Abstract:
A process unit which can be removably mounted in a main assembly of an electrostatographic copying machine. The unit comprises a housing enclosing an imaging member and, optionally, other processing means such as a development device, a cleaner, and a charge corotron. The transfer corotron for transferring a toner image from the imaging member to a copy sheet is incorporated in the cassette housing, thus avoiding the need to provide a separate movable cover to protect the imaging member from contamination, physical damage, and light exposure when the cassette is removed from the main assembly of the copier. An electrically conductive guide member for guiding a copy sheet into contact with the imaging member and an electrically conductive guide member for guiding the copy sheet away from the imaging member are both formed integrally with the shield of the transfer corotron as extensions thereof. In consequence of electrically biasing the shield when the process unit is inserted into its operative position in the main assembly, the guides are maintained at the same potential as the shield thereby reducing charge leakage through the copy sheet in the transfer zone, enabling effective image transfer even for moist and relatively highly conductive copy sheets. The exit guide is suitably contoured to ensure that the trailing edge of the copy sheet positively contacts the imaging member.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     Reference is made to the following copending applications filed concurrently herewith: application Ser. No. 131,163 entitled &#34;Process Unit Incorporating A Charging Device&#34; in the name of Alan C. R. Howard et al.; application Ser. No. 131,162 entitled &#34;Process Unit For An Imaging Apparatus&#34; in the name of Robert A. Carter; application Ser. No. 131,074 entitled &#34;Process Unit For An Imaging Apparatus&#34; in the name of Alan C. R. Howard et al, application Ser. No. 131,073 entitled &#34;Fiber Traps In Copiers&#34; in the name of Philip R. Thompson. Reference is also made to copending application Ser. No. 038,093 entitled &#34;Process Unit For An Imaging Apparatus&#34; field Apr. 14, 1987 in the name of Robert A. Carter. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to an electrostatographic reproducing machine, particularly a xerographic copier, comprising a transfer corotron for transferring a developed electrostatic latent image from an imaging member to a copy sheet, wherein the copy sheets are guided into contact with the imaging member by a guide member adjacent the transfer corotron. The invention further relates to a process unit adapted to be removably mounted in a main assembly of an electrostatographic reproducing machine, wherein the imaging member, the transfer corotron, and the guide member are included in the process unit. 
     There is a trend nowadays to incorporate the imaging member together with other process means such as a charge corotron, a development device, and a cleaning device in a removable process unit or cassette as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,985,436 to Tanaka et al. The use of such a cassette enables the easy replacement of those parts of the xerographic machine which are most likely to deteriorate with use, especially the photoreceptor, but also the development and cleaning systems as well as the charge corotron wire. A further advantage of containing the major xerographic process elements within a cassette is that interchangeable cassettes may be used in a given copying machine to provide different development characteristics or different colored development. 
     In the art of electrostatographic copying it is known that the electrical conductivity of a paper copy sheet influences the quality of image transfer thereto from the imaging member. If the conductivity of the paper is too high, charges on the paper are able to leak away immediately via those parts of the reproducing machine which are in contact with the sheet, such as the paper guides. Many papers suitable for xerographic copy paper have a conductivity which is satisfactory when the paper is dry, but which becomes too high for effective image transfer when the paper is damp. Under conditions of high ambient relative humidity, copy paper which would otherwise be satisfactory, can absorb moisture to an extent where it becomes so conductive that image transfer is badly impaired. 
     PRIOR ART 
     To overcome this problem GB No. 2 165 491A to Milton proposes the use of electrically biasing the paper guide to minimize charge leakage from the paper. Thus, the paper guide which guides the paper to the imaging member adjacent the transfer corotron is electrically conductive and is maintained at a predetermined potential approximating the surface potential of a copy sheet during image transfer. To this end the guide is in electrical communication with the shield of the transfer corotron. The shield itself is electrically connected so as to be self-biasing to a potential such as to maintain the predetermined potential on the guide member. 
     Another problem with moist paper is that there is a tendency for the trail edge to flop away from the imaging member resulting in impaired image transfer and in some cases the image may not be transferred at all at the trail edge. 
