Abstract:
A ticketing system for a transportation network comprising (a) at least one ticket having trip data that includes at least one destination within a transportation network, (b) a vehicle for transporting an item along the transportation network, and (c) a ticket reader configured and arranged to electronically read trip data on the ticket and assign a vehicle to travel along the transportation network in accordance with the trip data.

Description:
FIELD OF INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention generally relates to a ticketing system. More specifically, it can relate to a method and apparatus for charging fares for rides on a vehicle in a transportation network such as a Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) System. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Ticketing systems for mass transit and other transportation networks have long been known in the art. Ticketing systems for PRT are less well established. 
         [0003]    There are many ways that a rider can pay to ride in a transit network. In years past, a rider paid with cash and bought a ticket or a token from a person staffing a booth. More recently, riders have bought tickets from machines using cash. Today, a rider can buy a fare using cash, debit cards, credit cards, electronic accounts, and so forth. In addition, the fare can be purchased in many different ways such as by using a machine at a station or other location, on the telephone, on the Internet, and so forth. 
         [0004]    Most modern ticketing systems have little human involvement. In many cases, the only human involvement in the transaction is by the fare purchaser. 
         [0005]    The prior art for ticketing systems suffers from certain shortcomings or limitations. The purpose of the present invention is to overcome these and other shortcomings or limitations in the prior art. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0006]    The present invention generally relates to a ticketing system. More specifically, it can relate to a method and apparatus for dispensing and collecting tickets for rides on a vehicle in a transportation network such as a Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) System. 
         [0007]    In at least a second embodiment, the ticketing system can be part of a control system for a transportation network. The ticketing system can comprise a reusable payment card that can be used for more than one trip on the network. The reusable payment card can be encoded with account data. A ticket (and card) reader can read the account data on the reusable payment card and can allow the holder of the reusable payment card to enter trip data into the reader. The trip data can describe a trip to one or more destinations in the transportation network. The account data can be used by the ticketing system to bill the account of the card holder. A control system can retrieve the trip data from the ticket reader, can associate a vehicle with the destination, and can issue commands to the vehicle to proceed to the destination when commanded. 
         [0008]    In at least a third embodiment, the ticketing system can be part of a control system for a transportation network. The ticketing system can comprise a ticket encoded with account data and trip data that identifies at least one destination in a transportation system. A ticket reader can read the account data on the ticket and can read the trip data. The trip data can describe a trip to one or more destinations in the transportation network. The account data can be used by the ticketing system to bill the account of the ticket issuer. A control system can retrieve the trip data from the ticket reader, can associate a vehicle with the destination, and can issue commands to the vehicle to proceed to the destination when commanded. 
         [0009]    In at least a fourth embodiment, the ticketing system can be part of a control system for a transportation network. The ticketing system can comprise a ticket machine and reader combined in one physical unit at a station. The combined unit can allow a passenger to purchase a virtual ticket that comprises trip data with at least one destination. A control system can retrieve the trip data from the ticket reader, can associate a vehicle with the destination, and can issue commands to the vehicle to proceed to the destination when commanded. 
         [0010]    Briefly, one aspect of the invention is a ticketing system for a transportation network comprising (a) at least one ticket having trip data that includes at least one destination within a transportation network, (b) a vehicle for transporting an item along the transportation network, and (c) a ticket reader configured and arranged to electronically read trip data on the ticket and assign a vehicle to travel along the transportation network in accordance with the trip data. 
         [0011]    Briefly, a second aspect of the invention is a ticketing system for a transportation network comprising (a) at least one payment card having account data, (b) a vehicle for transporting an item along a transportation network, and (c) a check-in system configured and arranged to electronically (i) read account data from the payment card, (ii) interface with a human to receive trip data that includes at least one destination within the transportation: network, (iii) assign a vehicle to travel along the transportation network in accordance with the trip data, and (iii) charge the account for the trip. 
         [0012]    Briefly, a third aspect of the invention is a ticketing system for a transportation network comprising (a) at least one ticket having (i) trip data that includes at least one destination within a transportation network, and (ii) account data, (b) a vehicle for transporting an item along the transportation network, and (c) a ticket reader configured and arranged to electronically read trip data on the ticket, assign a vehicle to travel along the transportation network in accordance with the trip data, and charge the account for the trip. 
