Abstract:
Multiple scanning modes are provided for an array of electromagnetic radiation sensors. In the preferred implementation both selectable subarrays and the overall array can be read out and reset in any desired order, including interrupting a full array scan for a subarray scan and then resuming the full array scan.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0002]    This invention relates to digital imaging devices and methods, and more particularly to multimode scanning of an image sensor. 
         [0003]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0004]    Imaging sensors are used in digital cameras and camcorders, high definition televisions (HDTV), telescopes and other equipment. Two types of image sensors commonly used for these applications are charge coupled device (CCD) and complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS). Each includes a detector portion, typically a two-dimensional array of pixel circuits. Each pixel circuit contains both a detector that converts photons (electromagnetic radiation) into a charge (electron-hole pairs), that accumulates at the detector, and an output circuit. Each detector has a maximum charge that it is capable of holding. When this maximum charge has accumulated, the detector saturates and cannot hold any more. 
         [0005]    Each pixel senses one small area within the larger image, with its circuit outputting a signal representing that portion of the image. The pixel circuits may require resetting to obtain a new image or to accommodate a bright star that has saturated the circuit. 
         [0006]    Image sensing for astronomy applications currently requires two image sensors to record an image of the sky. One sensor is used to fix the telescope orientation with respect to a “guide star” as the earth rotates, and another to sense the image. The guide star is typically a bright star that can be easily tracked. Because a bright star is used, the guide star sensor quickly saturates and must be reset more frequently than the image sensor. Also, for accurate tracking, a high frame rate is required for the guide star sensor. 
         [0007]    Most imaging sensors read out and reset rows or columns of pixels at a time. This makes it difficult to concentrate on only one portion of the overall image. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    The present invention is a method and system which overcomes the problems noted above. It provides for multiple scanning modes in an image sensor. Selected subarrays of an image sensor can be read and reset independently of the rest of the sensor. This is useful for the astronomy application mentioned above, as well as in other applications for which only a portion of an image sensor needs to be read and/or reset. 
         [0009]    One embodiment of the invention includes a controller configured to produce a control signal that indicates a subarray to be scanned, selection circuits connected to select the subarray, and scanning circuits connected to scan the selected subarray. 
         [0010]    Further features and advantages of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, taken together with the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OEF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0011]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a digital imaging system utilizing multiple mode control according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0012]      FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram of an individual pixel reset circuit used in one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0013]      FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram of one implementation for the digital imaging system of  FIG. 1 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0014]    An imaging system according to one embodiment of the invention is shown in  FIG. 1 . It includes a multiple mode control circuit  12  that is configured to scan an array of electromagnetic radiation sensors  14  and selectable subarrays  16 . The invention is most commonly applicable to photosensitive detectors which are sensitive to visible light, infrared and/or ultraviolet, but it is also applicable to other regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. 
         [0015]    Control circuit  12  includes a controller  18  that controls the operation of the imaging system. Controller  18  sends control signals on control lines  20  and  20   a  to selection circuits  22  and  22   a,  respectively. The control signals include the coordinates of a subarray to be scanned. Selection circuits  22  and  22   a  generate selection signals on selection lines  24  and  24   a  that determine the subarray to be scanned, and whether to read or reset the subarray. 
         [0016]    Scanning circuits  26  and  26   a  include read circuits  28  and  28   a  and reset circuits  30  and  30   a,  respectively. Scanning circuits  26  and  26   a  activate the read or reset circuits to either read or reset a desired sensor in array  14 . When activated, read circuits  28  and  28   a  generate read signals on lines  32  and  32   a  that cause a selected sensor in the array or subarray to be read out. Reset circuits  30  and  30   a,  when activated, generate reset signals on lines  34  and  34   a  that cause a reset of a selected sensor in the array or subarray. 
         [0017]    Scanning is typically accomplished by reading out the voltage on an individual sensor, then resetting it. However, a scan could be a read without a reset, or a reset without a read. With the present configuration, entire rows or columns can be read or reset at one time, or selected sensors in the row or column can be read or reset. 
         [0018]    The sensors in array  14  are defined and accessed by a set of coordinates. While the description above is for rows and columns, these could be interchanged, or other array geometries such as concentric circular, staggered pixels, or three-dimensional could be used. 
         [0019]    Controller  18  controls whether the entire array  14  or a subarray  16  is scanned. Subarrays can be read and reset independent of the entire array. The controller can pause the scanning of the full array at any time to scan a suharray. This is particularly useful when a portion of the full array becomes saturated. More than one subarray may be scanned if desired. 
         [0020]    One possible pixel with an individual reset circuit is shown in  FIG. 2 . The pixel includes an electromagnetic radiation sensor  42  that accumulates charge in response to received radiation, and a reset transistor  44  that, when activated by a logic gate  46 , connects a reset voltage on reset voltage line  48  to sensor  42  to reset its voltage level. A voltage source  50  supplies reset voltage line  48 , and can provide enough current to reduce the voltage on the sensor to the level on reset voltage line  48 . The reset voltage is typically a low voltage such as 0-500 millivolts for a p-n type sensor. Sensor  42  is typically a photodiode, but may be a phototransistor or other type of electromagnetic sensing device. 
         [0021]    A read transistor  52  and a source follower transistor  54  have their source-drain circuits connected in series from a read bus  56  to the source-drain circuit of reset transistor  44 . Source follower transistor  54  has its gate connected to the detector&#39;s output node  58 . The voltage at node  60 , between transistors  52  and  54 , tracks the voltage at detector node  58  through the normal source follower action of transistor  54 . To read out a signal from the pixel, a voltage is applied to a read enable line  62 , which is connected to the gate of read transistor  52 , sufficient to turn on the read transistor, which then applies the voltage at node  60  to the read bus  56  through its activated source-drain circuit. 
         [0022]    Logic gate  46  receives logic inputs from row and column reset lines  64  and  66 . When both row reset line  64  and column reset line  66  are activated, gate  46 ′ activates reset transistor  44 . This causes the voltage on detector node  58  to be set to the voltage on reset voltage line  48 , as described above. 
         [0023]    Logic gate  46  is typically-an AND gate, but other types of logic gates that turn on reset transistor  44  when row reset line  64  and column reset line  66  are activated could be used. The reset lines can be activated by positive, zero or negative voltages, depending upon the nature of the logic gate  46 . For example, if an exclusive NOR gate is employed, reset transistor  44  would be turned on in response to an absence of voltage on both reset lines. The type of logic gate used and the nature of the signals applied to the reset lines also depend on the nature of reset transistor  44 . For example, if transistor  44  were an nFET device rather than a pFET, gate  46  would need to provide an opposite signal in response to the same inputs from the reset lines. As an alternative to logic gate  46 , a second reset transistor could be connected in series with transistor  44 , with one transistor controlled by the row reset line  64  and the other by column reset line  66 , so that reset occurs only when both transistors are activated. 
         [0024]    A simplified digital imaging system with an array of pixels  14  employing multiple mode control according to one embodiment of the invention is shown in  FIG. 3 . Individual pixels  15  are shown spaced widely apart for ease of illustrating the various signal lines, but in practice they would be much closer together. 
         [0025]    Selection circuit  22  includes a full-array shift register  70  that is controlled by the controller  18  (not shown). When full array select circuit  72  is activated, it sends a signal to AND gate  74 , which advances the full-array shift register  70  each time a pulse is received from a column clock  76 . This shifts all values in the shift register to the right by one place. Controller  18  applies a logic “1” to first register from the left within full array shift register  70 . With successive clock pulses, the 1 is shifted through the register to enable a desired operation upon each column in the array in succession. The corresponding row circuitry operates in a similar fashion, except its timing is controlled by a row clock  77  that operates at a frequency that is less than that of the column clock by a factor equal to the number of columns. This allows the pixels in the first row to be operated upon in sequence at each column clock pulse. A row clock pulse is generated when the last pixel in the first row has been operated upon. Each pixel in the second row is then operated upon in sequence at each successive column clock pulse, and so on until the entire array has been scanned. 
         [0026]    When full-array select circuit  72  is deactivated by the controller, its logic 0output is inverted to a logic 1by an inverter  75  and applied as one input to another AND gate  78 . The other input to AND gate  78  is supplied by the column clock  76 . AND gate  78  controls a subarray shift register  80  that operates in a manner similar to full-array shift register  70 . The full-array select circuit  72  thus controls whether scanning is performed by the full-array shift register  70  or the subarray shift register  80 . 
         [0027]    Subarray shift register  80  receives location information, including a start and stop column for the subarray to be scanned, from a subarray start address decoder  82  and a subarray stop address decoder  84 , respectively. The decoder  82  and  84  are programmed with this information by controller  18 . Output lines are provided from the decoders to each individual register within subarray shift register  80 . Start address decoder  82  activates one output line at a time, corresponding to the column number received from the controller. For example, if the controller provided the digital number 8, the decoder would place a “1” into the eighth bit from the left in the shift register  80 , causing subarray scanning to start at the eighth column from the left. The first decoder output line is activated in response to a digital zero input from the controller. A decoder with an n bit input can control 2″ outputs, allowing 2048 lines of rows and/or columns can be controlled with an 11-bit word from the controller. Other decoder configurations can be used for different size arrays. 
