Abstract:
Copy sheets produced by varying copier machine subsystems for analyzing subsystems&#39; performance. By varying parameters, sequencing the coronas, and inhibiting the various subsystems of a copy machine in certain orders, the resulting copy sheets can be analyzed for indications of the subsystems&#39; efficiency. The order of operation reduces or eliminates the subsystems interacting effects so that the degradated operation of a particular subsystem can be perceived.

Description:
DESCRIPTION 
     Documents Incorporated by Reference 
     The following U.S. patents (assigned to the same assignee as this application) are hereby incorporated by reference. U.S. Pat. No. 4,170,414 shows the details of a microprocessor of the type suitable for practicing the invention herein and employs the instruction repertoire of the illustrative programs included herewith to demonstrate and to describe a preferred embodiment of the invention. U.S. Pat. No. 4,163,897 shows the details of an electrophotostatic copier in which the invention is useful and illustrates control of such a copier using a microprocessor-based system. 
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This invention relates to the testing of the operation of an electrophotostatic type of copier, and particularly to the diagnosis of the electrophotostatic subsystems of such copiers. 
     With time and use, the subsystems of copiers, such as the photoconductor, coronas, fusers, erase lamps, and so on, gradually become less efficient. As a result, the copy quality deteriorates until a catastrophic failure occurs or unacceptable copies are produced. It is more desirable to be able to check periodically the conditions of the subsystems so that preventive measures can be taken to prevent the extra costs associated with catastrophic failures as well as the loss or customer good will caused by the deterioration of copy quality. 
     To be cost-efficient, the expense and time required to perform such tests must be low enough to warrant their extra cost. The use of microprocessor-based controllers permits the control sequences of such machines to be altered inexpensively and functions to be added that if added to hardwired controllers would be too complex and expensive to be economically feasible. By providing the capability to make test copy sheets while varying the parameters of the controlled machine as described herein, maintenance personnel can quickly and simply determine the condition of the electrophotostatic subsystems of a machine and make necessary adjustments or replace parts as needed to keep the machine functioning at a high level of efficiency. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     Present copy quality testing methods include predominantly the use of an original document having special patterns, similar to those of a television test pattern. The patterns are copied and the bandwidth of the system is estimated by the amount of resolution in converging fine line patterns and the accuracy of reproduction of varying gray scales. 
     Automatic testing of copier mechanisms is shown in the prior art. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,162,396 (Howard et al.: &#34;Testing Copy Production Machines&#34;), assigned to the same assignee as the present application, shows testing of copy machine component parts for maintenance purposes. It does not show, however, the testing of the electrophotostatic subsystems of the machine. 
     DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with the present invention, a method is set forth for testing an electrophotostatic copier having a photoconductor, for receiving during an imaging cycle, optical images from an expose lamp. The test method comprises operating the copier with a white original input document to be copied, turning off the expose lamp after the imaging cycle begins, and developing a resulting copy sheet which, if the copier is properly functioning, should reveal a white area gradually and evenly fading into black. 
     Steps are also taken to turn variable edge erase lamps on and off alternately to indicate their proper operation by analysis of the resulting copy sheet. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     FIG. 1 is a reproduction of a first test sheet. 
     FIG. 2 is a reproduction of a second test sheet. 
     FIG. 3 is a reproduction of a third test sheet. 
     FIG. 4 is a reproduction of a test sheet 4. 
     FIG. 5 is a reproduction of a test sheet 5. 
     FIG. 6 is a reproduction of a test sheet 6. 
     FIG. 7 is an illustration of the arrangement of the variable edge erase light-emitting diodes (LEDs). 
     FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the connections between the controller and the copy machine subsystems being controlled. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     In the embodiment to be described, a copier of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,163,897, supra, is used for illustrative purposes. The subsystems pertinent to the invention to be described are shown in FIG. 8. For example, a transfer corona 61 is used to precondition the photoconductor on the drum with a negative charge. The paper on which the copy is to be made is also charged so that toner will be attracted from the photoconductor to the paper. 
     A preclean corona 62 also preconditions the photoconductor but with a positive charge to balance the transfer preconditioning. This charges untransferred toner in a positive direction so that it will be removed by a developer cleaner 65. 
