Abstract:
Provided are optoelectronic components which include an optoelectronic device and a structure for self-aligning the optoelectronic device. Also provided are optoelectronic modules and methods of forming optoelectronic components.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 11/124,775, filed May 9, 2005, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 10/192,752, filed Jul. 10, 2002, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/574,482, filed May 19, 2000, now abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/199,545, filed Nov. 25, 1998, now abandoned. The contents of each of these applications are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     To date designs and methods of manufacturing photonics transmit/receive modules have relied on complicated techniques of aligning the light emitting and detecting elements, of encapsulating said elements, and of combining the carrier with an optical connector. This is especially true of arrays combining one or more light emitting or detecting devices in parallel. Attempts at handling Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers or VCSELs and their arrays, as well as photodetectors and their arrays for use in fiber Tx, Rx and Tx/Rx packages have often involved changing the optical axis of the chips—allowing them to interface with v-grooves in a silicon substrate such as in U.S. Pat. No. 5,337,391. Other groups have employed methods to change the optical axis that employ the use of angle polished fiber or flexible waveguide arrays such as Hewlett Packard&#39;s Parallel Optical Link Organization (POLO) [Hahn, K. H. PLOL “Parallel optical links for gigabyte data communications”, in the Proceedings of the 45th Electronics Components and Technology Conference Proceedings, pgs. 7-8]. Other designs have involved several complicated parts such as U.S. Pat. No. 5,337,398, or have involved the mounting of devices on an optical jumper block such as U.S. Pat. No. 5,719,978 or on the endface of a polished fiber array block such as in the Motorola Optobus [Schwartz, D. B., C. K. Y. Chun, B. M. Foley, D. H. Hartman, M. Lebby, H. C. Lee, C. L. Sheih, S. M. Kuo, S. G. Shook, and B. Webb, 1995, a low cost, high performance optical interconnect. In the Proceedings of the 45th Electronics Components and Technology Conference, pgs. 376-379. Piscataway, N.J.: IEEE]. All of these references are hereby incorporated by reference herein. One prior attempt at monolithic integration using stacks of self aligned chips utilized ball lenses between the stacks to couple optical fibers to the optically active device as was seen in U.S. Pat. No. 5,259,054.  
         [0003]     These earlier methods of handling optically active elements, especially surface emitting or receiving devices as arrays—as well as positioning of discrete components—has been very complex, expensive, and lacking in simplicity of design thus making the designs non usuable in the current manufacturing climate. The current invention relates to a new technique for creating a “face-plate” module for handling such active devices. The invention has wide application in making connection to existing and future parallel optical fiber array connectors in its ability to use modified existing ferrules and their alignment mechanisms and accurately align the optical elements of the carrier to the optical fibers.  
         [0004]     This eliminates all need for expensive and hard to machine components, costly labor machining and complicated assembly techniques. The device is exceptionally useful for creating cost effective small form factor transceivers and parallel Tx/Rx modules. The invention allows a greater degree of monolithic integration than previously possible and eliminates many of the parts and steps previously required such as optical jumper blocks, polishing operations, etc. Such steps are very expensive to perform and time consuming thus adding to the price of the component member. The invention also will find application in chip to chip and board to board interconnects allowing easier cost effective packaging of the optical elements.  
         [0005]     New and existing technologies in micromachining of silicon and other materials allow a greater degree of precision to be obtained in forming cavities and holes in substrates. For example the Bosch process has demonstrated through-wafer etching with excellent control of dimensions at etch rates making new mechanical structures possible. Newer deep dry etching technologies and wet anisotropic technologies—that have already been demonstrated in silicon wafers in conjunction with better encapsulants—make manufacture of these devices possible at this time. It is expected similar etching technologies will become available for other ceramic, glass, injection or transfer molded plastics, and other materials. In addition, parts of the design may find economic manufacture in the future using molding processes, laser machining, light/laser assisted chemical machining, etc.  
