Abstract:
A display device ( 1 ) has a photon source ( 20 ) that displays an image scene in which the user perceives points at differents distances, resulting in optical stimulation of the eye&#39;s accommodative response. This is achieved by an intermediate optical system ( 21 ) forming the photons into pencils and a variable power optical system ( 22 ) positioned for convergence of the pencils. A control system ( 8 ) controls the variable power optical system ( 22 ) to modulate photon wavefront curvature according to image pixel co-ordinate and intensity data and data representing required perceived pixel distance.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    The invention relates to a display device comprising:  
           [0002]    a photon source for emitting photons for a source image; the source comprising a plurality of pixels arranged in a surface;  
           [0003]    an intermediate optical system for direction of the emitted photons;  
           [0004]    a variable power optical system for modulating photon wavefront curvature from the intermediate optical system; and  
           [0005]    a final optical system for directing photons from the variable power optical system into a user&#39;s eye for viewing the source image with a perception of a changing image scene.  
         PRIOR ART DISCUSSION  
         [0006]    PCT Patent Specification No. WO99/08145 (Isis Innovation) describes such a display device. Such display devices operate to present source images to a user&#39;s eyes so that the user has the perception of each source image pixel at any one of a continuum of distances. Applications of such a display device include investigation of the eye&#39;s accommodative response and stereoscopic image display without conflict between accommodation and vergence.  
           [0007]    A significant problem with optical systems for modulating photon wavefront curvature is due to the frequency and amplitude of optical element motion required. A display resolution of 1024×768 pixels refreshed (non-interlaced) at 60 Hz could require wavefront curvature to change at over 47 MHz. Mechanisms to translate or rotate optical elements at such frequencies by non-trivial amplitudes are bulky, expensive, and unreliable.  
           [0008]    Optical systems exist which circumvent the problem of high-frequency translation and rotation. For example, they allow high-frequency deformation of reflective surfaces or high-frequency variation of the index of refraction of refractive surfaces. However there are other problems associated with these at present, including: their switching speeds are slow-of the order of kHz; they have relatively small diameters; their modes of wavefront deformation are limited; they have limited optical power; and they can have poor photon transmission.  
           [0009]    Another problem relates to characteristics of pixels and their wavefronts. In order to realise many applications, some of which have been mentioned, the display should be capable of stimulating optically the eye&#39;s accommodative system. This requires not only appropriate wavefront curvature, but also a sufficiency of photons at appropriate wavelengths and a sufficient diameter of exit pupil for each pixel.  
           [0010]    Another problem is the aberration introduced by the optical system, especially if a wide field of view of the photon sources is required. A “wide angle” lens system can be used to reduce aberration across the field for a single, but not necessarily multiple, configurations of the device. A conventional “zoom” lens system of varying optical power can be used to reduce aberrations for multiple configurations, but increases the mass of optical elements to be moved. A related problem is the overall mass of more complex systems, particularly if the device is to be used as a head-mounted display.  
           [0011]    Display devices have been proposed which use the aforementioned non-rotating and non-translating optical systems to modulate wavefront curvature. However they do not overcome the problems outlined (especially the limitations of switching speed and diameter) in a practical, reliable, and cost-efficient manner, in order to simulate a wide field of view, high-resolution colour scene, with low aberration, in such a way as to stimulate optically the user&#39;s accommodative system.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0012]    According to the invention, there is a display device comprising:  
           [0013]    a photon source for emitting photons for a source image, the source comprising a plurality of pixels arranged in a surface;  
           [0014]    an intermediate optical system for direction of the emitted photons;  
           [0015]    a variable power optical system for modulating wavefront curvature of photons from the intermediate optical system; and  
           [0016]    a final optical system for directing photons from the variable power optical system into a user&#39;s eye for viewing the source image with a perception of a changing image scene;  
           [0017]    characterised in that  
           [0018]    the intermediate optical system comprises means for forming the photons into pencils, each pencil having photons from a single source pixel;  
           [0019]    the variable power optical system is positioned with respect to the intermediate optical system such that the pencils converge towards one another;  
           [0020]    the device further comprises a controller comprising means for receiving source image pixel co-ordinate data and intensity data, and data representing required perceived pixel distance, and for generating an output control signal for the variable power optical system, and an output control signal for the photon source, and  
           [0021]    the variable power optical system comprises means for dynamically altering the wavefront curvature of the pencils in response to the control signal.  
