Abstract:
Bis-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-1-thio (or sulfinyl or sulfonyl)]-arylene sulfate derivatives, the cation salts thereof, useful as modulators of the complement system, the intermediates thereof and the process for the preparation of such intermediates and end products.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of Invention 
     The present invention relates to novel cation salts of bis-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-1-thio (or sulfinyl or sulfonyl)]-arylene sulfate derivatives, to their use as modulators of the complement system of warm-blooded animals, to the intermediates thereof and to the process for the preparation of such intermediates and end products. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     The term &#34;complement&#34; refers to a complex group of proteins in body fluids that, working together with antibodies or other factors, play an important role as mediators of immune, allergic, immunochemical and/or immunopathological reactions. The reactions in which complement participates take place in blood serum or in other body fluids, and hence are considered to be humoral reactions. 
     With regard to human blood, there are at present more than 20 proteins in the complement system consisting of the so-called classical and alternative pathways. These complement proteins are generally designated by the letter C and by number: C1, C2, C3 and so on up to C9. The complement protein C1 is actually an assembly of subunits designated C1q, C1r and C1s. The numbers assigned to the complement proteins reflect the sequence in which they become active, with the exception of complement protein C4, which reacts after C1 and before C2. The numerical assignments for the proteins in the complement system were made before the reaction sequence was fully understood. A more detailed discussion of the complement system and its biochemical, biological and pathological role in the body processes can be found in, for example, Bull. W.H.O. 39: 935 (1968); Annu. Rev. Med. 19: 1 (1968); Johns Hopkins Med. J. 128: 57 (1971); Harvey Lect. 66: 75 (1972); N. Engl. J. Med. 287: 452, 489, 454, 592, 642 (1972); Sci. Am. 229  (5): 54 (1973); Fed. Proc. 32: 134 (1973): Med. World, October 11, 1974, p. 53; J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 53: 298 (1974); Cold Spring Harbor Conf. Cell Proliferation 2/Proteases Biol. Control: 229 (1975); Annu. Rev. Biochem. 44: 697 (1975); Complement in Clinical Medicine, Dis. Mon. (1975); Complement, Scope, December 1975; Ann. Intern. Med. 84: 580 (1976); Transplant Rev.: 32 (1976); &#34;Complement: Mechanisms and Functions,&#34; Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. (1976); Essays Med. Biochem. 2: 1 (1976); Hosp. Pract. 12: 33 (1977); Perturbation of Complement in Disease, Chap. 15 in Biol. Amplification Systems in Immunol. (Ed. Day and Good), Plenum, New York and London (1977); Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 68: 647 (1977); Biochem. Soc. Trans. 5: 1659 (1977); Harvey Lect. 72: 139 (1976-1977); J. Periodontol. 48: 505 (1977 ); Biochem. Soc. Trans. 6: 798 (1978); Clin. and Exp. Dermatol. 4: 271 (1979); Infect. Dis. Rev. 1: 483 (1979). 
     The complement system (e.g., classical pathway) can be considered to consist of three subsystems: (1) a recognition unit (C1q) which enables it to combine with antibody molecules that have detected a foreign invader; (2) an activation unit (C1r, C1s, C2, C4, C3) which prepares a site on the neighboring membrane; and (3) an attack unit (C5, C6, C7, C8 and C9) which creates a &#34;hole&#34; in the membrane. The membrane attack unit is nonspecific; it destroys invaders only because it is generated in their neighborhood. In order to minimize damage to the host&#39;s own cells, its activity must be limited in time. This limitation is accomplished partly by the spontaneous decay of activated complement and partly by interference by inhibitors and destructive enzymes. The control of complement, however, is not perfect, and there are times when damage is done to host&#39;s cells. Immunity is, therefore, a double-edged sword. 
     Activation of the complement system also accelerates blood clotting. This action comes about by way of the complement-mediated release of a clotting factor from platelets. The biologically active complement fragments and complexes become involved in reactions that damage the host&#39;s cells. These pathogenic reactions can result in the development of immune-complex diseases. For example, in some forms of nephritis, complement damages the basal membrane of the kidney, resulting in the escape of protein from the blood into the urine. The disease disseminated lupus erythematosus belongs in this category; its symptoms include nephritis, visceral lesions and skin eruptions. The treatment of diphtheria or tetanus with the injection of large amounts of antioxin sometimes results in serum sickness, an immune-complex disease. Rheumatoid arthritis also involves immune complexes. Like desseminated lupus erythematosus, it is an autoimmune disease in which the disease symptoms are caused by pathological effects of the immune system in the host&#39;s tissues. In summary, the complement system has been shown to be involved with inflammation, coagulation, fibrinolysis, antibody-antigen reactions and other metabolic processes. 
