Abstract:
The disclosed principles prevent damage to ultrasonic welding assemblies when a sonotrode assembly is subjected to rigorous work conditions. The disclosed principles “decouple” the transducer from the direction of working displacement, using a transverse mounting arrangement, and drive the welding assembly at the nodal region to take advantage of the Poisson Effect. In one embodiment, an exemplary system comprises an ultrasonic transducer configured to convert electricity to generate ultrasonic waves, wherein the waves propagate along a first direction from the transducer. In addition, such a system may comprise a sonotrode having at least one ultrasonic welding surface and configured to receive the generated waves. The sonotrode is configured to stretch and compress in a second direction, perpendicular to the first direction, based on corresponding peaks and valleys of the waves when propagating along the second direction thereby oscillating the welding surface for an ultrasonic welding process.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    1. Technical Field 
         [0002]    The present invention generally relates to ultrasonic welding. More specifically, the invention disclosed herein pertains to decoupling an ultrasonic transducer from the direction of working displacement of an ultrasonic welding assembly, using a transverse mounting arrangement, and driving the welding assembly to create system resonance at the nodal region to take advantage of the Poisson Effect. 
         [0003]    2. Description of Related Art 
         [0004]    Ultrasonic welding is a technique employed for joining thin, malleable materials, such as thermoplastics and even soft metals like aluminum and copper. In industry, ultrasonic welding is a good automated alternative to glues, screws or snap-fit technologies typically used to join materials. The benefits of ultrasonic welding are that it is much faster than conventional adhesives or solvents. The welding time is very quick, and the pieces do not need to remain in a jig for long periods of time waiting for the joint to dry or solidify. The ultrasonic welding process can easily be automated, making clean and precise joints that rarely require any touch-up work. The low thermal impact on the materials involved enables a greater number of materials to be welded together, as well. Moreover, because no glues or other additives are employed during the process, ultrasonic welding is a great choice for food-based package welding, such as plastic or aluminum bags like the kinds employed for chips and other snacks. 
         [0005]    During the ultrasonic welding process, parts are laid together between a fixed shaped nest (called an “anvil”) and a sonotrode (called a “horn”). The sonotrode is connected to a transducer and booster assembly (commonly referred to as a transmission line or stack), which is used to convert electrical energy into acoustic vibrations. Such low-amplitude acoustic vibration is emitted from the sonotrode and into the materials being welded at the intended joint location. Typical frequencies used in ultrasonic welding range from 15 kHz to 40 kHz, but sometimes may even be found as high as 100 kHz. The ultrasonic energy melts the point of contact between the parts, creating the joint. Ultrasonic welding works by causing intense contact stress which induces melting of the material(s) due to absorption of vibration energy which are introduced across the joint to be welded. To ensure the welding joint is in the desired location, and is of the proper size, the interface of the two materials may be specially designed to concentrate the melting (welding) process. Although some heating in the joint area does occur, it is usually not enough to melt the materials, and instead it is the vibrations introduced along the joint being welded that causes the materials to weld together. 
         [0006]    The applications of ultrasonic welding are extensive and are found in many industries, including electrical, computer, automotive, aerospace, medical, and packaging. Whether two items can be ultrasonically welded is determined by material composition, joint design, and tooling. In film-to-film applications, such as in welding the seals on snack bags and the like, if the materials are too thick the ultrasonic welding process will not join them. Advantageously, the ultrasonic welding process is very fast and easily automated, with weld times often below one second. Also, there is no ventilation system required to remove heat or exhaust, which also helps reduce overall manufacturing costs. In addition, ultrasonic welding is excellent for assemblies that are typically too small, too complex, or too delicate or dangerous for more common welding techniques. 
         [0007]    The food industry finds ultrasonic welding preferable to traditional joining techniques because it is fast, sanitary, and can produce hermetic seals. An exemplary conventional ultrasonic welding assembly  100  is illustrated in  FIG. 1 . In this conventional assembly  100 , an ultrasonic sonotrode  110  is included to provide the acoustic vibrations for ultrasonic welding. The acoustic vibrations are introduced to the sonotrode  110  using an ultrasonic transducer  120 , and are propagated along the longitudinal axis L 1  of the assembly  100 . As mentioned above, the ultrasonic transducer  120  converts an electrical input  125  into acoustic waves, and the acoustic waves may then be amplified using a booster  130 . The ultrasonic sonotrode  110  includes a welding surface  115 , which in this example is a welding edge  115 , that contacts a material  140  to be ultrasonically welded while the acoustic vibrations are propagating through the sonotrode  110  towards the welding edge  115 . 
         [0008]    To ultrasonically weld the material  140 , the sonotrode  110  oscillates from the acoustic waves propagating therethrough while the welding edge  115  is moved to contact the material  140  and compress it against an anvil  150 . As illustrated, in conventional assemblies  100  the transducer  120 , booster  130 , and direction for welding using the welding edge  115  of the sonotrode  110  are in-line with the longitudinal axis L 1 , and therefore the acoustic waves propagate along a single axis L 1  throughout the entire assembly  100 . The oscillation of the welding edge  115  onto the material  140  while pressing the material  140  against the anvil  150  causes the material  140  to be ultrasonically welded. 
         [0009]    Unfortunately, because the transducer  120  and the welding edge  115  are positioned along a single longitudinal axis L 1 , premature failure of the ultrasonic welding assembly  100  may occur. More specifically, since the oscillating welding edge  115  is pressed against the anvil  150  (with the material  140  therebetween) during ultrasonic welding, vibrational feedback (i.e., impact pulses) caused from the physical contact of the oscillating sonotrode  110 , material  140 , and anvil  150  propagates back through the sonotrode  110 , through the booster  130 , and finally back into the transducer  120 . The vibrations fed back into the transducer  120  consistently leads to premature transducer  120  failure. In addition, the linear arrangement of conventional ultrasonic assemblies occupies a large amount of space within an ultrasonic welding apparatus. Moreover, such a linear arrangement requires the assembly  100  to move towards and away from the anvil  150  for each incidence of ultrasonic welding of the material  140 . Such movement is not only time consuming, but also requires additional machinery and energy for repeatedly moving the assembly  100  back and forth for each welding operation. Such additional equipment and energy also results in increased costs and the potential equipment failure in such conventional approaches. In view of such deficiencies, there exists a need in the art for an improved ultrasonic welding apparatus and method that does not suffer from the deficiencies found in conventional ultrasonic assemblies. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0010]    An object of the disclosed principles is to circumvent potential issues resulting in cracked or damaged sonotrode horns and transducers, non-uniform displacement, or system resonance when a sonotrode assembly is subjected to rigorous work conditions. The disclosed principles accomplish this by “decoupling” the transducer from the direction of working displacement, and driving the welding assembly at the nodal region to take advantage of the Poisson Effect. As discussed above, in applications requiring high force or high amplitude, the transducer can see significant stress due to start-up while under load, i.e., making physical contact with tooling. Such mechanical impacts typically generate reflecting waves back into the transducer which results in an electrical shock to the system eventually leading to catastrophic failure. Accordingly, with the disclosed principles the transducer in an ultrasonic welding assembly is no longer subjected to damaging feedback occurring from delivering ultrasonic energy to a work piece or material because of the transverse mounting arrangement provided by the disclosed principles. 
         [0011]    In one embodiment, a system for ultrasonic welding of materials may comprise an ultrasonic transducer configured to convert electricity to generate ultrasonic waves, wherein the waves propagate along a first direction from the transducer. In addition, such a system may comprise a sonotrode having at least one ultrasonic welding surface and configured to receive the generated waves. The sonotrode may further be configured to stretch and compress in a second direction, perpendicular to the first direction, based on corresponding peaks and valleys of the waves when propagating along the second direction thereby oscillating the welding surface for an ultrasonic welding process. In such embodiments, the welding surface may comprise the anti-nodal region of the sonotrode, while the ultrasonic waves are received at a nodal region of the sonotrode. 
         [0012]    In some embodiments, an exemplary system may further comprise an anvil configured to receive the oscillations of the welding surface during ultrasonic welding of a material placed therebetween. In some embodiments, the system may comprise a booster coupled to the transducer and configured to alter amplitude of the generated waves while propagating along the first direction. In such embodiments, the altered waves are transmitted to the sonotrode. 
