Abstract:
A method for regulating gas flows into and out of a patient includes repetitively forcing respiratory gases out of the lungs. Respiratory gases are prevented from entering back into the lungs during a time between when respiratory gases are forced out of the lungs. Periodically, an oxygen-containing gas is supplied to the lungs.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/871,879, filed Oct. 12, 2007 which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/912,891, filed Apr. 19, 2007, the complete disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    This invention relates generally to the field of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and in particular to techniques to increase circulation when performing CPR. 
         [0003]    Despite current methods of CPR most people die after cardiac arrest. One of the major reasons is that blood flow to the heart and brain is very poor with traditional manual closed chest CPR. Greater circulation of blood during CPR will result in improved outcomes. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    In some embodiments, methods are described for regulating gas flows into and out of a patient. According to one method, respiratory gases are repetitively forced out of the lungs. Respiratory gases are also prevented from entering back into the lungs between chest compressions. Periodically, an oxygen-containing gas is supplied to the lungs to provide ventilation. 
         [0005]    In one particular aspect, the gases are repetitively forced out of the lungs by repetitively compressing the chest and permitting the chest to recoil a rate of about 60 to about 120 times/min. In a further aspect, a low flow and volume of oxygen is continuously supplied to the lungs. This volume of oxygen is less than the volume of respiratory gases expelled with successive chest compressions so that the number of times that the lungs are expanded with oxygen-containing gases is reduced by the low level of continuous oxygen insufflation. 
         [0006]    Other embodiments of this invention include methods and devices for increasing circulation during CPR by reducing the volume of air in the lungs during chest compressions so that the thorax has more space to permit more blood flow into the heart with each chest compression/chest recoil cycle. Such embodiments include ways to compress the chest and allow it to recoil. During each compression, air is pushed out of the lungs through a one way valve. Every time the chest wall recoils following a compression, air (or respiratory gases) from outside the patient is prevented from passively entering the lungs. With sequential compressions, less and less air remains in the thorax. This gradual extrusion of respiratory gases from the lungs with each chest compression results in more space within the thorax (lungs, blood vessels, and heart) to be filled with blood. With more blood in the chest and less air, each time the chest is compressed more blood is ejected from the heart. After some number of compressions, such as between about 12 and about 30 (depending upon how many people are performing CPR and if the airway is secured with a face mask versus and endotracheal tube or equivalent), air is allowed to actively enter the lungs either by the delivery of a positive pressure breath from a ventilation source or by negative pressure ventilation (e.g. an iron lung or equivalent). 
         [0007]    One advantage of such techniques is that during the chest recoil, intracranial pressures are decreased more rapidly and to a lower value, thereby further increasing the duration and magnitude of cerebral perfusion pressure. 
         [0008]    In one particular aspect, the volume of respiratory gas expelled over a series of chest compression/recoil cycles is in the range from about 1 to about 15 cc/kg. Also, the volume of respiratory gases expelled from the chest may be expelled against a low level of fixed or variable resistance that is in the range from about 0 cm H2O to about 10 cm H2O. 
         [0009]    In a further embodiment, the invention provides an exemplary device to augment circulation during the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a patient in cardiac arrest. The device comprises a housing having a rescuer port and a patient port. A valve system is disposed in the housing. Further, the housing and the valve system are configured such that a volume of respiratory gas expelled from the lungs during each chest compression enters the housing through the patient port, passes through the valve system and exits the rescuer port. Also, when the chest wall recoils, oxygen containing gases are prevented from entering the lungs through the patient port by the valve system. A ventilation source may also be used to inject an oxygen-containing gas into the housing which passes through the valve system, through the patient port and to the patient to periodically expand the lungs with the oxygen-containing gases. 
         [0010]    The valve system may be constructed using a variety of valves, such as check valves, spring valves, duck valves, electronically-controlled valves and the like. As another example, a pair of one way valves may be used that are separately configured to open with opposite gas flows passing through the housing. Also, a variety of ventilation sources may be used, such as mouth-to-mouth ventilation, a mouth-mask, a resuscitator bag, an automatic ventilator, a semi-automatic ventilator, a body cuirass, an iron-lung device and the like. In another aspect, the valve system may include a means to impede the exodus of respiratory gases from the lungs with a fixed or variable resistance that is in the range from about 0 cm H 2 O to about 10 cm H 2 O. 
