Abstract:
An access manager determines whether access will be granted to a guarded species or space utilizing a controller including a digital processor with a memory for storing an ID library and a transducer block coupled with the processor for accessing a plurality of different ID types and an actuator block coupled with the processor for unblocking a normally locked portal to the guarded space.

Description:
PRIORITY CLAIM 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/440,891 filed Feb. 23, 2017 which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/301,118 filed Feb. 29, 2016. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Field of the Invention 
       [0002]    The invention relates to a managed access system. More particularly, the invention relates to systems and methods for arbitrated grants of access such as credential arbitrated grants of access to a guarded species or space. 
       Discussion of the Related Art 
       [0003]    Processes involving humans as gatekeepers for checking identification of persons desiring to pass through a gate are well known. Also commonplace are simple or “dumb” electronic gatekeepers in lieu of human monitors. Perhaps the best known electronic gatekeepers are systems using inexpensive technologies such as a coded magnetic card or a keypad for entry of a secret code. Among other things, such systems expose their static test criteria and therefore present an illicit entrant with a known test to be defeated or fooled to gain access. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    The present invention provides systems and methods for granting access to a guarded space or species such as credential arbitrated grants of access to a guarded space or species. 
         [0005]    In an embodiment, an access manager for arbitrating access of credentialed persons to a guarded space includes: a controller including a digital processor and a memory coupled with the processor, the memory for storing an ID library; a transducer block coupled with the processor, the transducer block for accessing a plurality of different ID types; an actuator block coupled with the processor, the actuator block for unlocking a normally locked portal to a guarded space; for persons authorized to access the guarded space, a security protocol that specifies n&gt;=3 different ID types to be carried by each such person; and, ID datasets that correspond to the different ID types stored in the ID library; wherein a candidate for entry into the guarded space is challenged by the access manager to present a particular ID type, the ID type determined by a random or pseudorandom selection from among ID types corresponding to ID datasets stored in the ID library. 
         [0006]    In an embodiment, the access manager may include a feature wherein a security protocol specifies that the n different ID types be, with respect to each authorized person, randomly or pseudorandomly selected from a group of y&gt;n ID types. 
         [0007]    In an embodiment, the access manager may include a feature wherein the access manager challenge to present a particular ID type does not reveal the ID type but a code that is paired with the particular ID type. 
         [0008]    In another embodiment, an access manager for arbitrating access of credentialed persons to a guarded space, the access manager comprising: a controller including a digital processor and a memory coupled with the processor, the memory for storing an ID library; a transducer block coupled with the processor, the transducer block for accessing a plurality of different ID types; an actuator block coupled with the processor, the actuator block for unlocking a normally locked portal to the guarded space; for plural persons authorized to access the guarded space, a security protocol that specifies each such person seeking such access carry ID&#39;s that provide n&gt;=3 different ID types; and, for the carried ID&#39;s, respective ID datasets stored in the ID library; wherein a candidate for entry into the guarded space is prompted to present a form of identification randomly selected from that person&#39;s carried ID types. 
