Abstract:
An add value terminal provides an automatic fare collection environment with a compact, easy to use, and easy to install device that re-values and issues transit fare cards exclusively utilizing credit and debit functions. The add value terminal alleviates long lines often associated with automatic vending machines that allow bill and coin transactions. The add value terminal also can sell tickets in out-of-station environments including malls, grocery stores, post offices, and airports.

Description:
This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) to provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 60/160,681 filed Oct. 21, 1999. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of Invention 
     The present invention relates generally to terminals for adding monetary value to fare cards, and more specifically to a debit/credit only terminal for adding monetary value to fare cards and/or smart cards. 
     2. Background 
     The use of fare cards in mass transit systems has reached record levels with the successful introduction of free transfers, unlimited passes, and fare pricing systems based on distance traveled, time of day, and user categorization including age and frequent user. Automatic fare collection utilizing fare cards increases security through the elimination of person-to-person cash exchanges, decreases operating costs based upon a decrease in required personnel and an automation of system accounting, and improves commuter convenience by eliminating ticket window lines and ticket purchases for each transit system ride. 
     Fare cards are available in various formats including magnetic strip cards, contact smart cards and contactless smart cards. The fare cards may be purchased at automatic vending machines utilizing bills/coins, credit, and/or debit cards. The value of the card may be limited to the value of a single transit fare, or may exceed the value of a single transit fare so that the card may be used for multiple fares. A fare card having a value exceeding one transit fare offers an advantage of a single financial transaction for multiple rides. In addition, since the fare collection systems deduct value automatically for time and/or distance based fares, the rider does not need to compute exact fare amount as long as the amount on the card exceeds the required fare, and thus, the time the rider spends at a fare card dispensing machine is shortened. Any monetary value remaining on the card is usable for a subsequent fare. Fare cards also offer the advantage of being reusable. The transit rider inserts a used card into an automatic fare vending machines along with a payment means including bills/coins, or credit/debit cards, and a corresponding added value is stored on the fare card. 
     Current automatic vending machines offer the above stated advantages of reuse of a card and quick transaction times. However, during peak commuter hours, commuters are often faced with lines at the automatic fare vending machines. Delays in obtaining upgraded fare cards often are caused by bill/coin transactions and the cumbersome process of commuters having to insert coins and bills into a vending machine. In particular, a common experience for a commuter is to have a bill rejected multiple times because the bill is folded, creased and/or worn. Thus, as a commuter is fumbling with coins and cash, or is attempting to coerce a bill into a machine, other commuters have no choice but to wait in line for an available machine. Bill and coin machines also have a disadvantage of shortened expected mean cycle between failures due to the mechanical components, required for accepting bills and coins, that are apt to fail or malfunction. These vending machines present a further disadvantage of a vandalism target since the machines are known to hold cash. 
     Thus, there is a continuing effort to enhance the mean cycle between failure and the capacity of an automatic fare collection (AFC) system to allow for value and time replenishment of existing fare cards in a time efficient manner. A further pressing need is to provide an add value/time capability for all card types, including magnetic strip cards and smart cards, within the existing AFC system locations, commonly located in subway/train systems, and in locations outside the AFC system such as bus terminals. Availability of a fare card terminal is of particular value to bus patrons and those who do not have ready access to a subway/train station. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an advantage of the present invention to provide a means for adding value to cards by patrons employing solely credit/debit payment mechanisms. 
     It is a further advantage to improve the overall mean cycle between failure of an add value machine. 
     It is still a further advantage of the present invention to improve commuter satisfaction by providing an add value machine that requires less transaction time. 
     Yet another advantage is to provide a machine for adding value to fare cards that is easy to install and compatible with the existing automatic fare collection system. 
     It is yet another advantage to provide a compact machine for installation into locations outside of the transit system. 
