Abstract:
A low drop-out (LDO) voltage regulator that has high a PSRR (Power Supply Ripple Rejection) performance and a high load regulation with low current consumption is disclosed. The voltage regulator doses not require any high gain error amplifier that may cause instability in the voltage regulator. A voltage-controlled current-feedback is presented that generates an inverse phase signal and compensation voltage for a ripple noise and dropout voltage, respectively. The voltage-controlled current-feedback generates a negative voltage slope with regard to the power supply voltage, which can cancel the ripple noise at the output terminal. The current-feedback creates a positive coefficient voltage with regard to the load current, which compensates the voltage drop caused by parasitic resistances.

Description:
The present invention relates to low-dropout (LDO) voltage regulators being integrated in semiconductor devices. More particularly, the present invention relates to LDO voltage regulators having a high PSRR (Power Supply Ripple Rejection) performance and a superior load regulation. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   Not only handy equipment but also every kind of electric equipment incorporates several voltage regulators. Those are applied for digital circuits, high frequency circuits and analog circuits. As an example, in a cellular phone, a very high power supply ripple rejection is required for a RF transmitting circuit because poor ripple rejection results in poor clearness of voice conversation. Even in digitally coded wireless equipments, a transmission circuit and a reception circuit apply analog modulation and demodulation, respectively, whereby ripple noise affects the error rate of data communication. According to the prior art, a high ripple rejection ratio about −80 dB is feasible with enough operation current of a few 100 uA. There are many proposed inventions, but very few proposals cover a high ripple rejection ratio with very low operation current. 
     FIG. 1  shows a block diagram of a prior CMOS type voltage regulator. The voltage regulator in  FIG. 1  has a first power supply terminal  1  and a second power supply terminal  2  as well as a reference voltage circuit  50  generating a reference voltage Vref. An error amplifier  100  multiplies an error voltage from the reference voltage, a bias current generator  60  provides operation current for the error amplifier  100 , an output buffer  30  generates a voltage output and an output voltage divider  40  attenuates the output voltage for sensing an error.  FIG. 2  shows a circuit diagram for the block diagram shown in  FIG. 1 . 
   In  FIG. 2  the error amplifier  100  is a two-stage amplifier consisting of a differential amplifier  10  as a first stage and a phase inverting amplifier  20  as a second-stage. The reference voltage generator  50  is connected to an input terminal N 1  of the error amplifier and the output voltage divider  40  is connected to the second input N 2 . 
     FIG. 3  shows the DC characteristic of the voltage regulator circuit in  FIG. 2 . It illustrates the supply voltage dependence of the reference voltage and the output voltage. 
   The horizontal axis indicates the supply voltage Vdd. A curve  31  shows the operation current of the error amplifier  100 , while curves  32 ,  33  and  34  show the gate voltage of the output buffer P 4 , the output voltage, and the reference voltage, respectively. 
     FIG. 4  shows 10,000-times expanded scale of the DC characteristic extracted from  FIG. 3 . Curves  41  and  42  indicate the output voltage and the reference voltage, respectively. 
   The curve  42  in  FIG. 4  shows that it has positive coefficient and that it increases as the supply voltage rises. The particular nature of the reference voltage affects the PSRR performance in the low frequency range. 
   A. Equations for the Prior Regulator Circuit 
   Generally, the PSRR (Power Supply Ripple Rejection) is defined as a voltage variation caused by a specific voltage change of the supply voltage, for instance by 1 volt. 
   The output voltage Vout of the prior voltage regulator circuit is introduced as follows,
 
 Vout=Vref× ( Av/ 1+ K×Av ) +So   (1)
 
wherein:
 
Vref=reference voltage generator  50 ,
 
Av=open loop voltage gain of the error amplifier  100 ,
 
K=dividing ratio of the output voltage divider  40 ;
 
So=system offset voltage of the error amplifier  100 ;
 
   The first term Vref depends on the supply voltage, and the rate of change is expressed by the following equation,
 