         [0009]    In some embodiments, the access manager above wherein the prompt expresses a particular ID type and a comparison and match of i) information from a presented ID with ii) data in an ID dataset is required before the actuator block will unlock the normally locked portal. And in some embodiments, the above access manager wherein an autonomous operation before the prompt, the candidate is scanned for a first ID of a first type and a comparison and match of i) information from the first ID with ii) data in a first ID dataset is required before the actuator block will unlock the normally locked portal; and, the prompt expresses a particular ID type and a comparison and match of i) information from a presented ID with ii) data in a second ID dataset is required before the actuator block will unlock the normally locked portal. And in some embodiments one of the above access managers wherein the first ID utilizes facial recognition and the prompt requires information from an ID card. And in some embodiments, one of the above access managers wherein the autonomous operation associates the candidate with particular ID types and with particular ID datasets corresponding to the ID types; and, the second ID dataset is a dataset associated with the candidate. And in some embodiments, one of the above access managers wherein the prompt expresses a code selected from codes corresponding to respective ID types, the code known to the candidate to correspond to a particular one of the ID types; and, a comparison and match of i) information from a presented ID with ii) data in an ID dataset corresponding to the code is required before the actuator block will unlock the normally locked portal. And in some embodiments, one of the above access managers wherein in an autonomous operation before the prompt, the candidate is scanned for a first ID of a first type and a comparison and match of i) information from the first ID with ii) data in an ID dataset is required before the actuator block will unlock the normally locked portal; the prompt expresses a code selected from a set of three or more codes corresponding to respective ID types, the code known to the candidate to correspond to a particular one of the ID codes carried by the candidate; and, a comparison and match of i) information from a presented ID with ii) data in an ID dataset corresponding to the code is required before the actuator block will unlock the normally locked portal. And in some embodiments, one of the above access managers wherein the autonomous operation associates the candidate with particular ID types and with particular ID datasets corresponding to the ID types; and, the second ID dataset is a dataset associated with the candidate. 
         [0010]    In another embodiment, an access manager for arbitrating access of credentialed persons to a guarded space, the access manager comprising: a controller including a digital processor and a memory coupled with the processor, the memory for storing an ID library; a transducer block coupled with the processor, the transducer block for accessing a plurality of different ID types; an actuator block coupled with the processor, the actuator block for unlocking a normally locked portal to the guarded space; for plural persons authorized to access the guarded space, a security protocol that specifies each such person seeking such access carry ID&#39;s that provide n&gt;=3 different ID types; and, for the carried ID&#39;s, respective ID datasets stored in the ID library; wherein information on an ID carried by a candidate for entry into the guarded space is compared with data in an ID dataset that depends on the candidate&#39;s identity x. 
         [0011]    And in some embodiments, the access manager above wherein (i) the dataset further depends on a random selection y from among a plurality of ID types and ii) a match between the information on the carried ID and the ID dataset data is required before the actuator block will unlock the normally locked portal. And in some embodiments, one of the above access managers wherein (i) the ID dataset further depends on a random selection y from among a plurality of ID types z where z is a function of x and ii) a match between the information on the carried ID and the ID dataset data is required before the actuator block will unlock the normally locked portal. And in some embodiments, one of the above access managers wherein the candidate is identified by an autonomous scan via a video camera and facial recognition. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0012]    The present invention is described with reference to the accompanying exemplary figures. These figures, incorporated herein and forming part of the specification, illustrate selected embodiments of the present invention and, together with the description, further serve to explain the principles of the invention and to enable a person skilled in the relevant art to make and use the invention. 
           [0013]      FIG. 1  shows an access manager in accordance with the present invention. 
           [0014]      FIG. 2  shows an installation of the access manager of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0015]      FIGS. 3A-B  show transducers and actuators for use with the access manager of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0016]      FIGS. 4A-C  show types of identification and related transducers for use with the access manager of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0017]      FIGS. 5A-B  show identification categories for use with the access manager of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0018]      FIGS. 5C-E  show identification datasets for use with the access manager of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0019]      FIGS. 6A-D  show flowcharts of algorithms for use with the access manager of  FIG. 1 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0020]    The disclosure provided in the following pages describes examples of some embodiments of the invention. The designs, figures, and descriptions are non-limiting examples of certain embodiments of the invention. For example, other embodiments of the disclosed device may or may not include the features described herein. Moreover, disclosed advantages and benefits may apply to only certain embodiments of the invention and should not be used to limit the disclosed inventions. 
         [0021]      FIG. 1  shows an exemplary access manager  100 . A digital processor or computer  104  is interconnected with each of a memory  106 , a transducer block  110 , and an actuator block  114 . The processor and memory may be included in an access manager controller or local access manager controller  102 . Where, as here, a controller communicates with external devices, the controller and the device(s) may be said to form a network or portion thereof. 
