Abstract:
A circuit architecture and a method for performing a trimming operation directly on an application board, or after the operation of packaging integrated electronic devices. The circuit architecture includes at least one non-volatile memory unit ( 3 ) having non-volatile memory elements ( 5 ) and a circuit ( 17, 19 ) for modifying the state of the memory elements ( 5 ), a first multifunctional input pin ( 8 ) whereon a sequence ( 25 ) of trimming data is received, a second multifunctional input pin ( 9 ) whereon a timing signal of the trimming operations is received, and an additional access pin ( 7 ) for switching the circuit architecture operation from a normal mode over to a trimming mode. This circuit architecture further includes a volatile memory unit ( 2 ) associated with the non-volatile memory unit ( 3 ) for storing the non-volatile memory ( 3 ) state at power-on or at a simulating phase, and storing the sequence ( 25 ) of trimming data at a programming phase; an interface ( 6 ) is provided between the first multifunctional input pin ( 8 ), the second multifunctional input pin ( 9 ), and the additional access pin ( 7 ), the at least one non-volatile memory unit ( 3 ), and the volatile memory unit ( 2 ), for initially storing the sequence of trimming data ( 25 ) into the volatile memory unit ( 2 ) and subsequently timing the trimming operation.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is based upon and claims priority from prior European Patent Application No. 00830795.1, filed on Nov. 30, 2000, the entire disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to a circuit architecture for performing a trimming operation directly on an application board or, optionally, after the operation of packaging integrated electronic devices. 
     More particularly, the invention relates to an architecture as above, comprising at least a non-volatile memory unit having non-volatile memory elements and a means for changing the state of the memory elements, a first multifunctional input pin whereon a sequence of trimming data is received, and at least an additional access pin. 
     The invention relates, particularly but not exclusively, to a circuit architecture incorporated in a “housekeeping” integrated electronic device for a desktop computer, which circuit architecture operates to control and monitor output voltages from the secondary of a supply switch, known as Switching Power Supply. 
     The invention further relates to a method for performing trimming operations on the above integrated device with the purpose of enhancing its accuracy and turning on/off particular functions thereof. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     As it is well known in this specific technical field, today&#39;s integrated circuits must meet ever-stricter specifications in regard to the ever-increasing number of parameters which require accurate determination and adjustment at the end of an integrated circuit manufacturing process. To achieve the required accuracy, it is necessary to make device trimming operations at the end of the manufacturing process, that is, on the application board and/or during the so called final test. 
     There are several methods to make trimming operations “under cover”, that is when the integrated circuit has already been assembled in the corresponding protective package. 
     One such method is described, for example, in the European Patent Application No. 99830579.1, which has been assigned to the same assignee as the present patent application. 
     A second prior art solution is described in the Patent Application No. 00830059.2, which has also been assigned to the same assignee as the present patent application. In the former of the above patent applications, are described both a circuit architecture suitable for final test trimming, and its advantages compared to the better known electrical wafer sort trimming method. 
     The trimming method of the Application 99830579.1 uses two pins of the integrated circuit: a first pin for entering the trimming mode of the device, and the other for serially entering the data which, once permanently stored into memory elements, will allow certain basic parameters of the integrated circuit to be modified and set. 
     The circuit architecture comprises a serial interface which receives as input a string of data having a length depending on the number of memory elements to be programmed. The string of data contains a field for the data to be stored in the memory elements, a field for string control, and the information for selecting the simulation or the trimming operation. 
     Data acquisition is clocked by a fixed frequency clock signal which is generated internally in the integrated circuit, and the logic state (0, 1, or an end-of-sequence signal STOP) of each data is recognized in function of the distance separating one leading edge from the next in the data sequence. The string of data is first acquired and decoded, and is then loaded into a shift register, ready to be used for a trimming simulation or an actual trimming. All these operations are managed and coordinated by a state machine from the inside of the circuit. A major advantage of this first solution resides in that the trimming operation can be carried out at the final testing stage without additional pins, and in that the result can be simulated before the actual trimming, in order to check the effect of the bit sequence entered on the parameters to be set. 
     On the other hand, such solution has the following disadvantages: 
     the protocol is based on the use of an internal clock signal which makes this solution inapplicable to those devices lacking any internal or integrated clock generator; 
     once the data string is entered, the entered data simulation or the modified parameters measured, can be carried out only after having restored the device to its normal mode of operation; and 
     the simulation and trimming operations are reciprocally exclusive, and in order to trim a sequence of data which has been previously simulated, the whole string of data must be re-entered, which is time-consuming and impracticable with very long strings, that is in case a large number of memory elements require to be programmed. 
