Abstract:
Relatively low noise capacitors are provided for surface mounted applications. Electro-mechanical vibrations generate audible noise, which are otherwise relatively reduced through modifications to MLCC device structures, and/or their mounting interfaces on substrates such as printed circuit boards (PCBs). Different embodiments variously make use of flexible termination compliance so that surface mounting has reduced amplitude vibrations transmitted to the PCB. In other instances, side terminal and transposer embodiments effectively reduce the size of the mounting pads relative to the case of the capacitor, or a molded enclosure provides standoff, termination compliance and clamping of vibrations.

Description:
PRIORITY CLAIM 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of previously filed U.S. Provisional Patent Application entitled “LOW NOISE CAPACITORS,” assigned U.S. Ser. No. 62/010,488, filed Jun. 11, 2014, and which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE SUBJECT MATTER 
       [0002]    The presently disclosed technology relates to low noise capacitors and corresponding methodologies. More particularly, the presently disclosed technology relates to construction and surface mounting of capacitor devices on substrates such as printed circuit boards (PCB&#39;s) so as to provide both mechanical and electrical connection with relatively low noise characteristics (i.e., electro-mechanical noise reduction). 
       BACKGROUND OF THE SUBJECT MATTER 
       [0003]    High density mounting of electronic components on printed circuit boards and other substrates is common in the electronics industry. Miniature ceramic surface mount type capacitors having multiple layers have been used for some time in electronic devices such as cellular telephones, network routers, computers, and the like. The manufacturing techniques of such devices must be precise to provide for the greatly reduced size of these devices, while still affording desirable electrical operating characteristics. 
         [0004]    More recently it has become desirable to provide further types of components and various sub-circuits in on-board mountable form. Several United States Patents are directed to various aspects of electronic component manufacture and mounting techniques. For example, commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 5,889,445 (Ritter et al., entitled “Multilayer Ceramic RC Device”) discloses RC devices which include a plurality of first and second ceramic layers interleaved to form a stack. The ceramic layers each include a suitable electrode structure of opposite polarity forming the equivalent of multiple two-plate capacitors. Known embodiments of multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCC&#39;s) are also shown, for example, in FIGS. 2 and 3 of commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 7,352,563 (Pelcak et al., entitled “Capacitor assembly”). 
         [0005]    The diversity of modern technical applications creates a need for efficient electronic components and integrated circuits for use therein. Capacitors are a fundamental component used for filtering, decoupling, bypassing and other aspects of such modern applications which may include wireless communications, high-speed processing, networking, circuit switching and many other applications. Dramatic increases in the speed and packing density of integrated circuits has resulted in advancements in decoupling capacitor technology. 
         [0006]    When high-capacitance decoupling capacitors are subjected to the high frequencies of many present applications, performance characteristics become increasingly more important. Since capacitors are fundamental to such a wide variety of applications, their precision and efficiency is imperative. Many specific aspects of capacitor design have thus been a focus for improving the performance characteristics of capacitors. 
         [0007]    A wide variety of conventional capacitors are available on the market today, and each provides a unique combination of performance characteristics well-suited for particular applications. For example, multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) are typically quite effective for frequency filtering applications. It is quite common that these and other particular capacitor types will be used in a single integrated circuit environment. In such instances, the different capacitors may be connected, for example, in parallel on a printed circuit board (PCB) as discrete components. Such approach may require a relatively large amount of circuit space and separate mounting pads for each capacitor. 
         [0008]    For some time, the design of various electronic components has been driven by a general industry trend toward miniaturization and ease of incorporation of components into new or existing applications. In such regard, a need exists for smaller electronic components having exceptional operating characteristics. For example, some applications require the use of passive devices exhibiting various characteristics including capacitive, inductive, and/or resistive characteristics or combination assemblies thereof, but are severely limited in the amount of space (known as “real estate”) such devices may occupy on a circuit board. It is important that such devices or combinations be configured for maximum ease of physical and electrical attachment to such circuit boards while occupying the least amount of “real estate” possible. As a result, efforts continue to strive for component miniaturization, orientation efficiency and other ways to save space and maximize board real estate in a PCB environment. 
         [0009]    It may also be desirable to improve other capacitor performance characteristics, such as ESR (Equivalent Series Resistance), which is the inherent resistance value of a capacitor. 
         [0010]    Another capacitor characteristic that may affect circuit applications is piezoelectric noise or electro-mechanical or acoustic noise, which is prevalent in many mounted MLCC applications. Low level piezoelectric noise may be generated, for example, when the capacitor ceramics are subjected to alternate voltages, which can cause mechanical vibrations in the capacitor. The inherent nature of the ceramic material converts the mechanical vibrations to generally low-level electrical noise. Significant amounts of piezoelectric noise can have an effect on signal quality, especially in high frequency applications. As such, it is often desirable to reduce piezoelectric noise levels in circuit applications. 
         [0011]    Capacitors deform in response to applied voltage (electric field) due to electrostrictive behavior inherent in all dielectric materials, as expressed by the following known equation: 
         [0000]      Strain= M   ij *Electric Field 2    
         [0012]    In general, high dielectric constant materials have high electrostrictive coefficients. A CV (capacitance times voltage) rating is related in part to the volumetric efficiency of a capacitor. In general, the higher the capacitance, the larger the volume of the capacitor. Given some capacitance value, the higher the voltage rating, the larger the volume of the capacitor. Thus, when a capacitor has a “high CV rating”, that means that it is volumetrically efficient, and offers a small physical size compared to other capacitor types. High CV capacitors have evolved to have very thin internal layers, giving very high electric field strength even at modest operating voltage. 
