Abstract:
An energy efficient process for converting biomass into a higher carbon content, high energy density slurry. Water and biomass are mixed at a temperature and under a pressure that are much lower than in prior processes, but under a non-oxidative gas, which enables a stable slurry to be obtained containing up to 60% solids by weight, 20-40% carbon by weight, in the slurry. The temperature is nominally about 200° C. under non-oxidative gas pressure of about 150 psi, conditions that are substantially less stringent than those required by the prior art. In another embodiment, the biomass water slurry can be mixed with a coal water slurry to further optimize the carbon content and pumpability of the biomass slurry.

Description:
This application is a divisional application of allowed U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/286,165, which was filed Sep. 29, 2008 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,118,894 on Feb. 21, 2012, which is a continuation-in-part of, and claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/879,456, filed Jul. 16, 2007 (now abandoned), which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/489,299, filed Jul. 18, 2006 (now abandoned), which are incorporated in their entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The field of the invention is the synthesis of transportation fuel from carbonaceous feed stocks. 
     BACKGROUND 
     There is a need to identify new sources of chemical energy and methods for its conversion into alternative transportation fuels, driven by many concerns including environmental, health, safety issues, and the inevitable future scarcity of petroleum-based fuel supplies. The number of internal combustion engine fueled vehicles worldwide continues to grow, particularly in the midrange of developing countries. The worldwide vehicle population outside the U.S., which mainly uses diesel fuel, is growing aster than inside the U.S. This situation may change as more fuel-efficient vehicles, using hybrid and/or diesel engine technologies, are introduced to reduce both fuel consumption and overall emissions. Since the resources for the production of petroleum-based fuels are being depleted, dependency on petroleum will become a major problem unless non-petroleum alternative fuels, in particular clean-burning synthetic diesel fuels, are developed. Moreover, normal combustion of petroleum-based fuels in conventional engines can cause serious environmental pollution unless strict methods of exhaust emission control are used. A clean burning synthetic diesel fuel can help reduce the emissions from diesel engines. 
     The production of clean-burning transportation fuels requires either the reformulation of existing petroleum-based fuels or the discovery of new methods for power production or fuel synthesis from unused materials. There are many sources available, derived from either renewable organic or waste carbonaceous materials. Utilizing carbonaceous waste to produce synthetic fuels is an economically viable method since the input feed stock is already considered of little value, discarded as waste, and disposal is often polluting. 
     Liquid transportation fuels have inherent advantages over gaseous fuels, having higher energy densities than gaseous fuels at the same pressure and temperature. Liquid fuels can be stored at atmospheric or low pressures whereas to achieve liquid fuel energy densities, a gaseous fuel would have to be stored in a tank on a vehicle at high pressures that can be a safety concern in the case of leaks or sudden rupture. The distribution of liquid fuels is much easier than gaseous fuels, using simple pumps and pipelines. The liquid fueling infrastructure of the existing transportation sector ensures easy integration into the existing market of any production of clean-burning synthetic liquid transportation fuels. 
     The availability of clean-burning liquid transportation fuels is a national priority. Producing synthesis gas (which is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide) cleanly and efficiently from carbonaceous sources, that can be subjected to a Fischer-Tropsch type process to produce clean and valuable synthetic gasoline and diesel fuels, will benefit both the transportation sector and the health of society. A Fischer-Tropsch type process or reactor, which is defined herein to include respectively a Fischer-Tropsch process or reactor, is any process or reactor that uses synthesis gas to produce a liquid fuel. Similarly, a Fischer-Tropsch type liquid fuel is a fuel produced by such a process or reactor. A Fischer-Tropsch type process allows for the application of current state-of-art engine exhaust after-treatment methods for NOx reduction, removal of toxic particulates present in diesel engine exhaust, and the reduction of normal combustion product pollutants, currently accomplished by catalysts that are poisoned quickly by any sulfur present, as is the case in ordinary stocks of petroleum derived diesel fuel, reducing the catalyst efficiency. Typically, Fischer-Tropsch type liquid fuels, produced from biomass derived synthesis gas, are sulfur-free, aromatic free, and in the case of synthetic diesel fuel have an ultrahigh cetane value. 
