Abstract:
A bioabsorbable tissue support is inserted into a tissue of a subject during, or after, puncture of the tissue. The bioabsorbable tissue support includes a material that is gradually absorbed into the punctured tissue in time, and disappears. The bioabsorbable tissue support may be inserted standing alone, or in association with a permanent or temporary non-bioabsorbable tissue support, may define the shape of the punctured hole, and/or may release useful or ornamental chemicals into the punctured tissue. The chemical may include an antibacterial material, an antifungal material, an antimicrobial material, topical anesthetic, a temporary or permanent dye material, and/or an antiproliferative agent. The non-bioabsorbable tissue support may include a self-expanding material that enlarges the size of the puncture in time. The bioabsorbable tissue support may have the form of a tube and/or a mesh of variable peripheral shapes, be elongated, and/or have attachable and detachable end plates and pointed tips.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/993,363, filed May 15, 2014 the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to a device including a bioabsorbable tissue support adjunctive to tissue piercing and a method of using the same. 
         [0003]    Tissue piercing, including the piercing of cartilage and skin, has been employed both for humans and other lifeforms for various purposes. For example, ear piercing is performed among the general population to enable attachment of ornamental earrings. Tissue piercing for animals for identification purposes, therapeutic purposes, and/or ornamental purposes is also widely practiced. 
         [0004]    Tissue piercing is inherently an unsafe procedure because tissue piercing inevitably exposes portions of tissues that are not exposed to the ambient in normal conditions. Exposure of cut tissues to the ambient can trigger exposure to bacteria and/or viruses, and in some cases, may cause severe inflammation that cause deformation of the pierced tissues and/or life-threatening medical conditions. 
         [0005]    Thus, methods and devices for safely performing tissue piercing for humans and/or other lifeforms are desirable. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0006]    A bioabsorbable tissue support is inserted into a tissue of a subject during, or after, puncture of the tissue. The bioabsorbable tissue support includes a material that is gradually absorbed into the punctured tissue in time, and disappears. The bioabsorbable tissue support may be inserted standing alone, or in association with a permanent or temporary non-bioabsorbable tissue support. The bioabsorbable tissue support may define the shape of the punctured hole, and/or may release useful or ornamental chemicals into the punctured tissue. The chemical may include an antibacterial material, an antifungal material, an antimicrobial material, topical anesthetic, a temporary or permanent dye material, and/or an antiproliferative agent. The non-bioabsorbable tissue support may include a self-expanding material that enlarges the size of the puncture in time. The bioabsorbable tissue support may be in the form of a tube and/or a mesh which may be expandable or expanding, and may be elongated and/or may have an attachable or detachable endplate and/or pointed tip. 
         [0007]    According to an aspect of the present disclosure, a device including a bioabsorbable tissue support is provided. The bioabsorbable tissue support contains at least one bioabsorbable material, includes an elongated portion having a uniform or tapered cross-sectional shape and is configured to contact an inner surface of a puncture in a tissue, and has a rigidity to maintain an original shape until the at least one bioabsorbable material is absorbed into a body of a subject to which the device is inserted. Each of the at least one bioabsorbable material is selected from a group consisting of therapeutic medical chemicals, anesthetic materials, dye materials, and antiproliferative agents. 
         [0008]    In one embodiment, a cavity extends through the elongated portion, and the elongated portion has a tubular shape. 
         [0009]    In another embodiment, the bioabsorbable tissue support further contains a pointed tip portion attached to, and/or located at, one end of the elongated portion. The bioabsorbable tissue support can further include an end plate that is attached to one or both ends of the elongated portion and extending further outward from an axis passing through a center of mass of the elongated portion in a lengthwise direction of the elongated portion than a maximum lateral dimension of the cross-sectional shape of the elongated portion. 
         [0010]    In even another embodiment, the elongated portion has a tubular mesh structure with openings therein. 
         [0011]    In yet another embodiment, the uniform or tapered cross-sectional shape has a non-circular periphery. 
         [0012]    In still another embodiment, the at least one bioabsorbable material includes a plurality of layers having different compositions. The plurality of layers can include at least an outer layer having a first composition having a first bioabsorption half-life, and an inner layer surrounded by the outer layer and having a second composition having a second bioabsorption half-life that is longer than the first bioabsorption half-life. Additionally or alternatively, the plurality of layers can include a first layer providing a first functionality selected from therapeutic treatment of the puncture, anesthetic treatment of the puncture, coloring of a region around the puncture, and prevention of change of shape of the puncture; and a second layer providing a second functionality selected therapeutic treatment of the puncture, anesthetic treatment of the puncture, coloring of a region around the puncture, and prevention of change of shape of the puncture, the second functionality being different from the first functionality. 
         [0013]    In still yet another embodiment, the device can further include an expansion-inducing device embedded within a cavity in the elongated portion. The expansion-inducing device may be a balloon, which can include a tube fitting portion configured to receive an end portion of a tube, which may be configured to provide a fluid therethrough for expansion of the balloon. The expansion inducing device may also be an expandable mold or structure or form with a noncircular periphery to expand the tissue support into a noncircular form. 
         [0014]    In further another embodiment, the device consists of the bioabsorbable tissue support. In even further another embodiment, the device further includes a non-bioabsorbable tissue support embedded within the bioabsorbable tissue support. At least a portion of the bioabsorbable tissue support is located outside of said non-bioabsorbable tissue support. In one case, the portion of the tissue support can receive end plates, rivets, or ornamental adornments by threading, snap, pressure and/or other means. 
         [0015]    In one case, the tissue support includes at least two components, the bioabsorbable tissue support and the non-bioabsorbable issue support, and the non-bioabsorbable tissue support includes an elastic material that is spring loaded in a compressed state by the bioabsorbable tissue support, and is configured to expand during bioabsorption of the bioabsorbable tissue support and to conform to a target shape upon release of stress in the elastic material. In one case, the non-bioabsorbable tissue support can be composed of a material that swells or expands to conform to a target shape when expanded by pressure, or activated by contact with water or a chemical compound, or by gradual absorption of the bioabsorbable tissue support. 
         [0016]    In another case, the non-bioabsorbable tissue support includes a metallic material or a ceramic material that maintains an original shape after the bioabsorbable tissue support is absorbed by the tissue. 
         [0017]    The non-bioabsorbable tissue can include a sidewall surface including an opening and a hanging structure affixed to an end of the sidewall surface, the hanging structure being selected from a hook, a hoop for hanging a hook, a hole in a plate, and an elastic clip. 
         [0018]    In yet further another embodiment, the bioabsorbable tissue support includes a bioabsorbable dye, and/or at least one material selected from the group consisting of therapeutic medical chemicals, anesthetic materials, and antiproliferative agents. 
         [0019]    According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a method of operating a device is provided. A device including a bioabsorbable tissue support is provided. The bioabsorbable tissue support contains at least one bioabsorbable material, includes an elongated portion having a uniform or tapered cross-sectional shape and configured to contact an inner surface of a puncture in a tissue, and has a rigidity to maintain an original shape until the at least one bioabsorbable material is absorbed into a body of a subject to which the device is inserted. Each of the at least one bioabsorbable material is selected from a group consisting of therapeutic medical chemicals, anesthetic materials, dye materials, and antiproliferative agents. A through-hole is formed through a tissue portion of a lifeform. The device is inserted through the through-hole simultaneously with, or after, formation of the through-hole. 
         [0020]    In one embodiment, the bioabsorbable tissue support further contains a pointed tip portion attached to, or located at, one end of the elongated portion. The method further includes detaching the pointed tip from the elongated portion after insertion of the device. 
         [0021]    In another embodiment, the elongated portion can be inflated by providing a balloon within a cavity in the elongated portion; and outwardly expanding the elongated portion by inflating the balloon. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0022]      FIG. 1A  is an angled view of a first exemplary device including a bioabsorbable tissue support that includes an end plate and a pointed tip. 
           [0023]      FIG. 1B  is another angled view of the first exemplary device including a bioabsorbable tissue support of  FIG. 1A . 
           [0024]      FIG. 1C  is a vertical cross-sectional view of the first exemplary device of  FIGS. 1A and 1B  along a vertical plane containing a lengthwise axis of an elongated portion. 
           [0025]      FIG. 1D  is a vertical cross-sectional view of a first variation of the first exemplary device including a bioabsorbable tissue support. 
           [0026]      FIG. 1E  is an angled view of a second variation of the first exemplary device including a bioabsorbable tissue support. 
           [0027]      FIG. 1F  is an angled view of a third variation of the first exemplary device including a bioabsorbable tissue support. 
           [0028]      FIG. 1G  is an angled view of a fourth variation of the first exemplary device including a bioabsorbable tissue support that includes a detachable pointed tip and a plug plate that can replace the detachable pointed tip upon installation of the bioabsorbable tissue support on a tissue. 
