Abstract:
A process and a set of equipment for reactivating spent activated carbon onto which pollutants were adsorbed, are invented. The present process comprises subjecting the activated carbon to be reactivated in a mixed solution consisting of ethanol, sodium hydroxide solution and water to effectuate the desorption of the pollutants adsorbed on the activated carbon. The present equipment comprises (A) a mixing tank for mixing given amounts of water, ethanol and sodium hydroxide solution which are supplied from the respective receptacles thereof; (B) a reactivation reactor for receiving the mixed solution from the mixing tank and subjecting the spent activated carbon filled therein to the mixed solution to effect the desorption of the pollutants adsorbed on the spent activated carbon, wherein the reactivation reactor being provided with a means for regulating temperature of the mixed solution; and (C) a storage tank for receiving the reactivated carbon.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    1. FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
           [0002]    The present invention relates to a process and an equipment for the reactivation of spent activated carbon onto which polluants were adsorbed.  
           [0003]    2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART  
           [0004]    Activated carbon is widely used in the purification of contaminated water and air because of its excellent capabilities of adsorbing various inorganic or organic substances.  
           [0005]    After being used, the activated carbon is generally reactivated. Reactivation process allow the activated carbon to recover its adsorption capacities and thereby, the reactivated carbon is re-used in the adsorption process. However, the courrent reactivation methos generally demand very high costs and thus, limit adopting the activated coabon-utilizing purification process.  
           [0006]    There are various conventional methods for the reactivation of the used carbon, for example, thermal reactivation, solvent extraction or wet oxidation, etc., depending on the nature of the pollutants adsorbed on the activated carbon.  
           [0007]    As being the most available reactivation method, the thermal reactivation requires the reactivation furnace to be processed at high temperatures of 900° C. to 1000° C. similar to that used in the production of the activated carbon. Therefore, the construction and maintenance of the thermal reactor demands high costs.  
           [0008]    The existing solvent extraction method is inadvantageous because the adsorption recovery efficiency of the reactivated carbon is low and there is possibility that a portion of the harmful solvent used remains in the reactivated carbon.  
           [0009]    The wet oxidation is deficient in the degradation or desorption of the pollutants irreversibly adsorbed on the activated carbon.  
           [0010]    Therefore, there has been a need for new methods and/or equipments permitting the reactivation of the spent activated carbon, which can highly recover the adsorption capacities of the activated carbon and is also less costly to use and operate.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0011]    The present invention provides a method of the reactivation of spent activated carbon onto which pollutants were adsorbed,which comprises a first step of subjecting the used activated carbon to a mixed solution including ethanol, sodium hydroxide solution and water to effectuate the desorption of the pollutants adsorbed on the activated carbon.  
           [0012]    In addition, the present invention provides an equipment for reactivating the spent activated carbon onto which the pollutants were adsorbed, which comprises (A) a mixing tank for mixing given amounts of water, ethanol and sodium hydroxide solution which are supplied from the respective receptacles thereof, (B) a reactivating reactor for receiving the mixed solution from the mixing tank and subjecting the spent activated carbon filled therein to the mixed solution to effectuate the desorption of the pollutants adsorbed on the spent activated carbon, wherein the reactivation reactor being provided with a means for regulating temperature of the mixed solution; and (C) a storage tank for receiving the reactivated carbon. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING  
       [0013]    [0013]FIG. 1 is a flow sheet illustrating the process for the reactivation of activated carbon according to the present invention.  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 2 shows the equipment for the reactivation of activated carbon according to the present invention.  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 3 shows bar graphs of phenol adsorption recovery of reactivated carbons 1 to 4 according to the present invention.  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 4 shows bar graphs of humic substances adsorption recovery of reactivated carbons 1 to 4 according to the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0017]    According to the present invention, ethanol is preferably used in the amount of 10% to 50% based on the mixed solution of ethanol, sodium hydroxide solution, and water, and sodium hydroxide solution is used in the amount of 1% to 4% based on the mixed solution.  
         [0018]    In a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, the mixed solution of ethanol, sodium hydroxide solution, and water is heated ambient to 100° C.. In direct connection, since the desorption of the pollutants adsorbed on the activated carbon proceeds at lower temperature, the present process and equipment advantageously require lower expenditure of energy and more convenient operation and maintenance.  
         [0019]    In a still further preferred embodiment, the desorption of the pollutants adsorbed on the activated carbon in the mixed solution of ethanol, sodium hydroxide solution and water proceeds for a period of 6 to 24 hours.  
         [0020]    The reactivation process and the equipment of the present invention can be applied to drinking water and wastewater treatment plants, air pollution-preventing equipments etc. It is especially useful in the purification of drinking water, since solvents used by the present invention, i.e., ethanol and sodium hydroxide are food grade and not harmful.  
         [0021]    The reactivation process according to the present invention will be described in detail in reference to the accompanying drawings.  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 1 is a flow sheet illustrating the physico-chemical process according to the present invention for the reactivation of spent activated carbon onto which pollutants were adsorbed. As shown, 1% to 4% of NaOH, 10% to 50% of ethanol and water are mixed in a mixing tank, and the mixed solution in the mixing tank is circulated into a reactivation reactor filled with the spent activated carbon to be reactivated. The reactivation tank is tightly closed and heated to normal temperature and 100° C. for 6 to 24 hours. As a result, the pollutants are desorbed from the activated carbon. The waste liquid formed by such desorption reaction in the reactivation reactor is transported via a receptacle into a distiller. Ethanol is recovered from the waste liquid in the distiller by evaporation, followed by condensation. The recovered ethanol is circulated into the mixing tank and recycled for the next reactivation process. Meanwhile, after the waste liquid formed by the desorption reaction in the reactivation reactor exits to the receptacle, the activated carbon in the reactivation reactor is in situ washed with tap water in order to remove the residual ethanol and NaOH from the activated carbon. Additionally, ethanol in the washing water is also recovered for re-use. As a final procedure, the reactivated carbon is transported to a storage tank or an adsorber.  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 2 shows an equipment for the reactivation of the activated carbon according to the present invention. This figure illustrates three receptacles  1 ,  2  and  3  for containing water, ethanol and NaOH solution, respectively. The respective solvents are circulated by pumps P 1 , P 2  and P 3  into a mixing tank  4 . After the solvents are mixed in the mixing tank  4 , the mixed solution are circulated by a pump P 4  into a reactivation reactor  5  filled with the spent activated carbon onto which pollutants were adsorbed. The temperature in the reactivation reactor  5  is increased by the heat supplied from a boiler  6  and/or a heater  12 , the heater being equipped within the reactivation reactor  5 . After the completion of the desorption, the resulting waste liquid in the reactivation reactor  5  is circulated by a pump P 6  into a receptacle  8  and then, the activated carbon in the reactivation reactor  5  is washed with tap water while the washing water flows via valves to a distiller  9 . The washed activated carbon in the reactivation reactor  5  is carried to a storage tank  7 . The waste liquid in the distiller  9  is heated by the boiler  6  to evaporate the ethanol. The evaporated ethanol is condensed and collected. The ethanol in the storage tank  11  is circulated by a pump P 7  into the mixing tank  4  for re-use.  
         [0024]    The following examples are given merely as illustrations of the present invention and demonstration of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and are not to be considered as limiting.  
       EXAMPLES  
       [0025]    The activated carbon used for water treatment for 1 year and 4 months was subjected to the reactivation process of the present invention. 108 cases in the desorption process were established by varying the amount of ethanol between 10% and 50%, the amount of NaOH between 1% and 4% and the condition of temperature ambient to 100° C., and UV254 absorbance was measured on the waste liquid formed through the desorption process. The results are summarized as follows.  
         [0026]    When the desorption was carried out at the ambient temperature, the UV absorbance of the extracted solution by the present invention is 8,000 to 30,000 times as high as that from tap water. For the desorption temperature of 60° C., the extracted solution by the present invention increases the UV254 absorbance by 16,000 to 80,000 times of the tap water treated. For the desorption temperature of 100° C., the extracted solution by the present invention increased the UV254 absorbance by 16,000 to 80,000 times of the tap water treated.  
