Abstract:
High gain, multi-pattern multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems are disclosed. These systems provide for multiple-polarization and omnidirectional coverage using multiple radios, which may be turned to the same frequency. The MIMO antenna systems may include multiple high-gain beams arranged (or capable of being arranged) to provide for omnidirectional coverage. These systems provide for increased data throughput and reduced interference without sacrificing the benefits related to size and manageability of an associated access point.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This application claims the priority benefit of U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/865,148 filed Nov. 9, 2006 and entitled “Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Antenna Configurations”; this application is also a continuation-in-part and claims the priority benefit of U.S. patent application No. 11/413,461 filed Apr. 28, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,358,912, and entitled “Coverage Antenna with Selectable Horizontal and Vertical Polarization Elements,” which claims the priority benefit of U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/694,101 filed Jun. 24, 2005. The disclosure of each of the aforementioned applications is incorporated herein by reference. 
   This application is related to U.S. patent application No. 11/041,145 entitled “System and Method for a Minimized Antenna Apparatus with Selectable Elements”; U.S. patent application No. 11/022,080 entitled “Circuit Board having a Peripheral Antenna Apparatus with Selectable Antenna Elements”; U.S. patent application No. 11/010,076 entitled “System and Method for an Omnidirectional Planar Antenna Apparatus with Selectable Elements”; U.S. patent application No. 11/180,329 entitled “System and Method for Transmission Parameter Control for an Antenna Apparatus with Selectable Elements”; U.S. patent application No. 11/190,288 entitled “Wireless System Having Multiple Antennas and Multiple Radios”; and U.S. patent application No. 11/646,136 entitled “Antennas with Polarization Diversity.” The disclosure of each of the aforementioned applications is also incorporated herein by reference. 

   BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   The present invention generally relates to wireless communications. More specifically, the present invention relates to multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless antennas. 
   2. Description of the Prior Art 
   In wireless communications systems, there is an ever-increasing demand for higher data throughput and a corresponding drive to reduce interference that can disrupt data communications. For example, a wireless link in an Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 network may be susceptible to interference from other access points and stations, other radio transmitting devices, and changes or disturbances in the wireless link environment between an access point and remote receiving node. In some instances, the interference may degrade the wireless link thereby forcing communication at a lower data rate. The interface may, however, be sufficiently strong as to disrupt the wireless link altogether. 
   One solution is to utilize a diversity antenna scheme. In such a solution, a data source is coupled to two or more physically separated omnidirectional antennas. An access point may select one of the omnidirectional antennas by which to maintain a wireless link. Because of the separation between the omnidirectional antennas, each antenna experiences a different signal environment and corresponding interference level with respect to the wireless link. A switching network couples the data source to whichever of the omnidirectional antennas experiences the least interference in the wireless link. 
   Diversity schemes are generally lacking in that typical omnidirectional antennas are vertically polarized. Vertically polarized radio frequency energy does not travel as efficiently as horizontally polarized energy with respect to a typical wireless environment (e.g., a home or office). Omnidirectional antennas also generally include an upright ‘wand’ attached to the access point. These wands are easily susceptible to breakage or damage. Omnidirectional antennas in a diversity scheme, too, may create interference amongst one another or be subject to the same interference source due to their physical proximity. As such, a diversity antenna scheme may fail to effectively reduce interference in a wireless link. 
   An alternative to a diversity antenna scheme involves beam steering of a controlled phase array antenna. A phased array antenna includes multiple stationary antenna elements that employ variable phase or time-delay control at each element to steer a beam to a given angle in space (i.e., beam steering). Phased array antennas are prohibitively expensive to manufacture. Phased array antennas, too, require a series of complicated phase tuning elements that may easily drift or otherwise become maladjusted over time. 
   Another attempt to improve the spectral efficiency of a wireless link includes the use of MIMO antenna architecture in an access point and/or receiving node. In a typical MIMO approach, multiple signals (two or more radio waveforms) are generated and transmitted in a single channel between the access point and the remote receiving node.  FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary access point  100  for a MIMO antenna system having two parallel baseband-to-RF transceiver (“radio”) chains  110  and  111  as may be found in the prior art. 
   Data received into the access point  100  from, for example, a router connected to the Internet is encoded by a data encoder  105 . Encoder  105  encodes the data into baseband signals for transmission to a MIMO-enabled remote receiving node. The parallel radio chains  110  and  111  generate two radio waveforms by digital-to-analog (D/A) conversion and upconversion. Upconversion may occur through the use of an oscillator driving a mixer and filter. 
