Abstract:
Apparatus is provided for separating non-magnetic mineral values from a source containing magnetic material and non magnetic material. The apparatus includes first and second conveyers in overlying relation which counter-rotate relative to one another. One of the conveyers includes a magnetic assembly which cooperates with paddles on the upper conveyer to progressively isolate values from magnetic material. Multiple stages are provided for intermittent magnetic interactions such that the non-magnetic materials are effectively isolated from the magnetic materials.

Description:
[0001]     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/249,466, filed Nov. 20, 2000, which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for isolating valuable or toxic substances from a source containing such materials.  
         [0003]     It is well known that precious metals and toxic substances can be contained in small amounts in a composite material that may include a mixture of soil, rocks, ores, metals, minerals, tailings, and the like. In the instance of precious metals, the amount of precious metals in a volume of composite materials may be quite small, but the volume of composite materials may be very large. If the precious metals can be extracted to a high degree, substantial and valuable amounts of precious metals can be obtained. Similarly, in the case of toxic substances, their presence in even lower, trace amounts in composite materials can present a similar environmental or human hazard. If not extracted from the large volumes of composite materials, it becomes necessary to dispose of all of the composite materials, which is very costly and greatly impacts the environment. If the toxic substances could be extracted and disposed of separately, the cost of disposal and the environmental problem are greatly reduced.  
         [0004]     While extraction devices and processes have been known in the past, frequently they have produced large amounts of polluted water or required special handling in order to perform extraction. This has significantly raised the cost of separation attempts and frequently made it financially unjustifiable to process the large volumes of composite materials in order to extract precious metals or toxic substances. Also, the prior art extraction devices and processes were inefficient resulting in incomplete extraction of precious metals or toxic substances. Accordingly, there is a need for a more efficient extraction method and apparatus as well as a method and apparatus that can be easily transferred and employed at the location of the composite material.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0005]     An object of the present invention is to provide a novel apparatus and method for isolating to a high degree valuable or toxic substances from composite materials containing such valuable or toxic substances in low concentration.  
         [0006]     Another object of the present invention is to provide a novel apparatus and method for separating non-magnetic mineral values from a source of composite materials containing magnetic material and non-magnetic material.  
         [0007]     A still another object of the present invention is to provide a novel method of dry separation of non-magnetic metal values from a source of material containing the non-magnetic values and other minerals.  
         [0008]     A further object of the present invention is to provide an environmentally friendly toxic substance separation apparatus and method.  
         [0009]     Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description that follows, and in part will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objectives and other advantages of the invention will be realized and obtained by the structure and methods particularly pointed out in the written description and claims hereof as well as the appended drawings.  
         [0010]     To achieve these and other advantages and in accordance with the purpose of the present invention, as embodied and broadly described, the present invention provides, in one aspect, an apparatus for separating non-magnetic mineral values from a source material containing magnetic material and non-magnetic material, the apparatus including a first endless conveyer having a front end and a rear end, the first endless conveyer having a textured surface and having a plurality of spaced apart paddles removably mounted thereon; a second endless conveyer positioned beneath the first conveyer in a vertically spaced relationship therewith and having a front end and a rear end, the front end of the second conveyer positioned rearward with respect to the front end of the first conveyer to define a longitudinally staggered relationship between the first conveyer and the second conveyer, the second endless conveyer being configured to receive the source material adjacent its rear end; a motor for driving the first conveyer in a first direction and the second conveyer in a second direction opposite to the first direction such that a bottom surface of the first endless conveyer and a top surface of the second endless conveyer are driven in substantially the same direction from the respective rear ends towards the respective front ends; a first wall and a second wall extending between the first conveyer and the second conveyer substantially along the entire length of each conveyer, the first and second walls, the bottom surface of the first endless conveyer, the top surface of the first endless conveyer, and the paddles collectively forming an enclosure within which the source material is positioned; and a magnetic separation assembly mounted within the first endless conveyer for acting on the source material within the enclosure, the assembly having a frame for supporting discrete sections of magnets, the sections of magnets being mounted to the frame in spaced longitudinal relation to form alternating areas of presence and absence of a magnetic field such that the magnetic separation assembly permits the magnetic fields to intermittently act on the source material to progressively separate the magnetic material from the non-magnetic material as the material is transported along the second endless conveyer within the enclosure.  
