Abstract:
A computer-implemented method and system is disclosed in which a network-based e-commerce environment includes billing a client at a periodic flat rate for a pre-defined scope of legal advice in pre-defined areas of legal services and offering the client, as part of the periodic flat rate, an alternative billing option of participating in a litigation defense program having a graduated fee structure based on an outcome of a litigation. In other embodiments, a network-based e-commerce environment includes offering the client participation in an accrual of credits at a predetermined multiplier of the periodic flat rate paid whereby such credits are accrued over time and may be redeemed to offset legal fees otherwise payable.

Description:
COPYRIGHT 
     A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material that is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent files or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. The following notice applies to the software and data as described below and in the drawings that form a part of this document: Copyright 2006-2007, Scott Shibayama. All Rights Reserved. 
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Technical Field 
     This disclosure relates to methods and systems supporting network-based legal billing. 
     2. Related Art 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,622,128 (the &#39;128 patent) discloses a process by which litigation or legal billing may be both recorded and monitored in conjunction with budgetary constraints. Legal work products and expenses are logged by a user and recorded in a sortable database. Financial expectations (in the form of budget guidelines) held by an insurance carrier or client can be continuously kept in mind, while time and expenses accrue from an attorney&#39;s or legal team&#39;s efforts. As time or expenses are entered, corresponding budget information may be displayed. A unified interface provides easy browsing, data entry, and report generation. However, the basic billing model is a conventional hourly rate multiplied by a number of billable hours. 
     U.S. Patent Application No. 20050203814 (the &#39;814 application) describes a litigation cost management system that provides modules for outlining the process of litigation, establishing pricing variables to each step of the litigation, all at the outset of the case. A case budget is then generated and the case is managed by outside counsel based upon the agreed upon budget and process. When exceptions occur during the course of litigation, outside counsel electronically submits requests for new work to corporate counsel, which in turn can be approved or denied. Point and click billing allows immediate simplistic invoicing which requires no review by corporate counsel as the work performed has already been approved. Statistical reporting provides corporate counsel with real time analysis of all the cases that are in the system. The &#39;814 application describes a legal budgeting and cost management system; but there is no provision for changing the billing model. 
     U.S. Patent Application No. 20010034675 (the &#39;675 application) describes methods and systems for tracking and approving legal expenses using a legal expense tracking system are disclosed. The method includes selecting a legal matter identifier for the legal work, engaging an outside counsel regarding planned legal work through a prompt, prompting the outside counsel to input data relating to expenses received from a legal services invoice, prompting a user for an approval of submitted legal invoices, and generating legal expense reports. However, again the &#39;675 application does not describe a legal billing system that uses an unconventional billing model. 
     Thus, a method and system for legal billing using a variety of billing models is needed. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Embodiments illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an architectural network overview of an example embodiment. 
         FIGS. 2-3  are flow diagrams illustrating the PFP Program processing logic used in one example embodiment. 
         FIGS. 4-5  are flow diagrams illustrating the LCP Program processing logic used in one example embodiment. 
         FIGS. 6-7  are flow diagrams illustrating a combination of the PFP Program and the LCP Program processing logic used in one example embodiment. 
         FIGS. 8-10  are flow diagrams illustrating the SIR Program processing logic used in one example embodiment. 
         FIGS. 11-13  are flow diagrams illustrating a combination of the PFP Program, the LCP Program, and SIR Program processing logic used in one example embodiment. 
         FIGS. 14-21  are flow diagrams illustrating various combinations of the billing models used in example embodiments. 
         FIG. 22  illustrates a collection of actions performed for the various billing models for the periodic client billing process. 
         FIG. 23  shows a diagrammatic representation of machine in the example form of a computer system within which a set of instructions, for causing the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, may be executed. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of an embodiment of the present invention. It will be evident, however, to one of ordinary skill in the art that embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. 
     Below are described various aspects of a networked legal billing system that provides a variety of billing models. A system architecture of an example networked legal billing platform is illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , a networked legal billing system is shown to include a client system  340 , a law service provider administrator (e.g. law service provider accounting manager or financial officer) system  342 , and a law service provider site  350 . Client system  340  represents a conventional client computer system, such as a conventional personal computer with a standard client browser  341  (e.g. Microsoft Internet Explorer) and a network connection  101  to a standard network  100  (e.g. the Internet, a proprietary intranet, or the like). A user/client can operate client system  340  to perform client transactions with law service provider site  350  via network  100 . These client transactions can include transactions related to client billing for legal services performed by a law service provider associated with law service provider site  350 . Note that the term law service provider as used herein can include law firms, partnerships, sole proprietors, law corporations, law departments in business or government, or any other entity that can provide legal services and receive compensation for same. 
