Abstract:
A fuel cell stack that includes catalyzed surfaces in the non-active inlet region of the cathode flow channels. At cold system start-up, hydrogen is introduced into the cathode inlet header to be mixed with air so that a chemical reaction is provided by the catalyst that generates heat to warm the cooling fluid in the non-active inlet area. Therefore, the cooling fluid that enters the active area of the stack will not be cold enough to quench the chemical reaction.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0002]    This invention relates generally to a system and method for heating a cooling fluid in a cooling fluid inlet section of a fuel cell stack at cold stack start-up and, more particularly, to a system and method for heating the cooling fluid in a cooling fluid inlet section of a fuel cell stack at cold stack start-up, where the system and method include coating structures in the cathode flow field of the inlet area with a catalyst, and introducing hydrogen into the cathode inlet header at start-up to cause a chemical reaction that generates heat. 
         [0003]    2. Discussion of the Related Art 
         [0004]    Hydrogen is a very attractive fuel because it is clean and can be used to efficiently produce electricity in a fuel cell. A hydrogen fuel cell is an electrochemical device that includes an anode and a cathode with an electrolyte therebetween. The anode receives hydrogen gas and the cathode receives oxygen or air. The hydrogen gas is dissociated in the anode to generate free protons and electrons. The protons pass through the electrolyte to the cathode. The protons react with the oxygen and the electrons in the cathode to generate water. The electrons from the anode cannot pass through the electrolyte, and thus are directed through a load to perform work before being sent to the cathode. 
         [0005]    Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) are a popular fuel cell for vehicles. The PEMFC generally includes a solid polymer-electrolyte proton-conducting membrane, such as a perfluorosulfonic acid membrane. The anode and cathode typically include finely divided catalytic particles, usually platinum (Pt), supported on carbon particles and mixed with an ionomer. The catalytic mixture is deposited on opposing sides of the membrane. The combination of the anode catalytic mixture, the cathode catalytic mixture and the membrane define a membrane electrode assembly (MEA). MEAs are relatively expensive to manufacture and require certain conditions for effective operation. 
         [0006]    Several fuel cells are typically combined in a fuel cell stack to generate the desired power. For the automotive fuel cell stack mentioned above, the stack may include two hundred or more fuel cells. The fuel cell stack receives a cathode reactant gas, typically a flow of air forced through the stack by a compressor. Not all of the oxygen is consumed by the stack and some of the air is output as a cathode exhaust gas that may include water as a stack by-product. The fuel cell stack also receives an anode hydrogen reactant gas that flows into the anode side of the stack. 
         [0007]    The fuel cell stack includes a series of flow field or bipolar plates positioned between the several MEAs in the stack. The bipolar plates include an anode side and a cathode side for adjacent fuel cells in the stack. Anode gas flow channels are provided on the anode side of the bipolar plates that allow the anode gas to flow to the anode side of the MEA. Cathode gas flow channels are provided on the cathode side of the bipolar plates that allow the cathode gas to flow to the cathode side of the MEA. The bipolar plates also include flow channels through which a cooling fluid flows. 
         [0008]    Excessive stack temperatures may damage the membrane and other materials in the stack. Fuel cell systems therefore employ a thermal sub-system to control the temperature of the fuel cell stack. Particularly, a cooling fluid is pumped through the cooling fluid flow channels in the bipolar plates of the stack to draw away stack waste heat. During normal fuel cell stack operation, the speed of the pump is controlled based on the stack load, the ambient temperature and other factors, so that the operating temperature of the stack is maintained at an optimal temperature, for example 80° C. A radiator is typically provided in a cooling fluid loop outside of the stack that reduces the temperature of the cooling fluid heated by the stack where the cooled cooling fluid is cycled back through the stack. 
         [0009]    For normal temperature fuel cell system start-up, i.e., above O° C., the cooling fluid pump is typically immediately started so that the stack components are not damaged as a result of the heat generated by the fuel cell reaction. However, if the cooling fluid in the coolant loop and stack is very cold at system start-up, and the pump is started, the cold cooling fluid has a quenching effect on the fuel cell reaction that causes the stack output voltage and power to significantly drop. Particularly, especially for high power start-up, the sub-zero temperature of the cooling fluid significantly reduces the ability of the stack to generate the desired power. This quenching effect may last for several seconds, and possibly tens of seconds depending on the pump speed and the cooling fluid volume. 
