Abstract:
An infantry training simulation system comprising at least one firing lane, with at least one display arranged substantially near the end of the firing lane. A trainee experiencing the simulation can carry at least one physical or virtual weapon, which is typically similar to a traditional infantry weapon. To facilitate navigation and other interaction with the simulation, the weapon is preferably outfitted with at least one controller. At least one computer is communicatively coupled to the display and the weapon. The computer can monitor input from the at least one controller, and modifies the training simulation displayed on the display based on the input.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application relates to and claims priority from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/285,390, filed Nov. 23, 2005, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/630,304, filed Nov. 24, 2004, and Provisional U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/734,276, filed Nov. 8, 2005, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes. 
     
    
     COPYRIGHT NOTIFICATION 
       [0002]    This application includes material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office files or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0004]    The present invention relates to the field of instructor-based simulated training environments, and more specifically provides new interfaces to such environments. 
         [0005]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0006]    Armed forces throughout the world rely on well trained men and women to protect their countries from harm. Such training varies widely among the different military branches, but until recently, such training has essentially involved one of two extremes, either highly advanced simulations, or hands-on, real-world training. 
         [0007]    This training divide exists for several reasons. One such reason is that the cost of developing simulated training environments is typically significantly higher than the real-world training. For example, according to statistics compiled in 2001, it costs the United States Army approximately $35,000 to train a new infantry recruit using traditional training methods. When this is compared to the cost of developing and deploying an infantry simulator, which could easily cost tens of millions of dollars, it is typically seen as more cost effective to provide traditional, hands-on training. The exception to this is in the aviation and maritime realms, where each real-world aircraft or watercraft can easily cost tens of millions of dollars, and training a pilot can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars. In such instances, developing simulators that allowed entry-level pilots to gain experience without entering the cockpit or bridge of a real aircraft or watercraft has proven to be a much more cost-effective training approach than risking the lives and safety of valuable instructors, trainees, and equipment. 
         [0008]    Another reason for the training divide is that most infantry-related tasks require maneuvering. Unlike pilots, who sit in a relatively static, fixed-dimension cockpit or bridge, infantry and other service members are required to move around a much broader area. For example, an infantry training exercise may involve securing a building in a city. Where the simulation begins at the outskirts of the city, the recruit must be able to navigate the city and find the appropriate building, enter it, and secure it. Such interactions have heretofore required awkward interfaces that tended to be distracting, and have not allowed the recruits to be fully immersed in the simulation. Thus, traditional, hands-on training has traditionally been preferred for infantry recruits. 
         [0009]    While traditional, hands-on, real-world training has traditionally been preferred for training infantry recruits, such training has its disadvantages. For example, it is often difficult to simulate the various environmental, structural, and linguistic differences experienced in different theaters. By contrast, a simulated training environment can readily allow a recruit to experience these differences. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0010]    What is needed is a system and methods through which infantry and other recruits can be trained using simulated environments that overcomes one or more of the limitations of the prior art. 
         [0011]    It is an object of the present invention to provide a lane-based, instructor controllable, simulated training environment. 
         [0012]    It is another object of the present invention to provide a user interface device through which an infantry recruit or other such trainee can easily navigate large simulated geographies. 
         [0013]    Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objectives and other advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by the structure particularly pointed out in the written description and claims hereof as well as the appended drawings. 
         [0014]    Technologies have been developed to support the needs of defense and civilian security forces. Specific training areas addressed by this technology can include, but are not limited to, small arms non-live fire marksmanship training, situation-based deadly force application decision-making skills, driver training, and convoy protection skills training. Although the exemplary embodiments described below address the software and hardware technologies as they exist today in the context of demonstration applications for military and law-enforcement training systems, it should be apparent to one skilled in the art that such systems can be readily adapted for alternative use contexts, such as, without limitation, video games, civilian weapons training, paramilitary training, and the like. The technology building blocks explained in the exemplary embodiments can be enhanced, combined, and configured in various ways as a solution to a diverse set of training needs. 
         [0015]    The system is preferably scalable, and allows multiple lanes to simultaneously interoperate with the simulation, thereby allowing multiple team members to practice tactics, techniques, and procedures both individually and as a team. Such a configuration also allows multiple teams to train together simultaneously, allows training force on force; permits fire team on fire team or multiple fire team vs. multiple fire team training, and any combination of fire teams vs. fire teams training. Using the integrated simulation controls, a single lane fire team or squad leader can command other trainees during the exercise or practice, such as by interactive GUI or voice command. 
