Abstract:
An editing system for real-time remote transcription, such as may be used by deaf or hearing impaired individuals, displays transcribed text on a screen prior to transmission so that a human call assistant may identify words being held in a buffer by their spatial location on the screen to initiate a correction of those words either through speech or text entry.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    This application is a continuation-in-part on Ser. No. 09/288,420 filed Apr. 8, 1999 which is a continuation of U.S. Pat. No. 5,909,482 filed Sep. 8, 1997.  
     
    
     
       STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    The present invention relates to systems for transcribing voice communications into text and specifically to a system facilitating real-time editing of a transcribed text stream by a human call assistant for higher accuracy.  
           [0003]    A system for real-time transcription of remotely spoken voice signals is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,909,482 assigned to the same assignee as the present invention and hereby incorporated by reference. This system may find use implementing both a “captel” (caption telephone) in which a user receives both voice and transcribed text through a “relay” from a remote second party to a conversation, and a “personal interpreter” in which a user receives, through the relay, a text transcription of words originating from the location of the user.  
           [0004]    In either case, a human “call assistant” at the relay listens to the voice signal and “revoices” the words to a speech recognition computer program tuned to that call assistant&#39;s voice. Revoicing is an operation in which the call assistant repeats, in slightly delayed fashion, the words she or he hears. The text output by the speech recognition system is then transmitted to the captel or personal interpreter. Revoicing by the call assistant overcomes a current limitation of computer speech recognition programs that they currently need to be trained to a particular speaker and thus, cannot currently handle direct translation of speech from a variety of users.  
           [0005]    Even with revoicing and a trained call assistant, some transcription errors may occur, and therefore, the above-referenced patent also discloses an editing system in which the transcribed text is displayed on a computer screen for review by the call assistant.  
         BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0006]    The present invention provides for a number of improvements in the editing system described in the above-referenced patent to speed and simplify the editing process and thus generally improve the speed and accuracy of the transcription. Most generally, the invention allows the call assistant to select those words for editing based on their screen location, most simply by touching the word on the screen. Lines of text are preserved intact as they scroll off the screen to assist in tracking individual words and words on the screen change color to indicate their status for editing and transmission. The delay before transmission of transcribed text may be adjusted, for example, dynamically based on error rates, perceptual rules, or call assistant or user preference.  
           [0007]    The invention may be used with voice carryover in a caption telephone application or for a personal interpreter or for a variety of transcription purposes. As described in the parent application, the transcribed voice signal may be buffered to allow the call assistant to accommodate varying transcription rates, however, the present invention also provides more sophisticated control of this buffering by the call assistant, for example adding a foot control pedal, a graphic buffer gauge and automatic buffering with invocation of the editing process. Further, the buffered voice signal may be processed for “silence compression” removing periods of silence. How aggressively silence is removed may be made a function of the amount of signal buffered.  
           [0008]    The invention further contemplates the use of keyboard or screen entry of certain standard text in conjunction with revoicing particularly for initial words of a sentence which tend to repeat.  
           [0009]    The above aspects of the inventions are not intended to define the scope of the invention for which purpose claims are provided. Not all embodiments of the invention will include all of these features.  
