Abstract:
A method for comparing phases of two signals including placing a first output node in a floating state, detecting a first edge of a first signal on a first input node after placing the first output node in the floating state, coupling the first edge of the first signal to the first output node and resetting the first output node to the floating state after coupling the first edge of the first signal to the first output node. A system for comparing phases of two signals can also be included.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    The present invention relates generally to phase-locked loop (PLL) circuits, and more particularly, to methods and systems for detecting the phase-frequency in a PLL circuit. 
         [0002]    Phase-Frequency detectors are commonly used in phase-locked loop (PLL) circuits. PLL&#39;s are often used as part of input/output (I/O) portions microprocessors and in clock signal generating circuits.  FIG. 1A  is a schematic diagram of a typical PLL circuit  100  used in frequency synthesis. The PLL includes a phase-frequency detector (PFD)  102 , a charge-pump  104 , a loop filter  106 , a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)  108  and a frequency divider  110 . The function of each of these components is described as follows. 
         [0003]    The PFD  102  detects a phase difference between the edges of a reference clock  122  and a second signal (e.g., a feedback clock)  124 . The PFD  102  produces two output signals: a pump-up signal  132  and a pump-down signal  134 . The width of the pump-up signal  132  and pump-down signal  134  is proportional to a detected phase difference between the reference clock  122  and the feedback clock  124 . A PFD  102  can also be used in any other circuit where the phases of two signals are compared to produce one or more output signals proportional to the phase difference of the input signals. 
         [0004]    The charge-pump  104  responds to the pump-up signal  132  and pump-down signal  134  output by the PFD  102  to deliver a net amount of charge to the loop filter  106  proportional to the phase difference between the reference clock  122  and the feedback clock  124 . The loop filter  106  converts the current  136  delivered by the charge-pump  104  into a loop filter voltage  142 . The loop filter voltage  142  is then applied to the VCO  108  to adjust or tune the frequency of the VCO clock output signal  152 . The VCO  108  varies its frequency of oscillation in response to the loop filter voltage  142 . The VCO  108  typically uses a transfer function in Hertz/Volt to produce a VCO clock output signal  152  with a frequency corresponding to the loop filter voltage  142 . 
         [0005]    The frequency divider  110  divides the frequency of VCO clock output signal  152  by a selected division ratio (N). The resulting frequency of the signal  124  output by the frequency divider  110  is 1/N of the frequency of the VCO output signal  152 . If the PLL  100  is locked on a selected frequency of the VCO clock output signal  152 , the frequency of feedback clock  124  is equal to that of the reference clock  122 . The phase of the feedback clock  124  is also coincidental with the phase of the reference clock  122 . It can also be said that the PLL  100  multiplies the frequency of the reference clock  122  by a factor of N. 
         [0006]    Unfortunately VCOs typically produce a significant portion of jitter. Jitter is defined as slight shifts in phase of the VCO clock output signal  152 . The frequency of operation of microprocessors is ever increasing over time. By way of example, some I/O circuits have 4 Gbps cycle rates and in the future will be 8 Gbps and even faster. This requires clocks of higher and higher frequencies or clocks cycles of corresponding shorter periods. The amount of jitter that the microprocessor can tolerate in the shorter duration clocks is smaller for shorter clock periods. Acceptable jitter is normally specified in unit intervals or UI that is a fraction of the clock period. Restated, even if the jitter specification is unchanged (i.e., the same UI) the absolute amount of time allotted for jitter will be actually be reduced for clocks with shorter periods. Therefore there is a need for systems and methods for reducing jitter in the VCO clock output signal  152 . 
       SUMMARY 
       [0007]    Broadly speaking, the present invention fills these needs by providing systems and methods for reducing clock jitter. It should be appreciated that the present invention can be implemented in numerous ways, including as a process, an apparatus, a system, computer readable media, or a device. Several inventive embodiments of the present invention are described below. 
