Abstract:
An apparatus for remote identification of the combustion performance of a vehicle is provided. The apparatus comprises a throttle device for control of fuel into an engine of a vehicle. A combustion sensor is in operative communication with the vehicle for the purpose of analyzing a vehicle combustion performance parameter. A remote communication device is in operative communication with the combustion sensor for communicating the combustion performance parameter. A remote monitoring network is included for receiving the combustion performance parameter from the remote communication device over a network to enable remote monitoring of vehicle performance.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention relates to an apparatus for remote communication of a combustion performance parameter of a vehicle. In particular, to the remote communication of information from one or more of a plurality of sensors of vehicle combustion, including for the purpose of identifying vehicles with imperfect performance, combustion problems, or other problems related to fuel economy. 
   Internal combustion engines burn a mixture of fuel and air in a combustion chamber. The ignition of the air/fuel mixture creates the energy to drive the engine, but also creates a wide variety of exhaust gases. Also, even the most efficient internal combustion engines fail to burn all of the available air/fuel mixture. Thus, in addition to exhaust gases, some amount of unburned fuel comprises another unfortunate by-product of all internal combustion engines. Some portion of these by-products of combustion find their way into the engine causing premature deterioration of the engine, while the remainder of the by-products travel through the exhaust system of the vehicle, and eventually enter the atmosphere in one form or another. Compounding the problem is the fact that the natural consequence of driving a vehicle is the degeneration of the engine in terms of its ability to run efficiently, which accelerates the problem over time. Thus, even the most fuel-efficient vehicles fully equipped with pollution reduction devices generate excess pollution and eventually will become progressively more wasteful and inefficient over time. The effect on the environment of exhaust gases and the other by-products of internal combustion engines comprises one of the single greatest problems faced by today&#39;s society. The prior art offers a myriad of solutions to the problems created by the by-products of combustion, however, much room for improvement still exists. 
   Some of the common pollutants that result from internal combustion of hydrocarbon fuels include carbon dioxide (CO 2 )—the necessary by-product of complete combustion and a prime contributor to global warming, exhaust gases like the toxin carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbons (HC) that result from incomplete combustion of the air/fuel mixture. Furthermore, various unfavorable nitrogen oxides (NO x ) result from the thermal fixation of nitrogen that takes place from the rapid cooling of burnt hydrocarbon fuel upon contact with the ambient atmosphere. The amount of these pollutants produced varies based on a number of factors including the type of engine involved, the age and condition of the engine, the combustion temperature, the air/fuel ratio, just to name a few. Many devices attempt to regulate and control these mechanical, environmental, and chemical processes for the purpose of reducing vehicle emissions. 
   For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,315,977 discloses a device that limits fuel to an internal combustion engine in order to reduce emissions. The device, sold under the trademark EconoCruise® made by Mirenco, Inc. of Radcliffe, Iowa, reacts in response to a plurality of sensors to manipulate the maximum open throttle position. The device is very successful in eliminating and/or reducing fuel emissions by preventing a host of inefficient and wasteful driving habits that can accelerate engine deterioration as well as increase engine exhaust, and the device is effective in limiting the flow of unburned fuel into the engine. 
   Another such device is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,370,472, which builds on the technology disclosed in the aforementioned patent, by incorporating it into a method and apparatus for reducing vehicle emissions through the use of satellite technology. A vehicle use profile is created by driving a vehicle over a predetermined course and monitoring throttle positions at predetermined intervals. The use profile reflects the driving habits of an efficient driver and can then be reproduced on subsequent trips over the same course by automatic means. 
   While these inventions are highly effective in reducing vehicle emissions it may be helpful in many cases to identify on a preemptive basis vehicles that due to mechanical or other problems that are generating a higher than normal amount of vehicle exhaust. In particular, engine problems that can produce inefficient use of fuel and unwanted vehicle emissions cannot be detected by visually monitoring vehicle emissions at least until the problems have reached very serious proportions. Thus, a more robust detection scheme is desirable. Similarly, routine preventative maintenance can identify for repair inefficient vehicles. Such a program, however, cannot detect problems that occur between maintenance intervals and result in performing maintenance on vehicles without problems. While preventative maintenance is certainly beneficial, the process is not designed to identify on a realtime basis problem vehicles. 
   In addition, maintenance and vehicle inspection programs cannot monitor on a realtime basis wasteful habits of inefficient drivers. It is known that individual driver performance can vary dramatically and have a substantial impact on fuel economy and therefore on vehicle emissions. 
   Thus, a need exists for a method and apparatus for the realtime communication of parameter of combustion performance. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   An object of the present invention comprises providing a method and apparatus for an apparatus for remote communication of a combustion performance parameter of a vehicle. 
   These and other objects of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reference to the following specification, drawings, and claims. 
   The present invention intends to overcome the difficulties encountered heretofore. To that end, an apparatus for remote identification of the combustion performance of a vehicle is provided. The apparatus comprises a throttle device for control of fuel into an engine of a vehicle. A combustion sensor is in operative communication with the vehicle for the purpose of analyzing a vehicle combustion performance parameter. A remote communication device is in operative communication with the combustion sensor for communicating the combustion performance parameter. A remote monitoring network is included for receiving the combustion performance parameter from the remote communication device over a network to enable remote monitoring of vehicle performance. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic drawing of the present invention for control of an engine, and monitoring a combustion parameter. 
