Abstract:
The present invention relates to a novel antiviral product, its use in the treatment of hepatitis C, and its process of manufacture. More particularly it relates to a characterised product exhibiting antiviral activity against Hepatitis C virus (HCV). In one embodiment there is provided a single herb  Astragalus  extract, or an active fraction thereof, for use as an antiviral in the treatment of hepatitis C.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit as a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/304,893 filed Jun. 6, 2007; which claims benefit of PCT/GB2007/002078 filed Mar. 9, 2010; which further claims the benefit of GB 0612025.7 filed Jun. 16, 2006 now GB patent no. 2439046 published Dec. 8, 2010. 
     
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH 
       [0002]    NONE 
       TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    The present invention relates to a novel antiviral product, its use in the treatment of hepatitis C, and its process of manufacture. More particularly it relates to a characterised product exhibiting antiviral activity against Hepatitis C virus (HCV). That the product exhibits activity in both a replicon test and particularly a polymerase test (NS5B) is suggestive of possible broader activity, against, for example, viruses within the Flaviviradae. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    Chronic infection with HCV is common, affecting up to 1% of the UK population, and the World Health Organisation (WHO) estimated that more than 200 million people globally are infected with HCV. It is well recognised that chronic HCV infection is associated with a wide variety of symptoms including fatigue, upper abdominal pain and dyspepsia, which lead to an overall reduction in the quality of life. Conventional therapy with pharmaceutical agents leads to the reduction of viral load but is effective in only about 40% of patients. There is thus a need for effective treatments that can reduce the symptoms associated with HCV infection and thereby improve the quality of life of a greater percentage of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients. 
         [0005]    Furthermore there is a need for products that will target (and inhibit the activity of) the causative virus with less side effects. 
         [0006]    In applicant&#39;s international application WO2005079823 there is disclosed a four herb combination product which in addition to providing symptomatic relief had been shown, by way of a replicon assay, to exhibit anti-HCV activity (inhibition of 41.8%) at a dilution of 1/350. 
         [0007]    The product is composed of four herbal extracts and is formulated as follows: 
       Herbal Extracts: 
       [0008]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Milk Thistle Fruit dry extract 
                 0.200 g 
               
               
                   
                 Chinese Sage Root dry extract 
                 0.225 g 
               
               
                   
                   Schisandra  Fruit dry extract 
                 0.400 g 
               
               
                   
                   Astralagus  Root dry extract 
                 0.585 g 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Excipients: 
       [0009]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Macrogol 6000 powder 
                 0.600 g 
               
               
                   
                 Ferwogel 30.385 (molecular weight 3.5-4.0 × 10 6 ) 
                 0.070 g 
               
               
                   
                 Mannitol EZ 
                 0.160 g 
               
               
                   
                 Aerosil 200 
                 0.050 g 
               
               
                   
                 Aspartame 
                 0.050 g 
               
               
                   
                 Caramel powder 
                 0.100 g 
               
               
                   
                 Peppermint powder aroma 
                 0.060 g 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0010]    The applicant has investigated this product further and has surprisingly discovered that an anti-HCV activity appears to derive from only one plant, demonstrating both good activity and no detectable cell cytotoxicity. That plant is  Astragalus,  and it has further been determined that a fraction purified by a factor of greater than 10, more particularly greater than 50, more particularly still greater than 75 and most particularly between 75 and 200 is particularly active. 
         [0011]    The active fraction can be produced in good yield in effectively a three stage process comprising:
   I. an alcoholic extraction (which may be repeated);   II. an ethanol-water precipitation process (which may be repeated); and   III. a systematic solvent fractionation step with a plurality of solvents of different polarity.
 
Preferably, the systematic solvent fractionation utilizes a number of different solvents commencing with the least polar and finishing with the most polar. The active fraction is a dichloromethane fraction or a solvent with similar polarity.
   
 
         [0015]    The active fraction (and sub- fractions) can be characterized with reference to one or more markers, one or a combination of which may be responsible for the anti-HCV activity and polymerase inhibition. Particular markers identified include:
   Astragaloside I,   Formononetin-7-O-β-D-glucoside; and   3′-hydroxyl-formononetin-7-O-β-D-glucoside.
 
Additionally they can be identified by way of TLC fingerprints as set out in the detailed description.
   
 
         [0019]    The plant which exhibits the activity is a member of the Leguminosae family, more particularly huang qi:
   Pharmaceutical name: Radix Astragali Membranaceous;   Botanical name:  Astragalus membranaceus  (Fisch) Bge. or  Astragalus membranaceus  Bge var.  Mongholicus  Hsiao (hereafter  Astragalus ).   
 
