Abstract:
A method for valuing a business based on the business generating an acceptable return to an owner during a defined investment period, the method including the steps of assessing the business background for the business to be valued, establishing value optimisation factors that determine business value in the light of the business background and the relevant industry of the business to be valued, establishing a business capitalisation rate (BCR) appropriate for the business and industry of the business to be valued, calculating a weighted average notional earning before interest and tax (WANEBIT) based on historical financial records of the business to be valued, and calculating the net business value using the WANEBIT and the BCF.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to business methodologies and particularly to a method of business valuation which produces a business valuation which can then be used in the business for multiple commercial purposes. 
       BACKGROUND ART 
       [0002]    Methods for valuing a business are known. One prior art patent application directed towards such a method is U.S. Pat. No. 6,393,406 to Eder. That document provides an excellent summation of the state of the art as known and a portion of the Background Art section of that patent is reproduced verbatim as follows: 
         [0003]    “The valuation of a business is complex and time-consuming undertaking. Business valuations determine the price that a hypothetical buyer would pay for a business under a given set of circumstances. The volume of business valuations being performed each year is increasing significantly. A leading cause of this growth in volume is the increasing use of mergers and acquisitions as vehicles for corporate growth. Business valuations are frequently used in setting the price for a business that is being bought or sold. Another reason for the growth in the volume of business valuations has been their increasing use in areas other than supporting merger and acquisition transactions. For example, business valuations are now being used by financial institutions to determine the amount of credit that should be extended to a company, by courts in determining litigation settlement amounts and by investors in evaluating the performance of company management. 
         [0004]    In most cases, a business valuation is completed by an appraiser or a Certified Public Accountant (hereinafter, appraiser) using a combination of judgment, experience and an understanding of generally accepted valuation principles. The two primary types of business valuations that are widely used and accepted are income valuation and asset valuations. Market valuations are also used in some cases but their use is restricted because of the difficulty inherent in trying to compare two different companies. 
         [0005]    Income valuations are based on the premise that the current value of a business is a function of the future value that an investor can expect to receive from purchasing all or part of the business. Income valuations are the most widely used type of valuation. They are generally used for valuing businesses that are expected to continue operating for the foreseeable future. In these valuations the expected returns from investing in the business and the risks associated with receiving the expected returns are evaluated by the appraiser. The appraiser then determines the value whereby a hypothetical buyer would receive a sufficient return on the investment to compensate the buyer for the risk associated with receiving the expected returns. Income valuation methods include the capitalization of earnings method, the discounted future income method, the discounted cash flow method, the economic income method and other formula methods. Asset valuations consider the business to be a collection of assets which have an intrinsic value to a third party in an asset sale. Asset valuations are typically used for businesses that are ceasing operation and for specific type of businesses such as holding companies and investment companies. Asset valuation methods include the book value method, the adjusted book value method, the economic balance sheet method and the liquidation method. 
         [0006]    Market valuations are used to place a value on one business by using valuations that have been established for comparable businesses in either a public stock market or a recent transaction. This method is difficult to use properly because no two companies are exactly the same and no two transactions are completed for the exact same reasons. Market valuation methods include the price to earnings method, the comparable sales method, industry valuation methods and the comparable investment method. 
         [0007]    When performing a business valuation, the appraiser is generally free to select the valuation type and method (or some combination of the methods) in determining the business value. Under the current procedures, there is no correct answer, there is only the best possible informed guess for any given business valuation. There are several difficulties inherent in this approach. First, the reliance on informed guessing places a heavy reliance on the knowledge and experience of the appraiser. The recent increase in the need for business valuations has strained the capacity of existing appraisal organizations. As a result, the average experience level of those performing the valuations has decreased. The situation is even worse for many segments of the American economy where experienced appraisers don&#39;t exist because the industries are too new. Another drawback of the current procedures for completing a valuation is that the appraiser is typically retained and paid by a party to a proposed transaction. It is difficult in this situation to be certain that the valuation opinion is unbiased and fair. Given the appraiser&#39;s wide latitude for selecting the method, the large variability of experience levels in the industry and the high likelihood of appraiser bias, it is not surprising that it is generally very difficult to compare the valuations of two different appraisers—even for the same business. These limitations in turn serve to seriously diminish the usefulness of business valuations to business managers, business owners and financial institutions. 
         [0008]    The usefulness of business valuations to business owners and managers is limited for another reason—valuations typically determine only the value of the business as a whole. To provide information that would be useful in improving the business, the valuation would have to furnish supporting detail that would highlight the value of different elements of the business. An operating manager would then be able to use a series of business valuations to identify elements within a business that have been decreasing in value. This information could also be used to identify corrective action programs and to track the progress that these programs have made in increasing business value. This same information could also be used to identify elements that are contributing to an increase in business value. This information could be used to identify elements where increased levels of investment would have a significant favourable impact on the overall health of the business. 
         [0009]    Another limitation of the current methodology is that financial statements and accounting records have traditionally provided the basis for most business valuations. Appraisers generally spend a great deal of time extracting, aggregating, verifying and interpreting the information from accounting systems as part of the valuation process. Accounting records do have the advantage of being prepared in a generally unbiased manner using the consistent framework of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (hereinafter, GAAP). Unfortunately, these accounting statements have proved to be increasingly inadequate for use in evaluating the financial performance of modem companies. 
         [0010]    Many have noted that traditional accounting systems are driving information-age managers to make the wrong decisions and the wrong investments. Accounting systems are “wrong” for one simple reason, they track tangible assets while ignoring intangible assets. Intangible assets such as the skills of the workers, intellectual property, business infrastructure, databases, and relationships with customers and suppliers are not measured with current accounting systems. This oversight is critical because in the present economy the success of an enterprise is determined more by its ability to use its intangible assets than by its ability to amass and control the physical ones that are tracked by traditional accounting systems. 
         [0011]    The recent experience of several of the most important companies in the U.S. economy, IBM, General Motors and DEC, illustrates the problems that can arise when intangible asset information is omitted from corporate financial statements. All three were all showing large profits using current accounting systems while their businesses were falling apart If they had been forced to take write-offs when the declines in intangible assets were occurring, the problems would have been visible to the market and management would have been forced to act on them much sooner. These deficiencies of traditional accounting systems are particularly noticeable in high technology companies that are highly valued for their intangible assets and their options to enter new markets rather than their tangible assets. 
         [0012]    The accounting profession itself recognizes the limitations of traditional accounting systems. A group of senior financial executives, educators and consultants that had been asked to map the future of financial management by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) recently concluded that:
       a) Operating managers will continue to lose confidence in traditional financial reporting systems,   b) The motto of CFOs in the future will likely be “close enough is good enough”, and   c) The traditional financial report will never again be used as the exclusive basis for any business decisions.       
 