 D ( Vref )=( dVref/dv )/ K 
 
   Generally, D(Vref) has a positive polarity or, in other words, the reference voltage Vref increases as the supply voltage Vdd increases. The dividing ratio K of the output voltage divider  40  is always K&lt;1. Filtering can eliminate the ripple noise “DVref” derived from the reference voltage. However, such a filter is not integrated in a monolithic semiconductor chip, since a fairly large time constant is required due to the wide frequency spectrum of the ripple noise on the reference voltage Vref. 
   The coefficient K is expressed as K=R 1 /(R 1 +R 2 ), wherein R 1  and R 2  indicate resistors in the output voltage divider  40  shown in  FIG. 2 . When each resistor R 1  and R 2  is fabricated from a poly-silicon material, the supply voltage dependency is negligible small. The coefficient K defines the output voltage and it is designed in a limited range such as from 0.2 to 0.8. Therefore, it contributes to the ripple rejection slightly. 
   The system-offset voltage So is inevitably generated from a multi-stage amplifier, it is not adopted in a prior equation. It is introduced and substantiated by experimental data. The system offset has a supply dependency usually with a positive coefficient, while if a negative coefficient becomes feasible, it will play an important role in the equation (1). 
   The supply voltage dependency of So, D(So) is expressed as D(So)=dSo/dv. 
   The open loop gain Av has also a supply voltage coefficient, the rate of change D(Av) is derived as the following differential function;
 
 D ( Av )=( dAv/dv )/(1+ K×Av )^2,
 
wherein “^2” indicates a square operation or the raising of a certain number to the second power.
 
   For example, Av=10,000 times (80 dB) at Vdd=4 v, Av=12,000 times at Vdd=5 v, K=0.5, Vref=1.2 v, resulting in:
 
 D ( Av )=96 uV (−80.5  dB )
 
   It is understood that −80.5 dB is not negligible small to attain the figure of −90 dB, for instance. 
   Then, the total ripple voltage is summarized as follows;
 
 D ( Vout ) =D ( Vref ) +Vref×D ( Av ) +D ( So )  (2)
 
B. Stability of the Voltage Regulator Circuit
 
   For the voltage regulator incorporated with a two-stage error amplifier and the output buffer as a 3 rd  amplifier, the stability is a very critical factor. Let the voltage gain of the 1 st  stage, 2 nd  stage and 3 rd  stage be Av 1 , Av 2  and Av 3 , respectively, whereby the total voltage gain is:
 
 Av=Av 1× Av 2× Av 3
 
   For a normalization, let the voltage gain of the stage “i” amplifier be Avi, whereby
 
 Avi=Gmi*Zoi   (3),
 
wherein Gmi and Zoi indicate a conductance and an output impedance of the stage “i”-amplifier, respectively. The output impedance will be
 
 Zoi=Rpi//Rni//Coi, 
 
wherein Rpi//Rni//Coi expresses the parallel impedance of the output resistance of the P-FET in the i-stage amplifier and the output resistance of the N-FET in the i-stage amplifier as well as the output parasitic capacitance of the i-stage amplifier in  FIG. 2 , whereby
 
 Rpi=A ( Li/Idi ) *SQR ( Vdgi+Vtpi )  (4)
 
wherein “A” is a coefficient, A=5*10^6SQR(V/m), being referenced from the following reference text book. “ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUIT DESIGN, BY JOHNS and MARTIN, JOHN WILEY &amp; SONS, INC., PAGE 223–224”
 
   The conductance Gmi is represented by the following formula,
 
 Gmi=SQR{ 2 *up*Cox* ( Wi/Li ) *Idi}   (5)
 
wherein “up”, “Cox”, “Wi”, “Li” and “Idi” represent a carrier mobility, a unit capacity of a gate oxide, channel width of Pi, channel length of Pi and drain current of Pi, respectively, whereby Pi means the P-FET of an i-stage amplifier.
 
