Abstract:
A group of technologies related to RFID reader and tag are described, including: redundant networked multimedia RFID reader, auto-ranging RFID reader, auto-planning RFID reader, smart active antenna RFID reader and novel RFID tags. These enabling technologies bring RFID reader operations into a new level of automation, capability and ease of implementation.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
   This application claims benefit under 35 USC 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/683,464 filed May 19, 2005. 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a technology similar to barcode for unique identification of an item, yet using wireless technology so that there is no need to optically line-of-sight observe the barcode, is now in initial widespread adoption throughout the world. There are a number of US patents touching on such technology, including U.S. Pat. No. 4,075,632, U.S. Pat. No. 4,739,328, U.S. Pat. No. 5,030,807, U.S. Pat. No. 5,777,561, U.S. Pat. No. 5,828,693, U.S. Pat. No. 5,850,181, U.S. Pat. No. 5,912,632, U.S. Pat. No. 5,995,019, U.S. Pat. No. 6,154,136, U.S. Pat. No. 6,288,629, U.S. Pat. No. 6,400,274 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,429,775. 
   There are however many hurdles to wider use of the technology. The difficulty of application of RFID to different environment and business processes pose a great challenge to the system integrators in the world. The fact that RFID reading operation requires the combined interdisciplinary knowledge of RF circuits, antennas, propagation, scattering, system, middleware, server software, and business process engineering is so overwhelming that it is hard to find one single system integrator knowledgeable about them all. Users are then forced to contract multiple companies to build the RFID infrastructure, and the inevitable difficulty in communication between companies slow down the deployment rate. 
   In view of the aforesaid situation, this present invention seeks to create and introduce novel technologies, namely redundant networked multimedia technology, auto-ranging technology, auto-planning technology, smart active antenna technology, plus novel RFID tag technology, to consolidate the knowledge of all these different disciplines into a comprehensive product family. An expert system like installation, monitoring and maintenance infrastructure thus link up all these technologies. The ultimate goal is to advance the state-of-the-art in RFED system and increase the ease of deployment, speed of deployment, and reliability of deployment of RFID system throughout the world. 
   The application of these RFID technologies include, but is not limited to, logistics, warehouse management, parking lot management, golf ball tracking, clothing and fashion industry, factory automation, produce tracking, baggage tracking, document management, human access control and tracking, etc. Actually, the fact that these technologies arise from these actual applications can probably be intuitively guessed from the description of the patent application. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided an RFID reader adapted to receive data from at least one RFID tag, and adapted to receive and/or transmit video/image and/or audio signals. 
   According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided an RFID system including an RFID reader and at least a server containing data of at least one pre-recorded video/image and/or audio file accessible by said RFID reader, wherein said RFID reader is adapted to receive data from at least one RFID tag, and adapted to receive and/or transmit video/image and/or audio signals. 
   According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of operating an RFID system including at least an RFID reader adapted to receive data from at least one RFID tag, and adapted to receive and/or transmit video/image and/or audio signals, including steps (a) detecting data of at least one RFID tag; and (b) capturing video/image and/or audio data of an object carrying said at least one RFID tag. 
   According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of operating an RFID reader, including steps (a) emitting illumination energy beam of a first power level when the RFID reader is at a first distance from the target RFID; and (b) emitting illumination energy beam of a first power level, which is lower than said first power level, when the RFID reader is at a second distance from the target RFID, which is shorter than said first distance. 
   According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, there is provided an RFID system including a plurality of RFID readers associated with means for controlling the operation of said plurality of RFID readers. 
   According to a sixth aspect of the present invention, there is provided an RFID calibration tag including three RFID tags oriented substantially perpendicular to one other. 
   According to a seventh aspect of the present invention, there is provided an RFID system wherein a power amplifier is connected at a transmitting antenna front-end. 
   According to an eighth aspect of the present invention, there is provided an RFID system wherein a low noise amplifier is connected at a receiving antenna front-end. 
