Abstract:
A digital image projector for increasing brightness includes a first light source; a second light source that is spectrally adjacent to the first light source; a dichroic beamsplitter disposed to direct light of both the first and second light source; a spatial light modulator that receives light from both the first and second light sources; and projection optics for delivering imaging light from the spatial light modulator.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    This invention generally relates to an apparatus for projecting a stereoscopic digital image and more particularly relates to an improved apparatus and method using independent multiple wavelength to create stereoscopic images for digital cinema projection. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    In order to be considered as suitable replacements for conventional film projectors, digital projection systems must meet demanding requirements for image quality. This is particularly true for multicolor cinematic projection systems. Competitive digital projection alternatives to conventional, cinematic-quality projectors must meet high standards of performance, providing high resolution, wide color gamut, high brightness, and frame-sequential contrast ratios exceeding 1,000:1. 
         [0003]    Increasingly, the motion picture industry has moved toward the production and display of 3 dimensional (3D) or perceived stereoscopic content in order to offer consumers an enhanced visual experience in large venues. While entertainment companies such as Disney have offered this content in their theme parks for many years and Imax has created specialty theatres for such content, in both those cases film has been the primary medium for image creation. To create the stereo image, two sets of films and projectors simultaneously project orthogonal polarizations, one for each eye. Audience members wear corresponding orthogonally polarized glasses that block one polarized light image for each eye while transmitting the orthogonal polarized light image. 
         [0004]    In the ongoing transition of the motion picture industry to digital imaging, some vendors, such as Imax, have continued to utilize a two-projection system to provide a high quality stereo image. More commonly, however, conventional digital projectors have been modified to enable 3D projection. 
         [0005]    The most promising of these conventional projection solutions for multicolor digital cinema projection employ, as image forming devices, one of two basic types of spatial light modulators (SLMs). The first type of spatial light modulator is the Digital Light Processor (DLP), a digital micromirror device (DMD), developed by Texas Instruments, Inc., Dallas, Tex. DLP devices are described in a number of patents, for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,441,791; 5,535,047; 5,600,383 (all to Hornbeck); and U.S. Pat. No. 5,719,695 (Heimbuch). Optical designs for projection apparatus employing DLPs are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,914,818 (Tejada et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 5,930,050 (Dewald); U.S. Pat. No. 6,008,951 (Anderson); and U.S. Pat. No. 6,089,717 (Iwai). DLPs have been successfully employed in digital projection systems. 
         [0006]      FIG. 1  shows a simplified block diagram of a projector apparatus  10  that uses DLP spatial light modulators. A light source  12  provides polychromatic unpolarized light into a prism assembly  14 , such as a Philips prism, for example. Prism assembly  14  splits the polychromatic light into red, green, and blue component wavelength bands and directs each band to the corresponding spatial light modulator  20   r ,  20   g , or  20   b . Prism assembly  14  then recombines the modulated light from each SLM  20   r ,  20   g , and  20   b  and provides this unpolarized light to a projection lens  30  for projection onto a display screen or other suitable surface. 
         [0007]    DLP-based projectors demonstrate the capability to provide the necessary light throughput, contrast ratio, and color gamut for most projection applications from desktop to large cinema. However, there are inherent resolution limitations, with existing devices typically providing no more than 2148×1080 pixels. In addition, high component and system costs have limited the suitability of DLP designs for higher-quality digital cinema projection. Moreover, the cost, size, weight, and complexity of the Philips or other suitable combining prisms are significant constraints. In addition, the need for a relatively fast projection lens with a long working distance, due to brightness requirements, has had a negative impact on acceptability and usability of these devices. 
         [0008]    The second type of spatial light modulator used for digital projection is the LCD (Liquid Crystal Device). The LCD forms an image as an array of pixels by selectively modulating the polarization state of incident light for each corresponding pixel. LCDs appear to have advantages as spatial light modulators for high-quality digital cinema projection systems. These advantages include relatively large device size, favorable device yields and the ability to fabricate higher resolution devices, for example 4096×2160 resolution devices by Sony and JVC Corporations. Among examples of electronic projection apparatus that utilize LCD spatial light modulators are those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,808,795 (Shimomura et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 5,798,819 (Hattori et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 5,918,961 (Ueda); U.S. Pat. No. 6,010,121 (Maki et al.); and U.S. Pat. No. 6,062,694 (Oikawa et al.). LCOS (Liquid Crystal On Silicon) devices are thought to be particularly promising for large-scale image projection. However, LCD components have difficulty maintaining the high quality demands of digital cinema, particularly with regard to color, contrast, as the high thermal load of high brightness projection affects the materials polarization qualities. 
         [0009]    Conventional methods for forming stereoscopic images from these conventional micro-display (DLP or LCOS) based projectors have been based around two primary techniques. The less common technique, utilized by Dolby Laboratories, for example, is similar to that described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0127121 by Maximus et. al., where color space separation is used to distinguish between the left and right eye content. Filters are utilized in the white light illumination system to momentarily block out portions of each of the primary colors for a portion of the frame time. For example, for the left eye, the lower wavelength spectrum of Red, Blue, and Green (RGB) would be blocked for a period of time. This would be followed by blocking the higher wavelength spectrum of Red, Blue, and Green (RGB) for the other eye. The appropriate color adjusted stereo content that is associated with each eye is presented to each modulator for the eye. The viewer wears a corresponding filter set that similarly transmits only one of the two 3-color (ROB) spectral sets. This system is advantaged over a polarization based projection system in that its images can be projected onto most screens without the requirement of utilizing a custom polarization-maintaining screen. It is similarly advantaged in that polarization properties of the modulator or associated optics are not significant in the performance of the approach. It is disadvantaged, however, in that the filter glasses are expensive and the viewing quality can be reduced by angular shift, head motion, and tilt. The expensive glasses are also subject to scratch damage and theft causing financial difficulties for the venue owners. Additionally, adjustment of the color space can be difficult and there is significant light loss due to filtering, leading to either a higher required lamp output or reduced image brightness. 
         [0010]    The second approach utilizes polarized light. One method, assigned to InFocus Corporation, Wilsonville, Oreg., in U.S. Pat. No. 6,793,341 to Svardal et al., utilizes each of two orthogonal polarization states delivered to two separate spatial light modulators. Polarized light from both modulators is projected simultaneously. The viewer wears polarized glasses with polarization transmission axes for left and right eyes orthogonally oriented with respect to each other. Although this arrangement offers efficient use of light, it can be a very expensive configuration, especially in projector designs where a spatial light modulator is required for each color band. In another more common approach using polarization, a conventional digital projector is modified to modulate alternate polarization states that are rapidly switched from one to the other. This can be done, for example, where a DLP projector has a polarizer placed in the output path of the light, such as at a position  16  indicated by a dashed line in  FIG. 1 . The polarizer is required as the DLP is not inherently designed to maintain the polarization of the input light as the window of the device package depolarizes due to stress induced bireflingence. An achromatic polarization switcher, similar to the type described in U.S. application 2006/0291053 by Robinson et al. could be used at position  16  after the polarizer. A switcher of this type alternately rotates polarized light between two orthogonal polarization states, such as linear polarization states, to allow the presentation of two distinct images, one to each eye, while the user wears polarized glasses. 
         [0011]    Real-D systems historically have utilized left and right circularly polarized light, where the glasses are made of a combination ¼ wave retarder plus a polarizer to change the circularly polarized light back to linearly polarized light before blocking one state. This apparently is less sensitive to head tilt and the achromatic polarization switcher is easier to fabricate. The glasses, however, add expense over embodiments that simply use a polarizer. In either case, the display screen must substantially maintain the polarization state of the incident image-bearing light and is, therefore, typically silvered. Silvered screens are more costly and exhibit angular sensitivity for gain. While this system is of some value, there is a significant light loss with MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical-System) based systems since they require polarization, which reduces the output in half. Similarly, there is additional light loss and added cost from the polarization switcher. LCOS based projectors that utilize this method are advantaged over typical MEMS based projectors in that the output is typically already polarized for the device to function. Thus no significant loss is obtained by polarizing the output light. These projectors are, however, commonly more costly due to the difficulty of maintaining high polarization control through high angle optics. Therefore any gains in efficiency are somewhat offset by other costs. 
         [0012]    A continuing problem with illumination efficiency relates to etendue or, similarly, to the Lagrange invariant. As is well known in the optical arts, etendue relates to the amount of light that can be handled by an optical system. Potentially, the larger the etendue, the brighter the image will be. Numerically, etendue is proportional to the product of two factors, namely the image area and the numerical aperture. In terms of the simplified optical system represented in  FIG. 2  having light source  12 , optics  18 , and a spatial light modulator  20 , etendue is a factor of the area of the light source A 1  and its output angle θ 1  and is equal to the area of the modulator A 2  and its acceptance angle θ 2 . For increased brightness, it is desirable to provide as much light as possible from the area of the light source  12 . As a general principle, the optical design is advantaged when the etendue at the light source is most closely matched to the etendue at the modulator. 
         [0013]    Increasing the numerical aperture, for example, increases etendue so that the optical system captures more light. Similarly, increasing the source image size, so that light originates over a larger area, increases etendue. In order to utilize an increased etendue on the illumination side, the etendue must be greater than or equal to that of the illumination source. Typically, however, larger images are more costly. This is especially true of devices such as LCOS and DLP components, where the silicon substrate and defect potential increase with size. As a general rule, increased etendue results in a more complex and costly optical design. Using an approach such as that outlined in U.S. Pat. No. 5,907,437 (Sprotbery et al.) for example, lens components in the optical system must be designed for large etendue. The source image area for the light that must be converged through system optics is the sum of the combined areas of the spatial light modulators in red, green, and blue light paths; notably, this is three times the area of the final multicolor image formed. That is, for the configuration disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,907,437, optical components handle a sizable image area, therefore a high etendue, since red, green, and blue color paths are separate and must be optically converged. Moreover, although a configuration such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,907,437 handles light from three times the area of the final multicolor image formed, this configuration does not afford any benefit of increased brightness, since each color path contains only one-third of the total light level. 
         [0014]    Efficiency improves when the etendue of the light source is well matched to the etendue of the spatial light modulator. Poorly matched etendue means that the optical system is either light starved, unable to provide sufficient light to the spatial light modulators, or inefficient, effectively discarding a substantial portion of the light that is generated for modulation. 
         [0015]    The goal of providing sufficient brightness for digital cinema applications at an acceptable system cost has eluded designers of both LCD and DLP systems. LCD-based systems have been compromised by the requirement for polarized light, reducing efficiency and increasing etendue, even where polarization recovery techniques are used. DLP device designs, not requiring polarized light, have proven to be somewhat more efficient, but still require expensive, short-lived lamps and costly optical engines, making them too expensive to compete against conventional cinema projection equipment. 
