Abstract:
A system for creating links among diverse elements in order to convey a variety of logical relationships. The system uses a unique approach to browser development in order to allow for the delayed transformation of data which has undergone either a change to its actual value, or a change in its relationship to other data. Linked data is left unevaluated until a user desires to view the data through a user interface. This delayed evaluation conserves bandwidth and system resources, and further enables the system to more efficiently create, organize, and maintain relationships between large volumes of diverse elements.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/912,243, filed on Apr. 17, 2007, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The embodiments disclosed herein relate to a user interface capable of organizing diverse types of information. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    User interface engineers have regularly conceptualized systems that create links among diverse elements. Certain concepts have elements that include, for example, presentations of databases, code sources, and objects in images. Other concepts focus on type-links which are designed to convey a collection of associations. Some engineers have conceptualized the collection of such associations as relations found in databases, while others have more flexible associations in mind that convey logical relationships. 
         [0004]    Despite the many conceptions noted above, a practical implementation of type-linking diverse elements is still lacking. The world wide web has had a role in hindering progress toward a practical implementation of type-links. Instead of type-links, the links of the world wide web are displaced one after the other. Developing user interfaces that are congruent with the world wide web has thereby stunted the original vision of type-linked user interfaces connected to an internet backbone. What is needed is a browser-based implementation having a type-link foundation that is capable of integrating diverse elements. 
         [0005]    In view of the foregoing, there exists a need in the art for a system capable of creating links among diverse elements in order to convey a variety of logical relationships. To do so, the system should treat the traditional data elements as data, while simultaneously treating the logical relationships created by the actions of a user as data. The system—by representing both traditional data and relationships as data—becomes self-sufficient with respect to propagating changes throughout the system whenever either a traditional data element has changed, or a logical relationship between two or more data elements has changed. Additionally, the system should delay propagating necessary changes within the system until at least one of the elements is accessed by a user. Leaving linked data unevaluated until a user requests the data through a user interface enables both bandwidth conservation, and local computer resource conservation. Conserving local computing resources enables the system, teamed with a user, to more efficiently create, organize, and maintain relationships between large volumes of diverse elements. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0006]    These and other embodiments are described by the following figures and detailed description. 
           [0007]      FIG. 1  illustrates a multi-pane layout for a browser. 
           [0008]      FIG. 2  illustrates an outline within a pane. 
           [0009]      FIG. 3  illustrates a context control menu. 
           [0010]      FIG. 4  illustrates a browser with type-links. 
           [0011]      FIG. 5  illustrates a browser with a non-visible type-link. 
           [0012]      FIG. 6  illustrates type-link indicators. 
           [0013]      FIG. 7  sets forth an implementation of type-link indicators. 
           [0014]      FIG. 8  illustrates a primitive composite type-link. 
           [0015]      FIG. 9  is a diagram of the interaction of XML sources, XML transformations, and the impact of XML sources and XML transformations on the user interface. 
           [0016]      FIG. 10  is an example of binding links. 
           [0017]      FIG. 11  illustrates an XSL transformation. 
           [0018]      FIG. 12  illustrates a header being expanded or collapsed. 
           [0019]      FIG. 13  illustrates a display of an expanded header. 
           [0020]      FIG. 14  illustrates an XML document with a thunk. 
           [0021]      FIG. 15  is a flow chart showing the steps to header expansion. 
           [0022]      FIG. 16  is a block diagram of the link drawing process. 
           [0023]      FIG. 17  shows XHTML displaying tags for drawing a type-link. 
           [0024]      FIG. 18  is a client workspace with relevant coordinates for type-link drawing. 
           [0025]      FIG. 19  illustrates an SVG XML display tag. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0026]    In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof and illustrate specific embodiments that may be practiced. In the drawings, like reference numerals describe substantially similar components throughout the several views. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice them, and it is to be understood that structural and logical changes may be made. 
         [0027]    Embodiments described herein are designed to be used with a computer system. The computer system may be any computer system, for example, a personal computer, a minicomputer, or a mainframe computer. The computer system will typically include a processor, a display, at least one input device, and random access memory (RAM), but may include more or fewer of these components. The processor can be directly connected to the display, or remotely over communication lines such as telephone lines or local area networks. Embodiments may include both commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) configurations, and special purpose systems designed to work with the embodiments disclosed herein, so long as the hardware used is capable of performing the tasks required by specific embodiments. 
