Abstract:
A post-mountable magnetic device comprising: (1) first and second conductive posts mountable to a substantially planar substrate, (2) a plurality of windings coupled to the first and second conductive posts, each of the plurality of windings having first and second conductive termination apertures at predetermined locations thereon, the first and second conductive termination apertures of the plurality of windings engaging and registering with the first and second conductive posts, respectively, the first and second conductive posts electrically coupling the plurality of windings, the first and second conductive posts therefore substantially within a footprint of the magnetic device and (3) a magnetic core mounted proximate the plurality of windings, the magnetic core adapted to impart a desired magnetic property to the plurality of windings, the plurality of windings and the magnetic core substantially free of a molding material to allow the magnetic device to assume a smaller overall device volume.

Description:
This application is a file wrapper continuation of application Ser. No. 08/434,486, filed on May 4, 1995. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed, in general, to magnetic devices and, more specifically to an inexpensive, readily mass-producible, post-mountable power magnetic device having a relatively high power density and small footprint. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Power magnetic devices, such as inductors and transformers, are employed in many different types of electrical circuits, such as power supply circuits. In practice, most power magnetic devices are fabricated of one or more windings, formed by an electrical member, such as a wire of circular or rectangular cross section, or a planar conductor wound about or mounted to a bobbin composed of dielectric material, such as plastic. In some instances, the electrical member is soldered to terminations on the bobbin. Alternatively, the electrical member may be threaded through the bobbin for connection directly to a metallized area on a circuit board. A magnetic core is typically affixed about the bobbin to impart a greater reactance to the power magnetic device. 
     As with other types of electronic components, there is a trend in the design of power magnetic devices toward achieving increased power and volumetric density and lower device profile. To achieve higher power, the resistance of the power magnetic device must be reduced, typically by increasing the cross-sectional area of the electrical member forming the device windings. To increase the density of the power magnetic device, the bobbin is usually made relatively thin in the region constituting the core of the device to optimize the electrical member resistance. Conversely, the remainder of the bobbin is usually made relatively thick to facilitate attachment of the electrical member to the bobbin terminals or to facilitate attachment of terminals on the bobbin to a circuit board. As a result of the need to make such a bobbin thin in some regions and thick in others, the bobbin is often subject to stresses at transition points between such thick and thin regions. 
     Another problem associated with present-day power magnetic devices is the lack of planarity of the device terminations. Because of the need to optimize the winding thickness of the power magnetic device to provide the requisite number of turns while minimizing the winding resistance, the thickness of the electrical member forming each separate winding of the device is often varied. Variation in the winding thickness often results in a lack of planarity of the device terminations, an especially critical deficiency when the device is to be mounted onto a surface of a substrate, such as a printed circuit board (“PCB”) or printed wiring board (“PWB”). 
     A surface-mounted power magnetic device is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,345,670, issued on Sep. 13, 1994, to Pitzele, et al., entitled “Method of Making a Surface Mount Power Magnetic Device,” commonly assigned with the present invention and incorporated herein by reference. The power magnetic device of Pitzele, et al. is suitable for attachment to a substrate (such as a PWB) and includes at least one sheet winding having a pair of spaced-apart terminations, each receiving an upwardly rising portion of a lead. The sheet winding terminations and upwardly-rising lead portions, together with at least a portion of the sheet windings, are surrounded by a molding material and encapsulated with a potting material. A magnetic core surrounds at least a portion of the sheet windings to impart a desired magnetic property to the device. Thus, Pitzele, et al. disclose a bobbin-free, encapsulated, surface-mountable power magnetic device that overcomes the deficiencies inherent in, and therefore represents a substantial advance over, the previously-described power magnetic devices. However, several additional opportunities to increase power and volumetric density and lower profile in such power magnetic devices remain. 
     First, device leads typically extend substantially from the device footprint and therefore increase the area of the substrate required to mount the device. In fact, extended leads can add 30% to the footprint or 50% to the volume of the magnetic device. Second, termination co-planarity requires either the aforementioned devices be molded in a lead frame (requiring additional tooling and tighter tolerances) or the leads be staked in after molding (requiring an additional manufacturing operation). Third, the outer molding compound employed for electrical isolation and thermal conductivity adds both volume and cost and raises device profile. 
