Abstract:
Three-dimensional (3D) nonvolatile memory devices include a substrate having a well region of second conductivity type (e.g., P-type) therein and a common source region of first conductivity type (e.g., N-type) on the well region. A recess extends partially (or completely) through the common source region. A vertical stack of nonvolatile memory cells on the substrate includes a vertical stack of spaced-apart gate electrodes and a vertical active region, which extends on sidewalls of the vertical stack of spaced-apart gate electrodes and on a sidewall of the recess. Gate dielectric layers extend between respective ones of the vertical stack of spaced-apart gate electrodes and the vertical active region. The gate dielectric layers may include a composite of a tunnel insulating layer, a charge storage layer, a relatively high bandgap barrier dielectric layer and a blocking insulating layer having a relatively high dielectric strength.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This U.S. non-provisional patent application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/830,299, filed Aug. 19, 2015, which is a continuation of and claims priority from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/057,380, filed Oct. 18, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,136,395, which is a divisional of and claims priority from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/220,376, filed Aug. 29, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,569,827, which claims the benefit of Korean Patent Application 10-2010-0091140, filed Sep. 16, 2010, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    The present disclosure herein relates to a semiconductor device and a method of fabricating the same and, more particularly, to a three-dimensional (3D) semiconductor memory device and a method of fabricating the same. 
         [0003]    Due to characteristics such as miniaturization, multifunction and/or low-fabricating cost, semiconductor devices are getting the spotlight as an important factor in electronic industries. With the advance of electronic industries, requirements for the superior performances and/or low costs of semiconductor devices are increasing. For satisfying such requirements, high-integrating of semiconductor devices is growing. Particularly, high-integrating of semiconductor memory devices storing logical data is growing more. 
         [0004]    In a degree of integration of typical Two-Dimensional (2D) semiconductor memory devices, planar areas that unit memory cells occupy may be main factors for deciding the degree of integration. Therefore, a degree of integration of the typical 2D semiconductor memory devices may be largely affected by the level of a technology for forming fine patterns. However, the technology for forming the fine patterns may be gradually reaching limitations, and also, the fabricating costs of semiconductor memory devices may increase because high-cost equipment is required. For solving such limitations, 3D semiconductor memory devices including three dimensionally-arranged memory cells have been proposed. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0005]    Three-dimensional (3D) nonvolatile memory devices according to embodiments of the invention include a substrate having a well region of second conductivity type (e.g., P-type) therein and a common source region of first conductivity type (e.g., N-type) on the well region. A recess is provided in the substrate. In some embodiments of the invention, the recess extends partially through the common source region. A vertical stack of nonvolatile memory cells are provided on the substrate. This vertical stack of nonvolatile memory cells includes a vertical stack of spaced-apart gate electrodes and a vertical active region, which extends on sidewalls of the vertical stack of spaced-apart gate electrodes and on a sidewall of the recess. Gate dielectric layers are provided, which extend between respective ones of the vertical stack of spaced-apart gate electrodes and the vertical active region. 
         [0006]    In other embodiments of the invention, the recess extends entirely through the common source region, which forms a P-N rectifying junction with the well region, and a sidewall of the recess defines an interface between the vertical active region and the well region. In addition, each of the gate dielectric layers may include a composite of: (i) a tunnel insulating layer in contact with the vertical active region, (ii) a charge storage layer on the tunnel insulating layer, (iii) a barrier dielectric layer on the charge storage layer; and (iv) a blocking insulating layer extending between the barrier dielectric layer and a respective gate electrode. In some of these embodiments of the invention, the barrier dielectric layer may be formed of a material having a greater bandgap relative to the blocking insulating layer. According to still further embodiments of the invention, a protective dielectric layer is provided on a sidewall of the recess. This protective dielectric layer extends between the vertical active region and the common source region. A bottom of the recess may also define an interface between the vertical active region and the well region. This vertical active region, which may have a cylindrical shape, may include a plurality of concentrically-arranged semiconductor layers of first conductivity type having equivalent or different dopant concentrations therein. 
         [0007]    According to additional embodiments of the invention, the vertical stack of spaced-apart gate electrodes has an opening extending therethrough that is aligned to the recess. In addition, the gate dielectric layers may have a cylindrical shape, and may be concentrically-arranged relative to the plurality of concentrically-arranged semiconductor layers. 
         [0008]    According to still further embodiments of the invention, the vertical active region includes an active region plug filling the recess and a cylindrically-shaped active layer on the active region plug. The cylindrically-shaped active layer includes a plurality of concentrically-arranged semiconductor layers of first conductivity type having equivalent or different doping concentrations therein. A vertical stack of at least two spaced-apart gate electrodes of respective ground selection transistors may also be provided, which extend opposite the active region plug. These ground selection transistors include respective gate dielectric layers that extend on sidewalls of the active region plug. The gate dielectric layers of the vertical stack of nonvolatile memory cells may be formed of different materials relative to the gate dielectric layers of the stacked ground selection transistors. 
         [0009]    Methods of forming three-dimensional (3D) nonvolatile memory devices according to embodiments of the invention may include forming a vertical stack of a plurality of sacrificial layers and a plurality of insulating layers arranged in an alternating sequence, on a substrate. A selective etching step is then performed to etch through the vertical stack to define a first opening therein and a recess in the substrate. The recess is filled with an electrically conductive active region plug, which is electrically connected to a well region in the substrate. A sidewall of the first opening is then lined with a first vertical active layer before the first opening is filled with a dielectric pattern that extends on the first vertical active layer. Another selective etching step is performed to selectively etch through the vertical stack to define a second opening therein that exposes the substrate. Portions of the sacrificial layers extending between each of the plurality of insulating layers in the vertical stack are then replaced with gate dielectric layers and gate electrodes of respective memory cells. The step of lining a sidewall of the first opening may include lining a sidewall of the first opening with a first vertical active layer that contacts an upper surface of the active region plug. The step of filling the recess with an active region plug may also include filling the recess with an active region plug having an upper surface that is elevated relative to surface of the substrate. In particular, the substrate may include a well region of second conductivity type and a common source region of first conductivity type extending between the well region and a surface of the substrate, and the recess containing the active region plug may extend entirely through the common source region. 
         [0010]    According to still further embodiments of the invention, the step of lining a sidewall of the first opening with a first vertical active layer may be preceded by a step of lining the sidewall of the first opening with a first electrically insulating sub-layer that contacts an upper surface of the active region plug. A step may also be performed to selectively etching through the first vertical active layer and the first electrically insulating sub-layer in sequence to expose the upper surface of the active region plug. In addition, the step of filling the first opening with a dielectric pattern may be preceded by lining an inner sidewall of the first vertical active layer with a second vertical active layer that contacts the upper surface of the active region plug. These first and second vertical active layers may be formed as doped or undoped cylindrically-shaped silicon layers. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0011]    The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the inventive concept, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept and, together with the description, serve to explain principles of the inventive concept. In the drawings: 
           [0012]      FIG. 1A  is a plan view illustrating a three-dimensional (3D) semiconductor memory device according to an embodiment of the inventive concept; 
           [0013]      FIG. 1B  is a cross-sectional view taken along line □-□′ of  FIG. 1A ; 
           [0014]      FIG. 1C  is a magnified view of a portion A of  FIG. 1B ; 
           [0015]      FIG. 2A  is a cross-sectional view taken along line □-□′ of  FIG. 1A  for describing a modification example of a 3D semiconductor memory device according to an embodiment of the inventive concept; 
           [0016]      FIG. 2B  is a cross-sectional view taken along line □-□′ of  FIG. 1A  for describing other modification example of a 3D semiconductor memory device according to an embodiment of the inventive concept; 
           [0017]      FIG. 3A  is a cross-sectional view taken along line □-□′ of  FIG. 1A  for describing still other modification example of a 3D semiconductor memory device according to an embodiment of the inventive concept; 
           [0018]      FIG. 3B  is a magnified view of a portion B of  FIG. 3A ; 
           [0019]      FIG. 3C  is a magnified view of a portion B of  FIG. 3A  for describing even other modification example of a 3D semiconductor memory device according to an embodiment of the inventive concept; 
           [0020]      FIG. 3D  is a magnified view of a portion B of  FIG. 3A  for describing yet other modification example of a 3D semiconductor memory device according to an embodiment of the inventive concept; 
           [0021]      FIG. 4A  is a cross-sectional view taken along line □-□′ of  FIG. 1A  for describing further modification example of a 3D semiconductor memory device according to an embodiment of the inventive concept; 
           [0022]      FIG. 4B  is a magnified view of a portion C of  FIG. 4A ; 
           [0023]      FIG. 5A  is a plan view illustrating still further modification example of a 3D semiconductor memory device according to an embodiment of the inventive concept; 
           [0024]      FIG. 5B  is a cross-sectional view taken along line □-□′ of  FIG. 5A ; 
           [0025]      FIGS. 6A to 6H  are cross-sectional views taken along line □-□′ of  FIG. 1A  for describing a method of fabricating 3D semiconductor memory device according to an embodiment of the inventive concept; 
           [0026]      FIGS. 7A to 7D  are cross-sectional views taken along line □-□′ of  FIG. 1A  for describing a modification example of a method of fabricating 3D semiconductor memory device according to an embodiment of the inventive concept; 
           [0027]      FIGS. 8A to 8F  are cross-sectional views taken along line □-□′ of  FIG. 1A  for describing other modification example of a method of fabricating 3D semiconductor memory device according to an embodiment of the inventive concept; 
           [0028]      FIGS. 9A to 9D  are cross-sectional views taken along line □-□′ of  FIG. 1A  for describing still other modification example of a method of fabricating 3D semiconductor memory device according to an embodiment of the inventive concept; 
           [0029]      FIGS. 10A to 10C  are cross-sectional views taken along line □-□′ of  FIG. 1A  for describing even other modification example of a method of fabricating 3D semiconductor memory device according to an embodiment of the inventive concept; 
           [0030]      FIG. 11  is a cross-sectional view illustrating a 3D semiconductor memory device according to another embodiment of the inventive concept; 
           [0031]      FIG. 12A  is a cross-sectional view illustrating a modification example of a 3D semiconductor memory device according to another embodiment of the inventive concept; 
           [0032]      FIG. 12B  is a cross-sectional view illustrating other modification example of a 3D semiconductor memory device according to another embodiment of the inventive concept; 
           [0033]      FIG. 12C  is a cross-sectional view illustrating still other modification example of a 3D semiconductor memory device according to another embodiment of the inventive concept; 
           [0034]      FIG. 12D  is a cross-sectional view illustrating even other modification example of a 3D semiconductor memory device according to another embodiment of the inventive concept; 
           [0035]      FIG. 12E  is a cross-sectional view illustrating yet other modification example of a 3D semiconductor memory device according to another embodiment of the inventive concept; 
           [0036]      FIG. 12F  is a cross-sectional view illustrating further modification example of a 3D semiconductor memory device according to another embodiment of the inventive concept; 
           [0037]      FIGS. 13A to 13E  are cross-sectional views for describing a method of fabricating 3D semiconductor memory device according to another embodiment of the inventive concept; 
           [0038]      FIG. 14  is a cross-sectional view illustrating a modification example of a method of fabricating 3D semiconductor memory device according to another embodiment of the inventive concept; 
           [0039]      FIGS. 15A to 15F  are cross-sectional views illustrating other modification example of a method of fabricating 3D semiconductor memory device according to another embodiment of the inventive concept; 
           [0040]      FIGS. 16A and 16B  are cross-sectional views illustrating still other modification example of a method of fabricating 3D semiconductor memory device according to another embodiment of the inventive concept; 
           [0041]      FIG. 17  is a block diagram schematically illustrating an example of an electronic system including a 3D semiconductor memory device according to an embodiment of the inventive concept; and 
           [0042]      FIG. 18  is a block diagram schematically illustrating an example of a memory card including a 3D semiconductor memory device according to an embodiment of the inventive concept. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
       [0043]    The present invention now will be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which preferred embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. 
