Abstract:
A photoconductor having a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer, the charge transport layer having hydrazone or aryl amine charge transport molecules and also having as room light protective additives acetosol yellow 5GLS and tetraphenylcyclopentadienone or 9-fluorenone. Preferably the amount of the acetosol yellow is 2 to 4 percent by weight of the weight of the charge transfer layer and the ratio of weight between the acetosol yellow and the dienone or fluorenone is in the range of 1:1 to 1:3.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This invention is directed to charge transport layers in a photoconductor, which comprises a hydrazone or aryl amine transport molecule and additives to reduce room light fatigue. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     An electrophotographic photoreceptor essentially comprises a charge generation layer (CGL) and charge transport layer (CTL) coated on a suitable substrate. The substrate may be an aluminized MYLAR polyester or an anodized aluminum drum (termed a PC drum). An aluminum drum can be coated with a suitable sub-layer and/or a barrier layer, derived by dispersing metal oxides in a polymer binder. 
     The charge generation layer comprises pigments or dyes selected from phthalocyanines, squaraines, azo compounds, perylenes etc. The pigment or dye may be dispersed or dissolved in a suitable solvent, with or without a polymer binder. The use of polymer binder helps improve the dispersion stability and improve the adhesion of the CGL to the core or other substrate. However, depending on the type of polymer binder being used, the sensitivity of the photoreceptor may be affected. 
     As printers are expected to perform at speeds of 30–50 pages-per-minute, it becomes imperative that the photoconductor charge and discharge at very short time intervals. The time frames required for 35 ppm, for example could relate to an expose-to-develop time in the order of 40–80 ms. Hence, there is a growing need to identify systems that improve the electrophotographic properties without compromising on other properties such as adhesion, fatigue, and the like. 
     Also, with a move towards faster systems, the drive towards lower cost becomes more demanding. One area where cost can be lowered is by using a cartridge that does not have a shutter for the photoconductor drum. Optionally, a separation of function can be envisioned wherein the photoconductor may be a part of the printer and not the toner cartridge. In this case, the photoconductor may be highly susceptible to exposure to room light, when the toner cartridge is replaced. Most photoconductor formulations are sensitive to the effect of room light (eg. fluorescent light). 
     As shown in this invention, the exposure to room light (fluorescent light) can cause severe fatigue (electrical and the related print) in the PC drum. This results in a print defect pattern. This invention addresses possible methods of mitigating any fatigue or deterioration in electrophotographic properties brought about by exposure to room light. 
     The acetosol yellow 5GLS of this invention is also known by the trademark SAVINYL YELLOW and as Colour Index Solvent Yellow 138. It is an ingredient of a more-than-twenty-year-old patent, specifically U.S. Pat. No. 4,362,798 to Anderson et al. 
     The foregoing U.S. Pat. No. 4,362,798 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,544,702 to Haggquist et al. disclose the use of acetosol yellow 5GLS as a room light fatigue mitigant, in a hydrazone transport. U.S. Pat. No. 5,545,499 (Balthis et al., Lexmark International, Inc.) discloses hydrazone charge transport. 
     JP 06-161123 A, published Jun. 7, 1994, (Mita Ind Co.) claims the use of cyclopentadienone type compound in the sensitive layer. 
     JP 64-040835 A, published Feb. 13, 1989 (Toshiba Corp.) describes the use of a tetraphenylcyclopentadienone in a N-ethylcarbazole hydrazone transport layer coated on a charge generating layer comprising of a tau-type phthalocyanine and polyvinylbutyral. In addition, a suitably substituted cyclohexenedienone is also disclosed. 
     DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention comprises a photoconductor member having a charge generation layer, a charge transport layer having a hydrazone or amine charge transport molecules and having as room-light fatigue protective additives acetosol yellow 5GLS and an electron acceptor compound selected from tetraphenylcyclopentadienone or 9-fluorenenone. 
     The total amount of room light fatigue additive mixture is at least 1% by weight, and no more than 5% by weight of the total weight of the charge transport layer. Preferably amounts are 2% to 4% by weight of the total weight of the charge transport layer. 
     When the charge transport molecule is a hydrazone, at least 1% by weight of acetosol yellow 5GLS of the total weight of the charge transport layer is mixed with the tetraphenylcyclopentadienone or fluorenone in a weight ratio of 1:1 to 3:1. 
     When the charge transport molecule is arylamine, at least 1% by weight of acetosol yellow 5GLS of the total weight of the charge transport layer is mixed with the tetraphenylcyclopentadienone or flourenone also in a weight ratio of 1:1 to 3:1. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The need for higher sensitivity photoconductors geared towards laser printers that are capable of outputs exceeding 30–50 ppm (pages-per-minute) relates to higher efficiencies for the charge generation/charge transport molecules. Along with the higher sensitivity, the stability of the photoconductor drums towards exposure to fluorescent light or room light is critical. In most cases, the charge transport layer is adversely affected when exposed to room light. 
     The electrophotographic properties of the photoconductor deteriorate with increased exposure to light, which in turn causes a degradation in print-quality. In some cases the degradation is so severe that the photoconductor does not discharge at all. The degradation in the photoconductor performance and print-quality may be overcome by suitably selecting charge generation and/or charge transport materials that are unaffected by room light, or additives that can increase the resistance to the effects of the room light. This invention pertains to the use of additive blends of acetosol yellow 5GLS (AY) and an electron acceptor such as tetraphenylcyclopentadienone (TPCPDEO) or 9-fluorenone in the charge transport layer. The mixture of additives helps increase the resistance of the photoconductor drum to room light exposure, and also in the recovery of the drums that have been affected. 
     In order to evaluate the effects of the additives on the effect of room light several charge transport molecules were evaluated. The CTM&#39;s were either arylamines such as N,N′diphenyl-N,N′-ditolyl-4,4′-biphenyldiamine (TPD) or tri(p-tolylamine) (TTA) or hydrazones such as N,N-diethylaminobenzaldehyde-1,1-diphenylhydrazone (DEH). 
     Materials Used: 
     