     The prior art solution set forth in the Application No. 00830059.2 exhibits the same drawbacks, to a greater or lesser extent. 
     An underlying technical problem has been to provide a circuit architecture for performing a trimming operation directly on an application board, or optionally after the operation of packaging integrated electronic devices, with such structural and functional features as to allow trimming operations to be performed also on devices which have no internal clocks, thereby overcoming the aforementioned drawbacks of the prior art. 
     Accordingly, there exists a need for overcoming the disadvantages of the prior art as discussed above. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a trimming architecture comprises a special pin arranged for receiving a trimming operation timing signal, and with a volatile memory unit for storing a sequence of trimming data at the simulation phase, before the actual trimming operation is performed by a phase of programming the non-volatile memory unit. 
     According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a circuit architecture performs a trimming operation directly on an application board, or after the operation of packaging integrated electronic devices, being of the type comprising at least one non-volatile memory unit having non-volatile memory elements and a means for modifying the state of the memory elements, a first multifunctional input pin whereon a sequence of trimming data is received, and at least one additional access pin, wherein it comprises a volatile memory unit associated with the non-volatile memory unit, a second multifunctional input pin whereon a timing signal of acquisition of the data is received, an interface between the first and second pins and the memory units in order to allow a data sequence to be stored into the volatile memory unit and the data acquisition to be timed, the access pin serving to switch the circuit architecture operation from the normal mode over to the trimming mode. 
     According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a method is provided for performing a trimming operation directly on an application board, or after the operation of packaging integrated electronic devices comprising at least one non-volatile memory unit having non-volatile memory elements and a means for modifying the state of the memory elements, a first multifunctional input pin whereon a sequence of trimming data is received, and at least one additional access pin, wherein the method comprises the steps of: 
     storing, in a volatile memory unit associated with the non-volatile memory unit, the state of the non-volatile memory at power-on or at the simulation phase, and further storing the sequence of trimming data at the programming phase; 
     switching a device operation from a normal mode to a trimming mode, through the at least one additional access pin; 
     timing the acquisition of the data sequence through a second multifunctional input pin whereon a timing signal is received; and 
     performing a trimming operation by modifying the state of the memory elements, following a comparison of a predetermined string of bits with the contents of the data sequence. 
     The features and advantages of the circuit architecture and the trimming method according to the present invention will be apparent from the following description of preferred embodiments thereof, given by way of non-limiting example with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 shows a schematic view of a circuit architecture according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 shows a schematic view of a detail of the circuit architecture shown in FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 3A shows an exemplary memory word as stored in the circuit architecture of FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 3B shows a specific string of bits present in the circuit architecture, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and utilized to enable the trimming operation. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     With reference to the drawings, in particular to FIG. 1 thereof, a circuit architecture for performing a trimming operation directly on an application board or, optionally, after the operation of packaging integrated electronic devices, is generally shown at  1  in schematic form and according to this invention. Trimming under cover generally denotes here an operation for adjusting and setting certain basic parameters of the integrated device which incorporates the circuit architecture  1 , also after the packaging operation is completed. 
     The circuit architecture  1  of this invention is shown in FIG. 1 to comprise essentially three main units or blocks referenced with the numerals  2 ,  3  and  6 . 
     A first block  2  comprises a volatile memory. Specifically, the block  2  comprises an array of memory elements  4  represented by registers of the DT type, i.e. elements  4  of the D-latch type. The array is organized into modules, it being possible for the number of modules provided to vary according to the programmability degree considered for the circuit architecture, while leaving the general trimming architecture unchanged. 
     The information to be driven to the trimming outputs is stored into the D-latch elements  4 . This information is obtained by decoding a memory word which is supplied from other blocks of the circuit architecture  1 , as explained hereinafter. 
     A second block  3  comprises a non-volatile PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory) consisting of an array of memory elements  5 . The array in the block  3  is also organized into modules, and a D-latch element  4  of the block  2  is arranged to correspond univocally to each memory element  5 . 
     The modular construction of the blocks  2  and  3  allows the size of the arrays to be adjusted to meet a user&#39;s own requirements. 
     In a preferred non-limitative embodiment, the elements  5  are implemented by polysilicon fuses which require neither complicated handling circuitry nor additional masks compared to those needed for the basic manufacturing process of the integrated circuit. Of course, both the array in block  2  and the array in block  3  are conventionally associated with respective tuning parameters for reading from and writing into each memory element  4  or  5 . 