     Biomass material is the most commonly processed carbonaceous waste feed stock used to produce renewable fuels. Biomass feed stocks can be converted to produce electricity, heat, valuable chemicals or fuels. California tops the nation in the use and development of several biomass utilization technologies. For example, in just the Riverside County, California area, it is estimated that about 4000 tons of waste wood are disposed of per day. According to other estimates, over 100,000 tons of biomass per day are dumped into landfills in the Riverside County collection area. This waste comprises about 30% waste paper or cardboard, 40% organic (green and food) waste, and 30% combinations of wood, paper, plastic and metal waste. The carbonaceous components of this waste material have chemical energy that could be used to reduce the need for other energy sources if it can be converted into a clean-burning fuel. These waste sources of carbonaceous material are not the only sources available. While many existing carbonaceous waste materials, such as paper, can be sorted, reused and recycled, for other materials, the waste producer would not need to pay a tipping fee, if the waste were to be delivered directly to a conversion facility. A tipping fee, presently at $30-$35 per ton, is usually charged by the waste management agency to offset disposal costs. Consequently not only can disposal costs be reduced by transporting the waste to a waste-to-synthetic fuels processing plant, but additional waste would be made available because of the lowered cost of disposal. 
     The burning of wood in a wood stove is a simple example of using biomass to produce heat energy. Unfortunately, open burning of biomass waste to obtain energy and heat is not a clean and efficient method to utilize the calorific value. Today, many new ways of utilizing carbonaceous waste are being discovered. For example, one way is to produce synthetic liquid transportation fuels, and another way is to produce energetic gas for conversion into electricity. 
     Using fuels from renewable biomass sources can actually decrease the net accumulation of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, while providing clean, efficient energy for transportation. One of the principal benefits of co-production of synthetic liquid fuels from biomass sources is that it can provide a storable transportation fuel while reducing the effects of greenhouse gases contributing to global warming. In the future, these co-production processes could provide clean-burning fuels for a renewable fuel economy that could be sustained continuously. 
     A number of processes exist to convert coal and other carbonaceous materials to clean-burning transportation fuels, but they tend to be too expensive to compete on the market with petroleum-based fuels, or they produce volatile fuels, such as methanol and ethanol that have vapor pressure values too high for use in high pollution areas, such as the Southern California air-basin, without legislative exemption from clean air regulations. An example of the latter process is the Hynol Methanol Process, which uses hydro-gasification and steam reformer reactors to synthesize methanol using a co-feed of solid carbonaceous materials and natural gas, and which has a demonstrated carbon conversion efficiency of &gt;85% in bench-scale demonstrations. 
     Of particular interest to the present invention are processes developed more recently in which a slurry of carbonaceous material is fed into a hydro-gasifier reactor. One such process was developed in our laboratories to produce synthesis gas in which a slurry of particles of carbonaceous material in water, and hydrogen from an internal source, are fed into a hydro-gasification reactor under conditions to generate rich producer gas. This is led along with steam into a steam pyrolytic reformer under conditions to generate synthesis gas. This process is described in detail in Norbeck et al. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/503,435 (published as US 2005/0256212), entitled: “Production Of Synthetic Transportation Fuels From Carbonaceous Material Using Self-Sustained Hydro-Gasification.” 
     In a further version of the process, using a steam hydro-gasification reactor (SHR) the carbonaceous material is heated simultaneously in the presence of both hydrogen and steam to undergo steam pyrolysis and hydro-gasification in a single step. This process is described in detail in Norbeck et al. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/911,348 (published as US 2005/0032920), entitled: “Steam Pyrolysis As A Process to Enhance The Hydro-Gasification of Carbonaceous Material,” The disclosures of U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 10/503,435 and 10/911,348 are incorporated herein by reference. 
     All of these processes require the formation of a slurry of biomass that can be fed to the hydro-gasification reactor. To enhance the efficiency of the chemical conversions taking place in these processes, it is desirable to have a low water to carbon ratio, therefore a high energy density, slurry, which also makes the slurry more pumpable. High solids content coal/water slurries have successfully been used in coal gasifiers in the feeding systems of pressurized reactors. A significant difference between coal/water slurries and biomass/water slurries is that coal slurries contain up to 70% solids by weight compared to about 20% solids by weight in biomass slurries. Comparing carbon content, coal slurries contain up to about 50% carbon by weight compared to about 8-10% carbon by weight in biomass slurries. The polymeric structure if cell walls of the biomass mainly consists of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. All of these components contain hydroxyl groups. These hydroxyl groups play a key role in the interaction between water and biomass, in which the water molecules are absorbed to form a hydrogen bond. This high hygroscopicity of biomass is generally why biomass slurries are not readily produced with a high carbon content. 
     A number of processes have been developed to produce high carbon content slurries for use as the feedstock for a hydro-gasifier. JGC Corporation in Japan developed the Biomass Slurry Fuel process, which, however must be carried out at semi-critical conditions, with a temperature of 310 C. and at a pressure of 2200 psi. The process converts high water content biomass into an aqueous slurry having a solids content of about 70%, which is the same level as a coal/water slurry. However, it has to be carried out under high energy conditions. 