         [0028]      FIG. 1  shows the multi-pane  2   a - 2   f  layout of a web browser  4  or other browser type interface (e.g. an intranet browser). There are six panes  2   a - 2   f  shown in the browser  4 . Panes  2   a - 2   f  can be tiled in any arrangement and number. An outline origination control  6 , when clicked, clears the pane  2   a - 2   f  and begins the creation of an outline. A pane removal control  8  removes a pane  2   a - 2   f  from the browser  4  and causes adjacent panes  2   a - 2   f  to expand in size to fill the gap left by the removed pane  2   a - 2   f  The divider and sizing bar  10 , when selected, allows for dividing panes  2   a - 2   f  to create new panes  2   a - 2   f,  and also for dragging panes  2   a - 2   f  to both re-arrange and re-size them. 
         [0029]    Each pane  2   a - 2   f  can display one of several objects. Most commonly, these objects include objects normally displayed in a typical web browser. For example, html and related objects, images, media, and tables. Any other objects, however, also can be displayed. When a pane  2   a - 2   f  displays objects normally displayed in a web browser, the objects are displayed as they would appear in any web browser. A pane  2   a - 2   f  can also contain any html-like formatted object that can be reformatted by a Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) reformatter to better fit the shape provided. When reformatting has occurred, a format control is included at the top of the pane  2   a - 2   f  to toggle between the reformatted object and the original object layout. The function enabling selection between the reformatted object layout and the original object layout when displaying the object in a pane  2   a - 2   f  allows for flexible importation of web objects. For additional flexibility, each pane  2   a - 2   f  has its own “larger” and “smaller” display text commands. 
         [0030]    A pane  2   a - 2   f  may contain an additional pane  2   e  or panes  2   e,    2   f.  Panes  2   e,    2   f  located within another pane  2   b  are sub-panes  2   e,    2   f.  As the ability for a pane  2   b  to have multiple sub-panes  2   e,    2   f  indicates, a sub-pane  2   e,    2   f  is not required to fill the entire space of the pane  2   b  it is housed within. A pane  2   b,  for example, can have sub-panes  2   e,    2   f  that are windowed, or tabs as methods to place multiple sub-panes  2   e,    2   f  within a pane  2   b.  Alternatively, in certain embodiments, a pane  2   a - 2   f  will be able to display an entire web page, as if it were a HyperText Markup Language (HTML) frame. 
         [0031]    Referring now to  FIG. 2 , one of a pane&#39;s  2   a - 2   f  primary purposes is to display an outline  20  object. An outline  20  object is internally represented as eXtensible Markup Language (XML), and is presented in the pane  2   a - 2   f  as an outline  20 . An outline  20  can be placed within a pane  2   a - 2   f  in one of three ways. First, a user may import a saved outline  20  that has been previously created, or that otherwise conforms to an XML import standard. Second, as presented previously when discussing the user interface&#39;s ability to reformat certain html-like objects, a reformatter can format certain structured XML documents or data into outlines  20 . Third, an outline control origination  6  can be activated to clear a pane  2   a - 2   f  and begin the creation of an outline  20 . 
         [0032]    The outline  20  supports known outliner conventions such as editing a header  22 . A header  22  may be any eXtensible HyperText Markup Language (XHTML) object, for example, an image. A sibling header—a header below and at the same level of indentation—or a child header  24 —a header below and indented—may be created. Headers  22 ,  24  can be promoted (moved left) and demoted (moved right). They may be moved up or down, or dragged anywhere, including to outlines  20  in other panes  2   a - 2   f.  The display characteristics of a header  22 , or a child header  24  can be altered by clicking the header expansion control  26  (pictured as an arrow) which changes orientation based on what display characteristics are presently activated. For example, if children exist and are collapsed, a header  22 ,  24  has a header expansion control  26  (pictured as an arrow) oriented to the right. If no children exist, the header  22 ,  24  has a childless indicator  28  (pictured as a bullet). 