         [0006]     The devices disclosed are various embodiments of a novel carrier for utilizing one or more optically active devices or elements (here meaning lasers such as VCSELs and VCSEL arrays, photodetectors and photodetector arrays, Light Emitting Diodes or LEDs, Super Luminescent LEDs or SLEDs, etc.) allowing them to be precisely positioned, electrically connected, encapsulated, optionally lensed, and heat sinked. The applications include chip to chip, board to board, and fiber optic and especially fiber optic array transmit, receive and transceiver modules. The approach disclosed can eliminate the need for polishing an assembly to form an optical surface, active alignment of the active optical elements to the carrier, and/or active alignment of the carrier to a connector assembly. Patterned metallizations and solders become incorporated in this design using techniques such as shadow masking, lift-off, selective CVD metal deposition, and can be combined with plating using electroless methods or any of the known electroplating techniques.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0007]     The invention disclosed addresses the previously discussed problems inherent in the prior art by providing a simple, easily manufacturable, passively aligned method of coupling an optoelectronic device to a fiber or fiber array with most steps integrated at the wafer level. The passive and self correcting feature of the alignment method provides for an efficient and simple component to be added onto already existing components thus making its incorporation into the manufacturing process a desirable goal.  
         [0008]     In fashioning the present invention, the preferred substrate material is a silicon wafer in which many substrate portions can be machined before being diced or cleaved into many components. Other equivalent material may be substituted only if suitable machining technologies are developed. Machining of silicon is a new art form in the manufacture of electronic components on a mass scale and it is precision work.  
         [0009]     In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a substrate comprises part of the subassembly—with a precisely machined or formed trench in which the optoelectronic device is placed and aligned, with metallized bond pads and circuit traces to which the device can be electrically connected, with encapsulant filling the trench to encapsulate the device and provide a molded surface for later optical coupling, and with precisely machined or formed through holes or angled edges which serve as alignment guides for alignment fixtures such as pins to come through. The substrate is then placed onto alignment pins of a fiber optic connector housing and bonded to the housing of the connector while the pins hold the substrate in alignment. The pins may later be removed or left in place. The bonded fiber optic connector can be machined or formed to house a back side heat sink and the electrical leads for the optoelectronic device and possibly drivers mounted in the substrate.  
         [0010]     In another embodiment, the trench that houses the optoelectronic device can be machined in the back side of the substrate, and a smaller window can be machined in the front of the substrate for the device to show through. In cases where the light to be transmitted or received is at a wavelength where the substrate is transparent, the front side window need not be machined.  
         [0011]     In a further embodiment, alignment trenches or grooves are machined or formed into the front or back surface of the substrate so that a fitted cylindrical or spherical object can be inserted. This mechanism allows a new substrate with the same feature (alignment trench) to be aligned to the cylinder or sphere, thereby to also be aligned to the first substrate.  
         [0012]     In yet another embodiment, the circuit traces for the optoelectronic device can extend into and through (perpendicular to the surface) the substrate instead of lying parallel to the front or back surface. This allows for simple front to back side electrical connection. The metallized via holes can also be cut in half, allowing electrical connection access to the surface perpendicular to the surface in which the device is mounted. This feature becomes important when it is desirable to affix a flexible circuit member to the subassembly along the edge of the substrate. This feature also allows direct bonding or secondary substrate mounting with a solder bump connection.  
         [0013]     In a still further embodiment, the encapsulant that encapsulates the optoelectronic device can be shaped or altered to form lenses, gratings, mirrors, waveguides or other optical elements. This feature allows for beam shaping and/or the redirection of the light to another optoelectronic or waveguiding device. It should be noted that holes can be machined right through the wafer or substrate for insertion of optical fibers adapted to transmit from one side of the wafer or substrate to the other.  
         [0014]     In yet another embodiment, an optoelectronic component is provided. The optoelectronic component includes a substrate having a front surface, a back surface and a trench in the front surface, an optoelectronic device in the trench, and an encapsulant contained within the trench. The encapsulant provides an optical surface.  
