Abstract:
A method and system, which may be implemented in some embodiments as a video game, for identifying harmful airborne biota, particularly flying insects, and either killing or disabling the harmful airborne biota is disclosed. Lasers, radar, and other types of radiation may be used to illuminate objects in a detection region, with radiation returns detected and applied to a pattern classifier to determine whether the detected airborne biota are harmful, benign or beneficial. Tracking and classification information may be provided to a remotely located game participant who may be permitted to control measures taken to eliminate the harmful airborne biota, these measures including firing pulses of beamed energy or radiation of a sufficient intensity to at least incapacitate them, or mechanical measures such as flying a remotely-controlled miniature unmanned aircraft to engage and kill the pests.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/721,112, filed Nov. 25, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,853,328, issued Feb. 8, 2005, which was a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/571,295, filed May 14, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,653,971, issued Nov. 25, 2003, which claimed the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/134,081, filed May 14, 1999. 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   This method and system relates generally to insect and pest monitoring and control, including other forms of airborne biota, and particularly to use of radar, laser, and other optical sensors for detection and discrimination between insect pests and beneficial insects, and includes use of such technologies in a video game application. Precision kill technologies may be utilized to timely kill or disable airborne biota identified as harmful to protected assets. The method also provides for detection of insect pests or pest activity within the protected volume using traps and miniaturized sensors and telemetry systems, and on crop plants or production animals using laser vibrometry and other laser and optical sensors. In some embodiments, the method can be practiced as a video game wherein remotely located participants control kill devices (e.g., lasers, high-power microwave (HPM) devices, remote control or robotic aircraft) against active insect targets or other pests in a real-time environment so as to kill or sufficiently disable pests to prevent them from breeding or engaging in destructive activity. 
   Applicants&#39; prior patents and patent applications have described problems associated with insects and other airborne biota and described apparatus and methods for protecting crops and other assets from insects and other airborne biota. The instant application hereby incorporates Applicants&#39; U.S. Pat. No. 6,653,971, entitled “Airborne Biota Monitoring and Control System,” herein by reference in its entirety, and also hereby incorporates Applicants&#39; U.S. Pat. No. 6,853,328, also entitled “Airborne Biota Monitoring and Control System,” herein by reference in its entirety. 
   The instant application describes additional embodiments and methods of use for some of the component elements and inventions described in Applicants&#39; prior applications and patents, some of which may now become preferred embodiments, and expands upon embodiments and methods that may be used particularly when selected embodiments of the instant invention are implemented to enable or enhance practice of the invention wherein some functions of some elements may be controlled by human operators, and in particular wherein those human operators are located remotely from a location of sensors, processors, and weapons. In some embodiments, as described in prior patents and patent applications, remotely located human operators may be presented with displays based upon sensor observations and may remotely operate controls so as to cause weapons to engage targets deemed to be harmful or potentially harmful to protected assets. 
   BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   A system for disabling or killing at least one pest insect is described. The system includes a pest insect detection system positioned to detect a pest insect and develop targeting information related to the pest insect. The system includes a communications interface receiving developed target information related to the pest insect and transmitting target information to a computer where target information is displayed. The system includes a human-operable interface coupled to the computer for allowing a human to generate control signals responsive to displayed target information. The system also includes a pest insect disabling or killing system responsive to the control signals received via the communications interface. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING 
       FIG. 1  is an illustration of an overhead kill plane backstop supported by a suspension cable and stabilized by stabilizing rods. 
       FIGS. 2   a  and  2   b  are side-on and face-on views of an alternate embodiment of overhead kill plane backstop having rigid panels made of honeycomb or similar lightweight rigid materials. 
       FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b  are end-on and face-on views of an alternate embodiment for an overhead kill plane backstop incorporating an optional sunshade or optional solar panels. 
       FIG. 3   c  is an end-on view showing an alternative configuration to obtain solar shading. 
       FIG. 4   a  is an end-on view of a rotating “Gatlin-gun” assembly containing lasing or laser amplifier elements (i.e., rods, tubes, disks, fibers). 