         [0011]    In one particular arrangement, at least one physiological sensor may be used to measure one or more physiological parameters. Such sensors may include electrocardiogram signal sensors, impedance sensors to detect air/blood ratio in the thorax, and the like. Also, a communication system may be employed to permit signals from the physiological sensor(s) to be transmitted to a CPR device used during resuscitation to provide various types of feedback. This can include how to perform CPR, an optimal time to actively inflate the lungs with respiratory gases, an optimal time to defibrillate, and the like. Further, timing lights may be employed to assist a rescuer in performing CPR, such as when to provide chest compressions. 
         [0012]    In a further aspect, a supply system may be used to deliver a low flow and volume of continuous oxygen into the lungs which is less than the volume of respiratory gases expelled with successive chest compressions. In this way, the number of times that the lungs are expanded with oxygen-containing gases is reduced by the low level of continuous oxygen insufflation. 
         [0013]    In still another embodiment, the invention provides a device to augment circulation during the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a patient in cardiac arrest. The device comprises a housing having a rescuer port and a patient port. Means are provided for regulating gas flows through the housing such that a volume of respiratory gas expelled from the lungs during each chest compression enters the housing through the patient port and exits the rescuer port. Also, when the chest wall recoils, oxygen containing gases are prevented from entering the lungs through the patient port. A ventilation source is employed to inject an oxygen-containing gas into the housing and to pass through the patient port and to the patient to periodically expand the lungs with the oxygen-containing gases. 
         [0014]    In one aspect, the means for regulating gas flows comprises a pair of one way valves that are separately configured to open with opposite gas flows through the housing. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0015]      FIG. 1  is a graph illustrating lung volume while performing CPR when applying techniques according to the invention. 
           [0016]      FIG. 2A  schematically illustrates expired respiratory gases passing through a valve system during a chest compression according to the invention, along with a control system and a sensor. 
           [0017]      FIG. 2B  schematically illustrates how respiratory gases are prevented from passing through the valve system and into the lungs during chest recoil or chest decompression according to the invention. 
           [0018]      FIG. 2C  schematically illustrates the injection of an oxygen-containing gas through the valve system to provide patient ventilation according to the invention. 
           [0019]      FIG. 2D  schematically illustrates the passage of respiratory gases through a safety check valve if the patient inspires according to the invention. 
           [0020]      FIG. 3A  illustrates one embodiment of a valve system according to the invention. 
           [0021]      FIG. 3B  is a cross sectional side view of the valve system of  FIG. 3A  illustrating gas flows with patient exhalation (such as during a chest compression), along with a control system and a sensor. 
           [0022]      FIG. 3C  is a cross sectional side view of the valve system of  FIG. 3A  illustrating the absence of gas flow when the patient&#39;s chest recoils or is lifted. 
           [0023]      FIG. 3D  is a cross sectional side view of the valve system of  FIG. 3A  illustrating gas flows when delivering an oxygen-containing gas to the patient. 
           [0024]      FIG. 4  is a flow chart illustrating one method for performing CPR according to the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0025]    Multiple methods of chest compression may be used when performing CPR in patients in cardiac arrest. In this life-threatening situation, the heart is not capable of circulating blood so non-invasive external means are used to assist in the circulation of blood to the vital organs including the heart, lungs, and brain. The methods and devices that may be used to circulate blood during cardiac arrest include manual closed chest CPR, active compression decompression (ACD) CPR where the patient&#39;s chest is actively pulled upward (including by use of a mechanical assistance device that is adhered to the chest) to achieve complete chest wall recoil, mechanical CPR with manual or automated devices that compress the chest and either allow the chest to recoil passively or actively, and devices that compress the chest wall and then function like an iron lung and actively expand the thoracic cage. Some of these approaches and devices only compress the anterior aspect of the chest such as the sternum while other approaches and devices compress all or part of the thorax circumferentially. Some approaches and devices also compress the thorax and abdomen in an alternating sequence. Some approaches also involve compressing the lower extremities to enhance venous blood flow back to the heart and augment arterial pressure so that more blood goes to the brain. Some approaches also involve compressing the back, with the patient lying on his/her stomach. Some devices include both non-invasive methods and devices outlined above that are coupled with invasive devices, such as an intra-aortic balloon, and devices to simultaneously cool the patient 
         [0026]    Because the cardiac valves remain essentially intact during CPR, blood is pushed out of the heart into the aorta during the chest compression phase of CPR. When the chest wall recoils, blood from extrathoracic compartments (e.g. the abdomen, upper limbs, and head) enters the thorax, specifically the heart and lungs. Without the next chest compression, the blood would pool in the heart and lungs during cardiac arrest as there is insufficient intrinsic cardiac pump activity to promote forward blood flow. Thus, chest compressions are an essential part of CPR. 
