Abstract:
A rotor blade assembly for providing vertical lift to an aircraft, having a rotor head and a plurality of blades, with each blade attached to a mechanism such as a cam surface, whereby movement of the mechanism causes the radial distance between the distal tip of the attached blade and the center of the rotor head to alter, decreasing or increasing the length of the lifting surface. The blades are moved from a fully extended position providing maximum lift, to a retracted position in which the blades are removed from the airstream. The pitch of the blades may be controlled to achieve full helicopter responsiveness. A plurality of bladeletts may be positioned near the outer periphery of the rotor head. When they are moved into the airstream, passing air impacts the bladeletts exerting a pressure, causing rotational movement of the rotor blade assembly.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This application claims benefit of the prior filing date of U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/409,582 filed on Sep. 9, 2002, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 

   FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   The invention is generally described as a rotorcraft type rotor-head having retractable blades, which may be fitted to either a fixed-wing or rotorcraft aircraft. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   One of the main limitations of rotorcraft aircraft is the flight speed limitation caused by the physics and mechanics of flight. These limitations have plagued the helicopter since its conception. Retreating blade stall, dissymmetry of lift, leading, lagging, flapping and coning are just some of the forces that limit the top speed of helicopters. For example, most helicopters are limited to air speeds of less than 200 miles an hour. The present invention, the Gerbino Flight System, allows fixed wing aircraft to be lifted vertically and then translate into forward flight to speeds in excess of 300 miles an hour, because retreating blade stall, and other problems, are non-existent in that the rotating blades are taken out of the airstream in a new and nonobvious way. Once the aircraft is airborne and moving at sufficient forward speed to maintain lift, the rotating blades are gradually retracted with forward propulsion provided by one of any number of systems used by fixed wing aircraft to drive the aircraft forward. An aircraft utilizing the invention would have sufficient lifting surfaces to enable it to remain airborne after the rotor blades are fully retracted. 
   An autogyro incorporating retracting blades is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,062,508, however, it does not include the features described and claimed herein, which enable the present invention to achieve true helicopter flight. U.S. Pat. No. 4,913,376 depicts lifting blades protruding from a circular planform wing, but again, it does not include components enabling helicopter flight, nor retractable lifting blades. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   In one embodiment of the invention, a rotor blade assembly for providing vertical lift to an aircraft is disclosed, having a rotor head, a plurality of cam surfaces, a plurality of blades, with each blade attached to a cam surface, whereby movement of a cam surface causes the radial distance between the distal tip of the attached blade and the center of the rotor head to alter. In this way, the length of the lifting surface of each blade can be decreased or increased. In the preferred embodiment, the blades are moved from a fully extended position providing maximum lift, to a fully retracted stowed or parked position, in which the blades are completely removed from the airstream. 
   In another embodiment of the invention, an operating cam is rotatably mounted relative to the rotor head. A plurality of cam surfaces are placed on the operating cam and a blade is attached to each cam surface. As the cam surface moves, it causes the radial distance between the distal tip of the attached blade and the center of the rotor head to alter. In another embodiment of the invention, the blades have blade spars, with each blade spar attached to the cam surface. 
   In another embodiment of the invention, a rotor blade assembly for providing vertical lift to an aircraft comprises a rotor head, an operating cam, a plurality of cam surfaces on the operating cam, a plurality of blades, each blade having a root and a tip, each root attached to the cam surface, whereby movement of the cam surface causes the radial distance between the distal tip of the attached blade and the center of the rotor head to alter. 
   In yet another embodiment of the invention, at least one pitch controller is attached to at least one blade, and each such pitch controller is connected to a swash plate. The swash plate causes the pitch controller to move, causing the pitch of the corresponding blade to be altered. 
   In yet another embodiment of the invention, a plurality of bladeletts are positioned near the outer periphery of the rotor head. The bladeletts have a retracted position wherein substantially all portions of the bladeletts are within the outer periphery of the rotor head. A bladelett control mechanism for imparting force to the bladeletts is provided, wherein the force moves a portion of one or more bladeletts beyond the periphery of the rotor head, whereby passing air impacts the bladeletts exerting a pressure, which causes rotational movement of the rotor blade assembly. The bladelett control mechanism may include an actuator and an actuator cable connecting the actuator to the bladeletts whereby energizing the actuator, the cable is caused to transmit a force to one or more bladeletts moving said the bladeletts beyond the periphery of the rotor head and into the path of airflow. 
