Abstract:
A method and apparatus for lifting and stabilizing a foundation including a pier having a top end and a bottom end, the pier being disposed in shaft drilled proximate the foundation to a desired underground formation suitable for supporting the foundation, a slab bracket connected to a side of the foundation and not supporting the foundation from the underside thereof, a jacking bracket attached to the top end of the prier and positioned below the slab bracket, and means for supporting the foundation positional between the jacking bracket and the slab bracket.

Description:
The present invention relates in general to structural foundation repair and in particular to a method and apparatus for drilling a supporting pier to lift and support a structure from a foundation side. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Many types of structures, such as residential homes, commercial buildings and industrial equipment, are erected on foundations that are in turn supported by unstable soil rather than a load bearing formation such as rock. These foundations are typically concrete slabs and may include a footing that is wider than the foundation to spread the load of the foundation and carried structure. Ultimately the structural integrity and the level of the foundation and the carried structure are dependent on the stability of the underlying soil. Over time the stability of the underlying soil may change. These changes may include shifting of the soil and or subsidence of the underlying soil or portions of the supporting soil. Shifting of the soil may be caused by various geological and environmental conditions and/or the load carried by the structure. The changes in the supporting soil often result in damage to the structural integrity of the foundation and the carried structure and/or producing a non-level foundation. Left uncorrected the settling of the soil and lack of stability of the foundation may result in loss of part or all of the value of the foundation and carried structure. Due to the frequency of damage to foundations from soil settlement many systems have been attempted to stabilize the foundation and to correct positioning of the foundation. 
     The majority of methods and systems utilized to correct foundation damage is costly and often only provides a temporary solution or an incomplete solution. Many of the prior art foundation repair systems consist of driving piers into the underlying soil until refusal of insertion is attained. It is desired that the piers be driven until bedrock is reached or until the frictional resistance to driving of the pier corresponds to the compression weight of the supported structure. Once the piers are positioned in the ground hydraulic jacks are utilized to lift the foundation relative to the ground level. When the desired raised level is achieved the pier is connected to the foundation to secure the foundation in place, at least for the short term. Another constant aspect of the prior art foundation lifting systems is the utilization of brackets, or supports, that connect to the underneath side of the foundation. This positioning of the brackets on the underside of the foundation requires that a portion of the underlying soil be excavated from beneath the foundation. 
     In various situations it is necessary to raise and support the foundation within the perimeter of the foundation. Prior art methods and systems require cutting away a portion of the foundation and then excavating the soil from beneath the intact foundation to connect the lifting and supporting apparatus to the underside of the foundation. This additional excavation of the soil from beneath the intact foundation increases the time and cost of the project and increase the risk to workers as they position connections beneath the foundation. 
     Driving of piers, pilings or piles into the soil is a source of some of the most severe drawbacks of the prior art systems. Piers are typically driven into the ground utilizing a hydraulic mechanism until refusal and/or until the frictional resistance of the pier corresponds to the compression load of the foundation and structure. Very often bedrock is not encountered and the driven pier is supported by an unstable formation. It is also the case that the driven piers may pass through formations such as shale or other tight soils increasing the frictional force of driving the pier thereby providing misleading information as to contact with a suitable supporting formation. These geological formations may only provide temporary lifting and support of the foundation. Over time, changes in soil moisture content and other geological conditions may result in reduced or increased skin friction at the soil pier interface in these formations resulting in loss of stability from this formations. 
     Another problem with pier driving systems is maintaining a vertical alignment of the driven pier when the soil contains small boulders or other hard obstructions. As the pile is driven it may encounter several different soil formations and other material that will cause the pier to deviate from vertical. Piers may be twisted and even turned so that a portion extends horizontal relative to the intended pier path. These occurrences make it appear as though the pier has encountered a load bearing strata such as bedrock. The result being an expensive temporary solution or even another source of foundation problems. 
     Further, pier driven systems are limited on the diameter of pipe that may be used as a pier, thus decreasing the load strength of each pier. In addition, pier driven systems do not facilitate testing of the depth to the bedrock before driving the pier. 