         [0033]    Any header  22 ,  24  can be made the root (or top parent) in the display by hoisting the outline  20  through a user-defined key combination, or by accessing the context control menu  32  ( FIG. 3 ). Hoisting the outline  20  allows a user to zoom into, and focus on, the hierarchy of the outline  20  which has been selected. A header  22 ,  24  is hoistable to any existing, or new pane  2   a - 2   f.  Once a header  22 ,  24  of an outline  20  has been hoisted, a hoist indicator  30  is visible at the top of the outline  20 . Selecting the hoist indicator  30  (represented as a diamond) de-hoists the header  22 ,  24  and allows the user to view the portion of the outline  20  previously being viewed. Depending on the size and complexity of the user&#39;s outline  20 , multiple hoists, or de-hoists, may be required to access the portion of the outline  20  the user is interested in. By opening and closing headers  22 ,  24 , and hoisting and de-hoisting these headers  22 ,  24 , a user can focus on specific data within a huge array of related data while retaining context. 
         [0034]    Numerous methods exist for controlling the outline  20 . First, the outline  20  may be controlled exclusively by the keyboard input device of a computer. Second, the outline  20  may be controlled by interactions between the browser  4  and a cursor controlling device that directly grabs and drops elements of the browser  4 . Finally, the outline  20  may be controlled by a context control menu  32  ( FIG. 3 ) that is presented when a user right-clicks a cursor controlling device. 
         [0035]    Referring now to  FIG. 3 , when a user brings up the context control menu  32  at any point in the screen, the user is presented with an outline  20  presentation of each of the elements the user may be targeting. Moving a cursor over the desired interaction element  34  of the outline  20  brings up a list of potential actions  36 . Potential user actions  36  may be assigned with a common triggering interface, or alternatively each may be assigned with individual triggering interfaces. For example, a “Hoist” may require dragging an element with a cursor controlling device, while “Expand/Collapse” may require clicking a cursor controlling device, or using a function key. Individual triggering interfaces are signified to the user with a cursor icon change. Further, the context menu  36  allows the user to set default actions. For example, left-click dragging could be set by the user to make a type-link, move an element, or hoist, etc. Also, there is a dockable status bar  38  on the bottom of the browser  4  that that will always show with icons and text the actions that are available wherever the cursor is located. Alternatively, the dockable status bar  38  can be configured to work like a tooltip, where selection of certain icons enables the conduct of certain actions within the browser  4 . The dockable status bar  38  allows the novice user to gain familiarity with the user interface. 
         [0036]    Referring now to  FIG. 4 , the browser  4  also supports type-links  50 . A type-link  50  is a logical connection between a source element  52  and a target element  54 . A source element  52  and target element  54  may include any element, including, but not limited to, headers  22 ,  24  of outlines  20 , or even another type-link  50 . In one embodiment, a type-link  50  is created by dragging from a source element  52  to a target element  54 . Typically a source element  52  and a target element  54  are in separate panes  2   a - 2   f,  but they may be in a single pane  2   a - 2   f.  Other type-link  50  creation methodologies are available, including use of a function key, a touch screen drag, typing in a control term, or right clicking on a menu to designate linkage between source and target. If a type-link  50  creation dragging operation is to terminate in an element that is collapsed, hovering the cursor over a header expansion control  26  (represented by an arrow in  FIG. 2 ) will open the outline  20  to allow the target element  54  to be exposed. 
         [0037]    The type-link  50  is created when it is “dropped” on the destination. A type-link  50  menu appears with the potential type-link  50  categories based on the characteristics of the source element  52  and target element  54  of the type-link  50 . The potential type-link  50  categories may also be based on the characteristics of the pane  2   a - 2   f,  or panes  2   a - 2   f,  housing the source element  52  and target element  54 . The type-link  50  menu shows all allowable type-link  50  types, deducing what is possible and sorting, from top to bottom, the user&#39;s most likely choice to the user&#39;s least likely choice, anticipating the user&#39;s intent by tracking those type-links  50  most recently selected based on the characteristics of the pane  2   a - 2   f  or panes  2   a - 2   f,  and also on the source  52  and target  54  elements. If one of the menu-offered type-links  50  is selected, the user may specify further type-link  50  parameters and constraints. For example, if a type-link  50  is of the type “was in location,” relevant parameters may include “how long” and “how long ago, ” with the “how long ago” parameter updating with the passage of time. 