   In a further embodiment of the invention, the rotor blade assembly includes a blade spar on each blade, each blade spar is connected to one cam surface, a spar guide having an opening is attached to each blade spar to guide the blade spar in a sliding fit permitting the blade to extend and retract. The blade spar passes through an opening in a pitch controller, the opening in the pitch controller having an internal shape substantially matching the external shape of the blade spar. A pitch control rod interacts between the pitch controller and the swash plate, whereby the pitch controller controls the pitch of the blade spar with which it cooperates. The opening in the pitch controller may be rectangular or other shape such as polygonal or oval. The opening may also be splined having as few as one spline, or many splines. The cooperating blade spar would have a matching external shape. 
   In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a rotor blade assembly for providing vertical lift to an aircraft includes a rotatable wheel to which blades are attached such that movement of the rotatable wheel causes the radial distance between the distal tip of the attached blade and the center of the rotor head to alter. The rotatable wheel rotates relative to the rotor head. At least one pitch controller is attached to at least one blade. The pitch controller is connected to a swash plate, whereby the swash plate movement alters the pitch of the corresponding pitch controller. 
   In a further embodiment of the present invention, the spar guide is connected to the rotor head with a swiveling connector permitting the spar guide to swivel relative to the rotor head as the blade is retracted or extended. 
   In another embodiment of the present invention, the operating cam has upper and lower plates with cam surfaces on the upper plate substantially matching corresponding cam surfaces on the lower plate. Each blade spar is positioned between the upper and lower plates. Each blade spar is attached to a cam surface on the upper plate, and the substantially matching cam surface on the lower plate. 
   In another embodiment of the present invention, the operating cam has upper and lower plates with attachment points on the upper plate substantially matching corresponding attachment points on the lower plate. Each blade spar is positioned between the upper and lower plates. Each blade spar is attached to an attachment point on the upper plate, and the substantially matching attachment point on the lower plate. 
   In a further embodiment of the present invention, a rotor blade assembly for providing vertical lift to an aircraft includes a rotor head, one or more blades attached to the rotor head, a piston chamber at the proximal end (nearest to the center of the rotor head) of said one or more blades, a spar guide on each blade, and a piston on each spar guide cooperating with the piston chamber within the proximal end of the associated blade, whereby fluid is forced into one side of the piston chamber driving the associated blade hydraulically in one direction, and whereby when fluid is forced into the other side of the piston chamber the blade is driven in the other direction. At least one pitch controller is attached to at least one blade, and to the pitch controller is connected to a swash plate, wherein movement of the swash plate moves the pitch controller causing the pitch of the corresponding blade to be altered. Alternatively, the hydraulic system may be replaced with a screw system or an electro-mechanical actuator. 
   In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the distance between the distal end of the blade and the center of the rotor head is shortened by means of a cable attached to the blade. The cable length is controlled by a reel or drum. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
       FIG. 1  Top view of a schematic depicting the major components of the rotor head assembly having cam grooves and extended blades. 
       FIG. 2  The view of  FIG. 1  with blades retracted. 
       FIG. 3A  The view of  FIG. 1  with bladelett control mechanism included. 
       FIG. 3B  Cross-sectional view of one possible blade shape. 
       FIG. 4  The view of  FIG. 3A  with bladeletts deployed. 
       FIG. 5  Side view of a schematic of a rotor head assembly, partially cut away. 
       FIG. 6  Perspective view of a spar guide. 
       FIG. 6A  Side view of an alternative embodiment of the spar guide of  FIG. 6 . 
       FIG. 7  Perspective view of a pitch horn. 
       FIG. 7A  Side view of an alternative embodiment of the pitch horn of  FIG. 7 . 
       FIG. 8  Top view of a schematic of an operating cam actuator. 
       FIG. 9  Side view of a schematic of a drive shaft in a mast. 
       FIG. 10  Side view of a schematic of an aircraft depicting an installation of one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 11  Side view of a schematic of an aircraft depicting an alternative installation of one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 11A  Front view of the schematic of the aircraft of  FIG. 11 . 
       FIG. 12  Top view of a schematic depicting the major components of the rotor head assembly having an operating wheel with blades retracted. 
       FIG. 13  Side view of a telescoping spar assembly, partially cut away. 
       FIG. 14  Side view of an embodiment having upper and lower operating cams, partially cut away. 
