Abstract:
Methods for controlling inputs and outputs between two connected electronic devices by a user with a number of corresponding applications are presented including: responsive to a first input at a first device, executing at least one of the number of corresponding applications at the first device to generate a first output; forwarding the first output including information representing at least a portion of a first intended display from the first device to a second device by at least one of the number of corresponding applications through at least one application programming interface (API) at the first device associated with interacting with the second device, and where an executable code that includes a device driver at the second device is configured to display the at least the portion of the first intended display based on the information included in the first output.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/741,935 filed on Jan. 15, 2013 now U.S. Pat. No. 8,566,848 which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/073,846 filed on Mar. 28, 2011 now U.S. Pat. No. 8,370,860 which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/033,608, filed on Feb. 19, 2008 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,926,072, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/997,255filed on Oct. 1, 2007, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     LCD-based electronic devices such as Ultra Mobile PC (UMPC), laptops/PCs, personal digital assistants (PDAs), cellular phones, portable digital media players, and the like are becoming ubiquitous in modern technological societies. These devices offer specialized functionality in form factors small enough to carry in a pocket or some other small carrying bag. At least one reason why these types of devices are so popular is because display technology, which provides a convenient user interface, has advanced to a point where relatively small form factors are efficient and inexpensive. Indeed, even the most inexpensive portable electronic devices now include high frame rate color displays. However, conventional displays are not without some disadvantages. 
     Typically, a PDA may include a refresh-based, high frequency (REHF) display for displaying user selected information. One example of an REHF display is a liquid crystal display (LCD). LCDs have many desirable characteristics including high frame rates which provide for a satisfying visual experience when rapidly switching between screens or when scrolling across a screen. However, typical displays having high screen refresh rates may suffer from poor readability because backlights, which are required in those displays, may be adversely affected by ambient lighting conditions. Eye strain is commonly reported by users and has been documented in some medical literature. Users of UMPCs or PDAs are familiar with the poor readability of LCDs under bright light or direct sunlight. In some examples, shading the screen or moving to a darker environment may be necessary to read an LCD. In other examples, LCD cannot offer high quality image such as EPD which has close to 300 dpi today. 
     In order to overcome the shortcomings of an LCD, bistable, low frequency (BILF) displays may be utilized instead of an LCD. One example of a BILF display is an electronic paper display (EPD). EPDs utilize a material called electronic ink and are commercially available under the trade name E INK®. EPDs are ideally suited for flexible display applications due to their thin form factor and inherent flexibility. EPDs provide an image stable reflective display technology that uses ultra-low power but is easily read under any lighting condition including direct sunlight. In addition, EPDs provide a bistable display and unlike LCDs, an image on an EPD looks the same from all viewing angles. Further, EPDs will not distort when touched or flexed, making EPDs the ideal display medium for flexible displays and portable devices. EPDs however, cannot, in many examples, completely replace LCDs. At least one reason is because EPDs typically have a low frame rate. As noted above, conventional LCDs are typically configured with high frame rates, which may serve to enhance a user&#39;s viewing experience especially when rapidly scrolling through multiple displays. In addition, using a mouse requires high frame rates so that the mouse pointer appears to have smooth movement across a screen. Furthermore, a majority of reading content is currently created for viewing with an REHF display application such as an LCD application while few applications are written for BILF displays such as an EPD. This trend is likely to continue. It may, therefore, be advantageous to easily display the output of existing REHF display applications on BILF displays such as an EPD. 
