Abstract:
A powder conveyance device includes a powder conveyance pipe having a first conveyance section communicating with the powder container section and having a supply inlet to receive powder from a powder container. A second conveyance section is provided in the powder conveyance pipe to communicate downstream with the first conveyance section via a first bending section. The second conveyance section downwardly extends to the conveyance destination being inclined from a horizontal at a larger angle than the first conveyance section. A third conveyance section is also provided in the powder conveyance pipe to communicate downstream with the second conveyance section via a second bending section. The third conveyance section extends toward the conveyance destination being inclined from the horizontal at a smaller angle than the second conveyance section. The third conveyance section has a replenishment outlet for replenishing the powder from the powder conveyance pipe to the powder conveyance destination.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims priority under 35 USC §119 to Japanese Patent Application Nos. 2008-172741, filed on Jul. 1, 2008, and 2008-300660, filed on Nov. 26, 2008, the entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a powder conveyance device capable of conveying powder, such as toner, etc., from a powder container section to a conveyance destination located downstream of the powder container section via a powder conveyance pipe, an image forming apparatus including the powder conveyance device, and a process cartridge. 
     2. Discussion of the Background Art 
     Conventionally, an image forming apparatus, such as a copier, a facsimile, a printer, etc., equipped with a toner conveyance device has been known. 
     As shown in  FIG. 19 , the Japanese Patent Application Laid Open No. 2005-024665 describes a toner conveyance device that employs a toner conveyance pipe for guiding toner from a toner container section that stores the toner to a developing device provided below the toner container section. The toner conveyance pipe  143  includes a upstream side horizontal section  143   a  communicating with the toner container section  147  while substantially extending horizontally, a slant section  143   c  largely inclining downward a developing device  155  on the downstream side of the upstream side horizontal section  143   a , and a downstream side horizontal section  143   e  substantially extending horizontally while communicating with a developing device  155  at the downstream side of the slant section  143   c . A conveyance coil  170  is provided in the toner conveyance pipe  143  to stir and convey the toner. 
     The toner installed in the toner container section  147  is conveyed to the upstream side horizontal section  143   a  by the conveyance coil  170 . When the toner conveyed to the upstream side horizontal section  143   a  is further conveyed to the slant section  143   c  by the conveyance coil  170 , the toner drops down to the downstream side horizontal section  143   e  at once from the slant section  143   c  by its own weight in addition to a conveyance force provided by the conveyance coil  170 . In this way, the toner conveyed to the downstream side horizontal section  143   e  is further conveyed by the conveyance coil  170  to a replenishment inlet  145  communicating with the developing device  155 , whereby the toner is ejected to the developing device  155 . 
     Since the toner drops down at the slant section  143   c  to the downstream side horizontal section  143   e  at once by its own weight in addition to the conveyance force from the conveyance coil  170 , the toner scarcely accumulate thereon and most part of the space in the pipe of the slant section  143   c  is occupied by air. The toner is blended with air by the conveyance coil  170  or the like in the toner conveyance pipe  143 . Especially, at the slant section  143   c  where the inside of the pipe space is almost occupied by the air, the toner tends to be blended with the air more than the other section. As a matter of fact, the higher the rate at which the toner is blended with air, the higher the toner fluidity is. 
     Thus, at the slant section  143   c  where the toner is readily blended with air, the toner is excessively blended therewith, whereby the fluidity of the toner excessively increases. When the fluidity of the toner excessively increases, the toner behaves like liquid, and ends up flowing from the slant section  143   c  to the developing device  155  at once via the replenishment inlet  145  without conveyance of the conveyance coil  170  due to a dropping force caused when dropping down the slant section  143   c.    
     In this way, when the toner flows at once from the replenishment inlet  145  into the developing device  155  regardless of the conveyance of the conveyance coil  170 , toner replenishment to the developing device  155  results in unstable. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention has been made in view of the above noted and another problems and one object of the present invention is to provide a new and noble powder conveyance device. Such a new and noble powder conveyance device includes a powder container section that contains powder, a powder conveyance pipe that guides downstream the powder mixed with air from the powder container section, and a powder conveyance member that conveys the powder installed in the powder conveyance pipe toward a conveyance destination. The powder conveyance pipe includes a first conveyance section having a supply inlet and communicating with the powder container section. The first conveyance section receives the powder from the powder container through the supply inlet. A second conveyance section is provided in the powder conveyance pipe to communicate downstream with the first conveyance section via a first bending section. The second conveyance section downwardly extends to the conveyance destination being inclined from a horizontal at a larger angle than the first conveyance section. A third conveyance section is also provided in the powder conveyance pipe to communicate downstream with the second conveyance section via a second bending section. The third conveyance section extends toward the conveyance destination being inclined from the horizontal at a smaller angle than the second conveyance section. The third conveyance section has a replenishment outlet for replenishing the powder from the powder conveyance pipe to the powder conveyance destination. A space restriction member is provided in the powder conveyance pipe and is at least arranged in the second conveyance section to partially close an inner space of the second conveyance section. 
     In another embodiment, a powder passage restriction section is arranged in the first conveyance section to restrict passage of the powder. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
       A more complete appreciation of the present invention and many of the attendant advantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  schematically illustrates an exemplary toner conveyance device having a first configuration according to one embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  schematically illustrates an exemplary printer according to one embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an exemplary process cartridge for Y use and surroundings thereof according to one embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 4  is a perspective view illustrating an exemplary toner bottle for Y use according to one embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 5  is a perspective view illustrating an exemplary bottle supporting section and toner bottles of respective colors according to one embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 6  is a perspective view partially illustrating exemplary toner conveyance devices of respective colors according to one embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 7  is a perspective view partially illustrating exemplary toner conveyance devices and process cartridges of respective colors according to one embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 8  illustrates an exemplary toner-conveying device for Y use according to one embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 9  schematically illustrates a second exemplary toner-conveying device of the present invention; 
         FIG. 10  illustrates exemplary surroundings of a passage restriction section arranged in a toner conveyance device according to the second configuration of the present invention; 
         FIG. 11  schematically illustrates a third exemplary configuration of the toner conveyance device of the present invention; 
         FIG. 12  is a cross sectional view illustrating an exemplary toner conveyance pipe, a conveyance coil, and a space restriction member when viewed in a direction perpendicular to the toner conveyance direction; 
         FIG. 13  schematically illustrates a fourth exemplary configuration of the toner conveyance device of the present invention; 
         FIG. 14  illustrates an exemplary toner-conveying device including a space restriction member having the same diameter in its axial direction; 
         FIG. 15  schematically illustrates a fifth exemplary configuration of a toner conveyance device of the present invention; 
         FIG. 16  illustrates exemplary surroundings of a passage restriction section arranged in the toner conveyance device of the fifth exemplary configuration; 
         FIG. 17  schematically illustrates a sixth exemplary configuration of the toner replenishment device of the present invention; 
         FIG. 18  illustrates an exemplary space restriction member and a conveyance coil arranged on the slant section of the toner conveyance pipe; 
         FIG. 19  illustrates a conventional toner conveyance device; and 
         FIG. 20  illustrates an exemplary result of experiencing of toner aggregation. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals and marks designate identical or corresponding parts throughout several figures, in particular in  FIG. 1 , a first embodiment including a printer that employs an electrophotographic system is described. Initially, a fundamental configuration of the printer is described with reference to  FIG. 2 . As shown, the printer  100  includes four process cartridges, which create toner images of yellow, magenta, cyan, and black (hereinafter referred to as Y, M, C, and K), respectively. Although these use Y to K different toner as image formation substance from each other, they have the same configuration and are replaced with new ones when arriving at their lives. 
     To typically explain details with reference to a process cartridge  6 Y that creates a Y toner image, as shown in  FIG. 3 , the process cartridge  6 Y includes a drum shaped photoconductive member  1 Y, a drum cleaning device  2 Y, a charge removing device (not shown), a charging device  4 Y, and a developing device  5 Y, and the like. The process cartridge  6 Y is detachable to a printer body  100 , whereby consumption parts can be replaced at once. 
     Thus, each of the four process cartridges  6 Y to  6 K includes the photoconductive member  1 , the drum-cleaning device  2 , the discharge device (not shown), the charge device, and the developing device  5 . The photoconductive member  1 , the drum cleaning device  2 , the discharge device (not shown), the charge device, and the developing device  5  are integrated and detached to the printer body. Conventionally, each of these, such as the photoconductive member  1 , etc., is separately detached as consumption parts and is replaced upon need. However, since it was difficult for an operator to recognize a detachment manner, usability of each is inferior. 
     Then, a process cartridge system comes up to improve the usability by integrally replacing these and recognizing the end of the life when toner disappears from the developing device. However, with such a configuration, parts yet having their lives are forcibly replaced when the toner disappears from the developing device, waist of parts increases. 
     It is also known that an image forming apparatus includes a process cartridge, to which a toner container storing toner to be supplied to a developing device included in a process cartridge is detached. However, in such an image forming apparatus, even though only the toner container is replaced, the process cartridge need be detached from the image forming apparatus body. Thus, usability of a toner container is defective. 
     Then, in this printer  100 , the process cartridges  6 Y to  6 K and the toner bottle  32 Y to  32 K are separately detached to the printer body so as to resolve such a problem. 
     The charge device  4 Y is rotated by a driving device, not shown, clockwise in the drawing and uniformly charge the surface of the photoconductive member  1 Y. The surface of the photoconductive member  1 Y with the uniform charge is subjected to exposure scanning of a laser light L, whereby carrying a latent image for Y use. The latent image of Y use is developed to a Y toner image by the developing device  5 Y using T toner. Then, the Y toner image is transferred onto an intermediate transfer belt  8 . A drum cleaning device  2 Y removes toner remaining on the surface of the photoconductive member  1 Y after the intermediate transfer process. The charge-removing device removes electrode remaining on the photoconductive member  1 Y after the cleaning. Due to the charge removal, the surface of the photoconductive member  1 Y is initialized and becomes ready for the next image formation. 
     M to K toner images are similarly formed on the photoconductive members  1 M to  1 K in the other process cartridges  6 M to  6 K, and are subjected to intermediate transfer onto the intermediate transfer belt  8 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , an exposure device  7  is arranged below the process cartridges  6 Y to  6 K as a latent image formation device. The exposure device  7  executes exposure by emitting a laser light L in accordance with image information to photoconductive members  1  included in the process cartridges  6 Y to  6 K, respectively. By this exposure, latent images are formed on the photoconductive members  1 Y to  1 K, respectively. The above-mentioned exposure device  7  defuses and emits the laser light L created by a light source with a polygon mirror driven by a motor onto the photoconductive members  1  via plural optical lenses and mirrors. 
     Below the exposure device  7 , a sheet-feeding device including a sheet container cassette  26 , a sheet-feeding roller  27 , and a pair of rollers  28  installed in the sheet container cassette  26  are arranged. The sheet container cassette  26  includes plural transfer sheets P being piled as a printing member. The sheet-feeding roller  27  contacts the topmost transfer sheet P. When the sheet-feeding roller  27  is rotated counter clockwise by a driving device, not shown, the topmost sheet P is fed toward the pair of rollers  28 . The pair of registration roller  28  rotates and immediately stops rotating while sandwiching the transfer sheet P therebetween. Then, the pair of registration rollers launches the transfer sheet P toward a later mentioned secondary transfer nip at an appropriate time. Thus configured sheet feeding device serves as a conveyance device by combining the sheet feeding roller  27 , and the pair of registration rollers  28  serving as a pair of timing rollers. The conveyance device conveys the transfer sheet P from the sheet container cassette  26  to the secondary transfer nip. 
