Abstract:
In a Bi-CMOS ESD protection device, dual voltage capabilities are achieved by providing two laterally spaced p-regions in a n-material and defining a n+ region and a p+ region in each of the p-regions to define I-V characteristics that are similar to those defined by a SCR device in a positive direction, but, in this case, having those characteristics in both directions. The device may be asymmetrical to accommodate different voltage amplitudes in the positive and negative directions.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to ESD protection devices. More particularly, it relates to ESD protection devices that are implemented using BiCMOS technology. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Analog circuits typically display sensitivity to excessive voltage levels. Transients, such as electrostatic discharges (ESD) can cause the voltage handling capabilities of the analog circuit to be exceeded, resulting in damage to the analog circuit. ESD protection devices have, therefore, been devised to shunt current to ground during excessive voltage peaks. 
     In the case of BiCMOS output interface circuits that allow dual polarity of the output voltage amplitude (so-called “swing”), conventional triggering ESD structures such as SCRs, LVTSCRs, GGNMOS, TFO devices and even diode pairs are unsuitable. When these devices are reverse biased or a reverse power supply is applied, a substantial amount of power is consumed by the internal diode structure, as is discussed in greater detail below. 
     The ESD protection device or triggering structure for dual polarity applications should therefore display an S-shaped I-V characteristic for voltage swings in both directions. Bi-directional thyristor devices such as TRIACs (triode AC switches) and DIACs (diode AC switches) (for example AC trigger diodes and bi-directional p-n-p-n diode switches) exist that provide for bi-directional voltage swings. However, ESD protection devices require specific functional specifications in order to operate within a specific window. The triggering voltage may not be too high, to avoid damage to the circuit being protected. Also, the triggering structure must not remain in conduction once the ESD pulse has passed and normal voltages resume. Thus, the holding voltage of the device must be sufficiently high to avoid latch-up during normal operation. Furthermore, in the case of integrated circuits based on BiCMOS technology it is desirable to implement the protection circuit using existing process steps. 
     The present invention therefore provides a triggering ESD structure that can readily be implemented in BiCMOS technology and which provides for bi-directional voltage swings. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a BiCMOS ESD protection device with dual voltage capabilities. This is achieved by providing two laterally spaced p-regions in a n-material and defining a n+ region and a p+ region connected by a common contact, in each of the p-regions. In this way a device is defined that has I-V characteristics that are similar to those defined by a SCR device in a positive direction, but, in this case, having those characteristics in both directions. The device may be asymmetrical to accommodate different voltage amplitudes in the positive and negative directions. 
     According to the invention, there is provided an ESD protection structure having 
     a first p-region formed in a n-material; a second p-region formed in the n-material and laterally spaced from the first p-region; a first n+ region and a first p+ region formed in the first p-region, and connected by a first common contact, and a second n+ region and a second p+ region formed in the second p-region, and connected by a second common contact One or both of the p-regions may comprises a p-deep region, a p-well, or a P-body. A shallow trench isolation region or thick field oxide may be formed between the first p-region and the second p-region. Furthermore, a sinker region may be formed between the first p-region and the second p-region. 
