Abstract:
The performance, reliability, and cost of the optical couplers depends heavily on their design and packaging technologies. A need still exists in the art of design and manufacturing of optical coupler devices to provide superior performance, improved reliability and reduced cost simultaneously whilst addressing issues such as walk-off. Such improvements arising from the inclusion of asymmetric optical elements within the optical path rather than the circularly symmetric optical elements within the prior art.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This patent application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/657,937 filed Jun. 11, 2012 entitled “Compact Micro-Optical Devices and Methods using Asymmetric Lenses” and U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/657,943 filed Jun. 11, 2012 entitled “Compact Micro-Optical Devices and Methods using Asymmetric Lenses”, the entire contents of both patent applications being included by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to micro-optical devices and in particular fiber coupled micro-optic coupler devices employing asymmetric lenses. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Micro-optical couplers are widely used in a variety of applications including data communications, telecommunications, and sensing. Such micro-optical couplers typically comprise one or more optical functional elements which selectively transmit, reflect, attenuate, filter, split, combine, or manipulate the optical signals propagating within them together with an input and output optical systems for guiding light to/from the functional elements from/to the optical fibers that transmit the optical signals within the systems that the micro-optical couplers form part of. Micro-optical devices also allow integration of two or more elements within the same component thereby reducing component count, cost, footprint etc. For example in optical amplifiers micro-optical devices may combine a power tap, wavelength division multiplexer (WDM), gain flattening filter (GFF), and optical isolator. Typically, the functional optical elements are thin film filters, micro-optical isolator cores, and birefringent/polarizing sheets whilst the input and output optical systems usually comprise a collimating lens, as well as input and output optical waveguides (usually optical fibers). 
         [0004]    Typical prior art micro-optic coupler designs require that only small and even gaps exist between all the cylindrical surrounding surfaces that are bonded together. Also, from cost and mechanical design requirements the active alignment processes employed in such prior art micro-optic couplers should avoid the requirements for active angular alignment. Such a requirement requires that the design provides effective means to compensate for the inherent optical path walk-off that occurs within such micro-optical couplers, while keeping all the mechanical parts within the device structure fitting tightly to each other to minimize solder and/or epoxy (glue) lines. 
         [0005]    The performance, reliability, and cost of the optical couplers depends heavily on their design and packaging technologies. A need still exists in the art of design and manufacturing of optical coupler devices to provide superior performance, improved reliability and reduced cost simultaneously whilst addressing issues such as walk-off. Such improvements arising from the inclusion of asymmetric optical elements within the optical path rather than the circularly symmetric optical elements within the prior art. 
         [0006]    Beneficially embodiments of the invention provide a multi-port optical coupler design platform that can be used for a range of micro-optic couplers including, but not limited to, wavelength division multiplexers (WDM), tap coupler, gain flattening filter, isolator and compact hybrid devices with multiple functions. The design methodology is compatible with epoxy-free optical path, hermetic assemblies, and epoxy-in-path designs according to the requirements for environmental performance, reliability, cost, etc. 
         [0007]    It is a further object of this invention to provide a micro-optic coupler design that requires fewer parts, allows the functional optical elements to be pre-assembled and the optical fibers assembled thereafter such that automated optical pre-screening of the functional optical assemblies can be performed prior to the assembly of the optical fibers which is typically a labour intensive element impacting the overall cost of the micro-optic couplers. 
         [0008]    Other aspects and features of the present invention will become apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art upon review of the following description of specific embodiments of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying figures. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0009]    It is an object of the present invention to advance the state of the art with respect to micro-optical devices and in particular fiber coupled micro-optic coupler devices employing asymmetric lenses. 
         [0010]    In accordance with an embodiment of the invention there is provided a method comprising:
   providing a housing;   providing a functional core having a predetermined optical function and an axis with respect to the direction of optical signals coupled to the functional core;   providing a first graded refractive index lens with a first predetermined refractive index profile wherein a physical axis of the first graded refractive index lens is aligned to the axis of the functional core;   providing a second graded refractive index lens with a second predetermined asymmetric refractive index profile wherein a physical axis of the second graded refractive index lens is aligned to the axis of the functional core; wherein   the first and second graded refractive index lenses are orientated to establish a predetermined relationship between the first and second predetermined asymmetric refractive index profiles.   