         [0022]    In various embodiments the memory includes an identification or ID library, for example information including identification information in an ID library  108  stored via the memory  106 . And, in various embodiments, the transducer block includes at least a first transducer  112 . 
         [0023]      FIG. 2  shows an exemplary access manager installation  200 . Here, human  210  access to a guarded space  202  via a door  204  is subject to action by a controller  220 . In particular, a transducer block or blocks  208  includes one or more transducers for accessing identification to determine whether the human is authorized to enter the guarded space. A human subject to an access decision by the access manager may be referred to as a “candidate.” When access is granted, the controller communicates with an actuator block or blocks  206  to permit access via the door. In some embodiments, the controller is a local controller interconnected with an extended network  230  and in some embodiments the ID library  108  or another ID library resides within the external network. 
         [0024]      FIG. 3A  shows a group of transducers  300 A. The transducer group includes a camera  302  such as a still or video camera incorporating a pixelated light sensor, a keypad or keyboard  304 , a radio frequency “RF” unit  306  such as a WiFi, RFID, bluetooth, AM, FM or similar unit, a proximity sensor  308  such as a directional or non-directional sonic sensor, a display  310  such as an alpha or graphic display, an audio unit  312  such as annunciator, speaker and/or microphone, a reader  314  such as a magnetic or optical card reader, a reader  316  such as an iris, fingerprint and/or palmprint reader, an explosives detection or odor unit  318  such as a calorimetric detector. Any one or more of these transducers or similar transducers may be located with one or more transducer blocks such as the transducer block(s)  208  mentioned above. 
         [0025]      FIG. 3B  shows a group of actuators  300 B. The actuator group includes devices for pre-actuation and actuation. Shown in the figure are i) motors  352  such as any of electric, pneumatic, hydraulic and the like motors, ii) magnetic and electromagnetic devices  354  with and without moving parts for example magnetic locks, iii) solenoid devices and linear devices  356  such as an electromagnetic solenoid with a moving plunger, iv) actuator signal generators  358 , v) wired devices  360 , and vi) wireless devices  362 . 
         [0026]      FIGS. 4A-C  show ID types and transducers  400 A-C. 
         [0027]      FIG. 4A  shows exemplary types and forms of identification  400 A. These identifications are organized as one or more of scannable ID, biometric ID, and cooperative ID. 
         [0028]    The terms scannable ID and uncooperative ID refer to forms of identification that do not require overt cooperation of the person that is being identified. Scannable ID&#39;s include optical badges, RF badges, proximity, odor and selected biometric identifiers such as ear/ear lobe, face, gait, and iris. 
         [0029]    The term biometric ID refers to a physical attribute(s) of the person that is being identified. Biometric ID&#39;s include ear/ear lobe, face, fingerprint, gait, iris, palm print, and voice. 
         [0030]    The term cooperative ID refers to a form of identification that requires the person being identified to cooperate. Cooperative ID&#39;s include cards such as magnetic cards, code entries via keypad or keyboard, and official documents such as government documents including driver&#39;s licenses, passports, and the like. 
         [0031]      FIG. 4B  shows uncooperative ID determinations  400 B. In particular, where a subject whose identification is being assessed without the subject&#39;s knowledge and/or cooperation, the table shows which ID types may be assessed and by which transducer(s). As shown, optical badges may be assessed by an optical device such as a still or video camera, radio frequency “RF” badges may be assessed by an RF device such as a WiFi or bluetooth device, a face may be assessed by the optical device, a gait may be assessed by the optical device, and an iris may be assessed by the optical device. Further, odor may be assessed by a colorimeter and proximity by a sonic device. Notably, an optical device such as a video camera provides a means for assessing several uncooperative identifiers including an optical badge, face, gait, and iris. 
         [0032]      FIG. 4C  shows ID determinations including cooperative and uncooperative ID determinations  400 C. In addition to the uncooperative determinations itemized in the table of  FIG. 4B , the combined cooperative and uncooperative ID determinations of the table of  FIG. 4C  further include magnetic cards assessed by a card reader, fingerprints and palm prints assessed by any of optical, capacitive, magnetic, pressure, thermal, and sonic devices, keypad or keyboard entries, document assessment by an optical device, and voice assessment by a microphone. 
