Abstract:
Method and apparatus of spectroscopy or the like on extremely small samples in which a drop is held between two opposing surfaces by surface tension and one surface is controllably toward and away from the other. To provide and transmit exciting energy through the drop for measurement, optical fibers go through a surface and finish flush with the surface. One of the surfaces can be swung clear of the other for easy cleaning between tests. Means for determining wetted surface are provided.

Description:
FIELD OF INVENTION  
         [0001]    The invention relates to the fields of photometry, spectrophotometry, fluorometry, spectrofluorometry and the like and their use in optically quantitating and or characterizing liquids and solutions.  
         BACKGROUND OF INVENTION  
         [0002]    This invention relates to the field of spectrophotometers and related instruments. More particularly the invention relates to ultra low volume instruments working in the volume range of 2 microliters or less. Such devices are particularly useful in quantitation of biotechnology samples including nucleic acids or proteins where it is desirable to keep sample loss and/or cross-contamination to a minimum.  
           [0003]    Robertson, in International Publication Number WO 01/14855, discloses method and apparatus for liquid photometry on extremely small samples. Robertson is the inventor of the instant invention which is an improvement thereon The disclosure, of the publication is incorporated herein by reference. The prior art to WO 01/14855 A1 contains examples of attempts to supply low volume instruments. World Precision Instruments of Sarasota, Fla. offers parts from which an instrument handling less than 20 microliters can be built for around $3000. This uses a fiber optic dipping probe with a tip diameter of 1.5 mm (Dip Tip®), their miniature fiber optic spectrometer and F-O-Lite H light source. With a deuterium lights source (D2Lux) a UV spectrophotometer can be constructed.  
           [0004]    U.S. Pat. No. 4,643,580 to Gross et al. discloses a photometer head in which there is a housing for receiving and supporting small test volumes. A fiber optic transmitter and receiver are spaced within the housing so that a drop can be suspended between the two ends.  
           [0005]    McMillan, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,910,402, discloses apparatus which a syringe drops liquid into the gap between two fixed fibers and an IR pulse from a LED laser is fed through the droplet. The output signal is analyzed as a function of the interaction of the radiation with the liquid of the drop.  
           [0006]    Ocean Optics, of Dunedin, Fla. 34698 supplies a SpectroPipetter for microliter-volume samples using a sample volume of about 2 microliters. The optics not only carry light to and from the samples but act as a plunger to load the sample. The tip of the pipette includes the sample cell.  
           [0007]    Liquids, mixtures, solutions and reacting mixtures are often characterized using optical techniques such as photometry, spectrophotometry, fluorometry, or spectrofluorometry. In order to characterize samples of these liquids, the liquid is usually contained in a vessel referred to as a cell or cuvette two or more of whose sides are of optical quality and permit the passage of those wavelengths needed to characterize the liquid contained therein. When dealing with very small sample volumes of say from 1 to 2 microliters, it is difficult to create cells or cuvettes small enough to to be filled and permit the industry standard 1 cm optical path to be used. It is also difficult and/or time consuming to clean these cells or cuvettes for use with another sample. In the case of photometry or spectrophotometry, the value most commonly sought is the sample absorbance A defined by 
             A =−log  T   
           [0008]    Where T is the transmittance, or 
             A =log( l/l   0 ) 
           [0009]    where l 0  is the level of light transmitted through a blank sample (one containing all components except the one being measured or one whose absorbance is known to be negligible and with optical properties identical to those of the sample being measured), and l the level of light transmitted through the sample being measured. Most commonly the absorbance value is measured in a cell or cuvette with a 1 cm path length. However, Lambert&#39;s Law states that for a collimated (all rays approximately parallel) beam of light passing through a homogeneous solution of uniform concentration the absorbance is proportional to the path length through the solution. For two path lengths X and Y, 
           (Absorbance  x )/(Absorbance  y )=(Pathlength  x )/(Pathllength  y ) 
           [0010]    Thus it is reasonable that absorbance can be measured with path lengths other than 1 cm and corrected for path length to the equivalent value for a 1 cm path which can be more easily compared to data from other spectrophotometers. The sample path lengths in the range of 0.2 to 2 mm used in this Invention can be used to generate absorbance values that can be easily corrected to the 1 cm path equivalent.  
           [0011]    Although liquids confined by surface tension and an optical surface are well known, e.g. raindrops on the window, establishing a collimated optical light path of known length through such confined liquids has been perceived as difficult. The recent advent of small spectrometers designed to be used with fiber optics has made it possible to consider spectrophotometric geometries not readily possible before.  
           [0012]    This invention uses the surface tension of a microliter or submicroliter sample of liquid to provide sufficient means to confine it within the analysis region of an optical analysis instrument and to carry out the requisite measurement.  
         STATEMENT OF INVENTION  
         [0013]    The invention is an optical instrument for photometric, spectrophotometric, fluorometric or spectrofluorometric analysis of liquids contained between two substantially parallel surfaces on anvils spaced apart a known distance, wherein the sample liquid is confined by the surfaces and the surface tension of the liquid. At least two optical fibers penetrate these surfaces. One fiber is the source and the other the receiver. Ordinarily each of the surfaces contains an optical fiber. These fibers are mounted coaxially with and perpendicular to the parallel confining surfaces. The shape and nature of the surfaces serve to confine the liquid so as to center the confined droplet in the optical path of the optical fibers imbedded in the surfaces. An apparatus supporting the surfaces permits the surfaces to be controllably separated tho allow loading of the sample and cleaning of the surfaces after sample analysis as well as to pull a column of controlled length in the sample to set the optical path length during measurement. The surfaces can be separated enough that both surfaces can have a nanodrop applied so that mixing or reacting can be carried out and observed. The surfaces can be moved into a close position for sample compression as a wetting aid or, in some instances, as an alternate loading position.  
           [0014]    For some applications, the optical fibers can be replaced by miniature sources like light emitting diodes (LEDs) and detectors or detectors with optical filters. The LEDs with their characteristically small emitting area would replace the source fiber and small solid state detectors with associated filters like those used in color charge coupled devices (CCDs) for imaging would replace the receiving fiber and spectrometer. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0015]    [0015]FIG. 1 is a view of a cutaway sections of the optical path of the invention.  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 2 is a drawing of a cutaway section of the optical path of the invention with additional fluorometric source optical fibers shown.  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 3 a  is a perspective view of a process by which the sample is loaded into the optical path of the invention.  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 3 b  shows the sample between the two anvils in the measurement position before the second surface is wetted.  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 3 c  shows the sample compressed between the two anvils in the short path or sample compression position.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 3 d  shows the sample column drawn by opening the anvils from the sample compression position to the sample measurement position  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 4 a  shows a small, typically  1  microliter or less, sample loaded on top the lower anvil with the apparatus closed.  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 4 b  shows the small sample pulled into the space between the anvils in the compression position by capillary action.  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 4 c  shows the small sample pulled into a measurement column between the smaller upper anvil and the larger lower anvil.  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 5 a  is a perspective view of apparatus of the invention in its open position with the source and spectrometers.  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 5 b  shows a cutaway view of the apparatus in its closed position as it would be for sample compression or analysis.  
         [0026]    [0026]FIGS. 6 a  and  6   b  show a system with four spectrophotometer systems operating simultaneously for use on robotic platforms in both loading,  6   a,  and measuring,  6   b,  configurations respectively.  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 7 is a perspective view of the open instrument showing two pipetter tips loading two parts of a mixture each on either side of the measurement apparatus.  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 8 shows perspective views of two path lengths provided by the apparatus of the invention so that a differential absorbance path is established.  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 9 shows a perspective view of a measurement made in the instrument of the invention holding the sample between two transparent sheets.  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 10 shows a perspective view of a measurement made in the instrument of the invention holding the sample within a transparent container with flexible walls.  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 11 is a perspective view of the sample being loaded into the apparatus with the anvils in a close spaced position like the compression position.  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 12 a  is a perspective view of the sample being loaded into the apparatus with the area wetted by the sample controlled by a change in surface wetting characteristics using an attractive surface internal area.  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 12 b  is a perspective view of the sample being loaded into the apparatus with the area wetted by the sample controlled by a change in surface wetting characteristics using a repulsive surface outside area. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0034]    The liquid sample shown in FIG. 1 is contained by its surface tension between surfaces  2  and  7  also shown in FIG. 1. Light  3  from the system source (such as  74  in FIG. 4 a ) coming through the fiber  11  contained in surface  7  radiates upward  3  through the liquid sample  9  and is collected by the larger fiber or light pipe  6  in the upper surface  2  and sent on to the analysis photometer or spectrometer (such as  70  in FIG. 4 a ) for absorbance measurements.  
         [0035]    Measurements of the level of fluorescence of samples can be made by adding an excitation filter to the light source (not shown) and an emission filter to the detector (also not shown) to specifically reject all light from the excitation source at the detector. The level of fluorescence will, thus, be directly dependent on the length of the optical path between the anvils. The excitation can also be brought to the sample  9  through fibers  83  surrounding the collection fiber  6  as is shown in FIG. 2. This reduces the need for a high level of excitation wavelength rejection on the part of the spectrometer or other detector collecting the light from the sample through collection fiber  6 .  
         [0036]    Samples are loaded onto one of two roughly identical anvil surfaces, usually the lower anvil surface, with a pipetting means  40 , (FIG. 3 a ) such as a 2 microliter Pipetteman® from the Ranin® Corporation of Woburn, Mass., part of the tip of which is shown in  40 . The droplet  5  when emptied from the pipette  40 , if of sufficient volume, will spread to cover the lower anvil surface  7 , FIG. 1, which is typically the end of an industry standard SMA fiber optic connector  10 , FIG. 3 a (found as connectors on the ends of optical patch cords like p/n P-400-2-UV-VIS from Ocean Optics inc. of Dunedin, Fla.) until it encounters the sharp edge shown as  4 , FIG. 1. For most SMA connectors the approximate 2 mm end diameter can be effectively covered with 2 microliters of Sweater or a water-based solutions. Alternatively the spread of the sample can be limited by a change in the surface tension characteristic. This is shown in FIGS. 12 a  and  12   b . Here a polymer surface of a material like Teflon™ can be used to limit the spread by the edge of the polymer film to an area bounded either on the inside, as seen at  21 , FIG. 12 a , or outside, as seen at  22  in FIG. 12 b.    
         [0037]    The second anvil surface  2  is brought into the measurement position  18 , FIG. 3 b , and then into dose proximity  20  to the first anvil surface  7 , FIG. 3 c , making contact with the deposited droplet  5  wetting the entire confining surface before returning to the sample measurement position and drawing up the sample measurement column  9 , FIG. 3 d , shown at  25 .  
         [0038]    Alternatively the anvils can be of unequal size as shown in FIGS. 4 a ,  4   b , and  4   c . Here the lower, larger anvil  8  presents a larger loading target. The sample will stay within the edge  4  defining the boundary of the anvil. When the smaller, upper anvil  13  is brought into sample compression position as shown in FIG. 4 b , the sample will be pulled into the gap between anvils by capillary action. The smaller second anvil diameter serves to center small samples in the measurement path  3 , FIG. 1, when the measurement column  9 , FIG. 4 c , is pulled. The larger diameter  15  is shown in the lower anvil with the smaller fiber  17  in the smaller anvil.  
         [0039]    By applying blank samples, samples missing the component being analyzed, the difference in transmitted light intensity can be used to characterize the sample according to 
           A =−log( l/l   0 ) 
         [0040]    where l 0  is intensity of transmitted light through the blank sample, a sample with the component being analyzed absent, and l is the intensity of light transmitted through the sample and A is the absorbance value which can be related to the concentration of the component being analyzed by Beer&#39;s law which states that for solutions 1 and 2 that  
           (     Absorbance                 1     )       (     Absorbance                 2     )       =       (     Concentration                 1     )       (     Concentration                 2     )                             
 
         [0041]    Thus, when compared with a blank sample, the concentration of the component of interest being analyzed can be directly determined from the absorbance A.  
         [0042]    Alternatively, the sample  32  can be loaded as shown in FIG. 11 where the pipette tip  40  applies the sample to the space between the anvils while they are ion close proximity as in the compression position shown in FIG. 3 c . This is similar to the sample loading procedure taught by Gross et al. The measurement column can then be drawn to an appropriate length and the photrometric or spectrophotometric measurement made.  
         [0043]    The SMA optical fiber connectors can be held in place by apparatus shown in FIGS. 5 a  and  5   b . The light from the system source  74  (Ocean Optics inc. p/n DT-1000, a combined deuterium arc and quartz halogen incandescent lamp, alternatively a xenon flashlamp can be used) is coupled through a bifurcated optical fiber assembly  78  (Ocean Optics inc. p/n BIF-100-2-UV-VIS) to the apparatus  50  with the second fiber of the bifurcated assembly  78  going to reference slave spectrometer  72  (Ocean Optics p/n SD2000). The SMA connectors  53  are mounted to the apparatus by means of threaded couplers  52  World Precision Instruments p/n 13370) which are threaded into the apparatus. The swing arm  56  carrying the upper optical fiber  53  can be lowered to align the source with the detection fiber as is shown in  60 , FIG. 4 b . The swing arm spacing is controlled by pin  62  resting on the plunger  67  of solenoid  68  (Lucas Ledex of Vandalia, Ohio p/n 174534-033) shown mounted below the apparatus. The other end of the solenoid plunger  67  rests on spring plunger  58  (Manhattan Supply of Plainview, N.Y. p/n 82412032). The sample can be compressed as is shown in  20 , FIG. 3 c , by manually pushing on the swing arm  56  so as to push the solenoid plunger to the limit of its travel or by actuating the solenoid electrically and pulling the plunger to its stop. The swing arm is held in both its up and its down, position by magnet  64  (Edmund Scientific of Barrington, N.J. p/n J35-105) attracted to either post  65  or allen head cap screw  54 . With the swing arm in its raised position, the sample detection surfaces may be cleaned by wiping the sample from both the lower and upper SMA connector ends before reloading.  
         [0044]    Light transmitted through the sample is collected by the upper fiber and coupled to the detection master spectrometer  70  (Ocean Optics p/n SD2000). The fiber is confined to minimize flexure of the fiber which would cause unnecessary variability in its transmission and thus unnecessary variation in measured absorbances. The swing arm is precision pivoted on a shaft turning in two preloaded ball bearings  66 . Note that the instrument is opened by turning the swing arm  50  through an arc sufficient to permit loading and cleaning of the anvil surfaces. See FIG. 5 a . Preferably it is opened at least  90  degrees as seen in FIG. 5 a  and more preferably the arc approaches 160 degrees as seen in FIG. 7.  
         [0045]    In order to accomplish illumination of the sample for fluorescence as shown in FIG. 2, the upper fiber assembly is made so as to surround the collection fiber  6  with illumination fibers  83 . These would be bundled and illuminated with the source wavelength compatible for use with the sample.  
         [0046]    As seen in FIGS. 6 a  and  6   b , two or more of the photometeric devices can be grouped in unitary form to measure multiple samples simultaneously. Such a multiple parallel photometer system can be employed with a multi-pipette robot system such as the MultiPROBE II made by Packard Instrument Company of Meriden, Conn. In FIG. 6, the four signal fibers  53  (which correspond to fiber  6  of FIG. 1) each feed a fiber optic spectrometer and the spectra are taken simultaneously. The four source fibers, not shown, are illuminated from a single source which may be referenced with a single reference spectrometer as with the single channel system. In FIG. 6 b  the apparatus is shown closed  100  and, in FIG. 6 a , open for loading  110 . Opening and closing are controlled by a rotary actuator  108  such as p/n 195191-031 made by Lucas Ledex of Vandalia, Ohio and cam  106 . Spring plunger  104  such as p/n 3408A35 sold by McMaster-Carr of New Brunswick, N.J. controls the position and provides the spring force against which the compression over-travel is accomplished for initial wetting of the upper anvil surface by the sample.  
         [0047]    Samples for photometric analysis can also be loaded into the sample handling apparatus in two parts, one on each of the opposing surfaces. This is especially useful where the sample of interest is a two part reacting mixture where the one or more of the beginning absorbance, the ending absorbance, and the rate of reaction are of interest and can be measured photometrically of fluorometrically. Samples of this sort can be loaded into the open spectrophotometer as shown in FIG. 7, where two pipetter tips  205  are shown loading the two parts of the mixture, each on either side of the measurement apparatus  200 . When closed as shown in FIG. 5 b , measurement can be made from onset of any reaction. The exact time of sample mixing or the initiation of a reaction can be determined from photometric or fluorometric measurement through the apparatus optical fibers.  
         [0048]    Samples can also be measured with a differential absorbance path as shown in FIG. 8. Here sample absorbance can be measured by changing the optical path over which the absorbance is measured, measuring the sample at each of one or more path lengths, where the difference in path length combined with the difference in transmitted intensity can be used to calculate the sample absorbance. This can be of significant value where the sample is strongly absorbing and the difference in path length can be determined more accurately than the absolute path length of the apparatus in the measurement position. Measurements are taken as shown in FIG. 8, where sample  9  is shown with a relatively long path P 1  and with a relatively short path length P 2  between the moveable anvils with one or more path differences ΔP with the absorbance at the shorter path P 2  being subtracted from the absorbance of one or more of the longer paths to arrive at the absorbance of the sample.  
         [0049]    Samples can also be contained between two thin sheets of optically transparent material like Teflon™ or polyethylene films. As shown in FIG. 9, the same sort of column drawn between the two parts of the sample apparatus can be drawn between the two thin optical sheets  400  where the anvils of the apparatus are wetted to the film surfaces to minimize reflection at the interface and aid in pulling the measurement column. This would be of significant use where samples are corrosive or dangerous to handle for safety reasons and containment of the sample is preferred. The two containing sheets  400  allow the two anvil surfaces  2  and  7  of the sample apparatus to draw the sample  9  into column  410 . Differential measurement of the sort discussed above in conjunction with FIG. 8 would be of significant value in this sort of measurement as the effects of the interfaces could be minimized with differential measurement. The two sheets  400  can be replaced by a small vessel  412 , see FIG. 10, with flexible walls  414  such that the sample contained can be pulled into a measurement column. The column is pulled by pushing the anvils of the apparatus into the film of walls  414  until contact with the sample is made by both films, then drawing the measurement column. If separation of the anvils in the measurement position is less than the separation of the outside surfaces of the containing walls  414 , the compliance of the walls will cause them to remain in contact with the anvils. Wetting the anvils before making contact will assist in maintaining contact and in minimizing reflection at the interface between the film and the optical fiber imbedded in the anvil. Once the measurement column is pulled, absorbance can be measured as a difference in absorbance between two path lengths.