Abstract:
Pressure sensitive adhesives containing a cyclic phosphonate ester are described. Methods of preparing such adhesives and articles comprising such adhesives are also described.

Description:
FIELD 
       [0001]    The present disclosure relates to flame retardant pressure sensitive adhesives. In particular, pressure sensitive adhesives containing a relatively low amount of a cyclic phosphonate ester flame retardant. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Generally, pressure sensitive adhesives are well-known and used in a wide variety of applications. Acrylic adhesives are a common class of pressure sensitive adhesive. However, acrylic adhesives may be flammable and can contribute to the formation of combustion gasses during a fire. As adhesive tapes are used widely in household, industrial, and electronic applications, there is a need to reduce or eliminate any contributions of adhesive tapes to the fire load. 
         [0003]    Flame retardants have been added to adhesives including acrylic adhesives. For example, halogenated flame retardants such as polybrominated biphenylethers have been very effective. However, halogenated materials are being restricted or even banned due to environmental and health concerns associated with some such materials and there is a desire to find alternative flame retardants. 
         [0004]    Other flame retardants such as metal hydroxides and red phosphorous have been used; however, typically these materials must be used at high concentrations in order to achieve the desired level of flame retardancy. In many cases, the required loadings of such flame retardants results in an unacceptable decrease in the mechanical and adhesive properties of the pressure sensitive adhesive. 
         [0005]    Phosphites, phosphates, and phosphonates have also been used as flame retardants. For example, flame retardant radiation curable compositions containing both a cyclic phosphonate and at least one other flame retardant selected from phosphorous derivates different from cyclic phosphonates are described in EP 2 154 191 A1. EP 2 154 191 A1 exemplifies films that achieve UL 94 classification of V1 or V0, but only at relatively high loadings of the cyclic phosphonate flame retardant (at least 17 weight percent) in combination with relatively high loadings of another phosphorous-derivative flame retardant (at least 15 weight %). 
         [0006]    There remains a need to identify non-halogenated flame retardants for pressure sensitive adhesive compositions. In addition, there is a need to provide acceptable flame retardant properties at sufficiently low loading levels of the flame retardant so as to avoid unacceptable reductions in pressure sensitive adhesive performance. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0007]    Briefly, in one aspect, the present disclosure provides a flame retardant pressure sensitive adhesive comprising a polymeric component comprising an acrylic pressure sensitive adhesive and a flame retardant comprising at least one cyclic phosphonate ester, wherein the flame retardant comprises less than 2 parts by weight of a phosphorous containing flame retardant other than the cyclic phosphonate ester. 
         [0008]    In some embodiments, the total amount of flame retardant is no greater than 20 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the polymeric component, e.g., between 3 and 15 parts by weight, inclusive, per 100 parts by weight of the polymeric component, or even between 3 and 6 parts by weight, inclusive, per 100 parts by weight of the polymeric component. 
         [0009]    In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a flame retardant pressure sensitive adhesive comprising a polymeric component comprising an acrylic pressure sensitive adhesive and a flame retardant comprising at least one cyclic phosphonate ester, wherein the total amount of cyclic phosphonate ester is no greater than 6 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the polymeric component. In some embodiments, the total amount of cyclic phosphonate ester is no greater than 6 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the polymeric component, e.g., between 3 and 6 parts by weight, inclusive, per 100 parts by weight of the polymeric component. 
         [0010]    In some embodiments of any of these aspects of the present disclosure, the flame retardant comprises at least one cyclic phosphonate ester having the formula: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    wherein R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of a C1 to C8 alkyl and a phenyl, wherein the alkyl and/or phenyl group may be substituted with at least one hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl, or phenoxyalkyl, group; R3 and R4 are independently selected from the group consisting of C1 to C4 alkyl; x is 1, 2, or 3; y is 0, 1, or 2; and z is 0 or 1; wherein the sum of x, y, and z is equal to 3. 
         [0011]    In some embodiments, the cyclic phosphonate ester comprises at least one of 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0012]    In another aspect, the present disclosure provides adhesive articles comprising a first substrate and a first adhesive adhered to a first major surface of the first substrate, wherein the first adhesive comprises the flame retardant pressure sensitive adhesives of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the adhesive article further comprises a second adhesive wherein the first adhesive and the second adhesive are independently selected. In some embodiments, the adhesive article further comprising a second substrate adhered to the first adhesive such that the first adhesive is located between the first substrate and the second substrate. In some embodiments, at least one substrate comprises a polymeric film, e.g., polyester film. In some embodiments, at least one substrate comprises a foam, e.g., an adhesive foam. 
         [0013]    The above summary of the present disclosure is not intended to describe each embodiment of the present invention. The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are also set forth in the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and from the claims. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0014]      FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary adhesive article according to some embodiments of the present invention, the article having a “Spacer” configuration. 