         [0013]    Also, in some embodiments, the welding surface may comprise an anti-nodal region of the sonotrode, where the sonotrode is further configured to receive the generated waves at a nodal region. In related embodiments, the nodal region of the sonotrode may comprise opposing ends of the sonotrode, where the system further comprises a second ultrasonic transducer configured to convert electricity to generate second ultrasonic waves, wherein the second waves propagate along the first direction from the second transducer such that the first and second waves are received at the corresponding opposing ends of the sonotrode. 
         [0014]    In yet other embodiments, exemplary systems may comprise a rotary ultrasonic welding assembly, where the sonotrode, and thus the welding surface, rotates about an axis extending along the first direction. In related embodiments, such a rotary assembly may further comprise an anvil configured to receive oscillations from the welding surface during ultrasonic welding of a material placed therebetween, where the anvil rotates in unison with the welding surface about an axis extending also along the first direction. In still other embodiments, the sonotrode may comprise two opposing welding surfaces, or may even comprise three or more welding surfaces, which may rotate into welding position with an anvil during the welding process. 
         [0015]    In still other embodiments, systems for ultrasonic welding of materials are disclosed that may comprise an ultrasonic transducer configured to convert electricity to generate ultrasonic waves, wherein the waves propagate along a first direction from the transducer. In addition, such exemplary system may also comprise a sonotrode having at least one ultrasonic welding surface at an anti-nodal region and configured to receive the generated waves at a nodal region. Such a sonotrode may be further configured to stretch and compress in a second direction, perpendicular to the first direction, based on corresponding peaks and valleys of the waves when propagating along the second direction thereby oscillating the welding surface. Moreover, such systems may also comprise an anvil configured to receive the oscillations of the welding surface for ultrasonic welding of a material placed between anvil and the welding surface. In some embodiments, the system may comprise a booster coupled to the transducer and configured to alter amplitude of the generated waves while propagating along the first direction. In such embodiments, the altered waves are transmitted to the sonotrode. 
         [0016]    Also, in some embodiments, opposing first and second ends of the sonotrode may comprise the nodal region, where the system further comprises a second ultrasonic transducer configured to convert electricity to generate second ultrasonic waves, wherein the second waves propagate along the first direction from the second transducer such that the first and second waves are received at the corresponding opposing ends of the sonotrode. 
         [0017]    In yet other embodiments, exemplary systems may comprise a rotary ultrasonic welding assembly, where the sonotrode, and thus the welding surface, rotates about an axis extending along the first direction. In related embodiments, such a rotary assembly may further comprise an anvil configured to receive oscillations from the welding surface during ultrasonic welding of a material placed therebetween, where the anvil rotates in unison with the welding surface about an axis extending also along the first direction. In still other embodiments, the sonotrode may comprise two opposing welding surfaces, or may even comprise three or more welding surfaces, which may rotate into welding position with an anvil during the welding process. 
         [0018]    In another aspect, methods for ultrasonic welding of materials are also provided herein. In exemplary embodiments, such methods may comprise generating ultrasonic waves in a welding assembly, and transmitting the generated waves along the welding assembly in a first direction. In addition, such exemplary methods may also comprise receiving the generated waves in a sonotrode, where the waves enter the sonotrode while propagating along the first direction. Still further, such methods may also comprise redirecting the received waves within the sonotrode to propagate along a second direction, which is perpendicular to the first direction. Also, such methods may then comprise oscillating a welding surface of the sonotrode using peaks and valleys of the waves propagating in the second direction. In such embodiments, the welding surface may comprise the anti-nodal region of the sonotrode, while the ultrasonic waves are received at a nodal region of the sonotrode. 
         [0019]    In some embodiments, exemplary methods may further comprise applying the oscillations of the welding surface to an anvil for ultrasonic welding of a material placed therebetween. In some embodiments, such methods may further comprise altering amplitude of the generated waves while propagating along the first direction, the altered waves being transmitted to the sonotrode. 
         [0020]    In some exemplary methods, the welding surface comprises an anti-nodal region of the sonotrode, and receiving the generated waves comprises receiving the generated waves at a nodal region of the sonotrode. Moreover, such methods further comprise rotating the sonotrode about an axis extending along the first direction, and rotating the anvil in unison with the welding surface about an axis extending also along the first direction. 
