Abstract:
Novel polystyrene grafted polyolefin compositions having a high level of grafting are made using a novel process which involves suspending styrene in water. The polystyrene grafted polyolefin compositions can then be converted into ion exchange membranes that are particularly useful in electrolytic cells.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention pertains to compositions comprising a polymer grafted to a support polymer such as a polyolefin, ion exchange membranes comprising said compositions, and processes for making said compositions and membranes. In particular, the invention involves compositions made via processes employing aqueous suspensions. 
     BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Ion-exchange membranes are used in a variety of applications. One application of ion-exchange membranes is in electrochemical processes including electrosynthesis, electrodialysis, and electrolysis. The electrochemical processes perform a number of useful functions such as desalination of salt water, production of chlorine and sodium hydroxide from brine, and production of electricity in fuel cells. 
     Conventional ion-exchange membranes used in the aforementioned processes commonly comprise polystyrene linked to a polyolefin film. Unfortunately, the process for linking the polystyrene to the polyolefin for conventional ion-exchange membranes often employs a hazardous radiation source such as cobalt-60 gamma radiation. 
     Various processes have been tried to produce the polystyrene linked to polyolefin without employing radiation. In one such process a support polymer is swelled by soaking it directly in heated styrene or heated styrene with an organic solvent. The swollen support polymer is then polymerized in a heated brine bath with or without organic solvents. Unfortunately, the process generates excessive organic waste from solvents and homopolymerized styrene which must be washed from the product with rigorous washing. Another disadvantage is that the process does not result in a high amount of polystyrene linked to polyolefin. 
     For the aforementioned reasons, it would be desirable to discover a new process for preparing polystyrene or other polymers linked to a support polymer such as polyolefin. It would further be desirable if such a process resulted in a high amount of polymer linked to the polyolefin without radiation and without a large amount of organic waste from organic solvents or homopolymerized unlinked polymer. It would also be beneficial if the resulting compositions could be readily converted into a useful ion exchange membrane. 
     Advantageously, new processes have been discovered to make a polymer grafted to a support polymer. The processes result in a composition comprising a high amount of polymer grafted to a support polymer. The compositions can be readily converted to useful ion exchange membranes which reject ions surprisingly and unexpectedly better than conventional membranes. The process comprises (1) mixing an initiator with a monomer to be grafted to form a monomer-initiator mixture; (2) suspending the monomer-initiator mixture in water to form an aqueous suspension; and (3) contacting a support polymer with the aqueous suspension under conditions sufficient to polymerize the monomer and graft the polymer to the support polymer. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Test Procedures and Definitions 
     Unless indicated otherwise, the following testing procedures are to be employed, each of which is incorporated herein by reference: 
     As used herein “graft” means that a polymer (which also may include residual monomer) is not readily separable from a support polymer, e.g., the polymer cannot be removed from the polyolefin by dissolution in toluene. Grafted polymer therefore includes polymer that is covalently bonded to the support polymer and polymer that is part of an interpenetrating matrix with the support polymer. 
     As used herein “support polymer” includes substituted or unsubstituted polyolefins, vinyl polymers, flouropolymers, and mixtures thereof. 
     As used herein “polymer grafted to a support polymer” includes polymers derived from hydrophobic vinyl monomers such as substituted or unsubstituted styrene, vinylbenzylchloride, divinylbenzene, butyl acrylate, and mixtures thereof. 
     The weight of the polymer grafted to the support polymer is normally described based on the percentage increase of the weight of the support polymer due to the grafted polymer. Therefore, the weight of the dry, ungrafted support polymer is determined prior to grafting and the total weight of the support polymer having the polymer grafted to it is determined after grafting. The percentage weight increase based on the ungrafted support polymer is reported as mass gain (%). 
     Using the techniques of the instant invention, the weight of the polymer grafted to the support polymer (mass gain) is generally at least about 5, preferably at least about 20, more preferably at least about 35, even more preferably at least about 40, and still more preferably at least about 45 weight percent of the ungrafted support polymer. The mass gain often varies depending upon the type of support polymer and hydrophobic monomer. For example, when the support polymer is polyethylene and the hydrophobic monomer is styrene, the mass gain is often at least about 30 weight percent or higher. In contrast, when the hydrophobic monomer is a mixture of vinylbenzylchloride and styrene, the mass gain may be only 20 weight percent or higher. Often when the support polymer is a flouropolymer, then the mass gains may be even lower. Thus, an advantage to the instant process is that one may vary the mass gain by varying the type of materials employed, as well as, the parameters of the process using the instant specification as a guide. 
     As used herein “composition” includes a mixture of the materials that comprise the composition, as well as, products formed by the reaction or the decomposition of the materials that comprise the composition. 
     As used herein “derived from” means made or mixed from the specified materials, but not necessarily composed of a simple mixture of those materials. Substances “derived from” specified materials may be simple mixtures of the original materials, and may also include the reaction products of those materials, or may even be wholly composed of reaction or decomposition products of the original materials. 
     Any numerical values recited herein include all values from the lower value to the upper value in increments of one unit provided that there is a separation of at least 2 units between any lower value and any higher value. As an example, if it is stated that the amount of a component or a value of a process variable such as, for example, temperature, pressure, time and the like is, for example, from 1 to 90, preferably from 20 to 80, more preferably from 30 to 70, it is intended that values such as 15 to 85, 22 to 68, 43 to 51, 30 to 32 and the like, are expressly enumerated in this specification. For values which are less than one, one unit is considered to be 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01 or 0.1 as appropriate. These are only examples of what is specifically intended and all possible combinations of numerical values between the lowest value and the highest value enumerated are to be considered to be expressly stated in this application in a similar manner. 
     Processes 