         [0016]    The deficiency of traditional accounting systems is also one of the root causes of the short term focus of many American firms. Because traditional accounting methods ignore intangible assets, expenditures that develop a market or expand the capabilities of an organization are generally shown as expenses that only decrease the current period profit. For example, an expenditure for technical training which increases the value of an employee to an enterprise is an expense while an expenditure to refurbish a piece of furniture is capitalized as an asset. 
         [0017]    The dependence on accounting records for valuing business enterprises has to some extent been a matter of simple convenience. Because corporations are required to maintain financial records for tax purposes, accounting statements are available for virtually every company. At the same time, the high cost of data storage has until recently prevented the more detailed information required for valuing intangibles from being readily available. In a similar manner, the absence of integrated corporate databases within corporations and the home-grown nature of most corporate systems has until recently made it difficult to compare similar data from different firms. 
         [0018]    The lack of a consistent, well accepted, realistic method for measuring all the elements of business value also prevents some firms from receiving the financing they need to grow. Most banks and lending institutions focus on book value when evaluating the credit worthiness of a business seeking funds. As stated previously, the value of many high technology firms lies primarily in intangible assets and growth options that aren&#39;t visible under traditional definitions of accounting book value. As a result, these businesses generally aren&#39;t eligible to receive capital from traditional lending sources, even though their financial prospects are generally far superior to those of companies with much higher tangible book values.” 
         [0019]    The system disclosed in Eder then provides a system which measures the financial performance of all the elements of business value for a given enterprise by automating the extraction of transaction data from the databases, tables, and files of the existing computer-based corporate finance, operation, sales, and human resource software databases as required to operate the system. This resulted in a complex and cumbersome model that would likely miscalculate the value of the business due to a lack of a “reasonableness of assumptions” assessment that an experienced operator would apply in consideration as to the nature of the business and the industry in which the business operates for example. 
         [0020]    In light of the preceding discussion, it is clear that it would be advantageous to provide a simple, easy to use valuation system which provides the advantages of the Eder system but based on reasonable assumptions from an experienced operator. 
         [0021]    It will be clearly understood that, if a prior art publication is referred to herein, this reference does not constitute an admission that the publication forms part of the common general knowledge in the art in Australia or in any other country. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0022]    The present invention is directed to a method for business valuation, which may at least partially overcome at least one of the above-mentioned disadvantages or provide the consumer with a useful or commercial choice. 
         [0023]    In one broad form, the invention resides in a method for valuing a business based on the business generating an acceptable return to an owner during a defined investment period, the method including the steps of:
       1. assessing the background of the business and its industry;   2. establishing the parameters that determine the business capitalisation rate (BCR);   3. calculating the BCR based on the established parameters;   4. identifying the notional business profitability; and   5. applying the BCR to the notional business profitability.       
 