           [0029]      FIG. 2A  is an illustration of a configuration in which a device including a bioabsorbable tissue support is inserted through a hole through a tissue of a subject. 
           [0030]      FIG. 2B  is an illustration of a configuration in which an integrated pointed top portion of the bioabsorbable tissue support has been cut off. 
           [0031]      FIG. 2C  is an illustration of a configuration in which an earring has been affixed to an ear of a subject employing a device including a bioabsorbable tissue support of the present disclosure. 
           [0032]      FIG. 2D  is an illustration of a configuration in which a plug plate is employed to secure an identification tag upon installation of a device of the present disclosure on a tissue of a subject. 
           [0033]      FIG. 2E  is an illustration of a configuration in which an end plate and a plug plate are attached to an elongated portion. 
           [0034]      FIG. 2F  is an illustration of a configuration for forming flattened end plates after insertion of the first exemplary device and prior to crimping. 
           [0035]      FIG. 2G  is an illustration of the configuration in which flattened end plates have been formed. 
           [0036]      FIG. 3A  is an angled view of a second exemplary device including a bioabsorbable tissue support that contains a plurality of openings within an elongated portion. 
           [0037]      FIG. 3B  is an angled view of a type of a third exemplary device including a bioabsorbable tissue support. 
           [0038]      FIG. 3C  is an angled view of another type of the third exemplary device including a bioabsorbable tissue support. 
           [0039]      FIG. 3D  is a vertical cross-sectional view of yet another type of the third exemplary device including a bioabsorbable tissue support along a vertical plane that passes through an elongated portion in a direction that is perpendicular to the lengthwise axis of an elongated portion. 
           [0040]      FIG. 3E  is a vertical cross-sectional view of still another type of the third exemplary device including a bioabsorbable tissue support along a vertical plane that passes through an elongated portion in a direction that is perpendicular to the lengthwise axis of an elongated portion. 
           [0041]      FIG. 3F  is a vertical cross-sectional view of even another type of the third exemplary device including a bioabsorbable tissue support along a vertical plane that passes through an elongated portion in a direction that is perpendicular to the lengthwise axis of an elongated portion. 
           [0042]      FIG. 4A  is an angled view of a first type of a fourth exemplary device including a bioabsorbable tissue support. 
           [0043]      FIG. 4B  is an angled view of a second type of the fourth exemplary device including a bioabsorbable tissue support. 
           [0044]      FIG. 5  is a vertical cross-sectional view of a bioabsorbable tissue support that illustrates a layered structure including multiple layers of bioabsorbable materials. 
           [0045]      FIG. 6A  is a vertical cross-sectional view of a fifth exemplary device including a bioabsorbable tissue support and a non-bioabsorbable tissue support along a vertical plane containing a lengthwise axis of an elongated portion. 
           [0046]      FIG. 6B  is a vertical cross-sectional view of a first variation of the fifth exemplary device. 
           [0047]      FIG. 6C  is a vertical cross-sectional view of the first variation of the fifth exemplary device of  FIG. 6B  after installation on a tissue. 
           [0048]      FIG. 6D  is a vertical cross-sectional view of a second variation of the fifth exemplary device. 
           [0049]      FIG. 6E  is a vertical cross-sectional view of the second variation of the fifth exemplary device of  FIG. 6D  after installation on a tissue. 
           [0050]      FIG. 7A  is a vertical cross-sectional view of a first type of a sixth exemplary device including a bioabsorbable tissue support and a balloon along a vertical plane containing a lengthwise axis of an elongated portion. 
           [0051]      FIG. 7B  is a vertical cross-sectional view of a second type of the sixth exemplary device including a bioabsorbable tissue support, a non-bioabsorbable tissue support, and an expansion device along a vertical plane containing a lengthwise axis of an elongated portion. 
           [0052]      FIG. 7C  is a vertical cross-sectional view of the sixth exemplary device after insertion into a hole through a tissue of a subject, prior to expansion. 
           [0053]      FIG. 7D  is a vertical cross-sectional view of the sixth exemplary device after expansion employing an inflation device. 
           [0054]      FIG. 7E  is a bird&#39;s eye view of a first variation of the sixth exemplary device that includes a self-expanding non-bioabsorbable tissue support, a coating of a bioabsorbable tissue support, and a removable sleeve that suppresses expansion of the assembly of tissue supports according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
           [0055]      FIG. 7F  is a bird&#39;s eye view of the first variation of the sixth exemplary device after installation into a through hole in a tissue of a subject and subsequent removal of the sleeve to trigger expansion of the assembly of tissue supports and to induce deformation and/or expansion of the through hole according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
           [0056]      FIG. 7G  is schematic view illustrating the process of manual deformation and/or expansion of the assembly of the tissue supports employing a mechanical hole expansion device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure 
           [0057]      FIG. 8A  is an angled view of an exemplary non-bioabsorbable tissue support including pores therein. 
           [0058]      FIG. 8B  is an angled view of another exemplary non-bioabsorbable tissue support made of a mesh. 
           [0059]      FIG. 9A  is a vertical cross-sectional view of a first type of a seventh exemplary device including a non-bioabsorbable tissue support made of a mesh and a bioabsorbable tissue support. 
           [0060]      FIG. 9B  is a vertical cross-sectional view of a second type of the seventh exemplary device. 
           [0061]      FIG. 10A  is a vertical cross-sectional view of an eighth exemplary device employing a spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support embedded within a bioabsorbable tissue support as inserted within a hole in a tissue. 
           [0062]      FIG. 10B  is a vertical cross-sectional view of the eighth exemplary device after bioabsorption of the bioabsorbable tissue support and expansion of the non-bioabsorbable tissue support to enlarge the hole. 
           [0063]      FIG. 11A  is a vertical cross-sectional view of a ninth exemplary device employing a spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support embedded within a bioabsorbable tissue support as inserted within a hole in a tissue. 
           [0064]      FIG. 11B  is a vertical cross-sectional view of the ninth exemplary device portrayed in  11 A after bioabsorption of the bioabsorbable tissue support and expansion of the non-bioabsorbable tissue support to enlarge and/or shape the hole. 
           [0065]      FIG. 12A  is an angled view of a first type of tenth exemplary device including a non-bioabsorbable tissue support containing a hook, and a bioabsorbable tissue support. This is an example of the device with an endplate for attachment of an ornamental device while the bioabsorbable tissue support is promoting healing. 
           [0066]      FIG. 12B  is an angled view of a second type of the tenth exemplar device including a non-bioabsorbable tissue support containing a hoop for hanging a hook, and a bioabsorbable tissue support. 
           [0067]      FIG. 12C  is an angled view of a third type of the tenth exemplar device including a non-bioabsorbable tissue support containing a hole in a plate, and a bioabsorbable tissue support. 
           [0068]      FIG. 12D  is an angled view of a fourth type of the tenth exemplary device including a non-bioabsorbable tissue support containing an elastic clip, and a bioabsorbable tissue support. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0069]    As stated above, the present invention relates to a device including a bioabsorbable tissue support for tissue piercing and a method of using the same. These aspects of the present disclosure are now described in detail with accompanying figures. It is noted that like reference numerals refer to like elements across different embodiments. The drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. As used herein, ordinals such as “first” and “second” are employed merely to distinguish similar elements, and different ordinals may be employed to designate a same element in the specification and/or claims. 
         [0070]    As used herein, a “lifeform” refers to all biologically living beings, and includes, among others, animals, including domesticated, farm, and wild animals, research animals, and plants. Humans are included among animals for the purposes of this disclosure. 
         [0071]    As used herein, a “bioabsorbable” material refers to a material that is absorbed by at least one lifeform. A “bioabsorbable” element refers to an element that includes at least one bioabsorbable material. A bioabsorbable material may be a material that is absorbed by tissue cells of at least one animal, and/or may be a material that is absorbed by tissue cells of at least one plant, and/or may be a material that is absorbed by human tissue cells. A bioabsorbable material may be a material that is absorbed into an animal through animal skin. A bioabsorbable material may be a material that is absorbed into humans through human skin. 
         [0072]    As used herein, a “non-bioabsorbable” material refers to a material that is not a bioabsorbable material. 
         [0073]    As uses herein, a “tissue” refers to a cell or a group of cells of a lifeform. 
         [0074]    As used herein, a “tissue support” refers to a structure designed to provide a structural support to a tissue. 
         [0075]    As used herein, a “bioabsorbable tissue support” refers to a tissue support containing at least one bioabsorbable material, and may consist of the at least one bioabsorbable material, may composed primarily of the at least one bioabsorbable material, or may include a non-bioabsorbable material. 
         [0076]    An element is “composed primarily of” a material if the mass of the material is more than 50% of the total mass of the element. 
         [0077]    As used herein, a “subject” refers to a lifeform to which a device including a bioabsorbable tissue support is applied or attached. 