 
         [0016]    In accordance with an embodiment of the invention there is provided a device comprising:
   a housing;   a functional core having a predetermined optical function and an axis with respect to the direction of optical signals coupled to the functional core;   a first graded refractive index lens with a first predetermined refractive index profile wherein a physical axis of the first graded refractive index lens is aligned to the axis of the functional core;   a second graded refractive index lens with a second predetermined asymmetric refractive index profile wherein a physical axis of the second graded refractive index lens is aligned to the axis of the functional core; wherein   the first and second graded refractive index lenses are orientated to establish a predetermined relationship between the first and second predetermined asymmetric refractive index profiles.   
 
         [0022]    In accordance with another embodiment of the invention there is provided a method comprising:
   providing a housing;   providing a functional core having a predetermined optical function and an axis with respect to the direction of optical signals coupled to the functional core;   providing a first graded refractive index lens with a first predetermined refractive index profile and a first non-circular outer profile, wherein a physical axis of the first graded refractive index lens has a first predetermined alignment to the axis of the functional core; and   providing a second graded refractive index lens with a second predetermined refractive index profile and a second non-circular outer profile, wherein a physical axis of the second graded refractive index lens has a second predetermined alignment to the axis of the functional core.   
 
         [0027]    In accordance with another embodiment of the invention there is provided a device comprising:
   a housing;   a functional core having a predetermined optical function and an axis with respect to the direction of optical signals coupled to the functional core;   a first graded refractive index lens with a first predetermined refractive index profile and a first non-circular outer profile, wherein a physical axis of the first graded refractive index lens has a first predetermined alignment to the axis of the functional core; and   a second graded refractive index lens with a second predetermined refractive index profile and a second non-circular outer profile, wherein a physical axis of the second graded refractive index lens has a second predetermined alignment to the axis of the functional core.   
 
         [0032]    Other aspects and features of the present invention will become apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art upon review of the following description of specific embodiments of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying figures. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0033]    Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the attached Figures, wherein: 
           [0034]      FIGS. 1A and 1B  depict micro-optic couplers according to the prior art; 
           [0035]      FIG. 2  depicts a micro-optic coupler according to the prior art; 
           [0036]      FIG. 3  depicts a micro-optic coupler employing an asymmetric mechanical element according to an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0037]      FIG. 4  depicts a micro-optic coupler employing asymmetric lenses according to an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0038]      FIG. 5  depicts a micro-optic coupler employing asymmetric lenses according to an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0039]      FIG. 6  depicts a micro-optic coupler employing an asymmetric lens according to an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0040]      FIG. 7  depicts an asymmetric lens according to an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0041]      FIG. 8  depicts an asymmetric lens according to an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0042]      FIG. 9A  depicts a micro-optic coupler employing an asymmetric lens according to an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0043]      FIG. 9B  depicts a micro-optic coupler employing an asymmetric lens according to an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0044]      FIG. 10  depicts asymmetric lens assemblies and asymmetric index lenses according to embodiments of the invention; 
           [0045]      FIG. 11  depicts a micro-optic coupler employing symmetric lenses according to an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0046]      FIG. 12  depicts a micro-optic coupler employing symmetric lenses according to an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0047]      FIG. 13  depicts a micro-optic coupler employing asymmetric lens and mechanical assemblies with multiple sections according to an embodiment of the invention; and 
           [0048]      FIG. 14  depicts a micro-optic coupler employing symmetric and asymmetric lenses with symmetric and asymmetric mechanical assemblies with multiple sections according to an embodiment of the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0049]    The present invention is directed to optical devices and in particular, fiber optic coupler devices for use in optical fiber technology and to a method for making the same. 
         [0050]    The ensuing description provides exemplary embodiment(s) only, and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability or configuration of the disclosure. Rather, the ensuing description of the exemplary embodiment(s) will provide those skilled in the art with an enabling description for implementing an exemplary embodiment. It being understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements without departing from the spirit and scope as set forth in the appended claims. 
         [0051]    Optical walk-off within micro-optic couplers usually occurs when the optical beam travels through the gap between the inner surfaces of the first and second collimating lenses, the first collimating lens coupling an input optical fiber to the micro-optic device, and the second collimating lens coupling an output optical fiber to the micro-optic device. In reflective micro-optic devices the first and second collimating lenses will typically be the same collimating lens. Accordingly, the optical walk-off occurs if the beam has an angle with respect to the optical axis of the micro-optic coupler to which the first and second collimating lenses are typically aligned. Hence, one source for beam walk-off in an optical coupler device is the angle of the beam emerging from the inner surfaces of the lenses. For example, the transmission beam of a reflective tap coupler or a WDM coupler will usually have an angle with respect to the optical axis. Another source is the collimated light beam deviation after passing through any wedges or non-uniform optical elements. In an optical coupler, it is a common practice to polish the inner end surface of the collimating lens to a small angle to minimize the so-called ripple effect, which will usually result in a wedge, and hence beam walk-off. 