   Each radio chain  110  and  111  in  FIG. 1  is connected to an omnidirectional antenna ( 120  and  121 , respectively). As with a diversity scheme, the omnidirectional antennas  120  and  121  may be spaced as far apart as possible from each other or at different polarizations and mounted to a housing of the access point  100 . The two radio waveforms are simultaneously transmitted, affected by various multipath perturbations between the access point  100  and the MIMO-enabled remote receiving node, and then received and decoded by appropriate receiving circuits in the remote receiving node. 
   Prior art MIMO antenna systems tend to use a number of whip antennas for a number of transmission side radios. The large number of whip antennas used in a prior art MIMO antenna system not only increase the probability that one or more of the antennas may be damaged during use but also creates unsightly ‘antenna farms.’ Such ‘farms’ are generally unsuitable for home or business applications where access points are generally desired, if not needed, to be as small and unobtrusive as possible. 
   There remains a need in the art for wireless communication providing increased data throughput and reduced interference. An access point offering said benefits should do so without sacrificing corresponding benefits related to size or manageability of the access point. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
   MIMO wireless technology uses multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver to produce capacity gains over single-input single-output (SISO) systems using the same or approximately equivalent bandwidth and transmit power. The capacity of a MIMO system generally increases linearly with the number of antennas in the presence of a scattering-rich environment. MIMO antenna design reduces correlation between received signals by exploiting various forms of diversity that arise due to the presence of multiple antennas. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary access point for a MIMO antenna system having two parallel baseband-to-RF transceiver chains as may be found in the prior art. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a wireless MIMO antenna system having multiple antennas and multiple radios. 
       FIG. 3A  illustrates PCB components for forming the slots, dipoles, and antenna element selector on the first side of a substrate in a MIMO antenna apparatus. 
       FIG. 3B  illustrates PCB components for forming the slots, dipoles, and antenna element selector on the second side of a substrate in a MIMO antenna apparatus. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates an exploded view to show a method of manufacture as may be implemented with respect to a MIMO antenna apparatus. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates a MIMO antenna apparatus that occupies a cubic space. 
       FIG. 6A  illustrates a horizontally narrow embodiment of a MIMO antenna apparatus. 
       FIG. 6B  illustrates a top plan view of a radiation pattern that might be generated by the horizontally narrow MIMO antenna apparatus of  FIG. 6A . 
       FIG. 7A  illustrates an embodiment of a vertically narrow MIMO antenna apparatus. 
       FIG. 7B  illustrates a top plan view of a radiation pattern that might be generated by the vertically narrow MIMO antenna apparatus of  FIG. 7A . 
       FIG. 8  illustrates a ‘pigtail’ and associated switches that may be used to allow for a single antenna to feed a series of RF chains. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
   Embodiments of the present invention provide for high gain, multi-pattern MIMO antenna systems and antenna apparatus. These systems and apparatus may provide for multiple-polarization and omnidirectional coverage using multiple radios, which may be tuned to the same frequency. A MIMO antenna system or apparatus may be capable of generating a high-gain radiation pattern in a similar direction but having different polarizations. Each polarization may be communicatively coupled to a different radio. The antenna systems and apparatus may further be capable of generating high-gain patterns in different directions and that have different polarizations. 
   Embodiments may utilize one or more of three orthogonally located dipoles (and any related p-type, intrinsic, n-type (PIN) diodes) along the x-y-z-axes (as appropriate). The dipoles may be printed or fed and, in some embodiments, embedded in multilayer boards. Dipoles may be associated with reflector/director elements and the antenna may offer gain in all directions at differing polarizations. Each of the three dipoles may produce its own high gain pattern. A single antenna may feed a series of RF chains (e.g., 3 chains) utilizing, for example, a pigtail and associated switches like that shown in  FIG. 8 . 
     FIG. 2  illustrates a wireless MIMO antenna system having multiple antennas and multiple radios. The wireless MIMO antenna system  200  may be representative of a transmitter and/or a receiver such as an 802.11 access point or an 802.11 receiver. System  200  may also be representative of a set-top box, a laptop computer, television, Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA) card, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) telephone, or handheld gaming device. 
   Wireless MIMO antenna system  200  may include a communication device for generating a radio frequency (RF) signal (e.g., in the case of transmitting node). Wireless MIMO antenna system  200  may also or alternatively receive data from a router connected to the Internet. Wireless MIMO antenna system  200  may then transmit that data to one or more of the remote receiving nodes. For example, the data may be video data transmitted to a set-top box for display on a television or video display. 
   The wireless MIMO antenna system  200  may form a part of a wireless local area network (e.g., a mesh network) by enabling communications among several transmission and/or receiving nodes. Although generally described as transmitting to a remote receiving node, the wireless MIMO antenna system  200  of  FIG. 2  may also receive data subject to the presence of appropriate circuitry. Such circuitry may include but is not limited to a decoder, downconversion circuitry, samplers, digital-to-analog converters, filters, and so forth. 
   Wireless MIMO antenna system  200  includes a data encoder  201  for encoding data into a format appropriate for transmission to the remote receiving node via parallel radios  220  and  221 . While two radios are illustrated in  FIG. 2 , additional radios or RF chains may be utilized. Data encoder  201  may include data encoding elements such as direct sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) or Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) encoding mechanisms to generate baseband data streams in an appropriate format. Data encoder  201  may include hardware and/or software elements for converting data received into the wireless MIMO antenna system  200  into data packets compliant with the IEEE 802.11 format. 
   Radios  220  and  221  include transmitter or transceiver elements configured to upconvert the baseband data streams from the data encoder  201  to radio signals. Radios  220  and  221  thereby establish and maintain the wireless link. Radios  220  and  221  may include direct-to-RF upconverters or heterodyne upconverters for generating a first RF signal and a second RF signal, respectively. Generally, the first and second RF signals are at the same center frequency and bandwidth but may be offset in time or otherwise space-time coded. 
   Wireless MIMO antenna system  200  further includes a circuit (e.g., switching network)  230  for selectively coupling the first and second RF signals from the parallel radios  220  and  221  to an antenna apparatus  240  having multiple antenna elements  240 A-F. Antenna elements  240 A-F may include individually selectable antenna elements such that each antenna element  240 A-F may be electrically selected (e.g., switched on or off). By selecting various combinations of the antenna elements  240 A-F, the antenna apparatus  240  may form a “pattern agile” or reconfigurable radiation pattern. If certain or substantially all of the antenna elements  240 A-F are switched on, for example, the antenna apparatus  240  may form an omnidirectional radiation pattern. Through the use of MIMO antenna architecture, the pattern may include both vertically and horizontally polarized energy, which may also be referred to as diagonally polarized radiation. Alternatively, the antenna apparatus  240  may form various directional radiation patterns, depending upon which of the antenna elements  240 A-F are turned on. 
   Wireless MIMO antenna system  200  may also include a controller  250  coupled to the data encoder  201 , the radios  220  and  221 , and the circuit  230  via a control bus  255 . The controller  250  may include hardware (e.g., a microprocessor and logic) and/or software elements to control the operation of the wireless MIMO antenna system  200 . 
   The controller  250  may select a particular configuration of antenna elements  240 A-F that minimizes interference over the wireless link to the remote receiving device. If the wireless link experiences interference, for example due to other radio transmitting devices, or changes or disturbances in the wireless link between the wireless MIMO antenna system  200  and the remote receiving device, the controller  250  may select a different configuration of selected antenna elements  240 A-F via the circuit  230  to change the resulting radiation pattern and minimize the interference. For example, the controller  250  may select a configuration of selected antenna elements  240 A-F corresponding to a maximum gain between the wireless system  200  and the remote receiving device. Alternatively, the controller  250  may select a configuration of selected antenna elements  240 A-F corresponding to less than maximal gain, but corresponding to reduced interference in the wireless link. 
   Controller  250  may also transmit a data packet using a first subgroup of antenna elements  240 A-F coupled to the radio  220  and simultaneously send the data packet using a second group of antenna elements  240 A-F coupled to the radio  221 . Controller  250  may change the substrate of antenna elements  240 A-F coupled to the radios  220  and  221  on a packet-by-packet basis. Methods performed by the controller  250  with respect to a single radio having access to multiple antenna elements are further described in U.S. patent publication number US 2006-0040707 A1. These methods are also applicable to the controller  250  having control over multiple antenna elements and multiple radios. 
   A MIMO antenna apparatus may include a number of modified slot antennas and/or modified dipoles configured to transmit and/or receive horizontal polarization. The MIMO antenna apparatus may further include a number of modified dipoles to provide vertical polarization. Examples of such antennas include those disclosed in U.S. patent application No. 11/413,461. Each dipole and each slot provides gain (with respect to isotropic) and a polarized directional radiation pattern. The slots and the dipoles may be arranged with respect to each other to provide offset radiation patterns. 
   For example, if two or more of the dipoles are switched on, the antenna apparatus may form a substantially omnidirectional radiation pattern with vertical polarization. Similarly, if two or more of the slots are switched on, the antenna apparatus may form a substantially omnidirectional radiation pattern with horizontal polarization. Diagonally polarized radiation patterns may also be generated. 
   The antenna apparatus may easily be manufactured from common planar substrates such as an FR4 printed circuit board (PCB). The PCB may be partitioned into portions including one or more elements of the antenna apparatus, which portions may then be arranged and coupled (e.g., by soldering) to form a non-planar antenna apparatus having a number of antenna elements. In some embodiments, the slots may be integrated into or conformally mounted to a housing of the system, to minimize cost and size of the system, and to provide support for the antenna apparatus. 
     FIG. 3A  illustrates PCB components for forming the slots, dipoles, and antenna element selector on the first side of a substrate in a MIMO antenna apparatus. PCB components on the second side of the substrates  210 - 240  (described with respect to  FIG. 3B ) are shown as dashed lines. The first side of the substrate  210  includes a portion  305  of a first slot antenna including “fingers”  310 , a portion  320  of a first dipole, a portion  330  of a second dipole, and the antenna element selector (not labeled for clarity). The antenna element selector includes a radio frequency feed port  340  for receiving and/or transmitting an RF-signal to a communication device and a coupling network for selecting one or more of the antenna elements. 
   The first side of the substrate  220  includes a portion of a second slot antenna including fingers. The first side of the substrate  230  also includes a portion of a third slot antenna including fingers. As depicted, to minimize or reduce the size of the MIMO antenna apparatus, each of the slots includes fingers. The fingers (sometimes referred to as loading structures) may be configured to slow down electrons, changing the resonance of each slot, thereby making each of the slots electrically shorter. At a given operating frequency, providing the fingers allows the overall dimension of the slot to be reduced, and reduces the overall size of the MIMO antenna apparatus. 
   The first side of the substrate  240  includes a portion  380  of a third dipole and portion  350  of a fourth dipole. One or more of the dipoles may optionally include passive elements, such as a director  390  (only one director shown for clarity). Directors include passive elements that constrain the directional radiation pattern of the modified dipoles, for example to increase the gain of the dipole. Directors are described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,292,198. 
   The radio frequency feed port  340  and the coupling network of the antenna element selector are configured to selectively couple the communication device to one or more of the antenna elements. A person of ordinary skill—in light of the present specification—will appreciate that many configurations of the coupling network may be used to couple the radio frequency feed port  340  to one or more of the antenna elements. 
   The radio frequency feed port  340  is configured to receive an RF signal from and/or transmit an RF signal to the communication device, for example by an RF coaxial cable coupled to the radio frequency feed port  340 . The coupling network is configured with DC blocking capacitors (not shown) and active RF switches  360  to couple the radio frequency feed port  340  to one or more of the antenna elements. 
   The RF switches  360  are depicted as PIN diodes, but may comprise RF switches such as gallium arsenide field-effect transistors (GaAs FETs) or virtually any RF switching device. The PIN diodes comprise single-pole single-throw switches to switch each antenna element either on or off (i.e., couple or decouple each of the antenna elements to the radio frequency feed port  340 ). A series of control signals may be applied via a control bus  370  to bias each PIN diode. With the PIN diode forward biased and conducting a DC current, the PIN diode switch is on, and the corresponding antenna element is selected. With the diode reverse biased, the PIN diode switch is off. In some embodiments, one or more light emitting diodes (LEDs)  375  may be included in the coupling network as a visual indicator of which of the antenna elements is on or off. An LED may be placed in circuit with the PIN diode so that the LED is lit when the corresponding antenna element is selected. 
     FIG. 3B  illustrates PCB components (not to scale) for forming the slots, dipoles, and antenna element selector on the second side of the substrates that may be used in forming a MIMO antenna apparatus. PCB components on the first side of the substrates  210 - 240  (described with respect to  FIG. 3A ) are not shown for clarity. 
   On the second side of the substrates  210 - 240 , the antenna apparatus  110  includes ground components configured to ‘complete’ the dipoles and the slots on the first side of the substrates  210 - 240 . For example, the portion of the dipole  320  on the first side of the substrate  210  ( FIG. 3A ) is completed by the portion  380  on the second side of the substrate  210  ( FIG. 3B ). The resultant dipole provides a vertically polarized directional radiation pattern substantially in the plane of the substrate  210 . 
   Optionally, the second side of the substrates  210 - 240  may include passive elements for modifying the radiation pattern of the antenna elements. Such passive elements are described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,292,198. Substrate  240  includes a reflector  390  as part of the ground component. The reflector  390  is configured to broaden the frequency response of the dipoles. 
     FIG. 4  illustrates an exploded view to show a method of manufacture as may be implemented with respect to a MIMO antenna apparatus. As shown in  FIG. 4 , substrates  210 - 240  are first formed from a single PCB. The PCB may comprise a part of a large panel upon which many copies of the substrates  210 - 240  are formed. After being partitioned from the PCB, the substrates  210 - 240  are oriented and affixed to each other. 
   An aperture (slit)  420  of the substrate  220  is approximately the same width as the thickness of the substrate  210 . The slit  420  is aligned to and slid over a tab  430  included on the substrate  210 . The substrate  220  is affixed to the substrate  210  with electronic solder to the solder pads  440 . The solder pads  440  are oriented on the substrate  210  to electrically and/or mechanically bond the slot antenna of the substrate  220  to the coupling network and/or the ground components of the substrate  210 . 
   Alternatively, the substrate  220  may be affixed to the substrate  210  with conductive glue (e.g., epoxy) or a combination of glue and solder at the interface between the substrates  210  and  220 . Affixing the substrate  220  to the substrate  210  with electronic solder at the solder pads  440  has the advantage of reducing manufacturing steps, since the electronic solder can provide both a mechanical bond and an electrical coupling between the slot antenna of the substrate  220  and the coupling network of the substrate  210 . 
   To affix the substrate  230  to the substrate  210 , an aperture (slit)  425  of the substrate  230  is aligned to and slid over a tab  435  included on the substrate  210 . The substrate  230  is affixed to the substrate  210  with electronic solder to solder pads  445 , conductive glue, or a combination of glue and solder. 
   To affix the substrate  240  to the substrate  210 , a mechanical slit  450  of the substrate  240  is aligned with and slid over a corresponding slit  455  of the substrate  210 . Solder pads (not shown) on the substrate  210  and the substrate  240  electrically and/or mechanically bond the dipoles of the substrate  240  to the coupling network and/or the ground components of the substrate  210 . 
   Alternative embodiments may vary the dimensions of the antenna apparatus for operation at different operating frequencies and/or bandwidths. For example, with two radio frequency feed ports and two communications devices, the antenna apparatus may provide operation at two center frequencies and/or operating bandwidths. Further, to minimize or reduce the size of the antenna apparatus, the dipoles may optionally incorporate one or more fingers/loading structures as described in U.S. patent publication number US-2006-0038735 and that slow down electrons, changing the resonance of the dipole, thereby making the dipole electrically shorter. At a given operating frequency, providing the finger/loading structures allows the dimensions of the dipole to be reduced. To still further reduce the size of the antenna apparatus, the 1/2-wavelength slots may be “truncated” to create, for example, 1/4-wavelength modified slot antennas. The 1/4-wavelength slots provide a different radiation pattern than the 1/2-wavelength slots. 
   Although the antenna apparatus has been described here as having four dipoles and three slots, more or fewer antenna elements are also contemplated and may depend upon a particular MIMO antenna configuration. One skilled in the art—and in light of the present specification—will appreciate that providing more antenna elements of a particular configuration (more dipoles, for example), yields a more configurable radiation pattern formed by the antenna apparatus. An advantage of the foregoing is that in some embodiments the antenna elements of the antenna apparatus may each be selectable and may be switched on or off to form various combined radiation patterns for the antenna apparatus. 
   Further, the antenna apparatus may include switching at RF as opposed to switching at baseband. Switching at RF means that the communication device requires only one RF up/downconverter. Switching at RF also requires a significantly simplified interface between the communication device and the antenna apparatus. For example, the antenna apparatus provides an impedance match under all configurations of selected antenna elements, regardless of which antenna elements are selected. 