         [0021]    Furthermore, in exemplary embodiments the generated waves are first generated waves, wherein the first generated waves enter the sonotrode at one end, and wherein the sonotrode further comprises a second, opposing end, where the first and second opposing ends comprise the nodal region of the sonotrode. In such embodiments, exemplary methods may comprise generating second ultrasonic waves in a second welding assembly, and transmitting the second generated waves along the second welding assembly in the first direction. Also, such methods may comprise receiving the second generated waves in the sonotrode, the waves entering the sonotrode at the second end, and redirecting the second received waves within the sonotrode to propagate along the second direction. Further, such a method may also comprise oscillating the welding surface of the sonotrode using peaks and valleys of both the first and second waves propagating in the second direction. 
         [0022]    Other aspects, embodiments and features of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying figures. The accompanying figures are schematic and are not intended to be drawn to scale. For purposes of clarity, not every component is labeled in every figure, nor is every component of each embodiment of the invention shown where illustration is not necessary to allow those of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention. All patent applications and patents incorporated herein by reference are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0023]    The novel features believed characteristic of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, as well as a preferred mode of use, further objectives and advantages thereof, will be best understood by reference to the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments when read in conjunction with the accompanying figures, wherein: 
           [0024]      FIG. 1  depicts one embodiment of a conventional ultrasonic welding assembly; 
           [0025]      FIG. 2  depicts one embodiment of an ultrasonic welding assembly constructed in accordance with the disclosed principles; 
           [0026]      FIG. 3  depicts a diagram of one-half wavelength (λ/2) of an acoustic vibration oscillating through a material along its longitudinal axis; 
           [0027]      FIG. 4  depicts a diagram of a material undergoing the Poisson Effect during a full wavelength (λ) of an acoustic oscillation; 
           [0028]      FIG. 5  depicts a side view of a conventional ultrasonic welding assembly having a single acoustic wave transmission line geometry; 
           [0029]      FIG. 6  depicts a perspective view of a conventional ultrasonic welding assembly incorporating the principles illustrated in  FIG. 5 ; and 
           [0030]      FIG. 7  depicts a perspective view of an ultrasonic welding assembly constructed in accordance with the disclosed principles. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0031]    The disclosed principles enhance the weldability of thin materials with ultrasonic systems by decoupling the acoustic wave transmission axis of the transducer from loading conditions found at the welding surface of the assembly. Generally speaking, the disclosed principles provide a unique design in which a longitudinal vibration within a first waveguide, which exit the first waveguide at an anti-nodal region, enter the nodal region of a second waveguide such that the waves in the first waveguide oscillate transversely to the waves in the second waveguide. More specifically, for ultrasonic welding applications, the disclosed principles introduce acoustic vibrations from a first component of an ultrasonic welding assembly, having waves propagating along a first transmission axis and exiting from an anti-nodal region of the first component (typically a booster), to the nodal region of a sonotrode, rather than the sonotrode&#39;s anti-nodal region as is found in conventional assemblies. As a result, the transmission axis of the sonotrode, and thus the driving direction of the welding surface, is perpendicular to the transmission axis of the first component of the ultrasonic assembly. 
         [0032]    Looking at  FIG. 2 , illustrated is an ultrasonic assembly  200  constructed in accordance with the disclosed principles. The disclosed assembly  200  includes an ultrasonic sonotrode  210  for facilitating ultrasonic welding of a material  240 . In this illustrated embodiment, the sonotrode  210  includes two welding surfaces or edges  215   a ,  215   b , which are on opposing sides of the sonotrode  210 . Of course, in other embodiments, the sonotrode  210  may include a greater or lesser number of welding surfaces or regions, as each particular ultrasonic welding application may require. 
         [0033]    In this illustrated embodiment, the sonotrode  210  is a rotary sonotrode in that it can rotate about its longitudinal axis L 1 . To ultrasonically weld the material  240 , the welding surfaces  215   a ,  215   b  press the material  240  against an anvil  250 . In this exemplary rotary embodiment, the anvil  250  may also be rotated about its longitudinal axis L 2 . More specifically, rather than laterally moving the sonotrode  210  towards and away from the anvil  250  as in the conventional assembly shown in  FIG. 1 , a rotary assembly can instead simply rotate both the sonotrode  210  and the anvil  250  to grasp the material  240  therebetween to be welded. After the ultrasonic welding occurs, the rotation of the sonotrode  210  and anvil  250  can release the material  240 , which can then be advanced so that another area of the material  240  may be welded. Of course, the disclosed principles may be applied in a non-rotary welding assembly as well, and no limitation to this exemplary embodiment is intended. 
         [0034]    Looking more specifically at how the ultrasonic welding process may occur with the assembly  200  in  FIG. 2 , the illustrated ultrasonic welding assembly  200  includes an ultrasonic transducer  220  for converting incoming electricity  225  into acoustic vibrations. In exemplary embodiments, the transducer  220  is a high power ultrasonic transducer  220  that may operate between about 15-100 kHz when converting electrical energy into mechanical oscillations (i.e., acoustic vibrations). As the acoustic waves are generated, the waves propagate from the transducer  220  and towards the sonotrode  210  along the longitudinal transmission axis L 1 . In high power embodiments, the transducer  220  may be powered by a generator capable of driving the system by as much as 10,000 Watts. Of course, other oscillation frequencies and drive power may also be employed with a system or method implemented in accordance with the disclosed principles, and the examples discussed herein should not be read to limit the disclosed principles to any particular embodiments. 
         [0035]    Coupled to the transducer  220  is a booster  230 , which may be employed to adjust the gain (e.g., amplitude) of the ultrasonic assembly  200 . More specifically, the booster  230  is typically a simplified form of sonotrode in which mechanical oscillations are provided (by the transducer) at one anti-node of a material, and are then transmitted through the second anti-node of the material typically with an adjusted amplitude. For example, a typical 20-kHz transducer may have an output of 28 μm peak-to-peak displacement for an acoustic wave. With a 1:1 gain booster, the displacement at the first anti-node point (at the input of the booster) will be that 28 μm amplitude, while the displacement at the second anti-node point (at the output of the booster) will also be 28 μm amplitude. However, if a 1.5:1 gain booster is employed, the resulting displacement at the booster output will be 42 μm, which is a 1.5× gain over the 28 μm amplitude input to the booster. Conversely, a booster may be employed to reduce the amplitude of the acoustic wave propagating through the material, should the application call for it. In advantageous embodiments of the disclosed principles, a booster gain of 1.5:1 of 2:1 provides exemplary balance to the ultrasonic waves propagating through the sonotrode  210 . Of course, other booster gains may also be employed as desired, for example, depending sonotrode design and composition. 
         [0036]    Another purpose of a booster is to provide a means for rigidly holding the transmission line or axis of an ultrasonic sonotrode so that appropriate forces (caused by the oscillations) can be applied for ultrasonic welding applications. In conventional ultrasonic welding assemblies, this is accomplished by creating special geometry around the nodal region of the booster, such that the coupling point theoretically has zero displacement. This approach can be better understood with an understanding of the physical effects on a material caused by the introduction of acoustic waves, which is provided below. 
         [0037]    Looking briefly to  FIG. 3 , illustrated is a diagram  300  depicting a one-half wavelength (λ/2) of an acoustic vibration  310  oscillating through a material  320  along its longitudinal transmission axis L 1 . The acoustic wave  310  propagates through the material  320  in the X direction where the oscillation of the vibration induces stresses on the material  320  as illustrated by stress curve  330 . More specifically, the peaks and valleys of the vibration wave  310  define the anti-node of the material  320 , while the transition of the wave  310  occurs at the node of the material  320 , theoretically causing zero stress on the material  320  at those anti-nodal regions. As a result, as the acoustic wave  310  propagates through the material  320 , a stress compressing and stretching (i.e., axial displacement) the material  320  around the nodal region occurs. This phenomenon is called the “Poisson Effect,” which is the compressing and stretching of an elastic solid which results in a bulging and reduction effect around the nodal position of a material. For example,  FIG. 4  illustrates a diagram  400  of a material  420  undergoing the Poisson Effect during a full wavelength (λ) of an acoustic oscillation  410 . The peaks and valleys of the wave  410  impart the stretching/compressing stresses on the material  420  as the acoustic wave  410  propagates therethrough. This continuous compressing and stretching provides the drive for a sonotrode in an ultrasonic welding assembly. 