         [0078]    As used herein, a “uniform cross-sectional shape” refers to a cross-sectional shape that is invariant under translation along the direction perpendicular to the plane including the cross-sectional shape. 
         [0079]    As used herein, an element is “configured to” perform an action if the element possesses all geometrical features and required mechanical characteristics to perform the action as inherent characteristics of the elements. 
         [0080]    As used herein, a “tapered cross-sectional shape” refers to a cross-sectional shape that changes under translation defined along the direction perpendicular to the plane including the cross-sectional shape in such a way that a new cross-sectional shape at a translated location is obtained by expansion or shrinkage of the original cross-sectional shape before translation, and the selection of the direction of translation with respect to the location of the original cross-sectional shape uniquely determines whether a magnification or a reduction is needed to determine the new cross-sectional shape after translation irrespective of the selection of the location of the original cross-sectional shape. 
         [0081]    As used herein, a “therapeutic medical chemical” refers to a chemical known in the field of medicine to have a therapeutic effect on humans or animals. 
         [0082]    As used herein, an “anesthetic material” refers to a material known in the field of medicine to have anesthetic effect on humans or animals. 
         [0083]    As used herein, a “dye material” refers to a material that provides local coloring of a tissue to which it is applied. 
         [0084]    As used herein, an “antiproliferative agent” refers to an immunosuppressive material, i.e., a material that blocks or suppresses the proliferative phase of acute cellular rejection, and/or prevents re-growth of tissue or that otherwise would occlude the through-hole. 
         [0085]    As used herein, a “bioabsorption half-life” is a time period during which the first one half of the original amount of a topically applied bioabsorbable material is absorbed. 
         [0086]    Referring to  FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 1C , a first exemplary device  100  includes a bioabsorbable tissue support ( 110 ,  120 ,  130 ). The bioabsorbable tissue support ( 110 ,  120 ,  130 ) includes an elongated portion  110 , and optionally includes a pointed tip portion  120 . The pointed tip potion  120 , if present, is attached to an end of the elongated portion  110 . In addition, the bioabsorbable tissue support ( 110 ,  120 ,  130 ) can optionally include an end plate  130 . The end plate  130 , if present, is attached to another end of the elongated portion  110  that is located on the opposite side of the pointed tip portion  120  (if present). The end plate is integral with, and/or attached to, the elongated portion  110 , and if it is attached it may be by threading, snap, pressure and/or other means. 
         [0087]    The elongated portion  110  has a uniform or tapered cross-sectional shape. In one embodiment, the elongated portion  110  can have a uniform cross-sectional shape. The outer surface(s) of the elongated portion  110  is/are configured to contact an inner surface of a puncture in a tissue of a subject. Further, the elongated portion  110  has a rigidity that is sufficient to maintain an original shape until the at least one bioabsorbable material is absorbed into the body of the subject to which the first exemplary device  100  is inserted. Optionally, the elongated portion  110  can be non-elastic deformable material, i.e., a plastic material, which can be deformed through pressure and can maintain the deformed shape after deformation. 
         [0088]    The dimensions of the elongated portion  110  depend on the lateral dimensions and the thickness of the tissue through which the elongated portion  110  is inserted. For example, for the purpose of ear piercing on humans, the length of the elongated portion  110  can be in a range from 0.3 mm to 1 cm, although lesser and greater lengths can also be employed, and the maximum lateral dimension (e.g., the outer diameter if the elongated portion  110  has a cylindrical shape) can be in a range from 1 mm to 1 cm, although lesser and greater lateral dimensions can also be employed. The dimensions of the elongated portion  110  can be scaled up or down depending on the size of the puncture to be formed within a tissue of a subject. 
         [0089]    The direction along which the elongated portion  110  extends is herein referred to as the lengthwise direction of the elongated portion  110 . If the elongated portion  110  has a uniform cross-sectional shape, the cross-sectional shape of the elongated portion is invariant under translation along the lengthwise direction of the elongated portion  110 . If the elongated portion  110  has a tapered cross-sectional shape, the cross-sectional shape of the elongated portion  110  expands, or shrinks, monotonically with translation along the lengthwise direction of the elongated portion  110 . The lengthwise direction that passes through the center of mass  108  of the elongated portion  110  is herein referred to as the “lengthwise axis” of the bioabsorbable tissue support ( 110 ,  120 ,  130 ). The lengthwise axis passes through the center of mass of the elongated portion  110  in the lengthwise direction of the elongated portion  110 . 
         [0090]    The elongated portion  110  includes a cavity  109  therein. The cavity  109  can have a uniform cross-sectional shape or a tapered cross-sectional shape. The cross-sectional area of the cavity  109  can be selected to enable passage of a pin or of an attachment (not shown) therethrough. The attachment is the structure that is permanently or temporarily mounted to the subject employing the puncture in the tissue, and can be, for example, an earring for humans, an identification tag for animals, or any other structure that can be attached to the subject. The cavity  109  extends through the elongated portion  110 . In one embodiment, the elongated portion  110  can have a tubular shape. 
         [0091]    The pointed tip portion  120  has a tapered cross-sectional shape that converges at a pointed tip. If the slope of the pointed tip portion  120  between the elongated portion  110  and the pointed tip may be constant, or may have a non-zero curvature for the shape of the edges in a cross-sectional view along a plane passing through the lengthwise axis of the bioabsorbable tissue support ( 110 ,  120 ,  130 ). The distal region of the pointed tip portion  120 , i.e., the region of the pointed tip portion  120 , may have a uniform taper that terminates at a single point, may have a convex dome, or may have a tip having a more acute taper angle than a proximal region of the pointed tip portion  120 , i.e., the region of the pointed tip portion  120  adjoined to the elongated portion  110 . 
         [0092]    The end plate  130  can extend along the direction of a plane perpendicular to the lengthwise direction of the elongated portion  110 . The end plate  130  has an opening in the middle such that the opening of the end plate  130  is connected to the cavity  109  within the elongated portion. In one embodiment, the opening in the end plate  130  and the portion of the cavity  109  that adjoins the opening of the end plate can have the same cross-sectional shape. 
         [0093]    The end plate  130  can be attached to the end of the elongated portion  110  that is the most distal from the pointed tip portion  120 . The end plate  130  can extend further outward from the lengthwise axis than the maximum lateral dimension of the cross-sectional shape of the elongated portion  110 . It is understood that the maximum lateral dimension of the cross-sectional shape of the elongated portion  110  is the maximum distance between points in the elongated portion  110  and the lengthwise axis. In an illustrative example, if the elongated portion  110  and the end plate  130  are cylindrical, the maximum lateral dimension of the elongated portion  110  can be a first radius R 1  and the maximum lateral dimension of the end plate  130  can be a second radius R 2  that is greater than the first radius R 1 . 
         [0094]    In one embodiment, the end plate  130  can have a uniform thickness throughout. In one embodiment, the end plate  130  can have a circular outer periphery, an elliptical outer periphery, a superelliptical outer periphery, a polygonal outer periphery, or a curvilinear outer periphery of an arbitrary closed curve. In one embodiment, the end plate  130  can have a shape of a circular inner periphery, an elliptical inner periphery, a superelliptical inner periphery, a polygonal inner periphery, or a curvilinear inner periphery of an arbitrary closed curve. In one embodiment, the outer periphery can be spaced from the inner periphery at all azimuthal angles around an axis that passes through the elongated portion  110  along the lengthwise direction of the elongated portion  110 . 
         [0095]    The bioabsorbable tissue support ( 110 ,  120 ,  130 ) contains at least one bioabsorbable material. In one embodiment, the bioabsorbable tissue support ( 110 ,  120 ,  130 ) can consist of the at least one bioabsorbable material. 
         [0096]    In another embodiment, the bioabsorbable tissue support ( 110 ,  120 ,  130 ) can be composed primarily of the at least one bioabsorbable material and include a non-bioabsorbable material. If present, the non-bioabsorbable material can be a dye material, metallic particulates, a polymer material that slowly polymerizes upon exposure to air, air embedded in micropores, a matrix material such as Vaseline, or combinations thereof. The mass percentage of the non-bioabsorbable material within the bioabsorbable tissue support ( 110 ,  120 ,  130 ), if present, can be within a range of 0.01 parts per billion (p.p.b.) to less than 50%. 
         [0097]    Each of the at least one bioabsorbable material can have a functionality. The types of functionalities that a bioabsorbable material can have include, but are not limited to, therapeutic treatment of the puncture, anesthetic treatment of the puncture, coloring of a region around the puncture, and prevention of change of shape of the puncture. Each of the at least one bioabsorbable material can be selected from a group including, and not limited to, therapeutic medical chemicals, anesthetic materials, dye materials, and antiproliferative agents. In one embodiment, each of the at least one bioabsorbable material can be selected from a group consisting of therapeutic medical chemicals, anesthetic materials, dye materials, and antiproliferative agents. 