         [0011]     In another aspect, the present invention provides an apparatus for separating non-magnetic mineral values from a source material containing magnetic material and non-magnetic material, the apparatus including a frame; a non-magnetic material collection channel mounted to the frame for collecting non-magnetic material; a feed mechanism for supplying the source material to the collection channel; retaining members mounted within the collection channel to retain the collected non-magnetic material; a fluid connection on the collection channel configured to connect a source of fluid to the collection channel, the fluid transporting the source material fed from the feed mechanism along the retaining members for retaining non-magnetic material and flushing the magnetic material contained in the source material away from the retaining members; and a magnetic separation assembly mounted adjacent the collection channel for exerting magnetic fields on the source material transported by the fluid to attract the magnetic material in the source material away from the retaining members and to assist collection and retaining of the non-magnetic material in the retaining members.  
         [0012]     In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of dry separation of non-magnetic metal values from a source material containing the non-magnetic values and other minerals, the method including the steps of providing a plurality of spaced apart magnets each for generating a magnetic field directed to an underlying conveyer; exposing the material on the conveyer to each of the magnetic fields in alternation in a continuous manner as the material is advanced by the conveyer; forming substantially homogeneous strata of the minerals overlying said non-magnetic values by repeated exposure to magnetic fields followed by the absence of the fields; and isolating the strata.  
         [0013]     In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of dry separation of non-magnetic metal values from a source material containing the non-magnetic values and other minerals, the method including the steps of providing a pair of top and bottom endless conveyers in vertical spaced relation to convey the source material, the top conveyer including a plurality of spaced apart magnets each generating a magnetic field directed to the bottom conveyer; exposing the material on the bottom conveyer to each of the magnetic fields in alternation in a continuous manner as the material is advanced by the bottom conveyer; forming substantially homogeneous strata of the minerals overlying said non-magnetic values by repeated exposure to magnetic fields followed by the absence of the fields; and isolating the strata.  
         [0014]     In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of wet separation of non-magnetic metal values from a source material containing non-magnetic material and magnetic material, the method including the steps of providing a non-magnetic material collection channel for collecting non-magnetic material; feeding the source material to the collection channel; treating the source material with a fluid in the collection channel to transport the source material along a retaining member for retaining non-magnetic material, the fluid flushing materials other than the non-magnetic metal values away from the retaining member; and providing a magnetic separation assembly adjacent the collection channel, the assembly having discrete sections of magnets, the sections of magnets in spaced longitudinal relation forming alternating areas of presence and absence of a magnetic field for permitting the magnetic fields to intermittently act on the source material to progressively separate the magnetic material from the non-magnetic material during transportation along the retaining member, the non-magnetic material carried by the fluid being efficiently collected and retained in the retaining member in the absence of magnetic material.  
         [0015]     In another aspect, the present invention provides a mineral separation assembly suitable for separating metal values from a source of material containing non-magnetic values and other minerals, the assembly including a frame for supporting discrete sections of magnets, the sections of magnets being mounted to the frame in spaced longitudinal relation forming alternating areas of presence and absence of a magnetic field; a spacer mechanism for spacing and maintaining the magnets within an individual section; a magnetic shield for shielding the frame from magnetic fields generated from the magnets; and directing means for directing magnetic fields in each section of the sections in a coaxial relationship such that, upon interaction with the assembly, the magnetic fields intermittently act on the source material to progressively separate the magnetic material from the non-magnetic material to assist collection and retainment of the non-magnetic material in a retainer.  
         [0016]     In another aspect, the present invention provides a separation apparatus for separating a target material from a source material, the apparatus including a carrier for transporting the source material along a predetermined path; and a magnetic field generator including a plurality of magnets for forming alternating areas of presence and absence of a magnetic field along the predetermined path so that the magnetic fields intermittently act on the source material transported by the carrier to progressively separate the target material from the source material, the strength of the magnetic fields being such that not only magnetic materials in the source material are affected as being attracted, but also conductive non-magnetic materials in the source material are affected by virtue of induction, causing repulsion of the conductive non-magnetic materials away from the magnetic field.  