         [0027]    Particularly, when the desorption was performed for 12 to 24 hours at 80° C. to 100° C., the mixed solution consisting of 20-40% of ethanol, 24% of NaOH and water increased the UV254 absorbance by 50,000 times or more as compared to tap water.  
         [0028]    It is expected that such unexpected results are derived from the synergistic effects occurred by the combination of the selective solvents and temperature for the desorption according to the present invention.  
         [0029]    [0029]FIGS. 3 and 4 are bar graphs of the recovery of adsorption capacities of the activated carbon which was reactivated by the reactivation process of the present invention. The adsorption capacity recovery was evaluated by adsorbing phenol (FIG. 3) or humic substance (FIG. 4) on the reactivated carbon for 48 hours.  
         [0030]    As shown in FIG. 3, typically, the recovery of phenol adsorption by the reactivated carbon according to the present invention ranges from 80% to 120%. Especially, when 20% of ethanol, 0.4% of NaOH and temperature of 100° C. are utilized for the desorption, the adsorption recovery amounts to approximately 120% as presented in bars  1  and  2 . Bars  1  and  2  indicate the results obtained by using the reactivated carbon in the amounts of 0.5 g and 1.5 g, respectively. Bars  3  and  4  indicate the results obtained by utilizing 20% of ethanol, 0.4% of NaOH and temperature of 200° C. as the desorption conditions while using 0.3 g and 1.Og of the reactivated carbon, respectively. As shown in FIG. 4, the humic substance adsorption recovery of the reactivated carbon according to the present invention is from 80% to 100%. Generally, the humic substance adsorption recovery is comparatively lower than the phenol adsorption recovery but it is still acceptable considering the lower cost. Bars  1  and  2  indicate the results obtained by utilizing 20% of ethanol, 0.4% of NaOH and temperature of 100° C. as the desorption conditions while using 0.5 g and 1.5 g of the reactivated carbon, respectively. Bars  3  and  4  indicate the results obtained by utilizing 20% of ethanol, 0.4% of NaOH and temperature of 200° C. as the desorption conditions while using 0.3g and 1.Og of the reactivated carbon, respectively.  
         [0031]    The removal of the humic substance by the reactivated carbon was determined by a column test. The reactivated carbon was formed by subjecting the activated carbon used in a water treatment plants for 16 months in the equipment depicted in FIG. 2 for 12 hours while using the mixed solution of 20% of ethanol, 4% of NaOH and water and the temperature of 100° C. as the desorption conditions. The column test revealed that the humic substance removal efficiency of the reactivated carbon of the present invention corresponds to about 90% compared to that obtained by fresh activated carbon. This result indicates that the reactivation process of the present invention is comparable to the prior thermal reactivation in terms of its humic substance removal.  
         [0032]    The iodide adsorption was tested for the reactivated carbon of the present invention. This activated carbon has been used in a water treatment plant for 16 months in the equipment of the present invention for 24 hours while using the mixed solution of 20% of ethanol, 2% of NaOH and water and the temperature of 100° C. as the desorption conditions. This test revealed that the iodine number of the reactivated carbon ranges to 80%-90% of the fresh activated carbon. Table I below shows the iodine number of the reactivated and fresh carbon. The iodine number was evaluated by the Korean Granular Activated Carbon Test Method KSM 1802 which is same as AWWA procedure.  
                           TABLE I                                   Active Carbon Types   Iodide Adsorption (mg/g)                           Regenerated by the present process   1023           Fresh   1212           Korean Standard Rating 1   1,100 or more           Korean Standard Rating 2   1,000 to 1,100           Korean Standard Rating 3     900 to 1,000                      
 
         [0033]    As can be shown in Table I, the reactivated carbon of the present invention recovered the iodine number significantly, and therefore, it is concluded that the process for the reactivation of the spent activated carbon according to the present invention can be successfully applied to water and air purification industries.