Abstract:
An adjustment is made to the size of an original graphic data object in a substantially rectangular original screen to obtain a target graphic data object on a substantially rectangular target screen having a different aspect ratio than that of the original screen. The size of the original graphic data object is proportionally increased to obtain the target graphic data object on the target screen. The size of the target graphic data object on the target screen is non-proportionally increased by the addition of a stretch distance thereto where a line projecting from a resizing point on and perpendicular to an edge of the original screen intersects the original graphic data object.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD  
       [0001]     The present invention relates generally to audio-video entertainment systems, and more particularly to video on demand services.  
       BACKGROUND  
       [0002]     Today&#39;s televisions have various screen sizes, including width to height aspect ratios of 4:3 and 16:9. Interactive television (iTV) software should be able to accommodate video and graphics to fit these different screen sizes. One technique is to simply stretch a normal screen display to fit the new screen size. This technique can lead to non-esthetic distortion of on-screen graphical data objects. A user of iTV may have a heightened recognition of a distorted or misshapen on-screen graphical data object because of the user&#39;s interacting with the graphical data object, such as with a radio button, a slide bar, or a box to be checked. Another technique is to employ the cooperative efforts of a screen designer to design a different screen for each screen of a different aspect ratio and of a programmer to accommodate each different screen design with proper functionality. This cooperative effort, however, is costly. It would be an advantage in the art to provide a technique to accommodate video and graphics to fit different screen sizes without non-esthetic distortion of on-screen graphical data objects and without adding significant cost.  
       SUMMARY  
       [0003]     Implementations provide for cost savings by permitting a designer to design an original screen that can be transformed, without screen-specific programming, into a target screen having a different resolution or aspect ratio without giving a distorted appearance to graphical data objects on the target screen. The transformation is effected by designating a “limousine” line on the original screen that is normal to and intersects with an axis at a limousine point that is designated by a designer of the original screen. A graphical data object on the original screen that intersects the limousine line is subjected to both a proportional and a non-proportional stretching while other graphical data objects on the original screen are subjected to a proportional stretching. This limousine stretching technique achieves a target screen having on-screen graphical data objects that do not have a distorted appearance.  
         [0004]     In one implementation, a substantially rectangular target screen has a different aspect ratio than a substantially rectangular original screen. The original screen has been designed with a limousine or resizing point on one of its edges. A perpendicular line from the resizing point intersects an original graphic data object on the original screen. The original graphic data object is proportionally increased in size to obtain a target graphic data object on the target screen. A stretch distance is also added to the size of the target graphic data object on the target screen. The proportional increase in size is according to the smaller of the width ratio and height ratio of the target and original screens. When the proportional increase in size is according to the height ratio, then the stretch distance is calculated by subtracting the product of the height ratio and the width of the original screen from the width of the target screen. When the proportional increase in size is according to the width ratio, then the stretch distance is calculated by subtracting the product of the width ratio and the height of the original screen from the height of the target screen. Once formed, the target graphic data object can be output on a display of the target screen. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0005]     A more complete understanding of the implementations may be had by reference to the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:  
         [0006]      FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b  show a display screen featuring an outline of an automobile respectively before and after a limousine stretching.  
         [0007]      FIGS. 2   a - 3   a  and  FIGS. 2   b  and  3   b  respectively show a display screen before and after a limousine stretching, where the display screen of  FIGS. 2   a - 3   a  has an object to the left of a limousine line, an object that is straddling the limousine line, and an object to the right of the limousine line.  
         [0008]      FIGS. 4   a - 4   b  show a display screen before and after a limousine stretching, where the display screen of  FIG. 4   a  has an object above a limousine line, an object that is straddling the limousine line, and an object below the limousine line.  
         [0009]      FIG. 5  is a flow chart depicting an implementation of a process for limousine scaling the original graphical data objects depicted in  FIGS. 2   a ,  3   a , and  4   a  into the target graphical data objects depicted in  FIGS. 2   b ,  3   b , and  4   b , respectively.  
         [0010]      FIGS. 6   a - 6   b  depict a graphical data object on a target screen, respectively before and after the introduction of error by using integer mathematics for the positioning of the graphical data object on the target screen.  
         [0011]      FIG. 7  depicts a main television guide or electronic programming guide (EPG) screen having an original 576 pixels by 480 pixels design, where a dashed line denotes a limousine line extending as a normal to a limousine point on a horizontal axis, where the limousine point and limousine line are to be used for limousine scaling.  
         [0012]      FIG. 8   a  depicts an EPG target screen that has been limousine scaled to a dimension of 576 pixels by 360 pixels, where graphical data objects have been scaled by a factor of 75% and the target screen height has been reduced to 75% of the height of the original screen seen in  FIG. 7 .  
         [0013]      FIG. 8   b  depicts the EPG screen of  FIG. 8   a  having been scaled non-proportionally to a dimension of 576 pixels by 360 pixels, where space on the screen has not been used as effectively as the space used in the limousine scaled screen depicted in  FIG. 8   a.    
         [0014]      FIG. 9  depicts an EPG screen having been scaled proportionally to  432  pixels by 360 pixels, where limousine scaling is not needed because the target screen has the same proportions as the original screen and its graphical data objects do not have a distorted appearance.  
         [0015]      FIG. 10   a  depicts a screen having a dimension of 576 pixels by 360 pixels that has not been subjected to limousine stretching, where objects at the left side of the screen have the appearance of being stretched too wide.  
         [0016]      FIG. 10   b  depicts, for comparison purposes, the screen of  FIG. 9  with different graphical data objects and a dimension of 432 pixels by 360 pixels, which is a proportionally scaled screen.  
         [0017]      FIG. 11  depicts a target screen having a dimension of 576 pixels by 360 pixels with limousine scaling having been used to stretch most of graphical elements on the original screen towards the right side of the depicted target screen.  
         [0018]      FIG. 12  depicts a target screen having a dimension of 576 pixels by 360 pixels in which limousine scaling has been used.  
         [0019]      FIG. 13  depicts a target screen having a dimension of 576 pixels by 360 pixels where limousine scaling has been used such that most of the stretching of graphical elements on the original screen have been stretched toward the right side of the depicted target screen.  
         [0020]      FIG. 14  illustrates an exemplary environment in which a viewer may receive content via a client that effects a transformation of an original screen having one resolution or aspect ratio into a target screen of a different resolution. 
     
