Abstract:
A connector assembly for securing and optically aligning one or more optical fiber arrays, each optical fiber array having a plurality of optical fibers having an outer surface. The connector assembly includes a base having fiber receiving features configured to receive and align the plurality of optical fibers; and a retaining element that covers at least a portion of the alignment features and secures the plurality of optical fibers against the alignment features. The retaining element has a first contact surface that contacts the plurality of optical fibers, where the contact surface is able to conform to the outer surfaces of the plurality of optical fibers.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    Optical fibers are used for the transmission of optical signals. Optical fibers offer greatly increased transmission capability and transmission characteristics over traditional copper wires.  
           [0002]    The use of optical fibers, however, does present some difficulties. Optical fibers are, in fact, conductors of light signals. To avoid losing or degrading the light signals being transmitted, there is a need for precise alignment and coupling any time optical fibers are connected to each other or to optical devices. Optic transfer efficiency is the term used to measure the ability of a connector to accurately couple the transmitted light signals.  
           [0003]    As demands on communication media and data volume continue to increase, the advantages of using optical fiber bundles for transmission of signals across shorter distances, or for interconnecting local devices, continues to grow. With this growth has come a need to connect optical fibers accurately and economically to each other and to a multiplicity of devices.  
           [0004]    Numerous optical cable connectors have been developed to aid in the connection of fiber optic cables. As data transmission requirements grow, single fiber connectors have given way to multiple fiber arrays, such as parallel ribbon cables, including a plurality of optical fibers.  
           [0005]    Of considerable relevance to the problem of developing practical fiber optic connectors is the question of the optic transfer efficiency at the connector. Various factors affect the optic transfer efficiency at a connector. A key factor is axial misalignment, that is, when the connecting fiber ends are not aligned at the same linear axis. The ability to accurately align and retain fibers within a connector is an important component in obtaining and maintaining axial alignment.  
           [0006]    Aligning the end face of a single fiber against another fiber, each having a thickness less than that of a human hair, presents formidable challenges. The problems multiply geometrically the more fibers are to be connected. As the number of fibers grow, it becomes increasingly difficult to maintain the transfer efficiency of each fiber connection in the connector. The need exists for articles and methods to improve alignment and retention characteristics of multi-fiber connectors.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0007]    The present invention relates to an article, an assembly and a method for accurately securing multiple optical fibers in a connector assembly. In particular, the present invention is directed to a novel ferrule and connector assembly that establishes fiber positions relative to grooved features for accurate alignment.  
           [0008]    A ferrule in accordance with the present invention includes a ferrule base and a retaining element. The ferrule secures and optically aligns a plurality of optical fibers, each optical fiber having an outer surface. The fibers may be coated or uncoated. The ferrule base has alignment features, such as v-grooves, configured to receive and align the plurality of optical fibers. The retaining element covers at least a portion of the alignment features and secures the plurality of optical fibers against the alignment features. The retaining element has a contact surface that contacts the plurality of optical fibers, where the contact surface is able to conform to the outer surfaces of the plurality of optical fibers.  
           [0009]    In exemplary embodiments, the retaining element has a hardness not greater than that of the alignment features of the ferrule block and/or not greater than that of the outer surfaces the plurality of optical fibers. The contact surface may overlap the whole or only a portion of the alignment features.  
           [0010]    The retaining element may be a cover that mates with the base to form a ferrule or may be a pad that transmits pressure exerted by the cover or other members onto the fibers. The retaining element may include suitable materials such as Pellethane, Hytrel, or Santoprene. It also may include gels, fluid-filled bladders, or foam. In a particular embodiment, the retaining element may further include a curable adhesive to help retain the fibers and secure the ferrule.  
           [0011]    In yet another embodiment, the retaining element may include a relatively rigid structural member and a compliant contact member, the contact member including the contact surface.  
           [0012]    In one particular embodiment, the fibers are GGP coated fibers having about a 65 Shore-D hardness. The contact surface of the ferrule cover then has a durometer hardness equal or less than 65 Shore D.  
           [0013]    Additional embodiments may be designed to receive multiple stacks of parallel optical arrays. The ferrule includes a base and a cover element, each having alignment features. Multiple optical fiber arrays may be stacked between the cover and the base interleaved with compliant pads.  
