Abstract:
A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) is configure to receive and sample wireless signals in a shared spectrum where the wireless signal comprise encoded symbols. The WTRU has a channel estimation device configured to process received signal samples to produce an estimate of a channel response of the received signals corresponding to a matrix H. The channel estimation device is preferably configured to process the received signal samples to produce an estimate of noise variance of the received signals. The WTRU has a two stage data estimator that includes a channel equalizer and a despreader. The channel equalizer is configured to process received signal samples using the estimated channel response matrix H and the estimate of noise variance to produce a spread signal estimate of the received signals. The despreader is configured to process the spread signal estimate of the received signals produced by said channel equalizer to recover encoded symbols of the received signals.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)  
       [0001]     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/138,816, filed May 26, 2005, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/753,631 filed Jan. 8, 2004, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/439,284, filed on Jan. 10, 2003, which are incorporated by reference as if fully set forth. 
     
    
     FIELD OF INVENTION  
       [0002]     The present invention relates to wireless communication systems. More particularly, the present invention is directed to data estimation in such systems.  
       BACKGROUND  
       [0003]     In wireless systems, joint detection (JD) is used to mitigate inter-symbol interference (ISI) and multiple-access interference (MAI). JD is characterized by good performance but high complexity. Even using approximate Cholesky or block Fourier transforms with Cholesky decomposition algorithms, the complexity of JD is still very high. When JD is adopted in a wireless receiver, its complexity prevents the receiver from being implemented efficiently. This evidences the need for alternative algorithms that are not only simple in implementation but also good in performance.  
         [0004]     To overcome this problem, prior art receivers based on a channel equalizer followed by a code despreader have been developed. These types of receivers are called single user detection (SUD) receivers because, contrary to JD receivers, the detection process does not require the knowledge of channelization codes of other users. SUD tends to not exhibit the same performance as JD for most data rates of interest, even though its complexity is very low. Accordingly, there exists a need for low complexity high performance data detectors.  
       SUMMARY  
       [0005]     A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) is configure to receive and sample wireless signals in a shared spectrum where the wireless signal comprise encoded symbols. The WTRU has a channel estimation device configured to process received signal samples to produce an estimate of a channel response of the received signals corresponding to a matrix H. The channel estimation device is further configured to process the received signal samples to produce an estimate of noise variance of the received signals. The WTRU has a two stage data estimator that includes a channel equalizer and a despreader. The channel equalizer is configured to process received signal samples using the estimated channel response matrix H and the estimate of noise variance to produce a spread signal estimate of the received signals. The despreader is configured to process the spread signal estimate of the received signals produced by said channel equalizer to recover encoded symbols of the received signals.  
         [0006]     Preferably, codes of the signals are processed using a block Fourier transform (FT), producing a code block diagonal matrix. A channel response matrix is estimated. The channel response matrix is extended and modified to produce a block circulant matrix, and a block FT is taken producing a channel response block diagonal matrix. The code block diagonal matrix is combined with the channel response block diagonal matrix. The received signals are sampled and processed using the combined code block diagonal matrix and channel response block diagonal matrix with a Cholesky algorithm. A block inverse FT is performed on a result of the Cholesky algorithm to produce spread symbols. The spread symbols are despread to recover symbols of the received signals.  
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0007]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram showing a two stage data detection.  
         [0008]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram of an embodiment of two-stage data detection.  
         [0009]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram of code assignment to reduce the complexity of two-stage data detection.  
         [0010]      FIGS. 4A-4D  are block diagrams of utilizing look-up tables to determine Λ R . 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0011]     The present invention will be described with reference to the drawing figures where like numerals represent like elements throughout.  
         [0012]     A two stage data estimator can be used in a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) or base station, when all of the communications to be detected by the estimator experience a similar channel response. Although the following is described in conjunction with the preferred proposed third generation partnership project (3GPP) wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA) communication system, it is applicable to other systems.  
         [0013]      FIG. 1  is a simplified block diagram of a receiver using a two stage data estimator  55 . An antenna  50  or antenna array receives radio frequency signals. The signals are sampled by a sampling device  51 , typically at the chip rate or at a multiple of the chip rate, producing a received vector  r . A channel estimation device  53  using a reference signal, such as a midamble sequence or pilot code, estimates the channel response for the received signals as a channel response matrix H. The channel estimation device  53  also estimates the noise variance, σ 2 .  
         [0014]     The channel equalizer  52  takes the received vector  r  and equalizes it using the channel response matrix H and the noise variance σ 2 , producing a spread symbol vector  s . Using codes C of the received signals, a despreader  54  despreads the spread symbol vector  s , producing the estimated symbols  d .  
         [0015]     With joint detection (JD), a minimum mean square error (MMSE) formula with respect to the symbol vector  d  can be expressed as: 
 