         [0022]    The plant may be referred to as Milkvetch in Europe and it is the root which is used. 
         [0023]    In traditional Chinese herbal medicine a dosage (based on dry raw material) of 9-30 g and occasionally up to 60 g is used. Typically it is taken as a decoction. According to Pharmacopoeia of the People&#39;s Republic of China (English Edition 2000) Vol I a cold water extraction method gives a water soluable extractive of not less than 17%. 
         [0024]    According to Chinese Herbal Medicine, Materia Medica, Revised edition, chemically the root of  Astragalus membranaceus  is known to contain, as major ingredients, D-β asparagine, 2′4′-dihydroxy-5,6-dimethoxyisoflavane, calycosin, formononetin, cycloastragenol, astragalosides, choline, betaine, kumatakenin, sucrose, glucuronic acid and β-sitosterol. 
         [0025]    Its chemical constituents are discussed further in Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin, Springer-Verlag which further discusses its pharmacology and the symptomatic relief in the treatment of chronic hepatitis. 
         [0026]    According to Chang H M and But P P (1987) Pharmacology and applications of Chinese Materia Medica (Vol ii) World Scientific Publishing,  Astragalus membranaceus  may enhance immunological function. More particularly reference is made to the use of a 100% decoction, 0.4 ml daily, to “protect” the liver and a clinical trial in which Huangqi injection achieved normalization of GPT levels in 80% of patients. (This is a symptomatic treatment.) 
         [0027]    None of the referenced documents or other published literatures teaches the use of a single herb  Astragalus,  or a defined fraction thereof, as an antiviral in the treatment of hepatitis C. 
         [0028]    Additional Prior Art Identified Includes: 
         [0029]    CN1616097 which discloses a lozenge containing attenuated Newcastle disease virus vaccine or deactivated Newcastle disease virus vaccine, 10-120 hemagglutination units, astragalus root 1-20000 mg, liquiritigenin 1-1000 mg, supplementary material and stabilizer. It is stated to be suitable for preventing SARS and other viral infectious respiratory tract diseases and to have auxiliary treatment effects on hepatitis B and C. 
         [0030]    CN1607003 which discloses the use of a composition comprising Chinese caterpillar fungus (50-90 parts) with astragalus root (10-50 parts) as an auxiliary therapeutic agent for hepatitis C. It is stated to adjust immune function and improve curative effect. 
         [0031]    US2005/0074428 which discloses an adjuvant agent for use in combination with interferon and ribivarin for treating Hepatitis C containing 50-90 wt % cordyceps sinensis and 10-50 wt % astragalus memsrancens. 
         [0032]    CN 1448163 which discloses a Chinese recipe comprising astragalus root among some eleven herbs to treat various diseases including hepatitis C. 
         [0033]    CN1393255 which discloses a nineteen herb mix including astragalus root for treating hepatitis C. 
         [0034]    CN1593586 which discloses a pill for treating hepatitis C comprising at least 15 herbs, one of which is raw astragalus root. 
         [0035]    US2005/0147699 which discloses the use of an astragalus radix and codonopsis pilosulae radix mixed extract for inhibiting carcinogenesis and metastasis. It states that  Astragalus  is recorded, in the traditional pharmacopea, to treat chronic nephritis, albuminuria, myositis, antihypertensive, coronary artery disease, cerebral infarction, peptic ulcer (duodenal and gastric ulcer), renal disease and diabetes mellitus. It makes no reference to its potential use as an anti viral agent. 
         [0036]    Indeed none of the documents suggests that a single herb  Astragalus  extract can be used alone as an antiviral to treat hepatitis, particularly hepatitis C. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0037]    According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a single herb  Astragalus  extract or an active fraction thereof, for use as an antiviral in the treatment of Hepatitis C. 
         [0038]    Preferably the active fraction is an extract of  Astragalus  purified by at least a factor of 10 with reference to dried raw plant material, and which is characterized in that it comprises at least one marker selected from the group consisting of:
   Astragaloside I;   Formononetin-7-o-β-d-glucoside; and   3′-hydroxyl-formononetin-7-o-β-d-glucoside.   
 
       Preferably it Comprises All Three Markers. 
       [0042]    In a particularly favored embodiment, the extract is purified by at least a factor of 50, most preferably by a factor of between 75 and 200 and can be characterized by the presence of the three markers identified above. In fact, at least six defined peaks can be identified in this fraction. 
         [0043]    In a preferred embodiment the extract is used or formulated as a botanical drug. 
         [0044]    In an alternative embodiment the extract may be used as a food, dietary supplement or food additive. The term food includes food or drink and articles used for components of such articles. 
         [0045]    The botanical terms used herein are intended to have the meanings as used by the FDA in their directive “Guidance for Industry—Botanical Drug Products” (June 2004) which directive is incorporated by reference. It will, however, by understood by persons skilled in the art that in different countries different terminology may be used. Reference to the FDA guidance terminology is used for consistency and should not be taken to be limiting. Thus differing but equivalent terms used by, for example, the EMEA in their Guidelines on Quality of Herbal Medicinal Products/Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products (CHMP/THMP adopted March 2006), will be understood by the skilled person to be encompassed by the terms used herein. 
         [0046]    According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided  Astragalus  raw material packaged or otherwise sold in a manner which indicates it is suitable and intended for use as an antiviral to treat Hepatitis C. 
         [0047]    Preferably the raw material is cultivated and harvested from a designated production site under managed agricultural practice. 
         [0048]    According to a third aspect of the present invention there is provided the use of  Astragalus  or a single herb extract thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for the antiviral treatment of Hepatitis C. 
         [0049]    According to a forth aspect of the present invention there is provided the use of  Astragalus  or a single herb extract thereof in the manufacture of a food, dietary supplement or food additive for the antiviral treatment of Hepatitis C. 
         [0050]    According to a fifth aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for producing an extract of  Astragalus  which exhibits anti-HCV activity in a replicon assay, and which is purified by at least a factor of 10 with reference to dried raw plant material, and which is characterized in that it comprises at least one marker selected from the group consisting of:
   Astragaloside I;   Formononetin-7-o-β-d-glucoside; and   3′-hydroxyl-formononetin-7-o-β-d-glucoside comprising:   1) an alcoholic extraction (which may be repeated);   2) an ethanol-water precipitation process (which may be repeated); and   3) a systematic solvent fractionation step with a plurality of solvents of different polarity.   
 