         [0044]    It will be understood that when an element or layer is referred to as being “on,” “connected to” or “coupled to” another element or layer (and variants thereof), it can be directly on, connected or coupled to the other element or layer or intervening elements or layers may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on,” “directly connected to” or “directly coupled to” another element or layer (and variants thereof), there are no intervening elements or layers present. Like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. 
         [0045]    It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, third, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another region, layer or section. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of the present invention. 
         [0046]    Spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “above,” “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature&#39;s relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, the term “below” can encompass both an orientation of above and below. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly. 
         [0047]    The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the present invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprising”, “including”, having” and variants thereof, when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof In contrast, the term “consisting of” when used in this specification, specifies the stated features, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, and precludes additional features, steps, operations, elements and/or components. 
         [0048]    Embodiments of the present invention are described herein with reference to cross-section and perspective illustrations that are schematic illustrations of idealized embodiments (and intermediate structures) of the present invention. As such, variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, for example, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances, are to be expected. Thus, embodiments of the present invention should not be construed as limited to the particular shapes of regions illustrated herein but are to include deviations in shapes that result, for example, from manufacturing. For example, a sharp angle may be somewhat rounded due to manufacturing techniques/tolerances. 
         [0049]    Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. 
         [0050]      FIG. 1A  is a plan view illustrating a 3D semiconductor memory device according to an embodiment of the inventive concept.  FIG. 1B  is a cross-sectional view taken along line □-□′ of  FIG. 1A .  FIG. 1C  is a magnified view of a portion A of  FIG. 1B . Referring to  FIGS. 1A and 1B , a well region  102  doped with a first conductive dopant may be disposed in a semiconductor substrate  100  (hereinafter referred to as a substrate). The substrate  100  may be a silicon substrate, a germanium substrate or a silicon-germanium substrate, for example a common source region  105  doped with a second conductive dopant may be formed in the well region  102 . An upper surface of the common source region  105  may be disposed on the substantially same level as that of the upper surface of the substrate  100 . A lower surface of the common source region  105  may be disposed on a level higher than that of a lower surface of the well region  102 . One of the first and second conductive dopants may be an n-type dopant, and the other may be a p-type dopant. For example, the well region  102  may be doped with a p-type dopant, and the common source region  105  may be doped with an n-type dopant. 
         [0051]    A stack-structure, including insulation patterns  110   a  and gate patterns  155 L,  155   a   1 ,  155   a  and  155 U that are stacked alternately and repeatedly, may be disposed on the common source region  105 . A plurality of the stack-structures may be disposed on the common source region  105 . As illustrated in  FIG. 1A , the stack-structures may be extended side by side in a first direction. The stack-structures may be spaced apart in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction. The first and second directions may be parallel with the upper surface of the substrate  100 . 
         [0052]    A vertical active pattern  130  may pass through the stack-structure. The vertical active pattern  130  may be extended into a recess region  120  that is formed in the common source region  105  under the vertical active pattern  130 . Therefore, the vertical active pattern  130  may be connected to the well region  102  under the vertical active pattern  130 . As illustrated in  FIG. 1B , the recess region  120  may vertically pass through the common source region  105 . A bottom surface of the recess region  120  may be disposed on a level lower than that of the lower surface of the common source region  105 . The vertical active pattern  130  may contact the bottom surface of the recess region  120 . Accordingly, the vertical active pattern  130  may contact the well region  102 . Also, the vertical active pattern  130  may contact a sidewall of the recess region  120 . As a result, the vertical active pattern  130  may directly contact the common source region  105 . 
         [0053]    According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, a portion  122  of the well region  102  just under the bottom surface of the recess region  120  may have a high dopant concentration. In other words, the first conductive dopant concentration of the portion  122  of the well region  102  may be higher than the first conductive dopant concentration of another portion of the well region  102 . 
         [0054]    According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, the vertical active pattern  130  may have a hollow pipe shape or a macaroni shape. Herein, the lower end of the vertical active pattern  130  may be in a closed state. The inside of the vertical active pattern  130  may be filled with a filling dielectric pattern  132 . 
         [0055]    A gate dielectric layer  150  may be disposed between a sidewall of the vertical active pattern  130  and each of the gate patterns  155 L,  155   a   1 ,  155   a  and  155 U. According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, as illustrated in  FIG. 1B , the gate dielectric layer  150  may be extended to cover an upper surface and a lower surface of each of the gate patterns  155 L,  155   a   1 ,  155   a  and  155 U. That is, the extended portion of the gate dielectric layer  150  may be disposed between each of the gate patterns  155 L,  155   a   1 ,  155   a  and  155 U and the insulation pattern  110   a  adjacent to each of the gate patterns  155 L,  155   a   1 ,  155   a  and  155 U. 
         [0056]    The gate dielectric layer  150  will be described below in more detail with reference to  FIG. 1C . Referring to  FIG. 1C , according to an embodiment of the inventive concept, the gate dielectric layer  150  may include a tunnel dielectric layer  141 , a charge storage layer  142  and a blocking dielectric layer  143 . The tunnel dielectric layer  141  may be adjacent to the sidewall of the vertical active pattern  130 , and the blocking dielectric layer  143  may be adjacent to each of the gate patterns  155 L,  155   a   1 ,  155   a  and  155 U. The charge storage layer  142  may be disposed between the tunnel dielectric layer  141  and the blocking dielectric layer  143 . According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, as illustrated in  FIG. 1C , the entirety of the gate dielectric layer  150  (i.e., the tunnel dielectric layer  141 , the charge storage layer  142  and the blocking dielectric layer  143 ) may be extended to cover the upper and lower surfaces of each of the gate patterns  155 L,  155   a   1 ,  155   a  and  155 U. 
         [0057]    The tunnel dielectric layer  141  may include oxide and/or oxynitride. The tunnel dielectric layer  141  may be single-layered or multi-layered. The charge storage layer  142  may include a dielectric material having traps for storing electric charges, for example, the charge storage layer  142  may include nitride and/or metal-oxide. The blocking dielectric layer  143  may include a high-k dielectric layer having a dielectric constant higher than that of the tunnel dielectric layer  141 . For example, the high-k dielectric layer in the blocking dielectric layer  143  may include metal-oxide such as aluminum-oxide or hafnium-oxide. Furthermore, the blocking dielectric layer  143  may further include a barrier dielectric layer. The barrier dielectric layer in the blocking dielectric layer  143  may include a dielectric material having a greater band gap than the high-k dielectric layer in the blocking dielectric layer  143 . For example, the barrier dielectric layer may include oxide. The barrier dielectric layer may be disposed between the high-k dielectric layer and the charge storage layer  142 . 
         [0058]    A lowermost gate pattern  155 L in the stack-structure may correspond to a ground selection gate. A ground selection transistor including the lowermost gate pattern  155 L may include a vertical channel region that is defined in the sidewall of the vertical active pattern  130 . As illustrated in  FIGS. 1A and 1B , the entire lower surface of the lowermost gate pattern  155 L may substantially overlap with the common source region  105 . 
         [0059]    An uppermost gate pattern  155 U in the stack-structure may correspond to a string selection gate. Gate patterns  155   a   1  and  155   a  between the uppermost gate pattern  155 U and the lowermost gate pattern  155 L may correspond to cell gates. A string selection transistor including the uppermost gate pattern  155 U and cell transistors including the cell gates may also include vertical channel regions that are defined in the sidewall of the vertical active pattern  130   a.  The vertical channel regions of the ground selection transistor, the cell transistor and the string selection transistor configuring one cell string may be defined in the vertical active pattern  130 . 
         [0060]    According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, among gate patterns used as the cell gates in the stack-structure, a gate pattern most adjacent to the lowermost gate pattern  155 L may correspond to a dummy cell gate. For example, the gate pattern  1551   a  disposed just on the lowermost gate pattern  155 L may be a dummy gate pattern. For example, the gate pattern  155   a   1  that is stacked secondly from the substrate  100  may be a dummy cell gate. Naturally, one of the insulation pattern  110   a  is disposed between the lowermost gate pattern  155 L and the secondly-stacked gate pattern  155   a   1 . For example, a dummy cell transistor including the secondly-stacked gate pattern  155   a   1  may have the same shape as that of a cell transistor storing data, but may not serve as the cell transistor. For example, the dummy cell transistor may perform only a turn-on/off function. Thus, the secondly-stacked gate pattern  155   a   1  may be a second ground selection gate. In this case, the cell string may include a plurality of stacked ground selection transistors. 
         [0061]    A plurality of the vertical active patterns  130  may pass through each of the stack-structures. As illustrated in  FIG. 1A , the vertical active patterns  130  passing though each of the stack-structures may be arranged in the first direction to form one column. Alternatively, the vertical active patterns  130  passing though each of the stack-structures may be arranged in a zigzag shape in the first direction. 
         [0062]    The vertical active pattern  130  may include a semiconductor material. For example, the vertical active pattern  130  may include the same semiconductor material as that of the substrate  100 . The vertical active pattern  130  may have an undoped state, or may be doped with the first conductive dopant. The vertical active pattern  130  may have a poly-crystalline state or a single crystalline state. The gate patterns  155 L,  155   a   1 ,  155   a  and  155 U include a conductive material. For example, the gate patterns  155 L,  155   a   1 ,  155   a  and  155 U may include at least one of a doped semiconductor (for example, doped silicon and others), a metal (for example, tungsten, aluminum, copper and others), a transition metal (for example, titanium, tantalum and others) or a conductive metal nitride (for example, a titanium nitride, a tantalum nitride and others). The insulation patterns  110   a  may include oxide. 