           [0010]    In the following description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and in which there is shown by way of illustration, a preferred embodiment of the invention. Such embodiment also does not define the scope of the invention and reference must be made therefore to the claims for this purpose.  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0011]    [0011]FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a voice relay used with a captioned telephone such as may make use of the present invention and showing a call assistant receiving a voice signal for revoicing to a computer speech recognition program and reviewing the transcribed text on a display terminal;  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 2 is a figure similar to that of FIG. 1 showing a relay used to implement a personal interpreter in which the speech signal and the return text are received and transmitted to a single location;  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 3 is a simplified elevational view of the terminal of FIGS. 1 and 2 as viewed by the call assistant;  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 4 is a generalized block diagram of the computer system of FIGS. 1 and 2 used for one possible implementation of the present invention according to a stored program;  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 5 is a pictorial representation of a buffer system receiving a voice signal prior to transcription by the call assistant such as may be implemented by the computer of FIG. 4;  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing the elements of the program of FIG. 4 such as may realize the present invention including controlling the aging of transcribed text prior to transmission;  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 7 is a detailed view of one flowchart block of FIG. 6 such as controls the aging of text showing various inputs that may affect the aging time;  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 8 is a graphical representation of the memory of the computer of FIG. 4 showing data structures and programs used in the implementation of the present invention; and  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 9 is a fragmentary view of a caption telephone of FIG. 1 showing a possible implementation of a user control for controlling a transcription speed accuracy tradeoff.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0020]    Referring now to FIG. 1, a relay  10 , permitting a hearing user  12  to converse with a deaf or hearing impaired user  14 , receives a voice signal  16  from the mouthpiece of handset  13  of the hearing user  12 . The voice signal  16  is processed by the relay  10  to produce a text stream signal  20  sent to the deaf or hearing impaired user  14  where it is displayed at a user terminal  22 . Optionally, a modified voice signal  24  may also be provided to the earpiece of a handset  26  used by the deaf or hearing impaired user  14 .  
         [0021]    The deaf or hearing impaired user  14  may reply via a keyboard  28  per conventional relay operation through a connection (not shown for clarity) or may reply by spoken word into the mouthpiece of handset  26  to produce voice signal  30 . The voice signal  30  is transmitted directly to the earpiece of handset  13  of the hearing user  12 .  
         [0022]    The various signals  24 ,  20  and  30  may travel through a single conductor  32  (by frequency division multiplexing or data multiplexing techniques known in the art) or may be separate conductors. Equally, the voice signal  30  and voice signal  16  may be a single telephone line  34  but may also be multiple lines.  
         [0023]    In operation, the relay  10  receives the voice signal  16  at computer  18  through an automatic gain control  36  providing an adjustment in gain to compensate for various attenuations of the voice signal  16  in its transmission. It is then combined with an attenuated version of the voice signal  30  (the other half of the conversation) arriving via attenuator  23 . The voice signal  30  provides the call assistant  40  with context for a transcribed portion of the conversation. The attenuator  23  modifies the voice signal  30  so as to allow the call assistant  40  to clearly distinguish it from the principal transcribed conversation from user  12 . Other forms of discriminating between these two voices may be provided including, for example, slight pitch shifting or filtering.  
         [0024]    The combined voice signals  16  and  30  are then received by a “digital tape recorder”  19  and output after buffering by the recorder  19  as headphone signal  17  to the earpiece of a headset  38  worn by a call assistant  40 . The recorder  19  can be controlled by a foot pedal  96  communicating with computer  18 . The call assistant  40 , hearing the voice signal  16 , revoices it by speaking the same words into the mouthpiece of the headset  38 . The call assistant&#39;s spoken words  42  are received by a speech processor system  44 , to be described, which provides an editing text signal  46  to the call assistant display  48  indicating a transcription of the call assistant&#39;s voice as well as other control outputs and may receive keyboard input from call assistant keyboard  50 .  
         [0025]    The voice signal  16  after passing through the automatic gain control  36  is also received by a delay circuit  21 , which delays it to produce the delayed, modified voice signal  24  provided to the earpiece of a handset  26  used by the deaf or hearing impaired user  14 .  
         [0026]    Referring now to FIG. 2, the relay  10  may also be used with a deaf or hearing impaired individual  14  using a personal interpreter. In this case a voice signal from a source proximate to the deaf or hearing impaired user  14  is received by a microphone  52  and relayed to the computer  18  as the voice signal  16 . That signal  16  (as buffered by recorder  19 ) is again received by the earpiece of headset  38  of the call assistant  40  who revoices it as a spoken words  42 .  
         [0027]    In both the examples of FIGS. 1 and 2, the spoken words  42  from the call assistant  40  are received by speech processor system  44  which produces an editing text signal  46  separately and prior to text stream signal  20 . The editing text signal  46  causes text to appear on call assistant display  48  that may be reviewed by the call assistant  40  for possible correction using voicing or the keyboard  50  prior to being converted to a text stream signal  20 .  