         [0029]    The present invention has been developed to calculate the BCR that is relevant to each business based on a number of variables. Being a capitalisation factor, the BCR incorporates the following: 
         [0030]    1. current interest rate 
         [0031]    2. capitalisation period 
         [0032]    3. tax rate 
         [0033]    4. free cash flow factor 
         [0034]    These variables differ between each business and the present invention analyses the correlation between these variables and determines the BCR for the particular business. 
         [0035]    In a second form, the invention resides in a method for valuing a business based on the business generating an acceptable return to an owner during a defined investment period, the method including the steps of:
       a) Assessing the business background for the business to be valued;   b) Establishing value optimisation factors that determine business value in the light of the business background and the relevant industry of the business to be valued;   c) Establishing a business capitalisation rate (BCR) appropriate for the business and industry of the business to be valued;   d) Calculating a weighted average notional earning before interest and tax (WANEBIT) based on historical financial records of the business to be valued; and   e) Calculating the net business value using the WANEBIT and the BCF.       
 
         [0041]    In a more preferred form, the invention may further include the optional step of:
       f) Calculating a free cash flow factor to ascertain ability of a business to finance a debt, including the sub-steps of:
           i. Calculating the business tax liability based on historical financial data;   ii. Calculating cash available based on WANEBIT less business tax liability; and   iii. Calculating free cash flow factor according to the ratio of cash available to repayment amounts with a minimum acceptable value of 1.2.   
               
 
         [0046]    In an optional preferred form, the invention may further include the optional step of:
       g) checking that the business capitalisation rate (BCR) established in step (c) is viable, including the sub-steps of:
           i. calculating a peak notional business value ratio (PNBVR) of net business value from step (e) to total income for an appropriate historical period;   ii. calculating WANEBIT as a percentage of total income for the appropriate historical period;   iii. calculating the business capitalisation rate as a ratio of PNBVR to WANEBIT as a percentage of total income; and   iv. comparing the business capitalisation rate to industry levels for reasonableness.   
               
 
         [0052]    In a third form, the invention resides in a data processing system for valuing a business including
       a) processing means for processing data;   b) storage means for storing data;   c) first means for obtaining data related to the financial performance of a business to be valued, including at least an income component, and an expense component;   d) second means for establishing a business capitalisation rate (BCR) appropriate for the business and industry of the business to be valued;   e) third means for calculating a weighted average notional earning before interest and tax (WANEBIT) based on historical financial records of the business to be valued; and   f) fourth means for calculating the net business value using the WANEBIT and the BCF.       
 
         [0059]    In a more preferred form, the invention may further include:
       g) fifth means for checking that the business capitalisation rate (BCR) established in step (c) is viable by:
           i. calculating a peak notional business value ratio (PNBVR) using the net business value from step (f) to total income for an appropriate historical period;   ii. calculating WANEBIT as a percentage of total income for the historical period;   iii. calculating the business capitalisation rate as a ratio of PNBVR to WANEBIT as a percentage of total income; and   iv. iteratively comparing the business capitalisation rate calculated in step (iii) to that established in feature (d).   
               
 
         [0065]    The present invention may be used in situations where a business wishes to value itself or where the business may wish to value itself in the evaluation of a potential purchase of an asset. The asset may be as simple as a fixed plant asset or may be as complex as the purchase of another business venture as an asset. The method and system of the present invention are preferably based on an earnings capacity of the business and any future sale price of a business is likely to require adjustment to account for other items such as working capital, unrecorded liabilities, expiring assets and the like, that form a part of the business sale. 
         [0066]    There are generally key success factors that determine business value. These factors indicate the degree to which a business may be able to increase its value and identify areas where the business may be at risk from inappropriate management practices. These key success factors include: 
         [0067]    Management Information Systems 
         [0068]    Management Information Systems (MIS) provide business owners and managers with accurate and timely information. Job costing, customer relationship management (CRM) and management accounting systems are examples of a functioning MIS. 
         [0069]    Management, Business and Personal Experience 
         [0070]    The business owner has a solid knowledge of the business. Importantly, the business owner recognises the need to seek external professional assistance where necessary and to establish a balance between business and family life 
         [0071]    Customers and Market Demand 
         [0072]    The business owner has a thorough understanding of the products and services that are relevant to the industry and is aware of the opportunities available through market/customer analysis and the need to deliver a high level of customer service. 
         [0073]    Human Resource Management 
         [0074]    The business owner, is aware of (and either adopts or is in the process of adopting) contemporary HR management techniques. 
         [0075]    Growth, Succession and Estate Planning 
         [0076]    The business does have a certain level of dependence on the business owner, who recognises this and appreciates that as the business grows the business owner can train and mentor incoming key staff members to be able to run the business in the absence of the owner. 
       Assessment Methodology 
       [0077]    The preferred invention is embodied in a valuation model that determines a value for a business based on the business generating an acceptable return to an owner during a defined investment period. 
         [0078]    The valuation methodology typically considers:
   1. Profitability and Servicing—the business generating sufficient cash flows after tax (from profits) to provide a return on business investment;   2. Investment Payback Period—the maximum investment period based on an assessment of business risk;   3. Cost of Capital—most small to medium enterprise business investment is funded by bank debt.   
 