     In U.S. Pat. No. 4,609,276 to Mitzutani there is disclosed a copying machine employing a process cassette, wherein a guide member is present in the main assembly of the machine for guiding copy sheets into contact with the imaging member in the vicinity of the transfer corotron when the cassette is inserted in its operative position in the main assembly. The guide is necessarily disposed in close proximity, e.g. 1 to 2 mm, from the imaging member in order to prevent the developed toner image on the imaging member from being unduly disturbed, e.g. by scattering, when it is transferred to a copy sheet. Because of its very close proximity to the imaging member at least part of the guide member is hingedly mounted on the main assembly of the machine so that it can be pivoted out of the way whenever the process unit is inserted into or removed from the main assembly to avoid causing physical damage to the highly sensitive imaging member. In addition FIGS. 10A through 10G illustrate several alternative arrangements for a process unit to contain various process means. FIG. 10G illustrates a unit which in addition to including an imaging drum, charging device and developer also includes a transfer discharger and a protective cover. In this regard attention is also directed to the discussion in U.S. Pat. No. 4,462,677 to Onoda of FIGS. 13A to 13F at column 8, lines 35 to 64 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,470,689 to Nomura et al of FIGS. 15A to 15F at column 8 lines 15 to 45 concerning the inclusion of a transfer discharger in the process unit. Incorporating the transfer charging device in the cassette housing has the advantage that the charging device itself shields and protects the imaging member from light exposure, damage, and contamination even when the unit is removed from the main assembly of the copying machine, thus dispensing with the need for a separate protecting cover. An additional advantage of having the transfer charging device integral with the unit housing is that it will be replaced automatically whenever the process units is exchanged for a fresh one without having to change the transfer charging device separately. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided an electrostatographic reproducing apparatus comprising a transfer corotron for transferring a developed electrostatic latent image from an imaging member on to a copy sheet, and an electrically conductive guide member for guiding copy sheets in the vicinity of the transfer corotron characterized in that the guide member is integral with the shield of the transfer corotron. 
     A reproducing machine in accordance with the invention has the advantage that the transfer guide member may be provided simply as an extension of the transfer corotron shield. An additional advantage resulting from the conductivity of the guide member is that an electrical potential applied to the transfer corotron shield will automatically be applied to the paper guide without the need for a separate electrical connection. Hence effective image transfer is possible for more highly conductive paper, e.g. paper with a relatively high moisture content, because current leakage through the paper is reduced. The guide member may be either (a) the entrance guide for guiding copy sheets into contact with the imaging member, or (b) the exit guide for guiding copy sheets away from the imaging member. In a preferred embodiment both the entrance guide and the exit guide are integral with the corotron shield. 
     According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a process unit adapted to be removably mounted in a main assembly of an electrostatographic copying machine, the unit comprising a housing, an imaging member inside the housing, and a transfer corotron for transferring a developed electrostatic latent image from the imaging member to a copy sheet characterized in that the process unit further comprises an electrically conductive guide member integral with the transfer corotron for guiding copy sheets in the vicinity of the imaging member when the process unit is inserted in the main assembly. 
     In addition to the advantage of enabling effective image transfer with more highly conductive paper as mentioned above, a process unit in accordance with the invention has the distinction over the prior art that the transfer corotron and integral guide member are actually incorporated in the process unit itself and as such may be mounted in close proximity and in fixed relation to the operative position of the imaging member thereby avoiding the risk of physically damaging the imaging member when the process unit is inserted into or removed from the main assembly of the copying machine. 
     Again, the guide member may be either (a) the entrance guide for guiding copy sheets into contact with the imaging member, or (b) the exit guide for guiding copy sheets away from the imaging member. In a preferred embodiment both the entrance guide and the exit guide are integral with the corotron shield. The integral guide member(s) are automatically biased to the same potential as the corotron shield. 
