Abstract:
A local oscillator calibrator comprises a main charge pump that drives a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) through a loop filter. A second, replica charge pump can also drive the VCO, but is setup to output only its most positive or most negative analog output control voltage. Since the construction and characteristics of the replica charge pump duplicate the main charge pump, the main charge pump&#39;s minimum and maximum analog control outputs can be cloned out to the VCO on demand. A VCO calibration procedure therefore includes switching the VCO to each of its ranges set by a bank of fixed capacitors, and using the replica charge pump to drive the VCO to its minimum and maximum frequency for each range setting. The min-max frequency data is stored in a lookup table, and operational requests to switch to a new channel frequency can be supported with a priori information about which fixed-capacitor range selection will be best.

Description:
RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS 
     This Application claims benefit of two U.S. Provisional Patent Applications. The first is Ser. No. 60/277,370, filed Mar. 19, 2001, and titled SYSTEM USING SINGLE CHIP WIRELESS LAN MODEM AND SINGLE CHIP RADIO TRANSCEIVER AND APPARATI, METHODS, AND SOFTWARE PRODUCTS USED THEREIN OR THEREWITH. The second is Ser. No. 60/283,609, filed Apr. 13, 2001, and titled WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM. Such Provisional Patent Applications are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to voltage-controlled oscillators, and more particularly to calibration circuits for VCO&#39;s that include replica charge pumps. 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     Voltage-controlled oscillators (VCO&#39;s) typically depend on a semiconductor device that varies its capacitance in relation to an applied voltage. Reverse-biased diodes can be fabricated to function as such, and are called varactors. 
     Conventional phase-locked loops (PLL&#39;s) are used in prior art circuits to synthesize local oscillator frequencies used in radio receivers. The most common type of PLL uses a VCO that depends on a varactor. But inexpensive varactor diodes cannot be used in PLL&#39;s that need to be tuned over very large frequency ranges, e.g., the VCO constant grows too large or the capacitance variation required becomes unachievable and the PLL has trouble locking. Such circuits when they do lock are very sensitive to digital noise, because a relatively small noise voltage is translated into a relatively large frequency perturbation. For example, in a 1.8-volt system needing a one gigaHertz tuning range, a VCO constant of 1 G Hz/volt would be far too large to be practical. 
     In general, a smaller VCO constant will result in reduced phase noise. It is very difficult to make good quality VCO&#39;s in CMOS; the inductor Q&#39;s, for example, are very poor. Therefore it is important that all other factors contributing to phase noise are minimized, the VCO constant being one of them. 
     The prior art has adopted the practice of switching in and out fixed capacitors and using the varactors to tune between. A one gigaHertz tuning range, for example, would be implemented in ten 100 MHz subranges, with the VCO constant of 100 MHz/volt, a twenty dB reduction. 
     Unfortunately, with mass produced semiconductor devices such switched fixed capacitors vary with manufacturing process spread and with operating temperatures. So a calibration method and circuit are needed that can reduce the frequency uncertainties that would otherwise be introduced into PLL and VCO applications. Better yet, a built-in calibration method could help in obtaining a longer, more reliable product life. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the present invention is to provide a voltage controlled oscillator with a relatively large frequency swing with an output in the gigaHertz range. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide a calibration method for a VCO in a mass-produced semiconductor device. 
     A further object of the present invention is to provide a wireless radio oscillator circuit. 
     Briefly, a local oscillator calibrator embodiment of the present invention comprises a main charge pump that drives a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) through a loop filter. A second, replica charge pump can also drive the VCO, but is setup to output only its most positive or most negative analog output control voltage. Since the construction and characteristics of the replica charge pump duplicate the main charge pump, the main charge pump&#39;s minimum and maximum analog control outputs can be cloned out to the VCO on demand. A VCO calibration procedure therefore includes switching the VCO to each of its ranges set by a bank of fixed capacitors, and using the replica charge pump to drive the VCO to its minimum and maximum frequency for each range setting. The min-max frequency data is stored in a lookup table, and operational requests to switch to a new channel frequency can be supported with a priori information about which fixed-capacitor range selection will be best. 
