Abstract:
Methods for constructing an estimated depreciated schedule for a patent are disclosed. The steps for constructing this schedule may include: (1) determining a first function which approximately describes the rate of initial increase in expected forward patent citations over time; (2) determining a second function which approximately describes the rate of eventual decay in expected forward patent citations over time; and (3) constructing an estimated depreciation schedule using a calculated decay coefficient derived from said second function.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/714,713, filed Sep. 7, 2005, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention in various embodiments relates to assessing the value of assets. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Patents play an important role in our economy in encouraging private investment in new ideas and the development of new technologies that improve productivity and quality of life for everyone. Each year more than a quarter-million patent applications are filed in the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“PTO”), resulting in the issuance of over a hundred fifty-thousand patents annually. Patent owners and applicants pay combined fees and costs of over a billion dollars per year to the PTO to obtain and maintain their patents and applications. See, United States Patent &amp; Trademark Office, FY 2000 USPTO Annual Report. Additional fees and costs are typically incurred for related professional services, such as attorneys fees, search fees, drafting charges and the like. 
     A recent survey conducted by the American Intellectual Property Law Association (“AIPLA”) reported that the median fees charged by law firms for preparing and filing original utility patent applications in 1999 ranged between $4,008 and $7,993, depending upon subject matter and complexity. See, American Intellectual Property Law Association, Report of Economic Survey, pp. 63-63 (1999). In addition, patent owners bring thousands of infringement suits each year in the federal courts. In the twelve months ending June 1998 a total of 1,996 patent-related cases were filed in the United States Federal District Courts. See, Annual Report of Judicial Statistics for 1997, Vol. 1, Civil Cases. The median cost of these suits in 1999 was estimated at $1.5 million per side through trial and appeal. It can be conservatively estimated that the total aggregate costs for obtaining, maintaining and enforcing patents in 1999 exceeded about $5.5 billion. 
     Because of the great importance of patents in the both the U.S. and global economies there has been continued interest in quantifying the value of patents and their contribution to economic prosperity of the individuals or companies that hold and/or control them. Such information can be useful for a variety of purposes. For example, patent holders themselves may be interested in using such information to help guide future decision-making or for purposes of tax treatment, transfer pricing or settlement of patent license disputes. Financial advisors and investors may seek to use such information for purposes of comparative value analysis and/or to construct measures of the “fundamental value” of publicly traded companies for purposes of evaluating possible strategic acquisitions or as a guide to investment. Economists may seek to use patent valuations for purposes of economic forecasting and planning. Insurance carriers may use such valuations to set insurance policy premiums and the like for insuring intangible assets. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,018,714, incorporated herein by reference. 
     However, accurate valuing of patents and other intangible intellectual property assets is a highly difficult task requiring an understanding of a broad range of legal, technical and accounting disciplines. Intellectual property assets are rarely traded in open financial markets or sold at auction. They are intangible assets that secure unique benefits to the individuals or companies that hold them and/or exploit the underlying products or technology embodying the intellectual property. In the case of patent assets, for example, this unique value may manifest itself in higher profit margins for patented products, increased market power and/or enhanced image or reputation in the industry and/or among consumers or investors. These and other characteristics of intellectual property assets make such assets extremely difficult to value. 
     Patents derive unique value from the legal rights they secure, namely the right to exclude competition in the patented technology. This value (if any) usually manifests itself as a net increase in operating revenues resulting from either: (i) premium pricing of patented products or services; or (ii) royalty payments or other valuable consideration paid by competitors or other parties for use of the patented technology. Given these two inputs and the timing and probability of anticipated future revenue streams, an experienced valuation professional can readily estimate the value of a patent. See, Smith &amp; Par, Valuation of Intellectual Property and Intangible Assets, 2nd Ed. (1989). 
     A familiar scenario is a patent licensed to a third party under an exclusive agreement that guarantees a predetermined income stream over a certain period of time. Using an income valuation approach, the intrinsic value of the licensed patent can be calculated simply as the net discounted present value of the future projected cash flows. Similarly, if the patent owner is exploiting the patented technology itself, the value of the patent may be fairly estimated as the net discounted present value of the incremental profit stream (assuming one can be identified) attributable to the patent over the remaining life of the patent or the economic life of the patented technology, whichever is shorter. 
     In these and similar scenarios where specific anticipated economic benefits can be identified and attributed to a particular intellectual property asset, accurate and credible estimations of value can be calculated using a traditional income valuation approach. In many cases, however, it is exceedingly difficult to identify with a desired degree of certainty a definite income stream or other anticipated economic benefit attributable to a particular intellectual property asset of interest. The classic example is a newly issued patent or an existing patent covering technology that, for whatever reason, has yet to be commercialized. In these and similar cases involving “unproven” patent assets the income valuation approach is less useful. The more tenuous the connection is between current revenues and anticipated future revenues, the more speculative the income valuation approach becomes. 