     An add value terminal of the exemplary embodiment provides a quick and simple means of adding value to a fare card or contactless smart card using only a debit or credit card. Add value terminals shorten customer lines for customers waiting to upgrade their fare cards because simple credit/debit transactions require less time than transactions involving bills and coins. Thus, an add value terminal expedites the purchase of fare cards at automatic vending machine locations by attracting patrons to credit/debit terminals that do not accept bills and coins. 
     An add value terminal of the exemplary embodiment is a compact cabinet that may be installed on a wall, pedestal, or pillar. The terminal has a user friendly interface that utilizes a display, selection buttons, raised lettering, Braille, and an audio output jack to prompt and instruct a patron through the steps required to add value, upgrade, or verify the status of his or her fare card. The add value terminal of the exemplary embodiment accepts both magnetic strip fare cards and contactless smart cards. The term “fare card” as used herein includes both magnetic strip and contactless cards unless there is a stated card-type distinction. The magnetic strip fare cards are inserted into a fare card bezel to allow a ticket transport to read data from the card. Contactless smart card data is communicated to the add value terminal through the use of a smart card interface. The patron simply moves the smart card past a contactless smart card reader each time he or she is prompted to do so by the display. 
     The display of the add value terminal prompts a patron to insert a fare card. Once the fare card is inserted into the bezel or waved past the contactless smart card reader, the status of the fare card is displayed. The add value terminal of the exemplary embodiment displays the current period and card expiration dates, the remaining value, the number of rides remaining and/or the upgrade status of the card. The display then prompts the patron to make a selection of a desired transaction. The patron selects the transaction type by pressing a selection button as indicated by the display prompts. Typical transactions of the exemplary embodiment include verifying card status, upgrading the card, adding value, and/or adding time to the card. A patron may cancel a transaction at any time by pressing a cancellation button. After the patron has selected a transaction type, the display prompts the patron for a method of payment. The patron presses the appropriate selection button and inserts a credit or debit card into a credit/debit card reader and enters any required personal identification numbers on a PIN keypad. The add value terminal communicates the debit/credit information to a bank authorization network. Once verification is received, the patron selects the time, value, or upgrade status to be added to the card. The add value terminal updates the card status as the magnetic strip card is removed from the bezel, or as the card is passed in front of the smart card reader. If the patron chooses to receive a transaction receipt, a printer receipt is delivered to the patron through the printer cup located on the add value terminal cabinet. 
     The add value terminals of the exemplary embodiment are connected through station controllers and associated communication network equipment to a transit system area controller utilizing existing four wire digital lines or fiber optic lines. The transit area controller monitors both out-of-system and in-system add value terminals. Out-of-system refers to add value terminals that are located outside of a transit system terminal. Typical out-of system locations include grocery stores, malls, bus terminals, and airports. In-system add value terminals are located in the transit system station, e.g. a train/subway station, and are networked with other automatic vending machines, token booths, turnstile equipment and fare card readers to the area controller. 