         [0057]    Preferably, the alcoholic extraction is an ethanolic extraction. The ethanolic extraction is preferably conducted under reflux. Most preferably it is repeated. Preferably high concentration ethanol is used (greater than 50% by concentration.) 
         [0058]    The alcoholic extraction is followed by an ethanol-water precipitation and the supernatant recovered. The ethanol is recovered leaving a concentrate. 
         [0059]    The concentrate is then dissolved in water to give an aqueous solution which is subjected to systematic solvent fractionation using solvents of different polarity. Preferred solvents are Petroleum ether, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate. 
         [0060]    The active fraction is the dichloromethane extract AS-C. 
         [0061]    According to a sixth aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of treating Hepatitis C comprising administering an effective amount of a single herb  Astragalus  extract or an active fraction thereof. 
         [0062]    The single herb  Astragalus,  or an active fraction thereof is preferably provided in unit dosage form. Most preferably it is provided in a form suitable for oral delivery e.g. a filled capsule. The skilled person will appreciate other dosage forms may alternatively be presented. 
         [0063]    Preferably the extract is used in an amount equivalent to an amount of between 9 and 60g of dried raw material/day. 
         [0064]    In one embodiment the  Astragalus  or an active fraction thereof is administered by way of a combination treatment with at least one other immuno-modulatory or antiviral drug e.g. Interferon and/ or Ribavirin. 
         [0065]    The drugs may be administered together simultaneously or sequentially. 
         [0066]    According to a seventh aspect of the present invention there is provided a botanical drug, food, dietary supplement or food additive comprising an extract of  Astragalus  purified by at least a factor of 10 with reference to dried raw plant material, and which is characterized in that it comprises at least one marker selected from the group consisting of:
   Astragaloside I;   Formononetin-7-o-β-d-glucoside; and   3′-hydroxyl-formononetin-7-o-β-d-glucoside.   
 
         [0070]    It may be further characterized by the presence of characteristic spots present by way of a TLC fingerprint as shown in any one of  FIGS. 4-6 . 
     
    
     
         [0071]    The present invention will be further illustrated, by way of Example only, with reference to the following methodology and data in which: 
           [0072]      FIG. 1  illustrates the anti-hepatitis C virus activity of both SMA and AMR together with toxicity data; 
           [0073]      FIG. 2  is a flow diagram of an alcoholic extraction process giving rise to a primary extract containing less than 15% by weight of the starting raw material; 
           [0074]      FIG. 3  is a flow diagram showing the fractionation of the primary extract to give a more concentrated active fraction or secondary extract; 
           [0075]      FIG. 4  is a TLC fingerprint of a number of different fractions (UV254 nm); 
           [0076]      FIG. 5  is a TLC fingerprint of a number of different fractions (UV365 nm); 
           [0077]      FIG. 6  is a TLC fingerprint of a number of different fractions (daylight); 
           [0078]      FIG. 7  is a graph showing the activity of various fractions in a replicon assay; 
           [0079]      FIG. 8  is a graph showing the activity of ASC 705 (14) at different concentrations; 
           [0080]      FIG. 9  is a flow diagram showing the further fractionation of the secondary extract; 
           [0081]      FIG. 10  is a TLC fingerprint of the five fractions AS-C-I to AS-C-V in chloroform/methanol 9:1; 
           [0082]      FIG. 11  is a TLC fingerprint of the five fractions AS-C-I to AS-C-V in chloroform/methanol/water 8:2:02; 
           [0083]      FIG. 12  is a flow diagram showing the isolation, purification and chemical identification of the components present in different AS-C-I sub fractions; 
           [0084]      FIG. 13  is a TLC fingerprint of “ASC-I-1” in chloroform:ethanol:water 85:15:1; 
           [0085]      FIG. 14  is a TLC fingerprint of “ASC-I-2” and “ASC-I-3” in chloroform: ethanol: and water 85:15:1 (UV 254 nm); and 
           [0086]      FIG. 15  is a TLC fingerprint of “ASC-I-2” and “ASC-I-3” in chloroform:ethanol:water 85:15:1 (iodine). 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Methodology  
     EXAMPLE 1  
     Activity of Component Herbs 
       [0087]    Following on from the discovery that the four herb combination demonstrated anti hepatitis C activity (by replicon Assay) the Applicant looked at the activity of the individual herbs.  FIG. 1  illustrates the activity of the Pyn 17 constituents:
   AMR— Astragalus membranaceus  root;   SCF— Schisandra chinensis  fruit;   SMR— Salvia miltiorrhiza  root; and   SMF— Silybum marianum  fruit
 