     A charge corona 63 including a grid, described below, charges the photoconductor on the drum in a uniform manner which, without any discharging by the optical system, would produce a black copy. The optics normally discharge the area of the photoconductor corresponding to the white parts of the material to be copied. The charge imparted by the corona 63 is greater than the desired black level. 
     A backcharge corona 64, also including a grid, reduces the charge level on the photoconductor to the desired black level and imparts a positive charge to residual toner so that the latter will be removed by a developer 66. 
     The grid in the above-described coronas are used to insure that the black charge will be uniform and at the desired level. 
     Erase lamps 67 are used to discharge the boundaries of the image on the photoconductor so that resulting copies do not have black edges or margins. 
     The edge erase lamps are shown in FIG. 7 arranged in a lamp block 83 so that the light emitted by each lamp onto the photoconductor surface 82 on the drum 81 overlaps the light from the adjacent diodes. By controlling each lamp individually, the edge erasure width can be controlled. Each lamp is turned on by setting a corresponding bit in an output register 86 from a controller 60. The lamps are turned off by resetting the corresponding bits. The lamps are coupled to the output register 86 by a cable 87. A sensor 84 applies EC signals to the controller 60 as described below in more detail. 
     The various subsystems of the copier shown in FIG. 8 are controlled by the controller 60 which receives input signals from sensors including EC (emitter control) signals for detecting the position of the drum, temperature control signals indicating the temperature of the fuser, and so on. 
     The invention to be described includes the operation of the various subsystems under controlled conditions so that the effect of an individual subsystem can be determined independently from the effects of the other subsystems. 
     The tests to isolate the effects of each of the subsystems are performed by the controller in the following manner. First, a copy of a blank input image, such as a blank sheet of paper, is made with the exposure lamp turned on and then turned off to produce, if the exposure lamp is operating correctly, a white area that gradates into gray and finally black. The edge erase lamps are turned on and off in a given sequence to produce a stairstep design that will have certain characteristics if the lamps are working correctly. The copy sheet will be approximately as shown in FIG. 1 if the subsystems tested are operating correctly. 
     Another test is to use normal corona sequencing with the interimage lamp kept on to produce an all white copy. Residual blank spots will indicate cleaning problems. 
     Another test is to erase only the leading edge which will produce a black copy. Any white spots will point up photoconductor defects. These and other tests are described below in more detail. 
     Control of the various subsystems shown in FIG. 8 is through an output register 69 in which bits are set by the controller 60 to turn on a device or reset to turn off a device. The controller 60, and possibly the output register 69, are included in a programmable microprocessor in the preferred embodiment of the invention. An attached program listing shows suitable programs that can be executed on the processor described and shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,170,414, incorporated herein by reference. Appendix A summarizes the instruction set of the microprocessor. The flowcharts are shown in a format called TYPICAL which is explained in Appendix B. The detailed explanations of the programs will now be covered. 
     Copy quality tables are used by a CZCOUNT subroutine to produce the test copies. The first test copy is produced by turning off the expose lamp so that the copy fades from white through gray shades to black. The edge erase lamps are sequenced on and off to produce a characteristic pattern and then all are turned on. FIG. 1 is a representation of the general appearance of the first test copy. The events occur in this particular embodiment as follows (measurements are from the leading edge of the copy sheet): 
     000 to 115 mm--white fades to black as expose lamp goes off; 
     115 to 125 mm--2-up erase on only; 
     125 to 210 mm--main erase on, 2-up strip visible; 
     128 to 210 mm--edge erase stairstep; and 
     210 to end--all erase lamps on. 
     The second test copy sheet is produced while varying various parameters of the electrophotostatic system. A series of four stripes are generated, the first stripe being white. The second stripe should be dark with streaks symmetrical about the center. The third and fourth stripes should be dark and uniform. 
     The events to produce this second sheet in the embodiment being described are: 
     000 to 070 mm--transfer and preclean on; 
     070 to 115 mm--transfer only; 
     127 to 182 mm--charge only; and 
     193 to 250 mm--charge and backcharge. 
     The third test copy sheet is produced similarly to the second but with different variations of the parameters. The first stripe should be gray with streaks that are straight and symmetrical about the center of the sheet. The second stripe should be gray and the streaks straight and symmetrical about the center. The third and fourth stripes should be gray and uniform. The general appearance of the second and third test copies are shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. The third copy test sheet is produced as follows: 