     The elimination of bill/coin transactions improves the overall Mean Cycle Between Failure (MCBF) statistics, decreases the cost of money collection and processing, and lowers the maintenance costs of the transit system automatic vending services. The primary benefits of the add value terminal include a low initial capital cost through the incorporation of existing transit system components into the add value terminal design, high reliability and low maintenance due to the increase in MCBF, a small compact cabinet, low security risk because the machine contains no cash or pre-valued fare media, fare card re-use, ease of use, low cost of installation, and common spares with existing transit system equipment. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The present invention will be better understood from the following detailed description of a first embodiment of the invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like reference numerals refer to like parts and in which: 
     FIG. 1 is a front view of a preferred embodiment of an add value terminal for rapidly dispensing and adding value to a fare card; 
     FIG. 2 a  is a block diagram of the signal circuitry for an add value terminal of a preferred embodiment; 
     FIG. 2 b  is a block diagram of the power circuitry for a terminal of a preferred embodiment; and 
     FIG. 3 is a block diagram of add value terminals included in the automatic fare collection equipment of an existing transit system. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     The following detailed description utilizes a number of acronyms which are generally well known in the art. While definitions are typically provided with the first instance of each acronym, for convenience, Table 1 below provides a list of the acronyms and their respective definitions. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACRONYM 
                 DEFINITION 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 AFC 
                 Automatic Fare Collection 
               
               
                   
                 AVT 
                 Add Value Terminal 
               
               
                   
                 AVM 
                 Automatic Vending Machines 
               
               
                   
                 CSC 
                 Contactless Smart Cards 
               
               
                   
                 MCBF 
                 Mean Cycle Between Failure 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The add value terminal of the present invention is designed for commuter convenience by lessening the time required to purchase, upgrade, add value, or add time to a fare card. An add value terminal (AVT) of the preferred embodiment is a terminal for dispensing and/or adding value to fare cards, including magnetic strip cards and contactless smart cards, utilizing credit and debit accounts only. For commuters that must purchase a new fare card, the add value terminal also adds value to ready-for-sale fare cards that may be located in a separate simple storage hopper, mounted on the outside of the add value terminal cabinet, or supplied by a co-located host facility or organization such as a merchant or service organization. 
     Referring to FIG. 1, the add value terminal cabinet  2  of a preferred embodiment measures approximately 30.25″ (76.84 cm) in height, 18″ (45.72 cm) in width, and 10.5″ (26.67 cm) in depth. The AVT cabinet  2  of other embodiments may be configured to fit within a pre-existing space, for example, where the AVT cabinet  2  replaces another automatic vending machine. The AVT cabinet  2  of a preferred embodiment is made from 14 gauge, or thinner, stainless steel that is finished to match existing automatic vending machines of a transit system. An AVT cabinet  2  that utilizes 14 gauge steel has an approximate weight of 90 lbs, and thus, is relatively easy to handle for installation purposes. In a preferred embodiment, all AVT cabinet seams are sealed to prevent the ingress of water to the internal components of the added value terminal  2 . 
     In an alternate embodiment of the present invention, the add value terminal cabinet  2  is molded from a durable, vandal resistant, high impact plastic material to reduce cabinet weight. These materials, used in numerous consumer and industrial products, meet all UL, EMC, and environmental standards while greatly improving producibility and ease of installation due to the decrease in cabinet weight. 
     The AVT front panel  36 , which is also the front door of the AVT cabinet  2 , contains all of the components and basic instructions required for a patron to initiate and complete a transaction. The front panel components of a preferred embodiment include a patron display  18 , selection buttons  6 , a fare card entry bezel  10 , a contactless smart card reader  28 , a debit/credit card reader  26  and PIN pad  22 , a printer receipt cup  24 , an audio jack  30 , bezels  40  with text  20  and Braille  32  instructions, and a security mirror  16 . 
     The commuter/patron interfaces of a preferred embodiment are mounted to the front door  36  that is removable or is hinged open to allow access to all internal components of the added value terminal. The front door  36  of a preferred embodiment includes a front door hinge  38  located on the left side of the AVT cabinet  2  that allows the front door  36  to be hinged open. The front door  36  includes two high security locks  4 ,  12  to lock the front door  36  securely to the AVT cabinet  2  frame. The upper high security lock  4  and the lower high security lock  12  of the preferred embodiment utilize a single key. Alternate embodiments utilize separate keys for each lock  4 ,  12 . The AVT cabinet  2  of the preferred embodiment is designed to be mounted either to a pedestal, a pillar, or directly to a wall, and is designed to have an overall appearance that matches the appearance of existing automatic vending machines. For example, an embodiment of the present invention includes one or more flat-plated, ceramic-coated colored steel plates  40  with raised character text  20  and Braille  32  information, similar to an AVM design for an existing city transit system. 