   {circumflex over (d)}   =( A   H   R   n   −1   A+R   d   −1 ) −1   A   H   R   n   −1     r ,    Equation (1) 
 
or 
 
   {circumflex over (d)} =R   d   A   H ( AR   d   A   H   +R   n ) −1     r ,    Equation (2) 
 
 where  {circumflex over (d)}  is the estimate of  d ,  r  is the received signal vector, A is the system matrix, R n  is the covariance matrix of noise sequence, R d  is the covariance matrix of the symbol sequence and the notation (.) H  denotes the complex conjugate transpose (Hermitian) operation. The dimensions and structures of the above vectors and matrixes depend on specific system design. Usually, different systems have different system parameters such as frame structure, length of data field and length of delay spread. 
 
         [0016]     The matrix A has different dimensions for different systems, and the dimensions of matrix A depend on the length of data field, number of codes, spreading factor and length of delay spread. By way of example, for the transmission of 8 codes with spreading factor of 16 each, the matrix A has dimensions of 1032 by 488 for a WCDMA TDD system if burst type  1  is used and for a delay spread of 57 chips long, while matrix A has dimensions of 367 by 176 for TD-SCDMA system for a delay spread of 16 chips long.  
         [0017]     Assuming white noise and uncorrelated symbols with unity energy, R n =σ 2 I and R d =I, where I denotes the identity matrix. Substitution of these into Equations 1 and 2 results in: 
 
   {circumflex over (d)}   =( A   H   A+σ   2   I ) −1   A   H     r ,    Equation (3) 
 
or 
 
   {circumflex over (d)} =A   H ( AA   H +σ 2   I ) −1     r .    Equation (4) 
 
         [0018]     The received signal can be viewed as a composite signal, denoted by  s , passed through a single channel. The received signal  r  may be represented by  r =H s , where H is the channel response matrix and  s  is the composite spread signal. H takes the form of:  
               H   _     =       [           h   0                                                                                                   h   1           h   0                                                                                     ⋮         h   1         ⋰                                                                       ⋮       ⋮       ⋰       ⋰                                                             h     W   -   1           ⋮                   ⋰       ⋰                                                             h     W   -   1                                   ⋰       ⋰                                                           ⋰                               ⋰       ⋰                                                           ⋰                               ⋰         h   0                                                             ⋰                                 h   1                                                                         ⋰                   ⋮                                                                                   ⋰       ⋮                                                                                                 h     W   -   1             ]     .             Equation   ⁢           ⁢     (   5   )               
 
         [0019]     In Equation (5), W is the length of the channel response, and is therefore equal to the length of the delay spread. Typically W=57 for W-CDMA time division duplex (TDD) burst type  1  and W=16 for time division synchronous CDMA (TD-SCDMA). The composite spread signal  s  can be expressed as  s =C d , where the symbol vector  d  is: 
 
 d =(d 1 ,d 2 , . . . d KN     s   ) T ,   Equation (6) 
 
 and the code matrix C is: 
 
C=└C (1) ,C (2) , . . . ,C (K) ┘  Equation (7) 
 
 with:  
               C     (   k   )       =       [           c   1     (   k   )                                                                                                   ⋮                                                                                                 c   Q     (   k   )                                                                                                   ⋰         c   1     (   k   )                                                                                                   ⋰                                                                                                 c   Q     (   k   )           ⋰                                                                                                           ⋰                                                                                                           ⋰                                                                                                           ⋰                                                                                                           ⋰         c   1     (   k   )                                                                                                   ⋮                                                                                                 c   Q     (   k   )             ]     .             Equation   ⁢           ⁢     (   8   )               
 
         [0020]     Q, K and N s  denote the spread factor (SF), the number of active codes and the number of symbols carried on each channelization code, respectively. c i   (k)  is the i th  element of the k th  code. The matrix C is a matrix of size N s ·Q by N s ·K.  
         [0021]     Substitution of A=HC into Equation (4) results in: 
 
   {circumflex over (d)} =C   H   H   H ( HR   c   H   H +σ 2   I ) −1     r     Equation (9) 
 
 where R c =CC H . If  ŝ  denotes the estimated spread signal, Equation (9) can be expressed in two stages: 
 
         [0022]     Stage 1: 
 