         [0028]    In this manner, a “1” is placed into the shift register  80  at the column where the subarray is to start. The “1” is shifted through the shift register to sequentially scan the pixels of a given row within the subarray. 
         [0029]    When the stop column for the subarray is reached, a 0 is forced into the register following the stop column location by the stop address decoder  84  to discontinue scanning. Alternatively, another logic gate (not shown) may be used between the decoders and the shift registers. When activated, the logic gate would place a “0” into the register following the last row or column of the subarray to be scanned. With this configuration, the start and stop columns may be placed into the subarray shift register and the subarray scanned. Corresponding row circuitry similarly controls the start and stop rows of the subarray to be scanned. 
         [0030]    The array  14  is typically read from the upper left corner to the lower right corner, row by row. There is one register in full-array shift register  70  per column. When a register has a “1” in it, a signal is sent to a multiplexer  86  for that column. An activated full-array select circuit  72  activates full-array shift register  70  at each clock pulse, and multiplexer  86  passes the signal from full-array shift register  70 . A deactivated full-array select circuit  72  activates subarray shift register  80  at each clock pulse, and multiplexer  86  passes the signal from subarray shift register  80 . 
         [0031]    Multiplexers  86  provide one of two signals needed to activate either a read logic gate  88  or a reset logic gate  90  for a particular column. The other input to activate read logic gate  88  comes from a read enable circuit  92 , which is controlled by the controller. The other input to activate reset logic gate  90  comes from a reset enable circuit  94 , which is also controlled by the controller. 
         [0032]    The reset of an individual pixel  15  occurs in response to activation of reset logic gate  90 , which activates column reset line  66  and provides one input to logic gate  46 , as described in connection with  FIG. 2 . The other input needed to reset a pixel is provided from row reset line  64 , which is activated in a manner similar to column reset line  66 , by corresponding circuitry for each row of array  14 . 
         [0033]    The reading of pixels occurs when the read enable line  62  is activated by corresponding row circuitry, which matches and sends the voltage from every sensor in a selected row to the read bus for that row, as described above. Read logic gate  88  is then enabled, sending a signal that activates a vertical read enable transistor  96  that allows the voltage on read bus  56  for a selected column to be read out by the controller. When read enable line  62  is activated, the voltage from every sensor in the row is applied to its respective read bus  56 . However, the only voltages read out from the read buses are from the column(s) that have their vertical read enable transistor  96  activated. In this manner, an entire row or individual sensors can be read out. 
         [0034]    The row selection circuit  22   a  is similar to the column selection circuit  22 . Row selection circuit  22   a  includes subarray start and stop decoders  82   a  and  84   a,  a subarray shift register  80   a,  a full-array shift register  70   a , a multiplexer  86   a,  full-array select circuit  72   a,  read enable circuit  92   a,  reset enable circuit  94   a,  and logic gates  74   a  and  78   a,  all of which are connected and operate in a manner similar to the corresponding column elements. 
         [0035]    The row selection circuit  22   a  controls logic gates  90   a  and  88   a,  which in turn control row enable and reset lines  62  and  64  each row. Activated row and column reset lines  64  and  66  reset the pixel at their intersection, as described above. An activated read enable line  62  allows the voltage from each sensor in that row to be read by read bus  56  and applied to a common read bus  95  when a corresponding vertical read enable transistor  96  is activated. Row selection circuit  22   a  also includes horizontal clock  77  that is controlled as described above. A keep-alive current source  98  can be connected Lo the common read bus to maintain the source follower transistors in the read out pixels in an active state, or less desirably an individual keep-alive transistor could be provided within each pixel. 
         [0036]    With this configuration, the full array and a subarray (or more than one subarray) can be scanned in any desired order. For example, the scanning of the full array can be interrupted to scan a subarray, or the subarray can be scanned before or after the full array is scanned. When reactivated, the full-array scanning continues at the point of interruption, because full-array shift registers  70  and  70   a  retain the values of the row and column at which scanning was interrupted. 
         [0037]    While particular embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, numerous variations and alternate embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art. For example, while FETs have been shown, other transistor types such as bipolar could be used. Accordingly, it is intended that the invention be limited only in terms of the appended claims.