         
         TPD:N,N′diphenyl-N,N′-ditolyl-4,4′-biphenyldiamine 
       
    
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
         
         DEH: N,N-diethylaminobenzaldehyde-1,1-diphenylhydrazone 
       
    
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
         
         Tetraphenylcyclopentadienone (TPCPDEO): 
       
    
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
         
         9-Fluorenone: 
       
    
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Test Method 
     In a typical case, two photoconductor drums containing the same formulation were used for analysis. Initial photo induced decay (PID) was measured by charging the drum using a charge roll, and measuring the discharge voltage as a function of laser energy, using a 780 nm laser. The PID was obtained as a plot of negative photoconductor voltage (−V) against laser energy (μJ/cm 2 ). A duplicate drum was exposed to fluorescent light for about 20 minutes to about 60 minutes, and the PID measured immediately. 
     In some cases, the drums were electrically cycled by repeated charge/discharge, for 1000 cycles (1 k), and the PID measured, followed by the measurement of the dark decay. Dark decay corresponds to the charge lost as a function of time, and is represented as V/sec. In order to evaluate the extent of recovery from the room light exposure, the drums were stored in a black plastic bag, and a PID curve was obtained after the required recovery time frame. The recovery of the photoconductor drum was then compared to the initial charge/discharge voltages, and the difference corresponds to the fatigue induced in the photoconductor drum due to room light. 
     Positive fatigue corresponds to photoconductor drums that discharge at lower voltages either on exposure to room light or on cycling (repeated charge/discharge cycles) the drums, i.e. if a drum discharges to −200V, and discharges to −150V either on cycling or on exposure to room light, the drum is exhibiting positive fatigue of +50V. In this case, if the drum were to be used in printing a page, the prints corresponding to the lower discharging system would be darker than the initial prints. Similarly, negative fatigue corresponds to a drum exhibiting a discharge voltage that is higher than the initial. For example, if a drum on exposure to room light discharges at −200V instead of its −150V initial discharge, the drum exhibits −50V (or a negative fatigue of 50V). Positive and negative fatigue terminology is applicable to the change in dark decay for the drum for cycling or exposure to room light. 
     Hydrazone Tranports 
     Hydrazone transports such as DEH are prone to exhibit negative fatigue (in the absence of room light fatigue mitigant) on exposure to room light. On exposing the photoconductor drums containing a hydrazone transport material to fluorescent light, the discharge voltage for the drum increases. If the drum was used in a laser printer, the prints would appear to be lighter owing to the higher discharge voltage. In some cases, on electrically cycling the drums following exposure to room light, the drum does not discharge, and hence cannot be used to print. Hence it is critical to suitably protect charge transport layers from the effects of fluorescent light. 
     As a first procedure, acetosol yellow 5GLS was used as an additive in the charge transport layer. The use of acetosol yellow 5GLS is known in prior art. It is a common ingredient in a DEH formulation, and it helps improve the room light fatigue resistance. In a similar manner, the use of tetraphenylcyclopentadienone (TPCPDEO) as an electron transport material is known. Formulations of these materials were prepared, either as pure materials or as additives, in a DEH/polycarbonate transport formulation (Table 1). The charge generation layer was based on a 45/55 mixture of type IV oxotitanium phthalocyanine (TiOpc) in a polyvinylbutyral matrix. The photo induced decay (PID) was measured at an expose-to-develop time of 76 ms. Results from this experiment are presented in Table 2. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Formulations corresponding to acetosol 
               