     In the presence of antibody-antigen complexes the complement proteins are involved in a series of reactions which may lead to irreversible membrane damage if they occur in the vicinity of biological membranes. Thus, while complement constitutes a part of the body&#39;s defense mechanism against infection it also results in inflammation and tissue damage in the immunopathological process. The nature of certain complement proteins, suggestion regarding the mode of complement binding to biological membranes and the manner in which complement effects membrane damage are discussed in Annu. Rev. Biochem. 38: 389 (1969); J. Exp. Med. 141: 724 (1975); J. Immunol. 116: 1431 (1976); 119: 1, 1195, 1358, 1482 (1977); 120: 1841 (1978); Immunochemistry 15: 813 (1978); J. Biol. Chem. 254: 9908 (1979). 
     A variety of substances have been disclosed as inhibiting the complement system, i.e., as complement inhibitors. For example, the compounds 3,3&#39;-ureylenebis[6-(2-amino-8-hydroxy-6-sulfo-1-naphthylazo)benzenesulfonic acid], tetrasodium salt (chlorazol fast pink), heparin and a sulphated dextran have been reported to have an anticomplementary effect, Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 33: 327 (1952). German Pat. No. 2,254,983 or South African Pat. No. 727, 923 discloses certain 1-(diphenylmethyl)-4-(3-phenylallyl)piperazines useful as complement inhibitors. Other chemical compounds having complement inhibiting activity are disclosed in, for example, J. Med. Chem. 12: 415, 902, 1049, 1053 (1969); Can. J. Biochem. 47:547 (1969); J. Immunol. 104: 279 (1970); J. Immunol. 106: 241 (1971); J. Immunol. 111: 1061 (1973); Biochem. Biophys. Acts 317: 539 (1973); Life Sci. 13: 351 (1973); J. Immunol. 113: 584 (1974); Immunology 26: 819 (1974); J. Med. Chem. 17: 1160 (1974); Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 67: 225 (1975); Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 256: 441 (1975); J. Med. Chem. 19: 634, 1079 (1976); J. Immunol. 118: 466 (1977); Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 226: 281 (1977); Biochem. Pharmacol. 26: 325 (1977); J. Pharm. Sci 66: 1367 (1977); Chem. Pharm. Bull. 25: 1202 (1977); Biochem. Biophys. Acta 484: 417 (1977); J. Clin. Microbiol. 5: 278 (1977); Immunochemistry 15: 231 (1978); Immunology 34: 509 (1978); J. Exp. Med. 147: 409 (1978); Thromb. Res. 14: 179 (1979); J. Immunol. 122: 2418 (1979); J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Comm. 726 (1979); Immunology 36: 131 (1979): Biochem. Biophys. Acta 611: 196 (1980); and J. Med. Chem. 23: 240 (1980). 
     It has been reported that the known complement inhibitors, epsilon-aminocaproic acid and tranexamic acid, have been used with success in the treatment of hereditary angioneurotic edema, a disease state resulting from an inherited deficiency or lack of function of the serum inhibitor of the activated first component of complement (C1 inhibitor), N. Engl. J. Med. 286: 808 (1972): 287: 452 (1972); Ann. Intern. Med. 84: 580 (1976); J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 60: 38 (1977). Also androgenic steroids have been used successfully in the treatment of this physiological disorder; see Medicine 58: 321 (1979); Arthritis Rheum. 22: 1295 (1979); Am. J. Med. 66: 681 (1979); and J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 65: 75 (1980). 
     It has also been reported that the drug pentosanpolysulfoester has an anticomplementary activity on human serum, both in vitro and in vivo, as judged by the reduction in total hemolytic complement activity, Pathol. Biol. 25: 33; 25 (2): 105; 25 (3): 179 (1977). 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The instant invention relates to new compounds, bis-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-1-thio (or sulfinyl or sulfonyl)]-arylene sulfate derivatives and the cation salts thereof, that modulate the complement system, thereby modulating complement activity in body fluids. Moreover, this invention involves a method of modulating the complement system in a body fluid which comprises subjecting body fluid complement to the action of an effective complement modulating amount of the above-identified compounds. This invention further concerns a method of modulating the complement system in a warm-blooded animal which comprises administering to said animal an effective complement modulating amount of the above-identified compounds. 
     This invention also deals with the novel precursors that act as intermediates in preparing the above-described complement modulating compounds of this invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with the present invention, there are provided novel compounds represented by the following generic Formula I: ##STR1## wherein X is --SO 3  M and M is a nontoxic pharmaceutically acceptable cation salt, wherein the salt forming moiety is selected from the group consisting of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonia and substituted ammonia selected from the group consisting of trialkylamine (C 1  -C 6 ), piperidine, pyrazine, alkanolamine (C 2  -C 6 ) and cycloalkylamine (C 3  -C 6 ); R 1  is selected from the group consisting of CH 2  OX, COOH and COONa; R 2  is selected from the group consisting of OX and NHCOCH 3  ; A is selected from the group consisting of S, SO, and SO 2  ; n is an integer 2 or 3; and B is an arylene selected from the group consisting of: ##STR2## 
     This invention is also concerned with the compounds of Formula II: ##STR3## wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of H and COCH 3  ; R 1  is selected from the group consisting of CH 2  OY and COOH; R 2  is selected from the group consisting of OY and NHCOCH 3  ; and A, B and n are as hereinabove described. 
     These compounds of Formula II are intermediates in the preparation of the compounds of Formula I. 
     Particularly preferred compounds of Formula I which are of major interest as modulators of the complement system include the following: 