         [0013]    The above summary of the present invention is not intended to describe each illustrated embodiment, object, advantage, or use of the present invention. The figures and the detailed description that follow more particularly exemplify these embodiments. 
     
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0014]    The invention may be more completely understood in consideration of the following detailed description of various embodiments of the invention in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0015]      FIG. 1A  is a block diagram showing a control system with selected zone controllers and vehicles for a personal rapid transit network according to a first embodiment. 
           [0016]      FIG. 1B  is a plan view of a portion of a guideway for a personal rapid transit network according to a first embodiment. 
           [0017]      FIG. 1C  is a plan view of a station with berths for a personal rapid transit network according to a first embodiment. 
           [0018]      FIG. 1D  is a map of a portion of personal rapid transit network according to a first embodiment. 
           [0019]      FIG. 1E  is a view of a passenger interface on a ticket machine according to a first embodiment. 
           [0020]      FIG. 1F  is a block diagram showing a ticketing system comprising a destination ticket according to a first embodiment. 
           [0021]      FIG. 2A  is a block diagram showing a ticketing system comprising a reusable payment card according to a second embodiment. 
           [0022]      FIG. 2B  is a view of a passenger interface on a ticket machine according to a second embodiment. 
           [0023]      FIG. 3A  is a block diagram showing a ticketing system comprising a pre coded destination ticket according to a third embodiment. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Nomenclature 
       [0000]    
       
           100  ticketing system 
           101  control system 
           102  PRT network 
           103  central control 
           104   a  station zone controller 
           104   b  straight zone controller 
           104   c  diverge zone controller 
           104   d  merge zone controller 
           105  vehicle control 
           106   a  station zone 
           106   b  straight zone 
           106   c  diverge zone 
           106   d  merge zone 
           107  vehicle berth 
           107   a  berth  1   
           107   b  berth  2   
           107   c  berth  3   
           108  destination ticket 
           109  ticket machine 
           110  destination ticket option 
           111  map 
           112  trip data 
           113  ticket reader 
           114  gate 
           200  ticketing system with reusable payment card 
           204   a  station zone controller 
           208  reusable payment card 
           209  ticket machine 
           212  trip data 
           213  ticket reader 
           215  “payment card” button 
           216  account data 
           217  “reload balance” button 
           220  passenger keypad input 
           225  billing within the ticketing system 
           300  ticketing system with pre-coded destination ticket 
           304   a  station zone controller 
           308  pre-coded destination ticket 
           312  trip data 
           313  ticket reader 
           316  account data 
           325  billing within the ticketing system 
       
     
         [0066]    As disclosed, the invention concerns a ticketing system for a transportation network. One application in which the ticketing system might preferably be used is for a PRT network. The ticketing system can be also used with other forms of transportation including air-, water-, land-, and space-based transportation. The transportation can occur in structures such as an elevator shaft or in the open air such as with railcars. Moreover, the transportation objectives might include transporting passengers, freight, and many other things. However, the invention is not limited to ticketing systems for transportation. The method and apparatus may be useful for other purposes. Other purposes might include various applications in which a fare needs to be paid for or collected or in which trips in a transportation network have to be coordinated. 
       Terminology 
       [0067]    As discussed here, the following terms can have the following meanings. The phrase “ticketing system” means the system by which a passenger gains authorized access for the use of a transportation system. Generally, such a system can incorporate hardware and software. The ticketing system can include the payment of a fare and the means by which a fare is paid. However, in certain situations the ticketing network may not be set up to collect a fare. The ticketing system can also mean that part of the transportation network by which a passenger can input data into the control system that operates the transportation network. The ticketing system can provide the control system with trip related data such as the desired destination or destinations. It can also include payment and other forms of data. 
         [0068]    The term “ticket” means data, generally entered by a passenger, describing or associated with a trip or trips within a transportation network. A ticket can be represented by a physical item such as a paper ticket or a token that retains data. It can also be a “virtual ticket” that signifies a grouping of data describing or associated with a trip or trips in a transportation network. 
         [0069]    This is not a complete listing of all the terms used here. Other terms and definitions are discussed below. 