         [0008]    One embodiment provides a method for comparing phases of two signals including placing a first output node in a floating state, detecting a first edge of a first signal on a first input node after placing the first output node in the floating state, coupling the first edge of the first signal to the first output node and resetting the first output node to the floating state after coupling the first edge of the first signal to the first output node. 
         [0009]    The floating state of the first output node can include deactivating a current source connected to the first output node and deactivating a current sink connected to the first output node. The current sink can be deactivating at the same time or before the current source is deactivating. 
         [0010]    Resetting the first output node to the floating state after coupling the first edge of the first signal to the first output node can include resetting the first output node to the floating state after a sufficient time delay for the first output node to achieve a voltage corresponding to the first edge of the first signal. 
         [0011]    The method can also include placing a second output node in a floating state, detecting a first edge of a second signal on a second input node after placing the second output node in the floating state, coupling the first edge of the second signal to the second output node and resetting the second output node to the floating state after coupling the first edge of the second signal to the second output node. 
         [0012]    Resetting the first output node to the floating state after coupling the first edge of the first signal to the first output node and resetting the second output node to the floating state after coupling the first edge of the second signal to the second output node can include resetting the first output node and the second output node to the floating state after a sufficient time delay for the first output node and the second output node to achieve an equal signal level. The first output node and the second output node can achieve an equal signal level for a time duration substantially equal to a phase difference between the first input signal and the second input signal. 
         [0013]    The first signal can be a reference signal and the second signal can be a feedback signal. The second signal can be a feedback signal from a voltage controlled oscillator. 
         [0014]    Another embodiment provides a circuit for comparing phases of two signals. The circuit includes a first input circuit including a first input node, a first output node coupled to the first input node through a first input semiconductor switch, a current source coupled to the first output node through a first source semiconductor switch, and a current sink coupled in series with the first input semiconductor switch through a first sink semiconductor switch. The circuit also includes a first reset circuit having a first input coupled to the first output node and an output coupled to the first sink semiconductor switch and a second reset circuit having an input coupled to the first output node and the second reset circuit includes an output coupled to the to the first source semiconductor switch, the first reset circuit and the second reset circuit capable of placing the first output node in a floating state. 
         [0015]    The first reset circuit can be capable of deactivating the first source semiconductor switch, wherein the first sink semiconductor switch is deactivated at substantially the same time or before the first source semiconductor switch is deactivated. The input of the second reset circuit can be coupled to the output of the first reset circuit. 
         [0016]    The circuit can also include a second input circuit including a second input node, a second output node coupled to the second input node through a second input semiconductor switch, the current source coupled to the second output node through a second source semiconductor switch and the current sink coupled in series with the second input semiconductor switch through a second sink semiconductor switch. 
         [0017]    The first reset circuit can include a second input coupled to the second output node and a second output of the first reset switch is coupled to the second sink semiconductor switch and wherein the output of the second reset circuit is coupled to the to the second source semiconductor switch, the first reset circuit and the second reset circuit capable of placing the second output node in a floating state. 
         [0018]    The first reset circuit can include a second input coupled to the second output node and the output of the first reset switch is coupled to the second sink semiconductor switch and wherein the output of the second reset circuit is coupled to the to the second source semiconductor switch, the first reset circuit and the second reset circuit capable of placing the second output node in a floating state. 
         [0019]    The first reset circuit can include a second input coupled to the second output node and the output of the first reset circuit is coupled to the second sink semiconductor switch, the second reset circuit capable of deactivating the second sink semiconductor switch and wherein the output of the second reset circuit output is coupled to the second source semiconductor switch, the second reset circuit capable of deactivating the second source semiconductor switch, wherein the first sink semiconductor switch and the second sink semiconductor switch are deactivated at substantially the same time or before the first source semiconductor switch and the second source semiconductor switch are deactivated. 
         [0020]    The first signal can be a reference signal and the second signal can be a feedback signal. The second signal can be a feedback signal from a voltage controlled oscillator. The first reset circuit can be capable of deactivating the first source semiconductor switch, wherein the first sink semiconductor switch is deactivated at substantially the same time or before the first source semiconductor switch is deactivated. 
