Abstract:
A black start generating system for a steam plant comprises a gas turbine-generator and a control system which operates the turbine in a modified dead load mode to accept successive load steps in accordance with a black plant startup sequence. In the dead load mode, certain limits are placed on control operations to protect the turbine while permitting load stepping during plant startup.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS 
     Ser. No. 319,114 hereby incorporated by reference, entitled IMPROVED SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR OPERATING INDUSTRIAL GAS TURBINE APPARATUS AND GAS TURBINE ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS PREFERABLY WITH A DIGITAL COMPUTER CONTROL SYSTEM, filed by T. Giras et al. on Dec. 29, 1972 as a continuation of an earlier filed application, and directed to a gas turbine power plant having a basic control system usable in implementing the present invention. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to electric power plants and more particularly to systems which employ gas turbines to make black starts for large fossil fired electric power plants. 
     A black fossil plant startup is one which is made when the plant has become isolated from the surrounding electric power system and thus must bootstrap itself into an operating state. The degree of difficulty in making a black start depends on the size of the plant and the power needed to drive all of the auxiliary equipment which must be operating before the plant can start generating electric power. 
     One way in which black plant starts can be achieved is through the use of a small boiler which when fired generates enough steam to drive steam operated auxiliary pumps and other equipment associated with a larger boiler. Once the larger boiler is started and supplies steam to a turbine-generator unit, electric power is generated for use in operating electric powered auxiliaries associated with other boilers located at the plant site. 
     Gas turbine-generator units have not been known to have been used commercially to make black plant starts for large fossil fired electric power plants, although the possibility of a black plant startup system employing a gas turbine generator has been considered from time to time. One of the principal difficulties in realizing a gas turbine black plant startup system has been the loading problems created by the larger plant auxiliary electric motors, such as 7000 HP forced draft or induced draft fan motors. Such motors and other electric auxiliaries create dead loading for a gas turbine during the fossil plant black startup and unless properly handled by the startup system can produce excessive stress damage to gas turbines rated at 30 MW or even higher. 
     Gas turbines have been operated for dead load pickup, for example as set forth in copending and coassigned patent application Ser. No. 703,737, entitled &#34;System For Operating Multiple Gas Turbines For Coordinated Dead Load Pickup&#34; filed by R. A. Yannone et al. on Apr. 9, 1976. However, that application and other known prior art have no direct bearing on the special problem of black steam plant starts. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A system is provided for black starting a large fossil fired electric power plant having a boiler and a steam turbine-generator and large electric motors and other smaller auxiliary loads which must be energized electrically before the steam turbine-generator can become operational. The system comprises a gas turbine-generator having a fuel system. Means are provided for operating a valve in the fuel system to control the gas turbine speed during and after startup to a predetermined limit speed higher than rated and higher than the normal limit speed. The fuel valve control is set in a black start mode in which a load rate limit is applied to the fuel valve operation only if an actual external load step exceeds a predetermined amount and the auxiliary plant loads are applied to the gas turbine-generator in accordance with a predetermined sequence after the gas turbine-generator has been started. The steam and gas turbine generators are connected to a common bus after the steam turbine-generator has been started. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 shows a fossil fired electric power plant for which a black plant start is provided by a gas turbine in accordance with the principles of the invention; 
     FIG. 2 shows an electric network diagram showing the principal auxiliary equipment items supplied by the gas turbine-generator during a black plant start; 
     FIG. 3 shows a load sequence diagram indicating the load pickup operation of the gas turbine during a black plant start; 
     FIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C show curves indicating the startup characteristics load including load versus time of a 7000 HP motor; 
     FIG. 5 shows a functional block diagram of a control system used in operating the gas turbine during a black plant start; and 
     FIGS. 6A and 6B show black plant start logic employed in a digital computer. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     More particularly, there is shown in FIG. 1 a large fossil fired electric power plant 10 having a boiler 12 which supplies steam to a steam turbine 14. A generator 16 is driven by the turbine 14 to provide electric power to the electric power system through a generator breaker 18 and a line breaker 20. 
     An operator panel 22 provides for operator control of the steam turbine 14 through controls 24 and the boiler 12 through fuel and burner controls 26 and through air and water flow controls (not specifically indicated). In this instance, a 4000 HP motor 28 is controlled to drive a forced draft fan 30, a 7000 HP motor 32 is controlled to drive directly an induced draft fan 34, and a 7000 HP motor 33 is controlled to drive an induced draft fan 35 variably through a hydraulic coupling 37. A second 4000 HP FD motor 29 drives an FD fan 31 normally after the steam turbine generator has been loaded and thus does not operate as a load on the gas turbine during black plant startup. 