         [0013]    Mechanical strain (vibrations) may be transferred from the capacitor through the solder terminals to PCB substrates. The capacitor acts as a driver, in essence, a drum stick, while the PCB behaves as a sounding instrument, such as a drum head. Therefore, the predominant audible noise is generated by vibrations from the PCB, not the capacitor itself. 
         [0014]    A converse effect, that is, vibrations on PCB coupled through terminals to the capacitor, can also cause an AC-ripple voltage on the capacitor. Such an effect is called “microphonics” and can be a problem in special cases. 
         [0015]    Various approaches have been previously provided in attempts to reduce electro-mechanical noise associated with mounted MLCC devices, and include such as minimizing solder amount (for mounting of device onto a PCB), turning the orientation of MLCC internal layers parallel to PCB, using lower K dielectric materials, increasing stand-off (leads), pre-mounting capacitors on substrate, increasing clamping force (for providing larger inactive margins), and simply replacing the MLCC devices with a different type of device such as a tantalum capacitor. Such approaches inherently involve various tradeoffs, for example, in some instances, increased costs or increased complexity of MLCC device designs or mounting techniques. 
         [0016]    Additional patent citations include U.S. Pat. No. 5,629,578 (Winzer et al., entitled “Integrated composite acoustic transducer array”), related to a multilayer structure which has associated noise cancellation features, and U.S. Pat. No. 8,665,059 (Korony et al., entitled “High Frequency Resistor”), related to a resistor having flexible termination material. See, also, Korony U.S. Application Publication No. 2011/0090665 entitled “Thin Film Surface Mount Components” and Hattori U.S. Application Publication Nos. 2014/0016242 entitled “Electronic Component”, 2013/0299224 entitled “Ceramic Electronic Component and Electronic Device”, and 2013/0284507 entitled “Electronic Component.” 
         [0017]    The presently disclosed subject matter relates generally to small electronic components adapted to be surface mounted on a larger circuit board. More particularly, the subject matter may relate to a surface mount capacitor device for use in a variety of applications. According to industry practice, the size of a surface mount component is generally expressed as a number “XXYY,” with XX and YY being the length and width, respectively, in hundredths of an inch. 
         [0018]    While various implementations of capacitor devices and associated assemblies and mounting methodologies therefor have been developed, no design has emerged that generally encompasses all of the desired characteristics as hereafter presented in accordance with the subject technology. 
       SUMMARY OF THE SUBJECT MATTER 
       [0019]    The presently disclosed subject matter recognizes and addresses several of the foregoing issues, and others concerning certain aspects of capacitor devices. Thus, broadly speaking, an object of certain embodiments of the presently disclosed technology is to provide improved designs for certain capacitor components and component assemblies associated with the implementation of surface mountable devices. Other objects, broadly speaking relate to providing low noise capacitors and related methodologies. 
         [0020]    Other present objects relate to construction and surface mounting of capacitor devices on substrates such as printed circuit boards (PCB&#39;s) so as to provide both mechanical and electrical connection with improved, relatively low noise characteristics (i.e., electro-mechanical noise reduction). 
         [0021]    Aspects of other exemplary embodiments of the presently disclosed subject matter provide improved electrical and mechanical coupling of certain surface mount devices to circuits or traces on a printed circuit board on which the device may be mounted, for improved noise performance characteristics. 
         [0022]    Still further aspects of yet still other embodiments of the presently disclosed subject matter provide enhancements to manufacturing and/or mounting methodologies associated with the use of surface mount type devices. 
         [0023]    Still further, it is to be understood that the presently disclosed technology equally applies to the resulting devices and structures disclosed and/or discussed herewith, as well as the corresponding involved methodologies. 
         [0024]    Yet further aspects of still other embodiments of the presently disclosed subject matter provide compliant termination features for noise reduction aspects. Other presently disclosed embodiments relate to advantageous relocation of terminals of a surface mount capacitor. Still additional presently disclosed embodiments relate to enclosure of a capacitor, such as in an epoxy case. Yet other presently disclosed embodiments may relate to pre-mounting of capacitors on a so-called transposer component or element. 
         [0025]    It is a further general object to provide relatively low manufacturing costs combined with relatively improved noise reduction in surface mounted capacitor devices. 
         [0026]    Yet further still it should be appreciated that certain aspects of the presently disclosed subject matter may be applied to individual active components or combinations thereof with passive components. For example, active combinations including, but not limited to, amplifiers, oscillators, and other functional block assemblies may benefit from the presently disclosed technology. 
         [0027]    It is also an object to provide improved devices and/or associated methodologies resulting in low noise, surface mounted capacitor devices useful, for example, in audio circuits in hand-held electronics, in automotive electronics, in computer disk drives, and useful in specialty industrial, aerospace, and medical applications. 
         [0028]    One presently disclosed exemplary embodiment relates to a surface mountable relatively low noise multilayer ceramic capacitor (MLCC) capacitor assembly. Such a capacitor assembly preferably comprises a main body having a plurality of conductive layers of respective first and second polarities interleaved with a plurality of ceramic layers to form respective pairs of opposing capacitor plates in a stacked arrangement; and respective first and second polarity terminations on opposite ends of such main body and electrically connected, respectively, to such first and second polarity conductive layers. Further, such terminations include a compliant layer for relatively dampening vibrations between such capacitor assembly and a surface on which it is mounted for relatively reducing electro-mechanical noise. 
         [0029]    In some such embodiments, such compliant layer may comprise a layer of compliant polymer. In various such embodiments, such compliant polymer may comprise a generally conductive polymer, or a conductive polymer which is a silver-polymer layer, or one which is one of silver, copper or nickel filled polymers. 