   Then, studying the frequency characteristics of the voltage regulator, it may be seen that each stage has a pole at a frequency Fpi, whereby
 
 Fpi= ½ pai*Zoi   (6)
 
   The output of stage “i”-amplifier drops off at the frequency Fpi by minus 6 dB per octave. 
   B1. Intermediate Summary 
   According to the equation (2), higher voltage gain contributes to reduced ripple noise. From the equation (5), it is assumed that the larger the drain current, the higher the voltage gain. However, the equation (4) and (3) show that the less the drain current, the higher the output impedance that increases the voltage gain. On the other hand, the equation (4) and (6) lead to another contradiction that a less drain current results in a lower pole frequency that limits the voltage gain in the high frequency area. 
   B2. Zero Frequency 
   There are two major zero points in the voltage regulator in  FIG. 2 . The voltage gain increases at the zero-point frequency by the rate of +6 dB per octave. The first zero-point frequency is determined by an output condenser C 3  and an output load resistance R 3 . The zero-point frequency is expressed as follows,
 
 Fz 1=½ pai*R 3 *C 3  (8)
 
   The decoupling output condenser C 3  ranges from 1000 pF to 10 uF for instance. The output resistance R 3  varies very widely such as from 10 ohm to 100 Kohm, for instance, depending upon the load current. 
   The second zero-point frequency is also very important for achieving stability. The second zero-point frequency is determined by the output condenser C 3  and two parasitic resistances. A gold bonding wire that connects between a bonding pad and an outer lead frame has a parasitic resistance, and a contact-hole has a parasitic resistance. The output parasitic resistance Rog generally ranges from 50 mohm to 200 ohm. Another parasitic resistance is the equivalent series resistance (ESR) of the output-decoupling condenser C 3 . Then, the second zero-point frequency is expressed as follows,
 
 Fz 2=½ pai* ( Rog+ESR ) *C 3  (9),
 
wherein, for instance, Rog=200 mohm, ESR=20 mohm, Fz 1 =0.15 Hz to 1.5 Mhz, Fz 2 =72 Khz to 7.2 Mhz
 
   The first zero-point frequency Fz 1  is moving depending upon the output load current. When the load current is fairly large, the zero frequency Fz 1  is shifted to a high frequency region. In case of a light or no load condition, it moves to a very low frequency to cause a large phase delay, which may cause instability in the voltage regulator. 
   The second zero-point frequency Fz 2  does not depend on the load current, being isolated from the load current. The Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR) of the decoupling condenser C 3  has to be taken into account, varying depending on the type of condenser. For instance, the ESR of a chemical condenser ranges from a few ohms to a few 10 ohms. That of a tantalum condenser is in the order of a few ohms. A ceramic condenser gives 1 through 100 milliohms. Therefore, an unsuitable condenser may cause the voltage regulator to be unstable. 
   Since the second zero frequency Fz 2  dominates the phase delay around 180 degrees, it is also critical for achieving voltage regulator stability. 
   B3. Concrete Example of Stability vs. Poles and Zeros 
   As for the pole frequency Fpi, it is said that pole frequencies separated over 10 times from each other result in good stability. For better understanding, the following component values and calculated pole frequencies are listed as an example. 
   According to the equation (6), the first pole Fp 1  is calculated in the following way: 
   Ro 1 =150 Kohm to 300 Kohm, output resistance of the first stage amplifier  10 . 
   Co 1 =0.1 pF to 0.2 pF, output capacitance of the first stage amplifier  10 . 
   Fp 1 =½pai×Co 1 ×Ro 1 =several 100 Khz to a few Meg Hz 
   The first pole Fp 1  has a fixed frequency. Though the parasitic capacitor Co 1  is very small, but has to be taken into account, an extra additional capacitor connected between the gate terminal and the drain terminal of the PFET P 3  in  FIG. 2  can have a large effect on the phase compensation for achieving good stability. The position of the first pole Fp 1  is suitable for additional phase compensation to achieve good stability. However, it should be noted that the phase compensation by the first pole Fp 1  adjustment degrades the PSRR performance very much. The present invention resolves enough phase compensation producing high stability without any degradation of the PSRR performance, due to the cancellation action by the voltage controlled current feedback connected to the signal generator mentioned later. 
   The second pole Fp 2  is calculated as follows, 
   Ro 2 =50 Kohm to 100 Kohm 
   Co 2 =150 pF to 200 pF, Co 2  consists of the gate capacitance of the output buffer 
   FET P 4  and an additional condenser C 5  for phase compensation. 
   Fp 2 =a few KHz to 20 KHz 
   The second pole frequency Fp 2  is a fixed value, however, it becomes critical corresponding in connection with Fp 3  as mentioned later. 
   The third pole Fp 3  is calculated as follows, 
   R 3 =1 ohm, when Iout=100 mA and Vds=100 mV. 
   R 3 =100 Kohm, when Iout=1 uA and Vds=100 mV. 
   C 3 =1 uF 
   Fp 3 =1.5 Hz at no load or light load. 
   Fp 3 =150 Khz at large load or large load current. 
   When the output load is null or very light, the 3rd pole frequency is very smaller than FP 2  and a phase shift begins from the low frequency onwards that may cause less phase margin. A low resistance of R 3  or higher idling current through the output buffer transistor P 4  causes a higher pole frequency Fp 3  that improves the stability but sacrifices low current operation. It is one reason why the prior regulator circuit is not suitable for both of low power operation and good stability. 
   When the output load is heavy or in case of high output current, the third pole frequency Fp 3  is close to the second pole frequency Fp 2 . If the voltage gain is large enough, when Fp 3  and Fp 2  are close to each other, that may cause instability. To avoid the instability, Fp 2  must be moved toward lower frequency for decreasing the voltage gain by increasing the capacitance of the extra-capacitance C 5 . However, this produces a poor PSRR performance in the high frequency region because the ripple noise passes through the capacitance C 5  from the node “PD” to the output terminal. Besides, the increased capacitance of C 5  requires a higher drive current of the 2nd stage amplifier  20  in  FIG. 2 , that means a greater idling current of the output transistor P 3 . 
   Thus, according to the prior art, a sufficient operation current and enough idling current are required to attain high PSRR performance in the high frequency band, such as −80 dB at 10 kHz. 
   C. Load Regulation 
   Load current drops the output voltage of the voltage regulator. Load regulation indicates the dropout percentage of the output voltage caused by predetermined load current range. The output voltage is expressed in the following way,
 
