Abstract:
A system for preventing objects from entering the intake of a jet engine including a deflector mounted to the turbine shaft and including a de-icing device to minimize collection of ice on the deflector. The deflector includes a sensor in one embodiment for measuring object strikes so that comprehensive impact data may be obtained to generate an impact report so that measures can be taken to minimize object impacts.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The invention relates to the field of jet aircraft engines, and more specifically, to a system and method for preventing objects (e.g. hailstones, birds, etc.) from entering the air intake of a jet engine. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Commercial and military aircraft have used jet engines as propulsion means for many decades. Jet engines are typically mounted on the either the wings and/or the fuselage of the aircraft. 
         [0003]    A jet engine typically includes a metal housing (usually cylindrical in shape) having an opening at a front end in which air enters the engine and a narrowed rear portion relative to the front opening, from which the air exits the engine. A turbine is typically provided inside of the housing that rotates on a shaft so as to pull air into the air intake. The pulling of air into the intake and expulsion of the air from the rear portion of the jet engine creates thrust for propelling the airplane forward. 
         [0004]    Maintaining thrust is critical for a pilot to maintain control of the jet aircraft. If thrust is lost due to, for example, engine failure, the pilot will have great difficulty in maintaining the aircraft aloft indefinitely. While many jet aircraft comprise multiple jet engines, even the failure of a single engine can pose a very serious safety hazard to the aircraft, individuals on the aircraft and to individuals and property on the ground if the aircraft is forced to make an emergency landing due to the failure of the jet engine. 
         [0005]    As jet engine failure may have such dire consequences, companies and organizations that run them typically go to great lengths to maintain the engines in top operating condition. However, there are a number of problems that cannot be avoided by simple maintenance. For example, as jet engines have an air intake at a front end of the housing, objects (e.g., large hailstones, birds, etc.) may inadvertently be drawn into the air intake. If the objects are of sufficient size, it is possible that the object could damage the turbine, reducing the efficiency of the engine or even cause catastrophic failure of the engine altogether. 
         [0006]    Measures have been taken to limit these problems. For example, direction is given to pilots relating to severe weather so as to allow aircraft to avoid flying through areas where large hailstones could be falling or preventing aircraft from landing or taking off in areas of severe weather. Likewise, measures have been taken to limit the number of birds that may be in and around airports. However, while these measures have no doubt reduced the number of strikes against jet engines, they can do nothing to protect a jet engine from a strike in the event the plane finds itself in a severe storm or in the vicinity of a flock of birds. 
         [0007]    Systems have attempted to deal with the problem with limited success. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,871,455 entitled “Jet Engine Protection System” discloses that a screen may be positioned over the opening of the jet engine intake or alternatively, an inflatable bag may be inflated in front of the air intake to deflect incoming objects. However, some problems this system faces is that, the screen may become cluttered with objects (e.g., multiple bird strikes) thereby limiting air intake or if an object strikes the bag, the bag is no longer useful. Additionally, neither the bag nor the screen may be de-iced, which could cause the problem of large amounts of ice building up on the structure in front of the intake that could detach and potentially enter the intake. 
         [0008]    Accordingly, it would be advantageous to provide a system and method that prevents or minimizes the ability of objects (e.g., hailstones, birds, etc.) from entering the air intake of a jet engine. 
         [0009]    It would also be advantageous to provide a system and method that would provide for de-icing of the structure that would prevent or minimize the ability of objects from entering the air intake of a jet engine. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0010]    These and other objects are achieved in one advantageous embodiment of the invention by the provision of a deflector that may be placed ahead of the air intake of a jet engine. 
         [0011]    It is contemplated that the deflector may be provided as a cone-shaped structure with the narrowed end facing forward and the wider end positioned closer to the air intake of the jet engine. While the deflector is described and illustrated in a shape of a cone, it is contemplated that other shapes may be effectively utilized. For example, the deflector may be provided frusto-conical, or the narrowed end may be provided as a rounded front end portion. Likewise, the tapered body of the deflector may be provided as a curved body. Accordingly, many differing body configurations may be effectively used depending upon the specific jet engine, the amount of thrust the engine creates and the use to which the aircraft is to be put. 
         [0012]    It is contemplated that the deflector may be mounted on the turbine shaft, which may extend outward ahead of the air intake of the jet engine. In one advantageous embodiment, the deflector comprises a composite (e.g. carbon spun fibers and the like) so as to be sufficiently strong to withstand impacts of solid objects at relatively high speeds. 