         [0021]    Yet another embodiment provides a circuit for comparing phases of two signals. The circuit includes a first input circuit including a first input node, a first output node coupled to the first input node through a first input semiconductor switch, a current source coupled to the first output node through a first source semiconductor switch and a current sink coupled in series with the first input semiconductor switch through a first sink semiconductor switch. The circuit also includes a second input circuit including a second input node a second output node coupled to the second input node through a second input semiconductor switch, the current source coupled to the second output node through a second source semiconductor switch and the current sink coupled in series with the second input semiconductor switch through a second sink semiconductor switch. The circuit also includes a first reset circuit having a first input coupled to the first output node and an output coupled to the first sink semiconductor switch and a second reset circuit having an input coupled to the first output node and the second reset circuit includes an output coupled to the to the first source semiconductor switch, the first reset circuit and the second reset circuit capable of placing the first output node in a floating state, wherein the first reset circuit includes a second input coupled to the second output node and the output of the first reset circuit is coupled to the second sink semiconductor switch, the second reset circuit capable of deactivating the second sink semiconductor switch and wherein the output of the second reset circuit output is coupled to the second source semiconductor switch, the second reset circuit capable of deactivating the second source semiconductor switch, wherein the first sink semiconductor switch and the second sink semiconductor switch are deactivated at substantially the same time or before the first source semiconductor switch and the second source semiconductor switch are deactivated. 
         [0022]    Other aspects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, illustrating by way of example the principles of the invention. 
     
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0023]    The present invention will be readily understood by the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
           [0024]      FIG. 1A  is a schematic diagram of a typical PLL circuit used in frequency synthesis. 
           [0025]      FIGS. 1B and 1C  are schematic diagrams of two of the most common topologies of linear PFDs that can be used to perform the function of the PFD. 
           [0026]      FIGS. 1D and 1E  are graphical representations of the corresponding waveforms for the reference clock leading the feedback clock in a PFD. 
           [0027]      FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram of an improved PFD, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0028]      FIG. 4  is a flowchart of the method operations performed by the PFDs, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0029]      FIGS. 5A and 5B  are graphical representations of the corresponding waveforms compared to time for the reference clock leading the feedback clock in a PFD, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0030]    Several exemplary embodiments for systems and methods for reducing clock jitter will now be described. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without some or all of the specific details set forth herein. 
         [0031]    One embodiment uses a higher frequency reference clock  122 ′ to reduce jitter in the VCO clock output signal  152 . The higher frequency of the reference clock  122 ′ is limited only by the highest frequency that the PLL circuit can tolerate. In addition to reducing jitter, the higher frequency reference clock  122 ′ also provides a higher frequency refresh rate of the PLL, improved noise filtering and a simpler frequency divider. 
         [0032]    The PLL will have a higher frequency refresh rate because the PLL will be refreshed or updated at the same higher frequency of the reference clock  122 ′. As a result, the corrections are applied to the PLL circuit more often. 
         [0033]    The noise filtering is improved because the PLL acts as a low-pass filter to filter out phase noise and the jitter resulting therefrom that may be a result of the reference clock  122 . Therefore, for a given bandwidth, the noise produced by a higher frequency reference clock  122 ′ will be better filtered by the low-pass filter action of the PLL. 
         [0034]    The frequency divider  110  can be simpler because the PLL  100  performs a simpler frequency multiplication with a higher frequency reference clock  122 ′. More specifically, once the PLL  100  is locked on a frequency, the frequency of the VCO clock  152  is N times the frequency of the reference clock  122 ′, where N is the division ratio of the divider  110 . Therefore, for a selected output frequency of the VCO clock  152  the division ratio N of the divider  110  will be smaller for a higher frequency reference clock  122 ′ than for a typical frequency reference clock  122 . By way of example if a desired output frequency of the VCO clock  152  is 10 GHz, and the reference clock  122  is 1 GHz, then N must be equal to 10 to achieve the output frequency of 10 GHz. Alternatively, if the higher frequency reference clock  122 ′ is 5 GHz, then N must only be equal to 2 to achieve the output frequency of 10 GHz. A lower division ratio (N) requires a simpler frequency divider  110  than a higher division ratio. The simpler frequency divider  110  can require fewer components. Therefore, the simpler frequency divider  110  can be smaller, more reliable and consume less power. 