   ŝ =H   H ( HR   C   H   H +σ 2   I ) −1     r     Equation (10) 
 
         [0023]     Stage 2: 
 
 {circumflex over (d)} =C H   ŝ .   Equation (11) 
 
         [0024]     The first stage is the stage of generalized channel equalization. It estimates the spread signal  s  by an equalization process per Equation 10. The second stage is the despreading stage. The symbol sequence  d  is recovered by a despreading process per Equation 11.  
         [0025]     The matrix R c  in Equation 9 is a block diagonal matrix of the form:  
                 R   C     =     [           R   0                                                               R   0                                                             ⋰                                                             R   0           ]       ,           Equation   ⁢           ⁢     (   12   )               
 
         [0026]     The block R 0  in the diagonal is a square matrix of size Q. The matrix R c  is a square matrix of size N s ·Q.  
         [0027]     Because the matrix R c  is a block circular matrix, the block Fast Fourier transform (FFT) can be used to realize the algorithm. With this approach the matrix R c  can be decomposed as: 
 
R c =F (Q)   −1 Λ R F (Q)    Equation (13) 
 
with 
 
F (Q) =F Ns {circle around (×)}I Q ,   Equation (14) 
 
         [0028]     where F Ns  is the N s -point FFT matrix, I Q  is the identity matrix of size Q and the notation {circle around (×)} is the Kronecker product. By definition, the Kronecker product Z of matrix X and Y, (Z=X{circle around (×)}Y) is:  
               Z   =     [             x   11     ⁢   Y             x   12     ⁢   Y         ⋯           x     1   ⁢   N       ⁢   Y                 x   21     ⁢   Y             x   21     ⁢   Y                         x     2   ⁢   N       ⁢   Y             ⋮                   ⋰                           x     M   ⁢           ⁢   1       ⁢   Y             x     M   ⁢           ⁢   1       ⁢   y                         x   MN     ⁢   Y           ]       ,           Equation   ⁢           ⁢     (   15   )               
 
 where x m,n  is the (m,n) th  element of matrix X. For each F (Q) , a Ns-point FFT is performed Q times. Λ R  is a block-diagonal matrix whose diagonal blocks are F (Q) R C (:,1:Q). That is, 
 
diag(Λ R )= F   (Q)   R   C (:,1 :Q ),   Equation (16) 
 
 where R C (:,1:Q) denotes the first Q columns of matrix R C . 
 
         [0029]     The block circular matrix can be decomposed into simple and efficient FFT components, making a matrix inverse more efficient and less complex. Usually, the large matrix inverse is more efficient when it is performed in the frequency domain rather than in a time domain. For this reason, it is advantage to use FFT and the use of a block circular matrix enables efficient FFT implementation. With proper partition, the matrix H can be expressed as a approximate block circular matrix of the form:  
               H   =     [           H   0                                                   H   1           H   0                                       H   2           H   1                                     ⋮         H   2                                       H     L   -   1           ⋮                                                 H     L   -   1           ⋰         H   0                                                   H   1                                                   H   2                                                 ⋮                                                 H     L   -   1             ]       ,           Equation   ⁢           ⁢     (   17   )               
 
 where each H i , i=0,1, . . . ,L−1 is a square matrix of size Q. L is the number of data symbols affected by the delay spread of propagation channel and is expressed as:  
             L   =       ⌈       Q   +   W   -   1     Q     ⌉     .             Equation   ⁢           ⁢     (   18   )               
 
         [0030]     To enable block FFT decomposition, H can be extended and modified into an exactly block circular matrix of the form:  
               H   C     =     [           H   0                                               H     L   -   1             H   2           H   1               H   1           H   0                                             ⋮         H   2               H   2           H   1                                               H     L   -   1           ⋮           ⋮         H   2                                                           H     L   -   1                 H     L   -   1           ⋮                                                                                     H     L   -   1           ⋰         H   0                                                                                       H   1           H   0                                                                           H   2           H   1                                                                         ⋮         H   2           H   0                                                               H     L   -   1           ⋮         H   1           H   0           ]             Equation   ⁢           ⁢     (   19   )               
 
         [0031]     The block circular matrix H C  is obtained by expanding the columns of matrix H in Equation (17) by circularly down-shifting one element block successively.  
         [0032]     The matrix H C  can be decomposed by block FFT as: 
 
H C =F (Q)   −1 Λ H F (Q) ,   Equation (20) 
 
 where Λ H  is a block-diagonal matrix whose diagonal blocks are F (Q) H C (:,1:Q); and 
 
diag(Λ H )= F   (Q)   H   C (:,1: Q ),   Equation (21) 
 
 where H C (:,1:Q) denotes the first Q columns of matrix H C . 
 