         [0052]    It has been also been well documented that beam walk-off, and in many instances significant beam walk-off, occurs when a light beam with limited beam size passes through a multi-layer medium, such as a DWDM thin film filters for example, with a non-zero incident angle. Such issues are further complicated by the fact that beam walk-off occurs when a light beam passes through a birefringent material, such as an isolator core, even if the incident angle is zero. 
         [0053]    Referring to  FIG. 1A  there is depicted a micro-optic coupler according to the prior art. As depicted there is an input fiber  105  and a first output fiber  110  which are coupled to a first dual fiber pigtail assembly  115  which is assembled within first housing  120 . This assembly is coupled to first graded refractive index (GRIN) lens  130  which is assembled within second housing  125  and has upon its other surface a thin-film filter  135 . Coupled to the second housing  125  is third housing  145  within which second GRIN lens  140  is assembled together with second dual fiber assembly  150  that houses output fiber  160  and terminated fiber  155 . Accordingly three optical sub-assemblies are assembled to provide the micro-optic coupler. As depicted all such interfaces as well as those relating to assembly of each sub-assembly are assembled using an epoxy, such as for example Epotex 353ND for example. 
         [0054]    Now referring to  FIG. 1B  there is depicted a micro-optic coupler according to the prior art of Zheng in U.S. Pat. No. 6,347,170. Accordingly, there is an input fiber  105  and a first output fiber  110  which are coupled to a first dual fiber pigtail assembly  115  which is assembled within first housing  120 . This assembly is coupled to first graded refractive index (GRIN) lens  130  which is assembled within second housing  125  and has upon its other surface a thin-film filter  135 . Coupled to the second housing  125  is third housing  145  within which second GRIN lens  140  is assembled. A second dual fiber assembly  150  that houses output fiber  160  and terminated fiber  155  is housed within a fourth housing  165 . Accordingly four optical sub-assemblies are assembled to provide the micro-optic coupler. 
         [0055]    As evident from the abstract of Zheng the assembly process is convoluted and prone to yield issues. The inventors quote “a WDM filter attached to a first GRIN lens by applying a first heat-curing epoxy. The WDM coupler further includes the first GRIN lens inserted and fixed into a first holding tube by applying a second heat-curing epoxy. The WDM coupler further includes a second holding tube holding a dual fiber pigtail. The dual fiber pigtail is disposed at a first optimal position from the first GRIN lens to achieve a lowest reflection loss with the first and second holding tubes being in contact with each other. The dual fiber pigtail and the first and second holding tubes are fixed together by applying a third heat-curing epoxy. The WDM coupler further includes a second GRIN lens inserted and fixed into a third holding tube by applying a fourth heat-curing epoxy. The WDM coupler further includes a fourth holding tube holding a standard single fiber pigtail. To achieve a lowest transmission loss, the single fiber pigtail is disposed at a second optimal position from the second GRIN lens while the first GRIN lens is disposed at a third optimal position from the second GRIN lens. With the first, third and fourth holding tubes being in contact with each other, a fifth heat-curing epoxy is applied to fix the third and fourth holding tubes together and a sixth heat-curing epoxy is applied to fix the first and third holding tubes together.” 
         [0056]    Referring to  FIG. 2  there is depicted a micro-optic coupler according to the prior art of Wang et al in U.S. Pat. No. 7,440,652. As depicted there is an input fiber  205  and a first output fiber  210  which are coupled to a first dual fiber pigtail assembly  215  which is assembled within first housing  220 . This assembly is coupled to first graded refractive index (GRIN) lens  230 . The first housing is assembled within second housing  225  and upon the exposed surface of first GRIN lens  230  there is provided a thin-film filter  235 . Also coupled to the second housing  225  is third housing  245  within which second GRIN lens  240  is assembled as well as second dual fiber assembly  250  that houses output fiber  260  and terminated fiber  255 . Accordingly Wang teaches to fewer optical sub-assemblies and alignments but the extended unsupported elements result in reduced environmental performance, e.g. vibration, shock, etc. 
