Abstract:
An apparatus and method is disclosed which includes or employs an EUV light source comprising a laser device outputting a laser beam, a beam delivery system directing the laser beam to an irradiation site, and a material for interaction with the laser beam at the irradiation site to create an EUV light emitting plasma for use in processing substrates.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present application is a Continuation of application Ser. No. 12/288,970, filed Oct. 24, 2008, and published on Apr. 16, 2009, as US 2009-0095925-A1, which is a Continuation of application Ser. No. 11/217,161, filed Aug. 31, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,482,609, issued on Jan. 27, 2009, which is a Continuation-in-Part of patent application Ser. No. 11/174,299, filed on Jun. 29, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,439,530, issued on Oct. 21, 2008, the disclosures of all of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
         [0002]    The present application is also related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/021,261, filed on Dec. 22, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,193,228, issued on Mar. 20, 2007, entitled EUV LIGHT SOURCE OPTICAL ELEMENTS, Attorney Docket No. 2004-0023-01; Ser. No. 11/067,124, entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR EUV PLASMA SOURCE TARGET DELIVERY, filed on Feb. 25, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,405,416, issued on Jul. 29, 2008, Attorney Docket No. 2004-0008-01; Ser. No. 10/979,945, entitled EUV COLLECTOR DEBRIS MANAGEMENT, filed on Nov. 1, 2004, and published on May 4, 2006, as US 2006-0091109-A1, Attorney Docket No. 2004-0088-01; Ser. No. 10/979,919, entitled EUV LIGHT SOURCE, filed on Nov. 1, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,317,196, issued on Jan. 8, 2008, Attorney Docket No. 2004-0064-01; Ser. No. 10/803,526, entitled A HIGH REPETITION RATE LASER PRODUCED PLASMA EUV LIGHT SOURCE, filed on Mar. 17, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,089,914, issued on Aug. 8, 2006, Attorney Docket No. 2003-0125-01; Ser. No. 10/900,839, entitled EUV LIGHT SOURCE, filed on Jul. 27, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,164,144, issued on Jan. 16, 2007, Attorney Docket No. 2004-0044-01; Ser. No. 11/067,099, entitled SYSTEMS FOR PROTECTING INTERNAL COMPONENTS OF AN EUV LIGHT SOURCE FROM PLASMA-GENERATED DEBRIS, filed on Feb. 25, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,109,503, issued on Sep. 16, 2006, Attorney Docket No. 2004-0117-01; and 60/657,606, entitled EUV LPP DRIVE LASER, filed on Feb. 28, 2005, Attorney Docket No. 2004-0107-01, the disclosures of all of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    The present invention related to laser produced plasma (“LPP”) extreme ultraviolet (“EUV”) light sources. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    CO2 laser may be used for laser produced plasma (“LPP”) extreme ultraviolet (“EUV”), i.e., below about 50 nm and more specifically, e.g., at around 13.5 nm. Such systems may employ a drive laser(s) to irradiate a plasma formation material target, e.g., target droplets formed of a liquid containing target material, e.g., molten metal target material, such as lithium or tin. 
         [0005]    CO2 has been proposed as a good drive laser system, e.g., for tin because of a relatively high conversion efficiency both in terms of efficiency in converting laser light pulse photon energy into EUV photons and in terms of conversion of electrical energy used to produce the drive laser pulses for irradiating a target to form a plasma in which EUV light is generated and the ultimate wattage of EUV light generated. 
         [0006]    Applicants propose an arrangement for delivering the drive laser pulses to the target irradiation site which addresses certain problems associated with certain types of drive lasers, e.g., CO2 drive lasers. 
         [0007]    Pre-pulses from the same laser as the main pulse (e.g., at a different wavelength than the main pulse may be used, e.g., with a YAG laser (355 nm—main and 532 nm—pre-pulse, for example). Pre-pulses from separate lasers for the pre-pulse and main pulse may also be used. Applicants propose certain improvements for providing a pre-pulse and main pulse, particularly useful in certain types of drive laser systems, such as CO2 drive laser systems. 