     Unfortunately, Conventional operating system windows managers are typically configure to manage only multiple LCD task windows across multiple LCD displays. Thus, conventional solutions for REHF-based (LCD) applications on conventional platforms can not generally benefit from the use of multiple BILF and REHF displays. As such, application programming interfaces for providing native and non-native display utility are presented herein. Background Information 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings and in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements and in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a prior art illustrative representation of a native display subsystem system for an application that utilizes a native display; 
         FIG. 2  is an illustrative representation of a native and non-native display subsystem system for utilizing a native display and a non-native display in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  is an illustrative flowchart of methods for utilizing a non-native API in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 4  is an illustrative flowchart of a use case for utilizing multiple applications with a non-native display in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 5  is an illustrative flowchart of a use case for utilizing multiple applications with multiple non-native displays in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 6  is an illustrative flowchart of a use case for utilizing multiple applications with native and non-native displays in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 7  is an illustrative flowchart of a use case for utilizing an application with native and non-native displays in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; and 
         FIG. 8  is an illustrative representation of a native and non-native display subsystem for utilizing a native display and a non-native display in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to a few embodiments thereof as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art, that the present invention may be practiced without some or all of these specific details. In other instances, well known process steps and/or structures have not been described in detail in order to not unnecessarily obscure the present invention. 
     Various embodiments are described herein below, including methods and techniques. It should be kept in mind that the invention might also cover articles of manufacture that includes a computer readable medium on which computer-readable instructions for carrying out embodiments of the inventive technique are stored. The computer readable medium may include, for example, semiconductor, magnetic, opto-magnetic, optical, or other forms of computer readable medium for storing computer readable code. Further, the invention may also cover apparatuses for practicing embodiments of the invention. Such apparatus may include circuits, dedicated and/or programmable, to carry out tasks pertaining to embodiments of the invention. Examples of such apparatus include a general-purpose computer and/or a dedicated computing device when appropriately programmed and may include a combination of a computer/computing device and dedicated/programmable circuits adapted for the various tasks pertaining to embodiments of the invention. 
       FIG. 1  is a prior art illustrative representation of a native display sub-system  100  for an application  102  that utilizes a native display  110 . As noted above, conventional operating system windows managers are typically configured to manage only multiple LCD task windows across multiple LCD displays. As illustrated, applications (i)    102  may be running on a conventional operating system. Application (i)    102  represents any number of applications running concurrently on a computing system. Application (i)    102  may be in cooperative communication with native application programming interface (API)  104 . A native API is a source code interface that an operating system or library provides to support requests for native services to be made of it by computer programs such as application (i)    102 . Native API  104  communicates with operating system framework  106  to manage data communications from application  102   (i) . Operating system framework  106  processes data communications and communicates the results of the processing to native display driver  108 , which may drive any number of native displays (m)    110  without departing from the present invention. A resulting graphical user interface may then be displayed on native display (m)    110 . In some embodiments, native display driver  108  may also be configured as part of a native display subsystem that contains a windows management system along with a UI input system in addition to the native display driver. 
       FIG. 2  is an illustrative representation of a native and non-native display subsystem  200  for utilizing a native display  210  and a non-native display  226  in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. As illustrated, applications (i)    202  may be running on a conventional operating system. In some embodiments, application (i)    202  represents any number of applications running substantially concurrently on an computing system without departing from the present invention. Application (i)    202  may be in cooperative communication with native API  204 . In some embodiments, a native API may include: a WINDOWS™ enabled API, a WINDOWS™ CE enabled API, a WINDOWS™ mobile enabled API, an APPLE™ iphone enabled API, An APPLE™ OS X enabled API, a Linux enabled API, a UNIX enabled API, and a UNIX derivative enabled API. A native API is a source code interface that an operating system or library provides to support requests for native services to be made of it by computer programs such as application (i)    202 . Native API  204  communicates with operating system framework  206  to manage data communications from application  202   (i) . 
     Operating system framework  206  processes data communications and communicates the results of the processing to native display driver  208 , which may drive any number of native displays (m)    210 . In some embodiments, a native display driver may include: a WINDOWS™ driver, a WINDOWS™ CE driver, a WINDOWS™ mobile driver, an APPLE™ iphone driver, An APPLE™ OS X driver, a Linux driver, a UNIX driver, and a UNIX derivative driver. Operating system framework  206  may be configured to provide any number of system resources without departing from the present invention. In some embodiments, a framework may include: a WINDOWS™ framework, a WINDOWS™ CE framework, a WINDOWS™ mobile framework, an APPLE™ iphone framework, An APPLE™ OS X framework, a Linux framework, a UNIX framework, and a UNIX derivative framework. Native display driver  208  may then send a native display signal to native display (m)    210 . A resulting graphical user interface may then be displayed on native display (m)    210 . In some embodiments, a native display may be a refresh based high frequency (REHF) display such as: an LCD display, a CRT display, and LED display, a PLED display, an OLED display, and a plasma display. 