     The processes of the instant invention typically comprise (1) mixing an initiator with a monomer to be grafted to form a monomer-initiator mixture; (2) suspending the monomer-initiator mixture in water to form an aqueous suspension; and (3) contacting a support polymer with the aqueous suspension under conditions sufficient to polymerize the monomer and graft the polymer to the support polymer. The polymerization of the monomer and grafting to the support polymer generally occur almost simultaneously but may occur in any order so long as the desired product results. 
     Monomer is Mixed with Initiator 
     The monomer to be grafted to the support polymer may be any compound or mixture of compounds that is capable of being polymerized and grafted. Generally, suitable monomers include those that have a vinyl group and are hydrophobic, i.e., immiscible with water. Preferably, suitable monomers are capable of undergoing free radical polymerization and are liquids at ambient temperatures. Preferable monomers include substituted or unsubstituted vinyl halides, acrylates and methacrylates, styrene, and styrene derivatives such as α-alkylstyrenes, and α-halostyrenes. Particularly preferable monomers include substituted or unsubstituted styrene, vinylbenzylchloride, divinylbenzene, and butyl acrylate. The monomers can be employed singly or in mixtures. 
     The monomer to be grafted is first mixed with an initiator (and a mixing aid or crosslinking agent if desired) to form a monomer-initiator mixture. The initiator employed is not critical so long as the initiator triggers appropriate polymerization of the monomer. The initiator is typically organic soluble and the initiator employed may vary depending upon the monomer, the support polymer, and the amount of grafting desired. Suitable initiators include azo initiators and organic peroxides such as azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), azobiscylohexancarbonitrile (Vaso88), benzoyl peroxide and others. An extensive list of free radical initiators is found Polymer Synthesis, Vol I, second edition, S. R. Sandler and W. Karo (1992), Academic Press which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     The amount of initiator to be mixed with the monomer varies depending upon the type of monomer, the initiator, the amount of aqueous suspension, and the desired amount of grafting. Typically, the amount of initiator is at least enough to trigger the desired amount of polymerization and not so much that excess initiator interferes with the desired grafting and final composition. Generally, the amount of initiator is at least about 0.01, preferably at least about 1.0, most preferably, at least about 3.0 percent by weight based on the weight of the monomer to be grafted. Correspondingly, the amount of initiator is less than about 20, preferably less than about 10, most preferably less than about 5.0 percent by weight based on the weight of the monomer to be grafted. 
     The temperature and type of mixer employed to form the monomer-initiator mixture is generally not critical. It is usually desirable to form a nearly homogeneous mixture. Likewise, it is usually desirable and convenient to conduct the mixing at a temperature below the initiation temperature of the initiator. Thus, it is generally preferable to mix the monomer and initiator at a temperature below about 45, preferably below about 35, preferably below about 30° C. In this manner, undesired homopolymerization of the monomer and corresponding ungrafted polymer is minimized or eliminated. 
     Monomer-Initiator is Suspended 
     Once the monomer-initiator mixture is formed, it is vigorously mixed with water to form an aqueous suspension. The amount of monomer-initiator mixture to be added to the water varies depending upon the relative amounts of monomer and initiator, the type of monomer and initiator, and the desired amount of grafting. Typically, the aqueous suspension has at least the amount of monomer-initiator mixture necessary to form grafted support polymer and does not have so much that undesirable organics such as homopolymerized monomer remain at the conclusion of the process. Typically, the amount of monomer-initiator mixture is at least about 0.5, preferably at least about 1.0, most preferably, at least about 2.0 percent by weight based on the total weight of the suspension. 
     While suspending agents may be employed in the water, the water preferably lacks substantial amounts of organic solvents (other than monomer and initiatior). Such solvents to be avoided include benzene, cyclohexane, nitrobenzene, toluene, low molecular weight alcohols, trichloroethylene, chloroform, dioxane, methyl acetate, diethyl ether, xylene, MEK, ethylene dichloride, THF, and the like. These organic solvents may cause excessive undesirable organic waste in the process or act to decrease the amount of grafting. By “lacking a substantial amount of organic solvent” it is generally meant that any solvent present other than monomer and initiator comprises less than about 9, preferably less than about 5, more preferably less than about 1, most preferably about 0 weight percent based on the weight of the polymerizable monomer in the system. It is also preferable that the aqueous suspension lacks a substantial amount of salt such as sodium or potassium sulfate or chloride salts. Such sodium or potassium salts may interfere with the subsequent polymerization step by acting to absorb heat and thus requiring excess energy for the polymerization. Such salts also may act to decrease the amount of grafting. By “lacking a substantial amount of salt” it is generally meant that the aqueous suspension comprises less than about 18, preferably less than about 10, more preferably less than about 1, even more preferably about 0 weight percent sodium or potassium salt. 
     While the temperature during the suspending step may vary, it is not critical. In order to speed up the reaction, it is often preferable to heat the reactor or reactor jacket. The temperature to which it is heated will generally vary depending upon the components and desired speed of reaction. Generally, heating the reactor jacket to at least about 50, preferably at least about 60, more preferably at least about 70° C. is desirable. Similarly, the pressure during the suspension, and during the entire process for that matter, is not critical. Therefore, while subatmospheric or superatmospheric conditions may be employed, it is preferable and convenient to employ atmospheric pressure. 
     Polymerization and Grafting 
     The aforementioned aqueous suspension is contacted with a support polymer such as polyolefin under conditions sufficient to polymerize the monomer and graft the polymer to the support polymer. The contacting may be employed in any manner so long as the suspension and support polymer become associated in a manner such that the desired polymer grafted support polymer results. Thus, the support polymer may, for example, be immersed, soaked, sprayed, coated, or dipped in the suspension. Likewise, the support polymer may be created in situ in the suspension. Preferably the support polymer is immersed in the suspension. 
     The support polymer employed may be of any size, shape, or form. However, if a membrane is to be made after grafting then the support polymer is preferably in the form of a film. The thickness of the film will vary depending upon the type of support polymer and the desired thickness of the membrane to be made. Generally, the thickness of the film is at least thick enough so that it will withstand the contact of the suspension without breaking and not so thick that it cannot be grafted almost homogeneously throughout the thickness. Therefore, it has been found for many membrane applications the thickness is at least about 0.02, preferably at least about 0.05, most preferably at least about 0.075 millimeters. Correspondingly, for many membrane applications the thickness is less than about 0.20, preferably less than about 0.15, most preferably less than about 0.10 millimeters. 