         [0063]    A device isolation pattern  160   a  may be disposed between the stack-structures. An upper surface of the device isolation pattern  160   a  and an upper surface of the stack-structure may substantially be coplanar. An interlayer dielectric  165  may be disposed on the substrate  100 . A contact plug  167  may be connected to an upper end of the vertical active pattern  130  through the interlayer dielectric  165 . A drain being doped with the second conductive dopant may be formed in the upper portion of the vertical active pattern  130 . A lower surface of the drain may be disposed on a level adjacent to an upper surface of the uppermost gate pattern  155 U. A bit line  170  may be disposed on the interlayer dielectric  165 , and may be connected to the contact plug  167 . The bit line  170  may be extended in the second direction and cross over the stack-structure. The interlayer dielectric  165  may include oxide. The contact plug  167  includes a conductive material. For example, the contact plug  167  may include tungsten. The bit line  170  also includes a conductive material. As an example, the bit line  170  may include tungsten, copper, aluminum or the like. 
         [0064]    According to the above-described 3D semiconductor memory device, the vertical active pattern  130  may be disposed in the recess region  120  passing though the common source region  105  and be connected to the well region  102 . Moreover, the common source region  105  may be disposed under the lowermost gate pattern  155 L. Therefore, a distance between the vertical active pattern  130  and the common source region can be minimized, and also the vertical active pattern  130  can be connected to the well region  102 . Consequently, a current flowing through the vertical active pattern  130  can quickly flow to the common source region  105 . Accordingly, the reduction of an amount of current in a cell transistor can be minimized. Also, the vertical active pattern  130  is connected to the well region  102 , such that the erasing operation of cell transistors is very easy. As a result, the 3D semiconductor memory device can be implemented which has excellent reliability and is optimized for high integration. 
         [0065]    Next, the modification examples of the 3D semiconductor memory device according to an embodiment of the inventive concept will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the modification examples, a description on the same elements as the above-described elements will be omitted for avoiding a repetitive description. 
         [0066]      FIG. 2A  is a cross-sectional view taken along line □-□′ of  FIG. 1A  for describing a modification example of a 3D semiconductor memory device according to an embodiment of the inventive concept. Referring to  FIG. 2A  and according to the modification example, protection dielectric patterns  173   a  may be disposed between the insulation patterns  110   a  and the vertical active pattern  130  and between the inner sidewall of the recess region  120  and the vertical active pattern  130 . The protection dielectric pattern  173   a  may include a dielectric material for protecting the vertical active pattern  130  in a fabricating process. For example, the protection dielectric pattern  173   a  may include oxide. According to the modification example, a capping semiconductor pattern  175  may be disposed on the vertical active pattern  130 . The capping semiconductor pattern  175  may also be disposed on the protection dielectric pattern  173   a  that is disposed between an uppermost insulation pattern  110   a  and the vertical active pattern  130 . The upper end of the vertical active pattern  130  may be disposed on a level lower than an upper surface of the uppermost insulation pattern  110   a.  The upper surface of the capping semiconductor pattern  175  and the upper surface of the uppermost insulation pattern  110   a  may be substantially coplanar. The capping semiconductor pattern  175  may include the same semiconductor material as that of the vertical active pattern  130 . The capping semiconductor pattern  175  may be doped with the second conductive dopant. The contact plug  167  may be connected to the capping semiconductor pattern  175 . 
         [0067]      FIG. 2B  is a cross-sectional view taken along line □-□′ of  FIG. 1A  for describing other modification example of a 3D semiconductor memory device according to an embodiment of the inventive concept. Referring to  FIG. 2B  and according to the modification example, a bottom surface of the recess region  120  may be disposed on a level higher than the lower surface of the common source region  105 . In this case, a region  122   a  being counter-doped with the first conductive dopant may be disposed under the bottom surface of the recess region  120   a.  The counter-doped region  122   a  may contact the vertical active pattern  130  and the well region  102 . Therefore, the vertical active pattern  130  may be connected to the well region  102  through the counter-doped region  122   a.    
         [0068]      FIG. 3A  is a cross-sectional view taken along line □-□′ of  FIG. 1A  for describing still other modification example of a 3D semiconductor memory device according to an embodiment of the inventive concept.  FIG. 3B  is a magnified view of a portion B of  FIG. 3A . Referring to  FIG. 3A , a gate dielectric layer  150   a  according to the modification example may be disposed between a vertical active pattern  130   a  and each of the gate patterns  155 L,  155   a   1 ,  155   a  and  155 U. The gate dielectric layer  150   a  may include a first sub-layer  147  and a second sub-layer  149 . The first sub-layer  147  may be substantially extended vertically and be disposed between the vertical active pattern  130   a  and the insulation pattern  110   a.  The second sub-layer  149  may be substantially extended horizontally and cover the lower surface and upper surface of each of the gate patterns  155 L,  155   a   1 ,  155   a  and  155 U. The gate dielectric layer  150   a  may include the tunnel dielectric layer, the charge storage layer and the blocking dielectric layer. Herein, the first sub-layer  147  may include at least a portion of the tunnel dielectric layer, and the second sub-layer  149  may include at least a portion of the blocking dielectric layer. One of the first and second sub-layers  147  and  149  may include the charge storage layer. In other words, a portion of the gate dielectric layer  150   a  including the tunnel dielectric layer, the charge storage layer and the blocking dielectric layer may be extended vertically, and another portion of the gate dielectric layer  150   a  may be extended horizontally. 
         [0069]    The vertical active pattern  130   a  may include first and second semiconductor patterns  123  and  124 . The first semiconductor pattern  123  may be disposed between the second semiconductor pattern  124  and the first sub-layer  147 . The first semiconductor pattern  123  may contact the first sub-layer  147 . According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, the first semiconductor pattern  123  may have a macaroni shape or a pipe shape where an upper end and a lower end are opened. The first semiconductor pattern  123  may not contact the inner surface of the recess region  120  by the first sub-layer  147 . The second semiconductor pattern  124  may contact the first semiconductor pattern  123  and the inner surface of the recess region  120 . The second semiconductor pattern  124  may have a macaroni shape or a pipe shape where a lower end is closed. A filling dielectric pattern  132  may fill the inside of the second semiconductor pattern  124 . The first and second semiconductor patterns  123  and  124  may have an undoped state or be doped with a dopant (i.e., the first conductive dopant) having the same type as that of the well region  102 . 
         [0070]    According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, as illustrated in  FIG. 3B , the first sub-layer  147  of the gate dielectric layer  150   a  may include a tunnel dielectric layer  141 , a charge storage layer  142  and a barrier dielectric layer  144 . In this case, the second sub-layer  149  may include a high-k dielectric material (for example, metal-oxide such as aluminum oxide or hafnium oxide) having a dielectric constant higher than that of the tunnel dielectric layer  141 . The barrier dielectric layer  144  may include a dielectric material having a greater band gap than that of the high-k dielectric material. For example, the barrier dielectric layer  144  may include oxide. The second sub-layer  149  and the barrier dielectric layer  144 , disposed between the charge storage layer  142  and each of the gate patterns  155 L,  155   a   1 ,  155   a  and  155 U, may included in the blocking dielectric layer. In other words, the first sub-layer  147  may include the tunnel dielectric layer  141 , the charge storage layer  142  and a portion (i.e., the barrier dielectric layer  144 ) of the blocking dielectric layer, and the second sub-layer  149  may include another portion (i.e., the high-k dielectric layer) of the blocking dielectric layer. However, an embodiment of the inventive concept is not limited thereto. The first and second sub-layers of the gate dielectric layer may be combined differently. 
         [0071]      FIG. 3C  is a magnified view of a portion B of  FIG. 3A  for describing even other modification example of a 3D semiconductor memory device according to an embodiment of the inventive concept. Referring to  FIG. 3C , a first sub-layer  147   a  of a gate dielectric layer  150   b  according to the modification example may include a tunnel dielectric layer  141  and a charge storage layer  142 , and a second sub-layer  149   a  of the gate dielectric layer  150   b  may include a barrier dielectric layer  144  and a high-k dielectric layer  146 . The high-k dielectric layer  146  may be formed of the same material as the high-k dielectric material that has been described above with reference to  FIG. 3B . According to the modification example, the second sub-layer  149   b  may correspond to a blocking dielectric layer. According to the modification example, the first sub-layer  147   a  may include the tunnel dielectric layer  141  and the charge storage layer  142 , and the second sub-layer  149   a  may include the blocking dielectric layer. 
         [0072]      FIG. 3D  is a magnified view of a portion B of  FIG. 3A  for describing yet other modification example of a 3D semiconductor memory device according to an embodiment of the inventive concept. Referring to  FIG. 3D , a first sub-layer  147   b  of a gate dielectric layer  150   c  according to the modification example may include the tunnel dielectric layer, and a second sub-layer  149   b  of the gate dielectric layer  150   c  may include the charge storage layer  142  and the blocking dielectric layer  143 . According to the modification example, the tunnel dielectric layer in the gate dielectric layer  150   c  may be extended vertically and be disposed between the vertical active pattern  130   a  and the insulation pattern  110   a,  and the charge storage layer  142  and the blocking dielectric layer  143  in the gate dielectric layer  150   c  may be extended horizontally and cover the upper surface and lower surface of each of the gate patterns  155 L,  155   a   1 ,  155   a  and  155 U. 
         [0073]    The first and second sub-layers according to an embodiment of the inventive concept are not limited to the modification examples that have been described above with reference to  FIGS. 3B, 3C and 3D . The first and second sub-layers may be combined differently. 
         [0074]      FIG. 4A  is a cross-sectional view taken along line □-□′ of  FIG. 1A  for describing further modification example of a 3D semiconductor memory device according to an embodiment of the inventive concept.  FIG. 4B  is a magnified view of a portion C of  FIG. 4A . Referring to  FIGS. 4A and 4B , the entirety of a gate dielectric layer  150   d  between the vertical active pattern  130   a  and each of the gate patterns  155 L,  155   a   1 ,  155   a  and  155 U may be substantially extended vertically. That is, the tunnel dielectric layer  141 , charge storage layer  142  and blocking dielectric layer  143  of the gate dielectric layer  150   d  may be substantially extended vertically. An extended portion of the gate dielectric layer  150   d  may be disposed between the vertical active pattern  130   a  and the insulation pattern  110   a.  The stack-structure of  FIGS. 1A and 1B  may have a line shape that is extended in the first direction. Unlike this, the stack-structure may include gate patterns having a flat plate shape. This will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
         [0075]      FIG. 5A  is a plan view illustrating still further modification example of a 3D semiconductor memory device according to an embodiment of the inventive concept.  FIG. 5B  is a cross-sectional view taken along line □-□′ of  FIG. 5A . Referring to  FIGS. 5A and 5B , a stack-structure according to the modification example may include gate patterns  220 L,  220   a,    220  and  220 U and insulation patterns  210  and  210 U that are stacked alternately and repeatedly. A lowermost gate pattern  220 L in the stack-structure may be a ground selection gate, and an uppermost gate pattern  220 U in the stack-structure may be a string selection gate. The gate pattern  220   a  just on the lowermost gate pattern  220 L may be used as a cell gate, a dummy cell gate or a second ground selection gate. The gate patterns  220  between the gate pattern  220   a  just on the lowermost gate pattern  220 L and the upper gate pattern  220 U may be used as cell gates. 
