Abstract:
A system for providing statistical multiplexing of speech, other real-time data services and non-real-time data services for point to point and point to multipoint communications. The system has fast access and assignment procedures that allow the multiplexing of real-time, delay-critical data services with non-real-time data services. Continuity of periodic control channels across speech talkspurt and silence periods for conversational voice is maintained to carry signal measurement reports, channel quality feedback, and “comfort” noise information between different parts of the system.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
   This application claims priority of Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/170,155, which was filed Dec. 10, 1999. 
   This application is related to Balachandran 12-39-15 entitled BURST BASED ACCESS AND ASSIGNMENT METHOD FOR PROVIDING REAL-TIME SERVICES, which is hereby incorporated by reference (Ser. No. 60/170,247, filed Dec. 10, 1999). 

   TECHNICAL FIELD 
   The invention relates to relates generally to wireless communication networks and, more particularly, to a method for efficiently providing voice communications over wireless and/or cellular networks. 
   DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART 
   The widespread growing popularity of the Internet has encouraged wireless communication system developers to continually improve the data communication capabilities of their systems. In response to this need, various standards bodies have formulated and continue to formulate new third generation (3G) standards which support higher data rates. For example, standards organizations such as the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), the Association of Radio Industries and Broadcasting (ARIB) and the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) are continually developing standards to support faster and more efficient wireless communications. 
   Similarly, the wireless communications industry is often developing and implementing new wireless transmission protocols which provide faster, more robust and more efficient data communications over air interfaces. For example, GSM continues to evolve. In another example, general packet radio service (GPRS) has been developed as a packet-switched upgrade for the well known time division multiple access (TDMA) system. In a further advancement in the art, enhanced GPRS (EGPRS) has also been developed. 
   Presently, GSM, GPRS and EGPRS physical layers have the following characteristics: a carrier that consists of two 200 kHz bandwidth segments of the allocated GSM spectrum, 45 MHz apart, one for the downlink and one for the uplink; time is divided into frames with a multiframe comprising 52 frames and spans 240 msec.; each frame consists of 8 time slots; one slot on one carrier is referred to as a GSM channel; there is a one-to-one correspondence between a slot (numbered j, j=0, . . . 7) on a downlink carrier at frequency (f) and an uplink slot (numbered j) on the corresponding uplink carrier (f+45 MHz); a transmission in a slot is referred to as a burst; and a block consists of a predefined set of four bursts on the same slot. 
   Radio access bearers are currently being designed in order to provide real time services in EGPRS Phase II. However, recent approaches rely on using the existing burst based random access channels on the uplink and block based assignment channels on the downlink. Each block is interleaved and transmitted over 4 bursts (20 msec). However, investigation has shown systems based on 20 msec granularity require at least a 60 msec delay budget. Also, the investigation has shown transmission of assignments to multiple mobile stations within a single 20 msec message often is inefficient due to low packing and is incompatible with interference reduction techniques such as smart antennas and power control. As a result, block based assignment channels according to the recent approaches can result in excessive control overhead and excessive delays for statistical multiplexing of real time transfers (e.g. voice talkspurts). It is desirable to provide a better access and assignment system and method. 
   In order to efficiently use the high capacity of a wireless or a cellular data telecommunication system (e.g., GPRS or EGPRS), it is also desirable to provide voice and data multiplexing capability as well as statistical multiplexing of voice users. Currently these cellular data telecommunication systems are designed to provide primarily non-real time (delay insensitive) data services. Conversational speech and other real time interactive communications are delay sensitive and require the design of new control mechanisms to provide fast control channels to meet the critical delay requirements. Therefore, there is a need to redesign wireless data telecommunication systems to provide such control capabilities to make them suitable for multiplexing both non-real-time services and real-time services, such as conversational speech. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   This need is met by the method of the present invention wherein methods are described that enable efficient and flexible multiplexing of both real-time and non-real-time services over the wireless data telecommunication system. 
   Briefly stated in accordance with one aspect of the invention, the aforementioned problems are addressed and an advance in the art achieved by providing a frequency division duplex point-to-multipoint communications system that divides a frequency allocation into two bands, a downlink band that carries communications from a central station to multiple stations, and an uplink band that carries communications from multiple stations to the central station. The system also includes: a carrier generator generating a plurality of carriers within each of the bands, each of the carriers being in a spaced relationship to the other carriers such that each band is sub-divided into a plurality of sub-bands that are equal in number to the plurality of carriers and each of said plurality of sub-bands having a respective carrier of the pluality of carriers, a time multiplexer dividing each of the sub-bands by time-multiplexing into a plurality of frames, the time multiplexer also dividing each frame into N time-slots, and a switch assigning a series of time-slots that occur periodically, every N time-slots, once per frame, to form channels for communicating between said central station and said multiple stations. 
   In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the aforementioned problems are addressed and an advance in the art achieved by providing a frequency division duplex point-to-multipoint communications system that divides a frequency allocation into two bands, a downlink band that carries communications from a central station to multiple stations, and an uplink band that carries communications from multiple stations to the central station. The system also includes: a carrier generator generating a plurality of carriers within each of the bands, each of the carriers being in a spaced relationship to the other carriers such that each band is sub-divided into a plurality of sub-bands that are equal in number to the plurality of carriers and each of said plurality of sub-bands having a respective carrier of the plurality of carriers, a time multiplexer dividing each of the sub-bands by time-multiplexing into a plurality of frames, the time multiplexer also dividing each frame into N time-slots, and a switch assigning a series of time-slots that occur periodically, every N time-slots, once per frame, to form a channel. The switch being controlled by control logic such that a communication session between the central station and at least one of multiple stations is assigned channel resources only when there is data to be transmitted. 
   In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the aforementioned problems are addressed and an advance in the art achieved by providing a frequency division duplex point-to-multipoint communications system that divides a frequency allocation into two bands, a downlink band that carries communications from a central station to multiple stations, and an uplink band that carries communications from multiple stations to the central station. The system also includes: a carrier generator generating a plurality of carriers within each of the bands, each of the carriers being in a spaced relationship to the other carriers such that each band is subdivided into a plurality of sub-bands that are equal in number to the plurality of carriers and each of said plurality of sub-bands having a respective carrier of the plurality of carriers, a time multiplexer dividing each of the sub-bands by time-multiplexing into a plurality of frames, the time multiplexer also dividing each frame into N time-slots, and a switch assigning a series of time-slots that occur periodically, every N time-slots, once per frame, to form a channel. The switch being controlled by control logic such that a fast associated control channel message that has a higher priority pre-empts traffic on the traffic channel having a lower priority when higher priority data is present. The fast associated control channel message may be transmitted over one burst, or the fast associated control channel message may be transmitted over multiple bursts. 
   In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the aforementioned problems are addressed and an advance in the art achieved by providing a frequency division duplex point-to-point communications system that divides a frequency allocation into two bands, a downlink band that carries communications from a central station to multiple stations, and an uplink band that carries communications from multiple stations to the central station. The system also includes: a carrier generator generating a plurality of carriers within each of the bands, each of the carriers being in a spaced relationship to the other carriers such that each band is sub-divided into a plurality of sub-bands that are equal in number to the plurality of carriers and each of said plurality of sub-bands having a respective carrier of the pluality of carriers, a time multiplexer dividing each of the sub-bands by time-multiplexing into a plurality of frames, the time multiplexer also dividing each frame into N time-slots, and a switch assigning a series of time-slots that occur periodically, every N time-slots, once per frame, to form a channel for communication between said central station and said mobile station. 
   The system by being so flexible can take advantage of statistical variations between real-time communications and non-real-time communications to move them both efficiently. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
       FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a GERAN system with mobile station receiver-transmitters and a central base station receiver-transmitter. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates the user plane protocol stack for Pre-GERAN and GERAN systems. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates two multiframes each of which is divided into four channels of various types. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a state diagram for a system in accordance with the invention. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates a state table that is another way of presenting the information of  FIG. 4 . 
       FIG. 6  illustrates a RT TBF State Diagram in table form. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates message and uplink interaction in tabular form. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates a summary of downlink signaling and control messages in tabular form. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates downlink burst message content in tabular form. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates uplink burst message content in tabular form. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates the temporary block flow of messages between a mobile station and a base station of a network using GARAN techniques during a start uplink traffic procedure. 
       FIG. 12  illustrates the temporary block flow of messages between a mobile station and a base station of a network using GERAN techniques during an end uplink procedure. 
       FIG. 13  illustrates the temporary block flow of messages between a mobile station and a base station of a network using GERAN techniques during a start downlink procedure. 
       FIG. 14  illustrates the temporary block flow of messages between a mobile station and a base station of a network using GERAN techniques during an end downlink procedure. 
       FIG. 15  is a plot of simulated results of link performance of single burst based transmission of communications according to the present invention and to a prior technique. 
       FIG. 16  is a plot of simulated results for the no capture case according to the present invention. 
       FIG. 17  is a plot of simulated results for the power capture case according to the present invention. 
       FIG. 18  is a plot of simulated results for the (3,8) algorithm for the no capture case according to the present invention and to a prior technique. 
       FIG. 19  is a plot of simulated results for the (3,8) algorithm for a power capture case according to the present invention. 
       FIG. 20  is a diagram illustrating downlink assignments according one communication technique of the invention. 
       FIG. 21  is a diagram illustrating downlink assignments according to another communication technique of the invention  FIG. 22  is a diagram illustrating downlink assignments similar to  FIG. 20  but with different loading. 
       FIG. 23  is a diagram illustrating downlink assignments similar to  FIG. 21  but with different loading. 
       FIG. 24  is a diagram illustrating bursts on which a downlink talkspurt may start for a Class 1 mobile station. 
       FIG. 25  is a diagram illustrating bursts on which a downlink talkspurt may start for a Class 1 mobile station under different conditions than  FIG. 24 . 
       FIG. 26  is a diagram illustrating a half rate speech and data channels on a single time slot; start of a talkspurt for half rate speech assuming chain interleaving over “even” bursts. 
       FIG. 27  is a table that shows the speech frame arrivals and play out instants with different interleaving approaches. 
       FIG. 28  shows half rate speech and data channels on a single time slot; start of a talkspurt is shown for the half rate speech user assuming 0123/4567 interleaving. 
       FIG. 29  is a table showing performance of the two interleaving schemes with QPSK modulation. 
       FIG. 30  is a plot showing simulation results on the word error performance of single-burst messages. 
       FIG. 31  shows a plot of simulation results for the no capture case. 
       FIG. 32  shows a plot of simulation results for the the power capture case. 
       FIG. 33  shows a plot of a simulation of the performance results for the (3,8) algorithm for a no capture case. 
       FIG. 34  shows a plot of a simulation of the performance results for the (3,8) algorithm are a power capture case. 
       FIG. 35  shows a table of simulated computations of control overhead slots for half rate speech channels. 
       FIG. 36  shows a table of statistical multiplexing capacity for full rate speech. 
       FIG. 37  shows a similar table to  FIG. 36  except that it is of statistical multiplexing capacity for half rate speech. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
   Referring now to  FIG. 1 , a system  1  is shown. System  1  in a preferred embodiment, is a GSM Enhanced-General-Packet-Radio-Service Radio Access Network (GERAN) as described herein. GERAN  1  has a central or base station  12  which has a transmitter, a receiver and an antenna (not shown) as a base station typically has. Base station  12  is part of the GERAN  1 . GERAN  1  is used to communicate with and carry message traffic between a caller on a mobile station  20 , and in a preferred embodiment to callers of all kinds and mobile stations, such as mobile stations  20 ,  30 . The present invention provides new traffic and control channels that are completely compatible with beam forming and power control techniques, enabling their use for all new traffic and control channels. 
   The present invention has unidirectional traffic and control channels. The benefits of statistical multiplexing are achieved through the application of the following principles. All new control and traffic channels are unidirectional, with independent frequency and slot allocation in the uplink and downlink directions. Available resources can be dynamically allocated as necessary to traffic and control channel functions. This allows for maximum flexibility in allocation of available resources. 
   In previously known GSM, GPRS and EGPRS Phase 1, a channel consists of one time slot on a 200 kHz carrier at frequency f for the downlink and a corresponding slot on a 200 kHz carrier at (f+45 MHz) on the uplink. Breaking this historical association between uplink and downlink channels allows for statistical multiplexing of speech, in particular, since the uplink and downlink resource demands occur independently. Breaking the historical association between uplink and downlink maximizes the resource pool available for assignment when new data or speech becomes available for transmission. 
   A primary consideration for any GERAN method and system must be the impact on half-duplex mobiles, given their cost advantages. (Half duplex mobiles in TDMA systems transmit and receive in different time slots and therefore do not require a duplexer). In the previous GSM, GPRS and EGPRS Phase 1, corresponding time slots on the uplink and downlink were chosen in such a way that they were compatible with half-duplex operation. With statistical multiplexing, the system can be specifically design for maximum flexibility of operation with half duplex mobiles, when both the uplink and downlink time time slots are dynamically assigned The new control and traffic channels are designed to support half-duplex mobiles in a manner that maximizes the pool of traffic and control channel resources available for assignment to these mobiles. 
   In what follows, a Burst Based Access and Assignment (BBAA) method and system that facilitate fast allocation and de-allocation of traffic and control channels to real time users, as well as to non real time (nRT) users sharing the same resources. 
   Taking voice as a representative example, whenever a talkspurt is generated, the mobile station (MS) sends an access request message. This single-burst message contains a field called ARI (Access Request Identifier) which uniquely identifies the MS. If the uplink access message is successfully received by the base station, an acknowledgement message (also single burst based) is sent to the MS. Uplink and downlink transmissions are completed within 5 msec. This is the best case, assuming minimal processing delays. Comparing this with a four burst based assignment technique which requires at least 40 msec for uplink/downlink transmission it is easy to realize the potential access delay reduction. Such a delay reduction is crucial for RT services like voice. Even in the case where the uplink access message is corrupted (by errors or by collisions) or the downlink message is corrupted, the MS is able to repeat the whole process in the next 5 msec period. This finer granularity, which leads to shorter time periods, is the main advantage of the single burst based method and system. This fact is demonstrated by comparing the performance of the present invention with a technique based on a 20 msec downlink granularity (using block-based assignments). 
   Simulations show that it is possible to support more than 60 simultaneous voice calls on a single burst based access and assignment channel under a 40 msec delay constraint (with an access failure probability of less than 1%). Schemes based on 20 msec granularity require at least a 60 msec delay budget. Simulation results show that the present invention&#39;s burst based access and assignment technique offers a significant performance advantage with a shorter delay budget. Moreover, the burst based access and assignment (BBAA) channels may be deployed efficiently with aggressive reuse, smart antennas and power control. Such deployments are not suitable for 20 msec block based assignments to multiple users. 
   Note that the high error rate of burst assignments on the downlink is the primary reason that this scheme may be considered unsuitable, simulation studies show that the shorter delays mean that multiple access assignment cycles can be completed within the same period as a block based scheme. This results in the burst based access and assignment scheme having higher reliability with shorter delays and higher capacity. 
   Application of BBAA to GERAN (GSM EDGE (Enhanced General Packet Radio Service) Radio Access Network) 
   GERAN document 2E99-584 in pertainent part reads: 
   Introduction and Scope 
   This GERAN description describes the key new ideas needed to introduce statistical multiplexing of all bearer classes on the GERAN air interface for delivery over the packet-switched network. It focuses only on the support of overall UMTS service requirements, and does not address network architecture issues or circuit-switched services. 
   The central new service requirement for GERAN (compared to EGPRS Phase 1) is the support of speech service using the packet-switched backbone network. The focus of the document is the definition of new traffic and control channels to support statistical multiplexing of speech, real-time data, and non-real-time data, and the corresponding new MAC procedures that are needed to guarantee QoS. 
   List of Acronyms used herein 
   