         [0008]    Applicants also propose certain improvements to certain types of drive lasers to facilitate operation at higher repetition rates, e.g., at 18 or more kHz. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0009]    An apparatus and method is disclosed which may comprise a laser produced plasma EUV system which may comprise a drive laser producing a drive laser beam; a drive laser beam first path having a first axis; a drive laser redirecting mechanism transferring the drive laser beam from the first path to a second path, the second path having a second axis; an EUV collector optical element having a centrally located aperture; and a focusing mirror in the second path and positioned within the aperture and focusing the drive laser beam onto a plasma initiation site located along the second axis. The apparatus and method may comprise the drive laser beam is produced by a drive laser having a wavelength such that focusing on an EUV target droplet of less than about 100 μm at an effective plasma producing energy if not practical in the constraints of the geometries involved utilizing a focusing lens. The drive laser may comprise a CO2 laser. The drive laser redirecting mechanism may comprise a mirror. The focusing mirror may be positioned and sized to not block EUV light generated in a plasma produced at the plasma initiation site from the collector optical element outside of the aperture. The redirecting mechanism may be rotated and the focusing mirror may be heated. The apparatus and method may further comprise a seed laser system generating a combined output pulse having a pre-pulse portion and a main pulse portion; and an amplifying laser amplifying the pre-pulse portion and the main pulse portion at the same time without the pre-pulse portion saturating the gain of the amplifier laser. The amplifying laser may comprise a CO2 laser. The pre-pulse portion of the combined pulse may be produced in a first seed laser and the main pulse portion of the combined pulse may be produced in a second seed laser or the pre-pulse and main pulse portions of the combined pulse being produced in a single seed laser. The apparatus and method may further comprise a seed laser producing seed laser pulses at a pulse repetition rate X of at least 4 kHz, e.g., 4, 6, 8, 12 or 18 kHz; and a plurality of N amplifier lasers each being fired at a rate of X/N, positioned in series in an optical path of the seed laser pulses, and each amplifying in a staggered timing fashion a respective Nth seed pulse. Each respective amplifier laser may be fired in time with the firing of the seed producing laser such that the respective Nth output of the seed producing laser is within the respective amplifier laser. The seed laser pulse may comprise a pre-pulse portion and a main pulse portion. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0010]      FIG. 1  shows a schematic block diagram illustration of a DPP EUV light source system in which aspects of embodiments of the present invention are useful; 
           [0011]      FIG. 2  shows a schematic block diagram illustration of a control system for the light source of  FIG. 1  useful with aspects of embodiments of the present invention; 
           [0012]      FIG. 3  shows schematically an example of a proposed drive laser delivery system utilizing a focusing lens; 
           [0013]      FIG. 4  illustrates schematically a drive laser delivery system according to aspects of an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0014]      FIG. 5  shows schematically a drive laser delivery system according to aspects of an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0015]      FIG. 6  shows schematically in block diagram form an LPP EUV drive laser system according to aspects of an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0016]      FIG. 7  shows schematically in block diagram form an LPP EUV drive laser system according to aspects of an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0017]      FIG. 8  shows schematically in block diagram form an LPP EUV drive laser system according to aspects of an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0018]      FIG. 9  shows a drive laser firing diagram according to aspects of an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0019]      FIG. 10  shows schematically in block diagram form an LPP EUV drive laser system according to aspects of an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0020]      FIG. 11  shows schematically in block diagram form an LPP EUV drive laser system according to aspects of an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0021]      FIG. 12  shows a schematically an illustration of aspects of a further embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0022]    Turning now to  FIG. 1  there is shown a schematic view of an overall broad conception for an EUV light source, e.g., a laser produced plasma EUV light source  20  according to an aspect of the present invention. The light source  20  may contain a pulsed laser system  22 , e.g., a gas discharge laser, e.g., an excimer gas discharge laser, e.g., a KrF or ArF laser, or a CO2 laser operating at high power and high pulse repetition rate and may be a MOPA configured laser system, e.g., as shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,625,191, 6,549,551, and 6,567,450. The laser may also be, e.g., a solid state laser, e.g., a YAG laser. The light source  20  may also include a target delivery system  24 , e.g., delivering targets in the form of liquid droplets, solid particles or solid particles contained within liquid droplets. The targets may be delivered by the target delivery system  24 , e.g., into the interior of a chamber  26  to an irradiation site  28 , otherwise known as an ignition site or the sight of the fire ball. Embodiments of the target delivery system  24  are described in more detail below. 
         [0023]    Laser pulses delivered from the pulsed laser system  22  along a laser optical axis  55  through a window (not shown) in the chamber  26  to the irradiation site, suitably focused, as discussed in more detail below in coordination with the arrival of a target produced by the target delivery system  24  to create an ignition or fire ball that forms an x-ray (or soft x-ray (EUV)) releasing plasma, having certain characteristics, including wavelength of the x-ray light produced, type and amount of debris released from the plasma during or after ignition, according to the material of the target. 