    
       [0021]     The same numbers are used throughout the disclosure and figures to reference like components and features. Series  100  numbers refer to features originally found in  FIG. 1 , series  200  numbers refer to features originally found in  FIG. 2 , series  300  numbers refer to features originally found in  FIG. 3 , and so on.  
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0022]     Various implementations provide a limousine stretching technique for transforming an original screen of an original dimension and having a graphical data object thereon into a target screen having a different target dimension and a resized graphical data object thereon. By use of the limousine stretching technique, the graphical data object in the original screen is scaled non-proportionally into the target screen without giving a distorted appearance to the graphical data object on the target screen. The limousine stretching technique defines a limousine point on a horizontal axis. A normal, called herein a ‘limousine line’, is extended from the limousine point so as to intersect with the graphical data object on the original screen. Each graphical data object on the original screen with which the limousine line intersects will be non-proportionally stretched. Any other graphical data object on the original screen will be proportionally stretched. Stated otherwise, graphical elements to the left or right of the limousine line are scaled proportionally, and graphical elements that straddle the limousine line are stretched non-proportionally. The non-proportional stretching of the graphical data object enables the user interface (UI) to fit the resolution (e.g., dimension or aspect ratio) of the target screen. A designer of an original screen or a template for original screens can select a limousine point to ensure that the graphical data objects to appear on the target screen will be esthetically distorted without a noticeable loss of quality.  
         [0023]     To transform the original screen of the original dimensions into the target screen having the target dimensions, the graphical data objects on the original screen are stretched proportionally and non-proportionally as set forth above. The stretched graphical data objects are placed accordingly on the target screen. The limousine stretching technique provides an esthetic presentation of the graphical data objects on the target screen without appearing distorted.  
         [0024]     A designer can designate a limousine point on an original screen or on a screen template. The limousine point can be communicated to a client, such as a set top box. When the client receives media having a first resolution or dimension that is to be transformed into a second, different resolution or dimension, the client will execute a routine having the limousine stretching technique. The executed routine will transform the media intended for an original screen into a target screen to which the client is to output a display. In so doing, graphical data objects on the target screen will not have a distorted or misshapen appearance.  
         [0025]     Advantageously, with the limousine stretching technique, a designer only needs to design one original screen for one resolution or dimension, instead of having to design an original screen for each possible resolution or dimension. Moreover, a special program is not needed for each type of original screen to transform the same into a special type of target screen. As such, embodiments enable a designer to use one design for a television user interface that, through the use of the limousine stretching technique, can be presented at multiple screen aspect ratios. One original user interface can be designed that can be used to create target screens at any one of the following screen resolutions or dimensions which can in turn be transformed into the other resolutions or dimensions: the NTSC resolution 640 pixels×480 pixels, the PAL resolution 720 pixels×576 pixels, the NTSC resolution 576 pixels×480 pixels, the High Definition TV (HDTV) resolution 1280 pixels×720 pixels, the HDTV resolution 1960 pixels×1080 pixels. The target screens so created have an esthetic appearance in that they do not appear to be stretched, but rather look as if they&#39;d been designed.  
         [0026]     Implementations of the limousine stretch technique provide control over how graphical data objects in an original screen design are stretched to make the target scaled user interface look undistorted while also functioning correctly. Some graphical data objects on an original screen can be designed by a designer so as to be exempted from being non-proportionally scaled. These graphical data objects would rather be scaled using special proportional techniques. For example, text characters in an original screen can be re-rendered at a font size that is appropriate for the scaled space of the corresponding target screen. Still other graphical data objects can be designated for other types of stretching with different stretch distances in the horizontal and vertical dimensions. A still further refinement of stretching techniques allow for stretch distances to be applied to graphical data objects differently, depending on an object&#39;s position on the original screen.  
         [0027]     On-screen graphical data objects can be divided into two classes. In the first class are elements which cannot esthetically be scaled differently in horizontal and vertical directions such that these elements look their best when they retain their original respective aspect ratios. By way of example, these elements include letter forms, scaled picture-in-picture displays, and corporate logos where the preservation of a recognizable commercial impression is desirable. Other of such graphical elements are regular shapes that are commonly recognized as being distorted when changed, such as squares and circles. An eight-side polygon, such as the common traffic stop sign, is another example of a graphical data object for which the aspect ratio should not be altered on a target screen because of the otherwise distorted appearance that will result. For these types of graphical data objects, a proportional scaling technique can be applied to preserve the original aspect ratio. For text, such as letter forms, a new font point size can be identified that will accommodate the required text in the proportionally-scaled text area of the target screen. The text is then drawn on the target screen using the identified font point size.  