       
       AMR Adaptive Multi-Rate 
       ARI Access Request Identifier 
       BCCH Broadcast Control Channel 
       BEP Bit Error Probability 
       BFACCH Burst-based FACCH 
       CCCH Common Control Channel 
       CID Carrier Identifier 
       CTS Carrier Time Slot 
       DBMCH Downlink Block Message Channel 
       DFACCH Dim-and-Burst FACCH 
       DMT Downlink (Burst) Message Type 
       DPRCH Downlink Periodic Reservation Channel 
       DTCH/FS Downlink Traffic Channel for Full Rate Speech 
       DTCH/HS Downlink Traffic Channel for Half Rate Speech 
       DTCH/FD Downlink Traffic Channel for Full Rate Data 
       DTCH/HD Downlink Traffic Channel for Half Rate Data 
       EDT End Downlink Traffic 
       EEP Equal Error Protection 
       EGPRS Enhanced General Packet Radio Service 
       EUT End Uplink Traffic 
       FACCH Fast Associated Control Channel 
       FACKCH Fast Acknowledgment Channel. 
       FASSCH Fast Assignment Channel 
       FFS For Further Study 
       FR Full-Rate 
       FRACH Fast Random Access Channel 
       GERAN GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network 
       HR Half-Rate 
       IP Internet Protocol 
       LI Layer  1  (Physical Layer) 
       MAC Medium Access Control 
       MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme 
       MR Measurement Report 
       MS Mobile Station 
       MSACCH Modified Slow Associated Control Channel 
       NRT Non-Real Time 
       OFF Offset in Frames 
       PBCCH Packet Broadcast Control Channel 
       PCCCH Packet Common Control Channel 
       PDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol 
       PH Phase 
       QoS Quality of Service 
       RAB Radio Access Bearer 
       RAN Radio Access Network 
       RDC Reassign Downlink Control 
       RDT Reassign Downlink Traffic 
       RLC Radio Link Control 
       RR Radio Resource Management 
       RRBP Relative Reserved Burst Period 
       RT Real Time 
       RTP Real Time Protocol 
       RUC Reassign Uplink Control 
       RUT Reassign Uplink Traffic 
       SACCH Slow Associated Control Channel 
       SD Start Delay 
       SDT Start Downlink Traffic 
       SID Silence Descriptor 
       SUT Start Uplink Traffic 
       TBF Temporary Block Flow 
       TBFI Temporary Block Flow Identifier 
       TCP Transport Control Protocol 
       TFI Temporary Flow Identifier 
       TS Time Slot 
       UDP User Datagram Protocol 
       UEP Unequal Error Protection 
       UBMCH Uplink Block Message Channel 
       UPRCH Uplink Periodic Reservation Channel 
       UMT Uplink (Burst) Message Type 
       UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System 
       USF Uplink State Flag 
       UTCH/FS Uplink Traffic Channel for Full Rate Speech 
       UTCH/HS Uplink Traffic Channel for Half Rate Speech 
       UTCH/FD Uplink Traffic Channel for Full Rate Data 
       UTCH/HD Uplink Traffic Channel for Half Rate Data 
       UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network 
       VAD Voice Activity Detection
 
Service Requirements
 
     
  