         [0024]    The light source may also include a collector  30 , e.g., a reflector, e.g., in the form of a truncated ellipse, with an aperture for the laser light to enter to the ignition site  28 . Embodiments of the collector system are described in more detail below. The collector  30  may be, e.g., an elliptical mirror that has a first focus at the ignition site  28  and a second focus at the so-called intermediate point  40  (also called the intermediate focus  40 ) where the EUV light is output from the light source and input to, e.g., an integrated circuit lithography tool (not shown). The system  20  may also include a target position detection system  42 . The pulsed system  22  may include, e.g., a master oscillator-power amplifier (“MOPA”) configured dual chambered gas discharge laser system having, e.g., an oscillator laser system  44  and an amplifier laser system  48 , with, e.g., a magnetic reactor-switched pulse compression and timing circuit  50  for the oscillator laser system  44  and a magnetic reactor-switched pulse compression and timing circuit  52  for the amplifier laser system  48 , along with a pulse power timing monitoring system  54  for the oscillator laser system  44  and a pulse power timing monitoring system  56  for the amplifier laser system  48 . The pulse power system may include power for creating laser output from, e.g., a YAG laser. The system  20  may also include an EUV light source controller system  60 , which may also include, e.g., a target position detection feedback system  62  and a firing control system  65 , along with, e.g., a laser beam positioning system  66 . The system could also incorporate several amplifiers in cooperation with a single master oscillator. 
         [0025]    The target position detection system may include a plurality of droplet imagers  70 ,  72  and  74  that provide input relative to the position of a target droplet, e.g., relative to the ignition site and provide these inputs to the target position detection feedback system, which can, e.g., compute a target position and trajectory, from which a target error can be computed, if not on a droplet-by-droplet basis then on average, which is then provided as an input to the system controller  60 , which can, e.g., provide a laser position and direction correction signal, e.g., to the laser beam positioning system  66  that the laser beam positioning system can use, e.g., to control the position and direction of the laser position and direction changer  68 , e.g., to change the focus point of the laser beam to a different ignition point  28 . 
         [0026]    The imager  72  may, e.g., be aimed along an imaging line  75 , e.g., aligned with a desired trajectory path of a target droplet  94  from the target delivery mechanism  92  to the desired ignition site  28  and the imagers  74  and  76  may, e.g., be aimed along intersecting imaging lines  76  and  78  that intersect, e.g., along the desired trajectory path at some point  80  along the path before the desired ignition site  28 . 
         [0027]    The target delivery control system  90 , in response to a signal from the system controller  60  may, e.g., modify the release point of the target droplets  94  as released by the target delivery mechanism  92  to correct for errors in the target droplets arriving at the desired ignition site  28 . 
         [0028]    An EUV light source detector  100  at or near the intermediate focus  40  may also provide feedback to the system controller  60  that can be, e.g., indicative of the errors in such things as the timing and focus of the laser pulses to properly intercept the target droplets in the right place and time for effective and efficient LPP EUV light production. 
         [0029]    Turning now to  FIG. 2  there is shown schematically further details of a controller system  60  and the associated monitoring and control systems,  62 ,  64  and  66  as shown in  FIG. 1 . The controller may receive, e.g., a plurality of position signals  134 ,  136 , a trajectory signal  136  from the target position detection feedback system, e.g., correlated to a system clock signal provided by a system clock  116  to the system components over a clock bus  115 . The controller  60  may have a pre-arrival tracking and timing system  110  which can, e.g., compute the actual position of the target at some point in system time and a target trajectory computation system  112 , which can, e.g., compute the actual trajectory of a target drop at some system time, and an irradiation site temporal and spatial error computation system  114 , that can, e.g., compute a temporal and a spatial error signal compared to some desired point in space and time for ignition to occur. 
         [0030]    The controller  60  may then, e.g., provide the temporal error signal  140  to the firing control system  64  and the spatial error signal  138  to the laser beam positioning system  66 . The firing control system may compute and provide to a resonance charger portion  118  of the oscillator laser  44  magnetic reactor-switched pulse compression and timing circuit  50 , a resonant charger initiation signal  122 , and may provide, e.g., to a resonance charger portion  120  of the PA magnetic reactor-switched pulse compression and timing circuit  52 , a resonant charger initiation signal, which may both be the same signal, and may provide to a compression circuit portion  126  of the oscillator laser  44  magnetic reactor-switched pulse compression and timing circuit  50 , a trigger signal  130  and to a compression circuit portion  128  of the amplifier laser system  48  magnetic reactor-switched pulse compression and timing circuit  52 , a trigger signal  132 , which may not be the same signal and may be computed in part from the temporal error signal  140  and from inputs from the light out detection apparatus  54  and  56 , respectively for the oscillator laser system and the amplifier laser system. The Pa could also possibly be a CW or CO2 laser. 
         [0031]    The spatial error signal may be provided to the laser beam position and direction control system  66 , which may provide, e.g., a firing point signal and a line of sight signal to the laser bean positioner which may, e.g., position the laser to change the focus point for the ignition site  28  by changing either or both of the position of the output of the laser system amplifier laser  48  at time of fire and the aiming direction of the laser output beam. 