       FIG. 15  Side view of an embodiment having an operating drum, partially cut away. 
       FIG. 16  Top view of a schematic of an alternative embodiment of an operating cam having fixed attachment points for the blade anchors, and depicting a blade in a withdrawn position. 
       FIG. 17A  Perspective view of one embodiment of the spar guide in  FIG. 16 , with swivel assembly. 
       FIG. 17B  Perspective view of an alternative embodiment of the spar guide in  FIG. 16 , with swivel assembly. 
       FIG. 17C  Perspective view of one embodiment of the pitch horn in  FIG. 16 . 
       FIG. 17D  Perspective view of an alternative embodiment of the pitch horn in  FIG. 16 . 
       FIG. 17E  Side view of the mounting of the blade anchor of  FIG. 16 . 
       FIG. 17F  Top view of the pitch horn and spar guide assembly of  FIG. 16 . 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   A rotor head assembly  2  of the preferred embodiment is depicted in  FIG. 1 . The figure is not to scale.  FIG. 1  depicts the condition of a helicopter in flight with the blades fully extended. This figure is a view from the top of the helicopter. The basic components are as follows. At the center of the drawing is depicted the hollow mast  4 , which in the preferred embodiment is a standard helicopter mast. The drive shaft (not shown) is within the mast. Around the mast  4  are the rotor head bearings (not shown in this view) supporting the rotor head assembly  2 . In turn, the operating cam  6  is bearing mounted (not shown in this view) on the rotor head  3  and can be rotated relative to the mast  4  and the rotor head assembly  2 . Cam grooves  8  are shown, in which are mounted the proximal ends of the blade spars  10 . The drawing shows one means of deploying the blades  12 , utilizing cam grooves  8  having one particular configuration, but the grooves may be longer or shorter, have a deeper or shallower angle of attack, or may be otherwise configured to achieve the function of applying a force to the proximal ends of the blade spars  10  to control the distance that the blades  12  retract. As used in this patent, the term “cam” is used in its standard definition, for example as found in Webster&#39;s Unabridged Dictionary© 1996, 1998  MICRA, Inc.:  (a) A turning or sliding piece which, by the shape of its periphery or face, or a groove in its surface, imparts variable or intermittent motion to, or receives such motion from, a rod, lever, or block brought into sliding or rolling contact with it. (b) A curved wedge, movable about an axis, used for forcing or clamping two pieces together. (c) A projecting part of a wheel or other moving piece so shaped as to give alternate or variable motion to another piece against which it acts. As the operating cam  6  is rotated, the blade spars  10  are drawn into the rotor head  3 . In this figure, two spar guides  14  confine each blade spar  10 , but the number of spar guides  14  can be greater than two, or may even be a single spar guide. 
   As is typical in helicopters generally, in the preferred embodiment of the invention the blade spars  10  run through the entire length of the blades  12 . The spars are the core structures of the blades, and are made of a strong material such as stainless steel. The spars  10  run the length of the blade  12  and could have a honeycomb core covered with aluminum, fiberglass, carbon fiber, or any accepted material or combination of materials. The spars  10  are generally surrounded by a lightweight material such as fiberglass to form the lifting surfaces of the blades  12 , and the leading edges may be reinforced with titanium, or another very tough material. However, it is contemplated that blade and blade spar structures may change in years to come as new materials are developed and new manufacturing processes are implemented. The precise structure of the blades or blade spars is not central to the inventions claimed, which relate primarily to the retraction and extension of blades, rather than how they are constructed. 
   The cam system as depicted was chosen because it provides symmetrical retraction and extension of the blades  12  and assures control of the entire blade pitch range at any point through the complete cycle of the rotor head. In the drawings, simple pins are shown as the attachment means, or blade anchors  16 , for the root of each blade  12  to the cam groove  8 . However, the blade anchor  16  may take other forms, such as a lubricated fixture riding in the cam. The fixture may be a block (not shown) in the cam groove  8 , shaped to ride smoothly in the cam groove  8 . It may be made of any material compatible with the materials and the operating characteristics of the cam  6 , which is contemplated in the preferred embodiment to be stainless steel or titanium. The block, and/or the cam groove  8  may have surfaces lined with a low friction material to reduce abrasion and wear. The choice of materials will depend on the operating characteristics of the aircraft, and there are many possible variations, and would be obvious to persons of ordinary skill in the art. This block may include a hole or other attachment mechanism to which a pin or other gripping member may be attached to the blade spar  10 . 
