Abstract:
A method and system for generating a complex signature respective of a multimedia data element (MMDE) are provided. The method includes partitioning the MMDE into a plurality of different minimum size MMDEs; generating, for each of the different minimum MMDEs, at least one signature, wherein generation of each at least one signature is performed by a plurality of computational cores, each computational core having at least one configurable property characterizing the core, and wherein configuration of the at least one configurable property respective of each core results in statistical independence among the plurality of cores; and assembling at least a complex signature for the MMDE comprised of a plurality of the generated signatures.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/668,559 filed on Nov. 5, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,880,566, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/538,495 filed on Aug. 10, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,312,031, which is a continuation-in-part of: 
     (1) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/084,150 having a filing date of Apr. 7, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,655,801, which is the National Stage of International Application No. PCT/IL2006/001235, filed on Oct. 26, 2006, which claims foreign priority from Israeli Application No. 171577 filed on Oct. 26, 2005 and Israeli Application No. 173409 filed on 29 Jan. 2006; 
     (2) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/195,863, filed Aug. 21, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,326,775, which claims priority under 35 USC 119 from Israeli Application No. 185414, filed on Aug. 21, 2007, and which is also a continuation-in-part of the above-referenced U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/084,150; and 
     (3) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/348,888, filed Jan. 5, 2009, now pending which is a continuation-in-part of the above-referenced U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/084,150 and the above-referenced U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/195,863. 
     All of the applications referenced above are herein incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The invention relates to search of multimedia content, and more specifically to generation of complex signatures to enable matches of multimedia content. 
     BACKGROUND 
     With the abundance of multimedia data made available through various means in general and the Internet and world-wide web (WWW) in particular, there is a need for effective ways of searching for, and management of, such multimedia data. Searching, organizing and management of multimedia data in general and video data in particular may be challenging at best due to the difficulty of representing and comparing the information embedded in the video content, and due to the scale of information that needs to be checked. Moreover, when it is necessary to find a content of video by means of textual query, prior art cases revert to various metadata that textually describe the content of the multimedia data. However, such content may be abstract and complex by nature and not necessarily adequately defined by the existing and/or attached metadata. 
     The rapidly increasing multimedia databases, accessible for example through the Internet, call for the application of new methods of representation of information embedded in video content. Searching for multimedia in general and for video data in particular is challenging due to the huge amount of information that has to be priory indexed, classified and clustered. Moreover, prior art techniques revert to model-based methods to define and/or describe multimedia data. However, by its very nature, the structure of such multimedia data may be too abstract and/or complex to be adequately represented by means of metadata. The difficulty arises in cases where the target sought for multimedia data is not adequately defined in words, or by the respective metadata of the multimedia data. For example, it may be desirable to locate a car of a particular model in a large database of video clips or segments. In some cases the model of the car would be part of the metadata but in many cases it would not. Moreover, the car may be at angles different from the angles of a specific photograph of the car that is available as a search item. Similarly, if a piece of music, as in a sequence of notes, is to be found, it is not necessarily the case that in all available content the notes are known in their metadata form, or for that matter, the search pattern may just be a brief audio clip. 
     A system implementing a computational architecture (hereinafter “the Architecture”) that is based on a PCT patent application publication number WO 2007/049282 and published on May 3, 2007, entitled “A Computing Device, a System and a Method for Parallel Processing of Data Streams”, assigned to common assignee, is hereby incorporated by reference for all the useful information it contains. Generally, the Architecture consists of a large ensemble of randomly, independently, generated, heterogeneous processing cores, mapping in parallel data-segments onto a high-dimensional space and generating compact signatures for classes of interest. 
     A vast amount of multimedia content exists today, whether available on the web or on private networks, having partial or full metadata that describes the content. When new content is added, it is a challenge to provide metadata that is accurate because of the plurality of metadata that may be potentially associated with a multimedia data element. Trying to do so manually is a tedious task and impractical in view of the amount of multimedia content being generated daily. Even more challenging is the matching between different multimedia content that represents the same, similar, or related concepts and/or information from different perspectives. For example, an image of the Washington Memorial in Washington D.C., may be taken from different angles, from different distances, in different lighting conditions, and at different positions of the camera, so that while in one photograph the Memorial is diagonal to the picture it is horizontal in another. 
     It would be therefore advantageous to provide a solution to overcome the limitations of the prior art described hereinabove. 