   Service requirements for GERAN are based on those of UMTS, with the addition of an optimized speech service based on GSM/AMR. These requirements describe the radio bearer classes, the need for parallel bearer flows, handover, and alignment with UMTS core network. Specific error, throughput, and delay requirements for each bearer class are FFS, but range of capabilities is clear from current UMTS requirements. 
   Support of Radio Bearer Classes in Alignment with UMTS 
   The UMTS radio bearer classes for conversational, streaming, interactive, and background services cover a range of real-time and non-real-time data services with a wide range of error, throughput, and delay requirements. The GERAN requirements for these services will be aligned with UMTS with adjustments as necessary to capture unique characteristics of the GERAN. 
   Voice service requirements are based on those of GSM/AMR. A GERAN radio bearer class will be specifically optimized for voice service. 
   Support for Parallel Bearer Flows with Different QoS 
   The GERAN shall support up to three parallel bidirectional bearer flows with different QoS requirements. This capability will enable support of simultaneous voice and data service as well as multimedia service. 
   Handover Requirement for RT Services 
   Voice and real-time data services have QoS characteristics not supported by existing EGPRS reselection procedures. The GERAN shall include procedures to support maintenance of acceptable (TBD) QoS during network-assisted handover procedures for voice and real-time data services. The details of these handover procedures are outside the scope of this document. 
   Alignment with UMTS Core Network 
   The GERAN shall conform to the core network interface requirements established for UMTS with only those changes necessary to adapt to unique characteristics of the GERAN. In particular, this requires that the GERAN provide the Iu-ps interface to the UMTS core network. 
   Targeted Configuration 
   Blocking Limited Deployment 
   This concept proposal is optimized for blocking limited deployment, where the greatest capacity is achieved by utilizing available traffic-carrying channels to the fullest degree. In a blocking limited deployment, traditional circuit channels for delivery of voice and real-time data services are inefficient due to significant periods of “dead time” during a typical flow. For voice service with a voice activity factor approximately 40%, there is considerable potential to increase overall capacity with statistical multiplexing of traffic channel resources. 
   Interference Limited Deployment 
   Since an interference-limited system must operate at some fraction of its channel capacity to achieve acceptable aggregate performance, statistical multiplexing typically offers little or no capacity advantage. However, interference-limited deployment (e.g. ⅓ reuse) becomes blocking limited with techniques like beam forming and power control. It is more appropriate to optimize the GERAN for deployment configurations that take advantage of the application of the latest interference management techniques, which make them more blocking limited. This approach assures that the greatest capacity benefits are available in all configurations. 
   Less Aggressive Reuse (e.g. 4/12) Preferred when Spectrum Available 
   Blocking limited deployment is and will be common for the foreseeable future. Blocking limited deployment is preferred in areas not limited by availability of spectrum. It is also preferred in areas where uniform quality of service is a requirement, since coverage “holes” become more common when operating in interference limited conditions. 
   All New Traffic and Control Channels 
   This invention introduces new traffic and control channels that are completely compatible with beam forming and power control techniques, enabling their use for all new traffic and control channels. This is achieved by designing all communication on these channels to be point-to-point. There are no multicast or broadcast control messages or control fields in any downlink transmissions. In particular, no USF is required in any downlink burst. 
   Multiplexing Principles 
   The benefits of statistical multiplexing are achieved through the application of the following principles. 
   Unidirectional Traffic and Control Channels 
   All new control and traffic channels are unidirectional, with independent frequency and slot allocation in the uplink and downlink directions. Available resources can be dynamically allocated as necessary to traffic and control channel functions. This allows for maximum flexibility in allocation of available resources. Breaking the historical association between uplink and downlink channels is necessary for statistical multiplexing of speech, in particular, since the uplink and downlink resource demands occur independently. Breaking the association between uplink and downlink maximizes the resource pool available for assignment when new data or speech becomes available for transmission. 
   A primary consideration for any new GERAN concepts must be the impact on half-duplex mobiles, given their cost advantages. A companion paper specifically addresses half-duplex mobile consideration. The new control and traffic channels are specifically designed to support half-duplex mobiles in a manner that maximizes the pool of traffic and control channel resources available for assignment to these mobiles. 
   Another consideration for further study is the impact of variable uplink/downlink carrier separation on mobiles. 
   EGPRS Phase  1  and Phase  2  Traffic on Different Time Slots 
   Because of the need to allocate uplink and downlink channels independently, it is not possible to multiplex EGPRS Phase  1  and Phase  2  (GERAN) traffic on the same time slot. This traffic must be segregated onto separate time slots at any one time. 
   Multiplexing Different QoS Classes 
   This proposal supports the multiplexing of all QoS classes onto the same channels. The same uplink an downlink resource pools are shared among all flows, regardless of their QoS class, maximizing the advantages of statistical multiplexing. 
   Operation of TBF Establishment 
   The concept of a Temporary Block Flow (TBF) of GPRS/EGPRS is enhanced in the GERAN to have a unique profile with direction, QoS, and protocol attributes. 
   Negotiation of TBF Profile 
   Before establishment of any TBF between a mobile and the network, it camps on the CCCH or PCCCH in the current cell, and is governed by procedures currently defined in EGPRS. When the first TBF is established, its attributes are defined as follows: 
   The TBF is either unidirectional (uplink or downlink) or bi-directional. A voice TBF would typically be bi-directional. A data TBF could be either unidirectional or bidirectional. Data traffic requiring any significant exchange, such as upper layer acknowledgments, could be bi-directional, thus saving the overhead of repeated TBF establishment for periodic traffic. The TBF is assigned QoS attributes consistent with the desired service quality and bearer class. Given the assigned QoS attributes, the TBF may also be eligible for network-directed handover procedures to minimize service disruption while switching between two cells. 
   The TBF is assigned protocol attributes. For example, for voice service the TBF uses physical layer channel coding optimized for voice, and eliminates headers associated with other protocol layers. Data services will typically require physical layer channel coding optimized for data and the presence of the headers for all protocol layers to control more complex protocol functions. 
   MAC Procedures for Established TBF 
   Once the first TBF is established, the mobile remains on the new RT traffic and control channels, regardless of the presence or absence of data to send, until all TBFs for the mobile are released. Each TBF remains valid regardless of activity until it either times out or is explicitly released by the network. 
   Channels for Fast Resource Assignment 
   When there is no data transfer in the downlink direction (no downlink traffic channel is assigned to the TBF), the mobile must monitor a common downlink control channel for fast resource assignment directives. These assignment directives assign traffic channel resources to the TBF as needed to support data transfer with the agreed-to QoS attributes. 
   When the TBF has an active downlink traffic channel assignment, it typically monitors the same physical channel for fast associated control channel messages with alternative assignment directives. As an alternative for mobiles with adequate multi-slot capability, the mobile may be required to monitor both the downlink traffic channel for user data and a common downlink control channel for fast assignment directives. 
   When a mobile has more than one TBF active in the downlink direction, it may be required to monitor either a common downlink control channel and/or one (or more) of the downlink traffic channels for fast assignment directives. 
   Traffic Channel Assignment 
   When the TBF requires a downlink traffic channel for data transfer, the network sends a fast assignment directive to the mobile to allocate a downlink traffic channel for the data transfer. 
   When the TBF requires an uplink traffic channel for data transfer, the mobile sends a fast access request on an uplink fast access control channel. The network responds with a fast assignment directive to allocate the necessary uplink resource. 
   In all cases, since QoS and protocol attributes have been negotiated during establishment of the TBF, there is no ambiguity as to the parameters of the resource request or assignment. These attributes do not change from one resource request or assignment to the next during a TBF. 
   Timing Alignment and Power Control 
   For as long as a mobile has at least one TBF established, it remains in timing alignment and under power control. This allows for all access bursts to be of normal length, since abbreviated bursts are not needed to allow for misalignment. This also avoids the extra overhead of performing these functions at the beginning of each traffic channel assignment. 
   Protocol and Architecture 
   To support optimized speech, RT and NRT users over packet bearer, two different protocol stacks are proposed to meet the requirements of optimized speech and data bearers, as shown in  FIG. 2 . 
   The protocol stack used for a particular TBF is negotiated at the TBF setup along with the QoS attributes. For optimized speech bearer, a dedicated unidirectional traffic channel is allocated to a speech TBF during a talk spurt. Hence no RLC/MAC header is used. The IP/UDP/RTP header information is exchanged at speech TBF setup and is, therefore, eliminated from the speech frame transmission over the RF interface. So, the entire shaded area of the protocol stack is dispensed with for optimized speech users, but not for RT and NRT data users. For RT and NRT data users, the EGPRS Phase 2 protocol stack is kept. Possible optimization for RT data bearers is FFS. 
   RLC 
   The GERAN will reuse the EGPRS Phase 1 RLC with only those extensions needed to adapt RLC procedures to the new RT traffic and control channels. 
   MAC 
   The RT MAC is new for the GERAN, based on the fast access and assignment procedures of this proposal. 
   Radio Interface Aspects 
   The GERAN Layer 1 is an enhanced version of the EGPRS Phase  1  Layer  1 . Enhancements are related to the introduction of new types of traffic and control channels, as described below. 
   Traffic Channel Design 
   All traffic channels in GERAN are considered to be unidirectional channels. Chain interleaving is done on speech traffic channels and block interleaving for data. Half-rate traffic channels use alternate bursts. This has a significant multiplexing advantage for half-duplex mobiles. In the case of NRT data, it permits ease of multiplexing with RT data and voice. 
   Speech, RT and NRT users may share a time slot by being assigned to two different half-rate channels on the same slot. A half-rate or a full-rate traffic channel is allocated to a specific speech or data user for the duration of a talk spurt or “data spurt”. No headers or stealing bits are required for the receiver to distinguish between these traffic channels. For data channels, stealing bits and header formats are used as in EGPRS Phase  1 , but the USF is eliminated on the downlink. 
   All traffic channel assignments are through messaging on the new control channels (including TCH associated control channels). 
   Speech Traffic Channel Design Principles 
   Speech traffic channels are based on supporting the GSM/AMR modes on full-rate and half-rate channels. The full-rate channel coding for the GSM/AMR modes is the same as in current GSM/AMR. The channel coding for half-rate AMR modes will be based on either 8PSK or QPSK modulation, depending on the results of separates studies. 
   Interleaving 
   Interleaving in all cases will be chain interleaving over 40 msec, as in GSM/AMR. For a full-rate traffic channel the interleaving is over 8 radio bursts in 40 msec, with a chaining overlap of 4 radio bursts in 20 msec. For a half-rate traffic channel, the interleaving is over 4 radio bursts spaced over 40 msec, with a chaining overlap of 2 radio bursts in 20 msec. This half-rate interleaving mode is sometimes described as 0246/1357, to describe the use of alternate bursts for each of two half-rate channels over the 8 bursts in a 40 msec interval. The alternative of block interleaving of 2 speech frames over 4 consecutive bursts in 20 msec intervals alternating between two half-rate channels is sometimes called 0123/4567 interleaving. 
   Compatibility with Half-Duplex Mobiles 
   Half-duplex mobiles typically have severe constraints on the combination of uplink and downlink channels that they can support. This is an important consideration since statistical multiplexing works more efficiently with a larger pool of resources available for allocation. Investigation has shown that the best statistical multiplexing efficiency is achieved for half-duplex mobiles by defining all half-rate traffic and control channels to use no more than every other burst on any one time slot. This burst allocation for half-rate speech channels is discussed below. 
   Headers 
   Since the entire channel (either full-rate or half-rate) is dedicated to a TBF for the length of a talk spurt, there is no need for additional header beyond what is in existing GSM/AMR. 
   Half Speech Block 
   With chain interleaving, half of the information transmitted in the first and last 20 msec intervals of a talk spurt is typically unusable. Since AMR has multiple compatible modes of operation with different sizes of speech frames every 20 msec, it is possible to define new channel coding for these currently unused bits to transmit special speech frames. For example, with the 7.4 kbps mode of operation, it is possible to specify alternative channel coding on the first block of unused bits to encode a single 4.75 kbps speech frame. The performance of this half speech block is somewhat worse than the performance of the remaining speech frames, but the overall impact on the quality of a typical talk spurt is small. 
