Abstract:
A method of inhibiting parasitic activity is disclosed in which the biosynthesis, structure and/or function of the glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor of said parasite may be affected by incorporating into said GPI anchor selected analogs of myristic acid containing various heteroatoms, substituents and unsaturated bonds, including ester-containing analogs, ketocarbonyl-containing analogs, sulfur-containing analogs, double bond- and triple bond-containing analogs, aromatic moiety-containing analogs, nitrated analogs and halogenated analogs.

Description:
This is a division of application Ser. No. 08/617,246, filed Mar. 18, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,760,259, which is a division of application Ser. No. 08/523,301, filed Sep. 5, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,747,537. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to a method of inhibiting parasitic activity by inhibiting the biosynthesis of the glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor of the parasite. More particularly, the invention relates to the inhibition of parasitic activity by contacting said parasite with selected analogs of myristic acid containing various heteroatoms, substituents and unsaturated bonds. 
     Glycosyl phosphatidylinositols (GPIs) anchors diverse proteins to the plasma membranes of organisms ranging from the yeasts to mammals. See, e.g., the review article by Low, Biochem. J. 244, 1-13 (1987). One of the most completely characterized GPI anchors is that of the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) of the parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma brucei. See, e.g., the research article by Ferguson et al. Science 239, 753-759 (1988), for the complete primary structure of the GPI anchors of VSG variant 117, and the review of GPI biosynthesis in T. brucei by Englund, Ann. Rev. Biochem. 62, 121-138 (1993). This parasite, in common with other African trypanosomes, evades the mammalian immune system by antigenic variation in which individual genes encoding immunologically distinct VSGs form a dense surface coat. The VSG coat acts as a macromolecular diffusion barrier which protects the parasite from lytic host-serum components. 
     Trypanosoma brucei is a protozoan bloodstream parasite responsible for African sleeping sickness which has a devastating effect on human health and on livestock production. Consequently, methods of inhibiting the activity of this and related protozoan parasites would have significant importance to medical science and for the development of therapeutic intervention to parasitic diseases. 
     Recently, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,151,445, certain myristic acid analogs have been disclosed as useful for inhibiting the growth and viability of bloodstream trypanosome parasites having a GPI membrane anchor. These analogs are oxy-substituted fatty acid analogs of C 13  and C 14  fatty acids or alkyl esters thereof in which a methylene group normally in carbon position from 4 to 13 of said fatty acid is replaced with oxygen. See also Doering et al., Science 252, 1851-1854 (1991). 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with the present invention, a method is provided for inhibiting parasitic activity of a bloodstream trypanosome parasite which comprises contacting said parasite with a compound selected from a group of myristic acid analogs containing various heteroatoms, substituents and unsaturated bonds. For purposes of convenience, these 53 selected analogs are divided into the following sub-groups with their chemical formulas being shown. 
     Thiatetradecanoic Acids 
     CH 3  --S--(CH 2 ) 11  --COOH 
     CH 3  --CH 2  --S--(CH 2 ) 10  --COOH 
     CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 3  --S--(CH 2 ) 8  --COOH 
     CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 4  --S--(CH 2 ) 7  --COOH 
     CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 5  --S--(CH 2 ) 6  --COOH 
     CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 6  --S--(CH 2 ) 5  --COOH 
     CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 7  --S--(CH 2 ) 4  --COOH 
     CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 8  --S--(CH 2 ) 3  --COOH 
     Oxygen and Sulfur Containing Analogs 
     CH 3  --CH 2  --S--(CH 2 ) 2  --O--(CH 2 ) 7  --COOH 
     Oxotetradecanoic Acids 
     CH 3  --CO--(CH 2 ) 11  --COOH 
     CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 2  --CO--(CH 2 ) 9  --COOH 
     CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 3  --CO--(CH 2 ) 8  --COOH 
     CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 4  --CO--(CH 2 ) 7  --COOH 
     CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 6  --CO--(CH 2 ) 5  --COOH 
     CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 8  --CO--(CH 2 ) 3  --COOH 
     CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 9  --CO--(CH 2 ) 2  --COOH 
     Ester-containing Analogs 
     CH 3  --O--CO--(CH 2 ) 10  --COOH 
     CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 2  --O--CO--(CH 2 ) 8  --COOH 
     CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 3  --O--CO--(CH 2 ) 7  --COOH 
     CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 5  --O--CO--(CH 2 ) 5  --COOH 
     CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 6  --O--CO--(CH 2 ) 4  --COOH 
     CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 7  --O--CO--(CH 2 ) 3  --COOH 
     CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 8  --O--CO--(CH 2 ) 2  --COOH 
     Nitroalkylcarboxylic Acids 
     O 2  N--(CH 2 ) 12  --COOH 
     O 2  N--(CH 2 ) 10  --COOH 
     Halogenated Analogs 
     Br--(CH 2 ) 12  --COOH 
     Br--(CH 2 ) 13  --COOH 
     Tetradecenoic Acids 
     CH 3  --CH 2  --CH═CH--(CH 2 ) 9  --COOH 
     CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 5  --CH═CH--(CH 2 ) 5  --COOH 
     CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 6  --CH═CH--(CH 2 ) 4  --COOH 
     Tetradecadienoic Acids 
     CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 4  --CH═CH--CH═CH--(CH 2 ) 4  --COOH 
     CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 5  --CH═CH--CH═CH--(CH 2 ) 3  --COOH 
     Tetradecynoic Acids 
     HC.tbd.C--(CH 2 ) 11  --COOH 
     CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 2  --C.tbd.C--(CH 2 ) 8  --COOH 
     CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 3  --C.tbd.C--(CH 2 ) 7  --COOH 
     CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 4  --C.tbd.C--(CH 2 ) 6  --COOH 
     CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 5  --C.tbd.C--(CH 2 ) 5  --COOH 
     CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 6  --C.tbd.C--(CH 2 ) 4  --COOH 
     CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 7  --C.tbd.C--(CH 2 ) 3  --COOH 
     CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 5  --C.tbd.C--(CH 2 ) 4  --COOH 
     Aromatic Moiety-containing Analogs 
     11 Carbon Equivalent Length 
     C 6  H 5  --(CH 2 ) 7  --COOH 
     13 Carbon Equivalent Length 
     C 6  H 5  --(CH 2 ) 9  --COOH 
     CH 3  --CH 2  --C 6  H 4  --(CH 2 ) 7  --COOH 
     CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 3  --O--C 6  H 4  --(CH 2 ) 4  --COOH 
     14 Carbon Equivalent Length 
     C 6  H 5  --(CH 2 ) 10  --COOH 
     CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 4  --O--C 6  H 4  --(CH 2 ) 4  --COOH 
     CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 3  --O--C 6  H 4  --CH═CH--(CH 2 ) 3  --COOH 
     CH 3  (CH 2 ) 4  --O--C 6  H 4  --CH═CH--(CH 2 ) 2  --COOH 
     Hetero-aromatic analogs 
     CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 6  -furyl-(CH 2 ) 3  --COOH 
     CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 5  -furyl-(CH 2 ) 4  --COOH 
     CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 4  -furyl-(CH 2 ) 5  --COOH 
     2-Furyl-(CH 2 ) 10  --COOH 
     2-Thienyl-(CH 2 ) 10  --COOH 
     The chemical structures of the fifteen preferred compounds in the foregoing sub-groups are shown in Table 1 below. These compounds are listed in the approximate order of their toxic effect upon trypanosomes in culture, with the most toxic compounds at the top of the list. For purposes of comparison, the structures of five representative oxy-myristic acid analogs (oxatetradecanoic acids) disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,151,445, are also included in this list. These five oxy-myristic acid analogs are as follows: 
     11-oxatetradecanoic acid, abbrev. 0-11 
     10-oxatetradecanoic acid, abbrev. 0-10 
     8-oxatetradecanoic acid, abbrev. 0-8 
     7-oxatetradecanoic acid, abbrev. 0-7 
     5-oxatetradecanoic acid, abbrev. 0-5 
     
                                           TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________Activity  order Compound Structure and systematic name__________________________________________________________________________1   CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.3 C.tbd.C(CH.sub.2).sub.7 COOH                     9-tetradecynoic acid  2 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.6 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.5 COOH 7-oxatetradecanoi                     c acid  3 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.6 --CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.5 COOH 7-oxotetradecano                     ic acid  4 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.6 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.5 COOH 7-thiatetradecano                     ic acid  5 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.8 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 COOH 5-thiatetradecano                     ic acid  6 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.7 --O--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 COOH mono-n-octyl                     glutarate  7 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.5 --CH═CH--CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.3                     COOH 5,7-tetradecadienoic acid  8 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.4 C.tbd.C(CH.sub.2).sub.6 COOH 8-tetradecynoic                      acid  9 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.3 --O-p-C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4                     COOH 5-(p-butoxyphenyl)pentanoic acid  10 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.5 -2.5-C.sub.4 H.sub.2 O--(CH.sub.2).sub.4                     COOH 5-[2-(5-n-hexylfuryl)]pentanoic acid                      11 O.sub.2 N--(CH.sub.2).sub.12 C00H 13-nitrotr                     idecanoic acid  12 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.4 -O-p-C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4                     COOH 5-(p-pentoxyphenyl)pentanoic acid  13 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.2 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.9 COOH 11-oxatetradecan                     oic acid  14 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.3 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.8 COOH 10-oxatetradecan                     oic acid  15 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.8 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 COOH 5-oxatetradecano                     ic acid  16 CH.sub.3 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.11 COOH 13-thiatetradecanoic acid                      17 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.5 --O--(CH.sub.2).su                     b.6 COOH 8-oxatetradecanoic acid  18 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.8 --O--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.2 COOH mono-n-nonyl                      succinate  19 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.6 --CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 COOH 5-oxotetradecan                     oic acid  20 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.4 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.7 COOH 9-thiatetradecan                     oic acid__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter regarded as forming the present invention, it is believed that the invention will be better understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which briefly: 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a bar graph which shows: Assay of analog toxicity. The toxicity of 16 compounds, identified only by code number was assessed relative to 11-oxatetradecanoic acid (0-11) and ethanol (E) controls. Each bar shows the mean and standard deviation of quadruplicate assays. All compounds were tested at 10 μM. The 0.1% ethanol in control E, corresponding to the final concentration of solvent present in other assays, had no effect on growth. Brackets on the right of the graph indicate the efficacy group designations for this test. As described in Methods herein below, 11-oxatetradecanoic acid and ethanol controls are defined as the middle value of groups 1 and 3, respectively. Compound codes corresponded to the following structures: 21, CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 3  --CO--(CH 2 ) 8  --COOH; 22, CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 7  --NH--CO--(CH 2 ) 3  --COOH; 23, CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 5  --COOH; 24, ethanol; 25, CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 4  --CO--(CH 2 ) 7  --COOH; 26, CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 10  --CO--CH 2  --COOH; 27, CH 3  (CH 2 ) 2  --O--(CH 2 ) 9  COOH (11-oxatetradecanoic acid); 28, CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 8  --CO--(CH 2 ) 3  --COOH; 29, CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 6  --NH--CO--(CH 2 ) 4  --COOH; 30, CH 3  --CH 2  --CO--(CH 2 ) 10  --COOH; 31, CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 5  --CO--(CH 2 ) 6  --COOH; 32, CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 9  --CO--(CH 2 ) 2  --COOH; 33, CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 2  --CO--(CH 2 ) 9  --COOH; 34, CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 8  --NH--CO--(CH 2 ) 2  --COOH; 35, CH 3  --CO--(CH 2 ) 11  --COOH; 36, CH 3  --(CH 2 ) 7  --CO--(CH 2 ) 4  --COOH. 