   According to a ninth aspect of the present invention, there is provided an RFID system including an RF signal transmitting antenna and a plurality of RF signal receiving antennae, wherein said transmitting antenna is not collocated with all of said plurality of receiving antennae. 
   According to a tenth aspect of the present invention, there is provided an RFID system including an RF signal transmitting antenna and a plurality of RF signal receiving antennae, wherein each said receiving antenna contains a complete down-conversation receiver circuit and wherein all said receiving antennae are adapted to be turned on at the same time for true simultaneous multi-direction bistatic RFID operation. 
   According to an eleventh aspect of the present invention, there is provided an RFID system including a plurality of RF signal transmitting antennae and an RF signal receiving antenna, wherein not all the transmitting antennae are collocated with said receiving antenna. 
   According to a twelfth aspect of the present invention, there is provided an RFID system including a plurality of RF signal transmitting antennae and a plurality of RF signal receiving antennae, wherein said signal transmitting antennae and said signal receiving antennae may or may not be collocated with any of the other transmitting and receiving antennae. 
   According to a thirteenth aspect of the present invention, there is provided an RFID system including a plurality of RF signal transmitting antennae and one RF signal receiving antennae, wherein the transmitting antennae, when operating at different non-interfering frequency channels or hopping frequency sequences coming from an extended RFID reader with multiple frequency sources, are adapted to be turned on at the same time for true simultaneous multi-direction bistatic RFID operation. 
   According to a fourteenth aspect of the present invention, there is provided an RFID system including a plurality of RF signal transmitting antennae and a plurality of RF signal receiving antennae, wherein said transmitting antennae operate at different non-interfering frequency channels or hopping frequency sequences coming from an extended RFID reader with multiple frequency sources, wherein each said receiving antenna contains a complete down-conversion receiver circuit and they are adapted to be turned on at the same time for true simultaneous multi-direction bistatic RFID operation, and wherein each said receiving antenna with a complete down-conversion receiver circuit is adapted to work on one of the transmitting frequencies or hopping frequency sequences of the transmitting antennae. 
   According to a fifteenth aspect of the present invention, there is provided an RFID arrangement wherein an RFID tag is contained within an object. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of examples only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
       FIG. 1  shows a schematic diagram of part of a redundant networked multimedia RFID system according to the present invention; 
       FIG. 2  shows in more detail the redundant networked multimedia RFID system of  FIG. 1 ; 
       FIG. 3  shows a further part of the redundant networked multimedia RFID system of  FIG. 1 ; 
       FIG. 4  shows a boot-up panel of the redundant networked multimedia RFID system shown in  FIGS. 1 to 3 ; 
       FIG. 5  shows an exemplary operation panel of the redundant networked multimedia RFID system shown in  FIGS. 1 to 3 ; 
       FIGS. 6 to 10  are various schematic diagrams of the redundant networked multimedia RFID system shown in  FIGS. 1 to 3 , showing various functions which can be carried out by this system; 
       FIG. 11  shows the ambiguous situation faced by an RFID reader not receiving any RF signals from an RFID tag; 
       FIG. 12  shows generally the relationship between the power of the RFID reader and the number of tags which can be read; 
       FIG. 13  shows the use of an auto-ranging RFID reader according to the present invention; 
       FIG. 14  shows the association of a number of RFID readers with a master synchronization controller according to the present invention; 
       FIG. 15  shows the interaction of calibration tags and RFID readers; 
       FIG. 16  shows the interaction of calibration tags and RFID readers associated with a master synchronization controller according to the present invention; 
       FIG. 17A  shows schematically an active transmitting antenna according to the present invention; 
       FIG. 17B  shows schematically an active receiving antenna according to the present invention; 
       FIG. 18  shows the use of antenna switching technology in an RFID system according to the present invention; 
       FIG. 19  shows the use of phase shifting technology in an RFID system according to the present invention; 
       FIG. 20  shows the use of both antenna switching technology and phase shifting technology in an RFID system according to the present invention; 
       FIG. 21  shows the use of one transmitting receiver and a number of receiving antennae in an RFID system according to the present invention; 
       FIG. 22  shows the use of one receiving antenna and a number of transmitting antennae in an RFID system according to the present invention; 
       FIG. 23A  shows the use of a number of receiving antennae and a number of transmitting antennae in an RFID system according to the present invention; 
       FIGS. 23B and 23C  show an extension of the arrangement of  FIG. 21 , where the receiving antennae contain complete down-conversion circuit to enable them to be turned on simultaneously; 
       FIGS. 23D and 23E  show an extension of the arrangement of  FIG. 23A , allowing the transmitting antennae to operate at different non-interfering frequency channels or hopping frequency sequences so that they can be turned on simultaneously; 
       FIGS. 23F and 23G  show a further extension of the arrangement of  FIG. 23A , where the transmitting antennae are enabled to operate at different non-interfering frequency channels or hopping frequency sequences so that they can be turned on simultaneously, and the receiving antennae contain complete down-conversion circuit to enable them to be turned on simultaneously, and each of the receiving antennae with a complete down-conversion receiver circuit can work on one of the transmitting frequencies or hopping frequency sequences of the transmitting antennae; 
       FIG. 24  shows a first novel RFID tag arrangement according to the present invention; 
       FIG. 25  shows a second novel RFID tag arrangement in a button, according to the present invention; 
       FIG. 26  shows a third novel RFID tag arrangement according to the present invention; 
       FIGS. 27A to 27C  show novel RFID tag arrangements in which the RFID tag is placed on top of dielectric lens of various shapes; and 
       FIG. 28  shows an exploded view of a further novel RFID tag arrangement according to the present invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   A redundant networked multimedia RFID system according to the present invention entails the use of wireless LAN (Wi Fi) connection and Ethernet connection simultaneously for redundant network connectivity, as shown in  FIG. 1 . An RFID reader  10  in such a system is connected with the wireless LAN via an antenna  12  for emitting radio frequency (RF) signals to the outside environment, and is also connected with the remaining system via an Ethernet cable  14 , thus providing redundant physical layer. 
   As shown in  FIG. 2 , the system is configured to automatically hunt for main router  16 , backup router  18 , main access point  20 , and backup access point  22  for gateway redundancy. As shown in  FIG. 3 , the system is also configured such that the RFID reader  10  automatically hunts for main server  24  and backup server  26  for backend redundancy. Even if both servers  24 ,  26  cannot be found, the system will record data on internal non-volatile memory until a server comes up. In particular, the name (IP address) of the respective routers  16 ,  18 , access points  20 ,  22  and gateways are pre-loaded into the reader  10 . When there is a network unreachable situation, the reader  10  will try out the alternative router, access point, and gateway names (IP addresses) to try to re-connect via them. Similarly, the name (IP address) of the respective server  24 ,  26  are also pre-loaded into the reader  10 . When the server cannot be reached, the reader  10  will automatically hunt for the other server by sending query messages directed to the server. 
   The system provides output of video or graphic/image data. Such enables boot-up time user friendliness, as in the case of the boot-up panel as shown in  FIG. 4 . After reading RFID tags, one or more pictures of the product pre-loaded in the database are immediately downloaded from the database for visual verification by logistics handler or security guard or customer officer at the reader site, as in the exemplary operation panel shown in  FIG. 5 . 
   The system also provides input of video or graphic/image data. This enables capture and recording of product look for future reference, verification or litigation. As shown in  FIG. 6 , a digital camera  30  captures images of a product in either image file format (e.g. JPEG) or video file format (e.g. MPEG2 or MPEG4) for storage in a database of a hard disk  32  of an RFID reader  31 , and/or for subsequent output via a streaming server  34 . 
   For products with pre-downloaded images or videos, real time image comparison may be carried out to verify product is indeed what is being applied for transit. As shown in  FIG. 7 , an RFID reader  35  first captures RFID data from an RFID tag. The RFID data are then sent to a server or a local database  36  for identification of corresponding images. The corresponding image data or video data are then downloaded from the server  36  back to the RFID reader  35 . Images captured by a local digital camera  38  are fed to the reader  35  for comparison with the image data or video data downloaded from the server  36  back to the RFID reader  35 , using an image comparison algorithm. 
