Abstract:
An aircraft capable of thrust-borne flight can be automatically retrieved, serviced, and launched using equipment suitable for a small vessel. For retrieval, the aircraft hovers over a base apparatus having one or more rails which bound a space into which the aircraft can safely descend. When the aircraft&#39;s measured position and velocity are appropriate, the aircraft descends promptly such that a spanwise component on the aircraft engages the rails. The teeth restrain the aircraft in position and orientation, while the rails bring the aircraft to rest. Articulation of the rails is used to park the aircraft in a servicing station. Connections for refueling, recharging, and/or functional checks are made in preparation for launch. Launch is effected by removing connections and restraints and articulating the rails to put the aircraft in an appropriate position and orientation. The aircraft uses its own thrust to climb out of the apparatus into free flight.

Description:
PRIORITY 
     This application is a non-provisional of, and claims priority to and the benefit of, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/502,566, filed on Jun. 29, 2011, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field 
     The present disclosure is directed to launch, retrieval, and servicing of a hovering aircraft, especially in turbulent winds or onto an irregularly-moving platform, such as a ship in a rough sea. The present disclosure is especially suited to unmanned aircraft of a small size. It allows for a fully automated operations cycle, whereby the aircraft can be repeatedly launched, retrieved, serviced, and re-launched, without manual intervention at any point, and while requiring only modest accuracy in piloting. 
     2. Description of Prior Art 
     Hovering aircraft, be they helicopters, thrust-vectoring jets, “tail-sitters”, or other types, usually land by gently descending in free thrust-borne flight onto a landing surface, coming to rest on an undercarriage of wheels, skids, or legs. This elementary technique can be problematic in certain situations, as for example when targeting a small, windswept landing pad on a ship moving in a rough sea. The well-known Beartrap or RAST (Stewart &amp; Baekken 1968) as well as the harpoon-and-grid system (Wolters &amp; Reimering 1994) are used by helicopters to permit retrieval with acceptable safety in such conditions. These systems require an expensive and substantial plant in the landing area, as well as manual operations coordinated between helicopter and shipboard crew. Furthermore, the helicopter must carry a complete undercarriage in addition to the components necessary for capturing the retrieval apparatus. 
     Desirable improvements relative to such existing systems include: (a) simplification of base and onboard apparatus, and (b) automated rather than manual operation. Ideally, automation would encompass not only retrieval but also subsequent servicing and launch. This would be particularly desirable for an unmanned aircraft, whose operations cycle could then be made fully autonomous. Some experimental work toward this objective has been done for a hovering aircraft by Mullens et al. (2004), but with limited success even with light wind and a stationary base. McGeer and von Flotow (2010) and McGeer et al. (2010) have disclosed techniques which by contrast provide for fully automated retrieval and turnaround in calm or rough conditions. These techniques involve a tether lowered from the aircraft to be retrieved. The present disclosure similarly provides for fully automated handling in calm or rough conditions, but does not require a tether. The associated apparatus is simple, portable, and suitable for a small vessel or similarly confined base. 
     SUMMARY 
     An aircraft capable of thrust-borne flight can be automatically retrieved, serviced, and launched using equipment suitable for a small vessel, or on land with similarly limited space or irregular motion. For retrieval, the aircraft hovers over a base apparatus having one or more rails which bound a space into which the aircraft can safely descend. The aircraft is capable of stationkeeping approximately and navigating accurately relative to this target space. When the aircraft&#39;s measured position and velocity are appropriate, the aircraft descends promptly, or the rails promptly rise, such that a wing or other spanwise component on the aircraft engages teeth or like restraints on the rails. The teeth restrain the aircraft in position and orientation, and the rails bring the aircraft to rest while complying sufficiently to prevent overstressing the aircraft or base apparatus. Aircraft position and orientation are thereafter controlled by articulation of the rails, which is used to park the aircraft precisely in an aircraft servicing station. Connections for refueling and recharging are made, and for functional checks in preparation for launch. Additional restraints may be applied in the servicing station to allow engine testing while preventing motion of the aircraft. Launch is effected by removing connections and restraints, and then articulating the rails to put the aircraft in an appropriate position and orientation. The aircraft then uses its own thrust to climb out of the apparatus into free flight. A full ground-handling cycle can thus be accomplished automatically with a simple and economical apparatus. It can be used with low risk of damage, and requires only moderate accuracy in manual or automatic flight control. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIGS. 1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 ,  5 ,  6 ,  7 ,  8 , and  9  illustrate the retrieval of an aircraft from free thrust-borne flight by one embodiment of the apparatus of the present disclosure, servicing of the aircraft by the apparatus, and subsequent launch of the aircraft. 