     FIGS. 2A and 2B show the chemical structures of the 20 myristate analogs most toxic to trypanosomes arranged into structural groups. 
    
    
     Most of the myristic acid analogs used in the method of the present invention are well-known compounds which have been previously described as useful antiviral agents. See, e.g., Bryant et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86, 8655-8659 (1989), and Bryant et al., Ibid. 88, 2055-2059 (1991). In their activity as antiparasitic agents in the present invention, these myristic analogs function in a different manner than as antiviral agents. In their antiviral activity, these compounds serve as substrates of myristoyl CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase, an enzyme which transfers myristate from myristoyl CoA to the amino terminal glycine residue of eukaryotic cellular and viral protein. In their antiparasitic activity, these compounds are incorporated into the GPI anchor of the parasite. However, the antiparasitic activity may also be mediated, in part, by alteration of N-myristoylated proteins, or by some change in membrane structure caused by incorporation of the myristic acid analog into phospholipids. 
     The syntheses of the myristic acid analogs used in the method of the present invention also are well-known. Thus, the synthesis of sulfur-containing myristic acid analogs is described, e.g., by Heuckeroth et al., J. Biol. Chem. 263, 2127-2133 (1988), Heuckeroth et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 8795-8799 (1988), and in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,073,571 and 5,082,967. Double bond- and triple bond-containing myristic acid analogs are also described in said patents, in Heuckeroth et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 8795-8799 (1988), and in Rudnick et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 10507-10511 (1992). Synthesis of azido-substituted myristic acid analogs is described in EP 480,901. The preparation of many of these and other such myristic acid analogs containing oxygen, sulfur, double bond, triple bond and aromatic residues is described in Kishore et al., J. Biol. Chem. 266, 8835-8855 (1991). Synthesis of myristic acid analogs containing carbonyl groups, nitrogen heteroatoms and nitrogen heterocycles is described in Devadas et al., J. Biol. Chem. 267, 7224-7239 (1992). The synthesis of still other such triple bond- and aromatic moiety-containing analogs of myristic acid is described by Gokel et al., Israel J. Chem. 32, 127-133 (1992). Examples 1-43, below, illustrate the synthesis of 40 additional test compounds. 
     In order to illustrate the invention in greater detail, a total of 247 different myristic acid analogs (listed in Table 2, below) were tested for toxicity to trypanosomes in culture in accordance with a state-of-the-art assay. For comparison the testing included five oxy-myristic acid analogs (oxatetra-decanoic acids) described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,151,445, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Based on the test results, these 247 compounds were divided into three efficacy groups in which groups 2 and 3 consisted of the 60 active compounds whereas the 177 compounds of group 1 were inactive. Of the active compounds, the 20 compounds in group 3 were the most active. Although specific examples of the invention are thus illustrated herein, it will be understood that the invention is not limited to these specific examples or the details described therein. References to show the state-of-the-art are indicated in parentheses and appended at the end. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Materials and Methods 
     Materials--Fetal calf serum, hypoxanthine, MEM &#34;alpha&#34; medium (320-2561 AJ), penicillin, pyruvate, streptomycin and thymidine were obtained from Gibco/BRL. Other reagents, where not specified, were from Sigma Chemical Co. 
     Synthesis of fatty acid analogs. The methods used for synthesizing 203 of the 247 fatty acids shown in Table 1 are described in published reports (Rapaport and Newman, 1947; Kishore et al., 1991; Devadas et al., 1992; Gokel et al., 1992; Rudnick et al., 1992; footnote 3). The methods used to synthesize 40 additional fatty acids included in the panel are described below. 
     Chemical Analysis. Melting points were measured on a Laboratory Devices MEL-TEMP apparatus in open capillaries and are uncorrected.  1  H-NMR spectra were recorded on a Hitachi Perkin-Elmer R-600 high resolution NMR spectrometer and on a Varian VXR 400 superconducting NMR. Spectra were obtained in CDCl 3  and are reported in ppm (δ) downfield from internal Me 4  Si. IR spectra were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer Model 298 or 599 infrared spectrophotometer. TLC analyses were performed on silica gel 60F-254 plates (thickness=0.20 mm; Merck). Column chromatography was carried out with Merck Kieselgel 60 (70-230 mesh). Combustion analyses were conducted by Atlantic Microlab Inc., Atlanta, Ga. High resolution mass spectrometry was conducted at the Southern California Mass Spectrometer Facility, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside. The CI/NH 3  experiments did not typically show MH+ ions so high resolution mass spectrometry was done on MNH 4   +  ions. 
     General procedure for Wittig reaction. Phosphonium bromide was treated with potassium t-butoxide in tetrahydrofuran (THF) under nitrogen with stirring for 30 min. The solution was cooled with ice. Aldehyde in THF was added dropwise, and the mixture was stirred for 12 h. The mixture was poured into water (150 mL), washed with Et 2  O (50 mL), acidified (pH=1, 2N HCl) and extracted (hexanes, 4×50 mL), dried over MgSO 4 , and the solvent was removed in vacuo. Chromatography (silica gel, 1:1 hexanes-ethyl acetate) and crystallization or Kugelrohr distillation yielded the product. 
     General procedure for hydrolysis reaction. A nitrile or ester containing compound, sodium hydroxide H 2  O (20 mL), and EtOH (20 mL) were mixed and refluxed for 16 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, acidified (pH=1, 2N HCl), and extracted with ethyl acetate (4×50 mL). The organic solution was washed with water (2×50 mL), dried over MgSO 4  and evaporated. The residue was crystallized or distilled to afford the product. 
     General procedure for hydrogenation reaction An unsaturated compound, 5% Pd/C or Pd/BaSO 4  and anhydrous EtOH (50 mL) were shaken under 15 psi H 2  for 1.0-4.0 h. The catalyst was filtered and washed with EtOH (2×15 mL). The solvent was evaporated in vacuo. The residue was crystallized or Kugelrohr distilled to afford the product. 
     TETRADECANDIENOIC ACIDS 
     Example 1 
     8,10-Tetradecandienoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 7-carboxyheptyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (9.71 g, 20 mmol) and 2-trans-hexenal (1.96 g, 20 mmol) in 10% hexamethylphosphoric triamide (HMPA)-THF (100 mL) by a Wittig reaction. Kugelrohr distillation yielded the product (1.97 g, 44%) as a yellow oil (bp 123-126° C./0.01 torr). IR: 3450-2500, 1720 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 0.95 (t, 3 H), 1.35 (m, 8 H), 1.62 m, 2 H), 2.05 (m, 4 H), 2.32 (t, 2 H), 5.23 (m, 1 H), 5.60 (m, 1 H), 5.90 (m, 1 H), 6.05 (m, 1 H), 10.50 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 14  H 24  O 2  : C, 74.95, H, 10.78%; Found: C, 75.01, H, 10.80%. 
     Example 2 
     6,8-Tetradecanedienoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 5-carboxypentyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (9.50 g, 20 mmol) and 2-trans-octenal (2.52 g, 20 mmol) in 10%HMPA-THF (100 mL) by Wittig reaction. Kugelrohr distillation yielded the product (1.91 g, 43%) as a pale yellow oil (bp 122-125° C./0.01 torr). IR: 3500-2500, 1730 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 0.95 (t, 3H), 1.40 (m, 10 H), 2.30 (m, 6 H), 6.00 (m, 4 H), 11.30 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 14  H 24  O 2  : C, 74.95, H, 10.78%; Found: C, 75.04, H, 10.80%. 
     Example 3 
     5,7-Tetracanedienoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 4-carboxybutyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (8.87 g, 20 mmol) and 2-trans-nonenal (2.80 g, 20 mmol) in 10%HMPA-THF (100 mL) by a Wittig reaction. Kugelrohr distillation afforded the product (1.96 g, 44%) as a pale yellow oil (bp 116-119° C./0.01 torr). IR: 3500-2500, 1730 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 0.90 (t, 3 H), 1.35 (m, 10 H), 2.30 (m, 6H), 5.90 (m; 4 H), 10.05 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 14  H 24  O 2  : C, 74.95, H, 10.78%; Found: C, 74.87, H, 10.79%. 
     AROMATIC ANALOGS 
     Example 4 
     8-Phenoxyoctanoic acid. Phenol (1.88 g, 20 mmol) was mixed with NaOH (0.80 g, 20 mmol) in EtOH (50 mL). 8-Bromooctanoic acid (2.23 g, 10 mmol) was then added to the mixture and refluxed for 12 h. After cooling to room temperature, water (100 mL) was added and the mixture was acidified with 2N HCl (pH=2). The solid was filtered and washed with water (2×50 mL), and recrystallized from hexane-ethyl acetate (5:1) to give the product as white brick-like crystals (1.79 g, 76%), mp 67-68° C.;  1  H-NMR: 1.42 (m, 6 H), 1.65 (m, 2 H), 1.80 (m, 2 H), 2.37 (t, 2 H), 3.97 (t, 2 H), 6.93 (m, 3 H), 7.30 (t, 2 H), 10.05 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 14  H 20  O 3  : C, 71.16, H, 8.53%; Found: C, 71.09, H, 8.54%. 