         [0038]    Therefore, in conventional ultrasonic welding assemblies, the transmission axis of the sonotrode utilizes the anti-node region as the driving point for maximum displacement of the welding edge. And by extension, a booster, such as a “booster ring,” allows one to firmly clamp the transmission line of the components used to provide the acoustic waves to the sonotrode around the nodal region of the booster due to the small levels of vibration produced in a radial manner at that location. As a result, a conventional ultrasonic acoustic wave transmission line typically incorporates multiple half-wave (λ/2) segments to drive ultrasonic vibrations through all of the components of an ultrasonic welding assembly, including the sonotrode. Thus, the sonotrode in conventional assemblies is coupled to the second (output) anti-node of the booster (via its anti-node, as shown in  FIG. 6 ), and transmits the acoustic wave energy to the opposing anti-node at the welding edge of the sonotrode so that the ultrasonic energy is introduced into the material. 
         [0039]      FIG. 5  illustrates a side view of a conventional ultrasonic welding assembly  500  having a single acoustic wave transmission axis/line geometry. More specifically, the assembly  500  includes a transducer  510 , a booster  520 , a transducer interface  530  coupling the transducer  510  and the booster  520 , and a sonotrode interface  540  configured to couple the booster  520  to an ultrasonic sonotrode (not illustrated). 
         [0040]    As illustrated, the components in the assembly  500  each provide one-half wavelengths of the transmission line. The size and geometry of each component in the assembly  500  is selected based on the application. Thus, acoustic wave component transmission lines can be more complex involving more components, but at half-wave (λ/2) intervals. Importantly, in this conventional arrangement, the transducer  510  is again coupled to the anti-node of a booster/sonotrode, introducing longitudinal vibrations  550  along the centerline transmission axis L 1  of each half-wave (λ/2) component. The longitudinal vibration  550  is continuously transmitted through each component, ultimately delivering a longitudinal displacement along the single transmission axis L 1  at the final anti-node point for delivering ultrasonic energy into the sonotrode, and thus into the work piece or material. Then, in accordance with conventional practice, the assembly  500  is coupled to an ultrasonic sonotrode at the anti-node of sonotrode. 
         [0041]      FIG. 6  illustrates a perspective view of a conventional ultrasonic welding assembly  600  incorporating the principles illustrated in  FIG. 5 . Specifically, the assembly  600  includes a transducer  610 , a booster  620 , and a sonotrode  630 , all arranged along a single transmission line L 1 . As before, the transducer  610  generates ultrasonic acoustic waves which are transmitted to the booster  620 . The booster  620  increases/decreases the amplitude of the waves, and those boosted/de-boosted waves are transmitted into the sonotrode  630 . As discussed in detail above, in conventional approaches such as this illustrated embodiment, the line of components is coupled to the anti-node of the sonotrode  630 , which in this example is the surface/edge of the sonotrode  630  opposing the welding edge  635 . 
         [0042]    With the longer edges of the sonotrode  630  comprising anti-nodal regions, the nodal regions of the sonotrode  630  are proximate its transverse center, as illustrated. Therefore, based on the Poisson Effect, as discussed above, the acoustic vibrations propagating along the transmission line L 1  cause the anti-nodal region (i.e., the welding edge  635 ) of the sonotrode  630  to stretch and compress with the peaks of each acoustic wave. The sonotrode  630 , therefore, stretches and compresses the welding edge  635  along the same transmission line L 1  as the original propagation path of the waves as they entered the sonotrode  630 . 
         [0043]    Also in accordance with the disclosed principles, the amplitude and/or frequency of the waves propagated through the sonotrode  630  may be altered based on one or more conditions. For example, the amplitude or frequency of the generated waves while propagating along the first direction may be altered based on the material comprising the sonotrode  630 . Different materials have different densities, etc. as is known by those skilled in the art, and thus more uniform wave distribution during propagation through the sonotrode  630  may require altering frequency and/or amplitude of the waves. Additionally, the amplitude or frequency of the generated waves while propagating along the first direction may be altered based on the temperature of the sonotrode  630 . For example, the temperature of the sonotrode may differ based on ambient temperature in the facility having the welding assembly, or the temperature of the sonotrode  630  may change during use of the welding assembly. Still further, the amplitude or frequency of the generated waves while propagating along the first direction may be altered based on the composition of the material being ultrasonically welded, or that materials thickness. Other conditions that may require altering the amplitude and/or frequency of the waves propagating through the sonotrode  630 , in an effort to provide more uniform wave distribution, may also be considered within the broad scope of the disclosed principles. 
