Abstract:
A method for correcting image artifacts during the acquisition of magnetic resonance imaging data includes the following steps. At least one part of the linear location-dependent and spatially constant interference fields arising at the measurement location is determined in a time interval between an excitation point in time and a MR data acquisition point in time.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0002]     The invention concerns a method for avoidance of image artifacts in a magnetic resonance system operating with pulse sequences, the magnetic resonance system having gradient coils for generation of fields gradient and a radio-frequency transmitter for emission of an RF excitation signal. The artifacts are being caused by interference fields directed transversely to the gradient fields.  
         [0003]     2. Description of the Prior Art  
         [0004]     Maxwell&#39;s equations establish that interference fields that are transverse to a magnetic gradient field inevitably occur upon the generation of the gradient field. The interference fields can be directly derived from Maxwell&#39;s equations and are often also designated as Maxwell terms. Given generation of an x-gradient in a magnetic resonance apparatus, a transverse z-gradient thus always also arises in the x-component of the magnetic field. These interference fields frequently generate image distortions and image artifacts.  
         [0005]     A number of methods have been proposed for suppression of the effects of Maxwell term. For example, the additional phase arising in the image due to the interference fields can be mathematically removed, but this is not applicable when the spin phase itself represents a relevant measurement value, in particular given interferences of k-space trajectories. Examples of phase-sensitive sequences are the turbo spin echo (TSE) sequences and the SPI sequences (“echo planar imaging”).  
         [0006]     DE 199 31 210 A1 discloses a further method, wherein it is proposed to compensate the phase position displacement that is caused by transversal magnetic interference fields by frequency shifting the excitation frequency and/or by using a gradient offset at the corresponding gradient coil. A continuous correction is proposed in order to keep the phase position displacement at zero. However, a specific, fixed measurement position is assumed, so that the method has proven unsuitable for multi-slice measurements, since ultimately suitable average values for the respective offset must be encountered that allow no optimal correction. A high current consumption is additionally generated due to the permanently-present gradient offset and the maximum performance of the gradient coils is reduced  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0007]     An object of the present invention is to provide a method of the above type that allows an individual, slice-related correction as well as a more effective usage of the gradient coils.  
         [0008]     This object is achieved in accordance with the present invention in a method of the aforementioned type and includes the following steps.  
         [0009]     At least one part of the linear, location-dependent and spatially constant interference fields arising at the measurement location is determined in a time interval between an excitation point in time and a MR data acquisition point in time.  
         [0010]     From the time curve of the linear location-dependent or spatially-constant interference fields, a first or second phase position displacement that occur during the time interval due to the interference fields is determined.  
         [0011]     A single correction field pulse is determined per gradient coil, the correction field pulse generating a phase correction essentially corresponding to the negative of the first phase position displacement.  
         [0012]     A constant phase and/or frequency shift is determined for phase correction of the second phase position displacement.  
         [0013]     The correction field pulse is radiated by the gradient coils at a specific point in time within the time interval.  
         [0014]     The phase or frequency shift is embodied in the radio-frequency pulse pr pulses transmitted during both an excitation phase and a measurement phase.  
         [0015]     The inventive method is based on the insight that the interference fields are lowest in proximity to the coordinate origin and all but disappear at the coordinate origin. A point in the slice to be measured (for example the slice middle point) can be mathematically transformed into the origin of the coordinate system by a coordinate transformation. However, since this point generally does not correspond to the origin of the coordinate system of the magnetic resonance system (isocenter) on the basis of which the gradient fields are generated, interference field terms that can be derived from Maxwell&#39;s equations arise due to the transformation of the magnetic field at the new coordinate origin. These interference field terms must be compensated to avoid the artifacts, and the significant interference field contribution are supplied by the terms that are constant with regard to the location dependency or are linearly location-dependent, and thus exhibit the same order as the basic magnetic field and the gradient fields.  
         [0016]     The pulse sequences (i.e., the activation of the radio-frequency transmitter and the gradient coils) follow a precise chronological sequence. The resulting field effects that occur in the course of the measurement cycle thus are known, such that the interference fields at the location of the measurement (also a number of locations given multi-slice measurements) can easily be determined in a time-dependent manner for this time span. The interference fields also displace the phase of the excited spin; a phase position displacement thus occurs. This is determined from the temporal integral of the interference field contributions over the entire time duration before the measurement point in time and comprises two contributions, the first phase position displacement and the second phase position displacement. Only an adaptation of the sequence or phase of the radio-frequency transmitter that is to be applied during the relevant activity (transmission, acquisition) is required for correction of the second phase position displacement that results from spatially constant interference field terms. However, since the