Abstract:
A method for drying workpieces includes immersing the workpieces in a liquid bath, raising the workpieces with a first holder until a central opening of the workpieces is visible above liquid surface, then using a dry second holder rod inserted through said central opening to continue raising process. Due to this, a drying portion of the workpieces is not held by a wet holding mechanism.

Description:
[0001]    This is a Continuation of application Ser. No. 13/194,841, filed Jul. 29, 2011, which is a Continuation of application Ser. No. 12/019,049 filed Jan. 24, 2008 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,019,930), claiming priority based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2007-028262, filed on Feb. 7, 2007, the entire contents of all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    The present invention relates to a storage system and a storage management method, and more particularly to a storage system which manages data in a storage area of a storage device for a long period of time in a computer system using a computer and the storage device. 
         [0004]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0005]    In a computer system in companies or the like, in accordance with the increase in the amount of storage data and the prolonged storage period of data, the capacity of storage media for storing data has also been increased. Further, in order to store data for a long period of time, the life of the storage media needs to be considered. Among data storage media, there is a nonvolatile semiconductor memory as exemplified by a write-frequency limited type memory such as a flash memory. The flash memory has a limitation of write frequency, but is generally said to have a longer life as compared with the disk drive because the flash memory can be operated without power for rotating the drive or the like. 
         [0006]    Further, in order to compensate the limitation of write frequency of the flash memory, there is disclosed a technique in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 6-124596 (Patent document 1), in which a controller manages the frequency of writing to sectors of the flash memory so as to prevent erasing parts from being concentrated on specific sectors, thereby enabling the life of the flash memory to be prolonged. 
         [0007]    There are following problems in such conventional method. As a result of the extension of the life of the storage medium constituted by the flash memory, the life of the storage medium may be longer than that of the controller which controls the storage medium. In this case, it is possible to use the same flash memory in such a manner that the flash memory is removed from the storage device, that is, placed in off-line mode so as to be loaded onto another storage device, or that the controller whose life is expired is replaced by another controller. 
         [0008]    However, in the conventional technique, since management information is managed by the controller, when the flash memory is removed and operated by being loaded onto another controller, the write frequency, that is, the life of the flash memory to the writing is not taken over. As a result, the new controller is unable to grasp the use degree of the flash memory. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0009]    In order to solve the above described problem, the following means is used. That is, according to the present invention, there is provided a storage system which has flash memories constituting a storage area and a function of placing and handling the flash memories in on-line mode and off-line mode, and which stores and manages management information of the flash memories in on-line mode, the storage system including: when some or all of flash memory in on-line mode is placed in off-line mode, creating a management area in off-line mode in the flash memories by moving existing data in an area used as the management area to an area other than the management area; writing the management information of the flash memories to the created management area; and placing the flash memories in off-line mode. 
         [0010]    According to the present invention, even when the flash memory is placed in off-line mode, it is possible to hold management information such as volume information and life information, which are necessary for permitting the flash memory to be managed on the device side. Since the management information is written only when the flash memory is placed in off-line mode, it is possible to reduce the frequency of writing to the flash memory, to thereby avoid shortening of the life of the flash memory. Further, the data can be taken over only by exchanging the flash memory without using communication mode. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0011]      FIG. 1  shows an example of a configuration of a computer system according to example 1; 
           [0012]      FIG. 2  shows an example of a volume table and the like which is used in the storage system according to example 1; 
           [0013]      FIG. 3  shows an example of a flash memory sector table and the like which is used in the storage system according to example 1; 
           [0014]      FIG. 4  shows an example of a flash memory management area table used in the storage system according to example 1; 
           [0015]      FIG. 5  shows an example of a configuration screen used in the storage system according to example 1; 
           [0016]      FIG. 6  shows an example of a flow chart for placing flash memories in off-line mode in the storage system according to example 1; 
           [0017]      FIG. 7  shows an example of a flash memory sector table used in the storage system according to example 1; 
           [0018]      FIG. 8  shows an example of a flow chart for placing flash memories in on-line mode in the storage system according to example 1; and 
           [0019]      FIG. 9  shows an example of a configuration of a computer system according to example 2. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0020]    In the following, embodiments according to the present invention will be described. 