         [0082]    A key component in calculating business value is the determination of an appropriate capitalisation factor. The capitalisation factor will vary from business to business. 
         [0083]    The valuation methodology determining the appropriate capitalisation factor of the present invention is preferably based on quantitative and qualitative analysis of all facets of business operations and incorporates the principles of Porter&#39;s Five-Forces Model, financial modelling and generally accepted credit standards. 
         [0084]    Porter&#39;s Five Forces Model is a model used to analyse a particular environment of an industry. The five forces defined in Porter&#39;s model are:
   1) Competitive Rivalry   2) Power of suppliers   3) Power of buyers   4) Threats of substitutes   5) Threat of new entrants.   
 
         [0090]    The above five main factors are thought to be the key factors that influence industry performance. According to the present invention, the significance of the risk associated with each factor is preferably assessed using particular considerations which are specific to the factor. The significance of the risk associated with each consideration is then preferably given a quantitative value and then the risk of each factor is summarised to establish a quantitative value of risk of the business. 
       Competitive Rivalry 
       [0091]    A starting point to analysing the industry is to investigate competitive rivalry. If entry to an industry is easy then competitive rivalry will likely to be high. If it is easy for customers to move to substitute products, then again rivalry will be high. Generally competitive rivalry will be high if:
       There is little differentiation between the products sold between customers.   Competitors are approximately the same size of each other.   If the competitors all have similar strategies.   It is costly to leave the industry hence they fight to just stay in (exit barriers).       
 
         [0096]    The considerations used for this factor preferably include: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Risk 
                 Significance 
               
               
                 Consideration 
                 Exists? 
                 of Risk* 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 The market comprises a number of similar sized 
               
               
                 businesses 
               
               
                 Competitors have aggressive growth strategies 
               
               
                 Little product/service differentiation exists 
               
               
                 Low market growth exists 
               
               
                 Fixed costs in the industry are high (therefore 
               
               
                 high revenues are required) 
               
               
                 Storage costs are high and/or perishable goods 
               
               
                 are involved 
               
               
                 Exit costs are high 
               
               
                 Competitors have access to greater resources 
               
               
                 than the business 
               
               
                 Switching costs are low for the customer 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *(Score 1 to 5, 1 is minimal; 5 is high). 
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Power of Suppliers 
       [0097]    Suppliers are also essential for the success of an organisation. Raw materials are needed to complete the finish product of the organisation and suppliers do have power. This power comes from:
       If they are the only supplier or one of few suppliers who supply that particular raw material.   If it costly for the organisation to move from one supplier to another (known also as switching cost)   If there is no other substitute for their product.       
 
         [0101]    The considerations used for this factor preferably include: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Risk 
                 Significance 
               
               
                 Consideration 
                 Exists? 
                 of Risk* 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Supply Market is dominated by a few large 
               
               
                 suppliers 
               
               
                 The business is restricted in its number of 
               
               
                 sources for these supplies 
               
               
                 Suppliers are concentrated (bargaining power 
               
               
                 is high) 
               
               
                 Changing Suppliers is costly/difficult 
               
               
                 Suppliers may ‘forward integrate’ and become 
               
               
                 a competitor 
               
               
                 The customers of the business are able to 
               
               
                 influence which suppliers are engaged by the 
               
               
                 business 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *(Score 1 to 5, 1 is minimal; 5 is high). 
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Power of Buyers 
       [0102]    Buyers or customers can exert influence and control over an industry in certain circumstances. This happens when:
       There is little differentiation over the product and substitutes can be found easily.   Customers are sensitive to price.   Switching to another product is not costly.       
 
         [0106]    The considerations used for this factor preferably include: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Risk 
                 Significance 
               
               
                 Consideration 
                 Exists? 
                 of Risk* 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 The buying industry is dominated by a few large 
               
               
                 customers 
               
               
                 The business&#39;s current customer mix is 
               
               
                 dominated by a few large customers 
               
               
                 The business has little or no product/service 
               
               
                 differentiation 
               
               
                 Buyers may ‘backward integrate’ and become 
               
               
                 a competitor 
               
               
                 Customers can continue to operate without the 
               
               
                 products/services provided by the business 
               
               
                 The business has high levels of fixed costs 
               
               
                 The customer can easily change suppliers 
               
               
                 Customers are price sensitive 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *(Score 1 to 5, 1 is minimal; 5 is high). 
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Threat of Substitutes 
       [0107]    Are there alternative products that customers can purchase over your product that offer the same benefit for the same or less price? The threat of substitute is high when:
       Price of that substitute product falls.   It is easy for consumers to switch from one substitute product to another.   Buyers are willing to substitute.       
 