     It is thus a desire to provide a method and apparatus for lifting and stabilizing a foundation that addresses some of these and other shortcomings of the prior art. It is a desire to provide a method and apparatus for lifting and stabilizing a foundation wherein a pier is placed in a substantially vertical position from a foundation to an underlying rock formation. It is a further desire to provide method and apparatus for lifting and stabilizing a foundation wherein a foundation may be lifted and stabilized from a periphery of the foundation. It is a still further desire to provide method and apparatus for lifting and stabilizing a foundation wherein lifting and supporting of a foundation may be from the edge of the foundation. It is a still further desire to provide a method and apparatus for lifting and stabilizing a foundation that does not require maintenance. It is a still further desire to provide a method and apparatus for lifting and stabilizing a foundation that does not require special soils be placed around the foundation to maintain its future performance. It is a still further desire to provide a method and apparatus for lifting and stabilizing a foundation that does not require drainage corrections around the foundation for performance. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In view of the foregoing and other considerations, the present invention relates to foundation repair wherein a foundation may be raised and stabilized from a stable geological formation, such as bedrock or other hard rock, without driving a pier. 
     It is a benefit of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for lifting and stabilizing a foundation by drilling a hole from the foundation to a stable geological formation for placement of a pier. 
     It is a further benefit of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for lifting and stabilizing a foundation from the periphery of the foundation. 
     It is a still further benefit of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for lifting and stabilizing a foundation that does not require maintenance for continual support of a structure. 
     Accordingly, a method and apparatus for lifting and stabilizing a foundation is provided. The foundation and lifting system includes a pier having a top end and a bottom end, the pier being disposed in shaft drilled proximate the foundation to a desired underground formation suitable for supporting the foundation; a slab bracket connected to a side of the foundation and not supporting the foundation from the underside thereof, a jacking bracket attached to the top end of the pier and positioned below the slab bracket; and means for supporting the foundation positional between the jacking bracket and the slab bracket. This to rock support system prevents settling without regard to the supporting soil. 
     For brevity and clarity the present invention is described in relation to common residential and commercial structures supported on concrete slabs, and bedrock. However, it should be realized that the present invention may be applied to any structure or foundation, and any hard geological formation sufficient to support the structure may be utilized. For example, the present system and method may be utilized for construction and support of a deck or other structure proximate a hillside house adjacent a creek. A carbide bit may be used to drill a shaft into a rock formation at the bottom of the creek and the jacking bracket may be bolted to the wood beam to support the structure. Another example is utilization of the present invention is in the support of a retaining wall on a hillside experiencing slope failure. Utilizing the present invention the retaining wall is prevented from settling or sliding down the hill. 
     It is desirable to drill the shaft to an underground rock formation, such as bedrock, sufficient for stable and long term support of the foundation. Using a dirt drill bit a shaft is drilled to and into a geological formation until the formation does not allow a shaft to be created. Utilizing the dirt bit until drilling operations are prevented from making hole by the formation assures the acquisition of a formation suitable for support of the structure. 
     The pier, having a top end and a bottom end, is placed in the drilled shaft. It may be desired to clean any silt, cuttings or soughed material from the bottom of the hole before placement of the pier. It may be desired to drive the pier through any material at the bottom of the shaft. A cup may be connected to the bottom end of the pier to prevent the pier from cutting into the formation. 
     A slab bracket is provided for attachment to a side of the foundation to be supported. The side of the foundation may be exposed at the soil surface, by excavating soil from the perimeter of the foundation or cutting through the foundation. The present invention does not require support of the foundation from the underside of the foundation. The slab bracket is positioned above the drilled shaft and the positioned pier. 
     The slab bracket includes a face plate adapted for placement against the face of the foundation to be raised and a support plate extending outwardly from the face plate and foundation. The slab bracket may be connected to the foundation with bolts extending through the faceplate into the foundation. It may further be desired to utilize a cementing agent, such as an epoxy, to secure the bolts within the foundation. It may further be desired to have stabilizing legs positioned between the faceplate and the support plate of the slab bracket. 
     A jacking bracket is functionally connected to the top end of the pier and positioned below the support bracket of a slab bracket. The jacking bracket includes a shelf that may be connected by welding to a main post having a diameter for snugly disposing a portion of the top end of the pier therein. The jacking bracket may be connected to the pier in various manners including disposing a portion of the pier into the jacking bracket, welding the jacking bracket to the pier or threading the jacking bracket on the pier or a combination of methods. It is desirable to have a jacking bracket readily connectable to the pier after positioning the pier at a desired height. The current system desirably allows placement and securement of the pier in the shaft, and then a top portion of the pier may be removed at a level to attach the jacking bracket to achieve a sufficient spacing between the jacking and slab bracket for positioning of lifting and/or securement mechanisms. 