     The above and still further objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description of specific embodiments thereof, especially when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of a local oscillator embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of a replica charge pump embodiment of the present invention, and is similar to those units shown in FIG. 1; and 
     FIG. 3 is a functional block diagram of a voltage-controlled oscillator as used in the local oscillator of FIG.  1  and as driven by the charge pump of FIG.  2 . 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     FIG. 1 represents a local oscillator (LO) embodiment of the present invention, and is referred to herein by the general reference numeral  100 . The LO  100  is typically used in wireless device applications that operate in the 5.0+GHz spectrum, e.g., the PHY-layer in IEEE-802.11a wireless local area networks. Embodiments of the present invention all use voltage controlled oscillators (VCO&#39;s) that switch banks of fixed capacitors to extend and stabilize the VCO tuning range. An uncertainty results in what range of VCO tuning frequencies will result for each selected fixed capacitor in parallel with the relatively small-value continually variable varactor. Embodiments of the present invention all build calibration tables off-line using a clone charge pump and frequency measurement. Such replica charge pump duplicates the performance of the main-service charge pump because it is constructed the same way on the same chip, and is subjected to the same conditions of current, voltage, and temperature, and to the same semiconductor process and variations. 
     The LO  100  comprises a phase detector  102  that compares a reference frequency (f ref ) to a feedback sample frequency. Any differences in phase or frequency generate a digital correction signal that is sent to a main-service charge pump  104 . The charge pump converts this to an analog control signal, e.g., a current. Such current is converted to a voltage and filtered by a loop filter  106 . A replica charge pump  108  is provided for calibration. A variable-voltage control signal is applied by both charge pumps to a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)  110 . A bank of fixed-value capacitors are included in a range control  112  and will dictate the basic frequency operating range of the VCO  110  in several steps. 
     Within each such step, the VCO output frequency can be varied by the input control voltage from the charge pumps. In fact, the result is several overlapping steps that give continuous coverage over the entire frequency-output operating range of VCO  110 . The basic problem solved by all embodiments of the present invention is the determination of which fixed-value capacitors included in range control  112  should be selected to obtain a particular local oscillator operating frequency. Integrated capacitor, process, temperature, operating voltage, and other device variables can make the points the steps transition from one frequency to the next unknown. Such points may also change over time and not be consistent within manufacturing runs from unit to unit. 
     The main charge pump  104  is typically connected between power-supply rails Vdd and Vss. Such power supply voltages limit the minimum and maximum output swings that can be generated by main charge pump  104  at the input of VCO  110 . The electronic construction and semiconductor process variations of main charge pump  104  also affect the minimum and maximum output swings that can be generated by main charge pump  104 . The charge pump output current is programmable, so the minimum and maximum charge pump voltages achieveable are dependent upon the selected charge pump current due to finite FET on-resistance. It is therefore desirable that the calibration be carried out with the same replica charge pump current setting as is used in the main charge pump. The operating temperature will also have some effect. But it is desirable to know the minimum and maximums, at least indirectly, because they affect the operational points the VCO range steps transition from one frequency to the next. 
     It was decided that including controls on the main charge pump  104  that would artificially drive it to its minimum and maximum output values would be impractical and not particularly effective. A much simpler solution is to try to duplicate the basic charge pump circuitry with a partial clone, e.g., replica charge pump  108 . The clone can then be relied on to mimic the operational behavior of the main charge pump, at least at the extreme control points. 
     Since in one embodiment, only the minimum and maximum output values are of interest, the replica charge pump  108  does not require a phase detector or reference frequencies. A mode control simply causes either the minimum or maximum to be output. An output enable allows the replica charge pump  108  to be tri-stated from the VCO input, e.g., so its capacitance doesn&#39;t load the output of the loop filter  106  after calibration. 
     The VCO  110  has a frequency output that depends on both the analog control voltage and a fixed-capacitor set selection. A voltage-variable-capacitance varactor in the VCO  110  is combined with a number of fixed capacitors to continuously bridge a tuning gap between successive fixed capacitor selections. The actual continuous tuning range effect of the charge pump  104  on the VCO  110  has some uncertainties, and which particular fixed-capacitor set that needs to be selected in range unit  112  for a particular radio channel frequency is consequently uncertain too. 
     The VCO  10  produces a synthesized local oscillator frequency output that is stabilized to the reference frequency by a phase locked loop (PLL)  114 . Such PLL  114  comprises a programmable digital counter. A variety of synthesized frequencies can be output because as the division number “N” is changed, the VCO  110  will slew in frequency so the two inputs at the phase detector  102  will match. In other words, “N” dictates what VCO output frequency divides down to the reference frequency exactly. 