         [0027]    During the compression phase air is pushed out of the thorax and into the atmosphere via the trachea and airways. During the decompression phase it passively returns back into the thorax via the same airway system. As such, respiratory gases move out of and back into the thorax. With each compression the pressure within the chest is nearly instantaneously transmitted to the heart and also to the brain via the spinal column and via vascular connections. Thus, with each external chest compression pressure in the thorax and within all of the organs in the thorax is increased. Application of the methods and devices described in this application, in conjunction with any of the methods of CPR noted above, result in less and less air in the thorax, making room for more and more blood to return to the heart during the chest wall recoil phase. This increases circulation to the coronary arteries and lowers intracranial pressure during the chest wall decompression phase and with each subsequent compression increases blood flow to the vital organs, especially the brain. Since the delivery of oxygen is an important aspect of CPR, periodically a positive pressure ventilation needs to be delivered to inflate the lungs and provide oxygen. The lungs can also be inflated by periodic negative pressure ventilation with, for example, an iron lung or chest cuirass device. With both positive and negative pressure ventilation, typically a patient receives a tidal volume of about 500-1000 cc during each active ventilation (positive pressure ventilation). Thus, with the practice of this invention, an equal volume of respiratory gas is extruded from lungs over the course of several compressions so that after about 2 to 6 compressions the delivered volume has been removed from the thorax and its space can be replaced by blood that refills the thoracic space. This exchange is made possible by the fact that pressures within the thorax are transduced from one organ to another nearly instantaneously. This pressure transfer occurs between different thoracic compartments, for example the lungs and the right heart, very rapidly, especially between organs in the thorax with a high degree of compliance. For example, positive pressures are transferred during the compression phase from the lungs to the right heart, and as such right heart pressures are markedly increased with each chest compression. The increase in pressure within the lungs is transferred to the heart, propelling blood within the heart chambers in a forward direction along the course from right atrium to right ventricle to pulmonary artery pulmonary vein, left ventricle, and out the aorta. The inverse is also true, with chest wall recoil the negative pressures are transmitted throughout the thorax, including the spinal cord. This pulls blood into the heart and lungs from outside the thorax. The decreases in pressures within the thorax are augmented by the methods and devices described herein. The more gas that is pushed out of the lungs with each compression and not allowed back in, the more space is made available for blood to flow into the organs within the thorax each time the chest wall recoils. The volume of respiratory gas that is expelled over a series of chest compression/recoil cycles may be about 5 to about 15 cc/kg. It would typically be expelled after about 2 to 6 compression/recoil cycles. The volume of air expelled from the chest could be expelled against a low level of fixed or variable resistance, typically in the range from about 0 cm H 2 O to about 10 cm H 2 O. This could be adjustable and could be provided by a valving system or other means having a low flow of positive pressure gases, such as oxygen. This process can be further augmented by active compressions and active decompressions. This process can also be further augmented by actively extracting a volume of respiratory gases between positive pressure breaths, creating even more space in the thorax to be filled with blood with each decompression phase of CPR to prime the heart for the next compression. 
         [0028]    Periodically the lungs need to be inflated so that the pulmonary vascular resistance (blood pressure in the blood vessels in the lungs) does not get too high (which happens when the lungs are empty and collapse) which would limit blood flow through the lungs. Periodic inflation of the lungs also provides oxygen and helps to clear carbon dioxide. This process is depicted graphically in  FIG. 1 . The left-Y axis shows the volume of respiratory gas in the lungs in liters and the X axis shows time in seconds. At point A, a positive pressure breath is delivered. Down and up arrows show when chest compression and decompression (in this example passive chest wall recoil) occurs. Changes in the volumes of respiratory gases in the lungs when using the invention are shown by the solid line. With each chest compression air is pushed out of the lungs, and not allowed back into the lungs because of the valve system. This results in a progressive decrease in respiratory gases within the lungs. The shaded area, labeled B, is the volume of respiratory gas that is expelled from the lungs with each chest compression. The total volume, shown by B, creates space that is filled by more blood returning to the heart and lungs during the decompression phase whenever a positive pressure is not being applied to the thorax by chest compressions. By contrast, changes in the volumes of respiratory gases in the lungs without the invention are shown by the hashed line. Each compression and chest wall recoil cycle is associated with a slight increase and decrease in pressures in the airway as respiratory gases move freely into and out of the lungs with each decompression and compression cycle. 