gradient coils can generate linearly location-dependent fields, using these fields it is only possible to compensate the first phase position displacement caused by linear location-dependent interference field terms. The present invention thus departs from the conventional approach in the prior art, where the compensation ensues point-by-point, thus continuously. The inventive method is practically directed “by the book” over the occurring phase position displacement, such that this can be compensated at once by one or more correction field pulses at any point in time before the measurement phase. Since the phase position displacement generated in the framework of the pulse sequence is always positive, this essentially means that, at a specific point in time, the phase is turned back (meaning brought down) by the correction field pulses by a value that corresponds to the total amount of the first phase position displacement arising in the time interval. In other words, the phase is overcompensated at a point in time in the interval such that ultimately the deviation of the phase due to the total first phase position displacement is compensated using the first phase position displacement that will later occur. The second phase position displacement is corrected by the application of the phase and/or sequence shift at the radio-frequency pulse or pulses transmitted during both the excitation phase and the measurement phase.  
         [0017]     It is thus no longer necessary to have a constant gradient offset and, moreover, the correction method is advantageously more exact since the compensation is matched (adapted) to the corresponding measurement location or the corresponding measurement point in time.  
         [0018]     The correction field pulse can be superimposed on a pulse sequence of the gradient coil with particular advantage, meaning that the pulse sequence of the gradient coils must merely be adapted. This can occur, for example, by the amplitude of a gradient pulse of the pulse sequence being reduced or increased. In a preferred embodiment, the method for automatic modification of a pulse sequence including phase or frequency shift is carried out by an operating personnel after programming a pulse sequence. As soon as all data about the measurement are available to a magnetic resonance system, the shift at the radio-frequency transmitter and the correction field pulse or pulses at the gradient coils are determined and the pulse sequence is correspondingly modified without further assistance by the operating personnel. The magnetic resonance system is then controlled with the modified pulse sequence such that artifacts due to the interference fields are prevented.  
         [0019]     The method is particularly advantageously suitable for use in multi-slice measurements. The method steps can be implemented for each slice in a multi-slice measurement. This means that the location and point in time of the measurement are determined for each slice and the phase position displacement at the measurement point in time is also calculated for each slice. It should be noted that the influence of the compensation measures for another slice should also be considered. For example, there are pulse sequences in which a first slice is initially excited, then a second slice is excited, the first slice is measured and after this the second slice is measured. In such a case the correction field pulse or pulses and the phase or frequency shift also have an influence on the second slice, such that a further phase position displacement is generated in the second slice. This phase position displacement can also be determined in both of its portions and be taken into account at the second measurement point in time for the determination of the correction pulse and the phase or frequency shift with regard to the second slice. Thus further magnetic fields incurred during the temporary image acquisition cycle, in particular the magnetic fields arising due to correction pulses and phase or frequency shifts with regard to other slices, are determined for each slice up to the measurement point in time and from these the constant phase or frequency shift and the correction field pulse are determined. The slices are processed in the order of their measurement points in time, such that all prior correction fields are also considered in later measurements. Due to the “phase position displacement accounting” of the present invention, an average thus no longer has to be used for compensation of the phase position displacement; rather, each slice can be individually corrected with regard to phase. In accordance with the invention it is also possible to consider even the effects of preceding measurement cycles on the respective slice.  
         [0020]     The determination of the interference fields can ensue mathematically using a displacement (shift) of the origin of the coordinate system to the slice middle position. In order to determine the relevant terms, namely the spatially-constant interference fields and the spatially linearly-dependent interference fields, a Taylor expansion can be used up to the corresponding order.  
         [0021]     The determined point in time, for example, can be immediately before the beginning of the measurement phase. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0022]      FIG. 1  schematically illustrates an embodiment of a magnetic resonance system in which the inventive method can be applied.  
         [0023]      FIG. 2  shows an example of a measurement sequence in accordance with the inventive method. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0024]     For a more detailed understanding of the present invention, a short explanation of the physical backgrounds initially follows. The method is concerned with the avoidance of image artifacts which arise due to interference fields transversal to the gradient fields, which interference fields are generated with these gradient fields. The effect that, with generation of a gradient field in one direction, a gradient field in a direction perpendicular to this is also generated is a direct result of Maxwell&#39;s equations for magnetic fields. In the absence of moving charges, it thus applies that  
                 curl   ⁢           ⁢     B   →       =       0   ⇒         δ   ⁢           ⁢     B   z         δ   ⁢           ⁢   x       -       δ   ⁢           ⁢     B   x         δ   ⁢           ⁢   z           =   0       ,           (   1   )             
 