     Preferably, the biased exit guide is inclined and contoured in such manner that the trail edge of the copy sheet is tipped to wipe against the imaging member for improved image transfer at the trail edge particularly for moist copy sheets. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     An embodiment of the invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic cross section of a process unit having a transfer corotron with integral copy sheet guide members in accordance with the invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a schematic cross section of the process unit taken on the line II--II in FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 3 is a cross section showing detail of a latch mechanism for retaining the corotron in the process unit taken on the line III--III in FIG. 2; 
     FIG. 4 is a sectional view of the process unit of FIG. 2 partially inserted in the main assembly of a xerographic copier; 
     FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a ramp flexure member which supports the transfer corotron in the main assembly; 
     FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the latch in the closed position when the process unit is partially inserted into the main assembly; 
     FIG. 7 is a cross section showing detail of the latch mechanism of FIG. 2, but with the latch in the open position; 
     FIG. 8 is a sectional view of the process unit of FIG. 2 fully inserted in the main assembly; 
     FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the transfer corotron and integral copy sheet guide members; 
     FIG. 10 is a sectional view of the process unit of FIG. 8 when it is fully inserted in the main assembly with the transfer corotron in its hinged-open position; and 
     FIG. 11 is a schematic view in cross section of a reproducing machine having a process cassette according to the present invention. 
    
    
     It is noted that, for the sake of clarity, the Figures are not drawn to scale. In particular in the sectional views the dimensions in the vertical direction have been exaggerated. The same features are denoted by the same reference numerals in each of the Figures. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The process unit or cassette 1 shown in FIG. 1 is designed to be removably mounted in the main assembly 100 of a xerographic copier as described, for example, in the aforementioned US patents and also in our copending U.S. patent application No. 38,093 filed Apr. 14, 1987, entitled Process Unit For An Imaging Apparatus in the name of Robert A. Carter commonly assigned to the assignee of the present invention to which reference is invited for further details, The cassette 1 comprises a housing 2 made for example, primarily of polystyrene, which encloses an imaging member in the form of a belt photoreceptor 3 in addition to various process means, in particular a development device 4, a cleaner 5, and a charge corotron 6. The belt photoreceptor is an endless flexible belt having a photosensitive surface. In the arrangement shown, when the cassette 1 is removed from the main assembly of the copier, the belt is only loosely retained in the cassette but when the cassette is inserted into the main assembly of the copying machine, the photoreceptor belt is supported in an operative position by a member 40 forming part of the main assembly (see especially FIG. 8). A cassette having this kind of loosely retained photoreceptor arrangement forms the subject of our aforementioned copending U.S. patent applicatin No. 38,093. 
     Returning to FIG. 1, a transfer charging device 7 is included in the cassette housing in the vicinity of the photoreceptor belt at the area where a toner image is to be transferred from the belt to a copy sheet. The technique of actually transferring a toner image is well known to those skilled in the art and no further details need be given here. The transfer charging device is in the form of a corotron having an outer shield 8 which, as is conventional, is substantially U-shaped and made, for example, of stainless steel. A corona wire 9 extends the full length of the shield 8 and is spaced apart from the walls thereof in the usual manner. 
     At its upper end the shield has extended portions 10 and 11 on its left-and right-hand sides respectively, as viewed in the drawing. These portions 10 and 11 act as guide members and define the path which a copy sheet follows as it passes through the cassette for the purposes of having a toner image transferred thereto, as described in more detail below. As shown in FIG. 2, the corotron 7 has end caps 21, 22 fastened to opposite ends of shield 8. The end caps 21, 22 are made of a plastics material. End cap 21 has a laterally-projecting pin extending from its side faces both into and out of the plane of FIG. 2. The pin 23 is accommodated in sockets 24 formed integrally in the cassette housing, two such sockets being provided, one on each side of the end cap 21. The pin and socket arrangement is such as to allow the corotron a small amount of vertical movement, typically 2 mm, at its pivoted end. At the opposite end of the corotron 7, the other end cap 22 has a longitudinally projecting tab 25 which engages in a latch mechanism 26 shown more clearly in FIG. 3. The tab 25 is held by two jaws 27a, 27b of the latch which are biased together by an inverted keyhole-shaped spring 28. The spring 28 is held in place by pairs of tabs 29a, 29b; 30a, 30b formed integrally on the inward face of the jaws 27a, 27b. The upper portion of each jaw 27a, 27b is provided with a protruding post 31a, 31b with an enlarged head 33a, 33b extending from the outward face. The posts 31a, 31b are accommodated in slots 32a, 32b respectively in the cassette housing 2, thus providing a pivotal mounting for the jaws. The enlarged heads 33a, 33b which act to retain the latch in its own plane are present on the outside of the cassette housing as can be seen more clearly in FIGS. 2 and 6. The latch is also held in place by two bail bars 34a, 34b formed on a recessed portion of the internal wall of the cassette housing 2. The bail bars 34a, 34b are both joined to the cassette housing at each of their two ends, thereby providing a slot between the bars and the cassette housing through which the jaws 27a, 27b are threaded, thereby limiting their pivotal movement as well as holding them in their own plane (see FIG. 6). When the cassette is outside the main assembly of the copying machine, the jaws 27a, 27b of the latch 26 are closed to grip tab 25 and so support the corotron as shown in FIG. 3. However, the latch is adapted to be opened automatically to release the corotron when the cassette is inserted into the main assembly of a copying machine, which enables the corotron to be located accurately relative to the photoreceptor and also enables the corotron to be hinged open about pivot pin 23 to allow for clearance of jammed copy sheets, as described in more detail below. 