     Heterogeneous display hardware design can deliver many new classes of non-native (i.e., EPD) usage models, including: (1) the capability to extend (or migrate) an native display-based applications to a non-native display for better reading experience where a user may also browse the pages on a non-native display without changing the application; and (2) the ability to create dual-display aware applications that can take advantages of the unique benefits of both native and non-native displays at the same time. As illustrated here, non-native API  220  may be configured to be responsive to programmatic instructions between application (i)    202  and operating system framework  206 . In turn, operating system framework  206  processes programmatic instructions and communicates the results of the instructions to non-native display driver  222 , which may drive any number of non-native displays  226  by sending a non-native display signal. In some embodiments, non-native display driver  222  may also be configured as part of a non-native display sub-system that contains a non-native windows management system along with a non-native UI input system in addition to the non-native display driver. In some embodiments, a non-native display may be a bistable, low frequency (BILF) display such as an electronic paper display (EPD). In addition, non-native user interface (o)    230  may be utilized to provide navigation control corresponding with applications being displayed on non-native display (n)    226 . 
     As may be appreciated, BILF displays may not be particularly well suited to navigation through a graphical user interface (GUI). One reason for this is because the refresh rate may be too slow to provide an efficient and effective user experience. However, continually transferring GUIs between a BILF and REHF to accomplish all navigation tasks may also detract from a user experience. Thus, at least some navigation capabilities may be desirable. Non-native user interface (o)    230  may include non-native user interface driver  228 , which may communicate with application (i)    202  via non-native API  220  through a communication mechanism such as: a command, an API call, a callback function call, a pipe, a signal, a message, a shared memory, a semaphore, a mutex, a critical section, an event, a socket, a clipboard, a message, a message queue or any other communication mechanism known in the art without departing from the present invention. Thus when application initiates contact with non-native driver  222  via non-native API  220 , a communication mechanism is configured for non-native driver  222  and application  202 . Once a communication mechanism is configured, non-native driver  222  and application  202  may communicate with one another. For the purpose of description, API call and callback is used to explain the communication mechanism between the application and non-native driver. 
       FIG. 3  is an illustrative flowchart  300  of methods for utilizing a non-native API in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. At a first step  302 , a UI input is received. In embodiments, a UI input may include any number of inputs generated from a programmatic related interface, such as a GUI or a physical UI. Inputs may also include programmatic inputs from other sources such as an OS framework, for example, without departing from the present invention. At a next step  304 , the method determines whether a UI input is a native UI input. A native UI input, in some embodiments, is any input received from native sources, such as a native GUI or native physical UI. A non-native input, in some embodiments, is any input received from a non-native source, such as a non-native GUI or non-native physical UI. Non-native sources will be discussed in further detail below. If the method determines, at a step  304 , that the input is a native UI input, the method proceeds to a step  306  to send the native UI input to a corresponding application. Typically, the native UI input is handled by the operating system (OS). As may be appreciated, a corresponding application may be any application capable of receiving a native UI input as defined herein without departing from the present invention. 
     At a next step  310 , a corresponding application processes the native UI input. The corresponding application may process the native UI input in any manner known in the art without departing from the present invention. Returning to a step  304 , if the method determines, at a step  304 , that a UI input is a non-native UI input, the method proceeds to a step  308  to send the non-native UI input to a non-native UI driver. Typically, the non-native UI input is handled by the OS. In some embodiments, a non-native UI input may be utilized to provide some navigation capability of a corresponding application. For example, a button or toggle switch may be located on a non-native display to provide user input. As may be appreciated, bistable displays as contemplated herein, are not generally suitable for dynamic GUI input. At least one reason for this characteristic is because refresh rates are typically low (i.e., 1 to 15 frames per second (fps)). Thus, unacceptable latency, when utilizing a GUI, may be introduced and may not provide a satisfactory user experience. Non-native UI inputs may be utilized to overcome this deficiency. At a next step  312 , a corresponding application is invoked by a callback function. Typically, a callback function is handled by the OS. As noted above, a callback is executable code that is passed as an argument to other code or application. Callback allows a lower-level software layer to call a subroutine (or function) defined in a higher-level layer. At a next step  316 , a corresponding application executes a callback function. 
