Abstract:
A hyphenated technique based on the combination of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), electrochemical (coulometric) oxidation (EC) and electrospray ionization (ESI)- or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-mass spectrometry (MS), allows access of selected groups of low and medium polarity analytes to ESI- or APCI-mass spectrometry after HPLC by electrochemical treatment of the sample.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/323,552, filed Sep. 20, 2001. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to chemical analysis of sample products, and more particularly to the coupling of an electrochemical cell (EC), a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and mass spectrometry system (MS). 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The hyphenation of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS) enables the selective and sensitive determination of various groups of analytes, because it combines the advantages of an effective separation technique and a highly selective detection method. Due to increased robustness of the instrumentation, HPLC-MS has become a widely used analytical technique in research and routine analysis. 
     However, some problems remain which are mainly caused by the difficulty of coupling a separation taking place in liquid phase with a detection technique that relies on the formation of gas phase ions. Different designs of interfaces have been developed to overcome this obstacle. Currently, the most common interfaces are electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI). HPLC-MS measurements with ESI and APCI have been reported to show excellent results for the determination of ionic or polar analytes, because these either are already ionized or can easily be ionized under the comparably soft conditions used for both ESI and APCI. Ionization typically occurs by protonation or deprotonation, but coordination of the analyte with other ions may also be used. Analytes of lower polarity are less accessible to the ESI or APCI processes resulting in low ionization efficiencies and losses in sensitivity. The scope of HPLC-MS on polar analytes is, however, unfortunate considering that analytes of lower polarity are best suited for separation by reversed phase liquid chromatography. 
     To overcome this limitation, only few attempts for the efficient ionization of less polar analytes have been done. Cole et al. in their  Analytical Chemistry  article used the electrospray interface for the electrochemical oxidation (ionization) of metallocenes. Another research group connected an electrochemical cell to thermospray-MS to study the electrooxidation of N,N-dimethylaniline. Brajter-Toth et al. used a combination of an electrochemical cell and particle beam mass spectrometry in a report in  Analytical Chemistry.  Also, the coupling of electrochemistry and thermospray-MS was applied by Brajter-Toth et al. for oxidative studies on uric acid. Van Berkel and co-workers have reported in  Analytical Chemistry  the determination of alcohols in saw palmetto fruit extracts and of alcohols and phenols in the oils of cloves, lemon, rose and peppermint using electrospray as an electrochemical reactor following a derivatization step with ferrocene-based reagents. Another approach suggested by Van Berkel et al. was the online coupling of different electrochemical flow cells with ESI-MS, either floated at or decoupled from the electrospray high voltage. Although the coupling of an electrochemical flow cell with MS gave promising results, no attempts for using this system after HPLC separation have been done. 
     Because the derivatization of alcohols and phenols with ferrocene-based reagents, e.g., can easily be accomplished and the resulting products should be well suited for electrochemical oxidation as well as for reversed phase liquid chromatography, we propose a new HPLC-electrochemistry-MS technique that has utility, e.g., for the determination of ferrocene derivatives. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A powerful new hyphenated technique based on the combination of HPLC, electrochemical (coulometric) oxidation and ESI- or APCI-MS has been developed. This technique is a simple and efficient method of allowing accessing to a selected group of low and medium polarity analytes to ESI or APCI mass spectrometry after reverse-phase HPLC. Post-column electrochemical (EC) treatment leads either to the oxidation or reduction of the analyte, depending on the applied potential. Thus, charged or strongly polar reaction products are formed, which are compatible with ESI and/or APCI mass spectrometry. A coulometric three-electrode arrangement is selected to achieve almost quantitative electrochemical conversion. For this HPLC-EC-MS hyphenation, the electrochemical cell is inserted between column and mass spectrometer without need for further technical modification of the system. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic assembly of an HPLC-electrochemistry-MS system in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a plot of the electrochemistry (cell voltage=0.7 V)−APCI (APCI voltage=0 V) mass spectrum of 1×10 −5  mol dm −3  solution of 4-n-nonylphenyl ferrocene carboxylic acid ester (FCE) with the calculated isotope pattern for C 26 H 32 Fe, chemical structure of 4-n-nonylphenyl FCE inserted inside of the figure, in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  are a series of HPLC-electrochemistry-APCI-MS chromatograms at different coulometric cell potential, recorded in SIM mode (m/z=244.0, 258.0, 272.1, 382.1, 396.1, 460.0, 418.2, 432.2), APCI potential 0 V (MeOH=methyl FCE, EtOH=ethyl FCE, iPrOH=I-propyl FCE, PP=4-biphenyl FCE, BnP=4-benzylphenyl FCE, BrPP=4-brom-4′-biphenyl FCE, OP=4-n-octylpheny FCE, NP=4-n-nonylphenyl FCE), in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG. 4  is a table of analytical figures of merit for selected FCEs (LOD=limit of detection, LOQ=limit of qualification, RSD=relative standard deviation), in accordance with the present invention; and 
         FIG. 5  shows the chemical derivatization and the electrochemical oxidation of the products for selective determination of Alcohols and Phenols. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       FIG. 1  shows a schematic assembly of the HPLC-electrochemistry-MS system. The HPLC component includes pumps  10 ,  12  that provide a steady high pressure to the system. This is needed to force the sample through the stationary phase. Connected to the pumps is a mixing chamber  14  for homogenizing the mobile phase. From the mixing chamber, the sample flows into the injector valve  16 , which injects it into the separation column  18 . The different components of the mixture are separated out because they pass through the column at different rates due to differences in their shape, size, polarity, etc. Additionally, other types of columns, such as guard columns, can be inserted before the separation column  18 . Once through the column  18 , the sample moves into the UV/vis detector  20  (which could be another detector in alternative embodiments, e.g., a fluorescence detector). 
     After detection, the sample leaves the HPLC part of the system and enters the coulometric flow cell  24 . In the coulometric flow cell, the sample is electrochemically (EC) treated which leads either to the oxidation or reduction of the analyte, depending on the applied potential. Thus, charged or strongly polar reaction products are formed, which are compatible with ESI and/or APCI mass spectrometry.  FIG. 5  shows an example of this process. Referring again to  FIG. 1 , a potentiostat  22  is used to control the potential applied to the electrochemical cell, and, in certain embodiments, may additionally be used to measure the resulting current in the flow cell  24 . After the post-column electrochemical conversion, the sample moves into the ionization interface  26  used to couple liquid chromatography to mass spectrometry. The interface can be either electrospray ionization (ESI) or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI). Finally, the sample is analyzed with the mass spectrometer  28 . The computer  30  is used to store the result and control the process. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Analysis of Phenothiazines 
     With this setup, phenothiazine and eleven of its derivatives were separated by means of HPLC and oxidized in the coulometric flow cell, The oxidation products were identified using the described HPLC-EC-MS system both with ESI and APCI. Phenothiazine and its derivatives are characterized by low ionization potentials as could be demonstrated by cyclic voltammerty. Radical cations are formed as intermediates; further oxidation leads to the sulfoxides. The stability of the radical cation strongly varies. For phenothiazine, a stable radical cation is observed by mass spectrometry, while the radical cations of its derivatives having a substituent in position 10 are characterized by low stability. Compared with the derivatives, which are characterized by basic side chains (easy protonation), the ionization yield for phenothiazine using ESI and APCI in the positive mode is poor. For phenothiazine, limits of detection could be improved from 1 μmol/l for HPLC-APCI-MS to 10 nmol/l for HPLC-EC-APCI-MS under comparable conditions. The linear range comprised three decades. Within the linear range of calibration, a relative standard deviation (n=3) of 2–6% was observed. The experimental method and results are described in detail in the following section. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Analysis of Ferrocene-Derivatized Alcohols and Phenols 
     First, ammonium formate and all alcohols and phenols used were purchased from Aldrich Chemie (Steinheim, Germany) in the highest quality available. Formic acid was obtained from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland). Solvent for HPLC was acetonitrile LiChroSolv gradient grade from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Ferrocene carboxylic acid chloride (FCC) was synthesized and was characterized by H-NMR, El-MS and IR. 