     As can be seen from FIGS. 1 and 2, the outside of the corotron shield 8 forms part of the external wall of the cassette housing 2. 
     FIG. 4 shows the situation as the cassette 1 is almost, but not quite, fully inserted into its operative position in the main assembly 100 of a reproducing machine. For the sake of clarity the whole of the machine main assembly is not shown in this Figure. As the cassette is first inserted into the main assembly, the support member 40, which is integral with the main assembly, enters the cassette 1 through aperture 2a in the housing 2 and threads through the belt photoreceptor 3. To facilitate this threading operation the support 40 is provided with a chamfered leading end face 40a. Extending from the end face 40a is a spigot 41, the purpose of which is to actuate the latch mechanism 26 when the cassette is fully inserted in the main assembly as explained in more detail below. 
     With the cassette in the position shown in FIG. 4, electrical connection is about to be made with the corotron 7 by means of compression spring 45 which is fastened to block 44 of the main machine assembly. The spring 45 is electrically connected to a high voltage source. As the cassette approaches the position shown in FIG. 4, the spring 45 enters the tapered bore of socket member 19 projecting from the leading face of the corotron end cap 21. In FIG. 4, the socket member is cutaway for enhanced clarity of the features being discussed here. As the cassette continues to be inserted the spring 45 engages around electrical contact 47 protruding within the socket 19. Contact 47 is tapered in such a manner as to permit the spring 45 to thread over it easily and to ensure intimate electrical contact therewith. The contact 47 is electrically connected to corona wire 9. 
     With the cassette at the position shown in FIG. 4, the underside of leading end cap 21 has just engaged leaf spring 46 which extends cantilever-fashion from the block 44 of the main assembly 100. Spring 46 acts to urge the corotron 7 up towards the support 40 until a projection 48 provided on the upper surface of end cap 21 abuts the underside of support member 40. Projection 48 thus acts as a spacer. 
     Electrical connection is made to the shield 8 of corotron 7 via leaf spring 46. Being integral therewith the guide members 10 and 11 will be at the same potential as the shield 8. Suitably, the shield is maintained as a potential of approximately 1 KV preferably in a self-biasing manner, e.g. by grounding the shield via a zener diode circuit as disclosed in GB No. 2 165 491A. 
     At the same time the end cap 22 at the trailing end of the corotron approaches ramp flexure 49 fastened on a surface 50 which may be withdrawn from the main assembly of the reproducing machine as discussed in more detail below. 
     The ramp flexure 49 which is shown in more detail in FIG. 5 is made of plastics material, for example polypropylene and comprises a double ramp 51, 52 in back-to-back configuration defining an apex 53 therebetween. The inwardly extending ramp 51 comprises a lower sloping portion 51a and an integral upper portion 51b which is more steeply inclined. The ramp 51 is slightly wider than the corotron end cap 22 and is provided with upstanding wall portions 54 at its edges, thus presenting a guide channel for the corotron. Extending from the underside of lower ramp portion 51a is a T-shaped lug 55 which extends through a slot 56 in the surface 50 to lock the ramp member 59 thereto. The ramp member is further fastened to the surface 50 by a bifurcated barbed member 57 extending through a slot 58 in the surface 50. The outwardly extending ramp portion 52 is shorter than the inwardly extending portion 51 and at its lower end curves inwardly and terminates in a block 58 which is bolted to an upstanding flange 50a at the outside edge of surface 50. The ramp portion 52 provides a guide surface for the leading end cap 21 of corotron 7 when the cassette is first inserted into the main assembly 100. 