         [0016]    One embodiment of the invention includes an infantry training simulation system comprising at least one firing lane, with at least one display arranged substantially near the end of the firing lane. The trainee using the simulation can carry at least one weapon, which is typically similar to an infantry weapon. To facilitate navigation and other interaction with the simulation, the weapon is preferably outfitted with at least one controller. At least one computer is communicatively coupled to the display and the weapon, monitors input from the at least one controller, and modifies the training simulation displayed on the display based on the input. 
         [0017]    Another embodiment of the invention includes an infantry training simulation system comprising a plurality of firing lanes, wherein each firing lane has associated therewith at least one display. At least one computer is communicatively coupled to at least one of the plurality of displays and generates a training simulation for display by the at least one display to which it is attached. The embodiment preferably further includes at least one instructor station, wherein the instructor station is communicatively coupled to the at least one computer allows an instructor to take control of at least one entity in the simulation. The trainee and/or instructor can interact with the simulation through a variety of means, including through at least one weapon. Each weapon is preferably associated with a firing lane, and each of the weapons is preferably communicatively coupled to the at least one computer such that the at least one computer can monitor the trainee and/or instructor as he interacts with the weapon. 
         [0018]    Still another embodiment of the invention includes a method of interacting with a simulated infantry scenario, comprising equipping a physical weapon with at least one controller; navigating the simulation with the at least one controller; monitoring the simulation for at least one hostile target; and engaging the hostile target using the physical weapon. 
         [0019]    It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and are intended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0020]      FIG. 1  is a left-hand elevation view of a weapon equipped with two controllers. 
           [0021]      FIG. 2  is a left-hand elevation view of a weapon equipped with two controllers. 
           [0022]      FIG. 3  is a top plan view of a weapon equipped with two controllers. 
           [0023]      FIG. 4  is a profile view of a controller mounting means for use on the barrel of a weapon. 
           [0024]      FIG. 5  is a profile view of a controller mounting means for use near the trigger of a weapon. 
           [0025]      FIG. 6  is a left-hand plan view of a weapon equipped with two controllers. 
           [0026]      FIG. 7  is a right-hand plan view of a weapon equipped with a wireless transmitter. 
           [0027]      FIG. 8  is a detailed perspective view of an alternative controller and mounting means. 
           [0028]      FIG. 9  is a detailed perspective view of an alternative controller and mounting means. 
           [0029]      FIG. 10  is a perspective view of a plurality of training lanes in use as part of a simulation. 
           [0030]      FIG. 11  is a perspective view of a single training lane. 
           [0031]      FIG. 12  is a perspective view of a training center embodiment. 
           [0032]      FIG. 13  is an alternative perspective view of a training center embodiment. 
           [0033]      FIG. 14  is a top view of a training center embodiment. 
           [0034]      FIG. 15  is a screen capture of a user interface through which controller inputs can be customized to each trainee&#39;s preferences. 
           [0035]      FIG. 16  is a screen capture of an entity list for use by an instructor station. 
           [0036]      FIGS. 17 and 18  are screen captures of a simulated infantry training scenario. 
           [0037]      FIG. 19  is a screen capture of an instructor station display illustrating exemplary scenario control interfaces. 
           [0038]      FIG. 20  is a screen capture of an instructor station display illustrating exemplary host scenario control interfaces. 
           [0039]      FIG. 21  is an alternative screen capture of an instructor station display illustrating exemplary scenario control interfaces, and further illustrating exemplary agent control interfaces. 
           [0040]      FIG. 22  is an alternative screen capture of an instructor station display illustrating exemplary scenario control interfaces, and further illustrating exemplary trainee monitoring interfaces. 
           [0041]      FIG. 23  is a flow diagram illustrating an exemplary instructor-controlled agent possession process. 
           [0042]      FIG. 24  is a flow diagram illustrating an exemplary weapon jam simulation process. 
           [0043]      FIG. 25  is a flow diagram illustrating an exemplary weapon jam clearing process. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0044]    Reference will now be made in detail to preferred embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. 
         [0045]    An aspect of the present invention provides a lane-based, instructor-led, infantry training simulator. In the embodiments illustrated in  FIGS. 12-14 , each trainee system  300  and  310  is designed to provide a single “channel” of visual simulation and can support a single firing lane. The image generated by a single visual channel in standard 4:3 aspect ratio provides a field of view (FOV) in the virtual environment of approximately 45 degrees horizontal by 34 degrees vertical. Multiple channels can be combined in a side-by-side fashion, as in trainee system  310 , to create a larger composite FOV such as 120 degrees horizontal by 34 degrees vertical. Each system can also be configured with a rotated aspect ratio of 4:3 if a larger vertical FOV is desired, and other aspect ratios may be used. 
         [0046]    At its most basic, an embodiment of the present invention can be implemented using a computer system, a simulated or modified weapon, and a training lane. All elements of the current embodiment of the system software execute on Windows-based PC&#39;s, although it should be apparent to one skilled in the art that alternative operating systems may be substituted therefor without departing from the spirit or the scope of the invention. Each of the software components is easily configured and controlled using standard input devices such as a keyboard and mouse. Additional input devices such as, without limitation, gamepads, joysticks, steering-wheels, foot pedals, foot pads, light gloves, any Microsoft DirectInput compatible USB device, or the like can also be used with the software components as desired. While DirectInput is a preferred API for interfacing with such devices, it should be apparent to one skilled in the art that alternative interface means may be substituted therefor without departing from the spirit or the scope of the invention. 
         [0047]    The PC&#39;s are preferably standard COTS gaming-level performance PC&#39;s, although as technology progresses such high-end machines may not be necessary. A typical, presently preferred computer configuration is as follows: 
         [0048]    Pentium-4 2.5 GHz or better 
         [0049]    1 GB RAM 
         [0050]    ATI Radeon 9800 XT 128 MB video card or better 
         [0051]    40 GB Hard drive 
         [0052]    The software running on these PC&#39;s is preferably capable of operating in a stand-alone mode or a collaborative, networked mode. In one stand-alone mode, the trainee is the only user-controlled entity in the environment with all other entities controlled by Al per the scenario definition. In collaborative, networked mode, each instantiation of the application software, such as, without limitation, each separately controlled trainee PC on the network, represents a trainee-controlled entity. The trainee-controlled entity can be friendly or hostile, with his role and beginning position set by the scenario. With this capability, the following engagement scenarios can be trained: 
         [0053]    Single vs. Programmable Al 
         [0054]    Team vs. Programmable Al 
         [0055]    Single vs. Single 
         [0056]    Team vs. Team 
         [0057]    As illustrated in  FIGS. 10 and 11 , a preferred trainee system may consist of at least one display system  200 , such as a high-lumen compact projector affixed to a rugged mount  205 . Where used, mount  205  can also hold an associated Ethernet-based hit detection system  208 , or hit detection system  208  can be mounted separately. A combined projector/hit-detection mount system can be attached to an industrial quality tripod for easy adjustment and alignment. Display system  200  can preferably be configured as forward or reverse projection to accommodate any deployment situation. If room in the facility permits, placing the projectors and hit detection systems behind the projection screen enables trainees to freely move about in front of the screen without the physical limitation of the projectors, cables, and the like. 
         [0058]    The hit detection system allows trainee PC  230  or other computing device to determine when a shot is fired from weapon  100 . Upon actuation of a firing mechanism, such as trigger  110 , associated with the weapon, a laser “fires” one pulse per shot which, through hit detection system  208 , indicates to the software where the shot enters the virtual environment space. Laser signatures specific to each weapon can identify individual shots fired from multiple weapons in the same lane, enabling multi-trainee training in a single lane as illustrated in  FIG. 10 . 
         [0059]    Referring again to  FIGS. 12-14 , mission training typically consists of a Mission Briefing, Mission Execution, and an After Action Review. The training location floor plan illustrated in  FIGS. 12-14  facilitates such training. The training location is preferably laid out in three separate stations, one for each respective training stage, to maximize trainee throughput. The illustrated embodiment consists of one Instructor station  320 , one Observer station  330 , and one or more trainee stations, or training lanes  300 , per stage. Although the illustrated embodiment is presently preferred, it should be apparent to one skilled in the art that alternative numbers of stations and station arrangements can be substituted therefor without departing from the spirit or the scope of the invention. By way of example, alternative trainee stations may be substituted for trainee stations  300 , such as 120 degree lane  310  which consists of a plurality of screens which are synchronized in time, image, shot detection, and the like. 
