Abstract:
A method and system for improving text searching is disclosed. The method and system provides a network of document relationship and utilizes the network of document relationships to identify the region of documents that can be used to satisfy a user&#39;s request. In a preferred embodiment, the text searching method in accordance with the present invention augments a conventional text search by using information on document relationships and metadata. The text searching method and system improves upon conventional text search techniques by incorporating relationship metadata to define regions to search within. In the present invention the definition of a region is not limited to just categories as it includes neighborhoods around individual documents and sets which have been user defined.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/365,648, filed Feb. 12, 2003, entitled, “Method and System for Improving a Text Search,” which is a divisional of U.S Pat. No. 6,691,107, filed Jul. 21, 2000, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     The present invention relates generally to text searching and more particularly to a method and system for improving text searching.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0003]     The majority of text searching algorithms is based on analyzing the content of documents. Conventional text searching algorithms only evaluate each document individually in a type of competition to see which document makes the top of the list. For example, Yahoo.com searches within categories. Other web sites, such as AltaVista, etc., offer similar services. When a user asks a query, he/she is looking for a small set of documents that provide an answer. Text queries tend to provide large answer sets and a one-size-fits-all relevancy ranking. These text searching algorithms typically include extracting words or phrases, creating indexing structures, and determining discriminators for calculating relevance. When a user asks a text query, the index identifies the candidate documents, the relevance is calculated for each document, the candidate documents are ordered by relevance, and the resulting list is returned to the user.  
         [0004]     This is useful to a user when the list of candidate documents is relatively small. When the list becomes larger, other means of manipulating the list are needed. Why? Even though the relevance ranking tries to give a good order to the list, it may not be close to the criteria that user has in mind. Another source of imprecision is that a word submitted in a text query can have multiple meanings. A search for “jack” can yield results for card games, bowling, a children&#39;s game, fish, rabbits, etc. There are over 15 definitions of “jack” (http://www.dictionary.com/cgi-bin/dict.pl?term=jack). A large list requires refinement to factor out the candidate documents which do not match the user&#39;s criteria for selection.  
         [0005]     Accordingly, what is needed is a system and method for improving the text search for documents. The present invention addresses such a need.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0006]     A method and system for improving text searching is disclosed. The method and system provides a network of document relationship and utilizes the network of document relationships to identify the region of documents that can be used to satisfy a user&#39;s request. In a preferred embodiment, the text searching method in accordance with the present invention augments a conventional text search by using information on document relationships. The text searching method and system improves upon conventional text search techniques by incorporating relationship metadata to define regions to search within. In the present invention the definition of a region is not limited to just categories as it includes neighborhoods around individual documents and sets which have been user defined.  
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0007]      FIG. 1  illustrates a hardware environment used to implement the present invention.  
         [0008]      FIG. 2  is a flow chart in accordance with the present invention.  
         [0009]      FIG. 3  illustrates the result of a search query.  
         [0010]      FIG. 4  illustrates the user identifying example candidates.  
         [0011]      FIG. 5  illustrates locating document related to the example candidates.  
         [0012]      FIG. 6  illustrates providing improved candidate documents.  
         [0013]      FIG. 7  illustrates selecting a location.  
         [0014]      FIG. 8  illustrates finding a plurality of entities relating to the location.  
         [0015]      FIG. 9  illustrates applying a search query to the members of the category. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0016]     The present invention relates generally to text searching and more particularly to a method and system for improving text searching. The following description is presented to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the invention and is provided in the context of a patent application and its requirements. Various modifications to the preferred embodiment and the generic principles and features described herein will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiment shown but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features described herein.  
         [0017]     The present invention is implemented in a computer or a computer network. In the preferred embodiment the present invention is implemented in a computer network, wherein client programs, also known as application programs, are not server-resident. Client programs are preferably external to the server so that they can operate on small size systems (e.g., personal computers, workstations, etc.). One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that any client-server configuration may be used to implement the present invention, including a configuration wherein the client programs are resident in any computer including the server.  
         [0018]     Accordingly,  FIG. 1  illustrates a hardware environment used to implement the present invention. As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , in the preferred embodiment the present invention is implemented in a server computer (“server”)  100 . The server  100  generally includes, a processor  102 , a memory  104  such as a random access memory (RAM), a data storage device  106  (e.g., hard drive, floppy disk drive, CD-ROM disk drive, etc.), a data communication device  108  (e.g., modem, network interface device, etc.), a monitor  110  (e.g., CRT, LCD display, etc.), a pointing device  112  (e.g., a mouse, a track ball, a pad or any other device responsive to touch, etc.) and a keyboard  114 . It is envisioned that attached to the computer  100  may be other devices such as read only memory (ROM), a video card drive, printers, peripheral devices including local and wide area network interface devices, etc. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that any combination of the above system components may be used to configure the server  100 .  