     Oxydi-p-phenylene bis-[1-thio-β-D-glucopyranoside], octakis(H-sulfate)octatriethylamine salt 
     Oxydi-p-phenylene bis-[1-thio-β-D-glucopyranoside]octakis(H-sulfate), octasodium salt 
     1,3-Bis-[β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid-1-thio]-phenylene, hexakis(H-sulfate), hexatriethylamine salt 
     1,3-Bis-[β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid-1-thio]-phenylene, hexakis(H-sulfate), octasodium salt 
     1,3-Bis-[β-D-(2-acetylamino)-glucopyranosyl-1-thio]-phenylene, hexakis(H-sulfate), hexatriethylamine salt 
     1,3-Bis-[β-D-(2-acetylamino)-glucopyranosyl-1-thio]-phenylene, hexakis(H-sulfate), hexasodium salt. 
     Specific compounds of Formula II which are of particular interest as precursors in the production of the compounds of Formula I include the following: 
     Oxydi-p-phenylene bis-[1-thio-β-D-glucopyranoside] 
     Oxydi-p-phenylene bis-[1-thio-β-D-glucopyranoside], octaacetate 
     1,3-Bis-[β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid-1-thio]-phenylene 
     1,3-Bis-[β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid-1-thio]-phenylene, hexaacetate 
     1,3-Bis-[β-D-(2-acetylamino)-glucopyranosyl-1-thio]-phenylene 
     1,3-Bis-[β-D-(2-acetylamino)-glucopyranosyl-1-thio]-phenylene, hexaacetate. 
     Other representative compounds of this invention are the following: 
     1,3-Bis-[β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid-1-thio]-toluylene, disodium salt, hexakis(H-sulfate), hexasodium salt 
     1,3-Bis-[β-D-(2-acetylamino)-glucopyranosyl-1-thio]-toluylene, hexakis(H-sulfate), hexasodium salt 
     1,3-Bis-[α-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid-1-thio]-phenylene, disodium salt, hexakis(H-sulfate), hexasodium salt 
     1,3-Bis-[α-D-(2-acetylamino)-glucopyranosyl-1-thio]-phenylene, hexakis(H-sulfate), hexasodium salt. 
     This invention further deals with a method of modulating the complement system in a body fluid, such as blood serum, which comprises subjecting body fluid complement to the action of an effective complement modulating amount of a compound of Formula I. Body fluids can include blood, plasma, serum, synovial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, or pathological accumulations of fluid such as pleural effusion, etc. This invention also concerns a method of modulating the complement system in a warm-blooded animal which comprises administering to said warm-blooded animal an effective complement modulating amount of a compound of Formula I. 
     The compounds of Formula I find utility as complement modulators in body fluids and as such may be used to ameliorate or prevent those pathological reactions requiring the function of complement and in the therapeutic treatment of warm-blooded animals having immunologic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, certain kinds of glomerulonephritis, certain kinds of autoallergic hemolytic anemia, certain kinds of platelet disorders and certain kinds of vasculitis. These compounds may also be used in the therapeutic treatment of warm-blooded animals having nonimmunologic diseases such as paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinurea, hereditary angioneurotic edema (such as Suramin Sodium, etc.) and inflammatory states induced by the action of bacterial or lysosomal enzymes on the appropriate complement components as, for example, inflammation following coronary occlusion. They may also be useful in the treatment of transplant rejection and ulcers and as blood culture and transport mediums. The sulfated compounds of this invention such as the sodium and aluminum salts may be particularly useful in the treatment of ulcers and the like on oral therapy. Also, the non-sulfated intermediate compounds of Formula II may be useful as immuno-enhancing agents or potentiators. 
     The compounds of this invention may be prepared according to the following flowchart. ##STR4## 
     In accordance with the above flowchart, a mercapto substituted arylene compound [here represented by 1,3-dimercaptobenzene (2)] and an appropriate brominated acetylated sugar (1) where R 1  and R 2  are as hereinabove defined and X is COCH 3 , are reacted with sodium hydride in dimethoxyethane, under an inert atmosphere, at ambient to reflux temperature for 4-30 hours, giving the 1,3-bis-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-1-thio]-phenylene, polyacetate derivative (3) where R 1  and R 2  are as hereinabove defined and X is COCH 3 , which is purified by high performance liquid chromatography and then reacted with metallic sodium in methanol for about one hour, giving the 1,3-bis-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-1-thio]-phenylene derivatve (4), which in turn is reacted with a trialkylamine (C 1  -C 6 ) compound such as triethylamine-sulfur trioxide in N,N-dimethylacetamide at 50°-75° C. for 3-16 hours under an inert atmosphere and poured into acetone, giving the 1,3-bis-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-1-thio]-phenylene polykis(H-sulfate), polytriethylamine salt (5) where M is N +  H(C 2  H 5 ) 3  which is then, if desired, reacted with a cation-containing compound wherein the salt forming moiety is selected from the group consisting of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonia and substituted ammonia selected from the group consisting of piperidine, pyrazine, alkanolamine (C 2  -C 6 ) and cycloalkylamine (C 3  -C 6 ), and then precipitated in ethanol, giving (5) as the end product of Formula I. 