 wherein B x  is the x-component and B z  is the z-component of the magnetic field in a magnetic resonance system. Given generation of a B z -gradient in the x-direction, a B x -gradient will consequently always also arises in the x-direction. Since the creation of the transversal interference fields is thus based on a fundamental physical fact, these interference fields cannot be avoided. The magnitude of the magnetic field |  B |=B (from whose integral over the time the phase of excited spins results) is determined from the root of the squares of the respective direction portions B x , B y , B z . A Taylor expansion of these magnetic field strengths yields  
                   B   =       ⁢       B   0     +       x   →     ·     G   →       +         x   →     T     ·   H   ·     x   →       +     O   ⁡     (            x   →          3     )                     =       ⁢       B   0     +     xG   x     +     yG   y     +     zG   z     +       x   2     ⁢     H   xx       +       y   2     ⁢     H   yy       +       z   2     ⁢     H   zz       +                     ⁢       xzH   xz     +     yzH   yz     +   …                   (   2   )             
 
         [0025]     In this equation the terms of the second order are described in spatial coordinates by the matrix H; these are the cause for the transversal interference fields already mentioned. Its curve is parabolic, which this means that the interference fields close to the coordinate origin are very small, but grow very quickly and more strongly than the actual gradient fields (the terms of the first order) with increasing distance.  
         [0026]     If a locations remote from the coordinate origin is now considered, which location is described by the coordinates x 0 , y 0 , z 0 , the origin of the coordinate system can be mathematically shifted to this position such that the terms of the second order are negligibly small at the remote location. However, further constant and linearly location-dependent terms that describe the interference fields arise due to this shift. This is now explained in detail for the example of cylindrical gradient coils, for which the entries of the matrix H are  
                 H   xx     =       G   z   2       8   ⁢           ⁢     B   0           ⁢     
     ⁢       H   yx     =   0     ⁢     
     ⁢       H   zx     =   0     ⁢     
     ⁢       H   xy     =   0     ⁢     
     ⁢       H   yy     =       G   z   2       8   ⁢           ⁢     B   0           ⁢     
     ⁢       H   zy     =   0     ⁢     
     ⁢       H   xz     =     -         G   x     ⁢     G   z         2   ⁢           ⁢     B   0             ⁢     
     ⁢       H   yz     =     -         G   y     ⁢     G   z         2   ⁢           ⁢     B   0             ⁢     
     ⁢       H   zz     =         G   x   2     +     G   y   2         2   ⁢           ⁢     B   0                   (   3   )             
 
         [0027]     If the difference of the Taylor expansions at the origin (which in most cases corresponds to the isocenter of the magnet) and the location of the measurement x 0 , y 0 , z 0  is now determined,  
               Δ   ⁢           ⁢   B     =     {                     -     x   0       ⁢     G   x       -       y   0     ⁢     G   y       -       z   0     ⁢     G   z       +       x   0   2     ⁢     H   xx       +       y   0   2     ⁢     H   yy       +                   z   0   2     ⁢     H   zz       +       x   0     ⁢     z   0     ⁢     H   xz       +       y   0     ⁢     z   0     ⁢     H   yz                         -     x   ⁡     (       2   ⁢           ⁢     x   0     ⁢     H   xx       +       z   0     ⁢     H   xz         )                   -     y   ⁡     (       2   ⁢           ⁢     y   0     ⁢     H   yy       +       z   0     ⁢     H   yz         )                   -     z   ⁡     (       2   ⁢           ⁢     z   0     ⁢     H   zz       +       x   0     ⁢     H   xz       +       y   0     ⁢     H   yz         )                   +   …                     (   4   )             
 
 results for the magnitude of the interference fields, whereby (as mentioned) here only the terms up to the first order should be considered. A constant term 
 