       Applications in Transportation—Personal Rapid Transit 
       [0070]    As mentioned, one application for ticketing system can be transportation. Transportation networks can range from those that transport one individual in a vehicle (such as an automobile) to those that transport thousands in a vehicle (an ocean liner). 
         [0071]    Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) systems can be one form of transportation in which fares need to be paid and collected. PRT systems have been known in the art for a number of years. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,128 to Anderson; U.S. Pat. No. 4,665,829 to Anderson et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,665,830 to Anderson; U.S. Pat. No. 4,671,185 to Anderson; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,726,299 to Anderson teach, among other things, a PRT system with vehicles sized for small numbers of passengers that can move along a guideway that is part of a network of guideways. 
         [0072]    Under normal operating conditions for a PRT system, a computerized control system controls the operation of the vehicles on the guideway. The computerized control systems for PRT can be extremely complex. A PRT network such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,726,299 to Anderson can require comprehensive control of the vehicles within the PRT network. The control system can be capable of controlling the movement of large numbers of vehicles from origin to destination. However, the method of operation should preferably be sufficiently flexible to allow the control system to direct any vehicle to any possible destination station from any possible departure station. Moreover, the control system should preferably undertake all its tasks in a safe and efficient manner. 
         [0073]    The ticketing system of the invention can be part of a control system for a PRT network. As discussed below, it can also provide data such as departure and destination stations to the control system. It can perform other tasks, some of which are mentioned below. 
       First Embodiment 
       [0074]    A ticketing system  100  for PRT can take various forms.  FIGS. 1A to 1F  show a ticketing system  100  according to a first embodiment. That ticketing system  100  can function as part of a larger PRT control system  101  discussed above. The PRT&#39;s control system  101  can control the movement of vehicles  1  to  9  in a network  102  (a portion of which is shown in  FIG. 1B ). As shown in  FIG. 1A , the control system  101  can have three levels: central control  103 , zone controller  104   a,    104   b,    104   c  and  104   d,  and vehicle control  105  (although more or fewer levels can also be appropriate for certain applications). In the applications described here, the central control  103  can issue commands to and receive data from the zone controllers  104  as shown in  FIG. 1A . Each zone controller  104  can control a particular zone  106   a,    106   b,    106   c  or  106   d  in the network  102 . Each zone controller  104   a  to  104   d  can have exclusive control for the zones  106   a  to  106   d  assigned to them. 
         [0075]    For instance, when vehicle  1  is in the station zone  106   a  as shown in  FIG. 1B , the station zone controller  104   a  can preferably have exclusive control of vehicle  1 . The straight zone controller  104   b  can preferably have exclusive control of vehicle  4  because vehicle  4  is in the straight zone  106   b.  And, if vehicle  1  passes from the station zone  106   a  into the straight zone  106   b,  communication with vehicle  1  passes from the station zone controller  104   a  to the straight zone controller  104   b.    
         [0076]    There can be any number of additional zones (not shown), multiples of the same kinds of zones (not shown), zone controllers (not shown), and kinds of zone controllers (not shown) in a PRT network  102 . In addition, there can be large numbers of vehicles on the network, and each zone can handle multiple vehicles (not shown). 
         [0077]    The station zone  106   a  can be the area (in the physical sense) in which passengers (not shown) load and unload.  FIG. 1C  is a view of a portion of the station zone  106   a  in which the vehicle berths  107   a,    107   b  and  107   c  can be located. For loading and unloading, a PRT vehicle  1  to  3  can be parked at each berth  107   a  to  107   c.  The station zone  106   a  can preferably have from three to twelve berths, although more or fewer can configured. The number of berths can be based on expected usage. Busier stations can have more berths. Less busy stations can have fewer berths. 
         [0078]    For a PRT network, the station zone  106   a  can also be the point in the network  102  at which passengers (not shown) can pay for or have their fares collected. Therefore, it can be preferable to have the station controller  104   a  communicate both with the central control  103  and with the ticketing system  100  as shown in  FIG. 1A . The ticketing system  100  can also be configured to communicate with the central control  103  for backup. 