           [0015]      FIG. 2  illustrates an exemplary adhesive article according to some embodiments of the present invention, the article having a “Sandwich” configuration. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0016]    Acrylic pressure sensitive adhesives are well-known. Typically, acrylic pressure sensitive adhesive comprise the polymerization product of a monomer mixture comprising one or more (meth)acrylate ester and optionally, one or more vinyl carboxylic acids. Depending on the desired properties, other copolymerizable monomers may also be included in the monomer mixture. 
         [0017]    As used herein, “(meth)acrylate” refers to one and/or both the acrylate ester and the methacrylate ester. Thus, for example, butyl (meth)acrylate refers to butyl acrylate and/or butyl methacrylate. 
         [0018]    In some embodiments, at least one (meth)acrylate ester is an alkyl(meth)acrylate. In some embodiments, the alkyl group of at least one alkyl(meth)acrylate contains 5 to 18 carbon atoms, e.g., 5 to 12 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group of at least one alkyl(meth)acrylate contains 8 carbon atoms, e.g., isooctyl (meth)acrylate and 2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate. In some embodiments, the alkyl group of at least one alkyl(meth)acrylate contains 1 to 4 carbon atoms, e.g., butyl (meth)acrylate. In some embodiments, the alkyl group of at least one alkyl(meth)acrylate contains 1 to 3 carbon atoms, e.g., 2 carbon atoms. 
         [0019]    In some embodiments, the monomer mixture includes one or more vinyl carboxylic acids. Generally, any known vinyl carboxylic acid or mixture of vinyl carboxylic acids may be used. Exemplary vinyl carboxylic acids include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, and β-carboxyethylacrylate. In some embodiments, the vinyl carboxylic acid may be selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and combinations thereof. 
         [0020]    In some embodiments, it may be desirable to include one or more non-polar monomers. As used herein, a “non-polar” monomer is a monomer whose homopolymer has a solubility parameter as measured by the Fedors&#39; method of no greater than 10.5. Examples of suitable non-polar monomers and their Fedors&#39; solubility parameter ((cal/cm 3 ) 1/2 ) include 3,3,5 trimethylcyclohexyl acrylate (9.35), isobornyl acrylate (9.71), butyl acrylate (9.77), cyclohexyl acrylate (10.16), and N-octyl acrylamide (10.33). 
         [0021]    In some embodiments, the monomer mixture comprises at least 80 weight percent (wt. %) e.g., at least 90 wt. %, at least 95 wt. % or even at least 98 wt. % of the one or more alkyl (meth)acrylate monomers. In some embodiments, the monomer mixture comprises no greater than 10 wt. %, e.g., no greater than 8 wt. %, no greater than 5 wt. %, no greater than 2 wt. % or even no greater than 1 wt. % of the vinyl carboxylic acid monomers. In some embodiments, the monomer mixture comprises 0 to 4 wt. %, for example 0.1 to 4 wt. %, 0.1 to 2 wt. %, 0.1 to 1 wt. %, or even 0.1 to 0.5 wt. % of the vinyl carboxylic acid monomers. In other embodiments, the monomer mixture comprises at least 3 wt. %, e.g., at least 5 wt. % of the vinyl carboxylic acid monomers, e.g., 3 to 10 wt. %, or 5 to 10 wt. %, of the vinyl carboxylic acid monomers. 
         [0022]    The pressure sensitive adhesives of the present disclosure also include at least one cyclic phosphonate flame retardant. Exemplary cyclic phosphonate esters suitable for use as flame retardants in the adhesive compositions of the present disclosure include those described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,789,091 and 3,849,368, as well as those available from Rhodia under the tradename AMGARD (e.g., AMGARD CU, and AMGARD 1045). Suitable cyclic phosphonates include those having the general structure of Formula 1: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    wherein R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of a C1 to C8 alkyl and a phenyl, wherein the alkyl and/or phenyl group may be substituted with at least one hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl, or phenoxyalkyl, group; 
         [0023]    R3 and R4 are independently selected from the group consisting of C1 to C4 alkyl; 
         [0024]    x is 1, 2, or 3; 
         [0025]    y is 0, 1, or 2; and 
         [0026]    z is 0 or 1; 
         [0000]    wherein the sum of x, y, and z is equal to 3. 
         [0027]    Specific, exemplary cyclic phosphonates of Formula 1 include 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    as well as dimmers and trimers of such materials, including those with longer aliphatic chains instead of methyl groups. Mixtures of such materials may also be used. 
         [0028]    Other suitable cyclic phosphonate esters include those having the general Formula 4: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    wherein R5 and R6 are independently selected from the group consisting of C1 to C4 alkyl groups; 
         [0029]    R7, R8, R9, and R10 are independently selected from the group consisting of a C1 to C8 alkyl and a phenyl, wherein the alkyl and/or phenyl group may be substituted with at least one hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl, or phenoxyalkyl, group; 
         [0030]    n is 0 to 6; 
         [0031]    m is 0 to 8; and 
         [0032]    p is 0 or 8. 
         [0033]    Specific, exemplary cyclic phosphonates of Formula 4 include 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    as well as dimmers and trimers of such materials, including those with longer aliphatic chains instead of methyl groups. Mixtures of such materials, alone or in combinations with cyclic phosphonates of Formula 1 may also be used. 
         [0034]    In addition to the acrylic adhesive and the flame retardant, the pressure sensitive adhesive compositions of the present disclosure may include any of a wide variety of know additives including, e.g., crosslinkers, initiators, fillers, tackifiers, dyes, pigments, and the like. The selection and relative amounts of such materials will depend on the desired end-use characteristics, as is well-understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0035]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Materials used in the examples. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 I.D. 
                 Description 
                 Source 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SB-ADH-1 
                 90:10 (IOA:AA) (a)  acrylic adhesive 
                 3M Company 
               
