Abstract:
Apparatus for controlling and diagnosing a prime mover of a vehicle traction system includes an alternator having a rotor and coupled to a crankshaft of the prime mover, a source of electrical energy, a position sensor supplying a position signal representative of an angular position of the rotor, and a control computer. The computer supplies energy to the alternator to crank the prime mover at a controlled rate. In a diagnosis mode, the computer generates a condition signal indicative of a malfunction of the prime mover, from a compression signal derived from an acceleration signal which is derived from the position signal. In a barring-over mode, the computer also supplies energy to the alternator and monitors the position signal to place the crankshaft in a desired angular position in an operation separate from diagnosis mode.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The present disclosure relates generally to an electrical machine having a prime mover and an electric transmission. More particularly, the disclosure relates to a system and method for controlling and analyzing the condition of the prime mover. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Electrical transmissions are often used in applications such as locomotives or other large self-propelled traction vehicles. An example is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,616,166. 
         [0003]    Such a vehicle, in practice, will sometimes be out of service for maintenance. During maintenance, it is often necessary to position the crankshaft of a prime mover, such as a diesel engine, at a specific position, e.g., such that a piston in a specified cylinder is at top or bottom dead center. Usually, this operation is performed by using a long metal bar as a lever to manually rotate a ring gear attached to the crankshaft, an operation known as “barring,” or by otherwise engaging a flywheel coupled to crankshaft  23  ( FIG. 1 ) to move the crankshaft. For example, a barring rig consisting of a pinion gear and an air motor may be coupled to a ring gear of the engine, Then, measured amounts of air pressure are supplied to the rig to slowly rotate the engine until the crankshaft, in the operator&#39;s estimation, is at the desired position. Although it is known in the art to employ the electrical machine as a cranking motor to start the engine, such cranking operation cannot be performed with sufficient precision to replace a barring operation. It is therefore desirable to provide improved apparatus and methods for precisely positioning the crankshaft. 
         [0004]    When the engine exhibits reduced performance, diagnostic procedures, such as cylinder compression measurements are performed. Such measurements also require extensive manual operations. Thus, it is also desirable to provide improved apparatus and methods for diagnosis and determination of causes of performance degradation in the engine. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0005]    In one aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a method for analyzing the condition of a prime mover coupled to a rotor of an electrical machine. The method may include inhibiting injection of fuel into the prime mover and cranking the prime mover at a controlled rate by supplying current to the machine. The method may further include generating a position signal representing an angular position of the rotor; generating an acceleration signal representing the angular acceleration of the rotor, based on the position signal; and generating a compression signal representing compression of cylinders of the prime mover, based on the acceleration signal. The method may further include comparing values of the compression signal to a predetermined compression reference signal and generating an indication of a malfunction in the cylinders, based on the comparison. 
         [0006]    In another aspect, the present disclosure is directed to apparatus for analyzing the condition of a prime mover in a vehicle traction system. The apparatus may include electrical machine for supplying electrical energy to a traction system when the electrical machine is driven by the prime mover, the electrical machine comprising a rotor coupled to a crankshaft of the prime mover; and a sensor generating a position signal representing an angular position of the rotor. The apparatus may further include a processor; and a memory storing instructions. When the processor executes the instructions, the processor may cause the apparatus to inhibit injection of fuel into the prime mover, crank the prime mover at a controlled rate by supplying current from the current source to the electrical machine, and generate a position signal representing an angular position of the rotor. The processor may further cause the apparatus to generate an acceleration signal representing the angular acceleration of the rotor, based on the position signal; generate a compression signal representing compression of cylinders of the prime mover, based on the acceleration signal; and compare values of the compression signal to a predetermined compression reference signal. Finally, the processor may cause the apparatus to generate an indication of a malfunction in the cylinders, based on the comparison. 
         [0007]    In a further aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a method for placing a crankshaft of a prime mover in a desired angular position, the crankshaft being coupled to a rotor of an electrical machine, the electrical machine having a field coil and a plurality of stator phase coils. The method may include determining an initial position of a rotor of the electrical machine with no current flowing, determining the direction of the torque to be produced on the rotor when the rotor is rotated from the initial position to a displacement position corresponding to the desired crankshaft position, and increasing current in the field coil to an initial value. The method may further include receiving a value of torque required to begin rotation of the electrical machine, calculating the amplitudes of phase currents in the stator phase coils required to produce the received torque value, and supplying the calculated phase currents to the stator phase coils, such that a phase direct axis of the stator phase coils is aligned with the initial rotor position. Finally, the method may include modifying the amplitudes of phase currents in the stator phase coils so as to rotate the phase direct axis toward the displacement position, generating a signal representing the angular position of the rotor, and ceasing supply of current to the stator phase coils when the position signal indicates that the rotor is in the displacement position. 
         [0008]    In yet another aspect, the present disclosure is directed to apparatus for placing a crankshaft of a prime mover of a vehicle traction system in a desired angular position. The apparatus may include an alternator for supplying electrical energy to the traction system when driven by the prime mover, the alternator including a rotor coupled to a crankshaft of the prime mover, a field coil on the rotor, and a plurality of stator phase coils. The apparatus may also include a sensor generating a position signal representing an angular position of the rotor, a processor, and a memory storing instructions. When the processor executes the instructions, the processor may cause the apparatus to determine an initial position of a rotor of the alternator with no current flowing in the field coil or the stator phase coils, based on the position signal; determine a direction of torque to be produced on the rotor when the rotor is rotated from the initial position to a displacement position corresponding to the desired position; increase current in the field coil to an initial value; and receive a value of torque required to begin rotation of the alternator and the crankshaft. The processor may further cause the apparatus to calculate the amplitudes of phase currents in the stator phase coils required to produce the received torque value; supply the calculated phase currents to the stator phase coils, such that a phase direct axis of the stator phase coils is aligned with the initial rotor position; modify the amplitudes of phase currents in the stator phase coils so as to rotate the phase direct axis toward the displacement position; and cease supplying current to the stator phase coils when the position signal indicates that the rotor is in the displacement position. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0009]      FIG. 1  is a schematic illustration of an exemplary system consistent with the disclosed embodiments; 
           [0010]      FIG. 2  is a flowchart of a method for analyzing the condition of a prime mover in the system of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0011]      FIG. 3  is a schematic illustration of a portion of a rotor and stator of a main synchronous electrical machine of the system of  FIG. 1 , with the rotor in an initial position; 
           [0012]      FIG. 4  is a schematic illustration of the portion of the rotor and stator of  FIG. 2 , with the rotor in desired displaced position; and 
           [0013]      FIG. 5  is a flowchart of a method for placing a crankshaft of a prime mover in a desired angular position. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0014]    Reference will now be made in detail to exemplary embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts. 
         [0015]      FIG. 1  shows components of an exemplary transmission system  10  of a vehicle, including, e.g., an alternator  20 , for supplying electric energy to a plurality of alternating current (AC) traction motors (not shown) coupled through speed-reducing gearing to respective axle-wheel sets of the vehicle. Alternator  20  includes a rotor  22  mechanically coupled to a crankshaft  23  of a prime mover, such as a diesel internal combustion engine  24 , on board the vehicle. When engine  24  rotates rotor  22  while excitation current is supplied to a field coil  28 C. The alternating voltage output of stator coils  28 A,  28 B,  28 C is supplied to the armature coils of the traction motors. The output power of alternator  20  is regulated or varied by suitably controlling the strength of the excitation of field coil  26  and the rotational speed of engine  24 . 
         [0016]    Referring again to  FIG. 1 , in an embodiment consistent with the invention, an electrical machine, such as a three-phase synchronous alternator  20  is used as a cranking motor for engine  24 . System  10  may be implemented in, for example, a SD70ACe locomotive commercially available from Electro-Motive Diesel, Inc. of LaGrange, Ill. 
         [0017]    Cranking energy in system  10  is provided by a battery  40 . A boost converter  42  may be employed to increase the battery voltage from, for example, 32 or 64 volts DC to 128 volts DC. Boost converter  42  may be connected to a three-phase inverter  44 . Alternator  20  may be of the wound field type, and includes field coil  26 , also powered from the battery  40  via converter  42 . System control is provided by a control computer  46 , including a processor  47  and a computer-readable storage medium, such as a memory  48 . 
         [0018]    System  10  also includes a position sensor  49  which generates a signal indicating the angular position of rotor  22 . Sensor  49  may be of a type commercially available from Baumer Ltd. of Southington, Conn. A switching circuit  50  is provided to switch alternator  20  between operation in a cranking motor mode and a propulsion mode, in which motive power is provided to traction motors, not shown. 