         [0079]    Although, as stated here, the ticketing system  100  can be set up to communicate with the station controller  104   a,  this does not have to be the case. In other embodiments (not shown here) the ticketing system  100  could communicate with other parts of the control system  101 . The ticketing system  100  could communicate directly with the central control  103 . The ticketing system  100  could communicate with different zone controllers  104   a  to  104   d  for different kinds of transactions. Such other set-ups are still within the scope of the invention. 
         [0080]    A typical transaction for obtaining a standard “destination ticket”  108  (including both one-way and round-trip tickets) can work as follows. A destination ticket  108  can be purchased through a ticket machine  109 . The ticket machine  109  can be located at a station such as A 75 , as shown, for example, in  FIGS. 1C and 1D . The ticket machine  109  can be located at other places, too. It can be located at many different locations convenient to passengers including office buildings, shopping malls, etc. (not shown). In addition, the ticket machine  109  can be web-based allowing a passenger to purchase tickets  108  online (not shown). 
         [0081]    At or near the ticket machine  109 , the passenger can have access to a map  111  of the PRT network  102  and a directory listing stations (not shown) within the PRT network  102 . The map  111  can be a layout of the transportation network  102  similar to the one shown in  FIG. 1D . The map  111  can be overlaid on a street map (not shown). Each station, see  FIG. 1D , can have a unique station code which can be identified by alphanumeric symbols. The alphanumeric symbols can be assigned to stations based on a system convenient for organizing the network and for the passengers using the PRT. In FIG. B, for example, the station can be the one at which a passenger is purchasing a ticket. It can be identified as station “A75” on the map shown in  FIG. 1D . The station to which the passenger wishes to travel can be identified as station “W5”. 
         [0082]    The ticket machine  109  can have a user interface (not shown) that allows the passenger to select the “destination ticket” option  110  from the pick-list, and then enter the destination station, i.e., W 5  in this example, into the ticketing system  100 . (If the passenger is buying a ticket  108  at a location other than the departure station A 75 , the passenger can be required to identify the departure station, too.) Key-pad, touch-screen, voice-activation interfaces (not shown) represent some of the ways in which the destination station can be entered. 
         [0083]    Once a destination station such as W 5  is entered, the ticket machine  109  can identify the price of the ticket  108 . The passenger can accept the amount. The passenger can then pay for the ticket  108 . The passenger can pay in different ways. Just like at a retail store, the passenger can be permitted to pay with cash, a credit card, or a debit card (not shown). Many other payment options such as tokens (not shown) could also be used. 
         [0084]    The ticket machine  109  can encode the ticket  108  with certain kinds of data. For example, the ticket machine  109  can encode the ticket  108  with trip data  112  including the departure station code, e.g., A 75  and the destination station code, e.g., W 5 . Many other kinds of data such as the time and date of purchase could also be encoded on the ticket  108 . 
         [0085]    The ticket  108  can store this data in different ways. A common way for storage on a transit ticket is a magnetic strip (not shown). Such a storage medium can be suitable for a ticket  108 . Another means of storage of data can be a bar code (not shown). A bar code can be especially useful if tickets are purchased on the World Wide Web and printed on a standard printer or printed in publications such as a newspaper. 
         [0086]    The ticketing system  100  can be set up to allow a ticket  108  to be encoded with trip data  112  including one or more destinations. For example, for a one-way ticket  108 , the ticket machine  109  encodes the ticket  108  with a single destination, e.g., a code that includes designation of station W 5 . A ticket  108  can also be encoded with multiple destinations. Such a feature in a ticketing system  100  might be useful for a larger group of passengers leaving a departure station together in the same vehicle but going to different destinations in the same trip. The ticketing system  100  can be configured to allow passengers to enter stations A 65 , W 1 , and W 5  as destination stations for one trip. 
         [0087]    In addition, a ticket  108  can be encoded to permit multiple trips at different times. (Such a ticket  108 , as discussed more fully later, can require partial cancellation of the ticket  108 .) For example, for a round-trip, a passenger can enter destination W 5  as the first destination. A 75  can be entered by the passenger as the return trip station destination or A 75  can be automatically entered as the return trip station destination because the passenger has indicated he is buying a round-trip ticket  108 . 