     It is generally preferred that the respective product of each process step, described hereinabove, is separated and/or isolated prior to its use as starting material for subsequent steps. Separation and isolation can be effected by any suitable purification procedure such as, evaporation, crystallization, column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, distillation, etc. Also, it should be appreciated that when typical reaction conditions (e.g., temperatures, mole ratios, reaction times) have been given, the conditions which are both above and below these specified ranges can also be used, though generally less conveniently. 
     The term &#34;pharmaceutically acceptable salts&#34; refers to those salts of the parent compound which do not significantly or adversely affect the pharmaceutical properties (e.g., toxicity, effectiveness, etc.) of the parent compound. The salt forming moieties of the present invention which are pharmaceutically acceptable include the alkali metals (e.g., sodium, potassium, etc.); alkaline earth metals (e.g., calcium, etc.); ammonia; and substituted ammonia selected from the group consisting of trialkylamine (C 1  -C 6 ), piperidine, pyrazine, alkanolamine (C 2  -C 6 ) and cycloalkylamine (C 3  -C 6 ). 
     The term &#34;trialkylamine (C 1  -C 6 )&#34; defines those amines having three aliphatic fully saturated hydrocarbon substituents containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms either linearly or branched. Typically, these amines are trimethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, dimethylethylamine, dimethyl-1-propylamine, etc. The term &#34;alkanolamine (C 2  -C 6 )&#34; refers to the above-defined trialkylamines additionally substituted with at least one and not more than three hydroxy groups on at least two of the alkyl hydrocarbon chains. Such amines are, for example, triethanolamine, tripropanolamine, etc. The term &#34;cycloalkylamine (C 3  -C 6 )&#34; is defined as the 3 to 6 fully saturated carbocyclic moieties such as cyclopropyl, methylcyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, etc. 
     As used hereinabove and below unless expressly stated to the contrary, all temperatures and temperature ranges refer to the centigrade system and the terms &#34;ambient&#34; or &#34;room temperature&#34; refer to about 25° C. The term &#34;percent&#34; or &#34;(%)&#34; refers to weight percent and the terms &#34;mole&#34; and &#34;moles&#34; refer to gram moles. The term &#34;equivalent&#34; refers to a quantity of reagent equal in moles to the moles of the preceding or succeeding reactant in the Preparation or Example in the term of moles of finite weight or volume. 
     Whereas the exact scope of the instant invention is set forth in the appended claims, the following specific examples illustrate certain aspects of the present invention. However, the examples are set forth for illustration only and are not to be construed as limitations on the present invention except as set forth in the appended claims. 
     A further understanding of the invention can be obtained from the following non-limiting Preparations and Examples. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Oxydi-p-phenylene bis-[1-thio-β-D-glucopyranoside], octaacetate 
     A 0.87 g portion of hexane-washed 50% sodium hydride in oil dispersion was slurried in 150 ml of ethylene glycol dimethyl ether and 2.13 g of 4,4&#39;-dimercaptodiphenyl ether was added. The reaction was chilled in an ice-methanol bath and a solution of 8.2 g of acetobromoglucose in 100 ml of ethylene glycol dimethyl ether was added. The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature overnight and was then refluxed for 24 hours. The reaction was cooled, filtered and evaporated in vacuo to an oil. This oil was dissolved in 25 ml of dichloromethane, 10 ml of hexane was added and the mixture was filtered through anhydrous magnesium sulfate and evaporated in vacuo to a solid. This solid was purified by high performance liquid chromatography using the system ethyl acetate:hexane (1:1) giving from fractions 4-6, 5.3 g of yellow solid which was then recrystallized from 100 ml of ether giving 4.1 g of the desired intermediate as a white solid. [α] D   26  -27° (CHCl 3 ). 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Oxydi-p-phenylene bis-[1-thio-β-D-glucopyranoside] 
     A mixture of 4.0 g of oxydi-p-phenylene bis-[1-thio-β-D-glucopyranoside], octaacetate, 45 ml of 2 N triethylamine in methanol-water and 45 ml of acetonitrile was stirred overnight at -5° C. and then for 24 hours at room temperature. The mixture was poured through 100 ml of an ion exchange resin (e.g., Dowex® 50WX8 (80-100 mesh) (H +  -form)) and the eluate concentrated, giving 2.4 g of the desired intermediate as a white solid, [α] D   26  -46° (CH 3  OH). 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Oxydi-p-phenylene bis-[1-thio-β-D-glucopyranoside], octakis(H-sulfate), octasodium salt 
     A mixture of 1.9 g of oxydi-p-phenylene bis-[1-thio-β-D-glucopyranoside], 6.2 g of triethylamine-sulfur trioxide, 5 ml of N,N-dimethylacetamide and 50 ml of acetone (dried over 4 A molecular sieves) was heated at reflux for 7 hours. The resulting syrup was isolated by decantation giving the octakis(H-sulfate), octatriethylamine salt. This syrup was dissolved in a solution of 2.3 g of sodium acetate in 15 ml of water and this solution was filtered through diatomaceous earth into 100 ml of isopropanol and chilled. The solid was collected, dissolved in 10 ml of water, heated and filtered while hot through charcoal and diatomaceous earth. The filtrate was poured into 100 ml of acetone and the solid collected, giving 1.4 g of the desired product as a white solid, [α] D   26  -23° (H 2  O). 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     1,3-Bis-[β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid-1-thio]-phenylene, hexaacetate 