     At a next step  314 , the method calls a non-native API embodiment. An API is defined at source code level and provides a level of abstraction between the application and the kernel (or other privileged utilities) to ensure the portability of the code. A non-native API, in accordance with embodiments described herein, may be utilized to provide application compatibility with non-native displays. In some embodiments, a non-native display may include a bistable, low frame rate display. In some embodiments, non-native displays may include an electronic paper display (EPD). In some embodiments, an EPD may be configured to refresh at a rate up to approximately 15 fps. At a next step  318 , the method forwards the result of the processing of the non-native input to a non-native display driver. In embodiments, the result may be data, a data pointer, or a command. At a next step  320 , a non-native signal is sent to a non-native display in accordance with all non-native display requirements, whereupon the non-native signal is displayed on a non-native display at a step  322 . The method then ends. 
     It may be appreciated that any number of corresponding applications may be utilized with embodiments described herein. In some embodiments, inputs may be received from one or more applications. Furthermore, embodiments provided herein may be utilized for enabling complementary dual display utility. For example, a non-native display and a native display may be utilized in concert without restriction. In some embodiments, a native display is a refreshed based high frame rate display. In some embodiments, native displays may include an LCD display, a CRT display, and LED display, a PLED display, an OLED display, and a plasma display. In some embodiments, a native display may be configured to refresh at a rate of approximately 15 to 120 fps. Some embodiments disclosed native displays are intended to function simultaneously with non-native displays without limitation. Native UI inputs may be handled conventionally by a native API to function in concert with non-native UI inputs. 
     Non-native API Functions 
     The following is a list of non-native API functions for providing dual display capability for embodiments described herein. The list is not intended to be exhaustive or self-limiting in any fashion. Additionally, the nomenclature utilized for the functions described is arbitrary and not intended to be limiting in any fashion. Functionality for each term is also included, but the manner in which that functionality is accomplished is not limited in any manner in embodiments described herein. 
     Initialize( ): This function operates to initialize a non-native display driver. A non-native display driver includes window management capability. 
     GetDisplayConfig( ): This function operates to GET a current system&#39;s complementary display configuration parameters including: number of complementary display parameters, resolution parameters, screen-size/DPI parameters, greyscale/color parameters, and bit-depth parameters. 
     AllocateEPDWindow( ): This function operates to allocate the following: a non-native display window from a non-native display driver, a display number, a non-native window size/fullscreen, a support/unsupport dynamic non-native window size change, a support/unsupport content synchronization with other applications, a minimal non-native window size, a non-native window name, and a use auto-update or a use manual-update. 
     ChangeWindow( ): This function operates to change a window size, or move a window to another display (i.e., between native and non-native displays, or any combination thereof). 
     CloseWindow( ): This function operates to close a non-native display window on a non-native display. 
     SetSyncContent( ): This function operates to synchronize content from different application windows on a non-native display. 
     UpdateWindow( ): This function operates to call a non-native display driver to update a non-native display window. 
     RefreshEPD( ): This function operates to refresh a non-native display. 
     PrintScreen( ): This function operates to print a screen displayed on a native display to a non-native display. 
     Non-native API Callbacks 
     In addition to the above API functions, a non-native API may include callbacks. As noted above, a callback is executable code that is passed as an argument to other code or application. Callback allows a lower-level software layer to call a subroutine (or function) defined in a higher-level layer. As above, the following is a list of non-native API callbacks for providing dual display capability for embodiments described herein. The list is not intended to be exhaustive or self-limiting in any fashion. Additionally, the nomenclature utilized for the functions described is arbitrary and not intended to be limiting in any fashion. Functionality for each term is also included, but the manner in which that functionality is accomplished is not limited in any manner in embodiments described herein. 
