Abstract:
Neurostimulation assemblies, systems, and methods make possible the providing of short-term therapy or diagnostic testing by providing electrical connections between muscles and/or nerves inside the body and stimulus generators and/or recording instruments mounted on the surface of the skin or carried outside the body. The assembly affords maximum patient mobility and comfort through differentiated components having minimal profiles and connected by way of detachable and adjustable connections.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 62/084,744 filed on Nov. 26, 2014. The disclosure of this application, along with any other United States patents and United States patent Publications identified in this specification, are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF USE 
       [0002]    The present disclosure generally relates to an electrical stimulator and, more particularly, a mobile, electrical stimulator system for peripheral electrical stimulation. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Neurostimulation and brain stimulation can provide functional and/or therapeutic outcomes. While existing systems and methods provide benefits to individuals requiring neurostimulation, many quality of life issues still remain. For example, existing systems are performed solely in a clinical setting under the supervision of a clinician limiting the applicable uses and the time available for stimulation. Furthermore, the controllers utilized in these clinical settings, by today&#39;s standards, are relatively large and awkward to manipulate and transport. 
         [0004]    There exist both external and implantable devices for providing neurostimulation in diverse therapeutic and functional restoration indications. These neurostimulators are able to provide treatment therapy to individual portions of the body. The operation of these devices typically includes use of an electrode placed either on the external surface of the skin and/or a surgically implanted electrode. In the case of external neurostimulators, surface electrodes and/or percutaneous lead(s) having one or more electrodes are used to deliver electrical stimulation to select portion(s) of the patient&#39;s body. 
         [0005]    For example, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (“TENS”) is delivered through electrodes placed on the skin surface, but has not achieved widespread use due to discomfort of the therapy, muscle fatigue, and the limited efficacy. TENS is similar to electrical muscle stimulation, although the latter is intended for stimulating muscles rather than nerves. 
         [0006]    Several clinical and technical issues associated with surface electrical stimulation have prevented it from becoming a widely accepted treatment method. First, stimulation of cutaneous pain receptors cannot be avoided resulting in stimulation-induced pain that limits patient tolerance and compliance. Second, electrical stimulation is delivered at a relatively high frequency to prevent stimulation-induced pain, which leads to early onset of muscle fatigue. Third, it is difficult to stimulate deep nerves with surface electrodes without stimulating overlying, more superficial nerves resulting in unwanted stimulation. Further still, clinical skill and intensive patient training is required to place surface electrodes reliably on a daily basis and adjust stimulation parameters to provide optimal treatment. The required daily maintenance and adjustment of a surface electrical stimulation system is a major burden on both patient and caregiver. 
         [0007]    A number of previous systems for spinal cord stimulation (e.g., at the dorsal root ganglion) and/or other deep tissue stimulation require surgical implantation of electrodes and/or other devices for delivering the therapy. These therapies necessarily incur the cost and medical risks associated with invasive surgical procedures, and they may restrict the mobility of the patient, both in terms of the surgical procedure itself and, in some cases, in the post-operative activities an ambulatory patient may wish to engage in while in his or her home environment. 
         [0008]    Moreover, many previous stimulation systems require complex engagement systems to operatively attach a lead with a stimulator. These systems often require separate tools to operatively attach the lead with the stimulator, require more than one person to accomplish, or are difficult to operatively attach. Often a connector is utilized to operatively attach the lead with the stimulator. These connectors are often uncomfortable for the patient to wear, require significant dexterity from the clinician to attach and/or require additional tools to attach. 
         [0009]    U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,845,271 and 8,249,713 describe methods of treating shoulder dysfunction by way of percutaneous, electrical stimulation. Specific, asynchronous stimulation profiles are delivered via a plurality of spiral or helix wire electrodes with terminal barbs inserted into the targeted muscles. The electrodes may be inserted by a hypodermic needle or surgical procedure. 
         [0010]    U.S. Pat. No. 7,376,467 discloses a neuromuscular stimulation assembly including a steerable introducer defining an interior lumen that shields the electrode from contact with tissue during insertion. Electrodes suitable for this assembly may be transcutaneous or percutaneous. The assembly includes a carrier, adhesively held to the patient, having an electronics pod for generating the desired electrical current patterns and an optional power input bay to enable changing the batteries for the assembly. Electrical connections between the electrodes and the power source are established via troughs that are integrally formed on the pod. 
         [0011]    U.S. Pat. No. 8,463,383 contemplates neurostimulation assemblies for short-term therapy or diagnostic testing via a fine wire electrode. The assembly includes a carrier and an optionally removable electronics pod associated with that carrier. The pod generates the stimulating pulses and includes user interface components. A power source and optional memory unit are contained within the assembly and, more specifically, possibly within the return electrode itself. 
         [0012]    U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,626,302 and 8,954,153 and United States Patent Publication 2013/0238066 disclose methods of alleviating pain via percutaneous and/or peripheral nerve electrical stimulation. As with other methods noted above, a hypodermic needle and lumen combination may deliver the lead. Various stimulation parameters are disclosed therein. 
         [0013]    U.S. Pat. No. 8,700,177 describes a system and method involving the use of an adhesive patch with a mounting structure directly mated to an electrical stimulation device. A percutaneous electrode is electrically coupled to the stimulation device. The device has a low profile and may be controlled wirelessly or by way of a plugged connection. A rechargeable battery powers the device, which may be inductively charged. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0014]    A compact, mobile system for peripheral electrical nerve stimulation is disclosed. This system allows for the targeted delivery of stimulation while bypassing cutaneous pain receptors and without the need for open or invasive surgical procedures. The system allows for a relatively wide range of possible pulse profiles, while reducing the risk of muscle fatigue and minimizing the need for patients to rely on skilled personnel to maintain or monitor the system. 
         [0015]    One particularly relevant aspect of the system is that it includes one or more “breakaway” connections to ensure that the electrode and/or lead does not become dislodged in the event of inadvertent or unwanted forces being applied to the lead or its connections, e.g., application of a predefined force causes the patient cable (or lead) to break away from the stimulator. These breakaway connections may fully disconnect and/or simply reduce the tension of the connections to ensure that the electrode is unaffected. Further, the system can provide an alert to the user in the event of disconnection or reduction in tension so that the user can confirm the system is still in operational. These features, whether considered singly or in combination, prevent the user from being confined to a clinician&#39;s office (or other restricted movement/access areas) during the treatment and, instead, allow the user to engage in everyday activities. 
         [0016]    The system is easier to use for the patient and allows the clinician to affix it to the patient. The system does not require tools to operatively attach the lead with the stimulator. Further still the system may allow a clinician to only use a single hand to operatively connect the system together. 
         [0017]    Another aspect of the system is that it may be lightweight, has a generally low profile and is adaptable. In particular, after the electrode is positioned within the body, the combination of the adhesive bandage, the lead connector and the patient cable may allow the user to adjustably position the stimulator pod in a convenient position on his or her body. The lead connector and other system elements may be augmented to accommodate multiple electrodes, thereby enabling coordinated therapies across regions of the body. The system elements may be wirelessly connected to minimize physical connections and maximize user comfort. 
         [0018]    Additionally, the stimulator pod and controller pod may be further augmented through use of a programmer unit during the treatment, so that the clinician or even the user can directly control the process. 
         [0019]    As noted above, the breakaway feature may permit disconnection of the patient cable from the stimulator pod when a predefined force is applied. The system on the body may maintain sufficient attachment force between the lead and stimulator pod to remain operatively connected during a wide range of patient activities during which therapy may be needed. At the same time, the system may be able to disconnect the patient cable from the stimulator pod safely and/or comfortably without damaging and/or displacing the system and/or any of its components (e.g. lead, connectors, stimulator, pad, etc.) and/or without injuring or causing pain or discomfort to the patient. In other words, the system permits the connection between the patient cable and stimulator pod to remain mechanically and electrically connected when desired but also may enable safe disconnection when necessary (such as mechanically and/or electrically). This may also enable a patient to reconnect without clinician support (enables patient to safely resume therapy without having to return to clinician to have a lead, system, or other system component repaired, replaced, reprogrammed, and/or repositioned). In addition to protecting the lead connector (and the attached percutaneous lead) from accidental forces on the patient cable from catching or snagging on clothing, handled objects, or objects in the environment. 
