Abstract:
The present invention relates to the delivery of a migraine headache drug through an inhalation route. Specifically, it relates to aerosols containing a migraine headache drug that are used in inhalation therapy. In a method aspect of the present invention, a migraine headache drug is administered to a patient through an inhalation route. The method comprises: a) heating a thin layer of a migraine headache drug, on a solid support to form a vapor; and, b) passing air through the heated vapor to produce aerosol particles having less than 5% drug degradation products. In a kit aspect of the present invention, a kit for delivering a migraine headache drug through an inhalation route is provided which comprises: a) a thin coating of an a migraine drug composition and b) a device for dispensing said thin coating as a condensation aerosol.

Description:
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 10/154,594, and 10/735,496, entitled “Delivery of Compounds for the Treatment of Migraine Through an Inhalation Route,” filed May 23, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,740,309 and Dec. 12, 2003, Rabinowitz and Zaffaroni, which claim priority to U.S. provisional application, Ser. No. 60/294,203, entitled “Thermal Vapor Delivery of Drugs,” filed May 24, 2001, Rabinowitz and Zaffaroni and to U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/317,479, entitled “Aerosol Drug Delivery,” filed Sep. 5, 2001, Rabinowitz and Zaffaroni; the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to the delivery of migraine headache drugs through an inhalation route. Specifically, it relates to aerosols containing migraine headache drugs that are used in inhalation therapy. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     There are a number of compositions currently marketed for the treatment of migraine headaches. The compositions contain at least one active ingredient that provides for observed therapeutic effects. Among the active ingredients given in such anti-migraine compositions are lidocaine, verapamil, diltiazem, isometheptene, rizatriptan, zolmitriptan, sumitriptan, frovatriptan, naratriptan, and lisuride. 
     It is desirable to provide a new route of administration for migraine headache drugs that rapidly produces peak plasma concentrations of the compounds. The provision of such a route is an object of the present invention. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to the delivery of migraine headache drugs through an inhalation route. Specifically, it relates to aerosols containing migraine headache drugs that are used in inhalation therapy. 
     In a composition aspect of the present invention, the aerosol comprises particles comprising at least 5 percent by weight of a migraine headache drug. Preferably, the particles comprise at least 10 percent by weight of a migraine headache drug. More preferably, the particles comprise at least 20 percent, 30 percent, 40 percent, 50 percent, 60 percent, 70 percent, 80 percent, 90 percent, 95 percent, 97 percent, 99 percent, 99.5 percent or 99.97 percent by weight of a migraine headache drug. 
     Typically, the migraine headache drug is not ergotamine tartrate or an ergotamine derivative. 
     Typically, the aerosol has a mass of at least 10 μg. Preferably, the aerosol has a mass of at least 100 μg. More preferably, the aerosol has a mass of at least 200 μg. 
     Typically, the particles comprise less than 10 percent by weight of migraine headache drug degradation products. Preferably, the particles comprise less than 5 percent by weight of migraine headache drug degradation products. More preferably, the particles comprise less than 2.5, 1, 0.5, 0.1 or 0.03 percent by weight of migraine headache drug degradation products. 
     Typically, the particles comprise less than 90 percent by weight of water. Preferably, the particles comprise less than 80 percent by weight of water. More preferably, the particles comprise less than 70 percent, 60 percent, 50 percent, 40 percent, 30 percent, 20 percent, 10 percent, or 5 percent by weight of water. 
     Typically, at least 50 percent by weight of the aerosol is amorphous in form, wherein crystalline forms make up less than 50 percent by weight of the total aerosol weight, regardless of the nature of individual particles. Preferably, at least 75 percent by weight of the aerosol is amorphous in form. More preferably, at least 90 percent by weight of the aerosol is amorphous in form. 
     Typically, the aerosol has an inhalable aerosol particle density greater than 10 6  particles/mL. Preferably, the aerosol has an inhalable aerosol particle density greater than 10 7  particles/mL or 10 8  particles/mL. 
     Typically, the aerosol particles have a mass median aerodynamic diameter of less than 5 microns. Preferably, the particles have a mass median aerodynamic diameter of less than 3 microns. More preferably, the particles have a mass median aerodynamic diameter of less than 2 or 1 micron(s). 
     Typically, the geometric standard deviation around the mass median aerodynamic diameter of the aerosol particles is less than 3.0. Preferably, the geometric standard deviation is less than 2.5. More preferably, the geometric standard deviation is less than 2.2. 
     Typically, the aerosol is formed by heating a composition containing a migraine headache drug to form a vapor and subsequently allowing the vapor to condense into an aerosol. 
     In another composition aspect of the present invention, a dose form of a migraine headache drug is provided for the treatment of migraine, wherein the dose form comprises less than the typical oral dose of the drug. Preferably, the dose form comprises less than 80 percent by weight of the typical oral dose of the drug. More preferably, the dose form comprises less than 60 percent, 40 percent, or 20 percent by weight of the typical oral dose of the drug. 
     Typically, the dose form further comprises less than 90 percent by weight of water. Preferably, the dose form further comprises less than 80 percent by weight of water. More preferably, the dose form further comprises less than 70 percent, 60 percent, 50 percent, 40 percent, 30 percent, 20 percent, or 10 percent by weight of water. 
     Typically, the dose form further comprises less than 90 percent by weight of a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Preferably, the dose form further comprises less than 80 percent by weight of a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. More preferably, the dose form comprises less than 70 percent, 60 percent, 50 percent, 40 percent, 30 percent, 20 percent, or 10 percent by weight of a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 
     In a method aspect of the present invention, a migraine headache drug is delivered to a mammal through an inhalation route. The method comprises: a) heating a composition, wherein the composition comprises at least 5 percent by weight of a migraine headache drug, to form a vapor; and, b) allowing the vapor to cool, thereby forming a condensation aerosol comprising particles, which is inhaled by the mammal. Preferably, the composition that is heated comprises at least 10 percent by weight of a migraine headache drug. More preferably, the composition comprises at least 20 percent, 30 percent, 40 percent, 50 percent, 60 percent, 70 percent, 80 percent, 90 percent, 95 percent, 97 percent, 99 percent, 99.5 percent, 99.9 percent or 99.97 percent by weight of a migraine headache drug. 
     Typically, the particles comprise at least 5 percent by weight of a migraine headache drug. Preferably, the particles comprise at least 10 percent by weight of a migraine headache drug. More preferably, the particles comprise at least 20 percent, 30 percent, 40 percent, 50 percent, 60 percent, 70 percent, 80 percent, 90 percent, 95 percent, 97 percent, 99 percent, 99.5 percent, 99.9 percent or 99.97 percent by weight of a migraine headache drug. 
     Typically, the condensation aerosol has a mass of at least 10 μg. Preferably, the aerosol has a mass of at least 100 μg. More preferably, the aerosol has a mass of at least 200 μg. 
     Typically, the particles comprise less than 10 percent by weight of migraine headache drug degradation products. Preferably, the particles comprise less than 5 percent by weight of migraine headache drug degradation products. More preferably, the particles comprise 2.5, 1, 0.5, 0.1 or 0.03 percent by weight of migraine headache drug degradation products. 
     Typically, the particles comprise less than 90 percent by weight of water. Preferably, the particles comprise less than 80 percent by weight of water. More preferably, the particles comprise less than 70 percent, 60 percent, 50 percent, 40 percent, 30 percent, 20 percent, 10 percent, or 5 percent by weight of water. 
     Typically, at least 50 percent by weight of the aerosol is amorphous in form, wherein crystalline forms make up less than 50 percent by weight of the total aerosol weight, regardless of the nature of individual particles. Preferably, at least 75 percent by weight of the aerosol is amorphous in form. More preferably, at least 90 percent by weight of the aerosol is amorphous in form. 