     As the cassette is inserted further, the spigot 41 of the support member 40 approaches the latch mechanism 26. Referring to FIG. 6, it can be seen that the spigot 41 is aligned with two substantially semicircular boss members 60, 61 at the facing edges of the two jaws 27a, 27b. The boss members 60, 61 are each chamfered at their inwardly directed faces 60a, 61a respectively. As the cassette approaches its fully inserted position within the main assembly 100 the spigot 41 engages the bosses 60, 61 at their chamfered surfaces 60a, 61a and prizes them apart against the bias of spring 28, thus forcing the jaws 27a, 27b to move apart thereby releasing tab 25 of corotron end cap 22 as shown in FIG. 7. At this stage the trailing end of the corotron will drop slightly under its own weight until it abuts ramp portion 52 of ramp flexure 49. 
     The cassette is then pushed all the way to its fully inserted position in which the underside of end cap 22 is supported by the apex 53 of ramp flexure 49, as shown in FIG. 8. The ramp flexure 49 acts to urge the trailing end of the corotron up towards the support 40 until two flange-like projections 62 provided on the top side of end cap 22 abut the underside of support member 40 and thus act as spacers. Thus the projection 48 on end cap 21 and the two projections 62 on end cap 22 which can be seen most clearly in FIG. 9 act as spacers which accurately locate the corotron 7 relative to the support member 40. 
     As described in our aforementioned copending U.S. application No. 038,093 the photoreceptor belt 3 may be tensioned after the cassette has been fully inserted in the main assembly, e.g. by using a pair of rollers (not shown here) which can be moved apart, whereupon the belt 3 will adopt an operative position in which it conforms closely with the support member 40. It follows, therefore, that by accurately locating the corotron 7 relative to the support member 40 it is also located accurately relative to the photoreceptor, as required. 
     Although the ramp flexure 49 may itself be sufficiently resilient to urge the corotron 7 against the support member 40 additional bias may be provided by threading a compression spring (not shown) over bifurcated member 57 so that it buts against the apex 53 of the flexure 49 at its upper end and against the surface 50 at its lower end. 
     As shown in FIG. 1, an aperture 14 is present between the right-hand extension 11 of corotron shield 8 and the main part of the cassette housing to enable a copy sheet to enter the process unit for the purpose of transferring an image thereto from the photoreceptor belt 3 in the vicinity of the transfer corotron when the cassette is inserted into the main assembly of the copying machine. The aperture 14 is in the form of a slot extending substantially the full width of the cassette and is relatively narrow, for example, 2 mm wide. Thus the slot is sufficiently wide to permit a copy sheet to enter the cassette, but narrow enough to provide appreciable protection for the photoreceptor from damage, contamination, and light exposure, thus prolonging the useful life of the photoreceptor. 
     The path which a copy sheet follows as it passes through the cassette for image transfer purposes is denoted by an arrow in FIG. 1. The external wall portion 15 of the main part of the cassette housing is shaped so as to deflect and guide the approaching copy sheets towards the aperture 14. Furthermore, the extreme right-hand side of the extended portion 11 of corotron shield 8 has a downturned lip 16 inclined obtusely relative to the adjacent plateau portion 17. The downturned lip 16 thus also acts to guide approaching copy sheets towards the aperture 14. 
     As the copy sheet enters the cassette it follows the path defined between the photoreceptor belt 3 and the plateau portion 17 of the corotron shield extension 11 which thus acts as a paper guide. By virtue of the electric connection to the shield 8 described previously, shield extension 11 being integral therewith is held at the same potential as the shield, as mentioned previously, typically 1 KV. By biasing the paper guide 11 in this way current leakage through the copy sheet is reduced during image transfer enabling the use of more highly conductive paper, e.g. paper with a relatively high moisture content, while still achieving high quality image transfer. The copy sheet then passes over the main part (i.e. the shield 8 and the wire 9) of the transfer corotron 7 where it comes into contact with the photoreceptor belt 3 when the toner image is transferred from the photoreceptor belt to the copy sheet itself in known manner. From there the copy sheet traverses the slightly upwardly inclined ramp 18 forming part of the shield extension 10 on the left-hand side of the corotron 7, and thence to aperture 20 in the cassette housing where the copy sheet exists the cassette for further processing, in particular for the toner image to be fixed permanently to the copy sheet using techniques well known to persons skilled in the art. The shield extension 10 acts as an exit paper guide and being integral with the corotron shield 8 is also held at the same potential. Hence current leakage through the copy sheet is also reduced as the copy sheet exits the cassette enabling effective image transfer even to the trailing edge of the copy sheet by which time the leading edge may have come into contact with other parts of the main assembly through which the copy sheet might otherwise discharge. 
     The ramp 18 also has a slightly convex configuration (as seen by the copy sheet) which tends to cause the trail edge of the copy sheet to tip up after it leaves the entrance guide 11 and wipe against the imaging member 3 thereby ensuring positive contact and consequently effective image transfer even at the trail edge of moist copy sheets. 
     In case a copy sheet becomes jammed while it passes through the cassette 2, surface 50 with the ramp flexure 49 mounted thereon may be withdrawn manually from the main assembly 100 of the reproducing machine when the cassette is fully inserted therein, as shown in FIG. 10. As the surface 50 and ramp 49 are withdrawn the end cap 22 of corotron 7 will begin to descend the ramp 51 of ramp flexure 49, because it is no longer retained by latch 26. The end cap 22 is guided down the ramp 51 by edge wall portions 54. As the free end of the corotron descends, it pivots about hinge pin 23 at the other end cap 21. Leaf spring 46 is displaced against subjacent platform 68 extending from the block 44 in the main assembly 100. As the surface 50 continues to be withdrawn, the corotron end cap 22 continues to descend ramp portion 51 unti it engages the surface 50 which limits the corotron&#39;s pivotal movement. FIG. 10 shows the corotron 7 hinged in its fully open position away from the photoreceptor to permit access to the transfer region of the cassette, especially for clearing copy sheets which may have jammed there without damaging the photoreceptor. Once the jam has been cleared, the corotron 7 is returned to its former operative position simply by reinserting surface 50. Initially the end cap 22 will slide along the surface 50 until the ramp flexure 49 approaches when it will begin to ascend ramp portion 51 again guided by edge wall portions 54. For this purpose, end cap 22 is flanked by a pair of wings 66 with outwardly extending sloping faces 67 complementary to ramp 51 to facilitate sliding thereover. When the surface 50 is returned to its fully inserted position, the corotron end cap 22 reverts to its former position at the apex 53 of ramp flexure 49 with the projecting flanges 62 abutting the supporting member 40 of the main assembly 100, as shown in FIG. 8. When it comes to removing the cassette 1 from the main assembly 2 the spigot 41 of support 40 disengages from the latch 26 whereby the jaws 27a, 27b of the latch close together under the bias of spring 28 to regrip the tab 25 of corotron end cap 22. Thus, when the cassette is removed from the main assembly the transfer corotron is automatically latched back into, and as such again becomes an integral part of, the cassette housing 2. 
     Referring now to FIG. 11, there is shown schematically a xerographic printing machine 110 having the removable process unit 1 of the present invention in its operational position in the main assembly 100. The machine includes an endless flexible photoreceptor belt 3 mounted for rotation in the clockwise direction as shown about support rollers 111a and 111b to carry the photosensitive imaging surface 112 of the belt 3 sequentially through a series of xerographic processing stations, namely a charging station 114, an imaging station 116, a development station 118, a transfer station 110, and a cleaning station 122. 
     The charging station 114 comprises a corotron 6 which deposits a uniform electrostatic charge on the photoreceptor belt 3. The photoreceptor belt 3, the charge corotron 6, the developer device 4, the transfer corotron 7, and the blade cleaner 5 may all be incorporated in a process cassette 1 adapted to be removably mounted in the main assembly 100 of the xerographic copier as described in aforementioned copending application Ser. No. 038,093. 
     An original document D to be reproduced is positioned on a platen 124 and is illuminated in known manner a narrow strip at a time by a light source comprising a tungsten halogen lamp 126. Light from the lamp is concentrated by an elliptical reflector 125 to cast a narrow strip of light on to the side of the original document D facing the platen 124. Document D thus exposed is imaged on to the photoreceptor 1 via a system of mirrors M1 to M6 and a focusing lens 127. The optical image selectively discharges the photoreceptor in image configuration, whereby an electrostatic latent image of the original document is laid down on the belt surface at imaging station 116. In order to copy the whole original document the lamp 126, the reflector 125, and mirror M1 are mounted on a full rate carriage (not shown) which travels laterally at a given speed directly below the platen and thereby scans the whole document. Because of the folded optical path the mirrors M2 and M3 are mounted on another carriage (not shown) which travels laterally at half the speed of the full rate carriage in order to maintain the optical path constant. The photoreceptor 1 is also in motion whereby the image is laid down strip by strip to reproduce the whole of the original document as an image on the photoreceptor. 