         [0028]     In the second class are on-screen graphical elements that can be scaled differently (e.g., non-proportionally) in the vertical and horizontal dimensions for the target screen. The second class includes on-screen interactive buttons, text areas, some images, lines, rectangles, and other shapes. The second class of objects is scaled using different scaling factors in the vertical and horizontal dimensions.  
         [0029]     The technique of limousine-scaling or limousine stretching is an approach that can be used to scale an automobile into a limousine and can scale rounded rectangles into rounded rectangles having a different aspect ratio. A “limousine point” is defined on a horizontal axis from which a normal limousine line is extended onto the original screen. Graphical data objects to the left of the limousine line are scaled proportionally and placed on the left side of the target screen. Graphical data objects to the right of the limousine line are scaled proportional and placed on the right side of the target screen. Each graphical data object that straddles or intersects the limousine line is stretched non-proportionally across the center area thereof between the left and right sides of the target screen. The stretching is computationally inexpensive so that it can be performed on a thin client, such as a set top box, and yields esthetic, undistorted appearances of the resultant graphical data objects.  
         [0030]     A designer of an original screen, or of a template for screens, can be selective about the parts of the screen that are to be distorted. The designer can set or define the limousine point globally for each original screen or for all screens that are designed from a template. The designer can, if needed, identify certain classes of graphical data objects that are to be proportionally stretched when changing the resolution from a designed original screen to a target screen.  
         [0031]     The scaling technique also allows reuse of existing designs and design processes. Designs that are tailored to the widely used 4:3 aspect ratio for TV screens can also be used for the 16:9 aspect ratio TV screens. The design process is visual and does not require programming skills. A user interface layout can be described in a simple declarative format, and a software runtime engine that performs the layout and scaling can run in very resource-constrained environments, such as in a conventional set top box.  
         [0032]      FIG. 1  shows a profile image of an automobile  102  before a limousine stretch and a profile image of an automobile  104  after a limousine stretch. Automobile  102  has a limousine point on an axis to which a limousine line is drawn as a normal so as to extend to both automobiles  102 - 104 . The area under the limousine line of automobile  102  is stretched by a distance labeled as “limousine stretch” on automobile  104 . As such, automobile  104  appears to be a limousine version of automobile  102 .  
         [0033]      FIG. 2   a  is an original screen  200   a  that is transformed by limousine stretching into the target screen  200   b  depicted in  FIG. 2   b . The upper left corner of each screen represents the (0,0) point at an intersection of horizontal and vertical axes, where the horizontal axis increments positively to the right of the page, and the vertical axis increments positively towards the bottom of the page. The width and height of the original screen  200   a  are, respectively, SW 1  and SH 1 . The width and height of the target screen  200   b  are, respectively, SW 2  and SH 2 . The lower right corner of each screen represents, respectively, the (SW 1 , SH 1 ) point and the (SW 2 , SH 2 ) point. The lower left corner of each screen represents, respectively, the (0, SH 1 ) point and the (0, SH 2 ) point.  
         [0034]     A limousine point on original screen  200   a  is marked at the limousine point (Limousine,0). A limousine line  202   a  is drawn normal to the x axis of the original screen  200   a  on which limousine point (Limousine,0) is situated. The limousine point (Limousine,0) is to the right of the left edge of original screen  200   a  by a distance of represented as “Limousine Distance” in  FIG. 2   a . Three (3) graphical data objects  204   a ,  206   a ,  208   a  are seen on original screen  200   a . Object  204   a  is to the left of limousine line  206   a , object  206   a  straddles limousine line  202   a , and object  208   a  is to the right of limousine line  202   a . Object  206   a  has a width W 1  and a height H 1 . The top edge of object  206   a  is below the top of original screen  200   a  by a distance of T 1 . The left edge of object  206   a  is to the right of the left edge of original screen  200   a  by a distance of L 1 .  
         [0035]      FIG. 2   b  shows the result of limousine scaling of objects  204   a ,  206   a , and  208   a  into objects  204   b ,  206   b , and  208   b  from original screen  200   a  to target screen  200   b . Original screen  200   a  has been scaled by width and height from SW 1  to SW 2  and from SH 1  to SH 2 , respectively. The area of object  206   a  under limousine line  202   a  has been non-proportionally stretched by a distance of  202   b , which is also referenced as the distance “C” in  FIG. 2   b.    
         [0036]     An original screen  300   a  in  FIG. 3   a  is identical to the original screen  200   a  in  FIG. 2   a , although additional reference numerals and other references have been added. An original screen  300   b  in  FIG. 3   b  is identical to the original screen  200   b  in  FIG. 2   b , although additional reference numerals and other references have been added. The upper left corner of each of object  204   a ,  206   a , and  208   a  is, respectively, (X 204 , Y 204 ) , (X 206 , Y 206 ), (X 208 , Y 208 ). The width and height of each of object  204   a ,  206   a , and  208   a  is, respectively, W 204  and H 204 , W 206  and H 206 , and W 208  and H 20   8 . Limousine line  202   a  is a distance of A 1  from the left edge of original screen  300   a  and a distance of A 2  from the right edge of original screen  300   a.    