         [0033]      FIGS. 5A-B  show selected cases for using one or more types or categories of identification in connection with a decision to grant access  500 A-B. 
         [0034]      FIG. 5A  shows use of a single or at least one identification category in connection with a decision to grant access  500 A. In particular, case 1 shows that a scannable ID is used, that is an ID that does not require the human that is being identified to cooperate with the assessment and/or that enables scanning without apprising the human that is being assessed with any one or more of i) the assessment, ii) the particular type of identification being assessed, and iii) the method of assessment. Case 2 differs from case 1 in that a cooperative ID is used, that is an ID that requires the human that is being assessed to cooperate as occurs with an ID that is intentionally cooperative for assessment. 
         [0035]      FIG. 5B  shows use of at least two identification categories in connection with a decision to grant access  500 B. Four cases are shown. In multiple ID case 1, first and second IDs are scannable and scannable. In multiple ID case 2, first and second IDs are scannable and cooperative. In multiple ID case 3, first and second IDs are cooperative and scannable. In multiple ID case 4, first and second IDs are cooperative and cooperative. In light of the above, skilled artisans will appreciate the merits of choosing among the cases to fit the environment, circumstances, and objectives associated with the species and/or space to which access is limited. 
         [0036]    Identification datasets corresponding to IDs may be selected and/or stored in groups corresponding to function, title such as job titles, authorization such as security level, function such as job function, temporal limitations such as time of day, and the like. Identification datasets may also be selected and/or stored in a manner corresponding to particular individuals. 
         [0037]      FIGS. 5C-E  show multiple embodiments of ID datasets  500 C-E. 
         [0038]      FIG. 5C  shows ID datasets that are a function as a single variable  500 C. In particular, each ID dataset (“IDDS”) may be a function of a single variable IDDS(y). The variable “y” represents a selection from among a plurality of different ID types such that each ID dataset is associated with a particular ID type, e.g., IDDS(ID Type 1), IDDS(ID Type 2), IDDS(ID Type 3). 
         [0039]    Where ID datasets are a function of a single variable, access may be granted when the access manager  100 ,  200  acquires data from an acceptable ID that can be successfully matched with IDDS(y). For example, where an acceptable ID type is a magnetic card and data the access manager  100 ,  200  acquires from such a card can be matched with IDDS(y), e.g., a stored  106 ,  108  IDDS(y), access may be granted. Notably, the type of transducer or transducers available for acquiring ID data may determine and/or give notice of what is an acceptable ID Type. This feature is useful e.g., where the same ID dataset is used with multiple persons, for example a combination code. 
         [0040]      FIG. 5D  shows ID datasets that are a function of two variables  500 D. In particular, each ID dataset (“IDDS”) may be a function of two variables IDDS(x,y). Here, variable “x” may be used to limit the ID Datasets that are available for matching. In an embodiment, “x” refers to or is associated with a particular person and “y” represents a selection from among a plurality of different ID types such that IDDS(x,y) is IDDS(particular person, particular ID Type). This feature supports e.g., ID datasets such as biometric datasets that vary according to the person. 
         [0041]    Where ID datasets are a function of two variables, access may be granted when the access manager  100 ,  200  acquires data from an acceptable ID that can be successfully matched with an IDDS(x,y). For example, where an acceptable ID type is a magnetic card and data the access manager  100 ,  200  acquires from such a card can be matched with IDDS(x,y), e.g., a stored  106 ,  108  IDDS(x,y), access may be granted. Notably, a database or another data structure may store a representation or equivalent of the table  500 D such that for any tabulated person, selecting a particular tabulated column “y” determines the same ID Type. That is, for example, IDDS(x,1) determines ID Type 1, IDDS(x,2) determines ID Type 2, and IDDS(x,3) determines ID Type 3. 