         [0035]    Noise injected at the VCO causes phase shifts in the VCO clock output  152 . A loop with a higher bandwidth will correct for such phase shifts more quickly than a loop with smaller bandwidth. Filtering is achieved for the same bandwidth but if the amount of filtering was already acceptable for the lower frequency reference clock  122  then by increasing the frequency of the reference clock to the higher frequency reference clock  122 ′ the frequency of the noise injection caused by the reference clock also increases, therefore the loop bandwidth can be increased without compromising the filtering action on the injection while at the same time making the loop more agile to clean VCO noise. As a result, the overall causes of jitter within the VCO are reduced. Further bandwidth increase is possible given the fact that phase degradation in the loop caused by the delay through the divider is smaller for a given bandwidth, due to the smaller division ratio. As a result, the same phase margin could be achieved at a higher bandwidth. 
         [0036]      FIGS. 1B and 1C  are schematic diagrams of two of the most common topologies of linear PFDs  102 ′ and  102 ″ that can be used to perform the function of the PFD  102 . The PFD  102 ′ in  FIG. 1B  is based on nand gates  160 A- 160 J and inverters  161 A- 161 F with reset  168 . The PFD  102 ″ in  FIG. 1C  is based on D flip-flops  170 A and  170 B, inverter  172 , nand gate  174 , with reset  168 ′. 
         [0037]      FIGS. 1D and 1E  are graphical representations of the corresponding waveforms for the reference clock  122  leading the feedback clock  124  in a PFD. The rising edge of the reference clock  122  initiates the pump-up output  132  and the rising edge of the feedback clock  124  initiates the rising edge of the pump-down output  134 . The reset signal  180 A (and/or reset_not signal  180 B) are initiated at a time delay after both the reference clock  122  and the feedback clock  124  are high. The reset signal (and/or reset_not signal  180 B) reset the pump-up output  132  and the pump-down output  134 . Referring now to  FIG. 1D , if the rising edge of the reference clock  122  leads the rising edge of the feedback clock  124 , then the pulse width of the pump up signal  132  is wider than the pulse width of the pump down signal  134  resulting in a net pump-up shown as the I-out signal  136 . Referring now to  FIG. 1E , if the rising edge of the feedback clock  124  leads the rising edge of the reference clock  122 , then the pulse width of the pump down signal  134  is wider than the pulse width of the pump up signal  132  resulting in a net pump-down shown as the I-out signal  136 . If the rising edge of the feedback clock  124  and the rising edge of the reference clock  122  occur simultaneously, then the pulse width of the pump down signal  134  is the same as the pulse width of the pump up signal  132  resulting in a zero net pump-up or pump-down (i.e., I-out signal  136 =0). 
         [0038]    Referring now to  FIGS. 1A ,  1 D and  1 E, the I-out signal  136  is produced by the charge-pump  104  in response to the pump up signal  132  and the pump down signal  134 . More specifically, the pump up signal  132  causes the current to be sourced by the current source  135 A. The current provided by the current source  135 A is applied to the loop filter  106 , if the current sink  135 B is not sinking the current (i.e., current sink  135 B is disabled because pump-down signal  134  is not applied to the current sink  135 B). The current provided by the current source  135 A is applied to the current sink  135 B when the pump-down signal  134  is applied to the current sink  135 B. Similarly, the current sink  135 B sinks current from the loop filter  106 , unless the current source  135 A is enabled (i.e., when pump up signal  132  enables the current source  135 A. Sourcing current to or sinking current from the loop filter  106  increases or decreases the voltage on the VCO  108 , which correspondingly varies the frequency of the VCO. 