     The add value terminal of a preferred embodiment is designed with a user-friendly interface for the purpose of minimizing the time that commuters/patrons spend using the automatic fare collection equipment. The AVT cabinet  2  includes a display  18  that is mountable on the cabinet front door  36  for displaying option prompts, as well as information regarding fares, present card value, and added card value. Referring to FIG. 2 a  illustrating the signal block diagram  50  of the present invention, the display  80  of a preferred embodiment is a six line by forty (6×40) character alphanumeric display. The display assembly  80  of a preferred embodiment utilizes a vacuum fluorescent display (VFD) module that displays the ASCI character set. The display  80  is controlled by the control and memory card assembly  52  through a parallel interface  86 . The add value terminal generates and displays messages and instructions on the display  80  to guide the patron through a transaction. The patron display  18  can also be used to scroll text messages, e.g. advertisements and announcements, across the screen while the add value terminal  2  is idle. Messages may be downloaded to the add value terminal  2  via an area controller, or locally via a laptop or handheld personal computer. 
     Referring back to FIG. 1, the display options are chosen by depressing one of several selection buttons  6  that are mounted beside the display  18  to provide a simple but rugged, easy-to-use menu selection mechanism for patron operation. The preferred embodiment utilizes three selection buttons  6  located to the right of the display  18 . These buttons are multi-functional depending upon the patron instructions displayed on the screen. Another embodiment incorporates any number of buttons  6  into the design as required by the specific application and/or prompting software. A cancel button  8  is provided to end a transaction at any time. As shown in FIG. 2 a,  the cancel button  64  is connected directly to the control and memory card assembly  52  to reset the added value terminal to a pre-determined state. Other embodiments of the present invention incorporate touch screen display technology that eliminates the need for selection buttons  6  or that serves as a back up user interface for extended mean cycle between failure (MCBF). The preferred embodiment utilizes stainless steel selection buttons  6  for use in an automatic fare collection environment that is often exposed to moisture and condensation. 
     As shown in FIG. 2 a,  the control and memory card assembly  52  controls the operation of the add value terminal and communicates transactions and status to the station controller via a station control communication line  84 . The control and memory assembly  52  of the preferred embodiment may be chosen to be identical to the control and memory circuit card assembly used throughout the existing transit system. In a preferred embodiment, the memory contains at least 3 Megabytes of battery-backed memory, configured as six 512K×8 SRAMs, for storage of status, audit, and transaction information. The AVT  2  has a capability of storing up to five days of data to protect against the possibility of data loss due to a temporary unavailability of the station controller  226  as shown in FIG.  3 . 
     A debit/credit module  88 , as shown in FIG. 2 a,  of the add value terminal provides means of payment using a credit or debit card. The debit/credit module  88  of the preferred embodiment includes a debit/credit card reader  58 , a pin pad assembly  60  and a printer assembly  62  that are controlled by a control and memory card assembly  52  through serial communication links  90  and an expansion connector circuit card  54 . 
     The debit/credit card reader  58  of the add value terminal of a preferred embodiment may be chosen to be identical to a debit/credit card reader used in an existing city transit automatic vending machine. The use of identical parts lowers production costs and minimizes inventory count for replacement parts. The debit/credit card reader  58  of a preferred embodiment is connected to the control and memory circuit card assembly  52  through an expansion connector circuit card  54 . Referring to FIG. 1, the debit/credit card reader  26  is a manually operated insertion device that can read magnetic stripe data. The reader  26  has fully enclosed, vandal resistant electronics and switches. The debit/credit card reader  26  of a preferred embodiment is capable of accepting standard size (2.125″×3.375″) cards, such as Visa and MasterCard per ISO 7810. The debit/credit card reader  26  shown in FIG. 1 accepts cards horizontally and is capable of reading any track at 75 or 210 BPI data during removal of the card. Other embodiments of the present invention may utilize a card reader that is designed into the add value terminal to accept cards vertically. The debit/credit card reader  26  of a preferred embodiment is designed such that the customer can continually grasp the card and the card can be withdrawn at any time. 