         [0076]    The gate patterns  220 L,  220   a  and  220  under a string selection gate, as illustrated in  FIGS. 5A and 5B , may have a flat plate shape. The uppermost gate pattern  220 U corresponding to the string selection gate may have a line shape that is extended in the first direction. The uppermost gate pattern  220 U may be provided in plurality, and the uppermost gate patterns  220 U may be extended side by side in the first direction. The bit line  170  may be extended in the second direction and cross over the uppermost gate pattern  220 U. Like the uppermost gate pattern  220 U, an uppermost insulation pattern  210 U on the uppermost gate pattern  220 U may also be extended in the first direction. 
         [0077]    The vertical active pattern  130   a  may pass through the stack-structure and be extended into the recess region  120  under it. The lowermost gate pattern  220 L corresponding to the ground selection gate may be disposed on the common source region  105  in the substrate  100 . The entire lower surface of the lowermost gate pattern  220 L may substantially overlap with the common source region  105 . According to the modification example, the gate dielectric layer  150   d  may be disposed between the vertical active pattern  130   a  and the inner sidewall of an opening  115  passing through the stack-structure. The gate dielectric layer  150   d  may be substantially extended vertically. The opening  115  and the recess region  120  may be self-aligned. The gate dielectric layer  150   d  may be extended into the recess region  120 . According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, the lower end of the gate dielectric layer  150   d  in the recess region  120  may be disposed on a level higher than the lower surface of the recess region  120 . 
         [0078]    A lower interlayer dielectric  163  may be disposed between the uppermost gate patterns  220 U. An upper surface of the lower interlayer dielectric  163  may be coplanar with an upper surface of the uppermost insulation pattern  210 U. An upper interlayer dielectric  165  may be disposed on the lower interlayer dielectric  163  and the uppermost gate patterns  220 U. The insulation patterns  210  and  210 U may include oxide, nitride and/or oxynitride. The gate patterns  220 L,  220   a,    220  and  220 U may include at least one of a doped semiconductor (for example, doped silicon), a metal (for example, tungsten and others) or a conductive metal nitride (for example, a titanium nitride, a tantalum nitride and others). 
         [0079]    The elements of the above-described modification examples may be combined or replaced. For example, the capping semiconductor pattern  175  of  FIG. 2A  may be disposed on the vertical active pattern  130  or  130   a  that has been disclosed in  FIG. 1B, 3A, 4A or 5B . 
         [0080]      FIGS. 6A to 6H  are cross-sectional views taken along line □-□′ of  FIG. 1A  for describing a method of fabricating 3D semiconductor memory device according to an embodiment of the inventive concept. Referring to  FIG. 6A , a well region  102  may be formed by providing a first conductive dopant into the substrate  100 . A common source region  105  may be formed by providing a second conductive dopant into the upper portion of the well region  102 . Insulation layers  110  and sacrificial layers  112  may be alternately and repeatedly stacked on the common source region  105 . For example, the insulation layers  110  may be formed as oxide layers. The sacrificial layers  112  may be formed of materials having an etch selectivity with respect to the insulation layers  112 . For example, the sacrificial layers  112  may be formed as nitride layers. 
         [0081]    Referring to  FIG. 6B , an opening  115  and a recess region  120  may be formed by sequentially patterning the insulation layers  110 , sacrificial layers  112  and the substrate  100 . The opening  115  may pass through the insulation layers  110  and sacrificial layers  112 , and the recess region  120  may be formed in the common source region  102  under the opening  115  (i.e., in a portion of the substrate  100 ). The recess region  120  is self-aligned in the opening  115  by sequentially patterning the insulation layers  110  and sacrificial layers  112  and the substrate  100 . The recess region  120  may pass through the common source region  105 , and the bottom surface of the recess region  120  may be disposed on a level lower than the lower surface of the common source region  105 . Therefore, the well region  102  may be exposed to the bottom surface of the recess region  120 , and the common source region  105  may be exposed to the inner sidewall of the recess region  120 . A high concentration region  122  may be formed by providing the first conductive dopant into the well region  102  through the bottom surface of the recess region  120 . The high concentration region  122  of the first conductive dopant may be higher than another portion of the well region  102 . That is, due to the high concentration region  122 , the well region  102  may partially have a high dopant concentration. 
         [0082]    Referring to  FIG. 6C , a semiconductor layer may be conformally formed on the substrate  100  having the opening  115  and the recess region  120 . Therefore, the semiconductor layer may be formed to have a substantially uniform thickness on the inner surface of the recess region  120  and an inner sidewall of the opening  115 . The semiconductor layer may contact the inner surface (i.e., an inner sidewall and a bottom surface) of the recess region  120 . The semiconductor layer may be formed in a chemical vapor deposition process and/or an atomic layer deposition process. A filling dielectric layer may be formed on the semiconductor layer to fill the opening  115 . For example, the filling dielectric layer may be formed as an oxide layer. By planarizing the filling dielectric layer and the semiconductor layer until the uppermost insulation layer  110  is exposed, a vertical active pattern  130  and a filling dielectric pattern  132  may be formed in the opening  115  and the recess region  120 . 
         [0083]    Referring to  FIG. 6D , a trench  135  may be formed by sequentially patterning the insulation layers  110  and sacrificial layers  112 , such that insulation patterns  110   a  and the sacrificial patterns  112   a  being alternately and repeatedly stacked may be formed at a side of the trench  135 . The insulation patterns  110   a  and sacrificial patterns  112   a  may include the opening  115 . That is, the vertical active patterns  130  may sequentially pass through the insulation patterns  110   a  and the sacrificial patterns  112   a  being alternately and repeatedly stacked on the substrate  100 . Sidewalls of the sacrificial patterns  112   a  and the insulation patterns  110   a  are exposed to the trench  135 . 
         [0084]    Referring to  FIG. 6E , empty regions  140  may be formed by removing the sacrificial patterns  112   a  exposed to the trench  135 . Each of the empty regions  140  corresponds to a region from which the each sacrificial pattern  112   a  is removed. The empty regions  140  may expose some portions of the sidewall of the vertical active pattern  130 , respectively. 
         [0085]    Referring to  FIG. 6F , a gate dielectric layer  150  may be conformally formed on the substrate  100  having the empty regions  140 . Therefore, the gate dielectric layer  150  may be conformally formed on the inner surfaces of the empty regions  140 . The gate dielectric layer  150 , as described above with reference to  FIGS. 1B and 1C , may include the tunnel dielectric layer, the charge storage layer and the blocking dielectric layer. 
         [0086]    A gate conductive layer  155  filling the empty regions  140  may be formed on the substrate  100  having the gate dielectric layer  150 . The gate conductive layer  155  may also be formed in the trench  135 . Herein, the gate conductive layer  155  may partially fill the trench  135 . Therefore, a space surrounded by the gate conductive layer  155  may be formed in the trench  135 . A bottom surface of the space may be lower than an inner-upper surface of the lowermost empty region  140 . 
         [0087]    Referring to  FIG. 6G , the gate patterns  155 L,  155   a   1 ,  155   a  and  155 U respectively filling the empty regions  140  may be formed by etching the gate conductive layer  155 . The gate patterns  155 L,  155   a   1 ,  155   a  and  155 U are separated by the etching process of the gate conductive layer  155 . According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, the etching process of the gate conductive layer  155  may be an isotropic etching process. The insulation patterns  110   a  and the gate patterns  155 L,  155   a   1 ,  155   a  and  155 U, being alternately and repeatedly stacked on the substrate  100 , may be included in a stack-structure. Subsequently, a device isolation insulation layer  160  may be formed to fill the trench  135 . 
         [0088]    Referring to  FIG. 6H , the device isolation insulation layer  160  and the gate dielectric layer  150  may be planarized until the uppermost insulation pattern among the insulation patterns  110   a  is exposed. Therefore, a device isolation pattern  160   a  may be formed in the trench  135 . Subsequently, by forming the interlayer dielectric  165 , contact plug  167  and bit line  170  of the  FIG. 1B  on the substrate  100 , the 3D semiconductor memory device that has disclosed in  FIGS. 1A, 1B and 1C  may be implemented. According to the above-described 3D semiconductor memory device, the opening  115  and the recess region  120  can be formed in self-alignment by sequentially patterning the insulation layers  110 , the sacrificial layers  112  and the substrate  100  (i.e. the common source region  105 ). Therefore, the 3D semiconductor memory device can be implemented which has excellent reliability and is optimized for high integration. Next, a method of fabricating the 3D semiconductor memory device that has been disclosed in  FIG. 2A  will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The method may include the methods that have been described above with reference to  FIGS. 6A and 6B . 
         [0089]      FIGS. 7A to 7D  are cross-sectional views taken along line □-□′ of  FIG. 1A  for describing a modification example of a method of fabricating 3D semiconductor memory device according to an embodiment of the inventive concept. 
         [0090]    Referring to  FIGS. 6B and 7A , a protection dielectric layer  173  may be conformally formed on the substrate  100  having the opening  115  and the recess region  120 , and the protection dielectric layer  173  may be etched by a blanket anisotropic etching process until the bottom surface of the recess region  120  is exposed. As illustrated in  FIG. 7A , therefore, the protection dielectric layer  173  may be formed on the sidewalls of the recess region  120  and the opening  115 . The protection dielectric layer  173  may include a dielectric material having an etch selectivity with respect to the sacrificial layer  112 . For example, the protection dielectric layer  173  may be formed of oxide. 
         [0091]    Subsequently, a semiconductor layer may be formed, a filling dielectric layer may be formed on the semiconductor layer, and the filling dielectric layer and the semiconductor layer may be planarized. Therefore, the vertical active pattern  130  and the filling dielectric pattern  132  may be formed in the opening  115  and the recess region  120 . The vertical active pattern  130  may contact the bottom surface of the recess region  120 . The protection dielectric layer  173  may be disposed between the vertical active pattern  130  and the inner sidewalls of the opening  115  and the recess region  120 . 
