Abstract:
Vehicle identification and immobilizer systems and methods including license plate security are directed to an RFID equipped vehicle. An RFID transmitter and associated circuitry are formed within a license plate for the vehicle. The RFID transmitter provides an expected signal uniquely associated with a vehicle identification number. An RFID reader is positioned within the vehicle in near range of the location for display of the license plate. The RFID reader is linked to the computer system of the vehicle and communicates with the RFID transmitter in the license plate when properly displayed. Processing logic associated with the computer is provided for determining when the license plate has been removed from the display location so the computer may be activated to send a disable signal preventing the vehicle from being operated when the vehicle identification number has lost association with the expected RFID transmitter signal from the license plate.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/315,193 filed Nov. 28, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,106,747, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/212,469 filed Aug. 25, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,573,373, which claimed the benefit of priority from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/695,707 filed Jun. 30, 2005 and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/604,734 filed Aug. 25, 2004 all of which are herein incorporated by reference in their respective entireties. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates in general to automotive systems and, in particular, to anti-theft systems and various methods for automobiles. More specifically, but without restriction to the particular embodiments hereinafter described in accordance with the best mode of practice, this invention relates to anti-carjacking apparatus, systems, and methods for the avoidance of hi-speed pursuits and the preservation of occupant safety. 
     2. General Discussion and Related Art 
     There are devices currently available on the market that disable a vehicle during a high speed pursuit. One such method employs a brute force approach using high voltage or microwave energy to practically destroy a vehicle&#39;s computer and wiring system. Once this method is applied to the automobile&#39;s electrical system, it is virtually impossible and prohibitively expensive to restore the automobile back to an operational condition. 
     As RFID key evolution matures, wide scale adoption will progress in a manner similar to that of anti-lock braking, air bags, and other systems that have become standard features in the modern motor vehicles of today. It is anticipated that RFID technology will also become widely accepted over the next several years thus becoming a standard feature in motor vehicles of the future. The inventor hereof, however, believes that since car thieves will then no longer be able to hot wire newer vehicles from a parked condition in the absence of the driver, there will therefore be more incidents of car-jacking with vehicle owners or drivers taken hostage. Thus the present invention proposes various embodiments of anti-carjacking apparatus, systems, and methods for the avoidance of hi-speed pursuits which also provide for the preservation of occupant safety. 
     OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to improve upon prior art anti-theft systems and methods for automobiles. 
     Another object of this invention is to avoid high-speed pursuits. 
     It is a further object of the present invention to prevent hostage taking during a carjacking. 
     Still another object of the present invention is to reduce car theft. 
     And yet another object of this invention is to provide occupant safety systems for means of passenger transportation including automobiles. 
     These and other objects are attained in accordance with the present invention wherein there is provided an anti-carjacking system including a transmitter programmed to receive a selected vehicle identification number (VIN) for use with a car assigned with that particular vehicle identification number; a receiver associated with the computer system of the car so identified by the selected vehicle identification number; means for disabling normal driving operation of the car; and means for sending a disable command from the transmitter to the receiver so that the particular car with the selected vehicle identification number is rendered non-operational. 
     In accordance with one aspect of this invention, the car includes a fuel pump and the means for disabling normal driving operation of the car includes interrupting the flow of fuel from the fuel pump to the car&#39;s engine. 
     According to another aspect of the present invention the car includes a radio and the transmitter sends the disable command by radio transmission. 
     In brief, the present invention may preferably include the following technical and operational aspects: (1) a working range is 5 to 10 feet; (2) a programmable memory map; (3) in one particularly preferred embodiment, ten allocated memory addresses are assigned to allow multiple members of a family or company to properly and safely operate the same vehicle; (4) a designated address being reserved for shut down mode using VIN code or an universal code; (5) a multiple address group for high value cargo such as, for example, infants, children, or high price instruments; and (6) license plate theft prevention requires a memory address of its own. 