         [0029]    A variety of valves may be coupled to the patient&#39;s airway to permit respiratory gases to escape from the lungs during chest compressions, while permitting periodic ventilation. One type of valve could be a one-way valve, typically used in combination with another one-way valve that opens in the opposite direction and which is biased in the closed position so that gases cannot enter the lungs during chest recoil or chest decompression. Another valve system that may be used is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,692,498; 6,062,219; 6,526,973; and 6,604,523, incorporated herein by reference. With such valves, the threshold cracking pressure could be set high enough so that respiratory gases were always prevented from entering into the lungs until actively ventilated. 
         [0030]    Airflow into and out of the chest through one embodiment of the invention is shown schematically in  FIGS. 2A-C . In  FIG. 2A , a valve system  10  is schematically illustrated. Valve system  10  has a patient port  12  which interfaces with the patient&#39;s airway and a rescuer port  14  used by a rescuer to provide ventilation to the patient. When the chest is compressed (as illustrated by the hands pressing down on the chest wall), respiratory gases flow from the patient through the valve system  10  as shown by the arrow. In so doing, the respiratory gases pass into room air with minimal or no resistance from valve system  10 . In  FIG. 2B , the chest wall recoils during the decompression phase as the rescuer&#39;s hands are lifted (or the chest is actively lifted upward). Now, valve system  10  prevents respiratory gases from entering the patient. In  FIG. 2C  a positive pressure ventilation is delivered through rescuer port  14  wherein passes through valve system  109  and out patient port  12  where is passes to the patient&#39;s lungs. As such, with each chest compression, more and more gases are forced out of the lungs. This is because during decompression, gases are prevented from entering. When needed, gases can be injected into the lungs to provide adequate ventilation. 
         [0031]    In some cases, the patient may begin to breathe or gasp spontaneously. As shown in  FIG. 2D , valve system  10  has one or more safety check valves  16  to permit gases to pass through patient port  12  and into the lungs. As one example, safety check valves  16  may be set to open at about −10 cm H2O. This schematic is not meant to be limiting but rather demonstrative of airflow through one potential embodiment of the invention during CPR. 
         [0032]    The invention may employ a variety of techniques to enhance circulation. For example, a device to augment circulation during the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a patient in cardiac arrest may be configured to allow a volume of respiratory gas from the lungs to exit the airway with each external chest compression but prevents oxygen containing gases from passively reentering the lungs each time the chest wall recoils. This may be done using a valve system having a one-way valve and a means to periodically expand the lungs with oxygen-containing gases. Such a device may be particularly useful when the chest is compressed and allowed to recoil at a rate of about 60 to about 120 times/min. Such a device may also permit a volume of respiratory gases to be expelled from the lungs with each compression. Such a device can be used with manual CPR, ACD CPR, manually operated CPR devices, or automated CPR devices. With each chest wall recoil, respiratory gases are prevented from returning to the lungs by means of a one-way valve. Over each successive chest compression/chest recoil cycle there is a successive decrease in respiratory gases within the lungs. Periodically, the lungs are actively expanded with oxygen-containing gas. 
         [0033]    The valve system can be made of one or more check valves, spring valves, duck valves, other mechanical or electronically controlled valves and switches. The lungs are periodically expanded by a ventilation source that could include: mouth-mouth ventilation, mouth-mask, a resuscitator bag, an automatic or semi-automatic ventilator, a body cuirass or iron-lung like device or the like. A variety of sensors could be incorporated into the system to guide the ventilation rate and/or determine the degree of chest compression and/or degree of chest wall recoil including: airway pressure sensors, carbon dioxide sensors, and/or impedance sensors to detect air/blood ratio in the thorax to help guide ventilation and compression rate. 
