Abstract:
An electrically conductive structural connection employs a pass through or fastener having a first diameter. A fastener hole, with a second diameter larger than the diameter of the pass through, extends through a thickness of a structure and receives the pass through. A bushing having a diameter and a thickness to fit between the first and second diameters extends though and past the thickness of said structure. When the feedthrough is compressively secured to the structure, the bushing expands radially between the first diameter and the second diameter to maintain at least one contact point between the fastener and the structure.

Description:
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 12/970,827 filed on Dec. 16, 2010 entitled ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE, BUSHING CONNECTION TO STRUCTURE FOR CURRENT PATH having a common assignee with the present application, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND INFORMATION 
       [0002]    1. Field 
         [0003]    Embodiments of the disclosure relate generally to fittings for electrical continuity and conductivity and more particularly to embodiments for a compressible expanding bushing having contact points for electrical continuity through a hole in carbon fiber resin composite beams to carry streaming current and lightning induced currents that must be connected to structure electrically to prevent a spark being formed. 
         [0004]    2. Background 
         [0005]    The use of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composites in structural applications for aerospace vehicles and other systems is now common practice. Certain structural systems require conductive capability for lightning protection and other electrical applications that metal structure has always naturally provided. However, CFRP structures lack the same conductive capabilities as metal structures. In particular, holes through CFRP structures may create conditions for sparking due to lack of continuous electrical conductivity. For applications such as fuel tank structures pass through fittings require holes in the structure to accommodate hydraulic lines, sensors and other systems. As an example, hydraulic bulkhead fittings through CFRP composite beams carry streaming current and lightning induced currents that must be connected to structure electrically to prevent a spark being formed within a fuel tank installation. 
         [0006]    To accommodate such requirements in an example system, a precision hole was formed in the CFRP beam and a metal bushing was press fitted into the hole with sufficient interference to maintain contact with the carbon fiber extending to the inside diameter of the hole. This requires a precision diameter hole be formed in CFRP material to accept a precision outside diameter bushing in order to create contact pressure between the inside of the hole and outside of the bushing. This contact pressure is required for conducting electrical current from the bolt that passes through the bushing to the carbon fibers that extend to the inner surface of the through hole. The existing construction typically requires an exotic material with very low thermal coefficient of expansion to match the CFRP. This contact pressure is required to complete an electrical circuit with sufficient current carrying capacity to dissipate current induced on the hydraulic tubes. High precision is required to assure contact pressure is maintained against the carbon fibers in the inside diameter of installation holes mounting the bulkhead fitting. 
         [0007]    CFRP structures may additionally have corrosion issues with respect to certain materials. Consequently, selection of a precision metal bushing additionally requires anticorrosion compatibility with the CFRP structure in addition to the thermal expansion considerations. This may significantly limit material selection. 
         [0008]    It is therefore desirable to provide a current carrying bushing with electrical contact capability which eliminates the requirement for precision boring and precision machining of fittings. It is also desirable to provide a bushing which does not require costly materials to maintain thermal expansion matching while retaining anticorrosion compatibility with the CFRP. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0009]    Embodiments disclosed herein provide an electrically conductive structural connection which employs a pass through or fastener having a first diameter. A fastener hole, with a second diameter larger than the diameter of the pass through, extends through a thickness of a structure and receives the pass through. A bushing having a diameter and a thickness to fit between the first and second diameters extends though and past the thickness of said structure. When the pass through is compressively secured to the structure, the bushing expands radially between the first diameter and the second diameter to maintain at least one contact point between the fastener and the structure. 