           [0022]    In one embodiment, the controller comprises means for presenting simultaneously all pixels that can be displayed with acceptable levels of aberration for a given state of the variable power optical system.  
           [0023]    In another embodiment, the controller comprises means for ordering the sequence of pixel presentation such that the magnitude of variable power optical system state change is minimised.  
           [0024]    In another embodiment, the intermediate optical system comprises a variable diameter aperture with two translational degrees of freedom, controlled by the controller.  
           [0025]    In a further embodiment, the final optical system comprises a concave mirror.  
           [0026]    In one embodiment, at least part of the intermediate optical system is positioned after the variable power optical system to direct the pencils to be parallel such that it is telecentric.  
           [0027]    In another embodiment, the intermediate optical system has a wide field of view of the photon source, encompassing an area wider than its physical size.  
           [0028]    In one embodiment, the controller comprises means for receiving inputs from an eyetracking system for monitoring the look direction and accommodative state of the user, and for using said inputs when generating the control signal.  
           [0029]    In another embodiment, the controller comprises means for receiving inputs from the scene synthesis system for estimating the look direction and accommodative state of the user, and for using said inputs when generating the control signal.  
           [0030]    In one embodiment, the controller comprises means for receiving inputs from a wavefront sensor for monitoring the output of the variable power optical system, and for using said inputs when generating the control signal.  
         DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0031]    The invention will be more clearly understood from the following description of some embodiments thereof, given by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 1 is a systems-level schematic of a display device of the invention comprising eye-tracking, wavefront-sensing, scene synthesis, image synthesis, and video generation systems connected to an optical system;  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 2 is an optical schematic of the display device;  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 3 is an optical schematic of pencils from two different pixels in the photon source, converging towards, and filling, an aperture-limiting stop; and  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 4 is an optical schematic of the final optical system according to another embodiment of the invention, in which perceived locations of image points are represented. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS  
       [0036]    Referring to FIG. 1 a display device  1  comprises the following data processing components and an optical system  2 :  
         [0037]    an eye tracking system  3 ,  
         [0038]    a scene synthesis system  4 ,  
         [0039]    an image synthesis system  5 ,  
         [0040]    a video generation system  6 , and  
         [0041]    a wavefront sensing system  7 .  
         [0042]    These interface with a control system  8 , which in turn interfaces with components of the optical system  2  comprising:  
         [0043]    a photon source  20 , having multiple pixels in a  2 D surface,  
         [0044]    an intermediate optical system, in this embodiment a pencil-forming system  21  which forms the photons into pencils, each pencil having photons from a single pixel, and  
         [0045]    a variable power optical system  22  towards which pencils converge, and  
         [0046]    a final optical system  23  for directing photons into a user&#39;s eye E for viewing the source image.  
         [0047]    The photon source  20  comprises a conventional cathode-ray tube. The pixels emit photons in near-spherical wavefronts when excited by an electron beam scanned in a raster fashion via electromagnetic control.  
         [0048]    The pencil-forming (intermediate) optical system  21  comprises an objective subsystem  21 ( a ) and an imaging sub-system  21 ( b ), both of which are achromatic doublets, one on either side of the variable power optical system  22 . The objective sub-system  21 ( a ) is positioned such that its first principal focus lies at the surface of the photon source  20 . Aperture-limiting stops  24  of variable diameter and two degrees of translational freedom are positioned before the pencil-forming optical system  21 . The stops  24  comprise a liquid-crystal optical system, with pixels controllable to be either transparent or opaque. This controls the number, positions, and diameters of pencils passing through the pencil-forming optical system  21 .  