         [0092]    Referring to  FIG. 7B , the upper ends of the vertical active pattern  130 , filling dielectric pattern  132  and protection dielectric layer  175  may be recessed lower than the upper surface of the uppermost insulation layer  110 . Subsequently, a capping semiconductor layer filling the opening  110  may be formed on the substrate  100 , and a capping semiconductor pattern  175  may be formed by planarizing the capping semiconductor layer until the uppermost insulation layer  110  is exposed. The capping semiconductor pattern  175  may cover the recessed upper ends of the vertical active pattern  130 , filling dielectric pattern  132  and protection dielectric layer  175 . 
         [0093]    Subsequently, the trench  135  may be formed by sequentially patterning the insulation layers  110  and the sacrificial layers  112 . In this case, as described above, the insulation patterns  110  and the sacrificial patterns  112   a  that are alternately and repeatedly stacked may be formed at a side of the trench  135 . 
         [0094]    Referring to  FIG. 7C , the sacrificial patterns  112   a  exposed to the trench  135  may be removed. Therefore, the empty regions  140  may be formed which respectively exposes some portions of the protection dielectric layer  173  disposed on the sacrificial patterns  112   a  and the vertical active patterns  130 . As described above, the protection dielectric layer  173  has an etch selectivity with respect to the sacrificial patterns  112   a,  and thus it can protect the vertical active pattern  130  from a process of removing the sacrificial patterns  112   a.  The protection dielectric layer  173  may be used as an etch stop layer in the process of removing the sacrificial patterns  112   a.  Subsequently, the exposed portions of the protection dielectric layer  173  may be removed. Therefore, the empty regions  140  may expose some portions of the side wall of the vertical active pattern  130 , respectively. When removing the exposed portions of the protection dielectric layer  173 , the protection dielectric patterns  173   a  may be formed between the vertical active pattern  130  and the insulation patterns  110   a  and between the vertical active pattern  130  and the inner sidewall of the recess region  120 . The protection dielectric patterns  173   a  correspond to remaining portions of protection dielectric layer  173 . 
         [0095]    Referring to  FIG. 7D , the gate dielectric layer  150  may be conformally formed on the substrate  100  having the empty regions  140 , and the gate patterns  155 L,  155   a   1 ,  155   a  and  155 U respectively filling the empty regions  140  may be formed. Afterwards, the device isolation pattern  160   a  filling the trench  135  may be formed. Subsequently, by forming the interlayer dielectric  165 , contact plug  167  and bit line  170  of  FIG. 2A , the 3D semiconductor memory device of  FIG. 2A  can be implemented. 
         [0096]    The features of a method, that fabricates the 3D semiconductor memory device that has been disclosed in  FIG. 2B , may have a process of forming the lower surface of the recess region  120  higher than the lower surface of the common source region  105  and a process of forming the counter-doped region  122   a  by counter-doping the common source region  105  under the bottom surface of the recess region  120  with the first conductive dopant. Other processes may be the same as the processes that have been described above with reference to  FIGS. 7A to 7D . 
         [0097]    Next, a method of fabricating the 3D semiconductor memory device that has been disclosed in  FIG. 3A  will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The method may include the methods that have been described above with reference to  FIGS. 6A and 6B . 
         [0098]      FIGS. 8A to 8F  are cross-sectional views taken along line □-□′ of  FIG. 1A  for describing other modification example of a method of fabricating 3D semiconductor memory device according to an embodiment of the inventive concept. 
         [0099]    Referring to  FIGS. 6B and 8A , a first sub-layer  147  may be conformally formed on the substrate  100  having the opening  115  and the recess region  120 . The first sub-layer  147  may be conformally formed on the inner sidewall of the opening  115  and the inner surface of the recess region  120 . A first semiconductor layer  121  may be conformally formed on the substrate  100  having the first sub-layer  147 . 
         [0100]    Referring to  FIG. 8B , portions of the first sub-layer  147  and the first semiconductor layer  121  disposed on the bottom surface of the recess region  120  may be removed. At this point, portions of the first sub-layer  147  and the first semiconductor layer  121  disposed outside opening  115  may also be removed. Therefore, the first sub-layer  147  and the first semiconductor pattern  123  that are sequentially stacked on the sidewalls of the recess region  120  and opening  115  may be formed. the first semiconductor pattern  123  correspond to a portion of the first semiconductor layer  121 . According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, by blanket-anisotropic-etching the first semiconductor layer  121  and the first sub-layer  147  until the bottom surface of the recess region  120  is exposed, the first semiconductor pattern  123  may be formed. The first semiconductor pattern  123  may not contact the inner surface of the recess region  120  by the first sub-layer  147 . 
         [0101]    Referring to  FIG. 8C , subsequently, by isotropic-etching the first sub-layer  147 , at least one portion of the inner sidewall of the recess region  120  may be exposed. At this point, a portion of the first semiconductor pattern  123  in the recess region  120  may also be etched. 
         [0102]    Referring to  FIG. 8D , subsequently, a second semiconductor layer may be conformally formed on the substrate  100 , a filling dielectric layer filling the opening  115  may be formed on the second semiconductor layer. The second semiconductor layer may contact the first semiconductor pattern  123 , and also the second semiconductor layer may contact the bottom surface and exposed inner sidewall of the recess region  120 . By planarizing the second semiconductor layer and the filling dielectric layer, a second semiconductor pattern  124  and a filling dielectric pattern  132  may be formed in the opening  115  and the recess region  120 . The second semiconductor pattern  124  may contact the bottom surface and inner sidewall of the recess region  120  and the first semiconductor pattern  123 . The first and second semiconductor patterns  123  and  124  may configure a vertical active pattern  130   a.    
         [0103]    Referring to  FIG. 8E , subsequently, the trench  135 , the insulation patterns  110   a  and the sacrificial patterns  112  may be formed by sequentially patterning the insulation layers  110  and the sacrificial layers  112 . The empty regions  140  may be formed by removing the sacrificial patterns  112 . At this point, the empty regions  140  may expose some portions of the first sub-layer  147 , respectively. 
         [0104]    Referring to  FIG. 8F , a second sub-layer  149  may be conformally formed on the substrate  100  having the empty regions  140 . The second sub-layer  149  may be conformally formed on the inner surfaces of the empty regions  140 . The second sub-layer  149  may contact the first sub-layer  147  exposed to the empty regions  140 . The first and second sub-layers  147  and  149  may be included in the gate dielectric layer  150   a.  The first sub-layer  147  may include at least a portion of the tunnel dielectric layer, and the second sub-layer  149  may include at least a portion of the blocking dielectric layer. Herein, one of the first and second sub-layers  147  and  149  may include the charge storage layer. According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, the first and second sub-layers  147  and  149  may be the same as the layers that have been described above with reference to  FIG. 3B . Unlike this, the first and second sub-layers  147  and  149  may be replaced with the first and second sub-layers  147   a  and  149   a  of the  FIG. 3C , respectively. Unlike this, the first and second sub-layers  147  and  149  may be replaced with the first and second sub-layers  149   b  and  149   c  of the  FIG. 3C , respectively. Subsequently, the gate patterns  155 L,  155   a   1 ,  155   a  and  155 U respectively filling the empty regions  140  may be formed, and the device isolation pattern  160   a  filling the trench  135  may be formed. Subsequently, the interlayer dielectric  165 , the contact plug  167  and the bit line  170  that have been disclosed in  FIG. 3A  may be formed. Next, a method of fabricating the 3D semiconductor memory device that has been disclosed in  FIGS. 4A and 4B  will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The method may include the methods that have been described above with reference to  FIGS. 6A and 6B . 
         [0105]      FIGS. 9A to 9D  are cross-sectional views taken along line □-□′ of  FIG. 1A  for describing still other modification example of a method of fabricating 3D semiconductor memory device according to an embodiment of the inventive concept. Referring to  FIGS. 6B to 9A , a gate dielectric layer  150   d  may be conformally formed on the substrate  100  having the opening  115  and the recess region  120 . A first semiconductor layer may be conformally formed on the gate dielectric layer  150   d.  Subsequently, the first semiconductor layer and the gate dielectric layer  150   d  may be etched by a blanket-anisotropic-etching process until the bottom of the recess region  120  is exposed, such that a first semiconductor pattern  123  may be formed in the opening  115  and the recess region  120 . At this point, the gate dielectric layer  150   d  may also be restrictively disposed in the opening  115  and the recess region  120 . The first semiconductor pattern  123  may not contact the side wall of the opening  115  and the inner surface of the recess region  120  by the gate dielectric layer  150   d.    
         [0106]    Referring to  FIG. 9B , subsequently, a second semiconductor may be conformally formed over the substrate  100 , and a filling dielectric layer may be formed on the second semiconductor layer. By planarizing the filling dielectric layer and the second semiconductor layer, a second semiconductor pattern  124  and a filling dielectric pattern  132  may be formed in the opening  115  and the recess region  120 . The first and second semiconductor patterns  123  and  124  may configure a vertical active pattern  130   a . Subsequently, a trench  135 , insulation patterns  110   a  and sacrificial patterns  112   a  may be formed by sequentially patterning the insulation layers  110  and the sacrificial layers  112 . According to the modification example, a portion of the lowermost insulation layer among the insulation layers  110  may remain under the trench  135 . 
         [0107]    Referring to  FIG. 9C , empty regions  140  may be formed by removing the sacrificial patterns  112   a.  The empty regions  140  may expose the gate dielectric layer  150   d . Particularly, the blocking dielectric layer  143  (see  FIG. 4B ) in the gate dielectric layer  150   d  may be exposed. Subsequently, a gate conductive layer  155  filling the empty regions  140  may be formed on the substrate  100 . 