         [0032]    In order to improve the total conversion efficiency (“TCE”), including the drive laser conversion efficiency (“DLCE”) relating to the conversion of drive laser light pulse energy into EUV photon energy, and also the electrical conversion efficiency (“ECE”) in converting electrical energy producing the drive laser pulses to EUV light energy, and also to reduce the drive laser overall costs, as well as EUV system costs, according to aspects of an embodiment of the present invention, applicants propose to provide for the generation of both a drive laser pre-pulse and a drive laser main pulse from the same CO2 laser. This can also have a positive impact on laser light focusing optics lifetimes and drive laser light input window lifetime. 
         [0033]    Applicants have recently determined through much investigation, experimentation and analysis that the use of a CO2 drive laser for LPP EUV can have certain very beneficial results, e.g., in the case of a Sn-based EUV LPP plasma source material. By way of example, a relatively high DLCE and ECE and thus, also TCE number can be reached for conversion of electrical energy and also drive laser light energy into EUV. However, drive lasers such as CO2 drive lasers, suffer from a rather significant inability to properly focus such drive lasers, as opposed to, e.g., solid state lasers like Nd:YAG lasers or excimer lasers such as XeF or XeCl lasers. The CO2 laser output pulse light at 10.6 μm radiation is difficult to focus tightly at the required dimensions. 
         [0034]    A typical size of a plasma formation material target droplet  94  may be on the order of from 10-100 microns, depending on the material of the plasma source and also perhaps the drive laser type, with smaller generally being better, e.g., from a debris generation and consequent debris management point of view. With currently proposed focusing schemes, e.g., as illustrated schematically and not to scale in  FIG. 3 , e.g., utilizing a focusing lens  160  a drive laser beam  152  of diameter DD (e.g., about 50 mm) and focal distance LL (e.g., about 50 cm, to focus 10.6 micron wavelength radiation into, e.g., even the largest end of the droplet range, e.g., at about 100 microns, the divergence of a laser should be less than 2*10−4 radian. This value is less than diffraction limit of 1.22*10.6*10−6/50*10−3=2.6*10−4 (e.g., for an aperture of 50 mm). Therefore, the focus required cannot be reached, and, e.g., laser light energy will not enter the target droplet and CE is reduced. 
         [0035]    To overcome this limitation, either focal distance has to be decreased or the lens  160  and laser beam  151  diameter has to be increased. This, however, can be counterproductive, since it would then require a large central opening in a EUV collector  30 , reducing the EUV collection angle. The larger opening also results in limiting the effect of the debris mitigation offered by the drive laser delivery enclosure  150 , as that is explained in more detail in one or more of the above referenced co-pending applications. This decrease in effectiveness, among other things, can result in a decrease in the laser input window lifetime. 
         [0036]    According to aspects of an embodiment of the present invention, applicants propose an improved method and apparatus for the input of drive laser radiation as illustrated schematically, and not to scale in  FIGS. 4 and 5 . For, e.g., a CO2 laser it is proposed to use internal reflecting optics with high NA and also, e.g., using deposited plasma initiation source material, e.g., Sn as a reflecting surface(s). The focusing scheme may comprise, e.g., two reflecting mirrors  170 ,  180 . Mirror  170  may, e.g., be a flat or curved mirror made, e.g., of molybdenum. The final focusing mirror  180  can, e.g., focus CO2 radiation in a CO2 drive laser input beam  172 , redirected by the redirecting mirror  170  into the focusing mirror  180  to form a focused beam  176  intersecting the target droplets  92  at the desired plasma initiation site  28 . 
         [0037]    The focal distance of mirror  180  may be significantly less than 50 cm, e.g., 5 cm, but not limited by this number. Such a short focal distance mirror  180  can, e.g., allow for the focus of the CO2 radiation on, e.g., 100 micron or less droplets, and particularly less than 50 μm and down to even about 10 μm. 
         [0038]    Applicants also propose to use heating, e.g., with heaters  194 , e.g., a Mo-ribbon heater, which can be placed behind the mirror  180 ′ according to aspects of an embodiment illustrated schematically and not to scale in  FIG. 5 . Heating to above the Sn melting point and rotation, using, e.g., spinning motor  192  for the mirror  180 ′, which may be a brushless low voltage motor, e.g., made by MCB, Inc. under the name LB462, and may be encased in a stainless steel casing to protect it from the environment of the plasma generation chamber  26 , and a similar motor  190  for the mirror  170 ′, can be employed. Reflection of the laser radiation will be, e.g., from a thin film of the plasma source material, e.g., Sn, coating the mirrors  170 ,  180 , due to deposition from the LPP debris. Rotation can be used if necessary to create a smooth surface of the molten plasma source material, e.g., Sn. This thin film of liquid Sn can form a self-healing reflective surface for the mirrors  170 ,  180 . Thus, plasma source material deposition, e.g., Sn deposition on the mirrors  170 ,  180  can be utilized as a plus, instead of a negative, were the focusing optics in the form of one or more lenses. The requirements for roughness (lambda/10) for 10.6 μm radiation can be easily achieved. The mirrors  170 ,  180  can be steered and/or positioned with the motors  192 ,  192 . 
