Abstract:
A neutron tube or generator is based on a RF driven plasma ion source having a quartz or other chamber surrounded by an external RF antenna. A deuterium or mixed deuterium/tritium (or even just a tritium) plasma is generated in the chamber and D or D/T (or T) ions are extracted from the plasma. A neutron generating target is positioned so that the ion beam is incident thereon and loads the target. Incident ions cause D-D or D-T (or T-T) reactions which generate neutrons. Various embodiments differ primarily in size of the chamber and position and shape of the neutron generating target. Some neutron generators are small enough for implantation in the body. The target may be at the end of a catheter-like drift tube. The target may have a tapered or conical surface to increase target surface area.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This application claims priority of Provisional Applications Ser. Nos. 60/355,576 filed Feb. 6, 2002 and 60/356,350 filed Feb. 13, 2002, which are herein incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     GOVERNMENT RIGHTS  
       [0002]     The United States Government has rights in this invention pursuant to Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098 between the United States Department of Energy and the University of California. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0003]     The invention relates generally to neutron tubes, and more specifically to neutron tubes based on plasma ion sources.  
         [0004]     Conventional neutron tubes employ a Penning ion source and a single gap extractor. The target is a deuterium or tritium chemical embedded in a molybdenum or tungsten substrate. Neutron yield is limited by the ion source performance and beam size. The production of neutrons is limited by the beam current and power deposition on the target. In the conventional neutron tube, the extraction aperture and the target are limited to small areas, and so is the neutron output flux.  
         [0005]     Commercial neutron tubes have used the impact of deuterium on tritium (D-T) for neutron production. The deuterium-on-deuterium (D-D) reaction, with a cross section for production a hundred times lower, has not been able to provide the necessary neutron flux. It would be highly desirable and advantageous to make D-D neutron sources. This will greatly increase the lifetime of the neutron generator, and it would greatly reduce transport and operational safety concerns.  
         [0006]     Brachytherapy is a type of radiation therapy in which radioactive materials are placed in direct contact with the tissue being treated. The currently available fast neutron source for brachytherapy treatment of tumors is a spontaneous fission source such as the radioactive isotope Cf-252 which is implanted into a patient. All present U.S. Cf-252 neutron source designs require manually afterloaded systems. Because Cf-252 is a radioactive source, it cannot be turned off to prevent excessive exposure of clinical personnel. The average energy of the spontaneous neutrons emitted from a Cf-252 source is 2.3 MeV which is very close to the energy of a D-D neutron source, 2.45 MeV. By utilizing a D-D neutron tube which can be turned on and off, the patient can be subjected to radiation treatment at desired times, and clinical personnel will receive no occupational dose from the source while it is turned off during patient preparation.  
         [0007]     The utilization of in-situ fast neutrons in treating radioresistant tumors has been demonstrated to be more effective than external neutron sources where the neutrons have been slowed down while penetrating the body. Since the dose is delivered to the tumor by fast neutrons, it is not necessary to inject any drug for the delivery of neutron absorbing boron into the tumor, as is often done to increase the capture of slow neutrons. However, boron can be used to enhance the dose delivery to neighboring metastases. Therefore, another advantage of a fast neutron brachytherapy source over an external source is its capability of tailoring the dose distribution around the region of the tumor.  
         [0008]     Therefore, a miniaturized inplantable neutron generator design adapted for brachytherapy would be highly advantageous.  
         [0009]     It would also be desirable, in many other applications such as cargo screening, airport luggage screening, and explosives detection, to have a sealed tube neutron generator which provides a high neutron flux with long life operation and with variable source size. The neutron generator would overcome many of the shortcomings of the presently available neutron tubes.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0010]     The invention is a generic class of neutron tubes or generators based on a RF driven plasma ion source having a quartz or other chamber surrounded by an external RF antenna. A deuterium or mixed deuterium/tritium (or even just a tritium) plasma is generated in the chamber and D or D/T (or T) ions are extracted from the plasma. A neutron generating target is positioned so that the ion beam is incident thereon and loads the target. Incident ions cause D-D or D-T (or T-T) reactions which generate neutrons. The invention may be implemented in numerous embodiments. The general principles and features are the same for all embodiments which differ primarily in size of the chamber and position and shape of the neutron generating target.  
