Abstract:
A charge pump in a memory device is activated to produce a programming voltage prior to data loading during a programming operation. During an initial programming cycle, first and second load voltages are charged from the charge pump. The first load is removed from the charge pump during a verify operation. The first load voltage is subsequently recharged by charge sharing from the second load voltage so that the charge pump is not initially necessary for recharging the first load voltage.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/186,766, titled “CHARGE PUMP OPERATION IN A NON-VOLATILE MEMORY DEVICE,” filed Jul. 20, 2011 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,194,466 on Jun. 5, 2012, that is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/627,077 of the same title, filed Nov. 30, 2009 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,000,152 on Aug. 16, 2011, that is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/451,822 of the same title, filed Jun. 13, 2006 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,626,865 on Dec. 1, 2009, that are commonly assigned and incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates generally to memory devices and in particular the present invention relates to non-volatile memory devices. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Memory devices are typically provided as internal, semiconductor, integrated circuits in computers or other electronic devices. There are many different types of memory including random-access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), and flash memory. 
     Flash memory devices have developed into a popular source of non-volatile memory for a wide range of electronic applications. Flash memory devices typically use a one-transistor memory cell that allows for high memory densities, high reliability, and low power consumption. Common uses for flash memory include personal computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), digital cameras, and cellular telephones. Program code and system data such as a basic input/output system (BIOS) are typically stored in flash memory devices for use in personal computer systems. 
     A charge pump circuit is used in a non-volatile memory device to generate the voltages required for chip operation. A charge pump is an electronic circuit that uses capacitors as energy storage elements to convert DC voltages into other DC voltages. 
     A typical charge pump uses transistors to control the operation of the pump and connection of voltages to the capacitors. For instance, a typical prior art charge pump can generate a higher voltage through multiple stages. A first stage involves a capacitor being connected across a voltage and charged up. In a second stage, the capacitor is disconnected from the original charging voltage and reconnected with its negative terminal to the original positive charging voltage. Because the capacitor mostly retains the voltage across it, except for leakage, the positive terminal voltage is added to the original, effectively doubling the voltage. The pulsing nature of the higher voltage output is typically smoothed by the use of another capacitor at the output. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a typical prior art charge pump circuit. It comprises a charge pump  100  that outputs regulated voltage V out     —     reg  to a parasitic load  101  and a target load  103 . The parasitic load  103  represents line capacitance of the pump output node. The target load  103  is the capacitance of the connected word line to be programmed. Switch SW A    105  is closed during the programming cycles to connect V out     —     reg  to the target load  103 . 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a timing chart of a typical prior art non-volatile memory device such as the flash memory integrated circuit charge pump circuit of  FIG. 1 . The timing chart shows that the I/O lines include the addresses, data, and commands for memory operation. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , when the command for a program operation is received (e.g., 10H), a program enable signal goes high. The program enable signal then causes the charge pump enable signal to go high to initiate the pumping operation in order to precharge bit lines. 
     One problem with this charge pump operation is that the operation of the pump circuits causes noise on the bit lines. This can cause problems with programming of the cells that are coupled to the bit lines experiencing the noise. Additionally, a fast pump turn-on creates a peak current that causes a downward spike  200  in the supply voltage (V CC ) as illustrated in  FIG. 2 . This can result in unstable memory device operation. 
     For the reasons stated above, and for other reasons stated below which will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the present specification, there is a need in the art for more efficient use of charge pumps in a non-volatile memory device. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows a block diagram of a typical prior art charge pump circuit. 
         FIG. 2  shows a timing diagram of a typical prior art operation of the charge pump circuit of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  shows a portion of one embodiment of a NAND architecture flash memory array. 
         FIG. 4  shows an operational block diagram of one embodiment of a charge pump circuit of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  shows a timing diagram of one embodiment of the operation of the charge pump circuit of  FIG. 5 . 