     More specifically, the present invention is also directed to an interactive vehicle ID, authentication, and control system. This system includes an RFID equipped vehicle, a transmitting and receiving station, means for controlling operation of the vehicle, means for authenticating the vehicle, and means for controlling the vehicle in a pre-determined manner. The system may further include means for updating information associated with the vehicle, and alternatively, or in combination therewith, a personal RFID emitting device to advise the system regarding occupant location. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
       Further objects of the present invention together with additional features contributing thereto and advantages accruing therefrom will be apparent from the following description of certain preferred embodiments of the invention which are shown in the accompanying drawing with like reference numerals indicating like components or like method steps throughout, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is a pictorial schematic view of a system according to the present invention involving police dispatched shut-down of a vehicle from a fixed location; 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram of some of the principal components associated with the vehicle of  FIG. 1  according to the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram showing some of the principal components of the radio system of this invention as implemented in association with the police dispatcher location of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 4  is a pictorial schematic view of a system involving police dispatched shut-down of a vehicle by use of a hand-held transmitter device according to another aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 5  is a block diagram of some of the principal components associated with the hand-held transmitter device of  FIG. 4 ; 
         FIG. 6  is a perspective rear view of the hand-held transmitter device illustrated in  FIGS. 4 and 5 ; 
         FIG. 7  is a general system block diagram of a car radio according to the present invention as cooperatively integrated with a vehicle&#39;s RF identification system to achieve vehicular disablement according to a principal aspect of this invention; 
         FIG. 8  is a detailed block diagram of the modified car radio according to the present invention; 
         FIG. 9A  is a side elevation view of an automobile showing in phantom line the vehicle&#39;s computer and an RFID embedded license plate according to another aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 9B  is a block diagram depicting the license plate of the present invention cooperatively interacting with the RFID reader and engine control unit of an RFID equipped vehicle; 
         FIG. 9C  is a block diagram illustrating the principal components of the RFID embedded license plate of the present invention; 
         FIG. 10  is logic flow chart showing one of the various methods associated with the RFID embedded license plate according to the present invention; 
         FIG. 11  is a top view of an automobile in a speed control zone or pay toll zone illustrating an interactive vehicle ID, authentication, and control system according to another principal aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 12  is a side view pictorial diagram of the interactive vehicle ID, authentication, and control system of the present invention; 
         FIG. 13  is a block diagram of the principal components of the interactive vehicle ID, authentication, and control system of the present invention; 
         FIG. 14A  is a logic flow chart showing one of the various preferred methods associated with the speed control zone aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 14B  is another logic flow chart illustrating one of the possible methods associated with the pay toll zone aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 15  is yet another logic flow chart showing a second one of the methods associated with the speed control zone aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 16  is a pictorial and block diagram view of a child safety aspect according to still another aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 17  is a pictorial and block diagram view similar to  FIG. 16  illustrating an animal safety aspect according to yet a further aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 18  is a logic flow chart showing one of the methods associated with the occupant safety aspects of the present invention; and 
         FIG. 19  is a multi-aspect logic flow chart showing several of the methods of the present invention integrated into a multi-method system according to the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     With reference now to  FIG. 1 , there is shown a schematic view of one embodiment of a system according to the present invention involving police dispatched shut-down of a vehicle from a fixed location. This system includes an automobile, vehicle, car, or other motor vehicle  102  equipped with on-board RFID components of the present invention which are co-operatively integrated with corresponding system components permanently housed in a fixed location such as, for example, a police station, sub-station, or unmanned building structure or radio station identified in  FIG. 1  as Police Dispatcher block  104 . The functionality of the police dispatcher may also readily be implemented in a satellite or system of satellites in orbit around the earth. Generally, according to one method of the present invention, the police dispatcher  104  sends a signal to the car  102  which, in turn, is thereby disabled. Law enforcement officials approach the vehicle during pursuit then use a transmitter to send a “disable command” to automatically and safely disable the vehicle. The disable command may be transmitted from a fixed location such as a police station  104 , from a satellite  106  ( FIG. 2 ), or from a hand-held device or unit  108  as illustrated in  FIG. 4 . 