     SUMMARY 
     Certain embodiments disclosed herein include a method and system for generating a complex signature respective of a multimedia data element (MMDE). The method comprises partitioning the MMDE into a plurality of different minimum size MMDEs; generating, for each of the different minimum MMDEs, at least one signature, wherein generation of each at least one signature is performed by a plurality of computational cores, each computational core having at least one configurable property characterizing the core, and wherein configuration of the at least one configurable property respective of each core results in statistical independence among the plurality of cores; and assembling at least a complex signature for the MMDE comprised of a plurality of the generated signatures. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The subject matter that is regarded as the invention is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion of the specification. The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram depicting the basic flow of information in The System in large-scale video matching. 
         FIG. 2  is a diagram showing the flow of patches generation, response vector generation, and signature generation in a Large-Scale Speech-to-Text System implemented in accordance with certain embodiments. 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating the generation of complex signatures in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 4  is a flowchart illustrating a method of generation of complex signatures implemented in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 5  is a flowchart illustrating a method of a complex signature-based matching performed in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 6  is a block diagram of a system for generating complex signatures constructed in accordance with one embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The embodiments disclosed herein are only examples of the many possible advantageous uses and implementations of the innovative teachings presented herein. In general, statements made in the specification of the present application do not necessarily limit any of the various claimed embodiments. Moreover, some statements may apply to some inventive features but not to others. In general, unless otherwise indicated, singular elements may be in plural and vice versa with no loss of generality. In the drawings, like numerals refer to like parts through several views. 
     A method implemented according to the disclosed embodiments enables the association of metadata to a multimedia content based on finding matches to similar, partially-similar and/or related multimedia content. An input given multimedia content is matched to at least another multimedia content with corresponding metadata. Upon determination of a match, the corresponding metadata is processed and then used as metadata of the given multimedia content. When a large number of multimedia data is compared, a ranked list of metadata is provided. The most appropriate metadata is associated to the input given multimedia content based on various criteria. The method can be implemented in any applications which involve large-scale content-based clustering, recognition and classification of multimedia data, such as, content-tracking, video filtering, multimedia taxonomy generation, video fingerprinting, speech-to-text, audio classification, object recognition, video search and any other application requiring content-based signatures generation and matching for large content volumes such as, web and other large-scale databases. 
     Certain embodiments include a framework, a method, and a system, and their technological implementations and embodiments, for large-scale matching-based multimedia Deep Content Classification (DCC). In accordance with an embodiment, the system is based on the Architecture which is an implementation of a computational architecture described in patent application publication number WO 2007/049282. As mentioned above, the Architecture consists of a large ensemble of randomly, independently, generated, heterogeneous processing computational cores, mapping in parallel data-segments onto a high-dimensional space and generating compact signatures for classes of interest. 
     In accordance with the principles of the disclosed embodiments, a realization of The Architecture embedded in large-scale video matching system (hereinafter “the Matching System”) for multimedia DCC is disclosed. The Architecture receives an input stream of multimedia content segments, injected in parallel to all computational cores. The computational cores generate compact signatures of a specific content segment, and/or of a certain class of equivalence and interest of content-segments. For large-scale volumes of data, the signatures are stored in a conventional way in a database of size N, allowing match between the generated signatures of a certain content-segment and the signatures stored in the database, and accomplishing it with a low-cost, in terms of complexity, i.e. ≦O(log N), and response time. 
     An embodiment of the Matching System used for the purpose of explaining the principles of the embodiments disclosed therein is now demonstrated. Other embodiments are described in the co-pending patent applications of which this patent application is a continuation-in-part of, which are incorporated herein by reference. Moreover, it is appreciated that other embodiments will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. 
     Characteristics and advantages of the Matching System include, but are not limited to: the Matching System is flat and generates signatures at an extremely high throughput rate; the Matching System generates robust natural signatures, invariant to various distortions of the signal; the Matching System is highly-scalable in high-volume signatures generation; the Matching System is highly scalable in matching against large volumes of signatures; the Matching System generates Robust Signatures for exact match with low cost, in terms of complexity and response time; the Matching System accuracy is scalable versus the number of computational cores, with no degradation effect on the throughput rate of processing; the throughput of the Matching System is scalable with the number of computational threads, and is scalable with the platform for computational cores implementation, such as FPGA, ASIC, etc.; and, the Robust Signatures produced by the Matching System are task-independent, thus the process of classification, recognition and clustering can be done independently from the process of signatures generation, in the superior space of the generated signatures. 