         [0020]    Specific embodiments of the present teachings may include any combination of the following features:
       a helical, wire electrode, carried within an introducer (e.g., a disposable hypodermic needle or sheath);   an adhesive patch at least partially securing a proximal end of the electrode protruding from the body;   a lead connector, fixed to the proximal end of the electrode;   a patient cable detachably connected to the lead connector,   a stimulator pod, including a power source and a return electrode, detachably connected to the patient cable and forming an electrical connection between the pod and the electrode to deliver therapeutic stimulation;   a controller pod in communication with the stimulator pod;   a programmer unit in communication in the controller pod and/or stimulator pod wherein the programmer unit selectively delivers instructions to inform the therapeutic stimulation;   wherein the electrode, the lead connector, patient cable and stimulator pod form a series of detachable connections having tension and, in response to a disconnection force, at least one of the following occurs: the tension is temporarily reduced and the patient cable detaches from the lead connector;   wherein at least one of the detachable connections is established by way of at least one selected from: a magnet and a releasable, spring-loaded connection, a connector having a predefined holding strength;   wherein the programmer unit communicates with the controller pod by way of a wireless connection;   wherein the needle includes at least one test stimulation electrodes, controlled by the controller pod to aid in the positioning of the electrode;   wherein the needle includes at least one test stimulation electrodes, controlled by at least one of the controller pod and the programmer pod to aid in the positioning of the electrode;   wherein the lead connector is bifurcated to enable connection of a plurality of electrodes;   wherein the patient cable comprises a plurality of segments in which each segment is detachably connected;   wherein a plurality of stimulator pods may be provided in combination with a plurality of electrodes and wherein the controller pod coordinates stimulation among the stimulator pods;   wherein the stimulator pods communicate wirelessly with the controller pod;   wherein the lead connection further comprises a mechanical connector that receives and holds the proximal end while maintaining an electrical connection between the electrode and the patient cable;   wherein the mechanical connector releasably and resettably moves in response to the force;   wherein the lead connector mechanically secures the lead and electrically connects to it in response to a force applied by the user,   wherein the mechanical connector comprises a rotating element;   wherein the mechanical connector comprises a funnel that may have a controllably collapsible segment and wherein the proximal end of the lead received through said funnel and said controllably collapsible segment engages a portion of the electrode close to the proximal end;   wherein the rotating element of the lead connector is electrically connected to the lead and to the series of detachable connections ending at the stimulator pod;   wherein at least one of the stimulator pod and the controller pod provide a user alert when a predetermined amount of force is applied, e.g., an amount to dislodge the patient cable;   wherein the user alert includes at least one of the following: a visual cue and an auditory cue;   wherein the magnet comprises at least one insert molded neodymium magnet;   wherein the magnet is shielded to reduce unintended magnetic fields and concentrate or focus the filed between the two ends of the breakaway mechanism;   wherein the tension is reduced to a predetermined level and, upon the force exceeding the predetermined level, the patient cable detaches;   wherein the predetermined level is less than or equal to a fraction (e.g., one half, 90%, 80%, 70% etc.) of a force required to change position of the lead connector on the body;   wherein at least one end of the patient cable includes a connection member that is mated to a corresponding connection member on at least one of the lead connector and the stimulator pod; and   wherein there may be a plurality of mated connection members and each set of mated members has a unique shape to avoid improper connections.       
 
         [0051]    A percutaneous electrical stimulator system may include an electrode percutaneously insertable into a patient, an adhesive bandage at least partially securing a proximal end of the electrode protruding from the patient, a lead connector, fixed to the proximal end of the electrode, a patient cable detachably connected to the lead connector, and a stimulator connected to the patient cable and forming an electrical connection between the stimulator and the electrode to deliver therapeutic stimulation. 
         [0052]    The percutaneous electrical stimulator system describe above:
       wherein the electrode, the lead connector and the patient cable form a series of detachable connections having tension and, in response to a disconnection force, at least one of the following occurs: the tension is temporarily reduced and the patient cable detaches.   wherein at least one of the detachable connections is established by way of at least one selected from: a magnet and a releasable, spring-loaded connection, a mechanical connection.   wherein a portion of the series of detachable connections is engaged via a rotating element, said rotating element adjusting the tension in response to the disconnection force.   further comprising a controller in communication with the stimulator.   wherein the stimulator communicates wirelessly with the controller.   further comprising a programmer unit in communication with the controller wherein the programmer unit selectively delivers instructions to inform the therapeutic stimulation.   wherein the programmer unit communicates with the controller by way of a wireless connection.   wherein at least one of the stimulator and the controller provide a user alert when the response to the force occurs.   wherein the user alert includes at least one of the following: a visual cue, tactile cue and an auditory cue.   further comprising a programmer unit in communication with the stimulator, wherein the programmer unit selectively delivers instructions to inform the therapeutic stimulation.   wherein the lead connector is plurally split to enable connection of a plurality of electrodes.   wherein the patient cable comprises a plurality of segments in which each segment is detachably connected.   wherein a plurality of stimulators are provided in combination with a plurality of electrodes and wherein the controller coordinates stimulation among the stimulator.   wherein the stimulators communicate wirelessly with the controller.   wherein the lead connection further comprises a mechanical connector that receives and holds the proximal end while maintaining an electrical connection between the electrode and the patient cable.   wherein the mechanical connector releasably and resettably moves in response to the disconnection force.   wherein the mechanical connector comprises a rotating element.   wherein the mechanical connector comprises a funnel with a controllably collapsible segment and wherein the proximal end received through said funnel and said controllably collapsible segment engages a portion of the electrode proximate to the proximal end.   wherein the magnet comprises at least one insert molded magnet formed from at least one of neodymium, samarium cobalt, alnico, and ferrite.   wherein the magnet is shielded to reduce unintended magnetic fields and/or to concentrate intended magnetic fields from the magnet.   wherein the tension is reduced to a predetermined level and, upon the disconnection force exceeding the predetermined level, the patient cable detaches.   wherein the predetermined level is less than or equal to a percentage of force required to change position of the electrode within the patient.   wherein at least one end of the patient cable includes a connection member that is mated to a corresponding connection member on at least one of the lead connector and the stimulator.   wherein there are a plurality of mated connection members and each set of mated members has a unique shape to avoid improper connections.       
 
         [0077]    A percutaneous electrical stimulator system may include an electrode percutaneously insertable into a patient, a lead extending from the electrode, a lead connector, fixed to the lead, a patient cable detachably connected to the lead connector, and a stimulator connected to the patient cable and forming an electrical connection between the stimulator and the electrode to deliver therapeutic stimulation. 
         [0078]    The percutaneous electrical stimulator system describe above:
       wherein the lead is a helical wire lead with the electrode integrally formed at an end thereof.       
 
         [0080]    A percutaneous electrical stimulator system may include a wire electrode percutaneously insertable into a patient, the electrode having a proximal end extending from the patient when inserted therein, a lead connector, fixed to the proximal end of the electrode, a patient cable detachably connected to the lead connector, a stimulator connected to the patient cable and forming an electrical connection between stimulator and the electrode to deliver therapeutic stimulation. 
         [0081]    The percutaneous electrical stimulator system describe above:
       further comprising a controller in communication with the stimulator wherein the electrode, lead connector and patient cable form a series of detachable connections having tension and, in response to a disconnection force, at least one of the following occurs: the tension is temporarily reduced and the patient cable detaches.   wherein at least one of the detachable connections is established by way of at least one selected from: a magnet and a releasable, spring-loaded connection.   wherein the electrode is covered by an electrical insulation except at a distal end thereof.   wherein the mechanical connector comprises a rotating element providing motion and force to cut or pierce the electrical insulation and to mechanically secure the lead.       