         [0011]     The invention includes a miniaturized implantable neutron generator or tube that produces fast neutrons from a D-D reaction which can be used for brachytherapy applications. The tube is formed of a small RF-driven deuterium ion plasma ion source and a nearby target to which the ions are accelerated.  
         [0012]     This embodiment provides a small size D-D neutron generator, typically less than 8 mm in diameter and 2 cm in length, which allows the source to be put right into a tumor. Absorbed dose is delivered by fast neutrons rather than thermal neutrons. The targeted tumor size is less than 5 cm in diameter. The dose delivered to the healthy tissue outside the tumor is expected to be less than other approaches utilizing an external neutron source. Unlike other brachytherapy approaches such as Cf-252, there will be zero occupational dose for clinical personnel.  
         [0013]     The invention also includes another miniaturized neutron generator or tube that produces fast neutrons from a D-D reaction which can be used for brachytherapy applications. The tube is again formed of a small RF-driven deuterium ion plasma ion source and has a target to which the ions are accelerated. However, in this embodiment, the target is at the end of a small diameter drift tube, which can be inserted into the body like a catheter. The target also has a tapered or conical shape so that greater surface area is provided for higher neutron flux and lower energy loading.  
         [0014]     The invention includes another embodiment of the neutron generator in which the RF driven ion source is substantially larger in size than the first two embodiments since it is not designed for implantation in the human body. The ion source has a chamber with external RF antenna in which a deuterium tritium, or mixed deuterium/tritium ion plasma is produced. The ions are extracted through a large aperture, typically subdivided into a plurality of small apertures, and accelerated to a neutron generating target which has a tapered or conical target surface. The length of the target surface provides a large neutron generating area to produce a high flux and reduces beam deposition power density. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0015]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view, partly in section, of a mini-neutron-tube of the invention.  
         [0016]      FIG. 2  is a graph of dose equivalent rate vs. tissue depth for fast neutrons.  
         [0017]     FIGS.  3 A-D are cross-sectional views of another mini-neutron-tube of the invention.  
         [0018]      FIGS. 4A , B are ion optics computation results using the IGUN simulation code for double or single gap accelerators.  
         [0019]      FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view of another neutron-tube of the invention.  
         [0020]      FIG. 6  shows a calculated ion beam distribution along a target surface for the neutron tube of  FIG. 5 . 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0021]      FIG. 1  shows a miniaturized implantable neutron generator or “mini-neutron-tube”  10  of the invention, which has a small neutron generating target (electrode)  12  closely spaced apart from a small plasma ion source  14 . Plasma ion source  14  is formed of a quartz (or other material) plasma chamber  16 . Ion source  14  and target  12  are mounted in neutron generator housing  22 .  
         [0022]     The general principles of plasma ion sources are well known in the art. Ion source  14  includes an RF antenna (induction coil)  20  surrounding (outside) plasma chamber  16  for producing an ion plasma from a gas, typically deuterium, which is introduced into chamber  16  through an inlet  24  which passes through a vacuum plug  26  at an inlet end of chamber  16 . Antenna  20  is connected to an external RF power source (not shown) through conductors  32  which pass through the end of generator housing  22 . For neutron generation for brachytherapy applications, the plasma produced in ion source  14  is preferably a deuterium ion plasma.  
         [0023]     Ion source  14  also includes extraction electrode  18  at its outlet end. Electrode  18  electrostatically controls the passage of ions from the plasma out of plasma chamber  16 .  
         [0024]     Spaced apart from ion source  14 , and separated therefrom by a high voltage insulator  28 , is target  12 . Target  12  is the neutron generating element. Ions from plasma source  14  pass through electrode  18  and impinge on target  12 , typically with energy of 80 keV, producing neutrons as the result of ion induced reactions. The target  12  is loaded with D atoms by the beam. Titanium is not required, but is preferred for target  12  since it improves the absorption of these atoms.  
         [0025]     In operation, target  12  is biased negatively, e.g. −80 kV, with respect to the extraction electrode  18 , which is at ground potential. The bias voltage is applied to target  12  by high voltage line  30  which extends out of housing  22  to an external high voltage source (not shown). High voltage insulator  28  allows a high voltage to be placed between target  12  and extraction electrode  18  even though they are spaced apart by a short distance.  