         [0039]    Reflectivity of the liquid Sn can be estimated from Drude&#39;s formula which gives a good agreement with experimental results for the wavelengths exceeding 5 μm. R≈1−2/√(S*T), where S is the conductivity of the metal (in CGS system) and T is the oscillation period for the radiation. For copper, the formula gives estimation of reflectivity for 10.6 μm about 98.5%. For Sn, the reflectivity estimate is 96%. 
         [0040]    Heating of, e.g., the mirror  180 ′ of  FIG. 5  above-required melting point may also be performed with an external heater (not shown) installed behind the rotating mirror  180 ′ with a radiative heat transfer mechanism, or by self-heating due to, e.g., about 4% radiation absorption from the drive laser light and/or proximity to the plasma generation site  28 . 
         [0041]    As shown schematically in  FIGS. 4 and 5 , the laser radiation  172  may be delivered into the chamber through a side port and therefore, not require an overly large aperture in the central portion of the collector  30 . For example, with approximately the same size central aperture as is effective for certain wavelengths, e.g., in the excimer laser DUV ranges, but ineffective for a focusing lens for wavelengths such as CO2, the focusing mirror arrangement, according to aspects of an embodiment of the present invention can be utilized. In addition, the laser input window  202 , which may be utilized for vacuum sealing the chamber  26  and laser delivery enclosure  300  are not in the direct line of view of plasma initiation site and debris generation area, as is the case with the delivery system of  FIG. 3 . Therefore, the laser delivery enclosure with its associated apertures and purge gas and counter flow gas, as described in more detail in at least one of the above noted co-pending applications, can be even more effective in preventing debris from reaching the window  202 . Therefore, even if the focusing of the LPP drive laser light as illustrated according to aspects of the embodiment of  FIG. 5 , e.g., at the distal end of the drive laser delivery enclosure  200 , needs to be relatively larger, e.g., for a CO2 drive laser, the indirect angle of the debris flight path from the irradiation site  28  to the distal end of the enclosure  200 , allows for larger or no apertures at the distal end, whereas the enlargement or removal of the apertures at the distal end of the enclosure  150  illustrated in the embodiment of  FIG. 3 , could significantly impact the ability of the enclosure  150  to keep debris from, e.g., the lens  160  (which could also, in some embodiments, serve as the chamber window or be substituted for by a chamber window). Thus, where debris management is a critical factor, the arrangement of  FIGS. 4 and 5  may be utilized to keep the drive laser input enclosure off of the optical axis of the focused LPP drive laser beams  152 ,  176  to the irradiation site  28 . 
         [0042]    According to aspects of an embodiment of the present invention, for example, the laser beam  172  may be focused by external lens and form a converging beam  204  with the open orifice of the drive laser input enclosure cone  200  located close to the focal point. For direct focusing scheme when external lens, e.g., lens  160  of  FIG. 3 , focuses the beam on the droplets  94  the cone tip would have to be located at some distance, e.g., 20-50 mm from the focal point, i.e., the plasma initiation site  28 , for intersection with the droplet target  94 , at about the focal point of the lens  160 . This can subject the distal end to a significant thermal load, with essentially all of the drive laser power being absorbed by the target in the formation of the plasma and being released in or about the plasma. For the suggested optical arrangement, according to aspects of an embodiment of the present invention with intermediate focus, the cone tip can be approached to the focal point (at distance of few millimeters) and output orifice of the cone can be very small. This allows us to increase significantly the gas pressure in the gas cone and reduce significantly the pressure in the chamber with other parameters (window protection efficiency, pumping speed of the chamber) keeping the same. Reflecting optics may be utilized, e.g., for a CO2 laser. 
         [0043]    Referring now to  FIG. 6 , there is shown schematically and in block diagram form, a drive laser system  250 , e.g., a CO2 drive laser, according to aspects of an embodiment of the present invention, which may comprise a pre-pulse master oscillator (“MO”)  252  and a main pulse master oscillator (“MO”)  254 , each of which may be a CO2 gas discharge laser or other suitable seed laser, providing seed laser pulses at about 10.6 μm in wavelength to a power amplifier (“PA”)  272 , which may be a single or multiple pass CO2 gas discharge laser, lasing at about 10.6 μm. The output of the MO  252  may form a pre-pulse, having a pulse energy of about 1% to 10% of the pulse energy of the main pulse, and the output of the MO  254  may form a main pulse having a pulse energy of about 1×1010 watts/cm2, with wavelengths that may be the same or different. 