         [0044]    In stark contrast to conventional approaches, the disclosed principles provide the ability to drive an ultrasonic sonotrode via a connection at its nodal position or points, which results in achieving uniform longitudinal displacement through the sonotrode that is perpendicular to the input transmission direction. To illustrate the disclosed principles,  FIG. 7  illustrates a perspective view of an ultrasonic welding assembly  700  constructed in accordance with the disclosed principles. As will be discussed in detail below, the output displacement of an ultrasonic sonotrode is transverse, or perpendicular, to the input longitudinal displacement of the incoming acoustic waves. 
         [0045]    The assembly  700  in  FIG. 7  again includes a transducer  710 , a booster  720 , and a sonotrode  730 ; however, both the construction and the positioning of assembly components differs vastly from conventional approaches. Specifically, the transducer  710  and booster  720  are arranged along the same longitudinal transmission axis L 1 , but these components are connected to the sonotrode  730  at what may be considered the ‘side’ of the sonotrode  730 . The sides of the sonotrode  730  comprise its nodal regions, as illustrated. Thus, the welding edges  735   a ,  735   b  of the sonotrode  730  are arranged along a second transmission axis L 2 , where the second transmission axis L 2  is perpendicular to the first transmission axis L 1 . 
         [0046]    With this innovative arrangement of components, the acoustic waves generated by the transducer  710  and amplified by the booster  720  propagate along a first transmission axis L 1 , and exit the booster  720  at an anti-nodal point. Those acoustic waves are input to the sonotrode  730  at its nodal region, rather than at an anti-nodal region as followed in conventional approaches. For example, a one-half wavelength (λ/2) transducer  710  may be rigidly coupled to the nodal position at one-quarter wavelength (λ/4) of a one-half wavelength (λ/2) sonotrode  730  for the purpose of generating longitudinal waves transverse to the transducer  710  driving direction via the coupled sonotrode  730 . Stated another way, the disclosed principles force resonance at the one-quarter wavelength (λ/4) of a one-half wavelength (λ/2) sonotrode  730 , which corresponds to the sonotrodes&#39;  730  nodal point. As a result, the expansion/contraction cycle imposed on the nodal position begins to drive the sonotrode  730  in an outward manner, creating a longitudinal displacement of the welding surfaces  735   a ,  735   b  of the sonotrode  730  transverse to the original transducer  710  driving direction. This is accomplished by coupling the sonotrode  730  at a one-quarter wavelength (λ/4) point (illustrated via the displacement line), which is its node rather than anti-node. 
         [0047]    A sonotrode  730  constructed in accordance with the disclosed principles is specially designed to facilitate propagation of the input waves along the second, transverse axis L 2 , and thus output at the anti-nodal welding edges  735   a ,  735   b  of the sonotrode  730  for ultrasonic welding applications. The size and geometry of a sonotrode configured to be implemented with the disclosed principles are selected based on the application and amount of displacement that is needed. Moreover, the two welding edges  735   a ,  735   b  provided on the sonotrode  730  of  FIG. 7  lends itself for use in a rotary welding assembly, such as the assembly  200  illustrated in  FIG. 2 . In such an application, the first transmission line L 1  is not only the input transmission axis for generated acoustic waves, but is also the axis about which the sonotrode  730  may be rotated in such embodiments. Of course, it should be understood that any number of welding edges for a sonotrode as disclosed herein may be provided, and that the disclosed principle are not limited to such rotary applications. For a detailed discussion on exemplary sonotrodes that may be employed with the disclosed principles of transverse wave displacement for ultrasonic welding, see co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, which is commonly assigned with the present disclosure and incorporated herein by reference. 