     With particular reference now to  FIG. 2 , there is shown a block diagram of some of the principal components associated with the vehicle of  FIGS. 1 and 4 . In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, the vehicle  102  is provided with a car radio  110  having an RFID repeater. The car radio  110  is implemented to operatively cooperate with the vehicle&#39;s RFID system. As illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the vehicle&#39;s RFID system includes an RFID reader  112 , an engine control unit or ECU  114  which is electronically engaged with the vehicle&#39;s horn  116 , lamps or lights  118 , and the vehicle&#39;s ignition system  120  hereinafter referred to as ignition, ignition coil, or ignition system  120 . In the case of a properly encoded signal from the police dispatcher  104 , or the satellite  106 , or the hand-held device  108 , the car radio  110  receives the signal accordingly and further transmits an appropriate signal to the RFID reader  112 . The ECU is thereby notified, and software in the ECU  114  then disables the vehicle according to one of many pre-determined disable protocols.  FIG. 2  also includes a RFID Tag which is typically housed in the vehicles key fob. This is illustrated by block  121  hereinafter referred to as RFID tag  121  or key fob  121 . As understood by one of skill in the art of this industry, when the ignition key is inserted into the steering column or key hole, the key fob  121  emits a signal to the RFID reader  112 . In this manner, only a person with the proper key may start the car. Currently there are offered different types of keys with this capability. They may include 40 bit, 48 bit, 60 bit, or 128 bit codes which employ encryption as understood by those of skill in the art. 
     Thus according to the invention, in the case of a witnessed car-jacking, the witness may call 911, providing police dispatchers with the vehicle&#39;s license plate number. The police dispatcher may then broadcast the shutdown code to disable the vehicle. In accordance with another aspect of this invention, the police dispatcher may also activate the Global Position System (GPS), as appropriately implemented in a vehicle, to determine the location of the vehicle and to send help as needed. 
     As represented in  FIG. 2 , the police dispatcher  104 , satellite  106 , or hand-held device  108  sends out a radio signal. This signal may contain standard radio broadcast information and a carrier signal operable and compatible with the modified car radio system as described. In this manner, if the subject vehicle is identified as a stolen car, for example, the base station may broadcast a signal which will disable the subject vehicle from further operation. The inventor hereof envisions that all automobiles sold in the U.S., for example, be required to have as standard safety equipment the system of the present invention. Further in combination therewith, a nation wide network of enabled radio sub-stations is proposed. In this manner, local, state, or federal government agencies are envisioned as the operations of the system to locate and disable all stolen cars nation wide. With such a system deployed and maintained, auto theft may become a thing of the past. 
     With reference next to  FIG. 3 , there is shown a block diagram illustrating some of the principal components of the police radio system of this invention as implemented in association with the police dispatcher location  104  of  FIG. 1 . The police radio system as implemented in the police dispatcher  104  according to the present invention is preferably a software defined radio system which is programmable to receive and transmit various signals which may be encoded, encrypted, or otherwise rendered proprietary or protected as would be understood by one of skill in the art. The radio system illustrated in  FIG. 3  thus includes RF circuitry  122  with an antenna, a micro-processor unit or MPU  124 , random access memory or RAM  126 , storage memory  128 , a keyboard  130 , and other input/output devices which may include a microphone  132 , a monitor or display  134 , and a speaker or speakers  136 . In accordance with this aspect of the present invention, the memory  128  of the police radio system includes a listing of vehicle identification numbers (VIN). As generally understood, the VIN is a seventeen alpha numeric sequence in the format “12,345,679,0AB,CDE,XYX”. Thus in this manner, in the event a particular car is stolen, the police dispatcher may quickly program the police radio system to broadcast a signal that is received by the car radio  110 ,  FIG. 2 , which in turn will promptly disable operation of the car. As would be readily understood in view of the present disclosure, this system is not necessarily limited to the use of VIN. License plate numbers, for example, or other serial numbers or codes may be easily adopted and implemented in the alternative. 
     One preferred use of the present invention involves hot-pursuit by the police of either a stolen car or criminals attempting to flee the police by motor vehicle. As the police are in hot pursuit, all they need to do in order to safely apprehend the occupants is to radio the dispatcher and provide the license plate number of the vehicle under pursuit. The dispatcher then, in turn, broadcasts a disable signal and the vehicle under hot pursuit comes to a slow, harmless stop. As will be described below in further detail, this is achieved by the present invention without any damage to the vehicle. Furthermore, widespread adoption and use of the present invention will reduce or eliminate the now all-to-frequent innocent by-stander tragedies that often result from police hot pursuits. 
     As an alternative or compliment to the fixed location dispatched systems discussed above, the present invention also provides a mobile embodiment. With specific reference now to  FIG. 4 , there is shown a pictorial schematic view of this alternate system directed to police dispatched shut-down of the vehicle  102  by use of the hand-held transmitter device  108 . 
     A block diagram of some of the principal components associated with the hand-held transmitter device  108  is shown in  FIG. 5 . As in the case of the police dispatcher software defined radio system shown in  FIG. 3 , the hand-held transmitter device  108  as shown in  FIG. 5  includes the RF circuitry  122  with antenna, the micro-processor unit or MPU  124 , the random access memory or RAM  126 , and the storage memory  128 . Rather than including a keyboard, the compact hand-held unit  108  is provided with a keypad  138  as illustrated in  FIGS. 5 and 6 . In this manner, both numbers and letters may be input into the device. The hand-held device  108  may advantageously include an output display  140 . In the preferred embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 6 , the device  108  includes a set key  142 , a reset key  144 , and an emit key  146 . As one example of inputting both numbers and letters from the keypad, one press of the “2” key may be assigned to the number 2, two presses of the “2” key may be assigned to the letter “A”, three presses of the “2” key may be assigned to the letter “B”, and four presses of the “2” key may be assigned to the letter “C”. 
     In use of the device  108 , a police officer or other authorized official inputs via the keypad  140  the vehicle&#39;s VIN, license plate number, or other ID code. The set key  142  may then be pressed so that the input is properly registered with the device. As illustrated in  FIG. 4 , the device  108  is then pointed at the vehicle in question and with activation of the emit key  146 , a prescribed disable signal is directed from the device  108  to the vehicle  102 . Depending on the power and range of the device  108 , the signal may be detected by either the car radio with RFID repeater  110 ,  FIG. 2 , or alternatively directly by the RFID reader  112  also illustrated in  FIG. 2 . 
     In  FIG. 7 , there is shown a general system block diagram of the car radio  110  as cooperatively integrated with the vehicle&#39;s RF identification system to achieve vehicular disablement according to one of the principal aspects of this invention. As illustrated, the car radio  110  includes a receiver circuit  148 , an audio circuit  150 , speakers  152 , and an RFID repeater  154 . As illustrated, the RFID repeater  154  transmits its signal to the RFID reader  112  in the vehicle&#39;s RFID system. 
     Referring now specifically to  FIG. 8 , there is shown a detailed block diagram of the modified car radio  110  including the receiver circuit  148 , the audio circuit  150 , and the RFID repeater  154  which is wirelessly engaged with the vehicle&#39;s RFID reader  112  and the ECU  114  as shown. As further illustrated in  FIG. 8 , the RFID repeater  154  includes a decoder  156  and an RFID transmitter  154 . As would be readily understood by one of skill in the art, a radio signal is received by the radio antenna, directed to the RF amplifier, and then further processed by the local oscillator, mixer, filter, intermediate frequency (IF) amplifier, demodulator, and audio amplifier to produce sound at the speaker output  152 . In accordance with teachings of the present invention, the RFID repeater  154  including the decoder  156  and the RFID transmitter  154  is connected as shown to the receiver circuit  148  between the RF amplifier and the mixer. In this manner, when an appropriate disable signal is transmitter from either the police dispatcher  104 , the satellite  106 , or the hand-held device  108 , ( FIG. 2 ), the disable signal is received by the antenna of the receiver circuit  148 , amplified by the RF amplifier, directed to the RFID repeater  154  where it is decoded by the decoder  156  and then transmitted by the RFID transmitter  158  to the RFID reader  112 , and then directed to the ECU  114  to thereby disable the vehicle accordingly. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 9A , there is illustrated a side elevation view of the automobile  102  showing in phantom line the vehicle&#39;s computer or ECU  114  and an RFID embedded license plate  160  according to another aspect of the present invention. The RFID embedded license plate  160  is preferably only employed on the rear of the vehicle  102 . In this embodiment, the license plate of the car has an imbedded RFID system which is enabled to work in conjunction with the vehicle&#39;s computer. Thus according to this aspect of the invention, if the car is stolen and there is an attempt to change the license plate of the car, the car will become non-operative because the RFID transmitter embedded in the license plate is missing from the read zone of the vehicle&#39;s RFID reader. Thus any attempt to switch plates for criminal purposes will be prevented by this aspect of the present invention. 