     The goal of the Matching System is to effectively find matches between members of a large scale Master Database (DB) of video content-segments and a large scale Target DB of video content-segments. The match between two video content segments should be invariant to a certain set of statistical distortions performed independently on two relevant content-segments. Moreover, the process of matching between a certain content-segment from the Master DB to the Target DB consisting of N segments, cannot be done by matching directly from the Master content-segment to all N Target content-segments, for large-scale N, since the corresponding complexity of O(N), will lead to a non-practical response time. Thus, the representation of content-segments by both Robust Signatures and Signatures is crucial application-wise. The Matching System embodies a specific realization of the Architecture for large scale video matching purposes. 
     A high-level description of the process for large scale video matching performed by the Matching System is depicted in  FIG. 1 . Video content segments  2  from a Master DB  6  and a Target DB  1  are processed in parallel by a large number of independent computational Cores  3  that constitute the Architecture. Further details on the computational Cores generation are provided below. The independent Cores  3  generate a database of Robust Signatures and Signatures  4  for Target content-segments  5  and a database of Robust Signatures and Signatures  7  for Master content-segments  8 . An exemplary and non-limiting process of signature generation for an audio component is shown in detail in  FIG. 2 . Referring back to  FIG. 1 , at the final step, Target Robust Signatures and/or Signatures are effectively matched, by a matching algorithm  9 , to Master Robust Signatures and/or Signatures database to find all matches between the two databases. 
     To demonstrate an example of signature generation process, it is assumed, merely for the sake of simplicity and without limitation on the generality of the invention, that the signatures are based on a single frame, leading to certain simplification of the computational cores generation. The Matching System is extensible for signatures generation capturing the dynamics in-between the frames and the information of the frame&#39;s patches. 
     The signatures generation process will now be described with reference to  FIG. 2 . The first step in the process of signatures generation from a given speech-segment is to break-down the speech-segment to K patches  14  of random length P and random position within the speech segment  12 . The break-down is performed by the patch generator component  21 . The value of K and the other two parameters are determined based on optimization, considering the tradeoff between accuracy rate and the number of fast matches required in the flow process of the System. In the next step, all the K patches are injected in parallel to all L computational Cores  3  to generate K response vectors  22 . The vectors  22  are fed into the signature generator  23  to produce a Signatures and Robust Signatures  4 . 
     In order to generate Robust Signatures, i.e., Signatures that are robust to additive noise L (where L is an integer equal to or greater than 1) computational cores are utilized in the Matching System. A frame i is injected into all the Cores. The Cores generate two binary response vectors: {right arrow over (S)} which is a Signature vector, and {right arrow over (RS)} which is a Robust Signature vector. 
     For generation of signatures robust to additive noise, such as White-Gaussian-Noise, scratch, etc., but not robust to distortions, such as crop, shift and rotation, etc., a core C i ={n i } (1≦i≦L) may consist of a single leaky integrate-to-threshold unit (LTU) node or more nodes. The node n i  equations are: 
               V   i     =       ∑   j     ⁢       w   ij     ⁢     k   j                         n   i     =       θ   i     ⁡     (       V   i     -     Th   x       )         ;         
θ is a Heaviside step function; w ij  is a coupling node unit (CNU) between node i and image component j (for example, grayscale value of a certain pixel j); k j  is an image component j (for example, grayscale value of a certain pixel j); Th x  is a constant Threshold value, where x is ‘S’ for Signature and ‘RS’ for Robust Signature; and V i  is a Coupling Node Value.
 
     The Threshold values Th x  are set differently for Signature generation and for Robust Signature generation. For example, for a certain distribution of V i  values (for the set of nodes), the thresholds for Signature (Th S ) and Robust Signature (Th RS ) are set apart, after optimization, according to at least one or more of the following criteria: 
     I: For: V i &gt;Th RS  
         1−p(V&gt;Th S )−1−(1−ε) l &lt;&lt;1
 
i.e., given that I nodes (cores) constitute a Robust Signature of a certain image I, the probability that not all of these I nodes will belong to the Signature of same, but noisy image, Ĩ is sufficiently low (according to a system&#39;s specified accuracy).
       

     II: p(V i &gt;Th RS )≈l/L 
     i.e., approximately l out of the total L nodes can be found to generate Robust Signature according to the above definition. 
     III: Both Robust Signature and Signature are generated for certain frame i. 
     It should be understood that the creation of a signature is a unidirectional compression where the characteristics of the compressed data are maintained but the compressed data cannot be reconstructed. Therefore, a signature can be used for the purpose of comparison to another signature without the need of comparison of the original data. Detailed description of the signature generation process can be found in the co-pending patent applications of which this patent application is a continuation-in-part, and are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     Computational Core generation is a process of definition, selection and tuning of the Architecture parameters for a certain realization in a specific system and application. The process is based on several design considerations, such as: 
     (a) The Cores should be designed so as to obtain maximal independence, i.e. the projection from a signal space should generate a maximal pair-wise distance between any two cores&#39; projections into a high-dimensional space. 