         [0021]    In an embodiment according to the present invention, when a flash memory is placed in off-line mode, the limitation of write frequency of the flash memory is taken into consideration. Further, when the flash memory is placed in off-line mode, the writing of volume information and life information is performed in order to permit data managed in the flash memory to be used once more. A controller of a storage device divides the flash memory into a management area and a data area, and manages the divided areas, respectively. Data from a host computer are written in the data area, and the management area is used only when the flash memory is placed in off-line mode. The management area is created, when the flash memory is placed in off-line mode. At this time, a sector of the flash memory is selected as the management area, so that data in the sector selected as the management area is moved to a sector in the data area. Then, a management computer and the host computer notify the controller of the flash memory to be placed in off-line mode. The controller writes the flash memory life information associated with the write frequency, and management information on a RAID configuration and a volume segmented from the RAID configuration to the management area in the flash memory, so as to place the flash memory in off-line mode. 
         [0022]    Then, after the loading of the flash memory placed in off-line mode is completed, the management computer instructs the controller of the storage device and the other controller to again place the flash memory in on-line mode, that is, to make data from the loaded flash memory available. Then, the controller reads the management information from the loaded flash memory to start the operation of the flash memory. In the case of a RAID configuration, the controller collectively generates management information from information of a plurality of flash memories. Then, the controller releases the information in the management area and again utilizes the released management area as a data area. 
         [0023]    In the following, examples of the storage system and storage management method according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The storage system according to the present invention includes one or more storage devices which have a memory constituting a storage area, and hereafter, may be simply referred to as a storage. 
         [0024]    Example 1 is explained.  FIG. 1  shows an example of a configuration of a computer system in a first embodiment according to the present invention. A management computer  1000  is a computer having a CPU  1001 , an I/F  1002  which communicates with a storage  1200 , an input/output device  1003  which inputs and outputs information from and to a user, and a memory  1004 . The memory  1004  stores an off-line/on-line instruction program  1005 . Further, the management computer  1000  may be configured to be able to instruct a storage configuration of the storage  1200 , such as for example, a path configuration. 
         [0025]    A host computer  1100  is a computer having a CPU  1101 , an I/F  1102  which communicates with the storage  1200 , an input/output device  1103  which inputs and outputs information from and to the user, and a memory  1104 . The memory  1104  stores a job program  1105  necessary for performing a job on the host computer. The job program  1105  is operated by the CPU  1101 . 
         [0026]    The storage  1200  is a storage device having a controller  1201 , I/Fs  1205  which perform communication associated with an operation request from the management computer  1000  and operations of reading and writing from and to the host computer  1100 , a volume  1301  which is an area for storing data from the host computer  1100 , and flash memories  1300  which are storage media constituting the volume. The controller  1201  is constituted by a CPU  1202 , a cache  1203  which is utilized to improve performance of the storage  1200 , and a memory  1204 . 
         [0027]    When the communication modes in the I/Fs  1205  are different from each other, for example, when the communication on the operation request from the management computer  1000  is based on IP (Internet Protocol), and the communication on data I/O from/to the host computer  1100  is based on FC (Fibre Channel), communication devices may be separately arranged for the respective communication modes. Further, even when the same protocol is used for the communication with the computers, a plurality of communication devices may be arranged depending upon the difference in application and the difference in configuration. 
         [0028]    The memory  1204  stores a storage configuration program  1206 , a storage access management program  1207 , a storage configuration information  1208 , and a storage off-line/on-line execution program  1209 . The CPU  1202  executes the storage configuration program  1206 , the storage access management program  1207 , and the storage off-line/on-line execution program  1209  to realize the functions of the programs. The storage configuration information  1208  is information used by the storage configuration program  1206 , the storage access management program  1207 , and the storage off-line/on-line execution program  1209 , and managed in the storage  1200 . 