     The derivatives of ferrocene carboxylic esters (FCEs) were synthesized. Fifty milligrams (2×10−4 mol) of FCC and 73.3 mg (2×10 −4  mol) 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) were dissolved in 2 ml dichloromethane and added to a solution of 1.82×10 −4  mol alcohol or phenol in 2 ml dichloromethane. The mixture was left to react until the dark red coloration weakened. The DMAP and the excess of FCC were removed by separation on an aluminum oxide microcolumn (30 mm×5-mm id). The ferrocene carboxylic acid esters were eluted with 3-ml dichloromethane, dried under nitrogen and characterized by EI-MS. 
     The HPLC-MS system from Shimadzu (Duisburg, Germany) consisted of a SCL-10 Avp controller unit, DGU-14A degasser, two LC-10ADvp pumps, SUS mixing chamber (0.5 ml), SIL-10A autosampler, SPD-I0AV UV/vis detector, LCMS QP8000 single quadrupole mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization probes and Class 8000 Version 1.11 software. 
     The electrochemical system from ESA, Inc. (Chelmsford, Mass.) consisted of GuardStat potentiostat and model 5021 conditioning cell. The conditioning cell contains a glassy carbon coulometric working electrode, a Pd counter electrode, and a Pd/H 2  reference electrode. All potentials are given vs. Pd/H 2 . 
     Because the ESI interface tolerates only HPLC flow rates of 02 ml min −1  or less and the APCI interface works best with flow rates of 0.3 ml min −1 , columns of different inner diameter and different LC flow rates and injection volumes were used for optimum performance. All separations were performed using Discovery C18 columns (Supelco, Deisenhofen, Germany) equipped with guard columns of the same material with the following dimensions: 5 μm particle size, 100 Å pore size, 2.1 mm id (for ESI experiments) and 3.0 mm id (for APCI experiments), 20 mm length (guard column) and 150 mm (analytical column). Eluent A of the mobile phase was a solution of 250 mg ammonium formate and 0.6 ml formic acid in 1 L deionized water (pH=3). Eluent B was acetonitrile. A binary gradient at flow rates of 0.25 ml min −1  (2.1 mm id column for ESI) and 0.6 ml min −1  (3.0 mm id column for APCI) with the following profile was used: 
                                                                         t/min   0.01   3   8   18   20   25   25.5           [CH 3 CN](%)   60   60   90   90   60   60   stop                        
The injection volume was 5 μl (2.1 mm id column) and 10 μl (3.0 mm id column).
 
     For all measurements with the MS system, curved desolvation lines (CDL) voltage −35 V, CDL temperature 300° C., deflector voltages 35 V and detector voltage 1.7 kV were used. The ESI parameters were probe voltage +2.5 kV and nebulizer gas flow-rate 4.5-ml min −1 . APCI experiments were carried out with probe voltage 0 V, nebulizer gas flow-rate 2.5 ml min −1  and probe temperature 350° C. 
     The online coupling of the electrochemical cell to HPLC-MS was accomplished by inserting a coulometric flow cell for quantitative oxidation between the UV/vis detector and the interface of the MS system ( FIG. 1 ). The connection between the flow cell and the interface was kept as short as possible to reduce loss of ions during transport. To prevent electrical connection between ESI interface and coulometric cell via the eluent, appropriate ground connection has to be assured. The MS parameters were adjusted to the conditions imposed by HPLC binary gradient elution. 
     The mass spectrum of 4-n-nonylphenyl FCE recorded with this HPLC-electrochemistry-MS system using the APCI interface is shown in  FIG. 2 . The APCI probe voltage was set to 0 V for these measurements to ensure that ions which are observed in the spectrum are generated by the oxidative potential of 700 mV in the coulometric cell and not by the APCI process. The interface may, therefore, be considered as being a heated nebulizer interface. This experiment was not possible with the ESI interface, because the spraying process of ESI depends on a high voltage at the ESI capillary. The base peak in the spectrum of m/z=432 corresponds to the molecular ion of 4-n-nonylphenyl FCE. The isotope pattern in the spectrum fits well to the calculated isotope pattern. The corresponding spectrum recorded with the ESI interface (probe voltage of +2.5 kV) is almost identical and is therefore not shown. The appearance of the molecular ion peak shows that the oxidation of Fe(II) in the ferrocene function to Fe(III) in the corresponding ferrocenium ion was successfully accomplished by electrochemical oxidation in the coulometric flow cell. 
     Further proof for this assumption is provided in  FIG. 3  showing chromatograms (raw data, no smoothing of the peaks) of the separation of a 1×10 −5  mol dm −3  mixture of different FCEs recorded as total ion current (TIC) in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. For these measurements, different potentials ranging from 0 to 1000 mV vs. Pd/H 2  were applied to the coulometric flow cell. No peaks are detected at potentials below 400 mV. Beginning with a potential of 400 mV, molecular ions of the short chain FCEs as well as of the coeluting 4-biphenyl and 4-benzylphenyl FCEs produce clearly detectable peaks. At a potential of 600 mV, all compounds in the mixture are oxidized to the corresponding ferrocinium ions and can be seen in the chromatogram. It can be observed that the peak areas of 4-biphenyl, 4-benzylphenyl and 4-bromo-4′-biphenyl FCE are lowered for higher potentials than 600 mV. The optimum potential for this mixture of FCE derivatives was found to be 700 mV vs. Pd/H 2 . Therefore, a cell voltage of 700 mV was used for all following experiments. 
     There are two major advantages of this technique when compared to the electrochemical oxidation in the ESI interface. The oxidative potential in the electrochemical flow cell can be adjusted precisely to the requirements for the analysis. Analytes that are more easily oxidized than interfering substances could be selectively ionized. The high voltage used in the electrospray interface cannot be adjusted to the requirements of the oxidative process and it is nor possible to gain knowledge about the exact oxidative potential within the ESI capillary. 
     The large surface of the glassy carbon-working electrode in the coulometric flow cell enables quantitative turnover rates in the oxidation process resulting in increased sensitivity and a large linear concentration range. The electrochemical set-up in the ESI interface is more similar to a thin layer amperometric cell, which has oxidation efficiencies of typically less than 20%. Although the oxidation in the electrospray process might be quantitative at very low concentrations and/or very low flow rates, good linearity cannot be expected. 
     The additional coupling of HPLC to electrochemistry and MS adds selectivity because of the chromatographic separation. Preformed ions, for example, will elute before the more unpolar analytes and cannot interfere or suppress the analytes mass signals. 
     Calibration data were then recorded with the HPLC electrochemistry-MS system and both ESI and APCI interfaces. The calibration functions exhibited excellent linearities in the lower concentration ranges, but smaller than expected peak areas for higher concentrations when using the APCI mode ( FIG. 4 ). This can be explained by insufficient oxidation in the flow cell at higher concentration levels and the increased HPLC flow rate used for APCI. This reduces the linear concentration range for the APCI mode compared to the ESI mode. For ESI, linear ranges of four decades are observed for selected analytes. 
     Analytical figures of merit for both interfaces are also provided in  FIG. 4 . Obviously, ESI allows for lower limits of detection and larger linear concentration ranges than APCI for the phenol derivatives, whereas the short chain aliphatic alcohol FCEs can be detected at lower concentration in the APCI mode. In the ESI mode, it was obvious that the limits of detection differed strongly between the derivatives of alcohols and phenols. To investigate if this effect is due to the different composition of the mobile phase in the course of the applied gradient, thus resulting in different spray conditions in the interface, isocratic elution was applied as well. However, the same results were obtained as for gradient elution. The reproducibility of both methods ranges from 1.8 to 6.6% (n=3), except for the detection of 4-bromo-4′-biphenyl FCE in the APCI mode and could be further lowered by the use of an internal standard. 
     The foregoing embodiments are intended to be illustrative and not limiting. Numerous other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art. All such alternative embodiments are included in the broad principle of the invention, as defined in the following claims.