       FIG. 2  is a combination schematic and plan view of an alternative embodiment of the present invention for monitoring a combustion parameter and control of an engine without an electronic throttle. 
       FIG. 3  is a breadboard diagram of a portion of the engine control apparatus of the resent invention. 
       FIG. 4  is a diagram of a catalytic converter with a plurality of combustion sensors. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   In the Figures,  FIG. 1  shows a schematic diagram of the present invention. In modern vehicles, an electronic engine computer  38  controls important engine functions including throttle control. Typically, the engine computer  38  sends and receives a throttle voltage control signal to and from a throttle pedal  42  in the form of a 5 v DC signal. The throttle voltage signal varies in proportion to the desired change in vehicle speed. In the case of car controlled manually by the driver, the engine computer  38  receives a throttle voltage control signal along a direct path between the engine computer  38  and the throttle pedal  42 . The engine computer  38  can then translate the throttle voltage into the appropriate signal to the fuel injectors  40  to ensure an engine response in proportion to the throttle voltage. 
   In most modern vehicles, the engine computer  38  can take control of the throttle through a cruise control device  39 . In this case, the engine computer  38  would take control of the throttle voltage via a throttle voltage control signal path between the engine computer  38  and the throttle pedal  42 . This creates a feedback loop that allows the engine computer  38  to adjust the throttle voltage at the pedal  42  to control the vehicle to a certain speed. 
   In part, the present invention builds on the cruise control model in the following manner. The invention includes a general-purpose computer  10  that uses a software control program to take control of the throttle voltage and control of a vehicle in accord with a pre-selected response from a plurality of external sensors. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the computer  10  could consist of a lap, top computer, a dedicated embedded controller device like the EconoCruise device, or any other similar computer. In particular, the computer  10  is connected to a Global Positioning Satellite receiver  12  (“GPS”) that receives absolute position information from an array of satellites  14 . The computer  10  is also connected to an exhaust emission analyzer  16  that is in operable communication with the exhaust manifold  18  of a vehicle. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention the exhaust analyzer  16  consists of a Model 6600 miniature automotive analyzer commercial available from Andros Incorporated of Berkeley, Calif. However, those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that any similar suitable analyzer could be used. In addition, the computer  10  interfaces with the engine computer  38  and the throttle pedal  42  in a manner that allows the computer  10  to control the throttle pedal  42  in the manner of a cruise control device. 
   The invention employs a simple relay switch  26 , which switches between a factory throttle control position and a position whereby the computer  10  controls the throttle. In particular, the relay switch  26  employs a relay coil  28  that triggers the relay switch  26 .  FIG. 1  shows the relay switch  26  set to the factory throttle control position  34 . In position  34 , the engine computer  38  assumes standard control over the throttle pedal  42 . In position  34  the engine computer  38  controls the throttle pedal  42  along the throttle voltage control signal path  44 . The throttle pedal communicates with the engine computer  38  along the throttle voltage control signal path  46 ,  48 . In the factory throttle control position  34 , throttle voltage control signal path  36  allows the computer  10  to monitor and record the throttle voltage signal. 
   With the relay switch  26  set to a throttle voltage control position  30  the computer  10  assumes control over the throttle pedal  42 , and control over the throttle signal sent to the engine computer  38 . In position  30 , the throttle signal travels from the throttle pedal  42  along the throttle voltage control path  46 ,  36  to the computer  10 . The computer  10  can then send the throttle voltage signal back to the engine computer  38  and to the throttle pedal  42  along throttle voltage control path  32 ,  48 ,  44 . The invention includes a common ground path  52  linking the computer  10 , engine computer  38 , and throttle pedal  42 . Two manually activated switches actually trigger the relay switch  26 . A brake switch  20  is connected through a DC power supply  22  to the relay switch  26 , to allow the driver to manually set the relay switch  26  to the factory control position  34  by tapping the brake pedal. A steering wheel switch  24  allows the driver to manually set the relay switch  26  in either the factory control position  34  or the computer control position  20 . 
     FIG. 2  shows an alternative embodiment of the present invention for use with vehicles without engine computers, or electronic voltage control capacity. In this embodiment, a throttle apparatus  114  is mounted atop a governor control box  116 . The governor control box  116  includes a top plate  134  on which is mounted a speed control lever  130 . The speed control lever  130  pivots about the pivotal mount  132  that extends down through the top plate  134 . The speed control lever  130  is controlled in response to a throttle cable (not shown) that extends from the throttle pedal or foot-operated accelerator pedal (not shown) to a throttle cable hook  115 . The throttle cable hooks to the speed control lever  130 , and moves the speed control lever  130  in response to changes in the throttle pedal as controlled by the driver&#39;s foot. Movement of the speed control lever  130  serves to control the flow of fuel into the engine, thereby controlling the vehicle speed. Also mounted to the top plate  134  is a stop lever  136 . The stop lever  136  is mounted for pivotal movement on a vertical shaft that extends through the top plate  134 . The stop lever  134  is biased toward an ideal position. Placing a physical stop in the path of the stop lever  134  serves to limit the maximum movement of the speed control lever  130 , and thereby limits the maximum rate that fuel enters the engine. The exact operational details of the interaction between the governor control box  116  and its related engine components are disclosed in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,315,977. 