     The add value terminal personal identification number (PIN) pad assembly  60 , shown in FIG. 2 a,  may also be identical to a PIN pad utilized in the existing transit system that incorporates the use of the added value terminal. The PIN pad is connected to the control and memory circuit card assembly  52  through a serial communication link  90 . Referring back to FIG. 1, the PIN keypad  22  is a twelve key unit in a standard handset configuration. A Braille dot on the number “5” key indicates the relationship of the keys for the visually impaired. The push-button keys  42  provide tactile feedback to the customer, and are sealed to protect the electronics inside the keypad housing  44 . The push-button keys  42  and the keypad housing  44  of a preferred embodiment are made from durable, vandal resistant, stainless steel. To prevent vandalism, the PIN keypad  22  is only removable from within the add value terminal  2 . 
     Referring to FIG. 2 a,  the printer assembly  62  of a preferred embodiment is connected to the control and memory card assembly  52  through an expansion connector circuit card  54  and serial communication link  90 . The printer assembly  62  issues receipts for patron transactions and for audit reports to authorized personnel as required. The printer assembly  62  of a preferred embodiment is a thermal unit capable of printing ⅛-inch high characters, various fonts and graphics. A paper roll utilized in the printer assembly  62  of the preferred embodiment typically provides approximately 950 receipts at 4-inches in length. The printer assembly  62  of the add value terminal is designed to maximize the size of the receipt roll, thereby reducing the frequency of paper roll servicing. The printer assembly  62  of an alternate embodiment provides easy access to the receipt paper without exposing the electronics. The printer assembly  62  includes sensors to detect stack low and paper jam conditions. The printer assembly  62  status is monitored by the control and memory circuit card  52  which in turn sends an appropriate status message to an area controller through area communications lines  84 . Replacing paper and clearing fare card jams is accomplished by fingertip maintenance. 
     The printer assembly  62  utilizes an internal controller printed circuit board to optimize print head and mechanism control, power management, print speed and quality. Referring to FIG. 1, if the supply of receipt paper is exhausted, the patron is so advised on the patron display  18 . The patron is also prompted to indicate whether he or she wishes to continue the transaction without a receipt. Upon completion of printing, a receipt is cut and deposited in a receipt cup  24 . The printer assembly  62  of a preferred embodiment provides smudge proof receipts so that the receipt is readable despite unfavorable operational conditions. Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, a fare card is inserted into the add value terminal  2  through a fare card or transport entry bezel  10 . The ticket transport  78  reads data from the magnetic strip of the fare card, writes data to the fare card, and/or verifies the currently stored value and other available information on a fare card. The ticket transport  78  sends/receives data from the control and memory circuit card assembly  52 . In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, if a fare card fails to verify after writing, the ticket transport  78  will make three additional attempts to properly encode the fare card before returning it to the patron. Appropriate messages are displayed on the patron display  18  indicating successfully completed transactions or that an error condition exists with a suggestion to contact customer service. A message is transmitted to an area controller after each fare card transaction. 
     The add value terminal  2  of a preferred embodiment also includes an audio circuit card  74  having a voice synthesizer. The audio circuit card  74  creates a computerized voice from an ASCII text input. An audio filter reduces noise and an amplifier increases audio output power. The audio circuit card  74  is connected to and controlled by the control and memory card assembly  52 . As shown in FIG. 1, a standard ⅛-Inch audio jack  30  is provided on the add value terminal  2  front panel for privacy when listening to the information, instructions, and prompts. Audio capability is provided on the add value terminal  2  to maintain consistency with existing automatic vending machines of transit systems such as those available in the New York City Transit automatic vending machines. The audio circuit card  74  of the present invention may be identical to the audio card utilized in existing transit automatic vending machines to minimize production and installation costs and inventory count. 