         [0038]    As with panes  2   a - 2   f,  a large variety of relation types are supported. If there is no satisfactory choice, the type-link  50  menu supports the modification of an existing type-link  50 , or the creation of a new version of a type-link  50  based on the rules of categorization of the system. 
         [0039]    A type-link  50  is represented in the user interface by a graphical line with a user-definable color designating the type. Other styling features are also available for user definition. These include, but are not limited to, line style (dotted, dashed), line thickness, line transparency, glow/shadow, and arrowheads. Criteria a user may associate with these line characteristics include, but are not limited to, type-link  50  type, type-link  50  author, type-link  50  creation date, type-link  50  modification date, type-link  50  priority, and type-link  50  relationship to other type-links  50 . 
         [0040]    If a type-link  50  has previously been created, a user may hover a cursor over the existing type-link  50  and a popup appears to allow for re-assigning type-link  50  type. The user may also hover a cursor over a type-link  50  to see the specific information associated with the type-link  50  in a statement that includes both the source element  52 , the target element  54 , and the relationship established by the type-link  50  with user-added parameters. For ease of manipulating type-links  50 , a type-link  50  viewing mode will be available through a user action such as, but not limited to, holding down a specified key. In this type-link  50  viewing mode, type-links  50  move to the forefront of the screen where they can be selected, modified, and deleted. 
         [0041]    Accessing the type-link  50  viewing mode may be necessary because type-links  50  are ordered to ease a user&#39;s ability to identify and distinguish between multiple type-links  50 . By default, type-links  50  appear below the main elements (outline  20  text has a semitransparent background to allow readability while still being able to see type-links  50  behind it) and above elements that are not the user&#39;s focus such as the separators between panes. Additionally, the system&#39;s ability to handle such large volumes of diverse type-links  50 , makes the ability to filter type-link  50  display essential. Type-link  50  display may be controlled by a simple checkbox associated with a type-link  50  list, allowing a user to determine which type-links  50  are displayed. Additionally, type-links  50  may be displayed in their own outline  20 . For example, an outline  20  of type-links  50  could show all type-links  50 , type-links  50  filtered by category, type, or most recently created. Such an outline  20  of type-links  50  would be editable by a user. 
         [0042]    In addition to sheer volume of type-links  50 , display of type-links  50  is further complicated by the ability of either the source element  52  or target element  54 , or both the source element  52  and the target element  54  of the type-link  50  to not be visible from the user&#39;s current vantage point within the user interface. A type-link  50  may not be displayed because a zone of the pane  2   a - 2   f  has been scrolled out of the visible zone, because the type-link&#39;s  50  source element  52  or target element  54  is a collapsed portion of an outline  20 , or because the source element  52  or target element  54  is in a pane  2   a - 2   f  not currently displayed. In cases where one end of a type-link  50  is visible, the text or object is highlighted by a color to indicate the presence of a type-link  50 . 
         [0043]    In cases where multiple type-links  50  exist at a visible source element  52  or target element  54 —and at least two have been selected to be visible—the user can select to have a multicolor view or a grey highlight which will be expanded by hovering a cursor. In the case where only one of a source element  52  or target element  54  is visible, the other end of the type-link  50  can be seen by selecting the visible source element  52  or target element  54  of the type-link  50 . The result of this selection, shown in  FIG. 5 , is that the other end of the type-link  50  which is not in a visible pane  2   a - 2   f  is displayed. Clicking on the exposed type-link  50  to a non-visible pane  2   a - 2   f  opens and displays the full type-link  50  and may load a new pane in certain circumstances which have been defined by the user. In this example, the type-link  50  is to a non-visible pane  2   a - 2   f,  but the same display is capable of being retrieved by selecting a visible portion of the type-link  50  for source elements  52  or target elements  54  that are in a pane  2   a - 2   f  that is currently displayed, but the source element  52  or target element  54  is collapsed under a header  22 ,  24 . 