           [0014]    A particular embodiment of a connector assembly for securing a plurality of optical fibers includes a base having a V-groove array that receives the plurality of optical fibers. A cover mates onto the base over at least a portion of the V-groove array and applies a retaining force upon the plurality of optical fibers. The cover has a compliant contact portion having a compression range that is equal to or greater than the expected fiber alignment height variability, wherein the compliant cover applies at least a portion of the retaining force to each one of the plurality of fibers. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0015]    [0015]FIG. 1 is a schematic front view of a prior rigid v-groove array connector.  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 2 is a schematic front view of an improperly deformed prior v-groove array connector.  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 3 is a schematic front view of a properly deformed v-groove array connector in accordance with the present invention.  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the first embodiment of a connector according to the present invention illustrated in FIG. 3.  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 5 is a schematic front view of the first embodiment illustrated in FIG. 4.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 6 is a schematic exploded front view of the first embodiment illustrated in FIG. 4.  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 7 is a schematic front view of a second embodiment of a v-groove array connector according to the present invention.  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 8 is a schematic exploded front view of the second embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7.  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a third embodiment of a connector according to the present invention.  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 10 is a schematic front view of the third embodiment illustrated in FIG. 9.  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 11 is a schematic exploded front view of the third embodiment illustrated in FIG. 9.  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 12 is a schematic front view of a forth embodiment of a connector according to the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0027]    To correctly align an optical fiber, it is desirable to be able to control and predict the position of the waveguiding region of the fiber. Fiber alignment is often accomplished using the outer geometry of the fiber. Fiber specifications often include tight tolerances for concentricity (the accuracy in positioning the light-guiding core region in the exact center of the fiber), fiber radius and circularity.  
         [0028]    Traditional connectors have attempted to achieve correct aligning by tightly constraining the position of the optical fibers using devices such as collars or plates. As deformations may result in misalignment, hard deformation resistant materials such as ceramics or hard plastics are used to manufacture connectors.  
         [0029]    However, the authors of the present invention have found that such hard materials can overcompress and/or deform the optical fibers themselves. When a fiber is deformed, the ability to predict the position of the core based on the outer geometry of the fiber is lost. Typical single mode optical fibers used in communications today have a diameter of 125 micrometers and a core diameter of 9 micrometers. From these dimensions, it becomes readily apparent that even a relatively small deformation of the outer surface may cause complete misalignment of the core.  
         [0030]    Furthermore, it has been found by the authors, that plates or collars made of such materials do not evenly distribute compressive and/or alignment forces in multi-fiber connectors.  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 1 illustrates a front view of a v-groove array connector  10  using traditional hard materials. A base  12  has an array of v-grooves  18 , each v-groove receiving a fiber in an array of optical fibers  20 . The v-grooves  18  provide coarse alignment based on the known radius and concentricity of the optical fibers  20 . A cover  14  is placed over the fibers to retain the fibers and to force them into proper position within the v-groove  12 . An adhesive  16  may be placed in the interface area to retain both the cover and the fibers in a fixed position.  
         [0032]    Referring to FIG. 2, the inventors of the present invention observed that when placed on the v-grooves  18 , the fibers  20  tended to “float” within the v-grooves  18 . The hydraulic effect of the adhesive  16  also tended to lift the fibers  20  out of the v-grooves  18 . The movement led to the fibers  20  moving out of the desired position and not being correctly aligned.  
         [0033]    When the cover  14  is pressed upon the optical fibers  20 , a number of the fibers were compressed out of position. As may be appreciated in FIG. 2, the pressure of the cover tended to deform the fibers, often resulting in damage to the fibers and misalignment.  
         [0034]    As discussed above, having a rigid point of alignment reference may be desirable to provide repeatable positioning alignment. However, in the illustrated traditional connector systems, when both the cover  14  and the base  12  are rigid, the ferrule cover  14  may only contact the fiber array  20  at the two highest points. Therefore, the aligning pressure is not evenly distributed upon each fiber. Many of the fibers in the fiber array are not pressed into contact with the v-groove array and thus not accurately aligned. Since the ferrule cover  12  has a hardness substantially higher than that of the fiber array and/or the v-groove array, the surfaces of the fibers or the v-grooves may be deformed in an indeterminate manner, thus again preventing accurate alignment.  
         [0035]    FIGS.  3 - 6  illustrate a connector  100  in accordance with the present invention. The connector  100  has a ferrule block  110  having a base  112  and a cover  114 . While the ferrule  110  is illustrated as being part of an optical fiber connector, it also may be used to retain optical fibers in a variety of optical devices. Each fiber  122  in a parallel fiber array  120  is pressed into respective v-grooves  118  without significant deformation to either the fiber or the v-groove surface, thus, enabling accurate alignment. A pad  130  is disposed between the cover  114  and the optical fiber array  120 . In aligning the fiber array  120  within the v-groove array  118 , the pad  130  presses each individual optical fiber  122  into a matching v-groove to establish its position relative to the ferrule and ensure proper alignment. In aligning the fibers within the v-groove array, the relative hardness of the three alignment elements, namely the v-groove array  118 , the fiber array  120 , the pad  130 , and the ferrule cover  114  play an important role in the accuracy of the alignment.  
