Abstract:
A process for fabricating a product 28, 119. The process comprises the steps of subjecting a substrate to a composition of entities, at least one of the entities emanating from a species generated by a gaseous discharge excited by a high frequency field in which the vector sum of currents to phase and inverse-phase capacitive coupled voltages from the inductive coupling structure can be selectively maintained.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/567,224 filed Dec.  4 ,  1995 . 
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    This invention relates generally to plasma processing. More particularly, the invention is for plasma processing of devices using an inductive discharge. This invention is illustrated in an example with regard to plasma etching or stripping used in the manufacture of semiconductor devices. The invention also is illustrated with regard to chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of semiconductor devices. But it will be recognized that the invention has a wider range of applicability. Merely by way of example, the invention also can be applied in other plasma etching applications, and deposition of materials such as silicon, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, polysilicon, among others.  
           [0003]    Plasma processing techniques can occur in a variety of semiconductor manufacturing processes. Examples of plasma processing techniques occur in chemical dry etching (CDE), ion-assisted etching (IAE), and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), including remote plasma deposition (RPCVD) and ion-assisted plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (IAPECVD). These plasma processing techniques often rely upon radio frequency power (rf) supplied to an inductive coil for providing power to gas phase species in forming a plasma.  
           [0004]    Plasmas can be used to form neutral species (i.e., uncharged) for purposes of removing or forming films in the manufacture of integrated circuit devices. For instance, chemical dry etching generally depends on gas-surface reactions involving these neutral species without substantial ion bombardment.  
           [0005]    Ion assisted etching processes, however, rely upon ion bombardment to the substrate surface in defining selected films. Ion bombardment can accelerate gas-surface reaction processes and by doing so can produce highly directional (anisotropic) profiles. But these ion assisted etching processes commonly have a lower selectivity relative to conventional CDE processes. Hence, CDE is often chosen when high selectivity is desired, directionality is not essential and ion bombardment to substrates are to be avoided.  
           [0006]    In other manufacturing processes, ion bombardment to substrate surfaces is often undesirable. This ion bombardment, however, is known to have harmful effects on properties of material layers in devices and excessive ion bombardment flux and energy can lead to intermixing of materials in adjacent device layers, breaking down oxide and “wear out,” injecting of contaminative material formed in the processing environment into substrate material layers, harmful changes in substrate morphology (e.g. amophotization), etc.  
           [0007]    One commonly used chemical dry etching technique is conventional photoresist stripping, often termed ashing or stripping. Conventional resist stripping relies upon a reaction between a neutral gas phase species and a surface material layer, typically for removal. This reaction generally forms volatile products with the surface material layer for its removal. The neutral gas phase species is formed by a plasma discharge. This plasma discharge can be sustained by a coil (e.g., helical coil, etc.) operating at a selected frequency in a conventional photoresist stripper. An example of the conventional photoresist stripper is a quarter-wave helical resonator stripper, which is described by U.S. Pat. No. 4,368,092 in the name of Steinberg et al.  
           [0008]    Referring to the above, an objective in chemical dry etching is to reduce or even eliminate ion bombardment (or ion flux) to surfaces being processed to maintain the desired etching selectivity. In practice, however, it is often difficult to achieve using conventional techniques. These conventional techniques generally attempt to control ion flux by suppressing the amount of charged species in the plasma source reaching the process chamber. A variety of techniques for suppressing these charged species have been proposed.  
           [0009]    These techniques often rely upon shields, baffles, large separation distances between the plasma source and the chamber, or the like, placed between the plasma source and the process chamber. The conventional techniques generally attempt to directly suppress charge density downstream of the plasma source by interfering with convective and diffusive transport of charged species. They tend to promote recombination of charged species by either increasing the surface area (e.g., baffles, etc.) relative to volume, or increasing flow time, which relates to increasing the distance between the plasma source and the process chamber.  
           [0010]    These baffles, however, cause loss of desirable neutral etchant species as well. The baffles, shields, and alike, also are often cumbersome. Baffles, shields, or the large separation distances also cause undesirable recombinative loss of active species and sometimes cause radio frequency power loss and other problems. These baffles and shields also are a potential source of particulate contamination, which is often damaging to integrated circuits.  
           [0011]    Baffles, shields, spatial separation, and alike, when used alone also are often insufficient to substantially prevent unwanted parasitic plasma currents. These plasma currents are generated between the wafer and the plasma source, or between the plasma source and walls of the chamber. It is commonly known that when initial charged species levels are present in an electrical field, the charged species are accelerated and dissociative collisions with neutral particles can multiply the concentration of charge to higher levels. If sufficient “seed” levels of charge and rf potentials are present, the parasitic plasma in the vicinity of the process wafer can reach harmful charge density levels. In some cases, these charge densities may be similar to or even greater than plasma density within the source plasma region, thereby causing even more ion flux to the substrate.  
           [0012]    Charge densities also create a voltage difference between the plasma source and processing chamber or substrate support, which can have an additional deleterious effect. This voltage difference enhances electric fields that can accelerate extraction of charge from the plasma source. Hence, their presence often induces increased levels of charge to be irregularly transported from the plasma source to process substrates, thereby causing non-uniform ion assisted etching.  
           [0013]    Conventional ion assisted plasma etching, however, often requires control and maintenance of ion flux intensity and uniformity within selected process limits and within selected process energy ranges. Control and maintenance of ion flux intensity and uniformity are often difficult to achieve using conventional techniques. For instance, capacitive coupling between high voltage selections of the coil and the plasma discharge often cause relatively high and uncontrollable plasma potentials relative to ground. It is generally understood that a voltage difference between the plasma and ground can cause damaging high energy ion bombardment of articles being processed by the plasma, as illustrated by U.S. Pat. No. 5,234,529 in the name of Johnson. It is further often understood that the rf component of the plasma potential varies in time since it is derived from a coupling to time varying rf excitation. Hence, the energy of charged particles from plasma in conventional inductive sources is spread over a relatively wide range of energies, which undesirably tends to introduce uncontrolled variations in the processing of articles by the plasma.  
           [0014]    The voltage difference between the region just outside of a plasma source and the processing chamber can be modified by introducing internal conductive shields or electrode elements into the processing apparatus downstream of the source. When the plasma potential is elevated with respect to these shield electrodes, however, there is a tendency to generate an undesirable capacitive discharge between the shield and plasma source. These electrode elements are often a source of contamination and the likelihood for contamination is even greater when there is capacitive discharge (ion bombardment from capacitive discharge is a potential source of sputtered material). Contamination is damaging to the manufacture of integrated circuit devices.  
           [0015]    Another limitation is that shields, baffles or electrode elements generally require small holes therein as structural elements. These small holes are designed to allow gas to flow therethrough. The small holes, however, tend to introduce unwanted pressure drops and neutral species recombination. If the holes are made larger, the plasma from the source tends to survive transport through the holes and unwanted downstream charge flux will often result. In addition, undesirable discharges to these holes in conductive shields can, at times, produce an even more undesirable hollow cathode effect.  
           [0016]    In conventional helical resonator designs, conductive external shields are interposed between the inductive power applicator (e.g., coil, etc.) and walls of the vacuum vessel containing the plasma. A variety of limitations with these external capacitive shielded plasma designs (e.g., helical resonator, inductive discharge, etc.) have been observed. In particular, the capacitively shielded design often produces plasmas that are difficult to tune and even ignite. Alternatively, the use of unshielded plasma sources (e.g., conventional quarter-wave resonator, conventional half-wave resonator, etc.) attain a substantial plasma potential from capacitive coupling to the coil, and hence are prone to create uncontrolled parasitic plasma currents to grounded surfaces. Accordingly, the use of either the shielded or the unshielded sources using conventional quarter and half-wave rf configurations produce undesirable results.  
           [0017]    In many conventional plasma sources a means of cooling is required to maintain the plasma source and substrates being treated below a maximum temperature limit. Power dissipation in the structure causes heating and thereby increases the difficulty and expense of implementing effective cooling means. Inductive currents may also be coupled from the excitation coil into internal or capacitive shields and these currents are an additional source of undesirable power loss and heating. Conventional capacitive shielding in helical resonator discharges utilized a shield which was substantially split along the long axis of the resonator to lessen eddy current loss. However, such a shield substantially perturbs the resonator characteristics owing to unwanted capacitive coupling and current which flows from the coil to the shield. Since there are no general design equations, nor are properties currently known for resonators which are “loaded” with a shield along the axis, sources using this design must be sized and made to work by trial and error.  
           [0018]    In inductive discharges, it is highly desirable to be able to substantially control the plasma potential relative to ground potential, independent of input power, pressure, gas composition and other variables. In many cases, it is desired to have the plasma potential be substantially at ground potential (or at least offset from ground potential by an amount insignificantly different from the floating potential or intrinsic DC plasma potential). For example, when a plasma source is utilized to generate neutral species to be transported downstream of the source for use in ashing resist on a semiconductor device substrate (a wafer or flat panel electronic display), the concentration and potential of charged plasma species in the reaction zone are desirably reduced to avoid charging damage from electron or ionic current from the plasma to the device. When there is a substantial potential difference between plasma in the source and grounded surfaces beyond the source, there is a tendency for unwanted parasitic plasma discharges to form outside of the source region.  