   Such a system also allows for real time video streaming to the network for continuous monitoring, as shown in  FIG. 8 . A local digital camera  40  continuously captures video images of, say, a product and have such data fed to an RFID reader  42 . The data are then compressed by the RFID reader  42  to MPEG2, MPEG4 PS or TS format for streaming out and/or storage in the hard disk of the RFID reader  42 . In particular, such compressed data may be streamed out via a network to a personal computer  44  at another end of the network, enabling the video or photos to be monitored. 
   The system also provides output of audio signals, e.g. for providing audio cues for installation, boot-up help and guidance. In addition, such audio signals may provide audio commands during operation, with the audio signals pre-recorded and the logic defined by user. As shown in  FIG. 9 , an RFID reader  48 , upon reception of RFID data form an RFFD tag, can download, either from a local memory, or via a network from a server  50 , pre-recorded audio files and command logic. The downloaded audio clips are then played back and outputted via a speaker  52 . Such pre-recorded audio clips may contain commands or instructions to be heard by target objects or object containing the RFID tag. 
   In addition, the system also provides input of audio signals, enabling capture of site audio information and signature. Furthermore, such allows interaction via the network for speech recognition. Operation of the system based on interactive security password on the basis of audio data is thus also possible. As shown in  FIG. 10 , a local microphone  56  is provided for reception of sound, e.g. from an individual carrying an RFID tag, and whose identity is to be ascertained. The individual speaks or makes certain sound into the microphone  56 . The received signals are then fed to an RFID reader  58 , and compressed to MP3 format or Lossless Audio Codec file, to be streamed out and/or stored in a hard disk of the RFID reader  58 . The RFID reader  58  also receives RF signals from the RFID tag worn by the individual. The compressed audio data are then compared with pre-stored compressed audio data of that individual as stored in a server  60  or the hard disk of the RFID reader  58  for monitoring or speech recognition, e.g. for identification of the individual for security purpose. 
   As shown in  FIG. 11 , when an RFID reader  62  indicates that a certain RFID is not present, such may mean that the target tag is present, but its distance from the RFID reader  62  is larger than the maximum operating range of the RFID reader  62  (as shown in (a)), or that the tag is truly not in the target area (as shown in (b)). Such ambiguity may be resolved if the distance between the RFID reader and the tag is known to the user of the reader. The distance between the reader and the tag can be found by using ultrasonic or laser range finder. 
   The ambiguity as to whether the tag being read is the one in the main direction of the reader or is at the fringe of the illumination energy beam can be better resolved if the power of the reader can be gradually reduced as the reader approaches the tag in physical range. As shown in  FIG. 12 , with the same RFID reader  64 , with a higher power of the illumination energy beam, more RFID tags can be reached, as compared with a lower power of the illumination energy beam. 
   Combining the use of range finding and the use of power management, one can apply gradual closing in equations, either linear, quadratic or exponential, to the power versus range and thus, using audio cues, help and guide the user to zoom in onto the target tag, i.e. the one where the ID has been keyed in for the purpose of search and find. An exemplary linear equation may be in the general form of:
 
Power= aR+b  
 
where R is the range between the RFID reader and the target RFID tag;
         a is a first constant; and   b is a second constant which may, or may not, be equal to a.       

   An exemplary quadratic equation may be in the general form of:
 
Power= cR   2   +d  
 
where R is the range between the RFID reader and the target RFID tag;
         c is a third constant; and   d is a fourth constant which may, or may not, be equal to c.       