         [0019]     The server  100  operates under the control of an operating system (“OS”)  116 , such as MVS™, AIX™, UNIX™, OS/2™, WINDOWS™, WINDOWS NT™, etc., which typically, is loaded into the memory  104  during the server  100  start-up (boot-up) sequence after power-on or reset. In operation, the OS  116  controls the execution by the server  100  of computer programs  118 , including server and/or client-server programs. Alternatively, a system and method in accordance with the present invention may be implemented with any one or all of the computer programs  118  embedded in the OS  116  itself without departing from the scope of the invention. Preferably, however, the client programs are separate from the server programs and are not resident on the server.  
         [0020]     The OS  116  and the computer programs  118  each comprise computer readable instructions which, in general, are tangibly embodied in or are readable from a media such as the memory  104 , the data storage device  106  and/or the data communications device  108 . When executed by the server  100 , the instructions cause the server  100  to perform the steps necessary to implement the present invention. Thus, the present invention may be implemented as a method, apparatus, or an article of manufacture (a computer-readable media or device) using programming and/or engineering techniques to produce software, hardware, firmware, or any combination thereof.  
         [0021]     The server  100  is typically used as a part of an information search and retrieval system capable of receiving, retrieving and/or dissemination information over the Internet, or any other network environment. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that this system may include more than one of server  100 .  
         [0022]     In the information search and retrieval system, such as a digital library system, a client program communicates with the server  100  by, inter alia, issuing to the server search requests and queries. The server  100  then responds by providing the requested information. The digital library system is typically implemented using a relational database management system software (RDBMS)  120  such as the DB2™ by IBM Corporation. The RDBMS  120  receives and responds to search and retrieval requests and termed queries from the client. In the preferred embodiment, the RDBMS  120  is server-resident.  
         [0023]     In the digital library system, such as IBM Content Manager by IBM Corporation, a library server (such as server  100 ) performs a library server program (“server program”) and an object server (such as server  100 ) performs an object server program (also “server program”). This dual-server digital library system is typically used as a large-scale information objects search and retrieval system which operates in conjunction with the RDBMS  120 . Large-scale information objects (“objects”) include a high resolution digital representation of ancient works of authorship and ancient works of art such as those found in the Vatican, as well as movies, classic and modern art collections, books, etc.  
         [0024]     The objects themselves are typically stored in a relational database connected to the object server, and the information about the objects is stored in a relational database connected to the library server, wherein the server program(s) operate in conjunction with the RDBMS  120  to first store the objects and then to retrieve the objects. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the foregoing is an exemplary configuration of a system which embodies the present invention, and that other system configurations may be used without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention.  
         [0025]     To take advantage of a system and method in accordance with the present invention, a connection server apparatus is necessary. A preferred embodiment of a connection server is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,687,367 entitled “Facility for the Storage and Management of Connection (Connection Server)” and assigned to the assignee of the present invention. The Connection Server is a general purpose, extensible facility, with accessible interfaces that can be included as a component in many systems. The Connection Server component is designed to provide a generic link management facility. The present invention creates a general-purpose facility for the storage and management of Connections that is tailorable, accessible, and tuneable for many purposes. Consumers of this service want to interact with this system with a minimum effort and be connected to associated objects with the least cost and time.  
         [0026]     The Connection Server provides very flexible structures for the identification of objects to be interconnected, the identification of the links which connect them, and the auxiliary information needed to materialize objects when they are referenced.  
         [0027]     The Connection Server is designed as a stand-alone reusable component. It interfaces with other independent components for services such as classification attributes, distributed database services, (object) storage, etc. Clean public programming interfaces are available for all components. It is independent from the “front-end”, the user driven display of the Connections and associated metadata. It is independent from any authoring facilities which may be used to customize the services, metadata, etc., that are provided.  
         [0028]     A system and method in accordance with the present invention provides for an improved text searching mechanism.  FIG. 2  is a flow chart in accordance with the present invention. In this system a network of document relationships are provided, via step  202 . The document relationships are then utilized to define a region of documents that can be utilized to satisfy a user&#39;s request. Typically, the region is identified utilizing relationship metadata.  