         [0057]    Referring to  FIG. 3  there is depicted a micro-optic coupler according to an embodiment of the invention. Accordingly, there is an input fiber  305  and a first output fiber  310  which are coupled to a first dual fiber pigtail assembly  315  which is assembled within first asymmetric housing  320 . This assembly is coupled to first graded refractive index (GRIN) lens  330  which is therefore housed within first asymmetric housing  320  and assembled within second housing  325 . Also disposed within the second housing  325  is functional core  335  and second asymmetric housing  350  within which second GRIN lens  340  is assembled together with second dual fiber assembly  345  that houses output fiber  355 . Accordingly, the micro-optic coupler rather than seeking to limit/minimize walk off specifically establishes offset interfaces to/from the functional core  325  and provides through angular rotation of the first and second asymmetrical housings  320  and  350  respectively within the second housing  325  the manufacturing corrections. 
         [0058]    Now referring to  FIG. 4  there is depicted a micro-optic coupler according to an embodiment of the invention. Accordingly, there is an input fiber  405  and a first output fiber  410  which are coupled to a first fiber pigtail assembly  415  which is assembled within first housing  420 . This assembly is coupled to first graded refractive index (GRIN) lens  430  which is therefore housed within second housing  425 , which is itself assembled within outer housing  470 . Also disposed within the outer housing  470  is functional core  435  and third housing  445  within which is second GRIN lens  440 . Coupled to the third housing  445  is fourth housing  455  which has assembled within it the second fiber pigtail assembly  450  that houses output fiber  460 . Accordingly, the micro-optic coupler rather than seeking to limit/minimize walk off specifically establishes offset interfaces to/from the functional core  435  and provides through angular rotation and lateral movement of the first and fourth housings  420  and  455  respectively correction/adjustment during manufacturing corrections for the walk-off. 
         [0059]    In contrast to the prior art first and second GRIN lenses  430  and  440  respectively are asymmetric lenses wherein their optical axis of symmetry does not lie along the physical axis of the micro-optic coupler even though the physical axis of the first and second GRIN lenses  430  and  440  respectively are aligned to the physical axis of the micro-optic coupler. As depicted each of the first and second GRIN lenses  430  and  440  respectively project slightly from the outer housing  470  whilst each of the first and second fiber pigtail assemblies  415  and  450  respectively are assembled within first and fourth housings  420  and  455  which have lipped edges. It would be evident to one skilled in the art that the lip may be dimensions relative to the projection of the GRIN lens such that allowance for the epoxy line attaching each housing to the assembly is made and that the air gap between the lenses and optical fibers minimized or alternatively also filled with an epoxy which may be the same as that used for the assembly of each pigtail assembly or different. It would be further evident that the first and second GRIN lenses  430  and  440  may be assembled into the outer housing  470  with their respective housings and the functional core  435  and tested as a separate manufacturing process to that of assembling the final micro-optic coupler. Accordingly, this sub-assembly may be assembled in a manner that is hermetic or non-hermetic. 
         [0060]    Within  FIG. 4  and other Figures within the specification refractive index variations have been depicted as simple linear or approximately grey tone variations. It would be understood by one skilled in the art that such depictions are for representational purposes only as the refractive index variations within the optical elements, e.g. GRIN lenses, may be linearly varying, varying with predetermined non-linearity, contain abrupt transitions, sinusoidally varying, linear with sinusoidal overlay, etc. Such refractive index profiles may be achieved for example by forming the desired physical profile and then creating the desired index profile through one or more technique including, but not limited to, diffusion, ion exchange, ion implantation, and deposition. 
         [0061]    Referring to  FIG. 5  there is depicted a micro-optic coupler according to an embodiment of the invention. Accordingly, there is an input fiber  505  and a first output fiber  510  which are coupled to a first fiber pigtail assembly  515  which is assembled within first housing  520 . This assembly is coupled to first graded refractive index (GRIN) lens  530  which is therefore housed within second housing  525 , which is itself assembled within outer housing  570 . Also disposed within the outer housing  570  is functional core  535  and third housing  545  within which is second GRIN lens  540 . Coupled to the third housing  545  is fourth housing  555  which has assembled within it the second fiber pigtail assembly  550  that houses output fiber  560 . Accordingly, the micro-optic coupler rather than seeking to limit/minimize walk off specifically establishes offset interfaces to/from the functional core  535  and provides through angular rotation and lateral movement of the first and fourth housings  520  and  555  respectively correction/adjustment during manufacturing corrections for the walk-off. 
