Abstract:
Broadcast signals are detected and matched with signal information, such as call letters, genre and geographical location for corresponding signal sources, based on the geographical location of the receiver and the frequency at which the signals are broadcast. The signal information is stored with signal and medium selection data, so that signal sources provided via different communication media, such as broadcast radio and Internet streaming audio, can be accessed, sorted, selected and displayed together. Thus, a user can group for display information about signal sources transmitting a type of music that the user enjoys, via any communication medium that the receiver supports. Also, a currently selected signal source and communication medium can be matched with a different communication medium for the same source, so that if the received signal deteriorates, the receiver can switch to the different communication medium for receipt of the same signal.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/453,023, filed Dec. 2, 1999 by Rafael Heredia, et al., incorporated herein by reference and U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/159,102, filed Oct. 13, 1999, entitled AUTOMATIC ASSIGNMENT AND TUNING OF RADIO CALL LETTERS TO RADIO PRESETS. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention is directed to identifying signals from multiple sources and, more particularly, to identifying broadcast radio signals and radio signals received via a packet-based network. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     The amount of information displayed while audio signals are produced by many devices has changed dramatically in recent years and further changes have been proposed. For decades, radios only provided an indication of the band selected and an approximation of the frequency to which the radio was tuned. Similarly a user was limited to estimating the track and viewing a rotating label of a phonograph as it was played. Now, digital displays on tuners provide a more precise indication of frequency and some permit a user to manually enter call letters for stations. For recorded music, CD players indicate the track and often the number of minutes and seconds the track has been played. 
     In addition, personal computers are now used as audio and video output devices from locally stored media, such as compact discs (CDs), or Motion Pictures Experts Group (MPEG) files stored in mass memory. There are also databases available, e.g., via packet-based networks, such as the global network commonly referred to as the Internet, containing information on titles, tracks, and artists of CDs, as well as sources for streaming audio or downloadable audio files. Sources for streaming audio available via the Internet include radio stations that also broadcast signals from antenna to antenna and “Internet-only” stations that have programming of a particular format or genre. Databases that identify streaming audio also often include location, language of any spoken audio, network address, speed of delivery, call letters, frequency, slogan, logo, and genre or format. Computer software, commonly termed “player software,” that outputs the signal received from such network addresses via streaming audio often displays information about an audio selection currently being received, including information identifying the source, name of the artist(s) that produced the music or other audio, and album and track titles, if the audio is from a recording with multiple tracks, such as a CD. The player software for streaming audio received via the Internet often permits storage of addresses in a local or personal database, to simplify subsequent selection of sources. Such databases are often identified as “presets” in the user interface of the player software. 
     Also, there are several different broadcast systems using digital audio signals that are broadcast from antenna to antennas or via cable, such as the audioonly channels provided by digital cable and satellite television systems, and include signal information in text that is embedded in the digital stream along with the audio signal. This is very similar to the way that the player software for streaming audio receives the information that is displayed by the computer display. When the equipment used to receive a broadcast signal containing embedded textual information is not a personal computer, information similar to that described above for player software may be displayed selectively, on a scrolling screen, or in some other manner. 
     Examples of embedded information in broadcast signals include those used by WebTV™ for hyperlinks associated with a program as it is broadcast and by Gemstar International Group Limited for program guide information which is best known for use by VCR Plus+®. Both of these services use the vertical blanking interval (VBI) in analog television signals. However, some broadcasters remove the embedded signals and the association is primarily with the content of the program being broadcast. 
     In addition to stand-alone receivers for signals received from a broadcast antenna, or its cable equivalent, peripheral devices are available for computers to receive broadcast audio (and video) signals. Depending on the software used and the signal supplied by the source, the computer display may include signal information, such as call letters and frequency, as well as album and track titles. However, no known device integrates signals received from a broadcast antenna, or its cable equivalent, with signals received via a packet-based network or that can automatically obtain information about a broadcast signal that does not have textual information embedded in the signal, as some digital broadcasts do. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to automatically identify broadcast signals. 
     It is another object of the present invention to display information about a broadcast signal received via an antenna. 
     It is a further object of the present invention to display information about signals that can be received via both broadcast and a packet-based network. 
     It is yet another object of the present invention to automatically switch between a radio signal receivable via both antenna and a packet-based network. 
     It is a still further object of the present invention to obtain data on listener habits from radio preset selections. 
     The above objects can be attained by a method of identifying signal sources, including obtaining a signal from a signal source via a communication medium; and accessing at least one database from a data source separate from the signal source to obtain signal information about the signal source. 
     These together with other objects and advantages which will be subsequently apparent, reside in the details of construction and operation as more fully hereinafter described and claimed, reference being had to the accompanying drawings forming a part hereof, wherein like numerals refer to like parts throughout. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system to which the present invention can be applied. 
     FIG. 2 is a flowchart of a method of identifying signal sources according to the present invention. 
     FIGS. 3A-3C are samples of databases generated from data available from government databases. 
     FIGS. 4A and 4B are samples of databases generated by the present invention. 
     FIGS. 5-9 are examples of displays that can be generated according to the present invention. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Illustrated in FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system  20  to which the present invention can be applied. None of the hardware specified below is required to practice the present invention. The minimum requirement is a broadcast signal receiver controlled by a processor with both program and data storage. Thus, the minimum requirements could be met by adding the program and, if necessary, data storage to existing AM/FM receivers or any of the proposed devices for receiving digital radio broadcasts, and also might be applied to other broadcast signals, such as television. In the preferred embodiment, the receiver includes a connection to a packet-based network for receiving both data and signals via a packet-based network, such as what is commonly termed the Internet. 
     The system  20  has an overall construction of a computer with audio  22  and video  24  subsystems. The usual computer components of a processor (CPU)  26 , RAM  28  and a storage unit  30 , such as a hard disk, are connected by main bus  32 . In FIG. 1, the common IBM personal computer northbridge  34  and southbridge  36  structures are also illustrated, but the present invention is not limited to this computer architecture. In addition, computer network connections  38  are provided, such as a local area network connection  40  and modem  42 . A high speed device interface  44 , such as IEEE-1394, is also connected to main bus  32 , to provide a connection to components such as removable disc drive  46  for reading digital versatile discs, compact discs, etc., and additional external devices at ports  48 ,  50 . 
     The components major components of the audio subsystem  22  illustrated in FIG. 1 include AM/FM tuner  52  and a programmable analog mixer  54 , such as an AC97 codec available for many chip manufacturers; one example is Crystal Semiconductor CS4297A. Also illustrated in FIG. 1 are decoders  56  of several types including Sony-Philips digital interface (S/PDIF), analog/digital converters and digital/analog converters, as described in more detail below. Digital signal processor  58  performs processing of audio signals, e.g., to provide surround sound effects such as hall, stadium, club, church, etc., and outputs the audio signals to speakers via amplifiers (not shown). Also supported are Digital Dolby, DTS and variable echo, reverberation, loudness, speed and direction. An example of a DSP chip that can be used is a Crystal Semiconductor CS 4296 
     In video subsystem  24 , television tuner  60  may be provided by a Philips Semiconductor module F1236 MK2-PH or similar device. Video decoder  62  may be provided by components such as one or more Video Matrix TEA6425 chips for decoding S-video inputs and a peripheral device coupled to main bus  32 , such as an ATI Rage® Theater™ graphics chip or similar graphics component. Encoder  64  and decoder  66  for Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG-2 or ISO 13818) compressed digital video, and graphics module  68  may be provided by, e.g., an ATI Rage® 128 AGP card coupled to graphics bus  70 . 
     Southbridge  36  provides connection to other peripheral devices through the universal serial bus (USB) ports to devices, such as an infrared output  72 , e.g., a JDS IR-XP 2 , for controlling devices connected to apparatus  20 . Other ports  74  are provided for devices having other control inputs, such as RS-232, Sony&#39;s S-link, a keypad or keyboard, etc. Additional conventional television components such as a comb filter (e.g., a Philips TDA9183T or similar chip for S-video components) may be included in video subsystem  24 . 
     Display  76  may be a liquid crystal display (LCD) for providing information such as radio frequency, call letters, etc. However, much of the display information used to interact with the user is preferably output to a television monitor or similar device connected to video subsystem  24 . 
     FIG. 2 is a flowchart of a method according to the present invention that can be implemented using the apparatus illustrated in FIG.  1 . In the following description, it will be assumed that the signal being received is an audio signal from AM/FM tuner  52  or via one of the computer network connections  38  for a signal from the Internet. However, the present invention can also be applied to video signals received by TV tuner  60  or computer network connections  38 . Also, many of the steps can be performed either manually or automatically, as indicated in the following description. 
     Since the apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 can be used to receive signals from many different sources, initially a communication medium is selected  102 . For example, the AM or FM band of frequencies is selected if a listener wants to hear a broadcast radio program. Next, the apparatus obtains  104  a signal by adjusting the tuning of AM/FM tuner  52  or addressing a location on the computer network that supplies an audio signal. In the case of a conventional analog radio broadcast, the signal obtained in step  104  will contain only an audio signal. However, it is possible to determine the source of the signal and obtain additional information, from the frequency and the location of the receiver. Currently existing databases are available via the Internet for obtaining such information in the United States of America and similar databases may be available, or could be created for other countries. 
     The U.S. Federal Communication Commission (FCC) makes databases available that contain the longitude and latitude of all antennas broadcasting in the 535 kHz to 1705 kHz and 88 MHZ to 108 MHz bands, and the frequencies, call letters and locations by city and state for each of the stations using those antennas. Samples of the relevant portions of the records in the FCC databases for AM and FM radio stations and their antenna locations are illustrated in FIGS. 3A and 3B, respectively. In addition, the Census Bureau has a database available that provides an approximate longitude and latitude for most zip codes in the United States of America. A sample of the relevant portion of the records in the Census Bureau database is illustrated in FIG.  3 C. Using the frequency to which AM/FM tuner  52  is tuned and the zip code at its location, system  20  is able to determine all AM and FM radio stations within, e.g., 100 miles or 160 kilometers. 
     The information from the U.S. government databases can be either pre-loaded and stored in local databases  106 , or downloaded from remote databases  108 , e.g., at the time that system  20  illustrated in FIG. 1 is initially connected, or accessed as needed. Remote databases  108  can be either the U.S. government databases accessed directly, or processed directories accessed from a service that has already extracted the information required by system  20 . If a service is not used, the software in system  20  must include the extraction routines. In the preferred embodiment, remote databases  108  are provided by a service that has already extracted and formatted the data required by the present invention and maintains other databases, as discussed below. 
     System  20  accesses  110  either the local databases  106  or remote databases  108 , or a combination of the two using the broadcast frequency and the zip code for the receiver which is typically provided by the user. In some areas, it may be possible to determine the zip code using the automatic number identification (ANI) supplied when using a dial-up connection to call into the service that provides remote databases  108 . Databases could be provided that convert the exchange of a telephone number to one or more zip codes or directly to latitude or longitude 
     In the preferred embodiment, the accessing  110  the databases  106  or  108  obtains all radio station antennas broadcasting signals in the band selected in step  102  that are located in a square whose sides have a predetermined minimum distance to the receiver of, e.g., 100 miles. To obtain the coordinates of latitude and longitude corresponding to such a square, it is assumed that degrees latitude are multiplied by 10 4 /145 to obtain miles and that the number of degrees longitude equal to 100 miles at a latitude of x can be obtained using the formula 
     
       
         |(1.6093/(111*cos( x ))*100)|. 
       
     
     If there is more than one antenna broadcasting a signal at the frequency used to obtain the signal, it is assumed that the closest antenna is broadcasting the signal that is being received, but the user is presented with the opportunity to select one of the other stations if this assumption is incorrect. Alternatively, the area of potential broadcast antennas could have another shape, such as a circle, or a series of increasingly larger areas until an antenna has been found for each of the signals that can be detected with sufficient strength. 
     Once the source of the signal has been identified, signal information initially obtained from the remote databases  108  is stored  112  together with the signal and medium selection data in local databases  106 . If the signal information is pre-stored in the local databases  106 , the information can either be flagged, or transferred from the national database to a database of local radio stations. Preferably, the signal information includes the genres or programming format of the signal sources. A sample of databases generated for broadcast radio stations and signal sources available via the Internet, i.e., an “Internet station,” are illustrated in FIGS. 4A and 4B, respectively. 
     Steps  102 ,  104 ,  110  and  112  can be performed each time a user selects a new signal to create a set of “presets” for the user. Alternatively, when system  20  is initially activated with a connection to remote databases  108 , system  20  can automatically scan through the available bands and frequencies after confirming that antenna(s) have been connected, either by prompting the user or based on the strength of the signals that are obtained in step  104 . This process is similar to the one used by some televisions to detect available television stations and will therefore not be described in detail. If the signal information is to be obtained for multiple signal sources, after storing  112  the signal information and signal and medium selection data, it is determined  114  whether there are more signals to be found and steps  104 ,  110  and  112  are repeated until all signals are found. Although not illustrated in FIG. 2, step  102  is also repeated if the process is to be performed for more than one band. 
     When the signal information obtained for the signal sources automatically detected by steps  104 ,  110 ,  112  and  114  includes genre or program format information, preferably subsets of signal sources are automatically defined by genre. The user is then given the opportunity to select genres for display in a menu. In addition, the user is given the flexibility of combining radio station presets, generated as described above, with similar information from signal sources available via the Internet, e.g., grouping both broadcast and Internet stations by genre. Multiple sets of stations may be stored in hard disk  30  (FIG. 1) corresponding to different users, different genres or any other grouping specified  120  by a user. A display generated for one such grouping is illustrated in FIG.  5 . 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, the user presets are reported  120  to the service that provides remote databases  108 . In addition, the currently selected signal source may also be reported. This enables the service represented by remote databases  108 , or the signal sources, or other providers of information to supply targeted advertisements that are received  122  by system  20 . Information used for determining advertisements to be supplied may include any of the signal information for the currently selected signal source, or a subset of signal sources stored as presets, including genre, or the geographical location of the user, i.e., the receiving location determined from the zip code, or the telephone exchange. Examples of targeted advertisements include related programming, even on a different communication medium, such as a radio personality that also has a television show or a guest on a radio program who is also doing an Internet chat session, informing users about other signal sources that have a similar format or program to the program that is currently being received or that matches a group of preset signal sources selected by the user. Targeted advertisement made possible by the reporting  120  of user listening habits is able to receive higher advertising rates than conventional broadcast advertisements. 
     During operation, the signal information for the presets may be displayed as illustrated in FIG. 5 where the labels for different subsets appear near the top as “All Stations,” “Local Rock,” “The Best Net,” “County,” and “TV Kids,” and is followed by medium selection data, i.e., “Band”, and signal information, such as “Station,” “Genre” and “Location.” Once a station is selected, a display like that illustrated in FIG. 6 or FIG. 7 may be generated showing additional signal information, as well as other stations that may be selected. Alternatively, the other presets for a subset may be hidden to produce a display like that illustrated in FIG. 8 for a signal from a broadcast station or in FIG. 9 for an Internet station. As indicated in FIGS. 8 and 9, an area is preferably included in the display for a graphic image or advertisement, either embedded in the signal received from the signal source, or received from a separate computer network connection  38 . 
     One of the benefits of integrating signals broadcast from antenna to antenna and routed via a packet-based network is that some of the signal sources may have redundant communication media. For example, preset  7  in FIG. 7 indicates that the band is AM radio. However, the signal information indicates that there is an Internet address for the station. Preferably, the software executing in CPU  26  identifies signal information for a signal source that can be obtained via a different communication medium whenever possible for the currently selected signal source. The condition of the signal selected by the user is monitored to determined  126  if there is deterioration beyond a predetermined threshold caused by interference in a broadcast radio signal or net congestion when receiving the signal via the Internet. If signal deterioration is detected  126 , CPU  26  switches  128  to an alternate medium for the same signal source. Monitoring continues and if the originally selected medium begins supplying a strong signal, system  20  switches back. 
     The many features and advantages of the invention are apparent from the detailed specification and, thus, it is intended by the appended claims to cover all such features and advantages of the invention which fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention. Further, since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation illustrated and described, and accordingly all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling within the scope of the invention.