         [0030]    In other alternatives of such embodiment, such surface may comprise a supporting substrate. In various such embodiments, such supporting substrate may comprise a printed circuit board, and such compliant polymer layer may have a Modulus of Elasticity of generally less than 5 GPa, so that surface mounting of such capacitor assembly has reduced amplitude vibrations transmitted to the printed circuit board, so as to provide both mechanical and electrical connection with relatively low noise characteristics. 
         [0031]    In various alternatives of such embodiments, such terminations may comprise a silver polymer over a relatively thinner flashing layer, and/or such flashing layer may comprise a copper layer, or further alternatively, such terminations may comprise a silver polymer over a relatively thinner copper flashing layer, and with a layer of plating over such silver polymer layer. In some such alternatives, such layer of plating may comprise nickel-tin plating. 
         [0032]    The presently disclosed subject matter is intended to equally relate to corresponding and/or related methods. One such presently disclosed exemplary embodiment relates to methodology for relatively reducing electro-mechanical noise associated with a surface mountable multilayer ceramic capacitor (MLCC) capacitor assembly. Such exemplary methodology preferably includes providing a main body having a plurality of conductive layers of respective first and second polarities interleaved with a plurality of ceramic layers to form respective pairs of opposing capacitor plates in a stacked arrangement; and forming respective first and second polarity terminations on opposite ends of such main body and electrically connected, respectively, to such first and second polarity conductive layers. Further, preferably such terminations include a compliant layer for relatively dampening vibrations between such capacitor assembly and a surface on which it is mounted for relatively reducing electro-mechanical noise. 
         [0033]    In some alternatives of such exemplary methodology, such compliant layer may comprise a layer of compliant polymer. Per other alternatives, such compliant polymer may comprise generally conductive polymer comprising one of silver, copper or nickel filled polymers. 
         [0034]    Variations of such exemplary methodology may further include surface mounting such capacitor assembly on a supporting substrate comprising a printed circuit board, so that surface mounting of such capacitor assembly has reduced amplitude vibrations transmitted to the printed circuit board, so as to provide both mechanical and electrical connection with relatively low noise characteristics. 
         [0035]    In other presently disclosed variations, such terminations may comprise a silver polymer over a relatively thinner copper flashing layer, or may comprise a silver conductive polymer over a relatively thinner copper flashing layer, and with a layer of plating over such silver conductive polymer layer. 
         [0036]    Per yet another presently disclosed exemplary embodiment, a surface mountable relatively low noise multilayer ceramic capacitor (MLCC) capacitor assembly preferably comprises a main body having a plurality of conductive layers of respective first and second polarities interleaved with a plurality of ceramic layers to form respective pairs of opposing capacitor plates in a stacked arrangement; respective first and second polarity terminations on opposite ends of such main body and electrically connected, respectively, to such first and second polarity conductive layers; and a molded case in which such main body is received with such terminations supported on a surface, for relatively dampening vibrations between such capacitor assembly and a surface on which it is mounted for relatively reducing electro-mechanical noise. 
         [0037]    In some variations of such exemplary embodiment, such molded case may comprise an epoxy case completely encapsulating such main body. In some instances, such conductive layers may be arranged vertically relative to a surface on which such terminations are supported, though in other instances the arrangement may be other than vertical. In further such variations, such molded case may comprise an A-case package mounted as a land grid array style package on solder pads of a predetermined size case. In other alternatives, such predetermined size case may comprise dimensions of a 1206 A-case package, where such dimensions comprise the length and width, respectively, of such case expressed in hundredths of an inch. As understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, A-case is industry terminology for a 1206-sized equivalent device. It should be appreciated that the presently disclosed subject matter is equally applicable to other sizes and arrangements. For example, it may also be practiced with B-case (1210 equivalent size) and R- and N-case (0805 equivalent size). Also, the presently disclosed subject matter may be practiced to mount A-, B-, R- and N-case parts on industry standard mounting pads (1206, 1210, 0805 and 0805, respectively) and also to mount same A-, B-, R- and N-case on one size smaller mounting pads (1206, 0805, 0603 and 0603, respectively). This later method places the solder pads under the part (aka, Land Grid Array style) and effectively eliminates the large solder fillet from the end of the molded capacitor, which in turn reduces clamping stress and vibrations coupled from capacitor to mounting substrate. 
         [0038]    Per other alternatives, such surface may comprise a supporting substrate. In some instances, such supporting substrate may comprise a printed circuit board, and such molded case may comprise a molded package having a polymer coating and a lead frame. In some such instances, such main body may be received with such conductive layers arranged vertically relative to a surface on which such terminations are supported, though in other arrangements they may be arranged other than vertically, to decouple capacitor distortion from the printed circuit board to dampen device noise by reducing the amplitude of vibrations transmitted to the printed circuit board, so as to provide both mechanical and electrical connection thereto with relatively low noise characteristics. 
         [0039]    In other variations, such terminations may comprise nickel-tin plating over a copper film. 
         [0040]    Another presently disclosed exemplary embodiments may relate to corresponding methodology for relatively reducing electro-mechanical noise associated with a surface mountable multilayer ceramic capacitor (MLCC) capacitor assembly. An exemplary such methodology may comprise providing a main body having a plurality of conductive layers of respective first and second polarities interleaved with a plurality of ceramic layers to form respective pairs of opposing capacitor plates in a stacked arrangement; forming respective first and second polarity terminations on opposite ends of such main body and electrically connected, respectively, to such first and second polarity conductive layers; and placing such main body in a molded case with such terminations supported on a surface, for relatively dampening vibrations between such capacitor assembly and a surface on which it is mounted for relatively reducing electro-mechanical noise. 