 
         [0086]    These and other features and advantages of the present teachings are set forth in the following specification, drawings and claims. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0087]    These and other features, aspects and advantages of the present disclosure are better understood when the following detailed description is read with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0088]      FIG. 1  is a schematic representation of one embodiment of the present teachings. 
           [0089]      FIGS. 2A and 2B  illustrate selected components in one embodiment of the present teachings. 
           [0090]      FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C  are diagrammatic representations of the lead connector used in various embodiments of the present teachings. 
           [0091]      FIGS. 4A and 4B  diagrammatically illustrate potential mating connections for the magnets and other detachable connections. 
           [0092]      FIG. 5  diagrammatically illustrates a spring-loaded and/or magnetic connection that can be used in the detachable connections. 
           [0093]      FIG. 6  is a perspective view of an embodiment of an adhesive bandage of the present teachings. 
           [0094]      FIG. 7  is a perspective view of an embodiment of an adhesive bandage of the present teachings attached to a patient. 
           [0095]      FIG. 8  is a perspective view of the adhesive bandage being removed from the patient. 
           [0096]      FIG. 9  is a perspective view of the patient with a lead inserted at an insertion site with the lead connector attached to the lead and adhesive bandage removed. 
           [0097]      FIG. 10  is a perspective view of the adhesive bandage being attached to a patient. 
           [0098]      FIG. 11  is a perspective view of the lead connector operatively attached with the stimulator pod through the patient cable with the adhesive bandage attached to the patient. 
           [0099]      FIG. 12  are schematic views of embodiments of a lead connector. 
           [0100]      FIG. 13  are schematic views of embodiments of a lead connector with lead storage mechanism. 
           [0101]      FIG. 14  are schematic views of embodiments of a lead connector with lead storage mechanism. 
           [0102]      FIG. 15  are schematic views of embodiments of a lead connector. 
           [0103]      FIG. 16  are schematic views of embodiments of a lead connector. 
           [0104]      FIG. 17  are schematic views of embodiments of a lead connector with a storage device. 
           [0105]      FIG. 18  are schematic view of embodiments of the lead connector and stimulator pod with patient cables with breakaway mechanisms. 
           [0106]      FIG. 19  are graphical representations of stimulation intensity with amplitude and pulse duration. 
           [0107]      FIG. 20  is a perspective view of embodiments of an IDC. 
           [0108]      FIG. 21  is a perspective view of embodiments of an IDC. 
           [0109]      FIG. 22  is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a breakaway mechanism. 
           [0110]      FIG. 23  is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a breakaway mechanism. 
           [0111]      FIG. 24  is a cross-sectional view of a breakaway mechanism. 
           [0112]      FIG. 25  is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a breakaway mechanism. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0113]    Reference will now be made in detail to exemplary embodiments of the present teachings, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural and functional changes may be made without departing from the respective scope of the present teachings. Moreover, features of the various embodiments may be combined or altered in any combination without departing from the scope of the present teachings. As such, the following description is presented by way of illustration only and should not limit in any way the various alternatives and modifications that may be made to the illustrated embodiments and still be within the spirit and scope of the present teachings. 
         [0114]    As noted above, previous neurostimulation and neuromodulation systems have inherent weaknesses. For example, these weaknesses may include difficulty using the stimulator while it is mounted on difficult to reach position of the body, a position on the body that is subject to frequent movement, including, without limitation the patient&#39;s arm, back, leg, head, shoulder, etc. Further, it may be difficult for a clinician to couple the stimulator with the lead, including, without limitation a fine-wire lead and may be difficult for the clinician to work with the system while on the patient body. Further still another weaknesses may include inherent difficulty with operating the system while it is adhered to the body, a complex user interface, difficulty replacing bandages without fear of dislodging the electrode, and discomfort due to system size and shape. Certain embodiments of the present teachings overcome these weaknesses and provide additional advantages, as will be recognized by persons of skill in this field. 
         [0115]      FIG. 1  schematically illustrates components of one embodiment of the invention. The percutaneous stimulation system  10  may include an electrode, such as a fine-wire electrode  18 . The electrode  18  may be initially introduced to the body by way of a hypodermic needle (not shown) or any other method of insertion. The present teachings are not limited to a specified type of insertion method or apparatus. Any appropriate system may be utilized without departing from the present teachings. The electrode  18  may include a lead  20  extending therefrom such as a micro-lead, fine-wire lead or simply lead. The lead  20  may possess a generally small diameter in comparison to previous systems, with optimal sizes of less than 1.0 mm and, more preferably, less than 0.6 mm. Further, the electrode  18  and/or lead  20  may have a generally coiled or helical structure, rather than a smooth cylinder. However, the present teachings are not limited to this structure. Any appropriate configuration may be utilized without departing from the present teachings. 
         [0116]    For the sake of clarity, the term “proximal” in the context of this application typically refers to the end of the electrode that is not inserted into the body and “distal” typically refers to the electrode end that is inserted into the body near the nerves. Depending upon the manufacture of the electrode structure, this proximal end may be wrapped in an insulating or protective coating or wrap. To the extent electrical connections must be made with the proximal end, the components at issue will allow for the removal of such coating(s)/wrap(s). 
         [0117]    After the electrode  18  is positioned within the body  12  at a desired therapeutic location, the proximal end of the electrode may be covered by an adhesive bandage  22  and attached to a lead connector  30 . The adhesive bandage  22  may have an adhesive to at least partially cover and, in some instances, guide the proximal end toward the lead connector  30 . The adhesive bandage  22  may take any number of shapes, including, without limitation the shape depicted in  FIG. 2A , and the adhesive may be selectively applied to portions of the periphery to better ensure that the proximal end is not inadvertently ensnared when making the necessary connections within the system  10 . The adhesive bandage  22  may be made of any appropriate thin film material, such as polyethylene, and with one or more optional absorbent pads and/or non-adhesive removal tabs. The adhesive bandage  22  may also be carried on a disposable backing that may release the adhesive bandage  22  immediately prior to its application on the body  12 . 
         [0118]    Embodiments of the adhesive bandage  22  are shown in  FIGS. 6-11 . The adhesive bandage  22  may eliminate the need for a separate tape to secure the lead connector  30 . The adhesive bandage  22  may be an integral system component that may generally protect the lead  20  exit site by managing exposure to potential contaminants (e.g., water, dirt, pathogens, virus, bacteria, etc.), thus helping to prevent infection of the site. The adhesive bandage  22  may further generally protect the lead  20  and more specifically the electrode  18  from accidental dislodgement caused by snagging (e.g., on a body part, clothing or furnishings). The adhesive bandage  22  may also generally secure the lead connector  30  to the patient&#39;s skin to isolate the lead  20  from forces applied to the lead connector  30 , such as during system  10  maintenance and daily activities of living. The adhesive bandage  22  may be a covering bandage that integrates with the lead connector  30  to allow the user to easily and consistently remove and replace the adhesive bandage  22  without fear of inadvertently pulling the lead  20  and/or electrode  18 . The adhesive bandage  22  may include a film body  42  and skin adhesive  44  that ensures that adhesion to skin will be appropriate for use on human skin. The film body  42  may be of any appropriate material, including, without limitation a clear polyethylene or any other material that generally protects a wound and discourages infection. The adhesive bandage  22  may be of any appropriate shape, including, without limitation a generally elliptical shape. The skin adhesive  44  may be applied along the perimeter such that the lead  20  is not exposed to any skin adhesive  44 . The skin adhesive may  44  may have the appropriate amount of tackiness to generally prevent inadvertent release from the skin. The skin adhesive  44  may extend generally around the perimeter of the film body  42  of the adhesive bandage  22 . This may create a seal to generally prevent contaminants from entering anywhere around the entire perimeter. Further, this may make the adhesive bandage  22  easier to remove so that it does not stick to the lead  20  upon removal. 