   As shown in  FIG. 13 , when a person holding an RFID is at Position  1 , which is furthest from the target tag, the illumination energy beam is emitted at its highest level of power, thus ensuring that the target tag is detected if it is within the maximum operating range of the RFID reader. As the person approaches the target tag, the power level of the RFID reader is reduced, e.g. to a medium level. If the target tag is then not detected, the person will know that he/she is not heading towards the right direction. On the other hand, if the target tag is still detected with this lowered level of power, he/she can be confident that he/she is heading towards the right direction. The power level of the illumination energy beam of the RFID reader may thus be continuously reduced while the person holding the RFID reader continues to approach (zoom in) the target tag in an interactive manner, until the target tag is located. 
   An auto-planning RFID reader system is shown in  FIG. 14 , in which a Master Synchronization Controller (MSC)  66  manages all RFID readers  68   a ,  68   b ,  68   c ,  68   d ,  68   e ,  68   f  within an area, checking each of their operation and interferences on each other, planning their frequency channels, code sequences, time slots, spatial position and beam pointing directions, and other parameters, i.e. generally allocating resources among the RFID readers. For example, it can be seen that no two readers use the same frequency channel at the same time, and each has a different antenna position. 
   The MSC  66  is an embedded system on the network, and its operating system (OS) is Linux®. The MSC  66  coordinates all the RFID readers  68   a ,  68   b ,  68   c ,  68   d ,  68   e ,  68   f  and antennae by regular communication with such readers. If the antennae work on time division multiplexing, the MSC  66  is responsible for sending out broadcasting synchronization signals. If the readers  68   a ,  68   b ,  68   c ,  68   d ,  68   e ,  68   f  work on frequency division multiplexing, the MSC  66  is then responsible for regulating evaluating the noise situation at each reader and antenna position and re-assign frequency if necessary. 
   Calibration tags, each consisting of three passive RFID tags, one vertically positioned, one horizontally positioned and one longitudinally positioned, such that the three RFID tags are perpendicular to one another, are placed at strategic points in space to mimic the location of RFID tags for the evaluation of tag responses under illumination by readers&#39; antennae. As shown in  FIG. 15 , the responses are both measured at RFID readers  70 ,  72  and also locally within the calibration tag. Within the calibration tag, the three polarizations of E fields are measured using three calibrated antennae and the value sent back to the MSC  66 . 
   In particular, the calibration tag is also an embedded system with wireless LAN, battery powered and contains a passive tag in the front in a horizontal orientation, a passive tag in the front in a vertical orientation, and a passive tag in the front in longitudinal orientation. There are also three antennae inside, oriented similarly as the three passive tags, with LAN and power detector connected. 
   Strategic points mentioned above include actual tag-present zone, i.e. the place in which the tags will physically be present. If the tags move during operation, the calibration tag need also be on the move. For all such strategic points, a matrix of four by four points, horizontally placed, 0.5 meter apart, will be measured. 
   The three values of the three polarizations of E fields as measured will be fitted into an equation to calculate whether the field illumination has reached the necessary threshold for tag integrated circuit (IC) operation. 
   The idea is that there should be no interference between the working of the two RFID readers  70 ,  72  in the target area. In particular, when the RFID reader  70  sends out signals trying to locate a calibration tag  74 , the response signals from the calibration tag  74  should only be detected by the RFID reader  70 , but not by the RFID reader  72  in the same area. Similarly, when the RFID reader  72  sends out signals trying to locate a calibration tag  76 , the response signals from the calibration tag  76  should only be detected by the RFID reader  72 , but not by the RFID reader  70 . The power of the two RFID readers  70 ,  72  may thus be adjusted until an optimum operating power for each of the two RFID readers  70 ,  72  is reached. 
   When the MSC  66  and the calibration tags are used in a closed loop feedback manner, the system integrator can automatically carry out planning of reader placement and set up, as shown in  FIG. 16 . Such work can be done in a fully automatic expert system manner, with minimal human intervention by entry level staffs following instructions at the LCD display of the MSC  66  and the calibration tags  74 ,  76 . 