         [0111]    The considerations used for this factor preferably include: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Significance 
               
               
                 Consideration 
                 Risk Exists? 
                 of Risk* 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Customers have low levels of brand loyalty 
               
               
                 The customer can easily substitute its 
               
               
                 requirements 
               
               
                 Substitutes can be provided in a cost 
               
               
                 effective manner 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *(Score 1 to 5, 1 is minimal; 5 is high). 
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Threat of New Entrant 
       [0112]    The threat of a new organisation entering the industry is high when it is easy for an organisation to enter the industry i.e. entry barriers are low. 
         [0113]    An organisation will look at how loyal customers are to existing products, how quickly they can achieve economy of scales, would they have access to suppliers, and would government legislation prevent them or encourage them to enter the industry as examples. 
         [0114]    The considerations used for this factor preferably include: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Risk 
                 Significance 
               
               
                 Consideration 
                 Exists? 
                 of Risk* 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Low financial cost of entry exists for new entry 
               
               
                 Low technical/regulatory/intellectual property 
               
               
                 cost of entry exists for new entrants 
               
               
                 Resources (including labour and access to 
               
               
                 distribution channels) 
               
               
                 required for a new entrant are readily accessible 
               
               
                 Customers have low levels of brand loyalty 
               
               
                 Industry is seen as buoyant and profitable 
               
               
                 New competitors can survive on low market share 
               
               
                 Low cost exists for unsuccessful new entrants 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *(Score 1 to 5, 1 is minimal; 5 is high). 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0115]    As discussed above, once the significance of the risk associated with each of the considerations related to the respective factors has been evaluated for the business to be valued, a summary of the risk can then be prepared allowing calculation of an overall quantitative risk value for the business. This is normally prepared according to the following table: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Max 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Number of 
                 Number 
                 Risk 
                 Risk 
               
               
                 Force 
                 Considerations 
                 Answered 
                 Score 
                 Score 
                 % 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Bargaining Power of 
                 6 
                   
                 30 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Suppliers 
               
               
                 Bargaining Power of 
                 8 
                   
                 40 
               
               
                 Customers 
               
               
                 Threat of New Entrants 
                 7 
                   
                 35 
               
               
                 Threat of Substitutes 
                 3 
                   
                 15 
               
               
                 Competitive Rivalry 
                 9 
                   
                 45 
               
               
                 between Existing Players 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Total 
                 33 
                   
                 160 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0116]    If any of the considerations were not answered, that preferably reduces the maximum risk score possible in the above table. 
         [0117]    However, it is also preferable that all parties be aware of the need to continually identify, assess and manage business risks that exist in today&#39;s dynamic environment. This may result in the abovementioned risk assessment being performed at specified period in an ongoing manner. 
         [0118]    Further, the present invention is preferably based on a certain set of assumptions. Some assumptions are pre-determined or set by outside forces and/or organisations such as the appropriate company taxation rate but others will preferably be determined by an appropriately skilled operator as a matter of judgement by applying the methodology and giving consideration to the nature of the particular business to be valued and the industry in which the business to be valued operates as an example. 
         [0119]    The assumptions of the preferred embodiment include the adoption of a value for each of the following, although others may be added to the list or alternatives used:
       Debt Coverage Multiple—the minimum acceptable debt coverage ratio will typically be 1.2 and may be as high as 1.5, but is typically within that range.   Investment Payback period—where a business has agreed to purchase or is purchasing an asset (another business or other asset), a period in which the asset is expected to be fully paid for is typically calculated. A generally accepted range can apply depending upon matters affecting the business environment. For example, in a low risk environment, a period of between 3-10 years may be reasonable. This is typically used to calculate loan repayments, and related financial amounts which can then be used in the valuation methodology.   Cost of Capital—typically standard market rates for cost of capital can be used. For example, a standard rate for commercial borrowing may be approximately 8-10%.   Tax Rate—This is normally set by a government taxation department but will depend upon factors such as the size of the business, the type of business, company structure and possibly income of the business.   Earnings before interest and tax—this amount can be calculated using historical financial data if available or extrapolated from existing details for the business to be valued.       
 