     Typically, the particles of the delivered condensation aerosol have a mass median aerodynamic diameter of less than 5 microns. Preferably, the particles have a mass median aerodynamic diameter of less than 3 microns. More preferably, the particles have a mass median aerodynamic diameter of less than 2 or 1 micron(s). In certain embodiments the particles have an MMAD of from about 0.2 to about 3 microns. 
     Typically, the geometric standard deviation around the mass median aerodynamic diameter of the aerosol particles is less than 3.0. Preferably, the geometric standard deviation is less than 2.5. More preferably, the geometric standard deviation is less than 2.2. 
     Typically, the delivered aerosol has an inhalable aerosol particle density greater than 10 6  particles/mL. Preferably, the aerosol has an inhalable aerosol particle density greater than 10 7  particles/mL or 10 8  particles/mL. 
     Typically, the rate of inhalable aerosol particle formation of the delivered condensation aerosol is greater than 10 8  particles per second. Preferably, the aerosol is formed at a rate greater than 10 9  inhalable particles per second. More preferably, the aerosol is formed at a rate greater than 10 10  inhalable particles per second. 
     Typically, the delivered condensation aerosol is formed at a rate greater than 0.5 mg/second. Preferably, the aerosol is formed at a rate greater than 0.75 mg/second. More preferably, the aerosol is formed at a rate greater than 1 mg/second, 1.5 mg/second or 2 mg/second. 
     Typically, the delivered condensation aerosol results in a peak plasma concentration of a migraine headache drug in the mammal in less than 1 h. Preferably, the peak plasma concentration is reached in less than 0.5 h. More preferably, the peak plasma concentration is reached in less than 0.2, 0.1, 0.05, 0.02, 0.01, or 0.005 h (arterial measurement). 
     Typically, less than 80 percent by weight of typical oral dose of a migraine headache drug is inhaled in any 2 hour period. Preferably, less than 60 percent by weight of a typical oral dose of a migraine headache drug is inhaled in any 2 hour period. More preferably, less than 40 percent or 20 percent of a typical oral dose of a migraine headache drug is inhaled in any 2 hour period. 
     In another method aspect of the present invention, a method of treating migraine is provided which comprises administering a dose of a migraine headache drug to a mammal that is less than the typical oral dose. Preferably, less than 80 percent by weight of the typical oral dose of a migraine drug is administered to the mammal in any 2 hour period. More preferably, less than 60 percent, 40 percent or 20 percent of the typical dose of a migraine drug is administered to the mammal in any 2 hour period. 
     In a kit aspect of the present invention, a kit for delivering a migraine headache drug through an inhalation route to a mammal is provided which comprises: a) a composition comprising at least 5 percent by weight of a migraine headache drug; and, b) a device that forms a migraine headache drug aerosol from the composition, for inhalation by the mammal. Preferably, the composition comprises at least 20 percent, 30 percent, 40 percent, 50 percent, 60 percent, 70 percent, 80 percent, 90 percent, 95 percent, 97 percent, 99 percent, 99.5 percent, 99.9 percent or 99.97 percent by weight of a migraine headache drug. 
     Typically, the device contained in the kit comprises: a) an element for heating the migraine headache drug composition to form a vapor; b) an element allowing the vapor to cool to form an aerosol; and, c) an element permitting the mammal to inhale the aerosol. 
     Typically, the kit comprises less than the typical oral dose of a migraine headache drug. Preferably, the kit comprises less than 80 percent by weight of the typical dose of a migraine headache drug. More preferably, the kit comprises less than 60 percent, 40 percent, or 20 percent by weight of a migraine headache drug. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURE 
         FIG. 1  shows a cross-sectional view of a device used to deliver migraine headache drug aerosols to a mammal through an inhalation route. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Definitions 
     “Aerodynamic diameter” of a given particle refers to the diameter of a spherical droplet with a density of 1 g/mL (the density of water) that has the same settling velocity as the given particle. 
     “Aerosol” refers to a suspension of solid or liquid particles in a gas. 
     “Aerosol drug mass density” refers to the mass of migraine headache drug per unit volume of aerosol. 
     “Aerosol mass density” refers to the mass of particulate matter per unit volume of aerosol. 
     “Aerosol particle density” refers to the number of particles per unit volume of aerosol. 
     “Amorphous particle” refers to a particle that does not contain more than 50 percent by weight of a crystalline form. Preferably, the particle does not contain more than 25 percent by weight of a crystalline form. More preferably, the particle does not contain more than 10 percent by weight of a crystalline form. 
     “Condensation aerosol” refers to an aerosol formed by vaporization of a substance followed by condensation of the substance into an aerosol. 
     “Inhalable aerosol drug mass density” refers to the aerosol drug mass density produced by an inhalation device and delivered into a typical patient tidal volume. 
     “Inhalable aerosol mass density” refers to the aerosol mass density produced by an inhalation device and delivered into a typical patient tidal volume. 
     “Inhalable aerosol particle density” refers to the aerosol particle density of particles of size between 100 nm and 5 microns produced by an inhalation device and delivered into a typical patient tidal volume. 
     “Mass median aerodynamic diameter” or “MMAD” of an aerosol refers to the aerodynamic diameter for which half the particulate mass of the aerosol is contributed by particles with an aerodynamic diameter larger than the MMAD and half by particles with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than the MMAD. 
     “Migraine headache drug degradation product” refers to a compound resulting from a chemical modification of a migraine headache drug. The modification, for example, can be the result of a thermally or photochemically induced reaction. Such reactions include, without limitation, oxidation and hydrolysis. 
     “Rate of aerosol formation” refers to the mass of aerosolized particulate matter produced by an inhalation device per unit time. 
     “Rate of inhalable aerosol particle formation” refers to the number of particles of size between 100 nm and 5 microns produced by an inhalation device per unit time. 
     “Rate of drug aerosol formation” refers to the mass of aerosolized migraine headache drug produced by an inhalation device per unit time. 
     “Settling velocity” refers to the terminal velocity of an aerosol particle undergoing gravitational settling in air. 
     “Typical patient tidal volume” refers to 1 L for an adult patient and 15 mL/kg for a pediatric patient. 
     “Vapor” refers to a gas, and “vapor phase” refers to a gas phase. The term “thermal vapor” refers to a vapor phase, aerosol, or mixture of aerosol-vapor phases, formed preferably by heating. 
     Formation of Migraine Headache Drug Containing Aerosols 
     Any suitable method is used to form the aerosols of the present invention. A preferred method, however, involves heating a composition comprising a migraine headache drug to form a vapor, followed by cooling of the vapor such that it condenses to provide a migraine headache drug comprising aerosol (condensation aerosol). The composition is heated in one of four forms: as pure active compound (e.g., pure lidocaine, verapamil, diltiazem, isometheptene, or lisuride); as a mixture of active compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; as a salt form of the pure active compound; and, as a mixture of active compound salt form and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 
     Salt forms of migraine headache drugs (e.g., lidocaine, verapamil, diltiazem, isometheptene, and lisuride) are either commercially available or are obtained from the corresponding free base using well known methods in the art. A variety of pharmaceutically acceptable salts are suitable for aerosolization. Such salts include, without limitation, the following: hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, acetic acid, maleic acid, formic acid, and fumaric acid salts. 
     Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients may be volatile or nonvolatile. Volatile excipients, when heated, are concurrently volatilized, aerosolized and inhaled with the migraine headache drug. Classes of such excipients are known in the art and include, without limitation, gaseous, supercritical fluid, liquid and solid solvents. The following is a list of exemplary carriers within the classes: water; terpenes, such as menthol; alcohols, such as ethanol, propylene glycol, glycerol and other similar alcohols; dimethylformamide; dimethylacetamide; wax; supercritical carbon dioxide; dry ice; and mixtures thereof. 
     Solid supports on which the composition is heated are of a variety of shapes. Examples of such shapes include, without limitation, cylinders of less than 1.0 mm in diameter, boxes of less than 1.0 mm thickness and virtually any shape permeated by small (e.g., less than 1.0 mm-sized) pores. Preferably, solid supports provide a large surface to volume ratio (e.g., greater than 100 per meter) and a large surface to mass ratio (e.g., greater than 1 cm 2  per gram). 
     A solid support of one shape can also be transformed into another shape with different properties. For example, a flat sheet of 0.25 mm thickness has a surface to volume ratio of approximately 8,000 per meter. Rolling the sheet into a hollow cylinder of 1 cm diameter produces a support that retains the high surface to mass ratio of the original sheet but has a lower surface to volume ratio (about 400 per meter). 
     A number of different materials are used to construct the solid supports. Classes of such materials include, without limitation, metals, inorganic materials, carbonaceous materials and polymers. The following are examples of the material classes: aluminum, silver, gold, stainless steel, copper and tungsten; silica, glass, silicon and alumina; graphite, porous carbons, carbon yarns and carbon felts; polytetrafluoroethylene and polyethylene glycol. Combinations of materials and coated variants of materials are used as well. 
     Where aluminum is used as a solid support, aluminum foil is a suitable material. Examples of silica, alumina and silicon based materials include amphorous silica S-5631 (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.), BCR171 (an alumina of defined surface area greater than 2 m 2 /g from Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) and a silicon wafer as used in the semiconductor industry. Carbon yarns and felts are available from American Kynol, Inc., New York, N.Y. Chromatography resins such as octadecycl silane chemically bonded to porous silica are exemplary coated variants of silica. 
     The heating of the migraine headache drug compositions is performed using any suitable method. Examples of methods by which heat can be generated include the following: passage of current through an electrical resistance element; absorption of electromagnetic radiation, such as microwave or laser light; and, exothermic chemical reactions, such as exothermic solvation, hydration of pyrophoric materials and oxidation of combustible materials. 
     Delivery of Migraine Headache Drug Containing Aerosols 
     Migraine headache drug containing aerosols of the present invention are delivered to a mammal using an inhalation device. Where the aerosol is a condensation aerosol, the device has at least three elements: an element for heating a migraine headache drug containing composition to form a vapor; an element allowing the vapor to cool, thereby providing a condensation aerosol; and, an element permitting the mammal to inhale the aerosol. Various suitable heating methods are described above. The element that allows cooling is, in it simplest form, an inert passageway linking the heating means to the inhalation means. The element permitting inhalation is an aerosol exit portal that forms a connection between the cooling element and the mammal&#39;s respiratory system. 
     One device used to deliver the migraine headache drug containing aerosol is described in reference to  FIG. 1 . Delivery device  100  has a proximal end  102  and a distal end  104 , a heating module  106 , a power source  108 , and a mouthpiece  110 . A migraine headache drug composition is deposited on a surface  112  of heating module  106 . Upon activation of a user activated switch  114 , power source  108  initiates heating of heating module  106  (e.g, through ignition of combustible fuel or passage of current through a resistive heating element). The migraine headache drug composition volatilizes due to the heating of heating module  106  and condenses to form a condensation aerosol prior to reaching the mouthpiece  110  at the proximal end of the device  102 . Air flow traveling from the device distal end  104  to the mouthpiece  110  carries the condensation aerosol to the mouthpiece  110 , where it is inhaled by the mammal. 
     Devices, if desired, contain a variety of components to facilitate the delivery of migraine headache drug containing aerosols. For instance, the device may include any component known in the art to control the timing of drug aerosolization relative to inhalation (e.g., breath-actuation), to provide feedback to patients on the rate and/or volume of inhalation, to prevent excessive use (i.e., “lock-out” feature), to prevent use by unauthorized individuals, and/or to record dosing histories. 
     Dosage of Migraine Headache Drug Containing Aerosols 
     The dosage amount of a migraine headache drug in aerosol form is generally no greater than twice the standard dose of the drug given orally. A typical dosage of a migraine headache drug aerosol is either administered as a single inhalation or as a series of inhalations taken within an hour or less (dosage equals sum of inhaled amounts). Where the drug is administered as a series of inhalations, a different amount may be delivered in each inhalation. 
     One can determine the appropriate dose of a migraine headache drug containing aerosols to treat a particular condition using methods such as animal experiments and a dose-finding (Phase I/II) clinical trial. One animal experiment involves measuring plasma concentrations of drug in an animal after its exposure to the aerosol. Mammals such as dogs or primates are typically used in such studies, since their respiratory systems are similar to that of a human. Initial dose levels for testing in humans is generally less than or equal to the dose in the mammal model that resulted in plasma drug levels associated with a therapeutic effect in humans. Dose escalation in humans is then performed, until either an optimal therapeutic response is obtained or a dose-limiting toxicity is encountered. 
     Analysis of Migraine Headache Drug Containing Aerosols 
     Purity of a migraine headache drug containing aerosol is determined using a number of methods, examples of which are described in Sekine et al.,  Journal of Forensic Science  32:1271–1280 (1987) and Martin et al.,  Journal of Analytic Toxicology  13:158–162 (1989). One method involves forming the aerosol in a device through which a gas flow (e.g., air flow) is maintained, generally at a rate between 0.4 and 60 L/min. The gas flow carries the aerosol into one or more traps. After isolation from the trap, the aerosol is subjected to an analytical technique, such as gas or liquid chromatography, that permits a determination of composition purity. 
     A variety of different traps are used for aerosol collection. The following list contains examples of such traps: filters; glass wool; impingers; solvent traps, such as dry ice-cooled ethanol, methanol, acetone and dichloromethane traps at various pH values; syringes that sample the aerosol; empty, low-pressure (e.g., vacuum) containers into which the aerosol is drawn; and, empty containers that fully surround and enclose the aerosol generating device. Where a solid such as glass wool is used, it is typically extracted with a solvent such as ethanol. The solvent extract is subjected to analysis rather than the solid (i.e., glass wool) itself. Where a syringe or container is used, the container is similarly extracted with a solvent. 
     The gas or liquid chromatograph discussed above contains a detection system (i.e., detector). Such detection systems are well known in the art and include, for example, flame ionization, photon absorption and mass spectrometry detectors. An advantage of a mass spectrometry detector is that it can be used to determine the structure of migraine headache drug degradation products. 
     Particle size distribution of a migraine headache drug containing aerosol is determined using any suitable method in the art (e.g., cascade impaction). An Andersen Eight Stage Non-viable Cascade Impactor (Andersen Instruments, Smyrna, Ga.) linked to a furnace tube by a mock throat (USP throat, Andersen Instruments, Smyrna, Ga.) is one system used for cascade impaction studies. 
     Inhalable aerosol mass density is determined, for example, by delivering a drug-containing aerosol into a confined chamber via an inhalation device and measuring the mass collected in the chamber. Typically, the aerosol is drawn into the chamber by having a pressure gradient between the device and the chamber, wherein the chamber is at lower pressure than the device. The volume of the chamber should approximate the tidal volume of an inhaling patient. 
