Abstract:
Multi-levels are etched into silicon. The levels are etched through a combination of crosslinking photoresist, multiple photoresist patterning and development, wet etching and/or dry-etching. RIE, DRIE, and other etch techniques can be used during different steps. The multilevel structure may thereby be produced at commercially acceptable production rates allowing the method of the present application to be used in volume production of multilevel structures.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to forming micro electro-mechanical (MEMS) structures. In particular, the present invention is related to forming multi-level MEMS structures using a combination of Crosslinking Resist, and etching techniques. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     There is a need for MEMS structures of multiple levels in many applications. Micro machines such as micro waveguides, microgears, micro-field emitters, and other micro-scale or meso-scale machines require precision multi-level etched structures. 
     There are several methods to build multi-level MEMS structures and they basically fall into two methods. The first method adds levels, the second method removes levels, to obtain the desired structure. Adding levels has disadvantages. If precision is desired, which it often is or MEMS would not be used, the alignment of the levels is crucial. Bonding of the levels, when adding levels, often forms non-uniform bonding spots and voids. Voids are either extrinsic (created by particles or trapped air) or intrinsic (formed during the bonding process). Instead of bonding layers sometimes alignment is accomplished via micro-etched pegs, which require accurate peg and hole placement. Subtracting layers to achieve multiple levels, e.g., by plasma etching techniques, often results in overetching and etching in undesired regions. Hence, there are problems with each method. 
     One method for creating multiple layers uses a combination of removing and adding layers. Such a method is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,082,208 to Rodgers et al. In this method a three dimensional element (in this case a MEMS transmission gear set) is micro-machined. The surface micromachining processes are based on steps for depositing and photolithographically patterning alternate layers of silicon and sacrificial material. The steps build up the layer structure of the MEM apparatus (col. 4 lines 52-63). The disadvantage is the complexity of etching and depositing processes needed to build the multi-level structure, the bonding of one layer to the next, and the low speed of manufacture. 
     One method of removing layers to create multi-level structures in silicon, involves the use of lasers. The process is called Laser-Driven Vapor-Phase Etching (LACE) and can be used to etch multi-level steps to an etch accuracy of a few μm 3 . The process works by using a laser to selectively drive chemical reactions for dry etching semiconductors. The laser (e.g., 500 nm for Cl 2  chamber gas) locally heats the substrate (e.g., Si, aiding in etching) and produces free radicals (e.g., Cl*) locally in the chamber gas. The free radicals etch the substrate at the location of beam by essentially bonding with the substrate material in a gaseous form (e.g., SiCl 4 ). The process can be used to make holes, channels and other complicated structures. One of the disadvantages is that LACE is not a parallel process, the complete substrate is not etched at the same time, only local etching occurs. Thus LACE is not fast enough for most manufacturing applications. 
     A current method for etching single structures fast and accurately is the DRIE method displayed in  FIGS. 1A-1E . The DRIE method permits an etching rate of between 2 and 20 μm/min and a polymer layer, for example an approximately 50 nm thick TEFLON-like polymer (polytetrafluoroethylene-like polymer) layer. The polymerization step can be performed using a mixture of Ar and CHF 3 . The etching step can be performed for a sufficient duration to attain an etching depth of approximately 2-3 μm. The steps are repeated for desired depth. 
     Since the DRIE method may be used, as a part of the inventive process later described in the present application, it is described in more detail here.  FIGS. 1A-1E  display the essentials of the DRIE method of etching. DRIE is a method of anisotropic plasma etching to provide laterally defined recess structures through an etching mask employing a plasma and contact with a reactive etchant gas. The substrate to be etched  20  ( FIG. 1A , e.g. silicon), is covered with photoresist  10 , patterned and developed. A polymer coating  30  ( FIG. 1B , e.g. CHF 3 ) is deposited above the resist  10  and the substrate  20 . The system is dry-etched where the base coating is etched at a much larger rate than the vertical structures (Polymer  30  in  FIG. 1C ) resulting in anisotropic etched structures  40 . The etching step and the polymerizing step can be repeated to provide high mask selectivity combined with a very high anisotropy of the etched structures. 