   In a smart active antenna RFID reader according to the present invention, a power amplifier  80  is provided at an transmitting antenna  82  front-end, as shown in  FIG. 17A  so that the length of cable to the transmitting antenna no longer matters much. A low noise amplifier  84  is also provided at a receiving antenna  86  front-end, as shown in  FIG. 17B , so that the length of cable to the receiving antenna again does not matter much. 
   As shown in  FIG. 18 , an RFID system according to the present invention also entails use of antenna switching technology to selectively turn on a subset of a group of antennae to generate different beams to illuminate different portions of the target. In particular, the transmit beam does not have to be aligned to the receive beam. They can be the same or can be different. Their origination point can also be different for true bistatic operation. As shown in  FIG. 18 , a beam pattern  88  ensues when a first subset of antennae are turned on, whereas a beam pattern  90  ensues when a second subset of antennae are turned on. 
   This is important as one can then methodically illuminate a different portion of the target area/space and thus different tags. With fewer tags illuminated, they can respond to the RFID reader much faster with fewer collisions. The RFID reader can thus capture all RFIDs in a piecemeal fashion. 
   The system also entails the use of phase shifting technology to steer the illumination energy beam in different directions to illuminate different portions of the target area/space. In particular, the transmit beam does not have to be aligned to the receive beam. They can be the same or can be different. Their origination point can also be different for true bistatic operation. As shown in  FIG. 19 , a phase shifting network  92  is connected with four antennae  94   a ,  94   b ,  94   c ,  94   d . When a first phase shifting value is turned on, the beam pattern  96  will ensue, whereas when a second different phase shifting value is turned on, the beam pattern  98  will ensue. As in the case discussed in the preceding paragraph, steering the illumination energy beam will ensure that only a smaller population of RFID tags will be energized to the required level for operation, and thus they can respond to the RFID reader with fewer collisions. Again, the RFBD reader can thus capture all RFIDs in a piecemeal fashion. 
   The system can combine the use of amplifiers at the transmitting end and receiving end, switched antenna (antenna switches) array and steered beam (electronic phase shifters) array to direct the energy in different directions and to direct the receive sensitivity in different directions, from different origins, as shown in  FIG. 20 . 
   In one embodiment, and as shown in  FIG. 21 , the system uses a single transmitting antenna  100  to send out energy to RFID tags  102 , yet uses a number of receiving antennae  104  to pick up tag response from various angles and various physical positions. As can be expected, the transmitting antenna  100  and the receiving antennae  104  need not be collocated. 
   As shown in  FIG. 22 , the system may also use a number of transmitting antennae  106 , either in sequence or simultaneously to, with a single receiving antenna  108 . The various transmitting antennae  106  are configured in various ways such that either spatial diversity collimation is achieved or temporal diversity collimation is achieved. Again, as can be expected, the transmitting antennae  106  and the receiving antenna  108  need not be collocated. 
   In this connection, spatial and temporal diversity collimation takes advantage of the fact that a moving object in a spatial field is like a boat going through crests (ups) and troughs (downs) of a wave a waterway. If the wave is regular, then the boat will go through a limited range of ups and downs. If there are more exciter of the wave, so that the wave pattern becomes more complicated, then the wave will more likely have higher peaks and deeper troughs and, during those high peaks, the boat will be bounced up higher by the waves. Moreover, the number of peaks and troughs per area or per volume will increase in all directions, so that the chance that a tag is in an illuminated area or volume is higher. 
   By spatial diversity collimation, due to wave propagation and scattering characteristics because of the different geometric nature of incoming RFID tags, and the payload that comes with the tag (e.g. pallet of goods), the wave will have multi-path interference in and out of phase that is not the same from day to day. Depending on whether the position of the tag is in an in phase or out of phase position (which can vary by 20 dB in power), the tag will function or not. By adding more antennae and turning them on in different patterns, the signal reaching the same spot will have more chance to become in phase (collimate) and hence enabling the tags to receive enough energy to operate. 
   As to temporal diversity collimation, due to the movement of the RFID tag and the associated payload, by having a multiple of antenna switching on and off at different time, the probability that the tag is within the illumination of at least one antenna during the time the RFID tag traverses the energy field zone of the antennae is higher. 