         [0041]    In variations of the foregoing, such molded case may comprise an epoxy case completely encapsulating such main body. In some instances, such conductive layers may be arranged vertically relative to a surface on which terminations are supported, though in other arrangements other than vertical may be practiced. In some other variations, such molded case may comprise an A-case package mounted as a land grid array style package on solder pads of a predetermined size case. 
         [0042]    Per other variations, such surface may comprise a supporting substrate, and/or such supporting substrate may comprise a printed circuit board, and such molded case may comprise a molded package having a polymer coating and a lead frame. In some instances such main body may be received with such conductive layers arranged vertically relative to a surface on which such terminations are supported, though in other arrangements other than vertically may be practiced, to decouple capacitor distortion from the printed circuit board to dampen device noise by reducing the amplitude of vibrations transmitted to the printed circuit board, so as to provide both mechanical and electrical connection thereto with relatively low noise characteristics. 
         [0043]    In yet other variations, such terminations may comprise nickel-tin plating over a copper film, and/or the length of such terminations and the location of attachments points thereof may be predetermined for further decoupling vibrations transmitted to the printed circuit board from such capacitor assembly. 
         [0044]    Another presently disclosed exemplary embodiment relates to a surface mountable relatively low noise multilayer ceramic capacitor (MLCC) capacitor assembly, preferably comprising a main body having a plurality of conductive layers of respective first and second polarities interleaved with a plurality of ceramic layers to form respective pairs of opposing capacitor plates in a stacked arrangement; and respective first and second polarity terminations on opposite sides of such main body and electrically connected, respectively, to such first and second polarity conductive layers with such terminations supported on a surface, for relatively reducing supportive and connective footprint between such capacitor assembly and a surface on which it is mounted for relatively reducing vibration force transmission therebetween for reducing electro-mechanical noise. 
         [0045]    In some variations of the foregoing, such surface may comprise a supporting substrate, and/or such supporting substrate may comprise a printed circuit board, so that surface mounting of such capacitor assembly has reduced amplitude vibrations transmitted to the printed circuit board, so as to provide both mechanical and electrical connection with relatively low noise characteristics. 
         [0046]    In other present alternatives, such terminations may comprise a layer of nickel-tin plating, or may comprise nickel-tin plating over a copper film, and/or such copper film may comprise a relatively thick film of copper. 
         [0047]    One presently disclosed exemplary corresponding method may relate to methodology for relatively reducing electro-mechanical noise associated with a surface mountable multilayer ceramic capacitor (MLCC) capacitor assembly, preferably comprising providing a main body having a plurality of conductive layers of respective first and second polarities interleaved with a plurality of ceramic layers to form respective pairs of opposing capacitor plates in a stacked arrangement; forming respective first and second polarity terminations on opposite sides of such main body and electrically connected, respectively, to such first and second polarity conductive layers; and supporting such terminations on a surface, wherein a relatively reduced supportive and connective footprint is formed between such capacitor assembly and such surface on which it is supported for relatively reducing vibration force transmission therebetween for reducing electro-mechanical noise. 
         [0048]    In alternatives thereof, such surface may comprise a supporting substrate, and/or such supporting substrate may comprise a printed circuit board, so that surface mounting of such capacitor assembly has reduced amplitude vibrations transmitted to the printed circuit board, so as to provide both mechanical and electrical connection with relatively low noise characteristics. 
         [0049]    In other variations, such terminations may comprise a layer of nickel-tin plating, and/or may comprise nickel-tin plating over a copper film. In some instances, such copper film may comprise a relatively thick film of copper. 
         [0050]    Yet another presently disclosed exemplary embodiment may relate to a surface mountable relatively low noise multilayer ceramic capacitor (MLCC) capacitor assembly, preferably comprising a main body having a plurality of conductive layers of respective first and second polarities interleaved with a plurality of ceramic layers to form respective pairs of opposing capacitor plates in a stacked arrangement; respective first and second polarity terminations on such main body and electrically connected, respectively, to such first and second polarity conductive layers; and a transposer mounting pad attached to such capacitor assembly with such transposer mounting pad supported on a surface, for relatively reducing a supportive and connective footprint between such capacitor assembly and a surface by which it is supported for relatively reducing vibration force transmission therebetween for reducing electro-mechanical noise. 
         [0051]    Per some alternatives of the foregoing, a side of such main body facing such surface may form a capacitor mounting pad; and such capacitor assembly may further include a solder mask between such capacitor mounting pad and such transposer mounting pad. 
         [0052]    Per other alternatives, such respective first and second polarity terminations may be formed on opposite ends of such main body. 
         [0053]    In yet other variations, such surface may comprise a supporting substrate, and/or such supporting substrate may comprise a printed circuit board, so that surface mounting of such capacitor assembly has reduced amplitude vibrations transmitted to the printed circuit board, so as to provide both mechanical and electrical connection with relatively low noise characteristics. 
         [0054]    Per still other alternatives, such terminations may comprise a layer of nickel-tin plating and/or may comprise nickel-tin plating over a copper film. 
         [0055]    In other variations, the area of such transposer mounting pad may be approximately one-half or less of the area of such capacitor mounting pad, to effectively reduce the size of the mounting pads relative to the capacitor assembly. 