         [0044]    Referring now to  FIG. 6 , in cases where neither end of a type-link  50  ( FIG. 4 ) is visible, a system of type-link indicators  60  ( FIG. 6 ) are used.  FIG. 6  shows a candidate vocabulary of such type-link indicators  60 . This set can be used at the beginning of the line, the end of the line, or a colored line under a source element  52  or a target element  54  with a hidden type-link  50  could be used to indicate presence of a type-link  50  where neither the source element  52  or target element  54  are visible. In  FIG. 6 , the term “Alien” refers to a type-link  50  that goes to an un-displayed panel.  FIG. 7  is one example implementation of the type-link indicators  60  in use with the user interface. 
         [0045]    The combination of features necessary to provide the capability described above can only be realized by a unique approach to browser  4  development. A traditional dataflow model is programmed using a directed graph where nodes represent transformations and arrows represent data pathways. In the traditional model, when inputs change the data is reprocessed and new outputs are produced. Consequently, changes are immediately propagated through the directed graph. 
         [0046]    The augmented dataflow model of the present system has two additional features not present in the traditional dataflow model. The first additional feature is that data is also code because the eXtensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) is valid eXtensible Markup Language (XML). XSL is used as a transformation language to allow for describing how elements—which are encoded in the XML standard—are to be formatted or transformed. The use of XSL with the present system allows for both higher order functions and code rewriting capabilities. 
         [0047]    An example of data also serving as code are the previously presented type-links  50 . For type-link  50  to achieve its full functionality it is represented within the system as XML. As a result of being represented within the system as XML, type-links  50  can be processed by XSL transformations  130  ( FIG. 11 ) as easily as any other form of XML data. This enables a type-link  50  to become a component of a composite type-link  100  ( FIG. 8 ). 
         [0048]    Referring now to  FIG. 8 , a primitive composite type-link  100  has three components: the source element  52 , the target element  54 , and the type-link  50 . Each of these components is represented as an address string. An address string  102  is a pointer  104  to a specific XML node  106 . The type-link  50 , like the source element  52  and the target element  54 , is specified as a pointer to an XML node  106 , allowing the link-type  50  characteristics to be extended. More complex composite type-link structures are built from strings of primitive composite type-links  100 . The type-link  50 , as a result of being represented by XML, can serve to chain together multiple primitive composite type links  100 . Complex composite type-link structures can be created which represent relationships between more than just a source element  52  and a target element  54 . Instead, intermediate elements can exist between the ultimate source  52  and ultimate target  54 . These intermediate elements, however, are also source elements  52  and target elements  54  for at least one type-link  50  within the more complex composite type-link structure. 
         [0049]    Although the combined use of XML and XSL allows type-links  50  to be treated as any other XML data, a separate type-link cache exists in the kernel for retrieving all the type-links  50  from or to a given element. This cache exists for programmer convenience and performance benefits. The type-link cache contains an automatically updated collection of type-links  50  that the client is aware of This link cache is also fully reactive, so when a type-link  50  changes, or a new type-link  50  is created, the type-link cache updates, as do any transformations that depend on the updated type-link  50 . The system has many type-links  50 , but the kernel&#39;s type-link cache only contains those type-links  50  that the user has loaded—either from embedded type-links  50  within a document or from type-link  50  repositories delivered by the server—and type-links  50  that the kernel and user interface create for their own internal use. These internally-created type-links  50  include, for example, dependency links  110  ( FIG. 9 ), and binding links  120  ( FIG. 10 ). Dependency links  110  ( FIG. 9 ) are type-links  50 —implemented by a thunk—created to instruct the kernel to transform elements dependent from a changed element, Binding links  120  ( FIG. 10 ) are type-links  50  to XML trees which contain the names of commands and the code to perform them. Binding links specify internal behavior of the system, and are also used to create the context control menu  32  ( FIG. 3 ). 
         [0050]    The second additional feature that the augmented dataflow model of the present system has that is not present in a traditional dataflow model is that the data which is output by an XSL transformation  130  ( FIG. 11 ) is capable of undergoing additional transformations. This capability is offered by an XML element which allows for delayed evaluation called a “thunk.” This system implements reactive thunks which are re-evaluated when inputs to the thunk change. Reactive thunks have attributes which are addresses to XML elements. The use of reactive thunks allows the kernel, upon encountering a thunk, to evaluate the thunk&#39;s specified function and then replace the thunk with the XML code that results from the function&#39;s execution. Although the thunk is replaced by the XML resulting from the function&#39;s execution, the thunk is also saved to allow for future propagation of changes when either inputs or functions are changed. 