     Inhalable aerosol drug mass density is determined, for example, by delivering a drug-containing aerosol into a confined chamber via an inhalation device and measuring the amount of active drug compound collected in the chamber. Typically, the aerosol is drawn into the chamber by having a pressure gradient between the device and the chamber, wherein the chamber is at lower pressure than the device. The volume of the chamber should approximate the tidal volume of an inhaling patient. The amount of active drug compound collected in the chamber is determined by extracting the chamber, conducting chromatographic analysis of the extract and comparing the results of the chromatographic analysis to those of a standard containing known amounts of drug. 
     Inhalable aerosol particle density is determined, for example, by delivering aerosol phase drug into a confined chamber via an inhalation device and measuring the number of particles of given size collected in the chamber. The number of particles of a given size may be directly measured based on the light-scattering properties of the particles. Alternatively, the number of particles of a given size is determined by measuring the mass of particles within the given size range and calculating the number of particles based on the mass as follows: Total number of particles=Sum (from size range 1 to size range N) of number of particles in each size range. Number of particles in a given size range=Mass in the size range/Mass of a typical particle in the size range. Mass of a typical particle in a given size range=π*D 3 *φ/6, where D is a typical particle diameter in the size range (generally, the mean boundary MMADs defining the size range) in microns, φ is the particle density (in g/mL) and mass is given in units of picograms (g −12 ). 
     Rate of inhalable aerosol particle formation is determined, for example, by delivering aerosol phase drug into a confined chamber via an inhalation device. The delivery is for a set period of time (e.g., 3 s), and the number of particles of a given size collected in the chamber is determined as outlined above. The rate of particle formation is equal to the number of 100 nm to 5 micron particles collected divided by the duration of the collection time. 
     Rate of aerosol formation is determined, for example, by delivering aerosol phase drug into a confined chamber via an inhalation device. The delivery is for a set period of time (e.g., 3 s), and the mass of particulate matter collected is determined by weighing the confined chamber before and after the delivery of the particulate matter. The rate of aerosol formation is equal to the increase in mass in the chamber divided by the duration of the collection time. Alternatively, where a change in mass of the delivery device or component thereof can only occur through release of the aerosol phase particulate matter, the mass of particulate matter may be equated with the mass lost from the device or component during the delivery of the aerosol. In this case, the rate of aerosol formation is equal to the decrease in mass of the device or component during the delivery event divided by the duration of the delivery event. 
     Rate of drug aerosol formation is determined, for example, by delivering a migraine headache drug containing aerosol into a confined chamber via an inhalation device over a set period of time (e.g., 3 s). Where the aerosol is pure migraine headache drug, the amount of drug collected in the chamber is measured as described above. The rate of drug aerosol formation is equal to the amount of migraine headache drug collected in the chamber divided by the duration of the collection time. Where the migraine headache drug containing aerosol comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, multiplying the rate of aerosol formation by the percentage of migraine headache drug in the aerosol provides the rate of drug aerosol formation. 
     Utility of Migraine Headache Drug Containing Aerosols 
     The migraine headache drug containing aerosols of the present invention are typically used for the treatment of migraine headaches. 
     The following examples are meant to illustrate, rather than limit, the present invention. 
     Migraine headache drugs can either be purchased from a supplier (e.g., Sigma at www.sigma-aldrich.com), isolated from pharmaceutical preparations (e.g., tablets, caplets or vial solutions), or synthesized according to known methods in the art. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     General Procedure for Obtaining Free Base of a Compound Salt 
     Approximately 1 g of salt (e.g., mono hydrochloride) is dissolved in deionized water (˜30 mL). Three equivalents of sodium hydroxide (1 N NaOH aq ) is added dropwise to the solution, and the pH is checked to ensure it is basic. The aqueous solution is extracted four times with dichloromethane (˜50 mL), and the extracts are combined, dried (Na 2 SO 4 ) and filtered. The filtered organic solution is concentrated using a rotary evaporator to provide the desired free base. If necessary, purification of the free base is performed using standard methods such as chromatography or recrystallization. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     General Procedure for Volatilizing Compounds from Halogen Bulb 
     A solution of drug in approximately 120 μL dichloromethane is coated on a 3.5 cm×7.5 cm piece of aluminum foil (precleaned with acetone). The dichloromethane is allowed to evaporate. The coated foil is wrapped around a 300 watt halogen tube (Feit Electric Company, Pico Rivera, Calif.), which is inserted into a glass tube sealed at one end with a rubber stopper. Running 90 V of alternating current (driven by line power controlled by a variac) through the bulb for 5 s or 3.5 s affords thermal vapor (including aerosol), which is collected on the glass tube walls. Reverse-phase HPLC analysis with detection by absorption of 225 nm light is used to determine the purity of the aerosol. (When desired, the system is flushed through with argon prior to volatilization.) To obtain higher purity aerosols, one can coat a lesser amount of drug, yielding a thinner film to heat. A linear decrease in film thickness is associated with a linear decrease in impurities. 
     The following aerosols were obtained using this procedure: lidocaine aerosol (7.3 mg, 99.5% purity); verapamil aerosol (1.41 mg, 96.2% purity); diltiazem aerosol (1.91 mg, 97.1% purity); and, lisuride aerosol (0.2 mg, 100% purity). 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Particle Size, Particle Density, and Rate of Inhalable Particle Formation of Lidocaine Aerosol 
     A solution of 12.2 mg lidocaine in 100 μL dichloromethane was spread out in a thin layer on the central portion of a 3.5 cm ×7 cm sheet of aluminum foil. The dichloromethane was allowed to evaporate. Assuming a drug density of about 1 g/cc, the calculated thickness of the lidocaine thin layer on the 24.5 cm 2  aluminum solid support, after solvent evaporation, is about 5.0 microns. The aluminum foil was wrapped around a 300 watt halogen tube, which was inserted into a T-shaped glass tube. Both of the openings of the tube were sealed with parafilm, which was punctured with fifteen needles for air flow. The third opening was connected to a 1 liter, 3-neck glass flask. The glass flask was further connected to a large piston capable of drawing 1.1 liters of air through the flask. Alternating current was run through the halogen bulb by application of 90 V using a variac connected to 110 V line power. Within 1 s, an aerosol appeared and was drawn into the 1 L flask by use of the piston, with collection of the aerosol terminated after 6 s. The aerosol was analyzed by connecting the 1 L flask to an eight-stage Andersen non-viable cascade impactor. Results are shown in table 1. MMAD of the collected aerosol was 2.4 microns with a geometric standard deviation of 2.1. Also shown in table 1 is the number of particles collected on the various stages of the cascade impactor, given by the mass collected on the stage divided by the mass of a typical particle trapped on that stage. The mass of a single particle of diameter D is given by the volume of the particle, πD 3 /6, multiplied by the density of the drug (taken to be 1 g/cm 3 ). The inhalable aerosol particle density is the sum of the numbers of particles collected on impactor stages 3 to 8 divided by the collection volume of 1 L, giving an inhalable aerosol particle density of 4.2 ×10 6  particles/mL. The rate of inhalable aerosol particle formation is the sum of the numbers of particles collected on impactor stages 3 through 8 divided by the formation time of 6 s, giving a rate of inhalable aerosol particle formation of 7.0 ×108 particles/second. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Determination of the characteristics of a lidocaine condensation 
               