         [0015]     In yet another embodiment, an optoelectronic component is provided. The optoelectronic component includes a planar silicon substrate having a front surface, a back surface and a trench in the front surface, an optoelectronic device in the trench and an encapsulant covering the optoelectronic device. The encapsulant provides an optical surface.  
         [0016]     In yet another embodiment, an optoelectronic component is provided. The optoelectronic component includes a planar substrate having a front surface, a back surface and a trench in the front surface, an optoelectronic device in the trench, an encapsulant covering the optoelectronic device, and an optical element inserted into the encapsulant for focusing or reflecting light, or for altering the light transmission qualities of the encapsulant.  
         [0017]     A first object of the invention is to provide a simple means of aligning a single or arrayed surface emitting or receiving optoelectronic device to a single or arrayed fiber optic connector.  
         [0018]     It is another object of the invention to provide an encapsulated trench for the device that eliminates the need for polishing.  
         [0019]     It is yet another object of the invention to provide an improved optoelectronic module.  
         [0020]     It is still another object of this invention to provide a innovative method for producing an improved optoelectronic module.  
         [0021]     It is yet another object of this invention to provide a superior alignment guide and component for optoelectronic components utilizing guide pins and or beveled surfaces.  
         [0022]     It is still another object to provide an improved alignment component for optoelectronic devices which is incorporated directly into the device.  
         [0023]     Yet another object of this invention is to provide a method of making optoelectronic components where a large amount of steps are done facilitating wafer level integration of the method.  
         [0024]     Still another object of this invention it to provide an optoelectronic component which provides a passively aligned platform for an active device yet still utilizes existing coupling components thus enhancing saved costs.  
         [0025]     Further objects include the use of a one time passive alignment and insertion of an optoelectronic carrier and coupler component to an existing assembly and the provision of a superior assembly.  
         [0026]     Other objects of this invention include optimal connections of the component to other components such as heat sinks, IC circuits and the like.  
         [0027]     These and other objects will become apparent and will be demonstrated in the following drawings and text showing that the disclosed invention offers an easily manufacturable, passively aligned solution to a photonics packaging problem that has only been solved previously by complex or costly designs. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0028]      FIG. 1  is a perspective cut-away view of the present invention showing a male connector piece of an optoelectronic subassembly for coupling to the arrayed device on a substrate;  
         [0029]      FIG. 2  illustrates a machined or formed trench in a substrate for providing alignment of an optoelectronic device;  
         [0030]      FIGS. 3   a  through  3   e  illustrate various embodiments of the machined or formed trench in a substrate;  
         [0031]      FIGS. 4   a  through  4   c  illustrate various embodiments of machined or formed trenches in the back surface of a substrate for the optoelectronic device to be placed face-first within;  
         [0032]      FIGS. 5   a  through  5   q  illustrate variously shaped through holes which allow for alignment by pins or other cylindrical alignment mechanism;  
         [0033]      FIG. 6  illustrates metallized circuit traces and bond pads on a substrate;  
         [0034]      FIG. 7  illustrates the addition of a solder eutectic pad and trace on a substrate;  
         [0035]      FIGS. 8   a,    8   e  and  8   i  illustrate various ways to achieve perpendicular circuit access on the edge of a substrate, with  FIGS. 8   b,    8   c  and  8   d  representing cross-sectional features of  FIG. 8   a,    FIGS. 8   f,    8   g  and  8   h  representing cross-sectional features of  FIG. 8   b  and  FIGS. 8   j,    8   k  and  8   l  representing cross-sectional features of  FIG. 8   l,  as shown;  
         [0036]      FIG. 9  illustrates the placement of the optoelectronic device in its alignment trench along with ball wire bonds to metallized pads on the surface of a substrate;  
         [0037]      FIG. 10  illustrates the use of a flexible circuit as a means to access the electrical circuit on a substrate, and  FIGS. 11   a  through  11   e  show the methods for providing metallization and, hence, electrical connection, to the back of a substrate with the use of through holes;  
         [0038]      FIG. 12   a  illustrates the injection of a known volume and subsequent curing of an encapsulant that comes flush to the surface of the trench that houses the optoelectronic device, and  FIG. 12   b  shows a top view of the substrate of  FIG. 12   a;    
         [0039]      FIG. 13   a  illustrates a different embodiment of the substrate, where the optoelectronic device alignment trench is on the back side of the substrate, and where the device&#39;s active area shows through an open window on the front side and  FIGS. 13   b  show a top view of the substrate of  FIG. 13   a.    FIGS. 13   c  and  13   d  show the metallization and encapsulation for the substrate of  FIG. 13   a;    
         [0040]      FIGS. 14   a  and  14   b  illustrate two embodiments of the encapsulation—where the encapsulant can be precisely formed to shape optical elements;  
         [0041]      FIGS. 15   a  through  15   c  illustrate the method by which a heat sink is placed within an optical connector housing and how the substrate and device subassembly can be simply aligned to the same connector housing—allowing coupling to the connector housing&#39;s mating optical connector; and  
         [0042]      FIGS. 16   a  through  16   c  illustrate the alignment and connection of a fiber optic array connector to a subassembly. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0043]      FIG. 1  illustrates a mating part of an optical connector, where the other part of the connector (not shown) is an arrayed or single waveguide or fiber optic connector with fibers or waveguides embedded therein. The connector halves are to be mated by means of the alignment pins  60 . The optoelectronic coupler subassembly  195  illustrated is partly comprised of a substrate  29  which has in it a machined or formed trench  23  in which an optoelectronic device  21  is placed, that optoelectronic device being any device which receives or emits light, and especially in, but not limited to, the direction perpendicular to the substrate&#39;s  29  front surface. The preferred embodiment of the invention is where the device  21  is a Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser or VCSEL. The device  21  can have ball wire bonds  30  that affix to bond pads on or in the substrate. Electrically conductive traces, bond pads, and solder  24  are deposited onto the surface of the substrate to allow for simple electrical connection from a fanout circuit to the optoelectronic device via ball wire bonds and/or “flip chip” bonding to the traces. The electrically conductive circuits may be metal or may be diffused conductors in the substrate. The bond pads or solder bumps  25  at the top or front of the pictured substrate  29  can be electrically connected to flex circuit, wire bonds, ball grid arrays, or any fitting electrical connector. The trench  23  is injected with an encapsulant  162  which encapsulates the device  21  and can provide a flush, optically flat surface for coupling to the device  21  preferably without the need for polishing. Polishing has been required in the past due to the large amount of machining needed on the surface of the elements. Polished surfaces were needed to insure good face-to-face contact between surfaces and to provide good and complete contact for bonding. The encapsulant can also provide focusing, reflecting, or waveguiding optical elements to redirect light within its confines. The encapsulant can be molded or chemically altered to produce this effect, or a separate optical element can be embedded within its confines. The holes  20  through the substrate  29  are precisely machined or formed to provide precise alignment of the substrate  29  and the device  21  to any alignment pin or tool pushed through the subassembly&#39;s holes. Such an alignment tool can be the housing of an optical connector  28  that can have precisely positioned pins  60  for mating to the other half of its connection. The optical connector housing  28  can be machined or formed to accept a heat sink  27  that butts against the back surface of the substrate  29  to conduct heat away from the optoelectronic device  21 .  
         [0044]      FIG. 2  illustrates the substrate  29  with its machined trench  23  and via holes  20 . The trench  23  and the via hole  20  can be machined or formed into the substrate  29  so that they are in precise alignment with one another either through a parallel forming or machining mechanism or through a photolithography step that defines both areas at once, or uses precise mask and mask alignment. Trench  23  has beveled sides  31  all around to provide for both a guiding feature and to allow any encapsulant to form correctly.  