         [0010]    It is known in the art to delay the start of the pump at cold system start-up until the stack is generating significant waste heat. However, eventually the cold cooling fluid will enter the stack when the pump is started, which will have the same quenching effect on the warm fuel cells. Further, the very cold cooling fluid flow at cold start-up may act to freeze the product water generated by the stack, which could block flow channels and cause other significant problems. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0011]    In accordance with the teachings of the present invention, a fuel cell stack is disclosed that includes catalyzed structures in the cathode flow field of the non-active inlet region of the stack. At cold system start-up, hydrogen is introduced into the cathode inlet header to be mixed with air so that a chemical reaction is provided by the catalyst that generates heat to warm the cooling fluid in the non-active inlet region. Therefore, when the cooling fluid pump is started, the cooling fluid that enters the active area of the stack will not be cold enough to quench the chemical reaction. In alternate embodiments, structures in the anode flow field in the non-active inlet region can also be catalyzed, where air would be introduced into the anode flow field at cold start-up. Also, catalyzed structures can be provided in the cathode flow field and/or anode flow field in the non-active outlet region of the fuel cell stack. 
         [0012]    Additional features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description and appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
         [0013]      FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of a fuel cell stack including non-active regions and an active region; and 
           [0014]      FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of a few fuel cells in the non-active region of the fuel cell stack showing catalyzed structures, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
       [0015]    The following discussion of the embodiments of the invention directed to a fuel cell stack including catalyst coated structures in a non-active cathode inlet region of the fuel cell stack to provide cooling fluid heating at cold start-up is merely exemplary in nature, and is in no way intended to limit the invention or its applications or uses. 
         [0016]      FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view through a fuel cell of a fuel cell stack  10  including an active region  12 . The fuel cell stack  10  further includes an anode inlet header  14 , an anode outlet header  16 , a cathode inlet header  18 , a cathode outlet header  20 , a cooling fluid inlet header  22  and a cooling fluid outlet header  24 . The fuel cell stack  10  further includes a non-active inlet region  26  between the inlet headers  14 ,  18  and  22  and the active region  12  through which the cathode reactant gas flows, the anode reactant gas flows and the cooling fluid flows through respective channels to the active region  12 . The fuel cell stack  10  also includes a non-active outlet region  28  between the active region  12  and the outlet headers  16 ,  20  and  24  through which the exhaust gases and heated cooling fluid flow through respective channels to the outlet headers  16 ,  20  and  24 . 
         [0017]    According to the invention, a suitable structure within the cathode and/or anode gas flow fields of the non-active inlet region  26  is coated with a suitable low temperature catalyst that chemically reacts with oxygen and hydrogen to generate heat.  FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of a plurality of fuel cells  40  in the non-active inlet region  26  in the stack  10 . In this embodiment, the fuel cell stack  10  includes stamped flow field or bipolar plates where the bipolar plates in stack  10  are stamped from a suitable metal to define cathode flow channels, anode flow channels and cooling fluid flow channels. The stamped plates are welded or glued together at suitable locations, as would be well understood in the art, to provide the complete bipolar plate from the stamped plates. In other embodiments, the stamped plates can be nested, or made of a suitable composite material, such as graphite. 
         [0018]    In the active region  12  of the fuel cell stack  10 , each fuel cell  40  includes an anode side diffusion media layer  42 , a cathode side diffusion media layer  44  and a membrane  46  therebetween. In this embodiment, the membrane  46  extends through the inlet region  26  between the various flow field plates. The flow field plates include cathode side flow field plates  48  that define cathode flow channels  50 , anode side flow field plates  52  that define anode flow channels  54 , where the combination of the plates  48  and  52  define cooling fluid flow channels  58  therebetween. In certain fuel cell stack designs, a shim  64  may be provided between the membrane  46  and the cathode side flow field plates  48 , and a shim  66  may be provided between the membrane  46  and the anode side flow field plates  52 . 
         [0019]    According to the invention, a catalyst layer is provided on various structures in the cathode and/or anode flow fields. For example, the side of the cathode flow field plate  48  facing the cathode flow channels  50  can be catalyzed with a catalyst layer  70 , and a side of the shims  64  facing the cathode flow channels  50  can be coated with a catalyst layer  72 . Also, the side of the anode flow field plates  52  facing the anode flow channels  54  can be catalyzed with a catalyst layer  76 , and the side of the shims  66  facing the anode flow channels  54  can be catalyzed with a catalyst layer  80 . 
         [0020]    It may not be necessary to catalyze both the cathode flow channels  50  and the anode flow channels  54 , or both the cathode flow field plates  48  and the shims  64 , or both the anode flow field plates  52  and the shims  66 . The determination of which structures in the stack  10  are catalyzed would depend on the structure of the stack  10  and the amount of heat that was desired. Any suitable low temperature catalyst and any suitable catalyst loading can be provided for the purposes described herein. In one non-limiting example, the catalyst is Ceria supported platinum. 
         [0021]    At cold system start-up, typically below 0° C., hydrogen would be introduced into the cathode inlet header  18  that would chemically react with the oxygen in the air and the catalyst creating heat. Alternately, or at the same time, air could be introduced into the anode inlet header  14  that would chemically react with the hydrogen and the catalyst creating heat. The heat would be transferred by the metallic structures of the plates from the cathode flow channels and/or the anode flow channels to the adjacent cooling fluid flow channels  48  so as to heat the cooling fluid therein. After a suitable period of time, the thermal sub-system pump would be started to pump the now heated cooling fluid into the cooling fluid flow channels of the active region  12  to draw heat therefrom as the stack  10  started producing heat from its operation. Thereafter, the hydrogen flow to the cathode side and/or the airflow to the anode side would be stopped because heating the cooling fluid would no longer be needed. The determination of when to start and stop the hydrogen and/or air flow to the flow fields at system start-up would depend on many parameters, as would be well understood to those skilled in the art. 
         [0022]    As discussed above, the membrane  46  extends into the non-active inlet region  26 . In alternate embodiments, the membrane  46  is not provided in the non-active inlet region  26 , but is replaced with a sub-gasket, metal carrier, or other suitable structure. 
         [0023]    In the embodiment discussed above, the catalyst is coated on the flow field plates or shims. In alternate embodiments, the catalyst can be coated on any other suitable structure within the non-active region  26  to provide the chemical reaction. The membrane  46  and/or diffusion media layers  42 ,  44  in the non-active region  26  can also be coated with a low temperature catalyst for the same purpose. Further, it may be desirable to also catalyze the cathode and/or anode flow field structures in the non-active outlet region  28  because as the pump circulates the cooling fluid, it is returned to the inlet header  22 . In this design, fast system start-up may benefit by heating the cooling fluid at both ends of the stack  10 . 
         [0024]    In a typical fuel cell stack design, about one-third of the cooling fluid in the stack  10  is within the non-active inlet region  26 , one third of the cooling fluid in the stack  10  is within the active region  12  and one third of the cooling fluid in the stack  10  is within the non-active outlet region  28 . In alternate designs, the size of the non-active inlet region  26  could be increased so that more of the cooling fluid is heated at cold system start-ups. 
         [0025]    The present invention has particular application for sub-zero system start-up. However, at system start-up above 0° C., it still may be beneficial to heat the cooling fluid in the non-active inlet region  26  for some period of time to raise the temperature of the fuel cell stack  10  to its operating temperature more quickly. Further, there are issues with the chemical reaction in the active region  12  producing water as a by-product, and acting to block an anode cathode reactant gas flow channels. By heating the cooling fluid at warmer start-ups, the water generated by the reaction is more likely to be water vapor that will not block the flow channels. 
         [0026]    The foregoing discussion discloses and describes merely exemplary embodiments of the present invention. One skilled in the art will readily recognize from such discussion and from the accompanying drawings and claims that various changes, modifications and variations can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.