         [0125]    The Earnings Before Interest and Tax (EBIT) figure is typically weighted according to the year in which the earnings occurred. It is also typically adjusted for any “non-commercial” items such as intra-group sales/purchases at non-market rates, above market rates of superannuation paid to owners or the like. 
         [0126]    Once these assumptions are adopted, they can then be used in the valuation method and system of the present invention but the validity of the outcome of the valuation method and system is always be dependent upon the validity of the assumptions. If poor assumptions are made, then the net business value resulting from the valuation method and system will be flawed. 
         [0127]    The net business value is arrived at through an application of the above-discussed methodology, system and principles and through the calculation of a number of different indicators based upon the earnings of the business. An example of the calculation process and formulae applied according to a particularly preferred embodiment is outlined in the table below: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                  1 
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
                 D 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                  2 
                 Weighted Average Notional EBIT 
               
             
          
           
               
                  3 
                   
                 2 yr 
                 1 yr 
                 Last Fin 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Previous 
                 Previous 
                 Year 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  4 
                 Earnings Before Interest and Tax (EBIT) 
                 Accounts 
                 Accounts 
                 Accounts 
               
               
                  5 
                 Adjustments 
               
               
                  6 
                 Adjusted EBIT 
               
               
                  7 
                 Weighting Factor* (See Note below) 
               
               
                  8 
                 Weighted Values 
                 B6 × B7 
                 C6 × C7 
                 D6 × D7 
               
               
                  9 
                 Weighted Average Notional EBIT (WANEBIT) 
                   
                   
                 Σ(B8, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 C8, D8)/ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Σ(B7, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 C7, D7) 
               
               
                 10 
                 Total Income 
                   
                   
                 Accounts 
               
               
                 11 
                 WANEBIT as % of Total Income 
                   
                   
                 D9/D10 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 12 
                 Free Cash Flow Factor 
               
             
          
           
               
                 13 
                 Standard Ratio 
                 D30 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 14 
                 Business Capitalisation Rate 
               
             
          
           
               
                 15 
                 Business Capitalisation Rate 
                 Interest 
                 Term 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Rate 
                 (yrs) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 16 
                 Result 
                   
                   
                 Is BCR OK? 
               
               
                 17 
                 NOTIONAL BUSINESS VALUE (NB) 
                   
                   
                 ANSWER 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 18 
                 Annual Repayments 
                 Interest 
                 Principal 
                 From Loan 
               
               
                   
                   
                 From 
                 From 
                 Calculator 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Loan 
                 Loan 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Calculator 
                 Calculator 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 19 
                 Tax Payment Calculation 
               
               
                 20 
                 Last Year EBIT 
                   
                   
                 D6 
               
               
                 21 
                 Less Interest 
                   
                   
                 B18 
               
               
                 22 
                 Tax Payment (Estimate) 
                 Tax Rate % 
                   
                 (D20 − D21) × B22 
               
               
                 23 
                 Cash Available to Service Notional Business Value 
               
               
                   
                 (CASNBV) Calculation 
               
               
                 24 
                 WANEBIT 
                   
                   
                 D9 
               
               
                 25 
                 Less Tax payment (Estimate) 
                   
                   
                 D22 
               
               
                 26 
                 CASNBV 
                   
                   
                 D24 − D25 
               
               
                 27 
                 Free Cash Flow Factor Calculation 
               
               
                 28 
                 CASNBV 
                   
                   
                 D26 
               
               
                 29 
                 Annual Repayment (Estimate) 
                   
                   
                 D18 
               
               
                 30 
                 Free Cash Flow Factor (Times) 
                   
                   
                 D28/D29 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 31 
                 Peak Notional Business Value Ratio 
               
             
          
           
               
                 32 
                 Peak National Business Value 
                 D17 
               
               
                 33 
                 Total Income for last financial year 
                 D10 
               
               
                 34 
                 Peak NBV Ratio (PNBVR) 
                 D32/D33 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 35 
                 Notional Business Value 
               
             
          
           
               
                 36 
                 PNBVR 
                 D34 
               
               
                 37 
                 Weighted Average Notional EBIT % 
                 D11 
               
               
                 38 
                 Notional Business Value 
                 D17 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 *Note: Based on three years availability of financial reports. If only two years are available, adjust 
               
               
                 weighting, that is, last financial year has a weighting of 2 and 1 year previous has a weighting of 1. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
       [0128]    According to a preferred aspect of the invention, a data processing system for calculating a business value is provided, as is a method for calculating a business value. 
         [0129]    The system of the present invention incorporates several different concepts in its valuation model. These concepts include:
       Free Cash Factors   variable Repayment Terms   incorporation of accounting profits, earnings before interest and tax and weighted notional average earnings before interest and tax   Cash Available to Service Notional Business Values   notional tax estimates and other adjustments used to determine the underlying commercial performance of a business       
 
         [0135]    The way the system uses a BCR to determine a business valuation that satisfies the requirements (and cross-relationships) of these factors is complicated and unique. 
         [0136]    By way of introduction, the model can be described as adopting the following principles:
       the value of a business can be represented by an amount that a willing buyer would pay for the business in an arm&#39;s length transaction   the purchase of a business is an investment decision which will generate future cash flows to the purchaser   the amount that a purchaser will pay for a business is related to the future net cash flows that the business will generate   the buyer will not pay more than the capital value of future cash flows   the seller will not sell for less than the capital value of future cash flows   the value of the business is therefore determined by the capital value of future cash flows       
 
       Capital Value of Future Cash Flows 
       [0143]    The capital value of future cash flows of a business can be determined by applying the following principle: 
         [0144]    “What size loan can the future cash flows of the business afford to service?” 
         [0000]    This is viewed as a reasonable representation as it shows:
       a) how much an independent third party could reasonably be expected to borrow to buy the business and repay the borrowings from the profits of the business, and   b) the borrowing capacity of the business (which can be interpreted as representing the ‘capital worth’ of the business)
 
In some respects, the present system resembles a mortgage calculator and it is useful to start this demonstration with a review of how a mortgage calculator works,
       
 
       Mortgage Calculations 
       [0147]    As an example, assume that:
       1. someone wishes to borrow $1,000,000   2. interest rates are 9% and   3. the loan will be repaid over 10 years, with monthly repayments.
 
Compound interest formulae show that, under such a scheme, the annual repayments would be $152,010. Total repayments would therefore be $1,520,100 split between:
   total capital repayments of $1,000,000 and   total interest repayments of $520,100
           example shows that an annual revenue stream of $152,100 can service a 10 year loan (at 9% with monthly repayments) of $1,000,000.   
               
 
         [0154]    The system applies this methodology to say that an annual revenue stream of $152,100 has a capital value (over 10 years, at 9% with monthly repayments) of $1,000,000. 
         [0155]    This the same as saying that, over 10 years at 9% and monthly repayments, an income stream has a capital value of 6.55 times its amount (ie $1,000,000/$152,100=6.55). Thus, using these parameters, 6.55 is the Capitalisation Factor for this income stream using these variables. 
       Business Valuations 
       [0156]    The system embodying this methodology can be applied to the business environment. 
         [0157]    The present system incorporates a number of new variables and applies the following steps: 
         [0158]    The ‘revenue stream’ is represented by the profits that a business makes. These are calculated by adjusting the accounting profits for any non-commercial (ie non arm&#39;s length) transactions that are included therein. For example, many small businesses pay the directors and owners ‘above market’ salaries and superannuation amounts and might charge some private vehicle and travel costs through the business. Such transactions artificially increase the expenses of the business and therefore understate the profitability of the business. By reversing such transactions the underlying commercial profitability of the business can be established. This is the amount that determines the value of a business. 
         [0159]    The system also reverses out interest receivable and payable and other non-operational transactions as these do not represent the underlying commercial profitability of the business. The resulting figure is referred to as the Notional Earnings Before Interest and Tax (“NEBIT”). 
         [0160]    The system recognises that a business valuation model based on single year&#39;s performance/profitability is subject to distorting influences. To counter this, the Bstar model uses a three year weighted average of NEBITS, weighted 3:2:1 in favour of the most recent year. The resulting figure is referred to as the Weighted Average NEBIT (“WANEBIT”). An example of these calculations is shown as Appendix 1. 
         [0161]    A notional business value is obtained by applying the relevant BCR to the WANEBIT of a business. 
       Suitable BCR 
       [0162]    The notional business value (“NBV”) basically represents the capital value of the WANEBIT (ie its revenue stream). 
         [0163]    The system tests the NBV to make sure that it can be supported by the revenue stream of the business. For example, the model determines whether the revenue stream of the business would be able to service a capital sum equivalent to the NBV. Where it cannot, the BCR is too high. 
         [0164]    This system achieves this by comparing the relationship that exists between two figures:
       a) the Annual Repayments that would be required to repay a loan equivalent to the NBV, and   b) the net cash available to the business to finance a capital sum equivalent to the NBV (“Cash Available to Service Notional Business Value—CASNBV”)       
 
         [0167]    The system recognises that, in a commercial environment, an independent third party who borrowed the money to buy the business with the intention of repaying the loan from future profits would require some sort of a ‘buffer’ between annual repayments and annual profits. Such a buffer would also be required by a Bank before they would lend the money using the business as security. This buffer is known as the Free Cash Flow Factor (“FCF”). 
         [0168]    Using a FCF of 20%, the FCF dictates that to service a loan which has annual repayments of $310,000, an ‘annual available cash’ amount of $372,000 is required (ie $310,000*1.2). 
       Annual Repayments 
       [0169]    A mortgage calculator can easily provide the annual repayment amount that applies for each different BCR that is applied to a given WANEBIT figure (using various interest rates and repayment terms). 
         [0170]    The mortgage calculator also differentiates these repayments between interest amounts and capital amounts. At the beginning of the repayment term, the majority of each instalment is used for Interest. Over the life of the mortgage, the proportion of each instalment that is used for Interest decreases. 
         [0171]    The mortgage calculator included as Appendix 2 shows that a capital value of $2,038,233 (using a 10 year term and 9% interest, repayable monthly) has an annual repayment requirement of $309,834 (ie $310,000 rounded). 
         [0172]    The mortgage calculator also shows that, in the first year, the interest component of these repayments is $178,095. 
       CASNBV 
       [0173]    The CASNBV is determined by calculating the available cash amount that a business would have at its disposal. This is determined by its profitability (pre tax) less a notional amount of tax (refer Appendix 3 to see how this is calculated by the preferred embodiment). This provides a CASNBV which represents the notional underlying commercial performance of the business. 
         [0000]    CASNBV is calculated by deducting a notional tax figure from the WANEBIT figure. 
         [0174]    In this example, WANEBIT is $433,667 and the notional tax estimate is $60,572. This provides a CASNBV of $373,095. 
         [0000]    The present invention of the present invention determines the BCR that provides a CASNBV marginally higher than the annual repayment as adjusted by the FCF. 
       Free Cash Flow Factor 
       [0175]    Where the CASNBV reduced by the Free Cash Factor is marginally higher than the annual repayment, the BCR is acceptable:
       1) the BCR determines the NBV and so directly impacts upon the annual repayments   2) the BCR indirectly impacts on the CASNBV by affecting the tax estimate that is used to calculate the CASNBV       
 
         [0178]    Where the BCR is too high, the business will be overvalued and its CASNBV will not be able to service the Annual Repayments. 
         [0179]    The preferred embodiment recognises that certain industries are more cash intensive than others. Such industries may have their Free Cash Flow Factor increased to higher levels. 
       Repayment Term 
       [0180]    The present invention recognises that different industries and businesses are subject to different levels of risk and uncertainty. The preferred embodiment includes an assessment being of these risks and uncertainties. Where moderate to high levels of risk and uncertainty are identified, the repayment term is reduced. This has the effect of reducing the BCR. 
         [0181]    A business that is unable to demonstrate a history of stable profits is deemed to operate in an area of uncertainty and therefore generally not have a repayment term of 10 years. 
         [0182]    From a conceptual point of view, the repayment term can be translated as being “over what period of time would an investor want to recoup his/her investment in this business?”. This line of thinking demonstrates that higher risk/uncertain businesses will have a lower repayment term. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0183]    The present system is unique as it incorporates several new concepts to a valuation model. These new concepts include:
       Free Cash Factors   variable Repayment Terms   incorporation of accounting profits, earnings before interest and tax and weighted average earnings before interest and tax   Cash Available to Service Notional Business Values   notional tax estimates and other adjustments used to determine the underlying commercial performance of a business       
 
         [0189]    The manner in which the present invention determines a business valuation that satisfies the requirements (and cross-relationships) of these factors is complicated and unique. 
         [0190]    As can be seen, an infinite number of potential scenarios exist with these variables. The system is able to provide a Business Capitalisation Rate for each and every one. 
         [0191]    The inventors experimentation with the system has enabled the production of the following table, which includes a selection of BCR&#39;s, based on the following scenarios: 
         [0000]                                                                                                                                                                  Free                                           Year 1   Year 2   Year 3   Cash           Year 1   Year 2   Year 3   Adj   Adj   Adj   Flow       Repayment   Tax       Business           EBIT   EBIT   EBIT   EBIT   EBIT   EBIT   factor   Interest   Term   Rate   BCR   Value                                    A   100,000   200,000   300,000   100,000   200,000   300,000   1.2   9%   10   30%   3.90   $0.9 m       1   200,000   250,000   300,000   200,000   250,000   300,000   1.2   9%   10   30%   4.22   $1.1 m       2   100,000   200,000   300,000   150,000   250,000   350,000   1.2   9%   10   30%   4.35   $1.2 m       3   100,000   200,000   300,000   100,000   200,000   300,000   1.4   9%   10   30%   3.28   $0.8 m       4   100,000   200,000   300,000   100,000   200,000   300,000   1.2   9%   7   30%   2.97   $0.7 m       5   100,000   200,000   300,000   100.000   200,000   300,000   1.4   9%   7   30%   2.50   $0.6 m               Key:       EBIT Earnings Before Interest and Tax (for these purposes, this is assumed to equal Accounting Net Profit       BCR Business Capitalisation Rate            
The following explanations relate to each different scenario when compared to Example A above
 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 1 
                 Shows that higher levels of EBIT and Adjusted EBIT result in a 
               
               
                   
                 higher BCR 
               
               
                 2 
                 Shows that similar levels of EBIT, but higher Adjusted EBIT 
               
               
                   
                 results in higher BCR 
               
               
                 3 
                 Shows that a higher Free Cash Flow Factor results in a lower BCR 
               
               
                 4 
                 Shows that a lower Repayment Term results in a lower BCR 
               
               
                 5 
                 Shows that a higher Free Cash Flow Factor AND a lower 
               
               
                   
                 Repayment Term reduces the BCR further