         [0045]      FIG. 3  illustrates the various embodiments of the trench formed in the substrate  29  with alignment holes  41 .  FIG. 3   a  illustrates a rectangular trench  40  having beveled sides  43  that shows the configuration of the trench if the substrate would be &lt;100&gt; silicon (or formed by means of a mold) and wet anisotropic etching machined the trench. This embodiment  40  also illustrates a smaller trench footprint for later illustration. The trench  42  in  FIG. 3   b  illustrates another trench formed or machined in the same manner as  40 , but allowing for two separate optoelectronic device chips to be placed on the substrate along the direction of the width of the substrate due to the configuration of trench  42  which is also formed with beveled sides. Double trenches  44  in  FIG. 3   c  are formed or machined in the same manner as  40 , but allow for two separate optoelectronic device chips to be placed in a parallel fashion on the substrate along the direction of the height of the substrate. The rectangular trench  46  in  FIG. 3   d  illustrates the machining or forming of a trench in a different manner—if the substrate would be silicon (or formed by means of a silicon mold) and deep reactive ion etching or DRIE machined the trench (or formed by means of a mold), or if the substrate would be silicon (or formed by means of a mold) and wet anisotropic etching machining the trench which would be a parallelogram. Such a trench does not have beveled sides as shown. The two trenches  48  illustrated in  FIG. 3   e  are formed or machined in the same manner as  46 , but allow for two separate optoelectronic device chips to be placed on the substrate along the direction of the width of the substrate. Not pictured is the option of the embodiment of a trench formed or machined in the same manner as  46 , but allowing for two separate optoelectronic device chips to be placed on the substrate along the direction of the height of the substrate.  
         [0046]     The optoelectronic device can be placed within the trench with its active area facing out of or into or along the surface plane of the substrate.  
         [0047]      FIG. 4  illustrates the various embodiments of trenches formed or machined in the substrate for placement of the optoelectronic device into the back surface of the substrate, where the active area faces into the substrate and a window is cut out on the front surface for the active area to show through. Windows are not necessary for wavelengths for which the substrate is transparent to the optoelectronic device. Trench  50  in  FIG. 4   a  illustrates the use of wet anisotropic etching to machine the resultant front trench if the substrate would be &lt;100&gt; silicon (or formed by means of a &lt;100&gt; silicon mold) and the use of DRIE (or formed by means of the same mold) to form the back trench that aligns and houses the optoelectronic device. The result forms a lip  53  which acts as a stop to maintain an optoelectronic device in place and parallel to the disposition of the substrate  29 . Trench  52  in  FIG. 4   b  illustrates the use of wet anisotropic etching to machine the resultant front and back trench if the substrate would be silicon (or formed by means of a silicon mold). The result is a beveled front trench  55  and a beveled rear trench  56  which form a lip as shown to provide a guide and stop to hold a component in place. Trench  54  in  FIG. 4   c  illustrates the use of DRIE in the back and front of the substrate (or formed using a mold for the substrate) to provide both trenches, the front trench having an inner surface  58  and the rear trench having a back surface  57  which provide an alignment and stop lip to secure a component in place. Not shown is bonding the active device to the back side without a machining a trench for the device.  