     The support polymer may be any thermoplastic polymer but preferably comprises ethylene, an α-olefin having from about 3 to about 6 carbon atoms, or a vinyl polymer. Particularly preferred polyolefins are selected from the group consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, and copolymers and mixtures thereof. Particularly preferred types of polyethylene include low density polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene, ultra low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, and ultra high molecular weight polyethylene. 
     Other support polymers that can be grafted include vinyl polymers such as fluoropolymers. Typical flouropolymers include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE or TEFLON), fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), perflouroalkoxy resin (PFA), Polytetrafluoroethylene-Perfluoromethylvinylether copolymer (MFA), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and ethylenetetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE). 
     The conditions sufficient to polymerize the monomer and graft the polymer to the support polymer vary depending upon the type and amount of initiator, monomer, and polyolefin employed, as well as, the amount of grafting desired. Generally, the conditions include a temperature above room temperature at atmospheric pressure. Typically, a temperature above the initiation temperature and below the degradation temperature of the materials is employed. This may range from at least about 40, preferably at least about 55, to at most about 100, preferably less than about 90° C. Typically, the increased temperature is employed for at least about 8, preferably at least about 10 hours up to about 24 hours or more. Generally, the higher the temperature and the longer it is maintained, the higher the amount of grafting. 
     The increased temperature may be achieved via any suitable temperature increasing means. For example, the support polymer and/or the aqueous suspension may be heated via conduction or convection heating so long as the monomer is polymerized and grafted to the support polymer. 
     After the formation of the polymer grafted to the support polymer, any remaining ungrafted aqueous suspension in contact with the grafted support polymer is separated. It may be separated by any means physical or chemical, however, physical separation is adequate and convenient in most cases. For example, if the support polymer was immersed in the suspension, then the grafted support polymer may be simply removed from the suspension. 
     If necessary, the surface of the support polymer is cleaned of any unwanted material such as ungrafted homopolmer, e.g. polystyrene homopolymer. The cleaning can be readily accomplished by dissolving the unwanted material in a suitable solvent, for example, toluene. This may be accomplished by immersing the grafted support polymer article in a solvent such as toluene from about 1 to about 5 minutes. Alternatively, the article can be wiped with a towel or cloth that is wetted with a suitable solvent and the polystyrene is readily removed from the surface. 
     The resulting grafted support polymers have surprising and unexpectedly high amounts of grafted polymer. In addition, the process results in low amounts of organic waste in the aqueous suspension since a high percentage of the monomer employed in the aqueous suspension becomes grafted as opposed to wasted ungrafted homopolymer. Typically, the monomer yield is from about 20 to about 50% depending on the monomer. Any unused monomer that has not been homopolymerized may simply be used again. Any monomer which is not incorporated into the grafted film turns into polystyrene homopolymer particles which can be easily separated as discarded. Since little or no organic solvent is employed, there is little organic waste. 
     If an ion exchange membrane is desired then the grafted polyolefin can be functionalized by standard methods. Thus, if a cation exchange membrane is desired, then the polymer is substituted with one or more acidic groups capable of exchanging cations such as sulfonate, carboxylate, phosphonate, iminodiacetic acid, and iminodiphosphonic acid. Particularly preferred cation exchange membranes can be made by sulfonating grafted polyethylene films wherein the grafts comprise polymers of styrene, styrene derivatives, or vinylbenzylchloride. Sulfonation can be by any convenient means such as employing chlorosulfonic acid in a solution of methylene chloride. Cation exchange membranes of this invention exhibit surprising and unexpected rejection of anions and are particularly useful in electrochemical processes. 
     If an anion exchange membrane is desired, then the polymer is substituted with one or more basic groups capable of exchanging anions such as substituted or unsubstituted amines and phosphines, alkylamine, dialkylamine, trialkylamine, alkylphosphine, dialkylphosphine, and trialkylphosphine. Particularly preferred anion exchange membranes can be made by using a solution of trimethylamine on grafted polyethylene films wherein the grafts comprise polymers of styrene, styrene derivatives, or vinylbenzylchloride. Anion exchange membranes of this invention exhibit surprising and unexpected rejection of cations and are particularly useful in electrochemical processes. 
     The following examples are not intended to limit the invention, but rather, are intended only to illustrate a few specific ways the instant invention may be employed. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE 1 
     An 8 cm by 8 cm square piece of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene film (UHMWPE) is dried in an oven at 90 degrees C. for 30 minutes. The thickness of the film sample is 0.075 mm and the dry mass is measured as 0.4613 grams. The film is placed in a 50 cc test tube suspended in a hot bath of silicone oil that is controlled at a temperature of 70 degrees C. The following is placed into a second test tube: 1.5 grams of commercial grade styrene monomer and 0.30 grams of azobisisobutyrolnitrile initiator powder. The test tube is shaken to allow the initiator to dissolve in the styrene. Then 30 grams of deionized water is poured into the test tube which is then sealed and shaken vigorously for 30 seconds. The resulting water/monomer suspension is poured into the test tube containing the film and sitting in the heating medium. The test tube is sealed to prevent the entry of oxygen. After 14.5 hours the test tube is removed from the hot bath, the reacted water/monomer suspension is poured out and the film is removed from the test tube. Excess homopolymer is wiped off with a paper towel wetted with toluene and then the grafted film is dried in an oven at 90 C. for 1.5 hours. The mass of the grafted film is measured after drying and is found to be 0.7281 grams. The fractional weight gain for the UHMWPE film from the incorporation of the grafted polystyrene is: (0.7281−0.4613)/0.4613=0.578 or 57.8 percent. 
     A series of 8 mm×8 mm polyolefin films were treated with the same procedure with variations as noted in the following table: The films used were: 0.075 mm thickness ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), 0.050 mm polypropylene(Polypro), 0.05 mm polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and 0.050 mm low density polyethylene (LDPE). 
     Examples 1-11 
     Grafting of polystyrene onto various polyolefin films with azobisisobutyronitrile initiator. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Exam- 
                   