     000 to 070 mm--transfer normal and preclean low; 
     070 to 115 mm--transfer low; 
     127 to 182 mm--charge normal and grid low; and 
     193 to 250 mm--charge and backcharge normal and grid low. 
     Sheets 4 and 5 should both be gray and uniform, test sheet 4 being produced with the expose lamp off and no leading edge erase and sheet 5, with the expose lamp off and normal leading edge erase. The general appearance of sheets 4 and 5 is represented in FIGS. 4 and 5, respectively. 
     The test sheet 6 is made in two sections--the first with the expose lamp and developer at low voltage and the second with the erase and developer at low voltage. The result should be gray and uniform sections. The general appearance of sheet 6 is shown in FIG. 6. A defect 26 appearing on sheets 4, 5 and 6 at the same spot indicate a bad spot on the photoconductor surface. A defect 36, appearing on all sheets but at differing locations, indicate a bad spot on the fuser roller, for example. 
     The analysis of the test sheets are summarized as follows. On test sheet 1, the white-to-gray transition should be the same distance from the edge of the copy across the width of the sheet. Deviations are indicative of illumination problems, such as dirty mirrors. If any erase lamps are not working, they will leave a black stripe. 
     On sheet 2, the bands should be white/black/black/less black. If not, the preclean, transfer, charge, or backcharge corona (in the given order) is not working. 
     On sheet 3, all four bands should be gray with no density variation across the sheet. Variations point to dirty or misadjusted coronas in the same sequence as in sheet 2. 
     On sheet 4, if the entry guide is not properly adjusted, the leading edge on sheet 4 will have white regions. A comparison of sheets 4 and 5 showing defects in the same locations point to defects in the photoconductor. Defects having the same pattern but in differing locations on the sheet point to fuser surface defects. All other defects will indicate problems in the other subsystems, e.g., voids will indicate developer mix problems. 
     On sheet 6, a gray region on top is another indication of expose profile uniformity. Excessive differences between the top and bottom point to insufficient expose energy. 
     A CZCOUNT subroutine uses the tables, CQTAB&#39;s, to transfer to the proper test program module at the proper drum angle. Because the emitter signals from the drum are not supplied at the exact angles required for each of the tests, the CZCOUNT subroutine uses a pseudo-emitter routine which is synchronized with the drum but provides angle information in small increments. The tables are organized so that the first two bytes of a table supply the address of the beginning of the next table. The third byte is the hexadecimal value of the angle at which a test routine is to be executed and the fourth and fifth bytes supply the address of the test routine. The third, fourth and fifth bytes are repeated for each entry. The end of the table is indicated by a byte of all ones, hexadecimal FF (usually written X&#34;FF&#34;, where the X indicates the following literals are in hexadecimal format). 
     In the attached program example, the first table is located beginning at memory address F4E6. The first byte, F4EF, is the address of the next table. The hexadecimal angle value 60 (decimal 96) indicates that the routine at FOB9, the next byte&#39;s contents, is to be executed when the drum is at an angle of 96-degrees. The transfer of control to these tables and to the routines is shown in the CZCOUNT subroutine of Chart I. 
     Chart I shows the CZCOUNT subroutine, CE ZERO-CROSS COUNTER. This subroutine maintains a computed drum angle count for maintenance and test modes and executes special function routines at the proper revolution or drum angle as programmed. Many tests require events to occur at points not available from the standard drum emitter. The pseudo-emitter, with execution tables for each drum revolution, enables these special events where required. 
     The pseudo-emitter routine in the CZCOUNT subroutine operates as follows. During each drum revolution, a count of powerline zero-crossovers is maintained. At the start of a drum revolution, defined herein as the leading image 81-degrees below the optical centerline, the previous count is saved and a new count is started. Approximately every 90 degrees, the drum angle estimate is corrected by an emitter routine, CZCORR (not shown in detail). 
     The execution tables are constructed assuming a particular design frequency (ZDESFREQ). The current zero-cross count is multiplied by the ratio ZDESFREQ/(Previous Frequency) to estimate the current drum angle. 
     The ratio multiplication operates as follows. Let 
     N=current zero cross number (counts of number of executions so far during present cycle), 
     P=numerator of the ratio (ZDESFREQ) (number of executions per cycle for which program routine is designed), 
     Q=denominator of the ratio (previous frequency) (total number of executions during the previous drum revolution), 
     K=quotient of (N×P)/Q, and 
     R=remainder of (N×P)/Q. 
     The current drum angle can be estimated by 
     