         [0026]     The neutron source in its preferred embodiments is a tube that is typically less than 8 mm in diameter and 2 cm in length. It can deliver 10 7  n/s operating at a voltage of 80 kV and a beam current of 100 microamps. The source has a very simple design. The plasma is generated by RF induction discharge with the antenna located outside the source chamber. Very low RF power, typically less than 30 W, will be employed in the operation of the plasma source. The source and plasma electrode are biased at ground potential while the target is at a high negative potential, typically about 80 kV. The deuterium ions will be extracted from a small, typically 1 mm diameter, aperture in the plasma electrode, and will be accelerated to the Ti target at 80 kV. Deuterium atoms will be loaded on the target surface by the beam ions and neutrons will be produced by D-D reactions.  
         [0027]     Because of the small tube size, sufficient neutron flux produced, and fast neutron energy generated (2.45 MeV from D-D reactions) in this neutron generator, the mini-neutron-tube is well adapted for brachytherapy applications. The neutrons produced will go out from the end of the neutron generator in virtually all directions so that all parts of a surrounding tumor are irradiated.  FIG. 2  shows the dose equivalent rate vs. tissue depth for the source. As can be seen, most of the neutron dose is delivered to the tumor itself or the surrounding area of metastases. Very little of the neutron dose is delivered to the healthy tissue around the tumor.  
         [0028]     FIGS.  3 A-D show a miniaturized implantable neutron generator or “mini-neutron-tube”  40  of the invention, which has a small neutron generating target (electrode)  42  spaced apart from a small plasma ion source  44 . Plasma ion source  44  is formed of a quartz (or other material) plasma chamber  46 , and is similar to plasma chamber  16  shown in  FIG. 1 . The RF plasma source  44  typically has an outer diameter of about 2 cm and is about 2.5 cm in length. Chamber  46  is preferably made of quartz and is surrounded with a coil or antenna  47 , typically made of copper. Antenna  47  is connected to an RF source, e.g. a 13.5 MHz RF generator, through an impedance matching network (as in  FIG. 5 ). On top of RF antenna coil  47  is another coil  48 , typically made of copper, which is connected to a DC power supply. DC current passes through this outer coil to produce a solenoid B-field for plasma confinement within chamber  46 . The presence of this B-field can lower the operating pressure within chamber  46  substantially.  
         [0029]     Chamber  46  is filled with gas through inlet  49 . Chamber  46  is filled with deuterium gas to produce D +  ions for D-D neutron production, or a mixture of 50% deuterium and 50% tritium to produce D +  and T +  ions for D-T neutron production.  
         [0030]     The D +  or D +  and T +  ions produced in the ion source chamber  46  are then extracted and accelerated by extraction and accelerator column  50  which is formed of a plurality of spaced electrodes  52  separated by insulators  53 . The first or extraction electrode  52  has a small hole, e.g. 1 mm diameter, for extraction of the ions, and the additional electrodes  52  have aligned apertures. The ions are accelerated to about 100 kV in a short distance, typically about 3 cm. Extraction and acceleration of the beam  54  is generally achieved using either a single gap or double gap accelerator column.  
         [0031]     The accelerated beam  54  then enters a long narrow drift tube  56  with a typical diameter less than about 5 mm and a typical length of about 10 cm. A cone shaped neutron generating target  42 , preferably made of titanium is mounted in the end of drift tube  56 . Drift tube  56  may be formed of spaced concentric outer tubing  57  and inner tubing  58 , which define a coolant flow channel  59  therebetween. Water or other coolant is flowed into coolant channel  59  through inlet  61  and removed through outlet  62 . As shown in  FIG. 3B , a pair of spacers  63  divide the channel  59  into an inlet channel  64  and outlet channel  65  so that coolant can be flowed along the length of the drift tube  56 .  FIG. 3C  shows the details of the tip of drift tube  56  with the target  42  mounted therein, with the coolant channel  59  passing around the tip.  FIG. 3D  shows an alternate single tube structure for drift tube  56 , in which cooling is done by a cooling channel  60  at the junction of drift tube  56  with the acceleration column  50 .  
         [0032]     Target  42  has a cone shaped surface  43  which receives the ion beam  54  and becomes loaded with deuterium or a mixture of deuterium and tritium. Ion beam  54  is sufficiently nondiverging so that the beam strikes target  54  without substantial loss of ions from the drift tube  56 . The conical surface  43  of target  42  provides larger surface area for capturing the incident ions. Neutrons are produced on the target surface by D-D or D-T fusion reactions. If the beam current is 1 mA, the D-D neutron flux will be 10 8  n/s and the D-T neutron flux will be 10 10  n/s.  