         FIGS. 10A ,  10 B,  10 C,  10 D, and  10 E illustrate the retrieval of an aircraft from free thrust-borne flight by another embodiment of the apparatus of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In one embodiment of the present disclosure, an aircraft would proceed automatically from free thrust-borne flight through retrieval, servicing, and subsequent launch via the sequence of actions generally shown in  FIGS. 1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 ,  5 ,  6 ,  7 ,  8 , and  9 . 
       FIG. 1  shows the aircraft  1  hovering above the base apparatus  6 . The aircraft  1  in this example is supported by a main rotor  2 , which controls pitch and yaw with rotor cyclic as in a conventional helicopter. Control in roll, (i.e., about the spin axis of the rotor) is effected by thrusters  3  at the tips of the aircraft&#39;s wing  4 . The wing  4  serves during launch and retrieval to engage rails  5  extending from the base apparatus  6  as further discussed below. 
     In preparation for retrieval, the aircraft  1  attempts to center itself above the rails  5 . Winds and base motion may prevent the aircraft  1  from stationkeeping continuously. However, the aircraft  1  is able to measure position and velocity relative to the base apparatus  6 , for example by differential satellite navigation, with accuracy sufficient to determine when the aircraft  1  can descend such that: (a) components below the wing  4 , such as the rear fuselage  7 , will pass between the rails; and (b) the aircraft&#39;s wing  4  will engage restrainers, such as teeth  8 , on each rail. The base apparatus offers a large target, in that the aircraft can descend with success anywhere in the area or space approximately bounded in one direction by the spacing between the rails, and in the other direction by the length of each row of teeth. When an opportunity to descend within this area is recognized, the aircraft and rails are promptly brought into contact by a combination of aircraft descent and lifting of the rails. 
     The situation shortly thereafter is illustrated in  FIG. 2 , which shows the aircraft  1  as the aircraft first contacts the base apparatus  6  and particularly the rails  5 . At this point, the aircraft will in general be offset from the midline between the rails, and have a skewed orientation (i.e., the fuselage will be tilted from the vertical, and the wing will be neither horizontal nor normal to the rails). As the wing  4  falls further into the position shown in  FIG. 3 , entry between the teeth enforces orientation in pitch. The spinning rotor is thereby kept from making contact with the base apparatus. 
     As the aircraft continues downward relative to the rails, contact with the rails aligns the wing in yaw and begins to brake the fall. Loads on the aircraft are kept within acceptable limits by one or more appropriate brakes, cushioning mechanisms, or impact absorbers, which may include combinations of soft material between the teeth; bending of the rails; and, as shown in  FIG. 4 , vertical articulation  9  of the rails (relative to the frame of the base apparatus) damped by shock absorbers  10 . The aircraft is thus gently but firmly brought to rest. The rest state can be detected automatically by sensors on the aircraft or base apparatus, and the rotor and thrusters then stopped. 
     If instead the aircraft should miss one or both rails, then the aircraft will fall below the rails or develop excessive yaw. In either case, the aircraft can apply power, exit the base apparatus, and return for another approach. 
     After being brought to rest by the teeth and rails, the aircraft is moved lengthwise along the rails, as shown in  FIG. 5 , toward a parking or servicing station  14 . Translation can be effected, for example, by sliding the teeth in guides  11 . Differential sliding of the teeth between the left and right rails is meanwhile used to align the aircraft in roll, so that its wing is normal to the rails. As the aircraft approaches the aircraft servicing station, the aircraft is moved to the midline between the rails, for example by guides  13  contacting its rear fuselage. 
     Continued translation along the rails thus docks the aircraft precisely in the servicing station, as shown in  FIG. 6 . Servicing connections for fuel, electrical power, etc. can be made as the aircraft is being pushed into the aircraft servicing station, or by appropriate actuators (not shown) after the aircraft has been parked. The aircraft can then automatically be recharged and de-fueled or refueled in preparation for launch. 
     The method and apparatus of the present disclosure thus bring the aircraft from an imprecise and irregular hover into a secure and well-controlled rest state. The simplicity and tolerance of imprecision provided by the present disclosure makes it particularly suited for use under practical conditions including, for example, aboard a small boat in a rough sea. 
     The next step after servicing is launch. In one embodiment, this is done simply by the aircraft starting its engine and climbing vertically out of the aircraft servicing station, with connections opened prior to or during exit. However, in order to minimize risk of fouling, it will often be preferable to increase clearance between the aircraft and the servicing station before climbout. Thus,  FIG. 7  shows launch preparation beginning with the teeth drawing the aircraft toward the free ends of the rails. The aircraft in this case uses an onboard starter to spin up its engine after clearing the servicing station, as shown in  FIG. 8 . Alternatively, an external starter could be used before leaving the aircraft servicing station. This would allow automated pre-flight checks to be done at full thrust while the aircraft remained securely docked. 
     Once pre-flight checks are completed satisfactorily, the aircraft climbs clear of the rails into free flight, as shown in  FIG. 9 . The aircraft can then proceed on its mission, and ultimately return to the base apparatus for another retrieval. The full operations cycle of the aircraft can thus be performed without manual intervention. 
     It should be appreciated that in various embodiments, the apparatus of the present disclosure includes a base having: (a) a frame configured to rest on the ground or a moving object, such as a vessel on land or on water; (b) one or a plurality of rails supported by the frame and extending transversely from the frame; (c) upwardly extending restrainers such as spaced-apart teeth or pins on the rails; (d) a brake, cushioning mechanisms, and/or impact absorbers such as shock absorbers supported by the frame and attached to the rails, or soft material on the restrainers; (e) a parking or servicing station supported by the frame and configured securely to park the aircraft for servicing; (f) a mover supported by the frame and configured to move the spanwise fixture with respect to the parking station; (g) an aircraft guider or guides configured to guide the aircraft during the relative motion between the spanwise fixture and the parking station, such that the aircraft is inserted into the aircraft parking station in a desired position and orientation; (h) an extractor configured to extract the aircraft from the parking station; (i) one or more connectors configured to make and open one or more connections for transfer of fluids or electricity between the apparatus and the parked aircraft; and/or (j) one or more sensors configured to detect the positions of the aircraft relative to the frame and/or the rail or rails. 
     It should be appreciated that in accordance with the present disclosure: (a) the frame can be formed in configurations other than those illustrated in  FIGS. 1 to 9 ; (b) the rails can be linear as shown in  FIGS. 1 to 9  or other suitable forms or configurations, such as an elliptical rail or a polygonal rail; (c) other suitable damping, braking, cushioning, and/or impact absorbers or absorbing mechanisms can be employed; (d) the restrainers can include any suitable teeth, pins or other projections on the rails which extend in a principally vertical orientation; and (e) the rails may be configured individually to move toward and away from the aircraft parking station. 
       FIGS. 10A ,  10 B,  10 C,  10 D, and  10 E illustrate another embodiment of the apparatus of the present disclosure. In this embodiment, the base apparatus includes a substantially circular rail  105  in a substantially horizontal orientation and including a plurality of restrainers such as teeth  108 . 
     In this embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 10A , the aircraft  101  hovers above the space bounded by the rail and attempts to center itself above that bounded space. When it is determined that the aircraft can descend such that: (a) components below the wing  104 , such as the rear fuselage  107 , will pass through the bounded space; and (b) the aircraft&#39;s wing will engage the teeth, the aircraft and rails are promptly brought into contact by a combination of aircraft descent and lifting of the rail. 
     Shortly thereafter, as shown in  FIG. 10B , the wing of the aircraft contacts the base apparatus. More specifically, the wing of the aircraft enters between the teeth of the base apparatus, thereby enforcing orientation in pitch and keeping the spinning rotor from making contact with the base apparatus. As the aircraft continues downward relative to the rail, contact with the rail aligns the wing in yaw and begins to brake the fall, eventually bringing the aircraft to rest. Appropriate brakes, cushioning mechanisms, or impact absorbers may be employed, as described above. 
     As shown in  FIG. 10B , after being brought to rest, in certain instances the aircraft is not centered within the bounded space. In these instances, an aircraft lifting mechanism and aircraft centering arms are employed to center the aircraft within the bounded space. Specifically, as illustrated in  FIG. 10C , the aircraft lifting mechanism  120  lifts the aircraft such that the wings are clear of (i.e., are no longer constrained by) the teeth, and the aircraft centering arms  130  center the aircraft within the bounded space by engaging and moving the fuselage of the aircraft to the desired position. 
     As shown in  FIG. 10D , after centering the aircraft, the aircraft is held in the centered position by the aircraft centering arms, and the lifting mechanism lowers the aircraft such that the wing enters between the teeth and contacts the rail. Once in this centered resting state, the rotor and thrusters are stopped. As illustrated in  FIG. 10E , when in this centered resting state, the rail may be rotated to orient the aircraft in a different way for subsequent launch. 
     It should be understood that various changes and modifications to the presently preferred embodiments described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present subject matter and without diminishing its intended advantages. It is therefore intended that such changes and modifications be covered by the appended claims.