   Use of the half speech block reduces the delay to the beginning of a talk spurt by 20 msec. By starting a talk spurt with a half speech block, the overall time on the traffic channel is also reduced by 20 msec (corresponding to the first 20 msec interval typically needed to start up a chain interleaving sequence. By using a half speech block for the last speech frame of a talk spurt, which is relatively unimportant to the intelligibility of the talk spurt, the overall time on the traffic channel is reduced by an additional 20 msec (for a total of 40 msec). This is accomplished by eliminating the need to transmit the last 20 msec portion of the last valid speech frame. 
   The half speech block could also be used in the middle of a talk spurt to free up room to transmit a frame of control information. This is called “dim-and-burst” signaling as opposed to “blank-and-burst” signaling, which replaces an entire speech frame with a frame of control information. This “dim-and-burst” concept is introduced as a new associated control channel below. 
   Initial Burst of a Talk Spurt 
   In GSM, interleaving must begin on a radio block boundary, which occurs every 20 msec. Since every talk spurt is specifically assigned to a traffic channel, it is not necessary to maintain this 20 msec granularity. Allowing a talk spurt to begin on any burst improves the average delay to the beginning of a talk spurt by approximately 5 msec for half-rate channels, since the assignment granularity is reduced from 20 msec to 10 msec. The average improvement for full-rate channels is approximately 7.5 msec, since the assignment granularity is reduced from 20 msec to 5 msec. 
   AMR VAD and Hangover 
   The current AMR VAD and hangover interval are not designed to provide optimal performance in a system with statistical multiplexing of speech. They are both candidates for further study to reduce the average length of talk spurts without significantly increasing the rate of occurrence of talk spurts (which would cause an increase in load on the RT control channels). For example, it should be possible to reduce the hangover interval from 7 frames to a lower number such as 2 or 3. It is not yet known how this would impact control channel load or the occurrence of speech clipping. 
   Data Traffic Channel Design Principles 
   The data traffic channels are designed for full compatibility with the speech traffic channels, while reusing the MCS 1  through MCS 9  channel coding schemes defined for EGPRS. 
   Interleaving 
   For full-rate data channels, the interleaving is 0123/4567 block interleaving as defined in EGPRS. There is no need to deviate from EGPRS since the TBF has exclusive use of the channel until it is explicitly reassigned. 
   For half-rate data channels, the interleaving is 0246/1357 block interleaving, where each data block is interleaved over 4 consecutive odd or even bursts (alternate bursts). 
   Compatibility with Half-Duplex Mobiles 
   As in the half rate speech section, half-rate data traffic channels have the same advantages in statistical multiplexing efficiency as half-rate speech traffic channels. 
   Headers 
   Since the entire channel (either full-rate or half-rate) is dedicated to a TBF for the length of a data spurt, there is no need for additional header beyond what is in existing EGPRS. The USF is unused and could be redefined for other purposes. The TFI is similarly unused in this approach as defined, but has potential value for additional data multiplexing options if replaced with the ARI and/or TBFI, as defined in section 0. 
   Initial Burst of a Talk Spurt 
   As mentioned above, data channels may begin a data spurt on any assigned burst, offering the same improvement in delay to the beginning of the data spurt as for a talk spurt. 
   Traffic Channel Definition 
   The following traffic channels are defined. 
   Downlink Traffic Channel for Full Rate Speech (DTCH/FS). This channel comprises an entire time slot with eight burst chain interleaving. This channel uses GMSK modulation and unequal error protection. 
   Downlink Traffic Channel for Half Rate Speech (DTCH/HS). This channel comprises one half of a time slot on alternate bursts with four burst chain interleaving. Channel  1  on the time slot comprises even-numbered bursts, channel  2  comprises odd-numbered bursts. The modulation and coding schemes are to be specified. 
   Downlink Traffic Channel for Full Rate Data (DTCH/FD). This channel comprises an entire time slot with four burst block interleaving. EGPRS Phase I modulation and coding schemes (MCS 1 –MCS 9 ) are used for the blocks. The USF is freed up. 
   Downlink Traffic Channel for Half Rate Data (DTCH/HD). This channel comprises one half of a time slot on alternate bursts with four burst block-interleaving. Channel  1  on the time slot comprises even-numbered bursts, channel  2  comprises odd-numbered bursts. EGPRS Phase I modulation and coding schemes (MCS 1 –MCS 9 ) are used for the blocks (four alternate bursts). The USF is freed up. 
   Uplink Traffic Channel for Full Rate Speech (UTCH/FS). This channel comprises an entire time slot with eight burst chain interleaving. This channel uses GMSK modulation and unequal error protection. 
   Uplink Traffic Channel for Half Rate Speech (UTCH/HS). This channel comprises one half of a time slot on alternate bursts with four burst chain interleaving. Channel  1  on the time slot comprises even-numbered bursts, channel  2  comprises odd-numbered bursts. The modulation and coding schemes are to be specified. 
   Uplink Traffic Channel for Full Rate Data (UTCH/FD). This channel comprises an entire time slot with four burst block interleaving. EGPRS Phase I modulation and coding schemes (MCS 1 –MCS 9 ) are used for the blocks. 
   Uplink Traffic Channel for Half Rate Data (UTCH/HD). This channel comprises one half of a time slot on alternate bursts with four burst block interleaving. Channel  1  on the time slot comprises even-numbered bursts, channel  2  comprises odd-numbered bursts. EGPRS Phase I modulation and coding schemes (MCS 1 –MCS 9 ) are used for the blocks (four alternate bursts). 
   Half-rate Traffic Channel Structure 
   As shown in  FIG. 3 , half-rate traffic channels comprise either even-numbered bursts (channel  1 ) or odd-numbered bursts (channel  2 ) of a time slot. This even or odd burst allocation of a half-rate traffic channel is not changed in a multiframe. It is worth noting that for current GSM traffic channels, the burst allocation alternates every 13 frames within a multiframe between odd bursts and even bursts. This change in burst allocation is necessary for maximum compatibility with half-duplex mobiles. 
   For data traffic channels, there is no MSACCH, and all allocated bursts in the time slot are available for traffic. 
   Multiplexing of Speech and Data Traffic 
   Two different half-rate traffic channels (speech or data) may be assigned to the two different phases, i.e. odd-numbered bursts or even-numbered bursts, of a time slot. The speech traffic channels (half-rate or full-rate) are allocated to a speech user for the duration of a talk spurt. A simplified fixed allocation procedure allocates an entire data traffic channel (either full-rate or half-rate) continuously to a TBF for the duration of a data spurt. 
   There is no multiplexing with full-rate speech users during a talk spurt, or with full-rate data users during a data spurt. After a full-rate talk or data spurt ends, the corresponding time slot is available for allocation to a full-rate or half-rate voice or data TBF. 
   Real Time Control Channel Design 
   New RT control channels provide the fast resource allocation needed to perform statistical multiplexing of voice and real-time data services. A burst-based contention access procedure allows a MS camped on the RT control channel to signal for uplink resource whenever an uplink traffic flow transitions from inactive to active (e.g. when the next talk spurt starts for a speech user). The mobile&#39;s Access Request Identifier, ARI, is transmitted in the access burst, which allows the network to immediately perform contention resolution. The network also includes the ARI in single-burst fast assignment messages in the downlink. Fast retry with 5 msec granularity increases the robustness of the single burst access and fast assignment scheme. Fast reassignment and termination provides the network the ability to allocate and reallocate resources and satisfy the QoS of RT TBFs. 
   Control Channel Functions 
   The existing BCCH or PBCCH provides the broadcast information needed for the mobile to access the GERAN. The existing CCCH or PCCCH provide the capability to negotiate the attributes of the initial TBF and to communicate the parameters needed for access to the RT control channels. Once in a voice, RT data or NRT data TBF, the following functions are needed (unless an exception is listed). 
   Access Request 
   The mobile must have the ability to request uplink resources on behalf of a TBF. 
   Traffic and Control Channel Assignment 
   The network must have the ability to make traffic and control channel assignments (for both uplink and downlink resources) to the mobile. 
   End-of-TBF Control 
   The mobile must have the ability to request the network to end a particular TBF. The network must have the ability to direct a mobile to immediately terminate a TBF. 
   Acknowledgment of Network Directives 
   The mobile must have the ability to acknowledge traffic and control channel assignments and end-of-TBF directives to trigger any necessary retry procedures to assure rapid resource allocation. 
   Timing Advance and Power Control 
   The network must be able to signal to the mobile any necessary adjustments in timing advance and power control. 
   Handover Signaling 
   If a mobile has an established TBF for voice or RT data, it is eligible for handover procedures. In this case, the mobile is required to provide periodic neighbor cell measurement reports to the network. The network will send the necessary handover directives to the mobile as appropriate to maintain the mobile under control of the RT control channels during and after handover to minimize service disruption. 
   Negotiation of Additional TBFs 
   It must be possible for either the mobile or network to begin negotiation of additional TBFs while under control of the RT control channels, subject to the multi-slot capabilities of the mobile. In particular, it must be possible to establish a default data TBF for control signaling while under control of the RT control channels. 
   AMR Signaling 
   During a voice TBF, it must be possible for the network to send periodic AMR mode commands to the mobile. During a voice TBF outside of a downlink talk spurt, it must be possible for the network to send periodic SID information to the mobile. 
   During a voice TBF, it must be possible for the mobile to send periodic AMR mode requests to the network. During a voice TBF outside of an uplink talk spurt, it must be possible for the mobile to send periodic SID information to the network. 
   RLC Signaling 
   RLC signaling may include, for example, ack/nack messages, and BEP measurements. 
   During a data TBF in the process of communicating in the downlink direction, it must be possible for the mobile to send periodic RLC control messages to the network. 
   During a data TBF in the process of communicating in the uplink direction, it must be possible for the network to send periodic RLC control messages to the mobile. 
   If a data traffic channel has already been allocated to a TBF in a direction requiring transmission of an RLC control message, existing RLC procedures already allow RLC control messages to be freely multiplexed with RLC data frames. 
   Control Channel Design Principles 
   The key functions of the RT control channels that enable statistical multiplexing are fast access, assignment, and acknowledgment. The following principles assure the rapid performance of these functions. 
   Burst-Based Channels 
   All fast access, assignment, and acknowledgment channels use single burst messages. This assures high capacity, point-to-point transmissions for compatibility with beam steering and power control procedures, and fine temporal granularity, with a transmission opportunity every 5 msec. 
   Access Request Identifier 
   Each mobile is assigned an ARI as a unique identifier during access and assignment procedures on the RT control channels. By including the ARI in the access burst, the network performs contention resolution immediately rather than waiting for contention resolution procedures on a traffic channel, as in GPRS and EGPRS. The network may respond immediately with a single burst assignment message including the ARI. 
   Half-Rate and Full-Rate Channels 
   The fast access, assignment, and acknowledgment channels are typically allocated a full-rate channel with all the bursts in a given slot. As an alternative, these channels may also be allocated as half-rate channels using either all odd or all even bursts in a slot. 
   Note in particular that a fast access channel is completely allocated for contention access. The network does not broadcast USF to signal contention opportunities. Since there is no need to monitor USF, this saves up to 40 msec in waiting to perform an access attempt in certain situations. 
   Fast Retry 
   Since all full-rate access, assignment, and acknowledgment channels have 5 msec granularity, this allows for rapid retry of these procedures up to once every 5 msec. Half-rate channels have a 10 msec granularity. Even with a high error rate on these channels, access and assignment procedures can be performed quickly and efficiently. Note that frequency hopping is desirable on these channels to reduce or eliminate burst-to-burst fading correlation. 
   Fast Control Channel Assignment 
   The fast access, assignment, and acknowledgment channels are allocated at the establishment of a TBF, and continue to be used throughout the TBF unless they are reassigned. 
   Associated Control Channel Definitions 
   Several new associated control channels are defined to support the necessary control channel functions while the mobile is active on a traffic channel in the direction that control signaling is required. 
   Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH) 
   A FACCH is associated with each traffic channel defined in 0. Thus the FACCH associated with the DTCH/FS is refered to as FACCH/DFS, for FACCH on a downlink full-rate speech channel. Other FACCH channels are named consistently. Standard FACCH coding as in GSM AMR bearer is used. 
   Dim-and-Burst FACCH (DFACCH) 
   A DFACCH is associated with each traffic channel defined in 0. Thus the DFACCH associated with the UTCH/FS is refered to as DFACCH/UFS. Other DFACCH channels are named consistently. 
   DFACCH coding is for further study beyond the present invention. 
   Burst-Based FACCH (BFACCH) 
   A BFACCH is associated with each traffic channel defined in 0. Thus the BFACCH associated with the DTCH/FS is refered to as BFACCH/DFS. Other BFACCH channels are named consistently. 
   Burst based control messages are transmitted over BFACCH replacing single burst speech or data for fast access, assignment and acknowledgment while on a traffic channel. BFACCH is distinguished from speech or data traffic using a new training sequence or stealing bits. BFACCH channel coding is for further study. 