         FIG. 6  shows a block diagram for one embodiment of a memory system of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7  shows a block diagram for one embodiment of a memory module of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following detailed description of the invention, reference is made to the accompanying drawings that form a part hereof and in which is shown, by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. In the drawings, like numerals describe substantially similar components throughout the several views. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention. Other embodiments may be utilized and structural, logical, and electrical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined only by the appended claims and equivalents thereof. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a simplified diagram of a typical prior art NAND flash memory array. The memory array of  FIG. 3 , for purposes of clarity, does not show all of the elements typically required in a memory array. For example, only two bit lines are shown (BL 1  and BL 2 ) when the number of bit lines required actually depends upon the memory density. 
     The array is comprised of an array of floating gate cells  301  arranged in series strings  304 ,  305 . Each of the floating gate cells  301  are coupled drain to source in each series chain  304 ,  305 . A word line (WL 0 -WL 31 ) that spans across multiple series strings  304 ,  305  is coupled to the control gates of every floating gate cell in a row in order to control their operation. The bit lines BL 1 , BL 2  are eventually coupled to sense amplifiers (not shown) that detect the state of each cell. 
     In operation, the word lines (WL 0 -WL 31 ) select the individual floating gate memory cells in the series chain  304 ,  305  to be written to or read from and operate the remaining floating gate memory cells in each series string  304 ,  305  in a pass through mode. Each series string  304 ,  305  of floating gate memory cells is coupled to a source line  306  by a source select gate  316 ,  317  and to an individual bit line (BL 1 , BL 2 ) by a drain select gate  312 ,  313 . The source select gates  316 ,  317  are controlled by a source select gate control line SG(S)  318  coupled to their control gates. The drain select gates  312 ,  313  are controlled by a drain select gate control line SG(D)  314 . 
     A selected word line  300  for the flash memory cells  330 - 331  being programmed is typically biased by programming pulses that start at a voltage of around 16V and may incrementally increase to more than 20V. The unselected word lines for the remaining cells are typically biased at V pass . This is typically in an approximate range of 9-10V. The bit lines of the cells to be programmed are typically biased at 0V while the inhibited bit lines are typically biased at V CC . 
       FIG. 4  illustrates an operational block diagram of one embodiment of the charge pump circuit of the present invention. The circuit is comprised of the charge pump device  400  that generates the V out     —     reg  voltage for programming the memory cells. In one embodiment, this voltage is coupled to the word lines of the subsequently described non-volatile memory array. 
     The parasitic load  401  represents the total capacitance of the output line of the charge pump device  400 . The target load  403  represents the load capacitance of the word line to which the charge pump device  400  is currently coupled for programming. The intentional load  405  represents the load that is charged up during idle times to provide charge sharing with the target load. 
     Switches SWA  411 , SWB  413 , and SWC  415  provide the switching between the loads. In one embodiment, these switches  411 ,  413 ,  415  can be implemented using transistors. SWA  411  couples the target load  403  to the pump  400 . SWB  413  couples the intentional load  405  to the pump. SWC  415  couples the intentional load  405  to the target load  403 . 
       FIG. 5  illustrates a timing diagram of one embodiment of the circuit of  FIG. 4 . This diagram illustrates the I/Ox line that carries the desired operation commands (i.e., read, write, erase), the data to be programmed/read, and the address to which the data is to be written/read. 
     The PGM_ENABLE line illustrates the state of the program enable signal to memory controller circuit to initiate the program operation. This signal also causes the memory controller to generate the PUMP_ENABLE signal. This signal is responsible for enabling the charge pump device  400  of  FIG. 4  to begin the programming operation. 
     The V out     —     f  signal represents the voltage on the target load as a result of the closing of SWC  415 . V out     —     reg  signal is the voltage that is output from the pump  400 . V out     —     I  is the voltage at the intentional load  405 . The SWA, SWB, and SWC lines represent the opening and closing of the switches  411 ,  413 ,  415  of  FIG. 4 . 
     In operation, the first program cycle is initiated by a program command or address load command on the I/Ox line. The illustrated command is 80 H but this is for purposes of illustration only as the present invention is not limited to any one received command value or received command that is responsible for initiating the PGM_ENABLE. The received command causes the PGM_ENABLE line to go high to initiate the program operation. The PGM_ENABLE signal causes the PUMP ENABLE signal to go high and turn on the charge pump  400 . The charge pump remains on during the data loading operation. 
