Abstract:
Piezoelectric ultracapacitor is disclosed capable of converting the kinetic energy of ordinary motion into an electrical potential. The piezoelectric ultracapacitor of the present invention may be used in various contexts, including power generation, switching and control and memory.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   The generation of energy is a substantial concern to governments, individuals and research bodies around the world because of the difficulty in securing sufficient fuels to meet rising energy demand and the many environmental hazards associated with the generation of power and the acquisition of fuels stocks. One need only consider the Middle East or the tailpipe of an automobile to begin to appreciate the problems involved with the current approach to energy generation. 
   Many have attempted to develop acceptable alternatives to fossil or nuclear fuels, with limited success. Solar, wave and wind energy systems, for example, provide mechanisms by which electrical energy can be generated without the use of fossil fuels, but they suffer from being subject to the variability of the weather and also are only economically marginal as a replacement to fossil fuels. Similarly, techniques for making fuel from renewable biological sources, such as ethanol from corn or sugar cane, have been developed, but present difficulties of their own, including the diversion of agricultural land from food production and relatively limited energy production. 
   Fusion, of course, is yet another energy generation technique that holds great promise, but that promise is far in the future and is unlikely to be realized in a practical way for many decades, if ever. 
   What would be ideal, and is needed, is an energy generation technology employing an abundant input, providing potentially significant energy output, avoiding environmental hazards and which is readily deployable. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   These and other needs are satisfied by the present invention, which employs a piezoelectric ultracapacitor to harness efficiently the energy in physical motion, such as walking, driving or vibrating. A piezoelectric element continuously creates a potential difference in response to physical forces exerted on it, including forces exerted by the ordinary vibrations of everyday life. The potential difference causes charge to accumulate on an ultracapacitive structure, which charge is prevented from returning to the piezoelectric by one or more semiconductive devices. 
   While some have attempted in the past to use piezoelectrics for energy generation, it is well-known that piezoelectric materials create voltages of very limited duration and extremely small currents, thereby limiting their ability to generate electric power. Ultracapacitors, of course, have also been known and used in various contexts for energy storage, but not, to the inventor&#39;s knowledge, for energy generation purposes. The combination of piezoelectric and ultracapacitor technologies, such as in the manner described herein, provides not only potential differences of extended duration, but also unexpectedly exhibits the ability to regenerate the charge captured on the ultracapacitive structure even after that charge has been drained away for other purposes. The present invention thus provides a constant voltage source without the use of fossil fuels, or any of the other disadvantages associated with the technologies described above. Such a voltage can be used for power generation, control and other purposes as will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of the disclosures below. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  depicts a first embodiment of a piezoelectric ultracapacitor employing the principles of the invention. 
       FIG. 2  depicts a second embodiment of a piezoelectric ultracapacitor employing the principles of the invention. 
       FIG. 3  depicts a third embodiment of a piezoelectric ultracapacitor employing the principles of the invention. 
       FIG. 3   a  depicts a modification of the embodiment of a piezoelectric ultracapacitor shown in  FIG. 3 . 
       FIG. 4  depicts a fourth embodiment of a piezoelectric ultracapacitor employing the principles of the invention. 
       FIG. 5  depicts a fifth embodiment of a piezoelectric ultracapacitor employing the principles of the invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
   Referring to  FIG. 1 , piezoelectric element  101  is coupled to ultracapacitor  107  through diodes  105  and  106 . Piezoelectric element  101  can be formed of one or more portions of one or more suitable piezoelectric material, such as polyvinylidene difluoride (known as “PVDF”) or flexible lead zirconate titanate (often referred to as “PZT”). The invention is not limited to the use of these materials, though it is believed that the flexible nature of these two piezoelectric materials provides some protection from cracking or other damage during use. Flexible piezoelectric materials are therefore preferred. 
   Moreover, experiments have unexpectedly shown that the power generation capability of the present invention is not greatly enhanced by the use of PZT (which is inherently capable of creating higher voltages than PVDF); PVDF is therefore preferred due to its lower cost. Such materials are known and commercially available from many different sources. PVDF, for example, is available commercially under the trade names KYNAR® and KYNAR FLEX® by Arkema, Inc. of Philadelphia, Pa. 