         [0029]     The system and method in accordance with the present invention has two principal advantages. The first advantage of a system and method in accordance with the present invention is that a user can choose a small number of candidates from a large list returned from a query and use the chosen candidate(s) as an example of the type of information that is sought by the query. Based on this user feedback, an improved list of candidates can be generated which account for the text query submitted and the “regions” of documents identified by the user. This list can be generated by utilizing relationship metadata, for example, in a manner described in the copending patent application Ser. No. 09/620,756, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,611,845, entitled “Method and System for Storing and Managing Sets of Objects”, which is incorporated by reference herein.  
         [0030]     The second advantage of a system and method in accordance with the present invention is the ability to search within a “region”. Examples of regions are: (1) a category; (2) documents that neighbor a given document. A user can then specify a region and then ask a query to be performed in this region. This also reduces the number of candidates returned from the query.  
         [0031]     To more particularly describe the system and method in accordance with the present invention, refer now to the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.  
         [0032]     First Advantage  
         [0033]     The first scenario demonstrates how the “first advantage” is achieved. In this embodiment, before a query can be processed, documents undergo preprocessing for indexing, relevance ranking, and relationship mining. The index, relevance, and relationship metadata is stored for use during a query. This scenario applies the search query followed by the application of relationship metadata to create an improved candidate list.  
         [0034]      FIG. 3  illustrates the result of an initial text search query. Each circle represents a document that can be returned by a text search query. After a query has been submitted against all of the documents, the search engine identifies the Original Candidate documents and orders them by relevance. In  FIG. 3 , the circles that have been identified as  302  have been chosen as candidates by the search engine and returned to the user.  
         [0035]      FIG. 4  illustrates the user identifying example candidates. The user reviews some of the Original Candidate documents to determine examples of the type of document being sought. The user identifies at least one and preferably a smaller number than the original candidates Example Candidate documents to the system. The example candidate documents are labeled  304  in  FIG. 4 .  
         [0036]      FIG. 5  illustrates locating documents related to the Example Candidates document by relationship metadata. The system locates documents that are related to the Example Candidate documents. Some of these documents may be Original Candidate documents; others may not. The relationships are shown as arrows  306  in  FIG. 5 . As before mentioned, this element can be implemented utilizing the relationship metadata which is described, for example, in copending application Ser. No. 09/620,756, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,611,845, “Method and System for Storing and Managing Sets of Objects,” which is incorporated in its entirety herein.  
         [0037]      FIG. 6  illustrates providing a plurality of improved candidate documents. The system now knows which documents are Original Candidate documents, Example Candidate documents, and candidates by relationship. It calculates the new order of presentation by considering the document&#39;s relevance ranking, the number of relationships it participates in, and whether it was an Original Candidate document. The new list contains a smaller number of Improved Candidate documents illustrated by circles  308 .  
         [0038]     Second Advantage  
         [0039]     The second scenario demonstrates how the “second advantage” is achieved. This scenario applies the definition of a “region” using relationship metadata, followed by the search query.  
         [0040]      FIG. 7  illustrates selecting a location. A location is selected within the information space. This location can be a category designation, an actual document, or another placeholder in the information space. In this scenario, the circle  402  represents a chosen Category.  
         [0041]      FIG. 8  illustrates finding a plurality of entities relating to the location utilizing relationship metadata. This is also performed utilizing the above-identified copending application. For example, from a given Category, all of the Category Members are found by the system. If the scenario had chosen a document rather than a category, related documents would have been found by the system. In general, this step creates a “region” from the relationship metadata. The circles  404  represent the members of the category that form the region to be searched.  
         [0042]      FIG. 9  illustrates applying a search query to the members of the category. The search query is then applied to all members of the region to locate all of the Candidate documents that satisfy the query. The Improved Candidate list is returned to the user. The circles  406  represent the documents that satisfy the search query and are members of the region.  
         [0043]     In a method and system in accordance with the present invention, a network of document relationships are utilized to identify the “region” of documents that can be used to satisfy a user&#39;s request. There are two advantages of utilizing text searching and relationship metadata. The first is gained by performing the search, then utilizing the relationship metadata. The second is gained by utilizing the relationship metadata, then performing the search. In so doing, a significantly smaller list is obtained via the system than when utilizing conventional text searching algorithms.  
         [0044]     Although the present invention has been described in accordance with the embodiments shown, one of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that there could be variations to the embodiments and those variations would be within the spirit and scope of the present invention. Accordingly, many modifications may be made by one of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the appended claims.