     The add value terminal  2  of a preferred embodiment includes a contactless smart card reader  28  for transit systems that utilize contactless smart cards. The smart card target assembly  56 , as shown in FIG. 2 a,  provides the means for the passengers to add value to their contactless smart cards. The smart card target assembly  56  communicates directly with the control and memory circuit card  52  through an RS-422 port. The contactless smart card reader  28  of a preferred embodiment has the capability to read, write, and verify a smart card utilizing any of the contactless smart card communication protocols that are known in the art. This capability is particularly desirable for add value terminals  2  that are available outside of a transit area, such as in a grocery store, where the terminal is used to add value to fare cards of various transit links that utilize varying smart card communication protocols. 
     As shown in FIG. 1, the add value terminal  2  includes a security mirror  16  that provides the patron with a view of anyone approaching from behind. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the security mirror also serves as a cover plate for a security camera that utilizes a dedicated line to a video recorder that is located outside of the added value terminal  2 . 
     FIG. 2 b  illustrates a power block diagram  100  for a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The add value terminal utilizes a multiple output DC power supply and battery backup  102  which provides the various DC voltages to all internal components. The power supply requires a 120V, 60 Hz input represented by an AC plug  108 . The add value terminal also requires a 10 Amp, single phase AC service connection at time of installation. A single power switch  122  located inside the add value terminal cabinet removes all power. The battery backup of the preferred embodiment provides sufficient operating power to complete a present transaction for a maximum of 30 seconds. If the transaction is not completed within 30 seconds, the add value terminal will cancel the transaction and return the card to the patron. 
     A heater  104  is provided to maintain an acceptable operating temperature for the components within the add value terminal. The add value terminal is designed to withstand the environmental operating conditions encountered in the transit environment, outdoor environments exposed to wind driven rain and snow, and other out-of-system environments such as hotel lobbies and grocery stores. The add value terminal of a preferred embodiment is designed to perform without failure after exposure to the environmental conditions resulting in operating temperatures ranging from −10 to 120 degrees F., and operating humidity ranging from 20% to 97% non-condensing. 
     Referring to FIG. 2 a,  a keypad  82  and the front panel patron display  80  are provided to aid in the isolation of the add value terminal fault conditions during maintenance procedures. During a test mode of a preferred embodiment, terminal status data including audit register data, machine mode, location identification, machine number, time, and date as well as internal diagnostic results are displayed on the patron display  80 . As shown in FIG. 3, all information is transmitted to the station controller  226  then to the area controller  200 . The add value terminal of the preferred embodiment includes diagnostic procedures to assist the maintenance technician with the performance of repair actions. 
     Referring again to FIG. 2 a,  the add value terminal of a preferred embodiment also includes status and maintenance switches connected to the control and memory circuit card assembly  52 . A door open switch  76  informs the control and memory circuit card  52  that the front door  36 , as shown in FIG. 1, has been opened indicating a possible security breach. The control and memory card assembly  52  sends the switch status to the station controller to alert personnel of the possible security breach. Operation of the add value terminal is suspended unless a maintenance log-in is properly executed. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, front door switches  66 , including switch A  68 , switch B  70 , and switch C  72 , are also provided for terminal identification purposes and diagnostic procedures. 
     The add value terminal  2  is designed to conform with the American with Disabilities Act (ADA) requirements, Section 4.34 of the U.S. Federal Government ADA Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and Facilities. Specifically, the AVT  2  of a preferred embodiment is installed so that its maximum reach height does not exceed 54 inches (137 cm) from the floor, the maximum reach depth does not exceed 5 inches (12.7 cm). In addition, raised letter text  20  is a minimum of ⅝ inches tall (1.59 cm) and is raised 0.030 inches (0.076 cm) for tactile feel with contrasting color to the background. Braille  32  is included next to all patron interfaces to facilitate use by the visually impaired. In addition to the above, a digital voice synthesizer  74  as shown in FIG. 2 a  is used to create a computerized voice for prompting and instructing the patron. Referring to FIG. 1, a patron accesses AVT audio output via an audio jack  30  utilizing a patron-supplied headset. 
     The primary function of the add value terminal is to add value or time to a fare card using a credit or debit card. Referring to FIG. 1, the commuter/patron utilizes the add value terminal  2  to add value to either a magnetic strip fare card or a smart card. Fare cards that utilize magnetic strips are inserted into the fare card bezel  10 . Communication between a contactless smart card and the add value terminal  2  is accomplished by waving a contactless smart card past the smart card reader  28 . All patron interaction is accomplished using the selection buttons  6 , the cancel button  8 , the PIN keypad  22 , and the patron display  18 . 
     In the preferred embodiment, a patron display  18  prompts the passenger to insert a fare card into the entry bezel  10  as illustrated by a depiction of the fare card  34  on the face of the add value terminal  2 . In other embodiments, the magnetic strip fare cards are inserted according to an orientation of a magnetic strip reader internal to the AVT  2 . After the patron has inserted the fare card, the patron display  18  shows the current period and card expiration dates, the remaining value, the number of rides remaining, and the upgrade status of the card. The patron display  18  prompts the patron to select the add value or add time transaction. The patron makes the appropriate selection using the selection buttons  6 , and selects the desired value or time. The patron display  18  is updated to the selected value/time to be purchased. The display  18  then prompts the patron for the payment method to be used, and a choice of either a credit or debit (ATM) card is displayed. The patron selects the method of payment by depressing the appropriate selection button  6 , and the display  18  prompts the patron to insert the debit or credit card into the debit/credit card reader  26 . If a debit card is used, the patron is requested to enter a 4-digit personal identification number (PIN) number on the PIN pad  22 . An authorization request is then sent to the bank via the station controller  226  as shown in FIG. 3, through the Area controller  200  that is connected to an existing bank authorization network. Prior to updating the fare card, the display prompts the patron to select whether a receipt is desired. Authorization is received from the bank and is communicated to the add value terminal  238  via the station controller  226  from the area controller  200 . Referring to FIG. 1, the fare card is then encoded with the required information and returned to the patron via the same fare card bezel  10 . If requested, a receipt is dispensed in the printer receipt cup  24 . The patron display  18  then shows the complete transaction information including the remaining value, period and card expiration dates, remaining rides, and upgrade status. The patron may cancel the transaction process at any time by pressing the cancel button  8 . If the patron cancels the transaction after authorization has been received or the add value terminal  2  cannot issue or encode the fare card, the AVT  2  generates a reversal transaction and transmits it to the area controller  200 . 
     The AVT  2  of a preferred embodiment is designed to achieve an mean cycle between failure (MCBF) of at least 30,000, where a cycle is defined as the completion and/or cancellation of a transaction with a receipt. Cancellation occurs when transaction processing cannot be completed and the fare card is returned to the patron, or when a transaction is terminated by the patron using the cancel button  8 . The AVT  2  transactions that may be performed by the patron include add value and print debit/credit receipt, add value without printing debit/credit receipt, add time and print debit/credit receipt, and add time without printing debit/credit receipt. Add value terminal  2  MCBF is based upon a receipt being generated for each transaction. MCBF improves if patrons choose not to have a receipt printed as a result of a debit/credit transaction. 