     Return water from the turbine 14 is supplied from a condenser 36 by a condensate pump 39. A circulating water pump 41 circulates coolant from the condenser 36 to a cooling tower 38 and back. A coolant pump 43 provides makeup water to the circulatory loop. 
     A steam driven boiler feed pump 42 in this case supplies feedwater to the boiler 12. A small auxiliary boiler 45 supplies the drive steam to the boiler feed pump 42. 
     A gas turbine 50 and generator 52 provide for making a black plant start. A fuel control 54 operates the gas turbine 50 under the control of a digital computer 56 to start the gas turbine 50 and to operate the turbine 50 as black plant startup loading is applied to the generator 52. A breaker 58 couples the generator 52 to a plant bus 60 after the gas turbine has reached a predetermined speed such as 104% rated during a black plant start. Plant auxiliaries such as the FD motor 28 and the ID motor 32 obtain power from the bus 60 when they are switched to an on state by the operator at the operator&#39;s panel 22 or by the computer 56 or another plant digital computer (not shown). 
     The electrical connections for the principal plant auxiliaries energized during a black plant start are shown in FIG. 2. The sequence in which the auxiliaries are energized is shown in FIG. 3. Basically, the sequence is defined to place the equipment into operation in the order in which it is required to build up the plant operation to a generating status. The timing between load steps corresponding to the startup of the respective auxiliary equipment items is preferably varied in accordance with the size of the load steps. The larger load steps are followed by longer wait periods before the next load step is applied to provide optimized thermal warmup of the turbine hot parts. The application of each auxiliary load step is initiated by the operator from the panel 22 or under computer automatic timed control. 
     All large motors in this case are started manually by the plant operator. The motor characteristics including the starting current, full load current, and acceleration time at normal bus voltage may affect the minimum wait time between large motor starts depending upon the horsepower involved. It is also possible that two motors may be energized simultaneously where system studies indicate the turbine would not be overloaded. The main restriction on time between the starting of motors is that a second motor preferably should not be started until the thermal transients from a first motor start have settled out within the turbine structure. Time delays of 20 minutes or more can be experienced between requests for any two motors to be started in sequence depending on the external preparation involved in restart of the system. In addition to the four major fan and pump motors there are additional power requirements for smaller loads between each major motor start. These loads, although minor on an individual basis, are cumulative and amount to a substantial need. 
     As observed in FIG. 3, the largest step loads are those provided by the FD and ID fan motors and the circulating water pump. In the case of the direct ID fan 34, the peak motor power requires a gas turbine fuel flow higher than the normal predetermined and precalculated fuel limit value. However, the duration of the spike is short enough that the rotor inertia (WR 2 ) is employed to ride through the spike with limited turbine fuel flow. FIGS. 4A and 4B show starting characteristics of the 7000 HP motors employed in the present embodiment. 
     The gas turbine control is shown in greater functional detail in FIG. 5. Some of the functions are provided by the computer 56 (FIG. 1) while other functions are provided by the fuel control 54. The gas turbine is started by pushing a base load start pushbutton 62. To pick up power plant auxiliaries load, a dead load pickup pushbutton 64 is depressed, and the turbine is accelerated and fired without turbine auxiliary motors. A dead load mode control 66 calibrates the gas turbine control for black plant starting operation, and a speed control 68 responds to the difference between an actual turbine speed signal and a speed reference from a speed reference generator 70. A low select 71 generates an output which is the lowest of outputs from a temperature limit control 72, a surge limit control 74 and a load rate limiter 76. In turn, a low select limit 73 generates a control signal output CSO which is the lowest of the speed error and the low selected limit. The load rate limit tracks the CSO since it changes with CSO as CSO goes up and down, i.e., the load rate limit as reflcted through the CSO limit will always ramp toward a new higher limit value which is a step value corresponding to 50% base load when an increase occurs in the CSO. As CSO decreases, the load rate limit is quickly tracked to a lower limit value corresponding to the lower CSO value. 
     The control signal output operates a throttle valve control 78 to raise the turbine speed to above 104% rated speed at the end of the startup period. 
     During a normal turbine start, the speed reference generator 70 generates a progressively increasing speed reference which causes the turbine to accelerate to the 104% target speed in about 10 minutes. Temperature or surge limit action can lengthen the startup time to provide turbine protection against excessive blade or exhaust path temperature or surge conditions. 
     At the 104% target speed, the gas turbine generator breaker 526 (FIG. 2) is closed to energize the gas turbine motor control center, as by generation of a CCO from block 80 under control of computer logic 82. The 4.16 KV and 13.8 KV bus sections (FIG. 2) are accordingly energized. Next, various 480V load centers are energized by breaker closures as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________Load Center           Breaker No.______________________________________309 Fuel Oil Tank Farm                 3114303 Gen. Sta. Service 3117403 Gen. Sta. Service 3203304 Gen. Sta. Service 3215404 Gen. Sta. Service 3116305 F.O. and Scrubber 3105306 F.O. and Scrubber 3206307 Boiler            3107308 Boiler            3209301 Turbine           3102302 Turbine           3202______________________________________ 
    
     With service air, lubrication oil pumps available, the startup procedure can be begun for the large fan motors and other plant loads in accordance with the black start load sequence. Fan motors 28, 29, 32 and 33 are in this case started by closure of relay contacts (FIG. 2) operated from the panel 22. Within about 8 hours, the startup procedure is completed by synchronizing the gas turbine generator 52 with the steam turbine generator 16 by operation of a synchronizer control 83 (FIG. 5) or simply by use of a conventional synchroacceptor. Breakers 86 and 88 are closed to synch the generators 16 and 52 to each other, and subsequently the entire plant 10 can be synched to the external power system. 
     As loads are applied to the turbine in steps in accordance with the sequence start of FIG. 3, the turbine continues to operate under speed control but the speed droops toward rated speed as more load is applied under the control of the speed droop control. 
     As shown in the program listing in Appendix pages A1-A4, the computer 56 is programmed to provide dead load or black steam plant start calibration for the gas turbine control on selection of dead load mode. This action corresponds to the dead load mode control operation shown in FIG. 2. Thus, a dead-load flip-flop is set as shown in logic FIG. 6A, and as a result: (1) temperatue controller rate action is blocked because large load steps to be absorbed during the black plant start would otherwise cause an underspeed trip as a result of speed droop stemming from normal temperature limit action against rapidly rising blade path temperature during a large load step; (2) the load rate limiter in this case is set to 50% of base load, which is safer than simply allowing full base load as a limit, i.e. any load step in excess of this is limited in rate at which it can be picked up; in other applications, the load rate limiter can be set to other suitable values or it can be made variable automatically in response to the particular load step in the black start sequence; in that case, the load step selected manually or automatically triggers the setting of a load rate limit based on the size of that particular step for the time period during which that load step is being picked up; some enhancement in turbine protection is provided by this technique; (3) the maximum speed under load is raised to allow the turbine to go to a higher than rated speed (i.e., 104% rated herein) which with a 4% speed droop allows for the expected plant load pickup to 100% capability; (4) the minimum load pushbutton is blocked since base load limit is required for the size load to be picked up on the black plant start; and (5) the CSO limit (or speed/load limit) tracking is changed to permit a higher fixed fuel limit or to permit adjustable or programmable fuel limits to correspond to the load step requirement. The load rate limit ramps up to a value which allows a step change in CSO slightly larger than the expected change in load necessary to sustain the next load step; in this case the same change is provided for the CSO limit for all load steps, i.e. to allow a step of 50% of base load as previously considered. Therefore, the fuel or CSO limit is used in a unique way. It is also possible to allow a limited reduction in motor supply voltage during a black plant start to reduce the size of KW load steps on the turbine, but the motor startup time is thereby increased. Excessive reduction in supply voltage will prevent motor acceleration and therefore the possible reduction in power through voltage reduction is limited. 
     With the described startup system, improved black plant starts are realized through more facilitated and better managed procedures while turbine protection is maintained. The following notes apply to FIG. 3. 
     
         ______________________________________NOTE 1 - START CIRC. WTR. PUMPRated HP =             4500100% loading after startF.L. Amps =            189Starting Amps =       1100Accn. Time at 100% volts =                  3.8 sec.Accn. Time at  80% volts =                  9 sec.NOTE 2 - START I.E. FAN (VAR)Rated HP =            700025% loading after start1/4 F.L. Amps =        80 (Approx.)Starting Amps =       1410Accn. Time at 100% volts =                  5 secs.Accn. Time at  80% volts =                  8.3 secs.NOTE 3 - START F.D. FANRated HP =            400025% loading after start1/4 F.L. Amps =        50 (Approx.)Starting Amps =        966Accn. Time at 100% volts =                  17.1 secs.Accn. Time at  80% volts -                  31.5 secs.NOTE 4 - START I.D. FAN (DIRECT)Rated HP =            700025% loading after start1/4 F.L. Amps =        80 (Approx.)Starting Amps =       1350Accn. Time at 100% volts =                  25.7 secs.Accn. Time at  80% volts =                  42.18 secs.______________________________________ 
    
     Pages which follow disclose computer program steps employed in embodying the invention. ##SPC1##