   In the present invention, a linear actuator  120  (or alternatively a stepper motor), controlled by the computer  10 , is mounted to the top plate  134  of the governor control box  116 . The linear actuator  120  is interfaced with the computer  10  by the common ground line  64 , and along the throttle control signal path  48 ,  36 . The linear actuator  120  is linked to DC power supply  22  along signal path  62 . The linear actuator  120  has a screw  122  that is extendable and retractable in fine, exact, and reproducible increments. An end  124  of the screw  122  serves as a mechanical stop for the stop lever  136 . The linear actuator  120  interfaced to the computer  10  provides a means to control the throttle of engines that do not include an electronic throttle voltage signal. 
   A potentiometer  128  is mounted to the top plate  134 . The potentiometer  128  includes cylinder  126  that mounts to the speed control lever  130 . The cylinder  126  extends and retracts in response to movement of the speed control lever  130 . The position of the cylinder  126  is translated to a voltage signal by the potentiometer  128 , wherein the signal correlates to the throttle position. The voltage signal is interfaced with the computer  10  in the following manner. The potentiometer  128  has a common ground  52 , and is powered by DC power supply  54 . The DC power supply  54  is linked to the computer  10  and sends power to the potentiometer  128  along signal path  56 . An output signal is sent from the potentiometer  128  to the computer along signal path  46 ,  36 . The output signal consists of the throttle position as measured and converted to an electronic voltage signal by the potentiometer  128 . In this manner, the potentiometer  128  allows the computer to monitor an electronic throttle voltage signal. 
   The computer  10 , linked to the potentiometer  128  and linear actuator  120 , controls the operation of the engine in the manner described above in reference to engines with electronic throttle control. In the embodiment of the invention shown in  FIG. 2 , when the relay switch  26  is in the factory control position  34 , the linear actuator  120  is programmed to withdraw the screw  122  to its retracted position such that the stop lever  136  and the speed control lever  130  operate without interference. In the factory control position  34 , the computer  10  can still monitor the throttle voltage via the signal path  46 ,  36  extending from the potentiometer  128  to the computer  10 . With the relay switch  26  in the throttle voltage control position  30 , the computer  10  receives the converted throttle voltage signal from the potentiometer  128  along the signal path  46 ,  36  and can control the throttle by sending signals to the linear actuator  120  along the signal path  34 ,  48 . Thus, the computer  10  can execute engine control in the same manner described hereinabove in reference to the embodiment shown in FIG.  1 . Of course, those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that, without departing from the scope of the intended invention, the specific configuration required for controlling vehicles without electronic throttles and/or electronic engine computer will vary depending on the make and model of the vehicle involved. 
   In the various manners described hereinabove, the computer  10  can directly assume control of the throttle voltage in response to one or more of the sensors. Specifically, the computer  10  can take control of the throttle voltage and manage the voltage in response to at least three sensor inputs. First, the computer can manage the throttle position in the same manner as a conventional cruise control. That is the system can adjust the throttle voltage based on driving conditions to maintain as close as possible a constant speed. Secondly, the computer  10  can control the throttle voltage in response to input from the emission analyzer  16 . In this mode, the computer may monitor the emission analyzer to ensure that the emissions stay below a certain level. For example, through experimentation it may be desired to keep emission levels below a certain opacity threshold (where 0% would be completely clear exhaust and 100% would be completely opaque exhaust), or below some other predetermined level of a particular exhaust gas. If the threshold level is exceeded the computer can reduce the throttle voltage or institute some change in the fuel makeup or mixture until the emission level drops below the threshold. 
   Third, the computer  10  could control the throttle voltage in response to information from the GPS receiver  12 . This control mode would likely involve the establishment of a throttle voltage profile. This can be accomplished by allowing a driver of particularly high skill in driving to conserve fuel to drive the vehicle over a predetermined course. The relay switch  26  would be set to the factory control position  34 , enabling the computer  10  to collect throttle voltage information, and time, position, and elevation data from the GPS receiver  12  in communication with the satellites  14 . Furthermore, vehicle speed could also be monitored by the computer  10  or computed based on the time and position data. This information could be collected on a periodic basis, for example, once a second or once every 100 feet, or any other convenient interval. This information can be recorded and used at a later date on a trip by another driver over the same or substantially similar route, in the same or substantially similar vehicle. On the return trip the computer  10  can use the previously created profile to control the throttle position. Again, with the GPS sensor  12  activated, the computer  10  can compare the current vehicle position and throttle voltage to the historical data, and use adaptive techniques to match the current throttle voltage to the throttle voltage at the same location based on the historical data. 
   In addition to the sensors mentioned hereinabove, other sensors could be used with the present invention. For example, a wind resistance sensor could be used to calculate wind speed and direction. This information would be used by the computer  10  to adjust the throttle voltage. The computer  10  would be able to calculate adjustments to throttle voltage to compensate or adjust for any differences between current wind resistance and the wind resistance at the time the historical data was collected. 
   In practice, the best results, i.e. those results that minimize emissions and maximize fuel economy may be achieved by a control program that combines all responses to all three sensors to achieve the most efficient performance. In general, the control program would follow the control flow represented by the following pseudo code: 
   
     
       
             
           
             
             
           
             
           
         
             
                 
             
           
           
             
               BEGIN CONTROL LOOP [While Brake_Pedal = On] 
             
             
               { 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               OBSERVE Pollution 
             
             
                 
               CALCULATE c= Fuel(Pollution) 
             
             
                 
               CALCULATE b = Prediction(x) 
             
             
                 
               CALCULATE a = Throttle(x) 
             
             
                 
               CALCULATE Throttle_Power_New = a + b + c + 
             
             
                 
               Throttle_Power_Old 
             
             
                 
               Apply Throttle_Power_New 
             
             
                 
               CALCULATE Throttle_Power_Old = Throttle_Power_New 
             
           
        
         
             
               } 
             
             
               REPEAT LOOP 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   Pollution is the response from the emission analyzer  16 . The value of x equals the vehicles real world position, speed, and/or elevation as determined by the GPS receiver  12 . The Fuel function uses the parameter Pollution to calculate the throttle voltage adjustment coefficient c that becomes a component of the throttle adjustment equation. If the emission threshold is within the predetermined tolerance then the value of c equals zero. If the emission threshold is exceeded then the value of c would become negative, exerting a drag on throttle voltage. This would then begin to slow the vehicle until the emission level drops below the threshold level. Alternatively, if the emission threshold is exceeded the fuel mixture or composition could be altered by the computer  10  to reduce the emissions. In particular, the air/fuel mixture could be adjusted, or water and/or a mixture of water and alcohol could be added to the fuel mixture to reduce emissions. Water and/or a water and alcohol mixture could be either port injected or injected directly into the combustion chamber to reduce, for example, oxides of nitrogen (NO x ). 
   The Prediction function uses the parameter x to calculate the throttle voltage adjustment coefficient b. The Prediction equation could be as simple as exactly matching the historical throttle voltage to the current voltage. In practice, however, driving and vehicle conditions vary enough that this method may not produce the best results. An alternative Prediction function would match the slope of the historical run to the current run. In other words, the function would look ahead a specified number of control points (based on either time or distance) and determine the slope of the historical throttle voltage versus time/distance curve, and then apply that slope to the current data to adjust current throttle position. The coefficient b could be negative or positive depending on whether the throttle voltage needs to be decreased or increased, respectively. 
   The Throttle function uses the parameter x to calculate the throttle voltage adjustment coefficient a. The Throttle function comprises the direct attempt to control speed, and would use the standard cruise control equations known in the art to perform this function. These equations attempt to drive the difference in actual speed and a target speed (delta speed) to zero. In situations where either coefficient b or c become large enough that an imbalance exists between the values of b or c, and a, then an adjustment to the target speed will be needed. This will result, for example, when the historical profile shows that the vehicle is approaching a major uphill or downhill section of the road. In the case of a downhill section, the Prediction function will allow the vehicle to gain speed down the hill, while at the same time the Throttle function will attempt to slow the vehicle. If this imbalance will persist over more than a couple of control points, the target speed would be raised to correct the imbalance. In the situation where the vehicle is approaching a major uphill section requires the reverse control method. 
   The values of the coefficients a, b, c can be determined by the computer  10  based on a predetermined weighting scheme that seeks to achieve the best overall performance, or the driver can set or influence the values on a real time basis. For example, the driver could enter information into the computer  10  instructing the computer  10  to control the throttle voltage to maximize or minimize fuel economy, emissions, or to maintain a constant speed. The relative importance the driver gives to these factors would determine the weight given to each of the coefficients a, b, c. 
   Another feature of the present invention is the ability of the computer  10  to predict and report the difference in fuel economy or the amount of emission reduction achieved under throttle control. The computer  10  can track the changes, corrections, or adjustments made to the throttle voltage in relation to straight cruise control, for example, and keep a log of the improvement to fuel economy or emission reduction that results. This information would be useful in quantifying the value of the invention in terms of fuel savings, or emission reduction. 
   Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the exact control method and equations will vary depending on the vehicle, the vehicle load, the road, and driving conditions. Thus, some experimentation and profiling will be required in order to determine the exact equations and weighting factors. 
