Abstract:
The invention provides conjugates, comprising an organ, tissue or tumor cell homing molecule linked to a moiety. Such a moiety can be, for example, an oligonucleotide, small interfering RNA, gene, virus, protein, pharmaceutical or detectable agent. In addition the invention provides methods to diagnose or treat neuronal or neuromuscular disease, or a pathology of the brain, or a tumor of neuronal or neuroectodermal origin, by administrating to a subject having or suspected of having a pathology a molecule or conjugate that homes to, binds to and is taken up by the brain cells or neuronal cells, or by the tumor cells of neuronal or neuroectodermal origin. The invention also provides a method of identifying and measuring neurite growth in neuronal cells.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This present invention is a continuation patent application that claims priority to PCT patent application number PCT/NL2008/050470, filed Jul. 11, 2008, and European patent application No. 07112313.7, filed on Jul. 12, 1007, the entirety of which are herein incorporated by reference. 
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention is in the field of in vivo targeting and provides molecules that home to, bind to and are taken up by various organs or tissues or tumor cells. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Most therapeutic compounds are delivered to the target organ or tissue through the circulation. However, in most cases the drug or other treatment will not only target the diseased organ or tissues, but will also be taken up by other organs and tissues in the body. This can result in undesirable side effects due to, for example, generalized toxic effects throughout the patient&#39;s body. Thus, it would be desirable to selectively target specific organs or tissues, or specific types of tumor cells. In addition, coupling of a therapeutic compound to a targeting molecule can improve the uptake properties of the compound into the targeted tissue or cells, resulting in a more effective molecule. Therefore, coupling to targeting molecules yields compounds that are more effective and less toxic than the parental compound, see Curnis et al., 2000, Nature Biotechnol. 18, 1185-1190. This can be applied to a wide range of compounds, such as peptides, proteins, cytostatic agents, antibiotic and antiviral agents. 
         [0004]    In the case of neuromuscular diseases such as myotonic dystrophy (MD) or spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) transport across the blood brain barrier and uptake into the neuronal cells is mandatory for an effective therapy. Neuron-specific peptides can be conjugated to, for example, antisense oligonucleotides (AONs) and small interfering RNA (siRNA). AONs and siRNAs have high potency to be applied as new classes of medicines for treatment of specific diseases by blocking undesired gene transcription. In the field of SMA therapy antisense-induced exon inclusion is gaining attention as a novel and promising tool for correction of the translational reading frame of the SMN2 (survival of motor neuron 2) transcript. The aim is to manipulate splicing in such a manner that the targeted exon will be included (through binding of the AONs to pre-mRNA). This would allow correction of the translational reading frame, and induction of the synthesis of a full length SMN protein. 
         [0005]    Several reports have shown the therapeutic potential of the exon inclusion strategy for restoring full length SMN protein production (Hua et al., 2007, PLoS Biol. 5, e73; Baughan et al., 2006, Mol. Ther. 14, 54-62). However, the biggest hurdle to overcome is the poor in vivo neuronal uptake of these AONs and transport across the blood brain barrier. For other neuronal diseases, or diseases of the brain (e.g. Alzheimer, Parkinson and the like) the problem is very similar, i.e. poor in vivo uptake of the therapeutic or diagnostic compounds. 
         [0006]    In the case of neuronal or neuro-ectodermal tumors (e.g. neuroblastoma, glioblastoma and the like), targeting is also of major importance for generating an effective therapy without side effects. Chemotherapeutic drugs can act both on normal as well as cancerous tissues, leading to this targeting requirement. For anti-sense oligonucleotide (AON-) or small interfering (si)RNA-based drugs it is known that pharmacokinetic properties are unfavourable for the free drug to reach sufficient levels at the site of the tumor, because the majority is absorbed in the liver and the kidneys. The vehicle delivering the chemotherapeutic must show sufficient half life time to effectively deliver a therapeutic agent to the desired cells, also beyond the blood brain barrier. 
         [0007]    In light of the above, it is very clear that further improvements in delivery systems are necessary to achieve specific uptake of agents such as AONs in vivo. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    It is an object of the present invention to provide compounds, preferably peptides or peptidomimetics, that home to an organ or tissue or cell type of interest, especially brain cells or neuronal cells, or by the tumor cells of neuronal or neuroectodermal origin. By coupling diagnostic moieties or moieties having a biological activity to such homing compounds, said moieties are targeted to the specific organs or tissues or cells. 
         [0009]    After extensive research, the present inventors have identified two peptides that selectively bind to and are taken up by brain cells, neuronal cells and by tumor cells of neuronal or neuroectodermal origin. This invention thus fulfills the need of improving the in vivo uptake of for example (antisense) oligonucleotides, by conjugation of such oligonucleotides to these specific peptides. The molecules are advantageously useful in antisense therapy methods for treatment of neuromuscular disease, brain disease or tumors of neuronal or neuro-ectodermal origin, and delivery of a wide variety of diagnostics or drugs across the blood-brain barrier to brain cells, or to neuronal cells, or to tumor cells of neuronal or neuroectodermal origin. 
         [0010]    Thus the present invention relates to a peptide or peptidomimetic comprising a sequence or consisting of a sequence selected form the group consisting of THRPPMWSPVWP (SEQ ID NO: 1) and LPWKPLG (SEQ ID NO: 2). 
         [0011]    Also the present invention concerns conjugates of a peptide or peptidomimetics comprising a sequence or consisting of a sequence selected form the group consisting of THRPPMWSPVWP (SEQ ID NO: 1) and LPWKPLG (SEQ ID NO: 2) and a moiety selected from a biologically active moiety and diagnostic moiety linked thereto. 
         [0012]    A conjugate as described above for use as a medicament is an aspect of this invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0013]    The present invention provides peptides or peptidomimetics for targeting diagnostic moieties or biologically active moieties to an organ or tissue or cell type of interest, especially across the blood brain barrier to brain cells, to neuronal cells or to tumor cells of neuronal or neuroectodermal origin. 
         [0014]    A peptide in the context of this invention comprises at least SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2 identified above. In one embodiment a peptide in the context of the present invention comprises a part of SEQ ID NO: 1, said part of SEQ ID NO: 1 being identical to 11, 10, 9, 8 or 7 amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 1. In one embodiment a peptide in the context of the present invention comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 3-12. In one embodiment a peptide in the context of the present invention comprises a variant of SEQ ID NO: 1, said variant comprising one substitution of any amino acid in SEQ ID NO: 1 with any other amino acid or derivative thereof. In one embodiment a peptide in the context of the present invention comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: β-23. The peptide can be fully constructed of naturally occurring L-amino acids, or can contain one or more modifications to backbone and/or side chain(s). These modifications can be introduced by incorporation of amino acid mimetics that show similarity to the natural amino acid. The group of peptides described above comprising one or more mimetics of amino acids is referred to as peptidomimetics. In the context of this invention, mimetics of amino acids include, but are not limited to, β2- and β3-amino acids, β2,2-β2,3, and β3,3-disubstituted amino acids, α,α-disubstituted amino acids, statine derivatives of amino acids, D-amino acids, α-hydroxyacids, α-aminonitriles, N-alkylamino acids and the like. In addition, the C-terminus of the peptide might be carboxylic acid or carboxamide, or other resulting from incorporation of one of the above mentioned amino acid mimetics. Furthermore, the peptides described above may contain one or more replacements of native peptide bonds with groups including, but not limited to, sulfonamide, retroamide, aminooxy-containing bond, ester, alkylketone, α,α-difluoroketone, α-fluoroketone, peptoid bond (N-alkylated glycyl amide bond). Furthermore, the peptides mentioned above may contain substitutions in the amino acid side chain (referring to the side chain of the corresponding natural amino acid), for instance 4-fluorophenylalanine, 4-hydroxylysine, 3-aminoproline, 2-nitrotyrosine, N-alkylhistidine or β-branched amino acids or β-branched amino acid mimetics with chirality at the β-side chain carbon atom opposed to the natural chirality (e.g. allo-threonine, allo-isoleucine and derivatives). In one other embodiment, above mentioned group of peptides may contain close structural analogues of amino acid or amino acids mimetics, for instance ornithine instead of lysine, homophenylalanine or phenylglycine instead of phenylalanine, β-alanine instead of glycine, pyroglutamic acid instead of glutamic acid, norleucine instead of leucine or the sulfur-oxidized versions of methionine and/or cysteine. The linear and cyclized forms of the peptides mentioned above are covered by this patent, as well as their retro, inverso and/or retroinverso analogues. To those skilled in the art many more close variations may be known, but the fact that these are not mentioned here does not limit the scope of this patent. In one embodiment, a peptide or peptidomimetic according to the present invention is at most 30 amino acids in length, or at least 25 amino acids or 20 amino acids or 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8 or 7 amino acids in length. 
         [0015]    A biologically active moiety is a compound exerting (directly or indirectly) a biological function, preferably a therapeutic function, hence is preferably a therapeutically active compound. A therapeutically active compound can be any compound known in the art and preferably is a compound that has a therapeutic effect by modulating an intercellular process. A therapeutically active compound that has a (direct) modulating effect or (direct) biological function can be for instance any protein, enzyme inhibitor, oligonucleotide, siRNA, gene, or pharmaceutical. Any biologically active compound or therapeutically active compound can be used as long as it can be linked to or can be made suitable to be linked to a peptide or peptidomimetic according to the present invention. The biologically active compound or therapeutically active compound so becomes the moiety in the compound according to the present invention. The skilled person will be able to identify suitable biologically active or therapeutically active compounds. In one embodiment the biologically active compound is a cytostatic, e.g. anti-cancer compound, such as anthracyclines (including daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, mitoxantrone), alkylating agents (including cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, chlorambucil, busulfan, melphalan, mechloethamine, cyclophosphamide, iphosphamide), anti-metabolites (including azathioprine, mercaptopurine), plant alkaloids and/or terpenoids (including vinca alkaloids and taxanes such as vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbine, vindesine podophyllotoxin, etoposide, paclitaxel, docetaxel), tenoposide), topoisomerase inhibitors (including campthotecins irinotecan, topotecan, amsacrine), dactinomycin, dacarbazine, gemcitabine, temozolamide, mAbs (including trastuzumab, cetuximab, bevacizumab, rituximab). 
         [0016]    In one embodiment the biologically active compound or therapeutically active compound is a compound comprising or consisting of nucleic acids or analogues thereof. Such compounds can be considered to exert (indirectly) a biological function, preferably a therapeutic function, by modulating the genetic machinery within a cell, in particular on the level of production of proteins. The nucleic acid may be a DNA, RNA or analogues thereof, such as compounds comprising 2′-O-alkyl or 2′-O-alkenyl (allyl) or 2′-O-alkynyl nucleotides, e.g. 2′-O-methyl-, 2′-O-methoxyethyl- (MOE) and 2′-O-allyl-nucleotides, locked nucleic acids (LNAs), peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), ethylene bridged nucleic acids (ENAs), phosphorothioate modified nucleotides, e.g. 2′-O-methoxyethyl phosphorothioate RNA nucleotides or 2′-O-methyl phosphorothioate RNA nucleotides, morpholino based nucleotides and combinations thereof etc. The compound comprising or consisting of nucleic acids or analogues thereof may also comprise a mixture of various nucleic acids or its analogues. It may e.g. be a chimera of a mixture of 2′O-methyl RNA and RNA, of DNA and LNA, etcetera. It may also be a gapmer, e.g. having terminal 2′O-methyl RNA nucleotides and inner DNA nucleotides. 
         [0017]    The compound may be a gene, plasmid, a polynucleotide or oligonucleotide, small interfering RNA and the like. The compound may be single stranded or double stranded. 
         [0018]    In one embodiment a diagnostic moiety is linked to the peptides or peptidomimetics according to the present invention. The diagnostic moiety may be for in vivo or in vitro diagnostic purposes. Commonly used imaging labels, radio labels or fluorescent labels such as Cy3, Cy5, Cy5.5 and the like or green fluorescent protein (GFP) or other diagnostic proteins, possibly via recombinant expression, may be used as diagnostic moieties. 
         [0019]    In order to prepare the conjugates according to the present invention, coupling of the biologically active moiety or diagnostic moiety to the peptides or peptidomimetics according to the present invention occurs via known methods to couple compounds to amino acids or peptides. A common method is to link a moiety to a free amino group or free hydroxyl group or free carboxylic acid group or free thiol group in a peptide or peptidomimetic. Common conjugation methods include thiol/maleimide coupling, amide or ester bond formation, or heterogeneous disulfide formation. The skilled person is well aware of standard chemistry that can be used to bring about the required coupling. The biologically active moiety or diagnostic moiety may be coupled directly to a peptide or peptidomimetic or may be coupled via a spacer or linker molecule. It is not necessary that the biologically active or diagnostic moiety is covalently linked to the peptide or peptidomimetic of the invention. It may also be conjugated via electrostatic interactions. In one embodiment the present invention also relates to a molecule comprising a peptide or peptidomimetic according to the invention and a linking part, which is not a peptide, for linking the molecule to a biologically active moiety or a diagnostic moiety. The linking part for example may be a (poly)cationic group that complexes with a biologically active poly- or oligonucleotide. Such a (poly)cationic group may be a spermine or polyethyleneimine, polyethylene glycol, poly-L-lysine and the like. 
         [0020]    As mentioned in one embodiment the peptide or peptidomimetic according to the present invention is linked to a biologically active moiety. For example the peptide or peptidomimetic can be linked to a biologically active or therapeutic peptide and in one embodiment can even be part of the peptide or peptidomimetic basic structure. For example the amino- or carboxy-terminus of a therapeutic peptide can be extended with a sequence comprising or consisting of the peptides described above. It is to be understood that such a peptide extended with a peptide or peptidomimetic according to the invention is encompassed by a conjugate according to the present invention. The preparation of such peptides can be achieved via standard amino acid or peptide coupling procedures. 
         [0021]    In one embodiment the peptide or peptidomimetic according to the present invention is combined with a nuclear localisation signal (NLS). In one embodiment a conjugate according to the present invention is combined with a NLS. In the context of the present invention the NLS functions to direct the present conjugates, e.g. the biologically active moiety or a diagnostic moiety, into a cell nucleus, presumably via its recognition by cytosolic nuclear transport receptors. The NLS may be part of the peptide or peptidomimetic according to the present invention, e.g. the amino- or carboxy-terminus of a NLS can be extended with a sequence comprising or consisting of the peptides described above. Also a NLS may be coupled at a different position than that of the peptide or peptidomimetic according to the present invention to a biologically active moiety or a diagnostic moiety. NLS sequences are known in the art. Typically a NLS signal consists of or comprises (a few) short sequences of positively charged lysines and/or arginines, for example a NLS consist of or comprises (K)KKR(K), (K)KRS(K), (K)(S)RK(R)(K). Known NLS are PKKKRKV, GKKRSKV, KSRKRKL. In one embodiment the peptide or peptidomimetic according to the present invention is combined with a NLS selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 24-39. 
         [0022]    In one embodiment a conjugate according to the invention wherein the biologically active moiety is a protein or polypeptide and wherein the peptide or peptidomimetic is comprised in the protein or polypeptide backbone is prepared by recombinant expression of the peptide or peptidomimetic together with the biologically active protein. Preferably a DNA construct is prepared such that the peptide or peptidomimetic according to the invention is expressed at a terminus of the biologically active peptide, preferably at the C-terminus of the biologically active peptide. Such preparation of DNA constructs by recombinant DNA methodology and expression in a suitable host is common practice to the skilled person. 
         [0023]    Thus in one embodiment the present conjugate is a fusion protein of a peptide according to the present invention, e.g. a peptide of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2, with a therapeutically active protein, e.g. antibody, or a diagnostic (e.g. fluorescent) protein or both, optionally also comprising a NLS. Such a fusion protein can be prepared by expression of the appropriate DNA construct. 
         [0024]    In one embodiment the present invention concerns the use of a conjugate according to present invention for the preparation of a medicament for targeting a biological active moiety or a diagnostic moiety across the blood brain barrier to brain cells, to neuronal cells or to tumor cells of neuronal or neuroectodermal origin. In one embodiment the medicament is for the treatment of a brain disorder. In one embodiment the medicament is for the treatment of a neuronal or neuromuscular disease. In one embodiment the medicament is for the treatment of a tumor of neuronal or neuroectodermal origin. 
         [0025]    Examples of brain disorders are those involving a neurodegeneration and/or neuroinflammation event such as Stroke, Alzheimer&#39;s Disease, Parkinson&#39;s Disease and Multiple Sclerosis. Also therapy of (CNS-)disorders that benefit from neurotrophic factors, including GDNF, BDNF, EPO (erythropoietin) and anti-inflammatory antibodies (e.g. Enbrel® and Remicade®) are encompassed by the present invention. Also therapy of disorders that benefit from enzyme replacement therapies to treat the neurological component of inherited lysosomal storage diseases (Cerezyme®, Aldurazyme™, Farbrazyme®) and Pompe disease (Myozyme®) are encompassed by the present invention. 
         [0026]    Also therapy of tumors that metastasize to the brain are encompassed by the present invention, for example those tumors that can be treated with therapeutic anti-cancer antibodies (e.g. Rituxan®, Herceptin® and Erbitux™) and anti-cancer compounds (e.g. Gleevec™ and Iressa™) 
         [0027]    Examples of neuronal or neuromuscular diseases are myotonic dystrophy (MD) or spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), DNA repeat diseases, such as, but not limited to: coding regions repeat diseases having a polyglutamine (CAG) repeat: Huntington&#39;s disease, Haw River syndrome, Kennedy&#39;s disease/spinobulbar muscular atrophy, spino-cerebellar ataxia, or diseases having polyalanine (GCG) repeats such as: infantile spasm syndrome, deidocranial dysplasia, blepharophimosis/ptosis/epicanthus invensus syndrome, hand-foot-genital syndrome, synpolydactyl), oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, holoprosencephaly. Diseases with repeats in non-coding regions of genes to be treated according to the invention comprise the trinucleotide repeat disorders (mostly CTG and/or CAG repeats): myotonic dystrophy type 1, myotonic dystrophy type 2, Friedreich&#39;s ataxia, spino-cerebellar ataxia, autism. Furthermore, the present conjugates can be applied for therapy of fragile site associated repeat disorder comprising various fragile X-syndromes, Jacobsen syndrome and other unstable repetitive element disorders such as myoclonus epilepsy, facioscapulohumeral dystrophy and certain forms of diabetes mellitus type 2. 
         [0028]    Examples of tumors of neuronal or neuroectodermal origin include all neoplasms of the CNS and PNS, such as, but not limited to, neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, glioblastoma, oligodendroglioma, oligoastrocytoma, astrocytoma, neurofibroma, ependymoma, MPNST (malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors), ganglioneuroma or Schwannoma. Also of neuroectodermal origin are tumours such as rhabdomyo sarcoma, retinoblastoma, small cell lung carcinoma, adrenal pheochromocytoma, primitive PNET (peripheral neuroectodermal tumor), Ewing&#39;s sarcoma and melanoma. In one embodiment the medicament is for the treatment of neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, glioblastoma, oligodendroglioma, oligoastrocytoma, astrocytoma, neurofibroma, ependymoma, MPNST (malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors), ganglioneuroma, Schwannoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, retinoblastoma, small cell lung carcinoma, adrenal pheochromocytoma, primitive PNET (peripheral neuroectodermal tumor), Ewing&#39;s sarcoma and melanoma. 
         [0029]    In one embodiment the biologically active moiety is an oligonucleotide that is complementary to and/or capable of hybridizing to a repetitive stretch selected from the group consisting of (CAG)n, (GCG)n, (CUG)n, (CGG)n and (CCUG)n, wherein n is selected from 1-50, preferably 2-20. The integer n is selected such that in a preferred embodiment the oligonucleotide comprises at least 10 to about 50 consecutive nucleotides complementary to a repetitive element, more preferably 12 to 45 nucleotides, even more preferably 12 to 30, and most preferably 12 to 25 nucleotides complementary to a repetitive stretch. 
         [0030]    The use of an oligonucleotide that is complementary to a polyglutamine (CAG)n tract in a transcript is particularly useful for the diagnosis, treatment and/or prevention of the human disorders Huntington&#39;s disease, several forms of spino-cerebellar ataxia or Haw River syndrome, caused by repeat expansions in the HD, HDL2/JPH3, SBMA/AR, SCA1/ATX1, SCA2/ATX2, SCA3/ATX3, SCA6/CACNAIA, SCAT, SCA17 or DRPLA human genes. 
         [0031]    The use of an oligonucleotide that is complementary to a polyalanine (GCG)n tract in a transcript is particularly useful for the diagnosis, treatment and/or prevention of the human disorders: infantile spasm syndrome, deidocranial dysplasia, blepharophimosis, hand-foot-genital disease, synpolydactyl), oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy and/or holoprosencephaly, which are caused by repeat expansions in the ARX, CBFA1, FOXL2, HOXA13, HOXD13, OPDM/PABP2, TCFBR1 or ZIC2 human genes. The use of an oligonucleotide complementary to a (CUG)n repeat in a transcript is particularly useful for the diagnosis, treatment and/or prevention of the human genetic disorder myotonic dystrophy type 1, spino-cerebellar ataxia, caused by repeat expansions in the DM1/DMPK or SCA8 human genes respectively. 
         [0032]    The use of an oligonucleotide complementary to a (CCUG)n repeat in a transcript is particularly useful for the diagnosis, treatment and/or prevention of the human genetic disorder myotonic dystrophy type 2, caused by repeat expansions in the DM2/ZNF9 gene. 
         [0033]    The use of an oligonucleotide complementary to a (CGG)n repeat in a transcript is particularly useful for the diagnosis, treatment and/or prevention of human fragile X syndromes, caused by repeat expansion in the FRAXA/FMR1, FRAXE/FMR2 and FRAXF/FAM11A genes. 
         [0034]    The use of an oligonucleotide complementary to a (CCG)n repeat in a transcript is particularly useful for the diagnosis, treatment and/or prevention of the human genetic disorder Jacobsen syndrome, caused by repeat expansion in the FRA11B/CBL2 gene. 
         [0035]    In one embodiment the biologically active moiety in the peptide or peptidomimetic according to the present invention is an antisense oligonucleotide or siRNA comprising a sequence from the table below. In one embodiment the peptide or peptidomimetic conjugates according to the present invention are for the modulation of (expression of) a target gene and/or protein selected from the table 1 below and/or for therapy, in particular treatment of a disease selected from the table below. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Antisense oligonucleotide 
                 Target gene/ 
                   
                   
               
               
                 sequence 
                 protein 
                 Disease 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 5′-GCTGGGCAGGCCATTCACAC 
                 DCL 
                 neuroectodermal tumors 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-GCTCGGCAGGCCGTTCACCC 
                 DCL 
                 neuroectodermal tumors 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-CTTCTCGGAGCTGAGTGTCT 
                 DCL 
                 neuroectodermal tumors 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-CTTCTCGGAGCTGAGCGTCT 
                 DCL 
                 neuroectodermal tumors 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-GCUGGGCAGGCCAUUCACAC 
                 DCL 
                 neuroectodermal tumors 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-GCUCGGCAGGCCGUUCACCC 
                 DCL 
                 neuroectodermal tumors 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-CUUCUCGGAGCUGAGUGUCU 
                 DCL 
                 neuroectodermal tumors 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-CUUCUCGGAGCUGAGCGUCU 
                 DCL 
                 neuroectodermal tumors 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-CAAGAAGACGGCUCACUCCTT 
                 DCL 
                 neuroectodermal tumors 
               
               
                 3′-TTGUUCUUCUGCCGAGUGAGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-CAAGAAAACGGCUCAUUCCTT 
                 DCL 
                 neuroectodermal tumors 
               
               
                 3′-TTGUUCUUUUGCCGAGUAAGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-GAAAGCCAAGAAGGUUCGATT 
                 DCL 
                 neuroectodermal tumors 
               
               
                 3′-TTCUUUCGGUUCUUCCAAGCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-GAAGGCCAAGAAAGUUCGUTT 
                 DCL 
                 neuroectodermal tumors 
               
               
                 3′-TTCUUCCGGUUCUUUCAAGCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-(CAG)n (n = 2 − 12) 
                 DMPK 
                 myotonic dystrophy 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-(CAG)n (n = 2 − 12) 
                 SCA8 
                 Spinocerebellar ataxia 8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-(CCG)n (n = 2 − 12) 
                 FMR1 
                 Fragile X syndrome 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-(CGG)n (n = 2 − 12) 
                 FMR2 
                 Fragile XE 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-(UUC)n (n = 2 − 12) 
                 X25 
                 Friedreich&#39;s ataxia 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-(CUG)n (n = 2 − 12) 
                 AR 
                 Spinal muscular atrophy 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-(CUG)n (n = 2 − 12) 
                 IT15 
                 Huntington&#39;s disease 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-(CUG)n (n = 2 − 12) 
                 DRPL4 
                 Dentatorubralpallidolusian 
               
               
                   
                   
                 atrophy 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-(CUG)n (n = 2 − 12) 
                 SCA1, 2, 
                 Spinocerebellar ataxia type 
               
               
                   
                 3, 7 
                 1, 2, 3, 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-(CUG)n (n = 2 − 12) 
                 CACNA1A 
                 Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-(CGCG 4 CG 4 )n (n = 2 − 12) 
                 CSTB 
                 Progressive myoclonus 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-AUUCACUUUCAUAAUGCUGG 
                 SMN2 
                 Spinal muscular atrophy 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-TTTTTGATTTTGTCT 
                 SMN2 
                 Spinal muscular atrophy 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-ATTTAAGGAATGTGA 
                 SMN2 
                 Spinal muscular atrophy 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-CCGTCGCCCTTCAGCACGCA-3′ 
                 SOD 
                 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 
               
               
                   
                 (ALS) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-GTCGCCCTTCAGCACGCACA-3′ 
                 SOD 
                 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 
               
               
                   
                 (ALS) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-CTACAGTTTAGCAGGACAG-3′ 
                 SOD 
                 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 
               
               
                   
                 (ALS) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-TCTCTATTGCACATTCCAAG 
                 Huntington 
                 Huntington&#39;s disease 
               
               
                   
                 (IT15) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-TGATCAGATCTTGAATGTGA 
                 Huntington 
                 Huntington&#39;s disease 
               
               
                   
                 (IT15) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-GTAATCAGGCCTGCACCATG 
                 Huntington 
                 Huntington&#39;s disease 
               
               
                   
                 (IT15) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-AAGCAATCCATGGACTGAAG 
                 Huntington 
                 Huntington&#39;s disease 
               
               
                   
                 (IT15) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-CTGCTGCTGTTGCTGCTGCT 
                 Huntington 
                 Huntington&#39;s disease 
               
               
                   
                 (IT15) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5′-CGCCTGCACCATGTTCCTCA 
                 Huntington 
                 Huntington&#39;s disease 
               
               
                   
                 (IT15) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0036]    A person skilled in the art will readily recognise that variations on the sequences in the table above are possible while retaining complementarity to the target sequence. Uracile and thymidine nucleotides are interexchangable while retaining complementarity to the target sequence. The key is that the oligonucleotide should be able to bind with sufficient efficiency to the intended target sequence. Similarly, inosine (i.e. a nucleotide containing a base able to form a wobble base pair) could replace nucleotides while retaining complementarity. In other embodiments containing (triplet) nucleotide repeat sequences, it is readily recognised that for effective binding complementarity, the oligonucleotide can start and finish with any nucleotide of the repeat sequence and the oligonucleotide does not require to be an exact multiple of the repeat sequence. As an illustrative example, (CUG)n in the table above, could also be represented amongst others by (UGC)n or (CTG)n or (CIG)n or (CUG)nCU or (CUG)n(CTG)m (CUG)p (with n, m, p being integers), etcetera. 
         [0037]    One embodiment of the invention is the targeting of a virus or viral particle to cells. In a conjugate according to the invention the virus or viral particle is the biologically active moiety. In one embodiment the peptide or peptidomimetic according to the invention is linked to the viral biologically active moiety by including the DNA/RNA sequence of the peptide or peptidomimetic in the genome of a virus such that the peptide or peptidomimetic is expressed at the outer surface of the virus or viral particle. The recombinant methodology to bring such expression about is well known to the skilled person. The peptide or peptidomimetic thus targets the virus or viral particle to specific cells/tissue. This is of particular interest for targeted vaccination, gene therapy, gene replacement or viral exon inclusion constructs (AAV vectors expressing antisense sequences fused to either U1 or U7 small nuclear RNA; Baughan et al., 2006, Mol. Ther. 14, 54-62). 
         [0038]    In one embodiment the peptide or peptidomimetic according to the invention is THRPPMWSPVWP. In another embodiment the peptide or peptidomimetic according to the invention is LPWKPLG. 
         [0039]    Also encompassed by the present invention is DNA consisting of or comprising a sequence encoding a peptide according to the present invention and the complementary DNA sequence thereof and the RNA transcript of a DNA sequence consisting of or comprising a sequence encoding a peptide according to the present invention and the complementary RNA sequence thereof. 
         [0040]    The present invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a conjugate according to the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 
         [0041]    Also it was found that the peptide THRPPMWSPVWP can be used to monitor, in particular to identify and measure, neurite growth in neuronal or neuronally differentiated cells. 
         [0042]    Moreover, it was found that the peptide THRPPMWSPVWP (SEQ ID NO: 1) as well as certain truncated variants thereof, in particular HRPPMWSPVWP (SEQ ID NO: 3), THRPPMWS (SEQ ID NO: 10), and HRPPMWSPVW (SEQ ID NO: 11) are selectively taken up by muscle cells, and most likely also by neuroblastoma cells. Therefore, these may be used for targeting diagnostic moieties or biologically active moieties to an organ or tissue or cell type of interest, especially to muscle cells or across the blood brain barrier to brain cells, to neuronal cells or to tumor cells of neuronal or neuroectodermal origin. 
         [0043]    Thus, in a further aspect the invention also relates to a conjugate of a peptide or peptidomimetic comprising a sequence or consisting of a sequence selected from the group consisting of HRPPMWSPVWP (SEQ ID NO: 3), THRPPMWS (SEQ ID NO: 10) and HRPPMWSPVW (SEQ ID NO: 11) linked to a moiety selected from a biologically active moiety and diagnostic moiety. 
         [0044]    In an embodiment, the biologically active moiety is selected from the group consisting of DNA, RNA or analogues thereof, such as compounds comprising 2′-O-alkyl, in particular 2′-O-mehoxyethyl- and 2′-O-methyl, or 2′-O-alkenyl (allyl) or 2′-O-alkenyl nucleotides, locked nucleic acids (LNAs), peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), ethylene bridged nucleic acids (ENAs), phosphorothioate modified nucleotides, morpholino based nucleotides and combinations thereof. The conjugate may be a fusion protein of a peptide of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 10 or 11 with a therapeutically active protein and/or a diagnostic protein. The conjugate may further comprise a nuclear localisation signal. Such conjugate may advantageously be used for the preparation of a medicament for targeting a biological active moiety or a diagnostic moiety to a muscle cell. As such, the medicament may advantageously be for the treatment of a muscle-cell associated disorder including cardiac disorders. The medicament may e.g. be for the treatment of a myopathy, muscular dystrophy or muscle wasting disease, or may be for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type II or obesity. 
         [0045]    It is to be expected that the peptides of SEQ ID NO: 3, 10 and 11 herein referred to are also selectively taken up by neuroblastoma cells. As they are taken up specifically by both muscle cells and neuroblastoma cells, they may advantageously be used for targeting a biologically active moiety or a diagnostic moiety to neuromuscular cells for treating a neuromuscular disease. Examples of neuronal or neuromuscular diseases have been described hereinabove with reference to the peptides of SEQ ID NO: 1 and 2. 
       EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     In Vitro Uptake into Neuroblastoma and Neuronal Differentiated Cells 
       [0046]    A selection of peptides was synthesized and provided with a fluorescent label (FAM) and screened for uptake on mouse neuroblastoma cells in vitro. 
         [0047]    N1E-115 mouse neuroblastoma cells were incubated with the FAM-labeled peptides and photographed with an inverted fluorescence microscope, without previous fixation. As shown in the photographs, peptides LPWKPLG and THRPPMWSPVWP were the only peptides that were efficiently taken up by the neuroblastoma cells. It was shown that the uptake results in an uniform staining of the cytoplasm as well as the nucleus of the cells. 
         [0048]    Rat neuronal pheochromocytoma PC12 cells that were differentiated into a neuronal cell type by adding nerve growth factor (NGF) were incubated with the FAM-labeled peptide THRPPMWSPVWP and photographed with an inverted fluorescence microscope, without previous fixation. The photographs showed uptake of the peptide into rat neuronal cells. Interestingly, in this experiment it was seen that the peptide not only stained the cytoplasm and nucleus, but also efficiently stained the NGF-induced neurite growth in these neuronally differentiated PC12 cells. 
       Example 2 
     In Vivo Targeting to Brain Cells 
       [0049]    Peptide THRPPMWSPVWP was labeled with a Cy5 fluorescent label and 7 nmol was injected intravenously into the tail vein of a nude mouse. Pictures were taken with a Maestro imaging system using the filters for Cy5 detection. 
         [0050]      FIG. 1  shows the uptake of the peptide after 20 minutes ( FIG. 1A ) and after 24 hours ( FIG. 1B ). On the right side of  FIGS. 1A and 1B , the bright light image of the mouse is combined with the detected Cy5 label shown as light blue staining. On the left side of  FIGS. 1A and 1B  the detected Cy5 pattern is shown separately in red for quantitation. The numbers on the left side indicate the amount of detected Cy5 label. The mouse is lying face down and a clear signal could be detected in the brain, already 20 minutes after injection. This indicates that peptide THRPPMWSPVWP is able to cross the blood brain barrier and is subsequently taken up by the brain cells. 
       Example 3 
     DCL Downregulation by Peptide-AON Conjugates in N115 Neuroblastoma Cells 
       [0051]    Peptides THRPPMWSPVWP and LPWKPLG were conjugated to an siRNA molecule or a DNA phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide (AON). This siRNA and AON have been shown to be able to downregulate the DCL (doublecortin-like) gene in N115 neuroblastoma cells (unpublished observations). N115 neuroblastoma cells were incubated with the conjugates at 500 nM. After 48 hr the cells were harvested and gene silencing was detected by Western blot analysis as described (Vreugdenhil et al., 2007, Eur. J. Neurosci. 25, 635-648). In table 1 the percentage DCL downregulation of each conjugate at different concentrations is shown. All conjugates were able to induce DCL downregulation in N115 cells. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 DCL downregulation in N115 cells by peptide-AON 
               
               
                 conjugates at different concentrations 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 concentration 
                 % down- 
               
               
                   
                 AON-(conjugate) 
                 (nM) 
                 regulation 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 LPWKPLG-AON 
                 500 
                 62% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 LPWKPLG-siRNA 
                 500 
                 99% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 THRPPMWSPVWP-AON 
                 500 
                 11% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 THRPPMWSPVWP-siRNA 
                 500 
                 68% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 4 
     Uptake of Variants of THRPPMWSPVWP 
       [0052]    Several variants of peptide THRPPMWSPVWP (see Table 2) were selected, synthesized with a fluorescent label and tested for uptake on KM109 cells. Peptides 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 were tested. Peptide HRPPMWSPVWP (SEQ ID NO: 3) was taken up very efficiently into the cells. Peptides THRPPMWS (SEQ ID NO: 10) and HRPPMWSPVW (SEQ ID NO: 11) were also taken up, although at a lower level. The other peptides depicted in the table below are yet to be tested for uptake on KM109 cells. Moreover, all peptides are to be tested for uptake on neuroblastoma cells in a similar fashion. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Variants of THRPPMWSPVWP (SEQ ID NO: 3-23) 
               
               
                 selected for screening. 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                  HRPPMWSPVWP (3) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   RPPMWSPVWP (4) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                    PPMWSPVWP (5) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                     PMWSPVWP (6) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 THRPPMWSPVW (7) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 THRPPMWSPV (8) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 THRPPMWSP (9) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 THRPPMWS (10) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                  HRPPMWSPVW (11) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                  RPPMWSPV (12) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 THRPPMWSPVFP (13) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 THRPPMWSPVYP (14) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 THRPPMWSPAWP (15) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 THRPPMWSPLWP (16) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 THRPPMWSPIWP (17) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 THRPPMWTPVWP (18) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 THRPPMFSPVWP (19) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 THRPPMYSPVWP (20) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 THRPPnleWSPVWP 1  (21) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 THKPPMWSPVWP (22) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 SHRPPMWSPVWP (23) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   1 : nle = norleucine 
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 5 
     Uptake In Vivo of a THRPPMWSPVWP-AON Conjugate after Systemic Delivery 
       [0053]    Peptide THRPPMWSPVWP was conjugated to the 20-mer 2′O-methyl phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide (AON) M23. AON M23 alone and the THRPPMWSPVWP-AON M23 conjugate was injected intravenously into mdx mice. The mice received 3 injections, with a 48-h interval, of 50 mg/kg of AON alone or of the conjugate and were sacrificed after 10 days. Subsequently, the level of AON M23 in the quadriceps muscle and in the heart muscle was measured with a hybridization-ligation ELISA specific for AON M23. 
         [0054]    In table 3 the uptake of the AON M23-peptide conjugate into quadriceps and heart muscle is shown as a percentage of the uptake of AON M23 alone (AON M23 alone uptake is set at 100%). It is shown that uptake of the conjugate into quadriceps and heart muscle is 40-50% higher than with M23 AON alone. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Uptake of THRPPMWSPVWP-AON conjugate into 
               
               
                 quadriceps and heart muscle after systemic 
               
               
                 delivery, relative to uptake of naked AON 
               
               
                 (set at 100%) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 quadriceps 
                 heart 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 nakedAON 
                 100% 
                 100% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 THRPPMWSPVWP-AON 
                 141% 
                 144%