           [0019]    Another undesirable effect of potential difference is the acceleration of ions toward grounded surfaces and subsequent impact of the energetic ions with surfaces. High energy ion bombardment may cause lattice damage to the device substrate being processed and may cause the chamber wall or other chamber materials to sputter and contaminate device wafers. In other plasma processing procedures, however, some ion bombardment may be necessary or desirable, as is the case particularly for anisotropic ion-induced plasma etching procedures (for a discussion of ion-enhanced plasma etching mechanisms See Flamm (Ch. 2, pp.94-183 in Plasma Etching, An Introduction, D. M. Manos and D. L. Flamm, eds., Academic Press, 1989)). Consequently, uncontrolled potential differences, such as that caused by “stray” capacitive coupling from the coil of an inductive plasma source to the plasma, are undesirable.  
           [0020]    Referring to the above limitations, conventional plasma sources also have disadvantages when used in conventional plasma enhanced CVD techniques. These techniques commonly form a reaction of a gas composition in a plasma discharge. One conventional plasma enhanced technique relies upon ions aiding in rearranging and stabilizing the film, provided the bombardment from the plasma is not sufficiently energetic to damage the underlying substrate or the growing film. Conventional resonators and other types of inductive discharges often produce parasitic plasma currents from capacitive coupling, which often detrimentally influence film quality, e.g., an inferior film, etc. These parasitic plasma currents are often uncontrollable, and highly undesirable. These plasma sources also have disadvantages in other plasma processing techniques such as ion-assisted etching, and others. Of course, the particular disadvantage will often depend upon the application.  
           [0021]    To clarify certain concepts used in this application, it will be convenient to introduce these definitions.  
           [0022]    Ground (or ground potential): These terms are defined as a reference potential which is generally taken as the potential of a highly conductive shield or other highly conductive surface which surrounds the plasma source. To be a true ground shield in the sense of this definition, the RF conductance at the operating frequency is often substantially high so that potential differences generated by current within the shield are of negligible magnitude compared to potentials intentionally applied to the various structures and elements of the plasma source or substrate support assembly. However, some realizations of plasma sources do not incorporate a shield or surface with adequate electrical susceptance to meet this definition. In implementations where there is a surrounding conductive surface that is somewhat similar to a ground shield or ground plane, the ground potential is taken to be the fictitious potential which the imperfect grounded surface would have equilibrated to if it had zero high frequency impedance. In designs where there is no physical surface which is adequately configured or which does not have insufficient susceptance to act as a “ground” according to the above definition, ground potential is the potential of a fictitious surface which is equi-potential with the shield or “ground” conductor of an unbalanced transmission line connection to the plasma source at its RF feed point. In designs where the plasma source is connected to an RF generator with a balanced transmission line RF feed, “ground” potential is the average of the driven feed line potentials at the point where the feed lines are coupled to the plasma source.  
           [0023]    Inductively Coupled Power: This term is defined as power transferred to the plasma substantially by means of a time-varying magnetic flux which is induced within the volume containing the plasma source. A time-varying magnetic flux induces an electromotive force in accord with Maxwell&#39;s equations. This electromotive force induces motion by electrons and other charged particles in the plasma and thereby imparts energy to these particles.  
           [0024]    RF inductive power source and bias power supply: In most conventional inductive plasma source reactors, power is supplied to an inductive coupling element (the inductive coupling element is often a multi-turn coil which abuts a dielectric wall containing a gas where the plasma is ignited at low pressure) by an rf power generator. The chuck or workpiece support is often isolated from ground by a capacitance and powered by a second rf power generator which is termed a bias power supply. Rf power delivered to the chuck may cause the chuck to develop a negative DC bias voltage relative to plasma potential (for a discussion of bias, See Flamm (Ch. 1,pp.28-35, in Plasma Etching, An Introduction, D. M. Manos and D. L. Flamm, eds., Academic Press, 1989)). A bias power source is often selected to operate at the same frequency as the inductive power source, however it can also operate at a distinct frequency since the bias frequency can be adjusted to control ion bombardment energy, flux and other etching properties such as uniformity.  
           [0025]    Vector sum voltage or current: Those skilled in the art will recognize that alternating currents and voltages are often represented as complex numbers which are sometimes termed phasors (for a explanation of phasors see Ch. 10 in Electric Circuits, 2nd Ed., by J. W. Nilsson, Addison Wesley, 1986 ISBN 0-201-12695-8. Complex voltages and currents are explained in Chapt. 8 of Electricity and Magnetism by E. M. Purcell, Berkeley Physics Course-Volume 2, McGraw-Hill, 1985, ISBN 0-07-004908-4). The vector sum of two currents I 1  and I 2  or voltages V 1  and V 2  is understood to be defined as the sum of these quantities expressed as complex numbers (phasors) which contain both magnitude and phase information. At any particular time t, actual physical current is given by the real part of this complex sum.  
           [0026]    Inverse voltage or current: Those skilled in the art will recognize that two electrical quantities are said to be the inverse of each other when they have the same magnitude, but opposite sign. Hence if a voltage V 1  is given by V o e jωt  its inverse is equal to −V o e jωt  (or equivalently V o e jωt±π) . Correspondingly the vector sum of any current summed with its inverse is zero.  
           [0027]    Inverse phase or antiphase: Two electrical quantities are defined to have an inverse phase relationship when the phase difference between them is 180° (π) or equivalently, (2n±1)π, where n is an integer number. It will be understood that two voltages or currents are in an inverse relationship when they have the same absolute magnitude and a phase difference of (2n±1)π. However the sum of a first current added to a second current characterized as having an inverse phase relation to the first (or equivalently “antiphase”) may not be zero, since the sum of these currents will balance to zero (the currents “compensate”) only when both have the same magnitude.  
           [0028]    Conventional Helical Resonator: Conventional helical resonator can be defined as plasma applicators. These plasma applicators have been designed and operated in multiple configurations, which were described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,918,031 in the names of Flamm et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,368,092 in the name of Steinberg et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,304,282 in the name of Flamm, U.S. Pat. No. 5,234,529 in the name of Johnson, U.S. Pat. No. 5,431,968 in the name of Miller, and others. In these configurations, one end of the helical resonator applicator coil has been grounded to its outer shield. In one conventional configuration, a quarter wavelength helical resonator section is employed with one end of the applicator coil grounded and the other end floating (i.e., open circuited). A trimming capacitance is sometimes connected between the grounded outer shield and the coil to “fine tune” the quarter wave structure to a desired resonant frequency that is below the native resonant frequency without added capacitance. In another conventional configuration, a half-wavelength helical resonator section was employed in which both ends of the coil were grounded. The function of grounding the one or both ends of the coil was believed to be not essential, but advantageous to “stabilize the plasma operating characteristics” and “reduce the possibility of coupling stray current to nearby objects.” See U.S. Pat. No. 4,918,031.  
           [0029]    Conventional resonators have also been constructed in other geometrical configurations. For instance, the design of helical resonators with a shield of square cross section is described in Zverev et al., IRE Transactions on Component Parts, pp. 99-110, Sept. 1961. Johnson (U.S. Pat. No. 5,234,529) teaches that one end of the cylindrical spiral coil in a conventional helical resonator may be deformed into a planar spiral above the top surface of the plasma reactor tube. U.S. Pat. No. 5,241,245 in the names of Barnes et al. teach the use of conventional helical resonators in which the spiral cylindrical coil is entirely deformed into a planar spiral arrangement with no helical coil component along the sidewalls of the plasma source (this geometry has often been referred to as a “transformer coupled plasma,” termed a TCP).  
           [0030]    From the above it is seen that an improved technique, including a method and apparatus, for plasma processing is often desired.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0031]    The present invention provides a technique, including a method and apparatus, for fabricating a product using a plasma discharge. The present technique relies upon the control of the instantaneous plasma AC potential to selectively control a variety of plasma characteristics. These characteristics include the amount of reactive neutral species, the amount of charged species, time and spatially averaged plasma potentials, the spatial extent and distribution of plasma density, the distribution of electrical current, and others. This technique can be used in applications including chemical dry etching, ion-enhanced etching, plasma immersion ion implantation, chemical vapor deposition and material growth, and others.  
           [0032]    In one aspect of the invention, a device is made using a process for fabricating a product. These products include a varieties of devices (e.g., semiconductor, flat panel displays, micro-machined structures, etc.) and materials, e.g., diamonds, raw materials, plastics, etc. The process includes steps of subjecting a substrate to a composition of entities. At least one of the entities emanates from a species generated by a gaseous discharge which is powered by high frequency fields coupled from an inductive coupling structure, in which the vector sum of phase and inverse-phase capacitively coupled currents between the inductive coupling structure and the gaseous plasma discharge can be selectively produced or substantially balanced. The capacitively coupled currents are driven by the AC voltage differences between the potential along the inductive coupling structure and the plasma potential. This process provides for a technique that is substantially free from stray or parasitic capacitive coupling from the plasma source to chamber bodies (e.g., substrate, walls, etc.) at or near ground potential.  