         [0016]    In order to compete with conventional high-end film-based projection systems and provide what has been termed electronic or digital cinema, digital projectors must be capable of achieving comparable cinema brightness levels to this earlier equipment. As some idea of scale, the typical theatre requires on the order of 10,000 lumens projected onto screen sizes on the order of 40 feet in diagonal. The range of screens requires anywhere from 5,000 lumens to upwards of 40,000 lumens. In addition to this demanding brightness requirement, these projectors must also deliver high resolution (2048×1080 pixels) and provide around 2000:1 contrast and a wide color gamut. 
         [0017]    Some digital cinema projector designs have proved to be capable of this level of performance. However, high equipment cost and operational costs have been obstacles. Projection apparatus that meet these requirements typically cost in excess of $50,000 each and utilize high wattage Xenon arc lamps that need replacement at intervals between 500-2000 hours, with typical replacement cost often exceeding $1000. The large etendue of the Xenon lamp has considerable impact on cost and complexity, since it necessitates relatively fast optics to collect and project light from these sources. 
         [0018]    One drawback common to both DLP and LCOS LCD spatial light modulators (SLM) has been their limited ability to use solid-state light sources, particularly laser sources. Although they are advantaged over other types of light sources with regard to relative spectral purity and potentially high brightness levels, solid-state light sources require different approaches in order to use these advantages effectively. Using conventional methods and devices for conditioning, redirecting, and combining light from color sources, as was described with earlier digital projector designs, can constrain how well laser array light sources are used. 
         [0019]    Solid-state lasers promise improvements in etendue, longevity, and overall spectral and brightness stability but, until recently, have not been able to deliver visible light at sufficient levels and at costs acceptable for digital cinema. In a more recent development, VCSEL(Vertical Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser) laser arrays have been commercialized and show some promise as potential light sources. However, brightness itself is not yet high enough; the combined light from as many as 9 individual arrays is needed in order to provide the necessary brightness for each color. 
         [0020]    Examples of projection apparatus using laser arrays include the following: 
         [0021]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,704,700 entitled “Laser Illuminated Image Projection System and Method of Using Same” to Kappel et al. describes the use of a microlaser array for projector illumination; 
         [0022]    Commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 6,950,454 to Kruschwitz et al. entitled “Electronic Imaging System Using Organic Laser Array Illuminating an Area Light Valve” describes the use of organic lasers for providing laser illumination to a spatial light modulator; 
         [0023]    U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0023173 entitled “Projection Display Apparatus, System, and Method” to Mooradian et al. describes the use of arrays of extended cavity surface-emitting semiconductor lasers for illumination; 
         [0024]    U.S. Pat. No. 7,052,145 entitled “Displays Using Solid-State Light Sources” to Glenn describes different display embodiments that employ arrays of microlasers for projector illumination. 
         [0025]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,240,116 entitled Laser Diode Array Assemblies With Optimized Brightness Conservation” to Lang et al. discusses the packaging of conventional laser bar-and edge-emitting diodes with high cooling efficiency and describes using lenses combined with reflectors to reduce the divergence-size product (etendue) of a 2 dimensional array by eliminating or reducing the spacing between collimated beams. 
         [0026]    There are difficulties with each of these types of solutions. Kappel &#39;700 teaches the use of a monolithic array of coherent lasers for use as the light source in image projection, whereby the number of lasers is selected to match the power requirements of the lumen output of the projector. In a high lumen projector, however, this approach presents a number of difficulties. Manufacturing yields drop as the number of devices increases and heat problems can be significant with larger scale arrays. Coherence can also create problems for monolithic designs. Coherence of the laser sources typically causes artifacts such as optical interference and speckle. It is, therefore, preferable to use an array of lasers where coherence, spatial and temporal coherence is weak or negligible. While spectral coherence is desirable from the standpoint of improved color gamut, a small amount of spectral broadening is also desirable for reducing sensitivity to interference and speckle and also lessens the effects of color shift of a single spectral source. This shift could occur, for example, in a three-color projection system that has separate red, green and blue laser sources. If all lasers in the single color arrays are connected together and of a narrow wavelength, and a shift occurs in the operating wavelength, the white point and color of the entire projector may fall out of specification. On the other hand, where the array is averaged with small variations in the wavelengths, the sensitivity to single color shifts in the overall output is greatly reduced. While components may be added to the system to help break this coherence as discussed by Kappel, it is preferred from a cost and simplicity standpoint to utilize slightly varying devices from different manufactured lots to form a substantially incoherent laser source. In addition, reducing the spatial and temporal coherence at the source is preferred, as most means of reducing this incoherence beyond the source utilizes components such as diffusers that increase the effective extent of the source (etendue), cause additional light loss, and add expense to the system. Maintaining the small etendue of the lasers enables a simplification of the optical train for illumination, which is highly desirable. 