     To a slurry of 0.98 g of hexane-washed 50% sodium hydride oil dispersion in 25 ml of dry tetrahydrofuran was added a solution of 1.56 g of 1,3-dimercaptobenzene in 20 ml of dry tetrahydrofuran, followed after 10 minutes by a solution of 7.94 g of methyl-1-bromotriacetyl glucuronate in 55 ml of dry tetrahydrofuran under an atmosphere of argon. This mixture was refluxed 16 hours, cooled, anhydrous magnesium silicate added and the mixture filtered through diatomaceous earth. The filtrate was evaporated in vacuo to a solid which was subjected to dry column chromatography giving 2.76 g of solid in the first fraction. This solid was purified by high performance liquid chromatography, giving 1.83 g of the desired intermediate, [α] D   26  -50° L (CHCl 3 ). 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     1,3-Bis-[β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid-1-thio]-phenylene 
     A turbid solution of 1.0 g of 1,3-bis-[β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid-1-thio]-phenylene, hexaacetate, 50 mg of sodium methoxide and 50 ml of methanol was stirred overnight, clarified and then concentrated to a solid. This solid was dissolved in methanol and poured into an equal volume of ether. The solid was collected giving 0.5 g of the desired intermediate as a tan solid, [α] D   26  -130° (CH 3  OH). 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     1,3-Bis[β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid-1-thio]-phenylene, hexakis(H-sulfate), octasodium salt 
     A solution of 0.7 g of 1,3-bis-[β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid-1-thio]-phenylene, 15 ml of N,N-dimethylacetamide and 3.1 g of triethylamine-sulfur trioxide was stirred over 4 A molecular sieves under argon at 63°-65° C. for 18 hours. The reaction was cooled, poured into 150 ml of methyl isobutyl ketone and filtered through diatomaceous earth and the solid collected giving the hexakis(H-sulfate), hexatriethylamine salt. This solid was dissolved in water then slurried with sodium acetate and diluted with 400 ml of absolute ethanol. The solid was collected giving 1.0 g of the desired product as a light yellow solid, [α] D   26  ±0° (H 2  O). 
     EXAMPLE 7 
     1,3-Bis-[β-D-(2-acetylamino)-glucopyranosyl-1-thio]-phenylene, hexaacetate 
     A 25.0 g portion of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine was added to 50 ml of acetyl chloride. After one hour the mixture was heated to reflux, briefly, under argon and then stirred at room temperature overnight. The solution was diluted with 200 ml of dichloromethane and then poured into a mixture of 200 g of ice and 50 ml of water. The organic phase was separated, washed with 200 ml of ice cold sodium bicarbonate solution, then dried, filtered and evaporated giving 29.1 g of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl chloride-3,4,6-triacetate. 
     A 0.8 g portion of hexane-washed 50% sodium hydride oil dispersion was suspended in 50 ml of dimethoxyethane. To this was added a solution of 1.2 g of 1,3-dimercaptobenzene in 50 ml of dimethoxyethane. This mixture was stirred 1/2 hour, then a solution of 7.3 g of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl chloride-3,4,6-triacetate in 50 ml of dimethoxyethane and 10 ml of dimethylacetamide was added rapidly. The reaction was stirred overnight, diluted with 50 ml of water and filtered. The filtrate was extracted with ethyl acetate and stirred with 50 ml of acetic anhydride containing 0.8 g of sodium acetate for 16 hours at reflux. The reaction was cooled, diluted with 200 ml of dichloromethane and poured over 200 ml of ice. The organic layer was extracted with 100 ml of water and 50 ml of saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, then dried and evaporated in vacuo to a solid. This solid was dissolved in ethyl acetate-acetone and extracted with sodium bicarbonate solution. The organic layer was dried and evaporated in vacuo, giving 2.82 g of the desired intermediate as a tan solid. The product was characterized by spectroscopic techniques including mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. 
     EXAMPLE 8 
     1,3-Bis-[β-D-(2-acetylamino)-glucopyranosyl-1-thio]-phenylene 
     To a solution of 2.6 g of 1,3-bis-[β-D-(2-acetylamino)-glucopyranosyl-1-thio]-phenylene, hexaacetate in 50 ml of anhydrous methanol was added 95 mg of sodium spheres, under argon. The mixture was stirred for one hour, briefly brought to reflux and then cooled. The solution was diluted with water and 15 ml of an ion exchange resin (e.g., Dowex® 50WX8 (H+ form)) was added. This solution was evaporated in vacuo, giving 1.46 g of the desired intermediate, [α] D   26  +50° (CH 3  OH--H 2  O). 
     EXAMPLE 9 
     1,3-Bis-[β-D-(2-acetylamino)-glucopyranosyl-1-thio]-phenylene, hexakis(H-sulfate), hexasodium salt 
     A solution of 1.24 g of 1,3-bis-[β-D-(2-acetylamino)-glucopyranosyl-1-thio]-phenylene and 7.7 g of triethylamine-sulfur trioxide over 1 g of 4 A molecular sieves was heated under argon at 65° C. for 16 hours. The reaction was cooled, diluted with 2 ml of triethylamine and poured into 400 ml of acetone. The acetone was filtered through a pad of diatomaceous earth and the occluding liquid [containing hexakis(H-sulfate), hexatriethylamine salt] dissolved in 25 ml of water containing 2.3 g of sodium acetate and filtered into 400 ml of absolute ethanol. The solid was collected and dried in vacuo, giving 1.7 g of the desired product as a brown solid, [α] D   26  ±0° (H 2  O); ultraviolet absorption spectrum: λ max  240, 227 nm (CH 3  OH). 
     EXAMPLE 10 
     Preparation of Compressed Tablet 
     