         [0042]      FIG. 5E  shows ID datasets that are a function of two variables  500 E. In this embodiment, the ID Types found in a particular tabulated column may vary. Here, the tabulated columns are marked by index values 1, 2, 3 such that selection of ID datasets from a particular tabulated column may result in different ID Types. For example, IDDS(Person 1,1) may be an ID dataset corresponding to ID Type 1 while IDDS(Person 2,1) may be an ID dataset corresponding to ID Type 2. Here, the ID datasets IDDS(x,y) may include or reference, inherently or otherwise, indicia which reveal the ID Type. This feature supports e.g., use of ID Type(s) by one person that are not used by another person, for example Person 1 uses ID Types (face, magnetic card, passport) while Person 2 uses ID Types (fingerprint, optical card, passport). 
         [0043]      FIGS. 6A-D  show flowcharts  600 A-D illustrating algorithmic steps taken by various embodiments of an access manager  100 ,  200 . For example, algorithmic steps executed by a processor or processors of the access manager  100 , the controller  220 , or the extended network  230 . For a selected algorithm, all or fewer than all of the steps shown may be stored in memory  106  and executed on a processor  104 . 
         [0044]      FIGS. 6A-B  may utilize ID datasets that a function of at least one ID or ID type. See e.g.,  FIG. 5C . 
         [0045]      FIG. 6A  shows a flowchart illustrating a first algorithm  600 A. In a step  610 , the algorithm watches for a person and/or indicators that a person is present. The algorithm may use watch means. Watch means may utilize scannable and/or cooperative ID such as ID types recognizable via any corresponding transducer(s) as mentioned above. For example, a proximity transducer or a directional proximity transducer may be used to recognize the presence of a person as in recognizing a person positioned in a particular location. For example, a camera may be used to recognize the presence of a person via determining the presence of a biometric identification such as a humanoid face or face in motion. For example, a keypad entry may be used to recognize the presence of a person via determining that a key or code or a particular key or code has been entered. 
         [0046]    As a result of the watch step  610 , the presence of a person may be detected  620 . This leads to a selection of an ID type and/or ID dataset. In an embodiment, the selection may be a random or pseudo random (“RPR”) selection  630  of an ID type and/or ID dataset from among a plurality of ID types and/or ID datasets  400 A. See for example  FIG. 5C  where an RPR selection may be from a plurality of ID datasets IDDS(ID Type y) where “y” is an integer in a range corresponding to the number ID Types available. 
         [0047]    Following the selection of a particular ID type, the access manager  200  may request, prompt for, and/or otherwise make available a facility for the person to provide a particular ID  640  from which the access manager acquires data. For example, where there is a request for a magnetic card ID, a magnetic card reader provides a facility for entry and/or presentation  650  of the requested ID. For example, where there is a request for a fingerprint, a fingerprint reader provides a facility for entry of the requested ID. As mentioned above, one or more transducers (e.g., fingerprint reader, magnetic card reader) in a transducer block  110  may be colocated or located in different locations. 
         [0048]    In another embodiment, the person is not given notice of the random or RPR selected ID type  630 . Rather, the RPR selected ID type is a scannable ID that is obtained surreptitiously such that the person is unaware of the ID type involved and in cases unaware that an ID is being acquired. Here, the RPR selection may be from ID types limited to scannable ID types. 
         [0049]    Matching processes  660  include non-directed and directed matching. 
         [0050]    In non-directed matching, neither of ID Type nor ID dataset depend upon information acquired by the access manager  100 ,  200  during the watch step  610 . For example, where a proximity sensor is used in the watch step. 
         [0051]    Here, the ID dataset may be determined by an RPR selection from all of or from a selected group of ID types stored in a library such as ID library  108  and available to processor  104 . See e.g.  FIG. 5C . 
         [0052]    In directed matching, selection of the ID type depends at least in part on information acquired by the access manager  100 ,  200  during watch step  610 . For example, where an RF badge is used in the watch step. 
