Abstract:
The screw capsule includes two parts, a) an insert with a so-called internal head and an internally-threaded skirt a metallic shell, including an external head and an external skirt, the capsule being typically provided with a sealing element, a tamper-protection element and a member for first opening, characterised in that the external skirt includes at least one piece, typically cylindrical, of height, diameter corresponding to the neck for sealing and at least one radially-expanded section, of height, within a circle of diameter D 2 &gt;D 1 , such as to form an annular radial cavity. The above offers the advantage that the expanded section particularly facilitates the manipulation of the capsule ( 1 ) and the rotation thereof with relation to the neck for opening/closing the container by unscrewing/screwing up the capsule on the neck.

Description:
DOMAIN OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to the domain of screw stopper capsules that typically comprise an internal threaded plastic insert and a metallic external shell. 
     These capsules are typically intended for closing bottles containing alcoholic drinks and particularly wine. 
     State of the Art 
     Composite capsules comprising a threaded insert and a metallic shell are already known, particularly like those in the following patents issued in the name of the applicant. 
     Thus, French patent No. 2 763 046 describes a method of fastening an insert to a metallic shell. 
     Similarly, French patents No. 2 792 617, and No. 2 793 216 describe a composite stopper capsule in which the said insert performs the technical functions of the capsule. 
     French patent No. 2 802 181 describes a stopper capsule in which the said shell is crimped to the said insert, the capsule comprising a means of providing weight and/or volume to the said capsule above its sealed closing means. 
     French patent No. 2 803 827 describes a stopper capsule in which the said insert has a thin wall. 
     Screw stopper capsules are also known in which the thread is created by deformation of the metallic skirt of the capsule, for example as described in French patent 2 387 165. 
     Problems that Arise 
     Firstly, screw stopper capsules according to the state of the art do no always have sufficient manual grippability, to the extent that unscrewing of the capsule may require a torque, particularly for first opening, such that the fingers can tend to slide on the metallic shell, which is usually cylindrical. 
     One purpose of the invention is stopper capsules with a particular shape that is easier to handle and easier to screw/unscrew than stoppers according to the state of the art. 
     Secondly, there is also a continuously increasing demand for diversification of the shapes of the capsules, such that there is a need for non-cylindrical capsules in the strict sense of the term. 
     Satisfying this need is another important purpose of the invention. 
     Another purpose of the invention consists of capsules in which the shape of the shell enables immediate differentiation from marketed capsules that are typically cylindrical. 
     Furthermore, these capsules must satisfy mechanical strength requirements, particularly in terms of shock resistance. 
     Another purpose of the invention consists of a method for making these capsules according to the first purpose of the invention, industrially and at high speed. 
     Composite capsules are manufactured by procuring plastic inserts, metallic shells and assembling them together. 
     The plastic insert is formed by moulding of the thermoplastic material, typically by injection. 
     The metallic shells are manufactured typically by drawing a metal strip or sheet, usually aluminium or tin. Thus, in practice, it is known only how to produce cylindrically shaped metallic shells industrially at high speed. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     According to the invention, the stopper capsule designed as a screw stopper for a container typically designed to contain alcoholic drinks, and typically a bottle in which the neck is provided with an outer thread and a tamper-evident ring, comprises two parts fixed together in rotation and axially by an assembly means, a) an inner part or insert with height h, made of plastic material, comprising a so-called inner head and a so-called inner skirt, the said inner skirt comprising an inner thread on its inside surface designed to cooperate with the thread of the said neck so as to be able to screw the said capsule to the said neck along a rotation axis or an axial direction, and b) an outer part or a shell with height H, typically metallic or metal based, comprising an outer head and an outer skirt masking all or part of the said inner skirt facing it, the said capsule typically being provided with a sealing means, a tamper-evident means and a first opening means, and characterised in that: 
     1) the said outer skirt of the said shell comprises at least a typically cylindrical part with height H 1 , diameter D 1  adapted to the said neck, and at least a radially expanded part with height H 2 , inscribed in a circle with diameter D 2 &gt;D 1  and forming an annular radial cavity, the said typically cylindrical part of the said shell radially clamping the said inner skirt of the said insert like a hoop at least facing the said inner thread, the said expanded part being designed particularly to facilitate manual gripping of the said capsule and rotation of the capsule with respect to the said neck to open/close the said container by unscrewing/screwing the said capsule on the said neck, 
     2) the said radially expanded part ( 43 ) and the said typically cylindrical part ( 42 ) of the said outer skirt ( 41 ) typically having the same thickness Ep. 
     Following his work, the applicant observed that the means according to the invention could effectively solve the problems that arise concerning the capsules themselves. 
     The presence of a radially expanded part on the skirt of the said shell makes it possible to get a better manual grip of the capsule particularly in order to unscrew it, and to differentiate it from capsules already on the market. 
     Furthermore, the invention can be differentiated without increasing the height of containers closed with such capsules. The total height of a bottle with its capsule may in many cases be controlled by a standard or a requirement imposed by one of the many players involved in the line between the producer or the packager and the consumer. Thus, for example, it could not be envisaged that a drink distributor would agree to an increase in the space between bottle storage shelves because bottles are too tall. 
     Furthermore, these capsules have a high shock resistance, particularly because the radially expanded part of the outer skirt has a thickness Ep approximately the same as the thickness of the remainder of the outer skirt that is not expanded radially, while the expanded areas according to the state of the art have a thinner wall. 