     Accordingly, what is needed in the art is a power magnetic device having an improved termination or lead structure and a structure that attains an acceptable electrical isolation and thermal conductivity without requiring a molding compound. Further, what is needed in the art is a method of manufacture for such devices. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     To address the above-discussed deficiencies of the prior art, the present invention provides a magnetic device comprising: (1) first and second conductive posts mountable to a substantially planar substrate, (2) a plurality of windings coupled to the first and second conductive posts, each of the plurality of windings having first and second conductive termination apertures at predetermined locations thereon, the first and second conductive termination apertures of the plurality of windings engaging and registering with the first and second conductive posts, respectively, the first and second conductive posts electrically coupling the plurality of windings, the first and second conductive posts therefore substantially within a footprint of the magnetic device and (3) a magnetic core mounted proximate the plurality of windings, the magnetic core adapted to impart a desired magnetic property to the plurality of windings, the plurality of windings and the magnetic core substantially free of a molding material to allow the magnetic device to assume a smaller overall device volume. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the substantially planar substrate has a window defined therein, the magnetic core at least partially recessed within the window thereby to allow the magnetic device to assume a lower profile. Some applications for the device may not allow portions of the planar substrate to be removed to form a window. In such applications, the device is fully employable, although it will have a higher profile. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the first and second conductive posts are soldered within the first and second conductive termination apertures. Alternatively, the first and second posts may be interference-fit with or mechanically engage with the first and second conductive posts. In another alternative, the first and second conductive posts may be made to bear resiliently against the plurality of windings to make electrical contact with the first and second termination apertures, respectively. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the plurality of windings are separate and mechanically joined by the first and second conductive posts. In an alternative embodiment, the plurality of windings are portions of a multi-layer flex circuit. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the magnetic core surrounds and passes through a central aperture in the plurality of windings. Alternatively, the magnetic core may either surround or pass through the central aperture. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the first and second conductive posts are mounted to the substantially planar substrate. Alternatively, the first and second posts may be through-hole mounted to the substrate. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the plurality of windings form primary and secondary windings of a power transformer. The plurality of windings can, however, form windings of an inductor or other magnetic device. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the device further comprises first and second solder preforms coupled to the first and second conductive posts, respectively, the first and second solder preforms reflowable to solder the first and second conductive posts within the first and second conductive termination apertures. Alternatively, solder flux can be applied to the first and second conductive posts. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the magnetic core comprises first and second core-halves. Alternatively, the magnetic core may be of unitary construction and the windings formed about a central bobbin therein. 
     The foregoing has outlined, rather broadly, preferred and alternative features of the present invention so that those skilled in the art may better understand the detailed description of the invention that follows. Additional features of the invention will be described hereinafter that form the subject of the claims of the invention. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that they can readily use the disclosed conception and specific embodiment as a basis for designing or modifying other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. Those skilled in the art should also realize that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention in its broadest form. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     For a more complete understanding of the present invention, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
     FIG. 1 illustrates an exploded isometric view of a first embodiment of the magnetic device of the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 illustrates an elevational view of the magnetic device of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 3 illustrates a plan view of the magnetic device of FIG. 2; 
     FIG. 4 illustrates an exploded isometric view of a second embodiment of the present invention; and 
     FIG. 5 illustrates an elevational view of the embodiment of FIG. 4 attached to a planar substrate. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Referring initially to FIG. 1, illustrated is an exploded isometric view of one embodiment of the magnetic device of the present invention. A plurality of conductive posts are mounted to a substantially planar substrate  120 , some of which posts are referenced as a first conductive post  110 , a second conductive post  112 , a third conductive post  114 , a fourth conductive post  116  and a fifth conductive post  118 . The conductive posts  110 ,  112 ,  114 ,  116 ,  118  are staked, soldered, through-holed or otherwise mounted to the planar substrate  120 . While the illustrated embodiment is depicted as having five conductive posts  110 ,  112 ,  114 ,  116 ,  118 , a greater or lesser number of conductive posts is within the scope of the present invention. The planar substrate  120  is typically a PCB or PWB. 