         [0034]    The valve system could include a one-way valve with a means to impede exhalation or the exodus of respiratory gases with a fixed or variable resistance. This could be in the range from about 0 to about 20 cm H 2 O, and in some cases about 0 to about 10 cm H20. This may also be adjustable. In some cases such expiratory resistance helps to push blood out of the lungs back into the left heart, and serves as a means to help prevent buildup of blood in the lungs during CPR. 
         [0035]    One particular embodiment of a valve system  20  is shown in  FIG. 3A . Valve system  20  is constructed of a housing, which is conveniently manufactured as an inspiration interface housing  22  and a patient interface housing  24 . A ventilation source port  26  for ventilation to the patient is included in housing  22  while a connector port  28  is included in housing  24 . In this way, a ventilation source may be coupled to port  26  and port  28  may be used to interface with the patient, and the patient&#39;s airway. A valve plate  30  having a pair of one-way check valves  32  and  34  in between. 
         [0036]    As shown in  FIG. 3B , during chest compression, respiratory gases flow from the patient and pass through port  28  where the gases open expiratory check valve  34 . From there, the gases exhaust to the atmosphere through port  26 . Optionally, valve  34  may be biased in the closed position, and may open when the exiting gases exert a pressure that is less than about 20 cm H2O. 
         [0037]    Port  28  may be coupled to a patient interface  21 , which could include a facial mask, endotracheal tube, other airway device or any of the other interfaces described herein. Port  26  may be coupled to a ventilation source  23 , such as a ventilator bag, ventilator, tube for performing mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, or any of the other devices described herein. 
         [0038]    Further, a controller  25  may be employed to control any of the electronic equipment. Controller  25  may include a storage device, such as memory, one or more processors and appropriate hardware and/or software for performing operations under the direction of the processor. For example, if ventilation source  23  were a ventilator, controller  25  may be employed to control operation of the ventilator. One or more sensors  27  may be coupled to controller to monitor various physiological parameters of the patient as described herein. Also, controller  25  could modify application of chest compressions and/or ventilations based on the sensed parameters. 
         [0039]    Controller  25  may also be coupled to one or more timing lights  29  which could be used to indicate to a rescuer as to when to provide chest compressions and/or ventilations. 
         [0040]    In  FIG. 3C , the chest wall recoils. Inspiratory check valve  32  is biased in the closed position, by use of a spring, elastomer or the like, so that no respiratory gases are allow through inspiratory check valve  32 . Valve  32  may be biased closed until a pressure in the range of about −5 to about −10 mmHg is achieved. This is most likely to occur when the patient takes a spontaneous gasp during CPR, and then airflow moves through the inspiratory check valve  32  to the patient through port  28 . This can also occur if a rescuer ventilates the patient rapidly with a large tidal volume rapidly through port  26  as shown in  FIG. 3D . 
         [0041]    Any of the valve systems described herein could also include or be associated with physiological sensors, timing lights, impedance sensors to detect air/blood ratio in the thorax, and a way to communicate with a CPR device or other apparatus used during resuscitation (e.g. defibrillator) to provide feedback in terms of how to perform CPR, the optimal time to actively inflate the lungs with respiratory gases or the optimal time to defibrillate. 
         [0042]    The valve systems or associated devices could also include a way to deliver a low flow and volume of continuous oxygen into the lungs which is less than or just equal to the total volume of the expelled volume of respiratory gases with chest compressions so that the number of times that the lungs are expanded with oxygen-rich gases is reduced by the low level of continuous oxygen insufflation. 
         [0043]    One exemplary method for controlling gas flow into and out of a patient&#39;s lungs is illustrated in  FIG. 4 . At step  40 , cardiopulmonary resuscitation is performed on a patient in cardiac arrest. This may be performed by compressing the chest and allowing the chest to recoil at a rate of about 60 to about 120 times/min. 
         [0044]    For a plurality of chest recoils, respiratory gases are prevented from returning to the lungs such that over successive chest compression/chest recoil cycles there is a successive decrease in respiratory gases within the lungs (see step  42 ). This allows more blood to enter the thoracic space (the volume of respiratory gas expelled over a series of chest compression/recoil cycles optionally being in the range from about 4 to about 15 cc/kg). Hence, over each successive chest compression/chest recoil cycle there is a successive decrease in respiratory gases within the lungs thereby allowing more blood to enter the thoracic space. 
