Abstract:
CMP selectivity, removal rate, and uniformity are controlled both locally and globally by altering electric charge at the wafer surface. Surface charge characterization is performed by an on-board metrology module. Based on a charge profile map, the wafer can be treated in an immersion bath to impart a more positive or negative charge overall, or to neutralize the entire wafer before the CMP operation is performed. If charge hot spots are detected on the wafer, a charge pencil can be used to neutralize localized areas. One type of charge pencil bears a tapered porous polymer tip that is placed in close proximity to the wafer surface. Films present on the wafer absorb ions from, or surrender ions to, the charge pencil tip, by electrostatic forces. The charge pencil can be incorporated into a CMP system to provide an in-situ treatment prior to the planarization step or the slurry removal step.

Description:
[0001]    This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/231,533, filed Mar. 31, 2014, which is incorporated herein in its entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    1. Technical Field 
         [0003]    The present disclosure relates to control of electrostatic charging effects during fabrication of integrated circuits and, in particular, to evaluation and adjustment of both global and local surface charge on a semiconductor wafer. 
         [0004]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0005]    CMP is a combination chemical and mechanical polishing technique used in the semiconductor industry to planarize the surface of a semiconductor wafer at various times during an integrated circuit fabrication process. A CMP process typically entails polishing the wafer surface using a rotating polishing pad and a slurry made from various chemicals and abrasive particulates, so that both chemical and physical removal mechanisms contribute to the planarization. Following the polishing, the wafer undergoes a cleaning step in which rotating brushes clean off the slurry. Typically, it is desirable to planarize the wafer surface after completing deposition and patterning of one or more film layers, before proceeding to deposit a next layer of material. If planarization is omitted, uneven surface topography of the un-planarized surface can be transferred to, or accentuated in, subsequent layers. If a film is not sufficiently flat across the entire wafer, it may fail to present a surface that remains in focus during a subsequent lithography step. Such non-uniform topography effects are more likely to occur if materials used in subsequent layers are conformal to the wafer and thus do not evenly fill surface recesses. 
         [0006]    CMP selectivity is defined as the ratio of the removal rate of a second film to the removal rate of a first film. A high selectivity, for example 100:1, would remove only 0.5 nm of the first film for every 50 nm of the second film, whereas a poor selectivity, e.g., 1:1, would remove the same amount of each film. CMP selectivity is affected by many factors during processing, including chemical concentrations within the slurry, pressure of the pad, and rotation speed of the pad. As device dimensions decrease below 20 nm, CMP selectivity has a greater effect on device performance. 
         [0007]    Historically, control of the selectivity has relied upon characterization of the slurry by the slurry supplier. Slurries used for CMP typically include chemically active abrasives such as silica (SiO 2 ), ceria (CeO 2 ), alummina (Al 2 O 3 ), titania (TiO 2 ), or zirconia (ZrO 2 ), as well as mechanical abrasives such as diamond and silicon carbide (SiC). It is understood that slurry particle size can affect wafer charging by affecting interfacial chemical reactions. Accordingly, slurry manufacturers have learned to control the surface functionality of CMP slurry by adjusting the sizes and spatial relationships of slurry nanoparticles. Such adjustments can be made, for example, by synthesizing fumed, precipitated, or amorphous forms of the slurry compounds, each of which can have a different charging effect on wafers. The ionic composition of slurries can also affect wafer charging, such as, for example, the presence of Ce 3+  and Ce 4+  ions in a ceria-based slurry. In addition to the ionic composition of the slurry, pH can also affect wafer charging. Slurries can further include chemical additives such as corrosion inhibitors, chelators, biocides, colloidal stabilizers, rate accelerators, oxidizers, surfactants, passivating agents, and dispersible polymers. For example, colloidal silica-based slurries are preferred for use in copper CMP, while fumed silica is preferred for oxide or tungsten CMP. 
         [0008]    Once the slurry is evaluated and the selectivity of the slurry chemistry is determined, process engineers hope to find that the CMP selectivity is uniform across the entire wafer. However, in practice, local irregularities can modify the selectivity, causing hot spots where non-uniform planarization occurs. Such hot spots can be very costly if, for example, they were to cause too much metal to be removed at one of the last layers in the process, thus causing product to be scrapped after the maximum investment in manufacturing has already been made. One such local irregularity is electrostatic charge concentrated in a particular location on the surface of the wafer. Surface charge tends to accumulate due to friction during CMP and during the subsequent brush cleaning step, especially when planarizing metal layers. Surface charging can further be affected by the pH of the slurry such that the surface becomes, for example, increasingly more negative as the pH increases. In addition, the slurry particle size can affect the type of charging that occurs. Surface charge can also be imparted to the wafer by electrostatic chucks that hold the wafer in place during plasma processing at deposition or etching operations upstream of the CMP step. A general trend has been observed that after CMP, the surface potential becomes more negative. Although this is the case for all types of films, the surface charging is more obvious on insulator films than metal films. Furthermore, if a particular location on the wafer is charged prior to CMP, the charge is maintained and increased after CMP. 
         [0009]    The connection between charging and selectivity is based on experimental observations of the film removal rate changing in response to the charge on the slurry particles relative to the wafer charge. This is particularly true for silica-based and ceria-based slurries. If the slurry charge is opposite that of the wafer, such that charge attraction occurs, there is more opportunity for interaction of the chemical reactants, which increases the reaction rate. The increase in chemical reaction rate results in a higher film removal rate during CMP. In areas where the charge polarity of the wafer matches that of the slurry, charge repulsion causes a reduction in the removal rate. Thus, the ability to control or to neutralize charging allows control of CMP selectivity, both globally and locally. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY 
       [0010]    CMP selectivity, removal rate, and uniformity are controlled both locally and globally by adjusting electric charge at the wafer surface. Wafer surface charge characterization is performed by an on-board metrology module as part of the CMP operation, to determine whether the whole wafer is charged negative or positive, or whether certain localized regions of the wafer exhibit hot spots corresponding to a higher degree of charging. Based on the surface charge measurements, the wafer can be treated in-situ using an immersion bath to impart a more positive or negative charge, or to perform a charge neutralization process on the entire wafer before the CMP operation is performed. Alternatively, if charge hot spots are detected on the wafer, the local charge can be adjusted prior to the CMP operation, using a charge pencil. The charge pencil bears a tapered porous polymer tip that absorbs and applies an ionic solution to a localized region of the wafer surface. Films present on the wafer absorb the ionic solution from the charge pencil. The charge pencil can be incorporated into the CMP equipment to provide an in-situ treatment after the characterization step and directly before the planarization step. Planarization is then followed by a slurry removal operation as usual. Use of charge assessment and adjustment can be generalized and extended to other processes as well. By adjusting the electric charge at the surface of the wafer, die yields and wafer yields can be improved to reduce manufacturing costs. 
         [0011]    A method and system for neutralizing global surface charge on a wafer is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,336,148, granted on Dec. 25, 2012 to the same inventor as the inventor of this patent application. However, methods disclosed in the &#39;148 patent address do not address neutralization of localized surface charge. Furthermore, the &#39;148 patent does not address a system that is capable of evaluating which type of surface charge is present on a particular wafer and, in response, providing solutions for neutralizing global and/or local surface charge as needed. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0012]    In the drawings, identical reference numbers identify similar elements. The sizes and relative positions of elements in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. 
           [0013]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram showing components of a CMP system, according to one exemplary embodiment described herein. 
           [0014]      FIG. 2A  is a 3-D in-situ surface charge profile of a tantalum nitride (TaN) film on a semiconductor wafer as measured by a wafer metrology module that is part of the CMP system shown in  FIG. 1 . 
           [0015]      FIG. 2B  is a 3-D in-situ charge profile of the TaN wafer shown in  FIG. 2A  following CMP processing. 
           [0016]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram showing computerized control of a charge pencil, via a programmable precision motorized assembly, according to one embodiment. 
           [0017]      FIG. 4  is a pictorial view showing operation of the charge pencil, according to a first embodiment described herein. 
           [0018]      FIG. 5  is a process flow diagram showing a sequence of processing steps that can be used to operate the charge pencil shown in  FIG. 4 . 
           [0019]      FIG. 6  is a pictorial view showing operation of a charge pencil, according to a second embodiment described herein. 
           [0020]      FIG. 7  is a process flow diagram showing a sequence of processing steps that can be used to operate the charge pencil shown in  FIG. 6 . 
           [0021]      FIG. 8  is a pictorial view showing operation of a charge pencil, according to a third embodiment described herein. 
           [0022]      FIG. 9  is a process flow diagram showing a sequence of processing steps that can be used to operate the charge pencil shown in  FIG. 8 . 
           [0023]      FIG. 10  is a flow diagram showing a sequence of steps in an exemplary method of operating the CMP system shown in  FIG. 1 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0024]    In the following description, certain specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of various aspects of the disclosed subject matter. However, the disclosed subject matter may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known structures and methods of wafer planarization, wafer cleaning, wafer transport, and the like, comprising embodiments of the subject matter disclosed herein, have not been described in detail to avoid obscuring the descriptions of other aspects of the present disclosure. 
         [0025]    Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the specification and claims that follow, the word “comprise” and variations thereof, such as “comprises” and “comprising,” are to be construed in an open, inclusive sense, that is, as “including, but not limited to.” 
         [0026]    Reference throughout the specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearance of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same aspect. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more aspects of the present disclosure. 
         [0027]    Reference throughout the specification to integrated circuits is generally intended to include integrated circuit components built on semiconducting substrates, whether or not the components are coupled together into a circuit or able to be interconnected. Throughout the specification, the term “layer” is used in its broadest sense to include a thin film, a cap, or the like and one layer may be composed of multiple sub-layers. 
         [0028]    Reference throughout the specification to conventional thin film deposition techniques for depositing silicon nitride, silicon dioxide, metals, or similar materials include such processes as chemical vapor deposition (CVD), low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD), metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), plasma vapor deposition (PVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), electroplating, electro-less plating, and the like. Specific embodiments are described herein with reference to examples of such processes. However, the present disclosure and the reference to certain deposition techniques should not be limited to those described. For example, in some circumstances, a description that references CVD may alternatively be done using PVD, or a description that specifies electroplating may alternatively be accomplished using electro-less plating. Furthermore, reference to conventional techniques of thin film formation may include growing a film in-situ. For example, in some embodiments, controlled growth of an oxide to a desired thickness can be achieved by exposing a silicon surface to oxygen gas or to moisture in a heated chamber. 
         [0029]    Reference throughout the specification to conventional photolithography techniques, known in the art of semiconductor fabrication for patterning various thin films, includes a spin-expose-develop process sequence typically followed by an etch process. Alternatively or additionally, photoresist can also be used to pattern a hard mask (e.g., a silicon nitride hard mask), which, in turn, can be used to pattern an underlying film. 
         [0030]    Reference throughout the specification to conventional etching techniques known in the art of semiconductor fabrication for selective removal of polysilicon, silicon nitride, silicon dioxide, metals, photoresist, polyimide, or similar materials includes such processes as wet chemical etching, reactive ion (plasma) etching (RIE), washing, wet cleaning, pre-cleaning, spray cleaning, chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) and the like. Specific embodiments are described herein with reference to examples of such processes. However, the present disclosure and the reference to certain deposition techniques should not be limited to those described. In some instances, two such techniques may be interchangeable. 
         [0031]    Specific embodiments are described herein with reference to CMP systems and charge adjustment modules or devices that have been produced; however, the present disclosure and the reference to certain materials, dimensions, and the details and ordering of processing steps are exemplary and should not be limited to those shown. 
         [0032]    Turning now to the figures,  FIG. 1  shows an inventive CMP system  110  for use in fabricating integrated circuits on semiconductor wafers, according to one exemplary embodiment described herein. The CMP system  110  is configured to evaluate and neutralize electrostatic charge on wafers just prior to performing a CMP operation or just after the CMP operation, prior to a post-CMP cleaning operation. 
         [0033]    The CMP system  110  includes a planarization module  112 , a cleaning module  114 , a metrology module  116 , and a charge adjustment module  118  that is equipped to neutralize both global and localized charge on a wafer  150 . In addition, the CMP system  110  includes one or more automated wafer transport mechanisms, e.g., robots  120   a,b  (two shown), operable to move semiconductor wafers between the different modules. For example, the robot  120   a  is positioned to load wafers to and from loading stations  122 ,  124 , and  126 , into and out of the 
         [0034]    CMP system  110  for processing. In addition, the robot  120   a  is operable to load single wafers into and out of the metrology module  116  for evaluating electrostatic charge accumulation across the wafer surface. The robot  120   b  is positioned to move single wafers between the planarization module  112 , the charge adjustment module  118 , and the cleaning module  114 . 
         [0035]    Wafer surface charging is often attributed to friction during wafer transport. In addition, some wafer transport robots use an electrostatic chuck to hold the wafer, which directly affects surface charge on the back side. Furthermore, upstream operations such as thin film deposition or reactive ion etching processes can impart charge to the wafer during processing in a plasma environment, in the presence of high power RF or microwave radiation. It is understood by those skilled in the art of CMP that charging spots on the wafer surface that exist prior to CMP tend to remain and become enlarged during CMP processing. Then, at downstream photolithography operations, the accumulated charge can cause alignment errors and/or distortion during transfer of the mask pattern to surface films. 
         [0036]    Subcomponents of the planarization module  112  include three processing modules, each processing module equipped with a platen, P 1 , P 2 , and P 3 . Each platen applies a particular slurry to a wafer via a rotating polishing pad according to a particular recipe so as to planarize the wafer surface, as is well known in the art. In addition to slurry affecting wafer charging, charging can also occur during CMP processing due to friction, especially at metal CMP operations. 
         [0037]    Platens P 1 , P 2 , and P 3  generally are operable in parallel, and each processing module may be configured to execute a different recipe on wafers that are at different stages of processing. For example, P 1  can process a wafer from loading station  122  at the metal 1 layer, while P 2  is processing a wafer from loading station  124  at metal 3. Meanwhile, P 3  can be processing a wafer from loading station  126  at a dielectric planarization step. In another example, all three planarization modules can be configured to execute the same recipe, and the CMP system  110  can be programmed to load wafers from any one of the loading stations into any one of the three planarization modules. 
         [0038]    Subcomponents of the post-planarization cleaning module  114  include, for example, a megasonics stage  128 , a brush cleaning stage  130 , and a dryer stage  132 . In the megasonics stage  128 , wafers are immersed in a fluid contained in a tank that is set to vibrate at high frequency. The high frequency vibrations dislodge slurry particles into the fluid so they can be flushed away. In the brush cleaning stage  130 , wafers are rotated upright between sets of brushes that scrub off remaining slurry particles. The brush cleaning stage  130  can include two rounds of brush cleaning, first in a dirty tank, followed by processing in a clean tank. Friction during brush cleaning, as well as the pH of the fluid, can affect wafer charging. 
         [0039]    The metrology module  116  is configured to measure electrostatic charge at various surface locations on the wafer, to produce charge profile data in the form of a charge profile map, as shown in  FIGS. 2A and 2B . Such measurements can be made to characterize either the top side or the back side of a wafer. Once the charge profile is known, the charge distribution can be evaluated in-situ by comparing to an independent standard, or to a statistical standard based on measurements of similar wafers. When the metrology module  116  is used prior to CMP processing, a decision can be made based on the charge profile, whether or not to neutralize the charge before processing. Additionally or alternatively, the planarization recipe can be altered to compensate for the presence of electrostatic charge, which may affect the selectivity or uniformity of the planarization process. 
         [0040]      FIGS. 2A and 2B  show plots of surface voltage V s  measured, by the metrology module  116 , on a wafer that has a titanium nitride (TiN) surface layer. Because the source of V s  is electrostatic surface charge, each plot provides a 3-D charge profile map. Tall peaks  133   a  shown in a charge profile map  131   a  represent points on a wafer surface at which charge has accumulated prior to CMP processing with slurry in the planarization module  112 .  FIG. 2B  shows a similar charge profile map  131   b  of the same wafer in the same alignment, following planarization processing. The charge profile  131   b  exhibits shorter peaks  133   b , indicating that the electrostatic charge present on the wafer has been modified during the CMP process. The peaks  133   a,    133   b  indicate areas of localized charge that can be addressed using techniques described herein. Inventive aspects of the CMP system  110  include, in particular, the charge adjustment module  118 , and various wafer paths through the CMP system  110  that are executed, according to methods described herein, in response to surface charge measurements obtained at the metrology module  116 . Such aspects are discussed in more detail below. 