                   
                 Mass 
                 Mass 
                 Mass 
                 Reaction 
                 Initial 
                 Mass 
               
               
                 ple 
                 Film 
                 Temp 
                 water 
                 styrene 
                 initiator 
                 time 
                 film mass 
                 gain 
               
               
                 no. 
                 type 
                 (° C.) 
                 (gram) 
                 (gram) 
                 (gram) 
                 (Hours) 
                 (gram) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 UHMWPE 
                 70 
                 30 
                 1.5 
                 0.30 
                 14.5 
                 0.461 
                 58 
               
               
                 2 
                 PTFE 
                 70 
                 30 
                 1.5 
                 0.30 
                 14.5 
                 0.760 
                 5.8 
               
               
                 3 
                 UHMWPE 
                 70 
                 30 
                 1.5 
                 0.15 
                 14.5 
                 0.457 
                 55 
               
               
                 4 
                 UHMWPE 
                 70 
                 30 
                 0.8 
                 0.15 
                 14.5 
                 0.456 
                 47 
               
               
                 5 
                 UHMWPE 
                 70 
                 40 
                 2.0 
                 0.20 
                 10 
                 0.478 
                 70 
               
               
                 6 
                 UHMWPE 
                 70 
                 40 
                 1.0 
                 0.10 
                 10 
                 0.443 
                 70 
               
               
                 7 
                 UHMWPE 
                 70 
                 40 
                 1.0 
                 0.03 
                 10 
                 0.452 
                 45 
               
               
                 8 
                 ETFE 
                 70 
                 30 
                 0.8 
                 0.04 
                 12 
                 0.332 
                 31 
               
               
                 9 
                 Polypro 
                 70 
                 40 
                 1.1 
                 0.06 
                 14 
                 0.256 
                 44 
               
               
                 10 
                 LDPE 
                 70 
                 40 
                 1.1 
                 0.06 
                 14 
                 0.263 
                 44 
               
               
                 11 
                 PVDF 
                 70 
                 40 
                 1.1 
                 0.06 
                 14 
                 0.815 
                 10 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Another series of films were treated with the same protocol, but the initiator and monomers were varied. The monomers used were vinylbenzylchloride (VBCl) and Styrene. The initiators used were azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), benzoyl peroxide (BP) and azobisylohexancarbonitrile (Vaso88). The films used were 0.10 mm thickness low density polyethylene (LDPE) and 0.075 mm UHMWPE. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Film 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Film 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Initial 
                 VBCl 
                 Styrene 
                   
                 Initiator 
                   
                 Final 
                 Film 
               
               
                 Example 
                 Film 
                 Temp 
                 Mass 
                 Mass 
                 Mass 
                   
                 Mass 
                 Time 
                 Mass 
                 Mass 
               
               
                 # 
                 Type 
                 (° C.) 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 Initiator 
                 (g) 
                 (hr) 
                 (g) 
                 Gain 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 12 
                 LDPE 
                 90 
                 0.4326 
                 1.00 
                 0.00 
                 AIBN 
                 0.05 
                 12 
                 0.5596 
                 29.36% 
               
               
                 13 
                 LDPE 
                 90 
                 0.4399 
                 1.00 
                 0.00 
                 BP 
                 0.05 
                 12 
                 0.5621 
                 27.78% 
               
               
                 14 
                 LDPE 
                 90 
                 0.4421 
                 0.00 
                 1.00 
                 AIBN 
                 0.10 
                 12 
                 0.5508 
                 24.59% 
               
               
                 15 
                 LDPE 
                 90 
                 0.4420 
                 0.75 
                 0.25 
                 AIBN 
                 0.10 
                 12 
                 0.5563 
                 25.86% 
               
               
                 16 
                 LDPE 
                 90 
                 0.4389 
                 0.75 
                 0.25 
                 AIBN 
                 0.05 
                 12 
                 0.5683 
                 29.48% 
               
               
                 17 
                 LDPE 
                 90 
                 0.4307 
                 0.75 
                 0.25 
                 BP 
                 0.10 
                 12 
                 0.5758 
                 33.69% 
               
               
                 18 
                 LDPE 
                 80 
                 0.4575 
                 1.00 
                 0.00 
                 BP 
                 0.10 
                 12 
                 0.5877 
                 28.46% 
               
               
                 19 
                 LDPE 
                 80 
                 0.4423 
                 1.00 
                 0.00 
                 BP 
                 0.05 
                 12 
                 0.5762 
                 30.27% 
               
               
                 20 
                 LDPE 
                 80 
                 0.4586 
                 0.75 
                 0.25 
                 AIBN 
                 0.10 
                 12 
                 0.5912 
                 28.91% 
               
               
                 21 
                 LDPE 
                 80 
                 0.4473 
                 0.75 
                 0.25 
                 AIBN 
                 0.05 
                 12 
                 0.5960 
                 33.24% 
               
               
                 22 
                 LDPE 
                 80 
                 0.4477 
                 0.75 
                 0.25 
                 BP 
                 0.10 
                 12 
                 0.6131 
                 36.94% 
               
               
                 23 
                 LDPE 
                 80 
                 0.4564 
                 0.75 
                 0.25 
                 BP 
                 0.05 
                 12 
                 0.6573 
                 44.02% 
               
               
                 24 
                 LDPE 
                 80 
                 0.4401 
                 1.00 
                 0.00 
                 BP 
                 0.05 
                 12 
                 0.5852 
                 32.97% 
               
               
                 25 
                 LDPE 
                 80 
                 0.3990 
                 1.00 
                 0.00 
                 Vazo88 
                 0.10 
                 12 
                 0.4911 
                 23.08% 
               
               
                 26 
                 LDPE 
                 80 
                 0.4150 
                 0.75 
                 0.25 
                 AIBN 
                 0.05 
                 12 
                 0.5517 
                 32.94% 
               
               
                 27 
                 LDPE 
                 80 
                 0.4071 
                 0.75 
                 0.25 
                 BP 
                 0.05 
                 12 
                 0.5893 
                 44.76% 
               
               
                 28 
                 LDPE 
                 80 
                 0.4473 
                 0.75 
                 0.25 
                 Vazo88 
                 0.05 
                 12 
                 0.6531 
                 46.01% 
               
               
                 29 
                 LDPE 
                 80 
                 0.4339 
                 0.75 
                 0.25 
                 Vazo88 
                 0.10 
                 12 
                 0.6009 
                 38.49% 
               
               
                 30 
                 LDPE 
                 90 
                 0.4081 
                 1.00 
                 0.00 
                 Vazo88 
                 0.10 
                 12 
                 0.5798 
                 42.07% 
               
               
                 31 
                 LDPE 
                 90 
                 0.4237 
                 1.00 
                 0.00 
                 Vazo88 
                 0.05 
                 12 
                 0.6044 
                 42.65% 
               
               
                 32 
                 LDPE 
                 85 
                 0.4163 
                 1.00 
                 0.00 
                 Vazo88 
                 0.10 
                 12 
                 0.5349 
                 28.49% 
               
               
                 33 
                 LDPE 
                 85 
                 0.4137 
                 1.00 
                 0.00 
                 Vazo88 
                 0.05 
                 12 
                 0.5275 
                 27.51% 
               
               
                 34 
                 LDPE 
                 85 
                 0.4405 
                 0.90 
                 0.10 
                 Vazo88 
                 0.10 
                 12 
                 0.6289 
                 42.77% 
               
               
                 35 
                 LDPE 
                 85 
                 0.4134 
                 0.90 
                 0.10 
                 Vazo88 
                 0.05 
                 12 
                 0.5763 
                 39.40% 
               
               
                 36 
                 LDPE 
                 85 
                 0.4469 
                 0.75 
                 0.25 
                 Vazo88 
                 0.10 
                 12 
                 0.6823 
                 52.67% 
               
               
                 37 
                 LDPE 
                 85 
                 0.4309 
                 0.75 
                 0.25 
                 Vazo88 
                 0.05 
                 12 
                 0.6548 
                 51.96% 
               
               
                 38 
                 LDPE 
                 70 
                 0.4054 
                 0.00 
                 1.00 
                 AIBN 
                 0.10 
                 12 
                 0.5196 
                 28.17% 
               
               
                 39 
                 LDPE 
                 70 
                 0.4105 
                 0.00 
                 1.00 
                 Vazo88 
                 0.06 
                 12 
                 0.6783 
                 65.24% 
               
               
                 40 
                 LDPE 
                 70 
                 0.4119 
                 0.00 
                 1.00 
                 Vazo88 
                 0.10 
                 12 
                 0.7163 
                 73.90% 
               
               
                 41 
                 UHMW 
                 70 
                 0.3359 
                 0.00 
                 1.00 
                 AIBN 
                 0.06 
                 12 
                 0.4783 
                 42.39% 
               
               
                   
                 PE 
               
               
                 42 
                 UHMW 
                 70 
                 0.3386 
                 0.00 
                 1.00 
                 AIBN 
                 0.10 
                 12 
                 0.4599 
                 35.82% 
               
               
                   
                 PE 
               
               
                 43 
                 UHMW 
                 70 
                 0.3374 
                 0.00 
                 1.00 
                 Vazo88 
                 0.06 
                 12 
                 0.5348 
                 58.51% 
               
               
                   
                 PE 
               
               
                 44 
                 UHMW 
                 70 
                 0.3375 
                 0.00 
                 1.00 
                 Vazo88 
                 0.10 
                 12 
                 0.4931 
                 46.10% 
               
               
                   
                 PE 
               
               
                 45 
                 LDPE 
                 70 
                 0.4078 
                 0.00 
                 1.00 
                 Vazo88 
                 0.06 
                 18 
                 0.6700 
                 64.30% 
               
               
                 46 
                 UHMW 
                 70 
                 0.3415 
                 0.00 
                 1.00 
                 Vazo88 
                 0.06 
                 18 
                 0.4999 
                 46.38% 
               
               
                   
                 PE 
               
               
                 47 
                 LDPE 
                 70 
                 0.4085 
                 0.00 
                 1.00 
                 Vazo88 
                 0.06 
                 18 
                 0.6199 
                 51.75% 
               
               
                 48 
                 UHMW 
                 70 
                 0.3407 
                 0.00 
                 1.00 
                 Vazo88 
                 0.06 
                 18 
                 0.4456 
                 30.79% 
               
               
                   
                 PE 
               
               
                 49 
                 LDPE 
                 80 
                 0.4169 
                 0.00 
                 1.00 
                 Vazo88 
                 0.06 
                 18 
                 0.7538 
                 80.81% 
               
               
                 50 
                 LDPE 
                 80 
                 0.4120 
                 0.00 
                 1.00 
                 Vazo88 
                 0.06 
                 18 
                 0.7148 
                 73.50% 
               
               
                 51 
                 LDPE 
                 75 
                 0.4486 
                 0.00 
                 1.00 
                 Vazo88 
                 0.06 
                 18 
                 0.7147 
                 59.32% 
               
               
                 52 
                 LDPE 
                 75 
                 0.4469 
                 0.00 
                 1.00 
                 Vazo88 
                 0.06 
                 18 
                 0.6369 
                 42.52% 
               
               
                 53 
                 LDPE 
                 90 
                 0.4363 
                 0.00 
                 1.00 
                 Vazo88 
                 0.06 
                 18 
                 0.7360 
                 68.69% 
               
               
                 54 
                 LDPE 
                 90 
                 0.4116 
                 0.00 
                 1.00 
                 Vazo88 
                 0.06 
                 18 
                 0.7018 
                 70.51% 
               
               
                 55 
                 UHMW 
                 90 
                 0.3398 
                 0.00 
                 1.00 
                 Vazo88 
                 0.06 
                 18 
                 0.5272 
                 55.15% 
               
               
                   
                 PE 
               
               
                 56 
                 LDPE* 
                 75 
                 0.6552 
                 0.00 
                 1.00 
                 Vazo88 
                 0.06 
                 18 
                 0.8006 
                 22.19% 
               
               
                 57 
                 LDPE* 
                 90 
                 0.6605 
                 0.00 
                 1.00 
                 Vazo88 
                 0.06 
                 18 
                 0.9404 
                 42.38% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *The film thickness for these runs was 0.15 mm.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 58 
     The grafted film from run 34 is placed in a solution of 40% aqueous timethylamine for 24 hours. An anion exchange membrane is formed by quaternization. The membrane is removed from the amine water and is rinsed in DI water. The mass of the water swollen membrane is 0.8487 g wet and then 0.6979 after drying. The percent gel water content is therefore: (0.8487−0.6979)/0.6979=21.6 percent. The ion exchange capacity of the new material is measured by dividing the chloride content of a sample as determined by titration with 0.1M silver nitrate by the dry mass of the sample. The result is 1.31 meq/g for the membrane. The ion exchange capacity of a commercially available anion exchange membrane, AMH from Tokuyama, is measured by the same method as 0.99 meq/g. 
     The membrane resistance is measured at room temperature by placing the membrane in a glass electrochemical cell equipped with platinum cathode and anode. The anolyte and catholyte solutions are 9 wt percent sodium chloride and the active area of the membrane and electrodes in the cell is 3.14 cm2. A DC current is passed through the cell so that chlorine is generated at the anode, hydrogen is generated at the cathode and chloride ions are passing through the membrane from the cathode to the anode side of the cell. The voltage between the electrodes is recorded as the current is varied. From this data the area resistance of the cell with the membrane in place is determined to be 33 Ohm-cm2. This is compared to the resistance of the cell with a commercial anion membrane, AMH from Tokuyama Corp., which is determined to be 40 Ohm-cm2 in the same apparatus under the same conditions. 
     Example No. 59 
     A Larger Scale Film Graft with Styrene and Rotation 
     A piece of LDPE film, 0.05 mm thick is cut with dimensions 22 inches×31 inches. The initial film mass is 19.8 grams. Copper wire is woven into the top and bottom edges of the film to stiffen it. This film is rolled up around a ½″ diameter piece of stainless steel tubing into an approximately 1.8 inch outside diameter coil with the copper stiffening wires. The assembly of wire, tubing, and film is then placed into a 2″ diameter by 32 inch tall jacketed stainless steel reactor. Hot water circulating at a set point temperature of 70° is pumped through the reactor jacket. A small flowrate of nitrogen gas is routed with tubing to sweep the top of the reactor. A monomer solution is prepared by dissolving 0.25 g of AIBN initiator in 25 g of styrene. This solution is then combined with 800 grams of deionized water in a 2 liter separator funnel. The separatory funnel is vigorously shaken by hand for 2 minutes. A suspension is formed and is poured into the stainless steel reactor. A second identical batch of monomer/water suspension is made and added to the stainless steel reactor which is now full and the film is completely covered in suspension. The reactor contents heat up and approach the 70° C. temperature of the hot water in the jacket. The grafting process begins and continues until the heating is stopped after 12 hours. The spent monomer suspension is drained from the reactor. The film is removed from the reactor, separated from the wire and tubing and washed with 120 g of toluene to remove polystyrene adhering to the surface of the film. The film is set out to dry in the air for 5 hours. The mass is 28.2 g. The weight gain from polystyrene incorporation is 43 percent. 
     The following examples are similar to example no. 59. In these examples the stainless steel tubing is rotated using a mechanical stirrer to increase agitation during the grafting reaction. Conditions were varied as shown in the table: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Initial 
                 Initial 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Reactor 
                   
                   
                 Horizontal 
                 Ventical 
                 Styrene 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Mass 
               
               
                 Run 
                 Size 
                 Film 
                 Initial 
                 Length 
                 Length 
                 Mass 
                   
                 Initiator 
                 Stirrer 
                 Temp 
                 Time 
                 Final 
                 Gain 
               
               
                 # 
                 (in) 
                 Type 
                 Mass 
                 (in) 
                 (in) 
                 (g) 
                 Initiator 
                 Mass 
                 RPM 
                 (° C.) 
                 (hr) 
                 Mass 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 60 
                 2 
                 LDPE 
                 38.62 
                 28.50 
                 23.25 
                 47.6 + 
                 AIBN 
                 0.50 
                 50 
                 70 
                 12 
                 49.08 
                 27.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.4g 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 DVB** 
               
               
                 61 
                 2 
                 LDPE 
                 38.30 
                 28.50 
                 23.25 
                 50.0 
                 AIBN 
                 0.50 
                 140 
                 70 
                 12 
                 52.80 
                 37.9 
               
               
                 62 
                 3 
                 UHMW 
                 33.32 
                 31.00 
                 24.00 
                 150.0 
                 AIBN 
                 1.50 
                 50 
                 70 
                 15 
                 45.04 
                 35.2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PE 
               
               
                 63 
                 3 
                 UHMW 
                 39.04 
                 36.00 
                 24.25 
                 150.0 
                 AIBN 
                 1.50 
                 100 
                 70 
                 15 
                 49.84 
                 27.7 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PE 
               
               
                 64 
                 3 
                 UHMW 
                 22.80 
                 24.25 
                 20.87 
                 150.0 
                 AIBN 
                 1.50 
                 100 
                 70 
                 15 
                 32.12 
                 40.9 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PE 
               
               
                 65 
                 3 
                 UHMW 
                 31.66 
                 29.00 
                 24.25 
                 137.5 
                 AIBN 
                 1.38 
                 100 
                 70 
                 15 
                 49.34 
                 55.8 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PE 
               