         [0062]    In contrast to the prior art first and second GRIN lenses  530  and  540  respectively are asymmetric lenses wherein their optical axis of symmetry does not lie along the physical axis of the micro-optic coupler even though the physical axis of the first and second GRIN lenses  530  and  540  respectively are aligned to the physical axis of the micro-optic coupler. As depicted each of the first and second GRIN lenses  530  and  540  respectively are flush with the ends of the outer housing  570  whilst each of the first and second fiber pigtail assemblies  515  and  550  respectively are assembled within first and fourth housings  520  and  555  which are flush. It would be evident that the epoxy line may alternatively be defined as an annulus between the piece-parts such that the overall assembly is epoxy free in the optical path. It would be further evident that the first and second GRIN lenses  530  and  540  may be assembled into the outer housing  570  with their respective housings and the functional core  535  and tested as a separate manufacturing process to that of assembling the final micro-optic coupler. Accordingly, this sub-assembly may be assembled in a manner that is hermetic or non-hermetic. 
         [0063]    Referring to  FIG. 6  there is depicted a micro-optic coupler according to an embodiment of the invention. Accordingly, there is an input fiber  605  and a first output fiber  610  which are coupled to a first fiber pigtail assembly  615  which is assembled within first housing  620 . This assembly is coupled to first graded refractive index (GRIN) lens  630  which is therefore housed within second housing  625 , which is itself assembled within outer housing  670 . Also disposed within the outer housing  670  is functional core  635  and third housing  645  within which is second GRIN lens  640 . Coupled to the third housing  645  is fourth housing  655  which has assembled within it the second fiber pigtail assembly  650  that houses output fiber  660 . Accordingly, the micro-optic coupler rather than seeking to limit/minimize walk off specifically establishes offset interfaces to/from the functional core  635  and provides through angular rotation and lateral movement of the first and fourth housings  620  and  655  respectively correction/adjustment during manufacturing corrections for the walk-off. 
         [0064]    In contrast to the prior art second GRIN lens  640  is an asymmetric lens wherein its optical axis of symmetry does not lie along the physical axis of the micro-optic coupler even though the physical axis of second GRIN lens  640  is aligned to the physical axis of the micro-optic coupler. First GRIN lens  630  is accordingly a symmetric GRIN lens. Optionally, the asymmetric lens may be first GRIN lens  630  and symmetric lens the second GRIN lens  640 . As depicted each of the first and second GRIN lenses  630  and  640  respectively are flush with the ends of the outer housing  670  whilst each of the first and second fiber pigtail assemblies  615  and  650  respectively are assembled within first and fourth housings  620  and  655  which are flush. It would be evident that the epoxy line may alternatively be defined as an annulus between the piece-parts such that the overall assembly is epoxy free in the optical path. It would be further evident that the first and second GRIN lenses  630  and  640  may be assembled into the outer housing  670  with their respective housings and the functional core  635  and tested as a separate manufacturing process to that of assembling the final micro-optic coupler. Accordingly, this sub-assembly may be assembled in a manner that is hermetic or non-hermetic. 
         [0065]    Referring to  FIG. 7  there is depicted an asymmetric lens  710  according to an embodiment of the invention wherein it can be seen that the lens exhibits an asymmetric refractive index profile and has a circular cross-section  720 . Within the Figures of this specification graded grayscale has been employed to denote refractive index variations and to denote symmetric and asymmetric index profiles. Whilst the lenses are shown with only refractive index variations within their cross-section it would be evident that longitudinal refractive index variations may also be employed in other embodiments of the invention. The exact grayscale does not reflect the exact refractive index distribution but is for indication purposes only. The exact radial, lateral, vertical, horizontal therefore will depend upon a variety of factors including but not limited to, the functional core, the dimensions of the GRIN lens, and desired optical performance. It would be evident that in some embodiments of the invention that one or both of the GRIN lenses within a micro-optic coupler may be formed from one or more birefringent materials such that the refractive index distribution is different from the TE and TM polarizations. 
         [0066]    Referring to  FIG. 8  there is depicted an asymmetric lens  810  according to an embodiment of the invention wherein the cross-section of the lens presents essentially a circular profile with a flattened portion, which may positioned as depicted in first to third cross-section  820  through  840  respectively in different positions relative to the peak refractive index within the GRIN lens  810 . 