   Modified Slow Associated Control Channel (MSACCH) 
   A MSACCH is associated with each traffic channel defined in 0. Thus the MSACCH associated with the DTCH/FS is refered to as MSACCH/DFS. Other MSACCH channels are named consistently. 
   A MSACCH is a set of reserved bursts on a periodical basis and has the same structure as SACCH defined for GSM speech traffic channels. 
   Block based signaling messages, e.g. Neighbor Measurement Report, are transmitted over MSACCH. 
   Common Uplink Control Channel Definition 
   Fast Random Access Channel (FRACH) 
   A FRACH is designed to transmit single burst fast contention access messages. The traffic on the FRACH is isolated from the RACH and PRACH. Since the mobiles accessing on the FRACH are assumed to be time-aligned, the guard period on the FRACH burst is shorter and the message size can be larger. The maximum message length on the FRACH is TBD. 
   A FRACH comprises either a full time slot on all bursts (full-rate), or a half time slot on alternate bursts (half-rate). 
   Fast Acknowledgment Channel (FACKCH) 
   A FACKCH is designed to transmit single burst messages to acknowledge assignments and termination directives from the network. FACKCH transmissions occur in reserved bursts. 
   Single burst acknowledgment message is transmitted on FACKCH on a polled basis using a RRBP scheme. This permits multiple burst-based assignment/acknowledgment sequences to be completed within a 20-msec block period and improves the speed and reliability of real-time statistical multiplexing. 
   A FACKCH comprises either a full time slot on all bursts (full-rate), or a half time slot on alternate bursts (half-rate). 
   Uplink Periodic Reservation Channel (UPRCH) 
   An UPRCH is used to transmit signaling messages that need to be updated on a periodic basis, e.g. SID — Update and Neighbor Measurement Report. It is possible that a traffic channel is relinquished (e.g. when a talk spurt ends) before a signaling message (e.g. spans 480 ms) is transmitted completely on the MSACCH. An UPRCH is designed for MSACCH signaling continuity when an uplink traffic channel is released. 
   An UPRCH is released at the assignment of an uplink traffic channel, and is reassigned each time at the release of an uplink traffic channel. 
   A UPRCH comprises either a full time slot on all bursts (full-rate), or a half time slot on alternate bursts (half-rate). The network reserves one of every 26 bursts on a full-rate UPRCH for each voice TBF not in an uplink talk spurt. 26 voice TBFs can simultaneously share a full-rate UPRCH. 
   Uplink Block Message Channel (UBMCH) 
   An UBMCH is designed for block (4 bursts) messages, e.g. RLC signaling, using polled reservation bursts in a RRBP-like scheme. 
   Common Downlink Control Channel Definition 
   Fast Assignment Channel (FASSCH) 
   A FASSCH is designed to transmit single burst assignment and termination messages when there is no downlink traffic allocated to the MS. Different messages are used to assign downlink traffic channels, downlink control channels, uplink traffic channels, and uplink control channels. 
   A FASSCH comprises either a full time slot on all bursts (full-rate), or a half time slot on alternate bursts (half-rate). 
   Downlink Periodic Reservation Channel (DPRCH) 
   A DPRCH is used to transmit signaling messages that need to be updated on a periodic basis, e.g. SID — Update, timing advance, and power control. It is possible that a traffic channel is relinquished (e.g. when a talk spurt ends) before a signaling message (e.g. spans 480 ms) is transmitted completely on the MSACCH. A DPRCH is designed for MSACCH signaling continuity when a downlink traffic channel is released. 
   A DPRCH is released when the downlink traffic channel is assigned, and reassigned each time at the release of the downlink traffic channel. 
   A DPRCH comprises either a full time slot on all bursts (full-rate), or a half time slot on alternate bursts (half-rate). The network reserves one of every 26 bursts on a full-rate DPRCH for each voice TBF not in a downlink talk spurt. 26 voice TBFs can simultaneously share a full-rate DPRCH. 
   Downlink Block Message Channel (DBMCH) 
   A DBMCH is designed for block (4 bursts) messages, e.g. RLC signaling, handover directives, etc. 
   Multiplexing of Common Control Channel 
   The FRACH, FACKCH, UPRCH, FASSCH, and DPRCH may be either full-rate or half-rate control channels. A full-rate control channel uses all bursts in each multiframe. A half-rate control channels uses either every odd or every even burst in each multiframe. 
   These channels are not multiplexed on the same full-rate or half-rate channel. 
   Two different half-rate control or traffic channels may be assigned to the two different phases (all odd or all even) of a slot. Note that the burst allocation for half-rate control channels is compatible with and identical to the burst allocation for half-rate traffic channels. 
   The multiplexing of DBMCH and UBMCH with other common control channel is FFS. 
   Overview of Real Time TBF Operation 
   The definition of TBF (GPRS Phase 1) is enhanced to support RT services. Each RT TBF may be bi-directional (e.g. speech) or unidirectional (e.g. best effort data). The initial establishment of a RT TBF is carried on a PCCCH or CCCH. Each RT TBF has an associated TBF profile. The negotiation of a RT TBF profile during TBF setup includes the QoS requirements and the protocol stack supported by the RAB. 
   Additional information that is exchanged during initial TBF setup includes the following: 
   A temporary MS Access Request Identifier, ARI, is allocated by the network and is sent to the MS. 
   Carrier information (including frequency-hopping sequence) is communicated to the MS, either by broadcast message over PBCCH/BCCH or explicit signaling. The details are FFS. 
   TBF identifier (TBFI) is assigned to the MS per requested TBF. 
   TBF Inactivity Timer is negotiated for RT and NRT data TBFs. It is optional for RT speech TBF (FFS). 
   Once a RT TBF is established, the MS is assigned a set of RT control channels, namely FRACH, FACKCH, UBMCH and UPRCH for uplink signaling, and FASSCH, DBMCH and DPRCH for downlink signaling and control. An UPRCH (or a DPRCH) may be reassigned each time an UTCH (or a DTCH) is released. The rest of the control channels, i.e. FRACH, FACKCH and UBMCH for uplink, and FASSCH and DBMCH for downlink, do not need to be reassigned for the duration of the TBF. 
   The uplink and/or downlink traffic associated with the RT TBF is activated independently using fast access and fast assignment procedures. Additional RT and NRT TBF(s) can be negotiated and established on the RT control channel(s). 
   As shown in  FIG. 4 , an established bi-directional TBF has the following 4 states: TBF Inactive, DL Active, UL Active, and DL and UL Active. The state transition diagram for a single bi-directional RT TBF is shown in  FIG. 6 . The state transitions for a unidirectional RT TBF and NRT TBF (as defined in EGPRS Phase 1) are a subset of the states and allowable transitions associated with bi-directional RT TBF. 
   RT TBF State Definition 
   An established bi-directional RT TBF has four states, as shown in  FIG. 6 . Channel allocation is also shown in  FIG. 5  (Table 1). 
   RT TBF State: DL Inactive 
   In this state, there is no uplink or downlink traffic channel assigned to the MS for the TBF. The MS and the network may independently initiate uplink and downlink traffic, set up a new TBF, end a current TBF, or end all TBFs associated with the MS. The network may also reassign common control channels to the MS. 
   A timer may be associated with this state per RT TBF, which allows the MS to be in TBF established state for a configurable time after the downlink and uplink traffic end. This avoids re-negotiation of the RT TBF profile, should downlink or uplink traffic flow resume within a short period of time. 
   RT TBF State: DL Active 
   In this state, the MS is assigned a downlink traffic channel associated with the RT TBF. Downlink single burst messages are transmitted using BFACCH. Other downlink signaling and control messages are transmitted using FACCH and/or MSACCH. 
   Uplink signaling and control messages are carried on uplink common channels assigned to the MS, which are shared among parallel TBFs the MS may have established. 
   New TBFs may be initiated on the RT control channels. 
   RT TBF State: UL Active 
   In this state, the MS is assigned an uplink traffic channel associated with the RT TBF. 
   Uplink single burst messages are transmitted using BFACCH. Other uplink signaling and control messages are transmitted using FACCH and/or MSACCH. 
   Downlink signaling and control messages are carried on downlink common control channels assigned to the MS, which are shared among parallel TBFs the MS may have established. 
   New TBFs may be initiated on the RT control channels. 
   RT TBF State: DL and UL Active 
   In this state, the MS is assigned an uplink traffic channel and a downlink traffic channel associated with the RT TBF. 
   Both downlink and uplink single burst messages are transmitted using BFACCH. Other signaling and control messages are transmitted using FACCH and/or MSACCH. 
   New TBFs may be initiated on the RT control channels. 
   Procedures Associated with Single RT TBF State Transition 
   A set of procedures is defined to perform the state transitions associated with an RT TBF.  FIG. 6  (table 2) shows the procedures associated with each single RT TBF state transition and the applicable states involved. The definitions and message flows for the procedures are further described below. 
   Control Messages 
   Uplink Signaling and Control Messages 
     FIG. 7  (table 3) provides a summary of the uplink signaling and control messages and the control channels used. 
   Access Request 
   This single burst message is sent over BFACCH if an UTCH is allocated; otherwise it is sent over FRACH. Its usage and contents are further described in Section 0. 
   Acknowledge to Assignment 
   This set of single burst messages is sent over BFACCH if an UTCH is allocated; otherwise they are sent over FACKCH. Their usage and contents are further described later in the section devoted to that issue. 
   AMR Mode Request 
   AMR Mode Request (2 bits) is sent in-band if an UTCH is allocated. Otherwise, it is sent over UPRCH, multiplexed with other periodic signaling messages, e.g. SID Update and Neighbor Measurement Report. The details of the multiplexing of these messages are FFS. 
   SID Update 
   Sid Update is sent over UPRCH, multiplexed with AMR Mode Request and Neighbor Measure Report. 
   Neighbor Measurement Report 
   It is sent over MSACCH if a UTCH is allocated; otherwise, it is sent over UPRCH, multiplexed with other periodic signaling messages, e.g. SID Update and AMR Mode Request. 
   RLC Signaling 
   RLC signaling is sent over a UTCH or UBMCH, according to EGPRS Phase I RLC procedures. 
   End TBF Request 
   This single burst message is sent on BFACCH or FRACH. Its usage and contents are further described below. 
   Downlink Signaling and Control Messages 
     FIG. 8  (table 4) provides a summary of the downlink signaling and control messages, and the RT control channels used. 
   Assignment 
   All Assignment messages are burst based. They are sent over BFACCH if a DTCH is allocated; otherwise they are sent over FASSCH. Their usage and contents are further described below. 
   AMR Mode Command 
   AMR Mode Command (2 bits) is sent inband if a DTCH is allocated. Otherwise, it is sent over DPRCH, multiplexed with other periodic signaling messages, e.g. SID Update and Timing Advance. The details of the multiplexing of these messages are FFS. 
   SID Update 
   SID — Update is sent over DPRCH, multiplexed with AMR Mode Command and Timing Advance. 
   Handover Directives 
   Handover Directives are sent over FACCH if a DTCH is allocated; otherwise they are sent over DBMCH. 
   RLC Signaling 
   RLC signaling is sent over a DTCH or DBMCH, according to EGPRS Phase 1 RLC procedures. 
   Timing Advance 
   Timing Advance is sent over MSACCH if a DTCH is allocated to the MS; otherwise it is sent over DPRCH. 
   Power Control 
   Power Control is sent over MSACCH if a DTCH is allocated to the MS; otherwise it is sent over DPRCH. 
   End TBF Command 
   This single burst message is sent on BFACCH or FASSCH by the network to terminate a single TBF or all TBFs established by the MS. Its contents are further described below. 
   Downlink Burst Message Contents 
     FIG. 9  (table 5) provides a summary of downlink burst messages and their content. 
   Assign UTCH 
   This message is used to allocate an UTCH per specified TBF (identified by TBFI). The ARI field is included for fast contention resolution. 
   Deferred Assign UTCH 
   This message is used to delay assignment of UTCH for the specified TBF (identified by TBFI). The delay field indicates the period for which the mobile must wait for an assignment of uplink resource before it may try again. 
   Assign DTCH 
   This message is used to allocate a DTCH per specified TBF (identified by TBFI). RRBP field is used to indicate the reserved burst for sending the acknowledgment. 
   Assign UPRCH 
   This message is used to allocate an UPRCH to an MS for uplink periodic signaling when there is no UTCH assigned to the MS. The UPRCH is reassigned when an UTCH is released and the periodic uplink signaling on the MSACCH needs to continue on the UPRCH. 
   Assign DPRCH 
   This message is used to allocate a DPRCH to an MS for downlink periodic signaling when there is no DTCH assigned to the MS. The DPRCH is reassigned when a DTCH is released and the periodic downlink signaling on the MSACCH needs to continue on the DPRCH. 
   Assign FRACH 
   This message is used to allocate an uplink FRACH to an MS for fast contention access. A FRACH is assigned to an MS at the initial TBF setup and is usually not changed for the duration of the established TBF. 
   Assign FACKCH 
   This message is used to allocate an uplink FACKCH to an MS for sending acknowledgment on reserved bursts when polled. A FACKCH is assigned to an MS at the initial TBF setup and is usually not changed for the duration of the established TBF. 
   Assign FASSCH 
   This message is used to allocate a downlink FASSCH to an MS for monitoring assignment messages. A FASSCH is assigned to an MS at the initial TBF setup and is usually not changed for the duration of the established TBF. 
   End TBF Command 
   This message is used by the network to terminate one TBF (identified by TBFI) or all TBFs (TBFI=0) established by a MS. 
   Uplink Burst Message Contents 
     FIG. 10  (table 6) provides a summary of uplink burst messages and their contents. 
   Access Request 
   This message is used by an MS to request for UTCH per specified TBF (identified by TBFI). 
   Acknowledge UTCH/DTCH/UPRCH/DPRCH/FRACH/FACKCH/FASSCH 
   The MS uses this set of messages to acknowledge traffic and control channel assignments. 
   Acknowledge End TBF 
   The MS uses this message to acknowledge an End TBF Command. 
   End TBF Request 
   The MS uses this message to request for termination of a TBF or all TBFs (TBFI=0) established by the MS. 
   