   Another advantage of a cam system is that the blades  12  are all retracted and deployed simultaneously, preventing the inadvertent retraction or deployment in an imbalanced way. 
   In the preferred embodiment, each spar guide  14  has a central portion  18  made of a flexible material, such as an elastomeric ( FIG. 6 ). The spar guides  14  are mounted to the rotor head  2  using any commonly used mounting mechanism such as a screw, bolt, rivet, etc. fastened through mounting holes  22 . The flexible material within the spar guides allows rotational movement of the blade spars  10  allowing the pitch of the spars  10 , and thereby the blades  12 , to be controlled. The pitch is controlled by a pitch controller, which, in the preferred embodiment is a pitch horn  24  mounted between the two spar guides  14  and keyed to the spar through pitch horn channel  26 . However, alternative constructions are possible where, for example, there may be more than two spar guides  14  and the pitch horn  24  may be located at a position spaced away from the spar guides  14 . The pitch horn  24  controls the pitch of the blade spars  10  and thereby the blades  12  as is necessary to achieve helicopter-type flight, including vertical ascent and descent, as well as hovering. Another example of a pitch controller would be an ear (not shown) on the blade  12  or spar  10  connected to a pitch control rod. The pitch controller may be controlled by a pitch control rod, or an electric servo, a hydraulic mechanism, pneumatic servo or any combination thereof. 
   In the preferred embodiment the spar guides  14  are shown with a lining  20  made of Teflon or steel, for example, or some other material. The tolerances between the lining  20  of the spar guide  14  and the blade spars  10  are such that a slidable fit is achieved for guiding the spar  10  as it moves between the fully-extended and fully-retracted positions. The spar guide central channel  28  may be any cross-sectional shape that achieves these objectives. For example, it may be splined to mate with corresponding splines on the blade spars  10  to allow a slidable fit while at the same time firmly securing the blade spars  10  during pitch adjustment. The pitch channel horn  30  in the pitch horn  24  will correspond to the shape and configuration of the blade spars  10 . 
   A connection point  32  on each pitch horn  24  is connected to rotor blade pitch controller links such as pitch control rods, which control the pitch of the helicopter blades. In the preferred embodiment, pitch movement may be between +/−0° to 15°, or as otherwise required for the flight characteristics of the aircraft. During the process of either retracting the blades  12  or deploying the blades, the pitch horns  24 , in combination with the spar guides  14  and blade spars  10 , continue to provide pitch control for the blades  12  through the pitch links such as pitch control rods  82 , which are connected to the swash plate. 
   Note that the number of spars  10  and blades  12  are not critical to the invention. Any number may be used to achieve the desired lift and flight characteristics, within the parameters of the structure of the rotor head  2  and operating cam  6 . For example, as few as two blades may be used, up to many more, such as four, five or a higher number, even twenty or more in a large diameter assembly used for lifting heavy vehicles. 
   The bladeletts  34 , an accessory and not a necessity to all applications of the flight system disclosed but which may be added to all embodiments, in standard flight are normally retracted as shown in  FIGS. 1 ,  2  and  3 A. The bladeletts  34  provide a safety mechanism as follows. In normal flight, as the rotor head assembly  2  rotates, it causes the blades  12  to rotate, which thereby provides lift and control for the aircraft. In normal flight, the bladeletts  34  are retracted to provide a clean airflow surface. In the present invention, during normal forward flight, after the aircraft has achieved sufficient forward speed to allow it to remain airborne, without needing the lift created by the blades  12 , the blades  12  are withdrawn, and there is no need to continue rotation of the rotor head assembly  2 . If desired, the rotor head assembly  2  may be stopped to conserve energy and fuel. However, rotation of the rotor head assembly  2  must be restarted as the aircraft slows, or when a decision is made to operate in a typical helicopter mode. This can be achieved returning power to the rotation system. However, in the event of an engine failure in forward flight, the aircraft can convert to the helicopter mode as follows. The bladeletts  34  will be deployed into the slipstream and the operating cam  6  deactivated and allowed to rotate freely. The bladeletts  34  are shaped to catch air such that the assembly rotates in the proper direction. The blades  12  will then deploy by centrifugal force allowing the aircraft to make a safe autorotation landing. The number of bladeletts  34 , their shapes and the angles of deployment may be modified from what is shown in the drawings. 