         [0029]    The storage configuration program  1206  is a program for managing the configuration of the storage  1200 , and has a function for making computers such as the management computer  1000  recognize the volume  1301  via the I/F  1205 , a function for moving data within the volume, a function for reading and writing data from and to the flash memory and the volume, a function for making data in an area of the flash memory invalid by shredding the area, and the like. 
         [0030]    The storage access management program  1207  is a program which manages the writing life of the flash memories  1300  and moving data between the flash memories in the storage  1200 . 
         [0031]    The storage off-line/on-line execution program  1209  is a program which actually controls off-line mode and off-line mode of the flash memories. 
         [0032]    The volume  1301  may be constituted by the flash memories  1300  by themselves or a logical volume which has the plurality of flash memories  1300  to realize a volume with a RAID configuration. 
         [0033]      FIG. 2 ,  FIG. 3  and  FIG. 4  show examples of information stored in the storage configuration information  1208  in the storage  1200  according to example 1. 
         [0034]    The storage configuration information  1208  includes a volume table  2000 , a parity group table  2100 , a flash memory sector table  3000 , and a flash memory management area table  4000 . Here, the parity group is a unit of storage media by which a RAID configuration is formed. 
         [0035]    As shown in  FIG. 2 , the volume table  2000  includes columns for flash memory numbers  2001 , volume numbers  2002 , start logical sectors  2003 , and final logical sectors  2004 . 
         [0036]    The volume is an area for storing data. However, in the volume which has a RAID configuration and is created on the basis of a parity group, even when data are physically scattered in a plurality of storage media, the storage media are logically handled as one area. The volume may also be referred to as a logical unit. Further, when a single flash memory is handled as a volume, the parity group table  2100  is not necessary. 
         [0037]    The flash memory number  2001  is an identifier of a single flash memory itself. The volume number  2002  is an identifier uniquely imparted to identify the volume  1301 . The start logical sector  2003  indicates the number of the first logical sector assigned to each of the volumes  1301  which correspond to the volume numbers  2002 , respectively. The final logical sector  2004  indicates the number of the last logical sector assigned to each of the volumes  1301  which correspond to the volume numbers  2002 , respectively. 
         [0038]    The assignment range of volumes created in the respective flash memories which are formed into a RAID configuration, is managed by the start logical sector  2003  and the final logical sector  2004  for each of the flash memories which are designated by the flash memory numbers  2001 . For example, it is seen from the volume table  2000  that a volume of the volume number  1  is assigned in an area having the start logical sector  2003  of 0 and the final logical sector  2004  of 999 in the flash memory of the flash memory number  1 , an area having the start logical sector  2003  of 10000 and the final logical sector  2004  of 10999 in the flash memory of the flash memory number  2 , an area having the start logical sector  2003  of 20000 and the final logical sector  2004  of 20999 in the flash memory of the flash memory number  3 , and an area having the start logical sector  2003  of 30000 and the final logical sector  2004  of 30999 in the flash memory of the flash memory number  4 . The number of the logical sector may be referred to as LBA (Logical Block Address). 
         [0039]    As shown in  FIG. 2 , the parity group table  2100  includes columns for parity group numbers  2101 , storage medium numbers  2102  and RAID types  2103 , which are provided for each parity group. Here, the parity group is a unit which is formed by the storage media of the storage, and by which a RAID configuration is formed. 
         [0040]    The parity group number  2101  is an identifier uniquely imparted to identify a parity group formed in the storage  1200 . The storage medium number  2102  is an identifier of a storage medium constituting the parity group, and represented by the information of the storage medium numbers  2102 . In the example of the parity group table  2100 , the storage media constituting the parity group PO are storage media having the numbers of 1, 2, 3 and 4. This indicates that the parity group is constituted by storage media designated by the storage medium numbers  2102  of 1, 2, 3 and 4 in the parity group table  2100 . 