         [0048]      FIG. 5  illustrates the various embodiments of the via holes machined or formed into the substrate  29  to provide for alignment to pins or alignment tools. A cut-away side view of a circular hole embodiment is pictured in  FIG. 5   b  with a top cross-sectional view provided in  FIG. 5   a.  This hole  62  is formed or machined via DRIE or laser drilling. The hole  62  is viewed face-on in  FIG. 5   c  with a pin  60  aligned within its edges. A cut-away side view of a diamond shaped hole embodiment  70  is pictured in  FIG. 5   e  with a top cross-sectional view provided in  FIG. 5   d.  The hole  70  is viewed face-on in  FIG. 5   f  with a pin  60  aligned with four points of contact. The hole can be formed or can be machined via DRIE or laser drilling or using a wet anisotropic etch if the substrate material is &lt;100&gt; silicon and the angle of each of the hole&#39;s edges is 45° off the major flat angle. The square, straight-walled hole can be machined 45° rotated from what is pictured in 70 if the substrate is &lt;110&gt; silicon. A cut-away side view of a square shaped hole embodiment  78  is pictured in  FIG. 5   h  with a top cross-sectional view provided in  FIG. 5   g.  The hole  78  is viewed face-on in  FIG. 5   i  with a pin  60  aligned with four points of contact. The hole  78  can be formed or can be machined using a wet anisotropic etch. The hole  78  can be formed by entirely etching through the front side  74  of the wafer  29 , entirely etching through the back side  76  of the wafer  29 , or any combination of depths of either. A front cut-away side view of a square shaped hole embodiment  84  with beveled edges  85  in the front is pictured in  FIG. 5   k  and a back cut-away side view of a square shaped hole embodiment is pictured in  FIG. 5   l,  with a top cross-sectional view provided in  FIG. 5   j  showing the straight and beveled sides  85 . One side of the hole  84  can be formed or can be machined using a wet anisotropic etch, while the other can be formed or can be machined using DRIE or laser drilling. As illustrated in  FIG. 5   n,  a diamond shaped hole  70  can be cut to provide two points of contact  90  for pin  60  alignment as in the face-on view  FIG. 5   m.  As illustrated in  FIG. 5   p,  a square hole may be cut to provide three points of contact  92  for pin  60  alignment as shown in the face-on view  FIG. 5   o.  The multiple points of contact provide alignment and centering functions and, when mated back together, form four points of contact with a circular guide pin  60 . As illustrated in  FIG. 5   r,  a circular hole may be cut to provide an arc of contact  94  for pin  60  alignment as shown in  FIG. 5   q.  Such an arc contact provides for a press fit of the pin  60  within the hole  62  on substrate  29 .  
         [0049]      FIG. 6  illustrates an electrically conductive circuit  99  deposited onto or selectively diffused in the substrate  29  with its trench  23  and holes  20 . This circuit can provide bond pads  104  for ball wire bonds to the optoelectronic device and/or its drivers. The circuit fans out at  102  to provide easier access to the top bond pads  100 . The circuit can include ground plane circuits between signal carrying circuits to provide less crosstalk between signals.  
         [0050]      FIG. 7  illustrates an electrically conductive solder pad  106  to allow for flip chip or direct bonding of the optoelectronic device and/or drivers to the substrate  29  with its holes  20  and trench  23 . Patterned solders may be made to reflow to provide for alignment of the device with its bottom pads  104  within the trench, or the trench walls used for the alignment.  
         [0051]      FIG. 8  illustrates various embodiments of the substrate providing for perpendicular and backside access to the circuits on or embedded in the front surface of the substrate  29  with its holes  20  and trench  23 . In the circuits illustrated in  FIG. 8   a,  the edge conductors  110  are formed by anisotropic etching of silicon or forming of some other material into the v-shaped trough  114  and depositing an electrical conductor on or diffusing a conductive layer into the surface. The substrate can then be cut to form two pieces as in  FIG. 8   c,  one of which becomes the chip shown in side cross-sectional view in  FIG. 8   d  with a sloped trough for receiving the array circuit. The edge connection  110  provides perpendicular access to the optoelectronic device&#39;s circuits. In the circuits illustrated in  FIG. 8   e,  the edge conductors  120  are formed by anisotropic etching of silicon or DRIE or laser drilling of the substrate material or forming of some other material into the rectangular trough shape  122  and depositing an electrical conductor on or diffusing a conductive layer into the surface. The substrate can then be cut to form two pieces as is shown in  FIG. 8   g,  one of which becomes the chip as is shown in side cross-sectional view in  FIG. 8   h  as a notched trough. The edge connection  120  provides perpendicular access to the optoelectronic device&#39;s circuits. In the circuits illustrated in  FIG. 8   i,  the edge metallizations  128  are formed by DRIE through the substrate material or forming of some other material into the shape  130  and depositing an electrical conductor on into the surface. The substrate is then cut to form two pieces as is shown in  FIG. 8   k,  one of which becomes the chip as is shown in side cross-sectional view in  FIG. 8   l  with its concave troughs for termination of the array circuit. The edge connection  128  provides perpendicular and backside access to the optoelectronic device&#39;s circuits.  