     It is advantageous that this is the case since this expanded part ( 43 ) is exposed to shocks and therefore it should not be mechanically weaker than the remaining part of the metallic shell ( 4 ). This is achieved particularly through use of the method according to the invention described in the following. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIGS. 1   a ,  2   a ,  3   a ,  4   a ,  5   a ,  7   a ,  8   a ,  9   a ,  10   a ,  13   a ,  13   b  and  14   a  are axial sections through capsules ( 1 ) comprising a shell ( 4 ) according to the invention, the said capsules being crimped onto a neck ( 2 ), while  FIGS. 1   b ,  2   b ,  3   b ,  4   b ,  6   b ,  7   b ,  8   b ,  9   b ,  10   b  and  14   b  are side views of the corresponding capsules ( 1 ). 
       The left part of  FIGS. 1   a ,  3   a ,  4   a ,  5 ,  9   a ,  10   a ,  13   a  and  13   b  shows the capsule ( 1 ) with an add-on seal ( 50 ) while the right part shows the add-on seal ( 50 ) of the left part being replaced by a sealing insert ( 51 ) that temporarily fixes an anti-fill device ( 8 ) in  FIGS. 1   a ,  4   a ,  10   a ,  13   a  and  13   b , and a spout ( 7 ) in  FIGS. 3   a ,  5 ,  9   a.    
       The capsules ( 1 ) in  FIGS. 2   a ,  7   a ,  8   a  and  14   a  comprise an add-on seal ( 50 ). 
         FIGS. 1   a  to  5 ,  13   a  and  13   b  relate to methods of making a capsule ( 1 ) in which the insert ( 3 ) is an insert ( 3 ′) with an inner skirt ( 31 ) said to be “short” with height h 1 &lt;20 mm, so as to face the thread ( 20 ) of the neck ( 2 ). 
         FIGS. 7   a  to  10   b  relate to capsules ( 1 ) in which the insert ( 3 ) typically shown in  FIG. 6   a , is an insert ( 3 ″) with an inner skirt ( 31 ) called a “long” skirt with height h 1 &gt;20 mm. 
         FIGS. 14   a  and  14   b  relate to capsules ( 1 ) in which the insert ( 3 ) is an insert ( 3 ′″) with a so-called “very long” skirt with height h 1 &gt;50 mm. 
       Other Figures 
         FIG. 6   c  shows an enlarged partial view of the top right corner in  FIG. 6   a.    
         FIGS. 11   a  to  12   d  show axial sections through the device ( 9 ) or portion of device ( 9 ) for manufacturing metallic shells ( 4 ) from cylindrical blanks ( 4 ′). 
         FIGS. 11   a  and  11   b  correspond to two variants of the device ( 9 ). 
         FIG. 11   c  shows the initial state (before radial expansion) and  FIG. 11   d  shows the final state (after radial expansion). 
         FIGS. 12   a  to  12   b  correspond to  FIGS. 11   c  and  11   d , but the elastomer punch ( 95 ) has a profile with a sloping wall ( 950 ). 
         FIGS. 12   c  and  12   d  diagrammatically show a radial expansion according to the state of prior art,  FIG. 12   c  corresponding to FIG  11   c  and  FIG. 12   d  illustrating breakage of the shell when radial expansion does not enable progressive deformation of the shell ( 4 ′) from bottom to top as occurs with the invention, and as shown in  FIGS. 11   c  to  12   b.    
         FIG. 13   b  shows a partial view of the capsule according to  FIG. 13   a.    
         FIGS. 14   c  and  14   d  are enlarged views of the said expanded part ( 43 ) in the case in which the insert ( 3 ) comprises a flexible annular tab ( 302 ). 
         FIGS. 15   a  to  15   f  and  17   a  to  17   b  are partial side views of the said shell ( 4 ) and ornamental or manual gripping means ( 430 ) of the said expanded part ( 43 ). 
         FIGS. 16   a  to  16   f  and  18   d  are top views of the said shell ( 4 ) or capsule ( 1 ,  1 ′). 
         FIGS. 17   c  and  17   d  are axial half-sections (left side) of a capsule ( 1 ′) placed on a neck before crimping in  FIG. 17   c  and after crimping in  FIG. 17   d.    
         FIGS. 18   a  to  18   c  are views of a shell ( 4 ) in which the said cylindrical part ( 42 ) comprises a deformation with amplitude a′/b′ very much less than the amplitude a/b of the deformation of the said expanded part ( 43 ). 
         FIG. 18   a  is a view of the shell ( 4 ), while  FIG. 18   b  is an enlarged view of the portion surrounded by a circle shown in dashed lines, at the top left in  FIG. 18   a.    
         FIG. 18   c  is a perspective partial side view of a portion of the cylindrical part ( 42 ′) of the outer skirt ( 41 ). 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     According to the invention, the said expanded part ( 43 ) may typically form an annular, continuous or discontinuous ring, its upper part being connected typically to the said outer head ( 40 ) or possibly to the said cylindrical part ( 42 ), and its lower part being connected to the said cylindrical part ( 42 ). 
     In many Figures related to capsules, for example  FIGS. 1   a ,  2   a , the said expanded part ( 43 ) forms a continuous annular ring with cylindrical symmetry. 
     In this case, this radial overthickness firstly enables firmer manual gripping of the capsule, and secondly forms a very distinctive outer symbol. 
     The said expanded part ( 43 ). delimits an annular radial cavity ( 48 ) between cylinders with diameter D 1  and diameter D 2 . 
     Typically, all or part of the said inner skirt ( 31 ) of the said insert ( 3 ) may cooperate with all or part of the said typically cylindrical part ( 42 ) of the said outer skirt ( 41 ), particularly so as to form the said assembly means. 
     As is clear in the Figures related to the capsules ( 1 ), the insert ( 3 ) and the said typically cylindrical part ( 42 ) of the shell are approximately the same diameter D 1 , such that the said insert ( 3 ) may be inserted into the said shell ( 4 ) without excessive play. 
     As shown in the Figures related to capsules ( 1 ), all or part of the said inner head ( 30 ) of the said insert ( 3 ) may be facing the said expanded part ( 43 ) of the said shell ( 4 ). However, as shown in  FIG. 8   a , the invention also comprises capsules ( 1 ) in which the said expanded part ( 43 ) may be remote from the outer head ( 40 ) by 5 to 15 mm. For example, the said expanded part ( 43 ) may form a semi-circular retaining ring that may be facing a part of the thread ( 32 ) of the insert ( 3 ) without making it inconvenient for the screwing action itself—case that is not shown in a Figure. 
     According to the invention, the said height H 2  of the said radially expanded part ( 43 ) may be at least 2 mm and may typically vary from 3 mm to 15 mm. In many examples illustrated by the Figures, this height is 4 mm, 4.5 mm and 6 mm. 
     The said diameter D 1  of the cylindrical part ( 42 ) may typically vary from 15 mm to 60 mm. 
     According to the invention, the ratio D 2 /D 1  may vary from 1.02 to 1.15. and may typically vary from 1.05. to 1.10. This ratio is approximately 1.085 for the shells ( 4 ) in the examples and the FIGS. 
     As shown particularly in  FIG. 7   a , the said typically cylindrical part ( 42 ) and the said expanded part ( 43 ) may be connected by at least one intermediate part with an average slope equal to ΔD/ΔH, where ΔD is equal to D 2 −D 1  and ΔH is equal to the height of the said shell ( 4 ) on which the said diameter varies from D 1  to D 2 , the said slope typically varying from 0.5 to 2 and preferably from 0.8 to 1.5. 
     As also shown in  FIG. 7   a , the said radially expanded part ( 43 ) and the said typically cylindrical part ( 42 ) and the said expanded part ( 43 ) are connected together by a radius of curvature R 2  varying from 1.5 mm to ΔD/2. 
