application Ser. No. 468,692, filed May 10, 1974 now abandoned. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to miticidal and aphicidal methods using 2-higher alkyl-3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone carboxylic acid esters. 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,553,647 and 2,553,648 disclose broadly 2-alkyl-3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone carboxylic acids and their corresponding ester derivatives. These compounds are described as having antagonistic action against organisms which cause malarial infections. 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,572,946 discloses the use of non-acylated compounds as miticides; it contains no teaching of acylated compounds. 
     Nakanishi et al. JACS 1952, 3910-3915 discloses the n-undecyl analog of 2-alkyl-3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone. No use for the composition is disclosed. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention is a method for controlling mites or aphids by applying to a locus to be protected, preferably a plant, a miticidal or aphicidal amount of a compound of the formula: ##STR2## wherein R 1  is alkyl of 8-14 carbon atoms which are branched, cyclic, or straight chain and 
     R 2  is alkyl of 1-17 carbon atoms either branched or straight chain, alkenyl of 2-17 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of 3-6 carbon atoms, alkoxy of 1-4 carbon atoms, --CH 2  OCH 3 , --CH 2  OCH 2  CH 3  or --CH═CH--CO 2  H. 
     The compounds of Formula I are miticides and aphicides. That is to say, when an effective amount of such compounds is brought into contact with mites or aphids, these pests are killed. The compounds are thus useful for protecting plants and animals from damage caused by mites or aphids. 
     The invention also includes miticidal and aphicidal compositions which contain at least one compound of Formula I as active ingredient. 
     Preferred for their ease of synthesis are those compounds of Formula I where R 1  is straight chain alkyl of 8-14 carbon atoms. 
     More preferred for their greater biological activity are those compounds of Formula I where R 1  is straight chain alkyl of 11-14 carbon atoms; 
     It is preferred that R 2  is alkyl of 1-6 carbon atoms, more preferably straight chain of 1-6 carbon atoms, alkenyl of 2 or 3 carbon atoms, methoxy or ethoxy, most preferably ethyl or methyl. Specifically, the following compounds are preferred for their highest miticidal and aphicidal activity: 
     3-acetoxy-2-n-tetradecyl-1,4-naphthoquinone; 
     3-acetoxy-2-n-dodecyl-1,4-naphthoquinone; 
     3-propionyloxy-2-n-tetradecyl-1,4-naphthoquinone; 
     2-n-dodecyl-3-propionyloxy-1,4-naphthoquinone; 
     3-butyryloxy-2-n-tetradecyl-1,4-naphthoquinone; 
     2-n-dodecyl-3-methoxycarbonyloxy-1,4-naphthoquinone; 
     2-n-dodecyl-3-ethoxycarbonyloxy-1,4-naphthoquinone. 
     3-butyryloxy-2-n-dodecyl-1,4-naphthoquinone; 
     2-n-dodecyl-3-isobutyryloxy-1,4-naphthoquinone; 
     In a specific embodiment of the instant invention, the compounds of the instant invention are applied in admixture with a superior oil, preferably a minor amount of superior oil, e.g., less than 5% by weight. The resulting miticidal activity is greater than the additive results. Superior oils are discussed in Chapman et al. Selection of a Plant Spray Oil Combining Full Pesticidal Efficiency with Minimum Plant Injury Hazards, Jour. Econ. Ent., 1962, 55:737-43, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference. The resulting mixture of the compound and the superior oil is novel. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Synthesis 