         [0017]     In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for separating a target material from a source material, the method including the steps of transporting the source material along a predetermined path; and forming alternating areas of the presence and absence of a magnetic field along the predetermined path so that the magnetic fields intermittently act on the source material transported along the predetermined path to progressively separate the target material from the source material, the strength of magnetic fields being such that not only magnetic materials in the source material are affected as being attracted, but also conductive non-magnetic materials in the source material are affected by virtue of induction, causing effective repulsion of the conductive non-magnetic materials away from the magnetic field.  
         [0018]     In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for separating and disposing of a toxic substance from a source material in an environmentally clean manner, the method including the steps of receiving the source material including the toxic substance; transporting the source material along a predetermined path; forming alternating areas of presence and absence of a magnetic field along the predetermined path to exert the magnetic fields intermittently on the source material that is being transported along the predetermined path to progressively separate the toxic substance from the source material, the strength of magnetic fields being such that not only magnetic materials in the source material are affected as being attracted, but also conductive non-magnetic materials in the source material are affected by virtue of induction, causing effective repulsion of the conductive non-magnetic materials away from the magnetic field; and collecting the toxic substance separated in the step of forming.  
         [0019]     In another aspect, the present invention provides an apparatus for separating non-magnetic substances from a source material containing magnetic material and non-magnetic material, including a plurality of magnetic separating stations longitudinally spaced apart to provide alternating areas of a strong magnetic field and the absence of a strong magnetic field; a conveyer for moving the source material beneath the magnetic separating stations such that at a magnetic separating station magnetic material within the source material is attracted away form the conveyer to the magnetic station and non-magnetic material is not attracted to the magnetic station and remains on the conveyer, the conveyer having a discharge end; a scraper for periodically separating the magnetic material from each of the magnetic stations such that the magnetic material falls onto the conveyer to form a layer of the magnetic material in areas of the conveyer transporting the non-magnetic material thereon, wherein each downstream magnetic separating station acts on the source material on the conveyer to further separate the magnetic material from the non-magnetic material; a non-magnetic material receptacle located proximate the discharge end and a magnetic material receptacle located proximate the discharge end; and a discharge separating device located proximate the discharge end to cause substantially only the separated non-magnetic material to be discharged into the non-magnetic material receptacle and substantially only the separated magnetic material to be discharged into the magnetic material receptacle.  
         [0020]     In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method for separating non-magnetic substances from a source material containing magnetic material and non-magnetic material, the method including the steps of providing alternating areas of a strong magnetic field and the absence of a strong magnetic field via a plurality of magnetic separating stations longitudinally spaced apart; moving the source material via a conveyer located beneath the magnetic separating stations such that at a magnetic separating station magnetic material within the source material is attracted away form the conveyer to the magnetic station and non-magnetic material is not attracted to the magnetic station and remains on the conveyer; periodically scraping and separating the magnetic material from each of the magnetic stations such that the magnetic material falls onto the conveyer to form a layer of the magnetic material in areas of the conveyer transporting the non-magnetic material thereon, wherein each downstream magnetic separating station acts on the source material on the conveyer to further separate the magnetic material from the non-magnetic material; discharging substantially only the separated non-magnetic material into a non-magnetic material receptacle and discharging substantially only the separated magnetic material into a magnetic material receptacle.  
         [0021]     It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory, and are intended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0022]     The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention. In the drawings:  
         [0023]      FIG. 1  is a side view of a dry magnetic separating apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0024]      FIGS. 2A, 2B ,  2 C, and  2 D are enlarged drawings of the areas  2 A,  2 B,  2 C, and  2 D, respectively, shown in  FIG. 1 ;  
         [0025]      FIG. 3A  is an enlarged schematic view of the area  3 A of  FIG. 1 ;  
         [0026]      FIG. 3B  is an enlarged schematic view of the area  3 B of  FIG. 1 ;  
         [0027]      FIG. 3C  is an enlarged schematic view of the area  3 C of  FIG. 1 ;  
         [0028]      FIG. 4  is a perspective view of a wet magnetic separating apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0029]      FIG. 5  is an enlarged view of a portion of the apparatus of  FIG. 4 ;  
         [0030]      FIG. 6  is a side view of the apparatus of  FIG. 5 ;  
         [0031]      FIG. 7  is an enlarged view of a portion of a mesh belt used in the wet separating apparatus of  FIG. 4 ; and  
         [0032]      FIG. 8  is an end view of the apparatus of  FIG. 4 . 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0033]     Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.  