         [0108]    Referring to  FIG. 9D , by removing the gate conductive layer outside the empty regions  140 , gate patterns  155 L,  155   a   1 ,  155   a  and  155 U filling the empty regions  140  may be formed. Subsequently, the device isolation pattern  160   a  filling the trench  135  may be formed, and the interlayer dielectric  165 , contact plug  167  and bit line  170  of  FIG. 4A  may be formed. Thus, the 3D semiconductor memory device of  FIGS. 4A and 4B  can be implemented. Next, a method of fabricating the 3D semiconductor memory device of  FIGS. 5A and 5B  will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
         [0109]      FIGS. 10A to 10C  are cross-sectional views taken along line □-□′ of  FIG. 1A  for describing even other modification example of a method of fabricating 3D semiconductor memory device according to an embodiment of the inventive concept. Referring to  FIG. 10A , insulation layers  210  and gate layers  220  may be alternately and repeatedly stacked on the common source region  105  in the substrate  100 . The insulation layers  210  and gate layers  220 L,  220   a  and  220  may have a flat plate shape. Referring to  FIG. 10B , an uppermost gate pattern  220 U and an uppermost insulation pattern  210 U may be formed by patterning an uppermost insulation layer and an uppermost gate layer. The uppermost gate pattern  220 U and the uppermost insulation pattern  210 U may have a line shape that is extended in one direction as illustrated in  FIG. 5A . A lower interlayer dielectric  163  may be formed on the substrate  100 , and the lower interlayer dielectric  163  may be planarized. An opening  115  and a recess region  120  may be formed by sequentially patterning the uppermost insulation pattern  210 U, the uppermost gate pattern  220 U, the insulation layers  210 , the gate layers  220 L,  220   a  and  220  and the common source region  105 . The recess region  120  may be formed in self-alignment in the opening  115 . By providing a first conductive dopant through the bottom surface of the recess region  120 , a high concentration region  122  may be formed. Subsequently, a gate dielectric layer  150   d  may be conformally formed over the substrate  100 , and a first semiconductor layer may be conformally formed on the gate dielectric layer  150   d . By blanket-isotropic-etching the first semiconductor layer and the gate dielectric layer  150   d  until the bottom surface of the recess region  120  is exposed, a first semiconductor pattern  123  may be formed in the opening  115  and the recess region  120 . 
         [0110]    Referring to  FIG. 10C , a second semiconductor layer may be conformally formed over the substrate  100 , and a filling dielectric layer may be formed on the second semiconductor. By planarizing the filling dielectric layer and the second semiconductor layer, a second semiconductor pattern  124  and a filling dielectric pattern  132  may be formed in the opening  115  and the recess region  120 . The first and second semiconductor patterns  123  and  124  may configure a vertical active pattern  130   a.  Subsequently, the upper dielectric layer  165 , contact plug  167  and bit line  170  of  FIG. 5B  may be formed. Thus, the 3D semiconductor memory device of  FIGS. 5A and 5B  can be implemented. According to the above-described method, the uppermost gate pattern  220 U may be formed, and thereafter the vertical active pattern  130   a  may be formed. Unlike this, after the opening  115 , the recess region  120  and the vertical active pattern  130   a  may be formed, and then the uppermost gate pattern  220 U may be formed. 
         [0111]    When forming the uppermost gate pattern  220 U, a stack-structure having a line shape may be formed by sequentially patterning the gate layers  220 ,  220   a  and  220 L and insulation layers  110  under the uppermost gate pattern  220 U,. In this case, the 3D semiconductor memory device of  FIGS. 4A and 4B  can be implemented. In other words, the 3D semiconductor memory device of  FIGS. 4A and 4B  may be implemented in the method that has been described above with reference to  FIGS. 9A to 9D  or a modified method of a portion of the fabricating method of  FIGS. 10A to 10C . 
         [0112]      FIG. 11  is a cross-sectional view illustrating a 3D semiconductor memory device according to another embodiment of the inventive concept. Referring to  FIG. 11 , a well region  102  doped with a first conductive dopant may be disposed in a substrate  100 . A stack-structure may be disposed on the well region  102 . The stack-structure may include insulation patterns  110   a  and gate patterns  155 L,  155   a   1 ,  155   a  and  155 U that are alternately and repeatedly stacked on the well region  102 . A plurality of the stack-structures may be disposed on the well region  102 . The stack-structures may be spaced apart from each other. As illustrated in  FIG. 1 a   , the stack-structures may be extended in parallel. 
         [0113]    A vertical active pattern  280  may pass through the stack-structure. Also, the vertical active pattern  280  may be extended into a recess region  120  that is formed in the substrate  100  under the vertical active pattern  280 . The vertical active pattern  280  may include a lower active pattern  250  and an upper active pattern  270  that are sequentially stacked. The lower active pattern  250  may fill the recess region  120 . The upper active pattern  270  may contact the inner surface (i.e., inner sidewall and bottom surface) of the recess region  120 . The lower active pattern  250  is disposed in the recess region  120  and contacts the well region  102 . The upper surface of the lower active pattern  250  may be disposed on a level higher than that of the upper surface of the substrate  100 . According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, as illustrated in  FIG. 11 , the upper surface of the lower active pattern  250  may be higher than the lower surface of the lowermost gate pattern  155 L and lower than the upper surface of the lowermost gate pattern  155 L. However, the inventive concept is not limited thereto. 
         [0114]    The upper active pattern  270  contacts the upper surface of the lower active pattern  250 . According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, the lower active pattern  250  may have a pillar shape, and the upper active pattern  270  may have a pipe shape or a macaroni shape. In this case, the inside of the upper active pattern  270  may be filled with a filling dielectric pattern  132 . The lower and upper active patterns  250  and  270  may include a semiconductor material. For example, the lower and upper active patterns  250  and  270  may include the same semiconductor material as that of the substrate  100 . As an example, when the substrate  100  is a silicon substrate, the lower and upper active patterns  250  and  270  may include silicon. According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, the lower active pattern  250  may have a single crystalline state. The upper active pattern  270  may have a poly-crystalline state. The lower active pattern  250  may be doped with a dopant having the same type as that of the well region  102 . The upper active pattern  270  may be doped with a dopant having the same type as that of the well region  102 , or may have an undoped state. 
         [0115]    A high concentration region  122  may be disposed under the bottom surface of the recess region  120 . The high concentration region  122  may correspond to a portion of the well region  102 , and it may have a higher dopant concentration than another portion of the well region  102 . A gate dielectric layer  150  may be disposed between a sidewall of the vertical active pattern  280  and each of the gate patterns  155 L,  155   a   1 ,  155   a  and  155 U. As described above in first embodiment of the inventive concept, the gate dielectric layer  150  may be extended horizontally and cover the upper surface and lower surface of each of the gate patterns  155 L,  155   a   1 ,  155   a  and  155 U. 
         [0116]    According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, a common source regions  105   a  may be disposed in the substrate  100  of the both sides of the stack-structure, respectively. The common source region  105   a  may be laterally separated from the lower active pattern  250 . The common source region  105   a  is doped with a second conductive dopant. A device isolation pattern  160   a  may be disposed between the stack-structures. The common source region  105   a  may be disposed under the device isolation pattern  160   a.  In operating of the 3D semiconductor memory device, a horizontal channel may be generated in the well region  102  under the lowermost gate pattern  155 L. The common source region  105   a  may be electrically connected to vertical channels that are formed in the vertical active pattern  280  by the horizontal channel in the well region  102 . 
         [0117]    A contact plug  167  passing through the interlayer dielectric  165  may be connected to the upper end of the upper active pattern  270 . A drain doped with the second conductive dopant may be disposed in the upper portion of the upper active pattern  270 . The lower surface of the drain may be disposed on a level adjacent to the upper surface of the uppermost gate pattern  155 U in the stack-structure. 
         [0118]    According to the above-described 3D semiconductor memory device, the lower active pattern  250  included in the vertical active pattern  280  fills the recess region  120  to contact the well region  102 . Therefore, reliability for the operations of a vertical cell string can be improved. Particularly, reliability for the erasing operation of cell transistors can be enhanced. Also, the vertical active pattern  280  may be divided into the lower active pattern  250  and the upper active pattern  270 . Accordingly, an independent and additional process may be performed in the lower active pattern  250 . For example, a dopant concentration may be adjusted in the lower active pattern  250 . Thus, it is very easy to control the characteristic of the 3D semiconductor memory device. As a result, the 3D semiconductor memory device can be implemented which has excellent reliability and is optimized for high integration. 
         [0119]    Next, the modification examples of the 3D semiconductor memory device will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
         [0120]      FIG. 12A  is a cross-sectional view illustrating a modification example of a 3D semiconductor memory device according to another embodiment of the inventive concept. Referring to  FIG. 12A , a common source region  105  may be extended to the substrate  100  under the stack-structures. For example, the entire lower surface of the lowermost gate pattern  155 L may substantially overlap with the common source region  105 . In this case, the bottom of the recess region  120  may be disposed on a level lower than the lower surface of the common source region  105 . The common source region  105  may contact a sidewall of the lower active pattern  250 . 
         [0121]      FIG. 12B  is a cross-sectional view illustrating other modification example of a 3D semiconductor memory device according to another embodiment of the inventive concept. Referring to  FIG. 12B , a vertical active pattern  280   a  may include a lower active pattern  250  and an upper active pattern  270   a  that are sequentially stacked. A gate dielectric layer  150   a  may be disposed between the upper active pattern  270   a  and each of the gate patterns  155   a   1 ,  155   a  and  155 U disposed next to the upper active pattern  270   a.  The gate dielectric layer  150   a  may include a first and a second sub-layers  147  and  149 . As described above in first embodiment of the inventive concept, the first sub-layer  147  may be extended vertically and be disposed between the upper active pattern  270   a  and the insulation pattern  110   a.  The second sub-layer  149  may be extended horizontally and cover the lower surface and upper surface of each of the gate patterns  155   a   1 ,  155   a  and  155 U. 
         [0122]    When the upper surface of the lower active pattern  250  is disposed on a level between the levels of the lower and upper surfaces of the lowermost gate pattern  155 L, the first sub-layer  147  may not exist between the lower active pattern  250  and the lowermost gate pattern  155 L. The upper active pattern  270   a  may include a first semiconductor pattern  265  and a second semiconductor pattern  267 . The first semiconductor pattern  265  may be disposed between the first sub-layer  147  and the second semiconductor pattern  267 . The first semiconductor pattern  265  may be separated from the upper surface of the lower active pattern  250  by a portion of the first sub-layer  147 . The second semiconductor pattern  267  contacts the first semiconductor pattern  265 . Also, the second semiconductor pattern  267  contacts the upper surface of the lower active pattern  250 . 
         [0123]    The upper surface of the lower active pattern  250  may be divided into a center portion  252   c  contacting the second semiconductor pattern  267  and an edge portion  252   e  contacting the first sub-layer  147 . Herein, the center portion  252   c  of the upper surface of the lower active pattern  250  may be disposed on a level lower than that of the edge portion  252   e . The upper active pattern  270   a  including the first and second semiconductor patterns  265  and  267  may have a pipe shape or a macaroni shape. In this case, the inside of the upper active pattern  270   a  may be filled with a filling dielectric pattern  132 . The first and second semiconductor patterns  265  and  267  may have a poly-crystalline state. In the modification example, the first and second sub-layers  147  and  149  may be replaced by the first and second sub-layers  147   a  and  149   a  of  FIG. 3C  or the first and second sub-layers  147   b  and  149   b  of  FIG. 3C . Unlike this, as described above in first embodiment of the inventive concept, the first and second sub-layers  147  and  149  may be formed by another combination of a tunnel dielectric layer, a charge storage layer and a blocking dielectric layer. 
         [0124]      FIG. 12C  is a cross-sectional view illustrating still other modification example of a 3D semiconductor memory device according to another embodiment of the inventive concept. Referring to  FIG. 12C , at least edge portion of the upper surface of the lower active pattern  250  may be disposed on a level higher than the upper surface of the lowermost gate pattern  155 L. In this case, an oxide layer  255  may be disposed between the sidewall of the lower active pattern  250  and the lowermost gate pattern  155 L. The oxide layer  255  may include oxide formed by oxidizing the sidewall of the lower active pattern  250 . Therefore, the width of a first portion of the lower active pattern  250  next to the oxide layer  255  may be less than that of a second portion of the lower active pattern  250  disposed in the recess region  120 . 
         [0125]    When the gate dielectric layer  150   a  includes the first and second sub-layers  147  and  149 , the oxide layer  255  and a portion of the second sub-layer  149  may be disposed between the sidewall of the lower active pattern  250  and the lowermost gate pattern  155 L. In other words, the first sub-layer  147  may not exist between the sidewall of the lower active pattern  250  and the lowermost gate pattern  155 L. According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, when the first sub-layer  147  includes a charge storage layer, the charge storage layer may not exist between the sidewall of the lower active pattern  250  and the lowermost gate pattern  155 L. Therefore, the reliability of a ground selection transistor including the lowermost gate pattern  155 L can be improved. Moreover, the lower active pattern  250  may have a single crystalline state. Accordingly, the reliability of the ground selection transistor can be more enhanced. 
         [0126]      FIG. 12D  is a cross-sectional view illustrating even other modification example of a 3D semiconductor memory device according to another embodiment of the inventive concept. Referring to  FIG. 12D , at least the edge portion of the upper surface of a lower active pattern  250  may be disposed on a level higher than the upper surface of a gate pattern  155   a   1  that is stacked secondarily from the substrate  100  and lower than the lower surface of a gate pattern that is stacked thirdly from the substrate  100 . The secondarily-stacked gate pattern  155   a   1  and the thirdly-stacked gate pattern are disposed over the lowermost gate pattern  155 L. In this case, an oxide layer  255  may also be disposed between the secondarily-stacked gate pattern  155   a   1  and the side wall of the lower active pattern  250 . 
         [0127]    According to the modification example, a transistor including the secondarily-stacked gate pattern  155   a   1  may be used as a dummy transistor or a second ground selection transistor. In this case, a cell gate (for example, the thirdly-stacked gate pattern  155   a ) adjacent to the secondarily-stacked gate pattern  155   a   1  may correspond to a dummy cell gate. As described above, a dummy cell transistor including the dummy cell gate has the same type as that of a cell transistor storing data, but it may not serve as a cell transistor. As an example, in operating of the cell string, the dummy cell transistor may perform only a turn-on/off function. However, the inventive concept is not limited thereto. The thirdly-stacked gate pattern may be used as a cell transistor. 
         [0128]      FIG. 12E  is a cross-sectional view illustrating yet other modification example of a 3D semiconductor memory device according to another embodiment of the inventive concept. Referring to  FIG. 12E , the entirety of a gate dielectric layer  150   d  between the sidewall of the upper active pattern  270   a  and each of the gate patterns  155   a   1 ,  155   a  and  155 U may be substantially extended vertically and be disposed between an upper active pattern  270   a  and an insulation pattern  110   a.  In this case, only an oxide layer  255  may be disposed between the sidewall of the lower active pattern  250  and the lowermost gate pattern  155 L. 
         [0129]      FIG. 12F  is a cross-sectional view illustrating further modification example of a 3D semiconductor memory device according to another embodiment of the inventive concept. Referring to  FIG. 12F , protection dielectric patterns  173   a  may be disposed between the upper active pattern  270   a  and the insulation patterns  110   a.  In a fabricating process, the protection dielectric pattern  173   a  may include a dielectric material for protecting the upper active pattern  270 . According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, the protection dielectric pattern  173   a  may not exist between the lower active pattern  250  and the inner sidewall of the recess region  120 . 
         [0130]    The elements of the above-described modification examples may be combined without clash or replaced. For example, the common source region  105   a  of  FIG. 11  may be replaced with the common source region  105  of  FIGS. 12B to 12F . For example, in the 3D semiconductor memory devices of  FIGS. 11 and 12A to 12F , the heights of the upper surfaces of the lower active patterns  250  may be replaced. 
         [0131]      FIGS. 13A to 13E  are cross-sectional views for describing a method of fabricating 3D semiconductor memory device according to another embodiment of the inventive concept. Referring to  FIG. 13A , a well region  102  may be formed by providing a first conductive dopant to the substrate  100 . Insulation layers  110  and sacrificial layers  112  that are alternately and repeatedly stacked may be formed on the well region  102 . A recess region  120  and an opening  115  that are sequentially stacked may be formed by sequentially patterning the insulation layers  110 , the sacrificial layers  112  and the substrate  100 . The opening  115  may pass through the insulation layers  110  and the sacrificial layers  112 , and the recess region  120  may be self-aligned in the opening  115  and be formed in the substrate  100 . The recess region  120  may expose the well region  102 . 
         [0132]    Referring to  FIG. 13B , a high concentration region  122  may be formed by providing the first conductive dopant through the bottom of the recess region  120 . 
         [0133]    A lower active pattern  250  filling the recess region  120  may be formed. The upper surface of the lower active pattern  250  may be higher than the upper surface of the substrate  100 . Therefore, a portion of the lower active pattern  250  may fill the lower portion of the opening  115 . The lower active pattern  250  contacts the well region  102 . The lower active pattern  250  may be formed in a selective epitaxial growth process that uses the substrate  100  exposed by the recess region  120  as a seed layer. Therefore, the lower active pattern  250  may be formed in a single crystalline state. The lower active pattern  250  may be formed in a pillar shape. The lower active pattern  250  may be doped with the first conductive dopant. The lower active pattern  250  may be doped by an in-situ process when the selective epitaxial growth process is performed. Unlike this, the lower active layer  250  may be doped by an ion-implanting process. 
         [0134]    Referring to  FIG. 13C , a semiconductor layer may be conformally formed on the substrate  100  having the lower active pattern  250 , and a filling dielectric layer filling the opening  115  may be formed on the semiconductor layer. The semiconductor layer may be conformally formed on the inner sidewall of the opening  115  and the upper surface of the lower active pattern  250 . The semiconductor layer may contact the lower active pattern  250 . The semiconductor layer may be formed in a chemical vapor deposition process and/or an atomic layer deposition process. Therefore, the semiconductor layer may be formed in a poly-crystalline state. 
         [0135]    By planarizing the filling dielectric layer and the semiconductor layer, an upper active pattern  270  and a filling dielectric pattern  132  may be formed in the opening  115 . The lower and upper active patterns  250  and  270  may configure a vertical active pattern  280 . Subsequently, a trench  135 , insulation patterns  110   a  and sacrificial patterns  110   a  may be formed by sequentially patterning the insulation layers  110  and the sacrificial layers  112 . The vertical active pattern  280  passes through the insulation patterns  110   a  and the sacrificial patterns  112   a.  Subsequently, by providing a second conductive dopant into the well region  102  under the trench  135 , a common source region  105   a  may be formed. 
         [0136]    Referring to FIG.  1 3D, by removing sacrificial patterns  112   a  exposed to the trench  135 , empty regions  140  may be formed. According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, at least a portion of an lowermost empty regions  140  may expose a portion of the sidewall of the lower active pattern  250 . A gate dielectric layer  150  may be conformally formed on the substrate  100  having the empty regions  140 , and a gate conductive layer  155  filling the empty regions  140  may be formed. 
         [0137]    Referring to  FIG. 13E , gate patterns  155 L,  155   a   1 ,  155   a  and  155 U, that are respectively disposed in the empty regions  140 , may be formed by etching the gate conductive layer  155 . Subsequently, a device isolation pattern  160   a  filling the trench  135  may be formed. The 3D semiconductor memory device of  FIG. 11  may be implemented by forming the interlayer dielectric  165 , contact plug  167  and bit line  170  of  FIG. 11 . 
         [0138]    According to the above-described 3D semiconductor memory device, the opening  115  and the recess region  120  are formed in self-alignment, and the lower active pattern  250  fills the recess region  120  to contact the well region  102 . After, the lower active pattern  250  is formed, and then the upper active pattern  270  may be formed. Therefore, the doping concentration of the lower active pattern  250  may be independently adjusted. As a result, the 3D semiconductor memory device having superior reliability can be implemented. The features of the method of fabricating 3D semiconductor memory device that is illustrated in  FIG. 12A  will be described below with reference to  FIG. 14 . 
         [0139]      FIG. 14  is a cross-sectional view illustrating a modification example of a method of fabricating 3D semiconductor memory device according to another embodiment of the inventive concept. Referring to  FIG. 14 , a second conductive dopant is injected into a substrate  100  having a well region  102 , such that a common source region  105  may be formed. Insulation layers  110  and sacrificial layers  112  that are alternately and repeatedly stacked may be formed on the common source region  105 . An opening  115  and a recess region  120  may be formed by sequentially patterning the insulation layers  110 , the sacrificial layers  112  and the substrate  100 . The recess region  120  may pass through the common source region  105 , and thus the bottom surface of the recess region  120  may be lower than the lower surface of the common source region  105 . The bottom surface of the recess region  120  may expose the well region  102 , and the inner sidewall of the recess region  120  may expose the common source region  105 . Successive processes may be performed identically to the process that has been described above with reference to  FIG. 13A  through  FIG. 13E . However, the process of forming the common source region  105   a  that has been described above with reference to  FIG. 13C  may be omitted. 
         [0140]      FIGS. 15A to 15F  are cross-sectional views illustrating other modification example of a method of fabricating 3D semiconductor memory device according to another embodiment of the inventive concept. A fabricating method according to the modification example may include the method that has been described above with reference to  FIG. 14 . Referring to  FIGS. 14 and 15A , a lower active pattern  250  filling the recess region  120  may be formed on the substrate  100  having the opening  115  and the recess region  120 . The lower active pattern  250  may be formed identically to the process that has been described above with reference to  FIG. 13B . The level of the upper surface of the lower active pattern  250  may be adjusted. In  FIG. 15A , the upper surface of the lower active pattern  250  may be higher than the level of the upper surface of a lowermost sacrificial layer and lower than the level of the lower surface of a sacrificial layer just on the lowermost sacrificial layer. A first sub-layer  147  may be conformally formed on the substrate  100  having the lower active pattern  250 . A first semiconductor layer  264  may be conformally formed on the first sub-layer  147 . The first semiconductor layer  264  may be formed in a chemical vapor deposition process and/or an atomic layer deposition process. The first semiconductor layer  264  may be formed in a poly-crystalline state. 
         [0141]    Referring to  FIG. 15B , the first semiconductor layer  264  and the first sub-layer  147  may be blanket-anisotropic-etched until the upper surface of the lower active pattern  250  is exposed. Therefore, a first semiconductor pattern  265  may be formed in the opening  115 . According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, the center portion of the exposed upper surface of the lower active pattern  250  may be recessed lower than the edge portion of the upper surface of the lower active pattern  250 . 
         [0142]    Referring to  FIG. 15C , a second semiconductor layer may be conformally formed on the substrate  100  having the first semiconductor pattern  265 , and a filling dielectric layer may be formed on the second semiconductor layer. The second semiconductor layer may contact the first semiconductor pattern  265  and the center portion of the upper surface of the lower active pattern  250 . By planarizing the filling dielectric layer and the second semiconductor layer, a second semiconductor pattern  267  and a filling dielectric pattern  132  may be formed in the opening  115 . The first and second semiconductor patterns  265  and  267  may configure an upper active pattern  270   a,  and the lower and upper active patterns  250  and  270   a  may configure a vertical active pattern  280   a.  Subsequently, a trench  135 , insulation patterns  110   a  and sacrificial patterns  112   a  may be formed by sequentially patterning the insulation layers  110  and the sacrificial layers  112 . 
         [0143]    Referring to  FIG. 15D , empty regions  140  may be formed by removing the sacrificial patterns  112   a.  According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, the lowermost empty region of the empty regions  140  may expose the sidewall of the lower active pattern  250 , and empty regions on the lowermost empty region may expose the first sub-layer  147 . However, the inventive concept is not limited thereto. The number of empty regions for exposing the sidewall of the lower active pattern  250  may vary with the height of the edge portion of the upper surface of the lower active pattern  250 . 
         [0144]    Referring to  FIG. 15E , an oxide layer  255  may be formed by performing an oxidizing process in the exposed sidewall of the lower active pattern  250 . When the lower active pattern  250  is formed of silicon, the oxide layer  255  may be formed of a silicon oxide. The sidewall of the upper active pattern  270   a  may not be oxidized by the first sub-layer  147 . 
         [0145]    Referring to  FIG. 15F , subsequently, a second sub-layer  149  may be conformally formed over the substrate  100 , and gate patterns  155 L,  155   a   1 ,  155   a  and  155 U respectively filling the empty regions  140  may be formed. Subsequently, an isolation pattern  160   a,  an interlayer dielectric layer  165 , a contact plug  167  and a bit line  170  may be formed. Therefore, the 3D semiconductor memory device of  FIG. 12C  can be implemented. In the fabricating method of  FIGS. 15A to 15F , the level of the upper surface of the lower active pattern  250  may be higher than the level of the upper surface of a sacrificial layer that is stacked secondarily from the upper surface of the substrate  100  and lower than the level of the lower surface of a thirdly-stacked sacrificial layer. In this case, the 3D semiconductor memory device of  FIG. 12D  can be implemented. In the fabricating method of  FIGS. 15A to 15F , when the level of the upper surface of the lower active pattern  250  is disposed between the levels of the upper and lower surfaces of the lowermost sacrificial layer and the oxidizing process is omitted, the 3D semiconductor memory device of  FIG. 12B  can be implemented. In the fabricating method of  FIGS. 15A to 15F , when the first sub-layer  147  is replaced by the gate dielectric layer  150   d  and forming of the second sub-layer  149  is omitted, the 3D semiconductor memory device of  FIG. 12E  can be implemented. Next, a method of fabricating the 3D semiconductor memory device that is illustrated in  FIG. 12F  will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The method may include the method that has been described above with reference to  FIG. 14 . 
         [0146]      FIGS. 16A and 16B  are cross-sectional views illustrating still other modification example of a method of fabricating 3D semiconductor memory device according to another embodiment of the inventive concept. Referring to  FIGS. 14 and 16A , after a lower active pattern  250  may be formed, a protection dielectric layer may be conformally formed on the substrate  100 . The protection dielectric layer may be blanket-anisotropic-etched until the upper surface of the lower active pattern  250  is exposed. Therefore, a protection dielectric layer  173  may be  3  formed to have a spacer shape in the sidewall of the opening  115 . Subsequently, a semiconductor layer may be conformally formed, and a filling dielectric layer may be formed. The filling dielectric layer and the semiconductor layer may be planarized, such that an upper active pattern  270  and a filling dielectric pattern  132  may be formed in the opening  115 . 
         [0147]    Subsequently, the upper ends of the protection dielectric layer  173 , upper active pattern  270  and filling dielectric pattern  132  may be recessed, and then a capping semiconductor pattern  175  may be formed. The capping semiconductor pattern  175  may be formed in the same process as the process that has been described above with reference to  FIG. 7B . Referring to  FIG. 16B , a trench  135 , insulation patterns  110   a  and sacrificial patterns  112   a  may be formed by sequentially patterning insulation layers  110  and sacrificial layers  112 . Empty regions  140  may be formed by removing the sacrificial patterns  112   a.  At this point, the protection dielectric layer  173  may be used an etch stop layer. Subsequently, by removing some portions of the protection dielectric layer  173  exposed to the empty regions  140 , some portions of the sidewall of the upper active pattern  270  may be exposed. Subsequently, the 3D semiconductor memory device of  FIG. 12F  can be implemented by performing the method that has been described above with reference to  FIGS. 13D and 13E . According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, after forming the empty regions  140  of  FIG. 16B  and before forming a gate dielectric layer, an oxidizing process may be performed in the exposed sidewall of the lower active pattern  250 . 
         [0148]    The 3D semiconductor memory devices according to embodiments of the inventive concept may be implemented as various types of packages. For example, the 3D semiconductor memory devices according to embodiments of the inventive concept may be packaged in a package type such as Package on Package (PoP), Ball Grid Arrays (BGAs), Chip Scale Packages (CSPs), Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier (PLCC), Plastic Dual In-Line Package (PDIP), Die In Waffle Pack (DIWP), Die In Wafer Form (DIWF), Chip On Board (COB), Ceramic Dual In-Line Package (CERDIP), Plastic Metric Quad Flat Pack (MQFP), Thin Quad Flat Pack (TQFP), Small Outline Package (SOP), Shrink Small Outline Package (SSOP), Thin Small Outline Package (TSOP), Thin Quad Flat Pack (TQFP), System In Package (SIP), Multi Chip Package (MCP), Wafer Level Stack Package (WLSP), Die In Wafer Form (DIWF), Die On Waffle Package (DOWP), Wafer-level Fabricated Package (WFP) and Wafer-Level Processed Stack Package (WSP). 
         [0149]    A package on which the 3D semiconductor memory device according to embodiments of the inventive concept is mounted may further include at least one semiconductor device (for example, a controller, a memory device and/or a hybrid device) performing another function. 
         [0150]      FIG. 17  is a block diagram schematically illustrating an example of an electronic system including a 3D semiconductor memory device according to an embodiment of the inventive concept. Referring to  FIG. 17 , an electronic system  1100  according to an embodiment of the inventive concept may include a controller  1110 , an input/output (I/O) unit  1120 , a memory device  1130 , an interface  1140 , and a bus  1150 . The controller  1110 , the input/output (I/O) unit  1120 , the memory device  1130  and/or the interface  1140  may be connected through the bus  1150 . The bus  1150  corresponds to a path for transferring data. 
         [0151]    The controller  1110  may include at least one of a microprocessor, a digital signal processor, a microcontroller, and logical devices for performing a function similar to the functions of the elements. The input/output unit  1120  may include a keypad, a keyboard, a display device and others. The memory device  1130  may store data and/or commands. The memory device  1130  may include at least one of the 3D semiconductor memory devices according to embodiments of the inventive concept. Also, the memory device  1130  may further include another type of semiconductor memory device (for example, Phase-change Random Access Memory (PRAM), Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory (MRAM), Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) and/or Static Random Access Memory (SRAM)). The interface  1140  may transmit data to a communication network or receive data from the communication network. The interface  1140  may have a wired type or a wireless type. For example, the interface  1140  may include an antenna or a wired/wireless transceiver. Although not shown, the electronic system  1100  is a working memory device for improving the function of the controller  1110 , and may further include a high-speed DRAM and/or a high-speed SRAM. 
         [0152]    The electronic system  1100  may be applied to Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), portable computers, web tablets, wireless phones, mobile phones, digital music players, memory cards, and all electronic devices for transmitting/receiving information at a wireless environment. 
         [0153]      FIG. 18  is a block diagram schematically illustrating an example of a memory card including a 3D semiconductor memory device according to an embodiment of the inventive concept. Referring to  FIG. 18 , a memory card  1200  according to an embodiment of the inventive concept may include a memory device  1210 . The memory device  1210  may include at least one of the 3D semiconductor memory devices according to embodiments of the inventive concept. Also, the memory device  1210  may further include another type of semiconductor memory device (for example, PRAM, MRAM, DRAM and/or SRAM). The memory card  1200  may include a memory controller  1220  for controlling data exchange between a host and the memory device  1210 . 
         [0154]    The memory controller  1220  may include a processing unit  1222  for controlling the overall operation of the memory card  1200 . Also, the memory controller  1220  may include an SRAM  1221  that is used as the working memory of the processing unit  1222 . Furthermore, the memory controller  1220  may further include a host interface  1223  and a memory interface  1225 . The host interface  1223  may include a data exchange protocol between the memory card  1200  and the host. The memory interface  1225  may connect the memory controller  1220  and the memory device  1210 . In addition, the memory controller  1220  may further include an error correction block (ECC)  1224 . The error correction block  1224  may detect and correct the error of data that is read from the memory device  1210 . Although not shown, the memory card  1200  may further include a ROM that stores code data for interfacing with the host. The memory card  1200  may be used as a portable data memory card. On the contrary, the memory card  1200  may be implemented as a Solid State Disk (SSD) that may replace the hard disk of a computer system. 
         [0155]    According to the above-described 3D semiconductor memory device, the vertical active pattern can be disposed in the recess region of the common source region and be connected to the well region. Therefore, the distance between the vertical active pattern and the common source region can be minimized, and also, the vertical active pattern can be connected to the well region. As a result, the 3D semiconductor memory device which has excellent reliability and is optimized for high integration can be implemented. 
         [0156]    The above-disclosed subject matter is to be considered illustrative and not restrictive, and the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications, enhancements, and other embodiments, which fall within the true spirit and scope of the inventive concept. Thus, to the maximum extent allowed by law, the scope of the inventive concept is to be determined by the broadest permissible interpretation of the following claims and their equivalents, and shall not be restricted or limited by the foregoing detailed description.