     More particularly now with reference to  FIG. 9B , there is shown a block diagram including license plate  160  cooperatively interacting with the RFID reader  112  and engine control unit  114  of an RFID equipped vehicle. Thus in accordance with this aspect of the present invention, when the license plate  160  is removed from the read zone of the RFID reader  112 , the ECU will detect the absence of the plate. This will in turn trigger one of various disable protocols which will then be executed by the ECU  114 . Such protocols may include, for example, a “do-not-start” or “do-nothing” command if the vehicle is in a parked, non-moving condition when the license plate  160  is removed from the read zone of the RFID reader  112 , or a “discontinue-fuel-flow” in the same case or if there is any attempt to remove the license plate  160  from the read zone of the RFID reader  112  when the vehicle is in motion. More commonly, other protocols may include “sound-horn” or “flash-lights” commands either executed individually, alternatively, or in combination with the “do-not-start” or “discontinue-fuel-flow” commands. 
       FIG. 9C  is a block diagram illustrating the principal components of the RFID embedded license plate  160  of the present invention. As illustrated, the license plate  160  includes a transmitter  162 , an RFID circuit  164 , and a serial number  166 . The RFID circuit may include memory for storing the serial number  166 , or the serial number may simply be hard wired or otherwise hard coded in the RFID circuit  164 . As illustrated in  FIGS. 9B and 9C , the distance between the license plate  160  and the RFID reader  112  is short range, preferably on the order of only a few inches or centimeters. In this manner, the plate  160  may not be removed from its proper location and otherwise placed in the car to thereby be concealed from authorities and still be within the read zone of the reader  112 . Thus placement of the antenna of the RFID reader would preferably be within the car frame or trunk cavity located immediately adjacent the antenna of the license plate  160 . As would be readily understood by one of skill in the art given the present disclosure, the serial number may include any convenient number such as the VIN, the actual number of the license plate, or any other code or number that for intended purposes uniquely associates the license plate with a specific vehicle. 
     Referring next to  FIG. 10 , there is shown a logic flow chart illustrating one of the various methods associated with the RFID embedded license plate  160  of the present invention. As illustrated, one such preferred method is initiated at step  168  where the ECU  114  is engaged to run a license plate ID and driver ID routine. At step  170 , first the driver ID is checked. This check is based on the driver having the proper key fob  121 ,  FIG. 2 , associated with the vehicle. If the driver ID check is confirmed as OK, the routine will proceed to step  172 , if not, then the routine will proceed to step  182  and the car will be prevented from starting when it is in a stopped condition or if in a moving condition, the ECU  114  will disable ignition by reducing fuel injection to a “no-flow” condition. At step  172 , the license plate ID is checked. If the license plate check is negative or “no”, the routine proceeds to step  182  and the “do-nothing” or “disable” commands are executed by the ECU. If the license plate check is positive, OK, or “yes”, the routine proceeds to step  174  and the car is allowed to start. Once the car is then running, step  176  checks to determine whether RPM is generated. If the car is stopped with the engine turned on, the engine function remains enabled. When the car is stopped and the engine turned off, the “Trip Expires” step  178  disables the ignition function. If the trip has not expired, driver and license plate ID checks are repeated. 