           [0033]    In another aspect of the invention, another method for fabricating a product is provided. The process includes steps of subjecting a substrate to a composition of entities. At least one of the entities emanates from a species generated by a gaseous discharge which is powered by high frequency fields coupled from an inductive coupling structure, in which the vector sum of phase and inverse-phase capacitive coupled current from the inductive coupling structure is selectively maintained. In one embodiment of this method, a process provides for a technique that can selectively control the amount of capacitive coupling to chamber bodies at or near ground potential. In a second embodiment, the process provides for a technique that can selectively control the potential difference between the plasma and a product being processed. It will be evident to those skilled in the art that there is a relationship between the plasma potential and current. Therefore selective control of the potential difference may advantageously be used to control the amount of charge flowing to a product being processed. Merely by way of example, one such product might be a device wafer which can be damaged by excessive charge or ion bombardment energy.  
           [0034]    In another aspect of the invention, a further method for fabricating a product is provided. The process includes steps of subjecting a substrate to a composition of entities. At least one of the entities emanates from a species generated by a gaseous discharge which is powered by high frequency fields coupled from an inductive coupling structure, in which the vector sum of phase and inverse-phase capacitive coupled current from the inductive coupling structure is selectively maintained. In one aspect of this method, a process provides for a technique that can selectively control the amount of capacitive coupling to chamber bodies at or near ground potential. In a second aspect, a process provides for a technique that can selectively control the potential difference between the plasma and a product being processed. It will be evident to those skilled in the art that there is a direct relationship between current flow to the product and the difference between plasma potential and the product potential. Therefore selective control of the potential difference may advantageously be used to control the amount of charge flowing to a product being processed. Merely by way of example, one such product might be a device wafer which can be damaged by excessive charge or ion bombardment energy.  
           [0035]    An additional aspect of the invention, provides a further process for fabricating a product. This process includes the steps of subjecting a substrate to a composition of entities wherein at least one of the entities emanates from a species generated by a gaseous discharge. The gaseous discharge is powered by high frequency fields coupled from a coupling structure, in which the vector sum of phase and inverse-phase capacitive coupled currents from the inductive coupling structure are selectively maintained. A further step of selectively applying a voltage between the at least one of the entities in the plasma source and a substrate is provided. Yet a further step provides for sensing the current flow to a substrate and using selectively maintained voltage differences between the substrate and at least one of the entities in the plasma source to control the current flow.  
           [0036]    Another aspect of the invention provides another process for fabricating a product. The process comprises steps of subjecting a substrate to a composition of entities and using the resulting substrate for completion of the product. At least one of the entities emanates from a species generated by a gaseous discharge provided by a plasma applicator, e.g., a helical resonator, inductive coil, transmission line, etc. This plasma applicator has an integral current flow to the plasma driven by capacitive coupling of a plasma column to elements with a selected potential greater than a surrounding shield potential substantially equal to capacitive coupling of the plasma column to substantially equal elements with a potential below shield potential.  
           [0037]    In a further aspect, the invention provides an apparatus for fabricating a product. The apparatus has an enclosure comprising an outer surface and an inner surface. The enclosure houses a gaseous discharge. The apparatus also includes a plasma applicator (e.g., helical coil, inductive coil, transmission line, etc.) disposed adjacent to the outer surface. A high frequency power source operably coupled to the plasma applicator is included. The high frequency power source provides power to excite the gaseous discharge to provide at least one entity from a high frequency field in which the vector sum of phase and inverse-phase capacitive currents coupled from the inductive coupling structure is selectively maintained.  
           [0038]    In another aspect, the present invention provides an improved plasma discharge apparatus. This plasma discharge apparatus includes a plasma source, a plasma applicator (e.g., inductive coil, transmission line, etc.), and other elements. This plasma applicator provides a de-coupled plasma source. A wave adjustment circuit (e.g., RLC circuit, coil, transmission line, etc.) is operably coupled to the plasma applicator structure. The wave adjustment circuit can selectively adjust phase and inverse-phase potentials between the plasma and applicator elements, produced by at least one rf power supply. The rf power supply (or supplies) are operably coupled to the wave adjustment circuit.  
           [0039]    The present invention achieves these benefits in the context of known process technology. However, a further understanding of the nature and advantages of the present invention may be realized by reference to the latter portions of the specification and attached drawings. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0040]    [0040]FIG. 1 is a simplified diagram of a plasma etching apparatus according to the present invention;  
         [0041]    FIGS.  2 A- 2 E are simplified configurations using wave adjustment circuits according to the present invention;  
         [0042]    [0042]FIG. 3 is a simplified diagram of a chemical vapor deposition apparatus according to the present invention;  
         [0043]    [0043]FIG. 4 is a simplified diagram of a stripper according to the present invention;  
         [0044]    FIGS.  5 A- 5 C are more detailed simplified diagrams of a helical resonator according to the present invention;  
         [0045]    [0045]FIG. 6 is a conventional quarter-wave helical resonator plasma etching apparatus with stray plasma which results from the coupling in the conventional design;  
         [0046]    [0046]FIG. 7 is a simplified diagram of the rf voltage distribution along the coil of the FIG. 6 apparatus;  
         [0047]    [0047]FIG. 8 is a simplified top-view diagram of an apparatus suitable for CDE or resist ashing apparatus according to the present examples; and  
         [0048]    [0048]FIG. 9 is a simplified side-view diagram of a chamber suitable for CDE or resist ashing chamber according to the present examples. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0049]    [0049]FIG. 1 is a simplified diagram of a plasma etch apparatus  10  according to the present invention. This etch apparatus is provided with an inductive applicator, e.g., inductive coil. This etch apparatus depicted, however, is merely an illustration, and should not limit the scope of the claims as defined herein. One of ordinary skilled in the art may implement the present invention with other treatment chambers and the like.  
         [0050]    The etch apparatus includes a chamber  12 , a feed source  14 , an exhaust  16 , a pedestal  18 , an inductive applicator  20 , a radio frequency (rf) power source  22  to the inductive applicator  20 , wave adjustment circuits  24 ,  29  (WACs), a radio frequency power source  35  to the pedestal  18 , a controller  36 , and other elements. Optionally, the etch apparatus includes a gas distributor  17 .  
         [0051]    The chamber  12  can be any suitable chamber capable of housing a product  28 , such as a wafer to be etched, and for providing a plasma discharge therein. The chamber can be a domed chamber for providing a uniform plasma distribution over the product  28  to be etched, but the chamber also can be configured in other shapes or geometries, e.g., flat ceiling, truncated pyramid, cylindrical, rectangular, etc. Depending upon the application, the chamber is selected to produce a uniform entity density over the pedestal  18 , providing a high density of entities (i.e., etchant species) for etching uniformity.  
         [0052]    The present chamber includes a dome  25  having an interior surface  26  made of quartz or other suitable materials. The exterior surface of the chamber is typically a dielectric material such as a ceramic or the like. Chamber  12  also includes a process kit with a focus ring  32 , a cover (not shown), and other elements. Preferably, the plasma discharge is derived from the inductively coupled plasma source that is a de-coupled plasma source (DPS) or a helical resonator, although other sources can be employed.  
         [0053]    The de-coupled source originates from rf power derived from the inductive applicator  20 . Inductively coupled power is derived from the power source  22 . The rf signal frequencies ranging from 800 KHz to 80 MHz can be provided to the inductive applicator  20 . Preferably, the rf signal frequencies range from 5 MHz to 60 MHz. The inductive applicator (e.g., coil, antenna, transmission line, etc.) overlying the chamber ceiling can be made using a variety of shapes and ranges of shapes. For example, the inductive applicator can be a single integral conductive film, a transmission line, or multiple coil windings. The shape of the inductive applicator and its location relative to the chamber are selected to provide a plasma overlying the pedestal to improve etch uniformity.  
         [0054]    The plasma discharge (or plasma source) is derived from the inductive applicator  20  operating at selected phase  23  and inverse-phase  27  potentials (i.e., voltages) that substantially cancel each other. The controller  36  is operably coupled to the wave adjustment circuits  24 ,  29 . In one embodiment, wave adjustment circuits  24 ,  29  provide an inductive applicator operating at full-wave multiples  21 . This embodiment of full-wave multiple operation provides for balanced capacitive coupling to of the plasma to phase  23  and inverse-phase voltages  27  along the inductive applicator (or coil adjacent to the plasma). This full-wave multiple operation reduces or substantially eliminates the amount of capacitively coupled power from the plasma source to chamber bodies (e.g., pedestal, walls, wafer, etc.) at or close to ground potential. Alternatively, the wave adjustment circuits  24 ,  29  provide an inductive applicator that is effectively made shorter or longer than a full-wave length multiple by a selected amount, thereby operating with coupling to selected phase and inverse-phase voltages which do not comprise full-wave multiples. Alternatively, more than two, one or even no wave adjustment circuits can be provided in other embodiments. But in all of these above embodiments, the coupling to phase and inverse-phase potentials substantially cancel each other, thereby providing substantially no capacitively coupled power from the plasma source to the chamber bodies.  