   The system also entails, as shown in  FIG. 23 , the use of a multiple of transmitting antennae  110  and a multiple of receiving antennae  112  at different physical positions and angles to send energy into the zone of interest and receive response from tags  114  within the region. Again, spatial diversity collimation or temporal diversity collimation is achieved. 
   As shown in  FIGS. 23B and 23C , the system entails an extension of the configuration shown in  FIG. 21 , i.e. single-transmit multiple-receive, in which the active receiving antenna  112  also contains a complete down-conversion block  113  (now termed an “extended receiving antenna”  112   a ) so that simultaneous reception can be achieved. In this arrangement as shown in  FIG. 23C , the multiple receiving antennae are not switched in time (no time slotting), but are actually all working at the same time. This will enable true simultaneous multi-direction bistatic RFID reader operation. This is because in a typical application, the strongest scattering direction from the tag may not be in the backward direction but may be in some other directions. This direction will in fact also change from case to case and from environment to environment, depending on the content of the payload and the metal content in the environment. A further complication is that the strongest scattered direction RF energy may encounter a series of absorptive structure (e.g. bottles of water) or reflective structure (e.g. packages of batteries) so that such strongest scattered waves can never reach the receiving antenna in that direction in strength higher than the sensitivity threshold of the receiving system—in other words, the tag would not be detected. A further complication is that the interference of multipaths in the environment will cause peaks and nulls to occur, and since the payload may be moving at a high speed through the field—the moment it is in an illuminated area, the next moment it is not—so that time is of essence, and so that for each illumination by the transmitting antenna  110 , all the receiving antennae  112   a  must be turned on to maximize the probability of reception. To ensure the best possible reception in all situations, the receiving antennae (with full blown receiver circuit inside)  112   a  are all turned on. This is particularly useful for high mobility RFID applications, such as tagged pallets or tagged cases or even tagged items in, but not limited to, distribution centres, logistics warehouse conveyor belts, etc. 
   Similarly, and as shown in  FIGS. 23D and 23E , the system also entails an extension of the configuration shown in  FIG. 23A , i.e. multiple-transmit multiple-receive, in which the active transmitting antennae operate at different frequency channels (non-interfering channels) or hopping frequency sequences, from an extended RFID reader  200  with a number of frequency sources  202 , so that simultaneous transmission can be achieved. In this arrangement, the multiple transmitting antennae are not switched in time (no time slotting), but are actually all working at the same time. This will enable true simultaneous multi-direction bistatic RFID reader operation. This is because in a typical application, the strongest incoming direction to the tag may not be in one particular direction which is the mounting position of one antenna toward the payload, but may be in some other directions. This direction will in fact also change from case to case and from environment to environment, depending on the content of the payload and the metal content in the environment. A further complication is that the strongest incoming direction RF energy may encounter a series of absorptive structure (e.g. bottles of water) or reflective structure (e.g. packages of batteries) so that such strongest wave may never reach the tag in that direction in strength higher than the turn-on AC power of the tag—in other words, the tag would not be activated. A further complication is that the interference of multipaths in the environment will cause peaks and nulls to occur, and since the payload may be moving at a high speed through the field—the moment it is in an illuminated area, the next moment it is not—so that time is of essence, and so that for each passing of the tag, all the transmitting antennae must be turned on to maximize the probability of hitting the tag with sufficient energy. To ensure the best possible illumination in all situations, the antennae (with different non-interfering frequency channels or hopping frequency sequences inside) are all turned on. This is particularly useful for high mobility RFID applications, such as tagged pallets or tagged cases or even tagged items in, but not limited to, distribution centres, logistics warehouse conveyor belts, etc. 