               
                   
                 (41 wt. % in a acetone, naptha, and 
                 St. Paul, MN 
               
               
                   
                 hydrotreated naptha) 
               
               
                 SB-ADH-2 
                 90:10 (IOA:AA) acrylic adhesive 
                 3M Company 
               
               
                   
                 (15 wt. % in ethylacetate and toluene) 
               
               
                 UV-ADH-1 
                 90:10 (IOA:AA) prepolymerized syrup 
                 3M Company 
               
               
                 UV-ADH-2 
                 90:10 (IOA:AA) prepoylmerized syrup 
                 3M Company 
               
               
                 HM-ADH-1 
                 90:10 (IOA:AA) acrylic adhesive 
                 3M Company 
               
               
                 HM-ADH-2 
                 90:10 (2-EHA:AA) acrylic adhesive 
                 3M Company 
               
               
                 HM-ADH-3 
                 90:10 (2-EHA:AA) acrylic adhesive 
                 3M Company 
               
               
                   
                 with an ionic crosslinker 
               
               
                 CP-FR-1 
                 Cyclic phosphonate flame retardant 
                 Rhodia 
               
               
                   
                 (AMGARD CU) (b)   
               
               
                 CP-FR-2 
                 Cyclic phosphonate flame retardant 
                 Rhodia 
               
               
                   
                 (AMGARD 1045) (b)   
               
               
                 CP-FR-3 
                 Cyclic phosphonate flame retardant 
                 Rhodia 
               
               
                   
                 (AMGARD SPDH) (c)   
               
               
                 FR-4 
                 Arylphosphate flame retardant 
                 ICL 
               
               
                   