     According to one embodiment of the invention, the said expanded part ( 43 ) may be adjacent to the said outer head ( 40 ) in its upper part, and to the said cylindrical part ( 42 ) of the said outer skirt ( 41 ) in its lower part, the said outer head ( 40 ) and the said expanded part ( 43 ) being connected by a radius of curvature R 1  varying from 1.5 mm to 5 mm as shown in  FIG. 7   a.    
     According to another embodiment of the invention shown in  FIG. 8   a , the said expanded part ( 43 ) may be adjacent to the said cylindrical part ( 42 ) of the said outer skirt ( 41 ) in its upper part and in its lower part, the said expanded skirt ( 43 ) being an expanded skirt ( 43 ′) at a spacing from or offset from the said outer head ( 40 ). As mentioned above, the said expanded part may be at a variable distance from the said outer head ( 40 ) and therefore the top of the capsule ( 1 ). 
     The said outer skirt ( 41 ) may comprise several expanded parts ( 43 ,  43 ′,  43 ″) as shown for example in  FIG. 8   a  (right part of  FIG. 8   a ). 
     It may be advantageous for the said inner head ( 30 ) of the said insert ( 3 ) to partly or completely face the said expanded part ( 43 ,  43 ′) so that the inner thread ( 32 ) of the said threaded inner skirt ( 31 ) of the said insert ( 3 ) is facing the said cylindrical part ( 42 ) of the said outer skirt ( 41 ). 
     This may be advantageous in the case in which the expanded part ( 43 ) is very tall, with a height H 2 . Since the shell ( 4 ) acts as a hoop around the insert, it is preferable that the part of the insert ( 3 ) carrying the said thread ( 32 ) is in direct contact with the said cylindrical part ( 42 ) with approximately the same diameter and therefore acting as a hoop, particularly to avoid any radial deformation of the said thread ( 32 ) when screwing or unscrewing under stress, particularly in the case in which a thin walled insert is used. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 2   a ,  3   a and  4   a , the said inner head ( 30 ) of the said insert ( 3 ) may comprise an arch ( 33 ) in contact with the said sealing means ( 5 ) and a recessed spacing means ( 34 ) above the said arch, typically formed of spaced concentric rings ( 340 ) in contact with the said outer head ( 40 ). Thus, if necessary, the height of the said capsule ( 1 ) can be modified and the height H 2  of the said expanded part ( 43 ) may also be increased. 
     Typically, when the said capsule ( 1 ) seals the said neck ( 2 ) by screwing, the axial height of the said expanded part ( 43 ) may be such that it is above the said outer thread ( 20 ) of the said neck ( 2 ) and possibly above the said locking ring ( 22 ) of the said neck ( 2 ). 
     According to the invention, the thickness of the said inner skirt ( 31 ) of the said insert ( 3 ) at the bottom of the groove may vary between 0.1 mm and 0.5 mm. 
     In the case of an insert with a “short” skirt ( 3 ′), this thickness can vary between 0.1 and 0.3 mm. 
     The thickness of inserts with longer skirts ( 3 ″) and ( 3 ′″) may vary from 0.25 to 3 mm. 
     The said insert ( 3 ) may be an insert ( 3 ′) for which the inner skirt ( 31 ) is said to be “short”, the said insert having a height h 1  typically varying from 6 mm to 20 mm, the said height h 1  typically corresponding to the height of the said neck from the said locking ring ( 22 ) as far as the bottom of the said outer thread ( 21 ). In this case, the ratio H/h 1  may vary from 1.1 to 4 and preferably from 2 to 3. 
     This type of insert is shown in  FIGS. 1   a ,  2   a ,  3   a ,  4   a ,  5 ,  13   a  and  13   b.    
     In this case, the said outer skirt ( 41 ) may include the said tamper-evident means ( 6 ), the said outer skirt ( 41 ) being capable of forming a crimped zone ( 60 ) under the said tamper-evident ring ( 21 ), and the said first opening means ( 7 ), the said outer skirt ( 41 ) comprising a line of weakness ( 70 ) fixing a guarantee strip ( 71 ) above the said line of weakness by narrow connecting strips, and capable of forming the said crimped zone ( 60 ). 
     The said insert ( 3 ) may also be an insert ( 3 ″) for which the inner skirt ( 31 ) is said to be “long”, the said insert having a height h 2  typically varying from 20 mm to 50 mm, the said height h 2  typically corresponding to the height of the said neck from the said locking ring ( 22 ) as far as the bottom of the said tamper-evident ring ( 21 ) of the said neck ( 2 ), the ratio H/h 2  typically varying from 0.8 to 1.1. 
     This case was shown in  FIGS. 6   a ,  7   a ,  8   a ,  9   a  and  10   a.    
     As shown in  FIG. 14   a , the said insert ( 3 ) may also be an insert ( 3 ′″) in which the inner skirt ( 31 ) is said to be “very long”, the said neck comprising a lower tamper-evident ring ( 21  ′), the said insert having a height h 3  more than 50 mm, the . said height h 3  typically corresponding to the height of the said neck from the said locking ring ( 22 ) as far as the bottom of the said lower tamper-evident ring ( 21 ′), the ratio H/h 2  typically varying from 0.8 to 1.1 
     Regardless of whether the said insert ( 3 ) is an insert ( 3 ″) with a “long” skirt or an insert ( 3 ′″) with a “very long” skirt, the said inner skirt ( 31 ) may include the said tamper-evident means ( 6 ) and the said first opening means ( 7 ), the said inner skirt ( 31 ) comprising a guarantee strip ( 71 ) in its lower part connected by a line of weakness ( 70 ) provided with several narrow connecting strips, the said guarantee strip ( 71 ) cooperating with the said tamper-evident ring ( 21 ) by means of attachment tabs ( 61 ), so that the said tamper-evident ring ( 21 ) blocks the said tabs ( 61 ) and the said guarantee strip ( 71 ) in the axial direction, and thus first opening of the said capsule causes a visible rupture of the said narrow connecting strips along the said line of weakness ( 70 ). 
     The said guarantee strip ( 71 ) may comprise an outer projection ( 62 ) forming a rim for the said outer skirt, typically a stop rim with a width varying from 0.5 to 5 times the thickness Ep of the said outer skirt ( 41 ). 
     The said attachment tabs ( 61 ) may be connected to the said guarantee strip ( 71 ) or possibly to the said outer projection ( 62 ). 
     Each of the said attachment tabs ( 61 ) may be fixed to the said guarantee strip ( 71 ) or to the said projection ( 62 ) by a thinned part ( 610 ) of the said tab ( 61 ) making it flexible. 
     Thus, all that is necessary during capping of the said neck is to screw the said capsule ( 1 ) to the said neck so that the plurality of flexible tabs ( 61 ) are automatically blocked under the tamper-evident ring ( 21 ), these tabs being oriented so as to block any axial displacement. 
     According to one insert embodiment ( 3 ) shown in  FIG. 6   a , the said line of weakness ( 70 ) may be a notched line ( 70 ′) so as to avoid any unwanted breakage of the narrow connecting strips, particularly during the said sealing or capping of the said container. 
     According to the invention and as shown in  FIGS. 16   a  to  16   c , the said expanded part ( 43 ) may have a profile typically forming a circle or a regular polygon typically with N sides where N varies from 5 to 18 and preferably from 6 to 12 sides, over all or part of its height H 2  . 