         [0041]    The charge adjustment module  118  includes global charge adjustment sub-modules  134 ,  136 , and  138 . In one embodiment, the global charge adjustment sub-modules are immersion baths containing ionic solutions. For example, global charge adjustment sub-module  134  is shown in  FIG. 2  as an immersion bath containing a positive ionic solution (e.g., a liquid) that imparts an overall positive charge to the wafer surface. Likewise, global charge adjustment sub-module  136  is shown in  FIG. 1  as an immersion bath containing a negative ionic solution that imparts an overall negative charge to the wafer surface. Global charge adjustment sub-module  138  is shown in  FIG. 1  as an immersion bath containing an overall charge neutralization solution. 
         [0042]    With reference to  FIG. 3 , the charge adjustment module  118  of the CMP system  110  further includes a programmable precision motorized assembly  135  that is equipped with a microcontroller  135   a  and one or more charge pencils  140  for carrying out local charge adjustment. Embodiments of the charge pencils are shown in  FIGS. 4, 6, and 8 . The precision motorized assembly  135  operates in response to programmed instructions stored in an electronic memory  137  and executed by a microprocessor  139 . In general, precision motorized assemblies  135  are well known in the art of metrology, e.g., an assembly for positioning a probe tip. Therefore, details of the precision motorized assembly  135  in the charge adjustment module  118  are omitted from the present description. The electronic memory  137  and microprocessor  139  are desirably part of the CMP system  110 , however, they may be external to the CMP system  110  and still control methods of local charge adjustment carried out in the charge adjustment module  118  from a remote location. 
         [0043]    Three charge pencils  140  are indicated in  FIG. 1 . The charge pencil  140   a  as shown carries a positive charge while the two charge pencils  140   b  each carry a negative charge. Components of the charge pencils  140   a,b  include a head  146  and interchangeable tips  148 ,  162 , and  172 . The head  146  is desirably made of an insulating material such as Teflon™ or plastic so as not to interfere with electrostatic charge present on the tip. The head  146  is configured to be coupled mechanically and electrically to the motorized assembly so that an electrical signal can be supplied to the tips. 
         [0044]    The charge pencil  140  is configured for use in removing or depositing positive or negative charge at a localized spot on the wafer surface as described below with reference to  FIGS. 3-4, 5-6 and 7-8 . It is noted that each of the  FIGS. 4, 6, and 8  shows a separate time sequence of actions involving a single exemplary wafer  150 .  FIG. 3  shows a first embodiment of a charge pencil  140 , the operation of which is described in  FIG. 4 . In the first embodiment, the charge pencil  140  is configured with a pointed tip  148  that is electrically coupleable to a voltage source to remove electrostatic charge from a specific location on the surface of the wafer  150 . The pointed tip  148  is desirably made of a conducting material so that the pointed tip  148  can be biased to a selected voltage relative to the surface of the wafer  150 . The motorized assembly, thus equipped with the charge pencil  140 , positions the pointed tip  148  very close to the surface of the wafer  150  without actually contacting the surface. 
         [0045]    With reference to  FIGS. 4 and 5 , in a first embodiment, the CMP system  110  is programmed to remove surface charge  154  by executing a method  143  having the following sequence of steps: 
         [0046]    At  145 , the CMP system  110  receives data from the on-board metrology module  116 , including the polarity and coordinate location of the surface charge  154 . The surface charge  154  is shown in the figures as a positive charge, as an example, but such a surface charge alternatively could have negative polarity. 
         [0047]    At  147 , the pointed tip  148  is biased to a voltage that exceeds the electric potential of the surface charge and which has opposite polarity from the surface charge  154 . Thus, if the surface charge  154  is positive as shown, the pointed tip  148  is biased to be negative so as to attract the surface charge  154 . 
         [0048]    At  149 , a motorized assembly equipped with the charge pencil  140  positions the pointed tip  148  of the charge pencil  140  at a point above the coordinate location, in close proximity to the surface charge  154 . Positive charge on the wafer surface will then be attracted to the negative pointed tip  148  and will leave the wafer surface and adhere to the pointed tip  148  by electrostatic forces. 