   A bladelett deployment mechanism is depicted in  FIG. 3A . Tension on the actuation cable  36  rotates the bladeletts  34  around their central mounting holes  38 . As rotation speed increases and nominal operating rpm is reached, the blades  12  are deployed electrically, mechanically, hydraulically, pneumatically, or by employing the centrifugal force generated by the rotation to pull the blades  12  from the retracted position shown in  FIG. 3A  to a fully deployed position as shown in  FIG. 1 . Thereafter, the bladeletts  34  can be retracted to provide a relatively clean airflow surface. The number of bladeletts  34  is not critical to the preferred embodiment. In the preferred embodiment, each of the bladeletts  34  has a center mounting hole  38  allowing the attachment of the bladelett  34  to the rotor head  3  with sufficient clearances to allow rotational movement of the bladelett  34  relative to the attaching mechanism. The attaching mechanism may be a bolt, pin, screw, rivet or any other mechanism through the center mounting hole  38  that will provide a secure connection while allowing rotational movement of the bladeletts  34 . The control end  40  of the bladelett includes an attachment point  42  for a control mechanism or bladelett actuator  44  to rotate the bladelett in and out of the air stream. 
   The bladelett actuator  44  is a servo, which operates electrically, mechanically, hydraulically, magnetically or otherwise. It is attached to the rotor head  3  and comprises an arm  46 , a body  48  that houses the servomechanism and a power source  50 , which could be electrical or hydraulic power. When activated, the arm  46  is retracted into the actuator  44 , increasing tension on the actuation cable  36 , which causes the bladeletts  34  to rotate around their center mounting holes  38 .  FIG. 3A  depicts two actuators  44 , which provide redundancy. The bladeletts  34  are biased into their retracted positions using any suitable biasing mechanism, such as springs. 
   The operating cam  6  may be rotated in several different ways. A screw jack system may be employed, a hydraulic actuator could be another choice, a servo motor, a rack and pinion assembly, a worm gear assembly, crossed helical gears, pneumatic or hydraulic or any other means to impart force to the operating cam to cause rotation.  FIG. 8  depicts one version of a rotation mechanism, which includes a hydraulic cylinder  52  attached to rotor head  3 . It is connected to the operating cam  6  by a rotation mechanism arm  54  attached to the operating cam  6  by a pin or rotation mechanism bolt  56 . Sufficient clearance is provided to allow the rotation mechanism bolt  56  to rotate relative to operating cam  6 . Hydraulic fluid is introduced into the hydraulic cylinder  52  through first and second feed lines  58  and  60  respectively, pressurizing the cylinder to move the rotation mechanism arm  54  either inward or outward relative to hydraulic cylinder  52 , thereby rotating the operating cam  6  either clockwise or counterclockwise, thereby causing the cam grooves  8  to move the blade spars  10  and blades  12  either inwardly or outwardly of the operating cam  6 . The attachment point for the rotation mechanism bolts  6  to the operating cam  6  may be placed anywhere on the operating cam  6 , whether on the outside edge of the operating cam  6  or somewhere between the outside diameter and inside diameter of the operating cam  6 . In the preferred embodiment, the hydraulic cylinder  52  is attached to the rotor head  3 . 
   As depicted in  FIG. 3B  in the preferred embodiment, the helicopter blades  12  are cambered in the manner of a wing as opposed to having the standard elliptical shape of a helicopter blade. This provides improved lift to drag (L/D) ratio. However, the cross-sectional shape of each blade may be any shape necessary to achieve the desired flight characteristics, and may even change cross-section at various distances along the blade from the root to the tip. Depending on the lift and flight characteristics desired, the number of blades could be any number necessary, and blade length and cross-sectional shape may be modified as is known in the art. 
   In the preferred embodiment, the spar guides  14  are depicted as simple stationary devices that have an internal flexibility, which allows for rotational movement of the blade spars  10 . However, the spar guide  14  may be as depicted in  FIGS. 6A ,  17 A and  17 B, or other configurations that would be obvious to someone ordinarily skilled in the art, and the pitch horn  24  may be as depicted in  FIGS. 7A ,  17 C and  17 D, or other configurations that would be obvious to someone ordinarily skilled in the art. Specifically, in  FIG. 6A , alternative spar guide  14 ′ has a circular alternative spar guide central channel  28 ′ in which a compatibly shaped spar guide can move. Similarly to spar guide  14 , alternative spar guide  14 ′ is mounted to the rotor head  2  by fasteners through alternative spar guide mounting holes  22 ′.  FIG. 7A  depicts a compatible alternative pitch horn  24 ′, which includes an alternative pitch horn channel  30 ′ having a key or spline  31  for cooperating with a keyway on the spar. As the alternative pitch horn  24 ′ is rotated by a control rod attached at alternative pitch horn connection point  32 ′, the key  31  rotates the spar by exerting force on the surfaces of the keyway. 