       FIG. 4   b  is an isometric view illustrating how a rotating assembly of lasing elements may be used in a “Gatlin-gun” laser amplifier. 
       FIG. 5  is an illustration showing how sensors, weapons, video-telemetry, and telecommunications may be combined to provide a remote control video-game capability for engaging migrating moths. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     FIG. 1  illustrates how an overhead kill plane backstop used in conjunction with the instant invention may be supported and stabilized to reduce or eliminate vertical swaying motions or twisting motions which may otherwise interfere with backstop functionality. Support structures  102 , which may be conventional utility poles made of wood, steel, or reinforced concrete (e.g., spun-cast concrete poles) conventionally set in soil or mounted on a footing, are used to support overhead kill plane backstop  100 , which may be of multilayer fabric or other appropriate material, as described in Applicants&#39; patents cited previously and incorporated herein. Other appropriate materials for an overhead kill plane backstop may be lightweight rigid panels, e.g., honeycomb or similar materials, as described more fully below, which provide enhanced stability as well as an ability to withstand multiple “hits” by a relatively high power laser. Adjustable stabilization rods  110  may be used at various intervals, e.g., 100 feet or so, to help minimize vertical swaying, or twisting, of backstop material, particularly in moderate winds. Stabilization rods  110  may be attached at one end to attachment points which may comprise metal fittings affixed to a lower support cable  106  or an upper support cable  108 . Stabilization rods  110  may be made adjustable in length, for example, by being made of telescoping sections wherein a desired length is maintained by a compression clamp, screw-down compression fitting, or the like. A lower end of a stabilization rod  110  may be attached to an anchor point on or in the ground, which may be, for example, a split disk screw-in anchor or the like as are commonly used to anchor guy wires on small antennas or utility poles. Alternatively, for some soil types and environments, an anchor point may comprise a heavy object resting on the ground, such as a 5-gallon bucket filled with cement and having a cast-in anchor loop. For longer spans, support structures  102  may extent above a desired height for an overhead kill plane backstop  100 , and a suspension cable  112  may be extended between support structures above a desired height for backstop  100 , and suspension riser cables  114  placed at intervals between suspension cable  112  and a cable supporting backstop  100 , or an attachment point on a rigid backstop. In some embodiments, where there is a danger of a tree, limb, or other object falling across a backstop support structure, ends of support cables may be attached with breakaway devices so that backstops and support cables may be allowed to detach and fall under weight of a falling limb or tree without causing severe damage, for example, to a support structure  102 . 
     FIGS. 2   a  and  2   b  illustrate end-on and face-on views of an alternate embodiment  200  of an overhead kill plane backstop, which may comprise lightweight rigid panels, such as may be made from aluminum honeycomb sandwich construction or from a construction similar to that used in corrugated cardboard. Kill plane backstops made of honeycomb panels may use a support panel  202  comprising a honeycomb core with thin sheets of aluminum or similar material bound to either side for structural strength, and an additional backstop panel  204  of open-faced honeycomb core material adhesively bonded or otherwise attached to a side of a support panel so that an open-faced honeycomb core, having a typical depth of approximately 2.5 cm to 7.5 cm, and a honeycomb cell dimension of approximately 0.7 cm, may be placed toward a kill laser in a typical overhead kill plane or a sidewall kill plane. Front surfaces of open honeycomb mesh may have small retro-reflectors (e.g., miniature cat-eye microbead reflectors or miniaturized corner reflectors) affixed so as to create a unique optical signature when illuminated by a laser beam, but honeycomb cell walls and other surfaces facing toward a kill laser may have a dark, anodized or similar coating that reduces specular and other reflections from honeycomb surfaces. Use of a backstop with a front face (i.e., side facing a kill laser) similar to that of open honeycomb cells will reduce likelihood of potentially eye-damaging specular reflections, especially for laser beams incident at significant angles with respect to a perpendicular to the face of the backstop, as may possibly occur from a flat-faced (e.g., fabric) backstop with a coating of water (e.g., after a rain). Conventional structural reinforcement and optional attachment points for optional attachment to suspension riser cables, as described in associated with  FIG. 1 , may be added as needed. Individual panel sections having typical lengths of 1 to 5 meters may be joined together using shear pins or similar breakaway construction techniques to minimize damage to a suspended backstop due to falling limbs and trees or similar maladies. A screen mesh of fine, preferably black wire, having a mesh spacing of approximately 3 millimeters, may be stretched or otherwise placed over a front surface of a backstop so as to reduce likelihood that mud daubers or other wasps would build nests within the open-faced honey-comb cells. 
     FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b  provide end-on and face-on views of an alternative embodiment  300  of an overhead kill plane backstop wherein an additional, generally horizontal, sunshade panel  302  is added on a top surface of a backstop, with a portion of sunshade panel  302  extending in a cantilevered fashion over the front face  304  of a backstop panel  306  so as to provide shade from sunlight (or moonlight) over the front face  304  of backstop panel  306  for at least a portion of a day. This feature may help reduce signal-to-noise problems when viewing airborne biota targets against a suspended backstop or when using a pre-pulse to find a unique optical signature of a kill plane backstop as described earlier herein. In an alternate embodiment, sunshade panels  302  may also include or be comprised of solar panels, i.e., panels of solar cells, capable of generating electricity from sunlight. Such panels may be electrically connected, preferably in an electrically parallel fashion, to insulated support cables or other electrical conductors to transmit electricity back to power conditioning units, which may be located on backstop support poles, on sensor/weapon poles associated with sensor, processor, and weapon electronics, or in other suitable locations. Breakaway structural and electrical connectors may be used to interconnect individual sections of backstop structure, typically 1 to 5 meters long, to form whatever length of kill plane backstop may be required for a given application and installation. 
     FIG. 3   c  provides an end-on view of an alternative embodiment that may be used wherein open-face cells of honeycomb material are cut at a slant to provide shading of lower portions of a panel for at least a portion of a day. 
   Applicants&#39; earlier patents and patent applications noted that various type of laser technologies may be used for a kill laser. Candidate laser technologies that may be used to achieve adequate short or extended pulse energy or power needed to disable, or otherwise render incapable of causing damage to a protected asset, an insect or other airborne biota, include solid state lasing rods, such as NdYAG or Nd-Glass lasers. However, one problem in using such lasing rods is dissipation of power. In an application that may require a pulse rate of many pulses per minute (e.g., to deal with a high rate target influx of moths from a migratory landing), a method for providing adequate cooling for lasing rods would likely be required. Although various embodiments of the instant invention may include use of such lasers, complete with air, liquid, or other forms of passive or active cooling of lasing rods, another option may be to use an assembly such as illustrated in  FIGS. 4   a  and  4   b , which includes multiple lasing rods arranged in a circular fashion, somewhat like multiple barrels in a Gatlin gun.  FIG. 4   a  provides an end-on view of such an assembly wherein multiple lasing rods  404  are arranged, evenly spaced, around a circle in a support plate or disk  402 . Lasing rods  404  serve as laser amplifiers for a laser pulse which may be generated by lower power laser, so as to provide a laser pulse with sufficient energy or power to serve as a kill pulse, or as a member pulse in a kill pulse sequence, as described in Applicants&#39; prior patents and patent applications. In some embodiments, separate lasing rods  406 , which may be smaller in diameter than lasing rods  404 , may be used to support generation of a pre-pulse as described in Applicants&#39; prior patents. When assembled in an assembly similar to that illustrated in  FIG. 4   b , a rotating assembly  414  of lasing rods may be configured so that each individual rod, in sequence, rotates through a focal point of multiple, reflecting, cylindrical elliptical cavities  408   a ,  408   b , wherein an opposite focal point of each cavity contains a flashlamp  410   a ,  410   b , respectively, so that when a lasing rod  404  (or  406  in some embodiments) is rotated through, or into, a focal axis of cylindrical elliptical cavities  408   a ,  408   b , and flashlamps  410   a ,  410   b  are energized, a population inversion is created in lasing rod  404  or  406 , and lasing, or laser amplification of a synchronized laser pulse generated in a separate lower-power laser  412 , occurs. Rotating assembly  414  of lasing rods may contain a conventional shaft encoder and conventional servo-motor and control system and thus be conventionally spun at a high rotation rate, with firing of flashlamps  410   a ,  410   b  and lower power laser  412  synchronized to energize and fire a selected lasing rod when needed, under influence