         [0010]    The features, functions, and advantages that have been discussed can be achieved independently in various embodiments of the present disclosure or may be combined in yet other embodiments further details of which can be seen with reference to the following description and drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0011]      FIG. 1  is a section view of a first embodiment of a compressible conductive bushing with multiple contact points for a bolt feedthrough; 
           [0012]      FIG. 2  is a section view of a second embodiment of a compressible conductive bushing with single contact points for a bolt feedthrough; 
           [0013]      FIG. 3  is an exploded side section view of a third embodiment of a compressible conductive bushing with multiple contact points for a hydraulic feedthrough in the uncompressed condition; 
           [0014]      FIG. 4  is a detailed isometric partial section view of the compressible conductive bushing of  FIG. 3 ; 
           [0015]      FIG. 5  is an isometric view of the embodiment of  FIG. 3  with the uncompressed bushing; 
           [0016]      FIG. 6  is a section view of the embodiment of  FIG. 3  in the compressed condition; 
           [0017]      FIG. 7  is an isometric view of the embodiment of  FIG. 3  in the compressed condition; 
           [0018]      FIG. 8  is a detailed view of the bushing interface with the hole and feedthrough; and, 
           [0019]      FIG. 9  is a flowchart for a method to manufacture and employ the compressible bushing. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0020]    The embodiments described herein demonstrate an expanding bushing that maintains contact pressure on the inside of a close fitting hole to conduct electrical current from a through bolt or pass through to the supporting structure without sparking. Referring to the drawings,  FIG. 1  shows an example pass through fastener such as bolt  10  having a first diameter inserted through an expanding bushing  12  with multiple circumferential contacts  14  to maintain required pressure of the bushing against the inside wall  16  of an installation hole  18  having a second diameter in CFRP structure  20 . The bushing  12  initially extends past the extents of the hole in an uncompressed condition. Spring pressure is created by tightening nut  22  on the bolt (threads on the nut and bolt are not shown for simplicity) and compressing the length of the bushing, as will be described in greater detail subsequently. The length compression causes the bushing to increase in diameter on the outside and decrease in diameter on the inside. The thermal coefficient of expansion of the bushing material is of reduced concern since the contact between the CFRP and the bushing contact points can be maintained due to the elastic spring force over a large range of temperatures. Consequently a much less costly material can be used for the bushing. 
         [0021]    A second embodiment is shown in  FIG. 2  wherein an expanding bushing  12  with one circumferential contact  24  maintains required pressure of the bushing against the inside diameter  16  of the installation hole  18  in CFRP structure  20 . As with the first embodiment, spring pressure is created by tightening nut  22  on the bolt and compressing the length of the bushing. The length compression causes the bushing to increase its diameter on the outside and decrease in its inside diameter. For both the first and second embodiments, bushing  12  has end sections  26  which have a diameter to be closely received on the bolt  10 . 
         [0022]    The embodiments disclosed, in  FIGS. 1 and 2  may be used with, for example, a flange attachment to the CFRP structure with a bolt pattern, each bolt in the pattern being received through a hole in the CFRP structure as described. Such bolts may range in size from 5/16 inch to ⅜ inch or larger. In applications of that type, a 0.020 inch thickness tube of stainless steel or titanium may be employed as a precursor for fabrication of the compressible bushing, as will be describe in greater detail subsequently. 
         [0023]    A third embodiment is shown in FIG,  3  for a pass through  28  received through a hole  30  in a CHU structure  32 . The pass through may be significantly larger in diameter than the bolts discussed with respect to the embodiments of  FIGS. 1 and 2  with diameters of up to 1.0 inch or greater. For the embodiment shown, the pass through incorporates a central bore or channel  34  and may constitute a hydraulic line, an electrical conduit or comparable structure. Bushing  36 , shown in detail in  FIG. 4 , incorporates end portions  38  having a diameter to be received in close contact with inner diameter  40  of hole  30  and is shown in the uncompressed state in  FIG. 3 . Accordion pleats  42  formed in the bushing, as will be described in greater detail subsequently, expand diametrically, inward and outward, upon compression of the bushing axially to provide outer contact points  44  for engagement of the inner diameter  40  of hole  30  and inner contact points  46  for contact with outer diameter  48  of the pass through  28 . For the embodiment shown, two pleats are employed providing one outer diameter contact (with the hole in the CFRP structure) and two inner diameter contacts (with the pass through). In alternative embodiments, additional pleats may be employed for additional contacts. 