         [0056]    Exemplary corresponding and/or related method may relate to methodology for relatively reducing electro-mechanical noise associated with a surface mountable multilayer ceramic capacitor (MLCC) capacitor assembly, preferably comprising providing a main body having a plurality of conductive layers of respective first and second polarities interleaved with a plurality of ceramic layers to form respective pairs of opposing capacitor plates in a stacked arrangement; forming respective first and second polarity terminations on such main body and electrically connected, respectively, to such first and second polarity conductive layers; and attaching a transposer mounting pad to such capacitor assembly and supporting such transposer mounting pad on a surface, for relatively reducing a supportive and connective footprint between such capacitor assembly and a surface by which it is supported for relatively reducing vibration force transmission therebetween for reducing electro-mechanical noise. 
         [0057]    In variations of the foregoing, such attaching and supporting may include pre-mounting such transposer mounting pad to such capacitor assembly before supporting such transposer mounting pad on a surface. 
         [0058]    Per other alternatives, a side of such main body facing such surface may form a capacitor mounting pad; and such methodology may further include providing a solder mask between such capacitor mounting pad and such transposer mounting pad. 
         [0059]    Further alternatively, such respective first and second polarity terminations may be formed on opposite ends of such main body. 
         [0060]    For other alternatives, such surface may comprise a supporting substrate, and/or such supporting substrate may comprise a printed circuit board, so that surface mounting of such capacitor assembly has reduced amplitude vibrations transmitted to the printed circuit board, so as to provide both mechanical and electrical connection with relatively low noise characteristics. 
         [0061]    In other variations, such terminations may comprise a layer of nickel-tin plating and/or may comprise nickel-tin plating over a copper film. Per other alternatives of the foregoing, the area of such transposer mounting pad may be approximately one-half or less of the area of such capacitor mounting pad, to effectively reduce the size of the mounting pads relative to the capacitor assembly. 
         [0062]    Additional objects and advantages of the presently disclosed subject matter are set forth in, or will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art from, the detailed description herein. Also, it should be further appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that modifications and variations to the specifically illustrated, referenced, and discussed features and/or steps hereof may be practiced in various embodiments and uses of the disclosed technology without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, by virtue of present reference thereto. Such variations may include, but are not limited to, substitution of equivalent means, steps, features, or materials for those shown, referenced, or discussed, and the functional, operational, or positional reversal of various parts, features, steps, or the like. 
         [0063]    Still further, it is to be understood that different embodiments, as well as different presently preferred embodiments, of this technology may include various combinations or configurations of presently disclosed steps, features or elements, or their equivalents (including combinations of features, configurations, or steps thereof not expressly shown in the figures or stated in the detailed description). 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0064]    A full and enabling description of the presently disclosed subject matter, including the best mode thereof, directed to one of ordinary skill in the art, is set forth in the specification, which makes reference to the appended figures, in which: 
           [0065]      FIG. 1  illustrates a schematic view of an exemplary presently-devised test arrangement, for testing of either prior art devices or devices constructed and/or mounted in accordance with the presently disclosed technology; 
           [0066]      FIGS. 2A ,  2 B,  2 C, and  2 D are various perspective and cross-sectional views of prior art multi-layer ceramic capacitor (MLCC) devices; 
           [0067]      FIG. 3  is a graph of comparative sound pressure testing resulting from use of a testing arrangement as represented by present  FIG. 1 , performed on existing MLCC devices such as represented by present  FIGS. 2A through 2D ; 
           [0068]      FIGS. 4A and 4B  are schematic representations of aspects of mounting MLCC devices on printed circuit boards (PCBs); 
           [0069]      FIG. 5A  is a cross-sectional view of exemplary first embodiment of the presently disclosed subject matter, involving compliant termination technology, for relatively reducing electro-mechanical noise, and  FIG. 5B  is a graph of testing resulting from use of a testing arrangement as represented by present  FIG. 1 , performed on the presently disclosed exemplary embodiment such as represented by present  FIG. 5A ; 
           [0070]      FIGS. 6A and 6B  are perspective and cross-sectional views, respectively, of another exemplary embodiment of the presently disclosed subject matter, involving molded packaging technology, for relatively reducing electro-mechanical noise, and  FIG. 6C  is a graph of testing resulting from use of a testing arrangement as represented by present  FIG. 1 , performed on the presently disclosed exemplary embodiment such as represented by present  FIGS. 6A and 6B ; 
           [0071]      FIGS. 6D through 6F  show conceptual cross-section views of three different respective exemplary embodiments of capacitors and solder pads on mounting substrates; and  FIG. 6G  shows graphically acoustic outputs of exemplary embodiments as Peak Sound Pressure Level, in dB; 
           [0072]      FIG. 7A  is a representative example of an 8-terminal MLCC device in accordance with the prior art device designs of present  FIGS. 2A through 2D ; 
           [0073]      FIG. 7B  is a perspective view of another exemplary embodiment of the presently disclosed subject matter, involving side terminal technology, for relatively reducing electro-mechanical noise, and  FIG. 7C  is a graph of testing resulting from use of a testing arrangement as represented by present  FIG. 1 , performed on the presently disclosed exemplary embodiment such as represented by present  FIG. 7B ; 
           [0074]      FIGS. 8A through 8C  are perspective and component side elevational and board side elevational views, respectively, of another exemplary embodiment of the presently disclosed subject matter, involving pre-mounted MLCC transposer technology, for relatively reducing electro-mechanical noise, and  FIG. 8D  is a graph of testing resulting from use of a testing arrangement as represented by present  FIG. 1 , performed on the presently disclosed exemplary embodiment such as represented by present  FIGS. 8A through 8C ; and 
           [0075]      FIG. 9  is a graph of comparative sound pressure testing resulting from use of a testing arrangement as represented by present  FIG. 1 , performed on presently disclosed MLCC devices pre-mounted on a substrate such as represented by present  FIGS. 8A through 8C . 
       
    
    
       [0076]    Repeat use of reference characters throughout the present specification and appended drawings is intended to represent same or analogous features, elements, or steps of the presently disclosed subject matter. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0077]    As discussed in the Summary of the Subject Matter section, the presently disclosed subject matter is generally concerned with certain noise aspects of mounted capacitor devices and related technology and manufacturing and/or mounting methodology. More particularly, the presently disclosed subject matter is concerned with improved designs for certain capacitor components and component assemblies associated with the implementation of surface mountable devices, and particularly as relates to providing low noise capacitors and related methodologies. 
         [0078]    Selected combinations of aspects of the disclosed technology correspond to a plurality of different embodiments of the presently disclosed subject matter. It should be noted that each of the exemplary embodiments presented and discussed herein should not insinuate limitations of the presently disclosed subject matter. Features or steps illustrated or described as part of one embodiment may be used in combination with aspects of another embodiment to yield yet further embodiments. In additional, certain features may be interchanged with similar devices or features not expressly mentioned which perform the same or similar function. 
         [0079]    Reference will now be made in detail to exemplary presently preferred embodiments, and for which  FIG. 1  illustrates a schematic view of an exemplary presently-devised test arrangement generally  10 , for testing of either prior art devices or devices constructed and/or mounted in accordance with the presently disclosed technology. Such a capacitor device generally  12  may be surface mounted or otherwise positioned relative to a substrate generally  14  such as a printed circuit board. In the arrangement devised, copper supports generally  16  are provided on respective sides of board  14  and may be energized during testing as represented by the indicated lead wires, and as will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art from the illustrations of present  FIG. 1 . 
         [0080]    A high-precision microphone generally  18  may be mounted a given distance generally  20  from the substrate  14 . In an exemplary arrangement, a 2 mm distance may be practiced relative to substrate  14 , which may comprise a 100×40×1.5 mm PCB. The surface mounted device generally  12  to be tested may include various case sizes, such as 0201 through 1206. 
         [0081]    The device to be tested may be, for example, solder reflowed to pads in the center of the substrate. Use of the copper brackets  16  facilitate repeatable placements of test substrates, with the microphone positioned on the opposite side of the substrate from that where the device to be tested is mounted. A foam enclosure (not shown) may be provided around the entire arrangement to reduce stray noise. With such an arrangement, the noise floor may be approximately about −6 dB, over a frequency range of interest of about 1 to 10 kHz. 
         [0082]    In an exemplary arrangement, a Brüel &amp; Kjær ½″ Microphone and Preamp were used in conjunction with a Brüel &amp; Kjær Photon+ Signal Analyzer. An HP 33120A Function Generator was used in conjunction with a Krohn-Hite Model 7500 Amplifier used to energize the test item with a 1-5 kHz Swept Sine Wave; 3.15 VAC; 3.15 VDC; 0.1 s sweep rate. Most high CV capacitors tested had a 6.3V rating so test waveforms were set up to operate between 25% and 75% of 6.3 volts (about 1.6 to 4.7V). 
         [0083]    While various set-up arrangements may be practiced, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that such microphone geometry and placement provides an effective arrangement for capacitor electro-mechanical noise testing, as represented by the concentric half-circle vibration waves illustrated in  FIG. 1 , emanating from both the tested device  12  and the board  14 . 
         [0084]    As otherwise discussed herein, present  FIGS. 2A ,  2 B,  2 C, and  2 D are various perspective and cross-sectional views of prior art multi-layer ceramic capacitor (MLCC) devices, such as shown by  FIGS. 2 and 3  of commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 7,352,563. Such a MLCC may have, for example, a Ni—Sn plating over a thick film Cu termination, in conjunction with a main body having interdigitated or interlaced plural sets of electrode structures  22  and  24  of opposite polarity, as will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. 
         [0085]      FIG. 3  is a graph of comparative sound pressure testing resulting from use of a testing arrangement as represented by present  FIG. 1 , performed on existing MLCC devices such as represented by present  FIGS. 2A through 2D . It graphs sound pressure level (SPL) (in dBs) versus applied frequencies (in Hz). The noise floor is what&#39;s represented by an empty test chamber. As shown, a representative peak occurs per this testing at 49.3 dB, within the tested frequency range of between 1 to 9 kHz. A corresponding Figure of Merit indication is made out by the area under the SPL curve and in this instance amounts to about 2.0 Pa·Hz. The essentially same testing arrangement is used in conjunction with exemplary embodiments of the presently disclosed subject matter, as otherwise discussed herein. 
         [0086]      FIGS. 4A and 4B  are simple schematic representations of aspects of mounting MLCC devices on printed circuit boards (PCBs), in accordance with presently disclosed subject matter, and which contribute to reductions in electro-mechanical noise from such combinations. As represented, a representative presently disclosed MLCC device generally  26  is received (mounted and/or supported) relative to a supporting substrate generally  28  (such as a PCB).  FIG. 4A  represents technological approaches which provide a dampening aspect in such combination as between device  26  and substrate  28 .  FIG. 4B  represents resulting force reductions which can otherwise cause mechanical forces and resulting noise in the supporting substrate. As schematically shown by such embodiments, there is a reduction in the supportive/connective footprint as between the device  26  and substrate  28 , resulting in particularized arrangements of reduced vibration force transmission between the two. 