         ______________________________________Ingredient           mg/Tablet______________________________________Active Compound      0.5-500Dibasic Calcium Phosphate NF                qsStarch USP           40Modified Starch      10Magnesium Stearate USP                1-5______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 11 
     Preparation of Compressed Tablet--Sustained Action 
     
         ______________________________________Ingredient          mg/Tablet______________________________________Active Compound as Aluminum               0.5-500 (as acidLake*, Micronized   equivalent)Dibasic Calcium Phosphate NF               qsAlginic Acid        20Starch USP          35Magnesium Stearate USP               1-10______________________________________ *Complement inhibitor plus aluminum sulfate yields aluminum complement inhibitor. Complement inhibitor content in aluminum lake ranges from 5-30%. 
    
     EXAMPLE 12 
     Preparation of Hard Shell Capsule 
     
         ______________________________________Ingredient       mg/Capsule______________________________________Active Compound  0.5-500Lactose, Spray Dried            qsMagnesium Stearate            1-10______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 13 
     Preparation of Oral Liquid (Syrup) 
     
         ______________________________________Ingredient             % W/V______________________________________Active Compound        0.05-5Liquid Sugar           75.0Methyl Paraben USP     0.18Propyl Paraben USP     0.02Flavoring Agent        qsPurified Water qs ad   100.0______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 14 
     Preparation of Oral Liquid (Elixir) 
     
         ______________________________________Ingredient        % W/V______________________________________Active Compound   0.05-5Alcohol USP       12.5Glycerin USP      45.0Syrup USP         20.0Flavoring Agent   qsPurified Water qs ad             100.0______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 15 
     Preparation of Oral Suspension (Syrup) 
     
         ______________________________________Ingredient            % W/V______________________________________Active Compound as Aluminum                 0.05-5Lake, Micronized      (acid equivalent)Polysorbate 80 USP    0.1Magnesium Aluminum Silicate,                 0.3ColloidalFlavoring Agent       qsMethyl Paraben USP    0.18Propyl Paraben USP    0.02Liquid Sugar          75.0Purified Water qs ad  100.0______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 16 
     Preparation of Injectable Solution 
     