         [0039]      FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram of an improved PFD  200 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. One of the limits imposed on the maximum frequency of the reference clock  122 ′ is the circuit structure and operation of the typical PFD  102  shown in  FIG. 1A  above. The improved PFD  200  provides a maximum frequency of operation that is substantially higher than the frequency of operation of the traditional PFD  102 . The improved PFD  200  enables the use of the higher frequency reference clock  122 ′. The improved PFD  200  is pre-charged to enable the use of the higher frequency reference clock  122 ′. The pre-charged PFD  200  has a fast response time.  FIGS. 3A-C  are schematic diagrams of PFDs  200 ′,  200 ″ and  200 ′″ in accordance with additional embodiments of the present invention. 
         [0040]    The pre-charged PFDs  200 - 200 ′″ are faster because the nodes u 1 , u 2 , d 1  and d 2  are pre-charged. When the nodes u 1 , u 2 , d 1  and d 2  are pulled-down or pulled-up (depending on their respective polarity and type of device e.g., PMOS/NMOS), a respective input transistor will drive each of the nodes in the respective pulled-up or pulled-down state. Before the state of each of the nodes u 1 , u 2 , d 1  and d 2  can be changed, the respective input transistor must first be disabled. If the respective input transistor is not first disabled, then the input transistor will initially fight switching the state of the respective nodes. As a result, if driven too fast, an excess (or bleeding) current can be produced in a transitional state of the input as in traditional CMOS logic. This bleeding current can cause jitter in the VCO clock output signal  152 . 
         [0041]    By way of example, in a typical inverter including a PMOS transistor and a NMOS transistor, both PMOS and NMOS transistors conduct when the input passes through a middle value. When both the PMOS and NMOS transistors conduct, a current spikes results due to the current passing from supply to ground during that time. 
         [0042]    Referring again to the pre-charged PFDs  200 - 200 ′″, to reduce the fighting the changing of the states of the nodes u 1 , u 2 , d 1  and d 2 , each one of the respective input transistors are disabled before the state of the nodes are switched. As a result, the nodes u 1 , u 2 , d 1  and d 2  are temporarily placed in a floating state before trying to switch their respective states. The nodes u 1 , u 2 , d 1  and d 2  can temporarily store their last set value in their respective parasitic capacitance until their respective input transistors instruct them to change their state. 
         [0043]      FIG. 4  is a flowchart of the method operations  400  performed by the PFDs  200 - 200 ′″, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  FIGS. 5A and 5B  are graphical representations of the corresponding waveforms compared to time for the reference clock  122  leading the feedback clock  124  in a PFD  200 - 200 ′″, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention.  FIG. 5A  illustrates the states of the various nodes in the PFD  200 - 200 ′″ in a pump-up condition.  FIG. 5B  illustrates the states of the various nodes in the PFD  200 - 200 ′″ in a pump-down condition. Referring now to  FIGS. 2 ,  4  and  5 A, the rising edge of the reference clock  122 ′ leads the rising edge of the feedback clock  124 . Starting with the reset signal  210 A in a low state, which disables (stops conducting) NMOS  202 B and thereby allowing an easy pull-up of node u 1  by PMOS  202 A. Since the reset signal  210 A is in a low state, then reset_not  210 B is in a high state, which disables PMOS  202 G and thereby allowing output node u 2  to float. The rising edge of the reference clock  122 ′ enables (e.g., starts conducting) NMOS  202 H, which pulls node u 2  low. The rising edge of the reference clock  122 ′ also enables NMOS  202 C and disables PMOS  202 A. Node u 2  is low because NMOS  202 H and NMOS  202 J are sinking any current available at node u 2 . An inverter  208 A inverts the low state of the node u 2  to produce a high pump-up signal  132 . 