     Above the process cartridges  6 Y to  6 K, an intermediate transfer unit  15  including an intermediate transfer belt  8  suspended and endlessly driven is arranged. The intermediate transfer unit  15  also includes four primary transfer bias rollers  9 Y to  9 K, a cleaning device  10 , a secondary transfer backup roller  12 , a cleaning backup roller  13 , a tension roller  14  and the like. The intermediate transfer belt  8  is suspended by these three rollers and is endlessly driven counter clockwise by one of them. 
     These primary transfer bias rollers  9 Y to  9 K sandwiches the intermediate transfer belt  8  with the photoconductive members  1 Y to  1 K and form primary transfer nips there between, respectively. These primary transfer bias rollers  9 Y to  9 K apply a transfer bias having an opposite polarity (e.g. positive) to that of toner to the rear side surface of the intermediate transfer belt  8 . All of rollers other than the primary transfer bias rollers  9 Y to  9 K are grounded. The intermediate transfer belt  8  receives primary transfer in which Y to K toner images formed on the photoconductive members  1 Y to  1 K are superimposed in turn when passing through the primary transfer nips for Y to K uses as endlessly travels. Thus, four-color superimposing toner images are formed on the intermediate transfer belt  8  as a four-color toner image. 
     The secondary backup roller  12  sandwiches the intermediate transfer belt  8  with the secondary transfer roller  19  and create a secondary transfer nip. The four-color toner image on the intermediate transfer belt  8  is transferred onto a transfer sheet P at the secondary transfer nip. Some toner not transferred onto the transfer sheet P remains on the intermediate transfer belt  8  after passing through the secondary transfer nip, and is removed by a clean device  10 . 
     In the above-mentioned secondary transfer nip, the transfer sheet P is sandwiched by the intermediate transfer belt  8  and secondary transfer roller  19 , surfaces of which are moving in the same direction, and is conveyed in the direction opposite to the side of the pair of registration rollers  28 . The four color toner image transferred onto transfer sheet P launched from the secondary transfer nip is fixed onto the surface thereof by heat and pressure when passing through the rollers of the fixing device  20 . After that, the transfer sheet P is ejected outside via a pair of sheet ejection rollers  29 . A stack section  30  is arranged on the upper surface of the printer body. The transfer sheet P ejected outside by the pair of sheet ejection rollers  29  are stacked one by one on the stack section  30 . 
     Now, an exemplary configuration of the developing device  5 Y included in the process cartridge  6 Y is described with reference to  FIG. 3 . The developing device  5 Y includes a magnetic field generating device. Specifically, as shown, the developing device  5 Y includes a developing sleeve  51 Y carrying and conveying two-component developer having magnetic particle and toner on its surface as a developer carrier member. Also included is a doctor  52 Y to smooth the developer carrier on the developing sleeve  51 Y in a prescribed thickness as a developer restriction member. On the upstream side of the developer conveyance direction of the doctor  52 Y, a developer container section  53 Y is arranged to contain the developer not conveyed to a developing region opposing the photoconductive member  1 Y and having been smoothed. Further, neighboring to the developer container section  53 Y, a developer container section  54 Y containing developer and two developer conveyance screws  55 Y for stirring and conveying the developer are provided. 
     Now, an exemplary operation of the developing device is described with reference to  FIG. 2 . As shown, a development layer is formed on the developing sleeve  51 Y in the developing device  5 Y. Toner is taken in to developer from the developer container  53 Y due to movement of the development layer conveyed by rotation of the developing sleeve  51 Y. Such taking in of the toner is executed to control toner density to fall within a prescribed range. The toner taken in the developer is charged by friction with carrier. The developer with the charged toner is supplied and carried on the surface of the developing sleeve  51 Y installing a magnetic pole by magnetic force. The developer layer carried on the developing sleeve  51 Y is conveyed in a direction shown by an arrow as the developing sleeve  51 Y rotates. After the doctor  52 Y smooths the development layer in a prescribed thickness, the developer is carried to the developing region opposing the photoconductive member  1 Y. In the developing region, the latent image on the photoconductive member  1 Y is developed. The developer layer remaining on the developing sleeve  51 Y is conveyed toward the upstream section in the developer conveyance direction of the developer container section  53 Y as the developing sleeve  51 Y rotates. 
     Back to  FIG. 2 , a bottle container  31  is arranged between the intermediate transfer unit  15  and the stack section  30  arranged above the intermediate transfer unit  15 . The bottle container  31  includes toner bottles  32 Y to  32 K storing Y to K toner, respectively. The toner bottles  32 Y to  32 K are arranged on the bottle containers  31  of respective toner colors from above. The Y to K toner in the toner bottles  32 Y to  32 K are replenished appropriately to the developing devices in the process cartridges  6 Y to  6 K, respectively, by a toner conveyance device as mentioned later in detail. These toner bottles  32 Y to  32 K are detachable to the printer body  100  in dependent from the process cartridges  6 Y to  6 K, respectively. 
     The toner bottle  32 Y is described with reference to  FIG. 4  more in detail. The toner bottle  32 K is mounted on the bottle container  31  as shown in  FIG. 5 . As shown in  FIG. 4 , a plastic case  34 Y is provided on the leading section of the bottle body  33 Y of the toner bottle  32 Y. The plastic case  34 Y integrally includes a handle  35 Y. A gear  37 Y is provided on the side of the plastic case  34 Y of the bottle body  33 Y to integrally rotate with the bottle body  33 Y. When the toner bottle  32 Y is attached to the body of the printer  100 , the stack section  30  is initially open upward to reveal the bottle container  31 . Then, as shown in  FIG. 5 , when the toner bottle  32 Y is mounted to the bottle container  31 , the handle  35 Y is rotated. Then, the plastic case  34 Y integral with the handle  35 Y is rotated, and the shutter  36 Y moves in a circumferential direction of the plastic case  34 Y and is open there, whereby a toner ejection outlet, not shown, is open. At same time, the plastic case  34 Y is connected and secured to the bottle container  31 . 
     Further, when detaching the toner bottle  32 Y from the printer body  100 , the handle  35 Y is reversely rotated, and the plastic case  34 Y is then disengaged with the bottle container  31 . Then, a shutter  36 Y is closed and the toner ejection outlet is closed. As a result, the toner bottle  32 Y can be detached from the body of the printer  100  grasping the handle  35 Y. 
     In this way, since the toner bottle  32 Y can be mounted and detached from above the body of the printer  100 , the manner of replacement of the toner bottle  32 Y can be readily understandable and is simple. Further, since the handle  35 Y is formed on the plastic case  34 Y, the securing to the bottle container  31  can be easily performed by rotating the plastic case  34 Y. When the toner bottle  32 Y is detached from the body of the printer  100 , the shutter  36 Y does not open even when the handle  35 Y is rotated. Thus, the shutter  36 Y is avoided from being erroneously open during replacement of the toner bottle  32 Y suppressing toner leakage. 
     Now, the toner conveying device  40  is described with reference to  FIGS. 6 and 7 , where toner bottles  32 Y to  32 K and the toner conveying devices  40 Y to  40 K are illustrated. The toner bottles  32 Y to  32 K, the intermediate transfer unit  15 , and toner conveying devices  40 Y to  40 K are viewed at a different angle as illustrated in  FIG. 7 . These toner conveying devices  40 Y to  40 K are arranged beside the intermediate transfer unit  15  in the body of the printer  100 . Thus, since a toner conveying device can be omitted from the process cartridges  6 Y to  6 K or the toner bottles  32 Y to  32 K, these devices can be more compact than conventional one. Further, since a conventional process cartridge is arranged adjacent to a toner bottle, there was designing restriction. However, they can separately be arranged according to this embodiment. Thus, a freedom degree of designing can be improved and the printer can be compact. 
     Ejections outlets of the toner bottles  32 Y to  32 K, the toner conveying devices  40 Y to  40 K, and the toner replenishment inlets of the developer container sections  54 Y to  54 K of the developing devices  5 Y to  5 K are arranged on one side of the intermediate transfer unit  15 . Thus, a toner conveyance path of the toner conveying devices  40 Y to  40 K can be minimized, and the printer can be compact while suppressing toner clogging during toner conveyance. 
     Since the configuration of the toner conveying devices  40 Y to  40 K are substantially the same, the toner conveying device  40 Y for Y toner conveyance use is typically described with reference to  FIG. 6 . As shown, the toner conveying device  40 Y mainly includes a driving motor  41 Y, a driving gear  42 Y, and a toner conveyance pipe  43 Y. Inside the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y, a plastic coil, not shown, is arranged. The driving gear  42 Y meshes with a gear  37 Y of the toner bottle  32 Y, and is integrally rotated with the gear  37  of the toner bottle  32 Y whereby the bottle body  33 Y is rotated when the driving motor  41 Y is driven. Then, when the density detection sensor  56 Y of the developing device  5 Y of  FIG. 3  detects decreasing of toner density in the developer container section  54 Y, a replenishment signal is outputted from the container section  57 Y and the driving motor  41 Y is rotated. As shown in  FIG. 6 , since a spiral developer guide groove  38 Y is formed on the inner wall surface of the bottle body  33 Y, toner stored inside is conveyed from a rear side of the bottle body  33 Y to the side of the plastic case  34 Y of the leading end by the rotation. Then, the toner in the bottle body  33 Y drops through an ejection outlet, not shown, of the plastic case  34 Y to a toner reception section, not shown, of the toner conveying device  40 Y. The toner reception section communicates with the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y, and accordingly, a coil, not shown, installed in the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y is simultaneously rotated when the driving motor  41 Y is driven and the bottle body  33 Y is rotated. Due to the rotation of the coil, the toner dropped on the toner receiving section is conveyed through the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y and replenished to a toner replenishment inlet, not shown, of the developer container  54 Y. In this way, toner density in the developing device  5 Y is adjusted. 
     Instead of the density detection sensor  56 Y, an optical sensor or a CCD camera or the like can be employed to count a number of pixels of a reference image formed on the photoconductive member  1 Y, and toner replenishment can be executed based on the calculation. 
     The toner conveying device  40 Y for Y use as a powder conveyance device is described more in detail with reference to  FIG. 8 . Specifically, a conveyance coil  70 Y serving as a powder conveyance use member is arranged contacting the inner wall of the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y serving as a powder conveyance pipe  43 Y. A gap between the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y and the conveyance coil  70 Y is sets to from about 0.1 to about 0.2 mm. In this way, since the conveyance coil  70   y  internally contacts the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y, toner attracting to the inner wall of the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y receives a movement force in the conveyance direction, accumulation of the toner therein can be suppressed. Thus, a problem that Y toner accumulated in the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y is flown into the developing device  5 Y at once can be avoided or suppressed. 
     Further, since a stress of a coil shape against bending force is small, the conveyance coil  70 Y can rotate even though the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y is bent. Since the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y is not necessarily formed straight, a designing freedom increases, and the developing device can be compact. 
     When a conveyance device includes a screw having a shaft or the like instead of the conveyance coil  70 Y, toner can be conveyed in a non-liner conveyance path in a certain situation. However, comparing the shaft inclusion conveyance device with the conveyance use coil, the latter can readily be bent. Thus, a resisting force against deformation, which is caused by rotation at a curvature section of the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y, is smaller than when the conveyance use coil is used. Thus, the conveyance coil  70 Y can more decrease a slide contact load applied from the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y than the shaft inclusion conveyance device. 
     A first exemplary configuration is now described with reference to  FIG. 1 . As shown, a space restriction member  60   y  is arranged at a slant section  43   c Y (e.g. a mostly slanting section in the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y) within a hollow section of the conveyance coil  70 Y. The outer diameter of the space restriction member  60 Y is slightly smaller than the internal diameter of the conveyance coil  70 Y, so that a resistance is not created during slide contacting thereto while highly restricting passage of toner. The internal diameter of the conveyance coil  70 Y is about 5 mm with tolerance of from 0 to +0.05. The outer diameter of the space restriction member  60 Y is about 4.5 mm with tolerance ±0.05. 
     Further, the space restriction member  60 Y is held by a conveyance coil  70 Y to rotate together with the conveyance coil  70 Y. The space restriction member  60 Y can be made of an elastic member, such as sponge, etc., and is held tightly contacting the inner side of the conveyance coil  70 Y. 
     As shown in  FIG. 19 , in a conventional conveyance toner-conveying device, a space of the slant section of the toner conveyance pipe is almost occupied by air when ordinarily used, and accordingly the air increases fluidity of the toner when toner largely spending images are successively printed. 
     However, according to this exemplary configuration, by arranging the space restriction member  60 Y at the slant section  43   c Y, an amount of the air decreases and the air is prevented from being excessively blended with the toner by the space restriction member  60 Y. 
     As a result, excessive increase of fluidity of the toner is suppressed. 
     Further, the higher the rate of space restriction by the space restriction member  60 Y at the slant section  43   c Y in the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y, the higher the effectiveness. However, the inventors have confirmed through their experiment that the above-mentioned phenomena can be suppressed without completely evacuating the air by 100% from the slant section  43   c Y of the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y. Specifically, according to their experiment, by decreasing 20% of a cubic volume of the air in the slant section  43   c Y, the problem of the flowing in can be suppressed. In this exemplary configuration, about 50% of the space of the slant section  43   c Y is occupied by the space restriction member  60 Y. 
     Since the higher the space restriction rate of the space restriction member  60 Y at the slant section  43   c Y, the smaller a change of an amount of toner conveyance due to fluidity of the toner as time elapses, the higher rate is preferably employed. 
     Further, in a previous step of occurrence of flowing in of the toner, the toner accumulates at the space of the slant section  43   c Y usually almost occupied by air compresses, by its weight, the toner existing at the downstream of the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y. 
     However, by restricting the pipe inner space at the slant section  43   c Y with the space restriction member  60 Y, the compression force can be decreased. 
     A second exemplary configuration is now described with reference to  FIG. 9 . As shown, in addition to the space restriction member  60 Y, a passage restriction section  105 Y is provided at an upstream side horizontal section  43   a  in the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y to effectively restrict passage of the toner. 
     Replenishment of the toner from the toner bottle  32 Y to the toner conveying device  40 Y via a toner ejection outlet, not shown, is executed per rotation of the toner bottle  32 Y. Since toner replenishment is executed per rotation, an amount of toner replenished at once exceeds that conveyed by the conveyance coil  70 Y. The excessive toner flows through a center space of the conveyance coil  70 Y and reaches the developing device  5 Y regardless of the rotation of the conveyance coil  70 Y. Thus, a lot of toner is supplied to the developing device  5 Y per rotation of the toner bottle, and density of toner in the developing device  5 Y sharply increases and possibly causes a problem, such as background stein, etc. 
     Thus, the passage restriction section  105 Y has a high performance of restricting an amount of toner passing through the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y. In the passage restriction section  105 Y, a rotational shaft  71 Y is internally adhered to the conveyance coil  70 Y. Further, more than one winding of the conveyance coil  70 Y is provided in the region A as shown in  FIG. 10 . Specifically, since the conveyance coil  70 Y contacts the inside of the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y and the rotational shaft  71 Y contacts the inside of the conveyance coil  70 Y while more than one winding of the conveyance coil  70 Y is provided in the region A, almost no gap exists and the toner can hardly pass through by its own weight. Thus, regardless of a time of ejection of the toner from the toner container  47 Y, the flow of the toner is stopped at the region A, and passes only by rotation of the conveyance coil  70 Y. 
     Further, as shown in  FIG. 10 , a diameter of the rotation shaft  71 Y is smaller in the region B downstream of the region A than that of the region A. The leading end of the rotational shaft  71 Y extends from the upstream side horizontal section  43   a Y to almost an inlet where the upstream side curvature section  43   b Y starts bending. The passage restriction section  105 Y is formed from the rotational shaft  71 Y and the conveyance coil  70 Y. By arranging the passage restriction section  105 Y as widely as possible, a performance of restricting passage of toner can be improved. Thus, when the leading end of the downstream side of the rotational shaft  71 Y extends almost to the inlet, the passage restriction section  105 Y can widely be arranged and a performance of restricting passage of toner can be improved. However, when the diameter of the rotational shaft  71 Y is the same as that of the shaft in the region A in the axial direction, the leading end of the downstream side of the rotational shaft  71 Y likely interferes with an inner wall of the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y in the vicinity of the inlet, the rotational shaft  71 Y and the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y or the like can be damaged. 
     Thus, by making the diameter of the rotational shaft  71 Y smaller in the region B than that in the region A as shown in  FIG. 10 , the leading end of the downstream side of the rotational shaft  71 Y can avoid interfering with the inner wall of the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y in the vicinity of the inlet, while suppressing the damage of the rotational shaft  71 Y and the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y or the like. Further, the toner passage restriction performance exerted by the rotational shaft  71 Y and the conveyance coil  70 Y somewhat decreases indeed in the region B. However, since the leading end of the rotational shaft  71  extends up to the region B, the toner conveyance path of the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y is narrowed in the region B, toner passage is restricted in proportion to an amount of narrowing. 
     Further, since the space restriction member  60 Y is arranged at the slant section  43   c Y in this exemplary configuration as in the first exemplary configuration, an amount of air is decreased by the space restriction member  60 Y at the slant section  43   c Y. Thus, excessive blending of the toner with the air, and accordingly, excessive increase of toner fluidity can be suppressed. 
     Thus, even though the fluidity of the toner excessively increases at the upstream side horizontal section  43   a Y owing to the above-mentioned reason, the toner is hardly flown into the slant section  43   c . Even though the toner is flown into the slant section  43   c Y, since the toner conveyance pipe  43  only includes a small amount of air at the slant section  43   c Y, the toner is more likely prevents from being excessively blended with the air while fluidity prevents from being excessively increased. Thus, the toner is more hardly flown into the developing device  5 Y. In short, a prescribed amount of the toner is more precisely replenished to the developing device  5 Y. 
     A third exemplary configuration is now described with reference to  FIG. 11 . As shown, the space restriction member  61 Y is arranged extending up to the downstream side horizontal section  43   e Y of the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y via the downstream side curvature section  43   d Y in addition to the slant section  43   c Y. Further, the space restriction member  61 Y integrally extends from the slant section  43   c Y to the downstream side horizontal section  43   e Y. Thus, a cubic capacity (an air capacity) other than a space needed for toner conveyance within the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y can be decreased. As a result, the toner is not excessively blended with the air, and excessive increase of the fluidity of the toner can be suppressed in the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y. 
     Since a change of the toner conveyance amount caused by a change of the toner fluidity as time elapses is small in proportion to the rate of the space restriction of the space restriction member  61 Y in the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y, a higher rate is preferably employed. Specifically, as shown in  FIG. 11 , the space restriction member  61 Y is preferably arranged as long as possible starting from the downstream side horizontal section  43   e Y to the upstream side of the slant section  43   c Y. 
     Further, the end of the space restriction member  61 Y in the toner conveyance direction is either adhered and secured or loosely supported with a clearance by a support section  48 Y arranged in the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y. Thus, the space restriction member  61 Y does not need to tightly internally contact the conveyance coil  70 Y and to be held by the conveyance coil  70 Y. Further, to suppress excessive increase of the toner fluidity by evacuating the air in the space of the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y, a rate of the space restriction member  61 Y is preferably 90% of a cross section of the toner conveyance pipe as formed by the internal diameter of the conveyance coil  70 Y (i.e., an area drawn by a dotted circular line in the drawing) as shown in  FIG. 12 . 
     Now, exemplary toner used in the printer  100  of this embodiment is described. High fluidity toner is used to achieve high-speed toner conveyance. Specifically, an acceleration coagulation degree representing an index of fluidity of the toner is not more than 40%. 
     A measurement manner of an acceleration coagulation degree is described below. As a measurement device, Powder Tester manufactured by Hosokawa Micron is used. As a measurement manner, a sample as a measurement objective is left as is in a constant-temperature oven (35±2 degree centigrade, 24±1(h)). As a measuring with the powder tester, three types of a minus sieve each having a different mesh (e.g. 75 micrometer, 44 micrometer, 22 micrometer) are used. An coagulation degree is obtained by calculating an amount of toner remaining after using the sieve based on the following calculations:
 
(Weight of toner remaining on minus sieve of upper step/Amount of extracted sample)×100;
 
(Weight of toner remaining on minus sieve of middle step/Amount of extracted sample)×100×⅗; and
 
(Weight of toner remaining on minus sieve of lower step/Amount of extracted sample)×100×⅕.
 
A heating coagulation degree % is obtained by totaling the above listed three calculation values.
 
     Specifically, as mentioned above, the accelerated coagulation degree of the toner represents an index obtained by piling up three types of meshes in an order of a size thereof (texture) and placing particles on the uppermost step while sieving at a prescribed vibration, and then calculating weights of the toner on the meshes, respectively. 
     When toner of fine fluidity of an accelerated coagulation degree of not more than 40% is used In a conventional toner conveying device as mentioned above with reference to the Japanese Patent Application Laid Open No. 2005-24665, in which flowing of toner from the toner conveying device into the developing device is suppressed, the inside of the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y is almost occupied by air. Accordingly, the toner is excessively blended with the air in the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y, and the fluidity of the toner excessively increases, and accordingly, the toner is excessively conveyed to the downstream of the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y per second. As a result, a lot of developer unavoidably flows into the developing device side, needlessly. In contrast, as mentioned above, according to this exemplary configuration of the toner conveying device  40 Y in this embodiment, the space restriction member  60 Y and  61 Y are arranged in the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y and decrease an amount of the air in the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y, whereby suppressing excessive blending of the toner with the air. Thus, even though the toner having an accelerated coagulation degree of not more than 40% is used, excessive increase of fluidity of the toner is suppressed in the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y, and accordingly, the above-mentioned toner flowing can be suppressed. 
     Further, in this embodiment, toner having an average round shape degree not less than 0.90 (e.g. from about 0.90 to about 1.00) is employed. 
     In this embodiment, a value obtained from the following formula defines the round shape degree. The round shape degree represents an index of a degree of unevenness of a toner particle, and is 1.00 when the toner is perfectly a sphere, and is smaller in portion to complexity of a surface shape.
 
Round shape degree=(Length of circumference having the same area as projected area of particle)/(Length of circumference of projected image of particle)  Formula 1;
 
     Since the surface of a toner particle is smooth when an average round shape degree is from 0.90 to 1.00, and a contact area, in which toner particles mutually contact each other or a toner particle contacts a photoconductive member, is small, a transfer performance is excellent. 
     Since the toner particle does not include a corner, a stirring torque caused by developer in the developing device  5  is small, and an abnormal image is scarcely outputted due to stable drive of stirring. 
     Since no angular toner particle is included in toner that forms a dot, pressure is uniformly applied to the entire toner forming the dot, and accordingly, transfer error hardly occurs when pressure contacting a transfer medium in a transfer process. 
     Since the toner particle is not angulous, a grinding force by the toner particle itself is small. Thus, the toner neither damages nor wears the surface of the photoconductive member and the charging member. 
     Now, an exemplary manner of measuring a round shape degree is described. The round shape degree can be measured by a flow system particle image analysis device FPIA-1000 manufactured by TOA Medical Electronics Co., Ltd. 
     Specifically, measurement is executed as follows: An amount of 0.1 to 5 ml of interfacial active agent, preferably alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS), is previously added to an amount of 100 to 150 ml of water stored in a container as a dispersant from which impurity solid substance is removed. Further, amount of about 0.1 to about 0.5 g of sample is added thereto. Suspension with the dispersed sample is then subjected to a dispersion process in an ultrasonic dispersion device for one to three minutes. The shape and granularity of the toner is measured by the above-mentioned device on condition that a dispersion liquid density is from 3000 to 10000 (pieces/micro liter). 
     To reproduce a fine dot not less than 600 (dpi), the weight average particle diameter (D 4 ) of toner is preferably from three to eight micrometer. In this range, a dot reproduction performance is excellent, because the toner particle has a sufficiently small diameter in relation to a fine latent image dot. When the D 4  is not more than 3 micrometer, transfer efficiency and a blade cleaning performance or the like likely decrease. 
     When the D 4  is exceeds 8 micrometer, scattering of characters and lines can be hardly suppressed. A ratio D 4 /D 1  between a weight average particle diameter (D 4 ) and a number average particle diameter (D 1 ) is preferably from 1.00 to 1.40. In proportion to a vicinity level of the ratio to 1.00, a particle diameter distribution is sharp. With such a small particle diameter toner, a charge amount distribution of the toner becomes uniform, and a high quality image excluding background stein can be obtained. Further, the transfer efficiency can be improved in an electrostatic transfer system. 
     Now, an exemplary method of measuring a granularity distribution of a toner particle is described. As a measurement device measuring granularity distribution of a toner particle using the Coulter counter method, a Coulter counter TA-II, and a Coulter multi counter TA-II, a Multisizer-II (each manufactured by Coulter Co, Ltd.) are exemplified. 
     Initially, an amount of 0.1 to 5 (ml) of the interfacial active agent, preferably alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS), is added to an amount of 100 to 150 (ml) of electrolytic aqueous solution as dispersant. The ISOTON-II (manufactured by Coulter Co, Ltd.) can be used as the aelectrolytic aqueous solution, which includes about 1% Nacl aqueous solution prepared using primary natrium chloride. 2 to 20 mg of measurement sample is further added thereto. Electrolysis solution of the sample suspension is subjected to a dispersion process in the ultrasonic dispersion device for one to three minutes. The measurement device measures a weight and a number of pieces of toner particles using an aperture having a size of about 100 micrometer and calculates weight and number of distributions. Based on the distribution obtained, the values D 4  and D 1  can be calculated. 
     Thirteen channels of from 2.00 to below 2.52 μm, from 2.52 to below 3.17 μm, from 3.17 to below 4.00 μm, from 4.00 to below 5.04 μm, from 5.04 to below 6.35 μm, from 6.35 to below 8.00 μm, from 8.00 to below 10.08, from 10.08 to below 12.70 μm, from 12.70 to below 16.00 μm, from 16.00 to below 20.20 μm, from 20.20 to below 25.40 μm, from 25.40 to below 32.00 μm, and from 32.00 to below 40.30 μm are used as objectives. Particles having diameter not less than 2.00 micrometer to below 40.30 micrometer are used as objectives. 
     The toner used in this embodiment is called a polymerization toner, which is obtained by cross-linking and/or causing extension reaction of toner material liquid, which is produced at least by dispersing polyester pre-polymer, polyester, colorant, and mold release having a functional group including nitrogen atom into organic solvent. Exemplary component material of toner and a manufacturing method thereof are described herein below. 
     Polyester is obtained from polycondensation reaction between multivalent alcohol chemical compound and multivalent carboxylic acid chemical compound. As the multivalent alcohol chemical compound (PO), divalent alcohol (DIO) and more than trivalent alcohol (TO) are exemplified. Amalgam with only DIO or DIO and a small amount of TO is preferable. As the divalent alcohol (DIO), alkyleneglycol, such as ethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, hexanediol, etc., alkylene-ether-glycol, such as diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycol, polytetra-methylene-ether-glycol, alicyclic-diol, such as 1,4-cyclohexane-dimethanol, hydrogenized-bisphenolA, etc., bisphenol class, such as bisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol S, alicyclic-diol with additament of alkylene-oxide, such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylenes oxide, and Bisphenol class with additament of alkylene-oxide, such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylenes oxide, etc., are exemplified. Among these, alkyleneglycol having the carbon number of 2 to 12 and the bisphenol class with additament of alkylene-oxide are preferable used. Simultaneous usage of these is more useful. As the multiple alcohol more than trivalent (TO), (more than 3 to 8) multivalent fatty series alcohol, such as glycerine, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, sorbitol, and more than trivalent phenol class, such as tris phenol PA, phenol novolac, cresol novolac, and the more than trivalent phenol class with additament of alkylene-oxide, etc., are preferably used. 
     As the multivalent carboxylic acid (PC), divalent carboxylic acid (DIC) and more than trivalent carboxylic acid (TC) are exemplified, and the DIC alone and the mixture thereof and the small amount of TC are preferably used. As the divalent carboxylic acid (DIC), Alkylene dicarboxylic acid, such as succinate, adipic acid, sebacic acid, Alkenylene dicarboxylic acid, such as maleic acid, fumarate acid, aromatic series dicarboxylic acid, such as phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, naphthalenedisulfonic dicarboxylic acid, etc., are exemplified. Among those, Alkenylene dicarboxylic acid having a carbon number of from 4 to 20 and aromatic series dicarboxylic acid having a carbon number of from 8 to 20 are preferably used. As the more than trivalent carboxylic acid (TC), aromatic series multivalent carboxylic acid having a carbon number of from 9 to 20, such as trimellitic acid, pyromellitic acid, etc., are exemplified. Further, for the multivalent carboxylic acid (PC), acid anhydride of the above-mentioned material or low alkyl ester, such as methyl ester, ethyl ester, isopropyl ester, etc., can be reacted with multivalent alcohol (PO). 
     A ratio between the multivalent alcohol (PO) and the multivalent carboxylic acid is as follows: 
     An equivalent ratio OH/COOH between a hydroxyl group OH and a carboxyl group is usually 2/1 to 1/1, preferably, 1.5/1 to 1/1, more preferably, 1.3/1 to 1.02/1. A polycondensation reaction of the PO and the PC is executed as follows: 
     With the presence of known esterification catalyst, such as tetrabutyltitanate, diButyltin oxide, etc., these are heated up to about 150 to 280 degree centigrade, and produced water is evaporated while reducing the pressure upon need, thereby polyester having hydroxyl group is obtained. The hydroxyl group of the polyester is preferably more than five, and acid number of the polyester is generally from 1 to 30, preferably from 5 to 20. Due to the acid number, a charge performance tends to be negative and affinity between the printer sheet and toner is fine while a low temperature fixing performance is improved when a fixing process is executed onto a printing sheet. However, when the acid number exceeds 30, charge stability tends to deteriorate in response to a change of environment. Further, weight-average molecular weight ranges from 10 to 400 thousand, preferably, 20 to 200 thousands. When weight-average molecular weight is less then 10 thousands, offset resistance performance deteriorates. When 400 thousand is exceeded, the low temperature fixing performance deteriorates. 
     Polyester preferably includes not modified Polyester obtained by the above-mentioned polycondensation reaction, and Urea modified Polyester. To obtain the Urea modified Polyester, carboxyl group of the tail end of the Polyester obtained by the above-mentioned polycondensation reaction and hydroxyl group or the like are reacted with the multivalent isocyanate chemical compound (PIC), thereby Polyester prepolymer (A) having the isocyanate group is produced. Then, by reacting the hydroxyl group or the like (A) with amine class, a molecular chain is cross-linked and/or extended. 
     As the multivalent isocyanate chemical compound (PIC), fatty series multivalent isocyanate, such as tetramethylene di-isocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, 2,6-di-isocyanate methylcaproate, alicyclic polyisocyanate, such as Isophorone Diisocyanate, cyclohexyl methane di-isocyanate, aromatic series di-isocyanate, such as Tolylene diisocyanate, diphenylmethane diisocyanate, aromatic fatty series di-isocyanate, such as α,α,α′,α′-tetramethylenexylylene di-isocyanate, Isocyanate class, such as polyisocyanate blocked by phenol derivatives, oxime, caprolactam, or the like, and simultaneous use of at least two of the above mentioned material are exemplified. 
     A ratio of the multivalent isocyanate chemical compound (PIC) is as follows: 
     An equivalent ratio NCO/OH between an isocyanate group NCO and a polyester hydroxyl group OH having a hydroxyl group is generally 5/1 to 1/1, preferably, 4/1 to 1.2/1, more preferably, 2.5/1 to 1.5/1. However, when the ratio NCO/OH exceeds 5, a low temperature fixing performance deteriorates. When a mole ratio is less than 1 and the Urea modified Polyester is used, urea content decreases, and unit hot offset performance deteriorates. 
     The content of a component of the (PIC) included in the polyesterprepolymer (A) having the isocyanate group is usually 0.5 to 40 weight %, preferablyl to 30 weight %, and more preferably 2 to 20 weight %. When the content is less than 0.5 weight %, both of the heat resistance storage stability and low temperature fixing performances are hardly satisfied and hot offset resistance performance deteriorates. When 40 weight % is exceeded, the low temperature fixing performance deteriorates. 
     Ordinarily, more than one, preferably 1.5 to 3, more preferably 1.8 to 2.5 items of the isocyanate group are included in the polyesterprepolymer (A) having the isocyanate group per molecule. When less than one piece is included per a molecule, a molar weight of the Urea modified Polyester decreases, and accordingly, the hot offset resistance performance deteriorates. 
     Further, as the amine class B to be reacted with the polyesterprepolymer A, Divalent amine chemical compound B1, more than trivalent amine chemical compound B2, amino alcohol B3, amine mercaptan B4, amine acid B5, and the material (B6) obtained by blocking amine groups of amino group B1 to B5 are exemplified. 
     As the divalent amine chemical compound B1, aromatic diamine, such as phenylenediamine, diethyltoluenediamine, 4,4′-diamino diphenylmethane, alicyclic diamine, such as 4,4′-diamino, 3,3′-dimethyl dicyclo hexyl methane, diamine cyclohexane, Isophorone Diamine, aliphatic diamine, such as ethylene diamine, tetramethylendiamine, hexamethylene diamine, etc., are exemplified. 
     As the more than trivalent amine chemical compound B2, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, etc., are exemplified. As the amino alcohol B3, ethanolamine, hydroxyethyl aniline, etc., are exemplified. As the amino-mercaptan B4, amino-ethyle mercaptan, amino-propyl mercaptan, etc., are exemplified. 