               
                 yellow 5GLS (AY) and TPCPDEO 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Transport 2 
                   
                 Transport 4 
               
               
                   
                 Transport 1 
                 (Acetosol 
                 Transport 3 
                 (SY/ 
               
               
                 Materials 
                 (Control) 
                 Yellow) 
                 (TPCPDEO) 
                 TPCPDEO) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MAKROLON- 
                 12 g 
                  12 g 
                  12 g 
                   12 g 
               
               
                 5208 
               
               
                 DEH 
                  8 g 
                   8 g 
                   8 g 
                   8 g 
               
               
                 Surfactant 
                  3 drops 
                   3 drops 
                   3 drops 
                   3 drops 
               
               
                 (DC-200) 
               
               
                 THF 
                 75 g 
                  75 g 
                  75 g 
                   75 g 
               
               
                 1,4-Dioxane 
                 25 g 
                  25 g 
                  25 g 
                   25 g 
               
               
                 Acetosol 
                  0 g 
                 0.3 g 
                   0 g 
                 0.15 g 
               
               
                 Yellow 5GLS 
               
               
                 TPCPDEO 
                  0 g 
                   0 g 
                 0.3 g 
                 0.15 g 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Electrical characteristics at 0k and 1k for DEH/MAKROLON-5208/drums 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 ct. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 wt. 
               
               
                 Transport 
                 (mg/ 
                 0.0 μJ/cm 2   
                 0.2 μJ/cm 2   
                 0.4 μJ/cm 2   
                 0.8 μJ/cm 2   
               
               
                 (1.5% Additive) 
                 in2) 
                 V(0k/1k) 
                 V(0k/1k) 
                 V(0k/1k) 
                 V(0k/1k) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Transport 1 
                 10.7 
                 −846/−841 
                 −401/387 
                 −169/−149 
                 −100/−95  
               
               
                 (Control) 
               
               
                 Transport 2 
                 11.94 
                 −841/−858 
                 −389/−394 
                 −191/−182 
                 −156/−151 
               
               
                 (AY) 
               
               
                 Transport 3 
                 11.21 
                 −849/−835 
                 −291/−301 
                 −159/−147 
                 −129/−122 
               
               
                 (TPCPDEO) 
               
               
                 Transport 4 
                 11.23 
                 −842/−822 
                 −382/−381 
                 −186/−177 
                 −143/−140 
               
               
                 (AY:TPCPDEO 
               
               
                 1/1) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Electrical characteristics before and following a 20 min. exposure to room light 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Transport 
                 ct. wt. 
                 0.0 μJ/cm 2   
                 0.2 μJ/cm 2   
                 0.4 μJ/cm 2   
                 0.8 μJ/cm 2   
               
               
                 (1.5% Additive) 
                 (mg/in2) 
                 V(init/RLE) 
                 V(init/RLE) 
                 V(init/RLE) 
                 V(init/RLE) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Transport 1 
                 10.57 
                 −846/−853 
                 −401/−554 
                 −169/−554 
                 −100/−525 
               
               
                 (Control) 
               
               
                 Transport 2 
                 11.46 
                 −841/−852 
                 −389/−386 
                 −191/−168 
                 −156/−129 
               