     Referring still to  FIG. 1 , the law service provider administrator system  342  represents a conventional computer system, such as a conventional personal computer with a standard browser  343  (e.g. Microsoft Internet Explorer) and a network connection  102  to a standard network  100  (e.g. the Internet, a proprietary intranet, or the like). A user/law service provider administrator can operate law service provider administrator system  342  to perform law service provider administration transactions with law service provider site  350  via network  100 . These law service provider administration transactions can include transactions related to client billing for legal services performed by the law service provider associated with law service provider site  350 . It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that the law service provider administrator system  342  and/or the user/law service provider administrator can be given access privileges to access, edit, and/or delete information at the law service provider site  350  using conventional techniques. 
     The law service provider site  350 , shown in  FIG. 1 , represents a conventional server/computer (e.g. a website operated by a law service provider) with a standard web server  351  and a network connection  103  to network  100 . A financial representative or law service provider administrator of the law service provider can operate law service provider site  350  to perform financial transactions related to law service provider business via network  100 . This law service provider business can include managing financial transactions related to client billing for legal services performed by the law service provider associated with law service provider site  350 . The law service provider site  350  typically maintains a data repository  355  in which client file information can be stored and queried. The law service provider site  350  may also maintain a data repository  356  in which law service provider financial or accounting information can be stored and queried. It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that data repository  355  and  356  may equivalently be remotely connected to law service provider site  350  (e.g. via a network). 
     In various embodiments described herein, the law service provider associated with law service provider site  350  maintains client billing information using a client billing system  352 . Client billing system  352  can be accessed and operated by a law service provider administrator using law service provider administrator system  342 . Law service provider financial or accounting information used with client billing system  352  can be stored and accessed in data repository  356 . In general, the client billing system  352  is used to collect the billable attorneys&#39; fees and costs related to the performance of legal services for the law service provider&#39;s clients. In a conventional law service provider billing model, these attorney fees and costs are aggregated each month and billed to clients in a monthly billing cycle. In these conventional law service provider billing models, the time spent by each attorney, paralegal, or other billable law service provider representative is collected each billing time period (e.g. monthly), the time spent is multiplied by the billable representative&#39;s billing rate, and the charge is sent to the client in a client invoice. Client costs (e.g. court fees, copy charges, etc.) are also included in the client invoice sent to the client. 
     In various embodiments described herein, new client billing models are included with the conventional billing models. As shown in  FIG. 1 , client billing system  352  is shown to include a Predictable Fee Program (PFP) billing model  361 , a Litigation Credit Program (LCP) billing model  362 , and a Share In Risk Program (SIR) billing model  363 . As will be described in more detail below, the client and the law service provider can agree to select a client billing model that best serves the needs of the client for a particular situation. 
     In an example embodiment, the PFP legal billing model  361  is a monthly flat rate program that includes a pre-defined scope of legal advice, legal research and simple document review for a fixed monthly fee. In a particular embodiment, such legal advice, legal research and simple document review may be limited to a specific legal field, such as employment and labor law issues. A client using the law service provider&#39;s online access functionality (e.g. a user of client system  340 ), using a telephone call, or via an in-person meeting may elect to activate the PFP legal billing model  361  for that client&#39;s legal matters with the law service provider associated with law service provider site  350 . At that point, the client is eligible for a pre-defined scope of legal advice, legal research and simple document review for a fixed periodic (e.g. monthly) fee. The amount of the periodic PFP fee can be negotiated between the client and the law service provider. 