         ______________________________________Ingredient             % W/V______________________________________Active Compound        0.05-5Benzyl Alcohol NF      0.9Water for Injection    100.0______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 17 
     Preparation of Injectable Oil 
     
         ______________________________________Ingredient             % W/V______________________________________Active Compound        0.05-5Benzyl Alcohol         1.5Sesame Oil qs ad       100.0______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 18 
     Preparation of Intra-Articular Product 
     
         ______________________________________Ingredient              Amount______________________________________Active Compound         2-20 mgNaCl (physiological saline)                   0.9%Benzyl Alcohol          0.9%Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose                   1.5%pH adjusted to 5.0-7.5Water for Injection qs ad                   100%______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 19 
     Preparation of Injectable Depo Suspension 
     
         ______________________________________Ingredient           % W/V______________________________________Active Compound      0.05-5                (acid equivalent)Polysorbate 80 USP   0.2Polyethylene Glycol 4000 USP                3.0Sodium Chloride USP  0.8Benzyl Alcohol NF    0.9HCl to pH 6-8        qsWater for Injection qs ad                100.0______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 20 
     Preparation of Dental Paste 
     
         ______________________________________Ingredient          % W/W______________________________________Active Compound     0.05-5Zinc Oxide          15Polyethylene Glycol 4000 USP               50Distilled Water qs  100______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 21 
     Preparation of Dental Ointment 
     
         ______________________________________Ingredient         % W/W______________________________________Active Compound    0.05-5Petrolatum, White USP qs              100______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 22 
     Preparation of Dental Cream 
     
         ______________________________________Ingredient          % W/W______________________________________Active Compound     0.05-5Mineral Oil         50Beeswax             15Sorbitan Monostearate               2Polyoxyethylene 20 Sorbitan               3MonostearateMethyl Paraben USP  0.18Propyl Paraben USP  0.02Distilled Water qs  100______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 23 
     Preparation of Topical Cream 
     
         ______________________________________Ingredient         % W/W______________________________________Active Compound    0.05-5Sodium Lauryl Sulfate              1Propylene Glycol   12Stearyl Alcohol    25Petrolatum, White USP              25Methyl Paraben USP 0.18Propyl Paraben USP 0.02Purified Water qs  100______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 24 
     Preparation of Topical Ointment 
     
         ______________________________________Ingredient         % W/W______________________________________Active Compound    0.05-5Cholesterol        3Stearyl Alcohol    3White Wax          8Petrolatum, White USP qs              100______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 25 
     Preparation of Spray Lotion (Non-aerosol) 
     
         ______________________________________Ingredient        % W/W______________________________________Active Compound   0.05-5Isopropyl Myristate              20Alcohol (Denatured) qs             100______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 26 
     Preparation of Buccal Tablet 
     
         ______________________________________Ingredient          mg/Tablet______________________________________Active Ingredient   3.256 ×  Sugar    290.60Acacia              14.53Soluble Starch      14.53F. D. &amp; C. Yellow No. 6 Dye               0.49Magnesium Stearate  1.60               325.00______________________________________ 
    
     The final tablet will weigh about 325 mg and may be compressed into buccal tablets in flat faced or any other tooling shape convenient for buccal administration. 
     EXAMPLE 27 
     Preparation of Lozenge 
     
         ______________________________________Ingredient           g/Lozenge______________________________________Active Ingredient    0.0140Kompact ® Sugar (Sucrest Co.)                0.71386 ×  Sugar     0.4802Sorbitol (USP Crystalline)                0.1038Flavor               0.0840Magnesium Stearate   0.0021Dye                  qsStearic Acid         0.0021                1.4000______________________________________ 
    
