Abstract:
The present invention is a method and system of half-duplex wireless communication where a premises has a base station that services a defined communication cell. The base station transmits and receives Request to Send and Clear to Send announcements to and from mobile stations to indicate that the base station can send and receive data. A plurality of mobile stations send and receive data after transmitting and receiving Clear to Send and Request to Send announcements to and from the base station based on the respective time period in which the base station has received the Clear to Send and Request to Send announcements from respective mobile stations.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention is related to a method and system of half-duplex wireless messaging or communication that minimizes collision of messages among the mobile stations to and from a base station. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Wireless messaging and communication systems would be advantageous for use in offices, large premises and other similar locations. Such wireless messaging and communication systems would facilitate installation because hardwired systems would not be necessary as is common with many types of LAN and e-mail systems. A wireless messaging and communication system can also be connected almost anywhere within the office or premises. 
     It would be advantageous if an indoor, premises based wireless communication system could be implemented that would allow messaging among various users in the premises or office. Preferably, such communication or messaging system would be inexpensive compared to LAN based systems and would use minimal power and operate at a minimal cost. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with the present invention, a wireless communication and messaging system is a half-duplex system where a premises has a base station that services a defined communication cell such as an office space. The base station transmits and receives Request to Send and Clear to Send announcements to and from mobile stations to indicate that the base station can send and receive data such as messages to and from the mobile stations. A plurality of mobile stations send and receive data after transmitting and receiving Request to Send and Clear to Send announcements to and from the base station based on the respective time period that the base station received the Request to Send and Clear to Send announcements from respective mobile stations. 
     In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, the base station transmits to a plurality of mobile stations contained within one wireless communication cell a READY announcement indicating that the base station is ready to receive data on an uplink channel from the mobile stations. A random initial backoff time is set for each mobile station. A Request to Send announcement is then transmitted from each mobile station to the base station following expiration of the backoff time period. The base station then transmits to the mobile stations a Clear to Send announcement indicating that a first mobile station had its Request to Send announcement received in the base station before the other mobile stations and that first mobile station can now transmit data. That mobile station then transmits its data. The other mobile stations then resubmit their Request to Send announcements after a predetermined backoff time period has expired. That backoff time period corresponds to a time period in which the first mobile station can transmit its data to the base station. 
     The downlink protocol for sending messages from the base station to a mobile station is less complex than that uplink protocol for sending messages from the mobile stations to the base station. The base station will send a Request To Send to the mobile stations. Then, the base station will wait for the Clear To Send and then begin sending. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     The foregoing and other features and advantages of the present invention will be appreciated more fully from the following description, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a premises showing a series of large office spaces with each space comprising a separate cellular system having a base station and a plurality of mobile stations; 
     FIG. 2 shows a state diagram for the operation of the mobile station in accordance with the present invention; 
     FIG. 3 shows a state diagram for the operation of a base station in accordance with the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Referring now to FIG. 1, there is illustrated a premises comprising a large office complex at  10  having separate large office spaces  12 ,  14  and  16 . Each office space  12 ,  14  and  16  includes individual offices  18 . The two-way messaging system in accordance with the present invention is illustrated at  20  and used with each office space  12 ,  14 , and  16 . The system  20  is cellular-based and includes a base station  22  and mobile stations  24  that each use a half-duplex hardware. Thus, a mobile station  24  and a base station  22  cannot transmit and receive at the same time. Such half-duplex hardware used in the present invention can be constructed for a particular application by one skilled in the art. 
     When data (messages) is sent on both uplink channel  25  and downlink channel  26  directions, a priority resolution is required. In the present method and system of the invention, priority is given to the mobile stations  24 . Mobile stations  24  typically are less powerful in terms of resources such as storage and battery power and may not be able to defer transmission. In addition, by the nature of the mobile stations, they do not stay on all the time and thus should be permitted to transmit their data as soon as possible. Base stations  22  typically have more power and greater storage capacity. 
     As illustrated, this system is also cellular-based and uses two distinct frequencies, one for the downlink and the other for the uplink in each cell. Each cell is covered by a single base station  22  and typically can be the size of an office space having several individual offices  18  or work areas. Naturally, the co-channel interference from neighboring cells is small and is not considered. The system is designed for an indoor setting with symmetric forward and reverse channel bandwidth. Because the radio hardware is half-duplex, the radio unit is either in a receive or transmit mode. When it is in a receive mode, it cannot transmit and vice versa for the transmit mode. Thus, the method and system of the present invention ensures that the destination radio unit is in receive mode before sending a data packet to it. Otherwise, the data packet will be dropped. One major application of the present invention is messaging. Thus, performance requirements (e.g., bandwidth and delay) are less stringent than the two-way interactive applications. A simple random access scheme suffices for the uplink channel. Communication within a cell is always to and from the base station  22 . There is no direct peer communication between two mobile stations in the same cell. Any software required in the mobile stations  24  can be contained in software or firmware of the devices. The base station  22  and mobile stations  24  have appropriate hardware and timers for operating as described below. 
     In accordance with the present invention, a media access protocol for the invention is described and consists of two halves: the mobile station-side and the base station-side. The mobile station-side protocol is executed by all mobile stations, while the base station-side protocol is executed by the base station. The two halves cooperate to coordinate access to the channel resources (i.e., the broadcast air medium) of the cell defined by the particular office space  12 ,  14  or  16 . A mobile station  24  can be assigned to a user who can freely move between offices  18 . 
     The downlink channel is single access and the base station is the only sender on this channel. The uplink channel is multiple access and it is shared by all mobile stations in a cell. Collision is possible and is addressed by the protocol of the present invention. 
     Because collision detection is not feasible in a wireless environment, a collision avoidance approach is used in accordance with the present invention. When a base station  22  is ready to accept data, it announces its availability on the downlink channel  26 . Upon receiving the “ready” announcement, mobile stations  24  that have data to send submit their transmission requests on the uplink channel  25 . The base station  22  grants the first transmission it receives, and announces the result on the downlink channel. Any mobile stations  24  whose transmission requests were not accepted backoff for the duration of the accepted transmission, and re-submit their requests following the backoff. 
     FIG. 2 illustrates a state diagram for the mobile station-side protocol. Table 1 gives a description of the actions associated with the state transitions of FIG.  2 . 
     The various labels in Table 1 correspond to the numeric indices between the various states as shown in FIG.  2 . 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                                          TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Mobile Station-Side Protocol Transitions 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Label 
                 Actions 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 a. receive READY 
               
               
                   
                 b. set IB timer = random (RW) 
               
               
                 2 
                 a. IB timer timeout 
               
               
                   
                 b. send RTS A,n 
               
               
                   
                 c. set CTS timer 
               
               
                 3 
                 a. receive CTS A,n′ 
               
               
                   
                 b. clear CTS timer 
               
               
                   
                 c. adjust BACKOFF - MAX if necessary 
               
               
                 4 
                 a. CTS timer timeout 
               
               
                   
                 b. set BACKOFF-MAX = 2 * BACKOFF-MAX 
               
               
                   
                 c. set BACKOFF timer = random (BACKOFF-MAX) 
               
               
                 5 
                 a. BACKOFF timer timeout 
               
               
                 6 
                 a. receive RTS A,n 
               
               
                   
                 b. send CTS A,n′ 
               
               
                 7 
                 a. receive CTS B,n or receive RTS B,n 
               
               
                   
                 b. clear IB timer 
               
               
                   
                 c. set WAIT timer = transmission for n bytes 
               
               
                 8 
                 a. receive CTS A,n′ 
               
               
                   
                 b. optional CTS timer adjustment 
               
               
                   
                 c. clear BACKOFF timer 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     In Table 1 and FIG. 2, A denotes the name of mobile hosts executing the protocol, and B denotes the name of an arbitrary distinct mobile host in the same cell. It is also assumed that for each state that does not have an explicit timeout transition, an implicit timeout transition to the IDLE state exists. In particular, both the SDATA and RDATA states have implicit timeout transitions to the IDLE state, corresponding to the completion of data transfer. The following definitions apply: 
     a) The function random(T) returns a uniformly random value between O and T inclusive 
     b) IB denotes the initial backoff. This is necessary for randomizing the initial transmission requests from the mobile hosts, thus reducing collision. 
     c) RW denotes the request window. It represents the time window a base station waits for a transmission request after it announces its readiness. We observe that IB≦RW. 
     d) RTS and CTS are respectively the abbreviations for Request To Send and Clear To Send. Before data can be sent in either direction, a RTS-CTS exchange is required. 
     A short description of the protocol and method now follows. 
     In Label 1, a mobile station receives a READY announcement and the initial backoff (IB) timer is set to a random number based on the Request Window. 
     In Label 2, the initial backoff timer now times out and the mobile station sends the Request To Send announcement, and then the Clear To Send timer is set. 
     In Label 3, the mobile station receives the Clear To Send announcement from the base station and the Clear to Send timer is cleared. The BACKOFF-MAX value is adjusted, if necessary. 
     In Label 4, the Clear To Send timer times out and the BACKOFF timer is set to a random number based on the BACKOFF-MAX. 
     In Label 5, the BACKOFF timer times out. 
     In Label 6, the mobile station receives a Request To Send and then sends a Clear To Send announcement. 
     In Label 7, the mobile station receives a Clear To Send for another mobile station or receives a Request To Send announcement. It then clears the IB timer and sets the WAIT timer to the announced transmission time. 
     In Label 8, the mobile station receives a Clear To Send. It clears the BACKOFF timer and optionally adjusts the Clear To Send timer. 
     Referring now to Table 2 and FIG. 3, there is represented the protocol for the method and system of the present invention regarding the base station. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                                           TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Base Station Protocol Transitions 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Label 
                 Actions 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 a. send RTS A,n 
               