   The system also entails a further extension of the configuration shown in  FIG. 23A , i.e. multiple-transmit multiple-receive, in which the active transmitting antennae operate at different frequency channels (non-interfering channels) or hopping frequency sequences, from an extended reader  200  with multiple frequency sources  202 , so that simultaneous transmission can be achieved, and in which the active receiving antennae  112   a  contain complete down-conversion block so that simultaneous reception can be achieved, as shown in  FIGS. 23F and 23G  This is in effect a full combination of the arrangements in  FIGS. 23B to 23E . Each of the receiving antennae with a complete down-conversion receiver circuit works on one of the transmitting frequency or hopping frequency sequence of the transmitting antennae. 
   A novel RFID tag arrangement is shown in  FIG. 24 , in which an RFID tag  120  is embedded in wide temperature range plastic with metallic yarn  122  woven out in various lengths for direct sewing onto cloth. The tag  120  is sewn onto the original cloth and follows the production line all the way. The tag  120  thus allows a piece of clothing to be tracked during the production process. The metallic yarn  122  is thin enough to be sewn onto a piece of cloth without being noticed or become obtrusive later in the finished clothing. 
   A further novel RFID tag arrangement is shown in  FIG. 25  in which an RFID tag  130  is embedded in wide temperature range plastic and spiral dipole antenna and further insertion molded into a button  132 . Such an RFID tag allows any clothing, once sewn with such a tag, to be tracked and traced along the logistics path. The advantage of such an arrangement is that it is aesthetically non-obtrusive, and the normal distance and spacing between buttons incorporating RFID tags will enable better performance even in densely packed environment. 
   An additional novel tag arrangement is shown in  FIG. 26 , in which an RFID tag is embedded in wide temperature range high impact strength plastic with metal wires strung out to surface of inner core, on which two layers of metallized film, each forming a half hemispherical shell, facing opposite direction, are formed. Such allows the RFID tag  134  to be embedded in, e.g. a golf ball  136 , which enables the position of the golf ball to be tracked in various environment, e.g. in a golf course, driving range, or in home. The ownership of the golf ball incorporating such an RFID tag may be identified. Once hit and reaching the target zone, the where-about of the golf ball and its proximity to the flag may also be determined. 
   Further novel tag arrangements are shown in  FIGS. 27A to 27C , in which an RFID tag  140  with two antennae  142  are placed on top of various shapes of dielectric lens  144   a ,  144   b ,  144   c , with convergent characteristics, centre cut and backed with metal ground plane  146 . The dielectric lens may be 2-dimensional or 3-dimensional convex lens, triangular shaped convex lens, or 3-dimensional diamond shaped structure. Various characteristics materials may be used for forming the cap versus the body. The cap may follow same contour or may fill up the gap to make the tag fully rectangular. Such arrangements allow tag operation when backed by a large structure of metal. The distance between the metal back  146  and the top (where the tag antenna is situated) is fixed and hence the tag antennae  142  will not be too close to the metal structure behind. The convergent lens design will force the energy impinging on the RFID tag to be refracted towards the centre, thus later being reflected from the metal back  146  and returning directly toward the antennae  142 . This will ensure a larger collection of energy otherwise not intercepted by the tag antennae  142 . 
   Dielectric materials suitable for use in such arrangements include acrylic, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polystyrene (PS), etc., that are typically termed plastic. The various “characteristics” are the dielectric constant and the loss tangent of the dielectric material. The use of dielectric materials, with its dielectric constant, will effectively reduce the size requirement of the tag, typically by a factor of the square root of the dielectric constant multiplied by an air-dielectric compensation factor. 
   A further novel RFID tag arrangement is shown in  FIG. 28 , in which an RFID tag  150  is pressed between two slices of dielectric materials  152 . A tag antenna  154 , being a dipole antenna, is formed inside of the two slices of dielectric materials  152 , from corner to corner. Metal plates  156  of different size and shape are provided on the outside. The metal plates  156  contain slots  158  at appropriate point over and perpendicular to the dipole antenna  154  inside, to couple out energy. 
   It should be understood that the above only illustrates and describes examples whereby the present invention may be carried out, and that modifications and/or alterations may be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the invention. 
   It should also be understood that certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided or separately or in any suitable subcombination.