         [0045]    Periodically, the patient may be ventilated (see step  46 ), such as by periodically actively expanding the lungs with an oxygen-containing gas. During the chest recoil phase of CPR, intracranial pressures are decreased more rapidly and to a lower value thereby further increasing the duration and magnitude of cerebral perfusion pressure. Optionally, the volume of respiratory gas expelled from the chest may be expelled against a low level of fixed or variable resistance that is in the range from about 0 to about 10 cm H2O (see step  48 ). 
         [0046]    The devices and methods described herein may be used with any type of CPR technique that involves manipulation of the chest to change pressures within the thorax would benefit from this improved method of invention. Also, the method for providing periodic expansion of the lungs could include mouth-mouth ventilation, a resuscitator bag, an automatic or semi-automatic ventilator, a body cuirass or iron-lung like device. The method could also include a way to deliver a low flow and volume of continuous oxygen into the lungs which is less than the total volume of the expelled volume of respiratory gases so that the frequency of positive pressure ventilations by an external ventilation source could be reduced by the low level of continuous oxygen insufflation (see step  50 ). 
         [0047]    A variety of sensors could be used to guide the periodic ventilation rate or determine the degree of chest compression or degree of chest wall recoil. Sensors could include airway pressure sensors, timing lights, carbon dioxide sensor, electrocardiogram signal sensors, and/or impedance sensors to detect air/blood ratio in the thorax to help guide ventilation and compression rate and determine if CPR should be continued, the optimal time and way to defibrillate, and when to stop CPR efforts because of futility. 
         [0048]    The method could include a number of different airway adjuncts to maintain a seal between the trachea and the ventilation source or pharynx and ventilation source or mouth and ventilation source (e.g. endotracheal tube, face mask, laryngeal mask airway, supraglottic airway, and the like). Sensors within these airways could be used to verify proper airway adjunct placement. Such sensors could include a carbon dioxide detector which could be housed in a manner that is protected from bodily fluids. 
         [0049]    The method could include a means to transmit the amount of respiratory gas volume delivered or expelled from the chest to a monitoring system that could be used as part of a closed loop circuit to maximize the number of compressions interspersed between active ventilations in order to maximize circulation during CPR. Circulation during CPR could be measured by a variety of means including measurement of end tidal carbon dioxide, the change in expired end tidal carbon dioxide levels over a given time interval, a change in impedance within the body, and changes in other physiological parameters such as temperature. 
         [0050]    In some embodiments, the invention provides the ability to utilize one or more sensors that are associated with the valve systems described herein to indirectly measure the rate and depth of chest compression. For instance, the sensors may measure the respiratory gases (also referred to as “air”) delivered to the patient, the airway pressure and the like, and then used to estimate the rate and depth of chest compression. This provides a convenient way to measure the quality of CPR. This may be done, for example, by comparing variations in amount of air delivered (or airway pressure) produced by positive-pressure ventilation to the air expelled (or airway pressure variations) produced during chest compressions. This provides an easy way to monitor, analyze and report the depth of compressions, particularly to the user in real time. This feedback allows the user an opportunity to continuously adjust or change the depth of manual (or automatic) compressions to achieve a targeted depth of compressions. Also, the pressure or volume of air generated by positive-pressure ventilation or delivered by a manual resuscitation bag can be analyzed and reported to the caregiver for monitoring and adjustment purposes. In addition to calculations which report actual compression depth and breathing pressure, the frequency and duration of both breaths and compressions can be monitored and reported to the user. Hence, frequency of compressions and ventilation can be controlled to provide a targeted frequency or rate. 
         [0051]    As one example, measurements may be taken using one or more sensors disposed anywhere within valve system  20 , such as within the housing or one of the valves. For example, a sensor could be disposed in inspiration interface housing  22  or in patient interface housing  24 . As another option, the sensor could be positioned within ventilation source port  26 , or within one-way check valves  32  or  34 . Pressure or air volume measurements may be transmitted to a controller, such as controller  25 , either wirelessly or by a wired connection. Controller  25  may be programmed to determine the depth of chest compressions, timing, frequency, and the like, as described above using the pressure or air volume readings. Further, various visual and/or audio signals may be provided to the rescuer giving feedback as to depth or compressions, rate of compressions, rate of ventilation and the like. Controller  25  may be programmed to provide this feedback, such as to timing lights, computer display screens, speakers, and the like. 
         [0052]    The invention has now been described in detail for purposes of clarity and understanding. However, it will be appreciated that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims.