Abstract:
The present invention relates to a transgenic plant which comprises a recombinant gene encoding one of the subunit proteins of adenosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase (“ADPG PPase”). In plants, functional ADPG PPase holoenzyme is a heterotetrameric protein composed of two subunits, each encoded by a different gene. The present invention shows that the activity of ADPG PPase in the cell of plants can be increased by expressing only one of the two subunit proteins required to make an active enzyme.

Description:
This is a continuation of application Ser. no. 08/750,843 filed Feb. 6, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,096,945, which is a national stage application of PCT/GB95/01307 filed under 35 U.S.C. §371 on Jun. 6, 1995. These applications are incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to the modification of starch content of plants, and in particular, to the increase of starch content in plants. 
     Starch is a complex polymer of glucosyl residues. It is the major form in which carbohydrate is stored in the tissues of most species of higher plants. It is accumulated in the leaves of plants during the day as a result of photosynthesis and is used to supply the needs of the plant for energy and biosynthesis during the night. Starch is also accumulated in non-photosynthetic tissues, especially those involved in reproduction such as seeds, fruits and tubers. Therefore, starch is of great importance to the productivity of the plant and its survival. 
     Starch is also highly significant to man. Firstly, it forms a major component of animal diets, supplying man and his domestic animals with a large portion of their carbohydrate intake. Secondly, the type of starch in a plant affects the quality of the processed plant product. Thirdly, starch is used industrially in the production of paper, textiles, plastics and adhesives, as well as providing the raw material for some bio-reactors. Starch from different species have preferred uses. On a world scale, starch producing crops are agriculturally and economically by far the most important, and these crops include wheat, maize, rice and potatoes. The quantity of starch present in the harvested organ of a plant will affect the gross yield and the processing efficiency of the crop. In addition, the type of starch will affect the quality of a processed product and the profitability of the process. 
     Starch is synthesised in amyloplasts in plants from glucose-1-phosphate (Glc-1-P) as shown below.                           
     [EC.2.7.7.27] (ADPG PPase) catalyses the first committed step of the pathway of starch biosynthesis in plants. A similar enzyme catalysing the same reaction is found in bacteria and cyanobacteria. 
     The quaternary structure of the enzyme is similar in all organisms investigated in that the functional enzyme is composed of a tetramer of subunit proteins. In bacteria the protein subunits are identical and the product of a single gene, e.g. in  E. coli  the GlgC gene. In plants, however, the enzyme is composed of two each of two different protein subunits. While these different protein subunits display sequence similarities, they are the product of two distinct genes. 
     There are many mutants of plants that have a lower starch content in particular tissues compared to that of wild-type plants. These mutant plants are deficient in the expression of one of the genes coding for the subunits of ADPG PPase. Two particular mutations seen in maize endosperm are the mutants shrunken-2 and brittle-2. It is argued that the wild-type genes for these code for the two subunit proteins of the enzyme. Both mutations cause decreased enzyme activity of ADPG PPase in the endosperm. It is argued from this information that both subunits of the enzyme are required for full activity and that lack of a particular type of subunit cannot be compensated for by the other subunit. 
     This invention is based on the fact that one only of the genes for one of the subunit proteins of an enzyme catalysing starch production is required to increase enzyme activity. 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for increasing the activity of an enzyme catalysing starch synthesis. 
     It is a further object of the present invention to provide a plant having an increased starch content when compared with a control plant not treated in accordance with the inventive method. 
     It is also an object of the invention to increase the rate of starch synthesis under conditions which do not lead to a compensating increase in the rate of starch breakdown. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a method of increasing the enzyme activity in a plant comprising introducing into a plant one of the genes of one of the subunit proteins of an enzyme catalysing starch synthesis, thereby causing expression of the subunit gene in the plant to produce the subunit protein, and an increase in the enzyme activity in the plant cells. 
     The present invention further provides a plant into which has been introduced one of the genes of one of the subunit proteins of an enzyme catalysing starch synthesis, which plant expresses the gene to produce a subunit protein, and increases the enzyme activity in the plant cells. 
     The method may also include introducing one of the genes of one of the subunit proteins of a plurality of other enzymes catalysing starch synthesis. 
     The present invention also provides a plasmid incorporating one of the genes of one of the subunit proteins of an enzyme catalysing starch synthesis in plants. 
     A plasmid or plant according to the invention may also contain one of the genes of one of the subunit proteins of one or more other enzymes catalysing starch synthesis in the plants. 
     The present invention also provides a plant cell harbouring a plasmid described above. 
     Preferably the gene is the brittle-2 gene or a homologue thereof. Advantageously the ;gene is the wheat brittle-2 gene. 
     Preferably the plant is grown commercially and is any one of maize, wheat, rice, potato, cassava, peanut, beans, carrots, tomato or tobacco crop for example. 
     Preferably ADPG PPase activity is increased by the method of the invention. 
     An increase in starch content, especially in potatoes, may be measured as an increase in specific gravity (S.G.) of the plant or tuber, for example. 
     Preferably the plasmid incorporates a homologue of the brittle-2 gene of an enzyme catalysing starch synthesis. Alternatively, the plasmid may incorporate a homologue of the shrunken-2 gene of an enzyme catalysing starch synthesis. 
     In order that the present invention may be easily understood and readily carried into effect reference will now be made to the following Example and the drawings, 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 a  shows a transformation vector or plasmid containing the brittle-2 gene, 
     FIG. 1 b  shows a transformation vector or plasmid containing the shrunken-2 gene, 
     FIG. 2 a  shows a Southern blot of DNA extracted from treated and untreated plants, 
     FIG. 2 b  shows a Northern blot of RT-PCR products from treated and untreated plants, 
     FIG. 3 a  is a graph of ADPG PPase activity against lines containing the brittle-2 and shrunken-2 genes, 
     FIG. 3 b  is a graph of ADPG PPase activity against lines containing the brittle-2 gene, 
     FIG. 4 shows in graphical form the specific gravity of tubers as the cumulative freuquency of tubers in four classes of ADPG PPase activity for lines transformed with brittle-2 and shrunken-2 genes, and 
     FIG. 5 shows starch synthesis against four lines of different ADPG PPase activity. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Transgenic potato plants were produced containing a gene from wheat which is homologous to the brittle-2 gene in maize. This gene is thus known as the wheat brittle-2 gene. We found that surprisingly expression of the brittle-2 gene in transgenic potato plants caused an increase in the ADPG PPase activity. It thus appears possible to increase the activity of this enzyme in the cell by expressing only one of the two subunit proteins required to make an active enzyme. When the activity of ADPG PPase is a major factor in limiting the amount of starch made or stored in a plant, then the expression of just brittle-2 protein provides a mechanism of increasing the amount of starch in the tuber and the specific gravity in the tuber, and possibly increasing the amount of starch in any plant that stores starch. This would improve the yield of starch from the plant and would be of great commercial value. 
     The transgenic potato plants transformed with the gene for the brittle-2 subunit of ADPG PPase from wheat were analysed to identify the presence of the subunit protein in the transgenic potato plants and the degree of enzyme (ADPG PPase) activity in the plants. The amount of starch in the plants can also be assessed. The standard methods used in these analyses are described below: 
     Production of Transgenic Potato Plants 
     For the purpose of the present invention a coding sequence is selected which when expressed in transgenic plants causes an increase in ADPG PPase activity. The coding sequence may be from any plant. For the purpose of example the wheat homologue of the brittle-2 locus is chosen (Ainsworth, C; Tarvis, M; Clark, J. Pl. Mol. Biol. 23 23-33; 1993 Isolation and analysis of a cDNA encoding the small subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase from wheat). This may be inserted into a transformation vector as shown in FIG. 1 a.  This plasmid pfW4091 was deposited under the Budapest treaty for the International Recognition of the Deposit of Micro-organisms for the purposes of Patent Procedure, at the National Collection of Industrial and Marine Bacteria on Jun. 13, 1994 under accession number NCIMB40649. The similar plasmid pfw 4151 containing the shrunken-2 coding sequence FIG. 1 b  was deposited on Jun. 13, 1994 under accession number NCIMB40650. The vector may therefore comprise one or more operative genes, a selectable marker gene and these may be introduced between the T-DNA borders. The operative genes consist of a promoter sequence to cause expression of the gene in tubers or other starch storing organs, tissues or cells, the coding sequence and the terminator sequence. 
     The vector is therefore typically provided with transcriptional regulatory sequences and/or, if not present at the 3′-end of the coding sequence of the gene, a stop codon. A DNA fragment may therefore also incorporate a terminator sequence and other sequences which are capable of enabling the gene to be expressed in plant cells. An enhancer or other element able to increase or decrease levels of expression obtained in particular parts of a plant or under certain conditions, may be provided in the DNA fragment and/or vector. The vector is also typically provided with an antibiotic resistance gene which confers resistance on transformed plant cells, allowing transformed cells, tissues and plants to be selected by growth on appropriate media containing the antibiotic. 
     Transformed plant cells can be selected by growth in an appropriate medium. Plant tissue can therefore be obtained comprising a plant cell which harbours a gene encoding an enzyme under the control of a promoter, for example in the plant cell genome. The gene is therefore expressible in the plant cell. Plants can then be regenerated which include the gene and the promoter in their cells, for example integrated in the plant cell genome such that the gene can be expressed. The regenerated plants can be reproduced and, for example, seed obtained. 
     A preferred way of transforming a plant cell is to use  Agrobacterium tumefaciens  containing a vector comprising a chimaeric gene as above. A hybrid plasmid vector may therefore be employed which comprises: 
     (a) a chimaeric gene containing regulatory elements capable of enabling the gene to be expressed when integrated in the genome of a plant cell; 
     (b) at least one DNA sequence which delineates the DNA to be integrated into the plant genome; and 
     (c) a DNA sequence which enables this DNA to be transferred to the plant genome. 
     Typically the DNA to be integrated into the plant cell genome is delineated by the T-/DNA border sequences of a Ti-plasmid. If only one border sequence is present, it is preferably the right border sequence. The DNA sequence which enables the DNA to be transferred to the plant cell genome is generally the virulence (vir) region of a Ti-plasmid. 
     The gene coding for the polypeptide and its transcriptional and translational control elements can therefore be provided between the T-DNA borders of a Ti-plasmid. The plasmid may be a disarmed Ti-plasmid from which the genes for tumorigenicity have been deleted. The gene and its transcriptional control elements can, however, be provided between T-DNA borders in a binary vector in trans with a Ti-plasmid with a vir region. Such a binary vector therefore comprises: 
     (a) the chimaeric gene under the control of regulatory elements capable of enabling the gene to be expressed when integrated in the genome of a plant cell; and 
     (b) at least one DNA sequence which delineates the DNA to be integrated into the plant genome. 
       Agrobacterium tumefaciens,  therefore, containing a hybrid plasmid vector or a binary vector in trans with a Ti-plasmid possessing a vir region can be used to transform plant cells. Tissue explants such as stems or leaf discs may be inoculated with the bacterium. Alternatively, the bacterium may be co-cultured with regenerating plant protoplasts. Plant protoplasts or tissues may also be transformed by direct introduction of DNA fragments which encode the enzyme and in which the appropriate transcriptional and translational control elements are present or by a vector incorporating such a fragment. Direct introduction may be achieved using electroporation, polyethylene glycol, microinjection or particle bombardment. 
     Plant cells from angiospermous, gymnospermous, monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous plants can be transformed according to the present invention. Monocotyledonous species include barley, wheat, maize and rice. Dicotyledonous species include cotton, cassava, lettuce, melon pear petunia, potato, rape, soyabean, sugar beet, sunflower, tobacco and tomato. Potato cultivars to which the invention is applicable include Desiree, Maris Bard, Record, Russet Burbank, Atlantic and Pentland Dell. 
     Tissue cultures of transformed plant cells are propagated to regenerate differentiated transformed whole plants. The transformed plant cells may be cultured on a suitable medium, preferably a selectable growth medium. Plants may be regenerated from the resulting callus. Transgenic plants are thereby obtained whose cells incorporate the chimaeric gene in the genome, the chimaeric gene being expressible in the cells of the plants. Seed or other propagules from the regenerated plants can be collected for future use. 
     A preferred procedure in respect of the potato variety Record and Desiree is as follows. 
     Plant Material 
     Potato shoot cultures are maintained in vitro on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium in Magenta GA-7 containers at 22° C. (16 h/8 h light/dark). These are nodally sub-cultured every 3 weeks. 
     In vitro shoots of 2-3 inches (5-7.5 cm) height are potted in 2.5 inches (6.4 cm) pots of Levingtons F1 compost. They are weaned in a propagator for one week in a growth room at 18° C. (16 h/8 h light/dark). The propagator is removed and the plants repotted at 3 weeks into 5 inch (12.7 cm) pots. At 5-7 weeks the plants are used for tranformation. 
     
       Agrobacterium tumefaciens  
     
     Liquid overnight cultures of suitable strains, e.g. LBA4404, C58#3 are grown at 28° C. to an OD 600  of 0.8 in L-broth (see appendix). 
     Cocultivation 
     The youngest four most expanded leaves are taken and surface sterilised in 10% Domestos (commercial bleach) for 15 minutes. Leaves are rinsed thoroughly with sterile water and then cut into discs with a 7mm cork borer. The discs are mixed with the Agrobacterium for 1-5 minutes, blotted dry on filter paper (Whatman No. 1) and then placed on callusing medium (see appendix) in 90 mm triple vented petri dishes, lower epidermis down. The 90 mm triple vented petri dishes are sealed with tape, cut to allow gas exchange and then incubated at 22° C./(16 h/8 h light/dark). The discs are transferred to callusing medium plus 50 μg ml −1  of claforan and 30 μg ml −1  kanamycin after 48 hours. This removes bacteria and selects for transformed cells. 
     Regeneration of Transformed Shoots 
     After 1 week, the discs are transferred to shooting medium (see appendix) containing the same antibiotics. Further transfers are made onto the same medium until shoots can be excised (usually about 4 weeks). Shoots with calli are transferred to MS medium with cefotaxime (500 μg/ml) in well ventilated containers, e.g. Magenta. Transformants are maintained, after several passages with cefotaxime to remove bacteria, on MS medium. They may be removed from in vitro, weaned and grown to maturity as described for the stock- plants. The process yields transformed potato plants at a frequency of up to 30% of the discs cocultivated. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 APPENDIX 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 L-broth 
                 10 
                 g 1 −1  bactotryptone 
               
               
                   
                   
                 5 
                 g 1 −1  yeast extract 
               
               
                   
                   
                 5 
                 g 1 −1  sodium chloride 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1 
                 g 1 −1  glucose 
               
               
                   
                 Callusing medium 
                 MS 
                 with 3% sucrose 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.5 
                 mg 1 −1  2,4-D 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2.5 
                 mg 1 −1  BAP 
               
               
                   
                 Shooting medium 
                 MS 
                 plus 3% sucrose 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2.5 
                 mg 1 −1  BAP 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.0 
                 mg 1 −1  GA 3   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Identification of Wheat Brittle-2 Gene and Expression in Transgenic Plants 
     A southern blot was prepared with potato DNA extracted from lines transformed with NCIMB 40649 and lines transformed with NCIMB 40649 and NCIMB 40650 together. The extracted plant DNA was restricted with HindIII and 10 μg of DNA was used per track of the 1% agarose gel. The blot was probed with the brittle-2 coding sequence obtained from BamHI restricted plasmid DNA of NCIMB 40649. The blot was hybridised overnight at 55° C. in 5×SSC. After washing to a stringency of 0.2×SSC at 55° C. the blot was autoradiographed. The result shown in FIG. 2 a  indicates that between one and four copies of the brittle-2 gene had been introduced into the plants. 
     In FIG. 2 a  lanes 1-4 are of DNA extracted from plants transformed with both the brittle-2 and shrunken-2 genes. Lanes 5-13 show DNA extracted from lines independently transformed with just the brittle-2 gene. Lane 14 shows DNA from an untransformed potato plant. 
     To show that DNA was expressed as message RNA oligonucleotide primers were prepared for the procedure known as RT-PCR which was performed on mRNA extracted from tubers of transformed potato plants. RT-PCR was performed on mRNA extracted from tuber material by the method described by Shirzadegan et al. (Nucleic acid research 19 6055; 1991 An efficient method of isolation of RNA from tissue cultured plant cells). The mRNA was treated with DNAse to remove contaminating DNA. For first strand synthesis the primer ATA ATC ATC GCA AGA CCG GCA ACA GGA (SEQ ID NO: 1) was used at 42° C. for 100 minutes. After removal of RNA with RNAse the second strand was synthesised to obtain a fragment at the 5′ end and a fragment at the 3′ end of the brittle-2 cDNA. To amplify the 5′ end the primers CCT CGT CAG GGG ATA CAA TCT AGT CCC (SEQ ID NO: 2) and CAC CAA CAA AAT TTC GCG GAT CC (SEQ ID NO: 3) were used and to amplify the 3′ end the primers CAG ACC ATG CTA TT GTT G (SEQ ID NO: 4) and ATA ATC ATC GCA AGA CCG GCA ACA (SEQ ID NO: 1) GGA were used. The conditions of amplification were of 24 cycles of 1 minute at 94° C., 30 seconds at 5° C., and 3 minutes at 72° C. After separation of the products on a 1% agarose gel and Southern blotting the blot was probed as described above. The results in FIG. 2 b  show that the introduced gene was expressed as mRNA. 
     In FIG. 2 b  lanes 1-4, 5-8, 9-12 show RT-PCR products from three lines transformed with the brittle-2 sequence. Even numbered lanes show reactions lacking reverse transcriptase to indicate DNA contamination of the RNA. Lanes 1, 2, 5, 6, 9 and 10 show amplification of the 3′ end and lanes 3, 4, 7, 8, 11, 12 show amplification of the 5′ end. When no RNA or a non-transgenic plant was used as a control, no signal was obtained. 
     Production of Antisera to Indentify ADPG PPASE In Plants 
     1. Preparation of Proteins from  E. Coli  Expression Vectors 
       E. coli  cells, transformed with GEX2T (Phamacia Ltd) expression constructs were grown up in the following way: A 11-flask containing 100 ml of LB broth (10 g/l tryptone; 5 g/l yeast extract; 10 g/l sodium chloride (NaCl)) with 100 μg/ml ampicillin added, was inoculated with 20 μl of  E. coli  cells, and grown overnight at 37° C. The overnight culture was transferrred into a 51-flask containing 900 ml of LB broth and grown on for 1 hour. The cells were induced to express the fusion protein by adding isopropyl Beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) to a final concentration of 1 mM. After growing for a further 4 hours the cells were harvested by centrifuging at 7000 rpm for 10 minutes. Pelleted cells were stored at −80° C. prior to extraction. 
     The pelleted cells were resuspended in 90 ml of ice cold 50 mM N-tris(hydroxmethyl)aminoethane (Tris), 150 mM NaCl, pH 8.0, placed in a glass beaker and sonicated for 45 seconds. Triton X-100 was added to a final concentration of 1%, and the extract clarified by centrifuging for 20 minutes at 10,000 rpm and 4° C. After centrifuging, the supernatant was decanted into a 250 ml-plastic bottle and 2-3 ml of a 50 slurry of glutathione-sepharose affinity resin (Pharmacia Ltd), pre-equilibrated with 50 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, pH 8.0, was added and the bottle was gently rocked for 1-2 hours at room temperature. The resin was then loaded into a 5 ml-column and washed sequentially with 50 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 1% Triton X-100, pH 8.0 and then 50 mM Tris, 100 mM NaCl, pH 8.0, until no further protein was detected in the washings. The bound fusion protein was then eluted from the resin with 50 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM reduced glutathione, pH 8.0. Fractions (1 ml) were collected and analysed for protein content using the Biorad dye-binding assay for protein (Bradford, (1976) Analytical Biochemistry, 72, pg. 248-254). Fractions showing the peak of protein were bulked prior to further analysis. 
     2. Antiserum Production 
     A fusion protein, consisting of the wheat brittle-2 protein sequence linked to glutathione-s-transferase was prepared from transformed  E. coli  cells as described above. This preparation of protein was dialysed against three changes of 50 mm Tris, pH 8.0 and made up to three aliquots, one of 100 μg of protein and two of 50 μg of protein, in 500 μg of 50 mM Tris, pH 8.0. The 100 μg aliquot was mixed with an equal volume of Freund&#39;s complete adjuvant and injected subcutaneously into the flank of a New Zealand white rabbit. Each of the two 50 μg aliquots of protein were mixed with an equal volume of Freund&#39;s incomplete adjuvant and injected into the same rabbit 4 and 8 weeks after the initial injection. Blood was collected 12 weeks after the primary injection and the cells separated from the serum by clotting and centrifugation. The serum was retained and stored at −20° C. 
     Identification of Wheat Brittle2 Protein in Transgenic Plants 
     The following procedure was used to identify wheat brittle-2 protein accumulated in tubers of transformed potato plants. 
     1. Sodium Dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis 
     Electrophoresis of protein samples was routinely performed using the Schagger and von Jagow system (Analytical Biochemistry (1987), 166, pg. 368-379). Protein extracts were prepared by homogenising tuber tissue (50-100 mg) in an extraction buffer consisting of 50 mM N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulphonic acid (Hepes), pH 8.0; 10 mM diaminoethane tetra-acetic acid (EDTA); 10 mM dithiothreitol (DTT). Protein samples, containing up to 100 μg of protein were prepared by precipitating with acetone, followed by resuspension in water (50 μl) and 2× sample loading buffer (50 μl). Samples were boiled for 60 seconds prior to loading on the gel and were subjected to electrophoresis at 50-60V (constant) for approximately 20 hours. 2× sample loading buffer consisted of 100 mM Tris, pH 6.8; 8% (w/v) sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS); 24% (w/v) glycerol; 4% (v/v) beta-mercaptoethanol; 0.02% (w/v) Coomassie blue. 
     2. Electroblotting of Proteins 
     Proteins separated by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were transferred onto Immobilon-P PVDF membrane (Millipore) by electroblotting. Membrane, Whatman 3 mm paper and sponges were pre-equilibrated in transfer buffer (25 mM Tris; 192 mM glycine; 20% methanol; pH 8.3) before use. Gels were placed in close contact with membrane, and assembled into transfer cassettes in the specific arrangement given in the manufacturers instructions. Cassettes were placed into an electroblotting tank containing transfer buffer and transfer of proteins from gel to membrane facilitated by applying 50V at 4° C. for 3-4 hours. Blotting was monitored by using prestained protein molecular weight markers (Sigma Chemical Co.). 
     3. Immunodetection of Immobilised Proteins 
     Specific proteins were detected on Immobilon-P membranes by using antibodies raised against proteins expressed in  E. Coli.  Membranes were taken directly from the electroblotting tank and placed in a glass dish. The membranes were rinsed briefly with phosphate buffered saline (PBS, 10 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH 2 PO 4 ); 150 mM NaCl; pH 7.2) and the remaining protein binding sites were blocked by treating with 4% (w/v) bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS for 30 minutes. Then membranes were challenged with primary antibody, at a suitable dilution (typically 1/1000-1/10000 (v/v)) in PBS containing 4% BSA for 16 hours at room temperature and with gentle shaking. Excess primary antibody was removed by washing the membranes with several changes of PBS. Membranes were then treated with  20-40  μg of alkaline phosphatase conjugated anti-rabbit IgG (immunoglobulin G) in up to 200 ml of PBS containing 2% (w/v) BSA for 2-3 hours. Unbound conjugate was removed after incubation by washing with several changes of 1% (v/v) Triton X-100 in PBS. Membranes were then washed briefly with 100 mM diethanolamine buffer, pH 9.8 and developed by incubating with alkaline phosphatase reaction mixture (120 μM nitroblue tetrazolium; 135 μM 5-Bromo-4-chloroindolyl phosphate; 4 mM magnesium chloride (MgCl 2 ); 100 mM diethanolamine; pH 9.8). Reaction was allowed to occur until purple-blue bands were visualised, usually after 15-30 minutes. Reaction was stopped by rinsing the membranes under reverse osmosis (RO) water. Membranes were allowed to dry face down on filter paper and stored in the dark. 
     Assay of ADPG PPase in Transgenic Potatoes 
     1. Preparation of Extracts 
     Potato tuber tissue, 2-3 g, was homogenised with 3 ml of extraction buffer (50 mM Hepes, pH 8.0; 10 mM EDTA; 10 mM DTT; 10% (w/v) BSA) using a pestle and mortar. The extract was clarified by centrifugation. To de-salt the extract 2.5 ml of the clarified extract was loaded onto a PD10 gel filtration column (Pharmacia Ltd) pre-equilibrated with extraction buffer, and eluted with 3.5 ml of extraction buffer. This preparation was taken for enzyme assay. 
     2. Enzyme Assay 
     The principle of the enzyme assay is as follows:                           
     NADH was detected spectrophotometrically at 25° C. and 340 nm. 
     To a plastic cuvette, in a final volume of 1 ml was taken: 
     40 mM Hepes, pH 8.0 
     10 mM magnesium chloride (MgCl 2 ) 
     1 mM tetra-sodium pyrophosphate (Na 4 P 2 O 7 ) 
     0.4 mM nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) 
     4 units glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 
     2 units phosphoglucomutase 
     24 μM glucose 1,6-diphosphate (Glc-1,6-P 2 ) up to 300 μl of extract 
     The reaction was started by adding adenosine diphosphoglucose (ADPG) to a final concentration of 0.8 mM. 
     Analysis of Specific Gravity of Transgenic Potatoes 
     Whole tubers were weighed in air and under water. The specific gravity was calculated as:          weight                 in                 air         weight                 in                                air     -     weight                 in                 water                              
     Analysis of Starch Content of Transgenic Potatoes 
     Tuber tissue (40-70 mg) was extracted in 500 μl of 45% HCl0 4 . An aliquot of this extract (50 μl) was made up to 1 ml with 400 mM Hepes, pH 8.0 and then split into two 500 μl portions which were both made up to 1 ml by the addition of 400mM Hepes, pH 8.0. To one portion was then added 100 units alpha-amylase and 7 units amyloglucosidase, no enzymes were added to the other portion and both were left overnight before assaying for glucose. 
     The glucose assay was performed spectrophotometrically at 25° C. and 340 nm. 
     To a plastic cuvette, in a final volume of  1  ml was taken: 
     100 mM Hepes, pH 8.0 
     4 mM MgCl 2    
     4 mM NAD 
     3 mM adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 
     3 units glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Leuconostoc (Boehringer Mannheim) 
     500-300 microliters of starch digest. 
     The reaction was started with 0.3 units of yeast hexokinase (Boehringer Mannheim). 
     The amount of starch present in the potato tissue can be calculated from the amount of glucose measured in the assay. 
     The following results were obtained using the above methods. 
     1. Recognition of Proteins by Anti-Brittle-2 Antiserum in Extracts of Potato and Wheat 
     Extracts of potato tuber and wheat endosperm tissue were prepared according to the methods. Aliquots, containing 100 μg of protein were taken and run on SDS-PAGE gels as described, blotted and challenged with the anti-brittle-2 antiserum. At a dilution of 1/10000, only one protein band was detected in tracks corresponding to the wheat and potato extracts. Furthermore, the potato band was distinguishable from the wheat band because they were of different sizes. In a third extract, made up of both wheat and potato tissue, two bands were distinguishable, corresponding to the sizes of the bands seen in the individual wheat and potato extracts. 
     2. Detection of Proteins in Tubers of Potato Plants Transformed with the Gene Sequence for the Wheat Brittle-2 Gene 
     Potato plants were transformed by the leaf disc co-cultivation method with  Agrobacterium tumefaciens  containing the plasmid pFW 4091 containing the DNA coding for the wheat gene for the brittle-2 protein of wheat. Further plants were transformed using the same method and a combination of  Agrobacterium tumefaciens  containing the plasmid pFW 4151 containing the DNA coding for the wheat gene for the shrunken-2 protein of wheat and  Agrobacterium tumefaciens  containing the plasmid pFW 4091 containing the DNA coding for the wheat gene for the brittle-2 protein of wheat. Plasmid pFW 4091 was deposited under accession number NCIMB 40649 and plasmid pFW 4151 was deposited under accession number NCIMB 40650 as described above. Potato tubers from plants which had been transformed with the DNA coding for the wheat gene for the brittle-2 protein of wheat, were analysed for the expression of the gene by Western blotting, as described in the methods, using the antibody raised against the brittle-2glutathione-s-transferase fusion protein. Similarly tubers from lines which had been transformed with brittle-2 and shrunken-2 from wheat were analysed. As described in section 1. above this antiserum recognises a single protein in wheat and a single protein in potato which are distinguishable from each other on the basis of their size. In this way lines were selected which were only expressing the wheat brittle-2 protein. Tubers of these lines were assayed for ADPG PPase activity and starch content as described in the methods, and compared with the activities and starch contents of control tubers. 
     Fifty lines from tubers treated according to the inventive method were analysed and compared against fifty lines from control (non-treated) tubers. FIGS. 3 a  and  3   b  show a selection of the extreme ranges of ADPG PPase activity (namomoles per minute per gram fresh weight) seen in lines which contained the chimaeric gene for brittle-2 and shrunken-2 (FIG. 3 a ) and in lines containing the chimaeric gene for brittle-2 (FIG. 3 b ). We believe that these lines show significantly greater ADPG PPase activity than control tubers. 
     FIG. 4 shows in graphical form the specific gravity of tubers as the cumulative frequency of tubers in four classes of ADPG PPase activity for lines transformed with brittle-2 and shrunken-2. A similar analysis for lines transformed with just brittle-2 gives the following change in the median value of the population: 
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 median specific gravity 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 transgenic with brittle-2 
                 line 153 
                 1.09 
               
               
                   
                 transgenic with brittle-2 
                 line 32 
                 1.095 
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 line 16 
                 1.087 
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 line 28 
                 1.087 
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 line 38 
                 1.089 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     We believe that this increased ADPG production will also lead to increased starch content in the plants as measured by the above described method when grown under appropriate conditions or when suitable other genes are introduced (see below). 
     Measurement of the Synthesis and Turnover to Starch 
     To determine the effect of the change in activity on starch synthesis radiolabelled sucrose was supplied to developing tubers of transgenic plants with increased activity of ADPG PPase. Starch was extracted as described above and the radioactivity determined by liquid scintillation counting. A line transformed with brittle-2 gene with elevated ADPGppase activity was compared to a control line and gave the following result: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 % Total Counts 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 incorporated into starch 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 mean 
                 sem 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 brittle-2 line 
                 0.52 
                 0.37 
               
               
                   
                 control ine 
                 0.30 
                 0.18 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 sem = standard error of mean  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     To confirm this observation a further experiment with four lines showing different activities of ADPG PPase was used (see FIG.  5 ). The results in FIG. 5 show that the starch is more rapidly synthesised but show that under certain conditions the starch is more rapidly broken down. Therefore we suggest that this shows that for the invention to be universally applicable it is necessary to introduce operative genes to increase the activity of ADPG PPase and operative genes to decrease the activity of amylase (EC 3.2.1.1 and EC 3.2.1.2) and starch phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1).