         [0044]    Starting with the reset signal  210 A in a low state, which disables NMOS  202 E and thereby allowing an easy pull-up of node d 1  by PMOS  202 D. Since the reset signal  210 A is in a low state, then reset_not  210 B is in a high state, which disables PMOS  202 K and thereby allowing output node d 2  to float. The rising edge of the feedback clock  124  enables NMOS  202 L, which pulls node d 2  low. The rising edge of the feedback clock  124  also enables NMOS  202 F and disables PMOS  202 D. Node d 2  is low because NMOS  202 L and NMOS  202 M are sinking any current available at node d 2 . An inverter  208 B inverts the low state of the node d 2  to produce a high pump-down signal  134 . 
         [0045]    In an operation  405  of  FIG. 4 , a first output node (e.g., node u 2  or d 2 ) is placed in a floating state. Node u 2  can be placed in a floating state by disabling the current sinking through NMOS  202 H and/or NMOS  202 J. Similarly, node d 2  can be placed in a floating state by disabling the current sinking through NMOS  202 L and/or NMOS  202 M. 
         [0046]    Referring again to  FIGS. 2 and 5A , the NOR gate  206  produces a reset signal  210 A. The inverter  204  inverts the reset signal  210 A to produce a reset_not signal  210 A. The reset signal  210 A is high only when both of nodes u 2  and d 2  are low. Conversely, the reset_not signal  210 A is low only when both of nodes u 2  and d 2  are low. When both of nodes u 2  and d 2  are low (e.g., when a high pump-up signal  132  and a high pump-down signal  134  are being produced), the reset signal  210 A is high and enables NMOS  202 B and NMOS  202 E. As a result, NMOS  202 B and NMOS  202 C sink the current to node u 1  and NMOS  202 E and NMOS  202 FC sink the current to node d 1 . As a result nodes u 1  and d 1  are driven low. When nodes u 1  and d 1  are driven low, then NMOS  202 J and  202 M, respectively are disabled causing nodes u 2  and d 2 , respectively to begin to float. 
         [0047]    A short time delay after the reset signal  210 A goes high, the reset_not signal  210 B goes low. The low reset_not signal  210 B enables PMOS  202 G and PMOS  202 K. Enabling PMOS  202 G and PMOS  202 K drives respective nodes u 2  and d 2  to a high state. Since the nodes u 2  and d 2  were floating before the PMOS  202 G and PMOS  202 K were enabled, then the PMOS  202 G and PMOS  202 K were required to provide less current to drive the respective nodes u 2  and d 2  to the high state. When the nodes u 2  and d 2  are at a high state, the respective pump-up signal  132  and pump-down signal  134  go to a low state. 
         [0048]    As the nodes u 2  and d 2  are at a high state and the next incoming rising edges of the reference clock  122 ′ and the feedback clock  124  are due, it would be beneficial to have the output nodes u 2  and d 2  in a floating state before the rising edges of the reference clock  122 ′ and the feedback clock  124  arrive at the inputs. 
         [0049]    As the nodes u 2  and d 2  are at a high state, the reset signal  210 A switches to a low state, which disables NMOS  202 B and NMOS  202 E. When NMOS  202 B and NMOS  202 E are disabled, then nodes u 1  and d 1  are left floating waiting to be pulled up when the reference clock  122 ′ and the feedback clock  124  go to a low state. Nodes u 1  and d 1  are pulled high in preparation for when the reference clock  122 ′ and the feedback clock  124  go to a high state. The reset signal switching to a low state also causes the reset_not signal  210 B to switch to a high state. The reset_not signal  210 B high state disables PMOS  202 G and PMOS  202 K causing nodes u 2  and d 2  to float. 
         [0050]    Referring again to  FIG. 4 , in an operation  410 , a first edge of the first signal is detected on a first input node at a time after the first output node is placed in the floating state. As described above, the output nodes u 2  and d 2  are placed in a floating state shortly after causing the respective pump-up signal  132  and pump-down signal  134  go to a low state. 