     For example, one popular approach involves guestimating “hypothetical” future license fees or royalties based on available data obtained from private license agreements and/or litigation settlements/awards involving patents in a similar technical field. While such analysis may be useful in certain cases, it suffers from several drawbacks that can lead to significant inaccuracies. One drawback is the inherent selection bias in the comparative data used to calculate hypothetical future license fees or royalties. By definition, all of the patents in the comparison group have been licensed, litigated and/or otherwise commercialized. This creates a “high-value” selection bias because most patents within the general population of patents are never licensed, litigated or commercialized at all. Thus, the approach will tend to over-value many patent assets. The approach also does not attempt to distinguish between similar patents based on underlying quality, breadth of claims, etc. Rather, the approach assumes that patents are fungible assets and that any one patent has essentially the same income earning potential as any other patent within the same field. 
     The reality is that every patent is unique. There are good patents and bad patents; broad patents and narrow patents; patents that are well-drafted and prosecuted and others that are not so well-drafted or prosecuted. Two patents in the same industry and relating to the same general subject matter can command drastically different royalty rates in a free market (or damage awards in litigation) depending upon subtle differences that affect the comparative breadth and defensibility of each patent. 
     Where there is enough money at stake, one or more patent lawyers can be engaged to analyze an individual patent and render a legal opinion, including an assessment of overall patent quality. But, such qualitative assessments are difficult to quantify in a way that lends itself to patent valuation analysis. Legal opinions are also inherently subjective, leaving the possibility for inconsistencies in assessed patent quality from attorney to attorney or from firm to firm. 
     What is needed is a purely objective approach for comparatively rating and valuing patents (particularly unproven patent assets) in a way that overcomes the above-noted problems and limitations. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Some embodiments of the invention include a method for constructing an estimated depreciation schedule for a patent. The steps for constructing this schedule may include: (1) determining a first function which approximately describes the rate of initial increase in expected forward patent citations over time; (2) determining a second function which approximately describes the rate of eventual decay in expected forward patent citations over time; and (3) constructing an estimated depreciation schedule using a calculated decay coefficient derived from said second function. 
     In some embodiments the first function comprises a lognormal probability distribution function. In some embodiments, the forward citation frequency is approximated by the product of the first and second functions. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate several embodiments of the invention. Certain preferred embodiments and examples will now be described in detail having reference to the figures that follow, of which: 
         FIG. 1  is a graph that shows (the plot titled “Fwd Cite Rate,” marked with diamonds) the average age of patents receiving forward citations within a selected peer group (X-axis) and the relative frequency of forward citations being generated currently by newly issued patents (Y-axis).  FIG. 1  also shows (the plot titled “Ramp Up &amp; Decay”) the fitted approximation. 
         FIG. 2  is a graph that shows the product of the lognormal ramp-up function (the plot titled “Ramp Up,” marked with squares) and the exponential decay function (the plot titled “Decay,” marked with diamonds) to yield the fitted approximation in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  is an example of the calculations for determining the parameters (or coefficients) best defining the functions shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     In valuing a patent asset, a time-wise adjustment needs to be made in order to account for the effects of value depreciation over time. Depreciation of patent value over time may be caused by: (i) depletion of remaining patent term; and (ii) obsolescence over time of the underlying patented technology. A discussion on the valuation of patents can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,556,992, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
     Term depletion depreciation accounts for loss of patent value due to exhausting the useful life of the patent. Every patent has a finite maximum term, averaging about 17.3 years. Depletion of patent term results in corresponding depletion of value because there is less time to extract the economic benefits of the patent and the underlying technology. This can generally be approximated as a straight line depreciation function over the expected patent term. 
     In addition to term depletion there is also loss of value due to age-related obsolescence of the underlying patented technology. In a licensing context, this can be thought of as time-wise diminishment or dilution of the “royalty base” caused by the introduction of new improvement patents that ultimately compete for the same royalty dollars. In some embodiments, the rate at which newer patents (and technology) replace older patents (and technology) is used as the rate of patent obsolescence. 
     In one embodiment, the average rate at which patents and technology become obsolete (e.g. replaced by newer technology and patents) assists in determining an appropriate patent depreciation schedule (i.e., how quickly a patent will lose value over time). Advantageously, the rate of patent obsolescence may also be used to formulate a patent filing and prosecution strategy and to set target benchmarks. 
     In some embodiments of the invention, the patent obsolescence rate is estimated by measuring the decline in the rate of forward citations of aging patents. As technological advances are made and as new patents are filed and issued, older patents gradually become less and less relevant to the newer patents that represent the latest, leading edge technology. This may be reflected by a declining rate of citations from newer patents to older patents. Eventually, older patents may cease receiving citations altogether as the older technologies gradually fade away and are replaced with newer technologies. This phenomenon is illustrated in  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 . 
       FIG. 1  (plot titled “Fwd Cite Rate” marked with diamonds) shows the average age of patents receiving forward citations within a selected peer group (X-axis) and the relative frequency of forward citations being generated currently by newly issued patents (Y-axis). In some embodiments, the initial 4-5 year ramp-up of forward citations reflects the lag time for cited patents to be issued and for awareness to grow. In some embodiments, this initial ramp-up follows a lognormal probability distribution curve with awareness growing from 0% initially and asymptotically approaching 100% over time (plot titled “Ramp Up” and marked with squares,  FIG. 2 ). In one embodiment the initial ramp up approximately follows a lognormal probability distribution curve defined by the following equation:
 