   Another aspect of the present invention includes a remote communication device (RCD)  17  operatively connected to the computer  10 , or alternatively directly connected to the exhaust analyzer  16  (connection shown in phantom). The RCD  17  provides for transmission of information received from one or more of a plurality of sensors that monitor some indicator of engine performance and/or of engine combustion. For example, the RCD  17  could transmit information from the exhaust analyzer  16  to a remote monitoring location  21  via a communication network  19 . The remote communication scheme for communicating combustion performance parameter like exhaust analyzer information could utilize a wireless modem device and communication network, a cellular network, a PCMCIA communication device, a radio transmitter and transceiver, satellite communications technology, or the like. 
   The information transmitted from the exhaust analyzer  16  could include important parameters of engine performance and fuel combustion like HC, CO, C0 2 , 0 2 , and NOx gas concentrations. From these parameters a person or device at the remote monitoring location  21  could quickly identify on a realtime basis poor performing vehicles, or changes in vehicle performance that should be addressed through maintenance procedures or modification of driving behavior. For example, the remote monitoring location  21  could utilize a computer program means to identify out of range conditions for certain exhaust parameters, or a manual system could be used where a person monitors the information coming from the exhaust analyzer  16  at predetermined intervals. In either event, any particular problem vehicle could be quickly identified based on indicators of engine performance, or driver behavior that would lead to poor fuel economy, allowing for immediate remedial attention. 
   In addition, the RCD  17  could transmit information from a catalytic converter  100  configured with plurality of sensors (FIG.  4 ). The sensors associated with the catalytic converter  100  can interface with the computer  10 , or directly with the RCD  17 . The catalytic converter  100  comprises a secondary combustion chamber that combusts unburned fuel expelled from the engine. The amount of combustion that takes place in the catalytic converter  100  indicates the quality of the primary combustion process. However, while reducing emissions of unburned fuel and its constituent components, the catalytic converter can hide inefficiencies in engine performance thereby making it difficult to identify problem conditions that need correction or that would over time lead to serious engine deterioration. Thus, it is desirable to monitor engine combustion performance in a manner tat accounts for the activity of the catalytic converter  100 . Communication of the output one or more of the plurality of sensors associated with the catalytic converter  100  to the RCD  17 , or to the computer  10 , would allow detection of any such problem in combustion performance. Monitoring the catalyst bed temperature, inlet/outlet temperature, and the inlet/outlet CO 2  or O 2  levels or some combination of the foregoing sensors would allow for determining the amount of secondary combustion taking place in the catalytic converter  100  and by proxy the performance of the primary combustion taking place in the engine of the vehicle. In particular, the monitoring could be based on the differential between inlet/outlet temperatures, based on catalyst bed temperature, or based on the differential between inlet/outlet CO 2  or O 2  levels. 
   Another sensor capable of adaptation for use with the present invention comprises an accelerometer  102 . An electromechanical or mechanical accelerometer  102  can be attached to the engine to detect irregularities in engine combustion performance through detection of very small irregularities in acceleration. For example, an accelerometer  102  could detect irregular cylinder firing patterns, or even a dead cylinder, that might not be detectable to the operator of the vehicle. The accelerometer  102  can interface directly with the computer  10 , or to the RCD  17 , for communication to the remote monitoring location  21 . 
   An opacity sensor is yet another example of a sensor capable of adaptation for use with the present invention for communication of parameters of engine combustion performance (see FIG.  4 ). The opacity sensor could interface with the computer  10 , or directly with the RCD  17 , for communication to the remote monitoring location  21 . The opacity sensor essentially would measure the amount of particulate in the engine exhaust, which is a measure of combustion quality. The more particulate in the exhaust the less efficient the combustion process, and the more likely that the engine has developed, or will develop, problems that require mechanical attention. In practice, it would be advisable to use periodic sampling and retract or cover the opacity sensor when not in use to limit its exposure to engine exhaust. Prolonged exposure could coat the sensor with carbon thereby limiting its utility. 
   The following information is helpful in illustrating the utility of realtime monitoring of some measure combustion efficiency. Table I shows the partial results of opacity testing performed on the exhaust of a fleet of school buses with very new engines (three of the mileage entries are believed to be excessive and the result of data entry error). The data shows that even with relatively new engines at least three of the buses exhibited opacity readings in excess of 18%, and one bus had a reading of 27.5%. The fleet averaged an opacity reading of 7.78%. Thus, the information in Table 1 clearly identifies three candidate vehicles for inspection and/or maintenance based on poor combustion performance. Without this testing information the problems in these vehicles would likely have gone undetected due to the fact that the opacity levels were not high enough to allow for visible detection, and new vehicles would likely not be scheduled for the type of maintenance that would detect the underlying problems. Left undetected the problem would worsen possibly to the point of requiring engine replacement, and at the least the vehicle would waste fuel and needlessly increase pollutants until the problem is detected or corrected. Accordingly, the realtime availability of such data would be very useful in identifying problem vehicles and facilitating changes thereto. 
   
     
       
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE 1 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
             
               2002 School Bus Opacity Data 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Current 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
               PM 
             
             
               Number 
               Vehicle 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Density % 
             
             
               of 
               Number 
                 
               Engine 
               Engine 
               Injection 
               Hours/ 
                 
               before 
             
             
               vehicles 
               # 
               Location 
               Manufacturer 
               Model 
               Type 
               Mileage 
               Year 
               DriverMax 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               2542 
               6 
               Clear Lake 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Electronic 
               18,868 
               2002 
               27.50 
             
             
               2543 
               02-14 
               Van Horne 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Electronic 
               17,373 
               2002 
               18.70 
             
             
               2544 
               6 
               Elk Horn - Kimballton 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Electronic 
               8,472 
               2002 
               18.00 
             
             
               2545 
               03 
               Prescott 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Electronic 
               8,741 
               2002 
               13.10 
             
             
               2546 
               33 
               Iowa City 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Electronic 
               713 
               2002 
               13.00 
             
             
               2547 
               2 
               Burnside 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Electronic 
               14,464 
               2002 
               11.70 
             
             
               2548 
               3 
               Rock Valley Christian 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Electronic 
               8,342 
               2002 
               11.60 
             
             
               2549 
               6 
               Buffalo Center 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Electronic 
               13,395 
               2002 
               11.20 
             
             
               2550 
               8 
               Clear Lake 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Electronic 
               10,499 
               2002 
               10.40 
             
             
               2551 
               12 
               Carroll 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Electronic 
               6,179 
               2002 
               10.30 
             
             
               2552 
               32 
               Iowa City 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Electronic 
               723 
               2002 
               9.93 
             
             
               2553 
               16 
               Nevada 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Electronic 
               8,503 
               2002 
               9.73 
             
             
               2554 
               4 
               Lenox 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Electronic 
               16,376 
               2002 
               8.80 
             
             
               2555 
               29 
               Iowa City 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Electronic 
               79 
               2002 
               8.75 
             
             
               2556 
               31 
               Iowa City 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Electronic 
               71 
               2002 
               8.28 
             
             
               2557 
               9 
               South Page 
               Navistar/IH 
               6 cyl 
               Electronic 
               3,060 
               2002 
               8.16 
             
             
               2558 
               01 
               Farragut 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Electronic 
               8,884 
               2002 
               7.84 
             
             
               2559 
               30 
               Iowa City 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Electronic 
               73 
               2002 
               7.33 
             
             
               2560 
               202 
               Spencer 
               Navistar/IH 
               6 cyl 
               Electronic 
               7,823 
               2002 
               6.98 
             
             
               2561 
               4 
               Iowa City 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Electronic 
               73 
               2002 
               6.83 
             
             
               2562 
               01-06 
               Sioux Central 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Electronic 
               15,262 
               2002 
               6.76 
             
             
               2563 
               22 
               New Hampton 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Electronic 
               217 
               2002 
               6.62 
             
             
               2664 
               9 
               South O&#39;Brien 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Electronic 
               12,898 
               2002 
               6.50 
             
             
               2565 
               14 
               Fremont-Mills 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Electronic 
               7,552 
               2002 
               6.28 
             
             
               2566 
               01 
               Hull-Western Christian 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Electronic 
               17,645 
               2002 
               6.22 
             
             
                 
                 
               High 
             
             
               2567 
               7 
               Clear Lake 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Electronic 
               14,378 
               2002 
               6.04 
             
             
               2568 
               3 
               Perry 
               Navistar/IH 
               6 cyl 
               Electronic 
               1,892 
               2002 
               6.01 
             
             
               2569 
               28 
               Ankeny 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Electronic 
               8,057 
               2002 
               5.63 
             
             
               2570 
               9 
               Grundy Center 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Electronic 
               15,080 
               2002 
               5.57 
             
             
               2571 
               2 
               Clarksville 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Electronic 
               447 
               2002 
               4.83 
             
             
               2572 
               22 
               Allamakee-Waukon 
               Navistar/IH 
               6 cyl 
               Electronic 
               353 
               2002 
               4.39 
             
             
               2573 
               2 
               Wyoming 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Electronic 
               9,293 
               2002 
               4.80 
             
             
               2574 
               2 
               Odebolt 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Electronic 
               2,997 
               2002 
               3.91 
             
             
               2575 
               10 
               Valley, Elgin 
               Navistar/IH 
               IH 
               Electronic 
               3,168 
               2002 
               3.25 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               T444E 
             
             
               2576 
               21 
               Spirit Lake 
               Navistar/IH 
               6 cyl 
               Electronic 
               3,728 
               2002 
               2.99 
             
             
               2577 
               05 
               Decorah 
               Navistar/IH 
               6 cyl 
               Electronic 
               9,310 
               2002 
               2.98 
             
             
               2578 
               2 
               Alta 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Electronic 
               5,319 
               2002 
               2.64 
             
             
               2579 
               55 
               Lynnville Sully 
               Navistar/IH 
               6 Cyl 
               Electronic 
               1,535 
               2002 
               2.60 
             
             
               2580 
               11 
               Wellman-Mid Prairie 
               Navistar/IH 
               6 cyl 
               Electronic 
               1,656 
               2002 
               1.96 
             
             
               2581 
               27 
               Decorah 
               Navistar/IH 
               6 cyl 
               Electronic 
               11,821 
               2002 
               1.23 
             
             
               2582 
               12 
               Wellman-Mid Prairie 
               Navistar/IH 
               6 cyl 
               Electronic 
               2,507 
               2002 
               0.34 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Average 
               7.78 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   As Table 1 indicates the problem of poor combustion is not isolated to older vehicles, even new engines can have substantial engine performance or fuel combustion problems. For example, vehicle number 6 with 8472 miles had an opacity level of 18%, while vehicle number 05 with 9,310 miles had an opacity level of 2.98%. Clearly, there is a problem with the vehicle number 6 that likely existed from the day the bus arrived from the factory. Without this information it is unlikely that a brand new bus would have been tested, or thought to have such a problem, and the problem would have persisted causing further engine damage, continued to waste fuel, thereby needlessly increasing the cost of operation as well as pollution levels. However, as expected older vehicles show even worse deterioration. 
   Table 2 shows partial data taken from a fleet of older school buses with 1987 engines. The data shows that seven of the buses have opacity readings of 55% or more, indicating major engine or combustion problems. Also, a large number of the buses have opacity readings in excess of 28% also indicating some level of deterioration and poor performance. All of these buses would be candidates for some level of maintenance, ranging from a tune up to engine replacement. Again, this illustrates the benefit from realtime monitoring and profiling of vehicle performance and of the performance of a fleet of vehicles, without which the problems would have persisted. 
   Such analysis done realtime eliminates the need to take the vehicle out of service for special testing, and allows for more closely monitoring the performance to better detect changes in performance. In addition, it is anticipated that the realtime monitoring could not only detect engine performance and combustion problems, but also detect difference in driving habits of drivers of fleet vehicles. If the data suggests that engine performance or combustion performance for some drivers is better than others, remedial action can be taken to transfer the techniques of the more skilled drivers to the less skilled drivers also resulting in better vehicle performance, reduced need or maintenance, and in reduced fuel costs. 
   
     
       
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE 2 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
             
               1987 School Bus Opacity Data 
               Opacity 
                 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               Current 
                 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               Fleet Analysis 
                 
               PM 
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               Number 
               Vehicle 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Density % 
               Soot 
             
             
               of 
               Number 
                 
               Engine 
               Engine 
               Injection 
               Hours/ 
                 
               before 
               # Soot 
             
             
               vehicles 
               # 
               Location 
               Manufacturer 
               Model 
               Type 
               Mileage 
               Year 
               DriverMax 
               Before 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               4399 
               8701 
               Cedar Rapids 
               Navistar/IH 
                 
               Mechanical 
               161,710 
               1987 
               75.10 
               432.13 
             
             
               4400 
               1 
               Palls 
               Navistar/IH 
               6 cyl 
               Mechanical 
               19,271 
               1987 
               59.80 
               344.09 
             
             
               4401 
               30 
               Huffman Trans, 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Mechanical 
               140,636 
               1987 
               59.00 
               339.49 
             
             
                 
                 
               Mason City 
             
             
               4402 
               15 
               Iowa Falls 
               Navistar/IH 
               6 cyl 
               Mechanical 
               159,149 
               1987 
               58.90 
               338.82 
             
             
               4403 
               8706 
               Cedar Rapids 
               Navistar/IH 
                 
               Mechanical 
               155,875 
               1987 
               58.10 
               334.31 
             
             
               4404 
               11 
               AR-WE-VA 
               Navistar/IH 
               6 cyl 
               Mechanical 
               141,589 
               1987 
               56.70 
               326.26 
             
             
               4405 
               10 
               Kaokuk 
               Navistar/IH 
               6 cyl 
               Mechanical 
               124,746 
               1987 
               55.00 
               316.48 
             
             
               4406 
               5 
               East Greene 
               Navistar/IH 
               6 cyl 
               Mechanical 
               166,630 
               1987 
               52.00 
               299.21 
             
             
               4407 
               15 
               Mt. Pleasant 
               Navistar/IH 
               IHT 444E 
               Mechanical 
               161,566 
               1987 
               48.00 
               276.20 
             