         [0049]    The variable power optical system  22  is positioned a distance d v  before the second principal focus of the objective sub-system  21 ( a ) such that pencils are convergent towards it and fill its entrance pupil, as shown in FIG. 3. Distance d v  is calculated as follows,  
           d   v   =csd   vo /( sd   o   /f   o ).  
         [0050]    where f o  and sd o  are the focal length and semi-diameter respectively of the objective sub-system  21 ( a ), sd vo  is the semi-diameter of the variable power optical system  22  with respect to the optical axis of the objective sub-system  21 ( a ), sd s  is the maximum semi-diameter of the photon source  20 , d o  is the distance from the photon source  20  to the objective sub-system  21 ( a ), and c is a function of (sd s /d o ).  
         [0051]    The variable power optical system  22  comprises a micro-machined deformable mirror (MMDM). It is a reflective-coated elastic membrane under tension. With no force applied the membrane is planar. An electrostatic force, applied via a set of actuators spatially distributed behind the membrane, deforms it into a variety of concave shapes or modes. The variable power optical system  22  is not simply one of variable focal length, it can achieve complex deformation of wavefront curvature which allows it to correct many kinds of aberration introduced by other optical systems of the device. The angles between the optical axis of the variable power optical system  22  and the optical axes of the objective sub-system  21 ( a ) and the imaging sub-system  21 ( b ) are minimised to reduce astigmatic aberration introduced by the tilt of the variable power optical system  22 . Since it is positioned where pencils converge towards it and diverge after it, a variable power optical system  22  with relatively small diameter does not necessarily limit the field of view in the object and imaging spaces of the pencil-forming optical system  21 .  
         [0052]    The imaging sub-system  21 ( b ) has positive optical power and brings pencils to points of focus before the final optical system  23 . It is positioned a distance (f i −d i ) after the variable power optical system  22 . Distance d i  is calculated as follows, where sd i  and f i  are the semi-diameter and focal length respectively of the imaging sub-system  21 ( b ), and sd vi  is the semi-diameter of the variable power optical system  22  measured with respect to the optical axis of imaging sub-system  21 ( b ):  
           d   i   =sd   vi /( sd   i   /f   i ).  
         [0053]    This makes the imaging sub-system  21 ( b ) near-telecentric so that irradiance and angular size of field are not changed significantly by the variable power optical system  22 .  
         [0054]    The final optical system  23  comprises a conventional low-aberration wide field-of-view eyepiece, as used in microscopes, telescopes, and other viewing instruments. It provides a Newtonian view (where light passes through most of the eye&#39;s entrance pupil) of the image. The final optical system  23  is positioned such its first principal focus lies at the surface of pencil focus, formed by the imaging sub-system  21 ( b ), when the variable power optical system  22  is in a state of maximum power. This causes pencils exiting the final optical system  23  to have near-planar wavefronts and so corresponding image pixels are perceived by the user to be at near-infinite distances. When the variable power optical system  22  is in a state of minimum power, the surface of pencil focus formed by the imaging sub-system  21 ( b ) lies after the first principal focus of final optical system  23 . This causes pencils exiting the final optical system  23  to have near-spherical wavefronts of high curvature and so corresponding image pixels are perceived by the user to be at small distances.  
         [0055]    The control system  8  has inputs of pixel co-ordinates and intensities from the image synthesis system  5  and required perceived distance from the scene synthesis system  4 . It generates an output to the video generation system  6  of pixels to display simultaneously, an output to the variable aperture-limiting stop  24  of the position and diameter of pencils to form, and an output to control the variable power optical system  22  to modulate pencil wavefront curvature.  
         [0056]    Using look-direction and accommodative state inputs from an eye-tracking system  3 , the control system  8  identifies and outputs with least aberration those pixels that are being observed by the user. Using scene synthesis system  4  inputs, the control system  8  identifies and outputs with reduced aberration those pixels that are most-likely being observed by the user.  
         [0057]    Since switching and stabilising periods of the MMDM membrane of the variable power optical system  22  are proportional to the magnitude of shape change, the control system  8  orders the sequence of pixel output such that the total shape change required for each image has minimum magnitude.  
         [0058]    A pre-calculated table of aberration values for all pixels at a variety of distances and for a variety of variable power optical system  22  states is used by the control system  8 . Using the table to avoid run-time calculation, and estimating values through interpolation if necessary, the control system  8  identifies and outputs simultaneously all pixels that can be displayed with acceptable levels of aberration given the state of the variable power optical system  22 .  
         [0059]    A pre-calculated table of variable aperture-limiting stop  24  control signal values for all pixels at a variety of distances and for a variety of variable power optical system  22  states is also used by the control system  8 . Using the table to avoid run-time calculation, and estimating values through interpolation if necessary, the control system  8  outputs variable aperture-limiting stop  24  control signals.  
         [0060]    A pre-calculated table of a variety of variable power optical system  22  control signal values is available to the control system  8 . Using the table to avoid run-time calculation, and estimating values through interpolation if necessary, the control system  8  outputs variable power optical system  22  control signals. The table values are subsequently modified by the control system  8  if inputs from a wavefront-sensing system  7  indicate that they fail to achieve the required wavefront curvatures.  
         [0061]    Alternative embodiments of the invention I include the following:  
         [0062]    The photon source  20  can comprise a variety of video display technologies that form a surface of image pixels by emission or reflection of photons with near-spherical wavefronts, including: liquid crystal, plasma, light-emitting diode, and digital micro-mirror devices. The photon source  20  can also comprise a single source of photons with near-planar wavefronts raster-scanned-by mirrors under micro-electromechanical system control-through an array of optical elements with the appropriate refractive, diffractive, or diffusive characteristics such that pixels with near-spherical wavefronts are formed.  
         [0063]    Not all photons entering the eye need pass through all elements of the optical system  2 . Beam-splitters and other refractive or reflective elements may be used to direct photons along alternative optical paths. These photons may originate at a single or multiple photon sources  20 . In this case the controller  8  identifies and outputs the appropriate optical path for each image pixel.  
         [0064]    The objective  21 ( a ) and imaging  21 ( b ) sub-systems can comprise complex optical systems to minimise aberration over wide fields of view.  
         [0065]    Multiple variable power optical systems  22  may exist at a variety of positions along the optical path. The variable power optical system  22  can comprise a deformable reflective surface under piezo-electric, pneumatic, or mechanical control. The variable power optical system  22  can comprise an optical system with dynamically controllable indices of refraction across its surface. This facilitates selective spatial retardation and so control of wavefront shape. Electro-optic, acousto-optic, photo-optic and other “solid-state” materials can be used. Such variable power optical systems  22  are positioned as shown in FIG. 2, but since they are not reflective they do not fold the optical path.  
         [0066]    The imaging sub-system  21 ( b ) and the final optical system  23  can be integrated such that a real image surface is not necessarily formed. The final optical system  23  can comprise an off-axis concave mirror, as illustrated in a final optical system  40  in FIG. 4. The axis of the concave mirror and the real image surface may be tilted significantly with respect to one-another, see angle A. Tilt is achieved by additional reflective or refractive elements between the image surface and the mirror, or by appropriately tilting the elements of the pencil-forming optical system  21 .  
         [0067]    Advantages of the invention include: the ability to stimulate accommodation optically through provision of sufficient photons at appropriate wavelengths, with appropriate wavefront curvature, and with a sufficiently large exit pupil; the large exit pupil also facilitates alignment of the eye with the display; the variable power optical system  22  corrects aberration introduced by other optical systems of the device, meaning that less complex optics are required in the other systems; the objective sub-system  21 ( a ) with wide field of view of the photon source  20  allows perception of high-resolution imagery without exceptionally small and densely-packed photon source elements; the telecentric imaging sub-system  21 ( b ) allows change of depth without change of irradiance or angular size of field; the positioning of the variable power optical system  22  does not limit fields of view with its relatively small diameter; the control system  8  compensates for the limited switching-speed of the variable power optical system  22 , allowing high-resolution imagery to be presented at conventional video rates.  
         [0068]    The invention is not limited to the embodiments described but may be varied in construction and detail.