         DEG=360×N/Q degrees 
    
     and the current design counts by 
     
         CNT=DEG×P/360 
    
     which can be written as 
     
         CNT=N×P/Q 
    
     Because CNT will always be a rational number, it can be expressed by integers K and R, which can be determined quite readily in digital format by repeated subtractions. Assuming that at the i-th module execution, K i  and R i  are known, then for the next (i+1) module execution, 
     
         CNT.sub.i+1 =(N+1)P/Q 
    
     which can be reduced to 
     
         CNT.sub.i+1 =K.sub.i +(R.sub.i +P)/Q. 
    
     Then, at zero-cross N+1, successive values of K and R are found as 
     
         K.sub.i+1 =K.sub.i +(R.sub.i +P)/Q 
    
     and 
     
         R.sub.i+1 =R.sub.i +P-Q. 
    
     Whenever the new remainder, R i+1 , exceeds Q/2, the integer count is incremented by one and Q subtracted from the remainder. 
     This approach has the advantage of requiring little processing time. No more than three subtractions per loop execution are required to compute (R i  +P i )/Q whereas N×P/Q, a direct computation, would require an average of 60 subtractions per loop execution. 
     Initially, the remainder is set to the design frequency (ZDESFREQ). On each execution, the numerator is subtracted from the remainder. Any time that the result is less than zero, the drum angle count is incremented by one. 
     The table decode is performed at every estimate update--once each pass through the code zero-cross loop--when the current drum angle estimate is compared to the zero-cross loop--when the current drum angle estimate is compared to the present table entry. If the estimate is greater than or equal to the table entry, the corresponding routine is executed. 
     The drum angle estimate is frozen whenever it reaches the design count until a counter restart is requested. At that time, the estimate is increased to design frequency plus one which will cause all unexecuted table entries to be executed, the frequency to be saved, the counter to be restarted, and a new execution table to be pointed to. 
     A separate table is required for each drum revolution except when table looping is used, such as when other diagnostics are using the drum angle estimator. 
     The set-up subroutine for the pseudo-emitter is CEANGSET, which is called by the routine setting up the CE run mode which will use the pseudo-emitter. CEANGSET is shown in Chart II. 
     If the design frequency is chosen to be 120 zero-crossings per revolution, then the smallest table increment (one estimate count) corresponds to three degrees of drum revolution and the formula for a table entry is (desired drum angle-81 degrees). 
     The execution of the tests is now described. The subroutine CZCOUNT, shown in Chart I with the program steps keyed to the address of the attached program coding, at step 23 fetches the address of the test module to be executed depending on the angle of drum rotation. At step 26, the program branches to the test module and returns to step 27 after the completion of the test. The details for performing this transfer are shown in the attached program listing beginning at the address D47D, the addresses being given in hexadecimal modulus. 
     Table I is a summary of the test tables used to transfer to the correct test as determined by the number of degrees of drum rotation. The test routine starting address is given and the test functions are summarized in Table II. These tests are self-explanatory by referencing the attached program listing. 
     Two examples will be explained to illustrate the implementation of the tests. The first module of Table II is CECHGOFF, which turns off the charge corona. In the program listing, it is seen that a bit denoted CHGCOR in a byte denoted ACCARD2M is reset by the TR instruction. (See Appendix A.) This bit, when reset in the output register, turns off the power to the charge corona as shown in FIG. 6. The module CECHGON, starting at address EFEF, turns the charge corona on by setting the same bit discussed above. In the ouput register 69 of FIG. 6, this bit, when set, causes the charge corona to be turned on. The control of devices using bits is well known in the art and need not be explained in detail for an understanding of the invention. 
     By cycling through the tables and performing the modules in the order prescribed at the proper drum angle, the tests described above are executed, allowing the operator or maintenance personnel to test the various subsystems of the copy machine with the effect of each subsystem isolated from the others. In this way, the beginning of degradated operation of a subsystem can be determined before copy quality is noticably reduced or a catastrophic failure occurs. 
     