     OnEPDKeyDown( ): This callback operates to handle non-native UI key events. In some embodiments, key events include: Page Up, Page Down, Switch Window, Size Up, Size Down, Full-screen/Partial-screen. 
     OnEPDWindowChange( ): This function operates to handle window allocation on non-native displays. For example, an application may allocate a new window on a non-native display when a user engages a Full/Partial screen key thus changing the non-native display window. 
     OnEPDSyncChange( ): This function operates to handle window updates. For example, if an application&#39;s window supports content synchronization, then the application may need to update window content after a synchronization event occurs. 
     OnEPDOrientChange( ): This function operates to update a non-native window when a non-native display changes orientation. 
     Use Examples 
     A number of use examples are provided for further understanding and clarifying of embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to be limiting in any manner.  FIG. 4  is an illustrative flowchart  400  of a use case for utilizing multiple applications with a non-native display in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In particular, program A  450  operates to display a window on a non-native display whereupon program B  452  adds a new window on the non-native display. At a first step  402 , program A  450  connects with a non-native display driver and calls function Initialize( ) to initialize the non-native display driver. At a next step  404 , program A  450  calls GetDisplayConfig( ) to gather all current non-native display configurations. Window allocation is handled at a next step  406  by calling AllocateEPDWindow( ). In this example, dynamic-change for the window is supported, At a next step  408 , a window update may be made when program A  450  calls UpdateWindow( ). At this point in time, a user may wish to utilize a non-native UI by pressing an event key such as a page down key at a step  410 . The user input driver triggers OnEPDKeyDown( ), which is a callback function. Once this event is processed, UpdateWindow( ) is called at a step  412  to refresh the non-native display window. 
     A second program, program B  452 , may then connect with the non-native display driver and call function Initialize( ) to initialize the non-native display driver at a step  414 . At a next step  416 , program B  452  calls GetDisplayConfig( ) to gather all current non-native display configurations. Window allocation is handled at a next step  418  by calling AllocateEPDWindow( ). In this example, program B  452  requests a partial window. At this point program B&#39;s  452  window request triggers OnEPDWindowChange( ), which is a callback function. This allows program A&#39;s  450  window to change. Thus, at a next step  422 , program A  450  calls UpdateWindow( ) to refresh its non-native display window. Subsequently, at a next step  424 , program B  452  calls UpdateWindow( ) to refresh its non-native display window. The method then ends. In this manner,  FIG. 4  illustrates one example of how two programs (e.g., Program A and B) may share a non-native display screen having two separate windows through the use of the non-native APIs and Callbacks described. 
       FIG. 5  is an illustrative flowchart  500  of a use case for utilizing multiple applications with multiple non-native displays in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In particular, a second non-native display is added to a system already utilizing a non-native display. At a first step  502 , a new non-native display is attached with a current system. A non-native display driver may be configured to detect the addition of the new non-native display. In some embodiments, a native GUI on a native display may be provided to assist in configuring the new non-native display at a step  504 . In this example, a user wishes to migrate program A  550  from a current non-native display to a new non-native display via the native GUI. Once the user selection is complete, the non-native display driver triggers an OnEPDWindowChange( ), which is a callback function for program A  550  at a step  506 . At a next step  508 , program A  550  calls UpdateWindow( ) to refresh the new non-native display. If a second program is present, such as program B  552 , a window may be changed when program A  550  is migrated to the new non-native display. Thus, OnEPDWindowChange( ) is triggered for program B  550  at a step  510 , whereupon program B  550  calls UpdateWindow( ) to refresh the current non-native display at a step  512 . The method then ends. In this manner one or more programs may utilize a non-native display being added to a system. In addition, a window may be moved from one non-native display to another. 
       FIG. 6  is an illustrative flowchart  600  of a use case for utilizing multiple applications with native and non-native displays in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In particular, three programs originating on the native display may be subsequently displayed on a non-native display. At a first step  602 , program A  650  connects with a non-native display driver and calls function Initialize( ) to initialize a non-native display driver. At a next step  604 , program A  650  calls GetDisplayConfig( ) to gather all current non-native display configurations. Window allocation is handled at a next step  606  by calling AllocateEPDWindow( ). In this example, dynamic-change for the window is supported. At a next step  608 , a window update may be made when program A  650  calls UpdateWindow( ). At some point, program B  652  is started on a native display. At a next step  610 , program B  652  calls PrintScreen( ), to print a screen displayed on the native display to the non-native display. To print program B  652  to the non-native display, OnEPDWindowChange( ) is triggered for program B  550  at a step  612 , whereupon program B  550  calls UpdateWindow( ) to refresh the current non-native display at a step  614 . At some point, program C  654  is started on a native display. At a next step  616 , program C  654  calls PrintScreen( ), to print a screen displayed on the native display to the non-native display. As above, program C may be configured to trigger similar actions like Program B, however detailed steps are not repeated here. The method then ends. In this manner, any number of applications may print a screen from a native display to a non-native display. 
     Furthermore, a program may toggle a window of the program or a “frame” of a window of the program from a native display to a non-native display. A “frame” in the case of a HTML browser program allows an author to divide a browser window into multiple (rectangular) regions. Multiple documents may be displayed in a single window, each within its own frame. Graphical browsers allow these frames to be scrolled independently of each other, and links may update a document displayed in one frame without affecting the others. Therefore, a frame is like a rectangular region inside a window for a browser program or any other program. The following two examples illustrate “toggle window” and “toggle frame”. 
     “Toggle Window” Example 
     Application A originally utilizes multiple windows on one or more native displays. In order to utilize a non-native display, application A changes its implement of creating and updating one of the windows previously displayed on a native display. Application A connects with a non-native display driver, acquires a new non-native display window by a call such as AllocateEPDWindows( ), draws the original window&#39;s content to the new non-native window, and then calls UpdateWindow( ) to update the non-native window&#39;s content to the non-native display. All remaining original windows may still be displayed on native display, and may receive user input. This method of migrating an application is referred to as, “toggle window.” The method described here is typically used by a dual-display aware program that is written to access both the native and non-native displays at the same time. 
     “Toggle Frame” Example 
     Application B originally utilizes multiple frames (regions inside a window) in a window on a native display. In this example, one frame may contain an independently scrollable text content that can be easily displayed on a single display thus requiring scrolling or some other method (such as Page Down button) for access. In order to utilize a non-native display, application B connects with a non-native display driver, acquires a new non-native display window by calling AllocateEPDWindows( ), draws its frame&#39;s content to a non-native window, and calls UpdateWindow( ) to update non-native window content to a non-native display. A non-native page down input command may be invoked by a non-native UI, and sent to application B through a non-native API. Application B then processes the non-native page down input command, updates its non-native window content Application B&#39;s frame content may continue to show or hide on native display. That is, the application may continue to receive user input. This method of migrating applications is referred to as, “toggle frame.” 
     The above “toggle window” and “toggle frame” examples describe applications that are dual-display aware when they are written. For legacy LCD-only applications that have not been migrated to non-native displays, a method for migrating applications referred to as “toggle screen” may be useful to provide non-native display without a need for utilizing any additional programmatic code above the OS framework.  FIG. 7  is an illustrative flowchart  700  of a use case for utilizing an application with native and non-native displays in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In particular, this example demonstrates the use of toggle screen in embodiments provided.  FIG. 7  will be discussed in connection with  FIG. 8 , which is an illustrative representation of a native and non-native display subsystem  800  for utilizing a native display  810  and a non-native display  826  in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In particular,  FIG. 8  illustrates one extension of  FIG. 2 . As illustrated, applications (i)    802  may be running on a conventional operating system framework  806 . Applications (i)    802  may be in cooperative communication with native API  804 . Applications (i)    802  may not be aware of the existence of non-native display  826  or of non-native display driver  822 . As illustrated, native display driver  808  may handle communication with non-native display driver  822 . 