     A generally circular plurality of windings, namely, a first winding  130  and a second winding  132 , are stacked and registered (“staked”) on the conductive posts  110 ,  112 ,  116 ,  118 , thereby mechanically coupling the plurality of windings  130 ,  132  and forming a conductive element. While the conductive element is shown as a plurality of individual windings  130 ,  132  each formed of a flat, wound-wire coil, or ring-shaped conductors, the conductive element may be, instead, a pleated flex circuit or a unitary multi-layer flex circuit, as described with respect to FIGS. 4 and 5. The plurality of windings  130 ,  132  can be of the same or different thicknesses, provided that the combined thickness of all the windings is less than the height of the conductive posts and the number of windings may vary depending on the application. The plurality of windings  130 ,  132  form the primary or secondary windings of a power transformer. Alternatively, the windings  130 ,  132  may form an inductor or other magnetic device. 
     Each of the windings or planar conductors  130 ,  132  has a pair of radially outward, spaced-apart conductive termination apertures at predetermined locations on the windings  130 ,  132 . The first winding  130  is depicted as having a first conductive termination aperture  140  and a second conductive termination aperture  142 ; and the second winding  132  is depicted as having a third conductive termination aperture  144  and a fourth conductive termination aperture  146 . The first and second conductive termination apertures  140 ,  142  of the first winding  130  register with the first and second conductive posts  110 ,  112 , to form an electrical connection between the first winding  130  and the first and second conductive posts  110 ,  112 , within the footprint of the magnetic device. Additionally, the third and fourth conductive termination apertures  144 ,  146  of the second winding  132  register with the fourth and fifth conductive posts  116 ,  118 , to form an electrical connection between the second winding  132  and the fourth and fifth conductive posts  116 ,  118 , within the footprint of the magnetic device. The conductive posts provide a strong mechanical connection to the windings thereby facilitating electrical conduction for current flow between the conductive posts and the windings. 
     Solder preforms secure the plurality of stacked windings to the conductive posts on the planar substrate. More specifically, a first solder preform  150  secures the windings to the first conductive post  110 , a second solder preform  152  secures the windings to the second conductive post  112 , a third solder preform  154  secures the windings to the third conductive post  114 , a fourth solder preform  156  secures the windings to the fourth conductive post  116  and a fifth solder preform  158  secures the windings to the fifth conductive post  118 . Alternative methods to secure the windings to the conductive posts  110 ,  112 ,  114 ,  116 ,  118 , such as a mass reflow bonding techniques using solder paste bond or flux, interference-fitting or other means, are also within the scope of the present invention. 
     A magnetic core, comprising a first core half  160  and a second core half  162 , surrounds and passes through a substantially central aperture of the windings  130 ,  132 . The magnetic core is typically fabricated out of a ferromagnetic material, although other materials with magnetic properties are also within the scope of the present invention. The magnetic core imparts a desired magnetic property to the windings  130 ,  132 . The windings  130 ,  132  and the first and second core halves  160 ,  162  are substantially free of a molding material to allow the magnetic device to assume a smaller overall device volume. 
     By eliminating the molding material of the prior art, the device assumes a lower profile and smaller overall volume. It has been found that elimination of the molding material causes an increase in operating temperature, albeit minimal. However, this minimal increase in temperature has no effect on the device&#39;s operation and the device safely meets the requirements of the customer in a compact cost effective design. Furthermore, since the device is intended to be joined to an underlying PCB containing other components of a power supply and then potted or encapsulated together as a unit, the differential is likely to be decreased. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, a window  170  is defined within the planar substrate  120 . The window  170  provides a recess for the first or second core half  160 ,  162  thereby allowing the magnetic device to assume a lower profile. However, it should be apparent that the present invention encompasses those applications where portions of the planar substrate  120  cannot be removed to form a window. In such applications, the magnetic device has a higher profile. 