         [0044]    The output pulse from the MO  255  may be reflected, e.g., by a mirror  260 , to a polarizing beam splitter  262 , which will also reflect all or essentially all of the light of a first selected polarity into the PA  272 , as a seed pulse to be amplified in the PA  272 . The output of the MO  252  of a second selected polarity can be passed through the polarizing beam splitter  262  and into the PA  272  as another seed pulse. The outputs of the MO  252  and MO  254  may thus be formed into a combined seed pulse  270  having a pre-pulse portion from the MO  252  and a main pulse portion from the MO  254 . 
         [0045]    The combined pulse  270  may be amplified in the PA  272  as is known in the art of MOPA gas discharge lasers, with pulse power supply modules as are sold by Applicants&#39; Assignee, e.g., as XLA 100 and XLA 200 series MOPA laser systems with the appropriate timing between gas discharges in the MO&#39;s  252 ,  254  and PA  272  to ensure the existence of an amplifying lasing medium in the PA, as the combined pulse  270  is amplified to form a drive laser output pulse  274 . The timing of the firing of the MO  254  and the MO  252 , e.g., such that the MO  254  is fired later in time such that its gas discharge is, e.g., initiated after the firing of the MO  252 , but also within about a few nanoseconds of the firing of the MO  252 , such that the pre-pulse will slightly precede the main pulse in the combined pulse  270 . It will also be understood by those skilled in the art, that the nature of the pre-pulse and main pulse, e.g., the relative intensities, separation of peaks, absolute intensities, etc. will be determined from the desired effect(s) in generating the plasma and will relate to certain factors, e.g., the type of drive laser and, e.g., its wavelength, the type of target material, and e.g., its target droplet size and so forth. 
         [0046]    Turning now to  FIG. 7  there is shown in schematic block diagram form aspects of an embodiment of the present invention which may comprise a drive laser system  250 , e.g., a CO2 drive laser system, e.g., including a MO gain generator  280 , formed, e.g., by a laser oscillator cavity having a cavity rear mirror  282  and an output coupler  286 , with a Q-switch  284  intermediate the two in the cavity, useful for generating within the cavity, first a pre-pulse and then a main pulse, to form a combined pulse  270  for amplification in a PA  272 , as described above in reference to  FIG. 6 . 
         [0047]    Turning now to  FIG. 8  there is shown a multiple power amplifier high repetition rate drive laser system  300 , such as a CO2 drive laser system, capable of operation at output pulse repetition rates of on the order of 18 kHz and even above. The system  250  of  FIG. 8  may comprise, e.g., a master oscillator  290 , and a plurality, e.g., of three PA&#39;s,  310 ,  312  and  314  in series. Each of the PA&#39;s  310 ,  312 , and  314  may be provided with gas discharge electrical energy from a respective pulse power system  322 ,  324 ,  326 , each of which may be charged initially by a single high voltage power supply (or by separate respective high voltage power supplies) as will be understood by those skilled in the art. 
         [0048]    Referring to  FIG. 9  there is shown a firing diagram  292  which can result in an output pulse repetition rate of X times the number of PA, e.g., x*3 in the illustrative example of  FIG. 8 , i.e., 18 kHZ for three PA&#39;s each operating at 6 kHz. That is, the MO generates relatively low energy seed pulses at a rate indicated by the MO output pulse firing timing marks  294 , while the firing of the respective PA&#39;s can be staggered as indicated by the firing timing marks  296 , such that the MO output pulses are successively amplified in successive ones of the PA&#39;s  310 ,  312 ,  314 , as illustrated by the timing diagram. It will also be understood by those skilled in the art, that the timing between the respective firings of the MO  290  and each respective PA  310 ,  312 ,  314  will need to be adjusted to allow the respective output pulse from the MO to reach the position in the overall optical path where amplification can be caused to occur in the respective PA&#39;s  310 ,  312 ,  314  by, e.g., a gas discharge between electrodes in such respective PA&#39;s  310 ,  312 ,  314 , for amplification to occur in the respective PA&#39;s  310 ,  312 ,  314 . 
         [0049]    Turning now to  FIGS. 10 and 11  drive laser systems, e.g., CO2 drive laser systems combining the features of the embodiments of  FIGS. 6 and 7 , can be utilized according to aspects of an embodiment of the present invention to create higher repetition rate output laser pulses  274  with a combined pre-pulse and main pulse, by, e.g., generating the combined pulses  270  as discussed above, and amplifying each of these in a selected PA&#39;s  310 ,  312 ,  314  on a stagger basis as also discussed above. 
         [0050]    It will be understood by those skilled in the art, that the systems  250 , as described above, may comprise a CO2 LPP drive laser that has two MO&#39;s (pre-pulse and main pulse) and a single PA (single pass or multi-pass), with the beam from both MO&#39;s being combined into a single beam, which is amplified by a PA, or a combined beam formed by Q-switching within a resonance cavity, and that the so-produced combined pre-pulse and main pulse beams may then be amplified in a single PA, e.g., running at the same pulse repetition rate as the MO(s) producing the combined pulse or by a series of PA&#39;s operating at a pulse repetition rate i/x times the pulse repetition rate of the combined pulse producing MO(s), where x is the number of PA&#39;s and the PA&#39;s are fired sequentially in a staggered fashion. Combining of two beams from the respective MO&#39;s can be done either by polarization or by using a beam splitter and take the loss in one of the MO paths, e.g., in the pre-pulse MO path. It will also be understood that, e.g., because of low gain of, e.g., a CO2 laser, the same PA can be shared for amplifying both pre-pulse and main pulse contained in the combined pulse at the same time. This is unique for certain types of lasers, e.g., CO2 lasers and would not possible for others, e.g., excimer lasers due to their much larger gains and/or easier saturation. 
         [0051]    Turning now to  FIG. 12 , there is shown schematically an illustration of aspects of a further embodiment of the present invention. This embodiment may have a drive laser delivery enclosure  320  through which can pass a focused drive laser beam  342  entering through a drive laser input window  330 . The drive laser beam  342  may form an expanding beam  344  after being focused, and can then be steered by, e.g., a flat steering mirror  340 , with the size of the beam  344  and mirror  340  and the focal point for the focused drive laser beam  342  being such that the steered beam  346  irradiates a central portion  350  of the collector  30 , such that the beam  346  is refocused to the focal point  28  of the collector, for irradiation of a target droplet to form an EUV producing plasma. The mirror  340  may be spun by a spinning motor  360 , as described above. The central portion  350  of the collector  30  may be formed of a material that is reflective in the DUV range of the drive laser, e.g., CaF2 with a suitable reflectivity coating for 351 nm for a XeF laser, or a material reflective at around 10 μm wavelength for a CO2 laser. 
         [0052]    Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the above Specification describes an apparatus and method which may comprise a laser produced plasma EUV system which may comprise a drive laser producing a drive laser beam; a drive laser beam first path having a first axis; a drive laser redirecting mechanism transferring the drive laser beam from the first path to a second path, the second path having a second axis; an EUV collector optical element having a centrally located aperture, i.e., an opening, where, e.g., other optical elements not necessarily associated with the collector optical element may be placed, with the opening s sufficiently large, e.g., several steradians, collector optic to effectively collect EUV light generated in a plasma when irradiated with the drive laser light. The apparatus and method may further comprise a focusing mirror in the second path and positioned within the aperture and focusing the drive laser beam onto the plasma initiation site located along the second axis. It will also be understood, as explained in more detail in one or more of the above referenced co-pending applications, that the plasma initiation may be considered to be an ideal site, e.g., precisely at a focus for an EUV collecting optic. However, due to a number of factors, from time to time, and perhaps most of the time, the actual plasma initiation site may have drifted from the ideal plasma initiation site, and control systems may be utilized to direct the drive laser beam and/or the target delivery system to move the laser/target intersection and actual plasma initiation site back to the ideal site. This concept of a plasma initiation site as used herein, including in the appended claims, incorporates this concept of the desired or ideal plasma initiation site remaining relatively fixed (it could also change over a relatively slow time scale, as compared, e.g., to a pulse repetition rate in the many kHz), but due to operational and/or control system drift and the like, the actual plasma initiation sites may be many sited varying in time as the control system brings the plasma initiation site from an erroneous position, still generally in the vicinity of the ideal or desired site for optimized collection, to the desired/ideal position, e.g., at the focus. 
         [0053]    The apparatus and method may comprise the drive laser beam being produced by a drive laser having a wavelength such that focusing on an EUV target droplet of less than about 100 μm at an effective plasma producing energy is not practical in the constraints of the geometries involved utilizing a focusing lens. As noted above, this is a characteristic of, e.g., a CO2 laser, but CO2 lasers may not be the only drive laser subject to this particular type of ineffectiveness. The drive laser redirecting mechanism may comprise a mirror. The focusing mirror may be positioned and sized to not block EUV light generated in a plasma produced at the plasma initiation site from the collector optical element outside of the aperture. 
         [0054]    As noted above, this advantage may allow for the use of drive lasers, like a CO2 laser, which may have other beneficial and desirable attributes, but are generally unsuitable for focusing with a focusing lens with the beam entering the collector aperture of a similar size as that occupied by the above-described mirror focusing element in the aperture, according to aspects of an embodiment of the present invention. 
         [0055]    The redirecting mechanism may be rotated and the focusing mirror may be heated. The apparatus and method may further comprise a seed laser system generating a combined output pulse having a pre-pulse portion and a main pulse portion; and an amplifying laser amplifying the pre-pulse portion and the main pulse portion at the same time, without the pre-pulse portion saturating the gain of the amplifier laser. It will be understood by those skilled in the art, that each of the pre-pulse and main pulse themselves may be comprised of a pulse of several peaks over its temporal length, which themselves could be considered to be a “pulse.” Pre-pulse, as used in the present Specification and appended claims, is intended to mean a pulse of lesser intensity (e.g., peak and/or integral) than that of the main pulse, and useful, e.g., to initiate plasma formation in the plasma source material, followed, then, by a larger input of drive laser energy into the forming plasma through the focusing of the main pulse on the plasma. This is regardless of the shape, duration, number of “peaks/pulses” in the pre-pulse of main pulse, or other characteristics of size, shape, temporal duration, etc., that could be viewed as forming more than one pulse within the pre-pulse portion and the main-pulse portion, either at the output of the seed pulse generator or within the combined pulse. 
         [0056]    The amplifying laser may comprise a CO2 laser. The pre-pulse portion of the combined pulse may be produced in a first seed laser, and the main pulse portion of the combined pulse may be produced in a second seed laser, or the pre-pulse and main pulse portions of the combined pulse may be produced in a single seed laser. The apparatus and method may further comprise a seed laser, producing seed laser pulses at a pulse repetition rate X of at least 12 kHz, e.g., 18 kHz; and a plurality of N amplifier lasers, e.g., each being fired at a rate of X/N, e.g., 6 kHz for three PA&#39;s, giving a total of 18 kHz, which may be positioned in series in an optical path of the seed laser pulses and each amplifying, in a staggered timing fashion, a respective Nth seed pulse, are a pulse repetition rate of X/N. Each respective amplifier laser may be fired in time with the firing of the seed producing laser such that the respective Nth output of the seed producing laser is within the respective amplifier laser. The seed laser pulse may comprise a pre-pulse portion and a main pulse portion. 
         [0057]    While the particular aspects of embodiment(s) of the LPP EUV Light Source Drive Laser System described and illustrated in this patent application in the detail required to satisfy 35 U.S.C. §112 is fully capable of attaining any above-described purposes for, problems to be solved by or any other reasons for, or objects of the aspects of an embodiment(s) above-described, it is to be understood by those skilled in the art, that it is the presently-described aspects of the described embodiment(s) of the present invention are merely exemplary, illustrative and representative of the subject matter, which is broadly contemplated by the present invention. The scope of the presently described and claimed aspects of embodiments fully encompasses other embodiments, which may now be, or may become obvious to those skilled in the art, based on the teachings of the Specification. The scope of the present LPP EUV Light Source Drive Laser System is solely and completely limited by only the appended claims and nothing beyond the recitations of the appended claims. Reference to an element in such claims in the singular, is not intended to mean nor shall it mean in interpreting such claim element “one and only one” unless explicitly so stated, but rather “one or more”. All structural and functional equivalents to any of the elements of the above-described aspects of an embodiment(s) that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art, are expressly incorporated herein by reference, and are intended to be encompassed by the present claims. Any term used in the specification and/or in the claims and expressly given a meaning in the Specification and/or claims in the present application shall have that meaning, regardless of any dictionary or other commonly used meaning for such a term. It is not intended or necessary for a device or method discussed in the Specification as any aspect of an embodiment to address each and every problem sought to be solved by the aspects of embodiments disclosed in this application, for it to be encompassed by the present claims. No element, component, or method step in the present disclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether the element, component, or method step is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element in the appended claims is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. §112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” or, in the case of a method claim, the element is recited as a “step” instead of an “act”. 
         [0058]    It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the aspects of embodiments of the present invention disclosed above, are intended to be preferred embodiments only, and not to limit the disclosure of the present invention(s) in any way and particularly not to a specific preferred embodiment alone. Many changes and modifications can be made to the disclosed aspects of embodiments of the disclosed invention(s) that will be understood and appreciated by those skilled in the art. The appended claims are intended in scope and meaning to cover not only the disclosed aspects of embodiments of the present invention(s), but also such equivalents and other modifications and changes that would be apparent to those skilled in the art. In addition to changes and modifications to the disclosed and claimed aspects of embodiments of the present invention(s) noted above, the following could be implemented.