               
                 (AY) 
               
               
                 Transport 3 
                 11.16 
                 −849/−856 
                 −291/−409 
                 −159/−268 
                 −129/−212 
               
               
                 (TPCPDEO) 
               
               
                 Transport 4 
                 11.79 
                 −842/−838 
                 −382/−344 
                 −186/−185 
                 −143/−159 
               
               
                 (AY:TPCPDEO 1/1) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 (init: electrostatics prior to exposure; 
               
               
                 RLE: electrostatics following exposure to room light) 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Electrical characteristics at 0k and 1k, following 
               
               
                 a 20 min. exposure to room light 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 ct. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 wt. 
               
               
                 Transport 
                 (mg/ 
                 0.0 μJ/cm 2   
                 0.2 μJ/cm 2   
                 0.4 μJ/cm 2   
                 0.8 μJ/cm 2   
               
               
                 (1.5% Additive) 
                 in2) 
                 V(0k/1k) 
                 V(0k/1k) 
                 V(0k/1k) 
                 V(0k/1k) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Transport 1 
                 10.57 
                 −853/−860 
                 −554/−780 
                 −554/−770 
                 −525/−761 
               
               
                 (Control) 
               
               
                 Transport 2 
                 11.46 
                 −852/−846 
                 −386/−391 
                 −168/−182 
                 −129/−154 
               
               
                 (AY) 
               
               
                 Transport 3 
                 11.16 
                 −849/−856 
                 −409/−452 
                 −214/−268 
                 −156/−212 
               
               
                 (TPCPDEO) 
               
               
                 Transport 4 
                 11.79 
                 −847/−838 
                 −344/−364 
                 −153/−185 
                 −124/−159 
               
               
                 (AY:TPCPDEO 
               
               
                 1/1) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The results from Table 2, indicate that the addition of the additives, acetosol yellow 5GLS and TPCPDEO tend to lower the dark decay and reduce the 1 k electrical cycling fatigue. The best results are obtained when the two materials are used together, rather than individually (Table 2). 
     On exposing the drums to room light for 20 minutes, the control drum (DEH with no additive) showed severe negative fatigue, to the extent that it exhibited no photoconducting property (Table 3). However, the additives were relatively more stable. TPCPDEO, caused the drum to fatigue negative. Acetosol yellow 5GLS results in slight positive fatigue. 
     In contrast, the mixture of additives caused the smallest change in the drum electrical characteristics with respect to room light exposure. Also, this system exhibited the lowest dark decay and its change when the drum was subjected to 1000 charge-discharge cycles (e.g. Table 4). 
     The effect of the additives on mitigating the room light fatigue occurring from a long-term exposure was explored further. Higher concentrations of the additives were used. The control drum was based on a 2% acetosol yellow 5GLS concentration, and compared to 2% AY/0.5% TPCPDEO or 9-fluorenone blend (Table 5). The charge generation layer comprised of 45% TiOpc (type IV/type I2/1 blend) and 55% (polyvinylbutyral/epoxy resin 1/1) binder blend. Electrostatic characteristics were measured with an expose-to-develop time of 174 ms (Table 6). 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Formulations corresponding to acetosol yellow 5GLS and TPCPDEO or 9-Fluorenone 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Transport 8 
               
               
                   
                 Transport 5 
                 Transport 6 
                 Transport 7 
                 (SY:TPCPDEO 
               
               
                 Materials 
                 (AY) 
                 (9-Fluorenone) 
                 (SY:Fluorenone 3/1) 
                 3/1) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MAKROLON-5208 
                   42 g 
                   42 g 
                   42 g 
                   42 g 
               
               
                 DEH 
                   28 g 
                   28 g 
                   28 g 
                   28 g 
               
               
                 Surfactant (DC-200) 
                   6 drops 
                   6 drops 
                   6 drops 
                   6 drops 
               
               
                 THF 
                  210 g 
                  210 g 
                  210 g 
                  210 g 
               
               
                 1,4-Dioxane 
                   70 g 
                   70 g 
                   70 g 
                   70 g 
               
               
                 Acetosol Yellow 
                 1.40 g 
                   0 g 
                 1.40 g 
                 1.40 g 
               