     Further, according to the invention, there is provided a method of forming a bi-directional ESD protection device, comprising providing a semiconductor substrate, n-doping at least part of the semiconductor substrate to form n-material, masking and doping the n-material to define a first and a second p-region in the n-material that are laterally spaced from each other, forming a n+ region and a p+ region laterally spaced from each other, in each of the two p-regions, and providing a common contact for both of the n+ region and p+ region of the two p-regions. Ideally BiCMOS technology is used in the process steps. Typically the n+ region and p+region in each of the p-regions are formed by masking and doping the p-regions. The p-regions may be defined by one or more of a p-well, p-body, collector, or p-deep type implant. The method may include n-doping the region between the p-regions to define a higher doped region between the p-regions, for example, forming a sinker region between the p-regions. The size and location of the higher doped region between the p-regions may be chosen to achieve desired triggering and holding voltage characteristics for the device. The method may further include forming one or more ISO, NBL, or lightly doped regions in the n-material. Also, the first p-region may be different from the second p-region to define an asymmetrical structure. This difference in the p-regions may be in one or more of the doping level, thickness, and width of the p-regions. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a conventional SCR; 
     FIG. 2 is the I-V characteristic for the SCR of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a triggering structure of the invention; 
     FIG. 4 is the I-V characteristic of the structure of FIG. 3; 
     FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the invention; 
     FIG. 6 is shows I-V characteristics for the device of FIG. 5 compared to that of FIG. 3; 
     FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of yet another embodiment of the invention, and 
     FIG. 8 shows different I-V curves. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     As mentioned above, a prior art silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) does not provide a dual voltage capability. Nevertheless, it provides desirable snapback characteristics to display a S-shaped I-V curve in the forward direction. The present invention therefore provides a triggering structure that incorporates some of the features of a SCR. Therefore, an understanding of the functioning of a SCR is helpful in considering the structure of the present invention. 
     A SCR, essentially, is a device that provides an open circuit between a first node and a second node when the voltage across the first and second nodes is positive and less than a trigger voltage. When the voltage across the first and second nodes rises to be equal to or greater than the trigger voltage, the SCR provides a low-resistance current path between the first and second nodes. Further, once the low-resistance current path has been provided, the SCR maintains the current path as long as the voltage across the first and second nodes is equal to or greater than a holding voltage that is lower than the trigger voltage. When used for ESD protection, the first node becomes a to-be-protected node, and the second node is typically connected to ground. The SCR operates within an ESD protection window that has a maximum voltage defined by the destructive breakdown level of the to-be-protected node, and a minimum voltage (also known as a latch-up voltage) defined by any dc bias on the to-be-protected node. 
     Thus, when the voltage across the to-be-protected node and the second node is less than the trigger voltage, the SCR provides an open circuit between the to-be-protected node and the second node. However, when the to-be-protected node receives a voltage spike that equals or exceeds the trigger voltage, such as when an ungrounded human-body discharge occurs, the SCR provides a low-resistance current path from the to-be-protected node to the second node. In addition, once the ESD event has passed and the voltage on the to-be-protected node falls below the holding voltage, the SCR again provides an open circuit between the to-be-protected node and the second node 
     FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view that illustrates a conventional SCR  100 . As shown in FIG. 1, SCR  100  has a n-well  112  which is formed in a p-type semiconductor material  110 , such as a substrate or a well, and a n+ region  114  and a p+ region  116  which are formed in n-well  112 . The n+and p+ regions  114  and  116  are both connected to a to-be-protected node  120 . As further shown in FIG. 1, SCR  100  also has a n+ region  122  and a p+ region  124  formed in semiconductor material  110 . The n+and p+ regions  122  and  124  are both connected to an output node  126 . 
     In operation, when the voltage across nodes  120  and  126  is positive and less than the trigger voltage, the voltage reverse biases the junction between n-well  112  and p-type material  110 . The reverse-biased junction, in turn, blocks charge carriers from flowing from node  120  to node  126 . However, when the voltage across nodes  120  and  126  is positive and equal to or greater than the trigger voltage, the reverse-biased junction breaks down due to avalanche multiplication, 
     The breakdown of the junction causes a large number of holes to be injected into material  110 , and a large number of electrons to be injected into n-well  112 . The increased number of holes increases the potential of material  110  in the region that lies adjacent to n+ region  122 , and eventually forward biases the junction between material  110  and n+ region  122 . 
     When the increased potential forward biases the junction, a npn transistor that utilizes n+ region  122  as the emitter, p-type material  110  as the base, and n-well  112  as the collector turns on. When turned on, n+(emitter) region  122  injects electrons into (base) material  110 . Most of the injected electrons diffuse through (base) material  110  and are swept from (base) material  110  into (collector) n-well  112  by the electric field that extends across the reverse-biased junction. The electrons in (collector) n-well  112  are then collected by n+ region  114 . 
     A small number of the electrons injected into (base) material  110  recombine with holes in (base) material  110  and are lost. The holes lost to recombination with the injected electrons are replaced by holes injected into (base) material  110  by the broken-down reverse-biased junction and, as described below, by the collector current of a pnp transistor, thereby providing the base current. 
     The electrons that are injected and swept into n-well  112  also decrease the potential of n-well  112  in the region that lies adjacent to p+ region  116 , and eventually forward bias the junction between p+ region  116  and n-well  112 . When the decreased potential forward biases the junction between p+ region  116  and n-well  112 , a pnp transistor formed from p+ region  116 , n-well  112 , and material  110 , turns on. 
     When turned on, p+emitter  116  injects holes into base  112 . Most of the injected holes diffuse through (base) n-well  112  and are swept from (base) n-well  112  into (collector) material  10  by the electric field that extends across the reverse-biased junction. The holes in (collector) material  110  are then collected by p+ region  124 . 
     A small number of the holes injected into (base) n-well  112  recombine with electrons in (base) n-well  112  and are lost. The electrons lost to recombination with the injected holes are replaced by electrons flowing into n-well  112  as a result of the broken-down reverse-biased junction, and n-well  112  being the emitter of the npn transistor. Thus, a small part of the npn collector current forms the base current of the pnp transistor. 
     Similarly, as noted above, the holes swept into (collector) material  110  also provide the base current holes necessary to compensate for the holes lost to recombination with the diffusing electrons injected by n+(emitter) region  122 . Thus, a small part of the pnp collector current forms the base current of the npn transistor. 
     Thus, n+ region  122  injects electrons that provide both the electrons for the collector current of the npn transistor as well as the electrons for the base current of the pnp transistor. At the same time, p+ region  116  injects holes that provide both the holes for the collector current of the pnp transistor as well as the holes for the base current of the npn transistor. 
     Thus the SCR provides for double injection by n+ region  122  and p+ region  116  of SCR  100 . With double injection, SCR  100  provides current densities (after snapback) that are about ten times greater than the densities provided by a grounded-gate MOS device. 
     The resultant I-V characteristics of the SCR are shown in FIG. 2 which shows a S-shaped curve in the forward direction. On the other hand when the SCR experiences a voltage pulse in the opposite direction, the structure acts simply as a forward biased diode due to the forward biased junction between p-substrate  110  and n-well  112 . This results in large power dissipation due to the increasing currents shown in FIG.  2 . 
     One embodiment of the structure of the present invention is shown in FIG.  3 . It includes a p-body  300  and a p-body  302  formed in a n-epitaxial region  304 , and laterally spaced from each other. In another embodiment, the p-body regions  300 ,  302  were separated by a thick field oxide or shallow trench isolation (STI) region. A n+ region  310  and a p+ region  312  are formed in the p-body  300 . Similarly, a n+ region  320  and a p+ region  322  are formed in the p-body  302 . Thus, this embodiment of the invention provides a symmetrical structure with two p-regions  300 ,  302 . While the embodiment of FIG. 3 speaks of a p-body regions, it will be appreciated that these p-regions can be created by any process step(s) commonly used in a BiCMOS process, such as deep well, body, collector, or other type implant. The n+ region  310  and p+ region  312  are connected by a common contact  314  to define the anode, and the n+ region  320  and p+ region  322  are connected by a common contact  316  to define the cathode. 
     Prior to avalanche breakdown the structure is equivalent to a PNP bipolar transistor with the p+ region  300  acting as emitter, the n-epitaxial region as the base, and the p+ region  302  as the collector. The junction between the n+ region  310  and n-epitaxial region  304  is reverse biased at this stage and, therefore, blocks the current and determines the leakage. However, at the voltage level of avalanche breakdown, this lateral junction produces an avalanche current. The breakdown of the junction causes a large number of holes to be injected into the p-body material  302 , and a large number of electrons to be injected into n+ region  310 . The increased number of holes increases the potential of the material  302  in the region that lies adjacent to the n+ region  320 , and eventually forward biases the junction between n+ region  320  and p-body  302 . This results in a npn transistor in which electrons are injected from the emitter  320  into the base  302  to turn the transistor on. Electrons are injected into the n-epi  304 . Some electrons combine with holes in the n-epi  304  but most are swept across to the n+ region  330 . This also reduces the potential of the n-epi  304  in the region of the p-body  300 . This results in a pnp transistor which injects holes from the emitter  312  into the base  304  and causes most of the holes to be swept across to the p-body  302  further turns on the base of the npn tranistor. Thus, due to the positive feedback, a deep bipolar conductivity modulation is created between the anode  330  and the cathode  332 , which results in space charge modulation, electric field dumping, avalanche ionization, and eventually double injection conductivity. Due to the symmetrical nature of the structure, a S-shaped curve is achieved for both a positive and a negative voltage pulse, as shown by the I-V characteristics of FIG.  4 . This embodiment with its low doped n-epi lends itself to use in high voltage applications. 
     In another embodiment, shown in FIG. 5, a higher doped n-sinker region  550  is created between the p-body regions  500 ,  502 . This results in a lower breakdown voltage, which will occur below the original zener diode breakdown voltage created by the junction between the p-body of the cathode  502  and n-epi  504 . The effect of the sinker region  550  is shown in FIG. 6 which shows a breakdown voltage of about 24V (curve  600 ) instead of approximately 54V for an embodiment without sinker region (curve  602 ), such as the one illustrated in FIG.  3 . 
     In yet another embodiment, a shallow trench isolation (STI) region is formed between the two p-body regions. Since this results in a shorter space charge region, the isolation region length will determine the breakdown voltage. 
     In many cases the output voltage is not symmetrical, but has different voltage amplitudes for the positive and negative voltages. In order to handle the different voltage amplitudes, different doping profiles can be created at the lateral junctions, using existing process implants. These may include the inclusion of a n-buried layer (NBL), n-lightly doped region (commonly referred to n-lightly doped drain (NLDD) where it is associated with the drain of a transistor device), ISO, etc. Variations in the I-V characteristics can also be achieved by shifting the mask position during doping. Either one or both of these approaches allows desirable breakdown and triggering voltages to be achieved on each side (positive and negative voltage pulse). One embodiment is shown in FIG. 7 which has a p-well  700  on one side of the structure and a p-deep region  702  on the other side. Typically a p-deep region has a lower doping level than a p-body but a higher doping level than a p-well. 
     FIG. 8 shows log current-voltage curves for some different embodiments, including a curve for an embodiments that has two p-deep regions (curve  800 ), a curve for an embodiment that has a p-deep and a p-well region (curve  802 ), such as the one illustrated in FIG. 7, and a curve for an embodiment with two p-well regions (curve  804 ). These are contrasted with the higher breakdown voltage of a conventional SCR (curve  806 ). Curves  800  and  802  show lower breakdown voltages than curve  806  for a conventional SCR, while maintaining much the same holding voltage. Curve  806 , on the other hand shows a higher breakdown voltage and lower holding voltage. 
     Experimental results have shown that the present invention allows a bi-directional structure to be created in accordance with the invention, which has a protection capability of more than 10 A/200 μm, thus making it possible to provide protection against an ESD voltage pulse of more than 15 kV. 
     It will be appreciated that the invention can be implemented in using different dopings for the p-regions and the n-region between the p-regions, and that different process techniques can be used to achieve this. Also, it will be appreciated that the doping mask can be shifted. Thus the appropriate triggering and holding voltages can be achieved for positive and negative voltage pulses. 
     It will also be appreciated that, while the embodiments discussed above show n-epitaxial region in a p-substrate, the invention could be implemented so that the p-body, p-well, p-deep, or other p-regions formed in the n-material are formed in a n-substrate, n-well or other n-region other than a n-epitaxial region. For simplicity the term n-material will be used in the claims to define any type of n-region that the p-body, p-well, p-deep, or other p-regions are formed in.