     In an example embodiment, the LCP legal billing model  362  adds an accumulation of a client credit that can be used for various client legal needs, such as litigation, due diligence investigations, merger/acquisition research, intellectual property investigation and prosecution, legal analysis, and the like. In one embodiment, the LCP program can be used in combination with the PFP program to give the client both a predictable periodic billing and a periodic accumulation of LCP credit. In one embodiment, the LCP program is charged to the client at twice (alternatively 1.5 times) the monthly rate for the basic PFP program and includes everything in the PFP program but adds: 1) a higher level of law firm service, including the creation and revision of documents, legal analysis, legal research, and the like, and 2) LCP credit as part of the LCP program. In one embodiment, the LCP credit is accumulated at the rate of 1.25 multiplied by the LCP monthly flat rate. If the client is sued or has other legal needs and chooses the law service provider associated with the LCP program to handle the other legal needs, the client may use accrued and available LCP credit in lieu of cash to pay the law service provider&#39;s legal service or litigation fees. The LCP Program may also be used with the SIR Program described below. In a particular embodiment, the LCP program is charged to the client as a multiple of the rate charged to the client for the PFP program. As such, the LCP program can still be a flat rate program as is the PFP program. However, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that the LCP program can be charged at a rate not related to the PFP program rate, a graduated or variable rate, or a different rate model. 
     In an example embodiment, the SIR Program legal billing model  362  is a billing model in which a client pays differing amounts based on an outcome of a legal matter, such as litigation or other legal matter with clearly defined potential outcomes. For example, if a client enrolled in the SIR program is sued for an employment and labor matter, the law service provider associated with the SIR program will defend the client at the law service provider&#39;s standard hourly rate thereby producing a litigation charge billable to the client. However, in one embodiment, 20% (for a Non-PFP client) or 40% (for a PFP/LCP client) of the litigation charge will be placed in a “holdback” (HB) account for the client. Then, based on a pre-defined and pre-agreed outcome of the legal matter, the client pays differing amounts based on the outcome of the legal matter. For example, if the client “wins” the litigation or receives a first pre-defined outcome in the legal matter, the client pays up to a first SIR rate (e.g. 100%) of the HB. If the litigation ends up in a “draw/tie” or receives a second pre-defined outcome in the legal matter, the client pays up to a second SIR rate (e.g. 50%) of the HB. If the client loses the legal matter or receives a third pre-defined outcome in the legal matter, the client pays up to a third SIR rate (e.g. 0%) of the HB. In this case, the law service provider may write off the entire HB. If the client is an LCP Program subscriber, the client may use accrued and available LCP credit to first offset whatever payment is due from the client on a periodic basis for litigation fees or other fees for legal matters handled by the law service provider. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 2-3 , flow diagrams illustrate the PFP Program processing logic used in one example embodiment. In processing block  421 , a client may request or enrol in the PFP program. If the client is a new client that is not currently in the law service provider&#39;s system, standard client intake procedures may be used to gather necessary information from the client. Such PFP enrolment and client information gathering may be accomplished electronically using the networked system described above in connection with  FIG. 1 . In processing block  423 , the client and a law service provider representative can agree on a rate (i.e. periodic fee) that will be charged to the client on a periodic basis for the benefits of the PFP program. These benefits include a pre-defined scope of legal advice, legal research and simple document review for a fixed periodic (e.g. monthly) fee. In one embodiment, the law service provider can establish a fixed PFP rate that is charged to all its clients. Having agreed on a PFP rate, the client can execute an engagement agreement that establishes an attorney/client relationship with the client and the law service provider and includes information indicating the client has enrolled in the PFP program. In processing block  425 , the client request (i.e. PFP program enrolment), the PFP rate, the engagement agreement, and related client information is entered into the law service provider data repositories, including the client file database  355  and the accounting database  356 . In processing block  427 , the law service provider representatives, including attorneys, paralegals, and administrative staff can perform requested legal work for the client. The attorneys, paralegals, and other billable representatives of the law service provider enter their billable time for the client into the accounting database  356 . It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that each billable representative of the law service provider can be billed to the client at different hourly rates. Such billing is typical in a conventional law firm. Processing continues at the bubble labelled A shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , processing continues at the bubble labelled A. In processing block  430 , the law service provider closes its periodic billing cycle. Typically, law service providers bill their clients on a monthly billing cycle, but other time periods can be equivalently used. In processing block  432 , the client&#39;s PFP billing for the time period is calculated based on the PFP rate previously established. This PFP billing is invoiced to the client and entered into the accounting database  356  in processing block  434 . Note that in the PFP billing model as described, the client