     With reference now to  FIGS. 11 and 12 , there are shown a top and side views of an automobile  102  in a speed control zone or pay toll zone illustrating the interactive vehicle ID, authentication, and control system according to another principal aspect of the present invention. The system includes the car  102  as equipped with the invention hereof, and further includes a road side RFID reader  184  which is cooperatively connected to a computer or computer and computer database  186 . As the car  102  proceeds through the zone, the license plate  160  and the key fob  121  are emitting their short range signals. The read zone created by the road side RFID reader  184  is large enough to cover the entire speed control or pay toll zone. Thus as the car passes through the zone, the road side reader  184  reads either one or both of the signals emitted by the license plate  160  and the key fob  121 . The computer data base  186  includes a listing of valid VIN, license plate numbers, and any other types of codes that may be associated with the vehicle. 
     According to this aspect of the present invention, the license plate  160  has not been switched by a thief or high-jacker who has stolen the car. In this situation, the car equipped with the RFID license plate is being driven through the “speed control zone” as illustrated in  FIG. 11 . The car&#39;s computer is advantageously programmed and equipped with speed control response capabilities as further described below with reference to  FIG. 13 . In this manner, when the car is driven through the zone, the road side RFID reader  184  reads the vehicle ID and operates to control the speed of the car or otherwise completely disable the car from operating. Many applications of this aspect of the present invention are envisioned by the inventor hereof. One such application, for example, is use of this system in controlled government areas such as military bases or diplomatic areas. Only cars with known IDs would be allowed to pass through the zone. In alternate embodiments of this system, the RFID transmitter need not necessarily be embedded in the license plate. Other configurations and locations of the transmitter/transponder and receiver system may be readily implemented according to the principal aspects of this invention. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 13 , there is shown a block diagram of the principal components of the interactive vehicle ID, authentication, and control system of the present invention. Components thereof discussed above will not be initially repeated here for the sake of convenience. As illustrated, the ECU  114  is further engaged with a vacuum control diaphragm  188 , a fuel injector  190 , and a speed sensor  192  as associated with the vehicle&#39;s typical operational functions. The speed sensor  192  is connected between the ECU  114  and vehicle&#39;s transmission  194 . In this manner, the ECU  114  (as programmed according to the various methods and protocols described herein) is enabled to control the speed of the car and over-ride the drivers direct control when one of various different control signals is sent from the road side RFID reader  184  to the vehicle&#39;s RFID reader  112 . For example, the vehicle may be completely stopped by deactivating the ignition coil  120 . In addition, the speed of the vehicle may be controlled by a signal sent from the road side RFID reader  184  to the vehicle&#39;s RFID reader  112  which commands the ECU  114  to reduce the fuel rate in the fuel injector  190 , or the amount of vacuum via the vacuum control diaphragm  188 . The speed sensor  192  will give continuous feed back to the ECU  114  thus allowing speed reduction or stopping to be controlled in a precise and predictable manner. 
       FIG. 14A  is a logic flow chart showing one of the various preferred methods associated with the speed control zone aspect of the present invention. In this method, a read mode  196  is initiated by the system. At step  198 , authorization is checked. If the car is authorized, the routine proceeds to step  200  and if not, a sentry alert signal is sent from the computer  186 . Authorization may simply include a check as to whether the car is properly registered, or has all fees associated with the driver&#39;s responsibility have been paid. This may include registration fees, parking fees, or traffic citation fees, or any other official or court ordered fees. According further to the speed control aspect of the invention, the step  200  inserts an instruction flag into the signal which is sent to the car&#39;s ECU. Such an instruction flag may be selected from the set including, for example, “A1=15 mph”, “A2=25 mph”, “A3=35 mph”, “A4=45 mph”, “A5=55 mph”, “A6=65 mph”, and “A7=75 mph”. In this manner, step  204 , “Send Speed Instruction” sends, for example the flag A3 in a 35 mile per hour zone to the vehicle. If the vehicle is exceeding 35 mph, the car&#39;s ECU automatically takes corrective action to bring the speed of the car within the requirement of the zone. In the last step  206 , the car is allowed to pass without shut down if the required speed and or authorization have been achieved. 