         [0013]    The diameter of the narrowed front end of the deflector may be selected based on the design parameters of the jet engine to which it is to be attached. However, it is contemplated that the diameter of the wider rearward portion of the deflector will be selected to be equal to or greater than the inside diameter of the front end air intake of the jet engine housing. For example, jet engines typically are provided with a housing that includes a rounded front edge into which air is drawn. The wider rear portion of the deflector can be selected to be equal to or greater than a mid-point of the rounded front edge of the housing. In this manner, objects that may have entered the air intake of the jet engine will, instead, strike the outer surface of the deflector and be deflected away from the air intake, preventing the object from entering and/or damaging the turbine. Additionally, the deflector can be positioned ahead of the intake at a distance to be determined based upon the engine specifications and the aircraft. For example, the distance from the wider rear portion of the deflector can be positioned closer to the intake for aircraft that fly at a slower speed. Likewise, the configuration of the deflector, (e.g., the length, width and specific shape) can be selected based on the type of engine, the speed and construction of the aircraft, and the use to which the aircraft is put. For example, an engine with a lower thrust may utilize a deflector that is shorter in length than for an engine with greater thrust. Alternatively, for an aircraft that travels at a higher rate of speed, it may be advantageous to provide a deflector that is greater in length than for slower aircraft. 
         [0014]    In one advantageous embodiment it is contemplated that the deflector may be provided with a heater (e.g., electric and/or hot oil feed out to the deflector to prevent the build-up of ice on the deflector). For example, a reservoir (separate from the engine oil reservoir) may be provided to supply heated oil through the shaft out to the body. The shaft may be provided as a hollowed shaft including conduits for transmission of heated fluid to and from the deflector body. While the use of heated oil is discussed here, it is contemplated that virtually any type of heated fluid may effectively be used to de-ice the deflector body. Alternatively, electric heaters, such as are used to de-ice the wings of airplanes, may effectively be used. It is still further contemplated that the deflector cone may be constructed of a material that provides an extremely smooth surface, thereby substantially inhibiting the ability of ice to build up on the deflector. Still further, the deflector may be coated with a material to provide an extremely smooth surface to inhibit potential ice buildup. 
         [0015]    For this application the following terms and definitions shall apply: 
         [0016]    The terms “first” and “second” are used to distinguish one element, object or thing from another, and are not used to designate relative position or arrangement in time. 
         [0017]    The term “data” as used herein means any indicia, signals, marks, symbols, domains, symbol sets, representations, and any other physical form or forms representing information, whether permanent or temporary, whether visible, audible, acoustic, electric, magnetic, electromagnetic or otherwise manifested. The term “data” as used to represent predetermined information in one physical form shall be deemed to encompass any and all representations of the same predetermined information in a different physical form or forms. 
         [0018]    The term “network” as used herein includes both networks and internetworks of all kinds, including the Internet, and is not limited to any particular network or inter-network. 
         [0019]    The terms “coupled”, “coupled to”, “coupled with”, “connected”, “connected to”, and “connected with” as used herein each mean a relationship between or among two or more devices, apparatus, files, programs, media, components, networks, systems, subsystems, and/or means, constituting any one or more of (a) a connection, whether direct or through one or more other devices, apparatus, files, programs, media, components, networks, systems, subsystems, or means, (b) a communications relationship, whether direct or through one or more other devices, apparatus, files, programs, media, components, networks, systems, subsystems, or means, and/or (c) a functional relationship in which the operation of any one or more devices, apparatus, files, programs, media, components, networks, systems, subsystems, or means depends, in whole or in part, on the operation of any one or more others thereof. 
         [0020]    In one advantageous embodiment a system for deflecting objects from the intake of an airplane engine is provided comprising a deflector, mounted on a shaft coupled to an engine turbine shaft, where the deflector has a rear portion facing an intake of the engine and a front portion extending substantially opposite to the rear portion and the front portion is smaller in diameter than the rear portion. The system further comprises a de-icing device positioned in or on said deflector to inhibit the buildup of ice on said deflector. 
         [0021]    Other objects of the invention and its particular features and advantages will become more apparent from consideration of the following drawings and accompanying detailed description. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0022]      FIG. 1  is an illustration of one advantageous embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0023]      FIG. 2  is an illustration of an advantageous embodiment according to  FIG. 1 . 