     However, the said outer skirt ( 41 ) may form a surface of revolution over all or part of its height H, with a constant or variable radius depending on the height considered, or it may have a symmetry of rotation with angle 360°/ N where H varies from 4 to 80, the said outer skirt ( 41 ) typically forming a plurality of N notches so as to facilitate manual gripping and rotation of the said capsule. 
     The non-expanded part ( 42 ) of the said outer skirt ( 41 ) may be non-cylindrical. In this case, the corresponding insert ( 3 ) must have the same profile. 
     It is thus possible to further accentuate the distinctive nature of the capsule ( 1 ) and facilitate manual gripping of it. 
     According to the invention, the said assembly means fixing the said inner part ( 3 ) and outer part ( 4 ) in rotation and axially may comprise any known type of means and particularly a mechanical or chemical anchor means, typically by gluing the said inner part ( 3 ) and outer part ( 4 ). 
     Thus, the said inner skirt ( 31 ) of the insert ( 3 ) may cooperate with the said cylindrical part ( 42 ) facing the shell ( 4 ), over all or part of the said height h, due to an adhesive layer fixing the said inner skirt ( 31 ) and the said cylindrical part ( 42 ). 
     Typically, the said outer part or shell ( 4 ) may be made of aluminium, tin or a metalloplastic multi-layer material with a deformation under stress similar to the deformation of aluminium or tin. 
     The said outer part ( 4 ) may be made of aluminium treated on the surface, typically brushed or anodised, to create a “metallic” appearance or colour. 
     Similarly, the said inner part ( 3 ) may be an insert moulded from a thermoplastic material, typically PE, PP, PET, SEBS or PS, possibly comprising one or several mineral fillers and typically talc. 
     In general, the said sealing means ( 5 ) of the said capsule ( 1 ) may typically comprise an add-on seal ( 50 ) or a sealing insert ( 51 ), or possibly a circular sealing lip. 
     The said sealing means ( 5 ) may comprise the said add-on seal ( 50 ) with a sufficiently large diameter to at least cover the locking ring ( 22 ) of the neck ( 2 ) and a compression means, carried by the inner surface of the said insert, to apply the said seal ( 50 ) to seal the said neck ( 2 ) during the said capping and typically on the locking ring ( 22 ) of the said neck ( 2 ). 
     According to the invention, the said compression means may be composed of or may comprise an axial compression means, the said axial compression means typically comprising a rib or an annular overthickness ( 300 ) formed on the inner wall of the said inner head ( 30 ) or the said inner skirt ( 31 ), and designed to compress the said add-on seal ( 50 ) along the said axial direction ( 10 ) on the upper part ( 220 ) of the said locking ring ( 22 ), part typically plane: or inclined by up to 45°. 
     According to the invention and as shown in  FIG. 7   a , the said compression means may comprise a radial compression means, the add-on seal ( 50 ) being compressed on the said neck along a radial direction ( 11 ) due to the said annular tab ( 311 ), the said radial direction ( 11 ) forming an angle of at least 45° with the said axial direction ( 10 ). 
     As shown in the left part of the  FIG. 1   a , the said radial compression means may comprise an annular overthickness ( 300 ) typically formed at the junction between the said inner head ( 30 ) and the said inner skirt ( 31 ), and designed to compress the said seal ( 50 ) over all or part of the striated part ( 220 ) and/or on the typically vertical part of the locking ring ( 22 ). 
     The said annular overthickness ( 300 ) may be in the form of a step formed at the inner junction of the inner head ( 30 ) and the inner skirt ( 31 ) so as to compress the said seal ( 50 ) in the radial direction. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3   a , the said radial compression means may comprise a chamfer ( 301 ) of the said insert ( 3 ) at the inner junction of the inner head ( 30 ) and the inner skirt ( 31 ), the said chamfer having an inclination or curvature typically similar to that of the striated part ( 220 ) of the said locking ring ( 22 ) facing it. 
     As shown in  FIG. 7   a , the thickness Ej of the seal, typically between 0.5 and 2.5 mm, may be chosen particularly as a function of the radial space Eo between the said neck and the said capsule, such that the said container is capped and sealed by the said capsule, the thickness of the locally compressed seal or the distance E between the end of the said compression means and the said locking ring then typically being between 0.3×Ej and 0.7×Ej, where Ej. 
     As shown also in  FIG. 7   a  and in  FIG. 6   c , the said radial compression means may comprise an annular tab ( 311 ) formed on the inner wall of the said inner skirt ( 31 ) of the insert ( 3 ). 
     According to the invention, the said compression means may comprise an axial compression means and a radial compression means, the said axial and/or radial compression means forming an integral part of the said insert ( 3 ) or forming an add-on part. 
     As shown in  FIG. 6   a , the said inner skirt ( 31 ) of the insert ( 3 ) may comprise a rib or a plurality of holding pins ( 310 ) capable of fixing the said add-on seal ( 50 ) to the said insert ( 3 ). 
     In the capsule ( 1 ) according to the invention, a spout ( 8 ) and/or a so-called “anti-fill” device ( 8 ′) may be fixed reversibly to the said insert ( 3 ) or possibly to the said sealing means ( 5 ,  50 ,  51 ), typically due to an inner ring ( 35 ) of the said insert ( 3 ) temporarily cooperating with a peripheral skirt of the said spout ( 8 ) and/or the said anti-fill device ( 8 ′). 
       FIGS. 3   a ,  5  and  9   a  show the case in which a spout ( 8 ) is fixed to the capsule ( 1 ) through the said sealing means ( 51 ), and particularly through a connecting ring ( 510 ). 
       FIGS. 1   a ,  4   a ,  10 ,  13   a  and  13   b  show the case in which an “anti-fill” device ( 8 ′) is fixed to the capsule ( 1 ) through the said sealing means ( 51 ). 
     The connecting ring ( 510 ) fixes the devices ( 8 ) and ( 8 ′) to the capsule ( 1 ) such that when the capsule ( 1 ) is screwed to the neck, the devices ( 8 ) and ( 8 ′) are forced fitted into the neck and remain fixed to the neck due to the ribs ( 81 )—these ribs ( 81 ) are shown in their original position in the figures, before insertion into the neck, these ribs being curved upwards in contact with the inner wall of the neck when these devices ( 8 ) and ( 8 ′) are inserted into the neck ( 2 ). 
     As shown in  FIGS. 14   c  and  14   d , the said insert ( 3 ) may comprise an axial snap-on means, typically in the form of a plurality of flexible annular tabs ( 302 ) cooperating with the said radially expanded part ( 43 ) so as to fix the said insert ( 3 ) into the said shell ( 4 ) along the axial direction and so as to further increase the shock resistance of the said expanded part ( 43 ) of the said shell ( 4 ). 
     Shock resistance tests called the “Charpy impact test” carried out with different aluminium alloys and thicknesses, with and without tabs ( 302 ), gave the following results on an arbitrary scale varying from 1 (poor resistance) to 5 (excellent resistance):
         Alloy 8011—0.23 mm—without tab ( 302 ): 1   Alloy 3105—0.21 mm—without tab ( 302 ): 2   Alloy 3105—0.23 mm—without tab ( 302 ): 2.5   Alloy 8011—0.23—with tab ( 302 ): 5—no trace of shock.       