         [0033]     From Equation (20), H C   H  can be defined as 
 
H C   H =F (Q)   −1 Λ H   H F (Q) .   Equation (22) 
 
         [0034]     Substituting matrix R c  and H C  into Equation 10,  ŝ  is obtained: 
 
   ŝ =F   (Q)   −1 Λ H   H (Λ H Λ R Λ H   H +σ 2   I ) −1   F   (Q)     r .    Equation (23) 
 
         [0035]     For a zero forcing (ZF) solution, equation 19 is simplified to 
 
 ŝ =F (Q)   −1 Λ R   −1 Λ H   −1 F (Q)   r .   Equation (24) 
 
         [0036]     The matrix inverse in Equations (23) and (24) can be performed using Cholesky decomposition and forward and backward substitutions.  
         [0037]     In a special case of K=SF (where the number of active codes equals the spreading factor), the matrix R C  becomes a scalar-diagonal matrix with identical diagonal elements equal to the SF. In this case, Equations (10) and (11) reduce to:  
                   s   _     ^     =           H   H     (       H   ⁢           ⁢     H   H       +         σ   2     Q     ⁢   I       )       -   1       ⁢     r   _         ⁢     
     ⁢   and           Equation   ⁢           ⁢     (   25   )                     d   _     ^     =       1   Q     ⁢     C   H     ⁢         s   _     ^     .               Equation   ⁢           ⁢     (   26   )               
 
         [0038]     Equation (25) can also be expressed in the form of:  
                 s   _     ^     =         (         H   H     ⁢   H     +         σ   2     Q     ⁢   I       )       -   1       ⁢     H   H     ⁢       r   _     .               Equation   ⁢           ⁢     (   27   )               
 
         [0039]     With FFT, Equations (25) and (27) can be realized by:  
                   s   _     ^     =       F     -   1       ⁢         Λ   H   *     (         Λ   H     ⁢     Λ   H   *       +         σ   2     Q     ⁢   I       )       -   1       ⁢   F   ⁢     r   _         ⁢     
     ⁢   and           Equation   ⁢           ⁢     (   28   )                     s   _     ^     =           F     -   1       (         Λ   H   *     ⁢     Λ   H       +         σ   2     Q     ⁢   I       )       -   1       ⁢     Λ   H   *     ⁢   F   ⁢     r   _               Equation   ⁢           ⁢     (   29   )               
 
 respectively. Λ H  is a diagonal matrix whose diagonal is F·H(:,1) in which H(:,1) denotes the first column of matrix H. The notation (.)* denotes the conjugate operator. 
 
         [0040]      FIG. 2  is a preferred block diagram of the channel equalizer  15 . A code matrix C is input into the channel equalizer  15 . A Hermitian device  30  takes a complex conjugate transpose of the code matrix C, C H . The code matrix C and its Hermitian are multiplied by a multiplier  32 , producing CC H . A block FT performed on CC H , producing block diagonal matrix Λ R .  
         [0041]     The channel response matrix H is extended and modified by an extend and modify device  36 , producing H C . A block FT  38  takes H C  and produces block diagonal matrix Λ H . A multiplier multiplies Λ H  and Λ R  together, producing Λ H Λ R . A Hermitian device  42  takes the complex conjugate transpose of Λ H , producing Λ H   H . A multiplier  44  multiplies Λ H   H  to Λ H Λ R , producing Λ H Λ R Λ H   H , which is added in adder  46  to σ 2 I, producing Λ H Λ R Λ H   H +σ 2 I.  
         [0042]     A Cholesky decomposition device  48  produces a Cholesky factor. A block FT  20  takes a block FT of the received vector  r . Using the Cholesky factor and the FT of  r , forward and backward substitution are performed by a forward substitution device  22  and backward substitution device  24 .  
         [0043]     A conjugation device  56  takes the conjugate of Λ H , producing Λ* H . The result of backward substitution is multiplied at multiplier  58  to Λ* H . A block inverse FT device  60  takes a block inverse FT of the multiplied result, producing  ŝ .  
         [0044]     According to another embodiment of the present invention, an approximate solution is provided in which the generalized two-stage data detection process is a block-diagonal-approximation. The block-diagonal-approximation includes off-diagonal entries as well as the diagonal entries in the approximation process.  
         [0045]     As an example, the case of four channelization codes is considered. R o , a combination of four channelization codes, comprises a constant block diagonal part, which does not vary with the different combinations of the codes, and an edge part which changes with the combinations. In general R o  has the structure of:  
                 R   0     =     [         c       c       x       x                                                                                   c       c       x       x                                                                                   x       x       c       c                                                                                   x       x       c       c                                                                                                                                   ⋰                                                                                                                                   ⋰                                                                                                                                   c       c       x       x                                                                                   c       c       x       x                                                                                   x       x       c       c                                                                                   x       x       c       c         ]       ,           Equation   ⁢           ⁢     (   30   )               
 
