Abstract:
An economical and environmentally safe method for synthesizing wide-pore aluminophosphate crystalline molecular sieves primarily involves inorganic synthesis requiring no structure-directing organic templates. In addition to aluminium and phosphate, further components selected from group IV of the periodic table of elements can be added to synthesize multi-component phosphate molecular sieves such as germano-silico-alumino-phosphate crystalline structures.

Description:
FIELD OF INVENTION 
     This invention relates to crystalline molecular sieves. More particularly the present invention is an economical and environmentally safe, organic-template free method for preparing wide pore aluminum/phosphorous (aluminophosphate) molecular sieves. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Aluminum/silicon (aluminosilicate) molecular sieves of the zeolite type are known in the art. For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 3,702,886 is one of the earliest disclosures teaching the synthesis of pentasil zeolites with high silica content. 
     Zeolites have framework structures consisting of a rigid three-dimensional network of SiO 2  and AlO 4  tetrahedra crystalline aluminosilicates which have lattice frameworks containing arrays of small voids interconnected by channels or pores. These lattices are limited in dimension to definite ranges of values. Thus, these lattice structures are capable of absorbing molecules only of certain dimensions which makes them suitable for use as molecular sieves. 
     Zeolite molecular sieves which are subsequently modified with the addition of phosphorus to the aluminum and silicon are also known. For instance U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,972,832; 3,911,041 and 4,665,251, all describe modification of aluminosilicate zeolites by subsequent incorporation with a phosphorus-containing compound. 
     In addition to aluminosilicate zeolites impregnated with phosphorous, there is also a separate class of porous synthetic silico-alumino-phosphate crystals (known in abbreviation as SAPO). U.S. Pat. No. 4,440,871 describes hydrothermal crystallization of gels consisting of silicon, aluminum and phosphorous to form microporous SAPO crystalline structures. 
     Such phosphates have characteristic catalytic properties depending on the species variant, and like zeolites, have different size pore openings and variations in pore geometry. Thus, the variants display specific ability to adsorb and desorb inorganic and organic molecules of characteristic sizes. However, the range of pore openings for such molecular sieves is limited to between about 2.1 and 7.4 angstroms, making them unsuitable for selective processing of molecules with effective cross sections larger than this range of pore widths. 
     European Patent No. 0,146,389 claims the discovery of a different type of silico-alumino-phosphate crystal which they designate as &#34;MCM-9&#34;. MCM crystals are said to differ from their SAPO counterparts in the procedural steps of their manufacture and in their structural data, especially in their relative ion-exchange, catalytic and sorption properties of the MCM type. PCT/WIPO Publication No. WO 89/01912 claims the discovery of yet another type of silico-alumino-phosphate crystal which they designate as &#34;VPI-5&#34;. 
     Derouane et al., in their article MCM-9: A Very Large Pore Silico-alumino-phosohate Molecular Sieve, in P.A. Jacobs et al., Zeolites in the Nineties, p. 119, Elsevier Publishing Co., Amsterdam, Netherlands (1989), state that they believe the two silico-alumino-phosphate molecular sieves, MCM-9 (European Patent No. 0,146,389) and VPI-5 (PCT/WIPO Publication No. WO 89/01912), have the same structure. Derouane et al. further state that the relatively wider pore sizes of the VPI-5 molecular sieves represent one phase based on aluminum-phosphate, and are limited by 18-membered rings. (Id.) 
     The synthesis processes for the molecular sieves disclosed in European Patent No. 0,146,389 and PCT/WIPO Publication No. WO 89/01912 necessarily include the use of structure-directing organic substances referred to as template compounds. This additional requirement for organic templates escalates production costs, especially when the scale of the synthesis is enlarged. Additionally, these structure-directing templates are organic amines or quaternary ammonium compounds which are considered environmental hazards, producing dangerous by-products and pollutants. 
