Abstract:
A primer pair and probe for the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene of enterococci for use in a real-time nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA) assay.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to currently pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/744,850, entitled, “Molecular Detection and Quantification of Enterococci”, filed Apr. 14, 2006, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTEREST 
       [0002]    This invention was made with Government support under Grant No. 25000 172 00 awarded by the National Science Foundation. The Government has certain rights in the invention. 
     
     FIELD OF INVENTION 
       [0003]    This invention relates to rapid detection of an organism, specifically, this is a method for detecting and quantifying Enterococci (a human fecal indicator organism) from sea water. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    The coastal ocean is an important economic and recreational resource that is constantly influenced by human activities. In 2003, there were more than 18,000 days of beach closings throughout the US due to high concentrations of fecal bacteria. This was an increase of more than 51% over the previous year. Health related management of recreational coastal sites is currently undertaken by monitoring fecal coliform and enterococci by membrane filtration. Elevated concentrations of enterococci in marine waters have been shown to have a strong correlation with illness (especially gastrointestinal disease) in exposed individuals therefore making enterococci the indicator organism of choice for saline waters. The problem with this type of standard indicator monitoring is that there is a lag of at least 24-48 hours between when the sample is collected and when the data become available. Changes in the water quality and potential exposures during this delay lead to management decisions and public notifications that are often times inaccurate. To improve our management abilities, we have adapted a primer pair and probe for the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene of enterococci for use in a real-time nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA) assay. This region is highly conserved within all reported species of the  Enterococcus  genus. Using this assay, we are able to detect the equivalent to less than one enterococci colony forming unit (CFU) from a spiked sea water sample (100 ml). Further, there is a negative linear relationship (R 2 =0.9484) between CFUs obtained by membrane filtration and time to positivity (TTP) readings obtained with the NASBA assay. Therefore, quantitative estimates of enterococci are possible over at least four orders of magnitude and all positive samples amplified within forty-three minutes. By coupling this real-time NASBA assay to our existing field RNA extraction procedure and portable NASBA detection device, this technology will provide a simple, rapid (&lt;1 hr), convenient testing format for coastal sites and greatly improve the health risk assessment of these regions. 
         [0005]    Unlike polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based methods, NASBA is able to amplify RNA in a DNA background, and thus, only viable targets will be detected. This is important for indicator monitoring because only recent pollution events will be detected and false positive amplifications of naked DNA present in the sample will be eliminated. Indicator bacteria are chosen because of their ability to survive longer than the pathogenic organisms in question and therefore only viable bacteria should be considered as part of a risk analysis. 
       SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
       [0006]    This is a method for the detection and quantification of Enterococci. Enterococci is the USEPA approved indicator organism used to monitor for fecal pollution in saline waters. Current methods rely on membrane filtration and even though the direct enumeration of these microorganisms using membrane filtration and plating has been available for years, there continue to be outbreaks associated with fecal contamination. The problem is that there is a lag of at least 24-48 hours between when the sample is collected and when the data become available. Changes in the water quality and potential exposures during this delay lead to management decisions and public notifications that are often times moot. To improve our management abilities, there is a need for rapid detection and quantification of appropriate bacterial indicators in coastal waters and sediments to ensure the safety of these resources for their multiple users. Our NASBA based method addresses this issue by quantitatively amplifying the target RNA and providing results in less than one hour. 
     
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0007]    For a fuller understanding of the invention, reference should be made to the following detailed description, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0008]    The FIGURE shows sequences for primers and probe for NASBA amplification of Enterococci. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
       [0009]    NASBA primers and probes were designed based on homologous regions of the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (The FIGURE). This region is highly conserved within all reported species of the  Enterococcus  genus (Haugland et al., 2005). Previous researchers (Frahm and Obst, 2003) used this region as the priming site for the development of a Taqman PCR assay for enterococci detection. The primers have been modified to best fit the NASBA amplification requirements and molecular beacon design criteria as well as minimize the cross hybridization to each other. This primer set has been tested against  Enterococcus faecalis  and  E. faecium , and  E. avium , as well as several other genera of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria to determine the specificity of the assay and ensure that no cross reactivity occurs to non-target organisms. Data thus far indicate that the primer set is specific to the genus enterococci. 
         [0010]    The assay sensitivity has been evaluated using serially diluted RNA isolated from enterococci cells. It is also possible to include cell extract samples from individual species as well as mixtures of all of the enterococci species available. Because ribosomal RNA tends to have a complex secondary structure, the NASBA assay was initiated by a 65° C. denaturing step for 3 minutes prior to the 41° C. amplification step (60 to 90 minutes). This initial denaturation is required for some, but not all NASBA assays and its requirement for efficient amplification of enterococci still needs to be evaluated. 
         [0011]    Amplification inhibitors are often co-purified with natural environmental samples. We have encountered such inhibitors in our coastal water filtrates (Casper et al., 2005b). However, this inhibition tends to occur in sample volumes greater than 200 ml. For enterococci samples, the sample volume will always be less than 100 ml (as used by the DOH). Also, we will include an internal control (IC-NASBA protocol) that will be used to normalize the amplification results (Patterson et al., 2005). This approach will increase the precision of our quantification and reduce the amount of false negative results. Because the internal control molecule contains the same priming site as the target, the amplification reaction becomes competitive. Serial titrations of internal control RNA determine the optimal concentration to allow for consistent quantification of enterococci within the expected environmental concentrations (Patterson et al, 2005). 
       REFERENCES 
       [0012]    The following citations are incorporated herein by reference:
   Haugland R A, Siefring S C, Wymer L J, Brenner K P, Dufour A P. 2005. Comparison of  Enterococcus  measurements in freshwater at two recreational beaches by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and membrane filter culture analysis. Water Res. 39(4):559-68.   
 
         [0014]    Frahm E, Obst U. 2003. Application of the fluorogenic probe technique (TaqMan PCR) to the detection of  Enterococcus  spp. And  Escherichia coli  in water samples. J Microb Meth 52: 123-131. 
         [0015]    It will be seen that the advantages set forth above, and those made apparent from the foregoing description, are efficiently attained and since certain changes may be made in the above construction without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matters contained in the foregoing description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. 
         [0016]    It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended to cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention herein described, and all statements of the scope of the invention which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall therebetween. Now that the invention has been described,