Δ B   0   =x   0   G   x   −y   0   G   y   −z   0   G   z   +x   0   2   H   xx   +y   0   2   H   yy   +z   0   2   H   zz   +x   0   z   0   H   xz   +y   0   z   0   H   yz    (5 0  
 
 is thus obtained and a linear, gradient field-like term is respectively obtained for each spatial direction, summarized as 
 
Δ G=−x (2 x   0   H   xx   +z   0   H   xz )− y (2 y   0   H   yy   +z   0   H   yz )− z (2 z   0   H   zz   +x   0   H   xz   +y   0   H   yz )   (6) 
 
         [0028]     These terms reflect the interference fields whose effects should be compensated via the method. The phase position displacements can now be determined from the magnitudes of the interference fields, namely a first phase position displacement (with regard to the linearly location-dependent terms) and a second phase position displacement (with regard to the spatially constant terms). The phase position displacement that is a temporal integral over the magnitude of the magnetic field results from 
 
φ 1   =∫ΔG dt    (7) 
 
and 
 
φ 2   =∫ΔB   0    dt    (8) 
 
         [0029]      FIG. 1  shows the basic design and the interaction of the components in a magnetic resonance system  1  that is fashioned for implementation of the inventive method. A basic field magnet  2  that is fashioned as an axial superconducting air-core coil magnet with an active stray field shielding  3  generates a temporally constant and homogeneous magnetic field B 0  for polarization of the atomic nuclei in an examination subject, here the patient  4 . The basic magnetic field B 0  is axially aligned with regard to the magnet and defines the z-coordinate direction of a rectangular coordinate system  5 .  
         [0030]     A cylindrical gradient coil system  6  is inserted into the magnet bore. The gradient coil system  6  has three gradient coils that each generate a gradient field proportional to the respective applied current, and being respectively spatially perpendicular relative to one another. The gradient fields respectively serve different purposes (slice selection, coding, readout). A radio-frequency antenna  7  is located within the gradient coil system  6 . It has the task of converting the radio-frequency pulses emitted by an radio-frequency transmitter  8  during the excitation phase into an alternating magnetic field for excitation of the atomic nuclei and subsequently of acquiring an alternating field emanating from the precessing atomic moment during the measurement phase and supplying this alternating field to an RF processor  9 . The patient bed is designated with  10  The control and operation of the magnetic resonance system  1  ensues via a keyboard  11  and a monitor  12  that are connected with a computer  13 . Specific operating commands (such as the starting of the acquisition) can be input there and pulse sequences can be established. These commands are passed to the pulse sequence controller  14 . The pulse sequence controller  14  is designed to modify the pulse sequence with regard to a compensation of the phase position displacement. Among other things, the radio-frequency generator  15  for the radio-frequency transmitter  7  and the gradient pulse shape generator  16  are controlled by the pulse sequence controller  14 . The gradient coils  6  can be controlled by the gradient pulse shape generator  16  by gradient amplifiers  17 .  
         [0031]     The inventive method is executed according as follows in the magnetic resonance system  1 . A pulse sequence is initially programmed or selected by the control elements  11  and  12  of the computer  13 . This pulse sequence is supplied to the pulse sequence controller  14 . The pulse sequence controller  14  thus knows precisely at which point in time which gradients are present; this means that the field magnitudes of the formulas (5) and (6) and their temporal dependency are known. From this the pulse sequence controller determines the first and the second phase position displacement φ 1  and φ 2  according to (7) and (8). A frequency shift Δω is determined for compensation of the second phase position displacement φ 2  generated by the spatially constant interference field portion. The radio-frequency generator  15  is activated with a frequency value shifted by Δ w  during the excitation phase and the measurement phase. The second phase position displacement is hereby compensated. For compensation of the second phase position displacement φ 2  the pulse sequence controller  14  maximally determines a single correction field pulse for each gradient coil. In particular cases it can also naturally be possible that only a single correction field pulse is required for only a single gradient coil. This additional pulse or the additional pulses are then respectively superimposed on the corresponding pulse sequence for the gradient coil  6  and the modified pulse sequence is forwarded to the gradient pulse shape generator  16  which correspondingly activates the gradient coils.  
