Abstract:
A interferometric optical gyroscope includes an active resonator comprising a half cavity vertical cavity surface emitting laser (half-VCSEL) operating as one of the mirrors that form the ring resonator. The half-VCSEL includes a bottom mirror stack and active layers formed on the bottom mirror stack and has a surface opposite the bottom mirror stack. Lack of a top mirror stack typically found in a VCSEL prevents the half-VCSEL from lasing, thus the half-VCSEL forms a reflective amplifier for the light circulating in the resonator. A single or multiple external light sources can be used to induce two counter-propagating beams in the resonator. Higher finesse due to the internal gain in the resonator enhances the sensitivity of the gyroscope.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is generally related to gyroscopes. The present invention is also related to vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs). The present invention is also related to a half-VCSEL functioning as a combined amplifier and mirror. More particularly, the present invention is related to a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) enabled active interferometric optical gyroscope. 
     BACKGROUND 
     A vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is a type of semiconductor laser diode with laser beam emissions perpendicular from the top surface. VCSELs can be mass produced at low cost. For example, tens of thousands of VCSELs can be processed simultaneously on a three inch gallium arsenide (GaAs) wafer. 
     Optical gyroscopes based on Sagnac effect have no moving parts thus are considered more rugged and less susceptible to interference and damage from acceleration and shock than mechanical gyroscopes. A ring laser gyroscope (RLG) uses a gaseous gain medium in a ring cavity. It is able to support two stable counter-propagating lasing modes due to the Doppler broadening of the gain spectrum where the two counter-propagating modes are supported by different gas molecules separated in the momentum space therefore not competing for energy from the same molecules. Having two counter-propagating beams in the same cavity allows for cancellation of spurious frequency shift caused by minute but unavoidable cavity length changes due to thermal expansion and stress, thus the frequency difference of the two beams only reflects asymmetric effect such as rotation which causes the two counter-propagating beams to experience different cavity lengths. As such, an RLG can achieve extremely high sensitivity to rotation. 
     The gas laser in an RLG has drawbacks such as gas flow induced interference, leakage from diffusion, and electrode erosion which pose performance and lifetime limitations. Therefore, it is desirable to construct an RIG completely with solid-state components. However, because of the homogeneous broadening in solid-state gain media (no Doppler effect), the two counter-propagating beams compete for energy from the same source, making it extremely difficult to support two stable beams simultaneously. 
     Alternatively, an interferometric optical gyroscope employs a passive ring cavity or resonator and external light sources to measure the difference in optical length in opposite circular directions as the result of rotation, which can be implemented using free-space or fiber optics, such as interferometric fiber optical gyros (IFOG). The sensitivity of interferometric optical gyros can be enhanced using a high finesse ring resonator. Aside from reducing mirror or fiber losses, adding internal optical gain can be an effective approach to achieving high finesse. However, incorporating a gaseous or solid-state bulk gain medium in the resonator can be complex and problematic due to added scattering, birefringence, thermal, and flow effects. What is needed is a way to introduce optical gain in an optical resonator without these adverse effects. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The following summary is provided to facilitate an understanding of some of the features unique to the invention disclosed herein and is not intended to be a full description. A full appreciation of the various aspects of the embodiments can be gained by taking the entire specification, claims, drawings, and abstract as a whole. 
     It is, therefore, one aspect of the present invention to provide an improved interferometric optical gyroscope with an active resonator (referred hereafter as active resonator gyroscope) that utilizes a half vertical cavity surface emitting laser structure (half-VCSEL) functioning as an amplifier and mirror. 
     It is another aspect of the present invention to provide a new half-VCSEL operating as an amplifier and mirror that can be used to improve the sensitivity of interferometric optical gyroscopes. 
     The aforementioned aspects, features and advantages can now be achieved as described herein. 
     In accordance with features of the present invention, a new approach to active resonator gyroscopes is provided using a modified vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) structure as an amplifier and mirror. The VCSEL amplifier/mirror described herein provides optical gain inside the resonator with minimal scattering and other bulk effects, such as birefringence, thermal expansion, and flow, etc., and can enable a new class of high-performance interferometric optical gyroscopes. 