               
                 5GLS 
               
               
                 9-Fluorene 
                   0 g 
                 0.77 g 
                 0.35 g 
                   0 g 
               
               
                 TPCPDEO 
                   0 g 
                   0 g 
                   0 g 
                 0.35 g 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Electrical characteristics before and following a 60 min. exposure to room light 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 ct. wt. 
                 0.0 μJ/cm 2   
                 0.2 μJ/cm 2   
                 0.4 μJ/cm 2   
                 1 μJ/cm 2   
                 Dark decay 
               
               
                 Additive 
                 (mg/in2) 
                 V(init/RLE) 
                 V(init/RLE) 
                 V(init/RLE) 
                 V(init/RLE) 
                 (init/RLE) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Transport 5 
                 16.3–16.7 
                 −746/−742 
                 −382/−373 
                 −211/−191 
                 −159/−135 
                 20/32 
               
               
                 (Acetosol Yellow 
               
               
                 5GLS) 
               
               
                 Transport 6 
                 14.5/14.2 
                 −743/−741 
                 −359/−491 
                 −242/−433 
                  −64/−380 
                 31/19 
               
               
                 (9-Fluorenone) 
               
               
                 Transport 7 
                 17.5/17.2 
                 −739/−754 
                 −377/−374 
                 −208/−202 
                 −158/−158 
                 20/30 
               
               
                 (AY:Fluorenone 3/1) 
               
               
                 Transport 8 
                 16.8–16.7 
                 −734/−741 
                 −376/−365 
                 −207/−204 
                 −157/−165 
                 16/29 
               
               
                 (AY:TPCPDEO 3/1) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 ct. wt. 
                 0.21 μJ/cm 2   
                 0.33 μJ/cm 2   
                 1 μJ/cm 2   
                 Dark decay 
               
               
                 Additive 
                 (mg/in2) 
                 V Fatigue 
                 V Fatigue 
                 V Fatigue 
                 Fatigue 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Transport 5 
                 16.3/16.7 
                 9 
                 20 
                 24 
                 12 
               
               
                 (Acetosol Yellow 
               
               
                 5GLS) 
               
               
                 Transport 6 
                 14.5/14.2 
                 −132 
                 −191 
                 −316 
                 −12 
               
               
                 (9-Fluorenone) 
               
               
                 Transport 7 
                 17.5/17.2 
                 3 
                 6 
                 0 
                 10 
               
               
                 (AY:Fluorenone 3/1) 
               
               
                 Transport 8 
                 16.8/16.7 
                 11 
                 3 
                 −8 
                 13 
               
               
                 (AY:TPCPDEO 3/1) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As can be seen from Table 6, the control drum (2% acetosol yellow 5GLS) exhibited positive fatigue (lower discharge, more sensitive), whereas in the presence of either 0.5% fluorenone or TPCPDEO, the room light fatigue was mitigated, without compromising on initial electrostatic characteristics. It may also be noted that the use of fluorenone alone (in the absence of acetosol yellow 5GLS) does not offer any protection towards room light. 
     Benzidine Transports 
     The use of acetosol yellow 5GLS as a room light fatigue mitigant was evaluated in benzidine transports. Formulations were based on either the use of pure acetosol yellow 5GLS or as a blend with other electron-acceptors such as 9-fluorenone or TPCPDEO. Results from various experiments are presented in Table 7 below. 
     TPD/TOSPEARL Silicone Microspheres/MAKROLON-5208 Polycarbonate 
     Anodized drums were coated with a charge generation layer corresponding to 45% TiOpc/BX-55Z and a charge transport layer comprising of, by weight, 30% TPD/MAKROLON-5208 polycarbonate/2.3% TOSPEARL silicone microspheres charge transport layer, in the presence of the additives (acetosol yellow 5GLS and TPCPDEO) were evaluated for resistance to light fatigue. Table 7 describes the various formulations and the corresponding electrostatics for these drums, prior, after exposure to room light and following a 2 h recovery time are presented in Table 8. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Formulations for room light fatigue (RLF) additives in a TPD/PC_A and 
               
               
                 TOSPEARL silicone microspheres containing transports. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Transport 10 
                   
                 Transport 12 
               
               
                   