         [0034]     With reference to  FIG. 1 , a first endless conveyer belt  11  is shown to be vertically disposed with respect to a second endless conveyer belt  13 . This is a preferred disposition of the first endless conveyer belt  11  with respect to the second endless conveyer belt  13 . The first endless conveyer belt  11  has a first end  35  (front end) and a second end  37  (rear end) and is moved by a conventional motor (not shown) in a first direction, for example a clockwise direction, as shown by the arrow  33 . The rear end  39  of the second conveyer receives composite material (source material) in this preferred embodiment. Side walls  42  are provided in either side of the conveyers such that walls  42 , the bottom surface of the first endless conveyer belt  11 , and the top surface of the second endless conveyer belt  13  together form an enclosure within which the source material is located. While side wall  42  is depicted as transparent in  FIG. 1  to show the interior, of course, an opaque side wall  42  may also be employed.  
         [0035]     As used herein, the composite material is intended to include a mixture of dirt, ores, rock, tailings, and/or other material that includes both magnetic material, such as ferrous metals and minerals, and non-magnetic material, such as non-ferrous metals and minerals. In some instances, the composite material may include toxic minerals or metals in trace amounts per unit volume.  
         [0036]     In this example, the composite material is discharged to the rear end  39  of the second endless conveyer belt  13 . If desired, the composite material may instead be loaded onto the top surface of the first endless conveyer  11  at its first end  35  and discharged from the second end  37  of the first endless conveyer belt  11  to the rear end  39  of the second endless conveyer belt  13 . Also, depending upon design choice, the composition material may be loaded anywhere on the top surface of the first endless conveyer  11 .  
         [0037]     The second endless conveyer belt  13  includes a second end  41  (front end) and is moved by a suitable motor (not shown) in a second direction shown by the arrow  33 , for example, a counterclockwise direction. As shown in  FIG. 1 , the path of the second endless conveyer belt  13  is substantially aligned with the path of the first endless conveyer belt  11 . Moreover, in this preferred embodiment, the first endless conveyer built  11  moves at a higher speed, for example 30 rpm, 40 rpm, etc., than the speed of the second endless conveyer belt  13 , for example 10 rpm.  
         [0038]     A series of magnets  15 ,  17 ,  19 ,  21 , and  23  (including magnets  23   a  and  23   b ) are provided in a space defined by the first endless conveyer belt  11 . These magnets are commercially available, strong magnets having magnetic Gauss Oersteds (MGO e ) of 27 or higher. In this example, the front end side of magnets  23   a  and  23   b  are provided to increase the magnetic field strength to ensure effective attraction of the magnetic materials from the source.  
         [0039]     Preferably, at least the surface of the first endless conveyer belt  11  in contact with the composite material has a textured surface. Similarly, the surface of the second endless conveyer belt  13  may have a textured surface. The composite material is discharged at the rear end  39  of the second endless conveyer belt  13 . As the composite material moves from the first (rear) end  39  toward the second (front) end  41  of the second endless conveyer belt  13 , the material passes underneath the magnets  15 ,  17 ,  19 ,  21 ,  23   a  and  23   b  and is subjected to the strong magnetic fields of these magnets. As the composite material passes underneath these magnets, magnetic materials, such as ferrous metals and minerals, are attracted to the magnets, and non-magnetic material, such as non-ferrous metals and minerals, are not attracted and remain on the second endless conveyer belt  13 . The magnets are of such strength that the magnetic metals and minerals attracted thereto remain proximate the magnets despite the continuing movement of the first endless conveyer belt  11 . Thus, the textured surface of the first endless conveyer belt  11  slides between the magnets and the materials attracted to the magnets because the materials attracted to the magnets remain proximate thereto until they are scraped in the direction of the movement of the first endless conveyer belt  11  by one of the paddles  25 .  
         [0040]     The non-magnetic materials, for example non-ferrous metals and minerals, remain on the second endless conveyer belt  13  and continue to move in the direction of the arrow  33 . As the first endless conveyer belt rotates, paddles  25  will be intermittently moved past the locations of the magnets. The magnetic materials attracted to the magnets are pushed by the paddles  25  away from the magnets and out of the magnetic fields of the magnets. As the magnetic materials are pushed by the paddles  25 , they fall back to the surface of the second endless conveyer belt  13  on top of the non-magnetic materials that had remained on the second endless conveyer belt  13 . As a consequence, the magnetic materials form a layer on top of the non-magnetic materials that were not attracted to the magnets. In this way, as the composite material traverses the second endless conveyer belt from the first end  39  to the second end  41 , the composite materials become stratified with the magnetic materials being layered on top of the non-magnetic materials residing on the surface of the second endless conveyer belt  13 .  
         [0041]     The stratification of the composite material is illustrated in  FIGS. 2A through 2D .  FIG. 2A  corresponds to the area  2 A identified in  FIG. 1 .  FIG. 2A  schematically shows the composite materials before passing into the magnetic field of the first magnetic  15 .  FIG. 2B  is an enlarged view of the area  2 B of  FIG. 1 .  FIG. 2B  schematically illustrates the magnetic materials, such as the ferrous metals and minerals, being attracted to the magnet  17  with the non-magnetic materials, such as non-ferrous metals and minerals, remaining on the surface of the second endless conveyer belt  13 .  FIG. 2C  is an enlarged view of the area  2 C of  FIG. 1 .  FIG. 2C  schematically illustrates the stratification of the composite materials. The upper layers of the composite materials comprises magnetic materials and the lower layers of the composite materials comprises non-magnetic materials.  FIG. 2D  is an enlarged view of the area  2 D shown in  FIG. 1 .  FIG. 2D  further illustrates the stratification of the composite materials as a result of passing by the magnets  15 ,  17 ,  19 , and  21 .  
         [0042]     It can be understood that the number of magnets provided within the first endless conveyer belt is a matter of design choice. The distance between the magnets is also a matter of design choice depending upon the strengths and sizes of the magnets provided. The proper distance between the magnets is maintained by a structure sufficiently strong to support the magnets. Further, if it is desirable to have a larger intensity of the magnetic fields at the surface of the second endless conveyer belt  13  due to the nature of the materials processed or for some other reasons, the distance between the first endless conveyer belt  11  and the second endless conveyer belt  13  may be reduced. In such a case, it may be necessary to reduce the height of the paddles  25  on the first endless conveyer belt  11  so as to avoid undesirable interference with the second endless conveyer belt  13  and the materials thereon. In the preferred embodiment, adjustable supports  14  are provided ( FIG. 1 ) so that the second endless conveyer belt  13  may be adjustably located beneath the first endless conveyer belt  11 . The adjustable supports  14  may include a cam mechanism or the like for adjusting the vertical position of the second endless conveyer belt  13  relative to the first endless conveyer belt  11 . Of course, in the alternative, the vertical position of the first endless conveyer belt  11  may be adjusted while the second endless conveyer belt  13  is fixed, or both conveyer belts  11  and  13  may be made vertically movable to adjust the distance therebetween to produce a desired intensity of the magnetic fields.  
         [0043]     Also, the height of the paddles  25  may be adjusted to scrape a top layer of the pile of the materials in order to provide efficient, uniform exposure of the material on the second endless conveyer  13  to the magnetic fields.  
         [0044]     It is necessary that the selection of the magnets and the spacing therebetween permit the magnetic material to fall back to the second endless conveyer belt  13  before it is attracted to the next downstream magnet. Further in this example, as shown in  FIG. 1 , the final magnet  23  includes double magnets  23   a  and  23   b.  The magnets  23   a  and  23   b  attract for the final time the magnetic materials that have been separated to be at the upper strata of the composite materials. The materials left on the second endless conveyer belt  13  comprise the lower portion of the strata and are substantially comprised of non-magnetic materials, such as non-ferrous metals and minerals. These materials, conventionally called browns, fall into the first hopper  27  from the second end  41  of the second endless conveyer belt  13 . The materials that are discharged into the second hopper  29  from the first endless conveyer  11  are conventionally called blacks.  
         [0045]      FIG. 3A  is an enlarged schematic view of the area generally designated  3 A in  FIG. 1 . As shown in  FIG. 3A , the field of the magnet  15  attracts magnetic materials, such as ferrous metals and minerals, represented by X&#39;s and does not attract the non-magnetic materials, such as non-ferrous metals and minerals, represented by O&#39;s. The textured surface of the first endless conveyer belt  11  causes a churning or tumbling of the composite material that is attracted to the first magnetic  15  as the belt  11  slides between the magnet  15  and the magnetic material attracted thereto. This churning or tumbling motion enables more of the non-magnetic materials to drop to the surface of the second endless conveyer belt  13 . In the development of the present invention, the present inventor discovered that with respect to highly conductive non-magnetic material, such as gold, magnets having an MGO e  of greater than or equal to 27 effectively repel particles of such material entrapped in the composite material so that those particles will easily drop to the surface of the second endless conveyer belt  13 . The effect is particularly strong in the case of gold particles.  
         [0046]     This is believed to be due to the induction effects of the strong magnetic field. The churning or tumbling motion and other motions of the gold particles due to the movements of the endless conveyers create time-varying magnetic field as seen by the gold particles. This time-varying magnetic field induces the surface currents on the gold particles, which in turn create magnetic fields that are repulsive to the magnetic field created by the magnet  15 . Further, the magnetic field enhances the particles&#39; tendency to aggregate into larger particles, which are easily separated from the rest. These effects are particularly useful in forcefully separating metal particles attached to magnetic particles. Thus, gold and other precious metals, which are typically highly conductive, can efficiently be separated by virtue of this mechanism.  
         [0047]      FIG. 3B  is an enlarged schematic view of the area generally designated  3 B in  FIG. 1 . As shown in  FIG. 3B , the paddle  25  has just passed the magnet  17  and has pushed the magnetic material that was attracted to the magnet  17  to be out of the field of the magnet  17  until the magnetic materials fall back to the surface of the second endless conveyer belt  13  on top of the layer of non-magnetic materials. As seen from  FIG. 3B , this causes further stratification of the composite material with the magnetic (e.g., ferrous) metals and minerals laying on top of the non-magnetic (e.g., non-ferrous) metals and minerals.  
         [0048]      FIG. 3C  is an enlarged schematic view of the area generally designated  3 C in  FIG. 1 . The double magnets  23   a  and  23   b  are shown as holding within their magnetic fields the magnetic materials. The non-magnetic materials drop from the second (front) end  41  of the second endless conveyer belt  13  into the hopper  27 . The paddle  25  pushes off the magnetic materials that had been attracted to the magnets  23   a  and  23   b  such that those materials will fall into the hopper  29 .  
         [0049]      FIG. 4  shows a wet separation apparatus that comprises another aspect of an embodiment of the present invention. This wet separation apparatus can be used independently, or can be used to further process the browns separated through the use of the apparatus of  FIG. 1 . The apparatus of  FIG. 4  is particularly effective to separate gold and other precious non-ferrous metals from the browns deposited in the first hopper  27 .  
         [0050]     The wet separator apparatus of  FIG. 4  includes a bed  61  supported by rear legs  63  and front legs  65 . The rear legs  63  may be fixed to support the bed  61  in a particular height and the front legs  65  are adjustable via a crank or other mechanism (not shown) to adjust the legs in a vertical direction or height as indicated by the arrows shown in  FIG. 4 . As is readily understood, vertical adjustment of the legs  65  permits the selection of the slope of the bed  61  from a first (rear) end  67  to a second (front) end  69 . At the first end of the bed  67  is located a source of water  71  that will result in a steady stream of water flowing along a first bed channel  61   a  from near the first end  67  to the second end  69 . The water may be discharged from the source  71  at a selectable rate, for example, 60 gallons per minute, to form a continuous stream of water through the first bed channel  61   a.    
         [0051]     Downstream of the water source  71  is a feeder  73  for supplying a source material, such as the browns that have been separated by the apparatus shown in  FIG. 1 , for example. This feeder  73  may be of any conventional type and is intended to discharge the browns evenly into the first bed channel  61   a  of the bed  61 . The browns are discharged into the flowing water in the first bed channel  61   a.  The browns are carried by the stream of water beneath a rotating magnetic cross belt  81  that is driven by a motor  83 . As shown in  FIG. 5 , the magnetic cross belt  81  rotates in the direction of the arrow shown in  FIG. 5  and permits additional magnetic materials to be attracted to the cross belt  81  from the browns that are flowing in the first bed channel  61   a.  This is particularly important if the wet separator of  FIG. 4  is not processing browns that have previously been processed by the dry separator of  FIG. 1 .  
         [0052]     Downstream of the magnetic cross belt  81  is a magnetic separator  91  and a mesh area  93 . As shown in  FIG. 5 , the magnet separator  91  is comprised of a number of magnetic bars  101  of high strength magnetic material, e.g., magnets having an MGO e  greater than or equal to 27.  FIG. 5  shows the magnet separator  91  disposed upstream of the mesh area  93 . This is accomplished by movement of a carriage  95  supporting the magnetic separator  91  on rails  97  located on either side of the bed  61 . In a preferred mode of operation, the magnetic separator  91  is placed such that the upstream edge of the magnetic separator  91  is approximately coincident with the upstream edge of the mesh area  93 .  
         [0053]      FIG. 6  is a side view of a portion of the wet separator apparatus of  FIG. 4  and shows, in particular, the bars  101  of the magnetic separator  91 , downstream thereof, and the upstream portion of the mesh  93 . The proper distance between the magnetic bar  101  can be maintained by a frame sufficiently strong to support the magnets, for example.  
         [0054]      FIG. 7  is an enlarged view of a portion of the mesh  93 . In its preferred form, the mesh is a diamond pattern. When the magnetic separator  91  is placed such that its upstream edge is substantially coincident with the upstream edge of the mesh  93 , the magnetic field of the magnetic separator  91  including magnets of the above-stated strength repels gold particles present in the materials carried by the flowing stream of water against the flow of the water stream and into the upstream corners of the mesh pattern as shown in  FIG. 7 . This desirable repulsion effect occurs by the mechanism similar to the repulsion mechanism described above with reference to  FIG. 3A . That is, the repulsion effect is caused by the induction currents created by the time-varying magnetic field felt by the gold particles in the stream. Further, the magnetic field enhances the tendency of gold particles to aggregate into larger particles, which are easily trapped in the mesh  93 . It is believed that this also is attributed to the induction current effects described above. Similar phenomena occurs with respect to other conductive, non-magnetic materials.  
         [0055]     It can be understood that the configuration of the magnet bars  101  in the magnetic separator  91  and the lateral and vertical placements of the magnetic separator  91  relative to the mesh  93  are a matter of design choice depending upon other parameters, such as the flow rate in the water stream, etc., which in turn should be adjusted in accordance with the materials to be processed.  
         [0056]     Examples of the mesh  93  that can be used to create an efficient trapping environment for the precious metals include, but are not limited to, Hungarian riffles, reticulated mats having other patterns, etc. As shown in the preferred embodiment above, the reticulated mat having a diamond pattern is preferred for efficiently generating localized vortices, thereby providing better trapping effects. The dimensions of the diamond pattern and its height can be selected depending upon the content and volume of the material processed and the flow rate of the stream to achieve efficient capturing of desired minerals.  
         [0057]     The gold particles G accumulate in these upstream portions as more and more of the browns are carried in the water stream from the supply  71  to the second end  69  of the wet separator. The constituent materials of the browns that are not entrapped in the mesh  93 , e.g., the materials other than gold, are discharged from the second end  69  of the first bed channel  61   a  and may be disposed of.  
         [0058]     After processing a selected volume of the browns through the wet separator apparatus of  FIG. 4 , the feeding of the water and the browns is stopped in order to recover the gold particles trapped in the mesh  93 . This may be accomplished as shown in  FIG. 8  by rotating the first bed channel  61   a  clockwise by use of the handle  111  ( FIG. 4 ) until it is over a second bed channel  61   b.  The mesh  93  may be rinsed to cause the gold particles to be moved into the second bed channel  61   b.  The gold particles can be discharged into a collection box  115  ( FIG. 8 ) from the second bed channel  61   b.    
         [0059]     It is contemplated that the mesh  93  may be divided into a first section (upstream) and a second section (downstream). This is advantageous because the field of the magnetic separator  91  has its greatest effect on gold particles passing in the upstream section of the mesh  93  with the consequence that more pure gold particles will be trapped in an upstream portion of the mesh  93  than in a downstream portion. In this instance, the upstream portion of the mesh  93  may be separately cleaned from the downstream of the mesh  93  by separately rotating those portions and rinsing them. The gold particles from the upstream portion of mesh  93  would be discharged by a suitable discharge chute communicating with an upstream portion of the second bed channel  61   b.  The materials trapped in the downstream portion of the mesh  93  could be rinsed into the downstream portion of the second bed channel  61   b  and collected in a separate container. The materials recovered from this second container could then be run through the wet separator apparatus again.  
         [0060]     Furthermore, as shown in  FIG. 4 , one or more of additional auxiliary magnet elements  117  containing one or more of magnetic bars  101  or other magnets with a high magnetic strength may be removably provided under (or over) the mesh  93  in the downstream side of the magnetic separator  91  to provide additional trapping effects.  
         [0061]     One of the unique aspects of the present invention is that the magnetic fields actually act on nonferrous materials. When a source material passes through the equipment chambers a magnetic action occurs. The fine and ultra fine metals and minerals are slowed and attracted to each other. Then as the feedstock materials pass out of the magnet chamber, the specific gravity of the metals and minerals takes effect and, with back eddies that are being created, are captured in riffles on the decks of the equipment.  
         [0062]     In this embodiment, only plain water (which can often be recirculated) and a relatively small amount of power are required.  
         [0063]     The separation apparatus as embodied in the examples above may be constructed of appropriately designed modular components so that the apparatus may be easily transported to operation locations and assembled reliably and efficiently. A working model, which was constructed in such a modular design, allows processing of 1 ton per hour up to 100 tons per hour or more depending on project requirements and the nature of the materials. Of course, a more permanently based, large scale processing line may be constructed for use at large processing sites as the need arises.  
         [0064]     As described above, while passing through chambers having magnetic field strengths in excess of 27 MGO e , the present invention causes physical effects on certain non-ferrous materials causing high efficiency separation of the ferrous and non-ferrous materials. As shown in the examples above, processing is accomplished in a wet or dry mode depending on the nature of the materials. A separation system may be constructed by combining the above-described dry system and wet system. Depending upon the nature and content of the source material, the source material and the target material may be introduced and collected, respectively, in various appropriate stages of the combined separation system.  
         [0065]     Using the apparatuses and methods of the present invention described above, similar high-degree separation can be achieved with respect to not only gold, but also other precious metals, such as platinum, mercury, palladium, etc., or toxic minerals.  
         [0000]     Environmentally Friendly Toxic Substance Separation  
         [0066]     It is particularly contemplated that the material separations systems and methods of the present invention disclosed above can be used in isolating toxic substances and contaminants, such as mercury, most lead materials, antimony, and sulfides from soil or sediments that are naturally occurring or artificially created. Utilizing the present novel magnetic technology described above, separation of these heavy media contaminants and minerals can be effectuated at a lower cost with a high efficiency. Particularly noteworthy is that, as compared with the conventional chemical separation methods, systems according to the present invention yields no adverse environmental impact.  
         [0067]     According to this aspect of the present invention, separation apparatus and method of the present invention enable efficient and environmentally friendly separation and recovery, from a host of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, of mercury, certain lead minerals and a variety of other contaminants on the environmental cleanup sites, as well as gold, silver, platinum and other commercial products that may be present.  
         [0068]     The separation system of the present invention actually removes contaminants from the soil, eliminating the hazardous materials, as opposed to merely covering them up, allowing for a safer and restriction free use of previously contaminated property, for example. Furthermore, the separation system of the present invention often recovers, in a significant amount, metals or other valuable that other separation schemes leave behind. In certain cases, the potential recovery can well exceed the cost of clean up.  
         [0069]     Operational sites of the present invention include superfund sites, abandoned mines and mill sites, tailing dumps and deposits of naturally occurring contaminants, as well as contamination resulting from a variety of industrial or governmental operations.  
         [0070]     The modular design of the apparatus described above allows for the proper allocation of equipment regardless of the scope of the project. This increases efficiency on the operations side while eliminating costs relating to excess “hardware.” This modular approach also reduces manpower expenditures, requiring only that number of technicians necessary to run the appropriate number of machines. Thus, depending upon the size and nature of a particular cleanup or metal value separation project, the actual costs may very. Yet, as compared with the conventional technologies, it is apparent that the present invention provides for highly cost-efficient, environmentally clean schemes for toxic substance removal and metal values separation.  
         [0071]     It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the separating method and apparatus of the present invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the present invention cover the modifications and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.