         [0051]    In an operation  415 , the first edge of the first signal is coupled to the first output node as described above. In an operation  420 , the first output node is reset to the floating state after the first edge of the first signal is coupled to the first output node. 
         [0052]      FIGS. 5A and 5B  are graphical representation of the waveforms of the pre-charged PFDs  200 - 200 ′″, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention of  FIG. 4  for the cases where, (a) reset  210 A and reset-not  210 B occur during reference clock  122 ′ high and (b) reset  210 A and reset_not  210 B occur when reference clock  122 ′ is low. The time when the pump-up signal  132  and the pump-down signal  134  overlap (t_ovrLap) is equal to the sum of the several propagation delays as follows, 
         [0000]        t _ovrLap= tpd   —   I 3 +tpd   —   I 4+ tpd   —   P 2 u    
         [0000]        t _ovrLap= tpd   —   I 3 +tpd   —   I 4+ tpd   —   P 2 d    
         [0053]    where tpd_*=propagation delay of * instance or device. 
         [0054]    For the proposed PFD to operate properly two conditions must be met, 
         [0055]    1. Fall-time of u2&lt;tpd_I3+tpd_N1 u.    
         [0056]    Fall-time of d2&lt;tpd_I3+tpd_N1 d.    
         [0057]    2. tpd_N1 u &lt;tpd_I4. 
         [0058]    tpd_N1 d &lt;tpd_I4. 
         [0059]    Condition 1 will ensure that output nodes u 2  and d 2  are fully discharged by the rising of the respective reference clock  122 ′ and feedback clock  124  before input nodes u 1  and d 1  are discharged by the rising of reset signal  210 A. The last output node, either u 2  or d 2 , that was the last to go to a low state will trigger the reset signal  210 A to go to a high state. 
         [0060]    Condition 2 will ensure that output nodes u 1  and d 1  are fully discharged by the reset signal  210 A going high before PMOS  202 G and PMOS  202 K, respectively, are commanded to pull-up by the reset_not signal  210 B going to a low state. Otherwise if the respective reference clock  122 ′ and/or the feedback clock  124  is high NMOS  202 J and NMOS  202 M will fight with PMOS  202 G and PMOS  202 K, respectively, attempting to pull-up the output nodes u 2  and d 2  at the same time. This conflict would slow down the charging of the output nodes u 2  and d 2  and produce a spike of current flowing through the PMOS  202 G to the NMOS  202 H and NMOS  202 J to ground and PMOS  202 K through NMOS  202 L and NMOS  202 M to ground. 
         [0061]    The proposed pre-charged PFD  200 - 200 ′″ has a maximum frequency of operation which is substantially higher than that of existing topologies such as those in  FIG. 1A . The higher frequency capability will enable the use of a higher frequency reference clock  122 ′. While not described in detail, the operation of the PFDs  200 ′,  200 ″ and  200 ′″ shown in  FIGS. 3A-3C , respectively, operate in a similar manner to that described above for PFD  200 . Specifically, the output nodes of PFDs  200 ′,  200 ″ and  200 ′″ are allowed to float before being switching states so that they output nodes can switch states more easily, more quickly and more power efficiently. 
         [0062]    It should be understood that while NMOS and PMOS devices are described above, NMOS devices and PMOS are merely exemplary devices and that any type of switching circuit device or semiconductor switching device including transistors and other switching devices can be used interchangeably to perform the same functions with respective relatively minor adjustments to voltage polarity and circuit structure. 
         [0063]    It will be further appreciated that the instructions represented by the operations in the above  FIG. 5  are not required to be performed in the order illustrated, and that all the processing represented by the operations may not be necessary to practice the invention. Further, the processes described in any of the above figures can also be implemented in software stored in any one of or combinations of the RAM, the ROM, or the hard disk drive. 
         [0064]    Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be apparent that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims. Accordingly, the present embodiments are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the invention is not to be limited to the details given herein, but may be modified within the scope and equivalents of the appended claims.