         [0033]      FIGS. 4A , B are ion optics computation results using the IGUN simulation code for double or single gap accelerators. The results show that the ion beam can propagate into the target without impinging on the inner wall of the drift tube. The beam spreads to about 2 mm diameter when it arrives at the cone shaped target and the power density is much reduced. The heat load of about 100 W on the target will be removed by circulating water. Either of the two water cooling schemes shown above can be used, i.e. the double layer tubing arrangement of FIGS.  3 A-C or the edge cooling arrangement of  FIG. 3D .  
         [0034]     The neutron generator  40  is well suited for brachytherapy since the tip of drift tube  56  with neutron generating target  42  can be inserted in direct contact with the tissues being treated by inserting the tube  56  as a catheter. The neutron source can be readily turned on and off as needed to deliver the desired dosage by simply turning the ion source  44  on and off by applying suitable pulses of RF to antenna  47 . The Ti target  42  and drift tube  56  are biased at ground potential while the plasma source  44  (or the first electrode  52  of acceleration column  50 ) is biased at +100 kV relative to ground. The plasma source and accelerator column are both shielded with a grounded casing (not shown). Thus the part of the instrument in contact with the patient is always at ground potential and therefore will post no high voltage danger during therapy treatment.  
         [0035]      FIG. 5  illustrates another sealed tube neutron generator  70  of the invention that is based on a RF driven plasma ion source  71  with external antenna  72 . Ion source  71  is formed of a quartz (or other suitable material, e.g. ceramic) chamber  73  with antenna (coil)  72  wound externally thereon. Antenna  72  is connected through matching network  74  to RF generator  75  for producing a plasma in chamber  73 . While ion sources  10 ,  40  previously described are generally miniaturized because of their medical applications, ion source  71  may be of any size, depending on the application, e.g. about 10 cm diameter; however, the principles of operation are similar.  
         [0036]     For neutron generation, the plasma is a deuterium or deuterium and tritium (or even just tritium) plasma. The ion source can be operated at several mTorr of deuterium or tritium or a mixture thereof. The low pressure operation enables the design of the accelerator column for high voltage (e.g. 120 kV) standoff.  
         [0037]     Ions from plasma chamber  73  are extracted through plasma electrode  76 , which has a large aperture  77  (e.g. &gt;3 cm diameter) which is subdivided into a plurality of smaller apertures  78  (e.g. 2 mm diameter). This multi-beamlet design provides large extraction area with high current density, e.g. 100 mA/cm 2  or higher) and high atomic ion species (e.g. &gt;90%).  
         [0038]     The accelerator column  79  is a single gap column with the neutron generating target  80  forms the second or extraction electrode. Neutron generating target  80  has a conical or tapered inner surface  82  oriented along the beam axis to provide a large target area for the ion beam.  FIG. 6  shows a calculated ion beam distribution along a target surface. Target  80  is preferably made of titanium and becomes loaded with deuterium and/or tritium so that neutrons are generated by D-D or D-t (or even T-T) reactions. The length and slope of the conical surface  82  can be tailored to minimize the beam deposition power density. Cooling channels  83  can also be included in target  80  for removing heat. Since the length of the target  80  can be extended, generator  70  can provide a line source of neutrons.  
         [0039]     The ion source  71  can be operated at high voltage and the target  80  at ground potential, e.g. plasma chamber  73  and plasma electrode  76  are shown connected to a high voltage supply (H.V.). Target  80  is enclosed in a metal housing  84 , and connected thereto by mount  86 . Housing  84  is separated from HV by insulator  85 , and is preferably grounded. Alternatively the ion source can be grounded and target  80  at high voltage. Housing  84  can also be surrounded by shield  87 .  
         [0040]     This embodiment of the invention can produce D-D neutron flux higher than 10 11  n/s with modest length and diameter. D-T neutron output is about two orders of magnitude higher. This neutron generator can form a line source with low beam power density and high neutron flux. This configuration has particular application for cargo or luggage screening and for reactor start-up.  
         [0041]     Changes and modifications in the specifically described embodiments can be carried out without departing from the scope of the invention which is intended to be limited only by the scope of the appended claims.