   An elevation view of a rotor head assembly  2  of the preferred embodiment is depicted in  FIG. 5 . The figure is not to scale. The structure of the present invention surrounds the mast  4 . The rotor head assembly  2  moves relative to the mast on a cam-bearing assembly, which in the preferred embodiment is a ball-bearing type. However, any other type of bearing structure may be employed provided that it meets the load requirements of the particular design. In the space along the mast  4  above the upper cam bearing  68  and the retaining nut  72  may be located the upper rotor cover (not shown). The rotor covers provide an aerodynamic envelope for the rotor blades and the enclosed mechanisms. The rotor covers may also provide lifting body characteristics to the aircraft, but are not essential to the invention itself. 
   The cam-bearing assembly has two major components, the upper cam-bearing assembly  68  and the lower cam-bearing assembly  70 . In this drawing, the lower rotor cover  74  is shown at its attachment points affixed by fasteners such as screws  76  shown in  FIG. 5 . 
   The swash plate assembly may be any standard construction known in the art. Commonly the swash plate assembly consists of two plates: the fixed swash plate  78  and the rotating swash plates  80 . The rotating swash plate  80  rotates with the drive shaft and the rotor&#39;s blades. In the preferred embodiment, the drive shaft, which is inside the mast  4 , rotates the rotor head  3 , and consequently the blades  12  and the pitch control rods  82 , which, by virtue of the fact that they are connected to the rotating swash plate  80 , impart rotation to the rotating swash plate  80 . The pitch control rods  82  allow the rotating swash plate  80  to change the pitch of the rotor blades  12 . The angle of the fixed swash plate  78  is changed by the cyclic control rod  84  and collective control rods  86  attached to the fixed swash plate  78 . Not all control rods are depicting in the figures for the sake of clarity. The rods may also be tubes, or equivalent structure. The fixed plate&#39;s control rods are affected by the pilot&#39;s input to the cyclic and collective controls, which in turn raise or lower the cyclic control rods  84  and collective control rods  86 . The fixed  78  and rotating  80  swash plates are connected with a set of bearings (not shown) between the two plates. These bearings allow the rotating swash plate  80  to spin on top of the fixed swash plate  78 . The mast  4  does not necessarily need to extend all the way to the top of the rotor head assembly  2 . The rotor head  3  could be supported by the drive shaft itself. Also, the operating cam  6  itself could rest on the drive shaft, and eliminate the need for bearings between the operating cam  6  and the stationary mast  4 . However, in the preferred embodiment, the nonrotating mast  4  provides a strong structure to support the operating cam system. 
     FIG. 9  depicts one embodiment of a drive shaft  88  inserted through mast  4  and fixed to a rotor head drive flange  90  on a rotor head extension  92 , which is either integral with, or fixedly attached to, the rotor head  3 . The drive shaft  88  has a drive shaft mounting surface  94  which is attached to the rotor head drive flange  90  by means of fasteners such as bolts, screws, rivets or equivalent fasteners placed in attachment holes  96 . Thereby, as the drive shaft  88  rotates, the rotor head  3 , and the entire rotor head assembly  2  rotates. The operating cam  6  is allowed to rotate relative to the rotor head extension  92  at a rotatable surface  98 , such as a bearing. 
   In another alternative embodiment, the mast  4  may rotate and serve as the drive shaft. This is a typical construction seen in many helicopters in existence today. Obviously, in such an embodiment, there would be no need for bearings between the operation cam and the mast, and the rotor head and the mast. Either type of design could accommodate the invention described and claimed herein. 