             
               4408 
               7 
               Mediapolis 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Mechanical 
               222,521 
               1987 
               43.40 
               249.73 
             
             
               4409 
               28 
               Huffman Trans, 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Mechanical 
               123,096 
               1987 
               42.90 
               246.85 
             
             
                 
                 
               Masion City 
             
             
               4410 
               87 
               Moville 
               Navistar/IH 
               6 cyl 
               Mechanical 
               147,653 
               1987 
               42.70 
               246.70 
             
             
               4411 
               24 
               Eddyville 
               Navistar/IH 
               6 cyl 
               Mechanical 
               222,762 
               1987 
               41.90 
               241.10 
             
             
               4412 
               707 
               Western Dubuque 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Mechanical 
               147,175 
               1987 
               41.30 
               237.64 
             
             
               4413 
               7 
               Hull-Western 
               Navistar/IH 
               6 cyl 
               Mechanical 
               217,266 
               1987 
               41.00 
               235.92 
             
             
                 
                 
               Christian High 
             
             
               4414 
               704 
               Western Dubuque 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Mechanical 
               217,153 
               1987 
               39.90 
               229.59 
             
             
               4415 
               702 
               Western Dubuque 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Mechanical 
               142,567 
               1987 
               39.60 
               227.88 
             
             
               4416 
               14 
               Sioux City 
               Navistar/IH 
               6 cyl 
               Mechanical 
               180,417 
               1987 
               38.70 
               222.68 
             
             
               4417 
               39 
               Fort Madision 
               Navistar/IH 
               6 cyl 
               Mechanical 
               51,266 
               1987 
               38.10 
               219.23 
             
             
               4418 
               8707 
               Cedar Rapids 
               Navistar/IH 
                 
               Mechanical 
               173,121 
               1987 
               38.00 
               218.66 
             
             
               4419 
               9 
               Miles 
               Navistar/IH 
               6 cyl 
               Mechanical 
               157,083 
               1987 
               36.90 
               212.33 
             
             
               4420 
               10 
               Miles 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Mechanical 
               147,828 
               1987 
               35.80 
               211.75 
             
             
               4421 
               2 
               Pella Christian 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Mechanical 
               154,075 
               1987 
               35.00 
               201.39 
             
             
               4422 
               8702 
               Cedar Rapids 
               Navistar/IH 
                 
               Mechanical 
               186,182 
               1987 
               35.00 
               201.39 
             
             
               4423 
               18 
               Wapello 
               Navistar/IH 
                 
               Mechanical 
               132,431 
               1987 
               34.30 
               197.37 
             
             
               4424 
               8704 
               Cedar Rapids 
               Navistar/IH 
                 
               Mechanical 
               178,810 
               1987 
               34.00 
               195.84 
             
             
               4425 
               8703 
               Cedar Rapids 
               Navistar/IH 
                 
               Mechanical 
               186,608 
               1987 
               33.80 
               194.49 
             
             
               4426 
               8 
               Burnside 
               Navistar/IH 
               6 cyl 
               Mechanical 
               145,135 
               1987 
               33.70 
               193.91 
             
             
               4427 
               703 
               Western Dubuque 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Mechanical 
               158,238 
               1987 
               32.90 
               189.31 
             
             
               4428 
               8 
               Norm Springs 
               Navistar/IH 
               6 cyl 
               Mechanical 
               170,528 
               1987 
               32.50 
               187.01 
             
             
               4429 
               8714 
               Cedar Rapids 
               Navistar/IH 
                 
               Mechanical 
               179,178 
               1987 
               30.80 
               177.23 
             
             
               4430 
               5 
               Nashua 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Mechanical 
               151,377 
               1987 
               30.70 
               176.65 
             
             
               4431 
               87 
               Boydan-Hull 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Mechanical 
               67,782 
               1987 
               30.00 
               172.62 
             
             
               4432 
               15 
               Sioux City 
               Navistar/IH 
               6 cyl 
               Mechanical 
               179,966 
               1987 
               29.60 
               170.32 
             
             
               4433 
               7 
               Monticello 
               Navistar/IH 
               V8 
               Mechanical 
               180,542 
               1987 
               28.70 
               165.14 
             
             
               4434 
               14 
               Fort Madison 
               Navistar/IH 
               DT360 
               Mechanical 
               196,896 
               1987 
               28.70 
               165.14 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   The foregoing description and drawings comprise illustrative embodiments of the present inventions. The foregoing embodiments and the methods described herein may vary based on the ability, experience, and preference of those skilled in the art. Merely listing the steps of the method in a certain order does not constitute any limitation on the order of the steps of the method. The foregoing description and drawings merely explain and illustrate the invention, and the invention is not limited thereto, except insofar as the claims are so limited. Those skilled in the art that have the disclosure before them will be able to make modifications and variations therein without departing from the scope of the invention.