     The compounds of Formula I can be prepared by the procedures described in the previously cited J. Am. Chem. Soc. article and in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,553,647 and &#39;648. The final step in the synthesis may be accomplished by treating the corresponding 2-alkyl-3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone with the appropriate acid chloride or anhydride in the presence of at least an equivalent of an amine such as pyridine or triethylamine, or by treating the salt of the 2-alkyl-3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone with the appropriate acid chloride or anhydride in an inert solvent. The following examples are given to illustrate the above-described processes. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Preparation of 3-Acetoxy-2-n-dodecyl-1,4-naphthoquinone ##STR3## 
     A mixture of 2.0 parts of 2-n-dodecyl-3-hydroxy-1,4naphthoquinone 0.81 parts of triethylamine, 0.63 parts of acetyl chloride and 50 parts of methylene chloride was stirred at room temperature for 30 hours. The resulting mixture was distributed between methylene chloride and water. The methylene chloride layer was separated, dried over magnesium sulfate, then filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was crystallized from petroleum ether (b.p. 30°-60° ) to give 1.2 parts of 3-acetoxy-2-n-dodecyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, m.p. 57°-58° C. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Preparation of 2-n-Dodecyl-3-propionyloxy-1,4-naphthoquinone ##STR4## 
     A mixture of 4.0 parts of 2-n-dodecyl-3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, 4.4 parts of propionic anhydride, and 50 parts of pyridine was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The resulting mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure to remove the pyridine. The residue was crystallized from methanol to give 2.9 parts of 2-n-dodecyl-3-propionyloxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, m.p. 42°-44° C. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Preparation of the Sodium Salt of 2-n-Dodecyl-3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone 
     A dispersion of 1.9 parts of sodium hydride in 250 parts of tetrahydrofuran was added to a solution of 26 parts of 2-n-dodecyl-3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone in 450 parts of tetrahydrofuran at room temperature. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, then filtered to give a burgundy solution of the sodium salt. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     Preparation of 2-n-Dodecyl-3-methoxycarbonyloxy-1,4-naphthoquinone 
     Sixty parts of the above-mentioned sodium salt solution was stirred with 0.59 parts of methyl chloroformate in 10 parts of tetrahydrofuran at room temperature. The mixture was stirred for 1 hour, then allowed to stand overnight. The resulting suspension was filtered and the filtrate evaporated to dryness. The residue was crystallized from acetonitrile to give 2.0 parts of 2-n-dodecyl-3-methoxycarbonyloxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, m.p. 70°-72° C. 
     By using the appropriate 2-alkyl-3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone and the appropriate acid chloride or anhydride, the following compounds shown in Table I could be similarly prepared by anyone skilled in the art, using the procedure outlined in Examples 1 through 4. 
     