         [0119]    The adhesive bandage  22  may include a cutout section  48  over the lead connector  30  that may eliminate gaps in the seal and allows the user to use a finger to hold the lead connector  30  firmly against the skin during replacement of the adhesive bandage  22 . As noted above, the lead connector  30  and adhesive bandage  22  may be contoured to fit together—this may result in a better seal. The adhesive bandage  22  may include a removal tab  56 . A patient and/or clinician can put his or her finger over the bandage portion  52  and lead connector  30  to generally prevent the lead  20  and electrode  18  from pulling from the skin. This may be particularly useful in difficult to reach positions on the patients body and on body parts with frequent movement, e.g., legs, arms, back, head, etc. 
         [0120]    The film body  42  of the adhesive bandage  22  may include a generally see-through, translucent, clear, etc. body with a bandage portion  52 . The bandage portion  52  may include an absorbent pad configured to generally absorb any fluid exiting the lead insertion site, e.g., any kind of liquid (including, without limitation, blood) that may ooze from the lead insertion site will be absorbed into the bandage portion  52 . The size of the bandage portion  52  may still allow the patient and/or clinician to view the area around the lead exit site to determine the existence of any infections. Having the clear film body  42  further allows the patient and/or clinician to view the lead exit site. The adhesive bandage  22  may help keep fluid from obstructing a view of the skin to help identify if any infections are present on the patient. 
         [0121]    Further, the proximal end of the electrode  18  or lead  20  may be received by and coupled to the lead connector  30 . The lead  20  is fed into the lead connector  30  via a slot  62 , funnel  71  or other guide, as generally depicted by the arrows in  FIGS. 3A and 3B . Once the lead  20  is received, coupling may occur compressively by collapsing a portion of the structure, using a screw, a sliding plate, a lever, friction fit, bayonet, magnet, gripping tabs or other physical means that allow a user to couple the pieces with only one hand. Upon collapse or compression, the lead connector  30  may be fixed to the proximal end of the electrode  18  or lead  20 . In some embodiments, the lead connector  30  may include gripping teeth, blades or other implements that enhance an interference or friction to securely grip the lead  20 . In some cases, the element connecting the lead connector  30  to the electrode  18  may also serve to remove unwanted insulation or coatings from the surface of the proximal end of the electrode  18 , thereby improving both the mechanical and electrical contact established by lead connector  30 . The lead connector  30  may fix the lead  20  in a manner that involves only one hand, by either the clinician or the user. 
         [0122]    The present teachings may include designs to facilitate the use of the lead  20  and electrode  18  for testing, a non-limiting example being the lead connector  30  that may electrically and operatively connect the proximal end of the lead  20  to an external stimulator pod  40  via a wire, such as a patient cable  50 , quickly and effectively. The patient cable  50  may be of any appropriate configuration and may provide a strong/stable mechanical and/or electrical connection. This configuration may reduce the duration of the procedure to install on the patient. Being able to easily remove the lead connector  30  also may reduce the procedure time. A non-limiting example may include a lead connector  30  having a funnel end  71  such that an end of the lead  20  can easily be inserted into the funnel  71 . The funnel  71  may guide the lead  20  into the lead connector area, where teeth, loops, or surfaces that are spring-loaded may be manipulated by the user via levers or buttons to clamp onto and create an electrical connection with the lead  20 . This lead connector  30  may have a wire and plug attached with allows for connection with an external stimulator. The funnel  71  may make it easier to guide a small lead therein. The funnel  71  may guide the proximal end of the lead towards an area where mechanical and electrical connection with the electrode may be formed, for example by an internal clip actuated by an external control (e.g., a button, lever, or other means of controlling a connection). 
         [0123]    An exemplary embodiment of the lead connector with a funnel end  71  is shown in  FIG. 3C . The funnel  71  may ease insertion of the proximal end of the lead (arrow pointing where lead end would be inserted). The lead connector  30  may include a button  73  located on a top portion of the lead connector  30 , which is a non-limiting example of a mechanism by which the actual connection to the lead (internal, not shown) may be made/controlled. The patient cable  50  may be attached to the lead connector  50  in any appropriate manner and may allow for easy connection to the other components such as the simulator pod  40 . 
         [0124]    The lead connector  30  may eliminate the need for a separate tool. It may allow a one-handed mechanism for the clinician and/or patient, including, without limitation it may include a push mechanism. The lead connector  30  may be of any appropriate configuration. By way of a non-limiting example, the lead connector  30  may include plastic unit (e.g., manufactured by insert molding) with an insulation displacement connector (IDC) mechanism that strips the insulation from the lead  20  in order to make electrical contact. The lead  20  may be placed in a slot  62  with a contact strip with micro-structured barbs that hold the lead  20  in place until the IDC mechanism is implemented with a one-handed push mechanism. The lead connector  30  may also be employed for each detachment from (e.g., magnet, spring or other mechanism) and re-attachment. 
         [0125]    On the side of the lead connector  30  a breakaway mechanism  54  may be utilized. The breakaway mechanism  54  may include a connector that allows for quick detachment and easy re-attachment (e.g., magnet or spring-loaded mechanism). However, the present teachings are not limited to this configuration. The breakaway mechanism  54  may be operatively attached with the patient cable  50 , i.e., the portion of the lead  20  between the lead insertion site and the stimulator pod  40 . This may enable mechanical and/or electrical connection between the lead  20  and patient cable  50  and/or stimulator pod  40 . The breakaway mechanism  54  may be of any appropriate configuration that applies a predetermined force between a connection point or connection points between the lead connector  30  and patient cable  50 , between portions of the patient cables  50  and/or between the patient cable  50  and stimulator pod  40 . The breakaway mechanism  54  may be configured such that when a predetermined force is applied to the patient cable  50  it becomes dislodged from either of the lead connector  30 , another portion of the patient cable  50  and/or the stimulator pod  40 . The breakaway mechanism  54  may comprise a mechanical connection, electrical connection, a magnetic connection or any combination of such (a detachable and re-attachable connection), including, without limitation a hook and loop system similar to Velcro. These may operatively interact to provide a predetermined holding force so that when an amount of force exceeding this predetermined holding force the breakaway connector  54  releases. The present teachings are not limited to a specific configuration. 
         [0126]    The breakaway mechanism  54  may use insert molded Neodymium magnets by way of a non-limiting example. In other embodiments, a different permanent magnet may be utilized, such as a Samarium Cobalt, Alnico, Ceramic, Ferrite, or other rare earth magnets. In addition or in the alternative, a spring-loaded (or any biasing member) conductive pin (including, without limitation a gold, gold plated, metallic, or any other conductive material pin) connector may be located on the patient cable  50  and a mating conductive element configured to operatively engage with the conductive pin may be located on the lead connector  30  body. The conductive pin may be formed of any conductive material, including, without limitation being a generally flat gold plated contact. The conductive pin may be of any configuration and may adjust position relative to the mating conductive element. 
         [0127]    This may provide the predetermined holding force noted above. The present teachings, however, are not limited to this configuration. Any configuration of biasing member may be utilized to apply a predetermined force between the lead connector  30  and patient cable  50  (or in the alternative or in addition between portions of the patient cable  50  and/or between the patient cable  50  and stimulator pod  40 ). 
         [0128]    The lead connector  30  may eliminate the need for a separate tool—it may utilize a one-handed push mechanism. Further still, the lead connector  30  may include the breakaway mechanism  54  of any appropriate embodiment between the patient cable  50  and/or between the patient cable  50  and the stimulator pod  54 . Further still, any number of breakaway mechanism  54  may be utilized, e.g., one, two, three, etc. Each such breakaway mechanism  54  may be positioned on a different portion of the system, e.g., on the lead connector  30 , on the patient cable  50  (any number may be utilized) and/or on the stimulator pod  40 . Multiple breakaway mechanism  54  may be utilized to ensure that the break away occurs regardless of where the force is applied. 
         [0129]    The lead connector  30  may be configured to enable the adhesive bandage  22  to remain secure during use (e.g. locking out water and/or contaminants) while also enabling safe and easy removal. The lead connector  30  and adhesive bandage  22  may configured to allow change, application, and/or re-application of the adhesive bandage  22  while minimizing risk of displacing or dislodging the lead  20 , lead connector  30 , and/or any other system components. The lead connector  30  may mate with the adhesive bandage  22  to eliminate the need for multiple tapes and minimize the fear of lead dislodgement while performing bandage replacement. Further, the overall system may have a lower profile, including, by way of a non-limiting example having a 30% lower profile. For example, the lead connector  30  may have a low profile that may help reduce the likelihood of a patient “snagging” or inadvertently catching the lead connector  30  on an item. Having the low profile may reduce the chance of this occurring. The lead connector  30  may have a profile that when attached with the patient may extend from the patient slightly more, even with, or slightly below the adhesive bandage  22 . 
         [0130]    Additionally or alternatively, the connector  30  may have a rotating element, such as a knob, dial, spool or post. The rotating element may engage the lead  20 , mechanically and/or electrically, in order to assist in adjusting the tension of the detachable connection (e.g., the breakaway mechanism  54 ) having tension formed by the electrode  18 , the lead connector  30  and the patient cable  50 . The rotating element may include a predetermined tension release or recoil mechanism that responds to a disconnection force by releasing excess lead that is wound around the element. In the same manner, the lead connector  30  may accomplish this tension release by slider or other movement that need not be rotational in nature. As with the detachable aspects of the patient cable  50  connections, the tension release may occur at a force that is less than or equal to one-half the force required to dislodge or move the electrode  18  from its initial position. 
         [0131]    The lead connector  30  may be bifurcated or split into multiple divisions to receive a plurality of electrodes  20 . For example, multiple slots or funnels can connect multiple electrodes to a single stimulator pod  40  (or a plurality of stimulator pods  40 ) to enable therapeutic stimulation to be provided to separate parts of the body. 
         [0132]    In other embodiments, the connection between the lead connector  30  and patient cable  50  may be detachable—this detachability may be of any appropriate configuration, including, without limitation the break away mechanism  54 . The detachability may include, without limitation, magnets, such as insert molded neodymium magnets, that may be formed on the lead connector  50  and one or both ends of the patient cable  50  (if on both ends, the stimulator pod  40  would also have a detachable connection as described herein). Depending on the manufacturing process, the magnets, and how the magnets are fitted together, may allow for differentiating the points of connections. For example, the lead connector  30  may have a stepped connection port that fits with a correspondingly stepped connection on one of the patient cable, as illustrated in  FIG. 4A . Alternatively, a circular magnet may sit on the top of the connector lead, also shown in  FIG. 4B . A slight indentation or groove or other releasable force fitting could be provided to allow for the experience of a “snap-in” feel. In other embodiments, any mating shapes may be utilized such that the patient or clinician may insert one portion into another or otherwise engage the two components together—see for example  FIG. 5 . Further, the present teachings are not limited to the shape and size of magnets shown and disclosed. Any appropriate shape or sized magnet may be utilized in these embodiments. The shape and size of the magnets may be the same, mating shape, or different shapes. Further, the breakaway mechanism  54  may not utilize magnets but may include mechanical connections of any type, shape and/or size that release from one another upon application of a specific amount of force. Regardless of configuration, the breakaway mechanism  54  may reduce the risk that force on the patient cable  50  is transferred to the lead  20  or more specifically to the electrode  18  inserted into the patient. The configuration may allow for easy attaching and easy re-attachment. 
         [0133]    In addition to or in place of magnets, a biasing fitting may be utilized—such as a spring-loaded member. The fitting is described generically so that it may be employed on any of the components, although particular utility is expected at the connection between the lead connector  30  and the patient cable  50 . End A has an inverted Y shape that mates with a corresponding shaped end B. Additional shapes, prongs or members may be included. The outermost arms C move, such as in a spring-loaded or magnetic fashion, to receive and release end A (single ended arrows indicate a preferred range of motion). Ends A and B may be fitted in the plane parallel to the double arrow and/or they may be dropped or snapped into place and then released in a direction that is different than, preferably including perpendicular to, the direction of release. 
         [0134]    In some embodiments, the break away mechanism  54  may be configured such that neither the stimulator pod  40  not the lead  20  (or more specifically the electrode  18 ) are displaced if unwanted force is applied to them or their connection(s). For example, the connection between the patient cable  50  and the stimulator pod  40  may be detachable upon application of a predetermined force. The predetermined force may be calculated to generally prevent movement of the electrode  18  once placed in the appropriate position within the patient. 
         [0135]    Alternatively, or in addition, the patient cable  50  may itself be detachable (e.g. in the middle so that it actually is a plurality of patient cables, e.g., 2 or more). The patient cable  50  may be detachable at any point between the lead  20  and the stimulator pod  40 , e.g., patient cable  50  may disconnect at either end. Further still, the predetermined detachable portion may be between the patient cable  50  and stimulator pod  40 , along any portion of the length of the patient cable  50 . For example, two or more patient cables  50  may be selectively attached at a detachment point to disconnect upon application of the predetermined force. Further, while the present disclosure notes that the portions are detachable, they may also be attachable. This may allow the system to serve as a failsafe mechanism to prevent damage and/or injury to the system, components, and/or the patient. The detachable portion may comprise the breakaway mechanism  54  described above or any other kind of appropriate detachable member. 
         [0136]    In addition to just safely detaching, the circuitry in any of the patient cable  50 , lead connector  30 , and/or stimulator pod  40  may prevent delivery of unwanted stimulation in the event of a disconnection during stimulation, such as when multiple leads and/or patient cables may be utilized. By way of a non-limiting example, the patient cable  50  may be a “smart cable” that has components in addition to a path for electrical conduction that minimizes the risk of the patient experiencing unwanted stimulation (e.g., minimizes or eliminates the potential for the patient to experience a shock) when the patient cable  50  is disconnected unexpectedly during use. For example, the patient cable  50  may, when disconnected from either of the lead connector  30  and/or the stimulator pod  40  prevent further stimulation. 
         [0137]    All of the above-mentioned connections rely on mated parts. In order to avoid improper installation, each of the mated pairs could be given a unique shape. Sensors or other circuitry may be employed at the connections points to better enhance the user alert feature described herein. Such sensors or circuitry could be inherent to the electrical signal delivering the stimulation, or separate signals could be established. 
         [0138]    The patient cable  50  may mechanically and/or electrically connect the lead connector  30  and controller pod  40 . Any durable, flexible material may be used for the patient cable  50 . Patient cable  50  may also deliver power to and/or from the connected elements, or independent power supplies may be provided. The power supply for the system  10 , and particular the stimulator pod  40  and controller pod  60  may be disposable or rechargeable, and any number of batteries or other power devices (e.g., capacitors, fuel cells, etc.) may be incorporated, depending upon the form factor and power requirements of the system. 
         [0139]    In the event a plurality of patient cables  50  is used to establish a connection between the electrode/lead connector  30  and the stimulator pod  40 , each segment of the patient cable  50  may rely on the quick release connections described above. In this manner, the risk of unintended force (e.g., snagging on clothing) repositioning or dislodging the electrode  18  is further minimized, particularly if the stimulator pod  40  cannot be placed proximate to the lead connector  30 . Utilizing a plurality of segments in the patient cable  50  also improves the overall adaptability of the system. 