               
                 aerosol by cascade impaction using an Andersen 
               
               
                 8-stage non-viable cascade impactor run at 1 cubic 
               
               
                 foot per minute air flow. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Mass 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Particle size 
                 Average particle 
                 collected 
                 Number of 
               
               
                 Stage 
                 range (microns) 
                 size (microns) 
                 (mg) 
                 particles 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0 
                  9.0–10.0 
                 9.5 
                 0.1 
                 2.2 × 10 5   
               
               
                 1 
                 5.8–9.0 
                 7.4 
                 0.3 
                 1.4 × 10 6   
               
               
                 2 
                 4.7–5.8 
                 5.25 
                 0.1 
                 1.3 × 10 6   
               
               
                 3 
                 3.3–4.7 
                 4.0 
                 0.7 
                 2.1 × 10 7   
               
               
                 4 
                 2.1–3.3 
                 2.7 
                 0.9 
                 8.7 × 10 7   
               
               
                 5 
                 1.1–2.1 
                 1.6 
                 1.0 
                 4.7 × 10 8   
               
               
                 6 
                 0.7–1.1 
                 0.9 
                 0.5 
                 1.3 × 10 9   
               
               
                 7 
                 0.4–0.7 
                 0.55 
                 0.2 
                 2.3 × 10 9   
               
               
                 8 
                   0–0.4 
                 0.2 
                 0.0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 4 
     Drug Mass Density and Rate of Drug Aerosol Formation of Lidocaine Aerosol 
     A solution of 10.4 mg lidocaine in 100 μL dichloromethane was spread out in a thin layer on the central portion of a 3.5 cm ×7 cm sheet of aluminum foil. The dichloromethane was allowed to evaporate. Assuming a drug density of about 1 g/cc. the calculated thickness of the lidocaine thin layer on the 24.5 cm 2  aluminum solid support, after solvent evaporation, is about 4.2 microns. The aluminum foil was wrapped around a 300 watt halogen tube, which was inserted into a T-shaped glass tube. Both of the openings of the tube were sealed with parafilm, which was punctured with fifteen needles for air flow. The third opening was connected to a 1 liter, 3-neck glass flask. The glass flask was further connected to a large piston capable of drawing 1.1 liters of air through the flask. Alternating current was run through the halogen bulb by application of 90 V using a variac connected to 110 V line power. Within seconds, an aerosol appeared and was drawn into the 1 L flask by use of the piston, with formation of the aerosol terminated after 6 s. The aerosol was allowed to sediment onto the walls of the 1 L flask for approximately 30 minutes. The flask was then extracted with acetonitrile and the extract analyzed by HPLC with detection by light absorption at 225 nm. Comparison with standards containing known amounts of lidocaine revealed that 3.1 mg of&gt;99% pure lidocaine had been collected in the flask, resulting in an aerosol drug mass density of 3.1 mg/L. The aluminum foil upon which the lidocaine had previously been coated was weighed following the experiment. Of the 10.4 mg originally coated on the aluminum, 10.2 mg of the material was found to have aerosolized in the 6 s time period, implying a rate of drug aerosol formation of 1.7 mg/s. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     Volatilization of Rizatriptan 
     A solution of 10 mg rizatriptan in 1 mL diethyl ether was spread out in a thin layer on a 10 cm ×15 cm sheet of aluminum foil. The diethyl ether was allowed to evaporate. Assuming a drug density of about 1 g/cc. the calculated thickness of the rizatriptan thin layer on the 150 cm 2  aluminum solid support, after solvent evaporation, is about 0.7 microns. The coated aluminum foil sheet was inserted into a glass tube in a furnace (tube furnace). A glass wool plug was placed in the tube adjacent to the foil sheet, and an air flow of 2 L/min was applied. The furnace was heated to 250° C. for 30 s to volatilize the coated rizatriptan and then was allowed to cool. The glass wool was extracted, and HPLC analysis of the collected material showed it to be at least 99% pure rizatriptan. 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     Particle Size, Particle Density, and Rate of Inhalable Particle Formation of Rizatriptan Aerosol 
     A solution of 11.3 mg rizatriptan in 200 μL dichloromethane was spread out in a thin layer on the central portion of a 4 cm ×9 cm sheet of aluminum foil. The dichloromethane was allowed to evaporate. Assuming a drug density of about 1 g/cc, the calculated thickness of the rizatriptan thin layer on the 36 cm 2  aluminum solid support. after solvent evaporation, is about 3.1 microns. The aluminum foil was wrapped around a 300 watt halogen tube, which was inserted into a T-shaped glass tube. One of the openings of the tube was sealed with a rubber stopper, another was loosely covered with the end of the halogen tube, and the third was connected to a 1 liter, 3-neck glass flask. The glass flask was further connected to a large piston capable of drawing 1.1 liters of air through the flask. Alternating current was run through the halogen bulb by application of 90 V using a variac connected to 110 V line power. Within 1 s, an aerosol appeared and was drawn into the 1 L flask by use of the piston, with collection of the aerosol terminated after 7 s. The aerosol was analyzed by connecting the 1 L flask to an eight-stage Andersen non-viable cascade impactor. Results are shown in table 1. MMAD of the collected aerosol was 1.2 microns with a geometric standard deviation of 1.7. Also shown in table 1 is the number of particles collected on the various stages of the cascade impactor, given by the mass collected on the stage divided by the mass of a typical particle trapped on that stage. The mass of a single particle of diameter D is given by the volume of the particle, πD 3 /6, multiplied by the density of the drug (taken to be 1 g/cm 3 ). The inhalable aerosol particle density is the sum of the numbers of particles collected on impactor stages 3 to 8 divided by the collection volume of 1 L, giving an inhalable aerosol particle density of 3×10 7 particles/mL. The rate of inhalable aerosol particle formation is the sum of the numbers of particles collected on impactor stages 3 through 8 divided by the formation time of 7 s, giving a rate of inhalable aerosol particle formation of 5×10 9  particles/second. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Determination of the characteristics of a rizatriptan condensation 
               