     European Patent No. 0,146,389 and PCT/WIPO Publication No. WO 89/01912 are both limited to describing synthesis of silico-alumino-phosphate molecular sieves. Neither reference suggests the possibility of creating variations in the selective properties of such sieves by varying the starting materials or adjusting synthesis parameters. For instance, neither disclosure provides for an alumino-phosphate combination without silicon, or for optimizing the nucleation phase and the crystallization rate to control crystalline size and morphology. Such variations are not possible from the teachings of either of these disclosures. 
     Without such means to vary parameters, the versatility of the resulting silico-alumino-phosphate molecular sieves is limited. This limitation in versatility makes it difficult to adapt these synthesis methods to specific separation problems faced. 
     Our invention proposes to solve the aforementioned shortcomings in the art. 
     OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide an economical and ecologically safe, organic-template free and strictly inorganic method for the synthesis of wide-pored aluminophosphate molecular sieves. 
     It is also an objective to provide a method for producing an aluminophosphate molecular sieve having a well defined and ordered cavity structure which is suitable for use as a catalyst, a component of a catalyst, as a selective adsorbent, or as a sensor matrix. 
     A further objective is to provide a method for the synthesis of molecular sieves which, in addition to aluminum and phosphorous, contain additional elements selected from Group IV of the periodic table, such as a silicon and/or germanium. 
     Another objective is to synthesize a molecular sieve with a microporous spatial network structure consisting of a combination of AlO 2   - , PO 2   + , and optionally, SiO 2  or GeO 2  tetra-hedral components. Such a combination is suitable as a catalyst, a catalyst component, a sensor matrix, or, based on the geometry of its pore openings, a selective adsorbent for molecules with kinetic diameters of greater than or equal to 0.8 nm. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present method produces crystalline alumino-phosphate molecular sieves with a microporous cavity structure having pore inlet openings of at least 0.8 nm. The crystalline structure comprises AlO 2   -  and PO 2   +  tetrahedral building blocks and is produced by crystallization from a gelatinous reaction mixture of an aluminum compound, a phosphorus compound and water. 
     The phosphorus compound used for the preparation of the gelatinous reaction mixture should contain a phosphorous-oxy-phosphorous ( --P--O --P --) group, such as pyrophosphoric acid, linear or cyclic polyphosphoric acids with a chain length ≧3, or their respective salts. 
     Suitable aluminum compounds for the reaction mixture include aluminum hydroxide gel, pseudo-boehmite, hydrargillite, gibbsite or aluminum isopropoxide. The molar ratio of H 2  O to Al 2  O 3  in the reaction mixture is from 30 to 500, preferably from 40 to 150. The molar ratio of P 2  O 5  to Al 2  O 3  in the reaction mixture is from 0.5 to 2.6, preferably from 1 to 1.5. 
     The aqueous gelatinous reaction mixture can also have, in addition to aluminum and phosphorous, compounds essentially containing one or more elements from Group IV of the periodic table, such as germanium chloride, germanium ethylate, germanium oxide, colloidal siliceous solution (20 to 40% by weight of SiO 2 ), silica gel, pyrogenous amorphous silica or tetraethoxysilane. If silicon is to be added to the reaction mixture, the molar ratio of SiO 2 , to Al 2  O 3  is from 0.01 to 5, preferably ≦3. 
     Optionally, a crystallization nuclei can also be part of the starting gelatinous reaction mixture. Such partially crystalline or crystalline-crystallization aids should have inter-lattice plane distances within the parameters set forth in the x-ray reflections listed in Table 1 (see below). For example, a suitable crystallization aid is an aged (but x-ray amorphous) nucleating gel with a P 2  O 5  to Al 2  O 3  ratio from 0.5 to 2.6, preferably from 1.0 to 1.5. 