is not billed based on the billable time entered by each billable representative of the law service provider. In contrast, the client is billed at a flat PFP rate for the time period (e.g. monthly). In this manner, the client can receive legal service from the law service provider and pay a predictable fee at the end of each billing cycle. Processing terminates at the End bubble shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 4-5 , flow diagrams illustrate the LCP Program processing logic used in one example embodiment. In processing block  471 , a client may request or enrol in the LCP program. If the client is a new client that is not currently in the law service provider&#39;s system, standard client intake procedures may be used to gather necessary information from the client. Such LCP enrolment and client information gathering may be accomplished electronically using the networked system described above in connection with  FIG. 1 . In processing block  473 , the client and a law service provider representative can agree on a rate or a multiplier (i.e. a client credit accumulation rate) that will be accumulated for the client on a periodic basis as part of the benefits of the LCP program. These benefits include an accumulation of a client credit that can be used for various client legal needs, such as litigation, due diligence investigations, merger/acquisition research, intellectual property investigation and prosecution, legal analysis, and the like. In one embodiment, the law service provider can establish a fixed LCP rate or multiplier that is used for client credit accumulation for all its clients. Having agreed on an LCP rate or multiplier, the client can execute an engagement agreement that establishes an attorney/client relationship with the client and law service provider and includes information indicating the client has enrolled in the LCP program. In processing block  475 , the client request (i.e. LCP program enrolment), the LCP rate, the engagement agreement, and related client information is entered into the law service provider data repositories, including the client file database  355  and the accounting database  356 . In processing block  477 , the law service provider representatives, including attorneys, paralegals, and administrative staff can perform requested legal work for the client. The attorneys, paralegals, and other billable representatives of the law service provider enter their billable time for the client into the accounting database  356 . It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that each billable representative of the law service provider can be billed to the client at different hourly rates. Such billing is typical in a conventional law firm. Processing continues at the bubble labelled C shown in  FIG. 5 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 5 , processing continues at the bubble labelled C. In processing block  480 , the law service provider closes its periodic billing cycle. Typically, law service providers bill their clients on a monthly billing cycle, but other time periods can be equivalently used. In processing block  482 , the client&#39;s LCP billing for the time period is calculated based on the LCP rate previously established. Note that in the LCP billing model as described, the client is not billed based on the billable time entered by each billable representative of the law service provider. In contrast, the client is billed at a flat LCP rate for the time period (e.g. monthly). In this manner, the client can receive legal service from the law service provider and pay a predictable fee at the end of each billing cycle. This LCP billing can be invoiced to the client and entered into the accounting database  356  in processing block  482 . In processing block  484 , the client&#39;s LCP credit as accumulated in prior billing cycles can be obtained from the accounting database  356 . In processing block  486 , the client&#39;s LCP billing for this billing period is multiplied by the LCP rate or multiplier for the client to produce the corresponding LCP client credit for this time period. In processing block  488 , the calculated LCP client credit for this time period is added to the client&#39;s LCP credit as accumulated in prior billing cycles. The total aggregated LCP client credit is updated in the accounting database  356  for the client and the client is billed the LCP billing amount in block  489 . Note that the client also accumulates an LCP client credit that the client can use for a future legal matter, such as litigation, due diligence investigations, merger/acquisition research, intellectual property investigation and prosecution, legal analysis, and the like. In such a legal matter, the client can elect to apply some or all of its accumulated LCP client credit to pay one or more invoices billed to the client from the law service provider. Processing terminates at the End bubble shown in  FIG. 5 . 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 6-7 , flow diagrams illustrate a combination of the PFP Program and the LCP Program processing logic used in one example embodiment. In processing block  451 , a client may request or enrol in the LCP program. In this example, it is assumed that the client has already enrolled in the PFP program as shown and described in connection with  FIGS. 2-3 . Referring again to  FIG. 6 , in processing block  453 , the client and a law service provider representative can agree on a rate (i.e. periodic fee) that will be charged to the client on a periodic basis for the benefits of the PFP program. These benefits include a pre-defined scope of legal advice, legal research and simple document review for a fixed periodic (e.g. monthly) fee. In one embodiment, the law service provider can establish a fixed PFP rate that is charged to all its clients. Also in processing block  453 , the client and a law service provider representative can agree on a rate or multiplier (i.e. a client credit accumulation rate) that will be accumulated for the client on a periodic basis as part of the benefits of the LCP program. These benefits include a higher level of legal service and an accumulation of a client credit that can be used