         [0028]    Referring now to FIG. 4, the relay computer  18  may be implemented by an electronic processor  56  possibly including one or more conventional microprocessors and a digital signal processor joined on a bus  58  with a memory  60 . The bus  58  may also communicate with various analog to digital converters  62  providing for inputs for signals  16 ,  30  and  42 , various digital to analog converters  64  providing outputs for signals  30 ,  24  and  17  as well as digital I/O circuits  66  providing inputs for keyboard signal  51  and foot pedal  96  and outputs for text stream signal  20  and pre-edited editing text signal  46 .  
         [0029]    Referring now to FIG. 8, the memory  60  includes a speech recognition program  70 , such as the Via Voice program manufactured by the IBM Corporation, of a type well known in the art. The speech recognition program  70  operates under an operating system  72 , such as the Windows operating system manufactured by the Microsoft Corporation, also known in the art. The speech recognition program  70  creates files  74  and  76  as part of its training to a particular speaker and to the text it is likely to receive. File  74  is a call assistant specific file relating generally to the pronunciation of the particular call assistant. File  76  is call assistant independent and relates to the vocabulary or statistical frequency of word use that will be transcribed text—dependant on the pool of callers not the call assistant  40 . File  76  will be shared among multiple call assistants in contrast to conventions for typical training of a speech recognition program  70 , however, file  74  will be unique to and used by only one call assistant  40  and thus is duplicated (not shown) for a relay having multiple call assistants  40 .  
         [0030]    The memory  60  also includes program  78  of the present invention providing for the editing features and other aspects of the invention as will be described below and various drivers  80  providing communication of text and sound and keystrokes with the various peripherals described under the operating system  72 . Memory  60  also provides a circular buffer  82  implementing recorder  19 , circular buffer  84  implementing delay  21  (both shown in FIG. 1) and circular buffer  85  providing a queue for transcribed text prior to transmission. Operation of these buffers is under control of the program  78  as will be described below.  
         [0031]    Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 5, the voice signal  16  as received by the recorder, as circular buffer  82  then passes through a silence suppression block  86  implemented by program  78 . Generally, as voice signal  16  is received, it is output to circular buffer  82  at a record point determined by a record pointer  81  to be recorded in the circular buffer  82  as a series of digital words  90 . As determined by a playback pointer  92 , these digital words  90 , somewhat later in the circular buffer  82 , are read and converted by means of digital to analog converter  64  into headphone signal  17  communicated to headset  38 . Thus, the call assistant  40  may occasionally pause the playback of the headphone signal  17  without loss of voice signal  16  which is recorded by the circular buffer  82 . The difference between the record pointer  81  and the playback pointer  92  defines the buffer fill length  94  which is relayed to the silence suppression block  86 .  
         [0032]    The buffer fill length  94  may be displayed on the call assistant display  48  shown in FIG. 3 by means of a bar graph  95  having a total width corresponding to total size of the circular buffer  82  and a colored portion concerning the buffer fill length  94 . Alternatively, a simple numerical percentage display may be provided. In this way the call assistant may keep tabs of how far behind she or he is in revoicing text.  
         [0033]    The foot pedal  96  may be used to control movement of the playback pointer  92  in much the same way as a conventional office dictation unit. While the foot pedal  96  is released, the playback pointer  92  moves through the circular buffer  82  at normal playback speeds. When the pedal is depressed, playback pointer  92  stops and when it is released, playback pointer  92  backs up in the buffer  82  by a predetermined amount and then proceeds forward at normal playing speeds. Depression of the foot pedal  96  may thus be used to pause or replay difficult words.  
         [0034]    As the buffer fill length  94  increases beyond a predetermined amount, the silence suppression block  86  may be activated to read the digital words  90  between the record pointer  81  and playback pointer  92  to detect silences and to remove those silences, thus shortening the amount of buffered data and allowing the call assistant to catch up to the conversation. In this regard, the silence suppression block  86  reviews the digital words  90  between the playback pointer  92  and the record pointer  81  for those indicating an amplitude of signal less than a predetermined squelch value. If a duration of consecutive digital words  90  having less than the squelch value, is found exceeding a predetermined time limit, this silence portion is removed from the circular buffer  82  and replaced with a shorter silence period being the minimum necessary for clear distinction between words. The silence suppression block  86  then adjusts the playback pointer  92  to reflect the shortening of the buffer fill length  94 .  
         [0035]    As described above, in a preferred embodiment, the silence suppression block  86  is activated only after the buffer fill length  94  exceeds a predetermined volume. However, it may alternatively be activated on a semi-continuous basis using increasingly aggressive silence removing parameters as the buffer fill length  94  increases. A squelch level  98 , a minimum silence period  100 , and a silence replacement value  102  may be adjusted as inputs to this silence suppression block  86  as implemented by program  78 .  
         [0036]    Referring now to FIG. 6, after the program  78  receives the voice signal  16  onto circular buffer  82  as indicated by process block  104 , provided the call assistant has not depressed the pedal  96 , the headphone signal  17  is played back as indicated by process block  106  to be received by the call assistant  40  and revoiced as indicated by process block  108 , a process outside the program as indicated by the dotted line  109 . The program  78  then connects the speech signal  42  from the call assistant  40  to the speech recognition program  70  as indicated by process block  110  where it is converted to text and displayed on the call assistant display  48 .  
         [0037]    Referring now to FIG. 3, the text is displayed within a window  112  on the call assistant display  48  and arranged into lines  114 . The lines  114  organize individual text words  116  into a left to right order as in a book and preserves a horizontal dimension of placement as the lines  114  move upward ultimately off of the window  112  in a scrolling fashion as text is received and transmitted. Preserving the integrity of the lines allows the call assistant  40  to more easily track the location of an individual word  116  during the scrolling action.  
         [0038]    The most recently generated text, per process block  110 , is displayed on the lowermost line  114  which forms on a word by word basis.  
         [0039]    At process block  118 , the words  121  of the lowermost line are given a first color (indicated in FIG. 3 by a lack of shading) which conveys that they have not yet been transmitted to the deaf or hearing impaired individual  14 .  
         [0040]    At process block  120  the words are assigned an aging value indicating how long they will be retained in a circular buffer  85  prior to being transmitted and hence how long they will remain the first color. The assignment of the aging values can be dynamic or static according to values input by the call assistant  40  as will be described below.  
         [0041]    As indicated by process block  122 , the circular buffer  85  forms a queue holding the words prior to transmission.  
         [0042]    At process block  124 , the words are transmitted after their aging and this transmission is indicated changing their representation on the display  48  to a second color  126 , indicated by crosshatching in FIG. 3. Note that even after transmission, the words are still displayed so as to provide continuity to the call assistant  40  in tracking the conversation in text form.  
         [0043]    Prior to the words being colored the second color  126  and transmitted (thus while the words are still in the queue  122 ), a correction of transcription errors may occur. For example, as indicated by process block  130 , the call assistant  40  may invoke an editing routine by selecting one of the words in the window  112 , typically by touching the word as it is displayed and detecting that touch using a touch screen. Alternatively, the touch screen may be replaced with more conventional cursor control devices. The particular touched word  132  is flagged in the queue and the activation of the editing process by the touch causes a stopping of the playback pointer  92  automatically until the editing process is complete.  
         [0044]    Once a word is selected, the call assistant  40  may voice a new word to replace the flagged word or type in a new word or use another conventional text entry technique to replace the word in the queue indicated by process block  122 . The mapping of words to spatial locations by the window  112  allows the word to be quickly identified and replaced while it is being dynamically moved through the queue according to its assigned aging. When the replacement word is entered, the recorder  19  resumes playing.  
         [0045]    As an alternative to the playback and editing processes indicated by process block  106  and  130 , the call assistant  40  may enter text through a macro key  135  as indicated by process block  134 . These macro keys  135  place predetermined words or phrases into the queue with the touch of the macro key  135 . The words or phrases may include conversational macros, such as words placed in parentheses to indicate nonliteral context, such as (holding), indicating that the user is waiting for someone to come online, (sounds) indicating nonspoken sounds necessary to understand a context, and the (unclear) indicating a word is not easily understood by the call assistant. Similarly, the macros may include call progress macros such as those indicating that an answering machine has been reached or that the phone is ringing. Importantly, the macros may include common initial words of a sentence or phrase, such as “okay”, “but”, “hello”, “oh”, “yes”, “um”, “so”, “well”, “no”, and “bye” both to allow these words to be efficiently entered by the call assistant  40  without revoicing.  
         [0046]    The macro keys  135  for common initial words allow these words to be processed with reduced delay of the speech to text step  110  and error correction of editing process block  130 . It has been found that users are most sensitive to delay in the appearance of these initial words and thus that reducing them much improves the comprehensibility and reduces frustration in the use of the system.  
         [0047]    The voice signal received by the buffer as indicated by process block  104  is also received by a delay line  136  implemented by circular buffer  84  and adjusted to provide delay in the voice so that the voice signal arrives at the caption telephone or personal interpreter at approximately the same time as the text. This synchronizing reduces confusion by the user.  
         [0048]    Referring now to FIG. 3, the call assistant display  48  operating under the control of the program  78  may provide for a status indicator  138  indicating the status of the hardware in making connections to the various users and may include the volume control buttons  140  allowing the call assistant  40  to independently adjust the volume of the spoken words up or down for his or her preference. An option button  142  allows the call assistant to control the various parameters of the editing and speech recognition process.  
         [0049]    A DTMF button  144  allows the call assistant to directly enter DTMF tones, for example, as may be needed for a navigation through a menu system. Pressing of the button  144  converts the macro key  135  to a keypad on a temporary basis.  
         [0050]    Referring now to FIG. 7, the assignment of aging of text per process block  120  may be functionally dependant on several parameters. The first parameter  146  is the location of the particular word within a block of the conversation or sentence. It has been found that reduced delay (aging) in the transmission of these words whether or not they are entered through the macro process  134  or the revoicing of process block  108 , decreases consumer confusion and frustration by reducing the apparent delay in the processing.  
         [0051]    Error rates, as determined from the invocation of the editing process of process block  130  may be used to also increase the aging per input  148 . As mentioned, the call assistant may control the aging through the option button  142  shown in FIG. 3 (indicated by input  150 ) with inexperienced call assistants  40  selecting for increased aging time.  
         [0052]    Importantly, the deaf or hearing impaired user  14  may also control this aging time. Referring to FIG. 9, the user&#39;s terminal  22  may include, for example, a slider control  152  providing for a range of locations between a “faster transcription” setting at one end and “fewer errors” setting at the other end. Thus the user may control the aging time to mark a preference between a few errors but faster transcription or much more precise transcription at the expense of some delay.  
         [0053]    It will be understood that the mechanisms described above may also be realized in collections of discrete hardware rather than in an integrated electronic computer according to methods well known in the art.  
         [0054]    It should be noted that the present invention provides utility even against the expectation of increased accuracy in computer speech recognition and it is therefore considered to cover applications where the call assistant may perform no or little revoicing while using the editing mechanisms described above to correct for machine transcription errors.  
         [0055]    It will be understood that the digital tape recorder  19 , including the foot pedal  96  and the silence suppression block  86  can be equally used with a conventional relay in which the call assistant  40  receiving a voice signal through the headset  38  types, rather than revoices, the signal into a conventional keyboard  50 . In this case the interaction of the digital tape recorder  19  and the editing process may be response to keyboard editing commands (backspace etc) rather than the touch screen system described above. A display may be used to provide the bar graph  95  to the same purposes as that described above.  
         [0056]    It is specifically intended that the present invention not be limited to the embodiments and illustrations contained herein, but that modified forms of those embodiments including portions of the embodiments and combinations of elements of different embodiments also be included as come within the scope of the following claims.