     In accordance with other features of the present invention, a new half-VCSEL architecture can function as an amplifier and mirror for applications including, but not limited to, active resonator gyroscopes. The half-VCSEL described herein is similar to a typical VCSEL chip but without top mirror stacks. The lack of top mirror stacks prevents the half-VCSEL from lasing. Thus the half-VCSEL forms a reflective amplifier wherein the bottom mirror stack acts as the mirror for the resonator and optical gain is attained when light passes through the active layers above the mirror stack. 
     In accordance with features of the present invention, a half-VCSEL enabled active resonator gyroscope is provided that includes a bottom mirror stack and active layers formed on said bottom mirror stack and having a surface opposite the bottom mirror stack, wherein lack of a top mirror stack typically found in a VCSEL prevents the half-VCSEL from lasing. Thus, the half-VCSEL forms a reflective amplifier wherein the bottom mirror stack acts as a mirror for reflecting light circulating in the optical cavity. 
     In accordance with additional features of the present invention, a half-VCSEL can be fabricated on a GaAs substrate with a GaAs/AlGaAs mirror stack and active layers, such as GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum wells. Although a typical VCSEL chip has a GaAs/AlGaAs mirror stack beneath the active layers and a top mirror stack on the top surface, the half-VCSEL only has a mirror stack beneath the active layers, referred to as the “bottom mirror stack.” For purpose of this invention, the top mirror is eliminated and can be replaced with a 1˜10 μm conducting AlGaAs layer for current injection. An antireflection coating may be added to the top surface to increase light transmission into the half-VCSEL amplifier. The bottom GaAs/AlGaAs mirror stack can have reflectivity of over 99.5%. The light source for the gyroscope can be a single mode tunable diode laser, such as a distributed feedback (DFB) laser, with a wavelength in the 780-980 nm range for InGaAs/AlGaAs based devices. Its frequency f 0  can be tuned and locked to one of the stationary resonate frequencies of the active resonator for a gyroscope. It should be appreciated that the half-VCSEL as an amplifier can also have other applications beside gyroscopes wherein a light signal from a half-VCSEL amplifier mirror might be useful. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, a four mirror active resonator can be provided that includes two passive spherical mirrors M 2  and M 3 , one flat passive mirror M 1 , and a half-VCSEL operating as a fourth mirror M 4  of the four mirror active resonator. The half-VCSEL includes a bottom mirror stack and active layers formed on said bottom mirror stack and having a surface opposite the bottom mirror stack, wherein lack of a top mirror stack typically found in a VCSEL prevents the half-VCSEL from lasing, thus the half-VCSEL forms a reflective amplifier wherein the bottom mirror stack acts as a mirror for reflecting light circulating in the cavity. A beam splitter can be provided that is configured to split light from a light source into two beams and frequency-shifted thereby creating two beams of frequencies f 1  and f 2 , wherein the two beams are fed into the active resonator creating two counter-propagating beams. Photo detectors D 1  and D 2  can detect the intensity of the two beams via beam splitters BS 2  and BS 1 . Frequencies f 1  and f 2  can be controlled by the outputs from the photo detector D 1  and D 2  so that f 1  and f 2  are locked-in with one or two different resonant frequencies of the ring resonator. The rotation rate of the gyroscope can be correlated to f 1 -f 2 . 
     In another embodiment of the present invention, a three mirror active resonator can be provided that includes two passive spherical mirrors M 1  and M 2 , and the same aforementioned half-VCSEL operating as a third mirror M 3 . Photo detectors D 1  and D 2  can detect the intensity of the two counter-propagating beams via one of the passive mirrors and facilitate a closed-loop control of the output frequencies f 1  and f 2  from tunable light sources S 1  and S 2 , and lock-in of f 1  and f 2  with one or two different resonant frequencies of the ring resonator. The rotation rate of the gyroscope can be correlated to f 1 -f 2 . 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying figures, in which like reference numerals refer to identical or functionally-similar elements throughout the separate views and which are incorporated in and form a part of the specification, further illustrate the embodiments and, together with the detailed description, serve to explain the embodiments disclosed herein. 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a cross-sectional, side view of a half-VCSEL; and 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a schematic with one half-VCSEL functioning as an active mirror M 4 , two passive spherical mirrors M 2  and M 3 , and one flat passive mirror M 1  used to form a four mirror active resonator for use with an interferometric optical gyroscope. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a schematic with one half-VCSEL functioning as an active mirror M 3  and two passive spherical mirrors M 1  and M 2  used to form a three mirror active resonator for use with an interferometric optical gyroscope. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Aspects and features of the invention discussed herein should not be construed in any limited sense. That is, it should be appreciated that such embodiments reveal details of the structure in preferred or alternative form necessary for a better understanding of the invention and may be subject to change by skilled persons within the scope of the invention and without departing from the concept thereof. The particular values and configurations discussed in these non-limiting examples can be varied and are cited merely to illustrate at least one embodiment and are not intended to limit the scope thereof. 