     With continued reference now to  FIGS. 13 and 14A , the vehicle&#39;s speed sensor  192  which is mounted on the output shaft of the transmission  194  sends electrical pulses to the computer or ECU  114 , pulses which are generated by a magnet spinning past a sensor coil. When the vehicle&#39;s speed increases, the frequency of the pulses correspondingly increases. For any given speed of the vehicle there is a corresponding pulse frequency. It is this pulse frequency which the cruise control, for example, tries to maintain as a constant. The speed control part of the ECU  114  has three functions. First, it stores the speed control code of various speeds of the vehicle in the memory. When speed control flag ( FIG. 14A ) is received by the ECU  114 , the system will check for a speed table and send instructions accordingly, step  204  of  FIG. 14A . Second, it receives the pulses from the transmission sensor and compares the frequency of those pulses to the frequency value stored in its memory. This is defied as the “set point”. Third, it sends pulses to a vacuum controlled diaphragm  188  connected to the accelerator linkage. The pulses it sends regulates the amount of vacuum the diaphragm receives. The more pulses, the more vacuum and the more vacuum the more force on the accelerator linkage. The system continues to add vacuum force until the set point speed is reached. At that point the system modulates the amount of vacuum the diaphragm receives in an effort to maintain the number of pulses coming from the speed sensor as close to the stored value as possible. 
       FIG. 14B  is another logic flow chart illustrating one of the possible methods associated with the pay toll zone aspect of the present invention. This method is initiated by the read mode step  196 . The car authorization step  198  is then performed on the vehicle as it passes through the automated toll booth according to the present system. Authorization in this embodiment may be preferably linked to maintaining a current account with the toll authority having a positive cash balance. If authorization is approved, the car is allowed to pass and the owner&#39;s account information is updated by deducting the amount of the toll from the then current balance. If the account is in default, or non-existent, then in step  210  a photo is taken of the license plate with time and date stamp, and a traffic violation citation or ticket is mail by the toll authority or police to the registered owner of the vehicle. 
     With reference next to  FIG. 15 , there is presented yet another logic flow chart showing a second one of the methods associated with the speed control zone aspect of the present invention. In this method, a driver ID and speed control ID routine is initiated at step  212 . Next at step  170 , the driver ID check is performed. As discussed above, this check is based on the driver having the proper key fob  121 ,  FIG. 2 , associated with the vehicle. If the driver ID check is confirmed as OK, the routine will proceed to step  174 , if not, then the routine will proceed to step  182  and the car will be prevented from starting when it is in a stopped condition or if in a moving condition, the ECU  114  will disable ignition by reducing fuel injection to a “no-flow” condition. At step  174 , the engine ignition and fuel injection system are activated. Step  176  performs the RPM test as discussed above. The speed control step  214  then determines if the speed is too high as determined by the PRM test. If the speed is above a set limit, then the routine proceeds to step  216  where a speed instruction is sent to the ECU. In this method, step  214  may correspond to step  200  of the method discussed in connection with  FIG. 14A  and similarly, step  216  of  FIG. 15  may correspond to step  204  in  FIG. 14A . This method then concludes with the trip expires step  178  and disable step  180  as discussed above. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 16 , there is shown a pictorial and block diagram of a child or occupant safety aspect according to still another aspect of the present invention. According to this aspect of the present invention, a child or other occupant  218  seated in a car seat  220  with a safety belt attached is provided with a personal RFID emitter device  222 . In the case of a child, the personal RFID emitter  222  may be housed in a child&#39;s wrist watch or bracelet as illustrated. Several personal emitters may be supplied by the manufacture of the vehicle so that all members of an owner&#39;s family may be outfitted accordingly. The personal emitter  222  emits a continuous ID signal within the read zone of the RFID reader  112 . The ECU is programmed to recognize the signal and initiate certain protocols when system parameters are in certain conditions and relationships. For example, if the child passenger has been in the car for a pre-determined amount of time without the car running, this many cause an alarm to sound. In this case, the ECU  114  may activate the horn  116  and or lights  118  to call to the attention of passers-by or others with range of the car. A protocol to activate a distress signal represented in block  224  may be initiated in cars equipped with telephone communications systems. Auto dial functions may then be initiated by the ECU  114 . The activated signal may call 911 as in block  226 , call the parent&#39;s cell phone as in block  228 , or dial a private safety and security service as in block  230 . Thus according to these aspects of the present invention, a child inadvertently left behind in a vehicle will soon have needed attention so as to avoid neglect and other tragedies such as heat exposure or suffocation. 