               
                 aerosol by cascade impaction using an Andersen 8-stage 
               
               
                 non-viable cascade impactor run at 1 cubic 
               
               
                 foot per minute air flow. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Mass 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Particle size 
                 Average particle 
                 collected 
                 Number of 
               
               
                 Stage 
                 range (microns) 
                 size (microns) 
                 (mg) 
                 particles 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0 
                  9.0–10.0 
                 9.5 
                 0.0 
                 0 
               
               
                 1 
                 5.8–9.0 
                 7.4 
                 0.0 
                 0 
               
               
                 2 
                 4.7–5.8 
                 5.25 
                 0.1 
                 1.3 × 10 6   
               
               
                 3 
                 3.3–4.7 
                 4.0 
                 0.2 
                 6.0 × 10 6   
               
               
                 4 
                 2.1–3.3 
                 2.7 
                 0.4 
                 3.9 × 10 7   
               
               
                 5 
                 1.1–2.1 
                 1.6 
                 1.2 
                 5.6 × 10 8   
               
               
                 6 
                 0.7–1.1 
                 0.9 
                 1.0 
                 2.6 × 10 9   
               
               
                 7 
                 0.4–0.7 
                 0.55 
                 0.5 
                 5.7 × 10 9   
               
               
                 8 
                   0–0.4 
                 0.2 
                 0.1 
                 2.4 × 10 10   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 7 
     Drug Mass Density and Rate of Drug Aerosol Formation of Rizatriptan Aerosol 
     A solution of 11.6 mg rizatriptan in 200 μL dichloromethane was spread out in a thin layer on the central portion of a 4 cm ×9 cm sheet of aluminum foil. The dichloromethane was allowed to evaporate. Assuming a drug density of about 1 g/cc, the calculated thickness of the rizatriptan thin layer on the 36 cm 2  aluminum solid support, after solvent evaporation, is about 3.2 microns. The aluminum foil was wrapped around a 300 watt halogen tube, which was inserted into a T-shaped glass tube. One of the openings of the tube was sealed with a rubber stopper, another was loosely covered with the end of the halogen tube, and the third was connected to a 1 liter, 3-neck glass flask. The glass flask was further connected to a large piston capable of drawing 1.1 liters of air through the flask. Alternating current was run through the halogen bulb by application of 90 V using a variac connected to 110 V line power. Within seconds, an aerosol appeared and was drawn into the 1 L flask by use of the piston, with formation of the aerosol terminated after 7 s. The aerosol was allowed to sediment onto the walls of the 1 L flask for approximately 30 minutes. The flask was then extracted with dichloromethane and the extract analyzed by HPLC with detection by light absorption at 225 nm. Comparison with standards containing known amounts of rizatriptan revealed that 3.2 mg of&gt;99% pure rizatriptan had been collected in the flask, resulting in an aerosol drug mass density of 3.2 mg/L. The aluminum foil upon which the rizatriptan had previously been coated was weighed following the experiment. Of the 11.6 mg originally coated on the aluminum, all of the material was found to have aerosolized in the 7 s time period, implying a rate of drug aerosol formation of 1.7 mg/s. 
     EXAMPLE 8 
     Isolation of Zolmitriptan 
     To water was added 17 ZOMIG® Tablets, each containing 5 mg of zolmitriptan. The resulting milky solution was extracted three times with diethyl ether and three times with dichloromethane. The combined organic extracts were dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated on a rotary evaporator to provide 100 mg (74% recovery) of zolmitriptan. 
     EXAMPLE 9 
     Vaporization of Zolmitriptan 
     A solution of 9.8 mg zolmitriptan in 300 μL dichloromethane was spread out in a thin layer on a 4 cm ×9 cm sheet of aluminum foil. The dichloromethane was allowed to evaporate. Assuming a drug density of about 1 g/cc, the calculated thickness of the zolmitriptan thin layer on the 36 cm 2  aluminum solid support, after solvent evaporation, is about 2.7 microns. The aluminum foil was wrapped around a 300 watt halogen tube, which was inserted into a glass tube sealed at one end with a rubber stopper. Subjecting the bulb to one 15s, 60 v (variac) treatment afforded volatilized zolmitriptan on the glass tube walls. HPLC analysis of the collected material showed it to be at least 98% pure zolmitriptan. To obtain higher purity aerosols, one can coat a lesser amount of drug, yielding a thinner film to heat. A linear decrease in film thickness is associated with a linear decrease in impurities. 
     EXAMPLE 10 
     Particle Size, Particle Density, and Rate of mba/able Particle Formation of Zolmitriptan Aerosol 
     A solution of 3.2 mg zolmitriptan in 100 μL methanol was spread out in a thin layer on the central portion of a 3.5 cm ×7 cm sheet of aluminum foil. The dichloromethane was allowed to evaporate. Assuming a drug density of about 1 g/cc. the calculated thickness of the zolmitriptan thin layer on the 24.5 cm 2  aluminum solid support. after solvent evaporation, is about 1.3 microns. The aluminum foil was wrapped around a 300 watt halogen tube, which was inserted into a T-shaped glass tube. Both of the openings of the tube were left open and the third opening was connected to a 1 liter, 3-neck glass flask. The glass flask was further connected to a large piston capable of drawing 1.1 liters of air through the flask. Alternating current was run through the halogen bulb by application of 90 V using a variac connected to 110 V line power. Within 1 s, an aerosol appeared and was drawn into the 1 L flask by use of the piston, with collection of the aerosol terminated after 6 s. The aerosol was analyzed by connecting the 1 L flask to an eight-stage Andersen non-viable cascade impactor. Results are shown in table 1. MMAD of the collected aerosol was 0.7 microns with a geometric standard deviation of 3.3. Also shown in table 1 is the number of particles collected on the various stages of the cascade impactor, given by the mass collected on the stage divided by the mass of a typical particle trapped on that stage. The mass of a single particle of diameter D is given by the volume of the particle, πD 3 /6, multiplied by the density of the drug (taken to be 1 g/cm 3 ). The inhalable aerosol particle density is the sum of the numbers of particles collected on impactor stages 3 to 8 divided by the collection volume of 1 L, giving an inhalable aerosol particle density of 4.9×10 7  particles/mL. The rate of inhalable aerosol particle formation is the sum of the numbers of particles collected on impactor stages 3 through 8 divided by the formation time of 6 s, giving a rate of inhalable aerosol particle formation of 8.1×10 9  particles/second. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Determination of the characteristics of a zolmitriptan condensation 
               
               
                 aerosol by cascade impaction using an Andersen 8-stage 
               
               
                 non-viable cascade impactor run at 1 cubic 
               
               
                 foot per minute air flow. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Mass 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Particle size 
                 Average particle 
                 collected 
                 Number of 
               
               
                 Stage 
                 range (microns) 
                 size (microns) 
                 (mg) 
                 particles 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0 
                  9.0–10.0 
                 9.5 
                 0.00 
                 0 
               
               
                 1 
                 5.8–9.0 
                 7.4 
                 0.00 
                 0 
               
               
                 2 
                 4.7–5.8 
                 5.25 
                 0.00 
                 0 
               
               
                 3 
                 3.3–4.7 
                 4.0 
                 0.01 
                 2.1 × 10 5   
               
               
                 4 
                 2.1–3.3 
                 2.7 
                 0.03 
                 2.9 × 10 6   
               
               
                 5 
                 1.1–2.1 
                 1.6 
                 0.12 
                 5.7 × 10 7   
               
               
                 6 
                 0.7–1.1 
                 0.9 
                 0.10 
                 2.5 × 10 8   
               
               
                 7 
                 0.4–0.7 
                 0.55 
                 0.05 
                 5.7 × 10 8   
               
               
                 8 
                   0–0.4 
                 0.2 
                 0.20 
                 4.8 × 10 10   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 11 
     Drug Mass Density and Rate of Drug Aerosol Formation of Zolmitriptan Aerosol 
     A solution of 2.6 mg zolmitriptan in 100 μL methanol was spread out in a thin layer on the central portion of a 3.5 cm×7 cm sheet of aluminum foil. The dichloromethane was allowed to evaporate. Assuming a drug density of about 1 g/cc. the calculated thickness of the zolmitriptan thin layer on the 24.5 cm 2  aluminum solid support, after solvent evaporation, is about 1.1 microns. The aluminum foil was wrapped around a 300 watt halogen tube, which was inserted into a T-shaped glass tube. Both of the openings of the tube were left open and the third opening was connected to a 1 liter, 3-neck glass flask. The glass flask was further connected to a large piston capable of drawing 1.1 liters of air through the flask. Alternating current was run through the halogen bulb by application of 90 V using a variac connected to 110 V line power. Within seconds, an aerosol appeared and was drawn into the 1 L flask by use of the piston, with formation of the aerosol terminated after 6 s. The aerosol was allowed to sediment onto the walls of the 1 L flask for approximately 30 minutes. The flask was then extracted with acetonitrile and the extract analyzed by HPLC with detection by light absorption at 225 nm. Comparison with standards containing known amounts of zolmitriptan revealed that 0.4mg of&gt;96% pure zolmitriptan had been collected in the flask, resulting in an aerosol drug mass density of 0.4 mg/L. The aluminum foil upon which the zolmitriptan had previously been coated was weighed following the experiment. Of the 2.6 mg originally coated on the aluminum, 1.5 mg of the material was found to have aerosolized in the 6 s time period, implying a rate of drug aerosol formation of 0.3 mg/s. 
     EXAMPLE 12 
     Flash Device for Forming Aerosols 
     A high-power flashcube (GE or Sylvania), which can produce 300–400 J of energy, was inserted into an anodized aluminum tube. The flashcube/tube assembly was dipped into an organic solution containing a drug and quickly removed. Evaporation of residual solvent from the assembly was performed by placing it into a vacuum chamber for 30 min. This left a film of drug coated on the exterior surface of the aluminum tube. The flashbulb assembly was electrically connected to two 1.5 V batteries and a switch using copper wires and then enclosed in a sealed, glass vial. Ignition of the flashbulb was performed by momentarily turning on the switch between the flashbulb and batteries. After ignition, the vial was kept closed for 30 minutes such that particles of volatilized drug coagulated and condensed on the inside surface of the vial. Analysis of the aerosol involved rinsing the vial with 5 mL of acetonitrile and injecting a sample of the organic solution into an HPLC. Rizatriptan aerosol was obtained in 99.2% purity (1.65 mg) using this procedure. Zolmitriptan aerosol was obtained in 99.6% purity (0.31 mg) using this procedure. 
     EXAMPLE 13 
     Delivery of Rizatriptan to a Dog 
     Apnea was induced in a dog, which was subsequently exposed to a 15 SLPM flow of air containing 950 μg of rizatriptan (condensation aerosol formed by volatilizing triazolam off of a heated, metal substrate; MMAD ˜1.7) through an endotracheal tube. This corresponded to approximately a 625 cc volume of inhalation air delivered to the dog. Once the dog had received the rizatriptan aerosol, an air supply valve was shut off for 5 s, which simulated a 5 s breath hold. Following the hold, the dog was allowed to exhale through an exhalation filter. Arterial blood samples were taken at defined intervals. HPLC analysis of the blood samples indicated that the Tmax for rizatriptan was about 1 minutes, with a concentration of greater than 280 ng/mL reached. 
     EXAMPLE 14 
     Comparison of Inhaled, Subcutaneous and Oral Admistration of Rizatriptan in a Dog 
     The percent change in cerebral vascular resistance from a 30 minute baseline was compared after administration of 1 mg of rizatriptan to a dog using the following delivery routes: inhalation, subcutaneous, and oral. After inhalation administration, the resistance increased approximately 60 percent in approximately 1 minute. Subcutaneous administration produced about a 45 percent increase in resistance in about 20 minutes. Cerebral vascular resistance essentially did not change over an 80 minute period after oral administration of rizatriptan. 
     The same study was performed by administering either 3.5 mg or 3 mg of rizatriptan to a dog: inhalation (3.5 mg inhaled, ˜110% resistance increase in about one minute); subcutaneous (3 mg, ˜60% resistance increase over about 30 minutes); and, oral (3 mg, essentially no resistance increase over 80 min.). 
     EXAMPLE 15 
     General Procedure for Volatilizing Sumatriptan, Frovatriptan, and Naratriptan from Halogen Bulb 
     A solution of drug in approximately 120 μL dichloromethane is coated on a 3.5 cm×7.5 cm piece of aluminum foil (precleaned with acetone). The dichloromethane is allowed to evaporate. The coated foil is wrapped around a 300 watt halogen tube (Feit Electric Company, Pico Rivera, Calif.), which is inserted into a glass tube sealed at one end with a rubber stopper. Running 118 V of alternating current (driven by line power controlled by a variac) through the bulb for 2.2 s affords thermal vapor (including aerosol), which is collected on the glass tube walls. Reverse-phase HPLC analysis with detection by absorption of 225 nm light is used to determine the purity of the aerosol. (When desired, the system is flushed through with argon prior to volatilization.) 
     The following aerosols were obtained using this procedure: sumatriptan aerosol (˜0.56 mg, 97.2% purity); frovatriptan aerosol (0.39 mg, 94.8% purity); and, naratriptan aerosol (0.58 mg, 96.2% purity). To obtain higher purity aerosols, one can coat a lesser amount of drug, yielding a thinner film to heat. A linear decrease in film thickness is associated with a linear decrease in impurities. 
     EXAMPLE 16 
     Particle Size, Particle Density, and Rate of Inhalable Particle Formation of Frovatriptan Aerosol 
     A solution of 5.0 mg frovatriptan in 100 μL methanol was spread out in a thin layer on the central portion of a 3.5 cm×7 cm sheet of aluminum foil. The methanol was allowed to evaporate. Assuming a drug density of about 1 g/cc. the calculated thickness of the frovatriptan thin layer on the 24.5 cm 2  aluminum solid support, after solvent evaporation, is about 2.0 microns. The aluminum foil was wrapped around a 300 watt halogen tube, which was inserted into a T-shaped glass tube. Both of the openings of the tube were left open and the third opening was connected to a 1 liter, 3-neck glass flask. The glass flask was further connected to a large piston capable of drawing 1.1 liters of air through the flask. Altemating current was run through the halogen bulb by application of 90 V using a variac connected to 110 V line power. Within 1 s, an aerosol appeared and was drawn into the 1 L flask by use of the piston, with collection of the aerosol terminated after 6 s. The aerosol was analyzed by connecting the 1 L flask to an eight-stage Andersen non-viable cascade impactor. Results are shown in table 1. MMAD of the collected aerosol was 1.8 microns with a geometric standard deviation of 2.1. Also shown in table 1 is the number of particles collected on the various stages of the cascade impactor, given by the mass collected on the stage divided by the mass of a typical particle trapped on that stage. The mass of a single particle of diameter D is given by the volume of the particle, πD 3 /6, multiplied by the density of the drug (taken to be 1 g/cm 3 ). The inhalable aerosol particle density is the sum of the numbers of particles collected on impactor stages 3 to 8 divided by the collection volume of 1 L, giving an inhalable aerosol particle density of 7.3×10 5  particles/mL. The rate of inhalable aerosol particle formation is the sum of the numbers of particles collected on impactor stages 3 through 8 divided by the formation time of 6 s, giving a rate of inhalable aerosol particle formation of 1.2×108 particles/second. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Determination of the characteristics of a frovatriptan condensation 
               
               
                 aerosol by cascade impaction using an Andersen 8-stage 
               
               
                 non-viable cascade impactor run at 1 cubic 
               
               
                 foot per minute air flow. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Mass 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Particle size 
                 Average particle 
                 collected 
                 Number of 
               
               
                 Stage 
                 range (microns) 
                 size (microns) 
                 (mg) 
                 particles 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0 
                  9.0–10.0 
                 9.5 
                 0.01 
                 1.3 × 10 4   
               
               
                 1 
                 5.8–9.0 
                 7.4 
                 0.02 
                 8.0 × 10 4   
               
               
                 2 
                 4.7–5.8 
                 5.25 
                 0.03 
                 3.8 × 10 5   
               
               
                 3 
                 3.3–4.7 
                 4.0 
                 0.05 
                 1.6 × 10 6   
               
               
                 4 
                 2.1–3.3 
                 2.7 
                 0.09 
                 9.1 × 10 6   
               
               
                 5 
                 1.1–2.1 
                 1.6 
                 0.16 
                 7.6 × 10 7   
               
               
                 6 
                 0.7–1.1 
                 0.9 
                 0.09 
                 2.4 × 10 8   
               
               
                 7 
                 0.4–0.7 
                 0.55 
                 0.04 
                 4.0 × 10 8   
               
               
                 8 
                   0–0.4 
                 0.2 
                 0.0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 17 
     Drug Mass Density and Rate of Drug Aerosol Formation of Frovatriptan Aerosol 
     A solution of 5.0mg frovatriptan in 100 μL methanol was spread out in a thin layer on the central portion of a 3.5 cm×7 cm sheet of aluminum foil. The methanol was allowed to evaporate. Assuminu a drug density of about 1 g/cc. the calculated thickness of the frovatriptan thin layer on the 24.5 cm 2  aluminum solid support. after solvent evaporation, is about 2.0 microns. The aluminum foil was wrapped around a 300 watt halogen tube, which was inserted into a T-shaped glass tube. Both of the openings of the tube were left open and the third opening was connected to a 1 liter, 3-neck glass flask. The glass flask was further connected to a large piston capable of drawing 1.1 liters of air through the flask. Alternating current was run through the halogen bulb by application of 90 V using a variac connected to 110 V line power. Within seconds, an aerosol appeared and was drawn into the 1 L flask by use of the piston, with formation of the aerosol terminated after 6 s. The aerosol was allowed to sediment onto the walls of the 1 L flask for approximately 30 minutes. The flask was then extracted with acetonitrile and the extract analyzed by HPLC with detection by light absorption at 225 nm. Comparison with standards containing known amounts of frovatriptan revealed that 0.85 mg of&gt;91% pure frovatriptan had been collected in the flask, resulting in an aerosol drug mass density of 0.85 mg/L. The aluminum foil upon which the frovatriptan had previously been coated was weighed following the experiment. Of the 5.0 mg originally coated on the aluminum, 2.8 mg of the material was found to have aerosolized in the 6 s time period, implying a rate of drug aerosol formation of 0.5 mg/s. 
     EXAMPLE 18 
     Flash Device for Forming Aerosols 
     A high-power flashcube (GE or Sylvania), which can produce 300–400 J of energy, was inserted into an anodized aluminum tube. The flashcube/tube assembly was dipped into an organic solution containing a drug and quickly removed. Evaporation of residual solvent from the assembly was performed by placing it into a vacuum chamber for 30 min. This left a film of drug coated on the exterior surface of the aluminum tube. The flashbulb assembly was electrically connected to two 1.5 V batteries and a switch using copper wires and then enclosed in a sealed, glass vial. Ignition of the flashbulb was performed by momentarily turning on the switch between the flashbulb and batteries. After ignition, the vial was kept closed for 30 minutes such that particles of volatilized drug coagulated and condensed on the inside surface of the vial. Analysis of the aerosol involved rinsing the vial with 5 mL of acetonitrile and injecting a sample of the organic solution into an HPLC. Frovatriptan (0.45 mg) aerosol was obtained in approximately 92% purity using this procedure.