     Note that the only absolutely unacceptable mark is 1, level 5 corresponding to excellent resistance, and products with mark 2 or more could be marketed because they have satisfactory shock resistance. 
     However, as shown in  FIG. 13   b , the said annular radial cavity ( 48 ) may also be filled with a material ( 49 ), typically an adhesive material, so as to simultaneously fix the insert to the said shell and to obtain a very high shock resistance. This adhesive may be composed of or may contain a homogeneous glue or a two-component glue (polyurethane glue). 
     In all cases, regardless of whether a tab ( 302 ) is used, regardless of whether an adhesive material is inserted and regardless of whether an insert with an outer rim is used as shown in  FIG. 13   a , an excellent shock resistance can be obtained with a mark of 5 on the “Charpy impact test” scale using an alloy in the 8000 series that is less expensive than an alloy in the 3000 series. 
     According to the invention and as shown in  FIGS. 15   b  to  16   f ,  17   a ,  17   b  and  18   d , the said radially expanded part ( 43 ) may have a non-circular section in a plane perpendicular to the said axial direction ( 10 ) so as to facilitate gripping and manual rotation of the said capsule ( 1 ). 
     A circular section is shown in  FIGS. 15   a  and  16   a . The said non-circular section may have several forms. 
     Firstly, it is possible to have a plurality of relief or indentations formed on a circular section, as shown for example in  FIGS. 15   b  to  15   f.    
     Secondly, other possibilities of non-circular sections are shown in  FIGS. 16   b  to  16   f ; for example with polygonal sections ( FIGS. 16   b  and  16   c ) and with an oval section ( FIG. 18   d ). 
     As shown in  FIGS. 18   a  to  18   c , the shell ( 4 ) may include a cylindrical part ( 42 ′) of the outer skirt ( 41 ) comprising a plurality of low amplitude deformations ( 420 ) that can form patterns that can also contribute to manual gripping of the capsule. 
     The deformations ( 420 ) are said to be low amplitude (a′/b′) in opposition to a high amplitude deformation (a/b) related to the said expanded part ( 43 ), where “a” and “b” correspond to ΔD (D 2 −D 1 ) and H 2  described above. 
     Low amplitude deformations ( 420 ) are typically and traditionally formed by an elastomer punch, the amplitude (a′/b′) being low enough so that there is slight local expansion of the metal without a significant risk of thinning of the wall and the initiation of cracks ( 44 ). Typically a′/b′&lt;0.2×a/b. 
     Another purpose of the invention shown in  FIGS. 17   c  and  17   d  is composed of a stopper capsule ( 1 ′) designed for screw capping of a container typically designed to contain alcoholic drinks, typically a bottle with a neck ( 2 ) provided with an outer screwing thread ( 20 )and a tamper-evident ring ( 21 ), comprising an outer part or shell ( 4 ) with height H, typically metallic or metal based, comprising an outer head ( 40 ) and an outer skirt ( 41 ) concealing all or part of the said inner skirt ( 31 ) facing it, the said capsule being provided with a sealing means ( 5 ), a tamper-evident means ( 6 ) and a first opening means ( 7 ), and characterised in that the said outer skirt ( 41 ) of the said shell ( 4 ) comprises at least a typically cylindrical part ( 42 ) with height H 1 , diameter D 1  adapted to the said neck ( 2 ), and at least one radially expanded part ( 43 ) with height H 2  , inscribed in a circle with diameter D 2 &gt;D 1  and forming an annular radial cavity ( 48 ), the said expanded part ( 43 ) being designed particularly to facilitate manual gripping of the said capsule ( 1 ) and rotation of the capsule with respect to the said neck ( 1 ) to open/close the said container by unscrewing/screwing the said capsule ( 1 ) on the said neck ( 2 ). 
     Another purpose of the invention consists of a method for manufacturing capsules ( 1 ). In this method: 
     a) the said inner part or insert ( 3 ) may be procured, possibly including the said add-on seal, and possibly the said spout or “anti-fill” device ( 8 ,  8 ′), 
     b) a blank ( 4 ′) of the said outer part ( 4 ) can be formed, the said blank ( 4 ′) comprising a skirt ( 41 ′) with diameter D 1  and height H′&gt;H, typically by drawing, extrusion or spinning, from a typically metallic strip material, 
     c) the said blank ( 4 ′) can be transformed into the said outer part ( 4 ) by making a local radial expansion of the said outer skirt ( 41 ′) over the said height H 2  , 
     d) the said sealing means ( 50 ,  51 ) and/or the said insert ( 3 ) may possibly be assembled to the said outer part ( 4 ), typically by deposition of an adhesive between the said outer skirt ( 41 ) or onto the said cylindrical part ( 42 ), and then force fitting the said inner part ( 31 ) into the said outer part ( 41 ). 
     To manufacture the capsules ( 1 ) according to  FIGS. 1   a ,  2   a ,  3   a ,  4   a ,  5 ,  7   a ,  8   a ,  9   a ,  10   a ,  13   a ,  13   b  and  14   a , the said insert ( 3 ) is procured fitted with either its seal ( 50 ) or the sealing insert ( 51 ) that may be fixed and carrying a spout ( 8 ) or an “anti-fill” device ( 8 ′), the said insert typically being obtained by injection moulding of thermoplastic material. 
     The said blank ( 4 ′) is formed or procured and then the said outer part or shell ( 4 ) comprising the said expanded part ( 43 ) is formed by local deformation according to the invention. 
     The insert ( 3 ) is then assembled to the shell ( 4 ), typically by gluing. 
     However, capsules ( 1 ′) according to  FIGS. 17   c  and  17   d  are manufactured by procuring the seal ( 50 ) or the sealing insert ( 51 ), possibly fixed and carrying a spout ( 8 ) or an “anti-fill” device ( 8 ′). 
     As in the previous case, the said blank ( 4 ′) is formed or procured and then the said outer part or shell ( 4 ) comprising the said expanded part ( 43 ) is formed by local deformation according to the invention. 
     The seal ( 50 ) or the sealing insert ( 51 ) is then assembled to the shell ( 4 ). 
     In step c) of this method, the said local radial expansion may be obtained by axial compression of an expandable punch ( 95 ) in the said blank ( 4 ′) placed in a shaping die ( 91 ,  91 ′) forming a radial cavity ( 92 ) with a profile similar to the profile of the said expanded part ( 43 ), the said expandable punch ( 95 ) forcing a part of the said outer skirt ( 41 ′) into contact with the said inner wall of the said radial cavity ( 92 ), due to the said axial compression, typically obtained by axial displacement of a slide ( 96 ). 
     Advantageously, and as shown in  FIGS. 11   a  to  12   b , the said local radial expansion may be an expansion progressively extending in the axial direction, the said expandable punch starting to apply its action at the bottom part ( 45 ) of the said blank ( 4 ′) closest to the said outer head ( 40 ), then progressively continuing to exert its action by moving away from the said outer head ( 40 ), so as to enable free creep of the said skirt ( 41 ′) in the said cavity ( 92 ), the said free creep being made possible by progressive blocking of the said skirt ( 41 ′) from the said outer head ( 40 ), the remainder of the said skirt ( 41 ′) not being blocked in contact with the said die by the said expandable punch ( 95 ), so as to progressively form the said expanded part ( 43 ) in the axial direction without any risk of metal breakage. This is why this method transforms a blank ( 4 ′) with height H 1  into a shell ( 4 ) with height H, where H′&gt;H, as can be seen in  FIGS. 11   a  and  11   b.    
     Otherwise, in other words when the metallic skirt does not creep freely on the side opposite the head as shown in  FIGS. 12   c  and  12   d , the elastomer punch creates an isotropic pressure ( 97 ) that blocks the skirt ( 41 ) in contact with the wall of the die ( 91 ′) such that the portion of skirt facing the said cavity ( 92 ) is affected by a hydraulic expansion which creates a deformation with the necessary thinning of the wall and finally rupture of the said wall as soon as the deformation is significant. 
     It is important to note that the said expanded part ( 43 ) has approximately the same thickness as the said cylindrical part ( 42 ) of the outer skirt ( 41 ) such that this expanded part, relatively exposed to shocks, does not have any mechanical weakness. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 12   a  and  12   b , the said expandable punch ( 95 ) may have an axial profile ( 950 ) adapted to obtaining the said progressive expansion by radial compression. 
     According to the invention, the said expandable punch may be formed from an elastomer material capable of deforming under the said radial compression, the said elastomer material having a Shore hardness chosen as a function of the mechanical characteristics of the said material from which the said blank ( 4 ′) is made, typically metallic, the said hardness being greater than a given value depending on the mechanical characteristics and the thickness of the said material forming the said skirt ( 41 ′), such that the said axial compression develops a radial force of the said elastomer material greater than the local resistance of the said skirt ( 41 ′) to deformation by radial expansion. 
     Thus for example, an elastomer with a Shore A hardness of 80 to 85 will be sufficient if the said blank ( 4 ′) is made from a 0.23 mm thick 8011 aluminium alloy according to the Aluminum Association nomenclature, , while an elastomer with a Shore A hardness of 85 to 90 is necessary when the aluminium alloy is a 0.23 mm thick 3105 alloy according to the same nomenclature, since a 3105 alloy has higher mechanical characteristics than an 8011 alloy. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 11   a  to  12   b , the expandable punch ( 95 ) may be compressed in the axial direction by a slide ( 96 ). This slide may be metallic or made from an elastomer with hardness greater than the hardness of the expandable punch ( 95 ), or it may comprise an elastomer or rubber lower part ( 96 ′) with a Shore A hardness greater than the hardness of the said expandable punch ( 95 ), as shown in  FIG. 11   d , which in particular provides a lower precision axial travel distance of the slide. 
     As shown in  FIG. 11   b , the said slide ( 96 ) may have a shoulder ( 960 ) with a width equal to at least the said thickness Ep, so that the said shoulder can apply an axial compression on the end of the said outer skirt ( 41 ) when the said slide ( 96 ) is at its bottom dead centre, and thus facilitate the said expanded part ( 43 ) being forced into contact with the wall of the said cavity ( 92 ) and thus obtain low radii of curvature R 1  and R 2 . 
     The method according to the invention is not limited to capsules alone, it may be applied to the transformation of any hollow cylindrical body with a metallic skirt, particularly in the packaging sector. 
     EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS 
     The method according to the invention has been set up on an industrial production line and used at normal production rates. 
     The shells ( 4 ) were made from aluminium alloy blanks ( 4 ′) in the 8000 and 3000 series:
         a 0.23 mm thick 8011 alloy strip which, for the blank ( 4 ′) and shell ( 4 ), produces a thickness Ep of the skirt ( 41 ) varying from 0.23 mm at its upper part adjacent to the said head ( 40 ) to 0.245 mm at its lower part opposite the said head ( 40 ) and corresponding to opening of the shell ( 4 ) or the blank ( 4 ′).       