compared to the controls:
   PYN17—four herb combination (positive control); and   BCSMRO404—no plant extracts (negative control).   
 
         [0094]    Both AMR and SMR appear to demonstrate inhibitory activity in the HCV replicon assay. This is particularly evident at high concentrations, as shown in the left hand panel of  FIG. 1 . The right hand panel of  FIG. 1  shows cytotoxicity data in the same replicon cells. This indicates that AMR displays no observable cell cytotoxicity whereas SMR is cytotoxic at high concentrations. 
         [0095]    Having determined that the  Astragalus membranaceus  demonstrated activity and a lack of toxicity they sought to identify specific active fractions. 
       EXAMPLE 2  
       Astragalus  Root Extraction Process 
       [0096]    Root material was dried in an oven at 60° C. for 3 hours, pulverised into a coarse powder and passed through a sieve (10 mesh). It was then subjected to an alcoholic extraction as set out in  FIG. 2 . 
         [0097]    Briefly this comprised the following steps:
       1. To 100 g of coarse powdered  Astragalus membranaceus  (1) was added 70% ethanol (10 folds of raw material). This was then refluxed for 1.5 hours and the solution (2a) separated from the residue (3a);   2. To the residue was added 70% ethanol (8 folds of raw material). This was then refluxed for 1 hour and again the solution (2b) was separated from the residue (3b);   3. The solutions (2a and 2b) were combined, and the ethanol recovered under vacuum at a pressure of 0.08 MPa to give 50 ml of a concentrate (4);   4. To the concentrate was added 95% ethanol. The solution was allowed to stand over night and the precipitate separated from the supernatant (5) by filtration;   5. Again the ethanol was recovered under vacuum at a pressure of 0.08 MPa and a concentrate (6) obtained;   6. The concentrate was dried at 60-70° C. under vacuum at a pressure of 0.08 MPa to give a solid extract (7).   7. The solid extract was then ground to a powder (8). This powdered primary extract had a solid yield of between 11.7 and 13% by weight compared to the dry weight of starting material. i.e. It had been purified by a factor of about 8.       
 
         [0105]    The content of Astragaloside IV, the standard chemical marker for  Astragalus  was greater than 0.4%. 
       EXAMPLE 3 
       [0106]    The primary extract obtained by the method illustrated in  FIG. 2  was fractionated as set out in  FIG. 3 . 
         [0107]    Briefly this comprised the following steps:
       1. To the primary extract (8) was added 95% ethanol to 80% and this was again allowed to stand over night. The precipitate (9) “AS-F” was separated from the supernatant (10) “AS-A” by filtration;   2. The ethanol was recovered under vacuum at a pressure of 0.08MPa and a concentrated solution (11) obtained;   3. Water was added to the concentrated solution (11) to form a water solution (12) which was successively partitioned with:
           a. Petroleum ether to give a fraction (13) “AS-B”;   b. Dichloromethane to give a fraction (14) “AS-C”; and   c. Ethyl acetate to give a fraction (15) “AS-D”; together with   d. The Water faction (16) “AS-E”.   
               
 
         [0115]    The fractions (9), (10), (13), (14), (15) and (16) were subjected to further activity tests as set out in Table 1 below: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Sample 
                   
                 Total 
                   
                 Fraction 
               
               
                 codes 
                 Source 
                 weight(g) 
                 Starch (%) 
                 Yield (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 AS-F (9) 
                 80% ethanol 
                 4.0 
                 25 
                 12.4 
               
               
                   
                 soluble fraction 
               
               
                 AS-B (13) 
                 petroleum ether 
                 2.0 
                 0 
                 0.21 
               
               
                   
                 fraction 
               
               
                 AS-C (14) 
                 methylene 
                 10.5 
                 0 
                 1.1 
               
               
                   
                 dichloride 
               
               
                   
                 fraction 
               
               
                 AS-D (15) 
                 ethyl acetate 
                 1.1 
                 0 
                 0.12 
               
               
                   
                 fraction 
               
               
                 AS-E (16) 
                 aqueous fraction 
                 100.0 
                 0 
                 10.5 
               