   In this and other embodiments that follow diodes are described as coupling the piezoelectric element to electrodes of the ultracapacitor. However, other coupling mechanisms, such as FET or BJT transistors, can be employed. Indeed, in many applications the use of transistors instead of diodes may be preferred because of the switching capability they provide. 
   Ultracapacitor  107  is formed from electrodes  102 , formed for example from aluminum; electrolyte materials  103 , such as cotton cloth or other material impregnated with an electrolytic solution (a solution of sodium chloride in water, for example); and barrier  104 , which can be a proton conductor such as Nafion, a commercially available proton conductive membrane manufactured by the DuPont Company of Wilmington, Del. and distributed by Ion Power, Inc. of New Castle, Del. Ultracapacitors have been known for some time, and appear to have been invented at the General Electric Company in the late 1950&#39;s. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 2,800,616, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference. The principles of their operation are therefore well-known to the art and will not be further explained here. 
   It should be noted, however, that modern ultracapacitors often employ a proton conductive barrier, such as the aforementioned NAFION®, but such a barrier is not necessary to the formation of an ultracapacitor. It has been found that such a barrier is not necessary for implementation of the present invention either and indeed adds only a small amount of added efficiency. Thus, while some of the embodiments of the invention are here described as including such a barrier/membrane, it should be recognized that such a barrier is not a requirement of the invention except where specifically and expressly called for by the claims appended hereto. 
   Referring again to  FIG. 1 , in operation, forces exerted on the piezoelectric element  101 , from vibrations or other movements, induce a voltage across the surfaces of element  101 , which is applied to the ultracapacitor through the coupling shown. Such voltages can be substantial though, as noted above, the current created by piezoelectric materials is quite small, due to the extremely high input impedance of the piezoelectric material and the fleeting nature of the potential differences. Nevertheless, the voltage causes a charge to accumulate on the electrodes of the ultracapacitor, charge that is prevented from returning to the piezoelectric element by diodes  105  and  106 . 
   Charge accumulated on the electrodes  102  of the ultracapacitor cause an opposite charge to accumulate at the interface of the electrolytic materials and the electrodes. Charge carriers in an electrolyte are ions, not electrons, so they are incapable of traveling through the metal structure of the electrodes. Instead, the interface between the electrode and the electrolyte, on each side of the ultracapacitor  107  (i.e., the bottom and top as shown in the figure) acts as a highly dense capacitor capable of storing a very large amount of energy and providing to relatively stable potential difference, designated as V out . Output nodes are shown across each of the diodes  105  and  106 , across which V out+  and V out− , respectively, can be obtained. 
   Either of these output voltages can be coupled to a power consumption device. For example, the energy stored in the ultracapacitive structures can be drained off, to be stored in another circuit element, such as a battery or capacitor. Alternatively, either output voltage may also be used as a control voltage, such as in a logic circuit, or for purposes of performing some work in an electrical, chemical or mechanical device, such as a solar cell, a fuel cell or an alarm, respectively. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 2 , there is shown a second embodiment,  207 , of a piezoelectric ultracapacitor employing the principles of the invention. There, piezoelectric element  201  forms the center barrier of piezoelectric ultracapacitor  207 , and is coupled to electrodes  202  through diodes  205  and  206 . Electrodes  202  are similar to electrodes  102  described in connection with  FIG. 1 . Electrolyte materials  203 , which separate piezoelectric element  201  from electrodes  202 , are also similar to electrolyte materials  103  described in connection with  FIG. 1 . 
   The positive and negative faces of the element  201  are indicated in the figure (as they are in the other figures as well). Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the proper coupling of diodes  205  and  206  depends on which face of the piezoelectric element the diode is being coupled to. Thus, diode  205  is coupled to the negative face of piezoelectric  201  through its cathode and diode  206  is coupled to the positive face of the piezoelectric through its anode. Similar couplings are depicted in each of the figures. 