         [0060]    In addition to the three stations, four separate software applications are preferably implemented across the various system components. Although the four software applications are described herein as separate entities, it should be apparent to one skilled in the art that the functionality of one or more applications can be combined together, and one or more application may be divided into a plurality of applications, without departing from the spirit or the scope of the invention. The following are summaries of each application. More detailed descriptions of each appear below. 
         [0061]    The first application is the trainee application which is used to present a real-time image to the trainee in the lane via display system  200 . This application also handles the input for hit detection system  208 , weapon  100  inputs (including inputs from controllers  115 ,  120 , and  140 , described below), and clip stand inputs (described below), and propagates these inputs to a simulation server. In one embodiment, the inputs are propagated to the simulation server via the trainee station. In this embodiment, the trainee station preferably processes all input to the simulation from any trainee control device. As described below, by using these control devices, the trainee has the ability to fully interact with the 3D environment, shooting weapons, throwing grenades, climbing up on chairs, climbing ladders, climbing ropes, and the like. In one embodiment, the instructor station controls the observer station, which can run the trainee application in slave mode. 
         [0062]    The second application is the instructor station. The instructor station preferably acts as the simulation server, network host, and simulation control station for mission execution. 
         [0063]    The third application is the Scenario Editor. This application enables course designers to customize the tactical situation using a simple point and click interface and a standard scripting language. 
         [0064]    The final application is the Level Editor. This application is used to build the environment, consisting of visible and invisible geometry, collision geometry, lighting information, special rendering pipeline information, and other characteristics of the environment, objects, and actors in the simulation. 
         [0065]    The trainee station preferably includes at least one physical or virtual weapon. Referring to  FIG. 10 , although weapon  100  is illustrated as a machine gun, it should be apparent to one skilled in the art that alternative weapons, including other projectile weapons and non-lethal weapons such as stun-guns and tasers, may be substituted therefor without departing from the spirit or the scope of the invention. As illustrated in  FIGS. 1-9 , each weapon is preferably outfitted with one or more human interface controllers  115  and  120 , as well as laser controller  150  and laser  155 . Such a weapon may be the trainees&#39; actual assigned weapon to which human interface controllers  115  and  120 , and laser controller  150  and laser  155  are attached, or active, simulated weapons to which such components have been attached or into which they are embedded. Whether the weapon is the actual weapon or a simulated weapon, it is preferably not physically tethered to any system component, but rather makes use of a weapon-mounted, embedded signature laser  155  to identify shots to the system as described above. 
         [0066]    A preferred embodiment of the invention allows controllers  115 ,  120  to be located where convenient and comfortable for the trainee. The trainee can adjust control positions based on arm length, hand size, and the like using a plurality of set screws  117  and brackets  116 , and/or simply removing and rotating both the joystick/thumbstick and button mechanisms for a left handed configuration. Although the illustrated embodiment utilizes screws  117  to mount the controllers to the weapon, it should be apparent to one skilled in the art that alternative mounting means, including, without limitation, double-stick tape or other adhesive, and rubber bands or other mechanical devices, may be substituted therefor without departing from the spirit or the scope of the invention. 
         [0067]    In a preferred embodiment, controllers  115  and  120  are implemented as traditional joysticks or thumbsticks, with the added functionality that pressing directly down on the joystick acts as an additional input. While a joystick is presently preferred, it should be apparent to one skilled in the art that alternative controller arrangements, including, without limitation, a plurality of buttons, or a trackball, may be substituted therefor without departing from the spirit or the scope of the invention. 
         [0068]    A plurality of controllers are presently preferred because they allow the trainee to simultaneously navigate the simulated environment and adjust the view angle. By way of example, without intending to limit the present invention, controller  115  may be configured as a view angle controller. In such a configuration, activation of controller  115  can cause the display to change as though the trainee were turning or tilting his or her head. By contrast, when controller  120  is configured as a movement or navigation controller, activation of controller  120  can cause the trainee&#39;s position within the simulation to change as appropriate. The combination of these controls allows, for example, a trainee to look to his or her left while stepping backward. 