     The ingredients are compressed into 5/8&#34; flat based lozenge tooling. Other shapes may also be utilized. 
     The compounds of the present invention may be administered internally, e.g., orally, intra-articularly or parenterally, to a warm-blooded animal to inhibit complement in the body fluid of the animal, such inhibition being useful in the amelioration or prevention of those reactions dependent upon the function of complement, such as inflammatory process and cell membrane damage induced by antigen-antibody complexes. A range of doses may be employed depending on the mode of administration, the condition being treated and the particular compound being used. For example, for intravenous or subcutaneous use from about 5 to about 50 mg/kg/day, or every six hours for more rapidly excreted salts, may be used. For intra-articular use for large joints such as the knee, from about 2 to about 20 mg/joint per week may be used, with proportionally smaller doses for smaller joints. The dosage range is to be adjusted to provide optimum therapeutic response in the warm-blooded animal being treated. In general, the amount of compound administered can vary over a wide range to provide from about 5 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg of body weight of animal per day. The usual daily dosage for a 70  kg subject may vary from about 350 mg to about 3.5 g. Unit doses of the acid or salt can contain from about 0.5 mg to about 500 mg. 
     The compounds of the present invention may also be administered topically in the form of ointments, creams, lotions and the like, suitable for the treatment of complement dependent dermatological disorders. 
     Moreover, the compounds of the present invention may be administered in the form of dental pastes, ointments, buccal tablets and other compositions suitable for application periodontally for the treatment of periodontitis and related diseases of the oral cavity. 
     In therapeutic use, the compounds of this invention may be administered in the form of conventional pharmaceutical compositions. Such compositions may be formulated so as to be suitable for oral or parenteral administration. The active ingredient may be combined in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, which carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of preparation desired for administration, i.e., oral or parenteral. The compounds can be used in compositions such as tablets. Here, the principal active ingredient is mixed with conventional tabletting ingredients such as corn starch, lactose, sucrose, sorbitol, talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate, gums, or similar materials as nontoxic pharmaceutically acceptable diluents or carriers. The tablets or pills of the novel compositions can be laminated or otherwise compounded to provide a dosage form affording the advantage of prolonged or delayed action or predetermined successive action of the enclosed medication. For example, the tablet or pill can comprise an inner dosage and an outer dosage component, the latter being in the form of an envelope over the former. The two components can be separated by an enteric layer which serves to resist disintegration in the stomach and permits the inner component to pass intact into the duodenum or to be delayed in release. A variety of materials can be used for such enteric layers or coatings, such materials including a number of polymeric acids or mixtures of polymeric acids with such materials as shellac, shellac and cetyl alcohol, cellulose acetate and the like. A particularly advantageous enteric coating comprises a sytrene maleic acid copolymer together with known materials contributing to the enteric properties of the coating. The tablet or pill may be colored through the use of an appropriate nontoxic dye, so as to provide a pleasing appearance. 
     The liquid forms in which the novel compositions of the present invention may be incorporated for administration include suitable flavored emulsions with edible oils, such as, cottonseed oil, sesame oil, coconut oil, peanut oil, and the like, as well as elixirs and similar pharmaceutical vehicles. Sterile suspensions or solutions can be prepared for parenteral use. Isotonic preparations containing suitable preservatives are also desirable for injection use. 
     The term &#34;dosage form,&#34; as described herein, refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosage for warm-blooded animal subjects, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active component calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical diluent, carrier or vehicle. The specification for the novel dosage forms of this invention is indicated by characteristics of the active component and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved or the limitations inherent in the art of compounding such an active component for therapeutic use in warm-blooded animals as disclosed in this specification. Examples of suitable oral dosage forms in accord with this invention are tablets, capsules, pills, powder packets, granules, wafers, cachets, teaspoonfuls, dropperfuls, ampules, vials, segregated multiples of any of the foregoing and other forms as herein described. 
     The complement inhibiting activity of compounds of this invention has been demonstrated by one or more of the following identified tests: (i) Test Code 026 (C1 inhibitor)--This test measures the ability of activated human C1 to destroy fluid phase human C2 in the presence of C4 and appropriate dilutions of the test compound. An active inhibitor protects C2 from C1 and C4; (ii) Test Code 035 (C3-C9 inhibitor)--This test determines the ability of the late components of human complement (C3-C9) to lyse EAC 142 in the presence of appropriate dilutions of the test compound. An active inhibitor protects EAC 142 from lysis by human C3-C9; and (iii) Cap 50 Test--Here, appropriate amounts of the test compound are added to a pool of guinea pig serum in vitro, after which the undiluted serum capillary tube assay of U.S. Pat. No. 3,876,376 is run. The concentration of compound inhibiting 50% is reported. Table I lists the results of Test Code 026, 035 and Cap 50 showing that the principal compounds of the invention possess highly significant complement inhibiting activity in warm-blooded animals. 
     
                       TABLE I______________________________________Biological Activities              Cl      C-Late  Cap 50*              026*    035*    GuineaCompound           Wells   Wells   Pig______________________________________Oxydi-p-phenylene bis-[1-thio-p-D-              4**             353glucopyranoside], octakis(H--sul-fate), octasodium salt1,3-Bis-[β-D-glucopyranosid-              5uronic acid-1-thio]-phenylene,hexakis(H--sulfate), octasodiumsalt1,3-Bis-[β-D-(2-acetylamino)-              5       1glucopyranosyl-1-thio]-phenyl-ene, hexakis(H--sulfate), hexa-sodium salt______________________________________ *Tests identified by code herein. **Activity in wells, a serial dilution assay; higher well number indicate higher activity. The serial dilutions are twofold.