 Vout=VO− ( Rog+Ron ) ×Io   (1 a ),
 
wherein VO=the output voltage at no load, Io=load current, Rog is an equivalent parasitic resistance at the output shown in  FIG. 2 , Ron is an ON state resistance of PFET P 4 , and P 4  is characteristically in the triode region the on resistance expressed by the well-known equation as follows,
 
 Ron= (2  L/KpW ){½( Vsg−Vth ) −Vds^ 2},
 
wherein L=channel length, W=channel width, Kp=conductance figure, Vgs=gate source voltage, Vds=drain source voltage, Vth=threshold voltage of P 4 , Rog consists of a resistance of a bonding wire and a contact resistances, such as from a few 10 milliohmns to 200 milliohms, for instance.
 
   In  FIG. 14 , a curve  145  indicates the output voltage drop under load current, when Rog=50 milliohms. It shows a 10 millivolts drop at 200 milliamps load current. 
   D. Simulated Example of the Prior Art 
     FIG. 5  and  FIG. 6  illustrate simulated gain phase characteristics and PSRR curve set of the prior art voltage regulator in  FIG. 2 . Curves  51 ,  52 ,  53  show the open loop gain characteristics and curves  54 ,  55 ,  56  show the phase delay between the input Vin and the output signal. Curves  61 ,  62 ,  63  show the PSRR characteristics. The curves  51 ,  54 ,  61  indicate the simulation results, when the operation current is sufficient over 100 uA, for instance. The curves  52 ,  55 ,  62  indicate the simulation results when the operation current is around 2 uA, for instance. A phase margin is generally used to express the stability of an amplifier, it is defined as a phase angle difference from 180 degrees delay at the unity gain frequency or 0 dB gain frequency. It is said that the phase margin of more than 40 degree means good stability without oscillation. A gain margin is used as an indicator of the stability. It is defined as a gain loss from the unity gain at the frequency with a 180 phase delay. It is said that the gain margin of more than minus 12 dB means good stability without oscillation. Hereinafter is presented a review on the phase margin for the voltage regulator. 
   The phase curve  54  shows that it has about 50-degree phase margin at the unity gain frequency of 400 Khz indicated by the curve  51 , which is sufficiently marginal. The PSRR curve  61  indicates about −90 dB at the frequency of 10 Khz, which shows sufficiently good PSRR performance. 
   On the other hand, the phase curve  55  shows that it passes 180 degrees at the unity gain frequency and has no phase margin. Because the gain curve  52  still has 40 dB at the 180-degree frequency of the phase curve  55 , the circuit will be in oscillation around the 180-degree frequency. After all, the prior circuit has at higher gain, inevitably a larger phase rotation and may turn to be unstable, when the operation current is merely decreased. 
   Simulated curve  53 ,  56 , and  62  are corresponding to the case, where the output capacitance C 3  increased to 100 uF under the condition of an operation current around 2 uA. Due to the enlarged C 3  capacitance, the 3rd pole frequency comes down to a few Hz, where the gain curve  53  starts to drop off, and the voltage gain is smaller than in case of the curve  52  by about 20 dB. The 2nd zero-frequency is moved also downward about a few 10 Khz, as shown by the curve  56 , to restrict the phase delay for improved stability. The phase curve  56  shows 50 degrees phase margin at the frequency where the curve  53  crosses the unity gain or 0 dB. Thus, even the prior circuit can achieve enough stability under the condition of very low operation current, however, the PSRR becomes very poor as indicated in  FIG. 6 . The curve  62  in  FIG. 6  shows around 40 db degradation from the curve  61  at 10 Khz frequency. 
   The curve  63  shows the PSRR characteristic of another prior circuit modified from the circuit in  FIG. 2 . The circuit is composed of 1-stage amplifier and has no 2 nd  stage. Therefore, insufficient voltage gain results in poor PSRR performance. 
   After all the prior voltage regulator cannot attain a very high PSRR such as −90 dB at 10 Khz under low current operation. 
   E. Summary on the Prior Arts 
   There are many patent proposals to achieve high power supply rejection to meet with increasing market demands for cellular phones and wireless LANs. They are classified in five broad categories as follows.