         [0024]    In the uncompressed condition as shown in  FIGS. 3 and 5 , the bushing extends beyond the hole in the CFRP structure to be engaged for compression. Nut  48  is received on mating external threads (not shown for simplicity) on the pass through and engages a bearing washer  50  which contacts the bushing  36 . Upon tightening of the nut  48  to secure the feedthrough in the hole of the CFRP structure  32 , end portions  38  of the bushing are engaged by the bearing washer  50  on a first end and a shoulder  52  on the feedthrough on a second end. In alternative embodiments nuts with associated washers may be employed to secure the feedthrough on both sides of the CFRP structure and compress the bushing. 
         [0025]    The bushing in the compressed state is shown in  FIGS. 6 ,  7  and  8 . The overall length of the bushing  36  including the end portions  38  and the number and depth of the accordion pleats  42  in the bushing are selected to accommodate the required expansion for firm electrical contact with both the pass through  28  and CFRP hole  30  when compressed by the nut and bearing washer. Preferably the bushing  36  remains elastically deformed to provide spring force to accommodate thermal expansion and contraction of the CFRP and pass through elements. The vertex of the pleats  42  may additionally be contoured as shown in  FIG. 8  to provide a bight  54  which flattens against the opposing surface (pass through or hole) to accommodate additional diametric expansion of the bushing during axial compression thereby further reducing tolerancing requirements. Flattening of the bight  54  provides additional contact surface to further enhance the electrical properties. 
         [0026]    For any of the three embodiments disclosed, the end portions of the bushings may be scored or shaped to diametrically expand (or contract) under compression of the bushing for firm contact with the hole or pass through adjacent which they are closely received thereby adding further contact area for electrical conductivity. Additionally, while the first embodiment shows both end portions closely received by the bolt on an inner diameter of the bushing and the second embodiment shows both end portions closely received by the hole on an outer diameter, in alternative embodiments, one end portion may be in close contact on the inner diameter(with the bolt or pass through) while the opposite end portion may be in close contact on the outer diameter (with the hole in the CFRP structure). In yet other alternative embodiments, the end portions may have a diameter placing the end portion intermediate the hole diameter and feedthrough diameter. The number and shaping of accordion pleats may be chosen based on expansion and conductivity requirements. While bolt and a hydraulic or electrical pass through have been employed as exemplary elements, any externally threaded element extending through a hole in the CFRP structure may employ the continuity contact capability of the compressible bushing as disclosed in the embodiments herein. 
         [0027]    The embodiments described additionally provide the benefit of easy disassembly, if required, for removal of the feedthrough or bolts with significantly reduced potential for damage of the CFRP structure over a precision press fit bushing in a precision hole. Maintaining the sizing of the compressible bushing for elastic deformation results in relaxation of the diametric pressure exerted by the bushing upon withdrawal of the compressing nut and washer. Even if some plastic deformation has occurred, the relatively thin wall section of the compressible bushing allows stretching of the bushing for removal without excessive forces. 
         [0028]    A method for fabrication and use of the compressible bushing is described in  FIG. 9 . Initial fabrication of the bushing may be accomplished by selection of a tubular element with an outer diameters receivable within a CFRP hole and a wall thickness with inner diameter sufficient to receive an externally threaded element and formability for accordion pleat deformation, step  902 . For exemplary bushings titanium or stainless steel may be employed for anticorrosion compatibility with the CFRP. A three roller deformation system may be employed with a roller pair external to the tube and a matching roller internal to the tube between the external roller pair for forming of accordion pleats, step  904 . Length of the bushing is determined to accommodate any contraction of the tube created by the pleat formation and for maintaining elastic deformation in the bushing when compressed in service, step  906 , and trimming of the one or both end portions to match length requirements may be accomplished after pleating, step  908 . External finishing or scoring for deformation control of the bushing may be accomplished using standard machining techniques, step  910 . 
         [0029]    For assembly, compressible bushing is inserted into the hole in the CFRP structure, step  912 . The feedthrough or bolt is inserted through the bushing and the nut (with bearing washer, if separate) is threaded onto the feedthrough, step  914 . The nut is then torqued to compress the bushing and secure the feedthrough in the hole, step  916 . 
         [0030]    Having now described various embodiments of the disclosure in detail as required by the patent statutes, those skilled in the art will recognize modifications and substitutions to the specific embodiments disclosed herein. Such modifications are within the scope and intent of the present disclosure as defined in the following claims.