                                           Table 1__________________________________________________________________________ ##STR5##                           Melting                           PointR.sub.1    R.sub.2              (° C.)__________________________________________________________________________n-C.sub.8 H.sub.17n-C.sub.3 H.sub.7n-C.sub.9 H.sub.19n-C.sub.2 H.sub.5n-C.sub.11 H.sub.23      CH.sub.3             51-53n-C.sub.11 H.sub.23      CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3    N.sub.D.sup.25 1.5209n-C.sub.11 H.sub.23      CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                           N.sub.D.sup.25 1.5131n-C.sub.11 H.sub.23      CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2   N.sub.D.sup.25 1.5155n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25      CH.sub.3             57-58n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25      CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3    42-44n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25      CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                           N.sub.D.sup.25 1.5120n-C.sub.13 H.sub.27      CH.sub.3             58-60 ##STR6##  CH.sub.3             N.sub.D.sup.25 1.5332(CH.sub.2 ).sub.9CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2       ##STR7## ##STR8##  CH.sub.3             72-74 ##STR9##  CH.sub.3n-C.sub.14 H.sub.29      CH.sub.3             62-63n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25      CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2   N.sub.D.sup.25 1.5157n-C.sub.10 H.sub.21      CH.sub.3n-C.sub.14 H.sub.29      CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3    52-53°n-C.sub.14 H.sub.29      CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                           40-41°n-C.sub.14 H.sub.29       ##STR10##           65-67°n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25       ##STR11##           59-61n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25       ##STR12##           50-52n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25       ##STR13##n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25      (CH.sub.2).sub.4 CH.sub.3                           N.sub.D.sup.25 1.5133n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25      C(CH.sub.3 ).sub.3   N.sub.D.sup.25 1.5133n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25      OCH.sub.3            70-72n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25      OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.3   42-47n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25       ##STR14##                            ##STR15##n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25      CH.sub.2 OCH.sub.3   69-71n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25      CH.sub.2 OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.3n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25      (CH.sub.2).sub.7 CH.sub.3                            ##STR16##n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25      (CH.sub.2).sub.12 CH.sub.3                           51-53n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25      (CH.sub.2).sub.16 CH.sub.3n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25      CHCH.sub.2n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25      CHCHCH.sub.3         43.5-44.5n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25       ##STR17##           N.sub.D.sup.25 1.5202n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25      CHCHCO.sub.2 H       N.sub.D.sup.25 1.5162n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25      CHCHCHCHCH.sub.3     68-74n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25      (CH.sub.2).sub.7 CHCHCH.sub.2 CHCH(CH.sub.2).sub.4 CH.sub.3 ##STR18## CH.sub.3             68-69n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25      (CH.sub.2).sub.5 CH.sub.3                           N.sub.D.sup.25 1.5141n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25      (CH.sub.2).sub.6 CH.sub.3                           54-57 ##STR19## CH.sub.3             91-93n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25      (CH.sub.2).sub.7CHCH(CH.sub.2).sub.7 CH.sub.3__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     The method of preparation of the compounds is not critical to the instant invention. 
     Formulation and Use 
     The compounds of Formula I are useful as miticides and can be used to protect both plants and animals from damage caused by these pests. More specifically, fruits, field crops, vegetables, ornamentals, birds and other warm-blooded animals including man can also be protected. 
     When mites come into contact with the compounds of Formula I, either in the form of direct sprays or by walking over surfaces which have been treated, they rapidly become irritated and leave the area or are killed if they have been exposed to a sufficiently high dosage. While most plants or animals are able to tolerate the presence of very small numbers of mites without apparent adverse effect, the reproductive capacity of these pests is enormous. Generally, mite populations rapidly build up, easily outstripping parasite and predator capabilities for control. Growers noting rapid mite build-up must take immediate action to prevent damage to economically important crops. Thus, a method is needed for immediately reducing mite build-up and thereby preventing damage to important crops or animals. 
     Similarly the compounds of Formula I are also useful as aphicides and can be used to protect fruits, field and vegetable crops, ornamentals, and other plants from aphid attack. When applied to aphids or to the locus of aphid infestation, these pests are killed or driven from the plants. 
     The method of this invention, namely, contact mites or aphids with a miticidally or aphicidally effective concentration of Formula I, is a most desirable method for control of these pests. For instance, very small quantities of compounds of Formula I are required for miticidal or aphicidal activity; additionally, the compounds are not rapidly washed from leaves by rain. They do not have any adverse effect on ladybird beetles, which are important mite and aphid predators, and the compounds rapidly degrade in the environment. The compounds are also effective against phosphorous-resistant strains of mites. 
     The quantity of compound needed for miticidal or aphicidal activity will vary depending on the specific situation. Among the variables that must be considered in deciding on the quantity of chemical to be used are the specific compound itself, the specific mite or aphid to be controlled, weather conditions, the type of crop, the stage of development of the crop, the volume of spray applied, population pressure, and the interval between applications. For plant protection, solutions or suspensions containing as little as 5 ppm of active ingredient in a spray solution may prove effective under a given set of circumstances. For field usage, however, in high-volume applications, aqueous spray preparations containing 40-4,000 ppm of active ingredient are generally useful. Preferred are suspensions containing 80-1,000 ppm, and most preferred are those containing 150-500 ppm. On the area basis, in general 0.03 to 15 kilograms of active ingredient per hectare are acceptable, preferably 0.06 to 8 kilograms, and most preferably 0.1 to 4 kg. When applied in an orchard, spraying is continued until run-off is observed. 
     It may be desirable or useful to mix the compounds of this invention with other agricultural pesticides or adjuvants. Such mixtures often increase the effectiveness of the application on mites and broaden the scope of control to embrace other pests such as insects, fungi, nematodes, or bacteria. A mixture with a refined petroleum spray oil or superior oil has been shown to provide greater than additive results on mites. Other pesticides with which the compounds of this invention may be mixed to achieve broader-spectrum activity include: 
     diazinon - O,O-diethyl O-(2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-pyrimidyl)phosphorothioate 
     disulfoton - O,O-diethyl S-2-(ethylthio)ethylphosphorodithioate 
     phorate - O,O-diethyl S-(ethylthio)methylphosphorodithioate 
     oxamyl - S-methyl 1-(dimethylcarbamoyl)-N-[(methylcarbamoyl)oxy]thioformimidate 
     methomyl - S-methyl N-(methylcarbamoyloxy)thioacetimidate 
     benomyl - 1-butylcarbamoyl-2-benzimidazolecarbamic acid, methyl ester 
     captan - N-trichloromethylthiophthalimide 
     maneb - ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acid, manganese salt carboxin - 5,6-dihydro-2-methyl-1,4-oxothiin-3-carboxanilide 
     streptomycin - 2,4-diguanidino-3,5,6-trihydroxycyclohexyl-5-deoxy-2-o-(2-deoxy-2-methylamino-α-glycopyranosyl)-3-formylpentofuranoside 
     The compounds are especially suited for the protection of living plants such as fruit-bearing trees, nut-bearing trees, ornamental trees, forest trees, vegetable crops, horticultural crops (including ornamentals, small fruit and berries) and grain and seed crops. Apple trees, peach trees, cotton, citrus trees, beans and peanuts are particuarly susceptible to mite or aphid damage and can be protected by application of the compounds of this invention. To assure control throughout the growing season (e.g., June through August in the Northern Hemisphere) multiple applications at desired intervals can be utilized. 
     Many species of mites are controlled by the compounds of this invention. The following, is a list of representative susceptible mites along with the types of damage that they can cause: Panonychus ulmi (European red mite) and Tetranychus urticae (two-spotted mite) which are commonly called &#34;orchard mites,&#34; and which attack a great many deciduous trees, such as apple pear, cherry, plum and peach trees; Tetranychus atlanticus (Atlantic or strawberry mite), T. cinnabarinus (carmine spider mite) and T. pacificus (Pacific mite); which attack cotton and numerous other crop plants; Paratetranychus citri (citrus red mite) and others which attack citrus; Phyllocoptruta oleivora which causes citrus rust; Bryobia praetiosa (clover mite) which attacks clover, alfalfa and other crops; and Aceria neocynodomis which attacks grasses and other plants. 
     Aphids controlled by the compounds of this invention include but are not limited to the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae; the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae; the apple aphid, Aphis pomi; the rosy apple aphid, Anuraphis roseus; the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae; the green bug, Toxoptera graminum; cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae and green citrus aphid, Aphis spiraecola. 
     Useful formulations of the compounds of Formula I can be prepared in conventional ways. They include dusts, granules, pellets, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, wettable powders, emulsifiable concentrates and the like. Many of these may be applied directly. Sprayable formulations can be extended in suitable media and used at spray volumes of from a few pints to several hundred gallons per acre. High strength compositions are primarily used as intermediates for further formulation. The formulations, broadly, contain about 1% to 95% by weight of active ingredient(s) and at least one of a) about 0.1% to 20% surfactant(s) and b) about 5% to 99% solid or liquid diluent(s). More specifically, they will contain these ingredients in the following approximate proportions: 
     
                       Table 2______________________________________         Active   Dilu-    Surfac-         Ingredient                  ent(s)   tant(s)______________________________________Wettable powders           20-90       0-74    1-10Oil Suspensions, Emulsions, Solutions (including Emulsifi-able Concentrates)            5-50      40-95    0-15Aqueous Suspensions           10-50      40-84    1-20Dusts            1-25      70-99    0-5Granules &amp; Pellets            1-95       5-99    0-15High-strengthCompositions    90-99       0-10    0-2______________________________________ 
    
     Lower or higher levels of active ingredient can, of course, be present depending on the intended use and the physical properties of the compound. Higher ratios of surfactant to active ingredient are sometimes desirable, and are achieved by incorporation into the formulation or by tank mixing. 
     Typical solid diluents are described in Watkins et al., &#34;Handbook of Insecticide Dust Diluents and Carriers&#34;, 2nd Ed., Dorland Books, Caldwell, N.J. The more absorptive diluents are preferred for wettable powders and the denser ones for dusts. Typical liquid diluents and solvents are described in Marsden, &#34;Solvents Guide&#34;, 2nd. Edn., Interscience, New York, 1950. Solubility under 0.1% is preferred for suspension concentrates; solution concentrates are preferably stable against phase separation at 0° C. &#34;McCutcheon&#39;s Detergents and Emulsifiers Annual&#34;, Allured Publ. Corp., Ridgewood, New Jersey, as well as Sisely, and Wood, &#34;Encyclopedia of Surface Active Agents&#34;, Chemical Publ. Co., Inc., New York, 1964, list surfactants and recommended uses. All formulations can contain minor amounts of additives to reduce foam, caking, corrosion, microbiological growth, etc. Preferably, ingredients, should be approved by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for the use intended. 
     The methods of making such compositions are well known. Solutions are prepared by simply mixing the ingredients. Fine, solid compositions are made by blending and, usually, grinding as in a hammer mill or fluid energy mill. Suspensions are prepared by wet-milling (see, i.e., Littler U.S. Pat. No. 3,060,084). Granules and pellets may be made by spraying the active material upon preformed granular carriers or by agglomeration techniques. See J. E. Browning, &#34;Agglomeration&#34;, Chemical Engineering, Dec. 4, 1967, pp. 147 ff. and Perry&#39;s Chemical Engineer&#39;s Handbook, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill, N.Y. 1963, pp. 8-59 ff. 
     For further information regarding the art of formulation, see for example: 
     J. b. buchanan, U.S. Patent 3,576,834, April 27, 1971, Col. 5 Line 36 through Col. 7 Line 70 and Ex. 1-4, 17, 106, 123-140. 
     R. r. shaffer, U.S. Patent 3,560,616, Feb. 2, 1971, Col. 3 Line 48 through Col. 7 Line 26 and Examples 3-9, 11-18. 
     E. somers, &#34;Formulation&#34;, Chapter 6 in Torgeson, &#34;Fungicides&#34;, Vol. I, Academic Press, New York, 1967. 
     Still another liquid formulation which is particularly convenient for small-scale use is the &#34;aerosol&#34; formulation which is packaged under pressure in a suitable container. The active ingredient may be present in a suspension, emulsion or solution. For simplicity in preparation and use, solutions are preferred. The pressure may be supplied by low-boiling liquids such as propane or chloro-fluoro carbons or by relatively soluble gases such as carbon dioxide or nitrous oxide. The chloro-fluoro carbons are preferred for a combination of good solvent power and lack of flammability. 
     Miticidal ability of the compounds of Formula I is illustrated in the following examples. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     Test units consisted of plant pots containing two red kidney bean plants in the two-leaf stage per pot. The plants were infested with two-spotted mites and sprayed to run-off with solutions of the compounds of this invention. Solutions were made by dissolving weighed quantities of the active ingredients in 10 ml of acetone and then diluting to volume with water containing 1:3000 of a surfactant, TREM 014*. Mortality was evaluated two days after spraying. 
    
     
                       Table 3______________________________________Compounds ##STR20##           % Mite Mortality at Indicated          % Spray ConcentrationR.sub.1  R.sub.2     .005   .002                           .001 .0005  .00025______________________________________n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25    CH.sub.3           100 100  100   60n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25    CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                100    100  99   90   56n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25    CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                100    100  99n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25    CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2                100    100  99n-C.sub.11 H.sub.23    CH.sub.3     99     98  98   45   26n-C.sub.11 H.sub.23    CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                100     92n-C.sub.11 H.sub.23    CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2                100     94  94n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25     ##STR21##  100    100 100   98   44n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25    C(CH.sub.3).sub.3                100    100 --    65n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25    (CH.sub.2).sub.4 CH.sub.3                100    100  99   93   41n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25    (CH.sub.2).sub.5 CH.sub.3                100    100 --    70______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 6 
     Bean plants were sprayed to run-off with the indicated concentrations of 3-acetocy-2-n-dodecyl-1,4-naphthoquinone in TREM 014:water at 1:3000. Sprayed plants were allowed to stand for 3 days prior to infestation with two-spotted mites. Evaluations were made at one and eleven days after infestation. 
     
         ______________________________________% Spray       % Control    % ControlConcentration After 1 Day  After 11 Days______________________________________.01           99           100.005          90           100.002          58           mites building up______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 7 
     Bean plants were sprayed to run-off with the indicated concentrations of 3-acetoxy-2-n-dodecyl-1,4-naphthoquinone in TREM 014:water at 1:3000. Sprayed plants were allowed to stand for 3 days and then subjected to 7 mm of rain. After drying, the plants werre infested with two-spotted mites. Evaluations were made at 1 and 11 days after infestation. 
     
         ______________________________________% Spray       % Control    % ControlConcentration After 1 Day  After 11 Days______________________________________.01           97           100.005          94            99.002          42           out of control______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 8 
     Apple seedlings approximately 13 cm in height were infested with European red mites and then sprayed to run-off with the indicated concentrations of 3-acetoxy-2-n-dodecyl-1,4-naphthoquinone in TREM 014:water at 1:3000. Evaluations were made two days after spraying. 
     
         ______________________________________% Spray Concentration            % Kill______________________________________.005             100.002             100.001             100.0005             95______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 9 
     Red kidney bean plants infested with two-spotted mites were sprayed with 3-acetoxy-2-n-dodecyl-1,4-naphthoquinone alone and in combination with 1% UNICO* spray oil. Evaluations are averages of three replicates and were made two days after spraying. These results show that greater than additive effects are obtained by using the compounds of the invention in combination with a spray oil. 
     
         ______________________________________           % SprayCompound        Concentration                        % Mortality______________________________________2-acetoxy-3-dodecyl-1,4-naphthoquinone           .002         100           .001         99           .0005        86           .00025       23           .0001        22-acetoxy-3-dodecyl-1,4-naphthoquinone +1% UNICO* oil inspray solution  .002         100           .001         100           .0005        100           .00025       97           .0001        601% UNICO* spray oil          0______________________________________ *UNICO is a trade name of United Co-operatives, Inc., of Alliance, Ohio. It is a refined petroleum distillate containing about 3% inert ingredient and is classified as a superior oil 
    
     EXAMPLE 10 
     Red kidney bean plants in the two-leaf stage were sprayed to run-off with solutions of 2-dodecyl-3-acetoxy1,4-naphthoquinone at concentrations of 10, 5 and 2.5 ppm. The plants were allowed to dry. Two sets containing two replicates of each rate were formed. One set was infested with normal 2-spotted mites and the other with a methyl parathion-resistant strain. The data are set forth below and indicate that phosphorus-resistant strains of mites are equally susceptible as normal mites to the compounds of this invention. 
     
         ______________________________________       % Kill of Mites in 48 HoursConcentration              Phosphorus-of Active                  ResistantIngredient (%)         Normal Mites Mites______________________________________.001          100          100.0005          80           81______________________________________ 
    
     Aphicidal properties of the compounds of Formula I are illustrated in the following examples. 
     EXAMPLE 11 
     Potted nasturtium plants infested with the black bean aphid were sprayed on a rotating turntable with 2-acetoxy-3-dodecyl-1,4-naphthoquinone at concentrations of 100, 50, and 25 ppm. Mortality counts were made 72 hours after spraying, with the results indicated below. 
     
         ______________________________________% Spray Concentration            % Kill______________________________________.01              100.005             100.0025             89______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 12 
     Solutions of the compounds of this invention were sprayed at a concentration of 150 ppm on potted nasturtium plants infested with the black bean aphid. Sprays were applied to run-off with a hand-held &#34;Son-of-a-Gun&#34;® sprayer. Du Pont L-144-WDG was included at 1:2000 in the sprays as a wetting agent. Mortality counts were made at the end of 24 hours. 
     
         ______________________________________ ##STR22##                      % AphidR.sub.1    R.sub.2         Mortality______________________________________C.sub.12 H.sub.25      CH.sub.3        100C.sub.14 H.sub.29      CH.sub.3        99C.sub.12 H.sub.25      CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                      98C.sub.14 H.sub.29      CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                      99C.sub.12 H.sub.25       ##STR23##      97C.sub.14 H.sub.29       ##STR24##      93C.sub.12 H.sub.25      CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                      98C.sub.14 H.sub.29      CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                      87______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 13 
     Green peach aphids on discs cut from Chinese cabbage leaves were sprayed on a turn-table spray rig with acetone solutions of the compounds of this invention. The leaf discs were held under constant environmental conditions for 24 hours at which time mortality counts were made. The concentrations used and percent aphid kill are tabulated below. 
     
                       Table 4______________________________________Compounds ##STR25##            % Aphid Mortality at           % Spray Concentration ofR.sub.1  R.sub.2        .1     .05  .01   .005______________________________________C.sub.12 H.sub.25  CH.sub.3       100    100  90    86C.sub.14 H.sub.29  CH.sub.3       100     89  85    69C.sub.12 H.sub.25  CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                 100    100  94    84C.sub.14 H.sub.29  CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                 100    100  98    83C.sub.12 H.sub.25   ##STR26##     100    100  88    71C.sub.14 H.sub.29   ##STR27##      97     66  80    25C.sub.12 H.sub.25  CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                 100    100  83    75C.sub.14 H.sub.29  CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                 100    100  93    79______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 14 
     A 25% emulsifiable composition of 2-acetoxy-3-dodecyl-1,4-naphthoquinone was applied with commercial equipment to dwarf Golden Delicious apple trees in a Delaware orchard. Application was made four times at weekly intervals, starting May 8, at rates of 0.5, 1, and 4 oz/100 gallons. Counts made 3 days after the last spray showed excellent control of the apple aphid as indicated below. There was an average of 573 aphids per terminal in unsprayed control trees. 
     
         ______________________________________Spray Concentration             % Control ofOZ/100 gals.      Apple Aphid______________________________________0.5               93.71                 97.64                 99.8______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 15 
     Test units consisting of plant pots containing two red kidney bean plants in the 2-leaf stage were infested with 2-spotted mites and sprayed to run-off with solutions/suspensions of the compounds of this invention. Solutions/suspensions were made by dissolving weighed quantities of the active ingredients in 10 ml of acetone and then diluting to volume with water containing TREM 014 at 1:3000. Mortality was evaluated two days after spraying. 
     
                       Table 5______________________________________Compounds ##STR28##                     % Mortality at .002%R.sub.1  R.sub.2          Spray Concentrations______________________________________n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25    (CH.sub.2).sub.7 CH.sub.3                     96n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25    (CH.sub.2).sub.12 CH.sub.3                     99n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25    CHCHCH.sub.3     100n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25    CHCHCHCHCH.sub.3 98n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25    OCH.sub.3        100n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25    OC.sub.2 H.sub.5 99n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25    CH.sub.2OCH.sub.3                     97n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25    CHCHCOOH         100n-C.sub. 13 H.sub.27    CH.sub.3         99n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25     ##STR29##       93n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25     ##STR30##       60______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 16 
     European red mite infestations were monitored on apple trees in an orchard near Newark, Delaware. When counts indicated that the number of mites per leaf had exceeded the grower-acceptable level of 5/leaf, the trees were sprayed with a compound of the invention. Four replicate sets of trees were each sprayed with 3-acetoxy-2-n-dodecyl-1,4naphthoquinone at 14, 28 and 112 g/400 l concentration levels following grower practices. Sprays were again applied 6 days later. The number of mites present per leaf was rapidly reduced below the economic mite damage level 5 mites/leaf) by all treatments. All treated trees remained healthy, vigorous, and free of observable mite damage until the mite population in the remainder of the orchard collapsed of natural causes two weeks later. At that time, leaves of untreated trees were badly russeted by the uncontrolled feeding of the mites while leaves on the treated trees had a healthy, dark green coloration.