     Example 5 
     8-(p-Methoxyphenyl)-7-octennitrile. This compound was synthesized from 6-cyanohexyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (9.05 g, 20 mmol) and p-anisaldehyde (2.72 g, 20 mmol) in THF (100 mL) by a Wittig reaction. Kugelrohr distillation afforded the products (3.26 g, 71%) as a colorless liquid (bp: 143-146° C./0.05 torr). IR: 2285 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 1.50 (m, 6 H), 2.30 (m, 4 H), 3.80 (s, 3 H), 5.50 (m, 1 H), 6.30 (d, 1 H), 7.05 (q, 4 H). 
     Example 6 
     8-(p-Methoxyphenyl)-7-octenoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 8-(p-methoxyphenyl)-7-octennitrile (3.34 g, 15 mmol) by a hydrolysis reaction. Crystallization (hexanes-ethyl acetate) yielded the product (3.29 g, 88%) as white crystals (mp 42-43° C.). IR: 3400-2500, 1730 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 1.50 (m, 6 H), 2.35 (m, 4 H), 3.82 (s, 3 H), 5.55 (m, 1 H), 6.35 (d, 1 H), 7.05 (q, 4 H), 11.20 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 15  H 20  O 2  : C, 72.55, H, 8,12% Found: C, 72.41, H, 8.07%, Z:E=67:33. 
     Example 7 
     8-(p-Methoxyphenyl)octanoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 8-(p-methoxyphenyl)-7-octenoic acid (1.24 g, 5 mmol) and Pd/BaSO 4  (125 mg) by hydrogenation. Crystallization (petroleum ether) afforded the product (1.20 g, 96%) as white crystals (mp 42-43° C.). IR: 3400-2500, 1705 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 1.40 (m, 10 H), 2.40 (m, 4 H), 3.80 (s, 3 H), 6.95 (q, 4 H), 10.10 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 15  H 22  O 2  : C, 71.97, H, 8.86%; Found: C, 72.07, H, 8.88%. 
     Example 8 
     7-(p-Ethoxyphenyl)-heptenoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 5-carboxypentyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (9.50 g, 20 mmol) and p-ethoxybenzaldehyde (3.00 g, 20 mmol) in THF (100 mL) by a Wittig reaction. Crystallization (hexanes-ethyl acetate) afforded the product (3.18 g, 64%) as white crystals (mp 62-63° C.), IR: 3450-2500, 1720 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 1.40 (t, 3 H), 1.50 (m, 2 H), 1.70 (m, 2 H), 2.38 (m, 4 H), 4.00 (q, 2 H), 5.72+6.05 (m, 1 H), 6.32 (t, 1 H), 7.05 (q, 4 H), 10.10 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 15  H 20  O 3  : C, 72.55, H, 8.12% Found: C, 72.53, H, 8.15%. Z:E=45:55. 
     Example 9 
     7-(p-Ethoxyphenyl)heptanoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 7-(p-ethoxyphenyl)-6-heptenoic acid (1.24 g, 5 mmol) and Pd/C (125 mg) by a hydrogenation reaction. Crystallization (petroleum ether) afforded the product (1.21 g, 97%) as white crystals (mp 65-66° C.). IR: 3400-2500, 1715 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 1.32 (m, 7 H), 1.55 (m, 5 H), 2.30 (t, 2 H), 2.50 (t, 2 H), 3.95 (q, 2 H), 6.90 (q, 2 H), 10.20 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 15  H 22  O 3  : C, 71.97, H, 8.86%; Found: C, 71.91, H, 8.87%. 
     Example 10 
     6-(p-Pronoxyphenyl)-5-hexenoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 4-carboxybutyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (8.87 g, 20 mmol) and p-propoxybenzaldehyde (3.28 g, 20 mmol, synthesized from p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 1-iodopropane) in THF (100 mL) by a Wittig reaction. Crystallization (petroleum ether) afforded the product (3.75 g, 76%) as white crystals (mp, 49-50° C.). IR: 3400-2500, 1725 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 1.00 (t, 3 H), 1.75 (m, 4 H), 2.35 (m, 4 H), 3.90 (t, 2 H), 5.55 (m, 1 H), 6.35 (m, 1 H), 7.00 (q, 4 H), 11.30 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 15  H 20  O 3  : C, 72.55, H, 8.12%; Found: C, 72.45, H, 8.13%. Z:E=35:65. 
     Example 11 
     6-(p-Pronoxyphenyl)hexanoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 6-(p-propoxyphenyl)-5-hexenoic acid (1.49 g, 6 mmol) and Pd/BaSO 4  (150 mg) by a hydrogenation reaction. Crystallization (petroleum ether) yielded the product (1.38 g, 92%) as white crystals (mp 42-43° C.), IR: 3400-2500, 1715 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 1.00 (t, 3 H), 1.55 (m, 8 H), 2.40 (m, 4 H), 3.90 (t, 2 H), 6.95 (q, 4 H), 7.90 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 15  H 22  O 3  : C, 71.97, H, 8.86%; Found: C, 72.04, H, 8.88%. 
     General procedure for the preparation of aryl-terminal acids 
     Example 12 
     9-Phenoxynonanoic acid 
     A. 7-Phenoxyheptyl bromide, Phenol (3.10 g, 33 mmol), 1,7-dibromoheptane (7.74 g, 30 mmol) and NaOH (1.34 g, 33 mmol) were refluxed in EtOH (40 mL) for 30 h. After cooling to room temperature, water (150 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (4×50 mL). The organic phase was washed with water (50 mL) and brine (50 mL), and the mixture was dried over Na 2  SO 4 . After evaporation of solvent, the residue was purified by Kugelrohr distillation to give 7-phenoxyheptyl bromide (2.46 g, 30%), bp 126-130° C./0.10 torr,  1  H-NMR: 1.2-1.9 (m, 10 H), 3.36 (t, 2 H), 3.91 (t, 2 H), 6.7-7.2 (m, 5 H). 
     B. Ethyl 2-ethoxycarbonyl-9-phenoxynonanoate. Sodium (0.22 g, 9.6 mmol) was dissolved in EtOH (20 mL). Diethyl malonate (1.53 g, 9.6 mmol) in EtOH (5 mL) and 7-phenoxyheptyl bromide (2.36 g, 8.7 mmol) in EtOH (5 mL) were subsequently added at room temperature. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 8 h. After evaporation of the solvent, the residue was taken up in ethyl acetate (150 mL). The organic phase was washed with water (2×50 mL), and brine (50 mL), and dried over Na 2  SO 4 . The crude product was purified by Kugelrohr distillation to give ethyl 2-ethoxycarbonyl-9-phenoxynonanoate (1.92 g, 63%), bp 150-154° C./0.1 torr,  1  H-NMR: 1.24 (t, 6 H), 1.1-1.8 (m, 12 H), 3.30 (t, 1 H), 3.91 (t, 2 H), 4.18 (q, 4 H), 6.7-7.2 (m, 5 H). 
     C. 9-Phenoxynonanoic acid. A solution of ethyl 2-ethoxycarbonyl-9-phenoxynonanoate (1.84 g, 5.3 mmol) in 20% NaOH (20 mL) was refluxed for 10 h. The solution was acidified with HCl(pH=2) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 mL). The organic phase was washed with water (2×30 mL), and brine (30 mL), and dried over Na 2  SO 4 . After removal of the solvent in vacuo, the residue was heated on an oil bath at 180-200° C. for 10 min. The crude product was distilled (Kugelrohr) followed by crystallization (hexane) to give the product (1.14 g, 85%), mp 66.5-67.5° C. (lit. 3  68-69° C.). IR: 3450-2550, 1720 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 1.26-1.39 (m, 8 H), 1.61 (q, 2 H), 1.75 (q, 2 H), 2.34 (t, 2 H), 3.93 (t, 2 H), 6.83-6.96 (m, 3 H), 7.28 (t, 2 H), 10.8 (bs, 1 H). 
     Example 13 
     9-Phenylthionanoic acid 
     A. 7-Phenylthioheptyl bromide was prepared from thiophenol (4.40 g, 40 mmol) and 1,7-dibromoheptane (10.32 g, 40 mmol) as described above for 7-phenoxyheptyl bromide. Yield: 46% bp; 132-136° C./0.05 torr;  1  H-NMR: 1.30-1.85 (m, 10 H), 2.90 (t, 2 H), 3.35 (t, 2 H), 7.25 (s, 5 H). 
     B. Ethyl 2-ethoxycarbonyl-9-phenylthiononanoate was prepared from 7-phenylthioheptyl bromide (4.31 g, 15 mmol) and diethyl malonate (3.20 g, 20 mmol) according to the procedure given above. Yield: 68%, bp: 174-178° C./0.05 torr;  1  H-NMR: 1.15-1.90 (m, 18 H), 2.90 (t, 2 H), 3.30 (t, 1 H), 4.20 (q, 4 H), 7.25 (s, 5 H). 
     C. 9-Phenylthiononanoic acid was obtained from ethyl 2-ethoxycarbonyl-9-phenylthiononanoate (3.66 g, 10 mmol) by basic hydrolysis as described above. Yield: 82%, mp 67-68° C.; IR: 3450-2550, 1695 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 1.20-1.80 (m, 12 H), 2.35 (t, 2 H), 2.85 (t, 2 H), 7.20 (s, 5 H), 10.50 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 15  H 22  O 2  S: C, 67.63; H, 8.32; S, 12.03%. Found: C, 67.54; H, 8.31; S, 12.09%. 
     Example 14 
     8-Benzyloxyoctanoic acid 
     A. 6-Benzyloxyhexyl bromide was prepared from benzyl alcohol (4.75 g, 44 mmol) and 1,6-dibromohexane (9.76 g, 40 mmol) using the general procedure given above. Yield: 36%, bp 100-105° C./torr:  1  H-NMR: 1.2-1.9 (m, 8 H), 3.37 (t, 4 H), 4.46 (s, 2 H), 7.28 (m, 5 H). 
     B. Ethyl 2-ethoxycarbonyl-8-benzyloxyoctanoate was prepared from 6-benzyloxyhexyl bromide (3.52 g, 13 mmol) and diethyl malonate (2.29 g, 14 mmol) according to the general procedure given above. Yield 60%, bp 152-158° C./0.15 torr.  1  H-NMR: 1.24 (t, 6 H), 1.2-1.9 (m, 10 H), 3.43 (t, 2 H), 4.18 (q, 4 H), 4.45 (s, 2 H), 7.27 (m, 5 H). 