                 (FYROL A710) 
               
               
                 FR-5 
                 Phosphororganic salt 
                 Clariant 
               
               
                   
                 (EXOLIT OP935) 
               
               
                 FR-6 
                 Aluminumtrihydrate (“ATH”) 
                 Nabaltec 
               
               
                   
                 (APYRAL 24) 
               
               
                 FR-7 
                 Vinylphosphonatedimethylester 
                 BASF 
               
               
                   
                 (CAS 4685-32-3) 
               
               
                 FR-8 
                 3,4:5,6-Dibenzo-1,2-oxaphosphane-2- 
                 TCI Europe 
               
               
                   
                 oxide 
               
               
                 HDDA 
                 1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate crosslinker 
               
               
                 IR-651 
                 2,2-Dimethoxy-1,2-diphenylethan-1-one 
                 Ciba Specialty 
               
               
                   
                 (IRGACURE 651 photoinitiator) 
                 Chemicals, Inc. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   (a) IOA = isooctyl acrylate; 2-EHA = 2-ethylhexyl acrylate; AA = acrylic acid 
               
               
                   (b) AMGARD CU and 1045 flame retardants are a blend of the cyclic phosphonates illustrated by Formulas (2) and (3). 
               
               
                   (c) AMGARD SPDH is a cyclic phosphonate ester illustrated by Formula (4). 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0036]    Test Methods 
         [0037]    Horizontal Burn Procedure. Samples were evaluated according to the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 302 (“Flammability of Interior Materials”), (FMVSS302) test procedure. The results were rated as follows: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Rating 
                 Description 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 DNI 
                 Sample does not ignite 
               
               
                   
                 SE 
                 Sample extinguishes before the start mark 
               
               
                   
                 SENBR 
                 Sample extinguishes within 8.9 cm of the start mark 
               
               
                   
                 SEB 
                 Sample extinguishes after 8.9 cm from the start mark, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 but before the end of the sample (burn rate (mm/min)) 
               
               
                   
                 B 
                 Sample burns to the end (burn rate (mm/min)) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0038]    Vertical Burn Procedure. Samples were tested according Underwriters Laboratory Standard UL94. Generally, a 12.7 cm long by 1.27 cm wide sample was suspended vertically 10 mm above the burner and 30.5 cm above the cotton. A 20 mm high flame was applied to the free end of the sample at 45° angle for ten seconds and then removed until the flaming stops. The flame was reapplied for another ten seconds and again removed until the flaming stops. The results were rated as follows: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Rating 
                 Description 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 V0 
                 Burning stops within 10 seconds after each application of flame; 
               
               
                   
                 drips of particles allowed as long as they do not ignite the cotton 
               
               
                 V1 
                 Burning stops within 30 seconds after each application of flame; 
               
               
                   
                 drips of particles allowed as long as they do not ignite the cotton 
               
               
                 V2 
                 Burning stops within 30 seconds after each application of flame; 
               
               
                   