     The DRIE process is performed separately in separate, alternating sequential etching and polymerization steps. During the etching step, chemically active species and electrically charged particles (ions) are generated in the reactor with the aid of an electrical discharge in a mixture of sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) and Ar. Subsequently a polymerization step is performed with a mix of, for example, trifluoromethane (CHF 3 ) and Ar. The etching and polymerization steps are repeated until the desired structure and etch depth is obtained. Typical polymerization and etching times are about 6 seconds. 
     The DRIE etch method and other methods like it are not conducive to etching multi-level structures. 
     The present invention relates to a method for forming multi-level structures that are etched, using a combination of techniques like the DRIE method, from a substrate layer. The process avoids bonding issues raised from layer buildup techniques and is conducive to relatively higher manufacturing speeds. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Using a combination of crosslinking photoresist, photoresist patterning, and ion etching, the inventors have discovered methods for the production of precise verticalized multi-level structures with production rates favoring manufacturing. 
     The invention, in part, allows a variation of the etching techniques during etching steps, with grayscale etching possibly being used in conjunction with DRIE and/or RIE (Reactive Ion Etching) techniques. DRIE, RIE, ICP-machining (Inductive Coupled Plasma), and grayscale may be used interchangeably depending on the structures desired. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the invention. The drawings illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the embodiments of the invention. The drawings are illustrative and are not limitative of the present invention, and wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is a diagram showing the traditional DRIE process of etching, using developed photoresist, plasma etching, polymer deposition, and re-etching to desired levels; 
         FIG. 2  is a diagram showing a first embodiment of the invention creating a 3 level structure, using developed photoresist, crosslinking photoresist, and plasma etching; 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram showing a second embodiment of the invention creating a 4 level structure, using a combination of developed photoresist, crosslinking photoresist, plasma and wet etching; and 
         FIG. 4  is a diagram showing a third embodiment of the invention creating a multi-level structure with curved levels, using a combination of developed photoresist, crosslinking photoresist, plasma and grayscale etching. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the detailed description given herein. However, it should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modification within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art form this detailed description. 
       FIGS. 2A-2F  display a preferred embodiment of the invention for etching 3 level MEMS structures. Substrate  50  ( FIG. 2A , e.g., silicon), is coated with a photoresist which is patterned and developed  10 . With the substrate  50  heated, using intense UV light  100 , and chemicals (not shown), the resist  10  is crosslinked  110  making it resistant to etching (FIG.  2 B). The crosslinked photoresist  110  is of the order of thickness of 1.5 micrometers. A second photoresist layer  120  is patterned and developed on the crosslinked photoresist  110  without affecting the crosslinked pattern (the undeveloped photoresist is removed e.g., by a standard solvent, FIG.  2 C). The substrate  50  is etched ( 130 ,  FIG. 2D ) to a predetermined level then the remaining photoresist  120  is removed leaving the crosslinked photoresist  110 . The substrate is etched again to a second predetermined level ( 140 , FIG.  2 E). The crosslinked photoresist  110  is removed without affecting the substrate  50  (e.g. Oxygen plasma or scrub with solvent) leaving behind a three level structure in the substrate. 
     Substrate Etching can be accomplished by RIE, DRIE, grayscale, ICP source methods or other suitable etching techniques. Other arrangements of the mentioned steps can achieve the same result and the discussion herein should not be interpreted to limit the order of the steps of the invention. It is also apparent that similar methods may be used to form an N level structure where N is greater than 4. 