     C. 8-Benzyloxyoctanoic acid was prepared from ethyl 2-ethoxycarbonyl-8-benzyloxyoctanoate (2.6 g, 7.4 mmol) by basic hydrolysis as described above. Yield: 83%, bp 158-162° C./0.15 torr; IR: 3450-2550, 1710 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 1.24-1.43 (m, 6 H), 1.54-1.69 (m, 4 H), 2.31 (t, 2 H), 3.46 (t, 2 H), 4.51 (s, 2 H), 7.23-7.38 (m, 5 H), 9.55 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 15  H 22  O 3  : C, 71.97; H, 8.86%. Found: C, 71.83; H, 8.90%. 
     Example 15 
     8-Benzylthiooctanoic acid 
     A. Ethyl 8-benzylthiooctanoate. NaH (0.63 g, 16 mmol) was washed with hexane and then suspended in dry THF (60 mL). Benzylmercaptan (1.86 g, 15 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added and the mixture stirred for 30 min at room temperature. Ethyl 8-iodooctanoate (4.47 g, 15 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added and the mixture was refluxed for 12 h. After evaporation of the solvent, the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (150 mL). The organic phase was washed with water (2×50 mL), and brine (50 mL) and dried over Na 2  SO 4 . The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel with ethyl acetate:hexane (1:5) and subsequent Kugelrohr distillation to give ethyl 8-benzylthiooctanoate (3.7 g, 84%), bp 134-138° C./0.15 torr.  1  H-NMR: 1.21 (t, 3 H), 1.2-1.8 (m, 10 H), 2.27 (t, 4 H), 3.68 (s, 2 H), 4.09 (q, 2 H), 7.24 (m, 5 H). 
     B. 8-Benzylthiooctanoic acid. A solution of ethyl 8-benzylthiooctanoate (2.94 g, 10 mmol) and 1M NaOH (60 mL, 60 mmol) in MeOH (30 mL) was heated at 70° C. for 6 h. The reaction mixture was acidified with HCl (pH=1) and extracted with ethyl acetate (150 mL). The organic phase was washed with water (2×50 mL), and brine (50 mL), and dried over Na 2  SO 4 . The crude product was purified by crystallization from hexane to afford the product (2.45 g, 92%), mp 37-37.5° C.; IR: 3400-2500, 1700 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 1.18-1.43 (m, 6 H), 1.52 (q, 2 H), 1.61 (q, 2 H), 2.33 (t, 2 H), 2.39 (t, 2 H), 3.69 (s, 2 H), 7.12-7.38 (m, 5 H), 9.45 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 15  H 22  SO 2  : C, 67.63, H, 8.32%; Found: C, 67.74, H, 8.35%. 
     Example 16 
     8-(p-Propylphenyl)-7-octenenitrile. This compound was synthesized from 6-cyanohexyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (9.05 g, 20 mmol) and p-propylbenzaldehyde (2.96 g, 20 mmol) in THF (100 mL) by a Wittig reaction. Kugelrohr distillation afforded the product (3.25 g, 67%) as a colorless liquid (bp 144-148° C./0.05 torr). IR 2290 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 0.95 (t, 3 H), 1.55 (m, 8 H), 2.40 (m, 6 H), 5.60 (m, 1 H), 6.40 (d, 1H), 7.10 (s, 4 H). 
     Example 17 
     8-(p-Propylphenyl)-7-octenoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 8-(p-propylphenyl)-7-octenenitrile (2.41 g, 10 mmol) by a hydrolysis reaction. Kugelrohr distillation afforded the product (2.36 g, 90%) as a colorless oil (bp 148-152° C./0.05 torr). IR: 3400-2500, 1720 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 0.95 (t, 3 H), 1.45 (m, 8 H), 2.45 (m, 6 H), 5.65 (m, 1 H), 6.40 (d, 1 H), 7.15 (s, 4 H), 11.30 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 17  H 24  O 2  : C, 78.42, H, 9.29%; Found: C, 78.43, H, 9.30%. Z:E=88:12. 
     Example 18 
     8-(p-Propylphenyl)octanoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 8-(p-propylphenyl)-7-octenoic acid (1.30 g, 5 mmol) and Pd/BaSO 4  (130 mg) by a hydrogenation reaction. Crystallization (petroleum ether) afforded the product (1.25 g, 95%) as white crystals (mp 42-43° C.). IR: 3400-2500, 1705 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 0.95 (t, 3 H), 1.45 (m, 12 H), 2.50 (m, 6 H), 7.05 (s, 4 H), 11.40 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 17  H 26  O 2  : C, 77.82, H, 9.99%; Found: C, 77.75, H, 10.04%. 
     Example 19 
     7-(p-Butylphenyl)-6-heptenoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 5-carboxypentyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (9.50 g, 20 mmol) and p-butylbenzaldehyde (3.24 g, 20 mmol) in THF (100 mL) by a Wittig reaction. Kugelrohr distillation yielded the product (2.67 g, 51%) as a colorless oil (bp 154-157° C./0.05 torr) . IR: 3400-2500, 1720 cm -1 ,  1  H-NMR:0.92 (t, 3 H), 1.50 (m, 8 H), 2.30 (m, 4 H), 2.58 (m, 2 H), 5.58+6.15 (m, 1 H), 6.38 (t, 1 H), 7.18 (m, 4 H), 10.30 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 17  H 24  O 2  : C, 78.42, H, 9.29%; Found: C, 78.38, H, 9.29%. Z:E=62:38. 
     Example 20 
     7-(p-Butylphenyl)heptanoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 7-(p-butylphenyl)-6-heptenoic acid (1.30 g, 5 mmol) by a hydrogenation reaction using Pd/C (130 mg). Crystallization (petroleum ether) afforded the product (1.19 g, 97%) as white crystals (mp 32-33° C.). IR: 3400-2500, 1718 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR:0.92 (t, 3 H), 1.35 (m, 6 H), 1.60 (m, 6 H), 2.32 (t, 2 H), 2.55 (m, 4 H), 7.02 (s, 4 H), 9.70 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 17  H 26  O 2  : C, 77.82, H, 9.99%; Found: C, 77.73, H, 10.01%. 
     Example 21 
     6-(p-Pentylphenyl)-5-hexenoic acid. This compound was synthesized from p-pentylbenzaldehyde (3.52 g, 20 mmol, prepared from p-pentylbenzoyl chloride and lithium tri(t-butoxy)aluminum hydride) and 4-carboxybutyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (8.86 g, 20 mmol) in THF (100 mL) by a Wittig reaction. Kugelrohr distillation (bp 147-151° C./0.05 torr) afforded the product (2.49 g, 48%). IR: 3400-2500, 1725 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 0.90 (t, 3 H), 1.28 (m, 6 H), 1.82 (m, 2 H), 1.37 (m, 4 H), 2.57 (t, 2 H), 5.55+6.10 (m, 1 H), 6.38 (m, 1 H), 7.10 (m, 4 H), 10.50 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 17  H 24  O 2  : C, 78.42, H, 9.29%; Found: C, 78.22, H, 9.27%. Z:E=35:65. 
     Example 22 
     6-(p-Pentylphenyl)hexanoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 6-(p-pentylphenyl)-5-hexenoic acid (1.30 g, 5 mmol) by hydrogenation reaction using Pd/C (130 mg). Crystallization (petroleum ether) afforded the product (1.13 g, 87%) as white crystals (mp 29-30° C.), IR: 3400-2500, 1730 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 0.89 (t, 3 H), 1.32 (m, 6 H), 1.60 (m, 6 H), 2.35 (t, 2 H), 2.58 (m, 4 H), 7.07 (s, 1 H), 10.30 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 17  H 26  O 2  : C, 77.82, H, 9.99%; Found: C, 77.56, H, 9.90%. 
     Example 23 
     7-(p-Propoxyphenyl)-6-heptenoic acid. This compound was synthesized from p-propoxybenzaldehyde (3.26 g, 20 mmol, prepared from 1-bromopropane and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde) and 5-carboxypentyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (9.50 g, 20 mmol) in THF (100 mL) by a Wittig reaction. Crystallization (petroleum ether) afforded the product (3.15 g, 60%) as white crystals (mp: 52-53° C.). IR: 3450-2500, 1730 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 1.00 (t, 3 H), 1.48 (m, 2 H), 1.67 (m, 2 H), 1.82 (m, 2 H), 2.35 (m, 4 H), 3.92 (t, 2 H), 5.72+6.05 (m, 1 H), 6.35 (d, 1 H), 7.05 (q, 4 H), 10.40 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 16  H 22  O 3  : C, 73.25, H, 8.45%. Found: C, 73.15, H, 8.45%. Z:E=30:70. 
     Example 24 
     7(p-Propoxyphenyl)heptanoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 7-(p-propoxyphenyl)-6-heptenoic acid (1.31 g, 5 mmol) by hydrogenation reaction using Pd/C (130 mg). Crystallization (petroleum ether) afforded the product (1.23 g, 93%) as white crystals (mp: 49-50° C.). IR: 3450-2550, 1725 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 1.00 (t, 3 H), 1.37 (m, 4 H), 1.60 (m, 4 H), 1.79 (m, 2 H), 2.36 (t, 2 H), 2.53 (t, 2 H), 3.87 (t, 2 H), 6.95 (q, 4 H), 9.80 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 16  H 24  O 3  : C, 72.69, H, 9.15%; Found: C, 72.79, H, 9.16%. 
     Example 25 
     6-(p-Butoxyphenyl)-5-hexenoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 4-carboxybutyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (8.86 g, 20 mmol) and p-butoxybenzaldehyde (3.56 g, 20 mmol) in THF (100 mL) by a Wittig reaction. Crystallization (petroleum ether) afforded the product (3.82 g, 73%) as white crystals (mp: 56-57° C.). IR: 3350-2500, 1700 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 1.00 (t, 3 H), 1.50 (m, 2 H), 1.80 (m, 4 H), 2.40 (m, 4 H), 3.90 (t, 2 H), 5.50+6.00 (m, 1 H), 6.38 (q, 1 H), 7.05 (q, 4 H), 11.00 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 16  H 22  O 3  : C, 73.25, H, 8.45%; Found: C, 73.32, H, 8.46%. Z:E=37:63. 
     Example 26 
     6-(p-Butoxyphenyl)hexanoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 6-(p-butoxyphenyl)-5-hexenoic acid (2.62 g, 10 mmol) by a hydrogenation reaction using Pd/C (260 mg). Crystallization (petroleum ether) afforded the product (2.49 g, 94%) as white crystals (mp 39-40° C.). IR: 3400=2500, 1705 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 0.96 (t, 3 H), 1.35 (m, 2 H), 1.50 (m, 2 H), 1.62 (m, 4 H), 1.75 (m, 2 H), 2.35 (t, 2 H), 2.52 (t, 2 H), 3.92 (t, 2 H), 6.95 (q, 4 H), 10.30 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 16  H 24  O 3  : C, 72.69, H, 9.15%; Found: C, 72.78, H, 9.18%. 
     Example 27 
     Ethyl 8-(4-ethyl)phenoxyoctanoate. NaH (0.25 g, 11 mmol) was washed with hexane and then suspended in dry THF (50 mL). 4-Ethylphenol (1.22 g, 10 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added and stirred for 30 min at room temperature. Ethyl 8-iodooctanoate (2.98 g, 10 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added and the mixture was refluxed for 12 h. After evaporation of the solvent, the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (150 mL), and the organic phase was washed with water (2×50 mL), and brine (50 mL) and dried over Na 2  SO 4 . The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (ethyl acetate:hexane=1:5) and subsequent Kugelrohr distillation to give the product (0.85 g, 24%), bp 122-126° C./0.1 torr. IR: 1740 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 1.19 (t, 3 H), 1.25 (t, 3 H), 1.30-1.80 (m, 10 H), 2.28 (t, 2 H), 2.57 (q, 2 H), 3.90 (t, 2 H), 4.12 (q, 2 H), 6.86 (d, 2 H), 7.08 (d, 2 H). 
     Example 28 
     8-(4-Ethyl)phenoxyoctanoic acid. This compound was synthesized from ethyl 8-(4-ethyl)phenoxyoctanoate (1.76 g, 5 mmol) by a hydrolysis reaction. Crystallization from hexane gave white crystals (1.40 g, 87%), mp 77-78° C.; IR: 3450-2950, 1720 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 1.17 (t, 3 H), 1.29-1.49 (m, 6 H), 1.63 (q, 2 H), 1.74 (q, 2 H), 2.31 (t, 2 H), 2.56 (q, 2 H), 3.88 (t, 2 H), 6.77 (d, 2 H), 7.06 (d, 2 H), 10.2 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 16  H 24  O 3  : C, 72.69, H, 9.15%; Found: C, 72.53, H, 9.19%. 
     Example 29 
     12-Phenyl-11-dodecenoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 10-carboxydecyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (10.55 g, 20 mmol) and benzaldehyde (2.12 g, 20 mmol) in THF (100 mL) by a Wittig reaction. Kugelrohr distillation (bp 152-155° C./0.03 torr) and crystallization afforded the product (2.43 g, 44%) as white crystals (mp 27-27.5° C.). IR: 3400-2500, 1720, 700 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 1.30 (m, 10 H), 1.40 (m, 2 H), 1.62 (m, 2 H), 2.35 (m, 4 H), 5.65 (m, 1 H), 6.40 (m, 1 H), 7.25 (m, 5 H), 10.40 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 18  H 26  O 2  : C, 78.79, H, 9.55%; Found: C, 78.66, H, 9.60%. Z:E=93:7. 
     Example 30 
     12-Phenyldodecanoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 12-phenyl-10-dodecenoic acid (1.92 g, 7 mmol) by a hydrogenation reaction using Pd/C (190 mg). Crystallization (petroleum ether) afforded the product (1.88 g, 97%) as white crystals (mp 47-48° C.). IR: 3400-2500, 1700 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 1.30 (m, 14 H), 1.60 (m, 4 H), 2.32 (t, 2 H), 2.57 (t, 2 H), 7.20 (m, 5 H), 10.20 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 18  H 28  O 2  : C, 78.21, H, 10.21%; Found: C, 78.29, H, 10.25%. 
     HETEROAROMATIC ANALOGS 
     Example 31 
     9-(2-Furyl)-8-nonenoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 7-carboxyheptyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (9.71 g, 20 mmol) and 2-furaldehyde (1.92 g, 20 mmol) in THF (100 mL) by a Wittig reaction. Kugelrohr distillation yielded the product (2.69 g, 61%) as a pale yellow oil (bp 136-139° C./0.05 torr). IR: 3500-2500, 1730, 710 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 1.40 (m, 8 H), 2.35 (m, 4 H), 5.55 (m, 1 H), 6.30 (m, 3 H), 7.35 (s, 1 H), 11.40 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 13  H 18  O 3  : C, 70.25, H, 8.16%; Found: C, 69.98, H, 8.26%. Z:E=79:21. 
     Example 32 
     9-(2-Furyl)nonanoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 9-(2-furyl)-8-nonenoic acid (0.89 g, 4 mmol) by a hydrogenation reaction using Pd/BaSO 4  (90 mg). Crystallization (petroleum ether) afforded the product (0.84 g, 93%) as white crystals (mp 31-32° C.); IR: 3450-2500, 1720 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 1.30 (m, 8 H), 1.63 (m, 4 H), 2.35 (t, 2 H), 2.60 (t, 2 H), 5.95 (s, 1 H), 6.27 (s, 1 H), 7.28 (s, 1 H), 9.85 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 13  H 20  O 3  : C, 69.61, H, 8.99%; Found: C, 69.42, H, 9.04%. 
     Example 33 
     9-(2-(5-Methyl)furyl)-8-nonenoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 5-methylfurtural (2.20 g, 20 mmol) and 7-carboxyheptyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (9.71 g, 20 mmol) in THF (100 mL) by a Wittig reaction. Kugelrohr distillation afforded the product (2.35 g, 50%) as a yellow oil (bp 140-143° C./0.05 torr). IR: 3400-2500, 1720 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 1.36 (m, 4 H), 1.45 (m, 2 H), 1.65 (m, 2 H), 2.28 (s, 3 H), 2.37 (t, 2 H), 2.41 (m, 2 H), 5.45 (m, 1 H), 5.95 (d, 1 H), 6.12 (s, 1 H), 10.00 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 14  H 20  O 3  : C, 71.16, H, 8.53%; Found: C, 70.85, H, 8.63%. Z:E=9:91. 
     Example 34 
     9-(2-(5-Methyl)furyl)nonanoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 9-(2-(5-methyl)furyl)-8-nonenoic acid (0.94 g, 4 mmol) by a hydrogenation reaction using Pd/BaSO 4  (94 mg). Crystallization (petroleum ether) afforded the product (0.87 g, 92%) as white crystals (mp 49-50° C.); IR: 3400-2500, 1710 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 1.30 (m, 8 H), 1.60 (m, 4 H), 2.23 (s, 3 H), 2.32 (t, 2 H), 2.55 (t, 2 H), 5.81 (s, 2 H), 8.95 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 14  H 22  O 3  : C, 70.56, H, 9.30%; Found: C, 70.39, H, 9.33%. 
     Example 35 
     11-(2-furyl)-10-undecenoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 2-furaldehyde (1.92 g, 20 mmol) and 9-carboxynonyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (10.27 g, 20 mmol) in THF (100 mL) by a Wittig reaction. Crystallization (petroleum ether) afforded the product (2.95 g, 59%) as white crystals (mp 45-46° C.); IR: 3450-2500 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 1.33 (m, 8 H), 1.46 (m, 2 H), 1.65 (m, 2 H), 2.34 (t, 2 H), 2.45 (m, 2 H), 5.55 (m, 1 H), 6.18 (d, 1 H), 6.25 (d, 1 H), 6.38 (d, 1 H), 7.38 (s, 1 H), 9.80 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 15  H 22  O 3  :C, 71.97, H, 8.86%; Found: C, 71.93, H, 8.87%. Z:E=43:57. 
     Example 36 
     11-(2-Furyl)undecanoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 11-(2-furyl)-10-undecenoic acid (1.25 g, 5 mmol) by a hydrogenation reaction using Pd/BaSO 4  (125 mg). Crystallization (petroleum ether) afforded the product (1.13 g, 90%) as white crystals (mp 40-41° C.); IR: 3450-2500, 1720 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 1.30 (m, 12 H), 1.65 (m, 4 H), 2.34 (t, 2 H), 2.60 (t, 2 H), 5.95 (d, 1 H), 6.28 (d, 1 H), 7.30 (s, 1 H), 10.10 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 15  H 24  O 3  : C, 71.39, H, 9.58%; Found: C, 71.21, H, 9.63%. 
     Example 37 
     12-(2-Furyl)-11-dodecenoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 10-carboxydecyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (10.50 g, 20 mmol) and furfural (1.92 g, 20 mmol) in THF (100 mL) by a Wittig reaction. Crystallization afforded the product (2.38 g, 45%) as pale yellow crystals (mp 38-39° C.); IR: 3450-2500, 1715, 695 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 1.35 (m, 14 H), 2.35 (t, 4 H), 5.60 (m, 1 H), 6.30 (m, 3 H), 7.35 (s, 1 H), 9.40 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 16  H 24  O 3  : C, 72.69, H, 9.15; Found: C, 72.44, H, 9.06%. Z:E=43:57. 
     Example 38 
     9-(2-Thienyl)-8-nonenoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 7-carboxyheptyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (9.71 g, 20 mmol) and 2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde (2.24 g, 20 mmol) in THF (100 mL) by a Wittig reaction. Crystallization afforded the product (2.79 g, 59%) as white crystals (mp 45-46° C.). IR: 3400-2500, 1720, 710 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 1.45 (m, 8 H), 2.35 (m, 4 H), 5.55 (m, 1 H), 6.50 (d, 1 H), 7.00 (m, 3 H), 11.00 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 13  Hl 8  SO 2  : C, 65.51, H, 7.61%; Found: C, 65.58, H, 7.63%. Z:E=75:25. 
     Example 39 
     9-(2-Thienyl)-nonanoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 9-(2-thienyl)-8-nonenoic acid (1.19 g, 5 mmol) by a hydrogenation reaction using Pd/C (120 mg). Crystallization afforded the product (1.05 g, 88%) as white crystals (mp 32-33° C.); IR: 3400-2500, 1715, 705 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 1.35 (m, 12 H), 2.35 (t, 2 H), 2.85 (t, 2 H), 6.95 (m, 3 H), 10.35 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 13  H 20  SO 2  : C, 64.96, H, 8.39%; Found: C, 64.81, H, 8.43%. 
     Example 40 
     9-(2-(5-Methyl)thienyl)-8-nonenoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 7-carboxyheptylphenylphosphonium bromide (7.28 g, 15 mmol) and 2-(5-methyl)thiophenecarboxaldehyde (1.92 g, 15 mmol) in THF (100 mL) by a Wittig reaction. Kugelrohr distillation (bp 155-159° C./0.05 torr) and crystallization (petroleum ether) afforded the product (2.43 g, 48%) as pale yellow crystals (mp 38-39° C.). IR: 3400-2500, 1715 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 1.40 (m, 6 H), 1.65 (m, 2 H), 2.37 (m, 4 H), 2.45 (s, 3 H), 5.45+5.90 (m, 1 H), 6.41 (t, 1 H), 6.65 (m, 1 H), 6.75 (d, 1 H), 10.05 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 14  H 20  O 2  S: C, 66.63, H, 7.99%; Found: C, 66.54, H, 8.02%. Z:E=72:28. 
     Example 41 
     9-(2-(5-Methyl)thienyl)nonanoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 9-(2-(5-methyl)thienyl)-8-nonenoic acid (1.01 g, 4 mmol) by a hydrogenation reaction using Pd/C (200 mg). Crystallization (petroleum ether) afforded the product (0.91 g, 89%) as white crystals (mp 39-40° C.). IR: 3400-2500, 1720 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 1.32 (m, 8 H), 1.63 (m, 4 H), 2.32 (t, 2 H), 2.45 (s, 3 H), 2.71 (t, 2 H), 6.54 (s, 2 H), 9.50 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 14  H 22  O 2  S: C, 66.10, H, 8.72%; Found: C, 65.97, H, 8.72%. 
     Example 42 
     11-(2-Thienyl)-10-undecenoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde (2.24 g, 20 mmol) and 9-carboxynonyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (10.27 g, 20 mmol) in THF (100 mL) by a Wittig reaction. Crystallization (hexanes-ethyl acetate) afforded the product (2.45 g, 46%) as white crystals (mp 61-62° C.); IR: 3450-2500, 1715 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 1.31 (m, 8 H), 1.45 (m, 2 H), 1.65 (m, 2 H), 2.34 (t, 2 H), 2.38 (t, 2 H), 5.55 (m, 1 H), 6.50 (d, 1 H), 6.95 (m, 2 H), 7.23 (d, 2 H), 10.05 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 15  H 22  O 2  S: C, 67.63, H, 8.32%; Found: C, 67.60, H, 8.34%. Z:E=19:81. 
     Example 43 
     11-(2-Thienyl)undecanoic acid. This compound was synthesized from 11-(2-thienyl)-10-undecenoic acid (800 mg, 3 mmol) by a hydrogenation reaction using Pd/C (80 mg). Crystallization (petroleum ether) afforded the product (0.73 g, 91%) as white crystals (mp 41-42° C.): IR: 3450-2500, 1715 cm -1  ;  1  H-NMR: 1.30 (m, 12 H), 1.63 (m, 4 H), 2.32 (t, 2 H), 2.80 (t, 2 H), 6.78 (d, 1 H), 6.90 (t, 1 H), 7.10 (d, 1 H), 9.80 (bs, 1 H). Anal. Calcd. for C 15  H 24  O 2  S: C, 67.12, H, 9.01%; Found: C, 67.55, H, 8.89%. 
     Example 44 
     The biological activity of a panel of fatty acid analogs that had been tested previously as substrates for purified E. coli-derived S. cerevisiae myristoylCoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase (Nmt) were tested for toxicity against trypanosomes as potential candidates for anti-trypanosomal drugs. For purposes of comparison, several oxatetradecanoic acids described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,151,445 as inhibitors of the growth and viability of bloodstream trypanosome parasites were included in the test panel. For convenience, this panel of fatty acid analogs was subdivided based on chemical differences in their secondary functional group. These functional groups vary with respect to their polarity, steric bulk, conformations, and to a limited degree, overall chain length. The 247 compounds thus tested are organized in Table 2, below, into 20 families. Several of these functional groups should have complex effects on both conformation and stereoelectronic properties (e.g. analogs with ester) whereas others will predominantly affect only one of these properties (e.g. conformation but not polarity in the case of olefins; polarity but not conformation in the case of oxatetradecanoic acids). In many of these families, the effects of the functional group have been assessed at every possible position from C3 through C13 in tetradecanoic acid (e.g. see the thia-and oxotetradecanoic acids listed in Table 2). 
     To perform the large scale testing, a reproducible and rapid assay was employed. The method exploits the fact that growing trypanosomes secrete large amounts of pyruvic acid, an end product of glucose catabolism (Operdoes, 1987). The pyruvic acid causes a change in color of the phenol red indicator present in the culture medium, providing a quantitative measure of cell growth. A similar assay has been published previously (Zinsstag et al., 1991). The detailed assay procedures used herein are as follows: 
     Trypanosomes were grown in the presence of analogs or positive and negative controls (11-oxatetradecanoic acid and the ethanol solvent, respectively). To avoid bias in data interpretation analog solutions were identified only by a code number. To evaluate reliability and reproducibility of the assay, several analogs were coded twice. All coded analogs were tested in quadruplicate on at least two separate occasions. After a standard growth period, the absorbance of the culture was determined at 550 nm and 405 nm and an efficacy value calculated from the ratio of these absorbances. Results from a representative test are shown in FIG. 1. This set of coded compounds included samples of ethanol and 11-oxatetradecanoic acid as both coded and uncoded samples (compounds E and 24 and O11 and 27 respectively). The excellent agreement between these samples and the controls attests to the reproducibility of this assay. Quadruplicate samples were generally each within 5% of the mean, and the ratio of the absorbance at 550 nm and 405 nm obtained for 11-oxatetradecanoic acid averaged 1.12 with a standard error of 0.04 for over 100 determinations during a 6 month period. 
     The analogs were grouped in terms of efficacy, defining 10 μM 11-oxatetradecanoic acid as the center of group 3 and the ethanol controls as the center of group 1 (FIG. 1). The range of values were calculated defining each group independently for each test based on the 11-oxatetradecanoic acid and ethanol values in that trial. This controlled for any differences in medium or cell growth. All compounds classified as group 3 were tested at least twice. After screening and categorizing all analogs in this manner, the code was broken and the structures of the compounds were matched with their efficacy. Note that 11-oxa-, 13-oxa-, and 6-oxatetradecanoic acids fall in groups 3, 2, and 1, respectively. These values correlate well with their effects on trypanosome growth assessed by cell counts using a hemocytometer (Doering et al., 1991). 
     FIG. 2 shows the structures of the 20 most active compounds which collectively define group 3. They are presented in decreasing order of potency in Table 1, above, and as structural groups in FIG. 2. Nine of the compounds are either thiatetradecanoic or oxatetradecanoic acids. The ether functional group is also present in conjunction with an aromatic residue in three other compounds. An additional four analogs contain oxygen, either in the form of a ketocarbonyl or an ester group. The remaining structures include 13-nitrotridecanoic acid and three unsaturated, fourteen carbon carboxylic acids. 9-Tetradecynoic acid was the most potent anti-trypanosomal agent identified among the 247 compounds screened. 
     Cells used for growth assays 
     For toxicity assays, cloned T. brucei (strain 427) of variant antigen type 221 (obtained from G. A. M. Cross, Rockefeller University) were harvested from CD-1 mice at a parasitemia of 2-5×10 8  trypanosomes/mL. After centrifugation of the infected blood (430×g; 8 min; 4° C.), the upper portion of the buffy coat was retained, with care taken to avoid contamination with erythrocytes. This material, consisting predominantly of trypanosomes, was then resuspended in BBS containing 1 mg/mL fatty acid free bovine serum albumin. The suspension was centrifuged (3,000×g; 8 min; 4° C.), and the cell pellet resuspended in culture medium to a final density of 1.5×10 7  cells/mL. (The composition of this culture medium was as described above except that 40 μM monothioglycerol was added; Duszenko et al., 1985; Doering et al., 1990; Hamm et al., 1990.) The doubling time of trypanosomes under these culture conditions is approximately 6 h at 37° C. 
     Growth assay 
     This rapid assay, which can accommodate multiple samples, depends on measurement of the color change produced in the medium&#39;s phenol red indicator dye due to acidification by growing trypanosomes. Stocks of analogs (10 mM in absolute ethanol, identified only by a code number) were diluted in culture medium to twice the concentration to be tested. Aliquots of 100 μL were dispensed into 96-well microtiter plates and warmed to 37° C. in a 5% CO 2  incubator before the addition of an equal volume of cell suspension (1.5×10 7  /mL, see above). All assays were performed in quadruplicate in each plate. Control wells included appropriately diluted ethanol (which had no effect on cell growth) and 10 μM 11-oxatetradecanoic acid. The plate was incubated for 36 h at 37° C. and then stored at 4° C. for 12 h to allow equilibration of CO 2  in the medium with that in air. The absorbance of each sample, at 550 nm and 405 nm (values chosen based on the absorption spectra of fresh and acidified media), was then read in a UV max  kinetic microplate reader (Molecular Devices). To control for any variation in sample volume, the ratio of absorbance at 550 nm to absorbance at 405 nm for each well was calculated. This ratio was then averaged for each quadruplicate set and normalized to the average obtained in the set of control wells containing 10 μM 11-oxatetradecanoic acid, yielding an &#34;efficacy value&#34;. 
     
                                           TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________Screening fatty acid analogs for toxicity against T. brucei type 221Structure               Reference    Efficacy                                     Group.sup.1__________________________________________________________________________Saturated Fatty Acids.sup.2  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH   1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH   1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --COOH   1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.11 --COOH   1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.12 --COOH   1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.13 --COOH   1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.14 --COOH   1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.16 --COOH   1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.18 --COOH   1  Oxatetradecanoic acids  CH.sub.3 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.11 --C00H Kishore et al., 1991  2  CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --COOH Kishore et al., 1991                                     1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 O--(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --COOH Kishore et al.,                                     1991  3*.sup.3  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH Kishore et                                     al., 1991  3*  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH Kishore et                                     al., 1991  3b  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --COOH Kishore et                                     al., 1991  3**.sup.4  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH Kishore et                                     al., 1991  1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH Kishore et                                     al., 1991  3*  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --COOH Kishore et                                     al., 1991  2  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --O--CH.sub.2 --COOH Kishore et al., 1991                                     1  Thiatetradecanoic acids  CH.sub.3 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.11 --COOH Kishore et al., 1991  3*                                      CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --S--(CH.su                                     b.2).sub.10 --COOH Kishore et                                     al., 1991  2  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH Kishore et                                     al., 1991  2  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --COOH Kishore et                                     al., 1991  3b*  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH Kishore et                                     al., 1991  2  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --COOH Kishore et                                     al., 1991  3**  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH Kishore et                                     al., 1991  2a  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH Kishore et                                     al., 1991  3**  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --COOH Kishore et                                     al., 1991  1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --S--CH.sub.2 --COOH Kishore et al., 1991                                     1Myristic acid analogs containing sulfur and/or oxygen substituentsCH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH                   Kishore et al., 1991                                     1  CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --COOH                                     Kishore et al., 1991  2                                      CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --O--(CH.su                                     b.2).sub.2 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.7                                      --COOH Kishore et al., 1991  1  CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH                                     Kishore et al., 1991  1                                      CH.sub.3 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.2                                     --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --O--(CH.s                                     ub.2).sub.5 --COOH Kishore et                                     al., 1991  1  Oxotetradecanoic acids  CH.sub.3 --CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.11 --COOH Devadas et al., 1992  2                                      CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --CO--(CH.s                                     ub.2).sub.10 --COOH Devadas et                                     al., 1992  1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --COOH Devadas et                                     al., 1992  2a*  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH Devadas et                                     al., 1992  2b  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --COOH Devadas et                                     al., 1992  2a*  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH Devadas et                                     al., 1992  1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --COOH Devadas et                                     al., 1992  3**  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH Devadas et                                     al., 1992  1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH Devadas et                                     al., 1992  3b*  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --COOH Devadas et                                     al., 1992  2  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --CO--CH.sub.2 --COOH Devadas et al., 1992                                      1  Myristic acid analogs containing ester groups  CH.sub.3 --O--CO(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --COOH Devadas et al., 1992  2                                      CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --O--CO--(C                                     H.sub.2).sub.9 --COOH Devadas                                     et al., 1992  1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --O--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH Devadas et                                     al., 1992  2  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --O--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --COOH Devadas et                                     al., 1992  2a  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --O--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH Devadas et                                     al., 1992  1a  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --O--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --COOH Devadas et                                     al., 1992  2b  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --O--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH Devadas et                                     al., 1992  2  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --O--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH Devadas et                                     al., 1992  3  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --O--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --COOH Devadas et                                     al., 1992  3b*  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --O--CO--CH.sub.2 --COOH Devadas et al.,                                     1992  1  CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --O--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --COOH Devadas et al.,                                     1992  1  Myristic acid analogs containing amide groups  CH.sub.3 --NH--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --COOH Devadas et al., 1992  1                                      CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2                                     --NH--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.8                                     --COOH Devadas et al., 1992  1                                      CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3                                     --NH--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.7                                     --COOH Devadas et al., 1992  1                                      CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4                                     --NH--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.6                                     --COOH Devadas et al., 1992  1                                      CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5                                     --NH--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.5                                     --COOH Devadas et al., 1992  1                                      CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6                                     --NH--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.4                                     --COOH Devadas et al., 1992  1                                      CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.7                                     --NH--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.3                                     --COOH Devadas et al., 1992  1                                      CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8                                     --NH--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.2                                     --COOH Devadas et al., 1992  1                                      CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.9                                     --NH--CO--CH.sub.2 --COOH                                     Devadas et al., 1992  1                                      Myristic acid analogs containin                                     g acylamino amide groups                                      CH.sub.3 --CO--NH--(CH.sub.2).s                                     ub.10 --COOH Devadas et al.,                                     1992  1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --CO--NH--(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --COOH Devadas                                     et al., 1992  1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --CO--NH--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH Devadas                                     et al., 1992  1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --CO--NH--(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --COOH Devadas                                     et al., 1992  1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --CO--NH--(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH Devadas                                     et al., 1992  1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --CO--NH--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH Devadas                                     et al., 1992  1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --CO--NH--(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --COOH Devadas                                     et al., 1992  1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --CO--NH--CH.sub.2 --COOH Devadas et al.,                                     1992  1a  Nitroalkylcarboxylic acids  O.sub.2 N--(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --COOH Lu et al., 1994.sup.5  1  O.sub.2 N--(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --COOH Lu et al., 1994  2a  O.sub.2 N--(CH.sub.2).sub.12 --COOH Lu et al., 1994  3  Halogenated analogs  Br--(CH.sub.2).sub.12 --COOH Lu et al., 1994  2  Br--(CH.sub.2).sub.13 --COOH Lu et al., 1994  2  F.sub.3 C--(CH.sub.2).sub.12 --COOH Lu et al., 1994  1  F.sub.3 C--CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --COOH Lu et al., 1994  1                                      Tetradecenoic acids  CH.sub.2 ═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.11 --COOH Kishore et al., 1991  1                                      CH.sub.3 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2                                     ).sub.10 --COOH Kishore et al.,                                     1991 Z12.sup.6 1  CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --COOH Kishore et                                     al., 1991 Z11 2b  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH                                     Kishore et al., 1991 Z10 1                                      CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4                                     --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.6                                     --COOH Kishore et al., 1991 Z8                                     1a  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --COOH                                     Kishore et al., 1991 Z7 2b                                      CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5                                     --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.5                                     --COOH Kishore et al., 1991                                     E7.sup.7 1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH                                     Kishore et al., 1991 E6 2b                                      CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6                                     --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.4                                     --COOH Kishore et al., 1991 Z6                                     1  Isomer mixture: 15% E6, 85% Z6 Kishore et al., 1991 E:Z6 1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH                                     Kishore et al., 1991 E5 1                                      CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.7                                     --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.3                                     --COOH Kishore et al., 1991 Z5                                     1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --COOH                                     Kishore et al., 1991 Z4 1                                      CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8                                     --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.2                                     --COOH Kishore et al., 1991 E4                                     1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --CH═CH--CH.sub.2 --COOH Kishore et                                     al., 1991 Z3 1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --CH═CH--COOH Kishore et al., 1991 E2                                     1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --CH═CH--COOH Kishore et al., 1991 Z2                                     1  CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH Rudnick et                                     al., 1992 C8:Z5 1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH                                     Rudnick et al., 1992 C10:Z5 1                                      CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5                                     --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.3                                     --COOH Rudnick et al., 1992                                     C12:Z5 1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --COOH                                     Rudnick et al., 1992 C16:Z4 1                                      CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.9                                     --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.3                                     --COOH Rudnick et al., 1992                                     C16:Z5 1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH                                     Rudnick et al., 1992 C16:Z6 1                                      CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.10                                     --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.3                                     --COOH Rudnick et al., 1992                                     C17:Z5 1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.11 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH                                     Rudnick et al., 1992 C18:Z5 1                                      Tetradecadienoic acids                                      CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2                                     --CH═CH--CH═CH--(CH.sub.                                     2).sub.6 --COOH See Examples  1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --CH═CH--CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.4                                     --COOH See Examples  2b                                      CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5                                     --CH═CH--CH═CH--(CH.sub.                                     2).sub.3 --COOH See Examples  3  Tetradecynoic acids  HC.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.11 --COOH Kishore et al., 1991  2b  CH.sub.3 --C.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --COOH Kishore et al., 1991  1                                      CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 --C.tbd.C--(C                                     H.sub.2).sub.9 --COOH Kishore                                     et al., 1991  1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --C.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH Kishore                                     et al., 1991  2  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --C.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --COOH Kishore                                     et al., 1991  3a  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --C.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH Kishore                                     et al., 1991  3  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --C.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --COOH Kishore                                     et al., 1991  2  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --C.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH Kishore                                     et al., 1991  2  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --C.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH Kishore                                     et al., 1991  2  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --C.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --COOH Kishore                                     et al., 1991  1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --C.tbd.C--CH.sub.2 --COOH Kishore et al.,                                     1991  1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --C.tbd.C--COOH Kishore et al., 1991  1                                      CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.7                                     --C.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.2                                     --COOH Rudnick et al., 1992                                     C13:Y4.sup.8 1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --C.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH Rudnick                                     et al., 1992 C13:Y5 1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --C.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH Rudnick                                     et al., 1992 C13:Y6 2b  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --C.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --COOH Rudnick                                     et al., 1992 C15:Y4 1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --C.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH Rudnick                                     et al., 1992 C15:Y5 1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --C.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH Rudnick                                     et al., 1992 C15:Y6 1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --C.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --COOH Rudnick                                     et al., 1992 C16:Y4 1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --C.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH Rudnick                                     et al., 1992 C16:Y5 1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --C.tbd.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH Rudnick                                     et al., 1992 C16:Y6 1  Aromatic analogs   11 Carbon Equivalent Length.sup.9  C.sub.6 H.sub.5 --(CH.sub.2l ).sub.7 --COOH Kishore et al., 1991  2b                                      C.sub.6 H.sub.6 --(CH.sub.2).su                                     b.2 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.                                     3 --COOH Kishore et al., 1991                                     1  12 Carbon Equivalent Length  C.sub.5 H.sub.5 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH Kishore et al. 1991  1                                      C.sub.6 H.sub.5 --CH═CH--(C                                     H.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH Kishore                                     et al., 1991  1a  C.sub.6 H.sub.5 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH                                     Kishore et al., 1991  1                                      C.sub.6 H.sub.5 --O--(CH.sub.2)                                     .sub.7 --COOH See Examples  1                                      13 Carbon Equivalent Length                                      C.sub.6 H.sub.5 --(CH.sub.2).su                                     b.9 --COOH Kishore et al., 1991                                      2b  CH.sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH Kishore et al.,                                     1991  1  CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --COOH Kishore                                     et al., 1991  2b  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH                                     Kishore et al., 1991  1                                      CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3                                     --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).s                                     ub.5 --COOH Kishore et al.,                                     1991  1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 -COOH                                     Gokel et al., 1992  1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH                                     Gokel et al., 1992  1a  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --COOH                                     Gokel et al., 1992  1  C.sub.6 H.sub.5 --CH.sub.2 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH Kishore                                     et al., 1991  1  CH.sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH Kishore                                     et al., 1991  1  CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.5                                     --COOH Kishore et al., 1991  1                                      CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2                                     --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(                                     CH.sub.2).sub.5 --COOH Kishore                                     et al., 1991  1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).su                                     b.3 --COOH Kishore et al., 1991                                      1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).su                                     b.2 --COOH Gokel et al., 1992                                     1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--CH.sub.2                                     --COOH Gokel et al., 1992  1                                      CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6                                     --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--C                                     OOH Gokel et al., 1992  1                                      CH.sub.3 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4                                     --(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --COOH See                                     Examples  1  CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH See                                     Examples  1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5                                     --COOH See Examples  1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4)--CO                                     OH Gokel et al. 1992  3                                      CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4                                     --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2                                     ).sub.3 --COOH Gokel et al.,                                     1992  1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2                                     --COOH Gokel et al., 1992  1                                      CH.sub.3 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4                                     --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.5                                     --COOH See Examples  1  CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.4                                     --COOH See Examples  1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2)                                     .sub.3 --COOH See Examples  1                                      CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3                                     --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH                                     --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --COOH Gokel                                     et al., 1992  1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--CH.sub.2                                     --COOH Gokel et al., 1992  1                                      CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5                                     --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH                                     --COOH Gokel et al., 1992  1                                      C.sub.6 H.sub.5 --O--(CH.sub.2)                                     .sub.8 --COOH See Examples  1                                      C.sub.6 H.sub.5 --S--(CH.sub.2)                                     .sub.8 --COOH See Examples  1                                      C.sub.6 H.sub.5 --CH.sub.2                                     --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --COOH                                     See Examples  1  C.sub.6 H.sub.5 --CH.sub.2 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --COOH See Examples  1  14 Carbon Equivalent Length  C.sub.6 H.sub.5 --(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --COOH Heuckeroth et al., 1990  2b                                      CH.sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4                                     --(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --COOH                                     Kishore et al., 1991  1                                      CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --C.sub.6                                     H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8                                     --COOH Kishore et al., 1991  1a  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --COOH                                     See Examples  1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH                                     See Examples  1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --COOH                                     See Examples  1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH                                     Gokel et al., 1992  1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH                                     Gokel et al., 1992  1  C.sub.6 H.sub.5 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH                                     Heuckeroth et al.. 1990  1                                      CH.sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4                                     --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.7                                     --COOH Kishore et al., 1991  1                                      CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --C.sub.6                                     H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).                                     sub.6 --COOH Kishore et al.,                                     1991  1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).su                                     b.5 --COOH See Examples  1                                      CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3                                     --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(                                     CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH See                                     Examples  1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).su                                     b.3 --COOH See Examples  1                                      CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5                                     --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(                                     CH.sub.2).sub.2 --COOH Gokel et                                     al., 1992  1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--CH.sub.2                                     --COOH Gokel et al., 1992  1                                      CH.sub.3 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4                                     --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH                                     Kishore et al., 1991  1a                                      CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --O--C.sub.                                     6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.7                                     --COOH Kishore et al. 1991  1a                                      CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2                                     --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2                                     ).sub.6 --COOH See Examples  1                                      CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3                                     --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2                                     ).sub.5 --COOH See Examples  1                                      CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4                                     --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2                                     ).sub.4 --COOH Gokel et al.,                                     1992  3  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3                                     --COOH Gokel et al., 1992  1                                      CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6                                     --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2                                     ).sub.2 --COOH Gokel et al.,                                     1992  1  CH.sub.3 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH                                     Kishore et al., 1991  1                                      CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --O--C.sub.                                     6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2                                     ).sub.5 --COOH Kishore et al.,                                     1991  1a  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2)                                     .sub.4 --COOH See Examples  1                                      CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3                                     --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH                                     --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH See                                     Examples  2a  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2)                                     .sub.2 --COOH Gokel et al.,                                     1992  2  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--CH.sub.2                                     --COOH Gokel et al., 1992  1                                      CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6                                     --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH                                     --COOH Gokel et al., 1992  1                                      C.sub.6 H.sub.5 --O--(CH.sub.2)                                     .sub.9 --COOH Kishore et al.,                                     1991  1  C.sub.6 H.sub.5 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --COOH Kishore et al., 1991  1                                      CH.sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4                                     --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH                                     Kishore et al., 1991  1                                      CH.sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4                                     --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH                                     Kishore et al., 1991  1                                      CH.sub.3 --S--C.sub.6 H.sub.4                                     --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH                                     Kishore et al., 1991  1                                      CH.sub.3 --S--C.sub.6 H.sub.4                                     --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.6                                     --COOH Kishore et al., 1991  1                                      CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --C.sub.6                                     H.sub.4 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.7                                     --COOH See Examples  1  15 Carbon Equivalent Length  C.sub.6 H.sub.5 --(CH.sub.2).sub.11 --COOH Rapoport and Newman, 1947  1  C.sub.6 H.sub.5 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --COOH See Examples  1                                      C.sub.6 H.sub.5 --O--(CH.sub.2)                                     .sub.10 --COOH See Examples  1                                      Azido-aromatic analogs                                      p-N.sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4                                     --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH Lu et                                     al., 1994.sup.5  1  p-N.sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --COOH Lu et al., 1994                                     1b  p-N.sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH Lu et al., 1994                                     1  m-N.sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH Lu et al., 1994                                     1  m-N.sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --COOH Lu et al., 1994                                     1b  p-N.sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --COOH Lu et al.,                                     1994  1b  m-N.sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --COOH Lu et al.,                                     1994  1  p-N.sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH Lu et al.,                                     1994  1b  m-N.sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH Lu et al.,                                     1994  1  p-N.sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --COOH Lu et al.,                                     1994  1  m-N.sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --COOH Lu et al.,                                     1994  1  Nitro-aromatic analogs  O.sub.2 N--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH Lu et                                     al., 1994  1  O.sub.2 N--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --COOH Lu et                                     al., 1994  1a  O.sub.2 N--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH Lu et                                     al., 1994  1  H.sub.2 N--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH Lu et al., 1994  1  H.sub.2 N--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --COOH Lu et al., 1994  1  Halo-aromatic analogs  o-F--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH Lu et al., 1994  1                                      m-F--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.                                     2).sub.8 --COOH Lu et al., 1994                                      1  p-F--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH Lu et al., 1994  1a                                      p-Cl--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub                                     .2).sub.8 --COOH Li et al.,                                     1994  1  p-Br--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH Lu et al., 1994  1a                                      p-CF.sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4                                     --(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH Lu et                                     al., 1994  1  o-F--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═C--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH Lu et al.,                                     1994  1  m-F--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH Lu et al.,                                     1994  1  p-F--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH Lu et ai.,                                     1994  1a  p-Cl--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH Lu et al.,                                     1994  1  p-Br--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH Lu et al.,                                     1994  1  p-CF.sub.3 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH Lu et                                     al., 1994  1  Hetero-aromatic analogs  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.7 -furyl-(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --COOH Rudnick et                                     al., 1992  1  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.6 -furyl-(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOH Rudnick et                                     al., 1992  2  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 -furyl-(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --COOH Rudnick et                                     al., 1992  3  CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 furyl-(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --COOH Rudnick et                                     al., 1992  2b  2-Furyl-(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH See Examples  1  [2-(5-CH.sub.3 -furyl)]-(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH See Examples  1                                      2-Furyl-(CH.sub.2).sub.10                                     --COOH See Examples  2b                                      2-Furyl-CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).s                                     ub.6 --COOH See Examples  1                                      [2-(5-CH.sub.3 -furyl)-CH═C                                     H--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH See                                     Examples  1  2-Furyl-CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH See Examples  1  2-Furyl-CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --COOH See Examples  1  2-Thienyl-(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH See Examples  1a  2-Thienyl-(CH.sub.2).sub.9 --COOH Kishore et al., 1991  1  [2-(5-CH.sub.3 -thienyl)]-(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH See Examples  1                                      2-Thienyl-(CH.sub.2).sub.10                                     --COOH See Examples  2b                                      2-Thienyl-CH═CH--(CH.sub.2)                                     .sub.6 --COOH See Examples  1                                      [2-(5-CH.sub.3 -thienyl)]-CH.db                                     d.CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.6 --COOH                                     See Examples  1  2-Thienyl-CH═CH--(CH.sub.2).sub.8 --COOH See Examples  1__________________________________________________________________________ .sup.1 Efficacy groups were assigned as described in Methods and the text Subgroup &#34;a&#34; indicates compounds near the upper boundary of an efficacy group; subgroup &#34;b&#34; indicates compounds at the lower boundary. The 20 mos toxic compounds (Group 3) are highlighted in bold type. .sup.2 Purchased from Nu Chek Prep. Inc. (Elysian, MN) .sup.3 *Indicates compounds that were categorized as group 2 when tested at 2 μM. .sup.4 **Indicates compounds that remained in group 3 when tested at 2 μM. .sup.5 T. Lu, Q. Li, A. Katoh, J. Hernandez, K. Duffin, E. JacksonMachelski, L. J. Knoll, G. W. Gokel, and J. I. Gordon, J. Biol. Chem., 269, 5346-5357 (1994). .sup.6 Z. designates cis double bond geometry .sup.7 E. designates trans double bond geometry .sup.8 Y. indicates triple bond .sup.9 Examination of CPK space filling atomic models indicates that the width of an aromatic ring is equivalent to three methylenes. 
    
     The antiparasitic agents described herein can be used for administration to mammalian hosts infected with trypanosomes and the like by conventional means, preferably in formulations with pharmaceutically acceptable diluents and carriers. The amount of the active agent to be administered must be an effective amount, that is, an amount which is medically beneficial but does not present toxic effects which overweigh the advantages which accompany its use. It would be expected that the adult human dosage would normally range upward from about one milligram of the active compound. A suitable route of administration is orally in the form of capsules, tablets, syrups, elixirs and the like, although parenteral administration also can be used. Appropriate formulations of the active compound in pharmaceutically acceptable diluents and carriers in therapeutic dosage form can be prepared by reference to general texts in the field such as, for example, Remington&#39;s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ed. Arthur Osol, 16th ed., 1980, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. 
     Various other examples will be apparent to the person skilled in the art after reading the present disclosure without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. All such other examples are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. 
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