               
                 AS-A (10) 
                 precipitates 
                 129.0 
                 0 
                 12.9 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0116]      FIGS. 4-6  are TLC plates showing from left to right, fractions (9), (10), (13), (14), (15), and (16). The TLC plates are silica gels and the developing system was chloroform/methanol/water (8:2:0.2). 
         [0117]      FIG. 4  shows detection with UV at 254 nm. 
         [0118]      FIG. 5  shows detection with UV at 365 nm. 
         [0119]      FIG. 6  is observed in daylight following treatment with 10% sulphuric acid in ethanol followed by heating. 
         [0120]    Fraction (14) shows a plurality of distinct spots. At least 6 are clearly seen at 254 nm. 
         [0121]    Fraction 14 AS-C was found to be particularly active in the replicon assay (Example 4—Table 5). It had a solid yield of about 1.1% by weight compared to the dry weight of starting material. In fact it had been purified by a factor of about 90%. 
         [0122]    This fraction had a chromatographic profile as illustrated in  FIGS. 4-6 . 
       EXAMPLE 4 
       [0123]    In order to test the activity of the fractions ASA to ASF — 10 mg of each sample was dissolved in 1 ml of DMSO and sonicated for 15 minutes. Two additional samples PA (crude  Astragalus  extract as WO2005079823) and INFα (standard treatment) were run as comparators. The solubility of the samples is shown in Table 2 below: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sample 
                 Sample 
                   
               
               
                   
                 No. 
                 name 
                 Solubility 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 1 
                 PA 0705 
                 Didn&#39;t all dissolve in DMSO 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 ASA 0705 
                 All dissolved 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 ASB 0705 
                 Dissolved in DMSO, fine precipitate 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 formed when diluted further in medium 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 ASC 0705 
                 All dissolved 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 ASD 0705 
                 All dissolved 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 ASE 0705 
                 All dissolved 
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 ASF 0705 
                 All dissolved 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 IFN alpha 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0124]    The DMSO solutions were then diluted 1/10 in tissue culture medium and filtered. 
         [0125]    This concentration was called NEAT. 10 μl per well was used, total volume in the test well 100 μl. All concentrations set up as 5 replicates. 3 replicates of the same dilutions of the DMSO. 
         [0126]    The dilutions of the extract samples are shown in Table 3 below and those for IFNα are shown in Table 4. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Dilutions 
                 Final conc/ml in μg 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 NEAT 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 ½ 
                 50 
               
               
                   
                 ¼ 
                 25 
               
               
                   
                 ⅛ 
                 12.5 
               
               
                   
                  1/10 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                  1/25 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                  1/50 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                  1/100 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Final conc in IU/ml 
                 Final conc in pg/ml 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 200 
                 1000 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 500 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 250 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 50 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 25 
               
               
                   
                 2.5 
                 12.5 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 0.5 
                 2.5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0127]    In the first assay the replicon cells were plated out at a concentration of 5×10 3 /well in 90 μl. The following day the test samples were added in 10 μl. The plates were incubated for a further 72 hours and harvested and assayed using the Dual Luciferase Assay Promega. The replicon cell line expresses Renilla luciferase. 
         [0128]    The samples were tested for cytotoxicity by setting up a separate 96 well plate with each sample and concentration in duplicate. The cells were labeled with tritiated thymidine for 24 hours and harvested. 
         [0129]    For the second assay a separate plate with the top 5 concentrations was set up and labeled for 2 hours with wst-1 (Roche) and the OD read at 450 nm and 630 nm. Wst-1 is a viable cell stain. 
       Results 
       [0130]    Assay 1: Mean of Reading from Cells Without any Drug Added 198906. 
         [0131]    The results are shown in Table 5. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 % inhibition of expression of  Renilla  luciferase 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Conc 
                 PA 
                 ASA 
                 ASB 
                 ASC 
                 ASD 
                 ASE 
                 ASF 
                 Conc 
                 IFN 
               
               
                 ug/ml 
                 0705 
                 0705 
                 0705 
                 0705 
                 0705 
                 0705 
                 0705 
                 pg/ml 
                 alpha 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 100 
                 6 
                 0 
                 77 
                 98.2 
                 60.5 
                 0 
                 46 
                 1000 
                 85 
               
               
                 50 
                   
                 0 
                 0 
                 98 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 500 
                 67.5 
               
               
                 25 
                   
                   
                 0 
                 97 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 250 
                 46.1 
               
               
                 12.5 
                   
                   
                 1 
                 91.6 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 50 
                 26 
               
               
                 10 
                   
                   
                   
                 52 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 25 
                 22 
               
               
                 4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 12.5 
               
               
                 2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 5 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0132]    The readings obtained with no added drug were quite high. 
         [0133]    The result obtained with the interferon at these concentrations is typical of this assay. 
         [0134]    It seemed from these results that inhibition was obtained with some of the samples at the higher concentrations so the assay was repeated. 
       Assay 2. 
       [0135]    The results are shown in Table 6. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Mean of reading from cells with no drug added. 71676. 
               