       FIGS. 3A-3K  display a preferred embodiment of the invention for etching 4 level MEMS structures. Substrate  50  ( FIG. 3A , e.g. silicon) is coated with a second substrate  200  (e.g., SiO 2 ), which is amenable to wet etching. The second substrate  200  is coated with a photoresist which is patterned and developed  205  (FIG.  3 A). The second substrate is wet-etched  215  resulting in a wet-etched structure  210  (FIG.  3 B). The remaining photoresist is removed ( FIG. 3C ) and a new photoresist is patterned, developed and crosslinked  220  (FIG.  3 D). A third photoresist  225  is patterned and developed ( FIG. 3E ) and the substrate dry-etched to a predetermined level resulting in an etched structure  230  (FIG.  3 F). The previously wet etched second substrate  215  is wet-etched  240  (e.g., using HF+H 2 O for a SiO 2  second substrate) a predetermined amount ( FIG. 3G ) and the exposed substrate  50  is dry-etched to a another predetermined level forming etched structure  245  (FIG.  3 H). The previously wet etched second level  240  is wet etched again  255  forming another etched structure  250  ( FIG. 3I ) and another dry-etch applied to the substrate  50  to another predetermined level forming etched structure  260  (FIG.  3 J). The crosslinked resist  220  and the remaining second substrate are removed (e.g., by O 2  plasma and/or solvent) resulting in a 4-level MEMS structure  265  (FIG.  3 K). Other organization of steps can achieve the same result for example the dry-etch displayed in  FIG. 3F  could occur before deposit, patterning and development of photoresist  225 . Photoresist  225  needs to be developed and patterned before the wet-etch displayed in FIG.  3 G. Other arrangements of the mentioned steps can achieve the same result and the discussion herein should not be interpreted to limit the order of the steps of the invention. 
       FIGS. 4A-4F  display a third embodiment of the invention similar to the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 2A-2F  where grayscale etching has been used to form a grayscale resist  300  ( FIG. 4C ) to create an etched structure  130  that is curved (FIG.  4 D). The steps shown in  FIGS. 4A ,  4 B,  4 D,  4 E, and  4 F correspond respectively with the steps shown in  FIGS. 2A ,  2 B,  2 D,  2 E, and  2 F, the difference is that grayscale etching has been used instead of RIE or DRIE etching. Replacement of grayscale etching with other dry etching processes in the embodiments shown in  FIGS. 3A-3K  and  FIGS. 2A-2F , will also result in multi-level structures that combine curved surfaces and/or step structures. Other combinations of grayscale etching, dry etching, and wet etching may be combined to form other multi-level structures that combine step and curved surfaces, and the discussion herein should not be interpreted to limit the combination taken to achieve such structures. 
     In an embodiment of the invention, a thin film of photoresist is applied to the substrate. One method of applying photoresist entails placing a drop of liquid photoresist onto a silicon wafer, then rapidly spinning the wafer to achieve a uniform thin coating of photoresist on the surface of the substrate. The photoresist is then exposed to ultraviolet light through a mask. The photoresist is then developed using known methods to produce an impression of the desired workpiece in the photoresist layer. The developed photoresist is then treated with a dry-etching process involving RIE, DRIE, ICP source methods, grayscale or other suitable Ion etching techniques. Other suitable etching methods may be substituted and the discussion herein should not be interpreted to limit the invention. 
     The photoresist can be a positive or negative photoresist. The positive photoresist material can be a novalak or phenyl-formaldehyde resin. The negative photoresist materiel can be a polyimide. Epoxy based negative resists have been used in MEMS processing. The preferred photoresist is a positive novalak photoresist. The specific type of photoresist is selected for, among other characteristics, the desired depth of the photoresist layer. The photoresist layer can be from 1 μm to 40 μm in thickness. Other suitable materials may be substituted and the discussion herein should not be interpreted to limit the invention. 
     The substrate material is preferably silicon. However, the substrate may be selected from any number of materials, for example, silicon, Ge, GaAs, GaSb, plastic, glass, quartz or metals such Cu, Al, InSb, InAs, InP, CdTe, and PbTe. Other suitable materials may be substituted and the discussion herein should not be interpreted to limit the invention. 
     Wet etching uses chemicals to etch particular exposed substrate materials and dry etching uses plasmas. Generally, dry etching will etch any exposed surface whereas wet etching only etches surfaces with which the chemicals react. Dry etching tends to be anisotropic or have unidirectional etching properties, whereas wet etching tends to be isotropic or etch any exposed material, with some difference in etch rate depending on crystal structure. 
     The wet etchant used depends upon the second substrate material. If SiO 2  is used for the second substrate material then HF+H 2 O is a preferred wet etchant to use. If the second substrate is Si then a preferred wet etchant is “HNA”, a mixture of hydrofluric acid (HF), nitric acid (HNO 3 ), and acetic acid (CH 3 COOH). Additional etch materials for various substrates that may be used in the present invention are shown in table 1. Other suitable materials may be substituted and the discussion herein should not be interpreted to limit the invention. TABLE 1: Comparison of wet and dry etchants and their etch rates in certain substrates. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 HNA 
                   