         [0140]    The housing and/or materials selected for the lead connector  30  should be consistent with its design and purpose. At least portions of the lead connector  30  will be constructed from sufficiently conductive material to carry electrical pulses and signals from the stimulator pod  40  (such as via patient cable  50 ). Magnetic shielding may be selectively employed to minimize the creation of unwanted magnetic fields. 
         [0141]    In an embodiment depicted in  FIG. 2A , the lead connector  30  may be attached to the body  12 . This attachment may be made by way of adhesives, straps or other means. In one embodiment, at least a portion of the lead connector  30  is engaged by the adhesive bandage  22 . The lead connector  30  may be sufficiently lightweight and/or located in sufficient proximity to other system components that are affixed to the body  12 , so that the lead connector  30  may simply move freely as part of the detachable connection having tension formed by the electrode  18 , the lead connector  30  and the patient cable  50 . As shown in  FIG. 6 , a temporary tape strip  61  may be utilized to hold the lead connector  30  in place so as to operatively attach the break away mechanism  54 . The temporary tape strip  61  may not be utilized in some embodiments. 
         [0142]    The stimulator pod  40  may contain a programmable memory unit and circuitry necessary to deliver the therapeutic stimulation inherent to system  10 . Further, the stimulator pod  40  may be designed to eliminate the need for a separate return electrode. The stimulator pod  40  may also contain a graphical user interface to communicate with the user. The stimulator pod  40  may include an LED or other visual indicia to communicate actions, errors or other pertinent information about the operation of the system. The stimulator pod  40  may also allow for user and/or clinician adjustments to the operation of the system. Further still, the stimulator pod  40  may communicate with a controller unit, either via a physical or wireless connection. Cables, wires, Bluetooth and other wireless technologies are all expressly contemplated. In some embodiments, the controller pod  60  may either have or not have a user interface integrated with it and/or remote (e.g. wireless such as Bluetooth). The present teachings are not limited to any such configuration. 
         [0143]    The controller pod  60  may provide a more extensive graphical user interface, and it may be the primary means of initiating and altering the therapy, however, the present teachings are not limited to such. As with the stimulator pod  40 , controller pod  60  may communicate via physical wires/cables or wirelessly with the stimulator pod  40  (or pods, if multiple pods are included in the system) and the optional programmer unit  70 , described below. The controller pod  60  may be relatively larger than the stimulator pod  40 , although wireless connectivity may allow the user to carry the controller pod  60  in clothing and/or generally at a convenient distance and location in comparison to the electrode  18  and stimulator pod  40 . 
         [0144]    While the stimulator pod  40  and controller pod  60  may both have a low profile and lightweight features, the programmer unit  70  may be a fully capable computer that can transmit detailed therapeutic instructions/regimens, error logs, usage logs and/or other information generated by the system  10 . In some embodiments, the programmer unit  70  may remain in possession of the clinician, insofar as it enables a wider range of therapies, and the mobile and portable aspects of the other components in system  10  are inherent only to the user. The programmer unit  70  may communicate with the stimulator pod  40  directly or indirectly via the controller pod  60 . 
         [0145]    By way of example rather than limitation, the system  10  is expected to have particular utility in the treatment of post-stroke shoulder pain by way of percutaneous stimulation via a fine-wire lead in the deltoid muscle to stimulate branches of the axillary nerve. The therapy is delivered for a period of time, after which the lead is removed using gentle traction. The duration of daily therapy may range between 1 and 12 hours, with 6 hours as a preferred duration. The daily therapy may be administered over a period of days, weeks or even months, with 30 days anticipated to have the most benefit. The stimulation pulses and parameters may be varied, but the preferred range is less than 25 Hz, with some therapies particularly effective in the range bounded by separate lower and upper limits selected from: 1, 5, 10, 12, 15, 18 and 20, although other limits are contemplated. The amplitude is preferably centered at 20 mA, although any value between up to 50 mA or more may be useful. The pulse durations last anywhere from 5 microseconds to 200 microseconds or more, with minimal average pulse duration of 32 μs (range: 5 μs-75 μs); optimal average pulse duration of 70 μs (range: 10 μs-150 μs); and maximum tolerable average pulse duration of 114 μs (range: 25 μs-200 μs). Notably, tests have shown that electrical stimulation according to the system  10  for this purpose has both short term and long-term benefits that are not fully realized by the alternative treatment methods noted above. 
         [0146]    While post stroke shoulder pain application is described above, the present teachings are not limited to any specific treatment or indication. It may apply to any kind of treatment, including, without limitation post-surgical pain patients or any type of pain patients, especially chronic pain patients (e.g. neuropathic pain, headache, and/or back pain patients). 
         [0147]    Additional embodiments of a percutaneous stimulation system according the present teachings are described below. In the descriptions, all of the details and components may not be fully described or shown. Rather, the main features or components are described and, in some instances, differences with the above-described embodiment may be pointed out. Moreover, it should be appreciated that these additional embodiments may include elements or components utilized in the above-described embodiment although not shown or described. Thus, the descriptions of these additional embodiments are merely exemplary and not all-inclusive nor exclusive. Moreover, it should be appreciated that the features, components, elements and functionalities of the various embodiments may be combined or altered to achieve a desired percutaneous stimulation system without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
         [0148]    A lead connector  130  may be designed to couple to the percutaneous lead easily. In a non-limiting example, the lead may be inserted through an aperture  131  in the lead connector, and the lead may go through partially or completely through the aperture  131 . The aperture  131  may include a funnel shape where the lead is inserted to enable easy insertion into the aperture—See  FIG. 12 . In another non-limiting example, the lead may be placed into a slot or channel in the lead connector  130 . In another non-limiting example, the lead connector may be composed of two or more components with the lead placed between and/or within the components, and the components may be secured together (e.g., slid together, snapped in place, twisted/screwed onto one another, etc.) to couple to the lead. In some embodiments, the lead connector  130  may enable easy one-handed insertion and coupling of the lead to the system while remaining mechanically and electrically secure and prevents the patient from decoupling the lead (or electrode) intentionally or unintentionally. 
         [0149]    The lead may be coupled to the lead connector electrically and mechanically. The mechanism by which the lead may be coupled mechanically to the lead connector  130  may be separate or the same as the mechanism by which the lead is coupled electrically to the lead connector  130 . The user may couple the lead to the lead connector  130  using a component including, but not limited to, a knob, button, switch, or dial. 
         [0150]    The lead connector  130  may be decoupled from the lead, and may allow the lead to be reconnected to the lead connector  130  at a different point along the lead (e.g., closer to or farther away from the stimulating portion of the lead or electrode). In a non-limiting example, the lead connector  130  may include a lock to prevent the patient from disconnecting the lead. The lock may be opened using, for example (but not limited to), a key, a tool (e.g., torque wrench), a code (e.g., combination) or without a tool. In another non-limiting example, the lead connector  130  may minimize or eliminate damages or changes to the lead&#39;s structure, enabling the lead to remain sufficiently intact to generally reduce the risk of the lead fracturing or breaking and enable current flow through the entire lead. 
         [0151]    A lead connector  230  may include a lead storage mechanism  233  to store a lead  220  (e.g., while the lead is coupled to the lead connector  230 ). This mechanism may reduce the excess length of lead  220  between the lead connector  230  and the point from which the lead  220  exits the body. This may reduce the risk of the lead  220  being caught on an object and being pulled and/or breaking. If the lead  220  is caught, for example, on an external object or from a body part, then the excess lead  220  stored on the mechanism may be released rather than dislodging or moving the lead  220  from the tissue, fracturing the lead  220  (inside or outside the body), and/or pulling the lead  220  out and decoupling from the lead connector  230 . In a non-limiting example, the mechanism  233  may be a spool around which the lead  220  is wound, either manually or automatically (e.g., using a spring). In another non-limiting example, the mechanism  233  may be located on the outside of the lead connector  230  or within the lead connector  230 —See  FIGS. 13 and 14 . In addition, the lead connector  230  may be padded on one or more sides to provide comfort while wearing the lead connector  230 . 
         [0152]    A lead connector  330  may be designed to couple to the stimulator pod  40  easily, and may enable connection using a single hand. In a non-limiting example, the lead connector  330  may be connected to the stimulator pod  40  via a patient cable  350 . In a non-limiting example, the patient cable  350  may connect to the lead connector  330  through a connection  357 , such as by way of a non-limiting example a magnetic connection. It should be understood, however, that while a magnetic connection is described, the connection maybe any mechanical connection in addition to or alternatively to the magnetic connection. The connection  357  may be oriented at various angles with respect to the surface of the skin. In a non-limiting example, the connection  357  is oriented generally perpendicular to the skin. In another non-limiting example, the connection  357  is generally parallel to the surface of the skin. In yet another embodiment, the connection  357  may be easy for the user to make (e.g., does not require great dexterity, may be connected even without looking at the connectors) and strong enough to prevent inadvertent disconnection (e.g., due to common body movements or small forces, etc.) while disconnecting when subjected to stronger forces that may dislodge the lead (e.g., from external objects or body parts pulling or tugging on the lead connector or stimulator attached to the lead connector). The connection  357  may prevent the lead  320  from dislodging or fracturing by disconnecting the lead connector  330  and cable when the patient cable  350  is pulled rather than transmitting the force along the lead  320 —See  FIGS. 15 and 16 . In some embodiments, the connector  357  may include two portions a positive  357   a  and negative  357   b  portion of a magnet that attract to one another at a predetermine force. It should be understood that the positive portion may be on either side  357   a  or  357   b  and the negative portion may be on either side  357   a  and  357   b . Further still one portion may be a magnet ( 357   a  or  357   b ) and the other side may be a material attracted by the magnet ( 357   a  or  357   b ). In a non-limiting example, the magnetic connectors  330  may be structured such that the surrounding magnetic field is reduced and avoids interfering with objects placed near the magnetic connectors (e.g., credit cards, cell phones). 
         [0153]    Further still, the lead  320  may connect directly to the stimulator pod  40  (i.e., lead connector may be built into or integrally with the stimulator pod). The stimulator pod may be placed directly over or adjacent to the lead exit site to protect the exit site. There may be a clear window through which the lead exit site can be monitored for safety (e.g., infections, irritation). 
         [0154]    In another non-limiting example, the patient cable  450  may connect to the lead connector  430  using a jack  457   b  and plug  457   a , and the jack  457   b  may be located on the patient cable  450  and oriented at an angle (such as 90 degrees) to the patient cable  450 . This jack  457   b  may be connected to the plug  457   a  on the lead connector  430  using a downward force, enabling connection using a single hand. The very small distances between the magnetic armature of the plug  457   a  and the permanent magnet structure of the lead connector  430  means that the residual field outside the lead connector  430  is very small—see  FIG. 16 . 
         [0155]    As shown in  FIG. 17 , a patient cable  550  may attach to the stimulator and stored or organized (e.g., wound, coiled, wrapped around) to reduce the length of the patient cable  550  (or lead  520 ) that may become caught, for example, on an external object or a body part. In a non-limiting example, the excess patient cable  550  may be stored in a storage device  551  attached to the cable  550 , on the lead connector  530 , and/or on the stimulator pod  540 . In a non-limiting example, the storage device  551  is a spool around which the patient cable  550  may be wound manually or automatically (e.g., via a spring). In an embodiment, the patient cable  550  may be coiled or wound around a spool on the stimulator pod  540 , and forces on the patient cable  550  cause the patient cable  550  to be uncoiled from the spool rather than disconnect from the stimulator pod  540 , transmit the force to the lead connector  530 , and/or patient cable  550 —See  FIG. 17 . 
         [0156]    The stimulation system may contain patient cable that attach to the stimulator pod available in multiple lengths. In a non-limiting example, the patient cable with the shortest length that enables connection between the stimulator pod and the lead connector may be selected to reduce the risk of the patient cable catching on an object or body part and disconnecting the system, dislodge the lead, and/or fracture the lead. 
         [0157]    As shown in  FIG. 18 , two or more patient cable  650  may be used to connect the stimulator pod  640  to the lead connector  630 . The use of more than one patient cable  650  to connect to the stimulator pod  640  may enable more control of the total length of cabling between the lead connector  630  and stimulator pod  640  (e.g., compared to the use of a single cable with a fixed length). In a non-limiting example, each individual patient cable  650  may be short (e.g., &lt;1-2 inches), which may enable more precise control over the total length of the multiple cables connected together. In another non-limiting example, patient cables  650  may be available in different lengths. In a non-limiting example, multiple patient cable  650  may be connected together, and the minimum number of cables are used to connect the lead connector  630  to the stimulator pod  640  to minimize the total length of cable, thus reducing the risk of the cables catching or snagging (e.g., on an external object or a body part)—See  FIG. 17 . Each of the patient cables  650  may be attached utilizing a breakaway mechanism  654  of any configuration, such as that described above. Each patient cable  650  may include a breakaway mechanism  654  attached to each end thereof. The breakaway mechanism  654  may connect to one another and/or the lead connector  630  and/or the stimulator pod  640  such that they remain connected upon applicable of a predetermined force. If the force applied exceeds this predetermined force any of or a plurality of the breakaway connectors  654  may become disconnected. This prevents the electrode from moving from within the patient. The breakaway connectors  654  may also be easy to attach once they have become disconnected. The breakaway connector  654  may utilize magnets, bayonet attachment, biasing force, friction fit, etc. to connect together. Any appropriate configuration may be utilized. 
         [0158]    In some embodiments, the stimulator pod may enable coordinated stimulation across two or more stimulator pods. In the alternative or in addition, the controller pod and/or programmer unit may enable coordinated stimulation across two or more stimulator pods. Coordinated stimulation may enable stimulation across multiple stimulator pods to start and stop in a coordinated manner to avoid asynchronous activation of muscle on opposite sides of the body (e.g., the back or torso), which may cause loss of balance or discomfort. Control over stimulation across multiple stimulator pods may also prevent synchronized stimulation, for example, to avoid activation of opposing muscles (e.g., biceps and triceps), which may cause discomfort. In a non-limiting example, one of the stimulator pods, controller pod and/or programmer unit may communicate with other stimulator pods directly. In another non-limiting example, each stimulator pods may be connected to a central controlling unit, which may be another stimulator pod or may be a non-stimulating control unit. In a non-limiting example, communication among stimulator pods and/or control units (controller pod or programmer unit) may be wireless (e.g., via Bluetooth, WI-Fi) or wired (e.g., cables). 
         [0159]    The stimulator pod may provide simple programming of stimulation intensity by controlling stimulation amplitude and pulse duration with a single programmable parameter for intensity. Stimulation intensity is determined by multiple parameters, including (but not limited to) stimulation amplitude and pulse duration. For example, stimulation intensity may be increased by increasing stimulation amplitude, pulse duration, or a combination of the two. Controlling multiple parameters such as stimulation amplitude and pulse duration using a single parameter may reduce the complexity of the procedure to program stimulation parameters by reducing the number of parameters that can be changed from 2 or more to 1. As a non-limiting example, the minimum of the stimulation intensity parameter (e.g., 0) may set the stimulation amplitude and pulse duration to their lowest values (e.g., 0.2 mA and 10 microseconds). As another non-limiting example, increasing the stimulation intensity parameter may change the stimulation amplitude, the pulse duration, or both. 