         [0087]      FIG. 5A  is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary first embodiment of the presently disclosed subject matter, involving compliant termination technology, for relatively reducing electro-mechanical noise.  FIG. 5B  is a graph of testing resulting from use of a testing arrangement as represented by present  FIG. 1 , performed on the presently disclosed exemplary embodiment such as represented by present  FIG. 5A , and comparing such results with results for a prior art thick Cu film terminated device, such as represented in prior art present  FIG. 2D . 
         [0088]    In contrast to the thick film copper termination of prior art  FIG. 2D , the presently disclosed  FIG. 5A  exemplary embodiment has an Ag-Polymer termination over a relatively thinner Cu layer (or “flashing”). Such more compliant polymer termination acts as “cushion” and dampens against the coupling of vibrations between the capacitor device and the PCB. While Ag-polymer is shown as a specific example, it is to be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art from the complete disclosure herewith that more generally conductive polymer or polymer may be practiced rather than being restricted to only Ag-polymer. 
         [0089]    As shown by present  FIG. 5B , test results for the presently disclosed embodiment of present  FIG. 5A  are represented by the right side datapoints, and compare with the left side datapoints from the prior art device (of  FIG. 2D ). A reduction of about 6 dB is achieved. Since the dB axis is logarithmic, the reduction represented is on the order of magnitude of cutting the transmitted sound (SPL or noise) by half. The thick film copper termination prior art embodiment ( FIG. 2D ) has about a 120 GPa Modulus while the presently disclosed subject matter exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 5A  has a less than 5 GPa Modulus. Such exemplary embodiments for testing purposes involved 0805 10 microFarad MLCC devices. Thus, the compliant termination presently disclosed embodiment is shown to have a significant noise reduction over the prior art embodiment. 
         [0090]      FIGS. 6A and 6B  are perspective and cross-sectional views, respectively, of another exemplary embodiment of the presently disclosed subject matter, involving molded packaging technology, for relatively reducing electro-mechanical noise.  FIG. 6C  is a graph of testing resulting from use of a testing arrangement as represented by present  FIG. 1 , performed on the presently disclosed exemplary embodiment such as represented by present  FIGS. 6A and 6B . 
         [0091]    The subject molded package embodiment involves use of a lead frame to decouple capacitor distortion from the PCB. The length of the wire path and the respective top and end attachment points as shown provide such decoupling. Also, a polymer coating helps to dampen device noise. Further, a so-called A-case package mounts as LGA (land grid array) style package on 0805 solder pads. 
         [0092]      FIG. 6C  graphical represents test results between a standard 0805 MLCC device (of the style as presented by present prior art  FIG. 2D ) versus an 0805 A-case sample, using the molded packaging technology presently disclosed, for a 22 microFarad device. As shown, the presently disclosed technology provides anywhere from a 12 to 28 dB reduction in the peak SPL, thus representing significant improvement over the prior art. 
         [0093]      FIGS. 6D through 6F  show conceptual cross-section views of three respective different exemplary embodiments of capacitors and solder pads on mounting substrates.  FIG. 6D  is a multilayer ceramic capacitor device on corresponding mounting pads, that is, an 0402 MLC mounts on pads designed for an 0402 device, 0603 MLC on 0603 pads, and so forth.  FIG. 6E  shows a given MLC capacitor inserted in a molded device that is physically larger than MLC itself, such that the molded device mounts on solder pads designed for that case-size molded part. Per EIA industry standards, R- and N-case size molded devices mount on 0805 solder pads, A-case molded parts mount on 1206 solder pads, and B-case molded devices mount on 1210 pads, and so forth. In particular, such industry standard mounting allows solder fillets to form on the ends of the molded devices, as shown conceptually in  FIG. 6E . However, if molded devices are mounted on solder pads designed for one case size smaller chip, as shown conceptually in  FIG. 6F , then solder fillets on the end of the molded device are substantially eliminated. In other words, R- and N-case size molded devices would be mounted on 0603 pads, A-case devices on 0805 pads and B-case devices on 1206-pads, and so forth. 
         [0094]    As shown graphically in  FIG. 6G , it is possible to compare the acoustic output as Peak Sound Pressure Level, in dB, of a typical 0603 MLC with capacitance in the range of 2.2 to 22 μF mounted on 0603 mounting pads; an A-case molded device containing MLC inserts of the same range of values molded on industry standard 1206 mounting pads; and those A-case devices mounted on smaller 0805 pads that eliminate solder-end fillets. The acoustic output of A-case molded devices is reduced relative to the bare MLC inserts, and furthermore the acoustic output of the molded device mounted on solder pads that eliminate the solder-end fillets is reduced relative to the molded device mounted with solder fillets. 
         [0095]    As shown graphically in  FIG. 6G , it is possible to compare the acoustic output as Peak Sound Pressure Level, in dB, of a typical 0402 MLC with capacitance in the range of 0.1 to 10 μF mounted on 0402 mounting pads; an R-case molded device containing MLC inserts of the same range of values molded on industry standard 0805 mounting pads; and those R-case devices mounted on smaller 0603 pads that eliminate solder-end fillets. The acoustic output of R-case molded devices is reduced relative to the bare MLC inserts, and furthermore the acoustic output of the molded device mounted on solder pads that eliminate the solder-end fillets is reduced relative to the molded device mounted with solder fillets. Table 1 lists several examples of industry standard molded devices and MLC&#39;s and non-standard Land-Grid-Array (LGA) mount pad geometries that minimize solder-end fillets to reduce acoustic output. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Industry 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Standard 
                 Low Noise “LGA” 
               