     The reaction mixture is agitated and then treated hydrothermally for 2 to 150 hours at temperatures from 95° to 300° C. The following detailed description further describes the present invention. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     FIG. 1 shows the X-ray reflections obtained from a molecular sieve composition made according to the invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following table lists the x-ray reflections (2 theta) and the interlattice plane distances calculated from the x-ray diffraction readings characteristic of the large-pore crystalline molecular sieves made pursuant to the present invention: 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________X-Ray Reflections          Interlattice(Cu-k α Radiation)          Plane Distances                      Relative2-theta        d (nm)      Intensity______________________________________5.2-5.6        17.00-15.78 very strong10.65-10.8     8.31-8.19   weak21.4-21.8      4.15-4.08   weak21.65-22.0     4.11-4.04   weak22.2-22.6      4.00-3.93   weak23.6-23.7      3.77-3.75   weak27.1-27.3      3.29-3.27   weak28.7-29.1      3.11-3.07   weak30.0-30.5      2.98-2.93   weak32.7-32.9      2.74-2.72   weak______________________________________ 
    
     The interlattice plane distances (d) are calculated using the Bragg equation, n =2d sin 0. 
     The relatively larger pore size nature of the molecular sieves of the present invention can be determined by using a single crystal refinement or by Rietvield powder refinement. The pore sizes can also be determined by sorption experiments with probe molecules of differing kinetic diameter. For instance, cyclohexane (with a kinetic diameter of 0.6 nm) is sorbed by the molecular sieves of the present invention. 
     In the present method, an aqueous suspension of aluminum oxide, such as pseudo-boehmite, is mixed intensively to form a gelatinous mixture. The gelatinous mixture is then treated with a phosphorus compound containing the --P--0 --P group, such as polyphosphoric acid, pyrophosphoric acid and/or linear or cyclic polyphosphorus compounds with a chain length of ≧3 or their salts, in the molar ratio of 1 Al 2  O 3  : 0.8-2.6 P 2  O 5 . The treated mixture is then homogenized. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the homogenized product is stirred and diluted with water to form a suspension with a solids content of at least 4.5% by weight. To this suspension is added an inorganic, crystallization-promoting compound, such as a crystalline or partially crystalline substance in the proportion of 5 to 30% by weight, based on the solids content of the suspension, and the subsequent mixture is further stirred. The inorganic, crystallization-promoting compound is selected from those that have at least the interlattice plane distances shown in the x-ray diffractions listed in Table 1, or an aged, yet still x-ray-amorphous, nuclei-forming gel, with a P 2  O 5  : Al 2  O 3  ratio of 0.5 to 2.6 and preferably of 1 to 1.5. 
     The resulting mixture is subsequently subjected to a hydrothermal crystallization for at least 2 hours at temperatures from 95° to 300° C., and preferably from 120° to 150° C., in an autoclave. 
     The composition of the end-product, dried at 50° C., varies within the limits of the empirical formula: 
     
         Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 :(1.0±0.2)P.sub.2 O.sub.5 :(0-10)H.sub.2 O(1) 
    
     and has at least the interlattice plane distances belonging to the x-ray reflections listed in Table 1. 
     In the embodiments containing additional components selected from compounds containing elements from Group IV of the periodic table, an aqueous suspension of aluminum oxide is mixed intensively with an alkali deficient source of silicic acid, or an alkali-deficient compound of another element from Group IV of the periodic table, in the molar ratio of 1 Al 2  O 3  : (0-5.0) MO 2 , where M represents a Group IV element, to form a gelatinous mixture. Suitable sources for the silicic acid are siliceous colloidal solutions or precipitated silica which are previously aged preferably at a temperature in the range from 20° to 90° C. for at least 24 hours. 
     The gelatinous mixture is then treated with a phosphorus compound containing the --P--O--P--group (such as those mentioned above) in the molar ratio of 1 Al 2  O 3  : (0.8-2.6)P 2  O 5 , and homogenized into a suspension. Preferably, the homogenized product is stirred and diluted with water to a solids content of at least 4.5% by weight and an inorganic, crystallization-promoting compound (such as described above) is stirred into the suspension in the proportion of 5 to 30% by weight, based on the solids content of the suspension. 
     The resulting mixture is subjected for at least 2 hours to a hydrothermal crystallization at temperatures from 95° to 300° C. and preferably from 120° to 150° C. in an autoclave. The composition of the product, dried at 50° C., varies within the limits of the empirical formula: 
     
         (0-0.7)MO.sub.2 :Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 :(1.0±0.2)P.sub.2 O.sub.5 :(0-10)H.sub.2 O                                          (2) 
    
     where M represents a Group IV element 
     and has at least the interlattice plane distances belonging to the x-ray reflections listed in Table 1. 
     The invention is illustrated by the following non-limiting examples. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     To 220 g of an aluminum hydroxide gel with 2.3% by weight of Al 2  O 3 , 8.2 g of polyphosphoric acid with an average chain length of 8 are added with stirring. This reaction mixture is transferred to an autoclave and reacted for 20 hours at 130° C. under autogenous pressure. After the autoclave has cooled off, the product is filtered, washed and dried at 50° C. The filter cake consists of about 50% of the desired molecular sieve product with at least the interlattice plane distances belonging to the x-ray reflections listed in Table 1. 
     Example 2 
     To 220 g of an aluminum hydroxide gel with 2.3% by weight of Al 2  O 3 , 8.2 g of a polyphosphoric acid with an average chain length of 8 are added with stirring. To this reaction mixture, 4.2 g of a crystallization-promoting substance, with at least the interlattice plane distances belonging to the x-ray reflections listed in Table 1, are added and homogenized and reacted hydrothermally for 44 hours at 130° C. under autogenous pressure. After the autoclave has cooled off, the product is filtered off, washed and dried at 50° C. The filter cake consists of about 90% of the desired molecular sieve product with at least the interlattice plane distances belonging to the x-ray reflections listed in Table 1. 
     Example 3 
     To 100 g of an aluminum hydroxide gel with 2.3% by weight of Al 2  O 3 , 4.1 g of a polyphosphoric acid with an average chain length of 8 are added with stirring. The gel obtained is diluted with 107 g of water and homogenized. To this reaction mixture, 0.34 g of a crystallization-promoting substance with at least the interlattice plane distances belonging to the x-ray reflections listed in Table 1 is added and homogenized and reacted hydrothermally for 44 hours at 130° C. under autogenous pressure. The filter cake consists of about 90% of the desired molecular sieve product with at least the interlattice plane distances belonging to the x-ray reflections listed in Table 1. 
     Example 4 
     To 220 g of an aluminum hydroxide gel with 2.3% by weight of Al 2  O 3 , 8.2 g of polyphosphoric with an average chain length of 8 are added with stirring. This reaction mixture is stirred for 72 hours at 90° C. This aged, but still x-ray-amorphous nucleation gel is added to a second reaction mixture consisting of 2,200 g of an aluminum hydroxide gel with 2.3% by weight of Al 2  O 3  and 82 g of a polyphosphoric acid with an average chain length of 8 and homogenized and reacted hydrothermally for 44 hours at 130° C. under autogenous pressure. The filter cake consists of about 80% of the desired molecular sieve product with at least the interlattice plane distances belonging to the x-ray reflections listed in Table 1. 
     Example 5 
     With intensive stirring, 65 g of water, 13.6 g of a pseudo boehmite (25% by weight water) and 17 g of polyphosphoric acid with an average chain length of 8 are homogenized. To this suspension, 5 g of siliceous sol (30% by weight of SiO 2 ) is added, also with stirring. This reaction mixture is transferred to an autoclave and reacted hydrothermally for 20 hours at 130° C. under autogenous pressure. After the autoclave has cooled off, the product is filtered, washed and dried at 50° C. The filter cake consists of about 50% of the desired silico-aluminophosphate with at least the interlattice plane distances belonging to the x-ray reflections listed in Table 1. 
     Example 6 
     To 220 g of an aluminum hydroxide gel with 2.3% by weight of Al 2  O 3 , 4.1 g of a polyphosphoric acid with the average chain length of 8 and 5.36 g of GeCl 3  are added with stirring. This reaction mixture is stirred for 72 hours at 90° C. and subsequently reacted hydrothermally for 44 hours at 130° C. under autogenous pressure. The filter cake consists of about 50% of the desired germano-silico-alumino-phosphate with at least the interlattice plane distances belonging to the x-ray reflections listed in Table 1.