         [0027]    Laser arrays of particular interest for projection applications are various types of VCSEL arrays, including VECSEL (Vertical Extended Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser) and NECSEL (Novalux Extended Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser) devices from Novalux, Sunnyvale, Calif. However, conventional solutions using these devices have been prone to a number of problems. One limitation relates to device yields. Due largely to heat and packaging problems for critical components, the commercialized VECSEL array is extended in length, but limited in height; typically, a VECSEL array has only two rows of emitting sources. The use of more than two rows tends to dramatically increase yield and packaging difficulties. This practical limitation would make it difficult to provide a VECSEL illumination system for projection apparatus as described in the Glenn &#39;145 disclosure, for example. Brightness would be constrained when using the projection solutions proposed in the Mooradian et al. &#39;3173 disclosure. Although Kruschwitz et al &#39;454 and others describe the use of laser arrays using organic VCSELs, these organic lasers have not yet been successfully commercialized. In addition to these problems, conventional VECSEL designs are prone to difficulties with power connection and heat sinking. These lasers are of high power; for example, a single row laser device, frequency doubled into a two-row device from Novalux produces over 3 W of usable light. Thus, there can be significant current requirements and heat load from the unused current. Lifetime and beam quality is highly dependent upon stable temperature maintenance. 
         [0028]    Coupling of the laser sources to the projection system presents another difficulty that is not adequately addressed using conventional approaches. For example, using Novalux NESEL lasers, approximately nine 2 row by 24 laser arrays are required for each color in order to approximate the 10,000 lumen requirement of most theatres. It is desirable to separate these sources, as well as the electronic delivery and connection and the associated heat from the main thermally sensitive optical system to allow optimal performance of the projection engine. Other laser sources are possible, such as conventional edge emitting laser diodes. However, these are more difficult to package in array form and traditionally have a shorter lifetime at higher brightness levels. 
         [0029]    Conventional solutions do not adequately address the problems of etendue-matching of the laser sources to the system and of thermally separating the illumination sources from the optical engine. Moreover, conventional solutions do not address ways to effectively utilize lasers effectively to generate stereoscopic digital cinema projection systems. Thus it can be seen that there is a need for illumination solutions that capitalize on the use of multi-wavelength laser light sources for stereoscopic digital cinema projection systems. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0030]    It is an object of the present invention to address the need for stereoscopic imaging with digital spatial light modulators such as DLP and LCOS and related microdisplay spatial light modulator devices. With this object in mind, the present invention provides a digital image projector for increasing brightness that includes (a) a first light source; (b) a second light source that is spectrally adjacent to the first light source; (c) a dichroic beamsplitter disposed to direct light of both the first and second light source; (d) a spatial light modulator that receives light from both the first and second light sources; and (e) projection optics for delivering imaging light from the spatial light modulator. 
         [0031]    It is a feature of the present invention that it provides ways for improved etendue matching between illumination and modulation components. 
         [0032]    These and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon a reading of the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the drawings wherein there is shown and described an illustrative embodiment of the invention. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0033]    While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter of the present invention, it is believed that the invention will be better understood from the following description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
           [0034]      FIG. 1  is a schematic block diagram of a conventional projection apparatus using a combining prism for the different color light paths; 
           [0035]      FIG. 2  is a representative diagram showing etendue for an optical system; 
           [0036]      FIGS. 3A and 3B  are plan views showing the relative fill factor of different solid-state light array-to-light guide combinations; 
           [0037]      FIG. 3C  is a graph illustrating spectrally adjacent bands of the present invention; 
           [0038]      FIG. 4  is a schematic block diagram showing the general arrangement of a projection apparatus using the illumination combiner of the present invention for stereo projection; 
           [0039]      FIGS. 5 and 6  are respectively a schematic side-view diagram and a perspective view diagram both illustrating how adjacent spectral light from multiple solid-state light arrays can be provided along the same illumination path; 
           [0040]      FIG. 7A  is a schematic side-view diagram illustrating the use of a dichroic beamsplitter for directing illumination of one spectral band from multiple solid-state light arrays in one embodiment; 
           [0041]      FIG. 7B  is a schematic side-view diagram illustrating the use of a dichroic beamsplitter for directing illumination of an adjacent spectral band from multiple solid-state light arrays in one embodiment; 
           [0042]      FIG. 8  is a timing diagram that illustrates the alternating timing of adjacent spectral bands used for stereo image presentation; 
           [0043]      FIG. 9A  is a schematic side-view diagram illustrating the use of a light-redirecting prism for combining illumination from multiple solid-state light arrays in one embodiment; 
           [0044]      FIG. 9B  is a perspective view of the light-redirecting prism of  FIG. 9A ; 
           [0045]      FIG. 10  is a schematic side view of a light-redirecting prism in an alternate embodiment; 
           [0046]      FIG. 11  is a schematic side view showing the use of two light-redirecting prisms for providing light of dual adjacent spectral bands from a solid-state light array; 
           [0047]      FIG. 12  is a schematic side view showing the use of an embodiment of a light-redirecting prism that accepts light from both sides; 
           [0048]      FIG. 13  is a schematic side view of an illumination apparatus using a light-redirecting prism of  FIG. 12  for light of each adjacent spectral band; 
           [0049]      FIG. 14  is a schematic diagram of a projection apparatus using dual adjacent spectral bands with the light-redirecting prisms of  FIG. 12 ; 
           [0050]      FIG. 15  is a schematic diagram of an alternate projection apparatus using dual adjacent spectral bands with the light-redirecting prisms of  FIG. 12 , without light guides; 
           [0051]      FIG. 16  is a schematic side view of an illumination apparatus using a light-redirecting prism of  FIG. 12  for each adjacent spectral band and an rotating optical shutter to distinguish illuminating spectrum; and 
           [0052]      FIG. 17  is a schematic front view of an optical shutter that is half transmitting and half reflecting for the adjacent spectral bands. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0053]    The present description is directed in particular to elements forming part of, or cooperating more directly with, apparatus in accordance with the invention. It is to be understood that elements not specifically shown or described may take various forms well known to those skilled in the art. 
