Abstract:
A method of phosphorous reduction in stormwater runoff using iron humate, such as in the form of a filter, a layered filter bed, a stacked wall or a liner. The stormwater (fluid) runoff is sent to a fluid retention area such as a retention pond, wetland reservoir or the like where the runoff is filtered through iron humate. While the runoff is filtered, the iron humate absorbs or chemically retains the phosphorous in the runoff to produce filtered runoff with a reduced level of phosphorous. In an alternate embodiment, the runoff can be pumped from a retention pond into a iron humate filter where the runoff is filtered. In another alternate embodiment, the iron humate filter may be placed in a trench below ground to intercept and filter groundwater flows.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to treatment of runoff water from non-point sources and, more particularly, to a method of phosphorous reduction in stormwater runoff and groundwater systems using iron humate. 
     2. General Background 
     Iron humate is a co-product of certain municipal drinking water treatment systems. The material is an iron rich organic compound. It is produced by introducing ferric sulfate to river water as a flocculent to remove floating organic detritus. 
     Research has proven that excessively high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus have detrimental affects on water bodies, such as Lake Okeechobee, Lake Hancock, the Kissimee River and the Everglades. The State of Florida and the Federal Government are committing billions of dollars to the improvement of water bodies by the reduction of phosphorus from runoff from non-point sources, such as dairy farms, sugar cane fields, and any other lands that use high doses of fertilizer over many years. 
     Several methods have been patented which are aimed at water treatments to remove nitrogen, phosphorous and other compounds. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,766,474 issued to Landmark Reclamation, Inc., of Denver, Colo., on the application of S. W. Smith, et al., entitled “BIOMASS IMPONDMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR PURIFYING WATER,” discloses a biomass system for purifying water runoff from ponds and lakes which includes an non-rooted plants and bottom dwelling plants in the impondment to adsorb impurities, such as phosphorous, ammonia, nitrogen and heavy metals. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,707,270 issued to Ube Industries, Ltd., of Japan, on the application of W. Kobayashi, et al., entitled “PROCESS FOR TREATING WASTE WATER CONTAINING PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS AND/OR ORGANIC COD SUBSTANCES,” discloses a process for treating water using calcium silicate compounds as adsorbent agents to remove various phosphorous compounds. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,036,851 issued to S. G. Simmering, et al., entitled “PEAT BALE FILTRATION ELEMENT,” discloses treating stormwater runoff to remove phosphorous in a retention pond with a peat bale in a layered filtration bed. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,042,743 issued to Environmental Filtration, Inc, of Brooklyn Park, Minn., entitled “METHOD OF PROCESSING PEAT FOR USE IN CONTAMINATED WATER TREATMENT,” discloses a method of processing peat for treating contaminated aqueous solutions. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,629 issued to W &amp; H Pacific, Inc., of Bellevue, Wash., on the application of W. C. Stewart, entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING STORM WATER,” discloses an apparatus for treating stormwater runoff with humas-rich compost in beds as an adsorbent to remove contaminants such as phosphorous from drain fields. 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,462,666 and 5,670,046 issued to RJJB &amp; G, Inc., of West Palm Beach, Fla., on application of R. C. Kimmel, entitled “TREATMENT OF NUTRIENT-RICH WATER,” discloses a multistage treatment system which treats water having nitrogen compounds, phosphorous compounds, and other minerals. An insoluble salt is used to precipitate phosphorous compounds and other minerals wherein the precipitate is separated in a separation device. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,174,897 issued to The United States of Americas as represented by the Secretary of Agriculture, of Washington, D.C., on application of Wengrzynek, entitled “CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS TO CONTROL NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION,” discloses a construct of a sediment basin, level-lip spreader, grassy filter, wetlands and a deep pond used to remove pollutants from nonpoint source runoff. 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,213,692, 5,302,180 and 5,411,569, issued to Kemiron, Inc., of Bartown (Sic), Fla., on application of Hjersted, disclose an iron humate product and processes for preparing iron humates such as for vegetation and supplementation of animal feedstock. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,354,350 issued to The Vigoro Corporation, of Chicago, Ill., on application of Moore, discloses a citrate soluble slow release iron humate agricultural nutrient composition. 
     SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION 
     The preferred embodiment of the method of phosphorous reduction in stormwater runoff of the present invention solves the aforementioned problems in a straight forward and simple manner. 
     Broadly, the present invention contemplates a method of phosphorous reduction in stormwater runoff using iron humate, such as in the form of a filter, a layered filter bed, a stacked wall or a liner. 
     More specifically, the method of phosphorous reduction in stormwater runoff of the present invention comprising the steps of: channeling a fluid runoff into a fluid retention area; filtering the fluid runoff through iron humate to absorbing phosphorous from the fluid runoff with the iron humate to create filtered fluid runoff; and, discharging the filtered fluid runoff out of the fluid retention area. 
     Additionally, the present invention contemplates an iron humate filter comprising: a mesh cage housing having mesh cage walls; a geotextile fabric lining the mesh cage housing; and, iron humate enclosed in the mesh cage housing wherein fluid is adapted to flow through the mesh cage housing and the geotextile fabric to the iron humate where phosphorous is absorbed or chemically retained. 