                 EDP 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 (HF + 
                   
                 (ethylene- 
                 TMAH 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 HNO 3  + 
                   
                 diamine 
                 (tetramethyl- 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acetic 
                 Alkali- 
                 pyro- 
                 ammonium 
                   
                 DRIE 
               
               
                   
                 Etchants: 
                 Acid) 
                 OH 
                 chatechol) 
                 hydroxide) 
                 XeF 2   
                 Etching 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Etch Type 
                   
                 wet 
                 wet 
                 wet 
                 wet 
                 dry 
                 dry 
               
               
                 Anisotropic? 
                   
                 no 
                 yes 
                 yes 
                 yes 
                 no 
                 yes 
               
               
                 Si Etch Rate 
                   
                 1 to 3 
                 1 to 2  
                 0.02 to 1  
                 ≈1 
                 1 to 3 
                 &gt;1 
               
               
                 μm/min 
               
               
                 Nitride Etch 
                   
                 low 
                 low 
                 low 
                 ≈1 nm/min 
                 low 
                 low 
               
               
                 Oxide Etch 
                   
                 10 to 30 
                 1 to 10 
                   1 to 80 
                 ≈1 
                 low 
                 low 
               
               
                 nm/min 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The photoresist used for the crosslinked resist contains a base resin (e.g. CH 2 CHR) which may be chemically and UV treated to form a resist having a high dry etch resistance. Other suitable materials may be substituted and the discussion herein should not be interpreted to limit the invention. 
     Other combinations of the invention pertain to a method to etch verticalized multi-level structures, which may include coating a substrate with a photoresist, patterning the photoresist, crosslinking the photoresist to produce a photomask, developing the crosslinked photoresist, coating the substrate and crosslinked resist with another layer of photoresist, patterning the second photoresist, developing the second photoresist, and etching the substrate. 
     Other combinations of the invention pertain to a method to etch verticalized multi-level structures, which may include coating a substrate with a second substrate (e.g. SiO 2 ), a photoresist, patterning the photoresist, developing the photoresist to produce a photomask, wet etching (e.g. with HF) to remove portions of the second substrate, removing the photoresist layer, laying a new photoresist, patterning the new photoresist, crosslinking the new photoresist to produce a photomask, developing the crosslinked photoresist, coating the substrates and crosslinked resist with another layer of photoresist, patterning the photoresist, developing the photoresist, etching the substrate using dry-etching techniques, wet etching the exposed second substrate (e.g. HF), etching the substrate using dry-etching techniques, removal of the non-crosslinked resist (e.g. by Acetone), wet etching the exposed second substrate (e.g. HF), etching the substrate using dry-etching techniques, removal of crosslinked resist (e.g. by Oxygen plasma) and wet etching remaining second substrate (e.g. by HF). 
     It should be apparent from the present specification that the invention of the present application may be modified as would occur to one of ordinary skill in the art. The scope of the present invention is apparent from the appended claims.