         [0098]    If therapeutic treatment of the puncture is desired, the at least one bioabsorbable material can include one or more of antibacterial materials, antifungal materials, antimicrobial materials, or other medical chemicals known to be absorbable into tissues and to provide desired therapeutic effects. 
         [0099]    In one embodiment, the bioabsorbable material can be in the form of a mixture between a functional material and a matrix material. The matrix material includes, for example, poly-L-lactic acid, polyglycolic acid, poly(D-L-kactide/plycolide) copolymer, polycaprolactone, other bioabsorbable hydrocarbon-based polymers, and/or a bioabsorbable metallic material known to be absorbable through tissue such as a magnesium alloy or a zinc alloy employed in coronary stents. The functional material can include therapeutic medical chemicals, anesthetic materials, dye materials, and antiproliferative agents. In one embodiment, a plurality of materials having different types of functionalities may be present within the bioabsorbable tissue support ( 110 ,  120 ,  130 ) either in layered structures having different compositions, or in a single composition having multiple functional components. 
         [0100]    In one embodiment, the bioabsorbable tissue support ( 110 ,  120 ,  130 ) can consist of the at least one bioabsorbable material and include a non-bioabsorbable material. In one embodiment, the matrix material may not be employed, and the bioabsorbable tissue support ( 110 ,  120 ,  130 ) can consist of at least one functional bioabsorbable material. In one embodiment, the at least one bioabsorbable material and/or the matrix can be in a dehydrated state, and addition of water from the tissue may trigger bioabsorption. 
         [0101]    Referring to  FIG. 1D , a first variation of the first exemplary device  100  is shown, which includes a bioabsorbable tissue support ( 110 ,  120 ) consisting of an elongated portion  110  and the pointed tip portion  120 , and does not include an end plate. 
         [0102]    Referring to  FIG. 1D , a first variation of the first exemplary device  100  is shown, which includes a bioabsorbable tissue support ( 110 ,  120 ) consisting of an elongated portion  110  and the pointed tip portion  120 , and does not include an end plate. 
         [0103]    Referring to  FIG. 1E , a second variation of the first exemplary device  100  is shown, which includes a bioabsorbable tissue support  110  consisting of an elongated portion  110 , and not including a pointed tip portion or an end plate. 
         [0104]    Referring to  FIG. 1F , a third variation of the first exemplary device  100  is shown, which includes a bioabsorbable tissue support ( 110 ,  120 ,  130 ) that includes a circumferential notch provided between the elongated portion  110  and the pointed tip portion  120 . The entirety of the bioabsorbable tissue support ( 110 ,  120 ,  130 ) is of integral construction, i.e., in a single contiguous piece. The thickness of the region between the elongated portion  110  and the pointed tip portion  120  is reduced relative to the thickness of the elongated portion  110  to provide the circumferential notch. The circumferential notch functions as a self-aligned cutting region after the pointed tip portion  120  of the bioabsorbable tissue support ( 110 ,  120 ,  130 ) passes through a puncture in a tissue to facilitate detachment of the pointed tip portion  120  from the elongated portion  110 . While a circumferential notch is illustrated herein, embodiments are expressly contemplated herein which employ at least one notch that does not encompass a complete circumference and is provided between the elongated portion  110  and the pointed tip portion  120 . 
         [0105]    Referring to  FIG. 1G , a fourth variation of the first exemplary device  100  is shown, which includes a bioabsorbable tissue support ( 110 ,  120 ,  130 ) that includes a pointed tip portion  120  that is configured to be detachable. For example, the pointed tip portion  120  can have a columnar protrusion that fits into a cavity within the elongated portion  110  at the time of insertion into a through hole in a tissue, removed after insertion into the through hole, and is replaced with a plug plate  320 , which can be a flange, a rivet, or an adornment fixture. If the pointed tip portion  120  is not present in the first exemplary device  100 , the plug plate  320  can be inserted into the cavity  109  within the elongated portion  110 . The plug plate  320  may be composed of a bioabsorbable material, a non-bioabsorbable material, or a combination of a bioabsorbable material configured to contact a tissue and a non-bioabsorbable material configured to provide mechanical support to the bioabsorbable material. 
         [0106]    The first exemplary device  100 , or any of the devices to be subsequently described in the present disclosure, can be inserted into a through-hole in a tissue portion of a lifeform. The insertion of a device of the present disclosure can be performed simultaneously with formation of a through hole, or after formation of a through hole. 
         [0107]    If the insertion of the device of the present disclosure is performed simultaneously with the formation of the through-hole, the device of the present disclosure can be loaded with a pin for forming a puncture through the tissue, and can be loaded into a machine for puncturing the tissue. The device of the present disclosure may be loaded as a core of a bullet that includes a thin rigid shell (not shown) that is employed to form the puncture and subsequently removed, or may be loaded as a back portion of a compound bullet that includes a front portion containing a rigid puncture-forming structure (such as a pin). 
         [0108]    If the insertion of the device of the present disclosure is performed after formation of the through-hole, the through-hole may be formed employing any method known in the art, and the device of the present disclosure may be inserted through the through-hole by aligning the device with respect to the through-hole, and by pushing the device into the through-hole. If an end plate  130  (See  FIGS. 1A-1C ) is present, the end plate  130  can function as a stopping structure to prevent passing of the device through the through-hole. 
         [0109]    For any of the first exemplary device  100  or the variations thereof or any of the subsequent devices of the present disclosure to be described below, the entirety of the bioabsorbable tissue support ( 110 ,  120 ,  130 ) can be of unitary construction, i.e., in a single contiguous structure, or may be manufactured as two or more discrete components, and may be assembled, for example, by screwing, plugging, bonding, and/or molding by partial melting and reflow. For example, the pointed tip portion  120  may be manufactured as a discrete component, and the combination of the elongated portion  110  and the end flange  130  may be manufactured as another discrete component for subsequent assembly with the pointed tip portion  120 . Likewise, the end flange  130  may be manufactured integrally with the elongated portion  110 , or can be manufactured as a discrete component and affixed to the elongated portion  110 . 
         [0110]    The first exemplary device  100  or any device of the present disclosure may be stored in a sterile environment before the time of use, and can be loaded into a machine configured to insert the device into a through-hole in a tissue, or can be manually picked up for insertion into the through-hole in the tissue. 
         [0111]    Referring to  FIG. 2A , a configuration is illustrated in which a first exemplary device  100  including a bioabsorbable tissue support ( 110 ,  120 ,  130 ; See  FIGS. 1A-1C ), or any of the devices to be subsequently described in the present disclosure, is inserted through a hole that has been formed through the tissue  30  of a subject. If the bioabsorbable tissue support ( 110 ,  120 ,  130 ) includes a pointed tip portion  120  and the end plate  130 , the boundary between the elongated portion  110  and the end plate  130  can be located on one side of the tissue  30  at, or away from, a first plane including a surface of the tissue  30 , and the boundary between the elongated portion  110  and the pointed tip portion  130  can be on the opposite side of the tissue at, or away from, a second plane including another surface of the tissue  30 . 
         [0112]    Referring to  FIG. 2B , the pointed tip portion  120 , if present within the device of the present disclosure, can be disengaged from the tissue support by unscrewing it or unsnapping it or by employing a cutting apparatus such as a pair of scissors or a knife after insertion of the device through the through-hole. Detachment of the pointed tip portion  120 , if present, from the elongated portion causes the cavity  109  to be contiguously connected to the ambient at both sides of the through-hole. Optionally, the end plate  130 , if present, may be removed before, or after, detachment of the pointed tip portion  120 . 
         [0113]    Referring to  FIG. 2C , once the cavity within the device connects to the ambient on both sides of the through-hole, an attachment  80  can be physically attached to the tissue  30  employing an attachment mechanism  81  provided within the attachment  80 , or can be added to the attachment  80 . For example, an earring may be provided with a pin and a locking mechanism such that the pin can pass through the cavity within the device of the present disclosure and subsequently secured by the locking mechanism. In another example, a flexible thread may be added to an identification tag such that the thread passes through a hole through the identification tag. The thread can further pass through the through-hole within the device of the present disclosure to secure the identification tag to the tissue  30 . 
         [0114]    In one embodiment, the bioabsorbable tissue support of the present disclosure can include a bioabsorbable dye, and at least one material selected from the group including therapeutic medical chemicals, anesthetic materials, and antiproliferative agents. The bioabsorption of the bioabsorbable tissue support of the present disclosure can be monitored by observing the color of the region including the through-hole. Specifically, the completion of bioabsorption of the materials of the bioabsorbable tissue support can be detected when the color of the region including the through-hole does not include the color of the bioabsorbable dye. 
         [0115]    A cavity  109  extends through the elongated portion  110 . In one embodiment, the elongated portion  110  can be a tubular structure with two openings, which include one opening at an interface with a pointed tip portion  120 , and another opening at an interface with an end plate  130 . In one embodiment, the elongated portion  110  can be of integral construction and consist of a single contiguous material portion. 
         [0116]    Referring to  FIG. 2D , an alternate configuration after installation of the first exemplary device  100  or a variation thereof is illustrated, in which a bioabsorbable tissue support ( 110 ,  120 ,  130 ) including a detachable pointed tip portion  120  (See  FIG. 1G ) is employed. In one embodiment, the detachable pointed tip portion  120  may be a discrete component that is plugged into the elongated portion  110  and remain there by fiction, or may be of integration construction with the elongated portion  110  at a structurally weak junction such as a perforation region. The detachable pointed tip potion  120  may be plugged into the elongated portion  110  at the time of insertion through a through hole in a tissue of a subject, and may be detached by pulling out from the elongated portion  110 . After removal of the detachable pointed tip portion  120 , a tag sheet  323  (which can be an identification tag for an animal) may be hung over a protruding portion of the elongated element  110 , and a plug plate  320  can be attached to the remaining portion of the bioabsorbable tissue support ( 110 ,  120 ). The plug plate  320  can be a flange, a rivet, or an adornment fixture. The plug plate  120  may be held in place by friction once installed into the elongated portion  110 . The plug plate  320  may have a protruding portion that fits into the cavity in the elongated portion  110 , for example, by a clamping device. The plug plate  320  may be composed of a bioabsorbable material, a non-bioabsorbable material, or a combination of a bioabsorbable material configured to contact a tissue and a non-bioabsorbable material configured to provide mechanical support to the bioabsorbable material. A hole may, or may not, be present through the plug plate  320 . 
         [0117]    According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a plug plate  320  may be provided in conjunction with any of the devices of the present disclosure that are described above or below. If a pointed tip portion  120  (or an equivalent structure) is provided in any device of the present disclosure, a plug plate  320  may be provided as a discrete component that is not physically contiguous with the device of the present disclosure. If a pointed tip portion  120  (or an equivalent structure) is not attached to an elongated portion  110 , a plug plate  320  may be provided as a discrete component not physically attached to the elongated portion  110 , or may be provided as plugged into an end region of the elongated portion  110 . 
         [0118]    In general, the present invention provides a set of structural components for a device that includes a bioabsorbable tissue support and a plug plate  320 . The bioabsorbable tissue support contains at least one bioabsorbable material, includes an elongated portion having a uniform or tapered cross-sectional shape, is configured to contact an inner surface of a puncture in a tissue, and has a rigidity to maintain an original shape until the at least one bioabsorbable material is absorbed into a body of a subject to which the device is inserted. Each of the at least one bioabsorbable material may be selected from a group consisting of therapeutic medical chemicals, anesthetic materials, dye materials, and antiproliferative agents. The plug plate  320  is configured to fit into an opening at one end of the elongated portion and includes a portion that, upon union with the elongated portion at an end region thereof, raidally extends farther outward than outer surfaces of the elongated portion from an axis passing through a geometrical center of the elongated portion along the lengthwise direction of the elongated portion. As used herein, the geometrical center of an object is defined by a set of coordinates (x c ,y c , z c ) in a Cartesian coordinate system such that: 
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         [0000]    wherein the integration is performed over the entire volume V of the device. The plug plate  320  may have a configuration of a flange, i.e., a plate having a uniform thickness and confined between a pair of parallel planes. 
         [0119]    The plug plate  320  may optionally include an opening therethrough. The plug plate  320  may be plugged into an end region of the elongated portion, or may be provided as a discrete component that is physically detached from the device 
         [0120]    In one embodiment, the elongated portion  110  can include a plurality of disjoined portions that are connected through a pointed tip portion  120  and/or an end plate  130 . 
         [0121]    Referring to  FIG. 2E , yet another configuration after installation of the first exemplary device  100  or a variation thereof is illustrated. In this configuration, the end flange  130  may be attached to the elongated portion  110  by threading, plugging, latching, or any other mechanical means of attaching one mechanical element to another mechanical element. A pointed tip portion  120  may, or may not, be provided prior to installation of the first exemplary device  100  (or a variation thereof), and subsequently removed, if present after installation. A plug plate  320  may be attached to another end of the elongated portion  110  after insertion of the first exemplary device  100  through a through hole in a tissue  30  by threading, plugging, latching, or any other mechanical means of attaching one mechanical element to another mechanical element. In one embodiment, the end flange  130  and the plug plate  320  may have similar or identical configurations such as a configuration of a holed flange with a protruding thread through which the hole extends. 
         [0122]    Referring to  FIG. 2F , still another configuration during installation of the first exemplary device  100  or a variation thereof is illustrated. At least one side of the first exemplary device  100  as installed has an end region of the elongated portion  110 . For example, both a pointed tip portion  120  and an end plate  130  may be absent after installation (by removal after installation or by being absent prior to installation), or an end plate  130  may be present and a pointed tip portion  120  may not be present. Referring to  FIG. 2G , a crimping device  70  including a conical tip on each side or on the side applied to an end region of the elongated portion  110  can be employed to flatten one or both end regions of the elongated portion  110  so that one or two flattened flanges having radially decreasing thickness may be formed. 
         [0123]    Referring to  FIG. 3A , a second exemplary device  200  of the present disclosure includes a bioabsorbable tissue support ( 210 ,  120 ,  130 ) that contains a plurality of openings  209  within an elongated portion  210 . The center portion of the elongated portion is hollow to provide a cavity  109  therein. Each of the plurality of openings  209  through the surfaces of the elongated portion  210  can be connected to the cavity  109  within the elongated portion  210 . Thus, the elongated portion  210  has a tubular mesh structure with a plurality of openings  209  through the walls of a generally tubular structure. Each “strand” of the tubular mesh structure can have a sufficient cross-sectional area to prevent collapse of the tubular mesh structure during insertion of the second exemplary device  200  into a through-hole of a tissue (See  FIG. 2A ) or during the bioabsorption of the bioabsorbable tissue support ( 210 ,  120 ,  130 ). 
         [0124]    If the elongated portion  110  of the first exemplary device includes a uniform or tapered cross-sectional shape, the uniform or tapered cross-sectional shape may have a circular inner periphery or a non-circular inner periphery. Further, the uniform or tapered cross-sectional shape may have a circular or a non-circular outer periphery. 
         [0125]    The cross-sectional shape of the tubular structure along the direction perpendicular to the lengthwise axis can be annular, can include at least one elliptical shape and/or a superelliptical shape, can include a polygonal shape, or can including combinations of various curvilinear shapes. 
         [0126]    Referring to  FIGS. 3B-3F , various types of a third exemplary device  300  including a bioabsorbable tissue support ( 110 ,  120 ,  130 ) is shown. The elongated portion  110  of the bioabsorbable tissue support ( 110 ,  120 ,  130 ) can have various vertical cross-sectional shapes that may be uniform or tapered, i.e., invariant, magnified, or reduced with translation along the lengthwise direction of the elongated portion  120 . Further, the pointed tip portion  120 , if present, of the bioabsorbable tissue support ( 110 ,  120 ,  130 ) can have a tapered profile of various shapes. In addition, the end plate  130 , if present, of the bioabsorbable tissue support ( 110 ,  120 ,  130 ) can have various shape, which can be polygonal, elliptical, or non-polygonal and non-elliptical. The outer periphery of the end plate  130  may, or may not, be a magnified shape derived from the shape of the outer periphery of the elongated portion  120 . 
         [0127]    The outer periphery of the vertical cross-sectional shape of the elongated portion  110  can be polygonal, curvilinear, or a shape including a polygonal portion and a curvilinear portion. The outer periphery of the vertical cross-sectional shape of the elongated portion  110  can have a decorative, artistic, and/or fanciful shape. Further, the outer periphery of the end plate  130 , if present, can have a decorative, artistic, and/or fanciful shape. 
         [0128]    Referring to  FIGS. 4A and 4B , types of a fourth exemplary device  400  are illustrated. A fourth exemplary device  400  can include a tapered elongated portion in which the shape of the outer periphery of the vertical cross-sectional shape along a direction perpendicular to the lengthwise direction of the elongated portion changes along the lengthwise direction. In one embodiment, the tapered elongated portion can have a uniform taper, i.e., a uniform slope of the outer periphery in an axial cross-sectional view along a plane including the lengthwise axis. In another embodiment, the tapered elongated portion can have a non-uniform taper. In one embodiment, the outer periphery of the vertical cross-sectional shape of the tapered elongated portion can shrink with translation toward the pointed tip portion. 