     It is desired to provide a space between the jacking and slab bracket for providing mechanisms for lifting and securing the foundation. The space provided allows the placement of a lifting mechanism such as, but not limited to, a hydraulic jack for raising the foundation to a desired location. Once the foundation is positioned in a desired location a supporting mechanism may be placed and/or connected between the jacking bracket and the slab bracket to maintain the foundation in a position relative to the supporting formation. The supporting mechanism may include concrete blocks and/or metal shims. 
     The present invention accomplishes placement of a pier between a foundation to be supported and a desired supporting ground formation by confirming existence of the supporting formation and the depth to the supporting formation. The present invention provides support a structure irrelevant of the characteristics of the soil or medium immediately underlying the structure. 
     The foregoing has outlined the features and technical advantages of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter which form the subject of the claims of the invention. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The foregoing and other features and aspects of the present invention will be best understood with reference to the following detailed description of a specific embodiment of the invention, when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic of the foundation lifting and supporting system of the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a slab bracket of the present invention; 
     FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a jacking bracket of the present invention; and 
     FIG. 4 is a schematic of an example of the foundation lifting and supporting system. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Refer now to the drawings wherein depicted elements are not necessarily shown to scale and wherein like or similar elements are designated by the same reference numeral through the several views. 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of the system for lifting and supporting foundation of the present invention generally designated by the numeral  10 . System  10  includes a drilled pier  12 , a jacking bracket  16  and a slab bracket  18 . 
     Pier  12  is desirably a pipe having a sufficient length to reach from a foundation  20 , such as a slab, to be raised and bedrock  22 . Pier  12  is positioned in a drilled shaft  14  drilled from the surface of the soil into bedrock  22 . Pier  12  may be a single stand of pipe or multiple connected stands of pipe connected by welding, threading or other known methods of connection. The schedule of pipe chosen is based on the load to be supported by pier  12 . Unlike driven pier systems any desired diameter of pipe may be used. Pier  12  has a top end  24  and a bottom end  26 . If may be desired to connect an end cap  28  to bottom end  26  of pier  12  to increase stability of pier  12  and to prevent pier  12  from cutting into bedrock  22 . 
     As will be more readily understood throughout the description, the jacking bracket of the present invention can be constructed in varying embodiments for the particular project. An embodiment of jacking bracket  16 , shown in detail in FIG. 3, is connected to top end  24  of pier  12  for supporting a lifting mechanism for lifting foundation  20 . With additional reference to FIG. 3 jacking bracket  16  is shown having a shelf  30 , main post  32  and gussets  34 . Shelf  30  is desirably constructed of a metal sheet having sufficient strength to lift a portion of foundation  20  and any carried structure without substantial deformation. Support post  32  is connected to and extends downward from the center point of the underside of shelf  30  for connecting to pier  12  and to transfer the load carried on shelf  30  to pier  12 . To increase the strength and stability of shelf  30  gussets  34  may be connected between support post  32  and shelf  30 . 
     Jacking bracket  16  is connected atop pier  12  to provide a surface for lifting slab  20  and transferring the load to pier  12  and to bedrock  22 . In a preferred embodiment support post  32  has a diameter sufficient to dispose top end  24  and a portion of pier  12  therein. Jacking bracket  16  may be further secured to pier  12  by tack welding or other methods. This type of connection permits the cutting off of a portion pier  12  to a desired length and providing a stable connection between pier  12  and jacking bracket  16 . Other methods of connecting jacking bracket  16  to pier  12  without departing from the scope of the invention may be utilized. 
     Slab bracket  18  is adapted to be connected to a side  36  of slab  20  and in a preferred embodiment is not connected to the underside  38  of slab  20 . Side  36  of slab  20  may be the periphery of slab  20  or a portion of slab  20  cut away. Slab bracket  18  is connected to slab  20  utilizing anchoring bolts  40 . It is desirable to secure anchoring bolts  40  with an adhesive such as Hilti HIT HY-150, a fast curing two-part adhesive anchor system for concrete. 