of a control system which maintains knowledge of, and controls, frequency of firing of each lasing rod, so as to maintain an even heating load across all rods. Alternatively, rotating assembly  414  may be operated by a stepper motor so that each lasing rod  404  (or  406 ), in turn, is positioned at a focus of elliptical cavities so that the lasing rod may be energized and fired when needed under control of a firing system. The fired lasing rod is then rotated out of position and allowed to cool (under active or passive cooling) until rotated again into firing position. The lasing rod “Gatlin gun” assembly  400  may be configured with appropriate mounting points and openings for integrated with optical paths and other components of an embodiment of an airborne biota monitoring and control system of Applicants&#39; invention. 
   Other candidate technologies are available or emerging for laser weapons, as well as for coherent or non-coherent light sources for use with laser sensors or other optical sensors, that may be used with embodiments of the instant invention. These candidate technologies include high-power semi-conductor lasers, e.g., high power laser diodes, which may be used for direct illumination of a target or as a source of pump light for a lasing medium, which, in turn, is used to illuminate a target. Another emerging laser technology which may be used with benefit in various embodiments of Applicants&#39; invention include fiber lasers and fiber laser amplifiers, particularly those capable of operating in eye-safe wavelengths. Fiber lasers may be used in a laser weapon of sufficient energy or power to disable harmful insects or other biota, as well as in sensors based on laser illumination of targets. 
   Migrating insect species typically fly at altitudes from a few tens to hundreds of feet, and up to a few thousand feet, above surrounding terrain.  FIG. 5  illustrates how elements of the instant invention may be deployed in a manner that will permit engagement of migrating insect pests or other airborne biota traveling through a region. Such a deployment of elements may be positioned, for example, along a bank of a river (preferably an opposite bank to the direction from which migrant species are expected to approach) over which migrant species are known to fly or float. For biota such as Heliothis moths that may be detected by radar or a ladar, an early detection sensor  500 , which may be a radar, or a combination of a radar and a ladar, operating outwardly and upwardly above a river may provide initial detection of an inbound cluster of migrants  501 , and may also provide initial tracking and discrimination of a cluster, or individual members of a cluster, of arriving migrants  501 . Such detection may occur at ranges of approximately 2 kilometers or greater for some species and for favorable operational conditions. Information collected by early detection sensor  500  is communicated to a control system  502  comprising additional tracking and discrimination capabilities, and which may also have selected display capabilities. Control system  502  may be co-located near early detection sensor  500 , or control system  502  may be located at a site somewhat or very remote from early detection sensor  500 . In a video game or other remote control application, information from early detection sensor  500  may be provided directly, or in a summarized form, to potential game participants  506  or operators to alert them via Internet or other telecommunications media of arrival of “combatants” to be engaged. As migrants  501  continue to fly generally toward a location of an early warning sensor  500 , additional sensors  504 , which may include radar, ladar, or other laser and optical sensors, acquire, track, and provide, via a communications interface  524 , to control system  502  and to remotely located participants  506  and associated remotely located computers  508 , via Internet or other telecommunications media, additional tracking and discrimination information on clusters of, or individual, migrants, and weapon assets are readied to engage migrants potentially classified as harmful species. Weapon assets may include small, remotely controlled aircraft, similar, for example, to an electrically powered Black Widow micro-UAV (unmanned air vehicle) developed by AeroVironment, Inc., of Monrovia, Calif., as well as lasers or other small aircraft or directed energy weapons. As migrants  501  approach within range, small semi-autonomous but also remotely piloted aircraft  512  may be launched toward approaching migrants, and may be pre-programmed to fly to and maintain a specified altitude and general location under control of a semi-autonomous