     According to another aspect associated with the personal RFID emitter device  222 , an adult occupant may be outfitted with such a device that has disable command capability build-in, such as a panic button built-in to the device that is wearer activated. Thus in the event of a car jacking if vehicle&#39;s owner taken hostage, the small transmitter has a pre-programmed shutdown code either portable or fixed with multiple strategically mounted activation switches such as in the trunk, passenger seat, rear seat, or elsewhere which give the vehicle&#39;s owner or family member chances to trigger the shutdown mode and to send out distress signal. 
       FIG. 17  is a pictorial and block diagram view similar to  FIG. 16  illustrating an animal safety aspect according to yet a further aspect of the present invention. Here, the personal RFID emitter device  222  is installed in a pet collar as illustrated by way of example. In this manner, the family pets may be protected against inadvertent periods of long duration in the car without needed attention. As with the child safety feature discussed above, if the pet has been left in the car for too long a time as determined from a continuous signal from the device  222  without vehicle operation, the ECU activates either the horn  116 , lights  118 , or a distress signal  224  which may include an automated telephone call to the pet&#39;s owner as represented in block  232  or the local dog warden or animal control authorities as shown in block  234 . 
     With reference next to  FIG. 18 , there is presented a logic flow chart showing one of the methods associated with the occupant safety aspects of the present invention. In this method, a driver and child or occupant ID routine is initiated at step  236 . As discussed above in connection with  FIG. 17 , the occupant may include the family pet. The driver ID is checked at step  170  as described above. Next, the enable ignition step  174 , RPM check step  176 , and trip expiration step  178  proceed as normal. Thereafter, the disable ignition step  180  is performed when, for example, the car is parked in a normal manner. With continued low voltage supply, the system continues to run a check on any occupant passengers remaining in the car after step  180 . This check is performed at step  238  as indicated. If a child or pet is detected by its personal RFID emitter device  222 , the system proceeds to step  240  where the horn or lights are activated, or a distress signal is dispatched. If no occupant is detected, the system returns to the “do-nothing” or stand-by mode in step  182 . 
       FIG. 19  is a multi-aspect logic flow chart showing several of the methods of the present invention integrated into a multi-method system according to the present invention. Here a driver ID, license plate ID, child ID, pursuit shutdown protocol, and speed control ID routine is initiated at step  242 . First the driver ID step  170  is performed as described above with reference to  FIGS. 10 and 15 , for example. Next at step  172 , the license plate ID check is performed as described above in connection with  FIG. 10 , for example. The enable step  174  and the RPM check step  176  are also performed as previously indicated. In this particular embodiment of the present method, the speed control step  214  and speed control instruction step  216  are also performed as discussed in detail above in conjunction with  FIG. 15 . In this method, however, a pursuit shut-down step  244  is performed. According to this step, if the vehicle receives a shut-down signal from the any one of the police dispatcher  104  ( FIGS. 1 and 2 ), the satellite  106  ( FIG. 2 ), the hand-held device  108  ( FIGS. 2 and 4 ), or the road-side RFID reader  184  ( FIG. 11 ), the routine proceeds to the disable step  180  as illustrated. If no shut-down signal is received during the car trip, the routine proceeds to steps  178  and  180  without incident. As discussed above, the occupant safety step  238  is then performed. If the vehicle is clear of passengers, the routine proceeds to the “do-nothing” or stand-buy mode in step  182 . On the other hand, if passengers remain in the vehicle after step  238 , the horn and or the lights are activated, or a distress signal is dispatched in step  240 . 
     While this invention has been described in detail with reference to certain preferred embodiments, it should be appreciated that the present invention is not limited to those precise embodiments. Rather, in view of the present disclosure which describes the current best mode for practicing the invention, many modifications and variations would present themselves to those of skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the following claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes, modifications, and variations coming within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be considered within their scope.