               
                 66 
                 3 
                 UHMW 
                 32.56 
                 30.00 
                 24.25 
                 137.5 
                 AIBN 
                 1.38 
                 100 
                 70 
                 15 
                 43.34 
                 33.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PE 
               
               
                 67 
                 3 
                 UHMW 
                 32.76 
                 30.00 
                 24.25 
                 137.5 
                 AIBN 
                 1.38 
                 100 
                 70 
                 15 
                 44.32 
                 35.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PE 
               
               
                 68 
                 3 
                 UHMW 
                 33.24 
                 30.50 
                 24.25 
                 137.5 
                 AIBN 
                 1.38 
                 100 
                 70 
                 15 
                 43.76 
                 31.7 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PE 
               
               
                 69 
                 2 
                 UHMW 
                 34.32 
                 31.32 
                 24.25 
                 50.0 
                 AIBN 
                 0.50 
                 100 
                 70 
                 12 
                 42.46 
                 23.7 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PE 
               
               
                 70 
                 3 
                 UHMW 
                 33.68 
                 31.00 
                 24.25 
                 137.5 
                 AIBN 
                 1.38 
                 100 
                 70 
                 15 
                 41.70 
                 23.8 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PE 
               
               
                 71 
                 3 
                 UHMW 
                 32.66 
                 31.00 
                 23.25 
                 137.5 
                 AIBN 
                 1.38 
                 12 
                 70 
                 15 
                 39.52 
                 21.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PE 
               
               
                 72 
                 3 
                 LDPE 
                 41.60 
                 30.87 
                 23.62 
                 137.5 
                 Vazo88 
                 6.88 
                 12 
                 70 
                 18 
                 60.84 
                 46.2 
               
               
                 73 
                 3 
                 LDPE 
                 41.82 
                 31.00 
                 23.75 
                 110.0 
                 Vazo88 
                 5.50 
                 12 
                 70 
                 18 
                 66.50 
                 59.0 
               
               
                 74 
                 3 
                 LDPE 
                 42.90 
                 30.87 
                 23.62 
                 88.0 
                 Vazo88 
                 4.40 
                 50 
                 70 
                 18 
                 59.30 
                 38.2 
               
               
                 75 
                 3 
                 LDPE 
                 44.14 
                 33.00 
                 23.75 
                 88.0 
                 Vazo88 
                 5.50 
                 12 
                 70 
                 18 
                 60.16 
                 36.3 
               
               
                 76 
                 3 
                 LDPE 
                 45.22 
                 33.00 
                 23.75 
                 88.0 
                 Vazo88 
                 5.50 
                 12 
                 70 
                 18 
                 61.30 
                 35.6 
               
               
                 77 
                 3 
                 LDPE 
                 40.40 
                 31.00 
                 23.62 
                 66.0 
                 Vazo88 
                 5.50 
                 12 
                 80 
                 18 
                 56.10 
                 38.9 
               
               
                 78 
                 3 
                 UHMW 
                 32.88 
                 31.00 
                 23.62 
                 66.0 
                 Vazo88 
                 5.50 
                 12 
                 80 
                 18 
                 44.56 
                 35.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PE 
               
               
                 79 
                 3 
                 UHMW 
                 32.78 
                 31.00 
                 23.62 
                 66.0 
                 Vazo88 
                 3.30 
                 12 
                 70 
                 18 
                 43.60 
                 33.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PE 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ** DVB refers to divinylbenzene used as a crosslinking copolymer.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 80 
     A sulfonating solution of 2.5 weight percent chlorosulfonic acid in methylene chloride is prepared. A 15 cm×15 cm portion of the grafted film from example 64 weighing 1.82 grams is placed in a cylinder with 50 ml of the 2.5 weight percent chlorosulfonic acid solution for 2 hours. The film is removed from the sulfonating solution and is rinsed in DI water. The film is then hydrothermally treated by placing it in DI water, heated to 60 degrees C. for 3 hours. The film is removed from the water and the new dimensions are 17.2 cm×17.1 cm. The mass of the water swollen membrane is now 3.82 grams. 
     The membrane resistance is measured at room temperature by placing the membrane in a glass electrochemical cell equipped with platinum cathode and anode. The anolyte and catholyte solutions are 0.6 normal potassium chloride and the active area of the membrane and electrodes in the cell is 3.14 cm2. A DC current is passed through the cell so that chlorine is generated at the anode, hydrogen is generated at the cathode and potassium ions are passing through the membrane from the anode to the cathode side of the cell. The voltage between the electrodes is recorded as the current is varied. From this data the area resistance of the cell with the membrane in place is determined to be 59 Ohm-cm2. The resistance of the cell with an R1010 membrane, a low resistance commercial cation membrane produced by radiation grafting from Pall RAI, is determined to be 58 Ohm-cm2 in the same apparatus under the same conditions. 
     Examples 81-100 
     Following table show more examples of full scale membranes made with UHMWPE film (0.075 mm thick) with styrene as the monomer and Vaso88 as initiator. The grafted films were sulfonated with chlorosulfonic acid in methylene chloride and the dimensions after sulfonaton and hydrothermal treatment are shown. Selected ion exchange capacities (IEC) and gel water contents were measured and are also shown. For reference a commercial R1010 membrane was measured to have IEC=1.16 and gel water content of 59.7% by our methods. 
     Equations used in calculating % Gel Water Content, % Graft and IEC are: 
                           %   ⁢           ⁢   Gel   ⁢           ⁢   Water   ⁢           ⁢   Content     =         (       mass   ⁢           ⁢   of   ⁢           ⁢   film   ⁢           ⁢   wet     -     mass   ⁢           ⁢   of   ⁢           ⁢   film   ⁢           ⁢   dry       )       Mass   ⁢           ⁢   of   ⁢           ⁢   film   ⁢           ⁢   dry       ×   100                   %   ⁢           ⁢   Graft     =         (       mass   ⁢           ⁢   of   ⁢           ⁢   film   ⁢           ⁢   after   ⁢           ⁢   graft     -     mass   ⁢           ⁢   of   ⁢           ⁢   film   ⁢           ⁢   before   ⁢           ⁢   graft       )       Mass   ⁢           ⁢   of   ⁢           ⁢   film   ⁢           ⁢   before   ⁢           ⁢   graft       ×   100                         IEC   ⁡     [     meq   ⁢     /     ⁢   g     ]       =         (       acid   ⁢           ⁢     conc   .       ,   N     )     ×     (         avg   .           ⁢   of     ⁢           ⁢     blk   .           ⁢   titrant       ,     mL   -     sample   ⁢           ⁢   titrant       ,           ⁢     mL   ⁢           ⁢   acid       )         Mass   ⁢           ⁢   of   ⁢           ⁢   dry   ⁢           ⁢   sample                   
 
     The grafting was done in a 3 inch diameter stainless steel reactor with the film turned at 12 RPM, and the reactor jacket temperature controlled at 70° C. for 18 hrs. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Dimensions 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Initial 
                   
                   
                 Final 
                   
                   
                 after 
                   
                 Gel 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Initial 
                 film 
                 Monomer 
                 Initiator 
                 graft 
                 Dimensions 
                   
                 Sulfonation, 
                   
                 Water 
               
               
                 Example 
                 Sample 
                 film 
                 dimensions 
                 mass 
                 mass 
                 mass 
                 after graft 
                 % 
                 wet 
                 IEC 
                 Content 
               
               
                 No. 
                 # 
                 mass (g) 
                 (in.) 
                 (grams) 
                 (grams) 
                 (grams) 
                 (in.) 
                 graft 
                 (in.) 
                 (meq/g) 
                 (wt. %) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 81 
                 309 
                 30.350 
                 28 × 24¼ 
                 76 
                 3.2 
                 50.857 
                 30 × 27½ 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 82 
                 310 
                 30.690 
                 28 × 24¼ 
                 76 
                 3.2 
                 53.298 
                 30⅜ × 27¾ 
                 — 
                 37 ×32½ 
               
               
                 83 
                 311 
                 30.426 
                 28 × 24¼ 
                 76 
                 2.0 
                 45.270 
                 30{fraction (1/16)} × 27⅝ 
                 48.79 
                 36½ × 32⅜ 
               
               
                 84 
                 313 
                 30.420 
                 28 × 24¼ 
                 76 
                 6.0 
                 45.848 
                 30 × 27¼ 
                 50.72 
                 35½ × 32½ 
               
               
                 85 
                 314 
                 30.346 
                 28 × 24½ 
                 76 
                 6.0 
                 46.878 
                 30½ × 27¾ 
                 54.45 
                 38 × 34½ 
               
               
                 86 
                 315 
                 30.170 
                 28 × 24½ 
                 100 
                 3.6 
                 45.528 
                 30¼ × 27¾ 
                 50.9 
                 37½ × 34 
               
               
                 87 
                 316 
                 30.250 
                 28 × 24½ 
                 100 
                 3.6 
                 45.518 
                 30¼ × 28 
                 50.05 
               
               
                 88 
                 317 
                 30.429 
                 28 × 24½ 
                 100 
                 4.8 
                 45.293 
                 30½ × 27⅛ 
                 48.85 
               
               
                 89 
                 318 
                 30.198 
                 28 × 24½ 
                 80 
                 4.0 
                 45.568 
                 30¼ × 27¼ 
                 50.9 
                 36¼ × 32⅝ 
               
               
                 90 
                 319 
                 30.323 
                 28 × 24½ 
                 80 
                 3.6 
                 44.908 
                 30 × 27⅛ 
                 48.1 
                 35⅛ × 31¾ 
               
               
                 91 
                 339 
                 30.727 
                 28 × 24½ 
                 80 
                 4.0 
                 41.427 
                 29⅞ × 26⅜ 
                 34.8 
                 34¼ × 30⅝ 
               
               
                 92 
                 340 
                 30.719 
                 28 × 24½ 
                 68 
                 4.5 
                 46.855 
                 30¼ × 27⅝ 
                 52.5 
                 37½ × 35 
                 2.5 
                 103 
               
               
                 93 
                 341 
                 31.471 
                 29 × 24½ 
                 68 
                 4.5 
                 45.729 
                 31 × 27¼ 
                 45.3 
                 37¾ × 34¼ 
                 1.15 
                 79.3 
               
               
                 94 
                 342 
                 31.576 
                 29 × 24½ 
                 64 
                 4.3 
                 44.712 
                 27⅛ × 30{fraction (15/16)} 
                 41.6 
                 37⅜ × 34 
                 1.11 
                 68.4 
               
               
                 95 
                 347 
                 31.533 
                 29 × 24½ 
                 72 
                 4.8 
                 46.052 
                 31⅛ × 27¼ 
                 46.04 
                 38 × 34⅛ 
                 1.09 
                 121 
               
               
                 96 
                 348 
                 31.583 
                 29 × 24½ 
                 68 
                 4.5 
                 46.595 
                 27⅚ × 31⅙ 
                 47.5 
                 38⅛ × 35 
               
               
                 97 
                 349 
                 32.072 
                 29 × 24½ 
                 68 
                 4.5 
                 46.037 
                 31½ × 27½ 
                 43.5 
                 37⅓ × 34½ 
               
               
                 98 
                 350 
                 29.950 
                 29 × 23 
                 68 
                 4.5 
                 50.677 
                 32⅜ × 27{fraction (9/16)} 
                 69.2 
               
               
                 99 
                 352 
                 30.062 
                 29 × 23 
                 68 
                 4.5 
                 42.978 
                 30⅚ × 26 
                 42.96 
               
               
                 100 
                 358 
                 30.426 
                 29 × 23 
                 68 
                 4.5 
                 46.595 
                 31⅔ × 26⅝ 
                 53.14