           [0024]      FIG. 3  is an illustration of another advantageous embodiment according to  FIG. 1 . 
           [0025]      FIG. 4  is an illustration of another advantageous embodiment according to  FIG. 1 . 
           [0026]      FIG. 5  is a cross section along section line A-A of  FIG. 4 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0027]    Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate corresponding structure throughout the views. 
         [0028]    Referring now to  FIGS. 1-3 , a deflector (deflection cone)  10  is illustrated attached to a shaft  12  that extends from a front air intake  14  of a jet engine  16 . The deflector  10  is provided in this illustration having a conical shape with an outer surface  18 . 
         [0029]    As illustrated, the deflector  10  is provided such that if an object  20  (e.g., a large hailstone, bird, etc.) were positioned into the flight path of the airplane, the object would impact the outer surface  18  of the deflector  10  rather than entering the air intake  14  to potentially damage the turbine (not shown) positioned within jet engine  16 . 
         [0030]    Air flow  22  is illustrated as a dashed line extending from the front end  24  of the deflector  10  and moving around and into the air intake  14  of jet engine  16 . While deflector  10  is illustrated having a generally conical shape, it is contemplated that the shape may be adjusted depending upon the performance and requirements of jet engine  16 . For example, the deflector could be provided with an elongated body, or with concave or convex outer surfaces  18 . Additionally, the front end  24  may be provided with a more rounded or blunt shape. All of these variously may be advantageously selected accordingly to the performance requirements of the engine. 
         [0031]    Also depicted in  FIG. 1  is dashed line  26  illustrating the flow of heated fluid from jet engine  16  to deflector  10  and dashed line  28  illustrating the return flow of the heated fluid. Fluid reservoir  30  is shown as a dashed line box to the right of the figure. It is contemplated that fluid reservoir  30  may comprise a separate reservoir from the oil reservoir used for the jet engine  16 . In this manner, the flow of heated fluid will prevent icing of deflector  10 . 
         [0032]    Alternatively, dashed line  26  may illustrate an electrical line providing electrical power and/or control to heaters  34  positioned in deflector  10 . Dashed line  28  may comprise an electrical line from deflector  10  providing feedback, data collection and control information and/or data transmitted to the airplane control and data connection system. It is contemplated that the electric heaters may comprise virtually any type of heater, including for example, but not limited to resistive or inductive heaters. The heaters may be provided to transmit feedback data as to whether the heaters are properly functioning. The heaters  34  may be provided such that they are positioned to extend circumferentially around the deflector  10 .′ 
         [0033]    Alternatively, the deflector  10  may be constructed of a material providing an extremely smooth surface, substantially inhibiting the ability of ice to build up on deflector  10 . Still further, deflector  10  may be coated with a material to provide an extremely smooth surface to inhibit potential ice buildup. In some embodiments, the deflector  10  is made of the same material (e.g., same composite or metal) as the turbine blades of the engine. In this case, the outer surface of the deflector  10  would be made of the same material as the turbine blades of the engine. It is also contemplated that the deflector  10  is made of a mixture of materials such that the outer surface is the same material as the turbine blades of the engine as a skin bonded to an inner structure of the deflector  10 , where the inner structure is a different material than the turbine blades, for example, a metal or composite. 
         [0034]    Still further, sensors  36  (in  FIG. 1  four sensors are depicted) may be positioned in the deflector (e.g. circumferentially or otherwise) to measure and record impacts. For example, sensors  36  measuring the impacts may measure the intensity of an impact and the frequency of impacts, which could then be transmitted to the data collection and control system for the airplane. Still further sensors  36  for measuring virtually any type of measurement on the deflector can be provided including, but not limited to, temperature, strain, deflection/deformation, pressure, and so on and may be positioned in deflector  10  as desired. 
         [0035]    All of this information can be transmitted to a computer  38  (coupled to a network), which may or may not be onboard the plane. As depicted in  FIG. 1 , computer  38  may have a storage  40  accessible by the computer  38  where data relating to impacts against the deflector  10  may be stored. It is contemplated that the data relating to impacts (measured impact data) may be associated by the computer  38  with other data including: the altitude of the airplane at the time of strike, the time of day at the time of strike, the speed of the airplane at the time of the strike, the geographic location of the airplane at the time of the strike (e.g., GPS location), the season (e.g., time of year/date) at the time of the strike and so on, to generate comprehensive impact data. The comprehensive impact data from multiple different airplanes may then be compiled by the computer  38  into an impact report. This impact report can advantageously be used to determine where and when object strikes most commonly occur. This valuable information can then be used to determine if adjustments need be made by, for example, an airport due to an unusually high number of strikes (e.g., adjust the method in which birds are removed from the area, adjust the landing/taking off patterns, adjust bird removal methods depending on the time of year, etc.). 
         [0036]    It is contemplated that the diameter (d) of the rear portion of deflector  10  will be equal to or greater than a leading edge  32  of air intake  14 . Also illustrated are an inside diameter (d IN ) and an outside diameter (d OUT ) of the housing of jet engine  16 . It is understood that the diameter, like the shape of the outer surface  18 , may be adjusted based upon the performance requirements of jet engine  16 . 
         [0037]    Still further, the distance (D) from the rear portion of deflector  10  to the leading edge  32  of air intake  14  may be adjusted based upon the performance requirements of jet engine  16 . However, the distance (D) will be selected to avoid any negative impact on the thrust of jet engine  16 . While the rear portion is provided with a relatively steep slope (as opposed to outer surface  18 ), it is understood that a more gradual slope can be provided depending upon the application (e.g., sub-sonic or super-sonic flight). 
         [0038]    Alternatively, differing configurations for the front end  24  of the deflector  10  may be used as shown in  FIG. 2  (frusto-conical) and  FIG. 3  (tapered). It is understood that the precise shape can be selected based on the use the aircraft, the thrust of the engine and the speed of the aircraft. 
         [0039]    Referring to  FIG. 4 , deflector  10  is shown with air induction blades  41  extending from the rear of the deflector and towards the intake  14  of the engine. The blades  41  may taper from the leading edge  42  to the trailing edge  44  thereof. The blades  41  are further depicted in  FIG. 5  and may include a curved section  46  and a straight section  48 . It is contemplated that other blade shapes may be used. The taper of the blades can assist in directing airflow towards the center of the engine. For example the taper of the blades  41  directs an air stream running closer to the deflector along flow line  52  towards the center of the engine and the air stream running farther than the deflector towards the outside of the engine. The taper and shape of the blades  41  can be adjusted to provide a more even air flow into the engine. In other scenarios, the shape of the blades may deflect more air towards the outside of the engine&#39;s fan blades than the inside. This may be desirable because the fan blades are moving the fastest at their outward most point and increased airflow at the fastest point can increase compression in the engine and therefore increase efficiency. For example, typically the blades at the first stage of the engine are maintained at a speed as close as possible to the speed of sound because passing the sound barrier on the engine can result in unpredictable flows and undesired forces. By throwing more air into the outer edge of the fan blades using blades  41 , it is possible the increase compression of the engine without increasing the speed of the fan blades beyond the speed of sound. One additional advantage is that deflection of more air towards the outside of the engine&#39;s blades could keep ash away from the bearings and seals of the engine if the plane were flying through an area with volcanic activity, dust or other airborne debris. This may allow the engine to last longer before a shutdown. 
         [0040]    As discussed above, these blades  41  enhance airflow into the engine due to rotation of the deflector  10 . Although  FIGS. 4-5  show two ( 2 ) blades  41 , it is contemplated that additional blades may be used. For example, there may be anywhere from  2 - 100  or more blades and the blades may vary in size and shape. These blades  41  may be made of a composite material, for example a composite including carbon spun fiber. The blades  41  may be made of the same material as the deflector  10  or alternately a different material. The deflector  10  and blades  41  may also be made of a metallic material. In some cases, the deflector  10  and/or the blades may be made of the same material (e.g., same composite or metal) as the turbine blades of the engine. 
         [0041]    The blades  41  may also be aligned in different ways than shown. For example, the straight portion is shown aligning with the center of the shaft (aligning along a radius extending from the center of the shaft). The straight portion may extend at an angle relative to the radius. It is also contemplated that the leading  42  and/or trailing  44  edges of the blade can align with this radial direction. In some embodiments, the straight portion  48  is parallel and spaced apart from the radius and the leading edge  42  may align with the radius. The blades  41  may also be evenly spaced around the rear of the deflector such that the deflector  10  is balanced in rotation. 
         [0042]    The blades  41  may be made of the same material as the turbine blades of the engine. 
         [0043]    Although the invention has been described with reference to a particular arrangement of parts, features and the like, these are not intended to exhaust all possible arrangements or features, and indeed many other modifications and variations will be ascertainable to those of skill in the art.