                       CHART I______________________________________SUBROUTINE: CZCOUNT______________________________________1.  enter2.  reset unfulfilled start request flag                            D42A3.  IF pseudo-emitter is being used                            D42F4.  THEN (+1) machine frequency counter FREQREG5.  IF counter reset flag is set D4336.  THEN store machine drum angle ANGLECTR7.  clear FREQREG                D4398.  set drum angle counter above design count                            D43E    ZDESFREQ    FIN 59.  IF (ANGLECTR :#: ZDESFREQ)   D442    THEN10. IF (ANGLECTR :lt: ZDESFREQ) &amp;                            D447    (counter correction is set)    THEN11. CASE (ANGLECTR)12. : :le: 45: set count to 29,  D44E13. : :gt: 45 &amp; :le: 75: set count to 61,                            D45814. :ELSE: set counter to 90.    D45F15. store corrected count in ANGLECTR                            D46116. set ratio counter RATIOCNT to machine frequency                            D46217. ELSE (-ZDESFREQ)RATIOCNT     D46718. WHILE (RATIOCNT :le: 0)      D46B19. (+1) ANGLECTR                D46D20. (+machine frequency)RATIOCNT D46F    LOOP 18    FIN 1021. IF any entries remain in current pseudo-emitter                            D474    execution table CURRADR    THEN22. WHILE (CURRADR :le: ANGLECTR)                            D47923. fetch address of corresponding module                            D47D24. store module address         D48525. store return address         D48926. branch to module (and return)                            D48F27. point to next table entry    D490    LOOP 22    ELSE28. IF not a skip cycle          D495    THEN29. IF copy is being made        D496    THEN30. IF (ANGLCTRL :gt: ZDESFREQ)  D4A231. THEN reset ANGLECTR          D4A832. (+1) revolution counter      D4AB33. preset RATIOCNT to machine frequency                            D4AD34. fetch and store address of the first count in                            D4B1    next table and address of following table    FIN 3035. ELSE set ANGLCTRL to ZDESFREQ                            D4BC    FIN 2936. ELSE call PJAM to stop machine                            D4C1    FIN 28    FIN 21    FIN 9    FIN 337. return______________________________________ 
    
     
                       CHART II______________________________________SUBROUTINE: CEANGSET______________________________________1.  enter2.  set DRUMANG bit (flags use of pseudo-emitter)                           E5953.  load address of a table end code ((X&#34;FF&#34;))                           E59B4.  initialize ANGLECTR to ZDESFREQ                           E5A15.  clear high order copy select byte CPRIME2                           E5A66.  select normal developer voltage                           E5A97.  flag an after-jam run in    E5B18.  return                      E5B9______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE I______________________________________SUMMARY OF TEST TABLESTable No. Degrees      Test Routine Address______________________________________1         96           F0B9     119          F0A62         1            F087     3            F07B     4            F06E     4            F094     28           F0873         41           EFE3     45           F02F     46           F015     81           EFEF     99           F03B     104          F048     106          F055     108          F103     118          F0224         1            F048     3            F055     6            F0D8     20           F048     22           F055     41           F0485         26           F110     41           EFE3     45           F02F     46           F015     46           F0E7     81           F11F     81           EFEF     99           F03B     104          F048     106          F055     118          F0226         1            F048     3            F055     20           F048     22           F055     41           F048     43           F0F6     61           F0E77         85           F05510        82           F0D011        111          F0F612        10           F048______________________________________ 
    