         (1) Buffer pre-driver and pole splitting with extra amplifiers.
           U.S. Pat. No. 5,631,598, U.S. Pat. No. 6,304,131   
           (2) Applying self-regulated voltage to a reference generator and an error amplifier.
           U.S. Pat. No. 5,889,393   
           (3) Adaptively controlled pole location depending on output current.
           U.S. Pat. No. 6,246,221   
           (4)Ripple filtering. U.S. Pat. No. 5,130,579, U.S. Pat. No. 4,327,319   (5) Ripple noise canceling with an inductive-transformer.
           U.S. Pat. No. 5,668,464   
               

   The category (1) includes an increasing number of proposals. In this category, a pre-buffer drives a power transistor so that poles are set far away from each other. Even though the power supply ripple rejection is excellent, extra amplifiers consume additional operation current. Furthermore, basically prior design theory is applied thereby. Therefore, operation current cannot be decreased to secure stability. 
   In the category (2), a voltage regulator is operated under regulated voltage. It must employ a start-up circuit and a level shift circuit for an output buffer transistor that constantly consume extra operation current. The start-up circuit requires more components and sometimes delays the transient response of the output, which is not suitable for an intermittent operation system. 
   The voltage regulator in the category (3) has an adaptive feedback loop from the output load current to the error amplifier to modify the operation bias current or to control a compensation time constant for stability improvement. A problem is caused by the feedback loop from the noisy output current, which requires expensive filtering. And the noisy current feedback affects the power supply rejection ratio. Another problem is caused by positive feedback from the output load current. The instability appears inevitably around the transition between the low bias and the boost bias regions. 
   The category (4) applies a filter having a large time constant to cover the very low frequency band. Such a filter is not feasible in monolithic silicon integration without cost sacrifice. 
   The category (5) employs an inductive-transformer which is also impossible to be integrated in a silicon chip. Thus, the categories (4) and (5) are suitable for hybrid fabricated power supply regulators or a discrete assembly, but not for silicon integration. 
   It is estimated that a few billions of equipments are worldwide in use. If one voltage regulator circuit draws 200 uA for instance, the total idling current, multiplied by 5 billion sets, reaches 1,000,000 ampere. If an operation voltage is assumed to be 3 Volt, the total power consumption reaches to 3,000 KW, which is equivalent to a small power plant capacity. The aim of the present invention is to reduce the current consumption of voltage regulators drastically to contribute to energy saving on a global scale. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention is directed to a new voltage regulator and a design theory for achieving a very high PSRR performance with a low operation current and a high load regulation. 
   A novel voltage controlled current feedback circuit is proposed that can generate a reference voltage with a negative polarity with regard to the supply voltage for a better PSRR performance and with a positive polarity with regard to the load current for high load regulation. 
   The presented invention attains a high PSRR performance without a high gain error amplifier that may cause instability in the voltage regulator. 
   The voltage regulator is comprised of:
         a first power supply terminal and a second power supply terminal;   a reference voltage generator to provide a reference voltage; a output buffer generating regulated voltage controlled by an error amplifier;   a voltage divider to provide a feedback voltage;   a voltage regulator having a voltage controlled current feedback connected to the reference voltage generator and the error amplifier;   the voltage controlled current feedback inversely decreases a feedback current according to an increment of the first supply voltage to decrease the reference voltage, or the voltage controlled current feedback decreases the feedback current according to a decrement of the load current of the output buffer to increase the reference voltage.       