         [0041]    The flash memory sector table  3000  is a table which manages the state of sectors in the flash memory. As shown in  FIG. 3 , the flash memory sector table  3000  includes columns for flash memory numbers  3001 , sector numbers  3002 , writing life  3003 , logical sectors  3004 , and physical sectors  3005 . 
         [0042]    The flash memory number  3001  is an identifier of a single flash memory itself similarly to the flash memory number  2001  in the volume table  2000 . The sector number  3002  indicates a number for identifying a sector. The writing life  3003  indicates the degree of used rate of each sector with respect to the use life of the sector, that is, the written frequency of each sector with respect to the upper limit of write enable frequency of the sector. Thus, a sector having long writing life means a sector having a low used rate. The logical sector  3004  indicates a logical number of a sector. The physical sector  3005  indicates a physical number of a sector. Note that the written frequency may be used as the writing life  3003 . Further, it is also possible that the remaining write enable frequency, the remaining write enable degree, or the like, are used instead of the writing life, and a sector having a high remaining write enable frequency or a high remaining write enable degree is designated as a sector having long writing life. 
         [0043]    A flash memory state table  3100  is a table for managing the on-line mode or off-line mode of the flash memory and includes columns for flash memory numbers  3101  and on-line/off-line  3102 , as shown in  FIG. 3 . 
         [0044]    The flash memory number  3101  is an identifier of a single flash memory itself similarly to the flash memory number  2001  of the volume table  2000 . 
         [0045]    The on-line/off-line  3102  is information representing whether the flash memory is in on-line mode or off-line mode. For example, in the example shown in  FIG. 3 , the flash memory of the flash memory number  1  is operated in on-line mode, and the flash memory of the flash memory number  105  is in off-line mode. 
         [0046]    The flash memory management area table  4000  is a table indicating an area used as a management area when the flash memory is placed in off-line mode, and includes columns for flash memory numbers  4001 , management area start physical sectors  4002 , and management area final physical sectors  4003 , as shown in  FIG. 4 . 
         [0047]    The flash memory number  4001  is an identifier of a single flash memory itself similarly to the flash memory number  2001  of the volume table  2000 , and the flash memory number  3001  of the flash memory sector table  3000 . The management area start physical sector  4002  represents the start position of the physical sector of the area used as the management area in off-line mode. The management area final physical sector  4003  represents the final position of the physical sector of the area used as the management area in off-line mode. 
         [0048]    The position of the management area in each flash memory is indicated by the management area start physical sector  4002  and the management area final physical sector  4003 . For example, in the flash memory of the flash memory number  1 , a sector area between the physical sector  0  and the physical sector  100  is used as the management area. 
         [0049]    The CPU  1202  executing the storage configuration program  1206  handles the area, which the CPU  1202  utilizes as the management area when placing the flash memory in off-line mode, as a data area before placing the flash memory in off-line mode. Such handling is a technique for leveling the write frequency of the flash memory. However, the CPU  1202  executing the storage access management program  1207  performs a monitoring operation so that an area corresponding to the management area can be secured in the flash memory. Therefore, the area which can be utilized as the data area by the storage configuration program  1206  is an area obtained by subtracting the area corresponding to the management area in off-line mode from the whole area of the flash memory. 
         [0050]    In  FIG. 2 ,  FIG. 3  and  FIG. 4 , after the CPU  1202  operating the storage configuration program  1206  makes the host computer recognize the volume, the CPU  1202  operating the storage access management program  1207  updates the values with the data written by the host computer. Further, the flash memory management area table  4000  may also be configured to be managed from the time of loading the flash memory. 
         [0051]      FIG. 5  shows an example of a screen in example 1, by which a user performs instruction operation to place flash memories in off-line mode or off-line mode. This screen is a screen outputted by the CPU  1001  by using the off-line/on-line instruction program  1005  of the management computer  1000 . 