     The added value terminal  2  of a preferred embodiment is compact in order to simplify installation and maintenance. The add value terminal  2  may be installed in stations or locations where a full function automatic vending machine is not desired or warranted. As shown in FIG. 3, the add value terminal  238  may be installed into an existing transit automatic fare collection system. In a preferred embodiment, the add value terminal utilizes many of the components of the transit system to maintain compatibility with the existing system. Referring to FIG. 2 a,  components that may be identical to the existing transit system components include the control and memory card assembly  52 , the receipt printer assembly  62 , the debit/credit PIN pad assembly  60 , the debit/credit card reader  58 , the Audio PCB  74 , the intrusion switch  76 , and the high security locks  4 ,  12  as shown in FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 3 illustrates a typical transit system network that includes a primary control area  222 , a secondary control area  216 , and out-of-system add value terminals  202 . The out-of-system add value terminal  210  and the in-system add value terminal  238  is designed to communicate to the area controller  200  via station controllers  206 ,  226  within the automatic fare collection network. Information transmitted between the area controller  200  and add value terminals  210 ,  238  includes status messages, audit registers, fare card update transaction data, debit/credit transaction data, fare validation tables and other relevant parameters, minimum/maximum purchase values, and negative lists. Additional add value terminal status messages are generated and sent to the area controller  200  including battery low, paper jam, paper low/out, transport error, power fail, and door open. 
     Out-of-system add value terminals  210 , that may be located in outlets such as supermarkets and chain stores, offer availability of an add value terminal  210  in environments that eliminate much of the potential for petty theft and other security concerns. Fare cards are often available through merchant locations wherein the merchant receives a commission according to a commission schedule for pre-valued cards. Fare card customers benefit from the availability of AVTs by not having to wait in lines behind customers with multiple purchases when they wish to add value or time to their fare card. Out-of-system locations may include, but not be limited to hotels, air-ports, major buildings, shopping malls/centers, post offices, hospitals, bus terminals, libraries, housing complexes, and senior citizen complexes. 
     As shown in FIG. 3, the out-of-system add value terminal  210  is connection to a communications breakout box  208 . Expansion ports  212  for additional system equipment including add value terminals are available for connection to the communication breakout box  208 . The communications breakout box  208  is connected to an out-of-system station controller  206  that is connected to the area controller  200  via a data service unit  204 . 
     The area controller  200  of the preferred embodiment is connected to the primary control area  222 , and out-of-system control area  202  utilizing conditioned four-wire digital lines or fiber optic networks. The preferred embodiment specifies a 9,600 Baud rate. The primary control area  222  includes station controller  226  connected to the area controller  200  via a data service unit  224 . The station controller  226  is connected to a communications breakout box  228  that has several port connections including a connection to a communication expansion panel  218  of a secondary control area  216 , and a communication expansion panel  236  of the primary control area. A fiber optic communication line  230  connects the communications breakout box  228  with the secondary control area  216 . A fiber optic modem  214  is also connected to the secondary control area  216 . The expansion panel  218  of the secondary control area  216  is further connected to a station network module  220 . 
     Communications from the communications breakout box to the communication expansion panel  236  of the primary control area  22  is accomplished utilizing an RS-232 connection  234 . A bi-directional communication channel connects a primary control area station network module  22  to the communication expansion panel  236 . In a preferred embodiment, a communication expansion panel  236  connected to one of the ports of the communications breakout box  228  has eight RS-422 synchronous duplex serial ports with a 9,600 or greater baud rate. A first port of the eight RS-422 ports having expansion capability  246  is connected to an add value terminal  238 . Transit system turnstiles  240 , fare card readers  242 , and automatic vending machines  244  are also connected to the available serial ports of the communication expansion panel  236 . The communication expansion panel  236  also serves as a connection between the station controller  226  and the token booth control unit  248  of the token booth equipment  262 . The token booth control unit  248  controls and monitors a token booth printer  250  a TAG antenna  252 , and token booth keyboard  254 , a token booth display  258 , and token booth reader  260 , and a token booth encoder/reader  256 . 
     Other embodiments and modifications of the present invention will occur readily to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of these teachings. Such persons will appreciate the symmetries among the various embodiments illustrated above and understand that their elements may be arranged in other ways to produce similar results. Therefore, this invention is to be limited only by the following claims, which include all such other embodiments and modifications when viewed in conjunction with the above specification and accompanying drawings.