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a block diagram showing a prior voltage regulator circuit. 
       FIG. 2  is a circuit diagram showing a prior voltage regulator circuit. 
       FIG. 3  is a graph showing DC characteristics of the prior art. 
       FIG. 4  is a graph showing DC characteristics in an expanded scale compared to  FIG. 3 . 
       FIG. 5  is a graph showing gain phase curves vs. frequency. 
       FIG. 6  shows PSRR frequency curves of the prior art. 
       FIG. 7  is a circuit diagram showing an embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 8  is a circuit diagram showing the 2-stage error amplifier of the present invention. 
       FIG. 9  is a circuit diagram showing the 1-stage error amplifier of the present invention. 
       FIG. 10  is a circuit diagram of the voltage control current feedback of the present embodiment. 
       FIG. 11  is a graph showing the supply voltage dependency of the circuit in  FIG. 7 . 
       FIG. 12  is a graph showing the drain current curve and the drain voltage of a PFET P 4  in  FIG. 7 . 
       FIG. 13  shows PSRR frequency curves of the prior art. 
       FIG. 14  shows a load regulation for the circuit in  FIG. 7   
       FIG. 15  is a block diagram showing an embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 16  is a block diagram showing a second embodiment of the present invention. 
   

   DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     FIG. 15  is a block diagram showing an embodiment of the present invention, while  FIG. 7  shows a circuit diagram of the embodiment of the present invention. 
   In  FIG. 7 , the error amplifier block  100  is a two-stage amplifier, and  FIG. 8  shows an example thereof, consisting of a first-stage amplifier  10  and second stage amplifier  20  for phase inversion.  FIG. 9  shows another circuit example of the error amplifier  100 , comprising a single stage differential amplifier  10 . In  FIG. 7 , the voltage regulator comprises an output buffer  30 , a voltage divider  40  and a reference voltage generator  50  as in case of the prior voltage regulator in  FIG. 2 . One difference of voltage regulator in  FIG. 7  from the prior art is that a voltage controlled current feedback  90  is connected to the voltage reference generator  40  and the error amplifier  100 . 
     FIG. 10  shows a circuit diagram of the voltage controlled current feedback  90  that consists of a PFET P 5  converting voltage to current, a current limiting resistor R 5 , an NFET N 8 , the drain current of which is indicated with IB, and a depletion NFET N 9 , the drain current of which is indicated as IB 0 . An FET can substitute the current limiting resistor R 5 . The drain current of P 5  IPF flows into the NFET N 8 , which results in an increment of the drain potential of N 8  shown as VB. When the IPF changes, the drain potential VB is modified and the drain current of N 9  IB 0  is modified, too. 
     FIG. 11  is a graph showing supply voltage dependency of the circuit in  FIG. 7 , assuming that the load current of the output buffer is constant. In  FIG. 7  the gate node of PFET P 4  is shown as “PD”. In  FIG. 15 , the curve  115  indicates a voltage difference between the source potential and the potential of the node PD or the gate potential that goes down as the supply voltage Vdd goes up. Because a MOS FET has the feature that the drain current or the conductance increases as the drain voltage goes up under a constant gate voltage, this feature becomes remarkable in the large drain current region of a minimum channel length FET. Therefore, the larger the drain voltage, the smaller the gate voltage for a fixed drain current.  FIG. 12  shows the characteristics between the drain current and the drain voltage for various gate voltages to illustrate the foresaid feature. In  FIG. 12  curves  120  through  124  show drain currents for gate voltage changed from −1.0 V to −1.8 V with a 0.2 V step. The point “A” shows drain current of 100 mA and a drain voltage of 0.23 V and a gate voltage of −1.8 V. The point “B” shows the same drain current as in case of point “A” and a drain voltage of 0.32 V and a gate voltage of −1.6 V. Then, a smaller gate voltage and a larger drain voltage for the point “B” can result in the same drain current as in case of point “A”. In other words, when the drain current is fixed, the gate voltage goes down, if the drain voltage goes up. However, in a high drain voltage region, drain currents are suppressed and the slope of the drain currents becomes gently and the gate source voltage-drop, shown by  115  in  FIG. 11 , falls smoothly. 
   To summarize the above, the following may be noted:
         (1) When the supply voltage Vdd increases, the gate-source voltage of P 4  or Vdd-PD voltage gap  115  falls.   (2) Decreasing the gate-source voltage of P 5 , tied to the gate of P 4 , the drain current of P 5  IPF goes down.   (3) Smaller IPF current pushes the impedance of P 5  higher, while the drain voltage of N 8  VB falls.   (4) The drain voltage VB drop is added on the source-drain voltage of N 9  to increase the drain current IB 0  shown as  111  in  FIG. 11 .   (5) The current growth of IB 0  draws more current from N 12  as I 0 , that makes the drain voltage of N 11  and N 9  dropped.   (6) The voltage-drop at V 0  decreases the current IR of N 11 , shown as  113  in  FIG. 11 .   (7) When the current IR decreases, the drain voltage of N 10  or the reference voltage goes down.   (8) The reference voltage drop suppresses the output voltage  117  downward, even though the supply voltage rises.       

   Thus, the output voltage can be inversely controlled for the supply voltage increment. According to the aforesaid equation (2), a flat or negative slop for the output voltage with regard to the supply voltage is feasible, because the clause D(Vref) can have negative polarity in the invention. The angle of the curve  117  in  FIG. 11 , which shows the Vdd dependency of the output voltage, is defined by the feedback gain of the drain current IPF  112 . The drain current IPF is determined by a channel length of P 5 , thus, the feedback gain is easily settable. In  FIG. 11  the voltage reference  114  and the output voltage  118  show the DC characteristics, when the voltage controlled current feedback  90  is disabled. The reference voltage  114  increases slightly, seemingly flat due to the scale, similar to the conventional circuit, and the output voltage  118  increases, too. The slant of the output voltage curve with regard to the supply voltage equals to the PSRR figure at low frequency.  FIG. 13  shows the PSRR curves  130  and  131  for the voltage controlled current feedback  90  disabled and enabled, respectively. The curve  131 , corresponding to enabled case, indicates a better PSRR performance than the curve  130  by around 40 dB. The high PSRR curve  131  is achievable by the error amplifier having a low voltage gain. A high gain amplifier may cause the voltage regulator to become instable. 
   Any additional operation current is not required to attain this improvement. 
   As mentioned in the above, the drain current increment, caused by the drain voltage rise, is saturated in the high voltage region. The effect of the voltage controlled current feedback  90  is most sensitive just below the supply voltage being slightly higher than the output voltage by approximately 1 V. This feature is important because the supply voltage rage used commonly for battery-operated equipments is not far higher from the output voltage. A battery voltage is falling and reaching the output voltage, when an equipment is turned on. It is a desirable feature that the voltage regulator keeps good performances until just before battery life end for a longer battery life. 
   There is previously known no means to very minutely control the reference voltage. The present invention provides unprecedented means to modify the reference voltage minutely by a large channel length change that is not sensitive to the device dimension. The design theory is straightforward and mass-production is easy. 
   In the presented invention the high PSRR is achievable by the channel length of the voltage controlled current feedback  90 , not by a high gain amplifier that may cause instability in the voltage regulator. 
   As a similar method following references are listed.
         U.S. Pat. No. 6,522,111   U.S. Pat. No. 6,046,577       