         [0055]    In alternative embodiments, the wave adjustment circuit can be configured to provide selected phase and inverse-phase voltages coupled from the inductive applicator to the plasma that do not cancel. This provides a controlled potential between the plasma and the chamber bodies, e.g., the substrate, grounded surfaces, walls, etc. In one embodiment, the wave adjustment circuits can be used to selectively reduce current (i.e., capacitively coupled current) to the plasma. This can occur when certain high potential difference regions of the inductive applicator to the plasma are positioned (or kept) away from the plasma region (or inductor-containing-the-plasma region) by making them go into the wafer adjustment circuit assemblies, which are typically configured outside of the plasma region. In this embodiment, capacitive current is reduced and a selected degree of symmetry between the phase and inverse-phase of the coupled voltages is maintained, thereby providing a selected potential or even substantially ground potential. In other embodiments, the wave adjustment circuits can be used to selectively increase current (i.e., capacitively coupled current) to the plasma.  
         [0056]    As shown, the wave adjustment circuits are attached (e.g., connected, coupled, etc.) to ends of the inductive applicator. Alternatively, each of these wave adjustment circuits can be attached at an intermediate position away from the inductive application ends. Accordingly, upper and lower tap positions for respective wave adjustment circuits can be adjustable. But both the inductive applicator portions below and above each tap position are active. That is, they both can interact with the plasma discharge.  
         [0057]    A sensing apparatus can be used to sense plasma voltage and use automatic tuning of the wave adjustment circuits and any rf matching circuit between the rf generator and the plasma treatment chamber. This sensing apparatus can maintain the average AC potential at zero or a selected value relative to ground or any other reference value. This wave adjustment circuit provides for a selected potential difference between the plasma source and chamber bodies. These chamber bodies may be at a ground potential or a potential supplied by another bias supply, e.g., See FIG. 1 reference numeral  35 . Examples of wave adjustment circuits are described by way of the Figs. below.  
         [0058]    For instance, FIGS. 2A to  2 E are simplified configurations using the wave adjustment circuits according to the present invention. These simplified configurations should not limit the scope of the claims herein. In an embodiment, these wave adjustment circuits employ substantially equal circuit elements (e.g., inductors, capacitors, transmission line sections, and others) such that the electrical length of the wave adjustment circuits in series with the inductive applicator coupling power to the plasma is substantially an integral multiple of one wavelength. In other embodiments, the circuit elements provide for inductive applicators at other wavelength multiples, e.g., one-sixteenth-wave, one-eighth-wave, quarter-wave, half-wave, three-quarter wave, etc. In these embodiments (e.g., full-wave multiple, half-wave, quarter-wave, etc.), the phase and inverse-phase relationship between the potentials coupled to the plasma substantially cancel each other. In further embodiments, the wave adjustment circuits employ circuit elements that provide plasma applicators with phase and inverse-phase potential relationships that do not cancel each other out using a variety of wave length portions.  
         [0059]    [0059]FIG. 2A is a simplified illustration of an embodiment  50  using wave adjustment circuits according to the present invention. This embodiment  50  includes a discharge tube  52 , an inductive applicator  55 , an exterior shield  54 , an upper wave adjustment circuit  57 , a lower wave adjustment circuit  59 , an rf power supply  61 , and other elements. The upper wave adjustment circuit  57  is a helical coil transmission line portion  69 , outside of the plasma source region  60 . Lower wave adjustment circuit  59  also is a helical coil transmission line portion  67  outside of the plasma source region  60 . The power supply  61  is attached  65  to this lower helical coil portion  67 , and is grounded  63 . Each of the wave adjustment circuits also are shielded  66 ,  68 .  
         [0060]    In this embodiment, the wave adjustment circuits are adjusted to provide substantially zero AC voltage at one point on the inductive coil (refer to point  00  in FIG. 2A). This embodiment also provides substantially equal phase  70  and inverse-phase  71  voltage distributions in directions about this point (refer to  00 -A and  00 -C in FIG. 2A) and provides substantially equal capacitance coupling to the plasma from physical inductor elements ( 00 -C) and ( 00 -A), carrying the phase and inverse-phase potentials. Voltage distributions  00 -A and  00 -C are combined with C-D and A-B (shown by the phantom lines) would substantially comprise a full-wave voltage distribution in this embodiment where the desired configuration is a selected phase/inverse-phase portion of a full-wave inductor (or helical resonator) surrounding the plasma source discharge tube.  
         [0061]    In this embodiment, it is desirable to reduce or minimize capacitive coupling current from the inductive element to the plasma discharge in the plasma source. Since the capacitive current increases monotonically with the magnitude of the difference of peak phase and inverse-phase voltages, which occur at points A and C in FIG. 2A, this coupling can be lessened by reducing this voltage difference. In FIG. 2A, for example, it is achieved by way of two wave adjustment circuits  57 ,  59 . Coil  55  (or discharge source) is a helical resonator and the wave adjustment circuits  57 ,  59  are helical resonators.  
         [0062]    The discharge source helical resonator  53  can be constructed using conventional design formulae. Generally, this helical resonator includes an electrical length which is a selected phase portion “x” (A to  00  to C) of a full-wave helical resonator. The helical resonator wave adjustment circuits are each selected to comprise a portion (2n-x) of full-wave helical resonators. Physical parameters for the wave adjustment helical resonators can be selected to realize practical physical dimensions and appropriate Q, Z 0 , etc. values. In particular, some or even all of the transmission line parameters (Q, Z 0 , etc.) of the wave adjustment circuit sections may be selected to be substantially the same as the transmission line parameters of the inductive applicator. The portion of the inductive plasma applicator helical resonator, on the other hand, is designed and sized to provide selected uniformity values over substrate dimensions within an economical equipment size and reduced Q.  
         [0063]    The wave adjustment circuit provides for external rf power coupling, which can be used to control and match power to the plasma source, as compared to conventional techniques used in helical resonators and the like. In particular, conventional techniques often match to, couple power to, or match to the impedance of the power supply to the helical resonator by varying a tap position along the coil above the grounded position, or selecting a fixed tap position relative to a grounded coil end and matching to the impedance at this position using a conventional matching network, e.g., LC networks network, etc. Varying this tap position along the coil within a plasma source is often cumbersome and generally imposes difficult mechanical design problems. Using the fixed tap and external matching network also is cumbersome and can cause unanticipated changes in the discharge Q, and therefore influences its operating mode and stability. In the present embodiments, the wave adjustment circuits can be positioned outside of the plasma source (or constrained in space containing the inductive coil, e.g., See FIG. 2A. Accordingly, the mechanical design (e.g., means for varying tap position, change in the effective rf power coupling point by electrical means, etc.) of the tap position are simplified relative to those conventional techniques.  
         [0064]    In the present embodiment, rf power is fed into the lower wave adjustment circuit  59 . Alternatively, rf power can be fed into the upper wave adjustment circuit (not shown). The rf power also can be coupled directly into the inductive plasma coupling applicator (e.g., coil, etc.) in the wave adjustment circuit design, as illustrated by FIG. 2B. Alternatively, other application will use a single wave adjustment circuit, as illustrated by FIG. 2C. Power can be coupled into this wave adjustment circuit or by conventional techniques such as a tap in the coil phase. In some embodiments, this tap in the coil phase is positioned above the grounded end. An external impedance matching network may then be operably coupled to the power for satisfactory power transfer efficiency from, for example, a conventional coaxial cable to impedances (current to voltage rations) existing between the wave adjustment circuit terminated end of the applicator.  
         [0065]    A further embodiment using multiple inductive plasma applicators also is provided, as shown in FIG. 2D. This embodiment includes multiple plasma applicators (PA 1 , PA 2  . . . Pan). These plasma applicators respectively provide selected combinations of inductively coupled power and capacitively coupled power from respective voltage potentials (V 1 , V 2  . . . Vn). Each of these plasma applicators derives power from its power source (PS 1 , PS 2  . . . PSn) either directly through an appropriate matching or coupling network or by coupling to a wave adjustment circuit as described. Alternatively, a single power supply using power splitters and impedance matching networks can be coupled to each (or more than two) of the plasma applicators. Alternatively, more than one power supply can be used where at least one power supply is shared among more than one plasma applicator. Each power source is coupled to its respective wave adjustment circuits (WAC 1 , WAC 2  . . . WACn).  
         [0066]    Generally, each plasma applicator has an upper wave adjustment circuit (e.g., WAC  1 a, WAC  2 a . . . WAC na) and a lower wave adjustment circuit (e.g., WAC 1 b, WAC  2 b . . . WACnb). The combination of upper and lower wave adjustment circuits are used to adjust the plasma source potential for each plasma source zone. Alternatively, a single wave adjustment circuit can be used for each plasma applicator. Each wave adjustment circuit can provide substantially the same impedance characteristics, or substantially distinct impedance characteristics. Of course, the particular configuration used will depend upon the application.  