               
                 % inhibition of expression of  Renilla  luciferase 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Conc 
                 PA 
                 ASA 
                 ASB 
                 ASC 
                 ASD 
                 ASE 
                 ASF 
                 Conc 
                 IFN 
               
               
                 ug/ml 
                 0705 
                 0705 
                 0705 
                 0705 
                 0705 
                 0705 
                 0705 
                 pg/ml 
                 alpha 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 100 
                 7 
                 64.1 
                 58 
                 99 
                 79 
                 36 
                 89 
                 1000 
                 98 
               
               
                 50 
                 0 
                 00 
                 0 
                 98.8 
                 0 
                 0 
                 12 
                 500 
                 95 
               
               
                 25 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 96 
                 0 
                 0 
                 19 
                 250 
                 981 
               
               
                 12.5 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 73 
                 0 
                 0 
                 30 
                 50 
                 70 
               
               
                 10 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 71.2 
                 0 
                 0 
                 38 
                 25 
                 64 
               
               
                 4 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 46.6 
                 0 
                 0 
                 35 
                 12.5 
                 45 
               
               
                 2 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 40.6 
                 0 
                 0 
                   
                 5 
                 58 
               
               
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 15.4 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0136]    The dilutions were tested for cytotoxicity in the wst-1 assay and this plate was also examined under the microscope. This assay will not detect cytostatic agents. 
         [0137]    Sample 4 killed the cells at the top 2 dilutions; they looked less healthy at the 3 rd  concentration. All the other samples had cells that were healthy in appearance. This is reflected in the wst-1 results. 
         [0000]    Assay 2 wst-1 Results. 
         [0138]    The results are shown in Table 7 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Mean OD reading at 450 nm 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Sam- 
                 Sam- 
                 Sam- 
                 Sam- 
                 Sam- 
                 Sam- 
                 Sam- 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Conc 
                 ple 
                 ple 
                 ple 
                 ple 
                 ple 
                 ple 
                 ple 
                 Conc 
                 IFN 
               
               
                 ug/ml 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
                 7 
                 pg/ml 
                 alpha 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 100 
                 0.443 
                 0.522 
                 0.802 
                 0.306 
                 0.713 
                 0.520 
                 0.619 
                 1000 
                 0.728 
               
               
                 50 
                 0.455 
                 0.546 
                 0.836 
                 0.445 
                 0.839 
                 0.736 
                 0.821 
                 500 
                 0.740 
               
               
                 25 
                 0.585 
                 0.532 
                 0.756 
                 0.683 
                 0.750 
                 0.875 
                 0.590 
                 250 
                 0.650 
               
               
                 12.5 
                 0.561 
                 0.507 
                 0.539 
                 0.602 
                 0.567 
                 1.020 
                 0.967 
                 50 
                 0.772 
               
               
                 10 
                 0.542 
                 0.747 
                 0.507 
                 0.884 
                 0.705 
                 0.888 
                 0.887 
                 25 
                 0.527 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0139]    It should be noted that the IFN alpha concentrations are pg/ml. 
         [0140]    The results are illustrated graphically in  FIGS. 7 and 8 . 
         [0141]      FIG. 7  shows the raw replicon scores of the samples against concentration. ASC-0705 is clearly the best performer and outperforms IFN alpha (standard treatment). It also demonstrates that the best activity is at a concentration above 10 ug/ml. 
         [0142]      FIG. 8  shows activity against concentration. Clearly the optimum concentration is above about 1.36 uM. 
       EXAMPLE 5 
       [0143]    The fraction (14 AS-C) was subjected to a chromatographic separation step as illustrated in  FIG. 9  and as set out below. Briefly this comprised the following steps:
       1. 6.2 g of the Dichloromethane extract (14) “AS-C” from  Astragalus  root was separated by silica gel column chromatography and eluted in gradient elution with chloroform, chloroform/methanol (100:5), chloroform/methanol (100:10), chloroform/methanol (100:15), and methanol and 25 fractions obtained which were initially split into six pools (17; 18; 19; 20; 21 and 22);   2. Pooled fractions 1-14 (17) contained no significant chemicals;   3. Fraction 15 (18) had a weight of 241 mg and was further purified twice with Sephadex column chromatography and eluted with methanol to get a fraction (23) “AS-C- II” which was shown to be active BUT which also exhibited toxicity;   4. Fraction 17 (19) had a weight of 231 mg and was further separated into two fractions by way of silica gel column chromatography eluting with chloroform/methanol (94:6). The two fractions weighed 13 mg, fraction (24) “AS-C-III” and a 14 mg (25) “AS-C-IV”;   5. The 18 th  fraction (20) was left to stand and 649 mg of a white powder precipitated as AS-C-I. This was found to exhibit activity with no toxicity;   6. The 22 nd  fraction (21) weighing 219 mg was separated by Sephadex column and Silica column to obtain an 18 mg fraction (26) “AS-C-V”.       
 
         [0150]    The extracts which were tested are identified in Table 8 below: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 % content 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 with reference 
                 Factorial 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Total 
                 to dry raw 
                 change from 
               
               
                 Ref 
                 Sample 
                 Source 
                 weight 
                 material 
                 raw material 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 (14) 
                 AS-C 
                   
                 6.2 g  
                 0.79671%* 
                 125 
               
               
                 (20) 
                 AS-C -I 
                 AS-C 18 th   
                 649 mg  
                 0.08339% 
                 1,199 
               
               
                   
                   
                 fraction 
               
               
                   
                   
                 eluted 
               
               
                 (23) 
                 AS-C -II 
                 AS-C 15 th   
                 17 mg 
                 0.00218% 
                 45,871 
               
               
                   
                   
                 fraction 
               
               
                   
                   
                 eluted 
               
               
                 (24) 
                 AS-C -III 
                 AS-C 17 th   
                 13 mg 
                 0.00167% 
                 59,880 
               
               
                   
                   
                 fraction 
               
               
                   
                   
                 eluted 
               
               
                 (25) 
                 AS-C -IV 
                 AS-C 17 th   
                 14 mg 
                 0.00179% 
                 55,865 
               
               
                   
                   
                 fraction 
               
               
                   
                   
                 eluted 
               
               
                 (26) 
                 AS-C -V 
                 AS-C 22 nd   
                 18 mg 
                 0.00231% 
                 43,290 
               
               
                   
                   
                 fraction 
               
               
                   
                   
                 eluted 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Calculated on basis that 100 g of primary extract (8) contains 12.85% of the starting material and accordingly the equivalent weight of dry raw material is 778.2 g 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0151]    Each of the five referenced sub fraction samples was subjected to analysis by TLC and the results are illustrated in  FIGS. 10 and 11 . 
         [0152]      FIG. 10  shows silica gel plates developed in chloroform/methanol (9:1). The left hand plates is viewed under UV at 254 nm and the right hand plate under daylight (spray with 10% sulphuric acid in ethanol and then heat the plate until the spots are clearly seen). 
         [0153]      FIG. 11  shows silica gel plates developed in chloroform/methanol/water (8:2:0.2). The left hand plates is viewed under UV at 254 nm and the right hand plate under daylight (spray with 10% sulphuric acid in ethanol and then heat the plate until the spots are clearly seen). 
         [0154]    In both cases the samples read from left to right: AS-C-I; AS-C-II; AS-C-III; AS-C-IV; AS-C-V. 
       EXAMPLE 6 
       [0155]    Each of six samples: “AS-C”; “AS-C-I”; “AS-C-II”; “AS-C-III”; “AS-C-IV”; and “AS-C-V” were dissolved in DMSO to give a 10 mg/ml stock solution. The samples were:
       1. analysed for purity and identity; and   2. tested for anti HCV activity.       
 
       1. Purity and Identity 
       [0158]    The six samples, AS-C, AS-C-I, AS-C-II, AS-C-III, AS-C-IV, AS-C-V were analysed with respect to purity and identity using LC-UV and LC-MS. The analysis gave the following data:
       AS-C fraction contained several (&gt;6) small peaks (m/z 269, 301, 303, etc.)   AS-C-I two main peaks (m/z 269, 301)   AS-C-II one peak (m/z 301)   AS-C-III one peak (m/z 303)   AS-C-IV one peak (m/z 269)   AS-C-V no peaks       
 
         [0165]    As at this stage, the components corresponding to the peaks had not been identified so the only estimation that could be done was to compare the peak areas with the DMSO peak area:
       I. “AS-C-II” and “AS-C-IV” contained a single peak which is higher than the DMSO peaks.   II. “AS-C” and “AS-C-I” are mixtures;   III. “AS-C-III” contains a single peak which is lower than the DMSO peak.   IV. “AS-C-V” does not contain any peak visible in UV.       
 
         [0170]    It should be noted that the purity was analysed with UV detection and any compounds that do not absorb in UV will not be detected. Material from the peaks was analysed with MS to determine the m/z (given above). 
       2. Anti-HCV Activity 
       [0171]    The samples were tested for anti-HCV activity in:
       a) a replicon assay (Reblikon),   b) a NS5B assay and   c) a NS3/NS4A full length protease assay.       
 
         [0175]    To estimate the selectivity of any “hit” in the replicon assay, the samples were also tested for cytotoxicity in Huh7 cells. 
         [0176]    The results are illustrated in Table 9 below which additionally includes purity, peak area and identity data. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 FRACTION 
               
             
          
           
               
                 TEST 
                 AS-C 
                 AS-C-I 
                 AS-C-II 
                 AS-C-III 
                 AS-C-IV 
                 AS-C-V 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 a) REPLICON, 
                 3.7 
                 36 
                 17 
                 &gt;50 
                 &gt;50 
                 &gt;50 
               
               
                 EC50 (μg/ml) 
               
               
                 b) NS5B, 
                 9.2 
                 24 
                 &gt;100 
                 17 
                 19 
                 &gt;100 
               