   According to those references, the output voltage of the error amplifier is converted to current proportional to the output load current to feed for the operation current of the error amplifier. Those references show the traditional adaptive control circuits, where the major object is the improvement of the transient response. Any of those reference have no such feature as to achieve a reference voltage minute control. The present invention is distinguished from the traditional adaptive control methodology. The adaptive control is defined in a narrow sense as a control method by which the output response is accelerated by increasing feedback current proportionally to the output load current. In the presented invention, the output voltage is suppressed downward by decreasing feedback current in inverse proportion to the supply voltage. 
   Another Function of the Present Invention 
   As previously mentioned, the parasitic resistance of the output terminal degrades the load stability. Since the parasitic resistances is located outside the feedback loop of the voltage regulator circuit, the output voltage declines, depending on the load current.  FIG. 14  illustrates the effect that the load stability is improved by one embodiment of the present invention. In the voltage regulator in  FIG. 7 , the supply voltage is constant; the load current is swept from 0 to 500 mA. 
   From  FIG. 14  it can be summarized:
         (1) When the load current Iout, indicated on the horizontal axis, increases, the gate-source voltage of P 4  or the voltage gap  143  between Vdd and PD rises.   (2) Increasing the gate-source voltage of P 5 , tied to the gate of P 4 , the drain current of P 5  IPF  140  goes up.   (4) Larger IPF current  140  causes the impedance of P 5  to decrease, and then the drain voltage of N 8  VB to rise.   (5) The drain voltage VB rise is subtracted from the source-drain voltage of N 9  to decrease the drain current IB 0 .   (6) The current decrement of IB 0  draws less current from N 12  as I 0 , that makes the drain voltage of N 11  and N 9  rise.   (7) The voltage increment at V 0  raises the current IR of N 11 .   (8) When the current IR increases, the drain voltage of N 10  or the reference voltage  142  goes up.   (9) The reference voltage  142  increment pushes the output voltage  144  upward even though the load current rises.       

   Thus, the output voltage can be boosted inversely for the load current increment. It is a desirable function for a voltage regulator that the voltage controlled current feedback  90  compensates voltage drop caused by the load current increment. The compensation extent is defined with the feedback current IPF which is straightforwardly settable by the channel length of PFET P 5 . Curves  142  and  145  show the reference voltage and the output voltage, respectively, when the voltage controlled current feedback  90  is disabled. As shown in  FIG. 14 , the output voltage  145  is linearly declined and the reference voltage  142  is flat and shows no variation. 
   In  FIG. 14 , the reference voltage  141  increases non-linearly but not saturated, however, its increment will become saturated in case of a large channel length of the PFET P 5 . 
   The present invention provides a high PSRR performance and an excellent load regulation without any extra operation current of the error amplifier by providing the new voltage controlled current feedback  90 . The voltage controlled current feedback  90  does not cause any disturbances to the stability of the error amplifier. Since poles and zeros of the voltage regulator are substantially not affected the error amplifier, the output buffer and the voltage divider are also not subject to change. By adding the voltage controlled current feedback  90 , although the total operation current of the voltage regulator increases very slightly, the outcome is extremely large. The drastic performance improvement far surpasses the very little chip area enlargement and the increase of costs. 
   The present invention is not limited to the embodiments shown in the figure, and covers also further embodiments that apply an equivalent mode of inversion not deviating from the concept of the disclosed invention. “FET” means not only the MOS type, but also the function type, TFT and GaAs type. Every kind of FET is applicable to the present invention. Furthermore, it is within the scope of the present invention to apply an N-Type input error amplifier, P-type input, etc.