         [0053]    Here, the watch step may identify the person as a particular person or a person belonging to a particular group, e.g. by name, number, or other characteristic(s). The particular type or form of ID to be requested may then be an RPR selection from a plurality of available ID types. For example, in  FIG. 5D  where ID Types do not vary from person to person, the ID type is an RPR selection from the ID types shown in the column headings  504 . With the person&#39;s identification  502  from the watch step, the identification dataset IDDS(Person, ID Type)  506  is found. 
         [0054]    Where ID types do vary from person to person,  FIG. 5E  provides yet another example. Here, given a particular person  512 , three IDDS entries are determined  514 . An RPR selection of one of these entries  516  provides the IDDS to be used in the matching process. Further, the selected IDDS determines the corresponding ID type either directly, indirectly, inherently, or in another suitable manner. 
         [0055]    Matching processes  660  may utilize one or more different matching success criteria. A match may be judged successful when a transducer  110 ,  208  acquires ID data from the person&#39;s ID and this acquired data matches IDDS(ID Type y). A match may be judged successful if the acquired ID type and the acquired ID data matches ID Type y and IDDS(ID Type y). A match may be judged successful if the acquired ID type matches ID Type y. 
         [0056]    In various embodiments, to the extent selected match criteria are met  662 , access to a guarded species or space is granted to the person, to another person, and/or to some instrumentality such as a machine  670 . The grant of access may be followed by a return to the watch step  672 . To the extent selected match criteria are not met  663 , access is not granted and the process may return  672  to the watch step  610 . 
         [0057]      FIG. 6B  shows a flowchart illustrating a second algorithm  600 B. The flowchart of  600 B is similar to that of  600 A. However, flowchart  600 B differs from flowchart  600 A because it requires that a particular type of ID be presented in response to a code used to request the ID. For example, where “boxwood” and “underwood” are codes referring to particular different ID types, a request for the “boxwood ID” may be code indicating that a magnetic card should be presented while a request for the “underwood ID” may be code indicating that a keypad entry should be presented. 
         [0058]    The flowchart differences include substitution of step  631  for step  630 , substitution of step  641  for step  640 , and addition of step  655 . 
         [0059]    In step  631 , the access manager  200  makes an RPR selection to determine a particular (ID code:ID type) pair. The table of  FIG. 5C  may be adapted to include or associate ID codes and respective ID types. In step  641 , the access manager  200  utilizes the ID code to request presentation of the paired ID type. 
         [0060]    Added step  655  determines if the presented ID is the ID type that was requested using the ID code. If the correct ID type was presented  656 , the process proceeds to an ID match step  660 . If the correct ID type was not presented  653 , the process may return  673  to the watch step  610 . 
         [0061]      FIGS. 6C-D  may determine ID datasets based on at least two identifications or ID types. See e.g.,  FIGS. 5D-E . 
         [0062]      FIG. 6C  shows a flowchart illustrating a third algorithm  600 C. The flowchart of  600 C is similar to that of  600 A. However, flowchart  600 C differs from flowchart  600 A because it utilizes two ID&#39;s. In some embodiments, the first ID is a scannable ID, for example a face, and the second ID is a cooperative ID such as a passport. 
         [0063]    The flowchart differences include new steps  622 ,  624 ,  628 . Following the watch step  610 , added step  622  scans for a first ID, for example for a scannable ID acquired surreptitiously. Following step  622 , added step  624  tests whether the first ID was found and if so tests for a match in step  628 . To the extent the first ID is not found  623 , the process may return  675  to the watch step. To the extent the first ID is found  625  and a match is successful  629 , an RPR selection of a second ID type follows in step  630  that follows. 
         [0064]      FIG. 6D  shows a flowchart illustrating a fourth algorithm  600 D. The flowchart  600 D is similar to a combination of flowcharts i)  600 B using ID codes and ii)  600 C using first and second ID&#39;s. 
         [0065]    While various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes in the form and details can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. As such, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and equivalents thereof.