               
                   
                 Molded 
                 EIA MLC 
                 Mounting Pad 
                 Mounting Pad 
               
               
                   
                 Device 
                 Insert 
                 Size for 
                 Size for 
               
               
                   
                 Size 
                 Size 
                 Molded Part 
                 Molded Part 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 A-Case 
                 0603 
                 1206 
                 0805 
               
               
                   
                 B-Case 
                 0805 
                 1210 
                 1206 or 0805 
               
               
                   
                 R-Case 
                 0402 
                 0805 
                 0603 
               
               
                   
                 N-Case 
                 0402 
                 0805 
                 0603 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0096]      FIG. 7A  is a representative example of an 8-terminal MLCC device in accordance with the prior art device designs of present  FIGS. 2A through 2D .  FIG. 7B  is a perspective view of another exemplary embodiment of the presently disclosed subject matter, involving side terminal technology, for relatively reducing electro-mechanical noise.  FIG. 7C  is a graph of testing resulting from use of a testing arrangement as represented by present  FIG. 1 , performed on the presently disclosed exemplary embodiment such as represented by present  FIG. 7B , and comparing results from such testing with testing on a prior art embodiment such as shown by present  FIG. 7A . The side terminal exemplary embodiment utilizes reduction functionality and subject matter such as represented generally by present  FIG. 4B , with a relatively reduced coupling footprint. Again, reduction of about 6 dB is shown by the comparative test results of present  FIG. 7C . 
         [0097]      FIGS. 8A through 8C  are perspective and component side elevational and board side elevational views, respectively, of another exemplary embodiment of the presently disclosed subject matter, involving pre-mounted MLCC transposer technology, for relatively reducing electro-mechanical noise.  FIG. 8D  is a graph of testing resulting from use of a testing arrangement as represented by present  FIG. 1 , performed on the presently disclosed exemplary embodiment such as represented by present  FIGS. 8A through 8C , and compared with a prior art MLCC embodiment such as the design of present  FIG. 2D . Again, an 0805 size device is used for some of the comparison datapoints, while (as shown) 0603 size embodiments are utilized in some instances. The term “transposer” is used because literally the location of the mounting pads is transposed for a given case size MLCC to pads for smaller case sized devices. This results in a reduction in the effective bonding area, a decrease of the span between mounting pads, reduction of the LGA-type solder fillet, and an increase in the MLCC device stand-off. 
         [0098]    For example,  FIG. 8B  illustrates from the component side, an 0603 footprint generally for the capacitor mounting pad generally  30  as used with solder mask  32  for mounting on representative substrate  34 . However,  FIG. 8C , illustrating from the board (or substrate) side, shows that the transposer mounting pad generally  36  results in an 0201 footprint (generally dotted line area  38 ). Thus, the Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) mounting size is transposed by such embodiments. Note that EIA case size codes as discussed herein are with reference to inches. The following Table 2 reflects the various reductions in effective bonding areas which may be achieved with practice of such presently disclosed subject matter. Further,  FIG. 8D  represents graphical illustration of the significant peak SPL data reductions (on the order of 12 to 20 dB) achieved by such presently disclosed devices relative to prior art MLCC devices. Such  FIG. 8D  graph also represents 60 to 90% reductions in the Figure of Merit (FOM) data. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 EIA MLC 
                 Transposed 
               
               
                   
                 Size 
                 Mounting Size 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 1206 
                 0603 
               
               
                   
                 0805 
                 0402 
               
               
                   
                 0603 
                 0201 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0099]    Present  FIG. 9  is a graph of comparative sound pressure level testing resulting from use of a testing arrangement as represented by present  FIG. 1 , performed on presently disclosed MLCC devices pre-mounted on a substrate such as represented by present  FIGS. 8A through 8C . As shown, the peak SPL shown over the 1 to 9 KHz range is about 23.8 dB, which is far less than the 49.3 dB peak SPL show in the graph of present  FIG. 3 . Likewise, the Figure of Merit is reduced to an area determination of about 0.4 Pa·Hz, down from the about 2.0 Pa·Hz datapoint obtained in conjunction with  FIG. 3  testing. Comparison testing summaries relative to such  FIG. 3  graph for the four different exemplary embodiments of presently disclosed subject matter is set forth in the following Table 3. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Peak SPL Reduction 
                 FOM Reduction 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Compliant 
                 7.5 
                 dB 
                      23% 
               
               
                   
                 Terminal 
               
               
                   
                 Molded MLC 
                 12-28 
                 dB 
                 70-97% 
               
               
                   
                 Side Terminal 
                 5 
                 dB 
                      49% 
               
               
                   
                 Transposer 
                 12-19 
                 dB 
                 60-90% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0100]    The following Table 4 summarizes the relative efficacy of presently disclosed embodiments of electro-mechanical noise (peak SPL) reduction relative to size adjustment and cost factors. Such comparative aspects may tend to indicate selection of one particular presently disclosed embodiment over another for a particular application or set of user needs/criteria. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Size 
                 Cost 
               
               
                   
                 E-M Noise 
                 SPL 
                 Adjustment 
                 Adjustment 
               
               
                   
                 Technology 
                 Reduction 
                 Factor 
                 Factor 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Compliant 
                 Good 
                 Low 
                 Low 
               
               
                   
                 Termination 
               
               
                   
                 (FIG. 5A) 
               
               
                   
                 Molded MLC 
                 Excellent 
                 High 
                 High 
               
               
                   
                 (FIGS. 6A-6C) 
               
               
                   
                 Side Terminal 
                 Good 
                 Low 
                 Moderate 
               
               
                   
                 (FIG. 7B) 
               
               
                   
                 MLC 
                 Very Good 
                 Moderate 
                 High 
               
               
                   
                 Transposer 
               
               
                   
                 (FIGS. 8A-8C) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0101]    While the presently disclosed subject matter has been described in detail with respect to specific embodiments thereof, it will be appreciated that those skilled in the art, upon attaining an understanding of the foregoing may readily adapt the presently disclosed technology for alterations or additions to, variations of, and/or equivalents to such embodiments. Accordingly, the scope of the present disclosure is by way of example rather than by way of limitation, and the subject disclosure does not preclude inclusion of such modifications, variations, and/or additions to the presently disclosed subject matter as would be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art.