         [0129]    Referring to  FIG. 5 , a vertical cross-sectional view of a bioabsorbable tissue support  140  is shown. The bioabsorbable tissue support  140  can have any configuration for the bioabsorbable tissue support previously described. The bioabsorbable tissue support  140  can be any of the devices of present disclosure that is previous or subsequently described herein. The bioabsorbable tissue support  140  can have a homogeneous composition including at least one bioabsorbable material, or can have a layered structure including multiple layers of bioabsorbable materials. 
         [0130]    In one embodiment, the at least one bioabsorbable material can includes a plurality of layers ( 141 ,  142 ,  143 ) having different compositions. In one embodiment, the plurality of layers ( 141 ,  142 ,  143 ) can include at least a first layer  141  having a first composition having a first bioabsorption half-life, and a second layer  142  surrounded by the first layer  141  and having a second composition having a second bioabsorption half-life that is longer than the first bioabsorption half-life. The first layer  141  can be an outer layer for the second layer  142 , which can be an inner layer. The first bioabsorption half-life can be in a range from 1 hour to 1 week, and the second bioabsorbable half-life can be in a range from 1 day to 10 weeks, although lesser and greater time periods for the first bioabsorption half-life and the second bioabsorption half-life can also be employed. 
         [0131]    In one embodiment, the plurality of layers ( 141 ,  142 ,  143 ) can include a first layer  141  providing a first functionality, and a second layer  142  providing a second functionality that is different from the first functionality. For example, the first layer  141  can provide a first functionality selected from a group including, or consisting of, therapeutic treatment of the puncture, anesthetic treatment of the puncture, coloring of a region around the puncture, and prevention of change of shape of the puncture; and the second layer  142  can provide a second functionality selected from including, or consisting of, therapeutic treatment of the puncture, anesthetic treatment of the puncture, coloring of a region around the puncture, and prevention of change of shape of the puncture, such that the second functionality is different from the first functionality. At least one additional layer  143  can be present on the inside or outside of the stack of the first layer  141  and the second layer  142 . 
         [0132]    The thickness of each layer ( 141 ,  142 , or  143 ) as measured in an elongated region can be in a range from 1 micron to 2 mm, although lesser and greater thicknesses can also be employed. The total thickness of the plurality of layers ( 141 ,  142 ,  143 ) as measured in an elongated region can be in a range from 0.5 mm to 3 mm, although lesser and greater thicknesses can also be employed. 
         [0133]    The various bioabsorbable tissue supports of the present disclosure can be manufactured by various methods including, but not limited to, extrusion, stamping, molding, three-dimensional printing, laser cutting, laser welding, deposition of a material in vacuum or in a gas ambient, coating, and combinations thereof. 
         [0134]    Referring to  FIG. 6A , a fifth exemplary device  500  includes a bioabsorbable tissue support  140  and a non-bioabsorbable tissue support  310 . The non-bioabsorbable tissue support  310  includes at least one non-bioabsorbable material, and can consist of the at least one non-bioabsorbable material. The non-bioabsorbable tissue support  310  can have a configuration of a liner located on the entire inner surfaces of the bioabsorbable tissue support  140 . The cavity  109  is spaced from the bioabsorbable tissue support  140  by the non-bioabsorbable tissue support  310 . In one embodiment, a portion of the non-bioabsorbable tissue support can be located outside of, protrude outward from, the bioabsorbable tissue support  140  (e.g., on the side of an end plate), and can include one or more rivets or a structure attached like a rivet. 
         [0135]    The non-bioabsorbable tissue support  310  can be embedded within the bioabsorbable tissue support  140 . At least a portion of the bioabsorbable tissue support  140  is located outside of the non-bioabsorbable tissue support  310 . In one embodiment, the entirety of the bioabsorbable tissue support  140  can be located outside of the non-bioabsorbable tissue support  310 . In one embodiment, the non-bioabsorbable tissue support  310  includes a rigid material that maintains an original shape after the bioabsorbable tissue support  140  is absorbed by the tissue after insertion of the device of the present disclosure into a through-hole. 
         [0136]    In one embodiment, the non-bioabsorbable tissue support  310  can have Young&#39;s modulus greater than 1 GPa. In one embodiment, the bioabsorbable tissue support  140  can have Young&#39;s modulus in a range from 0.01 GPa to 10 GPa. In one embodiment, the bioabsorbable tissue support  140  can have a smaller Young&#39;s modulus than the non-bioabsorbable tissue support  310 . 
         [0137]    In another embodiment, the bioabsorbable tissue support  140  and the non-bioabsorbable tissue support  310  can be a plastic material that is deformable and maintains a deformed shape after removal of a force that causes the deformation. 
         [0138]    The non-bioabsorbable tissue support  310  includes an elongated portion that is embedded, and laterally surrounded by, an elongated portion of the bioabsorbable tissue support  140 . The geometry of the elongated portion of the non-bioabsorbable tissue support  310  can be any of the geometries for the elongated portion of the bioabsorbable tissue support described above. The non-bioabsorbable tissue support  310  can optionally include a pointed tip portion, which may be embedded, and laterally surrounded by, a pointed tip portion of the bioabsorbable tissue support  140  if the bioabsorbable tissue support includes the pointed tip portion. The geometry of the pointed tip portion of the non-bioabsorbable tissue support  310  can be any of the geometries for the pointed tip portion of the bioabsorbable tissue support described above. The non-bioabsorbable tissue support  310  can optionally include an end plate, which may be embedded, and laterally surrounded by, an end plate of the bioabsorbable tissue support  140  if the bioabsorbable tissue support includes the end plate. The geometry of the end plate of the non-bioabsorbable tissue support  310  can be any of the geometries for the end plate of the bioabsorbable tissue support described above. The dimensions of the non-bioabsorbable tissue support  310  are selected such that the cavity  109  extends through the entirety of an elongated portion of the bioabsorbable tissue support  140 . 
         [0139]    The fifth exemplary device  500  or the devices of the present disclosure to be subsequently described and include a bioabsorbable tissue support and a non-bioabsorbable tissue support can be formed by separately manufacturing, and subsequently merging, the bioabsorbable tissue support and the non-bioabsorbable tissue support; by forming the bioabsorbable tissue support first and then forming the non-bioabsorbable tissue support on the bioabsorbable tissue support, or by forming the non-bioabsorbable tissue support and then forming the bioabsorbable tissue support on the non-bioabsorbable tissue support. 
         [0140]    The thickness of bioabsorbable tissue support  140  as measured in an elongated region can be in a range from 1 micron to 3 mm, although lesser and greater thicknesses can also be employed. The thickness of non-bioabsorbable tissue support  310  as measured in an elongated region can be in a range from 30 microns to 0.5 mm, although lesser and greater thicknesses can also be employed. 
         [0141]    Referring to  FIG. 6B , a first variation of the fifth exemplary device is illustrated, which includes an angled end plate made of a malleable material. The pointed tip portion may, or may not, be detachable. In one embodiment, the end plate may have a shape of a frustum, i.e., a cone without the top portion. The end plate may function as a rivet after installation of the device into a through hole in a tissue. Alternatively, the end plate may be fanned, i.e., may be divided into multiple fins along radial directions, i.e., along the directions perpendicular to the axial direction of the elongated portion. The portion of the portion of the non-bioabsorbable tissue support  310  in the end plate can be composed of a malleable material such as a transition metal or aluminum, or an intermetallic alloy of at least two transition metals or an aluminum alloy. The portion of the non-bioabsorbable tissue support  310  in the end plate may, or may not, have the same composition as the rest of the non-bioabsorbable tissue support  310 . 
         [0142]    Referring to  FIG. 6C , the first variation of the fifth exemplary device may be installed on a tissue  30  employing methods illustrated in  FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 2D . The pointed tip portion is removed. Optionally, a tag may be added if desired. A plug plate  320  is added to a region from which the pointed tip portion has been removed. After installation, the end portion can be deformed, for example, by hammering or by pressing, so that the surfaces of the rivet  330  can press against surfaces of the tissue  30 . The plug plate  320  may be composed of a bioabsorbable material, a non-bioabsorbable material, or a combination of a bioabsorbable material configured to contact a tissue and a non-bioabsorbable material configured to provide mechanical support to the bioabsorbable material. Optionally, a bioabsorbable material coating layer  324  may be provided on a surface of the plug plate  320  that is proximal to the tissue  30 . A hole may, or may not, be present through the plug plate  320 . 
         [0143]    Referring to  FIG. 6D , a second variation of the fifth exemplary device is illustrated, which includes an elastic neck  370  between an elongated portion of the non-bioabsorbable tissue support  310  and a pointed tip portion of the non-bioabsorbable tissue support  310 . 
         [0144]    Referring to  FIG. 6E , a crimping device  350  (such as a washer) may be employed at the time of installation of the second variation of the fifth exemplary device such that the neck  370  latched to the washer  350 . Optionally, a tag (not shown) may be attached to the crimping device  350 , or between the tissue  30  and the crimping device  350  and around the non-bioabsorbable tissue support  310  at the time of installation of the second variation of the fifth exemplary device. 