         [0069]    Controllers  115  and  120  are preferably located at or near where the trainee traditionally holds the weapon. In the embodiment illustrated in  FIGS. 1-9 , controller  120  is located near trigger  110 , while controller  115  is located along barrel  125 . In the illustrated embodiment, cables  130  communicatively couple the controllers to wireless controller  105 . However, it should be apparent to one skilled in the art that alternative communicative coupling means, including, without limitation, short-range ultrasonic or radio frequency communications, may be substituted therefor without departing from the spirit or the scope of the invention. 
         [0070]    This methodology provides highly realistic simulated weapons engagement training. The conversion of a trainee&#39;s weapon into an indoor training weapon is a simple procedure that replaces the receiver or barrel with a simulation barrel or standard blank firing adapter, and adds laser  155  for indicating shot location. The weapon is then loaded with special indoor blanks or standard blanks as appropriate. In situations where users do not desire to use blanks, active simulated weapons that meet the same form/fit/weight/function as the real weapons may be substituted therefore without departing from the spirit or the scope of the invention. 
         [0071]    In addition to the weapon being instrumented for simulation input with controllers  115  and  120 , standard button presses may also be used to control trainee simulation control functions such as throwing a grenade, jumping, unjamming a weapon, switching weapons, or the like. The layout and placement of these buttons are configurable for each trainee to account for ergonomic variation and personal preference, as illustrated by input system  140  of  FIGS. 8 and 9 . Such buttons are preferably mounted to weapon  100 , but may alternatively be provided by a traditional keyboard, or through an alternative input means, such as a plurality or buttons attached to or worn by a trainee. 
         [0072]    By utilizing a multi-state input system such as input system  140 , individual commands can be defined in terms of the activation of multiple controls, either simultaneously and/or in a defined temporally based sequence. This allows a far greater set of commands to be readily available to each trainee. By way of example, without intending to limit the present invention, one chord of buttons from input system  140  may temporally place the input state machine into an external control mode where the next command will affect the entire group to which the trainee is associated. 
         [0073]    In one embodiment, trainees can customize the functionality represented by the various buttons on input system  140  and the functionality associated with each of controllers  115  and  120  through a weapon controls configuration screen such as that illustrated in  FIG. 15 . Such a screen allows the trainee to configure the movement and view axis controls, as well as setting the “hardness” of the configuration, based on directed inputs received from the instrumented weapon. 
         [0074]    An object of the present invention is to provide an immersive, simulated environment in which a trainee can become more familiar with a weapon, practice various techniques and tactics, and the like. The immersive environment is a collaborative virtual world that preferably supports a variety of exterior terrain types such as urban, rural, and urban/rural transitions, as well as various building interior and exterior types, and specific custom-built interiors. The user&#39;s view of this environment can be static or moving. A moving viewpoint simulates walking, running, driving, or other movement within the environment, and can be controlled directly by the user, scripted in the scenario, or controlled by a secondary user. While walking or running through the environment, interior of buildings can be explored by moving through doorways from room-to-room, around corners, climbing up and down stairs, ropes, ladders, or the like.  FIGS. 17 and 18  illustrate an exemplary Baghdad urban virtual environment with damaged buildings. 
         [0075]    Whether the viewpoint is static or moving, the software can place scenario-driven artificial intelligence (Al) entities  1800  throughout the immersive environment to provide situational engagement opportunities. The Al can represent an individual entity or a group of entities, and can exhibit innocent/non-combatant, armed/opposition, or other such behaviors. These behaviors are preferably programmable and can be grouped and/or event-driven to compose complex behavior sequences. This technology differs from branching video scenarios by offering a wider variety of situations to be trained. Additionally, this technology provides the capability to add variability to Al behavior responses so the trainee learns to handle the situation, not the training device. 
         [0076]    A goal of the present invention is to allow trainees to train under a variety of conditions, and to allow instructors to modify a given training scenario so that trainees learn to respond to events occurring in the simulation, rather than merely anticipating an event based on a prior simulation. To that end, a preferred embodiment of the present invention includes a Scenario Editor and a Level Editor. The Scenario Editor allows an instructor, curriculum developer, or other user to create new scenarios and to modify existing scenarios. It preferably provides the user with at least two different viewing modes, free fly camera mode and a locked camera view, effectively providing a 2D orthographic view. The Level Editor allows a curriculum developer to create new environments. 