for various client legal needs, such as litigation, due diligence investigations, merger/acquisition research, intellectual property investigation and prosecution, legal analysis, and the like. In one embodiment, the law service provider can establish a fixed LCP rate or multiplier that is used for client credit accumulation for all its clients. Having agreed on a PFP rate and an LCP rate, the client can execute an engagement agreement that establishes an attorney/client relationship with the client and law service provider and includes information indicating the client has enrolled in the PFP and LCP programs. In processing block  455 , the client request (i.e. PFP and LCP program enrolment), the PFP rate, the LCP rate, the engagement agreement, and related client information is entered into the law service provider data repositories, including the client file database  355  and the accounting database  356 . In processing block  457 , the law service provider representatives, including attorneys, paralegals, and administrative staff can perform requested legal work for the client. The attorneys, paralegals, and other billable representatives of the law service provider enter their billable time for the client into the accounting database  356 . It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that each billable representative of the law service provider can be billed to the client at different hourly rates. Such billing is typical in a conventional law firm. Processing continues at the bubble labelled B shown in  FIG. 7 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 7 , processing continues at the bubble labelled B. In processing block  460 , the law service provider closes its periodic billing cycle. Typically, law service providers bill their clients on a monthly billing cycle, but other time periods can be equivalently used. In processing block  462 , the client&#39;s PFP/LCP billing for the time period is calculated based on the PFP/LCP rate previously established. This PFP/LCP billing can be invoiced to the client and entered into the accounting database  356  in processing block  462 . Note that in the PFP and LCP billing model as described, the client is not billed based on the billable time entered by each billable representative of the law service provider. In contrast, the client is billed at a flat PFP/LCP rate for the time period (e.g. monthly). In this manner, the client can receive legal service from the law service provider and pay a predictable fee at the end of each billing cycle. In processing block  464 , the client&#39;s LCP credit as accumulated in prior billing cycles can be obtained from the accounting database  356 . In processing block  466 , the client&#39;s PFP/LCP billing for this billing period based on the PFP/LCP rate is multiplied by the LCP rate or multiplier for the client to produce the corresponding LCP client credit for this time period. In processing block  468 , the calculated LCP client credit for this time period is added to the client&#39;s LCP credit as accumulated in prior billing cycles. The total aggregated LCP client credit is updated in the accounting database  356  for the client and the client is billed the gross billing amount in block  469 . Note that in the PFP/LCP billing model as described, the client is billed based on the LCP rate. However, the client also accumulates an LCP client credit that the client can use for a future legal matter, such as litigation, due diligence investigations, merger/acquisition research, intellectual property investigation and prosecution, legal analysis, and the like. In such a legal matter, the client can elect to apply some or all of its LCP client credit to pay one or more invoices billed to the client from the law service provider. Processing terminates at the End bubble shown in  FIG. 7 . 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 8-10 , flow diagrams illustrate the SIR Program processing logic used in one example embodiment. In processing block  491 , a client may request or enrol in the SIR program. If the client is a new client that is not currently in the law service provider&#39;s system, standard client intake procedures may be used to gather necessary information from the client. Such SIR enrolment and client information gathering may be accomplished electronically using the networked system described above in connection with  FIG. 1 . In processing block  493 , the client and a law service provider representative can agree on a set of legal matter outcomes and related SIR rates (i.e. rates at which the client will pay based on an outcome of the legal matter) and a related SIR holdback rate (i.e. a rate representing an amount held back from the client billing on a periodic basis as part of the benefits of the SIR program). These benefits include an opportunity for the client to pay graduated fees to the law service provider based on an outcome of a particular legal matter, such as litigation. In this manner, the law service provider and the client both share risk in the outcome of the legal matter. In one embodiment, the law service provider can establish fixed SIR rates and a fixed SIR holdback rate that is used for all its clients. Having agreed on SIR rates and a SIR holdback rate, the client can execute an engagement agreement that establishes an attorney/client relationship with the client and law service provider and includes information indicating the client has enrolled in the SIR program. In processing block  495 , the client request (i.e. SIR program enrolment), the SIR rates, SIR holdback rate, the engagement agreement, and related client information is entered into the law service provider data repositories, including the client file database  355  and the accounting database  356 . In processing block  497 , the law service provider representatives, including attorneys, paralegals, and administrative staff can perform requested legal work for the client. The attorneys, paralegals, and other billable representatives of the law service provider enter their billable time for the client into the accounting database  356 . It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that each billable representative of the law