               
                 EC50 (μg/ml) 
               
               
                 c1) NS3/NS4, 
                 95 
                 42 
                 41 
                 45 
                 46 
                 4 
               
               
                 % inh@100 
               
               
                 μg/ml 
               
               
                 c2) NS3/NS4, 
                 12 
                 12 
                 25 
                 19 
                 27 
                 37 
               
               
                 % inh@10 
               
               
                 μg/ml 
               
               
                 d) Huh7, 
                 &gt;100 
                 &gt;100 
                 60 
                 &gt;100 
                 &gt;100 
                 &gt;100 
               
               
                 CC50 (μg/ml) 
               
               
                 Purity 
                 &gt;6 small 
                 2 peaks 
                 99% 
                 97% 
                 98% 
                 no peaks 
               
               
                 (LC-UV) 
                 peaks 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 detected 
               
               
                 Peak area 
                 390756 
                 1109851 
                 7887679 
                 2339866 
                 11689463 
               
               
                   
                 (2.6 min) 
                 (2.57 min) 
                 (2.63 min) 
                 (2.67 min) 
                 (2.57 min) 
               
               
                 Identity 
                 m/z 
                 m/z 269 
                 m/z 301 
                 m/z 303 
                 m/z 269 
                 — 
               
               
                 (LC-MS) 
                 269,301,303 etc. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0177]    From the table the following can be determined: 
       Sample, “AS-C” (Mixture) 
       [0000]    
       
         
           
             a) Inhibits HCV replication in replicon cells showing EC 50 =3.7 μg/ml; 
             b) Inhibits NS5B at 9.2 μg/ml; m 
             c) Gives 95% inhibition at 100 μg/ml in the NS3/NS4 assay. 
             d) Shows no cytotoxicity in concentrations up to 100 μg/ml. 
           
         
       
     
       AS-C-I and AS-C-II 
       [0000]    
       
         
           
             a) also show some activity in the replicon assay but at higher concentrations. The determined EC 50  values were 36 and 17 μg/ml respectively 
           
         
       
     
       EXAMPLE 7 
       [0183]    In order to further characterise the “AS-C” fraction (14) which exhibited the strongest activity, reference was made to fraction “AS-C-I” (20) as this also exhibited activity and thus it was concluded it contained one or more of the actives responsible for the activity which could serve as markers. 
         [0184]    Accordingly, and with reference to  FIG. 12 , the following protocol was followed:
       1. 6.2 g of (14) AS-C was separated by silica gel column chromatography and eluted with chloroform/methanol (100:15). The precipitated white powder from the 18 th  fraction (20) was referred as “AS-C-1” (649 mg).   2. The ASC-1 (20) was dissolved in methanol with supersonication, and then filtrated. The filtrate was separated by Sephadex LH-20 column to obtain three major compounds as showed in the TLC plates illustrated in  FIGS. 13-15 .   3. Pooled fractions 4-6 (28) showed a spot when sprayed with sulphuric acid and heated;   4. Pooled fractions 9-11 (30) showed 2 spots when the plate was placed in an iodine steam and observed at UV254  mm .   5. Pooled fractions 4-6 (28) had trace amounts of pigment after purifying by Silica gel column and eluted with chloroform/methanol: 9:1 (32)   6. This sample (32) was dissolved in acetone, refrigerated and re-crystallized to obtain “AS-C-1-1” (33).   7. Pooled fractions 9-11 (30) showed fluorescent spots when purified by a gel column (34), and then TLC method (35). The two fluorescent bands were separated. The band with a higher Rf value was eluted to obtain “AS-C-I-2” (36); while the one with a lower Rf value was purified by Sephadex LH-20 to obtain “AS-C-I-3” (37).       
 
         [0192]    The three compounds identified were analyzed by mass spectrum and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, respectively. The structures of the three compounds were identified by comparing the data obtained with the existing literature on chemical structures and are shown in Table 10. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 10 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Structural analysing 
               
               
                   
                 Sample No. 
                 Spectra tested 
                 results 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 AS-C- I -1 
                 ESI,  1 HNMR, 
                 Astragaloside I 
               
               
                   
                   
                   13 CNMR, COSY, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 HMQC, HMBC 
               
               
                   
                 AS-C- I -2 
                 ESI,  1 HNMR, 
                 Formononetin-7-O-β-D- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   13 CNMR, COSY, 
                 glucoside 
               
               
                   
                   
                 HMQC, HMBC 
               
               
                   
                 AS-C- I -3 
                 ESI,  1 HNMR, 
                 3′-hydroxyl- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 HMQC, HMBC 
                 formononetin-7-O-β-D- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 glucoside 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0193]    These compounds have the following structures: 
       Formula 1 Astragaloside I (AS-C-I-1) 
       [0194]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Formula 2: Formononetin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (AS-C-I-2) 
       [0195]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    Formula 3: 3′-hydroxyl-formononetin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (AS-C-I-3) 
         [0000]