         [0160]    In yet another embodiment, increasing the stimulation intensity parameter from the minimum value may first increase the stimulation amplitude while keeping the pulse duration at a minimum until the maximum value of the stimulation amplitude (e.g., 20-30 mA) is reached. Then, continuing to increase the stimulation intensity parameter may keep the stimulation amplitude fixed at the maximum value while increasing the pulse duration until the maximum value of the pulse duration is reached. In these embodiments, stimulation intensity is simple to program and may be increased while keeping pulse duration as low as possible. This keeps the stimulation charge required to activate nerve fibers as low as possible and increases the ability to selectivity stimulation large diameter fibers over small diameter fibers. In another non-limiting example, increasing the stimulation intensity parameter from the minimum value may first increase the stimulation amplitude while keeping stimulation amplitude at a minimum. Then, continuing to increase the stimulation intensity parameter beyond the maximum value of pulse duration (e.g., 200 microseconds) may keep the pulse duration fixed at the maximum value while increasing the amplitude until the maximum value of the stimulation amplitude is reached. In this example, stimulation intensity increases while keeping stimulation amplitude as low as possible, which keeps the power consumption of the pulse as low as possible for a given charge per pulse. Left column of  FIG. 19  is the first example given, keeping pulse duration low. The right column of  FIG. 19  is the second example, keeping stimulation amplitude low. 
         [0161]    In another non-limiting example, a lead connector may be attached to the lead prior to or after insertion of an introducer system, enabling stimulation through the lead tip during the lead placement procedure. In one embodiment, the connector may be attached to the lead by dropping the lead into a slot or hole on the block and closing a flap which implements an insulation displacement connection (e.g., cutting through the insulative material aside to form a connection with the conductive lead wire). This lead connector may improve the speed and ease of lead connection because it can be attached without the use of tools (e.g., no wire cutters, scissors, and screwdrivers). For example, in this embodiment, the lead may be placed into a slot in a lead connector block and secured using a lockable, reversible one-handed mechanism to displace the insulation on the lead body. The insulation displacement mechanism inside the lead connector may also cut the lead distal to the electrical connection. Once the connection has been made and the excess lead is trimmed, a lock (e.g., sliding, twisting, button press) may ensure that the flap on the block cannot be reopened accidentally. This feature prevents loss of connection between the lead connector and lead, which would result in loss of therapeutic benefit. The lead connector may mate with another lead connector (e.g., patient cable or plug to the stimulator pod) to complete the circuit from the stimulator pod to the lead tip electrode. 
         [0162]    In one embodiment, the connection between the two lead connectors may be magnetic. In this case, the shape of the lead connectors will prevent improper alignment of the lead connector (e.g., lead connectors that only fit together in one orientation). The magnetic connection may be used for both temporary and permanent stimulation delivery (e.g., during lead placement procedure or during patient&#39;s home use of the therapy). After obtaining proper lead placement location, the lead connector block may be removed and replaced following removal of the introducer system needle(s) and sheath(s). In one embodiment, the connection may be deactivated by pressing or sliding open the slot that contains the lead. In this example, the lead connector block may be removed or cut off prior to removal of the introducer and then quickly re-attached to a more proximal location on the lead. Following removal of the introducer, the lead may be placed in the slot and connected with a one-touch mechanism (e.g., pressing, sliding) and then the lead connector may be attached to the stimulator cable. 
         [0163]    The magnetic connection may act as a quick-release connection that will prevent accidental lead (or electrode) dislodgement due to a pulled lead and/or patient cable. Instead of transferring force to the lead exit site and lead, any forces on the patient cable will be discharged due to the breaking of the magnetic connection between the patient cable and lead connector block. If desired by the clinician, a permanent connection may be made by locking the two-connector pieces together using a press button lock (or any other suitable lock). In addition to mating with the lead connector block, in another embodiment, the magnetic cable connector for the stimulator pod may also mate with an identical version of the lead connector block, which is connected to the test stimulator via a cable. In another embodiment, the magnetic cable connector originating from the stimulator pod may be bifurcated to connect with multiple lead connector blocks (e.g., to enable stimulation of two leads with one stimulator). 
         [0164]    A battery-operated, body-worn stimulator pod may generate electrical current that may be administered via the lead and/or introducer. In one embodiment, the stimulator pod is a small pod (e.g., with rounded contours and of minimal profile height) that is worn on the body via a gel patch electrode that serves as the return electrode and is connected with two snaps that also provide electrical connection. In one embodiment, the stimulating pod has a minimal user interfaces (e.g., a press button start/stop, LED lights and a speaker or buzzer) to provide critical feedback to the patient. For example, the lights may blink or light up (e.g., different colors or different flashing patterns) if the battery is low or if there is a problem with stimulation. This important feedback will alert the patient or clinician to address any issues, such as battery failure, gel pad detachment, or open connection. In the non-limiting example with a magnetic lead connector, it is important that the stimulator pod produces an alert if the quick-release cable is accidentally dislodged without the patient&#39;s knowledge. Additionally, lead errors that cause stimulation to stop due to, for example, high electrode impedance issues (e.g., due to lost connection between skin and return electrode), and can impact therapy usage time and therapeutic benefit received by the patient and the audible or visible alert of the stimulating pod prevents this. Further, in one embodiment, the stimulator memory will generate an activity log for documenting usage of the stimulator and errors during therapy. The stimulator log may include a list of errors that occurred, along with timestamps of the time that errors occurred, a history of usage time, including amplitude and stimulation parameter settings used. These features are important to ensure that patients are able to effectively use the stimulation and that clinicians can effectively monitor their stimulation usage. 
         [0165]    Exemplary embodiments of the IDC are depicted in  FIGS. 20 and 21 . An IDC  705  shown in  FIG. 20  may include a drawer type mechanism or disc  708  that is insertable into the body of the IDC  705  and removable therefrom. A slot  710  of any appropriate shape and size to firmly hold or engage the lead  720  may be positioned within the disc  708 . A user may push the disc  708  to rotate such and move the lead  720  fully inside the IDC  705 . The IDC may be integral with or attached to the lead connector. Barbs (not shown) may be included in the interior of the IDC  705  if necessary to remove insulation from the lead  720  to expose the underlying wire. 
         [0166]    In another embodiment shown in  FIG. 21 , an IDC  805  may have a generally cylindrical shape. The IDC may include an aperture, slot or opening  807  into which the lead  820  may be inserted. The IDC may include an actuating lever to rotate the IDC until the lead  720  is fully inside the IDC. Barbs (not shown) may be included in the interior of the IDC  805  if necessary to remove insulation from the lead  820  to expose the underlying wire. 
         [0167]    An additional embodiment of a breakaway mechanism  954  is shown in  FIGS. 22-25 . In  FIG. 22 , a portion of the breakaway mechanism  954  is shown as a receptacle portion  956 . The receptacle portion  956  may include a magnet  958  of any appropriate embodiment that includes a contact point  959 . The receptacle portion  956  may include an iron magnetic stator  960 , which may act as a pathway keeper.  FIG. 23  depicts a mating portion of the breakaway mechanism  954 , which is a plug  962 . The plug  962  may include an iron magnetic keeper path  964  and a contact  966 . The patient cable  950  may be operatively attached with the plug  962 . 
         [0168]    As shown in  FIG. 24 , the breakaway mechanism  954  may include a spring loaded plunger mechanism  974 . The plunger mechanism  974  utilizes a pair of biasing member  977  that may push plungers  975  toward each other as the plug  962  is inserted into the receptacle  956 . This may secure the breakaway mechanism  954  together. The force utilized to keep the breakaway mechanism  954  together is defined such that any amount of force applied to the system that exceeds such force will cause the plug  962  to separate from the receptacle  956 , e.g., if there is a force applied to the patient cable  950  because it snags on something. This will generally protect the system. In particular, it generally prevents the lead and/or electrode from becoming disengaged or moved from their intended position. 
         [0169]    Although the embodiments of the present teachings have been illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described in the foregoing detailed description, it is to be understood that the present teachings are not to be limited to just the embodiments disclosed, but that the present teachings described herein is capable of numerous rearrangements, modifications and substitutions without departing from the scope of the claims hereafter.