     Turning now to FIG. 2, illustrated is an elevational view of the magnetic device of FIG.  1 . More specifically, FIG. 2 illustrates the overlap of the first winding  130 , the second winding  132  and a third winding  134  as the windings are stacked on to the conductive posts on the planar substrate  120 . The third winding  134  contains a fifth conductive termination aperture  148  (not shown) and a sixth conductive termination aperture  149  (not shown) similar in design and purpose to the conductive termination apertures contained on the first and second windings  130 ,  132 . The first winding  130  is illustrated as stacked on to the first conductive post  110  (not shown) and the second conductive post  112  (not shown). The second winding  132  is illustrated as stacked on to the fourth conductive post  116  (not shown) and the fifth conductive post  118 . The third winding  134  is illustrated as stacked on to the second conductive post  112  and the third conductive post  114 . 
     FIG. 2 further illustrates the placement of the solder preforms upon the windings stacked on the conductive posts. As illustrated in the preferred embodiment, the third solder preform  154  secures the windings to the third conductive post  114  and the fifth solder preform  158  secures the windings to the fifth conductive post  118 . 
     Finally, FIG. 2 represents the coupling of the first and second core halves  160 ,  162  through the center aperture of the plurality of windings. The magnetic core is recessed into the window  170  of the planar substrate  120 . 
     Turning now to FIG. 3, illustrated is an plan view of the magnetic device of FIG. 2 assembled on the planar substrate  120 . The first, second and third windings  130 ,  132 ,  134  are stacked on the conductive posts  110 ,  112 ,  114 ,  116 ,  118  through their respective conductive termination apertures  140 ,  142 ,  144 ,  146 ,  148 ,  149 . The solder preforms  150 ,  152 ,  154 ,  156 ,  158  (not shown) secure the windings to the conductive posts  110 ,  112 ,  114 ,  116 ,  118 . The first core half  160  (not shown) and the second core half  162  are displayed as assembled passing through a substantially central aperture of the windings  130 ,  132 ,  134 . 
     Now referring jointly to FIGS. 1-3, a method for making the magnetic device encompassing the present invention will be described in greater detail. First, a planar substrate  120  (having a substantially rectangular portion removed therefrom to create a window  170  in the planar substrate  120 ) is provided. The conductive posts  110 ,  112 ,  114 ,  116 ,  118  are then attached at predetermined locations around the window  170  in the planar substrate  120 . Next, the plurality of windings  130 ,  132 ,  134  are stacked on the conductive posts  110 ,  112 ,  114 ,  116 ,  118  through their respective conductive termination apertures  140 ,  142 ,  144 ,  146 ,  148 ,  149 . 
     After the plurality of windings  130 ,  132 ,  134  are stacked on the conductive posts  110 ,  112 ,  114 ,  116 ,  118 , the solder preforms  150 ,  152 ,  154 ,  156 ,  158  are deposited on the conductive posts  110 ,  112 ,  114 ,  116 ,  118 . Finally, the planar substrate  120  undergoes a conventional solder reflow process and wash to secure the magnetic device mechanically to the planar substrate  150  and to establish a sound electrical connection between the magnetic device and the conductive posts  110 ,  112 ,  114 ,  116 ,  118  on the planar substrate  120 . 
     The next operation is the magnetic core assembly. An epoxy adhesive is applied to the first core half  160  and the first and second core halves  160 ,  162  are rung together around a central portion of the plurality of windings  130 ,  132 ,  134 . The magnetic cores are twisted to ring the adhesive and create a very minute interfacial bond line between the first and second core halves  160 ,  162 . The first core half  160  is recessed into the window  170  located in the planar substrate  120  to reduce the overall profile of the magnetic device. The plurality of windings  130 ,  132 ,  134  and the first and second core halves  160 ,  162  are substantially free of a molding material to allow the magnetic device to assume even a smaller overall device volume. 