                 Transport 9 
                 (Acetosol Yellow 
                 Transport 11 
                 (AY:TPCPDEO 
               
               
                 Materials 
                 (Control) 
                 5GLS) 
                 (TPCPDEO) 
                 1/1) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MAKROLON-5208 
                 15.75 g 
                 15.75 g 
                 15.75 g 
                 15.75 g 
               
               
                 TPD 
                  6.75 g 
                  6.75 g 
                  6.75 g 
                  6.75 g 
               
               
                 TOSPEARL-120 
                  0.52 g 
                  0.52 g 
                  0.52 g 
                  0.52 g 
               
               
                 Surfactant (DC-200) 
                    3 drops 
                    3 drops 
                    3 drops 
                    3 drops 
               
               
                 THF 
                  67.5 g 
                  67.5 g 
                  67.5 g 
                  67.5 g 
               
               
                 1,4-Dioxane 
                  22.5 g 
                  22.5 g 
                  22.5 g 
                  22.5 g 
               
               
                 Acetosol Yellow 
                    0 g 
                  0.38 g 
                    0 g 
                  0.19 g 
               
               
                 5GLS 
               
               
                 TPCPDEO 
                    0 g 
                    0 g 
                  0.38 g 
                  0.19 g 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Electrical characteristics before (initial) and following a 20 min. exposure to room 
               
               
                 light and its recovery (Rec) following a 2 h rest. (exposure-of 76 ms to-develop) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Additive 
                 Ct. wt. 
                 0.0 μJ/cm 2   
                 0.2 μJ/cm 2   
                 0.4 μJ/cm 2   
                 0.8 μJ/cm 2   
                 Dark decay 
               
               
                 (1.5%) 
                 (mg/in2) 
                 V(In/RLE/Rec) 
                 V(In/RLE/Rec) 
                 V(In/RLE/Rec) 
                 V(In/RLE/Rec) 
                 Fatigue 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Transport 9 
                 17 
                 −856/−851/−850 
                 −214/−150/−217 
                 −138/−85/−94 
                 −124/−79/−85 
                 64/118/108 
               
               
                 (Control) 
               
               
                 Transport 10 
                 17 
                 −851/−854/−847 
                 −255/−206/−243 
                 −185/−131/−141 
                 −165/−118/−127 
                 55/97/90 
               
               
                 (Acetosol Yellow 
               
               
                 5GLS) 
               
               
                 Transport 11 
                 21 
                 −849/−851/−850 
                 −254/−226/−243 
                 −197/−167/−172 
                 −177/−153/−157 
                 55/59/54 
               
               
                 (TPCPDEO) 
               
               
                 Transport 12 
                 21 
                 −847/−847/−839 
                 −269/−231/−266 
                 −215/−175/−197 
                 −199/−162/−183 
                 47/62/60 
               
               
                 (AY/TPCPDEO 1/1) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The control drum exhibits about a 50V positive fatigue on exposure to room light. The increased sensitivity may also be due to the increase in dark decay, when the drums fatigue on exposure to room light. The fatigue is however mitigated on adding acetosol yellow 5GLS or TPCPDEO, or a mixture of the two. The presence of TPCPDEO appears to be a significant contributor to the RLF resistance, and the smallest change in electrical characteristics and dark decay is observed when the additives are used together. The drum also exhibits relatively stable dark decay, and a tendency to fully recover following a 2 h rest. 
     9-fluorenone was also evaluated for its ability in controlling room light fatigue associated with benzidene, as either pure materials or as a blend with acetosol yellow 5GLS. Formulations and results are presented in Tables 9–12. All ratios are by weight. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Formulations involving acetosol yellow 5GLS and fluorenone blends 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Transport 14 
                 Transport 15 
                 Transport 16 
               
               
                   
                 Transport 13 
                 (Acetosol Yellow 
                 (AY:Fluorenone 
                 (AY:Fluorenone 
               
               
                 Materials 
                 (Control) 
                 5GLS) 
                 3/1) 
                 1/1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MAKROLON-5208 
                 45.5 g 
                 45.5 g 
                 45.5 g 
                 45.5 g 
               
               
                 TPD 
                 24.5 g 
                 24.5 g 
                 24.5 g 
                 24.5 g 
               