         [0054]    This invention requires the use of a spectrally adjacent wavelength band. This term refers to substantially distinctive neighboring wavelength regions within a particular color spectrum. For example, and referring to  FIG. 3C , typical digital display systems are often composed of three or more general color spectrums, defined as blue, green, and red. These may be composed of wavelength regions of between 30 nm to 100 nm in spectral width. Within these color spectrums, smaller adjacent subsets can be defined. An example of this would be the blue color spectrum, which may be between 420 nm and 460 nm. Two spectrally adjacent bands may be comprised of spectrums of 420 to 430 nm and 440 to 450 nm. Both of these are within the general color spectrum band; however, they are also spectrally distinct. With the use of laser light sources, these spectrally adjacent colors would likely be narrower, as the laser spectrums are inherently narrow. Their spatial separation is defined by the requirements of any coatings that may be used to either combine the adjacent spectral bands or reject the adjacent spectral band. This small separation between the adjacent spectral bands enables the least variation in color space and the widest color gamut of the projection system. Therefore it is desirable to have these bands as close together as practical within the ability to fabricate a reasonable filter and also remain inside the general color spectrum. 
         [0055]    Figures shown and described herein are provided to illustrate principles of operation according to the present invention and are not drawn with intent to show actual size or scale. Because of the relative dimensions of the component parts for the laser array of the present invention, some exaggeration is necessary in order to emphasize basic structure, shape, and principles of operation. 
         [0056]    Embodiments of the present invention address the need for improved brightness in a stereoscopic viewing system using adjacent dual spectral sources and provide solutions that can also allow ease of removal and modular replacement of illumination assemblies. Embodiments of the present invention additionally provide features that reduce thermal effects that might otherwise cause thermally induced stress birefringence in optical components that are used with polarization-based projectors. Embodiments of the present invention take advantage of the inherent polarization of light that is emitted from a VECSEL laser array or other type of solid-state light array. 
         [0057]    One approach used to reduce thermal loading by embodiments of the present invention is to isolate the light sources from light modulation components using a waveguide structure. Light from multiple solid-state light source arrays is coupled into optical waveguides that deliver the light to the modulation device. When this is done, the geometry of the light source-to-waveguide interface can be optimized so that the waveguide output is well matched to the aspect ratio of the spatial light modulator. In practice, this means that the waveguide aperture is substantially filled or slightly underfilled for maintaining optimal etendue levels. This arrangement also helps to minimize the speed requirement of illumination optics. 
         [0058]    Referring to  FIGS. 3A and 3B , the input aperture of a light guide  52  is shown in cross section. A solid-state light array  44  is shown as it would appear at the input aperture of light guide  52 , if properly scaled. As shown in  FIG. 3A , the aperture is underfilled, which may easily cause a poor etendue match at the spatial light modulator end of light guide  52 . In  FIG. 3B , the aspect ratios of array  44  and light guide  52  are well matched by reshaping the input aperture of light guide  52  from its conventional circular form. Methods of combining multiple arrays  44  are described subsequently. In embodiments using this approach, an optical fiber can be utilized for light guide  52 . In one embodiment, a rectangular core optical fiber is used. For example, rectangular core fiber from Liekki of Lohaja, Finland has been fabricated to better match source aspect ratios. 
         [0059]    In order to better understand the present invention, it is instructive to describe the overall context within which apparatus and methods of the present invention can be operable. The schematic diagram of  FIG. 4  shows a basic arrangement for projection apparatus  10  that is used in a number of embodiments of the present invention. Three light modulation assemblies  40   r ,  40   g , and  40   b  are shown, each modulating one of the primary Red, Green, or Blue (ROB) color bands from an illumination combiner  42 . In each light modulation assembly  40   r ,  40   g , and  40   b , an optional lens  50  directs light into a light guide  52 , such as an optical fiber. At the output of light guide  52 , a lens  54  directs light through an integrator  51 , such as a fly&#39;s eye integrator or integrating bar, for example, to a spatial light modulator  60 , which may be a DLP, LCOS or other modulating component. For use with LCOS, it is preferred to maintain the polarization, highly polarized state of the light, when polarized lasers are used. In the case of DLP modulators, this is unnecessary. Projection optics  70 , indicated generally in a dashed outline in  FIG. 4  due to many possible embodiments, then directs the modulated light to a display surface  80 . The overall arrangement shown in  FIG. 4  is then used for subsequent embodiments of the present invention, with various arrangements used for illumination combiner  42 . Illumination combiner  42  alternately provides light of adjacent spectral bands, thus providing alternate left-and right-eye views in rapid succession. 