         [0032]     The modification of the pulse sequence for the gradient coils is shown in detail in  FIG. 2  together with the effect on the phase position displacement. The time axis t runs to the right. The uppermost graph shows the excitation pulse  18  that is emitted by the radio-frequency antenna during the excitation phase  19 . It achieves its maximum amplitude at the excitation point in time  20 . The measurement signal  22  is measured in a measurement phase  21 . The measurement point in time  23  lies within the measurement phase  21 . In the framework of the pulse sequence, various gradient pulses G x , G y , G z  are passed to the gradient coils during the time interval  24  between excitation point in time  20  and measurement point in time  23 . The gradient pulses specified by the programmer of the pulse sequence are shown hatched in  FIG. 2 . They generate the interference fields that cause a phase position displacement. The arising first phase position displacement φ 1  due to the linear location-dependent interference fields is shown in its time curve all the way at the bottom in  FIG. 2 . Initially no phase position displacement exists at the excitation point in time  20 . A phase position displacement already occurs within the measurement phase  19  due to the active slice selection gradient G x  (see section  25 ). After this the phase coding gradient G y  is also active such that the phase position displacement increasingly grows (section  26 ). At times in which no gradient coil is actively switched (as in section  27 ), the phase position displacement also does not grow. A strong rise occurs again in section  28  since the readout gradient G z  is already also active in addition to the slice-selection gradient G x . Both also remain active in the measurement phase  21 , such that the phase position displacement φ 1  increases again in section  29  and assumes a specific value φ 1,max  at the measurement point in time  23 . It is thereby to be noted that the phase position displacement can only increase since the diagonal elements of the matrix H are greater than 0.  
         [0033]     The pulse sequence controller now determines one correction field pulse per gradient coil, which correction field pulse generates a phase correction precisely corresponding to the negative of the first phase position displacement φ 1,max . These correction field pulses are shown dotted in  FIG. 2 . They are superimposed on the programmed pulse sequence (shown hatched). This is explained in detail in the example of the slice-selection gradient G x . The graph G x (P) shows the activity of the x-gradient coil as it is programmed in the pulse sequence. The pulse sequence controller now has determined the correction field pulse shown in the graph with regard to ΔG x . This is superimposed on the programmed sequence G x (P) at a specific point in time  30  within the time interval  24 , such that a modified sequence results as an ultimate sequence series G x  as shown. Since no pulse was provided for the phase coding gradients G y  at the determined point in time  30 , here the correction field pulse is simply added. A correction field pulse that is superimposed on a programmed pulse is also provided for the readout gradient G z . Ultimately, as schematically shown by the arrow  31 , the phase φ 1  is thus decreased by the amount φ 1,max  at the point in time  30 . It is thereby negatively overcompensated, as can be seen at point  32 . This overcompensation is necessary so that a compensation is achieved due to the pulses still to follow at the measurement point in time  23 .  
         [0034]     This modification of the pulse sequence naturally ensues in addition to the modification of the frequency and/or phase in the excitation phase  19  and of the measurement phase  21  by the specific phase a frequency shift.  
         [0035]     Although the method is described herein for a measurement of a slice, it can be advantageously to be applied in multi-slice measurements, but it should be noted that the phase compensation measures that were effected for earlier measurements on other slices possibly also have an influence on the subsequent slices. Since it is generated by the pulse sequence controller itself, however, this influence is also precisely known and is taken into account for determination of the correction field pulses or, respectively, the phase or frequency shift. In other words, this means that the phase position displacement also ensues for each location (meaning each slice) under consideration of the previous correction field pulses and phase and frequency shifts already determined and implemented for other slices.  
         [0036]     Although modifications and changes may be suggested by those skilled in the art, it is the intention of the inventor to embody within the patent warranted hereon all changes and modifications as reasonably and properly come within the scope of his contribution to the art.