                 drips of flaming particles that ignite the cotton are allowed 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0039]    180 Degree Peel tests were conducting according to FINAT Test Method No. 1 (FTM 1, “Peel adhesion (180°) at 300 mm per minute,” FINAT Technical Handbook 7th edition, 2005). 
         [0040]    Static Shear tests were conducting according to FINAT Test Method No. 8 (FTM 8, “Resistance to shear from a standard surface,” FINAT Technical Handbook 7th edition, 2005). 
         [0041]    Dynamic Shear tests were conducting according to FINAT Test Method No. 18 (FTM 18, “Dynamic Shear,” FINAT Technical Handbook 7th edition, 2005). 
         [0042]    Solvent Based Adhesives. The desired solvent based adhesive (SB-ADH-1 or SB-ADH-2) was combined with 0.2 to 0.5 wt. % of a bisaziridine crosslinker and a flame retardant. The resulting composition was coated onto a release liner and sent through an oven. Here, the solvent was removed and the adhesive was thermally crosslinked to produce a 44 micrometer thick adhesive film. 
         [0043]    Spacer. Two such adhesive films were laminated to opposite sides of a 12 micrometer thick polyester (PET) carrier film (MYLAR LBT2, from DuPont Teijin) to produce a “spacer” tape. Spacer tape  100  is illustrated in  FIG. 1 . First adhesive layer  110  comprises first surface  111  adhered to first surface  131  of carrier  130 . Similarly, first surface  121  of second adhesive layer  120  is adhered to second surface  132  of carrier  130 . 
         [0044]    Sandwich. Samples were also prepared by laminating a  175  micrometer thick cover layer of PET to each of the first and second adhesive layers. As illustrated in  FIG. 2 , “sandwich” construction  200 , comprises spacer tape  100 . First cover layer  210  is adhered to second surface  112  of first adhesive layer  110 . Similarly, second cover layer  220  is adhered to second surface  122  of second adhesive layer  120 . 
         [0045]    Neither the PET carrier film nor the PET cover films contained any flame retardant. Thus, all flame retardant characteristics are provided by flame retardant in the two adhesive layers. 
         [0046]    These samples were subjected to the Horizontal Burn Procedure. The results are reported in Table 2. A commercially available sample (3M™ Double Linered Adhesive Transfer Tape 9553, from 3M Company) was also tested, and is identified as “REF-1.” 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Horizontal burn tests (FMVSS302) results for solvent based adhesives. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Burn 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 wt. 
                   
                 Speed 
               
               
                   
                 Base 
                 Sample 
                 Flame 
                 % 
                   
                 (mm/ 
               
               
                 Example 
                 Adhesive 
                 type 
                 Retardant 
                 FR 
                 Rating 
                 min) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 CE-1 
                 SB-ADH-2 
                 Spacer 
                 none 
                 0 
                 B 
                 268 
               
               
                 EX-1 
                 SB-ADH-2 
                 Spacer 
                 CP-FR-1 
                 5 
                 SE 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 EX-2 
                 SB-ADH-2 
                 Spacer 
                 CP-FR-1 
                 10 
                 SE 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 EX-3 
                 SB-ADH-2 
                 Sandwich 
                 CP-FR-1 
                 10 
                 SE 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 CE-2 
                 SB-ADH-1 
                 Spacer 
                 none 
                 0 
                 B 
                 265 
               
               
                 EX-4 
                 SB-ADH-1 
                 Spacer 
                 CP-FR-1 
                 5 
                 SE 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 EX-5 
                 SB-ADH-1 
                 Spacer 
                 CP-FR-1 
                 10 
                 SE 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 EX-6 
                 SB-ADH-1 
                 Sandwich 
                 CP-FR-1 
                 10 
                 SE 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 EX-7 
                 SB-ADH-1 
                 Spacer 
                 CP-FR-2 
                 5 
                 SE 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 EX-8 
                 SB-ADH-1 
                 Spacer 
                 CP-FR-2 
                 10 
                 SE 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 EX-9 
                 SB-ADH-1 
                 Spacer 
                 CP-FR-3 
                 5 
                 SE 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 EX-10 
                 SB-ADH-1 
                 Spacer 
                 CP-FR-3 
                 10 
                 SE 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 EX-11 
                 SB-ADH-2 
                 Sandwich 
                 CP-FR-3 
                 10 
                 SE 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 EX-12 
                 SB-ADH-1 
                 Sandwich 
                 CP-FR-3 
                 10 
                 SE 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 CE-3 
                 SB-ADH-1 
                 Spacer 
                 FR-5 
                 10 
                 B 
                 518 
               
               
                 CE-4 
                 SB-ADH-1 
                 Spacer 
                 FR-5 
                 20 
                 B 
                 318 
               
               
                 CE-5 
                 SB-ADH-1 
                 Spacer 
                 FR-5 
                 30 
                 SE 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 CE-6 
                 SB-ADH-1 
                 Spacer 
                 FR-4 
                 5 
                 B 
                 202 
               
               
                 CE-7 
                 SB-ADH-1 
                 Spacer 
                 FR-4 
                 10 
                 SE 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 CE-8 
                 SB-ADH2 
                 Spacer 
                 FR-8 
                 5 
                 B 
                 365 
               