         [0145]    The various non-bioabsorbable tissue supports of the present disclosure can be manufactured by various methods including, but not limited to, extrusion, stamping, molding, three-dimensional printing, laser cutting, laser welding, deposition of a material in vacuum or in a gas ambient, coating, and combinations thereof. 
         [0146]    Referring to  FIGS. 7A and 7B , types of a sixth exemplary device  600  are illustrated. The sixth exemplary device  600  includes any of the devices of the present disclosure as described above, and further includes an expansion-inducing device  150 . A predominant portion of the expansion-inducing device  150  that does not include a fitting portion  151  is embedded within the cavity  109  inside the elongated portion of the device. The fitting portion  151  can be a structure configured to attach the expansion-inducing device  150  to an external device configured to trigger the expansion of the expansion-inducing device  150 . The expansion-inducing device  150  can be any device that can induce expansion of the sixth exemplary devices  600 . In one embodiment, the expansion-inducing device can be a balloon that expands upon injection of a fluid. In this case, the fitting portion  151  can be an opening of the balloon, which is a tube fitting portion configured to receive an end portion of a tube. The balloon can be made of any material that can be inflated upon injection of a fluid therein. As used herein, a fluid collectively refers to a gas and a liquid. 
         [0147]    Referring to  FIG. 7C , the sixth exemplary device  600  can be inserted into a through-hole in a tissue  30  of a subject. The pointed tip portion, if present, of the sixth exemplary device  600  can be truncated employing a cutting device. The location of the innermost portion of the expansion-inducing device  150  is selected such that truncation of the pointed tip portion does not collaterally damage the integrity of the expansion-inducing device  150 . 
         [0148]    Alternatively, a device of the present disclosure that does not include an expansion-inducing device can be inserted into a through-hole through a tissue of a subject, and an expansion-inducing device  150  can be subsequently inserted through the cavity  109  within the device. In general, the expansion-inducing device  150  can be provided within the cavity in the elongated portion before, or after, the insertion of a device of the present disclosure. 
         [0149]    Referring to  FIG. 7D , an expansion-activation device  155  can be attached to the fitting portion  151  of the expansion-inducing device  150 . In case the expansion-inducing device  150  is a balloon, the expansion-activation device  155  may be an inflation device that supplies a fluid to the inside of a balloon through the fitting portion  151 . The inflation device can be a manual air pump, a catheter with a volume control capability, a mechanical air pump with controllable air output, or a liquid pump that can fill the inside of the balloon with a liquid. 
         [0150]    The elongated portion of the device of the present disclosure can be outwardly expanded by the expansion-inducing device  150 , or similar device for enlarging the tissue support. The non-bioabsorbable tissue support  310  can include a plastic material that is deformed under pressure from the expansion-inducing device  150 , and remains deformed after the expansion-inducing device  150  is shrunk or deflated, and then removed. For example, the non-bioabsorbable tissue support  310  can include a metallic material or an organic polymer-based plastic material. The expansion-inducing device  150  and the inflation device  155  can be removed once the size of the outer periphery of the elongated portion of the device reaches a target shape intended by the operator of the expansion-activation device  155 . 
         [0151]    The expansion-inducing device  150  of the present disclosure can be employed with any device of the present disclosure. It is understood that expansion of the devices of the present disclosure is optional, and the devices of the present disclosure may be employed without expansion. The non-bioabsorbable tissue support in the devices of the present disclosure may stay with the tissue of the subject permanently or temporarily, or may be removed when such a removal is desired. 
         [0152]    Referring to  FIG. 7E , a first variation of the sixth exemplary device that includes a spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410 , a coating of a bioabsorbable tissue support  140 , and a removable sleeve  380  that suppresses expansion of the assembly of tissue supports ( 410 ,  140 ). The spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410  is a self-expanding non-bioabsorbable tissue support that conforms to a shape having a greater cross-sectional area and/or later protrusion from the axial direction upon release of the stored energy within the spring upon removal of the removable sleeve  380  after installation of the first variation of the sixth exemplary device ( 140 ,  410 ,  380 ) into a through hole in a tissue of a subject. The removable sleeve  380  can include any material such as plastics, ceramics, metallic materials, or combinations thereof, and can have a cylindrical shape. The thickness of the removable sleeve  380  may be selected so that the removable sleeve  380  has sufficient mechanical strength to contain the expansive force applied to the inner sidewalls of the removable sleeve by the spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410 . 
         [0153]    The spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410  is self-expanding, and the expansive force of the spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410  is counterbalanced by the removable sleeve  380  at the time of installation through the through hole. The removable sleeve  380  can be slid out, thereby causing initiation of expansion of the assembly of tissue supports ( 410 ,  140 ). As illustrated in  FIG. 7F , the shape of the through hole may be deformed toward a target shape and/or may be expanded at selected corners. The spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410  is configured to expand upon removal of the removable sleeve  380 , and to conform to a target shape upon release of stress in the elastic material. Upon removal of the removable sleeve  380  in a through-hole of a tissue  30 , the stress in the spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410  is immediately released so that the through hole gradually changes its shape during the bioabsorption of the at least one bioabsorbable material of the bioabsorbable tissue support  140 . 
         [0154]    During the shape change of the spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410 , the spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410 , still containing unrelieved stress, applies pressure at selective regions of sidewalls of the tissue  30  to prevent growth of new tissues therefrom while removing pressure at some other regions of the sidewalls of the tissue  30  to facilitate growth of new tissues therefrom. The growth of new tissues can be thus molded to induce formation of a target shape for the through-hole in the tissue, which can have peripheral surfaces of an arbitrary shape. The through-hole in the tissue  30  may be enlarged at selective regions during the process of the expansion of the spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410 , and may shrink at other selective regions during the process of the expansion of the spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410 . 
         [0155]    Referring to  FIG. 7G , a size expansion device  365  may be employed to shape and/or enlarge a stand-alone bioabsorbable tissue support  140  or a combination of a bioabsorbable tissue support  140  and a non-bioabsorbable tissue support  310 . The size expansion device  365  can include, for example, a pair of handled leverage structures  366  configured to pivot around a pivot axis and to apply leveraged force to a target, a frustum  367  having a target shape along a direction perpendicular to the axis and having monotonically decreasing cross-sectional area with distance from a base that is attached to one of the handled leverage structures  366 , and a ring  368  configured to mechanically support one end of a stand-alone bioabsorbable tissue support  140  or a combination ( 140 ,  310 ) of tissue supports. By pressing the frustum  340  against the stand-alone bioabsorbable tissue support  140  or a combination ( 140 ,  310 ) of tissue supports while the ring  368  holds one end of the stand-alone bioabsorbable tissue support  140  or the combination ( 140 ,  310 ) of tissue supports, the stand-alone bioabsorbable tissue support  140  or the combination ( 140 ,  310 ) of tissue supports can be expanded to the target size. The expansion to the target size may be performed at the time of installation of the device of the present disclosure, and/or may be performed once or many times after installation of the device of the present disclosure while monitoring the medical condition of the tissue  30  through which the device is installed. 
         [0156]    The non-bioabsorbable tissue support of the devices of the present disclosure can be of solid construction, and can be topologically homeomorphic to a torus or a sphere. As used herein, a first element is topologically homeomorphic to a second element if the first element can be contiguously stretched or shrunk without forming any new hole and without destroying any preexisting hole, if any exists. 
         [0157]    Alternatively, the non-bioabsorbable tissue support of the devices of the present disclosure can include a mesh structure with at least one opening therein. Referring to  FIGS. 8A and 8B , exemplary non-bioabsorbable tissue supports made of a mesh  320  are illustrated. The mesh  320  includes pores therein, and can be made of a metallic material, an organic polymer-based plastic material, or a ceramic material. The mesh  320  may employ a mesh or discrete wires that are weaved to form a mesh structure. Alternatively, the mesh  320  of the present disclosure may include a single sheet having holes that generate a general pattern of a mesh, or may include an adjoined structure including multiple sheets having holes that generate a general pattern of a mesh, without employing discrete wires. The non-bioabsorbable tissue support  310  can be of tubular mesh, coil, or similar design characterized by flexibility, compressibility, and expandability. The lateral dimensions of the s or -like portions of a sheet can be in a range from 10 microns to 500 microns, although lesser and greater lateral dimensions can also be employed. In one embodiment, the material and the geometry of the mesh  320  can be selected such that the mesh  320  can expand in a configuration described in  FIG. 7D . 
         [0158]    Referring to  FIGS. 9A and 9B , seventh exemplary devices  700  are illustrated. Each seventh exemplary device  700  includes a non-bioabsorbable tissue support made of a mesh  320  and a bioabsorbable tissue support  140 . The mesh  320  can be embedded within the bioabsorbable tissue support  140 . If the bioabsorbable tissue support  140  includes a plurality of layers, the mesh  320  can be embedded in one of the layers (e.g., the first layer  141 ) in the bioabsorbable tissue support  140 . 