     FIGS. 10 ,  11  and  11 A depict an installation of the rotor head of the present invention to a hybrid aircraft configuration. The rotor head assembly  2  is shown in its covered condition with both the upper and lower rotor covers attached. It should be noted that the cover may be constructed of several components, or several pieces to achieve the desired aerodynamic effect and to cover the structure within as desired. The aircraft depicted has conventional wings  100  including winglets  102 , fan jets  104  and a Fenestron  106 . The figures are not to scale, but merely illustrative. The physical appearance of the aircraft to which the device of the present invention is attached may be altered significantly from the appearance depicted in the drawings, to meet operational requirements. A vectored jet may be used instead of the Fenestron  106 . 
     FIG. 12  depicts an embodiment, which has an operating wheel  108  instead of an operating cam  6 . Similar to the operating cam embodiment, the operating wheel  108  rotates relative to the mast  4 . The rotation of the operating wheel  108  moves the blade anchors  16  toward or away from the outer diameter of the rotor head  3 . During this rotation, the blade spars  10  slide in the combined pitch and spar guide controllers  62 , and the blades  12  in turn are extended outside the outer diameter of the rotor head, or are withdrawn into the rotor head  3 . The system can be designed to rotate either clockwise or counterclockwise. The operating wheel actuator may be a hydraulic cylinder  52  with a hydraulically-operated piston, an electromagnet, a system of gears including worm gears, helical gears, spur gears a rack and pinion system, or other means for rotating the operating wheel  108 , depending on design choices. The combined pitch and spar guide controllers  62  are mounted on the rotor head  3  in a manner allowing rotation of each combined pitch and spar guide controller  62  as the operating wheel  108  is rotated, and also allowing each combined pitch and spar guide controller  62  to pitch in reaction to an attached pitch control rod (not shown). The drawing is a schematic, not to scale, and shows six blades, but there may be any number of blades, depending on design choices. The swash plate assembly operates essentially the same as discussed previously. The blades can be swept forward or aft (clockwise or counterclockwise) to the rotation of the system, to be determined by flight tests for each application and type of aircraft. 
     FIG. 13  depicts an embodiment wherein the spar  10  is retracted and/or extended hydraulically or pneumatically. The proximal end of the spar  10  includes a sealed fluid chamber  110  in which a stationary piston  112  is placed. Fluid is injected into, and drained from, a chamber fore  114  and a chamber aft  116  of the stationary piston  112  through ports connected to piston hydraulic lines  118 , whereby the pressure changes fore and aft of the piston  112  cause the spar to retract or extend. The drawing is a schematic, not to scale, and shows only one blade, but there may be a plurality of blades. The swash plate assembly, including the control rods, operates essentially the same as discussed previously. Spar guides  14  and a pitch control horn  24  operate in essentially the same way as discussed previously. The spars may also be telescoping, having for example, two or three stages. In this configuration, there is no need for an operating cam or operating wheel. In an alternate construction, instead of hydraulic or pneumatic force, a screw assembly could be used, or a magnetic or electric actuator. 
   Instead of having one operating cam  6 , a plurality may be used. One example is shown in  FIG. 14 . Upper operating cam  120  and lower operating cam  122  are depicted. Having upper and lower operating cams balances the forces on the pin riding in the cam groove, and connecting to the spar. The pitch horn  24  and spar guides  14  operate essentially as previously discussed. The slope or rake of the cam groove  8  could be shallow or steep, (for example as depicted at 8′) depending on operational parameters and design choices. The drawing is a schematic, not to scale, and shows only one blade, but there may be a plurality of blades. The swash plate assembly, including the control rods, operates essentially the same as discussed previously. 
     FIG. 15  drawing depicts yet another embodiment, utilizing a drum or reel  124  to shorten the length of a cable  126  or flexible connecting element, whereby the spar  10  is drawn closer to the drum, shortening the effective length of the spar. The figure depicts a worm gear  128 , operating the drum or reel  124 , but other gear sets could be used, such as spur gears or crossed helical gears. Any type of servomechanism could be used, depending on design choices. The flexible cable could be a chain, steel cable, Kevlar belt or some composite material. Centrifugal force would pull the blade out as the drum or reel  124  is rotated in a direction to increase the length of the cable. The drawing is a schematic, not to scale, and shows only one blade, but there may be a plurality of blades. The swash plate assembly, including the control rods, operates essentially the same as discussed previously. Spar guides  14  and a pitch control horn  24  operate in essentially the same way as discussed previously. 