     
       
             
           
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
                 
             
             
               Information Element Definition 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
                 
               Length 
                 
             
             
               IE 
               Name 
               (bits) 
               Description 
             
             
                 
             
             
               ARI 
               Access Request 
               9 
               Uniquely identifiers each 
             
             
                 
               Identifier 
                 
               MS on RT control channel 
             
             
               DMT 
               Downlink 
               4 
               Identifies downlink burst 
             
             
                 
               Message Type 
                 
               message type 
             
             
               UMT 
               Uplink 
               4 
               Identifies uplink burst 
             
             
                 
               Message Type 
                 
               message type 
             
             
               TBFI 
               TBF Identifier 
               2 
               Identifies 1 of 3 possible TBFs 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               in use by a MS; 0 identifies all 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               TBFs for a MS 
             
             
               RRBP 
               Relative Reserved 
               2 
               Offset to reserved uplink burst for 
             
             
                 
               Burst Period 
                 
               acknowledgment of assignment 
             
             
               CID 
               Carrier Identifier 
               4 
               Identifies up to 16 carriers in 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               current cell; Carrier descriptions 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               provided on PBCCH or PCCCH 
             
             
               CTS 
               Carrier 
               3 
               Time slot number on assigned 
             
             
                 
               Time Slot 
                 
               carrier. 
             
             
               PH 
               Phase 
               2 
               Indicates full-rate or half-rate, 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               and odd bursts or even bursts 
             
             
               SD 
               Start Delay 
               1 
               Indicates whether to start on 1 st  or 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               2 nd  eligible burst of a radio block 
             
             
               OFF 
               Offset 
               5 
               Frame number in each 26- 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               multiframe for periodic allocation 
             
             
               delay 
               Delay 
               6 
               The number of 40 msec intervals a 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               mobile must wait before it may 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               again try to request an uplink 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               traffic channel 
             
             
               reason 
               Reason Code 
               2 
               Further status for End TBF 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               command/request 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   The BBAA methods described above has been applied to a system for access and assignment to real-time and non-real-time services in GERAN as follows. The following four subsections describe the four key procedures needed to perform real-time scheduling of uplink and downlink traffic channel resources (UTCH and DTCH, respectively) in a system that statistically multiplexes voice, real-time data, and non-real-time data. Each flow of data is called a TBF (temporary block flow). Access requests occur on a fast random access channel (FRACH). Traffic channel assignments occur on either a common fast assignment channel (FASSCH) if the mobile is not on a downlink traffic channel, or on a burst-based fast associated control channel (BFACCH) that steals a single burst from ongoing downlink traffic. One of the four bursts of a traffic channel block is blanked and replaced with a burst-based control message. Acknowledgments to assignments occur on either a common fast acknowledgment channel (FACKCH) if the mobile is not on an uplink traffic channel, or on a BFACCH. At the end of an uplink (downlink) talk spurt or data spurt, the network reallocates an uplink (downlink) periodic reservation channel to allow continuity of slow associated control signaling between the mobile and the network. 
   Start Uplink Traffic (SUT) 
   As shown in  FIG. 11 , a mobile station (MS) uses the SUT procedure to start an uplink traffic flow associated with a TBF. The uplink traffic flow is directed to a base station which is part of a network using GERAN methods. 
   End Uplink Traffic (EUT) 
   As shown in  FIG. 12 , the network and the MS use the EUT procedure to terminate an uplink traffic flow associated with a TBF. 
   Start Downlink Traffic (SDT) 
   As shown in  FIG. 13 , the network uses the SDT procedure to start a downlink traffic flow associated with a TBF. 
   End Downlink Traffic (EDT) 
   As shown in  FIG. 14 , the network uses the EDT procedure to terminate a downlink traffic flow associated with a TBF. 
   Reassign Uplink Traffic (RUT) 
   As shown in  FIG. 15 , the network uses the RUT procedure to assign a new uplink traffic channel to the MS associated with a TBF. 
   Reassign Downlink Traffic (RDT) 
   As shown in  FIG. 16 , the network uses the RDT procedure to assign a new downlink traffic channel to the MS associated with a TBF. 
   Reassign Uplink Control (RUC) 
   As shown in  FIG. 17 , the network uses the RUC procedure to assign a new uplink control channel to the MS. 
   Reassign Downlink Control (RDC) 
   As shown in  FIG. 18 , the network uses the RDC procedure to assign a new downlink control channel to the MS. 
   End TBF (ET) 
   As shown in  FIG. 19 , the ET procedure is used to terminate a TBF or all TBFs. The End TBF procedure may also be used in Error cases for all other scenarios. Whenever error occurs during Assignment, either the MS or the network may abort the on-going procedure using End TBF messages. 
   Performance Results 
   For Interleaving for Half Rate Channels in EGPRS Phase II 
   It is possible to interleave Radio Blocks on EGPRS Phase II (RT-EGPRS) half rate channels over 4 consecutive bursts (denoted 0123/4567 interleaving) or over 4 alternate bursts (denoted even/odd interleaving or 0246/1357 interleaving). 
   The choice of interleaving scheme is based on the following considerations: present half duplex operation; amount of delay in starting talkspurt; length of play out delay; amount of multiplexing of voice and data traffic; and link level performance. 
   In the following, the performance of both interleaving approaches are evaluated in the above areas under the operational assumptions of Scenario  4  (statistical multiplexing support for voice users). 
   Half Duplex Operation 
   Higher efficiency can be achieved through statistical multiplexing when a large pool of resources is available for assignment. However, half duplex (i.e., Type I) mobile stations constrain the channels that can be assigned in the uplink and downlink directions. This impacts the resources available for assignment of traffic and control channels. The resource constraints imposed by a half duplex mobile station may differ depending on its functions during different periods of activity. The periods of activity to be considered are as follows:
         No traffic in either direction—assignment of uplink control channels is constrained by downlink control channels and vice versa   Traffic in the downlink only—assignment of downlink traffic channel is constrained by uplink control channels and vice versa   Traffic in the uplink only—assignment of uplink traffic channel is constrained by downlink control channels and vice versa   Traffic in both directions—assignment of uplink traffic channel is constrained by downlink traffic channel and vice versa       

   As an illustrative example, consider the case where an uplink talkspurt is in progress, and a downlink talkspurt is just starting.  FIG. 20  shows the half rate channels to which a downlink talkspurt for a Class 1 mobile station can be allocated when 0246/1357 interleaving is assumed. If the mobile is assumed to be active during odd (1357) bursts on uplink time slot  5  (which overlaps with downlink time slot  0 ), then on the downlink it can be allocated even bursts on time slots  3  through  7  and odd bursts on time slots  0  through  4 . Therefore, it can be assigned to 10 of 16 possible half rate channels on the downlink. If consecutive burst (0123/4567) interleaving is assumed, the mobile station can only be assigned to 7 out of 16 possible half rate channels on the downlink (see  FIG. 21 ).  FIGS. 22 and 23  illustrate the corresponding resource availability for a Class 8 mobile station. In both cases, for these classes of mobile stations that the resource pool available for assignment of traffic channels is 43% larger with 0246/1357 interleaving than with 0123/4567 interleaving can be observed. 
     FIG. 20  shows a resource pool to which a downlink talkspurt for a Class 1 (half duplex, single slot capable, T ta =3, T rb =2, T tb =T ra =0) MS may be allocated; 4 burst interleaving is assumed where interleaving is carried out over alternate (odd/even) bursts. 
     FIG. 21  shows a resource pool to which a downlink talkspurt for a Class 1 (half duplex, single slot capable, T ta =3, T rb =2, T tb =T ra =0) MS may be allocated; 4 burst interleaving is assumed where interleaving is carried out over consecutive bursts. 
     FIG. 22  shows a resource pool to which downlink transmissions for a Class 8 (half duplex, downlink 4-slot capable, T ta =4, T rb =1, T tb =T ra =0) MS may be allocated; 4 burst interleaving is assumed where interleaving is carried out over alternate bursts. 
     FIG. 23  shows a resource pool to which downlink transmissions for a Class 8 (half duplex, downlink 4-slot capable, T ta =4, T rb =1, T tb =T ra =0) MS may be allocated; 4 burst interleaving is assumed where interleaving is carried out over consecutive bursts. 
     FIG. 24  shows bursts on which a downlink talkspurt may start for a Class 1 (half duplex, single slot capable, T ta =3, T rb =2, T tb =T ra =0) MS; alternate burst interleaving is assumed. 
     FIG. 25  shows bursts on which a downlink talkspurt may start for a Class 1 (half duplex, single slot capable, T ta =3, T rb =2, T tb =T ra =0) MS; consecutive burst interleaving is assumed. 
   Delay in Starting Talkspurt 
   Again, consider the case of the mobile that is active during odd (1357) bursts on uplink time slot  5  (which overlaps with downlink time slot  0 ). Then on the downlink it can be allocated even bursts on time slots  3  through  7  and odd bursts on time slots  0  through  4 .  FIG. 24  shows the bursts during which a downlink talkspurt may start for a Class 1 mobile station when 0246/1357 interleaving is used.  FIG. 6  shows the bursts during which a downlink talkspurt may start when 0123/4567 interleaving is used. 
   Given an available half rate channel on the downlink, that can be assigned to the Class 1 mobile (under the duplex constraints), the following can be observed: 
   Granularity in Start Time for Transmission (see  FIGS. 24 and 25 ) 
   The granularities for  FIGS. 24 and 25  are 40 ms for 0123/4567 interleaving and 10 ms for 0246/1357 interleaving if it is assumed that the interleaving sequence can start on any burst 
   Average Delay to Start (see  FIGS. 24 and 25 ) 
   The average delays in  FIGS. 24 and 25  are 20 ms for 0123/4567 interleaving and 5 ms for 0246/1357 interleaving 
   Play Out Delay 
     FIG. 26  shows a half rate speech and data channels on a single time slot; start of a talkspurt is shown for the half rate speech user assuming chain interleaving over “even” bursts. 
   Assume that a talkspurt is assigned to begin in burst  0 . The 0246/1357 interleaving begins with a half-block transmission of the first speech frame in bursts  0 , 2 . The 0123/4567 interleaving begins with the transmission of the first two speech frames in bursts  0 , 1 , 2 , 3 .  FIG. 26  shows that for the 0246/1357 interleaving, speech frames  0 ,  1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 ,  5  and  6 , become available at the receiver at the end of bursts:  2 ,  6 ,  10 ,  16 ,  20 ,  24  and  28 , respectively.  FIG. 28  shows the corresponding availability for the 0123/4567 interleaving are at the end of bursts:  3 ,  3 ,  11 ,  11 ,  20 ,  20 ,  29 , respectively.  FIG. 27  is a table that shows the speech frame arrivals and play out instants with different interleaving approaches. In  FIG. 27  the end of burst  0  occurs at 0.0 ms. Note that the play out delay is determined by the maximum delay experienced by any one of the speech frames during any multiframe. From  FIG. 27  it can therefore be observed that the two schemes are equivalent in terms of play out delay. For 0246/1357 interleaving, the play out delay is determined by speech frame  3 ; for 0123/4567 interleaving, by speech frames  1  and  6 . In either case the delay is 14 msec after the transmission of burst  0 . 
     FIG. 28  shows half rate speech and data channels on a single time slot; start of a talkspurt is shown for the half rate speech user assuming 0123/4567 interleaving. 
   Multiplexing of Voice and Data Traffic 
   There are two half rate channels on each time slot. If a half rate voice user is assigned one of the half rate traffic channels for a talkspurt, then the other half rate channel is available for voice or data traffic.  FIGS. 26 and 28  show the case where one half rate channel on a time slot is used for speech and the other is used for data. For data transfer on a half rate channel, the modulation and coding schemes (MCS- 1  to MCS- 9 ) standardiz7ed for EGPRS Phase I are applicable with both 0123/4567 interleaving and 0246/1357 interleaving. Therefore, the ability to multiplex voice and data traffic is equivalent for both interleaving approaches. 
   Link Level Performance 
   The link level performance of both interleaving approaches is equivalent if ideal frequency hopping is assumed. However, with non-ideal frequency hopping or without frequency hopping, the error performance is expected to be different. Simulations were carried out with 0123/4567 interleaving and 0246/1357 interleaving in order to assess the resulting half rate channel error performance. 
   The simulation assumptions are as follows:
         7.4 kbps AMR vocoder mode (Class 1a bits=48, Class 1b bits=48, Class 2 bits=52)   Equal Error Protection (EEP)   CRC assumed on Class 1a bits   Punctured rate ⅓ convolutional coding   QPSK modulation   Typical Urban (TU), Bad Urban (BU) and Hilly Terrain (HT) models   Ideal frequency hopping and no frequency hopping       

   A 24 bit USF and 124 bit coded header are assumed in each set of 4 bursts consisting of coded bits from 2 speech frames. However, the relative differences in performance between iFH and non FH over various delay spreads are not expected to be significantly different if the USF and header are eliminated. 
   The performance of the 2 different interleaving schemes for HR channels is summarized in the table of  FIG. 27 . With ideal FH, the performance of 0246/1357 is slightly worse than 0123/4567 interleaver. However, with no frequency hopping, the proposed interleaving scheme (0246/1357) shows a gain of 1.0 dB over the 0123/4567 interleaver for a slow fading typical urban channel. The proposed interleaver exhibits a modest gain of 0.4–0.8 dB even in a fast fading channel. 
     FIG. 29  is a table showing performance of the two interleaving schemes with QPSK modulation. 
   In summary, the alternate (0246/1357) burst interleaving for half rate channels offers the following advantages: larger resource pools for statistical multiplexing under half duplex constraints imposed by mobile station class; lower delay to the start of a talkspurt; and better link level performance when there is no frequency hopping or when frequency hopping is non-ideal. The ability to multiplex voice and data and the play out delays for speech are equivalent for both interleaving approaches. Therefore, it is concluded that 0246/1357 offers significant advantages without any penalties, and is the preferred approach for EGPRS Phase II half rate channels. 
   Burst Error Performance 
   In order to evaluate uplink and downlink burst error performance, it was assumed that uplink and downlink burst-based messages contain 28 information bits protected by 6 CRC bits. The error correction code selected here is a ⅓-rate convolutional code with constraint length 5. GMSK modulation is assumed and the training sequence consists of 26 bits. It should be mentioned that these assumptions have been used as an indicative example for these simulations only and they do not correspond to the final design of the control messages. 
   In  FIG. 30  the simulation results on the word error performance of single-burst messages are presented. Two curves are presented, one for a single antenna case (which may be considered to represent the downlink) and one for a two branch antenna case (applicable to the uplink). For C/I=9 dB (which can be considered as a “worst case”), the BLER on the downlink is 0.1 whilst on the uplink it is 0.01. These values were used as inputs to the random access channel simulator. 
   Performance of the Access and Assignment Method and System 
   Simulation Model 
   In this section simulation results on the performance of the proposed technique are presented. Voice traffic only is considered. An exponential on-off model has been used for voice activity modeling. The average on period is 1 sec while the average off period is 1.35 sec, resulting in an average voice activity of 42.5%. As a performance metric, the probability that the access and assignment cycle fails to be completed within 40 msec (Access Failure Probability) was chosen. This time period includes the time it takes for the downlink message to be sent and read by the MS (assignment delay). Both uplink and downlink messages are based on single burst transmission. 
   The performance of the system heavily depends upon capture effect assumptions. Under moderate load on the random access channel, it may happen that two or more access bursts arrive at the receiving base station simultaneously. In this case it is possible that one (or more than one) of these access bursts is successfully decoded and this is referred to as capture. It is well known that capture improves the performance of ALOHA-based random access schemes. Normally power capture models are considered where several bursts with significantly different power levels arrive at the receiver and the strongest of them captures the receiver. However, capture is possible through improved signal processing even in the case where the received powers are almost the same. These methods are FFS. Here, results for the following scenarios are presented:
     No capture; and   Power capture (at most one message can be recovered).   

   In the following description, simulation results on the performance of the random access mechanism are presented. Each simulation point corresponds to 10 simulation runs for a fixed number of calls. Each run simulates 15 minutes of actual voice traffic. An exponential backoff algorithm with four states is assumed. Once a talkspurt has been generated an access message is immediately sent in the next available random access burst. In case the MS does not receive an acknowledgement in the next 5 msec, the next random access slot is accessed with probability a −1  where a is the base of the backoff algorithm. For these simulations the base of the algorithm is 2 in the case of no capture and 1.2 in the case where capture is taken into account. After a second/third access/assignment failure the access probability is reduced to a 2  or a −3  respectively. In case more than 3 failures occur, the access probability is not further reduced. The backoff algorithm is a way to avoid protocol instability under heavy load. Alternative stabilization techniques are also possible and are FFS. 
     FIG. 31  presents simulation results for the no capture case and it is shown that if the access failure probability is not to exceed a value of 10 −2 , then only up to 12 simultaneous calls can be supported.  FIG. 32  corresponds to the power capture case and under the same requirement up to 60 calls can be supported without the access failure probability exceeding 10 −2 . 
   Comparison with Block Based Assignment 
   Also simulated was the performance of an access algorithm, which is based on a 20 msec downlink granularity. According to that technique a MS which needs to send an uplink access message randomly selects 3 out of the 8 available random access bursts in the next 40 msec and “fires” in all of them. The base station collects four uplink access messages (within 20 msec) and responds with a 4-burst interleaved message on the downlink to the successful MS, in the next 20 msec. The main advantage of this technique is the increased robustness of the downlink transmissions due to the increased interleaving depth (as compared to the single burst based downlink transmission). 
   In these simulations it is assumed that the downlink BLER for CIR=9 dB (TU50, ideal Frequency Hopping) is 0.4% as compared to the 10% value assumed for the single burst transmission. The assumption here is that up to 4 assignment/acknowledgement messages can be transmitted in a 4-burst downlink message. The coding of the individual messages is the same as in the single burst case (6 CRC bits and ⅓-rate convolutional code with 4 tail bits). However, transmission of assignments to multiple mobile stations within a single message is inefficient due to low packing and is incompatible with deployments that use smart antennas and power control. Moreover, with a block based scheme, a 40 ms delay budget can be satisfied only by access attempts in the first 20 ms period. Access attempts in the second 20 ms period are wasted and only increase the load on the access channel. As a result, the performance of this scheme is also studied with a relaxed 60 ms delay budget. 
   The overall access delay is significantly increased due to the fact that in the best case scenario, the minimum access delay becomes 40 msec (from the moment a talkspurt is generated until the base station successfully acknowledges the receipt of the uplink access message). The performance results for the (3,8) algorithm are illustrated in  FIGS. 33 and 34  for no capture and power capture respectively. Two performance indices have been used for this scheme. The first is the probability of access failure within 40 msec (as for the burst based scheme) and the access failure probability within 60 msec. The target value of 10 −2  for the first criterion (40 msec) is not met in any of the cases. By relaxing the criterion to 60 msec, with no capture it is possible to support up to 15 calls and with power capture up to 30 calls on the same random access channel. 
   By making use of capture techniques according to the present invention, it is possible to support more than 60 simultaneous calls on a single burst based access and assignment channel with a 40 msec delay budget. This corresponds to a successful access rate of 60/2.35=25.5 accesses per second. Schemes based on 20 msec granularity require at least a 60 msec delay budget. Conversational speech cannot afford the additional 20 msec delay. Simulated results have shown that the proposed burst based access and assignment offers a significant performance advantage with a shorter delay budget. Moreover, the burst based access and assignment channels may be deployed efficiently with aggressive reuse, smart antennas and power control, further improving the overhead efficiency. 
   Capacity and Control Channel Overhead for Statistical Multiplexing of Voice in EGPRS Phase II 
   This portion describes control channel overhead requirements for statistical multiplexing and presents the achievable capacity gains over circuit-voice in blocking-limited deployments. 
   Speech Model 
   On-Off Model 
   An on-off speech model with a mean talkspurt of length T and mean silence period of length S is assumed. In particular, for the results given in this section T=1.0 sec, and S=1.35 sec will be used. 
   Voice Activity Detection (VAD) 
   An appropriate voice activity detector suitable for statistical multiplexing must be designed. The VAD imposes a hangover (H) period on the talkspurt so that the talkspurt and silence durations at the output of the VAD are modified as follows:
 
 T ( VAD )= T+H  
 
 S ( VAD )= S−H  
 
   For a hangover interval of 160 msec, the results T(VAD)=1.16 sec, and S(VAD)=1.19 sec. are obtained 
   Multiplexing Gain 
   With the above speech model, the multiplexing gain is bounded by (S(VAD+T(VAD))/T(VAD)=2.03. The actual achievable multiplexing gain is further limited by the delay constraints and the control channel overhead. To compute the control channel overhead, it is assumed that the carrier deployment is with n carriers,
 
Number of simultaneous calls= G ×(1 −c )× N  
         where, G=Statistical Multiplexing Gain   c=fraction of channels needed for control overhead   N=Number of channels=8n for full rate channels (n carriers)=16n for half rate channels (n carriers)       

   As a first approximation, G×(1−c)=1.5 is assumed, i.e., a 50% gain over circuit voice after accounting for control channel overhead. Note that this factor is only being assumed to compute the control channel overhead. The actual achievable gain will be shown below. 
   Computation of Control Channel Overhead for Statistical Multiplexing 
   Control functions are mapped to control channels defined specifically for EGPRS Phase II above. 
   Uplink Control Channels: Offered Load and Capacity 
   Access Rate on FRACH 
   
       
       
         
           1 access is required per uplink talkspurt, i.e., over a period of T+S. That is, random access rate on the FRACH=1/(T+S) bursts/sec/call. 
         
       
     
  
   The capacity of the FRACH has been computed to be 25.5 accesses per second (ETSI Capture Model). 
   Polled Burst Access Rate 
   Fast acknowledgments for downlink traffic and control channel assignments, and uplink control channel assignments are carried on a burst message channel. To ensure acceptable assignment delays, the utilization of the fast burst message channel is kept below 60% or 120 bursts per second. 
   The following messages are to be carried on this channel:
         ACKs to downlink assignments (1 per downlink talkspurt).   ACKs to downlink control channel assignments (1 per downlink silence period).   ACKs to uplink control channel assignments (1 per uplink silence period).       

   Hence the offered reserved burst message rate is 3/(T+S) bursts/sec/call 
   Reserved Periodic Allocation 
   AMR Mode Request+AMR SID Updates+Neighbor measurements are carried on a reserved periodic allocation. It is assumed that the required rate is 1 burst per 120 msec in every uplink silent period=8(S/(T+S)) bursts/sec/call. 
   It is further assumed that the delay requirements on the Initial SID Update and the periodic allocation are not stringent, so that these channels may be utilized heavily. Also, it is assumed that the capacity is 200 bursts or 50 blocks per second. 
   Downlink Control Channels: Offered Load and Capacity 
   Fast Burst Message Rate 
   Fast messages for downlink traffic channel assignments, and uplink traffic and control channel assignments are carried on a burst message channel. To ensure acceptable assignment delays, the utilization of the fast burst message channel is kept below 60% or 120 bursts per second. 
   The following messages are to be carried on this channel:
         Downlink traffic channel assignments (1 per downlink talkspurt).   Uplink traffic channel assignments (1 per uplink talkspurt).   Uplink control channel assignments (1 per uplink silence period).       

   Hence the offered reserved burst message rate is 3/(T+S) bursts/sec/call 
   Periodic Allocation 
   AMR Mode Request+AMR SID Updates+Timing Updates+Power Control Commands are carried on a reserved periodic allocation. It is assumed that the required rate is 1 burst per 120 msec in every downlink silent period=8(S/(T+S)) bursts/sec/call. 
   It is also assumed that the delay requirements on the Initial SID Update and the periodic allocation are not stringent, so that these channels may be utilized heavily. It is further assumed that the capacity is 200 bursts or 50 blocks per second. Unless single burst format is defined on the downlink, all this traffic must be carried in blocks resulting in significantly higher overhead 
   Control Channel Overhead 
   Based on the above offered message traffic and control channel capacity estimates, the overhead values shown in Table of Computation of Control Overhead,  FIG. 35 , have been computed.  FIG. 35  shows a table of computation of control overhead slots for half rate speech channels, as a function of number of carriers (n) in the deployment. 
   The following conclusions were drawn from simulation results: uplink overhead is dominant; downlink slots not used for control allow additional capacity for data; control overhead is approximately 15% of the total slots (10% on the downlink); and single burst downlink message formats are required in order to reduce control overhead and provide fast assignments. 
   Capacity in Blocking Limited Deployments 
   From the control channel overhead calculations it can be concluded that the control channel overhead for half rate speech is around 15%. Referring to  FIG. 36  a table of statistical multiplexing capacity for full rate speech is shown. In  FIG. 37  a similar table is shown, but for statistical multiplexing capacity for half rate speech. 
   In Tables in  FIGS. 36 and 37 , to obtain conservative estimates of multiplexing gain, a 25% overhead for control channels was used. Column 2 shows the number of slots (or half-slots) corresponding to the number of carriers in column 1. This is also the number of circuit-mode voice calls that can be carried. Column 3 shows the number of slots available for statistical multiplexing. This is obtained as 0.75 times the number of slots (or half-slots) in column 2 (i.e., a 25% reduction due to control channel overhead). 
   Columns 4 and 5 show the results obtained from a simulation of statistical multiplexing of speech. The simulation assumptions are as follows:
         Blocking limited   No duplexer constraint for uplink and downlink assignments   High capacity random access channel   Speech Model: T=1.0 sec, S=1.35 sec.   Hangover period H=160 ms, resultant activity factor (T+H)/(T+S)=1.16/2.35=0.49       

   When the number of slots (or half-slots) is large, statistical multiplexing gains approaching the bound of (S+T)/(T+H)=2.03 are achieved. For example, 280/144=1.94. However, the gain over circuit voice must account for the control channel overhead. The resultant gain is therefore 280/192=1.43 (or 43%). From the tables shown in  FIGS. 36 and 37  it was concluded that in blocking limited deployments, capacity gains in the range of 25–50% are achievable with statistical multiplexing compared to circuit voice. A significant advantage over previous systems and methods. 
   Thus, it will now be understood that there has been disclosed a new, advantageous method for statistically multiplexing real-time and non-real-time voice and data traffic in a wireless system. While the invention has been particularly illustrated and described with reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that changes in form, details and applications may be made therein. It is accordingly intended that the appended claims shall cover all such changes in form, details and applications which do not depart from the true spirit and scope of the invention.