         [0052]      FIG. 9  illustrates the alignment and bonding of the optoelectronic device  21  into the alignment trench  23  of substrate  29 . The shape of the trench, with its beveled sides, receives the device and aligns it at the same time, eliminating the need for further alignment. Ball wire bonds  30  affix the electrical connections on the front face of the device  21  to the bond pads in or on the substrate&#39;s surface.  
         [0053]      FIG. 10  illustrates the use of “flex” circuitry ISO connected to the edge circuit of the array to carry the electrical signals away from the substrate in a protective flexible conductor. The flex circuitry may be connected to the top edge circuit by any of the means heretofore described.  
         [0054]      FIG. 11  illustrates the use of via holes  155  to carry the electrical connections for the optoelectronic device to the back surface of the substrate  29  with its rectangular trench  40 .  FIG. 11   a  illustrates a cut-away side view, while  FIG. 11   b  illustrates a cross-sectional side view. Various embodiments of the via holes with conductive layers are shown in  FIGS. 11   c - e.  The embodiment of a straight hole  156  shown in  FIG. 11   c  can be formed or can be machined by DRIE or laser drilling. The embodiment shown in  FIG. 11   d  with its hourglass shaped hole  157  can be formed or can be machined by a combination of wet anisotropic etches into silicon, one on the back surface and one on the front surface. The embodiment shown in  FIG. 11   e  with its tapered hole  158  can be formed or be machined by wet anisotropic etch on one surface of a &lt;100&gt; silicon substrate. It should be noted that such deep holes could be made to house optical fibers perpendicular to the surface and that such holes could be made in an array for an opposing chip which would be used to form an independent fiber to fiber or fiber to device connection system.  
         [0055]      FIG. 12  illustrates the injection of a known precise quantity of encapsulant  162  to fill flush to the surface of the alignment trench  23 . In  FIG. 12   a,  a cut-away side view of the substrate with circuit traces, solder, optoelectronic device, and encapsulant  162  is shown. The side cross-sectional view  FIG. 12   b  illustrates the flat surface achieved by molding the encapsulant  162  flush to the surface of the substrate and curing it.  
         [0056]      FIG. 13  illustrates the method by which an optoelectronic device is fitted into the substrate  29  through the back surface trench as defined in  50 ,  FIG. 4   a.  The device  21  is fitted face-first into the back surface trench of  50  as in the top cross- sectional view  FIG. 13   b.  In  FIG. 13   c,  the back surface face-on view illustrates the conductive circuit traces and solder bond pads  24  for the device  21 . In  FIG. 13   d,  the back surface face-on view illustrates the device  21  in place with its back facing out and its active area facing into the substrate. The lip  163  formed by the intersection of bevel  164  and straight side  165  holds device  21  in place in an aligned position.  
         [0057]      FIG. 14  illustrates embodiments of the molded encapsulant face to include, but not to limited to, optical elements like lenses and mirrors on a substrate  29 . In  FIG. 14   a,  a lens  180 , made of a rounded protrusion, spreads the light L coming out of the optoelectronic device  21  if  21  is a light emitting device, or  180  focuses the light L coming into the device  21  if  21  is a light receiving device. In  FIG. 14   b,  the device  186  is a light emitting device like a VCSEL, LED, or SLED, while the device  188  is a light receiving device like a PIN diode. A portion of the light transmitted from  186  reflects off of angular surface  182  into the active area  188 , where it is detected. This configuration is useful for monitoring the power of  186 . The angle of surface  182  can be calculated to provide for the correct amount of reflected light to impinge upon  188 .  
         [0058]      FIG. 15  illustrates the fashioning of an optical connector housing  28  that has the same spacing and alignment as a mating connector with fibers or waveguides embedded in it. The optical connector housing  28  has alignment pins  60 . It also has a feature such as slot  91  that accepts a protrusion  92  on heat sink  27  into its body so that the optoelectronic device on the substrate  29  can thermally conduct through it. In  FIG. 15   a,  the connector housing  28  and the heat sink  27  are displayed separately. In  FIG. 15   b,  the heat sink and the housing have been assembled, and the optoelectronic coupler subassembly  195  is displayed separately. In  FIG. 15   c,  all the parts have been assembled. The subassembly  195  and the heat sink  27  would be affixed to the connector housing  28 , but the pins  60  could be removed once the assembly  195  is bonded in place. The device is ready for connection via solder bumps  25  to an array, a circuit, drivers or the like.  
         [0059]      FIG. 16  illustrates, in  FIGS. 16   a,    16   b  and  16   c  the sequence of coupling of a fiber optic array connector  210  to the optoelectronic subassembly  205 . The guidepins  60  used to align substrate  29  and component  28  have been removed as the two pieces were bonded. The fiber optic array connector  210  with its flex cord  211  has pins  160  which in turn are inserted into holes  20  of substrate  29  which previously received pins  60  for alignment purposes prior to bonding. Once  210  is inserted into holes  20  the device can be considered complete or it is further bonded together.  
         [0060]     The invention herein allows for a large degree of wafer integration. It allows for the use of etching to provide for passive alignment of components within an assembly of components. A large plus to this invention is the utilization of existing components, such as those shown in  FIGS. 15 and 16  as  28  and  210  respectively, in the subassembly. This negates the need for expensive manufacture of all new components to achieve this positive passive alignment while at the same time providing a superior platform for the technology. The invention allows for direct bonding of the device to the carrier or other component and for solder or patterned metallizations in the recesses. This allows for flip-chip bonding of pads on the active device to the carrier.  
         [0061]     It also allows for possible ground plane metals extending between the traces to help prevent crosstalk in the final module. It also allows for connection to flex (metal conductors in/on a flexible medium) at a distance where there is no interference from the other connector or functions on the face.  
         [0062]     The ability to accurately construct the trenches also allows for disposition of a known amount of transparent (can be non-transparent if other optical paths are chosen) encapsulant can be injected to form optical surface. It also allows for the insertion of a filter or other optical elements. This can incorporate coatings to change the reflectivity and transmission such as bandwidth, etc. The use of encapsulant protects against damage due to abrasion, water, and dust to the wire bonds. It is possible to emboss or otherwise shape the encapsulant to form a singular or array of small lenses to optimally couple the light in and out of the system. These can deflect the light to photodiodes to monitor the output of the light. Transparent slides can be inserted into the encapsulant to alter the light transmission qualities thereof.  
         [0063]     The silicon wafers can be etched using wet or dry processes. The apertures can be metallized to pass signals from one side of the carrier to the other side. The use of CVD metal deposition and physical vapor deposition at a tilted or variable incident angle is also contemplated. Holes can be etched though the wafers or substrates using isotropic or anisotropic etching giving perpendicular access allowing subsequent metallization of the trenches. The trenches can be filled with solder for connection to another substrate or board and can have pass through connections as described herein from both the edge perpendicular and the opposite side. I.e, the holes can be etched so as to pass electrical connections up to the top edge of the substrate as well as to the opposite side. The etching provides for passive alignment features both in the trench and the holes. A heat sink can be attached to the component with the active portion extending away from the heat generating device which enhances the operation of the sink.  
         [0064]     The use of the guide pins and alignment system allows the component to serve as a one time alignment guide to fiber array ferrules which utilizes the mechanics of the fiber array for subsequent matings. The system also allows for board to board free space optical connection. Components having integrated ICs can be connected up as well.  
         [0065]     An important consideration is that many of the steps in providing the components are integrated at the wafer level which allows for huge cost savings to be made. This allows also for greater thickness in face plates and requiring only minor changes to be made to the housings which connect and aligns the two ferrules.  
         [0066]     Where the operation of devices is 1200 to 1600 nm, the carrier (substrate) is transparent the devices may be mounted facing the carrier in a etched recess. If the carrier is not transparent the cut-out section may be etched so as to be in communication with the trench. In such a case a non-transparent encapsulant may be utilized.  
         [0067]     Having shown and described the invention in its many incarnations it will be obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art that many changes and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the appended claims