     
                                           TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________SUMMARY OF TEST ROUTINES BY ADDRESSAddress  Mnemonic  Description__________________________________________________________________________EFE3   CECHGOF   Turns off charge coronaEFEF   CECHGON   Turns on charge coronaF015   CECLNOF   Turns off clean coronaF022   CECLNON   Turns on clean coronaF02F   CEXFROF   Turns off transfer coronaF03B   CEXFRON   Turns on transfer coronaF048   CERASAON  Turns on interimage erase lampsF055   CERASAOF  Turns off interimage erase lampsF06E   CERASMON  Turns on main bay interimage erase lampsF07B   CE2UPOF   Turns off front bay interimage erase lampsF087   CE2UPON   Turns on front bay interimage erase lampsF094   CEDGEOF   Turns off edge erase lampsF0A6   CEDGEON   Turns on edge erase lampsF0B9   CEILLOF   Turns off document illumination lampF0D0   CSETSCAN  Sets scan flags to scan during next drum            revolutionF0D8   CEMBCLN   Sets developer to cleaning levelF0E7   CEMBNOR   Sets developer to normal levelF0F6   CEMBSEAL  Sets developer to seal levelF103   CEMBOFF   Turns developer power offF110   CEHVLOW   Turns on grid power (preclean, transfer)            to half levelF11F   CEGRIDLO  Turns on grid power to normal level__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                                           APPENDIX A__________________________________________________________________________ INSTRUCTION    HEXMNEMONIC VALUE         NAME      DESCRIPTION__________________________________________________________________________AB(L)    A4   Add Byte (Low)                   Adds addressed operand to LACC                   (8-bit op.)AI(L)    AC   Add Immed.                   Adds address field to LACC         (Low)     (16-bit op.)AR       DN   Add Reg.  Adds N-th register contents to                   ACC (16-bit op.)A1       2E   Add One   Adds 1 to ACC (16-bit op.)B        24,28,2C         Branch    Branch to LSB (+256,-256,±0)BAL      30-33         Branch And                   Used to call subroutines (PC         Link      to Reg. 0, 1, 2, or 3)BE       35,39,3D         Branch Equal                   Branches if EQ set (See B)BH       36,3A,3E         Branch High                   Branch if EQ and LO are reset                   (See B)BNE      34,38,3C         Branch Not                   Branch if EQ reset (See B)         EqualBNL      37,3B,3F         Branch Not Low                   Branch if LO reset (See B)BR       20-23         Branch Reg.                   See RTNCB(L)    A0   Compare Byte                   Addressed byte compared to         (Low)     LACC (8-bit op.)CI(L)    A8   Compare Immed.                   Address field compared to LACC         (Low)     (8-bit op.)CLA      25   Clear Acc.                   ACC reset to all zeroes (16-                   bit op.)GI       A9   Group Immed.                   Selects one of 16 register                   groups (also controls                   interrupts)IC       2D   Input Carry                   Generate carry into ALUIN       26   Input     Read into LACC from addressed                   device (8-bit op.)J        0N,1N         Jump      Jump (forward or back) to                   PC(15-4),NJE       4N,5N         Jump Equal                   Jump if EQ set (See J)JNE      6N,7N         Jump Not Equal                   Jump if EQ reset (See J)LB(L)    A6   Load Byte (L)                   Load addressed byte into LACC                   (8-bit op.)LI       AE   Load Immed.                   Load address field into LACCLN       98-9F         Load Indirect                   Load byte addressed by reg.                   8-F into LACC (8-bit op.)LR       EN   Load Register                   Load register N into ACC                   (16-bit op.)LRB      FN   Load Reg./                   Load reg. N into ACC and         Bump      increment; ACC to Reg. N                   (N=4-7,C-F) (16-bit op.)LRD      FN   Load Reg./Decr.                   Load reg. N into ACC and                   decrement; ACC to Reg. N                   (N=0-3,8-B) (16-bit op.)NB(L)    A3   And Byte (Low)                   AND addressed byte into LACC                   (8-bit op.)NI(L)    AB   And Immed. (Low)                   AND address field into LACC                   (8-bit op.)OB(L)    A7   Or Byte (Low)                   OR addressed byte into LACC                   (8-bit op.)OI(L)    AF   Or Immed. (Low)                   OR address field into LACC                   (8-bit op.)OUT      27   Output    Write LACC to addressed deviceRTN      20-23         Return    Used to return to calling                   program (See BAL)SB(L)    A2   Subtract Byte                   Subtract addressed byte from         (Low)     LACC (8-bit op.)SHL      2B   Shift Left                   Shift ACC one bit left (16-                   bit op.)SHR      2F   Shift Right                   Shift ACC one bit right (16-                   bit op.)SI(L)    AA   Subtract  Subtract address field from         Immed. (Low)                   LACC (16-bit op.)SR       CN   Subtract Reg.                   Subtract reg. N from ACC                   (16-bit op.)STB(L)   A1   Store Byte (Low)                   Store LACC at address (8-bit                   op.)STN      B8-BF         Store Indirect                   Store LACC at address in Reg.                   8-FSTR      8N   Store Reg Store ACC in Reg. N (16-bit                   op.)S1       2A   Subtract One                   Subtract 1 from ACC (16-bit                   op.)TP       9N   Test/Preserve                   Test N-th bit in LACC (N=0-7)TR       BN   Test/Reset                   Test and reset N-th bit in                   LACCTRA      29   Transpose Interchange HACC and LACCXB(L)    A5   XOR Byte (Low)                   Exclusive-OR addressed byte                   into LACC (8-bit op.)XI(L)    AD   XOR Immed.                   Exclusive-OR address field         (Low)     into LACC (8-bit op.)__________________________________________________________________________ Notes: ACC (Accumulator) is 16bit output register from arithmeticlogic unit  LACC signifies herein the low ACC byte; HACC, the high byte  all single byte operations are into low byte  register operations are 16bit (twobyte)  8bit operations do not affect HACC EQ (equal) is a flag which is set: if ACC=0 after register AND or XOR operations; if ACC (low byte)=0 after single byte operation; if a tested bit is 0; if bits set by OR were all 0&#39;s; if input carry = 0; if compare operands are equal; if bit shifted out of ACC = 0; if 8th bit of data during IN or OUT = 0. LO (low) is a flag which is set: (always reset by IN, OUT, IC) if ACC bit 16=1 after register operation; if ACC bit 8=1 after single byte operations; if logic operation produces all ones in LACC; if all bits other than tested bit = 0; if ACC=0 after shift operation; if compare operand is greater than ACC low byte. 
    
     
         __________________________________________________________________________MACROMNEMONIC   NAME      DESCRIPTION__________________________________________________________________________BC      Branch on Carry             Branches if carry is setBCT     Branch on Count             Reg. decremented and branch if not             zero resultBHA     Branch on High             Used after compare   ACCBL      Branch on Low             Branches if LO is setBLA     Branch on Low             See BNC; used after compare   ACCBNC     Branch Not Carry             Branches if carry is resetBNLA    Branch on Not             See BC; used after compare   Low ACCBNZ     Branch Not Zero             Branches if previous result was             not zeroBR      Branch via Reg-             Same as RTN instruction   isterBU      Branch Uncondi-             Same as BAL instruction   tionallyCIL     Compare Immed.             Uses low byte of indicated constant   Low       in CI address fieldDC      Define Constant             Reserves space for constantEXP2    Express In             Opcode set to binary   powers of 2JC      Jump on Carry             See BCJL      Jump on Low             See BLJNC     Jump on No Carry             See BNCJNH     Jump Not High             See BNHLA      Load Address             Generates sequence LIH, TRA, LILLBD     Load Byte Bytes at addr. and addr. +1 to ACC   DoubleLID     Load Immed.             Same as LA   DoubleLIH     Load Immed. High             Uses high byte of constant in LI             address fieldLIL     Load Immed. Low             Uses low byte of constant in LI             address fieldNOP     No Operation             Dummy instruction - skippedRAL     Rotate ACC             Generates sequence SHL, IC, A1   LeftSCTI    Set Count Immed.             Generates CLA, LI, STRSHLM    Shift Left Mul-             Shifts specified number of times   tiple     to leftSHRM    Shift Right Mul-             Shifts specified number of times   tiple     to rightSRG     Set Register             Same as GI   GroupSTDB    Store Byte             ACC to addr. +1 and addr.   DoubleTPB     Test &amp; Preserve             Generates sequence LB, TP   BitTRB     Test &amp; Reset             Generates sequence LB, TR, STB   BitTRMB    Test &amp; Reset             Same as TRB but specifies multiple   Multiple Bits             bitsTRMR    Test/Reset Mult.             Generates LR, NI, STR   Bits in Reg.TS      Test and Set             Same as OI instructionTSB     Test &amp; Set Byte             Same as TS but byte is specified in             addition to bitTSMB    Test &amp; Set Mul-             Same as TS but specifies multiple   tiple Bytes             BitsTSMR    Test &amp; Set Mult.             Generates LR, OI, STR   Bits in Reg.LZI     Zero &amp; Load             Generates CLA, LI   Immed.__________________________________________________________________________ NOTES: (Label) DC *causes the present location (*) to be associated with the label. L and H, in general, are suffixes indicating low or high byte when 16 bit operands are addressed. 
    
     APPENDIX B 
     Summary of Typical 
     Each step 
     1. comprises one or more lines, 
     2. is consecutively numbered, 
     3. may comprise more than one statement, each separated by semicolons, 
     4. may be labelled with a label extending at least two spaces to the left of the statements, followed by a semicolon, and 
     5. can be merely a branch (unconditional). 
     The relational operators are: 
     
         ______________________________________less than                :lt:less than or equal to    :le:greater than             :gt:greater than or equal to :ge:equal to                 :=:not equal to             :#:equivalence              :eqv:implication              :imp:______________________________________ 
    
     Special symbols: 
     ()--signifies, when enclosing a step number or label, a branch to the step; modification expression to be applied to a following variable or register without changing the position of the variable or register; signifies, when enclosing a register name or mnemonic, the contents of the register if confusion would otherwise result. 
     (())--signifies the address of the enclosed variable. 
     X--indicates that a following literal string is represented in hexadecimal. 
     ;--separates statements; separates indices of different dimensions. 
     :--indicates a comparative test; separates a label from a following statement; sets off relational operators. 
     ?--follows and identifies a test statement. 
     &#34;--encloses a string of literals. 
     Upper case letters are used for variable mnemonics and key words of special statements. 
     Lower case underlined letters are used for reserved words having a predetermined function. 
     Test Statements: 
     A test statement (decision block) can be either of two types, logical or comparative. A test statement is identified by a following question mark and parentheses enclosing the step to which a branch is to be taken depending on the test results. 
     A logical test is expressed using logical expressions and logical and relational operators. The logical expressions may contain any type operator and variable. The question mark after the test is followed by a step number or label in parentheses indicating the step to which a branch is taken if the test result is true. If the parentheses are followed by a NOT operator (&#39;), the step indicated is branched to if the test result is false. 
     A comparative test is indicated by a colon separating left-hand and right-hand expressions. The question mark after the test is followed by three step numbers or labels separated by commas and enclosed in parentheses. The expressions are evaluated and their values compared. The first step is branched to if the left-hand value is less than the right-hand value. The second step is branched to if the left- and right-hand values are equal. The third step is branched to if the left-hand value is greater than the right-hand value. A minus sign in place of a step number or label indicates the following step. 
     Special Statements: 
     Three special statements are provided for handling conditional decisions and for looping through sequences of statements under given conditions. These special statements are actually ways of writing commonly used sequences of statements that occur frequently in most programs. The key words of the special statements are written in upper case letters. 
     In the following explanations, s1, s2, . . . , sn, sm represent statements or sequences of statements. 
     The conditional statements are the IF-THEN statements and the CASE statements. 
     IF-THEN Statements: 
     The form of the statement is 
     IF (conditional statement) THEN s1 ELSE s2 FIN The statements s1 are executed if the conditional statement is true and the statements s2 are executed if the conditional statement is false. 
     The ELSE s2 is optional, and if omitted, a false conditional statement will cause the statements s1 to be skipped and the program to continue with the steps following FIN. 
     FIN is used to terminate the IF-THEN statement because s1 or s2 can constitute an arbitrary number of statements. 
     CASE Statements: 
     The form of the statement is 
     CASE (expression) 
     :(value 1): s1, 
     :(value 2): s2, 
       . . 
     :(value n): sn, 
     :ELSE: sm. 
     The expression is evaluated and the statements associated with the value of the expression are executed, the other statements being skipped. 
     The ELSE is optional. If the value of the expression is not covered by the CASE statement values and the ELSE is omitted, program execution continues with the statements after the CASE statement which is terminated by a period. A comma identifies the end of the statements associated with a given value. 
     The CASE statement eliminates the sequence of several IF-THEN statements that would otherwise have to be written to execute a given series of statements associated with a particular value of the expression. 
     The looping on condition statement is the WHILE-LOOP statement. 
     WHILE-LOOP Statements: 
     The form of the statement is 
     WHILE (conditional statement) s1 LOOP 
     The conditional statement is tested and if true, the statements s1, terminated by the key word LOOP, are executed and the process repeated. If the conditional statement is false, then the statements s1 are skipped and program execution continues with the steps following LOOP. 
     The key words of the special statements should be written on separate lines if the entire statement is too long for one line. Two key words should not otherwise be written on the same line. If a key word is not followed by an executable statement, the line is not numbered. 
     Indentations may be used to improve the readability of the program but many indentations become a problem, especially when labels are used. The reading of the program can be aided by writing after the terminal key words FIN or LOOP, the step number of the related key word. 
     Definitions and Reserved Words: 
     The words enter and return are the delimiters for subroutines invoked by call. The return statement in the subroutine causes a branch to the calling routine to the step following the invoking call. There may be more than one return statement in a subroutine. 
     The call indicates a branch, with required linking of parameters, to the named subroutine. If required for clarity, the subroutine input parameters are listed after the name of the subroutine separated by commas and terminated with a semicolon. The output parameters being returned to the calling program follow the semicolon and are separated by commas if more than one. The parameters are enclosed in parentheses. 
     Various modifications to the systems and circuits described and illustrated to explain the concepts and modes of practicing the invention can be made by those of ordinary skill in the art within the principles or scope of the invention as expressed in the following claims.