     The thickness Ep of the expanded part ( 43 ) was found to be equal to 0.23 mm, so that no thinning was observed.
         a 0.21 mm thick 3105 alloy strip which, for the blank ( 4 ′) and shell ( 4 ), produces a thickness Ep of the skirt ( 41 ) varying from 0.21 mm at its upper part adjacent to the said head ( 40 ) to 0.220 mm at its lower part opposite the said head ( 40 ) and corresponding to opening of the shell ( 4 ) or the blank ( 4 ′).       

     The thickness Ep of the expanded part ( 43 ) was found to be equal to 0.21 mm, so that no thinning was observed.
         a 0.23 mm thick 3105 alloy strip which, for the blank ( 4 ′) and shell ( 4 ), produces a thickness Ep of the skirt ( 41 ) varying from 0.23 mm at its upper part adjacent to the said head ( 40 ) to 0.240 mm at its lower part opposite the said head ( 40 ) and corresponding to opening of the shell ( 4 ) or the blank ( 4 ′).       

     The thickness Ep of the expanded part ( 43 ) was found to be equal to 0.23 mm, so that no thinning was observed. 
     The inserts ( 3 ) were made by injection moulding of PE or PP and the inserts ( 3 ) were assembled in the shells ( 4 ) usually using an adhesive available in the shops. 
     All Figures—except for  FIGS. 12   c  and  12   d —are illustrations or examples of embodiments of the invention. 
     In the example in  FIG. 1   a , the threaded insert ( 3 ) has a thin inner head ( 30 ) directly in contact with the said outer head ( 40 ) of the metallic shell ( 4 ), the insert ( 3 ) compressing the said sealing means ( 5 ,  50 ,  51 ) in contact with the neck ( 2 ) and its locking ring ( 22 ), the said sealing means ( 5 ) being an add-on seal ( 50 ) on the left part of the Figure, and a sealing insert ( 51 ) on the right part of the Figure provided with a ring ( 510 ) capable of temporarily fixing an anti-fill device ( 8 ′). 
       FIG. 1   b  is a side view of the crimped capsule ( 1 ) in  FIG. 1   a —the neck ( 2 ) not being shown. 
     In the example in  FIG. 2   a , the inner head ( 30 ) comprises an arch ( 33 ) in which the lower face is in contact with the said sealing means ( 5 ), namely an add-on seal ( 50 ), the upper face of the said inner head ( 30 ) carrying a spacing means ( 34 ) forming a plurality of spaced concentric rings ( 340 ) forming a recess, the rings ( 340 ) acting as a support for the outer head ( 40 ) of the metallic shell ( 4 ).  FIG. 2   b  shows a side view of the capsule ( 1 ) in  FIG. 2   a  similar to  FIG. 1   a.    
     In the example in  FIG. 3   a , the height of the rings ( 340 ) is greater than the height in  FIG. 2   a . Note in this Figure that the entire expanded part ( 43 ) is above the locking ring ( 22 ). The said sealing means ( 5 ) is an add-on seal ( 50 ) on the left part of the Figure, and a sealing insert ( 51 ) on the right part of the Figure provided with a ring ( 510 ) capable of temporarily fixing a spout ( 8 ). 
       FIG. 3   b  shows a side view of the uncrimped capsule ( 1 ) in  FIG. 3   a.    
     The example in  FIGS. 4   a  and  4   b  partly corresponds to the example shown in  FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b . The figures are different in that the insert ( 3 ) comprises a spacing means ( 34 ) as in  FIG. 2   a.    
     In the example in  FIG. 5 , the said outer head ( 40 ) and inner head ( 30 ) are curved (concave). The said sealing means ( 5 ) is an add-on seal ( 50 ) on the left part of the Figure, and a sealing insert ( 51 ) on the right part of the Figure, provided with a ring ( 510 ) capable of temporarily fixing a spout ( 8 ). 
     The case in which the outer head ( 40 ) and the inner head ( 30 ) of the insert ( 3 ,  3 ′) are convex instead of being concave, is shown in dashed lines. 
     The example in  FIG. 6   a  shows an insert ( 3 ) with an add-on seal ( 50 ), comprising a so-called “long” inner skirt ( 31 ) comprising an upper part ( 312 ) carrying the said inner thread ( 32 ), and a lower part ( 313 ) comprising a detachable part ( 314 ) carrying a tamper-evident means ( 6 ) in the form of a plurality of tabs ( 61 ) and a first opening means ( 7 ) in the form of a notched line of weakness ( 71 ′). 
       FIG. 6   b  shows a side view of the insert ( 3 ) in  FIG. 6   a.    
       FIG. 6   c  shows an enlarged partial view of the top right corner of  FIG. 6   a  and shows the position of the seal ( 50 ) relative to the annular tab ( 311 ) so as to obtain radial compression of the seal. 
     The examples in  FIGS. 7   a  to  10   b  relate to capsules ( 1 ) provided with an insert ( 3 ′) with a long skirt as shown in  FIGS. 6   a  to  6   d.    
     The example in  FIG. 7   a  represents a capsule ( 1 ) screwed to a BVP 25H collar with a bead provided with an add-on seal ( 50 ), the outer skirt ( 41 ) of the shell ( 4 ) cooperating at its lower end with a heel ( 611 ) of the detachable part ( 314 ) of the insert ( 3 ), the compression of the add-on seal ( 50 ) in contact with the said neck being made by radial compression along a radial direction ( 11 ) due to the said annular tab ( 311 ). 
       FIG. 7   b  shows a side view of the capsule ( 1 ) in  FIG. 7   a.    
     The example in  FIG. 8   a  is similar to the example in  FIG. 7   a , the collar being a BVP 28H ring with a bead, and the said expanded skirt ( 43 ) being an expanded skirt ( 43 ′) at a spacing from or offset from the said outer head ( 40 ) in the case shown in  FIG. 8   a.    
     Capsules were also manufactured with a second expanded part ( 43 ″), shown in dashed lines in the right part of  FIG. 8   a.    
       FIG. 8   b  is a side view of the capsule ( 1 ) in  FIG. 8   a  similar to  FIG. 7   b.    
     The example in  FIGS. 9   a  and  9   b  is similar to the example in  FIGS. 7   a  and  7   b.    
     In  FIG. 9   a , the neck forms a BVP 36EH collar, and as shown in  FIG. 3   a , the said sealing means ( 5 ) is an add-on seal ( 50 ) on the left part of the Figure, and a sealing insert ( 51 ) on the right part of the Figure provided with a ring ( 510 ) capable of temporarily fixing a spout ( 8 ). 
     The example in  FIGS. 10   a  and  10   b  is similar to the example in  FIGS. 7   a  and  7   b.    
     In  FIG. 10   a , the neck forms a BVP 30H collar with a bead, and as shown in  FIG. 1   a , the said sealing means ( 5 ) is an add-on seal ( 50 ) on the left part of the Figure, and a sealing insert ( 51 ) on the right part of the Figure provided with a ring ( 510 ) capable of temporarily fixing an anti-fill device ( 8 ′). 
       FIGS. 11   a  to  12   b  show an axial section along the axial direction ( 10 ) illustrating the method for forming the said expanded part ( 43 ) according to the invention, using a deformation device ( 9 ). This device ( 9 ) comprises:
         a fixed part ( 90 ) typically comprising two dies, a lower die ( 91 ) and an annular upper die ( 91 ′) that cooperate particularly to form a radial cavity ( 92 ).   and a mobile part ( 93 ) typically comprising a rigid central part ( 94 ) comprising a foot ( 940 ), a slide ( 96 ) free to move in the axial direction with respect to the said rigid central part ( 94 ), and an expandable elastomer punch ( 95 ) capable of being radially deformed by displacement of the slide ( 96 ).       
     In  FIG. 11   a , the foot ( 940 ) of the rigid central part ( 94 ) fixes the said elastomer punch ( 95 ) through the bottom. On the left part of the  FIG. 11   a , the mobile part ( 93 ) forming the punch is raised (top dead centre), while the right part of the Figure shows it in the lowered position (bottom dead centre), the slide ( 96 ) then being in the low position compressing the said elastomer punch ( 95 ). 
     In  FIG. 11   b  that corresponds to  FIG. 11   a , the foot ( 940 ) of the rigid central part ( 94 ) fixes the said elastomer punch ( 95 ) at approximately the mid-height of the elastomer punch ( 95 ). 
     The right part of this Figure shows a variant in which the slide ( 96 ) comprises a shouldered part ( 960 ) that at the end of the travel distance bears on the end of the outer skirt ( 41 ) of the shell ( 4 ), so as to contribute to “spinning” the metal to force it into contact with the inner wall of the dies ( 91 ,  91 ′) particularly when the radii of curvature R 1  and R 2 . are small (≦1.5 mm). 
       FIGS. 11   c  and  11   d  diagrammatically show deformations of the elastomer punch ( 95 ):
           FIG. 11   c  shows the blank of the shell ( 4 ′) in position in the dies ( 91 ) and ( 91 ′) before deformation starts, the mobile part ( 93 ) being lowered, the slide ( 96 ) still being in the “high” position so as not to compress the said elastomer punch ( 95 ),     FIG. 11   c  shows the blank of the shell ( 4 ′) partially deformed by partial compression of the said elastomer punch ( 95 ), in dashed lines, the slide ( 96 ) being in an intermediate axial position,     FIG. 11   d  shows the shell ( 4 ) comprising an expanded part ( 43 ) formed by total compression of the said elastomer punch ( 95 ), the slide ( 96 ) being in the bottom axial position.       
       FIG. 11   d  shows a variant of the slide ( 96 ) that comprises a lower part ( 96 ′)—the part in contact with the elastomer punch ( 95 )—formed from an elastomer with a Shore A hardness greater than the Shore A hardness of the elastomer punch, so as to form a “shock absorber” between the typically metallic slide ( 96 ) and the elastomer punch ( 95 ). 
       FIGS. 12   a  and  12   b  correspond to  FIGS. 11   c  and  11   d , the elastomer punch ( 95 ) having a profile with a sloping wall ( 950 ), so as to encourage progressive radial compression of the outer skirt ( 41 ) starting from its lower end ( 45 ) which does not block axial displacement or migration ( 46 ) of the wall metal of the blank of the shell ( 4 ′) into the cavity ( 92 ). This displacement ( 46 ) of the skirt with respect to the upper die ( 91 ′) was shown by an arrow in  FIG. 12   a.    
       FIGS. 12   c  and  12   d  illustrate the situation according to prior art in which compression of an elastomer punch ( 95 ′) causes isotropic compression ( 97 ) that blocks the shell blank metal around the periphery of the said cavity ( 92 ), like a blank holder, such that the metal part ( 47 ) facing the cavity ( 92 ) is expanded, thinning the metal and causing metal breakage and the formation of cracks ( 44 ). 
     The example in  FIG. 13   a  corresponds to the example in  FIG. 4   a , however, in  FIG. 13   a , the insert ( 3 ,  3 ′) is a thick insert which also fills the cavity ( 48 ) formed by the expanded part ( 43 ), the insert ( 3 ) possibly being force fitted into the shell ( 4 ), or the shell ( 4 ) possibly being formed on the said insert ( 3 ). 
     The example in  FIG. 13   b  corresponds to the example in  FIG. 1 , however the insert in  FIG. 13   b  does not fill the cavity ( 48 ), since this cavity is filled by a material ( 49 )—typically an adhesive material that may be a hot melt for gluing the insert to the shell. 
     The example in  FIG. 14   a  corresponds to  FIG. 7   a , but the neck ( 2 ) comprises a bottom tamper-evident ring ( 21 ′) and consequently the said insert ( 3 ) is an insert ( 3 ′″) with a very long skirt with a height of 60 mm. 
       FIG. 14   b  is a side view of the capsule ( 1 ) in  FIG. 14   a.    
     The examples in  FIGS. 14   c  and  14   d  (partial views of capsules) show other insert embodiments ( 3 ,  3 ′,  3 ″,  3 ′″) in which the said inner head ( 30 ) comprises a flexible annular tab ( 302 ) at its periphery, capable of cooperating with the expanded part ( 43 ) so as to fix the insert ( 3 ) to the shell ( 4 ). 
     The tab ( 302 ) in  FIG. 14   c  is a simple tab, while the tab ( 302 ) in  FIG. 14   d  is a “Y” shaped tab in which the branches cooperate with the corners of the said expanded part ( 43 ). 
     The examples in  FIG. 15   a  to  16   f ,  17   a ,  17   b  and  18   d  show shape variants of the said expanded part ( 43 ),  FIGS. 15   a  to  15   f  being side views and  FIGS. 16   a  to  16   f  being top views. 
       FIG. 15   a  shows a “smooth” expanded part without any ornaments or complementary manual gripping means ( 430 ). 
       FIGS. 15   b  to  15   f  and  17   a  to  17   b  show examples of ornament or manual gripping means ( 430 ):
         shaped like a series of vertical sticks in  FIG. 15   b,      shaped like a series of circles in  FIG. 15   c,      shaped like a series of triangles, alternately upside down, in  FIG. 15   d,      shaped like a series of inclined ovals in  FIG. 15   e,      shaped like a series of finger nails in  FIG. 15   f,      shaped like a series of “laurel leaves” in  FIG. 17   a,      shaped like a series of “offset laurel leaves” in  FIG. 17   b.          
     These ornamental and/or manual gripping means ( 430 ) may be recessed or raised printed, as shown in the case in  FIG. 15   b  see lower part of  FIG. 15   b  that is a partial cross sectional view of the expanded part ( 43 ). 
       FIGS. 16   a  to  16   f  and  18   d  show different sections of the said expanded part, the central circle in dashed lines corresponding to the section of the said non-expanded cylindrical part ( 42 ):
         circular section in  FIG. 16   a,      polygonal section with 6 sides in  FIG. 16   b,      polygonal section with 10 sides in  FIG. 16   c,      circular section cut out by a plurality of grooves in  FIG. 16   d,      expanded part formed by a plurality of relief, in  FIG. 16   e,      expanded part comprising a plurality of relief, in  FIG. 16   f,      expanded part with oval section in  FIG. 18   d.          
       FIGS. 17   c  and  17   d  show another purpose of the invention, a capsule ( 1 ′) without a threaded insert, but provided with an add-on seal. This capsule ( 1 ′) after having been placed on a neck (see  FIG. 17   c ) is crimped to the neck, a knurl forming a thread cooperating with the thread ( 20 ) of the neck, on the skirt of this capsule. 
       FIGS. 18   a  to  18   c  show the case of a shell ( 4 ) of a capsule ( 1 ), in which the said cylindrical part ( 42 ) is a cylindrical part ( 42 ′) with a low deformation amplitude (a′/b′), capable of facilitating manual gripping of the capsule and forming a decorative pattern. 
     Advantages of the Invention 
     The invention has many advantages. 
     Firstly, it discloses a means of obtaining deformations with a large amplitude (a/b) on the skirt of the capsule ( 1 ) by local radial expansion of the skirt, but without these deformed parts being weakened or having defects such as cracks. 
     This means is an economic method compatible with industrial production rates, and that can easily be integrated into a conventional production line, the local radial expansion step being a complementary step following the conventional step for formation of the blank of the shell ( 4 ′). 
     It should be noted that this complementary step requires means with which those skilled in the art will be familiar and does not require a large investment. 
     Furthermore, this method has very broad applications, since it can be used not only to modify any type of capping capsule with a metallic skirt, but also any hollow body, typically (but not necessarily) cylindrical, with a metallic skirt or capable of behaving like a metal. 
     Finally, the capsules ( 1 ,  1 ′) obtained according to the invention have many advantages, to the extent that:
         they have a metal shell ( 4 ) in which the outer skirt ( 41 ) has an approximately constant thickness Ep despite local radial deformations, which provides capsules with a shell free of defects and good mechanical shock resistance,   these radial deformations facilitate manual gripping and rotation of the capsule (screwing and unscrewing), particularly during the first opening of the capsule, such that it is not necessary to use a tool that requires breakage of the narrow connecting strips of the guarantee strip during this first opening,   these radial deformations form decorative, identification and customisation means of capsules, which is very useful in practice.       

     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 List of marks 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Closing capsule 
                  1 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Rotation axis - axial direction 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Radial direction 
                 11 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Neck of a container 
                  2 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Outer thread - cooperates with 32 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                 Tamper-evident ring 
                 21 
               
               
                   
                 Bottom tamper-evident ring 
                         21′ 
               
               
                   
                 Locking ring 
                 22 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Striated part 
                 220  
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Orifice, opening of 2 
                 23 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Insert with height h 
                  3 
               
               
                   
                 Insert with “short” skirt 
                     3′ 
               
               
                   
                 Insert with “long” skirt 
                     3″ 
               
               
                   
                 Insert with “very long” skirt 
                  3′″ 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Inner head 
                 30 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Rib or annular overthickness 
                 300  
               
               
                   
                 Chamfer 
                 301  
               
               
                   
                 Flexible annular tab 
                 302  
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Inner skirt 
                 31 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Rib or support pins for 50 
                 310  
               
               
                   
                 Rib or support pins for 51 
                 310′     
               
               
                   
                 Annular tab 
                 311  
               
               
                   
                 Top part with thread 
                 312  
               
               
                   
                 Bottom part under thread 
                 313  
               
               
                   
                 Bottom part of 313 forming 71 
                 314  
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Inner thread - cooperates with 20 
                 32 
               
               
                   
                 Arch 
                 33 
               
               
                   
                 Spacing means 
                 34 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Concentric rings 
                 340  
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Metallic shell with height H 
                  4 
               
               
                   
                 Blank of 4 
                   4′ 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Outer head 
                 40 
               
               
                   
                 Outer skirt 
                 41 
               
               
                   
                 Blank of 41 
                     41′ 
               
               
                   
                 Cylindrical part of 41 with height H1 
                 42, 42′ 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Secondary deformations of 42 
                 420  
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Expanded part of 41 with height H2 
                 43, 43′ 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ornamental or manual gripping means 
                 430  
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Cracks 
                 44 
               
               
                   
                 Bottom of blank 4′ 
                 45 
               
               
                   
                 Axial displacement, migration of metal 
                 46 
               
               
                   
                 from 4′ 
               
               
                   
                 Part of 4′ facing the cavity 92 
                 47 
               
               
                   
                 Radial cavity formed by 43, 43′ 
                 48 
               
               
                   
                 Filling material for 48 (adhesive) 
                 49 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Sealing means 
                  5 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Add-on seal of 1 
                 50 
               
               
                   
                 Add-on seal of 1′ 
                     50′ 
               
               
                   
                 Sealing insert 
                 51 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Connecting ring of 51 with 8, 8′ 
                 510  
               
               
                   
                 Annular sealing lip 
                 511  
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Tamper-evident means 
                  6 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Crimped/to be crimped zone 
                 60 
               
               
                   
                 Attachment tabs 
                 61 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Thinned part 
                 610  
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Heel - external projection 
                 62 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 First opening means 
                  7 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Line of weakness 
                 70 
               
               
                   
                 Notched line of weakness 
                     70′ 
               
               
                   
                 Guarantee strip 
                 71 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Spout 
                  8 
               
               
                   
                 “Anti-fill” device 
                     8′ 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ball 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                 Seal attachment ribs to the neck 
                 81 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Radial deformation device of 4′, 41′ 
                  9 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Fixed part forming die 
                 90 
               
               
                   
                 Dies 
                 91, 91′ 
               
               
                   
                 Radial cavity of 91, 91′ 
                 92 
               
               
                   
                 Axially mobile part forming punch 
                 93 
               
               
                   
                 Rigid central part of punch 
                 94 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Foot 
                 940  
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Expandable elastomer punch 
                 95 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Profile with sloping wall 
                 950  
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Elastomer punch (prior art) 
                     95′ 
               
               
                   
                 Slide for axial compression of 95 
                 96 
               
               
                   
                 Lower part of 96 made of “hard” elastomer 
                     96′ 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Shoulder 
                 960  
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Isotropic pressure 
                 97