     With reference to FIGS. 1 and 2 varying embodiments of slab bracket  18  are shown. Slab bracket  18  includes a face plate  42 , support plate  44  and a pair of legs  46 . Face plate  42  is a substantially vertical member for disposing on slab side  36 . Support plate  44  extends substantially horizontally away from face plate  42 . Support plate  44  is adapted to be connected to jacking plate  16  by lifting mechanisms during the lifting operations and by support mechanisms after lifting operations are completed. Lifting and supporting mechanisms are not shown in detail but are generally designated by the box labeled  48 . Support plate  44  may further be strengthened by legs  46 . As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, support plate  44  may be extend from face plate  42  in varying locations to facilitate the transfer of load from slab  20  to pier  12  and directing the forces into slab  20  as opposed to pushing bracket  18  away from slab  20 . 
     FIG. 4 is schematic of a foundation lifting and support method and system of the present invention. System  10  was utilized in a limited access manufacturing facility wherein there were both vertical and horizontal space limitations and an extremely heavy load requirement. Slab  20  is an interior foundation for equipment requiring lifting and leveling. The depth to rock  22  was twelve feet and slab  20  is four feet thick. Thirteen individual systems  10   a  are shown spaced around the periphery of slab  20 . Four inch shafts  14  were drilled spaced approximately six feet apart. Eleven of the systems  10   a  utilized 2¾ inch pipe for piers  12  and two of the systems utilized  3  inch pipe for piers  12 . Jacking brackets  16  were constructed to correspond to the appropriate pier  12  size. Slab brackets  18  were fabricated for a 4 feet thick slab  20 . The estimated lifting weight per pier was 35,000 pounds. 
     A method of lifting and supporting a foundation is now described with reference to FIGS. 1 through 4. A foundation  20  is evaluated to determine the remedial action that must be taken such as lifting and leveling. The load to be lifted and the thickness of the foundation is determined. Locations for piers  12  are determined. If a pier  12  is to be positioned within the perimeter of slab  20 , a hole is cut through slab  20  to expose slab side  36  and the underlying soil. A portion of soil  15  is excavated so as to expose slab side  22  and to a depth and width sufficient for drilling and placement of jacking bracket  16  and slab bracket  18 . A hole or shaft  14  is drilled, substantially vertically, from the surface of the soil  15  to bedrock  22  or other desired supporting formation. It is desirable to drill shaft  14  partially into formation  22  utilizing a dirt bit until creation of a shaft is prevented by the foundation. It may be determined that the desired formation  14  has been encountered by viewing and/or testing the cuttings removed from shaft  14  and by prevention of drilling by the formation. Once the total depth of shaft  14  is achieved it is desirable to remove the debris in shaft  14 . Pipe is run into shaft  14  to form a pier  12 . The pier may be driven through the silt and material in the bottom of shaft  14 . It may be desired to connect an end cap to the bottom end  26  of pier  12  to prevent pier  12  from cutting into formation  22 . Pier  12  can then be leveled and secured, such as by back fill, in shaft  14 . A portion of the top end  24  of pier  12  may be cut to achieve the desired height of pier  12 . 
     Jacking bracket  16  is connected to top end  24  of pier  12  by disposing support post  32  over pier  12 . Jacking bracket  16  may be further secured to pier  12 . 
     Slab bracket  18  is connected to slab side  36  by anchoring bolts  40  and desirably with an adhesive to further secure bolts  40  depending on the foundation material. Slab bracket  18  is connected so that support plate  44  extends out from slab side  36  and is positioned over shelf  30  of jacking bracket  16 . 
     A lifting mechanism  48 , such as a hydraulic jack, is placed between shelf  30  of jacking bracket  16  and support plate  44  of slab bracket  16 . Lifting mechanism  48  is operated until slab  20  has been raised to the desired level. Once the desired restoration of foundation  20  is achieved the lifting mechanisms may be replaced with support mechanisms  48 . The system and method of the present invention provides a stable and secure support between a desired supporting formation  22 . 
     From the foregoing detailed description of specific embodiments of the invention, it should be apparent that a method and system for lifting and supporting a foundation has been disclosed. Although specific embodiments of the invention have been disclosed herein in some detail, this has been done solely for the purposes of describing various features and aspects of the invention, and is not intended to be limiting with respect to the scope of the invention. It is contemplated that various substitutions, alterations, and/or modifications, including but not limited to those implementation variations which may have been suggested herein, may be made to the disclosed embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims which follow. For example, a slab is not limited to a concrete foundation but may include a wood, steel or other type of supporting structure.