         [0060]      FIG. 5  shows one approach for combining multiple arrays  44  and  44 ′ to form a larger array.  FIG. 6  shows the configuration of  FIG. 5  in perspective view. In  FIG. 5 , one or more interspersed mirrors  46  may be used to place the optical axis of additional arrays  44 ′ in line with array  44 . However, it can be appreciated that heat and spacing requirements may limit how many arrays  44  can be stacked in this manner 
         [0061]    The arrangements shown in  FIGS. 5 and 6  can be modified somewhat to allow the use of light having different, or shifted adjacent spectral content, as shown in  FIGS. 7A and 7B  and in the timing chart of  FIG. 8 .  FIGS. 7A and 7B  illustrate the illumination combiner  42 , and the timing diagram of  FIG. 8  shows, within any one of light modulation assemblies  40   r ,  40   g , and  40   b , how light that is directed to the same spatial light modulator  60  ( FIG. 4 ) can be rapidly alternated between two adjacent color spectrums to provide left-and right-eye images accordingly. There are two banks of lasers, for example purposes, solid-state laser arrays are shown,  44   a  and  44   b . Lasers  44   a  and  44   b  provide light adjacent spectral bands. The viewer then wears filtered glasses to separate out and selectively transmit the single wavelength band intended for viewing, while blocking at the adjacent wavelength band intended for the alternate eye. The duty cycle shown in  FIG. 8  is 50% illumination for each eye. Shorter duty cycles are possible, as long as the average power density on each eye is the same. The optimum duty cycle and frequency rate must be selected by the operational speed of the spatial light modulator, the operational speed of the laser device and the necessity to minimize discomfort by the viewer. A typical minimum acceptable frequency of 120 hz refresh rate is desired, while higher frequencies are preferred. In 3D DLP based Digital Cinema applications, 144 hz is often used. 
         [0062]    In some instances it may not be practical to operate the lasers in a modulating fashion at the required frequency for quality stereoscopic imaging. For example, laser instability may occur when driving the laser in such a manner, thereby causing undesirable or uncontrollable laser power fluctuation. An alternative embodiment of this invention is to utilize fixed operation lasers, (may be modulated, but not for stereoscopic purposes), in combination with an optical shutter.  FIGS. 16 and 17  show optical shutter  65  that is rotated in synchronization with the spatial light modulators by motor  66 .  FIG. 17  illustrates that the optical shutter  65  includes a reflective portion  75  and a transmissive portion  76 . When reflective portion  75  in rotated into the optical path of light from  44   a  and  44   b  the light from  44   a  is reflected into the optical system for projection, while the light from  44   b  is reflected to beam dump  67 . Similarly, when transmissive portion  76  is rotated into the optical path of light from  44   a  and  44   b , the light from  44   b  transmits to the optical system for projection, while the light from  44   a  transmits to the beamdump. Thereby the rotation of portions  75  and  76  provide optical system illumination that alternates between the two adjacent color bands from  44   a  and  44   b . In the simplified case, the light from  44   a  and  44   b  are simultaneously reflected for 50% of the time corresponding to the image set on the spatial light modulator destined for the eye allowing the spectrum from illumination source  44   a . Light from  44   a  is reflected off of optical shutter  65  and delivered to the spatial light modulator which is then projected to the screen for viewing by the user wearing color selective filter glasses allowing only light from adjacent spectrum  44   a . Light from illumination source  44   b  is reflected into beam dump  67 . Likewise, for 50% of the time, optical shutter  65  transmits substantially all of illumination  44   a  and  44   b . In this case, light from  44   a  ends at the beam dump  67 , while light from  44   b  is delivered to the modulator which images content for the alternate eye. This light reaches the viewer&#39;s appropriate eye through the filter glasses designed to transmit only adjacent spectrum  44   b.    
         [0063]    While this approach has more light loss than the prior embodiment, similar to the prior art, it is easier to implement. The prior art requires the use of a color selective coating to separate the appropriate adjacent spectrums. This must handle all three wavelength bands simultaneously. In this embodiment, a simple mirror may be used for half of the optical shutter (reflective portion), while the other half may be a simple window (transmissive portion). Alternatively, two different wavelengths sensitive coatings designed with shifted edge filter designs may be used. As only one spectral band is required, this is substantially easier to fabricate without specialty coating types. In either case, proper anti reflection coatings may be desired on the substrates to prevent ghost reflections causing crosstalk light from entering the spatial light modulator from the inappropriate adjacent spectral band. Additionally, there may be a desire to allow both adjacent spectral bands through to increase brightness for conventional non-stereoscopic images. In this case, the optical shutter may be removed and the dichroic beamsplitter may be reinserted. This can be automated by the content selection system. 
         [0064]    It is desirable to have the spectrums of each of the lasers be adjacent in wavelength to minimize the color shift correction required for each eye to be minimal; conversely, it is also desirable to have enough of a spectral shift such that filters can be designed to sufficiently separate out the light from the left and right eyes, minimizing crosstalk. These filters are typically fabricated by utilizing thin film based edge or bandpass filters. These filters have transition regions of wavelength ranging between a high transmission and blocking typically with smaller transitions (steeper) requiring more costly optical layers. This tradeoff between color space and transition space defines the specific desirable wavelength separation. NESCEL lasers typically have a variation of around 0.5 nm between samples designed for the same spectral band. Therefore, a minimum spectral separation would be 1 nm, provided an optical coating could be designed and fabricated with enough tolerance to have a transition region from full transmission to full blocking within 1 nm. More typically, however, a minimum of 5 nm would be required for such a coating. Therefore, the coating fabrication cost is often the limiting factor. 
         [0065]    In one half of the alternating illumination cycle, arrays  44   a  are energized, as shown in  FIG. 7A . This light reflects from a dichroic beamsplitter  62 . In the other half of the alternating illumination cycle, arrays  44   b  are energized, as shown in  FIG. 7B . This light is transmitted through dichroic beamsplitter  62 . For non-stereoscopic applications, the light from both adjacent lasers  44   a  and  44   b  may be used together to provide a brighter imager, or used at half power to balance the lifetime each laser source. 