         [0049]      FIG. 6  shows a second embodiment of the charge pencil  140  that is configured to remove electric charge from a specific location on the surface of the wafer  150 . According to the second embodiment, the charge pencil  140  has an absorbent tip  162  that can take up and hold an ionic solution  164  having a net ionic solution charge  168 . The ionic solution  164  can be in the form of a liquid, but it is more desirably in the form of a gel having a higher viscosity than a liquid, thus allowing the ionic solution  164  to stay in place on the absorbent tip  162 . The absorbent tip  162  is desirably made of a spongy, porous, insulating material so that the absorbent tip  162  can transport the ionic solution  164  from a fluid reservoir  166  to the surface of the wafer  150 . The ionic solution can take other forms such as, for example, an aerosol that facilitates gathering charge onto the absorbent tip by simply holding the tip in an aerosol-filled environment. 
         [0050]    With reference to  FIGS. 6 and 7 , in the second embodiment, the motorized assembly equipped with the charge pencil  140  is programmed to remove surface charge  154  by executing a method  151  having the following sequence of steps: 
         [0051]    At  155 , the motorized assembly associated with the charge pencil  140  receives information from the metrology module  116  including the polarity and coordinates specifying the location of the surface charge  154 . 
         [0052]    At  157 , the charge pencil  140  is configured with the absorbent tip  162 . 
         [0053]    At  159 , the motorized assembly executes instructions to move the charge pencil to the reservoir  166  and dip the absorbent tip into the ionic solution in which the net ionic solution charge  168  has a polarity opposite that of the surface charge. In  FIG. 6 , for example, the surface charge to be removed is shown as positive and the ionic solution charge  168  is negative. 
         [0054]    At  161 , the charge pencil moves to a point above the coordinate location, in close proximity to the surface charge  154 . The positive surface charge  154  is then attracted to the negatively charged ionic solution held in the absorbent tip  162 . 
         [0055]    At  163 , the absorbent tip  162  lifts the positive surface charge  154  from the wafer  150  via the attractive electrostatic force. 
         [0056]      FIG. 8  shows a third embodiment of the charge pencil  140  that is configured to deposit electrostatic charge at a specific location on the surface of the wafer  150 . According to the third embodiment, the charge pencil  140  is configured with a second absorbent tip  172 . The second absorbent tip  172  includes a wire or other metallic portion that is electrically coupleable to a voltage source so that a selected bias voltage applied to the tip  172  can cause a release of electrostatic charge at a specific location on the surface of the wafer  150 . 
         [0057]    With reference to  FIGS. 8 and 9 , in the third embodiment, the motorized assembly equipped with the charge pencil  140  is programmed to deposit a negative charge at the location of surface charge  154  by executing a method  165  having the following sequence of steps: 
         [0058]    At  167 , the motorized assembly associated with the charge pencil  140  receives information from the metrology module  116  including the polarity and coordinates specifying the location of the surface charge  154 . 
         [0059]    At  169 , the charge pencil  140  is configured with the absorbent tip  162 . 
         [0060]    At  171 , the motorized assembly executes instructions to move the charge pencil to the reservoir  166  and dip the absorbent tip into the ionic solution in which the ionic solution charge  168  has a polarity opposite that of the surface charge. In  FIG. 7 , for example, the surface charge  154  to be removed is shown as positive and the ionic solution charge  168  is negative. 
         [0061]    At  173 , the charge pencil moves to a point above the coordinate location, in close proximity to the surface charge  154 . 
         [0062]    At  175 , the tip  172  is biased to a voltage that exceeds the electric potential of the ionic solution charge  168  and which has opposite polarity from the ionic solution charge  168 . Thus, if the surface charge  154  is positive as shown, and the ionic solution charge  168  is negative, the tip  172  is biased positive to repel the ionic solution charge  168  from the tip, thereby depositing negative charge onto the wafer. The deposited negative charge is then attracted to the positive surface charge  154 , forming a neutralized cluster  174 . 
         [0063]    At  177 , the wafer  150  is rinsed in the cleaning module  114  to remove neutralized clusters  174  from the wafer surface. 
         [0064]      FIG. 10  describes an exemplary method of operation  180  of the CMP system  110 , according to one embodiment. The method of operation  180  is carried out by programming the microprocessor  139  associated with the CMP system  110  that is configured to activate the various modules  112 ,  114 ,  116 , and  118 , sub-modules, and components therein. For example, the microprocessor  139  may download instructions to the microcontroller  135   a  within the charge adjustment module  118 . The program instructions executed by the microprocessor  139  are stored in an electronic memory that may be internal or external to the CMP system. In the case that the electronic memory containing the program instructions is external to the CMP system, the instructions can be downloaded into the CMP electronic system memory  137  for execution, for example, in response to a request from an operator of the CMP system. 