         [0067]    For instance, multiple plasma applicators can be used to employ distinct excitation frequencies for selected zones in a variety of applications. These applications include film deposition using plasma enhanced chemical deposition, etching by way of ion enhanced etching or chemical dry etching and others. Plasma cleaning also can be performed by way of the multiple plasma applicators. Specifically, at least one of the plasma applicators will define a cleaning plasma used for cleaning purposes. In one embodiment, this cleaning plasma can have an oxygen containing species. This cleaning plasma is defined by using an oxygen discharge, which is sustained by microwave power to a cavity or resonant microwave chamber abutting or surrounding a conventional dielectric vessel. Of course, a variety of other processes also can be performed by way of this multiple plasma applicator embodiment.  
         [0068]    This present application using multiple plasma applicators can provide a multi-zone (or multi-chamber) plasma source without the use of conventional mechanical separation means (e.g., baffles, separate process chambers, etc.). Alternatively, the degree of interaction between adjacent zones or chambers can be relaxed owing to the use of voltage potential control via wave adjustment circuits. This plasma source provides for multiple plasma source chambers, each with its own control via its own plasma applicator. Accordingly, each plasma applicator provides a physical zone region (i.e., plasma source) with selected plasma characteristics (e.g., capacitively coupled current, inductively coupled current, etc.). These zones can be used alone or can be combined with other zones. Of course, the particular configuration will depend upon the application.  
         [0069]    In the present embodiments, the wave adjustment circuit can be made from any suitable combination of element(s) such as various types of transmission lines, circuits, etc. These transmission lines include conventional solid or air dielectric coaxial cable, or ordinary, repeating inductor/capacitor discrete approximations to transmission lines, and others. These types of transmission lines are coaxial transmission lines, balanced parallel transmission lines, so called slow wave transmission lines with a spiral inner conductor (e.g., selected portions of a helical resonator, etc.), and others. Individual lumped, fixed, or adjustable combinations of resistors, capacitors, and inductors (e.g., matching networks, etc.) also can be used in place of transmission line sections for the wave adjustment circuit. These general types of wave adjustment circuits are frequency dependent, and can be termed frequency dependent wave adjustment circuits (or FDWACs).  
         [0070]    Frequency independent elements also can be used as the wave adjustment circuits. These wave adjustment circuits can be termed frequency independent WACs (or FIWACs). Frequency independent wave adjustment circuits include degenerate cases such as short-circuit connections to ground or an infinite impedance (i.e., open circuit), and others. Frequency independent wave adjustment circuits can be used alone, or in combination with the frequency dependent wave adjustment circuits. Alternatively, the frequency dependent wave adjustment circuits can be used alone or in combination with other wave adjustment circuits. Other variations, alternative constructions, and modifications also may be possible depending upon the application.  
         [0071]    With regard to operation of the wave adjustment circuits, various embodiments can be used, as illustrated by FIG. 2E. The wave adjustment circuits are used to select a wave length portion to be applied in the plasma applicator. In some embodiments, the average rf plasma potential is maintained close to ground potential by providing substantially equal phase  90 ,  81  and inverse-phase  91 ,  82  capacitively coupled portions of the inductive applicator. This can occur in multi-wave embodiments  92 , full-wave embodiments  93 , half-wave multiple embodiments, quarter-wave multiple embodiments, or any other embodiments  94 .  
         [0072]    In alternative embodiments, it is desirable to maintain an elevated source plasma voltage relative to ground potential to induce a controlled ion plasma flux (or ion bombardment) to the product substrate (or any other chamber bodies). These embodiments are provided by selecting distinct electrical lengths for each of the wave adjustment circuit sections such that the capacitive coupled current from a phase section of the inductive plasma applicator is in excess of capacitive coupled current from its inverse-phase portion. In these embodiments, the wave adjustment circuit provides a deliberate imbalance between coupling to phase and inverse-phase voltages. In some embodiments  97 , this occurs by shifting the zero voltage nodes along the process chamber axially, thereby achieving a bias relative to the plasma discharge. As shown, the phase  95  is imbalanced relative to its inverse-phase  96 . In other embodiments  99 , one phase portion  84  is imbalanced by way of a different period relative to its complementary phase portion  85 . Other embodiments are provided where the source plasma voltage is lower relative to ground potential. In the embodiments were imbalance is desirable, the potential difference between the phase and inverse-phase potential portions is reduced (or minimized) when the amount of sputtering (e.g., wall sputtering, etc.) is reduced. The amount of sputtering, however, can be increased (or maximized) by increasing the potential difference between the phase and inverse-phase potential portions. Sputtering is desirable in, for example, sputtering a quartz target, cleaning applications, and others. Of course, the type of operation used will depend upon the application..  
         [0073]    Current maxima on an inductive applicator with distributed capacitance (e.g., helical resonator transmission line, etc.) occur at voltage minima. In particular, conventional quarter-wave helical resonator current is substantially at a relative maximum at its grounded end of the coil, and to a lesser extend in the nearby coil elements. Therefore, partial inductive coupling of power, if it occurs, will tend to be at this grounded end. In conventional half-wave helical resonators, inductive coupling tends to occur at each of the two grounded ends.  
         [0074]    In the present invention, substantially equal coupling to voltage elements and inverse-voltage elements along half-wave and other fractional wave inductive applicator structure sections support substantially more inductive coupling at a selected rf voltage node, e.g., FIG. 2A reference numeral  00 . This effect is caused by high current flow in the inductor applicator zones (or sections) both directly above and below the node (corresponding to inductor elements in the phase and inverse-phase sections at and immediately adjacent to the rf voltage zero point). It should be noted that conventional quarter and half-wave inductively coupled inductive applicators have inductive coupling which abruptly declines below the grounded coil locations because the coil terminates and voltage extrema are present at these locations. This generally produces conventional quarter and half-wave helical resonators that tend to operate in a capacitive mode, or with a substantial fraction of power which is capacitively coupled to the plasma, unless the plasma is shielded from coil voltages, as noted above.  
         [0075]    In a specific embodiment, the power system includes selected circuit elements for effective operation. The power system includes an rf power source. This rf power source can be any suitable rf generator capable of providing a selected or continuously variable frequency in a range from about 800 kHz to about 80 MHz. Many generators are useful. Preferably, generators capable of operating into short and open-circuit loads without damage are used for industrial applications. One example of a suitable generator is a fixed frequency rf generator 28.12 MHz-3 kW CX-3000 power supply made by Comdel, Inc. of Beverly, Mass. A suitable variable frequency power supply arrangement capable of the 3 kW output over an 800 kHz to 50 MHz range can be made by driving an IFI Model TCCX3500 High Power Wide Band Amplifier with a Hewlett Packard HP116A, 0-50 Mhz Pulse/Function Generator. Other generators including those capable of higher or lower power also can be used depending upon the application.  
         [0076]    Power from the generator can be transmitted to the plasma source by conventional coaxial cable transmission line. An example of this transmission line is RG8/U and other higher temperature rated cable (e.g., RG1151U, etc.) with a coaxial TEFLON™ dielectric. In some embodiments, power is fed to conventional end-grounded half-wave helical resonators by positioning a movable tap on the helical coil and connecting a power source between the tap and the ground. In other embodiments, matching networks can be introduced between the coaxial cable power feed and the, helical coil tap for flexibility. The matching network will depend on the selected wave configuration and wave adjustment circuits. In a balanced half-wave helical resonator embodiment, for example, the ends of the resonator coil can be terminated with wave adjustment circuits which substantially have zero susceptance. In particular, the wave adjustment circuit is designed as an open circuit by making no electrical connections to the ends of the coil, or establishing an electrical equivalence thereof. Alternatively, the ends of the coil are isolated by high series impedance chokes, thereby maintaining DC coupling to a fixed reference potential. These types of wave adjustment circuits are frequency independent and are “degenerate” cases. In these embodiments, the rf power is provided such that the phase and inverse-phase current flows above and below the electrical midpoint (i.e., zero voltage node, etc.) of the coil. This provides for substantially balanced phase and inverse-phase current flow from the power source stabilizing desired operation in coil voltages above the midpoint of the coil, and also provides substantially equal phase and inverse-phase voltages.  
         [0077]    The embodiments described above also can be applied to other plasma processing applications, e.g., PECVD, plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII), stripping, sputtering, etc. For instance, FIG. 3 is a simplified CVD apparatus  100  according to the present invention. The present CVD apparatus includes a chamber  112 , a feed source  114 , an exhaust  116 , a pedestal  118 , a power source  122 , a ground  124 , a helical resonator  126 , and other elements. The helical resonator  126  has a coil  132 , an outer shield  133 , and other elements. The chamber can be any suitable chamber capable of housing a product  119  such as a wafer for deposition, and for providing a plasma discharge therein. Preferably, the chamber is a right circular cylinder chamber for providing an uniform plasma species distribution over the product. But the chamber can also be configured in the form of rectangular right cylinder, a truncated cone, and the like. The chamber and fixtures are constructed from aluminum and quartz, and other suitable materials. The plasma discharge is derived from a plasma source which is preferably a helical resonator discharge or other inductive discharge using a wave adjustment circuit or other techniques to selectively adjust phase/inverse-phase potentials. The present CVD apparatus provides for deposition of a dielectric material, e.g., silicon dioxide or the like.  