service provider can be billed to the client at different hourly rates. Such billing is typical in a conventional law firm. Processing continues at the bubble labelled D shown in  FIG. 9 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 9 , processing continues at the bubble labelled D. In processing block  500 , the law service provider closes its periodic billing cycle. Typically, law service providers bill their clients on a monthly billing cycle, but other time periods can be equivalently used. In processing block  502 , the client&#39;s gross billing for the time period is calculated based on a conventional billing model. In such a conventional billing model, the billable time recorded for each billable representative of the law service provider can be billed to the client along with any related client costs. This gross billing can be invoiced to the client and entered into the accounting database  356  in processing block  502 . In processing block  504 , the client&#39;s SIR holdback amount as accumulated in prior billing cycles can be obtained from the accounting database  356 . In processing block  506 , the client&#39;s gross billing for this billing period is multiplied by the SIR holdback rate for the client to produce the corresponding SIR holdback amount for this time period. In processing block  508 , the calculated SIR holdback amount for this time period is added to the client&#39;s SIR holdback amount as accumulated in prior billing cycles. The total aggregated SIR holdback amount is updated in the accounting database  356  for the client and the client is billed the gross billing amount less the SIR holdback amount for this time period in block  509 . Note that in the SIR billing model as described, the client is billed based on the billable time entered by each billable representative of the law service provider less the SIR holdback amount for this time period. However, the client also accumulates a SIR holdback amount that the client can use for a future legal matter at a SIR rate based on the outcome of the legal matter. This processing is shown in more detail in  FIG. 10 . Processing continues at the bubble labelled E shown in  FIG. 10 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 10 , processing continues at the bubble labelled E. At the conclusion of the legal matter associated with the SIR program, one of the pre-defined and pre-agreed outcomes of the legal matter will have occurred. In this example, three possible outcomes are presented: a win (a first pre-defined outcome), a tie (a second pre-defined outcome), and any other outcome that is not a win or a tie (a third pre-defined outcome). As shown in decision block  510 , if the outcome is a “win”, the client&#39;s SIR outcome-based billing is calculated based on a first SIR rate (e.g. 100%) multiplied by the client&#39;s accumulated SIR holdback amount (processing block  512 ). In this case, the client can be expected to pay the full amount for the legal matter as the client received a favourable outcome. As such, the first SIR rate will produce an outcome-based billing to the client at most or all of the SIR holdback amount. This amount is billed to the client in block  520  and the client&#39;s billing records and SIR holdback amounts are updated in the accounting database  356 . 
     As shown in decision block  514 , if the outcome is a “tie”, the client&#39;s SIR outcome-based billing is calculated based on a second SIR rate (e.g. 50%) multiplied by the client&#39;s accumulated SIR holdback amount (processing block  516 ). In this case, the client can be expected to pay only a partial amount for the legal matter as the client received an adequate but not favourable outcome. As such, the second SIR rate will produce an outcome-based billing to the client at some portion of the SIR holdback amount. This amount is billed to the client in block  520  and the client&#39;s billing records and SIR holdback amounts are updated in the accounting database  356 . 
     As shown in block  518 , if the outcome is a not a “win” or a “tie”, the client&#39;s SIR outcome-based billing is calculated based on a third SIR rate (e.g. 0%) multiplied by the client&#39;s accumulated SIR holdback amount (processing block  518 ). In this case, the client can be expected to pay only a small amount or nothing for the legal matter as the client received an unfavourable outcome. As such, the third SIR rate will produce an outcome-based billing to the client at some small portion or none of the SIR holdback amount. This amount (if any) is billed to the client in block  520  and the client&#39;s billing records and SIR holdback amounts are updated in the accounting database  356 . Processing terminates at the End bubble shown in  FIG. 10 . 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 11-13 , flow diagrams illustrate a combination of the PFP Program, the LCP Program, and SIR Program processing logic used in one example embodiment. In processing block  530 , a client may request or enrol in the PFP, LCP, and/or the SIR program. If the client is a new client that is not currently in the law service provider&#39;s system, standard client intake procedures may be used to gather necessary information from the client. Such PFP, LCP, and/or the SIR enrolment and client information gathering may be accomplished electronically using the networked system described above in connection with  FIG. 1 . If the client requests PFP enrolment (decision block  533 ), processing block  535  is performed. In this case, the client and a law service provider representative can agree on a rate (i.e. periodic fee) that will be charged to the client on a periodic basis for the benefits of the PFP program. These benefits include a pre-defined scope of legal advice, legal research and simple document review for a fixed periodic (e.g. monthly) fee. In one embodiment, the law service provider can establish a fixed PFP rate that is charged to all its clients. Having agreed on a PFP rate, the client can execute an engagement agreement that establishes an attorney/client relationship with the client and the law service provider and includes information indicating the client has enrolled in the PFP program. 