               
                 Surfactant (DC-200) 
                   6 drops 
                   6 drops 
                   6 drops 
                   6 drops 
               
               
                 THF 
                  210 g 
                  210 g 
                  210 g 
                  210 g 
               
               
                 1,4-dioxane 
                   70 g 
                   70 g 
                   70 g 
                   70 g 
               
               
                 TOSPEARL-120 
                 0.70 g 
                 0.70 g 
                 0.70 g 
                 0.70 g 
               
               
                 Acetosol Yellow 
                   0 g 
                 1.40 g 
                 1.05 g 
                 0.70 g 
               
               
                 5GLS 
               
               
                 9-Fluorenone 
                   0 g 
                   0 g 
                 0.35 g 
                 0.70 g 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Electrostatic characteristics for acetosol yellow 5GLS/fluorenone blends with 
               
               
                 TPD transport material (room light exposure: 1 h). charge generation layer: 45% TiOpc 
               
               
                 (type IV/type I); BX55Z polyvinylbutyral/epoxy resin (1/1); expose-to-develop time: 135 ms 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ct. wt. 
                 0.0 μJ/cm 2   
                 0.2 μJ/cm 2   
                 0.34 μJ/cm 2   
                 1 μJ/cm 2   
                 Dark Decay 
               
               
                 Transport 
                 (mg/in2) 
                 V(In/RLE) 
                 V(In/RLE) 
                 V(In/RLE) 
                 V(In/RLE) 
                 (In/RLE) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Transport 13 
                 18.1/18.3 
                 −734/−732 
                 −185/−82  
                 −105/−44 
                 −77/−42 
                 23/72 
               
               
                 (Control) 
               
               
                 Transport 14 
                 18.6/18.8 
                 −744/−761 
                 −188/−93  
                 −105/−55 
                 −105/−52  
                  30/108 
               
               
                 (Acetosol Yellow 
               
               
                 5GLS) 
               
               
                 Transport 15 
                 19.5/19.6 
                 −741/−762 
                 −198/−153 
                 −127/−97 
                 −103/−90  
                 28/59 
               
               
                 (AY:Fluorene 3/1) 
               
               
                 Transport 16 
                 18.1/17.8 
                 −745/−730 
                 −199/−158 
                 −114/−98 
                 −89/−91 
                 30/51 
               
               
                 (AY:Fluorenone 1/1) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 0.2 μJ/cm 2   
                 0.34 μJ/cm 2   
                 1 μJ/cm 2   
                 Dark Decay 
               
               
                 Transport 
                 Ct. weight (mg/in2) 
                 V Fatigue 
                 V Fatigue 
                 V Fatigue 
                 Fatigue 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Transport 13 
                 18.1/18.3 
                 103 
                 61 
                 35 
                 49 
               
               
                 (Control) 
               
               
                 Transport 14 
                 18.6/18.8 
                 95 
                 50 
                 53 
                 78 
               
               
                 (Acetosol Yellow) 
               
               
                 Transport 15 
                 19.5/19.6 
                 45 
                 30 
                 13 
                 31 
               
               
                 (AY:Fluorenone 3/1) 
               
               
                 Transport 16 
                 18.1/17.8 
                 41 
                 16 
                 −2 
                 21 
               
               
                 (AY:Fluorenone 1/1) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Both the control drum (no room light fatigue mitigant additives) and 2% acetosol yellow 5GLS exhibit positive fatigue on exposure to room light (1 hour). However, as the acetosol yellow 5GLS concentration is lowered and on addition of 9-flourenone, the tendency to exhibit positive light fatigue is reduced. This is evident from the behavior of Transports 15 and 16. Transports 15 and 16 correspond to a 3/1 and 1/1 mixture of acetosol yellow 5GLS and 9-fluorenone, respectively. Increase in the fluorenone concentration in the blend mixture, reduces the room light fatigue, i.e. fatigue related to the discharge voltage and dark decay. 
     TTA Transport 
     Tri(p-tolyl)amine is known to exhibit fatigue, when exposed to white fluorescent light. The room light fatigue agents namely, a 1:1 mixture by weight of TPCPDEO and acetosol yellow 5GLS was used in the TTA based transport formulation, at a 1.5% by weight concentration. Effect of curing the drums with UV radiation was also studied. The formulations and electrostatics for a drum exposed to white fluorescent light are given below: 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 RLF additives in a TTA transport. APEC 9201 is a commercially 
               