         [0088]    After receiving the ticket  108 , the passenger can proceed to a designated berth, e.g.,  107   c  for PRT vehicle  3 . For security purposes, the station A 75  can be set up to only allow passengers with tickets  108  to go to the berths  107   a  to  107   c.  For example, a passenger can be required to go through a turnstile (not shown) that screens tickets  108  (or similar security apparatus). However, the ticketing system  100  can also be configured to allow the passenger to proceed directly to the berths  107   a  to  107   c  without going through a security screening system. 
         [0089]    Once the passenger reaches the berths  107   a  to  107   c,  the passenger can be directed to a vehicle, e.g., vehicle  3  that is ready for departure. For example, an availability light (not shown) can indicate which vehicles,  1  to  3 , are available for departure. A ticket reader  113  can be positioned near the berths  107   a  to  107   c.  The ticket reader  113  can have a slot (not shown) into which the ticket  108  can be fed. The ticket reader  113  can read the encoded trip data  112  on the ticket  108 . 
         [0090]    The trip data  112  encoded on the ticket  108  can be sent to the control system  101  for commanding the vehicle as shown in  FIG. 1F . This can be done as follows. The ticket reader  113  can read the trip data  112  and send the trip data  112  to the control system  101 . Once the ticket  108  is determined to be valid, the gate  114  to vehicle  3  can be opened to allow the passenger to enter vehicle  3 . Once all the passengers have entered vehicle  3 , the gate  114  can be closed. (Although not shown, the vehicle can also be equipped with a door.) Each vehicle  1  to  8  can be equipped with a “Go” button (or other means for data input) that allows the passenger to indicate the passenger or group of passengers is ready to depart. Meanwhile the trip data  112  and other relevant data such as a vehicle identifier can be communicated from the ticket reader  113  to the station controller  104   a.  When vehicle  3  is ready for departure, the station controller  104   a  can control the departure of vehicle  3  and coordinate the departure with the activities of other vehicles,  1  and  2 , in the station zone  106 . 
         [0091]    The trip data  112  encoded on the ticket  108  can be sent to the control system  101  for commanding the vehicle as shown in  FIG. 1F . This can be done as follows. The ticket reader  113  can read the trip data  112  and send the trip data  112  to the control system  101 . Once the ticket  108  is determined to be valid, the gate  114  to vehicle  3  can be opened to allow the passenger to enter vehicle  3 . Once all the passengers have entered vehicle  3 , the gate  114  can be closed. (Although not shown, the vehicle can also be equipped with a door.) Each vehicle  1  to  8  can be equipped with a “Go” button (or other means for data input) that allows the passenger to indicate the passenger or group of passengers is ready to depart. Meanwhile the trip data  112  and other relevant data such as a vehicle identifier can be communicated from the ticket reader  113  to the station controller  104   a.  When vehicle  3  is ready for departure, the station controller  104   a  can control the departure of vehicle  3  and coordinate the departure with the activities of other vehicles,  1  and  2 , in the station zone  106   a.    
         [0092]    Once the ticket reader  113  has read the ticket  108 , the ticket  108  can be cancelled preventing further use beyond the trip for which the ticket  108  is designated. If the ticket  108  is for a round trip (or is otherwise for multiple trips at different times), the ticket  108  can be partially cancelled. For example, if the first leg of a round-trip is to W 5 , that portion of the trip can be cancelled. The return trip to station A 75  can be cancelled upon departure on the return leg. 
         [0093]    The ticketing system  100  can require that a ticket  108  issued by the ticket machine  109  be used within a window of time. For example, the ticketing system  100  can be programmed to require that the ticket  108  be used within  30  minutes. The time window can range from minutes to years and even have no expiration at all. However, in most instances it is preferable to have shorter expiration periods for tickets. Shorter expiration periods can allow the central control  103  to gauge demand on the network  102 . 
         [0094]    In addition, a ticket  108  can have black out periods. For example, a passenger can purchase a less expensive ticket  108  for use outside of rush hour or other times of high demand. 
