Abstract:
Method and apparatus are disclosed allowing for velocity sensing using back EMF in a media drive. A back EMF sensing circuit is provided that generates a velocity signal proportional to the back EMF in the head arm actuator coil, which signal may be utilized to improve head positioning control capabilities.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    The present invention relates to data storage devices having actuators, and more specifically, to integrated circuit technology and a method for sensing the back electromagnetic force (EMF) of an actuator to provide better control over the actuator.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    Data storage devices, and in particular, data storage devices of the type that accept a removable cartridge containing a disk-shaped storage medium, usually employ either a linear actuator mechanism or a rotary arm actuator mechanism for positioning the read/write head(s) of the disk drive over successive tracks of the disk-shaped storage medium. In most disk drives, and particularly in those that receive removable disk cartridges, the linear or rotary arm actuators are moved to a retracted, or parked position when the disk drive is not in use. In such a retracted position, the read/write heads of the disk drive are moved off and away from the surface(s) of the storage medium in order to prevent damage to the head(s) and storage medium. In order to resume use of the disk drive, the read/write heads must once again be loaded onto the surface(s) of the storage medium so that the data transfer can begin. It is important that the head loading operation be carried out in a controlled manner to prevent damage to the read/write heads.  
           [0003]    Some magnetic storage devices support a head loading velocity control mechanism for a disk drive that measures the back EMF voltage across the actuator of the disk drive to obtain an indication of the velocity of the actuator. The measured back EMF voltage is then employed in a control scheme to control the velocity of the actuator during a head loading operation. Unfortunately, the circuitry needed to measure the back EMF voltage across the actuator increases the cost and complexity of the disk drive. Furthermore, this technique provides only a rough control of the actuator velocity, which may not be acceptable in many applications.  
           [0004]    Comparatively, other magnetic storage devices utilize a velocity control technique for a disk drive actuator that employ thermal measurements to estimate the velocity of the actuator. Again, however, the circuitry necessary to obtain accurate thermal measurements unduly increases the cost of the disk drive, and this technique is susceptible to inaccuracies.  
           [0005]    Further yet, some devices employ high-precision glass scales affixed to a disk drive actuator for obtaining accurate position and track counting information during track seek operations. See, e.g., Thanos et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,084,791. Unfortunately, the cost and complexity of the high-precision glass scales and associated optical circuitry make them disadvantageous. Certain products in the “BETA” line of Bernoulli disk drives manufactured by Iomega Corporation, the assignee of the present invention, employ an optical sensor and a gray-scale pattern affixed to a linear drive actuator to obtain an indication of the linear position of the actuator. However, these products do not, and are not capable of, deriving or controlling the velocity of the actuator using the position information generated with the gray-scale pattern and optical sensor.  
           [0006]    In view of the foregoing, there exists a need for a data storage drive having the ability to sense and process back EMF originating from the data storage drive actuator to provide improved control over the actuator.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0007]    The present invention provides a method and system for a data storage device in which a velocity signal is generated that is proportional to the back EMF in the head arm actuator coil of the data storage device, wherein the velocity signal is utilized in connection with controlling the position of the head(s).  
           [0008]    Additional features and advantages of the present invention will become evident from the below description of the invention. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0009]    The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments, is better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there is shown in the drawings embodiments that are presently preferred, it being understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the specific methods and instrumentalities disclosed. In the drawings:  
         [0010]    [0010]FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an exemplary data storage device, or disk drive, in which the present invention may be employed;  
         [0011]    [0011]FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an exemplary removable storage medium, such as a disk cartridge, for use in connection with the disk drive of FIG. 1;  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a portion of the exemplary disk drive of FIG. 1;  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 4 is a plan view of the portion of the disk drive illustrated in FIG. 3;  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing the interaction of components to realize tachometer functions in accordance with the present invention;  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 6 is a schematic circuit diagram of an illustrative back EMF sensing electronic circuit to realize tachometer functions in accordance with the present invention; and  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 7 is a flowchart diagram of a calibration operation performed in connection with the back EMF sensing electronic circuit that realizes tachometer functions in accordance with the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0017]    Overview  
         [0018]    Modem hard disk drives comprise one or more rigid disks that are coated with a magnetizable medium and mounted on the hub of a spindle motor for rotation at a constant high speed. Information is stored on the disks in a plurality of concentric circular tracks by an array of transducers (“heads”) mounted to a rotary actuator for movement of the heads relative to the disks.  
         [0019]    The heads are mounted via flexures at the ends of a plurality of arms that project radially outward from a substantially cylindrical actuator body. The actuator body pivots about a shaft mounted to the disk drive housing at a position closely adjacent the outer extreme of the disks. The pivot shaft is parallel with the axis of rotation of the spindle motor and the disks so that the heads move in a plane parallel with the surfaces of the disks.  
         [0020]    Typically, the actuator employs a voice coil motor to position the heads with respect to the disk surfaces. The actuator voice coil motor includes a coil mounted on the side of the actuator body opposite the head arms so as to be immersed in the magnetic field of an array of permanent magnets. When controlled DC current is passed through the coil, an electromagnetic field is set up which interacts with the magnetic field of the permanent magnets and causes the coil to move relative to the permanent magnets in accordance with the well-known Lorentz relationship. As the coil moves relative to the permanent magnets, the actuator body pivots about the pivot shaft and the heads are moved across the disk surfaces.  
         [0021]    The heads are supported over the disks by actuator slider assemblies that include air-bearing surfaces designed to interact with a thin layer of moving air generated by the rotation of the disks, so that the heads are said to “fly” over the disk surfaces. Generally, the heads write data to a selected data track on the disk surface by selectively magnetizing portions of the data track through the application of a time-varying write current to the head. In order to subsequently read back the data stored on the data track, the head detects flux transitions in the magnetic fields of the data track and converts these to a signal which is decoded by read channel circuitry of the disk drive.  
         [0022]    Control of the position of the heads is typically achieved with a closed loop servo system. In such a system, head position (servo) information is provided to the disks to detect and control the position of the heads. As will be recognized, a dedicated servo system entails the dedication of one entire surface of one of the disks to servo information, with the remaining disk surfaces being used for the storage of user data. Alternatively, an embedded servo system involves interleaving the servo information with the user data on each of the surfaces of the disks so that both servo information and user data is read by each of the heads.  
         [0023]    With either a dedicated or embedded servo system, it is common to measure or estimate various parameters including head position, velocity and acceleration and to use these parameters in the closed-loop control of the position of the head. For example, during track following, which involves causing the head to follow a selected track on the disk, a position error signal (PES) indicative of the relative distance between the head and the center of the selected track is generated from the servo information associated with the track. The PES is used to generate correction signals that adjust the position of the head by adjusting the amount of current applied to the actuator coil. Additionally, during a seek, which involves the acceleration and subsequent deceleration of the head from an initial track to a destination track on the disk, the radial velocity of the head is typically measured (or estimated) and compared to a profile velocity, with correction signals being generated from the differences between the actual velocity and the profile velocity of the head.  
         [0024]    As track densities and rotational speeds of modern disk drives continue to increase, closed-loop control of head position becomes increasingly critical to ensure reliable performance of the drives. However, such increases in track density and rotational speed tend to reduce the accuracy in the measured or estimated parameters used to control the position of the heads. Thus, there is a continual need for improved approaches to accurately measuring or estimating the control parameters used in the servo loops of modem disk drives.  
         [0025]    Exemplary Operating Environment for the Invention  
         [0026]    Referring to the drawings wherein like numerals indicate like elements throughout, there is shown in FIG. 1 an exemplary data storage device  20 , or disk drive, in which the present invention may be employed. The exemplary disk drive  20  is of the type that receives a removable disk cartridge, however, the present invention is by no means limited thereto. For example, the present invention can also be employed in a fixed-disk type drive, or any device that implicates accurate actuator control.  
         [0027]    As shown in FIG. 1, the exemplary disk drive  20  comprises a chassis  21  on which a number of disk drive components are mounted. A front panel  24  of the disk drive  20  has a substantially horizontal opening  22  for receiving a removable disk. An eject button  26  is provided on the front panel for ejecting a disk cartridge from the disk drive  20 . A spindle motor  110  is mounted on the chassis  21  to provide a means for rotating the storage media within a disk cartridge.  
         [0028]    An actuator arm  32 , which forms part of a rotary arm voice coil actuator, is pivotally mounted to the drive chassis  21  at  38 . The actuator arm  32  has a plurality of suspension arms  34  at its distal end that each carry a respective read/write head  36  for recording to and reading information from the surfaces of the storage media of a disk cartridge. A head loading mechanism  35  facilitates loading of the magnetic heads onto the storage media. The head loading mechanism comprises a pair of load ramp structures  46 ,  48  upon which the suspension arms  34  of the actuator arm  32  ride during head loading/unloading operations.  
         [0029]    Further details concerning a head loading mechanism of the type shown at  35  can be found U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/438,254, entitled “Head Loading Mechanism for a Disk Drive,” filed May 10, 1995, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. An exemplary voice coil element  43  is illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4. Voice coil element  43  is affixed to a forked member  42  at the other end of the actuator arm  32  for controlling the rotational movement of the arm  32 . A magnet return path assembly  50  is mounted to the chassis  21  and provides a magnet return path for the voice coil element  43 . The motion of the coil is depicted along path  53 . The motion of the coil relative to the magnet return path assembly  50  forms the basis of the back EMF signal measured, interpreted and/or processed by the present invention for the purpose of controlling the position of the head(s)  36 .  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a disk cartridge  10  that may be used with the removable cartridge disk drive  20  of FIG. 1. The disk cartridge  10  comprises an outer casing consisting of upper and lower shells  10   a ,  10   b , respectively. Preferably, the upper and lower shells  10   a ,  10   b  are formed of a rigid plastic material. A door  12  on the casing provides access to the recording disks by the read/write heads of a disk drive. In the present embodiment, the storage media comprise rigid magnetic media, however, other storage media may be employed, such as flexible magnetic media or optical media. As described hereinafter in greater detail, when the disk cartridge  10  is inserted into the disk drive  20 , the actuator arm  32  will rotate counter-clockwise (as viewed in FIG. 1) causing the suspension arms  34  of the actuator to move off the load ramp structures  46 ,  48 , thereby loading the read/write heads  36  onto the surfaces of the storage media within the cartridge  10 .  
         [0031]    Back EMF Sensing Tachometer  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 5 is a block diagram that illustrates exemplary operation of the present invention in connection with controlling an actuator arm  32 . In accordance with the present invention, an improved back EMF sensing circuit  520  receives as an input a back EMF signal generated as a result of movement of coil  43  relative to magnet assembly  50 . Circuit  520  outputs an indication of the rotational velocity of the actuator arm  32  as an input to circuit  540  that controls the actuator. As will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, back EMF sensing circuit  520  may be provided separately or integrally formed with control circuit  540  and/or any other electronic component included in the control system.  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram of an embodiment of the back EMF sensing circuit  520  in accordance with the present invention. As related in the background section, there is a need for an improved back EMF sensing circuit in the art. The back EMF sensing circuit  520  of the present invention advantageously provides several new improvements vis-á-vis the prior art. The back EMF sensing circuit  520  advantageously provides an integrator feedback technique to more accurately cancel out coil resistance error. The back EMF sensing circuit  520  further advantageously provides inductance compensation via pole-zero cancellation. The back EMF sensing circuit  520  still further advantageously provides higher order compensation to more accurately cancel out coil higher order impedance effects.  
         [0034]    Circuit  520  includes operational amplifiers OA 1 , OA 2 , OA 3 , OA 4 , resistors R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , capacitors C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , transistor T 1 , and diode T 1 ,  
         [0035]    In accordance with circuit  520 , an analog signal representative of head arm actuator velocity is generated by detecting back EMF in the actuator coil  43 . This velocity signal may be used in several ways: to provide velocity control of the head arm actuator  32  while loading the heads  36  onto the media or while parking the heads  36  onto the load ramp, to provide analog velocity signal for improved position control during seeks, to provide analog velocity signal for improved position control during track follow, to provide feed forward for canceling the effects of external shocks applied to the drive and to provide an indicator of external shock applied to the drive. The velocity output of the present invention is thus an improved indication of the velocity of the actuator  32 , and may be utilized for a variety of different purposes.  
         [0036]    The present invention provides additional features as well. L compensation portion  600  reduces error created by coil inductance by providing appropriate values in the RC circuit of portion  600 . Higher order compensation portion  610  reduces error introduced by higher order effects by providing appropriate values in the RC circuit of portion  610 . Gain adjust portion  620  reduces error caused by resistance in the actuator coil by subtracting a scaled voltage measured across a series current sense resistor. D.C. error due to amplifier offsets is reduced by the addition of an external Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) Input, entitled “Offset DAC.” 
         [0037]    [0037]FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating an exemplary method for calibrating the actuator control system. The calibration procedure may be utilized at power up of the device  20  prior to loading the heads onto the storage medium. After start  700 , the offset DAC input is set to be equal to V RF  at  710 . At  720 , a DC bias is applied to the actuator  32  so as to bias the head arm assembly up against the outer crash stop (not shown) on the load ramp. At  730 , V ENABLE  is de-asserted so as to connect the velocity output to the integrator OA 4 . At  740 , integrator feedback loop  630  settles to a value i.e, integrator OA 4  provides closed loop feedback to adjust the gain of the resistance compensation branch until the resulting velocity output is equal to the analog reference voltage, V REF . At  750 , V ENABLE  is asserted, disconnecting the sum amplifier OA 3  from the integrator OA 4 , and thereby holding the integrator output and the resulting gain adjust value constant. Steps  710  to  750  are utilized to provide an initial approximate gain adjust value for use in the DC offset adjustment. After the DC offset is adjusted at  770 , these procedures are again followed to provide fine adjustments to the resistance compensation gain. At  760 , V REF , the analog reference voltage, is applied to the actuator amplifier such that very little current flows in the actuator coil. At  770 , the offset DAC is adjusted until the velocity output is equal to the analog reference voltage, V REF . At  780 , steps  720  through  750  are repeated with the new offset DAC value applied and the flow ends at  790 .  
         [0038]    After powerup, V ENABLE  is periodically de-asserted in order to update the resistance compensation gain in response to coil and sense resistance value changes caused by temperature variation. While this update occurs, the heads must be positioned on a track such that the DC bias applied to the actuator amplifier is of the same polarity as the initial bias applied in step  720 , described above.  
         [0039]    Once calibrated, the circuit  520  provides a velocity output and as mentioned, the velocity may be utilized for a variety of reasons including, but not limited to providing velocity control of the head arm actuator while loading the heads  36  onto the media or while parking the heads onto the load ramp, providing analog velocity signal for improved position control during seeks, providing analog velocity signal for improved position control during track follow, providing feed forward for canceling the effects of external shocks applied to the drive and providing an indicator of external shock applied to the drive. The circuit  520  of the present invention provides a velocity control circuit that operates for a bandwidth of approximately 1 kHz, an improvement over prior art circuits providing less bandwidth. The velocity output of the present invention is thus an improved indication of the velocity of an actuator, and may be utilized for a variety of different purposes.  
         [0040]    As the foregoing illustrates, the present invention is directed to methods and apparatus for booting a computer system and loading drivers from a removable media disk drive. In a PC system that boots an operating system from a storage device, the present invention provides a means for booting from a removable media drive. It is understood, however, that changes may be made to the embodiments described above without departing from the broad inventive concepts thereof. For example, while the method of the present invention is particularly well suited to an IDE interfaced removable media drive, the same method may be used to boot a PC system from a removable media drive connected to a different interface, such as SCSI. Furthermore, the invention may be applied to any apparatus having an actuator for which a tachometer is desirable. Accordingly, this invention is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but is intended to cover all modifications that are within the scope and spirit of the invention as defined by the appended claims.