         [0067]    Now referring to  FIG. 9A  there is depicted a micro-optic coupler  900  employing an asymmetric lens according to an embodiment of the invention. Micro-optic coupler  900  employs a symmetric GRIN lens and asymmetric GRIN lens such as described above in respect of  FIG. 6 . Cross-section X-X  910  through the symmetric GRIN lens shows the symmetry of the GRIN lens relative to the external body of the micro-optic coupler, depicted as a single piece for simplicity, which has a square cross-section. Cross-section Y-Y  920  through the asymmetric GRIN lens shows the asymmetry of the GRIN lens relative to the external body of the micro-optic coupler. In this embodiment of the invention each of the symmetric and asymmetric GRIN lenses are similarly depicted as having square cross-section. It would be evident that alternatively the GRIN lenses and internal structure of the micro-optic coupler may be rectangular rather than square and vary from one GRIN lens assembly to the other. 
         [0068]    Referring to  FIG. 9B  there is depicted a micro-optic coupler  9000  employing an asymmetric lens according to an embodiment of the invention. Micro-optic coupler  900  employs two asymmetric GRIN lenses such as described above in respect of  FIG. 5 . Cross-section X-X  9100  through one asymmetric GRIN lens shows the asymmetry of the GRIN lens relative to the external body of the micro-optic coupler, depicted as a single piece for simplicity, which has a square cross-section. Cross-section Y-Y  9200  through the other asymmetric GRIN lens shows the asymmetry of the GRIN lens relative to the external body of the micro-optic coupler and its inversion relative to that of the other asymmetric GRIN lens. The other cross-section  9300  depicts a variant wherein an asymmetric lens varies in the direction perpendicular to cross-sections X-X  9100  and Y-Y  9200  respectively. In this embodiment of the invention each of the asymmetric GRIN lenses are similarly depicted as having square cross-section. It would be evident that alternatively the GRIN lenses and internal structure of the micro-optic coupler may be rectangular rather than square and vary from one GRIN lens assembly to the other. 
         [0069]    Now referring to  FIG. 10  there are depicted first to fourth cross-sections  1010  to  1040  respectively. First cross-section  1010  shows a rectangular body of the micro-optic coupler, depicted as a single piece for simplicity, with an asymmetric GRIN lens such as depicted in  FIG. 8  within. Second cross-section  1020  depicts a hexagonal body of the micro-optic coupler, depicted as a single piece for simplicity, with an asymmetric GRIN lens similarly formed as a hexagonal element within. It would be evident to one skilled in the art that other combinations of lens cross-section and micro-optic piece-part cross-sections may be implemented without departing from the scope of the invention. Third and fourth cross-sections  1030  and  1040  depict GRIN lenses that are circularly symmetric physically but where the grey tones simulated variations in refractive index that are not circularly symmetric with respect to the lens physically. 
         [0070]    Now referring to  FIG. 11  there is depicted a micro-optic coupler  1100  employing symmetric lenses according to an embodiment of the invention. Cross-section X-X  1110  through the input symmetric GRIN lens shows the symmetry of the GRIN lens relative to the external body of the micro-optic coupler, depicted as a single piece for simplicity, which has a square cross-section. Cross-section Y-Y  1120  through the second symmetric GRIN lens shows the same symmetry of the GRIN lens relative to the external body of the micro-optic coupler. In this embodiment of the invention each of the symmetric GRIN lenses are similarly depicted as having square cross-section. It would be evident that alternatively the GRIN lenses and internal structure of the micro-optic coupler may be rectangular rather than square and vary from one GRIN lens assembly to the other or having other cross-sections. It would be evident that employing non-circularly symmetric lenses and housing provides alternative structures for assembly and combining multiple micro-optic couplers. Similarly the functional core may also be implemented in a non-circularly symmetric assembly. 
         [0071]    Now referring to  FIG. 12  there is depicted a micro-optic coupler  1200  employing symmetric lenses according to an embodiment of the invention. Cross-section X-X  1210  through the input symmetric GRIN lens shows the symmetry of the GRIN lens itself with the physical asymmetry relative to the external body of the micro-optic coupler, which is depicted as a single piece for simplicity, which has a rectangular cross-section. Cross-section Y-Y  1220  through the output symmetric GRIN lens shows the symmetry of the GRIN lens itself with the physical asymmetry relative to the external body of the micro-optic coupler. 
         [0072]    It would also be evident that the GRIN lens elements may be assembled within a housing of one cross-section that is then assembled within an outer housing with a different cross-section as well as outer housing having similar cross-sections. According to other embodiments of the invention the GRIN lenses and functional cores are mounted directly to the outer housing without intermediate housings or that one or more elements may exploit intermediate housings whilst others do not. 
         [0073]    Now referring to  FIG. 13  there is depicted a micro-optic coupler employing asymmetric lens and mechanical assemblies with multiple sections according to an embodiment of the invention. Accordingly, there is an input fiber  1305  and a first output fiber  1310  which are coupled to a first fiber pigtail assembly  1315  which is assembled within first housing  1320  with first graded refractive index (GRIN) lens  1330 . First housing  1320  as depicted has mechanical asymmetry such that the first fiber pigtail assembly  1315  and first graded refractive index (GRIN) lens  1330  are offset by δx 1  from the axis of second housing  1325 A within which first housing  1320  is itself assembled. Disposed within an outer housing  1325 B is functional core  1335  which is coupled to the second housing  1325 A. Also depicted is third housing  1350  within which is mounted second GRIN lens  1340  along with a second fiber pigtail assembly  1345  that houses output fiber  1355 . Similarly to first housing  1320  third housing  1350  has mechanical asymmetry such that the second fiber pigtail assembly  1345  and second graded refractive index (GRIN) lens  1340  are offset by δx 2  from the axis of fourth housing  1325 C within which third housing  1350  is itself assembled. Accordingly, assembly of the micro-optic coupler proceeds with assembly of one of second and fourth housings  1325 A and  1325 C respectively being coupled to the outer housing  1325 B, which has the functional core  1335  assembled within, and then the or other of second and fourth housings  1325 A and  1325 C respectively is assembled to the outer housing  1325 B. 
         [0074]    Accordingly, the micro-optic coupler rather than seeking to limit/minimize walk off specifically establishes offset interfaces to/from the functional core  1335  and provides through lateral movement of the second and fourth housings  1320  and  1355  respectively with respect to outer housing  1325 B to provide correction/adjustment during manufacturing corrections for the walk-off. In contrast to the prior art first and second GRIN lenses  1330  and  1340  respectively are asymmetric lenses wherein their optical axis of symmetry does not lie along the physical axis of the micro-optic coupler even if the physical axis of the first and second GRIN lenses  1330  and  1340  respectively was aligned to the physical axis of the micro-optic coupler. It would be evident that the epoxy lines are annular between the piece-parts such that the overall assembly is epoxy free in the optical path. It would be further evident that the first and second GRIN lenses  1330  and  1340  may be assembled into the second and fourth housings  1325 A and  1325 C respectively and functionally tested a part of a separate manufacturing process to that of assembling the final micro-optic coupler. Similarly, the functional core  1335  may be assembled within outer housing  1325 B and tested as a separate manufacturing process to that of assembling the final micro-optic coupler. It would be evident that whilst the sub-assembly and micro-optic coupler depicted are non-hermetic through the use of epoxy that hermetic variants may be established by replacing the epoxy with solder or pseudo-hermetic through the use of very thin long epoxy lines. 
         [0075]    Cross-section X-X depicts the cross-section through second housing  1325 A through the region comprising first GRIN lens  1330  and first housing  1320  showing the non-circular asymmetric GRIN design together with asymmetric mechanical design of the first housing  1320 . 
         [0076]    Now referring to  FIG. 14  there is depicted a micro-optic coupler employing symmetric and asymmetric lenses with symmetric and asymmetric mechanical assemblies with multiple sections according to an embodiment of the invention. Accordingly, there is an input fiber  1405  and a first output fiber  1410  which are coupled to a first fiber pigtail assembly  1415  which is assembled within first housing  1420 . Also depicted is a first graded refractive index (GRIN) lens  1430  which is housed within second housing  1425 , which is itself assembled within first outer housing  1470 A. Also disposed within the first outer housing  1470 A is functional core  1435 . As depicted first housing  1420  is coupled to first outer housing  1425 , first GRIN lens  1430 , and second housing  1425  via an annular epoxy joint. Second housing  1425  is symmetric within this embodiment of the invention. 
         [0077]    At the second distal end of the first outer housing  1470 A a second outer housing  1470 B is attached. Within the second outer housing  1470 B a third housing  1445  is mounted that has within it second GRIN lens  1440  and a fourth housing  1465  which has assembled within it the second fiber pigtail assembly  1450  that houses output fiber  1460 . Accordingly, the micro-optic coupler rather than seeking to limit/minimize walk off specifically establishes offset interfaces to/from the functional core  1435  and allows lateral movement of the first and second outer housings  1470 A and  1470 B respectively together with first housing  1420  to provide correction/adjustment during manufacturing corrections for the walk-off. As depicted fourth housing  1465  is asymmetric in contrast to second and third housings  1425  and  1445  respectively which are symmetric. Similarly, in contrast to the prior art first and second GRIN lenses  1430  and  1440  respectively are asymmetric lenses wherein their optical axis of symmetry does not lie along the physical axis of the micro-optic coupler even though the physical axis of the first and second GRIN lenses  1430  and  1440  respectively are aligned to the physical axis of the micro-optic coupler in design case with no manufacturing induced offsets. 
         [0078]    Optionally, first and second outer housings  1470 A and  1470 B respectively together with and fourth housings  1420  and  1465  respectively and functional core  1435  may be dimensioned in conjunction with first and second GRIN lenses  1430  and  1440  respectively to remove the second and fourth housings  1425  and  1465 . It would be evident that the epoxy lines are defined as an annulus between the piece-parts such that the overall assembly is epoxy free in the optical path. It would be further evident that the first GRIN lens  1430  and functional core  1435  may be assembled into the first outer housing  1470 A tested as a separate manufacturing process to that of assembling the final micro-optic coupler. Similarly, second GRIN lens  1440  and second fiber pigtail assembly  1450  may be assembled and tested whilst first and second outer housings  1470 A and  1470 B respectively may be joined prior to the alignment of first housing  1420  or vice-versa. 
         [0079]    First and second cross-sections X-X and Y-Y depict the symmetric and asymmetric nature of third housing  1445  and fourth housing  1465  respectively with respect to positioning the second GRIN lens  1440  and second fiber pigtail assembly  1450  respectively within second outer housing  1470 B. Further, it would be evident that such designs provide for increased ease of exploiting asymmetric GRIN lens designs such as those presented supra in respect of  FIGS. 4 through 10  as these are orientated within each subsequent housing by virtue of their cross-section and tolerances. 
         [0080]    It would be evident that embodiments the invention may exploit circular GRIN lenses with asymmetric 
         [0081]    Within some embodiments of the physical axis of the GRIN lenses are aligned to the axis of the functional core and the physical axes of the input and output fiber pigtail assemblies are offset at δx 1  and δx 2  respectively to the physical axis of the GRIN lenses are aligned to the axis of the functional core. However, it would be evident that mechanical tolerances, assembly tolerances, lens index distribution variations etc. will induce offsets between the physical axis of the GRIN lenses are aligned to the axis of the physical core which may result in deviations of the optical fiber alignments from the target offsets of δx 1  and δx 2 . 
         [0082]    Within embodiments of the invention described above the functional core may include one or more optical elements including but not limited to, an isolator, a WDM filter, a gain flattening filter, a CWDM filter, a bandpass filter, a power tap, a power splitter, and an attenuator. Within the embodiments of the invention described above the micro-optic coupler has been depicted as having two optical fibers at the input and a single optical fiber at the output. However, it would be evident to one skilled in the art that this nomenclature is essentially arbitrary as the designations of input(s)/output(s) will vary according to the actual function(s) of the functional core. It would also be evident that other fiber counts may be provided without departing from the scope of the invention including for example          I/P|O/P         =         1|1         ;          1|2         ;          2|1         ;          2|2          etc. 
         [0083]    Also, it is noted that the embodiments may be described as a process which is depicted as a flowchart, a flow diagram, a data flow diagram, a structure diagram, or a block diagram. Although a flowchart may describe the operations as a sequential process, many of the operations can be performed in parallel or concurrently. In addition, the order of the operations may be rearranged. A process is terminated when its operations are completed, but could have additional steps not included in the figure. A process may correspond to a method, a function, a procedure, etc. 
         [0084]    Further, in describing representative embodiments of the present invention, the specification may have presented the method and/or process of the present invention as a particular sequence of steps. However, to the extent that the method or process does not rely on the particular order of steps set forth herein, the method or process should not be limited to the particular sequence of steps described. As one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate, other sequences of steps may be possible. Therefore, the particular order of the steps set forth in the specification should not be construed as limitations on the claims. In addition, the claims directed to the method and/or process of the present invention should not be limited to the performance of their steps in the order written, and one skilled in the art can readily appreciate that the sequences may be varied and still remain within the spirit and scope of the present invention.