   An advantage of the foregoing is that the antenna apparatus or elements thereof may be embodied in a three-dimensional manufactured structure as described with respect to various MIMO antenna configurations. In these MIMO antenna systems, multiple parallel communication devices may be coupled to the antenna apparatus. In such an embodiment, the horizontally polarized slots of the antenna apparatus may be coupled to a first of the communication devices to provide selectable directional radiation patterns with horizontal polarization, and the vertically polarized dipoles may be coupled to the second of the communication devices to provide selectable directional radiation patterns with vertical polarization. The antenna feed port  340  and associated coupling network of  FIG. 3A  may be modified to couple the first and second communication devices to the appropriate antenna elements of the antenna apparatus. In this fashion, the system may be configured to provide a MIMO capable system with a combination of directional to omnidirectional coverage as well as horizontal and/or vertical polarization. 
     FIG. 5  illustrates a MIMO antenna apparatus that occupies a cubic space. A cubic antenna apparatus configuration like that of  FIG. 5  may include perpendicular cut boards. Any related antenna elements and dipoles may be re-joined utilizing a mating tab, which may include a series of vias. By soldering the mating tabs, the cut elements may be coupled and rejoined. Control lines off-board may be cut and re-coupled in a similar fashion. The antenna apparatus of  FIG. 5  may be mounted, for example, with a 45 degree tilt. In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 5 , the antenna includes three dipole elements. Each dipole elements is orthogonal to each of the others. 
   Parasitic elements may be positioned about the dipoles of the antenna apparatus of  FIG. 5 . Certain of the parasitic elements (e.g., half) may be of different polarizations. Switching elements may change the length of the parasitic elements thereby making them transparent to radiation. Alternatively, the switching elements may change the length of the parasitic elements such that they reflect that energy back toward a driven dipole resulting in higher gain in that direction. High gain, switched omnidirectional coverage may be obtained in this manner for all polarizations. Further, high gain patterns may be generated in the same or differing directions. The elements may be switched on or off and thereby become a reflector or director (depending on the length of the element) by offsetting and coupling two physically distinct elements with a PIN diode. 
     FIG. 6A  illustrates a horizontally narrow embodiment of a MIMO antenna apparatus. The embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 6A  includes Yagi end-fire elements with surface mount broadside-fire patch elements. The antenna apparatus of  FIG. 6A  is tall but thin for vertically oriented enclosures.  FIG. 6B  illustrates a top view of a radiation pattern that might be generated the horizontally narrow antenna apparatus of  FIG. 6A . Each pattern contains both polarizations and is coupled to a different radio. 
   The end-fire Yagis of  FIG. 6A  are orthogonally polarized to each other. The patches are dual-fed such that orthogonal polarization fields are excited. The patches are of a shape to be easily surface-mountable and mechanically stable by bending down feeding tabs. Perpendicular Yagis may be attached through vias with double pads for elements with a cut. 
     FIG. 7A  illustrates an embodiment of a vertically narrow antenna apparatus.  FIG. 7B  illustrates a corresponding radiation pattern as may be generated by the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 7A . In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 7A , horizontally polarized parasitic elements may be positioned about a central omnidirectional antenna. All elements (i.e., the parasitic elements and central omni) may be etched on the same PCB to simplify manufacturability. Switching elements may change the length of parasitic thereby making them transparent to radiation. Alternatively, switching elements may cause the parasitic elements to reflect energy back towards the driven dipole resulting in higher gain in that direction. An opposite parasitic element may be configured to function as a direction to increase gain. 
   For vertical polarization, three parallel PCBs may be used with etched elements. The middle vertical PCB may be driven with two switched reflectors. The remaining two PCBs may contain the reflector elements, spaced such that PIN diode switches can go onto the main, horizontal board. High gain switched omnidirectional coverage may be obtained in this manner for all polarizations. Alternatively, high gain patterns may be in the same or differing directions. 
   The invention has been described herein in terms of several preferred embodiments. Other embodiments of the invention, including alternatives, modifications, permutations and equivalents of the embodiments described herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification, study of the drawings, and practice of the invention. The embodiments and preferred features described above should be considered exemplary, with the invention being defined by the appended claims, which therefore include all such alternatives, modifications, permutations and equivalents as fall within the true spirit and scope of the present invention.