     This process reduces material and assembly costs by simplifying the solder processes, lead pre-forming and post forming processes and eliminating molding operations. This process also addresses and solves co-planarity and dimensional issues associated with surface mount components by eliminating the need for a bobbin or header, by foregoing an molding material and by recessing the magnetic core in the window  170  of the planar substrate  120 . Finally, this process can be highly automated, with the only hand labor involved being in the conventional magnetic core assembly process. 
     Turning now to FIG. 4, illustrated is an exploded isometric view of another embodiment of the present invention. The preferred embodiment displays the planar substrate  120  with the window  170  recessed therein and the conductive posts  110 ,  112 ,  114 ,  116 ,  118  as described with respect to FIGS. 1-3. The embodiment further illustrates the application of a multi-layer flex circuit  136  with vias  180 ,  182 ,  184 ,  186 ,  188  cut into the multi-layer flex circuit  136  and a magnetic core. The magnetic core is displayed with the first and second core halves  160 ,  162  assembled around a substantially central section of the multi-layer flex circuit  136 . Finally, as described with respect to FIGS. 1-3, solder preforms  150 ,  152 ,  154 ,  156 ,  158  secure the multi-layer flex circuit  136  to the conductive posts  110 ,  112 ,  114 ,  116 ,  118  on the planar substrate  120 . 
     A method of making the magnetic device illustrated in FIG. 4 commences with the manufacturing of the multi-layer flex circuit  136 . The multi-layer flex circuit  136  comprises a plurality of windings or planar conductors (not shown), arranged in layers. The multi-layer flex circuit  136  is drilled, thereby creating the vias  180 ,  182 ,  184 ,  186 ,  188 . The vias  180 ,  182 ,  184 ,  186 ,  188  intersect the various conductive layers of the multi-layer flex circuit  136 . Next, a conductive substance (not shown) is deposited within the vias  180 ,  182 ,  184 ,  186 ,  188  to couple the plurality of windings electrically. The vias  180 ,  182 ,  184 ,  186 ,  188  also provide a conductive path between the plurality of windings. 
     After the multi-layer flex circuit  136  is prepared, an epoxy adhesive is then applied to the first core half  160  and the first and second core halves  160 ,  162  are rung together around a central portion of the multi-layer flex circuit  136 , as before. 
     The plated through vias  180 ,  182 ,  184 ,  186 ,  188  in the multilayer flex circuit  136  containing the planar conductors are lined up and placed on the conductive posts  110 ,  112 ,  114 ,  116 ,  118  already on the planar substrate  120 . The conductive posts  110 ,  112 ,  114 ,  116 ,  118  register with the vias  180 ,  182 ,  184 ,  186 ,  188  in the multi-layer flex circuit  136  containing the planar conductors. The window  170  in the planar substrate  120  matches the outline of the magnetic core and the first core half  160  is placed in the window of the planar substrate  120 . The solder preforms  150 ,  152 ,  154 ,  156 ,  158  are then deposited on the conductive posts  110 ,  112 ,  114 ,  116 ,  118  and the magnetic assembly undergoes a solder reflow operation. 
     Turning now to FIG. 5, illustrated is an elevational view of the embodiment of FIG. 4 shown attached to the planar substrate  120 . As previously discussed, the magnetic device may be comprised of a multi-layer flex circuit  136 , with vias  180 ,  182 ,  184 ,  186 ,  188 , and a magnetic core, with a first and second core half  160 ,  162 , surrounding a center portion of the multi-layer flex circuit  136 . The magnetic core is recessed into a window  170  in the planar substrate  120  to reduce the overall profile of the magnetic device. The conductive posts and solder preforms secure the magnetic device to the planar substrate  120 , and allow the vias  180 ,  182 ,  184 ,  186 ,  188  to act as conductors between the plurality of windings (not shown) in the multi-layer flex circuit  136  and electrical conductors on the planar substrate  120 . A method of making the magnetic device illustrated in the embodiment of FIG. 5 is described with respect to FIG.  4 . 
     Although the present invention has been described in detail, those skilled in the art should understand that they can make various changes, substitutions and alterations herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention in its broadest form.