               
                 available resin of mixed polycarbonates. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Transport 17 
                 Transport 18 
               
               
                   
                 Materials 
                 (Control) 
                 (SY:TPCPDEO 1/1) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 APEC 9201 
                 13.5 g 
                 13.5 
               
               
                   
                 TTA 
                   9 g 
                   9 g 
               
               
                   
                 Surfactant (DC-200) 
                   3 drops 
                   3 drops 
               
               
                   
                 THF 
                 67.5 g 
                 67.5 g 
               
               
                   
                 1,4-dioxane 
                 22.5 g 
                 22.5 g 
               
               
                   
                 Acetosol Yellow 
                   0 g 
                 0.19 g 
               
               
                   
                 TPCPDEO 
                   0 g 
                 0.19 g 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of room light exposure on initial electrostatics for TTA transport 
               
               
                 containing photoconductors 
               
               
                 (CG: 45% TiOpc (type IV); BX55Z, expose-to develop time: 76 ms) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ct. wt. 
                 UV 
                 0.0 μJ/cm 2   
                 0.2 μJ/cm 2   
                 0.4 μJ/cm 2   
                 0.8 μJ/cm 2   
                 Dark decay 
               
               
                 Additive (1.5%) 
                 (mg/in2) 
                 Cure 
                 V(In/RLE) 
                 V(in/RLE) 
                 V(In/RLE) 
                 V(In/RLE) 
                 (In/RLE) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Transport 17 
                 18.5 
                 No 
                 −852/−852 
                 −234/−353 
                 −184/−336 
                 −170/−355 
                 62/75 
               
               
                 No Additive 
               
               
                 Transport 17 
                 19.2 
                 Yes 
                 −850/−853 
                 −848/−856 
                 −854/−860 
                 −862/−872 
                 15/15 
               
               
                 No Additive 
               
               
                 Transport 18 
                 19.5 
                 No 
                 −844/−852 
                 −276/−264 
                 −235/−232 
                 −226/−224 
                 49/56 
               
               
                 SY:TPCPDEO 
               
               
                 (1/1) 
               
               
                 Transport 18 
                 19.2 
                 Yes 
                 −852/−849 
                 −345/−307 
                 −315/−279 
                 −312/−279 
                 50/66 
               
               
                 SY:TPCPDEO 
               
               
                 (1/1) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ct. wt. 
                 UV 
                 0.2 μJ/cm 2   
                 0.4 μJ/cm 2   
                 0.8 μJ/cm 2   
                 Dark decay 
               
               
                 Additive (1.5%) 
                 (mg/in2) 
                 Cure 
                 V Fatigue 
                 V Fatigue 
                 V Fatigue 
                 Fatigue 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Transport 17 
                 18.5 
                 No 
                 −119 
                 −152 
                 −185 
                 13 
               
               
                 No Additive 
               
               
                 Transport 17 
                 19.2 
                 Yes 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 No Additive 
               
               
                 Transport 18 
                 19.5 
                 No 
                 8 
                 3 
                 2 
                  7 
               
               
                 SY:TPCPDEO 
               
               
                 (1/1) 
               
               
                 Transport 18 
                 19.2 
                 Yes 
                 38 
                 31 
                 33 
                 16 
               
               
                 SY:TPCPDEO 
               
               
                 (1/1) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     On exposing the TTA drum to white fluorescent light, the discharge voltage is increased significantly (−150V). Also, on subjecting the drum to a UV radiation, the photoconducting properties are dramatically affected, and the net result is an insulator. However, the addition of the TPCPDEO/acetosol yellow 5GLS mixture in the transport matrix eliminates any fatigue from the white fluorescent light. The increase in the discharge voltage is also reduced significantly, when the additive containing drums are UV cured. 
     Hence it is apparent from the above, that the use of the tetraphenylcyclopentadienone or fluorenone with acetosol yellow 5GLS as additive blends in an arylamine or hydrazone transport system helps mitigate the effect of room light (white fluorescent light) on the performance of the photoconductor drum. These additives may also be used in the charge generation layer to lower the fatigue induced by exposing drums to room light.