         [0051]    When a change is made to a root element (such as an XML attribute being modified, or an XML element being inserted into a tree), the system will only re-compute the transformations that are dependent on the changed data. A change may involve a dependency which requires only a single recursion because only a single XML element is involved. Alternatively, a change may involve a dependency which requires a complex recursion where some or all of an XML element&#39;s dependents must also be transformed. In either case, thunks are created which instruct the kernel to transform the dependent elements when they are needed. A thunk is capable of specifying either a single-recursive transformation or a complex-recursive transformation, so that upon a change, the system—specifically the kernel—always knows which transformations will need to be re-computed. 
         [0052]    The combined use of XSL and XML has additional advantages. Using XSL as the primary programming language for transformations (although javascript may also be used), and XML as the data format, results in additional browser  4  functionality. Current web browser architectures implement a form of eXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformation (XSLT) processing. These implementations are faster than their equivalent javascript code. Additionally, XML is a standard for both data interchange and web browser display. XML is capable of displaying information on a user interface in the form of both eXtensible HyperText Markup Language (XHTML) and Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG). 
         [0053]    The augmented dataflow model of the present system is managed by a javascript kernel. The kernel is responsible for propagating changes, requesting code and data, and evaluating transformations. The kernel uses a “lazy” evaluation strategy. Lazy, or delayed, evaluation forgoes a computation until such time as the result of the computation is known to be needed. By using lazy evaluation, code and data are pulled by the kernel only when needed by the user. Expressed differently, until a thunk is needed, it will remain unevaluated. This is beneficial for web-based environments where bandwidth is a concern, as code and data will only be pulled from distant servers when needed. The javascript kernel also uses a caching model which keeps track of computed transformations. When a thunk specifies a transformation that the kernel has already computed, rather than re-computing the transformation, the kernel uses the cached version. 
         [0054]    The system is only forced out of its augmented dataflow model to execute a command necessitated by a user&#39;s actions. Commands are written in javascript or, for convenience, a domain-specific XML language that is interpreted by javascript. A command will generally necessitate that some XML be updated, either on the server or in the workspace  114  ( FIG. 9 ) which is used as the application&#39;s internal memory. XML updates necessitated by the user command are then propagated through the system by the kernel. 
         [0055]    Referring now to  FIG. 9 , when the system is forced out of its augmented dataflow model to execute a user-necessitated command, it is usually because of actions taken by a user on the user interface  112 . The user interface  112  is built on top of the kernel. Specifically, a series of XSL transformations  130  ( FIG. 11 ) specifies how the data in the client&#39;s workspace  114 , a server  116 , and local files  118  gets translated into the XHTML  117  and SVG  119  present on the user interface  112 . 
         [0056]    In order for the system to be forced out of its augmented dataflow model to execute a user-necessitated command the system must “hear” the user. Event listeners are set up in javascript which capture all cursor controlling device and keyboard user interface  112  ( FIG. 9 ) actions. When an event (for example, a keystroke) is triggered, a javascript function starts at the target element and moves up the XHTML tree collecting any binding links  120  ( FIG. 10 ). The javascript function then cross-references the collection of binding links with an XML tree that stores default mappings between user interface actions and commands, to determine which command to perform. 
         [0057]      FIGS. 12-15  illustrate how the user interface  112  ( FIG. 9 ) uses certain kernel features. This example shows how a pane&#39;s  2   a - 2   f  ( FIG. 1 ) display of outlines  20  ( FIG. 2 ) is accomplished using internally-created connections, and also how XSL transformations  130  ( FIG. 11 ) may produce XHTML  117  ( FIG. 9 ) which appears on the user interface  112  ( FIG. 9 ). 
         [0058]    Referring now to  FIG. 12 , within the client&#39;s workspace  114  ( FIG. 9 ) is an XML tree called “layout”  142  which is the client&#39;s internal representation of the pane&#39;s  2   a - 2   f  ( FIG. 1 ) organization. Each pane  2   a - 2   f  ( FIG. 1 ) has a connection of type “Showing”  144  connecting it to the XML outline  20  that it is displaying. Additionally, for every expanded outline element in the pane  2   a - 2   f  ( FIG. 1 ), there is a connection from the pane  2   a - 2   f  ( FIG. 1 ) to the outline element of type “Expanded”  146 . A series of XSL transformations  130  use the “layout” XML  142 , the relevant document XML, and the relevant connections to produce the XHTML  117  ( FIG. 9 ) resulting in a user interface output  148 . 
         [0059]    Referring now to  FIG. 15 , if a user selects the header expansion control  26  (represented as an arrow) of the outline element “Child  1 ” (STEP  1 ) the javascript event listener will hear the selection event, and based upon the binding links  120  ( FIG. 10 ) of the binding model and the default mappings, will determine which command to execute (STEP  2 ). The command&#39;s code creates a new connection “Expanded  2 ”  150  ( FIG. 13 ) (STEP  3 ). The kernel detects this change and re-computes any XSL transformations  130  ( FIG. 11 ) that are affected by the change, specifically, the XSL transformations  130  ( FIG. 11 ) that produce the user&#39;s XHTML  117  ( FIG. 9 ). This results in an expanded user interface output  152 . 
         [0060]    In the previous example there were no unevaluated thunks, so lazy evaluation was not exploited. Referring now to  FIG. 14 , if a user was viewing the XML of  FIG. 14  on the user interface  112  ( FIG. 9 ), and “Child  1 ” of  FIG. 12  is in its collapsed form, then as long as “Child  1 ” ( FIG. 12 ) remains collapsed any thunks involving either “Grandchild  1 ” or “Grandchild  2 ” of  FIG. 13  (expanded element  26 ) will remain unevaluated. Upon clicking the header expansion control  26  ( FIG. 12 ) (represented as an arrow), however, the kernel recognizes it must evaluate the thunk  160  in order to produce the XHTML  117  ( FIG. 9 ) to be displayed in the user interface  112  ( FIG. 9 ). 
         [0061]    Referring now to  FIGS. 16-19 , another example of a user initiated command that will force the system out of its augmented dataflow model is the drawing of a type-link  50 . The user sees an outline  20  that is drawn to the user interface  112  ( FIG. 9 ) as XHTML  117  ( FIG. 9 ). Transformations, in addition to being coded as XSL, can also be coded as pure javascript functions. The noteLocations.js transformation, is a pure java script function which takes as source the XHTML  117  ( FIG. 9 ) of the main content, and uses the javascript Document Object Model (DOM) to determine the x and y coordinates of relevant XHTML  117  ( FIG. 9 ) elements. The XHTML  117  ( FIG. 9 ) elements have been marked with special tags  170  by previous XSL transformations  130  ( FIG. 11 ). These tags  170  also contain information used to draw the lines, specifically which line the location is a part of (attribute “linkid”), and the direction that the line should take (also used to determine the curvature of the lines), which is represented using attributes “velx” and “vely.” This transformation is coded in javascript, because an XSL transformation  130  ( FIG. 11 ) does not have access to the browser&#39;s  4  ( FIG. 1 ) rendering information. Using the XHTML  117  ( FIG. 9 ) as input, noteLocations.js produces an XML tree that contains the relevant coordinates  172 . This information is then used by an XSL transformation  130  ( FIG. 11 ), drawSVGLinks.xsl, to produce SVG XML  174 . The curves of the type-link  50  are simply cubic Bezier curves, using SVG&#39;s path element. The user sees the main content, with the type-link  50  drawn behind it. 
         [0062]    It should be noted that although embodiments have been described with specific references to specific examples of type-link  50  execution, the embodiments have broader applicability and may be used in systems designed for diverse fields, or specifically designed for uniform data sets within a specific field. For example, without limitation, embodiments may be used in conjunction with intelligence systems, maintenance management systems, human resources and personnel systems, and disaster management systems. 
         [0063]    The above described embodiments provide a system that enables a user to organize diverse information in systems to convey a large and diverse collection of associations. The above description and drawings illustrate embodiments which achieve the objects, features, and advantages described. Although certain advantages and embodiments have been described above, those skilled in the art will recognize that substitutions, additions, deletions, modifications and/or other changes may be made.