               
                   
                 b. set CTS timer 
               
               
                 2 
                 a. CTS timer timeout 
               
               
                   
                 b. optional link layer processing 
               
               
                 3 
                 a. receive CTS A,n′ 
               
               
                   
                 b. clear CTS timer 
               
               
                 4 
                 a. send READY 
               
               
                   
                 b. set RW timer 
               
               
                 5 
                 a. RW timer timeout 
               
               
                 6 
                 a. send READY 
               
               
                   
                 b. set RW timer 
               
               
                 7 
                 a. RW timer timeout 
               
               
                 8 
                 a. receive RTS A,n 
               
               
                 b. send CTS A,n′ 
               
               
                 9 
                 a. adjust RW timer 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The following details apply: 
     a) Since the downlink channel is collision-free, a message sent downlink should be received by all mobile stations in the cell. The only exceptions are (1) the message is corrupted; (2) the mobile station is off; or (3) the mobile station has left the cell. Thus, when transition  2   a  is activated, indicating the occurrence of one of these exceptions, the link layer should be notified for exception handling, which could be retry, de-registration, etc. 
     b) RW should be set to some multiples of the roundtrip transmission time, RTT. In particular, we must have 
      RTT≦RW 
     c) Transitions  1  and  4  represent a non-deterministic choice. That is, when a base station is in the IDLE state and has downlink data to send, it selects randomly either transition  1  or  4  to take. By varying the probability assigned to each transition, the transmission priority between the mobile stations and the base station can be changed. For example, if the probability of taking either transition is 0.5, then both the mobile stations and the base station has equal priority in sending their data. 
     The base station-side protocol is much simpler and there is little problem with the downlink from the base station to the mobile stations. It is not a multiple access system. 
     In Label 1, a Request To Send is sent to the mobile station and a Clear To Send timer is then set. 
     In Label 2, the Clear To Send timer times out and optional link layer processing occurs. 
     In Label 3, the Clear To Send announcement is received and the Clear To Send timer is cleared. 
     In Label 4, the READY announcement is sent and the Request Window timer is set. 
     In Label 5, the Request Window timer times out. 
     In Label 6, the READY announcement is sent and the Request Window timer is set. 
     In Label 7, the Request Window timer times out. 
     In Label 8, the Request To Send is received and the Clear to Send is sent. 
     In Label 9, the Request Window timer is adjusted. 
     It is evident that the method and system of the present invention using this type of protocol prevents collision of messages on the uplink to the base station  22  because random time numbers are generated and applied so that the base station grants to the first transmission request it receives and announces the result on the downlink channel. If any mobile stations&#39; transmission requests are not accepted, these mobile stations then backoff for the duration of the transmission. The cycle repeats until the messaging is complete. 
     Other aspects of the invention can also be accomplished. For example, certain control messages, e.g., an acknowledgement (ACK) message can signal the completion of data transfer, thus enhancing the protocol. Error control possibly could be considered. Because of wireless links, a media access protocol must incorporate some mechanism for error detection and correction. The use of forward error correction is particularly desirable. 
     Redundancy also could be introduced to improve the reliability of the wireless link. In a wireless environment, one way to achieve redundancy is to install multiple base stations in the same cell. Thus, multiple copies of a message broadcast by a mobile host are received by the network and can be suitably “combined” to recover the original message. 
     Additionally, the media-access layer can work closely with a link layer. Measurements or statistics obtained in the media-access layer can provide useful feedback for the operation of the link layer. 
     It should be understood that the above description is only one preferred embodiment of the invention. Numerous other arrangements may be devised by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention.