Abstract:
Methods of treating and preserving food products, including a unique method, which avoids undesirable high pressures, additives, or other chemical treatments. The disclosed invention reduces spoilage and undesirable aromas and flavors in fermented food products by killing or reducing the level of wild yeasts and bacteria, and removing oxidants and enzymes without using heat or undesirable additives. The process of the invention uses a combination of moderate pressure and reactive gases, such as carbon dioxide, hydrogen, or nitrous oxide to treat food products, and then removes the reactive gases by purging the food product with an inert gas. The final product is substantially free of unwanted microorganisms, enzymes, and oxidants that cause spoilage of the food product.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This application is a CIP of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/059,044, filed Feb. 15, 2005, entitled “Novel Process for Treating Foods under Alternating Atmospheres,” which is related to and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/546,288, filed Feb. 20, 2004, entitled “Method and Process of Treating Liquid Foods under Alternating Atmospheres.” This application is also related to and claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/655,966, filed Feb. 23, 2005, entitled “Method and Process of Treating Wine.” 
     
    
     BACKGROUND  
       [0002]     The present invention relates to processes for processing and preserving food or food products, and particularly to processes for preserving the taste of food or food products subject to a fermentation step.  
         [0003]     Food and food products, including packaged foods, are generally subject to two main problems: microbial contamination and quality deterioration. The primary problem regarding food spoilage in public health is microbial growth. If pathogenic microorganisms are present, then growth of such microorganisms can potentially lead to food-borne outbreaks and significant economic losses. Since 1997, food safety concerns have increasingly been brought to the consumer&#39;s attention, and those concerns have become even stronger today. Recent outbreaks from Salmonella and  E. coli  0157:H7 have increased the focus on food safety from a regulatory perspective, as well. A recent study completed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated that food-borne diseases cause approximately 76 million illnesses, 325,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths annually in the U.S. Those numbers reveal the dramatic need for effective means for preserving food and food products in order to ensure food safety.  
         [0004]     Currently, food manufacturers use different technologies to eliminate, retard, or prevent microbial growth. However, effective sanitation depends on the product/process type, and not all currently available technology can deliver an effective reduction of microorganisms. Instead, another level of health problems may be created, or the quality of the treated food may deteriorate. For example, chlorine has been widely used as a sanitizer of choice since World War I. However, concerns regarding the safety of carcinogenic and toxic byproducts of chlorine, such as chloramines and trihalomethanes, have been raised in recent years. Another example is heat treatment. Even though heat is very efficient in killing bacteria, it also destroys some nutrients, flavors, or textural attributes of food and food products.  
         [0005]     Physical manipulations of food products that have a sanitizing or preservative effect include, for example, freezing, refrigerating, cooking, retorting, pasteurizing, drying, pressurizing, vacuum packing, and sealing in an oxygen-free package. Some of these approaches can be one part of a more complex food processing operation. Food processing steps are selected to strike a balance between obtaining a microbiologically safe food product, while producing a food product with desirable qualities.  
         [0006]     Spoilage caused by wild yeasts in fermented food products, particularly wine, posses another problem for food manufacturers that causes the quality of food to deteriorate. Wild yeasts contribute to uncontrollable fermentation resulting in undesirable aroma and flavor in the food product. Traditionally, food producers have used sulfites as one method of inhibiting those wild yeasts. However, sulfites cause allergic and other side effects in certain consumers.  
         [0007]     Food deterioration is also caused by oxidation, or by enzyme reactions. Oxidation and enzyme reactions can also cause food quality issues. Preservatives with antioxidant activity can be added to lock up the oxygen and prevent enzyme reactions. Although some food additives effectively stop enzyme reactions, some consumers disfavor added non-natural chemical preservatives. Some chemical preservatives such as citric acid and lactic acid are perceived to be natural and correspondingly more desirable. Some natural preservatives may be effective at providing an enzyme inhibited and microbially safe food product. However, to be effective, concentrations are required that can adversely affect the taste and texture of many food products, such as dough products, alimentary pastes, and wine products. Furthermore, even though food preservatives with antioxidant activity have been successfully used in some food products, the consumer demand for natural food products brings new concerns for using chemical additives.  
         [0008]     The effects of very high pressure (up to 120,000 psi) on food microorganisms were first studied as early as 1899 on milk, meats, fruits, and vegetables. Many foods appear to be particularly favorable to ultrahigh-pressure food preservation, such as acidic foods that naturally inhibit surviving spore nucleation. U.S. Pat. No. 1,355,476 (Hering), U.S. Pat. No. 1,711,097 (Kratzer), and U.S. Pat. No. 1,728,334 (Crowther) discuss various processes for subjecting food products to high pressures to destroy microorganisms in the food. However, high pressure processing involves expensive equipment, high energy costs, and can affect the texture of the food products.  
         [0009]     Therefore, there is a need in the food industry to develop economical food preservation processes that will eliminate the potential dangers of spoiling by microbial growth, wild yeast growth, oxidation, and enzymatic reactions in the food products, particularly liquid food products, and even more particularly in fermented liquid foods, without adversely effecting the inherent flavors of the foods, and without using undesirable additives, or very high pressures.  
       SUMMARY  
       [0010]     The current invention satisfies the need to provide safe food products while maintaining the inherent flavors of the foods, avoiding the use of artificial additives, and avoiding the use of very high pressures in the processing of the food. The current invention improves the quality and enhances the safety of food products, particularly those subject to a fermentation step, by using a gas treatment of a reacting gas (such as CO 2 , H 2 , N 2 O, or NO) under a moderate pressure, followed by fermentation. Optionally, the process further uses an inert gas to remove the reactive gas from the fermented food product, and remove residual oxygen using an inert gas exchange process. The reacting gas treatment and the optional inert gas purge kills or reduces the level of wild yeasts and bacteria, prevents treated food from oxidizing, and stops undesirable enzyme reactions while concurrently minimizing the effect on food taste or appearance.  
         [0011]     The treatment process of the current invention treats food products, particularly food products that are fermented, in a processing system by feeding a reactive gas to a food processing system to establish a first pressure in the food processing system and holding the first pressure for a period of time sufficient to treat the food product. The treated food product is then de-gassed by releasing the treating gas from the food processing system. The food product is then subjected to a fermentation step. An inert gas is fed into the food processing system during or after the fermentation step. The combination of the residual gases and the inert gas are removed from the food processing system, leaving the food substantially free of oxygen and treatment gases that could affect the taste of the food product.  
         [0012]     In alternative embodiments of the current invention, one or more of the various features may be added: 
        the inert gas removes residual oxygen from the fermented food product;     the reactive gas is CO 2 , H 2 , N 2 O, NO, or mixtures thereof;     the food product is a fermented liquid food;     the food product is a wine, cider, or wine product;     the first pressure is about 50-2500 psig;     the first pressure is about 500-2500 psig;     the feeding inert gas step follows the fermenting step;     the removing step follows the feeding inert gas step;     the de-gassing step establishes a second pressure in the food processing system, wherein the second pressure is about 0 to about 50 psig;     the de-gassing step establishes a second pressure in the food processing system, wherein the second pressure is a vacuum of about 1 to about 29.95 inches of mercury;     the inert gas is N 2 , He, Ar, Kr, Xe, Ne, or mixtures thereof;     the inert gas is treated to prevent contamination of the food product by microbes, bacteria, viruses, or spores;     there is a first temperature in the food processing system of about 0-70° C.;     the first temperature is established during the holding step, and a second temperature is established in the food processing system after the holding step;     the second temperature is about 040° C.;     the reactive gas is fed through a membrane, sparger, or combination thereof;     the inert gas is fed through a membrane, sparger, or combination thereof;     the de-gassing step further comprises a step of ultrasound treatment, heating, vibrating, physical agitation, or combination thereof; and/or     the reactive gas is recovered and recycled.       
 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS  
       [0032]     For a further understanding of the nature and objects for the present invention, reference should be made to the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like elements are given the same or analogous reference numbers and wherein:  
         [0033]      FIG. 1  is a flowchart of the current method;  
         [0034]      FIG. 2  is a schematic of one embodiment of a system for implementing the inventive method; and  
         [0035]      FIG. 3  is a schematic of another embodiment of a system for implementing the inventive method. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0036]     The current invention improves the quality and enhances the safety of food products, particularly food products subject to fermentation, by treating food products with a reactive gas for a period of time followed by removal of the reactive gas, fermentation, and purging with inert gas. The resulting food product is substantially free of live bacteria, active wild yeasts, oxygen, and enzyme reactions in the food product. Furthermore, the method reduces the level of the reactive gas to levels that do not adversely affect the taste, texture, or color of the food product.  
         [0037]     As used herein, the phrase “food” or “food product” generally refers to all types of foods, particularly food in liquid form, such as beverages, cider, wine, wine products, or juices. The current inventive method may be used in conjunction with any food that is able to support microbial, i.e. fungal, bacterial or viral growth, including unprocessed or processed foods. The food or food product must generally be compatible with the method of the current invention, particularly with the pressure treatment. “Fermented liquid food” refers to a food product in liquid form that is the result of a fermentation step.  
         [0038]     As used herein, “reactive gas” or “anti-microbial gas” refers to gases injected into the food processing system to kill or weaken pathogenic microorganisms and/or wild yeasts on or in the food product. The reactive gas is any gas known to one of ordinary skill in the art to weaken or kill bacteria and/or wild yeasts, and/or stop enzyme reactions in food products. Preferred reactive gases include, but are not limited to, hydrogen (H 2 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), nitric oxide (NO), or mixtures of these gases.  
         [0039]     Referring to  FIG. 1 , the process comprises the steps of supplying a food product to a food processing system  102 , and feeding a reactive gas  104  to establish a first pressure in the food processing system. The process holds the first pressure  106  for a period of time effective to kill or significantly weaken microorganisms, including wild yeasts, in the food product to form a treated food product. Then, the treated food product is subjected to a fermentation step  110 . In one optional embodiment, the process includes a step of de-gassing the treated food product  108  after holding it at the first pressure. In one embodiment of the current method, specific yeasts are added to the food product during the fermentation step  110  to effect a controlled fermentation and form a fermented food product. During or after the fermentation step  110 , residual gases, including residual reactive gases, residual oxygen, and any products of reaction are optionally purged from the fermented food product in a feeding an inert gas step  112 , wherein an inert gas is fed to the food processing system, followed by a step of removing the inert gas and the residual gases  114  from the food processing system. The inert gas may be treated by a sub-micron filter or other treatment process to prevent contamination of the food product by microbes, bacteria, viruses, or spores. The food product exits the processing system substantially free of live bacteria, oxygen, and of enzyme reactions in the food product.  
         [0040]     The food processing system can be any system known to one of ordinary skill in the art for processing foods wherein the food product may be pressurized. The food processing system may be, but is not limited to, a pressure tank, a series of pressure tanks, a pump and piping system, or a progressive cavity pumping system.  
         [0041]     The food product comprises any food product that has a state in which gases may bubble and/or permeate through or into the food product. In one preferred embodiment, the food product is a fermented liquid food such as juice, cider, wine, or a wine product. The fermented liquid food may contain some amounts of solids, such as the pulp in a juice.  
         [0042]     Preferred embodiments of the current method avoid the very high pressures (greater than about 2500 psig) by combining the effects of moderate pressures (about 50 to about 2500 psig) and a reactive gas to kill or weaken yeasts and other microorganisms in the food product. These moderate pressures make the current process more economical by reducing equipment and operating costs. In one preferred alternate embodiment, pressures of about 500 to 2500 psig are utilized. However, that is not to say that the current method is limited to pressures below 2500 psig. Obviously, the higher the pressure, the more effective the process would kill pathogenic microorganisms. Thus, the current method can be used in combination with any pressure treatment processes, including those which treat foods at pressures above 2500 psig.  
         [0043]     Still referring to  FIG. 1 , one embodiment of the process includes a step of de-gassing the food product  108  by depressurizing the food processing system, preferably to a second pressure. In one preferred embodiment, the second pressure is between about 0 to about 50 psig. In another preferred embodiment, the second pressure is a vacuum of between about 1 to about 29.95 inches of mercury. The de-pressurization may or may not contribute to killing the yeast and other microorganisms present in the food product.  
         [0044]     Referring again to  FIG. 1 , the hold first pressure step  106  is followed by the optional de-dassing step  108 , or fermentation step  110 . In one embodiment of the current method, controlled portions of selected active yeasts are preferably added to the treated product during the fermentation step  110  to allow the controlled fermentation of the treated food product. Any fermentation process known to one of ordinary skill in the art can be used with the current inventive method. The fermentation step  110  forms a fermented food product, such as wine, cider, wine products, or other fermented food products.  
         [0045]     Again referring to  FIG. 1 , during or after the fermenting step  110 , residual oxygen, residual reactive gases, and any other gases that may be in the food product are removed by purging with an inert gas. The purging is effected by feeding an inert gas  112  into the food processing system in combination with a step of removing the inert and residual gasses  114 . As used herein, “inert gas” refers to any non-oxidative gas known to one of ordinary skill in the art that will not adversely react with the food product and does not adversely affect the taste of the product. Preferred inert gases include, but are not limited to nitrogen (N 2 ), helium (He), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), neon (Ne), or mixtures thereof. The inert gas may be treated in a treating step (not shown) to prevent contamination of the food product by microbes, bacteria, viruses, or spores in the inert gas. The reactive gas is effectively removed when it is at levels low enough such that the presence of residual reactive gas will not adversely affect the treated food product, particularly the taste, texture, or appearance of the food, after it is packaged. The food processing system may be “flow purged” with the inert gas, or “pressure purged” with the inert gas to remove the residual gases. Flow purging is accomplished by flowing the inert gas into the food processing system while simultaneously removing gas from the system for a period of time effective to remove the reactive gas from the food product. Pressure purging is accomplished by pressurizing and depressurizing the food processing system with inert gas between specified pressures for a number of times to effectively remove the reactive gas from the food product. Once the residual gases are removed to sufficiently low levels, the fermented product may be packaged or sent to other processes for further treatment or use.  
         [0046]     Preferred embodiments of the process typically maintain a relatively low temperature compared to processes that treat food products by heat (i.e., pasteurization). The food product is typically, but not necessarily, at a temperature of about 0-70° C. when practicing the current process. Alternatively, a first temperature is established during the holding step  106  of about 0-70° C. followed by a second temperature of about 040° C. in the removal step  114 .  
         [0047]     Referring to  FIG. 2 , one preferred system for implementing the current invention feeds the raw food product  202  to a food processing system  204  that comprises a single tank  205  for treatment. Using this configuration, the food processing system  204  is pressurized with the reactive gas  206  to establish a first pressure. The reactive gas  206  can be fed into the food processing system  204  by using a reactive gas feed device  207 , which can be a membrane, sparger, or combination thereof. After a period of time effective for the reactive gas to sufficiently weaken or kill the microorganisms, including wild yeasts, the reactive gas is released from the food processing system  204 . Typically, but not necessarily, the reactive gas is released by depressurizing the food processing system  204  to a second pressure. Lower pressures facilitate the removal of the reactive gas from the food product; thus, one preferred embodiment would include a vacuum pump  220  in the vent system  210 . The treated food product is then fermented in the food processing system,  204 , or moved into a separate system for fermentation. During or after the fermentation, an inert gas  208  is fed to the food processing system  204  using a flow or pressure purge technique described above to remove the residual oxygen and residual reactive gas from the food processing system  204  and the food product. The inert gas  208  can be fed into the food processing system  204  by using an inert gas feed device  209 , which can be a pipe, nozzle, membrane, sparger, or combination thereof. The inert gas may optionally be treated by a treatment system  211 , such as a sub-micron filter or other treatment device to prevent contamination of the food product by microbes, bacteria, viruses, or spores in the inert gas. The residual reactive gas  206  and the inert gas  208  are typically removed via a vent system  210 . The fermented food product  212  is then transferred for further treatment, use, or packaging.  
         [0048]     Referring to  FIG. 3 , another preferred method for implementing the current invention is to continuously feed the raw food product  302  to a food processing system  304  that comprises a first tank  314  and optionally a second tank  316 . Using this configuration, the first tank  314  is pressurized with the reactive gas  306  to establish a first pressure. The reactive gas pressure. The reactive gas  306  can be, but is not necessarily, fed into the first tank  314  by using a reactive gas feed device  307 , which can be a membrane, sparger, or combination thereof. The raw food product  302  is fed into the first tank  314  as a pressurized stream where it reacts with the reactive gas to form an intermediate food product  318 . The intermediate food product  318  is continuously transferred to the second tank  316 . The first tank  314  is sized such that the food product is retained in the first tank  314  for a period of time effective for the reactive gas to sufficiently weaken or kill the microorganisms present. The pressure in the second tank  316  is typically, but not necessarily significantly lower than the first tank  314 . Lower pressures facilitate the removal of the reactive gas from the food product; thus, one preferred embodiment would include a vacuum pump  320  in the vent system  310 . The treated food product is then fermented in the first tank  314 , moved to the second tank  316  for fermentation, or moved into a separate system (not shown) for fermentation and then moved to the second tank  316  for purging. During or after the fermentation, an inert gas  308  is optionally fed to the optional second tank  316  using a flow or pressure purge technique described above to remove the residual oxygen and residual reactive gas from the food product to form the fermented food product  312 . The inert gas  308  can be fed into the second tank  316  by using an inert gas feed device  309 , which can be a membrane, sparger, or combination thereof. The inert gas may optionally be treated by a treatment system  311 , such as sub-micron filter to prevent contamination of the food product by microbes, bacteria, viruses, or spores. The fermented food product  312  is then transferred for further treatment, use, or packaging.  
         [0049]     Other embodiments of the current method may include the use of more than two tanks or processing devices wherein the food product may be subjected to a number of pressurizing, fermenting, and/or purging steps to effectively reduce or kill microorganisms, including wild yeasts, and create the desired food product.  
         [0050]     The method of the current invention may optionally include packaging of the food or food product comprising placing the food or food product in a container and sealing the container. A vacuum may be optionally applied to the container to remove air or other gas from the container. An inert gas may be further optionally injected into the container, either with or without the use of a vacuum step. The process may be operated in various configurations of batch or continuous operation. The inert gas may be applied before, after or both before and after the use of a vacuum step.  
         [0051]     In one preferred embodiment, the food or food product is treated by the current treatment method and subsequently placed in a container. A vacuum is applied to the container to remove air or other gas from the container and the container is sealed to maintain the vacuum in the container.  
         [0052]     The container used to contain the food or food product is not particularly limited and includes disposable and reusable containers of all forms, including those that may be microwavable and/or ovenproof. The container may include a cover or cap designed for the container or may be closed or sealed with a permeable or impermeable film or metal foil.  
         [0053]     The present invention may be advantageously used to destroy wild yeasts, viruses, bacteria, and/or fungi. Preferably, the microorganisms destroyed are those causing food-borne illnesses or causing reactions that can result in undesirable flavor. As used herein, the term “food-borne” illness means any single or combination of illnesses caused by microorganisms in mammals consuming foods containing those microorganisms.  
         [0054]     Although the present invention has been described in considerable detail with reference to certain preferred versions thereof, other versions are possible. For example, various methods can be used to affect the removal of the residual reactive gases from the food product using an inert gas. Furthermore, the invention may include a variety of reactive gases known in the art beyond those mentioned herein. Therefore, the spirit and scope of the appended claims should not be limited to the description of one of the preferred versions contained herein. The intention of the applicants is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.