     Texaco researchers developed a hydrothermal pretreatment process for municipal sewage sludge that involves heating the slurry to 350° C. followed by a two stage flash evaporation, again requiring high energy conditions. 
     Traditionally, thermal treatment of wood is a well known technology in the lumber industry to enhance the structural property of wood, but not to prepare a slurry. It decreases hygroscopicity and increases the durability of lumber for construction. Polymeric chains are cleaved in thermal treatment, and accessible hydroxyl groups are reduced leading to a limited interaction with water compared to untreated wood. 
     Aqueous liquifications of biomass samples have been carried out in an autoclave in the reaction temperature range of about 277-377° C. at about 725-2900 psi, to obtain heavy oils rather than slurries, exemplified by the liquification of spruce wood powder at about 377° C. to obtain a 49% liquid yield of heavy oil. See A. Demirbas, “Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Liquid Products in the Aqueous Medium.”, Energy Sources, 27:1235-1243, 2005. 
     Our previous work (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/489,299) disclosed novel methods that enabled the production of a stable biomass slurry containing up to 60% solids by weight, so as to provide 20-40% carbon by weight in the slurry. However, it was not appreciated at that time the optimal conditions required for using such biomass slurries in hydrogasification processes, such as the optimum viscosity of the slurry to be delivered/pumped. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Provided is a steam hydrogasification process efficient for gasification of both coal and biomass feedstocks, either alone or commingled. The process can utilize water to provide an internal source of hydrogen and to control the synthesis gas ratio over a wide range [1]. This requires the formation of a slurry with a high carbon to water ratio, but with a viscosity to allow ease of handling during preparation, storage and transfer to the reactor. 
     The present invention provides an energy efficient process for converting biomass into a higher carbon content, high energy density slurry. In particular, a coal water slurry is combined with a mixture of water and biomass, where the mixture is heated at a temperature and under a pressure that are much lower used in than prior processes, but under nitrogen, which enables a stable slurry to be obtained containing up to 60% solids by weight, so as to provide 20-40% carbon by weight in the slurry. While ranges will be given in the detailed description, the temperature is nominally about 200° C. under non-oxidative gas pressure of about 150 psi, conditions that are substantially less stringent than those required by the prior art. 
     In another embodiment, the coal slurry is provided in an amount whereby to obtain a viscosity of less than 0.7 Pas for the high energy density slurry. 
     In yet another embodiment the water to carbon ratio of the high energy density slurry is approximately 2:1. In a further embodiment, the water:carbon ratio of the high energy density slurry can be adjusted to 3:1. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
       For a more complete understanding of the present invention, reference is now made to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a photograph of a 50% by weight biomass water mixture before treatment with the invention; and 
         FIG. 2  is a photograph of the biomass water mixture of  FIG. 1  after treatment with the invention. 
         FIG. 3  shows a graph of the effect of particle size in coal-water slurries solid loading 60%). 
         FIG. 4  shows a graph of the effect of particle wood size in wood-water slurries (solid loading 10%). 
         FIG. 5  shows a graph of the effect of solid loading in coal-water slurries (particle size 250 μm-500 μm). 
         FIG. 6  shows a graph of the effect of particle size in coal-water slurries. 
         FIG. 7  shows a graph of the shear rate vs. viscosity of pretreated wood-water slurry. 
         FIG. 8  shows a graph comparison of viscosity of slurries as increasing solid loading (shear rate 101 l/s). 
         FIG. 9  shows a graph of viscosity of different water carbon ratio in commingled coal-biomass water slurry. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The term “biomass” as used herein refers broadly to material which is, or is obtained from, agricultural products, wood and other plant material, and/or vegetation, and their wastes. The biomass is mixed with water at the desired weight percentage, generally from 30 to 70 wt % while at a temperature in the range of 170 to 250° C., most preferably about 200° C., under non-oxidative gas pressure of 100 to 400 psi, most preferably about 150 psi. The mixture can be placed in an autoclave at room temperature and ramped to the reaction temperature, or the vessel can be preheated to the desired temperature before being pressurized. The reaction temperature can range from 10 minutes to an hour or more. 
     While any non-oxidative gas can be used, such as argon, helium, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, or gaseous hydrocarbons, or mixtures thereof, nitrogen is preferred because of its economic availability. Another preferred non-oxidative gas is hydrogen if available internally from the process, and which can be particularly advantageous if carried with the slurry into a hydro-gasification reactor. While it is desirable to eliminate oxidative gas, one can use a commercial grade, or less pure, of the non-oxidative gas so long as no substantial oxidation takes place. 
     The following examples will illustrate the invention. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , a mixture of 0% biomass, consisting of pine tree particles in water is shown before treatment. Dry pine sawdust was obtained from American Wood Fibers and the dry White Cedar from Utah. The sawdust was ground using a commercially available coffee grinder and sieved to &lt;100 mesh (150 μm). For the wood pre-treatment, an autoclave system was set up. It consisted of an Autoclave Engineers EZE-Seal pressure vessel rated at 3,300 psi at 850° F. The wood sample and deionized water were weighed and then well mixed by hand to even water distribution in a large beaker before putting it in the vessel. The amount of wood added was adjusted for moisture content. The vessel was then weighed with contents, vacuumed and purged three times with argon, and finally pressurized to 100±1 psi. The temperature was ramped to operating temperature (210-230° C.) in about 30 minutes and then held for 30 minutes. Pressure and internal temperature were recorded using a data acquisition software. After holding for 30 minutes, application of the heat was stopped and the vessel was pulled out of the heater. The vessel was left to cool to room temperature to allow collection of head space gas and sample. Temperature and pressure were recorded before collection and then the vessel was weighed. 
     The result is shown in  FIG. 2 , which is a photograph of the slurry of  FIG. 1  after treatment, which was a pumpable slurry containing 50 wt. % solids in water. Analysis of the head space gas showed negligible carbon, indicating negligible carbon loss from the slurry. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     The procedure of Example 1 was followed but the vessel was preheated to &gt;200° C. before being put in the heater. The autoclave was found to reach 230° C. in 15 minutes or less and then it was held for 30 minutes. The time needed to reach the target temperature did not have a noticeable physical impact on the resulting product 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     The method of Example 1 can be carried out but in which the starting mixture is non-pumpable agricultural waste containing 60 weight percent solids. The result will be a pumpable slurry containing 60 wt. % solids in water. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     The method of Example 1 can be carried out but in which the starting mixture is vegetation containing 40 weight percent solids. The result will be a pumpable slurry containing 40 wt. % solids in water. 
     The slurry of carbonaceous material resulting from the process of this invention can be fed into a hydro-gasifier reactor under conditions to generate rich producer gas. This can be fed along with steam into a steam pyrolytic reformer under conditions to generate synthesis gas, as described in Norbeck et al. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/503,435, referred to above. Alternatively, the resultant slurry can be heated simultaneously in the presence of both hydrogen and steam to undergo steam pyrolysis and hydro-gasification in a single step, as described in detail in Norbeck et al. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/911,348, referred to above. 
     Examples Related to Commingling Biomass and Coal Slurries 
     Others have concluded that the rheological properties of coal-water slurries, such as shear stress and viscosity, are dependent on the type of coal, solid loading, coal particle size and size distribution, temperature, and additives [2-4]. Other studies have addressed biomass suspension and the effect of particle size on rheological properties of cellulosic biomass slurries [5]. However, biomass slurry rheological studies and its potential as a gasification feedstock when co-mingled with coal have not been reported. 
     Provided now are novel results obtained by examining the rheological properties and pumpability of various coal-water, wood-water, and commingled wood-coal-water slurries. The major factors considered are particle size, solid loading, viscosity, and a proprietary wood pretreatment procedure for the wood for the purpose of increasing the solid water ratio. Finally, the maximum solid content of co-mingled coal-wood slurries that are pumpable was evaluated. 
     At the time the above data was produced (for the above Examples 1-4) (as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/489,299) it was not appreciated that the pumpability of our hydrogasification process would be obtained with a viscosity of less than 0.7 Pas. Given this previously undisclosed fact, and that the optimum water:carbon ratio of our process is 3:1, we set out to determine how the viscosities of our pretreated biomass slurries could be improved. The following experiments show that one method of improving pumpability of biomass slurries is to commingle biomass slurries with coal slurries. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     Preparation of Coal and Wood Particles 
     Coal and wood particles were prepared from bituminous coal from Utah and poplar sawdust. Each material was initially ground and then pulverized in a pulverizing grinder. The pulverized particles were then sieved into three particle size ranges: 0-150 μm, 150 μm-250 μm and 250 μm-500 μm. The particles were then dried in a vacuum oven for vaporization of the moisture content at 70° C. The analysis of the solid content of the coal and wood particles after the vaporization process was determined by Thermometric Gravitation Analysis (TGA). The results of the TGA are presented in Table 1. Finally, particles were mixed with water to form numerous coal and wood slurries. The solid loading for coal-water slurries ranged from 40 wt. % to 65 wt. % by every 5% and 5 wt. % to 12.5 wt. % by every 2.5% for the wood-water slurries. Mixtures were settled overnight for complete mixing of the particles and water and were then gently stirred just before the rheological tests to avoid settlement of particles. Harsh stirring was avoided to prevent small air bubbles which would impact the rheological tests. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Coal particles 
                 Wood particles 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ash content (wt. %) 
                 7.6 
                 0.6 
               
               
                   
                 Moisture content (wt. %) 
                 4.0 
                 5.75 
               
               
                   
                 Volatile matter (wt. %) 
                 36.2 
                 72.8 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     B. Pretreatment of Wood Slurry 
     In an actual working example, a portion of the prepared wood particles within the particle size of 150 μm-250 μm were pretreated using a proprietary method developed by our laboratory. The wood particles were mixed with water at solid weight percentages of 20 wt. %, 30 wt. %, and 40 wt. %. The mixtures were then heated at 230° C. at 100 psi of hydrogen for 30 min. The process was carried out in a seated batch reactor; thus the difference in the solid content before and after the pretreatment was assumed to be negligible and was confirmed by thermal analysis of the biomass slurry after pretreatment. The 20 wt. % pretreated biomass slurry was then mixed with up to 35 wt. % of the 0-150 μm coal particles to form commingled biomass-coal-water slurries. 
     Although 20 wt pretreated biomass slurry was mixed with up to 35 wt % of the 0-150 μm coal particles, it is also possible to use 30 wt % or 40 wt % wood particle preparations. Further mixtures can be heated at a range of between 180-300° C. at between 100-1000 psi of hydrogen for between 10-45 minutes. Also, although 35 w % of the 0-150 μm coal particles were used, it is possible to use instead 150 μm-250 μm and 250 μm-500 μm size particles. 
     C. Determination of the Slurry Rheological Properties 
     Rheological properties of slurries were determined by using an Anton Paar Reotab QC rotational rheometer with temperature control. The rotational rheometer is a coaxial-cylinder rheometer with the center rotor rotating at a defined speed or torque. A six-blade vane spinner with 1 inch outside diameter was utilized as the rotor. The reason for employing a vane spinner as the rotor is that the vane-cup system causes much less error when testing large particles and has less impact on the slurry structure [6]. Pump selection for handling slurries for industry applications is based on theological data that are obtained from slurry rheology tests. The crucial parameters for pump selection are shear stress at certain shear rates, viscosity of the slurry, yield point, and settlement rate of the slurry. Other physical properties such as attrition and the friction of particles inside the slurry may also need to be considered for pump selection. The shear rate and shear stress curve of coal-water and wood-water slurry coordinates can be characterized by the Generalized Bingham Plastic model [7] as shown in Eq. 1, where T is shear stress applied to the system when the shear rate of γ is maintained. Ty is the yield stress of the starting slurry. K and n are empirical parameters determined by fitting the equation with experimental data. The correlation between shear rate and shear stress corresponds to a power law with constant coefficient of K. Thus, the viscosity of the slurry is defined as the slope of change in shear rate with a change in shear stress as given by Eq. 2. A change in viscosity can be obtained by either shear thinning or shear thickening. In shear thinning flow the viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate, while in shear thickening flow, viscosity increases with increasing shear rate. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   τ 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       τ 
                       y 
                     
                     + 
                     
                       K 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         γ 
                         n 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     Eq 
                     . 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   μ 
                   = 
                   
                     Δτ 
                     Δγ 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     Eq 
                     . 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Results and Discussion of Experiment 5 
     A. Effect of Shear Rate on Viscosity 
     The effect of an increase in shear rate on slurry viscosity was evaluated for different particle sizes and solid loading for both coal-water and wood-water slurries. The relationship between shear rate and viscosity was obtained for different particle sizes for coal-water and wood-water slurries. The results are shown in  FIG. 3  and  FIG. 4 , respectively. The solid loading in the coal-water and wood slurries was fixed at 60 wt. % and 10 wt. %, respectively. 
     Non-Newtonian shear thinning was observed for both coal-water and wood-water slurries. The viscosity of the coal-water slurries, shown in  FIG. 3 , decreased rapidly with increased shear rate up to 200 s-1 but then reduced at a slower rate beyond 200 s-1. Also, larger particle sizes had lower stuffy viscosity. A similar trend was observed in wood-water slurries tests as seen in  FIG. 4 . The viscosity of wood-water slurries decreased rapidly with increased shear rates of up to 100 s-1 but decreased at a slower rate beyond 100 s-1. Similar to the coal-water slurries, the viscosity decreased with increasing particle size. A comparison of these two figures show that much higher shear thinning properties was observed for wood-water slurries. A possible reason may be that water is highly hydrogen bonded with wood particles. Therefore, higher shear stress was needed for wood-water slurries to maintain a same shear rate compared to coal-water slurries. 
     B. Effect of Solid Content 
     The maximum solid loading in coal-water and wood-water slurries varied for different particle size. When the maximum solid loading was exceeded, the mixture was not uniform as slurry and particles bound together to form larger particles. Table 2 shows the maximum solid loading for coal-water and wood-water slurries. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Maximum solid loading in wood-water and coal-water slurries 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Maximum wood loading 
                 Maximum coal loading in 
               
               
                   
                 in slurry (wt. %) 
                 slurry (wt. %) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0-150 μm 
                 13% 
                 65% 
               
               
                 150 μm-250 μm 
                 13.5%   
                 66.5%   
               
               
                 250 μm-500 μm 
                 15% 
                 68% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Experimental results for different so eating on coal-water and wood water slurries are shown in  FIG. 5  and  FIG. 6 , respectively. 
     It can be seen from  FIG. 5  that the coal-water slurries changed from a shear thinning property to a shear thickening property as the coal-loading decreased from 50 wt. % to 45 wt %. The shear thickening property of coal-water slurry was rarely observed by other studies, S. K. Majumder reported [8] that the reason for the thickening was due to the emulsion-solids exhibiting dilatants flow behavior with low solid loading range. It is also seen that the viscosity of coal-water slurries increased with increasing solid loading. There was not much difference between slurries with solid loading of less than 55 wt. % for shear rates over 150 s-1. Similar to the coal-water slurries, the viscosity of wood-water slurries also increased with increasing solid loading. However, at a shear rate over 100 s-1, Newtonian fluid properties were observed at solid loading less than 7.5 wt. % and the viscosity increased slightly with increasing shear rate, as shown in  FIG. 6 . 
     C. Properties of Pretreated Wood-Water and Commingled Wood-Coal-Water Slurries 
     The effect of shear rate on viscosity in pretreated wood-water slurry was also evaluated.  FIG. 7  shows the rheological properties of pretreated biomass slurries with weight percentages of 20%, 30% and 40%. Unlike the wood-water slurry before pretreatment, the viscosity profile of pretreated wood-water slurry dropped rapidly as shear rate increased from 10 s-1 to 200 s-1, then decreased slightly beyond 200 s-1. The viscosity increased with increasing solid loading which is consistent with wood-water slurry before pretreatment. The important result is that with pretreatment there is an increase in the solid loading of wood-water slurry to 40% as compared to 12.5% before pretreatment. It is believed that presence of hydrogen under up to 230° C. and 100 Psi help break down the cellulose and semi-cellulose structure of wood which resulted in breaking the hydrogen bond between the wood and water. However, no analytical experiments were performed to confirm this. 
       FIG. 8  shows the comparison of the viscosity of slurries with increasing solid loading. It is clear that the pretreatment process greatly helped increase the solid content in wood-water slurry at a similar viscosity. At the same viscosity, the coal-water slurry had the highest solid content. The commingled coal in pretreated wood-water slurry had a solid content up to 55 wt. %. 
     D. Solid Loading of Pumpable Slurries 
     We have found that a viscosity of less than 0.7 Pas is preferred for easy pumping of slurries to our reactor. We successfully increased the solid loading in the wood-water slurry by using our pretreatment method while maintaining the viscosity. The solid loading of pretreated wood-water slurry under 0.7 Pas was less than 35%. We commingled the pretreated wood-water slurry with coal to increase its solid loading and carbon content. The results of viscosity with increased solid loading of coal-water, wood-water, pretreated wood-water and commingled coal-wood water slurries are shown in  FIG. 8 . It is shown that at 0.7 Pas viscosity, coal-water slurry had the highest solid loading of up to 65%, and wood-water slurry before pretreatment had the lowest solid loading of less than 12.5%. After pretreatment, the solid loading in wood-water slurry of 0.7 Pas increased to nearly 35% and when commingled with coal, the solid loading increased to nearly 45%. Closer investigation of the water to carbon ratio of these slurries further suggested that the commingled coat-wood water slurry provided a water to carbon ratio of 2:1. With our gasification process the optimized water to carbon ratio is 3:1. Thus, with pretreatment, the theological properties of the commingled coal-wood water slurry are improved for use as a feedstock for gasification. Such commingled coal-wood water slurries can be adjusted with water to obtain the desired water:carbon ratio of 3:1. 
     Table 3 shows the results of mass based water to carbon ratio of different slurries at a viscosity of 0.7 Pas. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Mass based water to carbon ratio of slurries (0.7 Pas viscosity) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 wood- 
                 pretreated 
                   
               
               
                   
                 coal-water 
                 water 
                 wood-water 
                 commingled biomass- 
               
               
                   
                 slurry 
                 slurry 
                 slurry 
                 coal-water slurry 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ratio 
                 0.78 
                 13.82 
                 3.67 
                 2.01 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The viscosity plot of different water carbon ratio in commingled coat-wood water slurry is shown in  FIG. 9 . Under optimized water to carbon ratio of 3:1 for application as feedstock in gasification process, slurry viscosity is less than 0.45 Pas and provides good pumpability. 
     In conclusion, our results show non-Newtonian properties of slurries and shear thinning behavior for most cases except the coal-water slurries with a solid content below 45%. Comparison of the viscosity of slurries under shear rate of 100 shows that thermal pretreatment increased the solid loading of wood-water and commingled coat-biomass-water slurries for the same viscosity values. Pretreatment of the commingled coal-wood slurries provided a pumpable slurry with a solid carbon content for optimum feed to the steam hydrogasification reactor. 
     Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process and apparatus described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure of the present invention, processes and apparatuses, presently existing or later to be developed that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according to the present invention. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include such processes and use of such apparatuses within their scope. 
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