     If the client requests LCP enrolment (decision block  537 ), processing block  539  is performed. In this case, the client and a law service provider representative can agree on a rate/multiplier (i.e. a client credit accumulation rate) that will be accumulated for the client on a periodic basis as part of the benefits of the LCP program. These benefits include a higher level of legal service and an accumulation of a client credit that can be used for various client legal needs, such as litigation, due diligence investigations, merger/acquisition research, intellectual property investigation and prosecution, legal analysis, and the like. In one embodiment, the law service provider can establish a fixed LCP rate or multiplier that is used for client credit accumulation for all its clients. Having agreed on an LCP rate, the client can execute an engagement agreement that establishes an attorney/client relationship with the client and law service provider and includes information indicating the client has enrolled in the LCP program. 
     If the client requests SIR enrolment (decision block  541 ), processing block  543  is performed. In this case, the client and a law service provider representative can agree on a set of legal matter outcomes and related SIR rates (i.e. rates at which the client will pay based on an outcome of the legal matter) and a related SIR holdback rate (i.e. a rate representing an amount held back from the client billing on a periodic basis as part of the benefits of the SIR program). These benefits include an opportunity for the client to pay graduated fees to the law service provider based on an outcome of a particular legal matter, such as litigation. In this manner, the law service provider and the client both share risk in the outcome of the legal matter. In one embodiment, the law service provider can establish fixed SIR rates and a fixed SIR holdback rate that is used for all its clients. Having agreed on SIR rates and a SIR holdback rate, the client can execute an engagement agreement that establishes an attorney/client relationship with the client and law service provider and includes information indicating the client has enrolled in the SIR program. 
     In processing block  545 , the client request (i.e. PFP program enrolment), the PFP rate, the client request (i.e. LCP program enrolment), the LCP rate, the client request (i.e. SIR program enrolment), the SIR rates, SIR holdback rate, the engagement agreement, and related client information is entered into the law service provider data repositories, including the client file database  355  and the accounting database  356 . In processing block  547 , the law service provider representatives, including attorneys, paralegals, and administrative staff can perform requested legal work for the client. In some cases, a pre-defined and pre-agreed outcome for a legal matter can be accomplished. The attorneys, paralegals, and other billable representatives of the law service provider enter their billable time for the client into the accounting database  356 . It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that each billable representative of the law service provider can be billed to the client at different hourly rates. Such billing is typical in a conventional law firm. Processing continues at the bubble labelled F shown in  FIG. 12 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 12 , processing continues at the bubble labelled F. In processing block  550 , the law service provider closes its periodic billing cycle. Typically, law service providers bill their clients on a monthly billing cycle, but other time periods can be equivalently used. In processing blocks  552  and  553 , the client&#39;s gross billing for the time period is calculated based either on a conventional billing model (block  552 ) or a PFP/LCP billing model (block  553 ), depending on whether or not the client is enrolled in the PFP or LCP program (decision block  551 ). If the client is enrolled in the LCP program (decision block  555 ), processing block  557  is performed. In block  557 , the client&#39;s LCP credit as accumulated in prior billing cycles can be obtained from the accounting database  356 . In processing block  559 , the client&#39;s gross billing for this billing period is multiplied by the LCP rate for the client to produce the corresponding LCP client credit for this time period. In processing block  560 , the calculated LCP client credit for this time period is added to the client&#39;s LCP credit as accumulated in prior billing cycles. The total aggregated LCP client credit is updated in the accounting database  356  for the client and the client is billed the LCP billing amount in block  562 . Note that in the LCP billing model as described, the client is billed based on either the LCP model or the billable time entered by each billable representative of the law service provider. However, the client also accumulates an LCP client credit that the client can use for a future legal matter, such as litigation. In such a legal matter, the client can elect to apply some or all of its LCP client credit to pay one or more invoices billed to the client from the law service provider. If the client is not enrolled in the LCP program (decision block  555 ), the client is billed the gross billing amount in block  562  and no LCP credit is accumulated. Processing continues at the bubble labelled G shown in  FIG. 13 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 13 , processing continues at the bubble labelled G. In decision block  570 , if the client is not enrolled in the SIR program, the client is billed and the accounting database is updated in block  582 . Processing terminates at the End bubble shown in  FIG. 13 . If the client is enrolled in the SIR program (decision block  570 ), decision block  571  is performed. If the client is enrolled in the PFP or LCP programs, processing block  572  is performed and the client&#39;s SIR holdback rate is set at a first (more favourable) SIR holdback rate. If the client is not enrolled in the PFP or LCP programs, processing block  573  is performed and the client&#39;s SIR holdback rate is set at a second (less favourable) SIR holdback rate. If the client is not enrolled in the LCP program (decision block  574 ), processing continues at the bubble labelled H shown in  FIG. 9  where the client&#39;s SIR holdback amount is calculated. If the client is enrolled in the LCP program (decision block  574 ), processing continues at decision block  576 . Starting at decision block  576 , the client&#39;s LCP credits may be applied against a billable amount owed by the client to the law service provider. If the client&#39;s LCP credits are greater than or equal to the periodic billable amount owed by the client to the law service provider, processing block  578  is performed. In this case, the client&#39;s SIR amount on the bill is zeroed out and the LCP credit balance is reduced by the same amount. The client&#39;s LCP credit amount is similarly updated (processing block  578 ). If the client&#39;s LCP credits are less than the periodic billable amount owed by the client to the law service provider, processing block  580  is performed. In this case, the client&#39;s LCP credit balance is subtracted from the periodic billable amount owed by the client to the law service provider and the client&#39;s LCP credit balance is zeroed out. The client&#39;s LCP credit amount is similarly updated (processing block  580 ). The client is billed and the accounting database is updated in block  582 . Processing terminates at the End bubble shown in  FIG. 13 . 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 14-21 , flow diagrams illustrate various combinations of the billing models used in example embodiments. 
       FIG. 22  illustrates a collection of actions performed for the various billing models for the periodic client billing process. 
       FIG. 23  shows a diagrammatic representation of machine in the example form of a computer system  200  within which a set of instructions, for causing the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, may be executed. In alternative embodiments, the machine operates as a standalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine may operate in the capacity of a server or a client machine in server-client network environment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. The machine may be a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a cellular telephone, a web appliance, a network router, switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine. Further, while only a single machine is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. 
     The example computer system  200  includes a processor  202  (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU) or both), a main memory  204  and a static memory  206 , which communicate with each other via a bus  208 . The computer system  200  may further include a video display unit  210  (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) or a cathode ray tube (CRT)). The computer system  200  also includes an alphanumeric input device  212  (e.g., a keyboard), a user interface (UI) navigation device  214  (e.g., a mouse), a disk drive unit  216 , a signal generation device  218  (e.g., a speaker) and a network interface device  220 . 
     The disk drive unit  216  includes a machine-readable medium  222  on which is stored one or more sets of instructions and data structures (e.g., software  224 ) embodying or utilized by any one or more of the methodologies or functions described herein. The software  224  may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory  204  and/or within the processor  202  during execution thereof by the computer system  200 , the main memory  204  and the processor  202  also constituting machine-readable media. 
     The software  224  may further be transmitted or received over a network  226  via the network interface device  220  utilizing any one of a number of well-known transfer protocols (e.g., HTTP). 
     While the machine-readable medium  222  is shown in an example embodiment to be a single medium, the term “machine-readable medium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) that store the one or more sets of instructions. The term “machine-readable medium” shall also be taken to include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying a set of instructions for execution by the machine and that cause the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies of the present invention, or that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying data structures utilized by or associated with such a set of instructions. The term “machine-readable medium” shall accordingly be taken to include, but not be limited to, solid-state memories, optical and magnetic media, and carrier wave signals. 
     Although an embodiment of the present invention has been described with reference to specific example embodiments, it will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made to these embodiments without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. The accompanying drawings that form a part hereof, show by way of illustration, and not of limitation, specific embodiments in which the subject matter may be practiced. The embodiments illustrated are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the teachings disclosed herein. Other embodiments may be utilized and derived therefrom, such that structural and logical substitutions and changes may be made without departing from the scope of this disclosure. This Detailed Description, therefore, is not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of various embodiments is defined only by the appended claims, along with the full range of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. 
     Such embodiments of the inventive subject matter may be referred to herein, individually and/or collectively, by the term “invention” merely for convenience and without intending to voluntarily limit the scope of this application to any single invention or inventive concept if more than one is in fact disclosed. Thus, although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, it should be appreciated that any arrangement calculated to achieve the same purpose may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown. This disclosure is intended to cover any and all adaptations or variations of various embodiments. Combinations of the above embodiments, and other embodiments not specifically described herein, will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description.