Abstract:
A device for personal identification using a dorsal band vein-pattern in preferable configuration is disclosed. The device utilizes an on-board or external camera using wired or wireless communication operating in both visible and near infrared range, a memory unit, a processor and Speeded-Up Robust Features algorithm for image acquisition, processing and comparison against the existing database of hand vein-pattern images. The matching criterion between the images to be used for the person&#39;s authentication. Device can optionally use wireless connection for image transferring and processing.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/860,669, filed Apr. 11, 2013, currently allowed. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates broadly to device for biometric person identification based on the platform of a Portable Assistance Device (PAD) such a smartphone, cell phone, tablet, desktop computer, laptop computer, handheld electronic devices, personal digital assistant, security scanning panel, or any electronic device. 
     More precisely, the invention is based on the analysis and comparison of unique vein-patterns of human hands or other parts of the human body. The technology can be applied to various human populations, regardless of race, skin color or age (i.e. newborns, toddlers, teenagers, adults, and elderly people). The present invention can also be used to identify animals in both farming and veterinary applications. 
     2. Background Art 
     The progress of the information age brings unprecedented changes to the human society. The requirements related the personal information are being growing dramatically day by day. As the result, the personal identification, protection and security become extremely important in the modern age. 
     There are various methods of personal and/or biometric identification have been developed, including fingerprinting, face-voice-recognition, vein pattern (iris, palm) etc. 
     There are multiple problems associated with the existing methods, such as requirement for in-contact authentication procedure, time-consuming or obstructive procedure, unreliable measurements and low recognition rate. 
     For example, the accuracy of a face-recognition-based personal identification is relatively low as the technology has to overcome the problems of lighting, pose, orientation and gesture. Fingerprint identification is widely used for personal identification. However, it is difficult to acquire fingerprint features (i.e. minutiae), for some people such as elderly people, manual laborers, etc. Moreover, in-contact identification devices may invoke hygiene concern and reluctance to use by a general public. As a result, other biometric characteristics are receiving increasing attention. 
     Recently, a growing trend towards relieving the users from a contact device has emerged and the idea of robust, or further contact-free, hand biometrics have been proposed. The hand vein recognition technology has also been proposed for image biometrical verification, see, for example U.S. Pat. No. 4,699,149 by Rice. US20120281890 by Kamakura and U.S. Pat. No. 5,787,185 by Clayden. 
     Compared to other biometric authentication techniques, the vein recognition has many advantages, such as uniqueness, life-long, time invariant consistency of the vein-pattern for each human body, as well as a non-contact, fast, unobtrusive vein-pattern image acquisition procedure. 
       FIG. 1  shows the typical example of matched portions of the two superimposed vein-patterns of a person, as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,787,185 by Clayden. 
     The advancement in biometric image matching technology has promoted the development of various biometric identification systems. 
     Vein biometric systems are also capable of recording the infrared absorption patterns to produce unique and private identification templates for users, see, for example U.S. Pat. No. 8,229,178 by Zhang. 
     The matching and comparison of images is part of many modern computer-vision applications. Image registration, camera calibration, object recognition, and image retrieval, to mention a few, see for example U.S. Pat. No. 8,165,401 by Funayama. 
     The contemporary compact devices such as a smartphone and other personal assistant devices are capable of performing the task of finding correspondences between two images. Moreover, the smartphone and other movable electronic devices can be modified or amended with attachable modules to process the image at the infrared part of the spectrum; the image can also be processed by a secondary processing device which a primary device is in communication with. 
     The disclosed invention provides a novel, compact, fast, portable and mobile authentication and identification device of a person based on person&#39;s hand vein-pattern. 
     The preferred embodiment of the invention uses an image of the vein-pattern of a dorsal (back) side of a human palm for biometric authentication of a person. There is no limitation, however, to apply the disclosed method to the front side of human palm, as well as to other regions of skin of human body, as long as blood vessels are located relatively close to the skin surface. 
     The surface of the person&#39;s hand dorsal side is less susceptible to accidental damage, tints making disclose device preferable for the situations of field deployment. Moreover, it is much more convenient to acquire the images of the hand dorsal side of small children and newborns. 
     Furthermore, for small children it might be preferable to use the images of their feet, particularly in infrared spectrum. 
     The disclosed device and technology is relies on the discovering intrinsically specific points of interest and match them using geometric affine, projective, or other types of geometric image transformations, for example conformal maps. 
     The disclosed device and technology relies on the image processing algorithm similar to Speeded-Up Robust Features (SURF) algorithm reported by Bay et. al. in “Surf: Speeded up robust features”, ECCV (European Conference on Computer Vision), 2006, pp. 404-417. 
     Together with this algorithm the disclosed device employs geometric affine and projective transformations which are insensitive to rotations, scaling, tilts and shifts of image plane, etc., making our disclosed technology applicable to biometric identification of humans of all ages: from newborns to adults. 
     The term “vein-pattern”, as used herein is defined as the image having a pattern of veins, capillaries and other blood vessels that are unique for each individual. 
     The term “PAD”, as used herein is defined as any mobile Portable Assistance Device, such as a cell phone, a smartphone, a tablet computer, a personal computer, any electronic device, etc. 
     The term “identification”, as used herein is defined as a procedure of discovering an individual&#39;s identity and searching a database of previously acquired information. When an unknown user sends their information to the database the database is searched and if the unknown user was previously registered the database will be able to tell who the unknown user is amongst registered users. 
     The term “authentication”, as used herein is defined as a result of an individual&#39;s identity being confirmed by the database of previously acquired information. “Authentication” is a process of confirming credentials. When the unknown user claims to be a known user the database is checked and the database confirms whether or not the user is who they claim they are, either authenticating the user or not. 
     The term “NIR”, near infrared, as used herein is defined as electromagnetic radiation within the 750 nm-2500 nm range of the spectrum. 
     The term “point of interest” of an image, as used herein is defined as a pixel of the image with a specific coordinates on the image. The local image features around of the point of interest are stable under local and global image perturbations, such as deformations as those arising from perspective transformations and conformal maps (e.g. affine transformations, local and global scale changes, local and global rotations and/or translations) as well as illumination/brightness variations, such that the locations of the points of interest can be reliably computed with a high degree of reproducibility. 
     The term “descriptor” of a point of interest, as used here is defined as a set of numeric values, usually represented by a 64-dimensional vector, which contains information about the local environment of the point of interest. A descriptor vector other than a 64-dimensional may also be used. 
     In the general embodiment of the invention, the image acquisition is performed using a PAD. In such embodiment the PAD-connected camera is used to obtain the images of blood veins. The camera can be either a PAD built-in camera or connected to the PAD by a wire or wirelessly. 
     In other embodiment of the invention the disclosed personal authentication device includes a switching capabilities between visible and near infrared spectral ranges, namely, acquiring the vein-patter image from a person under the visible and the near infrared spectrum and subsequent extracting points of interest, their locations and descriptors, from the acquired images. 
     In another embodiment of invention a lighting feature is provided by the device to improve the quality of the image both in the visible and the near infrared spectral regions. 
     The disclosed device for non-contact person authentication and identification do not require a direct contact between the disclosed biometric device and a human or animal subject, making it indispensable tool for sterile hospital environment when the alleviation of possible contamination is important. 
     Being portable, the disclosed invention can provide an immediate personnel identification or authorization at virtually any location. The invention might also be important for the personal working in remote areas or in the areas with under-developed/damaged infrastructure. 
     The disclosed invention can also find a particular application in instances where the restricted authorized access is required, such as admission to secure sites, operation of sensitive machinery or credit/cash dispensing. 
     It is also possible to use the disclosed invention for statistical data analysis and medical diagnostics, farming applications, or veterinary applications. 
     Moreover, the disclosed invention can be used for indication of subcutaneous bleeding, new born birth trauma, arthritis, symptoms of a high blood pressure and atherosclerosis, etc. 
     Further features and aspects of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of preferred and optional embodiments with reference to the attached drawings. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A portable identification device using an individual hand vein-pattern is disclosed. The device is based on an electronic device with a built-in camera, or an external camera (attached, wired, or wireless) to acquire a near-infrared image of a skin area with the vein-pattern of the individual. 
     The electronic device, or a processing server the electronic device is in communication with, performs a processing of the acquired image to extract a vein-pattern image and applies a Speeded-Up Robust Features (SURF) method (with adjustable hessian thresholds to deduct points of interest from the image and create a descriptor vector for the pixel&#39;s neighborhood for each of the point of interest. In order to facilitate the vein-pattern extraction, a spatial low- and high-frequency filtering is applied to the (optionally gray-scale) vein-pattern image, along with a contrast enhancement and compensation of illumination inhomogeneity. The electronic device, or a processing server the electronic device is in communication with, compares the descriptors of the acquired image and an image stored in a database and further uses a minimum (Euclidean) distance criterion, or another metric in a vector space, between descriptor to establish pairs of matching points of interest for two images, resulting in an individual identification based on a threshold value. 
     The invention uses an adjustable threshold value of minimum distance between descriptor vectors. It also uses an adjustable number of matching points of interest that determine the possible identification. The device can include additional processing to improve accuracy of the identification by calculating a transformation matrix using the coordinates of the matched pairs and calculating transformed coordinates of the points of interest of the input image. The transformed coordinates can be compared with initial coordinates for improved individual identification using a cumulative threshold (a mean square distance) for distance or other quantitative measure between the initial and the transformed coordinates. The transformation matrix can belong to affine, projective transformation, or conformal map class. 
     The device can use memory, cellular technology, radio frequency, wireless networks, wired networks, or fiber optics networks to access, the database. Moreover, the camera of the device can have auto-focus feature and being switched to operate in visible or NIR spectrum regions. A lighting feature is provided by the device to improve the quality of the image both in the visible and the NIR light. The electronic device, or a processing server the electronic device is in communication with, can employ a wireless communication with a remote server for storage, image processing and exchanging the identification information. Apart of the personal identification, disclosed device is capable of collecting the personal biometric information, accessing the individually specific information for the identified person and/or granting an individual access to the specific information or site. The device can also be used to identify individual humans or animals for medical, animal farming, and veterinary applications. The device is also capable of performing tasks of personnel/population surveying and management. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The present invention will now be discussed in further detail below with reference to the accompanying figures in which: 
         FIG. 1 : Prior Art. The matched portions of the two superimposed patterns. 
         FIG. 2 : The general layout of the proposed invention. Acquisition of hand vein pattern in near infrared spectral region ( 2 A) with a portable personal assistant device. Additional illumination device attached to portable personal assistant device ( 2 B). Acquisition of hand vein pattern in near infrared spectral region with external camera ( 2 C) attached to portable personal assistant device. 
         FIG. 3 : The block-diagram of the image matching algorithm disclosed in the preferred embodiment invention. 
         FIG. 4 : Applying a high-pass, low-pass filters and contrast enhancement to the image. Original ( 4 A) and processed ( 4 B) images of the human hand veins pattern are shown. 
         FIG. 5 : Detailed diagram of the image descriptor matching pan of the algorithm in the preferred embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 6 : Illustration of the matching procedure of the algorithm for two different images:  FIG. 6A  illustrates a had match for two images acquired for two different persons;  FIG. 6B  illustrates a good match between the points of interest that taken for the same person at different time. 
         FIG. 7 : Algorithm implementation example. A matching criterion values for the comparison between an acquired image and multiple images from a database is shown. The ellipse marks the region where all 4 images are matched for the same individual. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The disclosed invention is based on a device and method for biometric human or animal identification based on the platform of a PAD. The general layout of the disclosed invention is show in  FIG. 2 . 
     In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the image acquisition is performed using an electronic device. In such embodiment an electronic device built-in (standard.  FIG. 2A ) or externally connected camera ( FIG. 2C ) is used to obtain the blood, vein-pattern. An externally connected camera can be attached, wired, or in wireless communication with the electronic device. 
     In preferable embodiment of the invention the distance from the camera and the object (i.e. a skin area) is within 0.1-1 meter range. 
     In another embodiment of the invention, the camera is specifically modified to adjust the camera sensitivity for different wavelength regions, i.e. spectral region or spectrum. 
     In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the Near Infra Red (NIR) region of electromagnetic spectrum, such as a wavelength region between 750 nm and 2500 nm, for example, is used by the camera. This embodiment exploits the fact that oxygenated blood in vein vessels absorbs the NIR part of the spectrum more efficiently than the visible spectrum, while the outer skin layers are sufficiently transparent for the NIR radiation. 
     In yet another embodiment of the invention, a specific camera modification is implemented that enables a sequential operation within two spectral regions, for example, between visible and NIR regions, preferably having an engaging/disengaging mechanism (e.g. a button). Software spectral filtering can also be implemented in another embodiment of the invention. 
     In yet another embodiment of the invention, the built-in NIR or external illumination device vice is used in combination with the PAD ( FIG. 2B ) or external camera if necessary to improve the image acquisition by the camera at low-light conditions, preferably having an engaging/disengaging mechanism (e.g. a switch or button). 
     The disclosed invention is based on the device and method to compare and match the unique vein patterns of human hands. The method includes an algorithm capable of processing and comparing the captured image against the set of images stored in the database. 
     The database of previously acquired images and their descriptors can be stored and located either within the PAD memory unit or remotely. For the latter case, the PAD is capable of a bi-directional remote access, including a real-time access, to the database using any wireless protocol available (e.g. Wi-Fi or Bluetooth). 
     In the preferred embodiment of the invention all the elements of the image processing and algorithm operation are realized on the platform of onboard PAD processing unit, such as a smartphone CPU. It is also possible, however, to implement a remote processing e.g. remote server) for the algorithm operation, either entirely or partially. 
     In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the algorithm is capable of saving captured images in the database and processing any stored images within the database, e.g. performing a search and statistical data analysis upon the stored images within the database. 
       FIG. 3  shows the block-diagram of the image matching algorithm disclosed in the preferred embodiment of the invention. The numbering in  FIG. 3  corresponds to the software routine steps that are used in the preferred embodiment of the disclosed biometric identification device. 
     The realization of the identification routine in the preferred embodiment of invention is described in details below and comprises the following steps: 
     Image Acquisition: 
     Step- 1 : An input image acquisition of human dorsal hand with PAD camera or external camera, selecting the area of interest from the raw image. 
     Image Enhancing: 
     Step- 2 : Enhancing the input image, using: i) Conversion the input image to a gray-scale image (i.e. intensity image); ii) Enhancing contrast of the gray-scale image by mapping the existing intensity range of the gray-scale image to the entire possible intensity range and leaving out an adjustable percentage of pixels (e.g. one percent of pixels) having lowest and highest intensities. 
     Step- 3 : Further enhancing the contrast of the input image by application of a high-frequency and a low-frequency image filtering with respective adjustable parameters. Obtaining the image of a hand vein pattern image from the enhanced image and compensation for inhomogeneity of image illumination. 
     Image Processing: 
     Step- 4 : Application of the SURF algorithm or an algorithm similar to SURF to the (hand) vein pattern to obtain locations of points of interest of the vein pattern; the SURF algorithm using a set of adjustable parameters, including hessian threshold values, hessian balance value, and number hessian octaves. Preparing a unique descriptor for each of the points of interest. Each descriptor includes a 64-dimensional vector which, in turn, contains the information about local pixel neighborhood of such respective point of interest. Descriptors can be include other than 64-dimensional vectors using n-dimensional vectors instead. Descriptors can be as low as 16-dimensional vectors. 
     Registration to Database: 
     Step- 5 : Storing to database the original image, its enhanced image, locations of the points of interest, descriptors, personal information about the individual being imaged, a geo-location information (e.g. GPS coordinates), time, etc. 
     Step- 6 : Choosing a database image from the multiple images in the database; the database image including its enhanced image, locations of points of interest, the descriptors, a personal information about the individual being imaged, a geo-location information (e.g. GPS coordinates), time, etc. 
     In the preferred embodiment of the invention the linear search over the database of previously collected images is employed. Alternative search techniques can be used, such as a decision-tree clustering at the particular point of interest. The binary or, more general K-tree-structures at the space of the chosen descriptor can be used to provide a non-linear search time reduction. 
     Image Identification: 
     Step- 7 : Comparing the set of descriptors (Step- 4 ) with the descriptors retrieved from the database image (Step- 7 ). Calculation the Euclidean distance between descriptors in a 64-dimensional space of the descriptor vectors or descriptors of other dimensionality, Recording the measured distance for the respective pair of descriptors. Descriptors can include other than 64-dimensional vectors using n-dimensional vectors instead. The number of descriptors that are ideal vary based upon many factors including image quality, distribution of the point of interest over the image, etc. For reliable detection this number is usually between 15-20 descriptor vectors. Coordinates of the points of interest are used to calculate a vector of different dimensions. Also, coordinates of the points of interest are selected from significant dimensions out of whole set of calculated dimensions. 
     Step- 8 : Performing an initial search of the matching descriptors among the stored database images from the database.  FIG. 5  illustrates the implementation of a search for the matching pairs of the points of interest between the input image and a database image. The descriptor of the each point of interest from a tested input image is compared with all the descriptors from the database image. 
     For each pair of these descriptors the Euclidean distance between the 64-dimensional descriptor vectors is calculated. Among all the calculated distances the minimal distance and the distance which is smallest among all other calculated distances (i.e. next smallest distance) are retained. Non-Euclidean distance metrics can be used. Also, descriptors can include other than 64-dimensional vectors using n-dimensional vectors instead. 
     The point of interest of the database image is selected as a matching point of interest for the point of interest of the tested image if:
         i) the corresponding minimal external value of metric criterion for example minimal distance of this pair is smaller than a certain adjustable threshold value, see Threshold A in  FIG. 5 , and   ii) the ratio between such minimal distance and the next smallest distance is smaller than an another adjustable threshold value, see Threshold B in  FIG. 5 .       

     Simultaneous application of these two conditions provides that 1) the selected pair of the points of interest matches the points of interest of the input and the database images With a similar local environment, and 2) that these local environments are substantially different from the local neighborhood of the other points of interest. 
     Step- 9 . The set of pairs of the points of interest obtained by aforementioned way for the input image and the database image is called a threshold-matched set of the points of interest. If, for the particular database image, the number of pairs of matched points of interest in the threshold-matched set is longer than a certain adjustable threshold number, then this database image is selected for the initial set of matching images. 
     Step- 10 : Deduction of the transformation matrixes which represents the transformation between the set of points of interest obtained as described in Step- 4  for the input image to the paired points of interest selected for the threshold-matched sets, as described in Step  8 , corresponding to database images in the initial matching set of the database images obtained in Step  9 . 
     The choice of the type of the transformation matrix can be made upon the assumption about the type of possible geometrical transformation, such as affine, projective, conformal maps, etc. These transformations are insensitive to rotations, scaling, tilt and shift of image plane, for local nonlinear image distortions for the case of conformal maps, and etc. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the transformation matrix is derived from two column matrixes of coordinates of the points of interest that are relevant to these images. Each of these column matrixes have X and Y coordinates of the point of interest as rows. 
     In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the Singular Value Decomposition method is used to evaluate a Moore-Penrose pseudo inverse matrix relevant to the column matrix. of the points of interests coordinates in the input image. Accordingly, the transformation matrix is calculated as the matrix product of original column matrix for database image and Moore-Penrose pseudo inverse of column matrix for tested image. Other methods of deduction of transformation matrix such as combinatorial optimization, simulated annealing, non-gradient Nelder-Mead simplex search, etc. could be employed. 
     Preferred embodiment of the invention implements the matrix of affine transformation which relates the points of interest coordinates for both aforementioned images. However, it is also possible for one skilled in the art to evaluate a more general projective transformation matrix or even more complex transformations by similar means. 
     Step- 11 : Deduction of the locations of the points of interest in the database image by applying the transformation matrix (obtained in Step- 10 ) to the set of points of interest corresponded to the input image. The transformation matrix or conformal map is applied to the original column matrix containing the coordinates of the input image points of interest to obtain a set of transformed coordinates for the points of interest in the input image. 
     Step- 12 : Comparison the transformed coordinates of the points of interest in the database image (obtained in Step- 11 ) with the locations of the points of interest obtained by the SURF or similar method for this image. Calculation of squares of Euclidean distances or other appropriate metric having, a bilinear form between the points of interest coordinates in the database image and transformed coordinates of the input image. This step is used to assess how well the deduced transformation matrix matches the paired points of interest, in other words, the input coordinates with applied transformation matrix are compared to the actual points of interest locations at the database image. 
     Step- 13 : The personal identification is performed based on a value of the cumulative matching criterion such as chi2. If the value of matching criterion is below of a cumulative threshold value, the two images considered to be matched. Applying a cumulative pre-defined criterion to characterize and score the matching degree between the current and the database images (i.e. the vein patterns). 
     In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the adjustable cumulative threshold value for the matching criterion for a pair of two images is evaluated as a mean square distance between the coordinates of the points of interest of database image and transformed coordinates of input image. 
     The tested image with the smallest value of matching criterion is selected as a Best Matching Image for the input image. 
     Image Analysis: 
     Step- 14 : Deriving probabilities (i.e. rates) of a true and a false positive matching from the obtained values the cumulative matching such as of Chi2 for the total number of compared and matched images. 
     The algorithm disclosed in Steps  1 - 14  indicate that the false positive rate of the matching is less than 0.001%. which is in a good agreement with the results have been reported for alternative well-known biometric authentication methods. 
       FIG. 4  shows the example of a high- and low-frequency-pass filtering application to the image, in combination with the contrast enhancement, used to obtain the of human hand veins patterns (Steps- 2 , 3  of the aforementioned routine) as a preprocessing required for the matching analysis. The original image ( FIG. 4A ) and the processed ( FIG. 4B ) image are shown. 
       FIG. 5  shows the image descriptor matching part of the algorithm (see  FIG. 3 , Steps- 7 - 8 ) more in detail, including comparing the sets of points of interest for the database image and the input images, and selecting the pairs of possible matching points of interest. 
     While in the preferred embodiment of the invention the gray-scale (intensity) images of the human hand vein-pattern is used, other embodiments could use full color images for the same purposes. 
     It is obvious to the skilled in the art, that most of the image processing procedures are dependent on a number of adjustable parameters, such as settings of averaging windows for high-pass and low-pass filters, percentage of pixels with outlying intensity values removed during image contrast enhancement, settings of the SURF or similar algorithms determining points of interest on an image, as well as multiple threshold values relevant to image comparison procedures. 
     In the preferred embodiment of the device, a generic procedure, which is using a set of test images to simultaneously optimize the values of these adjustable parameters, is implemented. This procedure establishes a target image matching, matrix which contains a zero values for the elements representing non matching, images and some values for the pairs of matching images. The procedure starts from a pre-defined set of adjustable parameters and performs all routine shown in the  FIG. 3  for any set of images from the database. 
     Moreover, the procedure establishes penalty values for each occurrence of incorrect match or absence of a correct match, further collecting, these penalty values in an aggregated target function value. The procedure employs non-gradient Nelder-Mead simplex search in the space of adjustable parameters to minimize the target function value and to establish a set mutually optimized parameters for our image processing and image comparison procedures. 
       FIG. 6  illustrated the actual performance of the matching procedure of the algorithm, (see the Step- 12 ). Illustration of the matching procedure of the algorithm for two different images:  FIG. 6A  illustrates a bad match for two images acquired for two different persons with a cumulative criterion chi2 having value in the range of 2000-10000;  FIG. 6B  illustrates a good match between the points of interest that taken for the same person at different time with a chi2 cumulative criterion having value of 30. This demonstrates a good discrimination of the matching procedure. 
       FIG. 7  shows a comparison between a single image against multiple database images. The ellipse marks the region where all four images of the same subjects are matched which demonstrates high sensitivity of image matching procedure. 
     In an alternative embodiment of the invention the electronic device is a smartphone, tablet, laptop computer, desktop computer, personal digital assistant, security scanning panel, or other electronic device with a built in or attached camera. 
     In another alternative embodiment of the invention at least one CPU is a component of the electronic device and all actions performed by the CPU are performed by the electronic device. 
     In another alternative embodiment of the invention at least one CPU is a component of the electronic device and another CPU is a component of a remote server, the electronic device and the remote server are in communication with each other via wired or wireless network, and the actions performed by the CPU are divided between the electronic, device and the remote server. 
     In another alternative embodiment of the invention at least one CPU is a component of a remote server, the electronic device and the remote server are in communication with each other via wired or wireless network, and all actions performed by the CPU are performed by the remote server. 
     In another alternative embodiment of the invention the database is stored on the electronic device or on a remote server. 
     In another alternative embodiment of the invention the camera communicated with the electronic device via wire or wireless connection but is otherwise its own separate unit. 
     Although several exemplary embodiments have been herein shown and described, those of skill in the an will recognize that many modifications and variations are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, and it is intended to measure the invention only by the appended claims.