         [0019]      FIG. 2  shows a method  100  using system  10  to analyze operation of engine  24 . Method  100  may be performed by processor  47  executing instructions of a software program stored in memory  48 . Specifically, low compression in one or more cylinders of engine  24  can be detected, based on cranking torque patterns, polar inertia, and assumed engine friction characteristics. First, at  102 , control computer  46  responds to a user command to place system  10  in a diagnostic mode. At  104 , fuel injection to engine  24  is inhibited. Constant frequency AC current is then supplied at  106  to stator coils  28 A,  28 B,  28 C to crank engine  24  and control the rate of rotation thereof to a specific range, for example 40 RPM while generating a position signal from sensor  49  at  108 . At  110 , control computer then generates an acceleration signal corresponding to angular acceleration of rotor  22  of alternator  20 , calculated as the second time derivative of the position signal. The acceleration signal is a somewhat sinusoidal pattern. At  112 , a cylinder compression signal is then computed from the acceleration signal, based on the well-known slider-crank equation; specifically, x=R cos(Θ)+L cos(φ), where x is displacement of a piston from top dead center, R is the length of the crank arm, L is the length of the piston arm, Θ is the angle between the crank arm and the direction of travel of the piston, and φ is the angle between the piston arm and the direction of travel of the piston. 
         [0020]    Values of the compression signal are compared by computer  46  at  114  to predetermined compression reference values. If the compression signal values are lower than the reference values in areas where certain cylinder pressures are dominant, then computer  46  generates an indication at  116  of a malfunction in one or more of those certain cylinders of engine  24 . 
         [0021]    On occasion, engine mechanics may need to turn engine  24  to a specified crankshaft angle, or to place a specified cylinder to top or bottom dead center for inspection. Consistent with disclosed embodiments, engine turning is provided by first sensing the angular position of rotor  22  (and crankshaft  23 ) and generating a position signal using position sensor  49 . The position signal is supplied to control computer  46 , along with operator input specifying a desired position of engine  24 . Processor  46  then executes instructions in memory  48  to generate control signals to cause alternator  20  to rotate engine  24  to the desired position, at a very slow rate, for example, 10 rpm. 
         [0022]    The method for computing torque in control computer  46  may employ torque calculation algorithms residing in power mode and braking mode software of control computer  46 . This software may be invoked simply be specifying the desired low speed required while the engine is rotated to the desired position. 
         [0023]    Cranking torque when alternator  20  is used as a cranking motor can be calculated by ascertaining the position of rotor  22  with respect to a stator magnetic axis.  FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram of a portion of an exemplary alternator  20  having ten poles. However the invention is not limited to a ten-pole configuration. Parameters of the torque calculation may include the DC field current I N  of alternator  20 , and the instantaneous stator coil currents i a , i b , and i c  of alternator  20 . 
         [0024]    The radial centerline of the phase a stator coil, within a two-pole span, will be referred to as the phase a direct axis, or the reference position. Positive current in the stator coil of phase a alone causes a magnetic south pole in the area embraced by coil  28 A, and will cause a local maximum air gap flux density near the geometric center of the embraced teeth and slots of the structure supporting stator phase coil  28 A of phase a. The position of rotor  22 , also called the rotor magnetic axis, is defined by the angle r of the centerline of one of the north poles of rotor  22 , with respect to the reference position, within a two-pole span. The reference position may also be referred to as the rotor direct axis. 
         [0025]    As an example, assume that engine  24  has stopped the cranking motor at a random position r=r o , in  FIG. 3 . Alternator  20  is thus at zero rpm. The position r of rotor  22  can be determined at any time by reading the output of sensor  49  and adding a calibration offset to it. For example, r may have a value such as “35 degrees,” which means that the maximum air gap flux density, which is caused by the field current acting alone, is located 35 electrical degrees (7 mechanical degrees) counterclockwise from the reference position. 
         [0026]    The characteristics of the position signal supplied by sensor  49  varies from one manufacturer to another, and many signal options are available. To convert the position sensor signal reading to the rotor position within a two-pole span, a transformation formula, dependent upon the characteristics of the output signal generated by sensor  49 , may be employed. An initial position sensor output correlation with a rotor direct axis position may be performed at the time of installation of sensor  49 . 
         [0027]    The stator magnetic axis is referred to as the angular location S, within a two-pole span and with respect to the reference position. This is where the flux density caused by the combined currents of all stator phase coils is at its maximum south value. By varying the three instantaneous phase currents i a , i b , and i c , the sum of individual air gap fields generated by the phase currents can be made to have its maximum south polarity value at any desired angular position S within a two-pole span. This is accomplished by having computer  46  generate phase currents i a , i b , and i c  according to: 
         [0000]        l   a   =i   amax cos( s )   (1)
 
         [0000]        l   b   =i   amax cos( s− 2π/3)
 
         [0000]        l   b   =i   amax cos( s 4π/3)
 
         [0028]    To illustrate, if S of the stator is to be aligned perfectly with the reference position, S is zero degrees and (1) yields l a =i amax , l b =l c =−i amax /2. Initially, at 0 rpm, S can be held equal to r o , that is, at the initial rotor position, while l a  and l fld  are being increased from zero. As illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the stator magnetic axis at that time, S 0 , is aligned with the rotor position r. No torque results because the stator and rotor fields are aligned. 
         [0029]    Once l a  and l fld  are at their steady state values, computer  46  can increase the supply frequency ω of l a  from zero. Flux is generated in the air gap, torque is applied to rotor  22 , and rotor  22  begins to rotate. After some rotation, the resulting stator magnetic axis S has traveled through an angle of ∫ω dt and the stator magnetic axis moves to S=∫ω dt+r o . 
         [0030]      FIG. 4  illustrates the relative angular position of the stator magnetic axis S and the rotor position r at some later moment in time. The relative position angle δ sr  is defined as: δ sr =s−r. Computer  46  can subtract 360 degrees from S after every electrical cycle to avoid an overflow condition, provided that r is also adjusted. The cranking motor air gap torque T is an approximate function of δ sr , l a , and l fld , specifically, T=K l a  l fld  sin(δ sr ), where K is a cranking motor machine constant. An alternate to this equation could include an adjustment for the effects of rotor saliency. 
       INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY 
       [0031]    In general, the above analysis may be used to employ an alternator as a cranking motor to “bar over”, or rotate, a crankshaft of a prime mover in a vehicle to a desired position to, for example, facilitate maintenance of the prime mover. A method for doing this is shown in  FIG. 5 . 
         [0032]    The method begins with no current flowing in either field coil  26  or stator coils  28 A,  28 B, or  28 C. At  502 , the initial position of rotor  22  is determined using, for example, a position signal from sensor  49 . Then at  504  a direction of torque is determined which is required to be produced on rotor  22  to rotate the rotor from the initial position to a displacement position corresponding to the desired crankshaft position. Current in field coil  26  is then increased at  506  to an initial value of, for example, a substantial fraction of full field current. A value of starting torque required to overcome friction and inertia of alternator  20  and engine  24  is then received, or otherwise determined, at  508 . For example, this value could be determined experimentally for the particular alternator-engine combination. 
         [0033]    Using the analysis set forth above, the steady-state amplitudes of three-phase currents in the stator coils required to produce magnetic flux sufficient to generate the starting torque value are then calculated at  510  and supplied at  512  to stator coils  28 A,  28 B, and  28 C, such that the phase direct axis of the stator coils is aligned with the initial rotor position. Next, at  514 , the amplitudes of currents in the stator coils are modified while maintaining constant their phase relationship, so as to rotate the phase direct axis toward the desired position. That is, a frequency w of three-phase current is supplied to the stator coils. This in turn generates torque in rotor  22  sufficient to overcome friction and inertia and slowly rotate rotor  22  and connected crankshaft  23  toward the desired position. 
         [0034]    At  516 , sensor  49  generates a signal representing the angular position of the rotor. Using this signal, computer  46  determines when rotor  22  has reached the desired position and then ceases supply of current in stator coils stator coils  28 A,  28 B, and  28 C at  518 . 
         [0035]    The present invention may thus enable detection of many types of faults not generally known to a cranking system, allow mechanics to spot the engine at any desired crankshaft angle, and provide a cylinder compression diagnostic capability not possible with conventional cranking systems. 
         [0036]    It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the disclosed system. Other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the disclosed system. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope being indicated by the following claims and their equivalents. Further, it should be understood that, as used herein, the indefinite articles “a” and “an” mean “one or more” in open-ended claims containing the transitional phrase “comprising,” “including,” and/or “having.”