         [0077]    The Level Editor user can import new terrains or geometry from a variety of external software, such as, without limitation, those capable of generating OpenFlight™ files. Additionally, geometry created in 3DStudioMax or other three dimensional CAD or drawing tools can be imported as well. Such importation may occur through, for example, the use of Apex™ Exporter or other such tool. Using the mouse and keyboard, or the navigation area, the user can move, fly, or otherwise navigate around the imported terrain and place objects in the scenario. Objects can be placed by explicitly specifying a location (e.g., by mouse click), by using a paint function to rapidly populate objects (such as a forest or shrubs, trash or other urban clutter), or by using a random placement function with a user specified object density. Depending on the methodology used for rendering the terrain, the user may also specify the terrain textures, tiling factors, and detail texture to be used. The terrain may also have visual details, such as water, roads, scorch marks, and other types of visual detail placed on it. Objects added to the environment using the Level Editor can be moved, rotated, scaled, and have their object-specific attributes edited. The Level Editor is also used to generate or specify terrain and object collision meshes. 
         [0078]    The Scenario Editor preferably includes an Al menu which enables the user to populate the environment with entities and specify their default behaviors. Opposing force entities can be given a mission or objective, a skill level, stealth level, and a set of human characteristics similar to those given to live participants. Non-combatant entities can be either given, for example, a starting point, number, path, and destination (i.e., an area in which they maneuver), or a place where they remain but perform a specified action. Other functions include a trigger/event system for specifying complex scenario behaviors. 
         [0079]    The Scenario Editor preferably also contains other menu items which allow the user to specify attributes of special objects such as weapons (e.g., weapon type, useful range, slope, lethality, damage/interaction with objects), and explosive devices (e.g., fireball size, lethal range, injury range and damage/interaction with objects). The Scenario Editor also supports the ability to assign “health” to objects in the environment. Anything interacting with a particular object has the capability of doing damage (reducing the “health”) to the object, by virtue of its speed, hardness, and other factors. 
         [0080]    The destructible object system is closely tied to the material system. If the user specifies that a submesh of an object is “wood”, the properties of wood will be applied to that submesh. The “wood” material&#39;s basic properties would include particle effect, collision interaction sounds, bullet and scorch marks, but also more advanced physical properties such as brittleness—which is where the destructible object system comes into play. 
         [0081]    The brittleness of a material, such as wood or glass, determines the amount of impulse or force required to break the object to which the material is assigned. Break points and fracture paths are determined on-the-fly based on the position and direction of the applied contact force. By way of clarification, without intending to limit the present invention, in two dimensions, a fracture path can be thought of as a series of connected line segments with randomly perturbed orientations. The implementation of brittleness simulation preferably involves splitting the volume that comprised the original object, and applying a pre-assigned texture to the newly created polygons. This texture represents the object&#39;s newly exposed interior. 
         [0082]    Entity visual representations within the simulation are preferably comprised of various body-type representations (man, woman, child, etc.) combined with customizable appearances enabling different face, skin, hair, and clothing styles to be employed. With this multi-variable approach to entity implementations, the software provides a virtually limitless set of human representations.  FIG. 18  illustrates four different entities firing on the trainee. 
         [0083]    Entities are engaged during a simulation using physical or virtual weapons. When a shot is registered in the simulated environment, the appropriate response is elicited through the infliction of damage on the scene or other entities. Visual special effects as well as physical reactions provide visual indications of damage. Some of the visual special effects include explosions, blood splatter, dust bursts, debris bursts, sparks, wood chips (from trees), cement bursts, bullet holes, and scorch marks. Physical indications include body movement reactions, large flying debris, and vehicle physical impacts. Additionally, shots registered in the environment can also elicit responsive behavior from the entities in the scene per their programmed behavior patterns in the given scenario. 
         [0084]    The present invention preferably uses a base morale score with different factors to compute a morale score for each entity or group of entities in the simulation. The morale score will affect the behavior of friendly and enemy Al entities. The score can also be used to determine if the entity should be suppressed. The following are exemplary factors contributing to the morale score. The following list is intended to be exemplary and not a comprehensive list of the only factors which contribute to the morale score. 