     The above and other objects of the present invention will become apparent from the drawings, the description given herein, and the appended claims. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     For a further understanding of the nature and objects of the present invention, reference should be had to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like parts are given like reference numerals and, wherein: 
     FIG. 1 illustrates an iron humate filter installation employing a retention pond to carrying out the method of the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 illustrates an iron humate filter installation employing a wetland reservoir to carrying out the method of the present invention; 
     FIG. 3 illustrates an iron humate filter installation employing a retention pond to carrying out the method of the present invention in combination with a turnkey treatment plant; 
     FIG. 4 illustrates an iron humate installation employing an agricultural ditch to carrying out the method of the present invention; 
     FIG. 5 illustrates a first embodiment of an iron humate filter of the present invention; 
     FIG. 6 illustrates an top plan view an iron humate filter assembly of the present invention; 
     FIG. 7 illustrates an second embodiment of an iron humate filter for use with the iron humate filter assembly of FIG. 6; 
     FIG. 8 illustrates a side view of the iron humate filter assembly of FIG. 6; and, 
     FIG. 9 illustrates a cross-sectional view along the PLANE  8 — 8  of the embodiment of FIG.  9 . 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Overview 
     The overall method of phosphorous reduction in stormwater runoff of the present invention uses barriers, liners or structures of iron humate (FeHu), hereinafter referred to as iron humate filters submerged in an fluid retention area down stream of the stormwater runoff to absorb phosphorous from the stormwater runoff. In the exemplary embodiment, the stormwater runoff flows or is channeled to the fluid retention area from non-point sources (e.g., dairy farms, sugar cane fields). 
     The fluid retention area may be a retention pond  40  or  240 , as best seen in FIGS. 1 and 3, wetland reservoir  140  with vegetation, as best seen in FIG. 2 or an agricultural ditch  340 , as best seen in FIG.  4 . 
     Referring now to the iron humate filter, FeHu has a strong ability to adsorb (chemically retain) phosphorous. Hence, I have determined that with the problems of high nitrogen and phosphorous levels in Florida&#39;s waters, a structure of FeHu, which allows stormwater runoff to flow therethrough, chemically retains phosphorous found in the stormwater runoff. Thereby, the FeHu can be used to reduce phosphorous from non-point sources of stormwater runoff (e.g., dairy farms, sugar cane fields). 
     Since the FeHu chemically absorbs phosphorous or phosphorous compounds, the iron humate filter will become saturated. When the iron humate filter becomes saturated, the iron humate filter should be removed and replaced with another iron humate filter. As will be described in more detail below, alternately, the saturated iron humate in the iron humate filter may be replaceable with a clean or non-saturated iron humate instead of removing the filter. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Referring now to FIG. 1, the method of phosphorous reduction in a stormwater runoff, is best seen in FIG. 1, where a iron humate filter installation  20  is employed downstream of a dairy farm or other non-point stormwater runoff source  30 . The iron humate filter installation  20  includes a retention pond  40  which is positioned to down stream the surface stormwater runoff flow ARROW  50  and slows the surface stormwater runoff flow ARROW  50  down. The stormwater runoff filters through the iron humate filter  60 . The iron humate filter installation  20  further includes a retention pond drain pipe  80  which discharges or channels filtered stormwater runoff into a control ditch  70  on the output side of the iron humate filter  60 . The filtered stormwater runoff in the control ditch  70  has a significantly lower level of phosphorous. Thereafter, the fluid solution in the control ditch  70  can then be funneled to other water ways or used appropriately. 
     Eventually, the iron humate in the iron humate filter  60  will reach “breakthrough” or a phosphorous saturation stage—a stage where it cannot retain any more phosphorous—and a fresh iron humate filter  60  would be needed. The saturated or phosphorous-laden FeHu could then be sold or processed into fertilizer. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Referring now to FIG. 2, an alternate embodiment for carrying out the method of the present invention that includes iron humate filter installation  120  downstream of a non-point stormwater runoff source  30  (FIG. 1) is shown. The iron humate filter installation  120  includes a wetland reservoir  140  which is positioned to slow down surface stormwater runoff flow ARROW  50  into the wetland reservoir  140 . The wetland reservoir  140  is lined, including its perimeter sides  142  and bottom floor  145 , with a iron humate filter liner  160  which filters the stormwater runoff flow ARROW  50 . 
     As is well known, FeHu, a known fertilizer, provides iron and other nutrients for vegetation. Thus, the iron humate filter liner  160  promotes vegetation growth  147  in the wetland reservoir  140  while also absorbing phosphorous, thereby also promoting further phosphorous reduction by plant uptake. 
     The iron humate filter liner  160  further includes iron humate filter mounds  165  spaced along the iron humate filter liner  162 . The discharge from the wetland reservoir  140  is sent downstream to control ditch  70 . 
     As described above, eventually, the iron humate will reach “breakthrough” or a phosphorous saturation stage—a stage where it cannot retain any more phosphorous—and a fresh iron humate or iron humate filter liner  160  and mounds  165  would be needed. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Referring now to FIG. 3, an iron humate filter installation  220  employing a retention pond  240  to carrying out the method of the present invention in combination with a turnkey treatment plant FeHu system  210  is shown. The iron humate filter installation  220  includes an upstream retention pond  240 , pump  245  and an iron humate-packed filter  260 . The surface stormwater runoff flow ARROW  50  flows down to the upstream retention pond  240 , where the stormwater runoff is pumped under pressure through pump  245  to the iron humate-packed filter  260 . The discharge of the iron humate-packed filter  260  on outlet port  264  is channeled downstream to control ditch  70 . 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     Referring now to FIG. 4, an iron humate filter installation  320  employing an agricultural ditch  340  to carrying out the method of the present invention is shown. The agricultural ditch  340  has an aqueous solution flow ARROW  350   a  and agricultural surface runoff flow ARROWS  350   b  and  350   b ′. Downstream from the aqueous solution flow ARROW  350   a  and the agricultural surface runoff flow ARROWS  350   b  and  350   b ′, iron humate filters  360  are stacked and positioned across the width of agricultural ditch  340  to create a filtering wall  325 . In the exemplary embodiment, there are two walls  325  and  327  adjacent to each other at approximately 500 feet-1000 feet spacing. The discharge from the second wall  327  can be sent downstream to control ditch  370  which flows into a natural creek, stream or river in the direction of ARROW  350   c.    
     Referring now to FIG. 5, a iron humate filter  360  is shown. The iron humate filter  360  includes in general a basket or cage housing  380  made of mesh which is adapted to be filled with iron humate  365 . In the exemplary embodiment, the basket or cage housing  380  includes a lid or cover  385  also preferably made of mesh to permit the flow of stormwater runoff to flow therethrough. The lid or cover  385  allows the saturated iron humate  365  to be removed from time-to-time and processed remotely or, alternately, sold. The basket or cage housing  380  is lined with a geotextile fabric  385  with a permittivity of about 100-about 200 gal/SF/min, or, as designed hydraulically to allow water to flow through the system, geotextile fabric  385  holding iron humate  365  inside of cage housing  380  and allowing water to pass therethrough. 
     In the exemplary embodiment, the basket or cage housing  380  includes a mesh opening of 3″×3″ (7.5 cm.×7.5 cm) with a mesh wire of 0.106—US gauge 12 (2.7 mm). The mesh is PVC coated with a minimum thickness of 0.0150″ per side and a nominal thickness of 0.0216″ per side. 
     The length L of the basket or cage housing  380  is approximately 6 feet, the width W is approximately 3 feet, the height H is approximately 3 feet. However, the basket or cage housing  370  can have any number of cells or compartments for the placement of the iron humate  365 . The compartments are created by the baffle walls also made of mesh. 
     As can be appreciated, the iron humate filter  60  and a iron humate filter liner  160  with mounds  165  are created filters similar to the iron humate filter  360  but may vary with size. Iron humate filter  260  differs from the submerged iron humate filters  20 ,  160 , and  360  and requires a closed housing for maintaining the fluid pumped therethrough. Furthermore, the iron humate filter  260  requires inlet and outlet ports  262  and  264 . 
     Referring now to FIGS. 6-9, an iron humate filter assembly  400  is shown. Iron humate filter assembly  400  fits into a half-round spillway or L-shaped conduit  420  typically constructed of corrugated metal pipe and widely commercially available. Assembly  400  includes a riser frame  410  with a plurality of cross brace angles  415  supporting an upright tubular channel  422  of L-shaped conduit  420 . The tubular channel  422  has a closed bottom  425  and intersects perpendicularly with horizontal tubular channel  427 . In the exemplary embodiment, the horizontal tubular channel  427  is semicircular shaped so that the bottom half can lay on the ground or other horizontal surface. 
     The iron humate filter assembly  400  further includes an iron humate filter  450  which fits in the bottom of the upright tubular channel  422  wherein stormwater runoff flows down the tubular channel  422  through the iron humate filter  450  to horizontal tubular channel  427 . The iron humate filter  450  includes a smaller basket or cage housing  480  made of expanded metal mesh which is adapted to be lined with a geotextile fabric  485  and filled iron humate. The geotextile fabric  485  assists in maintaining the iron humate in the basket or cage housing  480 . The basket or cage housing  480  includes a top handle  488  to permit the removal of the iron humate filter  450  and may include a rigid metal frame  482  supporting walls of an expanded metal cage  484 . 
     Iron humate filter assembly  400  may further include a steel or aluminum grate  490  positioned at the top of the vertical tubular channel  420 . 
     In an alternate usage or method of deployment, iron humate filters wrapped in geotextile filter fabrics can be fitted inside manholes and other types of stormwater inlets to filter runoff from urban areas, such as streets, parking lots and grassed swales. 
     Further, flow rates through iron humate may be increased by adding pine bark, rocks or other materials that are more permeable than the iron humate. The specific ratio for a iron humate-pine bark mixture will by necessity be site specific. 
     Because many varying and differing embodiments may be made within the scope of the inventive concept herein taught and because many modifications may be made in the embodiment herein detailed in accordance with the descriptive requirement of the law, it is to be understood that the details herein are to be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.