         [0078]    The product  119  having an upper surface  130  is placed into the present CVD apparatus for deposition, e.g., plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), and others. Examples of deposition materials include a dielectric material such as a silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), a phosphosilicate glass (PSG), a borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG), a silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ), among others.  
         [0079]    In one embodiment, the deposition occurs by introducing a mixture comprising organic silane, oxygen, and an inert gas such as helium or argon according to the present invention. The organic silane can be any suitable organic silicate material such TEOS, HMDS, OMCTS, and the like. Deposition is also conformal in selected instances. As for the oxygen, it includes a flow rate of about 1 liter/per minute and less. A relative flow rate between the organic silane such as TEOS and oxygen ranges from about 1:40 to about 2:1, and is preferably less than about 1:2 in certain applications. A deposition temperature of the organic silane-oxygen layer ranges from about 300 to about 500° C., and can also be at other temperatures. Pressures in the range of 1 to 7 Torr are generally used. Of course, other concentrations, temperatures, materials, and flow rates can be used depending upon the particular application.  
         [0080]    This chamber also includes a wave adjustment circuit  127 . The wave adjustment circuit  127  is used to provide a helical coil operating with capacitive coupling to selected phase and inverse-phase voltages. This portion  127  of the wave adjustment circuit coil also is shielded  140  to prevent rf from interfering with the plasma discharge or external elements, e.g., equipment, power, etc. The coil shield  140  is made of a conductive material such as copper, aluminum, or the like. In one embodiment, an operating frequency is selected and the wave adjustment circuit is adjusted to short circuit the upper end of the helical applicator coil to ground  124 . This provides a helical coil operating at approximately a full-wave multiple and has substantially equal phase and inverse-phase sections. This full-wave multiple operation provides for balanced capacitance of phase  151  and antiphase  153  voltages along the coil  132  adjacent to the plasma source. Full-wave multiple operation reduces or even substantially eliminates the amount of capacitively coupled power from the plasma source to chamber bodies (e.g., pedestal, walls, wafer, etc.) at or close to ground potential.  
         [0081]    In the present embodiment, the wave adjustment circuit  127  is a variable coil portion  128  of a spiral transmission line, which is selectively placed outside the outer shield  133 . Accordingly, when the wave adjustment circuit is adjusted to become a short circuit, the plasma source “sees” only a selected full-wave multiple comprising substantially equal phase  151  and anti-phase  153  of the entire instantaneous AC voltages  134 ,  135 . In this embodiment, stress of the deposited oxide film is often tensile, which can be undesirable.  
         [0082]    Alternatively, the wave adjustment circuit  127  provides a helical resonator operating at selected phase and anti-phase voltages that are not full-wave multiples. This wave adjustment circuit provides for a selected amount of capacitive coupling from the plasma source to the chamber bodies. Stress of the deposited oxide film in this embodiment can be made to be zero or slightly compressive. In some embodiments, the oxide films can be deposed with an rf plasma potential of several hundred volts between the plasma source and the substrate to decrease the tendency of the oxide film to absorb moisture. This can occur by adjusting the wave adjustment circuit to add in a small section of transmission line outside of the source and correspondingly shortening the applicator coil (by moving the lower point at which the applicator coil is short-circuited and thereby decreasing the inductance of the applicator coil and electrical length of the helical resonator  126  (e.g., spiral transmission line, etc.)). Of course, the selected amount of capacitive coupling will depend upon the application.  
         [0083]    [0083]FIG. 4 is a simplified diagram of a resist stripper according to the present invention. The present stripping apparatus includes similar elements as the previous described CVD apparatus. The present stripping apparatus includes a chamber  112 , a feed source  114 , an exhaust  116 , a pedestal  118 , an rf power source  122 , a ground  124 , a helical resonator  126 , and other elements. The helical resonator  126  includes a coil  132 , an outer shield  133 , a wave adjustment circuit  400 , and other elements. The chamber can be any suitable chamber capable of housing a product  119  such as a photoresist coated wafer for stripping, and for providing a plasma discharge therein. The plasma discharge is derived from a plasma source, which is preferably a helical resonator discharge or other inductive discharge using a wave adjustment circuit or other techniques to selectively adjust phase/anti-phase potentials. The present stripping apparatus provides for stripping or ashing photoresist, e.g., implant hardened, etc. Further examples of such a stripping apparatus are described in the experiments section below.  
         [0084]    In this embodiment, the wave adjustment circuits rely upon open circuits (i.e., zero susceptance). Power transfer can be effected with a balanced feed such as an inductively-coupled push-pull arrangement with means such as coupled inductors. Techniques for constructing these coupled inductors are described in, for example, “The ARRL Antenna Book,” R. D. Straw, Editor, The American Radio Relay League, Newington, Conn. (1994) and “The Radio Handbook,” W. I. Orr, Editor, Engineering Ltd, Ind. (1962), which are both hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes. In one embodiment, a ferrite or powdered iron core “balun” (balanced-unbalanced) toroidal transformer (i.e., broadband transmission transformer, broadband transformer, etc.)  401  can be used to provide balanced matching from a conventional unbalanced coaxial transmission line. Techniques for constructing toroidal baluns are described in, for example, “Transmission Line Transformers,” J. Sevick, 2nd Edition, American Radio Relay League, Newington, Conn. (1990). The toroidal transformer is coupled between the rf power source  122  and the coil  132 . The midpoint  406  between the phase  405  and anti-phase voltage on the coil is effectively rf grounded, hence it may be convenient to directly ground this midpoint of the inductive application in some embodiments for stability. This permits alternate operation in which power may be coupled into the inductive applicator (e.g., coil, etc.) with a conventional unbalanced feed line tapped on one side of the center. Push-pull balanced coupling ignites the plasma more easily than conventional unbalanced coil tap matching and generally is easier to adjust in selected applications.  
         [0085]    Referring to the helical resonator embodiments operating at substantially equal phase and anti-phase potentials, FIG. 5A is a simplified diagram  200  of an equivalent circuit diagram of some of them. The diagram is merely an illustration and should not limit the scope of the claims herein. The equivalent circuit diagram includes a plurality of rf power supplies (V 1 , V 2 , V 3  . . . V n )  203 , representing for example, a single rf power source. These power supplies are connected in parallel to each other. One end of the power supply is operably coupled to a ground connection  201 . The other end of the power supplies can be represented as being connected to a respective capacitor (C 1 , C 2 , C 3  . . . C n ). Each of these capacitors are connected in parallel to each other. During this mode of operation, no significant voltage difference exists between any of the common side of the capacitors, as they are all connected to each other in parallel.  
         [0086]    [0086]FIG. 5B is a simplified diagram of instantaneous AC voltage and current along a helical resonator coil of FIG. 5A where each end of the inductive applicator is short circuited. The diagram is merely an illustration and should not limit the scope of the claims herein. This diagram includes the discharge tube  213  and an inductive plasma discharge (or plasma source)  501  therein. As shown, the plasma discharge includes an intensified “donut-shaped” glow region  501  that occupies a limited range (R) of the discharge tube  213 . The plasma discharge has an average voltage potential (Vave) of magnitude that is substantially within a few zero volts (i.e., the ground potential). As can be seen, the plasma discharge  501  has capacitively coupling elements to V H  and V G . But the average voltage potential of this plasma discharge is substantially zero. This operation provides for balanced capacitance of phase  503  and anti-phase  505  voltages along the coil adjacent to the plasma, thereby substantially preventing capacitively coupling from the plasma source to chamber bodies. As also shown, a current maxima  507  exists at Vave, which corresponds to an inflection point between the phase  503  and the anti-phase  505 .  
         [0087]    In an alternative operating mode, dim rings of plasma caused by inductively coupled plasma current are visible near top and bottom extremes of the inductive application, as illustrated by FIG. 5C. This operating mode is generally for a full-wave  517  inductive coupling coil with a voltage distribution  518  and current distribution  519  operated at a very high power, e.g., maximum power input to the inductive applicator is often limited by thermal considerations and breakdown. A full wave helical resonator applicator  523  and rf feed  524  are shown in phantom along the outside of a dielectric tube  532  enclosing the plasma. The rings  513 ,  515  of current in the plasma discharge are simulated by maximum coil current areas corresponding to voltage minima at the center of the coil as well as the top and bottom shorted ends of the coil. Under high power conditions, these subordinate current rings are detectable and some excitation is often visible in the intermediate regions. This excitation is partially caused by capacitively driven currents within the discharge coupled to the voltage maximum and voltage minimum positions along the inductive applicator.  