         [0159]    In an illustrative example, the seventh exemplary device  700  can be manufactured by first providing a mesh  320 , which can include a rigid material or a plastic material. The bioabsorbable tissue support  140  can be formed as at least one coating layer that is applied to the surfaces of the mesh  320 . In one embodiment, an all-surface coating method can be employed in which each successive layer is coated on the entire surfaces of a preceding layer including the inner surfaces physically exposed to the cavity  109  and the outside surfaces as illustrated in  FIG. 9A . In another embodiment, an outer-surface-only coating method can be employed in which each successive layer is coated on the outer surfaces of a preceding layer, while not being coated on the inner surfaces facing the cavity  109  as illustrated in  FIG. 9B . In yet another embodiment, a combination of an all-surface coating method and an outer-surface-only coating method can be employed. 
         [0160]    As discussed above, the different layers in the bioabsorbable tissue support  140  may have different compositions or the same composition. While a configuration in which the elongated portion of the bioabsorbable tissue support  140  is formed as a cylindrical structure without any hole therein, embodiments are expressly contemplated herein in which the elongated portion of the bioabsorbable tissue support  140  is formed as a mesh structure illustrated in  FIG. 3A . 
         [0161]    Referring to  FIG. 10A , an eighth exemplary device  800  of the present disclosure includes a spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410  embedded within a bioabsorbable tissue support  140 . The spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410  can be an elastic sheet or an elastic mesh that is compressed into a shape surrounding the cavity  109 . The spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410  is in a “spring-loaded” shape, which refers to a non-equilibrium shape for an electric structure that returns, upon removal of a constraining force, to a different shape. The bioabsorbable tissue support  140  constrains the spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410  in the spring-loaded shape. In other words, the spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410  is a non-bioabsorbable tissue support including an elastic material that is spring loaded in a compressed state by the bioabsorbable tissue support  140 . The spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410  is self-expanding, and the expansive force of the spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410  is counterbalanced by the bioabsorbable tissue support  140  before the bioabsorbable tissue support  140  is absorbed by a tissue  30 . 
         [0162]    The bioabsorbable tissue support  140  can be formed on the outer surface of the spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410 . Alternatively, the spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410  can be inserted into the cavity  109  of a device such as the exemplary devices illustrated in  FIGS. 1A-1F, 3A-3F, 4A, and 4B . In one embodiment, the spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410  can be present only within the elongated portion of the devices of the present disclosure, and not present in a pointed tip portion or in an end plate. The eighth exemplary device  800  can be inserted within the through-hole in the tissue  30  employing the methods illustrated in  FIGS. 2A-2D . 
         [0163]    The spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410  is configured to expand during bioabsorption of the bioabsorbable tissue support  140  and to conform to a target shape upon release of stress in the elastic material. The target shape may, or may not, be a circular shape. After the insertion of the eighth exemplary device  800  in a through-hole of a tissue  30 , the stress in the spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410  is gradually released during the bioabsorption of the bioabsorbable tissue support  140 , which may take a time period ranging from 1 week to 8 weeks.  FIG. 10B  illustrates the configuration around the through-hole after the bioabsorbable tissue support  140  is absorbed into the tissue  30  and the spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410  is expanded to become a relaxed non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410 ′ after relief of the stress built into the spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410 . The through-hole in the tissue  30  may be enlarged during the process of the expansion of the spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410 , and the expansion process stops when the spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410  becomes the relaxed non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410 ′. 
         [0164]    Referring to  FIG. 11A , a ninth exemplary device  900  of the present disclosure includes a spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410  embedded within a bioabsorbable tissue support  140  as in the eighth exemplary device  800 . The ninth exemplary device  900  can be formed and installed in a through-hole in the same manner as the eighth exemplary device  800 . The spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410  is self-expanding, and the expansive force of the spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410  is counterbalanced by the bioabsorbable tissue support  140  before the bioabsorbable tissue support  140  is absorbed by a tissue  30 . The ninth exemplary device  900  can be derived from the eighth exemplary device by altering the shape and the energy of compression in the spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410  such that, upon relief of the stress in the spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410 , the relaxed non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410 ′ shown in  FIG. 11B  is at a target shape, which can be a non-circular shape. 
         [0165]    Specifically, the spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410  is configured to expand during bioabsorption of the bioabsorbable tissue support  140  and to conform to a target shape upon release of stress in the elastic material. After the insertion of the eighth exemplary device  800  in a through-hole of a tissue  30 , the stress in the spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410  is gradually released during the bioabsorption of the bioabsorbable tissue support  140 , which may take a time period ranging from 1 week to 8 weeks. The spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410  gradually changes its shape during the bioabsorption of the at least one bioabsorbable material of the bioabsorbable tissue support  140 . 
         [0166]    During the shape change of the spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410 , the spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410 , still containing unrelieved stress, applies pressure at selective regions of sidewalls of the tissue  30  to prevent growth of new tissues therefrom while removing pressure at some other regions of the sidewalls of the tissue  30  to facilitate growth of new tissues therefrom. The growth of new tissues can be thus molded to induce formation of a target shape for the through-hole in the tissue, which can have peripheral surfaces of an arbitrary shape. The through-hole in the tissue  30  may be enlarged at selective regions during the process of the expansion of the spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410 , and may shrink at other selective regions during the process of the expansion of the spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410 . The molding process for the shape of the through-hole stops when the spring-loaded non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410  becomes the relaxed non-bioabsorbable tissue support  410 ′. 
         [0167]    Referring to  FIGS. 12A-12D , various types of tenth exemplary devices  1000  are shown. Each tenth exemplary device  1000  includes a non-bioabsorbable tissue support  310  and a bioabsorbable tissue support  140 . An element configured to hang an attachment is affixed to an end surface of the non-bioabsorbable tissue support  310 . The element configured to hang an attachment is herein referred to as a “hanging structure.” 
         [0168]    For example, if the non-bioabsorbable tissue support  310  includes an end plate, the hanging structure ( 420 ,  430 ,  440 , or  450 ) can be affixed to the outer surface of the end plate. If an end plate is not provided, the hanging structure ( 420 ,  430 ,  440 , or  450 ) can be affixed to a sidewall surface of an elongated portion of the non-bioabsorbable tissue support  310  that is located on the opposite side of a pointed tip portion of the bioabsorbable tissue support  140 . In one embodiment, the hanging structure ( 420 ,  430 ,  440 , or  450 ) can be of integral construction with the non-bioabsorbable tissue support  310 . For example, the hanging structure ( 420 ,  430 ,  440 , or  450 ) can be welded to the non-bioabsorbable tissue support  310 , or the combination of the hanging structure ( 420 ,  430 ,  440 , or  450 ) and the non-bioabsorbable tissue support  310  can be molded as a single contiguous piece, i.e., as an integral structure. 
         [0169]    In one embodiment, the non-bioabsorbable tissue structure  310  includes a sidewall surface including an opening connected to a cavity  109  within the non-bioabsorbable tissue structure  310 . The hanging structure ( 420 ,  430 ,  440 , or  450 ) is affixed to an end of the sidewall surface including the opening. The hanging structure ( 420 ,  430 ,  440 , or  450 ) may be selected from a hook  420  as illustrated in  FIG. 12A , a hoop  430  for hanging a hook as illustrated in  FIG. 12B , a hole  430  in a plate that is a portion of the non-bioabsorbable tissue structure  310  as illustrated in  FIG. 12C , and an elastic clip  450  as illustrated in  FIG. 12D . 
         [0170]    The various devices of the present disclosure can be employed to form custom-tailored shape for the through-hole for attaching an attachment, which can be, for example, body-piercing items that may be decorative, therapeutic, and/or administrative (such as identification of animals). The size of the through-hole may be controllable by adjusting the inflation of a balloon employed to expand an expandable device of the present disclosure, or by setting the spring parameters of the self-expanding spring-loaded devices of the present disclosure. The various chemicals that are absorbed during the bioabsorption of the bioabsorbable materials can provide ornamental, therapeutic, and/or anesthetic purposes. The progress of the healing process may be monitored by use of a dye among the at least one bioabsorbable materials. The therapeutic function of the devices of the present disclosure may be customized depending on the species for which the devices are employed. 
         [0171]    While the invention has been described in terms of specific embodiments, it is evident in view of the foregoing description that numerous alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Each of the various embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented alone, or in combination with any other embodiments of the present disclosure unless expressly disclosed otherwise or otherwise impossible as would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Accordingly, the invention is intended to encompass all such alternatives, modifications and variations which fall within the scope and spirit of the invention and the following claims.