     During calibration, the replica charge pump  108  is enabled and a frequency measurement unit  116  samples the output of VCO  110 . These measurements are taken for each minimum and maximum for each fixed-value capacitor selection possible in range unit  112 . A calibrator  118  controls the range selections, the manipulations of replica charge pump  108 , and stores the data in a correction table  120 . 
     After calibration, a channel selection request indexes a lookup table in correction tables  120  and drives an appropriate value of “N” to the PLL  114  and the proper capacitor combination selection to range unit  112 . 
     In general, embodiments of the present invention include a selectable bank of fixed capacitors that is operated to change the VCO range. A set of correction tables is generated for converting particular radio channel selections into a correct fixed-capacitor set choice. For example, some radio channel selections could be at points near the frequency break between two successive fixed-capacitor set choices. In one instance, the varactor would be operated near its high-end voltage limit, and in the other instance of fixed-capacitor selection the varactor would be run down to near its minimum voltage limit. 
     FIG. 2 represents a replica charge pump  200  that could be used as replica charge pump  108  in FIG.  1 . The replica charge pump  200  includes a charge pump device  202  that is electronically constructed the same as main charge pump  104  in FIG.  1 . It also is subjected to the same operating conditions, e.g., by being integrated on the same chip and powered by the same supply rails. A pair of load FET&#39;s  204  and  206  mimic the DC loads placed on the output of main charge pump  104  when the voltage output (Vo) is high. Another pair of load FET&#39;s  208  and  210  mimic the DC loads placed on the output of main charge pump  104  when the voltage output (Vo) is low. A tri-state output switch  212  allows the replica charge pump  200  to be off loaded from the external output load. 
     FIG. 3 diagrams a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) calibrator embodiment of the present invention, and is referred to herein by the general reference numeral  300 . The VCO calibrator  300  comprises a 4-5 GHz oscillator  302  that outputs a frequency dependent on a digitally controlled fixed-capacitor bank  304  and a varactor diode  306 . A VCO control voltage  308 , e.g., from a charge pump, and a 5-bit range control  310  dictate what frequency “Fo” will be output. A divider  312  provides a sample signal output  314  to the phase detector and to a digital gate  316 . A time base  318  allows a gating interval number of clock pulses that can pass through in a base measurement time period. These pulses are counted and stored in a digital memory  320 . A number of measurements are taken at a variety of capacitor combinations of range control  310  and the minimum and maximum VCO control voltages  308 . Such measurements are stored in a lookup table and made available post-calibration in a signal  322 . 
     The operational assumption is that the output frequency Of will repeat its measured value that was taken during calibration, and that restoring the corresponding 5-bit range control word will provide an initial fixed value of capacitance from capacitor bank  304  that will allow frequency lock within range of the VCO control voltage  308 . Sixty-four such measurements and corresponding table lookup entries are preferred. 
     A translation of radio-channels, for example, to measured frequency table values is preferably executed in software during operation. E.g., in the WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM, described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/283,609 filed Apr. 13, 2001 and assigned to the assignee of the present invention. Such patent application is incorporated herein by reference. The translation, is then available for use as 5-bit range control signal  310 . In general, the 5-bit range control value associated with the VCO control voltage  308  at minimum is preferred over the corresponding one at maximum. 
     In alternative embodiments of the present invention, the calibration measurements are taken at a variety of temperatures as monitored by an on-chip temperature sensor. The translation software then preferably finds the set that has the closest calibration temperature for current operating conditions. 
     In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, a replica charge pump is used to find the center frequency of the range afforded by each fixed capacitor. Such center frequency is measured, and then stored in a look up table together with a calibration value that represents current conditions, e.g., temperature. Otherwise, the value stored could be normalized for the current conditions. During normal operation, the selecting of a channel/frequency includes looking up the capacitor that is appropriate to use. The tuning response and voltage/temperature effects from a normalized table can affect the capacitor choice. If there is sufficient overlap between frequency ranges, and some safety factor is included, an accurate selection can be made based on all process and environmental factors. Such a method would never have to measure the frequencies resulting from the minima and maxima control voltages. 
     In general, embodiments of the present invention log predetermined points in the tuning range using the replica charge pump. On-the-fly frequency calculations can be made from previously measured data, and result in an accurate fixed-capacitor choice. 
     Although particular embodiments of the present invention have been described and illustrated, such is not intended to limit the invention. Modifications and changes will no doubt become apparent to those skilled in the art, and it is intended that the invention only be limited by the scope of the appended claims.