     As the amino acid B5, amino propional acid, aminocaproic acid, etc., are exemplified. As the material (B6) blocking the amino group, ketimine chemical compound, oxazolidine chemical compound obtained from the amino groups of the above-mentioned B1 to B5 and ketone class, such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, etc., are exemplified. Among those amine class B, the B1 and the mixture of the B1 and a small amount of the B2 are preferably used. The ratio of the amine class B is as follows: 
     An equality ratio NCO/NHx between the isocyanate group NCO included in the polyesterprepolymer A having the isocyanate group and the amine group NHx included in the amine class is usually 1/2 to 2/1, preferably 1.5/1 to 1/1.5, further preferably 1.2/1 to 1/1.2. 
     When the ratio NCO/NHx exceeds two or is less than 1/2, a molar weigh of urea modified polyester decreases and a hot offset resistance performance deteriorates. The urea-modified polyester can include urea combination and urethane combination. A mole ratio between the urea combination content and the urethane combination content is unusually 100/0 to  10 / 90 , preferably 80/20 to 20/80, more preferably 60/40 to 30/70. When the mole ratio of the urea combination is less than 10%, a hot offset resistance performance deteriorates. 
     The urea modified polyester is produced using a one shot method or the like. With the presence of known esterification catalyst, such as tetrabutyltitanate, diButyltin oxide, etc., the material PO and PC are heated up to about 150 to 280 degree centigrade, and water thus produced is evaporated while reducing the pressure upon need, thereby polyester having hydroxyl group is obtained. Then, at 40 to 140 degree centigrade, the multivalent isocyanate (PIC) is reacted therewith, and the polyester prepolymer (A) having the isocyanate group is obtained. Then, at 0 to 140 degree centigrade, the amine class B is reacted with the A and the urea modified polyester is obtained. 
     When the PIC, as well as the material A and B are reacted, solvent can be used upon need. As the usable solvent, aromatic series solvent, such as toluene, xylene, ketone class, such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, ester class, such as ethyl acetate, amide class, such as dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, and ether class, such as tetrahydrofuran, each chemically stable against the isocyanate (PIC), are exemplified. 
     Further, to execute cross-linkage and/or extension reaction of the polyester prepolymer A and the amine class B, reaction stopping agent is used upon need and a mole weigh of urea modified polyester obtained can be adjusted. As the reaction-stopping agent, monoamine, such as diethylamine, dibutylamine, butyl amine, lauryl amine, and material obtained by blocking these, such as ketimine chemical compound, etc., are exemplified. 
     The weight average molar weight of the urea modified polyester is generally more than ten thousand, preferably, 20 thousand to 10 million, more preferably, 30 thousand to 10 million. When less than 10 thousand, the hot offset resistance performance deteriorates. Various number average molar weights of the urea-modified polyester can be used as far as it is readily obtained to calculate the weight average molar weight especially when not modified polyester is used. When the urea modified polyester is used alone, the number average molar weight is generally from 2000 to 15000, preferably 2000 to 10000, more preferably 2000 to 8000. When 20000 is exceeded, the low temperature performance and brilliance performance deteriorate when used in a full color system. 
     It is more preferable to simultaneously use the not modified polyester and the urea modified polyester. Because, the low temperature performance and brilliance performance are improved when used in the printer  100  more than when the urea modified polyester is only used. The not modified polyester can include polyester modified by chemical combination other than the urea combination. 
     The not modified polyester and the urea-modified polyester are preferably at least partially miscible with each other in view of the low temperature fixing performance and hot offset resistance performance. Accordingly, the not modified polyester and the urea-modified polyester preferably have similar composition to each other. 
     The weight ratio between the not modified polyester and the urea-modified polyester is usually from 20/80 to 95/5, preferably 70/30 to 95/5, and more preferably 75/25 to 95/5, yet more preferably 80/20 to 93/7. When the weight ratio is less than 5%, both of the heat resistance storage stability and low temperature fixing performances are hardly simultaneously satisfied while hot offset resistance performance deteriorates. 
     A glass transition point (Tg) of binder resin including the not modified polyester and the urea-modified polyester is generally from 45 to 65 degree centigrade, preferably from 45 to 60 degree centigrade. 
     When 45 deg centigrade is not exceeded, the heat resistance deteriorates. When 65 degree centigrade is exceeded, the low temperature fixing performance is insufficient. 
     In comparison with the known polyester toner, since the urea modified polyester is readily able to stay on the surface of the obtained toner parent particle, the urea modified polyester can show fine heat resistance even having the low glass transition point. 
     As a colorant, all of known dye and pigment can be used, such as carbon black, nigrosine dye, iron black, naphthol yellow S, hansa yellow (10G, 5G, G), cadmium yellow, yellow ferric oxide, yellow ocher, chrome yellow, titanium yellow, polyazo yellow, oil yellow, hansa yellow (GR, A, RN, R), pigment yellow L, benzidine yellow (G, GR), permanent yellow (NCG), vulcanfast Yellow (5G, R), tartrazin lake, quinoline yellow lake, anthracene yellow BGL, isoindoline Yellow, colcothar, red lead oxide, lead vermillion, cadmium red, cadmium Mercury-Red, stibium red, permanent red 4R, Para Red, fire red, parachlororthonitroaniline red, Lithol fast Scarlet G, Brilliant fast Scarlet, Brilliant Carmine BS, permanent red (F2R, F4R, FRL, FRLL, F4RH),fast Scarlet VD, belkan fast Rubin B, Brilliant fast Scarlet G, Lithol Rubin GX, permanent redF5R, Brilliant Carmine 6B, pigment Scarlet 3B, Bordeaux 5B, Toluidine Maroon, F2K permanentoner bottlerdeauxF2K, helio Bordeaux BL, Bordeaux 10B, BonMaroon light BonMaroon Medium, eo Ysin lake, rhodamine lake B, rhodamine lake Y, alizarine lake, thioindigo red B, thioindigo Maroon, oil red, quinacridone red, pyrazolone red, polyazo red, chrome vermilion, benzidine orange, perinone orange, oil orange, cobalt blue, cerulean blue, alkali blue lake, peacock blue lake, Victoria blue lake, metal-free phthalocyanine blue, phthalocyanine blue, fast sky blue, Indanthrene blue, indigo, ultramarine blue, iron blue pigment, anthraquinone blue, fast violet B, methyl violet lake, cobalt violet, manganese violet, dioxane violet, anthraquinone violet, chrome green, zinc green, chrome oxide, viridian, emerald green, pigment green B, naphthol green B, green gold, acid green lake, malachite green lake, phthalocyanine green, anthraquinone green, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, and Lithopone and mixture of those, etc. 
     The content of the colorant is usually from 1 to 15-weight % of toner, preferably, from 3 to 10 weight % thereof. 
     The colorant can also be used as a master patch combined with resin. As binder resin producing the master patch or being stirred and blended with the master patch, styrene, such as polystyrene, poly-p-chlorostyrene, polyvinyl toluene, and its polymer of derivative substitution of the styrene, or copolymer of vinyl compound and those materials, polymethyl methacrylate, polybutyl methacrylate polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, polyethylene resin, polypropylene, polyester, epoxide resin, polyol polyol resin, polyurethane, polyamide, polyvinyl butyral, polyacrylic acid resin, rosin, modified rosin, terpene resin, fatty series or alicyclic molecule carbon hydrid resin, aromatic series petroleum resin, chlorinated paraffin, paraffin wax are exemplified. These can either be use alone or being blended. 
     As charge control agent, known material can be used. For example, nigrosine dye, triphenylmethane dye, chrome inclusion metal-complex compound dye, molybdic acid chelate pigment, rhodamine dye, alkoxy amine, fourth degree ammonium salt including fluorine modified fourth degree ammonium salt alkylamido, phosphor simple substance or chemical compound, tungsten simple substance or chemical compound, fluorine activation, salicylic acid metal salt, and salicylic acid derivatives metal salt can be used. Specifically, nigrosine dye Bontron™ 03, fourth degree ammonium salt Bontron P-51, metal inclusion azo dye bontron S-34, oxynaphthoic acid metal-complex E-82, salicylic acid metal-complex E-84, phenol condensate E-89 (heretofore, manufactured by Orient Chemical Industry Co, Ltd), fourth degree ammonium salt molybdic complex TP-302 and TP-415 (heretofore, manufactured by Hodogaya Chemical Industry Co, Ltd), copy charge PSY VP2038 of fourth degree ammonium salt, copy blue PR of triphenylmethane derivative, copy charge NEG VP2036 of fourth degree ammonium salt, copy charge NX VP434 (heretofore, manufactured by Hoechst Co, Ltd), LRA-901, LR-147 as boron complex (manufactured by Japan Carlit Co, Ltd), copper phthalocyanine, perylene, quinacrine, azo pigment, sulfonic acid group, carboxyl group Chemical compound of polymer molecule having functional moiety such as fourth degree ammonium salt can be used. Among these, substance controlling toner to have a negative polarity is preferably used. 
     An amount of usage of charge control agent is not limited to one, but is determined in accordance with a type of binder resin, presence or absence of additives used upon need, and a toner-manufacturing manner including a dispersion manner. For example, the usage amount preferably ranges from 0.1 to 10, more preferably, 0.2 to 5 weight part. When 10-weight part is exceeded, a charge amount of toner is excessive, and accordingly, efficiency of the charge control agent deteriorates. As a result, electrostatic absorption force caused between the developing roller and the toner increases, and fluidity of the developer decreases, and further image density deteriorates. 
     As a releasing agent, low melting point wax having a melting point at about from 50 to 120 degree centigrade is used more preferably effectively work between the fixing roller and the toner boundary face when dispersed into a binder resin. Thus, the low melting point wax is effective in view of the high temperature off set, because the fixing roller does not need a release agent such as oil, etc. The below described wax component can be employed. Specifically, as wax, plant wax, such as carnauba wax, cotton wax, wood wax, rice wax, etc., animal wax, such as yellow beeswax, lanoline, etc., mineral wax, such as ozokerite, serisin, Petroleu wax, such as paraffin, microcrystalline, petrolatum, etc, are exemplified. Further, beside these natural wax, synthetic carbon hydride wax, such as Fischer-Tropsch wax, polyethylene wax, etc., and synthetic wax, such as ester, ketone, ether, etc., are exemplified. Further, fatty acid amide, such as crystal giant molecule having a long alkyl group as a lateral chain, such as hydroxyl 12-stearic acid amide hydroxystearate, stearic acid amide, phthalic anhydride imide, chlorinated hydrocarbon, etc., and homopolymer of polyacrylate, such as copolymer of n-stearyl acrylate ethyle methacrylate, etc., serving as a low-molecular weight crystalline giant molecule resin, or copolymer thereof, such as poly-n-stearyl methacrylate, poly-n-lauryl methacrylate, etc., can be used. 
     The charge control agent and the mold release agent can be melt and blended together with master batch and binder resin, and can be added when melted and dispersed into organic solvent. 
     As an external Additive, a nonorganic fine particle is used to help support fluidity, developing performance, and charge performance of toner particle. A diameter of a primary particle of the nonorganic fine particle is preferably 5×10 −3  to 2 micrometer, more preferably, 5×10 −3  to 0.5 micrometer. Further, a specific surface measured by the BET method is preferably 20 to 500 (m 2 /g). A usage rate of this inorganic fine particle is 0.01 to 5 weight percent of toner. 
     As the inorganic fine particle, silica, alumina, titanium oxide, barium titanate, magnesium titanate, calcium titanate, strontium titanate, zinc oxide, tin oxide, silica sand, clay, isinglass, sand-lime stone, diatom earth, chrome oxide, cerium oxide, colcothar, antimony trioxide, magnesium oxide, zirconium oxide, barium sulfate, barium carbonat, calcium carbonate, silicon carbide, and silicon nitride or the like can be exemplified. As the fluidity adding agent, hydrophobic silica fine particle and hydrophobic titanium oxide fine particle are preferably used at the same time among those. In particular, when both of them each having average particle diameter of 5×10 −2  micrometer are blended and mixed, both of an electro static force created with toner and the van der Waals force dramatically increase, and accordingly, the fluidity addition agent does not separate from the toner even if stirred and blended in the developing device  5  for the purpose of obtaining a prescribed charge degree. As a result, a fine image quality is obtained excluding erroneous white dots on the image, and toner remaining after the transfer decreases. 
     The titanium oxide fine particle is excellent in environmental safety and image density stability. However, due to tendency of deterioration of charge rising performance, when the titanium oxide fine particle addition amount increases more than silica fine particle addition amount, this ill influence becomes serious. 
     However, when the additional amount of the hydrophobic silica fine particle and the hydrophobic titanium oxide fine particle is within 0.3 to 1.5-weight %, the charge rising performance does not largely deteriorate, and accordingly, a prescribed charge rising performance can be obtained. Thus, the stable image quality can be obtained during repeat copying. 
     Now, an exemplary toner manufacturing method, but is not limited thereto, is described. 
     First, colorant, not modified polyester, polyester prepolymer having isocyanate group, and releasing agent are dispersed into organic solvent, thereby toner material liquid is produced. The organic solvent preferably has a volatile performance with a boiling point of less than  100  degree centigrade in view of ease of removal after formation of toner parent particle. Specifically, One of or appropriate combination of toluene, xylene, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, dichloromethan, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, chloroform, monochlorobenzene, dichloroethylidene, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone, and methyl isobutyl ketone are used. Especially, aromatic series solvent, such as toluene, xylene, etc., and halogenated hydrocarbon, such as dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, etc., are preferably used among those. A usage amount of the organic solvent is typically from zero to 300 weight part, preferably from zero to 100 weight part, more preferably from 25 to 70 weight part in relation to a polyester prepolymer 100 weight part. 
     Second, toner material liquid is subjected to emulsification in a drainage texture medium with the presence of interfacial active agent and resin fine particle. The drainage texture medium can include only water, or organic solvent such as alcohol (e.g. methanol, isopropyl alcohol, ethylene glycol), dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, cellusolve class (e.g. methyl cellusolve), low ketone (e.g. acetone, methyl ethyl ketone), etc. 
     A usage amount of the drainage texture medium is typically from 50 to 2000 weight parts, preferably 100 to 1000 weight parts in relation to the toner material liquid 100-weight part. Specifically, in the case the 50-weight part is not exceeded, the toner material liquid is not preferably dispersed, and accordingly, a toner particle having a prescribed diameter cannot be obtained. In the case 20000-weight part is exceeded, it is wasteful. 
     Further, to appropriately execute dispersion in the drainage texture medium, dispersant, such as interfacial active agent, resin fine particle, etc., is appropriately added. As the interfacial active agent, anion interfacial active agent, such as alkyl benzene sulfonate, alfa-olefin sulfonate, phosphate ester, etc., amine salt type, such as alkylamine salt, etc., aminoalcohol fatty acid derivatives, polyamineatty acid derivatives, imidazoline, fourth ammonium salt type cation interfacial active agent, such as alkyltrimethylammonium salt, dialkyl dimethyl ammonium salt, dialkyl dimethyl benzil ammonium salt, pyridinium salt, alkyl isoquinolinium salt, benzethonium chloride, etc., non-ion interfacial active agent, such as fatty acid amide derivatives, multivalent alcohol derivatives, etc., and ampholyte interfacial active agent, such as alanine, dodecyldi(aminoethyl)glycine, di(octylaminoethyl)glycine, N-alkyl-N,N-dimethyl ammonium betaine, etc., can be used. 
     Further, even if an extraordinary small amount of the interfacial active agent including fluoroalkyl group is used, the expected effect can be obtained. As the anion interfacial active agent having the fluoroalkyl group preferably used, fluoro alkylcarboxylic acid having carbon number from 2 to 10 and its metal salt, perfluoro octane sulfonyl glutamic acid disodium, 3-(ω-fluoroalkyl(C6-C11)oxy)-1-alkyl(C3-C4)sulfonic natrium, 3-(ω-fluoroalkanoyl(C6-C8))-N-ethylamino)-1-propane sulfonic natrium, fluoroalkyl(C11-C20)carboxylic acid and its metal salt, perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (C7-C13) and its metal salt, perfluoroalkyl(C4-C12)sulfonic acid and its metal salt, perfluoro octane sulfonic acid diethanol amide, N-propyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)perfluoro octane sulfonic amide, perfluoroalkyl(C6-C10)sulfonic amide propyl trimethylammonium salt, perfluoroalkyl(C6-C10)-N-ethyl sulfonyl glycine salt, and mono-perfluoroalkyl(C6-C10)ethyl phosphate ester are exemplified. 
     As a commodity, SURFLON® S-111, S-112 and S-113 produced by Asahi Glass Co, Ltd., FLUORAD FC-93, FC-95, FC-98, and FC-129 (produced by Sumitomo 3M Co, Ltd.), UNIDAIN DS-101 and DS-102 (produced by Daikin Industrial Co, Ltd.), MEGAFACKF-110, F-120, F-113, F-191, F-812 and F-833 (produced by Dainihon Inki Co, Ltd.), EFTOP EF-102, 103, 104, 105, 112, 123A, 123B, 306A, 501, 201, 204 (produced by Tohchem products Co, Ltd.), and HUTARGENT F-100 and F150 (produced by NeOS Co, Ltd.) are exemplified. 
     Further, as the cationic interfacial active agent, first and second fatty series having fluoroalkyl group, second amine acid, fourth fatty series ammonium salt such as perfluoroalkyl(C6-C10)sulfone amide propyltrimethylammonium salt, etc., benzal conium salt, benzethonium chloride, pyridinium salt, and imidazolium salt are exemplified. As a commodity, SURFLON® S-121 produced by Asahi Glass Co, Ltd, FLUORAD FC-135 produced by Sumitomo 3M Co, Ltd., UNIDAIN DS-202 produced by Daikin Industrial Co, Ltd., MEGAFACK F-150 and F-824 produced by Dainihon Inki Co, Ltd., EFTOP EF-132 produced by Tohchem products Co, Ltd., and HUTARGENT F-300 produced by NeOS Co, Ltd, are exemplified. 
     A resin fine particle is added to stabilize a toner parent particle produced in a drainage texture. Thus, the resin fine particle is preferably added so that coverage thereof on the surface of the toner parent particle is from 10 to 90%. For example, polymethacrylic acid methyle fine particle having a size of 1 micrometer or 3 micrometer, polystyrene fine particle having a size of 0.5 micrometer and 2 micrometer, and poly(styrene-acrylonitrile) fine particle having a size of 1 micrometer are exemplified. As a commodity, PB-200H (produced by Kao Co., Ltd), SGP (produced by Soken Chemical &amp; Engineering Co., Ltd.), TECHNOPOLYMER SB (produced by Sekisui Plastics Co., Ltd.), SGP-3G (produced by Soken Chemical &amp; Engineering Co., Ltd.), and MICRO PEARL (produced by Sekisui Fine Chemical Co., Ltd.) or the like are used. 
     Further, inorganic compound dispersant, such as tricalcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, titanium oxide, colloidal silica, hydroxyapatite, etc., can be used. 
     Droplet of dispersant can be stabilized by giant molecule protection chorioid and used together with the above-mentioned resin fine particle and the inorganic chemical compound dispersant. For example, acidum class, such as acrylic acid mathacrylic acid, α-cyanoacrylic acid, α-cyanomathacrylic acid,itaconic acid, crotonic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid maleic anhydride, etc., (meta)acrylic monomeric substance having hydroxyl, such as acrylic acid-β-hydroxyethyl, mathacrylic acid-β-hydroxyethyl, acrylic acid-β-hydroxypropyl, mathacrylic acid-β-hydroxypropyl, acrylic acid-γ-hydroxypropyl, mathacrylic acid-γ-hydroxypropyl, acrylic acid-3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl, mathacrylic acid-3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl, diethylene glycol monoacrylic acid ester, diethylene glycol monomathacrylic acid ester, glycerin monoacrylic acid ester, glycerin monomathacrylic acid ester, N-methylol acrylamide, N-methylol compound of those, etc., acid chloride class, such as acrylic acid chloride, mathacrylic acid mathacrylicamide vinyl alcohol class or ether class with vinyl alcohol, such as vinylmethyl ether, vinylethylether, vinylpropylether, etc., ester class of compound including vinyl alcohol and carboxyl group, such as vinyl acetate, propionic acid vinyl, butyric acid vinyl, acrylamide, mathacrylicamide, diacetoneacrylamide, methylol chloride, etc., nitrogen-containing compound, such as vinylpyridine, vinylpyrrolidone, vinylimidazole, ethyleneimine, etc., or homopolymer or copolymer including heterocycle of those, polyoxyethylene series, such as polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene, polyoxyethylene alkylamine, polyoxypropylene alkylamine, polyoxyethylene alkylamido, polyoxypropylene alkylamido, polyoxyethylene-nonyl-phenyl ether, polyoxyethylene-lauryl-phenyl ether, polyoxyethylene stearyl phenyl ether ester, polyoxyethylene nonyl-phenyl ester, etc., and cellulose class, such as methylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, etc., can be used. 
     A dispersion system is not limited to, but known systems, such as a low speed shearing system, a high speed shearing system, a friction system, a high pressure jet system, a supersonic system, etc., can be employed. Among those, the high-speed shearing system is preferably used to obtain a particle of a dispersing element having a diameter of from 2 to 20 micrometer. When a high-speed shearing system dispersion machine is used, an rpm is not limited to, but is usually from 1000 to 30000, preferably, 5000 to 20000. A dispersion time is not limited to, but is usually from 0.1 to 5 minutes when a batch processing system is used. As temperature during the dispersion is generally from zero to 150 degree centigrade (under pressure), preferably from 40 to 98 degree centigrade. 
     Third, amine class (B) is added at the same time when emulsified liquid is produced to react with polyesterprepolymer (A) having an isocyanate group. Cross-linkage and/or expansion of a molecular chain accompanies this reaction. A reaction time period is selected in accordance with a reaction performance between the structure of the isocyanate group included in the polyesterprepolymer (A) and the amine class. It is generally from 10 minutes to 40 hours, preferably 2 to 24 hours. The reaction temperature is generally from zero to 150 degree centigrade, preferably from 40 to 98 degree centigrade. Upon need, a known catalyzer, such as Butyltinlaurate, Dioctyltin laurate, etc., can be used. 
     Fourth, when the reaction completes, the organic solvent is removed from the emulsion-dispersing element (i.e., reaction substance), and the reaction substance is washed and is dried. Thus, the parent particle is obtained. To remove the organic solvent and produce a spindle shape parent toner particle, the entire series is gradually heated up in a laminar flow stirring condition, and is intensely stirred at a constant temperature. The solvent is then extracted. When an acid such as calcium phosphate or a substance dissolvable with alkalis is used as a dispersion stabilizer, calcium phosphate acid is removed from the toner parent toner particle first by dissolving the calcium phosphate acid with acid such as hydrochloric acid and then washing with water. Otherwise, the calcium phosphate acid can be removed by resolving with ferment. 
     Fifth, charge control agent is struck into the toner parent toner particle, and inorganic fine particle, such as silica, titanium oxide, etc., is then external added thereto, whereby toner is obtained. Striking of the charge control agent and external addition of the inorganic fine particle is executed by a known method using a mixer or the like. As a result, even toner having a small particle diameter and sharp particle distribution can readily be obtained. Further, by providing intense stirring in the step of removing the inorganic solvent, various shapes from a sphere shape to a rugby ball shape can be obtained. Further, morphology of the surface can be controlled from smooth one to a pickled plum shape. 
     In accordance with the above-mentioned various configurations in this embodiment, unfavorable toner flowing can be suppressed even if the above-mentioned toner is used in the conventional toner conveyance device as discussed in the Japanese Patent Application Laid Open No. 2005-24665. 
     Now, a second embodiment of an exemplary printer  100  employing an electrophotographic system is described. The fundamental configuration and toner used in the printer  100  is as same as that in the first embodiment. Thus, their description is omitted. 
     A fourth exemplary configuration is initially described with reference to  FIG. 13 . As shown, a space restriction member  62  is arranged from a downstream side horizontal section  43   e  to a slant section  43   c  of the toner conveyance pipe  43 . An end of the space restriction member  62  in a downstream side in the toner conveyance direction is either adhered and secured or loosely supported with a clearance by a support section  48  arranged in the toner conveyance pipe  43 . Further, a conveyance coil  70  is arranged between the internal wall of the toner conveyance pipe  43  and the space restriction member  62 . The outer diameter of the space restriction member  62  of the toner conveyance pipe  43  is slightly smaller at the slant section  43   c  than the internal diameter of the conveyance coil  70 , so that a resistance is not created at the time of contact sliding while highly restricting passage of the toner. In this exemplary configuration, the internal diameter of the conveyance coil  70  is about 5 mm with tolerance of from 0 to +0.05. The outer diameter of the space restriction member  62  is about 4.5 mm with tolerance of ±0.05 at the slant section  43   c.    
     In the conventional toner-conveying device, a space of a toner conveyance pipe at the slant section is almost occupied by air as shown in  FIG. 19 . Thus, when a toner largely spending image is successively printed, the air improves fluidity of the toner by excessively blending with the toner. Then, according to this exemplary configuration, by arranging the space restriction member  62  from the downstream horizontal section  43   e  to the slant section  43   c , an amount of the air in the space from the downstream side horizontal section  43   e  to the slant section  43   c  is decreased by the space restriction member  62 . As a result, excessive increase of the toner fluidity caused by the excessive blending of the air with the toner can be suppressed. 
     Further, to keep a space for toner to accumulate in the vicinity of the a replenishment inlet  45  at the downstream side horizontal section  43   e,  the outer diameter of the space restriction member  62  is smaller at the downstream side horizontal section  43   e  than that at the slant section  43   c . Specifically, a gap between the space restriction member  62  and the inner wall of the toner conveyance pipe  43  at the downstream side horizontal section  43   e  is not less than 1 mm. As shown in  FIG. 13 , the internal diameter of the conveyance coil  43  is about 7 mm with tolerance of from +0.1 to +0.5. The outer diameter of the space restriction member  62  at the slant section  43   c  is about 4.5 mm with tolerance ±0.05. The outer diameter of the space restriction member  62  at the downstream side horizontal section  43   e  is about 2.5 mm with tolerance of from 0 to +0.05. 
     When a shaft diameter of the space restriction member  62  is equal in its axial direction as shown in  FIG. 14 , a path in the toner conveyance pipe  43  at a space restriction member  62  for conveying toner route is narrowed, whereby the toner is hardly conveyed over a section of the toner conveyance pipe  43  occupied by the space restriction member  62 . Thus, since an amount of toner decreases in the vicinity of a replenishment inlet  45  or a sliding contact load of the conveyance coil  70  increases, a replenishment amount of the toner to the developing device  5  per second possibly significantly decreases. 
     In contrast, the outer diameter of the space restriction member  62  located in the toner conveyance pipe  43  is made smaller at the downstream side horizontal  43   e  than that at the slant section  43   c  in this embodiment, whereby a space is kept in the vicinity of a replenishment inlet  45  so that the toner accumulates there. As a result, significant decrease of the amount of toner replenished to the developing device  5  through the replenishment inlet  45  can be suppressed. 
     Further, a size of a sectional shape of the space restriction member  62  becomes smaller step by step at the slant section  43   c , the downstream side curvature section  43   d , and the downstream side horizontal section  43   e , in this order. In other words, the sectional shape is changed to become smaller from the bending start section  43   s  to the bending end section  43 f in the downstream side curvature section  43   d . Thus, the outer diameter is not significantly changed between the slant section  43   c  and the downstream side curvature section  43   d  connecting the downstream side horizontal section  43   e . Further, each of corners of boundaries (edges) of the space restriction member  62  is cut away. Further, a size of the cross sectional shape of the space restriction member  62  can gradually decrease from the slant section  43   c  to the downstream side of the horizontal  43   e.    
     As a result, catching of the conveyance coil  70  on the space restriction member  62  can be prevented at the downstream side curvature section  43   d  where the downstream side horizontal section  43   e  is connected to the slant section  43   c . Since concentration of stress onto a section where the outer diameter of the space restriction member  62  significantly decreases can be prevented, the intensity of the space restriction member  62  can be maintained. 
     Now, a fifth exemplary configuration is described with reference to  FIG. 15 . As shown, a space restriction member  62  is arranged from a downstream horizontal section  43   e  to a slant section  43   c  in the toner conveyance pipe  43 . Further, a cross section of the space restriction member  62  becomes smaller step by step at the slant section  43   c , the downstream side curvature section  43   d , and the downstream side horizontal section  43   e  in this order. Beside, as shown in  FIG. 15 , a passage restriction section  106  having high toner passage restriction ability is arranged at the upstream side horizontal section  43   a.    
     Toner replenishment from the toner bottle  32  is executed to a toner conveyance device  40  from a toner ejection outlet (not shown) per rotation of the toner bottle  32 . Since toner replenishment is executed per rotation, an amount of toner replenished at once exceeds that conveyed by the conveyance coil  70 . The excessive toner then flows through the center space of the conveyance coil  70  and reaches the developing device  5  regardless of rotation of the conveyance coil  70 . Thus, a lot of toner is supplied to the developing device  5  per rotation of the toner bottle  32 , and density of toner in the developing device  5  sharply increases and possibly causes a problem, such as background stein, etc. 
     Thus, as shown in  FIG. 15 , a passage restriction section  106  having a high restricting performance of restricting an amount of toner passing through the toner conveyance pipe  43  is arranged at the upstream side horizontal section  43   a  thereof. In the passage restriction section  106 , a rotational shaft  71  is adhered to the inside of the conveyance coil  70 . Further, more than one winding of the conveyance coil  70  is provided in the region A as shown in  FIG. 16 . In the region A, since the conveyance coil  70  contacts the inside of the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y, and the rotational shaft  71  contacts the inside of the conveyance coil  70 , and further, more than one winding of the conveyance coil  70 Y is provided, almost no gap exists for the toner to pass through the region A by own weight. Thus, regardless of a time of ejection of the toner from the toner container  47 , flow of the toner is stopped in the region A, and is allowed to pass only when the conveyance coil  70  rotates. 
     Further, as shown in  FIG. 16 , a diameter of the rotation shaft  71  is made smaller in the region B than that in the region A. The leading end of the rotational shaft  71  extends from the upstream side horizontal section  43   a  to almost an inlet where the upstream side curvature section  43   b  starts bending. By forming the passage restriction section  106  formed by the rotational shaft  71  and the conveyance coil  70  as wide as possible, a performance of restricting passage of toner can be increased. Thus, when the leading end of the rotational shaft  71  of the downstream side of a toner conveyance direction extends almost up to the inlet where the upstream side curvature section  43   b  starts bending, the passage restriction section  106  can widely be formed and a performance of restricting passage of toner can be improved. However, when the diameter of the rotational shaft  71  is the same over the entire region A, the leading end of the downstream side of the rotational shaft  71  of the toner conveyance direction interferes with the inner wall of the toner conveyance pipe  43  in the vicinity of the inlet where the upstream side curvature section  43   b  starts bending, the rotational shaft  71  and the toner conveyance pipe  43  or the like can be damaged. 
     Thus, by making the diameter of the rotational shaft  71  smaller in the region B than in the region A as shown in  FIG. 16 , the leading end of the downstream side of the rotational shaft  71  in the toner conveyance direction does not interfere with the inner wall of the toner conveyance pipe  43  in the vicinity of the inlet, and the rotational shaft  71  and the toner conveyance pipe  43  or the like are not damaged. The toner passage restriction performance exerted by the rotational shaft  71  and the conveyance coil  70  somewhat decreases in the region B. However, since the leading end of the rotational shaft  71  extends up to the region B, the toner conveyance path is narrowed in the region B, toner passage is restricted in proportion to an amount of narrowing. 
     Further, since the space restriction member  62  is arranged from the downstream side horizontal section  43   e  to the slant section  43   c  in this exemplary configuration as in the fourth exemplary configuration, an amount of air in a pipe of the toner conveyance pipe  43  is decreased by the space restriction member  62 . Thus, excessive blending of the toner with the air, and accordingly, excessive increase of fluidity of the toner can be suppressed. 
     Thus, even though the fluidity of the toner excessively increases on the upstream side horizontal section  43   a  of the toner conveyance pipe  43  owing to the above-mentioned reason, the toner is hardly flown in to the slant section  43   c  of the toner conveyance pipe  43 . Further, even though the toner is flown into the slant section  43   c , since the toner conveyance pipe  43  includes a small amount of air in the pipe from the slant section  43   c  to the downstream side horizontal section  43   e , the toner is not excessively blended with the air, and accordingly, toner fluidity does not excessively increase, thereby the toner is not flown into the developing device  5 Y. Accordingly, a prescribed amount of the toner is more steadily replenished to the developing device  5 Y. 
     Further as mentioned in the first embodiment, in the conventional toner conveying device of the Japanese Patent Application Laid Open No. 2005-24665 which attempts preventing the above-mentioned toner flowing into a developing device  5 , since the inside of the toner conveyance pipe  43  is almost occupied by the air when excellent fluidity toner having acceleration coagulation degree of not more than 40% is used, the toner is excessively blended with the air, and the fluidity of the toner excessively increases and the toner is excessively conveyed to the downstream of the toner conveyance pipe  43  per second. As a result, a lot of toner flows into the developing device needlessly. In contrast, as mentioned above, since the space restriction member  62  is arranged in the toner conveyance pipe  43  and an amount of the air decreases in the toner conveyance pipe  43 , excessive blending of the toner with the air is suppressed. As a result, even though the toner of excellent fluidity having the acceleration coagulation degree of not more than 40% is used, excessive increase of the toner fluidity in the toner conveyance pipe  43 , and accordingly undesirable flowing of the toner can be suppressed. 
     Further, according to the toner conveying device  40  of this embodiment, by suppressing excessive increase of the toner fluidity in the toner conveyance pipe  43 , the above-mentioned flowing of toner can be suppressed, even when the toner includes one of an average circular shape degree of not less than 0.90 (0.90 to 1.00), a small diameter, such as a weight average particle diameter of from 3 to 8 micrometer, a ratio (D 4 /D 1 ) of from 1.00 to 1.10 between a weight average particle diameter (D 4 ) and an item number average particle diameter (D 1 ), etc., and polymerization toner, which conventionally caused the toner flowing into the developing device as discussed in the Japanese Patent Application Laid Open No. 2005-24665. 
     Thus, a high quality image can be formed using the printer  100  even employing these toner. 
     Now, a third embodiment of an exemplary printer  100  employing an electrophotographic system is described. The fundamental configuration and toner used in the printer  100  in this embodiment are the same as that  100  of the first embodiment. Thus, their descriptions are omitted. 
     A sixth exemplary configuration is initially described with reference to  FIG. 17 . As shown, a space restriction member  63  is arranged from a downstream horizontal section  43   e  to a slant section  43   c  in the toner conveyance pipe  43 . The downstream side end of the space restriction member  63  in the toner conveyance direction is either adhered and secured or loosely supported with a clearance by a support section  48  arranged in the toner conveyance pipe  43 . A conveyance coil  70  is arranged between the internal wall of the toner conveyance pipe  43  and the space restriction member  63 . The outer diameter of the space restriction member  62  is set slightly smaller than the internal diameter of the conveyance coil  70 , whereby a toner passage restriction performance is highly exerted. For example, the internal diameter of the conveyance coil  70  is about 5 mm with tolerance of from 0 to +0.05. The diameter of the space restriction member  63  located at a portion of the slant section  43   c  and the downstream side curvature section  43   d  of the toner conveyance pipe  43  is about 3.8 mm with tolerance of from 0 to −0.2. 
     As shown in  FIG. 19 , in a conveyance toner-conveying device, a space at the slant section of the toner conveyance pipe is almost occupied by air when ordinarily used. Thus, the air is excessively blended with the toner and increases fluidity of the toner when toner largely spending images are successively printed. However, as in this exemplary configuration, by arranging the space restriction member  63  from the downstream side horizontal section  43   e  to the slant section  43   c , an amount of the air decreases in the ranged from the downstream side horizontal section  43   e  to the slant section  43   c , whereby the air is prevented from being excessively blended with the toner. 
     Thus, by arranging the space restriction member  63  from the downstream side horizontal section  43   e  to the slant section  43   c  of the toner conveyance pipe  43 , excessive flowing of the toner to the developing device  5  can be suppressed. Further, it is recognized through inventor&#39;s investigation that when a difference between the diameter of the space restriction member  63  and the internal diameter of the conveyance coil  70  is not more than 1.0 mm, the excessive flowing of the toner into the developing device  5  can largely be suppressed. 
     Further, as the range, in which the difference between the diameter of the space restriction member  63  and the internal diameter of the conveyance coil  70  is not more than 1.0 mm, extends longer in the space restriction member axis direction, brushing (load) of the conveyance coil  70  and the space restriction member  63  against the toner, and compression of the toner repeatedly occurs between the conveyance coil  70  and the space restriction member  63  due to an operation of the conveyance coil  70 . Thus, coagulation of the toner is caused. As a result, the toner coagulates and is crushed on a printing surface, so that a spot error appears on an image. Then, by minimizing the range, in which the difference between the diameter of the space restriction member  63  and the internal diameter of the conveyance coil  70  is not more than 1.0 mm, in the space restriction member axis direction as smaller as possible, the brushing against the toner and the compression of the toner only momentary occur, so that toner coagulation hardly occurs. In view of this, as shown in  FIG. 18 , the difference between the diameter of the space restriction member  63  and the internal diameter of the conveyance coil  70  is not more than 1.0 mm in a region from the leading end of the space restriction member  63  at the slant section  43   c  to the downstream side of the toner conveyance direction by 10 mm in the space restriction member axis direction. 
     When the gap between the space restriction member  63  and the conveyance coil  70  is too narrow, the space restriction member  63  and the conveyance coil  70  brush against each other and generate brushing lord due to the operation of the conveyance coil  70 . As a result, the conveyance coil  70  can be deformed or damaged, while the toner conveyed by the conveyance coil  70  receives load and coagulates. Thus, in this exemplary configuration, the difference between the diameter of the space restriction member  63  and the internal diameter of the conveyance coil  70  is not less than 0.3 mm. Thus, the brushing load caused by brushing of the space restriction member  63  and the conveyance coil  70  can be suppressed, and the deformation and damage on the conveyance coil  70  as well as the toner coagulation can be suppressed. 
     In view of this, by setting the difference between the diameter of the space restriction member  63  and the internal diameter of the conveyance coil  70  from not to be less than 0.3 mm to not more than 1.0 mm, the deformation and damage on the conveyance coil  70  as well as the toner coagulation and the excessive flowing of the toner to the developing device  5 . 
     Further, as shown in  FIG. 18 , a winding interval of the conveyance coil  70  is 8 mm. When the range, in which the difference between the diameter of the space restriction member  63  and the internal diameter of the conveyance coil  70  is not more than 1.0 mm, is shorter than the winding interval of the conveyance coil  70 , the conveyance coil  70  is hooked by a step formed at a section where the diameter of the space restriction member  63  largely changes, and strange sound can occur or the conveyance coil  70  can possibly be deformed and/or damaged. 
     Thus, the length of the above-mentioned range is from equal to twice of the winding interval of the conveyance coil  70 , so that the conveyance coil  70  is not hooked by the step of space restriction member  63 , while preventing the generation of the strange sound and the deformation and/or damage on the conveyance coil  70 . In view of this, the length of the above-mentioned range is 10 mm to be included in the equal and twice of the winding interval of the conveyance coil  70 . 
     Further, the above-mentioned range is preferably located at the upstream side of the space restriction member  63  in the space restriction member axis direction as upstream as possible. That is, since the range is located at the upstream side of the space restriction member  63 , dropping force of the toner can be suppressed before a dropping speed of the toner dropped from the toner container section  47  onto the toner conveyance pipe  43  reaches at the highest, and suppression of the toner flowing into the developing device  5  can be achieved. 
     Further, as shown in  FIG. 17 , to provide a space for accumulating toner in the vicinity of the replenishment inlet of the downstream side horizontal section  43   e  of the toner conveyance pipe  43 , the diameter of the space restriction member  63  at the downstream side horizontal section  43   e  is smaller than that  63  at the slant section  43   c . In this configuration, the diameter of the space restriction member  63  at the downstream side horizontal section  43   e  is 2.5 mm with tolerance of from zero to +0.1. 
     When the shaft diameter of the space restriction member  63  is equal in the space restriction member axis direction, a path for conveying the toner within the toner conveyance pipe  43  becomes narrower. As a result, the toner is hardly conveyed over the entire region of the toner conveyance pipe  43  having the space restriction member  63 . Thus, since the amount of toner sometimes decreases in the vicinity of the replenishment inlet  45  or brushing load against the conveyance coil  70  sometimes increases, a replenishment amount of toner replenished per second to the developing device  5  possibly significantly decreases. 
     Then, by decreasing the diameter of the space restriction member  63  at the downstream side horizontal section  43   e  to be less than that at the slant section  43   c , and thereby providing the space for accumulating the toner in the vicinity of the replenishment inlet  45  and accumulating the toner there, significant decrease of the toner replenished to the developing device  5  through the replenishment inlet  45  can be suppressed. 
     Further, a toner coagulation degree is experimented and evaluated as described below using the toner replenishment device of the sixth exemplary configuration while changing a difference between the diameter of the space restriction member  63  and the internal diameter of the conveyance coil  70  within a range not more than 1.0 mm. As preparatory for the experiment, the toner bottle and the conveyance coil  70  are repeatedly turned on and off simultaneously for 0.3 sec using the DC motor and toner is then replenished to the toner container section  47  and the slant section  43   c . That is, when the toner is put into a vacant toner container section  47  or such a slant section  43  of the toner conveyance pipe  43 , the toner tends to flow into the downstream side horizontal section  43   e  at once thereby being easily excessively ejected from the replenishment inlet  45 . Thus, not to cause such toner flow in the above-mentioned manner, the drive turning on time is decreased and drive turning off time is increased so that the toner is slowly replenished to the toner container section  47  or the slant section  43 . 
     After the experiment preparatory, the range, in which the difference between the diameter of the space restriction member  63  and the internal diameter of the conveyance coil  70  is not more than 1.0 mm, is changed to encompass the entire space restriction member  63  located at the slant section  43   c  in the axis direction, and the conveyance coil  70  is consecutively operated by the DC motor to turn on for 0.8 second and turn off for 0.4 second at 510 rpm, and conveys the toner supplied from the toner container section  47  to the toner conveyance pipe  43 . Then, the range is changed to extend by 20 mm, 16 mm, and 10 mm from the leading end of the space restriction member  63  located at the slant section  43   c  in the axis direction, and the conveyance coil  70  is consecutively operated by the DC motor to turn on for 0.8 sec and turn off for 0.4 sec at 510 rpm, and conveys the toner supplied from the toner container section  47  to the toner conveyance pipe  43  in each of cases. Then, about 20 g of the toner thus conveyed by the conveyance coil  70  and ejected from the replenishment inlet  45  is picked up and is then subjected to sieve having the mesh of 106 micrometer. Then, in accordance with the size and the quantity of toner coagulation member formed by coagulation of the toner after the sieve, a coagulation degree of the toner is ranked. For example, the rank five is best, and as the rank descends, the toner coagulation degree increases as shown in the table  1  of  FIG. 20  as a result of the experiment. As understood from the table, by decreasing the above-mentioned range, the toner coagulation can be suppressed. 
     As mentioned in the first embodiment, when the toner of fine fluidity having an accelerated coagulation degree of not more than 40% is used in the conventional toner conveying device as in the Japanese Patent Application Laid Open No. 2005-24665, since the toner conveyance pipe  43 Y is almost occupied by air, the toner is excessively blended with the air, and accordingly, the fluidity of the toner excessively increases, so that the toner is excessively conveyed downstream of the toner conveyance pipe  43  per second. As a result, a lot of developer flows into the developing device side needlessly. 
     In contrast, according to this exemplary configuration of the toner-conveying device  40 , the space restriction member  62  is arranged in the toner conveyance pipe  43  and an amount of the air decreases in the toner conveyance pipe  43 , whereby excessive blending of the toner with the air is suppressed. Thus, even though the toner having the accelerated coagulation degree of not more than 40% is used, excessive increase of fluidity and flowing of the toner into the developing device is suppressed. 
     Further, according to the toner conveying device  40  of this embodiment, by suppressing excessive increase of the toner fluidity in the toner conveyance pipe  43 , the above-mentioned undesirable flowing of the toner can be suppressed, even when the toner includes one of an average circular shape degree of not less than 0.90 (0.90 to 1.00), a small diameter, such as a weight average particle diameter of from 3 to 8 micrometer, a ratio (D 4 /D 1 ) of from 1.00 to 1.10 between a weight average particle diameter (D 4 ) and an item number average particle diameter (D 1 ), etc., and polymerization toner, which conventionally caused the toner to flow into the developing device from the toner conveying device even if the toner flowing suppression system is employed as discussed in the Japanese Patent Application Laid Open No. 2005-24665. 
     Accordingly, by using this toner in the printer  100  of this embodiment, a high quality image can be obtained. 
     ADVANTAGE 
     According to the present invention, excessive increase of fluidity of powder can be suppressed, and flowing of the powder at once from the powder conveyance pipe to the conveyance destination can be suppressed. 
     Obviously, numerous additional modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the present invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.