         [0036]    [0036]FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the connector  100 , a first embodiment of the present invention. The connector  100  includes a ferrule  110  that retains the parallel optical fiber array  120  having the plurality of fibers  122  (not shown in this Figure). The fibers may be glass fibers having outer coatings, bare glass, polymer fibers, or other types of fibers requiring alignment. FIGS. 5 and 6 are cross-sectional schematic views of the ferrule  110 . The ferrule  110  includes a base  112  and a cover  114 . The base  112  includes a fiber-receiving surface  116  having a plurality of fiber receiving v-grooves  118  at a connecting end. The v-grooves  118  may be made from a variety of materials including ceramics, such as alumina, zirconia, Invar, etc. The v-grooves  118  also may be made from engineered thermoplastics such as Ultem by GE Plastics (www.geplastics.com) or Fortron by Ticona (www.ticona.com). These plastics may be loaded with silicon or mineral fillers to enhance their mechanical properties. The exact dimensions of the v-grooves  118  are determined by the expected radius of the optical fibers  122  to be aligned. There will be at least as many v-grooves as optical fibers. The cover  114  is designed to mate with the base  112 , and includes alignment and mating features. In the present embodiment, a pad  130  is interposed between the base  112  and the cover  114 .  
         [0037]    The pad  130  is a deformable element. The material for the pad  130  is selected to exhibit a balance between mechanical strength in applying a downward load on all of the fibers and compliance for the forming around each fiber. The hardness of the pad is selected to provide a degree of deformation commensurate with factors such as the hardness of the fibers, the size of the fibers, and the expected distance of protrusion of the fibers from the v-grooves.  
         [0038]    The pad  130  has a hardness that is not greater, i.e., less or substantially equal, than that of the outer surface of the optical fibers  122  to be secured by the connector  110 . In the present embodiment, since the rigid cover  114  may provide mechanical strength, the pad  130  may be substantially softer than either the optical fibers  122  or the hard cover  114 . The hardness of the surface of the optical fibers  122  may be selected to be less than or equal to the hardness of the v-grooves  118 . In the present exemplary embodiment, the fibers  120  are GGP coated fibers available from Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing (3M) from St. Paul, Minn. having a coating hardness of approximately 65 shore-D. GGP fiber provides superior mechanical performance by replacing the outermost surface of the fiber with a polymeric layer, thus improving the strength and bend resistance of the fiber. However, it should be noted that the present invention also may be applied to industry standard all-glass fibers, such as SMF-28 made by Corning, of Corning, N.Y. Both the cover  114  is formed of Ultem available from GE Plastics having a hardness of 110 Rockwell M. The base  112  and the cover  114  have a sufficient hardness to withstand a polishing process. The connector  100  shown in FIG. 4 has a base  112 , and the v-grooves  118 , made from a ceramic (e.g., alumina, zirconia)  
         [0039]    The pad  130  is made of Pellethane from Dow Chemical (www.dow.com) having a hardness of 70 Shore A. Other suitable materials for the pad  130  include Hytrel from Dupont (www.dupont.com), and Santoprene from Advanced Elastomer Systems (www.santoprene.com).  
         [0040]    The pad is a cohesive member in that it maintains its structural cohesion and does not flow out of the connector. The pad  130  may further comprise other materials that provide compliance without losing their unitary structure, such as cross-linked gels, liquid or gas-filled bladders, foam, and other suitable materials.  
         [0041]    As illustrated in FIG. 3, the pad  130  deforms about the circumference of each one of the optical fibers  122 , while applying downward force on each one of the fibers  122 . As pressure is applied to the entire fiber array  120 , this causes each fiber  122  to be properly seated within the respective v-groove  118 . Furthermore, as the pad  130  is softer than the outer surface of the fibers  122 , the cover  114  may apply significant downward pressure without damaging the optical fiber array  120 . Excess pressure may be compensated for by the deformation of the pad  130 .  
         [0042]    In alternative embodiments, the pad  130  may be sized to be smaller than the available space between the base  112  and the cover  114  to allow for sideways expansion caused by the compressive forces.  
         [0043]    FIGS.  3 - 6  also illustrate a method of aligning optical fibers within a connector assembly. The connector assembly  100  having the base  112  having the plurality of fiber receiving features, such as v-grooves  118 , is first provided. The parallel optical array  120  is placed on base  112  and the individual fibers  122  are grossly aligned within the receiving features  118 .  
         [0044]    A challenge when aligning optical fibers into a parallel array is that a traditional rigid horizontal cover may only apply pressure on the two highest point along the normal plane to the alignment plane. In the present case, a retaining element  130  having a compliant contact portion applies pressure on the optical fibers, the compliant contact portion deforming about the optical fibers  122 . The compliant portion has a compression range that is equal to or greater than the expected fiber alignment height variability. The compliant portion applies at least a portion of the retaining force to each one of the plurality of fibers  122 , seating each individual fiber in a respective alignment position in a receiving feature.  
         [0045]    The retaining element  130  may be a pad or may be a cover (as illustrated in FIGS. 7 and 8). The retaining element may mate to the base or may be held down by an additional member. Alternatively, adhesives may be added to cure the fibers into the correct alignment position.  
         [0046]    In still another embodiment of the current invention, the retaining element, including the compliant contact member can be used to secure the plurality of optical fibers in alignment within the V-groove array of the base while a curable adhesive solidifies around the fibers. This cured adhesive then retains the fibers relative to the base and the retaining element may be removed.  
         [0047]    [0047]FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 illustrate a connector  210 , a second embodiment of the present invention. The connector  210  includes a base  212 , configured to receive a fiber array  220 , having a plurality of fibers  222 , along a receiving v-groove array  218  and retained by a cover  214 . The cover  214  includes a fiber contact surface  216  along the area to be in contact with the optical fibers  220 .  
         [0048]    As illustrated in FIG. 7, the contact surface  216  of the cover  214  has a hardness less than that of the optical fibers  220 , allowing the surface area  216  to deform about the circumference of the optical fibers. In a particular embodiment, the fibers are 3M GGP having a coating hardness of approximately 65 Shore-D hardness.  
         [0049]    The degree of deformation of the cover preferably accounts for factors such as the compliance relationship between thickness, hardness, downward force and fiber diameter, fiber protrusion, and expected fiber alignment height variability (the tops of the fibers when they are in the grooves). In the present embodiment, the contact surface  216  of the cover  214  has a Shore-D hardness of less than 65. A specific embodiment has a Pellethane cover having a 50 Shore-D hardness. The cover  214  may be made of a unitary composition of other materials such as Hytrel, Santoprene, and silicone. Alternatively, the cover may include a harder outer layer made of materials such as zirconia or alumina, and a softer contact layer along the contact area  216 .  
         [0050]    By using a compliant contact surface  216 , sufficient force may be applied to press all the fibers  220  of the fiber array into their perspective v-grooves. The ferrule cover  214  deforms prior to deforming either the fibers  220  or the v-grooves  218 . Thus, the fibers  220  are seated in the v-grooves  218  with their geometry intact and thereby accurately aligned.  
         [0051]    [0051]FIGS. 9, 10, and  11  illustrate a connector  300  having a ferrule  310 , a third embodiment of the invention. The ferrule  310  includes a ferrule block or base  312  and a cover  314 . The base  312  includes a fiber receiving area  316  having a plurality of v-grooves  318  defined adjacent a connecting end  319 . The connecting end  319  is the face that mates with the opposing face of a corresponding optical fiber connector or optical fiber device. The cover  314  has mating features for it to align and mate with the base  312 . In the present embodiment, the cover  314  includes a second v-groove array  328  adjacent the connecting end  319  of the connector  310 .  
         [0052]    A pad  330  is interposed between the base  312  and the cover  314 . The pad  330  is a unitary member that does not flow out of the connector. The pad  330  has a compression range that is equal to or greater than the expected fiber alignment height variability, wherein the compliant cover applies at least a portion of the retaining force to each one of the plurality of fibers. In this and the other described embodiments, the pads may include cross-linked gels, foam, fluid-filled bladders, and soft plastics. The material of the pads may be a solid adhesive to secure the ferrule elements and the fiber arrays together. Additional adhesives also may be used to secure the fibers once they are pressed into the correct seating alignment.  
         [0053]    As better seen in FIGS. 10 and 11, the connector  310  accommodates a first-fiber array  320  including a plurality of fibers  322  and a second parallel fiber array  324  including a plurality of fibers  326 . As in the previous embodiments, the pad  330  comprises materials having a hardness less than that of the optical fibers.  
         [0054]    [0054]FIG. 12 illustrates a fourth embodiment of the present invention, a connector  410 . The connector  410  includes a base  412 , a cover  414 , and intermediate fiber retaining piece  416  and two pads  430  and  432 . The connector  410  may accommodate four parallel optical fiber arrays  420 ,  422 ,  424 , and  426 . Again, the characteristics of the cover, the fiber, the v-grooves, and the pads are selected for the proper mix of hardness for position ability and softness for deflection.  
         [0055]    The present invention allows for the fibers to be securely seated and retained within aligning features, such as v-grooves, without damaging the fibers. The compliance of the pressing element allows for the fibers to be pressed into their desired aligned positions, while the relatively hard aligning features provide a stable reference for alignment.  
         [0056]    While the present invention has been described with a reference to exemplary preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that it may be applied to a variety of optical connector designs and that the invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit of the invention. Accordingly, it should be understood that the embodiments described and illustrated herein are only exemplary and should not be considered as limiting the scope of the present invention. Other variations and modifications may be made in accordance with the spirit and scope of the present invention.