         [0037]     An original screen  300   b  in  FIG. 3   b  is identical to the original screen  200   b  in  FIG. 2   b , although additional reference numerals and other references have been added. The respective area under limousine line  202   a  in  FIGS. 2   a  and  3   b  has been stretched as shown in  FIGS. 2   b  and  3   b  to create two lines, one being a distance of B  1  from the left edge of target screen  300   b , and the other being a distance of B 2  from the right edge of target screen  300   b . A factor ‘f’ is used to transform original screen  200   a - 300   a  to target screen  200   b - 300   b , where f=B 1 /A 1 =B 2 /A 2 . As such, the upper left corner of each of object  204   b ,  206   b , and  208   b  is, respectively, (X 204 *f, Y 204 *f), (X 206 *f, Y 206 *f), (X 208 *f+C, Y 208 *f), and the width and height of each of object  204   b ,  206   b , and  208   b  is, respectively, W 204 *f and H 204 *f, W 206 *f+C and H 206 *f, and W 208 *f and H 208 *f. Preferably, the smallest change between height and width, from the original to the target screen, will be used for the ‘f’ factor. By way of example, if SH 1  and SW 1  were both 10 units and SH 2  and SW 2  were 20 units and 50 units, then a re-sizing ‘f’ factor of ‘2’ would be used in the transformation of the original screen of  FIGS. 2   a  and  3   a  into the target screen of  FIGS. 2   b  and  3   b.    
         [0038]      FIG. 4   a  shows show an original display screen  400   a  before a limousine stretching.  FIG. 4   b  shows show a target display screen  400   b  after the limousine stretching. The change in the height of the target screen from that of the original screen is greater than change in the width of the target screen from that of the original screen. A limousine line  402  is seen extending between the left and right edges of the original screen.  FIG. 4   a  shows that the display screen  400   a  before the limousine stretching has an object  408   a  above the limousine line  402   a , an object  406   a  that is straddling the limousine line  402   a , and an object  404   a  below the limousine line  402   a .  FIG. 4   b  shows that the objects above and below the limousine line  402   a  have been proportionally re-sized, whereas the object  406   a  straddling the limousine line  402   a  has been both proportionally and non-proportionally re-sized. The proportional re-sizing of the object  406   a  straddling the limousine line  402   a  is the same as the other two objects  408   a ,  404   a , but the non-proportionally re-sizing of the object  406   a  is directed in a stretching in the vertical direction of target screen  400   b . The factors of A 1 , A 2 , B 1 , B 2 , and C are measured similarly as were discussed with respect to  FIGS. 2   a ,  2   b ,  3   a , and  3   b . Accordingly, target screen  400   b  in  FIG. 4   b  shows the case where the height to width aspect ratio is greater than one. In this case, the non-proportionally re-sizing of the object  406   a  is subjected to a vertical stretch due to the larger increment in the vertical distance of target screen  400   b.    
         [0039]      FIG. 5  shows a flowchart for a process  500  for the limousine scaling of all objects on an original screen to a target screen. Each object on the original screen in subjected to the process  500  which begins at block  502  and proceeds to block  504  at which a query is made as to whether the target screen is proportionally wider than the original screen. This query is determined by a comparison of SW 2 /SW 1 &gt;SH 2 /SH 1 . If the answer to the query at block  504  is affirmative, then process  500  moves to block  506  to begin the scaling of the object&#39;s position and size by a height ratio. At block  506 , several calculations are made with the widths and heights seen in  FIG. 2   a  to arrive at the widths and heights that are seen in  FIG. 2   b . The calculations at block  506  are as follows: 
   L   2   =L   1   *SH   2   /SH   1      T   2   =T   1   *SH   2   /SH   1      W   2   =W   1   *SH   2   /SH   1      H   2   =H   1 *SH 2   /SH   1      C=SW   2   −SW   1   *SH   2   /SH   1    
         [0040]     Process  500  then moves control to block  508 . At block  508 , a query determines, by a length comparison of L 1 &lt;Limousine Distance (Limo), if the left most edge of object  206   a  is to the left of the limousine line  202   a . If so, then another query is made at block  510  to determine, by a length comparison of L 1 +W 1 &lt;Limo, if the right most edge of object  206   a  is to the left of the limousine line  202   a . If so, then it is determined that object  206   a  is on the left side on the original screen, so no adjustments are needed to object  206   a . Process  500  then is complete with this aspect of the transformation of object  206   a  of the original screen to object  206   b  of the target screen.  
         [0041]     If the answer is negative to the query at block  508 , then it is determined at block  518  that object  206   a  is on the right side on the original screen, and that object  206   a  is to be moved to the right side of the target screen. This move is expressed by the calculation L 2 =L 2 +C. Process  500  then is complete with this aspect of the transformation of object  206   a  of the original screen to object  206   b  of the target screen.  
         [0042]     If the answer is negative to the query at block  510 , then it is determined at block  516  that object  206   a  straddles the limousine line  202   a  on the original screen. For this determination, it is further determined that object  206   a  is to be stretched from the left to the right on the target screen. This stretching is expressed by the calculation W 2 =W 2 +C. Process  500  then is complete with this aspect of the transformation of object  206   a  of the original screen to object  206   b  of the target screen.  
         [0043]     If the result of the query at block  504  is that the target screen is not proportionally wider than the original screen, the process  500  encompasses, by way of example, the scaling of the original objects that are seen in  FIG. 4   a , where the limousine line  402   a  intersects the original object  406   a . Process  500  moves to block  520  at which various calculations are made: 
 