 P (cite)=LOGNORMDIST(AGE,LOGMEAN,LOGSTDV)
 
     Where: 
     P(cite)=probability of citation 
     AGE=patent age in years=int(PatentAge)+1 or “Age of Cited+1” 
     LOGMEAN=log mean of the lognormal distribution 
     LOGSTDV=log standard deviation of the lognormal distribution 
     In some embodiments of the invention, the decline in forward citation rates over time (the next 5-20 years) generally follows an exponential decay function. In some embodiments,  FIG. 2  shows the exponential decay function as depicted by plot titled “Decay” and marked with diamonds. In one embodiment the decline in forward citation rates approximately follows an exponential decay function defined by the following equation:
 
FWDCITES(normalized)=STARTVALUE*EXP(AGE*DECAYRATE)
 
     Where: 
     FWD CITES (normalized)=number of forward cites normalized as a percentage of the yearly maximum 
     STARTVALUE=hypothetical initial start value of FWD CITES (normalized) 
     DECAYRATE=decay coefficient of the exponential decay function 
     In some embodiments, the actual observed forward citation frequency is closely approximated by the product of the lognormal ramp-up function (plot titled “Ramp Up” and marked with squares,  FIG. 2 ) and the exponential decay function (titled “Decay” and marked with diamonds,  FIG. 2 ) to yield the fitted approximation (plot titled “Ramp Up &amp; Decay”,  FIG. 1 ). In some embodiments of the invention, the parameters (or coefficients) best defining each of these functions is iteratively determined to produce a best fit estimate of the observed citation frequency data. Preferably, the parameters (or coefficients) are solved or estimated simultaneously by using an iterative solver program such as the “Solver” add-on in the MS-Excel program. 
     One example of this calculation is provided in the table of  FIG. 3 . 
     The above calculation is merely an example and should not be construed to limit the scope of the invention. The square of the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient (“RSQ”) in this case was equal to 0.996, indicating that the model provided a very good fit, as illustrated in  FIG. 1  (compare the overlapping plots of the “Fwd Cite Rate” marked with diamonds and the “Ramp up &amp; Decay”). 
     In this case the exponent of the citation frequency decay function was iteratively determined to be −0.09954, indicating an average rate (or risk) of obsolescence of 9.95% per year. This corresponds to a technology half-life of 6.96 years. This suggests that the average utility or value of a patent selected from the peer group would decay to ½ of its original starting value after 6.96 years (ignoring the added effects of term depletion). In some embodiments, a technology&#39;s half-life is calculated by the following equation:  HALFLIFE =ln(0.5)/DECAY RATE. 
     The data included in the above example can be further described as follows: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Column 
                 Explanation 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Age of Cited 
                 This is the approximate age in integer years 
               