         [0095]    In the preferred embodiment, the ticketing system  100  does not specify a departure or arrival time for a vehicle or reserve a time on the network for each ticket and its associated vehicle. In fact, the overall transportation network can function more efficiently if departure and arrival times are not specified (although they can be estimated). First, it may be difficult for the passenger to be ready to depart at a given time. The passenger may wish to buy a ticket ahead of time and have the flexibility to depart within a wider window of time. Crowds at a station, e.g. A 75 , and traffic on the network  102  may make it difficult for a passenger to leave at a specified time. If the departure time is missed, the passenger can become frustrated and may have to get a new ticket by exchange or the purchase of a new ticket. This can be highly inconvenient for the passenger. 
         [0096]    Second, the control system  101  for a PRT network  102  can function more efficiently if travel time on the network does not have to be reserved for a specific vehicle. A large transportation network can have a multitude of vehicles starting, continuing, and ending trips. The needs of passengers cannot be fully anticipated. The network can generally function more efficiently if the control system can adjust “on the fly” to passenger demands. 
       Second Embodiment 
       [0097]      FIGS. 2A and 2B  show a ticketing system  200  according to a second embodiment of the invention. It can generally resemble or function in conjunction with the ticketing system  100  discussed in relation to the first embodiment. As with the first embodiment, vehicles are controlled by a station zone controller  204   a  while in the station zone. The ticketing system  200  can have the differences or additions discussed below. 
         [0098]    The ticketing system  200  according to the second embodiment can incorporate a reusable payment card  208 . A passenger can use a reusable payment card  208  for multiple transactions with the ticketing system. The reusable payment card  208  can take many forms. The card  208  can be a debit card which bills an account by debiting a bank or other account. The card  208  can be a credit card which periodically bills an account for accumulated fares. The card  208  can be a stored value card which the holder purchases and from which fares are deducted. 
         [0099]    Generally, a reusable payment card  208  can store or provide access to account data  216 . A passenger can buy a card  208  in one transaction, create account data  216 , and use that card  208  for purchasing multiple rides on the network  102  (or on other affiliated networks (not shown)). The number of rides can be limited in different ways. The rides can be temporally limited. The reusable payment card  208  might allow an unlimited number of rides within a period of twenty-four hours, a month, etc. The reusable payment card  208  might have a currency value limitation, allowing, for example, only $40 worth of rides. Alternatively, the reusable payment card  208  can have both a value and a temporal limitation. 
         [0100]    The reusable payment card  208  can be configured in many different ways. For example, the card  208  can have a magnetic strip that stores data. Such cards are commonly used with credit cards and debit cards. The card can have an account balance encoded on the card. When the card is used, for example to purchase a trip on a transportation network, the value of that use is deducted from the account balance. (Such reusable payment cards  208  are also known as “stored value cards.”) In other instances, a card with a magnetic strip can have account information encoded on it, and the balance of the account can be stored at a remote location. Oftentimes credit cards or debit cards have account information on them and store the account balance at a remote location. 
         [0101]    The reusable payment card  208  can also be one of a variety of a “smart cards” with a “smart chip” embedded in the card. Smart cards can store data in the chip and can have read/write capabilities. The  208  card can also be a Radio Frequency ID card or tag (RFID card). RFID cards (also referred to as “contact-less smart cards”) are frequently used for various security access systems such as those in office buildings and parking garages. RFID cards have an antenna for communication with an RF source. RFID cards typically store a limited amount of data such as account information. One or more than one of these or other kinds of reusable payment cards  208  can be utilized in the ticketing system  200 . 
         [0102]    The reusable payment card  208  can be used as follows. A passenger can buy a reusable payment card  208  at various locations and in various ways. The ticketing system  200  can be set up to allow a passenger to purchase one or more reusable payment cards  208  at a ticket machine  209 . To purchase a reusable payment card  208  at the ticket machine  109 , the passenger selects the “payment card” button  215  (or other means for data input) as shown in  FIG. 1E . The passenger is prompted (not shown) to enter a payment type (e.g., credit card, debit card, bank card, or cash). For a credit or bank card, for example, the user can be prompted to enter a PIN, just like in many electronic transactions done today. The PIN can be authenticated and the amount of the purchase deducted from the account. The new reusable payment card  208  can then be issued by the ticket machine  209 . 
         [0103]    In addition, the ticket machine  209  can be set up with a “reload balance” button  217  (or other means for data input) to allow a passenger to add value to a reusable payment card  208  or to check the balance on such a card  208 . Such a process can proceed in a similar way except the passenger can be prompted to insert the passenger&#39;s existing card  208 , which can then be returned to the passenger once the value is added. 
         [0104]    A passenger holding a reusable payment card  208  can bypass any ticket machine  209  and proceed directly to the ticket reader  213  and insert the card  208  into the reader  213  as depicted in  FIG. 2A . This can make the reusable payment card  208  especially convenient for heavy users of the transportation network  102  such as commuters. 
         [0105]    If the passenger with a reusable payment card  208  needs to consult a map  111  to find a destination, the passenger can consult the map at the ticket machines  209 . Alternatively, the ticket reader  213  can also have a nearby map and a directory (not shown) identifying destination stations and their codes. The map and directory (not shown) can also be electronically based and can be incorporated into the ticket reader  213 . Since many passengers with reusable payment cards  208  will be frequent commuters, consulting a map or a directory in many instances may be unnecessary. 
         [0106]    Once the passenger has determined the destination, the passenger can enter the trip data  212  into the ticket reader  213  as shown in  FIG. 2A . The trip data  212  can be entered in a variety of ways. A common way can be entering the data  212  with a key pad  220 . For example, a destination such as W 5  as shown in  FIG. 1E  can be keyed in using a touch screen or a keypad  220 . Once this trip data  212  is keyed into the ticket reader  213 , the trip data  212  can be sent to the control system  201  as shown in  FIG. 2A . The account data  216  can be read on the card  208  and sent to the ticketing system  200  for billing  225 . For this transaction, no physical ticket (such as a paper ticket with a magnetic strip) need be created. 
       Third Embodiment 
       [0107]      FIG. 3A  shows a ticketing system  300  according to a third embodiment of the invention. It can generally resemble or function in conjunction with the ticketing system,  100 ,  200 , discussed in relation to the first and second embodiments. As with the first embodiment, vehicles are controlled by a station zone controller  304   a  while in the station zone. It can have the differences or additions discussed below. 
         [0108]    The ticketing system  300  according to the third embodiment can have pre-coded destination tickets  308 . The pre-coded destination ticket  308  can work as follows. The ticket  308  can be encoded with trip data  312  such as a specific destination. For example, the ticket  308  can be encoded with a destination of W 5 . The ticket  308  can be given or sold to the passenger with this pre-coded trip data  312 . The ticketing system  300  can prohibit any changes to the trip data  312  encoded on the ticket  308 . Once the passenger has the ticket  308 , the passenger can use the ticket  308  from any station (or selected stations) and proceed to a ticket reader  313 . A ticket reader  313  can read the ticket  308  much as it would any other ticket, e.g.,  108 . 
         [0109]    Payment for the pre-coded destination ticket  308  can occur in different ways. Payment can be made at the time of purchase of the tickets  308 . For example, a commercial business such as a restaurant might buy a large quantity of pre-coded destination tickets  308  for attracting its customers to a restaurant location near a station. If payment is made at the time of purchase of the pre-coded destination tickets  308 , the pre-coded destination tickets  308  can simply have trip data  312  encoded on them and omit any account information  316  on the ticket  308  for billing purposes. 
         [0110]    Alternatively, payment can also be made after use of the pre-coded destination tickets  308 . For example, once the ticket  308  has been read by a ticket reader  313 , account data  316  associated with the ticket  308  can be read and sent to the ticketing system  300  for billing  325  as shown in  FIG. 3A . In this instance, the pre-coded destination ticket  308  can be encoded, not just with trip data  312 , but also with account data  316  that indicate which account should be billed. 
         [0111]    Depending on the kind of ticket reader  313  used, the pre-coded destination ticket  308  can be formatted in different ways. The ticket  308  can be formatted similar to standard transit tickets such as those with a magnetic strip. Alternatively, the ticket can have a bar code that can be read by the ticket reader. 
         [0112]    The pre-coded destination tickets  308  can be distributed in many ways—by mail, at a business location or events, or by hawkers. The ticket  308  can also be distributed as cut-out tickets in newspapers, flyers, and other publications. A ticketing system  300  with bar code capabilities can work especially well with cut-out tickets from publications or for use with tickets purchased on the Internet. 
         [0113]    Businesses and organizations could find the pre-coded destination tickets  308  attractive for a variety of reasons. As mentioned above a restaurant might purchase pre-coded destination  308  to attract patrons to a restaurant near a station, for example, a restaurant near station W 5  as shown in  FIG. 1D . A hotel might distribute the tickets  308  to the guests before their arrival on an airplane, for example. After arrival at the airport, the customers can use the ticket  308  to get to the hotel just by inserting the ticket  308  into the ticket reader  313 . The customer can be spared the difficulty of locating the customer&#39;s hotel and navigating a new transportation network  102 . 
         [0114]    Other features can also be added to the pre-coded destination tickets  308 . For example, the ticket  308  can be partially pre-coded but can allow for additional encoding. For example, the ticket  308  can be encoded with a particular destination such as station W 5 . The ticket  308  can allow the encoding of a second destination. The second destination can be the beginning station on a round trip or it can be another location such as the station near a passenger&#39;s home. Such a partially pre-coded destination ticket  308  can be of value to bars, pubs, and other establishments that want to ensure that customers use the PRT instead of a motor vehicle after leaving the business. 
       Fourth Embodiment 
       [0115]    A ticketing system according to the fourth embodiment (not shown) can generally resemble the ticketing system discussed in relation to the first embodiment but can have certain differences. For reference purposes only, the reference numbering from the first embodiment ( FIGS. 1A-1F ) will be employed in connection with the disclosure of the fourth embodiment. The ticketing system  100  according to the fourth embodiment can have the ticket machine  109  and the ticket reader  113  combined in one combined unit (not shown). The combined unit can be located in different places. It can be located near the PRT vehicle berths  107 , for instance, in the same location as the ticket reader  113  discussed in relation to the first embodiment. 
         [0116]    A ticketing system  100  with a combined ticket machine  109  and ticket reader  113  can function as follows. The purchase of a ticket  108  can generally work as it would for purchasing a ticket  108  from a stand-alone ticket machine  109  such as the one discussed above in relation to the first embodiment. A difference can be that the combined unit need not create a physical ticket  108 . The required information can be entered into the combined unit located near and associated with a vehicle berth  107 . Once all the required data and any payment has been made, the gate  114  to the vehicle (unnumbered) parked at the berth  107  can open and the trip can proceed as described above. 
         [0117]    The combined ticket unit can also have the capacity to produce a physical ticket  108 . For example, this may be necessary for return trips on a round-trip, for stored-value cards, etc. However, for a standard, one-way trip, the creation of a physical ticket  108  can be avoided. 
         [0118]    In other variations, the combined ticket unit can be positioned somewhere other than next to or near a vehicle berth  107 . If the combined unit were located away from the berth  107 , the passenger, at the time of purchasing the ticket  108 , could be assigned a berth number (i.e., berth  1   107   a  or berth  2   107   b  or berth  3   107   c ) for a waiting vehicle. The berth number could be printed on a ticket  108  or could be displayed on a screen (not shown) connected to the combined ticket unit. If the berth number (i.e.,  107   a,    107   b,    107   c  etc.) were printed on a ticket, the ticket could also function as the means to gain entry into the vehicle once the passenger reaches the appointed berth  107 . 
         [0119]    A combined ticket unit can have advantages. It can lower the overall number of machines in a station thereby saving money. However, it can also have disadvantages. Each berth  107  may need to be equipped with a map and directory. Additional forms of security may be necessary. 
       MODIFICATIONS 
       [0120]    The embodiments or examples discussed above can be combined in various ways without departing from the invention. Moreover, the present invention should not be considered limited to the particular examples described above, but rather should be understood to cover all aspects of the invention as fairly set out in the claims arising from this application. For example, while software, hardware, physical mechanisms, and the like have been disclosed in the above discussion, it should be appreciated that these are provided by way of example and not of limitation as a number of other kinds of software, hardware, physical mechanisms, and so forth may be used without departing from the invention. Various modifications as well as numerous structures to which the present invention may be applicable will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art to which the present invention is directed upon review of the present specifications. The claims which arise from this application are intended to cover such modifications and structures.