     V out     —     reg  starts from 0V and rises to a target voltage with SWA closed. The target voltage is dependent on the embodiment and can be any voltage required for programming the memory cell (e.g. 20V). Since V out     —     reg  sees the fixed loading capacitance of the target load  403 +parasitic load  401 , V out     —     reg  rises with an RC time constant. Since SWA is closed, V out     —     f  also tracks V out     —     reg . V out     —     I  starts from 0V and rises to the target voltage with the closing of SWB  413 . 
     Once V out     —     reg  reaches the target voltage, the pump  400  is idling (i.e., turned off or slowed down) with just enough output to maintain the V out     —     reg  node at the target voltage. This compensates for junction leakage at the V out     —     reg  node connections. 
     SWB  413  begins to open and close as shown in  FIG. 5 . This charges the intentional load  405 . As can be seen in the timing diagram, SWA  411  and SWB  413  are clocking in an inverse pattern during the remainder of the first program cycle. SWA  411  is closing to compensate for leakage current by the target load  403 . SWB  413  is closing to charge the intentional node and to compensate for leakage current by the intentional load  405 . 
     During the verify cycle, the PUMP_ENABLE signal remains high, SWA  411  is open, and SWB  413  remains closed. This provides a slow, weak charging to V out     —     I  at the intentional load  405 . 
     During the second program cycle, PUMP_ENABLE remains high. The stored charge in the intentional load  405  is then used to charge up the target load  403  by charge sharing. This is accomplished by closing SWC  415  as shown in  FIG. 5 . Both SWA  411  and SWB  413  are open when SWC  415  momentarily closes. The charge sharing between V out     —     I  and V out     —     f  causes only a minor downward spike in the V out reg  signal that is substantially reduced from the prior art. The peak reduction results in substantially more stable memory device operation. 
     The V out     —     f  signal begins to rise with the charge sharing initiated by closing SWC  415 . The initial slope of V out     —     f  in the timing diagram of  FIG. 5  is the result of the charge sharing. SWC  415  then opens and SWA  411  closes to couple the target load  403  to V out     —     reg  to continue charging up V out     —     f . For the remainder of the second program cycle, SWA  411  and SWB  413  again clock on and off in an inverse fashion, as shown in the timing diagram, in order to compensate for the leakage current occurring in their respective loads  403 ,  405 . 
       FIG. 6  illustrates a functional block diagram of a memory device  600  that can incorporate the embodiments for programming the non-volatile memory cells of the present invention. The memory device  600  is coupled to a processor  610 . The processor  610  may be a microprocessor or some other type of controlling circuitry. The memory device  600  and the processor  610  form part of an electronic system  620 . The memory device  600  has been simplified to focus on features of the memory that are helpful in understanding the present invention. 
     The memory device includes an array of flash memory cells  630  or some other type of non-volatile memory cells. The memory array  630  is arranged in banks of rows and columns. The control gates of each row of memory cells is coupled with a word line while the drain and source connections of the memory cells are coupled to bit lines. As is well known in the art, the connection of the cells to the bit lines depends on whether the array is a NAND architecture, a NOR architecture, an AND architecture, or some other array architecture. 
     An address buffer circuit  640  is provided to latch address signals provided over I/O connections  662  through the I/O circuitry  660 . Address signals are received and decoded by row decoders  644  and column decoders  646  to access the memory array  630 . It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that, with the benefit of the present description, the number of address input connections and row/column decoders depends on the density and architecture of the memory array  630 . That is, the number of addresses increases with both increased memory cell counts and increased bank and block counts. 
     The memory integrated circuit  600  reads data in the memory array  630  by sensing voltage or current changes in the memory array columns using sense/buffer circuitry  650 . The sense/buffer circuitry, in one embodiment, is coupled to read and latch a row of data from the memory array  630 . Data input and output buffer circuitry  660  is included for bi-directional data communication over the I/O connections  662  with the processor  610 . Write circuitry  655  is provided to write data to the memory array. 