         [0088]    Alternatively, subordinate inductive plasma current rings at the top and bottom ends  513  of the resonator do not appear with limited input power. The coil current and inductive flux fall beyond the ends of the inductive applicator so that a single inductive ring  515  in the center portion is more stable, provided that the conductivity of the plasma is large enough to support a single current ring at a specified input power.  
         [0089]    In alternative applications using high power operation, no secondary plasma current rings may be desirable. These applications often have substantially minimum internal capacitive coupling. In these applications, the inductive applicator (e.g., coil) abutting the vacuum vessel may be shortened from a full wave to an appropriate length such that only the central current maxima exists on the coil abutting the plasma source and the potential difference between maximum and minimum voltage on the applicator is substantially reduced. The present application is achieved by stabilizing the desired waveform along the applicator by appropriate impedance wave adjustment circuits.  
         [0090]    Referring to the above embodiments, the present invention provides for processing with an inductively coupled plasma in which the plasma potential from coupling to a phase portion of the inductive applicator is substantially not offset by capacitive coupling to complementary anti-phase voltages on selective portions of the inductive coupling element. Conventional inductive sources (e.g., conventional helical resonators, etc.), however, have hitherto been operated in quarter-wave or half-wave modes. These modes substantially provide only phase capacitive coupling to the plasma, which raises the plasma potential toward the coil in the absence of substantial anti-phase compensation. Conventional inductive sources that are longer than a half-wave have been generally considered cumbersome and impractical for plasma reactors. In particular, these inductive sources are large in size, and have voltage nodes along the helical coil, which have been believed to create a non-uniform plasma. In order to operate a substantially inductive plasma in a helical resonator, conventional inductive sources relied upon shielding the plasma tube from electrical fields originating on the coil. Shielding occurred, for example, by inserting a longitudinally split shield between the coil and plasma tube.  
         [0091]    The present invention provides for a substantially pure inductively coupled power source. A benefit of this inductively coupled power as a primary means to sustain plasma excitation is that electric field lines produced by inductive coupling are purely rotational (e.g. they close on themselves). Hence they do not create or support a scalar potential field (e.g. a voltage difference) within the plasma volume. Thus, in an ideal case, inductively coupled power can be transferred into a plasma without no direct relationship between the plasma potential and the voltages on coupling elements (e.g. the voltage on the coil in a helical resonator) or voltages on rf matching networks, if such are used. Furthermore, when transferring power to the plasma by purely inductive means, power transfer does not require any significant potential difference to be maintained between elements of the plasma and ground potential (e.g. the potential difference between the plasma and ground can be fixed by factors which are substantially independent of inductive excitation power). Although in theory, inductive power transfer does not require raising the AC or DC potential of the plasma with respect to ground, in practice there has been substantial potential shifts and harmful alteration in the plasma potential found in unshielded current art inductive sources.  
         [0092]    As previously noted, and further emphasized herein, the most effective conventional method employed to avoid plasma potential shift in conventional commercially available inductive sources is to shield the plasma from the electrical fields on the inductive coupling element (commonly a multi-turn coil) by inserting a grounded conductive member between the inductive driving element and the plasma discharge tube. Shielding is, however, cumbersome and inconvenient and has serious disadvantages in practice. Shields couple to inductive applicator elements and can cause wide excursions in the natural resonance frequency, which are not predicted by conventional analytical design formulae. This often results in laborious trail and error and iterative mechanical designs to achieve a desired resonance. Another disadvantage of shielding is that shields often make it difficult to achieve initial ignition of the plasma since shields generally exclude capacitive electric fields in the plasma discharge tube. In particular, ignition (known as plasma breakdown) of inductive breakdown generally begins with a capacitive electric field discharge, which is stable at lower currents and powers See, for example, J. Amorim, H. S. Maciel and J. P. Sudana, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B9, pp. 362-365, 1991). Accordingly, shields tend to block capacitive electric fields, which induce plasma ignition.  
         [0093]    Insertion of the shield close to high voltage RF point in a network (such as the voltage maximum points in a helical resonator or the high potential driven side of a TCP coil) also causes large displacement currents to flow through the capacitance between the shield and coil. This high potential difference is also a potential cause of damaging rf breakdown across the air gap, hence the gap may require protection by inconvenient solid or liquid dielectric insulation. The displacement current flow causes power loss and requires that higher power RF generating equipment be used to compensate for the power loss. Coupling loss in the plasma source structure is also undesirable from the standpoint of thermal control. These limitations are overcome by the present invention using the wave adjustment circuits, an inductive applicator of selected phase length, and other elements.  
       EXAMPLES  
       [0094]    To prove the principle and demonstrate the operation of the present invention, a helical resonator plasma source can be used in a photoresist stripper for ashing with a pure O 2  plasma. A substantially similar configuration is useful for chemical dry etching (CDE), as exemplified by the selective removal of silicon nitride over silicon oxide layers with a plasma sustained in feed gas mixtures containing suitable mixtures of CF 4 /O 2 /N 2 . Conventional helical resonators can also be evaluated. These are merely examples, and should not limit the scope of the claims herein. One of ordinary skill in the art would easily recognize other examples, uses, variations, and modifications of the inventions defined by the claims.  
         [0095]    I. Conventional Photoresist Stripper  
         [0096]    In this example, a conventional quarter-wave helical resonator resist stripper  600  can be constructed with a quarter-wave helical resonator source  602  upstream of a processing chamber  604 , shown in FIG. 6. This quarter-wave helical resonator  602  included a coil  608  and other elements.  
         [0097]    Coil  608  consisted of 5.15 turns of 0.4 inch diameter copper tubing wound with a pitch of 0.5 turns per inch with a mean radius of 6.4 inches and centered radially and vertically inside an outer copper shield  610 . Coil  608  is operably coupled to a power source  612  and operated at about 13 MHz radio frequency. A 17 inch long, 9.25 inch diameter quartz tube  606  is centered inside of the copper coil  608 . The shield  610  is 16 inches inside diameter, approximately 0.08 inches thick and 18 inches long. This shield  610  also can be connected to a ground (V G ) connection on the aluminum process chamber body (except when making the current measurements described below).  
         [0098]    The process chamber  604  can be for a conventional resist stripper. This resist stripper included a wafer support  616  (or pedestal) and other elements. Process chamber  604  is operably coupled at an outer location  620  to ground via shield  610 . Wafer support  616  has a wafer  618  disposed thereon.  
         [0099]    The wafer  618  is a 6-inch (250 mm)&lt;100&gt; type wafer with approximately 1.25 microns of spin-coated positive photoresist. This wafer can be ashed on the grounded 10 inch diameter wafer support  616 . This support can be resistivity heated and the temperature of the substrate support can be sensed with a thermocouple.  
         [0100]    After the helical resonator plasma is ignited, visible plasma filled the quartz plasma tube under all of the conditions used for processing. In addition, a strong plasma glow can always be visible above the wafer in the downstream processing chamber which was indicative of secondary plasma discharge to the substrate support. This secondary plasma discharge cab also be accompanied by current flow from the resonator shield to the chamber of approximately 5-10 Amperes rms (and sometimes even more) which could be measured by elevating the shield on insulating blocks and monitoring the current flow through a 2 inch long 1.5 inch wide strip of copper braid which is passed through a Pearson Current probe used to monitor the current.  
         [0101]    [0101]FIG. 7 is a simplified diagram  700  of the rf voltage distribution along the coil for the quarter-wave helical resonator of FIG. 6. This diagram includes the quartz tube  606  and a plasma discharge (or source)  701  therein. As shown, the plasma discharge includes a glow region that  701  occupies a large range (R) of the quartz tube  606 . The plasma discharge has an average voltage (V save ) between the ground potential (V G ) and the high voltage potential (V H ). As can be seen, the plasma discharge  701  has current flow through capacitively coupling elements to V H  and V G  and elements of elevated potential on the coil due to its average voltage potential V ave . In fact, as previously noted, the current flow from the resonator shield to the chamber is at least 5-10 Amperes rms. In high power applications, intense sparking is observed in the chamber from the capacitively coupled plasma source.  
         [0102]    II. New Photoresist Stripper  
         [0103]    A resist stripper apparatus in a cluster tool arrangement using a helical resonator according to the present inventions is shown in FIG. 8 with a side view diagram of one of the two chambers,  901 , shown in FIG. 9. One of ordinary skill in the art, however, will recognize that other implementations, modifications, and variations may be used. Accordingly, the experiments performed herein are not intended to limit the scope of the claims below.  
         [0104]    The photoresist stripper apparatus is configured with multiple process chambers in a cluster tool arrangement, as illustrated by simplified top-view diagram FIG. 8 and simplified side-view diagram of one chamber  901  in FIG. 9. Two process chambers, e.g., chamber  1   901  and chamber  2   903 , are used. Chamber  1   901  is used for stripping to upper layer of implant hardened resist (crust or skin). Chamber  2   903  is used for stripping the remaining underlayer of photoresist. Alternatively, both of these chambers can be used for stripping implant hardened resist crust and stripping remaining photoresist in parallel using sequential process operations. Of course, the particular use and recipe depends upon the application. These chambers can also be made of aluminum with inserts, which are resistant to chemical attack.  