flight control system which may include a global positioning system (GPS) or advanced miniaturized inertial guidance system, such as available from MicroPilot, a company located near Winnipeg, Canada (www.micropilot.com), as well as from other sources. In a video game or other remote control application, control of a specific miniature, radio-controlled aircraft  512 , controlled via a telemetry or other radio link  514 , may be passed to a remote game participant  506  or other operator, who may then be given an opportunity to fly aircraft  512  toward a selected migrant target or target cluster of migrants  501  determined to be a harmful species by entering commands via a joystick or other game controller  510 . A live video downlink  518  from a camera  516  on aircraft  512  may be used to provide a near real-time display, directly or after compression processing, to a remote game participant  506 , who may then use such a signal to steer aircraft  512  toward, and attempt engagement, via direct contact (e.g., with a propeller or other kill enhancement device, as described in Applicants&#39; earlier patents), or via use of a miniature gun (e.g., using a shell similar to 22-caliber rat shot, but with environmentally safe pellets made of steel or other material besides lead), of via use of a miniature laser, preferably configuration for “lethality” at only a short range by either use of focusing optics or by use of laser wavelengths absorbed in air, or a combination thereof. After a game participants “time” is over, aircraft  512  may be programmed to fly itself back to a landing site or apparatus, wherein aircraft  512  may be serviced or automatically recharged for return to “alert” status. Aircraft  512  may also be programmed to resort to autonomous control if a game participant  506  or other remote operator attempts to fly aircraft  512  beyond permitted regional limits or altitudes. 
   Continuing with the example embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 5 , potentially harmful migrants  501  that survive engagement with remotely controlled aircraft  512  may subsequently be engaged by laser weapons  520 , positioned and configured to fire generally upward  522 , and using focusing, selected wavelengths, and other techniques described in Applicants&#39; prior patents, to insure safe operation, particularly relative to aircraft or persons in aircraft, balloons, or the like in regions beyond a designated kill altitude. Laser weapons  520  may be combined with, or include, a laser sensor or laser sensing capability to aid in precision tracking and discrimination of candidate targets before engagement. 
   As described in Applicants&#39; prior patents and patent applications, sensors may include RF radars, laser radars or ladars, other RF or optical sensors, including spectrometers or spectral line sensors, which may be used to detect, track movement and selected characteristics of airborne biota, and classify airborne biota as potentially harmful, beneficial, or neutral with respect to a protected asset. Processors may include specialized signal processor integrated circuits as well as higher-level processors which operate on signals, or groups of signals, from sensors, and use other information such as synchronization signals and attenuator and amplifier settings, to condition signals and extract information from signals, such as range to target, amplitude of signals reflected from target, Doppler-induced frequency shifts, relative spectral amplitudes, and the like. Weapons which may be used to destroy, kill, disable, or interfere with movement of airborne biota may include not only lasers, high-power microwave, or other directed energy weapons, but also specially modified versions of miniature remotely controlled or semi-autonomous unmanned air vehicles (UAVs), such as so-called micro-UAVs developed by AeroVironment, Inc. (e.g., AeroVironment&#39;s Black Widow micro-UAV) and other companies, some under funding from the U.S. Department of Defense Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and other Government agencies, and radio-controller helicopters and airplanes similar to those flown by so called RC hobbyists, such as available from HobbyTown USA™ through their HobbyOutlook™ catalog. Some existing micro-UAVs, such as AeroVironment&#39;s Black Widow, already have miniature cameras capable of sending live video back to a receiving station. Although such cameras are generally oriented to allow viewing of targets on the ground, cameras could be re-oriented and equipped with suitable optics to allow cameras to image flying insects or other biota in front of the miniature aircraft. Others could be modified to add such cameras.