     The block  6  provides an interface, indicated as PROM Interface in the drawings, for the memory blocks  2  and  3 . More particularly, an SPI protocol used for managing the read-only memory  3  is implemented in the block  6 . 
     In this invention, moreover, the circuit architecture  1  employs three access pins, two of which are multifunction pins: 
     A first pin (PROG)  7  is used for switching the device from a normal operational mode to a program or trimming mode, and vice versa; 
     A second pin (PW_OK/DATA)  8  is used for entering memory words into the volatile memory block  2 . 
     The third pin (PS_ON/CLOCK)  9  is to receive a timing or clock signal. By the first pin (PROG)  7  allowing the conduction paths which set off the pin  8  and  9  to be switched over, the other two pins  8  and  9  can be utilized also for different functions when the device is in its normal operational state. 
     The pin  8  is coupled to a shift register (SHIFT_REG)  11  inside the interface block  6 . The output of this shift register is coupled to a multiplexer  13  through a buffer unit  12 . 
     The multiplexer  13  routes the memory words to the addressed module of the volatile memory block  2 . 
     The output of the shift register  11  is also branched to a comparator block  14  which contains a string  24  of comparison bits and has an output applied to corresponding inputs of a pair of logic gates  15  and  16 . 
     The output of the first logic gate  15  is connected to the buffer unit  12  for delivering an enable signal PASS_EN thereto. The output of the second logic gate  16  is connected to a plurality of enable gates  17  inserted in the memory block  3  with the purpose of delivering a signal ZAP to enable the storage into the various elements  5 . More particularly, the signal ZAP enables the fuses which perform the memory elements  5  to be “blown” via the logic gates  17 . 
     The pin  9  is coupled to a counter (COUNTER)  10  inside the interface block  6 . The output from the counter  10  is applied to corresponding inputs of each of the logic gates  15  and  16 . 
     FIG. 2 shows in greater detail the interconnection layout of the main blocks  2 ,  3  and  6  of the inventive circuit architecture. 
     A multiple connection  18  links the volatile memory block  2  to the non-volatile memory block  3 . More particularly, each logic gate  17  receives a signal TRX from the memory block  2  on one input, and a signal ZAP from the interface  6  on another input. 
     The output from the logic gate  17  controls a switch  19  to close and allows to apply a blowing voltage or current to a fuse  20  representing a non-volatile memory element  5 . 
     The opposite ends of the fuse  20  are connected to respective inputs of a read operational amplifier  22  having its output feedback-connected to the volatile memory block  2  through a plurality of connections  21  on which a signal FUSE_STATUS_X is transmitted. 
     The operation of the circuit architecture  1  according to the invention will now be described. When the circuit architecture is in its programming mode, it is able to receive trimming data from the outside. The clock signal is inserted through the pin (PS_ON/CLOCK)  9  and the memory words are inserted through the pin (PW_OK/DATA)  8 . 
     At each trailing edge of the clock signal, the counter  10  inside the interface  6  will count up, and the input memory word will be read and loaded into the register (SHIFT_REG)  11  bit-by-bit. After eight clock periods—the memory word being of eight bits—the word is completely transferred into the buffer unit  12 , and at the same time is compared with a so-called zapping memory word. 
     If the configuration of the word entered corresponds to the bit sequence “00001111”, then the zapping signal ZAP is issued to cause the fuses to be blown in the memory block  3 . 
     Otherwise, the word is decoded into a field ADDRESS A 0 , . . . , A 3  and a field DATA D 0 , . . . , D 3 , and these fields are input to MULTIPLEXER  13 . 
     The field ADDRESS univocally selects a set of outputs of the MULTIPLEXER  13  which essentially correspond to one module of the volatile memory in the block  2 . Indeed, the field DATA is transferred onto the selected output lines together with the signal PASS_EN which enables that same module. 
     The configuration of the field DATA is stored into the elements  4  (D-LATCH) of the selected module, upon the trailing edge of the signal PASS_EN. The signal PASS_EN is generated by the logic gate  15 , on completion of a count in the counter  10  and when the string entered through the pin  8  is different from the bit sequence of the string  24 . Such configuration is retained on the trimming outputs until the device is turned off. 
     When the interface  6  generates the signal ZAP, all the information contained in the volatile memory  2  is dumped permanently into the non-volatile memory  3 . The fuse blowing circuits are enabled, and for each logic high ‘1’ on the output of the elements (D-LATCH)  4 , a current of sufficient strength (−250 mA) to blow the corresponding fuse is brought to work. 
     Because of the high current intensity required for this phase of programming the memory  3 , the fuses preferably would not be blown simultaneously in all the modules of the memory block  3 , but rather in a predetermined order sequence, whereby the fuses are blown one at a time. During this phase, the information stored in the elements (D-LATCH)  4  is retained on the trimming outputs. 
     For an appreciation of the function of the feedback connection  21  which conveys the signal Fuse_Status_X from the non-volatile memory  3  to the volatile memory  2 , the procedure for initializing the trimming circuitry at start-up of the inventive circuit architecture should be taken into account. 
     To lower the power consumption of the read cells in the non-volatile memory block  3 , the data contained in the memory  3 —which data is obtained by suitably sensing the state of the fuses—is stored into the elements (D-LATCH)  4  of the volatile memory block  2  each time that the device is turned on again. 
     This data is also retained on the trimming outputs so that the fuse sensing cells, which are only brought to work during the start-up transient, can be disabled. 
     The state of the fuses  20  are sensed by comparing the ohmic value of each fuse with the one of a reference resistance having a suitable value. The sensed value will be conventionally a low logic level if the fuse has not been blown, i.e. if its ohmic value is less than a reference resistance. Otherwise, i.e. if the fuse ohmic value exceeds the one of the reference resistance, it will be a high logic. 
     The protocol used for managing the memory spaces is a simplified version of an SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) protocol. For the purpose, a series of eight bits in a memory word  25  are used as shown in FIG.  3 A. 
     As shown in FIG. 3B, an additional memory word  24 , or rather a string of bits termed zapping word hereinafter, is used with a fixed configuration of logic values “00001111” to start permanent writing into the non-volatile memory elements  5 . 
     During the programming phase, the programming mode of the circuit architecture of this invention is entered, and checking the effect of the entered word on the parameters undergoing trimming will require no change to the operational mode of the circuit architecture. 
     The first and most significant bit MSB is the first bit to be entered. In the memory word  25 , bits A 3 , . . . , A 0  represent the field ADDRESS and identify the address of the parameter to be modified. Indeed, bits D 3 , . . . , D 0  represent the field DATA (or tuning bit) and the data which, once written in the corresponding memory module, would modify the identified trimming parameter as desired. 
     As a memory word  25  is entered, the bits of the field DATA are stored into an appropriate module of the volatile memory block  2 . The appropriate module is identified by the field ADDRESS. 
     The bits of the field DATA are held at that memory location until the device is turned off. 
     The circuit architecture of this invention allows essentially three operations to be performed, as specified herein below. 
     1) Loading, i.e. entering the memory words  25  and loading the related fields DATA into the volatile memory block  2 . This operation affects a whole addressed module. At the end of the operation, the programming bits are present on the corresponding trimming outputs. 
     A measurement of the modified parameter can be made, several loading operations can be performed sequentially and/or one module can be acted upon repeatedly, by overwriting the previously entered data, without changing the device operational mode. During this operation, the device should be in the programming mode. 
     2) Zapping, i.e. fuse blowing. The data in the volatile memory block  2  is dumped permanently into the non-volatile memory block  3 . The operation affects all the memory modules sequentially. The device should be in the programming mode also during this operation. 
     3) Reading, i.e. initializing the latch elements  4  at power-on of the device or at the simulation phase. The operation is carried out during the successive phases of sensing the state of the fuses and of writing this state into the latch elements  4  of the memory block  2 . The operation affects all the memory modules sequentially. 
     It will be appreciated from the foregoing description that the circuit architecture of a preferred embodiment of this invention does solve the technical problem and allows to perform the trimming on an application board or a Final Testing Trimming, thereby affording the advantages listed herein below: 
     the implementation of an extremely simple interface protocol which uses a memory word of only eight bits; 
     the use of a dedicated memory word (zapping word) to activate the non-volatile memory elements to be permanently written; 
     no need of an internal clock, which makes the invention also useful with devices which do not incorporate any integrated oscillator; and 
     high modularity, which makes the system easy to shrink or expand according to the number of memory elements to be programmed. 
     While there has been illustrated and described what are presently considered to be the preferred embodiments of the present invention, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various other modifications may be made, and equivalents may be substituted, without departing from the true scope of the present invention. 
     Additionally, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation to the teachings of the present invention without departing from the central inventive concept described herein. Furthermore, an embodiment of the present invention may not include all of the features described above. Therefore, it is intended that the present invention not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but that the invention include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.