               
                 CE-9 
                 SB-ADH2 
                 Spacer 
                 FR-8 
                 10 
                 B 
                 346 
               
               
                 REF-1 
                 acrylic 
                 Spacer 
                 none 
                 0 
                 B 
                 492 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0047]    The solvent based adhesive constructions were also evaluated to determine the effect of flame retardant loading on pressure sensitive adhesive properties. The samples were evaluated according to the 180 Degree Peel test (“180° Peel”), the Static Shear test at 20-22° C., and the Dynamic Shear test at 85° C. The results are summarized in Table 3. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Pressure sensitive adhesive performance for solvent based adhesives. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Base 
                 Sample 
                 Flame 
                 wt. % 
                 180° Peel 
                 Static Shear 
                 Dynamic 
               
               
                 Ex. 
                 Adhesive 
                 type 
                 Retardant 
                 FR 
                 (N/cm) 
                 (min.) 
                 Shear (min.) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 CE-1 
                 SB-ADH-2 
                 Spacer 
                 none 
                 0 
                 4.4 
                  5000+ 
                 32.4 
               
               
                 EX-1 
                 SB-ADH-2 
                 Spacer 
                 CP-FR-1 
                 5 
                 N.T. 
                  5000+ 
                 29.5 
               
               
                 EX-2 
                 SB-ADH-2 
                 Spacer 
                 CP-FR-1 
                 10 
                 5.1 
                  5000+ 
                 18.4 
               
               
                 CE-2 
                 SB-ADH-1 
                 Spacer 
                 none 
                 0 
                 3.9 
                 10000+ 
                 22.1 
               
               
                 EX-4 
                 SB-ADH-1 
                 Spacer 
                 CP-FR-1 
                 5 
                 N.T. 
                 N.T 
                 21.1 
               
               
                 EX-5 
                 SB-ADH-1 
                 Spacer 
                 CP-FR-1 
                 10 
                 5.1 
                 10000+ 
                 13.7 
               
               
                 EX-8 
                 SB-ADH-1 
                 Spacer 
                 CP-FR-2 
                 10 
                 5.1 
                 10000+ 
                 N.T. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 N.T. = Not tested 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0048]    Solventless UV-Cured Adhesive Samples. The desired solventless acrylic adhesive prepolymer (UV-ADH-1 or UV-ADH-2) was blended with 0.12 wt. % HDDA crosslinker, 0.2 wt. % IR-651 photoinitiator, and a flame retardant. The UV-ADH-1 adhesive was coated onto a release liner and passed through an ultraviolet curing station to form a 44 micrometer thick cured acrylic adhesive film. Two such films of UV-ADH-1 adhesive were laminated to opposite sides of the 12 micrometer PET carrier film to form a “spacer” construction. (See  FIG. 1 .) The UV-ADH-2 adhesive was coated onto a release liner and passed through an ultraviolet curing station to form a 1000 micrometer thick cured acrylic adhesive film, which was tested as is (“Thick” construction). 
         [0049]    Samples prepared from the solventless, UV-cured, acrylic adhesives were tested for flammability according to the Horizontal Burn Procedure. The results are reported in Table 4. Samples were also tested for adhesive performance according to the 90 Degree Peel (“90° Peel”) Procedure and the Static Shear Procedure at both 20-22° C. and 75° C. The results are reported in Table 5. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Horizontal burn tests (FMVSS302) results for solventless, 
               
               
                 UV-cured adhesives. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Burn 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Wt. 
                   
                 Speed 
               
               
                   
                 Base 
                 Sample 
                 Flame 
                 % 
                   
                 (mm/ 
               
               
                 Example 
                 Adhesive 
                 type 
                 Retardant 
                 FR 
                 Rating 
                 min) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 EX-13 
                 UV-ADH-1 
                 Spacer 
                 CP-FR-1 
                 5 
                 SE 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 EX-14 
                 UV-ADH-1 
                 Spacer 
                 CP-FR-1 
                 10 
                 SE 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 CE-10 
                 UV-ADH-2 
                 Thick 
                 none 
                 0 
                 B 
                  75 
               
               
                 EX-15 
                 UV-ADH-2 
                 Thick 
                 CP-FR-1 
                 5 
                 SE 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 EX-16 
                 UV-ADH-2 
                 Thick 
                 CP-FR-1 
                 10 
                 SE 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 EX-17 
                 UV-ADH-2 
                 Thick 
                 CP-FR-1 
                 20 
                 SE 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 CE-11 
                 UV-ADH-2 
                 Thick 
                 FR-7 
                 10 
                 B 
                 102 
               
               
                 CE-12 
                 UV-ADH-2 
                 Thick 
                 FR-7 
                 15 
                 SE 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 REF-2 
                 UV-ADH-2 
                 Thick 
                 none 
                 0 
                 SE 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Pressure sensitive adhesive performance for solventless, UV-cured adhesives. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Static Shear 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Base 
                 Sample 
                 Flame 
                 wt. % 
                 90° Peel 
                 20-22° C. 
                 75° C. 
               
               
                 Ex. 
                 Adhesive 
                 type 
                 Retardant 
                 FR 
                 (N/cm) 
                 (min.) 
                 (min.) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 CE-10 
                 UV-ADH-2 
                 Thick 
                 none 
                 0 
                 28.0 
                 10000+ 
                 10000+  
               
               
                 EX-15 
                 UV-ADH-2 
                 Thick 
                 CP-FR-1 
                 5 
                 23.2 
                 1835 
                 109  
               
               
                 EX-16 
                 UV-ADH-2 
                 Thick 
                 CP-FR-1 
                 10 
                 22.2 
                  388 
                 33 
               
               
                 EX-17 
                 UV-ADH-2 
                 Thick 
                 CP-FR-1 
                 20 
                 18.5 
                  53 
                  7 
               
               
                 CE-11 
                 UV-ADH-2 
                 VHB 
                 FR-7 
                 10 
                 20.0 
                  612 
                 57 
               
               
                 CE-12 
                 UV-ADH-2 
                 VHB 
                 FR-7 
                 15 
                 24.4 
                 7563 
                 60 
               
               
                 REF-2 
                 UV-ADH-2 
                 VHB 
                 none 
                 0 
                 24.4 
                 7563 
                 318  
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0050]    Various amounts of the CP-FR-1 cyclic phosphonate flame retardant were combined with the UV-ADH-2 solventless, UV-cured adhesive. Thick (1000 microns) samples were prepared and tested according to the Vertical Burn Procedure. The results are summarized in Table 6. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Vertical burn tests (UL94) results for VHB samples prepared 
               
               
                 using the UV-ADH-2 solventless, UV-cured adhesives with 
               
               
                 the CP-FR-1 cyclic phosphonate flame retardant. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 wt. % 
                 Dripping 
                 UL94 
                 UL94 
               
               
                   
                 Ex. 
                 FR 
                 UL94-V 
                 (VTM) 
                 (V) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 EX-18 
                 10 
                 FDIC 
                 VTM-0 
                 Fail 
               
               
                   
                 EX-19 
                 15 
                 DNF 
                 VTM-0 
                 V-0 
               
               
                   
                 EX-20 
                 20 
                 DNF 
                 VTM-0 
                 V-0 
               
               
                   
                 EX-21 
                 30 
                 DNF 
                 N/T 
                 V-1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0051]    Hot Melt Coated Adhesives. Adhesive films were prepared by hot melt coating a blend of the desired adhesive (HM-ADH-1, HM-ADH-2, or HM-ADH-3) and a flame retardant to produce a 44 micrometer thick layer of acrylic adhesive. These adhesive films were combined with the 12 micrometer PET carrier to form a spacer construction. (See  FIG. 1 .) Additional 175 micrometer PET cover films were added to provide sandwich constructions. (See  FIG. 2 .) 
         [0052]    The resulting hot melt adhesive samples were evaluated according to the Horizontal Burn Procedure, and the results are reported in Table 7. Reference sample REF-1, was also tested. Adhesive properties were also tested at both 20-22° C. and 85° C. The results of the 180 Degree Peel test, the Static Shear test, and the Dynamic Shear test are summarized in Table 8. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Horizontal burn tests (FMVSS302) results for hot melt adhesives. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Burn 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Speed 
               
               
                   
                 Base 
                 Sample 
                 Flame 
                 wt. % 
                   
                 (mm/ 
               
               
                 Ex. 
                 Adhesive 
                 type 
                 Retardant 
                 FR 
                 Rating 
                 min) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 EX-22 
                 HM-ADH-1 
                 Spacer 
                 CP-FR-1 
                 10 
                 DNI 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 EX-23 
                 HM-ADH-1 
                 Sandwich 
                 CP-FR-1 
                 10 
                 SE 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 EX-24 
                 HM-ADH-2 
                 Spacer 
                 CP-FR-1 
                 10 
                 DNI 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 EX-25 
                 HM-ADH-2 
                 Sandwich 
                 CP-FR-1 
                 10 
                 SE 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 EX-26 
                 HM-ADH-3 
                 Spacer 
                 CP-FR-1 
                 10 
                 DNI 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 EX-27 
                 HM-ADH-3 
                 Sandwich 
                 CP-FR-1 
                 10 
                 SE 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 EX-28 
                 HM-ADH-3 
                 Spacer 
                 CP-FR-1 
                 7.5 
                 DNI 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 EX-29 
                 HM-ADH-3 
                 Sandwich 
                 CP-FR-1 
                 7.5 
                 SE 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 EX-30 
                 HM-ADH-3 
                 Spacer 
                 CP-FR-1 
                 5 
                 SE 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 EX-31 
                 HM-ADH-3 
                 Sandwich 
                 CP-FR-1 
                 5 
                 SE 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 REF-1 
                 acrylic 
                 Spacer 
                 none 
                 0 
                 B 
                 492 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Pressure sensitive adhesive performance for hot melt adhesives. 
               
               
                 (all samples contained 10 wt. % CP-FR-1 flame retardant) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 180 Degree 
                 Static Shear 
                 Dynamic 
               
               
                   
                 Ad- 
                 Peel (N/cm) 
                 (min) 
                 Shear (min) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ex. 
                 hesive 
                 Sample 
                 RT 
                 HT 
                 RT 
                 HT 
                 RT 
                 HT 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 EX-22 
                 HM- 
                 Spacer 
                 5.8 
                 3.7 
                 10000+ 
                 53 
                 374 
                 30 
               
               
                   
                 ADH-1 
               
               
                 EX-24 
                 HM- 
                 Spacer 
                 5.9 
                 3.8 
                 10000+ 
                 106 
                 365 
                 38 
               
               
                   
                 ADH-2 
               
               
                 REF-1 
                 acrylic 
                 Spacer 
                 4.8 
                 3.0 
                 10000+ 
                 1218 
                 307 
                 67 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 RT = 20-22° C.; 
               
               
                 HT = 85° C. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0053]    The flame retardant pressure sensitive adhesives of the present disclosure may be used in a wide variety of applications, e.g., as free films, supported films, and single and double-sided tapes. Free films of adhesive may be disposed on a substrate such as a release liner, or may be located between two release liners. Supported films include adhesive layers incorporating any of a wide variety of well known supports such as scrims, woven and non-woven webs comprising organic and/or inorganic fibers, paper, and the like. 
         [0054]    Tapes typical comprise a substrate with a layer of adhesive on one side (i.e., a single-coated tape) or on opposite sides (i.e., a double coated tape). Any of a wide variety of known substrates, including, e.g., those comprising papers, films (e.g., polymeric films), and foils, may be used. In some embodiments, the substrate may comprise a foam, e.g., an adhesive foam. Generally, the adhesive on the opposite sides a double-sided tape are independently selected. In some embodiments, both adhesives may comprise a flame retardant adhesive according to the present disclosure. In some embodiments, only one of the adhesive may comprise a flame retardant adhesive according to the present disclosure. In such embodiments, the second adhesive may be any known adhesive including known flame retardant, and non-flame retardant adhesives. 
         [0055]    Various modifications and alterations of this invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention.