Abstract:
A new channel is added to FLO networks that carries embedded signaling parameter information. The design is such that regardless of the actual values of the signaling parameters conveyed, a receiver will be able to demodulate this new channel. Moreover, the addition of the new channel does not render a FLO network that has been so configured to not be backwards-compatible with existing devices.

Description:
CLAIM OF PRIORITY UNDER 35 U.S.C. §119 
       [0001]    The present application for patent claims priority to Provisional Application No. 60/951,952 entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SENSING OF SIGNALING PARAMETERS FOR A WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK” filed Jul. 25, 2007, and assigned to the assignee hereof and hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    1. Field 
         [0003]    The present invention relates generally to wireless communications, and more particularly, to a method and apparatus for sensing signaling parameters in a wireless communications network. 
         [0004]    2. Background 
         [0005]    Wireless communication networks such as the Forward Link Only (FLO) network have been designed to provide real-time audio and video multicasting to mobile devices. The FLO system is designed to work in a mobile environment where the channel characteristics in terms of the number of channel taps with significant energy, path gains and the path delays are expected to vary quite significantly over a period of time. To achieve good receiver performance and high spectral efficiency, the FLO network uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) as the modulation technique. In the OFDM approach, the available bandwidth is divided into N bins, referred to as sub-carriers, with each sub-carrier modulated by a Quadrature Amplitude Modulated (QAM) symbol. The timing synchronization block in a receiver device responds to changes in the channel profile by selecting the OFDM symbol boundary appropriately to maximize the energy captured in the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) window. 
         [0006]    One important principle of OFDM is that a number of low-rate streams is transmitted in parallel instead of a single high-rate stream, because low symbol rate modulation schemes (i.e., schemes where the symbols are relatively long compared to the channel time characteristics) suffer less from interference caused by multipath. Since the duration of each symbol is long, it is feasible to insert a guard interval between the OFDM symbols to reduce the intersymbol interference. During the guard interval, a cyclic prefix, which consists of the end of the OFDM symbol, is transmitted with the OFDM symbol. The reason that the guard interval includes a copy of the end of the OFDM symbol is so that the receiver will integrate over an integer number of sinusoid cycles for each of the multipaths when it performs OFDM demodulation with FFT. 
         [0007]    The signaling parameters (SP) of a particular FLO network, such as the FFT size as well as the guard interval, need to be determined by a wireless receiver device during the power-up or initialization process. Otherwise, the receiver cannot decode the waveforms of the FLO network if it does not know the proper SP. Further, FLO networks can support multiple combination of SPs (i.e., a combination of different FFT sizes and multiple cyclic prefix lengths, among other parameters), and a wireless communications system may have multiple FLO networks, with each FLO network being differently configured. In other words, each FLO network may have a different set of SPs, where each FLO network being configured for a different FFT size and/or cyclic prefix length. 
         [0008]    One problem encountered when implementing a mobile receiver moving between FLO networks that have different SPs is that the correct values for them cannot be conveyed to a receiver inside the FLO waveform itself using existing means, since symbol demodulation requires that the receiver would have already picked the correct values for these parameters. 
       SUMMARY OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0009]    The following presents a simplified summary of various configurations of the subject technology in order to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of the configurations. This summary is not an extensive overview. It is not intended to identify key/critical elements or to delineate the scope of the configurations disclosed herein. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later. 
         [0010]    The embodiments described herein adds a new channel to FLO networks that carries embedded signaling parameter information. The design is such that regardless of the actual values of the signaling parameters conveyed, a receiver will be able to demodulate this new channel. Moreover, the addition of the new channel does not render a FLO network that has been so configured to not be backwards-compatible with existing devices. 
         [0011]    In one aspect of the disclosure, a method for sensing a signaling parameter in a forward link only (FLO) network includes determining a synchronization point on a transmitted data frame, the transmitted data frame having a plurality of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols; locating a Signaling Parameter Channel (SPC) in the data frame; and, decoding at least one OFDM symbol associated with the SPC to determine the signaling parameter. 
         [0012]    It is understood that other configurations will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, wherein it is shown and described only various configurations by way of illustration. As will be realized, the teachings herein may be extended to other and different configurations and its several details are capable of modification in various other respects, all without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the drawings and detailed description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not as restrictive. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0013]      FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary FLO physical layer super-frame that has been configured to add support for the conveying of signaling parameter information to receivers using a signaling parameter channel (SPC). 
           [0014]      FIG. 2  illustrates the SPC symbols in the frequency domain, where every 4th sub-carrier is non-zero. 
           [0015]      FIG. 3  illustrates the SPC symbols in the time domain. 
           [0016]      FIG. 4  is an illustration of a wireless network environment that can be employed in conjunction with the various systems and methods described herein. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0017]    Various embodiments are now described with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of one or more embodiments. It may be evident, however, that such embodiment(s) may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to facilitate describing one or more embodiments. 
         [0018]    Before transmission, FLO data is generally organized into super-frames. Each super-frame has a one second duration. A super-frame generally consists of 1,200 symbols (or variable number of OFDM symbols based on the bandwidth being used) that are OFDM modulated with 4,096 sub-carriers. Among the 1,200 OFDM symbols in a super-frame, there are: two Time Division Multiplexed (TDM) pilot symbols (TDM 1 , TDM 2 ); one Wide-Area and one Local Identification Channel (WIC and LIC, respectively) symbols; fourteen Overhead Information channel Symbols (OIS), including four Transitional Pilot Channel (TPC) symbols; and four data frames. Further, at the end of each super-frame, after the four data frames, two more symbols can be seen in  FIG. 1 . The final two symbols of each super-frame are occupied by the Signaling Parameter Channel (SPC) symbols. These symbols are used to convey certain signaling parameters to the receiver, such as the FFT size and the length of the cyclic prefix used for OIS and data channel symbols, as further described herein. The use of the SPC symbols ensures backwards compatibility because wireless devices that are not configured to decipher these symbols will simply ignore them. The structure of a super-frame  100  is illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0019]    Referring to  FIG. 1 , the relevant portions of the super-frame  100  are described herein. TDM Pilot Symbol  1  (TDM 1 ) is the first OFDM symbol of each super-frame, where TDM 1  is periodic. A receiver uses TDM 1  for super-frame synchronization, as well as initial time (coarse timing) and frequency acquisition. After the location of TDM 1  has been detected and therefore rough time and frequency synchronization has been achieved, the location of the symbols comprising the SPC, which is in a predetermined location, is now predictable. As noted previously, FLO signal parameters contained in the SPC comprise of the FFT size, cyclic prefix length, also known as the frequency guard interval (FGI), and the slot to interlace map being used by the FLO waveform. A FLO device needs to possess this information before the FLO waveform can be successfully decoded. The SP information that is conveyed in the SPC comprises two OFDM symbols. The information conveyed is as follows: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Information conveyed by SPC 
               
             
          
           
               
                 SPC Symbol 
                   
                 OFDM Symbol 
               
               
                 Index 
                 Bits 
                 Parameter 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0 
                 [p 7 p 6 p 5 ] 
                 FFT Size (N FFT ) 
               
               
                 0 
                 [p 4 p 3 ] 
                 Slot to interlace 
               
               
                   
                   
                 map 
               
               
                 0 
                 [p 2 p 1 p 0 ] 
                 FGI Fraction   
               
               
                 1 
                 [p 7 p 6 p 5 p 4 p 3 p 2 p 1 p 0 ] 
                 Reserved for Future 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Use 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0020]    For the purpose of system acquisition in this embodiment, only SPC symbol 0 needs to be processed since SPC symbol 1 contains reserved fields for future use. In essence, the FFT size, cyclic prefix length and slot to interlace map can be determined from the SPC symbols. In one embodiment, where the FLO network supports different combination of SPs, including different FFT sizes: 1024 (1k), 2048 (2k), 4096 (4k) and 8192 (8k); frequency guard intervals (FGI): 1/16, ⅛, 3/16 and ¼; and slot to interface mappings, the mapping of the bits comprising the SPC symbols to different modes is as follows: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Slot 
               
               
                 Bits 
                   
                 Bits 
                 FGI 
                 Bits 
                 to Interlace 
               
               
                 [p7p6p5] 
                 FFT Size 
                 [p2p1p0] 
                 Fraction 
                 [p4p3] 
                 mapping 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 000 
                 1024 
                 000 
                  1/16 
                 00 
                 Mapping 1 
               
               
                 001 
                 2048 
                 001 
                 ⅛  
                 01 
                 Mapping 2 
               
               
                 010 
                 4096 
                 010 
                  3/16 
                 10 
                 Mapping 3 
               
               
                 011 
                 8192 
                 011 
                 ¼  
                 11 
                 Reserved for 
               
               
                 100-111 
                 Reserved 
                 100-111 
                 Reserved 
                   
                 future use 
               
               
                   
                 for future 
                   
                 for future 
               
               
                   
                 use 
                   
                 use 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0021]    The last two symbols of each super-frame that comprise the SPC must be capable of being processed by the receiver without any prior knowledge about information such as the FFT mode and cyclic prefix settings in use on the transmission in order to determine these parameters. Because of this, the SPC needs to be generated independent of such settings so that the receiver hardware can process these symbols independent of these modes. 
         [0022]    The SPC symbols use modulation on one-fourth of the sub-carriers transmitted, as shown in  FIG. 2 . This results in a time-domain sequence with a periodicity of 1024 samples. Thus, in the time-domain, the symbols have four replicas excluding the cyclic prefix, of a sequence of length 1024, as seen in  FIG. 3 , which illustrates the SPC symbols in the time domain from a periodic waveform having a periodicity of 1024 samples in four periods. The periodicity and distance adds robustness in the presence of timing errors and frequency offsets. It should be noted that the energy used on each active sub-carrier can be scaled up with respect to regular data symbols in order to maintain constant transmitter output power across the entire super-frame. 
         [0023]    For purposes of implementation in the transmitter, an interlace structure similar to the generation of data symbols is used. For example, in the 4K mode, equidistant sub-carriers with a distance of 4 correspond exactly to all active sub-carriers in interlaces 0 and 4. Each of these two interlaces consists of a number of modulation symbols. These modulation symbols are populated by using a fixed binary input pattern that can be scrambled with an SP-dependent seed and further XORed to guarantee the information on each interlace is different. Thus, four bits of useable information is encoded on each of the interlaces in use. Because there are a total of two SPC symbols, each containing two used interlaces, a total of 16 bits of information can be encoded within the entire SPC channel. This information word is denoted as s 15 s 14 s 13 s 12 s 11 s 10 s 9 s 8 s 7 s 6 s 5 s 4 s 3 s 2 s 1 s 0 . In this particular exemplary embodiment, the 16 bits are encoded onto the SPC interlaces by initializing the scrambler seeds as follows: 
         [0024]    SPC symbol #0, interlace 0: s 7 s 6 s 5 s 4 0000100000000000 
         [0025]    SPC symbol #0, interlace 4: s 3 s 2 s 1 s 0 0000100000000000 
         [0026]    SPC symbol #1, interlace 0: s 15 s 14 s 13 s 12 0000100000000001 
         [0027]    SPC symbol #1, interlace 4: s 11 s 10 s 9 s 8 0000100000000001 
         [0028]    It should be noted that the masks used in the scrambler are different for the two interlaces in use in each symbol to ensure uniqueness. The scrambled output sequence of this operation is mapped to a QPSK alphabet and carried on the active sub-carriers of the interlace in question. Thus, it is ensured that the two interlaces in a single SPC symbol do not end up becoming identical if the four bits carried on them are the same. On the receiver, the bits are recovered using hypothesis testing, in a procedure similar to WID/LID recovery from WIC/LIC channels. 
         [0029]      FIG. 4  shows an exemplary wireless communication system  400  in which the wireless device, also referred to as a terminal, and base station may operate. The wireless communication system  400  depicts one base station and one terminal for sake of brevity. However, it is to be appreciated that the system can include more than one base station and/or more than one terminal, wherein additional base stations and/or terminals can be substantially similar or different for the exemplary base station and terminal described below. In addition, it is to be appreciated that the base station and/or the terminal can employ the systems and/or methods described herein to facilitate wireless communication there between. 
         [0030]    Referring now to  FIG. 4 , on a downlink, at access point  405 , a transmit (TX) data processor  410  receives, formats, codes, interleaves, and modulates (or symbol maps) traffic data and provides modulation symbols (“data symbols”). A symbol modulator  415  receives and processes the data symbols and pilot symbols and provides a stream of symbols. A symbol modulator  420  multiplexes data and pilot symbols and provides them to a transmitter unit (TMTR)  420 . Each transmit symbol may be a data symbol, a pilot symbol, or a signal value of zero. The pilot symbols may be sent continuously in each symbol period. The pilot symbols can be frequency division multiplexed (FDM), orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM), time division multiplexed (TDM), frequency division multiplexed (FDM), or code division multiplexed (CDM). 
         [0031]    TMTR  420  receives and converts the stream of symbols into one or more analog signals and further conditions (e.g., amplifies, filters, and frequency upconverts) the analog signals to generate a downlink signal suitable for transmission over the wireless channel. The downlink signal is then transmitted through an antenna  425  to the terminals. At terminal  430 , an antenna  435  receives the downlink signal and provides a received signal to a receiver unit (RCVR)  440 . Receiver unit  440  conditions (e.g., filters, amplifies, and frequency downconverts) the received signal and digitizes the conditioned signal to obtain samples. A symbol demodulator  445  demodulates and provides received pilot symbols to a processor  450  for channel estimation. Symbol demodulator  445  further receives a frequency response estimate for the downlink from processor  450 , performs data demodulation on the received data symbols to obtain data symbol estimates (which are estimates of the transmitted data symbols), and provides the data symbol estimates to an RX data processor  455 , which demodulates (i.e., symbol demaps), deinterleaves, and decodes the data symbol estimates to recover the transmitted traffic data. The processing by symbol demodulator  445  and RX data processor  455  is complementary to the processing by symbol modulator  415  and TX data processor  410 , respectively, at access point  405 . 
         [0032]    On the uplink, a TX data processor  460  processes traffic data and provides data symbols. A symbol modulator  465  receives and multiplexes the data symbols with pilot symbols, performs modulation, and provides a stream of symbols. A transmitter unit  470  then receives and processes the stream of symbols to generate an uplink signal, which is transmitted by the antenna  435  to the access point  1305 . 
         [0033]    At access point  405 , the uplink signal from terminal  430  is received by the antenna  425  and processed by a receiver unit  475  to obtain samples. A symbol demodulator  480  then processes the samples and provides received pilot symbols and data symbol estimates for the uplink. An RX data processor  485  processes the data symbol estimates to recover the traffic data transmitted by terminal  430 . A processor  490  performs channel estimation for each active terminal transmitting on the uplink. Multiple terminals may transmit pilot concurrently on the uplink on their respective assigned sets of pilot subbands, where the pilot subband sets may be interlaced. 
         [0034]    Processors  490  and  450  direct (e.g., control, coordinate, manage, etc.) operation at access point  405  and terminal  430 , respectively. Respective processors  490  and  450  can be associated with memory units  432  and  472  that store program codes and data. Processors  490  and  450  can also perform computations to derive frequency and impulse response estimates for the uplink and downlink, respectively. 
         [0035]    It will be appreciated that the data store (e.g., memories) components described herein can be either volatile memory or nonvolatile memory, or can include both volatile and nonvolatile memory. By way of illustration, and not limitation, nonvolatile memory can include read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable ROM (EEPROM), or flash memory. Volatile memory can include random access memory (RAM), which acts as external cache memory. By way of illustration and not limitation, RAM is available in many forms such as synchronous RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), and direct Rambus RAM (DRRAM). The memory  1108  of the subject systems and methods is intended to comprise, without being limited to, these and any other suitable types of memory. 
         [0036]    The techniques described herein may be implemented by various means. For example, these techniques may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination thereof. For a hardware implementation, the processing units used for FLO network acquisition may be implemented within one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), processors, controllers, micro-controllers, microprocessors, other electronic units designed to perform the functions described herein, or a combination thereof. With software, implementation can be through modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) that perform the functions described herein. The software codes may be stored in memory unit and executed by the processors  490  and  450 . 
         [0037]    What has been described above includes exemplary embodiments. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components or methodologies for purposes of describing the embodiments, but one of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that many further combinations and permutations are possible. Accordingly, these embodiments are intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Furthermore, to the extent that the term “includes” is used in either the detailed description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising” as “comprising” is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim.