Abstract:
Described is a system and method for improving integrity and authenticity of an article utilizing secure overlays. In particular, an issuer verifies an identity of a customer and generates a digital representation of an identification document of the customer. The issuer also generates an cryptographic check sum as a function of the digital representation using a predetermined cryptographic algorithm and converts the digital representation and the cryptographic check sum into an overlay to be attached on the identification document. When the identity of the customer needs to be verified, the user converts the overlay into the cryptographic check sum and the digital representation and then checks integrity of the digital representation by decrypting the cryptographic check sum using a predetermined decrypting technology. The user also generates a first digital representation of the identification document and compares the digital representation and the further digital representation. If (a) the integrity of the digital representation is not violated and (b) the digital representation is substantially similar to the further digital representation, then an indication is generated indicating that the customer is verified.

Description:
PRIORITY CLAIM  
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/352,114 filed Jan. 25, 2002 and entitled “Using Secure Overlays for Article Integrity &amp; Authenticity”. This application is expressly incorporated herein, in its entirety, by reference. 
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND INFORMATION  
         [0002]    Various articles, such as documents and cards, are used to authenticate individuals, provide demographic information about the individual, and to assign certain rights and/or privileges to the individuals who carrying these articles. The information on these articles may be altered. These alterations may be difficult to detect by visual inspection. Often these articles include a particular indicia or graphic to indicate the authenticity of the issuing authority. However, these indicia or graphics may be counterfeited with an accuracy that makes it difficult to detect the counterfeits.  
           [0003]    There are several conventional technologies which address this issue by embedding certain securities within the articles. However, there are a number of disadvantages associated with conventional technologies, such as the cost, the bureaucratic hurdles, and the time to re-issue the documents. Moreover, to reproduce some of the articles requires specialized equipments and/or specially trained personnel to perform a verification procedure, and thus significantly raises the cost of such a procedure.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0004]    The present invention relates to a system and method for improving integrity and authenticity of an article utilizing secure overlays. In particular, an issuer verifies an identity of a customer and generates a digital representation of an identification document of the customer. The issuer also generates an cryptographic check sum (e.g., an encrypted digital signature) as a function of the digital representation using a predetermined cryptographic algorithm and converts the digital representation and the cryptographic check sum into an overlay to be attached on the identification document.  
           [0005]    When the identity of the customer needs to be verified, the user converts the overlay into the cryptographic check sum and the digital representation and then checks integrity of the digital representation by validating the cryptographic check sum using the predetermined cryptographic algorithm. The user also generates a further digital representation of the identification document and compares the digital representation and the further digital representation. If (a) the integrity of the digital representation is not violated and (b) the digital representation is substantially similar to the further digital representation, then an indication is generated indicating that the customer is verified.  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS  
       [0006]    [0006]FIG. 1 shows an exemplary system according to the present invention;  
         [0007]    [0007]FIG. 2 shows an exemplary identification document of a customer according to the present invention;  
         [0008]    [0008]FIG. 3 illustrates a first part of an exemplary method according to the present invention; and  
         [0009]    [0009]FIG. 4 illustrates a second part of an exemplary method according to the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0010]    The present invention relates to a system and method for enhancing authenticity and assuring integrity of information contained on a particular article (e.g., an identification document) by utilizing a security overlay that may be deployed incrementally to existing articles.  
         [0011]    [0011]FIG. 1 shows an exemplary system according to the present invention which may include an issuer  2 , a customer  4  and a user  6 . The issuer  2  is an entity which performs a verification procedure to confirm the identity of the customer  4  and issue a security overlay. The customer  4  may be a person or an entity whose identity needs to be verified every time it utilizes the services of the user  6 . The user  6  may be an entity (e.g., a bank, a cash checking store, a retail store, an airline passenger verification entity, etc.) which needs to verify the identity of the customer  4  before it allows the customer  4  to utilize its services or receive payments. Thus, the issuer  2  services as “a clearing house” for the user  6  who may or may not have the capability to do a thorough and quick verification procedure of the customer  4 .  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 2 shows an exemplary identification document  8  of the customer  4 . The identification document  8  may be a driver license issued by a local Department of Motor Vehicles (“DMV”), a passport issued by the State Department, etc. Such identification documents  8  are commonly recognized as the most acceptable forms of identification by law enforcement, retailers, financial institutions, airlines, employers and many other entities. They have a high degree of public confidence and acceptance. However, the problem is that it may be difficult for the user  6  to visually detect fraudulent identification documents  8 . One of the reasons is that certain users  6  do not have sufficient technical capability or training to identify fraudulent identification documents  8  which often cause significant financial losses or serious security breaches.  
         [0013]    As shown in FIG. 2, the identification document  8  may have a front portion  10  and a back portion  20 . The front portion  10  may include the customer&#39;s photo, name, address, date of birth, serial number, and other information. The back portion  20  may include a bar code corresponding to the serial number of the identification document  8 .  
         [0014]    The system and method according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention may allow the strengthening of the security of the identification document  8 . In particular, the issuer  2  verifies the identity of the customer  4  and issues an overlay  30  (e.g., a sticker with a two-dimensional symbology PDF417 as described at www.pdf417.com) having including a cryptographic check sum. Subsequently, the user  6  may quickly verify the identity of the customer  4  using the overlay  30 .  
         [0015]    [0015]FIGS. 3 and 4 shows an exemplary method according to the present invention. In step  402 , shown in FIG. 3, the issuer  2  performs a verification procedure of the customer  4  and his identification document  8 . The verification procedure may include requesting a plurality of identification documents  8  of the customer  4 , checking the identification documents  8  with agencies that issued these documents  8  (e.g., DMV), verifying any security features of such identification documents  8  (e.g., hidden watermarks), questioning the customer  4  regarding information indicated in such documents, etc. In addition, the verification procedure may have different levels of scrutiny depending on predetermined conditions. For example, if the user  6  is a governmental agency, such as the Federal Aviation Agency (“FAA”), the level of scrutiny may be higher then if the user  6  is a local retail store.  
         [0016]    In step  404 , the issuer  2  scans/captures predetermined data of the identification document  8 , using a scanning/imaging arrangement, to generate a digital representation  31 . The scanning/imaging arrangement (not shown) may be a conventional scanner capable of converting an image into the digital representation  31 . In certain cases, the scanning/imaging arrangement may compress the image to generate the digital representation  31  of a desired size.  
         [0017]    The selected data should include information sufficient to identify the customer  4  carrying the identification document  8 . The selected data may be, for example, text information of the identification document  8 , photo or pixel characteristics of the identification document  8 , etc. The selected data may also depend upon particular usage of the identification document  8 . For example, in certain cases the selected data may be just a serial number of the identification document  8 ; in other cases, where there is higher security demands, the selected data may be the entire identification document  8  along with other identification documents  8 . For certain industries, it may be important to standardize the data selection process, i.e., creating uniform requirements that define what is sufficient data for identification (e.g., photo of the customer  4 ).  
         [0018]    Subsequently, the issuer  2  generates a cryptographic check sum  32  (e.g., a digital signature) based on (1) the digital representation  31  and (2) a private key of the issuer  2  (step  406 ). The cryptographic check sum  32  may be based on any conventional digital signature technologies, such as RSA digital signature, Digital signature algorithm (DSA), or Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA), as specified in FIPS PUB 186-2 (available at  
         [0019]    http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips186-2/fips186-2.pdf).  
         [0020]    It may also be based on any conventional message authentication codes, such as HMAC (available at  
         [0021]    http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/drafts/dfips-HMAC.pdf) although the key management issue could be more complex. Those skilled in the art would understand that other cryptographic algorithms may be utilized as alternatives.  
         [0022]    Then, in step  408 , the issuer  2  generates the overlay  30  which corresponds to at least the digital representation  31  and the cryptographic check sum  32 . In particular, the digital representation  31  and the cryptographic check sum  32  are converted into the two-dimensional symbology (e.g., a bar code) which can be printed on a conventional label sticker and fastened to the identification document  8 . The issuer  2  may utilize a bar code generating arrangement capable of converting and printing the two-dimensional symbology. In an alternative exemplary embodiment, the reading arrangement and the bar code generating arrangement may be combined into a single arrangement. The overlay  30  may also include optional digital certificate  33  and optional application data  34 , such as services allowed to use by the customer  4 , if required/desired by a particular application. The optional digital certificate  33  and the optional application data  34  may be encrypted if confidentially is desired.  
         [0023]    After the overlay  30  is placed on the identification document  8 , the first part of the method is complete and any user  6  may quickly verify the identity of the customer  4  using the second part of the method. The customer  4  present the identification document  8  to the particular user  6 . In step  502 , shown in FIG. 4, the user  6  scans/captures the overlay  30  using a scanning/imaging arrangement (e.g., a bar code reader). The overlay  30  is decoded into the digital representation  31  and the cryptographic check sum  32 . The user  6  may then verify the integrity of the digital representation  31  with the cryptographic check sum  32  (step  504 ). In particular, the cryptographic check sum  32  is decoded using, e.g., the issuer  2 &#39;s public key. The information stored in the cryptographic check sum  32  is used to verify whether the data stored in the digital representation  31  was altered and/or tampered in any way. If there were some alterations of the digital representation  31 , then a message is generated to the user  6  that the customer  4  is not verified (step  514 ).  
         [0024]    In step  506 , the user  6  scans the selected data of identification document  8  using the reading arrangement to generate a second digital data file. The user  6  may then compare the digital representation  31  to the second digital data file (step  508 ). If the two representations are substantially identical, then the customer  4  is verified (step  510 ); otherwise a message is generated that the customer  4  is not verified (step  514 ).  
         [0025]    As mentioned above the two files may be substantially identical since the scanning processes may have some imperfections. For example, the user  6  may set a predetermined threshold for customer&#39;s verification (e.g., as long as the two file are 96% identical, the customer  4  is verified). The acceptable deviation may vary depending on the level of security desired by the user  6  and quality of equipment available to the issuer  2  and the user  6 . In certain case, the acceptable deviation may vary based on the national level of security thereat. For instance, if there is “a red alert” issued, then the acceptable deviation automatically increases to 98%; while the acceptable deviation may be 90% if there is “a green alert”.  
         [0026]    There are a number of industries that may utilize the present invention. For example, for the check-cashing application, a security service provider (SSP) may offer to serve as the trusted entity for all check-cashing stores who sign on for its service. The SSP would be responsible for securing its private key used to sign the license overlays, and it may also maintain Certificate Authorities (CA) for large systems. The SSP may offer the enrollment service to issue the overlay sticker at its location or remotely at the check-cashing stores which have to send necessary information to the SSP via secure network connections. The integrity of the enrollment is achieved by checking against the DMV database (SSP can serve as the single point of contact), and conducting detailed checks on the person and the license based on predefined procedures. Once users are enrolled, check cashing stores can verify the integrity of the driver license automatically and efficiently every time the user cashes a check.  
         [0027]    Another example is an automotive industry. The American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators (“AAMVA ”) is addressing the security issue relates to driving licenses by developing new standards and calling for new systems to enhance the security of driving licenses. However, it may take a long period of time to update or replace the current system. One of the advantages of the present invention is that it allows to utilize existing driver licenses, and may be implemented immediately on small or large scales. The trusted entity may be the DMV, the application providers (check-cashing businesses, airlines), or a third party providing services for certain applications.  
         [0028]    In an alternative exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the identification document  8  may be a smart card. The digital representation of the customer  4  is prestored in the smart card  8 . The issuer  2  verifies the customer  4  and reads the digital representation from the smart card  8  using the reading arrangement (e.g., a smart card reader). The issuer  2  then generates a cryptographic check sum based on issuer&#39;s private key and the digital representation. Subsequently, an overlay  30  is generated which includes the cryptographic check sum and the digital representation. The issuer  2  may further encrypt the digital representation before generating the overlay  30 .  
         [0029]    The user  6  may not need the smart card reader. The user  6  scans the overlay  30  to generate the digital representation and the cryptographic check sum. If the cryptographic check sum was not altered, then the customer  4  is verified and the digital representation is utilized by the user  6 , e.g., as identification of the customer  4 . Those skilled in the art would understand other types digital media may be utilized.  
         [0030]    One of the advantages of the present invention is that the system is not required to have a display, simply an indicator that the information contained on the overlay  30  is intact and issued by the issuer  2  represented. This simplifies the device-and offers to the user  6  an extremely high degree of confidence that the information contained on the overlay  30  is genuine. The overlays  30  are easily printed on a film like material that is appended to the identification document  8 . The material for the overlays  30  is inexpensive and may be removed or discarded at any time. Multiple overlays  30  may be appended representing multiple issuers  2 . The scope of the issuer  2  may be extremely small (e.g. a small check cashing operation, local store, etc.) enabling readily manageable, closed Public Key Infrastructure (“PKI”) systems to be used. The scope may also be larger (DMV, INS, etc.) requiring a more elaborate PKI infrastructure.  
         [0031]    There are many modifications to the present invention which will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing form the teaching of the present invention. The embodiments disclosed herein are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to describe the bounds of the present invention which is to be limited only by the scope of the claims appended hereto.