         [0065]    At  182 , the wafer transport robot  120   a  moves a wafer from one of the loading stations  122 ,  124 , or  126 , to the metrology module  116 , wherein charge residing on the surface of the wafer is characterized to produce a charge profile map, e.g.,  131   a.    
         [0066]    At  184 , the charge profile map is uploaded from the metrology module  116  to the electronic memory  137  for evaluation. The microprocessor  139  then accesses the charge profile map  131   a,  stored in the electronic memory  137 , and executes a program to assess features of the charge profile map  131   a , such as peaks  133   a,  and to make a decision, according to programmed criteria, as to whether global charge adjustment is needed. In one embodiment, evaluation of the charge profile map  131   a  can involve receiving input from a user. Furthermore, at  184 , a recommendation for a certain CMP process recipe may be determined and uploaded to the planarization module  112  for later use. The microprocessor  139  and the electronic memory  137  may be part of the CMP system  110 , or they may be part of a remote system in communication with the CMP system  110 . 
         [0067]    At  186 , if the decision made at step  184  is yes, the wafer is moved to a global charge adjustment sub-module  134  for immersion in an ionic solution. 
         [0068]    At  188 , the microprocessor-based system evaluates features of the charge profile map  131   a,  and makes a decision based on programmed criteria, as to whether localized charge adjustment is needed. 
         [0069]    At  190 , if the decision made at step  188  is yes, the wafer is moved to the charge adjustment module  118  for localized treatment via the charge pencil  140  as described above. 
         [0070]    At  192 , following any treatments performed at  186  and/or  190 , the robot  120   b  moves the wafer from the charge adjustment module  118  to the planarization module  112  for CMP slurry-based processing. Prior to moving the wafer into the planarization module  112 , if a process recipe recommendation has been determined based on the charge profile map  131   a  created in the metrology module  116 , the recipe is downloaded to the specific planarization sub-module that is selected to process the wafer. For example, the process recipe may call for a particular type of slurry, or a specific slurry formulation, based on the charge profile for that wafer. 
         [0071]    At  194 , following planarization, the robot  120   b  moves the wafer back to the metrology module  116  to re-characterize the surface charge, obtaining a second set of charge data in the form of a 3-D after-CMP charge profile map, e.g.,  131   b.    
         [0072]    At  196 , the 3-D after-CMP charge profile map  131   b  is evaluated to determine whether or not wafer neutralization is needed prior to the post-CMP cleaning step to be carried out in the cleaning module  114 . The evaluation at  196  can also include downloading a specialized cleaning recipe to the cleaning module  114  based on the after-CMP charge profile map  131   b.    
         [0073]    At  198 , if it is determined that wafer neutralization is not needed, the robot  120   a  moves the wafer to the cleaning module  114  for a post-CMP wafer scrubbing treatment. Following the post-CMP wafer scrub, the robot  120   a  returns the wafer to the loading station  122 ,  124 , or  126 . 
         [0074]    At  200 , if it is determined that wafer neutralization is needed, the robot  120   a  moves the wafer to the charge adjustment module  118  for global wafer neutralization before proceeding to the wafer cleaning module  114  for the post-CMP scrub treatment at  198 . 
         [0075]    Thus, the CPM system  110  has in-situ capability to detect wafer charging, evaluate charge data, provide both global and localized charge neutralization treatment prior to key CMP and cleaning steps, and provide feedback control to both the planarization and cleaning operations. 
         [0076]    The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. 
         [0077]    All of the U.S. patents, U.S. patent application publications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patent applications and non-patent publications referred to in this specification and/or listed in the Application Data Sheet are incorporated herein by reference, in their entirety. Aspects of the embodiments can be modified, if necessary to employ concepts of the various patents, applications and publications to provide yet further embodiments. 
         [0078]    It will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments of the present disclosure are described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. For example, additional embodiments may use the charge pencil  140  configured with the tips shown above in a different operational sequence, or the charge pencil  140  may be configured with different tips. Accordingly, the present disclosure is not limited except as by the appended claims. 
         [0079]    These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of the above-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should be construed to include all possible embodiments along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limited by the disclosure.