     Control circuitry  670  decodes signals provided on control connections  672  from the processor  610 . These signals are used to control the operations on the memory array  630 , including data read, data write, and erase operations. The control circuitry  670  may be a state machine, a sequencer, or some other type of controller. The control circuitry  670  of the present invention, in one embodiment, is responsible for executing the embodiments of the programming method and charge pump control of the present invention. 
     The flash memory device illustrated in  FIG. 6  has been simplified to facilitate a basic understanding of the features of the memory and is for purposes of illustration only. A more detailed understanding of internal circuitry and functions of flash memories are known to those skilled in the art. Alternate embodiments may include the flash memory cell of the present invention in other types of electronic systems. 
       FIG. 7  is an illustration of a memory module  700  that incorporates the memory cell embodiments as discussed previously. Although the memory module  700  is illustrated as a memory card, the concepts discussed with reference to the memory module  700  are applicable to other types of removable or portable memory, e.g., USB flash drives. In addition, although one example form factor is depicted in  FIG. 7 , these concepts are applicable to other form factors as well. 
     The memory module  700  includes a housing  705  to enclose one or more memory devices  710  of the present invention. The housing  705  includes one or more contacts  715  for communication with a host device. Examples of host devices include digital cameras, digital recording and playback devices, PDAs, personal computers, memory card readers, interface hubs and the like. For some embodiment, the contacts  715  are in the form of a standardized interface. For example, with a USB flash drive, the contacts  715  might be in the form of a USB Type-A male connector. For some embodiments, the contacts  715  are in the form of a semi-proprietary interface, such as might be found on COMPACTFLASH memory cards licensed by SANDISK Corporation, MEMORY STICK memory cards licensed by SONY Corporation, SD SECURE DIGITAL memory cards licensed by TOSHIBA Corporation and the like. In general, however, contacts  715  provide an interface for passing control, address and/or data signals between the memory module  700  and a host having compatible receptors for the contacts  715 . 
     The memory module  700  may optionally include additional circuitry  720 . For some embodiments, the additional circuitry  720  may include a memory controller for controlling access across multiple memory devices  710  and/or for providing a translation layer between an external host and a memory device  710 . For example, there may not be a one-to-one correspondence between the number of contacts  715  and a number of I/O connections to the one or more memory devices  710 . Thus, a memory controller could selectively couple an I/O connection (not shown in  FIG. 7 ) of a memory device  710  to receive the appropriate signal at the appropriate I/O connection at the appropriate time or to provide the appropriate signal at the appropriate contact  715  at the appropriate time. Similarly, the communication protocol between a host and the memory module  700  may be different than what is required for access of a memory device  710 . A memory controller could then translate the command sequences received from a host into the appropriate command sequences to achieve the desired access to the memory device  710 . Such translation may further include changes in signal voltage levels in addition to command sequences. 
     The additional circuitry  720  may further include functionality unrelated to control of a memory device  710 . The additional circuitry  720  may include circuitry to restrict read or write access to the memory module  700 , such as password protection, biometrics or the like. The additional circuitry  720  may include circuitry to indicate a status of the memory module  700 . For example, the additional circuitry  720  may include functionality to determine whether power is being supplied to the memory module  700  and whether the memory module  700  is currently being accessed, and to display an indication of its status, such as a solid light while powered and a flashing light while being accessed. The additional circuitry  720  may further include passive devices, such as decoupling capacitors to help regulate power requirements within the memory module  700 . 
     CONCLUSION 
     In summary, the embodiments of the present invention provide stable memory device operation and reduced program time by enabling the charge pump at some point prior to the data load instead of after the data load, as in the prior art. This minimizes the pump driving current during the program cycle start in order to reduce the supply peak current, thus providing stable device operation. Additionally, an intentional load provides charge sharing to reduce the load on the regulated voltage output from the pump during program cycle start. 
     Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that any arrangement that is calculated to achieve the same purpose may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown. Many adaptations of the invention will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Accordingly, this application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the invention. It is manifestly intended that this invention be limited only by the following claims and equivalents thereof.