         [0052]    An off-line/on-line instruction screen  5000  includes columns for the flash memory numbers  5001 , present  5002  which represents the state of flash memories at the time of input, and change  5003  which represents states to which the flash memories are desired to be changed. The user&#39;s input objects are the flash memory number  5001  and the change  5003 . The CPU  1001  acquires the information shown in the present  5002  from the flash memory state table  3100  on the basis of the flash memory number  5001  by using the off-line/on-line instruction program  1005 . 
         [0053]    Further, the off-line/on-line instruction screen  5000  also enables the designation by a parity group to be performed, and includes columns for parity group numbers  5101 , present  5102  which represents a state of the parity group at the time of input, and change  5103  which represents a state to which the parity group is desired to be changed. The user&#39;s input objects are the flash memory number  5101  and the change  5103 . The CPU  1001  acquires the information shown in the present  5102  from the parity group table  2100  and the flash memory state table  3100  on the basis of the parity group number  5101  by using the off-line/on-line instruction program  1005 . That is, when all the flash memories constituting the parity group are on-line, the parity group becomes on-line. When all the flash memories constituting the parity group are off-line, the parity group becomes off-line. When the flash memories constituting the parity group are partially on-line and off-line, both states of on-line and off-line are represented. 
         [0054]    The off-line/on-line instruction screen  5000  also includes an execution button of execution  5004  for actually issuing an execution request corresponding to the user&#39;s input values  5001 ,  5003 ,  5101  and  5103 , and a button of cancel  5005  for canceling the execution. The off-line/online instruction screen  5000  may also be configured in such a manner that after the button of execution  5004  is pushed, the cancel  5005  is displayed, and then the data storage designation screen is displayed by pushing the cancel button. 
         [0055]    For example, the input value of the flash memory number  5001  is designated by the same value as the flash memory number  2001  of the volume table  2000 , and the input value of the parity group number  5101  is designated by the same value as the parity group number  2101  of the parity group table  2100 . 
         [0056]    In the off-line/on-line instruction screen  5000 , one or both of the instruction to place a single flash memory as a unit in on-line mode or off-line mode and the instruction to place a parity group as a unit in on-line mode or off-line mode may be performed. When both of the instruction in the unit of a single flash memory and the instruction in the unit of a parity group are eventually set to place the same flash memory in on-line mode or off-line mode, the instruction in the unit of a parity group is preferentially performed. The priority between the instructions may also be set by the user. When both of the instructions are set to the same flash memory, an error message may also be displayed so as to permit one of the instructions to be performed. 
         [0057]      FIG. 6  shows an example of a flow chart of a process for placing the flash memory in off-line mode in the example 1. In  FIG. 6 , the CPU  1202  performs processing by the storage off-line/on-line execution program  1209  in the storage  1200 . 
         [0058]    The CPU  1202  receives an off-line request from the CPU  1001  which operates the off-line/on-line instruction program  1005  in the management computer  1000  (step  6000 ). Here, a screen for example as shown in  FIG. 5  is prepared to permit the user to set the off-line instruction. 
         [0059]    Next, the CPU  1202  checks whether or not an area to be used as the management area when the flash memory to be placed in off-line mode is off-line, is used as a data area (step  6001 ). When the management area is used as the data area, the CPU  1202  proceeds to step  6002 . When the management area is not used as the data area, the CPU  1202  proceeds to step  6003 . 
         [0060]    In step  6002 , the CPU  1202  moves data in the area to be used as the management area at the time of off-line to another area, that is, another location of physical sector. Then, the CPU  1202  proceeds to step  6003 . 
         [0061]    In step  6003 , the CPU  1202  declares that the area created by moving the data in step  6002  is handled as the management area. At this time, an instruction is given to the CPU  1202  operating by using the storage configuration program  1206 , so as to prevent the CPU  1202  from writing data in the management area. The CPU  1202  operating by using the storage configuration program  1206  may also be instructed to be unable to read the data in the management area. Then, the CPU  1202  proceeds to step  6004 . 
         [0062]    In step  6004 , the CPU  1202  writes management information necessary for placing the flash memory in off-line mode in the management area. The necessary management information includes information in the respective flash memories, that is, the information on the parts of respective flash memories in the volume table  2000 , and the information on the parts of respective flash memories in the flash memory sector table  3000 . The information in the parity group table  2100  may be stored only in a flash memory representing a parity group, or may be stored in all flash memories associated with the parity group. Then, the CPU  1202  proceeds to step  6005 . 
         [0063]    In step  6005 , the CPU  1202  places the flash memory in off-line mode. That is, the CPU  1202  brings the flash memory into a removable state. 
         [0064]    After the above described steps are completed, the flash memory is removed for example by the user and stored. 
         [0065]      FIG. 7  shows an example of a changed state of the flash memory sector table  3000  (see  FIG. 3 ) after the processing shown by the flow chart in  FIG. 6  is completed. 
         [0066]    In the example of the flash memory management area table  4000  shown in  FIG. 4 , the management area of the flash memory of the flash memory number  1  has the management area start physical sector of 0 and the management area final physical sector of 100. 
         [0067]    From the examples of the volume table  2000  in  FIG. 2  and the flash memory sector table in  FIG. 3 , it is seen that in the above described physical sectors, the area designated by the sector number  0  of the flash memory number  1  is used as a data area of the volume number  1 . Thus, it is necessary to move the data in this area to another sector. From the volume table  2000 , it is seen that the logical sectors from 0 to 1999 are used and the other areas of the logical sectors are not used. Thus, the data are moved to an area other than the area of the logical sectors from 0 to 1999. At this time, under the condition that the sectors to which the data are moved are preferentially selected from the area whose write frequency is low, the data are moved to the area designated, for example, by the logical address  5000 , because the writing life of this area is 0%. Then, the numbers of the logical sectors are exchanged. Similarly, the data in the areas of the sector numbers  1  to  1000  are moved to the other sectors. Then, the area having addresses of the physical sectors  0  to  1000  is used as the management area, and the management information is stored in this area. 
         [0068]      FIG. 8  shows an example of a flow chart of a process in which a flash memory in off-line mode is placed in on-line mode. 
         [0069]    In  FIG. 8 , the CPU  1202  performs processing by the storage off-line/on-line execution program  1209  in the storage  1200 . Further, the flash memory to be placed in on-line mode is already loaded onto the storage  1200 . 
         [0070]    The CPU  1202  receives an on-line instruction from the CPU  1001  which operates the off-line/on-line instruction program  1005  in the management computer  1000  (step  8000 ). Here, a screen for example as shown in  FIG. 5  is prepared to permit the user to set the on-line instruction. 
         [0071]    Next, the CPU  1202  reads the management information in the management area of the flash memory to be placed in on-line mode so as to enable the management information to be managed by the controller (step  8001 ). Since the information equivalent to that in the flash memory management area table  4000  shown in  FIG. 4  is stored in the flash memory, the CPU  1202  is able to grasp the read position of the management area by acquiring the information. The CPU  1202  may also be able to actually read the data stored in the flash memory by reading the information. Then, the CPU  1202  proceeds to step  8002 . 
         [0072]    Next, in step  8002 , the CPU  1202  checks whether or not the flash memories to be placed in on-line mode are formed into a correct configuration, on the basis of the management information acquired in step  8001 . For example, when the flash memories are formed into a RAID configuration, the CPU  1202  cannot read the data stored in the flash memories which are not based on the RAID configuration. Specifically, on the basis of the storage medium information  2102  in the parity group table  2100 , which is stored as the management information of the flash memories, the CPU  1202  checks whether or not the flash memories to be placed in on-line mode have numbers included in the storage medium information  2102 . Then, when the flash memory is correctly configured, the CPU  1202  proceeds to step  8003 . When the flash memory is not correctly configured, the CPU  1202  proceeds to step  8005 . 
         [0073]    In step  8003 , the CPU  1202  performs processing to place the flash memory in on-line mode. That is, the CPU  1202  receives data access from the host computer  1100 . However, as described with reference to the flow chart in  FIG. 6 , when a management area exists, the CPU  1202  operating the storage configuration program  1206  may inhibit the writing to the management area, and also inhibit the reading from the management area. Then, the CPU  1202  proceeds to step  8004 . 
         [0074]    In step  8004 , the CPU  1202  releases the data in the management area. That is, the CPU  1202  permits the management area to be used as a data area. In practice, the CPU  1202  operating the storage configuration program  1206  permits the writing and reading to and from the management area. However, when the writing is permitted while the data are left in the management area, the data in the management area may be read by unauthorized access. Thus, the CPU  1202  operating the storage configuration program  1206  may perform the shredding operation to make the data invalid before releasing the management area, and thereafter release the management area. Then, the CPU  1202  ends the processing. 
         [0075]    In step  8005 , the CPU  1202  notifies the user who has set the instruction by using the off-line/online instruction screen  5000  in  FIG. 5 , of the error that the flash memories are not formed into a correct configuration, via the off-line/on-line instruction program  1005  in the management computer  1000 . Then, the CPU  1202  ends the processing. The error may be notified by a screen display, or may also be notified to the user by an e-mail. As the error, a correct configuration of storage media, that is, information necessary for placing the flash memories in on-line mode may also be presented. As this information, the information on the storage medium number  2102  in the parity group  2100  is displayed. In the presentation, the information on the flash memories in on-line mode, that is, for example, the loaded flash memories and the information on the flash memories which are not loaded may also be separately displayed. 
         [0076]    As a result, when the flash memories placed in off-line mode through the processing based on the flow chart in  FIG. 6  is placed in on-line mode through the processing based on the flow chart of  FIG. 8 , the data stored in the flash memories can be used as they are by the host computer  1100  and the management computer  1000 , whereby the life information of the flash memories can also be taken over as it is, and managed. 
         [0077]    In example 1, the system may also be configured in such a manner that while the on-line and off-line states of the respective volumes are managed, when all of the volumes in a flash memory are placed in off-line mode, the flash memory are placed in off-line mode so as to be able to be removed. The user may also be permitted to select whether or not the above described processing is performed. 
         [0078]    Further, in example 1, the system may also be configured in such a manner that even when the system is not formed into the RAID configuration, a single flash memory is handled as a volume, or a part of the single flash memory is segmented to be defined as a volume, and the defined volumes are handled. In this case, the management can also be performed similarly to the case in example 1. 
         [0079]    Further, in example 1, a group of a plurality of flash memories, which is referred to as a slot, may be handled as a unit in a form of a flash disk. In this case, it is possible not only to move data between sectors within the flash memories, but also to similarly move the data in the flash memories as required by managing the sectors in the range of the slot. It is also possible to remove the flash memories in the unit of the slot. 
         [0080]    Further, the arrangement of physical sectors as the management area is fixed in example 1, but the system may also be configured in such a manner that only the pointer and the range of the management area are managed so as to correspond to a certain sector independently of the arrangement of physical sectors, and the actual management area indicated by the pointer is arranged in any part of the physical sectors. 
         [0081]    Further, in example 1, the selection system of the sector may also be configured so as to make a sector having a low write frequency selected similarly to the above described first embodiment. Alternatively, since the write frequency to the management area is judged to be low, a sector having a high write frequency, or in particular, a sector having a write frequency exceeding a threshold value, on the basis of which the write frequency of the sector is managed, and still having a room for the writing, may also be selected. 
         [0082]    Next, an example 2 is explained.  FIG. 9  is a figure showing a configuration of a computer system in a second embodiment according to the present invention. This computer system has a configuration similar to that of example 1 shown in  FIG. 1 , but differs from example 1 in that the off-line/on-line instruction program  1005  which is stored in the memory  1004  of the management computer  1000  in example 1 is stored in the memory  1104  of the host computer  1100 . In this computer system, the off-line and on-line instructions are judged by the job program  1105  through cooperative operations between the off-line/on-line instruction program  1005  and the job program  1105 , and the like. On the basis of the judgment performed by operating the job program  1105 , and the like, the off-line and on-line instructions are issued to the off-line/on-line instruction program  1005 , whereby the off-line and on-line instructions can be issued without the intervention of the user and the management computer  1000 . 
         [0083]    Further, in the case where a number of volumes are necessary, when the volume numbers are exchanged, when the operation of volumes is once stopped, or the like, the volumes themselves are placed in off-line mode. In this case, the system may also be configured in such a manner that the judgment performed by operating the job program  1105  is received by the off-line/on-line instruction program  1005 , whose instruction is received by the storage  1200 , and thereafter when all the associated volumes in the respective flash memories are placed in off-line mode, the flash memories are also placed in off-line mode by the processing as shown in the flow chart in  FIG. 6 . 
         [0084]    As described above, the present invention is explained with reference to the examples. A further embodiment 1 according to the present invention is a storage system which has a function of placing and handling flash memories constituting a storage area in off-line mode and on-line mode, and which stores and manages management information of the flash memories in on-line mode, the storage system including: when the flash memories in off-line mode is placed in on-line mode, reading the management information from the management area of the flash memories; placing the flash memories in on-line mode; and releasing the management area of the flash memories as a data area. 
         [0085]    A further embodiment 2 according to the present invention is a storage system wherein in the storage system of the present invention, a sector having a long writing life is selected as a destination to which the above described existing data are moved. 
         [0086]    A further embodiment 3 according to the present invention is a storage system wherein in the storage system of the present invention, when the flash memories are placed in on-line mode, the volume assignment in the flash memories is managed so as to make the area corresponding to the management area secured in the flash memories. 
         [0087]    A further embodiment 4 according to the present invention is a storage system wherein in the storage system of the present invention or the embodiment 1, the management information of the flash memories is the writing life of the flash memories. 
         [0088]    A further embodiment 5 according to the present invention is a storage system wherein in the storage system of the present invention or the embodiment 1, the management information of the flash memories is the volume information of the flash memories. 
         [0089]    A further embodiment 6 according to the present invention is a storage system wherein in the storage system of the present invention or the embodiment 1, the management information of the flash memories is the volume information including information of a RAID configuration formed by a plurality of flash memories. 
         [0090]    A further embodiment 7 according to the present invention is a storage system wherein in the storage system of the embodiment 1, when the flash memories in off-line mode are placed in on-line mode, whether or not a RAID configuration is correctly configured is checked on the basis of the read management information, and when the RAID configuration is not correctly configured, an error is notified, and flash memories enabling the RAID configuration to be correctly configured are presented. 
         [0091]    A further embodiment 8 according to the present invention is a storage system wherein in the storage system of the embodiment 1, the data in the management area of the flash memories are made invalid, and thereafter the management area is released as a data area. 
         [0092]    A further embodiment 9 according to the present invention is a storage management method of a storage system which has flash memories constituting a storage area and a function of placing and handling the flash memories in off-line mode and on-line mode, and which stores and manages management information of the flash memories in on-line mode, the storage management method including: when some or all of the flash memories in on-line mode are placed in off-line mode, creating a management area in off-line mode in the flash memories by moving existing data in an area to be used as the management area to an area other than the management area; writing the management information of the flash memories to the created management area; and placing the flash memories in off-line mode. 
         [0093]    A further embodiment 10 according to the present invention is a storage management method including: in the storage management method of the embodiment 9, when the flash memories in off-line mode are placed in on-line mode, reading management information from the management area of the flash memories; placing the flash memories in on-line mode; and releasing the management area of the flash memories as a data area.