Abstract:
A lower esophageal sphincter tightening device for treating gastro esophageal reflux disease which includes an insertion device, an energy source, and an energy transmitting device. The insertion device, by insertion through a body opening, positions the energy transmitting device in the proximity of the lower esophageal sphincter. The energy generates and transmits energy via the insertion device to the energy transmitting device which directs the transmitted energy onto the lower esophageal sphincter which is comprised largely of collagen. The energy source transmits energy at a level sufficient to cause heating of the sphincter&#39;s collagen resulting in a shrinkage of the collagen and a tightening of the sphincter.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The invention pertains to the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). 
         [0002]    GERD is a major health problem in the United States and Worldwide. It affects tens of millions of people and costs billions of dollars to treat. GERD is the reflux of gastric contents from a stomach into a lower area of an esophagus. The gastric contents include acid secreted by the stomach which causes discomfort and eventual damage to an inner lining of the esophagus if left untreated. 
         [0003]    The gastric contents are normally prevented from entering the esophagus by a lower esophageal sphincter (LES) mechanism. The LES is a physiologic, non-anatomic area involving the lower 3 centimeters of the esophagus and like other smooth muscle sphincters in the body, anal or urinary, it is tonically contracted to prevent reflux. A healthy LES opens for a brief period of several seconds in response to swallowing to allow the passage of food. It then quickly regains its tone when the food has passed. 
         [0004]    GERD occurs when the sphincter mechanism of the LES fails to work properly. Generally, GERD takes one of three forms: (i) complete weakness of the sphincter musculature in response to a hiatal hernia or an intrinsic weakness that occurs commonly resulting in free reflux, which is poorly understood; (ii) partial weakness of the sphincter that allows reflux when stressed such as a Valsalva maneuver; or (iii) transient or sudden inappropriate relaxation of an otherwise normally toned sphincter. 
         [0005]    Treatment of a weakened or inappropriately relaxing sphincter can be either medical or surgical. Known medical treatments include measures or medications that attempt to decrease acid secretion, increase gastric emptying or strengthen the LES. However, the medications are expensive and the measures typically have to be continued on a life long basis. 
         [0006]    A more permanent treatment method for GERD can be performed surgically. Surgical methods attempt to strengthen the LES by incising the stomach and wrapping a portion of the stomach around the lower section of the esophagus. This technique is known as a fundoplication. However, surgical treatment requires longer post treatment care, increased pain and recovery time, as well as the associated risks with any surgical procedure. 
         [0007]    The latest developments for treating GERD have attempted to provide a minimally invasive procedure to strengthen the lower esophageal area. One such treatment is disclosed by C. P. Swain et al.,  Knot Tying At Flexible Endoscopy , Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 1994; 40;722-29, that calls for endoscopic sewing in the lower esophageal area. However the sewn portion of the esophagus in the Swain technique may relax again requiring further or alternate forms of treatment. Another technique disclosed by Donahue injects noxious, scarring substances into the lower esophageal area to create a fibrous reaction. P. E. Donahue; et. al.,  Endoscopic Ultrasonography Verifies Effect On Endoscopic Treatment Of Reflux In Dogs And Man , Surgical Endoscopy, 1993;7:524-28. However, the Donahue technique may require numerous and repeated injections. 
         [0008]    The esophagus and LES are composed of three tissue layers; a mucosa or inner layer, a submucosa or middle layer, and a muscle or an outer layer. The submucosa layer is largely composed of collagen. It is well-known that heating of collagen tissue within an appropriate temperature range results in a tightening or shrinkage of the collagen tissue. However, there exists no known device or technique for strengthening the LES by shrinkage of collagen tissue as a means to treat GERD. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0009]    The invention discloses a device and method to prevent gastroesophageal reflux or GERD. The device comprises an insertion device, an energy source, and an energy transmitting device. The insertion device has a proximal end connected to the energy source and a distal end connected to the energy transmitting device. The energy source generates and transmits energy to the energy transmitting device through the insertion device. The energy transmitting device then radiates and directs the transmitted energy onto a target area. The insertion device positions the energy transmitting device in the proximity of a lower esophageal sphincter, such that the sphincter tissue becomes the target area of the energy transmitting device. 
         [0010]    The energy source then generates and transmits energy to the energy transmitting device which radiates the energy onto the sphincter tissue. The sphincter tissue absorbs the radiated energy which generates heat within the sphincter tissue. The sphincter tissue is largely comprised of collagen which exhibits shrinkage when heated. 