     By varying the speed of the scan carriages relative to the photoreceptor belt 1 it is possible to alter the size of the image along the length of the belt, i.e. in the scanning direction. In full size copying, that is to say with unity magnification, the speed of the full rate carriage and the speed of the photoreceptor belt are equal. Increasing the speed of the scan carriage makes the image shorter, i.e. reduction, and decreasing the speed of the scan carriage makes the image longer, i.e. magnification. 
     The image size can also be varied in the direction orthogonal to the scan direction by moving the lens 127 along its optical axis closer to the original document i.e. closer to mirrors M2 and M3, for magnification greater than unity, and away from the mirrors M2 and M3 for reduction, i.e. magnification less than unity. When the lens 127 is moved, the length of the optical path between the lens and the photoreceptor, i.e. the image distance, is also varied by moving mirrors M4 and M5 in unison to ensure that the image is properly focused on the photoreceptor 1. For this purpose mirrors M4 and M5 are suitably mounted on a further carriage (not shown). 
     At the development station 118, a magnetic brush developer device with a developer roll 128 develops the electrostatic latent image into visible form. Here, toner is dispensed from hopper (not shown) into developer housing 129 which contains a two-component developer mixture comprising a magnetically attractable carrier and the toner, which is deposited on the charged area of belt 1 by a developer roll 128. 
     The developed image is transferred at transfer station 120 from the belt to a sheet of copy paper according to the practice of the present invention. The copy paper is delivered into contact with the belt in synchronous relation to the image from a paper supply system 131 in which a stack of paper copy sheets 132 is stored on a tray 133. The top sheet of the stack in the tray is brought, as required, into feeding engagement with a top sheet separator/feeder 134. Sheet feeder 134 feeds the top copy sheet of the stack towards the photoreceptor around a 180° path via two sets of nip roll pairs 135 and 136. The path followed by the copy sheets through the aperture in the cassette is denoted by a broken line. At the transfer station 120 transfer corotron 7 provides the electric field to assist in the transfer of the toner particles thereto. 
     The copy sheet bearing the developed image is then stripped from the belt 1 and subsequently conveyed to a fusing station 138 which comprises a heated roll fuser 139 to which release oil may be applied in known manner. The image is fixed to the copy sheet by the heat and pressure in the nip between the two rolls 139 and 140 of the fuser. The final copy is fed by the fuser rolls into catch tray 141 via two further nip roll pairs 142 and 143. 
     After transfer of the developed image from the belt some toner particles usually remain on the surface of the belt, and these are removed at the cleaning station 122 by a cleaner blade 5 which scrapes residual toner from the belt. The toner particles thus removed fall into a receptacle 145 below. Also, any electrostatic charges remaining on the belt are discharged by exposure to an erase lamp 146 which provides an even distribution of light across the photoreceptor surface. The photoreceptor is then ready to be charged again by the charging corotron 6 as the first step in the next copy cycle. 
     The patents and applications referred to herein are hereby specifically and totally incorporated herein by reference. 
     From the foregoing it will be evident that various modifications may be made within the scope of the present invention. For example, instead of a flexible belt the imaging member may comprise a photoreceptor drum as commonly used in xerographic machines. Moreover, apart from the transfer corotron, the cassette may enclose additional or alternative processing means to those described above. Alternatively, it is not necessary for the copying machine to employ a cassette or process unit as described above. Instead, the xerographic components, including the transfer corotron may all be fixed within the main assembly of the copier in conventional manner, the transfer guide member nevertheless being formed integrally with the shield of the transfer corotron. In addition, while the invention has been illustrated with repect to copying apparatus it will be understood that it may be used in printer apparatus wherein a light beam such as a laser beam may be used to selectively dicharge portions of the photoconductor. All such modifications and embodiments as may readily occur to the artisan are intended to be within the scope of the appended claim.