         [0048]    In additional embodiments, a rotary ultrasonic welding assembly  700  like the type illustrated in  FIG. 7  may also include a counter-mass structure  740  coupled on the nodal region of the sonotrode  730  that is opposite the nodal region receiving the transducer/booster components. In some embodiments, the opposing structure  740  may simply be a support structure, similar to an arbor, for offering counter-mass balancing and/or physical mounting support to the opposing nodal region of the sonotrode  730 . In some embodiments, the opposing structure  740  may be a second transducer and/or booster assembly, which would provide a dual input for the sonotrode  730  along the same input transmission axis L 1 . In such embodiments, the power supplied to the dual transducers may be halved, with one-half provided to each transducer. Moreover, in dual transducer embodiments, the input of ultrasonic waves from opposing ends of the sonotrode  730  may result in easier uniform waves distribution throughout the sonotrode  730  and thus to the welding surfaces  735   a ,  735   b . In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 7 , the sonotrode  730  has a design and geometry to facilitate uniform waves distribution from a single transducer feeding waves from only one end (i.e., nodal region), but in dual transducer embodiments, the sonotrode  730  may have a different design and geometry based on the opposing ends/inputs where the opposing ends comprise the nodal region of the sonotrode. In all embodiments, however, the disclosed principles in dual transducer embodiments still provide that the stretching and compression of the sonotrode  730  in order to oscillate the welding surfaces  735   a ,  735   b  sufficient for ultrasonic welding applications occurs along a transmission axis L 2  that is transverse or perpendicular to the input transmission axis L 1 . 
         [0049]    In sum, the conventional technique for ultrasonic welding is to work with a sonotrode&#39;s anti-node as the driving location for input acoustic waves. As previously stated, introduction of ultrasonic energy by traditional practice occurs at the anti-node as it is the position for highest displacement but lowest stress. But the disclosed principles teach against conventional practice, and thus ultrasonic energy is introduced at the nodal position (lowest displacement and highest stress) to achieve uniform welding edge displacement even while being subjected to intense working conditions. 
         [0050]    The disclosed principles further teach against conventional practice in that with the disclosed principles, ultrasonic energy is introduced transverse (i.e., perpendicular) to the load or vibration direction within the sonotrode. In conventional assemblies, transducers and sonotrodes are arranged along the same transmission line or axis, as discussed above. Unfortunately, as discussed above, this single axis arrangement results in significant vibrational feedback from the sonotrode to the transducer, which typically leads to premature catastrophic assembly failure. The disclosed principles use the nodal position of a sonotrode as a driving location for incoming acoustic waves, which is contrary to conventional practices, in order to “decouple” the transducer from the sonotrode by providing transverse transmission axes. Therefore, a longitudinal wave is produced within the sonotrode oscillating transversely to the input displacement provided along the transducer transmission axis. Stated another way, the decoupling of the output transmission axis L 2  from the input transmission axis L 1  by transversely aligning the sonotrode anti-nodal regions to the input components allows an assembly in accordance with the disclosed principles to avoid the typically destructive feedback from the welding edges impacting an anvil or other receiving surface. Such an approach results is little to no feedback from the welding edge(s) of a sonotrode back through the transducer, thereby eliminating the feedback stress that accelerates system failure in conventional ultrasonic welding techniques. 
         [0051]    While various embodiments in accordance with the principles disclosed herein have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Thus, the breadth and scope of this disclosure should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with any claims and their equivalents issuing from this disclosure. Furthermore, the above advantages and features are provided in described embodiments, but shall not limit the application of such issued claims to processes and structures accomplishing any or all of the above advantages. 
         [0052]    Additionally, the section headings herein are provided for consistency with the suggestions under 37 C.F.R. 1.77 or otherwise to provide organizational cues. These headings shall not limit or characterize the invention(s) set out in any claims that may issue from this disclosure. Specifically and by way of example, although the headings refer to a “Technical Field,” the claims should not be limited by the language chosen under this heading to describe the so-called field. Further, a description of a technology in the “Background” is not to be construed as an admission that certain technology is prior art to any embodiment(s) in this disclosure. Neither is the “Summary” to be considered as a characterization of the embodiment(s) set forth in issued claims. Furthermore, any reference in this disclosure to “invention” in the singular should not be used to argue that there is only a single point of novelty in this disclosure. Multiple embodiments may be set forth according to the limitations of the multiple claims issuing from this disclosure, and such claims accordingly define the embodiment(s), and their equivalents, that are protected thereby. In all instances, the scope of such claims shall be considered on their own merits in light of this disclosure, but should not be constrained by the headings set forth herein.