 L   2   =L   1   *SW   2   /SW   1  
 
 T   2   =T   1   *SW   2   /SW   1  
 
 W   2   =W   1   *SW   2   /SW   1  
 
 H   2   =H   1   *SW   2   /SW   1  
 
 C=SH   2   −SH   1   *SW   2   /SW   1  
 
         [0044]     Process  500  then moves control to block  522 . At block  522 , a query determines, by a height comparison of T 1 &lt;Limo, if the top most edge of the original object is above the limousine point. If so, then another query is made at block  524  to determine, by a height comparison of T 1 +H 1 &lt;Limo, if the bottom most edge of the original object is to above the limousine point If so, then it is determined that the original object does not need to be adjusted because the original object is on the top side of the original screen. Process  500  then is complete with this aspect of the transformation of the original object of the original screen to the target object of the target screen.  
         [0045]     If the answer is negative to the query at block  522 , then it is determined at block  530  that object  206   a  is on the bottom side of the original screen, and that the original object is to be moved to the bottom side of the target screen. This move is expressed by the calculation T 2 =T 2 +C. Process  500  then is complete with this aspect of the transformation of the original object of the original screen to the target object of the target screen.  
         [0046]     If the answer is negative to the query at block  524 , then it is determined at block  528  that the original object straddles the limousine line  402  on the original screen. From this determination, it is further determined that the original object is to be stretched in a direction from the top side of the original screen to the bottom side of the target screen. This stretching is expressed by the calculation H 2 =H 2 +C. Process  500  then is complete with this aspect of the transformation of the original object of the original screen to the target object of the target screen.  
         [0047]     Following the transformation of all of the aspects of each object ( 204   a ,  206   a ,  208   a ,  404   a ,  406   a ,  408   a ) on the original screen to the respective aspects of each object ( 204   b ,  206   b ,  208   b ,  404   b ,  406   b ,  408   b ) on the target screen, the target screen can be displayed in a display  516 . Implementations provide for an esthetically presented arrangement of the objects ( 204   b ,  206   b ,  208   b ,  404   b ,  406   b ,  408   b ) on the target screen of the display  516 .  
         [0048]     The examples given in  FIGS. 2   a  through  4   b  provide for a shifting of graphical data objects along horizontal and vertical axes. For instance, an original screen can be a square shape having a dimension of 10 units by 10 units. The target screen can have a height of 20 units and a width of 50 units. In this case, the height to width aspect ratio is less than one for the target screen (i.e., 20/50). A horizontal shift of the graphical data objects would be performed due to the larger increment in the horizontal distance, from 10 to 50 as opposed to from 10 to 20, when resizing the original screen to the target screen. Alternatively, the target screen can but have a height of 50 units and a width of 20 units. In this case, the height to width aspect ratio is greater than one for the target screen (i.e., 50/20). A vertical shift of the graphical data objects would be performed due to the larger increment in the vertical distance, from 10 to 50 as opposed to from 10 to 20, when resizing the original screen to the target screen.  
         [0049]     The transformation of an original screen of one resolution or aspect ratio into a target screen of a different resolution or aspect via the limousine stretching technique, as described above, can be reduced in computational complexity by use of integer arithmetic. Integer arithmetic can be run with limited computational resources typical of thin clients, such as set top boxes. By comparison, floating point arithmetic is much more expensive, especially on thin client such as set-top boxes that do not have floating point coprocessors. All computation can be done accurately using only integer arithmetic and no floating point arithmetic. Ultimately, the left, top, width and height values of each graphical data object on the target screen must rounded to integer values for display on a pixel-based device. In the examples given below, the “div” operator will be used to represent integer division and the “/” operator will be used to represent real number division. When scaling coordinates of the graphical data object from the original screen to the target screen, multiplication can be done before division to preserve the accuracy of the results. For example, the computation of the left coordinate can be perform as L 2 =(L 1 *SW 2 )div SW 1  instead of L 2 =L 1 *(SW 2  div SW 1 ). On most computer systems, the integer division operation between a positive numerator N and positive denominator D truncates or “rounds down” the result to the nearest integer introducing an error E, where −1&lt;E≦0. By multiplying before dividing, the total error is limited to E a  where −1&lt;E a ≦0. If division is done before multiplication, the error of the division operation E b  where −1&lt;E b ≦0 gets multiplied by L 1  resulting in a larger total error E c  where −L 1 &lt;E c ≦0. Thus, we minimize the total error by performing multiplication before division. Integer division between positive numerator N and positive denominator D truncates or “rounds down” the result to the nearest integer, but it is also easy to achieve the effect of rounding up using integer arithmetic. By adding D-1 to N before doing in integer division by D, we can achieve the effect of rounding up. It is desirable to round up the width and height calculations. By slightly adding to the growth of the object, a visual problem such as clipping can be avoided, such as where a portion of the clipped graphical data object would otherwise not be seen in the scaled target screen. This can be counterbalanced by rounding down the left and top coordinate calculations. This way, the error in the right and bottom coordinates is at most 1 unit in either direction. 
 
−1 &lt;E   L ≦0 
 
−1 &lt;E   T ≦0 
 
0&lt; E   W &lt;1 
 
0&lt; E   H &lt;1 
 
−1&lt; E   R   =E   L+   E   W &lt;1 
 
−1&lt; E   B   =E   T+   E   H &lt;1. 
 
         [0050]     The calculations should be modified as follows to incorporate the proper rounding: 
        width ratio&gt;height ratio: 
            left of limo: 
 
 L   2 =( L   1   *SH   2 )div  SH   1  
 
 T   2 =( T   1   *SH   2 )div  SH   1  
 
 W   2 =( W   1   *SH   2   +SH   1 −1)div  SH   1  
 
 H   2 =( H   1   *SH   2   +SH   1 −1)div  SH   1  
    straddling limo: 
 
 L   2 =( L   1   *SH   2 )div  SH   1  
 
 T   2 =( T   1   *SH   2 )div  SH   1  
 
 W   2 =(( W   1   −SW   1 )*SH 2   +SH   1 −1)div  SH   1   +SW   2  
 
 H   2 =( H   1   *SH   2   +SH   1 −1)div  SH   1  
    right of limo: 
 
 L   2 =(( L   1   −SW   1 )* SH   2 )div  SH   1   +SW   2  
 
 T   2 =( T   1   *SH   2 )div  SH   1  
 
 W   2 =( W   1   *SH   2   +SH   1 −1)div  SH   1  
 
 H   2 =( H   1   *SH   2   +SH   1 −1)div  SH   1  
   
            height ratio&gt;width ratio: 
            above limo: 
 
 L   2 =( L   1   *SW   2 )div SW 1  
 
 T   2 =( T   1   *SW   2 )div SW 1  
 
 W   2 =( W   1   *SW   2   +SW   1 −1)div  SW   1  
 
 H   2 =( H   1   *SW   2   +SW   1 −1)div  SW   1  
    straddling limo: 
 
 L   2 =( L   1   *SW   2 )div  SW   1  
 
 T   2 =( T   1   *SW   2 )div  SW   1  
 
 W   2 =( W   1   *SW   2   +SW   1 −1)div SW 1  
 
 H   2 =(( H   1   −SH   1 )* SW   2   +SW   1 −1)div  SW   1   +SH   2  
    below limo: 
 
 L   2 =( L   1   *SW   2 )div  SW   1  
 
 T   2 =(( T   1   −SH   1 )* SW   2 )div  SW   1   +SH   2  
 
 W   2 =( W   1   *SW   2   +SW   1 −1)div  SW   1  
 
 H   2 =( H   1   *SW   2   +SW   1 −1)div  SW   1  
   
               
 
         [0059]      FIGS. 6   a - 6   b  provide an example of the foregoing technique for integer arithmetic to simplify mathematics of positioning objects on a target screen.  FIG. 6   a  shows a graphical data object  602   a  on a rescaled target screen  600   a  prior to the introduction of rounding error.  FIG. 6   b  shows a graphical data object  602   b  on a rescaled target screen  600   b  after to the introduction of rounding error. The rounding error so introduced enlarges object  602   a  to the size depicted for object  602   b , where the width is moved from 0.1-3.9 to 0.0-4.0, and where the height is moved from 0.3-2.7 to 0.0-3.0. Thus, the position of object  602   a  was rounded down with respect to the top edge of the target screen and the left side of the target screen, and was rounded up with respect to the bottom edge of the target screen and the right side of the target screen. As such, graphical data object  602   b  has a resultant height of 3 and a width of 4. In summary, the size of the target graphic data object on the target screen seen in  FIG. 6   b  has been increased by rounding to an integer value the coordinates of the target graphic data object on the target screen.  
         [0060]     A designer can design a template having a height-to-width aspect ratio. The designer also specifies the type of graphical data objects that will appear on a screen that is formed from the template. For each type of graphical data object, the designer can further specify whether or not the object can be subjected to limousine stretching. For instance, the designer may specify that no corporate trademark or logo is to be limousine stretched, but is only to be proportionally stretched so as to maintain the original aspect ratio. The designer may further specify that text that will appear on a re-sized version of the original screen template is to be examined for an appropriate font point size that will appear best on the target screen and that the text will be drawn with the best font point size. Finally, the template designer will specify a limousine point on one of the edges of the screen, such as at the bottom edge. The designer can then specify that all other graphical data objects can be, by default, eligible to be limousine stretched when re-sizing a screen from its originally designed dimensions. Accordingly, the designer can design the original screen template to accommodate likely graphical data objects for likely target screens so as to preserve the esthetic appearance of the original screen template.  
         [0061]      FIG. 7  depicts a main television guide or electronic programming guide (EPG) screen having an original design resolution of 576 pixels by 480 pixels. The dashed line in  FIG. 7  depicts a limousine line that is designed by a screen designer that can be used for limousine scaling. The limousine line extends as a normal to a limousine point at the bottom edge of screen to intersect with a horizontal axis on the top edge of the screen.  
         [0062]      FIG. 8   a  depicts an EPG screen that has been limousine scaled to a dimension of 576 pixels by 360 pixels, where objects have been scaled by a factor of 75% and the target screen height has been reduced to 75% of the height of the original screen.  FIG. 8   a  shows interactive on-screen buttons for a “Video Store” function, a “Search” function, and an “Exit to TV” function. These buttons are seen on the left side of the screen and have the same proportions in the target screen as they do in the original screen so that their appearance on the target screen does not have a distorted appearance. The space on the target screen is used effectively by making the program listing section in the EPG on the right side of the target screen proportionally wider than on the original screen. This technique allows long titles, such as “Moment of Truth: Why My Daughter?”, to be displayed without clipping.  
         [0063]      FIG. 8   a  shows that graphic characteristics for, and the text attached to, the original graphic data objects on the original screen seen in  FIG. 7  have been obtained and used in the target graphic data objects on the target screen of  FIG. 8   a . The attached text has been reformatted so as to correspond to the target graphic data objects on the target screen seen in  FIG. 8   a . Accordingly, the attached text esthetically fits within opposing top and bottom edges and opposing left and right edges of the target graphic data objects on the target screen of  FIG. 8   a . Additionally, the graphic characteristics for the original graphic data objects on the original screen in  FIG. 7  (e.g., tone, borders, etc.) have been applied to the target graphic data objects on the target screen of  FIG. 8   a.    
         [0064]      FIG. 8   b  depicts the EPG screen of  FIG. 7  having been scaled non-proportionally to a dimension of 576 pixels by 360 pixels, where space on the screen has not been used as effectively as the space used in the limousine scaled screen depicted in  FIG. 8   a . The on-screen interactive buttons on the left side of the original screen for a “Video Store” function, a “Search” function, and an “Exit to TV” function have an appearance of being too wide. These buttons would be more esthetically pleasing if they had been stretched proportionally rather than to be rendered non-proportionally. Alternatively, the grid on the right side of the original screen can be stretched non-proportionally without appearing distorted. As such, the space at the right side of the screen in  FIG. 8   b  is not used as effectively as the space in the limousine scaled target screen depicted in  FIG. 8   a . Unlike in  FIG. 8   a , the text “Moment of Truth: Why My Daughter?” is truncated in  FIG. 8   b.    
         [0065]      FIG. 9  depicts an EPG screen having been scaled proportionally to a resolution of 432 pixels×360 pixels. For this EPG screen, limousine scaling is not needed because the target screen has the same proportions as the original screen and thus does not have a distorted appearance.  
         [0066]      FIG. 10   a  depicts a screen having a dimension of 576 pixels by 360 pixels that has not been subjected to limousine stretching. Graphical data objects at the left side of the screen in the depicted scaled version look stretched and have a distorted appearance of being too wide.  FIG. 10   b  depicts, for comparison purposes, the screen of  FIG. 10   a  as having a dimension of 432 pixels by 360 pixels, which is a proportionally scaled screen that has not been subjected to non-proportional limousine stretching.  
         [0067]      FIG. 11  depicts a screen having a dimension of 576 pixels by 360 pixels, where non-proportional limousine scaling has been used. Most of the graphical elements on the original screen have been stretched toward the right side of the target screen as depicted in  FIG. 11 . Limousine scaling is beneficial here in that the ‘Video Store’ button does not have a distorted appearance.  
         [0068]      FIG. 12  depicts a screen having a dimension of 576 pixels by 360 pixels, where non-proportional limousine scaling has been used. The result is that the on-screen graphical data objects do not have distorted or misshapen appearances.  
         [0069]      FIG. 13  depicts a screen having a dimension of 576, pixels by 360 pixels, where non-proportional limousine scaling has been used. Limousine scaling has stretched most of the graphical elements toward the right side of the target screen.  
         [0070]     Exemplary Environment  
         [0071]     Various environments are suitable and contemplated the disclosed embodiments in which a single set of user interface (UI) description data can be broadcast (such as via data carousels) to many clients with different screen resolutions and aspect ratios, and where each client can scale the UI to fit the screen because the limousine scaling uses integer arithmetic which is computationally inexpensive. Moreover, broadcast bandwidth usage is minimized by delivering only a single set of UI description data, rather than multiple sets (e.g., one for each different screen resolution). According, the environments for the various disclosed implementations are not limited to an exemplary implementation discussed below with respect to  FIG. 14  regarding a TV network infrastructure.  
         [0072]      FIG. 14  illustrates an exemplary environment  1400  in which a viewer may receive content via a client that re-sizes the content to fit on a target screen as has been described above. Exemplary environment  1400  is a television entertainment system that facilitates distribution of content to multiple viewers. The environment  1400  includes one or more content providers  1402 , one or more program data providers  1404 , a content distribution system  1406 , and multiple clients  1408 ( 1 ),  1408 ( 2 ), . . . ,  1408 (J) coupled to the content distribution system  1406  via a broadcast network  1410 . Each client  1408  ( 1  through J) and the content distribution system  1406  are in communication with a network  1450  that provides two-way communications there between. The system may have two-way communications, but this is not required for the UI page scaling to work. The content distribution system  1406  services requests from the clients  1408 ( 1 )- 1408 (J). Each client  1408 ( j ) can receive an original screen that has been designed for limousine stretching and can perform limousine stretching and integer rounding to output a display of a target screen, as has been described above.  
         [0073]     Content provider  1402  includes a content server  1412  and stored content  1414 , such as movies, television programs, commercials, music, and similar audio and/or video content. Content server  1412  controls distribution of the stored content  1414  from content provider  1402  to the content distribution system  1406 . For example, the content server  1412  may broadcast the stored content  1414  to one or more of the clients  1408 ( 1 )- 1408 (J) in response to a request received from the clients  1408 ( 1 )- 1408 (J). Additionally, content server  1402  controls distribution of live content (e.g., content that was not previously stored, such as live feeds) and/or content stored at other locations to the content distribution system  1406 .  
         [0074]     Program data provider  1404  stores and provides an electronic program guide (EPG) database. Program data in the EPG includes program titles, ratings, characters, descriptions, actor names, station identifiers, channel identifiers, schedule information, and so on. The terms “program data” and “EPG data” are used interchangeably throughout this discussion, both of which may be thought of as forms of content that may be requested by one or more of the clients  1408 ( 1 )- 1408 (J).  
         [0075]     J The program data provider  1404  processes the EPG data prior to distribution to generate a published version of the program data which contains programming information for all channels for one or more days. The processing may involve any number of techniques to reduce, modify, or enhance the EPG data. Such processes might include selection of content, content compression, format modification, and the like. The program data provider  1404  controls distribution of the published version of the program data to the content distribution system  1406  using, for example, a file transfer protocol (FTP) over a TCP/IP network (e.g., Internet, UNIX, etc.). Further, the published version of the program data can be transmitted from program data provider  1404  via a satellite  1434  directly to a client  1408  by use of a satellite dish  1434 .  
         [0076]     Content distribution system  1406  includes a broadcast transmitter  1428 , one or more content processors  1430 , and one or more program data processors  1432 . Broadcast transmitter  1428  broadcasts signals, such as cable television signals, across broadcast network  1410 . Broadcast network  1410  can include a cable television network, RF, microwave, satellite, and/or data network, such as the Internet, and may also include wired or wireless media using any broadcast format or broadcast protocol. Additionally, broadcast network  1410  can be any type of network, using any type of network topology and any network communication protocol, and can be represented or otherwise implemented as a combination of two or more networks. Although broadcast transmitter  1428  is illustrated as within the content distribution system  1406 , the broadcast transmitter may also be included with the content server  1412 .  
         [0077]     Content processor  1430  processes the content received from content provider  1402  prior to transmitting the content across broadcast network  1410 . Similarly, program data processor  1432  processes the program data received from program data provider  1404  prior to transmitting the program data across broadcast network  1410 . A particular content processor  1430  may encode, or otherwise process, the received content into a format that is understood by the multiple clients  1408 ( 1 ),  1408 ( 2 ), . . . ,  1408 (J) coupled to broadcast network  1410 . Although  FIG. 14  shows a single content provider  1402 , a single program data provider  1404 , and a single content distribution system  1406 , exemplary environment  1400  can include any number of content providers and/or program data providers coupled to any number of content distribution systems.  
         [0078]     Content distribution system  1406  is representative of a head end service with one or more carousels that provides content to multiple subscribers. For example, the content may include a result of processing that was performed in response to a request sent by one or more of the clients  1408 ( 1 )- 1408 (J). Each content distribution system  1404  may receive a slightly different version of the program data that takes into account different programming preferences and lineups. The program data provider  1404  creates different versions of EPG data (e.g., different versions of a program guide) that include those channels of relevance to respective head end services, and the content distribution system  1406  transmits the EPG data to the multiple clients  1408 ( 1 ),  1408 ( 2 ), . . . ,  1408 (J). In one implementation, for example, content distribution system  1406  utilizes a carousel file system to repeatedly broadcast the EPG data over an out-of-band (OOB) channel to the clients  1408 .  
         [0079]     Clients  1408  can be implemented in a number of ways. For example, a client  1408 ( 1 ) receives broadcast content from a satellite-based transmitter via satellite dish  1434 . Client  1408 ( 1 ) is also referred to as a set-top box or a satellite receiving device. Client  1408 ( 1 ) is coupled to a television  1436 ( 1 ) for presenting the content received by the client (e.g., audio data and video data), as well as a graphical user interface. A particular client  1408  can be coupled to any number of televisions  1436  and/or similar devices that can be implemented to display or otherwise render content. Similarly, any number of clients  1408  can be coupled to a single television  1436 .  
         [0080]     Client  1408 ( 2 ) is also coupled to receive broadcast content from broadcast network  1410  and provide the received content to associated television  1436 ( 2 ). Client  1408 (J) is an example of a combination television  1438  and integrated set-top box  1440 . In this example, the various components and functionality of the set-top box are incorporated into the television, rather than using two separate devices. The functionality of the set-top box within the television enables the receipt of different kinds of signals, such as via a satellite dish (similar to satellite dish  1434 ) and/or via broadcast network  1410 . In alternate implementations, clients  1408  may receive signals via network  1450 , such as the Internet, or any other broadcast medium.  
         [0081]     Each client  1408  runs one or more applications. As mentioned above, one such application can enable client  1408 ( j ) to receive an original screen that has been designed for limousine stretching and can enable limousine stretching and integer rounding operations so as to output a display of a target screen, as has been described above. Another application may enable a television viewer to navigate through an onscreen program guide, locate television shows of interest to the viewer, and purchase items, view linear programming as well as pay per view and/or video on demand programming. As such, one or more of the program data providers  1404  can include stored on-demand content, such as Video On-Demand (VOD) movie content, and near VOD such as pay per view movie content. The stored on-demand and near on-demand content can be viewed with a client  1408  through an onscreen movie guide, for example, and a viewer can enter instructions to stream a particular movie, or other stored content, down to a corresponding client  1408 . Each client  1408  receives content and adapts the content for output to a target screen that is displayed on the television  1436 . This adaptation process undertaken by the client  1408  includes the limousine stretching and integer rounding techniques as disclosed in this patent.  
         [0082]     The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.