               
                   
                   
                 for each age-group of cited patents (Note: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AGE = Age of Cited + 1) 
               
               
                   
                 #Fwd Cites 
                 This is the actual count of cited patents 
               
               
                   
                   
                 for each age group 
               
               
                   
                 Fwd Cite Rate 
                 This is the rate of cites normalized by 
               
               
                   
                   
                 dividing #Fwd Cites by the Max(#Fwd Cites) 
               
               
                   
                 Ramp Up 
                 This is the result of the ramp up function 
               
               
                   
                   
                 p(cite) at the given AGE value 
               
               
                   
                 Decay 
                 This is the result of the exponential decay 
               
               
                   
                   
                 function at the given AGE value 
               
               
                   
                 Obsolescense 
                 This is the product of (Ramp Up)*(Decay) - 
               
               
                   
                   
                 essentially, this is the “Fwd Cite Rate” 
               
               
                   
                   
                 as predicted by the model 
               
               
                   
                 Error{circumflex over ( )}2 
                 This is the square of the actual Fwd Cite 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Rate minus the predicted Fwd Cite Rate 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The rate of patent obsolescence varies from technology to technology. Typically, faster-paced technologies, such as computer-electronics and software, decline more rapidly than slower-paced technologies, such as basic materials and simple mechanical technologies. Data on the obsolescence of a few exemplary US patent classifications resulting from one embodiment of the invention are provided below: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Decay 
                 Half- 
                   
               
               
                 Class 
                 Description 
                 Rate 
                 Life 
                 RSQ 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 370 
                 Multiplex communications 
                 −26.8% 
                 2.590 
                 0.998 
               
               
                 361 
                 Electricity: electrical 
                 −15.1% 
                 4.610 
                 0.997 
               
               
                   
                 systems . . . 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 556 
                 Organic compounds . . . 
                 −13.8% 
                 5.030 
                 0.981 
               
               
                 237 
                 Heating systems 
                 −7.6% 
                 9.090 
                 0.95 
               
               
                 181 
                 Acoustics 
                 −6.6% 
                 10.480 
                 0.976 
               
               
                 28 
                 Textiles: manufacturing 
                 −5.4% 
                 12.790 
                 0.907 
               
               
                 116 
                 Signals and indicators 
                 −4.8% 
                 14.560 
                 0.923 
               
               
                 366 
                 Agitating 
                 −4.7% 
                 14.670 
                 0.98 
               
               
                 105 
                 Railway rolling stock 
                 −4.5% 
                 15.430 
                 0.92 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Some embodiments of the invention may provide all or some of the following advantages:
         Provides an actual statistical measure of age-related obsolescence   Calculate patent depreciation schedules   Assess obsolecense “risk” for a single patent or a portfolio   Set target filing/prosecution rates to “replace” depleted patent assets       

     In some embodiments, it is contemplated that some or all of the steps described herein may be implemented within, or using, software modules (programs) that are executed by one or more general purpose computers. In these embodiments, the software modules may be stored on or within any suitable computer-readable medium. It should be understood that the various steps may alternatively be implemented in-whole or in-part within specially designed hardware. 
     Although this invention has been disclosed in the context of certain preferred embodiments and examples, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention extends beyond the specifically disclosed embodiments to other alternative embodiments and/or uses of the invention and obvious modifications and equivalents thereof. Thus, it is intended that the scope of the present invention herein disclosed should not be limited by the particular disclosed embodiments described above.