         [0105]    The apparatus uses a microcontroller based controller to oversee process operations. This microprocessor based controller can be accessed through a control panel  921 . A suitable controller can be made using a  486  or Pentium processor in a conventional PCI bus-based personal computer. Operator access to the control recipes and process parameters can be made using a conventional LCD touch panel display.  
         [0106]    An automatic wafer handling system  910  is also provided. The automatic wafer handling system uses standard cassettes  912  for transferring photoresist-coated wafers to and from the process chambers  901 ,  903 . The automatic wafer handling system includes a robot  917 , cassette chamber  1   905 , cassette chamber  2   907 , cassette stage  1   909 , cassette stage  2   911 , and other elements. The wafer handling system  910  uses a conventional interlock system for providing the cassettes  912  from the cleanroom into the process chambers  901 ,  903 . A main shuttle chamber  913  houses the robot  917  in the cluster tool arrangement. The controller oversees the automatic wafer handling system operations.  
         [0107]    Cooling plates  915  and  910  are optionally included in the main chamber  913  housing the robot  917 . The cooling plates  915  and  910  are of conventional design, and are capable of cooling the wafer after being stripped, which often occurs at elevated temperatures. Alternatively, the cooling plates can be used to thermally adjust the wafer temperature either before, after, or even between selected process operations.  
         [0108]    The process chambers  901 ,  903  are disposed downstream from respective plasma sources  923 ,  925 . Each helical resonator includes a coil  927  disposed around a quartz tube  929 . A suitable coil consists of 11.5 turns of 0.4 inch copper tubing wound with a pitch of 0.9 turns per inch with a mean radius of 9.4 inches and centered radially and vertically inside an outer copper shield  931 . The coil is operably coupled to a power source by coaxial cable  941  which is connected to a suitable matching tap point  951  on the helical coil. A 17 inch long, 9.25 inch diameter quartz tube is centered inside of the copper coil. The shield is 16 inches inside diameter, approximately 0.1 inches thick and 18 inches long. The shield is operably coupled to upper and lower portions of the coil  971 .  
         [0109]    Although the helical resonator delivers rf power to the discharge with very high efficiency, the plasma source and applicator structures are often strongly heated by the energy released from within the plasma discharge chamber. Hence it is desirable to control the temperature of the plasma source and rf applicator structure. This is conveniently done by means of a liquid heat transfer agent (e.g. deionized water or a suitable heat exchange fluid) which is maintained at a constant temperature and circulated through the tubular helical coil by way of fluid connections  987  and  988 . Additional means for cooling the shield  931  (not shown in FIG. 9) are provided for use in certain high power applications. It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that heat transfer utilizing a gaseous coolant (e.g. air or nitrogen) or external conductive or convective heat transfer means can also be used in many applications.  
         [0110]    Processes in this equipment may be used for stripping photoresist from wafers, e.g., See FIG. 9 reference numeral  933 , or selected CDE operations such as the selective removal of silicon nitride films which have been deposited over silicon oxide. Particular processes may involve a multi-step stripping operation to remove implanted photoresist from semiconductor wafers. For example, Photoresist 1.5 microns in thickness on device wafers may be implanted. This implant operation causes the formation of an implant hardened stratum over the top of an underlying layer of normal photoresist.  
         [0111]    A clean implant resist stripping process can be conveniently be performed by stripping the top implant hardened resist layer by ion-assisted ashing using an “un-balanced” coupling relationship in a half-wave helical resonator. A suitable half-wave helical resonator is configured in one of the process chambers. The half wave helical resonator plasma chamber can be conveniently operated at a frequency of about 13.56 MHz corresponding to a full-wave multiple. In this chamber, the pedestal can conveniently be maintained at a low wafer temperature in the range of 50C-80C to reduce the possibility of “popping.” Popping occurs when the pressure of low molecular weight monomer, oligimer or solvent in the underlying photoresist bursts the relatively impermeable implant hardened surface layer of the resist.  
         [0112]    After the uppermost hardened layer of the resist is removed, the wafer is transferred into a chamber operating in a suitable balanced configuration such as a full-wave multiple. Plasma confinement afforded by use of the present invention avoids damaging current flow and ion bombardment to the substrate when it as exposed as the resist is “cleared” just before and after “endpoint.” The full wave helical resonator plasma chamber can be conveniently operated at a frequency of about 27.12 MHz corresponding to a full-wave multiple. The pedestal of this chamber is generally maintained at a selected temperature in the range of 150 to 220C. It is advantageous to operate at as high a temperature as is permissible because the ashing chemical reaction rate increases with temperature and therefore the machine productivity (throughput) will be greater. However the maximum usable temperature is often limited by the vulnerability of device layers to harmful thermal effects. For example, some silicon antireflection coatings require that temperature be limited to below about 170-180C. Another limitation on temperature is related to uniformity. Temperature uniformity in some heater configurations deteriorates with increasing temperature owing to a shift from dominantly conductive and convective heat transfer to an energy balance in which radiative heat transfer processes have a greater role. In general, there are proportionately greater amounts of heating and cooling by radiation at higher temperatures, since radiative energy transfer depends on the temperatures of surfaces which “view” each other raised to the fourth power, whereas conductive and convective heat transfer often depend linearally on localized temperature differences. It is desirable that etching and ashing processes be highly uniform in order that the overetch period during which all or portions of device layers are exposed to reactive plasma species can be minimized. Plasma induced damage, if it occurs, is known to take place after some or all parts of device layers are exposed. (A discussion of damage and temperature effects in resist stripping is given in “Dry Plasma Resist Stripping” by D. L. Flamm in Solid State Technology, pps. 37-39, August 1992 (Part I),pps.  43 - 48 , September 1992 (Part II) and pps. 43-48, October 1992 (Part III)). A balanced structure which provides for substantially equal capacitive coupling to applicator elements with rf voltages inverse to each other, in particular a balanced full wave structure such as that described in this example provides for balanced phase and inverse-phase coupled currents, thereby reducing the amount of capacitively coupled plasma, which can be detrimental to the underlying substrate. In this step, overashing is performed to substantially remove all photoresist material from the wafer. No damage occurs to the underlying substrate during this overashing step.  
         [0113]    Once the photoresist has been stripped, the wafer is cooled. In particular, the wafer is removed from the full-wave multiple process chamber, and placed on the cooling station. This cooling station reduces the temperature of the wafer (which was heated). This wafer is then reloaded back into its wafer cassette. Once all wafers have been processed in the cassette, the cassette comprising the stripped wafers is removed from the cluster tool apparatus. Characteristics of this half-wave helical resonator were described in detail above.  
         [0114]    Useful processing conditions for ashing 6-inch wafers with normal (not ion-implanted) photoresist are pressures in the range of 0.1 to 10 Torr using a gas flow in the range of 0.1 to 10 standard liters per min. and input power to the plasma of approximately 1.5 to 2.5kW (For this purpose power is defined to be the net power transferred to the helical resonator structure, e.g. forward-reflected power in the transmission feed line, since the helical resonator is extremely efficient e.g. more than 90% of transferred power is absorbed by the plasma). Under these conditions an ashing rate above 3kÅ/min are readily achieved when ashing a lower temperature (e.g. c.a. 60C) and rates of 1 μ/min and higher can be achieved when the temperature is elevated (in the range of 170-210C). When feed the feed gas flow profile is sufficiently uniform (A wide residence time distribution of gas flow in the plasma source is undesirable. In the example the residence time is made more homogeneous by the imposition of a baffle plate  975  below the feed gas inlet  976 . Ashing uniformity in a chamber geometry exemplified by FIG. 9 is mainly determined by temperature uniformity across the wafer. When the resist asher is equipped with a suitably designed wafer heating means such as a multizone resistive heater  981  with multiple electrical connections  983 - 986  as shown in FIG. 9, an average etching uniformity better than 5% is readily achieved.  
         [0115]    A visual inspection of wafers stripped in this type of apparatus can show extremely good results. That is, the wafers are stripped at a sufficient rate for production operation and no substantial damage occurs to the wafers. This provides for effective wafer turn-around-time and substantially no damage caused by the plasma. In addition, current measured from the shield to the chamber by elevating the shield on insulating blocks is substantially less than current(s) measured in a conventional (unbalanced) helical resonator stripping apparatus.  
         [0116]    While the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments, various alternatives, modifications, and equivalents may be used. In fact, the invention also can be applied to almost any type of plasma discharge apparatus. This discharge apparatus can include an apparatus for plasma immersion ion implantation or growing diamonds, TCPs, and others. This discharge apparatus can be used for the manufacture of flat panel displays, disks, integrated circuits, diamonds, semiconductor materials, bearings, raw materials, and the like. Therefore, the above description should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention which is defined by the appended claims.