   The operation of the embodiment shown in  FIG. 2  is also similar to the operation of the embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 , though with some differences. More specifically, forces exerted on piezoelectric ultracapacitor  207 , and thereby on piezoelectric element  201 , induce a voltage across the surfaces of element  201 , which voltage is applied to the electrodes  202  through the coupling shown, including diodes  205  and  206 . The voltage causes a charge to accumulate on the electrodes of the ultracapacitor, charge that is prevented from returning to the piezoelectric element by diodes  205  and  206 . As with the embodiment of  FIG. 1 , charge accumulated on the electrodes  202  of the ultracapacitor  207  causes an opposite charge to accumulate in the electrolytic materials at the interface of those materials with the electrodes, thereby again causing each interface to become a very dense capacitor. 
     FIG. 3  depicts yet another embodiment of the invention, here configured as a two-sided ultracapacitor. Specifically, there is shown piezoelectric ultracapacitor  307  having piezoelectric element  301  that forms the center barrier of piezoelectric ultracapacitor  307 , and is coupled to electrodes  302  through diodes  305  and  306 . Electrodes  302  are similar to electrodes  102  described in connection with  FIG. 1 . Electrolyte materials  303 , which separate piezoelectric element  301  from electrodes  302 , are also similar to electrolyte materials  103  described in connection with  FIG. 1 . Here, however, electrolyte materials  303  each comprise two electrolytic sub-materials separated by proton conductive membrane  304  to provide further separation of negative and positive ions in the electrolyte. 
   It should be noted that the invention does not require formation of a two-sided ultracapacitor as shown in these figures. A one-sided ultracapacitor—for example, one including only the top half of FIG.  3 —would also be encompassed by the invention. Such an embodiment is shown in  FIG. 3   a , and those of ordinary skill in the art will readily understand how to make and use a one-side ultracapacitor in the context of the other embodiments described herein. 
     FIG. 4  depicts yet another embodiment, which is a modification of the embodiment shown in  FIG. 3 . Here, multiple ultracapacitive layers are formed above and below each face of the piezoelectric element. The piezoelectric ultracapacitive stack of this embodiment includes multiple electrolytic sub-layers ( 403   a - h ), multiple electrode sub-layers ( 402   a - d ) and multiple proton conductive sub-layers ( 404   a - d ). The same materials described above may be employed for these sub-layers. Sub-layers  402   a  and  402   c  are coupled together and to the cathode of a diode  406 , and thereby to the positive face of piezoelectric element  401 . Layers  402   b  and  402   d  are coupled together and to the anode of another diode  405 , and thereby to the negative face of piezoelectric element  401 . 
   Note that in such an embodiment diodes  405  and  406  are each coupled to multiple electrode layers in the stack. It is, of course, possible to employ multiple semiconductive elements coupled to each face of the piezoelectric—one per electrode for example. However, where the combined maximum voltage created on all electrodes coupled to a single face of the piezoelectric is less than the breakdown voltage of the diode, it is more efficient to employ just a single diode per piezoelectric face, as shown. 
     FIG. 5  depicts an embodiment similar to that of  FIG. 4 , but here the proton conductive layer is not included in the capacitive layers immediately adjacent to the piezoelectric element. Of course, the proton conductive layer could have been left out of the outer capacitive layers as well. 
   One important benefit of the structures described above is their ability to recharge themselves. Taking the structure of  FIG. 2  as an example, once piezoelectric ultracapacitor  207  is charged to a maximum, that charge may be drained, as mentioned above, either to some energy storage mechanism, such as a battery or capacitor, or to perform some work. However, once drained the charge across each diode  205  and  206  returns, over the course of several seconds, without further intentional excitation or the connection of some other power source. The piezoelectric element is constantly creating continually varying voltages due to the normal—though usually unnoticed—vibrations and other forces of ordinary life. Those voltages, though relatively small, induce concomitant charge accumulations on electrodes  202  and, due to the semiconductive properties of diode  205  and  206 , eventually charge the piezoelectric ultracapacitor  207  to a maximum level. In experiments using an embodiment that employed aluminum electrodes, cotton cloth impregnated with a sodium chloride solution for the electrolyte  203  and a PZT element at the core, it was observed that recharging of each side of the piezoelectric ultracapacitor to about 0.3V occurred in about 3 seconds. A similar capability was observed in an embodiment similar to that of  FIG. 2  and employing a PVDF core. 
   The embodiments described above are, of course, exemplary and not intended to limit the scope of the claims beyond that which is specifically and expressly stated in the claims.