         [0066]    This arrangement advantageously puts light of both adjacent spectral bands on the same illumination axis. The etendue of this approach remains the same as shown in the configuration shown earlier for a single channel in  FIG. 5 . Therefore, in non-stereoscopic applications, where both spectral bands are imaged, the brightness of the source effectively doubles. This enables the optical engine to work at the lower etendue of effectively a single source, providing advantages in a slower optical speed and higher contrast. However, in the case where stereo is desired, only a single source is utilized at one particular moment in time, so the effective brightness remains the same as  FIG. 5B . While the shifted adjacent spectral bands do increase the overall source bandwidth, thereby reducing the possible color gamut, by keeping the wavelengths as near as practical, this effect is reduced. It is desirable to select the combination of left eye spectral bands and subsequently right eye spectral bands such that their white points are a close as possible. The overall width of the selected primary bands (combination of adjacent spectral bands) should be well below the width of conventional Xenon light sources, where typical bands may be as high as 100 nm. In the case where lasers are used, a total band including both adjacent spectrums might encompass only 20 nm or less, providing sufficient margin for very simple optical coating to be made, as well as a substantially larger color gamut compared with traditional illumination. 
         [0067]      FIGS. 9A and 9B  show side and orthogonal views, respectively, of an embodiment of illumination combiner  42  that combines laser light from four solid-state light arrays  44 , concentrated within a smaller area. A light-redirecting prism  30  has an incident face  32  that accepts light emitted from array  44  in an emission direction D 1 . Light is redirected to an output direction D 2  that lies along the direction of the optical axis and is substantially orthogonal to emission direction D 1 . Light redirecting prism  30  has a redirection surface  36  that has light-redirecting facets  38 . Light-redirecting facets  38  are at an oblique angle relative to emission direction D 1  and provide Total Internal Reflection (TIR) to light emitted from lasers  26 . When staggered as shown in  FIGS. 9A and 9B , these features help to narrow the light path for this illumination, providing a narrower light beam. As  FIG. 9B  shows, light arrays  44  have multiple lasers  26  that extend in a length direction L. Light-redirecting facets  38  and other facets on redirection surface  36  also extend in direction L. 
         [0068]    A number of variations are possible. For example, the cross-sectional side view of  FIG. 10  shows an alternate embodiment in which light-directing facets  38  of light redirecting prism  30  are scaled to redirect light from multiple rows of lasers on light arrays  44  at a time. Incident face  32  may not be normal with respect to emission direction D 1 , allowing some offset to the arrangement of light arrays  44  and requiring that the index of refraction n of light redirecting prism  30  be taken into account. 
         [0069]    The schematic block diagram of  FIG. 11  shows how multiple light redirecting prisms  30  can be utilized to provide increased brightness in an embodiment that uses adjacent color bands. As was described earlier with reference to  FIGS. 7A and 7B , alternating illumination from light arrays  44   a  and  44   b,  through dichroic beamsplitter  62 , direct light of adjacent color bands to spatial light modulator  60  for providing a stereoscopic image. 
         [0070]    The cross-sectional side view of  FIG. 12  shows another embodiment of light-redirecting prism  30  in illumination combiner  42  that provides an even more compact arrangement of illumination than the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 9A-10  for using solid-state arrays. In this embodiment, light redirecting prism  30  has two redirection surfaces  36 , accepting light from arrays  44  that are facing each other, with opposing emission directions D 1  and D 1 ′. Each redirection surface  36  has two types of facets: a light-redirecting facet  38  and an incidence facet  28  that can be normal to the incident light from the corresponding array  44  or at some other angle oblique to normal. This allows for easier alignment of the various laser modules to the light-redirecting prism  30  by retro-reflection of a small residual light from an anti-reflection coated face back into each of the lasers. This retro-reflection can be useful as a means of creating a subtle external cavity that may induce mode instability in laser. While such mode hopping may be considered noise under typical applications, this noise can add value in projection by further reducing the laser coherence (and inter-laser coherence) thereby reducing visual speckle at the image plane. Additionally, with this dual sided approach, laser modules are interleaved with light from differing modules neighboring each other, providing a source of further spatial mixing when the light is optically integrated further in the optical system. This again helps to reduce possible speckle and increase system uniformity. While this light can be image directly to the optical integrator  51 , further optical integration and speckle reduction can be provided by instead directing the combined far field illumination instead. With this approach the integrator will need to uniformize essentially a Gaussian beam intensity profile rather than multiple points of light. Some combination of near field illumination and far field illumination may be optimal toward minimizing the etendue of the illumination and maximizing the uniformity of light delivered. Additionally, utilizing more far field illumination provides increased spatial and therefore thermal separation between the illumination sources and the spatial light modulated engine. 
         [0071]    While it can be seen that this orientation of the prism  30  to laser  44  shown in  FIG. 12  is advantaged, normal incidence light with respect to the input or output faces is not required for combining the illumination sources. It is required, however, that the redirected light beams exiting the prism  30  at surface(s)  34  be substantially parallel to each other. Achieving this requires careful consideration of a number of factors. These factors include the combination of the angle of incidence of the lasers  44  on each side (as they may be different) to input facets on each side and the refraction in the prism based on the index of refraction of the material. In addition, the reflection off of the redirecting facets from each side (again, these may be different on each side) must be considered and its combination with the refraction of the prism must cooperate so that output light beams from the exit face(s) are in parallel. 
         [0072]    The schematic block diagram of  FIG. 14  shows an embodiment of projector apparatus  10  that uses light-redirecting prisms  30  in each color channel following the basic arrangement described with respect to  FIG. 13 . Each light modulation assembly  40   r,    40   g,  and  40   b  has a pair of light redirecting prisms  30  configured with dichroic beam  62 . In each light modulation assembly, adjacent spectral band light from one or the other light-redirecting prism  30  is directed through light guide  52  to lens  50  and integrator  51  through dichroic beamsplitter  62 . Spatial light modulator  60  is a digital micromirror, LCOS, other device that modulates light. The embodiment shown was designed to use the angular modulation of a micromirror device, but could also be utilized with an LCOS, where thin film coated surface  68  is treated to reflect or transmit incident light according to its incident angle, so that modulated light is directed to a dichroic combiner  82 . Dichroic combiner  82  has an arrangement of dichroic surfaces  84  that selectively reflect or transmit light according to wavelength, combining the modulated light from each light modulation assembly  40   r,    40   g,  and  40   b  onto a single optical path through projection optics  70 . The light modulation assemblies  40   r,    40   g,  and  40   b  consist of the dual adjacent spectral bands; the dichroic surfaces  84  are designed to treat both of these adjacent bands similarly. 
         [0073]    The schematic block diagram of  FIG. 15  shows an alternate embodiment of projector apparatus  10  in an embodiment similar to that of  FIG. 14 , but without light guides  52 . This embodiment can be advantaged because light guides  52  can tend to degrade polarization of the transmitted light. For such an embodiment, lenslet arrays would offer advantages for uniformizing the illumination, since polarization states are maintained. 
         [0074]    The present invention allows a number of variations from the exemplary embodiments described herein. For example, a variety of laser light sources could be used as alternatives to VECSEL and other laser arrays. Light directing prism  30  can be made from many highly transmissive materials. For low power applications, plastics may be chosen, with molding processes be used that induce very little stress to the part. Similarly, it is desirable to have the materials chosen such that they induce minimal stress or thermally induced birefringence. Plastics such as acrylic or Zeonex from Zeon Chemicals would be examples of such materials. This is particularly important in the case where light-directing prism  30  is used in a polarization based optical system. 
         [0075]    For higher power applications, such as digital cinema where many high power lasers are required, plastics may be impractical for use with light directing prism  30 , since the heat buildup from even small level of optical absorption could ultimately damage the material and degrade transmission. In this case, glass would be preferred. Again stress birefringence could be a problem for polarization-based projectors. In this case, glass with low stress coefficient of birefringence, such as SF57, could be used. 
         [0076]    Another option would be to use a very low absorption optical glass, such as fused silica, to prevent heat up of the material and therefore keep the birefringence from occurring. These types of materials may not be conducive to creating a molded glass component, thus requiring conventional polishing and or assembly of multiple pieces to make up the completed prism. Where molding is desired, a slow mold process would be preferred, and annealing is desirable to reduce any inherent stress. A clean up polarizer may be desired or necessary to remove any rotated polarization states that might develop from any residual birefringence. This is primarily a trade off of efficiency, component cost and required polarization purity. 
         [0077]    Embodiments of the present invention can be useful for shaping the aspect ratio of the light source so that it suits the aspect ratio of the spatial light modulator that is used. Embodiments of the present invention can be used with light guides  52  of different dimensions, allowing the light guide to be not only flexible, but also shaped with substantially the same aspect ratio to that of the modulator. For digital cinema this ratio would be approximately 1.9:1. An alternate embodiment could use a square core fiber. Similarly, a round core optical waveguide, such as common multimode optical fiber can be utilized. 
         [0078]    While an optical waveguide between the illumination combiner  42  and integrator  51  is shown for a number of embodiments, it is commonly known that other methods of relaying and separating the illumination sources from the projection optical engine are possible. Relaying with common lenses as shown in  FIG. 15  is one approach to achieving the desired thermal and spatial separation desired. 
         [0079]    The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, where laser arrays are described in the detailed embodiments, other solid-state emissive components could be used as an alternative. Supporting lenses may also be added to each optical path. In optical assemblies shown herein, the order of the uniformization or light integration and relaying may be reversed without significant difference in effect. 
         [0080]    Thus, what is provided is an apparatus and method using independently controlled adjacent spectral band illumination sources for enhanced brightness or stereoscopic digital cinema projection. 
       PARTS LIST 
       [0000]    
       
           10  Projector apparatus 
           12  Light source 
           14  Prism assembly 
           16  Position 
           18  Optics 
           20   20   r,    20   g,    20   b.  Spatial light modulator 
           26  Laser 
           28  Incidence facet 
           30  Light redirecting prism 
           32  Incident face 
           34  Output face 
           36  Redirection surface 
           38  Light-redirecting facet 
           40   r,    40   g,    40   b  Light modulation assembly 
           42  Illumination combiner 
           44 ,  44 ′,  44   a,    44   b.  Solid-state light array 
           46  Mirror 
           48 ,  56  Polarization beamsplitter 
           50  Lens 
           51  Integrator 
           52  Light guide 
           54  Lens 
           60  Spatial light modulator 
           62  Dichroic beamsplitter 
           65  Rotating disc optical shutter 
           66  Motor 
           67  Beam Dump 
           68  Dichroic surface 
           70  Projection optics 
           74  Micromirror 
           80  Display surface 
           82  Dichroic combiner 
           84  Dichroic surface 
         A. Axis 
         D 1 , D 1 ′. Emission direction 
         D 2  Output direction