         [0085]    Enemy Shot At +1 
         [0086]    Enemy Hit +3 
         [0087]    Enemy Killed +5 
         [0088]    Friendly Shot At −1 
         [0089]    Friendly Hit −3 
         [0090]    Friendly Killed −5 
         [0091]    When morale is lower, Al entities may prefer cover, line-of-sight to friendlies, closer to friendlies, reduce cutoff cost, reduce accuracy, use a lower profile (like crouch attack), if running away then panic and do not fire back and try to increase distance to threat. Based on morale score and the amount bullets “shot at” an Al entity or group of entities, the simulation can determine if the entity becomes suppressed (i.e. exhibits longer cover intervals), pinned (suppressed+does not move), cowered (pinned+does not fire back), or the like. 
         [0092]    To detect shot proximity, a sphere is created around each entity and a raycast is calculated which passes from the bullet&#39;s entry, exit, and mid point (middle of the line connecting the entry and exit points on the sphere) to the entity. If the ray passes through the sphere, then it means the bullet passed close by and the entity was capable of perceiving it, which in turn alters the entity&#39;s morale score as described above. 
         [0093]    Although scenarios can be designed for stand-alone training, training is preferably controlled via an instructor station. During a simulation, the instructor is presented with a user interface similar to those illustrated in  FIGS. 19-22  The instructor station provides master scenario selection and overall simulation execution control. Scenario execution control commands can include, but are not limited to, start, stop, pause, and resume. The instructor is preferably presented with his own free-fly camera view of the environment, allowing him to view the scenario from any desired perspective. 
         [0094]    The instructor can also select a role to play in the first person to enhance the reality of the training. Using an object oriented actor management and command system, exemplary interfaces to which are illustrated in  FIGS. 16 and 22 , the distributed training application can use a multiplexed command router to send input from the instructor station to an appropriately selected distributed actor when the 3D environment widget has focus in the application. Such distributed actors may include an Al entity or a trainee, and can be “possessed” (i.e. controlled), healed, and/or respawned (i.e. reinstantiated or resuscitated) by the instructor, as illustrated in  FIGS. 16 and 19 .  FIG. 23  illustrates a method through which an instructor can possess an entity. 
         [0095]    In  FIG. 23 , the instructor can select the entity to be possessed (block  2315 ), and clicks the possess button (block  2320 ). Any keyboard commands or other inputs (block  2310 ) are then multiplexed to an appropriate entity control (block  2330 ), ground vehicle control (block  2335 ) or air vehicle control (block  2340 ). 
         [0096]      FIG. 19  further illustrates a host scenario interface, through which the instructor can instantly move to the location of a given entity, and through which the instructor can select various trainee and/or simulation options.  FIG. 22  illustrates an instructor&#39;s third-person view of a trainee after clicking on the trainee&#39;s name in the trainee list of  FIG. 19 . 
         [0097]    As illustrated in  FIG. 21 , when the instructor possesses or controls an entity, the instructor&#39;s view frustum and HUD  1905  are switched to be consistent with a first person perspective simulation. Additional controls may also be presented to the instructor, including compass, friendly Al locater, objective locater, health and stance indicator. The instructor can also control an entity from a third person perspective and command the entity to behave in a certain manner via entity control  2100 . Similarly, when the instructor is controlling an entity who is performing a task more traditionally simulated from a third person perspective, such as, without limitation, operating a vehicle, the instructor&#39;s view frustum can be similarly converted. Once the necessity of instructor participation at this level is complete, the instructor may return control of the entity to the originally controlling Al or training participant. 
         [0098]    During the scenario, an after action review (AAR) log is compiled at the instructor station. The AAR information preferably includes, but is not limited to, the number of shots fired by each trainee, where those shots landed, the firing line of site, reaction time, and other pertinent data deemed important by the instructors. With the AAR log, the instructor can play back the scenario on his local display and/or the trainees&#39; display system to debrief performance. The playback system preferably employs a “play from here” methodology from any given time-point in the AAR log file. 
         [0099]    In one embodiment, an instructor can use a simple user interface, such as scenario control  1900  of  FIG. 19 , to indicate what communication channels are available, thereby giving the instructor complete control over the communication matrix. The instructor can create, enable, or disable individual channels, team channels, or global broadcast channels. The instructor can specify which channels to record for AAR and flag the AAR with bookmarks. The instructor can also record selected individuals, groups, or sub-groups. External communications will also be recorded, such as those sent for a simulated call for fire, and the like. 
         [0100]    Although an instructor can insert bookmarks via the add mark button of scenario control interface  1900  or other such user interface element, certain events should trigger a bookmark automatically. These events include, but are not limited to, an enemy entering the trainee&#39;s field of view for the first time, trainee death, enemy death, all explosions, trigger activation, and from scripts. Specific evaluation triggers will automatically log the event in the trainee&#39;s individual AAR statistics. 
         [0101]    Multi-channel Hit Detection is accomplished by the sending of a network packet whenever a mouse click input is received on a slave channel. The network packet contains the position and direction of the projected ray created out of the two dimensional mouse click. That network packet is processed by the master channel, and a hit is registered using the ray information. To avoid having multiple hits registered in the cases where the screen area overlaps between the channels, a comparison is done on the time of each hit against the maximum fire rate of a weapon. If a hit happens too quickly, the hit is discarded. 
         [0102]    One embodiment of the present invention can simulate a weapon system jamming based on the current clip  135 , cumulative effects of the rounds fired, and the like, as illustrated in  FIG. 24 . In one embodiment, weapon  100  is equipped with a clip sensor that determines which clip  135  is currently in the weapon. In an alternative embodiment, clips  135  are stored in a container or placed on a stand, and the table or container is capable of inventorying the clips contained therein. As each clip is removed, a record is made of the clip currently in use. Based on the clip sensor inputs  2410 , the clip and projectile are determined (block  2420 ) each time the weapon is fired (block  2415 ). This information is processed (block  2425 ) and stored in a database (block  2430 ) so the trainee cannot “reuse” a previously expended clip. Performance metrics, such as, without limitation, the jam frequency, particulate build-up, or the like, associated with each projectile are also accessed, and these performance metrics are used to determine the likelihood of a jam. A random number generator  2445  can be used to determine whether, based on the likelihood of a jam, a jam actually occurs. 
         [0103]    By tracking clips, rounds within the clips, and the types of those rounds (standard, tracer, custom, other) in a database, using RFID or other wireless or wired technology which includes a special clip stand that is instrumented to identify which clips  135  remain unused (and may thereby derive which clips have been used), the simulation can statistically derive the probabilities used to simulate a realistic and reasonable weapon jam during the currently executing firing cycle. The probability of jamming during any firing cycle is related to the round type being fired, the total rounds fired in this session, the total rounds fired since the last jam, the number of rounds fired of each ammunition type this session, the number of rounds fired of each ammunition type since the last jam, and other items which are tracked in the simulation; or a jam may be simulated at the command of the instructor, or as a predefined command in a control script. 
         [0104]    Once a weapon jam has occurred, the firing signal to the instrumented weapon is blocked and the trainee must perform a jam clearing procedure to reactivate the weapon. This procedure may range in complexity from the press of a single button on the instrumented weapon, to a complex series of steps which are sensed by the simulation from a fully instrumented weapon, such as that illustrated in  FIG. 25 . In the exemplary procedure illustrated in  FIG. 25 , when a jam occurs (block  2500 ), a clip sensor  2510  is polled to determine whether the trainee has removed the clip and examined it (block  2515 ). The time the clip has been removed from the weapon can be monitored to force the trainee to make the simulation more realistic. Depending on the type of jam, the clip check may be sufficient to unjam the weapon, and the simulation continues as normal. If the weapon is still jammed, the chamber cover can be monitored via a chamber cover sensor (block  2520 ) to determine whether the trainee has checked the chamber (block  2525 ). As with the clip sensor, depending on the type of jam, the chamber check may be sufficient to unjam the weapon, and the simulation continues as normal. If the weapon is still jammed, the system can monitor the click and recharge sensor  2530 . If the trainee has performed the appropriate steps, the weapon will unjam. Although described above in terms of physical checks, such steps may include, virtually checking the chamber, engaging a new round into the chamber with the bolt, charging the gun with the charging arm, or the like. Once the proper procedure has been performed, as monitored by the simulation using a state machine, the system re-engages the firing signal, thereby allowing the weapon to activate normally. 
         [0105]    While the invention has been described in detail and with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope thereof. Thus, it is intended that the present invention cover the modifications and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.