     (b) The Cores should be optimally designed for the type of signals, i.e. the Cores should be maximally sensitive to the spatio-temporal structure of the injected signal, for example, and in particular, sensitive to local correlations in time and space. Thus, in some cases a core represents a dynamic system, such as state in space, phase space, edge of chaos, etc., which is uniquely used herein to exploit their maximal computational power. 
     (c) The Cores should be optimally designed with regard to invariance to a set of signal distortions, of interest in relevant applications. 
     A system and method for generating complex signatures for a multimedia data element (MMDE) based on signatures of minimum size multimedia data elements are now discussed. Accordingly, a partitioning unit partitions the multimedia data content into minimum size multimedia data elements and selects a reduced set of MMDEs, based on generic low-level characteristics of MMDEs. A signature generator generates signatures for each of the selected minimum size multimedia data elements. An assembler unit assembles a complex signature for a higher level partition multimedia data element by assembling respective complex signatures or signatures of minimum size multimedia data elements of an immediately lower partition level. Multimedia data elements include, but are not limited to, images, graphics, video streams, video clips, audio streams, audio clips, video frames, photographs, images of signals, combinations thereof, and portions thereof. This process generates a hologram-like relationship within the complex-signature set of signatures, i.e., each signature contains some information of the complete set of multimedia data elements. While the original signature represents some local information about relevant multimedia data elements, the complex signature structure enables distributed representation of the information of the entire set of multimedia data elements. 
     According to certain embodiments of the disclosed embodiments, complex signatures, for example but without limitation, signatures as described hereinabove, are generated for the multimedia data elements.  FIG. 3  shows an exemplary and non-limiting diagram illustrating the generation of such complex signatures. For the purpose of the discussion, but by no means of limitations or loss of generality, an image  310  is partitioned into a plurality of portions  310 - a  through  310 - i . An element  310 - c  may then be further partitioned to elements  310 - c - a ,  310 - c - b , . . . ,  310 - c - i . This of course may continue until an element  310 - c - c - . . . - c  is determined to be sufficiently small, for example by determining a threshold after which no additional partition takes place. It should be noted that in the description hereinabove each portion was divided into the same number of sub-portions as the other portion, and specifically the higher level portion; however, this is not required in order to achieve the benefits of the disclosed embodiments. In fact, the number of sub-portions may differ from this example, and may further differ at each stage or portion. For each of these minimum size multimedia data elements, a signature is then generated. The signatures may be generated based on the principles discussed hereinabove, however, other techniques for generating such signatures may be used without departing from the scope of the invention. 
     A complex signature is a signature which is a combination of lower level signatures. 
     In the exemplary case, the signature of the multimedia element  310  is therefore the following combination: S 310 ={S 310 - a , S 310 - b , . . . S 310 - i }. Each of the signatures S 310 - a  through S 310 - i  is also a complex signature of lower level signatures, for example, the signature S 310 - c  is a complex signature that is a combination of: S 310 - c ={S 310 - c - a , S 310 - c - b , . . . S 310 - c - i }. As explained above, this may continue such that a signature S 310 - c - b  may be a complex signature of lower level signatures. In one embodiment, at least the lowest level multimedia data elements have signatures respective of at least four angular permutations of the element, i.e., rotated by 0°, rotated by 90°, rotated by 180° and rotated by 270°. While degrees of permutations are shown herein, other permutations may be used depending on the type of the multimedia data element. The rationale for having such image permutations is to enable better matching between multimedia data elements. The matching process is explained in detail herein below. 
       FIG. 4  shows an exemplary and non-limiting flowchart  400  illustrating the method of generation of a complex signature implemented in accordance with an embodiment. In S 405 , a multimedia data element is received, for example, from storage of The System. In S 410 , it is checked if the multimedia data element is of minimum size and, if so, execution continues with S 420 ; otherwise, execution continues with S 415 , where the received multimedia data element is partitioned into smaller multimedia data elements and the smaller partitions are stored in, for example, the storage. In S 420 , a signature is generated for the minimum size multimedia data element of the received multimedia data element, and the portions thereof. The signature may be generated as explained hereinabove and/or by other signature generation means that provide a signature respective of the multimedia data element. In S 430 , it is checked whether additional multimedia data elements are present and, if so, execution continues with S 420 ; otherwise, execution continues with S 440 . In S 440 , complex signatures are assembled for each multimedia data element of a particular partition level, each complex signature comprising a plurality of signatures of lower partition level signatures, as shown with respect to  FIG. 3  above. In S 460 , it is checked if there are multimedia data elements of a higher partition level and, if not, execution continues with S 480 ; otherwise, execution continues with S 470 , where a higher partition level is sought and then execution continues with S 440 . In S 480  the generated and assembled signatures are all stored in a storage unit, for example, the storage of The System. 
       FIG. 5  shows an exemplary and non-limiting flowchart  500  illustrating the method for a complex signatures-based matching implemented in accordance with an embodiment. In S 510 , a multimedia data element is received, for example, by a system that is enabled to perform matching of signatures such as The System, and enabled for the creation of complex signatures as explained hereinabove in greater detail. In S 520 , a process of generation of at least a complex signature takes place for the received multimedia data element, performed, for example, in accordance with the principles discussed with reference to  FIGS. 3 and 4  above. In S 530 , matching of the complex signature of the received multimedia data element versus complex signatures stored in storage, for example in the storage of The System, takes place. S 530  comprises matching of all the signatures generated for the minimum size multimedia data elements. In S 540 , it is checked if a match score generated based on the signatures and complex signatures is over a predefined matching threshold, and if so execution continues with S 550 ; otherwise, execution continues with S 560 . In S 550 , a report of a match found is generated. In S 560 , a report of no-match found is generated. In S 570 , it is checked whether additional multimedia data elements are to be checked and, if so, execution returns to S 510 ; otherwise, execution terminates. It should be noted that the matching at the lowest level may include matching against a plurality of permutations of the minimum size multimedia data element, thereby increasing the chance for correct matching between two multimedia data elements. 
     A complex signature may be generated by an exemplary and non-limiting system  600  depicted in  FIG. 6 . The system  600  includes a partitioning unit  610  that receives a multimedia data element and partitions the multimedia data element into small multimedia data elements. At each level of partitioning, the partitioned multimedia data elements are checked, and if the partitioned multimedia data element is above a predetermined threshold, the partitioning process continues until reaching a level of partitioning where minimum size multimedia data elements are generated. The signature generator  620  coupled to the partitioning unit  610 , either directly or via the storage unit  640 , generates for each minimum size multimedia data element, a signature. In one embodiment the signature is generated in accordance with signature generation principles explained in more detail herein above. The assembler unit  630  coupled to the signature generator  620  either directly or via the storage unit  640  is enabled to generate complex signatures for each level of partitioning starting from one level above the level of the signatures of the minimum size multimedia data elements. At this level the complex signature of a partitioned multimedia data element comprises a plurality of signatures generated for the minimum size multimedia data elements. At levels higher than that level, the signature of the partitioned multimedia data element, or for that effect, the multimedia data element received by the partitioning unit  610 , comprises a plurality of complex signatures assembled from complex signatures of the immediately lower partitioning level. The complex signature and the signatures of the minimum size multimedia elements may be stored in the storage unit  640 . 
     In accordance with another embodiment, the system  600  can be utilized to compare input multimedia data elements against stored multimedia data elements. In this embodiment, a comparison unit  650  connected to the storage unit  640  and the assembler unit  630  is used to compare the signatures comprising the complex signature of an input multimedia data element to the signatures of at least one stored multimedia data element. The comparison unit  650  further generates a match indication when a match between the input multimedia data element and the stored multimedia data element is found. 
     The principles of the invention may be implemented as hardware, firmware, software, or any combination thereof. Moreover, the software is preferably implemented as an application program tangibly embodied on a program storage unit or computer readable medium. The application program may be uploaded to, and executed by, a machine comprising any suitable architecture. Preferably, the machine is implemented on a computer platform having hardware such as one or more central processing units (“CPUs”), a memory, and input/output interfaces. The computer platform may also include an operating system and microinstruction code. The various processes and functions described herein may be either part of the microinstruction code or part of the application program, or any combination thereof, which may be executed by a CPU, whether or not such computer or processor is explicitly shown. In addition, various other peripheral units may be connected to the computer platform such as an additional data storage unit and a printing unit. 
     All examples and conditional language recited herein are intended for pedagogical purposes to aid the reader in understanding the principles of the invention and the concepts contributed by the inventor to furthering the art, and are to be construed as being without limitation to such specifically recited examples and conditions. Moreover, all statements herein reciting principles, aspects, and embodiments of the invention, as well as specific examples thereof, are intended to encompass both structural and functional equivalents thereof. Additionally, it is intended that such equivalents include both currently known equivalents as well as equivalents developed in the future, i.e., any elements developed that perform the same function, regardless of structure.