         [0011]    The energy source generates and transmits energy at a level sufficient to cause heating of the sphincter tissue to a temperature of between 50° C. and 70° C. (preferably between 63° C. and 65° C.) within a time Period of between about 1 microsecond and 1 minute. Heating the sphincter tissue within the appropriate range achieves sufficient collagen shrinkage to tighten the lower esophageal sphincter and prevent reflux. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0012]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view of a lower esophageal sphincter tightening device of the present invention. 
           [0013]      FIG. 2  is a cutaway diagram of an esophagus. 
           [0014]      FIG. 3  is a perspective view of a second embodiment of the lower esophageal sphincter tightening device of the present invention. 
           [0015]      FIG. 4  is a perspective view of a third embodiment of the lower esophageal sphincter tightening device of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0016]    In  FIG. 1 , a preferred embodiment of a lower esophageal sphincter (LES) tightening device  10  is shown in use. The LES tightening device  10  comprises an insertion device  12 , an energy source  14  and an energy transmitting device  16 . As shown in  FIG. 1 , the LES tightening device  10  could also include an inflation device  18  and a balloon  20 . 
         [0017]    In a preferred embodiment, the insertion device  12  is an endoscope as shown in  FIGS. 1 ,  3  and  4 . However, workers skilled in the art will recognize that a catheter or other similar device could also be used. As shown in  FIG. 1 , the insertion device  12  has a proximal end  22  and a distal end  24 . Additionally, the insertion device  12  could include an eye piece  26 , a light source  28  and a control means  30 . A series of ports  32  provide access from the proximal end  22  to the distal end  24  through lumens located within the interior of the insertion device  12  along its longitudinal access. 
         [0018]    The energy source  14  is located at the proximal end  22  of the insertion device  12 . The energy source  14  generates and transmits energy to the energy transmitting device  16  located at the distal end  24  of the insertion device  12 . The energy source  14  is connected to the energy transmitting device  16  by a transmission line  34  which passes through a manifold  36 . Within the manifold  36 , the transmission line  34  becomes part of a catheter  38  that is fed through one of the ports  32  at the proximal end  22 . The catheter  38  then passes down one of the interior lumens of the insertion device  12  and is connected to the energy transmitting device  16  at the distal end  24 . 
         [0019]    If a preferred embodiment, the insertion device  12  enters a body opening  40  and passes down an esophagus  42  until the distal end  24  is in the proximity of a lower esophageal sphincter  44 . The control means  30  aid in positioning the distal end  24  of the insertion device  12 . Observation through eye piece  26  insures proper placement of the distal end  24 . Observation is enabled by the light source  28  which illuminates the area surrounding the distal end  24  by light transmitted through an optical cable  45  which passes through one of the ports  32  and down another interior lumen. The optical cable  45  is preferably a fiber optic bundle. 
         [0020]    The energy transmitting device  16  radiates and directs energy received through the catheter  38  from the energy source  14  onto a target area. The distal end  24  of the insertion device  12  is therefore located such that the target area of the energy transmitting device  16  is directed at tissue comprising. the lower esophageal sphincter  44 . Once the energy transmitting device  16  is properly positioned, the energy source  14  can transmit energy it has generated to the energy transmitting device  16  through the catheter  38 . 
         [0021]    The transmitted energy is then radiated and directed by the energy transmitting device  16  onto the lower esophageal sphincter  44  tissue. The lower esophageal sphincter  44  tissue absorbs the energy resulting in the generation of heat within the tissue due to thermal conduction. The lower esophageal sphincter  44  tissue is comprised largely of collagen which will exhibit shrinkage characteristics over an appropriate time temperature relationship prior to being damaged or destroyed. 
         [0022]    The appropriate time period to satisfy the time temperature relationship is dependent upon the temperature of the treated tissue, which in turn is dependent upon the level of energy generated in the energy source  14  and radiated by the energy transmitting device  16 . The desired tissue temperature in the target area is between 50° C. and 70° C. with a preferred level between 63° C. and 65° C. This temperature increase can be achieved within a period of time between one microsecond and one minute dependent upon the amount and type of energy generated within the energy source  14 . In a preferred embodiment, the energy source  14  generates radiant energy (e.g. RF or microwave electromagnetic energy) which is transmitted by a transmission line  34  (such as a coaxial cable) that is then contained within the catheter  38  and connects to the energy transmitting device  16 . The energy transmitting device  16  is preferably an antenna or a directional antenna. 
         [0023]    The LES tightening device  10  can additionally include the inflation device  18  and the balloon  20 . Once the energy transmitting device  16  is properly positioned, the balloon  20  is located at the distal end  24  of the insertion device  12  and encapsulates the energy transmitting device  16  as shown in  FIG. 1 . The inflation device  18 , located at the proximal end  22 , inflates or deflates the balloon  20  via a conduit  48 . The conduit  48  connects the inflation device  18  to the balloon  20  by passing through the manifold  36 , wherein the conduit  48  becomes part of the catheter  38 . Air, fluid or gel could be used by the inflation device  18  to inflate the balloon  20 . The size of the balloon  20  can be adjusted to maintain proper placement of the energy transmitting device  16  in relation to the lower esophageal sphincter  44  tissue and/or control the amount of collagen shrinkage and therefore control the amount of sphincter tightening. 
         [0024]    In a preferred embodiment, the balloon  20  can be either a noncompliant balloon or a compliant balloon. The size of a compliant balloon can be controlled by observation through the eye piece  26 , injection of a radiopaque fluid such as fluorochrome into the balloon  20  and viewing on a fluoroscope, or monitoring the pressure of the balloon  20 . 
         [0025]      FIG. 2  is a cutaway schematic view (not to scale) of the tissue comprising the lower esophageal sphincter  44 . The tissue is comprised of three layers; a mucosa  48  inner layer, a submucosa  50  middle layer and a muscle  52  outer layer. In a preferred embodiment, collagen tissue in the submucosa  50  is targeted for shrinkage. In addition, a cooling means to prevent damage to the mucosa  48  may be incorporated into the LES tightening device  10 . This can be accomplished by cooling or cycling through cooled air, liquid, or gel to inflate the balloon  20 . The cooled material dissipates the heat generated by absorption of the radiated energy from the energy transmitting device  16 . This maintains a safe temperature level in the mucosa  46  (which is less than about 50° C. or preferably less than 45° C.) The type and amount of cooled material used to inflate the balloon  20  is dependent on the amount and type of energy generated within the energy source  14 . 
         [0026]      FIG. 3  shows a second embodiment of the LES tightening device  10 . Reference numerals identical to those employed in connection with  FIG. 1  indicate identical elements, and reference numerals followed by a suffix indicate modified but similar elements. In this preferred embodiment, the energy transmitting device  16 A is attached to the outer surface of the balloon  20 A to direct energy at the lower esophageal sphincter  44  tissue. As previously described, once the distal end  24  of the insertion device  12  properly positions the energy transmitting device  16 A over the lower esophageal sphincter  44  tissue, the balloon  20 A can be inflated and the energy source  14  can transmit energy to the energy transmitting device  16 A for radiation onto the lower esophageal sphincter  44  tissue. Again, a coolant can be used to inflate the balloon  20 A to prevent damage to the mucosa  48  while achieving collagen shrinkage in the submucosa  50  resulting in the tightening of the lower esophageal sphincter  44 . 
         [0027]    A third alternative embodiment to the present invention is depicted in  FIG. 4 . Again, reference numerals identical to those employed in connection with  FIG. 1  indicate identical elements, and reference numerals followed by a suffix indicate modified but similar elements. In this embodiment, the balloon  20 B is enlarged to protrude into a stomach  46  and anchor or retain the energy transmitting device  16 B in proper position with respect to the lower esophageal sphincter  44  tissue. In this embodiment, the insertion device  12  positions the energy transmitting device  16 B such that the target area comprises the lower esophageal sphincter  44  tissue. Once in place, the balloon  20 B is enlarged by injection of a suitable material which retains the position of the energy transmitting device  16 B relative to the lower esophageal sphincter  44 . This assures the energy radiated by the energy transmitting device  16 B is absorbed by the lower esophageal sphincter  44 . Again, the material injected into the balloon  20 B for inflation can be cooled to a sufficient level to offset and dissipate any heat build-up in the mucosa  48  and thereby enable the generation of heat and consequent shrinkage of collagen in the submucosa  50 . 
         [0028]    Although the present invention has been described with reference to treatment of GERD by toning the muscular LES sphincter, workers skilled in the art will recognize that this device and method could be used to shrink or tone other sphincters located in the body to overcome other medical ailments caused by the loss of sphincter muscle tone. For example, the device and method can be used on the urinary or anal sphincter to overcome incontinence. 
         [0029]    Furthermore, workers skilled in the art will also recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, the energy source can generate energy of various wavelengths within the electromagnetic spectrum including but not limited to laser, RF, or microwave energy. Alternatively, the energy source can generate ultrasonic energy to generate heat in the targeted tissue. area. The insertion device can be an endoscope, catheter or similar type of device. Depending on the form and wavelength of the energy being used, the energy transmitting device may be an antenna, an ultrasonic transducer, a fiber optic bundle, or an electrical resistance heater. Furthermore, a directional antenna can be used to limit and control the amount of energy directed at specific locations within the targeted tissue. 
         [0030]    With the present invention, tissue within the lower esophageal sphincter can be toned or tightened to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease on an outpatient basis with a safe, simple procedure with decreased aftercare, treatment and pain.