 where elements denoted as c represent constants and are always equal to the number of channelization codes, i.e., c=K. The elements designated as x represent some variables whose values and locations vary with different combinations of channelization codes. Their locations vary following certain patterns depending on combinations of codes. As a result only a few of them are non-zero. When code power is considered and is not unity power, the element c equals the total power of transmitted codes. A good approximation of the matrix R o  is to include the constant part and ignore the variable part as:  
                 R   ^     0     =       [         c       c                                                                                                           c       c                                                                                                                                   c       c                                                                                                           c       c                                                                                                                                   ⋰                                                                                                                                   ⋰                                                                                                                                   c       c                                                                                                           c       c                                                                                                                                   c       c                                                                                                           c       c         ]     .             Equation   ⁢           ⁢     (   31   )               
 
         [0046]     In this case, the approximation {circumflex over (R)} o  contains only a constant part. {circumflex over (R)} o  depends only on the number of active codes regardless of which codes are transmitted, and {circumflex over (R)} C  can be decomposed as shown is Equation (13). The block diagonal of Λ R  or F (Q) {circumflex over (R)} C (:,1:Q) can be pre-calculated using an FFT for different numbers of codes and stored as a look-up table. This reduces the computational complexity by not computing F (Q) R C (:,1:Q). In the case, that code power is considered and is not unity power, the element c becomes total power of active codes, (i.e., c=P T  in which P T  is the total power of active codes). The matrix {circumflex over (R)} 0  can be expressed as  
                   R   ^     0     =       P   avg     ·     [         K       K                                                                                                           K       K                                                                                                                                   K       K                                                                                                           K       K                                                                                                                                   ⋰                                                                                                                                   ⋰                                                                                                                                   K       K                                                                                                           K       K                                                                                                                                   K       K                                                                                                           K       K         ]         ,           Equation   ⁢           ⁢     (   32   )               
 
 where P avg  is the average code power obtained by  
         P   avg     =         P   T     K     .         
 
 In this case, a scaling P avg  should be applied in the process. 
 
         [0047]     Other variants of block-diagonal approximation method can be derived by including more entries other than the constant block-diagonal part. This improves performance but entails more complexity because by including variable entries the FFT for F (Q) R C (:,1:Q) has to be now recalculated as needed if the codes change. The use of more entries enhances the exact solution as all of the off-diagonal entries are included for processing.  
         [0048]     At a given number of channelization codes, one can derive the code sets for different combinations of channelization codes that have common constant part of the correlation matrix whose values are equal to the number of channelization codes, or the total power of channelization codes when the code does not have unity code power. To facilitate the low complexity implementation, the assignment of channelization codes or resource units can be made following the rules that a code set is randomly picked among the code sets that have common constant part and those codes in the picked code set are assigned. For example of assignment of four codes, the code sets [1,2,3,4], [5,6,7,8], [9,10,11,12], . . . have the common constant part in their correlation matrix. When channel assignment of four codes is made, one of those code sets should be used for optimal computational efficiency.  
         [0049]      FIG. 3  is a flow diagram of such a channel code assignment. Code sets having a constant part are determined, step  100 . When assigning codes, the code sets having the constant part are used, step  102 .  
         [0050]      FIGS. 4A, 4B ,  4 C and  4 D are illustrations of preferred circuits for reducing the complexity in calculating Λ R . In  FIG. 4A , the number of codes processed by the two stage data detector are put in a look-up table  62  and the Λ R  associated with that code number is used. In  FIG. 4B , the number of codes processed by the two stage data detector are put in a look-up table  64  and an unscaled Λ R  is produced. The unscaled Λ R  is scaled, such as by a multiplier  66  by P avg , producing Λ R .  
         [0051]     In  FIG. 4C , the code matrix C or code identifier is input into a look-up table  68 . Using the look-up table  68 , the Λ R  is determined. In  FIG. 4D , the code matrix C or code identifier is input into a look-up table  70 , producing an unscaled Λ R . The unscaled Λ R  is scaled, such as by a multiplier  72  by P avg , producing Λ R .