     FIGS. 16 and 17  depict an embodiment of the invention that does not utilize cam grooves on the operating cam. A lobed operating cam  130  is attached to the rotor head assembly in the same manner as the operating cam  6 . In this embodiment, the operating cam  130  includes a recess  142 . Blade spars  10  are attached at their roots at each mounting hole  132  utilizing either a Lord type (rubber), steel uniball type or Teflon type mounting bearing  134  secured by a mounting bearing bolt  136  and positioned in recess  142 , as depicted in  FIG. 17E . This recess portion may also be formed by a double-layered lobed operating cam  130 , having a lower layer or plate  131 . This type of construction allows the blade spar  10  and blade  12  to rotate about their longitudinal axes as the pitch is changed by the pitch horn, which in  FIGS. 16 and 17  is shown as control horn  138 . The bearing  134  also allows the blade spar  10  to pivot around the bearing as the lobed operating cam  130  is rotated to retract or extend the blade spars  10  and blades  12 , similarly to the operation of the mechanism shown in  FIG. 12 .  FIG. 16  also depicts reference lines that show the change in angles of the blade spars and blades from the fully extended position  144  at 0° to a fully retracted position  146  at 18°. 
   The same type mounting bearing  134  may be used in conjunction with any pitch horn or control horn to permit relative rotational movement with the pitch control rods attached to the pitch horns or control horns. For example, a mounting bearing of the type  134  would be inserted into the control horn recess  140  of control horn  138 . The mounting bearing would then be attached to a pitch control rod, allowing for horizontal as well as vertical movement as the blades  12  are retracted and extended. 
     FIG. 17A  depicts a swiveling spar guide  148  having a square cross-section opening  150  to receive a similarly shaped blade spare  10 . A control horn  138  ( FIG. 17C ) having a similarly shaped opening  152  is attached to the swiveling spar guide  148  with fixed length screws  154  which bottom out in screw mounts  156  in spar guide  148 . Clearance can thereby be provided between spar guide  148  and control horn  138 . Additionally, control horn  138  has arcuate through holes  158  through which the fixed length screws  154  are inserted and said screws then mounted in screw mounts  156 . The clearances provided by this construction limit feed back to the aircraft controls, caused by blade flapping. The swiveling spar guide  148  includes a flexible insert, such as elastomeric insert  151 , allowing pitch rotation of the spar  10 . The elastomeric insert  151  is lined with a lining  20 , as discussed previously. The swiveling spar guide  148  is attached to the rotor head  32  by a swivel assembly  160  that allows the spar guide  148  to rotate as the blade spar  10  is retracted and extended. 
     FIG. 17B  is an alternative embodiment of the swiveling spar guide  148 , the only difference being that the central opening is a splined opening  162 , which would mate with a splined blade spar  10 . It also includes an elastomeric insert  151  and a lining  21  that is defines the splines. A splined control horn  139  having a compatible splined control horn opening  164  is attached to the spar guide  148  ( FIG. 17D ). 
   It should be noted that the rotor head assembly  2  could be designed to extend and retract the blades  12  in a variety of ways. One way is straight out in and out from the center of rotation of the operating cam  6 , as depicted in  FIG. 1 . The operating cam  6  may rotate either clockwise or counter clockwise.  FIGS. 12 and 16  depict embodiments that sweep the blades  12  from a fully extended position to a retracted position as depicted in  FIGS. 12 and 16 . The blades  12  may be designed to sweep either forward or rearward in their flight paths. The final decision as to whether the rotation is clockwise or counter clockwise for the rotor head assembly  2 , and whether the blades sweep forward or rearward, or extend and retract along the radius line of the rotor head assembly  2 , is directly connected to the shape, size, and weight of the host aircraft. 
   In the preferred embodiment, the rotor head is covered with a rotor head cover having an upper portion and a lower portion, which when assembled could provide an air-foil shape which reduces drag and could provide a lifting body for the aircraft. Examples of such completed assemblies can be seen in  FIGS. 10 and 11 . The embodiments show only a few examples of spar guides and pitch horns, but alternative designs may be employed. Other changes may be made to components of the system and would be expedient design modifications obvious to those skilled in the art. 
   The invention may also be utilized in a counter rotating system, which has two sets of rotating blades, one above the other, rotating in opposite directions. In this system the tail rotor is not required. Examples and embodiments of the invention as are set forth herein are illustrative and are not intended to be in any way limiting of the invention. The examples are not to be construed as limitations of the present invention since many variations thereof are possible without departing from its spirit and scope.