     At the heart of this invention is a VCSEL functioning as an amplifier and mirror. This VCSEL is similar to a typical VCSEL chip but without the top mirror stacks, thereby preventing the VCSEL from lasing. Thus, this VCSEL can also be referred to as a half vertical cavity surface emitting laser (“half-VCSEL”) that can function as a reflective amplifier wherein the bottom mirror stack also acts as the mirror for the resonator and the optical gain is attained when light passes through the active layers above the bottom mirror stack and back through the surface of the active layer located opposite the bottom mirror stack. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , a half-VCSEL  100  can be fabricated on a GaAs substrate  130  with a GaAs/AlGaAs mirror stack  140  and active layers  150 , such as GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum wells. Contacts  110  and  120  provide power to half-VCSEL  100 . Although a typical VCSEL chip has a mirror stack beneath the active layers and a top mirror stack on the top surface, the half-VCSEL  100  only has a GaAs/AlGaAs bottom mirror stack  140  located beneath the active layers  150 , referred to as the “bottom mirror stack.” For purpose of this invention, the top mirror is eliminated and can be replaced with a 1˜10 μm conducting AlGaAs layer  160 . The bottom GaAs/AlGaAs mirror stack  140  can have reflectivity of over 99.5%. Optionally, an antireflection coating  170  may be deposited on top of the conducting AlGaAs layer  160  to increase optical transmission of the counter-propagating beams  190  into the half-VCSEL amplifier. The half-VCSEL amplifier may also have an isolation region  180 , formed by ion implant or selective oxidation, to confine the electrical current in the aperture region. It should be appreciated that the half-VCSEL as an amplifier can also have other applications beside gyroscopes wherein a light signal from a half-VCSEL amplifier mirror might be useful. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , a schematic diagram of a four mirror embodiment of a half-VCSEL enabled active resonator gyroscope  200  is shown that includes one half-VCSEL  100  operating as an amplifier and as a mirror M 4 , two passive spherical mirrors M 2  and M 3 , and one flat passive mirror M 1 , which are all used to form the gyroscope&#39;s active resonator. It should be appreciated that active resonators using more than one half-VCSEL  100  amplifiers as a mirror are also possible. The half-VCSEL  100  as a mirror M 4  can provide optical gain inside the resonator with minimal scattering and other bulk effects, such as scattering, birefringence, thermal expansion, and flow, etc. The half-VCSEL  100  enables a new class of high-performance optical resonator gyroscopes. 
     During operation, the light source (S) at f 0  is split to two beams by a beam splitter (BS 0 ) and phase-modulated by P 1  and P 2 , creating two beams of frequencies f 1  and f 2 . These two beams can be fed into the active resonator consisting of mirrors M 1 , M 2 , M 3 , and the half-VCSEL mirror M 4 , creating two counter-rotating beams in the resonator. The intensity of the two beams are detectable by photo detectors D 1  and D 2  via beam splitters BS 2  and BS 1 . In a closed-loop configuration, f 1  and f 2  are locked-in with one or two resonant frequencies of the ring resonator using the photo detector outputs, thus the rotation rate is correlated to f 1 -f 2 . The use of a half-VCSEL  100  as an amplifier and mirror results in a much higher Q than a passive resonator, thus providing much higher sensitivity. 
     In the four-mirror embodiment, all the passive mirrors ideally have high reflection coatings. The reflectivity of the spherical and flat mirrors should ideally be at least 99.99%. The flat mirror M 1  should also allow un-reflected light to pass through so that input and output coupling of light beams are possible. The half-VCSEL  100  can be a small chip (e.g. 300×300 μm 2 ) with an active aperture between 5 to 40 μm. The half-VCSEL  100  as a mirror M 4  should be located near focal point of the spherical mirrors M 2  and M 3 , where the waist of the resonant beams is formed. The beam spot on the half-VCSEL  100  as a mirror should be entirely within the aperture. The optical gain of the half-VCSEL  100  as an amplifier can be controlled by the current injection which must be regulated so that a sufficient gain can be achieved while not inducing lasing within the ring cavity. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , a three mirror embodiment is depicted. The active resonator is comprised of two passive spherical mirrors M 1  and M 2 , and a half-VCSEL functioning as a reflective amplifier or mirror M 3 . Passive spherical mirrors M 1  and M 2  ideally have high reflection coatings and have reflectivity of at least 99.99%. Mirror M 1  should allow light coupling into the active cavity from light sources S 1  and S 2 . Mirror M 2  should allow unreflected light to pass through so that detection of the two counter-propagating beam intensities via photo detectors D 1  and D 2  are possible. The half-VCSEL  100  can be a small chip (e.g. 300×300 μm 2 ) with an active aperture between 5 to 40 μm. The half-VCSEL  100  as a mirror M 3  should be located near focal point of the spherical mirrors M 1  and M 2 , where the waist of the resonant beams is formed. The beam spot on the half-VCSEL  100  as a mirror should be entirely within the aperture. The optical gain of the half-VCSEL  100  as an amplifier can be controlled by the current injection which must be regulated so that a sufficient gain can be achieved while not inducing lasing within the ring cavity. 
     During operation for the three mirror embodiment, the light sources S 1  and S 2  emit single mode laser beams at frequencies f 1  and f 2 , which are tunable and locked-in with one or two resonant frequencies of the ring resonator via closed-loop control using feedbacks from photo detectors D 1  and D 2 . These two beams can be fed into the resonator via M 1 , creating two counter-propagating beams in the resonator and the rotation rate of the gyroscope is correlated to f 1 -f 2 . The intensity of the two beams are detectable by photo detectors D 1  and D 2  via M 2 . In practice, f 1 -f 2  can be measured by combining the two output beams at M 2  and generating a beat signal at frequency f 1 -f 2 , which corresponds to the rotation rate. As in the four mirror embodiment, the use of a half-VCSEL  100  as an amplifier and mirror results in a much higher Q than a passive resonator, thus providing much higher sensitivity. 
     The reduced back scattering in the aforementioned active resonators is primarily due to the single crystalline VCSEL material (such as AlGaAs), which is free of grain boundaries and other inhomogeneities. Secondly, the epitaxtial surface of the VCSEL structure can be atomically smooth, resulting in little surface scattering. Another important feature of the VCSEL amplifier is the extremely short optical path, e.g., less than 10 μm round trip, which further reduces scattering and other bulk effects. The back scattering can also be reduced by virtue of the longer wavelength, i.e. 850 nm vs. 632.8 nm of HeNe laser. Therefore, a VCSEL amplifier-based active resonator described herein can achieve very high quality number Q by the optical amplification, and low back scattering on low-scattering surfaces. The resonator should ideally enable extremely sensitive measurement of change in resonant frequency (or wavelength) due to in-plane rotation. 
     The VCSEL amplifier resonator can be easily driven by a DC current source at 1-100 mA and about 1.2 V. The driving circuit is much simpler than that for a HeNe laser or a solid state laser due to its low voltage operation. The resonator is scalable because the chip size can be independent of the resonator size, it can be built in 1-10 cm scales. The half-VCSEL amplifier can be expected to have long lifetime and reliability as demonstrated in numerous diode laser applications. 
     The concept of this invention can be implemented in various platforms and different sizes depending on performance specifications. Most components are commercially available. The device provides angular rate sensing of one axis thus three orthogonal units are needed to provide full angular measurement. The applications include navigation, flight control, vehicle stabilization, etc. 
     It will be appreciated that variations of the above-disclosed and other features and functions, or alternatives thereof, may be desirably combined into many other different systems or applications. Also that various presently unforeseen or unanticipated alternatives, modifications, variations or improvements therein may be subsequently made by those skilled in the art which are also intended to be encompassed by the following claims.