Abstract:
A cellular telecommunications network is provided that facilitates communication connections for terminals having identification modules that are not associated with a subscriber record or Mobile Subscriber Integrated Services Digital Network (MSISDN) number. The cellular telecommunications network implements providing a pool of unique connection numbers in response to a request for communication with a device incorporating a token identification module, assigning a selected one of the pooled numbers to the token identification module in a location register; and initiating a reconnection event, thereby providing the assigned number to the device by associating the device with a temporary unique connection number in the location register Embodiments described are directed to Machine-to-Machine (M2M) client terminals with embedded token identification modules.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/068,965, filed Oct. 31, 2013, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/351,825, filed Jan. 17, 2012, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/118,014, filed May 27, 2011, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/935,788, filed Sep. 30, 2010, which is a 371 application of PCT/GB2009/50331, filed Apr. 2, 2009, all of said applications incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to a telecommunications network. In particular, the invention relates to a cellular network that allows terminals having identification modules to establish a data communication where that identification module is assigned with a unique telephone number only as needed. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    In conventional cellular telecommunications networks, the activation of a subscriber identification module (SIM) requires that certain preconditions are met. Of particular interest here, the SIM must be associated with a unique telephone number Mobile Subscriber Integrated Services Digital Network (MSISDN). This familiar telephone number is generally used by a calling party wishing to make a voice (or video) call to the mobile terminal into which the SIM has been inserted. Invariably, the telephone number is selected (either automatically or in some instances by the user themselves) from a range of available MSISDN numbers owned by the provisioning operating company and the selected number is assigned to the SIM when the SIM is addressed for the first time by the operating company network: generally this means that the telephone number must be assigned before a user first activates the SIM under a prepay or contract arrangement. 
         [0004]    The network operator bears a cost associated with provisioning a SIM with a valid MSISDN, both for the reservation of the MSISDN (regulators such as the ITU assign ranges of MSISDN numbers to operating companies) and for the retail staff time and overheads in registering the selected number for use. 
         [0005]    Where that SIM appears no longer (or never to have been) used for a predetermined period, the network operators typically note this fact and initiate a “quarantine” process for returning the telephone number to the set of available numbers. Of course, this quarantining process has an associated cost: so too does reassigning that MSISDN number as ultimately will happen when it is confirmed unused after the quarantine period expires. 
         [0006]    As the reader will readily appreciate, the provisioning of SIMs that are infrequently or never used represents a distinct inconvenience to the network operator. This inconvenience is significant even when considering the conventional provision of mobile telephones and data card/modems with SIMs. There is however a current trend to embed or otherwise SIM-enable a far wider range of computing and other electronic goods. For example, PC laptops, ultra-mobile PCs (UMPC), personal digital assistants (PDA), satellite positioning devices, set top boxes (STB), wireless access points (APs) and even onboard vehicle computers may be, and lately often are, fitted with modules that accept SIMs to enable communication over cellular telecommunication networks. Clearly, this trend implies a concomitant increase in the number of unused or infrequently used SIMs and a consequently greater level of disruption to the network operator who wishes to enable such devices. 
         [0007]    A further problem arises in relation to the production and management of SIM cards for telematics terminals (e.g. in-car computers), where it is desirable that the terminals may be exported to a variety of geographical locations each with their own telecommunication network. 
         [0008]    As described in prior patents GB2378097, GB2378094 and GB2378095, the problem may be addressed by ensuring that all relevant operator keys and specific parameters are pre-stored on the SIM, at the time of manufacture. Consequently, a suitably prepared SIM can be re-registered from one home network to another home network as necessary. The SIM is sent instructions regarding which authentication keys it is to use in which territory and a corresponding new SIM identifier number, IMSI. 
         [0009]    As a result, where cars are exported, SIMs can be configured for the country of manufacture and later reconfigured for the final country. The method can also apply to other devices and can be indefinitely re-configured. Hence a terminal can be used in another network (not as a roaming subscriber) for a significant time without a new SIM card being issued. Clearly the non- or infrequent use of such “prefitted” SIMs would only amplify the problems outlined above, since this solution requires the provisioning of a plurality of available MSISDNs, one for each territory envisaged at manufacture. 
         [0010]    In co-pending UK patent application GB 0805964.4, a new method and system are proposed to address some of the issues above. In this solution, data communications sessions can be established for terminals having identification modules that have only IMSI numbers (and not MSISDN numbers) (thereby sidestepping the need for provisioning or quarantining of SIMs). This is achieved by introducing additional network elements that can identify terminals with such identification modules and handle their requests for data sessions in a consistent way. The system of GB 0805964.4 is primarily suited to data-only communications. 
         [0011]    However, there are circumstances where a temporary “return” communications path might be attractive in association with an otherwise data-only service. This could be a telephony service (e.g. CS voice, SMS, USSD, MMS etc) where the server initiates the communication to the client device. An example of such circumstances in telematics might be the need for communications from a telematics service provider to a particular telematics client necessitated by malfunction or abnormal usage patterns. Conventionally routing messages in this direction would require a unique telephone number, such as the MSISDN associated with each SIM. 
         [0012]    In such circumstances, the disadvantages of using SIMs with their provisioned MSISDN remain: the provisioning and quarantining of these SIMs to terminals that never need this return channel would make offering a service to all devices prohibitively expensive. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0013]    It is therefore an object of the invention to obviate or at least mitigate the aforementioned problems. 
         [0014]    In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a cellular telecommunications network for temporarily associating unique connection numbers with terminals having token identification modules, the network including: a location register for receiving requests to access the network from terminals and, if the requests are associated with a token identification module, redirecting the requests; a token register which receives said redirected requests, generates token connection identification data and transmits the token connection identification data to the location register to identify the terminal to the location register; and a network gateway component for establishing a communication between the network and the terminal in accordance with the token connection identification data; the network further comprising: a network storage component for storing a table of unique connection numbers; and a messaging parsing component for processing messages addressed to terminals having token identification modules, selecting a given connection number from the table of connection numbers, associating the selected number with the location register record for a given token identification module and redirecting the messages to the terminal having the given token identification module using the associated number, wherein the messaging parsing application is communicably coupled to the token register and causes the association of selected number to token identification module by instructing a purge of the location register record for the token identification module and injecting the selected number into the location register record during reconnection. 
         [0015]    The messaging parsing application may further triggers a Packet Data Protocol (PDP) context upon confirmation of successful receipt of a given one of said redirected messages within the terminal, thereby instigating a data connection between the terminal and the originator of said redirected message. 
         [0016]    Upon completion of data exchange between the terminal and the originator of said redirected message, either the terminal or the originator may drop the Packet Data Protocol (PDP) context, hence terminating the data session. 
         [0017]    The originator of said redirected message preferably interprets termination of a data session as a trigger to re-purge the terminal from the token register in order to recover the associated number. 
         [0018]    The terminal may further be provided with suitable loudspeaker, microphone and signal processing components. 
         [0019]    Throughout the present description, the term “location register” should be understood to relate to a network entity performing the functionality of a HLR, a VLR and/or a network gateway component, such as a serving GPRS support node (SGSN). 
         [0020]    The location register may be distributed, having an aggregator point for aggregating signalling functionality and a network entity for carrying out further location register functionality, said aggregator point and said network entity being in communication with one another. Examples of further location register functionality include the temporary storage of IMSI numbers. 
         [0021]    In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for temporarily associating unique connection numbers with devices having token identification modules, the method comprising at least: providing a pool of unique connection numbers; in response to a request for communication with a device incorporating a token identification module, assigning a selected one of the pooled numbers to the first token identification module in a token register; and initiating a reconnection event, thereby providing the assigned number to the device. 
         [0022]    The step of initiating a reconnection event preferably comprises: instructing a purge of a location register record for the token identification module; and injecting the selected number into a token register record during reconnection. 
         [0023]    The request for communication may be a request to deliver a message addressed to a device having a token identification module; in which case the method may further comprise: receiving said message, and redirecting the message to the device using the assigned number. 
         [0024]    The method may further comprise triggering a PDP context upon confirmation of successful receipt of said redirected message within the terminal, thereby instigating a data connection between the device and the originator of said redirected message. 
         [0025]    Upon completion of data exchange between the device and the originator of said redirected message, the PDP context may be dropped, either at the device or at the originator, hence terminating the data session. 
         [0026]    Once the communication has been completed, the assignment of the assigned number may be purged from the location register. The method may therefore further comprise re-purging the device from the location register upon termination of a data session in order to recover the assigned number. 
         [0027]    Throughout this document, the pool of connection numbers are considered “unique” in so much as there can be only one instance of each connection number in the network at any given time. A single connection number may, of course be used serially for more than one device over a period of time, but not simultaneously. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES 
         [0028]    For a better understanding of the present invention, reference will now be made, by way of example only, to the accompanying drawings in which:— 
           [0029]      FIG. 1  illustrates key elements of a cellular telecommunications network, and its operation; 
           [0030]      FIG. 2  illustrates key elements of a cellular telecommunications network in accordance with co-pending UK patent application GB 0805964.4; 
           [0031]      FIG. 3  illustrates the elements in establishing a PDP context between a GPRS network and a terminal (e.g. Mobile Station) as a result of an external request for communication with the terminal; 
           [0032]      FIG. 4  illustrates the flow of events in providing data sessions to a device for use in a machine to machine environment in accordance with GB 0805964.4; and 
           [0033]      FIG. 5  illustrates the flow of events in enabling a provider message to be delivered to a terminal having an identification module with an IMSI but no unique telephone number, in accordance with the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0034]      FIG. 1  illustrates the interrelation of those key elements of a cellular telecommunications network relevant to the operation of the invention. 
         [0035]    A telecommunications network  100  includes a plurality of base stations (BS)  3 ,  4 ,  5 ,  7 ,  8 , and  9  and a core network  12 . 
         [0036]    Each base station (B S) corresponds to a respective cell of the telecommunications network and receives calls from and transmits calls to a terminal in that cell by wireless radio communication in one or both of the circuit switched or packet switched domains. Such a subscriber&#39;s terminal is shown as  1 . The terminal may be a handheld mobile telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA) or a laptop computer equipped with a datacard. 
         [0037]    Each base station comprises a base transceiver station (BTS) and a base station controller (BSC). A BSC may control more than one BTS. The BTSs and BSCs comprise the radio access network. 
         [0038]    Conventionally, the base stations are arranged in groups and each group of base stations is controlled by one mobile switching centre (MSC), such as MSC  2  for base stations  3 ,  4  and  5 . As shown in  FIG. 1 , the network has another MSC  6 , which is controlling a further three base stations  7 ,  8  and  9 . In practice, the network will incorporate many more MSCs and base stations than shown in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0039]    Each subscriber to the network is provided with at least one smart card or subscriber identity module (SIM) card (strictly speaking a UICC) which, when associated with the user&#39;s mobile terminal, identifies the subscriber to the network. The terminal typically has an identifier of its own (the “International Mobile Equipment Identity”, IMEI), which can be obtained in certain networks, however this terminal ID is not essential in identifying the subscriber to the network. The SIM card is preprogrammed with a unique identification number, the “International Mobile Subscriber Identity” (IMSI) which can be accessed on the card but which is not generally known to (or used directly by) the subscriber. Printed on the outside of each SIM, there is a further unique identification number, the ICCID/SIM Serial number (SSN), which is unrelated to the IMSI number. The subscriber is issued with a further, publicly known, number, that is, the subscriber&#39;s telephone number, by means of which calls to the subscriber are initiated by callers. This number is the Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number (MSISDN). 
         [0040]    The core network includes a home location register (HLR)  10  which, for each subscriber to the network, stores the IMSI and the corresponding MSISDN together with other subscriber data, such as the current or last known location of the subscriber&#39;s mobile terminal. A second register, the visitor location register (VLR)  14 , is used to store the IMSI and the corresponding MSISDN for subscribers that are active in the network temporarily. 
         [0041]    When the subscriber wishes to activate their terminal in the network (so that it may make or receive calls subsequently), the subscriber places their SIM card in a card reader associated with the terminal (terminal  1  in this example). 
         [0042]    When the terminal  1  is switched on, it searches for a mobile network to which to connect. Once the terminal identifies the desired network, it sends a message to the network (via the base station  3  associated with the particular cell of that network in which the terminal  1  is located) to indicate that it wishes to be registered to that particular network. This message includes the IMSI (read from the card). In a conventional network, the base station (BS  3 ) transmits this message containing the IMSI to the MSC  2  who controls BS  3 . 
         [0043]    An identical sequence of events happens whenever the connection is lost (e.g. as a result of a ‘forced reconnect’ in the network; as a result of the device entering an area of poor coverage—a tunnel, say—then returning to full coverage): in this case the sequence of events is referred to as reconnection. 
         [0044]    The MSC  2  passes the IMSI to the VLR  14 , which in turn checks its database to determine whether there is an existing record of the particular subscriber. 
         [0045]    If no record is found, the VLR  14  indicates this to the MSC  2  and the MSC  2  accesses the appropriate location in the HLR  10  present in the network core  12 . The MSC  2  then extracts the corresponding subscriber MSISDN and other subscriber data from the appropriate storage location, and stores it temporarily in a location in the VLR  14 . Then an acknowledge message is sent to the terminal. In this way, therefore the newly active subscriber is effectively registered with a particular MSC (MSC  2 ), and the subscriber&#39;s information is temporarily stored in the VLR (VLR  14 ) associated with that MSC. 
         [0046]    When the HLR  10  is interrogated by the MSC  2  in the manner described above, the HLR  10  additionally performs an authentication procedure for the terminal  1 . The HLR  10  transmits authentication data to the MSC  2  in “challenge” and “response” forms. Using this data, MSC  2  passes a “challenge” to the terminal  1  through base station  3 . Upon receipt of this data, the terminal  1  passes this data to its SIM and produces a “response”. This response is generated using an encryption algorithm on the SIM and a unique key, Ki, on the SIM. The response is transmitted back to the MSC  2  which checks it against information that it has obtained for that subscriber from the HLR  10  in order to complete the authentication process. If the response from the terminal  1  is as expected, the terminal  1  is deemed authenticated. At this point the MSC  2  requests subscription data from the HLR  10 . The HLR  10  then passes the subscription data to the VLR  14 . 
         [0047]    The authentication process will be repeated at regular intervals while the terminal  1  remains activated and can also be repeated each time the terminal requests or receives telephony service, if required (this process is known as “paging”). 
         [0048]    Each of the MSCs of the network (MSC  2  and MSC  6 ) has a respective VLR ( 14  and  11 ) associated with it and operates in the same way as already described when a subscriber activates a terminal in one of the cells corresponding to one of the base stations controlled by that MSC. 
         [0049]    When the subscriber using terminal  1  wishes to make a voice call, having already inserted the SIM card into the reader associated with this terminal, the SIM has been authenticated in the manner described, and the terminal having successfully registered onto the network, a call may be made by entering the telephone number of the called party in the usual way. This information is received by the base station  3  and is then routed to the called party via the MSC  2 . By means of the information held in the VLR  14 , MSC  2  can associate the call with this particular subscriber and thus record information for charging purposes. 
         [0050]    The MSCs  2  and  6  support communications in the circuit switched domain—typically voice calls. Corresponding network gateway components, SGSNs  16  and  18 , are provided to support communications in the packet switched domain—such as GPRS data transmissions. The SGSNs  16  and  18  function in an analogous way to the MSCs  2  and  6 . The SGSNs  16 ,  18  are equipped with an equivalent to the VLR for the packet switched domain. Here each active session has an associated PDP context. 
         [0051]      FIG. 2  shows a cellular network arrangement suitable for allowing data communication between a terminal and the network in accordance with co-pending UK patent application GB 0805964.4. Where components are substantially identical to components shown in  FIG. 1 , the same reference numerals are adopted in  FIG. 2 . 
         [0052]    Here, identification modules are treated as unique tokens that have not yet been associated with a particular subscriber: they are consequently referred to a token identification modules, or TIMs. Typically, a TIM card has the same form factor as a SIM card and is interchangeable therewith. Just like SIM cards, TIMs are preprogrammed with at least one unique identification number, the “International Mobile Subscriber Identity” (IMSI) which is accessible on the card. The TIM is however not associated with a publicly known number (i.e. a MSISDN). In this sense, the TIM is considered to be an “unprovisioned” SIM. 
         [0053]    As TIMs have no MSISDN permanently associated with them, they can be used in environments where it is uncertain when any given TIM will be used or indeed whether that TIM will be used at all. This is commercially important in typical cellular networks where there is a cost associated with provisioning a SIM with a valid MSISDN and a further cost associated with quarantining and ultimately reassigning that MSISDN number when it is unused for a predetermined period (typically of the order of six to nine months). 
         [0054]    To handle the initial requests for a connection to the network, the network of  FIG. 2  includes a global HLR (G-HLR)  210  and a network entity  10 ′. 
         [0055]    Note that much as it does in co-pending UK patent application GB 0805964.4, the network entity  10 ′ in  FIG. 2  represents a location register and hence represents a local home location register (HLR) (identical to HLR  10  in the  FIG. 1  network), local VLR/MSC (VLR  14  &amp; MSC  2  in the  FIG. 1  network), local SGSN (SGSN  16  in the  FIG. 1  network) or a local SCP entity (such as an SCCP Relay). 
         [0056]    When the user of the terminal  1 ′ wishes to activate their terminal in the network (so that it may open a data connection subsequently), the user places a TIM card in a card reader associated with the terminal (terminal  1 ′ in  FIG. 2 ). The terminal  1 ′ then connects to the radio network (step  201 ). 
         [0057]    As for  FIG. 1 , connection to the radio network in  FIG. 2  amounts to a request to register the terminal onto the network using the terminal&#39;s TIM IMSI. From IMSI analysis, the location register  10 ′ determines that the IMSI number provided by the TIM belongs to another register. The request for connection is then forwarded to the G-HLR  210  (step  202 ). The G-HLR  210  then extracts the IMSI number from this request and, assuming the IMSI number is in a range maintained by the G-HLR  210 , transmits a token signal to the location register  10 ′ (step  203 ) that the IMSI has been recognized by the G-HLR  210  (this token signal may simply be a confirmation signal (OK′) but it may include further profile information). 
         [0058]    The location register  10 ′, upon receipt of the token signal, stores the IMSI temporarily in a location register store (this could be VLR  14 , SGSN  220  or both). In this way, the user of the terminal  1 ′ is effectively registered within a particular MSC (MSC  2 ) and/or a particular SGSN (SGSN  220 ), and any profile information associated with the TIM is temporarily stored in the VLR (VLR  14 ) associated with that MSC and/or the SGSN  220 . 
         [0059]    GHLR  210  additionally performs an authentication procedure for the terminal  1 ′. The GHLR  210  transmits authentication data to MSC  2  and/or SGSN  220  in “challenge” and “response” forms. Using this data, MSC  2  and/or SGSN  220  passes a “challenge” to the terminal  1 ′ through base station  3 . Upon receipt of this data, the terminal  1 ′ passes this data to its TIM and produces a “response”. This response is generated using an encryption algorithm on the TIM and a unique key, Ki′, on the TIM. The response is transmitted back to the MSC  2  and/or SGSN  220  which checks it against information that it has obtained for that token from the G-HLR  210  in order to complete the authentication process. If the response from the terminal  1 ′ is as expected, the terminal  1 ′ is deemed authenticated. 
         [0060]    The authentication process will be repeated at regular intervals while the terminal  1 ′ remains activated and can also be repeated each time the terminal requests or receives telephony service, if required. 
         [0061]    When the user of terminal  1 ′ wishes to establish a data connection, having already inserted the TIM card into the reader associated with this terminal and the validity of the TIM has been confirmed by the G-HLR  210  in the manner described, the request for a data connection is passed to a network gateway component  220  (i.e. SGSN  16 ) and a gateway session is established. 
         [0062]    The network gateway component  220  receives from the G-HLR  210  a key corresponding to the IMSI. This key is used, in turn, to query a network monitoring component  230  (e.g. NGME or GGSN) which determines whether the key data is associated with an existing, valid session (typically a native DIAMETER or RADIUS session). The signalling between the network gateway component  220  and the network monitoring component  230  is preferably zero-rated so that the user is not billed for the establishment of the session. 
         [0063]    If a valid session already does exist for this key data, the data connection is established (step  209 ). The terminal  1 ′ has access to a requested internetwork  246 —typically the Internet or a corporate intranet. 
         [0064]    If however no valid session can be found that corresponds to the key, the terminal  1 ′ may instead be redirected to a webpage generated by a web server  240 . The webpage presented is tailored to the terminal  1 ′ in accordance with key data and offers the user at least one user action option. 
         [0065]    The network monitoring component  230  then acts as an internetwork gateway: denying or allowing access from the cellular network  100  to the requested internetwork  246  in dependence upon the information input by the user in relation to the selected user action option. In a typical scenario, the webpage offers the option of a time-limited session for a predetermined price. The selection of that option leads the user to a user dialog requesting user billing information, including for example: name, address, credit/debit card details, voucher/coupon information, existing phone no. to which to bill/SMS etc. 
         [0066]    Session control is provided by a session control server (preferably a native DIAMETER server). The session control server issues regular reports on the sessions it manages (so-called “event tickets”). In a native DIAMETER-based session, the network monitoring component  230  can use the DIAMETER event tickets for each valid session to monitor the session usage of each user. 
         [0067]    Clearly, the network monitoring component  230  can also use the DIAMETER event tickets for each valid session to monitor the session usage of groups of users (as might be required in providing services to a business or “enterprise”). This arrangement facilitates so-called “mediated billing” so that an enterprise can aggregate the bills for groups of enterprise users. Mediated billing may be effected by presenting information about monitored sessions to an administrator or agent for the enterprise through an enterprise monitoring and central billing application. 
         [0068]    PDP Context is a term referred to at a number of points in the present discussion. It takes the following conventional, standardized meaning throughout. The PDP (Packet Data Protocol, e.g. IP, X.25, FrameRelay) context is a data structure present on both the SGSN and the GGSN which contains the subscriber&#39;s session information when the subscriber has an active session. When a mobile terminal wants to use GPRS, it must first attach and then activate a PDP context. When an external entity wishes to establish a GPRS connection to the mobile terminal (step  302 ), the network must first establish the network element connections (PDU notification) before requesting activation of PDP context by the target mobile terminal (see  FIG. 3 ). Either way a PDP context data structure is allocated in the SGSN that the subscriber is currently visiting and the GGSN serving the subscriber&#39;s access point. The data recorded includes.
       Subscriber&#39;s IP address   Subscriber&#39;s IMSI   Subscriber&#39;s
           Tunnel Endpoint ID (TEID) at the GGSN   Tunnel Endpoint ID (TEID) at the SGSN   
               
 
         [0074]    The Tunnel Endpoint ID (TEID) is a number allocated by the respective GSN which identifies the tunnelled data related to a particular PDP context. 
         [0075]    The operation of the invention may be understood by considering a specific embodiment, illustrated in  FIGS. 4 &amp; 5 .  FIG. 4  shows the processing of a request for a machine to machine data session from a machine to machine client terminal with an embedded TIM but having no provisioned MSISDN number; while  FIG. 5  concerns the delivery of a provider message to that M2M client terminal with an embedded TIM. 
         [0076]    In  FIG. 4 , the network includes a SCP  402  and a global HLR (G-HLR)  410 . The mobile terminal  401  in this case is a machine to machine (M2M) client with an embedded TIM. 
         [0077]    The SCP  402  may subsume the functionality of the HLR  10  in the  FIG. 1  network. Alternatively the SCP  402  may subsume the functionality of a VLR  14  &amp; MSC  2  and/or the functionality of an SGSN  16 . Clearly, the SCP  402  may also incorporate an SS7 aggregator (such as an SCCP Relay) to aggregate the signalling functionalities that would otherwise be required of the HLR  10 , VLR  14  and/or the SGSN  16 . 
         [0078]    When the M2M client  401  requires to be activated in the cellular network (so that it may open a data connection subsequently), the client “starts” a data connect application executing on its operating system, typically in response to a trigger event. The M2M client  401  then connects to the radio network (step  451 ). 
         [0079]    As for  FIG. 1 , connection to the radio network in  FIG. 4  amounts to a request to register the terminal onto the network using the terminal&#39;s TIM IMSL. From IMSI analysis, the SCP  402  determines that the IMSI number provided by the TIM belongs to another register. The request for connection is then redirected to the G-HLR  410  (step  452 ). The G-HLR  410  then extracts the IMSI number from this request and, assuming the IMSI number is in a range maintained by the G-HLR  410 , transmits a token signal to the SCP  402  (step  454 ) that the IMSI has been recognized by the G-HLR  410  (this token signal may simply be a confirmation signal (OK′) but it may include further profile information). 
         [0080]    The SCP  402 , upon receipt of the token signal, stores the IMSI temporarily in a location register store (this could be in the VLR (not shown), SGSN  420  or both). In this way, therefore the M2M client  401  is effectively registered with a particular MSC (not shown) and/or SGSN  420 , and any profile information associated with the TIM is temporarily stored in the VLR associated with that MSC and/or SGSN  420 . 
         [0081]    The request for a data connection is passed by the SCP  402  to a network gateway component  420  (i.e. SGSN  16 ). The network gateway component  420  receives from the G-HLR  410  a key corresponding to the IMSI (step  456 ). Taking the key, together with the forwarded request for a data connection, network gateway component  420  establishes a gateway session. This key is used, in turn, to query a network monitoring component  430  (e.g. NGME or GGSN) which determines whether the key data is associated with an existing, valid session (typically a native DIAMETER session). The signalling (step  458 ) between the network gateway component  420  and the network monitoring component  430  is preferably zero-rated so that the client device  401  is not billed for the establishment of the session. 
         [0082]    Assuming that no valid session corresponding to that key exists, the network monitoring component  430  interfaces with a DIAMETER server  440  to authenticate a new M2M data session (step  462 ) for the M2M client  401 . 
         [0083]    The DIAMETER server  440  in turn signals to the network monitoring component  430  that a session should be opened (step  464 ). 
         [0084]    The network monitoring component  430  then redirects the user to a requested M2M server  450  via a fixed-line network such as the internet  470  (step  466 ) and simultaneously changes the billing status of the M2M client session from zero rated to a data rate. 
         [0085]    At the end of a prearranged session, the DIAMETER server  440  instructs the network monitoring component  430  to place the session on hold (and zero-rates the session). 
         [0086]    The DIAMETER server  440  also pushes a usage alert (using DIAMETER tickets, step  468 ) to a billing mediation engine  480 , which generates a billing event corresponding to the reported session usage. 
         [0087]    The M2M client sends and receives short text messages (SMS) to a dedicated M2M SMS platform  495 . These SMS messages are transported in a conventional manner through an SMS Gateway  490  and then across an internet connection  470  to the M2M SMS platform  495 . 
         [0088]    As explained previously, there are situations where an external party may wish to transmit a message to (or make a voice call to) the M2M client terminal. 
         [0089]    To establish a connection from the provider (server) side, the provider sends a provider message (step  502 ) from the M2M SMS platform  495  addressed to the M2M terminal  401 : the message being formatted to include the terminal&#39;s IMSI number (in the absence of an MSISDN) in the destination field. The B-party in such messages may be indicated by a short code unique to the provider&#39;s SMS platform  495 . The message is transferred via the SCP Gateway  402  and ultimately to the SMS Gateway  490 . 
         [0090]    The SCP Gateway  402  receives the provider message with IMSI number in the destination field and passes it to a messaging parsing application  550  (step  503 ), the application may be executed on a VLR, HLR, SGSN or other SCP entity (such as an SCCP Relay) The parsing application  550  queues incoming provider messages (step  504 ) in a message queue  552 , accesses a table of pooled MSISDN numbers (PADS) and injects a selected one of the pooled connection numbers into that terminal&#39;s HLR subscription record and instructs an HLR purge (step  506 ) for the addressed IMSI record corresponding to the said terminal to the G-HLR  410  (forcing the terminal having that IMSI number to undergo reconnection, step  508 ) 
         [0091]    During its next reconnection request (step  510 ) the terminal  401  will automatically trigger a location update event. In accordance with 3GPP TS 23.012 the location update procedure includes a step whereby the terminal supplies its IMSI number to the HLR and requests reconnection to the network. 
         [0092]    Upon receipt of an acknowledgement that reconnection has been completed (step  511 ), the parsing application overwrites the IMSI in the provider message with the newly assigned MSISDN (step  512 ) and provides the provider message together with the MSISDN to the SMS Gateway  490  (step  513 ). The SMS Gateway  490  can then pass the provider message to the terminal  401  as a conventional SMS, now addressed to the assigned MSISDN (step  514 ). 
         [0093]    Acknowledgement of delivery of the provider message to the terminal  401  is signalled to the parsing application  550  (step  515 / 516 ), which allows the parsing application to send a usage report (CDR) to the mediation engine  480  (step  518 ) and a delivery notice to the M2M SMS platform  495  of the provider (step  519 / 520 ) (this notice need only confirm delivery to the terminal&#39;s IMSI). 
         [0094]    Successful receipt of this SMS within the terminal may trigger a client-initiated PDP context, instigating a data connection between the client terminal  401  and the M2M server  450 . 
         [0095]    On completion of data exchange, either the terminal or the M2M server may drop the PDP context, hence terminating the data session. The M2M server may consider this a trigger to re-purge the terminal from the GHLR (as described in the initial purge above) in order to recover the assigned MSISDN. 
         [0096]    In a further embodiment, a terminal is further provided with suitable loudspeaker, microphone and signal processing components. The invention then allows the terminal to operate a limited voice capability. There are a couple of scenarios where this might be required: calls from the terminal to an M2M service number and establishing a call to emergency services. 
         [0097]    As for the instance of provider message delivery, the provider may alternatively request a voice connection to the M2M client. The initial request must be made through SCP  402 , where the absence of MSISDN (or other unique associated telephone number) is detected, temporary MSISDN is inserted into the GHLR record and the M2M client is purged from the network in order to obtain the temporary MSISDN in the manner illustrated in  FIG. 5 . The call request is passed to the VLR using the MSISDN as the A-number. 
         [0098]    In cases where the provider (or network operator) wishes to record cost charges against a particular user, the network requires the introduction of an intelligent network (IN) node to track call charges.