     As noted above, non-native displays may not be well-suited for navigating an application due to latency issues. Toggling allows a user to easily migrate an application between a non-native display and a native display so that navigation may proceed on the most appropriate platform. Returning to  FIG. 7 , at a first step  702 , program A  750  (i.e. applications (i)    802 ,  FIG. 8 ) is started on a native display such as native display  810 . In embodiments, programs may display content on a native display utilizing any graphical user interface such as a window or frame without limitation. To toggle, ToggleScreen( ) may be triggered at a step  704 . To toggle, a native display driver  808  may send display data and command data generated by applications (i)    802  (program A  750 ) to non-native display driver  822 . Non-native display driver  822  may operate to first extend applications (i)    802  (program A  750 ) native display window to a non-native display window resolution and then display the non-native display window on non-native display  826 . In embodiments, programs may display content on a non-native display utilizing any graphical user interface such as a window or frame without limitation. Returning to  FIG. 7 , at a next step  706 , any number of non-native display operations may occur, such as scroll, page down, page up, etc. When a user desires to migrate applications (i)    802  (program A  750 ) back to a native display  810 , the method triggers ToggleScreen( ) at a step  708 . The method then ends. Native display driver  808  stops sending display data and command data to non-native display driver  822  and continues to draw content on native display  810 . 
     It may be noted that printing an application to a non-native display as described for  FIG. 6  is different than toggling an application to a non-native display as described for  FIG. 7 . In printing, a window is displayed on a non-native display, but functionality of the application remains with a native display. This may be useful in situations where a user desired to keep a high resolution screen shot of a reading program while continuing to navigate the application. Toggling, on the other hand, migrates the application to the non-native display. Thus, if additional navigation is needed, other than what is provided by non-native UI inputs, the application must be migrated back to a native display. 
     Additional Features 
     It may be appreciated that additional features may be incorporated into use models described herein. Any combination of these features may be utilized without departing from the present invention. 
     Native Display On/Off 
     In embodiments, in order to conserve battery power while utilizing a non-native display, a user may use an additional UI (which may, in some embodiments, be a non-native UI) to turn the native display on and off. Turning a native display off during non-native display use may reduce power consumption due to the backlight of a native display. When the native display is turned off, the system may be further configured to enter a standby power-saving mode much like a phone device. In standby mode a system would typically “wake-up” in order to update the non-native display when content has been changed (e.g., by a page change when reading a book). When a user turns the native display on the systems may be configured to enter dual display mode operation again. 
     Video Out of Native or Non-native Display Screens 
     In embodiments, to facilitate public viewing of native and non-native display content through a projector, a user may use an additional UI to select whether to project content from either native or non-native displays to a video out port of the device. Traditionally, video output was limited to native display content. 
     Non-native Windows Manager 
     In embodiments, a system utilizing a non-native display windows manger with a non-native display driver as described herein may support multiple windows (of the same program or different programs) on one or more non-native display screens. An additional UI may provide functionality which allows a user to select an active window (from a list of non-native display windows working under the operating system) and display the updated content on the non-native display. Furthermore, the additional UI may provide functionality which allows a user to change the size of window from a partial screen size to a full screen size (and vice versa). Thus, resizing functionality may be provided. These features may be beneficial for users viewing content across multiple windows on a non-native display without requiring them to turn on the native display to navigate content. 
     While this invention has been described in terms of several embodiments, there are alterations, permutations, and equivalents, which fall within the scope of this invention. It should also be noted that there are many alternative ways of implementing the methods and apparatuses of the present invention. Furthermore, unless explicitly stated, any method embodiments described herein are not constrained to a particular order or sequence. Further, the Abstract is provided herein for convenience and should not be employed to construe or limit the overall invention, which is expressed in the claims. It is therefore intended that the following appended claims be interpreted as including all such alterations, permutations, and equivalents as fall within the true spirit and scope of the present invention.